,,democracy ,,& ,,education by ,john ,dewey ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,i h tri$ to make ?is ! mo/ accurate text possible b ,i am sure t !re are /ill mi/akes4 ,please feel free to email me any errors or mi/akes t y f9d4 ,cit+ ! ,*apt] & p>agraph4 ,h>addaaol4com & davidrinconnect4com are my email addresses = n[4 ,david ,re$ ,i w\ld l to d$icate ?is etext to my "m :o 0 a elem5t>y s*ool tea*] = m ye>s ?an ,i c rememb]4 ,?anks4 ,cont5ts3 ,*apt] ,"o3 ,education z a ,necessity ( ,life ,*apt] ,two3 ,education z a ,social ,function ,*apt] ,?ree3 ,education z ,direction ,*apt] ,f\r3 ,education z ,gr[? ,*apt] ,five3 ,prep>ation1 ,unfold+1 & ,=mal ,discipl9e ,*apt] ,six3 ,education z ,cons]vative & ,progressive ,*apt] ,sev53 ,! ,democratic ,conception 9 ,education ,*apt] ,eight3 ,aims 9 ,education ,*apt] ,n9e3 ,natural ,developm5t & ,social ,effici5cy z ,aims ,*apt] ,t53 ,int]e/ & ,discipl9e ,*apt] ,elev53 ,exp]i5ce & ,?9k+ ,*apt] ,twelve3 ,?9k+ 9 ,education ,*apt] ,?irte53 ,! ,nature ( ,me?od ,*apt] ,f\rte53 ,! ,nature ( ,subject ,matt] ,*apt] ,fifte53 ,play & ,"w 9 ! ,curriculum ,*apt] ,sixte53 ,! ,significance ( ,geography & ,hi/ory ,*apt] ,sev5te53 ,sci5ce 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy ,*apt] ,eighte53 ,educational ,values ,*apt] ,n9ete53 ,labor & ,leisure ,*apt] ,tw5ty3 ,intellectual & ,practical ,/udies ,*apt] ,tw5ty-"o3 ,physical & ,social ,/udies3 ,naturalism & ,humanism ,*apt] ,tw5ty-two3 ,! ,individual & ! ,_w ,*apt] ,tw5ty-,?ree3 ,vocational ,aspects ( ,education ,*apt] ,tw5ty-f\r3 ,philosophy ( ,education ,*apt] ,tw5ty-five3 ,!ories ( ,k ,*apt] ,tw5ty-six3 ,!ories ( ,morals ,*apt] ,"o3 ,education z a ,necessity ( ,life #a4 ,r5ewal ( ,life by ,transmission4 ,! mo/ notable di/9ction betwe5 liv+ & inanimate ?+s is t ! =m] ma9ta9 !mselves by r5ewal4 ,a /one :5 /ruck resi/s4 ,if its resi/ance is great] ?an ! =ce ( ! bl[ /ruck1 x rema9s outw>dly un*ang$4 ,o!rwise1 x is %att]$ into small] bits4 ,nev] does ! /one attempt to react 9 su* a way t x may ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! bl[1 mu* less s z to r5d] ! bl[ a contribut+ factor to its own cont9u$ action4 ,:ile ! liv+ ?+ may easily be cru%$ by sup]ior =ce1 x none ! less tries to turn ! en]gies :i* act ^u x into means ( its own fur!r exi/5ce4 ,if x _c d s1 x does n j split into small] pieces 7at lea/ 9 ! high] =ms ( life71 b loses its id5tity z a liv+ ?+4 ,z long z x endures1 x /ruggles to use surr\nd+ en]gies 9 its own behalf4 ,x uses light1 air1 moi/ure1 & ! mat]ial ( soil4 ,to say t x uses !m is to say t x turns !m into means ( its own cons]vation4 ,z long z x is gr[+1 ! en]gy x exp5ds 9 ?us turn+ ! environm5t to acc\nt is m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! return x gets3 x gr[s4 ,und]/&+ ! ^w control 9 ?is s5se1 x may be said t a liv+ be+ is "o t subjugates & controls = its own cont9u$ activity ! en]gies t w\ld o!rwise use x up4 ,life is a self-r5ew+ process ?r\gh action ^u ! environm5t4 ,9 all ! high] =ms ?is process _c be kept up indef9itely4 ,aft] a :ile !y succumb2 !y die4 ,! creature is n equal to ! task ( indef9ite self-r5ewal4 ,b cont9uity ( ! life process is n dep5d5t ^u ! prolongation ( ! exi/5ce ( any "o individual4 ,reproduction ( o!r =ms ( life goes on 9 cont9u\s sequ5ce4 ,& ?\gh1 z ! geological record %[s1 n m]ely individuals b also species die out1 ! life process cont9ues 9 increas+ly complex =ms4 ,z "s species die out1 =ms bett] adapt$ to utilize ! ob/acles aga9/ :i* !y /ruggl$ 9 va9 come into be+4 ,cont9uity ( life means cont9ual readaptation ( ! environm5t to ! ne$s ( liv+ organisms4 ,we h be5 speak+ ( life 9 its l[e/ t]ms--z a physical ?+4 ,b we use ! ^w ,life to d5ote ! :ole range ( exp]i5ce1 individual & racial4 ,:5 we see a book call$ ! ,life ( ,l9coln we d n expect to f9d )9 its cov]s a treatise on physiology4 ,we look = an acc\nt ( social antec$5ts2 a description ( e>ly surr\nd+s1 ( ! conditions & occupation ( ! family2 ( ! *ief episodes 9 ! developm5t ( "*2 ( signal /ruggles & a*ievem5ts2 ( ! individual's hopes1 ta/es1 joys & suff]+s4 ,9 precisely simil> fa%ion we speak ( ! life ( a savage tribe1 ( ! ,a!nian p1 ( ! ,am]ican nation4 ,life cov]s cu/oms1 in/itutions1 beliefs1 victories & defeats1 recreations & occupations4 ,we employ ! ^w exp]i5ce 9 ! same pregnant s5se4 ,& to x1 z well z to life 9 ! b>e physiological s5se1 ! pr9ciple ( cont9uity ?r\gh r5ewal applies4 ,) ! r5ewal ( physical exi/5ce goes1 9 ! case ( human be+s1 ! recreation ( beliefs1 ideals1 hopes1 happ9ess1 mis]y1 & practices4 ,! cont9uity ( any exp]i5ce1 ?r\gh r5ew+ ( ! social gr\p1 is a lit]al fact4 ,education1 9 its broade/ s5se1 is ! means ( ?is social cont9uity ( life4 ,e "o ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( a social gr\p1 9 a mod]n city z 9 a savage tribe1 is born immature1 helpless1 )\t language1 beliefs1 ideas1 or social /&>ds4 ,ea* individual1 ea* unit :o is ! c>ri] ( ! life-exp]i5ce ( 8 gr\p1 9 "t passes away4 ,yet ! life ( ! gr\p goes on4 ,! prim>y ineluctable facts ( ! bir? & dea? ( ea* "o ( ! con/itu5t memb]s 9 a social gr\p det]m9e ! necessity ( education4 ,on "o h&1 !re is ! contra/ betwe5 ! immaturity ( ! new-born memb]s ( ! gr\p--its future sole repres5tatives--& ! maturity ( ! adult memb]s :o possess ! k & cu/oms ( ! gr\p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is ! necessity t ^! immature memb]s be n m]ely physically pres]v$ 9 adequate numb]s1 b t !y be initiat$ into ! int]e/s1 purposes1 in=mation1 skill1 & practices ( ! mature memb]s3 o!rwise ! gr\p w cease its *>act]i/ic life4 ,ev5 9 a savage tribe1 ! a*ievem5ts ( adults are f> beyond :at ! immature memb]s w\ld be capable ( if left to !mselves4 ,) ! gr[? ( civilization1 ! gap betwe5 ! orig9al capacities ( ! immature & ! /&>ds & cu/oms ( ! eld]s increases4 ,m]e physical gr[+ up1 m]e ma/]y ( ! b>e necessities ( subsi/5ce w n suffice to reproduce ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,delib]ate ef=t & ! tak+ ( ?\ghtful pa9s are requir$4 ,be+s :o are born n only unaw>e (1 b q indiff]5t to1 ! aims & habits ( ! social gr\p h to be r5d]$ cognizant ( !m & actively int]e/$4 ,education1 & education alone1 spans ! gap4 ,society exi/s ?r\gh a process ( transmission q z mu* z biological life4 ,?is transmission occurs by means ( communication ( habits ( do+1 ?9k+1 & feel+ f ! old] to ! y\ng]4 ,)\t ?is communication ( ideals1 hopes1 expectations1 /&>ds1 op9ions1 f ^? memb]s ( society :o are pass+ out ( ! gr\p life to ^? :o are com+ into x1 social life c\ld n survive4 ,if ! memb]s :o compose a society liv$ on cont9u\sly1 !y might educate ! new-born memb]s1 b x w\ld be a task direct$ by p]sonal int]e/ r ?an social ne$4 ,n[ x is a "w ( necessity4 ,if a plague c>ri$ (f ! memb]s ( a society all at once1 x is obvi\s t ! gr\p w\ld be p]man5tly done =4 ,yet ! dea? ( ea* ( its con/itu5t memb]s is z c]ta9 z if an epidemic took !m all at once4 ,b ! grad$ diff]5ce 9 age1 ! fact t "s are born z "s die1 makes possible ?r\gh transmission ( ideas & practices ! con/ant reweav+ ( ! social fabric4 ,yet ?is r5ewal is n automatic4 ,unless pa9s are tak5 to see t g5u9e & ?or\gh transmission takes place1 ! mo/ civiliz$ gr\p w relapse into b>b>ism & !n into savag]y4 ,9 fact1 ! human "y are s immature t if !y 7 left to !mselves )\t ! guidance & succor ( o!rs1 !y c\ld n acquire ! rudim5t>y abilities necess>y = physical exi/5ce4 ,! "y ( human be+s comp>e s poorly 9 orig9al effici5cy ) ! "y ( _m ( ! l[] animals1 t ev5 ! p[]s ne$$ = physical su/5tation h to be acquir$ "u tuition4 ,h[ mu* m1 !n1 is ?is ! case ) respect to all ! te*nological1 arti/ic1 sci5tific1 & moral a*ievem5ts ( humanity6 #b4 ,education & ,communication4 ,s obvi\s1 inde$1 is ! necessity ( tea*+ & le>n+ = ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( a society t we may seem to be dwell+ unduly on a truism4 ,b ju/ification is f\nd 9 ! fact t su* emphasis is a means ( gett+ u away f an unduly s*ola/ic & =mal notion ( education4 ,s*ools are1 inde$1 "o important me?od ( ! transmission :i* =ms ! dispositions ( ! immature2 b x is only "o means1 &1 comp>$ ) o!r ag5cies1 a relatively sup]ficial means4 ,only z we h grasp$ ! necessity ( m fundam5tal & p]si/5t modes ( tuition c we make sure ( plac+ ! s*ola/ic me?ods 9 _! true context4 ,society n only cont9ues to exi/ by transmission1 by communication1 b x may fairly be said to exi/ 9 transmission1 9 communication4 ,!re is m ?an a v]bal tie betwe5 ! words common1 community1 & communication4 ,m5 live 9 a community 9 virtue ( ! ?+s :i* !y h 9 common2 & communication is ! way 9 :i* !y come to possess ?+s 9 common4 ,:at !y mu/ h 9 common 9 ord] to =m a community or society are aims1 beliefs1 aspirations1 k--a common und]/&+--l-m9d$ness z ! sociologi/s say4 ,su* ?+s _c be pass$ physically f "o to ano!r1 l bricks2 !y _c be %>$ z p]sons w\ld %>e a pie by divid+ x into physical pieces4 ,! communication :i* insures p>ticipation 9 a common und]/&+ is "o :i* secures simil> emotional & intellectual dispositions--l ways ( respond+ to expectations & requirem5ts4 ,p]sons d n become a society by liv+ 9 physical proximity1 any m ?an a man ceases to be socially influ5c$ by be+ s _m feet or miles remov$ f o!rs4 ,a book or a lett] may in/itute a m intimate association betwe5 human be+s sep>at$ ?\s&s ( miles f ea* o!r ?an exi/s betwe5 dwell]s "u ! same ro(4 ,individuals d n ev5 compose a social gr\p because !y all "w = a common end4 ,! p>ts ( a ma*9e "w ) a maximum ( coop]ativ5ess = a common result1 b !y d n =m a community4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !y 7 all cognizant ( ! common end & all int]e/$ 9 x s t !y regulat$ _! specific activity 9 view ( x1 !n !y w\ld =m a community4 ,b ?is w\ld involve communication4 ,ea* w\ld h to "k :at ! o!r 0 ab\t & w\ld h to h "s way ( keep+ ! o!r in=m$ z to 8 own purpose & progress4 ,cons5sus dem&s communication4 ,we are ?us compell$ to recognize t )9 ev5 ! mo/ social gr\p !re are _m relations :i* are n z yet social4 ,a l>ge numb] ( human relation%ips 9 any social gr\p are /ill ^u ! ma*9e-l plane4 ,individuals use "o ano!r s z to get desir$ results1 )\t ref]5ce to ! emotional & intellectual disposition & cons5t ( ^? us$4 ,su* uses express physical sup]iority1 or sup]iority ( position1 skill1 te*nical ability1 & comm& ( tools1 me*anical or fiscal4 ,s f> z ! relations ( p>5t & *ild1 tea*] & pupil1 employ] & employee1 gov]nor & gov]n$1 rema9 ^u ?is level1 !y =m no true social gr\p1 no matt] h[ closely _! respective activities t\* "o ano!r4 ,giv+ & tak+ ( ord]s modifies action & results1 b does n ( itself effect a %>+ ( purposes1 a communication ( int]e/s4 ,n only is social life id5tical ) communication1 b all communication 7& h5ce all g5u9e social life7 is educative4 ,to be a recipi5t ( a communication is to h an enl>g$ & *ang$ exp]i5ce4 ,"o %>es 9 :at ano!r has ?\ght & felt & 9 s f>1 meag]ly or amply1 has 8 own attitude modifi$4 ,nor is ! "o :o communicates left unaffect$4 ,try ! exp]im5t ( communicat+1 ) fullness & accuracy1 "s exp]i5ce to ano!r1 especially if x be some:at complicat$1 & y w f9d y\r own attitude t[>d y\r exp]i5ce *ang+2 o!rwise y resort to expletives & ejaculations4 ,! exp]i5ce has to be =mulat$ 9 ord] to be communicat$4 ,to =mulate requires gett+ outside ( x1 see+ x z ano!r w\ld see x1 consid]+ :at po9ts ( contact x has ) ! life ( ano!r s t x may be got into su* =m t he c appreciate its mean+4 ,except 9 deal+ ) commonplaces & cat* phrases "o has to assimilate1 imag9atively1 some?+ ( ano!r's exp]i5ce 9 ord] to tell him intellig5tly ( "o's own exp]i5ce4 ,all communication is l art4 ,x may fairly be said1 !re=e1 t any social arrangem5t t rema9s vitally social1 or vitally %>$1 is educative to ^? :o p>ticipate 9 x4 ,only :5 x becomes ca/ 9 a mold & runs 9 a r\t9e way does x lose its educative p[]4 ,9 f9al acc\nt1 !n1 n only does social life dem& tea*+ & le>n+ = its own p]man5ce1 b ! v process ( liv+ toge!r educates4 ,x enl>ges & enlight5s exp]i5ce2 x /imulates & enri*es imag9ation2 x creates responsibility = accuracy & vividness ( /atem5t & ?\ght4 ,a man really liv+ alone 7alone m5tally z well z physically7 w\ld h little or no occasion to reflect ^u 8 pa/ exp]i5ce to extract its net mean+4 ,! inequality ( a*ievem5t betwe5 ! mature & ! immature n only necessitates tea*+ ! "y1 b ! necessity ( ?is tea*+ gives an imm5se /imulus to r$uc+ exp]i5ce to t ord] & =m :i* w r5d] x mo/ easily communicable & h5ce mo/ usable4 #c4 ,! ,place ( ,=mal ,education4 ,!re is1 accord+ly1 a m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! education :i* e "o gets f liv+ ) o!rs1 z long z he really lives in/ead ( j cont9u+ to subsi/1 & ! delib]ate educat+ ( ! "y4 ,9 ! =m] case ! education is incid5tal2 x is natural & important1 b x is n ! express reason ( ! association4 ,:ile x may be said1 )\t exagg]ation1 t ! measure ( ! wor? ( any social in/itution1 economic1 dome/ic1 political1 legal1 religi\s1 is its effect 9 enl>g+ & improv+ exp]i5ce2 yet ?is effect is n a "p ( its orig9al motive1 :i* is limit$ & m imm$iately practical4 ,religi\s associations began1 = example1 9 ! desire to secure ! favor ( ov]rul+ p[]s & to w>d (f evil influ5ces2 family life 9 ! desire to gratify appetites & secure family p]petuity2 sy/ematic labor1 = ! mo/ "p1 because ( enslavem5t to o!rs1 etc4 ,only gradually 0 ! by-product ( ! in/itution1 its effect ^u ! quality & ext5t ( consci\s life1 not$1 & only m gradually /ill 0 ?is effect consid]$ z a directive factor 9 ! conduct ( ! in/itution4 ,ev5 today1 9 our indu/rial life1 ap>t f c]ta9 values ( indu/ri\sness & ?rift1 ! intellectual & emotional reaction ( ! =ms ( human association "u :i* ! _w's "w is c>ri$ on receives little att5tion z comp>$ ) physical output4 ,b 9 deal+ ) ! "y1 ! fact ( association itself z an imm$iate human fact1 ga9s 9 importance4 ,:ile x is easy to ignore 9 our contact ) !m ! effect ( our acts ^u _! disposition1 or to subord9ate t educative effect to "s ext]nal & tangible result1 x is n s easy z 9 deal+ ) adults4 ,! ne$ ( tra9+ is too evid5t2 ! pressure to accompli% a *ange 9 _! attitude & habits is too urg5t to leave ^! consequ5ces :olly out ( acc\nt4 ,s9ce our *ief bus9ess ) !m is to enable !m to %>e 9 a common life we _c help consid]+ :e!r or no we are =m+ ! p[]s :i* w secure ?is ability4 ,if humanity has made "s headway 9 realiz+ t ! ultimate value ( e in/itution is its di/9ctively human effect--its effect ^u consci\s exp]i5ce--we may well believe t ?is lesson has be5 le>n$ l>gely ?r\gh deal+s ) ! "y4 ,we are ?us l$ to di/+ui%1 )9 ! broad educational process :i* we h be5 s f> consid]+1 a m =mal k9d ( education--t ( direct tuition or s*ool+4 ,9 undevelop$ social gr\ps1 we f9d v little =mal tea*+ & tra9+4 ,savage gr\ps ma9ly rely = in/ill+ ne$$ dispositions into ! "y ^u ! same sort ( association :i* keeps adults loyal to _! gr\p4 ,!y h no special devices1 mat]ial1 or in/itutions = tea*+ save 9 connection ) initiation c]emonies by :i* ! y\? are induct$ into full social memb]%ip4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 !y dep5d ^u *ildr5 le>n+ ! cu/oms ( ! adults1 acquir+ _! emotional set & /ock ( ideas1 by %>+ 9 :at ! eld]s are do+4 ,9 "p1 ?is %>+ is direct1 tak+ "p 9 ! occupations ( adults & ?us s]v+ an appr5tice%ip2 9 "p1 x is indirect1 ?r\gh ! dramatic plays 9 :i* *ildr5 reproduce ! actions ( gr[n-ups & ?us le>n to "k :at !y are l4 ,to savages x w\ld seem prepo/]\s to seek out a place :]e no?+ b le>n+ 0 go+ on 9 ord] t "o might le>n4 ,b z civilization advances1 ! gap betwe5 ! capacities ( ! "y & ! conc]ns ( adults wid5s4 ,le>n+ by direct %>+ 9 ! pursuits ( gr[n-ups becomes increas+ly difficult except 9 ! case ( ! less advanc$ occupations4 ,mu* ( :at adults d is s remote 9 space & 9 mean+ t playful imitation is less & less adequate to reproduce its _s4 ,ability to %>e effectively 9 adult activities ?us dep5ds ^u a prior tra9+ giv5 ) ?is end 9 view4 ,int5tional ag5cies--s*ools--& explicit mat]ial--/udies--are devis$4 ,! task ( tea*+ c]ta9 ?+s is delegat$ to a special gr\p ( p]sons4 ,)\t su* =mal education1 x is n possible to transmit all ! res\rces & a*ievem5ts ( a complex society4 ,x also op5s a way to a k9d ( exp]i5ce :i* w\ld n be accessible to ! "y1 if !y 7 left to pick up _! tra9+ 9 in=mal association ) o!rs1 s9ce books & ! symbols ( k are ma/]$4 ,b !re are conspicu\s dang]s att5dant ^u ! transition f indirect to =mal education4 ,%>+ 9 actual pursuit1 :e!r directly or vic>i\sly 9 play1 is at lea/ p]sonal & vital4 ,^! qualities comp5sate1 9 "s measure1 = ! n>r[ness ( available opportunities4 ,=mal in/ruction1 on ! contr>y1 easily becomes remote & dead--ab/ract & booki%1 to use ! ord9>y words ( depreciation4 ,:at accumulat$ k exi/s 9 l[ grade societies is at lea/ put into practice2 x is transmut$ into "*2 x exi/s ) ! dep? ( mean+ t atta*es to its com+ )9 urg5t daily int]e/s4 ,b 9 an advanc$ culture mu* :i* has to be le>n$ is /or$ 9 symbols4 ,x is f> f translation into famili> acts & objects4 ,su* mat]ial is relatively te*nical & sup]ficial4 ,tak+ ! ord9>y /&>d ( reality z a measure1 x is artificial4 ,= ?is measure is connection ) practical conc]ns4 ,su* mat]ial exi/s 9 a _w by itself1 unassimilat$ to ord9>y cu/oms ( ?\ght & expression4 ,!re is ! /&+ dang] t ! mat]ial ( =mal in/ruction w be m]ely ! subject matt] ( ! s*ools1 isolat$ f ! subject matt] ( life-exp]i5ce4 ,! p]man5t social int]e/s are likely to be lo/ f view4 ,^? :i* h n be5 c>ri$ ov] into ! /ructure ( social life1 b :i* rema9 l>gely matt]s ( te*nical in=mation express$ 9 symbols1 are made conspicu\s 9 s*ools4 ,?us we rea* ! ord9>y notion ( education3 ! notion :i* ignores its social necessity & its id5tity ) all human association t affects consci\s life1 & :i* id5tifies x ) imp>t+ in=mation ab\t remote matt]s & ! convey+ ( le>n+ ?r\gh v]bal signs3 ! acquisition ( lit]acy4 ,h5ce "o ( ! weightie/ problems ) :i* ! philosophy ( education has to cope is ! me?od ( keep+ a prop] balance betwe5 ! in=mal & ! =mal1 ! incid5tal & ! int5tional1 modes ( education4 ,:5 ! acquir+ ( in=mation & ( te*nical intellectual skill d n influ5ce ! =mation ( a social disposition1 ord9>y vital exp]i5ce fails to ga9 9 mean+1 :ile s*ool+1 9 s f>1 creates only %>ps 9 le>n+--t is1 egoi/ic speciali/s4 ,to avoid a split betwe5 :at m5 consci\sly "k because !y are aw>e ( hav+ le>n$ x by a specific job ( le>n+1 & :at !y unconsci\sly "k because !y h absorb$ x 9 ! =mation ( _! *>act]s by int]c\rse ) o!rs1 becomes an increas+ly delicate task ) e developm5t ( special s*ool+4 ,summ>y4 ,x is ! v nature ( life to /rive to cont9ue 9 be+4 ,s9ce ?is cont9uance c be secur$ only by con/ant r5ewals1 life is a self-r5ew+ process4 ,:at nutrition & reproduction are to physiological life1 education is to social life4 ,?is education consi/s prim>ily 9 transmission ?r\gh communication4 ,communication is a process ( %>+ exp]i5ce till x becomes a common possession4 ,x modifies ! disposition ( bo? ! p>ties :o p>take 9 x4 ,t ! ult]ior significance ( e mode ( human association lies 9 ! contribution :i* x makes to ! improvem5t ( ! quality ( exp]i5ce is a fact mo/ easily recogniz$ 9 deal+ ) ! immature4 ,t is to say1 :ile e social arrangem5t is educative 9 effect1 ! educative effect fir/ becomes an important "p ( ! purpose ( ! association 9 connection ) ! association ( ! old] ) ! y\ng]4 ,z societies become m complex 9 /ructure & res\rces1 ! ne$ ( =mal or int5tional tea*+ & le>n+ increases4 ,z =mal tea*+ & tra9+ gr[ 9 ext5t1 !re is ! dang] ( creat+ an undesirable split betwe5 ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 m direct associations & :at is acquir$ 9 s*ool4 ,?is dang] 0 nev] great] ?an at ! pres5t "t1 on acc\nt ( ! rapid gr[? 9 ! la/ few c5turies ( k & te*nical modes ( skill4 ,*apt] ,two3 ,education z a ,social ,function #a4 ,! ,nature & ,mean+ ( ,environm5t4 ,we h se5 t a community or social gr\p su/a9s itself ?r\gh cont9u\s self-r5ewal1 & t ?is r5ewal takes place by means ( ! educational gr[? ( ! immature memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,by v>i\s ag5cies1 un9t5tional & design$1 a society trans=ms un9itiat$ & seem+ly ali5 be+s into robu/ tru/ees ( its own res\rces & ideals4 ,education is ?us a fo/]+1 a nurtur+1 a cultivat+1 process4 ,all ( ^! words mean t x implies att5tion to ! conditions ( gr[?4 ,we also speak ( re>+1 rais+1 br++ up--words :i* express ! diff]5ce ( level :i* education aims to cov]4 ,etymologically1 ! ^w education means j a process ( lead+ or br++ up4 ,:5 we h ! outcome ( ! process 9 m9d1 we speak ( education z %ap+1 =m+1 mold+ activity--t is1 a %ap+ into ! /&>d =m ( social activity4 ,9 ?is *apt] we are conc]n$ ) ! g5]al features ( ! way 9 :i* a social gr\p br+s up its immature memb]s into its own social =m4 ,s9ce :at is requir$ is a trans=mation ( ! quality ( exp]i5ce till x p>takes 9 ! int]e/s1 purposes1 & ideas curr5t 9 ! social gr\p1 ! problem is evid5tly n "o ( m]e physical =m+4 ,?+s c be physically transport$ 9 space2 !y may be bodily convey$4 ,beliefs & aspirations _c be physically extract$ & ins]t$4 ,h[ !n are !y communicat$8 ,giv5 ! impossibility ( direct contagion or lit]al inculcation1 our problem is to discov] ! me?od by :i* ! "y assimilate ! po9t ( view ( ! old1 or ! old] br+ ! "y into l-m9d$ness ) !mselves4 ,! answ]1 9 g5]al =mulation1 is3 ,by means ( ! action ( ! environm5t 9 call+ out c]ta9 responses4 ,! requir$ beliefs _c be hamm]$ 92 ! ne$$ attitudes _c be pla/]$ on4 ,b ! p>ticul> m$ium 9 :i* an individual exi/s leads him to see & feel "o ?+ r ?an ano!r2 x leads him to h c]ta9 plans 9 ord] t he may act successfully ) o!rs2 x /r5g!ns "s beliefs & weak5s o!rs z a condition ( w9n+ ! approval ( o!rs4 ,?us x gradually produces 9 him a c]ta9 sy/em ( behavior1 a c]ta9 disposition ( action4 ,! words environm5t1 m$ium d5ote some?+ m ?an surr\nd+s :i* encompass an individual4 ,!y d5ote ! specific cont9uity ( ! surr\nd+s ) 8 own active t5d5cies4 ,an inanimate be+ is1 ( c\rse1 cont9u\s ) its surr\nd+s2 b ! environ+ circum/ances d n1 save metaphorically1 con/itute an environm5t4 ,= ! inorganic be+ is n conc]n$ 9 ! influ5ces :i* affect x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ?+s :i* are remote 9 space & "t f a liv+ creature1 especially a human creature1 may =m 8 environm5t ev5 m truly ?an "s ( ! ?+s close to him4 ,! ?+s ) :i* a man v>ies are 8 g5u9e environm5t4 ,?us ! activities ( ! a/ronom] v>y ) ! />s at :i* he gazes or ab\t :i* he calculates4 ,( 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s1 8 telescope is mo/ intimately 8 environm5t4 ,! environm5t ( an antiqu>ian1 z an antiqu>ian1 consi/s ( ! remote epo* ( human life ) :i* he is conc]n$1 & ! relics1 inscriptions1 etc41 by :i* he e/abli%es connections ) t p]iod4 ,9 brief1 ! environm5t consi/s ( ^? conditions t promote or h9d]1 /imulate or inhibit1 ! *>act]i/ic activities ( a liv+ be+4 ,wat] is ! environm5t ( a fi% because x is necess>y to ! fi%'s activities--to its life4 ,! nor? pole is a significant elem5t 9 ! environm5t ( an arctic explor]1 :e!r he succe$s 9 rea*+ x or n1 because x def9es 8 activities1 makes !m :at !y di/9ctively are4 ,j because life signifies n b>e passive exi/5ce 7suppos+ !re is su* a ?+71 b a way ( act+1 environm5t or m$ium signifies :at ent]s into ?is activity z a su/a9+ or fru/rat+ condition4 #b4 ,! ,social ,environm5t4 ,a be+ ^: activities are associat$ ) o!rs has a social environm5t4 ,:at he does & :at he c d dep5d ^u ! expectations1 dem&s1 approvals1 & condemnations ( o!rs4 ,a be+ connect$ ) o!r be+s _c p]=m 8 own activities )\t tak+ ! activities ( o!rs into acc\nt4 ,= !y are ! indisp5sable conditions ( ! realization ( 8 t5d5cies4 ,:5 he moves he /irs !m & reciprocally4 ,we might z well try to imag9e a bus9ess man do+ bus9ess1 buy+ & sell+1 all by himself1 z to conceive x possible to def9e ! activities ( an individual 9 t]ms ( 8 isolat$ actions4 ,! manufactur] moreov] is z truly socially guid$ 9 8 activities :5 he is lay+ plans 9 ! privacy ( 8 own c\nt+ h\se z :5 he is buy+ 8 raw mat]ial or sell+ 8 f9i%$ goods4 ,?9k+ & feel+ t h to d ) action 9 association ) o!rs is z mu* a social mode ( behavior z is ! mo/ ov]t coop]ative or ho/ile act4 ,:at we h m especially to indicate is h[ ! social m$ium nurtures its immature memb]s4 ,!re is no great difficulty 9 see+ h[ x %apes ! ext]nal habits ( action4 ,ev5 dogs & horses h _! actions modifi$ by association ) human be+s2 !y =m diff]5t habits because human be+s are conc]n$ ) :at !y d4 ,human be+s control animals by controll+ ! natural /imuli :i* influ5ce !m2 by creat+ a c]ta9 environm5t 9 o!r words4 ,food1 bits & bridles1 noises1 vehicles1 are us$ to direct ! ways 9 :i* ! natural or in/9ctive responses ( horses occur4 ,by op]at+ /eadily to call out c]ta9 acts1 habits are =m$ :i* function ) ! same uni=mity z ! orig9al /imuli4 ,if a rat is put 9 a maze & f9ds food only by mak+ a giv5 numb] ( turns 9 a giv5 sequ5ce1 8 activity is gradually modifi$ till he habitually takes t c\rse r ?an ano!r :5 he is hungry4 ,human actions are modifi$ 9 a l fa%ion4 ,a burnt *ild dreads ! fire2 if a p>5t arrang$ conditions s t e "t a *ild t\*$ a c]ta9 toy he got burn$1 ! *ild w\ld le>n to avoid t toy z automatically z he avoids t\*+ fire4 ,s f>1 h[ev]1 we are deal+ ) :at may be call$ tra9+ 9 di/9ction f educative tea*+4 ,! *anges consid]$ are 9 out] action r ?an 9 m5tal & emotional dispositions ( behavior4 ,! di/9ction is n1 h[ev]1 a %>p "o4 ,! *ild might conceivably g5]ate 9 "t a viol5t antipa?y1 n only to t p>ticul> toy1 b to ! class ( toys resembl+ x4 ,! av]sion might ev5 p]si/ aft] he _h =gott5 ab\t ! orig9al burns2 lat] on he might ev5 inv5t "s reason to acc\nt = 8 seem+ly irrational antipa?y4 ,9 "s cases1 alt]+ ! ext]nal habit ( action by *ang+ ! environm5t to affect ! /imuli to action w also alt] ! m5tal disposition conc]n$ 9 ! action4 ,yet ?is does n always happ52 a p]son tra9$ to dodge a ?reat5+ bl[1 dodges automatically ) no correspond+ ?\ght or emotion4 ,we h to f9d1 !n1 "s diff]5tia ( tra9+ f education4 ,a clew may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! horse does n really %>e 9 ! social use to :i* 8 action is put4 ,"s "o else uses ! horse to secure a result :i* is advantage\s by mak+ x advantage\s to ! horse to p]=m ! act--he gets food1 etc4 ,b ! horse1 presumably1 does n get any new int]e/4 ,he rema9s int]e/$ 9 food1 n 9 ! s]vice he is r5d]+4 ,he is n a p>tn] 9 a %>$ activity4 ,7 he to become a cop>tn]1 he w\ld1 9 engag+ 9 ! conjo9t activity1 h ! same int]e/ 9 its accompli%m5t :i* o!rs h4 ,he w\ld %>e _! ideas & emotions4 ,n[ 9 _m cases--too _m cases--! activity ( ! immature human be+ is simply play$ ^u to secure habits :i* are useful4 ,he is tra9$ l an animal r ?an educat$ l a human be+4 ,8 in/9cts rema9 atta*$ to _! orig9al objects ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,b to get happ9ess or to avoid ! pa9 ( failure he has to act 9 a way agreeable to o!rs4 ,9 o!r cases1 he really %>es or p>ticipates 9 ! common activity4 ,9 ?is case1 8 orig9al impulse is modifi$4 ,he n m]ely acts 9 a way agree+ ) ! actions ( o!rs1 b1 9 s act+1 ! same ideas & emotions are ar\s$ 9 him t animate ! o!rs4 ,a tribe1 let u say1 is w>like4 ,! successes = :i* x /rives1 ! a*ievem5ts ^u :i* x sets /ore1 are connect$ ) fight+ & victory4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is m$ium incites bellicose exhibitions 9 a boy1 fir/ 9 games1 !n 9 fact :5 he is /rong en\gh4 ,z he fights he w9s approval & advancem5t2 z he refra9s1 he is dislik$1 ridicul$1 %ut out f favorable recognition4 ,x is n surpris+ t 8 orig9al bellig]5t t5d5cies & emotions are /r5g!n$ at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 & t 8 ideas turn to ?+s connect$ ) w>4 ,only 9 ?is way c he become fully a recogniz$ memb] ( 8 gr\p4 ,?us 8 m5tal habitudes are gradually assimilat$ to ^? ( 8 gr\p4 ,if we =mulate ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is illu/ration1 we %all p]ceive t ! social m$ium nei!r implants c]ta9 desires & ideas directly1 nor yet m]ely e/abli%es c]ta9 purely muscul> habits ( action1 l in/9ctively w9k+ or dodg+ a bl[4 ,sett+ up conditions :i* /imulate c]ta9 visible & tangible ways ( act+ is ! fir/ /ep4 ,mak+ ! individual a %>] or p>tn] 9 ! associat$ activity s t he feels its success z 8 success1 its failure z 8 failure1 is ! complet+ /ep4 ,z soon z he is possess$ by ! emotional attitude ( ! gr\p1 he w be al]t to recognize ! special ends at :i* x aims & ! means employ$ to secure success4 ,8 beliefs & ideas1 9 o!r words1 w take a =m simil> to ^? ( o!rs 9 ! gr\p4 ,he w also a*ieve pretty mu* ! same /ock ( k s9ce t k is an +r$i5t ( 8 habitual pursuits4 ,! importance ( language 9 ga9+ k is d\btless ! *ief cause ( ! common notion t k may be pass$ directly f "o to ano!r4 ,x almo/ seems z if all we h to d to convey an idea into ! m9d ( ano!r is to convey a s\nd into 8 e>4 ,?us imp>t+ k gets assimilat$ to a purely physical process4 ,b le>n+ f language w be f\nd1 :5 analyz$1 to confirm ! pr9ciple j laid d[n4 ,x w\ld probably be admitt$ ) little hesitation t a *ild gets ! idea (1 say1 a hat by us+ x z o!r p]sons d2 by cov]+ ! head ) x1 giv+ x to o!rs to we>1 hav+ x put on by o!rs :5 go+ out1 etc4 ,b x may be ask$ h[ ?is pr9ciple ( %>$ activity applies to gett+ ?r\gh spee* or read+ ! idea (1 say1 a ,greek helmet1 :]e no direct use ( any k9d ent]s 94 ,:at %>$ activity is !re 9 le>n+ f books ab\t ! discov]y ( ,am]ica8 ,s9ce language t5ds to become ! *ief in/rum5t ( le>n+ ab\t _m ?+s1 let u see h[ x works4 ,! baby beg9s ( c\rse ) m]e s\nds1 noises1 & tones hav+ no mean+1 express+1 t is1 no idea4 ,s\nds are j "o k9d ( /imulus to direct response1 "s hav+ a soo?+ effect1 o!rs t5d+ to make "o jump1 & s on4 ,! s\nd h-a-t w\ld rema9 z mean+less z a s\nd 9 ,*octaw1 a seem+ly in>ticulate grunt1 if x 7 n utt]$ 9 connection ) an action :i* is p>ticipat$ 9 by a numb] ( p4 ,:5 ! "m is tak+ ! infant out ( doors1 %e says hat z %e puts some?+ on ! baby's head4 ,be+ tak5 out becomes an int]e/ to ! *ild2 "m & *ild n only g out ) ea* o!r physically1 b bo? are conc]n$ 9 ! go+ out2 !y enjoy x 9 common4 ,by conjunction ) ! o!r factors 9 activity ! s\nd hat soon gets ! same mean+ = ! *ild t x has = ! p>5t2 x becomes a sign ( ! activity into :i* x ent]s4 ,! b>e fact t language consi/s ( s\nds :i* are mutually intelligible is en\gh ( itself to %[ t its mean+ dep5ds ^u connection ) a %>$ exp]i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ! s\nd h-a-t ga9s mean+ 9 precisely ! same way t ! ?+ hat ga9s x1 by be+ us$ 9 a giv5 way4 ,& !y acquire ! same mean+ ) ! *ild :i* !y h ) ! adult because !y are us$ 9 a common exp]i5ce by bo?4 ,! gu>antee = ! same mann] ( use is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! ?+ & ! s\nd are fir/ employ$ 9 a jo9t activity1 z a means ( sett+ up an active connection betwe5 ! *ild & a gr[nup4 ,simil> ideas or mean+s spr+ up because bo? p]sons are engag$ z p>tn]s 9 an action :]e :at ea* does dep5ds ^u & influ5ces :at ! o!r does4 ,if two savages 7 engag$ 9 a jo9t hunt = game1 & a c]ta9 signal meant move to ! "r to ! "o :o utt]$ x1 & move to ! left to ! "o :o he>d x1 !y obvi\sly c\ld n successfully c>ry on _! hunt toge!r4 ,und]/&+ "o ano!r means t objects1 includ+ s\nds1 h ! same value = bo? ) respect to c>ry+ on a common pursuit4 ,aft] s\nds h got mean+ ?r\gh connection ) o!r ?+s employ$ 9 a jo9t und]tak+1 !y c be us$ 9 connection ) o!r l s\nds to develop new mean+s1 precisely z ! ?+s = :i* !y /& are comb9$4 ,?us ! words 9 :i* a *ild le>ns ab\t1 say1 ! ,greek helmet orig9ally got a mean+ 7or 7 und]/ood7 by use 9 an action hav+ a common int]e/ & end4 ,!y n[ ar\se a new mean+ by incit+ ! "o :o he>s or reads to rehe>se imag9atively ! activities 9 :i* ! helmet has its use4 ,= ! "t be+1 ! "o :o und]/&s ! words ,greek helmet becomes m5tally a p>tn] ) ^? :o us$ ! helmet4 ,he engages1 ?r\gh 8 imag9ation1 9 a %>$ activity4 ,x is n easy to get ! full mean+ ( words4 ,mo/ p]sons probably /op ) ! idea t helmet d5otes a que] k9d ( headge> a p call$ ! ,greeks once wore4 ,we conclude1 accord+ly1 t ! use ( language to convey & acquire ideas is an ext5sion & ref9em5t ( ! pr9ciple t ?+s ga9 mean+ by be+ us$ 9 a %>$ exp]i5ce or jo9t action2 9 no s5se does x contrav5e t pr9ciple4 ,:5 words d n ent] z factors into a %>$ situation1 ei!r ov]tly or imag9atively1 !y op]ate z pure physical /imuli1 n z hav+ a mean+ or intellectual value4 ,!y set activity runn+ 9 a giv5 groove1 b !re is no accompany+ consci\s purpose or mean+4 ,?us1 = example1 ! plus sign may be a /imulus to p]=m ! act ( writ+ "o numb] "u ano!r & add+ ! numb]s1 b ! p]son p]=m+ ! act w op]ate mu* z an automaton w\ld unless he realizes ! mean+ ( :at he does4 #c4 ,! ,social ,m$ium z ,educative4 ,our net result ?us f> is t social environm5t =ms ! m5tal & emotional disposition ( behavior 9 individuals by engag+ !m 9 activities t ar\se & /r5g!n c]ta9 impulses1 t h c]ta9 purposes & entail c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,a *ild gr[+ up 9 a family ( musicians w inevitably h :atev] capacities he has 9 music /imulat$1 &1 relatively1 /imulat$ m ?an o!r impulses :i* might h be5 awak5$ 9 ano!r environm5t4 ,save z he takes an int]e/ 9 music & ga9s a c]ta9 compet5cy 9 x1 he is out ( x2 he is unable to %>e 9 ! life ( ! gr\p to :i* he belongs4 ,"s k9ds ( p>ticipation 9 ! life ( ^? ) :om ! individual is connect$ are inevitable2 ) respect to !m1 ! social environm5t ex]cises an educative or =mative influ5ce unconsci\sly & ap>t f any set purpose4 ,9 savage & b>b>ian communities1 su* direct p>ticipation 7con/itut+ ! indirect or incid5tal education ( :i* we h spok57 furni%es almo/ ! sole influ5ce = re>+ ! "y into ! practices & beliefs ( ! gr\p4 ,ev5 9 pres5t-day societies1 x furni%es ! basic nurture ( ev5 ! mo/ insi/5tly s*ool$ y\?4 ,9 accord ) ! int]e/s & occupations ( ! gr\p1 c]ta9 ?+s become objects ( high e/eem2 o!rs ( av]sion4 ,association does n create impulses or affection & dislike1 b x furni%es ! objects to :i* !y atta* !mselves4 ,! way our gr\p or class does ?+s t5ds to det]m9e ! prop] objects ( att5tion1 & ?us to prescribe ! directions & limits ( obs]vation & memory4 ,:at is /range or =eign 7t is to say outside ! activities ( ! gr\ps7 t5ds to be morally =bidd5 & intellectually suspect4 ,x seems almo/ incr$ible to u1 = example1 t ?+s :i* we "k v well c\ld h escap$ recognition 9 pa/ ages4 ,we incl9e to acc\nt = x by attribut+ cong5ital /upidity to our =]unn]s & by assum+ sup]ior native intellig5ce on our own "p4 ,b ! explanation is t _! modes ( life did n call = att5tion to su* facts1 b held _! m9ds rivet$ to o!r ?+s4 ,j z ! s5ses require s5sible objects to /imulate !m1 s our p[]s ( obs]vation1 recollection1 & imag9ation d n "w spontane\sly1 b are set 9 motion by ! dem&s set up by curr5t social occupations4 ,! ma9 texture ( disposition is =m$1 indep5d5tly ( s*ool+1 by su* influ5ces4 ,:at consci\s1 delib]ate tea*+ c d is at mo/ to free ! capacities ?us =m$ = full] ex]cise1 to purge !m ( "s ( _! grossness1 & to furni% objects :i* make _! activity m productive ( mean+4 ,:ile ?is unconsci\s influ5ce ( ! environm5t is s subtle & p]vasive t x affects e fib] ( "* & m9d1 x may be wor? :ile to specify a few directions 9 :i* its effect is mo/ m>k$4 ,fir/1 ! habits ( language4 ,fundam5tal modes ( spee*1 ! bulk ( ! vocabul>y1 are =m$ 9 ! ord9>y int]c\rse ( life1 c>ri$ on n z a set means ( in/ruction b z a social necessity4 ,! babe acquires1 z we well say1 ! "m tongue4 ,:ile spee* habits ?us contract$ may be correct$ or ev5 displac$ by consci\s tea*+1 yet1 9 times ( excitem5t1 int5tionally acquir$ modes ( spee* (t5 fall away1 & individuals relapse into _! really native tongue4 ,secondly1 mann]s4 ,example is notori\sly m pot5t ?an precept4 ,good mann]s come1 z we say1 f good bre$+ or r are good bre$+2 & bre$+ is acquir$ by habitual action1 9 response to habitual /imuli1 n by convey+ in=mation4 ,despite ! nev] end+ play ( consci\s correction & in/ruction1 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e & _s is 9 ! end ! *ief ag5t 9 =m+ mann]s4 ,& mann]s are b m9or morals4 ,moreov]1 9 major morals1 consci\s in/ruction is likely to be efficaci\s only 9 ! degree 9 :i* x falls 9 ) ! g5]al walk & conv]sation ( ^? :o con/itute ! *ild's social environm5t4 ,?irdly1 good ta/e & e/hetic appreciation4 ,if ! eye is con/antly greet$ by h>moni\s objects1 hav+ elegance ( =m & color1 a /&>d ( ta/e naturally gr[s up4 ,! effect ( a tawdry1 un>rang$1 & ov]-decorat$ environm5t works = ! det]ioration ( ta/e1 j z meag] & b>r5 surr\nd+s />ve out ! desire = beauty4 ,aga9/ su* odds1 consci\s tea*+ c h>dly d m ?an convey second-h& in=mation z to :at o!rs ?9k4 ,su* ta/e nev] becomes spontane\s & p]sonally engra9$1 b rema9s a labor$ rem9d] ( :at ^? ?9k to :om "o has be5 taught to look up4 ,to say t ! deep] /&>ds ( judgm5ts ( value are fram$ by ! situations into :i* a p]son habitually ent]s is n s mu* to m5tion a f\r? po9t1 z x is to po9t out a fusion ( ^? already m5tion$4 ,we r>ely recognize ! ext5t 9 :i* our consci\s e/imates ( :at is wor? :ile & :at is n1 are due to /&>ds ( :i* we are n consci\s at all4 ,b 9 g5]al x may be said t ! ?+s :i* we take = grant$ )\t inquiry or reflection are j ! ?+s :i* det]m9e our consci\s ?9k+ & decide our conclusions4 ,& ^! habitudes :i* lie bel[ ! level ( reflection are j ^? :i* h be5 =m$ 9 ! con/ant give & take ( relation%ip ) o!rs4 #d4 ,! ,s*ool z a ,special ,environm5t4 ,! *ief importance ( ?is =ego+ /atem5t ( ! educative process :i* goes on willy-nilly is to lead u to note t ! only way 9 :i* adults consci\sly control ! k9d ( education :i* ! immature get is by controll+ ! environm5t 9 :i* !y act1 & h5ce ?9k & feel4 ,we nev] educate directly1 b indirectly by means ( ! environm5t4 ,:e!r we p]mit *ance environm5ts to d ! "w1 or :e!r we design environm5ts = ! purpose makes a great diff]5ce4 ,& any environm5t is a *ance environm5t s f> z its educative influ5ce is conc]n$ unless x has be5 delib]ately regulat$ ) ref]5ce to its educative effect4 ,an intellig5t home diff]s f an un9tellig5t "o *iefly 9 t ! habits ( life & int]c\rse :i* prevail are *os51 or at lea/ color$1 by ! ?\ght ( _! be>+ ^u ! developm5t ( *ildr54 ,b s*ools rema91 ( c\rse1 ! typical in/ance ( environm5ts fram$ ) express ref]5ce to influ5c+ ! m5tal & moral disposition ( _! memb]s4 ,r\ghly speak+1 !y come into exi/5ce :5 social traditions are s complex t a consid]able "p ( ! social /ore is committ$ to writ+ & transmitt$ ?r\gh writt5 symbols4 ,writt5 symbols are ev5 m artificial or conv5tional ?an spok52 !y _c be pick$ up 9 accid5tal int]c\rse ) o!rs4 ,9 addition1 ! writt5 =m t5ds to select & record matt]s :i* are comp>atively =eign to ev]yday life4 ,! a*ievem5ts accumulat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation are deposit$ 9 x ev5 ?\gh "s ( !m h fall5 tempor>ily out ( use4 ,consequ5tly z soon z a community dep5ds to any consid]able ext5t ^u :at lies beyond its own t]ritory & its own imm$iate g5]ation1 x mu/ rely ^u ! set ag5cy ( s*ools to insure adequate transmission ( all its res\rces4 ,to take an obvi\s illu/ration3 ,! life ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans has pr(\ndly influ5c$ our own1 & yet ! ways 9 :i* !y affect u d n pres5t !mselves on ! surface ( our ord9>y exp]i5ces4 ,9 simil> fa%ion1 peoples /ill exi/+1 b remote 9 space1 ,briti%1 ,g]mans1 ,italians1 directly conc]n our own social affairs1 b ! nature ( ! int]action _c be und]/ood )\t explicit /atem5t & att5tion4 ,9 precisely simil> fa%ion1 our daily associations _c be tru/$ to make cle> to ! "y ! "p play$ 9 our activities by remote physical en]gies1 & by invisible /ructures4 ,h5ce a special mode ( social int]c\rse is in/itut$1 ! s*ool1 to c>e = su* matt]s4 ,?is mode ( association has ?ree functions suffici5tly specific1 z comp>$ ) ord9>y associations ( life1 to be not$4 ,fir/1 a complex civilization is too complex to be assimilat$ 9 toto4 ,x has to be brok5 up into portions1 z x 71 & assimilat$ piecemeal1 9 a gradual & grad$ way4 ,! relation%ips ( our pres5t social life are s num]\s & s int]wov5 t a *ild plac$ 9 ! mo/ favorable position c\ld n readily %>e 9 _m ( ! mo/ important ( !m4 ,n %>+ 9 !m1 _! mean+ w\ld n be communicat$ to him1 w\ld n become a "p ( 8 own m5tal disposition4 ,!re w\ld be no see+ ! trees because ( ! =e/4 ,bus9ess1 politics1 art1 sci5ce1 religion1 w\ld make all at once a clamor = att5tion2 confusion w\ld be ! outcome4 ,! fir/ (fice ( ! social organ we call ! s*ool is to provide a simplifi$ environm5t4 ,x selects ! features :i* are fairly fundam5tal & capable ( be+ respond$ to by ! "y4 ,!n x e/abli%es a progressive ord]1 us+ ! factors fir/ acquir$ z means ( ga9+ insight into :at is m complicat$4 ,9 ! second place1 x is ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool environm5t to elim9ate1 s f> z possible1 ! unwor?y features ( ! exi/+ environm5t f influ5ce ^u m5tal habitudes4 ,x e/abli%es a purifi$ m$ium ( action4 ,selection aims n only at simplify+ b at we$+ out :at is undesirable4 ,e society gets encumb]$ ) :at is trivial1 ) dead wood f ! pa/1 & ) :at is positively p]v]se4 ,! s*ool has ! duty ( omitt+ su* ?+s f ! environm5t :i* x supplies1 & !reby do+ :at x c to c\nt]act _! influ5ce 9 ! ord9>y social environm5t4 ,by select+ ! be/ = its exclusive use1 x /rives to re9=ce ! p[] ( ?is be/4 ,z a society becomes m enlight5$1 x realizes t x is responsible n to transmit & cons]ve ! :ole ( its exi/+ a*ievem5ts1 b only su* z make = a bett] future society4 ,! s*ool is its *ief ag5cy = ! accompli%m5t ( ?is end4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x is ! (fice ( ! s*ool environm5t to balance ! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! social environm5t1 & to see to x t ea* individual gets an opportunity to escape f ! limitations ( ! social gr\p 9 :i* he 0 born1 & to come into liv+ contact ) a broad] environm5t4 ,su* words z society & community are likely to be mislead+1 = !y h a t5d5cy to make u ?9k !re is a s+le ?+ correspond+ to ! s+le ^w4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 a mod]n society is _m societies m or less loosely connect$4 ,ea* h\sehold ) its imm$iate ext5sion ( fri5ds makes a society2 ! village or /reet gr\p ( playmates is a community2 ea* bus9ess gr\p1 ea* club1 is ano!r4 ,pass+ beyond ^! m intimate gr\ps1 !re is 9 a c\ntry l our own a v>iety ( races1 religi\s affiliations1 economic divisions4 ,inside ! mod]n city1 9 spite ( its nom9al political unity1 !re are probably m communities1 m diff]+ cu/oms1 traditions1 aspirations1 & =ms ( gov]nm5t or control1 ?an exi/$ 9 an entire cont95t at an e>li] epo*4 ,ea* su* gr\p ex]cises a =mative influ5ce on ! active dispositions ( its memb]s4 ,a clique1 a club1 a gang1 a ,fag9's h\sehold ( ?ieves1 ! prison]s 9 a jail1 provide educative environm5ts = ^? :o ent] into _! collective or conjo9t activities1 z truly z a *ur*1 a labor union1 a bus9ess p>tn]%ip1 or a political p>ty4 ,ea* ( !m is a mode ( associat$ or community life1 q z mu* z is a family1 a t[n1 or a /ate4 ,!re are also communities ^: memb]s h little or no direct contact ) "o ano!r1 l ! guild ( arti/s1 ! republic ( lett]s1 ! memb]s ( ! pr(essional le>n$ class scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,= !y h aims 9 common1 & ! activity ( ea* memb] is directly modifi$ by k ( :at o!rs are do+4 ,9 ! old5 times1 ! div]sity ( gr\ps 0 l>gely a geographical matt]4 ,!re 7 _m societies1 b ea*1 )9 its own t]ritory1 0 comp>atively homog5e\s4 ,b ) ! developm5t ( comm]ce1 transportation1 int]communication1 & emigration1 c\ntries l ! ,unit$ ,/ates are compos$ ( a comb9ation ( diff]5t gr\ps ) diff]5t traditional cu/oms4 ,x is ?is situation :i* has1 p]haps m ?an any o!r "o cause1 =c$ ! dem& = an educational in/itution :i* %all provide some?+ l a homog5e\s & balanc$ environm5t = ! "y4 ,only 9 ?is way c ! c5trifugal =ces set up by juxtaposition ( diff]5t gr\ps )9 "o & ! same political unit be c\nt]act$4 ,! int]m+l+ 9 ! s*ool ( y\? ( diff]5t races1 diff]+ religions1 & unlike cu/oms creates = all a new & broad] environm5t4 ,common subject matt] accu/oms all to a unity ( outlook ^u a broad] horizon ?an is visible to ! memb]s ( any gr\p :ile x is isolat$4 ,! assimilative =ce ( ! ,am]ican public s*ool is eloqu5t te/imony to ! efficacy ( ! common & balanc$ appeal4 ,! s*ool has ! function also ( coord9at+ )9 ! disposition ( ea* individual ! div]se influ5ces ( ! v>i\s social environm5ts into :i* he ent]s4 ,"o code prevails 9 ! family2 ano!r1 on ! /reet2 a ?ird1 9 ! work%op or /ore2 a f\r?1 9 ! religi\s association4 ,z a p]son passes f "o ( ! environm5ts to ano!r1 he is subject$ to antagoni/ic pulls1 & is 9 dang] ( be+ split into a be+ hav+ diff]5t /&>ds ( judgm5t & emotion = diff]5t occasions4 ,?is dang] imposes ^u ! s*ool a /eady+ & integrat+ (fice4 ,summ>y4 ,! developm5t )9 ! "y ( ! attitudes & dispositions necess>y to ! cont9u\s & progressive life ( a society _c take place by direct conveyance ( beliefs1 emotions1 & k4 ,x takes place ?r\gh ! int]m$i>y ( ! environm5t4 ,! environm5t consi/s ( ! sum total ( conditions :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! execution ( ! activity *>act]i/ic ( a liv+ be+4 ,! social environm5t consi/s ( all ! activities ( fell[ be+s t are b\nd up 9 ! c>ry+ on ( ! activities ( any "o ( its memb]s4 ,x is truly educative 9 its effect 9 ! degree 9 :i* an individual %>es or p>ticipates 9 "s conjo9t activity4 ,by do+ 8 %>e 9 ! associat$ activity1 ! individual appropriates ! purpose :i* actuates x1 becomes famili> ) its me?ods & subject matt]s1 acquires ne$$ skill1 & is saturat$ ) its emotional _s4 ,! deep] & m intimate educative =mation ( disposition comes1 )\t consci\s int5t1 z ! "y gradually p>take ( ! activities ( ! v>i\s gr\ps to :i* !y may belong4 ,z a society becomes m complex1 h[ev]1 x is f\nd necess>y to provide a special social environm5t :i* %all especially look aft] nurtur+ ! capacities ( ! immature4 ,?ree ( ! m important functions ( ?is special environm5t are3 simplify+ & ord]+ ! factors ( ! disposition x is wi%$ to develop2 purify+ & idealiz+ ! exi/+ social cu/oms2 creat+ a wid] & bett] balanc$ environm5t ?an t by :i* ! "y w\ld be likely1 if left to !mselves1 to be influ5c$4 ,*apt] ,?ree3 ,education z ,direction #a4 ,! ,environm5t z ,directive4 ,we n[ pass to "o ( ! special =ms :i* ! g5]al function ( education assumes3 namely1 t ( direction1 control1 or guidance4 ,( ^! ?ree words1 direction1 control1 & guidance1 ! la/ be/ conveys ! idea ( assi/+ ?r\gh coop]ation ! natural capacities ( ! individuals guid$2 control conveys r ! notion ( an en]gy br\ght to be> f )\t & meet+ "s resi/ance f ! "o controll$2 direction is a m neutral t]m & sugge/s ! fact t ! active t5d5cies ( ^? direct$ are l$ 9 a c]ta9 cont9u\s c\rse1 in/ead ( disp]s+ aimlessly4 ,direction expresses ! basic function1 :i* t5ds at "o extreme to become a guid+ assi/ance & at ano!r1 a regulation or rul+4 ,b 9 any case1 we mu/ c>efully avoid a mean+ sometimes read into ! t]m control4 ,x is sometimes assum$1 explicitly or unconsci\sly1 t an individual's t5d5cies are naturally purely individuali/ic or egoi/ic1 & ?us antisocial4 ,control !n d5otes ! process by :i* he is br\ght to subord9ate 8 natural impulses to public or common ends4 ,s9ce1 by conception1 8 own nature is q ali5 to ?is process & opposes x r ?an helps x1 control has 9 ?is view a flavor ( co]cion or compulsion ab\t x4 ,sy/ems ( gov]nm5t & !ories ( ! /ate h be5 built ^u ?is notion1 & x has s]i\sly affect$ educational ideas & practices4 ,b !re is no gr\nd = any su* view4 ,individuals are c]ta9ly int]e/$1 at times1 9 hav+ _! own way1 & _! own way may g contr>y to ! ways ( o!rs4 ,b !y are also int]e/$1 & *iefly int]e/$ ^u ! :ole1 9 ent]+ into ! activities ( o!rs & tak+ "p 9 conjo9t & coop]ative do+s4 ,o!rwise1 no su* ?+ z a community w\ld be possible4 ,& !re w\ld n ev5 be any "o int]e/$ 9 furni%+ ! policeman to keep a semblance ( h>mony unless he ?\ght t !reby he c\ld ga9 "s p]sonal advantage4 ,control1 9 tru?1 means only an emphatic =m ( direction ( p[]s1 & cov]s ! regulation ga9$ by an individual ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts q z mu* z t br\ght ab\t :5 o!rs take ! lead4 ,9 g5]al1 e /imulus directs activity4 ,x does n simply excite x or /ir x up1 b directs x t[>d an object4 ,put ! o!r way ar\nd1 a response is n j a re-action1 a prote/1 z x 71 aga9/ be+ di/urb$2 x is1 z ! ^w indicates1 an answ]4 ,x meets ! /imulus1 & corresponds ) x4 ,!re is an adaptation ( ! /imulus & response to ea* o!r4 ,a light is ! /imulus to ! eye to see some?+1 & ! bus9ess ( ! eye is to see4 ,if ! eyes are op5 & !re is light1 see+ occurs2 ! /imulus is b a condition ( ! fulfillm5t ( ! prop] function ( ! organ1 n an outside int]ruption4 ,to "s ext5t1 !n1 all direction or control is a guid+ ( activity to its own end2 x is an assi/ance 9 do+ fully :at "s organ is already t5d+ to d4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t ne$s1 h[ev]1 to be qualifi$ 9 two respects4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 except 9 ! case ( a small numb] ( in/9cts1 ! /imuli to :i* an immature human be+ is subject are n suffici5tly def9ite to call out1 9 ! beg9n+1 specific responses4 ,!re is always a great deal ( sup]flu\s en]gy ar\s$4 ,?is en]gy may be wa/$1 go+ aside f ! po9t2 x may also g aga9/ ! successful p]=mance ( an act4 ,x does h>m by gett+ 9 ! way4 ,comp>e ! behavior ( a beg9n] 9 rid+ a bicycle ) t ( ! exp]t4 ,!re is little axis ( direction 9 ! en]gies put =?2 !y are l>gely disp]sive & c5trifugal4 ,direction involves a focus+ & fixat+ ( action 9 ord] t x may be truly a response1 & ?is requires an elim9ation ( unnecess>y & confus+ movem5ts4 ,9 ! second place1 al?\gh no activity c be produc$ 9 :i* ! p]son does n coop]ate to "s ext5t1 yet a response may be ( a k9d :i* does n fit into ! sequ5ce & cont9uity ( action4 ,a p]son box+ may dodge a p>ticul> bl[ successfully1 b 9 su* a way z to expose himself ! next in/ant to a /ill h>d] bl[4 ,adequate control means t ! successive acts are br\ght into a cont9u\s ord]2 ea* act n only meets its imm$iate /imulus b helps ! acts :i* foll[4 ,9 %ort1 direction is bo? simultane\s & successive4 ,at a giv5 "t1 x requires t1 f all ! t5d5cies t are p>tially call$ out1 ^? be select$ :i* c5t] en]gy ^u ! po9t ( ne$4 ,successively1 x requires t ea* act be balanc$ ) ^? :i* prec$e & come aft]1 s t ord] ( activity is a*iev$4 ,focus+ & ord]+ are ?us ! two aspects ( direction1 "o spatial1 ! o!r temporal4 ,! fir/ insures hitt+ ! m>k2 ! second keeps ! balance requir$ = fur!r action4 ,obvi\sly1 x is n possible to sep>ate !m 9 practice z we h di/+ui%$ !m 9 idea4 ,activity mu/ be c5t]$ at a giv5 "t 9 su* a way z to prep>e = :at comes next4 ,! problem ( ! imm$iate response is complicat$ by "o's hav+ to be on ! look\t = future occurr5ces4 ,two conclusions em]ge f ^! g5]al /atem5ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 purely ext]nal direction is impossible4 ,! environm5t c at mo/ only supply /imuli to call out responses4 ,^! responses proce$ f t5d5cies already possess$ by ! individual4 ,ev5 :5 a p]son is fright5$ by ?reats into do+ some?+1 ! ?reats "w only because ! p]son has an in/9ct ( fe>4 ,if he has n1 or if1 ?\gh hav+ x1 x is "u 8 own control1 ! ?reat has no m influ5ce ^u him ?an light has 9 caus+ a p]son to see :o has no eyes4 ,:ile ! cu/oms & rules ( adults furni% /imuli :i* direct z well z evoke ! activities ( ! "y1 ! "y1 aft] all1 p>ticipate 9 ! direction :i* _! actions f9ally take4 ,9 ! /rict s5se1 no?+ c be =c$ ^u !m or into !m4 ,to ov]look ?is fact means to di/ort & p]v]t human nature4 ,to take into acc\nt ! contribution made by ! exi/+ in/9cts & habits ( ^? direct$ is to direct !m economically & wisely4 ,speak+ accurately1 all direction is b re-direction2 x %ifts ! activities already go+ on into ano!r *annel4 ,unless "o is cognizant ( ! en]gies :i* are already 9 op]ation1 "o's attempts at direction w almo/ surely g amiss4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! control af=d$ by ! cu/oms & regulations ( o!rs may be %ort-sight$4 ,x may accompli% its imm$iate effect1 b at ! exp5se ( ?r[+ ! subsequ5t action ( ! p]son out ( balance4 ,a ?reat may1 = example1 prev5t a p]son f do+ some?+ to :i* he is naturally incl9$ by ar\s+ fe> ( disagreeable consequ5ces if he p]si/s4 ,b he may be left 9 ! position :i* exposes him lat] on to influ5ces :i* w lead him to d ev5 worse ?+s4 ,8 in/9cts ( cunn+ & slyness may be ar\s$1 s t ?+s h5ce=? appeal to him on ! side ( evasion & trick]y m ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! case4 ,^? engag$ 9 direct+ ! actions ( o!rs are always 9 dang] ( ov]look+ ! importance ( ! sequ5tial developm5t ( ^? !y direct4 #b4 ,modes ( ,social ,direction4 ,adults are naturally mo/ consci\s ( direct+ ! conduct ( o!rs :5 !y are imm$iately aim+ s to d4 ,z a rule1 !y h su* an aim consci\sly :5 !y f9d !mselves resi/$2 :5 o!rs are do+ ?+s !y d n wi% !m to d4 ,b ! m p]man5t & influ5tial modes ( control are ^? :i* op]ate f mom5t to mom5t cont9u\sly )\t su* delib]ate int5tion on our "p4 #a4 ,:5 o!rs are n do+ :at we w\ld l !m to or are ?reat5+ disob$i5ce1 we are mo/ consci\s ( ! ne$ ( controll+ !m & ( ! influ5ces by :i* !y are controll$4 ,9 su* cases1 our control becomes mo/ direct1 & at ?is po9t we are mo/ likely to make ! mi/akes j spok5 (4 ,we are ev5 likely to take ! influ5ce ( sup]ior =ce = control1 =gett+ t :ile we may lead a horse to wat] we _c make him dr9k2 & t :ile we c %ut a man up 9 a p5it5ti>y we _c make him p5it5t4 ,9 all su* cases ( imm$iate action ^u o!rs1 we ne$ to discrim9ate betwe5 physical results & moral results4 ,a p]son may be 9 su* a condition t =cible fe$+ or en=c$ conf9em5t is necess>y = 8 own good4 ,a *ild may h to be snat*$ ) r\ghness away f a fire s t he %all n be burnt4 ,b no improvem5t ( disposition1 no educative effect1 ne$ foll[4 ,a h>% & comm&+ tone may be effectual 9 keep+ a *ild away f ! fire1 & ! same desirable physical effect w foll[ z if he _h be5 snat*$ away4 ,b !re may be no m ob$i5ce ( a moral sort 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,a man c be prev5t$ f break+ into o!r p]sons' h\ses by %utt+ him up1 b %utt+ him up may n alt] 8 disposition to commit burgl>y4 ,:5 we confuse a physical ) an educative result1 we always lose ! *ance ( enli/+ ! p]son's own p>ticipat+ disposition 9 gett+ ! result desir$1 & !reby ( develop+ )9 him an intr9sic & p]si/+ direction 9 ! "r way4 ,9 g5]al1 ! occasion = ! m consci\s acts ( control %\ld be limit$ to acts :i* are s in/9ctive or impulsive t ! "o p]=m+ !m has no means ( =esee+ _! outcome4 ,if a p]son _c =esee ! consequ5ces ( 8 act1 & is n capable ( und]/&+ :at he is told ab\t its outcome by ^? ) m exp]i5ce1 x is impossible = him to guide 8 act intellig5tly4 ,9 su* a /ate1 e act is alike to him4 ,:atev] moves him does move him1 & t is all !re is to x4 ,9 "s cases1 x is well to p]mit him to exp]im5t1 & to discov] ! consequ5ces = himself 9 ord] t he may act intellig5tly next "t "u simil> circum/ances4 ,b "s c\rses ( action are too discommod+ & obnoxi\s to o!rs to all[ ( ?is c\rse be+ pursu$4 ,direct disapproval is n[ resort$ to4 ,%am+1 ridicule1 disfavor1 rebuke1 & puni%m5t are us$4 ,or contr>y t5d5cies 9 ! *ild are appeal$ to to div]t him f 8 tr\blesome l9e ( behavior4 ,8 s5sitiv5ess to approbation1 8 hope ( w9n+ favor by an agreeable act1 are made use ( to induce action 9 ano!r direction4 #b4 ,^! me?ods ( control are s obvi\s 7because s int5tionally employ$7 t x w\ld h>dly be wor? :ile to m5tion !m if x 7 n t notice may n[ be tak51 by way ( contra/1 ( ! o!r m important & p]man5t mode ( control4 ,?is o!r me?od resides 9 ! ways 9 :i* p]sons1 ) :om ! immature be+ is associat$1 use ?+s2 ! in/rum5talities ) :i* !y accompli% _! own ends4 ,! v exi/5ce ( ! social m$ium 9 :i* an individual lives1 moves1 & has 8 be+ is ! /&+ effective ag5cy ( direct+ 8 activity4 ,?is fact makes x necess>y = u to exam9e 9 great] detail :at is meant by ! social environm5t4 ,we are giv5 to sep>at+ f ea* o!r ! physical & social environm5ts 9 :i* we live4 ,! sep>ation is responsible on "o h& = an exagg]ation ( ! moral importance ( ! m direct or p]sonal modes ( control ( :i* we h be5 speak+2 & on ! o!r h& = an exagg]ation1 9 curr5t psy*ology & philosophy1 ( ! intellectual possibilities ( contact ) a purely physical environm5t4 ,!re is n1 9 fact1 any su* ?+ z ! direct influ5ce ( "o human be+ on ano!r ap>t f use ( ! physical environm5t z an int]m$i>y4 ,a smile1 a fr[n1 a rebuke1 a ^w ( w>n+ or enc\ragem5t1 all involve "s physical *ange4 ,o!rwise1 ! attitude ( "o w\ld n get ov] to alt] ! attitude ( ano!r4 ,comp>atively speak+1 su* modes ( influ5ce may be reg>d$ z p]sonal4 ,! physical m$ium is r$uc$ to a m]e means ( p]sonal contact4 ,9 contra/ ) su* direct modes ( mutual influ5ce1 /& associations 9 common pursuits involv+ ! use ( ?+s z means & z measures ( results4 ,ev5 if ! "m nev] told h] daught] to help h]1 or nev] rebuk$ h] = n help+1 ! *ild w\ld be subject$ to direction 9 h] activities by ! m]e fact t %e 0 engag$1 along ) ! p>5t1 9 ! h\sehold life4 ,imitation1 emulation1 ! ne$ ( work+ toge!r1 en=ce control4 ,if ! "m h&s ! *ild some?+ ne$$1 ! latt] mu/ rea* ! ?+ 9 ord] to get x4 ,:]e !re is giv+ !re mu/ be tak+4 ,! way ! *ild h&les ! ?+ aft] x is got1 ! use to :i* x is put1 is surely influ5c$ by ! fact t ! *ild has wat*$ ! "m4 ,:5 ! *ild sees ! p>5t look+ = some?+1 x is z natural = x also to look = ! object & to give x ov] :5 x f9ds x1 z x 01 "u o!r circum/ances1 to receive x4 ,multiply su* an in/ance by ! ?\s& details ( daily int]c\rse1 & "o has a picture ( ! mo/ p]man5t & endur+ me?od ( giv+ direction to ! activities ( ! "y4 ,9 say+ ?is1 we are only repeat+ :at 0 said previ\sly ab\t p>ticipat+ 9 a jo9t activity z ! *ief way ( =m+ disposition4 ,we h explicitly add$1 h[ev]1 ! recognition ( ! "p play$ 9 ! jo9t activity by ! use ( ?+s4 ,! philosophy ( le>n+ has be5 unduly dom9at$ by a false psy*ology4 ,x is frequ5tly /at$ t a p]son le>ns by m]ely hav+ ! qualities ( ?+s impress$ ^u 8 m9d ?r\gh ! gateway ( ! s5ses4 ,hav+ receiv$ a /ore ( s5sory impressions1 association or "s p[] ( m5tal syn!sis is suppos$ to comb9e !m into ideas--into ?+s ) a mean+4 ,an object1 /one1 orange1 tree1 *air1 is suppos$ to convey diff]5t impressions ( color1 %ape1 size1 h>dness1 smell1 ta/e1 etc41 :i* aggregat$ toge!r con/itute ! *>act]i/ic mean+ ( ea* ?+4 ,b z matt] ( fact1 x is ! *>act]i/ic use to :i* ! ?+ is put1 because ( its specific qualities1 :i* supplies ! mean+ ) :i* x is id5tifi$4 ,a *air is a ?+ :i* is put to "o use2 a table1 a ?+ :i* is employ$ = ano!r purpose2 an orange is a ?+ :i* co/s s mu*1 :i* is gr[n 9 w>m climes1 :i* is eat51 & :5 eat5 has an agreeable odor & refre%+ ta/e1 etc4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an adju/m5t to a physical /imulus & a m5tal act is t ! latt] involves response to a ?+ 9 its mean+2 ! =m] does n4 ,a noise may make me jump )\t my m9d be+ implicat$4 ,:5 ,i he> a noise & run & get wat] & put out a blaze1 ,i respond intellig5tly2 ! s\nd meant fire1 & fire meant ne$ ( be+ ext+ui%$4 ,i bump into a /one1 & kick x to "o side purely physically4 ,i put x to "o side = fe> "s "o w /umble ^u x1 intellig5tly2 ,i respond to a mean+ :i* ! ?+ has4 ,i am />tl$ by a ?und]clap :e!r ,i recognize x or n--m likely1 if ,i d n recognize x4 ,b if ,i say1 ei!r out l\d or to myself1 t is ?und]1 ,i respond to ! di/urbance z a mean+4 ,my behavior has a m5tal quality4 ,:5 ?+s h a mean+ = u1 we mean 7int5d1 propose7 :at we d3 :5 !y d n1 we act bl9dly1 unconsci\sly1 un9tellig5tly4 ,9 bo? k9ds ( responsive adju/m5t1 our activities are direct$ or controll$4 ,b 9 ! m]ely bl9d response1 direction is also bl9d4 ,!re may be tra9+1 b !re is no education4 ,repeat$ responses to recurr5t /imuli may fix a habit ( act+ 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,all ( u h _m habits ( ^: import we are q unaw>e1 s9ce !y 7 =m$ )\t our kn[+ :at we 7 ab\t4 ,consequ5tly !y possess u1 r ?an we !m4 ,!y move u2 !y control u4 ,unless we become aw>e ( :at !y accompli%1 & pass judgm5t ^u ! wor? ( ! result1 we d n control !m4 ,a *ild might be made to b[ e "t he met a c]ta9 p]son by pressure on 8 neck muscles1 & b[+ w\ld f9ally become automatic4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be an act ( recognition or def]5ce on 8 "p1 till he did x ) a c]ta9 end 9 view--z hav+ a c]ta9 mean+4 ,& n till he knew :at he 0 ab\t & p]=m$ ! act = ! sake ( its mean+ c\ld he be said to be br\ght up or educat$ to act 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,to h an idea ( a ?+ is ?us n j to get c]ta9 s5sations f x4 ,x is to be able to respond to ! ?+ 9 view ( its place 9 an inclusive s*eme ( action2 x is to =esee ! drift & probable consequ5ce ( ! action ( ! ?+ ^u u & ( our action ^u x4 ,to h ! same ideas ab\t ?+s :i* o!rs h1 to be l-m9d$ ) !m1 & ?us to be really memb]s ( a social gr\p1 is !re=e to atta* ! same mean+s to ?+s & to acts :i* o!rs atta*4 ,o!rwise1 !re is no common und]/&+1 & no community life4 ,b 9 a %>$ activity1 ea* p]son ref]s :at he is do+ to :at ! o!r is do+ & vice-v]sa4 ,t is1 ! activity ( ea* is plac$ 9 ! same inclusive situation4 ,to pull at a rope at :i* o!rs happ5 to be pull+ is n a %>$ or conjo9t activity1 unless ! pull+ is done ) k t o!rs are pull+ & = ! sake ( ei!r help+ or h9d]+ :at !y are do+4 ,a p9 may pass 9 ! c\rse ( its manufacture ?r\gh ! h&s ( _m p]sons4 ,b ea* may d 8 "p )\t k ( :at o!rs d or )\t any ref]5ce to :at !y d2 ea* may op]ate simply = ! sake ( a sep>ate result--8 own pay4 ,!re is1 9 ?is case1 no common consequ5ce to :i* ! sev]al acts are ref]r$1 & h5ce no g5u9e int]c\rse or association1 9 spite ( juxtaposition1 & 9 spite ( ! fact t _! respective do+s contribute to a s+le outcome4 ,b if ea* views ! consequ5ces ( 8 own acts z hav+ a be>+ ^u :at o!rs are do+ & takes into acc\nt ! consequ5ces ( _! behavior ^u himself1 !n !re is a common m9d2 a common int5t 9 behavior4 ,!re is an und]/&+ set up betwe5 ! diff]5t contributors2 & ?is common und]/&+ controls ! action ( ea*4 ,suppose t conditions 7 s arrang$ t "o p]son automatically caught a ball & !n ?rew x to ano!r p]son :o caught & automatically return$ x2 & t ea* s act$ )\t kn[+ :]e ! ball came f or w5t to4 ,cle>ly1 su* action w\ld be )\t po9t or mean+4 ,x might be physically controll$1 b x w\ld n be socially direct$4 ,b suppose t ea* becomes aw>e ( :at ! o!r is do+1 & becomes int]e/$ 9 ! o!r's action & !reby int]e/$ 9 :at he is do+ himself z connect$ ) ! action ( ! o!r4 ,! behavior ( ea* w\ld !n be intellig5t2 & socially intellig5t & guid$4 ,take "o m example ( a less imag9>y k9d4 ,an infant is hungry1 & cries :ile food is prep>$ 9 8 pres5ce4 ,if he does n connect 8 own /ate ) :at o!rs are do+1 nor :at !y are do+ ) 8 own satisfaction1 he simply reacts ) increas+ impati5ce to 8 own increas+ discom=t4 ,he is physically controll$ by 8 own organic /ate4 ,b :5 he makes a back & =? ref]5ce1 8 :ole attitude *anges4 ,he takes an int]e/1 z we say2 he takes note & wat*es :at o!rs are do+4 ,he no long] reacts j to 8 own hung]1 b behaves 9 ! light ( :at o!rs are do+ = its prospective satisfaction4 ,9 t way1 he also no long] j gives way to hung] )\t kn[+ x1 b he notes1 or recognizes1 or id5tifies 8 own /ate4 ,x becomes an object = him4 ,8 attitude t[>d x becomes 9 "s degree intellig5t4 ,& 9 su* not+ ( ! mean+ ( ! actions ( o!rs & ( 8 own /ate1 he is socially direct$4 ,x w be recall$ t our ma9 proposition _h two sides4 ,"o ( !m has n[ be5 dealt )3 namely1 t physical ?+s d n influ5ce m9d 7or =m ideas & beliefs7 except z !y are implicat$ 9 action = prospective consequ5ces4 ,! o!r po9t is p]sons modify "o ano!r's dispositions only ?r\gh ! special use !y make ( physical conditions4 ,consid] fir/ ! case ( s-call$ expressive movem5ts to :i* o!rs are s5sitive2 blu%+1 smil+1 fr[n+1 cl9*+ ( fi/s1 natural ge/ures ( all k9ds4 ,9 !mselves1 ^! are n expressive4 ,!y are organic p>ts ( a p]son's attitude4 ,"o does n blu% to %[ mode/y or emb>rassm5t to o!rs1 b because ! capill>y circulation alt]s 9 response to /imuli4 ,b o!rs use ! blu%1 or a slightly p]ceptible tight5+ ( ! muscles ( a p]son ) :om !y are associat$1 z a sign ( ! /ate 9 :i* t p]son f9ds himself1 & z an indication ( :at c\rse to pursue4 ,! fr[n signifies an imm95t rebuke = :i* "o mu/ prep>e1 or an unc]ta9ty & hesitation :i* "o mu/1 if possible1 remove by say+ or do+ some?+ to re/ore confid5ce4 ,a man at "s di/ance is wav+ 8 arms wildly4 ,"o has only to pres]ve an attitude ( deta*$ indiff]5ce1 & ! motions ( ! o!r p]son w be on ! level ( any remote physical *ange :i* we happ5 to note4 ,if we h no conc]n or int]e/1 ! wav+ ( ! arms is z mean+less to u z ! gyrations ( ! arms ( a w9dmill4 ,b if int]e/ is ar\s$1 we beg9 to p>ticipate4 ,we ref] 8 action to some?+ we are do+ ourselves or t we %\ld d4 ,we h to judge ! mean+ ( 8 act 9 ord] to decide :at to d4 ,is he beckon+ = help8 ,is he w>n+ u ( an explosion to be set (f1 aga9/ :i* we %\ld gu>d ourselves8 ,9 "o case1 8 action means to run t[>d him2 9 ! o!r case1 to run away4 ,9 any case1 x is ! *ange he effects 9 ! physical environm5t :i* is a sign to u ( h[ we %\ld conduct ourselves4 ,our action is socially controll$ because we endeavor to ref] :at we are to d to ! same situation 9 :i* he is act+4 ,language is1 z we h already se5 7ante1 p4 #ae7 a case ( ?is jo9t ref]5ce ( our own action & t ( ano!r to a common situation4 ,h5ce its unrival$ significance z a means ( social direction4 ,b language w\ld n be ?is efficaci\s in/rum5t 7 x n t x takes place ^u a backgr\nd ( co>s] & m tangible use ( physical means to accompli% results4 ,a *ild sees p]sons ) :om he lives us+ *airs1 hats1 tables1 spades1 saws1 pl[s1 horses1 money 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,if he has any %>e at all 9 :at !y are do+1 he is l$ !reby to use ?+s 9 ! same way1 or to use o!r ?+s 9 a way :i* w fit 94 ,if a *air is drawn up to a table1 x is a sign t he is to sit 9 x2 if a p]son ext5ds 8 "r h&1 he is to ext5d 82 & s on 9 a nev] end+ /ream ( detail4 ,! prevail+ habits ( us+ ! products ( human art & ! raw mat]ials ( nature con/itute by all odds ! deepe/ & mo/ p]vasive mode ( social control4 ,:5 *ildr5 g to s*ool1 !y already h m9ds--!y h k & dispositions ( judgm5t :i* may be appeal$ to ?r\gh ! use ( language4 ,b ^! m9ds are ! organiz$ habits ( intellig5t response :i* !y h previ\sly requir$ by putt+ ?+s to use 9 connection ) ! way o!r p]sons use ?+s4 ,! control is inescapable2 x saturates disposition4 ,! net outcome ( ! discussion is t ! fundam5tal means ( control is n p]sonal b intellectual4 ,x is n moral 9 ! s5se t a p]son is mov$ by direct p]sonal appeal f o!rs1 important z is ?is me?od at critical junctures4 ,x consi/s 9 ! habits ( und]/&+1 :i* are set up 9 us+ objects 9 correspond5ce ) o!rs1 :e!r by way ( coop]ation & assi/ance or rivalry & competition4 ,m9d z a concrete ?+ is precisely ! p[] to und]/& ?+s 9 t]ms ( ! use made ( !m2 a socializ$ m9d is ! p[] to und]/& !m 9 t]ms ( ! use to :i* !y are turn$ 9 jo9t or %>$ situations4 ,& m9d 9 ?is s5se is ! me?od ( social control4 #c4 ,imitation & ,social ,psy*ology4 ,we h already not$ ! defects ( a psy*ology ( le>n+ :i* places ! individual m9d nak$1 z x 71 9 contact ) physical objects1 & :i* believes t k1 ideas1 & beliefs accrue f _! int]action4 ,only comp>atively rec5tly has ! pr$om9at+ influ5ce ( association ) fell[ be+s 9 ! =mation ( m5tal & moral disposition be5 p]ceiv$4 ,ev5 n[ x is usually treat$ z a k9d ( adjunct to an alleg$ me?od ( le>n+ by direct contact ) ?+s1 & z m]ely supplem5t+ k ( ! physical _w ) k ( p]sons4 ,! purport ( our discussion is t su* a view makes an absurd & impossible sep>ation betwe5 p]sons & ?+s4 ,int]action ) ?+s may =m habits ( ext]nal adju/m5t4 ,b x leads to activity hav+ a mean+ & consci\s int5t only :5 ?+s are us$ to produce a result4 ,& ! only way "o p]son c modify ! m9d ( ano!r is by us+ physical conditions1 crude or artificial1 s z to evoke "s answ]+ activity f him4 ,su* are our two ma9 conclusions4 ,x is desirable to amplify & en=ce !m by plac+ !m 9 contra/ ) ! !ory :i* uses a psy*ology ( suppos$ direct relation%ips ( human be+s to "o ano!r z an adjunct to ! psy*ology ( ! suppos$ direct relation ( an individual to physical objects4 ,9 sub/ance1 ?is s-call$ social psy*ology has be5 built ^u ! notion ( imitation4 ,consequ5tly1 we %all discuss ! nature & role ( imitation 9 ! =mation ( m5tal disposition4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 social control ( individuals re/s ^u ! in/9ctive t5d5cy ( individuals to imitate or copy ! actions ( o!rs4 ,! latt] s]ve z models4 ,! imitative in/9ct is s /rong t ! "y devote !mselves to con=m+ to ! patt]ns set by o!rs & reproduc+ !m 9 _! own s*eme ( behavior4 ,accord+ to our !ory1 :at is "h call$ imitation is a mislead+ "n = p>tak+ ) o!rs 9 a use ( ?+s :i* leads to consequ5ces ( common int]e/4 ,! basic error 9 ! curr5t notion ( imitation is t x puts ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,x takes an effect = ! cause ( ! effect4 ,!re c be no d\bt t individuals 9 =m+ a social gr\p are l-m9d$2 !y und]/& "o ano!r4 ,!y t5d to act ) ! same controll+ ideas1 beliefs1 & int5tions1 giv5 simil> circum/ances4 ,look$ at f )\t1 !y might be said to be engag$ 9 imitat+ "o ano!r4 ,9 ! s5se t !y are do+ mu* ! same sort ( ?+ 9 mu* ! same sort ( way1 ?is w\ld be true en\gh4 ,b imitation ?r[s no light ^u :y !y s act2 x repeats ! fact z an explanation ( itself4 ,x is an explanation ( ! same ord] z ! fam\s say+ t opium puts m5 to sleep because ( its dormitive p[]4 ,objective lik5ess ( acts & ! m5tal satisfaction f\nd 9 be+ 9 con=mity ) o!rs are baptiz$ by ! "n imitation4 ,?is social fact is !n tak5 = a psy*ological =ce1 :i* produc$ ! lik5ess4 ,a consid]able portion ( :at is call$ imitation is simply ! fact t p]sons be+ alike 9 /ructure respond 9 ! same way to l /imuli4 ,q indep5d5tly ( imitation1 m5 on be+ insult$ get angry & attack ! insult]4 ,?is /atem5t may be met by cit+ ! und\bt$ fact t response to an insult takes place 9 diff]5t ways 9 gr\ps hav+ diff]5t cu/oms4 ,9 "o gr\p1 x may be met by rec\rse to fi/icuffs1 9 ano!r by a *all5ge to a duel1 9 a ?ird by an exhibition ( contemptu\s disreg>d4 ,?is happ5s1 s x is said1 because ! model set = imitation is diff]5t4 ,b !re is no ne$ to appeal to imitation4 ,! m]e fact t cu/oms are diff]5t means t ! actual /imuli to behavior are diff]5t4 ,consci\s in/ruction plays a "p2 prior approvals & disapprovals h a l>ge influ5ce4 ,/ill m effective is ! fact t unless an individual acts 9 ! way curr5t 9 8 gr\p1 he is lit]ally out ( x4 ,he c associate ) o!rs on intimate & equal t]ms only by behav+ 9 ! way 9 :i* !y behave4 ,! pressure t comes f ! fact t "o is let into ! gr\p action by act+ 9 "o way & %ut out by act+ 9 ano!r way is unremitt+4 ,:at is call$ ! effect ( imitation is ma9ly ! product ( consci\s in/ruction & ( ! selective influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! unconsci\s confirmations & ratifications ( ^? ) :om "o associates4 ,suppose t "s "o rolls a ball to a *ild2 he cat*es x & rolls x back1 & ! game goes on4 ,"h ! /imulus is n j ! sight ( ! ball1 or ! sight ( ! o!r roll+ x4 ,x is ! situation--! game :i* is play+4 ,! response is n m]ely roll+ ! ball back2 x is roll+ x back s t ! o!r "o may cat* & return x1--t ! game may cont9ue4 ,! patt]n or model is n ! action ( ! o!r p]son4 ,! :ole situation requires t ea* %\ld adapt 8 action 9 view ( :at ! o!r p]son has done & is to d4 ,imitation may come 9 b its role is subord9ate4 ,! *ild has an int]e/ on 8 own acc\nt2 he wants to keep x go+4 ,he may !n note h[ ! o!r p]son cat*es & holds ! ball 9 ord] to improve 8 own acts4 ,he imitates ! means ( do+1 n ! end or ?+ to be done4 ,& he imitates ! means because he wi%es1 on 8 own behalf1 z "p ( 8 own initiative1 to take an effective "p 9 ! game4 ,"o has only to consid] h[ completely ! *ild is dep5d5t f 8 e>lie/ days = successful execution ( 8 purposes ^u fitt+ 8 acts into ^? ( o!rs to see :at a premium is put ^u behav+ z o!rs behave1 & ( develop+ an und]/&+ ( !m 9 ord] t he may s behave4 ,! pressure = likem9d$ness 9 action f ?is s\rce is s great t x is q sup]flu\s to appeal to imitation4 ,z matt] ( fact1 imitation ( ends1 z di/9ct f imitation ( means :i* help to rea* ends1 is a sup]ficial & transitory affair :i* leaves little effect ^u disposition4 ,idiots are especially apt at ?is k9d ( imitation2 x affects outw>d acts b n ! mean+ ( _! p]=mance4 ,:5 we f9d *ildr5 engag+ 9 ?is sort ( mimicry1 in/ead ( enc\rag+ !m 7z we w\ld d if x 7 an important means ( social control7 we are m likely to rebuke !m z apes1 monkeys1 p>rots1 or copy cats4 ,imitation ( means ( accompli%m5t is1 on ! o!r h&1 an intellig5t act4 ,x involves close obs]vation1 & judici\s selection ( :at w enable "o to d bett] some?+ :i* he already is try+ to d4 ,us$ = a purpose1 ! imitative in/9ct may1 l any o!r in/9ct1 become a factor 9 ! developm5t ( effective action4 ,?is excursus %\ld1 accord+ly1 h ! effect ( re9=c+ ! conclusion t g5u9e social control means ! =mation ( a c]ta9 m5tal disposition2 a way ( und]/&+ objects1 ev5ts1 & acts :i* enables "o to p>ticipate effectively 9 associat$ activities4 ,only ! friction eng5d]$ by meet+ resi/ance f o!rs leads to ! view t x takes place by =c+ a l9e ( action contr>y to natural incl9ations4 ,only failure to take acc\nt ( ! situations 9 :i* p]sons are mutually conc]n$ 7or int]e/$ 9 act+ responsively to "o ano!r7 leads to treat+ imitation z ! *ief ag5t 9 promot+ social control4 #d4 ,"s ,applications to ,education4 ,:y does a savage gr\p p]petuate savag]y1 & a civiliz$ gr\p civilization8 ,d\btless ! fir/ answ] to occur to m9d is because savages are savages2 be+ ( l[-grade intellig5ce & p]haps defective moral s5se4 ,b c>eful /udy has made x d\btful :e!r _! native capacities are appreciably inf]ior to ^? ( civiliz$ man4 ,x has made x c]ta9 t native diff]5ces are n suffici5t to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 culture4 ,9 a s5se ! m9d ( savage peoples is an effect1 r ?an a cause1 ( _! backw>d in/itutions4 ,_! social activities are su* z to re/rict _! objects ( att5tion & int]e/1 & h5ce to limit ! /imuli to m5tal developm5t4 ,ev5 z reg>ds ! objects t come )9 ! scope ( att5tion1 primitive social cu/oms t5d to arre/ obs]vation & imag9ation ^u qualities :i* d n fructify 9 ! m9d4 ,lack ( control ( natural =ces means t a scant numb] ( natural objects ent] into associat$ behavior4 ,only a small numb] ( natural res\rces are utiliz$ & !y are n work$ = :at !y are wor?4 ,! advance ( civilization means t a l>g] numb] ( natural =ces & objects h be5 trans=m$ into in/rum5talities ( action1 into means = secur+ ends4 ,we />t n s mu* ) sup]ior capacities z ) sup]ior /imuli = evocation & direction ( our capacities4 ,! savage deals l>gely ) crude /imuli2 we h weight$ /imuli4 ,prior human ef=ts h made ov] natural conditions4 ,z !y orig9ally exi/$ !y 7 indiff]5t to human endeavors4 ,e dome/icat$ plant & animal1 e tool1 e ut5sil1 e appliance1 e manufactur$ article1 e e/hetic decoration1 e "w ( art means a trans=mation ( conditions once ho/ile or indiff]5t to *>act]i/ic human activities into fri5dly & favor+ conditions4 ,because ! activities ( *ildr5 today are controll$ by ^! select$ & *>g$ /imuli1 *ildr5 are able to trav]se 9 a %ort lifetime :at ! race has ne$$ sl[1 tortur$ ages to atta94 ,! dice h be5 load$ by all ! successes :i* h prec$$4 ,/imuli conducive to economical & effective response1 su* z our sy/em ( roads & means ( transportation1 our ready comm& ( heat1 light1 & electricity1 our ready-made ma*9es & app>atus = e purpose1 d n1 by !mselves or 9 _! aggregate1 con/itute a civilization4 ,b ! uses to :i* !y are put are civilization1 & )\t ! ?+s ! uses w\ld be impossible4 ,"t o!rwise necess>ily devot$ to wre/+ a livelihood f a grudg+ environm5t & secur+ a prec>i\s protection aga9/ its inclem5cies is fre$4 ,a body ( k is transmitt$1 ! legitimacy ( :i* is gu>ante$ by ! fact t ! physical equipm5t 9 :i* x is inc>nat$ leads to results t squ>e ) ! o!r facts ( nature4 ,?us ^! appliances ( art supply a protection1 p]haps our *ief protection1 aga9/ a recrudesc5ce ( ^! sup]/iti\s beliefs1 ^? fanciful my?s & inf]tile imag9+s ab\t nature 9 :i* s mu* ( ! be/ intellectual p[] ( ! pa/ has be5 sp5t4 ,if we add "o o!r factor1 namely1 t su* appliances be n only us$1 b us$ 9 ! int]e/s ( a truly %>$ or associat$ life1 !n ! appliances become ! positive res\rces ( civilization4 ,if ,greece1 ) a scant ti! ( our mat]ial res\rces1 a*iev$ a wor?y & noble intellectual & arti/ic c>e]1 x is because ,greece op]at$ = social ends su* res\rces z x _h4 ,b :atev] ! situation1 :e!r "o ( b>b>ism or civilization1 :e!r "o ( /9t$ control ( physical =ces1 or ( p>tial enslavem5t to a me*anism n yet made tribut>y to a %>$ exp]i5ce1 ?+s z !y ent] into action furni% ! educative conditions ( daily life & direct ! =mation ( m5tal & moral disposition4 ,int5tional education signifies1 z we h already se51 a specially select$ environm5t1 ! selection be+ made on ! basis ( mat]ials & me?od specifically promot+ gr[? 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,s9ce language repres5ts ! physical conditions t h be5 subject$ to ! maximum trans=mation 9 ! int]e/s ( social life--physical ?+s :i* h lo/ _! orig9al quality 9 becom+ social tools--x is appropriate t language %\ld play a l>ge "p comp>$ ) o!r appliances4 ,by x we are l$ to %>e vic>i\sly 9 pa/ human exp]i5ce1 ?us wid5+ & enri*+ ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t4 ,we are enabl$1 symbolically & imag9atively1 to anticipate situations4 ,9 c\ntless ways1 language cond5ses mean+s t record social outcomes & presage social outlooks4 ,s significant is x ( a lib]al %>e 9 :at is wor? :ile 9 life t unlett]$ & un$ucat$ h become almo/ synonym\s4 ,! emphasis 9 s*ool ^u ?is p>ticul> tool has1 h[ev]1 its dang]s--dang]s :i* are n !oretical b exhibit$ 9 practice4 ,:y is x1 9 spite ( ! fact t tea*+ by p\r+ 91 le>n+ by a passive absorption1 are univ]sally condemn$1 t !y are /ill s entr5*$ 9 practice8 ,t education is n an affair ( tell+ & be+ told1 b an active & con/ructive process1 is a pr9ciple almo/ z g5]ally violat$ 9 practice z conc$$ 9 !ory4 ,is n ?is deplorable situation due to ! fact t ! doctr9e is itself m]ely told8 ,x is prea*$2 x is lectur$2 x is writt5 ab\t4 ,b its enactm5t into practice requires t ! s*ool environm5t be equipp$ ) ag5cies = do+1 ) tools & physical mat]ials1 to an ext5t r>ely atta9$4 ,x requires t me?ods ( in/ruction & adm9i/ration be modifi$ to all[ & to secure direct & cont9u\s occupations ) ?+s4 ,n t ! use ( language z an educational res\rce %\ld less52 b t its use %\ld be m vital & fruitful by hav+ its normal connection ) %>$ activities4 ,^! ?+s ought ye to h done1 & n to h left ! o!rs undone4 ,& = ! s*ool ^! ?+s mean equipm5t ) ! in/rum5talities ( coop]ative or jo9t activity4 ,= :5 ! s*ools dep>t f ! educational conditions effective 9 ! out-(-s*ool environm5t1 !y necess>ily sub/itute a booki%1 a pseudo-intellectual _s = a social _s4 ,*ildr5 d\btless g to s*ool to le>n1 b x has yet to be prov$ t le>n+ occurs mo/ adequately :5 x is made a sep>ate consci\s bus9ess4 ,:5 treat+ x z a bus9ess ( ?is sort t5ds to preclude ! social s5se :i* comes f %>+ 9 an activity ( common conc]n & value1 ! ef=t at isolat$ intellectual le>n+ contradicts its own aim4 ,we may secure motor activity & s5sory excitation by keep+ an individual by himself1 b we _c !reby get him to und]/& ! mean+ :i* ?+s h 9 ! life ( :i* he is a "p4 ,we may secure te*nical specializ$ ability 9 algebra1 ,lat91 or botany1 b n ! k9d ( intellig5ce :i* directs ability to useful ends4 ,only by engag+ 9 a jo9t activity1 :]e "o p]son's use ( mat]ial & tools is consci\sly ref]r$ to ! use o!r p]sons are mak+ ( _! capacities & appliances1 is a social direction ( disposition atta9$4 ,summ>y4 ,! natural or native impulses ( ! "y d n agree ) ! life-cu/oms ( ! gr\p into :i* !y are born4 ,consequ5tly !y h to be direct$ or guid$4 ,?is control is n ! same ?+ z physical compulsion2 x consi/s 9 c5t]+ ! impulses act+ at any "o "t ^u "s specific end & 9 introduc+ an ord] ( cont9uity into ! sequ5ce ( acts4 ,! action ( o!rs is always influ5c$ by decid+ :at /imuli %all call out _! actions4 ,b 9 "s cases z 9 comm&s1 prohibitions1 approvals1 & disapprovals1 ! /imuli proce$ f p]sons ) a direct view to influ5c+ action4 ,s9ce 9 su* cases we are mo/ consci\s ( controll+ ! action ( o!rs1 we are likely to exagg]ate ! importance ( ?is sort ( control at ! exp5se ( a m p]man5t & effective me?od4 ,! basic control resides 9 ! nature ( ! situations 9 :i* ! "y take "p4 ,9 social situations ! "y h to ref] _! way ( act+ to :at o!rs are do+ & make x fit 94 ,?is directs _! action to a common result1 & gives an und]/&+ common to ! p>ticipants4 ,= all mean ! same ?+1 ev5 :5 p]=m+ diff]5t acts4 ,?is common und]/&+ ( ! means & ends ( action is ! ess5ce ( social control4 ,x is indirect1 or emotional & intellectual1 n direct or p]sonal4 ,moreov] x is intr9sic to ! disposition ( ! p]son1 n ext]nal & co]cive4 ,to a*ieve ?is int]nal control ?r\gh id5tity ( int]e/ & und]/&+ is ! bus9ess ( education4 ,:ile books & conv]sation c d mu*1 ^! ag5cies are usually reli$ ^u too exclusively4 ,s*ools require = _! full effici5cy m opportunity = conjo9t activities 9 :i* ^? in/ruct$ take "p1 s t !y may acquire a social s5se ( _! own p[]s & ( ! mat]ials & appliances us$4 ,*apt] ,f\r3 ,education z ,gr[? #a4 ,! ,conditions ( ,gr[?4 ,9 direct+ ! activities ( ! "y1 society det]m9es its own future 9 det]m9+ t ( ! "y4 ,s9ce ! "y at a giv5 "t w at "s lat] date compose ! society ( t p]iod1 ! latt]'s nature w l>gely turn ^u ! direction *ildr5's activities 7 giv5 at an e>li] p]iod4 ,?is cumulative movem5t ( action t[>d a lat] result is :at is meant by gr[?4 ,! prim>y condition ( gr[? is immaturity4 ,?is may seem to be a m]e truism--say+ t a be+ c develop only 9 "s po9t 9 :i* he is undevelop$4 ,b ! prefix im ( ! ^w immaturity means some?+ positive1 n a m]e void or lack4 ,x is notewor?y t ! t]ms capacity & pot5tiality h a d\ble mean+1 "o s5se be+ negative1 ! o!r positive4 ,capacity may d5ote m]e receptivity1 l ! capacity ( a qu>t measure4 ,we may mean by pot5tiality a m]ely dormant or quiesc5t /ate--a capacity to become some?+ diff]5t "u ext]nal influ5ces4 ,b we also mean by capacity an ability1 a p[]2 & by pot5tiality pot5cy1 =ce4 ,n[ :5 we say t immaturity means ! possibility ( gr[?1 we are n ref]r+ to abs5ce ( p[]s :i* may exi/ at a lat] "t2 we express a =ce positively pres5t--! ability to develop4 ,our t5d5cy to take immaturity z m]e lack1 & gr[? z some?+ :i* fills up ! gap betwe5 ! immature & ! mature is due to reg>d+ *ildhood comp>atively1 in/ead ( intr9sically4 ,we treat x simply z a privation because we are measur+ x by adul?ood z a fix$ /&>d4 ,?is fixes att5tion ^u :at ! *ild has n1 & w n h till he becomes a man4 ,?is comp>ative /&po9t is legitimate en\gh = "s purposes1 b if we make x f9al1 ! "q arises :e!r we are n guilty ( an ov]we5+ presumption4 ,*ildr51 if !y c\ld express !mselves articulately & s9c]ely1 w\ld tell a diff]5t tale2 & !re is excell5t adult au?ority = ! conviction t = c]ta9 moral & intellectual purposes adults mu/ become z little *ildr54 ,! s]i\sness ( ! assumption ( ! negative quality ( ! possibilities ( immaturity is app>5t :5 we reflect t x sets up z an ideal & /&>d a /atic end4 ,! fulfillm5t ( gr[+ is tak5 to mean an accompli%$ gr[?3 t is to say1 an ,ungr[?1 some?+ :i* is no long] gr[+4 ,! futility ( ! assumption is se5 9 ! fact t e adult res5ts ! imputation ( hav+ no fur!r possibilities ( gr[?2 & s f> z he f9ds t !y are clos$ to him m\rns ! fact z evid5ce ( loss1 in/ead ( fall+ back on ! a*iev$ z adequate manife/ation ( p[]4 ,:y an unequal measure = *ild & man8 ,tak5 absolutely1 in/ead ( comp>atively1 immaturity designates a positive =ce or ability1--! p[] to gr[4 ,we d n h to draw out or educe positive activities f a *ild1 z "s educational doctr9es w\ld h x4 ,:]e !re is life1 !re are already eag] & impassion$ activities4 ,gr[? is n some?+ done to !m2 x is some?+ !y d4 ,! positive & con/ructive aspect ( possibility gives ! key to und]/&+ ! two *ief traits ( immaturity1 dep5d5ce & pla/icity4 7#a7 ,x s\nds absurd to he> dep5d5ce spok5 ( z some?+ positive1 /ill m absurd z a p[]4 ,yet if helplessness 7 all !re 7 9 dep5d5ce1 no developm5t c\ld ev] take place4 ,a m]ely impot5t be+ has to be c>ri$1 =ev]1 by o!rs4 ,! fact t dep5d5ce is accompani$ by gr[? 9 ability1 n by an ev] increas+ lapse into p>asitism1 sugge/s t x is already some?+ con/ructive4 ,be+ m]ely %elt]$ by o!rs w\ld n promote gr[?4 ,= 7#b7 x w\ld only build a wall ar\nd impot5ce4 ,) ref]5ce to ! physical _w1 ! *ild is helpless4 ,he lacks at bir? & = a long "t !reaft] p[] to make 8 way physically1 to make 8 own liv+4 ,if he _h to d t by himself1 he w\ld h>dly survive an h\r4 ,on ?is side 8 helplessness is almo/ complete4 ,! "y ( ! brutes are immeasurably 8 sup]iors4 ,he is physically weak & n able to turn ! /r5g? :i* he possesses to cop+ ) ! physical environm5t4 #a4 ,! ?or\ghgo+ "* ( ?is helplessness sugge/s1 h[ev]1 "s comp5sat+ p[]4 ,! relative ability ( ! "y ( brute animals to adapt !mselves fairly well to physical conditions f an e>ly p]iod sugge/s ! fact t _! life is n intimately b\nd up ) ! life ( ^? ab\t !m4 ,!y are compell$1 s to speak1 to h physical gifts because !y are lack+ 9 social gifts4 ,human infants1 on ! o!r h&1 c get along ) physical incapacity j because ( _! social capacity4 ,we sometimes talk & ?9k z if !y simply happ5$ to be physically 9 a social environm5t2 z if social =ces exclusively exi/$ 9 ! adults :o take c>e ( !m1 !y be+ passive recipi5ts4 ,if x 7 said t *ildr5 are !mselves m>vel\sly end[$ ) p[] to enli/ ! coop]ative att5tion ( o!rs1 ?is w\ld be ?\ght to be a backh&$ way ( say+ t o!rs are m>vel\sly att5tive to ! ne$s ( *ildr54 ,b obs]vation %[s t *ildr5 are gift$ ) an equipm5t ( ! fir/ ord] = social int]c\rse4 ,few gr[n-up p]sons reta9 all ( ! flexible & s5sitive ability ( *ildr5 to vibrate sympa!tically ) ! attitudes & do+s ( ^? ab\t !m4 ,inatt5tion to physical ?+s 7go+ ) incapacity to control !m7 is accompani$ by a correspond+ int5sification ( int]e/ & att5tion z to ! do+s ( p4 ,! native me*anism ( ! *ild & 8 impulses all t5d to facile social responsiv5ess4 ,! /atem5t t *ildr51 be=e adolesc5ce1 are egoti/ically self-c5t]$1 ev5 if x 7 true1 w\ld n contradict ! tru? ( ?is /atem5t4 ,x w\ld simply indicate t _! social responsiv5ess is employ$ on _! own behalf1 n t x does n exi/4 ,b ! /atem5t is n true z matt] ( fact4 ,! facts :i* are cit$ 9 support ( ! alleg$ pure egoism ( *ildr5 really %[ ! int5sity & directness ) :i* !y g to _! m>k4 ,if ! ends :i* =m ! m>k seem n>r[ & selfi% to adults1 x is only because adults 7by means ( a simil> engrossm5t 9 _! day7 h ma/]$ ^! ends1 :i* h consequ5tly ceas$ to int]e/ !m4 ,mo/ ( ! rema9d] ( *ildr5's alleg$ native egoism is simply an egoism :i* runs c\nt] to an adult's egoism4 ,to a gr[n-up p]son :o is too absorb$ 9 8 own affairs to take an int]e/ 9 *ildr5's affairs1 *ildr5 d\btless seem unreasonably engross$ 9 _! own affairs4 ,f a social /&po9t1 dep5d5ce d5otes a p[] r ?an a weakness2 x involves int]dep5d5ce4 ,!re is always a dang] t increas$ p]sonal indep5d5ce w decrease ! social capacity ( an individual4 ,9 mak+ him m self-reliant1 x may make him m self-suffici5t2 x may lead to alo(ness & indiff]5ce4 ,x (t5 makes an individual s ins5sitive 9 8 relations to o!rs z to develop an illusion ( be+ really able to /& & act alone--an unnam$ =m ( insanity :i* is responsible = a l>ge "p ( ! rem$iable suff]+ ( ! _w4 #b4 ,! specific adaptability ( an immature creature = gr[? con/itutes 8 pla/icity4 ,?is is some?+ q diff]5t f ! pla/icity ( putty or wax4 ,x is n a capacity to take on *ange ( =m 9 accord ) ext]nal pressure4 ,x lies ne> ! pliable ela/icity by :i* "s p]sons take on ! color ( _! surr\nd+s :ile reta9+ _! own b5t4 ,b x is some?+ deep] ?an ?is4 ,x is ess5tially ! ability to le>n f exp]i5ce2 ! p[] to reta9 f "o exp]i5ce some?