,,common ,,diseases ,,( ,,f>m ,,animals 
,by ,r4 ,a4 ,craig1 ,d4,v4,m4           
,illu/ration3 ,frontispiece--,,insanit>y
 ,,dairy ,,/able ,,& ,,y>ds4 ,,disease  
,,& ,,f9ancial ,,loss ,,are ,,to ,,be   
,,expect$ ,,:5 ,,f>m ,,animals ,,are    
,,kept ,,9 ,,fil?y1 ,,insanit>y ,,qu>t]s
    ,,preface  ,9 prep>+ ! mat]ial = ?is
 book1 ! au?or has endeavor$ to arrange 
& discuss ! subject matt] 9 a way to be 
( ! greate/ s]vice & help to !          
agricultural /ud5t & /ockman1 & place at
 _! disposal a text & ref]5ce book4  ,! 
g5]al discussions at ! beg9n+ ( !       
diff]5t sections & *apt]s1 & !          
discussions ( ! diff]5t diseases are    
naturally brief4 ,an ef=t has be5 made  
to conv5i5tly arrange ! topics = bo?    
practical & class-room "w4 ,! *apt]s h  
be5 gr\p$ "u ! necess>y heads1 ) review 
que/ions at ! end ( ea* *apt]1 & ! book 
divid$ into sev5 p>ts4  ,! *apt]s on    
diseases ( ! locomotory organs1 ! tee?1 
surgical diseases & ca/ration1 al?\gh n 
commonly discuss$ 9 books ( ?is class1 !

 writ] believes w be ( value = ref]5ce &
 in/ructional "w4  ,:5 us$ z a          
text-book1 x w be well = ! in/ructor to 
supplem5t ! text ) class-room           
discussions4  ,! writ] has giv5 special 
emphasis to ! cause & prev5tion (       
disease1 & n s mu* to ! m$ic9al         
treatm5t4 ,/ockm5 are n expect$ to      
practise ! m$ic9al treatm5t1 b r !      
prev5tive treatm5t ( disease4 ,= ?is    
reason x is n deem$ advisable to give a 
l>ge numb] ( =mulas = ! prep>ation (    
m$ic9al mixtures to be us$ = ! treatm5t 
( disease1 b su* treatm5t is sugge/$ 9 !
 mo/ necess>y cases4  ,r4 ,a4 ,,craig4  
,,purdue ,,univ]sity1 ,la,fayette1 ,ind4
 ,augu/1 #aiae4     ,,cont5ts   ,,"p    
,i4--,,introductory4  ,i4      ,,g5]al  
,,discussion ,,( ,,disease ,,ii4        
,,diagnosis ,,& ,,symptoms ,,( ,,disease
 ,,iii4    ,,treatm5t  ,,"p             
,,ii4--,,non-,,specific ,,or ,,g5]al    
,,diseases4  ,,iv4     ,,diseases ,,(   
,,! ,,dige/ive ,,sy/em ,v4              
,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,liv] ,,vi4         

,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,ur9>y ,,organs     
,,vii4    ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,g5]ative 
,,organs ,,viii4   ,,diseases ,,( ,,!   
,,respiratory ,,app>atus ,,ix4          
,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,circulatory        
,,organs ,x4      ,,diseases ,,( ,,!    
,,n]v\s ,,sy/em ,,xi4     ,,diseases ,,(
 ,,! ,,sk9 ,,xii4    ,,diseases ,,( ,,! 
,,eye ,,xiii4   ,,g5]al ,,diseases ,,(  
,,! ,,locomotory ,,app>atus ,,xiv4      
,,/ructure ,,( ,,! ,,limbs ,,( ,,!      
,,horse ,,xv4     ,,uns\ndnesses ,,&    
,,blemi%es ,,xvi4    ,,diseases ,,( ,,! 
,,=e-,,limb ,,xvii4   ,,diseases ,,( ,,!
 ,,foot ,,xviii4  ,,diseases ,,( ,,!    
,,h9d ,,limb  ,,"p ,,iii4--,,! ,,tee?4  
,,xix4    ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,age ,,(       
,,animals ,,xx4     ,,irregul>ities ,,( 
,,! ,,tee?  ,,"p ,,iv4--,,surgical      
,,diseases4  ,,xxi4    ,,inflammation   
,,& ,,w\nds ,,xxii4   ,,fractures ,,&   
,,h>ness ,,injuries ,,xxiii4  ,,common  
,,surgical ,,op]ations  ,,"p            
,v4--,,p>asitic ,,diseases4  ,,xxiv4    
,,p>asitic ,,insects ,,& ,,mites ,,xxv4 

,,animal ,,p>asites  ,,"p               
,,vi4--,,infecti\s ,,diseases4  ,,xxvi4 
,,hog-,,*ol]a ,,xxvii4  ,,tub]culosis   
,,xxviii4 ,,infecti\s ,,diseases        
,,common ,,to ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,species   
,,( ,,dome/ic           ,,animals       
,,xxix4   ,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,!
 ,,horse ,,xxx4    ,,infecti\s          
,,diseases ,,( ,,cattle ,,xxxi4         
,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,p\ltry     
,,ref]5ce ,,books     ,,illu/rations    
,,fig4 7,frontispiece7 ,insanit>y dairy 
/able & y>ds4   #a4 ,side & po/]ior view
 ( bull %[+ con=mation favorable to !   
developm5t ( disease4   #b4 ,insanit>y  
y>ds4   #c4 ,%[+ :]e pulse ( horse is   
tak54   #d4 ,auscultation ( ! lungs4    
#e4 ,fev] !rmomet]4   #f4 ,dose syr+e4  
#g4 ,hypod]mic syr+es4   #h4 ,photograph
 ( model ( horse's /oma*4   #i4         
,photograph ( model ( /oma* ( rum9ant4  
#aj4 ,oesophageal groove4  #aa4 ,dilat$ 
/oma* ( horse4  #ab4 ,rupture ( /oma* ( 
horse4  #ac4 ,%[+ ! po9t :]e ! wall (   
flank & rum5 are punctur$        ) troc>

 & cannula 9 bloat4  #ad4 ,photograph ( 
model ( dige/ive tract ( horse4  #ae4   
,photograph ( model ( dige/ive tract (  
rum9ant4  #af4 ,a ye>l+ colt t di$ (    
aneurism colic4  #ag4 ,photograph (     
model ( udd] ( c[4  #ah4 ,photograph (  
model ( ut]us ( c[ conta9+ foetus4  #ai4
 ,plac5ta ( c[4  #bj4 ,a case (         
milk-fev]4  #ba4 ,milk-fev] app>atus4   
#bb4 ,a case ( cat>rhal cold4  #bc4     
,photograph ( model ( horse's he>t4     
#bd4 ,elephantiasis 9 horse4  #be4      
,photograph ( model ( horse's bra94     
#bf4 ,unilat]al facial p>alysis4  #bg4  
,bilat]al facial p>alysis4  #bh4        
,skeleton ( horse4  #bi4 ,photograph (  
model ( /ifle jo9t4  #cj4 ,atrophy ( !  
muscles ( ! ?igh4  #ca4 ,%\ld] lam5ess4 
#cb4 ,%oe-boil4  #cc4 ,sprung knees4    
#cd4 ,spl9ts4  #ce4 ,bones ( digit4     
#cf4 ,photograph ( a model ( ! foot4    
#cg4 ,foot %[+ neglect 9 trimm+ wall4   
#ch4 ,a v l>ge side bone4  #ci4 ,a case 
( navicul> disease4  #dj4 ,an improp]ly 
%od foot4  #da4 ,toe-cracks4  #db4      

,qu>t]-crack caus$ by b>b-wire cut4     
#dc4 ,*anges occurr+ 9 *ronic lam9itis4 
#dd4 ,atrophy ( ! muscles ( ! qu>t]4    
#de4 ,/r+-halt4  #df4 ,a l>ge bone      
spav94  #dg4 ,normal cannon bone &      
cannon bone %[+ bony enl>gem5t4  #dh4   
,bog spav9s4  #di4 ,?or\gh p94  #ej4    
,curbs4  #ea4 ,head ( "y horse %[+      
position & size ( tee?4  #eb4           
,longitud9al section ( incisor too?4    
#ec4 ,cross-section ( head ( "y horse1  
%[+ replacem5t ( mol>        too?4  #ed4
 ,transv]se section ( incisor too?  #ee4
 ,transv]se sections ( incisor too? %[+ 
*anges at diff]5t        ages4  #ef4    
,tee? %[+ unev5 we> occurr+ 9 old       
horses4  #eg4 ,fi/ula ( jaw4  #eh4 ,a   
l>ge hock caus$ by a punctur$ w\nd ( !  
jo9t4  #ei4 ,a l>ge inflammatory gr[?   
foll[+ injury4  #fj4 ,fi/ula ( ! )]s4   
#fa4 ,%\ld] abscess caus$ by loose-fitt+
 h>ness4  #fb4 ,a piece ( ! wall ( !    
horse's /oma* %[+ bot-fly l>vae         
atta*$4  #fc4 ,bit+ l\se4  #fd4 ,suck+  
l\se4  #fe4 ,nits atta*$ to hair4  #ff4 

,%eep-tick4  #fg4 ,%eep scab mite4  #fh4
 ,%eep scab4  #fi4 ,a sev]e case (      
mange4  #gj4 ,liv] flukes4  #ga4        
,tapeworm l>vae 9 liv]4  #gb4           
,tapeworms4  #gc4 ,tapeworm l>vae 9 !   
p]itoneum4  #gd4 ,?orn-head$ worms4     
#ge4 ,l>ge r\nd-worm 9 inte/9e ( hog4   
#gf4 ,lamb affect$ ) /oma* worm disease4
  #gg4 ,:ip-worms atta*$ to wall (      
inte/9e4  #gh4 ,p9-worms 9 inte/9e4     
#gi4 ,a hog y>d :]e disease-produc+ g]ms
 may be c>ri$ ov]        f ye> to ye>4  
#hj4 ,c>cass ( a *ol]a hog4  #ha4       
,kidneys f hog t di$ ( acute hog-*ol]a4 
#hb4 ,lungs f hog t di$ ( acute         
hog-*ol]a4  #hc4 ,a piece ( inte/9e %[+ 
inte/9al ulc]s4  #hd4 ,clean+ up a hog  
lot4  #he4 ,hyp]immune hogs us$ = !     
production ( anti-hog-*ol]a s]um4  #hf4 
,prep>+ ! hog = vacc9ation4  #hg4       
,vacc9at+ a hog4  #hh4 ,ko*'s ,bacillus 
tub]culosis4  #hi4 ,a tub]cul> c[4  #ij4
 ,tub]cul> sple5s4  #ia4 ,! c>cass ( a  
tub]cul> c[4  #ib4 ,a section ( ! *e/   
wall ( a tub]cul> c[4  #ic4 ,a v l>ge   

tub]cul> gl&4  #id4 ,a tub]cul> gl& t is
 split op54  #ie4 ,caul %[+ tub]culosis4
  #if4 ,foot ( hog %[+ tub]culosis (    
jo9t4  #ig4 ,/aphylococcus pyog5es4     
#ih4 ,/reptococcus pyog5es4  #ii4       
,bacillus ( malignant o$ema1 %[+ spores4
 #ajj4 ,bacillus ( malignant o$ema4     
#aja4 ,bacillus bovisepticus4 #ajb4 ,a  
ye>l+ /e] affect$ ) septicaemia         
haemorrhagica4 #ajc4 ,bacillus an?racis4
 #ajd4 ,bacillus necrophorus4 #aje4     
,negri bodies 9 n]ve-tissue4 #ajf4 ,a c[
 affect$ ) foot-&-m\? disease4 #ajg4    
,slaught]+ a h]d ( cattle affect$ )     
foot-&-m\? disease4 #ajh4 ,dis9fect+    
boots & coats be=e leav+ a f>m :]e      
cattle h        be5 inspect$ =          
foot-&-m\? disease4 #aji4 ,clean+ up &  
dis9fect+ premises4 #aaj4 ,bacillus     
tetani4 #aaa4 ,head ( horse affect$ )   
tetanus4 #aab4 ,a subacute case (       
tetanus4 #aac4 ,/reptococcus ( /rangles4
 #aad4 ,bacillus mallei4 #aae4 ,nasal   
septum %[+ nodules & ulc]s4 #aaf4       
,/reptococcus pyog5es equi4 #aag4 ,a    

case ( lumpy jaw4 #aah4 ,! ray fungus4  
#aai4 ,bacillus ( emphysemat\s an?rax4  
#abj4 ,cattle tick 7male74 #aba4 ,cattle
 tick 7female74 #abb4 ,blood-cells )    
,piroplasma bigem9um 9 !m4 #abc4        
,bacillus avisepticus4     ,,"p         
,i4--,,introductory   ,,*apt] ,i        
,,g5]al ,,discussion ,,( ,,disease      
,disease is ! g5]al t]m = any deviation 
f ! normal or heal?y condition ( ! body4
 ,! morbid processes t result 9 ei!r    
slight or m>k$ modifications ( ! normal 
condition are recogniz$ by ! injuri\s   
*anges 9 ! /ructure or function ( !     
organ1 or gr\p ( body organs involv$4 ,!
 increase 9 ! secretion ( ur9e          
noticeable 9 horses 9 ! late fall & w9t]
 is caus$ by ! cool wea!r & ! decrease 9
 ! p]spiration4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! increase 9
 ! quantity ( ur9e secret$ occurs       
indep5d5tly ( any normal cause & is     
accompani$ by an un?rifty & weak5$      
condition ( ! animal1 x w\ld !n         
*>act]ize disease4 ,tissues may und]go  
*anges 9 ord] to adapt !mselves to      

diff]5t environm5ts1 or z a means (     
protect+ !mselves aga9/ injuries4 ,!    
coat ( a horse becomes heavy & appe>s   
r\gh if ! animal is expos$ to sev]e     
cold4 ,a r\gh1 />+ coat is v common 9   
horses affect$ by disease4 ,! out] lay] 
( ! sk9 becomes ?ick5$ :5 subject to    
pressure or friction f ! h>ness4 ,?is   
*ange 9 /ructure is purely protective & 
normal4 ,9 disease ! deviation f normal 
mu/ be m p]man5t 9 "* ?an x is 9 !      
examples m5tion$ above1 & 9 "s way prove
 injuri\s to ! body functions4          
,,classification4--,we may divide       
diseases into ?ree classes3             
non-specific1 specific & p>asitic4      
,non-specific diseases h no con/ant     
cause4 ,a v>iety ( causes may produce ! 
same disease4 ,= example1 acute         
indige/ion may be caus$ by a *ange (    
diet1 wat]+ ! animal aft] fe$+ gra91 by 
exhau/ion & inte/9al worms4 ,usually1 b 
"o ( ! animals 9 ! /able or h]d is      
affect$4 ,if sev]al are affect$1 x is   
because all h be5 subject to ! same     

condition1 & n because ! disease has    
spread f "o animal to ano!r4  ,specific 
,diseases4--,! t]ms infecti\s &         
contagi\s are us$ 9 speak+ ( specific   
diseases4 ,mu* confusion exi/s 9 !      
popul> use ( ^! t]ms4 ,a contagi\s      
disease is "o t may be transmitt$ by    
p]sonal contact1 z1 = example1 influ5za1
 gl&]s & hog-*ol]a4 ,z ^! diseases may  
be produc$ by indirect contact ) !      
diseas$ animal z well z by direct1 !y   
are also infecti\s4 ,!re are a few g]m  
diseases t are n spread by ! heal?y     
animals com+ 9 direct contact ) !       
diseas$ animal1 z1 = example1 black leg 
& s\!rn cattle fev]4 ,^! are purely     
infecti\s diseases4 ,infection is a m   
compreh5sive t]m ?an contagion1 z x may 
be us$ 9 allud+ to all g]m diseases1    
:ile ! use ( ! t]m contagion is rightly 
limit$ to su* diseases z are produc$    
pr9cipally ?r\gh individual contact4    
,p>asitic diseases are v common among   
dome/ic animals4 ,?is class ( disease is
 caus$ by insects & worms1 z = example1 

lice1 mites1 ticks1 flies1 & r\nd & flat
 worms t live at ! exp5se ( _! ho/s4 ,!y
 may invade any ( ! organs ( ! body1 b  
mo/ commonly inhabit ! dige/ive tract & 
sk94 ,"s ( ! p>asitic insects1          
mosquitoes1 flies & ticks1 act z        
second>y ho/s = c]ta9 animal            
microorganisms t !y transmit to heal?y  
individuals ?r\gh ! punctures or ! bites
 t !y are capable ( produc+ 9 ! sk94    
,,causes4--,= conv5i5ce we may divide ! 
causes ( disease into ! pr$ispos+ or    
indirect1 & ! excit+ or direct4  ,!     
pr$ispos+ causes are su* factors z t5d  
to r5d] ! body m susceptible to disease 
or favor ! pres5ce ( ! excit+ cause4 ,= 
example1 an animal t is n>r[ *e/$ &     
lack+ 9 ! developm5t ( ! vital organs   
lodg$ 9 ! ?oracic cavity1 :5 expos$ to !
 same condition z ! o!r memb]s ( ! h]d1 
may contract disease :ile ! animals hav+
 bett] con=mation d n 7,fig4 #a74 ,hogs 
conf9$ 9 well-dra9$ y>ds & pa/ures t are
 free f fil?1 & f$ 9 p5s & on fe$+      
floors t are clean1 d n become ho/s =   

l>ge numb]s ( p>asites4 ,hogs conf9$ 9  
fil?y p5s are frequ5tly s badly infe/$ )
 lice & inte/9al worms t _! heal? &     
?rift9ess are s]i\sly int]f]$ )4 ,9 !   
fir/ case m5tion$ ! pr$isposition to    
disease is 9 ! individual1 & 9 ! second 
case x is 9 ! surr\nd+s 7,fig4 #b74     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,side &       
po/]ior view ( bull %[+ con=mation      
favorable to ! developm5t ( disease4  ,!
 excit+ causes are ! imm$iate causes ( !
 p>ticul> disease4 ,excit+ causes       
usually op]ate ?r\gh ! environm5t4 ,) ! 
exception ( ! special disease-produc+   
g]ms1 ! mo/ common excit+ causes are    
faulty food & faulty me?ods ( fe$+4 ,!  
foll[+ pr$ispos+ causes ( disease may be
 m5tion$3  ,age is an important factor 9
 ! production ( disease4 ,"y & immature 
animals are m prone to attacks (        
infecti\s diseases ?an are old & mature 
animals4 ,hog-*ol]a usually affects ! "y
 hogs 9 ! h]d fir/1 :ile sc\rs1         
suppurative jo9t disease & infecti\s    
sore m\? are diseases t occur dur+ !    

fir/ few days or few weeks ( ! animal's 
life4 ,lung & inte/9al p>asites are m   
commonly f\nd 9 ! "y1 gr[+ animals4 ,old
 animals are prone to fractures ( bones 
& deg5]ative *anges ( ! body tissues4 ,z
 a g5]al rule1 ! "y are m subject to    
acute diseases & ! old to *ronic        
diseases4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#b4--;,insanit>y y>ds4  ,! surr\nd+s or 
environm5ts are important pr$ispos+     
factors4 ,a d>k1 cr[d$1 poorly v5tilat$ 
/able l[]s ! animal's vitality1 & r5d]s 
x m susceptible to ! disease4 ,a few    
rods diff]5ce 9 ! location ( /ables &   
y>ds may make a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! heal? 
( ! h]d4 ,a dry1 protect$ site is always
 pref]able to "o 9 ! op5 or on l[1      
poorly dra9$ soil4 ,! majority ( dome/ic
 animals ne$ b little %elt]1 b !y d ne$ 
dry1 com=table qu>t]s dur+ wet1 cold    
wea!r4  ,faulty fe$ & faulty me?ods (   
fe$+ are v common causes ( diseases ( ! 
dige/ive tract & ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,a *ange
 f dry fe$ to a gre51 succul5t ration is
 a common cause ( acute indige/ion 9 bo?

 horses & cattle4 ,! fe$+ ( a heavy     
ration ( gra9 to horses t are accu/om$  
to ex]cise1 dur+ en=c$ re/ may cause    
liv] & kidney disord]s4 ,! fe$+ (       
spoil$1 decompos$ fe$s may cause s]i\s  
n]v\s & inte/9al disord]s4  ,"o attack (
 a c]ta9 disease may influ5ce !         
developm5t ( subsequ5t attacks ( ! same1
 or a diff]5t disease4 ,an individual   
may suff] f an attack ( pneumonia t s   
weak5s ! disease-resi/+ p[]s ( ! lungs z
 to result 9 a tub]cul> infection ( ^!  
organs4 ,9 ! horse1 "o attack ( azoturia
 pr$isposes x to a second attack4 ,"o   
attack ( an infecti\s disease usually   
conf]s immunity aga9/ t p>ticul>        
disease4 ,h]$ity does n play z important
 a "p 9 ! developm5t ( diseases 9       
dome/ic animals z 9 ! human race4 ,a    
c]ta9 family may inh]it a pr$isposition 
to disease ?r\gh ! faulty or insuffici5t
 developm5t ( an organ or gr\p ( organs4
 ,! diff]5t species ( animals are       
affect$ by diseases peculi> to t        
p>ticul> species4 ,! horse is ! only    

species t is affect$ ) azoturia4 ,gl&]s 
affects solip$s1 :ile black leg is a    
disease peculi> to cattle4   ,,que/ions 
#a4 ,:at is disease8  #b4 ,h[ are       
diseases classifi$8 ,give an example ( !
 diff]5t classes4  #c4 ,:at is a        
pr$ispos+ cause8 ,excit+ cause8  #d4 ,"n
 ! diff]5t pr$ispos+ & excit+ causes (  
disease4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,diagnosis  
,,& ,,symptoms ,,( ,,disease   ,!       
importance ( recogniz+ or diagnos+ !    
seat & nature ( ! morbid *ange occurr+ 9
 an organ or gr\p ( organs _c be        
ov]e/imat$4 ,laym5 d n compreh5d !      
difficulty or importance ( correctly    
gr\p+ ! signs or symptoms ( disease 9   
su* a way z to enable !m to recognize ! 
nature ( ! disease4 ,9 ord] to be able  
to und]/& ! mean+ ( ! _m symptoms or    
signs ( disease1 we mu/ possess k ( !   
/ructure & physiological functions ( !  
diff]5t organs ( ! body4 ,we mu/ be     
famili> ) ! animal :5 x is 9 good heal? 
9 ord] to be able to recognize any      
deviation f ! normal due to disease1 &  

we mu/ le>n f p]sonal obs]vation !      
diff]5t symptoms t *>act]ize ! diff]5t  
diseases4 ,/ockm5 %\ld be able to tell  
:5 any ( ! animals 9 _! c>e are sick z  
soon z ! fir/ symptom ( disease manife/s
 itself1 by *anges 9 ! g5]al appe>ance &
 behavior4 ,b 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! exact 
condition a g5]al & sy/ematic exam9ation
 is necess>y4 ,! exam9]1 :e!r he be a   
layman or a vet]9>ian1 mu/ obs]ve !     
animal c>efully1 not+ ! behavior1       
appe>ance1 surr\nd+s1 & g5]al & local   
symptoms4  ,be=e mak+ a g5]al exam9ation
 ( ! animal x is well1 if ! exam9] is n 
already acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! case    
7c>e1 fe$ & surr\nd+s71 to le>n z mu*   
ab\t ?is f ! att5dant z is possible4    
,inquiry %\ld be made z to ! fe$+1 !    
conditions "u :i* ! animal has be5 kept1
 ! l5g? ( "t x has be5 sick1 its        
actions1 or any o!r in=mation t may be (
 assi/ance 9 =m+ ! diagnosis & outl9+ ! 
treatm5t4  ,! g5]al symptoms in=m u     
reg>d+ ! condition ( ! diff]5t gr\ps (  
body organs4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ?is gr\p (

 symptoms enables u correctly to        
diagnose disease & in=m ourselves z to !
 progress ( long1 sev]e affections4 ,^! 
symptoms occur 9 connection ) ! pulse1  
respirations1 body temp]ature1 sk9 &    
coat1 visible muc\s membranes1          
secretions & excretions1 & behavior ( ! 
animal4  ,! local symptoms are conf9$ to
 a def9ite "p or organ4 ,swell+1 pa91   
t5d]ness & loss ( function are common   
local symptoms4 ,a direct symptom may   
also be consid]$ "u ?is head because (  
its direct relation to ! seat ( disease4
 ,x aids greatly 9 =m+ ! diagnosis4     
,o!r t]ms us$ 9 describ+ symptoms (     
disease are objective1 :i* includes all 
t c be recogniz$ by ! p]son mak+ !      
exam9ation2 indirect1 :i* are obs]v$ at 
a di/ance f ! seat ( ! disease2 &       
premonitory1 :i* prec$e ! direct1 or    
*>act]i/ic symptoms4 ,! subjective      
symptoms include su* z are felt &       
describ$ by ! pati5t4 ,^! symptoms are  
available f ! human pati5t only4        
,pulse4--,! "* ( ! int]mitt5t expansion 

( ! art]ies1 call$ ! pulse1 in=ms u z to
 ! condition ( ! he>t & blood-vessels4  
,! frequ5cy ( ! pulse beat v>ies 9 !    
diff]5t species ( animals4 ,! small] !  
animal ! m frequ5t ! pulse4 ,9 "y       
animals ! numb] ( beats p] m9ute is     
great] ?an 9 adults4 ,excitem5t or fe>1 
especially if ! animal possesses a n]v\s
 temp]am5t1 increases ! frequ5cy ( !    
pulse4 ,dur+1 & = a %ort "t aft]1 fe$+ &
 ex]cise1 ! pulse rate is high] ?an :5 !
 animal is /&+ at re/4  ,! foll[+ table 
gives ! normal rate ( ! pulse beats p]  
m9ute3  ,horse  #cf to  #dj p] m9ute ,ox
     #de to  #ej p] m9ute ,%eep  #gj to 
#hj p] m9ute ,pig    #gj to  #hj p]     
m9ute ,dog    #ij to #ajj p] m9ute  ,9  
sickness ! pulse is in/antly responsive4
 ,x is ( ! greate/ aid 9 diagnos+ & 9   
not+ ! progress ( ! disease4 ,! foll[+  
v>ieties ( pulse may be m5tion$3        
frequ5t1 infrequ5t1 quick1 sl[1 l>ge1   
small1 h>d1 s(t & int]mitt5t4 ,! t]ms   
frequ5t & infrequ5t ref] to ! numb] (   
pulse beats 9 a giv5 "t2 quick & sl[ to 

! l5g? ( "t requir$ = ! pulse wave to   
pass b5ea? ! f+]2 l>ge & small to !     
volume ( ! wave2 h>d & s(t to its       
compressibility2 & int]mitt5t to !      
occasional miss+ ( a beat4 ,a pulse beat
 t is small & quick1 or l>ge & s(t1 is  
frequ5tly met ) 9 diseases ( a s]i\s "*4
  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! ,x on !  
l[] bord] ( ! jaw indicates ! place :]e 
! pulse is tak54  ,! horse's pulse is   
tak5 f ! submaxill>y art]y at a po9t    
ant]ior to1 or bel[ ! angle ( ! jaw &   
along its inf]ior bord] 7,fig4 #c74 ,x  
is "h t ! art]y w9ds ar\nd ! inf]ior    
bord] ( ! jaw 9 an upw>d direction1 &1  
because ( its location imm$iately b5ea? 
! sk91 x c be readily locat$ by press+  
lightly ov] ! region ) ! f+]s4          
,cattle's pulse is tak5 f ! same art]y z
 9 ! horse4 ,! art]y is mo/ sup]ficial a
 little above ! bord] ( ! jaw4 ,x is m  
difficult to f9d ! pulse wave 9 cattle  
?an x is 9 horses1 because ( ! l>g]     
am\nt ( connective tissue j b5ea? ! sk9 
& ! heavi] muscles ( ! jaw4 ,a v        

satisfactory pulse may be f\nd 9 ! small
 art]ies locat$ along ! inf]ior "p ( !  
lat]al region ( ! tail & ne> its base4  
,! %eep's pulse may be tak5 directly f !
 femoral art]y by plac+ ! f+]s ov] !    
inn] region ( ! ?igh4 ,by press+ ) ! h& 
ov] ! region ( ! he>t we may det]m9e its
 condition4  ,! hog's pulse c easily be 
tak5 f ! femoral art]y on ! int]nal     
region ( ! ?igh4 ,! art]y crosses ?is   
region obliquely & is q sup]ficial t[>d 
its ant]ior & l[] portion4  ,! dog's    
pulse is usually tak5 f ! bra*ial art]y4
 ,! pulse wave c be readily felt by re/+
 ! f+]s ov] ! inn] region ( ! arm & j   
above ! elb[4 ,! "* ( ! he>t beats 9    
dogs may be det]m9$ by re/+ ! h& on !   
*e/ wall4  ,,respiration4--,! frequ5cy (
 ! respirations v>ies ) ! species4 ,!   
foll[+ table gives ! frequ5cy ( !       
respirations 9 dome/ic animals3  ,horse 
#h to #aj p] m9ute ,ox      #ab to #ae  
p] m9ute ,%eep   #ab to #bj p] m9ute    
,dog     #ae to #bj p] m9ute ,pig       
#aj to #ae p] m9ute  ,! ratio ( ! he>t  

beats to ! respirations is ab\t #a3d or 
#a3e4 ,?is ratio is n con/ant 9         
rum9ants4 ,rum9ation1 muscul> ex]tion & 
excitem5t increase ! frequ5cy & cause ! 
respirations to become irregul>4 ,9     
disease ! ratio betwe5 ! he>t beats &   
respirations is greatly di/urb$1 & ! "* 
( ! respiratory s\nds & movem5ts may be 
greatly *ang$ 7,fig4 #d74  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #d4--;,auscultation ( ! lungs c 
be practis$ to an advantage ov] ! outl9$
 portion ( ! *e/ wall1 only4  ,sev]e    
ex]cise & diseas$ conditions ( ! lungs  
cause ! animal to brea! rapidly & br+   
into use all ( ! respiratory muscles4   
,su* =c$ or labor$ brea?+ is a common   
symptom 9 s]i\s lung diseases1 bloat 9  
cattle1 or any condition t may cause    
dyspnoea4 ,horses affect$ ) heaves %[ a 
d\ble contraction ( ! muscles 9 ! region
 ( ! flank dur+ expiration4 ,9 spasm ( !
 diaphragm or ?umps ! expiration appe>s 
to be a %ort1 j]k+ movem5t ( ! flank4 ,9
 ! abdom9al =m ( respiration ! movem5ts 
( ! walls ( ! *e/ are limit$4 ,?is      

occurs 9 pleurisy4 ,9 ! ?oracic =m (    
respiration ! abdom9al wall is held     
rigid & ! movem5t ( ! *e/ walls make up 
= ! defici5cy4 ,?is latt] condition     
occurs 9 p]itonitis4  ,a c\gh is caus$  
by irritation ( ! membrane l9+ ! air    
passages4 ,! "* ( ! c\gh may v>y accord+
 to ! nature ( ! disease4 ,we may speak 
( a moi/ c\gh :5 ! secretions 9 ! air   
passages are m or less abundant4 ,a dry 
c\gh occurs :5 ! l9+ membrane ( ! air   
passages is dry & inflam$4 ,?is may     
occur 9 ! e>ly /age ( ! inflammation1 or
 z a result ( irritation f du/ or       
irritat+ gases4 ,*ronic c\gh occurs :5 !
 disease is ( long duration or *ronic4  
,9 pleurisy ! c\gh may be %ort & pa9ful1
 & 9 brok5 w9d1 deep & suppress$4 ,9    
p>asitic diseases ( ! air passages &    
lungs1 ! p>oxysm ( c\gh+ may be sev]e & 
husky 9 "*4  ,! odor ( ! expir$ air1 !  
"* ( ! dis*>ge & ! respiratory s\nds    
f\nd on mak+ a c>eful exam9ation are    
important aids 9 arriv+ at a correct    
diagnosis1 & 9 /udy+ ! progress ( !     

disease4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#e4--;,fev] !rmomet]4  ,body            
,temp]ature4--,! body temp]ature ( an   
animal is tak5 by ins]t+ ! fev] !rmomet]
 into ! rectum4 ,9 l>ge animals a       
five-in*1 & 9 small animals a f\r-in*   
fev] !rmomet] is us$4 ,x %\ld be ins]t$ 
full l5g? & left 9 position f "o &      
"o-half to ?ree m9utes1 dep5d+ on !     
rapidity ) :i* x regi/]s 7,fig4 #e74  ,!
 av]age normal body temp]atures (       
dome/ic animals are z foll[s3  ,horses  
#ajj4ebfj ,f4 ,cattle  #aja4dbfj ,f4    
,%eep   #ajd4jbfj ,f4 ,sw9e   #ajc4jbfj 
,f4 ,dog     #aja4dbfj ,f4  ,!re is a   
wide v>iation 9 ! body temp]atures (    
dome/ic animals4 ,?is is especially true
 ( cattle1 %eep & hogs4 ,9 ord] to      
det]m9e ! normal temp]ature ( an animal1
 x may be necess>y to take two or m     
read+s at diff]5t times1 & comp>e !m ) !
 body temp]atures ( o!r animals 9 ! h]d 
t are kn[n to be heal?y4  ,ex]cise1     
fe$+1 rum9ation1 excitem5t1 w>m1 close  
/ables1 exposure to cold & dr9k+ ice    

cold wat] are common causes ( v>iations 
9 ! body temp]atures ( dome/ic animals4 
,visible ,muc\s ,membranes4--,! visible 
muc\s membranes1 z !y are t]m$1 are !   
l9+ membranes ( ! eyelids1 no/rils &    
nasal cavities1 & m\?4 ,9 heal? !y are  
usually a pale r$1 except+ :5 ! animal  
is ex]cis$ or excit$1 :5 !y appe> a     
bright] r$ & some:at vascul>4 ,9 disease
 ! foll[+ *anges 9 color & appe>ance may
 be not$3 ,:5 inflam$1 z 9 cold 9 !     
head1 a deep r$2 9 impov]i%$ or         
bloodless conditions ( ! body & 9       
int]nal haemorrhage1 pale2 9 diseases ( 
! liv]1 sometimes yell[i%1 or d>k r$2 9 
diseases ( ! dige/ive tract 7buccal     
muc\s membrane71 coat$2 if inflam$1 dry 
at fir/1 lat] excessively moi/2 & 9     
c]ta9 g]m diseases a mottl$ r$1 or %[+  
nodules1 ulc]s & sc>s4  ,surface ( !    
,body4--,:5 a horse is 9 a good         
condition & well c>$ =1 ! coat is %ort1 
f9e1 glossy & smoo? & ! sk9 pliable &   
ela/ic4 ,heal?y cattle h a smoo?1 glossy
 coat & ! sk9 feels mell[ & ela/ic4 ,!  

fleece ( %eep %\ld appe> smoo? & h pl5ty
 ( yolk1 ! sk9 pliable & light p9k 9    
color4 ,:5 ! coat loses its lu/re &     
gloss & ! sk9 becomes h>d1 rigid1 ?ick5$
 & dirty1 x indicates a lack ( nutrition
 & an unheal?y condition ( ! body4 ,9   
%eep1 dur+ sickness1 ! wool may become  
dry & brittle & ! sk9 pale & rigid4 ,:5 
affect$ ) ext]nal p>asites1 ! hair or   
wool becomes dirty & r\gh1 a "p ( ! sk9 
may be d5ud$ ( hair1 & x appe>s ?ick5$1 
lea!ry & scabby1 or %[s pimples1        
vesicles & sores4  ,dur+ fev]1 !        
temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! body is v    
unequal4 ,9 s]i\s diseases or diseases t
 are ab\t to t]m9ate fatally1 ! sk9     
feels cold & ! hair is wet ) sweat4  ,:5
 animals are all[$ to r\gh x dur+ ! cold
 wea!r1 ! coat ( hair becomes heavy &   
r\gh4 ,?is is a provision ( nature &    
enables !m1 z long z ! coat is dry1 to  
)/& sev]e cold4  ,horses t are 9 a l[   
physical condition1 or :5 accu/om$ to   
h>d "w1 if !n kept 9 a /all = a few days
 )\t ex]cise1 commonly %[ a fill+ ( !   

cannon regions ( ! po/]ior extremities4 
,?is condition also commonly occurs 9   
disease & 9 m>es t h rea*$ ! latt] p]iod
 ( pregnancy4 ,%eep t are un?rifty & 9 a
 poor physical condition1 especially if 
?is is due to int]nal p>asites1         
frequ5tly develop dropsical swell+s 9 ! 
region ( ! jaw1 or neck4  ,body         
,excretions4--,! "* ( ! body excretions1
 faeces & ur9e may become greatly *ang$ 
9 c]ta9 diseases4 ,x is important t !   
/ockman or vet]9>ian obs]ve ^! *anges1 &
 9 c]ta9 diseases make an analysis ( !  
ur9e4 ,?is may be necess>y 9 ord]       
prop]ly to diagnose ! case4  ,behavior (
 ! ,animal4--,:5 ! body temp]ature is   
high1 ! animal may appe> greatly        
depress$4 ,if suff]+ sev]e pa91 x may be
 re/less4 ,9 diseases ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 !
 behavior ( ! animal may be greatly     
*ang$4 ,spasms1 convulsions1 g5]al local
 p>alysis1 /upid condition &            
unconsci\sness may occur z symptoms (   
?is class ( disease4   ,,que/ions  #a4  
,:at in=mation is necess>y 9 ord] to be 

able to recognize or    diagnose        
disease8 #b4 ,:at are ! g5]al symptoms (
 disease8  #c4 ,:at are ! subjective    
symptoms ( disease8  #d4 ,describe me?od
 ( tak+ ! pulse beat 9 ! diff]5t animals
 &    its "* 9 heal? & disease4  #e4    
,give ! ratio ( ! he>t beats to !       
respirations 9 ! diff]5t    species (   
animals4  #f4 ,:at are ! normal body    
temp]atures 9 ! diff]5t dome/ic animals8
  #g4 ,:at are ! visible muc\s          
membranes8  #h4 ,is ! condition ( ! coat
 & sk9 any help 9 ! recognition (       
disease8     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,treatm5t  
,prev5tive ,treatm5t4--,! subject (     
prev5tive m$ic9e becomes m important z  
our k ( ! cause ( disease advances4 ,a k
 ( fe$s1 me?ods ( fe$+1 c>e1 sanitation 
& ! use ( su* biological products z     
bact]9s1 vacc9es & protective s]ums is (
 ! greate/ importance to ! f>m] &       
vet]9>ian4 ,we are beg9n+ to realize t  
"o ( ! mo/ important secrets ( pr(itable
 & successful /ock rais+ is ! prev5tion 
( disease2 t ! agricultural colleges are

 do+ a great "w 9 help+ to tea* f>m]s t 
!re are "r & wrong me?ods ( fe$+ & c>+ =
 animals2 t ! practice ( sanitation 9   
c>+ = animals is ! *eape/ me?od ( treat+
 disease2 & t x is advisable to practise
 radical me?ods ( control1 :5 necess>y1 
9 ord] to rid ! h]d ( an infecti\s      
disease4  ,! ration f$ & ! me?od ( fe$+ 
are n only important 9 consid]+ ! causes
 ( diseases ( ! dige/ive tract1 b       
diseases ( o!r organs z well4 ,! fe$+ ( 
an excessive1 or insuffici5t quantity ( 
fe$1 or a ration t is too conc5trat$1   
bulky & innutriti\s1 poor 9 quality1 or 
spoil$ may produce disease4  ,an impure 
wat] supply is a common cause ( disease4
 ,a deep well t is clos$ 9 prop]ly &    
does n p]mit ( contam9ation f fil?1 does
 n insure a clean wat] supply if ! tr\gh
 or tank is n kept clean4  ,f>m         
,build+s4--,if /ockm5 w\ld make a m     
c>eful /udy ( ! k9d ( f>m build+s mo/   
suitable to _! ne$s1 ! selection ( !    
location1 ! proportions1 ! arrangem5t ( 
! int]ior & ! light+ & v5tilation1 !re  

w\ld be a great sav+ 9 losses f disease1
 & ! co/ ( build+ 9 _m cases w\ld be    
less5$4 ,y\r neighbor's build+ t y h    
tak5 = y\r model may n be suitable = y\r
 ne$s4 ,x may be m exp5sive ?an y\r     
f9ancial condition p]mits4 ,x may be    
poorly light$ & v5tilat$ & n suit$ to ! 
site t y h select$4  ,biological        
,products4--,!re are a numb] (          
biological products t may be us$ 9 !    
prev5tion & control ( disease4 ,"s ( ^! 
products1 su* z tub]cul9 & male91 enable
 ! own] to rid 8 h]ds ( tub]cul> c[s &  
gl&]$ horses be=e ^! diseases h become  
f> en\gh advanc$ to be recogniz$ by !   
visible symptoms alone4 ,black leg1     
an?rax & hog-*ol]a vacc9es are valuable 
ag5ts 9 ! control ( disease4 ,9 !       
treatm5t ( fi/ula & infecti\s abortion1 
bact]9s may be us$4 ,!re are _m o!r g]m 
diseases & infections = :i* vacc9es &   
bact]9s may be us$4 ,h[ev]1 we mu/ n    
dep5d :olly on ^! ag5ts 9 ! control (   
disease4 ,we mu/ possess a k ( ! mann] 9
 :i* ! infection is spread1 = )\t ?is k 

we w\ld be unable to prev5t its         
dissem9ation ov] a wide area4  ,m$ic9al 
,treatm5t4--,! av]age /ockman or        
vet]9>ian is m famili> ) ! treatm5t (   
disease ) drugs ?an he is ) ! prev5tive 
measures j describ$4 ,?is /atem5t does n
 imply t a k ( m$ic9al !rapeutics is n (
 ! greate/ importance 9 ! treatm5t (    
disease4 ,! ultimate object ( all drugs 
is bo? to prev5t & cure disease1 b !    
injudici\s use ( a drug does nei!r4 ,a  
discussion ( ?is subject _c be ent]$    
into "h1 & because ( its l>g5ess x is n 
advisable to discuss x fur!r ?an a brief
 summ>y ( ! me?ods ( adm9i/]+ drugs4    
,adm9i/ration ( ,drugs4--,drugs may be  
adm9i/]$ by ! foll[+ *annels3 by way ( !
 m\?1 9 ! fe$ or z a dr5*2 by inject+   
into ! tissues b5ea? ! sk9 or           
hypod]mically2 by rubb+ into ! sk92 by !
 air passages & ! lungs2 & by inject+   
into ! rectum4  ,if ! animal is n too   
sick to eat & ! drug does n possess an  
unpleasant ta/e1 x may be giv5 ) ! fe$4 
,if soluble1 x may be giv5 ) ! dr9k+    

wat]1 or 9 any case1 x may be mix$ )    
gr\nd fe$ if ?is me?od is to be pref]r$4
 ,9 all cases ! m$ic9e mu/ be well mix$ 
) ! fe$4 ,?is is especially important if
 !re are a numb] ( animals to be treat$1
 z !re is m c]ta9ty ( ea* animal gett+ !
 prop] dose & ! dang] ( ov]dos+ is      
avoid$4 ,if ! "y animal is nurs+ ! "m1  
we c take advantage ( c]ta9 drugs be+   
elim9at$ 9 ! "m's milk & adm9i/] ! drug 
to ! "m4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,a 
good k9d ( a dose syr+e4  ,,dr5*es4--,9 
! l>g] animals a bulky dr5* is sometimes
 difficult to adm9i/]1 & we %\ld1 9 all 
cases1 c\nt on a portion be+ wa/$4      
,horses are sometimes difficult to dr5*1
 & x may be advisable to conf9e ! horse 
9 "s way4 ,small dr5*es c readily be    
giv5 ) a syr+e 7,fig4 #f7 or a small    
bottle4 ,9 giv+ bulky dr5*es x is mo/   
conv5i5t to use a long-neck$1 heavy     
glass bottle4 ,! horse %\ld be back$    
into a n>r[ /all & ! head elevat$ by    
plac+ a loop 9 ! end ( a small rope ov] 
! upp] jaw1 pass+ ! rope back ( ! nose  

piece on ! halt] & ?r[+ x ov] a beam1 & 
rais+ ! head until ! m\? is slightly    
high] ?an ! ?roat4 ,if ! horse refuses  
to swall[1 a tablespoonful ( clean wat] 
may be dropp$ into ! no/ril4 ,?is =ces x
 to swall[4 ,a dr5* %\ld nev] be giv5   
?r\gh ! nose1 z x may pass into ! air   
passages & cause a fatal inflammation ( 
! lungs4  ,cattle c be easily dr5*$ by  
tak+ hold ( ! no/rils ) ! f+]s1 or      
snapp+ a bull r+ into ! p>tition betwe5 
! no/rils & elevat+ ! head4  ,%eep may  
be dr5*$ ei!r 9 ! /&+ position1 or :5   
?r[n on ! haun*es & held betwe5 ! knees4
 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 giv+ irritat+   
dr5*es to %eep1 especially if ! dr5* be 
bulky4  ,a h]d ( hogs may be quickly &  
easily dr5*$ if !y are conf9$ 9 a small 
p51 & ! loop ( a small rope plac$ ar\nd 
! sn\t1 well back t[>d ! corn]s ( ! m\?4
 ,a small metal dose syr+e %\ld be us$4 
,if ! dr5* is bulky & ! hog difficult to
 hold1 x may be necess>y to elevate !   
head & raise ! =efeet f ! gr\nd4 ,! dr5*
 %\ld n be giv5 until ! hog is quiet &  

well "u control1 z !re is "s dang] ( !  
m$ic9e pass+ into ! air passages & do+  
h>m4 ,x may be necess>y to m>k ! hogs t 
h be5 dr5*$ ) a daub ( pa9t1 or 9 "s o!r
 mann] 9 ord] to be able to di/+ui% !m f
 ! untreat$ animals4  ,! adm9i/ration ( 
drugs enclos$ 9 a gelat9 capsule1 or    
mix+ !m ) syrup1 honey or l9se$ oil1 &  
roll+ ! mass into ! =m ( a cyl9d] is    
commonly practis$4 ,! capsule or ball   
may !n be %ot into ! ph>ynx ) a ball+   
gun4 ,a ball may also be giv5 to ! l>g] 
animals by c>ry+ x into ! back "p ( !   
m\? ) ! h&1 & plac+ x on ! back "p ( !  
tongue4 ,9 ! horse ?is me?od (          
adm9i/ration requires "s practice4 ,!   
tongue mu/ be pull$ well =w>d1 ! head   
held up1 & ! tongue releas$ z soon z !  
ball is plac$ on ! tongue1 s t x may    
pass back into ! ph>ynx4  ,!            
adm9i/ration ( drugs by inject+ b5ea? ! 
sk9 7,fig4 #g7 is suitable :5 ! drug is 
non-irritat+ & ! dose is small4 ,drugs  
adm9i/]$ 9 ?is way act promptly &       
en]getically4 ,! alkaloid or active     

pr9ciple ( ! drug is commonly us$4 ,a   
fold ( ! sk9 is pick$ up ) ! f+]s & !   
ne$le is quickly introduc$1 c>e be+ tak5
 n to prick or scrat* ! muscul> tissue1 
z ?is causes "s pa9 & makes ! animal    
re/less4 ,9 ord] to avoid abscess       
=mation at ! po9t ( injection1 ! sk9    
%\ld be cleans$ ) a dis9fectant & !     
syr+e & ne$le /]iliz$ be=e us+4         
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,hypod]mic   
syr+es4  ,drugs are n absorb$ ?r\gh !   
unbrok5 sk91 b :5 appli$ ) friction1 or 
:5 ! out] lay] is remov$ by bli/]+1     
absorption may take place4 ,l9im5ts1    
bli/]s & p\ltices are ! prep>ations us$4
  ,volatile drugs1 su* z *lor(orm & e!r1
 are absorb$ quickly by ! enorm\s       
vascul> surface ( ! lungs4 ,?is class ( 
drugs is adm9i/]$ = ! purpose ( produc+ 
g5]al anae/hesia4 ,anae/hetics are      
indisp5sable 9 _m surgical op]ations4   
,! adm9i/ration ( a drug 9 ! =m (       
m$icat$ /eam is q useful 9 combat+ "s   
respiratory diseases4 ,9 /eam+ l>ge     
animals a pail ab\t half full (         

boil+-hot wat] to :i* has be5 add$ ab\t 
an ounce ( coal-t> dis9fectant1 or      
:atev] drug is requir$1 is held )9 ab\t 
"o foot ( ! animal's no/rils4 ,x is     
usually advisable to ?r[ a light cov]   
ov] ! head & pail 9 ord] to direct !    
/eam t[>d ! no/rils4 ,dogs c be plac$ on
 a cane-seat$ *air & a pail or pan (    
boil+-hot wat] plac$ "u x1 & a %eet ?r[n
 ov] all4  ,drugs are adm9i/]$ by way ( 
! rectum :5 ! animal c n be dr5*$1 or ! 
drug c n be giv5 9 any o!r way & :5 a   
local action is desir$4 ,an enema or    
cly/] is a fluid injection into ! rectum
 & is employ$ = ! foll[+ purposes3 to   
accel]ate ! action ( a purgative2 to    
/imulate ! p]i/altic movem5t ( !        
inte/9es2 to kill inte/9al p>asites2 to 
r$uce body temp]ature2 to adm9i/]       
m$ic9e2 & to supply ! animal ) food4 ,an
 enema may be adm9i/]$ by all[+ wat] to 
gravitate into ! rectum f a height ( two
 or ?ree feet or by us+ an injection    
pump4 ,9 ! l>g] animals sev]al feet (   
heavy wall$ rubb] tub+ c>ry+ a /raight  

nozzle at "o end %\ld be us$4 ,9        
adm9i/]+ an enema1 ! rectum %\ld be     
empti$ out ) ! h& & ! nozzle ( ! syr+e  
c>ri$ z f> =w>d z possible4 ,! op]ator  
%\ld be c>eful n to irritate or te> !   
wall ( ! rectum4  ,size ( ! ,dose4--,!  
doses recomm5d$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t
 diseases1 unless o!rwise /at$1 are =   
mature animals4 ,! dose = a colt "o ye> 
( age is ab\t "o-?ird ! quantity giv5 ! 
adult1 two ye>s ( age "o-half1 & ?ree   
ye>s ( age two-?irds4 ,9 well-matur$    
colts a l>g] dose may be giv54 ,9       
cattle1 ! doses recomm5d$ are ab\t !    
same4 ,9 ! small] animals ! size ( !    
dose may be bas$ on ! developm5t & age (
 ! animal4 ,:5 ! drug is adm9i/]$ at    
%ort int]vals or repeat$1 ! size ( !    
dose %\ld be r$uc$4 ,! physiological    
action ( "s drugs may be *ang$ by v>y+ !
 size ( ! dose4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,give 
a g5]al description ( prev5tive         
treatm5t4  #b4 ,by :at *annels may drugs
 be adm9i/]$8  #c4 ,h[ are dr5*es       
adm9i/]$8  #d4 ,h[ are solid drugs      

adm9i/]$8  #e4 ,:at k9d ( drugs are     
adm9i/]$ hypod]mically8  #f4 ,:at is an 
enema8  #g4 ,:at proportion ( ! dose ( a
 drug recomm5d$ = ! adult may be    giv5
 to immature animals8     ,,"p          
,,ii4--,,non-,,specific ,,or ,,g5]al    
,,diseases    ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,diseases  
,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive ,,sy/em   ,! organs t
 =m ! dige/ive tract are ! m\?1 ph>ynx1 
oesophagus1 /oma*1 inte/9es & ! annex$  
gl&s1 viz43 ! saliv>y1 liv]1 & pancreas4
 ,! developm5t ( ^! organs diff]s 9 !   
diff]5t species ( animals4 ,= example1  
solip$s possess a small1 simple /oma* & 
capaci\s1 complicat$ inte/9es4 ,j !     
opposite is true ( rum9ants4 ,! diff]5t 
species ( rum9ants possess a l>ge1      
complicat$ /oma*1 & comp>atively simple 
inte/9es4 ,9 sw9e we meet ) a m highly  
develop$ /oma* ?an t ( solip$s & a m    
simple inte/9al tract4 ,( all dome/ic   
animals ! mo/ simple dige/ive tract     
occurs 9 ! dog4 ,^! v>iations 9 !       
developm5t ( ! diff]5t organs (         
dige/ion1 toge!r ) ! diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( !

 fe$ & me?od ( fe$+1 cause a v>iation 9 
! k9d ( diseases met ) 9 ! diff]5t      
species4 ,! complicat$ /oma* ( rum9ants 
pr$ispose !m to diseases ( ?is portion (
 ! dige/ive tract4 ,because ( _!        
complicat$ inte/9al tract solip$s are   
prone to inte/9al disease4  ,,diseases  
,,( ,,! ,,m\?  ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!
 m\? is ! fir/ division ( ! dige/ive    
tract4 ,x is =m$ by ! lips1 *eeks1      
palate1 s(t palate1 tongue & tee?4 ,"h !
 fe$ is act$ on me*anically4 ,x is brok5
 up by ! tee? & mov$ ab\t until mix$ ) !
 saliva & put into condition to pass    
?r\gh ! ph>ynx & along ! oesophagus to !
 /oma*4 ,! me*anical *ange t ! fe$ is   
subject to is v imp]fect 9 dogs4 ,9 !   
horse x is a sl[1 ?or\gh process1 al?\gh
 gre$y fe$]s are n uncommon4 ,! fir/    
ma/ication 9 ! ox is ?ree times quick]  
?an 9 horses1 b ! process ( rum9ation is
 sl[ & ?or\gh4  ,,/omatitis4--,simple   
inflammation ( ! m\? is frequ5tly met ) 
9 horses4 ,ulc]ative or infecti\s       
inflammation commonly occurs 9 "y1 &    

occasionally 9 old1 debilitat$ animals4 
,?is =m ( sore m\? w be discuss$ along )
 o!r infecti\s diseases1 & ! foll[+     
discussion w be conf9$ to !             
non-infecti\s =m ( ! disease4  ,! causes
 are irritation f ! bit1 %>p tee?1      
irritat+ dr5*es1 r\ghage t conta9s be>ds
 or awns ( grasses & gra9s1 & burrs t   
w\nd ! l9+ membrane ( ! m\?4 ,febrile1  
or dige/ive disord]s1 or any condition t
 may int]f]e ) fe$+1 may cause ?is      
disord]4 ,9 ! latt] cases ! muc\s       
membrane ( ! m\? is n cleans$ by !      
saliva4 ,p>ticles ( fe$ may decompose & 
irritat+ organisms set up an            
inflammation4 ,putrid or decompos$      
slops1 hot fe$s1 irritat+ dr5*es & dr9k+
 f fil?y wall[s are common causes (     
inflammation ( ! m\? 9 hogs4  ,!        
symptoms v>y 9 ! diff]5t cases &        
species4 ,slight or localiz$            
inflammation ( ! m\? is usually ov]look$
 by ! att5dant4 ,lampas ( horses may be 
consid]$ a local inflammation involv+ ! 
palate4 ,lac]ations ( ! *eek or tongue  

by ! tee?1 or irritat+ fe$1 usually     
result 9 a slight int]f]5ce ) preh5sion 
& ma/ication & m or less salivation4    
,salivation f ?is cause %\ld n be       
confus$ ) salivation result+ f fe$+ on  
:ite clov]4  ,9 g5]aliz$ inflammation ( 
! muc\s membrane1 ! fir/ symptom usually
 notic$ is ! inability to eat4 ,on      
exam9+ ! m\? we f9d ! muc\s membrane    
inflam$1 hot & dry4 ,a "p may appe>     
coat$4 ,9 a %ort "t ! odor f ! m\? is   
fetid4 ,foll[+ ?is dry /age ( !         
inflammation is ! p]iod ( salivation4   
,saliva dribbles f ! m\?1 & 9 sev]e     
cases x is mix$ ) :ite1 /r+y %r$s (     
epi!lium & t+$ ) blood4 ,9 less acute   
=ms ( ! disease1 we may notice little   
bli/]s or vesicles scatt]$ ov] ! l9+    
membrane ( ! lips1 *eeks & tongue4  ,!  
acute =m ( /omatitis runs a %ort c\rse1 
usually a few days1 & responds readily  
to treatm5t4 ,localiz$ inflammation     
caus$ by irritation f tee?1 or fe$+     
irritat+ fe$s1 does n respond s readily 
to treatm5t4  ,! treatm5t is l>gely     

prev5tive & consi/s l>gely 9 remov+ !   
cause4 ,:5 ! m\? is inflam$1 r\ghage    
%\ld be f$ r sp>+ly1 & s(t fe$s su* z   
slops1 ma%es1 or gruels giv5 9 place ( !
 regul> diet4 ,pl5ty ( clean dr9k+ wat] 
%\ld be provid$4 ,9 ! way ( m$ic9al     
treatm5t antiseptic & a/r+5t wa%es are  
indicat$4 ,a f\r p] c5t wat] solution ( 
boric acid may be us$1 or a "o-half p]  
c5t wat] solution ( a high grade coal-t>
 dis9fectant4 ,! m\? %\ld be ?or\ghly   
irrigat$ twice daily until ! muc\s      
surfaces appe> normal4  ,,deprav$       
,,appetite  ,a deprav$ appetite is met )
 9 all species ( f>m animals1 b x is    
especially common 9 rum9ants4 ,x %\ld n 
be class$ z a disease1 b m correctly z a
 bad habit1 or symptom ( innutrition or 
indige/ion4 ,! animals affect$ seem to h
 an irresi/ible desire to lick1 *ew &   
swall[ indige/ible & disgu/+ objects4   
,! common cause ( deprav$ appetite is ! 
fe$+ ( a ration defici5t 9 c]ta9 food   
elem5ts4 ,a ration defici5t 9 prote9 or 
9 salts is said to cause ?is disord]4   

