,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #ceh ,,new ,,york1 ,,novemb] #aa1 #ahhb ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #ceh4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,hydraulic ,filt]+ ,press = ,treat+ ,oleag9\s ,se$s4--,details ( con/ruction & manipulation4--#ae figures ,laur5t ,collot's ,automatic ,injection ,pump4--#f figures4 ,improv$ ,dr$g]4--#a figure4--,"o ton bucket dr$ge4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,fire ,ext+ui%]4 ,h[ to ,t[ a ,boat4--#a figure4 ,railways ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,locomotive ,pa9t+4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,,atwat]4 ,crackle ,glass4--,new ,process4 ,h[ ,m>bles are ,made4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,draw+ ,room ,photography4 ,a ,new ,me?od ( ,prep>+ ,photographic ,gelat9e ,emulsion by ,precipitation ( ! ,bromide ( ,silv]4 ,by ,,franz ,,/olze4 ,taylor's ,freez+ ,microtome4--#a figure4 ,v9c5t's ,*loride ( ,me?yl ,ice ,ma*9e4 #aj figures4-- ,longitud9al & transv]se sections ( freez]4--,half plan ( freez]4--,longitud9al & v]tical sections & plan ( pump4-- ,details4--,v]tical section ( ! liquefi]4 ,c>bonic ,acid 9 ! ,air4 ,by ,m4 ,,dumas4 ,influ5ce ( ,aque\s ,vapor on ! ,explosion ( ,c>bonic ,oxide & ,oxyg54 ,by ,,h>old ,b4 ,,dixon4 ,composition ( ,be]s ,made ,p>tly f ,new ,gra94 ,,iii4 ,,botany1 ,,horticulture1 ,,etc4--,d\ble ,butt]cups4--#a figure4 ,ligu/rum ,quih\i4--#a figure4 ,raphiolepis ,japonica4--#a figure4 ,riv9a ,lvis4 ,apples 9 ,/ore4 ,,iv4 ,,electricity1 ,,light1 ,,heat4 ,,etc4--,be=e x happ5$4-- ,h[ ! telegraph gets ahead ( "t4 ,! ,ad] ,relay4--,by ,r4,g4 ,,br[n4 ,! ,plat9um ,wat] ,pyromet]4--,by ,j4,c4 ,,hoadley4 #b figures4 --,description ( app>atus4--,heat c>ri]s4--,manipulat+4 ,v4 ,,hygi5e ,,& ,,m$ic9e4 ,,etc4--,! ,briti% ,sanit>y ,congress4 --,address ( ,presid5t ,galton4--,! causes ( disease4 ,rese>*es ( ,pa/eur1 ,li/]1 ,ko*1 ,klebs1 etc--,g]m !ory ( mal>ia4--,*ol]a4--,! wat] "q4--,effects ( sew]+4-- ,influ5ce ( smoke & fogs4--,importance ( a circulation ( air4 --,heal? conditions ( diff]5t classes4--,economic advantages ( sanit>y measures4 ,psy*ological ,developm5t 9 ,*ildr54--,by ,g4,j4 ,,romanes4 ,! ,racial ,*>act]i/ics ( ,man4 ,ecc5tricity & ,idiosyncrasy4--,by ,,dr4 ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,hammond4 ,pyorrhea ,alveol>is--,by ,,dr4 ,j4,m4 ,,riggs4--,a curi\s disease ( ! tee? & its treatm5t4 ,sulphur z a ,pres]vative aga9/ ,m>% ,fev]4 ,,vi4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,art1 ,,etc4--,! ,new ,p>liam5t ,build+1 ,b]l94 #d figures4--,?i]s*'s design4--,portrait1 ,pr(4 ,?i]s*4 --,wallot's design4--,portrait ( ,m4,p4 ,wallot4 ,,vii4 ,,a/ronomy1 ,,etc--,on ,det]m9+ ! ,sun's ,di/ance by a ,new ,me?od4--,by ,t4,s4,h4 ,,eyt+e4 ,pr(essor ,haeckel on ,d>w94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,p>liam5t ,,build+1 ,,b]l94 ,9 ! accompany+ engrav+s are repres5t$ ! two prize designs = ! new ,capitol or ,p>liam5t ,build+ at ,b]l91 ( :i* "o is by ,pr(4 ,fri$ri* ,?i]s*1 ( ,muni*1 & ! o!r by ,mr4 ,paul ,wallot1 ( ,frankfurt a4 ,m41 ! portraits ( :i* g5tlem5 are also %[n4 ,! jury has decid$ t ,mr4 ,wallot's design %all be execut$4 ,! build+ is to be erect$ on ! ,p>is] ,platz1 ne> ! ,br&5burg] ,?or1 9 ,b]l94 ,mr4 ,wallot's design w h to be some:at *ang$ be=e x c be c>ri$ out1 = he has arrang$ ! ma9 entrance 9 ! side ( ! build+1 & t has n satisfi$ ! jury1 z !y wi% to h ! entrance ( ! ,capitol m impos+4 ,! build+ is provid$ ) f\r corn] pavilions & ) a l>ge1 highly ornam5t$1 squ>e dome1 bel[ :i* ! ,rei*sra? ,*amb]1 or ,hall ( ,repres5tatives1 is locat$4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ important feature ( ! entire design is ! gr\nd plan1 :i* is sup]ior to all o!rs ent]$ = competition4 ,pr( ,?i]s*'s design also has f\r corn] pavilions1 ) a l>ge circul> c5tral dome & f\r small] cupolas surr\nd+ x4 ,! front ( ! build+ is v impos+1 & is highly ornam5t$ ) /atu>y4 ,an emp]or's cr[n surm\nts ! c5tral dome4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?i]s*',s ,,design ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,p>liam5t ,,build+4 ,,b]l9 ,illu/ration3 ,,pr(essor ,,fri$ri* ,,?i]s*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mr4 ,p4 ,,wallot',s ,,design ,,= ,,! ,,new ,,p>liam5t ,,build+1 ,,b]l9 ,illu/ration3 ,,paul ,,wallot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,briti% ,,sanit>y ,,congress4 ,,address ,,( ,,presid5t ,,galton4 ,! ,congress ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 0 op5$ 9 ,newca/le on ,septemb] #bf4 ,! inaugural public meet+ 0 held 9 ! ,t[n ,hall4 ,pr(4 ,de ,*aumont presid$1 9 ! place ( ! ex-,presid5t1 ,"l ,=tescue1 & introduc$ ,capta9 ,galton1 ! new ,presid5t4 ,! ,presid5t comm5c$ 8 inaugural address by ?ank+1 9 ! "n ( ! ,sanit>y ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita91 ! ,mayor & ,corporation ( ,newca/le = ! invitation to visit ?is important indu/rial metropolis ( ,nor!rn ,engl&4 ,! invitation1 he said1 0 ! m satisfactory because ,newca/le 0 advanc+ 9 ! van ( sanit>y improvem5t1 & 0 ?us prov+ ! int]e/ ( ?is great city 9 a subject :i* 0 contribut+ l>gely to ! moral & mat]ial progress ( ! nation4 ,( all ! def9ite que/ions :i* 7 made ! subject ( ! in/ruction by congresses at ! pres5t "t1 !re 0 sc>cely "o :i* des]v$ a great] %>e ( att5tion ?an t :i* call$ t congress toge!r--namely1 ! subject ( ! public heal?4 ,)9 ! la/ half c5tury ! :ole community _h be5 gradually awak5+ to ! importance ( a k ( ! laws ( heal?1 & ! en]gies ( "s ( ! able/ intellects 9 ! _w _h be5 employ$ 9 inve/igat+ ! causes ( disease1 & 9 endeavor+ to solve ! problem ( ! prev5tion ( disease4 ,!re 0 mu* t 0 /ill obscure 9 ?is v intricate problem1 b ! new light :i* 0 daily be+ ?r[n ^u ! causes ( disease by ! c>eful & exact rese>*es ( ! *emi/ & physiologi/ 0 gradually t5d+ to expla9 ^? causes & to raise ! sci5ce ( hygi5e1 or sci5ce ( prev5tion ( disease1 out ( ! region ( speculation1 & enable x to take rank z "o ( ! exact sci5ces4 ,long ago ! c>eful obs]vation ( facts _h %[n t ! pres]vation ( heal? requir$ c]ta9 conditions to be obs]v$ 9 & ar\nd dwell+s1 conditions :i*1 :5 neglect$1 _h l$ to ! outbreaks ( epidemic disease f ! days ( ,moses to ! pres5t "t4 ,b :ile ! results _h be5 pat5t1 x 0 only 9 rec5t ye>s t a clew _h be5 obta9$ to ! occult conditions 9 air & wat] to enable _! comp>ative heal?ful purity to be di/+ui%$4 ,! rese>*es ( ,pa/eur 9 respect to ! =ms ( disease 9 ,fr5* v9ey>ds op5$ a fruitful field ( inquiry1 & ! !ories ( ,dr4 ,ba/ian on spontane\s g5]ation gave rise to ! beautiful s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,tyndall on bact]ian life4 ,a l>ge b& ( lead+ sci5tific m51 bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & ov] ! :ole _w1 7 devot+ _! en]gies to a k ( ! rec5t !ories on ! propagation ( disease by g]ms4 ,9 a lecture on f]m5tation1 ,tyndall rem>k$ t ! rese>*es1 by means ( :i* sci5ce has rec5tly elucidat$ ! causes ( f]m5tation1 h rais$ ! art ( brew+ f be+ an art f\nd$ on empirical obs]vation--t is to say1 on ! obs]vation ( facts ap>t f ! pr9ciples :i* expla9 !m--into :at may be t]m$ an exact sci5ce4 ,9 l mann]1 if rec5t !ories on ! propagation ( disease by g]ms 7 prov$ to be correct1 & if ! laws :i* gov]n ! propagation or de/ruction ( ^? g]ms 7 kn[n1 ! art ( ! physician w\ld be simil>ly rais$4 ,^u ^! que/ions lead+ sci5tific m5 all ov] ! _w 7 devot+ _! en]gies4 ,rese>* _h %[n t putrefaction 0 only ano!r =m ( organiz$ life1 & ,tyndall _h %[n t 9 ! mov+ p>ticles ( f9e du/ discov]$ by a ray ( light 9 a d>k room ! g]ms ( l[ =ms ( life1 :i* w\ld cause putrefaction1 7 ev] pres5t1 & ready to spr+ into life :5 a favorable nidus = ! developm5t ( ! organism 0 provid$4 ,pr(essor ,li/] _h turn$ ?is k to useful acc\nt 9 surg]y 9 caus+ ! air to be filt]$ by means ( a c>bolic spray dur+ surgical op]ations1 by :i* means g]ms or organisms 9 ! air 7 prev5t$ f rea*+ ! w\nds1 & f develop+ organisms1 ! pres5ce ( :i* caus$ putrefaction or suppuration4 ,?is antiseptic treatm5t1 :i* _h aris5 f ! obs]vation ( g]ms 9 ! air1 _h _h a mat]ial influ5ce on ! art ( surg]y ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! speak] !n review$ ! decl>ations ( physiologi/s reg>d+ ! !ories t "s diseases arise f m9ute organisms 9 ! blood--,pa/eur hold+ t ! disease 9 silkworms 0 f ?is cause2 ,dr4 ,dava9e1 t spl5ic fev] 9 cattle arose ?us2 ,dr4 ,kle9 alleg+ t pig typhoid 0 due to an organism2 ,t\ssa9t attribut+ f[l *ol]a to a simil> cause2 ,pr(essor ,ko* attribut+ tub]cul> disease to specific g]ms2 ,dr4 ,v&yke ,c>t] cont5d+ t !re 0 a connection betwe5 ! pres5ce ( bacillus spirillum & relaps+ fev]2 & ,mr4 ,talamon claim+ to h discov]$ t diph!ria 0 due to an organism by means ( :i* ! virus c\ld be convey$ f human be+s to animals1 & vice v]sa4 ,tak+ ano!r bran* ( ! same subject1 ! causes ( zymotic diseases be+ trac$ to controllable s\rces1 he said3 ,drs4 ,klebs & ,crudelli allege t mal>ial fev] arises f g]ms pres5t 9 ! soil & :i* float ov] ! air ( m>%es2 & t by treat+ ) wat] ! soil ( a fev]-haunt$ m>% ( ! ,campagna ! g]ms ( ?is organism c\ld be wa%$ out2 & t ! wat] conta9+ ! organisms ?us obta9$1 introduc$ into ! circulation ( a dog1 produc$ ague m or less rapidly1 & m or less viol5t1 accord+ to ! numb]s 9 :i* ! organisms 7 pres5t 9 ! wat]4 ,?is !ory1 no d\bt1 agrees ) c]ta9 well-kn[n facts4 ,9 a tropical climate1 if soil :i* has be5 long undi/urb$1 or ! soil ( m>%y gr\nd1 be turn$ up1 int]mitt5t fev] is almo/ c]ta9 to ensue4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 ,i recollect t at ,hong ,kong ! troops 7 unheal?y1 & a beautiful position on a p59sula expos$ to ! mo/ favorable sea-breezes 0 select$ = a new encampm5t4 ,! troops 7 encamp$ ^u ?is spot = "s "t to te/ its heal?9ess1 :i* 0 f\nd to be all t c\ld be desir$4 ,x 0 !n resolv$ to build b>racks4 ,z soon z ! f\ndations 7 dug1 fev] broke out4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is ne>] home1 ,i may m5tion t la/ w9t] at ,cannes1 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 "s ext5sive works adjac5t to ! t[n 7 begun :i* requir$ a l>ge quantity ( e>? to be mov$4 ,! wea!r 0 exceptionally w>m2 an outbreak ( fev] occurr$ among ! workm51 ( :om fifte5 di$4 ,?is fev] 0 attribut$ to ! turn+ up ( ! soil4 ,if a /rong solution ( qu99e be let fall 9 ! wat] conta9+ ^! organisms !y at once die2 ! efficacy ( qu99e z a prev5tive ( ?is =m ( fev] w\ld !re=e n be inconsi/5t ) ?is !ory4 ,^u ?is subject ! ,presid5t call$ att5tion to ! view ( ,sir ,joseph ,fayr]1 :o ackn[l$g$ ! importance ( ! discov]y if x %\ld be confirm$1 b consid]$ t !re 0 a possibility t ! results attribut$ to ^! influ5ces might1 to "s ext5t1 be due to di/urbance ( ! sy/em 9 a body pr$ispos$ to be d]ang$ by peculi>ity ( con/itution1 climatic or o!r influ5ce ( ! nature ( :i* we are ignorant1 ?\gh x is conceivable by analogy4 ,! m>vel\s facility ( reproduction ( v>i\s g]ms1 z %[n by ,pa/eur 9 ! case ( *ick5 *ol]a1 0 dwelt ^u2 & ! ,presid5t said t x w\ld be a wond] h[ any high] =m ( life c\ld exi/ subject to ! possibility ( invasion by su* c\ntless ho/s ( occult enemies 7 x n se5 t ! sci5ce ( ! prev5tion ( disease advanc$ q z rapidly z our k ( ! causes4 ,hold+ t ! attitude ( ! sanit>ian1 9 reg>d to ! g]m !ory ( diseases1 z appli$ to all diseases ( ! zymotic class1 mu/ be "o ( res]ve1 yet1 he said1 ev5 if ! views ( ^? :o are prep>$ to accept ! g]m !ory ( disease to its fulle/ ext5t 7 %[n to be true1 x seems to be c]ta9 t if ! invasion ( ^! occult enemies pres5t 9 ! air is und]tak5 9 insuffici5t =ce1 or ^u an animal 9 suffici5tly robu/ heal?1 !y are refus$ a foo?old & expell$2 or1 if !y h secur$ a lodgm5t 9 ! tissues1 !y1 s to speak1 may be laid hold (1 & absorb$ or dige/$ by !m4 ,9 corroboration ( ?is view1 ,pr(essor ,ko* & o!rs /ate t ! m9or organisms ( tub]cul> disease d n occur 9 ! tissues ( heal?y bodies1 & t :5 introduc$ into ! liv+ body _! propagation & increase is greatly favor$ by a l[ /ate ( ! g5]al heal?4 ,! ,presid5t held t = ! pres5t sanit>y proc$ure 0 indep5d5t ( ^! !ories on ! g]m orig9 9 p>ticul> ( zymotic disease2 b gave ! facts z wor?y ( consid]ation1 z indicat+ po9ts = ! direction ( ^? :o aim$ at prev5t+ disease4 ,! ,presid5t dealt ) ! important subject ( isolation 9 ! cases ( contagi\s zymotic diseases1 & !n1 proce$+ to discuss ! subject ( epidemic diseases1 said3 ,not)/&+ ! num]\s exp]im5ts & ! great ef=ts :i* h be5 made 9 rec5t times to endeavor to trace out ! orig9 ( disease1 ! sanit>ian has n yet be5 able to lift up ! veil :i* conceals ! causes connect$ ) ! occurr5ce ( epidemic diseases4 ,^! diseases come 9 recurr+ p]iods1 sometimes at long]1 sometimes at %ort] int]vals4 ,animals1 z well z ! human race1 are simil>ly affect$ by ^! diseases ( p]iodical recurr5ce2 b :y !y prevail m 9 "o ye> ?an 9 ano!r we are entirely ignorant4 ,!y appe> to be subject to c]ta9 a]ial or climatic conditions4 ,*ol]a af=ds an illu/ration ( ?is4 ,!re is a "p ( ,india1 l[-ly+1 wat]-logg$1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,ganges1 :]e *ol]a may be said to be endemic4 ,9 c]ta9 ye>s1 b :y we "k n1 x spreads out ( ?is di/rict1 & moves we/w>d ov] ! c\ntry2 ! p are s$5t>y1 & seldom leave home1 b ! *ol]a travels on4 ,at la/ x arrives on ! bord]s ( ! des]t1 :]e !re are no p1 & no int]c\rse1 no alv9e secretions1 & no sew]s1 yet ! /ati/ician sitt+ 9 ,calcutta c tell almo/ ! day on :i* ! epidemic influ5ce w h cross$ ! des]t4 ,b x ex]cises discrim9ation 9 its attacks1 ,x w visit "o t[n or village & leave _m o!rs 9 ! vic9ity unt\*$4 ,simil>ly x w attack "o h\se & leave ano!r4 ,b x has be5 g5]ally f\nd t ! attack$ h\se or village held out special invitation f its insanit>y condition4 ,! same h\ses or ! same localities w be revisit$ 9 recurr+ epidemics1 because ! conditions rema9 ! same2 remove ^? conditions1 & at ! next recurr5ce ! locality w escape4 ,at ,malta x 0 f\nd t ! same localities & h\ses :i* yield$ ! majority ( plague dea?s !re 9 #ahac yield$ ! majority ( ! dea?s 9 ! *ol]a epidemics ( #ahci & #ahfg1 & t 9 ! int]vals ! same localities yield$ ! majority ( cases ( small-pox1 fev]1 & ( an an?rax1 a v special eruptive epidemic att5d$ by c>buncles4 ,h5ce1 :ile we are unable ei!r to acc\nt = ! cause or to prev5t ! p]iodic recurr5ce ( epidemics1 ! sanit>ian has le>nt t x is possible to mitigate ! sev]ity ( ! visit2 & t1 :e!r ^! evils arise f ! occult causes to :i* ,i h allud$1 or f o!r causes1 pure air & pure wat] af=d almo/ absolute safegu>ds aga9/ mo/ =ms ( zymotic diseases4 ,9 speak+ ( ! pure-wat] "q1 he rem>k$3 ,al?\gh !re are _m !ories z to h[ f> wat] :i* has once be5 contam9at$ by sewage may aga9 aft] a "t become fit to dr9k1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t !re has nev] be5 a well-prov$ case ( an outbreak ( disease result+ f ! use ( dr9k+ wat] :]e ! *emi/ w\ld n unhesitat+ly on analysis h condemn$ ! wat] z an impure s\rce2 & x appe>s probable t1 :atev] may be ! actual causes ( c]ta9 diseases--i4e41 :e!r g]ms or *emical poisons1 ! mat]ies morbi :i* f9ds its way into ! riv] at ! sewage outfall is de/roy$1 toge!r ) ! organic impurity1 aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( fl[4 ,he press$ t !re %\ld be no fur!r delay 9 br++ ! ,act = ! ,prev5tion ( ,pollution ( ,riv]s into op]ation1 & 9 en=c+ ! provisions ( ! ,acts4 ,9 reg>d to ! pollution ( ! air1 he call$ att5tion to ! fact t ne>ly fifty ye>s ago ,mr4 ,edw9 ,*adwick impress$ ^u ! community ! evils :i* 7 caus$ by ! impure condition ( ! air 9 our t[ns ow+ to ! ret5tion ( refuse ar\nd h\ses4 ,! speak] rem>k$ t ! gases1 :i* 7 ! result ( putrefaction1 7 (f5sive to ! smell1 & "s ( !m1 su* z sulphuret$ hydrog51 :5 pres5t 9 undue proportions 9 ! air1 w\ld kill p]sons outright1 or :5 ^? gases 7 9 small] proportions 9 ! air brea!d by p1 !re w\ld be a l[]$ tone ( heal? 9 ! individuals expos$ to !m4 ,cont9u$ exposure might lead to ! developm5t ( o!r conditions1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 might lead to disease or dea?4 ,f ?is po9t ! ,presid5t proce$$ to speak ( ! increas$ toxical p[] ( volatile comp\nds giv5 (f by neglect$ decompos$ matt]1 & 0 !nce l$ to dwell ^u ! dang]s aris+ f decompos$ sub/ances 9 cesspools & 9 badly con/ruct$ dra9s4 ,!re 0 no d\bt1 he said1 t 9 ! sew]+ ( t[ns want ( exp]i5ce 9 ! con/ruction ( works _h 9 "s cases l$ to deposits 9 ! sew]s1 & evil consequ5ces _h ensu$2 b x might be accept$ z c]ta9 t 9 e case :]e ! sew]age _h be5 devis$ on s\nd pr9ciples1 & :]e ! works _h be5 c>ri$ on "u intellig5t sup]vision1 a l>gely r$uc$ dea?-rate _h inv>iably foll[$4 ,evid5ce ( ?is fact he adduc$ f ! hi/ory ( ,newca/le1 = 9 ! t5 ye>s beg9n+ 9 #ahfg ! dea?-rate 0 #bg4f1 :ile 9 ! t5 ye>s end+ #ahha 7dur+ :i* !re _h be5 improv$ sew]age 9 op]ation7 ! dea?-rate 0 only #bc1 :ile 9 #ahha x 0 only #ba4g4 ,he in/anc$ ! l results 9 ,muni*1 :]e ! entire fev] mortality sank f #bd4b 9 ! p]iod :5 !re 7 no regulations 9 reg>d to cleanl9ess to #h4g :5 ! sew]age 0 complete1 at ,frank=t-on-!-,ma91 at ,dantzic1 & at ,hamburg1 :]e simil> results obta9$ ( a heavy zymotic mortality previ\s to ! sew]+ ( ! cities1 & a light] mortality on ! completion ( ! works4 ,^! results 7 set =? 9 figures1 & aft] deal+ ) ! b5eficial results ( purify+ ! air ( t[ns by ! rapid ab/raction ( refuse matt]1 he pass$ on to review o!r f]tile causes ( mis*ief 9 poison+ ! air ( t[ns1 ! *ief ( ^! be+ horse manure1 ! du/ ( refuse1 & smoke4 ,on ?is subject he quot$ ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?1 :o 9 8 ,contributions to ! ,beg9n+s ( a ,*emical ,climatology1 %[s t ! air 9 ! middle ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 on ! sea-%ore1 & on uncontam9at$ op5 spaces1 comm&s ! greate/ am\nt ( oxyg52 t at ! tops ( hills ! air conta9s m oxyg5 ?an at ! bottom2 & t places :]e putrefaction may be suppos$ to exi/ are subject to a dim9ution ( oxyg54 ,= in/ance1 a dim9ution ( oxyg5 & an increase ( c>bonic acid is decid$ly app>5t 9 cr[d$ rooms1 !at]s1 c[h\ses1 & /ables4 ,x is well kn[n t oxyg5 ov] putrid sub/ances is absorb$1 :ile c>bonic acid & o!r gases take its place2 & h5ce all places ne> or 9 our h\ses :i* conta9 impurities dim9i% ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,! av]age quantity ( oxyg5 9 pure air am\nts to #ba p>ts out ( #ajj4 ,9 impure places1 su*1 = in/ance1 z 9 a sleep+-room :]e ! w9d[s h be5 %ut all night1 or 9 a lecture-!at] aft] a lecture1 or 9 a close /able1 ! oxyg5 has be5 f\nd to be r$uc$ to z little z #bj p>ts 9 #ajj4 ,t is to say1 a man brea?+ pure air obta9s1 & he requires1 #b1afd gra9s ( oxyg5 p] h\r4 ,9 bad air he w\ld1 if brea?+ at ! same rate1 get little ov] #b1jjj gra9s ( oxyg5 an h\r--t is1 a loss ( #e p] c5t42 & ?is dim9i%$ quantity ( oxyg5 is replac$ ) o!r1 & 9 almo/ all cases1 p]nici\s matt]s4 ,! oxyg5 is ! h>d-work+1 active sub/ance t keeps up ! fire1 cooks ! food1 & purifies ! blood2 &1 ( c\rse1 z ! proportion ( oxyg5 9 ! air brea!d dim9i%es1 ! lungs mu/ ex]t !mselves m to obta9 ! necess>y quantity ( oxyg5 = c>ry+ on ! functions ( life4 ,if ! air is load$ ) impurities ! lungs get clogg$1 & _! p[] ( absorb+ ! oxyg5 t is pres5t 9 ! air is dim9i%$4 ,an individual brea?+ ?is impure air mu/ !re=e d less "w2 or1 if he does ! same am\nt ( "w1 x is at a great] exp5se to 8 sy/em4 ,! influ5ce ( smoky t[n air on heal? is to "s ext5t illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! dea?-rate ( tw5ty-?ree manufactur+ t[ns1 select$ *iefly = _! smoky "*1 av]ag$ #ba4i p] #a1jjj 9 #ahhj2 :ile ! rural di/ricts 9 ! c\nties ( ,wilts1 ,dorset1 & ,devon1 exclud+ l>ge t[ns1 av]ag$ #ag4g p] #a1jjj2 & ! dea?s f ! pr9cipal zymotic diseases 9 ! t[ns 7 m ?an d\ble ^? 9 ! rural di/ricts4 ,! ,presid5t quot$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,aitk91 ( ,ed9burgh1 on ! creation ( fogs--t ! vapor ( wat] inject$ into air1 f :i* p>ticles _h be5 /ra9$ out1 0 n visible2 :]eas z soon z =eign matt]1 su* z du/1 or smoke1 or fumes1 & especially fumes ( sulphur1 7 introduc$1 ! aque\s vapor cond5s$ on ! p>ticles1 & became visible z fog1 & po9t$ out ! fact t ! b>b>\s me?od :i* we adopt = burn+ coal 9 ?is c\ntry adds to ! du/ ! fumes :i* necess>ily result f combu/ion1 z well z a quantity ( soot & t>ry matt]1 a soot :i* assi/s 9 =m+ ! black canopy :i* x is ! fa%ion 9 ,engl& to consid] ! prop] attribute ( a l>ge t[n4 ,he quot$ ! op9ions ( em95t sci5tific m5 to %[ t x 0 possible1 "u prop] me?ods ( burn+ coal1 to less5 ! int5sity ( fogs1 & s to less5 mat]ially ! causes ( ill-heal?1 t]m9at+ 9 fatal disease ( ^? subject to !m4 ,9 deal+ ) ! wide subject ( ! g5]al effect ( sanit>y conditions ^u heal?1 he gave "s rem>kable facts %[+ t sanit>y "w _h r$uc$ ! dea?-rate ( ! ,european army 9 ,india f #fj p] #a1jjj to #af p] #a1jjj2 t ! dea?s f tub]cul> disease 9 ! army at home us$ to be #aj p] #a1jjj--! sum total n[ ( ! total dea?s f all causes 9 a "t ( peace--a r$uction due to ! improv$ hygi5ic conditions "u :i* soldi]s n[ live2 t ! dea?-rate 9 a c]ta9 "p ( ,newca/le 7n[ remov$7 us$ to be #ed p] #a1jjj1 & ( ! entire bor\gh #bf4a s lately z sev5 ye>s ago1 :ile n[ x 0 #ba4h2 t 9 p>ts ( ,london1 :]e ! p 7 ill-lodg$ & cr[d$1 z 9 p>ts ( ,limeh\se1 ,:ite*apel1 ,aldgate1 & ,/4 ,giles's1 ! dea?-rates 7 #ej p] c5t4 above ! dea?-rates 9 m op5 p>ts ( ! same di/ricts1 & t :5 prop] dwell+s 7 erect$ ! dea?-rates fell f #ej 9 ! #a1jjj to n m ?an #bj p] #a1jjj4 ,he !n spoke ( ! advantage aris+ to ! heal? ( ! population g5]ally by ! new dwell+s = artisans4 ,he rem>k$ t ^! improv$ dwell+s af=d accommodation to a population p] acre z d5se z1 & 9 mo/ cases ev5 d5s] ?an1 t af=d$ by ! build+s :i* !y replac$4 ,)9 limits x is n ! d5sity ( population :i* regulates ! heal?4 ,b if a d5se population is spread ov] ! surface or close to ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 by :i* means all movem5t ( air is prev5t$1 & if !re are num]\s corn]s 9 :i* refuse is accumulat$1 x w be difficult to prev5t disease4 ,dr4 ,angus ,smi?'s exp]im5ts %[ t :ile !re is less oxyg5 & m c>bonic acid 9 ! ea/]n & 9 ! m cr[d$ p>ts ( ,london1 yet 9 op5 spaces ! am\nt ( oxyg5 rises & ! c>bonic acid dim9i%es v consid]ably2 & t we are expos$ to di/9ct curr5ts ( good air 9 ! wor/1 & equally to curr5ts ( bad air 9 ! be/ atmosph]e1 9 t[ns l ,man*e/]4 ,dr4 ,tyndall %[$ t :]e !re is quiesc5ce 9 ! air ! t5d5cy ( 8 /]iliz$ infusions to produce organisms 0 increas$4 ,! conclusion f all ^! exp]im5ts is to %[ ! importance ( lay+ out ! g5]al plan ( dwell+s 9 a t[n s t curr5ts ( air %all be able to fl[ on all sides ) z little imp$im5t z possible1 by :i* means ! air w be cont9ually liable to r5ewal by pur] air4 ,! dwell+s :i* h be5 con/ruct$ 9 ! place ( ! v defective dwell+s condemn$ by ! m$ical (fic]s ( heal? 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,london specially illu/rate ! importance ( ?is "q ( ! circulation ( air4 ,^! dwell+s replace ^? 9 :i* ! normal mortality 0 z mu* z #cc1 #dd1 & #ej p] #a1jjj4 ,b ^! improv$ dwell+s provide ample space all r\nd ! blocks ( build+1 s t air c fl[ r\nd & ?r\gh !m 9 e direction1 & s t !re are no n>r[ c\rts & hidd5 corn]s = ! accumulation ( refuse4 ,! mortality 9 ! new dwell+s is z l[ z #ac p] #a1jjj 9 "s1 & does n rise above #bj p] #a1jjj 9 any ( !m1 & ^u an av]age ( ye>s x may be tak5 at f #ad to #af p] #a1jjj4 ,x is to ?is po9t t ,i specially desire to draw att5tion--namely1 t ^! facts prove ! possibility ( br++ d[n ! dea?