+ :i* is ( avail 9 cop+ ) ! difficulties ( a lat] situation4 ,?is means p[] to modify actions on ! basis ( ! results ( prior exp]i5ces1 ! p[] to develop dispositions4 ,)\t x1 ! acquisition ( habits is impossible4 ,x is a famili> fact t ! "y ( ! high] animals1 & especially ! human "y1 h to le>n to utilize _! in/9ctive reactions4 ,! human be+ is born ) a great] numb] ( in/9ctive t5d5cies ?an o!r animals4 ,b ! in/9cts ( ! l[] animals p]fect !mselves = appropriate action at an e>ly p]iod aft] bir?1 :ile mo/ ( ^? ( ! human infant are ( little acc\nt j z !y /&4 ,an orig9al specializ$ p[] ( adju/m5t secures imm$iate effici5cy1 b1 l a railway ticket1 x is good = "o r\te only4 ,a be+ :o1 9 ord] to use 8 eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 & legs1 has to exp]im5t 9 mak+ v>i$ comb9ations ( _! reactions1 a*ieves a control t is flexible & v>i$4 ,a *ick1 = example1 pecks accurately at a bit ( food 9 a few h\rs aft] hat*+4 ,?is means t def9ite coord9ations ( activities ( ! eyes 9 see+ & ( ! body & head 9 /rik+ are p]fect$ 9 a few trials4 ,an infant requires ab\t six mon?s to be able to gauge ) approximate accuracy ! action 9 rea*+ :i* w coord9ate ) 8 visual activities2 to be able1 t is1 to tell :e!r he c rea* a se5 object & j h[ to execute ! rea*+4 ,z a result1 ! *ick is limit$ by ! relative p]fection ( its orig9al end[m5t4 ,! infant has ! advantage ( ! multitude ( in/9ctive t5tative reactions & ( ! exp]i5ces t accompany !m1 ev5 ?\gh he is at a tempor>y disadvantage because !y cross "o ano!r4 ,9 le>n+ an action1 in/ead ( hav+ x giv5 ready-made1 "o ( necessity le>ns to v>y its factors1 to make v>i$ comb9ations ( !m1 accord+ to *ange ( circum/ances4 ,a possibility ( cont9u+ progress is op5$ up by ! fact t 9 le>n+ "o act1 me?ods are develop$ good = use 9 o!r situations4 ,/ill m important is ! fact t ! human be+ acquires a habit ( le>n+4 ,he le>ns to le>n4 ,! importance = human life ( ! two facts ( dep5d5ce & v>iable control has be5 summ$ up 9 ! doctr9e ( ! significance ( prolong$ infancy4 #a ,?is prolongation is significant f ! /&po9t ( ! adult memb]s ( ! gr\p z well z f t ( ! "y4 ,! pres5ce ( dep5d5t & le>n+ be+s is a /imulus to nurture & affection4 ,! ne$ = con/ant cont9u$ c>e 0 probably a *ief means 9 trans=m+ tempor>y cohabitations into p]man5t unions4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 a *ief influ5ce 9 =m+ habits ( affectionate & sympa!tic wat*fulness2 t con/ructive int]e/ 9 ! well-be+ ( o!rs :i* is ess5tial to associat$ life4 ,intellectually1 ?is moral developm5t meant ! introduction ( _m new objects ( att5tion2 x /imulat$ =esight & plann+ = ! future4 ,?us !re is a reciprocal influ5ce4 ,increas+ complexity ( social life requires a long] p]iod ( infancy 9 :i* to acquire ! ne$$ p[]s2 ?is prolongation ( dep5d5ce means prolongation ( pla/icity1 or p[] ( acquir+ v>iable & novel modes ( control4 ,h5ce x provides a fur!r pu% to social progress4 #b4 ,habits z ,expressions ( ,gr[?4 ,we h already not$ t pla/icity is ! capacity to reta9 & c>ry ov] f prior exp]i5ce factors :i* modify subsequ5t activities4 ,?is signifies ! capacity to acquire habits1 or develop def9ite dispositions4 ,we h n[ to consid] ! sali5t features ( habits4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a habit is a =m ( executive skill1 ( effici5cy 9 do+4 ,a habit means an ability to use natural conditions z means to ends4 ,x is an active control ( ! environm5t ?r\gh control ( ! organs ( action4 ,we are p]haps apt to emphasize ! control ( ! body at ! exp5se ( control ( ! environm5t4 ,we ?9k ( walk+1 talk+1 play+ ! piano1 ! specializ$ skills *>act]i/ic ( ! et*]1 ! surgeon1 ! bridge-build]1 z if !y 7 simply ease1 deftness1 & accuracy on ! "p ( ! organism4 ,!y are t1 ( c\rse2 b ! measure ( ! value ( ^! qualities lies 9 ! economical & effective control ( ! environm5t :i* !y secure4 ,to be able to walk is to h c]ta9 prop]ties ( nature at our disposal--& s ) all o!r habits4 ,education is n infrequ5tly def9$ z consi/+ 9 ! acquisition ( ^? habits t effect an adju/m5t ( an individual & 8 environm5t4 ,! def9ition expresses an ess5tial phase ( gr[?4 ,b x is ess5tial t adju/m5t be und]/ood 9 its active s5se ( control ( means = a*iev+ ends4 ,if we ?9k ( a habit simply z a *ange wr\ght 9 ! organism1 ignor+ ! fact t ?is *ange consi/s 9 ability to effect subsequ5t *anges 9 ! environm5t1 we %all be l$ to ?9k ( adju/m5t z a con=mity to environm5t z wax con=ms to ! seal :i* impresses x4 ,! environm5t is ?\ght ( z some?+ fix$1 provid+ 9 its fixity ! end & /&>d ( *anges tak+ place 9 ! organism2 adju/m5t is j fitt+ ourselves to ?is fixity ( ext]nal conditions4 #b ,habit z habituation is inde$ some?+ relatively passive2 we get us$ to our surr\nd+s--to our clo?+1 our %oes1 & gloves2 to ! atmosph]e z long z x is fairly equable2 to our daily associates1 etc4 ,con=mity to ! environm5t1 a *ange wr\ght 9 ! organism )\t ref]5ce to ability to modify surr\nd+s1 is a m>k$ trait ( su* habituations4 ,aside f ! fact t we are n entitl$ to c>ry ov] ! traits ( su* adju/m5ts 7:i* might well be call$ accommodations1 to m>k !m (f f active adju/m5ts7 into habits ( active use ( our surr\nd+s1 two features ( habituations are wor? notice4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we get us$ to ?+s by fir/ us+ !m4 ,consid] gett+ us$ to a /range city4 ,at fir/1 !re is excessive /imulation & excessive & ill-adapt$ response4 ,gradually c]ta9 /imuli are select$ because ( _! relevancy1 & o!rs are degrad$4 ,we c say ei!r t we d n respond to !m any long]1 or m truly t we h effect$ a p]si/5t response to !m--an equilibrium ( adju/m5t4 ,?is means1 9 ! second place1 t ?is endur+ adju/m5t supplies ! backgr\nd ^u :i* are made specific adju/m5ts1 z occasion arises4 ,we are nev] int]e/$ 9 *ang+ ! :ole environm5t2 !re is mu* t we take = grant$ & accept j z x already is4 ,^u ?is backgr\nd our activities focus at c]ta9 po9ts 9 an endeavor to introduce ne$$ *anges4 ,habituation is ?us our adju/m5t to an environm5t :i* at ! "t we are n conc]n$ ) modify+1 & :i* supplies a lev]age to our active habits4 ,adaptation1 9 f9e1 is q z mu* adaptation ( ! environm5t to our own activities z ( our activities to ! environm5t4 ,a savage tribe manages to live on a des]t pla94 ,x adapts itself4 ,b its adaptation involves a maximum ( accept+1 tol]at+1 putt+ up ) ?+s z !y are1 a maximum ( passive acquiesc5ce1 & a m9imum ( active control1 ( subjection to use4 ,a civiliz$ p ent]s ^u ! sc5e4 ,x also adapts itself4 ,x introduces irrigation2 x se>*es ! _w = plants & animals t w fl\ri% "u su* conditions2 x improves1 by c>eful selection1 ^? :i* are gr[+ !re4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! wild]ness blossoms z a rose4 ,! savage is m]ely habituat$2 ! civiliz$ man has habits :i* trans=m ! environm5t4 ,! significance ( habit is n exhau/$1 h[ev]1 9 its executive & motor phase4 ,x means =mation ( intellectual & emotional disposition z well z an increase 9 ease1 economy1 & effici5cy ( action4 ,any habit m>ks an incl9ation--an active pref]5ce & *oice = ! conditions involv$ 9 its ex]cise4 ,a habit does n wait1 ,micawb]-l1 = a /imulus to turn up s t x may get busy2 x actively seeks = occasions to pass into full op]ation4 ,if its expression is unduly block$1 incl9ation %[s itself 9 uneas9ess & int5se crav+4 ,a habit also m>ks an intellectual disposition4 ,:]e !re is a habit1 !re is acqua9tance ) ! mat]ials & equipm5t to :i* action is appli$4 ,!re is a def9ite way ( und]/&+ ! situations 9 :i* ! habit op]ates4 ,modes ( ?\ght1 ( obs]vation & reflection1 ent] z =ms ( skill & ( desire into ! habits t make a man an eng9e]1 an ar*itect1 a physician1 or a m]*ant4 ,9 unskill$ =ms ( labor1 ! intellectual factors are at m9imum precisely because ! habits involv$ are n ( a high grade4 ,b !re are habits ( judg+ & reason+ z truly z ( h&l+ a tool1 pa9t+ a picture1 or conduct+ an exp]im5t4 ,su* /atem5ts are1 h[ev]1 und]/atem5ts4 ,! habits ( m9d involv$ 9 habits ( ! eye & h& supply ! latt] ) _! significance4 ,above all1 ! intellectual elem5t 9 a habit fixes ! relation ( ! habit to v>i$ & ela/ic use1 & h5ce to cont9u$ gr[?4 ,we speak ( fix$ habits4 ,well1 ! phrase may mean p[]s s well e/abli%$ t _! possessor always has !m z res\rces :5 ne$$4 ,b ! phrase is also us$ to mean ruts1 r\t9e ways1 ) loss ( fre%ness1 op5-m9d$ness1 & orig9ality4 ,fixity ( habit may mean t some?+ has a fix$ hold ^u u1 in/ead ( our hav+ a free hold ^u ?+s4 ,?is fact expla9s two po9ts 9 a common notion ab\t habits3 _! id5tification ) me*anical & ext]nal modes ( action to ! neglect ( m5tal & moral attitudes1 & ! t5d5cy to give !m a bad mean+1 an id5tification ) bad habits4 ,_m a p]son w\ld feel surpris$ to h 8 aptitude 9 8 *os5 pr(ession call$ a habit1 & w\ld naturally ?9k ( 8 use ( tobacco1 liquor1 or pr(ane language z typical ( ! mean+ ( habit4 ,a habit is to him some?+ :i* has a hold on him1 some?+ n easily ?r[n (f ev5 ?\gh judgm5t condemn x4 ,habits r$uce !mselves to r\t9e ways ( act+1 or deg5]ate into ways ( action to :i* we are enslav$ j 9 ! degree 9 :i* intellig5ce is disconnect$ f !m4 ,r\t9e habits are un?9k+ habits3 bad habits are habits s sev]$ f reason t !y are oppos$ to ! conclusions ( consci\s delib]ation & decision4 ,z we h se51 ! acquir+ ( habits is due to an orig9al pla/icity ( our natures3 to our ability to v>y responses till we f9d an appropriate & effici5t way ( act+4 ,r\t9e habits1 & habits t possess u in/ead ( our possess+ !m1 are habits :i* put an end to pla/icity4 ,!y m>k ! close ( p[] to v>y4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! t5d5cy ( organic pla/icity1 ( ! physiological basis1 to less5 ) gr[+ ye>s4 ,! in/9ctively mobile & eag]ly v>y+ action ( *ildhood1 ! love ( new /imuli & new developm5ts1 too easily passes into a settl+ d[n1 :i* means av]sion to *ange & a re/+ on pa/ a*ievem5ts4 ,only an environm5t :i* secures ! full use ( intellig5ce 9 ! process ( =m+ habits c c\nt]act ?is t5d5cy4 ,( c\rse1 ! same h>d5+ ( ! organic conditions affects ! physiological /ructures :i* are involv$ 9 ?9k+4 ,b ?is fact only indicates ! ne$ ( p]si/5t c>e to see to x t ! function ( intellig5ce is invok$ to its maximum possibility4 ,! %ort-sight$ me?od :i* falls back on me*anical r\t9e & repetition to secure ext]nal effici5cy ( habit1 motor skill )\t accompany+ ?\ght1 m>ks a delib]ate clos+ 9 ( surr\nd+s ^u gr[?4 #c4 ,! ,educational ,be>+s ( ! ,conception ( ,developm5t4 ,we h _h s f> b little to say 9 ?is *apt] ab\t education4 ,we h be5 occupi$ ) ! conditions & implications ( gr[?4 ,if our conclusions are ju/ifi$1 !y c>ry ) !m1 h[ev]1 def9ite educational consequ5ces4 ,:5 x is said t education is developm5t1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u h[ developm5t is conceiv$4 ,our net conclusion is t life is developm5t1 & t develop+1 gr[+1 is life4 ,translat$ into its educational equival5ts1 t means 7i7 t ! educational process has no end beyond itself2 x is its own end2 & t 7ii7 ! educational process is "o ( cont9ual reorganiz+1 recon/ruct+1 trans=m+4 #a4 ,developm5t :5 x is int]pret$ 9 comp>ative t]ms1 t is1 ) respect to ! special traits ( *ild & adult life1 means ! direction ( p[] into special *annels3 ! =mation ( habits involv+ executive skill1 def9it5ess ( int]e/1 & specific objects ( obs]vation & ?\ght4 ,b ! comp>ative view is n f9al4 ,! *ild has specific p[]s2 to ignore t fact is to /unt or di/ort ! organs ^u :i* 8 gr[? dep5ds4 ,! adult uses 8 p[]s to trans=m 8 environm5t1 !reby occasion+ new /imuli :i* r$irect 8 p[]s & keep !m develop+4 ,ignor+ ?is fact means arre/$ developm5t1 a passive accommodation4 ,normal *ild & normal adult alike1 9 o!r words1 are engag$ 9 gr[+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is n ! diff]5ce betwe5 gr[? & no gr[?1 b betwe5 ! modes ( gr[? appropriate to diff]5t conditions4 ,) respect to ! developm5t ( p[]s devot$ to cop+ ) specific sci5tific & economic problems we may say ! *ild %\ld be gr[+ 9 manhood4 ,) respect to sympa!tic curiosity1 unbias$ responsiv5ess1 & op5ness ( m9d1 we may say t ! adult %\ld be gr[+ 9 *ildlik5ess4 ,"o /atem5t is z true z ! o!r4 ,?ree ideas :i* h be5 criticiz$1 namely1 ! m]ely privative nature ( immaturity1 /atic adju/m5t to a fix$ environm5t1 & rigidity ( habit1 are all connect$ ) a false idea ( gr[? or developm5t1--t x is a movem5t t[>d a fix$ goal4 ,gr[? is reg>d$ z hav+ an end1 in/ead ( be+ an end4 ,! educational c\nt]p>ts ( ! ?ree fallaci\s ideas are fir/1 failure to take acc\nt ( ! in/9ctive or native p[]s ( ! "y2 secondly1 failure to develop initiative 9 cop+ ) novel situations2 ?irdly1 an undue emphasis ^u drill & o!r devices :i* secure automatic skill at ! exp5se ( p]sonal p]ception4 ,9 all cases1 ! adult environm5t is accept$ z a /&>d = ! *ild4 ,he is to be br\ght up to x4 ,natural in/9cts are ei!r disreg>d$ or treat$ z nuisances--z obnoxi\s traits to be suppress$1 or at all ev5ts to be br\ght into con=mity ) ext]nal /&>ds4 ,s9ce con=mity is ! aim1 :at is di/9ctively individual 9 a "y p]son is bru%$ aside1 or reg>d$ z a s\rce ( mis*ief or an>*y4 ,con=mity is made equival5t to uni=mity4 ,consequ5tly1 !re are induc$ lack ( int]e/ 9 ! novel1 av]sion to progress1 & dread ( ! unc]ta9 & ! unkn[n4 ,s9ce ! end ( gr[? is outside ( & beyond ! process ( gr[+1 ext]nal ag5ts h to be resort$ to to induce movem5t t[>d x4 ,:5ev] a me?od ( education is /igmatiz$ z me*anical1 we may be sure t ext]nal pressure is br\ght to be> to rea* an ext]nal end4 #b4 ,s9ce 9 reality !re is no?+ to :i* gr[? is relative save m gr[?1 !re is no?+ to :i* education is subord9ate save m education4 ,x is a commonplace to say t education %\ld n cease :5 "o leaves s*ool4 ,! po9t ( ?is commonplace is t ! purpose ( s*ool education is to insure ! cont9uance ( education by organiz+ ! p[]s t insure gr[?4 ,! incl9ation to le>n f life itself & to make ! conditions ( life su* t all w le>n 9 ! process ( liv+ is ! f9e/ product ( s*ool+4 ,:5 we ab&on ! attempt to def9e immaturity by means ( fix$ comp>ison ) adult accompli%m5ts1 we are compell$ to give up ?9k+ ( x z d5ot+ lack ( desir$ traits4 ,ab&on+ ?is notion1 we are also =c$ to surr5d] our habit ( ?9k+ ( in/ruction z a me?od ( supply+ ?is lack by p\r+ k into a m5tal & moral hole :i* awaits fill+4 ,s9ce life means gr[?1 a liv+ creature lives z truly & positively at "o /age z at ano!r1 ) ! same intr9sic fullness & ! same absolute claims4 ,h5ce education means ! ent]prise ( supply+ ! conditions :i* insure gr[?1 or adequacy ( life1 irrespective ( age4 ,we fir/ look ) impati5ce ^u immaturity1 reg>d+ x z some?+ to be got ov] z rapidly z possible4 ,!n ! adult =m$ by su* educative me?ods looks back ) impati5t regret ^u *ildhood & y\? z a sc5e ( lo/ opportunities & wa/$ p[]s4 ,?is ironical situation w endure till x is recogniz$ t liv+ has its own intr9sic quality & t ! bus9ess ( education is ) t quality4 ,realization t life is gr[? protects u f t s-call$ idealiz+ ( *ildhood :i* 9 effect is no?+ b lazy indulg5ce4 ,life is n to be id5tifi$ ) e sup]ficial act & int]e/4 ,ev5 ?\gh x is n always easy to tell :e!r :at appe>s to be m]e surface fool+ is a sign ( "s nasc5t z yet untra9$ p[]1 we mu/ rememb] t manife/ations are n to be accept$ z ends 9 !mselves4 ,!y are signs ( possible gr[?4 ,!y are to be turn$ into means ( developm5t1 ( c>ry+ p[] =w>d1 n indulg$ or cultivat$ = _! own sake4 ,excessive att5tion to surface ph5om5a 7ev5 9 ! way ( rebuke z well z ( enc\ragem5t7 may lead to _! fixation & ?us to arre/$ developm5t4 ,:at impulses are mov+ t[>d1 n :at !y h be51 is ! important ?+ = p>5t & tea*]4 ,! true pr9ciple ( respect = immaturity _c be bett] put ?an 9 ! words ( ,em]son3 ,respect ! *ild4 ,be n too mu* 8 p>5t4 ,trespass n on 8 solitude4 ,b ,i he> ! outcry :i* replies to ?is sugge/ion3 ,w\ld y v]ily ?r[ up ! re9s ( public & private discipl9e2 w\ld y leave ! "y *ild to ! mad c>e] ( 8 own passions & :imsies1 & call ?is an>*y a respect = ! *ild's nature8 ,i answ]1--,respect ! *ild1 respect him to ! end1 b also respect y\rself4444 ,! two po9ts 9 a boy's tra9+ are1 to keep 8 naturel & tra9 (f all b t2 to keep 8 naturel1 b /op (f 8 upro>1 fool+1 & horseplay2 keep 8 nature & arm x ) k 9 ! v direction 9 :i* x po9ts4 ,& z ,em]son goes on to %[ ?is rev]5ce = *ildhood & y\? in/ead ( op5+ up an easy & easy-go+ pa? to ! in/ructors1 involves at once1 imm5se claims on ! "t1 ! ?\ght1 on ! life ( ! tea*]4 ,x requires "t1 use1 insight1 ev5t1 all ! great lessons & assi/ances ( ,god2 & only to ?9k ( us+ x implies "* & pr(\ndness4 ,summ>y4 ,p[] to gr[ dep5ds ^u ne$ = o!rs & pla/icity4 ,bo? ( ^! conditions are at _! height 9 *ildhood & y\?4 ,pla/icity or ! p[] to le>n f exp]i5ce means ! =mation ( habits4 ,habits give control ov] ! environm5t1 p[] to utilize x = human purposes4 ,habits take ! =m bo? ( habituation1 or a g5]al & p]si/5t balance ( organic activities ) ! surr\nd+s1 & ( active capacities to readju/ activity to meet new conditions4 ,! =m] furni%es ! backgr\nd ( gr[?2 ! latt] con/itute gr[+4 ,active habits involve ?\ght1 inv5tion1 & initiative 9 apply+ capacities to new aims4 ,!y are oppos$ to r\t9e :i* m>ks an arre/ ( gr[?4 ,s9ce gr[? is ! *>act]i/ic ( life1 education is all "o ) gr[+2 x has no end beyond itself4 ,! crit]ion ( ! value ( s*ool education is ! ext5t 9 :i* x creates a desire = cont9u$ gr[? & supplies means = mak+ ! desire effective 9 fact4 #a ,intimations ( its significance are f\nd 9 a numb] ( writ]s1 b ,john ,fiske1 9 8 ,excursions ( an ,evolutioni/1 is accr$it$ ) its fir/ sy/ematic exposition4 #b ,?is conception is1 ( c\rse1 a logical correlate ( ! conceptions ( ! ext]nal relation ( /imulus & response1 consid]$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 & ( ! negative conceptions ( immaturity & pla/icity not$ 9 ?is *apt]4 ,*apt] ,five3 ,prep>ation1 ,unfold+1 & ,=mal ,discipl9e #a4 ,education z ,prep>ation4 ,we h laid x d[n t ! educative process is a cont9u\s process ( gr[?1 hav+ z its aim at e /age an add$ capacity ( gr[?4 ,?is conception contra/s %>ply ) o!r ideas :i* h influ5c$ practice4 ,by mak+ ! contra/ explicit1 ! mean+ ( ! conception w be br\ght m cle>ly to light4 ,! fir/ contra/ is ) ! idea t education is a process ( prep>ation or gett+ ready4 ,:at is to be prep>$ = is1 ( c\rse1 ! responsibilities & privileges ( adult life4 ,*ildr5 are n reg>d$ z social memb]s 9 full & regul> /&+4 ,!y are look$ ^u z c&idates2 !y are plac$ on ! wait+ li/4 ,! conception is only c>ri$ a little f>!r :5 ! life ( adults is consid]$ z n hav+ mean+ on its own acc\nt1 b z a prep>atory probation = ano!r life4 ,! idea is b ano!r =m ( ! notion ( ! negative & privative "* ( gr[? already criticiz$2 h5ce we %all n repeat ! criticisms1 b pass on to ! evil consequ5ces :i* fl[ f putt+ education on ?is basis4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x involves loss ( impetus4 ,motive p[] is n utiliz$4 ,*ildr5 prov]bially live 9 ! pres5t2 t is n only a fact n to be evad$1 b x is an excell5ce4 ,! future j z future lacks urg5cy & body4 ,to get ready = some?+1 "o kn[s n :at nor :y1 is to ?r[ away ! lev]age t exi/s1 & to seek = motive p[] 9 a vague *ance4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 !re is1 9 ! second place1 a premium put on %illy-%ally+ & procra/9ation4 ,! future prep>$ = is a long way (f2 pl5ty ( "t w int]v5e be=e x becomes a pres5t4 ,:y be 9 a hurry ab\t gett+ ready = x8 ,! temptation to po/pone is mu* increas$ because ! pres5t (f]s s _m wond]ful opportunities & pr(f]s su* invitations to adv5ture4 ,naturally att5tion & en]gy g to !m2 education accrues naturally z an outcome1 b a less] education ?an if ! full /ress ( ef=t _h be5 put ^u mak+ conditions z educative z possible4 ,a ?ird undesirable result is ! sub/itution ( a conv5tional av]age /&>d ( expectation & requirem5t = a /&>d :i* conc]ns ! specific p[]s ( ! individual "u in/ruction4 ,= a sev]e & def9ite judgm5t bas$ ^u ! /rong & weak po9ts ( ! individual is sub/itut$ a vague & wav]+ op9ion conc]n+ :at y\? may be expect$1 ^u ! av]age1 to become 9 "s m or less remote future2 say1 at ! end ( ! ye>1 :5 promotions are to take place1 or by ! "t !y are ready to g to college or to ent] ^u :at1 9 contra/ ) ! probation>y /age1 is reg>d$ z ! s]i\s bus9ess ( life4 ,x is impossible to ov]e/imate ! loss :i* results f ! deflection ( att5tion f ! /rategic po9t to a comp>atively unproductive po9t4 ,x fails mo/ j :]e x ?9ks x is succe$+--9 gett+ a prep>ation = ! future4 ,f9ally1 ! pr9ciple ( prep>ation makes necess>y rec\rse on a l>ge scale to ! use ( adv5titi\s motives ( pleasure & pa94 ,! future hav+ no /imulat+ & direct+ p[] :5 sev]$ f ! possibilities ( ! pres5t1 some?+ mu/ be hit*$ on to x to make x "w4 ,promises ( rew>d & ?reats ( pa9 are employ$4 ,heal?y "w1 done = pres5t reasons & z a factor 9 liv+1 is l>gely unconsci\s4 ,! /imulus resides 9 ! situation ) :i* "o is actually confront$4 ,b :5 ?is situation is ignor$1 pupils h to be told t if !y d n foll[ ! prescrib$ c\rse p5alties w accrue2 :ile if !y d1 !y may expect1 "s "t 9 ! future1 rew>ds = _! pres5t sacrifices4 ,ev]ybody kn[s h[ l>gely sy/ems ( puni%m5t h _h to be resort$ to by educational sy/ems :i* neglect pres5t possibilities 9 behalf ( prep>ation = a future4 ,!n1 9 disgu/ ) ! h>%ness & impot5cy ( ?is me?od1 ! p5dulum sw+s to ! opposite extreme1 & ! dose ( in=mation requir$ aga9/ "s lat] day is sug>-coat$1 s t pupils may be fool$ into tak+ some?+ :i* !y d n c>e =4 ,x is n ( c\rse a "q :e!r education %\ld prep>e = ! future4 ,if education is gr[?1 x mu/ progressively realize pres5t possibilities1 & ?us make individuals bett] fitt$ to cope ) lat] requirem5ts4 ,gr[+ is n some?+ :i* is complet$ 9 odd mom5ts2 x is a cont9u\s lead+ into ! future4 ,if ! environm5t1 9 s*ool & out1 supplies conditions :i* utilize adequately ! pres5t capacities ( ! immature1 ! future :i* gr[s out ( ! pres5t is surely tak5 c>e (4 ,! mi/ake is n 9 atta*+ importance to prep>ation = future ne$1 b 9 mak+ x ! ma9spr+ ( pres5t ef=t4 ,because ! ne$ ( prep>ation = a cont9ually develop+ life is great1 x is imp]ative t e en]gy %\ld be b5t to mak+ ! pres5t exp]i5ce z ri* & significant z possible4 ,!n z ! pres5t m]ges ins5sibly into ! future1 ! future is tak5 c>e (4 #b4 ,education z ,unfold+4 ,!re is a conception ( education :i* pr(esses to be bas$ ^u ! idea ( developm5t4 ,b x takes back ) "o h& :at x pr(f]s ) ! o!r4 ,developm5t is conceiv$ n z cont9u\s gr[+1 b z ! unfold+ ( lat5t p[]s t[>d a def9ite goal4 ,! goal is conceiv$ ( z completion1--p]fection4 ,life at any /age %ort ( atta9m5t ( ?is goal is m]ely an unfold+ t[>d x4 ,logically ! doctr9e is only a v>iant ( ! prep>ation !ory4 ,practically ! two diff] 9 t ! adh]5ts ( ! latt] make mu* ( ! practical & pr(essional duties = :i* "o is prep>+1 :ile ! developm5tal doctr9e speaks ( ! ideal & spiritual qualities ( ! pr9ciple :i* is unfold+4 ,! conception t gr[? & progress are j approximations to a f9al un*ang+ goal is ! la/ infirmity ( ! m9d 9 its transition f a /atic to a dynamic und]/&+ ( life4 ,x simulates ! /yle ( ! latt]4 ,x pays ! tribute ( speak+ mu* ( developm5t1 process1 progress4 ,b all ( ^! op]ations are conceiv$ to be m]ely transitional2 !y lack mean+ on _! own acc\nt4 ,!y possess significance only z movem5ts t[>d some?+ away f :at is n[ go+ on4 ,s9ce gr[? is j a movem5t t[>d a complet$ be+1 ! f9al ideal is immobile4 ,an ab/ract & indef9ite future is 9 control ) all :i* t connotes 9 depreciation ( pres5t p[] & opportunity4 ,s9ce ! goal ( p]fection1 ! /&>d ( developm5t1 is v f> away1 x is s beyond u t1 /rictly speak+1 x is unatta9able4 ,consequ5tly1 9 ord] to be available = pres5t guidance x mu/ be translat$ into some?+ :i* /&s = x4 ,o!rwise we %\ld be compell$ to reg>d any & e manife/ation ( ! *ild z an unfold+ f )91 & h5ce sacr$4 ,unless we set up "s def9ite crit]ion repres5t+ ! ideal end by :i* to judge :e!r a giv5 attitude or act is approximat+ or mov+ away1 our sole alt]native is to )draw all influ5ces ( ! environm5t le/ !y int]f]e ) prop] developm5t4 ,s9ce t is n practicable1 a work+ sub/itute is set up4 ,usually1 ( c\rse1 ?is is "s idea :i* an adult w\ld l to h a *ild acquire4 ,consequ5tly1 by sugge/ive que/ion+ or "s o!r p$agogical device1 ! tea*] proce$s to draw out f ! pupil :at is desir$4 ,if :at is desir$ is obta9$1 t is evid5ce t ! *ild is unfold+ prop]ly4 ,b z ! pupil g5]ally has no initiative ( 8 own 9 ?is direction1 ! result is a r&om grop+ aft] :at is want$1 & ! =mation ( habits ( dep5d5ce ^u ! cues furni%$ by o!rs4 ,j because su* me?ods simulate a true pr9ciple & claim to h its sanction !y may d m h>m ?an w\ld outright tell+1 :]e1 at lea/1 x rema9s ) ! *ild h[ mu* w /ick4 ,)9 ! sph]e ( philosophic ?\ght !re h be5 two typical attempts to provide a work+ repres5tative ( ! absolute goal4 ,bo? />t f ! conception ( a :ole--an absolute--:i* is imman5t 9 human life4 ,! p]fect or complete ideal is n a m]e ideal2 x is op]ative "h & n[4 ,b x is pres5t only implicitly1 pot5tially1 or 9 an enfold$ condition4 ,:at is t]m$ developm5t is ! gradual mak+ explicit & outw>d ( :at is ?us wrapp$ up4 ,froebel & ,hegel1 ! au?ors ( ! two philosophic s*emes ref]r$ to1 h diff]5t ideas ( ! pa? by :i* ! progressive realization ( manife/ation ( ! complete pr9ciple is effect$4 ,accord+ to ,hegel1 x is work$ out ?r\gh a s]ies ( hi/orical in/itutions :i* embody ! diff]5t factors 9 ! ,absolute4 ,accord+ to ,froebel1 ! actuat+ =ce is ! pres5tation ( symbols1 l>gely ma!matical1 correspond+ to ! ess5tial traits ( ! ,absolute4 ,:5 ^! are pres5t$ to ! *ild1 ! ,:ole1 or p]fection1 sleep+ )9 him1 is awak5$4 ,a s+le example may indicate ! me?od4 ,e "o famili> ) ! k9d]g>t5 is acqua9t$ ) ! circle 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ga!r4 ,x is n en\gh t ! circle is a conv5i5t way ( gr\p+ ! *ildr54 ,x mu/ be us$ because x is a symbol ( ! collective life ( mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,froebel's recognition ( ! significance ( ! native capacities ( *ildr51 8 lov+ att5tion to !m1 & 8 influ5ce 9 induc+ o!rs to /udy !m1 repres5t p]haps ! mo/ effective s+le =ce 9 mod]n educational !ory 9 effect+ widespread ackn[l$gm5t ( ! idea ( gr[?4 ,b 8 =mulation ( ! notion ( developm5t & 8 organization ( devices = promot+ x 7 badly hamp]$ by ! fact t he conceiv$ developm5t to be ! unfold+ ( a ready-made lat5t pr9ciple4 ,he fail$ to see t gr[+ is gr[?1 develop+ is developm5t1 & consequ5tly plac$ ! emphasis ^u ! complet$ product4 ,?us he set up a goal :i* meant ! arre/ ( gr[?1 & a crit]ion :i* is n applicable to imm$iate guidance ( p[]s1 save ?r\gh translation into ab/ract & symbolic =mulae4 ,a remote goal ( complete unfold$ness is1 9 te*nical philosophic language1 transc5d5tal4 ,t is1 x is some?+ ap>t f direct exp]i5ce & p]ception4 ,s f> z exp]i5ce is conc]n$1 x is empty2 x repres5ts a vague s5tim5tal aspiration r ?an any?+ :i* c be intellig5tly grasp$ & /at$4 ,?is vagu5ess mu/ be comp5sat$ = by "s a priori =mula4 ,froebel made ! connection betwe5 ! concrete facts ( exp]i5ce & ! transc5d5tal ideal ( developm5t by reg>d+ ! =m] z symbols ( ! latt]4 ,to reg>d kn[n ?+s z symbols1 accord+ to "s arbitr>y a priori =mula--& e a priori conception mu/ be arbitr>y--is an invitation to romantic fancy to seize ^u any analogies :i* appeal to x & treat !m z laws4 ,aft] ! s*eme ( symbolism has be5 settl$ ^u1 "s def9ite te*nique mu/ be inv5t$ by :i* ! inn] mean+ ( ! s5sible symbols us$ may be br\ght home to *ildr54 ,adults be+ ! =mulators ( ! symbolism are naturally ! au?ors & controll]s ( ! te*nique4 ,! result 0 t ,froebel's love ( ab/ract symbolism (t5 got ! bett] ( 8 sympa!tic insight2 & !re 0 sub/itut$ = developm5t z arbitr>y & ext]nally impos$ a s*eme ( dictation z ! hi/ory ( in/ruction has ev] se54 ,) ,hegel ! necessity ( f9d+ "s work+ concrete c\nt]p>t ( ! inaccessible ,absolute took an in/itutional1 r ?an symbolic1 =m4 ,8 philosophy1 l ,froebel's1 m>ks 9 "o direction an indisp5sable contribution to a valid conception ( ! process ( life4 ,! weaknesses ( an ab/ract individuali/ic philosophy 7 evid5t to him2 he saw ! impossibility ( mak+ a clean sweep ( hi/orical in/itutions1 ( treat+ !m z despotisms begot 9 artifice & nurtur$ 9 fraud4 ,9 8 philosophy ( hi/ory & society culm9at$ ! ef=ts ( a :ole s]ies ( ,g]man writ]s--,less+1 ,h]d]1 ,kant1 ,s*ill]1 ,goe!--to appreciate ! nurtur+ influ5ce ( ! great collective in/itutional products ( humanity4 ,= ^? :o le>n$ ! lesson ( ?is movem5t1 x 0 h5ce=? impossible to conceive ( in/itutions or ( culture z artificial4 ,x de/roy$ completely--9 idea1 n 9 fact--! psy*ology t reg>d$ m9d z a ready-made possession ( a nak$ individual by %[+ ! significance ( objective m9d--language1 gov]nm5t1 art1 religion--9 ! =mation ( individual m9ds4 ,b s9ce ,hegel 0 haunt$ by ! conception ( an absolute goal1 he 0 oblig$ to arrange in/itutions z !y concretely exi/1 on a /epladd] ( asc5d+ approximations4 ,ea* 9 its "t & place is absolutely necess>y1 because a /age 9 ! self-realiz+ process ( ! absolute m9d4 ,tak5 z su* a /ep or /age1 its exi/5ce is pro( ( its complete rationality1 = x is an integral elem5t 9 ! total1 :i* is ,reason4 ,aga9/ in/itutions z !y are1 individuals h no spiritual rights2 p]sonal developm5t1 & nurture1 consi/ 9 ob$i5t assimilation ( ! _s ( exi/+ in/itutions4 ,con=mity1 n trans=mation1 is ! ess5ce ( education4 ,in/itutions *ange z hi/ory %[s2 b _! *ange1 ! rise & fall ( /ates1 is ! "w ( ! _w-_s4 ,individuals1 save ! great h]oes :o are ! *os5 organs ( ! _w-_s1 h no %>e or lot 9 x4 ,9 ! lat] n9ete5? c5tury1 ?is type ( idealism 0 amalgamat$ ) ! doctr9e ( biological evolution4 ,evolution 0 a =ce work+ itself out to its own end4 ,z aga9/ x1 or z comp>$ ) x1 ! consci\s ideas & pref]5ce ( individuals are impot5t4 ,or1 r1 !y are b ! means by :i* x works itself out4 ,social progress is an organic gr[?1 n an exp]im5tal selection4 ,reason is all p[]ful1 b only ,absolute ,reason has any p[]4 ,! recognition 7or r$iscov]y1 = ! idea 0 famili> to ! ,greeks7 t great hi/oric in/itutions are active factors 9 ! intellectual nurture ( m9d 0 a great contribution to educational philosophy4 ,x indicat$ a g5u9e advance beyond ,r\sseau1 :o _h m>r$ 8 ass]tion t education mu/ be a natural developm5t & n some?+ =c$ or graft$ ^u individuals f )\t1 by ! notion t social conditions are n natural4 ,b 9 its notion ( a complete & all-inclusive end ( developm5t1 ! ,hegelian !ory swall[$ up concrete individualities1 ?\gh magnify+ ,! ,individual 9 ! ab/ract4 ,"s ( ,hegel's foll[]s s\ght to reconcile ! claims ( ! ,:ole & ( individuality by ! conception ( society z an organic :ole1 or organism4 ,t social organization is presuppos$ 9 ! adequate ex]cise ( individual capacity is n to be d\bt$4 ,b ! social organism1 int]pret$ aft] ! relation ( ! organs ( ! body to ea* o!r & to ! :ole body1 means t ea* individual has a c]ta9 limit$ place & function1 requir+ to be supplem5t$ by ! place & functions ( ! o!r organs4 ,z "o portion ( ! bodily tissue is diff]5tiat$ s t x c be ! h& & ! h& only1 ano!r1 ! eye1 & s on1 all tak5 toge!r mak+ ! organism1 s "o individual is suppos$ to be diff]5tiat$ = ! ex]cise ( ! me*anical op]ations ( society1 ano!r = ^? ( a /atesman1 ano!r = ^? ( a s*ol>1 & s on4 ,! notion ( organism is ?us us$ to give a philosophic sanction to class di/9ctions 9 social organization--a notion :i* 9 its educational application aga9 means ext]nal dictation in/ead ( gr[?4 #c4 ,education z ,tra9+ ( ,faculties4 ,a !ory :i* has _h great vogue & :i* came into exi/5ce be=e ! notion ( gr[? _h mu* influ5ce is kn[n z ! !ory ( =mal discipl9e4 ,x has 9 view a correct ideal2 "o outcome ( education %\ld be ! creation ( specific p[]s ( accompli%m5t4 ,a tra9$ p]son is "o :o c d ! *ief ?+s :i* x is important = him to d bett] ?an he c\ld )\t tra9+3 bett] signify+ great] ease1 effici5cy1 economy1 promptness1 etc4 ,t ?is is an outcome ( education 0 indicat$ 9 :at 0 said ab\t habits z ! product ( educative developm5t4 ,b ! !ory 9 "q takes1 z x 71 a %ort cut2 x reg>ds "s p[]s 7to be pres5tly nam$7 z ! direct & consci\s aims ( in/ruction1 & n simply z ! results ( gr[?4 ,!re is a def9ite numb] ( p[]s to be tra9$1 z "o might enum]ate ! k9ds ( /rokes :i* a golf] has to ma/]4 ,consequ5tly education %\ld get directly at ! bus9ess ( tra9+ !m4 ,b ?is implies t !y are already !re 9 "s untra9$ =m2 o!rwise _! creation w\ld h to be an indirect product ( o!r activities & ag5cies4 ,be+ !re already 9 "s crude =m1 all t rema9s is to ex]cise !m 9 con/ant & grad$ repetitions1 & !y w inevitably be ref9$ & p]fect$4 ,9 ! phrase =mal discipl9e z appli$ to ?is conception1 discipl9e ref]s bo? to ! outcome ( tra9$ p[] & to ! me?od ( tra9+ ?r\gh repeat$ ex]cise4 ,! =ms ( p[]s 9 "q are su* ?+s z ! faculties ( p]ceiv+1 reta9+1 recall+1 associat+1 att5d+1 will+1 feel+1 imag9+1 ?9k+1 etc41 :i* are !n %ap$ by ex]cise ^u mat]ial pres5t$4 ,9 its classic =m1 ?is !ory 0 express$ by ,locke4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! out] _w pres5ts ! mat]ial or cont5t ( k ?r\gh passively receiv$ s5sations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! m9d has c]ta9 ready p[]s1 att5tion1 obs]vation1 ret5tion1 comp>ison1 ab/raction1 comp\nd+1 etc4 ,k results if ! m9d discrim9ates & comb9es ?+s z !y are unit$ & divid$ 9 nature itself4 ,b ! important ?+ = education is ! ex]cise or practice ( ! faculties ( ! m9d till !y become ?or\ghly e/abli%$ habitudes4 ,! analogy con/antly employ$ is t ( a billi>d play] or gymna/1 :o by repeat$ use ( c]ta9 muscles 9 a uni=m way at la/ secures automatic skill4 ,ev5 ! faculty ( ?9k+ 0 to be =m$ into a tra9$ habit by repeat$ ex]cises 9 mak+ & comb9+ simple di/9ctions1 = :i*1 ,locke ?\ght1 ma!matics af=ds unrival$ opportunity4 ,locke's /atem5ts fitt$ well into ! dualism ( 8 day4 ,x seem$ to d ju/ice to bo? m9d & matt]1 ! individual & ! _w4 ,"o ( ! two suppli$ ! matt] ( k & ! object ^u :i* m9d %\ld "w4 ,! o!r suppli$ def9ite m5tal p[]s1 :i* 7 few 9 numb] & :i* might be tra9$ by specific ex]cises4 ,! s*eme appe>$ to give due weight to ! subject matt] ( k1 & yet x insi/$ t ! end ( education is n ! b>e reception & /orage ( in=mation1 b ! =mation ( p]sonal p[]s ( att5tion1 memory1 obs]vation1 ab/raction1 & g5]alization4 ,x 0 reali/ic 9 its emphatic ass]tion t all mat]ial :atev] is receiv$ f )\t2 x 0 ideali/ic 9 t f9al /ress fell ^u ! =mation ( intellectual p[]s4 ,x 0 objective & imp]sonal 9 its ass]tion t ! individual _c possess or g5]ate any true ideas on 8 own acc\nt2 x 0 individuali/ic 9 plac+ ! end ( education 9 ! p]fect+ ( c]ta9 faculties possess$ at ! outset by ! individual4 ,?is k9d ( di/ribution ( values express$ ) nicety ! /ate ( op9ion 9 ! g5]ations foll[+ ^u ,locke4 ,x became1 )\t explicit ref]5ce to ,locke1 a common-place ( educational !ory & ( psy*ology4 ,practically1 x seem$ to provide ! educator ) def9ite1 in/ead ( vague1 tasks4 ,x made ! elaboration ( a te*nique ( in/ruction relatively easy4 ,all t 0 necess>y 0 to provide = suffici5t practice ( ea* ( ! p[]s4 ,?is practice consi/s 9 repeat$ acts ( att5d+1 obs]v+1 memoriz+1 etc4 ,by grad+ ! difficulty ( ! acts1 mak+ ea* set ( repetitions some:at m difficult ?an ! set :i* prec$$ x1 a complete s*eme ( in/ruction is evolv$4 ,!re are v>i\s ways1 equally conclusive1 ( criticiz+ ?is conception1 9 bo? its alleg$ f\ndations & 9 its educational application4 7#a7 ,p]haps ! mo/ direct mode ( attack consi/s 9 po9t+ out t ! suppos$ orig9al faculties ( obs]vation1 recollection1 will+1 ?9k+1 etc41 are purely my?ological4 ,!re are no su* ready-made p[]s wait+ to be ex]cis$ & !reby tra9$4 ,!re are1 inde$1 a great numb] ( orig9al native t5d5cies1 in/9ctive modes ( action1 bas$ on ! orig9al connections ( neurones 9 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,!re are impulsive t5d5cies ( ! eyes to foll[ & fixate light2 ( ! neck muscles to turn t[>d light & s\nd2 ( ! h&s to rea* & grasp2 & turn & twi/ & ?ump2 ( ! vocal app>atus to make s\nds2 ( ! m\? to spew out unpleasant sub/ances2 to gag & to curl ! lip1 & s on 9 almo/ indef9ite numb]4 ,b ^! t5d5cies 7a7 in/ead ( be+ a small numb] %>ply m>k$ (f f "o ano!r1 are ( an indef9ite v>iety1 int]weav+ ) "o ano!r 9 all k9ds ( subtle ways4 7b7 ,in/ead ( be+ lat5t intellectual p[]s1 requir+ only ex]cise = _! p]fect+1 !y are t5d5cies to respond 9 c]ta9 ways to *anges 9 ! environm5t s z to br+ ab\t o!r *anges4 ,some?+ 9 ! ?roat makes "o c\gh2 ! t5d5cy is to eject ! obnoxi\s p>ticle & ?us modify ! subsequ5t /imulus4 ,! h& t\*es a hot ?+2 x is impulsively1 :olly un9tellectually1 snat*$ away4 ,b ! )drawal alt]s ! /imuli op]at+1 & t5ds to make !m m consonant ) ! ne$s ( ! organism4 ,x is by su* specific *anges ( organic activities 9 response to specific *anges 9 ! m$ium t t control ( ! environm5t ( :i* we h spok5 7see ante1 p4 #bd7 is effect$4 ,n[ all ( our fir/ see+s & he>+s & t\*+s & smell+s & ta/+s are ( ?is k9d4 ,9 any legitimate s5se ( ! words m5tal or intellectual or cognitive1 !y are lack+ 9 ^! qualities1 & no am\nt ( repetiti\s ex]cise c\ld be/[ any intellectual prop]ties ( obs]vation1 judgm5t1 or int5tional action 7volition7 ^u !m4 7#b7 ,consequ5tly ! tra9+ ( our orig9al impulsive activities is n a ref9em5t & p]fect+ a*iev$ by ex]cise z "o might /r5g!n a muscle by practice4 ,x consi/s r 7a7 9 select+ f ! diffus$ responses :i* are evok$ at a giv5 "t ^? :i* are especially adapt$ to ! utilization ( ! /imulus4 ,t is to say1 among ! reactions ( ! body 9 g5]al occur ^u /imulation ( ! eye by light1 all except ^? :i* are specifically adapt$ to rea*+1 grasp+1 & manipulat+ ! object effectively are gradually elim9at$--or else no tra9+ occurs4 ,z we h already not$1 ! prim>y reactions1 ) a v few exceptions are too diffus$ & g5]al to be practically ( mu* use 9 ! case ( ! human infant4 ,h5ce ! id5tity ( tra9+ ) selective response4 7,comp>e p4 #be47 7b7 ,equally important is ! specific coord9ation ( diff]5t factors ( response :i* takes place4 ,!re is n m]ely a selection ( ! h& reactions :i* effect grasp+1 b ( ! p>ticul> visual /imuli :i* call out j ^! reactions & no o!rs1 & an e/abli%m5t ( connection betwe5 ! two4 ,b ! coord9at+ does n /op "h4 ,*>act]i/ic temp]ature reactions may take place :5 ! object is grasp$4 ,^! w also be br\ght 92 lat]1 ! temp]ature reaction may be connect$ directly ) ! optical /imulus1 ! h& reaction be+ suppress$--z a bright flame1 indep5d5t ( close contact1 may /e] "o away4 ,or ! *ild 9 h&l+ ! object p\nds ) x1 or crumples x1 & a s\nd issues4 ,! e> response is !n br\ght into ! sy/em ( response4 ,if a c]ta9 s\nd 7! conv5tional "n7 is made by o!rs & accompanies ! activity1 response ( bo? e> & ! vocal app>atus connect$ ) auditory /imulation w also become an associat$ factor 9 ! complex response4 7#c7 ,! m specializ$ ! adju/m5t ( response & /imulus to ea* o!r 7=1 tak+ ! sequ5ce ( activities into acc\nt1 ! /imuli are adapt$ to reactions z well z reactions to /imuli7 ! m rigid & ! less g5]ally available is ! tra9+ secur$4 ,9 equival5t language1 less intellectual or educative quality atta*es to ! tra9+4 ,! usual way ( /at+ ?is fact is t ! m specializ$ ! reaction1 ! less is ! skill acquir$ 9 practic+ & p]fect+ x transf]able to o!r modes ( behavior4 ,accord+ to ! or?odox !ory ( =mal discipl9e1 a pupil 9 /udy+ 8 spell+ lesson acquires1 besides ability to spell ^? p>ticul> words1 an increase ( p[] ( obs]vation1 att5tion1 & recollection :i* may be employ$ :5ev] ^! p[]s are ne$$4 ,z matt] ( fact1 ! m he conf9es himself to notic+ & fixat+ ! =ms ( words1 irrespective ( connection ) o!r ?+s 7su* z ! mean+ ( ! words1 ! context 9 :i* !y are habitually us$1 ! d]ivation & classification ( ! v]bal =m1 etc47 ! less likely is he to acquire an ability :i* c be us$ = any?+ except ! m]e not+ ( v]bal visual =ms4 ,he may n ev5 be increas+ 8 ability to make accurate di/9ctions among geometrical =ms1 to say no?+ ( ability to obs]ve 9 g5]al4 ,he is m]ely select+ ! /imuli suppli$ by ! =ms ( ! lett]s & ! motor reactions ( oral or writt5 reproduction4 ,! scope ( coord9ation 7to use our prior t]m9ology7 is extremely limit$4 ,! connections :i* are employ$ 9 o!r obs]vations & recollections 7or reproductions7 are delib]ately elim9at$ :5 ! pupil is ex]cis$ m]ely ^u =ms ( lett]s & words4 ,hav+ be5 exclud$1 !y _c be re/or$ :5 ne$$4 ,! ability secur$ to obs]ve & to recall v]bal =ms is n available = p]ceiv+ & recall+ o!r ?+s4 ,9 ! ord9>y phraseology1 x is n transf]able4 ,b ! wid] ! context--t is to say1 ! m v>i$ ! /imuli & responses coord9at$--! m ! ability acquir$ is available = ! effective p]=mance ( o!r acts2 n1 /rictly speak+1 because !re is any transf]1 b because ! wide range ( factors employ$ 9 ! specific act is equival5t to a broad range ( activity1 to a flexible1 in/ead ( to a n>r[ & rigid1 coord9ation4 7#d7 ,go+ to ! root ( ! matt]1 ! fundam5tal fallacy ( ! !ory is its dualism2 t is to say1 its sep>ation ( activities & capacities f subject matt]4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z an ability to see or he> or rememb] 9 g5]al2 !re is only ! ability to see or he> or rememb] some?+4 ,to talk ab\t tra9+ a p[]1 m5tal or physical1 9 g5]al1 ap>t f ! subject matt] involv$ 9 its ex]cise1 is nons5se4 ,ex]cise may react ^u circulation1 brea?+1 & nutrition s z to develop vigor or /r5g?1 b ?is res]voir is available = specific ends only by use 9 connection ) ! mat]ial means :i* accompli% !m4 ,vigor w enable a man to play t5nis or golf or to sail a boat bett] ?an he w\ld if he 7 weak4 ,b only by employ+ ball & racket1 ball & club1 sail & till]1 9 def9ite ways does he become exp]t 9 any "o ( !m2 & exp]tness 9 "o secures exp]tness 9 ano!r only s f> z x is ei!r a sign ( aptitude = f9e muscul> coord9ations or z ! same k9d ( coord9ation is involv$ 9 all ( !m4 ,moreov]1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! tra9+ ( ability to spell :i* comes f tak+ visual =ms 9 a n>r[ context & "o :i* takes !m 9 connection ) ! activities requir$ to grasp mean+1 su* z context1 affiliations ( desc5t1 etc41 may be comp>$ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ex]cises 9 ! gymnasium ) pulley weights to develop c]ta9 muscles1 & a game or sport4 ,! =m] is uni=m & me*anical2 x is rigidly specializ$4 ,! latt] is v>i$ f mom5t to mom5t2 no two acts are q alike2 novel em]g5cies h to be met2 ! coord9ations =m+ h to be kept flexible & ela/ic4 ,consequ5tly1 ! tra9+ is mu* m g5]al2 t is to say1 x cov]s a wid] t]ritory & includes m factors4 ,exactly ! same ?+ holds ( special & g5]al education ( ! m9d4 ,a monoton\sly uni=m ex]cise may by practice give great skill 9 "o special act2 b ! skill is limit$ to t act1 be x bookkeep+ or calculations 9 log>i?ms or exp]im5ts 9 hydroc>bons4 ,"o may be an au?ority 9 a p>ticul> field & yet ( m ?an usually poor judgm5t 9 matt]s n closely alli$1 unless ! tra9+ 9 ! special field has be5 ( a k9d to ramify into ! subject matt] ( ! o!r fields4 7#e7 ,consequ5tly1 su* p[]s z obs]vation1 recollection1 judgm5t1 e/hetic ta/e1 repres5t organiz$ results ( ! occupation ( native active t5d5cies ) c]ta9 subject matt]s4 ,a man does n obs]ve closely & fully by press+ a button = ! obs]v+ faculty to get to "w 79 o!r words by will+ to obs]ve72 b if he has some?+ to d :i* c be accompli%$ successfully only ?r\gh int5sive & ext5sive use ( eye & h&1 he naturally obs]ves4 ,obs]vation is an outcome1 a consequ5ce1 ( ! int]action ( s5se organ & subject matt]4 ,x w v>y1 accord+ly1 ) ! subject matt] employ$4 ,x is consequ5tly futile to set up ev5 ! ult]ior developm5t ( faculties ( obs]vation1 memory1 etc41 unless we h fir/ det]m9$ :at sort ( subject matt] we wi% ! pupil to become exp]t 9 obs]v+ & recall+ & = :at purpose4 ,& x is only repeat+ 9 ano!r =m :at has already be5 said1 to decl>e t ! crit]ion "h mu/ be social4 ,we want ! p]son to note & recall & judge ^? ?+s :i* make him an effective compet5t memb] ( ! gr\p 9 :i* he is associat$ ) o!rs4 ,o!rwise we might z well set ! pupil to obs]v+ c>efully cracks on ! wall & set him to memoriz+ mean+less li/s ( words 9 an unkn[n tongue--:i* is ab\t :at we d 9 fact :5 we give way to ! doctr9e ( =mal discipl9e4 ,if ! obs]v+ habits ( a botani/ or *emi/ or eng9e] are bett] habits ?an ^? :i* are ?us =m$1 x is because !y deal ) subject matt] :i* is m significant 9 life4 ,9 conclud+ ?is portion ( ! discussion1 we note t ! di/9ction betwe5 special & g5]al education has no?+ to d ) ! transf]ability ( function or p[]4 ,9 ! lit]al s5se1 any transf] is miracul\s & impossible4 ,b "s activities are broad2 !y involve a coord9ation ( _m factors4 ,_! developm5t dem&s cont9u\s alt]nation & readju/m5t4 ,z conditions *ange1 c]ta9 factors are subord9at$1 & o!rs :i* _h be5 ( m9or importance come to ! front4 ,!re is con/ant r$i/ribution ( ! focus ( ! action1 z is se5 9 ! illu/ration ( a game z ov] aga9/ pull+ a fix$ weight by a s]ies ( uni=m motions4 ,?us !re is practice 9 prompt mak+ ( new comb9ations ) ! focus ( activity %ift$ to meet *ange 9 subject matt]4 ,:]ev] an activity is broad 9 scope 7t is1 involves ! coord9at+ ( a l>ge v>iety ( sub-activities71 & is con/antly & unexpect$ly oblig$ to *ange direction 9 its progressive developm5t1 g5]al education is b\nd to result4 ,= ?is is :at g5]al means2 broad & flexible4 ,9 practice1 education meets ^! conditions1 & h5ce is g5]al1 9 ! degree 9 :i* x takes acc\nt ( social relation%ips4 ,a p]son may become exp]t 9 te*nical philosophy1 or philology1 or ma!matics or eng9e]+ or f9anci]+1 & be inept & ill-advis$ 9 8 action & judgm5t outside ( 8 specialty4 ,if h[ev] 8 conc]n ) ^! te*nical subject matt]s has be5 connect$ ) human activities hav+ social bread?1 ! range ( active responses call$ into play & flexibly integrat$ is mu* wid]4 ,isolation ( subject matt] f a social context is ! *ief ob/ruction 9 curr5t practice to secur+ a g5]al tra9+ ( m9d4 ,lit]ature1 art1 religion1 :5 ?us dissociat$1 are j z n>r[+ z ! te*nical ?+s :i* ! pr(essional uphold]s ( g5]al education /r5u\sly oppose4 ,summ>y4 ,! conception t ! result ( ! educative process is capacity = fur!r education /&s 9 contra/ ) "s o!r ideas :i* h pr(\ndly influ5c$ practice4 ,! fir/ contra/+ conception consid]$ is t ( prep>+ or gett+ ready = "s future duty or privilege4 ,specific evil effects 7 po9t$ out :i* result f ! fact t ?is aim div]ts att5tion ( bo? tea*] & taught f ! only po9t to :i* x may be fruitfully direct$--namely1 tak+ advantage ( ! ne$s & possibilities ( ! imm$iate pres5t4 ,consequ5tly x defeats its own pr(ess$ purpose4 ,! notion t education is an unfold+ f )9 appe>s to h m lik5ess to ! conception ( gr[? :i* has be5 set =?4 ,b z work$ out 9 ! !ories ( ,froebel & ,hegel1 x involves ignor+ ! int]action ( pres5t organic t5d5cies ) ! pres5t environm5t1 j z mu* z ! notion ( prep>ation4 ,"s implicit :ole is reg>d$ z giv5 ready-made & ! significance ( gr[? is m]ely transitory2 x is n an end 9 itself1 b simply a means ( mak+ explicit :at is already implicit4 ,s9ce t :i* is n explicit _c be made def9ite use (1 some?+ has to be f\nd to repres5t x4 ,accord+ to ,froebel1 ! my/ic symbolic value ( c]ta9 objects & acts 7l>gely ma!matical7 /& = ! ,absolute ,:ole :i* is 9 process ( unfold+4 ,accord+ to ,hegel1 exi/+ in/itutions are its effective actual repres5tatives4 ,emphasis ^u symbols & in/itutions t5ds to div]t p]ception f ! direct gr[? ( exp]i5ce 9 ri*ness ( mean+4 ,ano!r influ5tial b defective !ory is t :i* conceives t m9d has1 at bir?1 c]ta9 m5tal faculties or p[]s1 su* z p]ceiv+1 rememb]+1 will+1 judg+1 g5]aliz+1 att5d+1 etc41 & t education is ! tra9+ ( ^! faculties ?r\gh repeat$ ex]cise4 ,?is !ory treats subject matt] z comp>atively ext]nal & indiff]5t1 its value resid+ simply 9 ! fact t x may occasion ex]cise ( ! g5]al p[]s4 ,criticism 0 direct$ ^u ?is sep>ation ( ! alleg$ p[]s f "o ano!r & f ! mat]ial ^u :i* !y act4 ,! outcome ( ! !ory 9 practice 0 %[n to be an undue emphasis ^u ! tra9+ ( n>r[ specializ$ modes ( skill at ! exp5se ( initiative1 inv5tiv5ess1 & readaptability--qualities :i* dep5d ^u ! broad & consecutive int]action ( specific activities ) "o ano!r4 #a ,z matt] ( fact1 ! int]connection is s great1 !re are s _m pa?s ( con/ruction1 t e /imulus br+s ab\t "s *ange 9 all ( ! organs ( response4 ,we are accu/om$ h[ev] to ignore mo/ ( ^! modifications ( ! total organic activity1 conc5trat+ ^u t "o :i* is mo/ specifically adapt$ to ! mo/ urg5t /imulus ( ! mom5t4 #b ,?is /atem5t %\ld be comp>$ ) :at 0 said e>li] ab\t ! sequ5tial ord]+ ( responses 7p4 #be74 ,x is m]ely a m explicit /atem5t ( ! way 9 :i* t consecutive arrangem5t occurs4 ,*apt] ,six3 ,education z ,cons]vative & ,progressive #a4 ,education z ,=mation4 ,we n[ come to a type ( !ory :i* d5ies ! exi/5ce ( faculties & emphasizes ! unique role ( subject matt] 9 ! developm5t ( m5tal & moral disposition4 ,accord+ to x1 education is nei!r a process ( unfold+ f )9 nor is x a tra9+ ( faculties resid5t 9 m9d itself4 ,x is r ! =mation ( m9d by sett+ up c]ta9 associations or connections ( cont5t by means ( a subject matt] pres5t$ f )\t4 ,education proce$s by in/ruction tak5 9 a /rictly lit]al s5se1 a build+ into ! m9d f )\t4 ,t education is =mative ( m9d is n que/ion$2 x is ! conception already prop\nd$4 ,b =mation "h has a te*nical mean+ dep5d5t ^u ! idea ( some?+ op]at+ f )\t4 ,h]b>t is ! be/ hi/orical repres5tative ( ?is type ( !ory4 ,he d5ies absolutely ! exi/5ce ( innate faculties4 ,! m9d is simply end[$ ) ! p[] ( produc+ v>i\s qualities 9 reaction to ! v>i\s realities :i* act ^u x4 ,^! qualitatively diff]5t reactions are call$ pres5tations 7,vor/ellung574 ,e pres5tation once call$ into be+ p]si/s2 x may be driv5 bel[ ! ?re%old ( consci\sness by new & /rong] pres5tations1 produc$ by ! reaction ( ! s\l to new mat]ial1 b its activity cont9ues by its own inh]5t mom5tum1 bel[ ! surface ( consci\sness4 ,:at are t]m$ faculties--att5tion1 memory1 ?9k+1 p]ception1 ev5 ! s5tim5ts1 are arrangem5ts1 associations1 & complications1 =m$ by ! int]action ( ^! subm]g$ pres5tations ) "o ano!r & ) new pres5tations4 ,p]ception1 = example1 is ! complication ( pres5tations :i* result f ! rise ( old pres5tations to greet & comb9e ) new ones2 memory is ! evok+ ( an old pres5tation above ! ?re%old ( consci\sness by gett+ entangl$ ) ano!r pres5tation1 etc4 ,pleasure is ! result ( re9=cem5t among ! indep5d5t activities ( pres5tations2 pa9 ( _! pull+ diff]5t ways1 etc4 ,! concrete "* ( m9d consi/s1 !n1 :olly ( ! v>i\s arrangem5ts =m$ by ! v>i\s pres5tations 9 _! diff]5t qualities4 ,! furniture ( ! m9d is ! m9d4 ,m9d is :olly a matt] ( cont5ts4 ,! educational implications ( ?is doctr9e are ?reefold4 7#a7 ,?is or t k9d ( m9d is =m$ by ! use ( objects :i* evoke ?is or t k9d ( reaction & :i* produce ?is or t arrangem5t among ! reactions call$ out4 ,! =mation ( m9d is :olly a matt] ( ! pres5tation ( ! prop] educational mat]ials4 7#b7 ,s9ce ! e>li] pres5tations con/itute ! app]ceiv+ organs :i* control ! assimilation ( new pres5tations1 _! "* is all important4 ,! effect ( new pres5tations is to re9=ce gr\p+s previ\sly =m$4 ,! bus9ess ( ! educator is1 fir/1 to select ! prop] mat]ial 9 ord] to fix ! nature ( ! orig9al reactions1 &1 secondly1 to arrange ! sequ5ce ( subsequ5t pres5tations on ! basis ( ! /ore ( ideas secur$ by prior transactions4 ,! control is f beh9d1 f ! pa/1 in/ead (1 z 9 ! unfold+ conception1 9 ! ultimate goal4 7#c7 ,c]ta9 =mal /eps ( all me?od 9 tea*+ may be laid d[n4 ,pres5tation ( new subject matt] is obvi\sly ! c5tral ?+1 b s9ce kn[+ consi/s 9 ! way 9 :i* ?is int]acts ) ! cont5ts already subm]g$ bel[ consci\sness1 ! fir/ ?+ is ! /ep ( prep>ation1--t is1 call+ into special activity & gett+ above ! floor ( consci\sness ^? old] pres5tations :i* are to assimilate ! new "o4 ,!n aft] ! pres5tation1 foll[ ! processes ( int]action ( new & old2 !n comes ! application ( ! newly =m$ cont5t to ! p]=mance ( "s task4 ,ev]y?+ mu/ g ?r\gh ?is c\rse2 consequ5tly !re is a p]fectly uni=m me?od 9 in/ruction 9 all subjects = all pupils ( all ages4 ,h]b>t's great s]vice lay 9 tak+ ! "w ( tea*+ out ( ! region ( r\t9e & accid5t4 ,he br\ght x into ! sph]e ( consci\s me?od2 x became a consci\s bus9ess ) a def9ite aim & proc$ure1 in/ead ( be+ a comp\nd ( casual inspiration & subs]vi5ce to tradition4 ,moreov]1 ev]y?+ 9 tea*+ & discipl9e c\ld be specifi$1 in/ead ( our hav+ to be cont5t ) vague & m or less my/ic g5]alities ab\t ultimate ideals & speculative spiritual symbols4 ,he aboli%$ ! notion ( ready-made faculties1 :i* might be tra9$ by ex]cise ^u any sort ( mat]ial1 & made att5tion to concrete subject matt]1 to ! cont5t1 all-important4 ,h]b>t und\bt$ly has _h a great] influ5ce 9 br++ to ! front que/ions connect$ ) ! mat]ial ( /udy ?an any o!r educational philosoph]4 ,he /at$ problems ( me?od f ! /&po9t ( _! connection ) subject matt]3 me?od hav+ to d ) ! mann] & sequ5ce ( pres5t+ new subject matt] to insure its prop] int]action ) old4 ,! fundam5tal !oretical defect ( ?is view lies 9 ignor+ ! exi/5ce 9 a liv+ be+ ( active & specific functions :i* are develop$ 9 ! r$irection & comb9ation :i* occur z !y are occupi$ ) _! environm5t4 ,! !ory repres5ts ! ,s*oolma/] come to 8 own4 ,?is fact expresses at once its /r5g? & its weakness4 ,! conception t ! m9d consi/s ( :at has be5 taught1 & t ! importance ( :at has be5 taught consi/s 9 its availability = fur!r tea*+1 reflects ! p$agogue's view ( life4 ,! philosophy is eloqu5t ab\t ! duty ( ! tea*] 9 in/ruct+ pupils2 x is almo/ sil5t reg>d+ 8 privilege ( le>n+4 ,x emphasizes ! influ5ce ( intellectual environm5t ^u ! m9d2 x slurs ov] ! fact t ! environm5t involves a p]sonal %>+ 9 common exp]i5ces4 ,x exagg]ates beyond reason ! possibilities ( consci\sly =mulat$ & us$ me?ods1 & und]e/imates ! role ( vital1 unconsci\s1 attitudes4 ,x insi/s ^u ! old1 ! pa/1 & passes lightly ov] ! op]ation ( ! g5u9ely novel & un=eseeable4 ,x takes1 9 brief1 ev]y?+ educational into acc\nt save its ess5ce1--vital en]gy seek+ opportunity = effective ex]cise4 ,all education =ms "*1 m5tal & moral1 b =mation consi/s 9 ! selection & coord9ation ( native activities s t !y may utilize ! subject matt] ( ! social environm5t4 ,moreov]1 ! =mation is n only a =mation ( native activities1 b x takes place ?r\gh !m4 ,x is a process ( recon/ruction1 reorganization4 #b4 ,education z ,recapitulation & ,retrospection4 ,a peculi> comb9ation ( ! ideas ( developm5t & =mation f )\t has giv5 rise to ! recapitulation !ory ( education1 biological & cultural4 ,! individual develops1 b 8 prop] developm5t consi/s 9 repeat+ 9 ord]ly /ages ! pa/ evolution ( animal life & human hi/ory4 ,! =m] recapitulation occurs physiologically2 ! latt] %\ld be made to occur by means ( education4 ,! alleg$ biological tru? t ! individual 9 8 gr[? f ! simple embryo to maturity repeats ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( animal life 9 ! progress ( =ms f ! simple/ to ! mo/ complex 7or express$ te*nically1 t ontog5esis p>allels phylog5esis7 does n conc]n u1 save z x is suppos$ to af=d sci5tific f\ndation = cultural recapitulation ( ! pa/4 ,cultural recapitulation says1 fir/1 t *ildr5 at a c]ta9 age are 9 ! m5tal & moral condition ( savag]y2 _! in/9cts are vagrant & pr$atory because _! ance/ors at "o "t liv$ su* a life4 ,consequ5tly 7s x is conclud$7 ! prop] subject matt] ( _! education at ?is "t is ! mat]ial--especially ! lit]>y mat]ial ( my?s1 folk-tale1 & song--produc$ by humanity 9 ! analog\s /age4 ,!n ! *ild passes on to some?+ correspond+1 say1 to ! pa/oral /age1 & s on till at ! "t :5 he is ready to take "p 9 contempor>y life1 he arrives at ! pres5t epo* ( culture4 ,9 ?is detail$ & consi/5t =m1 ! !ory1 outside ( a small s*ool 9 ,g]many 7foll[]s ( ,h]b>t = ! mo/ "p71 has _h little curr5cy4 ,b ! idea :i* und]lies x is t education is ess5tially retrospective2 t x looks prim>ily to ! pa/ & especially to ! lit]>y products ( ! pa/1 & t m9d is adequately =m$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is patt]n$ ^u ! spiritual h]itage ( ! pa/4 ,?is idea has _h su* imm5se influ5ce ^u high] in/ruction especially1 t x is wor? exam9ation 9 its extreme =mulation4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 its biological basis is fallaci\s4 ,embyronic gr[? ( ! human infant pres]ves1 )\t d\bt1 "s ( ! traits ( l[] =ms ( life4 ,b 9 no respect is x a /rict trav]s+ ( pa/ /ages4 ,if !re 7 any /rict law ( repetition1 evolution>y developm5t w\ld cle>ly n h tak5 place4 ,ea* new g5]ation w\ld simply h repeat$ its pr$ecessors' exi/5ce4 ,developm5t1 9 %ort1 has tak5 place by ! entrance ( %ortcuts & alt]ations 9 ! prior s*eme ( gr[?4 ,& ?is sugge/s t ! aim ( education is to facilitate su* %ort-circuit$ gr[?4 ,! great advantage ( immaturity1 educationally speak+1 is t x enables u to emancipate ! "y f ! ne$ ( dwell+ 9 an outgr[n pa/4 ,! bus9ess ( education is r to lib]ate ! "y f reviv+ & retrav]s+ ! pa/ ?an to lead !m to a recapitulation ( x4 ,! social environm5t ( ! "y is con/itut$ by ! pres5ce & action ( ! habits ( ?9k+ & feel+ ( civiliz$ m54 ,to ignore ! directive influ5ce ( ?is pres5t environm5t ^u ! "y is simply to abdicate ! educational function4 ,a biologi/ has said3 ,! hi/ory ( developm5t 9 diff]5t animals4 4 4 (f]s to u4 4 4 a s]ies ( +5i\s1 det]m9$1 v>i$ b m or less unsuccessful ef=ts to escape f ! necessity ( recapitulat+1 & to sub/itute = ! ance/ral me?od a m direct me?od4 ,surely x w\ld be fooli% if education did n delib]ately attempt to facilitate simil> ef=ts 9 consci\s exp]i5ce s t !y become increas+ly successful4 ,! two factors ( tru? 9 ! conception may easily be dis5tangl$ f association ) ! false context :i* p]v]ts !m4 ,on ! biological side we h simply ! fact t any infant />ts ) precisely ! assortm5t ( impulsive activities ) :i* he does />t1 !y be+ bl9d1 & _m ( !m conflict+ ) "o ano!r1 casual1 sporadic1 & unadapt$ to _! imm$iate environm5t4 ,! o!r po9t is t x is a "p ( wisdom to utilize ! products ( pa/ hi/ory s f> z !y are ( help = ! future4 ,s9ce !y repres5t ! results ( prior exp]i5ce1 _! value = future exp]i5ce may1 ( c\rse1 be indef9itely great4 ,lit]atures produc$ 9 ! pa/ are1 s f> z m5 are n[ 9 possession & use ( !m1 a "p ( ! pres5t environm5t ( individuals2 b !re is an enorm\s diff]5ce betwe5 avail+ ourselves ( !m z pres5t res\rces & tak+ !m z /&>ds & patt]ns 9 _! retrospective "*4 7#a7 ,! di/ortion ( ! fir/ po9t usually comes ab\t ?r\gh misuse ( ! idea ( h]$ity4 ,x is assum$ t h]$ity means t pa/ life has someh[ pr$et]m9$ ! ma9 traits ( an individual1 & t !y are s fix$ t little s]i\s *ange c be introduc$ into !m4 ,?us tak51 ! influ5ce ( h]$ity is oppos$ to t ( ! environm5t1 & ! efficacy ( ! latt] belittl$4 ,b = educational purposes h]$ity means nei!r m nor less ?an ! orig9al end[m5t ( an individual4 ,education mu/ take ! be+ z he is2 t a p>ticul> individual has j su* & su* an equipm5t ( native activities is a basic fact4 ,t !y 7 produc$ 9 su* & su* a way1 or t !y are d]iv$ f "o's ance/ry1 is n especially important = ! educator1 h[ev] x may be ) ! biologi/1 z comp>$ ) ! fact t !y n[ exi/4 ,suppose "o _h to advise or direct a p]son reg>d+ 8 inh]itance ( prop]ty4 ,! fallacy ( assum+ t ! fact x is an inh]itance1 pr$et]m9es its future use1 is obvi\s4 ,! advisor is conc]n$ ) mak+ ! be/ use ( :at is !re--putt+ x at "w "u ! mo/ favorable conditions4 ,obvi\sly he _c utilize :at is n !re2 nei!r c ! educator4 ,9 ?is s5se1 h]$ity is a limit ( education4 ,recognition ( ?is fact prev5ts ! wa/e ( en]gy & ! irritation t ensue f ! too preval5t habit ( try+ to make by in/ruction some?+ out ( an individual :i* he is n naturally fitt$ to become4 ,b ! doctr9e does n det]m9e :at use %all be made ( ! capacities :i* exi/4 ,&1 except 9 ! case ( ! imbecile1 ^! orig9al capacities are mu* m v>i$ & pot5tial1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! m /upid1 ?an we z yet "k prop]ly h[ to utilize4 ,consequ5tly1 :ile a c>eful /udy ( ! native aptitudes & defici5cies ( an individual is always a prelim9>y necessity1 ! subsequ5t & important /ep is to furni% an environm5t :i* w adequately function :atev] activities are pres5t4 ,! relation ( h]$ity & environm5t is well express$ 9 ! case ( language4 ,if a be+ _h no vocal organs f :i* issue articulate s\nds1 if he _h no auditory or o!r s5se-receptors & no connections betwe5 ! two sets ( app>atus1 x w\ld be a %e] wa/e ( "t to try to tea* him to conv]se4 ,he is born %ort 9 t respect1 & education mu/ accept ! limitation4 ,b if he has ?is native equipm5t1 its possession 9 no way gu>antees t he w ev] talk any language or :at language he w talk4 ,! environm5t 9 :i* 8 activities occur & by :i* !y are c>ri$ into execution settles ^! ?+s4 ,if he liv$ 9 a dumb unsocial environm5t :]e m5 refus$ to talk to "o ano!r & us$ only t m9imum ( ge/ures )\t :i* !y c\ld n get along1 vocal language w\ld be z una*iev$ by him z if he _h no vocal organs4 ,if ! s\nds :i* he makes occur 9 a m$ium ( p]sons speak+ ! ,*9ese language1 ! activities :i* make l s\nds w be select$ & coord9at$4 ,?is illu/ration may be appli$ to ! entire range ( ! educability ( any individual4 ,x places ! h]itage f ! pa/ 9 its "r connection ) ! dem&s & opportunities ( ! pres5t4 7#b7 ,! !ory t ! prop] subject matt] ( in/ruction is f\nd 9 ! culture-products ( pa/ ages 7ei!r 9 g5]al1 or m specifically 9 ! p>ticul> lit]atures :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! culture epo* :i* is suppos$ to correspond ) ! /age ( developm5t ( ^? taught7 af=ds ano!r in/ance ( t divorce betwe5 ! process & product ( gr[? :i* has be5 criticiz$4 ,to keep ! process alive1 to keep x alive 9 ways :i* make x easi] to keep x alive 9 ! future1 is ! function ( educational subject matt]4 ,b an individual c live only 9 ! pres5t4 ,! pres5t is n j some?+ :i* comes aft] ! pa/2 mu* less some?+ produc$ by x4 ,x is :at life is 9 leav+ ! pa/ beh9d x4 ,! /udy ( pa/ products w n help u und]/& ! pres5t1 because ! pres5t is n due to ! products1 b to ! life ( :i* !y 7 ! products4 ,a k ( ! pa/ & its h]itage is ( great significance :5 x ent]s into ! pres5t1 b n o!rwise4 ,& ! mi/ake ( mak+ ! records & rema9s ( ! pa/ ! ma9 mat]ial ( education is t x cuts ! vital connection ( pres5t & pa/1 & t5ds to make ! pa/ a rival ( ! pres5t & ! pres5t a m or less futile imitation ( ! pa/4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 culture becomes an ornam5t & solace2 a refuge & an asylum4 ,m5 escape f ! crudities ( ! pres5t to live 9 its imag9$ ref9em5ts1 in/ead ( us+ :at ! pa/ (f]s z an ag5cy = rip5+ ^! crudities4 ,! pres5t1 9 %ort1 g5]ates ! problems :i* lead u to se>* ! pa/ = sugge/ion1 & :i* supplies mean+ to :at we f9d :5 we se>*4 ,! pa/ is ! pa/ precisely because x does n include :at is *>act]i/ic 9 ! pres5t4 ,! mov+ pres5t includes ! pa/ on condition t x uses ! pa/ to direct its own movem5t4 ,! pa/ is a great res\rce = ! imag9ation2 x adds a new dim5sion to life1 b ,,od condition t x be se5 z ! pa/ ( ! pres5t1 & n z ano!r & disconnect$ _w4 ,! pr9ciple :i* makes little ( ! pres5t act ( liv+ & op]ation ( gr[+1 ! only ?+ always pres5t1 naturally looks to ! pa/ because ! future goal :i* x sets up is remote & empty4 ,b hav+ turn$ its back ^u ! pres5t1 x has no way ( return+ to x lad5 ) ! spoils ( ! pa/4 ,a m9d t is adequately s5sitive to ! ne$s & occasions ( ! pres5t actuality w h ! livelie/ ( motives = int]e/ 9 ! backgr\nd ( ! pres5t1 & w nev] h to hunt = a way back because x w nev] h lo/ connection4 #c4 ,education z ,recon/ruction4 ,9 its contra/ ) ! ideas bo? ( unfold+ ( lat5t p[]s f )91 & ( ! =mation f )\t1 :e!r by physical nature or by ! cultural products ( ! pa/1 ! ideal ( gr[? results 9 ! conception t education is a con/ant reorganiz+ or recon/ruct+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,x has all ! "t an imm$iate end1 & s f> z activity is educative1 x rea*es t end--! direct trans=mation ( ! quality ( exp]i5ce4 ,infancy1 y\?1 adult life1--all /& on ! same educative level 9 ! s5se t :at is really le>n$ at any & e /age ( exp]i5ce con/itutes ! value ( t exp]i5ce1 & 9 ! s5se t x is ! *ief bus9ess ( life at e po9t to make liv+ ?us contribute to an enri*m5t ( its own p]ceptible mean+4 ,we ?us rea* a te*nical def9ition ( education3 ,x is t recon/ruction or reorganization ( exp]i5ce :i* adds to ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce1 & :i* increases ability to direct ! c\rse ( subsequ5t exp]i5ce4 7#a7 ,! increm5t ( mean+ corresponds to ! increas$ p]ception ( ! connections & cont9uities ( ! activities 9 :i* we are engag$4 ,! activity beg9s 9 an impulsive =m2 t is1 x is bl9d4 ,x does n "k :at x is ab\t2 t is to say1 :at are its int]actions ) o!r activities4 ,an activity :i* br+s education or in/ruction ) x makes "o aw>e ( "s ( ! connections :i* _h be5 imp]ceptible4 ,to recur to our simple example1 a *ild :o rea*es = a bright light gets burn$4 ,h5ce=? he kn[s t a c]ta9 act ( t\*+ 9 connection ) a c]ta9 act ( vision 7& vice-v]sa7 means heat & pa92 or1 a c]ta9 light means a s\rce ( heat4 ,! acts by :i* a sci5tific man 9 8 laboratory le>ns m ab\t flame diff] no :it 9 pr9ciple4 ,by do+ c]ta9 ?+s1 he makes p]ceptible c]ta9 connections ( heat ) o!r ?+s1 :i* _h be5 previ\sly ignor$4 ,?us 8 acts 9 relation to ^! ?+s get m mean+2 he kn[s bett] :at he is do+ or is ab\t :5 he has to d ) !m2 he c int5d consequ5ces in/ead ( j lett+ !m happ5--all synonym\s ways ( say+ ! same ?+4 ,at ! same /roke1 ! flame has ga9$ 9 mean+2 all t is kn[n ab\t combu/ion1 oxidation1 ab\t light & temp]ature1 may become an intr9sic "p ( its intellectual cont5t4 7#b7 ,! o!r side ( an educative exp]i5ce is an add$ p[] ( subsequ5t direction or control4 ,to say t "o kn[s :at he is ab\t1 or c int5d c]ta9 consequ5ces1 is to say1 ( c\rse1 t he c bett] anticipate :at is go+ to happ52 t he c1 !re=e1 get ready or prep>e 9 advance s z to secure b5eficial consequ5ces & av]t undesirable ones4 ,a g5u9ely educative exp]i5ce1 !n1 "o 9 :i* in/ruction is convey$ & ability increas$1 is contradi/+ui%$ f a r\t9e activity on "o h&1 & a caprici\s activity on ! o!r4 7a7 ,9 ! latt] "o does n c>e :at happ5s2 "o j lets himself g & avoids connect+ ! consequ5ces ( "o's act 7! evid5ces ( its connections ) o!r ?+s7 ) ! act4 ,x is cu/om>y to fr[n ^u su* aimless r&om activity1 treat+ x z willful mis*ief or c>elessness or lawlessness4 ,b !re is a t5d5cy to seek ! cause ( su* aimless activities 9 ! y\?'s own disposition1 isolat$ f ev]y?+ else4 ,b 9 fact su* activity is explosive1 & due to maladju/m5t ) surr\nd+s4 ,individuals act caprici\sly :5ev] !y act "u ext]nal dictation1 or f be+ told1 )\t hav+ a purpose ( _! own or p]ceiv+ ! be>+ ( ! de$ ^u o!r acts4 ,"o may le>n by do+ some?+ :i* he does n und]/&2 ev5 9 ! mo/ intellig5t action1 we d mu* :i* we d n mean1 because ! l>ge/ portion ( ! connections ( ! act we consci\sly int5d are n p]ceiv$ or anticipat$4 ,b we le>n only because aft] ! act is p]=m$ we note results :i* we _h n not$ be=e4 ,b mu* "w 9 s*ool consi/s 9 sett+ up rules by :i* pupils are to act ( su* a sort t ev5 aft] pupils h act$1 !y are n l$ to see ! connection betwe5 ! result--say ! answ]--& ! me?od pursu$4 ,s f> z !y are conc]n$1 ! :ole ?+ is a trick & a k9d ( miracle4 ,su* action is ess5tially caprici\s1 & leads to caprici\s habits4 7b7 ,r\t9e action1 action :i* is automatic1 may increase skill to d a p>ticul> ?+4 ,9 s f>1 x might be said to h an educative effect4 ,b x does n lead to new p]ceptions ( be>+s & connections2 x limits r ?an wid5s ! mean+-horizon4 ,& s9ce ! environm5t *anges & our way ( act+ has to be modifi$ 9 ord] successfully to keep a balanc$ connection ) ?+s1 an isolat$ uni=m way ( act+ becomes disa/r\s at "s critical mom5t4 ,! vaunt$ skill turns out gross ineptitude4 ,! ess5tial contra/ ( ! idea ( education z cont9u\s recon/ruction ) ! o!r "o-sid$ conceptions :i* h be5 criticiz$ 9 ?is & ! previ\s *apt] is t x id5tifies ! end 7! result7 & ! process4 ,?is is v]bally self-contradictory1 b only v]bally4 ,x means t exp]i5ce z an active process occupies "t & t its lat] p]iod completes its e>li] portion2 x br+s to light connections involv$1 b hi!rto unp]ceiv$4 ,! lat] outcome ?us reveals ! mean+ ( ! e>li]1 :ile ! exp]i5ce z a :ole e/abli%es a b5t or disposition t[>d ! ?+s possess+ ?is mean+4 ,e su* cont9u\s exp]i5ce or activity is educative1 & all education resides 9 hav+ su* exp]i5ces4 ,x rema9s only to po9t out 7:at w receive m ample att5tion lat]7 t ! recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce may be social z well z p]sonal4 ,= purposes ( simplification we h spok5 9 ! e>li] *apt]s some:at z if ! education ( ! immature :i* fills !m ) ! _s ( ! social gr\p to :i* !y belong1 7 a sort ( cat*+ up ( ! *ild ) ! aptitudes & res\rces ( ! adult gr\p4 ,9 /atic societies1 societies :i* make ! ma9t5ance ( e/abli%$ cu/om _! measure ( value1 ?is conception applies 9 ! ma94 ,b n 9 progressive communities4 ,!y endeavor to %ape ! exp]i5ces ( ! "y s t in/ead ( reproduc+ curr5t habits1 bett] habits %all be =m$1 & ?us ! future adult society be an improvem5t on _! own4 ,m5 h long _h "s intimation ( ! ext5t to :i* education may be consci\sly us$ to elim9ate obvi\s social evils ?r\gh />t+ ! "y on pa?s :i* %all n produce ^! ills1 & "s idea ( ! ext5t 9 :i* education may be made an in/rum5t ( realiz+ ! bett] hopes ( m54 ,b we are d\btless f> f realiz+ ! pot5tial efficacy ( education z a con/ructive ag5cy ( improv+ society1 f realiz+ t x repres5ts n only a developm5t ( *ildr5 & y\? b also ( ! future society ( :i* !y w be ! con/itu5ts4 ,summ>y4 ,education may be conceiv$ ei!r retrospectively or prospectively4 ,t is to say1 x may be treat$ z process ( accommodat+ ! future to ! pa/1 or z an utilization ( ! pa/ = a res\rce 9 a develop+ future4 ,! =m] f9ds its /&>ds & patt]ns 9 :at has gone be=e4 ,! m9d may be reg>d$ z a gr\p ( cont5ts result+ f hav+ c]ta9 ?+s pres5t$4 ,9 ?is case1 ! e>li] pres5tations con/itute ! mat]ial to :i* ! lat] are to be assimilat$4 ,emphasis ^u ! value ( ! e>ly exp]i5ces ( immature be+s is mo/ important1 especially because ( ! t5d5cy to reg>d !m z ( little acc\nt4 ,b ^! exp]i5ces d n consi/ ( ext]nally pres5t$ mat]ial1 b ( int]action ( native activities ) ! environm5t :i* progressively modifies bo? ! activities & ! environm5t4 ,! defect ( ! ,h]b>tian !ory ( =mation ?r\gh pres5tations consi/s 9 slight+ ?is con/ant int]action & *ange4 ,! same pr9ciple ( criticism applies to !ories :i* f9d ! prim>y subject matt] ( /udy 9 ! cultural products--especially ! lit]>y products--( man's hi/ory4 ,isolat$ f _! connection ) ! pres5t environm5t 9 :i* individuals h to act1 !y become a k9d ( rival & di/ract+ environm5t4 ,_! value lies 9 _! use to increase ! mean+ ( ! ?+s ) :i* we h actively to d at ! pres5t "t4 ,! idea ( education advanc$ 9 ^! *apt]s is =mally summ$ up 9 ! idea ( cont9u\s recon/ruction ( exp]i5ce1 an idea :i* is m>k$ (f f education z prep>ation = a remote future1 z unfold+1 z ext]nal =mation1 & z recapitulation ( ! pa/4 ,*apt] ,sev53 ,! ,democratic ,conception 9 ,education ,= ! mo/ "p1 save incid5tally1 we h hi!rto be5 conc]n$ ) education z x may exi/ 9 any social gr\p4 ,we h n[ to make explicit ! diff]5ces 9 ! _s1 mat]ial1 & me?od ( education z x op]ates 9 diff]5t types ( community life4 ,to say t education is a social function1 secur+ direction & developm5t 9 ! immature ?r\gh _! p>ticipation 9 ! life ( ! gr\p to :i* !y belong1 is to say 9 effect t education w v>y ) ! quality ( life :i* prevails 9 a gr\p4 ,p>ticul>ly is x true t a society :i* n only *anges b-:i* has ! ideal ( su* *ange z w improve x1 w h diff]5t /&>ds & me?ods ( education f "o :i* aims simply at ! p]petuation ( its own cu/oms4 ,to make ! g5]al ideas set =? applicable to our own educational practice1 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to come to clos] qu>t]s ) ! nature ( pres5t social life4 #a4 ,! ,implications ( ,human ,association4 ,society is "o ^w1 b _m ?+s4 ,m5 associate toge!r 9 all k9ds ( ways & = all k9ds ( purposes4 ,"o man is conc]n$ 9 a multitude ( div]se gr\ps1 9 :i* 8 associates may be q diff]5t4 ,x (t5 seems z if !y _h no?+ 9 common except t !y are modes ( associat$ life4 ,)9 e l>g] social organization !re are num]\s m9or gr\ps3 n only political subdivisions1 b indu/rial1 sci5tific1 religi\s1 associations4 ,!re are political p>ties ) diff]+ aims1 social sets1 cliques1 gangs1 corporations1 p>tn]%ips1 gr\ps b\nd closely toge!r by ties ( blood1 & s on 9 endless v>iety4 ,9 _m mod]n /ates & 9 "s anci5t1 !re is great div]sity ( populations1 ( v>y+ languages1 religions1 moral codes1 & traditions4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 _m a m9or political unit1 "o ( our l>ge cities1 = example1 is a cong]ies ( loosely associat$ societies1 r ?an an inclusive & p]meat+ community ( action & ?\ght4 7,see ante1 p4 #bj47 ,! t]ms society1 community1 are ?us ambigu\s4 ,!y h bo? a eulogi/ic or normative s5se1 & a descriptive s5se2 a mean+ de jure & a mean+ de facto4 ,9 social philosophy1 ! =m] connotation is almo/ always upp]mo/4 ,society is conceiv$ z "o by its v nature4 ,! qualities :i* accompany ?is unity1 praisewor?y community ( purpose & welf>e1 loyalty to public ends1 mutuality ( sympa?y1 are emphasiz$4 ,b :5 we look at ! facts :i* ! t]m d5otes in/ead ( conf9+ our att5tion to its intr9sic connotation1 we f9d n unity1 b a plurality ( societies1 good & bad4 ,m5 b&$ toge!r 9 a crim9al conspiracy1 bus9ess aggregations t prey ^u ! public :ile s]v+ x1 political ma*9es held toge!r by ! int]e/ ( plund]1 are includ$4 ,if x is said t su* organizations are n societies because !y d n meet ! ideal requirem5ts ( ! notion ( society1 ! answ]1 9 "p1 is t ! conception ( society is !n made s ideal z to be ( no use1 hav+ no ref]5ce to facts2 & 9 "p1 t ea* ( ^! organizations1 no matt] h[ oppos$ to ! int]e/s ( o!r gr\ps1 has some?+ ( ! praisewor?y qualities ( ,society :i* hold x toge!r4 ,!re is honor among ?ieves1 & a b& ( robb]s has a common int]e/ z respects its memb]s4 ,gangs are m>k$ by frat]nal feel+1 & n>r[ cliques by int5se loyalty to _! own codes4 ,family life may be m>k$ by exclusiv5ess1 suspicion1 & jeal\sy z to ^? )\t1 & yet be a model ( amity & mutual aid )94 ,any education giv5 by a gr\p t5ds to socialize its memb]s1 b ! quality & value ( ! socialization dep5ds ^u ! habits & aims ( ! gr\p4 ,h5ce1 once m1 ! ne$ ( a measure = ! wor? ( any giv5 mode ( social life4 ,9 seek+ ?is measure1 we h to avoid two extremes4 ,we _c set up1 out ( our heads1 some?+ we reg>d z an ideal society4 ,we mu/ base our conception ^u societies :i* actually exi/1 9 ord] to h any assurance t our ideal is a practicable "o4 ,b1 z we h j se51 ! ideal _c simply repeat ! traits :i* are actually f\nd4 ,! problem is to extract ! desirable traits ( =ms ( community life :i* actually exi/1 & employ !m to criticize undesirable features & sugge/ improvem5t4 ,n[ 9 any social gr\p :atev]1 ev5 9 a gang ( ?ieves1 we f9d "s int]e/ held 9 common1 & we f9d a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]action & coop]ative int]c\rse ) o!r gr\ps4 ,f ^! two traits we d]ive our /&>d4 ,h[ num]\s & v>i$ are ! int]e/s :i* are consci\sly %>$8 ,h[ full & free is ! int]play ) o!r =ms ( association8 ,if we apply ^! consid]ations to1 say1 a crim9al b&1 we f9d t ! ties :i* consci\sly hold ! memb]s toge!r are few 9 numb]1 r$ucible almo/ to a common int]e/ 9 plund]2 & t !y are ( su* a nature z to isolate ! gr\p f o!r gr\ps ) respect to give & take ( ! values ( life4 ,h5ce1 ! education su* a society gives is p>tial & di/ort$4 ,if we take1 on ! o!r h&1 ! k9d ( family life :i* illu/rates ! /&>d1 we f9d t !re are mat]ial1 intellectual1 ae/hetic int]e/s 9 :i* all p>ticipate & t ! progress ( "o memb] has wor? = ! exp]i5ce ( o!r memb]s--x is readily communicable--& t ! family is n an isolat$ :ole1 b ent]s intimately into relation%ips ) bus9ess gr\ps1 ) s*ools1 ) all ! ag5cies ( culture1 z well z ) o!r simil> gr\ps1 & t x plays a due "p 9 ! political organization & 9 return receives support f x4 ,9 %ort1 !re are _m int]e/s consci\sly communicat$ & %>$2 & !re are v>i$ & free po9ts ( contact ) o!r modes ( association4 ,i4 ,let u apply ! fir/ elem5t 9 ?is crit]ion to a despotically gov]n$ /ate4 ,x is n true !re is no common int]e/ 9 su* an organization betwe5 gov]n$ & gov]nors4 ,! au?orities 9 comm& mu/ make "s appeal to ! native activities ( ! subjects1 mu/ call "s ( _! p[]s into play4 ,talleyr& said t a gov]nm5t c\ld d ev]y?+ ) bayonets except sit on !m4 ,?is cynical decl>ation is at lea/ a recognition t ! bond ( union is n m]ely "o ( co]cive =ce4 ,x may be said1 h[ev]1 t ! activities appeal$ to are !mselves unwor?y & degrad+--t su* a gov]nm5t calls into function+ activity simply capacity = fe>4 ,9 a way1 ?is /atem5t is true4 ,b x ov]looks ! fact t fe> ne$ n be an undesirable factor 9 exp]i5ce4 ,caution1 circumspection1 prud5ce1 desire to =esee future ev5ts s z to av]t :at is h>mful1 ^! desirable traits are z mu* a product ( call+ ! impulse ( fe> into play z is c[>dice & abject submission4 ,! real difficulty is t ! appeal to fe> is isolat$4 ,9 evok+ dread & hope ( specific tangible rew>d--say com=t & ease--_m o!r capacities are left unt\*$4 ,or r1 !y are affect$1 b 9 su* a way z to p]v]t !m4 ,in/ead ( op]at+ on _! own acc\nt !y are r$uc$ to m]e s]vants ( atta9+ pleasure & avoid+ pa94 ,?is is equival5t to say+ t !re is no ext5sive numb] ( common int]e/s2 !re is no free play back & =? among ! memb]s ( ! social gr\p4 ,/imulation & response are exce$+ly "o-sid$4 ,9 ord] to h a l>ge numb] ( values 9 common1 all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p mu/ h an equable opportunity to receive & to take f o!rs4 ,!re mu/ be a l>ge v>iety ( %>$ und]tak+s & exp]i5ces4 ,o!rwise1 ! influ5ces :i* educate "s into ma/]s1 educate o!rs into slaves4 ,& ! exp]i5ce ( ea* p>ty loses 9 mean+1 :5 ! free int]*ange ( v>y+ modes ( life-exp]i5ce is arre/$4 ,a sep>ation into a privileg$ & a subject-class prev5ts social endosmosis4 ,! evils !reby affect+ ! sup]ior class are less mat]ial & less p]ceptible1 b equally real4 ,_! culture t5ds to be /]ile1 to be turn$ back to fe$ on itself2 _! art becomes a %[y display & artificial2 _! weal? luxuri\s2 _! k ov]specializ$2 _! mann]s fa/idi\s r ?an humane4 ,lack ( ! free & equitable int]c\rse :i* spr+s f a v>iety ( %>$ int]e/s makes intellectual /imulation unbalanc$4 ,div]sity ( /imulation means novelty1 & novelty means *all5ge to ?\ght4 ,! m activity is re/rict$ to a few def9ite l9es--z x is :5 !re are rigid class l9es prev5t+ adequate int]play ( exp]i5ces--! m action t5ds to become r\t9e on ! "p ( ! class at a disadvantage1 & caprici\s1 aimless1 & explosive on ! "p ( ! class hav+ ! mat]ially =tunate position4 ,plato def9$ a slave z "o :o accepts f ano!r ! purposes :i* control 8 conduct4 ,?is condition obta9s ev5 :]e !re is no slav]y 9 ! legal s5se4 ,x is f\nd :]ev] m5 are engag$ 9 activity :i* is socially s]viceable1 b ^: s]vice !y d n und]/& & h no p]sonal int]e/ 94 ,mu* is said ab\t sci5tific managem5t ( "w4 ,x is a n>r[ view :i* re/ricts ! sci5ce :i* secures effici5cy ( op]ation to movem5ts ( ! muscles4 ,! *ief opportunity = sci5ce is ! discov]y ( ! relations ( a man to 8 "w--includ+ 8 relations to o!rs :o take "p--:i* w enli/ 8 intellig5t int]e/ 9 :at he is do+4 ,effici5cy 9 production (t5 dem&s division ( labor4 ,b x is r$uc$ to a me*anical r\t9e unless work]s see ! te*nical1 intellectual1 & social relation%ips involv$ 9 :at !y d1 & engage 9 _! "w because ( ! motivation furni%$ by su* p]ceptions4 ,! t5d5cy to r$uce su* ?+s z effici5cy ( activity & sci5tific managem5t to purely te*nical ext]nals is evid5ce ( ! "o-sid$ /imulation ( ?\ght giv5 to ^? 9 control ( indu/ry--^? :o supply its aims4 ,because ( _! lack ( all-r\nd & well-balanc$ social int]e/1 !re is n suffici5t /imulus = att5tion to ! human factors & relation%ips 9 indu/ry4 ,intellig5ce is n>r[$ to ! factors conc]n$ ) te*nical production & m>ket+ ( goods4 ,no d\bt1 a v acute & int5se intellig5ce 9 ^! n>r[ l9es c be develop$1 b ! failure to take into acc\nt ! significant social factors means none ! less an abs5ce ( m9d1 & a correspond+ di/ortion ( emotional life4 ,,ii4 ,?is illu/ration 7^: po9t is to be ext5d$ to all associations lack+ reciprocity ( int]e/7 br+s u to our second po9t4 ,! isolation & exclusiv5ess ( a gang or clique br+s its antisocial _s into relief4 ,b ?is same _s is f\nd :]ev] "o gr\p has int]e/s ( its own :i* %ut x out f full int]action ) o!r gr\ps1 s t its prevail+ purpose is ! protection ( :at x has got1 in/ead ( reorganization & progress ?r\gh wid] relation%ips4 ,x m>ks nations 9 _! isolation f "o ano!r2 families :i* seclude _! dome/ic conc]ns z if !y _h no connection ) a l>g] life2 s*ools :5 sep>at$ f ! int]e/ ( home & community2 ! divisions ( ri* & poor2 le>n$ & unle>n$4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t isolation makes = rigidity & =mal in/itutionaliz+ ( life1 = /atic & selfi% ideals )9 ! gr\p4 ,t savage tribes reg>d ali5s & enemies z synonym\s is n accid5tal4 ,x spr+s f ! fact t !y h id5tifi$ _! exp]i5ce ) rigid adh]5ce to _! pa/ cu/oms4 ,on su* a basis x is :olly logical to fe> int]c\rse ) o!rs1 = su* contact might dissolve cu/om4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly occasion recon/ruction4 ,x is a commonplace t an al]t & exp&+ m5tal life dep5ds ^u an enl>g+ range ( contact ) ! physical environm5t4 ,b ! pr9ciple applies ev5 m significantly to ! field :]e we are apt to ignore x--! sph]e ( social contacts4 ,e expansive era 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d has co9cid$ ) ! op]ation ( factors :i* h t5d$ to elim9ate di/ance betwe5 peoples & classes previ\sly hemm$ (f f "o ano!r4 ,ev5 ! alleg$ b5efits ( w>1 s f> z m ?an alleg$1 spr+ f ! fact t conflict ( peoples at lea/ en=ces int]c\rse betwe5 !m & ?us accid5tally enables !m to le>n f "o ano!r1 & !reby to exp& _! horizons4 ,travel1 economic & comm]cial t5d5cies1 h at pres5t gone f> to break d[n ext]nal b>ri]s2 to br+ peoples & classes into clos] & m p]ceptible connection ) "o ano!r4 ,x rema9s = ! mo/ "p to secure ! intellectual & emotional significance ( ?is physical annihilation ( space4 #b4 ,! ,democratic ,ideal4 ,! two elem5ts 9 our crit]ion bo? po9t to democracy4 ,! fir/ signifies n only m num]\s & m v>i$ po9ts ( %>$ common int]e/1 b great] reliance ^u ! recognition ( mutual int]e/s z a factor 9 social control4 ,! second means n only fre] int]action betwe5 social gr\ps 7once isolat$ s f> z int5tion c\ld keep up a sep>ation7 b *ange 9 social habit--its cont9u\s readju/m5t ?r\gh meet+ ! new situations produc$ by v>i$ int]c\rse4 ,& ^! two traits are precisely :at *>act]ize ! democratically con/itut$ society4 ,^u ! educational side1 we note fir/ t ! realization ( a =m ( social life 9 :i* int]e/s are mutually int]p5etrat+1 & :]e progress1 or readju/m5t1 is an important consid]ation1 makes a democratic community m int]e/$ ?an o!r communities h cause to be 9 delib]ate & sy/ematic education4 ,! devotion ( democracy to education is a famili> fact4 ,! sup]ficial explanation is t a gov]nm5t re/+ ^u popul> suffrage _c be successful unless ^? :o elect & :o obey _! gov]nors are educat$4 ,s9ce a democratic society repudiates ! pr9ciple ( ext]nal au?ority1 x mu/ f9d a sub/itute 9 volunt>y disposition & int]e/2 ^! c be creat$ only by education4 ,b !re is a deep] explanation4 ,a democracy is m ?an a =m ( gov]nm5t2 x is prim>ily a mode ( associat$ liv+1 ( conjo9t communicat$ exp]i5ce4 ,! ext5sion 9 space ( ! numb] ( individuals :o p>ticipate 9 an int]e/ s t ea* has to ref] 8 own action to t ( o!rs1 & to consid] ! action ( o!rs to give po9t & direction to 8 own1 is equival5t to ! break+ d[n ( ^? b>ri]s ( class1 race1 & national t]ritory :i* kept m5 f p]ceiv+ ! full import ( _! activity4 ,^! m num]\s & m v>i$ po9ts ( contact d5ote a great] div]sity ( /imuli to :i* an individual has to respond2 !y consequ5tly put a premium on v>iation 9 8 action4 ,!y secure a lib]ation ( p[]s :i* rema9 suppress$ z long z ! incitations to action are p>tial1 z !y mu/ be 9 a gr\p :i* 9 its exclusiv5ess %uts out _m int]e/s4 ,! wid5+ ( ! area ( %>$ conc]ns1 & ! lib]ation ( a great] div]sity ( p]sonal capacities :i* *>act]ize a democracy1 are n ( c\rse ! product ( delib]ation & consci\s ef=t4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 caus$ by ! developm5t ( modes ( manufacture & comm]ce1 travel1 migration1 & int]communication :i* fl[$ f ! comm& ( sci5ce ov] natural en]gy4 ,b aft] great] individualization on "o h&1 & a broad] community ( int]e/ on ! o!r h come into exi/5ce1 x is a matt] ( delib]ate ef=t to su/a9 & ext5d !m4 ,obvi\sly a society to :i* /ratification into sep>ate classes w\ld be fatal1 mu/ see to x t intellectual opportunities are accessible to all on equable & easy t]ms4 ,a society m>k$ (f into classes ne$ he specially att5tive only to ! education ( its rul+ elem5ts4 ,a society :i* is mobile1 :i* is full ( *annels = ! di/ribution ( a *ange occurr+ any:]e1 mu/ see to x t its memb]s are educat$ to p]sonal initiative & adaptability4 ,o!rwise1 !y w be ov]:elm$ by ! *anges 9 :i* !y are caught & ^: significance or connections !y d n p]ceive4 ,! result w be a confusion 9 :i* a few w appropriate to !mselves ! results ( ! bl9d & ext]nally direct$ activities ( o!rs4 #c4 ,! ,platonic ,educational ,philosophy4 ,subsequ5t *apt]s w be devot$ to mak+ explicit ! implications ( ! democratic ideas 9 education4 ,9 ! rema9+ portions ( ?is *apt]1 we %all consid] ! educational !ories :i* h be5 evolv$ 9 ?ree epo*s :5 ! social import ( education 0 especially conspicu\s4 ,! fir/ "o to be consid]$ is t ( ,plato4 ,no "o c\ld bett] express ?an did he ! fact t a society is /ably organiz$ :5 ea* individual is do+ t = :i* he has aptitude by nature 9 su* a way z to be useful to o!rs 7or to contribute to ! :ole to :i* he belongs72 & t x is ! bus9ess ( education to discov] ^! aptitudes & progressively to tra9 !m = social use4 ,mu* :i* has be5 said s f> is borr[$ f :at ,plato fir/ consci\sly taught ! _w4 ,b conditions :i* he c\ld n intellectually control l$ him to re/rict ^! ideas 9 _! application4 ,he nev] got any conception ( ! indef9ite plurality ( activities :i* may *>act]ize an individual & a social gr\p1 & consequ5tly limit$ 8 view to a limit$ numb] ( classes ( capacities & ( social arrangem5ts4 ,plato's />t+ po9t is t ! organization ( society dep5ds ultimately ^u k ( ! end ( exi/5ce4 ,if we d n "k its end1 we %all be at ! m]cy ( accid5t & caprice4 ,unless we "k ! end1 ! good1 we %all h no crit]ion = rationally decid+ :at ! possibilities are :i* %\ld be promot$1 nor h[ social arrangem5ts are to be ord]$4 ,we %all h no conception ( ! prop] limits & di/ribution ( activities--:at he call$ ju/ice--z a trait ( bo? individual & social organization4 ,b h[ is ! k ( ! f9al & p]man5t good to be a*iev$8 ,9 deal+ ) ?is "q we come ^u ! seem+ly insup]able ob/acle t su* k is n possible save 9 a j & h>moni\s social ord]4 ,ev]y:]e else ! m9d is di/ract$ & misl$ by false valuations & false p]spectives4 ,a disorganiz$ & factional society sets up a numb] ( diff]5t models & /&>ds4 ,"u su* conditions x is impossible = ! individual to atta9 consi/5cy ( m9d4 ,only a complete :ole is fully self-consi/5t4 ,a society :i* re/s ^u ! supremacy ( "s factor ov] ano!r irrespective ( its rational or proportionate claims1 inevitably leads ?\ght a/ray4 ,x puts a premium on c]ta9 ?+s & slurs ov] o!rs1 & creates a m9d ^: seem+ unity is =c$ & di/ort$4 ,education proce$s ultimately f ! patt]ns furni%$ by in/itutions1 cu/oms1 & laws4 ,only 9 a j /ate w ^! be su* z to give ! "r education2 & only ^? :o h rightly tra9$ m9ds w be able to recognize ! end1 & ord]+ pr9ciple ( ?+s4 ,we seem to be caught 9 a hopeless circle4 ,h[ev]1 ,plato sugge/$ a way out4 ,a few m51 philosoph]s or lov]s ( wisdom--or tru?--may by /udy le>n at lea/ 9 outl9e ! prop] patt]ns ( true exi/5ce4 ,if a p[]ful rul] %\ld =m a /ate aft] ^! patt]ns1 !n its regulations c\ld be pres]v$4 ,an education c\ld be giv5 :i* w\ld sift individuals1 discov]+ :at !y 7 good =1 & supply+ a me?od ( assign+ ea* to ! "w 9 life = :i* 8 nature fits him4 ,ea* do+ 8 own "p1 & nev] transgress+1 ! ord] & unity ( ! :ole w\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,x w\ld be impossible to f9d 9 any s*eme ( philosophic ?