,lack ( ex]cise1 or conf9em5t1          
innutrition1 & a deprav$ s5se ( ta/e may
 favor ! developm5t ( ?is disease4 ,=   
example1 :5 %eep are h\s$ closely !y may
 contract ! habit ( *ew+ "o ano!r's     
fleeces4 ,lambs are especially apt to   
contract ?is habit :5 suckl+ ewes t h on
 _! udd]s long wool soil$ ) ur9e &      
faeces4  ,! fir/ symptom is ! desire to 
*ew1 lick or eat indige/ible or fil?y   
sub/ances4 ,horses & cattle may /& &    
lick a bo>d = an h\r or m2 cattle may   
*ew ! long hair f ! tails ( horses2 %eep
 may nibble wool2 s[s may )9 a %ort "t  
aft] giv+ bir? to _! pigs1 kill & eat   
!m2 *ick5s may pick & eat fea!rs4       
,innutrition may accompany ! abnormal   
appetite1 z v frequ5tly ! affect$ animal
 %[s a disposition to leave its fe$ 9   
ord] to eat ^! injuri\s & innutritions  
sub/ances4 ,9 rum9ants1 ! wool or hair  
may =m balls & ob/ruct ! op5+ into !    
?ird comp>tm5t1 caus+ *ronic indige/ion 
& dea?4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 ! removal
 ( ! cause4 ,fe$+ a ration t meets !    

ne$s ( ! sy/em1 clean qu>t]s & pl5ty (  
ex]cise are ! mo/ important prev5tive   
l9es ( treatm5t4 ,9 su* cases m$ic9al   
treatm5t 7sal9e & bitt] tonics7 may be  
indicat$4 ,x is usually advisable to    
remove ! affect$ animals f ! h]d or     
flock 9 ord] to prev5t o!rs f imitat+   
!m4  ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,/oma*  ,!re is
 a rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t ( !
 /oma*s ( solip$s & rum9ants4  ,!       
horse's /oma* 7,fig4 #h7 is simple & has
 a capacity ( ?ree or f\r gallons4 ,!   
left portion is l9$ ) a cuticul> muc\s  
membrane1 & ! "r portion ) a gl&ul>     
muc\s membrane t has 9 x ! gl&s t       
secrete ! ga/ric juice4 ,! mo/ important
 dige/ive *ange 9 ! fe$ is ! action ( ! 
ga/ric juice on ! proteids & _!         
conv]sion into ! simpl] products1       
proteoses & peptones4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #h4--,photograph ( model (       
horse's /oma*3 left portion1 oesophagus1
 "r portion1 & inte/9e4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #i4--,photograph ( model ( /oma* 
( rum9ant3 rum51 reticulum1 omasum1 &   

abomasum4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4         
#aj4--;,a section ( ! wall ( ! rum5 &   
reticulum1 %[+ ! oesophageal groove3    
lips ( groove2 op5+ f oesophagus2 & op5+
 into omasum4  ,,rum9ants h a comp\nd   
/oma* 7,figs4 #i & #aj74 ,! capacity ( !
 /oma* ( ! ox is betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty   
gallons4 ,! f\r comp>tm5ts into :i* x is
 divid$ are ! rum51 reticulum1 omasum1 &
 abomasum or true /oma*4 ,! rum5 is !   
l>ge/ comp>tm5t1 ) a capacity ( m ?an   
tw5ty gallons4 ,! reticulum is !        
smalle/1 ) a capacity ( ab\t "o-half    
gallon4  ,aft] a brief ma/ication1 !    
food passes directly to ! rum54 ,"h x is
 subject$ to a *urn+ movem5t t mixes &  
presses ! cont5ts ( ! rum5 =w>d 9 !     
direction ( ! oesophageal op5+1 :]e x is
 ready = regurgitation4 ,x is !n c>ri$  
back to ! m\?1 rema/icat$ & return$ to !
 rum54 ,?is is t]m$ rum9ation4 ,all food
 mat]ial t is suffici5tly brok5 up is   
direct$ t[>d ! op5+ into ! ?ird         
comp>tm5t by ! oesophageal grove 7,fig4 
#aj71 a demi-canal t connects ?is ) !   

oesophageal op5+4  ,! ?ird comp>tm5t1 ! 
omasum1 communicates ant]iorly ) !      
second & fir/1 & po/]iorly ) ! f\r?     
comp>tm5t or true /oma*4 ,! int]ior     
arrangem5t ( ?is comp>tm5t is mo/ s+ul>4
 ,x is divid$ by a numb] ( l>ge folds ( 
! l9+ membrane betwe5 :i* are small]    
folds4 ,x is betwe5 ^! folds t ! cont5ts
 pass4  ,! fir/ ?ree comp>tm5ts possess 
no gl&s capable ( secret+ a dige/ive    
juice4 ,h[ev]1 important dige/ive *anges
 occur4 ,! c>bohydrates are dige/$ by   
means ( enzymes conta9$ 9 ! fe$4 ,! mo/ 
important function ( ! rum5 & omasum is 
! mac]ation ( ! fibr\s sub/ances1 & !   
dige/ion ( ! cellulose4 ,betwe5 sixty & 
sev5ty p] c5t ( ! cellulose is dige/$ 9 
! rum54  ,! abomasum is l9$ by a ga/ric 
muc\s membrane4 ,! ga/ric juice secret$ 
conv]ts ! prote9 into peptones4 ,9 ! "y 
a milk curdl+ f]m5t is also secret$ by !
 gl&s ( ?is comp>tm5t4  ,,! ,,/oma* ,,( 
,,! ,,hog is a type betwe5 ! c>nivora & 
rum9ant4 ,! dige/ive *anges may be      
divid$ into f\r /ages4 ,! fir/ p]iod is 

"o ( />* conv]sion2 ! second p]iod is ! 
same1 only m pron\nc$2 ! ?ird p]iod1 bo?
 />* & prote9 conv]sion occurs2 & ! f\r?
 p]iod is tak5 up mo/ly ) prote9        
dige/ion4  ,,acute ,,indige/ion ,,( ,,! 
,,/oma* ,,( ,,solip$s4--,diseases ( !   
/oma* are less common 9 solip$s ?an 9   
rum9ants4 ,! simple /oma* ( ! horse & ! 
comp>atively unimportant place t x      
occupies 9 ! dige/ion ( ! fe$ r5d]s x   
less subject to disease4 ,only "u ! mo/ 
unfavorable conditions = dige/ion ( !   
fe$ does ?is class ( disord]s occur4    
,acute indige/ion 9 ! =m ( ov]load+ &   
f]m5tation occurs 9 ! /oma* 7,fig4 #aa74
  ,! pr$ispos+ causes t h to d ) !      
developm5t ( ^! disord]s1 are ! small   
capacity ( ! /oma* & ! location &       
smallness ( ! op5+s lead+ f ! oesophagus
 & into ! small inte/9es4 ,gre$y eat]s  
are m prone to indige/ion ?an animals t 
eat sl[ly & are f$ intellig5tly4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,dilat$     
/oma* ( horse4  ,! foll[+ excit+ causes 
may be m5tion$3 ,sudd5 *anges 9 ration2 

fe$+ too mu* gre5 fe$ or gra92 fe$+     
froz5 or decompos$ fe$s2 dr9k+ ice-cold 
wat]2 & viol5t ex]cise or "w t ! animal 
is n accu/om$ to1 imm$iately aft] fe$+  
are ! common disease-produc+ factors4   
,! symptoms may v>y f impair$ appetite &
 slight re/lessness to viol5t1 colicky  
pa9s4 ,9 ! l>ge majority ( cases !      
att5dant is unable to diff]5tiate betwe5
 ?is & o!r =ms ( acute indige/ion4 ,!   
*>act]i/ic symptoms are attempts at     
regurgitation & vomit+1 assum+ a        
dog-sitt+ position & f9ally su* n]v\s   
symptoms z *amp+ ( ! jaws1 /agg]+       
movem5t & extreme dulness4  ,! viol5t =m
 ( ga/ric indige/ion frequ5tly ends 9   
dea?4 ,rupture ( ! /oma* is n an        
uncommon complication 7,fig4 #ab74      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,rupture (   
/oma* ( horse4  ,! treatm5t is bo?      
prev5tive & m$ic9al4 ,?is dige/ive      
disord] c be prev5t$4 ,! fe$+ ( ! "r k9d
 ( a ration & 9 ! "r way1 & avoid+      
conditions t may int]f]e ) ! dige/ion ( 
! fe$1 are ! g5]al l9es ( prev5tive     

treatm5t indicat$4 ,su* measures are (  
special importance 9 ! h&l+ ( animals t 
possess an individual pr$isposition t[>d
 ?is class ( disease4 ,9 mild attacks ! 
animal %\ld be subject$ to a rigid or   
c>eful diet dur+ ! attack & = a few days
 lat]4  ,x is advisable to place !      
animal 9 a com=table /all t is well b$d$
 ) /raw & pl5ty l>ge = x to move ab\t 94
 ,if a roomy sick-/all c n be provid$1 a
 grass lot or b>n floor may be us$4 ,if 
! wea!r is *illy or cold1 ! body %\ld be
 cov]$ ) a blanket & roll] b&ages appli$
 to ! limbs4  ,bulky dr5*es %\ld n be   
giv54 ,/imulants & drugs capable (      
ret>d+ f]m5tation are indicat$4         
,sometimes ! adm9i/ration ( a s$ative is
 indicat$4 ,treatm5t %\ld be prompt1 z 9
 _m cases f]m5tation ( ! cont5ts ( !    
/oma* occurs & gases =m rapidly4 ,f two 
to f\r ounces ( oil ( turp5t9e may be   
giv5 9 f six to eight ounces ( l9se$    
oil4  ,,acute ,,indige/ion ,,( ,,!      
,,/oma* ,,( ,,rum9ants4--,! diff]5t =ms 
( acute indige/ion are bloat+1 ov]load+ 

( ! rum5 & impaction ( ! omasum4        
,,tympanites1 ,,bloat+4--,?is disord] is
 usually caus$ by animals fe$+ on gre5  
fe$s1 su* z clov]1 alfalfa & gre5 corn1 
t f]m5t readily4 ,/ormy1 ra9y wea!r     
seems to favor bloat+4 ,! consumption ( 
spoil$ fe$s su* z potatoes & beets may  
cause x4 ,! dr9k+ ( a l>ge quantity (   
wat]1 especially if cold1 *ills ! wall (
 ! rum5 & int]f]es ) its movem5t4 ,froz5
 fe$s may act 9 ! same way4 ,sudd5      
*anges 9 ! fe$1 inflammation ( ! rum51 &
 a weak p]i/altic movem5t ( ! paun*     
result+ f disease or insuffici5t        
n\ri%m5t are frequ5t causes4 ,x may     
occur 9 *ronic disease4 ,9 tub]culosis1 
bloat+ sometimes occurs4  ,! symptoms   
are z foll[s3 ,! paun* or rum5 occupies 
! left side ( ! abdom9al cavity1 h5ce ! 
di/5tion ( ! abdom9al wall by ! collect+
 ( gas 9 ! rum5 occurs pr9cipally on t  
side4 ,! gas =ms quickly & ! di/5d$ wall
 is highly ela/ic & resonant4 ,! animal 
/ops eat+ & rum9at+1 ! back may be ar*$ 
& ! e>s droop4 ,9 ! m sev]e cases ! wall

 ( ! abdom5 is di/5d$ on bo? sides1 !   
respirations are quick5$ & labor$1 !    
pulse small & quick1 ! eyes are prom95t 
& ! muc\s membrane conge/$4 ,dea?       
results f asphyxia br\ght on by ! di/5d$
 paun* pu%+ =w>d & int]f]+ ) ! movem5t (
 ! lungs & ! absorption ( ! poison\s    
gases4  ,! treatm5t is bo? prev5tive &  
m$ic9al4 ,?is =m ( acute indige/ion c be
 l>gely prev5t$ by practis+ ! foll[+    
prev5tive measures3 ,all *anges 9 ! fe$ 
%\ld be made gradually1 especially if ! 
ration f$ is heavy1 or ! new ration     
consi/s l>gely ( gre51 succul5t fe$4    
,cattle pa/ur+ on clov] %\ld be kept "u 
close obs]vation4 ,x is n advisable to  
pa/ure cattle on rank gr[?s ( clov] t   
are wet ) dew or a light ra94 ,bloat+ c 
be quickly reliev$ by punctur+ ! wall ( 
! paun* ) ! troc> & cannula4 ,! op]ation
 is q simple & is n foll[$ by bad       
results4 ,! in/rum5t is plung$ ?r\gh !  
walls ( ! abdom5 & rum5 9 ! mo/ prom95t 
portion ( ! flank1 midway betwe5 ! bord]
 ( ! la/ rib & ! po9t ( ! haun* 7,fig4  

#ac74 ,! troc> is !n )drawn f ! cannula4
 ,aft] ! gas has escap$ ?r\gh ! cannula1
 ! troc> is replac$ & ! in/rum5t )drawn4
 ,aft] us+ ! troc> & cannula1 ! in/rum5t
 %\ld be clean$ by plac+ x 9 boil+ hot  
wat]4 ,x is advisable to wa% ! sk9 at ! 
seat ( ! op]ation ) a dis9fectant be=e  
op]at+4 ,9 *ronic tympanitis1 x is      
sometimes advisable to leave ! cannula 9
 position by ty+ a tape to ! flange1    
pass+ x ar\nd ! body & ty+4  ,z a       
ca?>tic = cattle1 we may give "o qu>t ( 
l9se$ & f two to f\r ounces ( turp5t9e1 
or "o to two p\nds ( ,epsom or ,glaub]'s
 salts1 dissolv$ 9 pl5ty ( wat]4 ,%eep  
may be giv5 ab\t "o-f\r? ! dose         
recomm5d$ = cattle4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #ac4--,! ,x indicates ! po9t :]e 
! wall ( flank & rum5 are punctur$ )    
troc> & cannula 9 bloat4  ,,ov]load+ ,,!
 ,,rum54--,?is =m ( indige/ion occurs :5
 rum9ants h access to fe$s t !y are n   
accu/om$ to4 ,z a result1 !y eat gre$ily
 & ! mass ( fe$ 9 ! rum5 becomes s heavy
 t ! walls ( ! organ c n move x ab\t1 & 

dige/ion is int]f]$ )4 ,?is is          
especially true ( succul5t fe$s4 ,a     
diseas$ condition ( ! animal pr$isposes 
x to ?is disord]4 ,if aft] eat+ an      
excessive am\nt ( dry1 innutritions     
fodd]1 ! animal dr9ks freely ( cold     
wat]1 acute symptoms ( ov]load+ are     
manife/$4  ,! g5]al symptoms occurr+ 9  
ov]load+ resembles ^? se5 9 bloat+4 ,!  
symptoms may be mild & ext5d ov] a p]iod
 ( sev]al days1 or x may take on a      
highly acute =m1 t]m9at+ fatally )9 a   
few h\rs4 ,! acut5ess ( ! attack dep5ds 
on ! "* & quantity ( fe$ eat54 ,if a    
l>ge quantity ( gre5 fe$ is eat51       
f]m5tation occurs & ! animal may die )9 
a few h\rs4 ,! swell+ on ! left side has
 a d\ghy feel4 ,x is n z ela/ic &       
resonant z 9 bloat1 ev5 :5 complicat$ by
 "s gas =mation4 ,! animal may /op      
rum9at+1 refuse to eat1 & act dull4 ,9 !
 m sev]e cases ! respirations are hurri$
 & labor$1 ! pulse small & quick & !    
expression ( ! face indicates pa94      
,colicky pa9s sometimes occur4 ,dea? may

 occur f %ock or asphyxia4  ,! treatm5t 
is bo? prev5tive & curative4 ,?is       
disease c be prev5t$ by us+ ! necess>y  
precautions to prev5t animals f ov]eat+4
 ,if gas =ms1 ! troc> & cannula %\ld be 
us$4 ,a dr5* ( f "o to two p\nds (      
,epsom or ,glaub]'s salts %\ld be giv54 
,%eep may be giv5 f f\r to six ounces ( 
,epsom or ,glaub]'s salts4 ,we %\ld     
endeavor to /imulate ! movem5t ( ! paun*
 by pressure on ! flank ) ! h&1 ?r[+    
cold wat] on ! wall ( ! abdom5 & by     
hypod]mic injections ( /ry*n9e4         
,rum5otomy %\ld be p]=m$ :5 necess>y4   
,?is op]ation consi/s 9 op5+ ! walls ( !
 abdom5 & rum51 & remov+ a "p ( !       
cont5ts ( ! rum54 ,?is is n a dang]\s   
op]ation :5 prop]ly p]=m$1 & %\ld n be  
po/pon$ until ! animal is too weak to   
make a recov]y4  ,,impaction ,,( ,,!    
,,omasum4--,?is disease may occur z a   
complication ( o!r =ms ( acute          
indige/ion & diseases accompani$ by an  
abnormal body temp]ature4 ,fe$s t are   
dry & innutritions commonly cause x4    

,o!r causes are an excessive quantity ( 
fe$1 sudd5 *anges 9 ! diet & dr9k+ an   
insuffici5t quantity ( wat]4  ,z 9 o!r  
diseases ( ! /oma*1 ! appetite is       
dim9i%$1 rum9ation ceases or occurs at  
irregul> int]vals1 & ! animal is m or   
less fev]i%4 ,bloat+ & con/ipation may  
occur4 ,! animal may lose fle%1 is weak1
 walks /iffly & grunts z ?\gh 9 pa9 :5 x
 moves ab\t 9 ! /all & at ea*           
respiration4 ,9 ! acute =m1 m>k$        
symptoms are sometimes manife/$4 ,at    
fir/ ! animal acts dr[sy2 lat] viol5t   
n]v\s symptoms may develop4  ,! c\rse ( 
?is disease v>ies f a few days to sev]al
 weeks4 ,dea? frequ5tly occurs4         
,frequ5tly a di>rhoea accompanies       
recov]y1 a portion ( ! faeces appe>+    
black ) poli%$ surfaces1 z ?\gh !y _h   
be5 bak$4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t consi/s
 9 practis+ ! necess>y precautions aga9/
 ! developm5t ( ?is disease by avoid+   
sudd5 *anges 9 ! fe$1 ! fe$+ ( dry1     
innutritions fe$s 9 too l>ge am\nts1    
all[+ animals pl5ty ( wat] & provid+ !m 

) salt4 ,! be/ purgative to give is     
,glaub]'s or ,epsom salts 9 f "o- to    
two-p\nd doses1 dissolv$ 9 at lea/ "o   
gallon ( wat]4 ,?is physic may be       
repeat$ 9 f twelve to eighte5 h\rs if   
necess>y4 ,two dra*ms ( t9cture ( nux   
vomica & "o ounce ( alcohol may be giv5 
9 a dr5* ?ree times daily4 ,hypod]mic   
injections ( /ry*n9e1 es]9e1 or         
piloc>p9e are useful 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is 
disease4 ,:5 recov]y beg9s1 ! animal    
%\ld be all[$ mod]ate ex]cise & be f$   
food ( a laxative nature4  ,,=eign      
,,bodies ,,9 ,,! ,,/oma* ,,(            
,,rum9ants4--,=eign bodies su* z hair   
balls & wire are v commonly f\nd 9 !    
reticulum4 ,?is is because ( ! habits ( 
?is class ( animals4 ,cattle eat _! fe$ 
ha/ily & d n pick x ov] z c>efully z    
does ! horse4  ,smoo?1 r\nd objects d no
 appreciable h>m unless !y block ! op5+ 
into ! ?ird comp>tm5t ( ! /oma*4 ,?is   
frequ5tly occurs 9 wool-eat+ lambs4     
,%>p-po9t$ objects may p5etrate !       
surr\nd+ tissues or su* organs z !      

sple51 diaphragm1 & p]ic>dial sack4 ,if 
^! organs are injur$ by ! =eign body    
s]i\s symptoms develop4 ,! g5]al        
symptoms are pa91 fev]1 weakness & m>k$ 
emaciation4 ,x is v difficult to =m a   
correct diagnosis1 z ! disease comes on 
)\t any app>5t cause4 ,sometimes a      
swell+ is notic$ 9 ! "r & inf]ior       
abdom9al region4 ,if ! he>t becomes     
injur$1 symptoms ( p]ic>ditis are       
manife/$4  ,! treatm5t is l>gely        
prev5tive4 ,special c>e %\ld be us$ to  
avoid gett+ =eign sub/ances into ! fe$  
giv5 to cattle4 ,! fe$ tr\ghs %\ld be   
kept clean2 we %\ld avoid dropp+ nails &
 /aples into ! fe$ :5 repair+ ! silo or 
gra9 b92 & pieces ( bal+ wire %\ld be   
remov$ f /raw or hay4 ,fe$s kn[n to be  
dirty %\ld be run ?r\gh a fann+ mill    
be=e fe$+4  ,,inflammation ,,( ,,!      
,,/oma* ,,( ,,sw9e4--,ov]load+ & fe$+   
spoil$ fe$ are common causes (          
inflammation ( ! /oma*4 ,swill-f$ hogs  
are mo/ commonly affect$ ) ?is disord]4 
,ov]load+ m (t5 results 9 an            

inflammation ( ! /oma* if ! ov]load+    
foll[s ! fe$+ ( a light ration1 & !     
wea!r is extremely w>m4 ,hogs t are     
accu/om$ to eat+ salt may eat too mu* ( 
x :5 f$ to !m aft] x is )held = a week  
or long]1 & a l>ge quantity ( wat] is   
tak5 soon aft]w>ds4 ,slop conta9+       
alkal9e wa%+ p[d]s & soaps irritate !   
/oma* & inte/9es & cause a s]i\s        
inflammation4  ,! symptoms are loss (   
appetite1 re/lessness & sometimes       
colicky pa9s4 ,! hog usually w&]s (f by 
itself1 acts dull1 grunts1 lies d[n 9 a 
quiet place or /&s ) ! back ar*$ & !    
abdom5 held t5se4 ,vomit+ commonly      
occurs4 ,sometimes ! animal has a       
di>rhoea4 ,! body temp]ature may be     
above normal4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9    
avoid+ irritat+ fe$s & sudd5 *anges 9 ! 
k9d or quantity ( fe$ f$4 ,dr5*+ ) hot  
wat]1 or ) ab\t "o ounce ( ipecacuan may
 be practis$4 ,f "o to ?ree ounces (    
ca/or oil1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! hog1 may
 be giv54 ,aft] recov]y ! hogs %\ld be  
conf9$ 9 a com=table p5 & f$ an easily  

dige/$ ration4  ,,diseases ,,( ,,!      
,,inte/9es  ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!   
inte/9al tract ( solip$s is ! be/       
develop$ ( any ( ! dome/ic animals      
7,fig4 #ad74 ,x is divid$ into two      
portions1 small & l>ge4 ,! small inte/9e
 is a little ov] sev5ty feet 9 l5g? &   
ab\t "o & "o-half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!   
muc\s membrane l9+ pres5ts a l>ge       
absorb+ surface & is well suppli$ )     
absorb+ vessels t take up ! sug>s1      
proteids & fats1 :i* are f9ally         
di/ribut$ to ! body cells by ! blood    
capill>ies4 ,9 addition to ^! absorb+   
vessels ! muc\s membrane conta9s        
inte/9al gl&s t secrete ! inte/9al      
juice4 ,o!r dige/ive secretions f !     
pancreatic gl& & ! liv] are p\r$ into ! 
small inte/9e ne> its orig94 ,^!        
dige/ive juices act on ! proteids1      
sug>s1 />*es & fats1 *ang+ !m into      
sub/ances t are capable ( be+ absorb$4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,photograph (
 model ( dige/ive tract ( horse3        
oesophagus2 /oma*2 liv]2 small inte/9e2 

l>ge inte/9e2 sple54  ,aft] dis5gag+    
itself f ! mass ( loops lodg$ 9 ! region
 ( ! left flank1 ! small inte/9e crosses
 to ! region ( ! "r flank1 :]e x        
t]m9ates 9 ! fir/ division ( ! l>ge     
inte/9e4  ,! l>ge inte/9e is =m$ by !   
foll[+ divisions3 caecum1 d\ble colon1  
float+ colon & rectum4 ,! caecum is a   
l>ge bl9d p\* t has a capacity ( ab\t   
sev5 gallons4 ,! d\ble colon is ! l>ge/ 
division ( ! inte/9es4 ,x is ab\t twelve
 feet 9 l5g? & has a capacity ( ab\t    
eighte5 gallons4 ,?is portion ( !       
inte/9e t]m9ates 9 ! region ( ! left    
flank 9 ! float+ colon4 ,! latt] is ab\t
 t5 feet 9 l5g? & ab\t twice ! diamet] (
 ! small inte/9e1 f :i* x c readily be  
di/+ui%$ by its sacculat$ walls4 ,!     
rectum is ! t]m9al portion ( ! inte/9al 
tract4 ,x is ab\t "o & "o-half feet 9   
l5g? & possesses heavy1 ela/ic walls4   
,f]m5tation & cellulose dige/ion occur 9
 ! caecum & d\ble colon4 ,x is 9 !      
float+ colon t ! faeces are m\ld$ into  
balls4 ,! faeces are reta9$ 9 ! rectum  

until defecation takes place4  ,!       
inte/9al tract ( cattle is long] ?an t (
 solip$s & ! diff]5t divisions are n z  
well def9$ z 9 ! horse's inte/9e & ab\t 
"o-half its diamet]4 ,! l>ge inte/9e is 
ab\t ?irty-five feet 9 l5g? & its       
capacity six or sev5 gallons 7,fig4     
#ae74  ,,acute ,,inte/9al ,,indige/ion  
,,( ,,solip$s4--,acute indige/ion is m  
common 9 horses & mules ?an x is 9 any (
 ! o!r dome/ic animals4 ,because ( !    
diff]5ce 9 ! causes & symptoms manife/$1
 we may divide x into ! foll[+ =ms3     
spasmodic1 flatul5t & ob/ruction colic4 
,! pr$ispos+ causes are g5]al & dige/ive
 debility result+ f ! fe$+ ( an         
insuffici5t or unsuitable ration1 &     
g5]al & p>asitic diseases ( ! inte/9e4  
,n]v\s1 well-br$ horses are mo/         
susceptible to n]v\s or spasmodic colic4
  ,! direct causes are improp] me?ods ( 
fe$+ & wat]+2 giv+ ! animal sev]e or    
unusual ex]cise imm$iately be=e or aft] 
fe$+2 ! fe$+ ( spoil$ or gre5 fe$s & new
 gra9s2 *ill+ ( ! body2 imp]fect        

ma/ication ( fe$ because ( defective    
tee?2 ob/ruction ( ! inte/9e by worms4  
,! fe$+ ( gra9 at a "t :5 ! animal is n 
9 fit condition to dige/ x results 9    
imp]fect dige/ion 9 bo? ! /oma* &       
inte/9e4 ,?is leads to irritation ( !   
inte/9e & abnormal f]m5tation ( its     
cont5ts4 ,! dr9k+ ( a l>ge quantity (   
wat] imm$iately aft] fe$+ gra9 flu%es at
 lea/ a "p ( ! undige/$ gra9 f ! /oma*  
?r\gh ! small inte/9e & into ! caecum4  
,new gra9s1 su* z new oats1 are hurri$  
along ! small inte/9e & rea* ! l>ge     
inte/9e practically undige/$4 ,! two    
latt] conditions are common causes (    
flatul5t or w9d colic4 ,sudd5 *ange 9 ! 
ration1 especially to a gre5 fe$1 may   
result 9 inte/9al irritation &          
flatul5ce4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#ae4--,photograph ( model ( dige/ive    
tract ( rum9ant3 oesophagus2 rum52      
reticulum2 omasum2 abomasum2 small      
inte/9e2 & l>ge inte/9e4  ,horses t are 
gre$y fe$]s & h %>p1 unev51 smoo? or    
diseas$ tee? are unable to ma/icate !   

fe$ prop]ly4 ,?is results 9 un?rift9ess 
caus$ by imp]fect dige/ion &            
assimilation ( ! fe$4 ,su* animals      
usually suff] f a cat>rhal or *ronic    
inflammation ( ! inte/9e1 & may h       
p]iodic attacks ( acute indige/ion or   
colic4  ,ob/ruction colic is v (t5 caus$
 by ! fe$+ ( too mu* r\ghage 9 ! =m (   
/raw1 %r$d$ fodd]1 or hay4 ,debility (t5
 contributes to ?is =m ( indige/ion1 & !
 d\ble colon may become badly impact$ ) 
alim5t>y matt]4  ,worms may irritate !  
inte/9al muc\s membrane & int]f]e )     
dige/ion1 ob/ruct ! inte/9e & cause     
debility & circulatory di/urbances4 ,!  
l>ge r\nd worm may =m a tangl$ mass &   
completely fill a portion ( ! d\ble     
colon4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,a  
ye>l+ colt t di$ ( aneurism colic4  ,"s 
species atta* !mselves to ! inte/9al    
wall1 suck ! blood ( ! ho/ & cause      
anaemia & debility4 ,colic result+ f    
circulatory di/urbances is n common4 ,! 
female ( a c]ta9 species ( /rongulus    
deposits eggs 9 ! muc\s membrane4 ,on   

hat*+1 ! l>vae may ent] a blood         
capill>y1 drift along 9 ! blood /ream & 
f9ally come to re/ 9 a l>ge blood-vessel
 t supplies a c]ta9 portion ( ! inte/9es
 ) blood4 ,"h ! p>asite develops4 ,!    
wall ( ! vessel becomes irritat$ &      
inflam$1 pieces ( fibr9 flake (f & drift
 along ! blood /ream until f9ally a     
vessel too small = ! float+ p>ticle to  
pass ?r\gh is rea*$ & ! vessel becomes  
plugg$4 ,! loop ( inte/9e suppli$ by x  
receives no blood4 ,a tempor>y p>alysis 
( ! loop occurs1 :i* p]si/s until a     
second vessel is able to take ov] !     
function ( ! "o t is plugg$4 ,?is =m (  
colic is mo/ common 9 old horses 7,fig4 
#af74  ,su* complications ( acute       
indige/ion z twi/+1 infold+ &           
displacem5t ( ! inte/9e may occur4 ,x is
 n uncommon = a /allion to suff] f      
/rangulat$ h]nia1 due to a r l>ge       
int]nal +u9al r+ & a loop ( ! inte/9e   
pass+ ?r\gh x & into ! +u9al canal or   
scrotum4 ,su* displacem5ts are usually  
accompani$ by sev]e colicky pa9s4  ,!   

symptoms v>y 9 ! diff]5t cases4 ,9 !    
mild =m1 ! colicky pa9s are n prom95t1 b
 9 ! acute =m1 ! animal is re/less1     
gett+ up & d[n 9 ! /all & roll+ ov]4 ,^!
 movem5ts are especially m>k$ :5 !      
abdom9al pa9 is sev]e4  ,9 ! spasmodic  
=m ! attack comes on sudd5ly1 ! colicky 
pa9s are sev]e1 & ! p]i/altic movem5t ( 
! inte/9e is m>k$ & accompani$ by l\d   
inte/9al s\nds4 ,9 mo/ cases (          
indige/ion *>act]iz$ by f]m5tation &    
collections ( gas 9 ! inte/9e !re is    
ga/ric tympany z well4  ,acute          
indige/ion *>act]iz$ by impaction ( !   
l>ge inte/9e pursues a long] c\rse ?an !
 =ms j m5tion$1 & ! abdom9al pa9 is n   
sev]e4  ,conge/ion & inflammation ( !   
inte/9e may result f ! irritation       
produc$ by ! fe$4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 !     
abdom9al pa9 is less viol5t4 ,! animal  
usually acts dull1 ! walk is sl[ &      
un/eady1 & ! respirations & pulse beats 
may be quick5$4  ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( !   
cases ( acute indige/ion t]m9ate        
fatally4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease v>ies f a 

few h\rs to sev]al days4  ,! treatm5t is
 bo? prev5tive & curative4 ,! prev5tive 
treatm5t is by f> ! mo/ important4 ,?is 
consi/s 9 obs]v+ "r me?ods ( fe$+ & c>+ 
= horses4 ,! att5dant %\ld note !       
condition ( ! animal be=e fe$+ gra91 fe$
 regul>ly & avoid sudd5 *anges 9 fe$4   
,if a horse has receiv$ unusual ex]cise1
 x is prop] to fe$ hay fir/1 & :5 !     
animal is cool$ out1 wat] & fe$ gra94   
,dr9k+ a small quantity ( wat] :5 tir$  
or foll[+ a meal is n injuri\s1 b a l>ge
 quantity ( wat] tak5 at su* times is   
injuri\s & dang]\s to ! heal? ( !       
animal4 ,! fe$+ ( spoil$ or m\ldy fe$s  
to horses is highly injuri\s4  ,! horse 
%\ld be giv5 a roomy1 com=table /all t  
is well b$d$1 or a clean grass lot4 ,if 
! attack appe>s :5 ! animal is 9 h>ness1
 we %\ld /op work+ x & remove ! h>ness  
imm$iately4 ,"w or ex]cise usually      
aggravates ! case & may cause conge/ion 
& inflammation ( important body organs4 
,9 cold wea!r ! animal %\ld be protect$ 
by blankets4 ,if ! pa9 is viol5t1       

s$atives may be giv54 ,! gase\s         
di/urbances %\ld be reliev$ by punctur+ 
! wall ( ! inte/9e ) ! troc> & cannula4 
,rectal injections ( cold wat] may be   
resort$ to4 ,fluid extract ( cannabis   
indica 9 qu>t] ounce doses & repeat$ 9  
"o h\r may be giv5 9 l9se$ oil4 ,9 all  
cases x is advisable to dr5* ! animal ) 
"o p9t ( raw l9se$ oil & two ounces (   
turp5t9e4 ,/ry*n9e1 es]9e & piloc>p9e   
are ! drugs commonly us$ by ! vet]9>ians
 9 ! treatm5t ( acute indige/ion4 ,small
 & repeat$ doses ( ! above drugs are    
pref]r$ to l>ge doses4 ,?is is "o ( !   
diseases t requires prompt & skill$     
att5tion4  ,%>p1 unev5 or diseas$ tee?  
%\ld receive ! necess>y att5tion4 ,9 old
 horses1 *opp$ hay or gr\nd fe$s %\ld be
 f$ :5 necess>y4 ,debility result+ f h>d
 "w1 wrong me?ods ( fe$+ & inte/9al     
disord]s mu/ be correct$ be=e ! p]iodic 
attacks ( indige/ion c be reliev$4 ,if !
 pres5ce ( inte/9al worms is suspect$1 !
 necess>y treatm5t = ridd+ ! animal ( ^!
 p>asites %\ld be resort$ to4  ,bitt] or

 sal9e tonics %\ld be adm9i/]$ 9 ! fe$  
:5 necess>y4 ,! foll[+ =mula is useful z
 a dige/ive tonic3 ,sodium bic>bonate & 
sodium sulfate1 "o p\nd ( ea*1 p[d]$    
g5tian "o-half p\nd1 & oil meal five    
p\nds4 ,a small h&ful ( ?is mixture may 
be giv5 ) ! fe$ two or ?ree times daily4
  ,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,inte/9es4--,!
 same causes m5tion$ 9 inflammation ( ! 
/oma* & acute indige/ion may cause ?is  
disease4 ,x is mo/ frequ5t at times :5  
!re are great v>iations 9 ! temp]ature4 
,sudd5 cold or any influ5ce t *ills !   
surface ( ! body1 or int]nal cold caus$ 
by dr9k+ ice wat] or eat+ froz5 fe$1 may
 cause x4 ,! infecti\s =ms ( ent]itis   
are caus$ by g]ms & ptoma9es 9 ! fe$4   
,dr9k+ fil?y wat] or eat+ spoil$1 m\ldy 
fe$s are common causes4 ,9 cattle pa/ur+
 9 l[1 m>%y places1 ent]itis may be     
common4 ,! toxic =m is caus$ by irritat+
 poisons1 su* z cau/ic acids1 alkalies &
 meat br9e4  ,9 ! mild =m ( ent]itis !  
appetite is irregul>1 ! animal acts dull
 & /upid & may be notic$ ly+ d[n m ?an  

common4 ,slight abdom9al pa9s occur1    
especially foll[+ a meal4 ,an elevation 
9 ! body temp]ature may be not$ & !     
animal may dr9k m wat] ?an usual4       
,con/ipation or a slight di>rhoea may be
 pres5t4 ,! feces may be s(t & f\l      
smell+1 coat$ ) mucus1 & slightly       
discolor$ ) blood4  ,9 ! sev]e =m (     
ent]itis pressure on ! abdom5 may cause 
pa91 ! respiration & pulse beats are    
quick5$ & ! body temp]ature is elevat$4 
,! abdom9al pa9 may be sev]e & ! animal 
is greatly depress$ or acts dull4 ,!    
movem5t ( ! inte/9es is suppress$ at    
fir/ & con/ipation occurs4 ,f]m5tation &
 ! =mation ( gas may take place4 ,lat] !
 inte/9al p]i/alsis increases & a       
f\l-smell+ di>rhoea sets 9 t is (t5 mix$
 ) blood4 ,9 ! toxic =m !re may be m>k$ 
n]v\s symptoms4 ,spasms1 convulsions1   
/upefaction & coma may be manife/$4  ,9 
! mild =m recov]y usually occurs )9 a   
few days4 ,! m s]i\s =ms ( ! disease d n
 t]m9ate s favorably4 ,9 ! toxic =m dea?
 usually occurs )9 a few days4  ,! l>ge 

majority ( cases ( ent]itis c be prev5t$
 by practis+ ! necess>y prev5tive       
measures4 ,x is v necess>y t animals    
expos$ to cold be provid$ ) dry sleep+  
qu>t]s t are free f draughts4 ,:]e a    
numb] ( animals are f$ a heavy gra9     
ration1 or f$ f ! same tr\gh1 !y %\ld be
 kept "u close obs]vation4 ,?is is      
necess>y 9 ord] to detect cases (       
indige/ion or ov]fe$+ e>ly1 & resort to 
! necess>y l9es ( treatm5t1 s z to      
prev5t fur!r irritation to ! inte/9al   
tract4 ,live /ock %\ld n be =c$ to dr9k 
wat] t is ice-cold4 ,l[1 poorly-dra9$ l&
 is n a safe pa/ure = cattle & horses4  
,spoil$ roots1 gra9s & silage1 m\ldy1   
dirty r\ghage & decompos$ slops %\ld n  
be f$ to live /ock4  ,! treatm5t consi/s
 9 )hold+ all fe$ & giv+ ! animal       
com=table1 quiet qu>t]s--w>m qu>t]s &   
protection f ! cold1 provid+ ! animal ) 
a heavy /raw b$1 or ) blankets if       
necess>y1 if ! wea!r is cold4 ,f five to
 =ty gra9s ( calomel may be giv51 dep5d+
 ^u ! size ( ! animal & ! frequ5cy ( !  

dose1 two or ?ree times a day4 ,9 case !
 animal is suff]+ sev]e pa91 morph9e    
giv5 hypod]mically may be indicat$4 ,9 !
 mild =m & at ! v beg9n+ ( ! attack1    
l9se$ oil may be adm9i/]$ to ! l>g]     
animals4 ,! dose is ab\t "o qu>t4 ,!    
small] animals may be giv5 ca/or oil 9 f
 "o- to f\r-ounce doses4  ,:5           
convalesc5ce is rea*$ ! animal %\ld be  
f$ v c>efully1 z ! dige/ive tract is n 9
 condition to dige/ heavy rations or    
fe$s t f]m5t readily4                   
,,di>rhoea4--,di>rhoea occurs z a       
symptom ( irritation & inflammation ( ! 
inte/9al muc\s membrane4 ,sudd5 *anges 9
 ! fe$1 ! fe$+ ( a succul5t gre5 ration1
 sev]e ex]cise :5 ! animal is n 9       
condition = x1 & *ronic indige/ion may  
cause di>rhoea 9 ! abs5ce ( an inte/9al 
inflammation4  ,! foll[+ symptoms may be
 not$3 ,animals affect$ by a di>rhoea   
act dull & weak2 ?ir/ is increas$ & !   
animal may %[ evid5ce ( fev]2 ! inte/9al
 evacuations are s(t1 ?91 & sometimes h 
an (f5sive odor4 ,if ! di>rhoea cont9ues

 = sev]al days1 ! animal loses fle%     
rapidly & ! appetite is irregul>4 ,9 su*
 cases weakness is a prom95t symptom4   
,recov]y usually occurs :5 ! animal is  
diet$ & re/$4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9    
giv+ a physic ( l9se$ or ca/or oil4     
,horses & cattle may be giv5 f "o-half  
to "o qu>t ( l9se$ oil2 %eep & hogs f "o
 to f\r ounces ( ca/or oil4 ,fe$ %\ld be
 )held4 ,morph9e may be giv5            
hypod]mically to ! l>ge animals aft] a  
p]iod ( six to eight h\rs foll[+ !      
adm9i/ration ( ! physic4  ,! foll[+     
=mula is q useful 9 *eck+ di>rhoea3     
salol "o-half ounce1 bismu? subnitrate  
"o ounce1 & bic>bonate ( soda two       
ounces4 ,! dose ( ?is mixture is f "o to
 f\r dra*ms1 dep5d+ on ! size ( !       
animal1 ?ree or f\r times a day4  ,,:ite
 ,,sc\rs ,,or ,,di>rhoea ,,9 ,,"y       
,,animals4--,"y animals1 :5 nurs+ ! "m  
or f$ by h&1 frequ5tly develop conge/ion
 & inflammation ( ! /oma* & inte/9es4   
,?is disord] is *>act]iz$ by a di>rhoea4
  ,! causes may be gr\p$ "u two heads3  

wrong me?ods ( fe$+ & c>e1 & specific   
infection4  ,! fir/ milk ( ! "m is a    
natural laxative & aids 9 ridd+ !       
inte/9e ( ! "y ( su* wa/e mat]ial       
7meconium7 z collects dur+ fetal life4  
,if ?is milk is )held1 ! inte/9e becomes
 irritat$1 con/ipation occurs1 foll[$ by
 a di>rhoea or s]i\s symptoms ( a n]v\s 
"*1 caus$ by ! poison\s effect ( ! toxic
 sub/ances absorb$ f ! inte/9e on !     
n]v\s sy/em4  ,*anges 9 ! ration f$ !   
"m1 excitem5t1 unusual ex]cise & disease
 *ange ! composition ( ! "m's milk4 ,su*
 milk is irritat+ to ! /oma* & inte/9es 
( ! "y4 ,?is irritation does n always   
develop into a di>rhoea1 b may result 9 
a conge/ion ( ! /oma*4  ,:5 ! "y are    
rais$ artificially or by h&1 & f$ milk f
 diff]5t mo!rs ( ! same or diff]5t      
species1 or *ang$ f :ole to skim milk1  
acute & *ronic dige/ive disord]s t are  
accompani$ by a di>rhoea are common4    
,fe$+ calves f fil?y pails1 all[+ !m to 
dr9k too rapidly & giv+ !m f]m5t$ milk  
are common causes ( sc\rs4  ,:ite sc\rs 

caus$ by irritat+ g]ms is a highly      
infecti\s disease4 ,! disease-produc+   
g]ms ga9 entrance to ! body by way ( !  
dige/ive tract & ! umbilical cord4      
,insanit>y conditions1 su* z d>k1 cold1 
damp1 fil?y qu>t]s1 l[] ! vitality ( "y 
animals1 & pr$ispose !m to dige/ive     
disord]s z well z o!r diseases4  ,!     
symptoms are z foll[s3 ,con/ipation     
accompani$ by a fev]i% condition prec$es
 ! di>rhoea2 colicky pa9s are sometimes 
manife/$2 ! di>rhoea is usually         
accompani$ by depression1 fall+ (f 9    
appetite & weakness4 ,at fir/ ! inte/9al
 dis*>ges are n v f\l smell+2 lat] !    
odor is v disagreeable4 ,! faeces may be
 made up l>gely ( undige/$1 decompos$   
milk t adh]es to ! tail & h9d p>ts4 ,if 
! di>rhoea is sev]e1 ! animal refuses to
 suckle or dr9k f ! pail1 & loses fle%  
rapidly4 ,x is usually f\nd ly+ d[n4 ,! 
e>s droop & ! depression is m>k$4 ,!    
body temp]ature may v>y f sev]al degrees
 above to bel[ ! av]age normal4  ,!     
infecti\s =m ( :ite sc\rs may be        

diagnos$ by ! hi/ory ( ! outbreak4 ,9   
?is =m ( ! disease1 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! 
"y are affect$ & ! dea?-rate is v high4 
,calves & lambs frequ5tly die ( an acute
 conge/ion ( ! f\r? /oma*4 ,9 ?is       
disease1 ! symptoms appe> %ortly aft]   
fe$+4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by colicky pa9s1  
convulsions & coma4  ,! treatm5t is     
l>gely prev5tive4 ,"y animals %\ld be   
provid$ ) dry1 clean1 well-v5tilat$     
qu>t]s & all[$ pl5ty ( ex]cise4 ,colts  
?rive be/ if all[$ to run 9 a blue grass
 pa/ure ) ! "m4 ,if ! "m is work$1      
suitable provisions 9 ! way ( qu>t]s &  
frequ5t nurs+ %\ld be provid$4 ,calves1 
lambs & pigs are ! mo/ frequ5t suff]]s f
 insanit>y qu>t]s4 ,9 bre$+1 we %\ld    
always /rive to get /rong1 vigor\s1     
heal?y "y4 ,! c>e giv5 ! "m 9 ! way (   
ex]cise & fe$+ is an important factor   
"h4  ,! fir/ milk ( ! "m %\ld n be )held
 f ! "y1 especially if ! animal is rais$
 by h&4 ,we mu/ also fe$ x regul>ly & n 
too mu* at any "o "t4 ,any *ange 9 !    
milk %\ld be made gradually1 & x is     

usually advisable to r$uce ! ration     
slightly :5 su* a *ange is made1 s z n  
to ov]work ! dige/ive organs4 ,pails &  
bottles f :i* ! animal fe$s %\ld be kept
 clean4  ,colts rais$ on c['s milk mu/  
be f$ & c>$ = c>efully4 ,! milk mu/ be  
sweet & made m dige/ible by dilut+ x )  
"o-?ird wat]4 ,a little sug> may be     
add$4 ,x is v advisable to add f "o-half
 to "o ounce ( lime wat] to ea* p9t (   
milk f$4 ,frequ5t fe$+ is v necess>y at 
fir/1 & we mu/ n und]e/imate ! quantity 
( milk necess>y to keep ! colt 9 good   
condition4 ,x %\ld be taught to eat gra9
 z soon z possible4  ,because ( !       
irritat$ condition ( ! /oma* & inte/9e1 
! animal suff]+ f di>rhoea is unable to 
dige/ its fe$4 ,= ?is reason x is v     
important to )hold all fe$ = at lea/    
twelve h\rs4 ,wat] %\ld be provid$4 ,!  
alim5t>y tract is reliev$ ( ! irritat+  
mat]ial by giv+ ! animal a physic (     
ca/or or l9se$ oil4 ,! dose v>ies f     
"o-qu>t] to "o-half ounce = ! lamb & f  
"o to f\r ounces = ! colt or calf4 ,x is

 advisable 9 mo/ cases to foll[ ?is ) ! 
foll[+ mixture3 bic>bonate ( soda "o    
ounce1 bismu? subnitrate "o-half ounce1 
& salol "o-qu>t] ounce4 ,! dose = ! colt
 & calf is "o teaspoonful ?ree times a  
day4 ,lambs & pigs may be giv5 f "o-f\r?
 to "o-half ! above dose4  ,x is usually
 advisable to give ewes & s[s a physic  
if _! "y develop a di>rhoea4 ,mo!rs t   
are heavy milk]s may be giv5 a physic ! 
second or ?ird day foll[+ bir?4 ,!      
ration %\ld be r$uc$ z well dur+ ! fir/ 
week4  ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,dige/ive    
,,tract ,,( ,,p\ltry  ,,g5]al           
,,discussion4--,! dige/ive tract (      
p\ltry is compos$ ( ! foll[+ organs3    
m\?1 gullet1 crop1 /oma*1 gizz>d &      
inte/9es1 ) ! two l>ge gl&s1 ! liv] &   
pancreas4 ,! dige/ion ( ! fe$ beg9s 9 ! 
crop4 ,"h ! fe$ is held = a %ort "t1    
mix$ ) c]ta9 fluids & s(t5$4 ,on rea*+ !
 /oma* x becomes mix$ ) ! dige/ive fluid
 secret$ by ! ga/ric gl&s4 ,?is second  
dige/ive action consi/s 9 ?or\ghly soak+
 ! fe$ 9 ! ga/ric juice1 mak+ x s(t &   

prep>+ x = mac]ation by ! heavily muscl$
 gizz>d4 ,foll[+ mac]ation x passes into
 ! inte/9e4 ,x is "h t ! dige/ive action
 is complet$ & absorption occurs4  ,"u !
 conditions ( dome/ication1 p\ltry are  
subject to a great v>iety ( inte/9al    
disord]s4  ,,diseases ,,( ,,!           
,,crop4--,impaction & inflammation are !
 two common diseases ( ! crop4 ,l>ge1   
impact$ crops are usually caus$ by !    
fe$+ ( too mu* dry fe$1 f]m5tation ( !  
cont5ts ( ! crop & =eign bodies t       
ob/ruct ! op5+ f ! organ4  ,inflammation
 ( ! crop is caus$ by excessive use (   
condim5ts 9 ! fe$1 putrid or spoil$ fe$s
 & eat+ cau/ic drugs1 su* z lime & rat  
poison4  ,! symptoms are dulness1 an    
indisposition to move ab\t1 droop+ w+s &
 ef=ts to eject gases & liquids4 ,! crop
 is f\nd greatly di/5d$ & ei!r h>d or   
s(t1 dep5d+ on ! quantity ( fe$ pres5t &
 ! cause ( ! di/5tion4 ,if f]m5tation is
 pres5t ! crop usually feels s(t4  ,!   
prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9 practis+   
prop] me?ods ( fe$+4 ,! curative        

treatm5t ( a rec5t case consi/s 9       
manipulat+ ! mass ( fe$1 break+ x up &  
=c+ x upw>ds t[>d ! m\?4 ,if difficulty 
9 break+ up ! mass is exp]i5c$1 x is    
advisable to adm9i/] a tablespoonful (  
ca/or oil to ! bird4  ,if ! above       
manipulations are unsuccessful1 an      
op]ation is necess>y4 ,?is consi/s 9    
mak+ an op5+ ?r\gh ! sk9 & ! wall ( !   
crop & remov+ ! cont5ts ) tweez]s4 ,!   
op5+ mu/ be clos$ ) sutures4 ,! prop]   
aseptic precautions mu/ be obs]v$4  ,9  
inflammation ( ! crop1 ! bird %\ld be   
diet$ = at lea/ "o day1 & "o teaspoonful
 ( ca/or oil giv5 z a laxative4  ,,acute
 ,,& ,,*ronic ,,indige/ion4--,!         
recognition ( special =ms ( indige/ion 9
 p\ltry is difficult4 ,a flock ( p\ltry 
t is subject to c>eless & indiff]5t c>e 
may n ?rive & a numb] ( ! birds develop 
dige/ive disord]s4 ,?is may be indicat$ 
by an abnormal or deprav$ appetite &    
emaciat$ condition4 ,con/ipation or     
di>rhoea may occur4 ,9 ! m sev]e cases !
 bird acts dull1 ! fea!rs are ruffl$ & x

 moves ab\t v little4  ,! treatm5t      
consi/s 9 remov+ ! cause1 & giv+ ! flock
 a tonic mixture 9 ! fe$4 ,! foll[+     
mixture may be us$3 p[d]$ g5tian & p[d]$
 g+]1 eight ounces ( ea*1 ,glaub]'s     
salts f\r ounces1 & sulfate ( iron two  
ounces4 ,"o ounce ( ! above mixture may 
be giv5 9 t5 p\nds ( fe$4  ,,:ite       
,,di>rhoea ,,( ,,"y ,,*ick5s4--,:ite    
di>rhoea is ( ! greate/ economic        
importance to ! p\ltryman4 ,! loss (    
*icks f ?is disease is great] ?an !     
comb9$ loss result+ f all o!r diseases4 
,x is /at$ by "s au?ors t n less ?an    
fifty p] c5t ( ! *ick5s hat*$ die f :ite
 di>rhoea4  ,su* a heavy dea?-rate z is 
attribut$ to ?is disease c n result f   
improp] me?ods ( h&l+ & insanit>y       
conditions4 ,be=e x 0 prov5 t :ite      
di>rhoea 0 caus$ by specific g]ms1 a    
great deal ( emphasis 0 plac$ on su*    
causes z debilitat$ bre$+ /ock1 improp] 
incubation1 poorly v5tilat$1 ov]cr[d$   
brood]s1 too high or too l[ temp]atures 
& fil?4 ,su* conditions are important   

pr$ispos+ factors1 & may1 9 isolat$     
cases1 result 9 s]i\s inte/9al disord]s4
  ,! microorganisms caus+ ?is disease   
belong to bo? ! plant & animal k+doms4  
,infection usually occurs )9 a day or   
two foll[+ hat*+4 ,*icks two or ?ree    
weeks ( age seldom develop ! acute =m ( 
! disease4 ,incubator *icks are ! mo/   
susceptible to ! disord]4  ,! foll[+    
symptoms occur3 ,! *icks pres5t a       
droopy1 sleepy appe>ance2 ! eyes are    
clos$1 & ! *icks huddle toge!r & peep   
mu* ( ! "t2 ! :iti% inte/9al dis*>ge is 
notic$ adh]+ to ! fluff ne> ! m>g9s ( ! 
v5t1 & ! "y bird is v weak2 dea? may    
occur )9 ! fir/ few days4 ,aft] ! fir/  
two weeks ! disease becomes less acute4 
,9 ! highly acute =m ! *icks die )\t %[+
 ! usual tra9 ( symptoms4  ,x is v easy 
to diff]5tiate betwe5 ! infecti\s & !   
non-infecti\s di>rhoea4 ,9 ! latt]1 !   
p]c5tage ( *icks affect$ is small & !   
disease responds to treatm5t m readily  
?an does ! infecti\s =m4 ,! dea?-rate 9 
! latt] =m is ab\t eighty p] c5t4  ,!   