-rate ( ! class ( population :i* inhabits ?is sort ( accommodation to rates v>y+ f #ae to #af p] #a1jjj4 ,i say ( ! class ( population1 because habits & mode ( life h an important influ5ce on heal? & on longevity4 ,mr4 ,*adwick & ,dr4 ,ri*>dson obta9$ "s /ati/ics = ,we/m9/]1 = ! use ( a committee ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 :i* indicate ! v diff]5t conditions ( heal? to :i* ! diff]5t classes ( population are subject4 ,x appe>$ f ^! /ati/ics t out ( "o hundr$ dea?s ( ! fir/ class1 or g5try1 six 7 ^? ( *ildr5 9 _! fir/ ye>1 & n9e ( *ildr5 )9 _! fif? ye>2 :ile out ( "o hundr$ dea?s ( ! wage classes tw5ty-two are ^? ( *ildr5 9 _! fir/ ye>1 & ?irty-n9e )9 _! fif? ye>4 ,if we take ! av]age duration ( life ( all :o h di$ ( ! fir/ class1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 we f9d t !y h _h an av]age ( fifty-five ye>s & eight mon?s ( life2 :ile ( ! wage classes !y h _h a mean ( only tw5ty-eight ye>s & n9e mon?s4 ,& if we take ! av]age duration ( life ( ^? :o h escap$ ! e>li] ravages ( dea? up to tw5ty ye>s ( age1 ! males :o h di$ ( ! fir/ class h _h sixty-"o ye>s ( life1 :ile ( ! wage class ! males h _h only =ty-sev5 ye>s & sev5 mon?s4 ,moreov]1 ( ! fir/ class 9 ,we/m9/]1 ! proportion :o h atta9$ ! old age1 & di$ ( natural causes1 is #c4bg p] c5t41 b ( ! wage classes only a fraction1 or two-?irds p] c5t41 did s4 ,i h obta9$ simil> returns = ?is t[n4 ,x 0 consid]$ desirable1 = ! purpose ( ?is return1 to divide ! population into ! foll[+ five classes3 ,fir/1 g5try & pr(essional m52 second1 tradesm5 & %opkeep]s2 ?ird1 %ipwrights1 *a9 & an*or smi?s1 iron =ge labor]s1 etc41 f\r?1 seam51 wat]m51 fi%]m51 etc42 fif?1 o!r wage cla%es & artisans2 & ea* ( ^! classes repres5ts di/9ct sanit>y conditions & habits ( life4 ,! heal?ie/ class is t ( ! seam51 wat]m51 & fi%]m54 ,! mean age at dea? ( all :o di$ ( t class1 m51 wom51 & *ildr51 is ?irty-sev5 ye>s1 z comp>$ ) ?irty five ye>s = g5try & pr(essional m52 :ile ! mean age ( %ipwrights1 *a9 & an*or mak]s1 & iron =ge labor]s is only tw5ty-two ye>s4 ,! ,presid5t consid]$ t ^! po9ts gave mu* food = reflection4 ,he !n t\*$ ^u ! important "q ( ! effect ( occupation ^u heal?1 & rem>k$3 ,if we take ! pr(essional & m]*ant class1 :o att5d at _! (fices dur+ ! daytime1 we may be sure t1 z a rule1 !y are plac$ 9 unheal?y surr\nd+s dur+ t "t1 & 9 _m cases h to brea! dur+ _! h\rs ( "w z bad an atmosph]e z t 9 :i* ! wage classes "w4 ,he also quot$ returns %[+ t ! great mortality among ! tradesm5 class 9 ,we/m9/] 0 expla9$ f ! fact t ! be/ rooms 9 ! h\ses 9 :i* !y live 7 let = lodg+s1 ! tradesm5 cont5t+ !mselves ) liv+ 9 ! basem5ts or back premises1 :i* 7 frequ5tly unheal?y4 ,he look$ = great improvem5ts 9 ! heal? ( ! wage classes by ! con/ruction ( improv$ dwell+s2 b1 he confess$1 9 _m cases workm5 requir$ to be taught to att5d to precautions devis$ = _! heal?4 ,on ! subject ( sickness caus$ by insanit>y conditions1 he quot$ ! rem>k ( an ,ea/ ,london cl]gyman t ! poor g on liv+ 9 wret*$ places1 b h mu* ill-heal?4 ,he %[$ f ,mr4 ,burdett's figures t ! ,london volunt>y hospitals & disp5s>ies co/ ne>ly #fjj1jjj a ye> to adm9i/]--an exp5diture incurr$ ma9ly = ! purpose ( pat*+ up ! wret*$ poor :o _h be5 injur$ by bad dra9age1 want ( v5tilation & ! l2 & he urg$ t x might be safely assum$ prev5tive measures w\ld br+ d[n ! dea?-rate ( ! wage class to "o-half1 r$uc+ also ! sickness rate 9 at lea/ a simil> proportion4 ,by means ( ?is item alone ! wage-e>n+ p[] ( ! indu/ri\s classes w\ld be enl>g$ by "s millions ( p\nds1 & _! com=t correspond+ly increas$4 ,!re w\ld also1 he cont5d$1 be o!r di/9ct economies1 = !re w\ld be less ne$ = mu* ( ! accommodation 9 prisons1 re=matories1 & workh\ses n[ ne$$ f evils incid5t to unheal?y circum/ances & cr[d$ dwell+s4 ,he dwelt ^u ! economic advantages ( sanit>y measures g5]ally1 deal+ fir/ ) ! subject ( ! conv]sion ( sewage into manure1 & !n1 9 relation to ! provision ( heal?ful dwell+s1 su* z ^? ( ! ,metropolitan ,association = ,improv+ ! ,dwell+s ( ! ,indu/rial ,classes1 he %[$ t ! co/ ( su* dwell+s _h be5 ab\t #a1ijj1jjj = #aa1jjj p]sons4 ,by ! sav+ 9 life & heal?1 ?r\gh ! cont9uance 9 e>n+ p[] ( m51 ^: lives w\ld o!rwise h be5 cut %ort1 he e/imat$ t ! exp5diture ( ! #a1ijj1jjj = ! #aa1jjj p]sons1 by ! addition (t5 ye>s' e>n+ p[] to ! heads ( families1 br\ght 9 a return ( #d1fjj1jjj1 & urg$ ^! facts z %[+ ! pecuni>y advantages accru+ to ! nation f sanit>y improvem5ts :i* l$ to decreas$ dea? & sickness rates4 ,on ! "o h&1 he said1 insanit>y dwell+s & insanit>y conditions ( life eng5d]$ sickness1 entail$ pov]ty1 & fo/]$ crime1 :ile improv$ dwell+s insur$ improv$ heal?1 & by af=d+ a security = ! m cont9u\s e>n+ ( wages creat$ ! possibility ( a com=table home4 ,advanc$ sanit>ians _h long prea*$ ^! doctr9es1 & he 0 happy to ?9k t !y 7 at la/ beg9n+ to he> "s results1 & 9 ^? results he saw ! means ( develop+ morality1 cont5tm5t1 & happ9ess among ! p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,psy*ological ,,developm5t ,,9 ,,*ildr54 ,footnote3 ,die ,seele des ,k9des ,beoba*tung5 ueb] die gei/ige ,entwickelung des ,m5s*5 9 d5 er/5 ,leb5sjahr54 ,von ,w4 ,prey]1 ord5tli*5 ,pr(essor d] ,physiologie an d] ,univ]sitaet und ,director des physiologis*5 ,in/ituts zu ,j5a1 etc4 ,leipzig3 ,?4 ,grieb54 #ahhb4 ,?is is a l>ge octavo volume1 ext5d+ to ov] f\r hundr$ pages1 & consi/+ ( daily obs]vations )\t int]mission ( ! psy*ological developm5t ( ! au?or's son f ! "t ( bir? to ! end ( ! fir/ ye>1 & ( subsequ5t obs]vations less cont9u\s up to ! age ( ?ree ye>s4 ,pr(essor ,prey]'s "n is a suffici5t gu>antee ( ! clos5ess & accuracy ( any s]ies ( obs]vations und]tak5 ) s mu* e>ne/ness & labor1 b /ill we may rem>k at ! outset t any anticipation :i*2 ! read] may =m on ?is po9t w be m ?an ju/ifi$ by 8 p]usal ( ?is book4 ,we %all proce$ to give a sket* ( ! results :i* /rike u z mo/ important1 al?\gh we _c pret5d to r5d] )9 ! limits ( a few columns any adequate epitome ( s l>ge a body ( facts & d$uctions4 ,! "w is divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ deals ) ! developm5t ( ! s5ses1 ! second ) ! developm5t ( ! w1 & ! ?ird ) ! developm5t ( ! und]/&+4 ,beg9n+ ) ! s5se ( sight1 ! obs]vations %[ t light is p]ceiv$ )9 five m9utes aft] bir?1 & t ! pupils react )9 ! fir/ h\r4 ,on ! second day ! eyes are clos$ ^u ! approa* ( a flame2 on ! elev5? ! *ild seem$ to enjoy ! s5sation ( light2 & on ! tw5ty-?ird to appreciate ! rose color ( a curta9 by smil+ at x4 ,def9ite pro( ( color discrim9ation 0 fir/ obta9$ 9 ! eighty-fif? week1 b may1 ( c\rse1 h be5 pres5t e>li]4 ,:5 sev5 hundr$ & sev5ty days old ! *ild c\ld po9t to ! colors yell[1 r$1 gre51 & blue1 ^u ^! be+ nam$4 ,! eyelids are fir/ clos$ to protect ! eyes f ! sudd5 approa* ( a ?reat5+ body 9 ! sev5? or eigh? week1 al?\gh1 z already obs]v$1 !y w close aga9/ a /rong light z e>ly z ! second day4 ,! explanation ( _! beg9n+ to close aga9/ ! approa* ( a ?reat5+ body is suppos$ to be t an uncom=table s5sation is produc$ by ! sudd5 & unexpect$ appe>ance1 :i* causes ! lids to close )\t ! *ild hav+ any idea ( dang] to its eyes2 & ! effect is n produc$ e>li] 9 life because ! eyes d n !n see suffici5tly well4 ,on ! tw5ty-fif? day ! *ild fir/ def9itely notic$ its fa!r's face2 :5 he nodd$ or spoke 9 a deep voice1 ! *ild bl9k$4 ,?is ,pr(essor ,prey] calls a surprise-reflex2 b def9ite a/oni%m5t 7at ! rapid op5+ & clos+ ( a fan7 0 n obs]v$ till ! sev5? mon?4 ,! gaze 0 fir/ fix$ on a /ation>y light on ! six? day1 & ! head 0 fir/ mov$ aft] a mov+ light on ! elev5? day2 on ! tw5ty-?ird day ! eyeballs 7 fir/ mov$ aft] a mov+ object )\t rotation ( ! head2 & on ! eighty-fir/ day objects 7 fir/ s\ght by ! eyes4 ,up to ?is date ! motion ( ! mov+ object mu/ be sl[ if x is to be foll[$ by ! eyes1 b on ! "o hundr$ & fir/ day a p5dulum sw++ =ty times a m9ute 0 foll[$4 ,9 ! ?irty-fir/ week ! *ild look$ aft] fall5 objects1 & 9 ! =ty-sev5? purposely ?rew objects d[n & look$ aft] !m4 ,k ( weight appe>$ to be atta9$ 9 ! =ty-?ird week4 ,p]sons 7 fir/ di/+ui%$ z fri5ds or /rang]s 9 ! six? mon?1 photographs ( p]sons 7 fir/ recogniz$ 9 ! "o hundr$ & eigh? week1 & all glass bottles 7 classifi$ z belong+ to ! same g5us z ! fe$+-bottle 9 ! eigh? mon?4 ,) reg>d to ! s5se ( he>+1 x is fir/ rem>k$ t all *ildr5 = "s "t aft] bir? are completely deaf1 & x 0 n till ! middle ( ! f\r? day t ,pr(essor ,prey] obta9$ any evid5ce ( he>+ 9 8 *ild4 ,?is *ild fir/ turn$ 8 head 9 ! direction ( a s\nd 9 ! elev5? week1 & ?is movem5t 9 ! sixte5? week _h become z rapid & c]ta9 z a reflex4 ,at eight mon?s1 or a ye> be=e its fir/ attempts at speak+1 ! infant di/+ui%$ betwe5 a tone & a noise1 z %[n by its pleasure on he>+ ! s\nds ( a piano2 aft] ! fir/ ye> ! *ild f\nd satisfaction 9 itself /rik+ ! piano4 ,9 ! tw5ty-fir/ mon? x danc$ to music1 & 9 ! tw5ty f\r? imitat$ song2 b x is /at$ on ! au?ority ( o!r obs]v]s t "s *ildr5 h be5 able to s+ pit* correctly1 & ev5 a melody1 z e>ly z n9e mon?s4 ,"o su* *ild us$ at ?is age to s+ 9 its sleep1 & at n9ete5 mon?s c\ld beat "t correctly ) its h& :ile s++ an air4 ,conc]n+ t\*1 ta/e1 & smell1 !re is n s mu* to quote1 ?\gh x appe>s t at bir? ! s5se ( ta/e is be/ develop$1 & t ! infant !n recognizes ! diff]5ce betwe5 sweet1 salt1 s\r1 & bitt]4 ,likewise1 pass+ ov] a numb] ( obs]vations on ! feel+s ( hung]1 ?ir/1 satisfaction1 etc41 we come to ! emotions4 ,fe> 0 fir/ %[n 9 ! f\rte5? week2 ! *ild _h an in/9ctive dread ( ?und]1 & lat] on ( cats & dogs1 ( fall+ f a height1 etc4 ,! date at :i* affection & sympa?y fir/ %[$ !mselves does n appe> to h be5 not$1 ?\gh at tw5ty-sev5 mon?s ! *ild cri$ on see+ "s pap] figures ( m5 be+ cut ) a pair ( scissors4 ,9 ! second "p ( ! book x is rem>k$ t volunt>y movem5ts are prec$$1 n only by reflex1 b also by impulsive movem5ts1 ! ceaseless activity ( "y infants be+ due to purposeless dis*>ges ( n]v\s en]gy4 ,reflex movem5ts are foll[$ by in/9ctive1 & ^! by volunt>y4 ,! latt] are fir/ %[n by grasp+ at objects1 :i* took place 9 ,prey]'s *ild dur+ ! n9ete5? week4 ,! opposition ( ! ?umb to ! f+]s1 :i* 9 ! ape is acquir$ dur+ ! fir/ week1 is v sl[ly acquir$ 9 ! *ild1 :ile1 ( c\rse1 ! opposition ( ! great toe is nev] acquir$ at all2 9 ,prey]'s *ild ! ?umb 0 fir/ oppos$ to ! f+]s on ! eighty-f\r? day4 ,up to ! sev5te5? mon? !re is great unc]ta9ty 9 f9d+ ! m\? ) any?+ held 9 ! h&--a spoon1 = in/ance1 /rik+ ! *eeks1 *91 or nose1 in/ead ( at once go+ betwe5 ! lips2 ?is =ms a /rik+ contra/ to ! case ( "y *ick5s :i* are able to peck gra9s1 etc41 soon aft] !y are hat*$4 ,suck+ is n a pure reflex1 because a satisfi$ *ild w n suck :5 its lips are prop]ly /imulat$1 & fur!r1 ! action may be orig9at$ c5trally1 z 9 a sleep+ suckl+4 ,at a lat] /age bit+ is z in/9ctive z suck+1 & 0 fir/ obs]v$ to occur 9 ! sev5te5? week ) ! too?less gums4 ,lat] ?an bit+1 b /ill be=e ! tee? are cut1 *ew+ becomes in/9ctive1 & also lick+4 ,betwe5 ! t5? & ! sixte5? week ! head becomes completely balanc$1 ! ef=ts 9 ?is direction be+ volunt>y & det]m9$ by ! great] com=t ( hold+ ! head 9 an upright position4 ,sitt+ up usually beg9s ab\t ! f\r? mon?1 b may beg9 mu* lat]4 ,9 ?is connection an int]e/+ rem>k ( ,dr4 ,laud] ,brunton is allud$ to 7,bible & ,sci5ce1 page #bci71 namely1 t :5 a "y *ild sits ^u ! floor ! soles ( 8 feet are turn$ inw>d fac+ "o ano!r1 z is ! case ) monkeys4 ,:5 laid ^u _! faces *ildr5 at e>lie/ c "r !mselves dur+ ! fif? mon?4 ,prey]'s *ild fir/ attempt$ to /& 9 ! ?irty-n9? week1 b x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! second ye> t x c\ld /& alone1 or )\t assi/ance4 ,! walk+ movem5ts :i* are p]=m$ by a *ild mu* too "y to walk1 :5 x is held s t its feet t\* ! gr\nd1 are classifi$ by ,prey] z in/9ctive4 ,! "t at :i* walk+ prop] beg9s v>ies mu* ) diff]5t *ildr51 ! limits be+ f eight to sixte5 mon?s4 ,:5 a *ild :i* is beg9n+ to walk falls1 x ?r[s its arms =w>d to break ! fall2 ?is action mu/ be in/9ctive4 ,9 ! tw5ty-f\r? mon? ,prey]'s *ild began spontane\sly to dance to music & to beat "t correctly4 ,a *apt] is devot$ to imitative movem5ts4 ,at ! end ( ! fifte5? week ! *ild w\ld imitate ! movem5t ( protrud+ ! lips1 at n9e mon?s w\ld cry on he>+ o!r *ildr5 d s1 & at twelve mon?s us$ to p]=m 9 its sleep imitative movem5ts :i* _h made a /rong impression :ile awake--e4g41 bl[+2 ?is %[s t dream+ occurs at lea/ z e>ly z ! fir/ ye>4 ,aft] ! fir/ ye> imitative movem5ts are m readily le>n$ ?an be=e4 ,%ak+ ! head z a sign ( negation 0 f\nd by ,prey]1 z by o!r obs]v]s1 to be in/9ctive1 & he adopts ,d>w9's explanation ( ! fact--viz41 t ! satisfi$ suckl+ 9 refus+ ! brea/ mu/ ne$s move its head f side to side4 ,9 ! sev5te5? mon? ! *ild exhibit$ a def9ite act ( intellig5t adju/m5t1 =1 desir+ to rea* a toy d[n f a press1 x drew a travel+-bag f ano!r "p ( ! room to /& ^u4 ,we m5tion ?is incid5t because x exhibits ! same level ( m5tal developm5t z t ( ,cuvi]'s orang1 :i*1 on desir+ to rea* an object (f a high %elf1 drew a *air bel[ ! %elf to /& ^u4 ,ang] 0 express$ 9 ! t5? mon?1 %ame & pride 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,betwe5 ! t5? & elev5? mon? ! fir/ p]ception ( causality 0 obs]v$4 ,?us on ! ?ree hundr$ & n9ete5? day ! *ild 0 beat+ on a plate ) a spoon & accid5tally f\nd t ! s\nd 0 damp$ by plac+ ! o!r h& ^u ! plate2 x !n *ang$ its h&s & repeat$ ! exp]im5t4 ,simil>ly at elev5 mon?s x /ruck a spoon ^u a newspap]1 & *ang$ h&s to see if ?is w\ld modify ! s\nd4 ,9 "s *ildr51 h[ev]1 ! p]ception ( causality to ?is ext5t occurs e>li]4 ,! pres5t writ] has se5 a boy :5 exactly eight mon?s old d]iv+ mu* pleasure f /rik+ ! keys ( a piano1 & cle>ly %[+ t he und]/ood ! action ( /rik+ ! keys to be ! antec$5t requir$ = ! production ( ! s\nd4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! book is conc]n$1 z already /at$1 ) ! developm5t ( ! und]/&+4 ,"h x is notic$ t memory & recognition ( ! "m's voice occurs z e>ly z ! second mon?2 at f\r mon?s ! *ild cri$ = 8 abs5t nurse2 & at eighte5 mon?s he knew if "o ( t5 toy animals 7 remov$4 ,9 ,prey]'s op9ion--& we ?9k !re c be no "q ( its accuracy--! intellig5ce ( a *ild be=e x c speak a ^w is 9 advance ( t ( ! mo/ intellig5t animal4 ,he gives num]\s examples to prove t a high level ( reason is atta9$ by infants %ortly be=e !y beg9 to speak1 & !re=e t ! doctr9e :i* ascribes all ?\ght to language is errone\s4 ,highly elaborate obs]vations 7 made on ! developm5t ( spee*1 ! date at :i* e new articulate s\nd 0 made be+ record$4 ,! foll[+ appe> to u ! results "u ?is head :i* are mo/ wor? quot+4 ,in/9ctive articulation )\t mean+ may occur z e>ly z ! sev5? week1 b usually n till ! end ( ! fir/ half ye>4 ,tones are und]/ood be=e words1 & v[el s\nds be=e consonants1 s t if ! v[el s\nds alone are giv5 ( a ^w :i* ! *ild und]/&s 7?irte5 mon?s71 x w und]/& z well z if ! ^w 7 fully spok54 ,_m *ildr5 be=e !y are six mon?s old w repeat words p>rot-l by m]e imitation1 )\t atta*+ to !m any mean+4 ,b ?is e*o-speak+ nev] takes place be=e ! fir/ und]/&+ ( c]ta9 o!r words is %[n--nev]1 e4g41 e>li] ?an ! f\r? mon?4 ,aga91 all *ildr5 :i* he> b d n yet speak1 ?us repeat _m words )\t und]/&+ !m1 & conv]sely1 und]/& _m words )\t be+ able to repeat !m4 ,su* facts lead ,pr(essor ,prey] to sugge/ a some:at elaborate s*ema ( ! me*anism ( spee*1 bo? on its physiological & psy*ological aspects2 b ?is s*ema we h n suffici5t space to reproduce4 ,al?\gh ! =mation ( ideas is n at fir/1 or ev5 = a consid]able "t1 dep5d5t on spee* 7any m ?an x is 9 ! case ( ! l[] animals71 x con/itutes ! condition to ! le>n+ ( spee*1 & aft]w>d spee* reacts ^u ! developm5t ( ideation4 ,a *ild may & usually does imitate ! s\nds ( animals z names ( ! animals :i* make !m long be=e x c speak "o ^w1 &1 s f> z ,prey]'s evid5ce goes1 int]jections are all orig9ally imitative ( s\nds4 ,*ildr5 ) a /ill v small vocabul>y use words metaphorically1 z too?-heav5 to signify ! upp] gums1 & x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! fir/ words 9 a *ild's vocabul>y are inv>iably n\n-sub/antives1 z di/+ui%$ f adjectives or ev5 v]bs4 ,z ?is /atem5t is at v>iance ) almo/ univ]sal op9ion1 we ?9k x is desirable to furni% ! foll[+ corroboration4 ,! pres5t writ] has notes ( a *ild :i* possess$ a vocabul>y ( only a doz5 words or s4 ,! only prop]ly ,engli% words 7 poor1 dirty1 & cook1 & ( ^! ! two adjectives1 no less ?an ! n\n-sub/antive1 7 always appropriately us$4 ,! rema9+ words 7 nurs]y words1 & ( ^! ta-ta 0 us$ z a v]b mean+ to g1 to g out1 to g away1 etc41 inclusive ( all possible moods & t5ses4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 on "o occasion1 :5 ! *ild 0 :eel+ ab\t h] doll 9 h] own p]ambulator1 ! writ] /ole away ! doll )\t h] p]ceiv+ ! !ft4 ,:5 %e ?\ght t ! doll _h _h a suffici5tly long ride1 %e walk$ r\nd ! p]ambulator to take x out4 ,n f9d+ ! doll :]e %e _h left x %e 0 greatly p]plex$1 & !n began to say _m times poor ,na-na1 poor ,na-na1 ,na-na ta-ta1 ,na-na ta-ta2 ?is cle>ly meant--poor ,na-na has disappe>$4 ,& _m o!r examples might be giv5 ( ?is *ild simil>ly us+ h] small /ock ( adjectives & v]bs correctly4 ,accord+ to ,prey]1 f ! fir/ week to ! fif? mon? ! only v[el s\nds us$ are & a4 ,on ! =ty-?ird day he he>d ! fir/ consonant1 :i* 0 m1 & also ! v[el o4 ,next day ! *ild said ta hu1 on ! =ty-six? day g r1 & on ! fifty-fir/ arra ,all ! v[el s\nds 7 acquir$ 9 ! fif? mon?4 ,we h no space to g fur!r into ! successive dates at :i* ! rema9+ consonants 7 acquir$4 ,9 ! elev5? mon? ! *ild fir/ le>nt to articulate a c]ta9 ^w 7ada7 by imitation1 & aft]w>d repeat$ ! taught ^w spontane\sly4 ,! fir/ ye> pass$ )\t any o!r indication ( a connection betwe5 articulation & ideation ?an 0 suppli$ by ! *ild us+ a /r+ ( diff]5t syllables 7& n m]ely a repetition ( ! same "o7 on p]ceiv+ a rapid movem5t1 z any "o hurri$ly leav+ ! room1 etc42 b ?is *ild nev]!less und]/ood c]ta9 words 7su* z h&*5 geb57 :5 only fifty-two weeks old4 ,ineffici5t attempts at imitative speak+ prec$e ! accurate attempts1 & at f\rte5 mon?s ?is ineffici5cy 0 /ill v app>5t1 be+ 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ! precision :]eby x w\ld imitate syllables :i* x c\ld already say2 ! w to imitate all syllables 0 pres5t1 ?\gh n ! ability4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? mon? on be+ ask$3 ,wo i/ de9 ,s*rank8 ! *ild w\ld turn its head 9 ! direction ( ! cupbo>d1 draw ! p]son :o ask$ ! "q t[>d x 7?\gh ! *ild c\ld n !n walk72 & s ) o!r objects ! names ( :i* x knew4 ,dur+ ! next mon? ! *ild w\ld po9t to ! object :5 ! "q 0 ask$1 & also c\gh1 bl[1 or /amp on be+ told to d s4 ,9 ! sev5te5? mon? !re 0 a consid]able advance 9 ! use ( sign-language 7su* z br++ a hat to ! nurse z a reque/ to g out71 b /ill no words 7 spok5 save ma-ma1 pa-pa1 etc4 ,9 ! tw5tie? mon? ! *ild c\ld fir/ repeat words ( two unlike syllables4 ,:5 tw5ty-?ree mon?s old ! fir/ evid5ce ( judgm5t 0 giv52 ! *ild hav+ drunk milk :i* 0 too hot = x1 said ! ^w heiss4 ,9 ! sixty-?ird week ?is ^w _h be5 le>nt 9 imitative speak+1 s x requir$ eight & a half mon?s = x to be prop]ly us$ z a pr$icate4 ,at ! same age on be+ ask$1 ,:]e is y\r be>d8 ! *ild w\ld place its h& on its *9 & move its ?umb & f+]s z if draw+ hair ?r\gh !m1 or z x 0 9 ! habit ( do+ if x t\*$ its fa!r's be>d2 ?is is evid5ce ( imag9ation1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c]ta9ly occurs mu* e>li] 9 life4 ,at ! close ( ! second ye> a great advance 0 made 9 us+ two words toge!r z a s5t5ce--e4g41 home1 milk1 to signify a desire to g home & h "s milk4 ,9 ! fir/ mon? ( ! ?ird ye> s5t5ces ( ?ree or ev5 f\r words 7 us$1 z papa1 pe>1 plate1 please4 ,hi!rto ! same ^w w\ld (t5 be employ$ to express sev]al or _m associat$ mean+s1 & no words appe>$ to h be5 entirely inv5t$4 ,! p[]s ( association & inf]5ce 7 well develop$4 ,= in/ance1 ! *ild receiv$ _m pres5ts on its bir?day1 & be+ pleas$ said bur/a 7,geburt/age72 aft]w>d :5 simil>ly pleas$ x w\ld say ! same ^w4 ,aga91 :5 x injur$ its h& x 0 told to bl[ ^u x1 & on aft]w>d knock+ its head x blew into ! air4 ,at ?is age also ! p[] ( mak+ propositions advanc$ consid]ably1 z 0 %[n1 = in/ance1 by ! foll[+ s5t5ce on see+ milk spilt ^u ! floor3 ,mime atta teppa papa o1 :i* 0 equival5t to ,mil* =t 7auf d57 ,teppi*1 ,papa 7sagte7 pfui6 ,b x is int]e/+ t at ?is age words 7 le>nt ) an errone\s appreh5sion ( _! mean+2 ?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case ) pron\ns--de9 ,bett1 = example1 be+ suppos$ to mean das grosse ,bett4 ,all words :i* 7 spontane\sly acquir$ seem$ to be in/ances ( onomatopoeia4 ,adv]bs 7 fir/ us$ 9 ! tw5ty-sev5? mon?1 & n[ also words :i* _h previ\sly be5 us$ to express a v>iety ( associat$ or g5]ic mean+s1 7 disc>d$ = m specific ones4 ,9 ! tw5ty-eigh? mon? prepositions 7 fir/ us$1 & que/ions 7 fir/ ask$4 ,9 ! tw5ty-n9? mon? ! *ief advance 0 9 nam+ self ) a pron\n1 z 9 give me bread2 b ! ^w ,i 0 n yet spok54 ,:5 ask$3 ,w] i/ mir8 ! *ild w\ld say its own "n4 ,al?\gh ! *ild _h long be5 able to say its num]als1 x 0 only 9 ?is mon? t x atta9$ to an und]/&+ ( _! use 9 c\nt+4 ,9 ! ?irty-second mon? ! ^w ,i 0 acquir$1 b /ill ! *ild seem$ to pref] speak+ ( itself 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,! long disquisition on ! acquirem5t ( spee* is supplem5t$ by a *apt] convey+ ! obs]vations ( o!r writ]s ^u ! same subject4 ,?is is foll[$ by an int]e/+ *apt] on ! developm5t ( self-consci\sness1 & ! "w concludes ) a summ>y ( results4 ,!re are also l5g?y app5dices on ! acquirem5ts ( correct vision aft] surgical op]ations by ^? :o h be5 born bl9d1 & on ! m5tal condition ( un$ucat$ deaf mutes2 b we h no space left to g into ^! subjects4 ,en\gh1 we tru/1 has be5 said to %[ t ,pr(essor ,prey]'s labori\s und]tak+ is ! mo/ important contribution :i* has yet appe>$ to ! dep>tm5t ( psy*ology ) :i* x is conc]n$4 ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,racial ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,man4 ,,dr4 ,,z]ffi1 ,f4 ,r4 ,hi/4 ,s41 rec5tly deliv]$ ! fir/ ( ! inaugural lectures 9 connection ) ! op5+ ( ! ,cry/al ,palace ,company's ,s*ool ( ,art1 on ,! ,racial ,*>act]i/ics ( ,man ,sci5tifically ,trac$ 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory4 ,he compla9$ t ! /udy ( man f a sci5tific po9t ( view1 especially 9 hi/ory z enact$ by him1 0 mo/ly neglect$1 al?\gh x ought to be--nay1 w\ld & mu/ m & m become--our mo/ important subject1 z =m+ ! only real basis ( all our high] culture4 ,hi/ory 0 und\bt$ly a d$uctive sci5ce1 b x c\ld be v]ifi$ & put to ! be/ uses by ! purely inductive /udy ( facts4 ,any *ange1 :e!r progressive or retrospective1 9 ! social1 political1 or religi\s condition ( m51 w\ld be a fact4 ,! act+ =ces 7 m51 ( :om !re 7 on ! globe m ?an a ?\s& millions1 all end[$ ) ?ree pr9cipal faculties--( receiv+ impressions1 :i* produc$ s5sations1 & 7 reflect$ 9 _! intellectual consci\sness4 ,b nei!r 9 comp>+ individuals ) "o ano!r1 nor race ) race1 7 ^! faculties equally develop$4 ,!y v>i$ ) a race's av]age facial angles & l9es1 its am\nt ( bra91 ! color ( its sk91 & its g5]al organization4 ,! facial angle ( ! black races might be tak5 at #he1 & ! numb] ( cubic in*es ( bra9 might range betwe5 #ge & #hj4 ,9 an e?nological *>t hung beh9d ! lectur]1 ! ma9 body ( ! ,nigritian races1 :i* 0 made up ( ! ,asiatic & ,african negroes1 0 cr$it$ ) #hc cubic in*es ( bra9 z a g5]al /atem5t4 ,x 0 rem>k$ h[ev]1 t ! bra9 0 v small relatively to ! body1 :ile ! c]ebellum =m$ a v l>ge portion ( ! organ4 ,! /atical & dynamical =ces ( ! intellect 7 said to be undevelop$1 ! animal prop5sities pr$om9at+4 ,! long ext9ct ,am]ican ,toltecs1 rank+ z "o section ( a subdivision "u ?is head1 figur$ = #gi cubic in*es ( bra94 ,9 bo? directions ! intellectual =ces 7 m>k$ z undevelop$1 b ! ,toltecs 7 cr$it$ ) great imitative p[]s4 ,! o!r section1 compris+ ! ,hott5tots & ,au/ralian black fell[s1 7 all[$ b #ge cubic in*es ( bra91 or n m ?an #aj above ! highe/ an?ropoid apes1 & 9 nei!r did ! /atical or dynamical intellect pass beyond a transitory /age ( ! l[e/ degree4 ,! typical facial angle ( ! yell[ or ,turanian races--! bulk be+ ,*9ese1 ,mongols1 ,f9ns1 ,turks1 ) ,malay1 ,gangetic1 ,lohitic1 ,tamulic1 & ,am]ican tribes--0 giv5 z #hg degrees4 ,9 cubic in*es1 ! bra9 rang$ betwe5 #hb & #ie4 ,9 ! *>t ! figure giv5 0 #hc4 ,"h1 too1 ! /atical or cons]vative en]gy ( ! intellect 0 made ! great *>act]i/ic1 ! dynamical or progressive develop+ = ! mo/ "p 9 te*nical products only4 ,! t5d5cy 0 to become h]dsm51 f>m]s1 & trad]s4 ,z a division 7 class$ ! aborig9es ( ,india & ( ,egypt1 ) an av]age #hj cubic in*es ( bra91 a v l>ge c]ebellum1 & a c]ebrum comp>atively small4 ,_! intellect 0 z *>act]i/ically /atical z t ( ! o!r yell[ races1 ! dynamic impulse manife/+ itself only 9 symbolism1 my/icism1 & ! l4 ,at ! head ( all /ood ! :ite races1 ,aryans = ! mo/ "p1 b ) ! ,semites--,*aldeans1 ,pho5iceans1 ,hebrews1 ,c>?ag9ians1 ,arabs--z a subdivision4 ,ideally1 _! facial angle 0 #ij--! "r angle--& _! cubic in*es ( bra9 rang$ f #ib to #abj1 ris+ 9 individual in/ances--! lectur] nam$ ,byron--z high z #aej4 ,! numb] 9 ! *>t = ! ,aryans--,sanskrit-speak+ ,indians1 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ! ,go?s1 ,kelts1 ,slavs1 & _! prog5y--0 #ib1 & = ! ,semitic peoples #hh4 ,! ,aryans 7 cr$it$ ) a due balance betwe5 ! dynamical & /atical en]gy ( _! intellect1 to :i* !y ow$ ne>ly all ! great inv5tions & discov]ies1 & ) all ! sy/ematic developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,!y br\ght =? ! philosoph]s1 morali/s1 eng9e]s1 sculptors1 musicians4 ,! ,semitic intellect 0 pr$om9antly /atical1 be+ b little develop$ 9 ! creative or dynamical direction1 & !n mo/ly 9 !ological ?