\ght a m adequate recognition on "o h& ( ! educational significance ( social arrangem5ts &1 on ! o!r1 ( ! dep5d5ce ( ^? arrangem5ts ^u ! means us$ to educate ! "y4 ,x w\ld be impossible to f9d a deep] s5se ( ! function ( education 9 discov]+ & develop+ p]sonal capacities1 & tra9+ !m s t !y w\ld connect ) ! activities ( o!rs4 ,yet ! society 9 :i* ! !ory 0 prop\nd$ 0 s undemocratic t ,plato c\ld n "w out a solution = ! problem ^: t]ms he cle>ly saw4 ,:ile he affirm$ ) emphasis t ! place ( ! individual 9 society %\ld n be det]m9$ by bir? or weal? or any conv5tional /atus1 b by 8 own nature z discov]$ 9 ! process ( education1 he _h no p]ception ( ! uniqu5ess ( individuals4 ,= him !y fall by nature into classes1 & into a v small numb] ( classes at t4 ,consequ5tly ! te/+ & sift+ function ( education only %[s to :i* "o ( ?ree classes an individual belongs4 ,!re be+ no recognition t ea* individual con/itutes 8 own class1 !re c\ld be no recognition ( ! inf9ite div]sity ( active t5d5cies & comb9ations ( t5d5cies ( :i* an individual is capable4 ,!re 7 only ?ree types ( faculties or p[]s 9 ! individual's con/itution4 ,h5ce education w\ld soon rea* a /atic limit 9 ea* class1 = only div]sity makes *ange & progress4 ,9 "s individuals1 appetites naturally dom9ate2 !y are assign$ to ! labor+ & trad+ class1 :i* expresses & supplies human wants4 ,o!rs reveal1 ^u education1 t ov] & above appetites1 !y h a g5]\s1 outgo+1 ass]tively c\rage\s disposition4 ,!y become ! citiz5-subjects ( ! /ate2 its def5d]s 9 w>2 its int]nal gu>dians 9 peace4 ,b _! limit is fix$ by _! lack ( reason1 :i* is a capacity to grasp ! univ]sal4 ,^? :o possess ?is are capable ( ! highe/ k9d ( education1 & become 9 "t ! legislators ( ! /ate--= laws are ! univ]sals :i* control ! p>ticul>s ( exp]i5ce4 ,?us x is n true t 9 int5t1 ,plato subord9at$ ! individual to ! social :ole4 ,b x is true t lack+ ! p]ception ( ! uniqu5ess ( e individual1 8 incomm5surability ) o!rs1 & consequ5tly n recogniz+ t a society might *ange & yet be /able1 8 doctr9e ( limit$ p[]s & classes came 9 net effect to ! idea ( ! subord9ation ( individuality4 ,we _c bett] ,plato's conviction t an individual is happy & society well organiz$ :5 ea* individual engages 9 ^? activities = :i* he has a natural equipm5t1 nor 8 conviction t x is ! prim>y (fice ( education to discov] ?is equipm5t to its possessor & tra9 him = its effective use4 ,b progress 9 k has made u aw>e ( ! sup]ficiality ( ,plato's lump+ ( individuals & _! orig9al p[]s into a few %>ply m>k$-(f classes2 x has taught u t orig9al capacities are indef9itely num]\s & v>iable4 ,x is b ! o!r side ( ?is fact to say t 9 ! degree 9 :i* society has become democratic1 social organization means utilization ( ! specific & v>iable qualities ( individuals1 n /ratification by classes4 ,al?\gh 8 educational philosophy 0 revolution>y1 x 0 none ! less 9 bondage to /atic ideals4 ,he ?\ght t *ange or alt]ation 0 evid5ce ( lawless flux2 t true reality 0 un*angeable4 ,h5ce :ile he w\ld radically *ange ! exi/+ /ate ( society1 8 aim 0 to con/ruct a /ate 9 :i* *ange w\ld subsequ5tly h no place4 ,! f9al end ( life is fix$2 giv5 a /ate fram$ ) ?is end 9 view1 n ev5 m9or details are to be alt]$4 ,?\gh !y might n be inh]5tly important1 yet if p]mitt$ !y w\ld inure ! m9ds ( m5 to ! idea ( *ange1 & h5ce be dissolv+ & an>*ic4 ,! breakd[n ( 8 philosophy is made app>5t 9 ! fact t he c\ld n tru/ to gradual improvem5ts 9 education to br+ ab\t a bett] society :i* %\ld !n improve education1 & s on indef9itely4 ,correct education c\ld n come into exi/5ce until an ideal /ate exi/$1 & aft] t education w\ld be devot$ simply to its cons]vation4 ,= ! exi/5ce ( ?is /ate he 0 oblig$ to tru/ to "s happy accid5t by :i* philosophic wisdom %\ld happ5 to co9cide ) possession ( rul+ p[] 9 ! /ate4 #d4 ,! ,individuali/ic ,ideal ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! eighte5?-c5tury philosophy we f9d ourselves 9 a v diff]5t circle ( ideas4 ,nature /ill means some?+ anti!tical to exi/+ social organization2 ,plato ex]cis$ a great influ5ce ^u ,r\sseau4 ,b ! voice ( nature n[ speaks = ! div]sity ( individual tal5t & = ! ne$ ( free developm5t ( individuality 9 all its v>iety4 ,education 9 accord ) nature furni%es ! goal & ! me?od ( in/ruction & discipl9e4 ,moreov]1 ! native or orig9al end[m5t 0 conceiv$1 9 extreme cases1 z nonsocial or ev5 z antisocial4 ,social arrangem5ts 7 ?\ght ( z m]e ext]nal exp$i5ts by :i* ^! nonsocial individuals might secure a great] am\nt ( private happ9ess = !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 ^! /atem5ts convey only an inadequate idea ( ! true significance ( ! movem5t4 ,9 reality its *ief int]e/ 0 9 progress & 9 social progress4 ,! seem+ antisocial philosophy 0 a some:at transp>5t mask = an impetus t[>d a wid] & fre] society--t[>d cosmopolitanism4 ,! positive ideal 0 humanity4 ,9 memb]%ip 9 humanity1 z di/9ct f a /ate1 man's capacities w\ld be lib]at$2 :ile 9 exi/+ political organizations 8 p[]s 7 hamp]$ & di/ort$ to meet ! requirem5ts & selfi% int]e/s ( ! rul]s ( ! /ate4 ,! doctr9e ( extreme individualism 0 b ! c\nt]p>t1 ! obv]se1 ( ideals ( ! indef9ite p]fectibility ( man & ( a social organization hav+ a scope z wide z humanity4 ,! emancipat$ individual 0 to become ! organ & ag5t ( a compreh5sive & progressive society4 ,! h]alds ( ?is gospel 7 acutely consci\s ( ! evils ( ! social e/ate 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves4 ,!y attribut$ ^! evils to ! limitations impos$ ^u ! free p[]s ( man4 ,su* limitation 0 bo? di/ort+ & corrupt+4 ,_! impassion$ devotion to emancipation ( life f ext]nal re/rictions :i* op]at$ to ! exclusive advantage ( ! class to :om a pa/ feudal sy/em consign$ p[]1 f\nd intellectual =mulation 9 a wor%ip ( nature4 ,to give nature full sw+ 0 to replace an artificial1 corrupt1 & inequitable social ord] by a new & bett] k+dom ( humanity4 ,unre/ra9$ fai? 9 ,nature z bo? a model & a work+ p[] 0 /r5g!n$ by ! advances ( natural sci5ce4 ,inquiry fre$ f prejudice & artificial re/ra9ts ( *ur* & /ate _h reveal$ t ! _w is a sc5e ( law4 ,! ,newtonian sol> sy/em1 :i* express$ ! reign ( natural law1 0 a sc5e ( wond]ful h>mony1 :]e e =ce balanc$ ) e o!r4 ,natural law w\ld accompli% ! same result 9 human relations1 if m5 w\ld only get rid ( ! artificial man-impos$ co]cive re/rictions4 ,education 9 accord ) nature 0 ?\ght to be ! fir/ /ep 9 insur+ ?is m social society4 ,x 0 pla9ly se5 t economic & political limitations 7 ultimately dep5d5t ^u limitations ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 free+ m5 f ext]nal *a9s 0 to emancipate !m f ! int]nal *a9s ( false beliefs & ideals4 ,:at 0 call$ social life1 exi/+ in/itutions1 7 too false & corrupt to be intru/$ ) ?is "w4 ,h[ c\ld x be expect$ to und]take x :5 ! und]tak+ meant its own de/ruction8 ,nature mu/ !n be ! p[] to :i* ! ent]prise 0 to be left4 ,ev5 ! extreme s5sationali/ic !ory ( k :i* 0 curr5t d]iv$ itself f ?is conception4 ,to insi/ t m9d is orig9ally passive & empty 0 "o way ( glorify+ ! possibilities ( education4 ,if ! m9d 0 a wax tablet to be writt5 ^u by objects1 !re 7 no limits to ! possibility ( education by means ( ! natural environm5t4 ,& s9ce ! natural _w ( objects is a sc5e ( h>moni\s tru?1 ?is education w\ld infallibly produce m9ds fill$ ) ! tru?4 #e4 ,education z ,national & z ,social4 ,z soon z ! fir/ en?usiasm = fre$om wan$1 ! weakness ( ! !ory ^u ! con/ructive side became obvi\s4 ,m]ely to leave ev]y?+ to nature 01 aft] all1 b to negate ! v idea ( education2 x 0 to tru/ to ! accid5ts ( circum/ance4 ,n only 0 "s me?od requir$ b also "s positive organ1 "s adm9i/rative ag5cy = c>ry+ on ! process ( in/ruction4 ,! complete & h>moni\s developm5t ( all p[]s1 hav+ z its social c\nt]p>t an enlight5$ & progressive humanity1 requir$ def9ite organization = its realization4 ,private individuals "h & !re c\ld proclaim ! gospel2 !y c\ld n execute ! "w4 ,a ,pe/alozzi c\ld try exp]im5ts & exhort philan?ropically incl9$ p]sons hav+ weal? & p[] to foll[ 8 example4 ,b ev5 ,pe/alozzi saw t any effective pursuit ( ! new educational ideal requir$ ! support ( ! /ate4 ,! realization ( ! new education de/9$ to produce a new society 01 aft] all1 dep5d5t ^u ! activities ( exi/+ /ates4 ,! movem5t = ! democratic idea inevitably became a movem5t = publicly conduct$ & adm9i/]$ s*ools4 ,s f> z ,europe 0 conc]n$1 ! hi/oric situation id5tifi$ ! movem5t = a /ate-support$ education ) ! nationali/ic movem5t 9 political life--a fact ( incalculable significance = subsequ5t movem5ts4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,g]man ?\ght 9 p>ticul>1 education became a civic function & ! civic function 0 id5tifi$ ) ! realization ( ! ideal ( ! national /ate4 ,! /ate 0 sub/itut$ = humanity2 cosmopolitanism gave way to nationalism4 ,to =m ! citiz51 n ! man1 became ! aim ( education4 #a ,! hi/oric situation to :i* ref]5ce is made is ! aft]-effects ( ! ,napoleonic conque/s1 especially 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,g]man /ates felt 7& subsequ5t ev5ts demon/rate ! correctness ( ! belief7 t sy/ematic att5tion to education 0 ! be/ means ( recov]+ & ma9ta9+ _! political integrity & p[]4 ,ext]nally !y 7 weak & divid$4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,prussian /atesm5 !y made ?is condition a /imulus to ! developm5t ( an ext5sive & ?or\ghly gr\nd$ sy/em ( public education4 ,?is *ange 9 practice necess>ily br\ght ab\t a *ange 9 !ory4 ,! individuali/ic !ory rec$$ into ! backgr\nd4 ,! /ate furni%$ n only ! in/rum5talities ( public education b also its goal4 ,:5 ! actual practice 0 su* t ! s*ool sy/em1 f ! elem5t>y grades ?r\gh ! univ]sity faculties1 suppli$ ! patriotic citiz5 & soldi] & ! future /ate (ficial & adm9i/rator & furni%$ ! means = milit>y1 indu/rial1 & political def5se & expansion1 x 0 impossible = !ory n to emphasize ! aim ( social effici5cy4 ,& ) ! imm5se importance atta*$ to ! nationali/ic /ate1 surr\nd$ by o!r compet+ & m or less ho/ile /ates1 x 0 equally impossible to int]pret social effici5cy 9 t]ms ( a vague cosmopolitan humanit>ianism4 ,s9ce ! ma9t5ance ( a p>ticul> national sov]eignty requir$ subord9ation ( individuals to ! sup]ior int]e/s ( ! /ate bo? 9 milit>y def5se & 9 /ruggles = int]national supremacy 9 comm]ce1 social effici5cy 0 und]/ood to imply a l subord9ation4 ,! educational process 0 tak5 to be "o ( discipl9>y tra9+ r ?an ( p]sonal developm5t4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! ideal ( culture z complete developm5t ( p]sonality p]si/$1 educational philosophy attempt$ a reconciliation ( ! two ideas4 ,! reconciliation took ! =m ( ! conception ( ! organic "* ( ! /ate4 ,! individual 9 8 isolation is no?+2 only 9 & ?r\gh an absorption ( ! aims & mean+ ( organiz$ in/itutions does he atta9 true p]sonality4 ,:at appe>s to be 8 subord9ation to political au?ority & ! dem& = sacrifice ( himself to ! comm&s ( 8 sup]iors is 9 reality b mak+ 8 own ! objective reason manife/$ 9 ! /ate--! only way 9 :i* he c become truly rational4 ,! notion ( developm5t :i* we h se5 to be *>act]i/ic ( in/itutional idealism 7z 9 ! ,hegelian philosophy7 0 j su* a delib]ate ef=t to comb9e ! two ideas ( complete realization ( p]sonality & ?or\ghgo+ discipl9>y subord9ation to exi/+ in/itutions4 ,! ext5t ( ! trans=mation ( educational philosophy :i* occurr$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! g5]ation occupi$ by ! /ruggle aga9/ ,napoleon = national indep5d5ce1 may be ga!r$ f ,kant1 :o well expresses ! e>li] individual-cosmopolitan ideal4 ,9 8 treatise on ,p$agogics1 consi/+ ( lectures giv5 9 ! lat] ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 he def9es education z ! process by :i* man becomes man4 ,mank9d beg9s its hi/ory subm]g$ 9 nature--n z ,man :o is a creature ( reason1 :ile nature furni%es only in/9ct & appetite4 ,nature (f]s simply ! g]ms :i* education is to develop & p]fect4 ,! peculi>ity ( truly human life is t man has to create himself by 8 own volunt>y ef=ts2 he has to make himself a truly moral1 rational1 & free be+4 ,?is creative ef=t is c>ri$ on by ! educational activities ( sl[ g5]ations4 ,its accel]ation dep5ds ^u m5 consci\sly /riv+ to educate _! successors n = ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs b s z to make possible a future bett] humanity4 ,b !re is ! great difficulty4 ,ea* g5]ation is incl9$ to educate its "y s z to get along 9 ! pres5t _w in/ead ( ) a view to ! prop] end ( education3 ! promotion ( ! be/ possible realization ( humanity z humanity4 ,p>5ts educate _! *ildr5 s t !y may get on2 pr9ces educate _! subjects z in/rum5ts ( _! own purposes4 ,:o1 !n1 %all conduct education s t humanity may improve8 ,we mu/ dep5d ^u ! ef=ts ( enlight5$ m5 9 _! private capacity4 ,all culture beg9s ) private m5 & spreads outw>d f !m4 ,simply ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( p]sons ( enl>g$ incl9ations1 :o are capable ( grasp+ ! ideal ( a future bett] condition1 is ! gradual approximation ( human nature to its end possible4 ,rul]s are simply int]e/$ 9 su* tra9+ z w make _! subjects bett] tools = _! own int5tions4 ,ev5 ! subsidy by rul]s ( privately conduct$ s*ools mu/ be c>efully safegu>d$4 ,= ! rul]s' int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( _! own nation in/ead ( 9 :at is be/ = humanity1 w make !m1 if !y give money = ! s*ools1 wi% to draw _! plans4 ,we h 9 ?is view an express /atem5t ( ! po9ts *>act]i/ic ( ! eighte5? c5tury individuali/ic cosmopolitanism4 ,! full developm5t ( private p]sonality is id5tifi$ ) ! aims ( humanity z a :ole & ) ! idea ( progress4 ,9 addition we h an explicit fe> ( ! hamp]+ influ5ce ( a /ate-conduct$ & /ate-regulat$ education ^u ! atta9m5t ( ^! ideas4 ,b 9 less ?an two decades aft] ?is "t1 ,kant's philosophic successors1 ,fi*te & ,hegel1 elaborat$ ! idea t ! *ief function ( ! /ate is educational2 t 9 p>ticul> ! reg5]ation ( ,g]many is to be accompli%$ by an education c>ri$ on 9 ! int]e/s ( ! /ate1 & t ! private individual is ( necessity an egoi/ic1 irrational be+1 enslav$ to 8 appetites & to circum/ances unless he submits volunt>ily to ! educative discipl9e ( /ate in/itutions & laws4 ,9 ?is _s1 ,g]many 0 ! fir/ c\ntry to und]take a public1 univ]sal1 & compulsory sy/em ( education ext5d+ f ! prim>y s*ool ?r\gh ! univ]sity1 & to submit to jeal\s /ate regulation & sup]vision all private educational ent]prises4 ,two results %\ld /& out f ?is brief hi/orical survey4 ,! fir/ is t su* t]ms z ! individual & ! social conceptions ( education are q mean+less tak5 at l>ge1 or ap>t f _! context4 ,plato _h ! ideal ( an education :i* %\ld equate individual realization & social coh]5cy & /ability4 ,8 situation =c$ 8 ideal into ! notion ( a society organiz$ 9 /ratifi$ classes1 los+ ! individual 9 ! class4 ,! eighte5? c5tury educational philosophy 0 highly individuali/ic 9 =m1 b ?is =m 0 inspir$ by a noble & g5]\s social ideal3 t ( a society organiz$ to include humanity1 & provid+ = ! indef9ite p]fectibility ( mank9d4 ,! ideali/ic philosophy ( ,g]many 9 ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury endeavor$ aga9 to equate ! ideals ( a free & complete developm5t ( cultur$ p]sonality ) social discipl9e & political subord9ation4 ,x made ! national /ate an int]m$i>y betwe5 ! realization ( private p]sonality on "o side & ( humanity on ! o!r4 ,consequ5tly1 x is equally possible to /ate its animat+ pr9ciple ) equal tru? ei!r 9 ! classic t]ms ( h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! p[]s ( p]sonality or 9 ! m rec5t t]m9ology ( social effici5cy4 ,all ?is re9=ces ! /atem5t :i* op5s ?is *apt]3 ,! conception ( education z a social process & function has no def9ite mean+ until we def9e ! k9d ( society we h 9 m9d4 ,^! consid]ations pave ! way = our second conclusion4 ,"o ( ! fundam5tal problems ( education 9 & = a democratic society is set by ! conflict ( a nationali/ic & a wid] social aim4 ,! e>li] cosmopolitan & humanit>ian conception suff]$ bo? f vagu5ess & f lack ( def9ite organs ( execution & ag5cies ( adm9i/ration4 ,9 ,europe1 9 ! ,cont95tal /ates p>ticul>ly1 ! new idea ( ! importance ( education = human welf>e & progress 0 captur$ by national int]e/s & h>ness$ to d a "w ^: social aim 0 def9itely n>r[ & exclusive4 ,! social aim ( education & its national aim 7 id5tifi$1 & ! result 0 a m>k$ obscur+ ( ! mean+ ( a social aim4 ,?is confusion corresponds to ! exi/+ situation ( human int]c\rse4 ,on ! "o h&1 sci5ce1 comm]ce1 & art transc5d national b\nd>ies4 ,!y are l>gely int]national 9 quality & me?od4 ,!y involve int]dep5d5cies & coop]ation among ! peoples inhabit+ diff]5t c\ntries4 ,at ! same "t1 ! idea ( national sov]eignty has nev] be5 z acc5tuat$ 9 politics z x is at ! pres5t "t4 ,ea* nation lives 9 a /ate ( suppress$ ho/ility & incipi5t w> ) its neighbors4 ,ea* is suppos$ to be ! supreme judge ( its own int]e/s1 & x is assum$ z matt] ( c\rse t ea* has int]e/s :i* are exclusively its own4 ,to "q ?is is to "q ! v idea ( national sov]eignty :i* is assum$ to be basic to political practice & political sci5ce4 ,?is contradiction 7= x is no?+ less7 betwe5 ! wid] sph]e ( associat$ & mutually helpful social life & ! n>r[] sph]e ( exclusive & h5ce pot5tially ho/ile pursuits & purposes1 exacts ( educational !ory a cle>] conception ( ! mean+ ( social z a function & te/ ( education ?an has yet be5 atta9$4 ,is x possible = an educational sy/em to be conduct$ by a national /ate & yet ! full social ends ( ! educative process n be re/rict$1 con/ra9$1 & corrupt$8 ,int]nally1 ! "q has to face ! t5d5cies1 due to pres5t economic conditions1 :i* split society into classes "s ( :i* are made m]ely tools = ! high] culture ( o!rs4 ,ext]nally1 ! "q is conc]n$ ) ! reconciliation ( national loyalty1 ( patriotism1 ) sup]ior devotion to ! ?+s :i* unite m5 9 common ends1 irrespective ( national political b\nd>ies4 ,nei!r phase ( ! problem c be work$ out by m]ely negative means4 ,x is n en\gh to see to x t education is n actively us$ z an in/rum5t to make easi] ! exploitation ( "o class by ano!r4 ,s*ool facilities mu/ be secur$ ( su* amplitude & effici5cy z w 9 fact & n simply 9 "n disc\nt ! effects ( economic inequalities1 & secure to all ! w>ds ( ! nation equality ( equipm5t = _! future c>e]s4 ,accompli%m5t ( ?is end dem&s n only adequate adm9i/rative provision ( s*ool facilities1 & su* supplem5tation ( family res\rces z w enable y\? to take advantage ( !m1 b also su* modification ( traditional ideals ( culture1 traditional subjects ( /udy & traditional me?ods ( tea*+ & discipl9e z w reta9 all ! y\? "u educational influ5ces until !y are equipp$ to be ma/]s ( _! own economic & social c>e]s4 ,! ideal may seem remote ( execution1 b ! democratic ideal ( education is a f>cical yet tragic delusion except z ! ideal m & m dom9ates our public sy/em ( education4 ,! same pr9ciple has application on ! side ( ! consid]ations :i* conc]n ! relations ( "o nation to ano!r4 ,x is n en\gh to tea* ! horrors ( w> & to avoid ev]y?+ :i* w\ld /imulate int]national jeal\sy & animosity4 ,! emphasis mu/ be put ^u :atev] b9ds p toge!r 9 coop]ative human pursuits & results1 ap>t f geographical limitations4 ,! second>y & provisional "* ( national sov]eignty 9 respect to ! full]1 fre]1 & m fruitful association & int]c\rse ( all human be+s ) "o ano!r mu/ be in/ill$ z a work+ disposition ( m9d4 ,if ^! applications seem to be remote f a consid]ation ( ! philosophy ( education1 ! impression %[s t ! mean+ ( ! idea ( education previ\sly develop$ has n be5 adequately grasp$4 ,?is conclusion is b\nd up ) ! v idea ( education z a free+ ( individual capacity 9 a progressive gr[? direct$ to social aims4 ,o!rwise a democratic crit]ion ( education c only be inconsi/5tly appli$4 ,summ>y4 ,s9ce education is a social process1 & !re are _m k9ds ( societies1 a crit]ion = educational criticism & con/ruction implies a p>ticul> social ideal4 ,! two po9ts select$ by :i* to measure ! wor? ( a =m ( social life are ! ext5t 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( a gr\p are %>$ by all its memb]s1 & ! fullness & fre$om ) :i* x int]acts ) o!r gr\ps4 ,an undesirable society1 9 o!r words1 is "o :i* int]nally & ext]nally sets up b>ri]s to free int]c\rse & communication ( exp]i5ce4 ,a society :i* makes provision = p>ticipation 9 its good ( all its memb]s on equal t]ms & :i* secures flexible readju/m5t ( its in/itutions ?r\gh int]action ( ! diff]5t =ms ( associat$ life is 9 s f> democratic4 ,su* a society mu/ h a type ( education :i* gives individuals a p]sonal int]e/ 9 social relation%ips & control1 & ! habits ( m9d :i* secure social *anges )\t introduc+ disord]4 ,?ree typical hi/oric philosophies ( education 7 consid]$ f ?is po9t ( view4 ,! ,platonic 0 f\nd to h an ideal =mally q simil> to t /at$1 b :i* 0 compromis$ 9 its work+ out by mak+ a class r ?an an individual ! social unit4 ,! s-call$ individualism ( ! eighte5?-c5tury enlight5m5t 0 f\nd to involve ! notion ( a society z broad z humanity1 ( ^: progress ! individual 0 to be ! organ4 ,b x lack$ any ag5cy = secur+ ! developm5t ( its ideal z 0 evid5c$ 9 its fall+ back ^u ,nature4 ,! in/itutional ideali/ic philosophies ( ! n9ete5? c5tury suppli$ ?is lack by mak+ ! national /ate ! ag5cy1 b 9 s do+ n>r[$ ! conception ( ! social aim to ^? :o 7 memb]s ( ! same political unit1 & re9troduc$ ! idea ( ! subord9ation ( ! individual to ! in/itution4 #a ,!re is a mu* neglect$ /ra9 9 ,r\sseau t5d+ intellectually 9 ?is direction4 ,he oppos$ ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs on ! gr\nd t x =m$ nei!r ! citiz5 nor ! man4 ,"u exi/+ conditions1 he pref]r$ to try = ! latt] r ?an = ! =m]4 ,b !re are _m say+s ( 8 :i* po9t to ! =mation ( ! citiz5 z ideally ! high]1 & :i* indicate t 8 own endeavor1 z embodi$ 9 ! ,emile1 0 simply ! be/ make%ift ! corruption ( ! times p]mitt$ him to sket*4 ,*apt] ,eight3 ,aims 9 ,education #a4 ,! ,nature ( an ,aim4 ,! acc\nt ( education giv5 9 our e>li] *apt]s virtually anticipat$ ! results rea*$ 9 a discussion ( ! purport ( education 9 a democratic community4 ,= x assum$ t ! aim ( education is to enable individuals to cont9ue _! education--or t ! object & rew>d ( le>n+ is cont9u$ capacity = gr[?4 ,n[ ?is idea _c be appli$ to all ! memb]s ( a society except :]e int]c\rse ( man ) man is mutual1 & except :]e !re is adequate provision = ! recon/ruction ( social habits & in/itutions by means ( wide /imulation aris+ f equitably di/ribut$ int]e/s4 ,& ?is means a democratic society4 ,9 our se>* = aims 9 education1 we are n conc]n$1 !re=e1 ) f9d+ an end outside ( ! educative process to :i* education is subord9ate4 ,our :ole conception =bids4 ,we are r conc]n$ ) ! contra/ :i* exi/s :5 aims belong )9 ! process 9 :i* !y op]ate & :5 !y are set up f )\t4 ,& ! latt] /ate ( affairs mu/ obta9 :5 social relation%ips are n equitably balanc$4 ,= 9 t case1 "s portions ( ! :ole social gr\p w f9d _! aims det]m9$ by an ext]nal dictation2 _! aims w n arise f ! free gr[? ( _! own exp]i5ce1 & _! nom9al aims w be means to m ult]ior ends ( o!rs r ?an truly _! own4 ,our fir/ "q is to def9e ! nature ( an aim s f> z x falls )9 an activity1 in/ead ( be+ furni%$ f )\t4 ,we approa* ! def9ition by a contra/ ( m]e results ) ends4 ,any exhibition ( en]gy has results4 ,! w9d bl[s ab\t ! s&s ( ! des]t2 ! position ( ! gra9s is *ang$4 ,"h is a result1 an effect1 b n an end4 ,= !re is no?+ 9 ! outcome :i* completes or fulfills :at w5t be=e x4 ,!re is m]e spatial r$i/ribution4 ,"o /ate ( affairs is j z good z any o!r4 ,consequ5tly !re is no basis ^u :i* to select an e>li] /ate ( affairs z a beg9n+1 a lat] z an end1 & to consid] :at int]v5es z a process ( trans=mation & realization4 ,consid] = example ! activities ( bees 9 contra/ ) ! *anges 9 ! s&s :5 ! w9d bl[s !m ab\t4 ,! results ( ! bees' actions may be call$ ends n because !y are design$ or consci\sly int5d$1 b because !y are true t]m9ations or completions ( :at has prec$$4 ,:5 ! bees ga!r poll5 & make wax & build cells1 ea* /ep prep>es ! way = ! next4 ,:5 cells are built1 ! que5 lays eggs 9 !m2 :5 eggs are laid1 !y are seal$ & bees brood !m & keep !m at a temp]ature requir$ to hat* !m4 ,:5 !y are hat*$1 bees fe$ ! "y till !y c take c>e ( !mselves4 ,n[ we are s famili> ) su* facts1 t we are apt to dismiss !m on ! gr\nd t life & in/9ct are a k9d ( miracul\s ?+ anyway4 ,?us we fail to note :at ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! ev5t is2 namely1 ! significance ( ! temporal place & ord] ( ea* elem5t2 ! way ea* prior ev5t leads into its successor :ile ! successor takes up :at is furni%$ & utilizes x = "s o!r /age1 until we arrive at ! end1 :i*1 z x 71 summ>izes & f9i%es (f ! process4 ,s9ce aims relate always to results1 ! fir/ ?+ to look to :5 x is a "q ( aims1 is :e!r ! "w assign$ possesses intr9sic cont9uity4 ,or is x a m]e s]ial aggregate ( acts1 fir/ do+ "o ?+ & !n ano!r8 ,to talk ab\t an educational aim :5 approximately ea* act ( a pupil is dictat$ by ! tea*]1 :5 ! only ord] 9 ! sequ5ce ( 8 acts is t :i* comes f ! assignm5t ( lessons & ! giv+ ( directions by ano!r1 is to talk nons5se4 ,x is equally fatal to an aim to p]mit caprici\s or discont9u\s action 9 ! "n ( spontane\s self-expression4 ,an aim implies an ord]ly & ord]$ activity1 "o 9 :i* ! ord] consi/s 9 ! progressive complet+ ( a process4 ,giv5 an activity hav+ a "t span & cumulative gr[? )9 ! "t succession1 an aim means =esight 9 advance ( ! end or possible t]m9ation4 ,if bees anticipat$ ! consequ5ces ( _! activity1 if !y p]ceiv$ _! end 9 imag9ative =esight1 !y w\ld h ! prim>y elem5t 9 an aim4 ,h5ce x is nons5se to talk ab\t ! aim ( education--or any o!r und]tak+--:]e conditions d n p]mit ( =esight ( results1 & d n /imulate a p]son to look ahead to see :at ! outcome ( a giv5 activity is to be4 ,9 ! next place ! aim z a =ese5 end gives direction to ! activity2 x is n an idle view ( a m]e spectator1 b influ5ces ! /eps tak5 to rea* ! end4 ,! =esight functions 9 ?ree ways4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x involves c>eful obs]vation ( ! giv5 conditions to see :at are ! means available = rea*+ ! end1 & to discov] ! h9drances 9 ! way4 ,9 ! second place1 x sugge/s ! prop] ord] or sequ5ce 9 ! use ( means4 ,x facilitates an economical selection & arrangem5t4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x makes *oice ( alt]natives possible4 ,if we c pr$ict ! outcome ( act+ ?is way or t1 we c !n comp>e ! value ( ! two c\rses ( action2 we c pass judgm5t ^u _! relative desirability4 ,if we "k t /agnant wat] bre$s mosquitoes & t !y are likely to c>ry disease1 we c1 dislik+ t anticipat$ result1 take /eps to av]t x4 ,s9ce we d n anticipate results z m]e intellectual onlook]s1 b z p]sons conc]n$ 9 ! outcome1 we are p>tak]s 9 ! process :i* produces ! result4 ,we int]v5e to br+ ab\t ?is result or t4 ,( c\rse ^! ?ree po9ts are closely connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,we c def9itely =esee results only z we make c>eful scrut9y ( pres5t conditions1 & ! importance ( ! outcome supplies ! motive = obs]vations4 ,! m adequate our obs]vations1 ! m v>i$ is ! sc5e ( conditions & ob/ructions t pres5ts itself1 & ! m num]\s are ! alt]natives betwe5 :i* *oice may be made4 ,9 turn1 ! m num]\s ! recogniz$ possibilities ( ! situation1 or alt]natives ( action1 ! m mean+ does ! *os5 activity possess1 & ! m flexibly controllable is x4 ,:]e only a s+le outcome has be5 ?\ght (1 ! m9d has no?+ else to ?9k (2 ! mean+ atta*+ to ! act is limit$4 ,"o only /eams ahead t[>d ! m>k4 ,sometimes su* a n>r[ c\rse may be effective4 ,b if unexpect$ difficulties (f] !mselves1 "o has n z _m res\rces at comm& z if he _h *os5 ! same l9e ( action aft] a broad] survey ( ! possibilities ( ! field4 ,he _c make ne$$ readju/m5ts readily4 ,! net conclusion is t act+ ) an aim is all "o ) act+ intellig5tly4 ,to =esee a t]m9us ( an act is to h a basis ^u :i* to obs]ve1 to select1 & to ord] objects & our own capacities4 ,to d ^! ?+s means to h a m9d--= m9d is precisely int5tional purposeful activity controll$ by p]ception ( facts & _! relation%ips to "o ano!r4 ,to h a m9d to d a ?+ is to =esee a future possibility2 x is to h a plan = its accompli%m5t2 x is to note ! means :i* make ! plan capable ( execution & ! ob/ructions 9 ! way1--or1 if x is really a m9d to d ! ?+ & n a vague aspiration--x is to h a plan :i* takes acc\nt ( res\rces & difficulties4 ,m9d is capacity to ref] pres5t conditions to future results1 & future consequ5ces to pres5t conditions4 ,& ^! traits are j :at is meant by hav+ an aim or a purpose4 ,a man is /upid or bl9d or un9tellig5t--lack+ 9 m9d--j 9 ! degree 9 :i* 9 any activity he does n "k :at he is ab\t1 namely1 ! probable consequ5ces ( 8 acts4 ,a man is imp]fectly intellig5t :5 he cont5ts himself ) loos] guesses ab\t ! outcome ?an is ne$ful1 j tak+ a *ance ) 8 luck1 or :5 he =ms plans ap>t f /udy ( ! actual conditions1 includ+ 8 own capacities4 ,su* relative abs5ce ( m9d means to make our feel+s ! measure ( :at is to happ54 ,to be intellig5t we mu/ /op1 look1 li/5 9 mak+ ! plan ( an activity4 ,to id5tify act+ ) an aim & intellig5t activity is en\gh to %[ its value--its function 9 exp]i5ce4 ,we are only too giv5 to mak+ an entity out ( ! ab/ract n\n consci\sness4 ,we =get t x comes f ! adjective consci\s4 ,to be consci\s is to be aw>e ( :at we are ab\t2 consci\s signifies ! delib]ate1 obs]vant1 plann+ traits ( activity4 ,consci\sness is no?+ :i* we h :i* gazes idly on ! sc5e ar\nd "o or :i* has impressions made ^u x by physical ?+s2 x is a "n = ! purposeful quality ( an activity1 = ! fact t x is direct$ by an aim4 ,put ! o!r way ab\t1 to h an aim is to act ) mean+1 n l an automatic ma*9e2 x is to mean to d some?+ & to p]ceive ! mean+ ( ?+s 9 ! light ( t int5t4 #b4 ,! ,crit]ia ( ,good ,aims4 ,we may apply ! results ( our discussion to a consid]ation ( ! crit]ia involv$ 9 a correct e/abli%+ ( aims4 7#a7 ,! aim set up mu/ be an outgr[? ( exi/+ conditions4 ,x mu/ be bas$ ^u a consid]ation ( :at is already go+ on2 ^u ! res\rces & difficulties ( ! situation4 ,!ories ab\t ! prop] end ( our activities--educational & moral !ories--(t5 violate ?is pr9ciple4 ,!y assume ends ly+ outside our activities2 ends =eign to ! concrete makeup ( ! situation2 ends :i* issue f "s outside s\rce4 ,!n ! problem is to br+ our activities to be> ^u ! realization ( ^! ext]nally suppli$ ends4 ,!y are some?+ = :i* we ought to act4 ,9 any case su* aims limit intellig5ce2 !y are n ! expression ( m9d 9 =esight1 obs]vation1 & *oice ( ! bett] among alt]native possibilities4 ,!y limit intellig5ce because1 giv5 ready-made1 !y mu/ be impos$ by "s au?ority ext]nal to intellig5ce1 leav+ to ! latt] no?+ b a me*anical *oice ( means4 7#b7 ,we h spok5 z if aims c\ld be completely =m$ prior to ! attempt to realize !m4 ,?is impression mu/ n[ be qualifi$4 ,! aim z x fir/ em]ges is a m]e t5tative sket*4 ,! act ( /riv+ to realize x te/s its wor?4 ,if x suffices to direct activity successfully1 no?+ m is requir$1 s9ce its :ole function is to set a m>k 9 advance2 & at times a m]e h9t may suffice4 ,b usually--at lea/ 9 complicat$ situations--act+ ^u x br+s to light conditions :i* _h be5 ov]look$4 ,?is calls = revision ( ! orig9al aim2 x has to be add$ to & subtract$ f4 ,an aim mu/1 !n1 be flexible2 x mu/ be capable ( alt]ation to meet circum/ances4 ,an end e/abli%$ ext]nally to ! process ( action is always rigid4 ,be+ ins]t$ or impos$ f )\t1 x is n suppos$ to h a work+ relation%ip to ! concrete conditions ( ! situation4 ,:at happ5s 9 ! c\rse ( action nei!r confirms1 refutes1 nor alt]s x4 ,su* an end c only be insi/$ ^u4 ,! failure t results f its lack ( adaptation is attribut$ simply to ! p]v]s5ess ( conditions1 n to ! fact t ! end is n reasonable "u ! circum/ances4 ,! value ( a legitimate aim1 on ! contr>y1 lies 9 ! fact t we c use x to *ange conditions4 ,x is a me?od = deal+ ) conditions s z to effect desirable alt]ations 9 !m4 ,a f>m] :o %\ld passively accept ?+s j z he f9ds !m w\ld make z great a mi/ake z he :o fram$ 8 plans 9 complete disreg>d ( :at soil1 climate1 etc41 p]mit4 ,"o ( ! evils ( an ab/ract or remote ext]nal aim 9 education is t its v inapplicability 9 practice is likely to react into a haphaz>d snat*+ at imm$iate conditions4 ,a good aim surveys ! pres5t /ate ( exp]i5ce ( pupils1 & =m+ a t5tative plan ( treatm5t1 keeps ! plan con/antly 9 view & yet modifies x z conditions develop4 ,! aim1 9 %ort1 is exp]im5tal1 & h5ce con/antly gr[+ z x is te/$ 9 action4 7#c7 ,! aim mu/ always repres5t a free+ ( activities4 ,! t]m end 9 view is sugge/ive1 = x puts be=e ! m9d ! t]m9ation or conclusion ( "s process4 ,! only way 9 :i* we c def9e an activity is by putt+ be=e ourselves ! objects 9 :i* x t]m9ates--z "o's aim 9 %oot+ is ! t>get4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ! object is only a m>k or sign by :i* ! m9d specifies ! activity "o desires to c>ry out4 ,/rictly speak+1 n ! t>get b hitt+ ! t>get is ! end 9 view2 "o takes aim by means ( ! t>get1 b also by ! sight on ! gun4 ,! diff]5t objects :i* are ?\ght ( are means ( direct+ ! activity4 ,?us "o aims at1 say1 a rabbit2 :at he wants is to %oot /raight3 a c]ta9 k9d ( activity4 ,or1 if x is ! rabbit he wants1 x is n rabbit ap>t f 8 activity1 b z a factor 9 activity2 he wants to eat ! rabbit1 or to %[ x z evid5ce ( 8 m>ksman%ip--he wants to d some?+ ) x4 ,! do+ ) ! ?+1 n ! ?+ 9 isolation1 is 8 end4 ,! object is b a phase ( ! active end1--cont9u+ ! activity successfully4 ,?is is :at is meant by ! phrase1 us$ above1 free+ activity4 ,9 contra/ ) fulfill+ "s process 9 ord] t activity may g on1 /&s ! /atic "* ( an end :i* is impos$ f )\t ! activity4 ,x is always conceiv$ ( z fix$2 x is some?+ to be atta9$ & possess$4 ,:5 "o has su* a notion1 activity is a m]e unavoidable means to some?+ else2 x is n significant or important on its own acc\nt4 ,z comp>$ ) ! end x is b a necess>y evil2 some?+ :i* mu/ be gone ?r\gh be=e "o c rea* ! object :i* is alone wor? :ile4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ext]nal idea ( ! aim leads to a sep>ation ( means f end1 :ile an end :i* gr[s up )9 an activity z plan = its direction is always bo? ends & means1 ! di/9ction be+ only "o ( conv5i5ce4 ,e means is a tempor>y end until we h atta9$ x4 ,e end becomes a means ( c>ry+ activity fur!r z soon z x is a*iev$4 ,we call x end :5 x m>ks (f ! future direction ( ! activity 9 :i* we are engag$2 means :5 x m>ks (f ! pres5t direction4 ,e divorce ( end f means dim9i%es by t mu* ! significance ( ! activity & t5ds to r$uce x to a drudg]y f :i* "o w\ld escape if he c\ld4 ,a f>m] has to use plants & animals to c>ry on 8 f>m+ activities4 ,x c]ta9ly makes a great diff]5ce to 8 life :e!r he is fond ( !m1 or :e!r he reg>ds !m m]ely z means :i* he has to employ to get some?+ else 9 :i* alone he is int]e/$4 ,9 ! =m] case1 8 entire c\rse ( activity is significant2 ea* phase ( x has its own value4 ,he has ! exp]i5ce ( realiz+ 8 end at e /age2 ! po/pon$ aim1 or end 9 view1 be+ m]ely a sight ahead by :i* to keep 8 activity go+ fully & freely4 ,= if he does n look ahead1 he is m likely to f9d himself block$4 ,! aim is z def9itely a means ( action z is any o!r portion ( an activity4 #c4 ,applications 9 ,education4 ,!re is no?+ peculi> ab\t educational aims4 ,!y are j l aims 9 any direct$ occupation4 ,! educator1 l ! f>m]1 has c]ta9 ?+s to d1 c]ta9 res\rces ) :i* to d1 & c]ta9 ob/acles ) :i* to cont5d4 ,! conditions ) :i* ! f>m] deals1 :e!r z ob/acles or res\rces1 h _! own /ructure & op]ation indep5d5tly ( any purpose ( 84 ,se$s spr\t1 ra9 falls1 ! sun %9es1 insects dev\r1 blight comes1 ! seasons *ange4 ,8 aim is simply to utilize ^! v>i\s conditions2 to make 8 activities & _! en]gies "w toge!r1 in/ead ( aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,x w\ld be absurd if ! f>m] set up a purpose ( f>m+1 )\t any ref]5ce to ^! conditions ( soil1 climate1 *>act]i/ic ( plant gr[?1 etc4 ,8 purpose is simply a =esight ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 en]gies connect$ ) ^? ( ! ?+s ab\t him1 a =esight us$ to direct 8 movem5ts f day to day4 ,=esight ( possible consequ5ces leads to m c>eful & ext5sive obs]vation ( ! nature & p]=mances ( ! ?+s he _h to d )1 & to lay+ out a plan--t is1 ( a c]ta9 ord] 9 ! acts to be p]=m$4 ,x is ! same ) ! educator1 :e!r p>5t or tea*]4 ,x is z absurd = ! latt] to set up 8 own aims z ! prop] objects ( ! gr[? ( ! *ildr5 z x w\ld be = ! f>m] to set up an ideal ( f>m+ irrespective ( conditions4 ,aims mean acceptance ( responsibility = ! obs]vations1 anticipations1 & arrangem5ts requir$ 9 c>ry+ on a function--:e!r f>m+ or educat+4 ,any aim is ( value s f> z x assi/s obs]vation1 *oice1 & plann+ 9 c>ry+ on activity f mom5t to mom5t & h\r to h\r2 if x gets 9 ! way ( ! individual's own common s5se 7z x w surely d if impos$ f )\t or accept$ on au?ority7 x does h>m4 ,& x is well to rem9d ourselves t education z su* has no aims4 ,only p]sons1 p>5ts1 & tea*]s1 etc41 h aims1 n an ab/ract idea l education4 ,& consequ5tly _! purposes are indef9itely v>i$1 diff]+ ) diff]5t *ildr51 *ang+ z *ildr5 gr[ & ) ! gr[? ( exp]i5ce on ! "p ( ! "o :o tea*es4 ,ev5 ! mo/ valid aims :i* c be put 9 words w1 z words1 d m h>m ?an good unless "o recognizes t !y are n aims1 b r sugge/ions to educators z to h[ to obs]ve1 h[ to look ahead1 & h[ to *oose 9 lib]at+ & direct+ ! en]gies ( ! concrete situations 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves4 ,z a rec5t writ] has said3 ,to lead ?is boy to read ,scott's novels in/ead ( old ,sleu?'s /ories2 to tea* ?is girl to sew2 to root out ! habit ( bully+ f ,john's make-up2 to prep>e ?is class to /udy m$ic9e1--^! are samples ( ! millions ( aims we h actually be=e u 9 ! concrete "w ( education4 ,be>+ ^! qualifications 9 m9d1 we %all proce$ to /ate "s ( ! *>act]i/ics f\nd 9 all good educational aims4 7#a7 ,an educational aim mu/ be f\nd$ ^u ! intr9sic activities & ne$s 7includ+ orig9al in/9cts & acquir$ habits7 ( ! giv5 individual to be educat$4 ,! t5d5cy ( su* an aim z prep>ation is1 z we h se51 to omit exi/+ p[]s1 & f9d ! aim 9 "s remote accompli%m5t or responsibility4 ,9 g5]al1 !re is a disposition to take consid]ations :i* are de> to ! he>ts ( adults & set !m up z ends irrespective ( ! capacities ( ^? educat$4 ,!re is also an incl9ation to prop\nd aims :i* are s uni=m z to neglect ! specific p[]s & requirem5ts ( an individual1 =gett+ t all le>n+ is some?+ :i* happ5s to an individual at a giv5 "t & place4 ,! l>g] range ( p]ception ( ! adult is ( great value 9 obs]v+ ! abilities & weaknesses ( ! "y1 9 decid+ :at !y may am\nt to4 ,?us ! arti/ic capacities ( ! adult exhibit :at c]ta9 t5d5cies ( ! *ild are capable (2 if we did n h ! adult a*ievem5ts we %\ld be )\t assurance z to ! significance ( ! draw+1 reproduc+1 model+1 color+ activities ( *ildhood4 ,s if x 7 n = adult language1 we %\ld n be able to see ! import ( ! babbl+ impulses ( infancy4 ,b x is "o ?+ to use adult accompli%m5ts z a context 9 :i* to place & survey ! do+s ( *ildhood & y\?2 x is q ano!r to set !m up z a fix$ aim )\t reg>d to ! concrete activities ( ^? educat$4 7#b7 ,an aim mu/ be capable ( translation into a me?od ( coop]at+ ) ! activities ( ^? und]go+ in/ruction4 ,x mu/ sugge/ ! k9d ( environm5t ne$$ to lib]ate & to organize _! capacities4 ,unless x l5ds itself to ! con/ruction ( specific proc$ures1 & unless ^! proc$ures te/1 correct1 & amplify ! aim1 ! latt] is wor?less4 ,in/ead ( help+ ! specific task ( tea*+1 x prev5ts ! use ( ord9>y judgm5t 9 obs]v+ & siz+ up ! situation4 ,x op]ates to exclude recognition ( ev]y?+ except :at squ>es up ) ! fix$ end 9 view4 ,e rigid aim j because x is rigidly giv5 seems to r5d] x unnecess>y to give c>eful att5tion to concrete conditions4 ,s9ce x mu/ apply anyh[1 :at is ! use ( not+ details :i* d n c\nt8 ,! vice ( ext]nally impos$ ends has deep roots4 ,tea*]s receive !m f sup]ior au?orities2 ^! au?orities accept !m f :at is curr5t 9 ! community4 ,! tea*]s impose !m ^u *ildr54 ,z a fir/ consequ5ce1 ! intellig5ce ( ! tea*] is n free2 x is conf9$ to receiv+ ! aims laid d[n f above4 ,too r>ely is ! individual tea*] s free f ! dictation ( au?oritative sup]visor1 textbook on me?ods1 prescrib$ c\rse ( /udy1 etc41 t he c let 8 m9d come to close qu>t]s ) ! pupil's m9d & ! subject matt]4 ,?is di/ru/ ( ! tea*]'s exp]i5ce is !n reflect$ 9 lack ( confid5ce 9 ! responses ( pupils4 ,! latt] receive _! aims ?r\gh a d\ble or treble ext]nal imposition1 & are con/antly confus$ by ! conflict betwe5 ! aims :i* are natural to _! own exp]i5ce at ! "t & ^? 9 :i* !y are taught to acquiesce4 ,until ! democratic crit]ion ( ! intr9sic significance ( e gr[+ exp]i5ce is recogniz$1 we %all be intellectually confus$ by ! dem& = adaptation to ext]nal aims4 7#c7 ,educators h to be on _! gu>d aga9/ ends t are alleg$ to be g5]al & ultimate4 ,e activity1 h[ev] specific1 is1 ( c\rse1 g5]al 9 its ramifi$ connections1 = x leads out indef9itely into o!r ?+s4 ,s f> z a g5]al idea makes u m alive to ^! connections1 x _c be too g5]al4 ,b g5]al also means ab/ract1 or deta*$ f all specific context4 ,& su* ab/ractness means remot5ess1 & ?r[s u back1 once m1 ^u tea*+ & le>n+ z m]e means ( gett+ ready = an end disconnect$ f ! means4 ,t education is lit]ally & all ! "t its own rew>d means t no alleg$ /udy or discipl9e is educative unless x is wor? :ile 9 its own imm$iate hav+4 ,a truly g5]al aim broad5s ! outlook2 x /imulates "o to take m consequ5ces 7connections7 into acc\nt4 ,?is means a wid] & m flexible obs]vation ( means4 ,! m int]act+ =ces1 = example1 ! f>m] takes into acc\nt1 ! m v>i$ w be 8 imm$iate res\rces4 ,he w see a great] numb] ( possible />t+ places1 & a great] numb] ( ways ( gett+ at :at he wants to d4 ,! full] "o's conception ( possible future a*ievem5ts1 ! less 8 pres5t activity is ti$ d[n to a small numb] ( alt]natives4 ,if "o knew en\gh1 "o c\ld />t almo/ any:]e & su/a9 8 activities cont9u\sly & fruitfully4 ,und]/&+ !n ! t]m g5]al or compreh5sive aim simply 9 ! s5se ( a broad survey ( ! field ( pres5t activities1 we %all take up "s ( ! l>g] ends :i* h curr5cy 9 ! educational !ories ( ! day1 & consid] :at light !y ?r[ ^u ! imm$iate concrete & div]sifi$ aims :i* are always ! educator's real conc]n4 ,we premise 7z inde$ imm$iately foll[s f :at has be5 said7 t !re is no ne$ ( mak+ a *oice among !m or reg>d+ !m z competitors4 ,:5 we come to act 9 a tangible way we h to select or *oose a p>ticul> act at a p>ticul> "t1 b any numb] ( compreh5sive ends may exi/ )\t competition1 s9ce !y mean simply diff]5t ways ( look+ at ! same sc5e4 ,"o _c climb a numb] ( diff]5t m\nta9s simultane\sly1 b ! views _h :5 diff]5t m\nta9s are asc5d$ supplem5t "o ano!r3 !y d n set up incompatible1 compet+ worlds4 ,or1 putt+ ! matt] 9 a slightly diff]5t way1 "o /atem5t ( an end may sugge/ c]ta9 que/ions & obs]vations1 & ano!r /atem5t ano!r set ( que/ions1 call+ = o!r obs]vations4 ,!n ! m g5]al ends we h1 ! bett]4 ,"o /atem5t w emphasize :at ano!r slurs ov]4 ,:at a plurality ( hypo!ses does = ! sci5tific inve/igator1 a plurality ( /at$ aims may d = ! in/ructor4 ,summ>y4 ,an aim d5otes ! result ( any natural process br\ght to consci\sness & made a factor 9 det]m9+ pres5t obs]vation & *oice ( ways ( act+4 ,x signifies t an activity has become intellig5t4 ,specifically x means =esight ( ! alt]native consequ5ces att5dant ^u act+ 9 a giv5 situation 9 diff]5t ways1 & ! use ( :at is anticipat$ to direct obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,a true aim is ?us oppos$ at e po9t to an aim :i* is impos$ ^u a process ( action f )\t4 ,! latt] is fix$ & rigid2 x is n a /imulus to intellig5ce 9 ! giv5 situation1 b is an ext]nally dictat$ ord] to d su* & su* ?+s4 ,in/ead ( connect+ directly ) pres5t activities1 x is remote1 divorc$ f ! means by :i* x is to be rea*$4 ,in/ead ( sugge/+ a fre] & bett] balanc$ activity1 x is a limit set to activity4 ,9 education1 ! curr5cy ( ^! ext]nally impos$ aims is responsible = ! emphasis put ^u ! notion ( prep>ation = a remote future & = r5d]+ ! "w ( bo? tea*] & pupil me*anical & slavi%4 ,*apt] ,n9e3 ,natural ,developm5t & ,social ,effici5cy z ,aims #a4 ,nature z ,supply+ ! ,aim4 ,we h j po9t$ out ! futility ( try+ to e/abli% ! aim ( education--"s "o f9al aim :i* subord9ates all o!rs to itself4 ,we h indicat$ t s9ce g5]al aims are b prospective po9ts ( view f :i* to survey ! exi/+ conditions & e/imate _! possibilities1 we might h any numb] ( !m1 all consi/5t ) "o ano!r4 ,z matt] ( fact1 a l>ge numb] h be5 /at$ at diff]5t times1 all hav+ great local value4 ,= ! /atem5t ( aim is a matt] ( emphasis at a giv5 "t4 ,& we d n emphasize ?+s :i* d n require emphasis--t is1 su* ?+s z are tak+ c>e ( !mselves fairly well4 ,we t5d r to frame our /atem5t on ! basis ( ! defects & ne$s ( ! contempor>y situation2 we take = grant$1 )\t explicit /atem5t :i* w\ld be ( no use1 :atev] is "r or approximately s4 ,we frame our explicit aims 9 t]ms ( "s alt]ation to be br\ght ab\t4 ,x is1 !n1 ,,d p>adox requir+ explanation t a giv5 epo* or g5]ation t5ds to emphasize 9 its consci\s projections j ! ?+s :i* x has lea/ ( 9 actual fact4 ,a "t ( dom9ation by au?ority w call out z response ! desirability ( great individual fre$om2 "o ( disorganiz$ individual activities ! ne$ ( social control z an educational aim4 ,! actual & implicit practice & ! consci\s or /at$ aim ?us balance ea* o!r4 ,at diff]5t times su* aims z complete liv+1 bett] me?ods ( language /udy1 sub/itution ( ?+s = words1 social effici5cy1 p]sonal culture1 social s]vice1 complete developm5t ( p]sonality1 encyclop$ic k1 discipl9e1 a e/hetic contemplation1 utility1 etc41 h s]v$4 ,! foll[+ discussion takes up ?ree /atem5ts ( rec5t influ5ce2 c]ta9 o!rs h be5 incid5tally discuss$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 & o!rs w be consid]$ lat] 9 a discussion ( k & ( ! values ( /udies4 ,we beg9 ) a consid]ation t education is a process ( developm5t 9 accordance ) nature1 tak+ ,r\sseau's /atem5t1 :i* oppos$ natural to social 7,see ante1 p4 #ia72 & !n pass ov] to ! anti!tical conception ( social effici5cy1 :i* (t5 opposes social to natural4 7#a7 ,educational re=m]s disgu/$ ) ! conv5tionality & artificiality ( ! s*ola/ic me?ods !y f9d ab\t !m are prone to resort to nature z a /&>d4 ,nature is suppos$ to furni% ! law & ! end ( developm5t2 ours x is to foll[ & con=m to h] ways4 ,! positive value ( ?is conception lies 9 ! =cible way 9 :i* x calls att5tion to ! wrongness ( aims :i* d n h reg>d to ! natural end[m5t ( ^? educat$4 ,its weakness is ! ease ) :i* natural 9 ! s5se ( normal is confus$ ) ! physical4 ,! con/ructive use ( intellig5ce 9 =esight1 & contriv+1 is !n disc\nt$2 we are j to get out ( ! way & all[ nature to d ! "w4 ,s9ce no "o has /at$ 9 ! doctr9e bo? its tru? & falsity bett] ?an ,r\sseau1 we %all turn to him4 ,education1 he says1 we receive f ?ree s\rces--,nature1 m51 & ?+s4 ,! spontane\s developm5t ( our organs & capacities con/itutes ! education ( ,nature4 ,! use to :i* we are taught to put ?is developm5t con/itutes t education giv5 u by ,m54 ,! acquirem5t ( p]sonal exp]i5ce f surr\nd+ objects con/itutes t ( ?+s4 ,only :5 ^! ?ree k9ds ( education are consonant & make = ! same end1 does a man t5d t[>ds 8 true goal4 ,if we are ask$ :at is ?is end1 ! answ] is t ( ,nature4 ,= s9ce ! concurr5ce ( ! ?ree k9ds ( education is necess>y to _! complet5ess1 ! k9d :i* is entirely indep5d5t ( our control mu/ necess>ily regulate u 9 det]m9+ ! o!r two4 ,!n he def9es ,nature to mean ! capacities & dispositions :i* are inborn1 z !y exi/ prior to ! modification due to con/ra9+ habits & ! influ5ce ( ! op9ion ( o!rs4 ,! word+ ( ,r\sseau w repay c>eful /udy4 ,x conta9s z fundam5tal tru?s z h be5 utt]$ ab\t education 9 conjunction ) a curi\s twi/4 ,x w\ld be impossible to say bett] :at is said 9 ! fir/ s5t5ces4 ,! ?ree factors ( educative developm5t are 7a7 ! native /ructure ( our bodily organs & _! functional activities2 7b7 ! uses to :i* ! activities ( ^! organs are put "u ! influ5ce ( o!r p]sons2 7c7 _! direct int]action ) ! environm5t4 ,?is /atem5t c]ta9ly cov]s ! gr\nd4 ,8 o!r two propositions are equally s\nd2 namely1 7a7 t only :5 ! ?ree factors ( education are consonant & coop]ative does adequate developm5t ( ! individual occur1 & 7b7 t ! native activities ( ! organs1 be+ orig9al1 are basic 9 conceiv+ consonance4 ,b x requires b little read+ betwe5 ! l9es1 supplem5t$ by o!r /atem5ts ( ,r\sseau1 to p]ceive t in/ead ( reg>d+ ^! ?ree ?+s z factors :i* mu/ "w toge!r to "s ext5t 9 ord] t any "o ( !m may proce$ educatively1 he reg>ds !m z sep>ate & indep5d5t op]ations4 ,especially does he believe t !re is an indep5d5t &1 z he says1 spontane\s developm5t ( ! native organs & faculties4 ,he ?9ks t ?is developm5t c g on irrespective ( ! use to :i* !y are put4 ,& x is to ?is sep>ate developm5t t education com+ f social contact is to be subord9at$4 ,n[ !re is an imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 a use ( native activities 9 accord ) ^? activities !mselves--z di/9ct f =c+ !m & p]v]t+ !m--& suppos+ t !y h a normal developm5t ap>t f any use1 :i* developm5t furni%es ! /&>d & norm ( all le>n+ by use4 ,to recur to our previ\s illu/ration1 ! process ( acquir+ language is a practically p]fect model ( prop] educative gr[?4 ,! />t is f native activities ( ! vocal app>atus1 organs ( he>+1 etc4 ,b x is absurd to suppose t ^! h an indep5d5t gr[? ( _! own1 :i* left to itself w\ld evolve a p]fect spee*4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 ,r\sseau's pr9ciple w\ld mean t adults %\ld accept & repeat ! babbl+s & noises ( *ildr5 n m]ely z ! beg9n+s ( ! developm5t ( articulate spee*--:i* !y are--b z furni%+ language itself--! /&>d = all tea*+ ( language4 ,! po9t may be summ>iz$ by say+ t ,r\sseau 0 "r1 introduc+ a mu*-ne$$ re=m into education1 9 hold+ t ! /ructure & activities ( ! organs furni% ! conditions ( all tea*+ ( ! use ( ! organs2 b pr(\ndly wrong 9 intimat+ t !y supply n only ! conditions b also ! ends ( _! developm5t4 ,z matt] ( fact1 ! native activities develop1 9 contra/ ) r&om & caprici\s ex]cise1 ?r\gh ! uses to :i* !y are put4 ,& ! (fice ( ! social m$ium is1 z we h se51 to direct gr[? ?r\gh putt+ p[]s to ! be/ possible use4 ,! in/9ctive activities may be call$1 metaphorically1 spontane\s1 9 ! s5se t ! organs give a /rong bias = a c]ta9 sort ( op]ation1--a bias s /rong t we _c g contr>y to x1 ?\gh by try+ to g contr>y we may p]v]t1 /unt1 & corrupt !m4 ,b ! notion ( a spontane\s normal developm5t ( ^! activities is pure my?ology4 ,! natural1 or native1 p[]s furni% ! initiat+ & limit+ =ces 9 all education2 !y d n furni% its ends or aims4 ,!re is no le>n+ except f a beg9n+ 9 unle>n$ p[]s1 b le>n+ is n a matt] ( ! spontane\s ov]fl[ ( ! unle>n$ p[]s4 ,r\sseau's contr>y op9ion is d\btless due to ! fact t he id5tifi$ ,god ) ,nature2 to him ! orig9al p[]s are :olly good1 com+ directly f a wise & good creator4 ,to p>aphrase ! old say+ ab\t ! c\ntry & ! t[n1 ,god made ! orig9al human organs & faculties1 man makes ! uses to :i* !y are put4 ,consequ5tly ! developm5t ( ! =m] furni%es ! /&>d to :i* ! latt] mu/ be subord9at$4 ,:5 m5 attempt to det]m9e ! uses to :i* ! orig9al activities %all be put1 !y int]f]e ) a div9e plan4 ,! int]f]5ce by social arrangem5ts ) ,nature1 ,god's "w1 is ! prim>y s\rce ( corruption 9 individuals4 ,r\sseau's passionate ass]tion ( ! intr9sic goodness ( all natural t5d5cies 0 a reaction aga9/ ! preval5t notion ( ! total depravity ( innate human nature1 & has _h a p[]ful influ5ce 9 modify+ ! attitude t[>ds *ildr5's int]e/s4 ,b x is h>dly necess>y to say t primitive impulses are ( !mselves nei!r good nor evil1 b become "o or ! o!r accord+ to ! objects = :i* !y are employ$4 ,t neglect1 suppression1 & premature =c+ ( "s in/9cts at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 are responsible = _m avoidable ills1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,b ! moral is n to leave !m alone to foll[ _! own spontane\s developm5t1 b to provide an environm5t :i* %all organize !m4 ,return+ to ! elem5ts ( tru? conta9$ 9 ,r\sseau's /atem5ts1 we f9d t natural developm5t1 z an aim1 enables him to po9t ! means ( correct+ _m evils 9 curr5t practices1 & to indicate a numb] ( desirable specific aims4 7#a7 ,natural developm5t z an aim fixes att5tion ^u ! bodily organs & ! ne$ ( heal? & vigor4 ,! aim ( natural developm5t says to p>5ts & tea*]s3 ,make heal? an aim2 normal developm5t _c be _h )\t reg>d to ! vigor ( ! body--an obvi\s en\gh fact & yet "o ^: due recognition 9 practice w\ld almo/ automatically revolutionize _m ( our educational practices4 ,nature is inde$ a vague & metaphorical t]m1 b "o ?+ t ,nature may be said to utt] is t !re are conditions ( educational effici5cy1 & t till we h le>n$ :at ^! conditions are & h le>n$ to make our practices accord ) !m1 ! noble/ & mo/ ideal ( our aims are doom$ to suff]--are v]bal & s5tim5tal r ?an efficaci\s4 7#b7 ,! aim ( natural developm5t translates into ! aim ( respect = physical mobility4 ,9 ,r\sseau's words3 ,*ildr5 are always 9 motion2 a s$5t>y life is injuri\s4 ,:5 he says t ,nature's int5tion is to /r5g!n ! body be=e ex]cis+ ! m9d he h>dly /ates ! fact fairly4 ,b if he _h said t nature's int5tion 7to adopt 8 poetical =m ( spee*7 is to develop ! m9d especially by ex]cise ( ! muscles ( ! body he w\ld h /at$ a positive fact4 ,9 o!r words1 ! aim ( foll[+ nature means1 9 ! concrete1 reg>d = ! actual "p play$ by use ( ! bodily organs 9 explorations1 9 h&l+ ( mat]ials1 9 plays & games4 7#c7 ,! g5]al aim translates into ! aim ( reg>d = individual diff]5ces among *ildr54 ,nobody c take ! pr9ciple ( consid]ation ( native p[]s into acc\nt )\t be+ /ruck by ! fact t ^! p[]s diff] 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,! diff]5ce applies n m]ely to _! int5sity1 b ev5 m to _! quality & arrangem5t4 ,z ,r\seau said3 ,ea* individual is born ) a di/9ctive temp]am5t4 ,we indiscrim9ately employ *ildr5 ( diff]5t b5ts on ! same ex]cises2 _! education de/roys ! special b5t & leaves a dull uni=mity4 ,!re=e aft] we h wa/$ our ef=ts 9 /unt+ ! true gifts ( nature we see ! %ort-liv$ & illusory brilliance we h sub/itut$ die away1 :ile ! natural abilities we h cru%$ d n revive4 ,la/ly1 ! aim ( foll[+ nature means to note ! orig91 ! wax+1 & wan+1 ( pref]5ces & int]e/s4 ,capacities bud & bloom irregul>ly2 !re is no ev5 f\r-abrea/ developm5t4 ,we mu/ /rike :ile ! iron is hot4 ,especially preci\s are ! fir/ dawn+s ( p[]4 ,m ?an we imag9e1 ! ways 9 :i* ! t5d5cies ( e>ly *ildhood are treat$ fix fundam5tal dispositions & condition ! turn tak5 by p[]s t %[ !mselves lat]4 ,educational conc]n ) ! e>ly ye>s ( life--z di/9ct f inculcation ( useful arts--dates almo/ entirely f ! "t ( ! emphasis by ,pe/alozzi & ,froebel1 foll[+ ,r\sseau1 ( natural pr9ciples ( gr[?4 ,! irregul>ity ( gr[? & its significance is indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ passage ( a /ud5t ( ! gr[? ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,:ile gr[? cont9ues1 ?+s bodily & m5tal are lopsid$1 = gr[? is nev] g5]al1 b is acc5tuat$ n[ at "o spot1 n[ at ano!r4 ,! me?ods :i* %all recognize 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! enorm\s diff]5ces ( end[m5t ! dynamic values ( natural inequalities ( gr[?1 & utilize !m1 pref]r+ irregul>ity to ! r\nd+ out ga9$ by prun+ w mo/ closely foll[ t :i* takes place 9 ! body & ?us prove mo/ effective4 #a ,obs]vation ( natural t5d5cies is difficult "u conditions ( re/ra9t4 ,!y %[ !mselves mo/ readily 9 a *ild's spontane\s say+s & do+s1--t is1 9 ^? he engages 9 :5 n put at set tasks & :5 n aw>e ( be+ "u obs]vation4 ,x does n foll[ t ^! t5d5cies are all desirable because !y are natural2 b x does foll[ t s9ce !y are !re1 !y are op]ative & mu/ be tak5 acc\nt (4 ,we mu/ see to x t ! desirable ones h an environm5t :i* keeps !m active1 & t _! activity %all control ! direction ! o!rs take & !reby induce ! disuse ( ! latt] because !y lead to no?+4 ,_m t5d5cies t tr\ble p>5ts :5 !y appe> are likely to be transitory1 & sometimes too mu* direct att5tion to !m only fixes a *ild's att5tion ^u !m4 ,at all ev5ts1 adults too easily assume _! own habits & wi%es z /&>ds1 & reg>d all deviations ( *ildr5's impulses z evils to be elim9at$4 ,t artificiality aga9/ :i* ! conception ( foll[+ nature is s l>gely a prote/1 is ! outcome ( attempts to =ce *ildr5 directly into ! mold ( gr[n-up /&>ds4 ,9 conclusion1 we note t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! idea ( foll[+ nature comb9$ two factors :i* _h no inh]5t connection ) "o ano!r4 ,be=e ! "t ( ,r\sseau educational re=m]s _h be5 incl9$ to urge ! importance ( education by ascrib+ practically unlimit$ p[] to x4 ,all ! diff]5ces betwe5 peoples & betwe5 classes & p]sons among ! same p 7 said to be due to diff]5ces ( tra9+1 ( ex]cise1 & practice4 ,orig9ally1 m9d1 reason1 und]/&+ is1 = all practical purposes1 ! same 9 all4 ,?is ess5tial id5tity ( m9d means ! ess5tial equality ( all & ! possibility ( br++ !m all to ! same level4 ,z a prote/ aga9/ ?is view1 ! doctr9e ( accord ) nature meant a mu* less =mal & ab/ract view ( m9d & its p[]s4 ,x sub/itut$ specific in/9cts & impulses & physiological capacities1 diff]+ f individual to individual 7j z !y diff]1 z ,r\sseau po9t$ out1 ev5 9 dogs ( ! same litt]71 = ab/ract faculties ( disc]nm5t1 memory1 & g5]alization4 ,^u ?is side1 ! doctr9e ( educative accord ) nature has be5 re9=c$ by ! developm5t ( mod]n biology1 physiology1 & psy*ology4 ,x means1 9 effect1 t great z is ! significance ( nurture1 ( modification1 & trans=mation ?r\gh direct educational ef=t1 nature1 or unle>n$ capacities1 af=ds ! f\ndation & ultimate res\rces = su* nurture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e ( foll[+ nature 0 a political dogma4 ,x meant a rebellion aga9/ exi/+ social in/itutions1 cu/oms1 & ideals 7,see ante1 p4 #ia74 ,r\sseau's /atem5t t ev]y?+ is good z x comes f ! h&s ( ! ,creator has its signification only 9 its contra/ ) ! conclud+ "p ( ! same s5t5ce3 ,ev]y?+ deg5]ates 9 ! h&s ( man4 ,& aga9 he says3 ,natural man has an absolute value2 he is a num]ical unit1 a complete integ] & has no relation save to himself & to 8 fell[ man4 ,civiliz$ man is only a relative unit1 ! num]ator ( a fraction ^: value dep5ds ^u its dom9ator1 its relation to ! integral body ( society4 ,good political in/itutions are ^? :i* make a man unnatural4 ,x is ^u ?is conception ( ! artificial & h>mful "* ( organiz$ social life z x n[ exi/s #b t he re/$ ! notion t nature n m]ely furni%es prime =ces :i* initiate gr[? b also its plan & goal4 ,t evil in/itutions & cu/oms "w almo/ automatically to give a wrong education :i* ! mo/ c>eful s*ool+ _c (fset is true en\gh2 b ! conclusion is n to education ap>t f ! environm5t1 b to provide an environm5t 9 :i* native p[]s w be put to bett] uses4 #b4 ,social ,effici5cy z ,aim4 ,a conception :i* made nature supply ! end ( a true education & society ! end ( an evil "o1 c\ld h>dly fail to call out a prote/4 ,! oppos+ emphasis took ! =m ( a doctr9e t ! bus9ess ( education is to supply precisely :at nature fails to secure2 namely1 habituation ( an individual to social control2 subord9ation ( natural p[]s to social rules4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d t ! value 9 ! idea ( social effici5cy resides l>gely 9 its prote/ aga9/ ! po9ts at :i* ! doctr9e ( natural developm5t w5t a/ray2 :ile its misuse comes :5 x is employ$ to slur ov] ! tru? 9 t conception4 ,x is a fact t we mu/ look to ! activities & a*ievem5ts ( associat$ life to f9d :at ! developm5t ( p[]--t is to say1 effici5cy--means4 ,! error is 9 imply+ t we mu/ adopt measures ( subord9ation r ?an ( utilization to secure effici5cy4 ,! doctr9e is r5d]$ adequate :5 we recognize t social effici5cy is atta9$ n by negative con/ra9t b by positive use ( native individual capacities 9 occupations hav+ a social mean+4 7#a7 ,translat$ into specific aims1 social effici5cy indicates ! importance ( indu/rial compet5cy4 ,p]sons _c live )\t means ( subsi/5ce2 ! ways 9 :i* ^! means are employ$ & consum$ h a pr(\nd influ5ce ^u all ! relation%ips ( p]sons to "o ano!r4 ,if an individual is n able to e>n 8 own liv+ & t ( ! *ildr5 dep5d5t ^u him1 he is a drag or p>asite ^u ! activities ( o!rs4 ,he misses = himself "o ( ! mo/ educative exp]i5ces ( life4 ,if he is n tra9$ 9 ! "r use ( ! products ( indu/ry1 !re is grave dang] t he may deprave himself & injure o!rs 9 8 possession ( weal?4 ,no s*eme ( education c af=d to neglect su* basic consid]ations4 ,yet 9 ! "n ( high] & m spiritual ideals1 ! arrangem5ts = high] education h (t5 n only neglect$ !m1 b look$ at !m ) scorn z b5ea? ! level ( educative conc]n4 ,) ! *ange f an olig>*ical to a democratic society1 x is natural t ! significance ( an education :i* %\ld h z a result ability to make "o's way economically 9 ! _w1 & to manage economic res\rces usefully in/ead ( = m]e display & luxury1 %\ld receive emphasis4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 grave dang] t 9 insi/+ ^u ?is end1 exi/+ economic conditions & /&>ds w be accept$ z f9al4 ,a democratic crit]ion requires u to develop capacity to ! po9t ( compet5cy to *oose & make its own c>e]4 ,?is pr9ciple is violat$ :5 ! attempt is made to fit individuals 9 advance = def9ite indu/rial call+s1 select$ n on ! basis ( tra9$ orig9al capacities1 b on t ( ! weal? or social /atus ( p>5ts4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 indu/ry at ! pres5t "t und]goes rapid & abrupt *anges ?r\gh ! evolution ( new inv5tions4 ,new indu/ries spr+ up1 & old ones are revolutioniz$4 ,consequ5tly an attempt to tra9 = too specific a mode ( effici5cy defeats its own purpose4 ,:5 ! occupation *anges its me?ods1 su* individuals are left beh9d ) ev5 less ability to readju/ !mselves ?an if !y _h a less def9ite tra9+4 ,b1 mo/ ( all1 ! pres5t indu/rial con/itution ( society is1 l e society :i* has ev] exi/$1 full ( inequities4 ,x is ! aim ( progressive education to take "p 9 correct+ unfair privilege & unfair deprivation1 n to p]petuate !m4 ,:]ev] social control means subord9ation ( individual activities to class au?ority1 !re is dang] t indu/rial education w be dom9at$ by acceptance ( ! /atus quo4 ,diff]5ces ( economic opportunity !n dictate :at ! future call+s ( individuals are to be4 ,we h an unconsci\s revival ( ! defects ( ! ,platonic s*eme 7ante1 p4 #hi7 )\t its enlight5$ me?od ( selection4 7#b7 ,civic effici5cy1 or good citiz5%ip4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 arbitr>y to sep>ate indu/rial compet5cy f capacity 9 good citiz5%ip4 ,b ! latt] t]m may be us$ to indicate a numb] ( qualifications :i* are vagu] ?an vocational ability4 ,^! traits run f :atev] make an individual a m agreeable companion to citiz5%ip 9 ! political s5se3 x d5otes ability to judge m5 & measures wisely & to take a det]m9+ "p 9 mak+ z well z obey+ laws4 ,! aim ( civic effici5cy has at lea/ ! m]it ( protect+ u f ! notion ( a tra9+ ( m5tal p[] at l>ge4 ,x calls att5tion to ! fact t p[] mu/ be relative to do+ some?+1 & to ! fact t ! ?+s :i* mo/ ne$ to be done are ?+s :i* involve "o's relation%ips ) o!rs4 ,"h aga9 we h to be on gu>d aga9/ und]/&+ ! aim too n>r[ly4 ,an ov]-def9ite int]pretation w\ld at c]ta9 p]iods h exclud$ sci5tific discov]ies1 9 spite ( ! fact t 9 ! la/ analysis security ( social progress dep5ds ^u !m4 ,= sci5tific m5 w\ld h be5 ?\ght to be m]e !oretical dream]s1 totally lack+ 9 social effici5cy4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ultimately social effici5cy means nei!r m nor less ?an capacity to %>e 9 a give & take ( exp]i5ce4 ,x cov]s all t makes "o's own exp]i5ce m wor? :ile to o!rs1 & all t enables "o to p>ticipate m ri*ly 9 ! wor?:ile exp]i5ces ( o!rs4 ,ability to produce & to enjoy art1 capacity = recreation1 ! significant utilization ( leisure1 are m important elem5ts 9 x ?an elem5ts conv5tionally associat$ (t5times ) citiz5%ip4 ,9 ! broade/ s5se1 social effici5cy is no?+ less ?an t socialization ( m9d :i* is actively conc]n$ 9 mak+ exp]i5ces m communicable2 9 break+ d[n ! b>ri]s ( social /ratification :i* make individuals imp]vi\s to ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,:5 social effici5cy is conf9$ to ! s]vice r5d]$ by ov]t acts1 its *ief con/itu5t 7because its only gu>antee7 is omitt$1--intellig5t sympa?y or good w4 ,= sympa?y z a desirable quality is some?+ m ?an m]e feel+2 x is a cultivat$ imag9ation = :at m5 h 9 common & a rebellion at :atev] unnecess>ily divides !m4 ,:at is sometimes call$ a b5evol5t int]e/ 9 o!rs may be b an unwitt+ mask = an attempt to dictate to !m :at _! good %all be1 in/ead ( an endeavor to free !m s t !y may seek & f9d ! good ( _! own *oice4 ,social effici5cy1 ev5 social s]vice1 are h>d & metallic ?+s :5 sev]$ f an active ackn[l$gm5t ( ! div]sity ( goods :i* life may af=d to diff]5t p]sons1 & f fai? 9 ! social utility ( enc\rag+ e individual to make 8 own *oice intellig5t4 #c4 ,culture z ,aim4 ,:e!r or n social effici5cy is an aim :i* is consi/5t ) culture turns ^u ^! consid]ations4 ,culture means at lea/ some?+ cultivat$1 some?+ rip5$2 x is oppos$ to ! raw & crude4 ,:5 ! natural is id5tifi$ ) ?is rawness1 culture is oppos$ to :at is call$ natural developm5t4 ,culture is also some?+ p]sonal2 x is cultivation ) respect to appreciation ( ideas & art & broad human int]e/s4 ,:5 effici5cy is id5tifi$ ) a n>r[ range ( acts1 in/ead ( ) ! _s & mean+ ( activity1 culture is oppos$ to effici5cy4 ,:e!r call$ culture or complete developm5t ( p]sonality1 ! outcome is id5tical ) ! true mean+ ( social effici5cy :5ev] att5tion is giv5 to :at is unique 9 an individual--& he w\ld n be an individual if !re 7 n some?+ incomm5surable ab\t him4 ,its opposite is ! m$iocre1 ! av]age4 ,:5ev] di/9ctive quality is develop$1 di/9ction ( p]sonality results1 & ) x great] promise = a social s]vice :i* goes beyond ! supply 9 quantity ( mat]ial commodities4 ,= h[ c !re be a society really wor? s]v+ unless x is con/itut$ ( individuals ( significant p]sonal qualities8 ,! fact is t ! opposition ( high wor? ( p]sonality to social effici5cy is a product ( a feudally organiz$ society ) its rigid division ( inf]ior & sup]ior4 ,! latt] are suppos$ to h "t & opportunity to develop !mselves z human be+s2 ! =m] are conf9$ to provid+ ext]nal products4 ,:5 social effici5cy z measur$ by product or output is urg$ z an ideal 9 a w\ld-be democratic society1 x means t ! depreciatory e/imate ( ! masses *>act]i/ic ( an ari/ocratic community is accept$ & c>ri$ ov]4 ,b if democracy has a moral & ideal mean+1 x is t a social return be dem&$ f all & t opportunity = developm5t ( di/9ctive capacities be af=d$ all4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two aims 9 education is fatal to democracy2 ! adoption ( ! n>r[] mean+ ( effici5cy deprives x ( its ess5tial ju/ification4 ,! aim ( effici5cy 7l any educational aim7 mu/ be includ$ )9 ! process ( exp]i5ce4 ,:5 x is measur$ by tangible ext]nal products1 & n by ! a*iev+ ( a di/9ctively valuable exp]i5ce1 x becomes mat]iali/ic4 ,results 9 ! way ( commodities :i* may be ! outgr[? ( an effici5t p]sonality are1 9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 by-products ( education3 by-products :i* are inevitable & important1 b nev]!less by-products4 ,to set up an ext]nal aim /r5g!ns by reaction ! false conception ( culture :i* id5tifies x ) some?+ purely inn]4 ,& ! idea ( p]fect+ an inn] p]sonality is a sure sign ( social divisions4 ,:at is call$ inn] is simply t :i* does n connect ) o!rs--:i* is n capable ( free & full communication4 ,:at is t]m$ spiritual culture has usually be5 futile1 ) some?+ rott5 ab\t x1 j because x has be5 conceiv$ z a ?+ :i* a man might h int]nally--& !re=e exclusively4 ,:at "o is z a p]son is :at "o is z associat$ ) o!rs1 9 a free give & take ( int]c\rse4 ,?is transc5ds bo? ! effici5cy :i* consi/s 9 supply+ products to o!rs & ! culture :i* is an exclusive ref9em5t & poli%4 ,any individual has miss$ 8 call+1 f>m]1 physician1 tea*]1 /ud5t1 :o does n f9d t ! accompli%m5ts ( results ( value to o!rs is an accompanim5t ( a process ( exp]i5ce inh]5tly wor? :ile4 ,:y !n %\ld x be ?\ght t "o mu/ take 8 *oice betwe5 sacrific+ himself to do+ useful ?+s = o!rs1 or sacrific+ !m to pursuit ( 8 own exclusive ends1 :e!r ! sav+ ( 8 own s\l or ! build+ ( an inn] spiritual life & p]sonality8 ,:at happ5s is t s9ce nei!r ( ^! ?+s is p]si/5tly possible1 we get a compromise & an alt]nation4 ,"o tries ea* c\rse by turns4 ,!re is no great] trag$y ?an t s mu* ( ! pr(ess$ly spiritual & religi\s ?\ght ( ! _w has emphasiz$ ! two ideals ( self-sacrifice & spiritual self-p]fect+ in/ead ( ?r[+ its weight aga9/ ?is dualism ( life4 ,! dualism is too deeply e/abli%$ to be easily ov]?r[n2 = t reason1 x is ! p>ticul> task ( education at ! pres5t "t to /ruggle 9 behalf ( an aim 9 :i* social effici5cy & p]sonal culture are synonyms in/ead ( antagoni/s4 ,summ>y4 ,g5]al or compreh5sive aims are po9ts ( view = survey+ ! specific problems ( education4 ,consequ5tly x is a te/ ( ! value ( ! mann] 9 :i* any l>ge end is /at$ to see if x w translate readily & consi/5tly into ! proc$ures :i* are sugge/$ by ano!r4 ,we h appli$ ?is te/ to ?ree g5]al aims3 ,developm5t accord+ to nature1 social effici5cy1 & culture or p]sonal m5tal enri*m5t4 ,9 ea* case we h se5 t ! aims :5 p>tially /at$ come into conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,! p>tial /atem5t ( natural developm5t takes ! primitive p[]s 9 an alleg$ spontane\s developm5t z ! end-all4 ,f ?is po9t ( view tra9+ :i* r5d]s !m useful to o!rs is an abnormal con/ra9t2 "o :i* pr(\ndly modifies !m ?r\gh delib]ate nurture is corrupt+4 ,b :5 we recognize t natural activities mean native activities :i* develop only ?r\gh ! uses 9 :i* !y are nurtur$1 ! conflict disappe>s4 ,simil>ly a social effici5cy :i* is def9$ 9 t]ms ( r5d]+ ext]nal s]vice to o!rs is ( necessity oppos$ to ! aim ( enri*+ ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce1 :ile a culture :i* is tak5 to consi/ 9 an int]nal ref9em5t ( a m9d is oppos$ to a socializ$ disposition4 ,b social effici5cy z an educational purpose %\ld mean cultivation ( p[] to jo9 freely & fully 9 %>$ or common activities4 ,?is is impossible )\t culture1 :ile x br+s a rew>d 9 culture1 because "o _c %>e 9 int]c\rse ) o!rs )\t le>n+--)\t gett+ a broad] po9t ( view & p]ceiv+ ?+s ( :i* "o w\ld o!rwise be ignorant4 ,& !re is p]haps no bett] def9ition ( culture ?an t x is ! capacity = con/antly exp&+ ! range & accuracy ( "o's p]ception ( mean+s4 #a ,donaldson1 ,gr[? ( ,bra91 p4 #cef4 #b ,we mu/ n =get t ,r\sseau _h ! idea ( a radically diff]5t sort ( society1 a frat]nal society ^: end %\ld be id5tical ) ! good ( all its memb]s1 :i* he ?\ght to be z mu* bett] ?an exi/+ /ates z ^! are worse ?an ! /ate ( nature4 ,*apt] ,t53 ,int]e/ & ,discipl9e #a4 ,! ,mean+ ( ! ,t]ms4 ,we h already notic$ ! diff]5ce 9 ! attitude ( a spectator & ( an ag5t or p>ticipant4 ,! =m] is indiff]5t to :at is go+ on2 "o result is j z good z ano!r1 s9ce ea* is j some?+ to look at4 ,! latt] is b\nd up ) :at is go+ on2 its outcome makes a diff]5ce to him4 ,8 =tunes are m or less at /ake 9 ! issue ( ev5ts4 ,consequ5tly he does :atev] he c to influ5ce ! direction pres5t occurr5ces take4 ,"o is l a man 9 a prison cell wat*+ ! ra9 out ( ! w9d[2 x is all ! same to him4 ,! o!r is l a man :o has plann$ an out+ = ! next day :i* cont9u+ ra9 w fru/rate4 ,he _c1 to be sure1 by 8 pres5t reactions affect to-morr['s wea!r1 b he may take "s /eps :i* w influ5ce future happ5+s1 if only to po/pone ! propos$ picnic4 ,if a man sees a c>riage com+ :i* may run ov] him1 if he _c /op its movem5t1 he c at lea/ get out ( ! way if he =esees ! consequ5ce 9 "t4 ,9 _m in/ances1 he c int]v5e ev5 m directly4 ,! attitude ( a p>ticipant 9 ! c\rse ( affairs is ?us a d\ble "o3 !re is solicitude1 anxiety conc]n+ future consequ5ces1 & a t5d5cy to act to assure bett]1 & av]t worse1 consequ5ces4 ,!re are words :i* d5ote ?is attitude3 conc]n1 int]e/4 ,^! words sugge/ t a p]son is b\nd up ) ! possibilities inh]+ 9 objects2 t he is accord+ly on ! look\t = :at !y are likely to d to him2 & t1 on ! basis ( 8 expectation or =esight1 he is eag] to act s z to give ?+s "o turn r ?an ano!r4 ,int]e/ & aims1 conc]n & purpose1 are necess>ily connect$4 ,su* words z aim1 int5t1 end1 emphasize ! results :i* are want$ & /riv5 =2 !y take = grant$ ! p]sonal attitude ( solicitude & att5tive eag]ness4 ,su* words z int]e/1 affection1 conc]n1 motivation1 emphasize ! be>+ ( :at is =ese5 ^u ! individual's =tunes1 & 8 active desire to act to secure a possible result4 ,!y take = grant$ ! objective *anges4 ,b ! diff]5ce is b "o ( emphasis2 ! mean+ t is %ad$ 9 "o set ( words is illum9at$ 9 ! o!r4 ,:at is anticipat$ is objective & imp]sonal2 to-morr['s ra92 ! possibility ( be+ run ov]4 ,b = an active be+1 a be+ :o p>takes ( ! consequ5ces in/ead ( /&+ alo( f !m1 !re is at ! same "t a p]sonal response4 ,! diff]5ce imag9atively =ese5 makes a pres5t diff]5ce1 :i* f9ds expression 9 solicitude & ef=t4 ,:ile su* words z affection1 conc]n1 & motive indicate an attitude ( p]sonal pref]5ce1 !y are always attitudes t[>d objects--t[>d :at is =ese54 ,we may call ! phase ( objective =esight intellectual1 & ! phase ( p]sonal conc]n emotional & volitional1 b !re is no sep>ation 9 ! facts ( ! situation4 ,su* a sep>ation c\ld exi/ only if ! p]sonal attitudes ran _! c\rse 9 a _w by !mselves4 ,b !y are always responses to :at is go+ on 9 ! situation ( :i* !y are a "p1 & _! successful or unsuccessful expression dep5ds ^u _! int]action ) o!r *anges4 ,life activities fl\ri% & fail only 9 connection ) *anges ( ! environm5t4 ,!y are lit]ally b\nd up ) ^! *anges2 our desires1 emotions1 & affections are b v>i\s ways 9 :i* our do+s are ti$ up ) ! do+s ( ?+s & p]sons ab\t u4 ,in/ead ( m>k+ a purely p]sonal or subjective realm1 sep>at$ f ! objective & imp]sonal1 !y indicate ! non-exi/5ce ( su* a sep>ate _w4 ,!y af=d conv9c+ evid5ce t *anges 9 ?+s are n ali5 to ! activities ( a self1 & t ! c>e] & welf>e ( ! self are b\nd up ) ! movem5t ( p]sons & ?+s4 ,int]e/1 conc]n1 mean t self & _w are engag$ ) ea* o!r 9 a develop+ situation4 ,! ^w int]e/1 9 its ord9>y usage1 expresses 7i7 ! :ole /ate ( active developm5t1 7ii7 ! objective results t are =ese5 & want$1 & 7iii7 ! p]sonal emotional incl9ation4 7,i7 ,an occupation1 employm5t1 pursuit1 bus9ess is (t5 ref]r$ to z an int]e/4 ,?us we say t a man's int]e/ is politics1 or j\rnalism1 or philan?ropy1 or ar*aeology1 or collect+ ,japanese pr9ts1 or bank+4 7ii7 ,by an int]e/ we also mean ! po9t at :i* an object t\*es or engages a man2 ! po9t :]e x influ5ces him4 ,9 "s legal transactions a man has to prove int]e/ 9 ord] to h a /&+ at c\rt4 ,he has to %[ t "s propos$ /ep conc]ns 8 affairs4 ,a sil5t p>tn] has an int]e/ 9 a bus9ess1 al?\gh he takes no active "p 9 its conduct because its prosp]ity or decl9e affects 8 pr(its & liabilities4 7iii7 ,:5 we speak ( a man z int]e/$ 9 ?is or t ! emphasis falls directly ^u 8 p]sonal attitude4 ,to be int]e/$ is to be absorb$ 91 wrapp$ up 91 c>ri$ away by1 "s object4 ,to take an int]e/ is to be on ! al]t1 to c>e ab\t1 to be att5tive4 ,we say ( an int]e/$ p]son bo? t he has lo/ himself 9 "s affair & t he has f\nd himself 9 x4 ,bo? t]ms express ! engrossm5t ( ! self 9 an object4 ,:5 ! place ( int]e/ 9 education is spok5 ( 9 a depreciatory way1 x w be f\nd t ! second ( ! mean+s m5tion$ is fir/ exagg]at$ & !n isolat$4 ,int]e/ is tak5 to mean m]ely ! effect ( an object ^u p]sonal advantage or disadvantage1 success or failure4 ,sep>at$ f any objective developm5t ( affairs1 ^! are r$uc$ to m]e p]sonal /ates ( pleasure or pa94 ,educationally1 x !n foll[s t to atta* importance to int]e/ means to atta* "s feature ( s$uctiv5ess to mat]ial o!rwise indiff]5t2 to secure att5tion & ef=t by (f]+ a bribe ( pleasure4 ,?is proc$ure is prop]ly /igmatiz$ z s(t p$agogy2 z a s\p-kit*5 !ory ( education4 ,b ! objection is bas$ ^u ! fact--or assumption--t ! =ms ( skill to be acquir$ & ! subject matt] to be appropriat$ h no int]e/ on _! own acc\nt3 9 o!r words1 !y are suppos$ to be irrelevant to ! normal activities ( ! pupils4 ,! rem$y is n 9 f9d+ fault ) ! doctr9e ( int]e/1 any m ?an x is to se>* = "s pleasant bait t may be hit*$ to ! ali5 mat]ial4 ,x is to discov] objects & modes ( action1 :i* are connect$ ) pres5t p[]s4 ,! function ( ?is mat]ial 9 engag+ activity & c>ry+ x on consi/5tly & cont9u\sly is its int]e/4 ,if ! mat]ial op]ates 9 ?is way1 !re is no call ei!r to hunt = devices :i* w make x int]e/+ or to appeal to arbitr>y1 semi-co]c$ ef=t4 ,! ^w int]e/ sugge/s1 etymologically1 :at is betwe51--t :i* connects two ?+s o!rwise di/ant4 ,9 education1 ! di/ance cov]$ may be look$ at z temporal4 ,! fact t a process takes "t to mature is s obvi\s a fact t we r>ely make x explicit4 ,we ov]look ! fact t 9 gr[? !re is gr\nd to be cov]$ betwe5 an initial /age ( process & ! complet+ p]iod2 t !re is some?+ int]v5+4 ,9 le>n+1 ! pres5t p[]s ( ! pupil are ! initial /age2 ! aim ( ! tea*] repres5ts ! remote limit4 ,betwe5 ! two lie means--t is middle conditions3--acts to be p]=m$2 difficulties to be ov]come2 appliances to be us$4 ,only ?r\gh !m1 9 ! lit]al "t s5se1 w ! initial activities rea* a satisfactory consummation4 ,^! int]m$iate conditions are ( int]e/ precisely because ! developm5t ( exi/+ activities into ! =ese5 & desir$ end dep5ds ^u !m4 ,to be means = ! a*iev+ ( pres5t t5d5cies1 to be betwe5 ! ag5t & 8 end1 to be ( int]e/1 are diff]5t names = ! same ?+4 ,:5 mat]ial has to be made int]e/+1 x signifies t z pres5t$1 x lacks connection ) purposes & pres5t p[]3 or t if ! connection be !re1 x is n p]ceiv$4 ,to make x int]e/+ by lead+ "o to realize ! connection t exi/s is simply good s5se2 to make x int]e/+ by extrane\s & artificial inducem5ts des]ves all ! bad names :i* h be5 appli$ to ! doctr9e ( int]e/ 9 education4 ,s mu* = ! mean+ ( ! t]m int]e/4 ,n[ = t ( discipl9e4 ,:]e an activity takes "t1 :]e _m means & ob/acles lie betwe5 its initiation & completion1 delib]ation & p]si/5ce are requir$4 ,x is obvi\s t a v l>ge "p ( ! ev]yday mean+ ( w is precisely ! delib]ate or consci\s disposition to p]si/ & endure 9 a plann$ c\rse ( action 9 spite ( difficulties & contr>y solicitations4 ,a man ( /rong w1 9 ! popul> usage ( ! words1 is a man :o is nei!r fickle nor half-he>t$ 9 a*iev+ *os5 ends4 ,8 ability is executive2 t is1 he p]si/5tly & en]getically /rives to execute or c>ry out 8 aims4 ,a weak w is un/able z wat]4 ,cle>ly !re are two factors 9 w4 ,"o has to d ) ! =esight ( results1 ! o!r ) ! dep? ( hold ! =ese5 outcome has ^u ! p]son4 7,i7 ,ob/9acy is p]si/5ce b x is n /r5g? ( volition4 ,ob/9acy may be m]e animal in]tia & ins5sitiv5ess4 ,a man keeps on do+ a ?+ j because he has got />t$1 n because ( any cle>ly ?\ght-out purpose4 ,9 fact1 ! ob/9ate man g5]ally decl9es 7al?\gh he may n be q aw>e ( 8 refusal7 to make cle> to himself :at 8 propos$ end is2 he has a feel+ t if he all[$ himself to get a cle> & full idea ( x1 x might n be wor? :ile4 ,/ubbornness %[s itself ev5 m 9 reluctance to criticize ends :i* pres5t !mselves ?an x does 9 p]si/5ce & en]gy 9 use ( means to a*ieve ! end4 ,! really executive man is a man :o pond]s 8 ends1 :o makes 8 ideas ( ! results ( 8 actions z cle> & full z possible4 ,! p we call$ weak-will$ or self-indulg5t always deceive !mselves z to ! consequ5ces ( _! acts4 ,!y pick out "s feature :i* is agreeable & neglect all att5dant circum/ances4 ,:5 !y beg9 to act1 ! disagreeable results !y ignor$ beg9 to %[ !mselves4 ,!y are disc\rag$1 or compla9 ( be+ ?w>t$ 9 _! good purpose by a h>d fate1 & %ift to "s o!r l9e ( action4 ,t ! prim>y diff]5ce betwe5 /rong & feeble volition is intellectual1 consi/+ 9 ! degree ( p]si/5t firmness & fullness ) :i* consequ5ces are ?\ght out1 _c be ov]-emphasiz$4 7ii7 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 su* a ?+ z a speculative trac+ out ( results4 ,ends are !n =ese51 b !y d n lay deep hold ( a p]son4 ,!y are some?+ to look at & = curiosity to play ) r ?an some?+ to a*ieve4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z ov]-intellectuality1 b !re is su* a ?+ z a "o-sid$ intellectuality4 ,a p]son takes x out z we say 9 consid]+ ! consequ5ces ( propos$ l9es ( action4 ,a c]ta9 flabb9ess ( fib] prev5ts ! contemplat$ object f gripp+ him & engag+ him 9 action4 ,& mo/ p]sons are naturally div]t$ f a propos$ c\rse ( action by unusual1 un=ese5 ob/acles1 or by pres5tation ( inducem5ts to an action t is directly m agreeable4 ,a p]son :o is tra9$ to consid] 8 actions1 to und]take !m delib]ately1 is 9 s f> =? discipl9$4 ,add to ?is ability a p[] to endure 9 an intellig5tly *os5 c\rse 9 face ( di/raction1 confusion1 & difficulty1 & y h ! ess5ce ( discipl9e4 ,discipl9e means p[] at comm&2 ma/]y ( ! res\rces available = c>ry+ ?r\gh ! action und]tak54 ,to "k :at "o is to d & to move to d x promptly & by use ( ! requisite means is to be discipl9$1 :e!r we are ?9k+ ( an army or a m9d4 ,discipl9e is positive4 ,to c[ ! _s1 to subdue incl9ation1 to compel ob$i5ce1 to mortify ! fle%1 to make a subord9ate p]=m an uncong5ial task--^! ?+s are or are n discipl9>y accord+ z !y d or d n t5d to ! developm5t ( p[] to recognize :at "o is ab\t & to p]si/5ce 9 accompli%m5t4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to press ! po9t t int]e/ & discipl9e are connect$1 n oppos$4 7i7 ,ev5 ! m purely intellectual phase ( tra9$ p[]--appreh5sion ( :at "o is do+ z exhibit$ 9 consequ5ces--is n possible )\t int]e/4 ,delib]ation w be p]functory & sup]ficial :]e !re is no int]e/4 ,p>5ts & tea*]s (t5 compla9--& correctly--t *ildr5 d n want to he>1 or want to und]/&4 ,_! m9ds are n ^u ! subject precisely because x does n t\* !m2 x does n ent] into _! conc]ns4 ,?is is a /ate ( ?+s t ne$s to be rem$i$1 b ! rem$y is n 9 ! use ( me?ods :i* increase indiff]5ce & av]sion4 ,ev5 puni%+ a *ild = inatt5tion is "o way ( try+ to make him realize t ! matt] is n a ?+ ( complete unconc]n2 x is "o way ( ar\s+ int]e/1 or br++ ab\t a s5se ( connection4 ,9 ! long run1 its value is measur$ by :e!r x supplies a m]e physical excitation to act 9 ! way desir$ by ! adult or :e!r x leads ! *ild to ?9k--t is1 to reflect ^u 8 acts & impregnate !m ) aims4 7ii7 ,t int]e/ is requisite = executive p]si/5ce is ev5 m obvi\s4 ,employ]s d n adv]tise = workm5 :o are n int]e/$ 9 :at !y are do+4 ,if "o 7 engag+ a lawy] or a doctor1 x w\ld nev] occur to "o to reason t ! p]son engag$ w\ld /ick to 8 "w m consci5ti\sly if x 0 s uncong5ial to him t he did x m]ely f a s5se ( obligation4 ,int]e/ measures--or r is--! dep? ( ! grip :i* ! =ese5 end has ^u "o1 mov+ "o to act = its realization4 #b4 ,! ,importance ( ! ,idea ( ,int]e/ 9 ,education4 ,int]e/ repres5ts ! mov+ =ce ( objects--:e!r p]ceiv$ or pres5t$ 9 imag9ation--9 any exp]i5ce hav+ a purpose4 ,9 ! concrete1 ! value ( recogniz+ ! dynamic place ( int]e/ 9 an educative developm5t is t x leads to consid]+ individual *ildr5 9 _! specific capabilities1 ne$s1 & pref]5ces4 ,"o :o recognizes ! importance ( int]e/ w n assume t all m9ds "w 9 ! same way because !y happ5 to h ! same tea*] & textbook4 ,attitudes & me?ods ( approa* & response v>y ) ! specific appeal ! same mat]ial makes1 ?is appeal itself v>y+ ) diff]5ce ( natural aptitude1 ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 ( plan ( life1 & s on4 ,b ! facts ( int]e/ also supply consid]ations ( g5]al value to ! philosophy ( education4 ,rightly und]/ood1 !y put u on our gu>d aga9/ c]ta9 conceptions ( m9d & ( subject matt] :i* h _h great vogue 9 philosophic ?\ght 9 ! pa/1 & :i* ex]cise a s]i\s hamp]+ influ5ce ^u ! conduct ( in/ruction & discipl9e4 ,too frequ5tly m9d is set ov] ! _w ( ?+s & facts to be kn[n2 x is reg>d$ z some?+ exi/+ 9 isolation1 ) m5tal /ates & op]ations t exi/ indep5d5tly4 ,k is !n reg>d$ z an ext]nal application ( purely m5tal exi/5ces to ! ?+s to be kn[n1 or else z a result ( ! impressions :i* ?is outside subject matt] makes on m9d1 or z a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,subject matt] is !n reg>d$ z some?+ complete 9 itself2 x is j some?+ to be le>n$ or kn[n1 ei!r by ! volunt>y application ( m9d to x or ?r\gh ! impressions x makes on m9d4 ,! facts ( int]e/ %[ t ^! conceptions are my?ical4 ,m9d appe>s 9 exp]i5ce z ability to respond to pres5t /imuli on ! basis ( anticipation ( future possible consequ5ces1 & ) a view to controll+ ! k9d ( consequ5ces t are to take place4 ,! ?+s1 ! subject matt] kn[n1 consi/ ( :atev] is recogniz$ z hav+ a be>+ ^u ! anticipat$ c\rse ( ev5ts1 :e!r assi/+ or ret>d+ x4 ,^! /atem5ts are too =mal to be v intelligible4 ,an illu/ration may cle> up _! significance4 ,y are engag$ 9 a c]ta9 occupation1 say writ+ ) a typewrit]4 ,if y are an exp]t1 y\r =m$ habits take c>e ( ! physical movem5ts & leave y\r ?\ghts free to consid] y\r topic4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 y are n skill$1 or t1 ev5 if y are1 ! ma*9e does n "w well4 ,y !n h to use intellig5ce4 ,y d n wi% to /rike ! keys at r&om & let ! consequ5ces be :at !y may2 y wi% to record c]ta9 words 9 a giv5 ord] s z to make s5se4 ,y att5d to ! keys1 to :at y h writt51 to y\r movem5ts1 to ! ribbon or ! me*anism ( ! ma*9e4 ,y\r att5tion is n di/ribut$ indiff]5tly & miscellane\sly to any & e detail4 ,x is c5t]$ ^u :atev] has a be>+ ^u ! effective pursuit ( y\r occupation4 ,y\r look is ahead1 & y are conc]n$ to note ! exi/+ facts because & 9 s f> z !y are factors 9 ! a*ievem5t ( ! result int5d$4 ,y h to f9d out :at y\r res\rces are1 :at conditions are at comm&1 & :at ! difficulties & ob/acles are4 ,?is =esight & ?is survey ) ref]5ce to :at is =ese5 con/itute m9d4 ,action t does n involve su* a =eca/ ( results & su* an exam9ation ( means & h9drances is ei!r a matt] ( habit or else x is bl9d4 ,9 nei!r case is x intellig5t4 ,to be vague & unc]ta9 z to :at is int5d$ & c>eless 9 obs]vation ( conditions ( its realization is to be1 9 t degree1 /upid or p>tially intellig5t4 ,if we recur to ! case :]e m9d is n conc]n$ ) ! physical manipulation ( ! in/rum5ts b ) :at "o int5ds to write1 ! case is ! same4 ,!re is an activity 9 process2 "o is tak5 up ) ! developm5t ( a !me4 ,unless "o writes z a phonograph talks1 ?is means intellig5ce2 namely1 al]tness 9 =esee+ ! v>i\s conclusions to :i* pres5t data & consid]ations are t5d+1 toge!r ) cont9ually r5ew$ obs]vation & recollection to get hold ( ! subject matt] :i* be>s ^u ! conclusions to be rea*$4 ,! :ole attitude is "o ( conc]n ) :at is to be1 & ) :at is s f> z ! latt] ent]s into ! movem5t t[>d ! end4 ,leave out ! direction :i* dep5ds ^u =esight ( possible future results1 & !re is no intellig5ce 9 pres5t behavior4 ,let !re be imag9ative =eca/ b no att5tion to ! conditions ^u :i* its atta9m5t dep5ds1 & !re is self-deception or idle dream+--abortive intellig5ce4 ,if ?is illu/ration is typical1 m9d is n a "n = some?+ complete by itself2 x is a "n = a c\rse ( action 9 s f> z t is intellig5tly direct$2 9 s f>1 t is to say1 z aims1 ends1 ent] into x1 ) selection ( means to fur!r ! atta9m5t ( aims4 ,intellig5ce is n a peculi> possession :i* a p]son owns2 b a p]son is intellig5t 9 s f> z ! activities 9 :i* he plays a "p h ! qualities m5tion$4 ,nor are ! activities 9 :i* a p]son engages1 :e!r intellig5tly or n1 exclusive prop]ties ( himself2 !y are some?+ 9 :i* he engages & p>takes4 ,o!r ?+s1 ! indep5d5t *anges ( o!r ?+s & p]sons1 coop]ate & h9d]4 ,! individual's act may be initial 9 a c\rse ( ev5ts1 b ! outcome dep5ds ^u ! int]action ( 8 response ) en]gies suppli$ by o!r ag5cies4 ,conceive m9d z any?+ b "o factor p>tak+ along ) o!rs 9 ! production ( consequ5ces1 & x becomes mean+less4 ,! problem ( in/ruction is ?us t ( f9d+ mat]ial :i* w engage a p]son 9 specific activities hav+ an aim or purpose ( mom5t or int]e/ to him1 & deal+ ) ?+s n z gymna/ic appliances b z conditions = ! atta9m5t ( ends4 ,! rem$y = ! evils att5d+ ! doctr9e ( =mal discipl9e previ\sly spok5 (1 is n to be f\nd by sub/itut+ a doctr9e ( specializ$ discipl9es1 b by re=m+ ! notion ( m9d & its tra9+4 ,discov]y ( typical modes ( activity1 :e!r play or useful occupations1 9 :i* individuals are conc]n$1 9 ^: outcome !y recognize !y h some?+ at /ake1 & :i* _c be c>ri$ ?r\gh )\t reflection & use ( judgm5t to select mat]ial ( obs]vation & recollection1 is ! rem$y4 ,9 %ort1 ! root ( ! error long preval5t 9 ! conception ( tra9+ ( m9d consi/s 9 leav+ out ( acc\nt movem5ts ( ?+s to future results 9 :i* an individual %>es1 & 9 ! direction ( :i* obs]vation1 imag9ation1 & memory are enli/$4 ,x consi/s 9 reg>d+ m9d z complete 9 itself1 ready to be directly appli$ to a pres5t mat]ial4 ,9 hi/oric practice ! error has cut two ways4 ,on "o h&1 x has scre5$ & protect$ traditional /udies & me?ods ( tea*+ f intellig5t criticism & ne$$ revisions4 ,to say t !y are discipl9>y has safegu>d$ !m f all inquiry4 ,x has n be5 en\gh to %[ t !y 7 ( no use 9 life or t !y did n really contribute to ! cultivation ( ! self4 ,t !y 7 discipl9>y /ifl$ e "q1 subdu$ e d\bt1 & remov$ ! subject f ! realm ( rational discussion4 ,by its nature1 ! allegation c\ld n be *eck$ up4 ,ev5 :5 discipl9e did n accrue z matt] ( fact1 :5 ! pupil ev5 grew 9 laxity ( application & lo/ p[] ( intellig5t self-direction1 ! fault lay ) him1 n ) ! /udy or ! me?ods ( tea*+4 ,8 failure 0 b pro( t he ne$$ m discipl9e1 & ?us af=d$ a reason = reta9+ ! old me?ods4 ,! responsibility 0 transf]r$ f ! educator to ! pupil because ! mat]ial did n h to meet specific te/s2 x did n h to be %[n t x fulfill$ any p>ticul> ne$ or s]v$ any specific end4 ,x 0 design$ to discipl9e 9 g5]al1 & if x fail$1 x 0 because ! individual 0 unwill+ to be discipl9$4 ,9 ! o!r direction1 ! t5d5cy 0 t[>ds a negative conception ( discipl9e1 in/ead ( an id5tification ( x ) gr[? 9 con/ructive p[] ( a*ievem5t4 ,z we h already se51 w means an attitude t[>d ! future1 t[>d ! production ( possible consequ5ces1 an attitude involv+ ef=t to =esee cle>ly & compreh5sively ! probable results ( ways ( act+1 & an active id5tification ) "s anticipat$ consequ5ces4 ,id5tification ( w1 or ef=t1 ) m]e /ra91 results :5 a m9d is set up1 end[$ ) p[]s t are only to be appli$ to exi/+ mat]ial4 ,a p]son j ei!r w or w n apply himself to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,! m indiff]5t ! subject matt]1 ! less conc]n x has = ! habits & pref]5ces ( ! individual1 ! m dem& !re is = an ef=t to br+ ! m9d to be> ^u x--& h5ce ! m discipl9e ( w4 ,to att5d to mat]ial because !re is some?