treatm5t ( di>rhoea 9 *icks f any cause 
is prev5tive4 ,?is consi/s 9 remov+ !   
cause4 ,no p]son c successfully h&le    
p\ltry if he does n give ! necess>y     
att5tion to sanitation4 ,p\ltry h\ses1  
runs1 wat]+ f\nta9s & fe$+ places mu/ be
 con/antly clean$ & dis9fect$4 ,! degree
 ( att5tion necess>y dep5ds on !        
surr\nd+s1 ! cr[d$ condition ( ! p\ltry 
h\ses & runs1 & ! pres5ce ( disease 9 ! 
flock4 ,if disease is pres5t1 we c n    
clean & dis9fect ! qu>t]s too (t54 ,!   
att5dant c n ov]look details 9 h&l+ !   
incubator or brood] & fe$+ ! *icks & be 
uni=mly successful4  ,if ! disease is   
kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! flock1 !          
incubators & brood]s %\ld be ?or\ghly   
dis9fect$ by fumigat+ !m ) =maldehyde   
gas4 ,if dirty1 !y %\ld fir/ be wa%$ ) a
 wat] solution ( a good dis9fectant4 ,= 
a p]iod ( f tw5ty-f\r to =ty-eight h\rs 
aft] hat*+1 ! *icks %\ld receive no fe$4
 ,dr4 ,kaupp recomm5ds z an inte/9al    
antiseptic1 sulfoc>bolate ?irty gra9s1  
bi*loride ( m]cury six gra9s1 & citric  

acid ?ree gra9s1 dissolv$ 9 "o gallon ( 
wat]4 ,?is solution %\ld be kept 9 front
 ( ! *icks all ! "t4 ,a wat] solution ( 
p[d]$ copp] sulfate 7ab\t "o-half       
teaspoonful dissolv$ 9 "o gallon ( wat]7
 may be us$4   ,,que/ions   #a4 ,"n !   
organs t =m ! dige/ive app>atus4   #b4  
,:at dige/ive action on ! fe$ occurs 9 !
 m\?8   #c4 ,describe ! causes &        
symptoms ( inflammation ( ! m\?2        
describe     ! treatm5t4   #d4 ,give !  
causes = deprav$ appetite2 describe !   
symptoms &     treatm5t4   #e4 ,give !  
capacity ( ! horse's /oma*4   #f4 ,"n ! 
diff]5t comp>tm5ts ( ! rum9ant's /oma*4 
#g4 ,give ! capacity ( ! /oma* (        
rum9ants4   #h4 ,"n ! diff]5t /ages (   
dige/ion occurr+ 9 ! /oma* ( !     hog4 
#i4 ,:at =ms ( acute indige/ion involve 
! /oma* ( solip$s8 ,give     causes &   
treatm5t4  #aj4 ,give ! causes (        
indige/ion ( ! /oma* ( rum9ants4  #aa4  
,give ! treatm5t = ! diff]5t =ms (      
indige/ion ( !     /oma* ( rum9ants4    
#ab4 ,"n ! divisions ( small & l>ge     

inte/9es ( solip$s &     rum9ants4  #ac4
 ,:at is ! capacity & l5g? ( l>ge       
inte/9e ( solip$s &     rum9ants8  #ad4 
,:at are ! diff]5t =ms ( acute          
indige/ion ( ! horses1 &     causes8    
#ae4 ,give a g5]al l9e ( treatm5t =     
acute indige/ion ( ! horse4  #af4 ,give 
! causes ( :ite di>rhoea 9 ! "y *icks2  
give a l9e (     treatm5t4  #ag4 ,"n !  
organs ( ! dige/ive app>atus ( p\ltry4  
#ah4 ,"n ! common diseases ( ! dige/ive 
app>atus ( p\ltry1 &     give ! causes4 
,,*apt] ,v  ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,liv]   
,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,! liv] is "o ( !
 mo/ important gl&s ( ! body1 z well z !
 l>ge/4 ,because ( its physiological    
influ5ce ov] ! functions ( ! kidneys1   
inte/9es1 & body 9 g5]al & ! v>i$       
functions t x possesses1 x is frequ5tly 
affect$ by functional disord]s4  ,all ( 
! blood t comes directly f ! inte/9e is 
receiv$ by ! liv]4 ,x secretes ! bile1  
neutralizes _m ( ! poison\s sub/ances & 
end products ( dige/ion t are tak5 up by
 ! absorb+ vessels ( ! inte/9e1 & acts z

 a /oreh\se = ! glycog54  ,x c be       
readily und]/ood f ?is brief /atem5t ( !
 nature ( ! liv] functions1 t any       
functional disord] ( ! liv] may be f>   
rea*+ 9 its effect4 ,9 _m ( ! diseases t
 involve o!r organs1 ! liv] may be      
prim>ily affect$4 ,x is difficult to    
diagnose functional disord]s ( ! liv] t 
are responsible = a diseas$ condition ( 
"s o!r body organ4 ,a k ( ! physiology &
 pa?ology ( ! liv] is ( ! greate/       
importance 9 ! diagnosis ( ?is class (  
disord]s4  ,9 ! l>g] dome/ic animals1   
symptoms ( liv] diseases are m obscure  
?an 9 ! small animals4 ,9 c]ta9 p>asitic
 diseases & 9 mix$ & specific infecti\s 
diseases1 ! liv] may %[ m>k$ pa?ological
 *anges4  ,,common ,,causes ,,( ,,liv]  
,,disord]s4--,dome/ic animals commonly  
live "u v unnatural conditions4 ,ill    
results d n foll[ unless ^! conditions  
are s extreme z to violate practically  
all ( ! heal? laws4 ,pamp]$ animals are 
especially prone to liv] disord]s4 ,!   
fe$+ ( too heavy & too conc5trat$ a     

ration toge!r ) insuffici5t ex]cise is  
"o ( ! mo/ common causes ( disord]s ( ! 
liv]4 ,! fe$+ ( a ration t is unsuitable
 = t p>ticul> species is a common s\rce 
( disease 9 animals4 ,= example1 ! fe$+ 
to c>nivora ( a ration made up l>gely ( 
/>*y fe$1 & ! fe$+ ( a ration conta9+ an
 excessive quantity ( prote9 to         
h]bivor\s animals may result 9 inte/9al1
 liv] & n]v\s disord]s4 ,spoil$ fe$ may 
prove highly injuri\s4 ,cat>rhal        
inflammation ( ! inte/9e & inte/9al     
p>asites may ob/ruct ! bile duct1 &     
int]f]e s]i\sly ) ! functions ( ! liv]4 
,symptoms4--,9 diseases ( ! liv] !      
appetite is irregul> or ! animal refuses
 to eat1 is con/ipat$1 or has di>rhoea4 
,! faeces may be grayi% color$ or f\l   
smell+4 ,colicky pa9s are sometimes     
manife/$4 ,usually ! animal acts dull & 
weak4 ,a raise 9 body temp]ature may be 
not$4 ,! visible muc\s membranes may    
appe> yell[i%- or br[ni%-r$ 9 color4    
,treatm5t4--,animals graz+ ov] well     
dra9$ pa/ures t are free f injuri\s we$s

 & provid$ ) pl5ty ( dr9k+ wat]1 seldom 
develop diseases ( ! liv]4 ,ex]cise1 a  
natural diet & pl5ty ( clean wat]1 z    
well z prev5t+ liv] disord]s1 may be    
class$ among ! mo/ important ( all      
curative ag5ts4 ,laxatives or ca?>tics1 
su* z oils1 salts1 aloes1 & calomel1 9  
small doses may be giv54 ,we pref] !    
adm9i/ration ( oil or aloes to horses1  
,glaub]'s or ,epsom salts to rum9ants1 &
 calomel to dogs4 ,! adm9i/ration (     
m9imum doses ( ^! drugs1 & repeat+ !    
dose aft] a %ort int]val1 is pref]able  
to l>ge doses4 ,alkal9e tonics are also 
indicat$4 ,! foll[+ mixture may be giv53
 bic>bonate ( soda1 sulfate ( soda &    
common salt1 eight ounces ( ea*1 & p[d]$
 g5tian & sulfate ( iron1 f\r ounces (  
ea*4 ,l>ge animals may be giv5 a small  
tablespoonful ( ?is mixture ) ! fe$ ?ree
 times a day4 ,! dose = %eep & hogs is  
"o teaspoonful4 ,a v light1 easily      
dige/$ ration %\ld be f$4   ,,que/ions  
#a4 ,:at c be said ( ! importance ( !   
liv]8  #b4 ,tell some?+ ( its duties z a

 gl&4  #c4 ,9 :at animals are liv]      
tr\bles mo/ conspicu\s :5 pres5t8  #d4  
,give causes ( liv] disord]s4  #e4 ,:at 
are ! symptoms8  #f4 ,:at are ! mo/     
important natural cures8  #g4 ,:at rule 
may be giv5 = adapt+ suitable laxatives 
to diff]5t    classes ( animals8        
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,ur9>y
 ,,organs   ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!   
ur9>y app>atus is compos$ ( two gl&s1 ! 
kidneys & an excretory app>atus t c>ries
 ! excretion ( ! kidneys to ! outside4  
,! kidneys are situat$ 9 ! sup]ior      
region ( ! abdom9al cavity 7sublumb>7   
above ! p]itoneum1 & to ! "r & left ( ! 
m$ian l9e4 ,!y are highly vascul> gl&s1 
some:at bean-%ap$ & ( a deep r$ color4  
,^! gl&s are capable ( remov+ f ! blood 
a fluid t is ess5tially diff]5t 9       
composition & :i*1 if reta9$ 9 ! blood1 
w\ld be h>mful or poison\s to ! body    
tissues4  ,! kidney excretions are c>ri$
 f ! pelvis ( ! kidneys by ! "r & left  
uret]s4 ,^! canals t]m9ate 9 ! bladd]1  
an oval-%ap$ res]voir = ! ur9e4 ,?is    

organ is situat$ 9 ! po/]ior portion ( !
 abdom9al cavity & at ! entrance to !   
pelvic cavity4 ,po/]iorly1 x =ms a      
con/rict$ portion or neck4 ,x is "h t ! 
ure?ra orig9ates4 ,?is canal repres5ts !
 la/ division ( ! excretory app>atus4 ,9
 ! female1 ! ure?ra is %ort & t]m9ates 9
 ! vulva4 ,9 ! male x is long & is      
support$ by ! p5is4  ,! ur9e secret$ by 
! kidneys is a body excretion1 & consi/s
 ( wat]1 organic matt] & salts4 ,!      
nitrog5\s end-products1 aromatic        
comp\nds1 color+ matt]1 & muc9 =m !     
organic matt]4 ,! nitrog5\s end-products
 & aromatic comp\nds are urea1 uric &   
hippuric acids1 b5zoic acid & e!real    
sulfates ( ph5ol & cresol4 ,! salts are 
sulfates1 phosphates & *lorides (       
sodium1 potassium1 calcium & magnesium4 
,! organic & inorganic matt] v>ies ) !  
ration4  ,! quantity ( ur9e secret$ )9 a
 giv5 "t v>ies 9 ! diff]5t species & at 
diff]5t times 9 ! same individual4 ,9 ! 
horse ! quantity secret$ 9 tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs v>ies f twelve to fifte5 p9ts2 9   

cattle f t5 to =ty p9ts2 9 %eep f       
"o-half to "o & ?ree-qu>t] p9ts4 ,!     
normal color ( ! ur9e v>ies4 ,9 ! horse 
x is yell[ or yell[i%-r$2 9 cattle &    
%eep yell[i%2 & 9 ! dog a /raw yell[4 ,!
 specific gravity v>ies ) ! quantity    
secret$ & ! ration f$4 ,:5 ! quantity ( 
ur9e secret$ is above ! av]age1 !       
specific gravity is usually l[4  ,,!    
,,necessity ,,( ,,exam9+ ,,! ,,ur9e4--,9
 diseases ( ! ur9>y app>atus1 a c>eful  
exam9ation ( ! ur9e is v necess>y 9 ord]
 to be able to =m a correct diagnosis4  
,9 dome/ic animals x is impractical to  
attempt to det]m9e ! exact am\nt ( ur9e 
pass$ )9 a c]ta9 "t1 b we c make a g5]al
 e/imate ( ! quantity pass$ by c>efully 
obs]v+ ! animal & not+ ! condition ( !  
b$d+ 9 ! /all4 ,! sample ( ur9e to be   
exam9$ is be/ tak5 f ur9e collect$ at   
diff]5t p]iods dur+ ! day4 ,we %\ld note
 its color & consi/5cy4 ,! diff]5t      
sub/ances 9 ! ur9e c be det]m9$ only by 
det]m9+ ! specific gravity1 te/+ ) c]ta9
 *emical reag5ts & by mak+ a microscopic

 exam9ation ( ! s$im5t4 ,normal ur9e f !
 horse may be turbid or cl\dy & m or    
less slimy1 because ( ! pres5ce ( muc94 
,?is is less true ( o!r species4 ,9     
disease ! color ( ! ur9e may be *ang$ to
 a pale yell[1 r$ or br[n4 ,= example1 9
 conge/ion ( ! kidneys ! ur9e is light 9
 color & r transp>5t2 9 s\!rn cattle    
fev] x may be r$2 & 9 azoturia x may be 
br[n4  ,,excessive ,,ur9ation4--,! horse
 is ! mo/ common suff]] f excessive     
secretion ( ur9e4 ,! mo/ common causes  
are mu/y fe$s1 su* z hay1 gra9 & %ipp$  
fe$s4 ,new oats1 succul5t fe$s & acrid  
plants may sometimes cause x4 ,9 ! fall 
( ! ye>1 :5 ! season is *ang+ f w>m to  
cool wea!r & ! horse elim9ates less wat]
 f ! body by way ( ! sk91 ! kidneys may 
become m active & ! quantity ( ur9e     
secret$ be greatly increas$4 ,?is1      
h[ev]1 is a normal physiological        
condition & %\ld n be confus$ ) ?is     
disease4  ,! fir/ symptom not$ is !     
frequ5t pass+ ( a l>ge quantity ( ur9e4 
,! animal dr9ks m wat] ?an usual & !    

appetite is poor4 ,dulness & a weak1    
emaciat$ condition are prom95t symptoms4
 ,dea? occurs unless ! cause ( ! disease
 is remov$4 ,if ! poison\s sub/ance has 
be5 act+ = "s "t1 x is difficult to cure
 ! animal4  ,?is disease c be prev5t$ by
 elim9at+ spoil$ fe$s f ! ration f$ to  
animals 9 our c>e4 ,e>ly 9 ! attack !   
necess>y att5tion to ! ration & ! fe$+ (
 a clean1 n\ri%+ ration is suffici5t to 
correct ! disease4 ,! quantity ( wat]   
drunk by ! animal %\ld be limit$4       
,complete re/ is indicat$4 ,laxatives1  
/imulants & tonics %\ld be giv5 if      
necess>y4  ,,nephritis4--,conge/ion &   
inflammation ( ! kidneys commonly occur 
9 mix$ & specific infecti\s diseases1   
su* z septicaemia1 pyaemia & influ5za4  
,! toxic effect ( spoil$ fe$s1 impure   
dr9k+ wat]1 & irritat+ drugs l can?>ides
 & turp5t9e may s irritate ! kidneys z  
to cause !m to become inflam$4 ,*ill+ ( 
! sk9 & n]v\sness or extreme fe> may    
sometimes cause a conge/ion ( ^! organs4
 ,inflammation ( ! kidneys is a common  

complication ( azoturia4 ,irritation f  
p>asites %\ld be includ$ among ! causes 
( ?is disease4  ,! symptoms v>y 9 !     
diff]5t /ages ( ! disease4 ,dur+ ! p]iod
 ( active conge/ion ! quantity ( ur9e   
secret$ is increas$4 ,! scant secretion 
( ur9e1 d>k 9 color & ?ick or turbid1 is
 sugge/ive ( an inflammation ( !        
kidneys4 ,! animal moves /iffly1 ! back 
may be ar*$1 ur9ation is pa9ful & ! ur9e
 is pass$ 9 v small am\nts4 ,! appetite 
is irregul> or suppress$1 ! pulse /rong 
at fir/ b lat] small & weak1 & ! body   
temp]ature is elevat$4 ,on mak+ a rectal
 exam9ation we f9d ! bladd] empty & !   
kidneys enl>g$ & s5sitive4  ,:5 !       
kidneys become s badly diseas$ t !y c no
 long] p]=m _! function ( sep>at+ f !   
blood ! nitrog5\s end-products (        
dige/ion1 uraemic poison+ occurs4 ,9 ?is
 lat] /age ( ! disease ! animal /agg]s  
ab\t if mov$1 & f9ally goes d[n 9 ! /all
 & is unable to get up4 ,dea? is usually
 prec$$ by convulsions & coma4  ,!      
prognosis is v unfavorable1 dea? occurr+

 9 ! majority ( cases4 ,9 azoturia (    
horses & 9 infecti\s diseases1 !        
inflammation is ne>ly always acute4 ,!  
color ( ! ur9e1 its high specific       
gravity & ! small quantity pass$ are    
valuable symptoms to consid] 9 !        
recognition ( ?is disease4 ,*ronic      
inflammation g5]ally develops sl[ly &   
may n give rise to any v prom95t        
symptoms at fir/4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t
 ( nephritis consi/s 9 c>eful nurs+ (   
animals affect$ ) acute infecti\s       
diseases1 a clean wat] supply & avoid+ !
 fe$+ ( spoil$ fe$s4 ,! curative        
treatm5t is l>gely c>eful nurs+4 ,!     
animal %\ld be giv5 com=table1          
well-v5tilat$ qu>t]s & complete re/4    
,*ill+ ( ! sk9 %\ld be especially gu>d$ 
aga9/ by protect+ ! body ) heavy        
blankets & apply+ roll] b&ages to !     
limbs :5 necess>y4 ,! diet mu/ be ( su* 
a nature z n to increase ! "w ( !       
kidneys4 ,= ! fir/ few days ! animal    
%\ld receive v little fe$ or wat]4 ,lat]
 a sloppy diet ( sweet milk1 gre5 fe$ & 

ma%es %\ld be f$4 ,su* purgatives z     
aloes & ,glaub]'s salts are indicat$ at 
a v e>ly /age 9 ! disease4 ,we mu/      
enc\rage ! elim9ation ( wa/e products by
 way ( ! sk9 9 ! l>g] animals by vigor\s
 rubb+1 blanket+ & ! adm9i/ration ( su* 
drugs z piloc>p9e4 ,if ! animal becomes 
weak1 g5]al & he>t tonics may be giv54  
,,cy/itis4--,inflammation ( ! bladd] is 
n an uncommon disease ( horses4 ,x is   
commonly caus$ by ret5tion ( ! ur9e1    
calculi 9 ! bladd] & *ill+ ( ! body4    
,irritat+ drugs t are elim9at$ f ! body 
9 ! ur9e1 & infection ( ! bladd] by g]ms
 may cause x4  ,! symptoms are usually  
m>k$4 ,! inflammation is *>act]iz$ by m 
or less pa91 dep5d+ on ! degree ( !     
inflammation1 & frequ5t pass+ ( ur9e4   
,only a small am\nt ( ur9e is pass$ at  
ea* attempt1 & 9 sev]e inflammation x   
may conta9 pus or blood4 ,colicky pa9s  
sometimes occur4 ,! pa9 is usually      
manife/$ by a /iff1 /raddl+ gait &      
t5d]ness :5 pressure on ! bladd] is made
 by introduc+ ! h& into ! rectum or     

vag9a1 & press+ ov] ! region ( ! bladd]4
 ,g5]al symptoms1 su* z elevation 9 body
 temp]ature & irregul> appetite1 may be 
manife/$4  ,! treatm5t %\ld be fir/     
direct$ at remov+ ! cause4 ,if a cy/ic  
calculus is pres5t 9 ! bladd] x %\ld be 
remov$4 ,if ! ret5tion ( ! ur9e is caus$
 by "s local condition1 & ?is is v (t5 !
 case 9 n]v\s1 well-br$ animals1 ?is mu/
 fir/ be correct$4 ,x is be/ to fe$ gre5
 & s(t fe$s1 su* z bran ma% & *opp$ hay1
 &1 if ! animal w take !m1 gruels4 ,a   
physic ( ca/or or l9se$ oil %\ld be giv5
 occasionally4 ,x is v necess>y t !     
animal be kept quiet4 ,com=table1 clean 
qu>t]s & a good b$ %\ld be provid$4     
,:5ev] necess>y ! animal %\ld be        
blanket$4 ,! m$ic9al treatm5t consi/s 9 
irrigat+ ! bladd] ) antiseptic          
solutions1 & adm9i/]+ drugs t :5        
elim9at$ by way ( ! ur9e may *ange its  
composition & r5d] x less irritat+4 ,!  
foll[+ mixture may be giv53 potassium   
*lorate two ounces1 salol "o-half ounce1
 & p[d]$ nux vomica "o ounce4 ,?is      

mixture may be divid$ into sixte5 p[d]s4
 ,"o ( ! p[d]s %\ld be giv5 ) ea* fe$4  
,,ret5tion ,,( ,,! ,,ur9e4--,?is may be 
due to a v>iety ( causes4 ,9 ! ox & ram1
 small calculi collect 9 ! ,s-%ap$      
curvature ( ! ure?ra1 or at its t]m9al  
extremity4 ,9 ! horse1 cy/ic calculi are
 m common ?an ure?ral4 ,9 cattle & hogs1
 fatty secretions f ! inflam$ l9+       
membrane ( ! %ea? ( ! male may          
accumulate1 & ob/ruct ! fl[ ( ur9e f !  
ant]ior op5+4 ,! giv+ ( fe$ ri* 9 salts1
 conc5trat$ ur9e result+ f fe$+ ( too   
dry a ration1 insuffici5t ex]cise &     
inflammation ( ! bladd] are ! direct    
causes ( calculi4  ,compression ( !     
ure?ra by gr[?s or tumors1 /rictures ( !
 ure?ra1 di/5d$ bladd]1 spasm ( ! neck (
 ! bladd] 9 n]v\s animals1 p>alysis ( ! 
bladd] & injuries to ! p5is are common  
causes ( ret5tion ( ! ur9e4  ,! e>ly    
symptoms 9 rum9ants are n usually       
recogniz$ until a day or two aft]       
ret5tion ( ! ur9e has occurr$4 ,!       
symptoms are !n q m>k$4 ,! animal acts  

dull1 refuses to eat1 rum9ation is      
/opp$1 & !re is a con/ant ef=t to       
ur9ate1 z indicat$ by ! rais+ ( ! tail &
 rhy?mical contractions ( ! ur9>y       
muscles j bel[ ! anus4 ,ur9e may dribble
 f ! %ea? or ! fl[ may be completely    
suppress$4 ,! odor ( ur9e may be m>k$4  
,horses %[ symptoms ( abdom9al pa94 ,!  
animal may move ab\t ! /all1 lie d[n &  
get up aga91 or make unsuccessful       
attempts to ur9ate4 ,on exam9ation !    
bladd] is f\nd to be greatly di/5d$ )   
ur9e4 ,9 ! horse ! ret5tion is recogniz$
 at an e>li] p]iod ?an 9 rum9ants1      
because ( ! prompt1 decid$ symptom (    
pa94  ,ret5tion ( ! ur9e commonly       
t]m9ates 9 rupture ( ! bladd] 9         
rum9ants4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 ! symptoms (  
pa9 are less evid5t4 ,dea? occurs f     
uraemic poison+ & p]itonitis4 ,! outcome
 is less favorable 9 rum9ants ?an 9     
solip$s4  ,inflammation ( ! %ea? c be   
readily recogniz$ because ( ! local     
swell+4  ,! foll[+ l9es ( treatm5t are  
recomm5d$3 ,a ration or fe$ t favors !  

=mation ( calculi %\ld n be f$ to       
animals2 inflammation ( ! %ea? %\ld     
receive prompt treatm5t--?is consi/s 9  
irrigat+ ! "p ) w>m1 soapy or alkal9e   
wat]1 foll[$ by an antiseptic wa%2 we   
may attempt to "w ! ure?ral calculi =w>d
 & out ( ! ,s-curve 9 ! ure?ra2 if ?is  
is unsuccessful1 ure?rotomy = _! removal
 may be attempt$4  ,! ret5tion ( ! ur9e 
9 horses1 because ( spasm or p>alysis ( 
c]ta9 muscles1 may be treat$ by pass+ ! 
ca!t]4 ,sometimes spread+ litt] "u !    
horse & keep+ x quiet may induce x to   
ur9ate4 ,hot packs ov] ! region ( ! back
 may be us$4 ,! treatm5t = calculi is   
entirely surgical4 ,! op]ation = !      
removal ( cy/ic calculi 9 ! horse1      
al?\gh difficult1 is foll[$ by good     
results4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,describe !  
ur9>y app>atus4  #b4 ,give ! composition
 ( ! ur9e & quantity secret$ 9 ! diff]5t
    animals4  #c4 ,/ate me?od ( det]m9+ 
quantity & composition ( ur9e secret$   
by diff]5t dome/ic animals4  #d4 ,give !
 causes & treatm5t ( excessive ur9ation4

  #e4 ,give ! causes & treatm5t (       
conge/ion & inflammation ( !    kidneys4
  #f4 ,give ! causes ( cy/itis2         
symptoms2 treatm5t4  #g4 ,give ! causes 
& treatm5t ( ret5tion ( ! ur9e4         
,,*apt] ,,vii  ,,diseases ,,( ,,!       
,,g5]ative ,,organs   ,,g5]al           
,,discussion4--,! /udy ( ! organs       
conc]n$ ) ! reproduction ( ! species is 
ess5tial 9 ord] to acquire a k ( _!     
sev]al functions4 ,x is only ?r\gh an   
und]/&+ ( ^! functions t we c prep>e    
ourselves to correctly recognize1 &     
successfully treat1 or prev5t1 su*      
diseases z may involve ! organs (       
g5]ation4 ,a k ( ! /ructure & function (
 ! g5]ative organs ( ! female is (      
great] importance f ! /&po9t ( disease1 
?an is a simil> k ( ! g5]ative organs ( 
! male4 ,! female is conc]n$ ) !        
complete reproductive process1 :i* may  
be divid$ into f\r /ages4 ,^! are       
copulation1 fecundation1 ge/ation &     
p>turition4 ,! male is conc]n$ only )   
copulation & f]tilization ( ! ovum by ! 

sp]matozoa1 :ile ! female mu/ protect & 
n\ri% ! embryo & foetus until x has     
become suffici5tly develop$ to live     
indep5d5tly ( ! protection & n\ri%m5t   
af=d$ x )9 ! womb4 ,:5 ! f9al /age (    
ge/ation is rea*$1 bir? or ! act (      
p>turition occurs4  ,,g5ital ,,organs   
,,( ,,! ,,female4--,! female g5]ative   
organs are ! ov>ies1 fallopian tubules1 
ut]us1 vag9a1 vulva & mamm>y gl&s4  ,!  
ov>ies are analog\s to ! te/icles ( !   
male4 ,_! function is to secrete ova4   
,?is pair ( gl&s is susp5d$ f ! sup]ior 
region 7sublumb>7 ( ! abdom9al cavity by
 folds ( ! l9+ membrane4 ,lead+ f !     
ov>ies1 b connect$ ) ! surface ( ^! gl&s
 only dur+ ! p]iod ( oe/rum or heat1 are
 ! fallopian tubules4 ,_! function is to
 c>ry ! ovum f ! ov>ies to ! ut]us4  ,! 
ut]us or womb is a membran\s sack       
situat$ 9 ! sublumb> region & at ! inlet
 to ! pelvic cavity4 ,x is held 9       
position by num]\s folds ( ! l9+        
membrane ( ! abdom9al cavity4 ,we may   
divide ! womb into ?ree divisions1      

cornua1 body & c]vix4  ,! cornua or     
horns are long & cyl9drical 9 %ape4 ,?is
 portion ( ! womb is greatly develop$ 9 
animals1 l ! s[ & bit*1 t give bir? to  
sev]al "y4 ,9 ! impregnat$ animal ! wall
 ( ! cornua t conta9s "o or sev]al      
foetuses1 & ! body z well1 becomes      
greatly ?ick5$ & ! l9+ membrane m       
vascul>4  ,! body is %ort 9 all dome/ic 
animals & connects ! horns ) ! c]vix or 
neck4 ,! latt] is repres5t$ by a n>r[   
portion t projects backw>d into ! vag9a4
 ,9 ! c[ ! c]vix is less prom95t ?an 9 !
 m>e & ! tissue t =ms x1 q firm4 ,9 ! c[
 ! op5+ 9 ! c]vix1 ! os1 is v small4  ,!
 vag9a is a musculo-membran\s canal t   
leads f ! womb4 ,9 ! m>e & c[ x is ab\t 
"o foot 9 l5g?4 ,its function is to take
 "p 9 copulation & p>turition4  ,! vulva
 is ! ext]nal op5+ ( ! mat]nal passages4
 ,x %[s a v]tical slit enclos$ by lips1 
& int]iorly x =ms a passage t is        
cont9u\s ) ! vag9a4 ,?is passage is ab\t
 six in*es long 9 ! l>g] animals4 ,!    
diff]5t features t %\ld be not$ are !   

clitoris1 a small erectile organ locat$ 
at ! inf]ior portion ( ! op5+1 ! meatus 
ur9>is1 ! ext]nal op5+ ( ! ure?ra1      
situat$ 9 a depression 9 ! floor ( !    
vulva1 & ! hym51 an incomplete membran\s
 p>tition t may be f\nd sep>at+ ! vulva 
f ! vag9a4  ,! mamm>y gl&s or udd]s     
secrete ! milk t n\ri%es ! "y4 ,! gl&s  
v>y 9 numb]4 ,! m>e has two1 ! c[ f\r   
7,fig4 #ag71 ! ewe two & animals t give 
bir? to sev]al "y1 eight or m4 ,ea* gl& 
is surm\nt$ by a teat or nipple4 ,!     
gl&ul> tissue consi/s ( caecal vesicles 
t =m grape-l clu/]s ar\nd ! milk        
tubules4 ,! milk tubules f ! diff]5t    
portions ( ! gl& conv]ge & =m l>g]      
tubules t f9ally empty into small s9uses
 or res]voirs at ! base ( ! teat4 ,lead+
 f ^! s9uses are "o or sev]al milk ducts
 t op5 at ! summit ( ! teat4  ,,g5ital  
,,organs ,,( ,,! ,,male4--,! g5ital     
organs ( ! male are ! te/icles1 ! ducts 
or canals lead+ f ! te/icles1 ! sem9al  
vesicles1 ! gl&s ly+ along ! ure?ra1 & !
 p5is4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            

#ag4--,photograph ( model ( udd] ( c[3  
milk duct2 milk s9uses2 & gl&ul> tissue4
  ,! te/icles are ! gl&ul> organs t     
secrete ! sp]matozoa1 ! ess5tial elem5ts
 ( ! sem9al fluid4 ,^! gl&s are lodg$ 9 
! scrotal sack1 situat$ betwe5 ! two    
?ighs4  ,ly+ along ! sup]ior bord] ( !  
te/icle is a mass ( ducts1 ! epididymis4
 ,! vas def]5s is ! canal or duct t     
passes f ! epididymis to ! region ( !   
bladd] & t]m9ates ne> its neck by empty+
 into ! sem9al vesicles4  ,! sem9al     
vesicles are two membran\s p\*es situat$
 j above ! bladd]4 ,!y act z receptacles
 = ! sem9al fluid4 ,two %ort ducts1 !   
ejaculatory1 c>ry ! sem9al fluid f !    
sem9al vesicles to ! ure?ra4  ,! pro/ate
 gl& is situat$ ne> ! orig9 ( ! ure?ra4 
,c[p]'s gl&s lie along ! c\rse ( !      
ure?ra & ne> ! orig9 ( ! p5is4 ,^! gl&s 
empty _! secretions into ! ure?ra &     
dilute ! sem9al fluid4  ,! p5is is !    
male organ ( copulation4 ,x orig9ates at
 ! ar* ( ! is*ium & ext5ds =w>d betwe5 !
 ?ighs4 ,x may be divid$ into fix$ &    

free portions4 ,! free portion is lodg$ 
9 ! prepuce or %ea?1 b at ! "t (        
erection protrudes f x4  ,,/]ility1     
,,impot5cy4--,fecundation does n always 
foll[ int]c\rse ( ! male & female4      
,impot5cy 9 ! male & /]ility 9 ! female 
frequ5tly occur4  ,! causes are q v>i$4 
,a normal copulation may be impossible  
because ( injuries to1 & de=mities (1 ! 
p>ts & tumor gr[?s4 ,de=m$ g5ital organs
 & ob/ructions ( ! os by gr[?s & sc>    
tissue are causes ( /]ility 9 ! female4 
,failure to bre$ is commonly caus$ by   
faulty me?ods ( fe$+ & c>e4 ,ov]-fe$+ & 
insuffici5t ex]cise may result 9 ! body 
tissues becom+ load$ ) fat4 ,?is may    
cause a tempor>y /]ility1 b if p]si/$ 91
 z is frequ5tly ! case 9 %[ animals1 !  
/]ility becomes p]man5t because ( !     
g5ital gl&s fail+ to secrete ova &      
sp]matozoa1 or ! lack ( vitality ( !    
male & female elem5ts4 ,old age &       
debility f disease or poor c>e may      
induce loss ( sexual desire & an abs5ce 
(1 or weak5$ sp]matozoa 91 ! sem9al     

fluid4 ,! refusal ( ! male to s]ve c]ta9
 females is sometimes not$4             
,tub]culosis may affect ! ov>ies & cause
 p]man5t /]ility4 ,9 inflammation ( !   
l9+ membrane ( ! womb & vag9a1 !        
secretions are abnormal & may collect 9 
! womb & ! passages lead+ to x4 ,^!     
secretions de/roy ! vitality ( !        
sp]matozoa1 & ?is condition may be      
consid]$ a common cause ( /]ility 9 !   
l>g] animals4 ,_m vigor\s "y males are  
made impot5t by excessive copulation4 ,!
 excessive use ( ! male at any "t may   
result 9 failure to impregnate a l>ge   
p]c5tage ( ! females t he s]ves4  ,b>r5 
females d n become pregnant aft] frequ5t
 int]c\rse ) ! male4 ,"y /]ile females  
may n come 9 heat4 ,sometimes unnatural 
p]iods ( heat are manife/$1 ! animal    
com+ 9 heat frequ5tly or rema9+ 9 heat =
 a long] p]iod ?an usual4 ,?is sometimes
 occurs 9 tub]culosis ( ! ov>ies4 ,9    
*ronic inflammation ( ! mat]nal passage 
!re is m or less dis*>ge f ! vulva4 ,bo?
 sexes may be ov]ly fat or weak5$ &     

debilitat$ by disease4 ,de=mity ( !     
g5]ative organs & gr[?s may be f\nd on  
mak+ an exam9ation4 ,abs5ce (1 or lack (
 vitality ( ! sp]matozoa may be det]m9$ 
by microscopic exam9ation ( ! sem9al    
fluid4  ,! treatm5t is l>gely prev5tive4
 ,x is v important t bre$+ animals be   
kept 9 prop] physical condition by      
avoid+ ! fe$+ ( too heavy or too light a
 ration1 & all[+ !m suffici5t ex]cise4  
,! male is m (t5 affect$ by ! latt]     
cause ?an ! female4 ,?is is because !   
av]age /ockman does n consid] ex]cise   
giv5 "u ! "r conditions an important    
factor 9 ma9ta9+ ! vigor ( ! male4 ,"y  
males %\ld n be giv5 excessive int]c\rse
 ) ! female4 ,su* practice is c]ta9 to  
s]i\sly affect ! pot5cy ( ! animal4 ,!  
excessive use ( ! /allion c be avoid$ by
 practis+ artificial impregnation ( a "p
 ( ! m>es t he is call$ to s]ve4        
,/]ility caus$ by gr[?s & closure ( ! os
 may be correct$ by an op]ation4        
,*ronic inflammation ( ! mat]nal        
passages %\ld be treat$ by irrigat+ !   

p>ts ) a "o p] c5t w>m wat] solution (  
lysol1 or liquor cresolis comp\nd4 ,!   
p>ts %\ld be irrigat$ daily = z long a  
p]iod z necess>y4 ,fat animals %\ld be  
subject$ to a rigid diet & giv5 pl5ty ( 
ex]cise4 ,foll[+ ?is treatm5t a /imulat+
 ration may be f$ = ! purpose ( enc\rag+
 ! sexual desire4 ,9 weak & debilitat$  
animals1 ! cause %\ld fir/ be remov$ & a
 prop] ration f$4 ,can?>ides & /ry*n9e  
are ! drugs mo/ highly recomm5d$ =      
increas+ ! sexual desire4  ,,signs ,,(  
,,pregnancy4--,! signs :i* *>act]ize    
pregnancy are num]\s & v>i$4 ,=         
conv5i5ce we may classify ! _m signs (  
pregnancy "u two heads1 probable &      
positive4 ,"u ! head ( probable signs1  
we may gr\p ! foll[+ symptoms (         
pregnancy3 cessation ( heat2 *anges 9 ! 
animal's disposition2 increase 9 !      
volume ( ! abdom5 & t5d5cy to put on    
fat4 ,! positive signs are ! *ange 9 !  
volume ( ! udd]2 ! secretion ( milk2 !  
movem5t ( ! foetus & pres5ce ( ! foetus 
9 ! womb1 z det]m9$ by rectal exam9ation

 or by ! feel ( ! abdom54  ,! probable  
signs are n reliable1 & %\ld be consid]$
 only 9 connection ) "s positive sign4  
,p]sons :o base _! op9ion ( ! condition 
( an animal t is suppos$ to be pregnant 
on probable signs1 are frequ5tly mi/ak54
 ,x has frequ5tly happ5$ t animals ^:   
condition 0 n at all c]ta9 h giv5 bir?  
to "y1 )\t giv+ rise to :at may be t]m$ 
*>act]i/ic probable signs4  ,! e>lie/   
probable symptom is ! cessation ( heat4 
,9 ! l>ge pregnant animals1 irregul>    
heat p]iods may occur1 b 9 ! majority ( 
cases we may safely consid] ! animal    
impregnat$ if sev]al heat p]iods are    
pass$ ov]4  ,x has be5 g5]ally obs]v$ t 
! disposition ( ! pregnant animal is    
*ang$4 ,!y become m quiet & less n]v\s &
 irritable4 ,! t5d5cy ( pregnant animals
 to put on fat is frequ5tly tak5        
advantage ( by ! /ockman1 :o may all[ ! 
bo> to run ) ! h]d dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( 
fatt5+4  ,! increase 9 ! volume ( !     
abdom5 may be consid]$ a positive sign (
 pregnancy 9 ! small animals1 b 9 ! m>e 

& c[ x c n be dep5d$ on4 ,animals t are 
pregnant = ! fir/ "t1 d n %[ z great an 
increase 9 ! volume ( ! abdom5 z d      
animals t h gone ?r\gh successive       
pregnant p]iods4 ,! volume ( ! abdom5   
may v>y greatly 9 ! diff]5t individuals1
 & c n be dep5d$ on z a positive        
indication ( pregnancy dur+ ! fir/      
two-?irds ( ! p]iod ( pregnancy 9 ! l>g]
 dome/ic animals4  ,comp>atively e>ly 9 
pregnancy1 ! pres5ce ( a foetus c be    
det]m9$ by feel+ ! ut]us ?r\gh ! wall ( 
! rectum4 ,9 ! small dome/ic animals !  
feel+ ( ! abdom5 gives ! be/ results4 ,9
 ! c[ ?is me?od ( diagnosis is practis$ 
dur+ ! latt] p]iods ( pregnancy4 ,!     
exam9] /&s ) 8 back t[>d ! animal's     
head1 & on ! "r side ( ! c[ & ! left    
side ( ! m>e4 ,! palm ( ! h& is appli$  
aga9/ ! abdom9al wall1 ab\t eight or t5 
in*es 9 front ( ! /ifle & j bel[ !      
flank4 ,mod]ate pressure is us$1 & if a 
h>d1 volum9\s mass is felt1 or if !     
foetus moves1 x is a sure sign t !      
animal is pregnant4 ,x is n uncommon = !

 foetus to %[ "s movem5t 9 ! morn+1 or  
aft] ! animal dr9ks freely ( cold wat]4 
,! increase 9 ! volume ( ! udd] occurs  
at a comp>atively e>ly p]iod 9 animals t
 are pregnant = ! fir/ "t4 ,! secretion 
( milk & ! dropp+ ( ! muscles ( ! qu>t]s
 indicate t p>turition is ne>4 ,!       
,abd]hald5 te/ = det]m9+ :e!r or n an   
animal is pregnant is n[ practis$4      
,,hygi5e ,,( ,,pregnant                 
,,animals4--,pregnant animals t are     
conf9$ 9 a pa/ure t is free f injuri\s  
we$s & n too r\gh or hilly1 & :]e !     
animals h access to clean wat] & !      
necess>y %elt]1 seldom suff] f an       
abnormal bir?4 ,"h !y live "u ! mo/     
favorable conditions = tak+ ex]cise1    
secur+ a suitable diet & avoid+ injury4 
,x may n be possible 9 manag+ bre$+     
animals to provide su* surr\nd+s at all 
times1 b we %\ld obs]ve e possible      
hygi5ic precaution1 especially if !     
animal has rea*$ ! lat] p]iods (        
pregnancy4  ,all pregnant animals are   
incl9$ to be lazy1 b1 if p]mitt$1 w take

 ! necess>y ex]cise4 ,pregnant m>es are 
usually work$4 ,su* ex]cise does no h>m1
 provid+ ! "w is n h>d or ( an unusual  
"*4 ,c[s are usually subject to m       
natural conditions ?an o!r dome/ic      
animals4  ,protect+ pregnant animals    
aga9/ injuries result+ f cr[d+1 slipp+ &
 fight+ is an important "p ( _! c>e4    
,injuries f cr[d+ toge!r 9 ! sleep+     
qu>t]s & ab\t fe$+-tr\ghs1 or ?r\gh     
doors & climb+ ov] l[ p>titions are     
common causes ( injury 9 pregnant s[s4  
,cr[d+ toge!r 9 ! /able or y>d1 or ?r\gh
 doorways1 fight+1 & slipp+ on floors1  
or icy places sometimes results 9       
injury4 ,x is r>e1 h[ev]1 = c[s to abort
 f an injury1 b p>turition may n be     
completely free f disagreeable          
complications4 ,"u ! conditions m5tion$ 
ret5tion ( ! fetal membranes is common4 
,ewes frequ5tly suff] f too close       
conf9em5t dur+ late w9t]4 ,s[s are (t5  
subject to ! mo/ unhygi5ic conditions4  
,?is is %[n 9 ! heavy dea?-rate 9 s[s & 
pigs4 ,dur+ ! late w9t] & e>ly spr+ !   

conditions may be su* z n to p]mit (    
ex]cise4 ,/ormy1 sn[y1 muddy wea!r is   
common at ?is season ( ! ye>4 ,p]sons   
c>+ = ewes & s[s %\ld see t !y take     
suffici5t ex]cise4 ,x may be necess>y to
 drive !m ab\t = a %ort "t ea* day4 ,at 
su* times x may be advisable to give !m 
a laxative dose ( oil1 or give a        
laxative ) ! fe$4 ,:5 !re is any        
indication ( con/ipation1 ?is %\ld be   
practis$4  ,pregnant animals %\ld be f$ 
c>efully4 ,we may fe$ animals t are n 9 
?is condition 9 a c>eless fa%ion1 b if  
pregnant1 ov]-fe$+1 ! fe$+ ( a fatt5+   
ration1 or spoil$ fe$1 & sudd5 *anges 9 
! fe$ c n be practis$ ) any degree (    
safety4 ,a bulky ration ( dry fe$ &     
dr9k+ impure1 or too little1 wat] may   
cause con/ipation1 acute indige/ion &   
abortion4 ,! ration f$ %\ld conta9 !    
necess>y inorganic & organic elem5ts = !
 build+ up ( ! body tissues ( ! foetus4 
,at ! end ( ! p>turition p]iod1 sep>ate 
qu>t]s %\ld be provid$4 ,! m>e or c[    
%\ld be giv5 a com=table clean /all away

 f ! o!r animals4 ,! ewe %\ld be provid$
 ) a w>m room if ! wea!r is cold4 ,x is 
always be/ to give ! s[ a sep>ate p5 t  
is dry & clean1 & away f ! o!r animals4 
,all dang] f injury to ! "m & "y %\ld be
 gu>d$ aga9/4  ,,abortion4--,! expulsion
 ( ! foetus at any "t dur+ ! p]iod (    
ge/ation1 :5 x is n suffici5tly develop$
 to live indep5d5tly ( ! "m1 is t]m$    
abortion4 ,abortion may be ei!r         
accid5tal or infecti\s4 ,accid5tal      
abortion is m commonly met ) 9 ! m>e &  
s[ ?an ! infecti\s =m4 ,9 rum9ants !    
opposite holds true4  ,! causes (       
accid5tal abortion are faulty me?ods (  
fe$+ & c>e4 ,injuries1 acute indige/ion1
 m\ldy1 spoil$ fe$s1 *ill+ result+ f    
exposure & dr9k+ ice-cold wat]1         
n]v\sness br\ght on by fright1 or       
excitem5t & g5]al diseases are ! common 
causes ( abortion4  ,infecti\s abortion 
is mo/ common 9 c[s4 ,o!r dome/ic       
animals t may be affect$ are ! m>e1 s[ &
 ewe4  ,x is caus$ by a specific g]m4 ,!
 ,bacillus abortus ( ,bang is ! cause ( 

abortion 9 c[s1 b ! specific g]m t      
produces abortion 9 o!r species (       
animals has n be5 prov54 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 
,ke]1 ,good1 ,giltn] & o!rs h prov5 t ! 
,bang bacillus ( abortion is infecti\s =
 o!r species ( animals1 & outbreaks (   
?is disease h be5 said to occur among   
bre$+ ewes pa/ur$ & f$ on infect$       
premises4 ,its infecti\sness = ! females
 ( o!r species has nev] be5 prov5 9     
natural outbreaks4  ,! disease-produc+  
g]ms are pres5t 9 ! body ( ! foetus1 !  
fetal membranes1 ! dis*>ge f ! mat]nal  
passages1 ! faeces & milk ( abort+      
animals4 ,! male may c>ry ! infection 9 
! %ea?1 ure?ra & on ! p5is4 ,! natural  
av5ues ( infection are ! mat]nal        
passages & dige/ive tract4  ,x is v     
seldom t abortion is c>ri$ f "o h]d to  
ano!r by means o!r ?an ?r\gh ! bre$+ (  
animals free f abortion to animals      
affect$ by ?is disease4 ,! pur*ase ( a  
bull or c[ f an infect$ h]d & bre$+ !m  
to animals t are free f disease1 is a   
common me?od ( spread+ ! disease4 ,aft] 

s]v+ ! diseas$ animal1 ! male may c>ry !
 bacillus ( abortion into ! mat]nal     
passages ( ! next c[ he s]ves4 ,!re are 
num]\s cases on record :]e ! bull 0 a   
p]man5t c>ri] ( ! ,bacillus abortus &   
infect$ ne>ly e animal s]v$4 ,!         
di/ribution ( ! disease 9 ! h]d foll[+ !
 introduction ( a c[1 s[1 or ewe t has  
abort$ be=e or aft] be+ pur*as$1 takes  
place ?r\gh contact ( ! o!r animals ) ! 
virus t may be pres5t on ! floor1 or 9 !
 manure1 or by tak+ ! virus into !      
dige/ive tract along ) ! fe$ & dr9k+    
wat]4 ,exp]im5tal evid5ce indicates !   
latt] av5ue ( infection4  ,! /allion is 
! mo/ common s\rce ( infecti\s abortion 
9 m>es4 ,an infect$ /allion may         
di/ribute ! disease to a l>ge p]c5tage (
 ! m>es t he s]ves4 ,= ?is reason ne>ly 
all ( ! m>es 9 a c]ta9 locality may     
abort4  ,9 case ! infection occurs at ! 
"t ( s]vice1 ! abortion usually takes   
place dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! p]iod (      
pregnancy4 ,c[s t become pregnant )\t   
recov]+ f ! inflammation ( ! l9+        

membrane ( ! g5ital tract1 may abort at 
a v e>ly p]iod4 ,mc,fadyean & ,/ockman f
 ! artificially inoculat$ cases (       
infecti\s abortion 9 c[s1 %[$ t ! p]iod 
( incubation av]ag$ #abf days4  ,!      
symptoms ( accid5tal abortion are       
extremely v>iable4 ,animals t abort dur+
 ! e>ly p]iods ( pregnancy may %[ s     
little di/urbance1 t ! animal c be      
treat$ z if no?+ _h happ5$4 ,dur+ !     
latt] half ( pregnancy1 & especially :5 
! accid5t is caus$ by an injury1 !      
symptoms are m s]i\s4 ,loss ( appetite1 
dulness1 re/lessness1 abdom9al pa9 &    
haemorrhage are ! symptoms commonly     
not$4 ,if ! foetus is dead1 x may be    
necess>y to assi/ ! animal 9 expell+ x4 
,9 ! latt] case1 dea? ( ! "m may occur4 
,a slight fall+ ( ! flanks1 swell+ ( !  
lips ( ! vulva & a ret5tion ( ! fetal   
membranes1 or dis*>ge f ! vulva may be !
 only symptoms not$ at ! "t abortion    
occurs4  ,! symptoms ( infecti\s        
abortion v>y 9 ! diff]5t p]iods (       
pregnancy4 ,at an e>ly p]iod1 ! foetus  

may be pass$ ) s little evid5ce ( labor 
t ! animal pays little att5tion to x4 ,!
 recurr5ce ( heat may be ! fir/         
intimation ( ! abortion4 ,all cases (   
abortion are foll[$ by m or less dis*>ge
 f ! vulva4 ,?is is especially true if !
 fetal membranes are reta9$4 ,9 su*     
cases1 ! dis*>ge has a v disagreeable   
odor4 ,9 mo/ cases ! foetus is dead4 ,:5
 born alive1 x is weak & puny1 & usually
 dies or is de/roy$ )9 a few days4 ,:5 !
 att5dant fails to give ! animal !      
necess>y att5tion1 or is c>eless 9 8    
manipulation ( ! p>ts1 inflammation ( ! 
womb1 caus$ by ! decomposition ( !      
reta9$ membranes1 or ! introduction (   
irritat+ g]ms on ! ropes1 in/rum5ts &   
h&s1 may occur4 ,dea? commonly foll[s   
?is complication4  ,x is v important t !
 infecti\s =m be diagnos$ e>ly 9 !      
outbreak4 ,= all practical purposes we  
are ju/ifi$ 9 diagnos+ infecti\s        
abortion1 if sev]al animals 9 ! h]d     
abort1 especially if x foll[s !         
introduction ( new animals4 ,me?ods (   

s]um diagnosis1 ! agglut9ation &        
complem5t-fixation te/s1 are n[ us$ 9 ! 
diagnosis ( ?is disease4  ,! prev5tive  
treatm5t ( ! accid5tal =m consi/s 9     
avoid+ conditions t may result 9 ?is    
accid5t4 ,pregnant animals %\ld n be    
expos$ to injuries f o!r animals or f ! 
surr\nd+s4 ,animals :i* %[ a            
pr$isposition to abort %\ld n be br$4   
,we %\ld see t all animals receive !    
necess>y ex]cise & a prop] ration4  ,if 
! animal indicates by h] actions t      
abortion may take place1 we %\ld give h]
 com=table1 quiet qu>t]s4 ,x is v       
necess>y to keep h] quiet1 & if re/less1
 morph9e may be giv54 ,a v light diet   
%\ld be f$ & con/ipation prev5t$ by     
adm9i/]+ a laxative4 ,! necess>y        
att5tion %\ld be giv5 9 case abortion   
occurs4  ,! en=cem5t ( prev5tive or     
qu>ant9e measures is v important 9 !    
control ( infecti\s abortion4 ,?is is   
especially true ( bre$+ h]ds & dairy    
c[s4 ,bre$]s d n recognize ! importance 
( keep+ _! h]ds clean or free f disease4

 ,x is a well-kn[n fact among /ockm5 t  
abortion & o!r infecti\s diseases h be5 
frequ5tly introduc$ into ! h]d ?r\gh !  
pur*ase ( "o or m bre$+ animals4        
,because ( ! preval5ce ( infecti\s      
abortion among c[s1 x is advisable to   
subject newly pur*as$ bre$+ animals1 or 
a c[ t has be5 br$ outside ( ! h]d1 to a
 %ort qu>ant9e p]iod be=e all[+ !m to   
mix ) ! h]d4 ,! bre$+ ( c[s f neighbor+ 
h]ds to ! h]d bull is n a safe practice4
 ,9 communities :]e !re are outbreaks ( 
?is disease1 animals t abort1 or %[     
indications ( abort+1 %\ld be qu>ant9$ =
 a p]iod ( f two to ?ree mon?s4 ,!      
sep>ation f ! h]d %\ld be s complete z  
to elim9ate any dang] ( c>ry+ ! disease 
to ! heal?y animals on ! clo?+ & f>m    
tools4 ,if ?is me?od ( control 7        
practis$ at ! v beg9n+ ( ! outbreaks1 ! 
disease c\ld be *eck$ 9 ! l>ge majority 
( h]ds4  ,! foetus & membranes %\ld be  
de/roy$ by burn+4 ,9 case ! animal does 
n pass ! fetal membranes1 !y %\ld be    
completely remov$4 ,9 ! c[1 x is        

advisable to wait tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e   
do+ ?is4 ,! animal's /all %\ld be       
?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$4 ,x is v    
advisable to give ! entire /able a      
?or\gh dis9fect+4 ,= ?is purpose a ?ree 
or f\r p] c5t wat] solution ( liquor    
cresolis comp\nd may be us$4 ,x is      
advisable to apply x ) a spray pump4 ,! 
floor & fe$ tr\ghs %\ld be spr9kl$ daily
 ) ! dis9fectant4 ,all manure %\ld be   
remov$ to a place :]e ! animals c n come
 9 contact ) x4 ,x is n advisable to    
conf9e ! c[s to a small y>d4 ,! m range 
!y h ! easi] x is to control ! disease4 
,individual treatm5t is v necess>y4 ,9  
infecti\s abortion ! muc\s l9+ ( ! womb 
& ! passages lead+ to x become inflam$4 
,?is %\ld be treat$ by irrigat+ ! p>ts )
 a w>m wat] solution ( a dis9fectant t  
is non-irritat+4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld be  
repeat$ daily = a p]iod ( f two to f\r  
weeks4 ,we mu/ be v c>eful n to irritate
 ! p>ts4 ,a "o-half p] c5t wat] solution
 ( liquor cresolis comp\nd may be us$4  
,animals t abort %\ld n be br$ until !y 

h completely recov]$4 ,small animals t h
 no special value z bre$+ animals %\ld  
be m>ket$4 ,c[s & m>es %\ld n be br$ = a
 p]iod ( at lea/ ?ree mon?s4  ,infect$  
males %\ld n be us$ = s]vice4 ,! male   
%\ld receive ! necess>y att5tion 9 ! way
 ( irrigat+ ! %ea? be=e & aft] ea*      
s]vice4  ,,physiology ,,(               
,,p>turition4--,p>turition or bir?1 :5  
occurr+ 9 ! m>e1 is designat$ z foal+2 9
 ! c[1 calv+2 9 ! %eep1 lamb+2 & 9 ! s[1
 f>r[+4 ,a normal or natural bir? occurs
 :5 no complications are pres5t & ! "m  
ne$s no assi/ance4 ,:5 ! act is         
complicat$ & prolong$1 x is t]m$        
abnormal bir?4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ =   
diff]5t individuals ( ! same species to 
give bir? to _! "y v>ies widely4 ,x may 
require b a few m9utes1 or be prolong$ =
 a day or m4 ,! cause ( ?is v>iation 9 !
 l5g? ( "t requir$ = diff]5t animals to 
br+ =? _! "y1 c be bett] und]/ood if we 
/udy ! anatomy ( ! p>ts & _! functions4 
,?r\gh\t ! pregnant p]iod ! expulsion ( 
! foetus is be+ prep>$ =4 ,z ! foetus   

develops !re is a correspond+ developm5t
 ( ! muscul> wall ( ! womb4 ,! la/ p]iod
 ( pregnancy is *>act]iz$ by !          
relaxation ( ! muscles & ligam5ts t =m !
 pelvic walls1 & a relaxation & dilation
 ( ! mat]nal passages4 ,9 addition1     
deg5]ative *anges occur 9 ! /ructures t 
atta* ! foetus to ! womb1 ! normal      
/ructures be+ gradually de/roy$ by a    
fatty deg5]ation4 ,?is results 9 a      
sep>ation betwe5 ! fetal & mat]nal      
plac5ta4 ,! cont5ts ( ! womb beg9 to    
affect ! organ 9 ! same mann] z a =eign 
body1 irritat+ ! n]ve end+s & produc+   
contractions ( ! muscles4 ,^!           
contractions ( ! muscles help greatly 9 
break+ d[n ! atta*m5ts until f9ally !   
labor pa9s beg9 9 e>ne/1 & ! foetus is  
gradually =c$ out ( ! womb1 ?r\gh !     
dilat$ os & into ! vag9a & vulva4  ,a   
normal bir? is possible1 only :5 !      
expell+ p[] ( ! womb is able to ov]come 
! resi/ance (f]$ by ! foetus & its      
membranes1 ! pelvic walls & ! vag9a &   
vulva4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            

#ah4--,photograph ( model ( ut]us ( c[  
conta9+ a foetus3 foetus2 umbilical     
cord2 plac5ta2 horn conta9+ foetus2 &   
opposite horn4 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 !     
developm5t ( ! two horns4  ,! relative  
size ( ! foetus to ! inlet ( ! pelvic   
cavity & its position are ! mo/         
important factors = ! vet]9>ian &       
/ockman to consid] 7,fig4 #ah74 ,on     
leav+ ! womb1 ! foetus passes into !    
vag9a & vulva4 ,?is portion ( ! mat]nal 
passages is situat$ 9 ! pelvic cavity   
:i* cont9ues ! abdom9al cavity          
po/]iorly4 ,! pelvic walls are =m$ by   
bones & ligam5ts t are cov]$ by heavy   
muscles4 ,z previ\sly m5tion$1 !        
ligam5ts & muscles relax t[>d ! end (   
pregnancy 9 ord] to prep>e ! way = !    
passage ( ! foetus4 ,be=e ent]+ ! pelvis
 x is necess>y = ! foetus to be =c$     
?r\gh ! inlet to ?is cavity4 ,?is is !  
mo/ difficult "p ( ! bir?1 z ! bones t  
=m ! framework ( ! pelvis completely    
enclose ! entrance to x4 ,x is only 9 ! 
"y "m t ! pelvic bones give way slightly

 to ! pressure on !m by ! foetus4 ,x c  
be readily und]/ood1 t :5 ! "y is l>ge 9
 proportion to ! diamet] ( ! pelvic     
inlet1 x is difficult = x to pass ?r\gh4
 ,?is occurs :5 mo!rs belong+ to a small
 bre$1 are impregnat$ by a sire belong+ 
to a l>ge bre$ ( animals4 ,x may also   
occur if ! "m is f$ too fatt5+ a ration 
& n p]mitt$ suffici5t ex]cise4  ,! "p ( 
! foetus t pres5ts itself = entrance    
into ! pelvic cavity & its position are 
( ! greate/ importance 9 giv+ bir? to ! 
"y4 ,ei!r end ( ! foetus1 or its middle 
portion may be pres5t$ = entrance4 ,!   
ant]ior & po/]ior pres5tations may be   
modifi$ by ! position t ! foetus        
assumes4 ,x may be 9 a position t places
 ! back or v]tebrae opposite ! upp]     
portion ( ! inlet1 or ! floor or sides (
 ! pelvic cavity4 ,^! positions may be  
modifi$ by ! position ( "o or bo? limbs1
 or ! head & neck be+ direct$ =w>ds     
in/ead ( backw>ds4 ,9 ! transv]se       
pres5tations1 ! back1 or ! feet & abdom5
 ( ! foetus may pres5t !mselves =       

entrance to ! pelvic cavity4 ,^!        
pres5tations may %[ ?ree positions ea*4 
,! head may be opposite ! upp] walls ( !
 inlet1 ! foetus assum+ a dog-sitt+     
position1 or x may lie on ei!r side4  ,9
 ord] to ov]come ! friction betwe5 !    
foetus & ! wall ( ! mat]nal passages1 ^!
 p>ts are lubricat$ by ! fluids t escape
 f ! wat] bags4 ,if bir? is prolong$ & !
 passages become dry1 bir? is ret>d$4 ,!
 hair (f]s "s resi/ance 9 a po/]ior     
pres5tation4 ,"y m>es t become hy/]ical 
h abnormal labor pa9s t seem to hold !  
foetus 9 ! womb in/ead ( expell+ x4     
,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,"m ,,& ,,"y4--,al?\gh   
bir? is g5]ally easy 9 ! diff]5t dome/ic
 animals1 x may be difficult &          
complicat$1 & x is ( ! greate/ economic 
importance t special att5tion be giv5 ! 
"m at ?is "t4 ,x is v necess>y = h] to  
be free if conf9$ 9 a /all4 ,if runn+ 9 
a pa/ure or lot1 ! necess>y %elt] f     
/orms1 cold or extreme heat %\ld be     
provid$4 ,o!r f>m animals1 su* z hogs1  
horses & cattle1 %\ld n be all[$ to run 