\ght4 ,!y produc$1 h[ev]1 musicians1 trad]s1 & conqu]ors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ecc5tricity ,,& ,,idiosyncrasy4 ,footnote3 ,an extract f a ,treatise on ,insanity %ortly to be publi%$ by ,d4 ,appleton ,co4 ,by ,,william ,a4 ,,hammond1 ,m4,d41 ,surgeon-,g5]al ,u4,s4 ,army 7,retir$ ,li/71 ,pr(essor ( ,diseases ( ! ,m9d & ,n]v\s ,sy/em 9 ! ,new ,york ,po/-,graduate ,m$ical ,s*ool1 etc4 ,,ecc5tricity4--,p]sons ^: m9ds deviate 9 "s "o or m notable respects f ! ord9>y /&>d1 b yet ^: m5tal processes are n directly at v>iance ) t /&>d1 are said to be ecc5tric4 ,ecc5tricity is g5]ally inh]5t 9 ! individual1 or is gradually develop$ 9 him f ! op]ation ( unrecogniz$ causes z he advances 9 ye>s4 ,if an orig9al condition1 x may be %[n f a v e>ly p]iod ( life1 8 plays1 ev51 be+ diff]5t f ^? ( o!r *ildr5 ( 8 age4 ,d\btless x !n dep5ds ^u "s peculi>ity ( bra9 /ructure1 :i*1 )9 ! limits ( ! normal range1 produces individuality ( m5tal action4 ,b ecc5tricity is n always an orig9al condition1 =1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 x may be acquir$4 ,a p]son1 = in/ance1 meets ) "s circum/ance 9 8 life :i* t5ds to weak5 8 confid5ce 9 human nature4 ,he accord+ly %uns mank9d1 by %utt+ himself up 9 8 own h\se & refus+ to h any int]c\rse ) ! inhabitants ( ! place 9 :i* he resides4 ,9 c>ry+ out 8 purpose he proce$s to ! mo/ absurd extremes4 ,he speaks to no "o he meets1 returns no salutations1 & 8 relations ) ! tradesm5 :o supply 8 daily wants are conduct$ ?r\gh grat+s 9 ! door ( 8 dwell+4 ,he dies1 & ! w :i* he leaves beh9d him is f\nd to devote 8 entire prop]ty = ! f\nd+ ( a hospital = sick & own]less dogs1 ! mo/ fai?ful creatures ,i h ev] met1 & ! only ones 9 :i* ,i h any confid5ce4 ,su* a man is n insane4 ,!re is a rational motive = 8 conduct--"o :i* _m ( u h exp]i5c$1 & :i* has1 p]haps1 prompt$ u to act 9 a simil> mann]1 if n to ! same ext5t4 ,ano!r is engag$ 9 va/ m]cantile transactions1 requir+ ! mo/ ?or\gh ex]cise ( ! be/ faculties ( ! m9d4 ,he /udies ! m>kets ( ! _w1 & buys & sells ) uni=m %rewdness & success4 ,9 all ! relations ( life he conducts himself ) ! utmo/ propriety & consid]ation = ! rights & feel+s ( o!rs4 ,! mo/ complete /udy ( 8 "* & acts fails to %[ ! exi/5ce ( ! slighte/ defect 9 8 m5tal processes4 ,he goes to *ur* regul>ly e ,sunday1 b has nev] be5 reg>d$ z a p>ticul>ly religi\s man4 ,nev]!less1 he has "o peculi>ity4 ,he is a collector ( ,bibles1 & has sev]al ?\s&1 ( all sizes & /yles1 & 9 _m languages4 ,if he he>s ( a ,bible1 9 any "p ( ! _w1 diff]5t 9 any respect f ^? he owns1 he at once endeavors to obta9 x1 no matt] h[ difficult ! und]tak+1 or h[ mu* x may co/4 ,except 9 ! matt] ( ,bibles he is dispos$ to be "s :at p5uri\s--al?\gh 8 e/ate is l>ge--& has be5 kn[n to refuse to h a salad = 8 d9n] on acc\nt ( ! high price ( good olive-oil4 ,he makes 8 w1 & dies1 & !n x is f\nd t 8 :ole prop]ty is left 9 tru/ to be employ$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( 8 libr>y ( ,bibles1 9 pur*as+ o!rs :i* may become kn[n to ! tru/ees1 & 9 pr9t+ "o copy1 = 8 libr>y1 ( ! book 9 any language 9 :i* x does n already exi/4 ,a lett] :i* is address$ to 8 tru/ees in=ms !m t1 :5 he 0 a boy1 a ,bible :i* he _h 9 ! brea/-pocket ( 8 coat pres]v$ 8 life by /opp+ a bullet :i* ano!r boy _h accid5tally dis*>g$ f a pi/ol1 & t he !n _h resolv$ to make ! honor+ ( ! ,bible ! duty ( 8 :ole life4 ,nei!r ( ^! p]sons c be reg>d$ z insane4 ,bo? 7 ! subjects ( acquir$ ecc5tricity1 :i*1 9 all likelihood1 w\ld h ensu$ 9 "s o!r =m1 f "s o!r circum/ance act+ ^u bra9s naturally pr$ispos$ to be ?us affect$4 ,! bra9 is ! soil ^u :i* impressions act diff]5tly1 accord+ to its "*1 j z1 ) ! s[] ca/+ 8 se$-:eat ^u diff]5t fields1 "s spr+s up into a luxuriant crop1 "s gr[s sp>sely1 & "s1 aga91 takes no root1 b rots :]e x falls4 ,possibly1 if ^! individuals _h liv$ a little long]1 !y might h pass$ ! bord]-l9e :i* sep>ates m5tal s\ndness f m5tal uns\ndness2 b c]ta9ly1 up to ! p]iod ( _! dea?s1 bo? w\ld h be5 pron\nc$ sane by all compet5t laym5 & ali5i/s ) :om !y might h be5 br\ght into contact2 & ! conte/ ( _! wills1 by any heirs-at-law1 w\ld assur$ly h be5 a fruitless und]tak+4 ,!y *ose to h c]ta9 ends 9 view1 & to provide ! means = ! accompli%m5t ( ^? ends4 ,!re 7 no delusions1 no emotional di/urbance1 no halluc9ations or illusions1 & ! w 0 normally ex]cis$ to ! ext5t necess>y to secure ! objects ( _! lives4 ,at any "t !y _h x 9 _! p[] to alt] _! purposes1 & 9 t fact we h an ess5tial po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ecc5tricity & insanity4 ,we may reg>d _! conduct z s+ul>1 because !y made an unusual disposition ( _! prop]ty2 b x 0 no m irrational ?an if ! "o _h left 8 e/ate to ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals1 & ! o!r _h devot$ 8 to s5d+ mission>ies to ,c5tral ,africa4 ,two di/9ct =ms ( ecc5tricity are recognizable4 ,9 ! "o1 ! individual sets himself up above ! level ( ! re/ ( ! _w1 &1 m>k+ out = himself a l9e ( conduct1 adh]es to x ) an a/oni%+ degree ( t5acity4 ,= him ! op9ions ( mank9d 9 g5]al are ( no consequ5ce4 ,he is a law unto himself2 :at he says & does is said & done1 n = ! purpose ( attract+ att5tion or = obta9+ notoriety1 b because x is pleas+ to himself4 ,he does n mean to be s+ul> or orig9al1 b he is1 nev]!less1 bo?4 ,= e man is s+ul> & orig9al ^: conduct1 )9 ! limits ( reason & intellig5ce1 diff]s f t ( 8 fell[-m54 ,he endeavors to c>ry out c]ta9 ideas :i* seem to him to h be5 ov]look$ by society to its great disadvantage4 ,society usually ?9ks diff]5t2 b if ! promulgator is end[$ ) suffici5t =ce ( "*1 x g5]ally happ5s t1 ev5tually1 ei!r :olly or 9 "p1 8 views prevail4 ,all great re=m]s are ecc5trics ( ?is k9d4 ,!y are cont5d+ = _! doctr9es1 n = !mselves4 ,& !y are n apt to become insane1 ?\gh sometimes !y d4 ,! subjects ( ! o!r =m occupy a l[] level4 ,!y affect s+ul>ity = ! purpose ( attract+ att5tion to !mselves1 & ?us obta9+ ! notoriety :i* !y crave ) e brea? !y inhale4 ,!y dress diff]5tly f o!r p1 we>+ enorm\s %irt-coll>s1 or peculi> hats1 or oddly cut coats ( unusual colors1 or indulg+ 9 "s o!r simil> :imsicality ( an unimportant "*1 9 ! expectation t !y w !reby attract ! att5tion or excite ! comm5ts ( ^? !y meet4 ,or !y build h\ses ^u an idea p]haps correct en\gh 9 itself1 z1 = in/ance1 ! secur+ ( prop] v5tilation2 b 9 c>ry+ x out !y %[ su* defective judgm5t t ! complete integrity ( ! intellect may1 p]haps1 be a matt] ( "q4 ,?us1 "o g5tleman ( my acqua9tance1 believ+ t fireplaces 7 ! be/ v5tilators1 put f\r ( ^! op5+s into e room 9 8 h\se4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 "o ( ! smalle/ ( 8 ecc5tricities4 ,he wore a v5tilat$ hat1 8 clo?+ 0 pi]c$ ) holes1 z 7 ev5 8 %oes2 & no "o c\ld be 9 8 company five m9utes )\t hav+ 8 att5tion direct$ to ^! provisions = secur+ heal?4 ,9 addition to ^! advanc$ notions on ! subject ( v5tilation1 he _h o!rs equally s+ul> 9 reg>d to ! arrangem5t ( ! furniture 9 8 dwell+ & ! c>e t 0 to be tak5 ( x4 ,?us1 !re 0 "o room call$ ! apo/les' room4 ,x conta9$ a table t repres5t$ ,*ri/1 & twelve *airs1 :i* 7 plac$ ar\nd x1 & typifi$ ! twelve apo/les2 "o *air1 t /ood = ,judas ,isc>iot1 0 cov]$ ) black crape4 ,! floor ( ?is room 0 v highly poli%$1 & no "o 0 all[$ to ent] x )\t slipp+ 8 %od feet into clo? slipp]s t 7 plac$ at ! door ready = use4 ,he _h a libr>y1 tol]ably l>ge b ( little value1 & e book 9 x :i* conta9$ ,judas's "n 0 b\nd 9 black1 & black l9es 7 drawn ar\nd ! "n :]ev] x occurr$4 ,su* ecc5tricity z ?is is n f> remov$ f insanity1 & is liable at any "t1 f "s cause a little out ( ! common way1 to pass ov] ! l9e4 ,?us1 a lady _h s9ce h] *ildhood %[n a s+ul>ity ( conduct z reg>d$ h] table furniture1 :i* %e w\ld h ( no o!r mat]ial ?an copp]4 ,%e c>ri$ ?is fancy to su* an ext5t t ev5 ! knives & =ks 7 ( copp]4 ,p laugh$ at h]1 & tri$ to reason h] out ( h] :im1 b 9 va94 ,%e 0 9 h] elem5t z soon z att5tion 0 direct$ to h] fancy & argum5ts aga9/ x 7 address$ to h]4 ,%e lik$ no?+ bett] ?an to be af=d$ a full opportunity to discuss ) any "o ! manifold advantages :i* copp] possess$ z a mat]ial to be us$ 9 ! manufacture ( e article ( table w>e4 ,9 no o!r respect 0 !re any evid5ce ( m5tal ab]ration4 ,%e 0 intellig5t1 by no means excitable1 & 9 ! enjoym5t ( excell5t heal?4 ,%e _h1 moreov]1 a decid$ tal5t = music1 & _h writt5 sev]al passably good /ories = a "y ladies' magaz9e4 ,an uncle _h1 h[ev]1 di$ insane4 ,a circum/ance1 trifl+ 9 itself1 b "o1 z x aft]w>d result$1 ( great importance to h]1 />t$ 9 h] a new tra9 ( ?\ght1 & excit$ emotions :i* %e c\ld n control4 ,%e read 9 a morn+ pap] t a ,mr4 ,kopp]mann _h arriv$ at "o ( ! hotels1 & %e ann\nc$ h] det]m9ation to call ^u him1 9 ord]1 z %e said1 to asc]ta9 ! orig9 ( 8 "n4 ,h] fri5ds endeavor$ to dissuade h]1 b )\t avail4 ,%e w5t to ! hotel1 & 0 told t he _h j left = ,*icago4 ,)\t return+ to h] home1 %e b\ght a railway ticket = ,*icago1 & actually />t$ on ! next tra9 = t city4 ,! telegraph1 h[ev]1 ov]took h]1 & %e 0 br\ght back f ,ro*e/] rav+ ( h] love = a man %e _h nev] se51 & ^: "n alone _h be5 associat$ 9 h] m9d ) h] fancy = copp] table furniture4 ,%e di$ ( acute mania )9 a mon?4 ,9 ?is case erotic t5d5cies1 :i* _h nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 h] be=e1 seem$ to h be5 excit$ by "s v indirect & complicat$ m5tal process1 & ^! 9 _! turn develop$ into g5]al d]angem5t ( ! m9d4 ,9 ano!r case1 a "y man1 a cl]k 9 a city bank1 _h = sev]al ye>s exhibit$ peculi>ities 9 ! keep+ ( 8 books4 ,he 0 exce$+ly exact 9 8 acc\nts1 b aft] ! bank 0 clos$ always rema9$ sev]al h\rs1 dur+ :i* he ornam5t$ ea* page ( 8 day's "w ) arabesques 9 diff]5t-color$ inks4 ,he 0 v va9 ( ?is accompli%m5t1 & 0 con/antly 9 ! habit ( call+ att5tion to ! mann] 9 :i*1 z he suppos$1 he _h beautifi$ :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 positively ugly4 ,8 fell[-cl]ks amus$ !mselves at 8 exp5se1 b 8 sup]ior (fic]s1 kn[+ 8 value1 nev] int]f]$ ) him 9 8 amusem5t4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 he conceiv$ ! idea t !y 7 displeas$ ) him1 & at la/ ! notion became s firmly root$ 9 8 m9d t he resign$ 8 position1 not)/&+ ! prote/ations ( ! directors t 8 idea 0 errone\s4 ,delusions ( v>i\s o!r k9ds sup]v5$1 & he pass$ into a condition ( *ronic insanity1 9 :i* he /ill rema9s4 ,9 mo/ ( ! cases occurr+ "u ?is head ! intellectual p[]s are n ( a high ord]1 ?\gh !re may sometimes be a notable developm5t ( "s tal5t1 or ev5 a great p[] = acquir+ le>n+4 ,pa9t]s1 sculptors1 musicians1 ma!maticians1 poets1 & m5 ( lett]s g5]ally1 n infrequ5tly exhibit ecc5tricities ( dress1 conduct1 mann]1 or ideas1 :i* n only m]ely add to _! notoriety1 b (t5 make !m ei!r ! laugh+-/ocks ( _! fell[-m5 or objects ( fe> or disgu/ to all :o are br\ght into contact ) !m4 ,,idiosyncrasy4--,by idiosyncrasy we und]/& a peculi>ity ( con/itution by :i* an individual is affect$ by ext]nal ag5ts 9 a mann] diff]5t f mank9d 9 g5]al4 ,?us1 "s p]sons _c eat /rawb]ries )\t a k9d ( urtic>ia appe>+ ov] ! body2 o!rs are simil>ly affect$ by eat+ ! /rip$ bass2 o!rs1 aga91 fa9t at ! odor ( c]ta9 fl[]s1 or at ! sight ( blood2 & "s are attack$ ) *ol]a-morbus aft] eat+ %ellfi%--z crabs1 lob/]s1 clams1 or mussels4 ,_m o!r in/ances might be advanc$1 "s ( !m ( a v curi\s "*4 ,^! sev]al conditions are call$ idiosyncrasies4 ,bg91#a :o def9es idiosyncrasy z ! pr$om9ance ( an organ1 a viscus1 or a sy/em ( organs1 has h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 fairly grasp$ ! subject1 ?\gh 8 def9ition has influ5c$ _m ,fr5* writ]s on ! "q4 ,x is some?+ m ?an ?is--some?+ inh]5t 9 ! organization ( ! individual1 ( :i* we only see ! manife/ation :5 ! prop] cause is set 9 action4 ,we _c attempt to expla9 :y "o p]son %\ld be sev]ely m]curializ$ by "o gra9 ( blue mass1 & ano!r take daily t5 times t quantity = a week )\t ! lea/ sign ( ! peculi> action ( m]cury be+ produc$4 ,we only "k t su* is ! fact2 & 7 we to se>* = ! reason1 ) all ! appliances :i* mod]n sci5ce c\ld br+ to our aid1 we %\ld be entirely unsuccessful4 ,accord+ to ,bg9's idea1 we %\ld expect to see "s rem>kable developm5t ( ! absorb5t sy/em 9 ! "o case1 ) slight developm5t 9 ! o!r2 b1 ev5 7 su* ! case1 x w\ld n expla9 ! ph5om5a1 =1 :5 t5 gra9s ( ! prep>ation 9 "q are tak5 daily1 sc>cely a day elapses be=e m]cury c be detect$ 9 ! secretions1 & yet hydr>gyriasis is n produc$2 :ile :5 "o gra9 is tak51 & ?is condition foll[s1 ! mo/ delicate *emical exam9ation fails to discov] m]cury 9 any ( ! fluids or tissues ( ! body4 ,footnote #a3 ,physiologic ,pa?ologique1 ,p>is1 #ahbh1 t4i41 p4 #dd4 ,bg9's def9ition sc>cely sep>ates idiosyncrasy f temp]am5t1 :]eas1 accord+ to :at w\ld appe> to be s\nd reason+1 bas$ ^u an enl>g$ idea ( ! physiology ( ! subject1 a v mat]ial diff]5ce exi/s4 ,idiosyncrasies are (t5 h]$it>y & (t5 acquir$4 ,two or m may exi/ 9 "o p]son4 ,?us1 !re may be an idiosyncrasy connect$ ) ! dige/ive sy/em1 ano!r ) ! circulatory sy/em1 ano!r ) ! n]v\s sy/em1 & s on4 ,an idiosyncrasy may be ( su* a "* z altoge!r to prev5t an individual foll[+ a p>ticul> occupation4 ,?us1 a p]son :o fa9ts at ! sight ( blood _c be a surgeon2 ano!r1 :o is seiz$ ) nausea & vomit+ :5 9 ! pres5ce ( insane p]sons1 _c be a sup]9t5d5t ( a lunatic asylum--n1 at lea/1 if he ev] expects to see 8 pati5ts4 ,idiosyncrasies may1 h[ev]1 be ov]come1 especially ^? ( a m5tal "*4 ,mill+5#a cites ! case ( a man :o fell into convulsions :5ev] he saw a spid]4 ,a wax5 "o 0 made1 :i* equally t]rifi$ him4 ,:5 he recov]$1 8 error 0 po9t$ out to him4 ,! wax figure 0 put into 8 h& )\t caus+ dread1 & %ortly ! liv+ insect no long] di/urb$ him4 ,footnote #a3 ,curiosities ( ,m$ical ,exp]i5ce1 ,london1 #ahcg1 vol4 ii41 p4 #bdf4 ,i knew a g5tleman :o c\ld n eat s(t crabs )\t exp]i5c+ an attack ( di>rhea4 ,z he 0 exce$+ly fond ( !m1 he p]sev]$ 9 eat+ !m1 & f9ally1 aft] a long /ruggle1 succe$$ 9 conqu]+ ! tr\ble4 ,individuals ) idiosyncrasies soon f9d out _! peculi>ities1 & are enabl$ to gu>d aga9/ any injuri\s result to :i* !y w\ld be subject$ b = ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,idiosyncrasies may be tempor>y only--t is1 due to an exi/+ condition ( ! organism1 :i*1 :e!r natural or morbid1 is ( a transitory "*4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ^? due to d5tition1 ! comm5cem5t or ! cessation ( ! m5/rual function1 pregnancy1 etc4 ,^! are frequ5tly ( a s]i\s "*1 & require c>eful wat*+1 especially z !y may lead to d]angem5t ( ! m9d4 ,?us1 a lady1 ,mrs4 ,x1 0 at "o "t "u my pr(essional c>e1 :o1 at ! beg9n+ ( h] fir/ pregnancy1 acquir$ an ov]p[]+ av]sion to a half-bre$ ,indian woman :o 0 employ$ 9 ! h\se z a s]vant4 ,:5ev] ?is woman came ne> h] %e 0 at once seiz$ ) viol5t trembl+1 :i* end$ 9 a few m9utes ) vomit+ & great m5tal & physical pro/ration1 la/+ sev]al h\rs4 ,h] husb& w\ld h s5t ! woman away1 b ,mrs4 ,x insi/$ on h] rema9+1 z %e 0 a good s]vant1 9 ord] t %e might ov]come :at %e reg>d$ z an unreasonable prejudice4 ,! ef=t 01 h[ev]1 too mu* = h]1 = ^u "o occasion :5 ! woman ent]$ ,mrs4 ,x's ap>tm5t r unexpect$ly1 ! latt] became greatly excit$1 &1 jump+ f an op5 w9d[ 9 h] fright1 broke h] arm1 & o!rwise injur$ h]self s sev]ely t %e 0 = sev]al weeks conf9$ to h] b$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 & = "s "t aft]w>d1 %e 0 almo/ con/antly subject to halluc9ations1 9 :i* ! ,indian woman play$ a prom95t "p4 ,ev5 aft] h] recov]y ! m]e ?\ght ( ! woman w\ld sometimes br+ on a p>oxysm ( trembl+1 & x 0 n till aft] h] conf9em5t t ! antipa?y disappe>$4 ,mill+5#a rem>ks t c]ta9 antipa?ies1 :i* 9 reality are idiosyncrasies1 appe> to dep5d ^u peculi>ities ( ! s5ses4 ,r1 h[ev]1 !y are due to peculi>ities ( ! ideational & emotional c5t]s4 ,! organ ( s5se1 9 any "o case1 %[s no evid5ce ( disord]2 nei!r does ! p]ceptive ganglion1 :i* simply takes cognizance ( ! image br\ght to x4 ,x is high] up t ! idiosyncrasy has its seat4 ,9 ?is way we are to expla9 ! foll[+ cases collect$ by ,mill+53 ,footnote #a3 ,op cit41 p4 #bdf4 ,amatus ,lusitanus relates ! case ( a monk :o fa9t$ :5 he beheld a rose1 & nev] quitt$ 8 cell :5 t fl[] 0 bloom+4 ,scalig] m5tions "o ( 8 relatives :o exp]i5c$ a simil> horror :5 see+ a lily4 ,zimm]mann tells u ( a lady :o c\ld n endure ! feel+ ( silk & sat91 & %udd]$ :5 t\*+ ! velvety sk9 ( a pea*4 ,boyle records ! case ( a man :o felt a natural abhorr5ce to honey2 )\t 8 k "s honey 0 introduc$ 9 a pla/] appli$ to 8 foot1 & ! accid5ts t result$ compell$ 8 att5dants to )draw x4 ,a "y man 0 kn[n to fa9t :5ev] he he>d ! s]vant sweep+4 ,hippocrates m5tions "o ,nicanor1 :o swoon$ :5ev] he he>d a flute2 ev5 ,%akespe>e has allud$ to ! effects ( ! bagpipes4 ,julia1 daught] ( ,fr$]ick1 ,k+ ( ,naples1 c\ld n ta/e ,i meat )\t s]i\s accid5ts4 ,boyle fa9t$ :5 he he>d ! spla%+ ( wat]2 ,scalig] turn$ pale at ! sight ( wat]-cresses2 ,erasmus exp]i5c$ febrile symptoms :5 smell+ fi%2 ! ,duke d',ep]non swoon$ on behold+ a lev]et1 al?\gh a h>e did n produce ! same effect2 ,ty*o ,brahe fa9t$ at ! sight ( a fox2 ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,france at t ( a cat2 & ,m>%al d',albret at a pig4 ,! horror t :ole families ent]ta9 ( *eese is g5]ally kn[n4 ,he also cites ! case ( a cl]gyman :o fa9t$ :5ev] a c]ta9 v]se 9 ,j]emiah 0 read1 & ( ano!r :o exp]i5c$ an al>m+ v]tigo & dizz9ess :5ev] a great height or dizzy precipice 0 describ$4 ,9 su* in/ances ! p[] ( association ( ideas is probably ! mo/ influ5tial ag5t 9 br++ ab\t ! climax4 ,!re is an obvi\s relation betwe5 ! w>n+s giv5 by ! prophet 9 ! "o case1 & ! well-kn[n s5sation produc$ by look+ d[n f a great height 9 ! o!r1 & ! effects :i* foll[$4 ,our dislikes to c]ta9 individuals are (t5 ( ! nature ( idiosyncrasies1 :i* we c n expla94 ,m>tial says3 ,non amo te1 ,sabidi1 nec possum dic]e qu>e2 ,hoc tantum possum dic]e1 non amo te2 or1 9 our ,engli% v]sion3 ,i d n l y1 ,doctor ,fell1 ,! reason :y ,i c n tell2 ,b ?is ,i "k1 & t full ,i d n l y1 ,doctor ,fell4 ,"s conditions (t5 call$ idiosyncrasies appe> to be1 & d\btless are1 due to disord]$ intellect4 ,b !y %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) ^? :i* are inh]5t 9 ! individual & real 9 "*4 ,?us1 !y are frequ5tly m]ely imag9>y1 !re be+ no f\ndation = !m except 9 ! p]v]t$ m9d ( ! subject2 at o!r times !y are induc$ by a morbid att5tion be+ direct$ cont9ually to "s "o or m organs or functions4 ,! protean =ms "u :i* hypo*ondria appe>s1 & ! /ill m v>i$ manife/ations ( hy/]ia1 are r due to ! reaction ensu+ betwe5 m5tal disord] on ! "o "p1 & functional disord] on ! o!r1 ?an to t quasi normal peculi>ity ( organization recogniz$ z idiosyncrasy4 ,?us1 ^u "o occasion ,i 0 consult$ 9 ! case ( a lady :o x 0 said _h an idiosyncrasy t prev5t$ h] dr9k+ wat]4 ,e "t %e took ! smalle/ quantity ( ?is liquid into h] /oma* x 0 at once reject$1 ) _m evid5t signs ( nausea & pa94 ,! pati5t 0 /rongly hy/]ical1 & ,i soon made up my m9d t ei!r ! case 0 "o ( simple hy/]ical vomit+1 or t ! alleg$ inability 0 assum$4 ,! latt] turn$ out to be ! tru?4 ,i f\nd t %e drank 9 private all ! wat] %e want$1 & t :at %e drank publicly %e ?rew up by tickl+ ! fauces ) h] f+]-nail :5 no "o 0 look+4 ,! idiosyncrasies ( individuals are n matt]s = ridicule1 h[ev] absurd !y may appe> to be4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y des]ve1 & %\ld receive1 ! c>eful consid]ation ( ! physician1 = mu* is to be le>n$ f !m1 bo? 9 prev5t+ & 9 treat+ diseases4 ,9 psy*iatrical m$ic9e !y are especially to be inquir$ =4 ,x is n safe to disreg>d !m1 z !y may influ5ce mat]ially ! "* ( m5tal d]angem5t1 & may be br\ght 9 z effici5t ag5ts 9 ! treatm5t4--,n4,y4 ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pyorrhea ,,alveol>is4 ,footnote3 ,ab/ract f a pap] lately read be=e ! ,s\!rn ,d5tal ,association1 ,baltimore1 ,md4 ,by ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,,riggs1 ( ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,a g5tleman1 a physician1 ag$ ?irty-two ye>s1 /rong & vigor\s1 ) no lack ( n]ve-en]gy1 calls to h 8 tee? att5d$ to1 ) ! disease 9 ! fir/ /age ?r\gh\t ! m\?4 ,^u exam9ation1 he obs]ves ^u ! gum ( "o ( ! l[] cuspids a d>k purpli% r+ encircl+ ! neck1 f "o-sixty-f\r? to "o sixte5? ( an in* 9 dep?2 ! too? 9 situ is :ite & clean4 ,) ! aid ( ! m\? & h& mirror he %[s ! condition to ! pati5t1 &1 tak+ up an excavator1 endeavors to pass x d[n betwe5 ! too? & gum1 on ! labial surface4 ,aft] x gets d[n a little way ! in/rum5t meets ) an ob/ruction1 ov] :i*1 call+ ! pati5t's att5tion to ! fact1 he c>efully guides ! in/rum5t until x drops d[n on ! too?-sub/ance beyond x2 !n1 turn+ ! in/rum5t & press+ x upw>d1 he breaks (f a portion ( ! concretion2 :i* proves to be :at is ord9>ily call$ lime-salts1 or t>t>4 ,t is ! cause ( ! purple r+ on ! gum1 :i* is m]ely ! outw>d manife/ation ( ! disease4 ,take x (f ?or\ghly1 poli% ! surface ( ! too?1 & 9 ?ree days' "t ! gum w %[ a p]fectly heal?y color4 ,! condition describ$ is ! fir/ /age ( ! disease1 & ! treatm5t giv5 is all t is requir$ = a cure ( ! case at ?is "t4 ,b take ! same man & let him g = t5 ye>s )\t ! simple op]ation detail$4 ,! disease spreads1 & causes inflammation ( ! process1 &1 f9ally1 its absorption--sometimes on ! labial surface = "o half or two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! too?4 ,x runs its c\rse1 ! t>t> accumulat+1 all ! "t foll[+ up ! l9e ( attack4 ,at ! end ( t5 ye>s :at has become ( ! l9e ( t>t>8 ,sometimes x w be f\nd ext5d+ cle> ar\nd ! too?4 ,sometimes x w n be f\nd at all2 x has done its "w--! too? is loose1 b ! concretion is gone1 9 :ole or 9 "p4 ,9 ?is case ! pati5t wants ! too? out1 b1 he asks1 :at has become ( ! t>t>8 ,! answ] is t ! natural acids f\nd 9 ! oral cavity h dissolv$ x1 & x has pass$ into ! /oma* or out ( ! m\? 9 ! saliva4 ,b ! too? is s loose t x is a torm5t to ! man2 x lies 9 its socket1 entirely loose1 almo/ ready to drop ov]4 ,x hurts s t he _c be> ! pa94 ,! too? is tak5 out4 ,!re is no t>t> on x1 or v little2 !re is a little speck ne> ! po9t t looks l a =eign body2 b ! po9t ( ! too?--! apex--is z %>p z a ne$le4 ,aft] ! disease has done its "w ( sep>at+ ! too? f its socket1 ! de/roy+ ag5t beg9s to absorb ! too? at ! po9t1 irregul>ly1 caus+ ! %>pness describ$4 ,n[1 because no t>t> is f\nd ^u ! too?1 does t argue t x has nev] be5 !re8 ,n at all2 ! loos5$ too? %[s simply t x has be5 !re & has be5 absorb$4 ,! speak] has nev] se5 a too? 9 t condition on ! po9t ( :i* he c\ld n %[ pat*es or specks2 we may n see ! t>t>1 b x c]ta9ly once exi/$ !re1 & has accompli%$ its "w4 ,n[ suppose we f9d a pati5t ) all ! tee? loos5$2 he has neuralgia pa9s 9 ! face1 = :i* m$ic9e seems to furni% no rem$y2 he has also cat>rh1 & ! mal> & nasal bones are all affect$4 ,9 ! ?ird & f\r? /ages a l[ inflammatory action p]vades all ! bones ( ! face1 accompani$ by neuralgic pa9s1 ext5d+ to ! bra9 itself4 ,9 su* a case ! disease ( ! tee? int5sifies ! cat>rh4 ,a m$ical man call$ ^u him = treatm5t = pyorrhea alveol>is2 ! pati5t 0 also afflict$ ) cat>rh4 ,he cur$ ! pyorrhea alveol>is1 & cur$ ! cat>rh1 too1 at ! same "t4 ,ano!r case4--,a lady call$ 9 great di/ress4 ,ne>ly all h] tee? 7 affect$1 & ! dis*>ge 0 mo/ (f5sive & abundant2 if %e lay on h] side 9 b$1 ! pill[ w\ld be cov]$ ) l>ge splot*es ( ! dis*>ge 9 ! morn+2 if %e lay on h] back1 ! mass 0 swall[$1 & ! result 0 t ! :ole alim5t>y canal 0 demoraliz$ by ! pus1 blood1 & vitiat$ secretions4 ,:5 %e arose %e want$ no breakfa/1 only two or ?ree cups ( /rong c(fee & "s crack]s4 ,%e 0 ne>ly bl9d1 c\ld only see a great light1 & 0 totally unable to see to read4 ,he told h] t ! tr\ble ) h] sight 0 caus$ by ! diseas$ condition ( ! tee?2 t unless t 0 rem$i$1 %e might live ?ree mon?s1 b %e w\ld die sudd5ly4 ,he treat$ ?ree or f\r tee? at a "t at ea* sitt+4 ,?is consum$ ?ree weeks4 ,! tee? became firm1 h] appetite return$1 h] sight 0 re/or$1 & %e 0 able to walk a mile or two )\t di/urbance4 ,he 0 call$ to ,brooklyn1 :]e !y _h a live society1 & an infirm>y = ! treatm5t ( d5tal diseases1 at :i* memb]s ( ! society 7 delegat$ to att5d f day to day4 ,he 0 invit$ to give a cl9ic ^u pyorrhea alveol>is1 & he told !m ( ?is pati5t1 :om he %[$ to "s fifte5 memb]s4 ,! woman 0 app>5tly 9 fair heal?4 ,x 0 n loss ( n]ve-en]gy :i* />t$ ! disease 9 ?is case1 b ! disease caus$ ! loss ( appetite & ! vitiat$ condition ( ! :ole alim5t>y canal4 ,h] physician w\ld h s5t ?is woman to ! grave1 n recogniz+ ! disease & its managem5t4 ,he ma9ta9s t x is n lack ( n]v\s en]gy t causes ?is disease1 b ! disease w lead to loss ( n]ve-en]gy4 ,t small purple r+ on ! gum ( ! cuspid 9 ! case fir/ m5tion$ w\ld ev5tually h l$ to ! loss ( ! :ole set1 if left to "w its way unoppos$4 ,he _h tri$ 9 ^! rem>ks to controv]t ! old ideas1 & to pres5t ! cause ( ! disease & its treatm5t z he sees x4 ,y may see x diff]5tly2 if s1 give u y\r in=mation1 9 ord] t we may correct our views1 if wrong4 ,"o g5tleman says he f9ds x is only ^? :o are /rong & vigor\s :o h ?is disease4 ,! speak] f9ds "s cases ( ?is k9d2 he also f9ds consumptives :o h n a trace ( x1 b he w\ld take ! /ronge/ man 9 ! room & cause a beautiful case ( pyorrhea alveol>is 9 8 m\? 