+ to be done 9 :i* ! p]son is conc]n$ is n discipl9>y 9 ?is view2 n ev5 if x results 9 a desirable increase ( con/ructive p[]4 ,application j = ! sake ( application1 = ! sake ( tra9+1 is alone discipl9>y4 ,?is is m likely to occur if ! subject matt] pres5t$ is uncong5ial1 = !n !re is no motive 7s x is suppos$7 except ! ackn[l$gm5t ( duty or ! value ( discipl9e4 ,! logical result is express$ ) lit]al tru? 9 ! words ( an ,am]ican humori/3 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at y tea* a boy s long z he doesn't l x4 ,! c\nt]p>t ( ! isolation ( m9d f activities deal+ ) objects to accompli% ends is isolation ( ! subject matt] to be le>n$4 ,9 ! traditional s*emes ( education1 subject matt] means s mu* mat]ial to be /udi$4 ,v>i\s bran*es ( /udy repres5t s _m indep5d5t bran*es1 ea* hav+ its pr9ciples ( arrangem5t complete )9 itself4 ,hi/ory is "o su* gr\p ( facts2 algebra ano!r2 geography ano!r1 & s on till we h run ?r\gh ! entire curriculum4 ,hav+ a ready-made exi/5ce on _! own acc\nt1 _! relation to m9d is exhau/$ 9 :at !y furni% x to acquire4 ,?is idea corresponds to ! conv5tional practice 9 :i* ! program ( s*ool "w1 = ! day1 mon?1 & successive ye>s1 consi/s ( /udies all m>k$ (f f "o ano!r1 & ea* suppos$ to be complete by itself--= educational purposes at lea/4 ,lat] on a *apt] is devot$ to ! special consid]ation ( ! mean+ ( ! subject matt] ( in/ruction4 ,at ?is po9t1 we ne$ only to say t1 9 contra/ ) ! traditional !ory1 any?+ :i* intellig5ce /udies repres5ts ?+s 9 ! "p :i* !y play 9 ! c>ry+ =w>d ( active l9es ( int]e/4 ,j z "o /udies 8 typewrit] z "p ( ! op]ation ( putt+ x to use to effect results1 s ) any fact or tru?4 ,x becomes an object ( /udy--t is1 ( inquiry & reflection--:5 x figures z a factor to be reckon$ ) 9 ! completion ( a c\rse ( ev5ts 9 :i* "o is engag$ & by ^: outcome "o is affect$4 ,numb]s are n objects ( /udy j because !y are numb]s already con/itut+ a bran* ( le>n+ call$ ma!matics1 b because !y repres5t qualities & relations ( ! _w 9 :i* our action goes on1 because !y are factors ^u :i* ! accompli%m5t ( our purposes dep5ds4 ,/at$ ?us broadly1 ! =mula may appe> ab/ract4 ,translat$ into details1 x means t ! act ( le>n+ or /udy+ is artificial & ineffective 9 ! degree 9 :i* pupils are m]ely pres5t$ ) a lesson to be le>n$4 ,/udy is effectual 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! pupil realizes ! place ( ! num]ical tru? he is deal+ ) 9 c>ry+ to fruition activities 9 :i* he is conc]n$4 ,?is connection ( an object & a topic ) ! promotion ( an activity hav+ a purpose is ! fir/ & ! la/ ^w ( a g5u9e !ory ( int]e/ 9 education4 #c4 ,"s ,social ,aspects ( ! ,"q4 ,:ile ! !oretical errors ( :i* we h be5 speak+ h _! expressions 9 ! conduct ( s*ools1 !y are !mselves ! outcome ( conditions ( social life4 ,a *ange conf9$ to ! !oretical conviction ( educators w n remove ! difficulties1 ?\gh x %\ld r5d] m effective ef=ts to modify social conditions4 ,m5's fundam5tal attitudes t[>d ! _w are fix$ by ! scope & qualities ( ! activities 9 :i* !y p>take4 ,! ideal ( int]e/ is exemplifi$ 9 ! arti/ic attitude4 ,art is nei!r m]ely int]nal nor m]ely ext]nal2 m]ely m5tal nor m]ely physical4 ,l e mode ( action1 x br+s ab\t *anges 9 ! _w4 ,! *anges made by "s actions 7^? :i* by contra/ may be call$ me*anical7 are ext]nal2 !y are %ift+ ?+s ab\t4 ,no ideal rew>d1 no enri*m5t ( emotion & intellect1 accompanies !m4 ,o!rs contribute to ! ma9t5ance ( life1 & to its ext]nal adornm5t & display4 ,_m ( our exi/+ social activities1 indu/rial & political1 fall 9 ^! two classes4 ,nei!r ! p :o engage 9 !m1 nor ^? :o are directly affect$ by !m1 are capable ( full & free int]e/ 9 _! "w4 ,because ( ! lack ( any purpose 9 ! "w = ! "o do+ x1 or because ( ! re/rict$ "* ( its aim1 intellig5ce is n adequately engag$4 ,! same conditions =ce _m p back ^u !mselves4 ,!y take refuge 9 an inn] play ( s5tim5t & fancies4 ,!y are ae/hetic b n arti/ic1 s9ce _! feel+s & ideas are turn$ ^u !mselves1 in/ead ( be+ me?ods 9 acts :i* modify conditions4 ,_! m5tal life is s5tim5tal2 an enjoym5t ( an inn] l&scape4 ,ev5 ! pursuit ( sci5ce may become an asylum ( refuge f ! h>d conditions ( life--n a tempor>y retreat = ! sake ( recup]ation & cl>ification 9 future deal+s ) ! _w4 ,! v ^w art may become associat$ n ) specific trans=mation ( ?+s1 mak+ !m m significant = m9d1 b ) /imulations ( ecc5tric fancy & ) emotional indulg5ces4 ,! sep>ation & mutual contempt ( ! practical man & ! man ( !ory or culture1 ! divorce ( f9e & indu/rial arts1 are indications ( ?is situation4 ,?us int]e/ & m9d are ei!r n>r[$1 or else made p]v]se4 ,comp>e :at 0 said 9 an e>li] *apt] ab\t ! "o-sid$ mean+s :i* h come to atta* to ! ideas ( effici5cy & ( culture4 ,?is /ate ( affairs mu/ exi/ s f> z society is organiz$ on a basis ( division betwe5 labor+ classes & leisure classes4 ,! intellig5ce ( ^? :o d ?+s becomes h>d 9 ! unremitt+ /ruggle ) ?+s2 t ( ^? fre$ f ! discipl9e ( occupation becomes luxuri\s & effem9ate4 ,moreov]1 ! majority ( human be+s /ill lack economic fre$om4 ,_! pursuits are fix$ by accid5t & necessity ( circum/ance2 !y are n ! normal expression ( _! own p[]s int]act+ ) ! ne$s & res\rces ( ! environm5t4 ,our economic conditions /ill relegate _m m5 to a s]vile /atus4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! intellig5ce ( ^? 9 control ( ! practical situation is n lib]al4 ,in/ead ( play+ freely ^u ! subjugation ( ! _w = human ends1 x is devot$ to ! manipulation ( o!r m5 = ends t are non-human 9 s f> z !y are exclusive4 ,?is /ate ( affairs expla9s _m ?+s 9 our hi/oric educational traditions4 ,x ?r[s light ^u ! cla% ( aims manife/$ 9 diff]5t portions ( ! s*ool sy/em2 ! n>r[ly utilit>ian "* ( mo/ elem5t>y education1 & ! n>r[ly discipl9>y or cultural "* ( mo/ high] education4 ,x acc\nts = ! t5d5cy to isolate intellectual matt]s till k is s*ola/ic1 academic1 & pr(essionally te*nical1 & = ! widespread conviction t lib]al education is oppos$ to ! requirem5ts ( an education :i* %all c\nt 9 ! vocations ( life4 ,b x also helps def9e ! peculi> problem ( pres5t education4 ,! s*ool _c imm$iately escape f ! ideals set by prior social conditions4 ,b x %\ld contribute ?r\gh ! type ( intellectual & emotional disposition :i* x =ms to ! improvem5t ( ^? conditions4 ,& j "h ! true conceptions ( int]e/ & discipl9e are full ( significance4 ,p]sons ^: int]e/s h be5 enl>g$ & intellig5ce tra9$ by deal+ ) ?+s & facts 9 active occupations hav+ a purpose 7:e!r 9 play or "w7 w be ^? mo/ likely to escape ! alt]natives ( an academic & alo( k & a h>d1 n>r[1 & m]ely practical practice4 ,to organize education s t natural active t5d5cies %all be fully enli/$ 9 do+ some?+1 :ile see+ to x t ! do+ requires obs]vation1 ! acquisition ( in=mation1 & ! use ( a con/ructive imag9ation1 is :at mo/ ne$s to be done to improve social conditions4 ,to oscillate betwe5 drill ex]cises t /rive to atta9 effici5cy 9 outw>d do+ )\t ! use ( intellig5ce1 & an accumulation ( k t is suppos$ to be an ultimate end 9 itself1 means t education accepts ! pres5t social conditions z f9al1 & !reby takes ^u itself ! responsibility = p]petuat+ !m4 ,a reorganization ( education s t le>n+ takes place 9 connection ) ! intellig5t c>ry+ =w>d ( purposeful activities is a sl[ "w4 ,x c only be accompli%$ piecemeal1 a /ep at a "t4 ,b ?is is n a reason = nom9ally accept+ "o educational philosophy & accommodat+ ourselves 9 practice to ano!r4 ,x is a *all5ge to und]take ! task ( reorganization c\rage\sly & to keep at x p]si/5tly4 ,summ>y4 ,int]e/ & discipl9e are correlative aspects ( activity hav+ an aim4 ,int]e/ means t "o is id5tifi$ ) ! objects :i* def9e ! activity & :i* furni% ! means & ob/acles to its realization4 ,any activity ) an aim implies a di/9ction betwe5 an e>li] incomplete phase & lat] complet+ phase2 x implies also int]m$iate /eps4 ,to h an int]e/ is to take ?+s z ent]+ into su* a cont9u\sly develop+ situation1 in/ead ( tak+ !m 9 isolation4 ,! "t diff]5ce betwe5 ! giv5 incomplete /ate ( affairs & ! desir$ fulfillm5t exacts ef=t 9 trans=mation1 x dem&s cont9uity ( att5tion & endurance4 ,?is attitude is :at is practically meant by w4 ,discipl9e or developm5t ( p[] ( cont9u\s att5tion is its fruit4 ,! significance ( ?is doctr9e = ! !ory ( education is tw(old4 ,on ! "o h& x protects u f ! notion t m9d & m5tal /ates are some?+ complete 9 !mselves1 :i* !n happ5 to be appli$ to "s ready-made objects & topics s t k results4 ,x %[s t m9d & intellig5t or purposeful engagem5t 9 a c\rse ( action into :i* ?+s ent] are id5tical4 ,h5ce to develop & tra9 m9d is to provide an environm5t :i* induces su* activity4 ,on ! o!r side1 x protects u f ! notion t subject matt] on its side is some?+ isolat$ & indep5d5t4 ,x %[s t subject matt] ( le>n+ is id5tical ) all ! objects1 ideas1 & pr9ciples :i* ent] z res\rces or ob/acles into ! cont9u\s int5tional pursuit ( a c\rse ( action4 ,! develop+ c\rse ( action1 ^: end & conditions are p]ceiv$1 is ! unity :i* holds toge!r :at are (t5 divid$ into an indep5d5t m9d on "o side & an indep5d5t _w ( objects & facts on ! o!r4 ,*apt] ,elev53 ,exp]i5ce & ,?9k+ #a4 ,! ,nature ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,! nature ( exp]i5ce c be und]/ood only by not+ t x includes an active & a passive elem5t peculi>ly comb9$4 ,on ! active h&1 exp]i5ce is try+--a mean+ :i* is made explicit 9 ! connect$ t]m exp]im5t4 ,on ! passive1 x is und]go+4 ,:5 we exp]i5ce some?+ we act ^u x1 we d some?+ ) x2 !n we suff] or und]go ! consequ5ces4 ,we d some?+ to ! ?+ & !n x does some?+ to u 9 return3 su* is ! peculi> comb9ation4 ,! connection ( ^! two phases ( exp]i5ce measures ! fruitfulness or value ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,m]e activity does n con/itute exp]i5ce4 ,x is disp]sive1 c5trifugal1 dissipat+4 ,exp]i5ce z try+ involves *ange1 b *ange is mean+less transition unless x is consci\sly connect$ ) ! return wave ( consequ5ces :i* fl[ f x4 ,:5 an activity is cont9u$ into ! und]go+ ( consequ5ces1 :5 ! *ange made by action is reflect$ back into a *ange made 9 u1 ! m]e flux is load$ ) significance4 ,we le>n some?+4 ,x is n exp]i5ce :5 a *ild m]ely /icks 8 f+] into a flame2 x is exp]i5ce :5 ! movem5t is connect$ ) ! pa9 :i* he und]goes 9 consequ5ce4 ,h5ce=? ! /ick+ ( ! f+] into flame means a burn4 ,be+ burn$ is a m]e physical *ange1 l ! burn+ ( a /ick ( wood1 if x is n p]ceiv$ z a consequ5ce ( "s o!r action4 ,bl9d & caprici\s impulses hurry u on he$lessly f "o ?+ to ano!r4 ,s f> z ?is happ5s1 ev]y?+ is writ 9 wat]4 ,!re is none ( t cumulative gr[? :i* makes an exp]i5ce 9 any vital s5se ( t t]m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m ?+s happ5 to u 9 ! way ( pleasure & pa9 :i* we d n connect ) any prior activity ( our own4 ,!y are m]e accid5ts s f> z we are conc]n$4 ,!re is no be=e or aft] to su* exp]i5ce2 no retrospect nor outlook1 & consequ5tly no mean+4 ,we get no?+ :i* may be c>ri$ ov] to =esee :at is likely to happ5 next1 & no ga9 9 ability to adju/ ourselves to :at is com+--no add$ control4 ,only by c\rtesy c su* an exp]i5ce be call$ exp]i5ce4 ,to le>n f exp]i5ce is to make a backw>d & =w>d connection betwe5 :at we d to ?+s & :at we enjoy or suff] f ?+s 9 consequ5ce4 ,"u su* conditions1 do+ becomes a try+2 an exp]im5t ) ! _w to f9d out :at x is l2 ! und]go+ becomes in/ruction--discov]y ( ! connection ( ?+s4 ,two conclusions important = education foll[4 7#a7 ,exp]i5ce is prim>ily an active-passive affair2 x is n prim>ily cognitive4 ,b 7#b7 ! measure ( ! value ( an exp]i5ce lies 9 ! p]ception ( relation%ips or cont9uities to :i* x leads up4 ,x includes cognition 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is cumulative or am\nts to some?+1 or has mean+4 ,9 s*ools1 ^? "u in/ruction are too cu/om>ily look$ ^u z acquir+ k z !oretical spectators1 m9ds :i* appropriate k by direct en]gy ( intellect4 ,! v ^w pupil has almo/ come to mean "o :o is engag$ n 9 hav+ fruitful exp]i5ces b 9 absorb+ k directly4 ,some?+ :i* is call$ m9d or consci\sness is sev]$ f ! physical organs ( activity4 ,! =m] is !n ?\ght to be purely intellectual & cognitive2 ! latt] to be an irrelevant & intrud+ physical factor4 ,! intimate union ( activity & und]go+ its consequ5ces :i* leads to recognition ( mean+ is brok52 in/ead we h two fragm5ts3 m]e bodily action on "o side1 & mean+ directly grasp$ by spiritual activity on ! o!r4 ,x w\ld be impossible to /ate adequately ! evil results :i* h fl[$ f ?is dualism ( m9d & body1 mu* less to exagg]ate !m4 ,"s ( ! m /rik+ effects1 may1 h[ev]1 be enum]at$4 7a7 ,9 "p bodily activity becomes an intrud]4 ,hav+ no?+1 s x is ?\ght1 to d ) m5tal activity1 x becomes a di/raction1 an evil to be cont5d$ )4 ,= ! pupil has a body1 & br+s x to s*ool along ) 8 m9d4 ,& ! body is1 ( necessity1 a wellspr+ ( en]gy2 x has to d some?+4 ,b its activities1 n be+ utiliz$ 9 occupation ) ?+s :i* yield significant results1 h to be fr[n$ ^u4 ,!y lead ! pupil away f ! lesson ) :i* 8 m9d ought to be occupi$2 !y are s\rces ( mis*ief4 ,! *ief s\rce ( ! problem ( discipl9e 9 s*ools is t ! tea*] has (t5 to sp5d ! l>g] "p ( ! "t 9 suppress+ ! bodily activities :i* take ! m9d away f its mat]ial4 ,a premium is put on physical quietude2 on sil5ce1 on rigid uni=mity ( po/ure & movem5t2 ^u a ma*9e-l simulation ( ! attitudes ( intellig5t int]e/4 ,! tea*]s' bus9ess is to hold ! pupils up to ^! requirem5ts & to puni% ! inevitable deviations :i* occur4 ,! n]v\s /ra9 & fatigue :i* result ) bo? tea*] & pupil are a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! abnormality ( ! situation 9 :i* bodily activity is divorc$ f ! p]ception ( mean+4 ,call\s indiff]5ce & explosions f /ra9 alt]nate4 ,! neglect$ body1 hav+ no organiz$ fruitful *annels ( activity1 breaks =?1 )\t kn[+ :y or h[1 into mean+less boi/]\sness1 or settles into equally mean+less fool+--bo? v diff]5t f ! normal play ( *ildr54 ,physically active *ildr5 become re/less & unruly2 ! m quiesc5t1 s-call$ consci5ti\s ones sp5d :at en]gy !y h 9 ! negative task ( keep+ _! in/9cts & active t5d5cies suppress$1 in/ead ( 9 a positive "o ( con/ructive plann+ & execution2 !y are ?us educat$ n into responsibility = ! significant & graceful use ( bodily p[]s1 b into an en=c$ duty n to give !m free play4 ,x may be s]i\sly ass]t$ t a *ief cause = ! rem>kable a*ievem5ts ( ,greek education 0 t x 0 nev] misl$ by false notions into an attempt$ sep>ation ( m9d & body4 7b7 ,ev51 h[ev]1 ) respect to ! lessons :i* h to be le>n$ by ! application ( m9d1 "s bodily activities h to be us$4 ,! s5ses--especially ! eye & e>--h to be employ$ to take 9 :at ! book1 ! map1 ! blackbo>d1 & ! tea*] say4 ,! lips & vocal organs1 & ! h&s1 h to be us$ to reproduce 9 spee* & writ+ :at has be5 /[$ away4 ,! s5ses are !n reg>d$ z a k9d ( my/]i\s conduit ?r\gh :i* in=mation is conduct$ f ! ext]nal _w into ! m9d2 !y are spok5 ( z gateways & av5ues ( k4 ,to keep ! eyes on ! book & ! e>s op5 to ! tea*]'s words is a my/]i\s s\rce ( intellectual grace4 ,moreov]1 read+1 writ+1 & figur+--important s*ool arts--dem& muscul> or motor tra9+4 ,! muscles ( eye1 h&1 & vocal organs accord+ly h to be tra9$ to act z pipes = c>ry+ k back out ( ! m9d into ext]nal action4 ,= x happ5s t us+ ! muscles repeat$ly 9 ! same way fixes 9 !m an automatic t5d5cy to repeat4 ,! obvi\s result is a me*anical use ( ! bodily activities :i* 79 spite ( ! g5]ally obtrusive & int]f]+ "* ( ! body 9 m5tal action7 h to be employ$ m or less4 ,= ! s5ses & muscles are us$ n z organic p>ticipants 9 hav+ an in/ructive exp]i5ce1 b z ext]nal inlets & outlets ( m9d4 ,be=e ! *ild goes to s*ool1 he le>ns ) 8 h&1 eye1 & e>1 because !y are organs ( ! process ( do+ some?+ f :i* mean+ results4 ,! boy fly+ a kite has to keep 8 eye on ! kite1 & has to note ! v>i\s pressures ( ! /r+ on 8 h&4 ,8 s5ses are av5ues ( k n because ext]nal facts are someh[ convey$ to ! bra91 b because !y are us$ 9 do+ some?+ ) a purpose4 ,! qualities ( se5 & t\*$ ?+s h a be>+ on :at is done1 & are al]tly p]ceiv$2 !y h a mean+4 ,b :5 pupils are expect$ to use _! eyes to note ! =m ( words1 irrespective ( _! mean+1 9 ord] to reproduce !m 9 spell+ or read+1 ! result+ tra9+ is simply ( isolat$ s5se organs & muscles4 ,x is su* isolation ( an act f a purpose :i* makes x me*anical4 ,x is cu/om>y = tea*]s to urge *ildr5 to read ) expression1 s z to br+ out ! mean+4 ,b if !y orig9ally le>n$ ! s5sory-motor te*nique ( read+--! ability to id5tify =ms & to reproduce ! s\nds !y /& =--by me?ods :i* did n call = att5tion to mean+1 a me*anical habit 0 e/abli%$ :i* makes x difficult to read subsequ5tly ) intellig5ce4 ,! vocal organs h be5 tra9$ to g _! own way automatically 9 isolation2 & mean+ _c be ti$ on at w4 ,draw+1 s++1 & writ+ may be taught 9 ! same me*anical way2 =1 we repeat1 any way is me*anical :i* n>r[s d[n ! bodily activity s t a sep>ation ( body f m9d--t is1 f recognition ( mean+--is set up4 ,ma!matics1 ev5 9 its high] bran*es1 :5 undue emphasis is put ^u ! te*nique ( calculation1 & sci5ce1 :5 laboratory ex]cises are giv5 = _! own sake1 suff] f ! same evil4 7c7 ,on ! intellectual side1 ! sep>ation ( m9d f direct occupation ) ?+s ?r[s emphasis on ?+s at ! exp5se ( relations or connections4 ,x is altoge!r too common to sep>ate p]ceptions & ev5 ideas f judgm5ts4 ,! latt] are ?\ght to come aft] ! =m] 9 ord] to comp>e !m4 ,x is alleg$ t ! m9d p]ceives ?+s ap>t f relations2 t x =ms ideas ( !m 9 isolation f _! connections--) :at goes be=e & comes aft]4 ,!n judgm5t or ?\ght is call$ ^u to comb9e ! sep>at$ items ( k s t _! resemblance or causal connection %all be br\ght out4 ,z matt] ( fact1 e p]ception & e idea is a s5se ( ! be>+s1 use1 & cause1 ( a ?+4 ,we d n really "k a *air or h an idea ( x by inv5tory+ & enum]at+ its v>i\s isolat$ qualities1 b only by br++ ^! qualities into connection ) some?+ else--! purpose :i* makes x a *air & n a table2 or its diff]5ce f ! k9d ( *air we are accu/om$ to1 or ! p]iod :i* x repres5ts1 & s on4 ,a wagon is n p]ceiv$ :5 all its p>ts are summ$ up2 x is ! *>act]i/ic connection ( ! p>ts :i* makes x a wagon4 ,& ^! connections are n ^? ( m]e physical juxtaposition2 !y involve connection ) ! animals t draw x1 ! ?+s t are c>ri$ on x1 & s on4 ,judgm5t is employ$ 9 ! p]ception2 o!rwise ! p]ception is m]e s5sory excitation or else a recognition ( ! result ( a prior judgm5t1 z 9 ! case ( famili> objects4 ,words1 ! c\nt]s = ideals1 are1 h[ev]1 easily tak5 = ideas4 ,& 9 j ! degree 9 :i* m5tal activity is sep>at$ f active conc]n ) ! _w1 f do+ some?+ & connect+ ! do+ ) :at is und]gone1 words1 symbols1 come to take ! place ( ideas4 ,! sub/itution is ! m subtle because "s mean+ is recogniz$4 ,b we are v easily tra9$ to be cont5t ) a m9imum ( mean+1 & to fail to note h[ re/rict$ is our p]ception ( ! relations :i* conf] significance4 ,we get s ?or\ghly us$ to a k9d ( pseudo-idea1 a half p]ception1 t we are n aw>e h[ half-dead our m5tal action is1 & h[ mu* ke5] & m ext5sive our obs]vations & ideas w\ld be if we =m$ !m "u conditions ( a vital exp]i5ce :i* requir$ u to use judgm5t3 to hunt = ! connections ( ! ?+ dealt )4 ,!re is no diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! !ory ( ! matt]4 ,all au?orities agree t t disc]nm5t ( relation%ips is ! g5u9ely intellectual matt]2 h5ce1 ! educative matt]4 ,! failure arises 9 suppos+ t relation%ips c become p]ceptible )\t exp]i5ce--)\t t conjo9t try+ & und]go+ ( :i* we h spok54 ,x is assum$ t m9d c grasp !m if x w only give att5tion1 & t ?is att5tion may be giv5 at w irrespective ( ! situation4 ,h5ce ! deluge ( half-obs]vations1 ( v]bal ideas1 & unassimilat$ k :i* afflicts ! _w4 ,an ounce ( exp]i5ce is bett] ?an a ton ( !ory simply because x is only 9 exp]i5ce t any !ory has vital & v]ifiable significance4 ,an exp]i5ce1 a v humble exp]i5ce1 is capable ( g5]at+ & c>ry+ any am\nt ( !ory 7or intellectual cont5t71 b a !ory ap>t f an exp]i5ce _c be def9itely grasp$ ev5 z !ory4 ,x t5ds to become a m]e v]bal =mula1 a set ( cat*words us$ to r5d] ?9k+1 or g5u9e !oriz+1 unnecess>y & impossible4 ,because ( our education we use words1 ?9k+ !y are ideas1 to dispose ( que/ions1 ! disposal be+ 9 reality simply su* an obscur+ ( p]ception z prev5ts u f see+ any long] ! difficulty4 #b4 ,reflection 9 ,exp]i5ce4 ,?\ght or reflection1 z we h already se5 virtually if n explicitly1 is ! disc]nm5t ( ! relation betwe5 :at we try to d & :at happ5s 9 consequ5ce4 ,no exp]i5ce hav+ a mean+ is possible )\t "s elem5t ( ?\ght4 ,b we may contra/ two types ( exp]i5ce accord+ to ! proportion ( reflection f\nd 9 !m4 ,all our exp]i5ces h a phase ( cut & try 9 !m--:at psy*ologi/s call ! me?od ( trial & error4 ,we simply d some?+1 & :5 x fails1 we d some?+ else1 & keep on try+ till we hit ^u some?+ :i* works1 & !n we adopt t me?od z a rule ( ?umb measure 9 subsequ5t proc$ure4 ,"s exp]i5ces h v little else 9 !m ?an ?is hit & miss or succe$ process4 ,we see t a c]ta9 way ( act+ & a c]ta9 consequ5ce are connect$1 b we d n see h[ !y are4 ,we d n see ! details ( ! connection2 ! l9ks are miss+4 ,our disc]nm5t is v gross4 ,9 o!r cases we pu% our obs]vation f>!r4 ,we analyze to see j :at lies betwe5 s z to b9d toge!r cause & effect1 activity & consequ5ce4 ,?is ext5sion ( our insight makes =esight m accurate & compreh5sive4 ,! action :i* re/s simply ^u ! trial & error me?od is at ! m]cy ( circum/ances2 !y may *ange s t ! act p]=m$ does n op]ate 9 ! way x 0 expect$ to4 ,b if we "k 9 detail ^u :at ! result dep5ds1 we c look to see :e!r ! requir$ conditions are !re4 ,! me?od ext5ds our practical control4 ,= if "s ( ! conditions are miss+1 we may1 if we "k :at ! ne$$ antec$5ts = an effect are1 set to "w to supply !m2 or1 if !y are su* z to produce undesirable effects z well1 we may elim9ate "s ( ! sup]flu\s causes & economize ef=t4 ,9 discov]y ( ! detail$ connections ( our activities & :at happ5s 9 consequ5ce1 ! ?\ght impli$ 9 cut & try exp]i5ce is made explicit4 ,its quantity increases s t its proportionate value is v diff]5t4 ,h5ce ! quality ( ! exp]i5ce *anges2 ! *ange is s significant t we may call ?is type ( exp]i5ce reflective--t is1 reflective p> excell5ce4 ,! delib]ate cultivation ( ?is phase ( ?\ght con/itutes ?9k+ z a di/9ctive exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+1 9 o!r words1 is ! int5tional endeavor to discov] specific connections betwe5 some?+ :i* we d & ! consequ5ces :i* result1 s t ! two become cont9u\s4 ,_! isolation1 & consequ5tly _! purely arbitr>y go+ toge!r1 is cancel$2 a unifi$ develop+ situation takes its place4 ,! occurr5ce is n[ und]/ood2 x is expla9$2 x is reasonable1 z we say1 t ! ?+ %\ld happ5 z x does4 ,?9k+ is ?us equival5t to an explicit r5d]+ ( ! intellig5t elem5t 9 our exp]i5ce4 ,x makes x possible to act ) an end 9 view4 ,x is ! condition ( our hav+ aims4 ,z soon z an infant beg9s to expect he beg9s to use some?+ :i* is n[ go+ on z a sign ( some?+ to foll[2 he is1 9 h[ev] simple a fa%ion1 judg+4 ,= he takes "o ?+ z evid5ce ( some?+ else1 & s recognizes a relation%ip4 ,any future developm5t1 h[ev] elaborate x may be1 is only an ext5d+ & a ref9+ ( ?is simple act ( inf]5ce4 ,all t ! wise/ man c d is to obs]ve :at is go+ on m widely & m m9utely & !n select m c>efully f :at is not$ j ^? factors :i* po9t to some?+ to happ54 ,! opposites1 once m1 to ?\ghtful action are r\t9e & caprici\s behavior4 ,! =m] accepts :at has be5 cu/om>y z a full measure ( possibility & omits to take into acc\nt ! connections ( ! p>ticul> ?+s done4 ,! latt] makes ! mom5t>y act a measure ( value1 & ignores ! connections ( our p]sonal action ) ! en]gies ( ! environm5t4 ,x says1 virtually1 ?+s are to be j z ,i happ5 to l !m at ?is in/ant1 z r\t9e says 9 effect let ?+s cont9ue j z ,i h f\nd !m 9 ! pa/4 ,bo? refuse to ackn[l$ge responsibility = ! future consequ5ces :i* fl[ f pres5t action4 ,reflection is ! acceptance ( su* responsibility4 ,! />t+ po9t ( any process ( ?9k+ is some?+ go+ on1 some?+ :i* j z x /&s is incomplete or unfulfill$4 ,its po9t1 its mean+ lies lit]ally 9 :at x is go+ to be1 9 h[ x is go+ to turn out4 ,z ?is is writt51 ! _w is fill$ ) ! clang ( cont5d+ armies4 ,= an active p>ticipant 9 ! w>1 x is cle> t ! mom5t\s ?+ is ! issue1 ! future consequ5ces1 ( ?is & t happ5+4 ,he is id5tifi$1 = ! "t at lea/1 ) ! issue2 8 fate hangs ^u ! c\rse ?+s are tak+4 ,b ev5 = an onlook] 9 a neutral c\ntry1 ! significance ( e move made1 ( e advance "h & retreat !re1 lies 9 :at x port5ds4 ,to ?9k ^u ! news z x comes to u is to attempt to see :at is indicat$ z probable or possible reg>d+ an outcome4 ,to fill our heads1 l a scrapbook1 ) ?is & t item z a f9i%$ & done-= ?+1 is n to ?9k4 ,x is to turn ourselves into a piece ( regi/]+ app>atus4 ,to consid] ! be>+ ( ! occurr5ce ^u :at may be1 b is n yet1 is to ?9k4 ,nor w ! reflective exp]i5ce be diff]5t 9 k9d if we sub/itute di/ance 9 "t = sep>ation 9 space4 ,imag9e ! w> done )1 & a future hi/orian giv+ an acc\nt ( x4 ,! episode is1 by assumption1 pa/4 ,b he _c give a ?\ghtful acc\nt ( ! w> save z he pres]ves ! "t sequ5ce2 ! mean+ ( ea* occurr5ce1 z he deals ) x1 lies 9 :at 0 future = x1 ?\gh n = ! hi/orian4 ,to take x by itself z a complete exi/5ce is to take x unreflectively4 ,reflection also implies conc]n ) ! issue--a c]ta9 sympa!tic id5tification ( our own de/9y1 if only dramatic1 ) ! outcome ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,= ! g5]al 9 ! w>1 or a common soldi]1 or a citiz5 ( "o ( ! cont5d+ nations1 ! /imulus to ?9k+ is direct & urg5t4 ,= neutrals1 x is indirect & dep5d5t ^u imag9ation4 ,b ! flagrant p>tisan%ip ( human nature is evid5ce ( ! int5sity ( ! t5d5cy to id5tify ourselves ) "o possible c\rse ( ev5ts1 & to reject ! o!r z =eign4 ,if we _c take sides 9 ov]t action1 & ?r[ 9 our little weight to help det]m9e ! f9al balance1 we take sides emotionally & imag9atively4 ,we desire ?is or t outcome4 ,"o :olly indiff]5t to ! outcome does n foll[ or ?9k ab\t :at is happ5+ at all4 ,f ?is dep5d5ce ( ! act ( ?9k+ ^u a s5se ( %>+ 9 ! consequ5ces ( :at goes on1 fl[s "o ( ! *ief p>adoxes ( ?\ght4 ,born 9 p>tiality1 9 ord] to accompli% its tasks x mu/ a*ieve a c]ta9 deta*$ imp>tiality4 ,! g5]al :o all[s 8 hopes & desires to affect 8 obs]vations & int]pretations ( ! exi/+ situation w surely make a mi/ake 9 calculation4 ,:ile hopes & fe>s may be ! *ief motive = a ?\ghtful foll[+ ( ! w> on ! "p ( an onlook] 9 a neutral c\ntry1 he too w ?9k ineffectively 9 ! degree 9 :i* 8 pref]5ces modify ! /uff ( 8 obs]vations & reason+s4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no incompatibility betwe5 ! fact t ! occasion ( reflection lies 9 a p]sonal %>+ 9 :at is go+ on & ! fact t ! value ( ! reflection lies ^u keep+ "o's self out ( ! data4 ,! almo/ insurm\ntable difficulty ( a*iev+ ?is deta*m5t is evid5ce t ?9k+ orig9ates 9 situations :]e ! c\rse ( ?9k+ is an actual "p ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts & is design$ to influ5ce ! result4 ,only gradually & ) a wid5+ ( ! area ( vision ?r\gh a gr[? ( social sympa?ies does ?9k+ develop to include :at lies beyond our direct int]e/s3 a fact ( great significance = education4 ,to say t ?9k+ occurs ) ref]5ce to situations :i* are /ill go+ on1 & incomplete1 is to say t ?9k+ occurs :5 ?+s are unc]ta9 or d\btful or problematic4 ,only :at is f9i%$1 complet$1 is :olly assur$4 ,:]e !re is reflection !re is susp5se4 ,! object ( ?9k+ is to help rea* a conclusion1 to project a possible t]m9ation on ! basis ( :at is already giv54 ,c]ta9 o!r facts ab\t ?9k+ accompany ?is feature4 ,s9ce ! situation 9 :i* ?9k+ occurs is a d\btful "o1 ?9k+ is a process ( inquiry1 ( look+ into ?+s1 ( inve/igat+4 ,acquir+ is always second>y1 & in/rum5tal to ! act ( inquir+4 ,x is seek+1 a que/1 = some?+ t is n at h&4 ,we sometimes talk z if orig9al rese>* 7 a peculi> pr]ogative ( sci5ti/s or at lea/ ( advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,b all ?9k+ is rese>*1 & all rese>* is native1 orig9al1 ) him :o c>ries x on1 ev5 if ev]ybody else 9 ! _w already is sure ( :at he is /ill look+ =4 ,x also foll[s t all ?9k+ involves a risk4 ,c]ta9ty _c be gu>ante$ 9 advance4 ,! invasion ( ! unkn[n is ( ! nature ( an adv5ture2 we _c be sure 9 advance4 ,! conclusions ( ?9k+1 till confirm$ by ! ev5t1 are1 accord+ly1 m or less t5tative or hypo!tical4 ,_! dogmatic ass]tion z f9al is unw>rant$1 %ort ( ! issue1 9 fact4 ,! ,greeks acutely rais$ ! "q3 ,h[ c we le>n8 ,= ei!r we "k already :at we are aft]1 or else we d n "k4 ,9 nei!r case is le>n+ possible2 on ! fir/ alt]native because we "k already2 on ! second1 because we d n "k :at to look =1 nor if1 by *ance1 we f9d x c we tell t x is :at we 7 aft]4 ,! dilemma makes no provision = com+ to "k1 = le>n+2 x assumes ei!r complete k or complete ignorance4 ,nev]!less ! twilight zone ( inquiry1 ( ?9k+1 exi/s4 ,! possibility ( hypo!tical conclusions1 ( t5tative results1 is ! fact :i* ! ,greek dilemma ov]look$4 ,! p]plexities ( ! situation sugge/ c]ta9 ways out4 ,we try ^! ways1 & ei!r pu% our way out1 9 :i* case we "k we h f\nd :at we 7 look+ =1 or ! situation gets d>k] & m confus$--9 :i* case1 we "k we are /ill ignorant4 ,t5tative means try+ out1 feel+ "o's way along provisionally4 ,tak5 by itself1 ! ,greek argum5t is a nice piece ( =mal logic4 ,b x is also true t z long z m5 kept a %>p disjunction betwe5 k & ignorance1 sci5ce made only sl[ & accid5tal advance4 ,sy/ematic advance 9 inv5tion & discov]y began :5 m5 recogniz$ t !y c\ld utilize d\bt = purposes ( inquiry by =m+ conjectures to guide action 9 t5tative explorations1 ^: developm5t w\ld confirm1 refute1 or modify ! guid+ conjecture4 ,:ile ! ,greeks made k m ?an le>n+1 mod]n sci5ce makes cons]v$ k only a means to le>n+1 to discov]y4 ,to recur to our illu/ration4 ,a comm&+ g5]al _c base 8 actions ^u ei!r absolute c]ta9ty or absolute ignorance4 ,he has a c]ta9 am\nt ( in=mation at h& :i* is1 we w assume1 reasonably tru/wor?y4 ,he !n inf]s c]ta9 prospective movem5ts1 ?us assign+ mean+ to ! b>e facts ( ! giv5 situation4 ,8 inf]5ce is m or less dubi\s & hypo!tical4 ,b he acts ^u x4 ,he develops a plan ( proc$ure1 a me?od ( deal+ ) ! situation4 ,! consequ5ces :i* directly foll[ f 8 act+ ?is way r ?an t te/ & reveal ! wor? ( 8 reflections4 ,:at he already kn[s functions & has value 9 :at he le>ns4 ,b w ?is acc\nt apply 9 ! case ( ! "o 9 a neutral c\ntry :o is ?\ghtfully foll[+ z be/ he c ! progress ( ev5ts8 ,9 =m1 yes1 ?\gh n ( c\rse 9 cont5t4 ,x is self-evid5t t 8 guesses ab\t ! future indicat$ by pres5t facts1 guesses by :i* he attempts to supply mean+ to a multitude ( disconnect$ data1 _c be ! basis ( a me?od :i* %all take effect 9 ! campaign4 ,t is n 8 problem4 ,b 9 ! degree 9 :i* he is actively ?9k+1 & n m]ely passively foll[+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 8 t5tative inf]5ces w take effect 9 a me?od ( proc$ure appropriate to 8 situation4 ,he w anticipate c]ta9 future moves1 & w be on ! al]t to see :e!r !y happ5 or n4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* he is intellectually conc]n$1 or ?\ghtful1 he w be actively on ! look\t2 he w take /eps :i* al?\gh !y d n affect ! campaign1 modify 9 "s degree 8 subsequ5t actions4 ,o!rwise 8 lat] ,i told y s has no intellectual quality at all2 x does n m>k any te/+ or v]ification ( prior ?9k+1 b only a co9cid5ce t yields emotional satisfaction--& includes a l>ge factor ( self-deception4 ,! case is comp>able to t ( an a/ronom] :o f giv5 data has be5 l$ to =esee 7inf]7 a future eclipse4 ,no matt] h[ great ! ma!matical probability1 ! inf]5ce is hypo!tical--a matt] ( probability4 #a ,! hypo!sis z to ! date & position ( ! anticipat$ eclipse becomes ! mat]ial ( =m+ a me?od ( future conduct4 ,app>atus is arrang$2 possibly an exp$ition is made to "s f> "p ( ! globe4 ,9 any case1 "s active /eps are tak5 :i* actually *ange "s physical conditions4 ,& ap>t f su* /eps & ! consequ5t modification ( ! situation1 !re is no completion ( ! act ( ?9k+4 ,x rema9s susp5d$4 ,k1 already atta9$ k1 controls ?9k+ & makes x fruitful4 ,s mu* = ! g5]al features ( a reflective exp]i5ce4 ,!y are 7i7 p]plexity1 confusion1 d\bt1 due to ! fact t "o is implicat$ 9 an incomplete situation ^: full "* is n yet det]m9$2 7ii7 a conjectural anticipation--a t5tative int]pretation ( ! giv5 elem5ts1 attribut+ to !m a t5d5cy to effect c]ta9 consequ5ces2 7iii7 a c>eful survey 7exam9ation1 inspection1 exploration1 analysis7 ( all atta9able consid]ation :i* w def9e & cl>ify ! problem 9 h&2 7iv7 a consequ5t elaboration ( ! t5tative hypo!sis to make x m precise & m consi/5t1 because squ>+ ) a wid] range ( facts2 7v7 tak+ "o /& ^u ! project$ hypo!sis z a plan ( action :i* is appli$ to ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs3 do+ some?+ ov]tly to br+ ab\t ! anticipat$ result1 & !reby te/+ ! hypo!sis4 ,x is ! ext5t & accuracy ( /eps ?ree & f\r :i* m>k (f a di/9ctive reflective exp]i5ce f "o on ! trial & error plane4 ,!y make ?9k+ itself into an exp]i5ce4 ,nev]!less1 we nev] get :olly beyond ! trial & error situation4 ,our mo/ elaborate & rationally consi/5t ?\ght has to be tri$ 9 ! _w & !reby tri$ out4 ,& s9ce x c nev] take into acc\nt all ! connections1 x c nev] cov] ) p]fect accuracy all ! consequ5ces4 ,yet a ?\ghtful survey ( conditions is s c>eful1 & ! guess+ at results s controll$1 t we h a "r to m>k (f ! reflective exp]i5ce f ! gross] trial & error =ms ( action4 ,summ>y4 ,9 det]m9+ ! place ( ?9k+ 9 exp]i5ce we fir/ not$ t exp]i5ce involves a connection ( do+ or try+ ) some?+ :i* is und]gone 9 consequ5ce4 ,a sep>ation ( ! active do+ phase f ! passive und]go+ phase de/roys ! vital mean+ ( an exp]i5ce4 ,?9k+ is ! accurate & delib]ate in/itut+ ( connections betwe5 :at is done & its consequ5ces4 ,x notes n only t !y are connect$1 b ! details ( ! connection4 ,x makes connect+ l9ks explicit 9 ! =m ( relation%ips4 ,! /imulus to ?9k+ is f\nd :5 we wi% to det]m9e ! significance ( "s act1 p]=m$ or to be p]=m$4 ,!n we anticipate consequ5ces4 ,?is implies t ! situation z x /&s is1 ei!r 9 fact or to u1 incomplete & h5ce indet]m9ate4 ,! projection ( consequ5ces means a propos$ or t5tative solution4 ,to p]fect ?is hypo!sis1 exi/+ conditions h to be c>efully scrut9iz$ & ! implications ( ! hypo!sis develop$--an op]ation call$ reason+4 ,!n ! sugge/$ solution--! idea or !ory--has to be te/$ by act+ ^u x4 ,if x br+s ab\t c]ta9 consequ5ces1 c]ta9 det]m9ate *anges1 9 ! _w1 x is accept$ z valid4 ,o!rwise x is modifi$1 & ano!r trial made4 ,?9k+ includes all ( ^! /eps1--! s5se ( a problem1 ! obs]vation ( conditions1 ! =mation & rational elaboration ( a sugge/$ conclusion1 & ! active exp]im5tal te/+4 ,:ile all ?9k+ results 9 k1 ultimately ! value ( k is subord9ate to its use 9 ?9k+4 ,= we live n 9 a settl$ & f9i%$ _w1 b 9 "o :i* is go+ on1 & :]e our ma9 task is prospective1 & :]e retrospect--& all k z di/9ct f ?\ght is retrospect--is ( value 9 ! solidity1 security1 & f]tility x af=ds our deal+s ) ! future4 #a ,x is mo/ important = ! practice ( sci5ce t m5 9 _m cases c calculate ! degree ( probability & ! am\nt ( probable error involv$1 b t does alt] ! features ( ! situation z describ$4 ,x ref9es !m4 ,*apt] ,twelve3 ,?9k+ 9 ,education #a4 ,! ,ess5tials ( ,me?od4 ,no "o d\bts1 !oretically1 ! importance ( fo/]+ 9 s*ool good habits ( ?9k+4 ,b ap>t f ! fact t ! ackn[l$gm5t is n s great 9 practice z 9 !ory1 !re is n adequate !oretical recognition t all :i* ! s*ool c or ne$ d = pupils1 s f> z _! m9ds are conc]n$ 7t is1 leav+ out c]ta9 specializ$ muscul> abilities71 is to develop _! ability to ?9k4 ,! p>cel+ out ( in/ruction among v>i\s ends su* z acquisition ( skill 79 read+1 spell+1 writ+1 draw+1 recit+72 acquir+ in=mation 79 hi/ory & geography71 & tra9+ ( ?9k+ is a measure ( ! ineffective way 9 :i* we accompli% all ?ree4 ,?9k+ :i* is n connect$ ) increase ( effici5cy 9 action1 & ) le>n+ m ab\t ourselves & ! _w 9 :i* we live1 has some?+ ! matt] ) x j z ?\ght 7,see ante1 p4 #adg74 ,& skill obta9$ ap>t f ?9k+ is n connect$ ) any s5se ( ! purposes = :i* x is to be us$4 ,x consequ5tly leaves a man at ! m]cy ( 8 r\t9e habits & ( ! au?oritative control ( o!rs1 :o "k :at !y are ab\t & :o are n especially scrupul\s z to _! means ( a*ievem5t4 ,& in=mation sev]$ f ?\ghtful action is dead1 a m9d-cru%+ load4 ,s9ce x simulates k & !reby develops ! poison ( conceit1 x is a mo/ p[]ful ob/acle to fur!r gr[? 9 ! grace ( intellig5ce4 ,! sole direct pa? to endur+ improvem5t 9 ! me?ods ( in/ruction & le>n+ consi/s 9 c5t]+ ^u ! conditions :i* exact1 promote1 & te/ ?9k+4 ,?9k+ is ! me?od ( intellig5t le>n+1 ( le>n+ t employs & rew>ds m9d4 ,we speak1 legitimately en\gh1 ab\t ! me?od ( ?9k+1 b ! important ?+ to be> 9 m9d ab\t me?od is t ?9k+ is me?od1 ! me?od ( intellig5t exp]i5ce 9 ! c\rse :i* x takes4 ,i4 ,! initial /age ( t develop+ exp]i5ce :i* is call$ ?9k+ is exp]i5ce4 ,?is rem>k may s\nd l a silly truism4 ,x ought to be "o2 b un=tunately x is n4 ,on ! contr>y1 ?9k+ is (t5 reg>d$ bo? 9 philosophic !ory & 9 educational practice z some?+ cut (f f exp]i5ce1 & capable ( be+ cultivat$ 9 isolation4 ,9 fact1 ! inh]5t limitations ( exp]i5ce are (t5 urg$ z ! suffici5t gr\nd = att5tion to ?9k+4 ,exp]i5ce is !n ?\ght to be conf9$ to ! s5ses & appetites2 to a m]e mat]ial _w1 :ile ?9k+ proce$s f a high] faculty 7( reason71 & is occupi$ ) spiritual or at lea/ lit]>y ?+s4 ,s1 (t5times1 a %>p di/9ction is made betwe5 pure ma!matics z a peculi>ly fit subject matt] ( ?\ght 7s9ce x has no?+ to d ) physical exi/5ces7 & appli$ ma!matics1 :i* has utilit>ian b n m5tal value4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! fundam5tal fallacy 9 me?ods ( in/ruction lies 9 suppos+ t exp]i5ce on ! "p ( pupils may be assum$4 ,:at is "h insi/$ ^u is ! necessity ( an actual empirical situation z ! initiat+ phase ( ?\ght4 ,exp]i5ce is "h tak5 z previ\sly def9$3 try+ to d some?+ & hav+ ! ?+ p]ceptibly d some?+ to "o 9 return4 ,! fallacy consi/s 9 suppos+ t we c beg9 ) ready-made subject matt] ( ari?metic1 or geography1 or :atev]1 irrespective ( "s direct p]sonal exp]i5ce ( a situation4 ,ev5 ! k9d]g>t5 & ,montessori te*niques are s anxi\s to get at intellectual di/9ctions1 )\t wa/e ( "t1 t !y t5d to ignore--or r$uce--! imm$iate crude h&l+ ( ! famili> mat]ial ( exp]i5ce1 & to introduce pupils at once to mat]ial :i* expresses ! intellectual di/9ctions :i* adults h made4 ,b ! fir/ /age ( contact ) any new mat]ial1 at :atev] age ( maturity1 mu/ inevitably be ( ! trial & error sort4 ,an individual mu/ actually try1 9 play or "w1 to d some?+ ) mat]ial 9 c>ry+ out 8 own impulsive activity1 & !n note ! int]action ( 8 en]gy & t ( ! mat]ial employ$4 ,?is is :at happ5s :5 a *ild at fir/ beg9s to build ) blocks1 & x is equally :at happ5s :5 a sci5tific man 9 8 laboratory beg9s to exp]im5t ) unfamili> objects4 ,h5ce ! fir/ approa* to any subject 9 s*ool1 if ?\ght is to be ar\s$ & n words acquir$1 %\ld be z uns*ola/ic z possible4 ,to realize :at an exp]i5ce1 or empirical situation1 means1 we h to call to m9d ! sort ( situation t pres5ts itself outside ( s*ool2 ! sort ( occupations t int]e/ & engage activity 9 ord9>y life4 ,& c>eful inspection ( me?ods :i* are p]man5tly successful 9 =mal education1 :e!r 9 ari?metic or le>n+ to read1 or /udy+ geography1 or le>n+ physics or a =eign language1 w reveal t !y dep5d = _! effici5cy ^u ! fact t !y g back to ! type ( ! situation :i* causes reflection out ( s*ool 9 ord9>y life4 ,!y give ! pupils some?+ to d1 n some?+ to le>n2 & ! do+ is ( su* a nature z to dem& ?9k+1 or ! int5tional not+ ( connections2 le>n+ naturally results4 ,t ! situation %\ld be ( su* a nature z to ar\se ?9k+ means ( c\rse t x %\ld sugge/ some?+ to d :i* is n ei!r r\t9e or caprici\s--some?+1 9 o!r words1 pres5t+ :at is new 7& h5ce unc]ta9 or problematic7 & yet suffici5tly connect$ ) exi/+ habits to call out an effective response4 ,an effective response means "o :i* accompli%es a p]ceptible result1 9 di/9ction f a purely haphaz>d activity1 :]e ! consequ5ces _c be m5tally connect$ ) :at is done4 ,! mo/ significant "q :i* c be ask$1 accord+ly1 ab\t any situation or exp]i5ce propos$ to induce le>n+ is :at quality ( problem x involves4 ,at fir/ ?\ght1 x might seem z if usual s*ool me?ods measur$ well up to ! /&>d "h set4 ,! giv+ ( problems1 ! putt+ ( que/ions1 ! assign+ ( tasks1 ! magnify+ ( difficulties1 is a l>ge "p ( s*ool "w4 ,b x is indisp5sable to discrim9ate betwe5 g5u9e & simulat$ or mock problems4 ,! foll[+ que/ions may aid 9 mak+ su* discrim9ation4 7a7 ,is !re any?+ b a problem8 ,does ! "q naturally sugge/ itself )9 "s situation or p]sonal exp]i5ce8 ,or is x an alo( ?+1 a problem only = ! purposes ( convey+ in/ruction 9 "s s*ool topic8 ,is x ! sort ( try+ t w\ld ar\se obs]vation & engage exp]im5tation outside ( s*ool8 7b7 ,is x ! pupil's own problem1 or is x ! tea*]'s or textbook's problem1 made a problem = ! pupil only because he _c get ! requir$ m>k or be promot$ or w9 ! tea*]'s approval1 unless he deals ) x8 ,obvi\sly1 ^! two que/ions ov]lap4 ,!y are two ways ( gett+ at ! same po9t3 ,is ! exp]i5ce a p]sonal ?+ ( su* a nature z inh]5tly to /imulate & direct obs]vation ( ! connections involv$1 & to lead to inf]5ce & its te/+8 ,or is x impos$ f )\t1 & is ! pupil's problem simply to meet ! ext]nal requirem5t8 ,su* que/ions may give u pause 9 decid+ ^u ! ext5t to :i* curr5t practices are adapt$ to develop reflective habits4 ,! physical equipm5t & arrangem5ts ( ! av]age s*oolroom are ho/ile to ! exi/5ce ( real situations ( exp]i5ce4 ,:at is !re simil> to ! conditions ( ev]yday life :i* w g5]ate difficulties8 ,almo/ ev]y?+ te/ifies to ! great premium put ^u li/5+1 read+1 & ! reproduction ( :at is told & read4 ,x is h>dly possible to ov]/ate ! contra/ betwe5 su* conditions & ! situations ( active contact ) ?+s & p]sons 9 ! home1 on ! playgr\nd1 9 fulfill+ ( ord9>y responsibilities ( life4 ,mu* ( x is n ev5 comp>able ) ! que/ions :i* may arise 9 ! m9d ( a boy or girl 9 conv]s+ ) o!rs or 9 read+ books outside ( ! s*ool4 ,no "o has ev] expla9$ :y *ildr5 are s full ( que/ions outside ( ! s*ool 7s t !y pe/] gr[n-up p]sons if !y get any enc\ragem5t71 & ! conspicu\s abs5ce ( display ( curiosity ab\t ! subject matt] ( s*ool lessons4 ,reflection on ?is /rik+ contra/ w ?r[ light ^u ! "q ( h[ f> cu/om>y s*ool conditions supply a context ( exp]i5ce 9 :i* problems naturally sugge/ !mselves4 ,no am\nt ( improvem5t 9 ! p]sonal te*nique ( ! in/ructor w :olly rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s4 ,!re mu/ be m actual mat]ial1 m /uff1 m appliances1 & m opportunities = do+ ?+s1 be=e ! gap c be ov]come4 ,& :]e *ildr5 are engag$ 9 do+ ?+s & 9 discuss+ :at arises 9 ! c\rse ( _! do+1 x is f\nd1 ev5 ) comp>atively indiff]5t modes ( in/ruction1 t *ildr5's inquiries are spontane\s & num]\s1 & ! proposals ( solution advanc$1 v>i$1 & +5i\s4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( ! mat]ials & occupations :i* g5]ate real problems1 ! pupil's problems are n 82 or1 r1 !y are 8 only z a pupil1 n z a human be+4 ,h5ce ! lam5table wa/e 9 c>ry+ ov] su* exp]tness z is a*iev$ 9 deal+ ) !m to ! affairs ( life beyond ! s*oolroom4 ,a pupil has a problem1 b x is ! problem ( meet+ ! peculi> requirem5ts set by ! tea*]4 ,8 problem becomes t ( f9d+ out :at ! tea*] wants1 :at w satisfy ! tea*] 9 recitation & exam9ation & outw>d deportm5t4 ,relation%ip to subject matt] is no long] direct4 ,! occasions & mat]ial ( ?\ght are n f\nd 9 ! ari?metic or ! hi/ory or geography itself1 b 9 skillfully adapt+ t mat]ial to ! tea*]'s requirem5ts4 ,! pupil /udies1 b unconsci\sly to himself ! objects ( 8 /udy are ! conv5tions & /&>ds ( ! s*ool sy/em & s*ool au?ority1 n ! nom9al /udies4 ,! ?9k+ ?us evok$ is artificially "o-sid$ at ! be/4 ,at its wor/1 ! problem ( ! pupil is n h[ to meet ! requirem5ts ( s*ool life1 b h[ to seem to meet !m--or1 h[ to come ne> en\gh to meet+ !m to slide along )\t an undue am\nt ( friction4 ,! type ( judgm5t =m$ by ^! devices is n a desirable addition to "*4 ,if ^! /atem5ts give too highly color$ a picture ( usual s*ool me?ods1 ! exagg]ation may at lea/ s]ve to illu/rate ! po9t3 ! ne$ ( active pursuits1 involv+ ! use ( mat]ial to accompli% purposes1 if !re are to be situations :i* normally g5]ate problems occasion+ ?\ghtful inquiry4 ,,ii4 ,!re mu/ be data at comm& to supply ! consid]ations requir$ 9 deal+ ) ! specific difficulty :i* has pres5t$ itself4 ,tea*]s foll[+ a develop+ me?od sometimes tell *ildr5 to ?9k ?+s out = !mselves z if !y c\ld sp9 !m out ( _! own heads4 ,! mat]ial ( ?9k+ is n ?\ghts1 b actions1 facts1 ev5ts1 & ! relations ( ?+s4 ,9 o!r words1 to ?9k effectively "o mu/ h _h1 or n[ h1 exp]i5ces :i* w furni% him res\rces = cop+ ) ! difficulty at h&4 ,a difficulty is an indisp5sable /imulus to ?9k+1 b n all difficulties call out ?9k+4 ,sometimes !y ov]:elm & subm]ge & disc\rage4 ,! p]plex+ situation mu/ be suffici5tly l situations :i* h already be5 dealt ) s t pupils w h "s control ( ! mean+s ( h&l+ x4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! art ( in/ruction lies 9 mak+ ! difficulty ( new problems l>ge en\gh to *all5ge ?\ght1 & small en\gh s t1 9 addition to ! confusion naturally att5d+ ! novel elem5ts1 !re %all be lum9\s famili> spots f :i* helpful sugge/ions may spr+4 ,9 "o s5se1 x is a matt] ( indiff]5ce by :at psy*ological means ! subject matt] = reflection is provid$4 ,memory1 obs]vation1 read+1 communication1 are all av5ues = supply+ data4 ,! relative proportion to be obta9$ f ea* is a matt] ( ! specific features ( ! p>ticul> problem 9 h&4 ,x is fooli% to insi/ ^u obs]vation ( objects pres5t$ to ! s5ses if ! /ud5t is s famili> ) ! objects t he c\ld j z well recall ! facts indep5d5tly4 ,x is possible to induce undue & crippl+ dep5d5ce ^u s5se-pres5tations4 ,no "o c c>ry ar\nd ) him a museum ( all ! ?+s ^: prop]ties w assi/ ! conduct ( ?\ght4 ,a well-tra9$ m9d is "o t has a maximum ( res\rces beh9d x1 s to speak1 & t is accu/om$ to g ov] its pa/ exp]i5ces to see :at !y yield4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a quality or relation ( ev5 a famili> object may previ\sly h be5 pass$ ov]1 & be j ! fact t is helpful 9 deal+ ) ! "q4 ,9 ?is case direct obs]vation is call$ =4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ! use to be made ( obs]vation on "o h& & ( read+ & tell+ on ! o!r4 ,direct obs]vation is naturally m vivid & vital4 ,b x has its limitations2 & 9 any case x is a necess>y "p ( education t "o %\ld acquire ! ability to supplem5t ! n>r[ness ( 8 imm$iately p]sonal exp]i5ces by utiliz+ ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs4 ,excessive reliance ^u o!rs = data 7:e!r got f read+ or li/5+7 is to be depreciat$4 ,mo/ objectionable ( all is ! probability t o!rs1 ! book or ! tea*]1 w supply solutions ready-made1 in/ead ( giv+ mat]ial t ! /ud5t has to adapt & apply to ! "q 9 h& = himself4 ,!re is no inconsi/5cy 9 say+ t 9 s*ools !re is usually bo? too mu* & too little in=mation suppli$ by o!rs4 ,! accumulation & acquisition ( in=mation = purposes ( reproduction 9 recitation & exam9ation is made too mu* (4 ,k1 9 ! s5se ( in=mation1 means ! work+ capital1 ! indisp5sable res\rces1 ( fur!r inquiry2 ( f9d+ out1 or le>n+1 m ?+s4 ,frequ5tly x is treat$ z an end itself1 & !n ! goal becomes to heap x up & display x :5 call$ =4 ,?is /atic1 cold-/orage ideal ( k is inimical to educative developm5t4 ,x n only lets occasions = ?9k+ g unus$1 b x swamps ?9k+4 ,no "o c\ld con/ruct a h\se on gr\nd clutt]$ ) miscellane\s junk4 ,pupils :o h /or$ _! m9ds ) all k9ds ( mat]ial :i* !y h nev] put to intellectual uses are sure to be hamp]$ :5 !y try to ?9k4 ,!y h no practice 9 select+ :at is appropriate1 & no crit]ion to g by2 ev]y?+ is on ! same dead /atic level4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q op5 to "q :e!r1 if in=mation actually function$ 9 exp]i5ce ?r\gh use 9 application to ! /ud5t's own purposes1 !re w\ld n be ne$ ( m v>i$ res\rces 9 books1 pictures1 & talks ?an are usually at comm&4 ,,iii4 ,! correlate 9 ?9k+ ( facts1 data1 k already acquir$1 is sugge/ions1 inf]5ces1 conjectur$ mean+s1 suppositions1 t5tative explanations3--ideas1 9 %ort4 ,c>eful obs]vation & recollection det]m9e :at is giv51 :at is already !re1 & h5ce assur$4 ,!y _c furni% :at is lack+4 ,!y def9e1 cl>ify1 & locate ! "q2 !y _c supply its answ]4 ,projection1 inv5tion1 +5uity1 devis+ come 9 = t purpose4 ,! data ar\se sugge/ions1 & only by ref]5ce to ! specific data c we pass ^u ! appropriat5ess ( ! sugge/ions4 ,b ! sugge/ions run beyond :at is1 z yet1 actually giv5 9 exp]i5ce4 ,!y =eca/ possible results1 ?+s to d1 n facts 7?+s already done74 ,inf]5ce is always an invasion ( ! unkn[n1 a leap f ! kn[n4 ,9 ?is s5se1 a ?\ght 7:at a ?+ sugge/s b is n z x is pres5t$7 is creative1--an incursion into ! novel4 ,x involves "s inv5tiv5ess4 ,:at is sugge/$ mu/1 inde$1 be famili> 9 "s context2 ! novelty1 ! inv5tive devis+1 cl+s to ! new light 9 :i* x is se51 ! diff]5t use to :i* x is put4 ,:5 ,newton ?\ght ( 8 !ory ( gravitation1 ! creative aspect ( 8 ?\ght 0 n f\nd 9 its mat]ials4 ,!y 7 famili>2 _m ( !m commonplaces--sun1 moon1 planets1 weight1 di/ance1 mass1 squ>e ( numb]s4 ,^! 7 n orig9al ideas2 !y 7 e/abli%$ facts4 ,8 orig9ality lay 9 ! use to :i* ^! famili> acqua9tances 7 put by introduction into an unfamili> context4 ,! same is true ( e /rik+ sci5tific discov]y1 e great inv5tion1 e admirable arti/ic production4 ,only silly folk id5tify creative orig9ality ) ! extraord9>y & fanciful2 o!rs recognize t its measure lies 9 putt+ ev]yday ?+s to uses :i* _h n occurr$ to o!rs4 ,! op]ation is novel1 n ! mat]ials out ( :i* x is con/ruct$4 ,! educational conclusion :i* foll[s is t all ?9k+ is orig9al 9 a projection ( consid]ations :i* h n be5 previ\sly appreh5d$4 ,! *ild ( ?ree :o discov]s :at c be done ) blocks1 or ( six :o f9ds out :at he c make by putt+ five c5ts & five c5ts toge!r1 is really a discov]]1 ev5 ?\gh ev]ybody else 9 ! _w kn[s x4 ,!re is a g5u9e increm5t ( exp]i5ce2 n ano!r item me*anically add$ on1 b enri*m5t by a new quality4 ,! *>m :i* ! spontaneity ( little *ildr5 has = sympa!tic obs]v]s is due to p]ception ( ?is intellectual orig9ality4 ,! joy :i* *ildr5 !mselves exp]i5ce is ! joy ( intellectual con/ructiv5ess--( creativ5ess1 if ! ^w may be us$ )\t misund]/&+4 ,! educational moral ,i am *iefly conc]n$ to draw is n1 h[ev]1 t tea*]s w\ld f9d _! own "w less ( a gr9d & /ra9 if s*ool conditions favor$ le>n+ 9 ! s5se ( discov]y & n 9 t ( /or+ away :at o!rs p\r into !m2 nor t x w\ld be possible to give ev5 *ildr5 & y\? ! delights ( p]sonal intellectual productiv5ess--true & important z are ^! ?+s4 ,x is t no ?\ght1 no idea1 c possibly be convey$ z an idea f "o p]son to ano!r4 ,:5 x is told1 x is1 to ! "o to :om x is told1 ano!r giv5 fact1 n an idea4 ,! communication may /imulate ! o!r p]son to realize ! "q = himself & to ?9k out a l idea1 or x may smo!r 8 intellectual int]e/ & suppress 8 dawn+ ef=t at ?\ght4 ,b :at he directly gets _c be an idea4 ,only by wre/l+ ) ! conditions ( ! problem at fir/ h&1 seek+ & f9d+ 8 own way out1 does he ?9k4 ,:5 ! p>5t or tea*] has provid$ ! conditions :i* /imulate ?9k+ & has tak5 a sympa!tic attitude t[>d ! activities ( ! le>n] by ent]+ into a common or conjo9t exp]i5ce1 all has be5 done :i* a second p>ty c d to in/igate le>n+4 ,! re/ lies ) ! "o directly conc]n$4 ,if he _c devise 8 own solution 7n ( c\rse 9 isolation1 b 9 correspond5ce ) ! tea*] & o!r pupils7 & f9d 8 own way out he w n le>n1 n ev5 if he c recite "s correct answ] ) "o hundr$ p] c5t accuracy4 ,we c & d supply ready-made ideas by ! ?\s&2 we d n usually take mu* pa9s to see t ! "o le>n+ engages 9 significant situations :]e 8 own activities g5]ate1 support1 & cl9* ideas--t is1 p]ceiv$ mean+s or connections4 ,?is does n mean t ! tea*] is to /& (f & look on2 ! alt]native to furni%+ ready-made subject matt] & li/5+ to ! accuracy ) :i* x is reproduc$ is n quiesc5ce1 b p>ticipation1 %>+1 9 an activity4 ,9 su* %>$ activity1 ! tea*] is a le>n]1 & ! le>n] is1 )\t kn[+ x1 a tea*]--& ^u ! :ole1 ! less consci\sness !re is1 on ei!r side1 ( ei!r giv+ or receiv+ in/ruction1 ! bett]4 ,,iv4 ,ideas1 z we h se51 :e!r !y be humble guesses or dignifi$ !ories1 are anticipations ( possible solutions4 ,!y are anticipations ( "s cont9uity or connection ( an activity & a consequ5ce :i* has n z yet %[n itself4 ,!y are !re=e te/$ by ! op]ation ( act+ ^u !m4 ,!y are to guide & organize fur!r obs]vations1 recollections1 & exp]im5ts4 ,!y are int]m$iate 9 le>n+1 n f9al4 ,all educational re=m]s1 z we h _h occasion to rem>k1 are giv5 to attack+ ! passivity ( traditional education4 ,!y h oppos$ p\r+ 9 f )\t1 & absorb+ l a sponge2 !y h attack$ drill+ 9 mat]ial z into h>d & resi/+ rock4 ,b x is n easy to secure conditions :i* w make ! gett+ ( an idea id5tical ) hav+ an exp]i5ce :i* wid5s & makes m precise our contact ) ! environm5t4 ,activity1 ev5 self-activity1 is too easily ?\ght ( z some?+ m]ely m5tal1 coop$ up )9 ! head1 or f9d+ expression only ?r\gh ! vocal organs4 ,:ile ! ne$ ( application ( ideas ga9$ 9 /udy is ackn[l$g$ by all ! m successful me?ods ( in/ruction1 ! ex]cises 9 application are sometimes treat$ z devices = fix+ :at has already be5 le>n$ & = gett+ great] practical skill 9 its manipulation4 ,^! results are g5u9e & n to be despis$4 ,b practice 9 apply+ :at has be5 ga9$ 9 /udy ought prim>ily to h an intellectual quality4 ,z we h already se51 ?\ghts j z ?\ghts are incomplete4 ,at be/ !y are t5tative2 !y are sugge/ions1 indications4 ,!y are /&po9ts & me?ods = deal+ ) situations ( exp]i5ce4 ,till !y are appli$ 9 ^! situations !y lack full po9t & reality4 ,only application te/s !m1 & only te/+ conf]s full mean+ & a s5se ( _! reality4 ,%ort ( use made ( !m1 !y t5d to segregate into a peculi> _w ( _! own4 ,x may be s]i\sly que/ion$ :e!r ! philosophies 7to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made 9 section #b ( *apt] ,x7 :i* isolate m9d & set x ov] aga9/ ! _w did n h _! orig9 9 ! fact t ! reflective or !oretical class ( m5 elaborat$ a l>ge /ock ( ideas :i* social conditions did n all[ !m to act ^u & te/4 ,consequ5tly m5 7 ?r[n back into _! own ?\ghts z ends 9 !mselves4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re c be no d\bt t a peculi> artificiality atta*es to mu* ( :at is le>n$ 9 s*ools4 ,x c h>dly be said t _m /ud5ts consci\sly ?9k ( ! subject matt] z unreal2 b x assur$ly does n possess = !m ! k9d ( reality :i* ! subject matt] ( _! vital exp]i5ces possesses4 ,!y le>n n to expect t sort ( reality ( x2 !y become habituat$ to treat+ x z hav+ reality = ! purposes ( recitations1 lessons1 & exam9ations4 ,t x %\ld rema9 in]t = ! exp]i5ces ( daily life is m or less a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! bad effects are tw(old4 ,ord9>y exp]i5ce does n receive ! enri*m5t :i* x %\ld2 x is n f]tiliz$ by s*ool le>n+4 ,& ! attitudes :i* spr+ f gett+ us$ to & accept+ half-und]/ood & ill-dige/$ mat]ial weak5 vigor & effici5cy ( ?\ght4 ,if we h dwelt especially on ! negative side1 x is = ! sake ( sugge/+ positive measures adapt$ to ! effectual developm5t ( ?\ght4 ,:]e s*ools are equipp$ ) laboratories1 %ops1 & g>d5s1 :]e dramatizations1 plays1 & games are freely us$1 opportunities exi/ = reproduc+ situations ( life1 & = acquir+ & apply+ in=mation & ideas 9 ! c>ry+ =w>d ( progressive exp]i5ces4 ,ideas are n segregat$1 !y d n =m an isolat$ isl&4 ,!y animate & enri* ! ord9>y c\rse ( life4 ,in=mation is vitaliz$ by its function2 by ! place x occupies 9 direction ( action4 ,! phrase opportunities exi/ is us$ purposely4 ,!y may n be tak5 advantage (2 x is possible to employ manual & con/ructive activities 9 a physical way1 z means ( gett+ j bodily skill2 or !y may be us$ almo/ exclusively = utilit>ian1 i4e41 pecuni>y1 ends4 ,b ! disposition on ! "p ( uphold]s ( cultural education to assume t su* activities are m]ely physical or pr(essional 9 quality1 is itself a product ( ! philosophies :i* isolate m9d f direction ( ! c\rse ( exp]i5ce & h5ce f action ^u & ) ?+s4 ,:5 ! m5tal is reg>d$ z a self-conta9$ sep>ate realm1 a c\nt]p>t fate befalls bodily activity & movem5ts4 ,!y are reg>d$ z at ! be/ m]e ext]nal annexes to m9d4 ,!y may be necess>y = ! satisfaction ( bodily ne$s & ! atta9m5t ( ext]nal dec5cy & com=t1 b !y d n occupy a necess>y place 9 m9d nor enact an indisp5sable role 9 ! completion ( ?\ght4 ,h5ce !y h no place 9 a lib]al education--i4e41 "o :i* is conc]n$ ) ! int]e/s ( intellig5ce4 ,if !y come 9 at all1 x is z a concession to ! mat]ial ne$s ( ! masses4 ,t !y %\ld be all[$ to invade ! education ( ! elite is unspeakable4 ,?is conclusion foll[s irresi/ibly f ! isolat$ conception ( m9d1 b by ! same logic x disappe>s :5 we p]ceive :at m9d really is--namely1 ! purposive & directive factor 9 ! developm5t ( exp]i5ce4 ,:ile x is desirable t all educational in/itutions %\ld be equipp$ s z to give /ud5ts an opportunity = acquir+ & te/+ ideas & in=mation 9 active pursuits typify+ important social situations1 x w1 d\btless1 be a long "t be=e all ( !m are ?us furni%$4 ,b ?is /ate ( affairs does n af=d in/ructors an excuse = fold+ _! h&s & p]si/+ 9 me?ods :i* segregate s*ool k4 ,e recitation 9 e subject gives an opportunity = e/abli%+ cross connections betwe5 ! subject matt] ( ! lesson & ! wid] & m direct exp]i5ces ( ev]yday life4 ,classroom in/ruction falls into ?ree k9ds4 ,! lea/ desirable treats ea* lesson z an indep5d5t :ole4 ,x does n put ^u ! /ud5t ! responsibility ( f9d+ po9ts ( contact betwe5 x & o!r lessons 9 ! same subject1 or o!r subjects ( /udy4 ,wis] tea*]s see to x t ! /ud5t is sy/ematically l$ to utilize 8 e>li] lessons to help und]/& ! pres5t "o1 & also to use ! pres5t to ?r[ additional light ^u :at has already be5 acquir$4 ,results are bett]1 b s*ool subject matt] is /ill isolat$4 ,save by accid5t1 out-(-s*ool exp]i5ce is left 9 its crude & comp>atively irreflective /ate4 ,x is n subject to ! ref9+ & exp&+ influ5ces ( ! m accurate & compreh5sive mat]ial ( direct in/ruction4 ,! latt] is n motivat$ & impregnat$ ) a s5se ( reality by be+ int]m+l$ ) ! realities ( ev]yday life4 ,! be/ type ( tea*+ be>s 9 m9d ! desirability ( affect+ ?is int]connection4 ,x puts ! /ud5t 9 ! habitual attitude ( f9d+ po9ts ( contact & mutual be>+s4 ,summ>y4 ,processes ( in/ruction are unifi$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y c5t] 9 ! production ( good habits ( ?9k+4 ,:ile we may speak1 )\t error1 ( ! me?od ( ?\ght1 ! important ?+ is t ?9k+ is ! me?od ( an educative exp]i5ce4 ,! ess5tials ( me?od are !re=e id5tical ) ! ess5tials ( reflection4 ,!y are fir/ t ! pupil h a g5u9e situation ( exp]i5ce--t !re be a cont9u\s activity 9 :i* he is int]e/$ = its own sake2 secondly1 t a g5u9e problem develop )9 ?is situation z a /imulus to ?\ght2 ?ird1 t he possess ! in=mation & make ! obs]vations ne$$ to deal ) x2 f\r?1 t sugge/$ solutions occur to him :i* he %all be responsible = develop+ 9 an ord]ly way2 fif?1 t he h opportunity & occasion to te/ 8 ideas by application1 to make _! mean+ cle> & to discov] = himself _! validity4 ,*apt] ,?irte53 ,! ,nature ( ,me?od #a4 ,! ,unity ( ,subject ,matt] & ,me?od4 ,! tr9ity ( s*ool topics is subject matt]1 me?ods1 & adm9i/ration or gov]nm5t4 ,we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! two =m] 9 rec5t *apt]s4 ,x rema9s to dis5tangle !m f ! context 9 :i* !y h be5 ref]r$ to1 & discuss explicitly _! nature4 ,we %all beg9 ) ! topic ( me?od1 s9ce t lies close/ to ! consid]ations ( ! la/ *apt]4 ,be=e tak+ x up1 x may be well1 h[ev]1 to call express att5tion to "o implication ( our !ory2 ! connection ( subject matt] & me?od ) ea* o!r4 ,! idea t m9d & ! _w ( ?+s & p]sons are two sep>ate & indep5d5t realms--a !ory :i* philosophically is kn[n z dualism--c>ries ) x ! conclusion t me?od & subject matt] ( in/ruction are sep>ate affairs4 ,subject matt] !n becomes a ready-made sy/ematiz$ classification ( ! facts & pr9ciples ( ! _w ( nature & man4 ,me?od !n has = its prov9ce a consid]ation ( ! ways 9 :i* ?is antec$5t subject matt] may be be/ pres5t$ to & impress$ ^u ! m9d2 or1 a consid]ation ( ! ways 9 :i* ! m9d may be ext]nally br\ght to be> ^u ! matt] s z to facilitate its acquisition & possession4 ,9 !ory1 at lea/1 "o might d$uce f a sci5ce ( ! m9d z some?+ exi/+ by itself a complete !ory ( me?ods ( le>n+1 ) no k ( ! subjects to :i* ! me?ods are to be appli$4 ,s9ce _m :o are actually mo/ pr(ici5t 9 v>i\s bran*es ( subject matt] are :olly innoc5t ( ^! me?ods1 ?is /ate ( affairs gives opportunity = ! retort t p$agogy1 z an alleg$ sci5ce ( me?ods ( ! m9d 9 le>n+1 is futile2--a m]e scre5 = conceal+ ! necessity a tea*] is "u ( pr(\nd & accurate acqua9tance ) ! subject 9 h&4 ,b s9ce ?9k+ is a direct$ movem5t ( subject matt] to a complet+ issue1 & s9ce m9d is ! delib]ate & int5tional phase ( ! process1 ! notion ( any su* split is radically false4 ,! fact t ! mat]ial ( a sci5ce is organiz$ is evid5ce t x has already be5 subject$ to intellig5ce2 x has be5 me?odiz$1 s to say4 ,zoology z a sy/ematic bran* ( k repres5ts crude1 scatt]$ facts ( our ord9>y acqua9tance ) animals aft] !y h be5 subject$ to c>eful exam9ation1 to delib]ate supplem5tation1 & to arrangem5t to br+ out connections :i* assi/ obs]vation1 memory1 & fur!r inquiry4 ,in/ead ( furni%+ a />t+ po9t = le>n+1 !y m>k out a consummation4 ,me?od means t arrangem5t ( subject matt] :i* makes x mo/ effective 9 use4 ,nev] is me?od some?+ outside ( ! mat]ial4 ,h[ ab\t me?od f ! /&po9t ( an individual :o is deal+ ) subject matt]8 ,aga91 x is n some?+ ext]nal4 ,x is simply an effective treatm5t ( mat]ial--effici5cy mean+ su* treatm5t z utilizes ! mat]ial 7puts x to a purpose7 ) a m9imum ( wa/e ( "t & en]gy4 ,we c di/+ui% a way ( act+1 & discuss x by itself2 b ! way exi/s only z way-(-deal+-)-mat]ial4 ,me?od is n anti!tical to subject matt]2 x is ! effective direction ( subject matt] to desir$ results4 ,x is anti!tical to r&om & ill-consid]$ action1--ill-consid]$ signify+ ill-adapt$4 ,! /atem5t t me?od means direct$ movem5t ( subject matt] t[>ds ends is =mal4 ,an illu/ration may give x cont5t4 ,e arti/ mu/ h a me?od1 a te*nique1 9 do+ 8 "w4 ,piano play+ is n hitt+ ! keys at r&om4 ,x is an ord]ly way ( us+ !m1 & ! ord] is n some?+ :i* exi/s ready-made 9 ! musician's h&s or bra9 prior to an activity deal+ ) ! piano4 ,ord] is f\nd 9 ! disposition ( acts :i* use ! piano & ! h&s & bra9 s z to a*ieve ! result int5d$4 ,x is ! action ( ! piano direct$ to accompli% ! purpose ( ! piano z a musical in/rum5t4 ,x is ! same ) p$agogical me?od4 ,! only diff]5ce is t ! piano is a me*anism con/ruct$ 9 advance = a s+le end2 :ile ! mat]ial ( /udy is capable ( indef9ite uses4 ,b ev5 9 ?is reg>d ! illu/ration may apply if we consid] ! inf9ite v>iety ( k9ds ( music :i* a piano may produce1 & ! v>iations 9 te*nique requir$ 9 ! diff]5t musical results secur$4 ,me?od 9 any case is b an effective way ( employ+ "s mat]ial = "s end4 ,^! consid]ations may be g5]aliz$ by go+ back to ! conception ( exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce z ! p]ception ( ! connection betwe5 some?+ tri$ & some?+ und]gone 9 consequ5ce is a process4 ,ap>t f ef=t to control ! c\rse :i* ! process takes1 !re is no di/9ction ( subject matt] & me?od4 ,!re is simply an activity :i* includes bo? :at an individual does & :at ! environm5t does4 ,a piano play] :o _h p]fect ma/]y ( 8 in/rum5t w\ld h no occasion to di/+ui% betwe5 8 contribution & t ( ! piano4 ,9 well-=m$1 smoo?-runn+ functions ( any sort1--skat+1 conv]s+1 he>+ music1 enjoy+ a l&scape1--!re is no consci\sness ( sep>ation ( ! me?od ( ! p]son & ( ! subject matt]4 ,9 :ole-he>t$ play & "w !re is ! same ph5om5on4 ,:5 we reflect ^u an exp]i5ce in/ead ( j hav+ x1 we inevitably di/+ui% betwe5 our own attitude & ! objects t[>d :i* we su/a9 ! attitude4 ,:5 a man is eat+1 he is eat+ food4 ,he does n divide 8 act into eat+ & food4 ,b if he makes a sci5tific inve/igation ( ! act1 su* a discrim9ation is ! fir/ ?+ he w\ld effect4 ,he w\ld exam9e on ! "o h& ! prop]ties ( ! nutritive mat]ial1 & on ! o!r h& ! acts ( ! organism 9 appropriat+ & dige/+4 ,su* reflection ^u exp]i5ce gives rise to a di/9ction ( :at we exp]i5ce 7! exp]i5c$7 & ! exp]i5c+--! h[4 ,:5 we give names to ?is di/9ction we h subject matt] & me?od z our t]ms4 ,!re is ! ?+ se51 he>d1 lov$1 hat$1 imag9$1 & !re is ! act ( see+1 he>+1 lov+1 hat+1 imag9+1 etc4 ,?is di/9ction is s natural & s important = c]ta9 purposes1 t we are only too apt to reg>d x z a sep>ation 9 exi/5ce & n z a di/9ction 9 ?\ght4 ,!n we make a division betwe5 a self & ! environm5t or _w4 ,?is sep>ation is ! root ( ! dualism ( me?od & subject matt]4 ,t is1 we assume t kn[+1 feel+1 will+1 etc41 are ?+s :i* belong to ! self or m9d 9 its isolation1 & :i* !n may be br\ght to be> ^u an indep5d5t subject matt]4 ,we assume t ! ?+s :i* belong 9 isolation to ! self or m9d h _! own laws ( op]ation irrespective ( ! modes ( active en]gy ( ! object4 ,^! laws are suppos$ to furni% me?od4 ,x w\ld be no less absurd to suppose t m5 c eat )\t eat+ some?+1 or t ! /ructure & movem5ts ( ! jaws1 ?roat muscles1 ! dige/ive activities ( /oma*1 etc41 are n :at !y are because ( ! mat]ial ) :i* _! activity is engag$4 ,j z ! organs ( ! organism are a cont9u\s "p ( ! v _w 9 :i* food mat]ials exi/1 s ! capacities ( see+1 he>+1 lov+1 imag9+ are intr9sically connect$ ) ! subject matt] ( ! _w4 ,!y are m truly ways 9 :i* ! environm5t ent]s into exp]i5ce & functions !re ?an !y are indep5d5t acts br\ght to be> ^u ?+s4 ,exp]i5ce1 9 %ort1 is n a comb9ation ( m9d & _w1 subject & object1 me?od & subject matt]1 b is a s+le cont9u\s int]action ( a great div]sity 7lit]ally c\ntless 9 numb]7 ( en]gies4 ,= ! purpose ( controll+ ! c\rse or direction :i* ! mov+ unity ( exp]i5ce takes we draw a m5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! h[ & ! :at4 ,:ile !re is no way ( walk+ or ( eat+ or ( le>n+ ov] & above ! actual walk+1 eat+1 & /udy+1 !re are c]ta9 elem5ts 9 ! act :i* give ! key to its m effective control4 ,special att5tion to ^! elem5ts makes !m m obvi\s to p]ception 7lett+ o!r factors rec$e = ! "t be+ f conspicu\s recognition74 ,gett+ an idea ( h[ ! exp]i5ce proce$s indicates to u :at factors mu/ be secur$ or modifi$ 9 ord] t x may g on m successfully4 ,?is is only a some:at elaborate way ( say+ t if a man wat*es c>efully ! gr[? ( sev]al plants1 "s ( :i* d well & "s ( :i* am\nt to little or no?+1 he may be able to detect ! special conditions ^u :i* ! prosp]\s developm5t ( a plant dep5ds4 ,^! conditions1 /at$ 9 an ord]ly sequ5ce1 w\ld con/itute ! me?od or way or mann] ( its gr[?4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! gr[? ( a plant & ! prosp]\s developm5t ( an exp]i5ce4 ,x is n easy1 9 ei!r case1 to seize ^u j ! factors :i* make = its be/ movem5t4 ,b /udy ( cases ( success & failure & m9ute & ext5sive comp>ison1 helps to seize ^u causes4 ,:5 we h arrang$ ^! causes 9 ord]1 we h a me?od ( proc$ure or a te*nique4 ,a consid]ation ( "s evils 9 education t fl[ f ! isolation ( me?od f subject matt] w make ! po9t m def9ite4 7,i7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! neglect 7( :i* we h spok57 ( concrete situations ( exp]i5ce4 ,!re c be no discov]y ( a me?od )\t cases to be /udi$4 ,! me?od is d]iv$ f obs]vation ( :at actually happ5s1 ) a view to see+ t x happ5 bett] next "t4 ,b 9 in/ruction & discipl9e1 !re is r>ely suffici5t opportunity = *ildr5 & y\? to h ! direct normal exp]i5ces f :i* educators might d]ive an idea ( me?od or ord] ( be/ developm5t4 ,exp]i5ces are _h "u conditions ( su* con/ra9t t !y ?r[ little or no light ^u ! normal c\rse ( an exp]i5ce to its fruition4 ,me?ods h !n to be au?oritatively recomm5d$ to tea*]s1 in/ead ( be+ an expression ( _! own intellig5t obs]vations4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 !y h a me*anical uni=mity1 assum$ to be alike = all m9ds4 ,:]e flexible p]sonal exp]i5ces are promot$ by provid+ an environm5t :i* calls out direct$ occupations 9 "w & play1 ! me?ods asc]ta9$ w v>y ) individuals--= x is c]ta9 t ea* individual has some?+ *>act]i/ic 9 8 way ( go+ at ?+s4 7ii7 ,9 ! second place1 ! notion ( me?ods isolat$ f subject matt] is responsible = ! false conceptions ( discipl9e & int]e/ already not$4 ,:5 ! effective way ( manag+ mat]ial is treat$ z some?+ ready-made ap>t f mat]ial1 !re are j ?ree possible ways 9 :i* to e/abli% a relation%ip lack+ by assumption4 ,"o is to utilize excitem5t1 %ock ( pleasure1 tickl+ ! palate4 ,ano!r is to make ! consequ5ces ( n att5d+ pa9ful2 we may use ! m5ace ( h>m to motivate conc]n ) ! ali5 subject matt]4 ,or a direct appeal may be made to ! p]son to put =? ef=t )\t any reason4 ,we may rely ^u imm$iate /ra9 ( w4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! latt] me?od is effectual only :5 in/igat$ by fe> ( unpleasant results4 7iii7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ! act ( le>n+ is made a direct & consci\s end 9 itself4 ,"u normal conditions1 le>n+ is a product & rew>d ( occupation ) subject matt]4 ,*ildr5 d n set out1 consci\sly1 to le>n walk+ or talk+4 ,"o sets out to give 8 impulses = communication & = full] int]c\rse ) o!rs a %[4 ,he le>ns 9 consequ5ce ( 8 direct activities4 ,! bett] me?ods ( tea*+ a *ild1 say1 to read1 foll[ ! same road4 ,!y d n fix 8 att5tion ^u ! fact t he has to le>n some?+ & s make 8 attitude self-consci\s & con/ra9$4 ,!y engage 8 activities1 & 9 ! process ( engagem5t he le>ns3 ! same is true ( ! m successful me?ods 9 deal+ ) numb] or :atev]4 ,b :5 ! subject matt] is n us$ 9 c>ry+ =w>d impulses & habits to significant results1 x is j some?+ to be le>n$4 ,! pupil's attitude to x is j t ( hav+ to le>n x4 ,conditions m unfavorable to an al]t & conc5trat$ response w\ld be h>d to devise4 ,frontal attacks are ev5 m wa/eful 9 le>n+ ?an 9 w>4 ,?is does n mean1 h[ev]1 t /ud5ts are to be s$uc$ unaw>e into preoccupation ) lessons4 ,x means t !y %all be occupi$ ) !m = real reasons or ends1 & n j z some?+ to be le>n$4 ,?is is accompli%$ :5ev] ! pupil p]ceives ! place occupi$ by ! subject matt] 9 ! fulfill+ ( "s exp]i5ce4 7iv7 ,9 ! f\r? place1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! conception ( ! sep>ation ( m9d & mat]ial1 me?od t5ds to be r$uc$ to a cut & dri$ r\t9e1 to foll[+ me*anically prescrib$ /eps4 ,no "o c tell 9 h[ _m s*oolrooms *ildr5 recit+ 9 ari?metic or gramm> are compell$ to g ?r\gh1 "u ! alleg$ sanction ( me?od1 c]ta9 preorda9$ v]bal =mulae4 ,in/ead ( be+ enc\rag$ to attack _! topics directly1 exp]im5t+ ) me?ods t seem promis+ & le>n+ to discrim9ate by ! consequ5ces t accrue1 x is assum$ t !re is "o fix$ me?od to be foll[$4 ,x is also naively assum$ t if ! pupils make _! /atem5ts & explanations 9 a c]ta9 =m ( analysis1 _! m5tal habits w 9 "t con=m4 ,no?+ has br\ght p$agogical !ory into great] disrepute ?an ! belief t x is id5tifi$ ) h&+ out to tea*]s recipes & models to be foll[$ 9 tea*+4 ,flexibility & initiative 9 deal+ ) problems are *>act]i/ic ( any conception to :i* me?od is a way ( manag+ mat]ial to develop a conclusion4 ,me*anical rigid wood5ness is an inevitable coroll>y ( any !ory :i* sep>ates m9d f activity motivat$ by a purpose4 #b4 ,me?od z ,g5]al & z ,individual4 ,9 brief1 ! me?od ( tea*+ is ! me?od ( an art1 ( action intellig5tly direct$ by ends4 ,b ! practice ( a f9e art is f> f be+ a matt] ( extemporiz$ inspirations4 ,/udy ( ! op]ations & results ( ^? 9 ! pa/ :o h greatly succe$$ is ess5tial4 ,!re is always a tradition1 or s*ools ( art1 def9ite en\gh to impress beg9n]s1 & (t5 to take !m captive4 ,me?ods ( arti/s 9 e bran* dep5d ^u ?or\gh acqua9tance ) mat]ials & tools2 ! pa9t] mu/ "k canvas1 pigm5ts1 bru%es1 & ! te*nique ( manipulation ( all 8 appliances4 ,atta9m5t ( ?is k requires p]si/5t & conc5trat$ att5tion to objective mat]ials4 ,! arti/ /udies ! progress ( 8 own attempts to see :at succe$s & :at fails4 ,! assumption t !re are no alt]natives betwe5 foll[+ ready-made rules & tru/+ to native gifts1 ! inspiration ( ! mom5t & undirect$ h>d "w1 is contradict$ by ! proc$ures ( e art4 ,su* matt]s z k ( ! pa/1 ( curr5t te*nique1 ( mat]ials1 ( ! ways 9 :i* "o's own be/ results are assur$1 supply ! mat]ial = :at may be call$ g5]al me?od4 ,!re exi/s a cumulative body ( fairly /able me?ods = rea*+ results1 a body au?oriz$ by pa/ exp]i5ce & by intellectual analysis1 :i* an individual ignores at 8 p]il4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! discussion ( habit-=m+ 7ante1 p4 #di71 !re is always a dang] t ^! me?ods w become me*aniz$ & rigid1 ma/]+ an ag5t in/ead ( be+ p[]s at comm& = 8 own ends4 ,b x is also true t ! innovator :o a*ieves any?+ endur+1 ^: "w is m ?an a pass+ s5sation1 utilizes classic me?ods m ?an may appe> to himself or to 8 critics4 ,he devotes !m to new uses1 & 9 s f> trans=ms !m4 ,education also has its g5]al me?ods4 ,& if ! application ( ?is rem>k is m obvi\s 9 ! case ( ! tea*] ?an ( ! pupil1 x is equally real 9 ! case ( ! latt]4 ,"p ( 8 le>n+1 a v important "p1 consi/s 9 becom+ ma/] ( ! me?ods :i* ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs has %[n to be m effici5t 9 l cases ( gett+ k4 #a ,^! g5]al me?ods are 9 no way oppos$ to individual initiative & orig9ality--to p]sonal ways ( do+ ?+s4 ,on ! contr>y !y are re9=cem5ts ( !m4 ,= !re is radical diff]5ce betwe5 ev5 ! mo/ g5]al me?od & a prescrib$ rule4 ,! latt] is a direct guide to action2 ! =m] op]ates indirectly ?r\gh ! enlight5m5t x supplies z to ends & means4 ,x op]ates1 t is to say1 ?r\gh intellig5ce1 & n ?r\gh con=mity to ord]s ext]nally impos$4 ,ability to use ev5 9 a ma/]ly way an e/abli%$ te*nique gives no w>ranty ( arti/ic "w1 = ! latt] also dep5ds ^u an animat+ idea4 ,if k ( me?ods us$ by o!rs does n directly tell u :at to d1 or furni% ready-made models1 h[ does x op]ate8 ,:at is meant by call+ a me?od intellectual8 ,take ! case ( a physician4 ,no mode ( behavior m imp]i\sly dem&s k ( e/abli%$ modes ( diagnosis & treatm5t ?an does 84 ,b aft] all1 cases are l1 n id5tical4 ,to be us$ intellig5tly1 exi/+ practices1 h[ev] au?oriz$ !y may be1 h to be adapt$ to ! exig5cies ( p>ticul> cases4 ,accord+ly1 recogniz$ proc$ures indicate to ! physician :at inquiries to set on foot = himself1 :at measures to try4 ,!y are /&po9ts f :i* to c>ry on inve/igations2 !y economize a survey ( ! features ( ! p>ticul> case by sugge/+ ! ?+s to be especially look$ into4 ,! physician's own p]sonal attitudes1 8 own ways 7individual me?ods7 ( deal+ ) ! situation 9 :i* he is conc]n$1 are n subord9at$ to ! g5]al pr9ciples ( proc$ure1 b are facilitat$ & direct$ by ! latt]4 ,! in/ance may s]ve to po9t out ! value to ! tea*] ( a k ( ! psy*ological me?ods & ! empirical devices f\nd useful 9 ! pa/4 ,:5 !y get 9 ! way ( 8 own common s5se1 :5 !y come betwe5 him & ! situation 9 :i* he has to act1 !y are worse ?an useless4 ,b if he has acquir$ !m z intellectual aids 9 siz+ up ! ne$s1 res\rces1 & difficulties ( ! unique exp]i5ces 9 :i* he engages1 !y are ( con/ructive value4 ,9 ! la/ resort1 j because ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u 8 own me?ods ( response1 mu* dep5ds ^u h[ f> he c utilize1 9 mak+ 8 own response1 ! k :i* has accru$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs4 ,z already intimat$1 e ^w ( ?is acc\nt is directly applicable also to ! me?od ( ! pupil1 ! way ( le>n+4 ,to suppose t /ud5ts1 :e!r 9 ! prim>y s*ool or 9 ! univ]sity1 c be suppli$ ) models ( me?od to be foll[$ 9 acquir+ & exp\nd+ a subject is to fall into a self-deception t has lam5table consequ5ces4 7,see ante1 p4 #afi47 ,"o mu/ make 8 own reaction 9 any case4 ,indications ( ! /&>diz$ or g5]al me?ods us$ 9 l cases by o!rs--p>ticul>ly by ^? :o are already exp]ts--are ( wor? or ( h>m accord+ z !y make 8 p]sonal reaction m intellig5t or z !y induce a p]son to disp5se ) ex]cise ( 8 own judgm5t4 ,if :at 0 said e>li] 7,see p4 #aei7 ab\t orig9ality ( ?\ght seem$ ov]/ra9$1 dem&+ m ( education ?an ! capacities ( av]age human nature p]mit1 ! difficulty is t we lie "u ! incubus ( a sup]/ition4 ,we h set up ! notion ( m9d at l>ge1 ( intellectual me?od t is ! same = all4 ,!n we reg>d individuals z diff]+ 9 ! quantity ( m9d ) :i* !y are *>g$4 ,ord9>y p]sons are !n expect$ to be ord9>y4 ,only ! exceptional are all[$ to h orig9ality4 ,! measure ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! av]age /ud5t & ! g5ius is a measure ( ! abs5ce ( orig9ality 9 ! =m]4 ,b ?is notion ( m9d 9 g5]al is a fiction4 ,h[ "o p]son's abilities comp>e 9 quantity ) ^? ( ano!r is none ( ! tea*]'s bus9ess4 ,x is irrelevant to 8 "w4 ,:at is requir$ is t e individual %all h opportunities to employ 8 own p[]s 9 activities t h mean+4 ,m9d1 individual me?od1 orig9ality 7^! are conv]tible t]ms7 signify ! quality ( purposive or direct$ action4 ,if we act ^u ?is conviction1 we %all secure m orig9ality ev5 by ! conv5tional /&>d ?an n[ develops4 ,impos+ an alleg$ uni=m g5]al me?od ^u ev]ybody bre$s m$iocrity 9 all b ! v exceptional4 ,& measur+ orig9ality by deviation f ! mass bre$s ecc5tricity 9 !m4 ,?us we /ifle ! di/9ctive quality ( ! _m1 & save 9 r>e in/ances 7l1 say1 t ( ,d>w97 infect ! r>e g5iuses ) an un:olesome quality4 #c4 ,! ,traits ( ,individual ,me?od4 ,! mo/ g5]al features ( ! me?od ( kn[+ h be5 giv5 9 our *apt] on ?9k+4 ,!y are ! features ( ! reflective situation3 ,problem1 collection & analysis ( data1 projection & elaboration ( sugge/ions or ideas1 exp]im5tal application & te/+2 ! result+ conclusion or judgm5t4 ,! specific elem5ts ( an individual's me?od or way ( attack ^u a problem are f\nd ultimately 9 8 native t5d5cies & 8 acquir$ habits & int]e/s4 ,! me?od ( "o w v>y f t ( ano!r 7& prop]ly v>y7 z 8 orig9al in/9ctive capacities v>y1 z 8 pa/ exp]i5ces & 8 pref]5ces v>y4 ,^? :o h already /udi$ ^! matt]s are 9 possession ( in=mation :i* w help tea*]s 9 und]/&+ ! responses diff]5t pupils make1 & help !m 9 guid+ ^! responses to great] effici5cy4 ,*ild-/udy1 psy*ology1 & a k ( social environm5t supplem5t ! p]sonal acqua9tance ga9$ by ! tea*]4 ,b me?ods rema9 ! p]sonal conc]n1 approa*1 & attack ( an individual1 & no catalogue c ev] exhau/ _! div]sity ( =m & t9t4 ,"s attitudes may be nam$1 h[ev]1-:i* are c5tral 9 effective intellectual ways ( deal+ ) subject matt]4 ,among ! mo/ important are directness1 op5-m9d$ness1 s+le-m9d$ness 7or :ole-he>t$ness71 & responsibility4 #a4 ,x is easi] to indicate :at is meant by directness ?r\gh negative t]ms ?an 9 positive ones4 ,self-consci\sness1 emb>rassm5t1 & con/ra9t are its m5ac+ foes4 ,!y indicate t a p]son is n imm$iately conc]n$ ) subject matt]4 ,some?+ has come betwe5 :i* deflects conc]n to side issues4 ,a self-consci\s p]son is p>tly ?9k+ ab\t 8 problem & p>tly ab\t :at o!rs ?9k ( 8 p]=mances4 ,div]t$ en]gy means loss ( p[] & confusion ( ideas4 ,tak+ an attitude is by no means id5tical ) be+ consci\s ( "o's attitude4 ,! =m] is spontane\s1 naive1 & simple4 ,x is a sign ( :ole-s\l$ relation%ip betwe5 a p]son & :at he is deal+ )4 ,! latt] is n ( necessity abnormal4 ,x is sometimes ! easie/ way ( correct+ a false me?od ( approa*1 & ( improv+ ! effectiv5ess ( ! means "o is employ+1--z golf play]s1 piano play]s1 public speak]s1 etc41 h occasionally to give especial att5tion to _! position & movem5ts4 ,b ?is ne$ is occasional & tempor>y4 ,:5 x is effectual a p]son ?9ks ( himself 9 t]ms ( :at is to be done1 z "o means among o!rs ( ! realization ( an end--z 9 ! case ( a t5nis play] practic+ to get ! feel ( a /roke4 ,9 abnormal cases1 "o ?9ks ( himself n z "p ( ! ag5cies ( execution1 b z a sep>ate object--z :5 ! play] /rikes an attitude ?9k+ ( ! impression x w make ^u spectators1 or is worri$ because ( ! impression he fe>s 8 movem5ts give rise to4 ,confid5ce is a good "n = :at is int5d$ by ! t]m directness4 ,x %\ld n be confus$1 h[ev]1 ) self-confid5ce :i* may be a =m ( self-consci\sness--or ( *eek4 ,confid5ce is n a "n = :at "o ?9ks or feels ab\t 8 attitude x is n reflex4 ,x d5otes ! /raight=w>dness ) :i* "o goes at :at he has to d4 ,x d5otes n consci\s tru/ 9 ! efficacy ( "o's p[]s b unconsci\s fai? 9 ! possibilities ( ! situation4 ,x signifies ris+ to ! ne$s ( ! situation4 ,we h already po9t$ out 7,see p4 #afi7 ! objections to mak+ /ud5ts emphatically aw>e ( ! fact t !y are /udy+ or le>n+4 ,j 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y are induc$ by ! conditions to be s aw>e1 !y are n /udy+ & le>n+4 ,!y are 9 a divid$ & complicat$ attitude4 ,:atev] me?ods ( a tea*] call a pupil's att5tion (f f :at he has to d & transf] x to 8 own attitude t[>ds :at he is do+ impair directness ( conc]n & action4 ,p]si/$ 91 ! pupil acquires a p]man5t t5d5cy to fumble1 to gaze ab\t aimlessly1 to look = "s clew ( action beside t :i* ! subject matt] supplies4 ,dep5d5ce ^u extrane\s sugge/ions & directions1 a /ate ( foggy confusion1 take ! place ( t sur5ess ) :i* *ildr5 7& gr[n-up p :o h n be5 sophi/icat$ by education7 confront ! situations ( life4 #b4 ,op5-m9d$ness4 ,p>tiality is1 z we h se51 an accompanim5t ( ! exi/5ce ( int]e/1 s9ce ?is means %>+1 p>tak+1 tak+ sides 9 "s movem5t4 ,all ! m reason1 !re=e1 = an attitude ( m9d :i* actively welcomes sugge/ions & relevant in=mation f all sides4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,aims x 0 %[n t =ese5 ends are factors 9 ! developm5t ( a *ang+ situation4 ,!y are ! means by :i* ! direction ( action is controll$4 ,!y are subord9ate to ! situation1 !re=e1 n ! situation to !m4 ,!y are n ends 9 ! s5se ( f9alities to :i* ev]y?+ mu/ be b5t & sacrific$4 ,!y are1 z =ese51 means ( guid+ ! developm5t ( a situation4 ,a t>get is n ! future goal ( %oot+2 x is ! c5t]+ factor 9 a pres5t %oot+4 ,op5ness ( m9d means accessibility ( m9d to any & e consid]ation t w ?r[ light ^u ! situation t ne$s to be cle>$ up1 & t w help det]m9e ! consequ5ces ( act+ ?is way or t4 ,effici5cy 9 accompli%+ ends :i* h be5 settl$ ^u z unalt]able c coexi/ ) a n>r[ly op5$ m9d4 ,b intellectual gr[? means con/ant expansion ( horizons & consequ5t =mation ( new purposes & new responses4 ,^! are impossible )\t an active disposition to welcome po9ts ( view hi!rto ali52 an active desire to ent]ta9 consid]ations :i* modify exi/+ purposes4 ,ret5tion ( capacity to gr[ is ! rew>d ( su* intellectual hospitality4 ,! wor/ ?+ ab\t /ubbornness ( m9d1 ab\t prejudices1 is t !y arre/ developm5t2 !y %ut ! m9d (f f new /imuli4 ,op5-m9d$ness means ret5tion ( ! *ildlike attitude2 clos$-m9d$ness means premature intellectual old age4 ,exorbitant desire = uni=mity ( proc$ure & = prompt ext]nal results are ! *ief foes :i* ! op5-m9d$ attitude meets 9 s*ool4 ,! tea*] :o does n p]mit & enc\rage div]sity ( op]ation 9 deal+ ) que/ions is impos+ intellectual bl9d]s ^u pupils--re/rict+ _! vision to ! "o pa? ! tea*]'s m9d happ5s to approve4 ,probably ! *ief cause ( devotion to rigidity ( me?od is1 h[ev]1 t x seems to promise spe$y1 accurately measurable1 correct results4 ,! zeal = answ]s is ! explanation ( mu* ( ! zeal = rigid & me*anical me?ods4 ,=c+ & ov]pressure h ! same orig91 & ! same result ^u al]t & v>i$ intellectual int]e/4 ,op5-m9d$ness is n ! same z empty-m9d$ness4 ,to hang out a sign say+ ,come "r 92 !re is no "o at home is n ! equival5t ( hospitality4 ,b !re is a k9d ( passivity1 will+ness to let exp]i5ces accumulate & s9k 9 & rip51 :i* is an ess5tial ( developm5t4 ,results 7ext]nal answ]s or solutions7 may be hurri$2 processes may n be =c$4 ,!y take _! own "t to mature4 ,7 all in/ructors to realize t ! quality ( m5tal process1 n ! production ( correct answ]s1 is ! measure ( educative gr[? some?+ h>dly less ?an a revolution 9 tea*+ w\ld be work$4 #c4 ,s+le-m9d$ness4 ,s f> z ! ^w is conc]n$1 mu* t 0 said "u ! head ( directness is applicable4 ,b :at ! ^w is "h int5d$ to convey is complet5ess ( int]e/1 unity ( purpose2 ! abs5ce ( suppress$ b effectual ult]ior aims = :i* ! pr(ess$ aim is b a mask4 ,x is equival5t to m5tal integrity4 ,absorption1 engrossm5t1 full conc]n ) subject matt] = its own sake1 nurture x4 ,divid$ int]e/ & evasion de/roy x4 ,intellectual integrity1 hone/y1 & s9c]ity are at bottom n matt]s ( consci\s purpose b ( quality ( active response4 ,_! acquisition is fo/]$ ( c\rse by consci\s int5t1 b self-deception is v easy4 ,desires are urg5t4 ,:5 ! dem&s & wi%es ( o!rs =bid _! direct expression !y are easily driv5 into subt]ranean & deep *annels4 ,entire surr5d]1 & :olehe>t$ adoption ( ! c\rse ( action dem&$ by o!rs are almo/ impossible4 ,delib]ate revolt or delib]ate attempts to deceive o!rs may result4 ,b ! m frequ5t outcome is a confus$ & divid$ /ate ( int]e/ 9 :i* "o is fool$ z to "o's own real int5t4 ,"o tries to s]ve two ma/]s at once4 ,social in/9cts1 ! /rong desire to please o!rs & get _! approval1 social tra9+1 ! g5]al s5se ( duty & ( au?ority1 appreh5sion ( p5alty1 all lead to a half-he>t$ ef=t to con=m1 to pay att5tion to ! lesson1 or :atev] ! requirem5t is4 ,amiable individuals want to d :at !y are expect$ to d4 ,consci\sly ! pupil ?9ks he is do+ ?is4 ,b 8 own desires are n aboli%$4 ,only _! evid5t exhibition is suppress$4 ,/ra9 ( att5tion to :at is ho/ile to desire is irksome2 9 spite ( "o's consci\s wi%1 ! und]ly+ desires det]m9e ! ma9 c\rse ( ?\ght1 ! deep] emotional responses4 ,! m9d w&]s f ! nom9al subject & devotes itself to :at is intr9sically m desirable4 ,a sy/ematiz$ divid$ att5tion express+ ! duplicity ( ! /ate ( desire is ! result4 ,"o has only to recall 8 own exp]i5ces 9 s*ool or at ! pres5t "t :5 outw>dly employ$ 9 actions :i* d n engage "o's desires & purposes1 to realize h[ preval5t is ?is attitude ( divid$ att5tion--d\ble-m9d$ness4 ,we are s us$ to x t we take x = grant$ t a consid]able am\nt ( x is necess>y4 ,x may be2 if s1 x is ! m important to face its bad intellectual effects4 ,obvi\s is ! loss ( en]gy ( ?\ght imm$iately available :5 "o is consci\sly try+ 7or try+ to seem to try7 to att5d to "o matt]1 :ile unconsci\sly "o's imag9ation is spontane\sly go+ out to m cong5ial affairs4 ,m subtle & m p]man5tly crippl+ to effici5cy ( intellectual activity is a fo/]+ ( habitual self-deception1 ) ! confus$ s5se ( reality :i* accompanies x4 ,a d\ble /&>d ( reality1 "o = our own private & m or less conceal$ int]e/s1 & ano!r = public & ackn[l$g$ conc]ns1 hamp]s1 9 mo/ ( u1 integrity & complet5ess ( m5tal action4 ,equally s]i\s is ! fact t a split is set up betwe5 consci\s ?\ght & att5tion & impulsive bl9d affection & desire4 ,reflective deal+s ) ! mat]ial ( in/ruction is con/ra9$ & half-he>t$2 att5tion w&]s4 ,! topics to :i* x w&]s are unav[$ & h5ce intellectually illicit2 transactions ) !m are furtive4 ,! discipl9e t comes f regulat+ response by delib]ate inquiry hav+ a purpose fails2 worse ?an t1 ! deepe/ conc]n & mo/ cong5ial ent]prises ( ! imag9ation 7s9ce !y c5t] ab\t ! ?+s de>e/ to desire7 are casual1 conceal$4 ,!y ent] into action 9 ways :i* are unackn[l$g$4 ,n subject to rectification by consid]ation ( consequ5ces1 !y are demoraliz+4 ,s*ool conditions favorable to ?is division ( m9d betwe5 av[$1 public1 & socially responsible und]tak+s1 & private1 ill-regulat$1 & suppress$ indulg5ces ( ?\ght are n h>d to f9d4 ,:at is sometimes call$ /]n discipl9e1 i4e41 ext]nal co]cive pressure1 has ?is t5d5cy4 ,motivation ?r\gh rew>ds extrane\s to ! ?+ to be done has a l effect4 ,ev]y?+ t makes s*ool+ m]ely prep>atory 7,see ante1 p4 #ee7 works 9 ?is direction4 ,ends be+ beyond ! pupil's pres5t grasp1 o!r ag5cies h to be f\nd to procure imm$iate att5tion to assign$ tasks4 ,"s responses are secur$1 b desires & affections n enli/$ mu/ f9d o!r outlets4 ,n less s]i\s is exagg]at$ emphasis ^u drill ex]cises design$ to produce skill 9 action1 indep5d5t ( any engagem5t ( ?\ght--ex]cises h no purpose b ! production ( automatic skill4 ,nature abhors a m5tal vacuum4 ,:at d tea*]s imag9e is happ5+ to ?\ght & emotion :5 ! latt] get no outlet 9 ! ?+s ( imm$iate activity8 ,7 !y m]ely kept 9 tempor>y abeyance1 or ev5 only call\s$1 x w\ld n be a matt] ( s mu* mom5t4 ,b !y are n aboli%$2 !y are n susp5d$2 !y are n suppress$--save ) ref]5ce to ! task 9 "q4 ,!y foll[ _! own *aotic & undiscipl9$ c\rse4 ,:at is native1 spontane\s1 & vital 9 m5tal reaction goes unus$ & unte/$1 & ! habits =m$ are su* t ^! qualities become less & less available = public & av[$ ends4 #d4 ,responsibility4 ,by responsibility z an elem5t 9 intellectual attitude is meant ! disposition to consid] 9 advance ! probable consequ5ces ( any project$ /ep & delib]ately to accept !m3 to accept !m 9 ! s5se ( tak+ !m into acc\nt1 ackn[l$g+ !m 9 action1 n yield+ a m]e v]bal ass5t4 ,ideas1 z we h se51 are intr9sically /&po9ts & me?ods = br++ ab\t a solution ( a p]plex+ situation2 =eca/s calculat$ to influ5ce responses4 ,x is only too easy to ?9k t "o accepts a /atem5t or believes a sugge/$ tru? :5 "o has n consid]$ its implications2 :5 "o has made b a cursory & sup]ficial survey ( :at fur!r ?