9 ! same lot or pa/ure4  ,:5 p>turition 
comm5ces1 ! "m %\ld be kept "u close    
obs]vation4 ,if ! labor is difficult &  
prolong$1 we may !n exam9e ! p>ts &     
det]m9e ! cause ( ! abnormal bir?4      
,unnecess>y m$dl+ is n advisable4 ,be=e 
attempt+ ?is exam9ation1 ! h&s %\ld be  
clean$ & dis9fect$1 & ! f+] nails %ort5$
 if necess>y4 ,! diff]5t conditions to  
be det]m9$ are ! nature ( ! labor pa9s1 
! condition ( ! mat]nal passages1 & !   
position & pres5tation ( ! foetus4 ,9 ! 
small] animals ?is exam9ation may be    
difficult4 ,9 prolong$ labor ! p>ts may 
be f\nd dry & ! labor pa9s viol5t &     
irregul>1 or weak4 ,! foetus may be     
jamm$ tightly into ! pelvic inlet1 x may
 be well =w>d 9 ! womb1 ! head & =e or  
h9d limbs may be direct$ backw>ds1 or "o
 or m ( ^! p>ts may be direct$ =w>d 9   
su* a position z to prev5t ! entrance ( 
! foetus into ! pelvic inlet4 ,sometimes
 ! foetus is 9 a transv]se position4 ,! 
p>ts t pres5t !mselves at ! pelvic inlet
 %\ld be c>efully exam9$ & _! position  

det]m9$4 ,! necess>y assi/ance %\ld !n  
be giv54 ,any delay 9 assi/+ 9 ! bir?   
may result 9 ! dea? ( ! "y or "m1 or    
bo?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 un9tellig5t m$dl+ may
 aggravate ! case & r5d] treatm5t       
difficult or impossible4 ,!re is no l9e 
( vet]9>y "w t requires ! att5tion ( a  
skill$ vet]9>ian m ?an assi/+ an        
irregul> or abnormal bir?4  ,! att5dant 
mu/ gu>d aga9/ infect+ ! p>ts ) irritat+
 g]ms1 or irritat+ & injur+ !m 9 any    
way4 ,! h&s1 in/rum5ts1 & cords mu/ be  
fre$ f g]ms by wa%+ ) a dis9fectant1 or 
/]ilization ) heat4 ,! qu>t]s mu/ be    
clean 9 ord] to prev5t contam9ation ( ! 
in/rum5ts & clo?+ ( ! att5dant by fil?4 
,extreme =ce is injuri\s4 ,=            
illu/ration1 we may take a case (       
difficult bir? caus$ by an unusually    
l>ge foetus4 ,bo? pres5tation & position
 are normal1 ! =efeet & head hav+ ent]$ 
! pelvic cavity1 b ! %\ld]s & *e/ are   
jamm$ tightly 9 ! inlet1 & ! progress ( 
! foetus along ! mat]nal passages is    
ret>d$4 ,by us+ suffici5t =ce1 we may   

succe$ 9 deliv]+ ! "y1 b by pull+ on "o 
limb until ! %\ld] has ent]$ ! pelvis1 &
 repeat+ ?is ) ! opposite limb we are   
able to deliv] ! "y )\t expos+ ! "m to  
injury4 ,x may be necess>y to *ange an  
abnormal pres5tation1 or position1 to a 
normal pres5tation1 or z ne>ly normal z 
possible4 ,?is %\ld be done be=e any    
attempt is made to remove ! foetus4     
,foll[+ bir? ! "m %\ld n be unnecess>ily
 di/urb$4 ,! qu>t]s %\ld be clean1 well 
b$d$ & v5tilat$1 b free f draughts4 ,if 
! p>turition has be5 normal1 a small    
quantity ( easily dige/$ fe$ may be f$4 
,if weak & fev]i%1 fe$ %\ld be )held =  
at lea/ twelve h\rs4 ,! m>e %\ld be re/$
 = a few weeks4 ,! "y ne$s no special   
att5tion if x is /rong & vigor\s1 b if  
weak1 x may be necess>y to support x    
:ile nurs+1 or milk ! "m & fe$ x by h&4 
,if ! "m is n]v\s & irritable1 x may be 
necess>y to remove ! "y tempor>ily to a 
place :]e %e c he> & see x1 until a "t  
:5 %e c be induc$ to c>e = x4 ,!        
pr9cipal att5tion requir$ = "y pigs is  

protection aga9/ be+ cru%$ by ! "m4 ,!  
cutt+ (f & ligation ( ! umbilical cord  
at a po9t a few in*es f ! abdom51 &     
apply+ t9cture ( iod9e or any reliable  
dis9fectant is v advisable 9 ! colt &   
calf4  ,,ret5tion ,,( ,,! ,,fetal       
,,membranes4--,! foetus is envelop$ by  
sev]al lay]s ( membranes4 ,! ext]nal    
envelope1 ! *orion1 is exactly adapt$ to
 ! ut]us4 ,! inn]mo/ envelope1 ! amnion1
 encloses ! foetus4 ,cov]+ ! ext]nal    
face ( ! amnion & l9+ ! inn] face ( !   
*orion is a d\ble membrane1 ! allantois4
 ,! envelopes m5tion$ are n ! only      
protection t ! foetus has aga9/ injury4 
,x is envelop$ 9 fluids z well4         
,imm$iately surr\nd+ x is ! liquor      
amnii1 & )9 allantois is ! allantoic    
fluid4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#ai4--,plac5ta ( c[4  ,! plac5ta is a   
highly vascul> /ructure spread out or   
scatt]$ ov] ! surface ( ! *orion & !    
muc\s membrane ( ! ut]us1 t atta*es !   
foetus & its envelopes to ! womb 7,fig4 
#ai74 ,x is by means ( ?is vascul>      

app>atus t ! foetus is furni%$ )        
n\ri%m5t4 ,! fetal & mat]nal plac5tas   
are made up ( vascul> villi &           
depressions t are sep>at$ only by ! ?9  
walls ( capill>ies1 & a lay] ( epi!lial 
cells4 ,?is p]mits a *ange ( mat]ial    
betwe5 ! fetal & mat]nal circulation4 ,!
 arrangem5t ( ! plac5ta diff]s 9 !      
diff]5t species4 ,9 ! m>e & s[1 ! villi 
are diffus$4 ,9 rum9ants1 ! villi are   
gr\p$ at c]ta9 po9ts4 ,^! vascul> masses
 are t]m$ cotyl$ons4 ,! mat]nal         
cotyl$ons or buttons =m app5dages or    
?ick5$ po9ts t become greatly enl>g$ 9 !
 pregnant animal4  ,t[>d ! end ( !      
pregnant p]iod1 ! atta*m5ts betwe5 !    
fetal & mat]nal plac5tulae und]go a     
fatty deg5]ation & f9ally sep>ate4 ,?is 
results 9 contractions ( ! muscul> wall 
( ! ut]us1 & ! expulsion ( ! foetus &   
its envelopes4 ,9 ! m>e1 x is n uncommon
 = ! colt to be born ) ! cov]+ intact4  
,?is does n occur 9 ! c[4 ,usually !    
envelopes are n expell$ until a %ort "t 
aft] bir? 9 all animals1 & x is n       

uncommon = !m to be reta9$4 ,?is        
complication is mo/ commonly met ) 9 !  
c[4  ,9 ! m>e ! ret5tion ( ! fetal      
envelopes or aft]bir? is commonly due to
 ! muscles ( ! womb n contract+ prop]ly 
foll[+ bir?4 ,abortion1 especially !    
infecti\s =m1 is commonly complicat$ by 
a ret5tion ( ! fetal membranes4 ,any    
condition t may produce an inflammation 
( ! l9+ membrane ( ! womb may result 9  
ret5tion ( ! aft]-bir?4 ,injuries to !  
ut]us result+ f ! animal slipp+1 fight+ 
& becom+ cr[d$ are1 no d\bt1 common     
causes ( failure to clean 9 c[s4  ,!    
symptoms are s m>k$ t a mi/ak5 diagnosis
 is seldom made4 ,a portion ( !         
membranes is usually se5 hang+ f !      
vulva1 & ! tail & h9d p>ts may be m or  
less soil$4 ,! latt] symptom is         
especially prom95t if ! membranes h be5 
reta9$ = sev]al days1 & decomposition   
has begun4 ,9 su* case1 ! dis*>ge f !   
vulva is d>k 9 color1 conta9s small     
pieces ( ! decompos$ membrane & has a v 
disagreeable odor4 ,9 ! m>e1 acute      

inflammation ( ! womb may result if !   
removal ( ! aft]-bir? is neglect$4 ,loss
 ( appetite1 abnormal body temp]ature1  
weakness & di>rhoea may foll[4 ,su*     
cases usually t]m9ate 9 dea?4 ,ret5tion 
( ! fetal membranes is a v common cause 
( leucorrhoea4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9   
remov+ ! fetal envelopes be=e !re is any
 opportunity = !m to und]go             
decomposition4 ,9 ! m>e1 ?is %\ld be    
practis$ )9 a few h\rs aft] bir? has    
occurr$1 & 9 o!r animals1 f "o to       
=ty-eight h\rs4 ,9 w>m /ables & dur+ !  
w>m wea!r1 treatm5t %\ld n be po/pon$   
lat] ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! only        
successful me?od ( treatm5t is to       
introduce ! h& & arm into ! ut]us1 &    
break d[n ! atta*m5ts ) ! f+]s4 ,9 !    
l>g] animals1 ! use ( ! arm mu/ n be    
int]f]$ ) by clo?+4 ,e possible         
precaution %\ld be tak5 to prev5t       
infection ( ! g5ital organs ) irritat+  
g]ms4 ,x is advisable 9 mo/ cases to    
flu% out ! womb ) a "o p] c5t wat]      
solution ( liquor cresolis comp\nd aft] 

! removal ( ! fetal envelopes4          
,,leucorrhoea4--,?is is a *ronic        
inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ !   
g5ital tract1 t is associat$ ) m or less
 ( a dis*>ge f ! vulva4 ,x is common 9  
animals t abort1 or reta9 ! aft]-bir?4  
,! dis*>ge may be :ite1 /icky1 album9\s1
 & )\t odor1 or x may be *ocolate color$
 & f\l smell+4 ,! tail & h9d p>ts are   
usually soil$ ) x4 ,9 *ronic            
inflammation ( ! womb ! dis*>ge is      
int]mitt5t4 ,9 mild cases ! heal? ( !   
animal is 9 no way impair$4 ,/]ility is 
common4 ,loss ( appetite & un?rift9ess  
occur 9 sev]e cases4  ,treatm5t4--,mild 
cases readily yield to treatm5t4 ,?is   
consi/s 9 irrigat+ ! mat]nal passages ) 
a "o-half p] c5t w>m wat] solution (    
liquor cresolis comp\nd4 ,?is treatm5t  
%\ld be repeat$ daily & cont9u$ = z long
 a "t z necess>y4                       
,,mammitis4--,inflammation ( ! mamm>y   
gl& or udd] is m common 9 ! c[ ?an 9 any
 ( ! o!r dome/ic animals4 ,9 all animals
 x is mo/ frequ5tly met ) dur+ ! fir/   

few weeks aft] bir?4  ,a pr$ispos+ cause
 9 ! developm5t ( mammitis is a high    
developm5t ( ! mamm>y gl&s4 ,! foll[+   
direct causes may be m5tion$3 incomplete
 milk+1 or milk+ at irregul> int]vals2  
injury to ! udd] by /epp+ on ! teat2    
bl[s f ! horns & pressure caus$ by ly+  
on a r\gh1 unev5 surface2 *ill+ ( ! udd]
 by draughts & ly+ on froz5 gr\nd2 &    
infection ( ! gl&ul> tissue by irritat+ 
g]ms4 ,! latt] cause produces ! mo/     
s]i\s1 &1 sometimes1 a v ext5sive       
inflammation4 ,?is =m ( inflammation may
 spread f "o c[ to ano!r1 caus+ ! milk  
to be unfit = food1 & br++ ab\t ! loss (
 "o or m qu>t]s ( ! udd]4  ,! symptoms  
occurr+ 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( mammitis      
diff]4 ,! inflammation may involve "o or
 m ( ! gl&s1 & may affect ei!r ! gl&ul> 
or ! connective tissue4 ,9 "s cases !   
gl& may appe> conge/$ = a few days be=e 
! inflammatory *anges occur4 ,! "p      
becomes hot1 swoll51 t5d] & r$d5$4 ,x   
may feel d\ghy or h>d4 ,if ! connective 
tissue is involv$ 7int]/itial =m71 !re  

is apt to be a high body temp]ature1 !  
udd] may be mu* l>g] ?an normal1 is t5d]
 & pits on pressure4 ,loss ( appetite   
usually accompanies ?is =m ( mammitis4  
,v little or no milk is secret$4        
,sometimes1 ! milk is greatly *ang$ 9   
appe>ance1 is f\l smell+ & conta9s pus4 
,9 conge/ion ( ! udd] & rupture ( !     
capill>y vessels1 ! milk may conta9     
blood4  ,mild inflammation ( ! udd]     
responds readily to treatm5t4 ,!        
int]/itial =m may t]m9ate 9 abscesses & 
gangr5e4 ,! replacem5t ( ! gl&ul> tissue
 by fibr\s tissue 9 "o or m qu>t]s is n 
uncommon4 ,dea? seldom occurs4  ,!      
prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9 avoid+     
conditions t may favor or cause an      
inflammation ( ! gl&4 ,animals t h      
highly develop$ mamm>y gl&s %\ld be f$ a
 light diet j be=e & foll[+ p>turition4 
,foll[+ p>turition1 a dose ( ,epsom or  
,glaub]'s salts may be giv54 ,if ! "y   
does n take all ! milk1 ! udd] %\ld be  
milk$ out z clean z possible4 ,massag+ !
 udd] by knead+ or /rok+ may be         

practis$4  ,! foll[+ treatm5t is        
recomm5d$3 ,! application ( a ?ick coat+
 ( antiphlogi/9 once or twice daily is a
 useful rem$y4 ,if ! udd] becomes badly 
swoll51 x %\ld be support$ ) a b&age4   
,ext5sive inflammation may be treat$ by 
! application ( cold 9 ! =m ( packs (   
crack$ ice4 ,irrigat+ ! gl& ) a f\r p]  
c5t wat] solution ( boric acid is an    
important treatm5t = c]ta9 =ms (        
mammitis4 ,abscess =mation or           
suppuration %\ld be promptly treat$ by  
op5+ & treat+ ! abscesses4 ,if gangr5e  
occurs1 x may be necess>y to remove a   
"p1 or ! :ole ( ! udd]4  ,! giv+ ( milk 
discolor$ ) blood may be treat$ by      
apply+ camphorat$ o9tm5t twice daily4   
,,sore ,,& ,,w>ty ,,teats4--,irritation 
to ! teats by fil?1 cold1 moi/ure &     
injuries cause ! sk9 to become inflam$1 
sore & scabby4  ,prev5tive treatm5t is !
 mo/ satisfactory4 ,sore teats may be   
treat$ by apply+ ! foll[+ o9tm5t aft]   
ea* milk+3 vasel9e t5 p>ts & oxide ( z9c
 "o "p4 ,p5dul\s w>ts may be clipp$ (f )

 a %>p pair ( scissors4 ,ca/or oil      
appli$ to ! w>t daily by rubb+ may be   
us$ = ! removal ( flat w>ts4            
,,milk-,,fev] ,,or ,,po/-,,p>tum        
,,p>alysis4--,?is is a disease peculi>  
to c[s1 especially heavy milk]s t are 9 
good condition4 ,x mo/ commonly occurs  
aft] ! ?ird1 f\r? & fif? calv+4 ,!      
disease usually appe>s )9 ! fir/ two or 
?ree days aft] calv+1 b x has be5 kn[n  
to occur be=e1 & z late z sev]al weeks  
aft] calv+4 ,! cause is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 
,! ,s*midt !ory is t c]ta9 tox9s are =m$
 9 ! udd]1 ow+ to ! ov] activity ( !    
cells ( ! gl&ul> tissue4  ,illu/ration3 
,,fig4 #bj4--;,a case ( milk-fev]4  ,!  
symptoms are *>act]i/ic ( ! disease4 ,at
 ! v beg9n+ ( ! attack ! c[ /ops eat+ & 
rum9at+1 becomes uneasy1 swit*es ! tail1
 /amps ! feet1 trembles1 /agg]s :5 =c$  
to walk & f9ally falls & is unable to   
get up4 ,at fir/ %e may lie 9 a natural 
position2 lat]1 z ! p>alytic symptoms   
become m pron\nc$1 ! head is laid aga9/ 
! side ( ! body & ! animal seems to be 9

 a deep sleep 7,fig4 #bj74 ,9 ! m sev]e 
=m ! c[ lies on h] side1 consci\sness is
 lo/ & ! p>alysis ( ! muscles is m>k$4  
,! diff]5t body functions are int]f]$ )2
 ! ur9e is reta9$1 bloat+ occurs1       
respirations are sl[1 pulse weak &      
temp]ature subnormal or normal4         
,prev5tive treatm5t1 su* z fe$+ a sp>e  
diet dur+ ! latt] p]iod ( pregnancy1 is 
n always advisable4 ,heavy milk]s %\ld  
be giv5 "o-half p\nd ( ,glaub]'s salts a
 day or two be=e calv+1 & ! dose repeat$
 :5 ! c[ becomes fre%4 ,c[s affect$ )   
milk-fev] seldom die if treat$ promptly4
  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 empty+ ! udd] by
 milk+ & inject+ air or oxyg5 gas into !
 gl& until x is completely di/5d$ 7,fig4
 #ba74 ,! milk-fev] app>atus %\ld be    
clean1 & ! air inject$ filt]$4 ,be=e    
introduc+ ! milk+ tube into ! milk duct1
 ! udd] %\ld fir/ be wa%$ ) a           
dis9fectant1 & a clean t[el laid on !   
floor = ! gl& to re/ on4 ,aft] inject+ !
 qu>t]1 /rips ( musl9 or tape %\ld be   
ti$ ar\nd ! ends ( ! teats to prev5t !  

escape ( ! air4 ,if ! c[ does n %[      
indications ( recov]y 9 f f\r to five   
h\rs1 ! treatm5t %\ld be repeat$4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,milk-fev]   
app>atus3 pump2 filt]2 rubb] tub+2 &    
milk tube4  ,x is v necess>y to give !  
c[ a com=table /all & protect h] f any  
k9d ( exposure4 ,no bulky dr5*es %\ld be
 adm9i/]$4 ,if %e lies /ret*$ out1 ! =e 
p>ts %\ld be rais$ by pack+ /raw "u h]4 
,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t       
pneumonia1 caus$ by regurgitat$ fe$     
ent]+ ! air passages & lungs4 ,x is v   
advisable to give h] ! foll[+ mixture = 
a few days aft] ! attack3 t9cture ( nux 
vomica two ounces1 & alcohol six ounces4
 ,"o ounce ( ?is mixture may be giv5 f\r
 times daily 9 a little wat]4           
,,que/ions   #a4 ,"n ! g5]ative organs (
 ! female4   #b4 ,"n ! g5]ative organs (
 ! male4   #c4 ,give ! causes ( /]ility 
or impot5cy 9 ! male & female4   #d4    
,give ! treatm5t ( impot5cy 9 ! male &  
female4   #e4 ,describe ! probable signs
 ( pregnancy2 positive signs (          

pregnancy4   #f4 ,describe ! hygi5ic c>e
 ( ! pregnant female 9 a g5]al way4     
#g4 ,"n ! diff]5t =ms ( abortion2 give !
 causes4   #h4 ,describe ! prev5tive    
treatm5t ( infecti\s abortion4   #i4    
,give a g5]al discussion ( ! physiology 
( p>turition4  #aj4 ,:at are ! common   
causes ( difficult bir?8  #aa4 ,:at p>ts
 ( ! foetus may pres5t !mselves at !    
inlet ( !     pelvic cavity8 ,:at are ! 
diff]5t positions ( ! foetus8  #ab4 ,:at
 att5tion %\ld be giv5 ! "m at ! "t (   
p>turition8  #ac4 ,:at att5tion %\ld be 
giv5 ! "y imm$iately aft] bir?8  #ad4   
,give ! causes ( ret5tion ( ! fetal     
membranes2 /ate ! me?od     ( remov+ !m4
  #ae4 ,give ! causes & treatm5t (      
inflammation ( ! udd]4  #af4 ,give !    
cause ( milk-fev]2 give ! treatm5t4     
,,*apt] ,,viii  ,,diseases ,,( ,,!      
,,respiratory ,,app>atus   ,,g5]al      
,,discussion4--,! respiratory app>atus  
may be divid$ into two gr\ps ( organs1  
ant]ior & po/]ior4 ,! ant]ior gr\p1 !   
no/rils1 nasal cavities1 ph>ynx1 l>ynx &

 tra*ea1 is situat$ 9 ! region ( ! head 
& neck4 ,! po/]ior gr\p1 ! bron*ial     
tubes & lungs1 is situat$ 9 ! *e/ or    
?oracic cavity4  ,! no/rils are !       
ant]ior op5+s ( ! air passages4 ,! nasal
 cavities are situat$ 9 ! ant]ior region
 ( ! head1 & ext5d ! entire l5g? ( !    
face4 ,ea* cavity is divid$ into ?ree   
long1 n>r[ passages by ! two pairs (    
turb9at$ bones4 ,! l9+ membrane is !    
nasal muc\s membrane1 ! l[] two-?irds or
 respiratory portion diff]+ f ! upp]    
"o-?ird1 9 t ! latt] possesses ! n]ve   
end+s ( ! olfactory n]ve & is ! seat (  
smell4 ,! five pairs ( head s9uses      
communicate ) ! nasal cavities4         
,po/]iorly & ne> ! sup]ior extremity ( !
 nasal passages1 are two l>ge op5+s1 !  
guttural1 t op5 into ! ph>yngeal cavity4
  ,! ph>ynx is a some:at funnel-%ap$    
cavity4 ,! walls are ?9 & =m$ by muscles
 & muc\s membrane4 ,?is is ! cross-road 
betwe5 ! dige/ive & respiratory         
passages4 ,9 ! po/]ior portion ( !      
cavity !re are two op5+s4 ,! inf]ior    

op5+ leads to ! l>ynx & ! sup]ior "o to 
! oesophagus4 ,all fe$ on its way to !  
/oma* mu/ pass ov] ! op5+ into ! l>ynx4 
,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 = ! fe$ to ent]
 ?is op5+1 unless accid5tally :5 !      
animal c\ghs4 ,! c>tilage clos+ ?is op5+
 is press$ %ut by ! base ( ! tongue :5 !
 bolus ( fe$ is pass$ back & into !     
oesophageal op5+4  ,! l>ynx may be      
comp>$ to a box op5 at bo? ends4 ,!     
sev]al c>tilages t =m x are unit$ by    
ligam5ts4 ,x is l9$ by a muc\s membrane4
 ,! po/]ior extremity is unit$ to ! fir/
 c>tilag9\s r+ ( ! tra*ea4 ,! ant]ior   
op5+ is clos$ by ! epiglottis4 ,j )9 is 
a ,v-%ap$ op5+ t is limit$ lat]ally by !
 folds ( ! l>yngeal muc\s membrane1 !   
vocal *ords4  ,! tra*ea is a cyl9drical 
tube orig9at+ at ! po/]ior extremity ( !
 l>ynx1 & t]m9at+ )9 ! *e/ cavity at a  
po9t j above ! he>t 9 ! "r & left       
bron*ial tubes4 ,x is =m$ by a s]ies (  
c>tilag9\s r+s jo9$ toge!r at _! bord]s 
by ligam5ts & l9$ by a muc\s membrane4  
,! bron*ial tubes resemble ! tra*ea 9   

/ructure4 ,!y ent] ! lungs a %ort       
di/ance f _! orig91 :]e !y subdivide    
into bran*es & sub-bran*es1 gradually   
decreas+ 9 calibre & los+ ! c>tilag9\s  
r+s1 ligam5ts & muscul> lay] until only 
! ?9 muc\s membrane is left4 ,!y become 
capill>y 9 diamet]1 & f9ally op5 into ! 
infundibula ( ! air cells ( ! lungs4  ,!
 lungs take up all ( ! space 9 ! ?oracic
 cavity n occupi$ by ! he>t1            
blood-vessels & oesophagus4 ,?is cavity 
resembles a cone 9 %ape t is cut        
obliquely d[nw>ds & =w>d at its base4 ,!
 base is =m$ by ! diaphragm :i* is pu%$ 
=w>d at its middle4 ,x is l9$ by !      
pleura1 a s]\s membrane1 t is inflect$ f
 ! wall ov] ! diff]5t organs )9 !       
cavity4 ,! m$ian folds ( ! pleura divide
 ! cavity into "r & left portions4 ,a   
second me?od ( describ+ ! arrangem5t ( !
 pleura is to /ate t x =ms two sacks1 "r
 & left1 t enclose ! lungs4 ,! lungs are
 ! ess5tial organs ( respiration4 ,!    
tissue t =ms !m is light1 w float 9     
wat]1 is ela/ic & some:at rose-color$4  

,ea* lung is divid$ into lobes1 & ea*   
lobe into a great numb] ( lobules by !  
support+ connective tissue4 ,! lobule is
 ! smalle/ division ( ! lung & is =m$ by
 capill>y bron*ial tubes1 air cells &   
blood-vessels4 ,x is "h t ! ext]nal     
respiration or ! ex*ange ( gases betwe5 
! capill>ies & ! air cells occurs4      
,,v5tilation4--,x is agre$ by all p]sons
 :o h inve/igat$ ! subject1 t unv5tilat$
 /able air is injuri\s to animals4 ,at  
"o "t x 0 believ$ t ! injuri\s effects  
result+ f ! brea?+ ( air *>g$ ) gases & 
moi/ure f ! expir$ air & ! animal's     
surr\nd+s1 7 due to a defici5cy 9 oxyg54
 ,x is n[ believ$ t ! ill-effects are   
ma9ly due to ! /agnation ( air1 ! humid 
atmosph]e1 & ! irritat+ gases emanat+ f 
! body excretions4  ,! common impurities
 f\nd 9 /able air are c>bonic & ammonia 
gas1 moi/ure *>g$ ) injuri\s matt] & du/
 f ! floor & bodies ( ! animals4 ,z a   
rule1 ! m cr[d$ & fil?y ! /able1 ! m    
impurities !re are 9 ! air4 ,if any ( ! 
animals are affect$ ) an infecti\s      

disease1 su* z tub]culosis or gl&]s1 !  
moi/ure & du/ may act z c>ri]s ( !      
disease-produc+ g]ms4 ,infecti\s        
diseases spread rapidly 9 cr[d$1 poorly 
v5tilat$ /ables4 ,! two factors         
responsible = ?is rapid spread ( disease
 are ! l[]$ vitality ( ! animal1 due to 
brea?+ ! vitiat$ air1 & ! great]        
opportunity = infection1 because ( !    
comp>atively l>ge numb] ( bact]ia pres5t
 9 ! air4  ,! purpose ( /able v5tilation
 is to replace ! /able air ) pur] air4  
,! frequ5cy ) :i* ! air 9 ! /able %\ld  
be *ang$ dep5ds on ! cubic feet ( air   
space provid$ = ea* animal1 & ! sanit>y 
conditions pres5t4 ,! pr9cipal factor 9 
/able v5tilation is ! =ce ( ! w9d4 ,9   
cold wea!r x is v difficult to prop]ly  
v5tilate a cr[d$ /able )\t too mu* loss 
( animal heat & creat+ draughts4  ,=    
practical purposes1 ! ne$ ( v5tilation 9
 a /able c be det]m9$ by ! odor ( ! air1
 ! am\nt ( moi/ure pres5t & !           
temp]ature4 ,x is impossible to keep !  
air )9 ! /able z pure z ! atmosph]e     

outside4  ,all dang]s f injury by brea?+
 impure air1 or by draughts c be        
elim9at$ by prop] /able con/ruction1    
att5tion to ! v5tilation & keep+ !      
qu>t]s clean4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#bb4--;,a case ( cat>rhal cold4         
,,cat>rh 7,,cold ,,9 ,,!                
,,head74--,cat>rh is an inflammation ( !
 muc\s membrane l9+ ! nasal cavities t  
usually ext5ds to ! membrane l9+ ( !    
s9uses ( ! head4 ,x may be acute or     
*ronic4 ,! inflammation v (t5 ext5ds to 
! ph>ynx & l>ynx4 ,cold 9 ! head is m   
common 9 ! horse ?an 9 any ( ! o!r      
animals 7,fig4 #bb74  ,! mo/ common     
causes ( colds are /&+ or ly+ 9 a       
draught1 becom+ wet1 & exposure to !    
cold4 ,colds are common dur+ cold1      
*angeable wea!r4 ,horses t are accu/om$ 
to w>m /ables1 are v apt to take cold if
 *ang$ to a cold /able & n protect$ ) a 
blanket4 ,mo/ animals are n affect$ by !
 cold wea!r if giv5 dry qu>t]s & a dry  
b$4 ,irritation to ! muc\s membrane by  
du/1 gases & g]ms is a common cause4    

,influ5za & colt di/emp] are *>act]iz$  
by an inflammation ( ! respiratory muc\s
 membranes4 ,9 ! horse1 *ronic cat>rh is
 commonly caus$ by diseas$ tee?1 &      
injuries to ! wall ( ! maxill>y s9us4 ,9
 %eep1 ! l>vae ( ! bot-fly may cause    
cat>rh4  ,! e>ly symptoms usually pass  
unnotic$ by ! att5dant4 ,! l9+ membrane 
( ! no/rils is at fir/ dry & r$4 ,dur+  
?is /age sneez+ is common4 ,9 a few days
 a dis*>ge appe>s4 ,?is is wat]y at     
fir/1 b may become cat>rhal1 heavy1     
muc\s-l & turbid4 ,9 sev]e cases x      
resembles pus4 ,! l9+ membrane ( !      
eyelids appe>s r$ & te>s may fl[ f !    
eye4 ,sometimes ! animal acts dull &    
fev]i%1 b ?is symptom does n la/ long]  
?an "o or two days unless complicat$ by 
sore ?roat4  ,inflammation ( ! ?roat is 
a common complication ( colds4 ,x is    
*>act]iz$ by difficulty 9 swall[+ &     
p>tial1 or complete loss ( appetite4    
,dr9k+ or ex]cis+ causes ! animal to    
c\gh4 ,if ! l>ynx z well z ! ph>ynx is  
inflam$1 di/ress$ & noisy brea?+ may    

occur4 ,pressure ov] ! region ( ! ?roat 
causes ! animal pa94  ,common cold      
t]m9ates favorably )9 a week4 ,*ronic   
cat>rh may p]si/ until ! cause is remov$
 & ! necess>y local treatm5t appli$4    
,inflammation ( ! ph>ynx & l>ynx may    
p]si/ = sev]al weeks unless prop]ly     
treat$4 ,abscesses may =m 9 ! region ( !
 ?roat4 ,horses frequ5tly become ?ick   
w9d$ z a result ( sev]e attacks ( sore  
?roat4  ,! treatm5t is bo? prev5tive &  
curative4 ,colds & sore ?roat c be      
l>gely prev5t$ by good c>e1 ex]cise &   
prop]ly v5tilat$ /ables4 ,mild cases    
require a light diet1 com=table qu>t]s &
 a dry b$4 ,all[+ ! animal to inhale    
/eam ?ree or f\r times daily is useful 9
 reliev+ ! inflammation4 ,easily dige/$ 
fe$s1 & 9 case ! animal has difficulty 9
 swall[+1 s(t fe$s & gruels1 %\ld be    
giv54 ,! ?roat may be kept cov]$ ) a    
lay] ( antiphlogi/9 & b&ag$4 ,glycoh]o9 
may be giv5 9 f teaspoonful to          
tablespoonful doses1 dep5d+ on ! size ( 
! animal4 ,*lorate ( potassium may be   

giv5 9 ! dr9k+ wat]4  ,if ! animal      
becomes run d[n 9 fle%1 z sometimes     
occurs 9 *ronic cat>rh1 bitt] tonics    
%\ld be giv54 ,9 ! latt] disease1 x is  
sometimes necess>y to treph9e & wa% out 
! s9us or s9uses affect$ ) an antiseptic
 solution4 ,x may be necess>y to cont9ue
 ?is treatm5t = sev]al weeks4           
,,bron*itis4--,inflammation ( ! bron*ial
 tubes may be ei!r acute or *ronic4     
,acute bron*itis is especially common 9 
! horse1 :ile ! *ronic =m is m (t5 met )
 9 ! small] animals1 especially hogs4   
,?is disease is mo/ common among horses 
dur+ ! *angeable seasons ( ! ye>s4 ,x is
 caus$ by w>m1 close /ables or /alls1 & 
irritat+ gases emanat+ f ! floor1 or    
manure 9 ! /all4 ,9 g5]al1 ! causes are 
ab\t ! same z 9 cold 9 ! head4 ,9 "y    
animals & hogs1 ! inhalation ( du/1 &   
bron*ial & lung worms commonly cause x4 
,v]m9\s bron*itis usually becomes       
*ronic4  ,9 ! acute =m ( ! disease !    
symptoms come on v quickly1 ! fev] is   
high & ! pulse beats & respirations are 

rapid4 ,*ill+ ( ! body occurs1 & !      
animal may appe> dull & refuse to eat4  
,! animal c\ghs frequ5tly4 ,recov]y     
occurs )9 a few days1 unless complicat$ 
by sore ?roat & pneumonia4 ,9 ! horse1  
bron*itis is n a s]i\s disease1 b 9 o!r 
animals recov]y is delay$ &             
complications are m common4  ,9 *ronic  
bron*itis 9 ! horse1 ! animal c\ghs     
frequ5tly1 !re is m or less dis*>ge f ! 
no/rils & ! respirations may become     
labor$ :5 ex]cis$4 ,! animal is usually 
weak1 9 poor fle% & unfit = "w4 ,9 o!r  
cases1 symptoms ( brok5 w9d are notic$4 
,sev]e c\gh+ spells on gett+ up f ! b$1 
or on mov+ ab\t are *>act]i/ic (        
bron*itis 9 hogs4 ,v]m9\s bron*itis 9   
calves & lambs is *>act]iz$ by sev]e    
spells ( c\gh+1 difficult & labor$      
brea?+ & a weak1 emaciat$ condition4  ,!
 prev5tive treatm5t is ! same z = colds4
 ,9 ! acute =m ! treatm5t consi/s l>gely
 9 c>eful nurs+4 ,prop]ly v5tilat$1     
clean qu>t]s t are free f du/ %\ld be   
provid$4 ,! animal %\ld be cov]$ ) a    

light or heavy blanket1 dep5d+ on !     
temp]ature ( ! /able1 & ! limbs b&ag$4  
,a light diet %\ld be f$ = a few days4  
,x is advisable to give ! animal a      
physic ( oil4 ,! inhalation ( /eam e few
 h\rs dur+ ! fir/ few days %\ld be      
practis$4 ,glycoh]o9 may be giv5 ?ree or
 f\r times a day4  ,animals affect$ )   
*ronic bron*itis %\ld n be ex]cis$ or   
work$4 ,we %\ld gu>d aga9/ _! tak+ cold1
 give n\ri%+ fe$s1 & a tonic if         
necess>y4  ,,conge/ion ,,( ,,!          
,,lungs4--,pulmon>y conge/ion is g5]ally
 due to ov]ex]tion & exposure to extreme
 heat or cold4 ,x may occur if ! animal 
is ex]cis$ :5 sick or exhau/$4 ,hogs t  
are heat$ f ex]cise & all[$ access to   
cold wat]1 may suff] f a conge/ion or   
engorgem5t ( ! lungs4 ,x may be pres5t  
at ! beg9n+ ( an attack ( pneumonia or  
pleurisy4  ,! symptoms are difficult    
brea?+ & ! animal fights = its brea?4 ,!
 body temp]ature may be sev]al degrees  
above ! normal4 ,9 ! mild =m1 ! above   
symptoms are n s m>k$4 ,! onset & c\rse 

( ! disease are rapid1 recov]y1         
pneumonia1 or dea? (t5 occurr+ )9       
tw5ty-f\r h\rs4  ,pulmon>y haemorrhage  
is n uncommon4 ,! dis*>ge f ! no/rils   
may be slightly t+$ ) blood1 or !re may 
be an int]mitt5t dis*>ge ( blood f !    
no/rils or m\?4 ,! muc\s membranes are  
pale1 ! animal trembles & %[s m>k$      
dyspnoea4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t consi/s
 9 us+ ! prop] judgm5t 9 c>+ =1 & 9     
work+ or ex]cis+ animals4 ,?is is       
especially true if ! animal is affect$ )
 acute or *ronic disease4 ,at ! v       
beg9n+1 ble$+ %\ld be practis$4 ,hot    
blankets r5ew$ frequ5tly & b&ages to !  
limbs is a v necess>y "p ( ! treatm5t4  
,9 case ( sev]e pulmon>y haemorrhage1   
treatm5t is ( little use4               
,,pneumonia4--,inflammation ( ! lungs is
 m common 9 horses ?an 9 any ( ! o!r    
dome/ic animals4 ,! cr\p\s =m is ! mo/  
common4 ,! inflammation may affect "o or
 bo? lungs1 "o or m lobes1 or scatt]$   
lobules ( lung tissue4 ,! inflammation  
may be acute1 subacute or *ronic4  ,!   

causes are v mu* ! same z 9 o!r         
respiratory diseases4 ,exposure to cold 
& wet1 /able draughts1 becom+ *ill$ aft]
 p]spir+ freely & wa%+ ! animal ) cold  
wat] are ! common causes ( pneumonia4   
,inflammation ( ! lungs is especially   
apt to occur if ! animal is n accu/om$  
to su* exposure4 ,animals affect$ ) o!r 
respiratory diseases are pr$ispos$ to   
pneumonia4 ,dr5*+ animals by way ( !    
no/ril & irritat+ dr5*es1 or regurgitat$
 fe$ pass+ into ! air passages & lungs  
are ! traumatic causes ( pneumonia4  ,! 
symptoms v>y 9 ! diff]5t =ms (          
pneumonia4 ,9 case pneumonia occurs     
second>ily1 ! e>lie/ symptoms are       
conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ! prim>y disease4 ,!    
fir/ symptoms notic$ may be a high body 
temp]ature1 z indicat$ by *ills1 &      
refus+ to eat4 ,! visible muc\s         
membranes are r$ & conge/$1 ! no/rils   
dilat$1 ! respirations quick5$ &        
difficult1 ! expir$ air hot & ! pulse   
beats accel]at$4 ,! animal c\ghs1 & 9 ! 
horse1 a ru/y dis*>ge may be notic$     

adh]+ to ! m>g9s ( ! no/rils4 ,! horse  
refuses to lie d[n if bo? lungs are     
inflam$4 ,9 sev]e cases ! expression ( !
 face indicates pa91 ! respirations are 
labor$1 ! g5]al symptoms aggravat$1 & ! 
animal /&s ) ! front feet spread ap>t4  
,cattle are incl9$ to lie d[n1 unless ! 
lungs are s]i\sly affect$4 ,hogs l to   
burr[ "u ! litt]4  ,! c\rse ( cr\p\s    
pneumonia is typical1 & unless x        
t]m9ates fatally 9 ! fir/ /age1 ! p]iods
 ( conge/ion1 hepatization & resolution 
foll[ ea* o!r 9 regul> mann]4           
,auscultation ( ! lungs is ( great value
 9 diagnos+ & wat*+ ! progress ( !      
disease4 ,x is m difficult to det]m9e ! 
"* ( ! lung s\nds 9 ! horse & c[ ?an x  
is 9 ! small animals4 ,?is is especially
 difficult if ! animal is fat4 ,dur+ !  
p]iod ( conge/ion :i* la/s ab\t a day1  
"o c he> bo? heal?y & crepitat+ s\nds4  
,! p]iod ( hepatization is *>act]iz$ by 
an abs5ce ( s\nd ov] ! diseas$ area4 ,! 
inflammatory exudates become organiz$ at
 ! beg9n+ ( ?is /age1 & ! air c n ent] !

 air cells4 ,?is p]iod la/s sev]al days4
 ,resolution m>ks ! beg9n+ ( recov]y or 
convalesc5ce4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! second    
p]iod1 ! inflammatory exudate 9 ! air   
cells has begun to deg5]ate4 ,9 ! la/   
/age1 ^! exudates und]go liquefaction & 
are absorb$1 or expell$ by c\gh+1 9 f   
sev5 days to two weeks1 dep5d+ on !     
ext5t ( ! inflammation & ! g5]al        
condition ( ! animal4  ,9 ! subacute =m 
! symptoms are mild & may subside )9 a  
week4 ,sometimes abscesses =m 9 ! lung4 
,gangr5\s inflammation ( ! lung c be    
recogniz$ by ! odor ( ! expir$ air & !  
sev]ity ( ! symptoms4 ,?is =m (         
pneumonia t]m9ates fatally4 ,if ! l>g]  
portion ( ! lung tissue is inflam$1 dea?
 f asphyxia may occur 9 ! second /age4  
,! success 9 ! treatm5t ( pneumonia     
dep5ds l>gely on ! c>e4 ,prop]ly        
v5tilat$1 clean1 com=table qu>t]s &     
c>eful nurs+ are highly important4 ,l>ge
 animals %\ld be giv5 a roomy box /all4 
,cold does n aggravate pneumonia1       
provid+ ! animal's body is well protect$

 ) blankets & ! limbs b&ag$4 ,wet1 damp 
qu>t]s & draughts are injuri\s4 ,hogs   
%\ld be giv5 pl5ty ( b$d+ to burr[ 94 ,a
 light1 easily dige/$ diet %\ld be f$4  
,v little r\ghage %\ld be f$4 ,if !     
animal does n eat well1 x may be giv5   
eggs & milk4 ,weak pulse beats %\ld be  
treat$ by giv+ digitalis & /ry*n9e4     
,c\nt]irritation to ! *e/ wall is       
indicat$4 ,dur+ convalesc5ce1 bitt]     
tonics may be giv54 ,con/ipation %\ld be
 treat$ by giv+ ! animal ca/or or l9se$ 
oil4  ,,pleurisy4--,inflammation ( !    
pleura is mo/ common 9 horses4 ,x occurs
 9 all f>m animals & is frequ5tly       
unilat]al4 ,!re are two =ms ( pleurisy1 
acute & *ronic4 ,pleuropneumonia is     
common :5 ! cause is a specific g]m4    
,?is occurs 9 tub]culosis1              
pleuropneumonia ( horses & pneumococcus 
infection4  ,! common causes are        
exposure to cold1 *ill+ w9ds1 draughty1 
damp qu>t]s1 & dr9k+ cold wat] :5       
p]spir+4 ,injuries to ! co/al pleura by 
fractur$ ribs & punctur$ w\nds may cause

 x to become inflam$4  ,! e>ly symptoms 
( acute pleurisy are *ills1 rise 9 body 
temp]ature1 pa9 & abdom9al brea?+4 ,!   
mo/ *>act]i/ic symptom is ! ridge ext5d+
 along ! l[] extremities ( ! ribs       
7pleuritic ridge74 ,! animal does n /&  
/ill z 9 pneumonia1 b *anges its        
position occasionally1 its movem5ts 9 _m
 cases be+ accompani$ by a grunt4       
,pressure on ! wall ( ! *e/ causes !    
animal to fl9* & %[ evid5ce ( sev]e pa94
 ,l>ge animals r>ely lie d[n4 ,! c\gh is
 %ort & pa9ful4 ,on plac+ ! e> aga9/ !  
wall ( ! *e/ & li/5+ to ! respirations1 
we are able to he> friction s\nds4 ,aft]
 a few days effusion occurs 9 ! pleural 
cavity4 ,al?\gh ! animal may h refus$ to
 eat up to ?is "t1 x n[ appe>s greatly  
reliev$ & may (f] to eat its fe$4 ,?is  
relief may be only tempor>y4 ,if ! fluid
 exudate =ms 9 suffici5t quantity to    
cause pressure on ! he>t & lungs &      
int]f]e ) _! movem5t1 ! pulse beat is   
weak1 ! respirations quick & labor$1 !  
elb[s are turn$ out & ! feet are spread 

ap>t4 ,all ( ! respiratory muscles may  
be us$4 ,! expression ( ! face may      
indicate ?reat5$ asphyxia4 ,we may      
det]m9e ! ext5t ( ! pleural exudate by  
auscultation4 ,!re is no evid5ce (      
respiratory s\nds 9 t portion ( ! *e/   
bel[ ! surface ( ! fluid4 ,dropsical    
swell+s may occur on ! "u surface ( !   
brea/ & abdom54  ,9 subacute cases      
evid5ce ( recov]y is not$ 9 f f\r to t5 
days4 ,acute pleurisy v (t5 t]m9ates    
fatally4 ,"u ! mo/ favorable conditions1
 recov]y takes place v sl[ly1 sometimes 
ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( sev]al mon?s4 ,x is
 n uncommon = ! horse to cont9ue hav+   
defective w9d4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9   
good c>e1 well v5tilat$ qu>t]s & c>eful 
nurs+1 ! same z recomm5d$ 9 ! treatm5t (
 pneumonia4 ,at ! v beg9n+1 ! pa9 may be
 reliev$ by ! adm9i/ration ( small doses
 ( morph9e4 ,if ! conditions 9 ! /able  
p]mit1 a hot blanket t has be5 dipp$ 9  
hot wat] & wrung out z dry z possible1  
may be appli$ to ! *e/ wall & cov]$ ) a 
rubb] blanket4 ,?is treatm5t %\ld be    

cont9u$ dur+ ! fir/ few days ( !        
inflammation4 ,^! applications may be   
re9=c$ by occasionally apply+ mu/>d pa/e
 to ! sides ( ! *e/4  ,! animal %\ld be 
all[$ to dr9k b a limit$ am\nt ( wat]4  
,! fe$ mu/ be highly nutriti\s4 ,milk & 
eggs %\ld be giv5 if necess>y4 ,a       
laxative dose ( oil %\ld be giv54       
,calomel1 aloes1 & digitalis are        
recomm5d$ :5 ! effusion p]iod approa*es 
9 ord] to increase ! elim9ation ( fluid1
 & less5 its entrance into ! body       
cavity4 ,if ! am\nt ( effusion is l>ge1 
puncture ( ! ?oracic cavity ) a troc> & 
cannula may be practis$4 ,?is op]ation  
%\ld be p]=m$ c>efully1 & all possible  
precautions us$ aga9/ infection ( !     
w\nd4 ,dur+ ! lat] p]iod ( ! disease    
iodide ( potassium1 iron & bitt] tonics 
%\ld be giv54  ,,brok5-,,w9d1           
,,heaves4--,! t]ms brok5-w9d & heaves   
are us$ 9 a way to include a numb] (    
diff]5t diseases ( ! respiratory organs 
( ! horse4 ,! t]m heaves is appli$ almo/
 :olly to an emphysemat\s condition ( ! 

lungs4 ,brok5-w9d may include ! foll[+  
diseas$ conditions3 ob/ruction ( ! nasal
 passages by bony enl>gem5ts & tumors2  
tumors 9 ! ph>ynx2 enl>g$ neck gl&s2    
collection ( pus 9 ! guttural p\*es &   
p>alysis ( ! left1 or bo? recurr5t n]ves
 7ro>+74  ,! common causes ( heaves are 
pre-exi/+ diseases ( ! respiratory      
organs1 sev]e ex]cise :5 ! animal is n 9
 condition & wrong me?ods ( fe$+4       
,heaves is m common 9 horses t are f$   
heavily on du/y timo?y & clov] hay &    
all[$ to dr9k l>ge quantities ( wat]    
aft] fe$+1 ?an 9 horses t are f$ gre5   
fe$s1 graze on pa/ures or receive       
prairie hay = r\ghage4 ,*ronic          
indige/ion seems to aggravate ! disease4
 ,ov]-di/5tion ( ! /oma* & inte/9es due 
to fe$+ too mu* r\ghage & gra9 int]f]es 
) respiration4 ,sev]e ex]cise :5 9 ?is  
condition may result 9 ov]-di/5tion1    
dilation & rupture ( ! air cells4 ,?is  
is ! mo/ common /ructural *ange met ) 9 
! lungs ( horses affect$ ) heaves4 ,x is
 t]m$ emphysema4  ,! common symptoms    

not$ are ! d\ble contraction ( ! muscles
 ( ! flank ) ea* expiration1 a %ort1 dry
 c\gh & ! dilat$ no/rils4 ,! frequ5t    
passage ( gas is a prom95t symptom 9    
well-e/abli%$ cases ( heaves4 ,*ronic   
indige/ion is commonly pres5t 9 heavy   
horses t are n well c>$ =1 or are giv5  
h>d "w4 ,?is condition aggravates !     
di/ress$ brea?+4  ,heaves is a p]man5t  
disord]1 b x may be reliev$ by climatic 
*anges & c>eful att5tion to ! animal's  
diet4  ,! foll[+ prev5tive treatm5t is  
recomm5d$3 ,du/y hay %\ld n be f$ to    
horses4 ,clov] hay is n a safe fe$ =    
horses t are work$ h>d4 ,:5 />t+ on a   
drive aft] fe$+1 ! horse %\ld n be driv5
 fa/1 b all[$ to g sl[ly = a few miles4 
,! symptoms c be greatly reliev$ by     
c>eful att5tion to ! diet4 ,a limit$    
quantity ( r\ghage %\ld be f$1 & ?is    
%\ld be good 9 quality & f$ 9 ! ev5+4   
,dur+ ! w>m wea!r1 ! animal %\ld be     
wat]$ frequ5tly4 ,aft] quitt+ "w 9 !    
ev5+ ! animal may be all[$ to dr9k z mu*
 wat] z x wants4 ,pl5ty ( gra91 s(t fe$ 

& roots may be f$4 ,a small h&ful (     
flaxse$ meal giv5 ) ! fe$ helps 9 keep+ 
d[n con/ipation4 ,f[l]'s solution (     
ars5ic may be giv5 twice daily ) ! fe$1 
9 half-ounce doses = a p]iod ( t5 days  
or two weeks4 ,*ronic indige/ion %\ld be
 combat$ by dige/ive tonics4            
,,que/ions  #a4 ,"n ! organs t =m !     
ant]ior & po/]ior air passages4  #b4 ,to
 :at conditions are ! injuri\s effects (
 keep+ animals 9 a    poorly v5tilat$   
/able due8  #c4 ,/ate ! purpose (       
v5tilation4 ,h[ c ! ne$ ( v5tilation be 
det]m9$ 9 a /able8  #d4 ,/ate ! causes (
 cold 9 ! head2 give ! treatm5t4  #e4   
,/ate ! cause ( bron*itis2 give !       
treatm5t4  #f4 ,:at are ! causes (      
pneumonia8 ,describe ! symptoms &       
treatm5t4  #g4 ,:at symptoms are        
*>act]i/ic ( pleurisy8 ,give ! treatm5t 
=    pleurisy4  #h4 ,give ! causes &    
treatm5t ( heaves4     ,,*apt] ,,ix     
,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,circulatory        
,,organs   ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!    
circulatory organs are ! he>t1 art]ies1 

ve9s & lymphatics4 ,! he>t is ! c5tral  
organ ( ! circulatory sy/em 7,fig4 #bc74
 ,its function is to =ce ! blood ?r\gh !
 blood-vessels4 ,x is situat$ 9 !       
?oracic cavity betwe5 ! lungs1 & enclos$
 by a special fold ( ! pleura1 !        
p]ic>dial sack4 ,!re are two k9ds (     
blood-vessels1 art]ies & ve9s4 ,!       
art]ies leave ! he>t & c>ry ! blood to !
 _m diff]5t organs ( ! body4 ,! ve9s    
return to ! he>t & c>ry ! blood f ! body
 tissues4 ,! capill>ies are small       
blood-vessels1 microscopic 9 size1 t    
connect ! art]ies ) ! ve9s4 ,! art]ies  
c>ry ! pure blood4 ,! opposite is true1 
h[ev]1 ( ! less] or pulmon>y sy/em4 ,!  
pulmon>y art]y c>ries ! impure blood to 
! lungs1 & ! pulmon>y ve9s c>ry ! pure  
blood back f ! lungs4 ,! lymphatic      
vessels c>ry a transp>5t or slightly    
color$ fluid & *yle f ! tissues &       
alim5t>y canal4 ,?is sy/em ( vessels    
empties into ! v5\s sy/em4              
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,photograph (
 model ( horse's he>t3 auricle2         

v5tricle2 pulmon>y art]y2 pulmon>y ve9s2
 po/]ior aorta2 & ant]ior aorta4  ,!    
functions ( ! blood are to n\ri% ! body 
tissues2 furni% mat]ial = ! purpose ( ! 
body secretions2 supply ! cells ( ! body
 ) oxyg52 convey f ! tissues injuri\s   
sub/ances produc$ by ! cellul> activity2
 & de/roy organisms t may h ent]$ ! body
 tissues4 ,! cellul> & fluid portions ( 
! blood are n always de/ructive to      
disease-produc+ organisms4 ,9 c]ta9     
infecti\s diseases1 ! fluid portion ( ! 
blood may conta9 innum]able organisms1 &
 de/ruction ( ! blood cells occurs4  ,9 
inflammation ( tissue ! circulation ( ! 
blood 9 ! inflam$ "p und]goes c]ta9     
*>act]i/ic *anges4 ,at ! beg9n+ !re is  
an increase 9 ! blood go+ to ! "p4 ,?is 
is foll[$ by a sl[+ ( ! blood /ream 9 ! 
small vessels1 & ! collect+ ( ! blood   
cells 9 ! capill>ies & ve9s4 ,^!        
circulatory *anges are foll[$ by !      
migration ( ! blood cells1 & ! escape ( 
! fluid portion ( ! blood into !        
surr\nd+ tissue4 ,! "* ( ! above        

circulatory *anges dep5ds on ! ext5t ( !
 injury to ! tissue4                    
,,palpitation4--,?is di/urbance 9       
dome/ic animals seems to be purely      
functional4 ,x may occur indep5d5t ( any
 organic he>t disease4 ,a highly n]v\s  
condition1 excitem5t1 ov]-ex]tion1      
debility f disease & ! fe$+ ( an improp]
 ration are ! common causes4  ,! he>t   
beats are s viol5t & tumultu\s z to %ake
 ! body1 & be notic$ :5 /&+ ne> !       
animal4 ,! he>t s\nds are l\d] ?an      
normal & ! pulse beats small & irregul>4
 ,x may be diff]5tiat$ f spasm ( !      
diaphragm by det]m9+ ! relation%ip ( !  
he>t beats to ! abrupt %ocks obs]v$ 9 ! 
co/al & flank regions4  ,! treatm5t     
consi/s 9 keep+ ! animal quiet & avoid+ 
any excitem5t4 ,a quiet /all away f !   
o!r animals is be/4 ,! treatm5t (       
palpitation result+ f "s organic he>t   
disease mu/ be direct$ l>gely at !      
orig9al disease4 ,morph9e is commonly   
us$ = ! treatm5t ( ?is disord]4 ,weak1  
anaemic animals %\ld receive blood &    

bitt] tonics4 ,if we h reason to believe
 t ! di/urbance is caus$ by improp]     
fe$+1 ! animal %\ld receive a sp>e diet 
= a few days4 ,9 su* cases x is         
advisable to adm9i/] a physic4          
,,p]ic>ditis4--,inflammation ( !        
p]ic>dial sack is usually a second>y    
disease4 ,x is frequ5tly met ) 9        
influ5za1 contagi\s pleuropneumonia1    
hog-*ol]a & rheumatism4 ,cattle may     
suff] f traumatic p]ic>ditis caus$ by   
%>p1 po9t$1 =eign bodies pass+ ?r\gh !  
wall ( ! reticulum & p5etrat+ !         
p]ic>dial sack4 ,! jagg$ ends ( fractur$
 ribs may cause ext5sive injury to      
neighbor+ p>ts1 & ! inflammation spreads
 to ! p]ic>dial sack4  ,! symptoms (    
p]ic>ditis may n be recogniz$ at ! v    
beg9n+ :5 ! disease occurs z a          
complication ( influ5za1 or infecti\s   
pleuropneumonia4 ,! manife/ation ( pa9  
by mov+ ab\t 9 ! /all1 refus+ to eat & !
 anxi\s expression ( ! face are ! fir/  
symptoms t ! att5dant may notice4 ,!    
body temp]ature is high] ?an normal1 & !