9 ?ree weeks1 ) a f9e cotton ?read ti$ ar\nd "o ( ! l[] front tee? at ! l9e ( ! gum4 ,! ?read w "w its way "u ! gum1 & ! gum w become inflam$2 x w "w its way d[n betwe5 ! gum & ! too?1 & 9 ! meantime ! fl\r & ! p>ticles ( food w also "w d[n "u ! loose gum1 f9d+ a rally+-po9t on ! ?read2 ! mass w become impregnat$ ) lime-salts1 & w !n beg9 to h>d51 & 9 a v %ort "t y w h an excell5t example ( ! disease "u discussion4 ,pati5ts suff]+ f salivation fall an easy prey to ?is disease1 due to ! action ( ! drug on ! gl&s & ! h>d & s(t tissues ( ! m\?1 ! gums 9 su* cases af=d+ a ready pocket "u _! edges = ! deposits4 ,:5 y f9d a too? ) ! *>act]i/ic concretion ( t>t> ^u x1 ! fir/ pr9ciple ( surg]y dem&s t y clean t too? ?or\ghly4 ,g d[n beyond ! l9e ( ! disease1 g ar\nd ! too? ?or\ghly1 & break up ! diseas$ tissue1 & apply t9cture ( myrrh1 & 9 ?ree days y w notice a m>k$ improvem5t = ! bett]1 & if ! pati5t takes prop] c>e ( ! tee? ! disease w n return4 ,practition]s %\ld wat* ! tee? ( ! "y p "u _! c>e1 & see t ! m\? is kept scrupul\sly clean & heal?y4 ,9 reply to a "q1 ,dr4 ,riggs /at$ t :5ev] absorption goes on irregul>ly1 unless ! inflammatory action is extreme1 x w sometimes absorb "o or two bone-cells1 & !n skip "o or two1 & ^! la/1 be+ isolat$1 naturally die1 or become necros$ to "s ext5t4 ,9 treat+ ?is disease y mu/ break up ! l9e ( dis9tegrat$ tissue4 ,y mu/1 z x 71 transf] y\r eyesight to ! end ( ! in/rum5t1 s t :5 y /rike dead bone y w "k x4 ,live bone w feel smoo? & greasy4 ,x requires "s ye>s ( exp]i5ce to treat ?is disease prop]ly1 because y h n y\r eyesight to aid y1 b mu/ dep5d absolutely ^u ! s5se ( t\*4 ,) exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 y w le>n to give a great deal ( relief 9 "o ( ! mo/ annoy+ conditions to :i* ! tee? are subject4 ,! reason ! pr(ession are n famili> ) ! treatm5t ( ?is disease is1 !y fail to recognize x until x rea*es its ?ird or f\r? /age1 & !n !y treat x by depletion & !rapeutic rem$ies4 ,"s treat x by /ippl+ 9 acids und]nea? ! gum1 ?9k+ !reby to dissolve away n only ! t>t>1 b ! necros$ bone4 ,ano!r writ] takes (f pat*es ( ! diseas$ tissue1 & ano!r a /rip ( ! gum1 f wisdom-too? to wisdom-too?4 ,?is treatm5t he c\ld only *>act]ize z simply b>b>\s4 ,! treatm5t ( ?is disease is purely surgical4 ,any !rapeutic treatm5t is to alleviate ! pa9 & sor5ess imm$iately aft] ! op]ation4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,n4 ,morrison1 ,/4 ,l\is1 ref]r+ to ! me?od ( treat+ pyorrhea alveol>is describ$ by ,dr4 ,riggs1 said he *e]fully bore te/imony to ! importance ( loos5+ ! scales ( t>t>1 & tea*+ pati5ts ! value ( cleanness ( ! m\?4 ,9 8 exp]i5ce he _h f\nd t all in/rum5ts w occasionally fail to dislodge ! deposit4 ,9 su* cases he us$ z an assi/ant a little r+ ( p>a gum ab\t an eigh? ( an in* wide4 ,?is 0 sprung on ! too? at ! edge ( ! gum4 ,if ?is is done & ! r+ all[$ to rema9 a few h\rs1 y w see an entirely new revelation1 & y w readily be able to get at ! too? to clean x4 ,he _h f\nd x advisable to give pati5ts practical %[+ h[ ! bru% %\ld be us$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sulphur ,,z ,a ,,pres]vative ,,aga9/ ,,m>% ,,fev]4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! ,p>is ,academy1 ,m4 ,d',abbadie call$ att5tion to "s facts reg>d+ m>% fev]1 :i* ,african travel]s & o!rs might d well to pond]4 ,"s elephant hunt]s f plateaus ) comp>atively cool climate brave ! hotte/ & mo/ delet]i\s ,e?iopian regions ) impunity1 :i* !y attribute to _! habit ( daily fumigation ( ! nak$ body ) sulphur4 ,x 0 int]e/+ to "k :e!r sulphur\s emanations1 receiv$ involunt>ily1 h a l effect4 ,f inquiries made by ,m4 ,f\qu1 x appe>s t 9 ,sicily1 :ile mo/ ( ! sulphur m9es are 9 high di/ricts & free f mal>ia1 a few are at a l[ level1 :]e int]mitt5t fev] prevails4 ,9 ! latt] di/ricts1 :ile ! population ( ! neighbor+ villages is attack$ by fev] 9 ! proportion ( #ij p] c5t41 ! workm5 9 ! sulphur m9es suff] mu* less1 n m ?an eight or n9e p] c5t4 be+ attack$4 ,aga91 on a c]ta9 m>%y pla9 ne> ! road/ead 9 ! isl& ( ,milo 7,grecian ,ar*ipelago71 x is h>dly possible to sp5d a night )\t be+ attack$ by int]mitt5t fev]1 yet on ! v f]tile "p ne> ! m\nta9s are ! ru9s ( a l>ge & prosp]\s t[n1 ,zephyria1 :i*1 #cjj ye>s ago1 numb]$ ab\t #dj1jjj inhabitants4 ,ow+ to ! ravages ( m>% fev] ! place is n[ ne>ly des]t$4 ,"o naturally asks h[ su* a t[n grew to its =m] popul\s /ate4 ,sulphur m9+ has be5 an important s\rce ( weal? 9 ,milo f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks4 ,up to ! end ( la/ c5tury ! sulphur 0 *iefly extract$ at ,kalamo1 b s9ce t "t x has only be5 m9$ on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! isl&4 ,! decad5ce ( ,zephyria has ne>ly correspond$ to ?is transf]5ce4 ,! sulphur\s emanations no long] rea* ! place1 _! passage be+ block$ by ! m\nta9 mass4 ,once m1 on ! we/ side ( ! m>%y & fev]-infe/$ pla9 ( ,catania1 trav]s$ by ! ,simeto1 is a sulphur m9e1 & beyond x1 at a high] level1 a village :i* 0 ab&on$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury because ( m>% fev]4 ,yet !re is a colony ( workm5 liv+ ab\t ! m9e1 & !y seem to be advantage\sly affect$ by ! emanations4 ,m4 ,d',abbadie fur!r m5tions t ! eng9e] :o made a railway ?r\gh ?is notori\s pla9 pres]v$ ! heal? ( 8 workm5 by requir+ !m to dr9k no wat] b :at 0 kn[n to be :olesome & 0 br\ght f a di/ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hydraulic ,,filt]+ ,,press ,,= ,,treat+ ,,oleag9\s ,,se$s4 ,messrs4 ,laur5t ,bros4 ,collot exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,univ]sal ,exhibition 9 #ahgh a pat5t$ hydraulic app>atus /yl$ a filt]+ press1 ! pr9ciple & con/ruction ( :i* x w prove ( int]e/ to describe4 ,! app>atus is rem>kable = its simplicity & ease ( manipulation1 & is de/9$ to f9d an application 9 mo/ oil mills4 ,details ( ,/ructure4--,! filt]1 :i* is %[n 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #e to #g1 is =m$ ( two semicyl9drical ca/ iron %ells1 ,f1 t are firmly unit$1 & held by a /rong iron b& :i* is cleft at "o po9t 9 its circumf]5ce1 & to :i* !re is adapt$ a me*anism p]mitt+ ( loos5+ x slightly s z to facilitate ! escape ( ! oil-cake4 ,)9 ^! %ells1 ,f1 !re are grooves1 a1 :i* h ! arrangem5t %[n by ! p>tial section 9 ,fig4 #aa1 & ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! oil express$ by pressure4 ,to prev5t ! escape ( ! mat]ial ?r\gh ^! grooves or *annels1 ! int]ior ( ! %ells is l9$ ?r\gh\t ) plates or /rips ( brass t fit v closely toge!r1 & pres5t a simple slit ) *amf]$ edges opposite ! grooves4 ,at ! two jo9ts ( ! %ells f\r ( ^! plates are rivet$ two by two2 all ! o!rs are movable1 & re/1 l ! pieces ( an ar*1 aga9/ ! fix$ plates t =m abutm5ts4 ,ea* half l9+ is ?us held by means ( a c5tral plate1 b' 7,fig4 #aj71 ) oblique edges1 & :i*1 be+ driv5 home by ! top ( ! filt]1 b9ds ! :ole tightly toge!r4 ,all ^! plates1 :i* are slightly not*$ at _! upp] "p1 re/ on a small flange at ! l[] "p ( ! %ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,filt]+ ,,press ,,= ,,oleag9\s ,,se$s4--,,automatic ,,injection ,,pump ,z reg>ds _! manufacture1 ^! plates are cut out ( %eets ( p]fectly lam9at$ brass1 & are aft]w>d set into a matrix to c5t] !m prop]ly4 ,aft] ! %ells h be5 bor$ out1 all ! plates are m\nt$ !re9 s z to obta9 a p]fectly cyl9drical & uni=m surface4 ,! plates are !n numb]$ & tak5 out2 &1 f9ally1 a slit ) *amf]$ edges is cut longitud9ally ?r\gh !m1 save at ?ree po9ts--two at ! extremities & "o at ! middle4 ,! plates !reaft] re/ aga9/ ea* o!r only at ^! ?ree po9ts1 & leave at ! *amf]$ places capill>y op5+s j suffici5t to give passage to ! oil1 b n to ! press$ pa/e1 h[ev] f9e x be4 ,z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #e1 ! po9ts ( contact are n 9 ! same horizontal plane1 b are arrang$ spirally1 s t ! fl[ w n be /opp$ at ?is place z x w\ld be 7 ^! solid p>ts all at ! same height4 ,! filt]1 ,f1 is complet$ by two pieces t play an important "p4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is a ca/ iron rim1 ,j1 :i* is set into ! upp] edge1 & =ms a sort ( lip ^: int]nal diamet] corresponds exactly to ! surface ( ! plates1 b4 ,?is rim1 ,j1 is ca/ 9 "o piece1 & c>ries on its circumf]5ce two small1 diametrically opposite iron /uds1 :i* are s plac$ t !y may engage 9 ! groove1 p1 at ! upp] edge ( ! %ells1 ,f4 ,! second ( ! two pieces is a ca/ iron bottom1 ,k1 :i* works on a h+e-jo9t1 & :i* is p]=at$ ) a l>ge numb] ( holes = giv+ passage to ! oil t has trav]s$ ! hair clo? cu%ion ( :i* we %all speak fur!r on4 ,^! holes mu/ correspond accurately ) ! radial conduits pres5t$ by plate1 ,e1 & ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! oil to a circul> *annel runn+ ar\nd ?is same piece4 ,9 ord] to exactly ma9ta9 su* a relation betwe5 ! holes & *annels1 ! piece1 ,e1 is provid$ ) a /irrup-iron1 d1 t passes ar\nd "o ( ! columns1 ,c1 ( ! hydraulic press4 ,! entire filt] ?us con/ruct$ is atta*$ to "o ( ! columns1 ,c'1 ( ! hydraulic press 9 su* a way t x c revolve ar\nd x4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! column is surr\nd$ by an iron sleeve1 ,l1 ca/ 9 two pieces1 & :i* 9 its l[] position re/s on ! %\ld]1 e1 ( ! column4 ,! filt] is connect$ ) ! sleeve by means ( screws1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,we %all n[ describe ! me*anism = loos5+ ! b&1 ,i1 & mov+ ! bottom1 ,k4 ,! b&1 ,i 7,figs4 #e to #i71 is cleft at a po9t 9 its circumf]5ce correspond+ to "o ( ! jo9ts ( ! %ell1 ,f1 & c>ries at ea* side ( ! cleft a be>+ 9 :i* turns freely a /eel p94 ,"o ( ^! latt]1 i1 is cyl9drical1 & ! o!r1 j1 has ecc5tric extremities t are connect$ ) ! =m] by two small iron rods1 k & l4 ,! upp] extremity ( ! p91 j1 is provid$ ) a b5t lev]-h&le1 ,m1 & ! l[] "o c>ries 9 its turn a small disk1 m1 ! use ( :i* w be expla9$ fur!r on4 ,x results f su* an arrangem5t t by act+ on ! lev]1 ,m1 ) ! b&1 & by reason ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! p91 j1 ! two extremities ( ! b&1 ,i1 may be made to approa* or rec$e at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,! position ( ne>e/ approximation is limit$ by ! abutt+ ( ! hook at ! end ( ! lev]1 ,m1 aga9/ ! side ( ! filt]4 ,?is latt] position corresponds to ! mom5t ( *>g+ ! app>atus 7,fig4 #f71 :ile ! contr>y "o indicates ! mom5t t ! oil cake falls 7,fig4 #d74 ,al?\gh ! sep>ation is b a few millimet]s1 x is suffici5t = dis5gag+ & all[+ ! cake to drop4 ,! movable bottom1 ,k 7,figs4 #e & #f71 :i* closes ! base ( ! filt] dur+ ! press+1 becomes deta*$ & drops v]tically 7,figs4 #c & #d71 :5 ! filt] is dis5gag$ f ! press1 & ! oil cake is to be dropp$ out4 ,to r5d] ! maneuv] ( ?is "p easy1 ! bottom is provid$ ) a project+ piece1 ,n1 unit$ by a bolt ) ! b&1 ,i1 & furni%$ ) an articulat$ h&-lev]1 ,n'1 t t]m9ates 9 an app5dage1 q4 ,! upp] "p ( ! h+e is provid$ ) a tail piece1 q'1 "u :i* ! app5dage q1 places itself :5 ! bottom1 ,k1 is br\ght to its horizontal position4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! op]ator desires to let ! bottom drop 9 ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #e71 aft] ! filt] has be5 loos5$1 he moves ! lev]1 ,n1 to ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9e 7,fig4 #f74 ,! app5dage1 q1 !n dis5gages itself f ! tail piece1 q'1 & ! bottom is ?us enabl$ to assume a v]tical position4 ,z ! bottom at ! "t ( *>g+ w\ld n be suffici5tly support$ if !re m]ely exi/$ ! lev] & cat*1 x is fur!r provid$ at its opposite extremity ) an app5dage1 r1 :i* slides ov] a cat*1 r'4 ,?is latt] is atta*$ to ! disk1 m1 at ! l[] extremity ( ! p91 j 7,fig4 #g71 & takes exactly ! prop] position :5 ! b& is clos$ at ! mom5t ( *>g+1 b leaves x1 on ! contr>y1 :5 ! b& is loos5$ to all[ ! oil cake to drop out4 ,z ! lat]al fl[ takes place ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( ! brass l9+1 !re is ne$ ( b "o cu%ion on ! bottom & ano!r at ! top to hold ! mat]ial to be press$4 ,! fir/ is a simple hair-clo? disk = prev5t+ ! se$ f pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=ations 9 ! bottom plate2 & ! second1 ,o1 ( :i* ,figs4 #ab & #ac repres5t a segm5t1 is =m$ ( ?ree ?icknesses ( ! same mat]ial unit$ at ! edges by two flat iron circles1 s1 rivet$ toge!r4 ,^! circles1 :i* are made to fit ! inside diamet] ( ! %ells v accurately1 prev5t any leakage ( ! oil ar\nd ! press]1 ,g1 & keep ! hairs f gett+ caught betwe5 ?is piece & ! plates1 b4 ,*>g+ ( ! ,filt]4 7,figs4 #ad & #ae47--,! app>atus = *>g+ ! filt] is ( ! same capacity z ! latt]1 & is made ( galvaniz$ iron4 ,x is plac$ on a slide at ! ap]ture ( ! /eam kettle s z to receive ! w>m se$ z x is ?r[n out by ! /irr]4 ,:5 full1 x is tak5 up by its h&les1 re/$ on ! rim ( ! filt]1 & its cont5ts empti$ !re94 ,g5]al ,manipulation ( ! ,press4--,suppos+ ! filt] 9 ! position %[n 9 ,figs4 #c & #d1 at ! mom5t ! se$cake is ab\t to drop out3 ! op]ator takes hold ( ! lock lev]1 ,n1 ) 8 left h&1 raises ! bottom1 ,k1 to a horizontal position1 & at ! same "t fa/5s ! bolt ( ! lev] by turn+ x4 ,he !n seizes ! lev]1 ,m1 ) 8 "r h&1 & turns x s z to close ! filt]1 hav+ c>e at ! same "t to support ! extremity1 r1 ( ! bottom ) 8 left h& s t ! cat*1 r'1 may pass "u x :5 ! lev] is manipulat$4 ,! bottom hairclo? is !n put 9 place1 ! *>ge is ?r[n 91 & its surface level$1 & ! hair-clo? cu%ion is laid on top4 ,! filt] is !n revolv$ ar\nd ! column s z to br+ x into ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,! cock ( ! di/ribut] t admits wat] "u pressure be+ turn$ on1 ! ram1 ,d1 rises1 c>ries ) x ! filt]1 & compresses ! mat]ial aga9/ ! press]1 ,g4 ,at ! end ( f six to t5 m9utes ! pressure-valve is clos$ & ! dis*>ge-valve op5$4 ,! filt] !n slides d[n ) its socket along ! column1 ,c'1 till x rea*es ! %\ld]1 e1 :]e x re/s4 ,x is next swung ar\nd to ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #c1 & empti$ ( its cont5ts by a manipulation1 ! rev]se ( t describ$ = *>g+ x4 ,all ^! manipulations ( *>g+ & empty+ require no m ?an half a m9ute on ! "p ( an exp]i5c$ workman4 ,! press "u consid]ation is well adapt$ to ! treatm5t ( heat$ se$ pa/e1 & has be5 v successfully employ$ = t purpose 9 ,france1 ,belgium1 & ,holl&4 ,x succe$s equally well = ! extraction ( oil f nuts4 ,ref]r+ to ! draw+s1 ! scales are = ,figures #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #ad1 #ae1 "o fifte5? actual size2 ,figures #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 "o-t5?2 ,figures #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 & #ac1 "o-fif?4--,ma*9es1 ,outils et ,app>eils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,laur5t ,,collot',s ,,automatic ,,injection ,,pump4 ,z well kn[n1 9 e well-con/ruct$ injection pump1 !re is a sy/em ( ge>+ :i* acts ^u ! suction valve & /ops ! op]ation ( ! pump z soon z ! requisite pressure is rea*$2 b ! pi/on1 = all t1 cont9ues its motion1 &1 besides ! resi/ant "w ( ! pump has pass$ ?r\gh diff]5t degrees ( int5sity1 see+ t at e mom5t ( its op]ation ! pi/on has pres]v$ ! same /roke & velocity4 ,we are speak+1 be x und]/ood1 ( pumps t are controll$ me*anically4 ,9 ! "o t we are ab\t to describe1 ?+s take place f> o!rwise4 ,9 measure z ! pressure increases1 ! /roke ( ! pi/on dim9i%es1 & :5 x has rea*$ its maximum1 ! motion ( ! pi/on ceases entirely4 ,if1 dur+ ! op]ation progression und]goes m or less v>iation1 t is1 = example1 if x dim9i%es at a giv5 mom5t to aft]w>ds increase1 ! /roke ( ! pi/on und]goes all ! influ5ces ( x4 ,! pump ( :i* we speak is %[n 9 ,figs4 #af to #ba1 & is ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,laur5t ,bros4 ,collot4 ,x may be describ$ briefly z foll[s3 ,! app>atus1 z a :ole1 has = base a ca/-iron res]voir2 ,a1 to ! top ( :i* is fix$ ! pump prop]ly s-call$1 ,b1 z well z ! clack box1 ,a1 & safety valve4 ,! pump is plac$ opposite an upright1 ,d1 ^: top s]ves z a guide to ! prolongation1 ,e1 ( ! pi/on rod4 ,?is latt] is trav]s$ by a pivot1 a 7,fig #ai71 on :i* is m\nt$ a lev]1 ,f1 ^: out] extremity is articulat$ ) a connect+ rod1 ,g1 :i* is itself connect$ ) ! crank$ %aft1 ,g4 ,?is %aft has = its be>+s two supports1 b1 atta*$ to ! res]voir1 & c>ries ! driv+ pulleys & a fly :eel4 ,! beam1 ,f1 hav+ to give motion to ! pi/on 9 describ+ an arc ( a circle at ! extremity atta*$ to ! connect+ rod1 mu/1 = t reason1 h a fix$ po9t ( oscillation1 or "o t we mu/ consid] z su* = ! in/ant4 ,n[1 su* po9t is select$ on a piece1 ,h1 hav+ ! %ape ( ! lett] ,c1 & :i* plays an important "p 9 ! work+ ( ! pump4 ,?is piece is really a two-arm$ lev]1 hav+ its c5t] ( oscillation 9 two brackets1 c1 at ! base ( ! res]voir4 ,fig4 #ag %[s ! relation ( ! beam1 ,f1 & lev]1 ,h4 ,! upp] extremity ( ?is latt] is =k$1 & embraces ! beam1 ,f1 ^: ext]nal surfaces are provid$ ) two slots1 d1 9 :i* to move slides1 e1 atta*$ to /uds1 f1 :i* are p]fectly /ation>y on ! extremities ( ! =ks ( ! lev]1 ,h4 ,"o ( ! slots is %[n 9 section on ! l9e #a--b 9 ,fig4 #bj1 & on ! l9e #c--d 9 ,fig4 #ba4 ,?+s ?us arrang$1 if we suppose ! piece1 ,h1 absolutely /ation>y1 x is cle> t1 z ! oscillation ( ! beam1 ,f1 is effect$ on ! /uds1 f1 z c5t]s1 ! pi/on ( ! pump w p]=m an inv>iable travel ^: ext5t w be dep5d5t ^u its position betwe5 su* po9t ( oscillation & ! po9t ( articulation ( ! connect+ rod1 ,g4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve t ev5 accord+ to su* a hypo!sis1 ! po9t1 f1 w\ld n be entirely /ation>y1 because ! po9t ( articulation1 a1 ^u ! pi/on rod be+ oblig$ to foll[ an inv>iably /raight l9e1 ! slots1 d1 w h to und]go an alt]nate slid+ motion on ! slides1 e1 save1 be x und]/ood1 :5 ! latt] are br\ght to co9cide exactly ) ! c5t] ( articulation1 a4 ,n[ we %all1 9 fact1 see t ! po9t1 f1 c move =w>d 9 foll[+ ! slots1 d1 & t x may ev5 rea* ! po9t ( articulation1 a1 ( ! beam1 ,f1 on ! rod1 ,e1 t is to say1 occupy ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ah1 :]e ! oscillation ( ! beam1 ,f1 be+ effect$ accord+ to ! po9t1 a1 ! /roke ( ! pi/on has become absolutely null4 ,! position ( ! piece1 ,h1 is1 9 effect1 v>iable ) ! pressures t are manife/$ 9 ! pump4 ,x w be se5 t ! latt] has a tubul> app5dage1 g1 9 ^: int]ior !re plays :at is call$ a />t+ rod1 h1 :i* is con/antly submitt$ to ! pressures exi/+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! pump1 & :i* re/s aga9/ ! l[] arm1 ,h1 ( ! piece1 ,h4 ,b ?is latt] is also load$ at ! opposite side ) heavy c\nt]poises1 i1 :i* c\nt]balance1 )9 a det]m9ate limit1 ! action ( ! rod1 h1 t t5ds con/antly to cause ! lev]1 ,h1 to oscillate ar\nd its pivot1 9 ! brackets1 c4 ,to sum up1 !n1 z long z ! pressure 9 ! pump has n rea*$ a det]m9ate limit1 ! lev]1 ,h1 held by its c\nt]poises1 i1 w keep ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 & = :i* ! c5t] ( oscillation1 f1 corresponds ) ! maximum /roke ( ! pump pi/on4 ,b z soon z su* limit is exce$$1 ! equilibrium be+ brok51 ! action ( ! rod1 h1 pr$om9ates1 ! piece1 ,h1 rev]ses f "r to left1 ! po9t ( oscillation1 f1 moves =w>d 9 ! slots1 d1 & ! /roke ( ! pi/on is r$uc$ j s mu*4 ,if1 f9ally1 ! pressure cont9ues to increase1 ! motion ( ! piece1 ,h1 w cont9ue1 & ! po9t ( oscillation1 f1 w rea* ! position = :i* ! motion ( ! pi/on ceases completely 7,fig4 #ah74 ,b x results fur!r1 !refrom1 t if :5 su* position is rea*$1 ! pressure dim9i%es1 ! lev]1 ,h1 w1 "u ! influ5ce ( its c\nt]poise1 t5d to return to its fir/ position & ?us set ! pi/on 9 motion4 ,z we rem>k$ 9 ! beg9n+1 ! automatism ( ^! functions is absolutely complete4 ,x w be rem>k$ t ! piece1 ,h1 is provid$ ) an app5dage1 ,h1 ^: int]ior =ms a rack4 ,?is rack engages ) a p9ion1 ,i1 m\nt$ on an axle1 ,j1 :i* c>ries ext]nally a fly :eel1 ,k4 ,?is axle1 ,j1 moves ) ! v>i\s displacem5ts ( ! lev]1 & its fly :eel ov]comes by its in]tia all backw>d & =w>d %ocks result+ f ! ?ru/s due to ! slid+ ( ! /eel slides 9 ! diff]5t positions ( ! connect+ rods4 ,su* %ocks w\ld make !mselves especially felt :ile ! dead c5t]s 7 be+ pass$4 ,! velocity ) :i* ?is pump runs v>ies f #ge to #hj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x easily gives a pressure ( #bjj atmosph]es4 ,) a hydraulic press hav+ a pi/on ,o4#bg ( a met] 9 diamet]1 x p]mits ( effect+ 9 t5 m9utes ! extraction ( ! oil f #be kilogrammes ( colza se$s4 ,ref]r+ to ! draw+s1 ! scales = ,figures #af1 #ag1 #ah are "o-fifte5? actual size1 & ,figures #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 "o-t5?4--,ma*9es1 ,outils et ,app>eils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,dr$g]4 ,we illu/rate bel[ a dr$g] ( simple con/ruction1 well calculat$ = do+ useful "w on %all[ /reams4 ,! b>ge is #ed ft4 long1 #bb ft4 beam1 & #f ft4 deep4 ,h] draught ( wat] is "u #d ft4 ,built by ,rose1 ,d[ns ,?ompson ,hull4 ,our draw+ expla9s itself4 ,x w be se5 t we h "h a swivel+ crane & grab bucket1 & t ! /uff dr$g$ c be load$ into ! b>ge & convey$ :]e necess>y4 ,! lift+ p[] ( ! crane is "o ton1 & 9 suitable mat]ial su* a dr$g] c get ?r\gh a great deal ( "w 9 a comp>atively %ort "t4--,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,"o-,,ton ,,bucket ,,dr$g]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,fire ,,ext+ui%]4 ,! fir/ fire ext+ui%]s 7 ( ! annihilator patt]n1 s arrang$ 9 a build+ t :5 a fire occurr$ c>bonic acid gas 0 evolv$1 &1 if ! conditions 7 "r 7z ! m$iums say71 ! fire 0 put out4 ,x work$ v nicely at exp]im5tal fires built = ! purpose1 b 0 apt to fail 9 case ( an involunt>y conflagration4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahfg a pat5t 0 grant$ to ,c>li] & ,vignon1 ( ,france1 = an app>atus 9 :i* wat] saturat$ ) c>bonic acid gas 0 project$ ^u ! fire by ! expansive =ce ( ! gas itself4 ,z ! app>atus 0 portable & ! /ream c\ld be direct$ to any po9t1 x 0 obvi\sly ! desid]atum ne$$4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,miles1 ( ,bo/on1 pur*as$ ! ,am]ican pat5t1 & subsequ5tly sold ! t]ritory1 exclusive ( ,new ,engl&1 to ! ,babcock ,co41 :o1 at ! "t1 _h a crude app>atus ( _! own4 ,! fir/ ma*9es sold "u ! new pat5t 7 fill$ ) wat] & load$ ) c>tridges ( dry acid & bic>bonate ( soda--! cap screw$ d[n ha/ily1 &1 z ! *emicals dissolv$1 ! gas 0 g5]at$1 ! pressure rais$1 & ! wat] *>g$ by absorption4 ,! pressure ( "s #hj p\nds 0 suffici5t to project a /ream #ej feet or m1 & ! ma*9e 0 set ^u ! %elf s z to be ready = any fire t might occur4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! pressure escap$ aft] a %ort "t1 & ! ma*9e :5 ne$$ 0 f\nd to be useless4 ,! mo/ important /ep 9 ! evolution ( ! mod]n ext+ui%] 0 ! adoption ( a device = mix+ liquid acid ) ! soda solution1 by ! turn+ ( a h&le or screw1 aft] ! al>m 0 giv54 ,?is 0 a practical ma*9e1 & prov$ ( su* value t an imm5se bus9ess 0 built up4 ,! result ( ?is prosp]ity 0 ! developm5t ( new companies ) new devices = accompli%+ ! same result1 :i* 7 successfully (f]$ to ! public ) v>y+ success4 ,z ^! 7 direct infr+em5ts ^u ! pat5t rights acquir$ by ! ,babcock ,company1 _! encroa*m5ts 7 resi/$ 9 ! c\rts1 & mu* money 0 sp5t 9 ! ef=t ( ! company to su/a9 _! rights1 includ+ ! pur*ase ( ! pat5ts ( sev]al rival ma*9es t possess$ real m]it or ^: bus9ess 0 wor? controll+4 ,among ^! pur*ases 0 ! "r & good w ( ! ,national ,ext+ui%] ,co41 :o us$ an acid c>tridge ( glass1 ! acid be+ lib]at$ by break+ ! glass4 ,?is feature1 unit$ ) important improvem5ts 9 g5]al con/ruction & ! use ( a peculi> glass bottle in/ead ( a tube1 is ! ,babcock ma*9e ( to-day1 ! comb9ation mak+ ! simple/ & mo/ effective & reliable app>atus ev] built4 ,9 ! meantime1 an inve/igation be=e ! c\rts br\ght out ! fact t ! ,fr5* pat5t 0 ant$at$ by an ,am]ican inv5tion1 = :i* a pat5t 0 appli$ by a ,dr4 ,graham1 9 #ahcg4 & :i* possess$ ! ess5tial features ( ! pr9ciple 9 dispute4 ,graham1 ?r\gh lack ( means1 or = "s o!r reason1 _h fail$ to p]fect 8 pap]s up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 &1 z ! inv5tion 0 "o ( obvi\s importance1 a bill 0 pass$ ?r\gh ,congress = ! reop5+ ( ! case1 & ! pat5t 0 issu$ to ! ,graham heirs 9 #ahgh4 ,soon aft] ! issue ( ! ,graham pat5t1 sev]al ext+ui%] firms1 viz1 ,*>les ,t4 ,holl[ay1 ( ,baltimore2 ,w4 ,k4 ,platt1 ( ,philadelphia2 ,s4,f4 ,hayw>d ( ,new ,york2 ! ,protection ,fire ,annihilator ,co41 ( ,new ,york2 ! ,babcock ,manufactur+ ,co41 ( ,*icago1 & ! ,new ,engl& ,fire ,ext+ui%] ,co41 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass41 7 lic5s$ to manufacture "u ! pat5t1 by ,ar*ibald ,graham1 z adm9i/rator ( ! e/ate ( 8 fa!r1 :o b\nd himself 9 ^! lic5ses to issue no o!r lic5ses except ) ! approval ( all ^? :o 7 includ$ 9 ! comb9ation4 ,?is arrangem5t left sev]al ent]pris+ manufactur]s out 9 ! cold1 & "o ( ^!1 9 inve/igat+ ! /atus ( ext+ui%] pat5ts at ,wa%+ton1 discov]$ an assignm5t ( a qu>t] int]e/ ( ! ,graham pat5t to a ,mr4 ,burton1 :o1 at ! "t ( ,graham's second application = a pat5t1 _h assi/$ him ) #ejj4 ,?is assignm5t _h long be5 =gott5--,burton hav+ di$1 & 8 heirs kn[+ no?