+s "o is committ$ to by acceptance4 ,obs]vation & recognition1 belief & ass5t1 !n become names = lazy acquiesc5ce 9 :at is ext]nally pres5t$4 ,x w\ld be mu* bett] to h few] facts & tru?s 9 in/ruction--t is1 few] ?+s suppos$ly accept$1--if a small] numb] ( situations c\ld be intellectually work$ out to ! po9t :]e conviction meant some?+ real--"s id5tification ( ! self ) ! type ( conduct dem&$ by facts & =esight ( results4 ,! mo/ p]man5t bad results ( undue complication ( s*ool subjects & conge/ion ( s*ool /udies & lessons are n ! worry1 n]v\s /ra91 & sup]ficial acqua9tance t foll[ 7s]i\s z ^! are71 b ! failure to make cle> :at is involv$ 9 really kn[+ & believ+ a ?+4 ,intellectual responsibility means sev]e /&>ds 9 ?is reg>d4 ,^! /&>ds c be built up only ?r\gh practice 9 foll[+ up & act+ ^u ! mean+ ( :at is acquir$4 ,intellectual ?or\ghness is ?us ano!r "n = ! attitude we are consid]+4 ,!re is a k9d ( ?or\ghness :i* is almo/ purely physical3 ! k9d t signifies me*anical & exhau/+ drill ^u all ! details ( a subject4 ,intellectual ?or\ghness is see+ a ?+ ?r\gh4 ,x dep5ds ^u a unity ( purpose to :i* details are subord9at$1 n ^u pres5t+ a multitude ( disconnect$ details4 ,x is manife/$ 9 ! firmness ) :i* ! full mean+ ( ! purpose is develop$1 n 9 att5tion1 h[ev] consci5ti\s x may be1 to ! /eps ( action ext]nally impos$ & direct$4 ,summ>y4 ,me?od is a /atem5t ( ! way ! subject matt] ( an exp]i5ce develops mo/ effectively & fruitfully4 ,x is d]iv$1 accord+ly1 f obs]vation ( ! c\rse ( exp]i5ces :]e !re is no consci\s di/9ction ( p]sonal attitude & mann] f mat]ial dealt )4 ,! assumption t me?od is some?+ sep>ate is connect$ ) ! notion ( ! isolation ( m9d & self f ! _w ( ?+s4 ,x makes in/ruction & le>n+ =mal1 me*anical1 con/ra9$4 ,:ile me?ods are individualiz$1 c]ta9 features ( ! normal c\rse ( an exp]i5ce to its fruition may be discrim9at$1 because ( ! fund ( wisdom d]iv$ f prior exp]i5ces & because ( g5]al simil>ities 9 ! mat]ials dealt ) f "t to "t4 ,express$ 9 t]ms ( ! attitude ( ! individual ! traits ( good me?od are /raight=w>dness1 flexible intellectual int]e/ or op5-m9d$ w to le>n1 integrity ( purpose1 & acceptance ( responsibility = ! consequ5ces ( "o's activity includ+ ?\ght4 #a ,?is po9t is develop$ bel[ 9 a discussion ( :at are t]m$ psy*ological & logical me?ods respectively4 ,see p4 #bai4 ,*apt] ,f\rte53 ,! ,nature ( ,subject ,matt] #a4 ,subject ,matt] ( ,educator & ( ,le>n]4 ,s f> z ! nature ( subject matt] 9 pr9ciple is conc]n$1 !re is no?+ to add to :at has be5 said 7,see ante1 p4 #acd74 ,x consi/s ( ! facts obs]v$1 recall$1 read1 & talk$ ab\t1 & ! ideas sugge/$1 9 c\rse ( a developm5t ( a situation hav+ a purpose4 ,?is /atem5t ne$s to be r5d]$ m specific by connect+ x ) ! mat]ials ( s*ool in/ruction1 ! /udies :i* make up ! curriculum4 ,:at is ! significance ( our def9ition 9 application to read+1 writ+1 ma!matics1 hi/ory1 nature /udy1 draw+1 s++1 physics1 *emi/ry1 mod]n & =eign languages1 & s on8 ,let u recur to two ( ! po9ts made e>li] 9 our discussion4 ,! educator's "p 9 ! ent]prise ( education is to furni% ! environm5t :i* /imulates responses & directs ! le>n]'s c\rse4 ,9 la/ analysis1 all t ! educator c d is modify /imuli s t response w z surely z is possible result 9 ! =mation ( desirable intellectual & emotional dispositions4 ,obvi\sly /udies or ! subject matt] ( ! curriculum h intimately to d ) ?is bus9ess ( supply+ an environm5t4 ,! o!r po9t is ! necessity ( a social environm5t to give mean+ to habits =m$4 ,9 :at we h t]m$ in=mal education1 subject matt] is c>ri$ directly 9 ! matrix ( social int]c\rse4 ,x is :at ! p]sons ) :om an individual associates d & say4 ,?is fact gives a clew to ! und]/&+ ( ! subject matt] ( =mal or delib]ate in/ruction4 ,a connect+ l9k is f\nd 9 ! /ories1 traditions1 songs1 & liturgies :i* accompany ! do+s & rites ( a primitive social gr\p4 ,!y repres5t ! /ock ( mean+s :i* h be5 precipitat$ out ( previ\s exp]i5ce1 :i* are s priz$ by ! gr\p z to be id5tifi$ ) _! conception ( _! own collective life4 ,n be+ obvi\sly a "p ( ! skill exhibit$ 9 ! daily occupations ( eat+1 hunt+1 mak+ w> & peace1 con/ruct+ rugs1 pott]y1 & baskets1 etc41 !y are consci\sly impress$ ^u ! "y2 (t51 z 9 ! initiation c]emonies1 ) int5se emotional f]vor4 ,ev5 m pa9s are consci\sly tak5 to p]petuate ! my?s1 leg5ds1 & sacr$ v]bal =mulae ( ! gr\p ?an to transmit ! directly useful cu/oms ( ! gr\p j because !y _c be pick$ up1 z ! latt] c be 9 ! ord9>y processes ( association4 ,z ! social gr\p gr[s m complex1 involv+ a great] numb] ( acquir$ skills :i* are dep5d5t1 ei!r 9 fact or 9 ! belief ( ! gr\p1 ^u /&>d ideas deposit$ f pa/ exp]i5ce1 ! cont5t ( social life gets m def9itely =mulat$ = purposes ( in/ruction4 ,z we h previ\sly not$1 probably ! *ief motive = consci\sly dwell+ ^u ! gr\p life1 extract+ ! mean+s :i* are reg>d$ z mo/ important & sy/ematiz+ !m 9 a coh]5t arrangem5t1 is j ! ne$ ( in/ruct+ ! "y s z to p]petuate gr\p life4 ,once />t$ on ?is road ( selection1 =mulation1 & organization1 no def9ite limit exi/s4 ,! inv5tion ( writ+ & ( pr9t+ gives ! op]ation an imm5se impetus4 ,f9ally1 ! bonds :i* connect ! subject matt] ( s*ool /udy ) ! habits & ideals ( ! social gr\p are disguis$ & cov]$ up4 ,! ties are s loos5$ t x (t5 appe>s z if !re 7 none2 z if subject matt] exi/$ simply z k on its own indep5d5t beho(1 & z if /udy 7 ! m]e act ( ma/]+ x = its own sake1 irrespective ( any social values4 ,s9ce x is highly important = practical reasons to c\nt]-act ?is t5d5cy 7,see ante1 p4 #h7 ! *ief purposes ( our !oretical discussion are to make cle> ! connection :i* is s readily lo/ f sight1 & to %[ 9 "s detail ! social cont5t & function ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,! po9ts ne$ to be consid]$ f ! /&po9t ( in/ructor & ( /ud5t4 ,to ! =m]1 ! significance ( a k ( subject matt]1 go+ f> beyond ! pres5t k ( pupils1 is to supply def9ite /&>ds & to reveal to him ! possibilities ( ! crude activities ( ! immature4 7i7 ,! mat]ial ( s*ool /udies translates into concrete & detail$ t]ms ! mean+s ( curr5t social life :i* x is desirable to transmit4 ,x puts cle>ly be=e ! in/ructor ! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( ! culture to be p]petuat$1 9 su* an organiz$ =m z to protect him f ! haphaz>d ef=ts he w\ld be likely to indulge 9 if ! mean+s _h n be5 /&>diz$4 7ii7 ,a k ( ! ideas :i* h be5 a*iev$ 9 ! pa/ z ! outcome ( activity places ! educator 9 a position to p]ceive ! mean+ ( ! seem+ impulsive & aimless reactions ( ! "y1 & to provide ! /imuli ne$$ to direct !m s t !y w am\nt to some?+4 ,! m ! educator kn[s ( music ! m he c p]ceive ! possibilities ( ! in*oate musical impulses ( a *ild4 ,organiz$ subject matt] repres5ts ! ripe fruitage ( exp]i5ces l !irs1 exp]i5ces involv+ ! same _w1 & p[]s & ne$s simil> to !irs4 ,x does n repres5t p]fection or infallible wisdom2 b x is ! be/ at comm& to fur!r new exp]i5ces :i* may1 9 "s respects at lea/1 surpass ! a*ievem5ts embodi$ 9 exi/+ k & works ( art4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! educator1 9 o!r words1 ! v>i\s /udies repres5t work+ res\rces1 available capital4 ,_! remot5ess f ! exp]i5ce ( ! "y is n1 h[ev]1 seem+2 x is real4 ,! subject matt] ( ! le>n] is n1 !re=e1 x _c be1 id5tical ) ! =mulat$1 ! cry/alliz$1 & sy/ematiz$ subject matt] ( ! adult2 ! mat]ial z f\nd 9 books & 9 works ( art1 etc4 ,! latt] repres5ts ! possibilities ( ! =m]2 n its exi/+ /ate4 ,x ent]s directly into ! activities ( ! exp]t & ! educator1 n into t ( ! beg9n]1 ! le>n]4 ,failure to be> 9 m9d ! diff]5ce 9 subject matt] f ! respective /&po9ts ( tea*] & /ud5t is responsible = mo/ ( ! mi/akes made 9 ! use ( texts & o!r expressions ( preexi/5t k4 ,! ne$ = a k ( ! con/itution & functions1 9 ! concrete1 ( human nature is great j because ! tea*]'s attitude to subject matt] is s diff]5t f t ( ! pupil4 ,! tea*] pres5ts 9 actuality :at ! pupil repres5ts only 9 posse4 ,t is1 ! tea*] already kn[s ! ?+s :i* ! /ud5t is only le>n+4 ,h5ce ! problem ( ! two is radically unlike4 ,:5 engag$ 9 ! direct act ( tea*+1 ! in/ructor ne$s to h subject matt] at 8 f+]s' ends2 8 att5tion %\ld be ^u ! attitude & response ( ! pupil4 ,to und]/& ! latt] 9 its int]play ) subject matt] is 8 task1 :ile ! pupil's m9d1 naturally1 %\ld be n on itself b on ! topic 9 h&4 ,or to /ate ! same po9t 9 a some:at diff]5t mann]3 ! tea*] %\ld be occupi$ n ) subject matt] 9 itself b 9 its int]action ) ! pupils' pres5t ne$s & capacities4 ,h5ce simple s*ol>%ip is n en\gh4 ,9 fact1 !re are c]ta9 features ( s*ol>%ip or ma/]$ subject matt]--tak5 by itself--:i* get 9 ! way ( effective tea*+ unless ! in/ructor's habitual attitude is "o ( conc]n ) its int]play 9 ! pupil's own exp]i5ce4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 8 k ext5ds indef9itely beyond ! range ( ! pupil's acqua9tance4 ,x involves pr9ciples :i* are beyond ! immature pupil's und]/&+ & int]e/4 ,9 & ( itself1 x may no m repres5t ! liv+ _w ( ! pupil's exp]i5ce ?an ! a/ronom]'s k ( ,m>s repres5ts a baby's acqua9tance ) ! room 9 :i* he /ays4 ,9 ! second place1 ! me?od ( organization ( ! mat]ial ( a*iev$ s*ol>%ip diff]s f t ( ! beg9n]4 ,x is n true t ! exp]i5ce ( ! "y is unorganiz$--t x consi/s ( isolat$ scraps4 ,b x is organiz$ 9 connection ) direct practical c5t]s ( int]e/4 ,! *ild's home is1 = example1 ! organiz+ c5t] ( 8 geographical k4 ,8 own movem5ts ab\t ! locality1 8 j\rneys abroad1 ! tales ( 8 fri5ds1 give ! ties :i* hold 8 items ( in=mation toge!r4 ,b ! geography ( ! geograph]1 ( ! "o :o has already develop$ ! implications ( ^! small] exp]i5ces1 is organiz$ on ! basis ( ! relation%ip :i* ! v>i\s facts be> to "o ano!r--n ! relations :i* !y be> to 8 h\se1 bodily movem5ts1 & fri5ds4 ,to ! "o :o is le>n$1 subject matt] is ext5sive1 accurately def9$1 & logically int]relat$4 ,to ! "o :o is le>n+1 x is fluid1 p>tial1 & connect$ ?r\gh 8 p]sonal occupations4 #a ,! problem ( tea*+ is to keep ! exp]i5ce ( ! /ud5t mov+ 9 ! direction ( :at ! exp]t already kn[s4 ,h5ce ! ne$ t ! tea*] "k bo? subject matt] & ! *>act]i/ic ne$s & capacities ( ! /ud5t4 #b4 ,! ,developm5t ( ,subject ,matt] 9 ! ,le>n]4 ,x is possible1 )\t do+ viol5ce to ! facts1 to m>k (f ?ree fairly typical /ages 9 ! gr[? ( subject matt] 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! le>n]4 ,9 its fir/ e/ate1 k exi/s z ! cont5t ( intellig5t ability--p[] to d4 ,?is k9d ( subject matt]1 or kn[n mat]ial1 is express$ 9 famili>ity or acqua9tance ) ?+s4 ,!n ?is mat]ial gradually is sur*>g$ & deep5$ ?r\gh communicat$ k or in=mation4 ,f9ally1 x is enl>g$ & work$ ov] into rationally or logically organiz$ mat]ial--t ( ! "o :o1 relatively speak+1 is exp]t 9 ! subject4 ,i4 ,! k :i* comes fir/ to p]sons1 & t rema9s mo/ deeply +ra9$1 is k ( h[ to d2 h[ to walk1 talk1 read1 write1 skate1 ride a bicycle1 manage a ma*9e1 calculate1 drive a horse1 sell goods1 manage p1 & s on indef9itely4 ,! popul> t5d5cy to reg>d in/9ctive acts :i* are adapt$ to an end z a sort ( miracul\s k1 :ile unju/ifiable1 is evid5ce ( ! /rong t5d5cy to id5tify intellig5t control ( ! means ( action ) k4 ,:5 education1 "u ! influ5ce ( a s*ola/ic conception ( k :i* ignores ev]y?+ b sci5tifically =mulat$ facts & tru?s1 fails to recognize t prim>y or initial subject matt] always exi/s z matt] ( an active do+1 involv+ ! use ( ! body & ! h&l+ ( mat]ial1 ! subject matt] ( in/ruction is isolat$ f ! ne$s & purposes ( ! le>n]1 & s becomes j a some?+ to be memoriz$ & reproduc$ ^u dem&4 ,recognition ( ! natural c\rse ( developm5t1 on ! contr>y1 always sets out ) situations :i* involve le>n+ by do+4 ,arts & occupations =m ! initial /age ( ! curriculum1 correspond+ z !y d to kn[+ h[ to g ab\t ! accompli%m5t ( ends4 ,popul> t]ms d5ot+ k h always reta9$ ! connection ) ability 9 action lo/ by academic philosophies4 ,k5 & c are alli$ words4 ,att5tion means c>+ = a ?+1 9 ! s5se ( bo? affection & ( look+ out = its welf>e4 ,m9d means c>ry+ out in/ructions 9 action--z a *ild m9ds 8 "m--& tak+ c>e ( some?+--z a nurse m9ds ! baby4 ,to be ?\ghtful1 consid]ate1 means to he$ ! claims ( o!rs4 ,appreh5sion means dread ( undesirable consequ5ces1 z well z intellectual grasp4 ,to h good s5se or judgm5t is to "k ! conduct a situation calls =2 disc]nm5t is n mak+ di/9ctions = ! sake ( mak+ !m1 an ex]cise reprobat$ z hair splitt+1 b is insight into an affair ) ref]5ce to act+4 ,wisdom has nev] lo/ its association ) ! prop] direction ( life4 ,only 9 education1 nev] 9 ! life ( f>m]1 sailor1 m]*ant1 physician1 or laboratory exp]im5t]1 does k mean prim>ily a /ore ( in=mation alo( f do+4 ,hav+ to d ) ?+s 9 an intellig5t way issues 9 acqua9tance or famili>ity4 ,! ?+s we are be/ acqua9t$ ) are ! ?+s we put to frequ5t use--su* ?+s z *airs1 tables1 p51 pap]1 clo!s1 food1 knives & =ks on ! commonplace level1 diff]5tiat+ into m special objects accord+ to a p]son's occupations 9 life4 ,k ( ?+s 9 t intimate & emotional s5se sugge/$ by ! ^w acqua9tance is a precipitate f our employ+ !m ) a purpose4 ,we h act$ ) or ^u ! ?+ s frequ5tly t we c anticipate h[ x w act & react--su* is ! mean+ ( famili> acqua9tance4 ,we are ready = a famili> ?+2 x does n cat* u napp+1 or play unexpect$ tricks ) u4 ,?is attitude c>ries ) x a s5se ( cong5iality or fri5dl9ess1 ( ease & illum9ation2 :ile ! ?+s ) :i* we are n accu/om$ to deal are /range1 =eign1 cold1 remote1 ab/ract4 ,,ii4 ,b x is likely t elaborate /atem5ts reg>d+ ?is prim>y /age ( k w d>k5 und]/&+4 ,x includes practically all ( our k :i* is n ! result ( delib]ate te*nical /udy4 ,modes ( purposeful do+ include deal+s ) p]sons z well z ?+s4 ,impulses ( communication & habits ( int]c\rse h to be adapt$ to ma9ta9+ successful connections ) o!rs2 a l>ge fund ( social k accrues4 ,z a "p ( ?is int]communication "o le>ns mu* f o!rs4 ,!y tell ( _! exp]i5ces & ( ! exp]i5ces :i*1 9 turn1 h be5 told !m4 ,9 s f> z "o is int]e/$ or conc]n$ 9 ^! communications1 _! matt] becomes a "p ( "o's own exp]i5ce4 ,active connections ) o!rs are su* an intimate & vital "p ( our own conc]ns t x is impossible to draw %>p l9es1 su* z w\ld enable u to say1 ,"h my exp]i5ce ends2 !re y\rs beg9s4 ,9 s f> z we are p>tn]s 9 common und]tak+s1 ! ?+s :i* o!rs communicate to u z ! consequ5ces ( _! p>ticul> %>e 9 ! ent]prise bl5d at once into ! exp]i5ce result+ f our own special do+s4 ,! e> is z mu* an organ ( exp]i5ce z ! eye or h&2 ! eye is available = read+ reports ( :at happ5s beyond its horizon4 ,?+s remote 9 space & "t affect ! issue ( our actions q z mu* z ?+s :i* we c smell & h&le4 ,!y really conc]n u1 &1 consequ5tly1 any acc\nt ( !m :i* assi/s u 9 deal+ ) ?+s at h& falls )9 p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,in=mation is ! "n usually giv5 to ?is k9d ( subject matt]4 ,! place ( communication 9 p]sonal do+ supplies u ) a crit]ion = e/imat+ ! value ( in=mational mat]ial 9 s*ool4 ,does x gr[ naturally out ( "s "q ) :i* ! /ud5t is conc]n$8 ,does x fit into 8 m direct acqua9tance s z to increase its efficacy & deep5 its mean+8 ,if x meets ^! two requirem5ts1 x is educative4 ,! am\nt he>d or read is ( no importance--! m ! bett]1 provid$ ! /ud5t has a ne$ = x & c apply x 9 "s situation ( 8 own4 ,b x is n s easy to fulfill ^! requirem5ts 9 actual practice z x is to lay !m d[n 9 !ory4 ,! ext5sion 9 mod]n times ( ! area ( int]communication2 ! inv5tion ( appliances = secur+ acqua9tance ) remote p>ts ( ! heav5s & bygone ev5ts ( hi/ory2 ! *eap5+ ( devices1 l pr9t+1 = record+ & di/ribut+ in=mation--g5u9e & alleg$--h creat$ an imm5se bulk ( communicat$ subject matt]4 ,x is mu* easi] to swamp a pupil ) ?is ?an to "w x into 8 direct exp]i5ces4 ,all too frequ5tly x =ms ano!r /range _w :i* j ov]lies ! _w ( p]sonal acqua9tance4 ,! sole problem ( ! /ud5t is to le>n1 = s*ool purposes1 = purposes ( recitations & promotions1 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ?is /range _w4 ,probably ! mo/ conspicu\s connotation ( ! ^w k = mo/ p]sons to-day is j ! body ( facts & tru?s asc]ta9$ by o!rs2 ! mat]ial f\nd 9 ! r[s & r[s ( atlases1 cyclop$ias1 hi/ories1 biographies1 books ( travel1 sci5tific treatises1 on ! %elves ( libr>ies4 ,! impos+ /up5d\s bulk ( ?is mat]ial has unconsci\sly influ5c$ m5's notions ( ! nature ( k itself4 ,! /atem5ts1 ! propositions1 9 :i* k1 ! issue ( active conc]n ) problems1 is deposit$1 are tak5 to be !mselves k4 ,! record ( k1 indep5d5t ( its place z an outcome ( inquiry & a res\rce 9 fur!r inquiry1 is tak5 to be k4 ,! m9d ( man is tak5 captive by ! spoils ( its prior victories2 ! spoils1 n ! weapons & ! acts ( wag+ ! battle aga9/ ! unkn[n1 are us$ to fix ! mean+ ( k1 ( fact1 & tru?4 ,if ?is id5tification ( k ) propositions /at+ in=mation has fa/5$ itself ^u logicians & philosoph]s1 x is n surpris+ t ! same ideal has almo/ dom9at$ in/ruction4 ,! c\rse ( /udy consi/s l>gely ( in=mation di/ribut$ into v>i\s bran*es ( /udy1 ea* /udy be+ subdivid$ into lessons pres5t+ 9 s]ial cut(f portions ( ! total /ore4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! /ore 0 /ill small en\gh s t m5 set up ! ideal ( a complete encyclop$ic ma/]y ( x4 ,x is n[ s bulky t ! impossibility ( any "o man's com+ into possession ( x all is obvi\s4 ,b ! educational ideal has n be5 mu* affect$4 ,acquisition ( a modicum ( in=mation 9 ea* bran* ( le>n+1 or at lea/ 9 a select$ gr\p1 rema9s ! pr9ciple by :i* ! curriculum1 f elem5t>y s*ool ?r\gh college1 is =m$2 ! easi] portions be+ assign$ to ! e>li] ye>s1 ! m difficult to ! lat]4 ,! compla9ts ( educators t le>n+ does n ent] into "* & affect conduct2 ! prote/s aga9/ memorit] "w1 aga9/ cramm+1 aga9/ gradgr9d preoccupation ) facts1 aga9/ devotion to wire-drawn di/9ctions & ill-und]/ood rules & pr9ciples1 all foll[ f ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,k :i* is ma9ly second-h&1 o!r m5's k1 t5ds to become m]ely v]bal4 ,x is no objection to in=mation t x is clo!d 9 words2 communication necess>ily takes place ?r\gh words4 ,b 9 ! degree 9 :i* :at is communicat$ _c be organiz$ into ! exi/+ exp]i5ce ( ! le>n]1 x becomes m]e words3 t is1 pure s5se-/imuli1 lack+ 9 mean+4 ,!n x op]ates to call out me*anical reactions1 ability to use ! vocal organs to repeat /atem5ts1 or ! h& to write or to d sums4 ,to be in=m$ is to be po/$2 x is to h at comm& ! subject matt] ne$$ = an effective deal+ ) a problem1 & = giv+ add$ significance to ! se>* = solution & to ! solution itself4 ,in=mational k is ! mat]ial :i* c be fall5 back ^u z giv51 settl$1 e/abli%$1 assur$ 9 a d\btful situation4 ,x is a k9d ( bridge = m9d 9 its passage f d\bt to discov]y4 ,x has ! (fice ( an intellectual middleman4 ,x cond5ses & records 9 available =m ! net results ( ! prior exp]i5ces ( mank9d1 z an ag5cy ( enhanc+ ! mean+ ( new exp]i5ces4 ,:5 "o is told t ,brutus assass9at$ ,caes>1 or t ! l5g? ( ! ye> is ?ree hundr$ sixty-five & "o f\r? days1 or t ! ratio ( ! diamet] ( ! circle to its circumf]5ce is #c4adae4 4 4 "o receives :at is inde$ k = o!rs1 b = him x is a /imulus to kn[+4 ,8 acquisition ( k dep5ds ^u 8 response to :at is communicat$4 #c4 ,sci5ce or ,rationaliz$ ,k4 ,sci5ce is a "n = k 9 its mo/ *>act]i/ic =m4 ,x repres5ts 9 its degree1 ! p]fect$ outcome ( le>n+1--its consummation4 ,:at is kn[n1 9 a giv5 case1 is :at is sure1 c]ta91 settl$1 dispos$ (2 t :i* we ?9k ) r ?an t :i* we ?9k ab\t4 ,9 its honorable s5se1 k is di/+ui%$ f op9ion1 guesswork1 speculation1 & m]e tradition4 ,9 k1 ?+s are asc]ta9$2 !y are s & n dubi\sly o!rwise4 ,b exp]i5ce makes u aw>e t !re is diff]5ce betwe5 intellectual c]ta9ty ( subject matt] & our c]ta9ty4 ,we are made1 s to speak1 = belief2 cr$ulity is natural4 ,! undiscipl9$ m9d is av]se to susp5se & intellectual hesitation2 x is prone to ass]tion4 ,x likes ?+s undi/urb$1 settl$1 & treats !m z su* )\t due w>rant4 ,famili>ity1 common repute1 & cong5iality to desire are readily made measur+ rods ( tru?4 ,ignorance gives way to op9ionat$ & curr5t error1--a great] foe to le>n+ ?an ignorance itself4 ,a ,socrates is ?us l$ to decl>e t consci\sness ( ignorance is ! beg9n+ ( effective love ( wisdom1 & a ,desc>tes to say t sci5ce is born ( d\bt+4 ,we h already dwelt ^u ! fact t subject matt]1 or data1 & ideas h to h _! wor? te/$ exp]im5tally3 t 9 !mselves !y are t5tative & provisional4 ,our pr$ilection = premature acceptance & ass]tion1 our av]sion to susp5d$ judgm5t1 are signs t we t5d naturally to cut %ort ! process ( te/+4 ,we are satisfi$ ) sup]ficial & imm$iate %ort-vision$ applications4 ,if ^! "w out ) mod]ate satisfactor9ess1 we are cont5t to suppose t our assumptions h be5 confirm$4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( failure1 we are incl9$ to put ! blame n on ! inadequacy & incorrectness ( our data & ?\ghts1 b ^u our h>d luck & ! ho/ility ( circum/ance4 ,we *>ge ! evil consequ5ce n to ! error ( our s*emes & our incomplete inquiry into conditions 7!reby gett+ mat]ial = revis+ ! =m] & /imulus = ext5d+ ! latt]7 b to unt[>d fate4 ,we ev5 plume ourselves ^u our firmness 9 cl++ to our conceptions 9 spite ( ! way 9 :i* !y "w out4 ,sci5ce repres5ts ! safegu>d ( ! race aga9/ ^! natural prop5sities & ! evils :i* fl[ f !m4 ,x consi/s ( ! special appliances & me?ods :i* ! race has sl[ly work$ out 9 ord] to conduct reflection "u conditions :]eby its proc$ures & results are te/$4 ,x is artificial 7an acquir$ art71 n spontane\s2 le>n$1 n native4 ,to ?is fact is due ! unique1 ! invaluable place ( sci5ce 9 education1 & also ! dang]s :i* ?reat5 its "r use4 ,)\t initiation into ! sci5tific _s "o is n 9 possession ( ! be/ tools :i* humanity has s f> devis$ = effectively direct$ reflection4 ,"o 9 t case n m]ely conducts inquiry & le>n+ )\t ! use ( ! be/ in/rum5ts1 b fails to und]/& ! full mean+ ( k4 ,= he does n become acqua9t$ ) ! traits t m>k (f op9ion & ass5t f au?oriz$ conviction4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t sci5ce m>ks ! p]fect+ ( kn[+ 9 highly specializ$ conditions ( te*nique r5d]s its results1 tak5 by !mselves1 remote f ord9>y exp]i5ce--a quality ( alo(ness t is popul>ly designat$ by ! t]m ab/ract4 ,:5 ?is isolation appe>s 9 in/ruction1 sci5tific in=mation is ev5 m expos$ to ! dang]s att5dant ^u pres5t+ ready-made subject matt] ?an are o!r =ms ( in=mation4 ,sci5ce has be5 def9$ 9 t]ms ( me?od ( inquiry & te/+4 ,at fir/ sight1 ?is def9ition may seem oppos$ to ! curr5t conception t sci5ce is organiz$ or sy/ematiz$ k4 ,! opposition1 h[ev]1 is only seem+1 & disappe>s :5 ! ord9>y def9ition is complet$4 ,n organization b ! k9d ( organization effect$ by adequate me?ods ( te/$ discov]y m>ks (f sci5ce4 ,! k ( a f>m] is sy/ematiz$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* he is compet5t4 ,x is organiz$ on ! basis ( relation ( means to ends--practically organiz$4 ,its organization z k 7t is1 9 ! eulogi/ic s5se ( adequately te/$ & confirm$7 is incid5tal to its organization ) ref]5ce to secur+ crops1 live-/ock1 etc4 ,b sci5tific subject matt] is organiz$ ) specific ref]5ce to ! successful conduct ( ! ent]prise ( discov]y1 to kn[+ z a specializ$ und]tak+4 ,ref]5ce to ! k9d ( assurance att5d+ sci5ce w %$ light ^u ?is /atem5t4 ,x is rational assurance1--logical w>ranty4 ,! ideal ( sci5tific organization is1 !re=e1 t e conception & /atem5t %all be ( su* a k9d z to foll[ f o!rs & to lead to o!rs4 ,conceptions & propositions mutually imply & support "o ano!r4 ,?is d\ble relation ( lead+ to & confirm+ is :at is meant by ! t]ms logical & rational4 ,! ev]yday conception ( wat] is m available = ord9>y uses ( dr9k+1 wa%+1 irrigation1 etc41 ?an ! *emi/'s notion ( x4 ,! latt]'s description ( x z ,h#bj is sup]ior f ! /&po9t ( place & use 9 inquiry4 ,x /ates ! nature ( wat] 9 a way :i* connects x ) k ( o!r ?+s1 indicat+ to "o :o und]/&s x h[ ! k is arriv$ at & its be>+s ^u o!r portions ( k ( ! /ructure ( ?+s4 ,/rictly speak+1 x does n indicate ! objective relations ( wat] any m ?an does a /atem5t t wat] is transp>5t1 fluid1 )\t ta/e or odor1 satisfy+ to ?ir/1 etc4 ,x is j z true t wat] has ^! relations z t x is con/itut$ by two molecules ( hydrog5 9 comb9ation ) "o ( oxyg54 ,b = ! p>ticul> purpose ( conduct+ discov]y ) a view to asc]ta9m5t ( fact1 ! latt] relations are fundam5tal4 ,! m "o emphasizes organization z a m>k ( sci5ce1 !n1 ! m he is committ$ to a recognition ( ! primacy ( me?od 9 ! def9ition ( sci5ce4 ,= me?od def9es ! k9d ( organization 9 virtue ( :i* sci5ce is sci5ce4 #d4 ,subject ,matt] z ,social4 ,our next *apt]s w take up v>i\s s*ool activities & /udies & discuss !m z successive /ages 9 t evolution ( k :i* we h j be5 discuss+4 ,x rema9s to say a few words ^u subject matt] z social1 s9ce our prior rem>ks h be5 ma9ly conc]n$ ) its intellectual aspect4 ,a diff]5ce 9 bread? & dep? exi/s ev5 9 vital k2 ev5 9 ! data & ideas :i* are relevant to real problems & :i* are motivat$ by purposes4 ,= !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! social scope ( purposes & ! social importance ( problems4 ,) ! wide range ( possible mat]ial to select f1 x is important t education 7especially 9 all its phases %ort ( ! mo/ specializ$7 %\ld use a crit]ion ( social wor?4 ,all in=mation & sy/ematiz$ sci5tific subject matt] h be5 work$ out "u ! conditions ( social life & h be5 transmitt$ by social means4 ,b ?is does n prove t all is ( equal value = ! purposes ( =m+ ! disposition & supply+ ! equipm5t ( memb]s ( pres5t society4 ,! s*eme ( a curriculum mu/ take acc\nt ( ! adaptation ( /udies to ! ne$s ( ! exi/+ community life2 x mu/ select ) ! int5tion ( improv+ ! life we live 9 common s t ! future %all be bett] ?an ! pa/4 ,moreov]1 ! curriculum mu/ be plann$ ) ref]5ce to plac+ ess5tials fir/1 & ref9em5ts second4 ,! ?+s :i* are socially mo/ fundam5tal1 t is1 :i* h to d ) ! exp]i5ces 9 :i* ! wide/ gr\ps %>e1 are ! ess5tials4 ,! ?+s :i* repres5t ! ne$s ( specializ$ gr\ps & te*nical pursuits are second>y4 ,!re is tru? 9 ! say+ t education mu/ fir/ be human & only aft] t pr(essional4 ,b ^? :o utt] ! say+ frequ5tly h 9 m9d 9 ! t]m human only a highly specializ$ class3 ! class ( le>n$ m5 :o pres]ve ! classic traditions ( ! pa/4 ,!y =get t mat]ial is humaniz$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* x connects ) ! common int]e/s ( m5 z m54 ,democratic society is peculi>ly dep5d5t = its ma9t5ance ^u ! use 9 =m+ a c\rse ( /udy ( crit]ia :i* are broadly human4 ,democracy _c fl\ri% :]e ! *ief influ5ces 9 select+ subject matt] ( in/ruction are utilit>ian ends n>r[ly conceiv$ = ! masses1 &1 = ! high] education ( ! few1 ! traditions ( a specializ$ cultivat$ class4 ,! notion t ! ess5tials ( elem5t>y education are ! ?ree ,r's me*anically treat$1 is bas$ ^u ignorance ( ! ess5tials ne$$ = realization ( democratic ideals4 ,unconsci\sly x assumes t ^! ideals are unrealizable2 x assumes t 9 ! future1 z 9 ! pa/1 gett+ a livelihood1 mak+ a liv+1 mu/ signify = mo/ m5 & wom5 do+ ?+s :i* are n significant1 freely *os51 & ennobl+ to ^? :o d !m2 do+ ?+s :i* s]ve ends unrecogniz$ by ^? engag$ 9 !m1 c>ri$ on "u ! direction ( o!rs = ! sake ( pecuni>y rew>d4 ,= prep>ation ( l>ge numb]s = a life ( ?is sort1 & only = ?is purpose1 are me*anical effici5cy 9 read+1 writ+1 spell+ & figur+1 toge!r ) atta9m5t ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( muscul> dext]ity1 ess5tials4 ,su* conditions also infect ! education call$ lib]al1 ) illib]ality4 ,!y imply a some:at p>asitic cultivation b\ght at ! exp5se ( n hav+ ! enlight5m5t & discipl9e :i* come f conc]n ) ! deepe/ problems ( common humanity4 ,a curriculum :i* ackn[l$ges ! social responsibilities ( education mu/ pres5t situations :]e problems are relevant to ! problems ( liv+ toge!r1 & :]e obs]vation & in=mation are calculat$ to develop social insight & int]e/4 ,summ>y4 ,! subject matt] ( education consi/s prim>ily ( ! mean+s :i* supply cont5t to exi/+ social life4 ,! cont9uity ( social life means t _m ( ^! mean+s are contribut$ to pres5t activity by pa/ collective exp]i5ce4 ,z social life gr[s m complex1 ^! factors increase 9 numb] & import4 ,!re is ne$ ( special selection1 =mulation1 & organization 9 ord] t !y may be adequately transmitt$ to ! new g5]ation4 ,b ?is v process t5ds to set up subject matt] z some?+ ( value j by itself1 ap>t f its function 9 promot+ ! realization ( ! mean+s impli$ 9 ! pres5t exp]i5ce ( ! immature4 ,especially is ! educator expos$ to ! temptation to conceive 8 task 9 t]ms ( ! pupil's ability to appropriate & reproduce ! subject matt] 9 set /atem5ts1 irrespective ( its organization into 8 activities z a develop+ social memb]4 ,! positive pr9ciple is ma9ta9$ :5 ! "y beg9 ) active occupations hav+ a social orig9 & use1 & proce$ to a sci5tific insight 9 ! mat]ials & laws involv$1 ?r\gh assimilat+ into _! m direct exp]i5ce ! ideas & facts communicat$ by o!rs :o h _h a l>g] exp]i5ce4 #a ,s9ce ! le>n$ man %\ld also /ill be a le>n]1 x w be und]/ood t ^! contra/s are relative1 n absolute4 ,b 9 ! e>li] /ages ( le>n+ at lea/ !y are practically all-important4 ,*apt] ,fifte53 ,play & ,"w 9 ! ,curriculum #a4 ,! ,place ( ,active ,occupations 9 ,education4 ,9 consequ5ce p>tly ( ! ef=ts ( educational re=m]s1 p>tly ( increas$ int]e/ 9 *ild-psy*ology1 & p>tly ( ! direct exp]i5ce ( ! s*oolroom1 ! c\rse ( /udy has 9 ! pa/ g5]ation und]gone consid]able modification4 ,! desirability ( />t+ f & ) ! exp]i5ce & capacities ( le>n]s1 a lesson en=c$ f all ?ree qu>t]s1 has l$ to ! introduction ( =ms ( activity1 9 play & "w1 simil> to ^? 9 :i* *ildr5 & y\? engage outside ( s*ool4 ,mod]n psy*ology has sub/itut$ = ! g5]al1 ready-made faculties ( old] !ory a complex gr\p ( in/9ctive & impulsive t5d5cies4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t :5 *ildr5 h a *ance at physical activities :i* br+ _! natural impulses into play1 go+ to s*ool is a joy1 managem5t is less ( a burd51 & le>n+ is easi]4 ,sometimes1 p]haps1 plays1 games1 & con/ructive occupations are resort$ to only = ^! reasons1 ) emphasis ^u relief f ! t$ium & /ra9 ( regul> s*ool "w4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 = us+ !m m]ely z agreeable div]sions4 ,/udy ( m5tal life has made evid5t ! fundam5tal wor? ( native t5d5cies to explore1 to manipulate tools & mat]ials1 to con/ruct1 to give expression to joy\s emotion1 etc4 ,:5 ex]cises :i* are prompt$ by ^! in/9cts are a "p ( ! regul> s*ool program1 ! :ole pupil is engag$1 ! artificial gap betwe5 life 9 s*ool & out is r$uc$1 motives are af=d$ = att5tion to a l>ge v>iety ( mat]ials & processes di/9ctly educative 9 effect1 & coop]ative associations :i* give in=mation 9 a social sett+ are provid$4 ,9 %ort1 ! gr\nds = assign+ to play & active "w a def9ite place 9 ! curriculum are intellectual & social1 n matt]s ( tempor>y exp$i5cy & mom5t>y agreeabl5ess4 ,)\t some?+ ( ! k9d1 x is n possible to secure ! normal e/ate ( effective le>n+2 namely1 t k-gett+ be an outgr[? ( activities hav+ _! own end1 in/ead ( a s*ool task4 ,m specifically1 play & "w correspond1 po9t = po9t1 ) ! traits ( ! initial /age ( kn[+1 :i* consi/s1 z we saw 9 ! la/ *apt]1 9 le>n+ h[ to d ?+s & 9 acqua9tance ) ?+s & processes ga9$ 9 ! do+4 ,x is sugge/ive t among ! ,greeks1 till ! rise ( consci\s philosophy1 ! same ^w1 te*ne1 0 us$ = art & sci5ce4 ,plato gave 8 acc\nt ( k on ! basis ( an analysis ( ! k ( cobbl]s1 c>p5t]s1 play]s ( musical in/rum5ts1 etc41 po9t+ out t _! art 7s f> z x 0 n m]e r\t9e7 involv$ an end1 ma/]y ( mat]ial or /uff work$ ^u1 control ( appliances1 & a def9ite ord] ( proc$ure--all ( :i* _h to be kn[n 9 ord] t !re be intellig5t skill or art4 ,d\btless ! fact t *ildr5 normally engage 9 play & "w out ( s*ool has seem$ to _m educators a reason :y !y %\ld conc]n !mselves 9 s*ool ) ?+s radically diff]5t4 ,s*ool "t seem$ too preci\s to sp5d 9 do+ ov] aga9 :at *ildr5 7 sure to d any way4 ,9 "s social conditions1 ?is reason has weight4 ,9 pione] times1 = example1 outside occupations gave a def9ite & valuable intellectual & moral tra9+4 ,books & ev]y?+ conc]n$ ) !m 71 on ! o!r h&1 r>e & difficult ( access2 !y 7 ! only means ( outlet f a n>r[ & crude environm5t4 ,:]ev] su* conditions obta91 mu* may be said 9 favor ( conc5trat+ s*ool activity ^u books4 ,! situation is v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 9 mo/ communities to-day4 ,! k9ds ( "w 9 :i* ! "y c engage1 especially 9 cities1 are l>gely anti-educational4 ,t prev5tion ( *ild labor is a social duty is evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 pr9t$ matt] has be5 s *eap5$ & is 9 su* univ]sal circulation1 & all ! opportunities ( intellectual culture h be5 s multipli$1 t ! old] type ( book "w is f> f hav+ ! =ce x us$ to possess4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t an educational result is a by-product ( play & "w 9 mo/ out-(-s*ool conditions4 ,x is incid5tal1 n prim>y4 ,consequ5tly ! educative gr[? secur$ is m or less accid5tal4 ,mu* "w %>es 9 ! defects ( exi/+ indu/rial society--defects next to fatal to "r developm5t4 ,play t5ds to reproduce & affirm ! crudities1 z well z ! excell5cies1 ( surr\nd+ adult life4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to set up an environm5t 9 :i* play & "w %all be conduct$ ) ref]5ce to facilitat+ desirable m5tal & moral gr[?4 ,x is n en\gh j to introduce plays & games1 h& "w & manual ex]cises4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* !y are employ$4 #b4 ,available ,occupations4 ,a b>e catalogue ( ! li/ ( activities :i* h already f\nd _! way into s*ools indicates :at a ri* field is at h&4 ,!re is "w ) pap]1 c>dbo>d1 wood1 lea!r1 clo?1 y>ns1 clay & s&1 & ! metals1 ) & )\t tools4 ,processes employ$ are fold+1 cutt+1 prick+1 measur+1 mold+1 model+1 patt]n-mak+1 heat+ & cool+1 & ! op]ations *>act]i/ic ( su* tools z ! hamm]1 saw1 file1 etc4 ,outdoor excursions1 g>d5+1 cook+1 sew+1 pr9t+1 book-b9d+1 weav+1 pa9t+1 draw+1 s++1 dramatization1 /ory-tell+1 read+ & writ+ z active pursuits ) social aims 7n z m]e ex]cises = acquir+ skill = future use71 9 addition to a c\ntless v>iety ( plays & games1 designate "s ( ! modes ( occupation4 ,! problem ( ! educator is to engage pupils 9 ^! activities 9 su* ways t :ile manual skill & te*nical effici5cy are ga9$ & imm$iate satisfaction f\nd 9 ! "w1 toge!r ) prep>ation = lat] usefulness1 ^! ?+s %all be subord9at$ to education--t is1 to intellectual results & ! =m+ ( a socializ$ disposition4 ,:at does ?is pr9ciple signify8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! pr9ciple rules out c]ta9 practices4 ,activities :i* foll[ def9ite prescription & dictation or :i* reproduce )\t modification ready-made models1 may give muscul> dext]ity1 b !y d n require ! p]ception & elaboration ( ends1 nor 7:at is ! same ?+ 9 o!r words7 d !y p]mit ! use ( judgm5t 9 select+ & adapt+ means4 ,n m]ely manual tra9+ specifically s call$ b _m traditional k9d]g>t5 ex]cises h err$ "h4 ,moreov]1 opportunity = mak+ mi/akes is an incid5tal requirem5t4 ,n because mi/akes are ev] desirable1 b because ov]zeal to select mat]ial & appliances :i* =bid a *ance = mi/akes to occur1 re/ricts initiative1 r$uces judgm5t to a m9imum1 & compels ! use ( me?ods :i* are s remote f ! complex situations ( life t ! p[] ga9$ is ( little availability4 ,x is q true t *ildr5 t5d to exagg]ate _! p[]s ( execution & to select projects t are beyond !m4 ,b limitation ( capacity is "o ( ! ?+s :i* has to be le>n$2 l o!r ?+s1 x is le>n$ ?r\gh ! exp]i5ce ( consequ5ces4 ,! dang] t *ildr5 und]tak+ too complex projects w simply muddle & mess1 & produce n m]ely crude results 7:i* is a m9or matt]7 b acquire crude /&>ds 7:i* is an important matt]7 is great4 ,b x is ! fault ( ! tea*] if ! pupil does n p]ceive 9 due season ! inadequacy ( 8 p]=mances1 & !reby receive a /imulus to attempt ex]cises :i* w p]fect 8 p[]s4 ,meantime x is m important to keep alive a creative & con/ructive attitude ?an to secure an ext]nal p]fection by engag+ ! pupil's action 9 too m9ute & too closely regulat$ pieces ( "w4 ,accuracy & f9i% ( detail c be insi/$ ^u 9 su* portions ( a complex "w z are )9 ! pupil's capacity4 ,unconsci\s suspicion ( native exp]i5ce & consequ5t ov]do+ ( ext]nal control are %[n q z mu* 9 ! mat]ial suppli$ z 9 ! matt] ( ! tea*]'s ord]s4 ,! fe> ( raw mat]ial is %[n 9 laboratory1 manual tra9+ %op1 ,froebelian k9d]g>t51 & ,montessori h\se ( *ildhood4 ,! dem& is = mat]ials :i* h already be5 subject$ to ! p]fect+ "w ( m9d3 a dem& :i* %[s itself 9 ! subject matt] ( active occupations q z well z 9 academic book le>n+4 ,t su* mat]ial w control ! pupil's op]ations s z to prev5t errors is true4 ,! notion t a pupil op]at+ ) su* mat]ial w someh[ absorb ! intellig5ce t w5t orig9ally to its %ap+ is fallaci\s4 ,only by />t+ ) crude mat]ial & subject+ x to purposeful h&l+ w he ga9 ! intellig5ce embodi$ 9 f9i%$ mat]ial4 ,9 practice1 ov]emphasis ^u =m$ mat]ial leads to an exagg]ation ( ma!matical qualities1 s9ce intellect f9ds its pr(it 9 physical ?+s f matt]s ( size1 =m1 & proportion & ! relations t fl[ f !m4 ,b ^! are kn[n only :5 _! p]ception is a fruit ( act+ ^u purposes :i* require att5tion to !m4 ,! m human ! purpose1 or ! m x approximates ! ends :i* appeal 9 daily exp]i5ce1 ! m real ! k4 ,:5 ! purpose ( ! activity is re/rict$ to asc]ta9+ ^! qualities1 ! result+ k is only te*nical4 ,to say t active occupations %\ld be conc]n$ prim>ily ) :oles is ano!r /atem5t ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,:oles = purposes ( education are n1 h[ev]1 physical affairs4 ,intellectually ! exi/5ce ( a :ole dep5ds ^u a conc]n or int]e/2 x is qualitative1 ! complet5ess ( appeal made by a situation4 ,exagg]at$ devotion to =mation ( effici5t skill irrespective ( pres5t purpose always %[s itself 9 devis+ ex]cises isolat$ f a purpose4 ,laboratory "w is made to consi/ ( tasks ( accurate measurem5t ) a view to acquir+ k ( ! fundam5tal units ( physics1 irrespective ( contact ) ! problems :i* make ^! units important2 or ( op]ations design$ to af=d facility 9 ! manipulation ( exp]im5tal app>atus4 ,! te*nique is acquir$ indep5d5tly ( ! purposes ( discov]y & te/+ :i* alone give x mean+4 ,k9d]g>t5 employm5ts are calculat$ to give in=mation reg>d+ cubes1 sph]es1 etc41 & to =m c]ta9 habits ( manipulation ( mat]ial 7= ev]y?+ mu/ always be done j s71 ! abs5ce ( m vital purposes be+ suppos$ly comp5sat$ = by ! alleg$ symbolism ( ! mat]ial us$4 ,manual tra9+ is r$uc$ to a s]ies ( ord]$ assignm5ts calculat$ to secure ! ma/]y ( "o tool aft] ano!r & te*nical ability 9 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( con/ruction--l ! diff]5t jo9ts4 ,x is argu$ t pupils mu/ "k h[ to use tools be=e !y attack actual mak+1--assum+ t pupils _c le>n h[ 9 ! process ( mak+4 ,pe/alozzi's j insi/5ce ^u ! active use ( ! s5ses1 z a sub/itute = memoriz+ words1 left beh9d x 9 practice s*emes = object lessons int5d$ to acqua9t pupils ) all ! qualities ( select$ objects4 ,! error is ! same3 9 all ^! cases x is assum$ t be=e objects c be intellig5tly us$1 _! prop]ties mu/ be kn[n4 ,9 fact1 ! s5ses are normally us$ 9 ! c\rse ( intellig5t 7t is1 purposeful7 use ( ?+s1 s9ce ! qualities p]ceiv$ are factors to be reckon$ ) 9 accompli%m5t4 ,witness ! diff]5t attitude ( a boy 9 mak+1 say1 a kite1 ) respect to ! gra9 & o!r prop]ties ( wood1 ! matt] ( size1 angles1 & proportion ( p>ts1 to ! attitude ( a pupil :o has an object-lesson on a piece ( wood1 :]e ! sole function ( wood & its prop]ties is to s]ve z subject matt] = ! lesson4 ,! failure to realize t ! functional developm5t ( a situation alone con/itutes a :ole = ! purpose ( m9d is ! cause ( ! false notions :i* h prevail$ 9 in/ruction conc]n+ ! simple & ! complex4 ,= ! p]son approa*+ a subject1 ! simple ?+ is 8 purpose--! use he desires to make ( mat]ial1 tool1 or te*nical process1 no matt] h[ complicat$ ! process ( execution may be4 ,! unity ( ! purpose1 ) ! conc5tration ^u details :i* x entails1 conf]s simplicity ^u ! elem5ts :i* h to be reckon$ ) 9 ! c\rse ( action4 ,x furni%es ea* ) a s+le mean+ accord+ to its s]vice 9 c>ry+ on ! :ole ent]prise4 ,aft] "o has gone ?r\gh ! process1 ! con/itu5t qualities & relations are elem5ts1 ea* possess$ ) a def9ite mean+ ( its own4 ,! false notion ref]r$ to takes ! /&po9t ( ! exp]t1 ! "o = :om elem5ts exi/2 isolates !m f purposeful action1 & pres5ts !m to beg9n]s z ! simple ?+s4 ,b x is "t = a positive /atem5t4 ,aside f ! fact t active occupations repres5t ?+s to d1 n /udies1 _! educational significance consi/s 9 ! fact t !y may typify social situations4 ,m5's fundam5tal common conc]ns c5t] ab\t food1 %elt]1 clo?+1 h\sehold furni%+s1 & ! appliances connect$ ) production1 ex*ange1 & consumption4 ,repres5t+ bo? ! necessities ( life & ! adornm5ts ) :i* ! necessities h be5 clo!d1 !y tap in/9cts at a deep level2 !y are saturat$ ) facts & pr9ciples hav+ a social quality4 ,to *>ge t ! v>i\s activities ( g>d5+1 weav+1 con/ruction 9 wood1 manipulation ( metals1 cook+1 etc41 :i* c>ry ov] ^! fundam5tal human conc]ns into s*ool res\rces1 h a m]ely bread & butt] value is to miss _! po9t4 ,if ! mass ( mank9d has usually f\nd 9 its indu/rial occupations no?+ b evils :i* _h to be endur$ = ! sake ( ma9ta9+ exi/5ce1 ! fault is n 9 ! occupations1 b 9 ! conditions "u :i* !y are c>ri$ on4 ,! cont9ually increas+ importance ( economic factors 9 contempor>y life makes x ! m ne$$ t education %\ld reveal _! sci5tific cont5t & _! social value4 ,= 9 s*ools1 occupations are n c>ri$ on = pecuni>y ga9 b = _! own cont5t4 ,fre$ f extrane\s associations & f ! pressure ( wage-e>n+1 !y supply modes ( exp]i5ce :i* are intr9sically valuable2 !y are truly lib]aliz+ 9 quality4 ,g>d5+1 = example1 ne$ n be taught ei!r = ! sake ( prep>+ future g>d5]s1 or z an agreeable way ( pass+ "t4 ,x af=ds an av5ue ( approa* to k ( ! place f>m+ & horticulture h _h 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race & :i* !y occupy 9 pres5t social organization4 ,c>ri$ on 9 an environm5t educationally controll$1 !y are means = mak+ a /udy ( ! facts ( gr[?1 ! *emi/ry ( soil1 ! role ( light1 air1 & moi/ure1 injuri\s & helpful animal life1 etc4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! elem5t>y /udy ( botany :i* _c be introduc$ 9 a vital way 9 connection ) c>+ = ! gr[? ( se$s4 ,in/ead ( ! subject matt] belong+ to a peculi> /udy call$ botany1 x w !n belong to life1 & w f9d1 moreov]1 its natural correlations ) ! facts ( soil1 animal life1 & human relations4 ,z /ud5ts gr[ mature1 !y w p]ceive problems ( int]e/ :i* may be pursu$ = ! sake ( discov]y1 indep5d5t ( ! orig9al direct int]e/ 9 g>d5+--problems connect$ ) ! g]m9ation & nutrition ( plants1 ! reproduction ( fruits1 etc41 ?us mak+ a transition to delib]ate intellectual inve/igations4 ,! illu/ration is int5d$ to apply1 ( c\rse1 to o!r s*ool occupations1--wood-work+1 cook+1 & on ?r\gh ! li/4 ,x is p]t95t to note t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race ! sci5ces grew gradually out f useful social occupations4 ,physics develop$ sl[ly out ( ! use ( tools & ma*9es2 ! important bran* ( physics kn[n z me*anics te/ifies 9 its "n to its orig9al associations4 ,! lev]1 :eel1 incl9$ plane1 etc41 7 among ! fir/ great intellectual discov]ies ( mank9d1 & !y are none ! less intellectual because !y occurr$ 9 ! c\rse ( seek+ = means ( accompli%+ practical ends4 ,! great advance ( electrical sci5ce 9 ! la/ g5]ation 0 closely associat$1 z effect & z cause1 ) application ( electric ag5cies to means ( communication1 transportation1 light+ ( cities & h\ses1 & m economical production ( goods4 ,^! are social ends1 moreov]1 & if !y are too closely associat$ ) notions ( private pr(it1 x is n because ( any?+ 9 !m1 b because !y h be5 deflect$ to private uses3--a fact :i* puts ^u ! s*ool ! responsibility ( re/or+ _! connection1 9 ! m9d ( ! com+ g5]ation1 ) public sci5tific & social int]e/s4 ,9 l ways1 *emi/ry grew out ( processes ( dy+1 blea*+1 metal work+1 etc41 & 9 rec5t times has f\nd innum]able new uses 9 indu/ry4 ,ma!matics is n[ a highly ab/ract sci5ce2 geometry1 h[ev]1 means lit]ally e>?-measur+3 ! practical use ( numb] 9 c\nt+ to keep track ( ?+s & 9 measur+ is ev5 m important to-day ?an 9 ! times :5 x 0 inv5t$ = ^! purposes4 ,su* consid]ations 7:i* c\ld be duplicat$ 9 ! hi/ory ( any sci5ce7 are n argum5ts = a recapitulation ( ! hi/ory ( ! race or = dwell+ long 9 ! e>ly rule ( ?umb /age4 ,b !y indicate ! possibilities--great] to-day ?an ev] be=e--( us+ active occupations z opportunities = sci5tific /udy4 ,! opportunities are j z great on ! social side1 :e!r we look at ! life ( collective humanity 9 its pa/ or 9 its future4 ,! mo/ direct road = elem5t>y /ud5ts into civics & economics is f\nd 9 consid]ation ( ! place & (fice ( indu/rial occupations 9 social life4 ,ev5 = old] /ud5ts1 ! social sci5ces w\ld be less ab/ract & =mal if !y 7 dealt ) less z sci5ces 7less z =mulat$ bodies ( k7 & m 9 _! direct subject-matt] z t is f\nd 9 ! daily life ( ! social gr\ps 9 :i* ! /ud5t %>es4 ,connection ( occupations ) ! me?od ( sci5ce is at lea/ z close z ) its subject matt]4 ,! ages :5 sci5tific progress 0 sl[ 7 ! ages :5 le>n$ m5 _h contempt = ! mat]ial & processes ( ev]yday life1 especially = ^? conc]n$ ) manual pursuits4 ,consequ5tly !y /rove to develop k out ( g5]al pr9ciples--almo/ out ( _! heads--by logical reasons4 ,x seems z absurd t le>n+ %\ld come f action on & ) physical ?+s1 l dropp+ acid on a /one to see :at w\ld happ51 z t x %\ld come f /ick+ an awl ) wax$ ?read ?r\gh a piece ( lea!r4 ,b ! rise ( exp]im5tal me?ods prov$ t1 giv5 control ( conditions1 ! latt] op]ation is m typical ( ! "r way ( k ?an isolat$ logical reason+s4 ,exp]im5t develop$ 9 ! sev5te5? & succe$+ c5turies & became ! au?oriz$ way ( kn[+ :5 m5's int]e/s 7 c5t]$ 9 ! "q ( control ( nature = human uses4 ,! active occupations 9 :i* appliances are br\ght to be> ^u physical ?+s ) ! int5tion ( effect+ useful *anges is ! mo/ vital introduction to ! exp]im5tal me?od4 #c4 ,"w & ,play4 ,:at has be5 t]m$ active occupation includes bo? play & "w4 ,9 _! intr9sic mean+1 play & indu/ry are by no means s anti!tical to "o ano!r z is (t5 assum$1 any %>p contra/ be+ due to undesirable social conditions4 ,bo? involve ends consci\sly ent]ta9$ & ! selection & adaptations ( mat]ials & processes design$ to effect ! desir$ ends4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is l>gely "o ( "t-span1 influ5c+ ! directness ( ! connection ( means & ends4 ,9 play1 ! int]e/ is m direct--a fact frequ5tly indicat$ by say+ t 9 play ! activity is its own end1 in/ead ( its hav+ an ult]ior result4 ,! /atem5t is correct1 b x is falsely tak51 if suppos$ to mean t play activity is mom5t>y1 hav+ no elem5t ( look+ ahead & none ( pursuit4 ,hunt+1 = example1 is "o ( ! commone/ =ms ( adult play1 b ! exi/5ce ( =esight & ! direction ( pres5t activity by :at "o is wat*+ = are obvi\s4 ,:5 an activity is its own end 9 ! s5se t ! action ( ! mom5t is complete 9 itself1 x is purely physical2 x has no mean+ 7,see p4 #gg74 ,! p]son is ei!r go+ ?r\gh motions q bl9dly1 p]haps purely imitatively1 or else is 9 a /ate ( excitem5t :i* is exhau/+ to m9d & n]ves4 ,bo? results may be se5 9 "s types ( k9d]g>t5 games :]e ! idea ( play is s highly symbolic t only ! adult is consci\s ( x4 ,unless ! *ildr5 succe$ 9 read+ 9 "s q diff]5t idea ( _! own1 !y move ab\t ei!r z if 9 a hypnotic daze1 or !y respond to a direct excitation4 ,! po9t ( ^! rem>ks is t play has an end 9 ! s5se ( a direct+ idea :i* gives po9t to ! successive acts4 ,p]sons :o play are n j do+ some?+ 7pure physical movem5t72 !y are try+ to d or effect some?+1 an attitude t involves anticipatory =eca/s :i* /imulate _! pres5t responses4 ,! anticipat$ result1 h[ev]1 is r a subsequ5t action ?an ! production ( a specific *ange 9 ?+s4 ,consequ5tly play is free1 pla/ic4 ,:]e "s def9ite ext]nal outcome is want$1 ! end has to be held to ) "s p]si/5ce1 :i* increases z ! contemplat$ result is complex & requires a fairly long s]ies ( int]m$iate adaptations4 ,:5 ! int5d$ act is ano!r activity1 x is n necess>y to look f> ahead & x is possible to alt] x easily & frequ5tly4 ,if a *ild is mak+ a toy boat1 he mu/ hold on to a s+le end & direct a consid]able numb] ( acts by t "o idea4 ,if he is j play+ boat he may *ange ! mat]ial t s]ves z a boat almo/ at w1 & introduce new factors z fancy sugge/s4 ,! imag9ation makes :at x w ( *airs1 blocks1 leaves1 *ips1 if !y s]ve ! purpose ( c>ry+ activity =w>d4 ,f a v e>ly age1 h[ev]1 !re is no di/9ction ( exclusive p]iods ( play activity & "w activity1 b only "o ( emphasis4 ,!re are def9ite results :i* ev5 "y *ildr5 desire1 & try to br+ to pass4 ,_! eag] int]e/ 9 %>+ ! occupations ( o!rs1 if no?+ else1 accompli%es ?is4 ,*ildr5 want to help2 !y are anxi\s to engage 9 ! pursuits ( adults :i* effect ext]nal *anges3 sett+ ! table1 wa%+ di%es1 help+ c>e = animals1 etc4 ,9 _! plays1 !y l to con/ruct _! own toys & appliances4 ,) increas+ maturity1 activity :i* does n give back results ( tangible & visible a*ievem5t loses its int]e/4 ,play !n *anges to fool+ & if habitually indulg$ 9 is demoraliz+4 ,obs]vable results are necess>y to enable p]sons to get a s5se & a measure ( _! own p[]s4 ,:5 make-believe is recogniz$ to be make-believe1 ! device ( mak+ objects 9 fancy alone is too easy to /imulate int5se action4 ,"o has only to obs]ve ! c\nt5ance ( *ildr5 really play+ to note t _! attitude is "o ( s]i\s absorption2 ?is attitude _c be ma9ta9$ :5 ?+s cease to af=d adequate /imulation4 ,:5 fairly remote results ( a def9ite "* are =ese5 & enli/ p]si/5t ef=t = _! accompli%m5t1 play passes into "w4 ,l play1 x signifies purposeful activity & diff]s n 9 t activity is subord9at$ to an ext]nal result1 b 9 ! fact t a long] c\rse ( activity is occasion$ by ! idea ( a result4 ,! dem& = cont9u\s att5tion is great]1 & m intellig5ce mu/ be %[n 9 select+ & %ap+ means4 ,to ext5d ?is acc\nt w\ld be to repeat :at has be5 said "u ! caption ( aim1 int]e/1 & ?9k+4 ,x is p]t95t1 h[ev]1 to inquire :y ! idea is s curr5t t "w involves subord9ation ( an activity to an ult]ior mat]ial result4 ,! extreme =m ( ?is subord9ation1 namely drudg]y1 (f]s a clew4 ,activity c>ri$ on "u conditions ( ext]nal pressure or co]cion is n c>ri$ on = any significance atta*$ to ! do+4 ,! c\rse ( action is n intr9sically satisfy+2 x is a m]e means = avoid+ "s p5alty1 or = ga9+ "s rew>d at its conclusion4 ,:at is inh]5tly repulsive is endur$ = ! sake ( av]t+ some?+ /ill m repulsive or ( secur+ a ga9 hit*$ on by o!rs4 ,"u unfree economic conditions1 ?is /ate ( affairs is b\nd to exi/4 ,"w or indu/ry (f]s little to engage ! emotions & ! imag9ation2 x is a m or less me*anical s]ies ( /ra9s4 ,only ! hold :i* ! completion ( ! "w has ^u a p]son w keep him go+4 ,b ! end %\ld be intr9sic to ! action2 x %\ld be its end--a "p ( its own c\rse4 ,!n x af=ds a /imulus to ef=t v diff]5t f t aris+ f ! ?\ght ( results :i* h no?+ to d ) ! int]v5+ action4 ,z already m5tion$1 ! abs5ce ( economic pressure 9 s*ools supplies an opportunity = reproduc+ indu/rial situations ( mature life "u conditions :]e ! occupation c be c>ri$ on = its own sake4 ,if 9 "s cases1 pecuni>y recognition is also a result ( an action1 ?\gh n ! *ief motive = x1 t fact may well increase ! significance ( ! occupation4 ,:]e some?+ approa*+ drudg]y or ! ne$ ( fulfill+ ext]nally impos$ tasks exi/s1 ! dem& = play p]si/s1 b t5ds to be p]v]t$4 ,! ord9>y c\rse ( action fails to give adequate /imulus to emotion & imag9ation4 ,s 9 leisure "t1 !re is an imp]i\s dem& = _! /imulation by any k9d ( means2 gambl+1 dr9k1 etc41 may be resort$ to4 ,or1 9 less extreme cases1 !re is rec\rse to idle amusem5t2 to any?+ :i* passes "t ) imm$iate agreeabl5ess4 ,recreation1 z ! ^w indicates1 is recup]ation ( en]gy4 ,no dem& ( human nature is m urg5t or less to be escap$4 ,! idea t ! ne$ c be suppress$ is absolutely fallaci\s1 & ! ,puritanic tradition :i* disall[s ! ne$ has entail$ an enorm\s crop ( evils4 ,if education does n af=d opportunity = :olesome recreation & tra9 capacity = seek+ & f9d+ x1 ! suppress$ in/9cts f9d all sorts ( illicit outlets1 sometimes ov]t1 sometimes conf9$ to indulg5ce ( ! imag9ation4 ,education has no m s]i\s responsibility ?an mak+ adequate provision = enjoym5t ( recreative leisure2 n only = ! sake ( imm$iate heal?1 b /ill m if possible = ! sake ( its la/+ effect ^u habits ( m9d4 ,art is aga9 ! answ] to ?is dem&4 ,summ>y4 ,9 ! previ\s *apt] we f\nd t ! prim>y subject matt] ( kn[+ is t conta9$ 9 le>n+ h[ to d ?+s ( a fairly direct sort4 ,! educational equival5t ( ?is pr9ciple is ! consi/5t use ( simple occupations :i* appeal to ! p[]s ( y\? & :i* typify g5]al modes ( social activity4 ,skill & in=mation ab\t mat]ials1 tools1 & laws ( en]gy are acquir$ :ile activities are c>ri$ on = _! own sake4 ,! fact t !y are socially repres5tative gives a quality to ! skill & k ga9$ :i* makes !m transf]able to out-(-s*ool situations4 ,x is important n to confuse ! psy*ological di/9ction betwe5 play & "w ) ! economic di/9ction4 ,psy*ologically1 ! def9+ *>act]i/ic ( play is n amusem5t nor aimlessness4 ,x is ! fact t ! aim is ?\ght ( z m activity 9 ! same l9e1 )\t def9+ cont9uity ( action 9 ref]5ce to results produc$4 ,activities z !y gr[ m complicat$ ga9 add$ mean+ by great] att5tion to specific results a*iev$4 ,?us !y pass gradually into "w4 ,bo? are equally free & intr9sically motivat$1 ap>t f false economic conditions :i* t5d to make play into idle excitem5t = ! well to d1 & "w into uncong5ial labor = ! poor4 ,"w is psy*ologically simply an activity :i* consci\sly includes reg>d = consequ5ces z a "p ( itself2 x becomes con/ra9$ labor :5 ! consequ5ces are outside ( ! activity z an end to :i* activity is m]ely a means4 ,"w :i* rema9s p]meat$ ) ! play attitude is art--9 quality if n 9 conv5tional designation4 ,*apt] ,sixte53 ,! ,significance ( ,geography & ,hi/ory #a4 ,ext5sion ( ,mean+ ( ,prim>y ,activities4 ,no?+ is m /rik+ ?an ! diff]5ce betwe5 an activity z m]ely physical & ! weal? ( mean+s :i* ! same activity may assume4 ,f ! outside1 an a/ronom] gaz+ ?r\gh a telescope is l a small boy look+ ?r\gh ! same tube4 ,9 ea* case1 !re is an arrangem5t ( glass & metal1 an eye1 & a little speck ( light 9 ! di/ance4 ,yet at a critical mom5t1 ! activity ( an a/ronom] might be conc]n$ ) ! bir? ( a _w1 & h :atev] is kn[n ab\t ! />ry heav5s z its significant cont5t4 ,physically speak+1 :at man has effect$ on ?is globe 9 8 progress f savag]y is a m]e scrat* on its surface1 n p]ceptible at a di/ance :i* is slight 9 comp>ison ) ! rea*es ev5 ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,yet 9 mean+ :at has be5 accompli%$ measures j ! diff]5ce ( civilization f savag]y4 ,al?\gh ! activities1 physically view$1 h *ang$ some:at1 ?is *ange is slight 9 comp>ison ) ! developm5t ( ! mean+s atta*+ to ! activities4 ,!re is no limit to ! mean+ :i* an action may come to possess4 ,x all dep5ds ^u ! context ( p]ceiv$ connections 9 :i* x is plac$2 ! rea* ( imag9ation 9 realiz+ connections is inexhau/ible4 ,! advantage :i* ! activity ( man has 9 appropriat+ & f9d+ mean+s makes 8 education some?+ else ?an ! manufacture ( a tool or ! tra9+ ( an animal4 ,! latt] increase effici5cy2 !y d n develop significance4 ,! f9al educational importance ( su* occupations 9 play & "w z 7 consid]$ 9 ! la/ *apt] is t !y af=d ! mo/ direct in/rum5talities = su* ext5sion ( mean+4 ,set go+ "u adequate conditions !y are magnets = ga!r+ & reta9+ an indef9itely wide scope ( intellectual consid]ations4 ,!y provide vital c5t]s = ! reception & assimilation ( in=mation4 ,:5 in=mation is purvey$ 9 *unks simply z in=mation to be reta9$ = its own sake1 x t5ds to /ratify ov] vital exp]i5ce4 ,ent]+ z a factor into an activity pursu$ = its own sake--:e!r z a means or z a wid5+ ( ! cont5t ( ! aim--x is in=m+4 ,! insight directly ga9$ fuses ) :at is told4 ,individual exp]i5ce is !n capable ( tak+ up & hold+ 9 solution ! net results ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! gr\p to :i* he belongs--includ+ ! results ( suff]+s & trials ov] long /ret*es ( "t4 ,& su* m$ia h no fix$ saturation po9t :]e fur!r absorption is impossible4 ,! m t is tak5 91 ! great] capacity !re is = fur!r assimilation4 ,new receptiv5ess foll[s ^u new curiosity1 & new curiosity ^u in=mation ga9$4 ,! mean+s ) :i* activities become *>g$1 conc]n nature & man4 ,?is is an obvi\s truism1 :i* h[ev] ga9s mean+ :5 translat$ into educational equival5ts4 ,s translat$1 x signifies t geography & hi/ory supply subject matt] :i* gives backgr\nd & outlook1 intellectual p]spective1 to :at might o!rwise be n>r[ p]sonal actions or m]e =ms ( te*nical skill4 ,) e increase ( ability to place our own do+s 9 _! "t & space connections1 our do+s ga9 9 significant cont5t4 ,we realize t we are citiz5s ( no mean city 9 discov]+ ! sc5e 9 space ( :i* we are d5iz5s1 & ! cont9u\s manife/ation ( endeavor 9 "t ( :i* we are heirs & cont9u]s4 ,?us our ord9>y daily exp]i5ces cease to be ?+s ( ! mom5t & ga9 endur+ sub/ance4 ,( c\rse if geography & hi/ory are taught z ready-made /udies :i* a p]son /udies simply because he is s5t to s*ool1 x easily happ5s t a l>ge numb] ( /atem5ts ab\t ?+s remote & ali5 to ev]yday exp]i5ce are le>n$4 ,activity is divid$1 & two sep>ate worlds are built up1 occupy+ activity at divid$ p]iods4 ,no transmutation takes place2 ord9>y exp]i5ce is n enl>g$ 9 mean+ by gett+ its connections2 :at is /udi$ is n animat$ & made real by ent]+ into imm$iate activity4 ,ord9>y exp]i5ce is n ev5 left z x 01 n>r[ b vital4 ,r1 x loses some?+ ( its mobility & s5sitiv5ess to sugge/ions4 ,x is weigh$ d[n & pu%$ into a corn] by a load ( unassimilat$ in=mation4 ,x p>ts ) its flexible responsiv5ess & al]t eag]ness = additional mean+4 ,m]e amass+ ( in=mation ap>t f ! direct int]e/s ( life makes m9d wood52 ela/icity disappe>s4 ,normally e activity engag$ 9 = its own sake rea*es out beyond its imm$iate self4 ,x does n passively wait = in=mation to be be/[$ :i* w increase its mean+2 x seeks x out4 ,curiosity is n an accid5tal isolat$ possession2 x is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! fact t an exp]i5ce is a mov+1 *ang+ ?+1 involv+ all k9ds ( connections ) o!r ?+s4 ,curiosity is b ! t5d5cy to make ^! conditions p]ceptible4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( educators to supply an environm5t s t ?is rea*+ out ( an exp]i5ce may be fruitfully rew>d$ & kept cont9u\sly active4 ,)9 a c]ta9 k9d ( environm5t1 an activity may be *eck$ s t ! only mean+ :i* accrues is ( its direct & tangible isolat$ outcome4 ,"o may cook1 or hamm]1 or walk1 & ! result+ consequ5ces may n take ! m9d any f>!r ?an ! consequ5ces ( cook+1 hamm]+1 & walk+ 9 ! lit]al--or physical--s5se4 ,b nev]!less ! consequ5ces ( ! act rema9 f>-rea*+4 ,to walk involves a displacem5t & reaction ( ! resi/+ e>?1 ^: ?rill is felt :]ev] !re is matt]4 ,x involves ! /ructure ( ! limbs & ! n]v\s sy/em2 ! pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,to cook is to utilize heat & moi/ure to *ange ! *emical relations ( food mat]ials2 x has a be>+ ^u ! assimilation ( food & ! gr[? ( ! body4 ,! utmo/ t ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( sci5ce "k 9 physics1 *emi/ry1 physiology is n en\gh to make all ^! consequ5ces & connections p]ceptible4 ,! task ( education1 once m1 is to see to x t su* activities are p]=m$ 9 su* ways & "u su* conditions z r5d] ^! conditions z p]ceptible z possible4 ,to le>n geography is to ga9 9 p[] to p]ceive ! spatial1 ! natural1 connections ( an ord9>y act2 to le>n hi/ory is ess5tially to ga9 9 p[] to recognize its human connections4 ,= :at is call$ geography z a =mulat$ /udy is simply ! body ( facts & pr9ciples :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 o!r m5's exp]i5ce ab\t ! natural m$ium 9 :i* we live1 & 9 connection ) :i* ! p>ticul> acts ( our life h an explanation4 ,s hi/ory z a =mulat$ /udy is b ! body ( kn[n facts ab\t ! activities & suff]+s ( ! social gr\ps ) :i* our own lives are cont9u\s1 & ?r\gh ref]5ce to :i* our own cu/oms & in/itutions are illum9at$4 #b4 ,! ,complem5t>y ,nature ( ,hi/ory & ,geography4 ,hi/ory & geography--includ+ 9 ! latt]1 = reasons ab\t to be m5tion$1 nature /udy--are ! in=mation /udies p> excell5ce ( ! s*ools4 ,exam9ation ( ! mat]ials & ! me?od ( _! use w make cle> t ! diff]5ce betwe5 p5etration ( ?is in=mation into liv+ exp]i5ce & its m]e pil+ up 9 isolat$ heaps dep5ds ^u :e!r ^! /udies are fai?ful to ! int]dep5d5ce ( man & nature :i* af=ds ^! /udies _! ju/ification4 ,n[h]e1 h[ev]1 is !re great] dang] t subject matt] w be accept$ z appropriate educational mat]ial simply because x has become cu/om>y to tea* & le>n x4 ,! idea ( a philosophic reason = x1 because ( ! function ( ! mat]ial 9 a wor?y trans=mation ( exp]i5ce1 is look$ ^u z a va9 fancy1 or z supply+ a high-s\nd+ phraseology 9 support ( :at is already done4 ,! words hi/ory & geography sugge/ simply ! matt] :i* has be5 traditionally sanction$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,! mass & v>iety ( ?is matt] disc\rage an attempt to see :at x really /&s =1 & h[ x c be s taught z to fulfill its mission 9 ! exp]i5ce ( pupils4 ,b unless ! idea t !re is a unify+ & social direction 9 education is a f>cical pret5se1 subjects t bulk z l>ge 9 ! curriculum z hi/ory & geography1 mu/ repres5t a g5]al function 9 ! developm5t ( a truly socializ$ & intellectualiz$ exp]i5ce4 ,! discov]y ( ?is function mu/ be employ$ z a crit]ion = try+ & sift+ ! facts taught & ! me?ods us$4 ,! function ( hi/orical & geographical subject matt] has be5 /at$2 x is to enri* & lib]ate ! m direct & p]sonal contacts ( life by furni%+ _! context1 _! backgr\nd & outlook4 ,:ile geography emphasizes ! physical side & hi/ory ! social1 ^! are only emphases 9 a common topic1 namely1 ! associat$ life ( m54 ,= ?is associat$ life1 ) its exp]im5ts1 its ways & means1 its a*ievem5ts & failures1 does n g on 9 ! sky nor yet 9 a vacuum4 ,x takes place on ! e>?4 ,?is sett+ ( nature does n be> to social activities ! relation t ! sc5]y ( a !atrical p]=mance be>s to a dramatic repres5tation2 x ent]s into ! v make-up ( ! social happ5+s t =m hi/ory4 ,nature is ! m$ium ( social occurr5ces4 ,x furni%es orig9al /imuli2 x supplies ob/acles & res\rces4 ,civilization is ! progressive ma/]y ( its v>i$ en]gies4 ,:5 ?is int]dep5d5ce ( ! /udy ( hi/ory1 repres5t+ ! human emphasis1 ) ! /udy ( geography1 repres5t+ ! natural1 is ignor$1 hi/ory s9ks to a li/+ ( dates ) an app5d$ inv5tory ( ev5ts1 label$ important2 or else x becomes a lit]>y phantasy--= 9 purely lit]>y hi/ory ! natural environm5t is b /age sc5]y4 ,geography1 ( c\rse1 has its educative influ5ce 9 a c\nt]p>t connection ( natural facts ) social ev5ts & _! consequ5ces4 ,! classic def9ition ( geography z an acc\nt ( ! e>? z ! home ( man expresses ! educational reality4 ,b x is easi] to give ?is def9ition ?an x is to pres5t specific geographical subject matt] 9 its vital human be>+s4 ,! resid5ce1 pursuits1 successes1 & failures ( m5 are ! ?+s t give ! geographic data _! reason = inclusion 9 ! mat]ial ( in/ruction4 ,b to hold ! two toge!r requires an in=m$ & cultivat$ imag9ation4 ,:5 ! ties are brok51 geography pres5ts itself z t hodge-podge ( unrelat$ fragm5ts too (t5 f\nd4 ,x appe>s z a v]itable rag-bag ( intellectual odds & ends3 ! height ( a m\nta9 "h1 ! c\rse ( a riv] !re1 ! quantity ( %+les produc$ 9 ?is t[n1 ! tonnage ( ! %ipp+ 9 t1 ! b\nd>y ( a c\nty1 ! capital ( a /ate4 ,! e>? z ! home ( man is humaniz+ & unifi$2 ! e>? view$ z a miscellany ( facts is scatt]+ & imag9atively in]t4 ,geography is a topic t orig9ally appeals to imag9ation--ev5 to ! romantic imag9ation4 ,x %>es 9 ! wond] & glory t atta* to adv5ture1 travel1 & exploration4 ,! v>iety ( peoples & environm5ts1 _! contra/ ) famili> sc5es1 furni%es inf9ite /imulation4 ,! m9d is mov$ f ! monotony ( ! cu/om>y4 ,& :ile local or home geography is ! natural />t+ po9t 9 ! recon/ructive developm5t ( ! natural environm5t1 x is an intellectual />t+ po9t = mov+ out into ! unkn[n1 n an end 9 itself4 ,:5 n treat$ z a basis = gett+ at ! l>ge _w beyond1 ! /udy ( ! home geography becomes z deadly z d object lessons :i* simply summ>ize ! prop]ties ( famili> objects4 ,! reason is ! same4 ,! imag9ation is n f$1 b is held d[n to recapitulat+1 catalogu+1 & ref9+ :at is already kn[n4 ,b :5 ! famili> f5ces t m>k ! limits ( ! village proprietors are signs t introduce an und]/&+ ( ! b\nd>ies ( great nations1 ev5 f5ces are light$ ) mean+4 ,sunlight1 air1 runn+ wat]1 inequality ( e>?'s surface1 v>i$ indu/ries1 civil (fic]s & _! duties--all ^! ?+s are f\nd 9 ! local environm5t4 ,treat$ z if _! mean+ began & end$ 9 ^? conf9es1 !y are curi\s facts to be labori\sly le>n$4 ,z in/rum5ts = ext5d+ ! limits ( exp]i5ce1 br++ )9 its scope peoples & ?+s o!rwise /range & unkn[n1 !y are transfigur$ by ! use to :i* !y are put4 ,sunlight1 w9d1 /ream1 comm]ce1 political relations come f af> & lead ! ?\ghts af>4 ,to foll[ _! c\rse is to enl>ge ! m9d n by /uff+ x ) additional in=mation1 b by remak+ ! mean+ ( :at 0 previ\sly a matt] ( c\rse4 ,! same pr9ciple coord9ates bran*es1 or phases1 ( geographical /udy :i* t5d to become specializ$ & sep>ate4 ,ma!matical or a/ronomical1 physiographic1 topographic1 political1 comm]cial1 geography1 all make _! claims4 ,h[ are !y to be adju/$8 ,by an ext]nal compromise t cr[ds 9 s mu* ( ea*8 ,no o!r me?od is to be f\nd unless x be con/antly borne 9 m9d t ! educational c5t] ( gravity is 9 ! cultural or humane aspects ( ! subject4 ,f ?is c5t]1 any mat]ial becomes relevant 9 s f> z x is ne$$ to help appreciate ! significance ( human activities & relations4 ,! diff]5ces ( civilization 9 cold & tropical regions1 ! special inv5tions1 indu/rial & political1 ( peoples 9 ! temp]ate regions1 _c be und]/ood )\t appeal to ! e>? z a memb] ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,economic activities deeply influ5ce social int]c\rse & political organization on "o side1 & reflect physical conditions on ! o!r4 ,! specializations ( ^! topics are = ! speciali/s2 _! int]action conc]ns man z a be+ ^: exp]i5ce is social4 ,to include nature /udy )9 geography d\btless seems =c$2 v]bally1 x is4 ,b 9 educational idea !re is b "o reality1 & x is pity t 9 practice we h two names3 = ! div]sity ( names t5ds to conceal ! id5tity ( mean+4 ,nature & ! e>? %\ld be equival5t t]ms1 & s %\ld e>? /udy & nature /udy4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t nature /udy has suff]$ 9 s*ools f scrapp9ess ( subject matt]1 due to deal+ ) a l>ge numb] ( isolat$ po9ts4 ,! p>ts ( a fl[] h be5 /udi$1 = example1 ap>t f ! fl[] z an organ2 ! fl[] ap>t f ! plant2 ! plant ap>t f ! soil1 air1 & light 9 :i* & ?r\gh :i* x lives4 ,! result is an inevitable deadness ( topics to :i* att5tion is invit$1 b :i* are s isolat$ t !y d n fe$ imag9ation4 ,! lack ( int]e/ is s great t x 0 s]i\sly propos$ to revive animism1 to clo! natural facts & ev5ts ) my?s 9 ord] t !y might attract & hold ! m9d4 ,9 numb]less cases1 m or less silly p]sonifications 7 resort$ to4 ,! me?od 0 silly1 b x express$ a real ne$ = a human atmosph]e4 ,! facts _h be5 torn to pieces by be+ tak5 out ( _! context4 ,!y no long] belong$ to ! e>?2 !y _h no abid+ place any:]e4 ,to comp5sate1 rec\rse 0 _h to artificial & s5tim5tal associations4 ,! real rem$y is to make nature /udy a /udy ( nature1 n ( fragm5ts made mean+less ?r\gh complete removal f ! situations 9 :i* !y are produc$ & 9 :i* !y op]ate4 ,:5 nature is treat$ z a :ole1 l ! e>? 9 its relations1 its ph5om5a fall into _! natural relations ( sympa?y & association ) human life1 & artificial sub/itutes are n ne$$4 #c4 ,hi/ory & ,pres5t ,social ,life4 ,! segregation :i* kills ! vitality ( hi/ory is divorce f pres5t modes & conc]ns ( social life4 ,! pa/ j z pa/ is no long] our affair4 ,if x 7 :olly gone & done )1 !re w\ld be only "o reasonable attitude t[>d x4 ,let ! dead bury _! dead4 ,b k ( ! pa/ is ! key to und]/&+ ! pres5t4 ,hi/ory deals ) ! pa/1 b ?is pa/ is ! hi/ory ( ! pres5t4 ,an intellig5t /udy ( ! discov]y1 explorations1 colonization ( ,am]ica1 ( ! pione] movem5t we/w>d1 ( immigration1 etc41 %\ld be a /udy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z x is to-day3 ( ! c\ntry we n[ live 94 ,/udy+ x 9 process ( =mation makes mu* t is too complex to be directly grasp$ op5 to compreh5sion4 ,g5etic me?od 0 p]haps ! *ief sci5tific a*ievem5t ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,its pr9ciple is t ! way to get insight into any complex product is to trace ! process ( its mak+1--to foll[ x ?r\gh ! successive /ages ( its gr[?4 ,to apply ?is me?od to hi/ory z if x meant only ! truism t ! pres5t social /ate _c be sep>at$ f its pa/1 is "o-sid$4 ,x means equally t pa/ ev5ts _c be sep>at$ f ! liv+ pres5t & reta9 mean+4 ,! true />t+ po9t ( hi/ory is always "s pres5t situation ) its problems4 ,?is g5]al pr9ciple may be briefly appli$ to a consid]ation ( its be>+ ^u a numb] ( po9ts4 ,! biographical me?od is g5]ally recomm5d$ z ! natural mode ( approa* to hi/orical /udy4 ,! lives ( great m51 ( h]oes & lead]s1 make concrete & vital hi/oric episodes o!rwise ab/ract & incompreh5sible4 ,!y cond5se into vivid pictures complicat$ & tangl$ s]ies ( ev5ts spread ov] s mu* space & "t t only a highly tra9$ m9d c foll[ & unravel !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! psy*ological s\ndness ( ?is pr9ciple4 ,b x is misus$ :5 employ$ to ?r[ into exagg]at$ relief ! do+s ( a few individuals )\t ref]5ce to ! social situations :i* !y repres5t4 ,:5 a biography is relat$ j z an acc\nt ( ! do+s ( a man isolat$ f ! conditions t ar\s$ him & to :i* 8 activities 7 a response1 we d n h a /udy ( hi/ory1 = we h no /udy ( social life1 :i* is an affair ( individuals 9 association4 ,we get only a sug> coat+ :i* makes x easi] to swall[ c]ta9 fragm5ts ( in=mation4 ,mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 ( late to primitive life z an introduction to le>n+ hi/ory4 ,"h also !re is a "r & a wrong way ( conceiv+ its value4 ,! seem+ly ready-made "* & ! complexity ( pres5t conditions1 _! app>5tly h>d & fa/ "*1 is an almo/ insup]able ob/acle to ga9+ insight into _! nature4 ,rec\rse to ! primitive may furni% ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ! pres5t situation 9 imm5sely simplifi$ =m4 ,x is l unravel+ a clo? s complex & s close to ! eyes t its s*eme _c be se51 until ! l>g] co>s] features ( ! patt]n appe>4 ,we _c simplify ! pres5t situations by delib]ate exp]im5t1 b resort to primitive life pres5ts u ) ! sort ( results we %\ld desire f an exp]im5t4 ,social relation%ips & modes ( organiz$ action are r$uc$ to _! l[e/ t]ms4 ,:5 ?is social aim is ov]look$1 h[ev]1 ! /udy ( primitive life becomes simply a rehe>s+ ( s5sational & excit+ features ( savag]y4 ,primitive hi/ory sugge/s indu/rial hi/ory4 ,= "o ( ! *ief reasons = go+ to m primitive conditions to resolve ! pres5t into m easily p]ceiv$ factors is t we may realize h[ ! fundam5tal problems ( procur+ subsi/5ce1 %elt]1 & protection h be5 met2 & by see+ h[ ^! 7 solv$ 9 ! e>li] days ( ! human race1 =m "s conception ( ! long road :i* has _h to be travel$1 & ( ! successive inv5tions by :i* ! race has be5 br\ght =w>d 9 culture4 ,we d n ne$ to g into disputes reg>d+ ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory to realize t ! indu/rial hi/ory ( mank9d gives insight into two important phases ( social life 9 a way :i* no o!r phase ( hi/ory c possibly d4 ,x pres5ts u ) k ( ! successive inv5tions by :i* !oretical sci5ce has be5 appli$ to ! control ( nature 9 ! int]e/s ( security & prosp]ity ( social life4 ,x ?us reveals ! successive causes ( social progress4 ,its o!r s]vice is to put be=e u ! ?+s t fundam5tally conc]n all m5 9 common--! occupations & values connect$ ) gett+ a liv+4 ,economic hi/ory deals ) ! activities1 ! c>e]1 & =tunes ( ! common man z does no o!r bran* ( hi/ory4 ,! "o ?+ e individual mu/ d is to live2 ! "o ?+ t society mu/ d is to secure f ea* individual 8 fair contribution to ! g5]al well be+ & see to x t a j return is made to him4 ,economic hi/ory is m human1 m democratic1 & h5ce m lib]aliz+ ?an political hi/ory4 ,x deals n ) ! rise & fall ( pr9cipalities & p[]s1 b ) ! gr[? ( ! effective lib]ties1 ?r\gh comm& ( nature1 ( ! common man = :om p[]s & pr9cipalities exi/4 ,indu/rial hi/ory also (f]s a m direct av5ue ( approa* to ! realization ( ! intimate connection ( man's /ruggles1 successes1 & failures ) nature ?an does political hi/ory--to say no?+ ( ! milit>y hi/ory into :i* political hi/ory s easily runs :5 r$uc$ to ! level ( y\?ful compreh5sion4 ,= indu/rial hi/ory is ess5tially an acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* man has le>n$ to utilize natural en]gy f ! "t :5 m5 mo/ly exploit$ ! muscul> en]gies ( o!r m5 to ! "t :51 9 promise if n 9 actuality1 ! res\rces ( nature are s "u comm& z to enable m5 to ext5d a common dom9ion ov] h]4 ,:5 ! hi/ory ( "w1 :5 ! conditions ( us+ ! soil1 =e/1 m9e1 ( dome/icat+ & cultivat+ gra9s & animals1 ( manufacture & di/ribution1 are left out ( acc\nt1 hi/ory t5ds to become m]ely lit]>y--a sy/ematiz$ romance ( a my?ical humanity liv+ ^u itself in/ead ( ^u ! e>?4 ,p]haps ! mo/ neglect$ bran* ( hi/ory 9 g5]al education is intellectual hi/ory4 ,we are only j beg9n+ to realize t ! great h]oes :o h advanc$ human de/9y are n its politicians1 g5]als1 & diplomati/s1 b ! sci5tific discov]]s & inv5tors :o h put into man's h&s ! in/rum5talities ( an exp&+ & controll$ exp]i5ce1 & ! arti/s & poets :o h celebrat$ 8 /ruggles1 triumphs1 & defeats 9 su* language1 pictorial1 pla/ic1 or writt51 t _! mean+ is r5d]$ univ]sally accessible to o!rs4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( indu/rial hi/ory z a hi/ory ( man's progressive adaptation ( natural =ces to social uses is ! opportunity :i* x af=ds = consid]ation ( advance 9 ! me?ods & results ( k4 ,at pres5t m5 are accu/om$ to eulogize intellig5ce & reason 9 g5]al t]ms2 _! fundam5tal importance is urg$4 ,b pupils (t5 come away f ! conv5tional /udy ( hi/ory1 & ?9k ei!r t ! human intellect is a /atic quantity :i* has n progress$ by ! inv5tion ( bett] me?ods1 or else t intellig5ce1 save z a display ( p]sonal %rewdness1 is a negligible hi/oric factor4 ,surely no bett] way c\ld be devis$ ( in/ill+ a g5u9e s5se ( ! "p :i* m9d has to play 9 life ?an a /udy ( hi/ory :i* makes pla9 h[ ! entire advance ( humanity f savag]y to civilization has be5 dep5d5t ^u intellectual discov]ies & inv5tions1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! ?+s :i* ord9>ily figure mo/ l>gely 9 hi/orical writ+s h be5 side issues1 or ev5 ob/ructions = intellig5ce to ov]come4 ,pursu$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 hi/ory w\ld mo/ naturally become ( e?ical value 9 tea*+4 ,intellig5t insight into pres5t =ms ( associat$ life is necess>y = a "* ^: morality is m ?an colorless innoc5ce4 ,hi/orical k helps provide su* insight4 ,x is an organ = analysis ( ! w>p & wo( ( ! pres5t social fabric1 ( mak+ kn[n ! =ces :i* h wov5 ! patt]n4 ,! use ( hi/ory = cultivat+ a socializ$ intellig5ce con/itutes its moral significance4 ,x is possible to employ x z a k9d ( res]voir ( anecdotes to be drawn on to inculcate special moral lessons on ?is virtue or t vice4 ,b su* tea*+ is n s mu* an e?ical use ( hi/ory z x is an ef=t to create moral impressions by means ( m or less au!ntic mat]ial4 ,at be/1 x produces a tempor>y emotional gl[2 at wor/1 call\s indiff]5ce to moraliz+4 ,! assi/ance :i* may be giv5 by hi/ory to a m intellig5t sympa!tic und]/&+ ( ! social situations ( ! pres5t 9 :i* individuals %>e is a p]man5t & con/ructive moral asset4 ,summ>y4 ,x is ! nature ( an exp]i5ce to h implications :i* g f> beyond :at is at fir/ consci\sly not$ 9 x4 ,br++ ^! connections or implications to consci\sness enhances ! mean+ ( ! exp]i5ce4 ,any exp]i5ce1 h[ev] trivial 9 its fir/ appe>ance1 is capable ( assum+ an indef9ite ri*ness ( significance by ext5d+ its range ( p]ceiv$ connections4 ,normal communication ) o!rs is ! readie/ way ( effect+ ?is developm5t1 = x l9ks up ! net results ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! gr\p & ev5 ! race ) ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( an individual4 ,by normal communication is meant t 9 :i* !re is a jo9t int]e/1 a common int]e/1 s t "o is eag] to give & ! o!r to take4 ,x contra/s ) tell+ or /at+ ?+s simply = ! sake ( impress+ !m ^u ano!r1 m]ely 9 ord] to te/ him to see h[ mu* he has reta9$ & c lit]ally reproduce4 ,geography & hi/ory are ! two great s*ool res\rces = br++ ab\t ! enl>gem5t ( ! significance ( a direct p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! active occupations describ$ 9 ! previ\s *apt] rea* out 9 space & "t ) respect to bo? nature & man4 ,unless !y are taught = ext]nal reasons or z m]e modes ( skill _! *ief educational value is t !y provide ! mo/ direct & int]e/+ roads out into ! l>g] _w ( mean+s /at$ 9 hi/ory & geography4 ,:ile hi/ory makes human implications explicit & geography natural connections1 ^! subjects are two phases ( ! same liv+ :ole1 s9ce ! life ( m5 9 association goes on 9 nature1 n z an accid5tal sett+1 b z ! mat]ial & m$ium ( developm5t4 ,*apt] ,sev5te53 ,sci5ce 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy #a4 ,! ,logical & ! ,psy*ological4 ,by sci5ce is meant1 z already /at$1 t k :i* is ! outcome ( me?ods ( obs]vation1 reflection1 & te/+ :i* are delib]ately adopt$ to secure a settl$1 assur$ subject matt]4 ,x involves an intellig5t & p]si/5t endeavor to revise curr5t beliefs s z to we$ out :at is errone\s1 to add to _! accuracy1 &1 above all1 to give !m su* %ape t ! dep5d5cies ( ! v>i\s facts ^u "o ano!r may be z obvi\s z possible4 ,x is1 l all k1 an outcome ( activity br++ ab\t c]ta9 *anges 9 ! environm5t4 ,b 9 its case1 ! quality ( ! result+ k is ! controll+ factor & n an incid5t ( ! activity4 ,bo? logically & educationally1 sci5ce is ! p]fect+ ( kn[+1 its la/ /age4 ,sci5ce1 9 %ort1 signifies a realization ( ! logical implications ( any k4 ,logical ord] is n a =m impos$ ^u :at is kn[n2 x is ! prop] =m ( k z p]fect$4 ,= x means t ! /atem5t ( subject matt] is ( a nature to exhibit to "o :o und]/&s x ! premises f :i* x foll[s & ! conclusions to :i* x po9ts 7,see ante1 p4 #aij74 ,z f a few bones ! compet5t zoologi/ recon/ructs an animal2 s f ! =m ( a /atem5t 9 ma!matics or physics ! speciali/ 9 ! subject c =m an idea ( ! sy/em ( tru?s 9 :i* x has its place4 ,to ! non-exp]t1 h[ev]1 ?is p]fect$ =m is a /umbl+ block4 ,j because ! mat]ial is /at$ ) ref]5ce to ! fur!rance ( k z an end 9 itself1 its connections ) ! mat]ial ( ev]yday life are hidd54 ,to ! layman ! bones are a m]e curiosity4 ,until he _h ma/]$ ! pr9ciples ( zoology1 8 ef=ts to make any?+ out ( !m w\ld be r&om & bl9d4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! le>n] sci5tific =m is an ideal to be a*iev$1 n a />t+ po9t f :i* to set out4 ,x is1 nev]!less1 a frequ5t practice to />t 9 in/ruction ) ! rudim5ts ( sci5ce some:at simplifi$4 ,! necess>y consequ5ce is an isolation ( sci5ce f significant exp]i5ce4 ,! pupil le>ns symbols )\t ! key to _! mean+4 ,he acquires a te*nical body ( in=mation )\t ability to trace its connections ) ! objects & op]ations ) :i* he is famili>--(t5 he acquires simply a peculi> vocabul>y4 ,!re is a /rong temptation to assume t pres5t+ subject matt] 9 its p]fect$ =m provides a royal road to le>n+4 ,:at m natural ?an to suppose t ! immature c be sav$ "t & en]gy1 & be protect$ f ne$less error by comm5c+ :]e compet5t inquir]s h left (f8 ,! outcome is writt5 l>ge 9 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,pupils beg9 _! /udy ( sci5ce ) texts 9 :i* ! subject is organiz$ into topics accord+ to ! ord] ( ! speciali/4 ,te*nical concepts1 ) _! def9itions1 are introduc$ at ! outset4 ,laws are introduc$ at a v e>ly /age1 ) at be/ a few indications ( ! way 9 :i* !y 7 arriv$ at4 ,! pupils le>n a sci5ce in/ead ( le>n+ ! sci5tific way ( treat+ ! famili> mat]ial ( ord9>y exp]i5ce4 ,! me?od ( ! advanc$ /ud5t dom9ates college tea*+2 ! approa* ( ! college is transf]r$ into ! high s*ool1 & s d[n ! l9e1 ) su* omissions z may make ! subject easi]4 ,! *ronological me?od :i* beg9s ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! le>n] & develops f t ! prop] modes ( sci5tific treatm5t is (t5 call$ ! psy*ological me?od 9 di/9ction f ! logical me?od ( ! exp]t or speciali/4 ,! app>5t loss ( "t involv$ is m ?an made up = by ! sup]ior und]/&+ & vital int]e/ secur$4 ,:at ! pupil le>ns he at lea/ und]/&s4 ,moreov] by foll[+1 9 connection ) problems select$ f ! mat]ial ( ord9>y acqua9tance1 ! me?ods by :i* sci5tific m5 h rea*$ _! p]fect$ k1 he ga9s indep5d5t p[] to deal ) mat]ial )9 8 range1 & avoids ! m5tal confusion & intellectual di/a/e att5dant ^u /udy+ matt] ^: mean+ is only symbolic4 ,s9ce ! mass ( pupils are nev] go+ to become sci5tific speciali/s1 x is mu* m important t !y %\ld get "s insight into :at sci5tific me?od means ?an t !y %\ld copy at long range & second h& ! results :i* sci5tific m5 h rea*$4 ,/ud5ts w n g s f>1 p]haps1 9 ! gr\nd cov]$1 b !y w be sure & intellig5t z f> z !y d g4 ,& x is safe to say t ! few :o g on to be sci5tific exp]ts w h a bett] prep>ation ?an if !y _h be5 swamp$ ) a l>ge mass ( purely te*nical & symbolically /at$ in=mation4 ,9 fact1 ^? :o d become successful m5 ( sci5ce are ^? :o by _! own p[] manage to avoid ! pitfalls ( a traditional s*ola/ic introduction into x4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! expectations ( ! m5 :o a g5]ation or two ago /rove1 aga9/ great odds1 to secure a place = sci5ce 9 education1 & ! result g5]ally a*iev$ is pa9ful4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 inquir+ :at k is ( mo/ wor?1 conclud$ t f all po9ts ( view sci5tific k is mo/ valuable4 ,b 8 argum5t unconsci\sly assum$ t sci5tific k c\ld be communicat$ 9 a ready-made =m4 ,pass+ ov] ! me?ods by :i* ! subject matt] ( our ord9>y activities is transmut$ into sci5tific =m1 x ignor$ ! me?od by :i* alone sci5ce is sci5ce4 ,in/ruction has too (t5 proce$$ ^u an analog\s plan4 ,b !re is no magic atta*$ to mat]ial /at$ 9 te*nically correct sci5tific =m4 ,:5 le>n$ 9 ?is condition x rema9s a body ( in]t in=mation4 ,moreov] its =m ( /atem5t removes x fur!r f fruitful contact ) ev]yday exp]i5ces ?an does ! mode ( /atem5t prop] to lit]ature4 ,nev]!less t ! claims made = in/ruction 9 sci5ce 7 unju/ifiable does n foll[4 ,= mat]ial s taught is n sci5ce to ! pupil4 ,contact ) ?+s & laboratory ex]cises1 :ile a great improvem5t ^u textbooks arrang$ ^u ! d$uctive plan1 d n ( !mselves suffice to meet ! ne$4 ,:ile !y are an indisp5sable portion ( sci5tific me?od1 !y d n z a matt] ( c\rse con/itute sci5tific me?od4 ,physical mat]ials may be manipulat$ ) sci5tific app>atus1 b ! mat]ials may be disassociat$ 9 !mselves & 9 ! ways 9 :i* !y are h&l$1 f ! mat]ials & processes us$ out ( s*ool4 ,! problems dealt ) may be only problems ( sci5ce3 problems1 t is1 :i* w\ld occur to "o already initiat$ 9 ! sci5ce ( ! subject4 ,our att5tion may be devot$ to gett+ skill 9 te*nical manipulation )\t ref]5ce to ! connection ( laboratory ex]cises ) a problem belong+ to subject matt]4 ,!re is sometimes a ritual ( laboratory in/ruction z well z ( hea!n religion4 #a ,x has be5 m5tion$1 incid5tally1 t sci5tific /atem5ts1 or logical =m1 implies ! use ( signs or symbols4 ,! /atem5t applies1 ( c\rse1 to all use ( language4 ,b 9 ! v]nacul>1 ! m9d proce$s directly f ! symbol to ! ?+ signifi$4 ,association ) famili> mat]ial is s close t ! m9d does n pause ^u ! sign4 ,! signs are int5d$ only to /& = ?+s & acts4 ,b sci5tific t]m9ology has an additional use4 ,x is design$1 z we h se51 n to /& = ! ?+s directly 9 _! practical use 9 exp]i5ce1 b = ! ?+s plac$ 9 a cognitive sy/em4 ,ultimately1 ( c\rse1 !y d5ote ! ?+s ( our common s5se acqua9tance4 ,b imm$iately !y d n designate !m 9 _! common context1 b translat$ into t]ms ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,atoms1 molecules1 *emical =mulae1 ! ma!matical propositions 9 ! /udy ( physics--all ^! h prim>ily an intellectual value & only indirectly an empirical value4 ,!y repres5t in/rum5ts = ! c>ry+ on ( sci5ce4 ,z 9 ! case ( o!r tools1 _! significance c be le>n$ only by use4 ,we _c procure und]/&+ ( _! mean+ by po9t+ to ?+s1 b only by po9t+ to _! "w :5 !y are employ$ z "p ( ! te*nique ( k4 ,ev5 ! circle1 squ>e1 etc41 ( geometry exhibit a diff]5ce f ! squ>es & circles ( famili> acqua9tance1 & ! fur!r "o proce$s 9 ma!matical sci5ce ! great] ! remot5ess f ! ev]yday empirical ?+4 ,qualities :i* d n c\nt = ! pursuit ( k ab\t spatial relations are left out2 ^? :i* are important = ?is purpose are acc5tuat$4 ,if "o c>ries 8 /udy f> en\gh1 he w f9d ev5 ! prop]ties :i* are significant = spatial k giv+ way to ^? :i* facilitate k ( o!r ?+s--p]haps a k ( ! g5]al relations ( numb]4 ,!re w be no?+ 9 ! conceptual def9itions ev5 to sugge/ spatial =m1 size1 or direction4 ,?is does n mean t !y are unreal m5tal inv5tions1 b x indicates t direct physical qualities h be5 transmut$ into tools = a special end--! end ( intellectual organization4 ,9 e ma*9e ! prim>y /ate ( mat]ial has be5 modifi$ by subord9at+ x to use = a purpose4 ,n ! /uff 9 its orig9al =m b 9 its adaptation to an end is important4 ,no "o w\ld h a k ( a ma*9e :o c\ld enum]ate all ! mat]ials ent]+ into its /ructure1 b only he :o knew _! uses & c\ld tell :y !y are employ$ z !y are4 ,9 l fa%ion "o has a k ( ma!matical conceptions only :5 he sees ! problems 9 :i* !y function & _! specific utility 9 deal+ ) ^! problems4 ,kn[+ ! def9itions1 rules1 =mulae1 etc41 is l kn[+ ! names ( p>ts ( a ma*9e )\t kn[+ :at !y d4 ,9 "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 ! mean+1 or intellectual cont5t1 is :at ! elem5t accompli%es 9 ! sy/em ( :i* x is a memb]4 #b4 ,sci5ce & ,social ,progress4 ,assum+ t ! developm5t ( ! direct k ga9$ 9 occupations ( social int]e/ is c>ri$ to a p]fect$ logical =m1 ! "q arises z to its place 9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 g5]al1 ! reply is t sci5ce m>ks ! emancipation ( m9d f devotion to cu/om>y purposes & makes possible ! sy/ematic pursuit ( new ends4 ,x is ! ag5cy ( progress 9 action4 ,progress is sometimes ?\ght ( z consi/+ 9 gett+ ne>] to ends already s\ght4 ,b ?is is a m9or =m ( progress1 = x requires only improvem5t ( ! means ( action or te*nical advance4 ,m important modes ( progress consi/ 9 enri*+ prior purposes & 9 =m+ new ones4 ,desires are n a fix$ quantity1 nor does progress mean only an increas$ am\nt ( satisfaction4 ,) increas$ culture & new ma/]y ( nature1 new desires1 dem&s = new qualities ( satisfaction1 %[ !mselves1 = intellig5ce p]ceives new possibilities ( action4 ,?is projection ( new possibilities leads to se>* = new means ( execution1 & progress takes place2 :ile ! discov]y ( objects n already us$ leads to sugge/ion ( new ends4 ,t sci5ce is ! *ief means ( p]fect+ control ( means ( action is witness$ by ! great crop ( inv5tions :i* foll[$ intellectual comm& ( ! secrets ( nature4 ,! wond]ful trans=mation ( production & di/ribution kn[n z ! indu/rial revolution is ! fruit ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,railways1 /eamboats1 electric motors1 telephone & telegraph1 automobiles1 a]oplanes & dirigibles are conspicu\s evid5ces ( ! application ( sci5ce 9 life4 ,b none ( !m w\ld be ( mu* importance )\t ! ?\s&s ( less s5sational inv5tions by means ( :i* natural sci5ce has be5 r5d]$ tribut>y to our daily life4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t to a consid]able ext5t ! progress ?us procur$ has be5 only te*nical3 x has provid$ m effici5t means = satisfy+ preexi/5t desires1 r ?an modifi$ ! quality ( human purposes4 ,!re is1 = example1 no mod]n civilization :i* is ! equal ( ,greek culture 9 all respects4 ,sci5ce is /ill too rec5t to h be5 absorb$ into imag9ative & emotional disposition4 ,m5 move m swiftly & surely to ! realization ( _! ends1 b _! ends too l>gely rema9 :at !y 7 prior to sci5tific enlight5m5t4 ,?is fact places ^u education ! responsibility ( us+ sci5ce 9 a way to modify ! habitual attitude ( imag9ation & feel+1 n leave x j an ext5sion ( our physical arms & legs4 ,! advance ( sci5ce has already modifi$ m5's ?\ghts ( ! purposes & goods ( life to a suffici5t ext5t to give "s idea ( ! nature ( ?is responsibility & ! ways ( meet+ x4 ,sci5ce tak+ effect 9 human activity has brok5 d[n physical b>ri]s :i* =m]ly sep>at$ m52 x has imm5sely wid5$ ! area ( int]c\rse4 ,x has br\ght ab\t int]dep5d5ce ( int]e/s on an enorm\s scale4 ,x has br\ght ) x an e/abli%$ conviction ( ! possibility ( control ( nature 9 ! int]e/s ( mank9d & ?us has l$ m5 to look to ! future1 in/ead ( ! pa/4 ,! co9cid5ce ( ! ideal ( progress ) ! advance ( sci5ce is n a m]e co9cid5ce4 ,be=e ?is advance m5 plac$ ! gold5 age 9 remote antiquity4 ,n[ !y face ! future ) a firm belief t intellig5ce prop]ly us$ c d away ) evils once ?