 pulse rapid & irregul>4 ,on            
auscultation1 friction s\nds t          
correspond to ! tumultu\s beats ( ! he>t
 are he>d4 ,:5 fluid collects )9 !      
p]ic>dial sack1 ! he>t beats become     
feeble & ! pulse weak4 ,labor$ brea?+ & 
blui% discoloration ( ! lips foll[4 ,!  
disease usually runs a v acute c\rse4 ,!
 prognosis is unfavorable4  ,! treatm5t 
recomm5d$ 9 pneumonia is indicat$ 9 ?is 
disease4 ,absolute re/ & ! fe$+ ( an    
easily dige/$1 laxative diet is a v     
ess5tial "p ( ! treatm5t4 ,at ! v beg9n+
 morph9e may be giv5 to quiet !         
tumultu\s beats ( ! he>t4 ,cold         
applications to ! *e/ wall 9 ! =m ( ice 
packs %\ld be us$4 ,he>t tonics &       
/imulants su* z digitalis1 /ry*n9e &    
alcohol %\ld be adm9i/]$ :5 ! pulse     
beats weak54 ,to promote absorption ( ! 
exudate1 iodide ( sodium may be giv54   
,mu/>d pa/e1 or a can?>ides bli/] appli$
 ov] ! region ( ! he>t is useful 9 eas+ 
! pa9 & ov]com+ ! inflammation4 ,if     
fluid collects 9 suffici5t quantity to  

s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! he>t action1 ! sack 
may be punctur$ ) ! troc> & cannula & ! 
fluid )drawn4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$ to  
avoid injury to ! he>t & infection ( !  
"p4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4               
#bd4--;,elephantiasis 9 horse4  ,,acute 
,,lymphangitis4--,?is is an inflammation
 ( ! lymphatic vessels ( "o or bo? h9d  
limbs4 ,! attack comes on sudd5ly &     
usually occurs 9 connection ) re/1 & 9  
horses t are ( sl[1 quiet temp]am5t4 ,! 
excit+ cause is an infection ( ! "p )   
bact]ia1 ! infection probably occurr+   
?r\gh "s abrasion or small w\nd 9 ! sk94
  ,! local symptoms are swell+1 t5d]ness
 & lam5ess 9 ! affect$ limb4 ,! animal  
may refuse to support its weight on !   
affect$ limb4 ,! lymphatic gl&s 9 !     
region are swoll51 & ! swell+ ( ! limb  
pits on pressure4 ,9 ! *ronic =m ( !    
disease1 ! regions ( ! cannon & foot    
rema9 p]man5tly enl>g$1 & ! swell+ is m 
firm ?an x is 9 ! acute =m 7,fig4 #bd74 
,! g5]al symptoms are high body         
temp]ature1 rapid pulse & ! p>tial or   

complete loss ( appetite4  ,! foll[+    
treatm5t is recomm5d$3 ,ex]cise is      
indicat$ 9 cases t are n suffici5tly    
advanc$ to cause sev]e lam5ess1 or      
inability to use ! limb2 re/ & !        
application ( wooll5 b&ages wrung out ( 
a hot wat] solution ( liquor cresolis   
comp\nd are recomm5d$2 ,epsom salts 9   
"o-half p\nd doses may be giv5 & repeat$
 9 two or ?ree days2 a v light diet (   
s(t fe$ %\ld be giv52 l9im5ts %\ld n be 
appli$ until ! sor5ess 9 ! limb has     
subsid$2 iodide ( potassium may be giv5 
twice daily ) ! fe$4   ,,que/ions  #a4  
,:at are ! functions ( ! blood & lymph8 
#b4 ,/ate ! *anges occurr+ 9 !          
circulation 9 inflam$ tissue4  #c4 ,:at 
is palpitation8 ,give ! causes &        
treatm5t4  #d4 ,:at are ! common causes 
( p]ic>ditis8  #e4 ,give ! causes &     
treatm5t ( acute lymphangitis4          
,,*apt] ,x  ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,n]v\s  
,,sy/em   ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!     
n]v\s sy/em may be divid$ into c5tral & 
p]iph]al portions4 ,! c5tral portion    

comprises ! bra9 or encephalon & ! sp9al
 cord4 ,^! organs are lodg$ 9 ! cranial 
cavity & sp9al canal4 ,! n]ves & ganglia
 comprise ! p]iph]al portion4 ,! n]ves  
=m :ite cords t are made up ( n]ve      
fibres4 ,! ganglia are grayi% enl>gem5ts
 =m$ by n]ve cells & support+ tissue1   
situat$ at ! orig9 ( ! n]ve trunk or    
along its c\rse4  ,! bra9 is an oval    
mass ( n]ve tissue elongat$ f be=e to   
beh9d1 & slightly depress$ f above to   
bel[4 ,x t]m9ates po/]iorly 9 ! sp9al   
cord4 ,x is divid$ into ?ree portions3  
c]ebrum1 i/hmus & c]ebellum 7,fig4 #be74
  ,! c]ebrum =ms ! ant]ior portion4 ,x  
is divid$ into two lat]al lobes or      
hemisph]es by a deep longitud9al        
fissure4 ,! surface ( ! c]ebral         
hemisph]es is gray & r\gh5$ by pleats or
 folds sep>at$ by grooves or fissures4  
,! gray or cortical lay] is di/9ct f !  
:ite or connect+ /ructure4 ,! cortical  
lay] is made up ( n]ve cells or areas   
:i* control ! volunt>y muscles ( ! body4
 ,x is connect$ ) ! special s5ses ( t\*1

 temp]ature & muscle-s5se4 ,! gray lay] 
is connect$ ) ! po/]ior portion ( !     
bra91 ! i/hmus or m$ulla oblongata1 by !
 :ite n]ve tissue4  ,! i/hmus or m$ulla 
oblongata is elongat$ f be=e to beh9d & 
connects ! c]ebral hemisph]es ) ! sp9al 
cord1 ant]iorly & po/]iorly4 ,x is      
divid$ into sev]al diff]5t portions1 &  
is made up l>gely ( :ite connect+ fibres
 ) nuclei ( gray matt] scatt]$ ?r\gh !m4
 ,! i/hmus is holl[$ out by a sy/em (   
small v5tricles t ext5d f ! c]ebral     
hemisph]es to ! sp9al cord1 :]e !y      
t]m9ate 9 a small1 c5tral canal4 ,!     
i/hmus is ! highway betwe5 ! sp9al cord 
& ! high] n]ve c5tres4 ,x has 9 x c]ta9 
cell c5tres t give orig9 to six ( !     
cranial n]ves4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#be4--,photograph ( model ( horse's     
bra93 longitud9al section2 lat]al view2 
c]ebrum2 c]ebellum2 & i/hmus4  ,! ?ird  
division ( ! bra9 is ! c]ebellum4 ,?is  
is a s+le mass support$ by ! i/hmus4 ,x 
is situat$ po/]ior to ! c]ebrum1 f :i* x
 is sep>at$ by a transv]se fold ( !     

membranes cov]+ ! bra94 ,?is mass ( n]ve
 tissue is mu* small] ?an ! c]ebrum4 ,! 
:ite n]ve tissue =ms c5tral nuclei :i*  
s5d out bran*es t ramify 9 e direction4 
,! c5tre ( ! muscul> s5se is said to be 
locat$ 9 ?is division ( ! bra94 ,a      
second function is ! ma9t5ance ( body   
equilibrium ?r\gh its connection ) !    
n]ve ( ! middle e>4  ,! sp9al cord      
comm5ces at ! po/]ior op5+ 7occipital   
=am57 ( ! cranial cavity1 & t]m9ates    
po/]iorly 9 ! lumb> region at ! upp]    
?ird ( t portion ( ! sp9al canal belong+
 to ! sacrum4 ,x is ?ick1 :ite 9 color1 
irregul>ly cyl9drical 9 %ape1 slightly  
flatt5$ above & bel[ & rea*es its l>ge/ 
diamet] 9 ! l[] c]vical & lumb> regions4
 ,! sp9al canal is l9$ by ! out]        
membrane t envelops ! cord1 :i* aids 9  
fix+ ?is organ to ! wall ( ! canal4 ,!  
sp9al cord is =m$ by :ite & gray n]ve   
tissue4 ,! gray tissue is situat$ )9 !  
:ite1 & x is arrang$ 9 ! =m ( two lat]al
 comma-%ap$ columns connect$ by a n>r[  
commissure ( gray matt]4 ,! extremities 

( ! lat]al gray columns m>k ! orig9 ( ! 
sup]ior & inf]ior roots ( ! sp9al n]ves4
 ,! :ite tissue ( ! cord is also divid$ 
into lat]al portions by sup]ior & m$ian 
fissures4 ,! inf]ior fissure does n     
ext5d z f> z ! gray commissure1 leav+ ! 
lat]al inf]ior columns connect$ by a    
:ite commissure4 ,!re are c]ta9 c5tres 9
 ! sp9al cord t are capable ( c>ry+ on  
c]ta9 reflex actions indep5d5t ( ! *ief 
c5tre 9 ! bra94 ,! :ite matt] ( ! cord  
is made up ( pa?s ov] :i* impulses to & 
f ! bra9 are transmitt$4  ,!re are      
twelve pairs ( cranial n]ves4 ,two pairs
 belong exclusively to ! special s5ses1 
smell & sight4 ,altoge!r !re are t5     
pairs t are devot$ to functions connect$
 ) ! head1 ei!r z n]ves ( ! special     
s5ses or 9 a motor or s5sory capacity   
7,figs4 #bf & #bg74 ,!re are two pairs  
di/ribut$ to o!r regions4 ,^! are ! t5? 
& elev5? pairs4 ,! t5? pair or          
pneumoga/ric is di/ribut$ to ! vital    
organs lodg$ )9 ! body cavities4  ,!re  
are =ty-two or =ty-?ree pairs ( sp9al   

n]ves giv5 (f f ! sp9al cord4 ,! sp9al  
n]ves h two roots1 sup]ior & inf]ior4 ,!
 sup]ior is ! s5sory root & ! inf]ior is
 ! motor root1 bo? unit+ to =m a mix$   
n]ve trunk4 ,! s5sory root possesses a  
ganglion f :i* x orig9ates4  ,g5]ally   
speak+1 ! c]ebrosp9al sy/em deals ) !   
special s5ses1 movem5t ( skeletal or    
volunt>y muscles & cutane\s & muscul>   
s5sations4 ,9 addition to ! above !re is
 a di/9ct sy/em t]m$ ! sympa!tic4 ,!    
sympa!tic sy/em consi/s ( a long cord1  
/udd$ ) ganglia1 ext5d+ f ! base ( !    
neck to ! sacrum4 ,! ganglia are        
connect$ ) ! inf]ior roots ( ! sp9al    
n]ves4 ,?is cord is connect$ ) gr\ps (  
ganglia & n]ve fibres 9 ! abdom9al      
region1 & ?is 9 turn is connect$ )      
t]m9al ganglia 9 di/ant tissues4 ,?is   
sy/em ( n]ves is di/ribut$ to ! vital   
organs ( ! body4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#bf4--,unilat]al facial p>alysis caus$  
by injury to sev5? cranial n]ve2 note   
position ( lip4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#bg4--;,bilat]al facial p>alysis4 ,?is  

colt 0 affect$ ) facial p>alysis :5     
born4  ,,conge/ion ,,& ,,anaemia ,,( ,,!
 ,,bra94--,9 conge/ion ( ! bra91 !      
blood-vessels di/ribut$ to ! n]ve tissue
 become engorg$ ) blood4 ,x may be ei!r 
active or passive4  ,! cause ( anaemia (
 ! bra9 is an insuffici5t blood supply4 
,?is may be due to an abundant          
haemorrhage & c>diac weakness caus$ by  
%ock or organic he>t disease4  ,! causes
 ( conge/ion ( ! bra9 are faulty me?ods 
( c>e & fe$+4 ,x sometimes occurs :5    
horses are %ipp$ 9 poorly v5tilat$ c>s1 
or kept 9 close /ables4 ,climatic       
*anges1 or *ang+ ! /able & fe$1 may     
cause x4 ,extremely fat animals &       
animals t are rapidly putt+ on fat are  
pr$ispos$ to ?is disord]4 ,improp]      
me?ods ( fe$+1 lack ( ex]cise1          
con/ipation & excitem5t are ! mo/ common
 causes4 ,passive conge/ion may result f
 pressure on ! jugul> ve9 by ob/ruct+ ! 
fl[ ( blood f ! bra91 & rais+ blood     
pressure 9 ! blood-vessels ( ! bra94 ,x 
is sometimes caus$ by organic he>t      

tr\ble4  ,! symptoms come on v sudd5ly 9
 conge/ion ( ! bra94 ,! disease may     
manife/ itself z soon z ! animal is mov$
 out ( ! /all or b$1 or x may come on   
:ile x is fe$+4 ,9 slight cases1 !      
animal appe>s excit$ & re/less1 ! eyes  
are bright1 ! pupils are dilat$1 & !    
pulse beats & respirations quick5$4 ,if 
! animal is mov+ ab\t1 x may /op sudd5ly
 & %[ m>k$ symptoms ( a n]v\s disord]1  
su* z turn+ ar\nd1 runn+ /raight ahead &
 fall+ d[n4 ,! p]iod ( excitem5t is     
usually brief & may be foll[$ by m>k$   
depression4 ,! muc\s membranes ( ! head 
are a deep1 r$ color4  ,! symptoms 9    
anaemic conditions ( ! bra9 are loss (  
consci\sness1 /umbl+1 fall+ to ! gr\nd &
 sometimes convulsions4 ,! pig & dog may
 vomit4 ,favorable cases return to !    
normal )9 a few h\rs4 ,acute            
inflammatory diseases ( ! bra9 & its    
cov]+s are associat$ ) c]ebral hyp]aemia
 or conge/ion4  ,! treatm5t ( mild cases
 is to give ! animal quiet1             
well-v5tilat$ qu>t]s1 :]e x c n injure  

itself4 ,! animal %\ld be fir/ subject$ 
to a sev]e diet & lat] giv5             
easily-dige/$ fe$4 ,if x appe>s greatly 
excit$1 ble$+ %\ld be practis$4 ,cold   
applications to ! head %\ld be us$ 9 all
 cases 9 ! small animals4 ,= int]nal    
treatm5t1 purgatives are indicat$4 ,9   
cases ( anaemia1 /imulants1 vigor\s     
massage1 artificial respiration &       
injection ( physiological salt solution 
are indicat$4  ,,sun/roke ,,&           
,,heat/roke4--,mo/ writ]s make no       
di/9ction betwe5 heat/roke & sun/roke4  
,! latt] is caus$ by ! direct rays ( !  
sun fall+ on ! animal1 & ! =m] f a high 
temp]ature & poor circulation ( air 9 ! 
surr\nd+s4 ,"u su* conditions1 !        
physical condition ( ! animal & ex]tion 
play an important "p 9 ! production ( ! 
n]v\s di/urbance4  ,! fir/ symptoms     
usually not$ are rapid1 labor$ brea?+1  
depression & an anxi\s expression on !  
face4 ,! horse usually /ops sweat+4 ,!  
body temp]ature is extremely high1 !    
pulse beats weak1 ! animal trembles1    

falls to ! gr\nd & dies 9 a convulsion4 
,unless measures direct$ t[>d relief ( !
 animal are tak5 e>ly 9 ! attack1 dea?  
commonly occurs4 ,ov]heat+ is r common 9
 horses t are work$ h>d dur+ ! extremely
 w>m wea!r4 ,horses t h be5 once        
ov]heat$ are aft]w>ds unable to /& sev]e
 "w dur+ ! hot mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,horses 9 
?is condition become un?rifty1 d n sweat
 freely & pant if ! "w is h>d & ! wea!r 
is w>m4  ,! prev5tive measures consi/ 9 
n expos+ animals t are fat1 or out (    
condition to sev]e ex]cise if ! day is  
close & hot1 especially if !y are n     
accu/om$ to x4 ,:5 h&l+ or work+ animals
 dur+ hot wea!r all possible precautions
 to prev5t ov]heat+ %\ld be practis$4   
,! treatm5t consi/s 9 plac+ ! animal 9 a
 cool1 %ady place & fom5t+ ! body ) cold
 wat]4 ,! cold packs or cold fom5tations
 %\ld be appli$ to ! head & =ep>t ( !   
body only4 ,small doses ( /imulants may 
be giv54  ,,m5+o-,,c]ebritis4--,!       
discussion ( inflammation ( ! bra9 & its
 cov]+s c be comb9$ conv5i5tly1 z !     

causes1 symptoms & treatm5t v>y b       
little4 ,?is disord] is met ) 9 all     
species ( dome/ic animals1 b x is mo/   
common 9 horses & mules4 ,"s writ]s /ate
 t m5+o-c]ebritis is m common dur+ ! w>m
 season ?an x is 9 ! w9t]4 ,h[ev]1 ?is  
does n hold true 9 all sections4 ,9 !   
middle we/1 ?is disease is m common 9   
late fall & w9t]4  ,x is commonly caus$ 
by tak+ into ! body ) ! fe$ & wat] c]ta9
 organisms & tox9s t are capable (      
produc+ an inflammation ( ! bra94 ,!    
infecti\s organism or tox9s are tak5 up 
by ! absorb+ vessels ( ! inte/9es4  ,!  
second>y =m ( ! disease usually occurs 9
 connection ) o!r diseases su* z        
influ5za1 tub]culosis & acute           
ph>yngitis1 or z a result ( w\nd        
infection4 ,unhygi5ic conditions1 z     
unsanit>y & poorly v5tilat$ /ables &    
fil?y dr9k+ places1 play a v important  
"p 9 ! production ( ! simple or acute =m
 ( m5+itis4  ,sudd5 *anges 9 ! fe$ & !  
fe$+ ( rott51 m\ldy fe$s may cause x4 ,9
 ! fall & w9t] x may foll[ ! fe$+ ( too 

heavy a ration ( %r$d$ fodd] or any o!r 
dry fe$4 ,o!r excit+ causes are         
ov]ex]tion1 *anges 9 climate1 excitem5t1
 injuries to ! head & ! fe$+ ( too heavy
 & conc5trat$ a ration4  ,! symptoms v>y
 9 ! diff]5t individuals1 b 9 g5]al !y  
are ! same4 ,at fir/ ! animal is dull1  
or extremely n]v\s & s5sitive to s\nds4 
,! pupils ( ! eye are unev5ly contract$ 
at fir/1 lat] dilat$4 ,! eyes may appe> 
/>+1 or !y are roll$ ab\t1 s t ! :ite   
portion is prom95t4 ,! unusual excitem5t
 is manife/$ 9 diff]5t ways by ! diff]5t
 species4 ,dur+ ! dull p]iod ! animal is
 indiff]5t to its surr\nd+s4 ,:5 x is   
excit$1 ! pulse beats & respirations are
 accel]at$4 ,! body temp]ature is (t5   
elevat$ e>ly 9 ! disease4 ,!re is a     
p>tial or complete loss ( appetite4     
,p>alysis may be ! mo/ prom95t symptom4 
,! animal lies 9 a natural position1 or 
/ret*$ out & lift+ ! head occasionally &
 mov+ ! limbs1 b x is unable to rise4   
,loss ( s5sibility may gradually        
progress until ! animal becomes         

semiconsci\s1 or comatose4  ,9 case !   
inflammation is acute & involves !      
great] portion ( ! bra9 & its cov]+s1   
dea? occurs )9 a few days4 ,occasionally
 ! animal survives sev]al weeks4 ,!re   
are few p]man5t or complete recov]ies4  
,! pr9cipal l9es ( treatm5t are         
prev5tive measures & c>eful nurs+4 ,?is 
is "o ( ! diseases t c be l>gely prev5t$
 by obs]v+ all possible sanit>y         
precautions 9 c>+ = animals4 ,x is      
admitt$ by writ]s t ! great] majority ( 
cases ( inflammation ( ! bra9 & its     
cov]+s are caus$ by infection4 ,prop]   
/able con/ruction1 v5tilation & disposal
 ( ! manure1 an occasional dis9fection (
 ! /able1 clean+ & dis9fect+ ! dr9k+    
places & wat] tanks1 & ! necess>y       
att5tion to ! ration greatly r$uce !    
loss f ?is disease4  ,! animal %\ld be  
gott5 into a d>k1 quiet1 roomy /all t is
 well b$d$4 ,a sw+ may be plac$ "u a    
l>ge animal if x is able to support any 
( its weight1 & !re is no evid5ce (     
n]v\s excitem5t4 ,we %\ld d no?+ to     

di/urb x4 ,if possible1 ! position ( !  
animal t is unable to get up %\ld be    
*ang$1 & ! b$ kept clean & dry4 ,cold 9 
! =m ( wet or ice packs %\ld be appli$  
to ! head dur+ ! acute /age4 ,symptoms (
 excitem5t mu/ be ov]come by l>ge doses 
( s$atives4 ,iodide ( potassium &       
/ry*n9e may help 9 ov]com+ ! p>alysis4  
,! b[els %\ld be empti$ by giv+ an      
occasional physic4 ,a v light1 easily   
dige/$ diet %\ld be f$4  ,,p>tial ,,or  
,,complete ,,p>alysis ,,( ,,! ,,po/]ior 
,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,body4--,?is disord] 
is especially common 9 ! small animals4 
,! hog is mo/ frequ5tly affect$4  ,!    
foll[+ causes may be m5tion$3           
,inflammation ( ! sp9al cord commonly   
occurs 9 influ5za1 /rangles & mix$      
infections2 con/ipation br\ght on by    
improp] fe$+ & insuffici5t ex]cise is a 
pr$ispos+ cause2 injuries su* z /ra9s & 
bl[s 9 ! region ( ! back may also cause 
x2 compression ( ! sp9al cord by !      
v]tebrae is no d\bt a v common cause2   
dislocation1 enl>gem5t ( ! disks betwe5 

! v]tebrae1 bony enl>gem5ts result+ f   
/ra9s & injuries1 rickets1 tub]culosis &
 act9omycosis & tumors commonly cause   
compression ( ! cord4 ,x is r>ely caus$ 
by p>asites4 ,"y1 fat animals are       
especially prone to injuries 9 ! region 
( ! back4 ,su* animals may suff] f      
malnutrition ( ! bones1 & complete      
fractures ( ! ?igh bones may occur4     
,extreme heat f ! sun's rays & close1   
hot qu>t]s are probable causes4  ,!     
symptom t is mo/ prom95t is ! p>tial or 
complete loss ( control ov] ! movem5ts (
 ! h9d p>ts4 ,! appetite may be little  
int]f]$ )4 ,! animal may sit on !       
haun*es1 ) ! limbs project+ =w>d1 or sw+
 ! h9d qu>t]s f side to side 9 walk+ or 
trott+4 ,irregul>ity 9 ! animal's       
movem5ts is especially noticeable :5    
turn+ or back+4 ,9 case ! animal suff]s 
pa91 ! sp9e is held rigid or ar*$1 & :5 
=c$ to move1 m>k$ evid5ce ( pa9 occurs4 
,!re may be a decrease or increase 9 !  
s5sibility ( ! "p4 ,! increase 9        
s5sibility is notic$ on /rik+ ! muscles 

) ! h& or rubb+ ! hair ! wrong way4     
,spasmodic twit*+ or contractions 9 !   
muscles sometimes occur4 ,!re is frequ5t
 elevation ( temp]ature4 ,! animal is   
unable to pass ur9e or faeces1 or !re   
may be an involunt>y passage ( ! body   
excretions4  ,! outcome ( ?is disease is
 unfavorable4 ,acute inflammation ( !   
cov]+ ( ! cord may subside )9 a few     
days4 ,cases t d n recov] )9 a few weeks
 %\ld be de/roy$4 ,p>alysis ( ! h9d p>ts
 %\ld n be confus$ ) rheumatism1        
azoturia & o!r disord]s t may int]f]e ) 
! movem5ts ( ! po/]ior portion ( ! body4
  ,! treatm5t is l>gely along prev5tive 
l9es4 ,a pr$isposition t[>d rickets1 &  
injuries1 may be prev5t$ by fe$+ a prop]
 ration1 & p]mitt+ ! animal to take     
ex]cise4 ,! qu>t]s & ! att5dant are     
frequ5tly responsible = injuries4 ,if   
?is is ! case1 ! r\gh h&l+ ( ! animals  
%\ld be imm$iately correct$1 & any      
condition ( ! qu>t]s t favors ! cr[d+ or
 pil+ up ( animals %\ld be *ang$4 ,l>ge 
animals may be plac$ 9 sw+s if !y are   

able to support a "p ( _! weight on !   
h9d limbs4 ,?is is especially indicat$  
at ! v beg9n+ ( ! disord]4 ,small       
animals %\ld be giv5 a good b$4 ,a v    
light1 easily dige/$ ration %\ld be f$4 
,an occasional physic %\ld be adm9i/]$4 
,/ry*n9e & iodide ( potassium may be    
giv54 ,cold applications to ! back are  
indicat$4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,:at organs 
comprise ! c5tral portion ( ! n]v\s     
sy/em8    ,p]iph]al portion8  #b4 ,give 
a g5]al description ( ! bra94  #c4 ,give
 a g5]al description ( ! sp9al cord4    
#d4 ,:at is ! sympa!tic sy/em8  #e4     
,describe ! causes & symptoms (         
conge/ion ( ! bra94  #f4 ,:at is        
heat/roke8 ,give ! treatm5t4  #g4 ,give 
! prev5tive & curative treatm5t (       
inflammation ( ! bra94  #h4 ,/ate !     
causes1 & give ! prop] treatm5t (       
p>alysis ( !    po/]ior portion ( !     
body4     ,,*apt] ,,xi  ,,diseases ,,(  
,,! ,,sk9   ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!   
two lay]s t =m ! sk9 are ! epid]mis & ! 
d]ma4 ,! cells ( ! out] lay] or epid]mis

 are ( two k9ds4 ,! sup]ficial portion  
is =m$ by horny1 flatt5$ cells & ! deep]
 by s(t] cells4 ,?is lay] ( ! sk9 v>ies 
greatly 9 ?ickness 9 ! diff]5t species4 
,! d]ma is compos$ ( "s muscul> fibres  
int]wov5 ) ! connective-tissue fibres4  
,x conta9s ! roots ( ! hair follicles1  
sweat & oil gl&s4 ,! ext]nal face :i* is
 cov]$ by ! epid]mis %[s a multitude (  
little elevations4 ,^! are ! vascul> &  
n]v\s papillae4 ,9 addition1 x %[s op5+s
 ?r\gh :i* ! hairs & ! sk9 gl&s pass4 ,!
 inn] surface is unit$ m or less closely
 to ! muscul> or und]ly+ tissue by a    
lay] ( fibro-fatty tissue4  ,! app5dages
 ( ! sk9 are ! hairs & horny            
productions4 ,! horny productions       
comprise ! horns1 *e/nuts1 ergots1 claws
 & ho(s4  ,! hair v>ies 9 l5g?1 ?ickness
 & co>s5ess 9 ! diff]5t species1 & !    
diff]5t regions ( ! body4 ,9 addition1  
bre$+1 c>e1 heat & cold may cause m>k$  
v>iations 9 ! ?ickness ( ! coat4        
,exposure to cold causes ! coat to      
?ick54 ,high temp]atures cause ! %ort   

hairs to drop out & ! coat to become ?94
  ,diseases ( ! sk9 may be classifi$ z  
p>asitic & non-p>asitic4 ,p>asitic sk9  
diseases are caus$ by animal & vegetable
 p>asites4 ,non-p>asitic sk9 diseases   
are caus$ by irritation to ! sk9 &      
int]nal causes4 ,irritation to ! sk9 may
 be ei!r *emical1 !rmic or me*anical4 ,!
 int]nal causes may be due to an        
individual pr$isposition toge!r )       
dige/ive di/urbances & ! eat+ ( fe$s too
 ri* 9 prote94 ,9 ?is *apt] p>asitic sk9
 diseases produc$ by insects w n be     
discuss$4  ,,fall+ ,,out ,,( ,,! ,,hair 
,,& ,,fea!rs4--,fall+ out ( ! hair &    
fea!rs frequ5tly occurs indep5d5t (     
p>asitic diseases4 ,?is condition does n
 occur z an indep5d5t disord]1 b z a    
second>y affection4 ,x is due to faulty 
nutrition1 & irritation to ! sk94       
,inte/9al diseases1 insuffici5t fe$ &   
fe$ ( bad quality are common causes4    
,animals t are f$ a heavy ration1 or t  
lie on dirty1 wet b$d+ frequ5tly lose   
l>ge pat*es ( hair4 ,%eep t are dipp$ 9 

late fall & e>ly w9t]1 or expos$ to wet1
 cold wea!r may lose a "p ( _! fleece4  
,x is n uncommon = animals t[>d ! latt] 
p]iod ( pregnancy1 or t sweat freely1 to
 lose pat*es ( hair4  ,fall+ out ( !    
hair heals ( itself )9 a few weeks4  ,! 
prev5tive measures are ( special        
importance 9 %eep & horses4 ,?is consi/s
 9 avoid+ conditions t may lead to      
alopecia & 9 correct+ ! diet4 ,9 horses 
! regions ( ! mane & tail %\ld be wa%$ )
 soap1 or rubb$ ) alcohol & spirits (   
camphor1 equal p>ts4 ,treatm5t %\ld be  
p]si/$ 9 = a long p]iod if necess>y4    
,,urtic>ia1 ,,nettl]a%4--,urtic>ia is   
*>act]iz$ by r\ndi% elevations t appe>  
quickly & become scatt]$ ov] a "p or !  
:ole surface ( ! sk94 ,!y are caus$ by  
an inflammatory infiltration ( ! deep]  
lay]s ( ! sk94 ,horses & hogs are mo/   
frequ5tly affect$4  ,! causes ( urtic>ia
 are irritat+ juices ( c]ta9 plants1    
secretions ( flies1 ants & "s           
cat]pill>s1 irritat+ drugs1 scrat*+1    
sweat+ & ! action ( cold on a w>m sk94  

,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 connection ) ! fe$+ 
( c]ta9 legum9\s fe$s & dige/ive        
di/urbances4 ,horses t are fat1 or putt+
 on fle% rapidly1 seem to be pr$ispos$  
to ?is disord]4 ,urtic>ia may occur 9   
c]ta9 infecti\s diseases4  ,! *>act]i/ic
 symptom is ! =mation on ! sk9 ( r\ndi% 
elevations or hives4 ,!re may be an     
elevation ( body temp]ature & p>tial    
loss ( appetite4 ,small animals may act 
re/less & %[ evid5ce ( it*+ or pa94 ,?is
 symptom is v common 9 hogs4 ,! eruption
 may la/ only a few h\rs or a few days1 
or1 because ( ! animal's scrat*+ or     
rubb+ ! "p1 ! sk9 may become scabby &   
small pu/ules =m4  ,an important        
prev5tive measure is to avoid ! use (   
ag5ts capable ( irritat+ ! sk9 & produc+
 urtic>ia :5 treat+ p>asitic sk9        
diseases4 ,x is v advisable to give !   
animal a sal9e ca?>tic 7,epsom or       
,glaub]'s salts74 ,! sk9 may be wa%$ )  
cold wat]1 or a weak wat] solution (    
p]manganate ( potassium4  ,,acne1       
,,summ] ,,ra%4--,9 ?is sk9 disease ! oil

 gl&s & hair follicles are inflam$ &    
sometimes infect$ ) pus g]ms4 ,?is      
results 9 sk9 eruptions v>y+ 9 size f ! 
po9t ( a p9 to ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* 9  
diamet]4 ,?is inflammation is mo/       
prom95t dur+ ! w>m wea!r4  ,! causes are
 local irritation to ! sk9 f ly+ on     
fil?y floors1 sweat+ & irritation f !   
h>ness4 ,accord+ to "s writ]s1 pus g]ms 
are ! only cause1 ! me*anical ag5ts     
m]ely aid+ 9 ! production ( ! infection4
  ,! face1 side ( ! neck1 %\ld]s1 back &
 sides ( ! trunk & qu>t]s are ! usual   
seats ( disease4 ,! pimples or nodules  
may disappe> )9 a few weeks1 or p]si/   
?r\gh\t ! w>m season4 ,! eruption may   
disappe> )\t leav+ sc>s1 or suppuration 
occurs & small bald spots result4  ,!   
treatm5t consi/s 9 remov+ ! cause ( !   
disease & clean+ ! sk9 ) antiseptic     
wa%es4 ,! surr\nd+s ( ! animal mu/ be   
kept clean & a good b$ provid$4 ,if     
possible1 ! horse %\ld be laid (f f "w z
 soon z ! condition is not$4 ,wa%+ ! "p 
) a weak wat] solution ( p]manganate (  

potassium may be practis$ daily4 ,f[l]'s
 solution ( ars5ic may be giv54 ,?is may
 be giv5 ) ! fe$4  ,,eczema4--,?is is an
 inflammation ( ! vascul> capill>y      
bodies & ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! sk94 ,!re
 may be m>k$ inflammatory exudate1 caus+
 ! surface ( ! sk9 to become excessively
 moi/ & m or less it*+4 ,r$ness1        
vesicles & pu/ules may *>act]ize !      
inflammation4 ,9 ! *ronic =m ! sk9 may  
become ?ick5$ & greatly *ang$ 9         
/ructure4  ,eczemat\s inflammation ( !  
sk9 may occur 9 all dome/ic animals1 b x
 is mo/ common 9 ! dog4 ,9 ! horse local
 eczema 7scrat*es7 is common4  ,! mo/   
frequ5t cause is ext]nal irritation4    
,accumulations ( fil? on ! sk9 &        
cont9ual wett+ ( ! "p are common causes4
 ,me*anical causes are rubb+1 pressure1 
! action ( ! sun's rays & *emical       
irritants4 ,int]nal causes1 su* z       
cat>rhal diseases ( ! /oma* & weakness &
 emaciation f disease1 may act z direct 
or pr$ispos+ causes4 ,t5d]-sk9n$ animals
 seem to be pr$ispos$ to ! disease4  ,! 

symptoms v>y 9 ! diff]5t species (      
animals4 ,9 ! horse ! ?9 sk9 po/]ior to 
! fetlock & knee1 9 front ( ! hock & on 
! "u side ( ! body is mo/ commonly      
inflam$4 ,moi/ure & dirt seem to be !   
mo/ common causes4 ,eczema may involve !
 sk9 cov]$ by ! mane & tail 9 animals t 
are n prop]ly groom$ & incl9$ to rub or 
scrat*4 ,cattle may suff] f eczemat\s   
inflammations 9 ! region ( ! =ehead1    
back ( neck & base ( tail4 ,a v common  
=m ( ! disease involves ! space betwe5 !
 toes4 ,%eep frequ5tly suff] f          
inflammation ( ! sk9 ov] ! fetlock      
region4 ,! sk9 ( animals hav+ long      
fleeces1 or heavy coats ( hair t become 
wet at a "t :5 !re is no opportunity to 
dry out quickly1 may become inflam$4    
,dogs are commonly affect$ by ! acute & 
*ronic =ms ( eczema4 ,eczema ( sw9e is  
limit$ mo/ly to "y hogs4 ,x is r r>e1   
except+ 9 hogs t are pa/ur+ on c]ta9    
k9ds ( clov] & rape1 or on muck l&s4  ,!
 inflammation is accompani$ by a m>k$   
t5d]ness & it*+1 & ! animal licks &     

scrat*es ! "p4 ,?is increases ! ext5t ( 
! sk9 lesions4 ,! sk9 appe>s moi/1 lat] 
dirty1 scabby & ?ick5$4 ,cracks &       
pu/ules may =m4 ,gangr5e & sl\gh+ ( !   
sk9 may occur4  ,! treatm5t is bo?      
prev5tive & curative4 ,cases ( eczema   
caus$ by fil? & wetness c be prev5t$ by 
giv+ ! necess>y att5tion to keep+ ! sk9 
clean & n all[+ animals access to muddy1
 fil?y places4 ,keep+ ! b$ clean &      
regulat+ ! diet are important prev5tive 
measures4 ,be=e ! inflammation c be     
successfully treat$ ! cause mu/ be      
remov$4  ,9 acute eczema x is advisable 
to protect ! "p aga9/ wat]1 fil? & air4 
,p[d]s & o9tm5ts may be us$ dur+ ! e>ly 
/ages ( ! inflammation4 ,two p>ts boric 
acid1 f\r p>ts fl\r1 & "o "p tannic acid
 may be du/$ ov] ! moi/ surface4 ,"o "p 
z9c oxide & twelve p>ts vasel9e is a    
useful o9tm5t4 ,scrat*+ ! "p %\ld be    
controll$ 9 e case by muzzles1 coll>s & 
b&ages4 ,dirt & scales may be remov$ f !
 sk9 by wa%+ ) cotton soak$ 9 lime wat] 
or l9se$ oil4 ,! animal %\ld receive    

laxative doses ( ,glaub]'s salts or oil 
e few days4 ,a simple1 easily dige/$    
ration %\ld be f$4 ,! foll[+ mixture may
 be appli$ 9 ob/9ate cases3 oil ( t> &  
s(t soap1 two p>ts ea*1 & alcohol "o "p4
  ,,common ,,fe$ ,,ra%es4--,?is title   
includes inflammation ( ! sk9 caus$ by  
pa/ur+ on buck:eat1 c]ta9 clov]s & rape1
 toge!r ) moi/ure & sunlight4  ,gre51   
fl[]+ buck:eat is m dang]\s z a fe$ =   
/ock ?an is ! gra9 or /raw4 ,clov]s &   
rape are n z dang]\s a fe$4 ,! actual   
cause ( ! sk9 becom+ inflam$ is n kn[n4 
,! sk9 9 ! regions ( ! face1 e>s1 neck1 
l[] surface ( ! body & limbs becomes r$ 
& cov]$ ) vesicles4 ,lat]1 scabs & pus  
may =m4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 *ang+ !  
ration & keep+ ! animals out ( ! sun1 or
 long grass & we$s = a few days4 ,?is is
 all ! treatm5t requir$ 9 mo/ cases4 ,x 
may be advisable to adm9i/] a physic4   
,if pus & scabs =m1 ! "p %\ld be cleans$
 daily ) a "o p] c5t wat] solution (    
p]manganate ( potassium4  ,,h]pes       
7,,fung\s ,,sk9 ,,disease74--,?is is a  

contagi\s disease ( ! sk9 caus$ by ?read
 fungi1 ,tricophyton tonsurans &        
epilans1 :i* develop 9 ! sk9 9 localiz$ 
areas1 caus+ vesicles1 scabs or scales  
to appe>1 & ! loss ( ! hair ov] ! "p4   
,?is sk9 disease occurs 9 all dome/ic   
animals1 b x is mo/ commonly met ) 9    
cattle4 ,x usually affects "y cattle4 ,x
 mo/ commonly occurs 9 ! region ( ! face
 & neck4 ,?ick1 bran-l cru/s =m ov] !   
scatt]$ areas ( ! sk9 & ! hair drops out
 or breaks (f4 ,! animals frequ5tly rub 
! infect$ area4  ,prompt treatm5t may   
prev5t ! spread ( ?is disease 9 ! h]d4  
,x may be *eck$ by qu>ant9+ ! infect$   
animals & scrubb+ ! /alls1 /an*ions &   
walls ) a dis9fect+ solution4 ,groom+ ! 
infect$ animal %\ld be discont9u$4 ,?is 
sk9 disease responds mo/ readily to     
o9tm5ts4 ,fl[]s ( sulfur "o "p & l>d t5 
p>ts is commonly us$ by /ockm54         
,sulfur-iodide o9tm5t1 or t9cture (     
iod9e may be appli$4   ,,que/ions  #a4  
,give a g5]al description ( ! sk94  #b4 
,give ! causes & treatm5t ( fall+ ( !   

hair4  #c4 ,:at is urtic>ia8 ,give !    
treatm5t4  #d4 ,:at is summ] ra%8 ,give 
! treatm5t4  #e4 ,:at is scrat*es8 ,give
 ! treatm5t4  #f4 ,:at fe$s produce     
ra%es ( ! sk98  #g4 ,:at fungus produces
 an inflammation ( ! sk9 9 cattle8 ,give
 !    treatm5t4     ,,*apt] ,,xii       
,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,eye   ,,g5]al      
,,discussion4--,! eye is situat$ 9 !    
orbital cavity1 to :i* x is atta*$ by   
muscles t rotate x 9 diff]5t directions4
 ,! orbit is l9$ by fibro-fatty tissues 
t =m a cu%ion = ! eye4 ,ant]iorly x is  
protect$ by ! eyelids1 & 9 birds by a   
?ird eyelid t corresponds to ! membrana 
nictitans ( quadrup$s4 ,! la*rymal gl&  
:i* secretes ! te>s keeps ! above p>ts  
moi/4  ,! eye is ! ess5tial organ (     
vision4 ,x is =m$ by a sph]ical %ell :i*
 encloses fluid or semisolid p>ts4 ,!   
%ell is ant]iorly made up ( a transp>5t 
convex membrane1 ! cornea1 :ile !       
rema9d] ( its wall is =m$ by ?ree opaque
 lay]s or tunics4  ,! ext]nal tunic is !
 scl]otic4 ,x is a :ite1 solid membrane1

 =m+ ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ! ext]nal %ell4   
,its ext]nal face is relat$ to ! muscles
 & fatty cu%ion4 ,x receives po/]iorly1 
a little l[] ?an its middle portion1 !  
ins]tion ( ! optic n]ve1 :i* passes     
?r\gh ! %ell & spreads out to =m a v ?9 
membrane1 ! ret9a or int]nal coat4  ,!  
ret9a l9es ab\t two-?irds ( ! po/]ior   
portion ( ! %ell ( ! eye4 ,x is made up 
( sev5 lay]s4 ,! ess5tial lay] is nam$ f
 its appe>ance1 rods & cones4  ,! middle
 coat is ! *oroid4 ,?is is a d>k1       
pigm5t$1 vascul> & muscul> membrane4 ,! 
po/]ior portion is 9 contact ) ! ret9a4 
,ant]iorly x =ms ! cili>y processes & ! 
iris4  ,! m$ia ( ! eye are ! cry/all9e  
l5s1 vitre\s & aque\s humors4 ,!        
cry/all9e l5s is a transp>5t1 biconvex  
body su/a9$ by ! cili>y processes4 ,!   
vitre\s humor is a transp>5t jelly-l    
sub/ance t fills all ! cavity ( ! eye   
po/]ior to ! l5s4 ,! aque\s humor is a  
liquid1 conta9$ 9 ! ant]ior & po/]ior   
*amb]s ( ! eye 9 front ( ! l5s4 ,?is    
fluid sep>ates ! iris f ! front ( ! l5s4

  ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,eye4--,9 exam9+
 & treat+ ! eye we %\ld avoid r\gh &    
ha/y manipulation4 ,! animal %\ld be    
approa*$ sl[ly4 ,x is be/ = ! att5dant  
:o is famili> ) ! animal to hold x = !  
exam9]4 ,x is advisable on approa*+ !   
animal to /roke its face1 & 9 ! horse to
 bru% its =etop away4 ,! h& %\ld be     
c>ri$ sl[ly to ! front ( ! eye1 & ! lids
 sep>at$ ) ! f+]s & ?umb if we wi% to   
obta9 a bett] view ( ! cornea4 ,9 cattle
 ! be/ view ( ^! p>ts c be obta9$ by    
tak+ hold ( ! nose & lift+ ! head4 ,x is
 impossible to make a satisfactory      
exam9ation ( ! eye outside ( ! /able :]e
 ! light is com+ f all directions4 ,!   
mo/ satisfactory conditions "u :i* a    
g5]al exam9ation c be made is to /& !   
animal fac+ a transom1 w9d[ or op5 door4
 ,we may !n look directly into ! eye &  
note ! condition ( ! diff]5t refract+   
m$ia4  ,! l5s %\ld appe> transp>5t &    
free f sc>s4 ,! aque\s humor free f any 
cl\d9ess or precipitate4 ,bo? pupill>y  
op5+s %\ld be ! same size1 & n too small

 or too l>ge 9 ! bright light4 ,z we    
look ?r\gh ! pupill>y op5+s1 bo? ! l5s &
 ! vitre\s humor %\ld refract ! light   
prop]ly & n appe> :ite or gre5i%-:ite 9 
color4 ,! color ( ! iris %\ld be not$4  
,if x lacks lu/re or appe>s dull1 ?is   
may indicate an inflammation4 ,9 p]iodic
 oph?almia 9 horses ! iris loses its    
lu/re & becomes a ru/y-br[n color4 ,x is
 v important to note ?is *ange 9 !      
appe>ance ( ! iris4 ,we %\ld note1 9    
addition1 ! expression ( ! animal's     
face1 ! position ( ! e>s & eyelids &    
mann] ( ! walk4 ,horses t h defective   
sight may %[ a deep wr9kle 9 ! upp]     
eyelid :5 />tl$ or look+ directly at an 
object4 ,animals t are bl9d hold ! e>s 9
 a *>act]i/ic position1 & may /umble &  
walk ov]1 or run into objects unless    
/opp$4 ,! oph?almoscope is a v useful   
in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! condition ( !      
diff]5t /ructures ( ! eyes1 :5 9 ! h&s (
 p]sons :o are tra9$ 9 its use4         
,,conjunctivitis4--,?is is an           
inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ !   

eyelids & cov]+ ! eyeball4 ,! two =ms ( 
conjunctivitis common 9 dome/ic animals 
are ! cat>rhal & purul5t4  ,! symptoms  
diff] 9 ! two =ms ( conjunctivitis4 ,!y 
may be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! diff]5ce 
9 ! "* ( ! inflammatory dis*>ge4 ,9 !   
cat>rhal =m1 !re is a dis*>ge ( te>s & !
 lids are held m or less clos$4 ,! muc\s
 membrane is usually brick r$ 9 color & 
swoll54 ,a little lat] ! dis*>ge becomes
 heavi] & adh]es m to ! m>g9s ( ! lids4 
,! lids cont9ue t5d] & ! inflammation   
pa9ful4 ,! surface ( ! cornea may appe> 
:ite & ! blood-vessels prom95t1 b x is  
only 9 ! sev]e cases t inflammation (   
?is portion ( ! eye occurs4 ,9 su* cases
 an elevation 9 body temp]ature may     
occur4 ,?is is especially true ( purul5t
 conjunctivitis :5 prim>ily caus$ by an 
infecti\s ag5t4 ,9 ! purul5t =m !       
dis*>ge is heavy & pus-l4  ,! treatm5t  
is bo? prev5tive & curative4 ,! fir/    
object mu/ be to remove ! cause4        
,irritat+ gases result+ f /able fil?    
%\ld be rem$i$ by correct+ ! unsanit>y  

conditions 9 ! /able4 ,conditions favor+
 injury to ! eye f =eign bodies1 su* z  
*aff & a c>eless att5dant1 %\ld be      
correct$4 ,animals suff]+ f ! infecti\s 
or purul5t =m ( inflammation %\ld be    
sep>at$ f ! o!r animals4 ,=eign bodies  
%\ld be remov$ promptly be=e !y h _h an 
opportunity to set up a s]i\s           
inflammation4 ,x is necess>y to conf9e !
 animal 9 "s way be=e attempt+ to d ?is4
 ,horses %\ld be twit*$1 cattle held by 
! nose1 & ! head ( a small animal held  
firmly ) ! h&s4 ,x may be necess>y to   
coca9ize ! eye be=e ! op]ator c remove !
 =eign object ) absorb5t cotton or )    
=ceps4  ,9 case ( injuries & irritation 
to ! lids by =eign bodies1 ! eye may be 
flood$ ) a ?ree p] c5t wat] solution (  
boric acid twice daily1 or z (t5 z      
necess>y4 ,su* wa%es or lotions may be  
appli$ ) a small piece ( absorb5t       
cotton1 us+ a fre% piece ea* "t ! eye is
 dress$4 ,a m$ic9e dropp] may also be   
us$4 ,a lotion conta9+ silv] nitrate two
 to f\r gra9s & di/ill$ wat] "o ounce1  

is useful 9 combat+ ! inflammation4 ,?is
 may be appli$ twice daily4 ,irritat+   
lotions %\ld be avoid$1 if possible1 9 !
 treatm5t ( eye diseases ( horses1      
because ( ! dang] ( mak+ ! animal       
disagreeable to h&le4 ,boric acid may be
 du/$ ov] ! ball ( ! eye ( cattle ) a   
p[d] bl[]4  ,,p]iodic ,,oph?almia1      
,,moonbl9dness4--,?is is a p]iodic      
inflammation ( "o or bo? eyes ( ! horse4
 ,! int]nal /ructures ( ! eye are       
involv$ by ! inflammation1 b x may appe>
 z a conjunctivitis4  ,! cause ( ?is    
disease is n well und]/ood4 ,c]ta9 local
 conditions seem to favor its           
developm5t4 ,undra9$ l&1 a humid        
climate1 ! fe$+ ( a "o-sid$ ration or "o
 t does n ma9ta9 ! vitality ( ! animal1 
& sev]e "w seem to produce x4 ,h]$ity   
mu/ be accept$ z a prom95t accessory    
cause4 ,a numb] ( diff]5t bact]ia h be5 
m5tion$ z causative factors = ?is       
disease4  ,! symptoms at ! v beg9n+     
indicate a g5]al inflammation ( ! eye4  
,! eyelids are swoll51 !re is an        

abundant secretion ( te>s1 ! eyeball is 
retract$ & ! lids are held m or less    
clos$4 ,z ! inflammation progresses1 !  
cornea becomes milky 9 appe>ance & !    
aque\s humor may %[ a precipitate t[>d !
 bottom ( ! ant]ior *amb]4 ,! pupil is  
usually contract$ & dilates sl[ly :5 !  
animal is mov$ into ! light4 ,! acute   
inflammation gradually subsides1 & ab\t 
! t5? to ! f\rte5? day ! lids & cornea  
may appe> normal4  ,! p]iods betwe5 ^!  
acute attacks ( oph?almia may v>y f a   
few weeks to sev]al mon?s4 ,sev]e "w1   
debility & ! "* ( ! ration influ5ce _!  
frequ5cy4 ,x is n uncommon = animals t h
 be5 giv5 a re/ to suff] f a second     
attack on be+ put to "w4 ,! att5dant may
 obs]ve a hazy or :iti% condition ( !   
m>g9 ( ! cornea4 ,! upp] lid may %[ an  
abrupt b5d ( its m>g9 & a deep wr9kle4  
,! color ( ! iris appe>s to h lo/ its   
lu/re1 & ! aque\s humor & l5s may be    
cl\dy4 ,aft] a v>iable numb] ( attacks  
glaucoma or cat>act develops4  ,! hi/ory
 ( ! case w enable ! att5dant to        

recognize ?is =m ( oph?almia4  ,treatm5t
 is unsatisfactory4 ,prev5tive measures 
consi/ 9 avoid+ conditions favorable to 
! production ( ! disease4 ,?is %\ld be  
practis$ s f> z possible4 ,at ! "t !    
attack occurs1 ! animal %\ld be giv5 a  
ca?>tic4 ,"o p\nd ( ,glaub]'s salts 9 a 
dr5* is to be pref]r$4 ,re/ 9 a d>k5$   
/all is indicat$4 ,an eye lotion conta9+
 ?ree gra9s ( silv] nitrate 9 "o ounce (
 di/ill$ wat] %\ld be appli$ to ! eye   
?ree times daily4 ,a wat] solution (    
atrop9e or es]9e %\ld be us$ = ! purpose
 ( reliev+ ! symptoms ( iritis or       
glaucoma4 ,a v light diet %\ld be f$4   
,,infecti\s ,,oph?almia ,,(             
,,rum9ants4--,?is occurs z an acute     
inflammation ( ! eyelids & cornea4 ,!   
disease is highly infecti\s1 affect+ all
 ( ! susceptible animals 9 ! h]d4 ,x    
commonly occurs dur+ ! late summ] &     
fall4  ,! symptoms appe> sudd5ly4 ,!    
animal is fev]i%1 ! eyes clos$ & ! *eeks
 are wet ) te>s4 ,! cornea becomes      
cl\d$1 :ite & opaque4 ,9 sev]e cases1 ! 

blood-vessels ar\nd ! m>g9 ( ! cornea   
become prom95t1 & ulc]s =m on its       
surface4 ,! animal's appetite is impair$
 or lo/4 ,!re is loss ( fle% & tempor>y 
bl9dness4 ,! bl9dness 9 "o or bo? eyes  
may p]si/ = a p]iod ( f two weeks to    
sev]al mon?s4 ,p]man5t bl9dness is      
comp>atively r>e4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t
 consi/s 9 practis+ ! necess>y          
precautions aga9/ ! introduction ( !    
disease into ! h]d1 & 9 c>efully        
qu>ant9+ ! fir/ cases ( ! disease t     
appe>4 ,! affect$ animal %\ld be giv5 a 
d>k5$ /all1 & f$ a v light ration until 
! acute inflammation has subsid$4 ,f "o 
to "o & "o-half p\nds ( ,glaub]'s salts 
%\ld be giv54 ,! local treatm5t consi/s 
9 ! application ( antiseptic lotions or 
p[d]s to ! eye4 ,equal p>ts ( boric acid
 & calomel1 du/$ into ! eye twice daily 
) a p[d] bl[]1 is a v effective         
treatm5t4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,"n !       
diff]5t /ructures t =m ! %ell ( ! eye2  
"n &    describe ! diff]5t m$ia ( ! eye4
  #b4 ,give ! g5]al me?od ( exam9+ !    

eyes ( horses4  #c4 ,:at is             
conjunctivitis8 ,give causes & treatm5t4
  #d4 ,:at is moonbl9dness8 ,give !     
symptoms4  #e4 ,describe ! symptoms (   
infecti\s oph?almia ( rum9ants & !      
treatm5t4     ,,*apt] ,,xiii  ,,g5]al   
,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,locomotory         
,,app>atus   ,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,!  
movem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! animal    
body dep5d on ! union ( ! bones t =m !  
skeleton 7,fig4 #bh71 & mode ( ins]tion 
( ! muscles4 ,! bones meet & =m jo9ts or
 articulations4 ,^! are divid$ into ?ree
 classes3 movable1 mix$ & immovable4    
,ne>ly all ( ! articulations 9 !        
extremities belong to ! movable class4  
,! articulations betwe5 ! bodies ( !    
v]tebrae belong to ! mix$1 & ^? betwe5 !
 flat bones ( ! head to ! immovable     
class4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#bh4--,skeleton ( horse4  ,! bony       
surfaces t meet & =m ! diff]5t types (  
articulations are held toge!r by        
ligam5ts 7,fig4 #bi74 ,sometimes !      
ligam5t is plac$ betwe5 ! bony surfaces1

 b usually x is atta*$ to ! m>g9s ( !   
articul> surfaces t x unites4 ,!        
immovable class possesses fibr\s-l      
ligam5ts t are plac$ betwe5 ! m>g9s ( ! 
flat bones t =m ! articulation4 ,! mix$ 
articulations are unit$ by a            
fibro-c>tilag9\s pad t is firmly atta*$ 
to ! articul> faces ( ! bones1 & by     
p]iph]al ligam5ts t may be flat or =m$  
by scatt]$ fibres4 ,all movable         
articulations are =m$ by bony surfaces  
encru/$ ) a ?9 c>tilag9\s lay] t makes  
!m p]fectly smoo?1 ligam5ts &           
complim5t>y c>tilages4 ,sometimes ! bony
 surfaces d n fit ea* o!r1 & we f9d     
betwe5 !m fibro-c>tilages t complete !  
articulation by adapt+ ! articul>       
surfaces to ea* o!r4 ,r\nd or flat      
ligam5ts may ext5d f "o articul> surface
 to ! o!r1 & atta*$ to ! m>g9s ( !      
articulation are membran\s1 flat or r\nd
 ligam5ts4 ,muscles & t5dons t cross !  
articulations %\ld be includ$ among !   
/ructures b9d+ !m toge!r4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #bi4--,photograph ( model (     

/ifle jo9t1 %[+3 ligam5ts2 complem5t>y  
c>tilages2 femur2 & tibia4  ,movable    
jo9ts possess a synovial membrane4 ,?is 
membrane l9es ! /ructures t enclose !   
articulation & secretes a fluid1 !      
synovia1 t lubricates ! surfaces4  ,!   
muscles are ! contractile organs t move 
! body4 ,! movem5t ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! 
body is r5d]$ possible ?r\gh ! mann] 9  
:i* ! skeletal muscles are ins]t$ into !
 long bones1 by :i* ! lev] motion is    
possible4 ,a muscle orig9at+ on "o bone 
& t]m9at+ on ano!r ei!r moves bo? bones 
t[>d ea* o!r or1 if "o atta*m5t is fix$1
 ! movable is drawn t[>d ! fix$ "p4  ,we
 may class muscles z /riat$ or volunt>y 
& un/riat$ or involunt>y4 ,a ?ird class1
 mix$1 is repres5t$ by ! he>t muscle4 ,!
 /riat$ is repres5t$ by ! skeletal      
muscles1 & ! un/riat$ by ! ?9 muscul>   
lay]s t =m "p ( ! wall ( ! /oma*1       
inte/9es1 bladd] & o!r holl[ organs4    
,,rheumatism4--,?is is an inflammation (
 ! tissues t =m ! locomotory app>atus4  
,! effect ( cold on ! muscles & t5dons  

is an important factor 9 its production4
 ,x diff]s f o!r inflammations by %ift+ 
f "o "p to ano!r4 ,x is t]m$ muscul>    
rheumatism :5 x affects ! muscles1      
t5dons & fascia1 & articul> rheumatism  
:5 x involves ! articulations4 ,a second
 classification1 acute & *ronic1 dep5ds 
on ! "* ( ! inflammation4 ,! muscul> =m 
is common 9 horses1 dogs & hogs1 :ile ! 
articul> =m m commonly affects cattle4  
,! foll[+ causes may be consid]$4       
,animals t are expos$ to cold1 wet1     
*angeable wea!r1 or kept 9 cold1 damp1  
draughty qu>t]s frequ5tly suff] f       
rheumatism4 ,"u su* conditions x is v   
probable t imp]fect metabolism ( body   
tissue occurs1 & c]ta9 toxic products t 
are capable ( irritat+ ! muscles &      
articulations =m4 ,cl9ical symptoms1 & !
 pres5ce ( bact]ia 9 ! inflam$ tissue   
indicate t bact]ia & _! tox9s play an   
important "p 9 ! developm5t ( articul>  
rheumatism4 ,h]$ity is said to be an    
important pr$ispos+ factor4 ,"o attack  
always pr$isposes ! animal to a second4 