+ ( its exi/5ce4 ,! wid[ ( ,burton 0 hunt$ up1 an assignm5t 0 secur$ = #cj1jjj1 & a consolidat$ fire ext+ui%] company 0 =m$1 :i* became ! own] ( ! "o qu>t] int]e/ 9 ! pat5t4 ,?is comb9ation1 kn[n z ! ,fire ,ext+ui%] ,manufactur+ ,co41 includ$ ! ,protective ,annihilator ,co41 ( ,new ,york2 ! ,nor?ampton ,fire ,ext+ui%] ,co1 ( ,nor?ampton1 ,mass42 & ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,fire ,annihilator ,co41 ( ,philadelphia4 ,! comb9ation b\ght out ! ,babcock ,co41 :o _h already acquir$ ! pat5ts ( ! ,*ampion ,co41 all ! pat5ts ( ! ,conellies1 ( ,pittsburg1 & ( ! ,great ,am]ican ,co41 ( ,l\isville1 z well z ! lic5ses ( ,s4 ,f4 ,hayw>d & ,w4 ,k4 ,platt4 ,?is cov]s all ! ext+ui%] pat5ts 9 exi/5ce1 except ^? ( ,*>les ,t4 ,holl[ay1 ( ,baltimore4 ,! advantages ( ! *emical eng9e are well summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,! sup]iority ( a *emical eng9e consi/s-- #a/4 ,9 its simplicity4 ,x disp5ses ) complex ma*9]y1 exp]i5c$ eng9e]s1 res]voirs1 & /eam4 ,c>bonic acid gas is bo? ! work+ & ext+ui%+ ag5t4 #b;d4 ,9 promptness4 ,x is always ready4 ,no /eam to be rais$1 no fire to be k9dl$1 no hose to be laid1 & no l>ge company to be mu/]$4 ,! *emicals are kept 9 place1 & ! gas g5]at$ ! in/ant want$4 ,9 half ! cases ! "t ?us sav$ is a build+ sav$4 ,five m9utes at ! "r "t are wor? five h\rs a little lat]4 #c;d4 ,9 effici5cy4 ,m]e wat] inadequately appli$ fe$s ! fire1 b c>bonic acid gas nev]4 ,bulk = bulk1 x is =ty times z effective z wat]1 ! sev5ty gallons ( ! two smalle/ cyl9d]s be+ equal to tw5ty-eight hundr$ gallons ( wat]4 ,besides1 x uses ! only ag5t t w ext+ui% burn+ t>1 oil1 & o!r combu/ible fluids & vapors4 ,"o cyl9d] c be re*>g$ :ile ! o!r is work+1 ?us keep+ up a cont9u\s /ream4 #d?4 ,9 conv5i5ce4 ,five or six m5 c draw x & manage x4 ,its small dim5sions require b small area1 ei!r = "w or /orage4 ,"o hundr$ feet or m ( its light1 pliant hose c be c>ri$ on a man's arm up any numb] ( /airs inside a build+1 or1 if fire =bids1 up a ladd] outside4 #e?4 ,9 sav+ f de/ruction by wat] :at ! fire has sp>$4 ,x smo!rs1 b does n deluge2 ! modicum ( wat] us$ to give mom5tum to ! gas is soon evaporat$ by ! heat1 do+ little or no damage to :at is bel[4 ,?is feature ( ! eng9e is ( incalculable wor? to h\sekeep]s1 m]*ants1 & insurance companies4 #f?4 ,economy4 ,x co/s only ab\t half z mu* z a fir/ class h& eng9e1 & ab\t "o-f\r? z mu* z a /eam eng9e1 ) _! necess>y app5dages1 & ! *emicals = ea* *>ge co/ less ?an two doll>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,t[ ,a ,,boat4 ,a correspond5t ( ,eng9e]+ ,news says3 ,^? liv+ on swift /reams1 & us+ small boats1 (t5 h occasion to t[ up /ream4 ,s d surveyors1 hunt]s camp]s1 t\ri/s1 & o!rs4 ,"o man c t[ a boat aga9/ a swift curr5t :]e five c\ld n r[4 ,:]e !re are two p]sons1 ! usual me?od is = "o to wa/e 8 /r5g? hold+ ! boat (f %ore ) a pole1 :ile ! o!r t[s4 ,:]e b "o p]son1 he f9ds t[+ almo/ impossible1 & :5 bottom too muddy = pol+ & curr5t too swift = r[+1 he makes sad progress4 ,illu/ration ,! above cut %[s h[ "o man c easily t[ alone4 ,! light regulat+ /r+1 ,b1 passes f ! /]n ( ! boat to "o h& ( ! p]son t[+1 ,t4 ,! t[ l9e1 ,a1 is atta*$ a little 9 front ( ! c5t] ( ! boat4 ,h5ce :5 ,b is slack5$ ! boat approa*es ! %ore1 :ile a v slight pull on x turns ! boat outw>d4 ,! p]son t[+ glances back ev] & anon to obs]ve ! boat's l9e ( travel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railways ,,( ,,europe ,,& ,,am]ica4 ,! foll[+ table1 :i* has be5 prep>$ by ! ,fr5* ,m9i/ry ( ,public ,works1 gives ! railway mileage ( ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates up to ! end ( la/ ye>1 ) ! numb] ( miles con/ruct$ 9 t ye>1 & ! population p] mile3 ,total ,built 9 #ahha ,population p] ,mile ,g]many #ba1cac #cca #b1aed ,great ,brita9 #ah1aeg #afd #a1ici ,france #ag1acd #hie #b1agj ,au/ria-,hung>y #aa1hhj #bfb #c1bjj ,italy #e1dej #aji #e1cba ,spa9 #d1hfi #agf #c1dib ,sw$5 ,norway #d1faf #bgc #a1djh ,belgium #b1efa #dh #b1bjc ,switz]l& #a1eeg #bb #a1hca ,holl& #a1dbf #hc #b1hhe ,d5m>k #a1jec #be #a1iai ,r\mania #iaf #ef #e1hfj ,turkey #hff - #b1hia ,portugal #geg #h #e1hgj ,greece #f - #bh1jjj ------- ----- ------ ,total #ajg1cjf #b1dee #c1afh ,unit$ ,/ates #ajd1hac #i1ceh #ejb ,x appe>s f ?is t ! ,unit$ ,/ates mileage 0 only #b1dic less ?an ! total ( all ,europe1 & at ! pres5t "t x exce$s x1 z ! =m] c\ntry has built ab\t #f1jjj miles ?is ye>1 :]eas ,europe has n exce$$ #a1ejj4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( p]sons p] mile 9 ! two cases is also v great1 ,europe tak+ six times z _m p]sons to support a mile ( railway z ! ,/ates1 & c only be acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ,am]ican railways are con/ruct$ mu* *eap] ?an ! ,european ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,be=e ,,x ,,happ5$4 ,,at #i ,a4,m4 on ,w$nesday1 ,septemb] #ac1 ! correspond5t ( a press ag5cy dispat*$ a telegram to ,london ) ! intimation t ! great battle at ,tel-el-,kebir 0 practically ov]4 ,x may possibly a/oni% n a few ( our read]s 7says a writ] 9 ! ,e*o71 to le>n t ?is message rea*$ ! metropolis betwe5 #g & #h o'clock on ! same morn+2 &1 9 fact1 _h an unbrok5 telegraphic wire ext5d$ f ,kassass9 to ,london1 ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley's great victory might h be5 kn[n "h at #f3eb ,a4,m41 or 7seem+ly7 at a "t :5 ! fight 0 rag+ & our success f> f complete4 ,nay1 _h ! telegram be5 fla%$ /raight to ,wa%+ton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w\ld h rea*$ !re some?+ l #a h4 #dd m4 aft] ! local midnight ( ,septemb] #ab4 ,p>adoxical z ?is s\nds ! explanation ( x is ( ! mo/ simple possible "*4 ,! rate at :i* electricity travels has be5 v v>i\sly e/imat$4 ,fizeau ass]t$ t its velocity 9 copp] wire 0 #aaa1ghj miles a second2 ,walk] t x only travels #ah1djj miles ?r\gh t m$ium dur+ ! same int]val2 :ile ! exp]im5ts made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! det]m9ation ( ! longitudes ( v>i\s /ations !re /ill fur!r r$uc$ ! rate ( motion to "s #af1jjj miles a second4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! values we adopt1 h[ev]1 we may take x = our pres5t purpose1 t ! transmission ( a message by ! electric telegraph is practically in/antane\s4 ,b be x "h not$1 !re is no su* a ?+ z a hora mundi or common "t = ! :ole _w4 ,:at is famili>ly kn[n z longitude is really ! diff]5ce 9 "t1 ea/ or we/1 f a l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! e>?2 & ! middle ( ! great transit circle is ! ,royal ,obs]vatory at ,gre5wi*4 ,if 9 ! latitude ( ,london 7#ea #cj' ,n471 we proce$ #aj miles & #a1chc y>ds ei!r 9 an ea/]ly or we/]ly direction1 we f9d t ! local "t is respectively ei!r "o m9ute fa/] or "o m9ute sl[] ?an x 0 at our initial po9t4 ,let u try to und]/& ! reason ( ?is4 ,if we fix a tube rigidly at any /ation on ! e>?'s surface1 po9t+ to t "p ( ! sky 9 :i* any bright /> is situat$ :5 su* /> is due s\? 7or1 z x is te*nically call$1 on ! m]idian71 & note by a good clock ! h\r1 m9ute1 & second at :i* x crosses a wire /ret*$ v]tically across ! tube1 !n aft] a lapse ( #bc h4 #ef m4 #d4ji s41 w t /> be aga9 ?read$ on ! wire4 ,if ! e>? 7 /ation>y--or1 r1 if %e _h no motion b t r\nd h] axis--?is w\ld be ! l5g? ( our day4 ,b1 z is well kn[n1 %e is revolv+ r\nd ! sun f left to "r2 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ! sun seems to be revolv+ r\nd h] f "r to left2 s t if we suppose ! sun & our /> to be bo? on ! wire toge!r to-day1 to-morr[ ! sun w appe> to h travel$ to ! left ( ! /> 9 ! sky2 & ! e>? w h t piece m to turn ^u h] axis be=e our tube comes up ) him aga94 ,?is app>5t motion ( ! sun 9 ! sky is n an equable "o4 ,sometimes x is fa/]1 sometimes sl[]2 sometimes m slant+1 sometimes m horizontal4 ,?us x comes to pass t sol> days1 or ! int]vals elaps+ betwe5 "o return ( ! sun to ! m]idian & ano!r1 are by no means equal4 ,s a mean ( _! l5g?s is tak5 by add+ !m up = a ye>1 & divid+ by #cfe2 & ! quantity to be divid$ to or subtract$ f ! in/ant ( app>5t noon 7:5 ! sun dial %[s #ab o'clock71 is set d[n 9 ! almanac "u ! head+ ( ,! ,equation ( ,"t4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 "h conceive t x is noon ev]y:]e 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e :5 ! sun is due s\?4 ,n[ ! e>? turns on h] axis f we/ to ea/1 & occupies #bd h4 9 do+ s4 ,z all circles are conceiv$ to be divid$ into #cfj1 x is obvi\s t 9 "o h\r #ae mu/ pass b5ea? ! sun or a />2 #cj 9 two h\rs1 & s on4 ,! longitude ( ,kassass9 is1 r\ghly speak+1 #cb ea/1 s t :5 ! sun is due s\? !re1 or x is noon1 ! e>? mu/ g on turn+ = two h\rs & eight m9utes be=e ,gre5wi* comes "u ! sun1 or x is noon !re1 :i* is only ano!r way ( say+ t at noon at ,kassass9 x is #i h4 #eb m4 ,a4,m4 at ,gre5wi*4 ,x is ?is purely local "* ( "t :i* gives rise to ! seem+ p>adox ( our be+ able to receive news ( an ev5t be=e 7by our clocks7 x has happ5$ at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ad] ,,relay4 ,?is new in/rum5t has excit$ consid]able int]e/ among telegraph & telephone m5 by its exce$+ s5sitiv5ess4 ,x is s s5sitive to ! passage ( an electric curr5t t a batt]y =m$ ) an ord9>y p9 = "o electrode & a piece ( z9c wire = ! o!r1 imm]s$ 9 a s+le drop ( wat]1 w give suffici5t curr5t to op]ate ! relay4 ,9 practice x has successfully work$ z a telephonic call on ! ,ea/]n ,railroad ,company's l9e betwe5 ,nancy & ,p>is1 a di/ance ( #bab miles1 requir+ b two cups ( ord9>y ,leclan* batt]y4 ,! in/rum5t consi/s ( two p]man5t horse%oe magnets1 fix$ p>allel ) ea* o!r & an in* ap>t4 ,a v ?9 spool or bobb9 ( insulat$ wire is susp5d$1 l ! p5dulum ( a clock1 betwe5 ^! p]man5t magnets1 9 su* a mann] t ! bobb9 hangs j 9 front ( ! f\r poles4 ,a c\nt]poise is fix$ at ! top ( ! p5dulum b>1 :i* p]mits ! adju/+ ( ! antagoni/ic =ces repres5t$ by ! action ( ! sw++ bobb91 & two spr+s1 :i* are insulat$ f ! mass1 & :i* =m "o electrode ( ! local or annunciator circuit1 :ile ! p5dulum b> =ms ! o!r4 ,x w be easily und]/ood t z ! bobb9 hangs freely 9 ! c5t] ( a v /rong magnetic field 7=m$ by ! f\r poles ( ! two p]man5t magnets71 ! slighte/ curr5t s5t ?r\gh ! bobb9 w cause ! bobb9 to be attract$ f "o direction1 :ile x w be repell$ f ! o!r1 accord+ to ! pol>ity ( ! curr5t transmitt$4 ,z ! relay has a v l[ resi/ance1 x is evid5t t x w become an acceptable auxili>y 9 our c5tral (fice1 p>ticul>ly :5 us$ z a call+ (f signal1 z by its use ! gr\nd deviation1 s objectionable & yet s univ]sally us$ = call+ (f purposes1 c be entirely avoid$1 & ! relay left directly 9 ! circuit1 z is be+ done "h 9 ,p>is4 ,r4 ,g4 ,,br[n4 ,p>is1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,plat9um ,,wat] ,,pyromet]4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,hoadley4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! app>atus us$ = ! det]m9ation ( high temp]atures1 up ne>ly to ! melt+ po9t ( plat9um1 is (f]$ 9 answ] to sev]al inquiries on ! subject3 ,! object to be atta9$ is a conv5i5t & reasonably accurate application ( ! me?od ( mixtures to ! det]m9ation ( temp]atures above ! range ( m]curial !rmomet]s1 say #ejj ,f41 up to any po9t n above ! melt+ po9t ( ! mo/ refractory metal available = ! purpose1 plat9um4 ,a fir/ requisite is a cup or vessel ( conv5i5t =m1 capable ( hold+ a suitable quantity ( wat]1 say ab\t two p\nds avoirdupois4 ,b]!lot decid$ly pref]s a simple c ( plat9um1 v ?91 ) a light cov] ( ! same metal1 to be fa/5$ on by a bayonet hit*4 ,= /rictly laboratory "w ?is may be ! be/ =m2 b = ! ha/y manipulation & r\gh usage ( practical boil] te/+ some?+ m robu/1 b1 if possible1 equally s5sitive1 is requir$4 ,! vessel ,i h us$ is repres5t$ 9 section 9 ! accompany+ cut1 ,fig4 #a4 ,! inn] cell1 or true conta9+ vessel1 is #d4be in*es 9 diamet]2 & ( ! same height on ! side1 ) a bottom 9 ! =m ( a sph]ical segm5t1 ( #d4be in*es radius4 ,x is =m$ ( %eet brass #j4ja in* ?ick1 nickel-plat$ & poli%$ outside & inside4 ,! out] case is #h in*es diamet] & #h4e in*es deep1 ( #af-ounce copp]1 nickel-plat$ & poli%$ inside1 b pla9 outside4 ,!re are two h&les on opposite sides1 = conv5i5ce ( rapid manipulation4 ,! top1 ( ! same copp] z ! sides & bottom1 is depress$ conically4 l a hopp]1 & wir$ at its out] edge1 =m+ a lip all ar\nd = p\r+ out (4 ,! c5tral cell is connect$ ) ! out] case only by ?ree r+s ( h>d rubb] 7vulcanite71 ea* #j4be in* ?ick1 ! middle r+ completely insulat+ ! cell f its cont9uation upw>d1 & f ! out] case4 ,a n>r[ flange is turn$ outw>d at ! upp] edge ( ! cell1 & a simil> flange is also turn$ outw>d at ! l[] edge ( ! cyl9drical cont9uation ( ! walls ( ! cell upw>d4 ,betwe5 ^! two flanges1 ! middle r+ ( h>d rubb] is int]pos$1 & ! two p>ts1 ! cell & its upw>d cont9uation1 are clamp$ toge!r by ! upp] & l[] r+s ( h>d rubb]1 :i* embrace ! flanges & are held toge!r by screws4 ,! jo9ts betwe5 ! flanges & ! middle r+ ( h>d rubb]1 :i* might o!rwise leak a little1 are made tight ) asphaltum v>ni%4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,fig #a %[s two p>titions1 divid+ ! space betwe5 ! cell & ! case into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 & a concave false bottom4 ,! cov] is also se5 to be divid$ into ?ree comp>tm5ts1 by two p>titions1 & ea* comp>tm5t ( ! vessel & ( its cov] is provid$ ) a small tube = ins]t+ a !rmomet]4 ,?is con/ruction 0 adopt$ 9 ! fir/ in/rum5ts made1 = ! purpose ( obs]v+ ! rate ( heat transmission ?r\gh ! successive comp>tm5ts1 b ^! p>ts are )\t importance ) respect to ! practical use ( ! in/rum5t1 & may z well be omitt$1 z !y consid]ably increase ! co/1 be+ nickel-plat$ & poli%$ on bo? sides4 ,! top & bottom plates ( ! cov] are ( #j4ja in* brass1 nickel-plat$ & poli%$ on bo? sides1 bo? convex outw>d1 ! bottom plate b slightly1 ! top plate to #d4be in*es radius4 ,a r+ ( h>d rubb] connects1 yet sep>ates & insulates ^! plates1 & !y are b\nd toge!r ) ! r+ into a firm /ructure by a tube ( h>d rubb]1 hav+ a %\ld] & knob at ! top1 & at ! l[] end a screw-?read engag+ ) a ?9 nut sold]$ to ! upp] side ( ! bottom plate4 ,:5 ! cov] is 9 place1 its l[] plate is ev5 ) ! top ( ! cell2 & ! conta9$ wat]1 :i* ne>ly fills ! cell1 is surr\nd$ by poli%$1 nickel-plat$1 brass plates #j4ja in* ?ick1 insulat$ trom o!r metal by int]pos$ h>d rubb]4 ,! spaces betwe5 ! cell & case 7a s+le space if ! p>titions are omitt$71 ! space above ! h>d rubb] r+s1 & ! space or spaces 9 ! cov] are all fill$ ) eid]-d[n1 :i* co/s #a4jj p] ounce avoirdupois1 b a few ounces are suffici5t4 ,s(t1 f9e %av+s1 or turn+s ( h>d rubb]1 are said to be excell5t z a sub/itute = eid]-d[n4 ,heat _c be conf9$ by any kn[n me?od4 ,its transmission c be 9 "s degree ret>d$1 & 9 a great] degree1 p]haps1 regulat$4 ,"s heat w be promptly absorb$ by ! sides1 bottom1 & cov] ( ! cell1 & by ! agitator2 b ?is does no h>m1 z its quantity c be accurately asc]ta9$ & all[$ =4 ,"s w be gradually transmitt$ to ! eid]-d[n1 fill+ ! spaces1 & ?r\gh ?is to ! out] cas+2 b ?is c be r$uc$ to a m9imum by rapid & skillful manipulation1 & its quantity1 "u normal conditions1 c be asc]ta9$ approximately1 s z n to introduce l>ge errors4 ,b v>y+ ext]nal influ5ces1 su* z curr5ts ( air1 caus$ by op5+ doors1 or by p]sons pass+ along ne> ! app>atus dur+ ! progress ( an exp]im5t1 :i* w\ld introduce di/urb+ irregul>ities1 c be/ be gu>d$ aga9/ by su* spaces z ,i h describ$1 fill$ ) ! poore/ heat-conductor & ! lighte/ solid sub/ance atta9able4 ,air1 al?\gh a poor heat-conductor1 & extremely light1 is dia!rm\s1 & (f]s no ob/ruction to ! escape ( radiant heat4 ,! agitator is an important "p ( ! app>atus4 ,its object1 9 ?is in/rum5t1 is tw(old4 ,fir/1 x s]ves to produce a uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! body ( wat] 9 ! in/rum5t2 & secondly1 x answ]s z a support to ! heat-c>ri] ( plat9um or o!r metal1 (t5 int5sely hot1 :i* w\ld injure or de/roy ! delicate metal ( ! bottom if all[$ to fall on x4 ,= ?is second purpose1 no spiral revolv+ agitator1 su* z t comm5d$ by ,b]!lot1 w\ld suffice4 ,! be/ =m is su* z ,i h %[n 9 ,fig4 #a4 ,a concave disk ( %eet-brass1 made to con=m to ! %ape ( ! bottom ( ! cell1 ) a n>r[ rim turn$ up all ar\nd1 ( ab\t #j4jb in* ?ickness1 is lib]ally p]=at$ ) holes to light5 x1 & to give free passage to wat]4 ,! concave =m causes ! /reams ( wat]1 produc$ by slightly rais+ & l[]+ ! agitator1 to take a radial direction d[nw>d or upw>d1 s z to cross ea* o!r & promote rapid mix+4 ,by a slight modification small vanes might be turn$ outw>d f ! surface ( ! metal1 :i* w\ld produce mix+ curr5ts if ! agitator 7 giv5 a slight reciprocatory revolv+ motion1 ?us avoid+ ! alt]nate )drawal & re-imm]sion ( any "p ( ! /em s /rongly deprecat$ by ,b]!lot2 b = sev]al reasons ,i ?9k an up & d[n motion ( ! agitator desirable 9 ?is in/rum5t4 ,! plat9um heat c>ri]1 sometimes at a temp]ature ( #b1ejj to #b1hjj ,f41 is !reby br\ght into m rapid & =cible contact ) ! wat]1 /eam or wat] 9 ! sph]ical condition is wa%$ away f its surface1 & by cool+ x m rapidly1 ! duration ( ! obs]vation is less5$1 & errors due to transmission ( heat ?r\gh ! walls ( ! in/rum5t are dim9i%$4 ,! upp] "p ( ! agitator /em is ( h>d rubb]1 & ! brass portion1 :i* t]m9ates at ! "u side ( ! cov] :5 ! agitator is 9 its l[e/ position1 susp5d$ by ! %\ld] at ! upp] end1 ne$ nev] be lift$ = ! purpose ( mix+ out ( ! h>d rubb] tube at ! cov]1 s t loss ( heat f ?is cause mu/ be v slight4 ,! brass tube is v freely p]=at$ ) holes to admit wat]1 /ream+ radially ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! agitator1 to contact ) ! !rmomet]4 ,! hole 9 ! /em at ! top is fl>$1 to receive a cork1 ?r\gh :i* ! !rmomet] is to be pass$4 ,! bulb ( ! !rmomet] %\ld be elongat$1 & v slightly small] 9 diamet] ?an ! /em4 ,aft] pass+ x ?r\gh ! cork1 a v slight b&--a m]e ?read--( ela/ic rubb] %\ld be put ar\nd ! bulb1 ne> its l[] end1 or a ?91 n>r[ %av+ ( cork may be w\nd ar\nd & ti$ on1 to keep x f contact ) ! brass tube1 = safety2 & a little tuft ( wool1 curl$ hair1 or h>d rubb] %av+s %\ld be put 9 ! bottom ( ! brass tube to avoid accid5ts4 ,= ! same purpose1 a light1 b suffici5t f5d] ( brass wire1 say #j4jc in* diamet]1 might be judici\sly plac$ ar\nd ! brass tube at a little di/ance1 to protect x & ! !rmomet] inside ( x f %ocks f ! plat9um ball :5 ha/ily ?r[n 91 z x mu/ always be4 ,i h _h delicate & co/ly !rmomet]s brok5 = want ( su* a f5d]4 ,!rmomet]s _c be too nice = ?is "w4 ,= accurate "w at mod]ate temp]atures1 !y %\ld be ab\t #ad in*es long1 hav+ a safe bulb at ! upp] end1 ) a range ( #bj ,f4--#cb to #eb--;9 a l5g? ( #aj in*es1 giv+ half an in* to a degree ,f41 & c>efully graduat$ to t5?s ( a degree1 s t !y c be read to hundr$?s1 correspond+ to s+le degrees ( ! heat-c>ri] 9 ! normal use ( ! in/rum5t4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! highe/ temp]atures1 up closely to #b1ijj ,f41 x w be conv5i5t to h !rmomet]s ( great] range1 say #cb to #hb ,f41 #ej 9 a l5g? ( #ab4e in*es1 or a qu>t] ( an in* to a degree ,f41 also graduat$ to t5?s1 or at ! lea/1 to fif?s ( a degree4 ,su* !rmomet]s w be ab\t #ag in*es long4 ,x is v satisfactory to h two in/rum5ts & a good outfit ( !rmomet]s & heat-c>ri]s1 9 ord] to take duplicate obs]vations = mutual v]ification & detection ( errors4 ,,heat ,,c>ri]s4 ,= ^! plat9um is greatly to be pref]r$ to any o!r kn[n sub/ance4 ,its r high co/ is ! only objection to its use4 ,its heat capacity is l[1 by weight1 b its specific gravity is great1 & suffici5t capacity c be obta9$ 9 mod]ate bulk1 :ile its high conductivity t5ds to %ort5 ! duration ( ea* exp]im5t or obs]vation4 ,a conv5i5t outfit = ea* in/rum5t consi/s ( ?ree balls1 hamm]$ to a sph]ical =m1 "o #a4ache in*es diamet]1 weigh+ #d1bjj gra9s#j4f p\nd avoirdupois2 "o #j4iide in* diamet]1 weigh+ #b1hjj gra9s#j4d p\nd2 & "o #j4ghid in* diamet]1 weigh+ #a1djj gra9s#j4b p\nd4 ,^! c be obta9$ at #a-b_/c c5ts p] gra91 & w co/1 respectively1 #gj4jj1 #df4fg1 & #bc4cc1 & collectively1 #adj4jj4 ,at ! assum$ specific heat ( ,pt#j4jccc1 ! heat capacity ( ! respective balls w be #a_/ajj1 #a_/aej1 & #a_/cjj ( #b p\nds ( cold wat]1 & ! two small] balls us$ toge!r w be equal to ! l>g] "o4 ,corrections = v>y+ specific heat ( plat9um may be conv5i5tly made by ! tables giv5 9 a previ\s article4#a ,corrections = v>y+ specific heat ( wat] are less important1 b may be made by ! foll[+ table3 ,temp]atures1 ,fahr5heit1 & ,correspond+ ,numb] ( ,briti% ,!rmal ,units ,conta9$ 9 ,wat] f ,z]o ,fahr5heit4 ,deg ,b4t4u4 ,deg ,b4t4u4 ,deg ,b4t4u4 ,deg ,b4t4u4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #cb #cb4jjj #eg #eg4jjg #hb #hb4jci #ajg #ajg4aja #cc #cc4jjj #eh #eh4jjg #hc #hc4jda #ajh #ajh4ajd #cd #cd4jjj #ei #ei4jjh #hd #hd4jdc #aji #aji4ajg #ce #ce4jjj #fj #fj4jji #he #he4jde #aaj #aaj4aaj #cf #cf4jjj #fa #fa4jaj #hf #hf4jdg #aaa #aaa4aac #cg #cg4jjj #fb #fb4jaa #hg #hg4jdi #aab #aab4aag #ch #ch4jjj #fc #fc4jab #hh #hh4jea #aac #aac4aba #ci #ci4jja #fd #fd4jac #hi #hi4jec #aad #aad4abe #dj #dj4jja #fe #fe4jad #ij #ij4jee #aae #aae4abi #da #da4jja #ff #ff4jae #ia #ia4jeg #aaf #aaf4acc #db #db4jja #fg #fg4jaf #ib #ib4jei #aag #aag4acg #dc #dc4jja #fh #fh4jah #ic #ic4jfa #aah #aah4ada #dd #dd4jjb #fi #fi4jai #id #id4jfc #aai #aai4ade #de #de4jjb #gj #gj4jbj #ie #ie4jfe #abj #abj4adi #df #df4jjb #ga #ga4jba #if #if4jfh #aba #aba4aec #dg #dg4jjb #gb #gb4jbc #ig #ig4jga #abb #abb4aeg #dh #dh4jjc #gc #gc4jbd #ih #ih4jgd #abc #abc4afa #di #di4jjc #gd #gd4jcf #ii #ii4jgg #abd #abd4afe #ej #ej4jjc #ge #ge4jbg #ajj #ajj4jhj #abe #abe4afi #ea #ea4jjd #gf #gf4jbi #aja #aja4jhc #abf #abf4agc #eb #eb4jjd #gg #gg4jcj #ajb #ajb4jhf #abg #abg4agg #ec #ec4jje #gh #gh4jcb #ajc #ajc4jhi #abh #abh4ahb #ed #ed4jje #gi #gi4jcd #ajd #ajd4jib #abi #abi4ahg #ee #ee4jjf #hj #hj4jcf #aje #aje4jie #acj #acj4aib #ef #ef4jjf #ha #ha4jcg #ajf #ajf4jih #aca #aca4aig ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,footnote #a3 ,j\rnal = ,augu/1 pp4 #ig1 #ih1 & errata 9 ,j\rnal = ,septemb]1 p4 #agb4 ,a composite heat-c>ri]1 ( iron cov]$ ) plat9um1 answ]s well = temp]atures up to ab\t #a1ejj ,f4 ,a ball ( wr\ght iron #j4hh in* diamet] w weigh #gjj gra9s1 & a capsule ( plat9um spun ov] x #j4jdh in* ?ick1 mak+ ! outside diamet] #j4igf in*1 w also weigh #gjj gra9s4 ,^u ! assumption ( #j4jccc = ! specific heat ( ,pt & #j4afff = t ( ,fe1 ! composite ball w h a heat capacity equal to t ( #d1bjj gra9s ( ,pt1 & equal to #j4ja ( t ( #b p\nds ( cold wat]4 ,a pat*1 ab\t #j4ce in* diamet]1 has to be put 9 to close ! orifice :]e ! ,pt capsule is spun toge!r1 & a slight /a9 w %[ itself at ! jo9t ar\nd ?is pat*1 f oxidation ( ! iron1 b ! latt] w be pretty effectually protect$4 ,diff]5ce ( expansion1 :i* w n exce$ #j4jjg in* 9 diamet]1 w n endang] ! capsule ( ,pt4 ,! int]ruption ( conductivity at ! surface contact ( ! two metals makes ! process ( heat+ & cool+ a little sl[]1 b n noticeably s4 ,su* composite balls c be obta9$ = #bj ea*1 #ej less ?an ! co/ ( an equival5t ball ( solid plat9um1 :i* is pref]able 9 all b co/4 ,iron balls c\ld be us$ = a few crude det]m9ations4 ,ca/ iron v>ies too mu* 9 composition1 & wr\ght iron oxidizes rapidly4 ,:ile ! oxide adh]es x ga9s 9 weight1 & :5 scales fall (f x loses2 & ! specific heat ( ! oxide diff]s f t ( metallic iron4 ,:atev] metal is us$1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to apply ! appropriate tabul> correction = ,pt,fe1 or ,pt & ,fe4 ,,manipulation4 ,small graphite crucibles ) cov]s1 z %[n 9 section1 9 ,fig4 #b1 s]ve to gu>d aga9/ los+ ! ball1 to h&le x by :5 hot1 & to protect x aga9/ loss ( heat dur+ transmission f ! fire to ! pyromet]4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ov]turn+ ! crucibles1 m\ld$ firebrick %\ld be provid$ to receive !m1 two crucibles be+ put into "o brick1 9 ! same exposure1 :5ev] great accuracy is desir$1 ea* s]v+ z a *eck on ! o!r1 & _! mean be+ likely to be m ne>ly correct ?an ei!r "o if !y diff]4 ,! firebrick cov] is occasionally useful to ret>d cool+1 if1 by reason ( local ob/ructions1 "s little delay is unavoidable 9 transf]r+ ! balls f ! fire to ! wat] ( ! pyromet]4 ,) conv5i5t arrangem5ts1 ?is may be done 9 ?ree seconds4 ,aft] obs]v+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat]1 make ready = ! imm]sion ( ! heat c>ri] by rais+ ! agitator until a space ( only ab\t #a4e ( an in* is left betwe5 its rim & ! cov]4 ,an in/ant be=e putt+ 9 ! heat c>ri]--p\r+ x f ! crucible--lift ! cov] & agitator bo? toge!r1 s t ! rim ( ! latt] is level ) ! slop+ top ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! agitator !n receives ! hot ball )\t %ock1 & no h>m is done4 ,if ! ball goes bel[ ! agitator1 x is likely to injure ! bottom ( ! cup4 ,if1 on tak+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] be=e ! imm]sion ( ! heat c>ri]1 any *ange is obs]v$1 ei!r ris+ or fall+1 ! direction & rate ( su* *ange1 & ! exact int]val ( "t betwe5 ! la/ record$ obs]vation & ! imm]sion1 %\ld be not$1 9 ord] to det]m9e ! exact temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! in/ant ( imm]sion4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] w cont9ue to rise z long z ! heat c>ri] gives out heat fa/] ?an ! cell loses x4 ,! rise w gr[ gradually sl[] until x ceases1 & ! maximum c be v accurately det]m9$4 ,examples ( ! mode ( us+ ! tables1 & ( det]m9+ ! true temp]ature ( ! heat c>ri] at ! in/ant ( imm]sion f ! obs]vations ) ! in/rum5t1 are giv5 9 ! table on pages #agj & #aga ( ?is ,j\rnal = ,septemb]4 ,a me?od ( us+ ! tables1 by :i* a clos] approximation to ! true temp]ature may be rea*$1 w be po9t$ out 9 a subsequ5t article4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,! ,,calorific ,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,metals ,,( ,,! ,,pyromet]1 9 t]ms ( wat]1 i4e41 9 ,briti% !rmal units4 ,fir/4 ,weigh ! cup1 or cell1 ! l[] plate ( ! cov] & ! metallic portion ( ! agitator1 & compute _! heat-capacity by ! specific heat ( ! respective metals4 ,compute also ! heat capacity ( ! !rmomet]2 or1 if x be long1 ( s mu* ( x z is f\nd to %>e ne>ly ! temp]ature ( ! imm]s$ portion4 ,! result w be a m9imum--inde$1 9 s small a vessel ! inevitable loss by conduction & radiation w am\nt to m ?an "o-?ird z mu* z ! simple heat capacity ( ! metals4#a ,! total mu/ be asc]ta9$ by an application ( ! me?od ( mixture4 ,asc]ta9 ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! in/rum5t simply2 p\r 9 quickly b c>efully a kn[n quantity ( wat]1 say ab\t two p\nds1 ( kn[n temp]ature1 say ab\t #ajj ,f41 & asc]ta9 ! temp]ature z soon aft] p\r+ z mix+ c be prop]ly p]=m$4 ,b a correction is necess>y = loss ( heat 9 ! act ( p\r+4 ,to asc]ta9 ! am\nt ( ?is correction prep>e a ba? ( tepid wat]1 & br+ all p>ts ( ! in/rum5t--outside1 inside1 & int]ior portions1 toge!r ) ! vessel to p\r f--exactly to "o common1 c>efully asc]ta9$ temp]ature4 ,n[ take two p\nds ( ! wat] & p\r x into ! cell 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,exposure ( s ?9 a /ream on two surfaces to ! air ( ! room w produce a c]ta9 degree ( refrig]ation 9 ! wat]1 :i* is suppos$ to be w>m] ?an ! air1 say at ab\t #afj ,f4 ,?is effect w be due to conduction1 by contact ) ! air1 to radiation1 & to evaporation2 & by s mu* ! refrig]ation obs]v$ 9 mix+ is to be dim9i%$4 ,footnote #a3 ,9 our case ! heat-capacity1 !rmomet] includ$1 0 #j4jgeg2 total1 #j4ajec2 radiation1 etc41 #j4jbif4 ,respectively1 #ga4i p] c5t1 & #bh4a p] c5t4 ( ! total4 ,f\r exp]im5ts1 c>efully conduct$1 gave ! foll[+ results3 ,loss ( temp]ature by p\r+ at #agj ,f41 #j4ha1 #j4hf1 #a4jj1 & #a4jg ,f42 mean1 #j4ice ,f4 ,! foll[+ are values ( ! calorific capacity ( my pyromet]s1 t is1 ( ^? p>ts ( ea* :i* %>e directly ! temp]ature ( ! inclos$ wat]1 includ+ ! !rmomet] to be us$ ) ! in/rum5t1 & ! heat communicat$ to ! eid]-d[n & o!rwise lo/ dur+ an obs]vation1 express$ 9 decimals ( a ,briti% !rmal unit1 or 9 decimals ( a p\nd ( cold wat]3 #j4ajdh1 #j4ajeb1 #j4ajgg1 #j4ajjh1 #j4ajbh1 & #j4aajd4 ,mean #j4ajec #j lb4 #a oz4 #aa drms4 ,add wat] #a4hidg #a #ad #d ------ - -- -- #b4jjjj #b #j #j ,?is 0 ! value us$4 ,! in/rum5t1 be+ put on delicate co9 scales & c\nt]balanc$1 weights equal to #a4hidg lb4 avoirdupois #a lb4 #ad oz4 #e drms41 7 add$ to ! c\nt]balanc+ weights1 & cold wat] 0 p\r$ 9 until ! scales aga9 balanc$4 ,! pyromet] ) its conta9$ wat] 0 !n j equal 9 heat+ capacity1 :ile ! temp]ature 0 n above #ch ,f4 to two p\nds ( cold wat]4 ,! two in/rum5ts 7 s5sibly alike1 b 7 numb]$ ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b1 & at ea* obs]vation ! "o us$ 0 not$4 ,! process ( prep>ation & te/+ appe>s long & t$i\s1 & is inde$ some:at s2 b ! in/rum5ts once well made are durable1 conv5i5t 9 use1 & ) c>e reasonably accurate4 ,comp>$ ) m]curial !rmomet]s betwe5 #bab & #fjj ,f41 ,i believe !m to be mu* m accurate1 al?