\ght inevitable4 ,to subjugate deva/at+ disease is no long] a dream2 ! hope ( aboli%+ pov]ty is n utopian4 ,sci5ce has famili>iz$ m5 ) ! idea ( developm5t1 tak+ effect practically 9 p]si/5t gradual amelioration ( ! e/ate ( our common humanity4 ,! problem ( an educational use ( sci5ce is !n to create an intellig5ce pregnant ) belief 9 ! possibility ( ! direction ( human affairs by itself4 ,! me?od ( sci5ce engra9$ ?r\gh education 9 habit means emancipation f rule ( ?umb & f ! r\t9e g5]at$ by rule ( ?umb proc$ure4 ,! ^w empirical 9 its ord9>y use does n mean connect$ ) exp]im5t1 b r crude & unrational4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( conditions creat$ by ! non-exi/5ce ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 exp]i5ce 0 oppos$ 9 all ! rul+ philosophies ( ! pa/ to reason & ! truly rational4 ,empirical k meant ! k accumulat$ by a multitude ( pa/ in/ances )\t intellig5t insight into ! pr9ciples ( any ( !m4 ,to say t m$ic9e 0 empirical meant t x 0 n sci5tific1 b a mode ( practice bas$ ^u accumulat$ obs]vations ( diseases & ( rem$ies us$ m or less at r&om4 ,su* a mode ( practice is ( necessity happy-g-lucky2 success dep5ds ^u *ance4 ,x l5ds itself to deception & quack]y4 ,indu/ry t is empirically controll$ =bids con/ructive applications ( intellig5ce2 x dep5ds ^u foll[+ 9 an imitative slavi% mann] ! models set 9 ! pa/4 ,exp]im5tal sci5ce means ! possibility ( us+ pa/ exp]i5ces z ! s]vant1 n ! ma/]1 ( m9d4 ,x means t reason op]ates )9 exp]i5ce1 n beyond x1 to give x an intellig5t or reasonable quality4 ,sci5ce is exp]i5ce becom+ rational4 ,! effect ( sci5ce is ?us to *ange m5's idea ( ! nature & inh]5t possibilities ( exp]i5ce4 ,by ! same tok51 x *anges ! idea & ! op]ation ( reason4 ,in/ead ( be+ some?+ beyond exp]i5ce1 remote1 alo(1 conc]n$ ) a sublime region t has no?+ to d ) ! exp]i5c$ facts ( life1 x is f\nd indig5\s 9 exp]i5ce3--! factor by :i* pa/ exp]i5ces are purifi$ & r5d]$ into tools = discov]y & advance4 ,! t]m ab/ract has a r bad "n 9 popul> spee*1 be+ us$ to signify n only t :i* is ab/ruse & h>d to und]/&1 b also t :i* is f> away f life4 ,b ab/raction is an indisp5sable trait 9 reflective direction ( activity4 ,situations d n lit]ally repeat !mselves4 ,habit treats new occurr5ces z if !y 7 id5tical ) old ones2 x suffices1 accord+ly1 :5 ! diff]5t or novel elem5t is negligible = pres5t purposes4 ,b :5 ! new elem5t requires especial att5tion1 r&om reaction is ! sole rec\rse unless ab/raction is br\ght into play4 ,= ab/raction delib]ately selects f ! subject matt] ( =m] exp]i5ces t :i* is ?\ght helpful 9 deal+ ) ! new4 ,x signifies consci\s transf] ( a mean+ emb$d$ 9 pa/ exp]i5ce = use 9 a new "o4 ,x is ! v art]y ( intellig5ce1 ( ! int5tional r5d]+ ( "o exp]i5ce available = guidance ( ano!r4 ,sci5ce c>ries on ?is work+ ov] ( prior subject matt] on a l>ge scale4 ,x aims to free an exp]i5ce f all :i* is purely p]sonal & /rictly imm$iate2 x aims to deta* :atev] x has 9 common ) ! subject matt] ( o!r exp]i5ces1 & :i*1 be+ common1 may be sav$ = fur!r use4 ,x is1 ?us1 an indisp5sable factor 9 social progress4 ,9 any exp]i5ce j z x occurs !re is mu* :i*1 :ile x may be ( preci\s import to ! individual implicat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce1 is peculi> & unr$uplicable4 ,f ! /&po9t ( sci5ce1 ?is mat]ial is accid5tal1 :ile ! features :i* are widely %>$ are ess5tial4 ,:atev] is unique 9 ! situation1 s9ce dep5d5t ^u ! peculi>ities ( ! individual & ! co9cid5ce ( circum/ance1 is n available = o!rs2 s t unless :at is %>$ is ab/ract$ & fix$ by a suitable symbol1 practically all ! value ( ! exp]i5ce may p]i% 9 its pass+4 ,b ab/raction & ! use ( t]ms to record :at is ab/ract$ put ! net value ( individual exp]i5ce at ! p]man5t disposal ( mank9d4 ,no "o c =esee 9 detail :5 or h[ x may be ( fur!r use4 ,! man ( sci5ce 9 develop+ 8 ab/ractions is l a manufactur] ( tools :o does n "k :o w use !m nor :54 ,b intellectual tools are indef9itely m flexible 9 _! range ( adaptation ?an o!r me*anical tools4 ,g5]alization is ! c\nt]p>t ( ab/raction4 ,x is ! function+ ( an ab/raction 9 its application to a new concrete exp]i5ce1--its ext5sion to cl>ify & direct new situations4 ,ref]5ce to ^! possible applications is necess>y 9 ord] t ! ab/raction may be fruitful1 in/ead ( a b>r5 =malism end+ 9 itself4 ,g5]alization is ess5tially a social device4 ,:5 m5 id5tifi$ _! int]e/s exclusively ) ! conc]ns ( a n>r[ gr\p1 _! g5]alizations 7 correspond+ly re/rict$4 ,! viewpo9t did n p]mit a wide & free survey4 ,m5's ?\ghts 7 ti$ d[n to a contract$ space & a %ort "t1--limit$ to _! own e/abli%$ cu/oms z a measure ( all possible values4 ,sci5tific ab/raction & g5]alization are equival5t to tak+ ! po9t ( view ( any man1 :atev] 8 location 9 "t & space4 ,:ile ?is emancipation f ! conditions & episodes ( concrete exp]i5ces acc\nts = ! remot5ess1 ! ab/ractness1 ( sci5ce1 x also acc\nts = its wide & free range ( fruitful novel applications 9 practice4 ,t]ms & propositions record1 fix1 & convey :at is ab/ract$4 ,a mean+ deta*$ f a giv5 exp]i5ce _c rema9 hang+ 9 ! air4 ,x mu/ acquire a local habitation4 ,names give ab/ract mean+s a physical locus & body4 ,=mulation is ?us n an aft]-?\ght or by-product2 x is ess5tial to ! completion ( ! "w ( ?\ght4 ,p]sons "k _m ?+s :i* !y _c express1 b su* k rema9s practical1 direct1 & p]sonal4 ,an individual c use x = himself2 he may be able to act ^u x ) effici5cy4 ,arti/s & executives (t5 h _! k 9 ?is /ate4 ,b x is p]sonal1 untransf]able1 &1 z x 71 in/9ctive4 ,to =mulate ! significance ( an exp]i5ce a man mu/ take into consci\s acc\nt ! exp]i5ces ( o!rs4 ,he mu/ try to f9d a /&po9t :i* includes ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs z well z 8 own4 ,o!rwise 8 communication _c be und]/ood4 ,he talks a language :i* no "o else kn[s4 ,:ile lit]>y art furni%es ! supreme successes 9 /at+ ( exp]i5ces s t !y are vitally significant to o!rs1 ! vocabul>y ( sci5ce is design$1 9 ano!r fa%ion1 to express ! mean+ ( exp]i5c$ ?+s 9 symbols :i* any "o w "k :o /udies ! sci5ce4 ,ae/hetic =mulation reveals & enhances ! mean+ ( exp]i5ces "o already has2 sci5tific =mulation supplies "o ) tools = con/ruct+ new exp]i5ces ) trans=m$ mean+s4 ,to sum up3 ,sci5ce repres5ts ! (fice ( intellig5ce1 9 projection & control ( new exp]i5ces1 pursu$ sy/ematically1 int5tionally1 & on a scale due to fre$om f limitations ( habit4 ,x is ! sole in/rum5tality ( consci\s1 z di/9ct f accid5tal1 progress4 ,& if its g5]ality1 its remot5ess f individual conditions1 conf] ^u x a c]ta9 te*nicality & alo(ness1 ^! qualities are v diff]5t f ^? ( m]ely speculative !oriz+4 ,! latt] are 9 p]man5t dislocation f practice2 ! =m] are tempor>ily deta*$ = ! sake ( wid] & fre] application 9 lat] concrete action4 ,!re is a k9d ( idle !ory :i* is anti!tical to practice2 b g5u9ely sci5tific !ory falls )9 practice z ! ag5cy ( its expansion & its direction to new possibilities4 #c4 ,naturalism & ,humanism 9 ,education4 ,!re exi/s an educational tradition :i* opposes sci5ce to lit]ature & hi/ory 9 ! curriculum4 ,! qu>rel betwe5 ! repres5tatives ( ! two int]e/s is easily explicable hi/orically4 ,lit]ature & language & a lit]>y philosophy 7 entr5*$ 9 all high] in/itutions ( le>n+ be=e exp]im5tal sci5ce came into be+4 ,! latt] _h naturally to w9 its way4 ,no =tifi$ & protect$ int]e/ readily surr5d]s any monopoly x may possess4 ,b ! assumption1 f :i*ev] side1 t language & lit]>y products are exclusively humani/ic 9 quality1 & t sci5ce is purely physical 9 import1 is a false notion :i* t5ds to cripple ! educational use ( bo? /udies4 ,human life does n occur 9 a vacuum1 nor is nature a m]e /age sett+ = ! enactm5t ( its drama 7ante1 p4 #baa74 ,man's life is b\nd up 9 ! processes ( nature2 8 c>e]1 = success or defeat1 dep5ds ^u ! way 9 :i* nature ent]s x4 ,man's p[] ( delib]ate control ( 8 own affairs dep5ds ^u ability to direct natural en]gies to use3 an ability :i* is 9 turn dep5d5t ^u insight into nature's processes4 ,:atev] natural sci5ce may be = ! speciali/1 = educational purposes x is k ( ! conditions ( human action4 ,to be aw>e ( ! m$ium 9 :i* social int]c\rse goes on1 & ( ! means & ob/acles to its progressive developm5t is to be 9 comm& ( a k :i* is ?or\ghly humani/ic 9 quality4 ,"o :o is ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is ignorant ( ! /ruggles by :i* mank9d has pass$ f r\t9e & caprice1 f sup]/iti\s subjection to nature1 f ef=ts to use x magically1 to intellectual self-possession4 ,t sci5ce may be taught z a set ( =mal & te*nical ex]cises is only too true4 ,?is happ5s :5ev] in=mation ab\t ! _w is made an end 9 itself4 ,! failure ( su* in/ruction to procure culture is n1 h[ev]1 evid5ce ( ! anti!sis ( natural k to humani/ic conc]n1 b evid5ce ( a wrong educational attitude4 ,dislike to employ sci5tific k z x functions 9 m5's occupations is itself a survival ( an ari/ocratic culture4 ,! notion t appli$ k is someh[ less wor?y ?an pure k1 0 natural to a society 9 :i* all useful "w 0 p]=m$ by slaves & s]fs1 & 9 :i* indu/ry 0 controll$ by ! models set by cu/om r ?an by intellig5ce4 ,sci5ce1 or ! highe/ kn[+1 0 !n id5tifi$ ) pure !oriz+1 ap>t f all application 9 ! uses ( life2 & k relat+ to useful arts suff]$ ! /igma atta*+ to ! classes :o engag$ 9 !m 7,see bel[1 ,*4 ,,xix74 ,! idea ( sci5ce ?us g5]at$ p]si/$ aft] sci5ce _h itself adopt$ ! appliances ( ! arts1 us+ !m = ! production ( k1 & aft] ! rise ( democracy4 ,tak+ !ory j z !ory1 h[ev]1 t :i* conc]ns humanity is ( m significance = man ?an t :i* conc]ns a m]ely physical _w4 ,9 adopt+ ! crit]ion ( k laid d[n by a lit]>y culture1 alo( f ! practical ne$s ( ! mass ( m51 ! educational advocates ( sci5tific education put !mselves at a /rategic disadvantage4 ,s f> z !y adopt ! idea ( sci5ce appropriate to its exp]im5tal me?od & to ! movem5ts ( a democratic & indu/rial society1 !y h no difficulty 9 %[+ t natural sci5ce is m humani/ic ?an an alleg$ humanism :i* bases its educational s*emes ^u ! specializ$ int]e/s ( a leisure class4 ,=1 z we h already /at$1 humani/ic /udies :5 set 9 opposition to /udy ( nature are hamp]$4 ,!y t5d to r$uce !mselves to exclusively lit]>y & l+ui/ic /udies1 :i* 9 turn t5d to %r9k to ! classics1 to languages no long] spok54 ,= mod]n languages may evid5tly be put to use1 & h5ce fall "u ! ban4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d any?+ 9 hi/ory m ironical ?an ! educational practices :i* h id5tifi$ ! humanities exclusively ) a k ( ,greek & ,lat94 ,greek & ,roman art & in/itutions made su* important contributions to our civilization t !re %\ld always be ! ample/ opportunities = mak+ _! acqua9tance4 ,b to reg>d !m z p> excell5ce ! humane /udies involves a delib]ate neglect ( ! possibilities ( ! subject matt] :i* is accessible 9 education to ! masses1 & t5ds to cultivate a n>r[ snobb]y3 t ( a le>n$ class ^: insignia are ! accid5ts ( exclusive opportunity4 ,k is humani/ic 9 quality n because x is ab\t human products 9 ! pa/1 b because ( :at x does 9 lib]at+ human intellig5ce & human sympa?y4 ,any subject matt] :i* accompli%es ?is result is humane1 & any subject matt] :i* does n accompli% x is n ev5 educational4 ,summ>y4 ,sci5ce repres5ts ! fruition ( ! cognitive factors 9 exp]i5ce4 ,in/ead ( cont5t+ itself ) a m]e /atem5t ( :at comm5ds itself to p]sonal or cu/om>y exp]i5ce1 x aims at a /atem5t :i* w reveal ! s\rces1 gr\nds1 & consequ5ces ( a belief4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ?is aim gives logical "* to ! /atem5ts4 ,educationally1 x has to be not$ t logical *>act]i/ics ( me?od1 s9ce !y belong to subject matt] :i* has rea*$ a high degree ( intellectual elaboration1 are diff]5t f ! me?od ( ! le>n]--! *ronological ord] ( pass+ f a crud] to a m ref9$ intellectual quality ( exp]i5ce4 ,:5 ?is fact is ignor$1 sci5ce is treat$ z s mu* b>e in=mation1 :i* h[ev] is less int]e/+ & m remote ?an ord9>y in=mation1 be+ /at$ 9 an unusual & te*nical vocabul>y4 ,! function :i* sci5ce has to p]=m 9 ! curriculum is t :i* x has p]=m$ = ! race3 emancipation f local & tempor>y incid5ts ( exp]i5ce1 & ! op5+ ( intellectual vi/as unobscur$ by ! accid5ts ( p]sonal habit & pr$ilection4 ,! logical traits ( ab/raction1 g5]alization1 & def9ite =mulation are all associat$ ) ?is function4 ,9 emancipat+ an idea f ! p>ticul> context 9 :i* x orig9at$ & giv+ x a wid] ref]5ce ! results ( ! exp]i5ce ( any individual are put at ! disposal ( all m54 ,?us ultimately & philosophically sci5ce is ! organ ( g5]al social progress4 #a ,^u ! positive side1 ! value ( problems aris+ 9 "w 9 ! g>d51 ! %op1 etc41 may be ref]r$ to 7,see p4 #bjj74 ,! laboratory may be treat$ z an additional res\rce to supply conditions & appliances = ! bett] pursuit ( ^! problems4 ,*apt] ,eighte53 ,educational ,values ,! consid]ations involv$ 9 a discussion ( educational values h already be5 br\ght out 9 ! discussion ( aims & int]e/s4 ,! specific values usually discuss$ 9 educational !ories co9cide ) aims :i* are usually urg$4 ,!y are su* ?+s z utility1 culture1 in=mation1 prep>ation = social effici5cy1 m5tal discipl9e or p[]1 & s on4 ,! aspect ( ^! aims 9 virtue ( :i* !y are valuable has be5 treat$ 9 our analysis ( ! nature ( int]e/1 & !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 speak+ ( art z an int]e/ or conc]n & ref]r+ to x z a value4 ,x happ5s1 h[ev]1 t discussion ( values has usually be5 c5t]$ ab\t a consid]ation ( ! v>i\s ends subs]v$ by specific subjects ( ! curriculum4 ,x has be5 a "p ( ! attempt to ju/ify ^? subjects by po9t+ out ! significant contributions to life accru+ f _! /udy4 ,an explicit discussion ( educational values ?us af=ds an opportunity = review+ ! prior discussion ( aims & int]e/s on "o h& & ( ! curriculum on ! o!r1 by br++ !m into connection ) "o ano!r4 #a4 ,! ,nature ( ,realization or ,appreciation4 ,mu* ( our exp]i5ce is indirect2 x is dep5d5t ^u signs :i* int]v5e betwe5 ! ?+s & ourselves1 signs :i* /& = or repres5t ! =m]4 ,x is "o ?+ to h be5 engag$ 9 w>1 to h %>$ its dang]s & h>d%ips2 x is ano!r ?+ to he> or read ab\t x4 ,all language1 all symbols1 are implem5ts ( an indirect exp]i5ce2 9 te*nical language ! exp]i5ce :i* is procur$ by _! means is m$iat$4 ,x /&s 9 contra/ ) an imm$iate1 direct exp]i5ce1 some?+ 9 :i* we take "p vitally & at fir/ h&1 in/ead ( ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( repres5tative m$ia4 ,z we h se51 ! scope ( p]sonal1 vitally direct exp]i5ce is v limit$4 ,if x 7 n = ! int]v5tion ( ag5cies = repres5t+ abs5t & di/ant affairs1 our exp]i5ce w\ld rema9 almo/ on ! level ( t ( ! brutes4 ,e /ep f savag]y to civilization is dep5d5t ^u ! inv5tion ( m$ia :i* enl>ge ! range ( purely imm$iate exp]i5ce & give x deep5$ z well z wid] mean+ by connect+ x ) ?+s :i* c only be signifi$ or symboliz$4 ,x is d\btless ?is fact :i* is ! cause ( ! disposition to id5tify an uncultivat$ p]son ) an illit]ate p]son--s dep5d5t are we on lett]s = effective repres5tative or indirect exp]i5ce4 ,at ! same "t 7z we h also _h repeat$ occasion to see7 !re is always a dang] t symbols w n be truly repres5tative2 dang] t in/ead ( really call+ up ! abs5t & remote 9 a way to make x ent] a pres5t exp]i5ce1 ! l+ui/ic m$ia ( repres5tation w become an end 9 !mselves4 ,=mal education is peculi>ly expos$ to ?is dang]1 ) ! result t :5 lit]acy sup]v5es1 m]e booki%ness1 :at is popul>ly t]m$ ! academic1 too (t5 comes ) x4 ,9 colloquial spee*1 ! phrase a realiz+ s5se is us$ to express ! urg5cy1 w>m?1 & intimacy ( a direct exp]i5ce 9 contra/ ) ! remote1 pallid1 & coldly deta*$ quality ( a repres5tative exp]i5ce4 ,! t]ms m5tal realization & appreciation 7or g5u9e appreciation7 are m elaborate names = ! realiz+ s5se ( a ?+4 ,x is n possible to def9e ^! ideas except by synonyms1 l com+ home to "o really tak+ x 91 etc41 = ! only way to appreciate :at is meant by a direct exp]i5ce ( a ?+ is by hav+ x4 ,b x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 read+ a te*nical description ( a picture1 & see+ x2 or betwe5 j see+ x & be+ mov$ by x2 betwe5 le>n+ ma!matical equations ab\t light & be+ c>ri$ away by "s peculi>ly glori\s illum9ation ( a mi/y l&scape4 ,we are ?us met by ! dang] ( ! t5d5cy ( te*nique & o!r purely repres5tative =ms to encroa* ^u ! sph]e ( direct appreciations2 9 o!r words1 ! t5d5cy to assume t pupils h a f\ndation ( direct realization ( situations suffici5t = ! sup]/ructure ( repres5tative exp]i5ce erect$ by =mulat$ s*ool /udies4 ,?is is n simply a matt] ( quantity or bulk4 ,suffici5t direct exp]i5ce is ev5 m a matt] ( quality2 x mu/ be ( a sort to connect readily & fruitfully ) ! symbolic mat]ial ( in/ruction4 ,be=e tea*+ c safely ent] ^u convey+ facts & ideas ?r\gh ! m$ia ( signs1 s*ool+ mu/ provide g5u9e situations 9 :i* p]sonal p>ticipation br+s home ! import ( ! mat]ial & ! problems :i* x conveys4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! pupil1 ! result+ exp]i5ces are wor? :ile on _! own acc\nt2 f ! /&po9t ( ! tea*] !y are also means ( supply+ subject matt] requir$ = und]/&+ in/ruction involv+ signs1 & ( evok+ attitudes ( op5-m9d$ness & conc]n z to ! mat]ial symbolically convey$4 ,9 ! outl9e giv5 ( ! !ory ( educative subject matt]1 ! dem& = ?is backgr\nd ( realization or appreciation is met by ! provision made = play & active occupations embody+ typical situations4 ,no?+ ne$ be add$ to :at has already be5 said except to po9t out t :ile ! discussion dealt explicitly ) ! subject matt] ( prim>y education1 :]e ! dem& = ! available backgr\nd ( direct exp]i5ce is mo/ obvi\s1 ! pr9ciple applies to ! prim>y or elem5t>y phase ( e subject4 ,! fir/ & basic function ( laboratory "w1 = example1 9 a high s*ool or college 9 a new field1 is to famili>ize ! /ud5t at fir/ h& ) a c]ta9 range ( facts & problems--to give him a feel+ = !m4 ,gett+ comm& ( te*nique & ( me?ods ( rea*+ & te/+ g5]alizations is at fir/ second>y to gett+ appreciation4 ,z reg>ds ! prim>y s*ool activities1 x is to be borne 9 m9d t ! fundam5tal int5t is n to amuse nor to convey in=mation ) a m9imum ( vexation nor yet to acquire skill1--?\gh ^! results may accrue z by-products1--b to enl>ge & enri* ! scope ( exp]i5ce1 & to keep al]t & effective ! int]e/ 9 intellectual progress4 ,! rubric ( appreciation supplies an appropriate head = br++ out ?ree fur!r pr9ciples3 ! nature ( effective or real 7z di/9ct f nom9al7 /&>ds ( value2 ! place ( ! imag9ation 9 appreciative realizations2 & ! place ( ! f9e arts 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 #a4 ,! nature ( /&>ds ( valuation4 ,e adult has acquir$1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 prior exp]i5ce & education1 c]ta9 measures ( ! wor? ( v>i\s sorts ( exp]i5ce4 ,he has le>n$ to look ^u qualities l hone/y1 amiability1 p]sev]ance1 loyalty1 z moral goods2 ^u c]ta9 classics ( lit]ature1 pa9t+1 music1 z ae/hetic values1 & s on4 ,n only ?is1 b he has le>n$ c]ta9 rules = ^! values--! gold5 rule 9 morals2 h>mony1 balance1 etc41 proportionate di/ribution 9 ae/hetic goods2 def9ition1 cl>ity1 sy/em 9 intellectual accompli%m5ts4 ,^! pr9ciples are s important z /&>ds ( judg+ ! wor? ( new exp]i5ces t p>5ts & in/ructors are always t5d+ to tea* !m directly to ! "y4 ,!y ov]look ! dang] t /&>ds s taught w be m]ely symbolic2 t is1 l>gely conv5tional & v]bal4 ,9 reality1 work+ z di/9ct f pr(ess$ /&>ds dep5d ^u :at an individual has himself specifically appreciat$ to be deeply significant 9 concrete situations4 ,an individual may h le>n$ t c]ta9 *>act]i/ics are conv5tionally e/eem$ 9 music2 he may be able to conv]se ) "s correctness ab\t classic music2 he may ev5 hone/ly believe t ^! traits con/itute 8 own musical /&>ds4 ,b if 9 8 own pa/ exp]i5ce1 :at he has be5 mo/ accu/om$ to & has mo/ enjoy$ is ragtime1 8 active or work+ measures ( valuation are fix$ on ! ragtime level4 ,! appeal actually made to him 9 8 own p]sonal realization fixes 8 attitude mu* m deeply ?an :at he has be5 taught z ! prop] ?+ to say2 8 habitual disposition ?us fix$ =ms 8 real norm ( valuation 9 subsequ5t musical exp]i5ces4 ,probably few w\ld d5y ?is /atem5t z to musical ta/e4 ,b x applies equally well 9 judgm5ts ( moral & intellectual wor?4 ,a y\? :o has _h repeat$ exp]i5ce ( ! full mean+ ( ! value ( k9dl9ess t[>d o!rs built into 8 disposition has a measure ( ! wor? ( g5]\s treatm5t ( o!rs4 ,)\t ?is vital appreciation1 ! duty & virtue ( unselfi%ness impress$ ^u him by o!rs z a /&>d rema9s purely a matt] ( symbols :i* he _c adequately translate into realities4 ,8 k is second-h&$2 x is only a k t o!rs prize unselfi%ness z an excell5ce1 & e/eem him 9 ! degree 9 :i* he exhibits x4 ,?us !re gr[s up a split betwe5 a p]son's pr(ess$ /&>ds & 8 actual ones4 ,a p]son may be aw>e ( ! results ( ?is /ruggle betwe5 8 incl9ations & 8 !oretical op9ions2 he suff]s f ! conflict betwe5 do+ :at is really de> to him & :at he has le>n$ w w9 ! approval ( o!rs4 ,b ( ! split itself he is unaw>e2 ! result is a k9d ( unconsci\s hypocrisy1 an in/ability ( disposition4 ,9 simil> fa%ion1 a pupil :o has work$ ?r\gh "s confus$ intellectual situation & f\ght 8 way to cle>+ up obscurities 9 a def9ite outcome1 appreciates ! value ( cl>ity & def9ition4 ,he has a /&>d :i* c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,he may be tra9$ ext]nally to g ?r\gh c]ta9 motions ( analysis & division ( subject matt] & may acquire in=mation ab\t ! value ( ^! processes z /&>d logical functions1 b unless x someh[ comes home to him at "s po9t z an appreciation ( 8 own1 ! significance ( ! logical norms--s-call$--rema9s z mu* an ext]nal piece ( in=mation z1 say1 ! names ( riv]s 9 ,*9a4 ,he may be able to recite1 b ! recital is a me*anical rehe>sal4 ,x is1 !n1 a s]i\s mi/ake to reg>d appreciation z if x 7 conf9$ to su* ?+s z lit]ature & pictures & music4 ,its scope is z compreh5sive z ! "w ( education itself4 ,! =mation ( habits is a purely me*anical ?+ unless habits are also ta/es--habitual modes ( pref]5ce & e/eem1 an effective s5se ( excell5ce4 ,!re are adequate gr\nds = ass]t+ t ! premium s (t5 put 9 s*ools ^u ext]nal discipl9e1 & ^u m>ks & rew>ds1 ^u promotion & keep+ back1 are ! obv]se ( ! lack ( att5tion giv5 to life situations 9 :i* ! mean+ ( facts1 ideas1 pr9ciples1 & problems is vitally br\ght home4 #b4 ,appreciative realizations are to be di/+ui%$ f symbolic or repres5tative exp]i5ces4 ,!y are n to be di/+ui%$ f ! "w ( ! intellect or und]/&+4 ,only a p]sonal response involv+ imag9ation c possibly procure realization ev5 ( pure facts4 ,! imag9ation is ! m$ium ( appreciation 9 e field4 ,! engagem5t ( ! imag9ation is ! only ?+ t makes any activity m ?an me*anical4 ,un=tunately1 x is too cu/om>y to id5tify ! imag9ative ) ! imag9>y1 r ?an ) a w>m & intimate tak+ 9 ( ! full scope ( a situation4 ,?is leads to an exagg]at$ e/imate ( fairy tales1 my?s1 fanciful symbols1 v]se1 & some?+ label$ ,f9e ,art1 z ag5cies = develop+ imag9ation & appreciation2 &1 by neglect+ imag9ative vision 9 o!r matt]s1 leads to me?ods :i* r$uce mu* in/ruction to an unimag9ative acquir+ ( specializ$ skill & amass+ ( a load ( in=mation4 ,!ory1 &--to "s ext5t--practice1 h advanc$ f> en\gh to recognize t play-activity is an imag9ative ent]prise4 ,b x is /ill usual to reg>d ?is activity z a specially m>k$-(f /age ( *ildi% gr[?1 & to ov]look ! fact t ! diff]5ce betwe5 play & :at is reg>d$ z s]i\s employm5t %\ld be n a diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5ce & abs5ce ( imag9ation1 b a diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ials ) :i* imag9ation is occupi$4 ,! result is an un:olesome exagg]ation ( ! phanta/ic & unreal phases ( *ildi% play & a deadly r$uction ( s]i\s occupation to a r\t9e effici5cy priz$ simply = its ext]nal tangible results4 ,a*ievem5t comes to d5ote ! sort ( ?+ t a well-plann$ ma*9e c d bett] ?an a human be+ c1 & ! ma9 effect ( education1 ! a*iev+ ( a life ( ri* significance1 drops by ! wayside4 ,meantime m9d-w&]+ & wayw>d fancy are no?+ b ! unsuppressible imag9ation cut loose f conc]n ) :at is done4 ,an adequate recognition ( ! play ( imag9ation z ! m$ium ( realization ( e k9d ( ?+ :i* lies beyond ! scope ( direct physical response is ! sole way ( escape f me*anical me?ods 9 tea*+4 ,! emphasis put 9 ?is book1 9 accord ) _m t5d5cies 9 contempor>y education1 ^u activity1 w be mislead+ if x is n recogniz$ t ! imag9ation is z mu* a normal & integral "p ( human activity z is muscul> movem5t4 ,! educative value ( manual activities & ( laboratory ex]cises1 z well z ( play1 dep5ds ^u ! ext5t 9 :i* !y aid 9 br++ ab\t a s5s+ ( ! mean+ ( :at is go+ on4 ,9 effect1 if n 9 "n1 !y are dramatizations4 ,_! utilit>ian value 9 =m+ habits ( skill to be us$ = tangible results is important1 b n :5 isolat$ f ! appreciative side4 ,7 x n = ! accompany+ play ( imag9ation1 !re w\ld be no road f a direct activity to repres5tative k2 = x is by imag9ation t symbols are translat$ ov] into a direct mean+ & integrat$ ) a n>r[] activity s z to exp& & enri* x4 ,:5 ! repres5tative creative imag9ation is made m]ely lit]>y & my?ological1 symbols are r5d]$ m]e means ( direct+ physical reactions ( ! organs ( spee*4 #c4 ,9 ! acc\nt previ\sly giv5 no?+ 0 explicitly said ab\t ! place ( lit]ature & ! f9e arts 9 ! c\rse ( /udy4 ,! omission at t po9t 0 int5tional4 ,at ! outset1 !re is no %>p dem>cation ( useful1 or indu/rial1 arts & f9e arts4 ,! activities m5tion$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv conta9 )9 !mselves ! factors lat] discrim9at$ into f9e & useful arts4 ,z engag+ ! emotions & ! imag9ation1 !y h ! qualities :i* give ! f9e arts _! quality4 ,z dem&+ me?od or skill1 ! adaptation ( tools to mat]ials ) con/antly increas+ p]fection1 !y involve ! elem5t ( te*nique indisp5sable to arti/ic production4 ,f ! /&po9t ( product1 or ! "w ( art1 !y are naturally defective1 ?\gh ev5 9 ?is respect :5 !y comprise g5u9e appreciation !y (t5 h a rudim5t>y *>m4 ,z exp]i5ces !y h bo? an arti/ic & an e/hetic quality4 ,:5 !y em]ge into activities :i* are te/$ by _! product & :5 ! socially s]viceable value ( ! product is emphasiz$1 !y pass into useful or indu/rial arts4 ,:5 !y develop 9 ! direction ( an enhanc$ appreciation ( ! imm$iate qualities :i* appeal to ta/e1 !y gr[ into f9e arts4 ,9 "o ( its mean+s1 appreciation is oppos$ to depreciation4 ,x d5otes an enl>g$1 an int5sifi$ priz+1 n m]ely a priz+1 mu* less--l depreciation--a l[]$ & degrad$ priz+4 ,?is enhancem5t ( ! qualities :i* make any ord9>y exp]i5ce appeal+1 appropriable--capable ( full assimilation--& enjoyable1 con/itutes ! prime function ( lit]ature1 music1 draw+1 pa9t+1 etc41 9 education4 ,!y are n ! exclusive ag5cies ( appreciation 9 ! mo/ g5]al s5se ( t ^w2 b !y are ! *ief ag5cies ( an int5sifi$1 enhanc$ appreciation4 ,z su*1 !y are n only intr9sically & directly enjoyable1 b !y s]ve a purpose beyond !mselves4 ,!y h ! (fice1 9 increas$ degree1 ( all appreciation 9 fix+ ta/e1 9 =m+ /&>ds = ! wor? ( lat] exp]i5ces4 ,!y ar\se discont5t ) conditions :i* fall bel[ _! measure2 !y create a dem& = surr\nd+s com+ up to _! own level4 ,!y reveal a dep? & range ( mean+ 9 exp]i5ces :i* o!rwise might be m$iocre & trivial4 ,!y supply1 t is1 organs ( vision4 ,moreov]1 9 _! fullness !y repres5t ! conc5tration & consummation ( elem5ts ( good :i* are o!rwise scatt]$ & incomplete4 ,!y select & focus ! elem5ts ( enjoyable wor? :i* make any exp]i5ce directly enjoyable4 ,!y are n luxuries ( education1 b emphatic expressions ( t :i* makes any education wor? :ile4 #b4 ,! ,valuation ( ,/udies4 ,! !ory ( educational values involves n only an acc\nt ( ! nature ( appreciation z fix+ ! measure ( subsequ5t valuations1 b an acc\nt ( ! specific directions 9 :i* ^! valuations occur4 ,to value means prim>ily to prize1 to e/eem2 b second>ily x means to apprise1 to e/imate4 ,x means1 t is1 ! act ( *]i%+ some?+1 hold+ x de>1 & also ! act ( pass+ judgm5t ^u ! nature & am\nt ( its value z comp>$ ) some?+ else4 ,to value 9 ! latt] s5se is to valuate or evaluate4 ,! di/9ction co9cides ) t sometimes made betwe5 intr9sic & in/rum5tal values4 ,intr9sic values are n objects ( judgm5t1 !y _c 7z intr9sic7 be comp>$1 or reg>d$ z great] & less1 bett] or worse4 ,!y are invaluable2 & if a ?+ is invaluable1 x is nei!r m nor less s ?an any o!r invaluable4 ,b occasions pres5t !mselves :5 x is necess>y to *oose1 :5 we mu/ let "o ?+ g 9 ord] to take ano!r4 ,?is e/abli%es an ord] ( pref]5ce1 a great] & less1 bett] & worse4 ,?+s judg$ or pass$ ^u h to be e/imat$ 9 relation to "s ?ird ?+1 "s fur!r end4 ,) respect to t1 !y are means1 or in/rum5tal values4 ,we may imag9e a man :o at "o "t ?or\ghly enjoys conv]se ) 8 fri5ds1 at ano!r ! he>+ ( a symphony2 at ano!r ! eat+ ( 8 meals2 at ano!r ! read+ ( a book2 at ano!r ! e>n+ ( money1 & s on4 ,z an appreciative realization1 ea* ( ^! is an intr9sic value4 ,x occupies a p>ticul> place 9 life2 x s]ves its own end1 :i* _c be suppli$ by a sub/itute4 ,!re is no "q ( comp>ative value1 & h5ce none ( valuation4 ,ea* is ! specific good :i* x is1 & t is all t c be said4 ,9 its own place1 none is a means to any?+ beyond itself4 ,b !re may arise a situation 9 :i* !y compete or conflict1 9 :i* a *oice has to be made4 ,n[ comp>ison comes 94 ,s9ce a *oice has to be made1 we want to "k ! respective claims ( ea* competitor4 ,:at is to be said = x8 ,:at does x (f] 9 comp>ison )1 z balanc$ ov] aga9/1 "s o!r possibility8 ,rais+ ^! que/ions means t a p>ticul> good is no long] an end 9 itself1 an intr9sic good4 ,= if x 71 its claims w\ld be incomp>able1 imp]ative4 ,! "q is n[ z to its /atus z a means ( realiz+ some?+ else1 :i* is !n ! invaluable ( t situation4 ,if a man has j eat51 or if he is well f$ g5]ally & ! opportunity to he> music is a r>ity1 he w probably pref] ! music to eat+4 ,9 ! giv5 situation t w r5d] ! great] contribution4 ,if he is />v+1 or if he is satiat$ ) music = ! "t be+1 he w naturally judge food to h ! great] wor?4 ,9 ! ab/ract or at l>ge1 ap>t f ! ne$s ( a p>ticul> situation 9 :i* *oice has to be made1 !re is no su* ?+ z degrees or ord] ( value4 ,c]ta9 conclusions foll[ ) respect to educational values4 ,we _c e/abli% a hi]>*y ( values among /udies4 ,x is futile to attempt to arrange !m 9 an ord]1 beg9n+ ) "o hav+ lea/ wor? & go+ on to t ( maximum value4 ,9 s f> z any /udy has a unique or irreplaceable function 9 exp]i5ce1 9 s f> z x m>ks a *>act]i/ic enri*m5t ( life1 its wor? is intr9sic or incomp>able4 ,s9ce education is n a means to liv+1 b is id5tical ) ! op]ation ( liv+ a life :i* is fruitful & inh]5tly significant1 ! only ultimate value :i* c be set up is j ! process ( liv+ itself4 ,& ?is is n an end to :i* /udies & activities are subord9ate means2 x is ! :ole ( :i* !y are +r$i5ts4 ,& :at has be5 said ab\t appreciation means t e /udy 9 "o ( its aspects ought to h j su* ultimate significance4 ,x is true ( ari?metic z x is ( poetry t 9 "s place & at "s "t x ought to be a good to be appreciat$ on its own acc\nt--j z an enjoyable exp]i5ce1 9 %ort4 ,if x is n1 !n :5 ! "t & place come = x to be us$ z a means or in/rum5tality1 x w be 9 j t mu* h&icapp$4 ,nev] hav+ be5 realiz$ or appreciat$ = itself1 "o w miss some?+ ( its capacity z a res\rce = o!r ends4 ,x equally foll[s t :5 we comp>e /udies z to _! values1 t is1 treat !m z means to some?+ beyond !mselves1 t :i* controls _! prop] valuation is f\nd 9 ! specific situation 9 :i* !y are to be us$4 ,! way to enable a /ud5t to appreh5d ! in/rum5tal value ( ari?metic is n to lecture him ^u ! b5efit x w be to him 9 "s remote & unc]ta9 future1 b to let him discov] t success 9 some?+ he is int]e/$ 9 do+ dep5ds ^u ability to use numb]4 ,x also foll[s t ! attempt to di/ribute di/9ct sorts ( value among diff]5t /udies is a misguid$ "o1 9 spite ( ! am\nt ( "t rec5tly devot$ to ! und]tak+4 ,sci5ce = example may h any k9d ( value1 dep5d+ ^u ! situation into :i* x ent]s z a means4 ,to "s ! value ( sci5ce may be milit>y2 x may be an in/rum5t 9 /r5g!n+ means ( (f5se or def5se2 x may be te*nological1 a tool = eng9e]+2 or x may be comm]cial--an aid 9 ! successful conduct ( bus9ess2 "u o!r conditions1 its wor? may be philan?ropic--! s]vice x r5d]s 9 reliev+ human suff]+2 or aga9 x may be q conv5tional--( value 9 e/abli%+ "o's social /atus z an educat$ p]son4 ,z matt] ( fact1 sci5ce s]ves all ^! purposes1 & x w\ld be an arbitr>y task to try to fix ^u "o ( !m z its real end4 ,all t we c be sure ( educationally is t sci5ce %\ld be taught s z to be an end 9 itself 9 ! lives ( /ud5ts--some?+ wor? :ile on acc\nt ( its own unique intr9sic contribution to ! exp]i5ce ( life4 ,prim>ily x mu/ h appreciation value4 ,if we take some?+ :i* seems to be at ! opposite pole1 l poetry1 ! same sort ( /atem5t applies4 ,x may be t1 at ! pres5t "t1 its *ief value is ! contribution x makes to ! enjoym5t ( leisure4 ,b t may repres5t a deg5]ate condition r ?an any?+ necess>y4 ,poetry has hi/orically be5 alli$ ) religion & morals2 x has s]v$ ! purpose ( p5etrat+ ! my/]i\s dep?s ( ?+s4 ,x has _h an enorm\s patriotic value4 ,hom] to ! ,greeks 0 a ,bible1 a textbook ( morals1 a hi/ory1 & a national inspiration4 ,9 any case1 x may be said t an education :i* does n succe$ 9 mak+ poetry a res\rce 9 ! bus9ess ( life z well z 9 its leisure1 has some?+ ! matt] ) x--or else ! poetry is artificial poetry4 ,! same consid]ations apply to ! value ( a /udy or a topic ( a /udy ) ref]5ce to its motivat+ =ce4 ,^? responsible = plann+ & tea*+ ! c\rse ( /udy %\ld h gr\nds = ?9k+ t ! /udies & topics includ$ furni% bo? direct increm5ts to ! enri*+ ( lives ( ! pupils & also mat]ials :i* !y c put to use 9 o!r conc]ns ( direct int]e/4 ,s9ce ! curriculum is always gett+ load$ d[n ) purely inh]it$ traditional matt] & ) subjects :i* repres5t ma9ly ! en]gy ( "s influ5tial p]son or gr\p ( p]sons 9 behalf ( some?+ de> to !m1 x requires con/ant inspection1 criticism1 & revision to make sure x is accompli%+ its purpose4 ,!n !re is always ! probability t x repres5ts ! values ( adults r ?an ^? ( *ildr5 & y\?1 or ^? ( pupils a g5]ation ago r ?an ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,h5ce a fur!r ne$ = a critical outlook & survey4 ,b ^! consid]ations d n mean t = a subject to h motivat+ value to a pupil 7:e!r intr9sic or in/rum5tal7 is ! same ?+ z = him to be aw>e ( ! value1 or to be able to tell :at ! /udy is good =4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z long z any topic makes an imm$iate appeal1 x is n necess>y to ask :at x is good =4 ,?is is a "q :i* c be ask$ only ab\t in/rum5tal values4 ,"s goods are n good = any?+2 !y are j goods4 ,any o!r notion leads to an absurdity4 ,= we _c /op ask+ ! "q ab\t an in/rum5tal good1 "o ^: value lies 9 its be+ good = some?+1 unless !re is at "s po9t some?+ intr9sically good1 good = itself4 ,to a hungry1 heal?y *ild1 food is a good ( ! situation2 we d n h to br+ him to consci\sness ( ! ends subs]v$ by food 9 ord] to supply a motive to eat4 ,! food 9 connection ) 8 appetite is a motive4 ,! same ?+ holds ( m5tally eag] pupils ) respect to _m topics4 ,nei!r !y nor ! tea*] c\ld possibly =etell ) any exactness ! purposes le>n+ is to accompli% 9 ! future2 nor z long z ! eag]ness cont9ues is x advisable to try to specify p>ticul> goods :i* are to come ( x4 ,! pro( ( a good is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! pupil responds2 8 response is use4 ,8 response to ! mat]ial %[s t ! subject functions 9 8 life4 ,x is uns\nd to urge t1 say1 ,lat9 has a value p] se 9 ! ab/ract1 j z a /udy1 z a suffici5t ju/ification = tea*+ x4 ,b x is equally absurd to argue t unless tea*] or pupil c po9t out "s def9ite assignable future use to :i* x is to be put1 x lacks ju/ify+ value4 ,:5 pupils are g5u9ely conc]n$ 9 le>n+ ,lat91 t is ( itself pro( t x possesses value4 ,! mo/ :i* "o is entitl$ to ask 9 su* cases is :e!r 9 view ( ! %ortness ( "t1 !re are n o!r ?+s ( intr9sic value :i* 9 addition h great] in/rum5tal value4 ,?is br+s u to ! matt] ( in/rum5tal values--topics /udi$ because ( "s end beyond !mselves4 ,if a *ild is ill & 8 appetite does n lead him to eat :5 food is pres5t$1 or if 8 appetite is p]v]t$ s t he pref]s c&y to meat & vegetables1 consci\s ref]5ce to results is indicat$4 ,he ne$s to be made consci\s ( consequ5ces z a ju/ification ( ! positive or negative value ( c]ta9 objects4 ,or ! /ate ( ?+s may be normal en\gh1 & yet an individual n be mov$ by "s matt] because he does n grasp h[ 8 atta9m5t ( "s intr9sic good dep5ds ^u active conc]n ) :at is pres5t$4 ,9 su* cases1 x is obvi\sly ! "p ( wisdom to e/abli% consci\sness ( connection4 ,9 g5]al :at is desirable is t a topic be pres5t$ 9 su* a way t x ei!r h an imm$iate value1 & require no ju/ification1 or else be p]ceiv$ to be a means ( a*iev+ some?+ ( intr9sic value4 ,an in/rum5tal value !n has ! intr9sic value ( be+ a means to an end4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r "s ( ! pres5t p$agogical int]e/ 9 ! matt] ( values ( /udies is n ei!r excessive or else too n>r[4 ,sometimes x appe>s to be a labor$ ef=t to furni% an apologetic = topics :i* no long] op]ate to any purpose1 direct or indirect1 9 ! lives ( pupils4 ,at o!r times1 ! reaction aga9/ useless lumb] seems to h gone to ! ext5t ( suppos+ t no subject or topic %\ld be taught unless "s q def9ite future utility c be po9t$ out by ^? mak+ ! c\rse ( /udy or by ! pupil himself1 unm9dful ( ! fact t life is its own excuse = be+2 & t def9ite utilities :i* c be po9t$ out are !mselves ju/ifi$ only because !y increase ! exp]i5c$ cont5t ( life itself4 #c4 ,! ,segregation & ,organization ( ,values4 ,x is ( c\rse possible to classify 9 a g5]al way ! v>i\s valuable phases ( life4 ,9 ord] to get a survey ( aims suffici5tly wide 7,see ante1 p4 #aaj7 to give bread? & flexibility to ! ent]prise ( education1 !re is "s advantage 9 su* a classification4 ,b x is a great mi/ake to reg>d ^! values z ultimate ends to :i* ! concrete satisfactions ( exp]i5ce are subord9ate4 ,!y are no?+ b g5]alizations1 m or less adequate1 ( concrete goods4 ,heal?1 weal?1 effici5cy1 sociability1 utility1 culture1 happ9ess itself are only ab/ract t]ms :i* sum up a multitude ( p>ticul>s4 ,to reg>d su* ?+s z /&>ds = ! valuation ( concrete topics & process ( education is to subord9ate to an ab/raction ! concrete facts f :i* ! ab/raction is d]iv$4 ,!y are n 9 any true s5se /&>ds ( valuation2 ^! are f\nd1 z we h previ\sly se51 9 ! specific realizations :i* =m ta/es & habits ( pref]5ce4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ( significance z po9ts ( view elevat$ above ! details ( life :5ce to survey ! field & see h[ its con/itu5t details are di/ribut$1 & :e!r !y are well proportion$4 ,no classification c h o!r ?an a provisional validity4 ,! foll[+ may prove ( "s help4 ,we may say t ! k9d ( exp]i5ce to :i* ! "w ( ! s*ools %\ld contribute is "o m>k$ by executive compet5cy 9 ! managem5t ( res\rces & ob/acles enc\nt]$ 7effici5cy72 by sociability1 or int]e/ 9 ! direct companion%ip ( o!rs2 by ae/hetic ta/e or capacity to appreciate arti/ic excell5ce 9 at lea/ "s ( its classic =ms2 by tra9$ intellectual me?od1 or int]e/ 9 "s mode ( sci5tific a*ievem5t2 & by s5sitiv5ess to ! rights & claims ( o!rs--consci5ti\sness4 ,& :ile ^! consid]ations are n /&>ds ( value1 !y are useful crit]ia = survey1 criticism1 & bett] organization ( exi/+ me?ods & subject matt] ( in/ruction4 ,! ne$ ( su* g5]al po9ts ( view is ! great] because ( a t5d5cy to segregate educational values due to ! isolation f "o ano!r ( ! v>i\s pursuits ( life4 ,! idea is preval5t t diff]5t /udies repres5t sep>ate k9ds ( values1 & t ! curriculum %\ld1 !re=e1 be con/itut$ by ga!r+ toge!r v>i\s /udies till a suffici5t v>iety ( indep5d5t values h be5 c>$ =4 ,! foll[+ quotation does n use ! ^w value1 b x conta9s ! notion ( a curriculum con/ruct$ on ! idea t !re are a numb] ( sep>ate ends to be rea*$1 & t v>i\s /udies may be evaluat$ by ref]r+ ea* /udy to its respective end4 ,memory is tra9$ by mo/ /udies1 b be/ by languages & hi/ory2 ta/e is tra9$ by ! m advanc$ /udy ( languages1 & /ill bett] by ,engli% lit]ature2 imag9ation by all high] language tea*+1 b *iefly by ,greek & ,lat9 poetry2 obs]vation by sci5ce "w 9 ! laboratory1 ?\gh "s tra9+ is to be got f ! e>li] /ages ( ,lat9 & ,greek2 = expression1 ,greek & ,lat9 composition comes fir/ & ,engli% composition next2 = ab/ract reason+1 ma!matics /&s almo/ alone2 = concrete reason+1 sci5ce comes fir/1 !n geometry2 = social reason+1 ! ,greek & ,roman hi/orians & orators come fir/1 & g5]al hi/ory next4 ,h5ce ! n>r[e/ education :i* c claim to be at all complete includes ,lat91 "o mod]n language1 "s hi/ory1 "s ,engli% lit]ature1 & "o sci5ce4 ,!re is mu* 9 ! word+ ( ?is passage :i* is irrelevant to our po9t & :i* mu/ be disc\nt$ to make x cle>4 ,! phraseology betrays ! p>ticul> prov9cial tradition )9 :i* ! au?or is writ+4 ,!re is ! unque/ion$ assumption ( faculties to be tra9$1 & a dom9ant int]e/ 9 ! anci5t languages2 !re is comp>ative disreg>d ( ! e>? on :i* m5 happ5 to live & ! bodies !y happ5 to c>ry ar\nd ) !m4 ,b ) all[ances made = ^! matt]s 7ev5 ) _! complete ab&onm5t7 we f9d mu* 9 contempor>y educational philosophy :i* p>allels ! fundam5tal notion ( p>cel+ out special values to segregat$ /udies4 ,ev5 :5 "s "o end is set up z a /&>d ( value1 l social effici5cy or culture1 x w (t5 be f\nd to be b a v]bal head+ "u :i* a v>iety ( disconnect$ factors are compris$4 ,& al?\gh ! g5]al t5d5cy is to all[ a great] v>iety ( values to a giv5 /udy ?an does ! passage quot$1 yet ! attempt to inv5tory a numb] ( values atta*+ to ea* /udy & to /ate ! am\nt ( ea* value :i* ! giv5 /udy possesses emphasizes an impli$ educational dis9tegration4 ,z matt] ( fact1 su* s*emes ( values ( /udies are l>gely b unconsci\s ju/ifications ( ! curriculum ) :i* "o is famili>4 ,"o accepts1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! /udies ( ! exi/+ c\rse & !n assigns values to !m z a suffici5t reason = _! be+ taught4 ,ma!matics is said to h1 = example1 discipl9>y value 9 habituat+ ! pupil to accuracy ( /atem5t & clos5ess ( reason+2 x has utilit>ian value 9 giv+ comm& ( ! arts ( calculation involv$ 9 trade & ! arts2 culture value 9 its enl>gem5t ( ! imag9ation 9 deal+ ) ! mo/ g5]al relations ( ?+s2 ev5 religi\s value 9 its concept ( ! inf9ite & alli$ ideas4 ,b cle>ly ma!matics does n accompli% su* results1 because x is end[$ ) miracul\s pot5cies call$ values2 x has ^! values if & :5 x accompli%es ^! results1 & n o!rwise4 ,! /atem5ts may help a tea*] to a l>g] vision ( ! possible results to be effect$ by in/ruction 9 ma!matical topics4 ,b un=tunately1 ! t5d5cy is to treat ! /atem5t z indicat+ p[]s inh]5tly resid+ 9 ! subject1 :e!r !y op]ate or n1 & ?us to give x a rigid ju/ification4 ,if !y d n op]ate1 ! blame is put n on ! subject z taught1 b on ! indiff]5ce & recalcitrancy ( pupils4 ,?is attitude t[>d subjects is ! obv]se side ( ! conception ( exp]i5ce or life z a pat*work ( indep5d5t int]e/s :i* exi/ side by side & limit "o ano!r4 ,/ud5ts ( politics are famili> ) a *eck & balance !ory ( ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re are suppos$ to be indep5d5t sep>ate functions1 l ! legislative1 executive1 judicial1 adm9i/rative1 & all goes well if ea* ( ^! *ecks all ! o!rs & ?us creates an ideal balance4 ,!re is a philosophy :i* might well be call$ ! *eck & balance !ory ( exp]i5ce4 ,life pres5ts a div]sity ( int]e/s4 ,left to !mselves1 !y t5d to encroa* on "o ano!r4 ,! ideal is to prescribe a special t]ritory = ea* till ! :ole gr\nd ( exp]i5ce is cov]$1 & !n see to x ea* rema9s )9 its own b\nd>ies4 ,politics1 bus9ess1 recreation1 art1 sci5ce1 ! le>n$ pr(essions1 polite int]c\rse1 leisure1 repres5t su* int]e/s4 ,ea* ( ^! ramifies into _m bran*es3 bus9ess into manual occupations1 executive positions1 bookkeep+1 railroad+1 bank+1 agriculture1 trade & comm]ce1 etc41 & s ) ea* ( ! o!rs4 ,an ideal education w\ld !n supply ! means ( meet+ ^! sep>ate & pigeon-hol$ int]e/s4 ,& :5 we look at ! s*ools1 x is easy to get ! impression t !y accept ?is view ( ! nature ( adult life1 & set = !mselves ! task ( meet+ its dem&s4 ,ea* int]e/ is ackn[l$g$ z a k9d ( fix$ in/itution to :i* some?+ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy mu/ correspond4 ,! c\rse ( /udy mu/ !n h "s civics & hi/ory politically & patriotically view$3 "s utilit>ian /udies2 "s sci5ce2 "s art 7ma9ly lit]ature ( c\rse72 "s provision = recreation2 "s moral education2 & s on4 ,& x w be f\nd t a l>ge "p ( curr5t agitation ab\t s*ools is conc]n$ ) clamor & controv]sy ab\t ! due me$ ( recognition to be giv5 to ea* ( ^! int]e/s1 & ) /ruggles to secure = ea* its due %>e 9 ! c\rse ( /udy2 or1 if ?is does n seem feasible 9 ! exi/+ s*ool sy/em1 !n to secure a new & sep>ate k9d ( s*ool+ to meet ! ne$4 ,9 ! multitude ( educations education is =gott54 ,! obvi\s outcome is conge/ion ( ! c\rse ( /udy1 ov]pressure & di/raction ( pupils1 & a n>r[ specialization fatal to ! v idea ( education4 ,b ^! bad results usually lead to m ( ! same sort ( ?+ z a rem$y4 ,:5 x is p]ceiv$ t aft] all ! requirem5ts ( a full life exp]i5ce are n met1 ! defici5cy is n laid to ! isolation & n>r[ness ( ! tea*+ ( ! exi/+ subjects1 & ?is recognition made ! basis ( reorganization ( ! sy/em4 ,no1 ! lack is some?+ to be made up = by ! introduction ( /ill ano!r /udy1 or1 if necess>y1 ano!r k9d ( s*ool4 ,& z a rule ^? :o object to ! result+ ov]cr[d+ & consequ5t sup]ficiality & di/raction usually also h rec\rse to a m]ely quantitative crit]ion3 ! rem$y is to cut (f a great _m /udies z fads & frills1 & return to ! good old curriculum ( ! ?ree ,r's 9 elem5t>y education & ! equally good & equally old-fa%ion$ curriculum ( ! classics & ma!matics 9 high] education4 ,! situation has1 ( c\rse1 its hi/oric explanation4 ,v>i\s epo*s ( ! pa/ h _h _! own *>act]i/ic /ruggles & int]e/s4 ,ea* ( ^! great epo*s has left beh9d itself a k9d ( cultural deposit1 l a geologic /ratum4 ,^! deposits h f\nd _! way into educational in/itutions 9 ! =m ( /udies1 di/9ct c\rses ( /udy1 di/9ct types ( s*ools4 ,) ! rapid *ange ( political1 sci5tific1 & economic int]e/s 9 ! la/ c5tury1 provision _h to be made = new values4 ,?\gh ! old] c\rses resi/$1 !y h _h at lea/ 9 ?is c\ntry to retire _! pret5sions to a monopoly4 ,!y h n1 h[ev]1 be5 reorganiz$ 9 cont5t & aim2 !y h only be5 r$uc$ 9 am\nt4 ,! new /udies1 repres5t+ ! new int]e/s1 h n be5 us$ to trans=m ! me?od & aim ( all in/ruction2 !y h be5 inject$ & add$ on4 ,! result is a conglom]ate1 ! cem5t ( :i* consi/s 9 ! me*anics ( ! s*ool program or "t table4 ,!nce arises ! s*eme ( values & /&>ds ( value :i* we h m5tion$4 ,?is situation 9 education repres5ts ! divisions & sep>ations :i* obta9 9 social life4 ,! v>iety ( int]e/s :i* %\ld m>k any ri* & balanc$ exp]i5ce h be5 torn asund] & deposit$ 9 sep>ate in/itutions ) div]se & indep5d5t purposes & me?ods4 ,bus9ess is bus9ess1 sci5ce is sci5ce1 art is art1 politics is politics1 social int]c\rse is social int]c\rse1 morals is morals1 recreation is recreation1 & s on4 ,ea* possesses a sep>ate & indep5d5t prov9ce ) its own peculi> aims & ways ( proce$+4 ,ea* contributes to ! o!rs only ext]nally & accid5tally4 ,all ( !m toge!r make up ! :ole ( life by j apposition & addition4 ,:at does "o expect f bus9ess save t x %\ld furni% money1 to be us$ 9 turn = mak+ m money & = support ( self & family1 = buy+ books & pictures1 tickets to conc]ts :i* may af=d culture1 & = pay+ taxes1 *>itable gifts & o!r ?+s ( social & e?ical value8 ,h[ unreasonable to expect t ! pursuit ( bus9ess %\ld be itself a culture ( ! imag9ation1 9 bread? & ref9em5t2 t x %\ld directly1 & n ?r\gh ! money :i* x supplies1 h social s]vice = its animat+ pr9ciple & be conduct$ z an ent]prise 9 behalf ( social organization6 ,! same ?+ is to be said1 mutatis mut&is1 ( ! pursuit ( art or sci5ce or politics or religion4 ,ea* has become specializ$ n m]ely 9 its appliances & its dem&s ^u "t1 b 9 its aim & animat+ _s4 ,unconsci\sly1 our c\rse ( /udies & our !ories ( ! educational values ( /udies reflect ?is division ( int]e/s4 ,! po9t at issue 9 a !ory ( educational value is !n ! unity or integrity ( exp]i5ce4 ,h[ %all x be full & v>i$ )\t los+ unity ( _s8 ,h[ %all x be "o & yet n n>r[ & monoton\s 9 its unity8 ,ultimately1 ! "q ( values & a /&>d ( values is ! moral "q ( ! organization ( ! int]e/s ( life4 ,educationally1 ! "q conc]ns t organization ( s*ools1 mat]ials1 & me?ods :i* w op]ate to a*ieve bread? & ri*ness ( exp]i5ce4 ,h[ %all we secure bread? ( outlook )\t sacrific+ effici5cy ( execution8 ,h[ %all we secure ! div]sity ( int]e/s1 )\t pay+ ! price ( isolation8 ,h[ %all ! individual be r5d]$ executive 9 8 intellig5ce in/ead ( at ! co/ ( 8 intellig5ce8 ,h[ %all art1 sci5ce1 & politics re9=ce "o ano!r 9 an enri*$ temp] ( m9d in/ead ( con/itut+ ends pursu$ at "o ano!r's exp5se8 ,h[ c ! int]e/s ( life & ! /udies :i* en=ce !m enri* ! common exp]i5ce ( m5 in/ead ( divid+ m5 f "o ano!r8 ,) ! que/ions ( reorganization ?us sugge/$1 we %all be conc]n$ 9 ! conclud+ *apt]s4 ,summ>y4 ,fundam5tally1 ! elem5ts involv$ 9 a discussion ( value h be5 cov]$ 9 ! prior discussion ( aims & int]e/s4 ,b s9ce educational values are g5]ally discuss$ 9 connection ) ! claims ( ! v>i\s /udies ( ! curriculum1 ! consid]ation ( aim & int]e/ is "h resum$ f ! po9t ( view ( special /udies4 ,! t]m value has two q diff]5t mean+s4 ,on ! "o h&1 x d5otes ! attitude ( priz+ a ?+ f9d+ x wor? :ile1 = its own sake1 or intr9sically4 ,?is is a "n = a full or complete exp]i5ce4 ,to value 9 ?is s5se is to appreciate4 ,b to value also means a di/9ctively intellectual act--an op]ation ( comp>+ & judg+--to valuate4 ,?is occurs :5 direct full exp]i5ce is lack+1 & ! "q arises :i* ( ! v>i\s possibilities ( a situation is to be pref]r$ 9 ord] to rea* a full realization1 or vital exp]i5ce4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 divide ! /udies ( ! curriculum into ! appreciative1 ^? conc]n$ ) intr9sic value1 & ! in/rum5tal1 conc]n$ ) ^? :i* are ( value or ends beyond !mselves4 ,! =mation ( prop] /&>ds 9 any subject dep5ds ^u a realization ( ! contribution :i* x makes to ! imm$iate significance ( exp]i5ce1 ^u a direct appreciation4 ,lit]ature & ! f9e arts are ( peculi> value because !y repres5t appreciation at its be/--a height5$ realization ( mean+ ?r\gh selection & conc5tration4 ,b e subject at "s phase ( its developm5t %\ld possess1 :at is = ! individual conc]n$ ) x1 an ae/hetic quality4 ,contribution to imm$iate intr9sic values 9 all _! v>iety 9 exp]i5ce is ! only crit]ion = det]m9+ ! wor? ( in/rum5tal & d]iv$ values 9 /udies4 ,! t5d5cy to assign sep>ate values to ea* /udy & to reg>d ! curriculum 9 its entirety z a k9d ( composite made by ! aggregation ( segregat$ values is a result ( ! isolation ( social gr\ps & classes4 ,h5ce x is ! bus9ess ( education 9 a democratic social gr\p to /ruggle aga9/ ?is isolation 9 ord] t ! v>i\s int]e/s may re9=ce & play into "o ano!r4 ,*apt] ,n9ete53 ,labor & ,leisure #a4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,opposition4 ,! isolation ( aims & values :i* we h be5 consid]+ leads to opposition betwe5 !m4 ,probably ! mo/ deep-seat$ anti!sis :i* has %[n itself 9 educational hi/ory is t betwe5 education 9 prep>ation = useful labor & education = a life ( leisure4 ,! b>e t]ms useful labor & leisure confirm ! /atem5t already made t ! segregation & conflict ( values are n self-inclos$1 b reflect a division )9 social life4 ,7 ! two functions ( ga9+ a livelihood by "w & enjoy+ 9 a cultivat$ way ! opportunities ( leisure1 di/ribut$ equally among ! diff]5t memb]s ( a community1 x w\ld n occur to any "o t !re 0 any conflict ( educational ag5cies & aims involv$4 ,x w\ld be self-evid5t t ! "q 0 h[ education c\ld contribute mo/ effectively to bo?4 ,& :ile x might be f\nd t "s mat]ials ( in/ruction *iefly accompli%$ "o result & o!r subject matt] ! o!r1 x w\ld be evid5t t c>e mu/ be tak5 to secure z mu* ov]lapp+ z conditions p]mit2 t is1 ! education :i* _h leisure m directly 9 view %\ld indirectly re9=ce z mu* z possible ! effici5cy & ! enjoym5t ( "w1 :ile t aim+ at ! latt] %\ld produce habits ( emotion & intellect :i* w\ld procure a wor?y cultivation ( leisure4 ,^! g5]al consid]ations are amply borne out by ! hi/orical developm5t ( educational philosophy4 ,! sep>ation ( lib]al education f pr(essional & indu/rial education goes back to ! "t ( ! ,greeks1 & 0 =mulat$ expressly on ! basis ( a division ( classes into ^? :o _h to labor = a liv+ & ^? :o 7 reliev$ f ?is necessity4 ,! conception t lib]al education1 adapt$ to m5 9 ! latt] class1 is intr9sically high] ?an ! s]vile tra9+ giv5 to ! latt] class reflect$ ! fact t "o class 0 free & ! o!r s]vile 9 its social /atus4 ,! latt] class labor$ n only = its own subsi/5ce1 b also = ! means :i* enabl$ ! sup]ior class to live )\t p]sonally engag+ 9 occupations tak+ almo/ all ! "t & n ( a nature to engage or rew>d intellig5ce4 ,t a c]ta9 am\nt ( labor mu/ be engag$ 9 goes )\t say+4 ,human be+s h to live & x requires "w to supply ! res\rces ( life4 ,ev5 if we insi/ t ! int]e/s connect$ ) gett+ a liv+ are only mat]ial & h5ce intr9sically l[] ?an ^? connect$ ) enjoym5t ( "t releas$ f labor1 & ev5 if x 7 admitt$ t !re is some?+ engross+ & insubord9ate 9 mat]ial int]e/s :i* leads !m to /rive to usurp ! place belong+ to ! high] ideal int]e/s1 ?is w\ld n--b>r+ ! fact ( socially divid$ classes--lead to neglect ( ! k9d ( education :i* tra9s m5 = ! useful pursuits4 ,x w\ld r lead to scrupul\s c>e = !m1 s t m5 7 tra9$ to be effici5t 9 !m & yet to keep !m 9 _! place2 education w\ld see to x t we avoid$ ! evil results :i* fl[ f _! be+ all[$ to fl\ri% 9 obscure purlieus ( neglect4 ,only :5 a division ( ^! int]e/s co9cides ) a division ( an inf]ior & a sup]ior social class w prep>ation = useful "w be look$ d[n ^u ) contempt z an unwor?y ?+3 a fact :i* prep>es "o = ! conclusion t ! rigid id5tification ( "w ) mat]ial int]e/s1 & leisure ) ideal int]e/s is itself a social product4 ,! educational =mulations ( ! social situation made ov] two ?\s& ye>s ago h be5 s influ5tial & give su* a cle> & logical recognition ( ! implications ( ! division into labor+ & leisure classes1 t !y des]ve especial note4 ,accord+ to !m1 man occupies ! highe/ place 9 ! s*eme ( animate exi/5ce4 ,9 "p1 he %>es ! con/itution & functions ( plants & animals--nutritive1 reproductive1 motor or practical4 ,! di/9ctively human function is reason exi/+ = ! sake ( behold+ ! spectacle ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce ! truly human end is ! fulle/ possible ( ?is di/9ctive human pr]ogative4 ,! life ( obs]vation1 m$itation1 cogitation1 & speculation pursu$ z an end 9 itself is ! prop] life ( man4 ,f reason moreov] proce$s ! prop] control ( ! l[] elem5ts ( human nature--! appetites & ! active1 motor1 impulses4 ,9 !mselves gre$y1 insubord9ate1 lov]s ( excess1 aim+ only at _! own satiety1 !y obs]ve mod]ation--! law ( ! mean--& s]ve desirable ends z !y are subject$ to ! rule ( reason4 ,su* is ! situation z an affair ( !oretical psy*ology & z mo/ adequately /at$ by ,ari/otle4 ,b ?is /ate ( ?+s is reflect$ 9 ! con/itution ( classes ( m5 & h5ce 9 ! organization ( society4 ,only 9 a comp>atively small numb] is ! function ( reason capable ( op]at+ z a law ( life4 ,9 ! mass ( p1 vegetative & animal functions dom9ate4 ,_! en]gy ( intellig5ce is s feeble & incon/ant t x is con/antly ov]p[]$ by bodily appetite & passion4 ,su* p]sons are n truly ends 9 !mselves1 = only reason con/itutes a f9al end4 ,l plants1 animals & physical tools1 !y are means1 appliances1 = ! atta9+ ( ends beyond !mselves1 al?\gh unlike !m !y h en\gh intellig5ce to ex]cise a c]ta9 discretion 9 ! execution ( ! tasks committ$ to !m4 ,?us by nature1 & n m]ely by social conv5tion1 !re are ^? :o are slaves--t is1 means = ! ends ( o!rs4 #a ,! great body ( artisans are 9 "o important respect worse (f ?an ev5 slaves4 ,l ! latt] !y are giv5 up to ! s]vice ( ends ext]nal to !mselves2 b s9ce !y d n enjoy ! intimate association ) ! free sup]ior class exp]i5c$ by dome/ic slaves !y rema9 on a l[] plane ( excell5ce4 ,moreov]1 wom5 are class$ ) slaves & craftsm5 z factors among ! animate in/rum5talities ( production & reproduction ( ! means = a free or rational life4 ,individually & collectively !re is a gulf betwe5 m]ely liv+ & liv+ wor?ily4 ,9 ord] t "o may live wor?ily he mu/ fir/ live1 & s ) collective society4 ,! "t & en]gy sp5t ^u m]e life1 ^u ! ga9+ ( subsi/5ce1 detracts f t available = activities t h an inh]5t rational mean+2 !y also unfit = ! latt]4 ,means are m5ial1 ! s]viceable is s]vile4 ,! true life is possible only 9 ! degree 9 :i* ! physical necessities are _h )\t ef=t & )\t att5tion4 ,h5ce slaves1 artisans1 & wom5 are employ$ 9 furni%+ ! means ( subsi/5ce 9 ord] t o!rs1 ^? adequately equipp$ ) intellig5ce1 may live ! life ( leisurely conc]n ) ?+s intr9sically wor? :ile4 ,to ^! two modes ( occupation1 ) _! di/9ction ( s]vile & free activities 7or arts7 correspond two types ( education3 ! base or me*anical & ! lib]al or intellectual4 ,"s p]sons are tra9$ by suitable practical ex]cises = capacity 9 do+ ?+s1 = ability to use ! me*anical tools involv$ 9 turn+ out physical commodities & r5d]+ p]sonal s]vice4 ,?is tra9+ is a m]e matt] ( habituation & te*nical skill2 x op]ates ?r\gh repetition & assiduity 9 application1 n ?r\gh awak5+ & nurtur+ ?\ght4 ,lib]al education aims to tra9 intellig5ce = its prop] (fice3 to "k4 ,! less ?is k has to d ) practical affairs1 ) mak+ or produc+1 ! m adequately x engages intellig5ce4 ,s consi/5tly does ,ari/otle draw ! l9e betwe5 m5ial & lib]al education t he puts :at are n[ call$ ! f9e arts1 music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 9 ! same class ) m5ial arts s f> z _! practice is conc]n$4 ,!y involve physical ag5cies1 assiduity ( practice1 & ext]nal results4 ,9 discuss+1 = example1 education 9 music he raises ! "q h[ f> ! "y %\ld be practic$ 9 ! play+ ( in/rum5ts4 ,8 answ] is t su* practice & pr(ici5cy may be tol]at$ z conduce to appreciation2 t is1 to und]/&+ & enjoym5t ( music :5 play$ by slaves or pr(essionals4 ,:5 pr(essional p[] is aim$ at1 music s9ks f ! lib]al to ! pr(essional level4 ,"o might !n z well tea* cook+1 says ,ari/otle4 ,ev5 a lib]al conc]n ) ! works ( f9e art dep5ds ^u ! exi/5ce ( a hirel+ class ( practition]s :o h subord9at$ ! developm5t ( _! own p]sonality to atta9+ skill 9 me*anical execution4 ,! high] ! activity ! m purely m5tal is x2 ! less does x h to d ) physical ?+s or ) ! body4 ,! m purely m5tal x is1 ! m indep5d5t or self-suffic+ is x4 ,^! la/ words rem9d u t ,ari/otle aga9 makes a di/9ction ( sup]ior & inf]ior ev5 )9 ^? liv+ ! life ( reason4 ,= !re is a di/9ction 9 ends & 9 free action1 accord+ z "o's life is m]ely accompani$ by reason or z x makes reason its own m$ium4 ,t is to say1 ! free citiz5 :o devotes himself to ! public life ( 8 community1 %>+ 9 ! managem5t ( its affairs & w9n+ p]sonal honor & di/9ction1 lives a life accompani$ by reason4 ,b ! ?9k]1 ! man :o devotes himself to sci5tific inquiry & philosophic speculation1 works1 s to speak1 9 reason1 n simply by 994 ,ev5 ! activity ( ! citiz5 9 8 civic relations1 9 o!r words1 reta9s "s ( ! ta9t ( practice1 ( ext]nal or m]ely in/rum5tal do+4 ,?is infection is %[n by ! fact t civic activity & civic excell5ce ne$ ! help ( o!rs2 "o _c engage 9 public life all by himself4 ,b all ne$s1 all desires imply1 9 ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 a mat]ial factor2 !y involve lack1 privation2 !y are dep5d5t ^u some?+ beyond !mselves = completion4 ,a purely intellectual life1 h[ev]1 "o c>ries on by himself1 9 himself2 su* assi/ance z he may d]ive f o!rs is accid5tal1 r ?an intr9sic4 ,9 kn[+1 9 ! life ( !ory1 reason f9ds its own full manife/ation2 kn[+ = ! sake ( kn[+ irrespective ( any application is alone indep5d5t1 or self-suffic+4 ,h5ce only ! education t makes = p[] to "k z an end 9 itself1 )\t ref]5ce to ! practice ( ev5 civic duties1 is truly lib]al or free4 #b4 ,! ,pres5t ,situation4 ,if ! ,ari/otelian conception repres5t$ j ,ari/otle's p]sonal view1 x w\ld be a m or less int]e/+ hi/orical curiosity4 ,x c\ld be dismiss$ z an illu/ration ( ! lack ( sympa?y or ! am\nt ( academic p$antry :i* may coexi/ ) extraord9>y intellectual gifts4 ,b ,ari/otle simply describ$ )\t confusion & )\t t ins9c]ity always att5dant ^u m5tal confusion1 ! life t 0 be=e him4 ,t ! actual social situation has greatly *ang$ s9ce 8 day !re is no ne$ to say4 ,b 9 spite ( ^! *anges1 9 spite ( ! abolition ( legal s]fdom1 & ! spread ( democracy1 ) ! ext5sion ( sci5ce & ( g5]al education 79 books1 newspap]s1 travel1 & g5]al int]c\rse z well z 9 s*ools71 !re rema9s en\gh ( a cleavage ( society into a le>n$ & an unle>n$ class1 a leisure & a labor+ class1 to make 8 po9t ( view a mo/ enlight5+ "o f :i* to criticize ! sep>ation betwe5 culture & utility 9 pres5t education4 ,beh9d ! intellectual & ab/ract di/9ction z x figures 9 p$agogical discussion1 !re looms a social di/9ction betwe5 ^? ^: pursuits involve a m9imum ( self-directive ?\ght & ae/hetic appreciation1 & ^? :o are conc]n$ m directly ) ?+s ( ! intellig5ce & ) ! control ( ! activities ( o!rs4 ,ari/otle 0 c]ta9ly p]man5tly "r :5 he said t any occupation or art or /udy des]ves to be call$ me*anical if x r5d]s ! body or s\l or intellect ( free p]sons unfit = ! ex]cise & practice ( excell5ce4 ,! =ce ( ! /atem5t is almo/ inf9itely increas$ :5 we hold1 z we nom9ally d at pres5t1 t all p]sons1 in/ead ( a comp>atively few1 are free4 ,= :5 ! mass ( m5 & all wom5 7 reg>d$ z unfree by ! v nature ( _! bodies & m9ds1 !re 0 nei!r intellectual confusion nor moral hypocrisy 9 giv+ !m only ! tra9+ :i* fitt$ !m = me*anical skill1 irrespective ( its ult]ior effect ^u _! capacity to %>e 9 a wor?y life4 ,he 0 p]man5tly "r also :5 he w5t on to say t all m]c5>y employm5ts z well z ^? :i* degrade ! condition ( ! body are me*anical1 s9ce !y deprive ! intellect ( leisure & dignity1--p]man5tly "r1 t is1 if ga9ful pursuits z matt] ( fact deprive ! intellect ( ! conditions ( its ex]cise & s ( its dignity4 ,if 8 /atem5ts are false1 x is because !y id5tify a phase ( social cu/om ) a natural necessity4 ,b a diff]5t view ( ! relations ( m9d & matt]1 m9d & body1 intellig5ce & social s]vice1 is bett] ?an ,ari/otle's conception only if x helps r5d] ! old idea obsolete 9 fact--9 ! actual conduct ( life & education4 ,ari/otle 0 p]man5tly "r 9 assum+ ! inf]iority & subord9ation ( m]e skill 9 p]=mance & m]e accumulation ( ext]nal products to und]/&+1 sympa?y ( appreciation1 & ! free play ( ideas4 ,if !re 0 an error1 x lay 9 assum+ ! necess>y sep>ation ( ! two3 9 suppos+ t !re is a natural divorce betwe5 effici5cy 9 produc+ commodities & r5d]+ s]vice1 & self-directive ?\ght2 betwe5 significant k & practical a*ievem5t4 ,we h>dly bett] matt]s if we j correct 8 !oretical misappreh5sion1 & tol]ate ! social /ate ( affairs :i* g5]at$ & sanction$ 8 conception4 ,we lose r ?an ga9 9 *ange f s]fdom to free citiz5%ip if ! mo/ priz$ result ( ! *ange is simply an increase 9 ! me*anical effici5cy ( ! human tools ( production4 ,s we lose r ?an ga9 9 com+ to ?9k ( intellig5ce z an organ ( control ( nature ?r\gh action1 if we are cont5t t an un9tellig5t1 unfree /ate p]si/s 9 ^? :o engage directly 9 turn+ nature to use1 & leave ! intellig5ce :i* controls to be ! exclusive possession ( remote sci5ti/s & capta9s ( indu/ry4 ,we are 9 a position hone/ly to criticize ! division ( life into sep>ate functions & ( society into sep>ate classes only s f> z we are free f responsibility = p]petuat+ ! educational practices :i* tra9 ! _m = pursuits involv+ m]e skill 9 production1 & ! few = a k t is an ornam5t & a cultural embelli%m5t4 ,9 %ort1 ability to transc5d ! ,greek philosophy ( life & education is n secur$ by a m]e %ift+ ab\t ( ! !oretical symbols mean+ free1 rational1 & wor?y4 ,x is n secur$ by a *ange ( s5tim5t reg>d+ ! dignity ( labor1 & ! sup]iority ( a life ( s]vice to t ( an alo( self-suffic+ indep5d5ce4 ,important z ^! !oretical & emotional *anges are1 _! importance consi/s 9 _! be+ turn$ to acc\nt 9 ! developm5t ( a truly democratic society1 a society 9 :i* all %>e 9 useful s]vice & all enjoy a wor?y leisure4 ,x is n a m]e *ange 9 ! concepts ( culture--or a lib]al m9d--& social s]vice :i* requires an educational reorganization2 b ! educational trans=mation is ne$$ to give full & explicit effect to ! *anges impli$ 9 social life4 ,! increas$ political & economic emancipation ( ! masses has %[n itself 9 education2 x has effect$ ! developm5t ( a common s*ool sy/em ( education1 public & free4 ,x has de/roy$ ! idea t le>n+ is prop]ly a monopoly ( ! few :o are pr$e/9$ by nature to gov]n social affairs4 ,b ! revolution is /ill incomplete4 ,! idea /ill prevails t a truly cultural or lib]al education _c h any?+ 9 common1 directly at lea/1 ) indu/rial affairs1 & t ! education :i* is fit = ! masses mu/ be a useful or practical education 9 a s5se :i* opposes useful & practical to nurture ( appreciation & lib]ation ( ?\ght4 ,z a consequ5ce1 our actual sy/em is an inconsi/5t mixture4 ,c]ta9 /udies & me?ods are reta9$ on ! supposition t !y h ! sanction ( peculi> lib]ality1 ! *ief cont5t ( ! t]m lib]al be+ uselessness = practical ends4 ,?is aspect is *iefly visible 9 :at is t]m$ ! high] education--t ( ! college & ( prep>ation = x4 ,b x has filt]$ ?r\gh into elem5t>y education & l>gely controls its processes & aims4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 concessions h be5 made to ! masses :o mu/ engage 9 gett+ a livelihood & to ! increas$ role ( economic activities 9 mod]n life4 ,^! concessions are exhibit$ 9 special s*ools & c\rses = ! pr(essions1 = eng9e]+1 = manual tra9+ & comm]ce1 9 vocational & prevocational c\rses2 & 9 ! _s 9 :i* c]ta9 elem5t>y subjects1 l ! ?ree ,r's1 are taught4 ,! result is a sy/em 9 :i* bo? cultural & utilit>ian subjects exi/ 9 an inorganic composite :]e ! =m] are n by dom9ant purpose socially s]viceable & ! latt] n lib]ative ( imag9ation or ?9k+ p[]4 ,9 ! inh]it$ situation1 !re is a curi\s int]m+l+1 9 ev5 ! same /udy1 ( concession to usefulness & a survival ( traits once exclusively attribut$ to prep>ation = leisure4 ,! utility elem5t is f\nd 9 ! motives assign$ = ! /udy1 ! lib]al elem5t 9 me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! outcome ( ! mixture is p]haps less satisfactory ?an if ei!r pr9ciple 7 adh]$ to 9 its purity4 ,! motive popul>ly assign$ = mak+ ! /udies ( ! fir/ f\r or five ye>s consi/ almo/ entirely ( read+1 spell+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 is1 = example1 t ability to read1 write1 & figure accurately is indisp5sable to gett+ ahead4 ,^! /udies are treat$ z m]e in/rum5ts = ent]+ ^u a ga9ful employm5t or ( lat] progress 9 ! pursuit ( le>n+1 accord+ z pupils d n or d rema9 9 s*ool4 ,?is attitude is reflect$ 9 ! emphasis put ^u drill & practice = ! sake ( ga9+ automatic skill4 ,if we turn to ,greek s*ool+1 we f9d t f ! e>lie/ ye>s ! acquisition ( skill 0 subord9at$ z mu* z possible to acquisition ( lit]>y cont5t possess$ ( ae/hetic & moral significance4 ,n gett+ a tool = subsequ5t use b pres5t subject matt] 0 ! emphasiz$ ?+4 ,nev]!less ! isolation ( ^! /udies f practical application1 _! r$uction to purely symbolic devices1 repres5ts a survival ( ! idea ( a lib]al tra9+ divorc$ f utility4 ,a ?or\gh adoption ( ! idea ( utility w\ld h l$ to in/ruction :i* ti$ up ! /udies to situations 9 :i* !y 7 directly ne$$ & :]e !y 7 r5d]$ imm$iately & n remotely helpful4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a subject 9 ! curriculum )9 :i* !re are n f\nd evil results ( a compromise betwe5 ! two oppos$ ideals4 ,natural sci5ce is recomm5d$ on ! gr\nd ( its practical utility1 b is taught z a special accompli%m5t 9 removal f application4 ,on ! o!r h&1 music & lit]ature are !oretically ju/ifi$ on ! gr\nd ( _! culture value & are !n taught ) *ief emphasis ^u =m+ te*nical modes ( skill4 ,if we _h less compromise & result+ confusion1 if we analyz$ m c>efully ! respective mean+s ( culture & utility1 we might f9d x easi] to con/ruct a c\rse ( /udy :i* %\ld be useful & lib]al at ! same "t4 ,only sup]/ition makes u believe t ! two are necess>ily ho/ile s t a subject is illib]al because x is useful & cultural because x is useless4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t in/ruction :i*1 9 aim+ at utilit>ian results1 sacrifices ! developm5t ( imag9ation1 ! ref9+ ( ta/e & ! deep5+ ( intellectual insight--surely cultural values--also 9 ! same degree r5d]s :at is le>n$ limit$ 9 its use4 ,n t x makes x :olly unavailable b t its applicability is re/rict$ to r\t9e activities c>ri$ on "u ! sup]vision ( o!rs4 ,n>r[ modes ( skill _c be made useful beyond !mselves2 any mode ( skill :i* is a*iev$ ) deep5+ ( k & p]fect+ ( judgm5t is readily put to use 9 new situations & is "u p]sonal control4 ,x 0 n ! b>e fact ( social & economic utility :i* made c]ta9 activities seem s]vile to ! ,greeks b ! fact t ! activities directly connect$ ) gett+ a livelihood 7 n1 9 _! days1 ! expression ( a tra9$ intellig5ce nor c>ri$ on because ( a p]sonal appreciation ( _! mean+4 ,s f> z f>m+ & ! trades 7 rule-(-?umb occupations & s f> z !y 7 engag$ 9 = results ext]nal to ! m9ds ( agricultural labor]s & me*anics1 !y 7 illib]al--b only s f>4 ,! intellectual & social context has n[ *ang$4 ,! elem5ts 9 indu/ry due to m]e cu/om & r\t9e h become subord9ate 9 mo/ economic call+s to elem5ts d]iv$ f sci5tific inquiry4 ,! mo/ important occupations ( today repres5t & dep5d ^u appli$ ma!matics1 physics1 & *emi/ry4 ,! area ( ! human _w influ5c$ by economic production & influ5c+ consumption has be5 s indef9itely wid5$ t geographical & political consid]ations ( an almo/ inf9itely wide scope ent] 94 ,x 0 natural = ,plato to deprecate ! le>n+ ( geometry & ari?metic = practical ends1 because z matt] ( fact ! practical uses to :i* !y 7 put 7 few1 lack+ 9 cont5t & mo/ly m]c5>y 9 quality4 ,b z _! social uses h increas$ & enl>g$1 _! lib]aliz+ or intellectual value & _! practical value approa* ! same limit4 ,d\btless ! factor :i* *iefly prev5ts our full recognition & employm5t ( ?is id5tification is ! conditions "u :i* s mu* "w is /ill c>ri$ on4 ,! inv5tion ( ma*9es has ext5d$ ! am\nt ( leisure :i* is possible ev5 :ile "o is at "w4 ,x is a commonplace t ! ma/]y ( skill 9 ! =m ( e/abli%$ habits frees ! m9d = a high] ord] ( ?9k+4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d is true ( ! introduction ( me*anically automatic op]ations 9 indu/ry4 ,!y may release ! m9d = ?\ght ^u o!r topics4 ,b :5 we conf9e ! education ( ^? :o "w ) _! h&s to a few ye>s ( s*ool+ devot$ = ! mo/ "p to acquir+ ! use ( rudim5t>y symbols at ! exp5se ( tra9+ 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & hi/ory1 we fail to prep>e ! m9ds ( work]s to take advantage ( ?is opportunity4 ,m fundam5tal is ! fact t ! great majority ( work]s h no insight into ! social aims ( _! pursuits & no direct p]sonal int]e/ 9 !m4 ,! results actually a*iev$ are n ! ends ( _! actions1 b only ( _! employ]s4 ,!y d :at !y d1 n freely & intellig5tly1 b = ! sake ( ! wage e>n$4 ,x is ?is fact :i* makes ! action illib]al1 & :i* w make any education design$ simply to give skill 9 su* und]tak+s illib]al & immoral4 ,! activity is n free because n freely p>ticipat$ 94 ,nev]!less1 !re is already an opportunity = an education :i*1 keep+ 9 m9d ! l>g] features ( "w1 w reconcile lib]al nurture ) tra9+ 9 social s]viceabl5ess1 ) ability to %>e effici5tly & happily 9 occupations :i* are productive4 ,& su* an education w ( itself t5d to d away ) ! evils ( ! exi/+ economic situation4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* m5 h an active conc]n 9 ! ends t control _! activity1 _! activity becomes free or volunt>y & loses its ext]nally en=c$ & s]vile quality1 ev5 ?\gh ! physical aspect ( behavior rema9 ! same4 ,9 :at is t]m$ politics1 democratic social organization makes provision = ?is direct p>ticipation 9 control3 9 ! economic region1 control rema9s ext]nal & autocratic4 ,h5ce ! split betwe5 inn] m5tal action & out] physical action ( :i* ! traditional di/9ction betwe5 ! lib]al & ! utilit>ian is ! reflex4 ,an education :i* %\ld unify ! disposition ( ! memb]s ( society w\ld d mu* to unify society itself4 ,summ>y4 ,( ! segregations ( educational values discuss$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 t betwe5 culture & utility is probably ! mo/ fundam5tal4 ,:ile ! di/9ction is (t5 ?\ght to be intr9sic & absolute1 x is really hi/orical & social4 ,x orig9at$1 s f> z consci\s =mulation is conc]n$1 9 ,greece1 & 0 bas$ ^u ! fact t ! truly human life 0 liv$ only by a few :o subsi/$ ^u ! results ( ! labor ( o!rs4 ,?is fact affect$ ! psy*ological doctr9e ( ! relation ( intellig5ce & desire1 !ory & practice4 ,x 0 embodi$ 9 a political !ory ( a p]man5t division ( human be+s into ^? capable ( a life ( reason & h5ce hav+ _! own ends1 & ^? capable only ( desire & "w1 & ne$+ to h _! ends provid$ by o!rs4 ,! two di/9ctions1 psy*ological & political1 translat$ into educational t]ms1 effect$ a division betwe5 a lib]al education1 hav+ to d ) ! self-suffic+ life ( leisure devot$ to kn[+ = its own sake1 & a useful1 practical tra9+ = me*anical occupations1 devoid ( intellectual & ae/hetic cont5t4 ,:ile ! pres5t situation is radically div]se 9 !ory & mu* *ang$ 9 fact1 ! factors ( ! old] hi/oric situation /ill p]si/ suffici5tly to ma9ta9 ! educational di/9ction1 along ) compromises :i* (t5 r$uce ! efficacy ( ! educational measures4 ,! problem ( education 9 a democratic society is to d away ) ! dualism & to con/ruct a c\rse ( /udies :i* makes ?\ght a guide ( free practice = all & :i* makes leisure a rew>d ( accept+ responsibility = s]vice1 r ?an a /ate ( exemption f x4 #a ,ari/otle does n hold t ! class ( actual slaves & ( natural slaves necess>ily co9cide4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty3 ,intellectual & ,practical ,/udies #a4 ,! ,opposition ( ,exp]i5ce & ,true ,k4 ,z livelihood & leisure are oppos$1 s are !ory & practice1 intellig5ce & execution1 k & activity4 ,! latt] set ( oppositions d\btless spr+s f ! same social conditions :i* produce ! =m] conflict2 b c]ta9 def9ite problems ( education connect$ ) !m make x desirable to discuss explicitly ! matt] ( ! relation%ip & alleg$ sep>ation ( kn[+ & do+4 ,! notion t k is d]iv$ f a high] s\rce ?an is practical activity1 & possesses a high] & m spiritual wor?1 has a long hi/ory4 ,! hi/ory s f> z consci\s /atem5t is conc]n$ takes u back to ! conceptions ( exp]i5ce & ( reason =mulat$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,mu* z ^! ?9k]s diff]$ 9 _m respects1 !y agre$ 9 id5tify+ exp]i5ce ) purely practical conc]ns2 & h5ce ) mat]ial int]e/s z to its purpose & ) ! body z to its organ4 ,k1 on ! o!r h&1 exi/$ = its own sake free f practical ref]5ce1 & f\nd its s\rce & organ 9 a purely immat]ial m9d2 x _h to d ) spiritual or ideal int]e/s4 ,aga91 exp]i5ce always involv$ lack1 ne$1 desire2 x 0 nev] self-suffic+4 ,rational kn[+ on ! o!r h&1 0 complete & compreh5sive )9 itself4 ,h5ce ! practical life 0 9 a condition ( p]petual flux1 :ile intellectual k conc]n$ et]nal tru?4 ,?is %>p anti!sis is connect$ ) ! fact t ,a!nian philosophy began z a criticism ( cu/om & tradition z /&>ds ( k & conduct4 ,9 a se>* = some?+ to replace !m1 x hit ^u reason z ! only adequate guide ( belief & activity4 ,s9ce cu/om & tradition 7 id5tifi$ ) exp]i5ce1 x foll[$ at once t reason 0 sup]ior to exp]i5ce4 ,moreov]1 exp]i5ce1 n cont5t ) its prop] position ( subord9ation1 0 ! great foe to ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! au?ority ( reason4 ,s9ce cu/om & tradition>y beliefs held m5 9 bondage1 ! /ruggle ( reason = its legitimate supremacy c\ld be won only by %[+ ! inh]5tly un/able & inadequate nature ( exp]i5ce4 ,! /atem5t ( ,plato t philosoph]s %\ld be k+s may be/ be und]/ood z a /atem5t t rational intellig5ce & n habit1 appetite1 impulse1 & emotion %\ld regulate human affairs4 ,! =m] secures unity1 ord]1 & law2 ! latt] signify multiplicity & discord1 irrational fluctuations f "o e/ate to ano!r4 ,! gr\nds = ! id5tification ( exp]i5ce ) ! unsatisfactory condition ( ?+s1 ! /ate ( affairs repres5t$ by rule ( m]e cu/om1 are n f> to seek4 ,increas+ trade & travel1 colonizations1 migrations & w>s1 _h broad5$ ! intellectual horizon4 ,! cu/oms & beliefs ( diff]5t communities 7 f\nd to div]ge %>ply f "o ano!r4 ,civil di/urbance _h become a cu/om 9 ,a!ns2 ! =tunes ( ! city seem$ giv5 ov] to /rife ( factions4 ,! increase ( leisure co9cid+ ) ! broad5+ ( ! horizon _h br\ght into k5 _m new facts ( nature & _h /imulat$ curiosity & speculation4 ,! situation t5d$ to raise ! "q z to ! exi/5ce ( any?+ con/ant & univ]sal 9 ! realm ( nature & society4 ,reason 0 ! faculty by :i* ! univ]sal pr9ciple & ess5ce is appreh5d$2 :ile ! s5ses 7 ! organs ( p]ceiv+ *ange1--! un/able & ! div]se z aga9/ ! p]man5t & uni=m4 ,! results ( ! "w ( ! s5ses1 pres]v$ 9 memory & imag9ation1 & appli$ 9 ! skill giv5 by habit1 con/itut$ exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce at its be/ is ?us repres5t$ 9 ! v>i\s h&icrafts--! arts ( peace & w>4 ,! cobbl]1 ! flute play]1 ! soldi]1 h und]gone ! discipl9e ( exp]i5ce to acquire ! skill !y h4 ,?is means t ! bodily organs1 p>ticul>ly ! s5ses1 h _h repeat$ contact ) ?+s & t ! result ( ^! contacts has be5 pres]v$ & consolidat$ till ability 9 =esight & 9 practice _h be5 secur$4 ,su* 0 ! ess5tial mean+ ( ! t]m empirical4 ,x sugge/$ a k & an ability n bas$ ^u insight into pr9ciples1 b express+ ! result ( a l>ge numb] ( sep>ate trials4 ,x express$ ! idea n[ convey$ by me?od ( trial & error1 ) especial emphasis ^u ! m or less accid5tal "* ( ! trials4 ,s f> z ability ( control1 ( managem5t1 0 conc]n$1 x am\nt$ to rule-(-?umb proc$ure1 to r\t9e4 ,if new circum/ances resembl$ ! pa/1 x might "w well en\gh2 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y deviat$1 failure 0 likely4 ,ev5 to-day to speak ( a physician z an empirici/ is to imply t he lacks sci5tific tra9+1 & t he is proce$+ simply on ! basis ( :at he happ5s to h got out ( ! *ance m$ley ( 8 pa/ practice4 ,j because ( ! lack ( sci5ce or reason 9 exp]i5ce x is h>d to keep x at its poor be/4 ,! empiric easily deg5]ates into ! quack4 ,he does n "k :]e 8 k beg9s or leaves (f1 & s :5 he gets beyond r\t9e conditions he beg9s to pret5d--to make claims = :i* !re is no ju/ification1 & to tru/ to luck & to ability to impose ^u o!rs--to bluff4 ,moreov]1 he assumes t because he has le>n$ "o ?+1 he kn[s o!rs--z ! hi/ory ( ,a!ns %[$ t ! common craftsm5 ?\ght !y c\ld manage h\sehold affairs1 education1 & politics1 because !y _h le>n$ to d ! specific ?+s ( _! trades4 ,exp]i5ce is always hov]+1 !n1 on ! edge ( pret5se1 ( %am1 ( seem+1 & appe>ance1 9 di/9ction f ! reality ^u :i* reason lays hold4 ,! philosoph]s soon rea*$ c]ta9 g5]alizations f ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,! s5ses are connect$ ) ! appetites1 ) wants & desires4 ,!y lay hold n on ! reality ( ?+s b on ! relation :i* ?+s h to our pleasures & pa9s1 to ! satisfaction ( wants & ! welf>e ( ! body4 ,!y are important only = ! life ( ! body1 :i* is b a fix$ sub/ratum = a high] life4 ,exp]i5ce ?us has a def9itely mat]ial "*2 x has to d ) physical ?+s 9 relation to ! body4 ,9 contra/1 reason1 or sci5ce1 lays hold ( ! immat]ial1 ! ideal1 ! spiritual4 ,!re is some?+ morally dang]\s ab\t exp]i5ce1 z su* words z s5sual1 c>nal1 mat]ial1 worldly1 int]e/s sugge/2 :ile pure reason & _s connote some?+ morally praisewor?y4 ,moreov]1 in]adicable connection ) ! *ang+1 ! inexplicably %ift+1 & ) ! manifold1 ! div]se1 cl+s to exp]i5ce4 ,its mat]ial is inh]5tly v>iable & untru/wor?y4 ,x is an>*ic1 because un/able4 ,! man :o tru/s to exp]i5ce does n "k :at he dep5ds ^u1 s9ce x *anges f p]son to p]son1 f day to day1 to say no?+ ( f c\ntry to c\ntry4 ,its connection ) ! _m1 ) v>i\s p>ticul>s1 has ! same effect1 & also c>ries conflict 9 its tra94 ,only ! s+le1 ! uni=m1 assures coh]5ce & h>mony4 ,out ( exp]i5ce come w>r+s1 ! conflict ( op9ions & acts )9 ! individual & betwe5 individuals4 ,f exp]i5ce no /&>d ( belief c issue1 because x is ! v nature ( exp]i5ce to in/igate all k9ds ( contr>y beliefs1 z v>ieties ( local cu/om prov$4 ,its logical outcome is t any?+ is good & true to ! p>ticul> individual :i* 8 exp]i5ce leads him to believe true & good at a p>ticul> "t & place4 ,f9ally practice falls ( necessity )9 exp]i5ce4 ,do+ proce$s f ne$s & aims at *ange4 ,to produce or to make is to alt] some?+2 to consume is to alt]4 ,all ! obnoxi\s *>act]s ( *ange & div]sity ?us atta* !mselves to do+ :ile kn[+ is z p]man5t z its object4 ,to "k1 to grasp a ?+ intellectually or !oretically1 is to be out ( ! region ( vicissitude1 *ance1 & div]sity4 ,tru? has no lack2 x is unt\*$ by ! p]turbations ( ! _w ( s5se4 ,x deals ) ! et]nal & ! univ]sal4 ,& ! _w ( exp]i5ce c be br\ght "u control1 c be /eadi$ & ord]$1 only ?r\gh subjection to its law ( reason4 ,x w\ld n d1 ( c\rse1 to say t all ^! di/9ctions p]si/$ 9 full te*nical def9it5ess4 ,b !y all ( !m pr(\ndly influ5c$ m5's subsequ5t ?9k+ & _! ideas ab\t education4 ,! contempt = physical z comp>$ ) ma!matical & logical sci5ce1 = ! s5ses & s5se obs]vation2 ! feel+ t k is high & wor?y 9 ! degree 9 :i* x deals ) ideal symbols in/ead ( ) ! concrete2 ! scorn ( p>ticul>s except z !y are d$uctively br\ght "u a univ]sal2 ! disreg>d = ! body2 ! depreciation ( arts & crafts z intellectual in/rum5talities1 all s\ght %elt] & f\nd sanction "u ?is e/imate ( ! respective values ( exp]i5ce & reason--or1 :at came to ! same ?+1 ( ! practical & ! intellectual4 ,m$ieval philosophy cont9u$ & re9=c$ ! tradition4 ,to "k reality meant to be 9 relation to ! supreme reality1 or ,god1 & to enjoy ! et]nal bliss ( t relation4 ,contemplation ( supreme reality 0 ! ultimate end ( man to :i* action is subord9ate4 ,exp]i5ce _h to d ) mundane1 pr(ane1 & secul> affairs1 practically necess>y inde$1 b ( little import 9 comp>ison ) sup]natural objects ( k4 ,:5 we add to ?is motive ! =ce d]iv$ f ! lit]>y "* ( ! ,roman education & ! ,greek philosophic tradition1 & conjo9 to !m ! pref]5ce = /udies :i* obvi\sly dem>cat$ ! ari/ocratic class f ! l[] classes1 we c readily und]/& ! trem5d\s p[] ex]cis$ by ! p]si/5t pref]5ce ( ! intellectual ov] ! practical n simply 9 educational philosophies b 9 ! high] s*ools4 #b4 ,! ,mod]n ,!ory ( ,exp]i5ce & ,k4 ,z we %all see lat]1 ! developm5t ( exp]im5tation z a me?od ( k makes possible & necessitates a radical trans=mation ( ! view j set =?4 ,b be=e com+ to t1 we h to note ! !ory ( exp]i5ce & k develop$ 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,9 g5]al1 x pres5ts u ) an almo/ complete rev]sal ( ! classic doctr9e ( ! relations ( exp]i5ce & reason4 ,to ,plato exp]i5ce meant habituation1 or ! cons]vation ( ! net product ( a lot ( pa/ *ance trials4 ,reason meant ! pr9ciple ( re=m1 ( progress1 ( increase ( control4 ,devotion to ! cause ( reason meant break+ ?r\gh ! limitations ( cu/om & gett+ at ?+s z !y really 74 ,to ! mod]n re=m]s1 ! situation 0 ! o!r way ar\nd4 ,reason1 univ]sal pr9ciples1 a priori notions1 meant ei!r blank =ms :i* _h to be fill$ 9 by exp]i5ce1 by s5se obs]vations1 9 ord] to get significance & validity2 or else 7 m]e indurat$ prejudices1 dogmas impos$ by au?ority1 :i* masqu]ad$ & f\nd protection "u augu/ names4 ,! great ne$ 0 to break way f captivity to conceptions :i*1 z ,bacon put x1 anticipat$ nature & impos$ m]ely human op9ions ^u h]1 & to resort to exp]i5ce to f9d out :at nature 0 l4 ,appeal to exp]i5ce m>k$ ! brea* ) au?ority4 ,x meant op5ness to new impressions2 eag]ness 9 discov]y & inv5tion in/ead ( absorption 9 tabulat+ & sy/ematiz+ receiv$ ideas & prov+ !m by means ( ! relations !y su/a9$ to "o ano!r4 ,x 0 ! irruption into ! m9d ( ! ?+s z !y really 71 free f ! veil ca/ ov] !m by preconceiv$ ideas4 ,! *ange 0 tw(old4 ,exp]i5ce lo/ ! practical mean+ :i* x _h borne f ! "t ( ,plato4 ,x ceas$ to mean ways ( do+ & be+ done to1 & became a "n = some?+ intellectual & cognitive4 ,x meant ! appreh5sion ( mat]ial :i* %\ld balla/ & *eck ! ex]cise ( reason+4 ,by ! mod]n philosophic empirici/ & by 8 oppon5t1 exp]i5ce has be5 look$ ^u j z a way ( kn[+4 ,! only "q 0 h[ good a way x is4 ,! result 0 an ev5 great] intellectualism ?an is f\nd 9 anci5t philosophy1 if t ^w be us$ to designate an emphatic & almo/ exclusive int]e/ 9 k 9 its isolation4 ,practice 0 n s mu* subord9at$ to k z treat$ z a k9d ( tag-end or aft]ma? ( k4 ,! educational result 0 only to confirm ! exclusion ( active pursuits f ! s*ool1 save z !y might be br\ght 9 = purely utilit>ian ends--! acquisition by drill ( c]ta9 habits4 ,9 ! second place1 ! int]e/ 9 exp]i5ce z a means ( bas+ tru? ^u objects1 ^u nature1 l$ to look+ at ! m9d z purely receptive4 ,! m passive ! m9d is1 ! m truly objects w impress !mselves ^u x4 ,= ! m9d to take a h&1 s to speak1 w\ld be = x 9 ! v process ( kn[+ to vitiate true k--to defeat its own purpose4 ,! ideal 0 a maximum ( receptivity4 ,s9ce ! impressions made ^u ! m9d by objects 7 g5]ally t]m$ s5sations1 empiricism ?us became a doctr9e ( s5sationalism--t is to say1 a doctr9e :i* id5tifi$ k ) ! reception & association ( s5sory impressions4 ,9 ,john ,locke1 ! mo/ influ5tial ( ! empirici/s1 we f9d ?is s5sationalism mitigat$ by a recognition ( c]ta9 m5tal faculties1 l disc]nm5t or discrim9ation1 comp>ison1 ab/raction1 & g5]alization :i* "w up ! mat]ial ( s5se into def9ite & organiz$ =ms & :i* ev5 evolve new ideas on _! own acc\nt1 su* z ! fundam5tal conceptions ( morals & ma!matics4 7,see ante1 p4 #fa47 ,b "s ( 8 successors1 especially 9 ,france 9 ! latt] "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 c>ri$ 8 doctr9e to ! limit2 !y reg>d$ disc]nm5t & judgm5t z peculi> s5sations made 9 u by ! conjo9t pres5ce ( o!r s5sations4 ,locke _h held t ! m9d is a blank piece ( pap]1 or a wax tablet ) no?+ engrav$ on x at bir? 7a tabula rasa7 s f> z any cont5ts ( ideas 7 conc]n$1 b _h end[$ x ) activities to be ex]cis$ ^u ! mat]ial receiv$4 ,8 ,fr5* successors raz$ away ! p[]s & d]iv$ !m also f impressions receiv$4 ,z we h e>li] not$1 ?is notion 0 fo/]$ by ! new int]e/ 9 education z me?od ( social re=m4 7,see ante1 p4 #ic47 ,! empti] ! m9d to beg9 )1 ! m x may be made any?+ we wi% by br++ ! "r influ5ces to be> ^u x4 ,?us ,helvetius1 p]haps ! mo/ extreme & consi/5t s5sationali/1 proclaim$ t education c\ld d any?+--t x 0 omnipot5t4 ,)9 ! sph]e ( s*ool in/ruction1 empiricism f\nd its directly b5eficial (fice 9 prote/+ aga9/ m]e book le>n+4 ,if k comes f ! impressions made ^u u by natural objects1 x is impossible to procure k )\t ! use ( objects :i* impress ! m9d4 ,words1 all k9ds ( l+ui/ic symbols1 9 ! lack ( prior pres5tations ( objects ) :i* !y may be associat$1 convey no?+ b s5sations ( _! own %ape & color--c]ta9ly n a v in/ructive k9d ( k4 ,s5sationalism 0 an extremely h&y weapon ) :i* to combat doctr9es & op9ions re/+ :olly ^u tradition & au?ority4 ,) respect to all ( !m1 x set up a te/3 ,:]e are ! real objects f :i* ^! ideas & beliefs are receiv$8 ,if su* objects c\ld n be produc$1 ideas 7 expla9$ z ! result ( false associations & comb9ations4 ,empiricism also insi/$ ^u a fir/-h& elem5t4 ,! impression mu/ be made ^u me1 ^u my m9d4 ,! fur!r we get away f ?is direct1 fir/-h& s\rce ( k1 ! m num]\s ! s\rces ( error1 & ! vagu] ! result+ idea4 ,z might be expect$1 h[ev]1 ! philosophy 0 weak ^u ! positive side4 ,( c\rse1 ! value ( natural objects & fir/h& acqua9tance 0 n dep5d5t ^u ! tru? ( ! !ory4 ,introduc$ into ! s*ools !y w\ld d _! "w1 ev5 if ! s5sational !ory ab\t ! way 9 :i* !y did x 0 q wrong4 ,s f>1 !re is no?+ to compla9 (4 ,b ! emphasis ^u s5sationalism also op]at$ to influ5ce ! way 9 :i* natural objects 7 employ$1 & to prev5t full good be+ got f !m4 ,object lessons t5d$ to isolate ! m]e s5se-activity & make x an end 9 itself4 ,! m isolat$ ! object1 ! m isolat$ ! s5sory quality1 ! m di/9ct ! s5se-impression z a unit ( k4 ,! !ory work$ n only 9 ! direction ( ?is me*anical isolation1 :i* t5d$ to r$uce in/ruction to a k9d ( physical gymna/ic ( ! s5se-organs 7good l any gymna/ic ( bodily organs1 b n m s71 b also to ! neglect ( ?9k+4 ,accord+ to ! !ory !re 0 no ne$ ( ?9k+ 9 connection ) s5se-obs]vation2 9 fact1 9 /rict !ory su* ?9k+ w\ld be impossible till aft]w>ds1 = ?9k+ consi/$ simply 9 comb9+ & sep>at+ s5sory units :i* _h be5 receiv$ )\t any p>ticipation ( judgm5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 accord+ly1 practically no s*eme ( education ^u a purely s5sory basis has ev] be5 sy/ematically tri$1 at lea/ aft] ! e>ly ye>s ( infancy4 ,its obvi\s defici5cies h caus$ x to be resort$ to simply = fill+ 9 rationali/ic k 7t is to say1 k ( def9itions1 rules1 classifications1 & modes ( application convey$ ?r\gh symbols71 & z a device = l5d+ great] int]e/ to b>r5 symbols4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree s]i\s defects ( s5sationali/ic empiricism z an educational philosophy ( k4 7a7 ! hi/orical value ( ! !ory 0 critical2 x 0 a dissolv5t ( curr5t beliefs ab\t ! _w & political in/itutions4 ,x 0 a de/ructive organ ( criticism ( h>d & fa/ dogmas4 ,b ! "w ( education is con/ructive1 n critical4 ,x assumes n old beliefs to be elim9at$ & revis$1 b ! ne$ ( build+ up new exp]i5ce into intellectual habitudes z correct z possible f ! />t4 ,s5sationalism is highly unfitt$ = ?is con/ructive task4 ,m9d1 und]/&+1 d5otes responsiv5ess to mean+s 7ante1 p4 #bi71 n response to direct physical /imuli4 ,& mean+ exi/s only ) ref]5ce to a context1 :i* is exclud$ by any s*eme :i* id5tifies k ) a comb9ation ( s5se-impressions4 ,! !ory1 s f> z educationally appli$1 l$ ei!r to a magnification ( m]e physical excitations or else to a m]e heap+ up ( isolat$ objects & qualities4 7b7 ,:ile direct impression has ! advantage ( be+ fir/ h&1 x also has ! disadvantage ( be+ limit$ 9 range4 ,direct acqua9tance ) ! natural surr\nd+s ( ! home environm5t s z to give reality to ideas ab\t portions ( ! e>? beyond ! rea* ( ! s5ses1 & z a means ( ar\s+ intellectual curiosity1 is "o ?