,! symptoms v>y accord+ to ! sev]ity ( !
 attack4 ,local rheumatism is n         
accompani$ by s]i\s symptoms4 ,! regions
 mo/ commonly involv$ 9 local1 muscul>  
rheumatism are ! %\ld]1 neck & back4 ,! 
jo9ts affect$ 9 ! articul> =m are !     
knee1 fetlock1 hip1 elb[ & %\ld]4 ,!    
attack is usually sudd5 & accompani$ by 
fev]1 m or less loss ( appetite &       
sor5ess4 ,loss ( control ov] ! movem5t (
 ! h9d p>ts or walk+ on ! knees may     
occur 9 ! small] animals4 ,! l>g]       
animals %[ a slight or sev]e lam5ess4 ,!
 affect$ muscle or articulation may be  
swoll51 hot & t5d]4 ,press+ on ! "p ) ! 
h& or =c+ ! animal to move ab\t may     
cause sev]e pa94 ,weakness & emaciation 
may occur 9 g5]aliz$ & articul>         
rheumatism1 especially if suppuration   
takes place 9 ! affect$ jo9t4  ,!       
prognosis is m favorable 9 muscul>      
rheumatism ?an 9 ! articul> =m4 ,bo? =ms
 may become *ronic4 ,x is frequ5tly     
advisable to de/roy animals suff]+ f !  
articul> =m because ( _! emaciat$1      

weak5$ condition & ! de=m$ condition ( !
 jo9ts4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9
 avoid+ conditions favorable to !       
production ( rheumatism4 ,9 v5tilat+ !  
/able we %\ld avoid draughts4 ,practical
 exp]i5ce indicates t all[+ a horse to  
/& 9 a draught aft] x has be5 w>m$ up by
 ex]cise is a v common s\rce ( muscul>  
rheumatism & is especially to be avoid$4
 ,"y hogs & s[s t are ?9 are v prone to 
rheumatism :5 giv5 wet1 draughty sleep+ 
qu>t]s4 ,h\ses hav+ dirt or loose bo>d  
floors are v (t5 draughty4 ,concrete    
floors :5 wet & n prop]ly b$d$ ) /raw   
are objectionable4 ,al?\gh we d n fully 
und]/& ! causative factors1 we c take   
advantage ( ! k we h ga9$ f practical   
exp]i5ce1 & avoid keep+ animals "u      
conditions t are favorable = !          
production ( ! disease4 ,x is almo/     
useless to treat rheumatism unless !    
conditions "u :i* x occurr$ are         
correct$4  ,! treatm5t is bo? local &   
int]nal4 ,! local treatm5t consi/s 9    
apply+ a mild l9im5t to ! "p1 toge!r )  

massage4 ,if ! "p is t5d] & pa9ful1 hot 
applications may be us$4 ,spirits (     
camphor t5 p>ts & turp5t9e two p>ts1    
appli$ daily1 are useful 9 reliev+ !    
sor5ess ( rheumatic muscles4 ,salicylate
 ( soda two ounces1 fluid extract (     
g5tian "o ounce1 & suffici5t wat] to    
make an eight-ounce mixture may be giv5 
int]nally ?ree times daily aft] fe$+4 ,(
 ! above mixture horses & cattle may be 
giv5 "o-half ounce & %eep & sw9e f "o to
 two dra*ms4 ,! treatm5t %\ld be cont9u$
 = a p]iod ( f eight to t5 days or      
long]4 ,x may be repeat$ 9 f "o to two  
weeks4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#cj4--;,atrophy ( ! muscles ( ! ?igh    
result+ f an attack ( azoturia4  ,iodide
 ( potassium is v useful 9 ! treatm5t ( 
*ronic articul> rheumatism4 ,a v light  
diet %\ld be f$ & ! animal giv5 z       
complete re/ z possible4 ,an occasional 
physic %\ld be giv54  ,,azoturia1       
,,haemoglob9uria4--,?is is a disease (  
solip$s affect+ ! muscles ( ! qu>t]s4 ,!
 affect$ muscles become swoll51 h>d &   

p>alyz$4 ,! disease foll[s a %ort re/1 &
 r>ely occurs :5 ! animal is runn+ 9    
pa/ure or idle = a long p]iod4 ,animals 
t are fat or rapidly putt+ on fat are   
pr$ispos$ to x4 ,animals t h _h "o      
attack are pr$ispos$ to a second4  ,!   
cause ( ?is disease is n positively     
kn[n4 ,! ,g]man vet]9>ians attribute x  
to irritation ( ! muscles by cold1 &    
classify azoturia z a rheumatic disord]4
 ,! conditions prec$+ ! attack are n 9  
favor ( ?is !ory1 & cold c n be consid]$
 an important causative factor4 ,! mo/  
acceptable is ! auto-poison+ !ory       
advanc$ by ,dr4 ,law4  ,azoturia is     
common 9 ! c\ntry :]e fe$ is abundant & 
wrong me?ods ( fe$+ horses are commonly 
practis$4 ,x is a v common practice to  
fe$ horses accu/om$ to h>d "w ! same    
ration :5 idle = a few days z :5 work+4 
,! blood ( horses c>$ = 9 ?is way may   
become abnormally ri* 9 album9oids4 ,!  
sudd5ness ( ! attack1 occurr+ %ortly    
aft] ! animal is giv5 ex]cise1 indicates
 auto-poison+4 ,?is may be due to !     

blood 9 ! portal vessels & ! liv]       
capill>ies1 *>g$ ) nutriti\s & wa/e     
products f ! ov]f$ animal's inte/9es1   
be+ sudd5ly ?r[n into ! g5]al           
circulation by a m active circulation ( 
! blood br\ght on by ex]cise4  ,!       
symptoms ( disease are manife/$ %ortly  
aft] ! animal is mov$ out ( ! /all &    
giv5 ex]cise4 ,:5 ! animal is fir/      
ex]cis$ x is usually 9 high spirits4    
,aft] travell+ a %ort di/ance x is      
notic$ to sweat m freely ?an ord9>ily1  
brea! rapidly1 lag & g lame1 usually 9 !
 h9d limbs4 ,x trembles1 %[s evid5ce (  
suff]+ sev]e pa9 by turn+ its head &    
look+ ar\nd t[>d ! flanks1 knuckles ov] 
9 ! h9d pa/]ns1 & may fall d[n & be     
unable to get up4 ,! affect$ muscles    
appe> to be swoll5 & feel unusually firm
 :5 press$ ^u ) ! h&4 ,if ! horse does n
 g d[n recov]y may occur )9 a few h\rs1 
& we are able to move ! horse to !      
/able4 ,d>k br[n ur9e may be pass$4 ,at 
o!r times1 ! animal lies 9 a natural    
position1 possesses a good appetite1 b c

 n /&4 ,9 ! sev]e =m1 x is re/less & %[s
 m>k$ n]v\s symptoms4  ,! prognosis is  
unfavorable 9 ! sev]e =m4 ,:5 n]v\s     
symptoms are abs5t recov]y usually      
occurs 9 f two to t5 days4              
,complications are common4 ,m or less   
atrophy ( ! muscles ( ! qu>t]s may      
result 7,fig4 #cj74  ,! prev5tive       
treatm5t consi/s 9 avoid+ conditions t  
may favor ! production ( ! disease4 ,m  
att5tion %\ld be giv5 ! fe$+ & c>e ( "w 
animals4 ,if x is n possible to p]mit   
horses t are work$ to ex]cise 9 a lot or
 pa/ure :5 idle1 ! ration %\ld be r$uc$ 
& roots1 *opp$1 or s(t fe$ giv54        
,c>eful nurs+ is an important "p ( !    
treatm5t4 ,z soon z ! horse %[s evid5ce 
( an attack1 x %\ld be /opp$ & all[$ to 
/& until suffici5tly recov]$ to be mov$4
 ,if p>alysis occurs1 we %\ld make x z  
com=table z possible & arrange to move x
 to a com=table1 w>m1 well-b$d$ /all4 ,x
 may be advisable to place ! animal 9   
sl+s4 ,?is is n advisable 9 ! s]i\s =m (
 ! disease because ( ! ext5t ( !        

p>alysis & ! n]v\s symptoms4 ,a v light 
diet1 bran ma%es1 *opp$ hay or gre5 fe$1
 %\ld be f$ dur+ ! convalesc5t p]iod & =
 sev]al days aft] complete recov]y has  
occurr$4  ,! foll[+ l9es ( m$ic9al      
treatm5t may be recomm5d$4 ,we %\ld     
endeavor to /imulate ! elim9ation ( !   
wa/e products f ! body by way ( !       
kidneys1 inte/9es & sk94 ,?is may be    
accompli%$ by adm9i/]+ sal9e ca?>tics1  
cov]+ ! body ) blankets1 enc\rag+ !     
animal to dr9k pl5ty ( wat] & fe$+ s(t  
fe$s4 ,glaub]'s salts may be giv5 z a   
dr5*1 or es]9e may be giv5              
hypod]mically4 ,s$atives su* z *loral   
hydrate may be us$ to quiet ! animal4   
,,que/ions  #a4 ,give a g5]al           
description ( ! locomotory app>atus4    
#b4 ,give ! causes ( rheumatism2        
describe ! treatm5t4  #c4 ,:at is       
azoturia8 ,give ! cause ( ?is disease4  
,,*apt] ,,xiv  ,,/ructure ,,( ,,!       
,,limbs ,,( ,,! ,,horse   ,,g5]al       
,,discussion4--,ea* limb is =m$ by a    
column ( bones t re/ ^u "o ano!r1 =m+ m 

or less op5 angles4 ,! bones ( ! column 
meet & =m articulations t are held      
toge!r by ligam5ts1 & atta*$ to _!      
faces1 bord]s & extremities are muscles 
& t5dons4 ,9 ! sup]ior portion ( ! limb 
! muscles are heavy1 tap]+ inf]iorly1 & 
t]m9at+ 9 ! region ( ! foot 9 long      
t5dons4 ,ea* limb is divid$ into f\r    
regions4 ,! regions ( ! =e-limb are !   
%\ld]1 arm1 =e>m & =efoot4 ,9 ! h9d limb
 are ! regions ( ! pelvis1 haun*1 ?igh1 
leg & h9d-foot4 ,! feet 9 turn are      
divid$ into ?ree sub-regions ea*4 ,!    
=efoot is =m$ by ! knee1 cannon & toe1 &
 ! h9dfoot by ! hock1 cannon & toe4  ,,!
 ,,%\ld] ,,bone ,,or ,,scapula is flat &
 triangul> 9 %ape4 ,x is atta*$ to !    
trunk by heavy muscles1 "o ( :i*1 toge!r
 ) its fell[ on ! opposite side1 may be 
comp>$ to a great1 muscul> sl+ t        
supports ab\t two-?irds ( ! body weight4
 ,atta*$ to ! int]nal & ext]nal faces ( 
! scapula are heavy muscles t pass ov] !
 %\ld]-jo9t1 & become atta*$ to ! arm   
bone ?r\gh ! ins]tion ( _! muscul>      

fibres or by a %ort t5don4  ,,!         
,,armbone ,,or ,,hum]us belongs to !    
class ( long bones4 ,its sup]ior        
extremity =ms a flatt5$ head t fits r   
imp]fectly into a %all[ cavity 9 !      
hum]al angle ( ! scapula4 ,! inf]ior    
extremity resembles a portion ( a cyl9d]
 9 %ape1 & fits into %all[ depressions 9
 ! sup]ior extremity ( ! pr9cipal bone (
 ! =e>m4 ,! muscles "h are divid$ into  
two regions1 ant]ior & po/]ior bra*ial4 
,! mo/ ( ^! muscles orig9ate on !       
po/]ior bord] & inf]ior extremity ( !   
%\ld] bone1 & t]m9ate inf]iorly on !    
sup]ior extremities ( ! pr9cipal &      
second or rudim5t>y bone ( ! =e>m4 ,!   
po/]ior bra*ial muscles are heavy &     
p[]ful4 ,!y are sometimes t]m$ elb[     
muscles1 because !y are atta*$ to ! po9t
 ( ! elb[4  ,,! ,,region ,,( ,,! ,,=e>m 
is =m$ by two bones1 ! radius & ulna4 ,!
 radius is ! pr9cipal bone & is class$  
among ! long bones4 ,! ulna is an       
elongat$ flat bone4 ,x is atta*$ to !   
ext]nal portion ( ! po/]ior face ( !    

radius & ext5ds above ! sup]ior         
extremity ( ?is bone to =m ! po9t ( !   
elb[4 ,! radius articulates ) ! upp] r[ 
( knee bones4 ,! muscles ( ?is region1 !
 antibra*ial1 are divid$ into two       
sub-regions1 ant]ior & po/]ior4 ,!y     
orig9ate sup]iorly f ! l[] extremity ( !
 arm bone & ! sup]ior extremities ( !   
bones ( ! =e>m1 & t]m9ate t[>d ! l[]    
extremity ( ! region 9 t5dons t become  
atta*$ to ! bones ( ! knee1 cannon &    
digit4  ,,! ,,knee ,,or ,,c>pal region  
is =m$ by sev5 %ort bones t are arrang$ 
9 two r[s4 ,!y =m a s]ies (             
articulations4 ,^! are ! articulations  
betwe5 ! two r[s1 betwe5 ! bones ( ea*  
r[1 & betwe5 ! upp] & l[] r[s & !       
neighbor+ regions4 ,ne>ly all ! motion  
takes place 9 ! articulation betwe5 !   
upp] r[ & ! pr9cipal bone ( ! =e>m4  ,,!
 ,,cannon ,,or ,,metac>pal region is =m$
 by ?ree bones4 ,^! are ! pr9cipal      
metac>pal or cannon bone1 & ! rudim5t>y 
metac>pal or spl9t bones4 ,! latt] are  
atta*$ to ! m>g9s ( ! po/]ior face ( !  

cannon bone4 ,! sup]ior extremities ( ^!
 bones articulate ) ! l[] r[ ( c>pal    
bones4 ,! convex extremity ( ! cannon   
bone meets %all[ depressions 9 ! sup]ior
 extremity ( ! fir/ digital bone4 ,?is  
is t]m$ ! fetlock jo9t4 ,! ant]ior &    
po/]ior faces ( ?is region are travell$ 
by ! long t5dons belong+ to ! ext5sor & 
flexor muscles ( ! digit4  ,,! ,,digit  
,,or ,,toe is =m$ by six bones1 ?ree (  
:i* are t]m$ accessory or sesamoids4 ,! 
digital bones may be giv5 num]ical      
names4  ,,! ,,approximal ,,or ,,?ird    
,,digital ,,bone is ! %orte/ long bone 9
 ! body4 ,! two %all[ articul> cavities 
belong+ to ! sup]ior extremity are      
complet$ po/]iorly by ! two sesamoid    
bones4 ,! inf]ior extremity is small]   
?an ! sup]ior & resembles ! inf]ior     
extremity ( ! cannon bone 9 %ape1       
except+ t x %[s a middle groove4 ,!     
ant]ior & po/]ior faces are travell$ by 
! t5dons ( ! digital muscles4  ,,!      
,,middle ,,or ,,second ,,digital ,,bone 
is q %ort4 ,x articulates sup]iorly ) ! 

fir/1 & inf]iorly ) ! ?ird bone ( !     
digit4 ,! sup]ior face %[s two %all[    
cavities1 & ! inf]ior two convex        
surfaces sep>at$ by a m$ian groove4 ,!  
latt] face articulates ) ! ?ird &       
navicul> bones4 ,! popul> "n = ?is      
articulation is ! c(f9 jo9t4  ,,! ,,?ird
 ,,or ,,di/al ,,digital ,,bone may be   
comp>$ to a cone t has be5 cut away     
po/]iorly1 obliquely d[nw>ds & backw>ds4
 ,! sup]ior face %[s two %all[ cavities 
t are complet$ po/]iorly by ! sup]ior   
face ( ! c(f9 or navicul> bone4 ,!      
ant]ior face is convex & cribbl$ by     
op5+s1 & ! inf]ior face is concave1 =m+ 
! sole4 ,t5dons belong+ to ! digital    
muscles t]m9ate on ! summit & inf]ior   
face ( ?is bone4  ,,! ,,pelvis ,,or     
,,haun* is =m$ by a s+le bone1 ! coxa t 
9 ! foetus may be divid$ into ?ree      
bones4 ,^! are ! ilium1 pubis & is*ium4 
,x belongs to ! class ( flat bones4     
,ant]iorly x is flatt5$ f be=e to beh9d 
& direct$ inw>d & upw>d4 ,! ext]nal     
angle is rugg$ & is g5]ally t]m$ ! angle

 ( ! haun*4 ,! int]nal face ( ! opposite
 angle articulates ) ! sacrum1 to :i* x 
is firmly atta*$ by ligam5ts4 ,! middle 
portion is con/rict$ & =ms a neck4 ,!   
inf]ior or po/]ior portion is flatt5$ f 
above to bel[1 & direct$ inw>d to meet !
 bord] ( ! opposite bone4 ,j bel[ ! neck
 & ext]nally1 !re is a cup-%ap$ cavity  
into :i* ! head ( ! ?igh bone fits4 ,!  
two coxa1 toge!r ) ! sacral ligam5ts    
7sacrum7 & ! muscles ( ! qu>t]1 enclose 
! pelvic cavity4  ,,! ,,region ,,( ,,!  
,,?igh is =m$ by ! femur1 ! l>ge/ long  
bone 9 ! body4 ,! sup]ior extremity is  
=m$ by a rugg$ em95ce1 to :i* ! heavy   
muscles ( ! qu>t] are atta*$1 & by an   
articul> head4 ,! inf]ior extremity is  
=m$ by two convex articul> surfaces t   
are sep>at$ by a deep not*1 & a ?ird    
pulley-l articul> surface1 ) :i* !      
patella or knee-cap articulates4 ,! pair
 ( condyles articulates ) ! sup]ior     
extremity ( ! leg bone4 ,! ?igh or      
femoral region is heavily muscl$4  ,,!  
,,leg is =m$ by ?ree bones4 ,! patella1 

a %ort bone1 has already be5 m5tion$ z  
articulat+ ) ! ?igh bone4 ,! tibia &    
fibula are ! o!r two bones 9 ! region4  
,,! ,,tibia belongs to ! class ( long   
bones & ! fibula is q rudim5t>y1 be+    
repres5t$ by a /ylet-%ap$ bone t lies   
po/]ior to1 & along ! out] bord] ( !    
tibia4 ,! sup]ior extremity ( ! tibia   
%[s a c5tral sp9e m>g9$ lat]ally by r   
pla9 articul> faces4 ,x articulates ) ! 
?igh bone4 ,! muscles ( ?is region are  
divid$ into two sub-regions1 ant]ior &  
po/]ior tibial4 ,! muscles orig9ate f ! 
l[] extremity ( ! femur & ! two bones 9 
?is region1 & t]m9ate inf]iorly 9 t5dons
 t are atta*$ to ! bones ( ! hock1      
cannon & digit4  ,,! ,,hock ,,or ,,t>sal
 region is =m$ by six bones4 ,!y are    
describ$ z =m+ two r[s4 ,9 ! upp] r[ !re
 are two bones & 9 ! l[] f\r4 ,!y =m a  
s]ies ( articulations1 ! same z ! bones 
( ! knee4 ,practically all ( ! movem5t  
occurs 9 ! articulation betwe5 "o ( !   
l>ge bones 9 ! upp] r[ & ! l[] extremity
 ( ! tibia4 ,x may be m5tion$ "h t ?is  

is ! mo/ p]fect h+e-jo9t 9 ! body4 ,a v 
l>ge t5don is atta*$ to ! summit ( !    
hock4 ,o!r t5dons cross & become atta*$ 
to ! hock bones4  ,! regions ( ! h9d    
cannon & digit are practically ! same z 
! correspond+ regions ( ! =efoot4       
,,que/ions  #a4 ,"n ! diff]5t bones ( ! 
=e-limb2 h9d limb4  #b4 ,describe !     
regions ( ! %\ld]1 arm & =e>m4  #c4     
,describe ! region ( ! =efoot4  #d4     
,describe ! regions ( ! haun*1 ?igh &   
leg4  #e4 ,describe ! region ( !        
h9dfoot4     ,,*apt] ,,xv               
,,uns\ndnesses ,,& ,,blemi%es   ,,g5]al 
,,discussion4--,! value ( a horse dep5ds
 l>gely on ! condition ( ! limbs & _!   
ability to d ! "w = :i* !y are int5d$4  
,?is fact is frequ5tly ov]look$ by      
exp]i5c$ horsem51 :o give att5tion to   
g5]al con=mation & action r ?an to      
s\ndness ( limb4  ,diseases affect+ !   
limbs may be class$ z uns\ndnesses &    
blemi%es4 ,?is classification is bas$ on
 ! degree to :i* ! disease int]f]es or  
may int]f]e ) ! "w t ! animal is call$  

on to p]=m4 ,uns\ndnesses int]f]e ) !   
use ( ! "p or ! use ( ! animal = a c]ta9
 "w2 blemi%es d n4 ,su* a basis = !     
classification ( diseases does n enable 
u to place c]ta9 diseas$ conditions ( ! 
limbs 9 ! uns\nd1 or ! blemi% class at  
all times4 ,a curb may1 if x produces   
lam5ess1 be class$ z an uns\ndness4 ,if 
x does n cause ! animal to g lame1 & !  
enl>gem5t on ! po/]ior bord] ( ! hock is
 small1 x is class$ z a blemi%4 ,a high 
spl9t may place ! animal 9 ! uns\nd     
class1 b usually a l[ spl9t is n        
consid]$ a s]i\s blemi%4 ,?is           
classification is bas$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 
on ! relative economic importance ( !   
disease1 or ! influ5ce t ! disease may h
 on ! value ( ! animal1 z well z any    
int]f]5ce ) ! animal's ability to "w4   
,,recognition ,,( ,,! ,,disease4--,!    
seat ( ! disease may be 9 a muscle1     
t5don1 bone or ligam5t4 ,! g5]al symptom
 manife/$ is lam5ess or pa94 ,! local   
symptoms are heat1 pa91 swell+ & bony   
enl>gem5ts4 ,! degree ( lam5ess & ! "* (

 ! local lesions v>y greatly 9 ! diff]5t
 cases4 ,:5 ! animal %[s a slight       
lam5ess & !re is little evid5ce ( any   
local symptom1 x requires ! s]vices ( a 
skill$ & exp]i5c$ p]son to locate !     
diseas$ "p4 ,:5 ! "p %[s local lesions (
 disease & ! lam5ess is *>act]i/ic1     
diagnosis is n difficult4  ,,!          
,,exam9ation %\ld be made :ile ! animal 
is at re/2 :ile /&+ 9 ! /all & on level 
gr\nd2 :5 mov$ at a walk1 or a sl[ trot 
on s(t gr\nd1 or a h>d roadway2 & :5    
mov$ out aft] re/+ a few h\rs4 ,:ile    
exam9+ ! animal "u ! diff]5t conditions 
m5tion$1 ! exam9] mu/ be c>eful & n pass
 ov] any "p ( a limb )\t det]m9+ :e!r x 
is normal or n4 ,he %\ld note any       
abnormal position t ! animal may take   
:ile /&+ at re/4 ,e movem5t %\ld be     
wat*$ closely1 z ! mann] ( favor+ ! "p  
may *>act]ize ! lam5ess4 ,negative      
symptoms ( lam5ess 9 a "p may at times  
prove z valuable 9 =m+ a diagnosis z    
positive symptoms4  ,! re/+ ( ei!r ( !  
front feet1 :5 ! horse is /&+ at ease1  

indicates t !re is "s sor5ess 9 ! re/$  
limb4 ,po9t+ or plac+ "o or bo? feet    
well 9 front ( ! l9e ( support1 :5 !    
animal is /&+1 usually indicates a      
diseas$ condition ( ! feet4 ,x is       
natural = a horse t is /&+ 9 a /all to  
re/ ! h9dfeet alt]nately4 ,:5 ! h9dfoot 
is re/$ because ( a sor5ess 9 "s portion
 ( ! limb1 x may be flex$ or ext5d$1 !  
weight re/$ on ! toe1 & ! foot flex$ &  
be>+ practically no weight4 ,9 s]i\s    
inflammation ( ! front feet1 bo? feet   
may be plac$ well 9 front ( ! normal    
position1 & ! h9dfeet well "u ! body4   
,,:5 ,,exam9+ ,a ,,horse1 ! blanket or  
h>ness %\ld be remov$4 ,! horse %\ld h  
on an op5 bridle or halt]1 & ! att5dant 
%\ld give x z mu* fre$om ( ! head z     
possible4 ,! exam9] %\ld exam9e ea* limb
 c>efully & note any symptom ( disease t
 may be pres5t4 ,! att5dant %\ld walk ! 
animal /raight away f ! p]son mak+ !    
exam9ation1 t[>d1 & pa/ him1 s t !      
animal's movem5ts c be obs]v$ f bo?     
sides1 f beh9d & 9 front4 ,?is          

exam9ation %\ld be repeat$ ) ! horse at 
a sl[ trot4  ,! "* ( ! lam5ess may      
enable u to locate ! seat ( ! disease4  
,we mu/ fir/ det]m9e 9 :i* limb ! animal
 is lame4 ,?is "p ( ! diagnosis is n    
difficult4 ,! pa9 suff]$ e "t weight is 
?r[n on ! diseas$ limb causes ! horse to
 /ep quickly & %ift z mu* ( ! body      
weight z possible on ! well foot4 ,!    
foot ( ! lame limb is j]k$ up r quickly 
aft] weight is ?r[n on x4 ,?is favor+ ( 
! "p v>ies 9 ! diff]5t diseases4 ,:5 !  
foot ( ! s\nd limb comes to ! gr\nd1 m  
weight ?an common is plac$ on x4 ,if !  
seat ( ! lam5ess is 9 a front limb1 !re 
is a decid$ nodd+ or movem5t ( ! head   
d[nw>d :5 ! weight is plac$ on ! well   
foot4 ,if bo? =efeet are diseas$1 !     
animal /eps %ort] & m quickly ?an       
common4 ,lam5ess 9 a h9d limb is        
*>act]iz$ by m or less dropp+ ( ! qu>t] 
( ! well limb :5 weight is ?r[n on x1 & 
sometimes by a hit* or elevation ( !    
qu>t] ( ! diseas$ limb :5 x is c>ri$    
=w>d4  ,unless !re are local symptoms ( 

disease pres5t1 x may be q difficult to 
locate ! seat ( lam5ess4 ,sometimes     
local symptoms are mislead+4 ,aft] !    
lam5ess has be5 locat$ 9 a c]ta9 limb1  
its movem5t mu/ be c>efully not$ 9 ord] 
to detect ! "p favor$4 ,if ! lam5ess is 
n *>act]i/ic en\gh to enable ! exam9] to
 locate ! seat ( x1 x is !n necess>y to 
put ! animal ?r\gh "s movem5t t may     
emphasize ! sor5ess 9 ! "p4 ,! animal   
may %[ a c]ta9 reluctance to ?r[ weight 
on ! limb :5 turn$ to ! "r or left4     
,mov+ ! horse 9 a small circle ) ! lame 
limb on ! outside may cause ! animal to 
use ! muscles ( ! %\ld] m freely1 &     
emphasize any sor5ess t may be pres5t4  
,if ! lame limb is on ! inside1 sor5ess 
any:]e 9 ! foot may be increas$1 because
 ( ! extra weight ?r[n on ?is portion ( 
! limb4 ,mov+ ! animal ov] a h>d        
driveway may increase ! pa9 result+ f an
 inflammation ( ! feet4 ,caus+ ! animal 
to trot on s(t gr\nd1 /ep ov] high      
objects1 flex+1 ext5d+1 abduct+ &       
adduct+ ! "p may enable ! exam9] to     

locate ! exact gr\p ( %\ld] or arm      
muscles involv$ by ! disease4  ,,9      
,,exam9+ ,,! ,,feet x may be necess>y to
 remove ! %oes & practise p]cussion &   
pressure ov] ! region ( ! sole4 ,9 "s   
=ms ( lam5ess x may be necess>y to      
de/roy ! s5sation 9 ! foot by inject+   
coca9e along ! c\rse ( ! n]ves t supply 
! foot be=e arriv+ at a def9ite         
diagnosis4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,def9e !   
t]m uns\ndness & give an example4  #b4  
,def9e ! t]m blemi% & give an example4  
#c4 ,give ! g5]al me?od ( exam9+ a horse
 = s\ndness4     ,,*apt] ,,xvi          
,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,=e-,,limb          
,,spra9s ,,& ,,injuries ,,9 ,,! ,,region
 ,,( ,,! ,,%\ld]4--,spra9s & injuries ( 
! /ructures 9 ! %\ld] region are m      
common 9 horses t are call$ on to d     
heavy "w ?an among driv+ horses4  ,!    
foll[+ causes may be m5tion$3 ,ill-fitt+
 coll>s1 pull+ heavy loads ov] unev5    
/reets or s(t gr\nd1 :]e ! foot+ is n   
secure1 & slipp+ are common causes4 ,"y 
horses t d n "k h[ to pull1 or horses t 

are tir$ out by h>d "w1 are pr$ispos$ to
 muscul> /ra91 & are apt to suff] injury
 if =c$ to d heavy "w4 ,sore %\ld]s1 or 
an ignorant driv]1 may cause ! animal to
 pull awkw>dly & ?r[ m /ra9 on c]ta9    
gr\ps ( muscles ?an !y c /&4 ,rheumatism
 frequ5tly causes %\ld] lam5ess4 ,!     
muscle usually affect$ by rheumatism is 
! l>ge muscle ext5d+ f ! region ( ! po9t
 ( ! %\ld] to ! summit ( ! head4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,%\ld]       
lam5ess4  ,! symptoms ( %\ld] lam5ess   
v>y 9 ! diff]5t cases4 ,! horse may walk
 )\t go+ lame1 b :5 made to trot lam5ess
 is q noticeable4 ,! animal may po9t ) !
 foot ( ! diseas$ limb1 hold+ x =w>d1 b 
squ>ely on ! floor4 ,9 sev]e /ra91      
little weight is ?r[n on ! limb & !     
lam5ess is m>k$ 7,fig4 #ca74 ,9 %\ld]   
slip ! head ( ! arm bone pu%es outw>d e 
"t ! animal ?r[s weight on ! limb4 ,?is 
luxation c be notic$ be/ :5 /&+ 9 front 
( ! animal4 ,m>k$ atrophy ( ! ext]nal   
%\ld] muscles may occur4 ,su* atrophy   
may appe> & disappe> quickly1 & may     

result f an injury to ! n]ve supply ( ! 
muscle z well z f favor+ ! "p4 ,atrophy 
( ! %\ld] may occur if ! animal is lame 
9 o!r regions ( ! limb1 especially !    
feet4 ,! outcome ( %\ld] lam5ess is     
favorable if ! disease caus+ x is giv5  
prompt treatm5t4  ,re/ is a v important 
"p ( ! treatm5t4 ,x may be advisable to 
re/rict ! horse's movem5ts by plac+ x 9 
a s+le /all1 & ty+ ! animal s t x c n   
lie d[n4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ = at lea/ 
"o week4 ,if ! horse is re/less1 x %\ld 
be giv5 a box-/all or turn$ out 9 a     
small lot alone4 ,x %\ld be wat]$ & f$ 9
 ! qu>t]s :]e conf9$4 ,! local treatm5t 
consi/s 9 apply+ mild l9im5ts or bli/]s 
to ! %\ld]4 ,x is n advisable1 h[ev]1 to
 apply a bli/] if ! muscles feel hot &  
t5d]4  ,,capp$ ,,elb[1                  
,,%oe-,,boil4--,capp$ elb[ is an        
inflammation ( ! bursa at ! po/]ior     
surface ( ! elb[ 7,fig4 #cb74 ,! swell+ 
t results is usually %>ply def9$4 ,x may
 feel abnormally w>m & d\ghy1 & x may be
 pa9ful4 ,lat]1 ! enl>gem5t may be well 

def9$ & h>d4 ,sometimes ! sk9 is        
indurat$ & lies 9 folds1 or ! %oe-boil  
%[s abrasions on its surface & fi/ul\s  
op5+s lead+ f abscess c5tres4 ,! cy/ic  
or s(t tumor is a common =m4 ,su* an    
enl>gem5t fluctuates on pressure1 & :5  
op5$1 a blood-/a9$ fluid escapes4 ,all  
=ms ( capp$ elb[ t5d to become *ronic4  
,! treatm5t is bo? prev5tive & local4 ,z
 capp$ elb[ is caus$ by bruis+ ! "p ) ! 
ho( or heel ( ! %oe1 ! prev5tive        
treatm5t consi/s 9 h9d]+ ! animal f tak+
 a position t may favor injury to ! "p4 
,conf9+ ! animal 9 a small /all & ty+ x 
) too %ort a halt] /rap favors a /]nal  
position :5 ly+ d[n4 ,a roomy /all t    
p]mits ! animal to /ret* or *ange       
position is an important prev5tive      
measure4 ,%oes t project beyond ! qu>t]s
 %\ld be avoid$4 ,! elb[ may be protect$
 by plac+ a ?ick pad ov] ! heels :5 !   
animal is 9 ! /able4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #cb4--,%oe-boil4  ,local treatm5t
 v>ies accord+ to ! "* ( ! enl>gem5t4   
,s(t1 d\ghy swell+s may be treat$ by    

application ( cold1 iod9e & bli/]s4 ,!  
cy/ic =m ( tumor mu/ be op5$1 ! fluid   
remov$ & ! l9+ membrane de/roy$ by !    
injection ( t9cture ( iod9e4 ,h>d1      
indurat$ %oe-boils may be treat$ by     
completely remov+ ! diseas$ tissue4 ,!  
surgical treatm5t ( capp$ elb[ requires 
! s]vice ( an exp]i5c$ vet]9>ian4 ,8    
ef=ts may prove a complete failure1     
unless ! irritation to ! "p by ! %oe or 
ho( is prev5t$4  ,,injuries ,,to ,,!    
,,knee 7,,brok5 ,,knee74--,horses       
frequ5tly fall & bruise or lac]ate !    
knee :5 mov+ at trot or cant]4 ,! injury
 v>ies accord+ to ! =ce ( ! fall1 & ! "*
 ( ! road t ! animal is travell+ ov]4   
,"s individuals are m liable to suff] f 
?is class ( injuries ?an o!rs4 ,horses t
 are weak-kne$ because ( poor           
con=mation1 or knee-sprung1 are incl9$  
to /umble4 ,c>eless driv+1 especially if
 ! animal is tir$1 pr$isposes x to ?is  
class ( injury4 ,because ( !            
pr$isposition t[>d /umbl+ on ! "p ( "s  
horses1 sc>s on ! front ( ! knee are    

t]m$ brok5 knee1 & ! animal is consid]$ 
uns\nd4  ,! symptoms v>y ) ! ext5t ( !  
injury4 ,slight bruises or abrasions    
result 9 local swell+ & sor5ess t       
disappe> )9 a few days4 ,lac]ation ( sk9
 int]f]es ) ! movem5t ( ! knee & !      
animal may be q lame4 ,! "p becomes     
swoll5 & pa9ful4 ,9 injuries involv+ !  
%ea?s ( ! t5dons & ! synovial membrane1 
! pa9 is sev]e & ! accompany+           
inflammation may take on a s]i\s =m4  ,!
 prev5tive treatm5t %\ld n be ov]look$4 
,horses %\ld be tra9$ to c>ry ! head at 
a prop] height :5 mov+4 ,! driv] %\ld   
h&le ! re9s prop]ly & keep 8 att5tion on
 ! horse or horses t he is driv+4       
,sup]ficial bruises require no special  
treatm5t o!r ?an re/4 ,lac]ation ( ! sk9
 & und]ly+ tissue requires complete re/ 
& c>eful removal ( any p>ticles1 ( dirt 
& gravel t may be pres5t 9 ! w\nd4 ,%r$s
 ( tissue t may take no "p 9 ! heal+    
%\ld be cut away4 ,! hair 9 ! region ( !
 w\nd %\ld be trimm$ %ort4 ,c>eful &    
repeat$ dress+s ) antiseptics are       

necess>y until ! inflammation has l>gely
 disappe>$ & heal+ is rapidly tak+      
place4 ,x may be advisable to tie !     
horse 9 ! /all s t x c n lie d[n4       
,,di/5d$ ,,synovial ,,sacs1 ,,jo9t      
,,%ea?s ,,& ,,bursae1 ,,galls4--,s(t    
enl>gem5ts may occur 9 ! region ( ! knee
 & fetlock4 ,!y are commonly t]m$ galls1
 w9d-galls1 or road-puffs4 ,!y are      
usually due to ! %ea?s surr\nd+ ! t5dons
 becom+ di/5d$ ) synovia4 ,galls are    
caus$ by /ra9s1 direct injury to ! "p & 
sev]e1 cont9u\s "w4 ,c]ta9 individuals  
may develop ?is class ( blemi%es )\t be+
 subject to any unusual conditions4 ,?is
 condition is seldom accompani$ by      
lam5ess4  ,! treatm5t may v>y 9 !       
diff]5t cases4 ,if ! di/5d$ %ea?1 or    
bursal enl>gem5t1 is caus$ by a direct  
injury or /ra91 cold b&ages %\ld be     
appli$ & ! "p giv5 z complete re/ z     
possible4 ,w9d-galls may be remov$ by a 
surgical op]ation4 ,x is n advisable to 
attempt ! removal ( road-puffs4 ,re/1   
/imulat+ leg wa%es & b&ages may         

tempor>ily remove ! latt]4  ,,sprung    
,,knees 7,,buck ,,knees74--,?is         
condition ( ! knee is *>act]iz$ by !    
p>tly flex$ condition ( ! region4 ,x is 
be/ obs]v$ by /&+ to "o side ( ! horse  
7,fig4 #cc74 ,in/ead ( ! =e>m & cannon  
regions appe>+ p]p5dicul> or 9 l9e1 !y  
are direct$ =w>d4 ,?is condition may    
exi/ 9 v>y+ degrees4 ,"s individuals %[ 
x to a slight degree1 ! condition be+   
accompani$ by a weakness or %ak9ess ( ! 
knee :5 /&+ at re/4 ,sometimes1 b "o    
knee is involv$4  ,! causes ( ?is       
uns\ndness are h]$it>y & accid5tal4     
,weak knees due to faulty con=mation    
seldom escape becom+ sprung 9 animals t 
are giv5 h>d "w4 ,sev]e & cont9u\s driv+
 is a common factor 9 ! production ( ?is
 condition4 ,/ra9s ( ! flexor muscles ( 
! region may cause x4 ,! retraction ( ! 
flexor muscles & _! t5dons & !          
aponeurosis ( ! antibra*ial region      
occurs 9 ?is disord] & prev5ts ! animal 
f ext5d+ ! knee4  ,! region is greatly  
weak5$ by ?is condition & ! animal may  

be unfitt$ = active "w4 ,= ?is reason ! 
value ( ! animal is greatly dim9i%$4    
,treatm5t is unsatisfactory4 ,!         
prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9 n bre$+    
animals t h poorly con=m$ knees & us+ ! 
prop] judgm5t 9 work+ "y horses & :5    
driv+ or rid+ horses4 ,c]ta9 cases may  
be greatly b5efit$ by section+ ! t5dons 
( ! ext]nal & middle flexors ( !        
metac>pi4 ,to insure a successful       
outcome 9 any case t is op]at$ on1 a    
long p]iod ( re/ is requir$4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,sprung      
knees4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#cd4--,spl9ts4  ,,spl9ts4--,a spl9t is a
 bony enl>gem5t situat$ along ! l9e (   
articulation betwe5 ! spl9t & cannon    
bones 7,fig4 #cd74 ,?is blemi% is due to
 an inflammation ( ! p]io/eum4 ,x is a v
 common blemi% & is g5]ally locat$ along
 ! spl9t bones ( ! =efeet1 especially ! 
int]nal ones4  ,spl9ts are caus$ by     
/ra9s & rupture ( ! ligam5t t b9ds !    
spl9t bone to ! cannon bone4 ,! result  
is an inflammation ( ! p]io/eum4        

,slipp+1 or an unbalanc$ condition ( !  
foot1 may cause ?is injury by di/ribut+ 
! weight unequally on ! spl9t bones4    
,faulty action & bad %oe+ may cause !   
horse to /rike & bruise ! region4       
,symptoms ( lam5ess are n always pres5t4
 ,a high spl9t involv+ ! articulation   
betwe5 ! l[] r[ ( c>pal1 spl9t & cannon 
bones may be consid]$ an uns\ndness1    
because ( ! p]si/5t "* ( ! lam5ess4 ,!  
animal may %[ little or no lam5ess :5   
walk$1 b if mov$ at a trot1 especially  
ov] a h>d roadway1 x may %[ m>k$        
lam5ess4 ,! local inflammation is       
*>act]iz$ by a small swell+ ly+ along ! 
spl9t bone1 t feels hot & may pit on    
pressure4 ,aft] a "t ! inflammation     
disappe>s & is replac$ by a h>d1 bony   
enl>gem5t4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! lam5ess     
disappe>s4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t       
consi/s 9 keep+ ! feet ( "y horses 9    
prop] balance by frequ5t trimm+ & prop] 
%oe+4 ,?is att5tion is v necess>y 9 "y  
colts t are runn+ 9 pa/ure4 ,x is v     
advisable to re/ ! animal dur+ ! p]iod (

 inflammation4 ,cold b&ages %\ld be     
appli$4 ,z soon z ! inflammation has    
subsid$ mild c\nt]irritants & absorb5ts 
may be us$4 ,94 case ! lam5ess p]si/s1 m
 sev]e c\nt]irritation is indicat$4     
,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,flexor ,,t5dons
 ,,( ,,! ,,digit4--,! l>ge t5dons       
po/]ior to ! foot & ! susp5sory ligam5t 
t sep>ates !m f ! cannon bone frequ5tly 
become inflam$4 ,sometimes complete     
rupture ( "o or m ( ^! /ructures occurs4
 ,! light] bre$s ( horses are ! mo/     
frequ5t suff]]s4 ,because ( ! great]    
/ra9 ?r[n on ! t5dons ( ! =efeet1       
inflammation ( ^! t5dons is f> m common 
?an x is 9 ! h9dfoot4 ,diseas$          
conditions ( ! h9d t5dons are usually   
due to o!r causes ?an /ra94  ,! foll[+  
pr$ispos+ & accid5tal causes %\ld be    
consid]$3 ,weak flexor t5dons & heavy   
bodies pr$ispose animals to inflammation
 ( ! t5dons & susp5sory ligam5t2        
quality1 n size1 is ! factor to consid] 
:5 judg+ ! /r5g? ( a t5don2 long1 sl5d] 
pa/]ns increase ! /ra9 on ^! /ructures1 

& ?is me*anical /ra9 is fur!r increas$  
by l[ heels & long toes2 ! "* ( ! "w & !
 condition ( ! road t ! animal travels  
ov] are important factors to consid]2   
trott+ & runn+ horses m (t5 suff] f     
injuries to t5dons & ligam5ts ?an draft 
horses2 travell+ at a high rate ( spe$  
ov] an unev5 road1 slipp+ & cat*+ ! foot
 9 a rut or c> track1 are common causes2
 bruises & w\nds may result 9 ! t5dons  
becom+ inflam$2 inflammation ( ! t5d9\s 
%ea?s & ! t5dons z well sometimes occurs
 9 influ5za4  ,lam5ess is a prom95t     
symptom4 ,! pa/]n is held 9 a m upright 
position ?an normal4 ,:5 ! animal is    
/&+1 ! foot is re/$ on ! toe1 & x may   
take advantage ( any unev5 place on :i* 
to re/ ! heel4 ,9 sev]e /ra9s ! local   
symptoms are q prom95t4 ,! t5dons may be
 hot & swoll54 ,pressure may cause !    
animal pa94 ,9 *ronic t5d9itis ! t5don  
may be ?ick5$ & r\gh or knotty4 ,pa9 is 
n a prom95t symptom 9 ?is class ( cases4
 ,%ort5+ ( ! inflam$ t5don may occur1   
caus+ ! animal to knuckle ov]4 ,rupture 

( "o or m ( ! t5dons & ! susp5sory      
ligam5t c be recogniz$ by ! abnormal    
ext5sion ( ! pa/]n4 ,if ! ruptur$ t5don 
heals1 x always results 9 a ?ick5+ at ! 
po9t ( ! rupture t gives ! t5dons a b[$ 
appe>ance4 ,?is is t]m$ b[$-t5don4  ,!  
lam5ess result+ f an inflammation (     
t5dons resembles t result+ f /ra9s &    
injuries to ! fetlock jo9t1 especially 9
 ! region ( ! sesamoid bones4           
,,inflammation ,,( ,,! ,,sesamoid       
,,bones diff]s slightly f ! =m]4        
,pressure ov] ! po/]ior region ( !      
fetlock may cause ! animal pa94 ,!      
lam5ess %[s a t5d5cy to disappe> ) re/ &
 reappe> :5 ! animal is aga9 work$4     
,lam5ess is mo/ prom95t 9 "s cases :5 ! 
animal is fir/ mov$ out4 ,!re may be a  
lack ( local symptoms1 su* z heat &     
swell+4 ,x is n uncommon = a bony       
enl>gem5t to =m on ! sesamoid bone aft] 
a few mon?s or a ye>4  ,! foll[+        
treatm5t is recomm5d$4 ,horses t h a    
poor quality ( t5don & weak fetlocks &  
pa/]ns %\ld n be us$ = bre$+ purposes4  

,c>eful driv+ w\ld prev5t a l>ge        
p]c5tage ( injuries to t5dons4 ,! mo/   
important treatm5t = all injuries due to
 /ra9s is re/4 ,9 all cases ( sev]e /ra9
 to ! /ructures 9 ?is region1 x is v    
advisable to apply a pla/] b&age4 ,?is  
%\ld be left on = at lea/ two weeks4 ,:5
 ! acute inflammation has subsid$1      
c\nt]irritants may be appli$4 ,ei!r cold
 or hot applications are recomm5d$4     
,cold applications are to be pref]r$ at 
! beg9n+ ( ! inflammation4 ,cov]+ !     
t5dons ) a cold b&age1 or ) a heavy lay]
 ( antiphlogi/91 is recomm5d$4 ,! horse 
%\ld n be work$ until aft] ! t5dons h _h
 an opportunity to completely recov] f !
 inflammation4  ,,contract$ ,,t5dons1   
,,knuckl+-,,ov]4--,new-born foals are   
sometimes unable to /& on _! front feet 
because ( ! excessive knuckl+-ov]4 ,!   
colt may walk on ! front ( ! pa/]n &    
fetlock4 ,?is sometimes results 9 sev]e 
injury to ! sk9 & ! und]ly+ tissues4    
,knuckl+-ov] 9 ! mature horse is n      
always due to contract$ t5dons4 ,x may  

occur z a symptom ( inflammation ( !    
flexor t5dons1 ligam5ts ( ! fetlock jo9t
 & ! articulation z well4 ,x may be     
notic$ 9 animals t h r+-bone1 or        
c(f9-jo9t lam5ess4  ,! mo/ common cause 
= ?is uns\ndness is inflammation ( !    
muscles & t5dons ( ! flexors ( ! digit4 
,z a result ( long /&+ or sev]e         
inflammation1 %ort5+ ( ^! /ructures     
occurs 9 consequ5ce ( ! contraction ( ! 
inflammatory or cicatricial tissue4     
,knuckl+-ov] 9 ! newborn colt is        
commonly caus$ by a weakness or lack (  
inn]vation ( ! ext5sor muscle ( ! digit4
 ,judg+ f ! quick recov]y t usually     
occurs1 o!r causes = ?is condition are  
seldom pres5t4  ,! treatm5t recomm5d$ = 
! new-born colt is support+ ! fetlock ) 
a light pla/] b&age4 ,?is %\ld be appli$
 v soon aft] bir? 9 ord] to prev5t      
bruis+ ( ! fetlock4 ,a light *eese-clo? 
b&age %\ld be appli$ to ! limb f ! ho(  
to ! knee4 ,! colt is laid on its side1 
! toe ext5d$ z mu* z possible1 & ! pla/]
 b&age appli$4 ,?is %\ld be remov$ 9    

ab\t "o week & fre% b&ages appli$4 ,9   
ab\t two weeks ! "y animal is usually   
able to walk on ! toe4 ,z soon z x is   
able to d ?is a b&age is unnecess>y4 ,x 
is n advisable to turn ! colt outside if
 !re is any *ance = ! b&ages to become  
wet4  ,knuckl+-ov] due to faulty        
con=mation is difficult to correct4     
,light "w & c>eful %oe+ are ! mo/       
valuable prev5tive measures 9 "y horses4
 ,spra9s & injuries to ! region ( !     
fetlock %\ld receive ! necess>y         
treatm5t4 ,! treatm5t = contract$ t5don 
is l>gely surgical & consi/s 9 section+ 
x4  ,,injuries ,,caus$ ,,by             
,,int]f]+4--,horses t h faulty action   
may /rike ! opposite fetlock ) ! mov+   
foot1 ! inside ( ! opposite limb 9 !    
region ( ! knee1 & ! qu>t]s ( ! front   
foot ) ! %oe ( ! h9dfoot4 ,x is v common
 = horses to bru% ! inside ( ! h9d      
fetlock ) ! opposite foot :5 trott+1    
especially if tir$4 ,int]f]+ 9 ! front  
feet is less common4 ,/rik+ ! inside ( !
 region ( ! knee ) ! opposite foot or   

spe$y cutt+ occurs 9 driv+ & spe$       
horses4 ,bo? ( ! latt] =ms ( int]f]+ may
 be consid]$ uns\ndnesses4  ,! mo/      
common cause ( int]f]+ is faulty        
con=mation1 su* z n>r[ness ( ! *e/ or   
pelvis1 faulty con=mation ( ! limbs &   
irregul>ity 9 ! action ( ! jo9ts4 ,%oe+ 
& ! condition ( ! feet are also         
important factors4 ,animals t h a n>r[  
*e/ or pelvis int]f]e because ! legs are
 plac$ too closely toge!r4 ,turn+ 9 ( ! 
knees or knock-kne$1 w++ 9 or out ( !   
feet1 or any o!r defective con=mation ( 
! limbs t t5ds to prev5t ! animal f mov+
 ! feet 9 l9e1 lead to s]i\s int]f]+4 ,a
 wide-spread+ ho(1 an unbalanc$         
condition ( ! foot & improp] fitt+ ( !  
%oes are common causes = int]f]+ 9      
horses t w\ld o!rwise move ! feet 9 l9e4
 ,debility f disease & ov]work may cause
 ! animal to int]f]e tempor>ily4 ,an    
unbalanc$ gait & %ortness ( ! body are !
 common causes = injuries to ! qu>t]s4  
,all degrees ( injury to ! "p /ruck by !
 %oe or wall ( ! foot may be not$4      

,horses t int]f]e lightly1 we> ! hair (f
 & produce slight abrasions ( ! sk9 on !
 inside ( ! fetlock4 ,sometimes ! sk9 is
 bruis$1 inflam$ or sc>r$4 ,injuries to 
! inside ( ! knee & qu>t] are ! mo/     
s]i\s4 ,lam5ess1 inflammation ( !       
p]io/eum & bony enl>gem5t may result f  
spe$y cutt+4 ,deep w\nds 9 ! region ( ! 
heel or qu>t] may occur :5 a horse      
/rikes ?is "p ) ! %oe ( ! h9dfoot 9 mov+
 at a high rate ( spe$4  ,! treatm5t is 
l>gely prev5tive4 ,no d\bt _m cases (   
int]f]+ c\ld be prev5t$ by c>eful tra9+ 
& balanc+ ( ! foot :5 ! animal is gr[+ &
 develop+4 ,! feet ( colts %\ld be      
trimm$ e ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,int]f]+ 9 !
 h9dfeet may be /opp$ by not+ ! "* ( !  
animal's gait & ! portion ( ! wall t    
/rikes ! "p1 & by practis+ intellig5t   
me?ods ( %oe+4 ,slight injuries %\ld be 
treat$ by ! application ( antiseptic    
p[d]s4 ,! treatm5t = injuries to !      
p]io/eum is ! same z t recomm5d$ =      
spl9ts4 ,z a la/ resort boots & button  
r+s may be us$ = ! purpose ( prev5t+    

s]i\s injury to t "p :i* is /ruck by !  
foot4  ,,r+-,,bone4--,*ronic            
inflammation ( ! articulation betwe5 !  
fir/ & second bones ( ! digit is t]m$   
r+-bone 7,fig4 #ce74 ,n all r+-bones    
involve ! articul> surfaces4 ,!         
p]i>ticul>1 or false r+-bone1 is a      
*ronic inflammation ( ! bone ne> !      
articul> surface4 ,! bony enl>gem5t     
v>ies 9 size4 ,x may =m a r+ encircl+ ! 
"p1 or x may be limit$ to ! lat]al      
surface ( ! jo9t4 ,! bony enl>gem5t may 
be s small z to be detect$ only by a    
c>eful exam9ation4 ,r+-bone may occur on
 any ( ! feet1 b x is said to be m      
common 9 ! front feet4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #ce4--;,bones ( digit1 %[+ side  
bones & r+-bones1 & normal bones (      
digit4  ,! pr$ispos+ cause ( r+-bone is 
faulty con=mation4 ,long1 weak pa/]ns t 
are pr$ispos$ to /ra9s1 upright pa/]ns1 
especially if small1 & expos$ to        
concussion & j>r+1 & crook$ feet t      
di/ribute ! weight on ! "p irregul>ly   
are important factors 9 ! production (  

r+-bones4 ,! ext]nal causes are spra9s  
or any injury to ! region4 ,lam5ess is  
ne>ly always pres5t4 ,! degree ( lam5ess
 v>ies1 & does n dep5d altoge!r on !    
size ( ! bony enl>gem5t4 ,l>ge r+-bones 
int]f]e ) ! movem5t ( ! t5don4 ,lam5ess 
is mo/ pron\nc$ :5 weight is ?r[n on "o 
foot1 ! lat] phase ( ! /ep be+ %ort5$ & 
! pa/]n m upright4 ,"s cases improve )  
re/1 b ! lam5ess returns :5 ! animal is 
giv5 h>d "w4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t     
consi/s 9 giv+ ! necess>y att5tion to ! 
feet ( "y animals1 by trimm+ ! wall     
frequ5tly & keep+ ! feet 9 balance & !  
c>eful selection ( bre$+ /ock4 ,re/+ !  
animal1 keep+ ! foot t has ! r+-bone on 
x 9 prop] balance & c\nt]irritation by  
means ( bli/]s & caut]y 7se>+7 are      
important l9es ( treatm5t4 ,%ort5+ ! toe
 & rais+ ! heel1 if necess>y1 greatly   
relieves ! lam5ess 9 "s cases4 ,section+
 ! s5sory n]ves t g to ! "p %\ld n be   
practis$1 unless 9 exceptional cases4   
,,que/ions   #a4 ,give ! causes ( %\ld] 
lam5ess2 give ! treatm5t4   #b4         

,describe capp$ elb[2 give ! treatm5t4  
#c4 ,:at is brok5 knee8   #d4 ,:at are  
w9d-galls & road-puffs8   #e4 ,give !   
cause & treatm5t ( sprung-knee4   #f4   
,give ! cause & treatm5t ( spl9ts4   #g4
 ,:at class ( horses mo/ commonly h     
/ra9$ t5dons8 ,give !     causes &      
treatm5t ( ?is =m ( lam5ess4   #h4 ,give
 ! treatm5t ( contract$ t5dons 9 !      
new-born colt4   #i4 ,give ! causes =   
int]f]+4  #aj4 ,:at are ! diff]5t =ms ( 
r+-bone8 ,give ! causes &     treatm5t (
 r+-bone4     ,,*apt] ,,xvii  ,,diseases
 ,,( ,,! ,,foot   ,,g5]al               
,,discussion4--,! foot ( ! horse z      
g5]ally spok5 (1 includes ! ho( & !     
/ructures t are enclos$ by x 7,fig4     
#cf74 ,x may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts1 !
 ins5sitive & s5sitive /ructures & !    
bony core4 ,! ins5sitive foot or ho( is 
divid$ into wall1 sole1 frog & b>s4 ,!  
s5sitive foot is divid$ into vascul>    
tissue & ela/ic app>atus4 ,! vascul>    
tissue is 9 turn divid$ into coron>y    
cu%ion1 lam9ae & velvety tissue4 ,!     