\gh less conv5i5t4 ,= a range ( temp]atures f #bab to #ijj ,f4 !y are c]ta9ly m tru/wor?y ?an any?+ save an air !rmomet] ( suitable con/ruction2 & = all temp]atures f #hjj to #ijj ,f4 up ne>ly to ! melt+ po9t ( plat9um !y are )\t a rival1 s f> z ,i "k4 ,= "s situations ! ball c be/ be ins]t$ 9 ! fire or o!r situation :]e an obs]vation is desir$1 & )drawn = imm]sion by means ( long1 sl5d] tongs1 ) jaws resembl+ bullet m\lds4 ,a ^w ab\t ! melt+ po9t ( plat9um4 ,my balls c]ta9ly began to melt bel[ #b1iej ,f41 b ,i am by no means sure t !y d n conta9 any silv]1 al?\gh _! specific gravity gives assurance t !y are at lea/ ne>ly pure4--,frankl9 ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,locomotive ,,pa9t+4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,ma/] ,c> ,pa9t]s' ,association1 ,*icago1 ,septemb]1 #ahhc4 ,by ,,john ,s4 ,,atwat]4 ,! subject ( locomotive pa9t+ has be5 pretty well discuss$ at ! =m] meet+s ( ! association1 & we h he>d _m excell5t sugge/ions reg>d+ ! use ( oils1 m9]al pa9ts1 & leads f g5tlem5 ( long exp]i5ce4 ,b z ! secret>y has invit$ a display ( my ignorance ,i w endeavor to expla9 z cle>ly z possible ! me?ods ,i pursue1 :i*1 ?\gh n new or orig9al1 h be5 productive ( good results4 ,if "t en\gh c be _h we c prime ) oil alone1 or 9 connection ) ! leads or m9]als1 & be sure ( durability2 b 9 ^! days ( lightn+ spe$1 lightn+ illum9ations1 & lightn+ pa9t+1 we mu/ look ab\t = some?+ ) *a9 lightn+ 9 x1 :i*1 unlike ! lightn+1 w rema9 bright & /ick aft] x /rikes4 ,we all h to pa9t accord+ to ! "t & ! facilities we h = do+ ! "w4 ,! scale on iron or /eel is ! only s]i\s tr\ble :i* ! pa9t] has to cont5d )4 ,ru/ c be remov$ or utiliz$ ) ! oil1 mak+ a good pa9t1 b unless "t c be giv5 x is bett] to remove ! ru/4 ,if possible let tanks get ?or\ghly ru/$1 !n scrape (f scale & ru/ ) files %>p5$ to a *isel edge1 rub d[n l>ge surfaces ) s&/one1 & use ,no4 #c em]y clo? betwe5 rivet heads1 etc41 !n wa% (f ) turp5t9e4 ,?is w give y a good solid surface to "w ^u4 ,= prim+ ,i use #ajj p\nds :ite lead 79 oil71 #aj p\nds dry r$ lead1 #ac p\nds ,pr9ce's metallic1 #h qu>ts boil$ oil1 #b qu>ts v>ni%1 #f qu>ts turp5t9e1 & gr9d 9 ! mill1 z x mixes x ?or\ghly ) less wa/e4 ,i mix ab\t #bej p\nds at a "t 7put into kegs & draw (f z want$ ?r\gh faucets74 ,?is o-le-ag-9-ous comp\nd c be work$ bo? ways1 quickly by add+ japan1 sl[] by add+ oil1 & r$uce to work+ consi/5cy ) turp5t9e4 ,)\t ! oil or japan x w dry h>d on wr\ght iron 9 ab\t sev5 days1 on ca/+s 9 ab\t f\r days4 ,:5 dry putty ) :ite-lead putty1 ?9n$ ) v>ni% & turp5t9e1 & knif$ 9 ) a broad-gauge putty knife4 ,next day s&pap] & apply fir/ coat r\gh-/uff1 :i* is1 equal p>ts1 9 bulk1 :ite lead & ,r5o's umb]1 mix$ /iff ) equal p>ts japan & rubb+ v>ni%1 & ?9 ) turp5t9e4 ,next morn+1 second coat r\gh-/uff1 made ) ,r5o's umb]1 f9e pumice /one1 japan1 & turp5t9e4 ,at #a o'clock ,p4,m4 put on guide coat = ! b5efit ( ! small boys1 :i* is r\gh-/uff ,no4 #b1 d>k5$ ) lamp-black & v ?94 ,! addition ( f9e pumice to r\gh-/uff ,no4 #b enc\rages ! boys 9 rubb+1 & prev5ts ! block/one f clogg+4 ,by ! "t ! la/ end ( ! tank is pa9t$ ! fir/ end is ready = rubb+1 ?\gh x is bett] to /& until next day4 ,aft] rubb+ s&pap] & put on v ?9 coat ( v>ni% & turp5t9e 7ab\t equal p>ts74 ,?is soaks into ! fill+1 h>d5+ x & mak+ a close1 smoo?1 ela/ic surface1 leav+ no bru% m>ks & be+ m durable ?an a quick-dry+ lead4 ,?is c be rubb$ ) f9e s&pap] or hair to take (f gloss1 & color$ ! next morn+1 b x is bett] to rema9 #bd h\rs be=e color+4 ,^u ?is surface an all japan color w\ld1 be=e night1 resemble a map ( ! w> 9 ,egypt1 b by add+ v>ni% & a v little raw oil to ! japan color1 mak+ x ( ! same nature z ! "u surface1 w prev5t crack+4 ,if ,i s&pap] 9 ! morn+1 ,i put on fir/-coat color be=e noon4 ,second ditto aft]noon1 & v>ni% ) rubb+ v>ni% t night2 rub d[n1 /ripe & lett] next day1 ?\gh ,i consid] x bett] to /ripe & lett] on ! color1 & v>ni% ) we>+ body v>ni%4 ,! tank is !n ready = m\nt+4 ,:5 m\nt$ ,i pa9t trucks & woodwork1 two coats lead1 color1 color & v>ni%1 & f9i% ! :ole ) we>+ body v>ni%4 ,"t1 f #ad to #af days4 ,on cabs ,i use ! same prim+ z on tanks1 let /& five days1 putty nail holes & pla/] putty h>d wood1 & give two coats lead1 mix$ z foll[s3 #ajj p\nds keg lead1 #ai p\nds ,r5o's umb]1 #c qu>ts japan1 #a qu>ts v>ni%1 #f qu>ts turp5t9e4 ,i call ?is ,no4 #b lead1 & all[ #bd h\rs betwe5 coats1 !n apply a coat ( ,no4 #b r\gh /uff at #g ,a4,m4 ,rub d[n at #aj ,a4,m4 two coats color1 & v>ni% be=e #f ,p4,m4 ,/rip$ & lett]$ next day & f9i%$ on ! foll[+ day if x is n tak5 away f me1 & put on ! eng9e4 ,"t1 elev5 days4 ,c be done 9 five days4 ,on ca/+s1 same prim+1 putty & ,no4 #b lead if "t is all[$4 ,i use r\gh-/uff ,no4 #b on all flat places1 rub d[n & give two coats ( ,no4 #b lead4 ,also pa9t+ inside ( all ca/+s1 & %eet iron cas+s2 & inside ( boil] jacket1 ) ,pr9ce's metallic4 ,all ca/+s ,i get ready = color be=e !y are put on ! locomotive1 except su* z h to be fil$ or fitt$ on outside edges4 ,z !re is v little "t giv5 to f9i% a locomotive aft] ! ma*9i/s get ?r\gh1 ,i usually f9i% x ! day be=e x is done4 ,z a sample 7"o ( _m71 an #h--ag--;,c4 locomotive boil] te/$ ,saturday aft]noon1 ,augu/ #ab1 boil] pa9t$1 ) #abj p\nds /eam on1 :eels put "u1 boil] cov]$1 cab put on1 & f9i%$ ,monday1 ,augu/ #ad1 at midnight 7did n "w ,sunday72 prim$1 putti$1 color$1 lett]$1 & v>ni%$ same day4 ,aft] #aj o'clock at night ! pa9t]s h a *ance1 & x is _! glori\s privilege to "w until morn+4 ,! ma*9i/s h all ! "t !re is1 ! pa9t]s h :at is left4 ,s mu* = ! ord9>y way4 ,= a quick] me?od ( pa9t+ tanks ,i s5d a sample m>k$ ,no4 #a4 ,"t1 includ+ fir/ coat v>ni%1 five days4 ,prim+1 #a p\nd ,r5o's umb] to #b qu>ts pelluc$ite2 two coats r\gh-/uff1 compos$ ( umb] & pelluc$ite1 rubb$ d[n1 & ?9 coat ( pelluc$ite2 "o coat drop black1 "o coat rubb+ v>ni%2 expos$ to wea!r 7s\!a/]ly exposure ne> salt wat]7 ,m>* #ab1 #ahgi2 rev>ni%$ "o coat1 f9i%+ ,septemb] #a1 #ahgi2 rema9$ out until ,m>* #bb1 #ahhj4 ,total exposure1 "o ye> & "o & a half weeks2 ?r[n ar\nd ! %op until ,augu/1 #ahhb2 has be5 pa9t$ ?ree ye>s & six mon?s4 ,?is is n a sample ( good "w1 b ( quick & r\gh pa9t+4 ,consid]+ ! "t & usuage x has exp]i5c$ x has /ood mu* bett] ?an ,i expect$1 ?\gh ,i _c safely recomm5d t k9d ( pa9t+ :5 any o!r c be foll[$4 ,sample ,no4 #c--,"t1 includ+ two coats v>ni%1 #ad days4 ,pa9t$ z describ$ 9 fir/ "p ( ?is article2 expos$ 9 same places z ,no4 #a1 ,april #c1 #ahhj2 total exposure1 six mon?s2 has be5 pa9t$ two ye>s & five mon?s4 ,! above are n exactly ,?\ghts on ,locomotive ,pa9t+4 ,:at my ?\ghts are w\ld require sev]al diction>ies to express2 b t is ow+1 n to ! k9d ( "w1 b hav+ to produce c]ta9 results 9 a "t t w n insure good1 durable "w4 ,= remov+ old pa9t on wood ,i use a burn]4 ,f iron1 ,i h f\nd ! quicke/ & mo/ effectual way is to dissolve z mu* sal soda 9 w>m wat] z ! wat] w take up1 & mix ) fre% lime1 mak+ a ?ick mort>2 spread ?is on ! tank1 ab\t an in* ?ick1 ) a tr[el2 :5 x beg9s to crack1 :i* w be 9 a few m9utes1 x has s(t5$ ! pa9t en\gh1 s t ) a wide putty knife y c take x all (f2 !n wa% (f tank ) wat]4 ,?is takes (f pa9t1 ru/1 & ev]y?+1 includ+ ! sk9 f y\r h&s1 if y are n c>eful4 ,pla/] "o side ( tank1 & use mort> ov] aga9 = ! o!r side4 ,eng9e oil us$ to bright5 smoke /acks1 no matt] ) :at pa9t$1 w cause bli/]+4 ,tall[ & japan drop black mix$1 & apply :ile /ack is hot1 ) an occasional rubb+ ov] ) ! same1 w rema9 bright a long "t4 ,ru/ always conta9s dampness1 & w fe$ on itself1 ext5d+ und]nea? & de/roy+ solidly pa9t$ surfaces4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y1 9 ord] to secure good results1 t ! ru/ %\ld be kill$ be=e prim+1 or t ! prim+ be s mix$ t x w assimilate ) ! ru/ & prev5t spread+4 ,/eel tanks w n ru/ z rapidly z iron1 b ! scale is m apt to flake (f by ! expansion & contraction ( ! metal1 tak+ ! pa9t ) x4 ,heat$ oil1 or heat$ oil prim+1 w dry fa/] & be m p5etrat+ ?an cold4 ,i consid] heat$ boil$ oil & r$ lead ! be/ prim] = iron4 ,9 reg>d to ornam5tation1 my ta/e is gov]n$ by ! fact t ,i "w by contract1 & get no m = a highly ornate locomotive ?an ,i d = a pla9 "o1 !re=e ,i l ! pla9 ones be/1 & ,i hope t our good bro!r ,bur*'s prophecy1 t ! days ( 'fancy locomotives' w return1 w nev] be fulfill$ until aft] ,i g out ( ! bus9ess4 ,!re is a happy m$ium betwe5 a he>se & a circus wagon1 & ! locomotive pa9t]1 :5 n ti$ d[n by specifications1 c produce a neat & h&somely pa9t$ eng9e )\t ! spread eagle or /> spangl$ bann]4 ,my own ideas are 9 ! direction ( simple l9es ( /rip+1 foll[+ ! l9es ( ! surfaces ^u :i* !y are drawn4 ,f9ally1 take all ! "t y c get1 ! m ! bett]1 & use oil accord+ly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,crackle ,,glass4 ,an +5i\s process ( produc+ glass ) an ic$ or crackl$ surface1 suitable = _m decorative purposes1 has be5 inv5t$ 9 ,france by ,bay4 ,! product appe>s 9 ! =m ( %eets or panes1 "o side ( :i* is smoo? or glossy1 l common w9d[ glass1 :ile ! o!r is r\gh & fill$ ) innum]able crevices1 giv+ x ! froz5 or crackl$ appe>ance s mu* admir$ = _m decorative purposes4 ,?is peculi> crack$ surface is obta9$ by cov]+ ! surface ( ! %eet on ! table ) a ?ick coat+ ( "s co>se-gra9$ flux mix$ to =m a pa/e1 or ) a coat+ ( "s m easily fusible glass1 & !n subject+ x to ! action ( a /rong fire1 ei!r op5 or 9 a muffle4 ,z soon z ! coat+ is fus$1 & ! table is r$-hot1 x is )drawn & rapidly cool$4 ,! sup]ficial lay] ( flux sep>ates itself 9 ?is op]ation f ! und]ly+ glass surface1 & leaves beh9d ! evid5ce ( its atta*m5t to ! same 9 ! =m ( numb]less irregul>ities1 scales1 irregul> cry/al =ms1 etc41 giv+ ! glass surface ! peculi> appe>ance to :i* ! above "n has be5 giv54 ,! rapid cool+ ( ! glass may be facilitat$ ) ! aid ( a /ream ( cold air1 or by cont9u\sly project+ a spray ( cold wat] ^u x4 ,by protect+ c]ta9 portions ( ! glass surface f contact ) ! flux1 ) ! use ( a template ( any ornam5tal or o!r desir$ =m1 ^! portions w reta9 _! ord9>y appe>ance1 & w %[ ! =m ( ! design v /rongly outl9$ beside ! crackl$ surface4 ,9 ?is mann]1 lett]s1 arabesque1 & o!r patt]ns 9 :ite or color$ glass c be produc$ ) great ease & ) f9e effect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,m>bles ,,are ,,made4 ,m>bles are nam$ f ! ,lat9 ^w m>mor1 by :i* simil> play?+s 7 kn[n to ! boys ( ,rome1 #b1jjj ye>s ago4 ,"s m>bles are made ( pott]'s clay & bak$ 9 an ov5 j z e>!nw>e is bak$1 b mo/ ( !m are made ( a h>d k9d ( a /one f\nd 9 ,saxony1 ,g]many4 ,m>bles are manufactur$ !re 9 great numb]s & s5t to all p>ts ( ! _w1 ev5 to ,*9a1 = ! use ( ! ,*9ese *ildr54 ,! /one is brok5 up ) a hamm] into pieces1 :i* are !n gr\nd r\nd 9 a mill4 ,! mill has a fix$ slab ( /one1 ) its surface full ( little grooves or furr[s4 ,above ?is a flat block ( oak wood ( ! same size z ! /one is made to turn r\nd rapidly1 &1 :ile turn+1 little /reams ( wat] run 9 ! grooves & keep ! mill f gett+ too hot4 ,ab\t #ajj pieces ( ! squ>e pieces ( /one are put 9 ! grooves at once1 & 9 a few m9utes are made r\nd & poli%$ by ! wood5 block4 ,*9a & :ite m>bles are also us$ to make ! r\nd roll]s :i* h delight$ ! he>ts ( ! boys ( all nations = hundr$ ( ye>s4 ,m>bles ?us made are kn[n to ! boys z *9as1 or alleys4 ,real *9a ones are made ( porcela9 clay1 & bak$ l *9aw>e or o!r pott]y4 ,"s ( !m h a pe>ly glaze1 & "s are pa9t$ 9 v>i\s colors1 :i* w n rub (f1 because !y are bak$ 91 j z ! pictures are on ! plates & o!r tablew>e4 ,glass m>bles are kn[n z agates4 ,!y are made ( bo? cle> & color$ glass4 ,! =m] are made by tak+ up a little melt$ glass on ! end ( an iron rod & mak+ x r\nd by dropp+ x into a r\nd m\ld1 :i* %apes x1 or by :irl+ x ar\nd ! head until ! glass is made into a little ball4 ,sometimes ! figure ( a dog or squirrel or a kitt5 or "s o!r object is put on ! end ( ! rod1 & :5 x is dipp$ into ! melt$ glass ! glass runs all ar\nd x1 & :5 ! m>ble is done ! animal c be se5 %ut up 9 x4 ,color$ glass m>bles are made by hold+ a bun* ( glass rods 9 ! fire until !y melt2 !n ! workm5 twi/ !m r\nd into a ball or press !m into a m\ld1 s t :5 done ! m>ble is m>k$ ) b&s or ribbons ( color4 ,real agates1 :i* are ! nice/ ( all m>bles1 are made 9 ,g]many1 out ( ! /one call$ agate4 ,! workm5 *ip ! pieces ( agate ne>ly r\nd ) hamm]s & !n gr9d !m r\nd & smoo? on gr9d/ones4--,philadelphia ,times4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,draw+-,,room ,,photography4 ,among ! examples we h receiv$ are "s :i* w\ld c]ta9ly d cr$it to any pr(essional arti/1 alike = ! pos+1 light+1 & g5]al treatm5t2 inde$1 we may say t "s ( ! poses are ( a high arti/ic ord]1 & q a relief f ! conv5tional positions & accessories s frequ5tly se5 9 pr(essional "w4 ,! expressions secur$ are also1 z a rule1 unusually pleas+ & natural4 ,?is is1 no d\bt1 9 a great measure due to ! sitt] feel+ m at ease 9 ! amateur fri5d's draw+ room ?an 9 a /rang]'s /udio4 ,p>ticul>ly is ?is ! case 9 "s excell5t "w--full-l5g? pictures--s5t f ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic1 & tak5 9 a room ( v mode/ dim5sions1 & ) only "o w9d[4 ,among ! failures 7if su* !y may be call$7 ! *ief fault lies 9 ! light+1 & f ei!r "u or ov] exposure--! =m] *iefly aris+ :5 a l&scape l5s 0 us$1 & ! latt] :5 a portrait comb9ation 0 employ$4 ,"s correspond5ts also compla9 ( ! long exposure t1 9 _! case1 _h be5 imp]ative2 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 ) all ! successful pictures a v brief exposure has always be5 m5tion$1 & g5]ally ) an exce$+ly small w9d[4 ,) a view to ! fur!r assi/ance ( ^? :o h met ) difficulties1 we recur aga9 to ! subject ( ! light+1 = ^u ?is mu/ entirely dep5d ! success or failure 9 produc+ satisfactory results2 &1 z we expla9$ 9 previ\s articles1 unless prop] *i>oscuro is secur$ on ! model1 x w be impossible to obta9 x 9 ! picture4 ,! *ief defect 9 ?is respect has be5 ei!r t ! light has be5 too abrupt1 & consequ5tly ! high lights are v :ite & ! %ad[s heavy1 giv+ ! pictures an "u-expos$ appe>ance1 or ! face is devoid ( %ad[1 "o side be+ z light z ! o!r2 h5ce x lacks ! r\ndness necess>y to con/itute a good picture4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! =m] defect has aris5 f ! reflect+ scre5 n be+ prop]ly plac$ s z to reflect back ! light 9 ! "r direction1 or x has be5 too f> f ! model2 h5ce x has lo/ ! great] "p ( its value4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! ne>] ! sitt] is to ! s\rce ( light ! ne>] ! reflector mu/ be to him1 & also t at :atev] angle ! light falls ^u ! reflector x is always ?r[n (f at a correspond+ "o4 ,n[1 suppos+ t ! light falls ^u ! model at an angle (1 say1 #dj3 we %all h to place our reflect+ scre5 at some:at ! same angle1 & ! ne>] x is approa*$ ! great] w be ! effect produc$4 ,if ! sitt] be plac$ v close to ! w9d[ & ! reflector a long way (f1 or if x project ! light 9 a wrong direction1 x is manife/ t 9 ! result+ pictures ! %ad[s w1 ( necessity1 be heavy1 & ! negative w h an "u-expos$ appe>ance1 h[ev] long may h be5 giv51 simply because !re 0 no h>mony 9 ! light+ ( ! model4 ,9 ! case :]e ! picture has be5 flat x has aris5 f ! sitt] be+ plac$ too f> back f ! w9d[1 s t ! direct light fall+ ^u him has be5 too feeble to produce any /rong lights1 & ! reflector arrang$ s t x receiv$ a /rong] illum9ation ?an ! model1 !n reflect+ x on to ! latt]1 q ov]p[]+ ! dom9ant lights4 ,! rem$y = ?is is simply to br+ ! sitt] m =w>d1 s z to obta9 a /rong] dom9ant light4 ,) reg>d to ! "t ( exposure3 we mu/ aga9 impress ^u ! /ud5t ! necessity = plac+ ! sitt] z close to ! w9d[ z c be conv5i5tly done1 = !n he w receive ! /ronge/ illum9ation2 &1 no matt] h[ /rong ! %ad[s :i* may be produc$1 !y c always be modifi$ suffici5tly by ! judici\s use ( ! reflector4 ,( c\rse1 9 practice !re is a limit z to ! clos5ess ! sitt] c be plac$1 inasmu* z if too ne> !re w n be room en\gh = ! backgr\nd4 ,z we h be=e said1 ! effective light fall+ ^u ! sitt] is gov]n$ by ! am\nt ( direct skylight to :i* he is expos$4 ,= exp]im5t1 let any "o seat himself1 say1 "o foot f ! w9d[ & sideways to x1 & note ! am\nt ( sky t c be se5 f ?is position1 !n take a seat six feet )9 ! room1 & note x f !nce4 ,! diff]5ce w be v m>k$ inde$1 & x w fully acc\nt = ! long exposure t "s h f\nd imp]ative4 ,9 our previ\s articles we direct$ special att5tion to ! advantage accru+ f arrang+ ! sitt] 9 su* a position t he receiv$ z mu* direct light z possible1 s t x practically helps to s(t5 ! %ad[s2 h5ce ! sitt] %\ld be plac$ s t he is turn$ z little away f ! s\rce ( light z w enable ! desir$ view ( ! face be+ obta9$4 ,t ?is may ! m advantage\sly be done ! cam]a %\ld always be plac$ z close z possible to ! side wall 9 :i* ! w9d[ is situat$4 ,z an exp]im5t illu/rat+ ! advantage ( ?is3 let a cam]a be plac$ close to ! wall1 !n ! sitt] arrang$ s t f t po9t ( view a ?ree-qu>t] face is obta9$1 & x w be notic$ t !re is v little ne$ ( ! reflector at all4 ,let a negative n[ be tak51 & ! cam]a br\ght1 say1 five feet into ! room1 & ! sitt]1 )\t *ang+ 8 seat1 turn$ r\nd until a simil> view ( ! face is obta9$ f t po9t4 ,x w n[ be se5 t ! %ad[s are v mu* deep] ?an be=e1 & ! reflector w h to be br\ght pretty close 9 ord] to ov]come !m2 nev]!less !y may be obta9$ q z s(t & h>moni\s z 9 ! =m] case4 ,let a second negative n[ be tak51 giv+ ! same exposure z be=e1 & x w be f\nd t if ! fir/ "o 7 correctly tim$ ! second w be consid]ably "u-expos$4 ,yet ! sitt] 0 at ! same di/ance f ! w9d[ 9 ea* case4 ,?is %[s ! advisability ( utiliz+ all ! direct light x is possible to d1 & !reby leav+ z little z we c to be accompli%$ by ! reflector4 ,:5 ! sitt] is arrang$ to ! be/ advantage at a w9d[ ( ord9>y size1 fully expos$ pictures c g5]ally be obta9$ ) a portrait l5s 7full op5+7 9 fairly good light1 on mod]ately s5sitive plates1 ) "o or two seconds' 7or ev5 less7 exposure4 ,if a long] exposure ?an ?is be necess>y1 x may fairly be assum$ t ! light+ has n be5 prop]ly manag$4--,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,prep>+ ,,photographic ,,gelat9e ,,emulsion ,,by ,,precipitation ,,( ,,! ,,bromide ,,( ,,silv]4 ,by ,,franz ,,/olze1 ,ph4,d4 ,i consid] ! me?od ( precipitation describ$ bel[ z f> sup]ior to any o!r hi!rto employ$1 p>ticul>ly on acc\nt ( its infallible c]ta9ty4 ,i began at fir/ ) a ?irtie? ( ! :ole quantity ( gelat9e1 & increas$ t quantity to a t5? )\t ! precipitate =m+ ) great] difficulty4 ,! salts 7 dissolv$ 9 ! usual quantity ( wat]1 ! bromide ( potassium 0 add$ to ! sep>ately-dissolv$ gelat9e1 & bo? solutions cool$ 9 ic$ wat]4 ,i soon f\nd t ev5 ?is 0 n necess>y4 ,i accel]at$ ! solution ( ! salts by vigor\s agitation1 s t ! temp]ature became s mu* l[]$ t1 ev5 aft] ! addition ( ! w>m gelat9e1 x /ill rema9$ l[ en\gh to give ! precipitate :5 mix$4 ,! mix+ took place gradually1 all ! usual precaution>y measures be+ obs]v$2 su* z p\r+ ! silv] solution into ,no4 #b 9 small quantities at a "t1 & con/antly /irr+1 & ! sep>ation f ! "m lye 0 complete4 ,! =mula accord+ to :i* ,i work$ latt]ly 0 z foll[s3 ,,solution ,i4 ,nitrate ( silv]4444444444444444444444 #dfc gra9s4 ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 #af ounces4 ,,solution ,,ii4 ,bromide ( potassium4444444444444444444 #cee gra9s4 ,iodide ( potassium444444444444444444444 #ae gra9s4 ,gelat9e44444444444444444444444444444444 #df gra9s4 ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 #af ounces4 ,aft] ! mix+ is complet$ ! p]fect sep>ation ( ! precipitate takes place 9 f\r m9utes at mo/4 ,! cle> fluid may be decant$ (f almo/ to ! la/ drop1 aft] :i* ! precipitate is wa%$ ?ree times ) wat]4 ,9 ord] to dissolve ! precipitate p\r ov] x a solution ( #a4e "p ( bromide ( potassium 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 agitate1 & !n add a solution =m$ ( #h p>ts ( ammonia ( ! usual /r5g? 9 #fjj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! emulsification w beg9 at once )\t any fur!r heat+4 ,:5 n[ heat$ on ! wat] ba?