+4 ,z an end-all & be-all ( geographical k x is fatally re/rict$4 ,9 precisely analog\s fa%ion1 beans1 %oe pegs1 & c\nt]s may be helpful aids to a realization ( num]ical relations1 b :5 employ$ except z aids to ?\ght--! appreh5sion ( mean+--!y become an ob/acle to ! gr[? ( ari?metical und]/&+4 ,!y arre/ gr[? on a l[ plane1 ! plane ( specific physical symbols4 ,j z ! race develop$ especial symbols z tools ( calculation & ma!matical reason+s1 because ! use ( ! f+]s z num]ical symbols got 9 ! way1 s ! individual mu/ progress f concrete to ab/ract symbols--t is1 symbols ^: mean+ is realiz$ only ?r\gh conceptual ?9k+4 ,& undue absorption at ! outset 9 ! physical object ( s5se hamp]s ?is gr[?4 7c7 ,a ?or\ghly false psy*ology ( m5tal developm5t und]lay s5sationali/ic empiricism4 ,exp]i5ce is 9 tru? a matt] ( activities1 in/9ctive & impulsive1 9 _! int]actions ) ?+s4 ,:at ev5 an infant exp]i5ces is n a passively receiv$ quality impress$ by an object1 b ! effect :i* "s activity ( h&l+1 ?r[+1 p\nd+1 te>+1 etc41 has ^u an object1 & ! consequ5t effect ( ! object ^u ! direction ( activities4 7,see ante1 p4 #adj47 ,fundam5tally 7z we %all see 9 m detail71 ! anci5t notion ( exp]i5ce z a practical matt] is tru] to fact t ! mod]n notion ( x z a mode ( kn[+ by means ( s5sations4 ,! neglect ( ! deep-seat$ active & motor factors ( exp]i5ce is a fatal defect ( ! traditional empirical philosophy4 ,no?+ is m un9t]e/+ & me*anical ?an a s*eme ( object lessons :i* ignores & z f> z may be excludes ! natural t5d5cy to le>n ab\t ! qualities ( objects by ! uses to :i* !y are put ?r\gh try+ to d some?+ ) !m4 ,x is obvi\s1 accord+ly1 t ev5 if ! philosophy ( exp]i5ce repres5t$ by mod]n empiricism _h receiv$ m g5]al !oretical ass5t ?an has be5 accord$ to x1 x c\ld n h furni%$ a satisfactory philosophy ( ! le>n+ process4 ,its educational influ5ce 0 conf9$ to inject+ a new factor into ! old] curriculum1 ) incid5tal modifications ( ! old] /udies & me?ods4 ,x introduc$ great] reg>d = obs]vation ( ?+s directly & ?r\gh pictures & graphic descriptions1 & x r$uc$ ! importance atta*$ to v]bal symbolization4 ,b its own scope 0 s meag] t x requir$ supplem5tation by in=mation conc]n+ matt]s outside ( s5se-p]ception & by matt]s :i* appeal$ m directly to ?\ght4 ,consequ5tly x left unimpair$ ! scope ( in=mational & ab/ract1 or rationali/ic /udies4 #c4 ,exp]i5ce z ,exp]im5tation4 ,x has already be5 intimat$ t s5sational empiricism repres5ts nei!r ! idea ( exp]i5ce ju/ifi$ by mod]n psy*ology nor ! idea ( k sugge/$ by mod]n sci5tific proc$ure4 ,) respect to ! =m]1 x omits ! prim>y position ( active response :i* puts ?+s to use & :i* le>ns ab\t !m ?r\gh discov]+ ! consequ5ces t result f use4 ,x w\ld seem z if five m9utes' unprejudic$ obs]vation ( ! way an infant ga9s k w\ld h suffic$ to ov]?r[ ! notion t he is passively engag$ 9 receiv+ impressions ( isolat$ ready-made qualities ( s\nd1 color1 h>dness1 etc4 ,= x w\ld be se5 t ! infant reacts to /imuli by activities ( h&l+1 rea*+1 etc41 9 ord] to see :at results foll[ ^u motor response to a s5sory /imulation2 x w\ld be se5 t :at is le>n$ are n isolat$ qualities1 b ! behavior :i* may be expect$ f a ?+1 & ! *anges 9 ?+s & p]sons :i* an activity may be expect$ to produce4 ,9 o!r words1 :at he le>ns are connections4 ,ev5 su* qualities z r$ color1 s\nd ( a high pit*1 h to be discrim9at$ & id5tifi$ on ! basis ( ! activities !y call =? & ! consequ5ces ^! activities effect4 ,we le>n :at ?+s are h>d & :at are s(t by f9d+ out ?r\gh active exp]im5tation :at !y respectively w d & :at c be done & :at _c be done ) !m4 ,9 l fa%ion1 *ildr5 le>n ab\t p]sons by f9d+ out :at responsive activities ^! p]sons exact & :at ^! p]sons w d 9 reply to ! *ildr5's activities4 ,& ! comb9ation ( :at ?+s d to u 7n 9 impress+ qualities on a passive m9d7 9 modify+ our actions1 fur!r+ "s ( !m & resi/+ & *eck+ o!rs1 & :at we c d to !m 9 produc+ new *anges con/itutes exp]i5ce4 ,! me?ods ( sci5ce by :i* ! revolution 9 our k ( ! _w dat+ f ! sev5te5? c5tury1 0 br\ght ab\t1 tea* ! same lesson4 ,= ^! me?ods are no?+ b exp]im5tation c>ri$ out "u conditions ( delib]ate control4 ,to ! ,greek1 x seem$ absurd t su* an activity z1 say1 ! cobbl] pun*+ holes 9 lea!r1 or us+ wax & ne$le & ?read1 c\ld give an adequate k ( ! _w4 ,x seem$ almo/ axiomatic t = true k we mu/ h rec\rse to concepts com+ f a reason above exp]i5ce4 ,b ! introduction ( ! exp]im5tal me?od signifi$ precisely t su* op]ations1 c>ri$ on "u conditions ( control1 are j ! ways 9 :i* fruitful ideas ab\t nature are obta9$ & te/$4 ,9 o!r words1 x is only ne$$ to conduct su* an op]ation z ! p\r+ ( an acid on a metal = ! purpose ( gett+ k in/ead ( = ! purpose ( gett+ a trade result1 9 ord] to lay hold ( ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! sci5ce ( nature 0 h5ce=? to dep5d4 ,s5se p]ceptions 7 inde$ indisp5sable1 b !re 0 less reliance ^u s5se p]ceptions 9 _! natural or cu/om>y =m ?an 9 ! old] sci5ce4 ,!y 7 no long] reg>d$ z conta9+ )9 !mselves "s =m or species ( univ]sal k9d 9 a disguis$ mask ( s5se :i* c\ld be /ripp$ (f by rational ?\ght4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fir/ ?+ 0 to alt] & ext5d ! data ( s5se p]ception3 to act ^u ! giv5 objects ( s5se by ! l5s ( ! telescope & microscope1 & by all sorts ( exp]im5tal devices4 ,to accompli% ?is 9 a way :i* w\ld ar\se new ideas 7hypo!ses1 !ories7 requir$ ev5 m g5]al ideas 7l ^? ( ma!matics7 ?an 7 at ! comm& ( anci5t sci5ce4 ,b ^! g5]al conceptions 7 no long] tak5 to give k 9 !mselves4 ,!y 7 implem5ts = in/itut+1 conduct+1 int]pret+ exp]im5tal inquiries & =mulat+ _! results4 ,! logical outcome is a new philosophy ( exp]i5ce & k1 a philosophy :i* no long] puts exp]i5ce 9 opposition to rational k & explanation4 ,exp]i5ce is no long] a m]e summ>iz+ ( :at has be5 done 9 a m or less *ance way 9 ! pa/2 x is a delib]ate control ( :at is done ) ref]5ce to mak+ :at happ5s to u & :at we d to ?+s z f]tile z possible ( sugge/ions 7( sugge/$ mean+s7 & a means = try+ out ! validity ( ! sugge/ions4 ,:5 try+1 or exp]im5t+1 ceases to be bl9d$ by impulse or cu/om1 :5 x is guid$ by an aim & conduct$ by measure & me?od1 x becomes reasonable--rational4 ,:5 :at we suff] f ?+s1 :at we und]go at _! h&s1 ceases to be a matt] ( *ance circum/ance1 :5 x is trans=m$ into a consequ5ce ( our own prior purposive endeavors1 x becomes rationally significant--enlight5+ & in/ructive4 ,! anti!sis ( empiricism & rationalism loses ! support ( ! human situation :i* once gave x mean+ & relative ju/ification4 ,! be>+ ( ?is *ange ^u ! opposition ( purely practical & purely intellectual /udies is self-evid5t4 ,! di/9ction is n intr9sic b is dep5d5t ^u conditions1 & ^u conditions :i* c be regulat$4 ,practical activities may be intellectually n>r[ & trivial2 !y w be s 9 s f> z !y are r\t9e1 c>ri$ on "u ! dictates ( au?ority1 & hav+ 9 view m]ely "s ext]nal result4 ,b *ildhood & y\?1 ! p]iod ( s*ool+1 is j ! "t :5 x is possible to c>ry !m on 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,x is inexp$i5t to repeat ! discussions ( our previ\s *apt]s on ?9k+ & on ! evolution ( educative subject matt] f *ildlike "w & play to logically organiz$ subject matt]4 ,! discussions ( ?is *apt] & ! prior "o %\ld1 h[ev]1 give an add$ mean+ to ^? results4 7i7 ,exp]i5ce itself prim>ily consi/s ( ! active relations subsi/+ betwe5 a human be+ & 8 natural & social surr\nd+s4 ,9 "s cases1 ! initiative 9 activity is on ! side ( ! environm5t2 ! human be+ und]goes or suff]s c]ta9 *eck+s & deflections ( endeavors4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! behavior ( surr\nd+ ?+s & p]sons c>ries to a successful issue ! active t5d5cies ( ! individual1 s t 9 ! end :at ! individual und]goes are consequ5ces :i* he has himself tri$ to produce4 ,9 j ! degree 9 :i* connections are e/abli%$ betwe5 :at happ5s to a p]son & :at he does 9 response1 & betwe5 :at he does to 8 environm5t & :at x does 9 response to him1 8 acts & ! ?+s ab\t him acquire mean+4 ,he le>ns to und]/& bo? himself & ! _w ( m5 & ?+s4 ,purposive education or s*ool+ %\ld pres5t su* an environm5t t ?is int]action w effect acquisition ( ^? mean+s :i* are s important t !y become1 9 turn1 in/rum5ts ( fur!r le>n+s4 7ante1 ,*4 ,,xi47 ,z has be5 repeat$ly po9t$ out1 activity out ( s*ool is c>ri$ on "u conditions :i* h n be5 delib]ately adapt$ to promot+ ! function ( und]/&+ & =mation ( effective intellectual dispositions4 ,! results are vital & g5u9e z f> z !y g1 b !y are limit$ by all k9ds ( circum/ances4 ,"s p[]s are left q undevelop$ & undirect$2 o!rs get only occasional & :imsical /imulations2 o!rs are =m$ into habits ( a r\t9e skill at ! exp5se ( aims & res\rceful initiative & inv5tiv5ess4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( ! s*ool to transport y\? f an environm5t ( activity into "o ( cramp$ /udy ( ! records ( o!r m5's le>n+2 b to transport !m f an environm5t ( relatively *ance activities 7accid5tal 9 ! relation !y be> to insight & ?\ght7 into "o ( activities select$ ) ref]5ce to guidance ( le>n+4 ,a slight inspection ( ! improv$ me?ods :i* h already %[n !mselves effective 9 education w reveal t !y h laid hold1 m or less consci\sly1 ^u ! fact t intellectual /udies in/ead ( be+ oppos$ to active pursuits repres5t an intellectualiz+ ( practical pursuits4 ,x rema9s to grasp ! pr9ciple ) great] firmness4 7ii7 ,! *anges :i* are tak+ place 9 ! cont5t ( social life trem5d\sly facilitate selection ( ! sort ( activities :i* w intellectualize ! play & "w ( ! s*ool4 ,:5 "o be>s 9 m9d ! social environm5t ( ! ,greeks & ! p ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :]e su* practical activities z c\ld be successfully c>ri$ on 7 mo/ly ( a r\t9e & ext]nal sort & ev5 s]vile 9 nature1 "o is n surpris$ t educators turn$ _! backs ^u !m z unfitt$ to cultivate intellig5ce4 ,b n[ t ev5 ! occupations ( ! h\sehold1 agriculture1 & manufactur+ z well z transportation & int]c\rse are in/9ct ) appli$ sci5ce1 ! case /&s o!rwise4 ,x is true t _m ( ^? :o n[ engage 9 !m are n aw>e ( ! intellectual cont5t ^u :i* _! p]sonal actions dep5d4 ,b ?is fact only gives an add$ reason :y s*ool+ %\ld use ^! pursuits s z to enable ! com+ g5]ation to acquire a compreh5sion n[ too g5]ally lack+1 & ?us enable p]sons to c>ry on _! pursuits intellig5tly in/ead ( bl9dly4 7iii7 ,! mo/ direct bl[ at ! traditional sep>ation ( do+ & kn[+ & at ! traditional pre/ige ( purely intellectual /udies1 h[ev]1 has be5 giv5 by ! progress ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,if ?is progress has demon/rat$ any?+1 x is t !re is no su* ?+ z g5u9e k & fruitful und]/&+ except z ! (fspr+ ( do+4 ,! analysis & re>rangem5t ( facts :i* is indisp5sable to ! gr[? ( k & p[] ( explanation & "r classification _c be atta9$ purely m5tally--j inside ! head4 ,m5 h to d some?+ to ! ?+s :5 !y wi% to f9d out some?+2 !y h to alt] conditions4 ,?is is ! lesson ( ! laboratory me?od1 & ! lesson :i* all education has to le>n4 ,! laboratory is a discov]y ( ! condition "u :i* labor may become intellectually fruitful & n m]ely ext]nally productive4 ,if1 9 too _m cases at pres5t1 x results only 9 ! acquisition ( an additional mode ( te*nical skill1 t is because x /ill rema9s too l>gely b an isolat$ res\rce1 n resort$ to until pupils are mo/ly too old to get ! full advantage ( x1 & ev5 !n is surr\nd$ by o!r /udies :]e traditional me?ods isolate intellect f activity4 ,summ>y4 ,! ,greeks 7 induc$ to philosophize by ! increas+ failure ( _! traditional cu/oms & beliefs to regulate life4 ,?us !y 7 l$ to criticize cu/om adv]sely & to look = "s o!r s\rce ( au?ority 9 life & belief4 ,s9ce !y desir$ a rational /&>d = ! latt]1 & _h id5tifi$ ) exp]i5ce ! cu/oms :i* _h prov$ unsatisfactory supports1 !y 7 l$ to a flat opposition ( reason & exp]i5ce4 ,! m ! =m] 0 exalt$1 ! m ! latt] 0 depreciat$4 ,s9ce exp]i5ce 0 id5tifi$ ) :at m5 d & suff] 9 p>ticul> & *ang+ situations ( life1 do+ %>$ 9 ! philosophic depreciation4 ,?is influ5ce fell 9 ) _m o!rs to magnify1 9 high] education1 all ! me?ods & topics :i* involv$ ! lea/ use ( s5se-obs]vation & bodily activity4 ,! mod]n age began ) a revolt aga9/ ?is po9t ( view1 ) an appeal to exp]i5ce1 & an attack ^u s-call$ purely rational concepts on ! gr\nd t !y ei!r ne$$ to be balla/$ by ! results ( concrete exp]i5ces1 or else 7 m]e expressions ( prejudice & in/itutionaliz$ class int]e/1 call+ !mselves rational = protection4 ,b v>i\s circum/ances l$ to consid]+ exp]i5ce z pure cognition1 leav+ out ( acc\nt its intr9sic active & emotional phases1 & to id5tify+ x ) a passive reception ( isolat$ s5sations4 ,h5ce ! education re=m effect$ by ! new !ory 0 conf9$ ma9ly to do+ away ) "s ( ! booki%ness ( prior me?ods2 x did n accompli% a consi/5t reorganization4 ,meantime1 ! advance ( psy*ology1 ( indu/rial me?ods1 & ( ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 sci5ce makes ano!r conception ( exp]i5ce explicitly desirable & possible4 ,?is !ory re9/ates ! idea ( ! anci5ts t exp]i5ce is prim>ily practical1 n cognitive--a matt] ( do+ & und]go+ ! consequ5ces ( do+4 ,b ! anci5t !ory is trans=m$ by realiz+ t do+ may be direct$ s z to take up into its own cont5t all :i* ?\ght sugge/s1 & s z to result 9 securely te/$ k4 ,exp]i5ce !n ceases to be empirical & becomes exp]im5tal4 ,reason ceases to be a remote & ideal faculty1 & signifies all ! res\rces by :i* activity is made fruitful 9 mean+4 ,educationally1 ?is *ange d5otes su* a plan = ! /udies & me?od ( in/ruction z has be5 develop$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty-"o3 ,physical & ,social ,/udies3 ,naturalism & ,humanism ,,allusion has already be5 made to ! conflict ( natural sci5ce ) lit]>y /udies = a place 9 ! curriculum4 ,! solution ?us f> rea*$ consi/s ess5tially 9 a some:at me*anical compromise :]eby ! field is divid$ betwe5 /udies hav+ nature & /udies hav+ man z _! !me4 ,! situation ?us pres5ts u ) ano!r in/ance ( ! ext]nal adju/m5t ( educational values1 & focuses att5tion ^u ! philosophy ( ! connection ( nature ) human affairs4 ,9 g5]al1 x may be said t ! educational division f9ds a reflection 9 ! duali/ic philosophies4 ,m9d & ! _w are reg>d$ z two indep5d5t realms ( exi/5ce hav+ c]ta9 po9ts ( contact ) ea* o!r4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x is natural t ea* sph]e ( exi/5ce %\ld h its own sep>ate gr\p ( /udies connect$ ) x2 x is ev5 natural t ! gr[? ( sci5tific /udies %\ld be view$ ) suspicion z m>k+ a t5d5cy ( mat]iali/ic philosophy to encroa* ^u ! doma9 ( _s4 ,any !ory ( education :i* contemplates a m unifi$ s*eme ( education ?an n[ exi/s is "u ! necessity ( fac+ ! "q ( ! relation ( man to nature4 #a4 ,! ,hi/oric ,backgr\nd ( ,humani/ic ,/udy4 ,x is notewor?y t classic ,greek philosophy does n pres5t ! problem 9 its mod]n =m4 ,socrates inde$ appe>s to h ?\ght t sci5ce ( nature 0 n atta9able & n v important4 ,! *ief ?+ to "k is ! nature & end ( man4 ,^u t k hangs all t is ( deep significance--all moral & social a*ievem5t4 ,plato1 h[ev]1 makes "r k ( man & society dep5d ^u k ( ! ess5tial features ( nature4 ,8 *ief treatise1 entitl$ ! ,republic1 is at once a treatise on morals1 on social organization1 & on ! metaphysics & sci5ce ( nature4 ,s9ce he accepts ! ,socratic doctr9e t "r a*ievem5t 9 ! =m] dep5ds ^u rational k1 he is compell$ to discuss ! nature ( k4 ,s9ce he accepts ! idea t ! ultimate object ( k is ! discov]y ( ! good or end ( man1 & is discont5t$ ) ! ,socratic conviction t all we "k is our own ignorance1 he connects ! discussion ( ! good ( man ) consid]ation ( ! ess5tial good or end ( nature itself4 ,to attempt to det]m9e ! end ( man ap>t f a k ( ! rul+ end :i* gives law & unity to nature is impossible4 ,x is ?us q consi/5t ) 8 philosophy t he subord9ates lit]>y /udies 7"u ! "n ( music7 to ma!matics & to physics z well z to logic & metaphysics4 ,b on ! o!r h&1 k ( nature is n an end 9 itself2 x is a necess>y /age 9 br++ ! m9d to a realization ( ! supreme purpose ( exi/5ce z ! law ( human action1 corporate & individual4 ,to use ! mod]n phraseology1 naturali/ic /udies are indisp5sable1 b !y are 9 ! int]e/s ( humani/ic & ideal ends4 ,ari/otle goes ev5 f>!r1 if any?+1 9 ! direction ( naturali/ic /udies4 ,he subord9ates 7ante1 p4 #bed7 civic relations to ! purely cognitive life4 ,! highe/ end ( man is n human b div9e--p>ticipation 9 pure kn[+ :i* con/itutes ! div9e life4 ,su* kn[+ deals ) :at is univ]sal & necess>y1 & f9ds1 !re=e1 a m adequate subject matt] 9 nature at its be/ ?an 9 ! transi5t ?+s ( man4 ,if we take :at ! philosoph]s /ood = 9 ,greek life1 r ?an ! details ( :at !y say1 we might summ>ize by say+ t ! ,greeks 7 too mu* int]e/$ 9 free inquiry into natural fact & 9 ! ae/hetic enjoym5t ( nature1 & 7 too deeply consci\s ( ! ext5t 9 :i* society is root$ 9 nature & subject to its laws1 to ?9k ( br++ man & nature into conflict4 ,two factors conspire 9 ! lat] p]iod ( anci5t life1 h[ev]1 to exalt lit]>y & humani/ic /udies4 ,"o is ! increas+ly rem9isc5t & borr[$ "* ( culture2 ! o!r is ! political & rhetorical b5t ( ,roman life4 ,greek a*ievem5t 9 civilization 0 native2 ! civilization ( ! ,alex&rians & ,romans 0 inh]it$ f ali5 s\rces4 ,consequ5tly x look$ back to ! records ^u :i* x drew1 in/ead ( look+ out directly ^u nature & society1 = mat]ial & inspiration4 ,we _c d bett] ?an quote ! words ( ,hat* to indicate ! consequ5ces = educational !ory & practice4 ,greece on "o h& _h lo/ political p[]1 & on ! o!r possess$ 9 h] spl5did lit]ature an inali5able h]itage4 ,x 0 natural t %e %\ld turn to lett]s4 ,x 0 natural also t ! /udy ( lett]s %\ld be reflect$ ^u spee*4 ,! mass ( m5 9 ! ,greek _w t5d$ to lay /ress on t acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature ( bygone g5]ations1 & t habit ( cultivat$ spee*1 :i* has ev] s9ce be5 commonly spok5 ( z education4 ,our own comes by direct tradition f x4 ,x set a fa%ion :i* until rec5tly has uni=mly prevail$ ov] ! entire civiliz$ _w4 ,we /udy lit]ature r ?an nature because ! ,greeks did s1 & because :5 ! ,romans & ! ,roman prov9cials resolv$ to educate _! sons1 !y employ$ ,greek tea*]s & foll[$ 9 ,greek pa?s4 #a ,! s-call$ practical b5t ( ! ,romans work$ 9 ! same direction4 ,9 fall+ back ^u ! record$ ideas ( ! ,greeks1 !y n only took ! %ort pa? to atta9+ a cultural developm5t1 b !y procur$ j ! k9d ( mat]ial & me?od suit$ to _! adm9i/rative tal5ts4 ,= _! practical g5ius 0 n direct$ to ! conque/ & control ( nature b to ! conque/ & control ( m54 ,mr4 ,hat*1 9 ! passage quot$1 takes a good deal ( hi/ory = grant$ 9 say+ t we h /udi$ lit]ature r ?an nature because ! ,greeks1 & ! ,romans :om !y taught1 did s4 ,:at is ! l9k t spans ! int]v5+ c5turies8 ,! "q sugge/s t b>b>ian ,europe b repeat$ on a l>g] scale & ) increas$ int5sity ! ,roman situation4 ,x _h to g to s*ool to ,greco-,roman civilization2 x also borr[$ r ?an evolv$ its culture4 ,n m]ely = its g5]al ideas & _! arti/ic pres5tation b = its models ( law x w5t to ! records ( ali5 peoples4 ,& its dep5d5ce ^u tradition 0 increas$ by ! dom9ant !ological int]e/s ( ! p]iod4 ,= ! au?orities to :i* ! ,*ur* appeal$ 7 lit]atures compos$ 9 =eign tongues4 ,ev]y?+ conv]g$ to id5tify le>n+ ) l+ui/ic tra9+ & to make ! language ( ! le>n$ a lit]>y language in/ead ( ! "m spee*4 ,! full scope ( ?is fact escapes u1 moreov]1 until we recognize t ?is subject matt] compell$ rec\rse to a dialectical me?od4 ,s*ola/icism frequ5tly has be5 us$ s9ce ! "t ( ! revival ( le>n+ z a t]m ( reproa*4 ,b all t x means is ! me?od ( ,! ,s*ools1 or ( ! ,s*ool ,m54 ,9 its ess5ce1 x is no?+ b a highly effective sy/ematization ( ! me?ods ( tea*+ & le>n+ :i* are appropriate to transmit an au?oritative body ( tru?s4 ,:]e lit]ature r ?an contempor>y nature & society furni%es mat]ial ( /udy1 me?ods mu/ be adapt$ to def9+1 exp\nd+1 & int]pret+ ! receiv$ mat]ial1 r ?an to inquiry1 discov]y1 & inv5tion4 ,& at bottom :at is call$ ,s*ola/icism is ! :ole-he>t$ & consi/5t =mulation & application ( ! me?ods :i* are suit$ to in/ruction :5 ! mat]ial ( in/ruction is tak5 ready-made1 r ?an z some?+ :i* /ud5ts are to f9d out = !mselves4 ,s f> z s*ools /ill tea* f textbooks & rely ^u ! pr9ciple ( au?ority & acquisition r ?an ^u t ( discov]y & inquiry1 _! me?ods are ,s*ola/ic--m9us ! logical accuracy & sy/em ( ,s*ola/icism at its be/4 ,aside f laxity ( me?od & /atem5t1 ! only diff]5ce is t geographies & hi/ories & botanies & a/ronomies are n[ "p ( ! au?oritative lit]ature :i* is to be ma/]$4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! ,greek tradition 0 lo/ 9 :i* a humani/ic int]e/ 0 us$ z a basis ( int]e/ 9 nature1 & a k ( nature us$ to support ! di/9ctively human aims ( man4 ,life f\nd its support 9 au?ority1 n 9 nature4 ,! latt] 0 moreov] an object ( consid]able suspicion4 ,contemplation ( x 0 dang]\s1 = x t5d$ to draw man away f reliance ^u ! docum5ts 9 :i* ! rules ( liv+ 7 already conta9$4 ,moreov] nature c\ld be kn[n only ?r\gh obs]vation2 x appeal$ to ! s5ses--:i* 7 m]ely mat]ial z oppos$ to a purely immat]ial m9d4 ,fur!rmore1 ! utilities ( a k ( nature 7 purely physical & secul>2 !y connect$ ) ! bodily & temporal welf>e ( man1 :ile ! lit]>y tradition conc]n$ 8 spiritual & et]nal well-be+4 #b4 ,! ,mod]n ,sci5tific ,int]e/ 9 ,nature4 ,! movem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury :i* is v>i\sly t]m$ ! revival ( le>n+ & ! r5asc5ce 0 *>act]iz$ by a new int]e/ 9 man's pres5t life1 & accord+ly by a new int]e/ 9 8 relation%ips ) nature4 ,x 0 naturali/ic1 9 ! s5se t x turn$ aga9/ ! dom9ant sup]naturali/ic int]e/4 ,x is possible t ! influ5ce ( a return to classic ,greek pagan lit]ature 9 br++ ab\t ?is *ang$ m9d has be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,und\bt$ly ! *ange 0 ma9ly a product ( contempor>y conditions4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t educat$ m51 fill$ ) ! new po9t ( view1 turn$ eag]ly to ,greek lit]ature = cong5ial su/5ance & re9=cem5t4 ,& to a consid]able ext5t1 ?is int]e/ 9 ,greek ?\ght 0 n 9 lit]ature = its own sake1 b 9 ! _s x express$4 ,! m5tal fre$om1 ! s5se ( ! ord] & beauty ( nature1 :i* animat$ ,greek expression1 ar\s$ m5 to ?9k & obs]ve 9 a simil> untrammel$ fa%ion4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce 9 ! sixte5? c5tury %[s t ! dawn+ sci5ces ( physical nature l>gely borr[$ _! po9ts ( dep>ture f ! new int]e/ 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,z ,w9delb& has said1 ! new sci5ce ( nature 0 ! daught] ( humanism4 ,! favorite notion ( ! "t 0 t man 0 9 microcosm t :i* ! univ]se 0 9 macrocosm4 ,?is fact raises anew ! "q ( h[ x 0 t nature & man 7 lat] sep>at$ & a %>p division made betwe5 language & lit]ature & ! physical sci5ces4 ,f\r reasons may be sugge/$4 7a7 ,! old tradition 0 firmly entr5*$ 9 in/itutions4 ,politics1 law1 & diplomacy rema9$ ( necessity bran*es ( au?oritative lit]ature1 = ! social sci5ces did n develop until ! me?ods ( ! sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry1 to say no?+ ( biology1 7 mu* fur!r advanc$4 ,! same is l>gely true ( hi/ory4 ,moreov]1 ! me?ods us$ = effective tea*+ ( ! languages 7 well develop$2 ! in]tia ( academic cu/om 0 on _! side4 ,j z ! new int]e/ 9 lit]ature1 especially ,greek1 _h n be5 all[$ at fir/ to f9d lodgm5t 9 ! s*ola/ically organiz$ univ]sities1 s :5 x f\nd its way into !m x jo9$ h&s ) ! old] le>n+ to m9imize ! influ5ce ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,! m5 :o taught 7 r>ely tra9$ 9 sci5ce2 ! m5 :o 7 sci5tifically compet5t work$ 9 private laboratories & ?r\gh ! m$ium ( academies :i* promot$ rese>*1 b :i* 7 n organiz$ z tea*+ bodies4 ,f9ally1 ! ari/ocratic tradition :i* look$ d[n ^u mat]ial ?+s & ^u ! s5ses & ! h&s 0 /ill mighty4 7b7 ,! ,prote/ant revolt br\ght ) x an imm5se increase ( int]e/ 9 !ological discussion & controv]sies4 ,! appeal on bo? sides 0 to lit]>y docum5ts4 ,ea* side _h to tra9 m5 9 ability to /udy & exp\nd ! records :i* 7 reli$ ^u4 ,! dem& = tra9+ m5 :o c\ld def5d ! *os5 fai? aga9/ ! o!r side1 :o 7 able to propag&ize & to prev5t ! encroa*m5ts ( ! o!r side1 0 su* t x is n too mu* to say t by ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ! l+ui/ic tra9+ ( gymnasia & univ]sities _h be5 captur$ by ! reviv$ !ological int]e/1 & us$ z a tool ( religi\s education & ecclesia/ical controv]sy4 ,?us ! educational desc5t ( ! languages z !y are f\nd 9 education to-day is n direct f ! revival ( le>n+1 b f its adaptation to !ological ends4 7c7 ,! natural sci5ces 7 !mselves conceiv$ 9 a way :i* %>p5$ ! opposition ( man & nature4 ,francis ,bacon pres5ts an almo/ p]fect example ( ! union ( naturali/ic & humani/ic int]e/4 ,sci5ce1 adopt+ ! me?ods ( obs]vation & exp]im5tation1 0 to give up ! attempt to anticipate nature--to impose preconceiv$ notions ^u h]--& 0 to become h] humble int]pret]4 ,9 obey+ nature intellectually1 man w\ld le>n to comm& h] practically4 ,k is p[]4 ,?is aphorism meant t ?r\gh sci5ce man is to control nature & turn h] en]gies to ! execution ( 8 own ends4 ,bacon attack$ ! old le>n+ & logic z purely controv]sial1 hav+ to d ) victory 9 argum5t1 n ) discov]y ( ! unkn[n4 ,?r\gh ! new me?od ( ?\ght :i* 0 set =? 9 8 new logic an era ( expansive discov]ies 0 to em]ge1 & ^! discov]ies 7 to be> fruit 9 inv5tions = ! s]vice ( man4 ,m5 7 to give up _! futile1 nev]-f9i%$ ef=t to dom9ate "o ano!r to engage 9 ! coop]ative task ( dom9at+ nature 9 ! int]e/s ( humanity4 ,9 ! ma91 ,bacon prophesi$ ! direction ( subsequ5t progress4 ,b he anticipat$ ! advance4 ,he did n see t ! new sci5ce 0 = a long "t to be work$ 9 ! int]e/ ( old ends ( human exploitation4 ,he ?\ght t x w\ld rapidly give man new ends4 ,in/ead1 x put at ! disposal ( a class ! means to secure _! old ends ( aggr&izem5t at ! exp5se ( ano!r class4 ,! indu/rial revolution foll[$1 z he =esaw1 ^u a revolution 9 sci5tific me?od4 ,b x is tak+ ! revolution _m c5turies to produce a new m9d4 ,feudalism 0 doom$ by ! applications ( ! new sci5ce1 = !y transf]r$ p[] f ! l&$ nobility to ! manufactur+ c5t]s4 ,b capitalism r ?an a social humanism took its place4 ,production & comm]ce 7 c>ri$ on z if ! new sci5ce _h no moral lesson1 b only te*nical lessons z to economies 9 production & utilization ( sav+ 9 self-int]e/4 ,naturally1 ?is application ( physical sci5ce 7:i* 0 ! mo/ conspicu\sly p]ceptible "o7 /r5g!n$ ! claims ( pr(ess$ humani/s t sci5ce 0 mat]iali/ic 9 its t5d5cies4 ,x left a void z to man's di/9ctively human int]e/s :i* g beyond mak+1 sav+1 & exp5d+ money2 & languages & lit]ature put 9 _! claim to repres5t ! moral & ideal int]e/s ( humanity4 7d7 ,moreov]1 ! philosophy :i* pr(ess$ itself bas$ ^u sci5ce1 :i* gave itself out z ! accr$it$ repres5tative ( ! net significance ( sci5ce1 0 ei!r duali/ic 9 "*1 m>k$ by a %>p division betwe5 m9d 7*>act]iz+ man7 & matt]1 con/itut+ nature2 or else x 0 op5ly me*anical1 r$uc+ ! signal features ( human life to illusion4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x all[$ ! claims ( c]ta9 /udies to be peculi> consignees ( m5tal values1 & indirectly /r5g!n$ _! claim to sup]iority1 s9ce human be+s w\ld incl9e to reg>d human affairs z ( *ief importance at lea/ to !mselves4 ,9 ! latt] case1 x call$ out a reaction :i* ?rew d\bt & suspicion ^u ! value ( physical sci5ce1 giv+ occasion = treat+ x z an enemy to man's high] int]e/s4 ,greek & m$ieval k accept$ ! _w 9 its qualitative v>iety1 & reg>d$ nature's processes z hav+ ends1 or 9 te*nical phrase z teleological4 ,new sci5ce 0 exp\nd$ s z to d5y ! reality ( all qualities 9 real1 or objective1 exi/5ce4 ,s\nds1 colors1 ends1 z well z goods & bads1 7 reg>d$ z purely subjective--z m]e impressions 9 ! m9d4 ,objective exi/5ce 0 !n treat$ z hav+ only quantitative aspects--z s mu* mass 9 motion1 its only diff]5ces be+ t at "o po9t 9 space !re 0 a l>g] aggregate mass ?an at ano!r1 & t 9 "s spots !re 7 great] rates ( motion ?an at o!rs4 ,lack+ qualitative di/9ctions1 nature lack$ significant v>iety4 ,uni=mities 7 emphasiz$1 n div]sities2 ! ideal 0 suppos$ to be ! discov]y ( a s+le ma!matical =mula apply+ to ! :ole univ]se at once f :i* all ! seem+ v>iety ( ph5om5a c\ld be d]iv$4 ,?is is :at a me*anical philosophy means4 ,su* a philosophy does n repres5t ! g5u9e purport ( sci5ce4 ,x takes ! te*nique = ! ?+ itself2 ! app>atus & ! t]m9ology = reality1 ! me?od = its subject matt]4 ,sci5ce does conf9e its /atem5ts to conditions :i* enable u to pr$ict & control ! happ5+ ( ev5ts1 ignor+ ! qualities ( ! ev5ts4 ,h5ce its me*anical & quantitative "*4 ,b 9 leav+ !m out ( acc\nt1 x does n exclude !m f reality1 nor relegate !m to a purely m5tal region2 x only furni%es means utilizable = ends4 ,?us :ile 9 fact ! progress ( sci5ce 0 increas+ man's p[] ov] nature1 enabl+ him to place 8 *]i%$ ends on a firm] basis ?an ev] be=e1 & also to div]sify 8 activities almo/ at w1 ! philosophy :i* pr(ess$ to =mulate its accompli%m5ts r$uc$ ! _w to a b>r5 & monoton\s r$i/ribution ( matt] 9 space4 ,?us ! imm$iate effect ( mod]n sci5ce 0 to acc5tuate ! dualism ( matt] & m9d1 & !reby to e/abli% ! physical & ! humani/ic /udies z two disconnect$ gr\ps4 ,s9ce ! diff]5ce betwe5 bett] & worse is b\nd up ) ! qualities ( exp]i5ce1 any philosophy ( sci5ce :i* excludes !m f ! g5u9e cont5t ( reality is b\nd to leave out :at is mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ important to mank9d4 #c4 ,! ,pres5t ,educational ,problem4 ,9 tru?1 exp]i5ce kn[s no division betwe5 human conc]ns & a purely me*anical physical _w4 ,man's home is nature2 8 purposes & aims are dep5d5t = execution ^u natural conditions4 ,sep>at$ f su* conditions !y become empty dreams & idle indulg5ces ( fancy4 ,f ! /&po9t ( human exp]i5ce1 & h5ce ( educational endeavor1 any di/9ction :i* c be ju/ly made betwe5 nature & man is a di/9ction betwe5 ! conditions :i* h to be reckon$ ) 9 ! =mation & execution ( our practical aims1 & ! aims !mselves4 ,?is philosophy is v\*$ = by ! doctr9e ( biological developm5t :i* %[s t man is cont9u\s ) nature1 n an ali5 ent]+ h] processes f )\t4 ,x is re9=c$ by ! exp]im5tal me?od ( sci5ce :i* %[s t k accrues 9 virtue ( an attempt to direct physical en]gies 9 accord ) ideas sugge/$ 9 deal+ ) natural objects 9 behalf ( social uses4 ,e /ep =w>d 9 ! social sci5ces--! /udies t]m$ hi/ory1 economics1 politics1 sociology--%[s t social que/ions are capable ( be+ intellig5tly cop$ ) only 9 ! degree 9 :i* we employ ! me?od ( collect$ data1 =m+ hypo!ses1 & te/+ !m 9 action :i* is *>act]i/ic ( natural sci5ce1 & 9 ! degree 9 :i* we utilize 9 behalf ( ! promotion ( social welf>e ! te*nical k asc]ta9$ by physics & *emi/ry4 ,advanc$ me?ods ( deal+ ) su* p]plex+ problems z insanity1 intemp]ance1 pov]ty1 public sanitation1 city plann+1 ! cons]vation ( natural res\rces1 ! con/ructive use ( gov]nm5tal ag5cies = fur!r+ ! public good )\t weak5+ p]sonal initiative1 all illu/rate ! direct dep5d5ce ( our important social conc]ns ^u ! me?ods & results ( natural sci5ce4 ,) respect !n to bo? humani/ic & naturali/ic /udies1 education %\ld take its dep>ture f ?is close int]dep5d5ce4 ,x %\ld aim n at keep+ sci5ce z a /udy ( nature ap>t f lit]ature z a record ( human int]e/s1 b at cross-f]tiliz+ bo? ! natural sci5ces & ! v>i\s human discipl9es su* z hi/ory1 lit]ature1 economics1 & politics4 ,p$agogically1 ! problem is simpl] ?an ! attempt to tea* ! sci5ces z m]e te*nical bodies ( in=mation & te*nical =ms ( physical manipulation1 on "o side2 & to tea* humani/ic /udies z isolat$ subjects1 on ! o!r4 ,= ! latt] proc$ure in/itutes an artificial sep>ation 9 ! pupils' exp]i5ce4 ,outside ( s*ool pupils meet ) natural facts & pr9ciples 9 connection ) v>i\s modes ( human action4 7,see ante1 p4 #cj47 ,9 all ! social activities 9 :i* !y h %>$ !y h _h to und]/& ! mat]ial & processes involv$4 ,to />t !m 9 s*ool ) a rupture ( ?is intimate association breaks ! cont9uity ( m5tal developm5t1 makes ! /ud5t feel an indescribable unreality 9 8 /udies1 & deprives him ( ! normal motive = int]e/ 9 !m4 ,!re is no d\bt1 ( c\rse1 t ! opportunities ( education %\ld be su* t all %\ld h a *ance :o h ! disposition to advance to specializ$ ability 9 sci5ce1 & ?us devote !mselves to its pursuit z _! p>ticul> occupation 9 life4 ,b at pres5t1 ! pupil too (t5 has a *oice only betwe5 beg9n+ ) a /udy ( ! results ( prior specialization :]e ! mat]ial is isolat$ f 8 daily exp]i5ces1 or ) miscellane\s nature /udy1 :]e mat]ial is pres5t$ at haphaz>d & does n lead any:]e 9 p>ticul>4 ,! habit ( introduc+ college pupils into segregat$ sci5tific subject matt]1 su* z is appropriate to ! man :o wi%es to become an exp]t 9 a giv5 field1 is c>ri$ back into ! high s*ools4 ,pupils 9 ! latt] simply get a m elem5t>y treatm5t ( ! same ?+1 ) difficulties smoo!d ov] & topics r$uc$ to ! level ( _! suppos$ ability4 ,! cause ( ?is proc$ure lies 9 foll[+ tradition1 r ?an 9 consci\s adh]5ce to a duali/ic philosophy4 ,b ! effect is ! same z if ! purpose 7 to inculcate an idea t ! sci5ces :i* deal ) nature h no?+ to d ) man1 & vice v]sa4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! comp>ative ineffectiv5ess ( ! tea*+ ( ! sci5ces1 = ^? :o nev] become sci5tific speciali/s1 is ! result ( a sep>ation :i* is unavoidable :5 "o beg9s ) te*nically organiz$ subject matt]4 ,ev5 if all /ud5ts 7 embryonic sci5tific speciali/s1 x is que/ionable :e!r ?is is ! mo/ effective proc$ure4 ,consid]+ t ! great majority are conc]n$ ) ! /udy ( sci5ces only = its effect ^u _! m5tal habits--9 mak+ !m m al]t1 m op5-m9d$1 m incl9$ to t5tative acceptance & to te/+ ( ideas prop\nd$ or sugge/$1--& = a*iev+ a bett] und]/&+ ( _! daily environm5t1 x is c]ta9ly ill-advis$4 ,too (t5 ! pupil comes out ) a smatt]+ :i* is too sup]ficial to be sci5tific & too te*nical to be applicable to ord9>y affairs4 ,! utilization ( ord9>y exp]i5ce to secure an advance into sci5tific mat]ial & me?od1 :ile keep+ ! latt] connect$ ) famili> human int]e/s1 is easi] to-day ?an x ev] 0 be=e4 ,! usual exp]i5ce ( all p]sons 9 civiliz$ communities to-day is intimately associat$ ) indu/rial processes & results4 ,^! 9 turn are s _m cases ( sci5ce 9 action4 ,! /ation>y & traction /eam eng9e1 gasol9e eng9e1 automobile1 telegraph & telephone1 ! electric motor ent] directly into ! lives ( mo/ individuals4 ,pupils at an e>ly age are practically acqua9t$ ) ^! ?+s4 ,n only does ! bus9ess occupation ( _! p>5ts dep5d ^u sci5tific applications1 b h\sehold pursuits1 ! ma9t5ance ( heal?1 ! sights se5 ^u ! /reets1 embody sci5tific a*ievem5ts & /imulate int]e/ 9 ! connect$ sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! obvi\s p$agogical />t+ po9t ( sci5tific in/ruction is n to tea* ?+s label$ sci5ce1 b to utilize ! famili> occupations & appliances to direct obs]vation & exp]im5t1 until pupils h arriv$ at a k ( "s fundam5tal pr9ciples by und]/&+ !m 9 _! famili> practical work+s4 ,! op9ion sometimes advanc$ t x is a d]ogation f ! purity ( sci5ce to /udy x 9 its active inc>nation1 in/ead ( 9 !oretical ab/raction1 re/s ^u a misund]/&+4 ,,z matt] ( fact1 any subject is cultural 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is appreh5d$ 9 its wide/ possible range ( mean+s4 ,p]ception ( mean+s dep5ds ^u p]ception ( connections1 ( context4 ,to see a sci5tific fact or law 9 its human z well z 9 its physical & te*nical context is to enl>ge its significance & give x increas$ cultural value4 ,its direct economic application1 if by economic is meant some?+ hav+ money wor?1 is incid5tal & second>y1 b a "p ( its actual connections4 ,! important ?+ is t ! fact be grasp$ 9 its social connections--its function 9 life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 humanism means at bottom be+ imbu$ ) an intellig5t s5se ( human int]e/s4 ,! social int]e/1 id5tical 9 its deepe/ mean+ ) a moral int]e/1 is necess>ily supreme ) man4 ,k ab\t man1 in=mation z to 8 pa/1 famili>ity ) 8 docum5t$ records ( lit]ature1 may be z te*nical a possession z ! accumulation ( physical details4 ,m5 may keep busy 9 a v>iety ( ways1 mak+ money1 acquir+ facility 9 laboratory manipulation1 or 9 amass+ a /ore ( facts ab\t l+ui/ic matt]s1 or ! *ronology ( lit]>y productions4 ,unless su* activity reacts to enl>ge ! imag9ative vision ( life1 x is on a level ) ! busy "w ( *ildr54 ,x has ! lett] )\t ! _s ( activity4 ,x readily deg5]ates itself into a mis]'s accumulation1 & a man prides himself on :at he has1 & n on ! mean+ he f9ds 9 ! affairs ( life4 ,any /udy s pursu$ t x increases conc]n = ! values ( life1 any /udy produc+ great] s5sitiv5ess to social well-be+ & great] ability to promote t well-be+ is humane /udy4 ,! humani/ic _s ( ! ,greeks 0 native & int5se b x 0 n>r[ 9 scope4 ,ev]ybody outside ! ,hell5ic circle 0 a b>b>ian1 & negligible save z a possible enemy4 ,acute z 7 ! social obs]vations & speculations ( ,greek ?9k]s1 !re is n a ^w 9 _! writ+s to indicate t ,greek civilization 0 n self-inclos$ & self-suffici5t4 ,!re 01 app>5tly1 no suspicion t its future 0 at ! m]cy ( ! despis$ outsid]4 ,)9 ! ,greek community1 ! int5se social _s 0 limit$ by ! fact t high] culture 0 bas$ on a sub/ratum ( slav]y & economic s]fdom--classes necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( ! /ate1 z ,ari/otle decl>$1 & yet n g5u9e p>ts ( x4 ,! developm5t ( sci5ce has produc$ an indu/rial revolution :i* has br\ght diff]5t peoples 9 su* close contact ) "o ano!r ?r\gh colonization & comm]ce t no matt] h[ "s nations may /ill look d[n ^u o!rs1 no c\ntry c h>bor ! illusion t its c>e] is decid$ :olly )9 itself4 ,! same revolution has aboli%$ agricultural s]fdom1 & creat$ a class ( m or less organiz$ factory labor]s ) recogniz$ political rights1 & :o make claims = a responsible role 9 ! control ( indu/ry--claims :i* receive sympa!tic att5tion f _m among ! well-to-d1 s9ce !y h be5 br\ght into clos] connections ) ! less =tunate classes ?r\gh ! break+ d[n ( class b>ri]s4 ,?is /ate ( affairs may be =mulat$ by say+ t ! old] humanism omitt$ economic & indu/rial conditions f its purview4 ,consequ5tly1 x 0 "o sid$4 ,culture1 "u su* circum/ances1 inevitably repres5t$ ! intellectual & moral outlook ( ! class :i* 0 9 direct social control4 ,su* a tradition z to culture is1 z we h se5 7ante1 p4 #bfj71 ari/ocratic2 x emphasizes :at m>ks (f "o class f ano!r1 r ?an fundam5tal common int]e/s4 ,its /&>ds are 9 ! pa/2 = ! aim is to pres]ve :at has be5 ga9$ r ?an widely to ext5d ! range ( culture4 ,! modifications :i* spr+ f tak+ great] acc\nt ( indu/ry & ( :atev] has to d ) mak+ a liv+ are frequ5tly condemn$ z attacks ^u ! culture d]iv$ f ! pa/4 ,b a wid] educational outlook w\ld conceive indu/rial activities z ag5cies = mak+ intellectual res\rces m accessible to ! masses1 & giv+ great] solidity to ! culture ( ^? hav+ sup]ior res\rces4 ,9 %ort1 :5 we consid] ! close connection betwe5 sci5ce & indu/rial developm5t on ! "o h&1 & betwe5 lit]>y & ae/hetic cultivation & an ari/ocratic social organization on ! o!r1 we get light on ! opposition betwe5 te*nical sci5tific /udies & ref9+ lit]>y /udies4 ,we h be=e u ! ne$ ( ov]com+ ?is sep>ation 9 education if society is to be truly democratic4 ,summ>y4 ,! philosophic dualism betwe5 man & nature is reflect$ 9 ! division ( /udies betwe5 ! naturali/ic & ! humani/ic ) a t5d5cy to r$uce ! latt] to ! lit]>y records ( ! pa/4 ,?is dualism is n *>act]i/ic 7z 7 ! o!rs :i* we h not$7 ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,x arose p>tly because ( ! fact t ! culture ( ,rome & ( b>b>ian ,europe 0 n a native product1 be+ borr[$ directly or indirectly f ,greece1 & p>tly because political & ecclesia/ic conditions emphasiz$ dep5d5ce ^u ! au?ority ( pa/ k z t 0 transmitt$ 9 lit]>y docum5ts4 ,at ! outset1 ! rise ( mod]n sci5ce prophesi$ a re/oration ( ! intimate connection ( nature & humanity1 = x view$ k ( nature z ! means ( secur+ human progress & well-be+4 ,b ! m imm$iate applications ( sci5ce 7 9 ! int]e/s ( a class r ?an ( m5 9 common2 & ! receiv$ philosophic =mulations ( sci5tific doctr9e t5d$ ei!r to m>k x (f z m]ely mat]ial f man z spiritual & immat]ial1 or else to r$uce m9d to a subjective illusion4 ,9 education1 accord+ly1 ! t5d5cy 0 to treat ! sci5ces z a sep>ate body ( /udies1 consi/+ ( te*nical in=mation reg>d+ ! physical _w1 & to res]ve ! old] lit]>y /udies z di/9ctively humani/ic4 ,! acc\nt previ\sly giv5 ( ! evolution ( k1 & ( ! educational s*eme ( /udies bas$ ^u x1 are design$ to ov]come ! sep>ation1 & to secure recognition ( ! place occupi$ by ! subject matt] ( ! natural sci5ces 9 human affairs4 #a ,! ,influ5ce ( ,greek ,ideas & ,usages ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 pp4 #dc-dd4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty-two3 ,! ,individual & ! ,_w #a4 ,m9d z ,purely ,individual4 ,we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! influ5ces :i* h effect$ a division betwe5 "w & leisure1 kn[+ & do+1 man & nature4 ,^! influ5ces h result$ 9 splitt+ up ! subject matt] ( education into sep>ate /udies4 ,!y h also f\nd =mulation 9 v>i\s philosophies :i* h oppos$ to ea* o!r body & m9d1 !oretical k & practice1 physical me*anism & ideal purpose4 ,^u ! philosophical side1 ^! v>i\s dualisms culm9ate 9 a %>p dem>cation ( individual m9ds f ! _w1 & h5ce f "o ano!r4 ,:ile ! connection ( ?is philosophical position ) educational proc$ure is n s obvi\s z is t ( ! po9ts consid]$ 9 ! la/ ?ree *apt]s1 !re are c]ta9 educational consid]ations :i* correspond to x2 su* z ! anti!sis suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 subject matt] 7! c\nt]p>t ( ! _w7 & me?od 7! c\nt]p>t ( m9d72 su* z ! t5d5cy to treat int]e/ z some?+ purely private1 )\t intr9sic connection ) ! mat]ial /udi$4 ,aside f incid5tal educational be>+s1 x w be %[n 9 ?is *apt] t ! duali/ic philosophy ( m9d & ! _w implies an errone\s conception ( ! relation%ip betwe5 k & social int]e/s1 & betwe5 individuality or fre$om1 & social control & au?ority4 ,! id5tification ( ! m9d ) ! individual self & ( ! latt] ) a private psy*ic consci\sness is comp>atively mod]n4 ,9 bo? ! ,greek & m$ieval p]iods1 ! rule 0 to reg>d ! individual z a *annel ?r\gh :i* a univ]sal & div9e intellig5ce op]at$4 ,! individual 0 9 no true s5se ! kn[]2 ! kn[] 0 ! ,reason :i* op]at$ ?r\gh him4 ,! individual int]f]$ at 8 p]il1 & only to ! detrim5t ( ! tru?4 ,9 ! degree 9 :i* ! individual r ?an reason knew1 conceit1 error1 & op9ion 7 sub/itut$ = true k4 ,9 ,greek life1 obs]vation 0 acute & al]t2 & ?9k+ 0 free almo/ to ! po9t ( irresponsible speculations4 ,accord+ly ! consequ5ces ( ! !ory 7 only su* z 7 consequ5t ^u ! lack ( an exp]im5tal me?od4 ,)\t su* a me?od individuals c\ld n engage 9 kn[+1 & be *eck$ up by ! results ( ! inquiries ( o!rs4 ,)\t su* liability to te/ by o!rs1 ! m9ds ( m5 c\ld n be intellectually responsible2 results 7 to be accept$ because ( _! ae/hetic consi/5cy1 agreeable quality1 or ! pre/ige ( _! au?ors4 ,9 ! b>b>ian p]iod1 individuals 7 9 a /ill m humble attitude to tru?2 important k 0 suppos$ to be div9ely reveal$1 & no?+ rema9$ = ! m9ds ( individuals except to "w x ov] aft] x _h be5 receiv$ on au?ority4 ,aside f ! m consci\sly philosophic aspects ( ^! movem5ts1 x nev] occurs to any "o to id5tify m9d & ! p]sonal self :]ev] beliefs are transmitt$ by cu/om4 ,9 ! m$ieval p]iod !re 0 a religi\s individualism4 ,! deepe/ conc]n ( life 0 ! salvation ( ! individual s\l4 ,9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages1 ?is lat5t individualism f\nd consci\s =mulation 9 ! nom9ali/ic philosophies1 :i* treat$ ! /ructure ( k z some?+ built up )9 ! individual ?r\gh 8 own acts1 & m5tal /ates4 ,) ! rise ( economic & political individualism aft] ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ) ! developm5t ( ,prote/antism1 ! times 7 ripe = an emphasis ^u ! rights & duties ( ! individual 9 a*iev+ k = himself4 ,?is l$ to ! view t k is won :olly ?r\gh p]sonal & private exp]i5ces4 ,z a consequ5ce1 m9d1 ! s\rce & possessor ( k1 0 ?\ght ( z :olly individual4 ,?us ^u ! educational side1 we f9d educational re=m]s1 l ,montaigne1 ,bacon1 ,locke1 h5ce=? vehem5tly d5\nc+ all le>n+ :i* is acquir$ on he>say1 & ass]t+ t ev5 if beliefs happ5 to be true1 !y d n con/itute k unless !y h gr[n up 9 & be5 te/$ by p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! reaction aga9/ au?ority 9 all sph]es ( life1 & ! int5sity ( ! /ruggle1 aga9/ great odds1 = fre$om ( action & inquiry1 l$ to su* an emphasis ^u p]sonal obs]vations & ideas z 9 effect to isolate m9d1 & set x ap>t f ! _w to be kn[n4 ,?is isolation is reflect$ 9 ! great developm5t ( t bran* ( philosophy kn[n z epi/emology--! !ory ( k4 ,! id5tification ( m9d ) ! self1 & ! sett+ up ( ! self z some?+ indep5d5t & self-suffici5t1 creat$ su* a gulf betwe5 ! kn[+ m9d & ! _w t x became a "q h[ k 0 possible at all4 ,giv5 a subject--! kn[]--& an object--! ?+ to be kn[n--:olly sep>ate f "o ano!r1 x is necess>y to frame a !ory to expla9 h[ !y get into connection ) ea* o!r s t valid k may result4 ,?is problem1 ) ! alli$ "o ( ! possibility ( ! _w act+ ^u ! m9d & ! m9d act+ ^u ! _w1 became almo/ ! exclusive preoccupation ( philosophic ?\ght4 ,! !ories t we _c "k ! _w z x really is b only ! impressions made ^u ! m9d1 or t !re is no _w beyond ! individual m9d1 or t k is only a c]ta9 association ( ! m9d's own /ates1 7 products ( ?is preoccupation4 ,we are n directly conc]n$ ) _! tru?2 b ! fact t su* desp]ate solutions 7 widely accept$ is evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* m9d _h be5 set ov] ! _w ( realities4 ,! increas+ use ( ! t]m consci\sness z an equival5t = m9d1 9 ! supposition t !re is an inn] _w ( consci\s /ates & processes1 indep5d5t ( any relation%ip to nature & society1 an inn] _w m truly & imm$iately kn[n ?an any?+ else1 is evid5ce ( ! same fact4 ,9 %ort1 practical individualism1 or /ruggle = great] fre$om ( ?\ght 9 action1 0 translat$ into philosophic subjectivism4 #b4 ,individual ,m9d z ! ,ag5t ( ,reorganization4 ,x %\ld be obvi\s t ?is philosophic movem5t misconceiv$ ! significance ( ! practical movem5t4 ,in/ead ( be+ its transcript1 x 0 a p]v]sion4 ,m5 7 n actually engag$ 9 ! absurdity ( /riv+ to be free f connection ) nature & "o ano!r4 ,!y 7 /riv+ = great] fre$om 9 nature & society4 ,!y want$ great] p[] to initiate *anges 9 ! _w ( ?+s & fell[ be+s2 great] scope ( movem5t & consequ5tly great] fre$om 9 obs]vations & ideas impli$ 9 movem5t4 ,!y want$ n isolation f ! _w1 b a m intimate connection ) x4 ,!y want$ to =m _! beliefs ab\t x at fir/ h&1 in/ead ( ?r\gh tradition4 ,!y want$ clos] union ) _! fell[s s t !y might influ5ce "o ano!r m effectively & might comb9e _! respective actions = mutual aims4 ,s f> z _! beliefs 7 conc]n$1 !y felt t a great deal :i* pass$ = k 0 m]ely ! accumulat$ op9ions ( ! pa/1 mu* ( x absurd & its correct portions n und]/ood :5 accept$ on au?ority4 ,m5 mu/ obs]ve = !mselves1 & =m _! own !ories & p]sonally te/ !m4 ,su* a me?od 0 ! only alt]native to ! imposition ( dogma z tru?1 a proc$ure :i* r$uc$ m9d to ! =mal act ( acquiesc+ 9 tru?4 ,su* is ! mean+ ( :at is sometimes call$ ! sub/itution ( inductive exp]im5tal me?ods ( kn[+ = d$uctive4 ,9 "s s5se1 m5 _h always us$ an inductive me?od 9 deal+ ) _! imm$iate practical conc]ns4 ,ar*itecture1 agriculture1 manufacture1 etc41 _h to be bas$ ^u obs]vation ( ! activities ( natural objects1 & ideas ab\t su* affairs _h to be *eck$1 to "s ext5t1 by results4 ,b ev5 9 su* ?+s !re 0 an undue reliance ^u m]e cu/om1 foll[$ bl9dly r ?an und]/&+ly4 ,& ?is obs]vational-exp]im5tal me?od 0 re/rict$ to ^! practical matt]s1 & a %>p di/9ction ma9ta9$ betwe5 practice & !oretical k or tru?4 7,see ,*4 ,,xx47 ,! rise ( free cities1 ! developm5t ( travel1 exploration1 & comm]ce1 ! evolution ( new me?ods ( produc+ commodities & do+ bus9ess1 ?rew m5 def9itely ^u _! own res\rces4 ,! re=m]s ( sci5ce l ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 & _! successors1 c>ri$ analog\s me?ods into asc]ta9+ ! facts ab\t nature4 ,an int]e/ 9 discov]y took ! place ( an int]e/ 9 sy/ematiz+ & prov+ receiv$ beliefs4 ,a j philosophic int]pretation ( ^! movem5ts w\ld1 inde$1 h emphasiz$ ! rights & responsibilities ( ! individual 9 ga9+ k & p]sonally te/+ beliefs1 no matt] by :at au?orities !y 7 v\*$ =4 ,b x w\ld n h isolat$ ! individual f ! _w1 & consequ5tly isolat$ individuals--9 !ory--f "o ano!r4 ,x w\ld h p]ceiv$ t su* disconnection1 su* rupture ( cont9uity1 d5i$ 9 advance ! possibility ( success 9 _! endeavors4 ,z matt] ( fact e individual has gr[n up1 & always mu/ gr[ up1 9 a social m$ium4 ,8 responses gr[ intellig5t1 or ga9 mean+1 simply because he lives & acts 9 a m$ium ( accept$ mean+s & values4 7,see ante1 p4 #cj47 ,?r\gh social int]c\rse1 ?r\gh %>+ 9 ! activities embody+ beliefs1 he gradually acquires a m9d ( 8 own4 ,! conception ( m9d z a purely isolat$ possession ( ! self is at ! v antipodes ( ! tru?4 ,! self a*ieves m9d 9 ! degree 9 :i* k ( ?+s is inc>nate 9 ! life ab\t him2 ! self is n a sep>ate m9d build+ up k anew on its own acc\nt4 ,yet !re is a valid di/9ction betwe5 k :i* is objective & imp]sonal1 & ?9k+ :i* is subjective & p]sonal4 ,9 "o s5se1 k is t :i* we take = grant$4 ,x is t :i* is settl$1 dispos$ (1 e/abli%$1 "u control4 ,:at we fully "k1 we d n ne$ to ?9k ab\t4 ,9 common phrase1 x is c]ta91 assur$4 ,& ?is does n mean a m]e feel+ ( c]ta9ty4 ,x d5otes n a s5tim5t1 b a practical attitude1 a read9ess to act )\t res]ve or quibble4 ,( c\rse we may be mi/ak54 ,:at is tak5 = k--= fact & tru?--at a giv5 "t may n be su*4 ,b ev]y?+ :i* is assum$ )\t "q1 :i* is tak5 = grant$ 9 our int]c\rse ) "o ano!r & nature is :at1 at ! giv5 "t1 is call$ k4 ,?9k+ on ! contr>y1 />ts1 z we h se51 f d\bt or unc]ta9ty4 ,x m>ks an inquir+1 hunt+1 se>*+ attitude1 in/ead ( "o ( ma/]y & possession4 ,?r\gh its critical process true k is revis$ & ext5d$1 & our convictions z to ! /ate ( ?+s reorganiz$4 ,cle>ly ! la/ few c5turies h be5 typically a p]iod ( revision & reorganization ( beliefs4 ,m5 did n really ?r[ away all transmitt$ beliefs conc]n+ ! realities ( exi/5ce1 & />t afre% ^u ! basis ( _! private1 exclusive s5sations & ideas4 ,!y c\ld n h done s if !y _h wi%$ to1 & if x _h be5 possible g5]al imbecility w\ld h be5 ! only outcome4 ,m5 set out f :at _h pass$ z k1 & critically inve/igat$ ! gr\nds ^u :i* x re/$2 !y not$ exceptions2 !y us$ new me*anical appliances to br+ to light data inconsi/5t ) :at _h be5 believ$2 !y us$ _! imag9ations to conceive a _w diff]5t f t 9 :i* _! =efa!rs _h put _! tru/4 ,! "w 0 a piecemeal1 a retail1 bus9ess4 ,"o problem 0 tackl$ at a "t4 ,! net results ( all ! revisions am\nt$1 h[ev]1 to a revolution ( prior conceptions ( ! _w4 ,:at occurr$ 0 a reorganization ( prior intellectual habitudes1 inf9itely m effici5t ?an a cutt+ loose f all connections w\ld h be54 ,?is /ate ( affairs sugge/s a def9ition ( ! role ( ! individual1 or ! self1 9 k2 namely1 ! r$irection1 or recon/ruction ( accept$ beliefs4 ,e new idea1 e conception ( ?+s diff]+ f t au?oriz$ by curr5t belief1 mu/ h its orig9 9 an individual4 ,new ideas are d\btless always spr\t+1 b a society gov]n$ by cu/om does n enc\rage _! developm5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x t5ds to suppress !m1 j because !y are deviations f :at is curr5t4 ,! man :o looks at ?+s diff]5tly f o!rs is 9 su* a community a suspect "*2 = him to p]si/ is g5]ally fatal4 ,ev5 :5 social c5sor%ip ( beliefs is n s /rict1 social conditions may fail to provide ! appliances :i* are requisite if new ideas are to be adequately elaborat$2 or !y may fail to provide any mat]ial support & rew>d to ^? :o ent]ta9 !m4 ,h5ce !y rema9 m]e fancies1 romantic ca/les 9 ! air1 or aimless speculations4 ,! fre$om ( obs]vation & imag9ation involv$ 9 ! mod]n sci5tific revolution 7 n easily secur$2 !y _h to be f\ght =2 _m suff]$ = _! intellectual indep5d5ce4 ,b1 ^u ! :ole1 mod]n ,european society fir/ p]mitt$1 & !n1 9 "s fields at lea/1 delib]ately enc\rag$ ! individual reactions :i* deviate f :at cu/om prescribes4 ,discov]y1 rese>*1 inquiry 9 new l9es1 inv5tions1 f9ally came to be ei!r ! social fa%ion1 or 9 "s degree tol]able4 ,h[ev]1 z we h already not$1 philosophic !ories ( k 7 n cont5t to conceive m9d 9 ! individual z ! pivot ^u :i* recon/ruction ( beliefs turn$1 ?us ma9ta9+ ! cont9uity ( ! individual ) ! _w ( nature & fell[ m54 ,!y reg>d$ ! individual m9d z a sep>ate entity1 complete 9 ea* p]son1 & isolat$ f nature & h5ce f o!r m9ds4 ,?us a legitimate intellectual individualism1 ! attitude ( critical revision ( =m] beliefs :i* is indisp5sable to progress1 0 explicitly =mulat$ z a moral & social individualism4 ,:5 ! activities ( m9d set out f cu/om>y beliefs & /rive to effect trans=mations ( !m :i* w 9 turn w9 g5]al conviction1 !re is no opposition betwe5 ! individual & ! social4 ,! intellectual v>iations ( ! individual 9 obs]vation1 imag9ation1 judgm5t1 & inv5tion are simply ! ag5cies ( social progress1 j z con=mity to habit is ! ag5cy ( social cons]vation4 ,b :5 k is reg>d$ z orig9at+ & develop+ )9 an individual1 ! ties :i* b9d ! m5tal life ( "o to t ( 8 fell[s are ignor$ & d5i$4 ,:5 ! social quality ( individualiz$ m5tal op]ations is d5i$1 x becomes a problem to f9d connections :i* w unite an individual ) 8 fell[s4 ,moral individualism is set up by ! consci\s sep>ation ( diff]5t c5t]s ( life4 ,x has its roots 9 ! notion t ! consci\sness ( ea* p]son is :olly private1 a self-inclos$ cont95t1 intr9sically indep5d5t ( ! ideas1 wi%es1 purposes ( ev]ybody else4 ,b :5 m5 act1 !y act 9 a common & public _w4 ,?is is ! problem to :i* ! !ory ( isolat$ & indep5d5t consci\s m9ds gave rise3 ,giv5 feel+s1 ideas1 desires1 :i* h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r1 h[ c actions proce$+ f !m be controll$ 9 a social or public int]e/8 ,giv5 an egoi/ic consci\sness1 h[ c action :i* has reg>d = o!rs take place8 ,moral philosophies :i* h />t$ f su* premises h develop$ f\r typical ways ( deal+ ) ! "q4 7i7 ,"o me?od repres5ts ! survival ( ! old] au?oritative position1 ) su* concessions & compromises z ! progress ( ev5ts has made absolutely inevitable4 ,! deviations & dep>tures *>act]iz+ an individual are /ill look$ ^u ) suspicion2 9 pr9ciple !y are evid5ces ( ! di/urbances1 revolts1 & corruptions inh]+ 9 an individual ap>t f ext]nal au?oritative guidance4 ,9 fact1 z di/9ct f pr9ciple1 intellectual individualism is tol]at$ 9 c]ta9 te*nical regions--9 subjects l ma!matics & physics & a/ronomy1 & 9 ! te*nical inv5tions result+ !refrom4 ,b ! applicability ( a simil> me?od to morals1 social1 legal1 & political matt]s1 is d5i$4 ,9 su* matt]s1 dogma is /ill to be supreme2 c]ta9 et]nal tru?s made kn[n by revelation1 intuition1 or ! wisdom ( our =efa!rs set unpassable limits to individual obs]vation & speculation4 ,! evils f :i* society suff]s are set d[n to ! ef=ts ( misguid$ individuals to transgress ^! b\nd>ies4 ,betwe5 ! physical & ! moral sci5ces1 lie int]m$iate sci5ces ( life1 :]e ! t]ritory is only grudg+ly yield$ to fre$om ( inquiry "u ! pressure ( accompli%$ fact4 ,al?\gh pa/ hi/ory has demon/rat$ t ! possibilities ( human good are wid5$ & made m secure by tru/+ to a responsibility built up )9 ! v process ( inquiry1 ! au?ority !ory sets ap>t a sacr$ doma9 ( tru? :i* mu/ be protect$ f ! inroads ( v>iation ( beliefs4 ,educationally1 emphasis may n be put on et]nal tru?1 b x is put on ! au?ority ( book & tea*]1 & individual v>iation is disc\rag$4 7ii7 ,ano!r me?od is sometimes t]m$ rationalism or ab/ract intellectualism4 ,a =mal logical faculty is set up 9 di/9ction f tradition & hi/ory & all concrete subject matt]4 ,?is faculty ( reason is end[$ ) p[] to influ5ce conduct directly4 ,s9ce x deals :olly ) g5]al & imp]sonal =ms1 :5 diff]5t p]sons act 9 accord ) logical f9d+s1 _! activities w be ext]nally consi/5t4 ,!re is no d\bt ( ! s]vices r5d]$ by ?is philosophy4 ,x 0 a p[]ful factor 9 ! negative & dissolv+ criticism ( doctr9es hav+ no?+ b tradition & class int]e/ beh9d !m2 x accu/om$ m5 to fre$om ( discussion & to ! notion t beliefs _h to be submitt$ to crit]ia ( reasonabl5ess4 ,x und]m9$ ! p[] ( prejudice1 sup]/ition1 & brute =ce1 by habituat+ m5 to reliance ^u argum5t1 discussion1 & p]suasion4 ,x made = cl>ity & ord] ( exposition4 ,b its influ5ce 0 great] 9 de/ruction ( old falsities ?an 9 ! con/ruction ( new ties & associations among m54 ,its =mal & empty nature1 due to conceiv+ reason z some?+ complete 9 itself ap>t f subject matt]1 its ho/ile attitude t[>d hi/orical in/itutions1 its disreg>d ( ! influ5ce ( habit1 in/9ct1 & emotion1 z op]ative factors 9 life1 left x impot5t 9 ! sugge/ion ( specific aims & me?ods4 ,b>e logic1 h[ev] important 9 arrang+ & criticiz+ exi/+ subject matt]1 _c sp9 new subject matt] out ( itself4 ,9 education1 ! correlative is tru/ 9 g5]al ready-made rules & pr9ciples to secure agreem5t1 irrespective ( see+ to x t ! pupil's ideas really agree ) "o ano!r4 7iii7 ,:ile ?is rationali/ic philosophy 0 develop+ 9 ,france1 ,engli% ?\ght appeal$ to ! intellig5t self-int]e/ ( individuals 9 ord] to secure out] unity 9 ! acts :i* issu$ f isolat$ /reams ( consci\sness4 ,legal arrangem5ts1 especially p5al adm9i/ration1 & gov]nm5tal regulations1 7 to be su* z to prev5t ! acts :i* proce$$ f reg>d = "o's own private s5sations f int]f]+ ) ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,education 0 to in/ill 9 individuals a s5se t non-int]f]5ce ) o!rs & "s degree ( positive reg>d = _! welf>e 7 necess>y = security 9 ! pursuit ( "o's own happ9ess4 ,*ief emphasis 0 put1 h[ev]1 ^u trade z a means ( br++ ! conduct ( "o into h>mony ) t ( o!rs4 ,9 comm]ce1 ea* aims at ! satisfaction ( 8 own wants1 b c ga9 8 own pr(it only by furni%+ "s commodity or s]vice to ano!r4 ,?us 9 aim+ at ! increase ( 8 own private pleasurable /ates ( consci\sness1 he contributes to ! consci\sness ( o!rs4 ,aga9 !re is no d\bt t ?is view express$ & fur!r$ a height5$ p]ception ( ! values ( consci\s life1 & a recognition t in/itutional arrangem5ts are ultimately to be judg$ by ! contributions :i* !y make to int5sify+ & enl>g+ ! scope ( consci\s exp]i5ce4 ,x also did mu* to rescue "w1 indu/ry1 & me*anical devices f ! contempt 9 :i* !y _h be5 held 9 communities f\nd$ ^u ! control ( a leisure class4 ,9 bo? ways1 ?is philosophy promot$ a wid] & m democratic social conc]n4 ,b x 0 ta9t$ by ! n>r[ness ( its fundam5tal premise3 ! doctr9e t e individual acts only f reg>d = 8 own pleasures & pa9s1 & t s-call$ g5]\s & sympa!tic acts are only indirect ways ( procur+ & assur+ "o's own com=t4 ,9 o!r words1 x made explicit ! consequ5ces inh]+ 9 any doctr9e :i* makes m5tal life a self-inclos$ ?+1 in/ead ( an attempt to r$irect & readapt common conc]ns4 ,x made union among m5 a matt] ( calculation ( ext]nals4 ,x l5t itself to ! contemptu\s ass]tions ( ,c>lyle t x 0 a doctr9e ( an>*y plus a con/able1 & recogniz$ only a ca% nexus among m54 ,! educational equival5ts ( ?is doctr9e 9 ! uses made ( pleasurable rew>ds & pa9ful p5alties are only too obvi\s4 7iv7 ,typical ,g]man philosophy foll[$ ano!r pa?4 ,x />t$ f :at 0 ess5tially ! rationali/ic philosophy ( ,desc>tes & 8 ,fr5* successors4 ,b :ile ,fr5* ?\ght ^u ! :ole develop$ ! idea ( reason 9 opposition to ! religi\s conception ( a div9e m9d resid+ 9 individuals1 ,g]man ?\ght 7z 9 ,hegel7 made a syn!sis ( ! two4 ,reason is absolute4 ,nature is inc>nate reason4 ,hi/ory is reason 9 its progressive unfold+ 9 man4 ,an individual becomes rational only z he absorbs into himself ! cont5t ( rationality 9 nature & 9 social in/itutions4 ,= an absolute reason is n1 l ! reason ( rationalism1 purely =mal & empty2 z absolute x mu/ include all cont5t )9 itself4 ,?us ! real problem is n t ( controll+ individual fre$om s t "s measure ( social ord] & concord may result1 b ( a*iev+ individual fre$om ?r\gh develop+ individual convictions 9 accord ) ! univ]sal law f\nd 9 ! organization ( ! /ate z objective ,reason4 ,:ile ?is philosophy is usually t]m$ absolute or objective idealism1 x might bett] be t]m$1 = educational purposes at lea/1 in/itutional idealism4 7,see ante1 p4 #ei47 ,x idealiz$ hi/orical in/itutions by conceiv+ !m z inc>nations ( an imman5t absolute m9d4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ?is philosophy 0 a p[]ful influ5ce 9 rescu+ philosophy 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! isolat$ individualism into :i* x _h fall5 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,x s]v$ also to make ! organization ( ! /ate m con/ructively int]e/$ 9 matt]s ( public conc]n4 ,x left less to *ance1 less to m]e individual logical conviction1 less to ! work+s ( private self-int]e/4 ,x br\ght intellig5ce to be> ^u ! conduct ( affairs2 x acc5tuat$ ! ne$ ( nationally organiz$ education 9 ! int]e/s ( ! corporate /ate4 ,x sanction$ & promot$ fre$om ( inquiry 9 all te*nical details ( natural & hi/orical ph5om5a4 ,b 9 all ultimate moral matt]s1 x t5d$ to re9/ate ! pr9ciple ( au?ority4 ,x made = effici5cy ( organization m ?an did any ( ! types ( philosophy previ\sly m5tion$1 b x made no provision = free exp]im5tal modification ( ?is organization4 ,political democracy1 ) its belief 9 ! "r ( individual desire & purpose to take "p 9 readapt+ ev5 ! fundam5tal con/itution ( society1 0 =eign to x4 #c4 ,educational ,equival5ts4 ,x is n necess>y to consid] 9 detail ! educational c\nt]p>ts ( ! v>i\s defects f\nd 9 ^! v>i\s types ( philosophy4 ,x suffices to say t 9 g5]al ! s*ool has be5 ! in/itution :i* exhibit$ ) greate/ cle>ness ! assum$ anti!sis betwe5 purely individuali/ic me?ods ( le>n+ & social action1 & betwe5 fre$om & social control4 ,! anti!sis is reflect$ 9 ! abs5ce ( a social atmosph]e & motive = le>n+1 & ! consequ5t sep>ation1 9 ! conduct ( ! s*ool1 betwe5 me?od ( in/ruction & me?ods ( gov]nm5t2 & 9 ! slight opportunity af=d$ individual v>iations4 ,:5 le>n+ is a phase ( active und]tak+s :i* involve mutual ex*ange1 social control ent]s into ! v process ( le>n+4 ,:5 ! social factor is abs5t1 le>n+ becomes a c>ry+ ov] ( "s pres5t$ mat]ial into a purely individual consci\sness1 & !re is no inh]5t reason :y x %\ld give a m socializ$ direction to m5tal & emotional disposition4 ,!re is t5d5cy on ! "p ( bo? ! uphold]s & ! oppon5ts ( fre$om 9 s*ool to id5tify x ) abs5ce ( social direction1 or1 sometimes1 ) m]ely physical uncon/ra9t ( movem5t4 ,b ! ess5ce ( ! dem& = fre$om is ! ne$ ( conditions :i* w enable an individual to make 8 own special contribution to a gr\p int]e/1 & to p>take ( its activities 9 su* ways t social guidance %all be a matt] ( 8 own m5tal attitude1 & n a m]e au?oritative dictation ( 8 acts4 ,because :at is (t5 call$ discipl9e & gov]nm5t has to d ) ! ext]nal side ( conduct alone1 a simil> mean+ is atta*$1 by reaction1 to fre$om4 ,b :5 x is p]ceiv$ t ea* idea signifies ! quality ( m9d express$ 9 action1 ! suppos$ opposition betwe5 !m falls away4 ,fre$om means ess5tially ! "p play$ by ?9k+--:i* is p]sonal--9 le>n+3--x means intellectual initiative1 indep5d5ce 9 obs]vation1 judici\s inv5tion1 =esight ( consequ5ces1 & +5uity ( adaptation to !m4 ,b because ^! are ! m5tal phase ( behavior1 ! ne$$ play ( individuality--or fre$om--_c be sep>at$ f opportunity = free play ( physical movem5ts4 ,en=c$ physical quietude may be unfavorable to realization ( a problem1 to und]tak+ ! obs]vations ne$$ to def9e x1 & to p]=mance ( ! exp]im5ts :i* te/ ! ideas sugge/$4 ,mu* has be5 said ab\t ! importance ( self-activity 9 education1 b ! conception has too frequ5tly be5 re/rict$ to some?+ m]ely int]nal--some?+ exclud+ ! free use ( s5sory & motor organs4 ,^? :o are at ! /age ( le>n+ f symbols1 or :o are engag$ 9 elaborat+ ! implications ( a problem or idea prelim9>y to m c>efully ?\ght-out activity1 may ne$ little p]ceptible ov]t activity4 ,b ! :ole cycle ( self-activity dem&s an opportunity = inve/igation & exp]im5tation1 = try+ out "o's ideas ^u ?+s1 discov]+ :at c be done ) mat]ials & appliances4 ,& ?is is incompatible ) closely re/rict$ physical activity4 ,individual activity has sometimes be5 tak5 z mean+ leav+ a pupil to "w by himself or alone4 ,relief f ne$ ( att5d+ to :at any "o else is do+ is truly requir$ to secure calm & conc5tration4 ,*ildr51 l gr[n p]sons1 require a judici\s am\nt ( be+ let alone4 ,b ! "t1 place1 & am\nt ( su* sep>ate "w is a matt] ( detail1 n ( pr9ciple4 ,!re is no inh]5t opposition betwe5 work+ ) o!rs & work+ z an individual4 ,on ! contr>y1 c]ta9 capacities ( an individual are n br\ght out except "u ! /imulus ( associat+ ) o!rs4 ,t a *ild mu/ "w alone & n engage 9 gr\p activities 9 ord] to be free & let 8 individuality develop1 is a notion :i* measures individuality by spatial di/ance & makes a physical ?+ ( x4 ,individuality z a factor to be respect$ 9 education has a d\ble mean+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "o is m5tally an individual only z he has 8 own purpose & problem1 & does 8 own ?9k+4 ,! phrase ?9k = "o's self is a pleonasm4 ,unless "o does x = "o's self1 x isn't ?9k+4 ,only by a pupil's own obs]vations1 reflections1 fram+ & te/+ ( sugge/ions c :at he already kn[s be amplifi$ & rectifi$4 ,?9k+ is z mu* an individual matt] z is ! dige/ion ( food4 ,9 ! second place1 !re are v>iations ( po9t ( view1 ( appeal ( objects1 & ( mode ( attack1 f p]son to p]son4 ,:5 ^! v>iations are suppress$ 9 ! alleg$ int]e/s ( uni=mity1 & an attempt is made to h a s+le mold ( me?od ( /udy & recitation1 m5tal confusion & artificiality inevitably result4 ,orig9ality is gradually de/roy$1 confid5ce 9 "o's own quality ( m5tal op]ation is und]m9$1 & a docile subjection to ! op9ion ( o!rs is inculcat$1 or else ideas run wild4 ,! h>m is great] n[ ?an :5 ! :ole community 0 gov]n$ by cu/om>y beliefs1 because ! contra/ betwe5 me?ods ( le>n+ 9 s*ool & ^? reli$ ^u outside ! s*ool is great]4 ,t sy/ematic advance 9 sci5tific discov]y began :5 individuals 7 all[$1 & !n enc\rag$1 to utilize _! own peculi>ities ( response to subject matt]1 no "o w d5y4 ,if x is said 9 objection1 t pupils 9 s*ool are n capable ( any su* orig9ality1 & h5ce mu/ be conf9$ to appropriat+ & reproduc+ ?+s already kn[n by ! bett] in=m$1 ! reply is tw(old4 7i7 ,we are conc]n$ ) orig9ality ( attitude :i* is equival5t to ! un=c$ response ( "o's own individuality1 n ) orig9ality z measur$ by product4 ,no "o expects ! "y to make orig9al discov]ies ( j ! same facts & pr9ciples z are embodi$ 9 ! sci5ces ( nature & man4 ,b x is n unreasonable to expect t le>n+ may take place "u su* conditions t f ! /&po9t ( ! le>n] !re is g5u9e discov]y4 ,:ile immature /ud5ts w n make discov]ies f ! /&po9t ( advanc$ /ud5ts1 !y make !m f _! own /&po9t1 :5ev] !re is g5u9e le>n+4 7ii7 ,9 ! normal process ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) subject matt] already kn[n to o!rs1 ev5 "y pupils react 9 unexpect$ ways4 ,!re is some?+ fre%1 some?+ n capable ( be+ fully anticipat$ by ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ tea*]1 9 ! ways !y g at ! topic1 & 9 ! p>ticul> ways 9 :i* ?+s /rike !m4 ,too (t5 all ?is is bru%$ aside z irrelevant2 pupils are delib]ately held to rehe>s+ mat]ial 9 ! exact =m 9 :i* ! old] p]son conceives x4 ,! result is t :at is in/9ctively orig9al 9 individuality1 t :i* m>ks (f "o f ano!r1 goes unus$ & undirect$4 ,tea*+ !n ceases to be an educative process = ! tea*]4 ,at mo/ he le>ns simply to improve 8 exi/+ te*nique2 he does n get new po9ts ( view2 he fails to exp]i5ce any intellectual companion%ip4 ,h5ce bo? tea*+ & le>n+ t5d to become conv5tional & me*anical ) all ! n]v\s /ra9 on bo? sides !re9 impli$4 ,z maturity increases & z ! /ud5t has a great] backgr\nd ( famili>ity ^u :i* a new topic is project$1 ! scope ( m or less r&om physical exp]im5tation is r$uc$4 ,activity is def9$ or specializ$ 9 c]ta9 *annels4 ,to ! eyes ( o!rs1 ! /ud5t may be 9 a position ( complete physical quietude1 because 8 en]gies are conf9$ to n]ve *annels & to ! connect$ app>atus ( ! eyes & vocal organs4 ,b because ?is attitude is evid5ce ( int5se m5tal conc5tration on ! "p ( ! tra9$ p]son1 x does n foll[ t x %\ld be set up z a model = /ud5ts :o /ill h to f9d _! intellectual way ab\t4 ,& ev5 ) ! adult1 x does n cov] ! :ole circuit ( m5tal en]gy4 ,x m>ks an int]m$iate p]iod1 capable ( be+ l5g!n$ ) increas$ ma/]y ( a subject1 b always com+ betwe5 an e>li] p]iod ( m g5]al & conspicu\s organic action & a lat] "t ( putt+ to use :at has be5 appreh5d$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 education takes cognizance ( ! union ( m9d & body 9 acquir+ k1 we are n oblig$ to insi/ ^u ! ne$ ( obvi\s1 or ext]nal1 fre$om4 ,x is en\gh to id5tify ! fre$om :i* is involv$ 9 tea*+ & /udy+ ) ! ?9k+ by :i* :at a p]son already kn[s & believes is enl>g$ & ref9$4 ,if att5tion is c5t]$ ^u ! conditions :i* h to be met 9 ord] to secure a situation favorable to effective ?9k+1 fre$om w take c>e ( itself4 ,! individual :o has a "q :i* be+ really a "q to him in/igates 8 curiosity1 :i* fe$s 8 eag]ness = in=mation t w help him cope ) x1 & :o has at comm& an equipm5t :i* w p]mit ^! int]e/s to take effect1 is intellectually free4 ,:atev] initiative & imag9ative vision he possesses w be call$ into play & control 8 impulses & habits4 ,8 own purposes w direct 8 actions4 ,o!rwise1 8 seem+ att5tion1 8 docility1 8 memoriz+s & reproductions1 w p>take ( intellectual s]vility4 ,su* a condition ( intellectual subjection is ne$$ = fitt+ ! masses into a society :]e ! _m are n expect$ to h aims or ideas ( _! own1 b to take ord]s f ! few set 9 au?ority4 ,x is n adapt$ to a society :i* int5ds to be democratic4 ,summ>y4 ,true individualism is a product ( ! relaxation ( ! grip ( ! au?ority ( cu/om & traditions z /&>ds ( belief4 ,aside f sporadic in/ances1 l ! height ( ,greek ?\ght1 x is a comp>atively mod]n manife/ation4 ,n b t !re h always be5 individual div]sities1 b t a society dom9at$ by cons]vative cu/om represses !m or at lea/ does n utilize !m & promote !m4 ,= v>i\s reasons1 h[ev]1 ! new individualism 0 int]pret$ philosophically n z mean+ developm5t ( ag5cies = revis+ & trans=m+ previ\sly accept$ beliefs1 b z an ass]tion t ea* individual's m9d 0 complete 9 isolation f ev]y?+ else4 ,9 ! !oretical phase ( philosophy1 ?is produc$ ! epi/emological problem3 ! "q z to ! possibility ( any cognitive relation%ip ( ! individual to ! _w4 ,9 its practical phase1 x g5]at$ ! problem ( ! possibility ( a purely individual consci\sness act+ on behalf ( g5]al or social int]e/s1--! problem ( social direction4 ,:ile ! philosophies :i* h be5 elaborat$ to deal ) ^! que/ions h n affect$ education directly1 ! assumptions und]ly+ !m h f\nd expression 9 ! sep>ation frequ5tly made betwe5 /udy & gov]nm5t & betwe5 fre$om ( individuality & control by o!rs4 ,reg>d+ fre$om1 ! important ?+ to be> 9 m9d is t x designates a m5tal attitude r ?an ext]nal uncon/ra9t ( movem5ts1 b t ?is quality ( m9d _c develop )\t a fair leeway ( movem5ts 9 exploration1 exp]im5tation1 application1 etc4 ,a society bas$ on cu/om w utilize individual v>iations only up to a limit ( con=mity ) usage2 uni=mity is ! *ief ideal )9 ea* class4 ,a progressive society c\nts individual v>iations z preci\s s9ce x f9ds 9 !m ! means ( its own gr[?4 ,h5ce a democratic society mu/1 9 consi/5cy ) its ideal1 all[ = intellectual fre$om & ! play ( div]se gifts & int]e/s 9 its educational measures4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty-,?ree3 ,vocational ,aspects ( ,education #a4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,vocation4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! conflict ( philosophic !ories focuses 9 discussion ( ! prop] place & function ( vocational factors 9 education4 ,! bald /atem5t t significant diff]5ces 9 fundam5tal philosophical conceptions f9d _! *ief issue 9 connection ) ?is po9t may ar\se incr$ulity3 !re seems to be too great a gap betwe5 ! remote & g5]al t]ms 9 :i* philosophic ideas are =mulat$ & ! practical & concrete details ( vocational education4 ,b a m5tal review ( ! intellectual presuppositions und]ly+ ! oppositions 9 education ( labor & leisure1 !ory & practice1 body & m9d1 m5tal /ates & ! _w1 w %[ t !y culm9ate 9 ! anti!sis ( vocational & cultural education4 ,traditionally1 lib]al culture has be5 l9k$ to ! notions ( leisure1 purely contemplative k & a spiritual activity n involv+ ! active use ( bodily organs4 ,culture has also t5d$1 latt]ly1 to be associat$ ) a purely private ref9em5t1 a cultivation ( c]ta9 /ates & attitudes ( consci\sness1 sep>ate f ei!r social direction or s]vice4 ,x has be5 an escape f ! =m]1 & a solace = ! necessity ( ! latt]4 ,s deeply entangl$ are ^! philosophic dualisms ) ! :ole subject ( vocational education1 t x is necess>y to def9e ! mean+ ( vocation ) "s fullness 9 ord] to avoid ! impression t an education :i* c5t]s ab\t x is n>r[ly practical1 if n m]ely pecuni>y4 ,a vocation means no?+ b su* a direction ( life activities z r5d]s !m p]ceptibly significant to a p]son1 because ( ! consequ5ces !y accompli%1 & also useful to 8 associates4 ,! opposite ( a c>e] is nei!r leisure nor culture1 b aimlessness1 caprici\sness1 ! abs5ce ( cumulative a*ievem5t 9 exp]i5ce1 on ! p]sonal side1 & idle display1 p>asitic dep5d5ce ^u ! o!rs1 on ! social side4 ,occupation is a concrete t]m = cont9uity4 ,x includes ! developm5t ( arti/ic capacity ( any k9d1 ( special sci5tific ability1 ( effective citiz5%ip1 z well z pr(essional & bus9ess occupations1 to say no?+ ( me*anical labor or engagem5t 9 ga9ful pursuits4 ,we mu/ avoid n only limitation ( conception ( vocation to ! occupations :]e imm$iately tangible commodities are produc$1 b also ! notion t vocations are di/ribut$ 9 an exclusive way1 "o & only "o to ea* p]son4 ,su* re/rict$ specialism is impossible2 no?+ c\ld be m absurd ?an to try to educate individuals ) an eye to only "o l9e ( activity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ea* individual has ( necessity a v>iety ( call+s1 9 ea* ( :i* he %\ld be intellig5tly effective2 & 9 ! second place any "o occupation loses its mean+ & becomes a r\t9e keep+ busy at some?+ 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is isolat$ f o!r int]e/s4 7i7 ,no "o is j an arti/ & no?+ else1 & 9 s f> z "o approximates t condition1 he is s mu* ! less develop$ human be+2 he is a k9d ( mon/rosity4 ,he mu/1 at "s p]iod ( 8 life1 be a memb] ( a family2 he mu/ h fri5ds & companions2 he mu/ ei!r support himself or be support$ by o!rs1 & ?us he has a bus9ess c>e]4 ,he is a memb] ( "s organiz$ political unit1 & s on4 ,we naturally "n 8 vocation f t "o ( ! call+s :i* di/+ui%es him1 r ?an f ^? :i* he has 9 common ) all o!rs4 ,b we %\ld n all[ ourselves to be s subject to words z to ignore & virtually d5y 8 o!r call+s :5 x comes to a consid]ation ( ! vocational phases ( education4 7ii7 ,z a man's vocation z arti/ is b ! emphatically specializ$ phase ( 8 div]se & v>iegat$ vocational activities1 s 8 effici5cy 9 x1 9 ! humane s5se ( effici5cy1 is det]m9$ by its association ) o!r call+s4 ,a p]son mu/ h exp]i5ce1 he mu/ live1 if 8 arti/ry is to be m ?an a te*nical accompli%m5t4 ,he _c f9d ! subject matt] ( 8 arti/ic activity )9 8 art2 ?is mu/ be an expression ( :at he suff]s & enjoys 9 o!r relation%ips--a ?+ :i* dep5ds 9 turn ^u ! al]tness & sympa?y ( 8 int]e/s4 ,:at is true ( an arti/ is true ( any o!r special call+4 ,!re is d\btless--9 g5]al accord ) ! pr9ciple ( habit--a t5d5cy = e di/9ctive vocation to become too dom9ant1 too exclusive & absorb+ 9 its specializ$ aspect4 ,?is means emphasis ^u skill or te*nical me?od at ! exp5se ( mean+4 ,h5ce x is n ! bus9ess ( education to fo/] ?is t5d5cy1 b r to safegu>d aga9/ x1 s t ! sci5tific inquir] %all n be m]ely ! sci5ti/1 ! tea*] m]ely ! p$agogue1 ! cl]gyman m]ely "o :o we>s ! clo?1 & s on4 #b4 ,! ,place ( ,vocational ,aims 9 ,education4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! v>i$ & connect$ cont5t ( ! vocation1 & ! broad backgr\nd ^u :i* a p>ticul> call+ is project$1 we %all n[ consid] education = ! m di/9ctive activity ( an individual4 #a4 ,an occupation is ! only ?+ :i* balances ! di/9ctive capacity ( an individual ) 8 social s]vice4 ,to f9d out :at "o is fitt$ to d & to secure an opportunity to d x is ! key to happ9ess4 ,no?+ is m tragic ?an failure to discov] "o's true bus9ess 9 life1 or to f9d t "o has drift$ or be5 =c$ by circum/ance into an uncong5ial call+4 ,a "r occupation means simply t ! aptitudes ( a p]son are 9 adequate play1 work+ ) ! m9imum ( friction & ! maximum ( satisfaction4 ,) ref]5ce to o!r memb]s ( a community1 ?is adequacy ( action signifies1 ( c\rse1 t !y are gett+ ! be/ s]vice ! p]son c r5d]4 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 = example1 t slave labor 0 ultimately wa/eful ev5 f ! purely economic po9t ( view--t !re 0 n suffici5t /imulus to direct ! en]gies ( slaves1 & t !re 0 consequ5t wa/age4 ,moreov]1 s9ce slaves 7 conf9$ to c]ta9 prescrib$ call+s1 mu* tal5t mu/ h rema9$ unavailable to ! community1 & h5ce !re 0 a dead loss4 ,slav]y only illu/rates on an obvi\s scale :at happ5s 9 "s degree :5ev] an individual does n f9d himself 9 8 "w4 ,& he _c completely f9d himself :5 vocations are look$ ^u ) contempt1 & a conv5tional ideal ( a culture :i* is ess5tially ! same = all is ma9ta9$4 ,plato 7ante1 p4 #hh7 laid d[n ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( a philosophy ( education :5 he ass]t$ t x 0 ! bus9ess ( education to discov] :at ea* p]son is good =1 & to tra9 him to ma/]y ( t mode ( excell5ce1 because su* developm5t w\ld also secure ! fulfillm5t ( social ne$s 9 ! mo/ h>moni\s way4 ,8 error 0 n 9 qualitative pr9ciple1 b 9 8 limit$ conception ( ! scope ( vocations socially ne$$2 a limitation ( vision :i* react$ to obscure 8 p]ception ( ! inf9ite v>iety ( capacities f\nd 9 diff]5t individuals4 #b4 ,an occupation is a cont9u\s activity hav+ a purpose4 ,education ?r\gh occupations consequ5tly comb9es )9 itself m ( ! factors conducive to le>n+ ?an any o!r me?od4 ,x calls in/9cts & habits into play2 x is a foe to passive receptivity4 ,x has an end 9 view2 results are to be accompli%$4 ,h5ce x appeals to ?\ght2 x dem&s t an idea ( an end be /eadily ma9ta9$1 s t activity _c be ei!r r\t9e or caprici\s4 ,s9ce ! movem5t ( activity mu/ be progressive1 lead+ f "o /age to ano!r1 obs]vation & +5uity are requir$ at ea* /age to ov]come ob/acles & to discov] & readapt means ( execution4 ,9 %ort1 an occupation1 pursu$ "u conditions :]e ! realization ( ! activity r ?an m]ely ! ext]nal product is ! aim1 fulfills ! requirem5ts :i* 7 laid d[n e>li] 9 connection ) ! discussion ( aims1 int]e/1 & ?9k+4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,viii1 ,x1 ,,xii47 ,a call+ is also ( necessity an organiz+ pr9ciple = in=mation & ideas2 = k & intellectual gr[?4 ,x provides an axis :i* runs ?r\gh an imm5se div]sity ( detail2 x causes diff]5t exp]i5ces1 facts1 items ( in=mation to fall into ord] ) "o ano!r4 ,! lawy]1 ! physician1 ! laboratory inve/igator 9 "s bran* ( *emi/ry1 ! p>5t1 ! citiz5 int]e/$ 9 8 own locality1 has a con/ant work+ /imulus to note & relate :atev] has to d ) 8 conc]n4 ,he unconsci\sly1 f ! motivation ( 8 occupation1 rea*es out = all relevant in=mation1 & holds to x4 ,! vocation acts z bo? magnet to attract & z glue to hold4 ,su* organization ( k is vital1 because x has ref]5ce to ne$s2 x is s express$ & readju/$ 9 action t x nev] becomes /agnant4 ,no classification1 no selection & arrangem5t ( facts1 :i* is consci\sly work$ out = purely ab/ract ends1 c ev] comp>e 9 solidity or effectiv5ess ) t knit "u ! /ress ( an occupation2 9 comp>ison ! =m] sort is =mal1 sup]ficial1 & cold4 #c4 ,! only adequate tra9+ = occupations is tra9+ ?r\gh occupations4 ,! pr9ciple /at$ e>ly 9 ?is book 7see ,*apt] ,,vi7 t ! educative process is its own end1 & t ! only suffici5t prep>ation = lat] responsibilities comes by mak+ ! mo/ ( imm$iately pres5t life1 applies 9 full =ce to ! vocational phases ( education4 ,! dom9ant vocation ( all human be+s at all times is liv+--intellectual & moral gr[?4 ,9 *ildhood & y\?1 ) _! relative fre$om f economic /ress1 ?is fact is nak$ & unconceal$4 ,to pr$et]m9e "s future occupation = :i* education is to be a /rict prep>ation is to injure ! possibilities ( pres5t developm5t & !reby to r$uce ! adequacy ( prep>ation = a future "r employm5t4 ,to repeat ! pr9ciple we h _h occasion to appeal to s (t51 su* tra9+ may develop a ma*9e-l skill 9 r\t9e l9es 7x is f> f be+ sure to d s1 s9ce x may develop di/a/e1 av]sion1 & c>elessness71 b x w be at ! exp5se ( ^? qualities ( al]t obs]vation & coh]5t & +5i\s plann+ :i* make an occupation intellectually rew>d+4 ,9 an autocratically manag$ society1 x is (t5 a consci\s object to prev5t ! developm5t ( fre$om & responsibility1 a few d ! plann+ & ord]+1 ! o!rs foll[ directions & are delib]ately conf9$ to n>r[ & prescrib$ *annels ( endeavor4 ,h[ev] mu* su* a s*eme may inure to ! pre/ige & pr(it ( a class1 x is evid5t t x limits ! developm5t ( ! subject class2 h>d5s & conf9es ! opportunities = le>n+ ?r\gh exp]i5ce ( ! ma/] class1 & 9 bo? ways hamp]s ! life ( ! society z a :ole4 7,see ante1 p4 #bfj47 ,! only alt]native is t all ! e>li] prep>ation = vocations be indirect r ?an direct2 namely1 ?r\gh engag+ 9 ^? active occupations :i* are indicat$ by ! ne$s & int]e/s ( ! pupil at ! "t4 ,only 9 ?is way c !re be on ! "p ( ! educator & ( ! "o educat$ a g5u9e discov]y ( p]sonal aptitudes s t ! prop] *oice ( a specializ$ pursuit 9 lat] life may be indicat$4 ,moreov]1 ! discov]y ( capacity & aptitude w be a con/ant process z long z gr[? cont9ues4 ,x is a conv5tional & arbitr>y view :i* assumes t discov]y ( ! "w to be *os5 = adult life is made once = all at "s p>ticul> date4 ,"o has discov]$ 9 himself1 say1 an int]e/1 intellectual & social1 9 ! ?+s :i* h to d ) eng9e]+ & has decid$ to make t 8 call+4 ,at mo/1 ?is only blocks out 9 outl9e ! field 9 :i* fur!r gr[? is to be direct$4 ,x is a sort ( r\gh sket* = use 9 direction ( fur!r activities4 ,x is ! discov]y ( a pr(ession 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,columbus discov]$ ,am]ica :5 he t\*$ its %ores4 ,future explorations ( an indef9itely m detail$ & ext5sive sort rema9 to be made4 ,:5 educators conceive vocational guidance z some?+ :i* leads up to a def9itive1 irretrievable1 & complete *oice1 bo? education & ! *os5 vocation are likely to be rigid1 hamp]+ fur!r gr[?4 ,9 s f>1 ! call+ *os5 w be su* z to leave ! p]son conc]n$ 9 a p]man5tly subord9ate position1 execut+ ! intellig5ce ( o!rs :o h a call+ :i* p]mits m flexible play & readju/m5t4 ,& :ile ord9>y usages ( language may n ju/ify t]m+ a flexible attitude ( readju/m5t a *oice ( a new & fur!r call+1 x is su* 9 effect4 ,if ev5 adults h to be on ! look\t to see t _! call+ does n %ut d[n on !m & fossilize !m1 educators mu/ c]ta9ly be c>eful t ! vocational prep>ation ( y\? is su* z to engage !m 9 a cont9u\s reorganization ( aims & me?ods4 #c4 ,pres5t ,opportunities & ,dang]s4 ,9 ! pa/1 education has be5 mu* m vocational 9 fact ?an 9 "n4 7i7 ,! education ( ! masses 0 di/9ctly utilit>ian4 ,x 0 call$ appr5tice%ip r ?an education1 or else j le>n+ f exp]i5ce4 ,! s*ools devot$ !mselves to ! ?ree ,r's 9 ! degree 9 :i* ability to g ?r\gh ! =ms ( read+1 writ+1 & figur+ 7 common elem5ts 9 all k9ds ( labor4 ,tak+ "p 9 "s special l9e ( "w1 "u ! direction ( o!rs1 0 ! out-(-s*ool phase ( ?is education4 ,! two supplem5t$ ea* o!r2 ! s*ool "w 9 its n>r[ & =mal "* 0 z mu* a "p ( appr5tice%ip to a call+ z t explicitly s t]m$4 7ii7 ,to a consid]able ext5t1 ! education ( ! dom9ant classes 0 ess5tially vocational--x only happ5$ t _! pursuits ( rul+ & ( enjoy+ 7 n call$ pr(essions4 ,= only ^? ?+s 7 nam$ vocations or employm5ts :i* involv$ manual labor1 labor+ = a rew>d 9 keep1 or its commut$ money equival5t1 or ! r5d]+ ( p]sonal s]vices to specific p]sons4 ,= a long "t1 = example1 ! pr(ession ( ! surgeon & physician rank$ almo/ ) t ( ! valet or b>b]--p>tly because x _h s mu* to d ) ! body1 & p>tly because x involv$ r5d]+ direct s]vice = pay to "s def9ite p]son4 ,b if we g beh9d words1 ! bus9ess ( direct+ social conc]ns1 :e!r politically or economically1 :e!r 9 w> or peace1 is z mu* a call+ z any?+ else2 & :]e education has n be5 completely "u ! ?umb ( tradition1 high] s*ools 9 ! pa/ h be5 ^u ! :ole calculat$ to give prep>ation = ?is bus9ess4 ,moreov]1 display1 ! adornm5t ( p]son1 ! k9d ( social companion%ip & ent]ta9m5t :i* give pre/ige1 & ! sp5d+ ( money1 h be5 made into def9ite call+s4 ,unconsci\sly to !mselves ! high] in/itutions ( le>n+ h be5 made to contribute to prep>ation = ^! employm5ts4 ,ev5 at pres5t1 :at is call$ high] education is = a c]ta9 class 7mu* small] ?an x once 07 ma9ly prep>ation = engag+ effectively 9 ^! pursuits4 ,9 o!r respects1 x is l>gely1 especially 9 ! mo/ advanc$ "w1 tra9+ = ! call+ ( tea*+ & special rese>*4 ,by a peculi> sup]/ition1 education :i* has to d *iefly ) prep>ation = ! pursuit ( conspicu\s idl5ess1 = tea*+1 & = lit]>y call+s1 & = lead]%ip1 has be5 reg>d$ z non-vocational & ev5 z peculi>ly cultural4 ,! lit]>y tra9+ :i* indirectly fits = au?or%ip1 :e!r ( books1 newspap] editorials1 or magaz9e articles1 is especially subject to ?is sup]/ition3 _m a tea*] & au?or writes & argues 9 behalf ( a cultural & humane education aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( a specializ$ practical education1 )\t recogniz+ t 8 own education1 :i* he calls lib]al1 has be5 ma9ly tra9+ = 8 own p>ticul> call+4 ,he has simply got into ! habit ( reg>d+ 8 own bus9ess z ess5tially cultural & ( ov]look+ ! cultural possibilities ( o!r employm5ts4 ,at ! bottom ( ^! di/9ctions is und\bt$ly ! tradition :i* recognizes z employm5t only ^? pursuits :]e "o is responsible = 8 "w to a specific employ]1 r ?an to ! ultimate employ]1 ! community4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 obvi\s causes = ! pres5t consci\s emphasis ^u vocational education--= ! disposition to make explicit & delib]ate vocational implications previ\sly tacit4 7i7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is an increas$ e/eem1 9 democratic communities1 ( :atev] has to d ) manual labor1 comm]cial occupations1 & ! r5d]+ ( tangible s]vices to society4 ,9 !ory1 m5 & wom5 are n[ expect$ to d some?