ela/ic app>atus is divid$ into plant>   
cu%ion & fibro-c>tilages4 ,! bony core  
is =m$ by ! navicul> & ?ird digital     
bones4 ,! ho( & vascul> tissue 9 turn   
enclose ! ela/ic app>atus & bony core4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,photograph (
 a model ( ! foot3 wall2 s5sitive       
tissue2 plant> cu%ion1 inf]ior d>k      
portion1 sole & frog2 lat]al c>tilage2 &
 p$al bone4  ,,! ,,wall =ms t portion ( 
! ho( se5 :5 ! foot re/s on ! gr\nd     
7,fig4 #cg74 ,x is cov]$ by a ?9 lay] ( 
horny tissue1 ! p]ipole1 t coats ov] !  
wall & assi/s 9 prev5t+ its dry+ out4   
,on lift+ ! foot & exam9+ its inf]ior   
surface1 x is notic$ t ! wall at ! heels
 is inflect$ "u ! foot & 9 a =w>d       
direction4 ,?is portion ( ! wall is t]m$
 ! b>s4 ,)9 ! be>+ m>g9 ( ! wall & 9    
front ( ! b>s is a ?ick1 concave1 horny 
plate t =ms ! sole4 ,at ! heels & betwe5
 ! b>s is a w$ge-%ap$ mass ( r s(t horny
 tissue t projects =w>d into ! sole4    
,?is is ! foot pad or horny frog4 ,x is 
divid$ into two lat]al portions by a    

m$ium cleft4  ,,! ,,coron>y ,,cu%ion    
projects into ! upp] bord] ( ! wall4 ,x 
is cov]$ ) vascul> papillae :i* secrete 
! horny fibres t =m ! wall4 ,! vascul>  
lam9ae are leaf-l projections1 ! sides (
 :i* are cov]$ by second>y leaves4      
,horny lam9ae1 arrang$ ! same z vascul> 
lam9ae1 l9e ! wall4 ,^! two /ructures   
are s firmly unit$ t x is impossible to 
te> !m ap>t )\t de/roy+ ! tissue4 ,!    
velvety tissue cov]s all ( ! inf]ior    
surface ( ! foot1 ) ! exception ( ! b>s4
 ,z ! "n indicates1 its surface is cov]$
 by vascul> papillae t resemble ! ply on
 velvet4 ,x is firmly unit$ to ! horny  
sole :i* x secretes4  ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #cg4--;,foot %[+ neglect 9 trimm+
 wall4  ,! lat]al c>tilages are atta*$  
to ! po/]ior angles ( ! p$al bone4 ,!y  
are flatt5$ f side to side1 & ! portion 
t projects above ! coron>y cu%ion may be
 felt by press+ on ! sk9 t cov]s x4 ,!  
plant> cu%ion is a w$ge-%ap$ piece (    
tissue =m$ by int]lac+ connective-tissue
 fibres & fat4 ,x is limit$ on ea* side 

by ! lat]al c>tilages4 ,its inf]ior face
 is m\ld$ to ! frog4  ,,! ,,bony ,,core 
=m$ by ! la/ bone ( ! digit & ! c(f9    
bone 0 describ$ briefly ) ! o!r foot    
bones4 ,a v important bursa1 because x  
is s frequ5tly inflam$ 9 c(f9-jo9t      
lam5ess1 facilitates ! glid+ ( ! flexor 
t5don ov] ! navicul> bone be=e x becomes
 atta*$ to ! inf]ior face ( ! p$al or   
digital bone4  ,,side-,,bones4--,?is is 
a *ronic inflammation ( ! lat]al        
c>tilages ( ! foot t results 9 _!       
ossification 7,fig4 #ch74 ,?is          
uns\ndness is common 9 heavy horses1    
especially if work$ on city /reets4 ,!  
inflammation affects ! c>tilages ( !    
front feet1 r>ely ^? ( ! h9dfeet4  ,!   
h]$it>y t5d5cy t[>d ! developm5t (      
side-bones is an important pr$ispos+    
factor4 ,x is n uncommon to meet ) ?is  
uns\ndness 9 "y horses t h nev] be5     
work$4 ,l[1 weak heels1 flat1 spread+   
feet1 or any o!r faulty con=mation ( !  
foot are pr$ispos+ factors4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,a v l>ge   

side bone4  ,! "* ( ! "w is an important
 excit+ cause4 ,cont9u\s "w ov] pav$    
/reets1 especially if ! horse is %od )  
high-heel$ %oes1 increases ! %ock       
receiv$ by ! ela/ic app>atus ( ! foot4  
,?is produces m or less irritation to ! 
lat]al c>tilages1 :i* may result 9 _!   
complete ossification4 ,punctur$ w\nds 9
 ! regions ( ! c>tilage may cause x to  
become inflam$ & *ang$ to bone4  ,!     
foll[+ symptoms may be not$4 ,f>m horses
 t h side-bones seldom %[ lam5ess4 ,?is 
is because !y are work$ on s(t gr\nd & n
 on a h>d /reet or road4 ,driv+ & dray  
horses may /ep %ort ) ! front feet1 or  
%[ a /ilty action4 ,?is may disappe> )  
ex]cise4 ,! lam5ess is sometimes m>k$4  
,! local diseas$ *anges are ! greate/   
help 9 ! recognition ( side-bones4      
,horses %\ld n be pass$ z s\nd )\t mak+ 
a c>eful exam9ation ( ! lat]al          
c>tilages4 ,?is exam9ation is made by   
pressure ov] ! region ( ! c>tilage ) !  
?umb or f+]s4 ,?is is = ! purpose ( te/+
 its ela/icity4 ,if x feels rigid &     

r\gh1 ! c>tilag9\s tissue has be5       
replac$ by bony tissue1 & ! animal %\ld 
be class$ z uns\nd4  ,! treatm5t is     
l>gely prev5tive4 ,horses ) side-bones  
%\ld n be br$4 ,x is n advisable to use 
horses ) side-bones on ! road or city   
/reets4 ,%oe+ ) rubb] pads may help 9   
ov]com+ ! concussion & relieve !        
lam5ess4 ,section+ ! s5sory n]ves go+ to
 ?is portion ( ! foot is advisable 9    
driv+ horses4 ,re/ & c\nt]irritation    
relieve ! lam5ess = a %ort "t4          
,,navicul> ,,disease4--,9 navicul>      
disease ! bursa1 flexor t5don1 &        
navicul> bone may become *ronically     
inflam$4 ,because ( ! seat ( ! lam5ess1 
x is commonly kn[n z c(f9-jo9t lam5ess4 
,?is disease affects /&>d & ?or\ghbr$   
horses m (t5 ?an x does ! co>s] bre$s4  
,"o or bo? front feet may be affect$    
7,fig4 #ci74  ,h]$it>y causes are l>gely
 responsible = navicul> disease4 ,!     
t5d5cy t[>d ?is disease probably dep5ds 
on su* peculi>ities ( con=mation z n>r[1
 weak1 high heels1 long pa/]ns & too    

long a toe4 ,! "* ( ! "w is an important
 factor4 ,hurri$1 rapid movem5ts ?r[    
consid]able /ra9 on ! navicul> region1  
increas+ ! dang] f injury4 ,?is is1 no  
d\bt1 "o reason = c(f9-jo9t lam5ess be+ 
m common 9 driv+ & spe$ horses ?an 9    
sl[-go+ "w animals4 ,rheumatic          
inflammation1 bad %oe+ & punctur$ w\nds 
9 ! region ( ! bursa _m cause x4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--;,a case (   
navicul> disease involv+ "o front foot4 
,! diseas$ foot is ! small]4  ,! fir/   
symptom usually not$ is a t5d5cy to     
/umble4 ,:5 /&+ 9 ! /able1 ! animal     
po9ts or re/s ! diseas$ foot4 ,sometimes
 x re/s ! heel ( ! lame foot on ! wall (
 ! opposite foot4 ,if bo? feet are      
affect$1 ! animal may re/ !m alt]nately1
 or take a position ) bo? feet well 9   
front ( ! normal position4 ,! inflam$   
/ructures are s cov]$ by o!r tissues t x
 is difficult to detect ! local         
inflammation1 or cause ! animal to fl9* 
by apply+ pressure ov] ! region4 ,z !   
disease becomes m advanc$1 ! lam5ess    

becomes p]man5t4 ,! limb is c>ri$ =w>d  
/iffly & rapidly & ! animal /umbles :5  
travell+ ov] r\gh gr\nd4 ,9 "t1 because 
( ! little weight ?r[n on ! po/]ior     
portion ( ! foot1 ! qu>t]s may become   
high]1 contract$ & m upright & ! frog   
small]4 ,if "o foot is diseas$1 x       
becomes small] ?an ! opposite foot4  ,! 
foll[+ prev5tive measures may be        
recomm5d$4 ,we %\ld n use animals hav+  
faulty con=mation ( ! feet = bre$+1     
because ! (fspr+ ( su* individuals h an 
inh]5t t5d5cy t[>d navicul> & o!r foot  
diseases4 ,animals t h c(f9-jo9t lam5ess
 %\ld be all[$ to run 9 pa/ure z mu* z  
possible1 because natural conditions    
help to keep d[n ! inflammation &       
sor5ess & promote a m heal?y condition (
 ! foot4 ,9 %oe+ ! horse x is be/ to    
%ort5 ! toe & raise ! heel4 ,x is       
advisable 9 ! m favorable cases to cut !
 s5sory n]ves ( ! foot4 ,?is op]ation   
de/roys ! s5sation 9 ! foot1 & %\ld n be
 p]=m$ on feet ) weak heels1 or t are   
wide or spread+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  

#dj4--;,an improp]ly %od foot2 note !   
mann] 9 :i* ! wall is cut away at ! toe4
  ,,contract$ ,,qu>t]s4--,?is condition 
( ! feet is *>act]iz$ by ! foot becom+  
n>r[ 9 its po/]ior portion4 ,"o or bo? (
 ! qu>t]s may be affect$4 ,x is         
pr9cipally obs]v$ 9 ! =efeet4  ,! causes
 ( contraction ( ! foot may be class$ z 
pr$ispos+1 second>y & excit+4 ,x may    
accompany *ronic diseases ( ! foot1 su* 
z navicul> disease & side-bones4 ,weak  
heels is ! pr9cipal pr$ispos+ factor4   
,any condition t t5ds to prev5t ! ho( f 
tak+ up moi/ure1 or causes x to lose    
moi/ure1 may cause ! horn to lose       
flexibility & contract4 ,?is is "o ( !  
reasons :y horses t are work$ cont9u\sly
 9 cities1 or us$ = driv+1 frequ5tly    
develop contract$ feet4 ,ill-fitt+ %oes1
 excessive rasp+ ( ! wall & b>s1 & all[+
 ! %oes to /ay on ! foot = too long a "t
 are responsible to a v l>ge degree =   
?is disord] ( ! foot 7,fig4 #dj74  ,!   
foll[+ local symptoms may occur3 ,! wall
 ( ! foot at ! qu>t]s may appe> drawn 9 

at its sup]ior or inf]ior portion4      
,sometimes "o or bo? qu>t]s are         
p]p5dicul>1 or ne>ly s4 ,! foot !n      
appe>s too n>r[ at ! heel1 too elongat$ 
& less r\nd$ ?an normal4 ,! *anges 9 !  
appe>ance ( ! inf]ior surface ( ! ho(   
v>y4 ,! *anges "h may be s slight t !y  
are n notic$4 ,9 well advanc$ & neglect$
 cases ! ar* ( ! sole is increas$1 !    
frog is n>r[ & atrophi$ & ! b>s high &  
p]p5dicul>4 ,corns may accompany !      
contraction4 ,! foot may feel fev]i%4 ,!
 animal may manife/ ! pa9 9 ! feet :5   
/&+ at re/ by po9t+ & *ang+ _! position4
 ,:5 lam5ess is pres5t1 x may resemble t
 occurr+ 9 inflammation ( lat]al        
c>tilages & navicul> disease4           
,prev5tive treatm5t is ( ! greate/      
importance4 ,?is consi/s 9 giv+ ! feet  
an opportunity to take up moi/ure :5 !y 
are expos$ to abnormal conditions &     
become fev]i%4 ,"u su* conditions1 x is 
advisable to occasionally remove ! %oes 
& turn ! animal into a pa/ure or lot4 ,x
 is be/ to d ?is 9 ! fall or w9t] :5 !  

gr\nd is wet4 ,if ?is c n be practis$1 !
 %oes %\ld be remov$ & a p\ltice ( gr\nd
 flaxse$ & bran1 equal p>ts1 appli$ to !
 feet = a p]iod ( eight or t5 h\rs1     
daily = a week or two4 ,a plank tr\gh   
six in*es deep1 two feet wide & z long z
 ! /all is wide may be fill$ ) a /iff   
clay1 & ! horse made to /& ) its front  
feet 9 ! clay ba? = t5 or twelve h\rs   
daily4 ,:5 groom+ ! horse1 ! foot %\ld  
be clean$ ) a foot-hook & wa%$ ) clean  
wat]4 ,ho( o9tm5ts %\ld be avoid$ s f> z
 possible4 ,! importance ( fitt+ ! %oe  
to ! foot1 avoid+ ! too free use ( !    
rasp & ho( knife & resett+ or *ang+ !   
%oe :5 necess>y c n be ov]e/imat$4 ,%oe+
 ! animal ) a special %oe is sometimes  
necess>y4 ,x is n advisable to attempt !
 =cible expansion ( ! qu>t]s4 ,l[]+ !   
heels by c>eful trimm+ ( ! wall & sole &
 p]mitt+ frog pressure may be all !     
special att5tion requir$4               
,,s&-,,crack4--,a fissure 9 ! wall ( !  
foot runn+ 9 ! same direction z ! horny 
fibres1 or a seam 9 ! wall result+ f !  

heal+ ( ! fissure is t]m$ s&-crack4 ,!  
position & ext5t ( ! fissure or seam    
v>y4 ,x may involve ! wall ( ! toe      
7toe-crack7 7,fig4 #da7 or qu>t]        
7qu>t]-crack7 7,fig4 #db74 ,x is        
sup]ficial or deep1 accord+ to !        
?ickness ( ! wall involv$2 complete or  
incomplete1 dep5d+ on :e!r x ext5ds f ! 
be>+ m>g9 ( ! wall to ! coron>y b& or   
only a portion ( ! di/ance2 simple1 :5 !
 horny tissue only is involv$2 &        
complicat$1 :5 ! s5sitive tissue b5ea?  
becomes injur$ & inflam$4 ,cracks ( long
 /&+ usually h ?ick1 r\gh m>g9s4  ,!    
causes ( ?is uns\ndness are poor quality
 ( horn1 improp] c>e & injuries4        
,s&-cracks commonly occur 9 ho(s t are  
dry & brittle & h ?9 walls4 ,9 "y horses
 incomplete cracks due to ! wall becom+ 
long & break+ (f 9 l>ge pieces are      
common4 ,unequal di/ribution ( weight1 !
 result ( unskill$ %oe+1 or any o!r     
condition t may cause ! foot to become  
unbalanc$1 us+ ! foot rasp too freely1 &
 su* diseases z quittor1 corns &        

contract$ qu>t]s subject ! animal to ?is
 =m ( uns\ndness4 ,any injury to !      
coron>y cu%ion t secretes ! fibres ( !  
horny wall may result 9 ei!r toe- or    
qu>t]-crack4 ,treads & b>b-wire cuts are
 common injuries to ! region ( !        
coronet4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 
9 pres]v+ a heal?y condition ( ! horn by
 giv+ ! foot ! necess>y c>e & att5tion 9
 ! way ( prop] trimm+ & %oe+1 & provid+ 
x ) ! necess>y moi/ure by means (       
foot-ba?s1 wet clay & p\ltices4         
,qu>t]-cracks respond to treatm5t m     
quickly ?an toe-cracks4 ,! treatm5t is  
practically ! same = bo?4 ,?is consi/s 9
 prev5t+ motion 9 ! m>g9s ( ! fissure s 
f> z possible4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4    
#da4--,toe-cracks4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #db4--,qu>t]-crack caus$ by b>b-wire   
cut4  ,! treatm5t = fissures 9 ! region 
( ! toe & qu>t] is z foll[s3 ,! wall    
%\ld be cut away along ! m>g9s ( ! crack
 until x is q ?92 & extra nail holes    
%\ld be made 9 ! %oe1 & a nail driv5    
into ! be>+ m>g9 ( ! wall a little to   

ea* side ( ! fissure4 ,! wall at ! toe  
%\ld be %ort5$ & ! toe ( ! %oe roll$ if 
! animal's "w p]mits ! use ( ?is k9d ( a
 %oe4  ,! m>g9s ( a qu>t]-crack & ! wall
 j po/]ior & bel[ x %\ld be cut away    
until q ?94 ,! be>+ m>g9 %\ld !n be     
trimm$ s t x does n re/ on ! %oe4 ,a b> 
%oe t does n press on ! frog may be us$4
 ,light bli/]s to ! region ( ! coronet  
help 9 /imulat+ ! gr[? ( ! horn4 ,re/ is
 advisable4  ,,corns4--,?is t]m is      
appli$ to injuries to ! foot caus$ by   
bruises or cont9u\s pressure to !       
po/]ior portion ( ! sole4 ,?is condition
 is common 9 ! =efeet4  ,! pr$ispos+    
causes are faulty con=mation t favors   
pressure f ! %oe on ! sole betwe5 ! b>s 
& wall & weak heels4 ,corns are commonly
 met ) 9 feet hav+ contract$ qu>t]s4 ,! 
pr9cipal ext]nal causes are wrong me?ods
 ( %oe+ & all[+ ! %oes to rema9 on !    
feet = too long a p]iod4  ,a common     
symptom ( corns is lam5ess4 ,9 ord] to  
relieve ! pressure ov] ! inflam$ "p1 !  
animal /&s ) ! foot slightly flex$ at ! 

fetlock4 ,! lam5ess is n *>act]i/ic4 ,x 
is only by a local exam9ation ( ! foot1 
made by press+ on ! sole or cutt+ away !
 horn1 t we are able to =m a positive   
diagnosis4  ,we describe ! diseas$      
*anges by us+ ! t]ms dry1 moi/ &        
suppurative corns4 ,9 ! dry corn we f9d 
! horn /a9$ & infiltrat$ ) blood4 ,9 !  
moi/ corn ! ho( may be color$ ! same z 9
 ! =m]1 b 9 addition !re is a space     
betwe5 ! vascul> & horny tissue t is    
fill$ ) a s]\s-l fluid4 ,if ?is         
collection ( fluid becomes infect$ ) pus
 organisms & is *ang$ to pus1 x is !n   
t]m$ a suppurative corn4 ,sometimes !   
pus pu%es its way upw>d & backw>d betwe5
 ! s5sitive lam9ae & ! wall1 & makes its
 appe>ance at ! m>g9 ( ! coron>y b& 9 ! 
region ( ! qu>t]s or heels4 ,?is usually
 occurs :5 ! tissues b5ea? ! horny frog 
become bruis$ or ! s5sitive tissue      
prick$ by a nail4 ,x is commonly t]m$   
gravell$4 ,pus r>ely breaks ?r\gh ! ?ick
 horny tissue1 b foll[s ! wall & breaks 
?r\gh ! sk9 :]e x meets ) ! lea/        

resi/ance4 ,corns may be consid]$ a     
s]i\s uns\ndness 9 driv+ horses4  ,!    
treatm5t is l>gely prev5tive4 ,trimm+ ! 
foot & fitt+ ! %oe prop]ly are important
 prev5tive measures4 ,! practice ( cutt+
 away ! b>s & sole or op5+ up ! heels1 z
 x is commonly t]m$1 %\ld be condemn$4  
,?is me?od ( trimm+ ! foot in/ead (     
prev5t+ corns is a v common factor 9    
produc+ !m4 ,! %oe %\ld n be too %ort or
 too n>r[4 ,x %\ld foll[ ! outl9e ( !   
wall & re/ ev5ly on its be>+ m>g94 ,if  
?is is practis$1 weak5+ ! wall by cutt+ 
(f t portion all[$ to project beyond !  
%oe is unnecess>y4 ,feet t h l[ heels & 
l>ge1 prom95t frogs %\ld be %od ) %oes  
?ick at ! heels4 ,! be/ l9e ( treatm5t =
 a horse t is subject to corns is to    
remove ! %oes & all[ ! animal to run 9 a
 pa/ure4 ,if ?is is impossible1 p\ltic+ 
! feet or /&+ ! animal 9 moi/ clay w    
help 9 reliev+ ! sor5ess4 ,excessive    
cutt+ away ( ! horny sole is            
contra-indicat$4 ,suppurative corns %\ld
 be giv5 prop] dra9age & treatm5t4      

,,lam9itis1 ,,f\nd]4--,?is is an        
inflammation ( ! s5sitive or vascul>    
/ricture ( ! foot4 ,! inflammation may  
be acute1 subacute or *ronic4 ,/ockm5   
frequ5tly use a classification =        
lam9itis bas$ on ! causes4 ,fe$1 road & 
wat] f\nd] are common t]ms us$ 9 speak+ 
( ?is disease4 ,! inflammation is       
usually limit$ to ! front feet4  ,!     
causes ( lam9itis are ov]fe$+1 sudd5    
*anges 9 ! fe$1 dr9k+ a l>ge quantity ( 
wat] :5 ! animal is ov]heat$1           
ov]ex]tion1 exhau/ion & *ill+ ( ! body  
by /&+ ! animal 9 a cold draft4 ,x may  
be associat$ ) su* diseases z           
rheumatism1 influ5za & colic4  ,!       
symptoms v>y 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( !        
disease4 ,pa9 is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic       
symptom4 ,! s5sitive or vascul> /ructure
 ( ! foot has an abundant supply (      
s5sory n]ves1 &1 z x is situat$ betwe5 !
 ho( & ! bony core1 ! pressure & pa9    
result+ f ! inflammation are sev]e4  ,9 
! acute =m g5]al symptoms are manife/$4 
,! appetite is impair$1 ! body          

temp]ature elevat$ & ! pulse beats &    
respirations quick5$4 ,if ! inflammation
 is sev]e1 ! animal pref]s to lie d[n4  
,?is is especially true if all f\r feet 
are inflam$4 ,9 mo/ cases ! horse /&s ) 
! =efeet well =w>d & ! h9d feet 9 front 
( _! normal position & "u ! body4 ,!    
affect$ feet are fev]i% & v s5sitive to 
j>r+ or pressure4 ,mov+ ab\t increases !
 pa9 9 ! feet1 & x may be v difficult to
 make ! animal /ep ab\t ! /all4  ,9 !   
subacute =m ! symptoms are less sev]e4  
,! irregul>ity 9 ! gait is especially   
noticeable :5 ! animal is turn$ quickly4
 ,! local symptoms are less m>k$ ?an 9 !
 acute =m & ! g5]al symptoms may be     
abs5t4  ,! *ronic =m is *>act]iz$ by    
*anges 9 ! %ape & appe>ance ( ! ho(s    
7,fig4 #dc74 ,! wall %[s prom95t ridges 
or r+s1 ! toe may be concave1 ?ick &    
long & ! sole less ar*$ ?an usual1 or   
convex4 ,! degree ( lam5ess v>ies4 ,x is
 m noticeable :5 ! horse is mov$ ov] a  
h>d roadway ?an if mov$ ov] s(t gr\nd4  
,"o attack ( lam9itis may pr$ispose !   

animal to a second attack4  ,! prognosis
 dep5ds on ! "* ( ! inflammation & !    
promptness & ?or\ghness ( ! treatm5t4   
,acute lam9itis may respond to prompt1  
c>eful treatm5t 9 f t5 to f\rte5 days4  
,subacute lam9itis responds readily to  
treatm5t4 ,! prognosis is lea/ favorable
 9 ! *ronic =m4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t  
is v important4 ,dietetic causes are    
responsible = a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! cases 
( ?is disease4 ,horses t are accu/om$ to
 be+ f$ & wat]$ at irregul> p]iods &    
aft] sev]e or unusual ex]cise seem to be
 able to /& ?is treatm5t bett] ?an      
animals t are m c>efully c>$ =1 b ev5   
?is class ( animals d n always escape   
injury4 ,/ockm5 %\ld realize ! dang] (  
produc+ an inflammation ( ! feet by fe$+
 gra9 & giv+ cold wat] to horses        
imm$iately aft] sev]e ex]cise4 ,ov]fe$+ 
%\ld also be avoid$4 ,c>eful nurs+ may  
prev5t ! occurr5ce ( lam9itis z a       
complication ( o!r diseases4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,?is foot %[s
 ! *anges 9 %ape & appe>ance ( wall &   

sole occurr+ 9 *ronic lam9itis4  ,!     
treatm5t ( ! inflammation is z foll[s3  
,! removal ( ! %oes & ! necess>y trimm+ 
( ! foot %\ld be practis$ e>ly 9 !      
inflammation2 ! horse %\ld be plac$ 9 a 
roomy box-/all t is well b$d$ ) cut     
/raw2 dur+ ! cool wea!r x may be        
necess>y to blanket ! animal2 if ! wea!r
 is hot & ! flies annoy ! pati5t1 ! /all
 %\ld be d>k5$2 9 s]i\s cases1 & :5 !   
animal is heavy1 x may be advisable to  
use a sl+2 hot wat] fom5tations are to  
be pref]r$2 ! pati5t may be /ood 9 a tub
 ( hot wat] or heavy wooll5 b&ages t h  
be5 dipp$ 9 hot wat] & wrung1 out z dry 
z possible may be appli$ to ! feet2 !   
temp]ature ( ! wat] %\ld be no hott] ?an
 c be com=tably borne ) ! h&s2 ! results
 ( ?is treatm5t dep5d on ! fai?fulness )
 :i* x is c>ri$ out2 a p\ltice ( gr\nd  
flaxse$ %\ld be appli$ to ! foot at     
night1 or dur+ ! int]val betwe5 !       
foot-ba?s4 ,?is treatm5t may be cont9u$ 
until ! acute inflammation has subsid$4 
,if ! animal is incl9$ to eat1 x %\ld be

 f$ v little r\ghness & gra94 ,s(t fe$s 
are to be pref]r$1 & "o qu>t ( l9se$ oil
 giv5 z a physic4 ,aft] a p]iod ( f t5  
days to ?ree weeks1 dep5d+ on ! t5d]ness
 ( ! feet1 ! wall at ! toe %\ld be      
%ort5$1 ! sole trimm$ if necess>y1 flat 
%oes roll$ at ! toe plac$ on ! feet1 & !
 animal all[$ to ex]cise a %ort "t ea*  
day 9 a lot or pa/ure4 ,z ! ho( gr[s    
rapidly1 x is necess>y to trim x        
c>efully e ?ree or f\r weeks & replace !
 %oes4 ,! wall at ! toe %\ld be kept    
%ort1 b excessive ?9n+ ( ! sole %\ld be 
avoid$4  ,! same l9e ( treatm5t z       
recomm5d$ = ! horse may be us$ =        
lam9itis 9 cattle4 ,if m>k$ diseas$     
*anges occur 9 ! feet1 x is n advisable 
to attempt ! treatm5t ( *ronic lam9itis1
 unless x is 9 valuable bre$+ animals4  
,,que/ions  #a4 ,give a g5]al           
description ( ! foot4  #b4 ,/ate !      
nature & causes ( side-bones4  #c4 ,:at 
are ! causes ( navicul> disease8 ,give  
symptoms & treatm5t  #d4 ,:at are corns8
 ,give ! treatm5t4  #e4 ,give ! nature &

 treatm5t ( qu>t]- & toe-cracks4  #f4   
,give ! symptoms & causes ( lam9itis4   
#g4 ,give l9es ( treatm5t to be foll[$ 9
 ! diff]5t =ms (    lam9itis4  #h4 ,h[  
may lam9itis be prev5t$8     ,,*apt]    
,,xviii  ,,diseases ,,( ,,! ,,h9d ,,limb
   ,,fracture ,,( ,,! ,,ileum1          
,hipp$4--,fracture ( ! angle & neck ( ! 
ileum may be class$ among ! common      
fractures 9 horses & cattle4 ,fractures 
involv+ o!r p>ts ( ! pelvic bones are   
less common4 ,su* fractures are due to  
accid5tal causes1 z /rik+ ! po9t ( !    
haun* on ! door frame :5 hurry+ ?r\gh a 
n>r[ doorway & fall+ on froz5 gr\nd4    
,fractures ( ! ext]nal angle ( ! ileum  
or po9t ( haun* are usually foll[$ by   
displacem5t ( ! fractur$ portion4 ,!    
same is true ( fractures ( ! neck ( !   
ileum4 ,! result is a de=mity ( ! qu>t]4
  ,9 mak+ an exam9ation ( ^! p>ts !     
exam9] %\ld see t ! horse is /&+ squ>ely
 on its feet1 & !n comp>e ! con=mation (
 ! two qu>t]s4 ,fractures ( ei!r !      
ext]nal angle or ! neck ( ! ileum cause 

! qu>t] to appe> n>r[ & l[4 ,a close    
exam9ation may enable ! exam9] to       
diff]5tiate betwe5 ! two fractures4     
,fractures ( ! neck ( ! ileum c be      
recogniz$ by manipulat+ ! "p ?r\gh !    
walls ( ! rectum or vag9a4  ,! degree ( 
lam5ess may v>y4 ,9 "s cases !re may be 
no lam5ess :5 ! animal walks1 b a slight
 degree ( lam5ess may be notic$ :5 x    
trots4 ,= sev]al weeks aft] ! injury !  
horse may be unable to use ! limb1 b x  
may ev5tually make ne>ly a complete     
recov]y4  ,atrophy ( ! muscles ( ! hip  
or qu>t] 7,fig4 #dd7 %\ld n be mi/ak5 = 
fractures ( ! ileum4 ,?is condition     
involves ! heavy gluteal muscles & may  
occur z a complication ( azoturia1 or a 
lam5ess ( ! h9d limb t is usually due to
 a spav94  ,x is v seldom necess>y to   
give fractures ( ! ileum any special    
c>e4 ,if ! animal is v lame1 x %\ld be  
giv5 a n>r[ /all1 & plac$ 9 a sl+ until 
x c support its weight on ! limb4 ,!    
same treatm5t is indicat$ 9 cattle4 ,x  
is n advisable to bre$ a m>e t has _h ! 

ileum fractur$4 ,! bony enl>gem5t t     
results f ! union ( ! brok5 ends ( !    
bone may int]f]e ) ! passage ( ! foetus 
?r\gh ! pelvic cavity & cause difficult 
p>turition4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#dd4--;,atrophy ( ! muscles ( ! qu>t]4  
,,luxation ,,( ,,! ,,patella1 ,/ifle    
,out4--,?is is a common accid5t 9 horses
 & mules4 ,"y1 immature animals are m   
prone to displacem5t ( ! patella ?an :5 
mature4 ,! displacem5t is usually upw>d 
or outw>d4 ,outw>d displacem5t is       
comp>atively r>e4  ,! causes ( /ifle out
 may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,! patella or
 knee-cap re/s on a pulley-l articul>   
surface belong+ to ! inf]ior extremity (
 ! ?igh-bone4 ,! ext]nal lip ( ?is      
articul> surface is small] ?an ! int]nal
 lip4 ,! patella is held 9 place f above
 by ! heavy muscles ( ! ant]ior region (
 ! ?igh1 & f bel[1 by /raight ligam5ts t
 atta* x to ! leg-bone4 ,if ! reta9+    
/ructures m5tion$ become relax$1 !      
patella may1 :5 ! limb is ext5d$1 become
 s displac$ z to re/ on ! sup]ior       

portion ( ! ext]nal lip4 ,laxness ( !   
muscles & ligam5ts 9 "y animals is a    
pr$ispos+ factor4 ,h>d "w t tires !     
muscles & causes !m to become relax$1   
/ra9s1 unusual movem5ts1 z kick+ 9 !    
/able & slipp+1 may cause ?is accid5t4  
,cong5ital displacem5t results f        
imp]fect developm5t ( ! ext]nal lip ( ! 
tro*lea4 ,su* a de=mity subjects !      
animal to frequ5t luxations4  ,!        
symptoms may v>y4 ,! displacem5t may be 
fir/ notic$ :5 ! horse is back$ out ( ! 
/all or turn$ quickly4 ,a slight hit* 9 
! movem5t ( ! limb is not$1 t is foll[$ 
by m noticeable flexion ( ! hock ?an    
normal4 ,9 case ! luxation is m p]man5t1
 ! horse /&s quietly ) ! affect$ leg    
held /iffly & ext5d$ backw>d4 ,:5 made  
to move =w>d1 x hops on ! well leg &    
c>ries ! affect$ "o1 or drags x on !    
toe4 ,if bo? limbs are affect$1 ! animal
 is unable to move4 ,! inability to move
 ! limb is due to ! patella re/+ on !   
ext]nal lip ( ! pulley surface1 & a     
lock+ ( ! /ifle- & hock-jo9t4  ,?is     

accid5t is annoy+1 & 9 case ! horse is  
subject to x %\ld be consid]$ an        
uns\ndness4  ,! foll[+ treatm5t may be  
recomm5d$3 ,! luxation may be r$uc$ 9 ! 
l>ge majority ( cases by back+ or turn+ 
! animal4 ,if ?is does n r$uce !        
displacem5t1 a coll> %\ld be plac$ on ! 
animal1 & a hobble /rap fa/5$ to ! pa/]n
 ( ! involv$ limb4 ,"o end ( a long rope
 is ti$ to ! coll>1 pass$ backw>d betwe5
 ! front limbs1 ?r\gh a r+ 9 ! hobble & 
back ov] ! outside ( ! %\ld] & "u !     
coll>4 ,:ile an att5dant pulls ! limb a 
little =w>d ) ! rope1 ! op]ator takes   
hold ( ! foot & attempts to flex ! limb1
 at ! same "t pu%+ inw>d on ! patella4  
,aft] r$uc+ ! luxation x is advisable to
 tie ! rope to ! coll>1 s t ! limb is   
c>ri$ =w>d4 ,?is prev5ts ! animal f ?r[+
 weight on ! foot4 ,x may be advisable  
to tie ! animal s t x c n lie d[n1 if ! 
foot is to be left hobbl$ = a few days4 
,a fly bli/] %\ld be appli$ to ! front &
 outside ( ! /ifle & ! application      
repeat$ 9 two or ?ree weeks4            

,,/r+-,,halt4--,?is t]m is appli$ to a  
peculi> involunt>y movem5t ( "o or bo?  
h9d limbs t is *>act]iz$ by a sudd51    
purposeless flexion ( ! hock-jo9t 7,fig4
 #de74 ,horses t are slightly affect$   
may %[ ?is movem5t ( ! h9d limbs :5 fir/
 ex]cis$4 ,o!r horses may be /r+-halt$  
:5 back$1 turn$1 walk$1 or trott$1 &    
fail to drive out ( x4 ,! cause ( true  
/r+-halt is n kn[n4  ,! treatm5t        
recomm5d$ is surgical4 ,?is consi/s 9   
cutt+ ! t5don ( ! p]oneus muscle4 ,!    
seat ( ! op]ation is a little bel[ !    
hock & on ! ext]nal face ( ! cannon4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,/r+-halt4   
,,spav94--,a spav9 is a *ronic          
inflammation ( ! articul> faces ( ! hock
 bones1 ligam5ts & synovial membranes4  
,! inflammation may result 9 ! =mation (
 a bony enl>gem5t on ! inn] surface ( ! 
region1 & a union betwe5 ! small bones  
=m+ ! l[] portion ( ! hock1 & ! upp]    
extremities ( cannon & l[] hock bones   
7,figs4 #df & #dg74  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #df4--;,a l>ge bone spav94  ,!   

pr$ispos+ causes are ( ! greate/        
importance4 ,a spav9 is "o ( !          
uns\ndnesses ( horses t may be          
transmitt$ to ! (fspr+4 ,"y colts t h   
heavy bodies & are f$ a fatt5+ ration   
are pr$ispos$ to x4 ,crook$ h9d limbs1  
small hocks & qu>t]s t are heavily      
muscl$ are pr$ispos+ factors4 ,! ext]nal
 causes are /ra9s caus$ by slipp+1 turn+
 quickly1 re>+1 pull+ heavy loads &     
kicks4 ,horses ?ree or f\r ye>s ( age if
 giv5 "w t favors hock /ra91 su* z      
excavat+ cell>s1 may develop a spav94   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,normal      
cannon bone & cannon bone %[+ bony      
enl>gem5t & l[] hock bones unit$ to     
sup]ior extremity2 ?is occurs 9 bone    
spav94  ,! symptoms or lam5ess are m    
*>act]i/ic ?an 9 mo/ diseases ( ! limb4 
,at ! v beg9n+ ( ! inflammation1 &      
sometimes = sev]al mon?s aft]w>d1 !     
lam5ess is int]mitt5t & disappe>s )     
ex]cise4 ,aft] a "t x is p]man5t4 ,x is 
*>act]iz$ by a /iffness ( ! hock4 ,!    
ext5sion ( ! hock is incomplete1 ! /ep  

is %ort & quick1 ! animal goes on its   
toe & ! wall or %oe at ! toe %[s        
consid]able we>4 ,because ( ! /iffness 9
 ! hock ! animal raises ! qu>t] :5 !    
limb is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,turn+ t[>d ! well  
side may increase ! lam5ess4 ,! spav9   
te/ may be ( value 9 diagnos+ lam5ess4  
,?is consi/s 9 pick+ up ! foot & hold+ !
 hock 9 a flex$ position = a few m9utes4
 ,! foot is !n dropp$ to ! gr\nd & !    
animal mov$ (f at a brisk trot4 ,if !   
lam5ess is m m>k$1 x indicates t ! seat 
is 9 ! region ( ! hock4 ,?is te/ is (   
greate/ value 9 "y animals4 ,! bony     
enl>gem5t c usually be se5 be/ if !     
exam9] /&s 9 front & to "o side ( !     
animal4 ,! hock %\ld be obs]v$ f        
directly beh9d z well4 ,! hocks ( bo?   
limbs %\ld be comp>$1 & ! g5]al         
con=mations ( ! o!r jo9ts z well4 ,?is  
may prev5t ! exam9] f mi/ak+ r\gh hocks 
= spav9 enl>gem5ts or a pair ( spav9s = 
r\gh hocks4 ,a bony enl>gem5t does n    
always accompany ! lam5ess1 & a spav9   
may be pres5t )\t ! horse go+ noticeably

 lame4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--;,bog
 spav9s4  ,! prognosis is always unc]ta9
 & %\ld be guid$ some:at by ! con=mation
 ( ! limb1 "* ( ! "w requir$ ( ! animal1
 position ( ! bony enl>gem5t & ! degree 
( lam5ess4 ,! size ( ! enl>gem5t is     
*ang$ v little by ! treatm5t4           
,vet]9>ians report recov]ies 9 f fifty  
to sixty p] c5t ( ! cases treat$4  ,!   
object ( ! treatm5t is to de/roy !      
inflammation & br+ ab\t a union betwe5 !
 bones4 ,! treatm5t recomm5d$ is        
c\nt]irritation & re/4 ,! mo/           
satisfactory me?od ( c\nt]irritation is 
fir+ foll[$ by bli/]+4 ,foll[+ ?is      
treatm5t1 ! horse %\ld be plac$ 9 a /all
 & giv5 no ex]cise = a p]iod ( five or  
six weeks4 ,x is sometimes advisable to 
repeat ! c\nt]irritation if ! results ( 
! fir/ fir+ are unsatisfactory4  ,,bog  
,,spav94--,bog spav9 is an ext5sive     
di/5tion ( ! capul> ligam5t ( !         
hock-jo9t by synovia 7,fig4 #dh74 ,x is 
g5]ally due to *ronic inflammation ( !  
synovial membrane4 ,?is blemi% or       

uns\ndness is mo/ common 9 "y horses4   
,?or\gh p9 7,fig4 #di7 involves ! %ea? (
 ! l>ge t5don only4 7,comp>e ,figs4 #dh 
& #di47  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#di4--,?or\gh p94 ,note ! relation ( !  
enl>gem5t to ! t5don1 & ! fre$om ( !    
hocks f bog spav94  ,c]ta9 con=mations (
 ! hock favor ! developm5t ( bog spav94 
,?is is especially true ( upright &     
fle%y hocks4 ,h>d "w may cause ! hocks  
to fill :5 foll[$ by a brief p]iod (    
re/4 ,! common cause is a spra9 due to  
slipp+ & pull+ heavy loads4  ,! foll[+  
symptoms may be not$3 ,lam5ess is n a   
common symptom ( bog spav94 ,if !re is  
inflammation pres5t or ! articulation is
 injur$1 lam5ess occurs4 ,! s(t swell+ t
 *>act]izes ! bog spav9 is mo/ prom95t  
t[>d ! inside & front ( ! region4 ,9 !  
upp] portion or holl[ ( ! hock1 & on !  
inside & outside1 !re may be a second   
enl>gem5t4 ,small] enl>gem5ts may be    
pres5t 9 o!r regions4 ,all ( ! swell+s  
feel s(t1 & pressure on any "o ( !m     
moves ! fluid pres5t 9 ! o!rs4  ,!      

treatm5t is direct$ at ! removal ( !    
lam5ess4 ,acute inflammation result+ f  
spav9 may be reliev$ by cold            
applications & re/4 ,*ronic lam5ess %\ld
 be giv5 ! same treatm5t z recomm5d$ =  
bone spav94 ,! enl>gem5t c be           
successfully remov$ 9 gr[+ colts by !   
repeat$ application ( mild bli/]s4 ,x   
may be necess>y to cont9ue ! treatm5t = 
sev]al mon?s4 ,! removal ( ! enl>gem5t 9
 adult horses by an op]ation is         
recomm5d$4 ,! greate/ caution is requir$
 9 p]=m+ ?is op]ation4  ,,capp$         
,,hock4--,all swell+s on ! po9t ( ! hock
 are t]m$ capp$ hock4 ,! swell+s may be 
due to an injury to ! sk9 & !           
subcutane\s tissue1 or m important      
/ructures may be involv$1 z !           
subcutane\s bursa1 ! t5don1 or !        
synovial bursa or sack4  ,capp$ hock is 
caus$ by ! animal kick+ 9 ! /all or 9   
h>ness1 %ipp+ 9 freight c>s & lack (    
b$d+ 9 ! /all4 ,unless ! deep] /ructures
 are bruis$ & inflam$ ! animal %[s no   
lam5ess4  ,! "* ( ! enl>gem5t v>ies4 ,:5

 ! injury is sup]ficial1 ! swell+ feels 
firm1 or pits on pressure4 ,lat] x may  
become m firm & feel l a loose1 ?ick5$1 
fibr\s cap = ! hock4 ,s(t1 fluctuat+    
swell+s are due to an inflammation ( !  
bursa4 ,rec5t injuries feel hot4  ,!    
prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9 hobbl+ !   
h9d limbs ( a horse t kicks 9 ! /able4  
,?is is usually necess>y only at night4 
,x may be advisable to pad c]ta9 p>ts ( 
! /all4 ,horses t are transport$ 9 c>s  
%\ld be protect$ aga9/ injuries dur+    
transit by ! use ( prop] c>e & su*      
arrangem5t ( ! animals 9 ! c> z may     
expose !m to ! lea/ injury4 ,rec5t      
injuries %\ld be treat$ by ! application
 ( cold & re/4  ,aft] ! inflammation has
 subsid$ t9cture ( iod9e or bli/]s may  
be appli$4 ,! treatm5t ( bursal         
enl>gem5ts is surgical4 ,?is consi/s 9  
op5+ ! bursa1 de/roy+ ! l9+ membrane ( !
 cavity & treat+ ! "p daily until heal$4
 ,! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ c>efully1 z   
!re is dang] ( infection ) irritat+     
organisms4 ,! animal %\ld be giv5       

complete re/ until ! "p is heal$4       
,t9cture ( iod9e may be appli$ to !     
enl>gem5t t may rema9 aft] heal+ has    
occurr$4 ,?is %\ld be cont9u$ daily     
until ! sk9 becomes noticeably irritat$4
 ,! treatm5t may be repeat$1 if         
necess>y1 aft] an int]val ( two weeks4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,curbs4     
,,curb4--,?is t]m is appli$ to all      
swell+s on ! po/]ior bord] ( ! hock     
7,fig4 #ej74 ,?ick5+s or enl>gem5ts 9   
?is region may involve a v>iety (       
/ructures4 ,?ick5+ ( ! sk91 t5dons &    
%ea? may occur4 ,! l>ge ligam5t t ext5ds
 f ! po/]ior bord] ( ! bone t =ms !     
summit ( ! hock to ! ext]nal spl9t bone1
 & acts z a /ay = ! po9t ( ! hock1 is ! 
/ructure usually involv$ 9 curb4        
,faulty con=mation is a pr$ispos+ cause4
 ,a n>r[ base weak5s ! hock at ?is po9t1
 & ! extreme l5g? ( ! bone t =ms its    
summit gives ! p[]ful muscles atta*$ to 
x great] lev]age ?an 9 a well-con=m$    
hock4 ,?is results 9 /ra9 to ! ligam5t  
at ! po/]ior portion ( ! region4  ,!    

excit+ causes are /ra9s result+ f jump+1
 slipp+1 re>+1 heavy pull+ & bruis+ ( ! 
"p4  ,9 exam9+ ! hock = curb x is       
necess>y to /& to ! side & note ! pr(ile
 ( ! po/]ior bord]4 ,excessive          
developm5t ( ! head ( ! ext]nal spl9t   
bone %\ld n be mi/ak5 = curb4 ,z view$ f
 ! side1 ! po/]ior bord] ( ! hock %\ld  
appe> /raight4  ,! curb appe>s z a      
swell+ on ?is /raight l9e4 ,x v>ies 9   
size4 ,a rec5t curb is usually hot &    
firm1 or may feel s(t if enl>gem5t is   
=m$ by fluid1 h>d if =m$ by bone4       
,lam5ess seldom occurs1 b if pres5t1    
resembles spav9 lam5ess4  ,! prev5tive  
treatm5t consi/s 9 select+ = bre$+1     
animals t h /rong1 /raight hocks1 & us+ 
! necess>y c>e 9 h&l+ & work+ horses4 ,x
 is n uncommon = "y horses at ! "t !y   
are brok5 to h>ness to develop a curb4  
,?is may be prev5t$ to a l>ge degree by 
c>eful h&l+4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( !           
inflammation ! application ( cold & h&  
rubb+ is indicat$4 ,aft] ! inflammation 
has subsid$ t9cture ( iod9e or bli/]s   

%\ld be appli$4 ,re/ is a necess>y "p ( 
! treatm5t e>ly 9 ! inflammation4 ,if ! 
lam5ess does n respond to ! above       
treatm5t1 x %\ld be treat$ ! same z =   
bone spav94   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,describe 
! diff]5t fractures ( ! ileum & give    
treatm5t4  #b4 ,describe /r+-halt       
lam5ess & give treatm5t4  #c4 ,:at is   
bone spav98 ,describe spav9 lam5ess4    
#d4 ,give ! causes & treatm5t ( bog     
spav94  #e4 ,give ! causes & treatm5t ( 
capp$ hock4  #f4 ,give ! causes &       
treatm5t ( curb4     ,,"p ,,iii4--,,!   
,,tee?    ,,*apt] ,,xix  ,,det]m9+ ,,!  
,,age ,,( ,,animals   ,illu/ration3     
,,fig4 #ea4--;,head ( "y horse ) bone   
cut away1 & %[+ position & size ( tee?4 
,,g5]al ,,discussion4--,! tee? are !    
passive organs ( dige/ion4 ,!y are h>d  
organs1 implant$ 9 ! sup]ior & inf]ior  
jaws 9 ! =m ( a long & n>r[ ar* t is op5
 po/]iorly4 ,! free portions ( ! tee?   
project into ! m\?1 & pres5t %>p or     
r\gh5$ table surfaces = ! cru%+ & te>+ (
 food4 ,9 solip$s & rum9ants ! ar* is   

int]rupt$ on ea* side by ! int]-d5tal   
space or b>s 7,fig4 #ea74 ,! tee? t =m !
 middle & ant]ior portion ( ! ar* are   
t]m$ incisors 7,fig4 #eb74 ,po/]ior to !
 incisors are ! can9es or tusks1 & =m+ !
 arms ( ! ar* are ! mol> tee?4 ,animals 
h two sets ( tee?1 tempor>y & p]man5t4  
,! foll[+ table gives ! numb] ( !       
diff]5t k9ds ( tempor>y & p]man5t tee?4 
,tempor>y ,tee?            ,p]man5t     
,tee?            ,incisors ,can9es      
,mol>s    ,incisors ,can9es ,mol>s      
,solip$s       #ab             #ab      
#ab       #d      #bd ,ox               
#h             #ab          #h       #j 
#bd ,%eep           #h             #ab  
#h       #j      #bd ,hog            #ab
             #ab         #ab       #d   
#bd  ,! tusks or can9e tee? are n always
 pres5t 9 ! female4 ,rum9ants d n h upp]
 incisor tee?4  ,! tempor>y tee? are    
erupt$ ei!r be=e or )9 a few days to a  
few mon?s aft] bir?4 ,! eruption ( !    
p]man5t tee? & ! replacem5t ( ! tempor>y
 tee? occur at diff]5t p]iods up to !   

age ( f\r & "o-half ye>s 7,fig4 #ec74 ,x
 is well to keep ! foll[+ table (       
d5tition 9 m9d :5 exam9+ ! m\?s (       
animals = ! purpose ( det]m9+ _! age4#a 
,horses              ,cattle            
,hogs ,tee?        ,tempor>y ,p]man5t   
,tempor>y ,p]man5t  ,tempor>y ,p]man5t  
,incisors3              yrs4 mos4       
yrs4 mos4               mos4   ,c5trals 
,at bir?   #b    #f    ,at bir?  #a     
#h     ,at bir?1   #ab                  
or #c-d                                 
weeks   ,fir/      #d-f wks4   #c    #f 
,at bir?  #b    #i     #h-ab wks4   #ah 
lat]als   ,second                       
#e-ab days #c    #f     lat]als         
,corn]s    #f-i mos4   #d    #f   #ab-ah
 days #d    #f     ,at bir?     #i      
,mol>s3   ,fir/      ,at bir?   #b    #f
    ,at bir?  #b    #f     #g weeks     
#e   ,second     ,at bir?   #b    #f    
,at bir?  #a    #f     #h-bh days   #ad 
,?ird      ,at bir?   #c    #f    ,at   
bir?  #c          #h-bh days   #ac      
,f\r?              #aj-ab               

#a    #f                 #ac   ,fif?    
#b                   #b                 
#e   ,six?                #d-e          
#b    #f                  #i   ,sev5?   
#ah ,can9es or             #d-e         
#i   tusks  ,,9 ,,det]m9+ ,,! ,,age ( ! 
diff]5t dome/ic animals by ! developm5t 
& appe>ance ( ! tee?1 mo/ ( ! att5tion  
is giv5 to ! l[] incisor tee?4 ,up to ! 
fif? ye>1 ! age ( ! horse or ox c be    
easily det]m9$ by ! eruption &          
replacem5t ( ! incisors4  ,at "o ye> (  
age ! colt has a fully develop$ set (   
tempor>y incisors4 ,! rum9ant's incisors
 at ?is age all %[ we>4  ,! two-ye>-old 
colt %[s a well-worn set ( incisor tee?1
 & ! rum9ant at ?is age has replac$ !   
nipp]s or c5trals4  ,! ?ird1 f\r? & fif?
 ye>s are indicat$ by ! replacem5t ( !  
tempor>y nipp]s1 divid]s & corn]s 9 !   
horse1 & ! fir/ & second divid]s & corn]
 tee? 9 rum9ants4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#eb4--,longitud9al section ( incisor    
too?3 cup2 cem5t2 enamel2 ivory2 & pulp 
cavity4  ,9 ! horse ! p]man5t nipp]s are

 full gr[n & 9 we> at ?ree ye>s ( age2 !
 p]man5t divid]s are full gr[n & 9 we>  
at f\r ye>s ( age2 & ! p]man5t corn]s   
are full gr[n & 9 we> at five ye>s (    
age4 ,! table surfaces ( ! incisor tee? 
( a five-ye>-old horse %[ diff]5t       
degrees ( we>4 ,at ?is p]iod 9 !        
animal's age1 ! nipp]s h be5 9 we> two  
ye>s1 ! divid]s "o ye>1 & ! corn]s are  
beg9n+ to %[ we>4 ,9 rum9ants1 all ( !  
*isel-%ap$ table surfaces ( ! incisors  
%[ consid]able we> :5 ! animal is five  
ye>s old4  ,aft] ! animal has a full set
 ( p]man5t tee?1 we judge ! age by !    
degree ( we> or ! appe>ance ( ! table   
surfaces ( ! incisors1 _! %ape1 ! angle 
) :i* !y meet & ! g5]al appe>ance ( !   
head4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4             
#ec4--;,cross-section ( head ( "y horse 
%[+ replacem5t ( mol> too?4  ,!re are   
sev]al diff]5t factors t may cause ! we>
 on ! tee?1 & ! appe>ance ( _! table    
surfaces to v>y 9 ! diff]5t individuals4
 ,! two factors t are ( ! mo/ importance
 are ! quality ( ! tee? & ! "* ( fe$4   