--already at f #ie ,f to #ajd ,f--! :ole precipitate w be susp5d$1 & ?9 films ( ! emulsion1 :5 look$ ?r\gh1 w h a grayi% t9t1 b :5 dry !y w appe> p>tially r$4 ,dige/ion at #ajd ,f is cont9u$--f half an h\r to an h\r is usually long en\gh--until ! film1 ev5 :5 dry1 rema9s violet ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,! rema9+ gelat9e1 #dej gra9s dissolv$ 9 #af ounces ( w>m wat]1 is !n add$1 filt]$1 & plates coat$ ) ! resultant emulsion4 ,b if x be desir$ to prep>e emulsion = /orage1 wa% ! precipitate f9ally ) alcohol1 & /ore x ei!r "u alcohol or dry x z usual4 ,to use x dissolve 9 ! mann] describ$ above & mix ) gelat9e4 ,! great advantages ( ?is process are evid5t4 ,n only is ! tr\blesome wa%+ sav$1 b1 :at is m important1 ! great mass ( ! gelat9e is add$ to ! emulsion 9 a condition :i* secures to ! film a hi!rto unatta9able firmness4 ,also1 x enables "o to prep>e a keep+ emulsion ) a m9imum ( alcohol1 &1 s9ce ! quantity ( gelat9e 9 ! orig9al emulsion is s small1 x dries1 :5 x is n desir$ to keep x "u alcohol1 s mu* m rapidly1 & !reby also furni%es a m con/ant prep>ation4 ,i am conv9c$ t ?is process is z yet b 9 its infancy1 & t x is susceptible ( great improvem5t4 ,f ! purely !oretical /&po9t1 ! prop]ty possess$ by gelat9e1 ( comb9+ 9 suffici5tly cold solutions ) bromide ( silv] 9 ! nasc5t /ate1 & fall+ to ! bottom 9 a flaky condition1 is exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,evid5tly ?is prop]ty plays a "p 9 ! prep>ation ( emulsion :i* has n until n[ be5 recogniz$4 ,i d n d\bt t x may be possible to effect1 by a suffici5tly l[ temp]ature1 precipitation ev5 f solutions ri* 9 gelat9e1 if exp]im5ts 9 t direction 7 set on foot4 ,:at influ5ce v>iations 9 temp]ature may h ^u ! subsequ5t s5sitiv5ess ( ! emulsion1 & :e!r ! action ( ! ammonia & ! bromide ( potassium is m en]getic1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! else:]e-pres5t nitric salts1 are que/ions :i* c only be answ]$ aft] ?or\gh exam9ation2 & ! p>ts play$ by ! v>i\s additions ( iodide or *loride ( silv] 9 ?is me?od ( emulsification mu/ likewise also be asc]ta9$ by exp]im5t4 ,! object ( ?is article is to po9t out ?is ri* prov9ce = rese>*1 & to induce exp]im5t]s to turn _! att5tion to x2 = x is only aft] ! behavior ( emulsion "u all ^! conditions has be5 ?or\ghly exam9$ t we c hope to reap ! be/ results f ! new process4--,wo*5blatt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,taylor',s ,,freez+ ,,microtome4 ,?is microtome pres5ts all ! advantages ( any plan h]et(ore employ$ 9 h>d5+ animal or vegetable tissues = section cutt+1 :ile x has _m advantages ov] all o!r devices employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,microscopi/s :o are int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( hi/ology & pa?ology h long felt ! necessity = a bett] me?od ( freez+ animal & vegetable tissue ?an has be5 h]et(ore at _! comm&4 ,9 h>d5+ tissues by *emical ag5ts1 ! tissues are m or less di/ort$ by ! solutions us$1 & ! process is v sl[4 ,e!r & rhigol5e h be5 employ$ ) "s degree ( success1 b bo? are exp5sive1 & !y _c be us$ 9 ! pres5ce ( artificial light1 because ( dang] ( explosion4 ,ano!r disadvantage is t two p]sons are requir$ to att5d to ! manipulations1 "o to =ce ! vapor into ! freez+ box1 :ile ! o!r uses ! section-cutt+ knife4 ,! mom5t ! pump+ ( ! e!r or rhigol5e ceases1 ! tissue op]at$ on ceases to be froz51 s ephem]al is ! degree ( ! cold obta9$ by ^! means4 ,! pr9cipal advantages to be obta9$ by ! use ( ?is microtome are1 fir/1 great economy 9 ! me?od ( freez+1 &1 second1 cel]ity & c]ta9ty ( freez+4 ,) an exp5diture ( tw5ty-five c5ts1 ! tissues to be op]at$ on c be kept froz5 = sev]al h\rs at a "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,freez+ ,,microtome4 ,small objects imm]s$ 9 gum solutions are froz5 & 9 condition = cutt+ 9 less ?an "o m9ute4 ,! me?od ( us+ ?is microtome c be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! illu/ration4 ,a repres5ts a revolv+ plane1 by :i* ! ?ickness ( ! section is regulat$1 9 ! c5t] ( :i* an insulat$ *amb] is secur$ = freez+ ! tissue4 ,x resembles a pill-box con/ruct$ ( metal4 ,a brass tube ent]s x on ea* side4 ,! l>g] "o is ! supply tube1 & communicates ) ! pail1 a1 situat$ on bracket1 s1 by means ( ! upp] tube1 t4 ,to ! small] brass tube is atta*$ ! rubb] tube1 t b1 :i* dis*>ges ! cold salt wat] into a pail plac$ "u x4 7,see b47 ,! salt & wat] z x passes f pail1 a1 to pail1 b1 is at a temp]ature ( ab\t z]o4 ,! wat] %\ld n be all[$ to wa/e4 ,x %\ld be return$ to ! fir/ pail = cont9ual use1 or z long z x has freez+ prop]ties4 ,z a matt] ( fur!r economy1 x is necess>y to limit ! rate ( exit ( ! freez+ wat]4 ,?is is regulat$ by nipp+ ! dis*>ge-tube ) ! spr+ clo!s p9 suppli$ = ! purpose4 ,%\ld ! cold )9 ! *amb] be too int5se1 ! edge ( ! knife is liable to be turn$ & ! cutt+ w be imp]fect4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! fl[ ( wat] ?r\gh ! *amb] is /opp$ by us+ ! spr+ clo!s-p9 z a clip on ! upp] tube4 ,9 ord] to regulate ! ?ickness ( ! tissue to be cut a scale is engrav$ on ! edge ( ! revolv+ plate1 ,a1 :i*1 9 conjunction ) ! po9t]1 e1 indicates ! ?ickness ( ! section4--,microscopical ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/4 ,,go?>d ,,tunnel4--,x appe>s t ! traffic ?r\gh ! ,/4 ,go?>d ,tunnel has increas$1 s9ce ! inauguration ( ?r\gh int]national s]vices1 to su* an ext5t t ! ,company h already obta9$ sanction = lay+ ! second pair ( rails 9 ! tunnel4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n ,railway ,company has increas$ its /eam] traffic1 & built additional /ation accommodation at ,h>wi*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,v9c5t',s ,,*loride ,,( ,,me?yl ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,*loride ( me?yl 0 discov]$ 9 #ahdj by ,messrs4 ,dumas & ,peligot1 :o obta9$ x by treat+ me?ylic alcohol ) a mixture ( sea salt & sulphuric acid4 ,x is a gase\s product at ord9>y temp]ature1 b :5 compress$ & cool$1 easily liquefies & produces a colorless1 neutral liquid :i* ent]s into ebullition at #bcg4g above z]o & "u a pressure ( #j4gf m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,freez] 7,longitud9al ,section74 ,up to rec5t times1 *loride ( me?yl 9 a free /ate _h receiv$ sc>cely any indu/rial application1 by reason ( ! difficulty ( prep>+ x 9 a /ate ( purity at a l[ price4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,v9c5t1 h[ev]1 has made kn[n a process :i* p]mits ( ?is product be+ obta9$ abundantly & *eaply4 ,x consi/s 9 submitt+ to ! action ( heat ! hydro*lorate ( trime?ylam9e1 :i* is obta9$ z a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( pota% ( beets4 ,! hydro*lorate is ?us decompos$ into free trime?ylam9e1 ammonia1 & *loride ( me?yl4 ,a wa%+ ) hydro*loric acid takes away all traces ( alkali1 & ! gas1 :i* is ga!r$ "u a receiv] full ( wat]1 may aft]w>d be dri$ by means ( sulphuric acid1 & be liquefi$ by pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,freez] 7,transv]se ,section74 ,pure liquid *loride ( me?yl is n[ an abundant product4 ,!re are two uses to :i* x is appli$3 fir/1 = produc+ cold1 & second1 = manufactur+ coal t> colors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,half ,,plan ,,( ,,freez] ,at pres5t we %all occupy ourselves ) ! fir/ ( su* applications--! production ( cold4 ,! app>atus s]v+ = ! production ( cold by ?is mat]ial are ?ree 9 numb]3 7#a7 ! freez] 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c71 9 :i* is produc$ ! l[]+ ( temp]ature t conv]ts into ice ! wat] plac$ 9 c>afes or any o!r receptacles2 7#b7 ! pump 7,figs4 #d1 #e1 & #f71 :i* sucks ! *loride ( me?yl 9 a gase\s /ate up into ! freez] & =ces x into ! liquefi]2 & 7#c7 ! liquefi]1 :i* is no?+ else ?an a spiral cond5s] 9 :i* ! *loride ( me?yl cond5ses1 & f !nce returns to ! freez] to s]ve anew = ! production ( cold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,pump 7,longitud9al ,section74 ,! ,freez]4--,?is consi/s ( a rectangul> iron tank1 #a met] x #a met] x #a4e met]s1 conta9+ a galvaniz$ plate iron cyl9d]1 ,a1 kept 9 place by iron supports4 ,?is cyl9d] conta9s #bd horizontal tubes1 :i* are op5 at ! ends & rivet$ to v]tical plates l ^? ( tubul> /eam boil]s4 ,! tank is fill$ ) a mixture ( wat] & *loride ( calcium1 =m+1 z well kn[n1 an incongealable liquid4 ,into ?is liquid are plung$ ! receptacles conta9+ ! wat] to be conv]t$ into ice4 ,! *loride ( me?yl is introduc$ ?r\gh ! cock1 ,b1 into ! body ( ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 & surr\nds & cools ! tubes1 z well z ! incongealable liquid un9t]rupt$ly circulat+ 9 ! latt]1 by means ( a helix1 ,c1 set 9 motion by a belt f ! %op4 ,?is liquid is ?us greatly l[]$ 9 temp]ature & freezes ! wat] 9 ! receptacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #e4--,,v]tical ,,section ,,( ,,! ,,pump4 ,! ,pump4--,! pump 9 ! l>g] app>atus has two *amb]s ( unequal diamet]1 t is to say1 x op]ates aft] ! mann] ( comp\nd eng9es4 ,! ma*9e "u consid]ation1 be+ "o t produces a mod]ate quantity ( ice1 has b a s+le *amb]1 z %[n 9 ,figs #d1 #e1 & #f4 ,x is a suction & =ce pump1 ^: pi/on1 ,e1 is solid & =m$ ( two p>ts1 :i* are set into ea* o!r1 & ! flanges ( :i* hold a s]ies ( bronze segm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #f4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,pump4 ,! *amb]1 prop]ly s-call$1 is ( iron1 ca/ 9 "o piece1 & is surm\nt$ ) a rectangul> tank1 ,f1 9 :i* con/antly circulates ! cold wat] design$ = cool+ ! sides ( ! cyl9d]2 ^! latt] always t5d+ to become heat$ ?r\gh ! compression ( ! me?yl *loride4 ,! cyl9d] heads are holl[$ out 9 ! middle1 & c>ry ! seats ( ! suction valves4 ,ea* ( ! latt] communicates ) a *amb]1 ,g ,g1 9 :i* deb\*es ! pipe1 ,h1 communicat+ ) ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 ( ! freez] 7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c74 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,liquefi]4 ,above ! cyl9d] !re are two deliv]y valves :i* give access to ! *amb]1 ,d1 communicat+ ) ! worm ( ! liquefi] 7,fig4 #g7 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,j4 ,! pi/on ( ! pump is set 9 motion by a pulley1 ,k1 & a crank$ %aft actuat$ by a belt f ! %aft+4 ,! pi/on head is guid$ by a slide key$ to ! frame4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #h4--,,section ,,( ,,flange ,,( ,,! ,,worm4 ,! ,liquefi]4--,?is app>atus consi/s ( a cyl9drical tank1 ,l1 ( #c mm4 ?ick boil] plate1 m\nt$ v]tically on a masonry base & design$ to be con/antly f$ ) cool wat]4 ,x conta9s a second cyl9drical tank1 ,m1 ( #f mm4 ?ick galvaniz$ iron4 ,?is latt] tank is provid$ ) a ca/-iron cov]1 on :i* are m\nt$ ! worm1 ,n1 & a pipe1 ,o1 connect$ ) ! tube ( ! pressure gauge4 ,to ! base ( ! tank1 ,m1 !re is affix$1 on a ca/ iron ?imble1 a cock1 ,p1 = sett+ up a communication betwe5 ! tank & ! pipe1 ,r1 :i* returns to ! freez] ?r\gh ! cock1 ,b 7,fig4 #a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #i4--,,view ,,( ,,! ,,und]side ,,( ,,! ,,same4 ,! cold wat] requisite = cond5sation ent]s ! tank1 ,l1 ?r\gh a pipe t]m9at+ 9 a pump or a res]voir4 ,! wa/e wat] fl[s (f ?r\gh ! tubulure1 ,q4 ,! tank is empti$1 :5 necess>y1 ?r\gh ! bl[-(f cock1 ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,v9c5ts ,,ice ,,ma*9e4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,worm4 ,op]ation ( ! ,app>atus4--,z has be5 rem>k$ above1 ! cyl9d]1 ,a1 is fill$ ) *loride ( me?yl4 ,! pump1 ?r\gh suction1 produces 9 ?is cyl9d] a depression f :i* !re results ! evaporation ( a portion ( ! *loride ( me?yl1 & consequ5tly a depression ( temp]ature :i* is transmitt$ to ! incongealable liquid circulat+ 9 ! tubes1 & to ! receptacles 7c>afes or o!rwise7 conta9+ ! wat] to be conv]t$ into ice4 ,! pump sucks 9 ! vapor ( my?yl *loride ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,h1 & ?r\gh its suction valves1 & =ces x into ! *amb]1 ,d1 ?r\gh its deliv]y valves1 & f !nce into ! worm1 ,n1 ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,j4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( compression & ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! tank1 ,l1 ! me?yl *loride liquefies & falls into ! receptacle1 ,m1 f :5ce x returns to ! freez] ?r\gh ! pipe1 ,r4 ,two pressure-gauges1 "o ( !m fix$ on ! freez] & ! o!r on ! liquefi]1 p]mit ( regulat+ ! runn+ ( ! ma*9e4 ,! vacuum 9 ! freez] is #j to atmosph]e1 & ! pressure 9 ! liquefi] is #c to #d atmosph]es4 ,^! app>atus make opaque ice1 b w likewise produce transp>5t1 if a pump = inject+ air is adjo9$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 d\bles ! "t t x takes to effect ! freez+1 & c>ries ) x ! necessity ( d\bl+ ! numb] ( m\lds to h ! same quantity ( ice4 ,! co/ price ( ice made by ?is sy/em dep5ds evid5tly on ! price ( coal 9 ea* c\ntry1 on ! p]fection ( ! boil] & motor1 z well z on ! p[] ( ! freez+ ma*9e4 ,putt+ ! coal at #bj francs p] ton1 & ! consumption at #b kilogrammes p] horse & p] h\r1 ice may be obta9$ at a co/ ( ab\t half a c5time p] kilogramme4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ! accompany+ figures h be5 con/ruct$ accord+ to ! foll[+ data3 ,production ( ice p] h\r444444444444 #be kilogrammes4 ,production ( heat units p] h\r44444 #b4e grammes4 ,quantity ( ice produc$ p] kilogramme ( coal burn$44444444444 #e kilogrammes4 ,wat] ( cond5sation p] h\r44444444 #j4ge cubic met]4 ,^! ma*9es are employ$ n only = ! manufacture ( ice1 b also 9 brew]ies = cool+ ! air ( ! cell>s & f]m5t+ rooms1 or t ( ! vats !mselves2 9 manufactories ( *emical products2 9 di/ill]ies2 9 manufactories ( a]at$ wat]s1 etc4 ,!y may also be us$ 9 ! c>ry+ ( meats & o!r food products across ! ocean1 &1 9 a ^w1 9 all indu/ries 9 :i* x is necess>y to obta9 artificial cold4 ,! p[] necess>y to op]ate app>atus t produce #be kilogrammes p] h\r is ab\t t ( #c horses4--,annales ,indu/rielles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c>bonic ,,acid ,,9 ,,! ,,air4 ,footnote3 ,an address be=e ! ,p>is ,academy4 ,by ,m4 ,,dumas4 ,( all ! gases t ! atmosph]e conta9s1 !re is "o :i* (f]s a special int]e/1 z well on acc\nt ( ! "p ascrib$ to x 9 ! mutual int]*ange go+ on betwe5 ! two organic k+doms1 z on acc\nt ( ! relation t x has be5 obs]v$ to occupy betwe5 e>?1 air1 & wat]2 ?is gas is c>bonic acid4 ,ev] s9ce ! fact has be5 e/abli%$ t animals consume oxyg5 & give out c>bonic acid z ! product ( respiration1 :ile plants consume c>bonic acid & give out oxyg51 ! "q has (t5 be5 ask$ :e!r ! quantity ( c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! air did n repres5t a sort ( su/a9+ res]voir :i* 0 be+ cont9ually drawn on by ! plants & resuppli$ by animals1 s t x has d\btless rema9$ un*ang$ ow+ to ?is d\ble action4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,b\ss+ault has long s9ce %[n t volcanic regions give out ?r\gh crevices & fum>oles enorm\s quantities ( c>bonic acid4 ,! deposition ( c>bonate ( lime t is cont9ually tak+ place on ! sea-bottom is1 on ! o!r h&1 fix+ c>bonic acid 9 quantities :i* we may accurately e/imate f ! /rata ( lime/one se5 on ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we might imag9e1 t 9 comp>ison ) ! huge volumes ( c>bonic acid s5t =? 9 volcanic di/ricts1 ev5 9 ! olde/ "o1 & ! mass ( c>bonate ( lime deposit$ on ! sea bottom1 ! results attribut$ to ! life ( plants & animals w\ld be ( no consequ5ce ei!r = increas+ or dim9i%+ ! physiological c>bonic acid 9 ! air comp>able ) ^? :i* are accompli%$ by ! purely geological ex*ange4 ,s*loes+ has rec5tly succe$$1 by a happy application ( ! pr9ciple ( dissociation1 9 %[+ t ! am\nt ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air be>s a direct relation to ! quantity ( bic>bonate ( lime dissolv$ 9 sea wat]4 ,if ! quantity ( c>bonic acid dim9i%es1 ! bic>bonate ( ! wat] is decompos$1 half ( its c>bonic acid escapes into ! atmosph]e1 & ! neutral c>bonate ( lime is precipitat$4 ,! aque\s vapor cond5s$ f ! air dissolves "p ( ! c>bonic acid conta9$ !re91 & c>ries x along1 :5 x falls z ra9 ^u ! e>?1 & takes up !re en\gh lime to =m ! bic>bonate1 :i* is ?us c>ri$ back to ! sea4 ,! physiological role ( c>bonic acid1 its geogno/ic influ5ce1 & its relations to mo/ ord9>y meteorological ph5om5a on ! e>?'s surface--all ^! contribute to give special weight to /udies conc]n$ 9 ! e/imation ( ! normal quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air4 ,nev]!less1 ?is e/imation is att5d$ ) great difficulty4 ,n ev]yone is able to take up su* que/ions1 & n all processes are adapt$ to x4 ,! fir/ ?\ght :i* w\ld naturally arise w\ld be to inclose a kn[n volume ( air 9 a giv5 vessel1 & !n det]m9e its c>bonic acid by measur+ or weigh+ x4 ,9 ?is way we %\ld obta9 ! exact relation betwe5 a volume ( air & ! volume ( c>bonic acid 9 x1 = any giv5 mom5t1 & 9 any giv5 place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ?is be done ) a t5-lit] flask1 = example1 x w\ld only hold #c c4c4 ( c>bonic acid1 weigh+ #f milligrammes2 &1 :e!r x is weigh$ or measur$1 ! error may easily equal #aj p] c5t4 ( ! real value1 h5ce no d$uctions c\ld be drawn f ! obs]v$ facts4 ,= ?is reason l>g] volumes ( air 7 tak51 & a curr5t ( air1 ^: volume c\ld be accurately measur$ by kn[n me?ods1 0 pass$ ?r\gh cond5s]s capable ( reta9+ ! c>bonic acid4 ,b 9 ?is case ! air mu/ pass v sl[ly ?r\gh x1 s t ! process may la/ sev]al h\rs2 & s9ce ! air is cont9ually 9 motion1 ow+ to v]tical & horizontal curr5ts1 ! exp]im5t may be begun ) ! air ( "o place1 & conclud$ ) air f a f> di/ant spot4 ,= example1 if an exp]im5t la/+ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 made 9 ,p>is :5 ! air mov$ b f\r met]s p] second 7n9e or t5 miles p] h\r71 x might be begun ) air f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,se9e1 & end ) air f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,rhone1 or ! ,belgian fronti]1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,s long z we _h no analytical me?ods ( suffici5t delicacy to e/imate ) c]ta9ty ! hundr$?1 or at lea/ ! t5? ( a milligramme ( c>bonic acid1 x 0 v difficult to det]m9e ! quantity 9 ! air at a giv5 "t & place4 ,x is frequ5tly possible to analyze ^u ! pla9 air t has desc5d$ f ! heights above1 & to exam9e by bright daylight ! effect ( night ^u ! atmosph]e4 ,/ill o!r difficulties %[ !mselves 9 su* inve/igations4 ,x seems v easy to collect c>bonic acid 9 pota% tubes1 & to det]m9e its am\nt f ! increase 9 weight ( ! tubes2 b1 alas6 to h[ _m s\rces ( error is ?is me?od expos$4 ,if ! pota% has be5 9 contact ) any organic sub/ance1 x w absorb oxyg54 ,if ! pumice t takes ! place ( ! pota% conta9s protoxide ( iron1 x w also absorb oxyg54 ,9 bo? cases ! oxyg5 increases ! weight ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,e exp]im5t] :o has be5 compell$ to repeat ! weigh+ ( a some:at complicate piece ( app>atus1 ) an int]val ( sev]al h\rs betwe51 kn[s h[ _m inaccuracies he is expos$ to if he is compell$ to take into calculation ! *anges ( temp]ature & pressure1 & ! moi/ure on ! surface ( ! app>atus4 ,aft] fight+ all ^! difficulties1 & frequ5tly 9 va91 ! exp]im5t] beg9s to mi/ru/ e result t dep5ds only on diff]5ce 9 weight1 & to pref] ^? me?ods :]eby ! sub/ance to be e/imat$ c be isolat$1 s t x c be se5 & h&l$1 weigh$ or measur$1 9 a free /ate1 & 9 its own natural condition4 ,! classical exp]im5ts ( ,!n>d1 ( ,?4 de ,saussure1 ( ,messrs4 ,b\ss+ault1 on ! quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air1 are well kn[n to e "o3 !y ne$ only to be organiz$1 repeat$1 & multipli$4 ,j4 ,reiset1 :o has conduct$ a long & t$i\s s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ?is subject1 has adopt$ a process t seems to (f] e gu>antee ( accuracy4 ,! air t furni%es ! c>bonic acid is aspirat$ ?r\gh ! absorption app>atus by two aspirators ( #fjj lit]s capacity4 ,! temp]ature & pressure ( ! air are c>efully measur$4 ,! c>bonic acid is absorb$ by b>yta wat] 9 ?ree bulb app>atus4 ,! la/ bulb1 :i* s]ves z a *eck to control ! op]ation1 rema9s cle>1 & proves t no b9oxide ( b>ium is =m$4 ,! b>yta wat] us$ is titrat$ be=e & aft] ! op]ation1 & f ! diff]5ce is calculat$ ! quantity ( c>bonate =m$1 & h5ce ( ! c>bonic acid4 ,^! t$i\s exp]im5ts1 :i* v>i$ 9 duration f #f to #be h\rs1 require at lea/ two days ( cont9u\s labor4 ,!y 7 repeat$ #aic times by ,reiset 9 #ahgb1 #ahgc1 & #ahgi4 ,!y 7 made 9 /ill wea!r1 & 9 viol5t w9ds & /orms4 ,! air 0 tak5 at ! sea-%ore1 9 ! middle ( ! fields1 on ! level e>?1 dur+ h>ve/s1 9 ! =e/s1 & 9 ,p>is4 ,"u su* v>i$ conditions1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid v>i$ b little2 ! numb]s obta9$ 7 betwe5 #b4id & #c4a1 :i* may be tak5 z a g5]al av]age ( ! c>bonic acid 9 ! air4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! free atmosph]e is tol]ably con/ant1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be ! case accord+ to ,s*loes+'s propos$ relation betwe5 ! bi-c>bonate ( lime 9 ! sea & ! c>bonic acid 9 ! air4 ,! only cause t seems at all compet5t to *ange ! geological quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e is ! =mation ( fog4 ,z ! aque\s vapors cond5se1 !y collect ! c>bonic acid2 & ! foggy air1 z a rule1 is m heavily lad5 ) ?is gas ?an ord9>y air4 ,x is n surpris+ t !re is less c>bonic acid 9 ! air collect$ on cle> summ] days1 9 ! mid/ ( clov]1 etc41 t is 9 an active r$uc+ furnace2 if any?+ is surpris+1 x is t ! quantity ( c>bonic acid does n s9k bel[ #b4h4 ,x is also a matt] = surprise t 9 ,p>is1 among s _m s\rces ( c>bonic acid1 ! furnace fires1 ! respiration ( m5 & animals1 & ! spontane\s decomposition & decay ( organic sub/ances1 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid does n exce$ #c4e4 ,if1 !n1 ! great g5]al mean ( normal atmosph]ic c>bonic acid deviates b little f #b4i or #c4j1 x is n d\btful t "u local conditions1 9 clos$ places1 & "u exceptional meteorological conditions1 consid]able v>iations may occur 9 ^! proportions4 ,b ^! v>iations d n affect ! g5]al laws ( ! composition ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!re are two entirely di/9ct po9ts f :i* ! measurem5t ( ! atmosph]ic c>bonic acid may be contemplat$4 ,! fir/ consi/s 9 consid]+ x z a geological elem5t :i* belongs to ! gase\s envelope ( ! e>? 9 g5]al1 & x leads u to express ! g5]al relation ( c>bonic acid to ! quantity ( air1 z ab\t ?ree volumes 9 #aj1jjj4 ,! second1 :i* relates to accid5tal & local ph5om5a1 to ! activity ( man & bea/1 to ! effect ( fires & ( decompos+ organic matt]1 to volcanic emanations1 & f9ally to ! action ( cl\ds & ra91 p]mits u to recognize ! *anges :i* c occur 9 air expos$ to ! influ5ces m5tion$1 & to a c]ta9 ext5t conf9$4 ,)\t d5y+ t x is ( int]e/ f a meteorological & hygi5ic /&po9t1 x does n take ! same rank z fir/4 ,j4 ,reiset's exp]im5ts1 by _! numb]1 accuracy1 ! l>ge volumes employ$1 & ! int]val ( ye>s t sep>ate !m1 h def9itely e/abli%$ two facts on :i* ! e>?'s hi/ory mu/ dep5d3 ! fir/ is1 t ! p]c5tage ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air sc>cely *anges2 ! second1 t x diff]s b little f ?ree t5-?\s&?s by volume4 ,^! results are fully confirm$ by ! results :i* 7 obta9$ by ,franz ,s*ulze1 9 ,ro/ock1 9 #ahfh1 #ahfi1 #ahgj1 & #ahga4 ,! av]ages :i* he got1 ) v small v>iation1 7 #b4hffh = #ahfi1 #b4ijeb = #ahgj1 & #c4jabf = #ahga4 ,m rec5tly ,mu5tz & ,aub9 h analyz$ air collect$ on ! pla9s ne> ,p>is1 on ! ,pic du ,midi1 & on ! top ( ,puy-de-,dome4 ,_! results agree ) ^? publi%$ by ,reiset & ,s*ulze4 ,! gr& av]age ( c>bonic oxide 9 ! air seems to be tol]ably fix$1 b aft] ?is />t+-po9t is e/abli%$ x rema9s to /udy ! v>iations t x is capable (1 n f local causes1 :i* are ( little importance1 b f g5]al causes connect$ ) l>ge movem5ts ( ! air4 ,^u ?is /udy1 :i* dem&s ! co-op]ation ( a def9ite numb] ( obs]v]s /ation$ at diff]5t & di/ant po9ts ( ! e>?1 ! exp]im5ts be+ made simultane\sly & by comp>able me?ods4 ,m4 ,dumas call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to ?is po9t1 9 connection ) its mission ( select+ suitable /ations = obs]v+ ! transit ( ,v5us4 ,! process & app>atus ( ,mu5tz & ,aub9 (f] ! means adapt$ = mak+ ^! exp]im5ts1 & seem suffici5t to solve ! problem :i* sci5ce proposes1 ( det]m9+ ! pres5t quantity ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air4 ,if ^! exp]im5ts yield satisfactory results1 z we h good reasons to believe !y w1 x is to be hop$ t annual obs]vations w be made 9 prop]ly-*os5 places1 s z to det]m9e ! v>iations :i* may possibly take place 9 ! relative quantity ( atmosph]ic c>bonic acid dur+ ! com+ c5tury4--,compt4 ,r5d41 p4 #ehi4 ,al?\gh ?is proposition 0 made by a ,fr5*man to 8 fell[ sci5ti/s1 w\ld x n be well = "s ,am]ican to accept ! *all5ge1 & br+ x be=e ! com+ meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 9 ! hope t we1 too1 may contribute our mite ( ef=t 9 ! same direction8--,ed4 ,k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,aque\s ,,vapor ,,on ,,! ,,explosion ,,( ,,c>bonic ,,oxide ,,& ,,oxyg54 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 ,s\?ampton ,meet+1 ,section ,b1 #ahhb4 ,by ,,h>old ,b4 ,,dixon1 ,m4,a41 ,mill>d ,lectur] 9 ,*emi/ry1 ,balliol & ,tr9ity ,colleges1 ,ox=d4 ,two ye>s ago ,i _h ! honor ( %[+ be=e ! ,*emical ,section ( ! ,briti% ,association "s exp]im5ts1 9 :i* a well-dri$ mixture ( c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 0 submitt$ to electric sp>ks )\t explod+4#a ,x 0 fur!r %[n t ! introduction ( a v m9ute quantity ( aque\s vapor into ! non-explosive mixture 0 suffici5t to cause explosive comb9ation betwe5 ! gases :5 ! sp>k 0 pass$4 ,! hypo!sis advanc$ to acc\nt = ! obs]v$ facts 0 t c>bonic oxide does n unite directly ) oxyg5 at a high temp]ature1 b only indirectly ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( wat]-vapor pres5t1 a molecule ( wat] be+ decompos$ by "o ( c>bonic oxide to =m a molecule ( c>bonic acid & "o ( free hydrog51 & ! latt] unit+ ) ! oxyg5 to re-=m a molecule ( wat]1 :i* aga9 und]goes ! same cycle ( *anges1 till all ! oxyg5 is transf]r$ to ! c>bonic oxide3 ,h#b,o ,,co ,h#b ,,co#b ,h#b ,o ,h#b,o ,footnote #a3 ,report ( ,briti% ,association1 #ahhj1 p4 #ejc4 ,= su* a s]ies ( reactions a comp>atively few molecules ( wat] w\ld suffice1 & ! *ange produc$ by _! alt]nate r$uction & oxidation w\ld come "u ! old t]m ( catalytic action1 inasmu* z ! few wat] molecules pres5t at ! beg9n+ are f\nd 9 ! same /ate at ! completion ( ! reaction4 ,! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis has s9ce be5 confirm$ by exp]im5ts ,i h made on ! incomplete combu/ion ( mixtures ( c>bonic oxide & hydrog52 & on ! velocity ( explosion ( c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 ) v>y+ proportions ( aque\s vapor4 ,i !re=e ?\ght a description ( ! m conv5i5t me?ods lately devis$ z lecture exp]im5ts = %[+ ! influ5ce ( wat] on ! combu/ion ( c>bonic oxide w\ld n be un9t]e/+ to ! ,section4 ,a glass tube f #ah in*es to #b feet long1 clos$ at "o end1 & provid$ ) plat9um wires1 is b5t ne> its op5 end s t ! %ort] arm makes an angle ( ab\t #fj ) ! long] arm4 ,! tube1 held by a clamp1 is heat$ 9 a ,buns5 flame1 & is !n fill$ ) m]cury heat$ to ab\t #acj ,c4 ,! mixture ( gases is !n made to displace a portion ( ! m]cury by =c+ x ?r\gh a f9e tube1 :i* is connect$ by a /eel cap to ! eudiomet] ( ,mc,leod's gas app>atus1 & passes d[n ?r\gh ! m]cury 9 ! %ort] arm ( ! exp]im5tal tube4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( ! gase\s mixture has be5 collect$ 9 ! long] arm1 "s dry phosphoric oxide is introduc$ 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a small glass tube is heat$1 pack$ ) ! dry p[d]1 & pu%$ d[n into ! %ort] arm ( ! exp]im5tal tube4 ,) a hot glass rod ! phosphoric oxide is pu%$ out at ! bottom ( ! small tube1 & passes up into ! gase\s mixture 9 ! long] arm4 ,aft] /&+ = a few h\rs 9 contact ) ! phosphoric oxide1 ! gases may be submitt$ to /rong sp>ks f a ,leyd5 j> )\t ignit+4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t none ( ! oxide comes 9 contact ) ! plat9um wires1 = if any /icks to ! wires x becomes heat$ by ! passage ( ! sp>ks1 & gives (f en\gh wat] to det]m9e ! explosion4 ,9 ?is way ,i h prep>$ sev]al specim5s ( a non-explosive mixture ( c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 9 ! prop] proportions to =m c>bonic acid4 ,"s ( ^! tubes h be5 submitt$ )\t explosion to sp>ks f a l>ge ,leyd5 j>1 to a cont9u\s succession ( sp>ks f a ,holtz ma*9e1 & to ! dis*>ge ( a ,ruhmkorff's coil1 t heat$ ! plat9um wires betwe5 :i* x pass$ to bright r$ness4 ,o!r tubes :i* )/ood ! passage ( ! sp>ks f a ,leyd5 j>1 :5 submitt$ to ! dis*>ge ( ! coil1 explod$ aft] a few seconds :5 ! plat9um wires became r$-hot4 ,?is ,i ?9k may probably be attribut$ to hydrog51 occlud$ by ! plat9um1 be+ giv5 (f on heat+1 & =m+ /eam ) ! oxyg5 pres5t4 ,= an easy & /rik+ lecture exp]im5t1 ,i employ a tube op5 at bo? ends & b5t l a ,w4 ,! two op5 arms are %ort & ! plat9um wires are fix$ at ! highe/ b5d4 ,! tube is fill$ ) hot m]cury--"o ( ! ends be+ clos$ by a ca\t*\c /opp] = ! purpose--& a dry mixture ( #e volumes ( air & #b volumes ( c>bonic oxide is introduc$ into ! b5t tube ov] ! m]cury4 ,a little phosphoric oxide is pass$ up "o arm4 ,aft] a few m9utes ! gases may be submitt$ to ! sp>k )\t explod+4 ,a little wat] may !n be introduc$ ?r\gh a pipette into ! o!r arm2 & if ! sp>k is pass$ directly ! gases ignite 9 ! wet & n 9 ! dry arm ( ! tube4 ,! admixture ( ! in]t nitrog5 r5d]s a l>g] quantity ( aque\s vapor necess>y = ! explosion ?an :5 only c>bonic oxide & oxyg5 9 prop] proportion are pres5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,composition ,,( ,,be]s ,,made ,,p>tly ,,f ,,raw ,,gra94 ,at ! pres5t "t ,engli% brew]s are be+ d5\nc$ = sub/itut+ prop]ly-prep>$ maize1 rice1 & o!r raw gra9 = b>ley malt1 & ! be]s produc$ p>tly f su* mat]ials are describ$ z be+ v inf]ior1 & ev5 injuri\s to heal?4 ,t su* d5unciations are altoge!r unw>rant$ is evid5t to all :o h paid any att5tion to ! subject1 & are acqua9t$ ) ! *emical *anges involv$ 9 brew+1 & ) ! composition ( ! result+ be]s4 ,un=tunately b few comp>ative analyses h be5 publi%$ ( be]s made solely f malt & be]s made f malt 9 conjunction ) raw gra91 & !re=e su* wild ass]tions z 7 rec5tly utt]$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons h rema9$ unansw]$4 ,a ,g]man *emi/1 ,j4 ,hanamann1 "s "t s9ce made a s]ies ( analyses ( be]s brew$ p>tly f raw gra91 & 8 results completely controv]t ! !ory t raw gra9 be]s ess5tially diff] 9 composition f malt be]s4 ,f\r worts 7 made by ! decoction sy/em ( ma%+3 ,a entirely f b>ley malt2 ,b f #fj p] c5t4 ( malt & #dj p] c5t4 ( maize2 ,c f #fj p] c5t4 ( malt & #dj p] c5t4 ( rice2 & ,d f #fj p] c5t ( malt & #dj p] c5t4 ( pure />*4 ,! analyses ( ^! respective worts gave ! foll[+ results3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,sug>444444444444444 #d4if #d4jh #d4hd #d4hg ,dextr9e444444444444 #f4je #f4hc #f4ce #f4fj ,total extract4444444 #ab4bi #ab4bg #ab4cj #ab4cb ,album9oids444444444 #j4hb #j4gh #j4fh #j4db ,o!r sub/ances4444 #j4df #j4eh #j4dc #j4dc ,x w be se5 t ^! worts v>y v little 9 composition1 ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce be+ t ^? made p>tly f raw gra9 are m dextr9\s & conta9 less album9oids ?an ! wort made f malt alone4 ,! process ( brew+ 0 !n cont9u$ z usual1 & aft] f]m5tation ! result+ be]s 7 aga9 analyz$ ) ! foll[+ results3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,alcohol4444444444444 #b4ga #b4gf #b4ij #c4ai ,sug>444444444444444 #a4je #a4ab #j4ih #j4ce ,dextr9e444444444444 #d4ed #d4ca #d4db #d4gd ,extract4444444444444 #f4ei #f4dh #f4be #e4ia ,album9oids444444444 #j4dc #j4ci #j4cc #j4bh ,o!r sub/ances 444 #j4eg #j4ff #j4eb #j4ed ,x w be obs]v$ t ! be]s made p>tly f raw gra9 are slightly m alcoholic1 b 9 o!r respects diff] b v little f ! pure malt be]1 b none ( !m c 9 any way be pron\nc$ z really inf]ior or un:olesome4 ,! be] made p>tly f maize is1 9 fact1 h>dly to be di/+ui%$ 9 *emical composition f t made solely f malt4 ,^! worts & be]s 7 brew$ ^u ! ,g]man sy/em1 b analog\s results w\ld und\bt$ly be obta9$ ) be]s brew$ f ! l mat]ials on ! ,engli% sy/em4 ,we hope soon to be 9 a position to publi% "s comp>ative analyses ( be]s brew$ 9 ?is c\ntry f malt comb9$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( raw gra92 b ! analyses :i* we h n[ quot$ con/itute a suffici5t refutation to ^? :o ass]t t brew]s us+ raw gra9 are produc+ an injuri\s or ev5 an inf]ior quality ( be]4--,brew]s' ,gu>dian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,d\ble ,,butt]cups4 ,among e>ly summ] fl[]s 9 op5 bord]s few are pretti] ?an ! d\ble-fl[]$ k9ds ( ranunculus ( ! h]bace\s type4 ,hav+ be5 e/abli%$ favorites = ages1 mo/ ( !m are famili> to u1 & poor inde$ is t h>dy plant bord] :i* does n conta9 a good heal?y tuft ( :at are t]m$ ,fair ,maids ( ,france1 or ,ba*elor's ,buttons1 ! d\bl$ fl[]$ v>iety ( ,r4 aconitifolius4 ,! small1 pure :ite rosette-l fl[]s produc$ s pl5tifully1 & 9 su* a graceful mann]1 make x an extremely pretty1 &1 ?\gh common1 valuable plant1 p>ticul>ly useful 9 a cut /ate4 ,x is "o ( ! k9ds %[n 9 ! annex$ engrav+4 ,( d\ble cr[foots !re are ?ree o!rs1 ! types ( :i* are ,r4 bulbosus1 acris1 & rep5s4 ,all ^! are v pretty1 hav+ bright yell[1 compact1 rosette-l fl[]s1 z p]fect 9 =m z t ( "s ( ! f9e/ sorts ( ! ,asiatic or ,p]sian ranunculus ( ! flori/s4 ,bo? ! d\ble ,r4 acris & rep5s are pr(use fl[]]s1 b ,r4 bulbosus is n s2 x1 h[ev]1 be>s mu* l>g] fl[]s ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs1 & on ?is acc\nt is nam$ ,r4 speciosus4 ,^! f\r plants are indisp5sable1 yield+1 z !y d1 fl[]s 9 su* abundance & 9 su* long succession4 ,9 ord] to enable !m to develop fully !y require good culture1 a good1 deep loamy soil1 enri*$ ) well-decay$ manure1 & if ! bord] be moi/1 s mu* ! bett]1'= ^! ranunculuses delight 9 a cool1 moi/ soil4 ,treat$ lib]ally 9 ?is way1 ^! d\ble butt]cups are inde$ f9e plants4--,w4 ,g41 9 ,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,butt]cups4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ligu/rum ,,quih\i4 ,?is is a ,*9ese species1 at pres5t little kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x =ms a l[ bu% ) spread+ wiry purpli% d[ny bran*es1 & loose t]m9al panicles ( :ite fl[]s4 ,its peculi> spread+ habit1 d>k gre5 leaves1 & abundant fl[]s r5d] x a desirable acquisition to ! %rubb]y4 ,x is q h>dy4--,! ,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ligu/rum ,,quih\i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,raphiolepis ,,japonica4 ,?is h&some ,japanese %rub is n an uncommon plant 9 gre5h\ses1 9 :i* x is g5]ally kn[n "u ! g>d5 "n ( ,r4 ovata4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 p]fectly h>dy1 & x is ) ! view ( mak+ t fact kn[n t we produce ! annex$ illu/ration ( x1 :i* repres5ts a spray lately s5t to u by ,messrs4 ,veit* f _! nurs]y at ,coombe ,wood1 :]e ! plant has )/ood ! full rigor ( our climate = "s ye>s pa/4 ,! ,coombe ,wood ,nurs]y is n v well %elt]$1 & ! soil is n ( ! lighte/ description2 ! plant may1 !re=e1 be said to h a fair trial out-(-doors4 ,we h also met ) x 9 ! op5 air 9 o!r places besides ,coombe ,wood1 & if we rememb] rightly1 ,mr4 ,g4,f4 ,wilson has a f9e old bu% ( x on 8 rock]y :i* ab\nds ) %rubs ( a simil> "*1 all app>5tly at home4 ,?is %rub is ( l[ gr[?1 some:at bu%y 9 habit1 & r sp>sely furni%$ ) oval leaves ( a lea!ry texture4 ,x produces its fl[]s 9 e>ly summ]1 & :5 a good-siz$ bu%1 well cov]$ ) clu/]s ( :ite blossoms resembl+ ^? ( "s species ( ,cratgus1 x has a h&some appe>ance1 &1 l mo/ o!r rosace\s %rubs1 p[]fully fragrant4 ,^? :o possess duplicate plants ( x w\ld d well to try x 9 ! op5 9 "s %elt]$ spot1 & if 9 a high & dry position s mu* ! bett]4 ,?is species is call$ also 9 ! g>d5s by its synonym1 ,r4 integ]rima ,!re are ?ree o!r k9ds ( ,raphiolepis 9 cultivation1 viz41 ,r4 indica1 ,r4 rubra1 & ,r4 salicifolia1 b only ! la/ nam$ "o is g5]ally kn[n4 ,x too is a h&some %rub1 readily di/+ui%$ by ! long1 will[-l foliage4 ,its fl[]s are mu* ! same z ^? ( ,r4 japonica1 b m pl5tifully produc$4 ,we h no in/ance ( its hav+ /ood out l its cong5]1 & we d\bt if x is s h>dy1 see+ t x is a ,*9ese plant4 ,p]haps "s ( our read]s c enlight5 u on ! po9t4--,w4,g41 9 ,! ,g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fl[]+ ,,spray ,,( ,,raphiolepis ,,japonica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,riv9a ,l,,vis4 ,! brilliant little sc>let b]ries ( ?is plant r5d] x1 :5 well gr[n1 "o ( ! prettie/ ( ornam5ts = ! ho?\se1 cons]vatory1 or ev5 = a w>m room4 ,x is q easily manag$1 /ray se$s ( x ev5 gr[+ :]e !y fall1 & mak+ h&some specim5s4 ,= indoor decoration few subjects are m int]e/+1 & a few plants may be s manag$ z to h !m 9 fruit 9 succession all ! ye> r\nd4 ,any k9d ( soil w answ] = ?is ,riv9a4 ,cutt+s ( x /rike freely1 b x is easie/ obta9$ f se$s4 ,ei!r "o plant or ?ree may occupy a #f 94 pot1 & t is ! be/ size = table decoration4 ,usually x is be/ to raise a few plants e ye> & disc>d ! old /ock1 b "s may be reta9$ = gr[+ into l>ge specim5s4 ,^! %\ld be cut back be=e !y are />t$ into gr[?4 ,! b]ries yield a f9e1 b fugitive r$ color4 ,mill] says t he made exp]im5ts ) ! juice = color+ fl[]s1 & succe$$ extremely well1 ?us mak+ ! tub]ose & ! d\ble :ite n>cissus v>iegat$ 9 "o night4 ,( ?is species !re is a v>iety ) yell[ b]ries :i* are n q s h&some z ! r$1 ?\gh v attractive4 ,r4 humilis diff]s f lvis 9 hav+ hairy leaves1 ^? ( lvis be+ q smoo?4 ,x also diff]s 9 ! dull] r$ color ( ! b]ries1 lvis be+ mu* ! pretti]4 ,bo? are natives ( ! ,we/ ,indies4--,r4,i4,l41 9 ,! ,g>d54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,apples ,,9 ,,/ore4 ,apples always1 :e!r 9 b>rels or piles1 :5 ! temp]ature is ris+ s t ! surr\nd+ air is w>m] ?an ! apples1 cond5se moi/ure on ! surface & become q moi/ & sometimes dripp+ wet1 & ?is has giv5 ! common impression t !y sweat1 :i* is n true4 ,z !y come f ! tree !y are plump & solid1 full ( juice2 by keep+1 !y gradually "p ) a portion ( ?is moi/ure1 ! quantity v>y+ ) ! temp]ature & ! circulation ( air ab\t !m1 & be+ mu* m rapid :5 fir/ pick$ ?an aft] a %ort "t1 & by p>t+ ) ?is moi/ure !y become spr+y or yield+1 & 9 a bett] condition to pack closely 9 b>rels2 b ?is moi/ure nev] %[s on ! surface 9 ! =m ( sweat4 ,9 keep+ apples1 v mu* dep5ds ^u ! surr\nd+s2 e v>iation 9 temp]ature causes a *ange 9 ! fruit1 & ha/5s maturity & decay1 & we %\ld /rive to h z little *ange z possible1 & also h ! temp]ature z l[ z possible1 s ! apples d n freeze4 ,!n1 "s v>ieties keep mu* bett] 9 op5 b9s ?an o!rs2 = in/ance1 ! ,gre5+ is "o ( ! be/ to /ore 9 b9s4 ,a v good way = /or+ apples is to h a fruit-room t c be made & kept at f #cb to #bh1 & ! air close & pure1 put ! apples 9 slatt$ boxes1 n b9s1 ea* box hold+ ab\t "o b>rel1 & pile !m 9 ti]s1 s t "o box above re/s on two bel[1 & only b>rel :5 ready to m>ket2 b ?is is an exp5sive way1 & c only be practic$ by ^? ) limit$ crops ( apples1 & x is n at all practicable = long keep+1 because 9 ?is way !y lose moi/ure mu* m rapidly ?an :5 head$ close 9 b>rels1 & become badly %rivel$4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 !re is no way ( keep+ apples q s good & practicable z pack+ 9 light b>rels & /or+ 9 cool cell>s2 ! b>rel =ms a room )9 a room1 & prev5ts circulation ( air & consequ5t dry+ & %r9k+ ( ! fruit1 & also less5s ! *anges ( temp]ature1 & besides m fruit c be pack$ & /or$ 9 a giv5 space ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,! poore/ ( all ways is ! l>ge op5 b91 & ! objections are3 too mu* fruit 9 contact2 too mu* weight ^u ! l[] fruit2 & too mu* tr\ble to h&le & sort :5 desirable to m>ket4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! almo/ univ]sal cu/om 9 ,we/]n ,new ,york to sort & b>rel ! apples z fa/ z pick$ f ! trees1 head+ up at once & draw+ to m>ket or pil+ 9 "s cool place till ! approa* ( cold wea!r1 & !n putt+ 9 cell>s4 ,by ?is me?od x 0 impossible to prev5t leaves1 twigs1 & o!r dirt f gett+ into ! b91 & x 0 difficult to prop]ly sort ! fruit1 & if well sort$1 occasionally an apple1 ) no visible cause1 w entirely & :olly rot soon aft] pack+4 ,"s v>ieties are m liable to d ?is ?an o!rs1 b all w to "s ext5t2 ?is occurs )9 a week or t5 days aft] pick+1 &1 :5 b>rel$1 ^! decay$ apples are ( c\rse 9 ! b>rels1 & help to decay o!rs4 ,al?\gh pack$ ev] s well & press$ ev] s tight1 ! %r9k+ ( ! fre%-pick$ fruit1 soon makes !m loose1 & no?+ is s bad 9 h&l+ apples z ?is4 ,altoge!r ?is 0 a v untidy me?od ( h&l+ apples1 & has be5 entirely ab&on$ = a bett]4 ,! v be/ me?od dep5ds a good deal ^u ! quantity to be h&l$2 if only a few hundr$ b>rels1 !y c be put 9 op5 b>rels & /or$ on ! b>n floor4 ,place empty b>rels on a log-boat or old sl$2 take out ! upp] head & place x 9 ! bottom ( ! b>rel2 on pick+ ! apples put !m1 )\t sort+1 directly into ^! b>rels1 & :5 a load is fill$1 draw to ! b>n & place 9 ti]s on end along "o side ( ! floor2 :5 "o ti] is full lay "s /rips ( bo>ds on top & on ^! place ano!r ti] ( b>rels2 !n m bo>ds & ano!r ti]2 two m5 c easily place !m ?ree ti]s high1 & an ord9>y b>n floor w 9 ?is way /ore a good _m b>rels ( apples4 ,:]e _m hundr$s or ?\s&s ( b>rels are gr[n1 x is a good plan to build h\ses or %$s 9 conv5i5t places 9 ! or*>d = hold+ ! apples z pick$2 ^! are built on po/s or /ones1 ab\t "o foot f ! gr\nd2 floors1 sides1 & ends %\ld be made ( /rips ab\t f\r in*es wide & plac$ "o in* ap>t1 & ! ro( %\ld project well on e side4 ,! apples1 z pick$1 are drawn to ^! 9 boxes or b>rels & pil$ c>efully on ! floors1 ab\t ?ree feet deep4 ,:]e ^! h\ses are n provid$1 ! next be/ way is to pile ! apples1 z pick$1 on clean /raw "u ! trees 9 ! deepe/ %ade to be f\nd4 ,aft] ly+ 9 any "o ( ^! positions ab\t t5 days !y %\ld be c>efully sort$ & pack$ 9 clean b>rels1 plac+ at lea/ two lay]s on ! bottom ( ! b>rels1 ) /ems d[n2 aft] ?is fill full1 %ak+ mod]ately two or ?ree times z ! till+ goes on1 &1 ) "s sort ( press1 press ! head d[n1 s t ! apples %all rema9 firm & full "u all k9ds ( h&l+4 ,apples may be press$ too mu* z well z too little4 ,if press$ s t _m are brok51 & badly brok51 !y w soon get loose & rattle 9 ! b>rels1 & no?+ spoils !m soon] ?an ?is4 ,:at we want is to h !m j s !y %all be sure to rema9 firm1 & c>efully %ak+ s z to h !m well settl$ toge!r1 has z mu* to d ) _! rema9+ firm z ! press+ d[n ( ! head4 ,aft] ! b>rels are fill$ & head$ !y %\ld at once be plac$ on _! sides 9 a b>n or %$1 or 9 piles1 cov]$ ) bo>ds1 f sun & ra91 or if a fruit-h\se or cell> is h&y !y may at once be plac$ !re92 ! object %\ld be to keep !m z cool & at z ev5 a temp]ature z possible4 ,9 all ! op]ations ( h&l+ apples f pick+ to m>ket1 rememb] t c>elessness & h>%ness always bruise ! fruit1 & t e bruise detracts mu* f its keep+ & m>ket value2 & rememb] ano!r ?+1 t ,hone/y is ! be/ policy4--,j4,s4 ,woodw>d1 9 ,n4,y4 ,tribune4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,sun',s ,,di/ance ,,by ,a ,,new ,,me?od4 ,by ,t4,s4,h4 ,,eyt+e1 ,ca9sville1 ,canada4 ,x is well kn[n t ! sun's di/ance has be5 det]m9$ f ! velocity ( light4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 by t]rre/rial exp]im5ts1 ab\t h[ fa/ light travels1 &1 kn[+ f c]ta9 a/ronomical ph5om5a ! "t light requires to pass f ! sun to ! e>?1 we h be5 able to det]m9e ! sun's di/ance4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( det]m9+ ! velocity ( light1 b hi!rto only two plans h be5 us$ to detect ! "t light occupies 9 pass+ f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,?is "t 0 fir/ discov]$ by obs]vations ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! int]val betwe5 ! eclipses ( ^! bodies 0 n always ! same--t ! eclipses occurr$ e>li] :5 ,jupit] 0 ne>e/ ! e>?1 & lat] :5 he 0 at 8 greate/ di/ance4 ,roem]1 a ,dani% a/ronom]1 fir/ detect$ ! cause ( ?is v>iation4 ,! second me?od by :i* ?is "t has be5 f\nd is ! ab]ration ( /ell> light4 ,?is ref9$ me?od 0 detect$ by ! great ,engli% a/ronom] ,bradley4 ,ab\t two ye>s ago x occurr$ to me t a ?ird me?od c be us$ to solve ?is important problem4 ,my plan is ?is3 ,x is well kn[n t _m v>iable />s1 su* z ,algol1 sigma ,librae1 ,u ,coronae1 & ! rem>kable v>iable ,d4,m4 #a4cdjh1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,e4,f4 ,sawy]1 fluctuate at regul> int]vals4 ,n[1 ,i believe x is possible to det]m9e v accurately ! int]vals betwe5 ^! *anges1 &1 by not+ ! *ange ( "t 9 ^! int]vals1 :5 ! e>? is 9 diff]5t po9ts ( its orbit1 we get ! "t light requires to cross t orbit4 ,=1 z 9 ! case ( ! satellites ( ,jupit]1 :5 ! /> is 9 opposition1 ! *anges w occur e>li] ?an :5 x is 9 conjunction or approa*+ t po9t4 ,i h rec5tly put ?is plan to ! te/1 & hope be=e long to make kn[n ! results4 ,9 detect+ ! *anges ( v>iables1 ,i h attempt$ to sub/itute1 9 place ( ! ord9>y eye obs]vations1 a v delicate !rmopile1 :i* regi/]s ! *anges 9 ! />'s heat4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ?is is ! fir/ application ( ! !rmopile to v>iables4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(essor ,,haeckel ,,on ,,d>w94 ,9 ,nature appe>s a report ( ! rem>kable address giv5 by ,pr(essor ,haeckel at ! rec5t ,eis5a* meet+ ( ! ,g]man ,association ( ,naturali/s on ! !ories ( ,d>w91 ,goe!1 & ,lam>ck4 ,! address is ma9ly devot$ to ,d>w9 & ,d>w9ism1 & ( bo?1 we ne$ sc>cely say1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has ! highe/ e/imate4 ,he said3 ,:51 five mon?s ago1 ! sad intellig5ce rea*$ u by telegraph f ,engl& t on ,april #ai ,*>les ,d>w9 _h conclud$ 8 life ( ri* activity !re ?rill$ ) r>e unanimity ?r\gh ! :ole sci5tific _w ! feel+ ( an irrep>able loss4 ,n only did ! innum]able adh]5ts & s*ol>s ( ! great naturali/ lam5t ! decease ( ! head ma/] :o _h guid$ !m1 b ev5 ! mo/ e/eem$ ( 8 oppon5ts _h to confess t "o ( ! mo/ significant & influ5tial spirits ( ! c5tury _h dep>t$4 ,?is univ]sal s5tim5t f\nd its mo/ eloqu5t expression 9 ! fact t imm$iately aft] 8 dea? ! ,engli% newspap]s ( all p>ties1 & pre-em95tly 8 ,cons]vative oppon5ts1 dem&$ t ! burial-place ( ! deceas$ %\ld be 9 ! ,valhalla ( ,great ,brita91 ! national ,temple ( ,fame1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey2 & !re1 9 po9t ( fact1 he f\nd 8 la/ re/+-place by ! side ( ! k9dr$-m9d$ ,newton4 ,9 no c\ntry ( ! _w1 h[ev]1 ,engl& n except$1 has ! re=m+ doctr9e ( ,d>w9 met ) s mu* liv+ int]e/ or evok$ su* a /orm ( writ+s1 = & aga9/1 z 9 ,g]many4 ,x is1 !re=e1 only a debt ( honor we pay if at ?is ye>'s assembly ( ,g]man naturali/s & physicians we gratefully call to remembrance ! mighty g5ius :o has dep>t$1 & br+ home to our m9ds ! l(t9ess ( ! !ory ( nature to :i* he has elevat$ u4 ,& :at place 9 ! _w c\ld be m appropriate = r5d]+ ?is s]vice ( ?anks ?an ,eis5a*1 ) its ,w>tburg1 ?is /ronghold ( free inquiry & free op9ion6 ,z 9 ?is sacr$ spot #cfj ye>s ago ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 by 8 re=m ( ! ,*ur* 9 its head & memb]s1 introduc$ a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( civilization1 s 9 our days has ,*>les ,d>w91 by 8 re=m ( ! doctr9e ( developm5t1 con/ra9$ ! :ole p]ception1 ?\ght1 & volition ( mank9d into new & high] c\rses4 ,x is true t p]sonally1 bo? 9 8 "* & influ5ce1 ,d>w9 has m aff9ity to ! meek & mild ,melan*?on ?an to ! p[]ful & inspir$ ,lu!r4 ,9 ! scope & importance1 h[ev]1 ( _! great "w ( re=mation ! two cases 7 entirely p>allel1 & 9 bo? ! success m>ks a new epo* 9 ! developm5t ( ! human m9d4 ,consid]1 fir/1 ! irrefragable fact ( ! unexampl$ success :i* ,d>w9's re=m ( sci5ce has a*iev$ 9 ! %ort space ( #bc ye>s6 = nev] be=e s9ce ! beg9n+ ( human sci5ce has any new !ory p5etrat$ s deeply to ! f\ndation ( ! :ole doma9 ( k or s deeply affect$ ! mo/ *]i%$ p]sonal convictions ( individual /ud5ts2 nev] be=e has a new !ory call$ =? su* vehem5t opposition & s completely ov]come x 9 su* %ort "t4 ,! depicture ( ! a/\nd+ revolution :i* ,d>w9 has accompli%$ 9 ! m9ds ( m5 9 _! entire view ( nature & conception ( ! _w w =m an int]e/+ *apt] 9 ! future hi/ory ( ! doctr9e ( developm5t4 ,describ+ a visit :i* he paid to ! late ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 #ahff1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel says3 ,9 ,d>w9's own c>riage1 :i* he _h ?\ghtfully s5t = my conv5i5ce to ! railway /ation1 ,i drove "o sunny morn+ 9 ,octob] ?r\gh ! graceful1 hilly l&scape ( ,k5t1 :i*1 ) ! *eck]$ foliage ( its woods1 ) its /ret*es ( purple hea?1 yell[ broom1 & ev]gre5 oaks1 0 array$ 9 ! faire/ autumnal dress4 ,z ! c>riage drew up 9 front ( ,d>w9's pleasant c\ntry-h\se1 clad 9 a ve/ure ( ivy & emb[]$ 9 elms1 !re /epp$ out to meet me f ! %ady por*1 ov]gr[n ) creep+ plants1 ! great naturali/ himself1 a tall & v5]able figure ) ! broad %\ld]s ( an ,atlas support+ a _w ( ?\ghts1 8 ,jupit]-l =ehead highly & broadly ar*$1 z 9 ! case ( ,goe!1 & deeply furr[$ by ! pl[ ( m5tal labor3 8 k9dly1 mild eyes look+ =? "u ! %ad[ ( prom95t br[s2 8 amiable m\? surr\nd$ by a copi\s silv]-:ite be>d4 ,! cordial1 prepossess+ expression ( ! :ole face1 ! g5tle1 mild voice1 ! sl[1 delib]ate utt]ance1 ! natural & naive tra9 ( ideas :i* m>k$ 8 conv]sation1 captivat$ my :ole he>t 9 ! fir/ h\r ( our meet+1 j z 8 great "w _h =m]ly1 on my fir/ read+ x1 tak5 my :ole und]/&+ by /orm4 ,i fanci$ a l(ty _w sage out ( ,hell5ic antiquity--a ,socrates or ,ari/otle--/ood alive be=e me4 ,our conv]sation1 ( c\rse1 turn$ pr9cipally on ! subject :i* lay ne>e/ ! he>ts ( bo?--on ! progress & prospects ( ! hi/ory ( developm5t4 ,^? prospects at t "t--#af ye>s ago--7 bad en\gh1 = ! highe/ au?orities _h = ! mo/ "p set !mselves aga9/ ! new doctr9es4 ,) t\*+ mode/y1 ,d>w9 said t 8 :ole "w 0 b a weak attempt to expla9 9 a natural way ! orig9 ( animal & vegetable species1 & t he %\ld n live to see any notewor?y success foll[+ ! exp]im5t1 ! m\nta9 ( oppos+ prejudice be+ s high4 ,he ?\ght ,i _h greatly ov]e/imat$ 8 small m]it1 & t ! high praise ,i _h be/[$ on x 9 my ',g5]al ,morphology' 0 f> too exagg]at$4 ,we next came to speak ( ! num]\s & viol5t attacks on 8 "w1 :i* 7 !n 9 ! asc5dant4 ,9 ! case ( _m ( ^? pitiful bot*es "o 01 9 fact1 q at a loss :e!r m to lam5t ! want ( und]/&+ & judgm5t !y %[$ or to give ! great] v5t to ! indignation "o c\ld n b feel at ! arrogance & presumption ( ^? mis]able scribbl]s :o pooh-pooh$ ,d>w9's ideas & bespatt]$ 8 "*4 ,i _h !n1 z on lat] occasions1 repeat$ly express$ my j scorn ( ! contemptible clan4 ,d>w9 smil$ at ?is1 & endeavor$ to calm me ) ! words1 ',my de> "y fri5d1 believe me "o mu/ h compassion & =be>ance ) su* poor creatures2 ! /ream ( tru? !y c only hold back = a pass+ in/ant1 b nev] p]man5tly /em4' ,9 my lat] visits to ,d[n 9 #ahgf & #ahgi ,i _h ! pleasure ( be+ able to relate to ,d>w9 ! mighty progress :i* 9 ! pa/ int]vals 8 doctr9es _h made 9 ,g]many4 ,_! decisive outbur/ happ5$ m rapidly & m completely "h ) u ?an 9 ,engl&1 = ! reason *iefly t ! p[] ( social & religi\s prejudice is n ne>ly s /rong "h z among our c\s9s across ! ,*annel1 :o are bett] plac$ ?an ourselves4 ,d>w9 0 p]fectly well aw>e ( all ?is2 ?\gh 8 k ( our language & lit]ature 0 defective1 z he (t5 compla9$1 yet he _h ! highe/ appreciation ( our intellectual treasures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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