+ 9 return = _! support--intellectual & economic--by society4 ,labor is extoll$2 s]vice is a mu*-laud$ moral ideal4 ,:ile !re is /ill mu* admiration & envy ( ^? :o c pursue lives ( idle conspicu\s display1 bett] moral s5tim5t condemns su* lives4 ,social responsibility = ! use ( "t & p]sonal capacity is m g5]ally recogniz$ ?an x us$ to be4 7ii7 ,9 ! second place1 ^? vocations :i* are specifically indu/rial h ga9$ trem5d\sly 9 importance 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half4 ,manufactur+ & comm]ce are no long] dome/ic & local1 & consequ5tly m or less incid5tal1 b are _w-wide4 ,!y engage ! be/ en]gies ( an increas+ly l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,! manufactur]1 bank]1 & capta9 ( indu/ry h practically displac$ a h]$it>y l&$ g5try z ! imm$iate directors ( social affairs4 ,! problem ( social readju/m5t is op5ly indu/rial1 hav+ to d ) ! relations ( capital & labor4 ,! great increase 9 ! social importance ( conspicu\s indu/rial processes has inevitably br\ght to ! front que/ions hav+ to d ) ! relation%ip ( s*ool+ to indu/rial life4 ,no su* va/ social readju/m5t c\ld occur )\t (f]+ a *all5ge to an education inh]it$ f diff]5t social conditions1 & )\t putt+ up to education new problems4 7iii7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 !re is ! fact already repeat$ly m5tion$3 ,indu/ry has ceas$ to be ess5tially an empirical1 rule-(-?umb proc$ure1 h&$ d[n by cu/om4 ,its te*nique is n[ te*nological3 t is to say1 bas$ ^u ma*9]y result+ f discov]ies 9 ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 bact]iology1 etc4 ,! economic revolution has /imulat$ sci5ce by sett+ problems = solution1 by produc+ great] intellectual respect = me*anical appliances4 ,& indu/ry receiv$ back paym5t f sci5ce ) comp\nd int]e/4 ,z a consequ5ce1 indu/rial occupations h inf9itely great] intellectual cont5t & inf9itely l>g] cultural possibilities ?an !y us$ to possess4 ,! dem& = su* education z w acqua9t work]s ) ! sci5tific & social bases & be>+s ( _! pursuits becomes imp]ative1 s9ce ^? :o are )\t x inevitably s9k to ! role ( app5dages to ! ma*9es !y op]ate4 ,"u ! old regime all work]s 9 a craft 7 approximately equals 9 _! k & outlook4 ,p]sonal k & +5uity 7 develop$ )9 at lea/ a n>r[ range1 because "w 0 done ) tools "u ! direct comm& ( ! work]4 ,n[ ! op]ator has to adju/ himself to 8 ma*9e1 in/ead ( 8 tool to 8 own purposes4 ,:ile ! intellectual possibilities ( indu/ry h multipli$1 indu/rial conditions t5d to make indu/ry1 = great masses1 less ( an educative res\rce ?an x 0 9 ! days ( h& production = local m>kets4 ,! burd5 ( realiz+ ! intellectual possibilities inh]+ 9 "w is ?us ?r[n back on ! s*ool4 7iv7 ,9 ! f\r? place1 ! pursuit ( k has become1 9 sci5ce1 m exp]im5tal1 less dep5d5t ^u lit]>y tradition1 & less associat$ ) dialectical me?ods ( reason+1 & ) symbols4 ,z a result1 ! subject matt] ( indu/rial occupation pres5ts n only m ( ! cont5t ( sci5ce ?an x us$ to1 b great] opportunity = famili>ity ) ! me?od by :i* k is made4 ,! ord9>y work] 9 ! factory is ( c\rse "u too imm$iate economic pressure to h a *ance to produce a k l t ( ! work] 9 ! laboratory4 ,b 9 s*ools1 association ) ma*9es & indu/rial processes may be _h "u conditions :]e ! *ief consci\s conc]n ( ! /ud5ts is insight4 ,! sep>ation ( %op & laboratory1 :]e ^! conditions are fulfill$1 is l>gely conv5tional1 ! laboratory hav+ ! advantage ( p]mitt+ ! foll[+ up ( any intellectual int]e/ a problem may sugge/2 ! %op ! advantage ( emphasiz+ ! social be>+s ( ! sci5tific pr9ciple1 z well z1 ) _m pupils1 ( /imulat+ a liveli] int]e/4 7v7 ,f9ally1 ! advances :i* h be5 made 9 ! psy*ology ( le>n+ 9 g5]al & ( *ildhood 9 p>ticul> fall into l9e ) ! increas$ importance ( indu/ry 9 life4 ,= mod]n psy*ology emphasizes ! radical importance ( primitive unle>n$ in/9cts ( explor+1 exp]im5tation1 & try+ on4 ,x reveals t le>n+ is n ! "w ( some?+ ready-made call$ m9d1 b t m9d itself is an organization ( orig9al capacities into activities hav+ significance4 ,z we h already se5 7ante1 p4 #bjd71 9 old] pupils "w is to educative developm5t ( raw native activities :at play is = y\ng] pupils4 ,moreov]1 ! passage f play to "w %\ld be gradual1 n involv+ a radical *ange ( attitude b c>ry+ into "w ! elem5ts ( play1 plus cont9u\s reorganization 9 behalf ( great] control4 ,! read] w rem>k t ^! five po9ts practically resume ! ma9 cont5tions ( ! previ\s "p ( ! "w4 ,bo? practically & philosophically1 ! key to ! pres5t educational situation lies 9 a gradual recon/ruction ( s*ool mat]ials & me?ods s z to utilize v>i\s =ms ( occupation typify+ social call+s1 & to br+ out _! intellectual & moral cont5t4 ,?is recon/ruction mu/ relegate purely lit]>y me?ods--includ+ textbooks--& dialectical me?ods to ! position ( necess>y auxili>y tools 9 ! intellig5t developm5t ( consecutive & cumulative activities4 ,b our discussion has emphasiz$ ! fact t ?is educational reorganization _c be accompli%$ by m]ely try+ to give a te*nical prep>ation = indu/ries & pr(essions z !y n[ op]ate1 mu* less by m]ely reproduc+ exi/+ indu/rial conditions 9 ! s*ool4 ,! problem is n t ( mak+ ! s*ools an adjunct to manufacture & comm]ce1 b ( utiliz+ ! factors ( indu/ry to make s*ool life m active1 m full ( imm$iate mean+1 m connect$ ) out-(-s*ool exp]i5ce4 ,! problem is n easy ( solution4 ,!re is a /&+ dang] t education w p]petuate ! old] traditions = a select few1 & effect its adju/m5t to ! new] economic conditions m or less on ! basis ( acquiesc5ce 9 ! untrans=m$1 unrationaliz$1 & unsocializ$ phases ( our defective indu/rial regime4 ,put 9 concrete t]ms1 !re is dang] t vocational education w be int]pret$ 9 !ory & practice z trade education3 z a means ( secur+ te*nical effici5cy 9 specializ$ future pursuits4 ,education w\ld !n become an in/rum5t ( p]petuat+ un*ang$ ! exi/+ indu/rial ord] ( society1 in/ead ( op]at+ z a means ( its trans=mation4 ,! desir$ trans=mation is n difficult to def9e 9 a =mal way4 ,x signifies a society 9 :i* e p]son %all be occupi$ 9 some?+ :i* makes ! lives ( o!rs bett] wor? liv+1 & :i* accord+ly makes ! ties :i* b9d p]sons toge!r m p]ceptible--:i* breaks d[n ! b>ri]s ( di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,x d5otes a /ate ( affairs 9 :i* ! int]e/ ( ea* 9 8 "w is unco]c$ & intellig5t3 bas$ ^u its cong5iality to 8 own aptitudes4 ,x goes )\t say+ t we are f> f su* a social /ate2 9 a lit]al & quantitative s5se1 we may nev] arrive at x4 ,b 9 pr9ciple1 ! quality ( social *anges already accompli%$ lies 9 ?is direction4 ,!re are m ample res\rces = its a*ievem5t n[ ?an ev] !re h be5 be=e4 ,no insup]able ob/acles1 giv5 ! intellig5t w = its realization1 /& 9 ! way4 ,success or failure 9 its realization dep5ds m ^u ! adoption ( educational me?ods calculat$ to effect ! *ange ?an ^u any?+ else4 ,= ! *ange is ess5tially a *ange 9 ! quality ( m5tal disposition--an educative *ange4 ,?is does n mean t we c *ange "* & m9d by direct in/ruction & exhortation1 ap>t f a *ange 9 indu/rial & political conditions4 ,su* a conception contradicts our basic idea t "* & m9d are attitudes ( p>ticipative response 9 social affairs4 ,b x does mean t we may produce 9 s*ools a projection 9 type ( ! society we %\ld l to realize1 & by =m+ m9ds 9 accord ) x gradually modify ! l>g] & m recalcitrant features ( adult society4 ,s5tim5tally1 x may seem h>% to say t ! greate/ evil ( ! pres5t regime is n f\nd 9 pov]ty & 9 ! suff]+ :i* x entails1 b 9 ! fact t s _m p]sons h call+s :i* make no appeal to !m1 :i* are pursu$ simply = ! money rew>d t accrues4 ,= su* call+s con/antly provoke "o to av]sion1 ill w1 & a desire to slight & evade4 ,nei!r m5's he>ts nor _! m9ds are 9 _! "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o are n only mu* bett] (f 9 worldly goods1 b :o are 9 excessive1 if n monopoli/ic1 control ( ! activities ( ! _m are %ut (f f equality & g5]ality ( social int]c\rse4 ,!y are /imulat$ to pursuits ( indulg5ce & display2 !y try to make up = ! di/ance :i* sep>ates !m f o!rs by ! impression ( =ce & sup]ior possession & enjoym5t :i* !y c make ^u o!rs4 ,x w\ld be q possible = a n>r[ly conceiv$ s*eme ( vocational education to p]petuate ?is division 9 a h>d5$ =m4 ,tak+ its /& ^u a dogma ( social pr$e/9ation1 x w\ld assume t "s are to cont9ue to be wage e>n]s "u economic conditions l ! pres5t1 & w\ld aim simply to give !m :at is t]m$ a trade education--t is1 great] te*nical effici5cy4 ,te*nical pr(ici5cy is (t5 sadly lack+1 & is surely desirable on all acc\nts--n m]ely = ! sake ( ! production ( bett] goods at less co/1 b = ! great] happ9ess f\nd 9 "w4 ,= no "o c>es = :at "o _c half d4 ,b !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 a pr(ici5cy limit$ to imm$iate "w1 & a compet5cy ext5d$ to insight into its social be>+s2 betwe5 effici5cy 9 c>ry+ out ! plans ( o!rs & 9 "o =m+ "o's own4 ,at pres5t1 intellectual & emotional limitation *>act]izes bo? ! employ+ & ! employ$ class4 ,:ile ! latt] (t5 h no conc]n ) _! occupation beyond ! money return x br+s1 ! =m]'s outlook may be conf9$ to pr(it & p[]4 ,! latt] int]e/ g5]ally involves mu* great] intellectual initiation & l>g] survey ( conditions4 ,= x involves ! direction & comb9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( div]se factors1 :ile ! int]e/ 9 wages is re/rict$ to c]ta9 direct muscul> movem5ts4 ,b none ! less !re is a limitation ( intellig5ce to te*nical & non-humane1 non-lib]al *annels1 s f> z ! "w does n take 9 its social be>+s4 ,& :5 ! animat+ motive is desire = private pr(it or p]sonal p[]1 ?is limitation is inevitable4 ,9 fact1 ! advantage 9 imm$iate social sympa?y & humane disposition (t5 lies ) ! economically un=tunate1 :o h n exp]i5c$ ! h>d5+ effects ( a "o-sid$ control ( ! affairs ( o!rs4 ,any s*eme = vocational education :i* takes its po9t ( dep>ture f ! indu/rial regime t n[ exi/s1 is likely to assume & to p]petuate its divisions & weaknesses1 & ?us to become an in/rum5t 9 accompli%+ ! feudal dogma ( social pr$e/9ation4 ,^? :o are 9 a position to make _! wi%es good1 w dem& a lib]al1 a cultural occupation1 & "o :i* fits = directive p[] ! y\? 9 :om !y are directly int]e/$4 ,to split ! sy/em1 & give to o!rs1 less =tunately situat$1 an education conceiv$ ma9ly z specific trade prep>ation1 is to treat ! s*ools z an ag5cy = transf]r+ ! old] division ( labor & leisure1 culture & s]vice1 m9d & body1 direct$ & directive class1 into a society nom9ally democratic4 ,su* a vocational education inevitably disc\nts ! sci5tific & hi/oric human connections ( ! mat]ials & processes dealt )4 ,to include su* ?+s 9 n>r[ trade education w\ld be to wa/e "t2 conc]n = !m w\ld n be practical4 ,!y are res]v$ = ^? :o h leisure at comm&--! leisure due to sup]ior economic res\rces4 ,su* ?+s might ev5 be dang]\s to ! int]e/s ( ! controll+ class1 ar\s+ discont5t or ambitions beyond ! /ation ( ^? work+ "u ! direction ( o!rs4 ,b an education :i* ackn[l$ges ! full intellectual & social mean+ ( a vocation w\ld include in/ruction 9 ! hi/oric backgr\nd ( pres5t conditions2 tra9+ 9 sci5ce to give intellig5ce & initiative 9 deal+ ) mat]ial & ag5cies ( production2 & /udy ( economics1 civics1 & politics1 to br+ ! future work] into t\* ) ! problems ( ! day & ! v>i\s me?ods propos$ = its improvem5t4 ,above all1 x w\ld tra9 p[] ( readaptation to *ang+ conditions s t future work]s w\ld n become bl9dly subject to a fate impos$ ^u !m4 ,?is ideal has to cont5d n only ) ! in]tia ( exi/+ educational traditions1 b also ) ! opposition ( ^? :o are entr5*$ 9 comm& ( ! indu/rial ma*9]y1 & :o realize t su* an educational sy/em if made g5]al w\ld ?reat5 _! ability to use o!rs = _! own ends4 ,b ?is v fact is ! presage ( a m equitable & enlight5$ social ord]1 = x gives evid5ce ( ! dep5d5ce ( social reorganization ^u educational recon/ruction4 ,x is accord+ly an enc\ragem5t to ^? believ+ 9 a bett] ord] to und]take ! promotion ( a vocational education :i* does n subject y\? to ! dem&s & /&>ds ( ! pres5t sy/em1 b :i* utilizes its sci5tific & social factors to develop a c\rage\s intellig5ce1 & to make intellig5ce practical & executive4 ,summ>y4 ,a vocation signifies any =m ( cont9u\s activity :i* r5d]s s]vice to o!rs & engages p]sonal p[]s 9 behalf ( ! accompli%m5t ( results4 ,! "q ( ! relation ( vocation to education br+s to a focus ! v>i\s problems previ\sly discuss$ reg>d+ ! connection ( ?\ght ) bodily activity2 ( individual consci\s developm5t ) associat$ life2 ( !oretical culture ) practical behavior hav+ def9ite results2 ( mak+ a livelihood ) ! wor?y enjoym5t ( leisure4 ,9 g5]al1 ! opposition to recognition ( ! vocational phases ( life 9 education 7except = ! utilit>ian ?ree ,r's 9 elem5t>y s*ool+7 accompanies ! cons]vation ( ari/ocratic ideals ( ! pa/4 ,b1 at ! pres5t juncture1 !re is a movem5t 9 behalf ( some?+ call$ vocational tra9+ :i*1 if c>ri$ into effect1 w\ld h>d5 ^! ideas into a =m adapt$ to ! exi/+ indu/rial regime4 ,?is movem5t w\ld cont9ue ! traditional lib]al or cultural education = ! few economically able to enjoy x1 & w\ld give to ! masses a n>r[ te*nical trade education = specializ$ call+s1 c>ri$ on "u ! control ( o!rs4 ,?is s*eme d5otes1 ( c\rse1 simply a p]petuation ( ! old] social division1 ) its c\nt]p>t intellectual & moral dualisms4 ,b x means its cont9uation "u conditions :]e x has mu* less ju/ification = exi/5ce4 ,= indu/rial life is n[ s dep5d5t ^u sci5ce & s intimately affects all =ms ( social int]c\rse1 t !re is an opportunity to utilize x = developm5t ( m9d & "*4 ,moreov]1 a "r educational use ( x w\ld react ^u intellig5ce & int]e/ s z to modify1 9 connection ) legislation & adm9i/ration1 ! socially obnoxi\s features ( ! pres5t indu/rial & comm]cial ord]4 ,x w\ld turn ! increas+ fund ( social sympa?y to con/ructive acc\nt1 in/ead ( leav+ x a some:at bl9d philan?ropic s5tim5t4 ,x w\ld give ^? :o engage 9 indu/rial call+s desire & ability to %>e 9 social control1 & ability to become ma/]s ( _! indu/rial fate4 ,x w\ld enable !m to saturate ) mean+ ! te*nical & me*anical features :i* are s m>k$ a feature ( our ma*9e sy/em ( production & di/ribution4 ,s mu* = ^? :o n[ h ! poor] economic opportunities4 ,) ! repres5tatives ( ! m privileg$ portion ( ! community1 x w\ld increase sympa?y = labor1 create a disposition ( m9d :i* c discov] ! cultur+ elem5ts 9 useful activity1 & increase a s5se ( social responsibility4 ,! crucial position ( ! "q ( vocational education at pres5t is due1 9 o!r words1 to ! fact t x conc5trates 9 a specific issue two fundam5tal que/ions3--,:e!r intellig5ce is be/ ex]cis$ ap>t f or )9 activity :i* puts nature to human use1 & :e!r individual culture is be/ secur$ "u egoi/ic or social conditions4 ,no discussion ( details is und]tak5 9 ?is *apt]1 because ?is conclusion b summ>izes ! discussion ( ! previ\s *apt]s1 ,,xv to ,,xxii1 inclusive4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty-f\r3 ,philosophy ( ,education #a4 ,a ,critical ,review4 ,al?\gh we are deal+ ) ! philosophy ( education1 ,,d def9ition ( philosophy has yet be5 giv52 nor has !re be5 an explicit consid]ation ( ! nature ( a philosophy ( education4 ,?is topic is n[ introduc$ by a summ>y acc\nt ( ! logical ord] impli$ 9 ! previ\s discussions1 = ! purpose ( br++ out ! philosophic issues involv$4 ,aft]w>ds we %all und]take a brief discussion1 9 m specifically philosophical t]ms1 ( ! !ories ( k & ( morals impli$ 9 diff]5t educational ideals z !y op]ate 9 practice4 ,! prior *apt]s fall logically into ?ree p>ts4 ,i4 ,! fir/ *apt]s deal ) education z a social ne$ & function4 ,_! purpose is to outl9e ! g5]al features ( education z ! process by :i* social gr\ps ma9ta9 _! cont9u\s exi/5ce4 ,education 0 %[n to be a process ( r5ewal ( ! mean+s ( exp]i5ce ?r\gh a process ( transmission1 p>tly incid5tal to ! ord9>y companion%ip or int]c\rse ( adults & y\?1 p>tly delib]ately in/itut$ to effect social cont9uity4 ,?is process 0 se5 to involve control & gr[? ( bo? ! immature individual & ! gr\p 9 :i* he lives4 ,?is consid]ation 0 =mal 9 t x took no specific acc\nt ( ! quality ( ! social gr\p conc]n$--! k9d ( society aim+ at its own p]petuation ?r\gh education4 ,! g5]al discussion 0 !n specifi$ by application to social gr\ps :i* are int5tionally progressive1 & :i* aim at a great] v>iety ( mutually %>$ int]e/s 9 di/9ction f ^? :i* aim simply at ! pres]vation ( e/abli%$ cu/oms4 ,su* societies 7 f\nd to be democratic 9 quality1 because ( ! great] fre$om all[$ ! con/itu5t memb]s1 & ! consci\s ne$ ( secur+ 9 individuals a consci\sly socializ$ int]e/1 in/ead ( tru/+ ma9ly to ! =ce ( cu/oms op]at+ "u ! control ( a sup]ior class4 ,! sort ( education appropriate to ! developm5t ( a democratic community 0 !n explicitly tak5 z ! crit]ion ( ! fur!r1 m detail$ analysis ( education4 ,,ii4 ,?is analysis1 bas$ ^u ! democratic crit]ion1 0 se5 to imply ! ideal ( a cont9u\s recon/ruction or reorganiz+ ( exp]i5ce1 ( su* a nature z to increase its recogniz$ mean+ or social cont5t1 & z to increase ! capacity ( individuals to act z directive gu>dians ( ?is reorganization4 7,see ,*apt]s ,,vi-,,vii47 ,?is di/9ction 0 !n us$ to outl9e ! respective *>act]s ( subject matt] & me?od4 ,x also def9$ _! unity1 s9ce me?od 9 /udy & le>n+ ^u ?is basis is j ! consci\sly direct$ movem5t ( reorganization ( ! subject matt] ( exp]i5ce4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ma9 pr9ciples ( me?od & subject matt] ( le>n+ 7 develop$ 7,*apt]s ,,xiii-,,xiv47 ,,iii4 ,save = incid5tal criticisms design$ to illu/rate pr9ciples by =ce ( contra/1 ?is phase ( ! discussion took = grant$ ! democratic crit]ion & its application 9 pres5t social life4 ,9 ! subsequ5t *apt]s 7,,xviii-,,xxii7 we consid]$ ! pres5t limitation ( its actual realization4 ,!y 7 f\nd to spr+ f ! notion t exp]i5ce consi/s ( a v>iety ( segregat$ doma9s1 or int]e/s1 ea* hav+ its own indep5d5t value1 mat]ial1 & me?od1 ea* *eck+ e o!r1 &1 :5 ea* is kept prop]ly b\nd$ by ! o!rs1 =m+ a k9d ( balance ( p[]s 9 education4 ,we !n proce$$ to an analysis ( ! v>i\s assumptions und]ly+ ?is segregation4 ,on ! practical side1 !y 7 f\nd to h _! cause 9 ! divisions ( society into m or less rigidly m>k$-(f classes & gr\ps--9 o!r words1 9 ob/ruction to full & flexible social int]action & int]c\rse4 ,^! social ruptures ( cont9uity 7 se5 to h _! intellectual =mulation 9 v>i\s dualisms or anti!ses--su* z t ( labor & leisure1 practical & intellectual activity1 man & nature1 individuality & association1 culture & vocation4 ,9 ?is discussion1 we f\nd t ^! diff]5t issues h _! c\nt]p>ts 9 =mulations :i* h be5 made 9 classic philosophic sy/ems2 & t !y involve ! *ief problems ( philosophy--su* z m9d 7or _s7 & matt]1 body & m9d1 ! m9d & ! _w1 ! individual & 8 relation%ips to o!rs1 etc4 ,und]ly+ ^! v>i\s sep>ations we f\nd ! fundam5tal assumption to be an isolation ( m9d f activity involv+ physical conditions1 bodily organs1 mat]ial appliances1 & natural objects4 ,consequ5tly1 !re 0 indicat$ a philosophy :i* recognizes ! orig91 place1 & function ( m9d 9 an activity :i* controls ! environm5t4 ,?us we h complet$ ! circuit & return$ to ! conceptions ( ! fir/ portion ( ?is book3 su* z ! biological cont9uity ( human impulses & in/9cts ) natural en]gies2 ! dep5d5ce ( ! gr[? ( m9d ^u p>ticipation 9 conjo9t activities hav+ a common purpose2 ! influ5ce ( ! physical environm5t ?r\gh ! uses made ( x 9 ! social m$ium2 ! necessity ( utilization ( individual v>iations 9 desire & ?9k+ = a progressively develop+ society2 ! ess5tial unity ( me?od & subject matt]2 ! intr9sic cont9uity ( ends & means2 ! recognition ( m9d z ?9k+ :i* p]ceives & te/s ! mean+s ( behavior4 ,^! conceptions are consi/5t ) ! philosophy :i* sees intellig5ce to be ! purposive reorganization1 ?r\gh action1 ( ! mat]ial ( exp]i5ce2 & !y are inconsi/5t ) ea* ( ! duali/ic philosophies m5tion$4 #b4 ,! ,nature ( ,philosophy4 ,our fur!r task is to extract & make explicit ! idea ( philosophy implicit 9 ^! consid]ations4 ,we h already virtually describ$1 ?\gh n def9$1 philosophy 9 t]ms ( ! problems ) :i* x deals2 & we h po9t$ out t ^! problems orig9ate 9 ! conflicts & difficulties ( social life4 ,! problems are su* ?+s z ! relations ( m9d & matt]2 body & s\l2 humanity & physical nature2 ! individual & ! social2 !ory--or kn[+1 & practice--or do+4 ,! philosophical sy/ems :i* =mulate ^! problems record ! ma9 l9eam5ts & difficulties ( contempor>y social practice4 ,!y br+ to explicit consci\sness :at m5 h come to ?9k1 9 virtue ( ! quality ( _! curr5t exp]i5ce1 ab\t nature1 !mselves1 & ! reality !y conceive to include or to gov]n bo?4 ,z we might expect1 !n1 philosophy has g5]ally be5 def9$ 9 ways :i* imply a c]ta9 totality1 g5]ality1 & ultimat5ess ( bo? subject matt] & me?od4 ,) respect to subject matt]1 philosophy is an attempt to compreh5d--t is1 to ga!r toge!r ! v>i$ details ( ! _w & ( life into a s+le inclusive :ole1 :i* %all ei!r be a unity1 or1 z 9 ! duali/ic sy/ems1 %all r$uce ! plural details to a small numb] ( ultimate pr9ciples4 ,on ! side ( ! attitude ( ! philosoph] & ( ^? :o accept 8 conclusions1 !re is ! endeavor to atta9 z unifi$1 consi/5t1 & complete an outlook ^u exp]i5ce z is possible4 ,?is aspect is express$ 9 ! ^w 'philosophy'--love ( wisdom4 ,:5ev] philosophy has be5 tak5 s]i\sly1 x has always be5 assum$ t x signifi$ a*iev+ a wisdom :i* w\ld influ5ce ! conduct ( life4 ,witness ! fact t almo/ all anci5t s*ools ( philosophy 7 also organiz$ ways ( liv+1 ^? :o accept$ _! t5ets be+ committ$ to c]ta9 di/9ctive modes ( conduct2 witness ! intimate connection ( philosophy ) ! !ology ( ! ,roman *ur* 9 ! middle ages1 its frequ5t association ) religi\s int]e/s1 &1 at national crises1 its association ) political /ruggles4 ,?is direct & intimate connection ( philosophy ) an outlook ^u life obvi\sly diff]5tiates philosophy f sci5ce4 ,p>ticul> facts & laws ( sci5ce evid5tly influ5ce conduct4 ,!y sugge/ ?+s to d & n d1 & provide means ( execution4 ,:5 sci5ce d5otes n simply a report ( ! p>ticul> facts discov]$ ab\t ! _w b a g5]al attitude t[>d x--z di/9ct f special ?+s to d --x m]ges into philosophy4 ,= an und]ly+ disposition repres5ts an attitude n to ?is & t ?+ nor ev5 to ! aggregate ( kn[n ?+s1 b to ! consid]ations :i* gov]n conduct4 ,h5ce philosophy _c be def9$ simply f ! side ( subject matt]4 ,= ?is reason1 ! def9ition ( su* conceptions z g5]ality1 totality1 & ultimat5ess is mo/ readily rea*$ f ! side ( ! disposition t[>d ! _w :i* !y connote4 ,9 any lit]al & quantitative s5se1 ^! t]ms d n apply to ! subject matt] ( k1 = complet5ess & f9ality are out ( ! "q4 ,! v nature ( exp]i5ce z an ongo+1 *ang+ process =bids4 ,9 a less rigid s5se1 !y apply to sci5ce r ?an to philosophy4 ,= obvi\sly x is to ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 biology1 an?ropology1 hi/ory1 etc4 t we mu/ g1 n to philosophy1 to f9d out ! facts ( ! _w4 ,x is = ! sci5ces to say :at g5]alizations are t5able ab\t ! _w & :at !y specifically are4 ,b :5 we ask :at sort ( p]man5t disposition ( action t[>d ! _w ! sci5tific disclosures exact ( u we are rais+ a philosophic "q4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 totality does n mean ! hopeless task ( a quantitative summation4 ,x means r consi/5cy ( mode ( response 9 ref]5ce to ! plurality ( ev5ts :i* occur4 ,consi/5cy does n mean lit]al id5tity2 = s9ce ! same ?+ does n happ5 twice1 an exact repetition ( a reaction involves "s maladju/m5t4 ,totality means cont9uity--! c>ry+ on ( a =m] habit ( action ) ! readaptation necess>y to keep x alive & gr[+4 ,in/ead ( signify+ a ready-made complete s*eme ( action1 x means keep+ ! balance 9 a multitude ( div]se actions1 s t ea* borr[s & gives significance to e o!r4 ,any p]son :o is op5-m9d$ & s5sitive to new p]ceptions1 & :o has conc5tration & responsibility 9 connect+ !m has1 9 s f>1 a philosophic disposition4 ,"o ( ! popul> s5ses ( philosophy is calm & endurance 9 ! face ( difficulty & loss2 x is ev5 suppos$ to be a p[] to be> pa9 )\t compla9t4 ,?is mean+ is a tribute to ! influ5ce ( ! ,/oic philosophy r ?an an attribute ( philosophy 9 g5]al4 ,b 9 s f> z x sugge/s t ! :ol5ess *>act]i/ic ( philosophy is a p[] to le>n1 or to extract mean+1 f ev5 ! unpleasant vicissitudes ( exp]i5ce & to embody :at is le>n$ 9 an ability to g on le>n+1 x is ju/ifi$ 9 any s*eme4 ,an analog\s int]pretation applies to ! g5]ality & ultimat5ess ( philosophy4 ,tak5 lit]ally1 !y are absurd pret5sions2 !y indicate insanity4 ,f9ality does n mean1 h[ev]1 t exp]i5ce is end$ & exhau/$1 b means ! disposition to p5etrate to deep] levels ( mean+--to g bel[ ! surface & f9d out ! connections ( any ev5t or object1 & to keep at x4 ,9 l mann] ! philosophic attitude is g5]al 9 ! s5se t x is av]se to tak+ any?+ z isolat$2 x tries to place an act 9 its context--:i* con/itutes its significance4 ,x is ( assi/ance to connect philosophy ) ?9k+ 9 its di/9ction f k4 ,k1 gr\nd$ k1 is sci5ce2 x repres5ts objects :i* h be5 settl$1 ord]$1 dispos$ ( rationally4 ,?9k+1 on ! o!r h&1 is prospective 9 ref]5ce4 ,x is occasion$ by an unsettlem5t & x aims at ov]com+ a di/urbance4 ,philosophy is ?9k+ :at ! kn[n dem&s ( u--:at responsive attitude x exacts4 ,x is an idea ( :at is possible1 n a record ( accompli%$ fact4 ,h5ce x is hypo!tical1 l all ?9k+4 ,x pres5ts an assignm5t ( some?+ to be done--some?+ to be tri$4 ,its value lies n 9 furni%+ solutions 7:i* c be a*iev$ only 9 action7 b 9 def9+ difficulties & sugge/+ me?ods = deal+ ) !m4 ,philosophy might almo/ be describ$ z ?9k+ :i* has become consci\s ( itself--:i* has g5]aliz$ its place1 function1 & value 9 exp]i5ce4 ,m specifically1 ! dem& = a total attitude arises because !re is ! ne$ ( integration 9 action ( ! conflict+ v>i\s int]e/s 9 life4 ,:]e int]e/s are s sup]ficial t !y glide readily into "o ano!r1 or :]e !y are n suffici5tly organiz$ to come into conflict ) "o ano!r1 ! ne$ = philosophy is n p]ceptible4 ,b :5 ! sci5tific int]e/ conflicts )1 say1 ! religi\s1 or ! economic ) ! sci5tific or ae/hetic1 or :5 ! cons]vative conc]n = ord] is at odds ) ! progressive int]e/ 9 fre$om1 or :5 in/itutionalism cla%es ) individuality1 !re is a /imulus to discov] "s m compreh5sive po9t ( view f :i* ! div]g5cies may be br\ght toge!r1 & consi/5cy or cont9uity ( exp]i5ce recov]$4 ,(t5 ^! cla%es may be settl$ by an individual = himself2 ! area ( ! /ruggle ( aims is limit$ & a p]son works out 8 own r\gh accommodations4 ,su* homespun philosophies are g5u9e & (t5 adequate4 ,b !y d n result 9 sy/ems ( philosophy4 ,^! arise :5 ! discrepant claims ( diff]5t ideals ( conduct affect ! community z a :ole1 & ! ne$ = readju/m5t is g5]al4 ,^! traits expla9 "s ?+s :i* are (t5 br\ght z objections aga9/ philosophies1 su* z ! "p play$ 9 !m by individual speculation1 & _! controv]sial div]sity1 z well z ! fact t philosophy seems to be repeat$ly occupi$ ) mu* ! same que/ions diff]5tly /at$4 ,)\t d\bt1 all ^! ?+s *>act]ize hi/oric philosophies m or less4 ,b !y are n objections to philosophy s mu* z !y are to human nature1 & ev5 to ! _w 9 :i* human nature is set4 ,if !re are g5u9e unc]ta9ties 9 life1 philosophies mu/ reflect t unc]ta9ty4 ,if !re are diff]5t diagnoses ( ! cause ( a difficulty1 & diff]5t proposals = deal+ ) x2 if1 t is1 ! conflict ( int]e/s is m or less embodi$ 9 diff]5t sets ( p]sons1 !re mu/ be div]g5t compet+ philosophies4 ,) respect to :at has happ5$1 suffici5t evid5ce is all t is ne$$ to br+ agreem5t & c]ta9ty4 ,! ?+ itself is sure4 ,b ) ref]5ce to :at x is wise to d 9 a complicat$ situation1 discussion is inevitable precisely because ! ?+ itself is /ill indet]m9ate4 ,"o w\ld n expect a rul+ class liv+ at ease to h ! same philosophy ( life z ^? :o 7 hav+ a h>d /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if ! possess+ & ! dispossess$ _h ! same fundam5tal disposition t[>d ! _w1 x w\ld argue ei!r ins9c]ity or lack ( s]i\sness4 ,a community devot$ to indu/rial pursuits1 active 9 bus9ess & comm]ce1 is n likely to see ! ne$s & possibilities ( life 9 ! same way z a c\ntry ) high ae/hetic culture & little ent]prise 9 turn+ ! en]gies ( nature to me*anical acc\nt4 ,a social gr\p ) a fairly cont9u\s hi/ory w respond m5tally to a crisis 9 a v diff]5t way f "o :i* has felt ! %ock ( abrupt breaks4 ,ev5 if ! same data 7 pres5t1 !y w\ld be evaluat$ diff]5tly4 ,b ! diff]5t sorts ( exp]i5ce att5d+ diff]5t types ( life prev5t j ! same data f pres5t+ !mselves1 z well z lead to a diff]5t s*eme ( values4 ,z = ! simil>ity ( problems1 ?is is (t5 m a matt] ( appe>ance ?an ( fact1 due to old discussions be+ translat$ into ! t]ms ( contempor>y p]plexities4 ,b 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal respects ! same pr$icam5ts ( life recur f "t to "t ) only su* *anges z are due to *ange ( social context1 includ+ ! gr[? ( ! sci5ces4 ,! fact t philosophic problems arise because ( widespread & widely felt difficulties 9 social practice is disguis$ because philosoph]s become a specializ$ class :i* uses a te*nical language1 unlike ! vocabul>y 9 :i* ! direct difficulties are /at$4 ,b :]e a sy/em becomes influ5tial1 its connection ) a conflict ( int]e/s call+ = "s program ( social adju/m5t may always be discov]$4 ,at ?is po9t1 ! intimate connection betwe5 philosophy & education appe>s4 ,9 fact1 education (f]s a vantage gr\nd f :i* to p5etrate to ! human1 z di/9ct f ! te*nical1 significance ( philosophic discussions4 ,! /ud5t ( philosophy 9 itself is always 9 dang] ( tak+ x z s mu* nimble or sev]e intellectual ex]cise--z some?+ said by philosoph]s & conc]n+ !m alone4 ,b :5 philosophic issues are approa*$ f ! side ( ! k9d ( m5tal disposition to :i* !y correspond1 or ! diff]5ces 9 educational practice !y make :5 act$ ^u1 ! life-situations :i* !y =mulate c nev] be f> f view4 ,if a !ory makes no diff]5ce 9 educational endeavor1 x mu/ be artificial4 ,! educational po9t ( view enables "o to envisage ! philosophic problems :]e !y arise & ?rive1 :]e !y are at home1 & :]e acceptance or rejection makes a diff]5ce 9 practice4 ,if we are will+ to conceive education z ! process ( =m+ fundam5tal dispositions1 intellectual & emotional1 t[>d nature & fell[ m51 philosophy may ev5 be def9$ z ! g5]al !ory ( education4 ,unless a philosophy is to rema9 symbolic--or v]bal--or a s5tim5tal indulg5ce = a few1 or else m]e arbitr>y dogma1 its audit+ ( pa/ exp]i5ce & its program ( values mu/ take effect 9 conduct4 ,public agitation1 propag&a1 legislative & adm9i/rative action are effective 9 produc+ ! *ange ( disposition :i* a philosophy indicates z desirable1 b only 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y are educative--t is to say1 9 ! degree 9 :i* !y modify m5tal & moral attitudes4 ,& at ! be/1 su* me?ods are compromis$ by ! fact !y are us$ ) ^? ^: habits are already l>gely set1 :ile education ( y\? has a fair] & fre] field ( op]ation4 ,on ! o!r side1 ! bus9ess ( s*ool+ t5ds to become a r\t9e empirical affair unless its aims & me?ods are animat$ by su* a broad & sympa!tic survey ( its place 9 contempor>y life z x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to provide4 ,positive sci5ce always implies practically ! ends :i* ! community is conc]n$ to a*ieve4 ,isolat$ f su* ends1 x is matt] ( indiff]5ce :e!r its disclosures are us$ to cure disease or to spread x2 to increase ! means ( su/5ance ( life or to manufacture w> mat]ial to wipe life out4 ,if society is int]e/$ 9 "o ( ^! ?+s r ?an ano!r1 sci5ce %[s ! way ( atta9m5t4 ,philosophy ?us has a d\ble task3 t ( criticiz+ exi/+ aims ) respect to ! exi/+ /ate ( sci5ce1 po9t+ out values :i* h become obsolete ) ! comm& ( new res\rces1 %[+ :at values are m]ely s5tim5tal because !re are no means = _! realization2 & also t ( int]pret+ ! results ( specializ$ sci5ce 9 _! be>+ on future social endeavor4 ,x is impossible t x %\ld h any success 9 ^! tasks )\t educational equival5ts z to :at to d & :at n to d4 ,= philosophic !ory has no ,aladd9's lamp to summon into imm$iate exi/5ce ! values :i* x intellectually con/ructs4 ,9 ! me*anical arts1 ! sci5ces become me?ods ( manag+ ?+s s z to utilize _! en]gies = recogniz$ aims4 ,by ! educative arts philosophy may g5]ate me?ods ( utiliz+ ! en]gies ( human be+s 9 accord ) s]i\s & ?\ghtful conceptions ( life4 ,education is ! laboratory 9 :i* philosophic di/9ctions become concrete & are te/$4 ,x is sugge/ive t ,european philosophy orig9at$ 7among ! ,a!nians7 "u ! direct pressure ( educational que/ions4 ,! e>li] hi/ory ( philosophy1 develop$ by ! ,greeks 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,italy1 s f> z its range ( topics is conc]n$1 is ma9ly a *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce r ?an ( philosophy z t ^w is und]/ood to-day4 ,x _h nature = its subject1 & speculat$ z to h[ ?+s are made & *ang$4 ,lat] ! travel+ tea*]s1 kn[n z ! ,sophi/s1 began to apply ! results & ! me?ods ( ! natural philosoph]s to human conduct4 ,:5 ! ,sophi/s1 ! fir/ body ( pr(essional educators 9 ,europe1 in/ruct$ ! y\? 9 virtue1 ! political arts1 & ! managem5t ( city & h\sehold1 philosophy began to deal ) ! relation ( ! individual to ! univ]sal1 to "s compreh5sive class1 or to "s gr\p2 ! relation ( man & nature1 ( tradition & reflection1 ( k & action4 ,c virtue1 approv$ excell5ce 9 any l9e1 be le>n$1 !y ask$8 ,:at is le>n+8 ,x has to d ) k4 ,:at1 !n1 is k8 ,h[ is x a*iev$8 ,?r\gh ! s5ses1 or by appr5tice%ip 9 "s =m ( do+1 or by reason t has und]gone a prelim9>y logical discipl9e8 ,s9ce le>n+ is com+ to "k1 x involves a passage f ignorance to wisdom1 f privation to fullness f defect to p]fection1 f non-be+ to be+1 9 ! ,greek way ( putt+ x4 ,h[ is su* a transition possible8 ,is *ange1 becom+1 developm5t really possible & if s1 h[8 ,& suppos+ su* que/ions answ]$1 :at is ! relation ( in/ruction1 ( k1 to virtue8 ,?is la/ "q l$ to op5+ ! problem ( ! relation ( reason to action1 ( !ory to practice1 s9ce virtue cle>ly dwelt 9 action4 ,0 n kn[+1 ! activity ( reason1 ! noble/ attribute ( man8 ,& consequ5tly 0 n purely intellectual activity itself ! highe/ ( all excell5ces1 comp>$ ) :i* ! virtues ( neighborl9ess & ! citiz5's life 7 second>y8 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! vaunt$ intellectual k m ?an empty & va9 pret5se1 demoraliz+ to "* & de/ructive ( ! social ties t b\nd m5 toge!r 9 _! community life8 ,0 n ! only true1 because ! only moral1 life ga9$ ?r\gh ob$i5t habituation to ! cu/om>y practices ( ! community8 ,& 0 n ! new education an enemy to good citiz5%ip1 because x set up a rival /&>d to ! e/abli%$ traditions ( ! community8 ,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree g5]ations su* que/ions 7 cut loose f _! orig9al practical be>+ ^u education & 7 discuss$ on _! own acc\nt2 t is1 z matt]s ( philosophy z an indep5d5t bran* ( inquiry4 ,b ! fact t ! /ream ( ,european philosophical ?\ght arose z a !ory ( educational proc$ure rema9s an eloqu5t witness to ! intimate connection ( philosophy & education4 ,philosophy ( education is n an ext]nal application ( ready-made ideas to a sy/em ( practice hav+ a radically diff]5t orig9 & purpose3 x is only an explicit =mulation ( ! problems ( ! =mation ( "r m5tal & moral habitudes 9 respect to ! difficulties ( contempor>y social life4 ,! mo/ p5etrat+ def9ition ( philosophy :i* c be giv5 is1 !n1 t x is ! !ory ( education 9 its mo/ g5]al phases4 ,! recon/ruction ( philosophy1 ( education1 & ( social ideals & me?ods ?us g h& 9 h&4 ,if !re is especial ne$ ( educational recon/ruction at ! pres5t "t1 if ?is ne$ makes urg5t a reconsid]ation ( ! basic ideas ( traditional philosophic sy/ems1 x is because ( ! ?or\ghgo+ *ange 9 social life accompany+ ! advance ( sci5ce1 ! indu/rial revolution1 & ! developm5t ( democracy4 ,su* practical *anges _c take place )\t dem&+ an educational re=mation to meet !m1 & )\t lead+ m5 to ask :at ideas & ideals are implicit 9 ^! social *anges1 & :at revisions !y require ( ! ideas & ideals :i* are inh]it$ f old] & unlike cultures4 ,incid5tally ?r\gh\t ! :ole book1 explicitly 9 ! la/ few *apt]s1 we h be5 deal+ ) j ^! que/ions z !y affect ! relation%ip ( m9d & body1 !ory & practice1 man & nature1 ! individual & social1 etc4 ,9 our conclud+ *apt]s we %all sum up ! prior discussions ) respect fir/ to ! philosophy ( k1 & !n to ! philosophy ( morals4 ,summ>y4 ,aft] a review design$ to br+ out ! philosophic issues implicit 9 ! previ\s discussions1 philosophy 0 def9$ z ! g5]aliz$ !ory ( education4 ,philosophy 0 /at$ to be a =m ( ?9k+1 :i*1 l all ?9k+1 f9ds its orig9 9 :at is unc]ta9 9 ! subject matt] ( exp]i5ce1 :i* aims to locate ! nature ( ! p]plexity & to frame hypo!ses = its cle>+ up to be te/$ 9 action4 ,philosophic ?9k+ has = its diff]5tia ! fact t ! unc]ta9ties ) :i* x deals are f\nd 9 widespread social conditions & aims1 consi/+ 9 a conflict ( organiz$ int]e/s & in/itutional claims4 ,s9ce ! only way ( br++ ab\t a h>moni\s readju/m5t ( ! oppos$ t5d5cies is ?r\gh a modification ( emotional & intellectual disposition1 philosophy is at once an explicit =mulation ( ! v>i\s int]e/s ( life & a prop\nd+ ( po9ts ( view & me?ods ?r\gh :i* a bett] balance ( int]e/s may be effect$4 ,s9ce education is ! process ?r\gh :i* ! ne$$ trans=mation may be accompli%$ & n rema9 a m]e hypo!sis z to :at is desirable1 we rea* a ju/ification ( ! /atem5t t philosophy is ! !ory ( education z a delib]ately conduct$ practice4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty-five3 ,!ories ( ,k #a4 ,cont9uity v]sus ,dualism4 ,a numb] ( !ories ( kn[+ h be5 criticiz$ 9 ! previ\s pages4 ,9 spite ( _! diff]5ces f "o ano!r1 !y all agree 9 "o fundam5tal respect :i* contra/s ) ! !ory :i* has be5 positively advanc$4 ,! latt] assumes cont9uity2 ! =m] /ate or imply c]ta9 basic divisions1 sep>ations1 or anti!ses1 te*nically call$ dualisms4 ,! orig9 ( ^! divisions we h f\nd 9 ! h>d & fa/ walls :i* m>k (f social gr\ps & classes )9 a gr\p3 l ^? betwe5 ri* & poor1 m5 & wom51 noble & baseborn1 rul] & rul$4 ,^! b>ri]s mean abs5ce ( flu5t & free int]c\rse4 ,?is abs5ce is equival5t to ! sett+ up ( diff]5t types ( life-exp]i5ce1 ea* ) isolat$ subject matt]1 aim1 & /&>d ( values4 ,e su* social condition mu/ be =mulat$ 9 a duali/ic philosophy1 if philosophy is to be a s9c]e acc\nt ( exp]i5ce4 ,:5 x gets beyond dualism--z _m philosophies d 9 =m--x c only be by appeal to some?+ high] ?an any?+ f\nd 9 exp]i5ce1 by a flight to "s transc5d5tal realm4 ,& 9 d5y+ duality 9 "n su* !ories re/ore x 9 fact1 = !y end 9 a division betwe5 ?+s ( ?is _w z m]e appe>ances & an inaccessible ess5ce ( reality4 ,s f> z ^! divisions p]si/ & o!rs are add$ to !m1 ea* leaves its m>k ^u ! educational sy/em1 until ! s*eme ( education1 tak5 z a :ole1 is a deposit ( v>i\s purposes & proc$ures4 ,! outcome is t k9d ( *eck & balance ( segregat$ factors & values :i* has be5 describ$4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xviii47 ,! pres5t discussion is simply a =mulation1 9 ! t]m9ology ( philosophy1 ( v>i\s anti!tical conceptions involv$ 9 ! !ory ( kn[+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is ! opposition ( empirical & high] rational kn[+4 ,! fir/ is connect$ ) ev]yday affairs1 s]ves ! purposes ( ! ord9>y individual :o has no specializ$ intellectual pursuit1 & br+s 8 wants into "s k9d ( work+ connection ) ! imm$iate environm5t4 ,su* kn[+ is depreciat$1 if n despis$1 z purely utilit>ian1 lack+ 9 cultural significance4 ,rational k is suppos$ to be some?+ :i* t\*es reality 9 ultimate1 intellectual fa%ion2 to be pursu$ = its own sake & prop]ly to t]m9ate 9 purely !oretical insight1 n debas$ by application 9 behavior4 ,socially1 ! di/9ction corresponds to t ( ! intellig5ce us$ by ! work+ classes & t us$ by a le>n$ class remote f conc]n ) ! means ( liv+4 ,philosophically1 ! diff]5ce turns ab\t ! di/9ction ( ! p>ticul> & univ]sal4 ,exp]i5ce is an aggregate ( m or less isolat$ p>ticul>s1 acqua9tance ) ea* ( :i* mu/ be sep>ately made4 ,reason deals ) univ]sals1 ) g5]al pr9ciples1 ) laws1 :i* lie above ! welt] ( concrete details4 ,9 ! educational precipitate1 ! pupil is suppos$ to h to le>n1 on "o h&1 a lot ( items ( specific in=mation1 ea* /&+ by itself1 & ^u ! o!r h&1 to become famili> ) a c]ta9 numb] ( laws & g5]al relation%ips4 ,geography1 z (t5 taught1 illu/rates ! =m]2 ma!matics1 beyond ! rudim5ts ( figur+1 ! latt]4 ,= all practical purposes1 !y repres5t two indep5d5t worlds4 ,ano!r anti!sis is sugge/$ by ! two s5ses ( ! ^w le>n+4 ,on ! "o h&1 le>n+ is ! sum total ( :at is kn[n1 z t is h&$ d[n by books & le>n$ m54 ,x is some?+ ext]nal1 an accumulation ( cognitions z "o might /ore mat]ial commodities 9 a w>eh\se4 ,tru? exi/s ready-made some:]e4 ,/udy is !n ! process by :i* an individual draws on :at is 9 /orage4 ,on ! o!r h&1 le>n+ means some?+ :i* ! individual does :5 he /udies4 ,x is an active1 p]sonally conduct$ affair4 ,! dualism "h is betwe5 k z some?+ ext]nal1 or1 z x is (t5 call$1 objective1 & kn[+ z some?+ purely int]nal1 subjective1 psy*ical4 ,!re is1 on "o side1 a body ( tru?1 ready-made1 &1 on ! o!r1 a ready-made m9d equipp$ ) a faculty ( kn[+--if x only wills to ex]cise x1 :i* x is (t5 /rangely loa? to d4 ,! sep>ation1 (t5 t\*$ ^u1 betwe5 subject matt] & me?od is ! educational equival5t ( ?is dualism4 ,socially ! di/9ction has to d ) ! "p ( life :i* is dep5d5t ^u au?ority & t :]e individuals are free to advance4 ,ano!r dualism is t ( activity & passivity 9 kn[+4 ,purely empirical & physical ?+s are (t5 suppos$ to be kn[n by receiv+ impressions4 ,physical ?+s someh[ /amp !mselves ^u ! m9d or convey !mselves into consci\sness by means ( ! s5se organs4 ,rational k & k ( spiritual ?+s is suppos$1 on ! contr>y1 to spr+ f activity initiat$ )9 ! m9d1 an activity c>ri$ on bett] if x is kept remote f all sully+ t\* ( ! s5ses & ext]nal objects4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 s5se tra9+ & object lessons & laboratory ex]cises1 & pure ideas conta9$ 9 books1 & appropriat$--s x is ?\ght--by "s miracul\s output ( m5tal en]gy1 is a fair expression 9 education ( ?is di/9ction4 ,socially1 x reflects a division betwe5 ^? :o are controll$ by direct conc]n ) ?+s & ^? :o are free to cultivate !mselves4 ,ano!r curr5t opposition is t said to exi/ betwe5 ! intellect & ! emotions4 ,! emotions are conceiv$ to be purely private & p]sonal1 hav+ no?+ to d ) ! "w ( pure intellig5ce 9 appreh5d+ facts & tru?s1--except p]haps ! s+le emotion ( intellectual curiosity4 ,! intellect is a pure light2 ! emotions are a di/urb+ heat4 ,! m9d turns outw>d to tru?2 ! emotions turn inw>d to consid]ations ( p]sonal advantage & loss4 ,?us 9 education we h t sy/ematic depreciation ( int]e/ :i* has be5 not$1 plus ! necessity 9 practice1 ) mo/ pupils1 ( rec\rse to extrane\s & irrelevant rew>ds & p5alties 9 ord] to induce ! p]son :o has a m9d 7mu* z 8 clo!s h a pocket7 to apply t m9d to ! tru?s to be kn[n4 ,?us we h ! spectacle ( pr(essional educators decry+ appeal to int]e/ :ile !y uphold ) great dignity ! ne$ ( reliance ^u exam9ations1 m>ks1 promotions & emotions1 prizes1 & ! "t-honor$ p>aph]nalia ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! effect ( ?is situation 9 crippl+ ! tea*]'s s5se ( humor has n receiv$ ! att5tion :i* x des]ves4 ,all ( ^! sep>ations culm9ate 9 "o betwe5 kn[+ & do+1 !ory & practice1 betwe5 m9d z ! end & _s ( action & ! body z its organ & means4 ,we %all n repeat :at has be5 said ab\t ! s\rce ( ?is dualism 9 ! division ( society into a class labor+ ) _! muscles = mat]ial su/5ance & a class :i*1 reliev$ f economic pressure1 devotes itself to ! arts ( expression & social direction4 ,nor is x necess>y to speak aga9 ( ! educational evils :i* spr+ f ! sep>ation4 ,we %all be cont5t to summ>ize ! =ces :i* t5d to make ! unt5ability ( ?is conception obvi\s & to replace x by ! idea ( cont9uity4 7i7 ,! advance ( physiology & ! psy*ology associat$ ) x h %[n ! connection ( m5tal activity ) t ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,too (t5 recognition ( connection has /opp$ %ort at ?is po9t2 ! old] dualism ( s\l & body has be5 replac$ by t ( ! bra9 & ! re/ ( ! body4 ,b 9 fact ! n]v\s sy/em is only a specializ$ me*anism = keep+ all bodily activities work+ toge!r4 ,in/ead ( be+ isolat$ f !m1 z an organ ( kn[+ f organs ( motor response1 x is ! organ by :i* !y int]act responsively ) "o ano!r4 ,! bra9 is ess5tially an organ = effect+ ! reciprocal adju/m5t to ea* o!r ( ! /imuli receiv$ f ! environm5t & responses direct$ ^u x4 ,note t ! adju/+ is reciprocal2 ! bra9 n only enables organic activity to be br\ght to be> ^u any object ( ! environm5t 9 response to a s5sory /imulation1 b ?is response also det]m9es :at ! next /imulus w be4 ,see :at happ5s1 = example1 :5 a c>p5t] is at "w ^u a bo>d1 or an et*] ^u 8 plate--or 9 any case ( a consecutive activity4 ,:ile ea* motor response is adju/$ to ! /ate ( affairs indicat$ ?r\gh ! s5se organs1 t motor response %apes ! next s5sory /imulus4 ,g5]aliz+ ?is illu/ration1 ! bra9 is ! ma*9]y = a con/ant reorganiz+ ( activity s z to ma9ta9 its cont9uity2 t is to say1 to make su* modifications 9 future action z are requir$ because ( :at has already be5 done4 ,! cont9uity ( ! "w ( ! c>p5t] di/+ui%es x f a r\t9e repetition ( id5tically ! same motion1 & f a r&om activity :]e !re is no?+ cumulative4 ,:at makes x cont9u\s1 consecutive1 or conc5trat$ is t ea* e>li] act prep>es ! way = lat] acts1 :ile ^! take acc\nt ( or reckon ) ! results already atta9$--! basis ( all responsibility4 ,no "o :o has realiz$ ! full =ce ( ! facts ( ! connection ( kn[+ ) ! n]v\s sy/em & ( ! n]v\s sy/em ) ! readju/+ ( activity cont9u\sly to meet new conditions1 w d\bt t kn[+ has to d ) reorganiz+ activity1 in/ead ( be+ some?+ isolat$ f all activity1 complete on its own acc\nt4 7ii7 ,! developm5t ( biology cl9*es ?is lesson1 ) its discov]y ( evolution4 ,= ! philosophic significance ( ! doctr9e ( evolution lies precisely 9 its emphasis ^u cont9uity ( simpl] & m complex organic =ms until we rea* man4 ,! developm5t ( organic =ms beg9s ) /ructures :]e ! adju/m5t ( environm5t & organism is obvi\s1 & :]e any?+ :i* c be call$ m9d is at a m9imum4 ,z activity becomes m complex1 coord9at+ a great] numb] ( factors 9 space & "t1 intellig5ce plays a m & m m>k$ role1 = x has a l>g] span ( ! future to =eca/ & plan =4 ,! effect ^u ! !ory ( kn[+ is to displace ! notion t x is ! activity ( a m]e onlook] or spectator ( ! _w1 ! notion :i* goes ) ! idea ( kn[+ z some?+ complete 9 itself4 ,= ! doctr9e ( organic developm5t means t ! liv+ creature is a "p ( ! _w1 %>+ its vicissitudes & =tunes1 & mak+ itself secure 9 its prec>i\s dep5d5ce only z x intellectually id5tifies itself ) ! ?+s ab\t x1 &1 =eca/+ ! future consequ5ces ( :at is go+ on1 %apes its own activities accord+ly4 ,if ! liv+1 exp]i5c+ be+ is an intimate p>ticipant 9 ! activities ( ! _w to :i* x belongs1 !n k is a mode ( p>ticipation1 valuable 9 ! degree 9 :i* x is effective4 ,x _c be ! idle view ( an unconc]n$ spectator4 7iii7 ,! developm5t ( ! exp]im5tal me?od z ! me?od ( gett+ k & ( mak+ sure x is k1 & n m]e op9ion--! me?od ( bo? discov]y & pro(--is ! rema9+ great =ce 9 br++ ab\t a trans=mation 9 ! !ory ( k4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od has two sides4 7i7 ,on "o h&1 x means t we h no "r to call any?+ k except :]e our activity has actually produc$ c]ta9 physical *anges 9 ?+s1 :i* agree ) & confirm ! conception ent]ta9$4 ,%ort ( su* specific *anges1 our beliefs are only hypo!ses1 !ories1 sugge/ions1 guesses1 & are to be ent]ta9$ t5tatively & to be utiliz$ z indications ( exp]im5ts to be tri$4 7ii7 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]im5tal me?od ( ?9k+ signifies t ?9k+ is ( avail2 t x is ( avail 9 j ! degree 9 :i* ! anticipation ( future consequ5ces is made on ! basis ( ?or\gh obs]vation ( pres5t conditions4 ,exp]im5tation1 9 o!r words1 is n equival5t to bl9d react+4 ,su* surplus activity--a surplus ) ref]5ce to :at has be5 obs]v$ & is n[ anticipat$--is inde$ an unescapable factor 9 all our behavior1 b x is n exp]im5t save z consequ5ces are not$ & are us$ to make pr$ictions & plans 9 simil> situations 9 ! future4 ,! m ! mean+ ( ! exp]im5tal me?od is p]ceiv$1 ! m our try+ out ( a c]ta9 way ( treat+ ! mat]ial res\rces & ob/acles :i* confront u embodies a prior use ( intellig5ce4 ,:at we call magic 0 ) respect to _m ?+s ! exp]im5tal me?od ( ! savage2 b = him to try 0 to try 8 luck1 n 8 ideas4 ,! sci5tific exp]im5tal me?od is1 on ! contr>y1 a trial ( ideas2 h5ce ev5 :5 practically--or imm$iately--unsuccessful1 x is intellectual1 fruitful2 = we le>n f our failures :5 our endeavors are s]i\sly ?\ghtful4 ,! exp]im5tal me?od is new z a sci5tific res\rce--z a sy/ematiz$ means ( mak+ k1 ?\gh z old z life z a practical device4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t m5 h n recogniz$ its full scope4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 its significance is reg>d$ z belong+ to c]ta9 te*nical & m]ely physical matt]s4 ,x w d\btless take a long "t to secure ! p]ception t x holds equally z to ! =m+ & te/+ ( ideas 9 social & moral matt]s4 ,m5 /ill want ! crut* ( dogma1 ( beliefs fix$ by au?ority1 to relieve !m ( ! tr\ble ( ?9k+ & ! responsibility ( direct+ _! activity by ?\ght4 ,!y t5d to conf9e _! own ?9k+ to a consid]ation ( :i* "o among ! rival sy/ems ( dogma !y w accept4 ,h5ce ! s*ools are bett] adapt$1 z ,john ,/u>t ,mill said1 to make disciples ?an inquir]s4 ,b e advance 9 ! influ5ce ( ! exp]im5tal me?od is sure to aid 9 outlaw+ ! lit]>y1 dialectic1 & au?oritative me?ods ( =m+ beliefs :i* h gov]n$ ! s*ools ( ! pa/1 & to transf] _! pre/ige to me?ods :i* w procure an active conc]n ) ?+s & p]sons1 direct$ by aims ( increas+ temporal rea* & deploy+ great] range ( ?+s 9 space4 ,9 "t ! !ory ( kn[+ mu/ be d]iv$ f ! practice :i* is mo/ successful 9 mak+ k2 & !n t !ory w be employ$ to improve ! me?ods :i* are less successful4 #b4 ,s*ools ( ,me?od4 ,!re are v>i\s sy/ems ( philosophy ) *>act]i/ically diff]5t conceptions ( ! me?od ( kn[+4 ,"s ( !m are nam$ s*ola/icism1 s5sationalism1 rationalism1 idealism1 realism1 empiricism1 transc5d5talism1 pragmatism1 etc4 ,_m ( !m h be5 criticiz$ 9 connection ) ! discussion ( "s educational problem4 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) !m z involv+ deviations f t me?od :i* has prov$ mo/ effective 9 a*iev+ k1 = a consid]ation ( ! deviations may r5d] cle>] ! true place ( k 9 exp]i5ce4 ,9 brief1 ! function ( k is to make "o exp]i5ce freely available 9 o!r exp]i5ces4 ,! ^w freely m>ks ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pr9ciple ( k & t ( habit4 ,habit means t an individual und]goes a modification ?r\gh an exp]i5ce1 :i* modification =ms a pr$isposition to easi] & m effective action 9 a l direction 9 ! future4 ,?us x also has ! function ( mak+ "o exp]i5ce available 9 subsequ5t exp]i5ces4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 x p]=ms ?is function successfully4 ,b habit1 ap>t f k1 does n make all[ance = *ange ( conditions1 = novelty4 ,prevision ( *ange is n "p ( its scope1 = habit assumes ! ess5tial lik5ess ( ! new situation ) ! old4 ,consequ5tly x (t5 leads a/ray1 or comes betwe5 a p]son & ! successful p]=mance ( 8 task1 j z ! skill1 bas$ on habit alone1 ( ! me*anic w des]t him :5 some?+ unexpect$ occurs 9 ! runn+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,b a man :o und]/&s ! ma*9e is ! man :o kn[s :at he is ab\t4 ,he kn[s ! conditions "u :i* a giv5 habit works1 & is 9 a position to introduce ! *anges :i* w readapt x to new conditions4 ,9 o!r words1 k is a p]ception ( ^? connections ( an object :i* det]m9e its applicability 9 a giv5 situation4 ,to take an extreme example2 savages react to a flam+ comet z !y are accu/om$ to react to o!r ev5ts :i* ?reat5 ! security ( _! life4 ,s9ce !y try to fright5 wild animals or _! enemies by %rieks1 beat+ ( gongs1 br&i%+ ( weapons1 etc41 !y use ! same me?ods to sc>e away ! comet4 ,to u1 ! me?od is pla9ly absurd--s absurd t we fail to note t savages are simply fall+ back ^u habit 9 a way :i* exhibits its limitations4 ,! only reason we d n act 9 "s analog\s fa%ion is because we d n take ! comet z an isolat$1 disconnect$ ev5t1 b appreh5d x 9 its connections ) o!r ev5ts4 ,we place x1 z we say1 9 ! a/ronomical sy/em4 ,we respond to its connections & n simply to ! imm$iate occurr5ce4 ,?us our attitude to x is mu* fre]4 ,we may approa* x1 s to speak1 f any "o ( ! angles provid$ by its connections4 ,we c br+ into play1 z we deem wise1 any "o ( ! habits appropriate to any "o ( ! connect$ objects4 ,?us we get at a new ev5t indirectly in/ead ( imm$iately--by inv5tion1 +5uity1 res\rcefulness4 ,an ideally p]fect k w\ld repres5t su* a network ( int]connections t any pa/ exp]i5ce w\ld (f] a po9t ( advantage f :i* to get at ! problem pres5t$ 9 a new exp]i5ce4 ,9 f9e1 :ile a habit ap>t f k supplies u ) a s+le fix$ me?od ( attack1 k means t selection may be made f a mu* wid] range ( habits4 ,two aspects ( ?is m g5]al & fre] availability ( =m] exp]i5ces = subsequ5t ones may be di/+ui%$4 7,see ante1 p4 #gg47 7i7 ,"o1 ! m tangible1 is increas$ p[] ( control4 ,:at _c be manag$ directly may be h&l$ indirectly2 or we c int]pose b>ri]s betwe5 u & undesirable consequ5ces2 or we may evade !m if we _c ov]come !m4 ,g5u9e k has all ! practical value atta*+ to effici5t habits 9 any case4 7ii7 ,b x also increases ! mean+1 ! exp]i5c$ significance1 atta*+ to an exp]i5ce4 ,a situation to :i* we respond caprici\sly or by r\t9e has only a m9imum ( consci\s significance2 we get no?+ m5tally f x4 ,b :]ev] k comes into play 9 det]m9+ a new exp]i5ce !re is m5tal rew>d2 ev5 if we fail practically 9 gett+ ! ne$$ control we h ! satisfaction ( exp]i5c+ a mean+ in/ead ( m]ely react+ physically4 ,:ile ! cont5t ( k is :at has happ5$1 :at is tak5 z f9i%$ & h5ce settl$ & sure1 ! ref]5ce ( k is future or prospective4 ,= k furni%es ! means ( und]/&+ or giv+ mean+ to :at is /ill go+ on & :at is to be done4 ,! k ( a physician is :at he has f\nd out by p]sonal acqua9tance & by /udy ( :at o!rs h asc]ta9$ & record$4 ,b x is k to him because x supplies ! res\rces by :i* he int]prets ! unkn[n ?+s :i* confront him1 fills out ! p>tial obvi\s facts ) connect$ sugge/$ ph5om5a1 =esees _! probable future1 & makes plans accord+ly4 ,:5 k is cut (f f use 9 giv+ mean+ to :at is bl9d & baffl+1 x drops out ( consci\sness entirely or else becomes an object ( ae/hetic contemplation4 ,!re is mu* emotional satisfaction to be _h f a survey ( ! symmetry & ord] ( possess$ k1 & ! satisfaction is a legitimate "o4 ,b ?is contemplative attitude is ae/hetic1 n intellectual4 ,x is ! same sort ( joy t comes f view+ a f9i%$ picture or a well compos$ l&scape4 ,x w\ld make no diff]5ce if ! subject matt] 7 totally diff]5t1 provid$ x _h ! same h>moni\s organization4 ,inde$1 x w\ld make no diff]5ce if x 7 :olly inv5t$1 a play ( fancy4 ,applicability to ! _w means n applicability to :at is pa/ & gone--t is out ( ! "q by ! nature ( ! case2 x means applicability to :at is /ill go+ on1 :at is /ill unsettl$1 9 ! mov+ sc5e 9 :i* we are implicat$4 ,! v fact t we s easily ov]look ?is trait1 & reg>d /atem5ts ( :at is pa/ & out ( rea* z k is because we assume ! cont9uity ( pa/ & future4 ,we _c ent]ta9 ! conception ( a _w 9 :i* k ( its pa/ w\ld n be helpful 9 =eca/+ & giv+ mean+ to its future4 ,we ignore ! prospective ref]5ce j because x is s irretrievably impli$4 ,yet _m ( ! philosophic s*ools ( me?od :i* h be5 m5tion$ trans=m ! ignor+ into a virtual d5ial4 ,!y reg>d k z some?+ complete 9 itself irrespective ( its availability 9 deal+ ) :at is yet to be4 ,& x is ?is omission :i* vitiates !m & :i* makes !m /& z sponsors = educational me?ods :i* an adequate conception ( k condemns4 ,= "o has only to call to m9d :at is sometimes treat$ 9 s*ools z acquisition ( k to realize h[ lack+ x is 9 any fruitful connection ) ! ongo+ exp]i5ce ( ! /ud5ts--h[ l>gely x seems to be believ$ t ! m]e appropriation ( subject matt] :i* happ5s to be /or$ 9 books con/itutes k4 ,no matt] h[ true :at is le>n$ to ^? :o f\nd x out & 9 ^: exp]i5ce x function$1 !re is no?+ :i* makes x k to ! pupils4 ,x might z well be some?+ ab\t ,m>s or ab\t "s fanciful c\ntry unless x fructifies 9 ! individual's own life4 ,at ! "t :5 s*ola/ic me?od develop$1 x _h relevancy to social conditions4 ,x 0 a me?od = sy/ematiz+ & l5d+ rational sanction to mat]ial accept$ on au?ority4 ,?is subject matt] meant s mu* t x vitaliz$ ! def9+ & sy/ematiz+ br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,"u pres5t conditions ! s*ola/ic me?od1 = mo/ p]sons1 means a =m ( kn[+ :i* has no especial connection ) any p>ticul> subject matt]4 ,x includes mak+ di/9ctions1 def9itions1 divisions1 & classifications = ! m]e sake ( mak+ !m--) no objective 9 exp]i5ce4 ,! view ( ?\ght z a purely physical activity hav+ its own =ms1 :i* are appli$ to any mat]ial z a seal may be /amp$ on any pla/ic /uff1 ! view :i* und]lies :at is t]m$ =mal logic is ess5tially ! s*ola/ic me?od g5]aliz$4 ,! doctr9e ( =mal discipl9e 9 education is ! natural c\nt]p>t ( ! s*ola/ic me?od4 ,! contra/+ !ories ( ! me?od ( k :i* g by ! "n ( s5sationalism & rationalism correspond to an exclusive emphasis ^u ! p>ticul> & ! g5]al respectively--or ^u b>e facts on "o side & b>e relations on ! o!r4 ,9 real k1 !re is a p>ticul>iz+ & a g5]aliz+ function work+ toge!r4 ,s f> z a situation is confus$1 x has to be cle>$ up2 x has to be resolv$ into details1 z %>ply def9$ z possible4 ,specifi$ facts & qualities con/itute ! elem5ts ( ! problem to be dealt )1 & x is ?r\gh our s5se organs t !y are specifi$4 ,z sett+ =? ! problem1 !y may well be t]m$ p>ticul>s1 = !y are fragm5t>y4 ,s9ce our task is to discov] _! connections & to recomb9e !m1 = u at ! "t !y are p>tial4 ,!y are to be giv5 mean+2 h5ce1 j z !y /&1 !y lack x4 ,any?+ :i* is to be kn[n1 ^: mean+ has /ill to be made out1 (f]s itself z p>ticul>4 ,b :at is already kn[n1 if x has be5 work$ ov] ) a view to mak+ x applicable to intellectually ma/]+ new p>ticul>s1 is g5]al 9 function4 ,its function ( introduc+ connection into :at is o!rwise unconnect$ con/itutes its g5]ality4 ,any fact is g5]al if we use x to give mean+ to ! elem5ts ( a new exp]i5ce4 ,reason is j ! ability to br+ ! subject matt] ( prior exp]i5ce to be> to p]ceive ! significance ( ! subject matt] ( a new exp]i5ce4 ,a p]son is reasonable 9 ! degree 9 :i* he is habitually op5 to see+ an ev5t :i* imm$iately /rikes 8 s5ses n z an isolat$ ?+ b 9 its connection ) ! common exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,)\t ! p>ticul>s z !y are discrim9at$ by ! active responses ( s5se organs1 !re is no mat]ial = kn[+ & no intellectual gr[?4 ,)\t plac+ ^! p>ticul>s 9 ! context ( ! mean+s wr\ght out 9 ! l>g] exp]i5ce ( ! pa/--)\t ! use ( reason or ?\ght--p>ticul>s are m]e excitations or irritations4 ,! mi/ake alike ( ! s5sational & ! rationali/ic s*ools is t ea* fails to see t ! function ( s5sory /imulation & ?\ght is relative to reorganiz+ exp]i5ce 9 apply+ ! old to ! new1 !reby ma9ta9+ ! cont9uity or consi/5cy ( life4 ,! !ory ( ! me?od ( kn[+ :i* is advanc$ 9 ^! pages may be t]m$ pragmatic4 ,its ess5tial feature is to ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( kn[+ ) an activity :i* purposely modifies ! environm5t4 ,x holds t k 9 its /rict s5se ( some?+ possess$ consi/s ( our intellectual res\rces--( all ! habits t r5d] our action intellig5t4 ,only t :i* has be5 organiz$ into our disposition s z to enable u to adapt ! environm5t to our ne$s & to adapt our aims & desires to ! situation 9 :i* we live is really k4 ,k is n j some?+ :i* we are n[ consci\s (1 b consi/s ( ! dispositions we consci\sly use 9 und]/&+ :at n[ happ5s4 ,k z an act is br++ "s ( our dispositions to consci\sness ) a view to /raight5+ out a p]plexity1 by conceiv+ ! connection betwe5 ourselves & ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,summ>y4 ,su* social divisions z int]f]e ) free & full int]c\rse react to make ! intellig5ce & kn[+ ( memb]s ( ! sep>at$ classes "o-sid$4 ,^? ^: exp]i5ce has to d ) utilities cut (f f ! l>g] end !y subs]ve are practical empirici/s2 ^? :o enjoy ! contemplation ( a realm ( mean+s 9 ^: active production !y h _h no %>e are practical rationali/s4 ,^? :o come 9 direct contact ) ?+s & h to adapt _! activities to !m imm$iately are1 9 effect1 reali/s2 ^? :o isolate ! mean+s ( ^! ?+s & put !m 9 a religi\s or s-call$ spiritual _w alo( f ?+s are1 9 effect1 ideali/s4 ,^? conc]n$ ) progress1 :o are /riv+ to *ange receiv$ beliefs1 emphasize ! individual factor 9 kn[+2 ^? ^: *ief bus9ess x is to )/& *ange & cons]ve receiv$ tru? emphasize ! univ]sal & ! fix$--& s on4 ,philosophic sy/ems 9 _! oppos$ !ories ( k pres5t an explicit =mulation ( ! traits *>act]i/ic ( ^! cut-(f & "o-sid$ segm5ts ( exp]i5ce--"o-sid$ because b>ri]s to int]c\rse prev5t ! exp]i5ce ( "o f be+ enri*$ & supplem5t$ by t ( o!rs :o are diff]5tly situat$4 ,9 an analog\s way1 s9ce democracy /&s 9 pr9ciple = free int]*ange1 = social cont9uity1 x mu/ develop a !ory ( k :i* sees 9 k ! me?od by :i* "o exp]i5ce is made available 9 giv+ direction & mean+ to ano!r4 ,! rec5t advances 9 physiology1 biology1 & ! logic ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces supply ! specific intellectual in/rum5talities dem&$ to "w out & =mulate su* a !ory4 ,_! educational equival5t is ! connection ( ! acquisition ( k 9 ! s*ools ) activities1 or occupations1 c>ri$ on 9 a m$ium ( associat$ life4 ,*apt] ,tw5ty-six3 ,!ories ( ,morals #a4 ,! ,inn] & ! ,out]4 ,s9ce morality is conc]n$ ) conduct1 any dualisms :i* are set up betwe5 m9d & activity mu/ reflect !mselves 9 ! !ory ( morals4 ,s9ce ! =mulations ( ! sep>ation 9 ! philosophic !ory ( morals are us$ to ju/ify & idealize ! practices employ$ 9 moral tra9+1 a brief critical discussion is 9 place4 ,x is a commonplace ( educational !ory t ! e/abli%+ ( "* is a compreh5sive aim ( s*ool in/ruction & discipl9e4 ,h5ce x is important t we %\ld be on our gu>d aga9/ a conception ( ! relations ( intellig5ce to "* :i* hamp]s ! realization ( ! aim1 & on ! look-out = ! conditions :i* h to be provid$ 9 ord] t ! aim may be successfully act$ ^u4 ,! fir/ ob/ruction :i* meets u is ! curr5cy ( moral ideas :i* split ! c\rse ( activity into two oppos$ factors1 (t5 nam$ respectively ! inn] & out]1 or ! spiritual & ! physical4 ,?is division is a culm9ation ( ! dualism ( m9d & ! _w1 s\l & body1 end & means1 :i* we h s frequ5tly not$4 ,9 morals x takes ! =m ( a %>p dem>cation ( ! motive ( action f its consequ5ces1 & ( "* f conduct4 ,motive & "* are reg>d$ z some?+ purely inn]1 exi/+ exclusively 9 consci\sness1 :ile consequ5ces & conduct are reg>d$ z outside ( m9d1 conduct hav+ to d simply ) ! movem5ts :i* c>ry out motives2 consequ5ces ) :at happ5s z a result4 ,diff]5t s*ools id5tify morality ) ei!r ! inn] /ate ( m9d or ! out] act & results1 ea* 9 sep>ation f ! o!r4 ,action ) a purpose is delib]ate2 x involves a consci\sly =ese5 end & a m5tal weigh+ ( consid]ations pro & eon4 ,x also involves a consci\s /ate ( long+ or desire = ! end4 ,! delib]ate *oice ( an aim & ( a settl$ disposition ( desire takes "t4 ,dur+ ?is "t complete ov]t action is susp5d$4 ,a p]son :o does n h 8 m9d made up1 does n "k :at to d4 ,consequ5tly he po/pones def9ite action s f> z possible4 ,8 position may be comp>$ to t ( a man consid]+ jump+ across a dit*4 ,if he 7 sure he c\ld or c\ld n make x1 def9ite activity 9 "s direction w\ld occur4 ,b if he consid]s1 he is 9 d\bt2 he hesitates4 ,dur+ ! "t 9 :i* a s+le ov]t l9e ( action is 9 susp5se1 8 activities are conf9$ to su* r$i/ributions ( en]gy )9 ! organism z w prep>e a det]m9ate c\rse ( action4 ,he measures ! dit* ) 8 eyes2 he br+s himself taut to get a feel ( ! en]gy at 8 disposal2 he looks ab\t = o!r ways across1 he reflects ^u ! importance ( gett+ across4 ,all ?is means an acc5tuation ( consci\sness2 x means a turn+ 9 ^u ! individual's own attitudes1 p[]s1 wi%es1 etc4 ,obvi\sly1 h[ev]1 ?is surg+ up ( p]sonal factors into consci\s recognition is a "p ( ! :ole activity 9 its temporal developm5t4 ,!re is n fir/ a purely psy*ical process1 foll[$ abruptly by a radically diff]5t physical "o4 ,!re is "o cont9u\s behavior1 proce$+ f a m unc]ta91 divid$1 hesitat+ /ate to a m ov]t1 det]m9ate1 or complete /ate4 ,! activity at fir/ consi/s ma9ly ( c]ta9 t5sions & adju/m5ts )9 ! organism2 z ^! are coord9at$ into a unifi$ attitude1 ! organism z a :ole acts--"s def9ite act is und]tak54 ,we may di/+ui%1 ( c\rse1 ! m explicitly consci\s phase ( ! cont9u\s activity z m5tal or psy*ical4 ,b t only id5tifies ! m5tal or psy*ical to mean ! indet]m9ate1 =mative /ate ( an activity :i* 9 its fullness involves putt+ =? ( ov]t en]gy to modify ! environm5t4 ,our consci\s ?\ghts1 obs]vations1 wi%es1 av]sions are important1 because !y repres5t in*oate1 nasc5t activities4 ,!y fulfill _! de/9y 9 issu+1 lat] on1 into specific & p]ceptible acts4 ,& ^! in*oate1 budd+ organic readju/m5ts are important because !y are our sole escape f ! dom9ion ( r\t9e habits & bl9d impulse4 ,!y are activities hav+ a new mean+ 9 process ( developm5t4 ,h5ce1 normally1 !re is an acc5tuation ( p]sonal consci\sness :5ev] our in/9cts & ready =m$ habits f9d !mselves block$ by novel conditions4 ,!n we are ?r[n back ^u ourselves to reorganize our own attitude be=e proce$+ to a def9ite & irretrievable c\rse ( action4 ,unless we try to drive our way ?r\gh by %e] brute =ce1 we mu/ modify our organic res\rces to adapt !m to ! specific features ( ! situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,! consci\s delib]at+ & desir+ :i* prec$e ov]t action are1 !n1 ! me?odic p]sonal readju/m5t impli$ 9 activity 9 unc]ta9 situations4 ,?is role ( m9d 9 cont9u\s activity is n always ma9ta9$1 h[ev]4 ,desires = some?+ diff]5t1 av]sion to ! giv5 /ate ( ?+s caus$ by ! block+ ( successful activity1 /imulates ! imag9ation4 ,! picture ( a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s does n always function to aid +5i\s obs]vation & recollection to f9d a way out & on4 ,except :]e !re is a discipl9$ disposition1 ! t5d5cy is = ! imag9ation to run loose4 ,in/ead ( its objects be+ *eck$ up by conditions ) ref]5ce to _! practicability 9 execution1 !y are all[$ to develop because ( ! imm$iate emotional satisfaction :i* !y yield4 ,:5 we f9d ! successful display ( our en]gies *eck$ by uncong5ial surr\nd+s1 natural & social1 ! easie/ way out is to build ca/les 9 ! air & let !m be a sub/itute = an actual a*ievem5t :i* involves ! pa9s ( ?\ght4 ,s 9 ov]t action we acquiesce1 & build up an imag9>y _w 91 m9d4 ,?is break betwe5 ?\ght & conduct is reflect$ 9 ^? !ories :i* make a %>p sep>ation betwe5 m9d z inn] & conduct & consequ5ces z m]ely out]4 ,= ! split may be m ?an an incid5t ( a p>ticul> individual's exp]i5ce4 ,! social situation may be su* z to ?r[ ! class giv5 to articulate reflection back into _! own ?\ghts & desires )\t provid+ ! means by :i* ^! ideas & aspirations c be us$ to reorganize ! environm5t4 ,"u su* conditions1 m5 take rev5ge1 z x 71 ^u ! ali5 & ho/ile environm5t by cultivat+ contempt = x1 by giv+ x a bad "n4 ,!y seek refuge & consolation )9 _! own /ates ( m9d1 _! own imag9+s & wi%es1 :i* !y complim5t by call+ bo? m real & m ideal ?an ! despis$ out] _w4 ,su* p]iods h recurr$ 9 hi/ory4 ,9 ! e>ly c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! influ5tial moral sy/ems ( ,/oicism1 ( mona/ic & popul> ,*ri/ianity & o!r religi\s movem5ts ( ! day1 took %ape "u ! influ5ce ( su* conditions4 ,! m action :i* might express prevail+ ideals 0 *eck$1 ! m ! inn] possession & cultivation ( ideals 0 reg>d$ z self-suffici5t--z ! ess5ce ( morality4 ,! ext]nal _w 9 :i* activity belongs 0 ?\ght ( z morally indiff]5t4 ,ev]y?+ lay 9 hav+ ! "r motive1 ev5 ?\gh t motive 0 n a mov+ =ce 9 ! _w4 ,mu* ! same sort ( situation recurr$ 9 ,g]many 9 ! lat] eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies2 x l$ to ! ,kantian insi/5ce ^u ! good w z ! sole moral good1 ! w be+ reg>d$ z some?+ complete 9 itself1 ap>t f action & f ! *anges or consequ5ces effect$ 9 ! _w4 ,lat] x l$ to any idealization ( exi/+ in/itutions z !mselves ! embodim5t ( reason4 ,! purely int]nal morality ( mean+ well1 ( hav+ a good disposition reg>dless ( :at comes ( x1 naturally l$ to a reaction4 ,?is is g5]ally kn[n z ei!r h$onism or utilit>ianism4 ,x 0 said 9 effect t ! important ?+ morally is n :at a man is inside ( 8 own consci\sness1 b :at he does--! consequ5ces :i* issue1 ! *>ges he actually effects4 ,inn] morality 0 attack$ z s5tim5tal1 arbitr>y1 dogmatic1 subjective--z giv+ m5 leave to dignify & %ield any dogma cong5ial to _! self-int]e/ or any caprice occurr+ to imag9ation by call+ x an intuition or an ideal ( consci5ce4 ,results1 conduct1 are :at c\nts2 !y af=d ! sole measure ( morality4 ,ord9>y morality1 & h5ce t ( ! s*oolroom1 is likely to be an inconsi/5t compromise ( bo? views4 ,on "o h&1 c]ta9 /ates ( feel+ are made mu* (2 ! individual mu/ mean well1 & if 8 int5tions are good1 if he _h ! "r sort ( emotional consci\sness1 he may be reliev$ ( responsibility = full results 9 conduct4 ,b s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 ?+s h to be done to meet ! conv5i5ce & ! requirem5ts ( o!rs1 & ( social ord] 9 g5]al1 !re is great insi/5ce ^u ! do+ ( c]ta9 ?+s1 irrespective ( :e!r ! individual has any conc]n or intellig5ce 9 _! do+4 ,he mu/ toe ! m>k2 he mu/ h 8 nose held to ! gr9d/one2 he mu/ obey2 he mu/ =m useful habits2 he mu/ le>n self-control1--all ( ^! precepts be+ und]/ood 9 a way :i* emphasizes simply ! imm$iate ?+ tangibly done1 irrespective ( ! _s ( ?\ght & desire 9 :i* x is done1 & irrespective !re=e ( its effect ^u o!r less obvi\s do+s4 ,x is hop$ t ! prior discussion has suffici5tly elaborat$ ! me?od by :i* bo? ( ^! evils are avoid$4 ,"o or bo? ( ^! evils mu/ result :]ev] individuals1 :e!r "y or old1 _c engage 9 a progressively cumulative und]tak+ "u conditions :i* engage _! int]e/ & require _! reflection4 ,= only 9 su* cases is x possible t ! disposition ( desire & ?9k+ %\ld be an organic factor 9 ov]t & obvi\s conduct4 ,giv5 a consecutive activity embody+ ! /ud5t's own int]e/1 :]e a def9ite result is to be obta9$1 & :]e nei!r r\t9e habit nor ! foll[+ ( dictat$ directions nor caprici\s improvis+ w suffice1 & !re ! rise ( consci\s purpose1 consci\s desire1 & delib]ate reflection are inevitable4 ,!y are inevitable z ! _s & quality ( an activity hav+ specific consequ5ces1 n z =m+ an isolat$ realm ( inn] consci\sness4 #b4 ,! ,opposition ( ,duty & ,int]e/4 ,probably !re is no anti!sis m (t5 set up 9 moral discussion ?an t betwe5 act+ f pr9ciple & f int]e/4 ,to act on pr9ciple is to act dis9t]e/$ly1 accord+ to a g5]al law1 :i* is above all p]sonal consid]ations4 ,to act accord+ to int]e/ is1 s ! allegation runs1 to act selfi%ly1 ) "o's own p]sonal pr(it 9 view4 ,x sub/itutes ! *ang+ exp$i5cy ( ! mom5t = devotion to unsw]v+ moral law4 ,! false idea ( int]e/ und]ly+ ?is opposition has already be5 criticiz$ 7,see ,*apt] ,x71 b "s moral aspects ( ! "q w n[ be consid]$4 ,a clew to ! matt] may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! support]s ( ! int]e/ side ( ! controv]sy habitually use ! t]m self-int]e/4 ,/>t+ f ! premises t unless !re is int]e/ 9 an object or idea1 !re is no motive =ce1 !y end ) ! conclusion t ev5 :5 a p]son claims to be act+ f pr9ciple or f a s5se ( duty1 he really acts z he does because !re is some?+ 9 x = himself4 ,! premise is s\nd2 ! conclusion false4 ,9 reply ! o!r s*ool argues t s9ce man is capable ( g5]\s self-=gett+ & ev5 self-sacrific+ action1 he is capable ( act+ )\t int]e/4 ,aga9 ! premise is s\nd1 & ! conclusion false4 ,! error on bo? sides lies 9 a false notion ( ! relation ( int]e/ & ! self4 ,bo? sides assume t ! self is a fix$ & h5ce isolat$ quantity4 ,z a consequ5ce1 !re is a rigid dilemma betwe5 act+ = an int]e/ ( ! self & )\t int]e/4 ,if ! self is some?+ fix$ antec$5t to action1 !n act+ f int]e/ means try+ to get m 9 ! way ( possessions = ! self--:e!r 9 ! way ( fame1 approval ( o!rs1 p[] ov] o!rs1 pecuni>y pr(it1 or pleasure4 ,!n ! reaction f ?is view z a cynical depreciation ( human nature leads to ! view t m5 :o act nobly act ) no int]e/ at all4 ,yet to an unbias$ judgm5t x w\ld appe> pla9 t a man mu/ be int]e/$ 9 :at he is do+ or he w\ld n d x4 ,a physician :o cont9ues to s]ve ! sick 9 a plague at almo/ c]ta9 dang] to 8 own life mu/ be int]e/$ 9 ! effici5t p]=mance ( 8 pr(ession--m int]e/$ 9 t ?an 9 ! safety ( 8 own bodily life4 ,b x is di/ort+ facts to say t ?is int]e/ is m]ely a mask = an int]e/ 9 some?+ else :i* he gets by cont9u+ 8 cu/om>y s]vices--su* z money or good repute or virtue2 t x is only a means to an ult]ior selfi% end4 ,! mom5t we recognize t ! self is n some?+ ready-made1 b some?+ 9 cont9u\s =mation ?r\gh *oice ( action1 ! :ole situation cle>s up4 ,a man's int]e/ 9 keep+ at 8 "w 9 spite ( dang] to life means t 8 self is f\nd 9 t "w2 if he f9ally gave up1 & pref]r$ 8 p]sonal safety or com=t1 x w\ld mean t he pref]r$ to be t k9d ( a self4 ,! mi/ake lies 9 mak+ a sep>ation betwe5 int]e/ & self1 & suppos+ t ! latt] is ! end to :i* int]e/ 9 objects & acts & o!rs is a m]e means4 ,9 fact1 self & int]e/ are two names = ! same fact2 ! k9d & am\nt ( int]e/ actively tak5 9 a ?+ reveals & measures ! quality ( selfhood :i* exi/s4 ,be> 9 m9d t int]e/ means ! active or mov+ id5tity ( ! self ) a c]ta9 object1 & ! :ole alleg$ dilemma falls to ! gr\nd4 ,unselfi%ness1 = example1 signifies nei!r lack ( int]e/ 9 :at is done 7t w\ld mean only ma*9e-l indiff]5ce7 nor selflessness--:i* w\ld mean abs5ce ( virility & "*4 ,z employ$ ev]y:]e outside ( ?is p>ticul> !oretical controv]sy1 ! t]m unselfi%ness ref]s to ! k9d ( aims & objects :i* habitually int]e/ a man4 ,& if we make a m5tal survey ( ! k9d ( int]e/s :i* evoke ! use ( ?is epi!t1 we %all see t !y h two intimately associat$ features4 7i7 ,! g5]\s self consci\sly id5tifies itself ) ! full range ( relation%ips impli$ 9 its activity1 in/ead ( draw+ a %>p l9e betwe5 itself & consid]ations :i* are exclud$ z ali5 or indiff]5t2 7ii7 x readju/s & exp&s its pa/ ideas ( itself to take 9 new consequ5ces z !y become p]ceptible4 ,:5 ! physician began 8 c>e] he may n h ?\ght ( a pe/il5ce2 he may n h consci\sly id5tifi$ himself ) s]vice "u su* conditions4 ,b1 if he has a normally gr[+ or active self1 :5 he f9ds t 8 vocation involves su* risks1 he will+ly adopts !m z integral portions ( 8 activity4 ,! wid] or l>g] self :i* means inclusion in/ead ( d5ial ( relation%ips is id5tical ) a self :i* enl>ges 9 ord] to assume previ\sly un=ese5 ties4 ,9 su* crises ( readju/m5t--& ! crisis may be slight z well z great--!re may be a transitional conflict ( pr9ciple ) int]e/4 ,x is ! nature ( a habit to involve ease 9 ! accu/om$ l9e ( activity4 ,x is ! nature ( a readju/+ ( habit to involve an ef=t :i* is disagreeable--some?+ to :i* a man has delib]ately to hold himself4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a t5d5cy to id5tify ! self--or take int]e/--9 :at "o has got us$ to1 & to turn away ! m9d ) av]sion or irritation :5 an unexpect$ ?+ :i* involves an unpleasant modification ( habit comes up4 ,s9ce 9 ! pa/ "o has done "o's duty )\t hav+ to face su* a disagreeable circum/ance1 :y n g on z "o has be58 ,to yield to ?is temptation means to n>r[ & isolate ! ?\ght ( ! self--to treat x z complete4 ,any habit1 no matt] h[ effici5t 9 ! pa/1 :i* has become set1 may at any "t br+ ?is temptation ) x4 ,to act f pr9ciple 9 su* an em]g5cy is n to act on "s ab/ract pr9ciple1 or duty at l>ge2 x is to act ^u ! pr9ciple ( a c\rse ( action1 in/ead ( ^u ! circum/ances :i* h att5d$ x4 ,! pr9ciple ( a physician's conduct is its animat+ aim & _s--! c>e = ! diseas$4 ,! pr9ciple is n :at ju/ifies an activity1 = ! pr9ciple is b ano!r "n = ! cont9uity ( ! activity4 ,if ! activity z manife/$ 9 its consequ5ces is undesirable1 to act ^u pr9ciple is to acc5tuate its evil4 ,& a man :o prides himself ^u act+ ^u pr9ciple is likely to be a man :o insi/s ^u hav+ 8 own way )\t le>n+ f exp]i5ce :at is ! bett] way4 ,he fancies t "s ab/ract pr9ciple ju/ifies 8 c\rse ( action )\t recogniz+ t 8 pr9ciple ne$s ju/ification4 ,assum+1 h[ev]1 t s*ool conditions are su* z to provide desirable occupations1 x is int]e/ 9 ! occupation z a :ole--t is1 9 its cont9u\s developm5t--:i* keeps a pupil at 8 "w 9 spite ( tempor>y div]sions & unpleasant ob/acles4 ,:]e !re is no activity hav+ a gr[+ significance1 appeal to pr9ciple is ei!r purely v]bal1 or a =m ( ob/9ate pride or an appeal to extrane\s consid]ations clo!d ) a dignifi$ title4 ,und\bt$ly !re are junctures :]e mom5t>y int]e/ ceases & att5tion flags1 & :]e re9=cem5t is ne$$4 ,b :at c>ries a p]son ov] ^! h>d /ret*es is n loyalty to duty 9 ! ab/ract1 b int]e/ 9 8 occupation4 ,duties are (fices--!y are ! specific acts ne$$ = ! fulfill+ ( a function--or1 9 homely language--do+ "o's job4 ,& ! man :o is g5u9ely int]e/$ 9 8 job is ! man :o is able to /& tempor>y disc\ragem5t1 to p]si/ 9 ! face ( ob/acles1 to take ! lean ) ! fat3 he makes an int]e/ out ( meet+ & ov]com+ difficulties & di/raction4 #c4 ,intellig5ce & ,"*4 ,a notewor?y p>adox (t5 accompanies discussions ( morals4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re is an id5tification ( ! moral ) ! rational4 ,reason is set up z a faculty f :i* proce$ ultimate moral intuitions1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! ,kantian !ory1 x is said to supply ! only prop] moral motive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! value ( concrete1 ev]yday intellig5ce is con/antly und]e/imat$1 & ev5 delib]ately depreciat$4 ,morals is (t5 ?\ght to be an affair ) :i* ord9>y k has no?+ to d4 ,moral k is ?\ght to be a ?+ ap>t1 & consci5ce is ?\ght ( z some?+ radically diff]5t f consci\sness4 ,?is sep>ation1 if valid1 is ( especial significance = education4 ,moral education 9 s*ool is practically hopeless :5 we set up ! developm5t ( "* z a supreme end1 & at ! same "t treat ! acquir+ ( k & ! developm5t ( und]/&+1 :i* ( necessity occupy ! *ief "p ( s*ool "t1 z hav+ no?+ to d ) "*4 ,on su* a basis1 moral education is inevitably r$uc$ to "s k9d ( cate*etical in/ruction1 or lessons ab\t morals4 ,lessons ab\t morals signify z matt] ( c\rse lessons 9 :at o!r p ?9k ab\t virtues & duties4 ,x am\nts to some?+ only 9 ! degree 9 :i* pupils happ5 to be already animat$ by a sympa!tic & dignifi$ reg>d = ! s5tim5ts ( o!rs4 ,)\t su* a reg>d1 x has no m influ5ce on "* ?an in=mation ab\t ! m\nta9s ( ,asia2 ) a s]vile reg>d1 x increases dep5d5ce ^u o!rs1 & ?r[s ^u ^? 9 au?ority ! responsibility = conduct4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 direct in/ruction 9 morals has be5 effective only 9 social gr\ps :]e x 0 a "p ( ! au?oritative control ( ! _m by ! few4 ,n ! tea*+ z su* b ! re9=cem5t ( x by ! :ole regime ( :i* x 0 an incid5t made x effective4 ,to attempt to get simil> results f lessons ab\t morals 9 a democratic society is to rely ^u s5tim5tal magic4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale /&s ! ,socratic-,platonic tea*+ :i* id5tifies k & virtue--:i* holds t no man does evil kn[+ly b only because ( ignorance ( ! good4 ,?is doctr9e is commonly attack$ on ! gr\nd t no?+ is m common ?an = a man to "k ! good & yet d ! bad3 n k1 b habituation or practice1 & motive are :at is requir$4 ,ari/otle1 9 fact1 at once attack$ ! ,platonic tea*+ on ! gr\nd t moral virtue is l an art1 su* z m$ic9e2 ! exp]i5c$ practition] is bett] ?an a man :o has !oretical k b no practical exp]i5ce ( disease & rem$ies4 ,! issue turns1 h[ev]1 ^u :at is meant by k4 ,ari/otle's objection ignor$ ! gi/ ( ,plato's tea*+ to ! effect t man c\ld n atta9 a !oretical insight into ! good except z he _h pass$ ?r\gh ye>s ( practical habituation & /r5u\s discipl9e4 ,k ( ! good 0 n a ?+ to be got ei!r f books or f o!rs1 b 0 a*iev$ ?r\gh a prolong$ education4 ,x 0 ! f9al & culm9at+ grace ( a mature exp]i5ce ( life4 ,irrespective ( ,plato's position1 x is easy to p]ceive t ! t]m k is us$ to d5ote ?+s z f> ap>t z intimate & vital p]sonal realization1--a conviction ga9$ & te/$ 9 exp]i5ce1--& a second-h&$1 l>gely symbolic1 recognition t p]sons 9 g5]al believe s & s--a devitaliz$ remote in=mation4 ,t ! latt] does n gu>antee conduct1 t x does n pr(\ndly affect "*1 goes )\t say+4 ,b if k means some?+ ( ! same sort z our conviction ga9$ by try+ & te/+ t sug> is sweet & qu99e bitt]1 ! case /&s o!rwise4 ,e "t a man sits on a *air r ?an on a /ove1 c>ries an umbrella :5 x ra9s1 consults a doctor :5 ill--or 9 %ort p]=ms any ( ! ?\s& acts :i* make up 8 daily life1 he proves t k ( a c]ta9 k9d f9ds direct issue 9 conduct4 ,!re is e reason to suppose t ! same sort ( k ( good has a l expression2 9 fact good is an empty t]m unless x includes ! satisfactions exp]i5c$ 9 su* situations z ^? m5tion$4 ,k t o!r p]sons are suppos$ to "k some?+ might lead "o to act s z to w9 ! approbation o!rs atta* to c]ta9 actions1 or at lea/ s z to give o!rs ! impression t "o agrees ) !m2 !re is no reason :y x %\ld lead to p]sonal initiative & loyalty 9 behalf ( ! beliefs attribut$ to !m4 ,x is n necess>y1 accord+ly1 to dispute ab\t ! prop] mean+ ( ! t]m k4 ,x is en\gh = educational purposes to note ! diff]5t qualities cov]$ by ! "o "n1 to realize t x is k ga9$ at fir/ h& ?r\gh ! exig5cies ( exp]i5ce :i* affects conduct 9 significant ways4 ,if a pupil le>ns ?+s f books simply 9 connection ) s*ool lessons & = ! sake ( recit+ :at he has le>n$ :5 call$ ^u1 !n k w h effect ^u "s conduct--namely ^u t ( reproduc+ /atem5ts at ! dem& ( o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ surpris+ t su* k %\ld n h mu* influ5ce 9 ! life out ( s*ool4 ,b ?is is n a reason = mak+ a divorce betwe5 k & conduct1 b = hold+ 9 l[ e/eem ?is k9d ( k4 ,! same ?+ may be said ( k :i* relates m]ely to an isolat$ & te*nical specialty2 x modifies action b only 9 its own n>r[ l9e4 ,9 tru?1 ! problem ( moral education 9 ! s*ools is "o ) ! problem ( secur+ k--! k connect$ ) ! sy/em ( impulses & habits4 ,= ! use to :i* any kn[n fact is put dep5ds ^u its connections4 ,! k ( dynamite ( a safecrack] may be id5tical 9 v]bal =m ) t ( a *emi/2 9 fact1 x is diff]5t1 = x is knit into connection ) diff]5t aims & habits1 & ?us has a diff]5t import4 ,our prior discussion ( subject-matt] z proce$+ f direct activity hav+ an imm$iate aim1 to ! enl>gem5t ( mean+ f\nd 9 geography & hi/ory1 & !n to sci5tifically organiz$ k1 0 bas$ ^u ! idea ( ma9ta9+ a vital connection betwe5 k & activity4 ,:at is le>n$ & employ$ 9 an occupation hav+ an aim & involv+ coop]ation ) o!rs is moral k1 :e!r consci\sly s reg>d$ or n4 ,= x builds up a social int]e/ & conf]s ! intellig5ce ne$$ to make t int]e/ effective 9 practice4 ,j because ! /udies ( ! curriculum repres5t /&>d factors 9 social life1 !y are organs ( initiation into social values4 ,z m]e s*ool /udies1 _! acquisition has only a te*nical wor?4 ,acquir$ "u conditions :]e _! social significance is realiz$1 !y fe$ moral int]e/ & develop moral insight4 ,moreov]1 ! qualities ( m9d discuss$ "u ! topic ( me?od ( le>n+ are all ( !m intr9sically moral qualities4 ,op5-m9d$ness1 s+le-m9d$ness1 s9c]ity1 bread? ( outlook1 ?or\ghness1 assumption ( responsibility = develop+ ! consequ5ces ( ideas :i* are accept$1 are moral traits4 ,! habit ( id5tify+ moral *>act]i/ics ) ext]nal con=mity to au?oritative prescriptions may lead u to ignore ! e?ical value ( ^! intellectual attitudes1 b ! same habit t5ds to r$uce morals to a dead & ma*9elike r\t9e4 ,consequ5tly :ile su* an attitude has moral results1 ! results are morally undesirable--above all 9 a democratic society :]e s mu* dep5ds ^u p]sonal disposition4 #d4 ,! ,social & ! ,moral4 ,all ( ! sep>ations :i* we h be5 criticiz+--& :i* ! idea ( education set =? 9 ! previ\s *apt]s is design$ to avoid--spr+ f tak+ morals too n>r[ly1--giv+ !m1 on "o side1 a s5tim5tal goody-goody turn )\t ref]5ce to effective ability to d :at is socially ne$$1 &1 on ! o!r side1 ov]emphasiz+ conv5tion & tradition s z to limit morals to a li/ ( def9itely /at$ acts4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 morals are z broad z acts :i* conc]n our relation%ips ) o!rs4 ,& pot5tially ?is includes all our acts1 ev5 ?\gh _! social be>+ may n be ?\ght ( at ! "t ( p]=mance4 ,= e act1 by ! pr9ciple ( habit1 modifies disposition--x sets up a c]ta9 k9d ( incl9ation & desire4 ,& x is impossible to tell :5 ! habit ?us /r5g!n$ may h a direct & p]ceptible influ5ce on our association ) o!rs4 ,c]ta9 traits ( "* h su* an obvi\s connection ) our social relation%ips t we call !m moral 9 an emphatic s5se--tru?fulness1 hone/y1 *a/ity1 amiability1 etc4 ,b ?is only means t !y are1 z comp>$ ) "s o!r attitudes1 c5tral3--t !y c>ry o!r attitudes ) !m4 ,!y are moral 9 an emphatic s5se n because !y are isolat$ & exclusive1 b because !y are s intimately connect$ ) ?\s&s ( o!r attitudes :i* we d n explicitly recognize--:i* p]haps we h n ev5 names =4 ,to call !m virtues 9 _! isolation is l tak+ ! skeleton = ! liv+ body4 ,! bones are c]ta9ly important1 b _! importance lies 9 ! fact t !y support o!r organs ( ! body 9 su* a way z to make !m capable ( integrat$ effective activity4 ,& ! same is true ( ! qualities ( "* :i* we specifically designate virtues4 ,morals conc]n no?+ less ?an ! :ole "*1 & ! :ole "* is id5tical ) ! man 9 all 8 concrete make-up & manife/ations4 ,to possess virtue does n signify to h cultivat$ a few namable & exclusive traits2 x means to be fully & adequately :at "o is capable ( becom+ ?r\gh association ) o!rs 9 all ! (fices ( life4 ,! moral & ! social quality ( conduct are1 9 ! la/ analysis1 id5tical ) ea* o!r4 ,x is !n b to re/ate explicitly ! import ( our e>li] *apt]s reg>d+ ! social function ( education to say t ! measure ( ! wor? ( ! adm9i/ration1 curriculum1 & me?ods ( in/ruction ( ! s*ool is ! ext5t to :i* !y are animat$ by a social _s4 ,& ! great dang] :i* ?reat5s s*ool "w is ! abs5ce ( conditions :i* make possible a p]meat+ social _s2 ?is is ! great enemy ( effective moral tra9+4 ,= ?is _s c be actively pres5t only :5 c]ta9 conditions are met4 7i7 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! s*ool mu/ itself be a community life 9 all :i* t implies4 ,social p]ceptions & int]e/s c be develop$ only 9 a g5u9ely social m$ium--"o :]e !re is give & take 9 ! build+ up ( a common exp]i5ce4 ,in=mational /atem5ts ab\t ?+s c be acquir$ 9 relative isolation by any "o :o previ\sly has _h en\gh int]c\rse ) o!rs to h le>n$ language4 ,b realization ( ! mean+ ( ! l+ui/ic signs is q ano!r matt]4 ,t involves a context ( "w & play 9 association ) o!rs4 ,! plea :i* has be5 made = education ?r\gh cont9u$ con/ructive activities 9 ?is book re/s ^u ! fact !y af=d an opportunity = a social atmosph]e4 ,9 place ( a s*ool set ap>t f life z a place = le>n+ lessons1 we h a m9iature social gr\p 9 :i* /udy & gr[? are incid5ts ( pres5t %>$ exp]i5ce4 ,playgr\nds1 %ops1 workrooms1 laboratories n only direct ! natural active t5d5cies ( y\?1 b !y involve int]c\rse1 communication1 & coop]ation1--all ext5d+ ! p]ception ( connections4 7ii7 ,! le>n+ 9 s*ool %\ld be cont9u\s ) t out ( s*ool4 ,!re %\ld be a free int]play betwe5 ! two4 ,?is is possible only :5 !re are num]\s po9ts ( contact betwe5 ! social int]e/s ( ! "o & ( ! o!r4 ,a s*ool is conceivable 9 :i* !re %\ld be a _s ( companion%ip & %>$ activity1 b :]e its social life w\ld no m repres5t or typify t ( ! _w beyond ! s*ool walls ?an t ( a mona/]y4 ,social conc]n & und]/&+ w\ld be develop$1 b !y w\ld n be available outside2 !y w\ld n c>ry ov]4 ,! prov]bial sep>ation ( t[n & g[n1 ! cultivation ( academic seclusion1 op]ate 9 ?is direction4 ,s does su* adh]5ce to ! culture ( ! pa/ z g5]ates a rem9isc5t social _s1 = ?is makes an individual feel m at home 9 ! life ( o!r days ?an 9 8 own4 ,a pr(ess$ly cultural education is peculi>ly expos$ to ?is dang]4 ,an idealiz$ pa/ becomes ! refuge & solace ( ! _s2 pres5t-day conc]ns are f\nd sordid1 & unwor?y ( att5tion4 ,b z a rule1 ! abs5ce ( a social environm5t 9 connection ) :i* le>n+ is a ne$ & a rew>d is ! *ief reason = ! isolation ( ! s*ool2 & ?is isolation r5d]s s*ool k inapplicable to life & s inf]tile 9 "*4 ,a n>r[ & morali/ic view ( morals is responsible = ! failure to recognize t all ! aims & values :i* are desirable 9 education are !mselves moral4 ,discipl9e1 natural developm5t1 culture1 social effici5cy1 are moral traits--m>ks ( a p]son :o is a wor?y memb] ( t society :i* x is ! bus9ess ( education to fur!r4 ,!re is an old say+ to ! effect t x is n en\gh = a man to be good2 he mu/ be good = some?+4 ,! some?+ = :i* a man mu/ be good is capacity to live z a social memb] s t :at he gets f liv+ ) o!rs balances ) :at he contributes4 ,:at he gets & gives z a human be+1 a be+ ) desires1 emotions1 & ideas1 is n ext]nal possessions1 b a wid5+ & deep5+ ( consci\s life--a m int5se1 discipl9$1 & exp&+ realization ( mean+s4 ,:at he mat]ially receives & gives is at mo/ opportunities & means = ! evolution ( consci\s life4 ,o!rwise1 x is nei!r giv+ nor tak+1 b a %ift+ ab\t ( ! position ( ?+s 9 space1 l ! /irr+ ( wat] & s& ) a /ick4 ,discipl9e1 culture1 social effici5cy1 p]sonal ref9em5t1 improvem5t ( "* are b phases ( ! gr[? ( capacity nobly to %>e 9 su* a balanc$ exp]i5ce4 ,& education is n a m]e means to su* a life4 ,education is su* a life4 ,to ma9ta9 capacity = su* education is ! ess5ce ( morals4 ,= consci\s life is a cont9ual beg9n+ afre%4 ,summ>y4 ,! mo/ important problem ( moral education 9 ! s*ool conc]ns ! relation%ip ( k & conduct4 ,= unless ! le>n+ :i* accrues 9 ! regul> c\rse ( /udy affects "*1 x is futile to conceive ! moral end z ! unify+ & culm9at+ end ( education4 ,:5 !re is no intimate organic connection betwe5 ! me?ods & mat]ials ( k & moral gr[?1 p>ticul> lessons & modes ( discipl9e h to be resort$ to3 k is n integrat$ into ! usual spr+s ( action & ! outlook on life1 :ile morals become morali/ic--a s*eme ( sep>ate virtues4 ,! two !ories *iefly associat$ ) ! sep>ation ( le>n+ f activity1 & h5ce f morals1 are ^? :i* cut (f inn] disposition & motive--! consci\s p]sonal factor--& de$s z purely physical & out]2 & :i* set action f int]e/ 9 opposition to t f pr9ciple4 ,bo? ( ^! sep>ations are ov]come 9 an educational s*eme :]e le>n+ is ! accompanim5t ( cont9u\s activities or occupations :i* h a social aim & utilize ! mat]ials ( typical social situations4 ,= "u su* conditions1 ! s*ool becomes itself a =m ( social life1 a m9iature community & "o 9 close int]action ) o!r modes ( associat$ exp]i5ce beyond s*ool walls4 ,all education :i* develops p[] to %>e effectively 9 social life is moral4 ,x =ms a "* :i* n only does ! p>ticul> de$ socially necess>y b "o :i* is int]e/$ 9 t cont9u\s readju/m5t :i* is ess5tial to gr[?4 ,int]e/ 9 le>n+ f all ! contacts ( life is ! ess5tial moral int]e/4