,s(t tee? we> m quickly ?an h>d tee?1 & 
! tee? ( horses t fe$ ov] closely cropp$
 & s&y pa/ures we> rapidly because ( !  
dirt & grit pres5t on ! %ort grass4 ,?is
 v>iation 9 ! we> is ( little importance
 to ! p]son :o mu/ judge ! age ( a horse
 t he expects to pur*ase by ! condition 
( ! tee?4 ,9 reality1 a horse is j z old
 z ! we> on ! tee? & 8 g5]al appe>ance  
indicate4 ,9 ord] to /& sev]e "w !      
animal mu/ be able to ma/icate ! fe$1 & 
prep>e x = dige/ion 9 ! /oma* &         
inte/9es4 ,! degree ( we> on ! mol> tee?
 may be indicat$ by ! we> on ! incisors4
 ,! g5]al condition ( ! horse & 8       
ability to /& h>d "w dep5d v l>gely on !
 condition ( ! table surfaces ( ! mol>s4
  ,x is v difficult to judge ! age (    
horses t h de=m$ m\?s or t are 9 ! habit
 ( crib-bit+1 because ( ! irregul>ity 9 
! we> ( ! incisors4  ,:5 exam9+ ! tee? =
 ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! horse's age1 !   
%ape ( ! incisors1 ! angle ) :i* !y meet
 & ! appe>ance ( _! table surfaces %\ld 
be obs]v$4 ,! tee? ( "y horses %[ m or  

less yell[i% cem5t4 ,at ab\t sev5 ye>s (
 age ! ant]ior faces ( ! tee? are       
usually :ite1 lat] a yell[i% color4 ,!  
tee? ( middle-ag$ horses may be long1 & 
9 ag$ animals1 n>r[ & %ort4 ,! incisors 
meet at a m acute angle 9 old ?an "y    
horses4  ,! free portion ( ! incisor    
too? is flatt5$ f be=e to beh9d4 ,at !  
level ( ! gums its two diamet]s are ab\t
 ! same1 b ! portion ( ! too? imb$d$ 9 !
 jaw bone is flatt5$ f side to side4 ,z 
! too? becomes worn (f1 ! l5g? ( ! free 
portion is ma9ta9$ by a pu%+ out ( !    
too?1 & a correspond+ %ort5+ ( ! portion
 t is fix$ or imb$d$ 9 ! jaw4  ,! table 
surface ( ! unworn incisor too? is cov]$
 ) enamel1 & 9 ! middle portion ! enamel
 =ms a deep cup4 ,aft] ! too? has become
 worn ! m>g9 ( ! table portion is !n    
limit$ by a r+ ( enamel4 ,?is is t]m$ ! 
encircl+ enamel r+4 ,! c5tral portion ( 
! table %[s a second r+1 ! c5tral enamel
 r+1 t limits ! cup m>g9 7,fig4 #ed74   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,transv]se   
section ( incisor too?3 p]iph]al cem5t2 

p]iph]al enamel2 ivory2 c5tral enamel2 &
 c5tral cem5t4  ,z ! table surface      
repres5ts a cross section ( ! too?1 its 
appe>ance & %ape w !n dep5d on ! portion
 ( ! too? t x repres5ts4 ,f ye> to ye>1 
!re is a gradual %ort5+ 9 ! lat]al      
diamet]1 & an app>5t increase 9 !       
diamet] f be=e to beh9d4 ,^! *anges 9   
%ape are f a long1 n>r[ table surface to
 an oval1 f oval to circul> & f circul> 
to triangul> 7,fig4 #ee74 ,z ! orig9al  
free portion ( ! too? we>s (f1 ! cup    
becomes %all[ & small] until ! remnant  
is repres5t$ by a m]e dot ( enamel t    
f9ally disappe>s f ! po/]ior portion ( !
 table4 ,aft] ! cup has mov$ f ! c5tral 
portion ( ! cr[n & occupies a m po/]ior 
position1 ! d5tal />1 :i* repres5ts a   
cross section ( ! pulp cavity1 puts 9   
its appe>ance4 ,x fir/ takes ! =m ( a   
br[n or d>k /reak1 & lat] a circul> d>k 
spot :i* gradually increases 9 size ) ! 
we> on ! too? & ! age ( ! animal4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,table       
surfaces ( nipp]s at diff]5t ages3 f\r  

ye>s2 six ye>s2 n9e ye>s1 & fifte5 ye>s 
( age4  ,! foll[+ *anges 9 ! %ape &     
appe>ance ( ! incisor tee? ( ! av]age   
horse occur 9 ! diff]5t ye>s4 ,unless   
o!rwise m5tion$1 ! /atem5ts made reg>d+ 
! appe>ance & we> on ! table surfaces   
apply to ! l[] incisor tee?4  ,,six     
,,ye>s4--,! table surfaces =m ! mo/     
accurate guide4 ,! cups ( ! nipp]s t5d  
to an oval =m4 ,! corn] tee? h be5 9 we>
 "o ye> at ?is "t4 ,! cup is deep & !   
po/]ior m>g9 may %[ little we>4 ,x is n 
uncommon to meet ) corn]s t possess     
irregul>ly develop$ tables1 & h cups )  
po/]ior m>g9s t are ?9 & d n come into  
we> until lat]4 ,= ?is reason1 x is n   
be/ to dep5d on ! appe>ance ( ! corn]   
tee? alone4  ,,sev5 ,,ye>s4--,! tee? are
 usually :it] ?an ! previ\s ye>4 ,!     
pr(ile ( ! upp] corn] tee? %[s a not* 9 
! po/]ior portion ( ! table surface4    
,?is is due to ! sup]ior corn]s ov]hang+
 ! inf]ior corn] tee? po/]iorly1 result+
 9 ?is portion n we>+ away4 ,?is not* is
 sometimes slightly 9 evid5ce ! previ\s 

ye>4 ,! cups 9 ! corn]s are small] & !  
worn surface l>g] ?an at six4 ,! nipp]s 
%[ oval table surfaces & ! divid]s are  
beg9n+ to take on ?is %ape4 ,! %ift+ ( !
 cups t[>d ! po/]ior portion ( ! tables 
( ! nipp]s & divid]s is noticeable4     
,,eight ,,ye>s4--,z view$ f ! side1 !   
pr(ile ( ! tee? %[s a v noticeable      
increase 9 ! obliquity ) :i* !y meet4 ,!
 po/]ior bord]s ( ! corn]s %[           
consid]able we>4 ,! not* 9 ! sup]ior    
corn]s is /ill pres5t1 b z ! tee? come m
 ne>ly 9 apposition x may beg9 to       
disappe>4 ,all ( ! inf]ior tables are   
level4 ,! nipp]s & divid]s are oval 9   
%ape1 & ! cups h become decid$ly n>r[4  
,! nipp]s %[ a well-def9$ d>k /reak j 9 
front ( ! cups4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( !    
d5tal />4  ,,n9e ,,ye>s4--,! appe>ance (
 ! table surface is m *>act]i/ic at ?is 
"t ?an ! previ\s ye>4 ,! cups are less  
prom95t & ! pla9ness or smoo?ness ( !   
inf]ior table is m noticeable4 ,! nipp]s
 are r\nd1 ! cups triangul> & ! d>k     
/reak n>r[] & m di/9ct ?an ! previ\s    

ye>4 ,! divid]s are becom+ r\nd & !     
corn] tee? are oval4  ,,t5 ,,ye>s4--,!  
tee? are m oblique ?an 9 ! eight-ye>-old
 & n9e-ye>-old m\?4 ,! table surfaces ( 
! inf]ior nipp]s are decid$ly r\nd$1 !  
cups are small1 triangul> & situat$ well
 t[>d ! po/]ior bord]s4 ,! d>k br[n     
/reak or d5tal /> is situat$ 9 ! c5tral 
portion ( ! nipp]s & divid]s4 ,! tables 
( ! divid]s are r\nd4  ,,elev5          
,,ye>s4--,! tables ( ! corn] tee? are   
r\nd$4 ,! d>k /reak or d5tal /> is      
pres5t 9 all ( ! tee?1 & ! remnants ( ! 
cups appe> z small r+s or spots ( enamel
 ne> to ! po/]ior bord]s ( ! tables4 ,! 
not* 9 ! sup]ior corn]s may reappe> at  
?is "t4  ,,twelve ,,ye>s4--,! pr(ile ( !
 tee? :5 view$ f ! side is q oblique4 ,!
 table surfaces ( all ! incisors are    
r\nd4 ,b a trace ( ! cup rema9s 9 !     
inf]ior incisors4 ,! head ( ! animal is 
beg9n+ to %[ age4 ,! inf]ior bord] ( !  
jaw bone appe>s n>r[]1 or %>p] ?an 9 !  
"y horse4  ,,?irte5 ,,ye>s4--,all ( !   
specks ( enamel or ! remnants ( ! cups  

are gone f ! l[] incisors4 ,a l>g] not* 
may be pres5t 9 ! upp] corn] tee? ?an at
 twelve4 ,! tables ( ! inf]ior nipp]s   
are becom+ triangul> & %[ a small1 d>k  
spot or d5tal />4  ,,f\rte5 ,,ye>s4--,! 
tables ( ! inf]ior nipp]s are triangul>1
 & ! d5tal /> appe>s z a d>k r\nd spot 9
 bo? ! nipp]s & divid]s4  ,,fifte5      
,,ye>s4--,! angle ) :i* ! tee? meet is  
great] ?an at twelve1 ! tee? are small] 
& d5tal />s are repres5t$ by d>k r\nd   
spots 9 all ( ! inf]ior incisors4 ,!    
tables ( ! nipp]s & divid]s are         
triangul>4  ,,sev5te5 ,,ye>s4--,all ( ! 
tables ( ! l[] incisor tee? are         
triangul>4 ,! tee? are n>r[] & small]   
?an at fifte54 ,! pr(ile ( ! incisors1  
view$ f ! side1 is q angul>4 ,! d5tal   
/>s are prom95t4  ,,n9ete5 ,,ye>s4--,all
 ( ! signs ( ! sev5te5-ye>-old m\? are m
 prom95t4 ,! cups h usually disappe>$ f 
! upp] incisors4  ,footnote #a3 ,?is    
table is f d5tition tables giv5 9 ,age (
 ! ,dome/ic ,animals1 by ,huidekop]4    
,,que/ions  #a4 ,"n ! diff]5t k9ds (    

tee?2 /ate ! arrangem5t & numb]4  #b4   
,h[ is ! age ( an animal det]m9$8  #c4  
,give ! "t ( replacem5t ( ! tempor>y    
incisor tee?4  #d4 ,h[ is ! age ( !     
animal det]m9$ betwe5 ! fif? & n9?      
ye>s8  #e4 ,:at *anges 9 ! appe>ance ( !
 table surfaces occur betwe5 t5    &    
fifte5 ye>s ( age8     ,,*apt] ,,xx     
,,irregul>ities ,,( ,,! ,,tee?          
,p>rot-m\?1 ,lant]n-jaw &               
,scissor-m\?4--,! common de=mities ( !  
jaw & tee? are ! ov]%ot or p>rot-m\?1 ! 
und]%ot or lant]n-jaw1 & ! scissor-m\?4 
,^! diff]5t de=mities result 9 unequal  
we> on ! table surfaces ( ! incisors &  
mol>s4 ,9 bo? ! ov]%ot & und]%ot jaws1 !
 incisor tee? become abnormally long4 ,9
 ! p>rot-m\?1 ! we> occurs on ! po/]ior 
face ( ! sup]ior & ! ant]ior face ( !   
inf]ior incisors1 ! tee? becom+ worn to 
r a %>p edge1 dep5d+ on ! degree ( !    
de=mity4 ,9 ! lant]n-jaw1 ! we> occurs  
on ! po/]ior face ( ! l[] & ! ant]ior   
face ( ! sup]ior r[ ( incisors1 ! tee?  
tak+ on some:at ! same %ape z !         

p>rot-m\?4 ,! great] ! de=mity & ! old] 
! horse becomes1 ! m difficult x is = ! 
animal to fe$ or graze on pa/ure4  ,9   
all horses1 ! two r[s ( mol> tee? are   
wid] ap>t 9 ! sup]ior ?an 9 ! inf]ior   
jaw4 ,?is results 9 ! ext]nal bord] ( ! 
tables ( ! sup]ior r[ ( mol>s becom+    
long]1 or project+ fur!r d[nw>d ?an !   
int]nal bord]4 ,! we> on ! table        
surfaces ( ! inf]ior r[ ( mol>s is j !  
opposite ( ! sup]ior r[4 ,9 !           
scissor-m\? ! we> takes place l>gely on 
! int]nal face ( ! sup]ior & ! ext]nal  
face ( ! inf]ior r[ ( mol>s4 ,! tee?    
become worn to m or less ( a blunt cutt+
 edge1 & aft] a "t ! mol>s come toge!r  
some:at l ! jaws ( a pair ( scissors4 ,a
 horse ) a badly de=m$ scissor-m\? is   
unable to gr9d ! fe$1 & unless giv5     
special c>e1 suff]s sev]ely f           
innutrition4  ,! treatm5t ( de=m$ m\?s  
consi/s 9 remov+ ! irregul> or unworn   
portion ( ! tee? by means ( ! too? float
 & cutt]s4 ,?is att5tion %\ld be giv5   
e>ly be=e ! free portion ( ! too? has   

become excessively long & irregul>4 ,?is
 %\ld be foll[$ by dress+ ! tee? e six  
or twelve mon?s4  ,,%>p ,,lat]al        
,,bord]s ,,on ,,! ,,mol> ,,tee?4--,?is  
is a v common condition 9 horses4 ,!    
ext]nal bord] ( ! sup]ior & ! int]nal   
bord] ( ! inf]ior r[ ( mol>s we> away   
sl[ly1 & sometimes become q %>p4 ,?is is
 objectionable because ! %>p po9ts      
lac]ate ! muc\s membrane ( ! *eek &     
tongue1 & ! ma/ication ( ! fe$ is       
s]i\sly int]f]$ )4  ,?is condition is   
caus$ by an excessive diff]5ce 9 ! wid? 
( ! jaws1 unusually prom95t ridges (    
enamel on ! ext]nal face ( ! sup]ior    
mol>s1 & any conditions t may limit !   
movem5ts ( ! jaw4  ,! foll[+ symptoms   
may be not$4 ,! animal has difficulty 9 
ma/icat+ ! fe$ because ( injury to !    
*eeks or tongue by ! %>p po9ts ( enamel4
 ,?is condition may be indicat$ by hold+
 ! head to "o side4 ,salivation is      
usually pres5t4 ,acute indige/ion &     
innutrition may occur4  ,by exam9+ !    
tee?1 _! condition c be det]m9$4 ,! %>p 

bord]s may be remov$ by dress+ or float+
 ! tee?4 ,x is advisable 9 ! majority ( 
horses to float ! tee? at lea/ once 9 e 
twelve mon?s4  ,,irregul>ities ,,9 ,,!  
,,table ,,surface ,,( ,,! ,,mol>        
,,tee?4--,horses eight ye>s ( age or    
old] frequ5tly h irregul> mol>s 7,fig4  
#ef74 ,?is is due v l>gely to ! diff]5ce
 9 ! quality ( ! tee?4 ,! h>d] mol>s d n
 we> (f z rapidly z ! s(t] ones4 ,?is   
results 9 ! table surfaces ( ! r[s (    
mol>s becom+ wavy or /ep-l 9 outl9e4    
,sometimes ! fir/ or six? mol> ov]hangs 
or projects beyond ! correspond+ too? ( 
! opposite jaw4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 !       
ov]-hang+ portion may become long & %>p4
 ,a mol> too? becomes excessively long  
if ! opposite "o is decay$ or remov$4   
,! symptoms are v mu* ! same z :5 !     
bord]s ( ! mol>s are %>p4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #ef4--,tee? %[+ unev5 we>       
occurr+ 9 old horses4  ,! treatm5t      
consi/s 9 levell+ ! tables z frequ5tly z
 necess>y by cutt+ (f ! long]           
projections1 & remov+ ! %>p edges ) a   

too? float4  ,,smoo? ,,m\?4--,9 old age 
! tables ( ! mol> tee? may become s     
smoo? t ! horse _c gr9d or ma/icate !   
fe$4 ,:5 all ( ! mol>s are 9 ?is        
condition1 a rubb+ s\nd may be not$ :5 !
 animal is ma/icat+ hay4 ,aft] attempt+ 
to *ew ! hay1 x may be dropp$ f ! m\?4  
,innutrition always occurs4  ,! treatm5t
 consi/s 9 fe$+ *ops & s(t fe$s4        
,,d5tal ,,diseases4--,inflammation ( !  
alveol> p]io/eum is a common d5tal      
disease 9 dome/ic animals4 ,?is is an   
inflammation ( ! alveol> d5tal membrane 
t fixes ! too? 9 ! too? cavity4         
,injuries to ! gums & cracks or fissures
 9 ! too? are ! common causes4 ,c>ies or
 too? decay is n uncommon4 ,! pr$ispos+ 
factor is a poor quality ( enamel &     
d5t9e4 ,! process ( decay is assi/$ by  
microorganisms4  ,! e>ly symptoms may   
escape notice4 ,slobb]+1 ma/icat+ on "o 
side1 hold+ ! head to "o side1 reta9$   
masses ( food 9 ! m\? & a disagreeable  
odor frequ5tly occur4 ,c>ies may be     
indicat$ at fir/ by a d>k spot on !     

table ( ! too?1 lat] by a cavity4 ,9    
horses1 inflammation ( ! alveol>        
membrane results 9 a bony enl>gem5t on !
 side ( ! face if ! sup]ior mol> is     
involv$4 ,a swell+ ( ! jaw & fi/ula may 
result if a l[] mol> is involv$ 7,fig4  
#eg74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4             
#eg4--;,fi/ula ( jaw4 ,?is condition 0 !
 result ( neglect$ treatm5t ( decay$    
tee?4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 ! prompt   
removal ( ! too?4 ,?is is m difficult 9 
"y animals ?an x is 9 ! middle-ag$ or   
old4 ,unless ! too? is already loos5$ x 
may be necess>y to remove x by treph9+4 
,,que/ions  #a4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( 
! tee? 9 an ov]%ot or und]%ot jaw4  #b4 
,describe ! appe>ance ( %>p mol> tee?2 a
 scissor-m\?4  #c4 ,:at are ! causes (  
decay$ tee?8     ,,"p ,,iv4--,,surgical 
,,diseases    ,,*apt] ,,xxi             
,,inflammation ,,& ,,w\nds              
,inflammation is a pa?ological condition
 ( a tissue1 *>act]iz$ by alt]$         
function1 di/urbance ( circulation1 &   
de/ructive & con/ructive *anges 9 !     

irritat$ "p4 ,heat1 r$ness1 swell+1 pa9 
& di/urb$ function are ! symptoms :i*   
*>act]ize inflammation4  ,! *anges 9 !  
circulation occurr+ 9 inflammation are z
 foll[s3 7#a7 ,an increase 9 ! rate ( ! 
blood-fl[ ?r\gh ! blood-vessels ( ! "p &
 _! dilation2 7#b7 dim9i%$ velocity     
foll[$ by ! blood-fl[ becom+ entirely   
susp5d$2 7#c7 foll[+ ! ret>dation or    
susp5sion ( ! blood /ream1 :ite         
blood-corpuscles accumulate along !     
walls ( ! small ve9s & capill>ies2 7#d7 
:ite & r$ blood-corpuscles migrate f !  
vessels into ! neighbor+ tissue1 &      
blood-s]um transudes ?r\gh ! walls ( !  
vessels1 =m+ ! inflammatory swell+s4 ,! 
r$ blood-cells d n escape f !           
blood-vessels 9 any numb]s unless !     
walls ( ! blood-vessels become injur$ or
 badly diseas$4  ,! causes (            
inflammation may be gr\p$ "u ! foll[+   
heads3 me*anical1 *emical1 !rmic &      
infecti\s4 ,! me*anical or traumatic    
causes commonly produce inflammation 9  
dome/ic animals4 ,^! are kicks1 /ra9s ( 

t5dons1 ligam5ts or muscles & w\nds4    
,inflammation orig9at+ f injuries v     
frequ5tly *anges to an infecti\s =m1    
?r\gh ! infection ( ! "p by bact]ia4    
,bruis$ tissue may become infect$ )     
pus-produc+ organisms1 & an abscess or  
local swell+ =m4 ,all accid5tal w\nds 9 
dome/ic animals become m or less infect$
 by irritat+ microorganisms4  ,! foll[+ 
symptoms occur 9 local inflammation4    
,increas$ heat 9 ! "p is an important   
symptom4 ,x is due to ! increas$        
blood-fl[ to ! "p4 ,because ( ! pigm5t$1
 hairy sk9 ( dome/ic animals1 r$ness is 
( little value 9 locat+ sup]ficial      
inflammation4 ,swell+ is a valuable     
local symptom4 ,x is produc$ by !       
inflammatory exudates4 ,pa9 results f ! 
pressure on ! s5sory n]ves by !         
inflammatory swell+4 ,= example1 !      
lam9ae ( ! foot are imprison$ betwe5 !  
horny wall & ! p$al bone4 ,?is /ructure 
is well suppli$ ) s5sory n]ves1 & :5 x  
becomes inflam$ & swoll51 ! tissues are 
subject to sev]e pressure & ! pa9 is    

sev]e4 ,inflammation ( a t5don results 9
 lam5ess2 ( ! udd]1 9 susp5sion ( milk  
secretions2 & ( ! /oma* by int]f]5ce )  
dige/ion ( ! fe$4 ,su* symptoms may be  
gr\p$ "u ! head ( di/urb$ functions4  ,!
 "* ( an inflammation is l>gely modifi$ 
by ! nature ( ! tissue 9 :i* x occurs4  
,a s]\s inflammation is *>act]iz$ by    
s]\s1 wat]y exudates4 ,?is =m occurs 9 !
 s]\s membranes1 muc\s membranes & sk94 
,bli/]s on ! sk9 & inflammation ( bursae
 7capp$ hock & %oe boil7 are examples ( 
?is type4 ,s]o-fibr9\s inflammations1   
su* z occur 9 pleurisy & p]itonitis1 are
 common4 ,*ronic inflammation commonly  
results 9 new =mations ( tissue1 & x is 
nam$ accord+ to ! "* ( ! new tissue =m$1
 z ossify+1 adhesive1 & fibr\s          
inflammation4 ,pus-=m+ bact]ia produce  
suppurative inflammation4 ,su* diseases 
z tub]culosis1 gl&]s & hog-*ol]a are    
specific inflammations4 ,specific       
infecti\s diseases may be class$ z      
g5]aliz$ inflammation1 z !y usually     
involve ! entire body4  ,inflammation   

t]m9ates 9 resolution :5 ! s]um is      
reabsorb$ by ! blood-vessels &          
lymphatics1 ! liv+ blood-cells f9d _!   
way back into ! circulation & ! dead    
cells dis9tegrate & are tak5 up by !    
vessels4 ,! "t requir$ = ! tissues to   
return to ! normal v>ies f a few h\rs to
 sev]al weeks4 ,an acute inflammation   
may end 9 ! *ronic =m4 ,?is may !n      
t]m9ate 9 new =mations1 su* z adhesions1
 fibr\s ?ick5+s & bony enl>gem5ts4      
,sev]e inflammation1 especially if      
localiz$ & sup]ficial1 may result 9 dea?
 ( ! "p or gangr5e4  ,! foll[+ treatm5t 
is recomm5d$3 ,! cause ( ! irritation to
 ! tissue mu/ be remov$4 ,x is v        
ess5tial t ! "p be re/$4 ,! necess>y re/
 may be obta9$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,inflam$ 
t5dons1 ligam5ts1 & muscles may be re/$ 
by plac+ ! animal 9 a sl+1 /&+ x 9 a    
/all1 or fix+ ! "p ) b&ages4 ,re/ ( !   
/oma* or inte/9al tract may be obta9$ by
 fe$+ a light diet1 or )hold+ all fe$4  
,com=table qu>t]s1 special c>e & diet+ !
 animal are important factors 9 !       

treatm5t ( inflammation4  ,! ag5ts us$ 9
 ! treatm5t ( sup]ficial & localiz$     
inflammation are heat1 cold1 massage &  
c\nt]irritation4 ,heat is indicat$ 9 all
 inflammations1 except+ :5 ( bact]ial   
orig94 ,x /imulates ! circulation &     
reabsorption ( ! inflammatory exudates1 
& by relax+ ! tissues helps greatly 9   
reliev+ pa94 ,cold is m effective 9 !   
highly acute & septic 7suppurative7     
inflammation4 ,its action consi/s       
pr9cipally 9 ! contraction ( ! dilat$   
blood-vessels4 ,cont9u\s irrigation ( ! 
"p ) cold wat] is ! mo/ satisfactory    
me?od ( apply+ cold4 ,massage is a v    
important me?od ( treat+ sup]ficial     
inflammation4 ,mild1 /imulat+ l9im5ts   
are usually us$ 9 connection ) h&-rubb+ 
or friction4 ,*ronic inflammation is    
usually treat$ ) c\nt]irritants4 ,bli/]+
 & fir+ are ! mo/ important me?ods (    
treatm5t4 ,su* c\nt]irritation makes    
possible ! absorption ( ! inflammatory  
exudates by *ang+ ! *ronic inflammation 
to ! acute =m4  ,,w\nds4--,a w\nd1 9 !  

re/rict$ s5se t ! t]m is commonly us$1  
includes only su* injuries t are        
accompani$ by breaks or divisions ( !   
sk9 & muc\s membrane4 ,x is usually an  
op51 hemorrhagic injury4  ,if ! tissues 
are sev]$ by a %>p in/rum5t & ! edges ( 
! w\nd are smoo?1 x is class$ z an      
incis$ or clean-cut w\nd4 ,?is class is 
n commonly met ) 9 dome/ic animals      
outside ( op]ative w\nds4  ,:5 ! tissues
 are torn irregul>ly1 ! injury is class$
 z a lac]at$ w\nd4 ,a b>b-wire cut is ! 
be/ example ( ?is class4  ,a contus$    
w\nd is an injury caus$ by a blunt      
object4 ,su* injuries may be divid$ into
 sup]ficial & deep4 ,sup]ficial-contus$ 
w\nds may be an abrasion to ! sk9 or    
muc\s surface4 ,deep-contus$ w\nds may  
be foll[$ by loss ( tissue or sl\gh+1 & 
may pres5t irregul>1 swoll5 m>g9s4 ,su* 
injuries are commonly caus$ by kicks4   
,punctur$ w\nds are _m times deep] ?an !
 wid? ( ! op5+ or break 9 ! sk9 or muc\s
 membrane4 ,?is class is produc$ by %>p 
objects1 su* z nails1 spl9t]s ( wood1 & 

=ks4  ,sometimes1 w\nds are giv5 special
 names1 z gun-%ot1 poison$1 & op5 jo9t1 
dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! cause & region   
involv$4  ,ble$+ or hemorrhage is ! mo/ 
con/ant symptom4 ,! degree ( hemorrhage 
dep5ds on ! k9d1 numb] & size ( !       
blood-vessels sev]$4 ,9 art]ial         
hemorrhage1 ! blood is bright r$ &      
spurts f ! m\? ( ! cut vessel4 ,9 v5\s  
hemorrhage1 ! blood is d>k] & fl[s 9 a  
cont9u\s /ream4 ,9 abrasions &          
sup]ficial w\nds capill>y hemorrhage    
occurs4 ,dea? may foll[ sev]e           
hemorrhage4 ,weak pulse1 g5]al weakness1
 v]tigo1 loss ( consci\sness & dea? may 
result if "o-?ird ( ! total quantity (  
blood is lo/4 ,un?rift9ess & g5]al      
debility may foll[ ! loss ( a less      
quantity ( blood4  ,! foll[+ symptoms   
may be not$ 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( w\nds3 ,!
 s5sitiv5ess to ! pa9 result+ f         
accid5tal or op]ative w\nds v>ies 9 !   
diff]5t individuals & species1 & 9 ! k9d
 ( tissue injur$4 ,injuries to ! foot1  
p]io/eum1 sk9 & muc\s membrane are m    

pa9ful ?an are injuries to c>tilages &  
t5dons4 ,! appe>ance ( ! w\nd v>ies 9 ! 
diff]5t regions & ! diff]5t tissues4    
,if ! tissues are badly torn or bruis$1 
swell+ & sl\gh+ may occur4 ,if ! w\nd is
 transv]se to ! muscul> fibres1 x gaps m
 ?an :5 p>allel to ! muscle4 ,:5 infect$
 by irritat+ organisms1 op5 & punctur$  
w\nds 7,fig4 #eh7 become badly swoll51  
dis*>ge pus freely & heal sl[ly )       
excessive granulations4 ,w\nds involv+  
t5dons1 bursae & clos$ articulations    
become swoll5 & dis*>ge synovia4 ,w\nds 
involv+ muscles1 t5dons & bursae usually
 cause lam5ess1 & :5 involv+ a special  
organ1 int]f]e )1 or de/roy1 its        
function4 ,ext5sive or s]i\s w\nds may  
be foll[$ by loss ( appetite4 ,an       
abnormal body temp]ature & o!r symptoms 
*>act]i/ic ( ! diff]5t =ms ( blood      
poison+ may foll[ infection ( ! injur$  
tissues by c]ta9 g]ms4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #eh4--;,a l>ge hock caus$ by a   
punctur$ w\nd ( ! jo9t4  ,! rapidity )  
:i* w\nds heal dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( tissue 

injur$ & ! am\nt to be replac$1 ! degree
 ( motion 9 ! "p1 ! k9d & degree (      
infection & irritation & ! g5]al        
condition ( ! animal4 ,9 g5]al1 sk9 &   
muscles heal rapidly1 t5dons sl[ly1     
c>tilages unsatisfactorily & n]ve tissue
 v sl[ly4 ,heal+ is greatly int]f]$ ) by
 movem5t ( ! "p 7,fig4 #ei74 ,! m ne>ly 
! "p c be fix$ or re/$1 ! m quickly &   
satisfactorily does heal+ occur4        
,irritation by bit+1 nibbl+1 lick+1     
b&ag+1 wrong me?ods ( treatm5t & fil?   
ret>d heal+ & may result 9 s]i\s w\nd   
complications4 ,an animal 9 poor        
physical condition1 or "o kept "u       
unfavorable conditions = heal+1 _c      
recov] f ! injury rapidly or            
satisfactorily4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#ei4--;,a l>ge inflammatory gr[? foll[+ 
an injury to ! front ( ! hock4  ,,w\nd  
,,heal+4--,! foll[+ =ms ( heal+ commonly
 occur 9 w\nds3 ,fir/ & second int5tion2
 "u a scab1 & by abnormal granulation4  
,heal+ by fir/ int5tion occurs :5 ! w\nd
 is clean cut & !re is v little         

de/ruction ( tissue1 & :5 !re is no     
suppuration or pus =mation4 ,! blood &  
w\nd secretions cause ! edges ( ! w\nd  
to adh]e4 ,aft] a few days or a week !  
union becomes firm4 ,v little sc> tissue
 is necess>y 9 ?is =m ( heal+4  ,heal+  
by second int5tion is *>act]iz$ by pus  
=mation & granulation tissue4 ,aft] !   
fir/ day1 ! surface ( ! w\nd may be m or
 less cov]$ by r$1 granul>-l tissue4    
,lat] ?is granul> appe>ance is modifi$  
by an accumulation ( creamy pus & swell+
 ( ! "p1 & f9ally scab =mation &        
contraction ( ! new sc> tissue4         
,abrasions & sup]ficial w\nds usually   
heal "u a scab4 ,! scab is =m$ by !     
blood & w\nd secretions4 ,?is protects !
 surface ( ! w\nd until f9ally ! de/roy$
 tissue is replac$ by ! granulations1 & 
! sk9 surface is re/or$4  ,abnormal     
granulation is n an uncommon =m ( heal+ 
9 dome/ic animals4 ,me*anical & bact]ial
 irritation causes ! injur$ tissue to   
become swoll5 & inflam$4 ,9 su* a w\nd1 
excessive & rapid granulation occurs1 ! 

new tissue pil+ up ov] ! cut surfaces & 
appe>+ r$ & unev54 ,?is is t]m$         
excessive granulation or pr\d fle%4 ,?is
 tissue may refuse to heal ov]1 or ! sc>
 may be l>ge1 prom95t & pa9ful4         
,abnormal tissue 7horny or tumor-l7 may 
sometimes =m4  ,,w\nd                   
,,treatm5t4--,w\nds 9 dome/ic animals   
are frequ5tly all[$ to heal )\t special 
c>e or treatm5t4 ,?is is un=tunate4 ,!  
c>eful & intellig5t treatm5t ( w\nds    
w\ld greatly decrease ! loss result+ f  
?is class ( injuries4 ,! me?od (        
treatm5t v>ies 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( w\nds4
  ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! treatm5t is to *eck ! 
haemorrhage4 ,heat1 ligation1 pressure &
 torsion are ! diff]5t me?ods recomm5d$4
 ,ba?+ ! w\nd ) hot wat] 7#aaebfj-abjbfj
 ,f47 is a satisfactory me?od (         
controll+ haemorrhage f small           
blood-vessels4 ,ligation & torsion ( !  
cut end ( l>ge blood-vessels %\ld be    
practis$4 ,pressure ov] ! surface ( !   
w\nd is ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od (          
,controll+ haemorrhage 9 mo/ cases4     

,:5ev] possible1 ! "p %\ld be b&ag$     
heavily ) clean *eese clo? or musl94    
,be=e apply+ ! b&age1 x is advisable to 
cov] ! w\nd ) a piece ( /]ile absorb5t  
cotton t is well du/$ ) boric acid4     
,hemorrhage f w\nds t _c be b&ag$ may be
 tempor>ily /opp$ by pressure ) ! h&1   
or1 bett]1 by pack+ ! w\nd ) absorb5t   
cotton & hold+ ?is 9 place ) sutures4   
,?is %\ld be left 9 place = a p]iod (   
twelve or ?irty-six h\rs1 dep5d+ on !   
ext5t ( ! haemorrhage & "* ( ! w\nd4  ,!
 next /ep is ! prep>ation ( ! w\nd =    
heal+4 ,! injur$ tissues %\ld be        
c>efully exam9$ = =eign bodies su* z    
hair1 dirt1 gravel1 sliv]s ( wood &     
nails4 ,! hair along ! m>g9s ( ! w\nd   
%\ld be trimm$1 & all tissue t is s torn
 & deta*$ z to int]f]e ) heal+ cut away4
 ,dra9age = ! w\nd secretions & pus %\ld
 be provid$4 ,! advisability ( sutur+ ! 
w\nd dep5ds on its "* & location4 ,a    
contus$-lac]at$ w\nd %\ld n be clos$ )  
sutures unless x is clean & %[s no      
evid5ce ( sl\gh+4 ,a badly infect$ w\nd 

%\ld be left op5 unless satisfactory    
dra9age = ! pus & w\nd secretions c be  
provid$4 ,w\nds across ! muscle & 9 p>ts
 t are q movable %\ld n be sutur$4  ,!  
aft]-treatm5t consi/s 9 keep+ ! animal  
quiet1 if ! w\nd is 9 a "p t is q       
movable1 & prev5t+ x f bit+1 lick+ or   
nibbl+ ! injury4 ,w\nds 9 ! region ( !  
foot become irritat$ ) dirt & by rubb+  
aga9/ we$s & grass4 ,?is makes x        
advisable to keep ! animal 9 a clean    
/all until heal+ is well advanc$4 ,local
 treatm5t consi/s 9 keep+ ! w\nd clean  
by wa%+ ! "p daily1 or twice daily1 ) a 
"o p] c5t wat] solution ( a cresol      
dis9fectant4 ,liquor cresolis compositus
 may be us$4 ,x is sometimes advisable  
to protect ! granulat+ surface aga9/    
irritation by du/+ x ov] ) a            
non-irritat+ antiseptic p[d]1 or apply+ 
a mixture ( c>bolic acid "o "p & glyc]9e
 twelve p>ts4 ,aft] ! w\nd %[s heal?y   
granulations long] int]vals %\ld lapse  
betwe5 treatm5ts4  ,9 poorly c>$ =1 &   
badly infect$ w\nds1 ! "p may become    

badly swoll51 ! granulations pile up & !
 w\nd refuse to heal ov]4 ,x may be     
advisable 9 su* cases to cut away !     
excessive granulations & /op !          
haemorrhage by caut]ization ) a r$-hot  
iron1 or by compression4 ,unheal?y      
granulations may be kept d[n by apply+  
cau/ic occasionally4  ,,abscess4--,?is  
is an accumulation ( pus 9 ! tissues4 ,x
 may be due to a sev]e bruise or        
contusion t is foll[$ by ! infection ( !
 "p ) "s ( ! pus-produc+ bact]ia4       
,abscesses occur 9 c]ta9 infecti\s      
diseases4 ,9 /rangles1 ! disease-produc+
 organism may be c>ri$ to diff]5t       
regions ( ! body by ! circulatory       
vessels4 ,?is may result 9 a numb] (    
abscesses =m+ 9 ! diff]5t body tissues4 
,! foll[+ =ms ( abscess are recogniz$3  
hot & cold1 sup]ficial & deep1 simple & 
multiple4 ,! hot is ! acute1 & ! cold ! 
*ronic abscess4 ,! t]ms sup]ficial &    
deep allude to ! relative position ( !  
abscess1 & simple & multiple to ! numb] 
pres5t4  ,an abscess may fir/ appe> z a 

hot1 pa9ful swell+4 ,if sup]ficial1 !   
sk9 feels t5se & ! cont5ts fluctuate :5 
press$ on4 ,lat] ! fev] subsides & no   
pa9 may occur :5 ! abscess is press$ ^u4
 ,deep abscess may n fluctuate4  ,!     
treatm5t consi/s 9 conv]t+ ! abscess    
into an op5 w\nd :5ev] possible4 ,!     
incision %\ld ext5d to ! l[e/ "p ( !    
wall1 s z to insure complete dra9age4 ,a
 cold abscess 9 ! %\ld] region may      
become l9$ by a lay] ( tissue t ret>ds  
heal+4 ,9 ord] to ha/5 ! heal+ process1 
x may be necess>y to remove ?is4 ,until 
granulation is well advanc$1 ! abscess  
cavity %\ld be irrigat$ daily ) a "o p] 
c5t wat] solution ( liquor cresolis     
compositus1 or a "o to two ?\s& wat]    
solution ( corrosive sublimate4 ,!      
surface ( ! sk9 9 ! region ( ! abscess  
%\ld be kept clean4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #fj4--;,fi/ula ( ! )]s1 %[+ !    
effect ( us+ cau/ics c>elessly4         
,,fi/ul\s ,,)]s ,,& ,,poll ,,evil4--,^! 
t]ms are appli$ to swell+s1 blood       
tumors1 abscesses & pus fi/ulae t may be

 pres5t 9 ! region ( ! poll & )]s 7,fig4
 #fj74 ,pus fi/ula is ! *>act]i/ic      
lesion pres5t1 & x is ! result ( a      
suppurative inflammation ( ! tissues 9 !
 region4 ,! abscess cavity or cavities  
are usually deep1 & may involve !       
ligam5ts & v]tebrae4  ,bruises or       
contusions are ! mo/ common causes4 ,!  
prom95ce ( ^! regions pr$isposes !m to  
injury 9 ! /able1 or :5 roll+ on r\gh or
 /ony gr\nd4 ,bites & bruises to ! )]s  
result+ f o!r horses tak+ hold ( !      
region ) ! tee?1 or /rik+ ! "p aga9/ a  
h>d surface1 are frequ5t causes4  ,!    
treatm5t is bo? prev5tive & surgical4   
,all possible causes %\ld be inve/igat$4
 ,?is is ( special importance on        
premises :]e sev]al horses develop      
fi/ul\s )]s & poll evil4 ,if ! cause !n 
becomes kn[n1 x %\ld be remov$4  ,!     
surgical treatm5t consi/s 9 op5+ up !   
diff]5t abscess cavities1 provid+       
complete dra9age = ! pus & de/roy+ !    
tissue t l9es ! walls ( ! cavities4     
,horses t are prone to rub ! region %\ld

 be prev5t$ f do+ ?is1 z su* irritation 
ret>ds heal+4 ,autog5\s bact]9s %\ld be 
us$ 9 addition to ! surgical treatm5t4  
,a pus fi/ula %\ld heal f ! bottom1 & if
 ! op5+ becomes clos$1 dra9age %\ld be  
re-e/abli%$4 ,! daily treatm5t is ! same
 z recomm5d$ = abscesses4 ,excessive    
cutt+ & de/ruction ( ! tissues ) cau/ic 
prep>ations result 9 sc>r+ & de=mity ( !
 "p4 ,su* radical l9es ( treatm5t %\ld  
be disc\rag$4 ,we %\ld n delay !        
surgical treatm5t ( abscesses 9 !       
regions ( ! poll & )]s4   ,,que/ions    
#a4 ,"n & describe ! diff]5t =ms (      
inflammation4  #b4 ,give ! causes &     
treatm5t ( inflammation4  #c4 ,"n &     
describe ! diff]5t me?ods by :i* w\nds  
heal4  #d4 ,describe ! treatm5t ( w\nds4
  #e4 ,:at are ! causes ( an abscess8   
,give ! treatm5t4  #f4 ,:at are ! causes
 ( fi/ula & poll evil8 ,give ! treatm5t4
     ,,*apt] ,,xxii  ,,fractures ,,&    
,,h>ness ,,injuries                     
,,fractures4--,brok5 bones or fractures 
are n uncommon 9 dome/ic animals4 ,9 !  

horse1 ! bones ( ! leg1 =e>m1 foot1 &   
sp9e are ! mo/ commonly brok54 ,9 ! dog 
! l>ge/ p]c5tage ( fractures occurs 9 ! 
sup]ior regions ( ! limbs4  ,fractures  
may be classifi$ z simple & comp\nd1    
complete & incomplete1 comm9ut$ or      
spl9t]4 ,9 ! simple fracture ! sk9 ov] !
 region escapes injury1 b 9 ! comp\nd   
fracture ! sk9 is brok5 & ! ends ( !    
brok5 bone may protrude ?r\gh x4 ,! t]ms
 complete & incomplete are us$ 9        
describ+ fractures 9 :i* ! ends ( !     
bones are n atta*$ to ea* o!r1 or       
p>tially s4 ,9 ! comm9ut$ fracture !    
bone is brok5 into a numb] ( pieces4    
,!re are a numb] ( o!r t]ms t may be us$
 9 designat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( fractures1
 su* z d\ble1 :5 bo? bones 9 ! region   
are brok51 & oblique1 transv]se &       
longitud9al1 dep5d+ on ! direction ( !  
break4  ,! causes ( fractures may be    
divid$ into ext]nal or me*anical1 &     
int]nal4 ,fractures may result f kicks1 
bl[s1 muscul> /ra9 & contusions4        
,abnormal fragility due to disease1     

extreme y\? & old age are ! int]nal     
pr$ispos+ factors4  ,! symptoms are     
crepitation1 abnormal movem5t & de=mity 
( ! "p4 ,abnormal movem5t ( ! "p &      
inability to support weight occur 9     
fractures ( ! bones ( ! limbs4          
,crepitation or a gr9d+1 rubb+ s\nd due 
to ! movem5t ( ! ends ( ! brok5 bones on
 "o ano!r occurs :5 ! "p is mov$ or     
manipulat$ ) ! h&s4 ,pa91 swell+ &      
injury to ! sk9 are o!r local symptoms4 
,! new tissue or bone callus is =m$ by !
 bone-=m+ cells 9 ! deep] lay] ( !      
p]io/eum & bone-m>r[4  ,! prognosis is  
unfavorable4 ,! l>g] p]c5tage (         
fractures 9 dome/ic animals are         
incurable1 or make an unsatisfactory    
recov]y4 ,?is is due to c>eless         
treatm5t1 ! "* ( ! fracture & !         
inability to fix ! ends ( ! brok5 bone4 
,fractures 9 "y & small animals usually 
heal quickly4 ,individuals t are heal?y 
& vigor\s usually make a spe$y recov]y4 
,fractures heal v sl[ly 9 ! ag$4        
,comp\nd & comm9ut$ fractures are       

impossible to treat 9 ! l>g] p]c5tage ( 
cases4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 fix+ !    
brok5 bone or bones 9 a normal position 
by means ( b&ages & spl9ts4 ,if ?is is n
 practis$1 ! surr\nd+ tissues become    
injur$ by ! brok5 ends ( ! bone1 & !    
fracture may become s complicat$ z to   
r5d] treatm5t useless4 ,motion ret>ds or
 prev5ts ! repair ( ! break4  ,h[ev]1   
fractures ( ! ribs1 pelvic bones &      
sometimes long bones t are well cov]$ by
 heavy muscles heal naturally or 9 !    
abs5ce ( any means ( ret5tion4          
,b&ag+4--,! att5dant mu/ use good       
judgm5t 9 devis+ means ( fix+ ! brok5   
bone1 & 9 hold+ x 9 its natural         
position4 ,:5ev] possible1 a pla/] b&age
 %\ld be us$4 ,?is mu/ n be made too    
heavy1 & x is v necess>y to adju/ x     
prop]ly1 s t x w /ay 9 place & n become 
too tight or too loose4 ,:5 appli$ to ! 
limb1 ! b&age %\ld ext5d z f> d[n z !   
ho(1 & "s di/ance above ! break4 ,?is is
 necess>y 9 ord] to keep x f slipp+ d[n 
& becom+ too loose4 ,a s(t b&age %\ld be

 appli$ fir/ 9 ord] to equalize !       
pressure f ! pla/] ca/ & protect ! sk94 
,wood5 spl9ts are n v satisfactory ag5ts
 = ! treatm5t ( fractures4 ,?ick lea!r t
 has be5 made s(t by soak+ 9 w>m wat] & 
!n %ap+ x to ! "p makes a m satisfactory
 spl9t4 ,9 all cases a s(t b&age %\ld be
 appli$ "u ! spl9t4 ,! adju/m5t ( !     
pla/] b&age or spl9t %\ld be notic$     
daily1 & :5ev] necess>y x %\ld be remov$
 & readju/$4 ,injuries to ! sk9 mu/ be  
c>efully clean$1 dis9fect$ & b&ag$ be=e 
apply+ ! pla/] b&age4 ,if evid5ce ( w\nd
 infection occurs lat]1 ! b&age mu/ be  
remov$ & ! w\nd treat$4 ,l>ge animals   
suff]+ ) a fracture ( any ( ! bones ( ! 
limb %\ld be plac$ 9 sl+s4 ,incomplete  
fracture %\ld receive ! same treatm5t z 
simple fracture4 ,if ?is is practis$1 ! 
dang] ( its becom+ complete is avoid$4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,%\ld]       
abscess caus$ by loose-fitt+ h>ness4    
,,h>ness ,,injuries4--,?is class (      
injuries is common 9 horses t are giv5  
/eady1 h>d "w1 or t are n accu/om$ to   

"w4 ,"y horses1 :5 fir/ put to h>d "w1  
are especially prone to injuries f !    
coll>4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ^! injuries 
are due to an ill-fitt+ h>ness or       
saddle4  ,:5 ! h>ness is n adju/$ or    
fitt$ prop]ly1 !re is sev]e pressure on 
c]ta9 p>ts4 ,?is is ! common cause (    
%\ld] abscesses 7,fig4 #fa71 sore necks 
& sit-fa/s4 ,r\gh1 unev5 surfaces on !  
faces ( ! coll> & saddle are ! common   
causes ( gall+4 ,! "* ( ! "w is an      
important factor4 ,"w t requires !      
animal to support weight on ! top       
surface ( ! neck is productive ( sore   
neck4 ,heavy "w ov] r\gh1 unev5 gr\nd   
frequ5tly causes %\ld] abscesses & /ra9$
 muscles4  ,! simple/ & mo/ common      
h>ness injuries are gall+1 sore %\ld]s &
 sore neck4 ,h>ness galls fir/ appe> z  
flat1 pa9ful swell+s4 ,on rais+ ! coll> 
f ! sk9 ! inflam$ area appe>s dry & !   
surr\nd+ hair is wet ) sweat4 ,lat]1 !  
sk9 becomes h>d & its out] lay]1 &      
sometimes ! deep] lay] z well1 sl\gh1 or
 is rubb$ (f by friction ( ! h>ness4 ,! 

surface !n appe>s r$ & moi/4 ,fluctuat+ 
swell+s due to small collections ( blood
 & lymph sometimes =m4 ,sometimes1 small
 areas on ! face ( ! %\ld] & t portion (
 ! back press$ on by ! saddle become    
swoll51 indurat$ & h>d & give ! %\ld] a 
r\gh appe>ance4 ,cont9u\s irritation f !
 coll> may cause an inflammatory ?ick5+ 
( ! subcutane\s tissue 9 ! %\ld] region1
 & ! sk9 appe>s loose & some:at fold$4  
,?is unev5 surface is productive (      
*ronic coll> galls4  ,a sit-fa/ is      
*>act]iz$ by a l>ge swell+ at ! top ( ! 
neck1 foll[$ by a deep sl\gh+ ( !       
tissues4 ,a slightly swoll51 wr9kl$     
condition ( ! sk9 ov] ! top ( ! neck is 
sometimes pres5t 9 horses t resi/ !     
att5dant1 :5 he attempts to h&le ! "p or
 h>ness ! animal4 ,?is =m ( sore neck is
 evid5tly v pa9ful1 al?\gh little       
evid5ce ( inflammation is pres5t4  ,/ra9
 ( %\ld] muscles & %\ld] abscesses h be5
 discuss$ "u _! sep>ate heads4  ,!      
treatm5t is v l>gely prev5tive4 ,too    
little att5tion is giv5 to ! prop] fitt+

 ( ! h>ness & saddle4 ,a well-fitt$     
coll> t prop]ly di/ributes ! weight on !
 %\ld]1 & is nei!r too small or too l>ge
 at ! top ( ! neck1 is ! be/ prev5tive =
 %\ld] & neck injuries4 ,old1 ill-fitt+1
 lumpy coll>s %\ld n be us$4 ,nei!r %\ld
 ! same coll> be us$ = diff]5t horses4  
,f>m]s %\ld avoid us+ sweat pads t are  
lumpy or soak$ ) sweat4 ,if s(t & dry1  
su* pads are useful 9 prev5t+ gall+4 ,! 
surfaces ( ! coll> or saddle t come 9   
contact ) ! sk9 %\ld be kept smoo? &    
clean4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 x is advisable
 to ba! ! %\ld]s ( "w horses ) cold wat]
 twice a day4 ,ba?+ ! %\ld]s ) ! foll[+ 
prep>ation is a useful prev5tive        
measure3 lead acetate f\r ounces1 z9c   
sulfate ?ree ounces & wat] "o gallon4   
,smoo? lea!r pads = ! top ( ! coll> &   
saddle are useful prev5tive & curative  
ag5ts4  ,galls are le/ treat$ by re/4   
,o9tm5ts or gall cures are usually      
appli$4 ,! foll[+ dry dress+ du/$ ov] ! 
r$1 moi/1 abrad$ surfaces is q heal+3   
tannic acid "o ounce1 boric acid f\r    

ounces1 & calomel two ounces4 ,?is may  
be du/$ ov] ! "p two or ?ree times      
daily4 ,dry1 abrad$ surfaces may be     
treat$ by apply+ a mixture ( glyc]9e f\r
 ounces1 tannic acid "o-half ounce &    
c>bolic acid "o dram4 ,9 op]at+ = !     
removal ( fibr\s enl>gem5ts1 ?ick5$ sk9 
& abscesses on ! front ( ! %\ld]1 x is  
advisable to make ! incision 9 ! sk9    
well to ! side ( ! face ( ! %\ld] 9 ord]
 to avoid sc>r+ ! surface t comes 9     
contact ) ! coll>4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,"n
 & describe ! diff]5t k9ds ( fractures4 
#b4 ,:at are ! symptoms ( fracture8  #c4
 ,describe ! treatm5t ( fractures4  #d4 
,:at are ! causes ( h>ness injuries8    
#e4 ,describe ! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t    
h>ness injuries4     ,,*apt] ,,xxiii    
,,common ,,surgical ,,op]ations         
,,dehorn+ ,,cattle4--,x is v (t5        
necess>y to remove ! horns ( cattle 9   
ord] to prev5t _! injur+ or worry+ c]ta9
 individuals 9 ! h]d4 ,?is op]ation is (
 greate/ economic importance 9 dairy &  
fe$+ cattle4 ,:5 fir/ practis$1 !       

dehorn+ ( mature cattle 0 condemn$ by "s
 p]sons :o deem$ x an inhuman &         
unnecess>y op]ation4 ,x is surely a     
humane act to remove ! horns ( cattle t 
are conf9$ 9 small y>ds & pa/ures1 &    
prev5t !m f pa9fully1 or s]i\sly1 injur+
 "o ano!r4  ,9 mo/ localities !re are m5
 :o are well equipp$ to dehorn cattle1 &
 able to p]=m ?is op]ation = a v mod]ate
 fee4 ,x is n advisable to attempt to   
dehorn a numb] ( adult cattle if !      
op]ator is n well equipp$ = ! "w4       
,unless a well-con/ruct$ dehorn+ rack is
 available = conf9+ ! animals1 !re is   
dang] ( injur+ !m & x is v difficult to 
saw (f ! horn quickly & satisfactorily4 
,?is increases ! pa9 t ! animal suff]s1 
& horn /ubs soon develop4  ,good        
equipm5t1 su* z a *ute1 saw or clipp]s1 
is necess>y4 ,a dehorn+ *ute %\ld be    
built ( plank ) a good frame well bolt$ 
toge!r1 ) /an*ion & nose block = conf9+ 
! head4 ,mo/ op]ators pref] a meat saw =
 cutt+ (f ! horns4 ,x is pref]able to   
dehorn+ %e>s1 z !re is dang] ( fractur+ 

! frontal bone :5 remov+ ! horns (      
mature cattle4 ,! be/ =m ( dehorn+ %e>s 
h a wide ,v 9 ! cutt+ edge4  ,! op]ation
 is v simple4 ,! horn %\ld be cut (f at 
a po9t f "o-qu>t] to "o-half an in* bel[
 ! hair l9e or sk94 ,if ?is is n        
practis$1 an irregul> horn gr[? or /ub (
 horn develops4 ,x is usually unnecess>y
 to apply any?+ to ! w\nd4 ,if ! animal 
does n /rike or rub ! "p1 ! clot t =ms  
closes ! blood-vessels & ! haemorrhage  
/ops4 ,9 case ( haemorrhage ( a s]i\s   
nature1 a small piece ( absorb5t cotton 
may be spread ov] ! surface ( ! w\nd1 & 
pu%$ 9 to ! op5+ 9 ord] to keep x 9     
place4 ,p9e t> may be sme>$ ov] ?is     
dress+4 ,"s op]ators pref] caut]iz+ !   
w\nd ) a r$-hot iron = ! purpose (      
prev5t+ haemorrhage4 ,dur+ w>m wea!r1 ! 
w\nd %\ld be wa%$ daily ) a two p] c5t  
wat] solution ( a coal t> dis9fectant1  
until heal+ is well advanc$4 ,a v       
necess>y aft]-treatm5t is ! wa%+ ( ! "p 
aft] two or ?ree days = ! purpose (     
remov+ ! dri$ blood4  ,! op5+ at ! base 

( ! horn communicates directly ) !      
frontal s9us1 a l>ge cavity situat$     
betwe5 ! two plates ( ! frontal bone4   
,sometimes ! bone is sliv]$1 or ! w\nd  
becomes infect$ & inflam$4 ,?is may be  
due to a dirty dehorn+ saw1 or gett+    
dirt into ! w\nd4 ,! inflammation may   
ext5d to ! s9us & a heavy dis*>ge f !   
cavity occur4 ,?is complication may be  
prev5t$ by plac+ ! saw or cutt]s 9 a    
dis9fectant :5 n 9 use1 & clean+ &      
dis9fect+ ! w\nd v c>efully = a few days
 aft] ! op]ation4  ,! horn buttons (    
calves f a few days to "o week ( age c  
be de/roy$1 & ! gr[? ( ! horn prev5t$ by
 apply+ cau/ic soda or pota% to !m4 ,!  
me?od ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 ,clip away
 ! hair f ar\nd ! base ( ! horn tissue &
 apply a little vasel9e to ! sk9 ne>1 b 
n close to1 ! base ( ! horn2 moi/5 !    
horn button & rub x two or ?ree times ) 
! end ( ! /ick ( cau/ic2 d n all[ ! calf
 to g out 9 ! ra9 = a few days aft]     
apply+ ! cau/ic4 ,! horns ( calves a few
 weeks ( age may be remov$ ) a %>p knife

 or calf dehorn]4  ,,*ok+4--,?is is a   
common accid5t 9 cattle & horses4 ,!    
object t causes ! *oke may be lodg$ 9 ! 
ph>ynx or oesophagus4 ,c]ta9 individuals
 are m prone to *oke :ile fe$+ ?an o!rs4
 ,?is is because ( _! habit ( eat+      
gre$ily1 & swall[+ ha/ily )\t prop]ly   
mix+ ! bolus ) ! saliva4 ,= ?is reason1 
*ok+ occurs :5 ! animal is eat+ dry fe$4
 ,cattle frequ5tly become *ok$ on pieces
 ( su* food z roots & apples t are too  
l>ge to readily pass d[n ! oesophagus4  
,%>p objects tak5 9 ) ! food sometimes  
become lodg$ 9 ! oesophagus or ph>ynx4  
,! symptoms diff] 9 complete & p>tial   
*oke4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! symptoms are n v    
*>act]i/ic4 ,! animal may /op fe$+1 b   
%[s v little evid5ce ( suff]+ pa94 ,x   
may be able to swall[ a little wat]4 ,on
 attempt+ to dr9k1 a "p ( ! wat] may be 
return$ ?r\gh ! nose1 ! same z 9        
complete *oke4 ,ineffectual ef=ts to    
swall[1 salivation1 c\gh+1 hurri$       
respiration1 & an anxi\s expression ( ! 
face occur 9 complete *oke4 ,bloat+ may 

complicate ?is accid5t 9 rum9ants4 ,aft]
 p>tial *oke has p]si/$ = a day or two1 
! animal appe>s deject$ or di/ress$4    
,pressure on ! tra*ea by h>d objects may
 cause difficult respiration4           
,me*anical pneumonia sometimes occurs4  
,?is is due to ! food & wat] t ! animal 
may attempt to swall[1 be+ return$ to ! 
ph>ynx & pass$ into ! air passages &    
lungs4  ,! treatm5t is z foll[s3        
,animals t h *ok$ %\ld n be giv5 access 
to fe$ ( any k9d4 ,any attempt to take  
food or dr9k wat] may result 9          
pneumonia4 ,x may be necess>y to dr5* ! 
animal ) a v small quantity ( wat] = !  
purpose ( diagnosis4 ,! mo/ common =m ( 
*oke 9 horses is t due to accumulation (
 dry food 9 ! oesophagus4 ,!            
adm9i/ration ( a drug t /imulates !     
secretion ( saliva is a v successful    
me?od ( reliev+ ?is =m ( *oke4          
,piloc>p9e is ! drug commonly us$4 ,*eap
 :ips %\ld n be introduc$ into !        
oesophagus = ! purpose ( dislodg+ !     
=eign body4 ,!re is always dang] ( ! :ip

 becom+ brok5 (f1 & ! brok5 "p lodg+ 9 !
 oesophagus4 ,nei!r %\ld su* rigid      
objects z a broom or rake h&le be       
introduc$1 because ( ! dang] f s]i\s    
injury to ! walls ( ! ph>ynx &          
oesophagus4 ,! flexible probang1 :i* is 
usually made ( spiral wire cov]$ )      
lea!r1 is a v useful in/rum5t to relieve
 *oke :5 9 ! h&s ( an exp]i5c$ op]ator4 
,if ! object caus+ ! *oke is situat$ 9 !
 neck portion ( ! oesophagus1 x may     
sometimes be mov$ =w>d1 or t[>d ! /oma* 
by pressure ) ! f+]s4  ,,ca/ration4--,! 
ca/ration ( ! male is a common op]ation 
9 dome/ic animals4 ,! purpose ( !       
op]ation is to r5d] ! animal m useful = 
"w or meat production4  ,! age at :i* ! 
op]ation is p]=m$ v>ies 9 ! diff]5t     
species4 ,! colt is usually ca/rat$ :5  
he is "o ye> old1 & ! calf1 pig & lamb  
:5 a few weeks or a few mon?s ( age4 ,x 
is n advisable to ca/rate ! "y at wean+ 
"t4 ,! op]ation & ! wean+ toge!r may    
tempor>ily *eck ! gr[? ( ! animal4      
,colts t are undevelop$ & 9 poor fle%1  

or affect$ ) colt di/emp]1 %\ld be all[$
 to recov] be=e !y are op]at$ on4 ,9 all
 animals1 x is advisable to wait until  
aft] !y h recov]$ f disease & become    
?rifty & /rong4  ,! spr+1 e>ly summ] &  
fall are ! mo/ suitable seasons =       
ca/rat+ ! "y4 ,x may be practis$ dur+ ! 
hot or cold mon?s ( ! ye> ) little dang]
 f w\nd infection or o!r complications1 
provid+ ! necess>y aft]-att5tion c be   
giv54  ,! prep>ation ( ! animal = !     
op]ation by )hold+ all fe$ = ab\t twelve
 h\rs is v advisable4 ,if ?is is        
practis$1 ! /oma* & inte/9es are n      
di/5d$ ) fe$1 & ! "y are clean]1 easi]  
to h&le & suff] less f ca/ration4 ,clean
 qu>t]s & surr\nd+s are v necess>y to ! 
success ( ! op]ation4  ,! in/rum5ts     
requir$ are %>p knives1 pref]ably a     
heavy scalpel & a probe-po9t$ bi/\ry1 an
 emasculator = l>ge & mature animals1 & 
surgeon's ne$les & suture mat]ial4      
,ropes & ca/+ h>ness are frequ5tly us$ =
 conf9+ & ca/+ ! l>ge & mature animals4 
,two clean pans or pails fill$ ) a two  

p] c5t wat] solution ( liquor cresolis  
compositus1 or an equally reliable      
dis9fectant1 %\ld be provid$ = clean+ ! 
scrotum & neighbor+ p>ts & ! in/rum5ts4 
,pieces ( absorb5t cotton or oakum may  
be us$ 9 wa%+ & clean+ ! scrotum4 ,!    
in/rum5ts %\ld be /]iliz$ 9 boil+ wat]  
be=e us+4  ,if a numb] ( pigs or lambs  
are to be ca/rat$1 x is be/ to conf9e !m
 9 a small1 clean1 well-b$d$ p54 ,?is   
enables ! att5dant to cat* !m quickly & 
)\t unnecess>y excitem5t or ex]cise4 ,!y
 %\ld be tak5 to an adjo9+ p5 to be     
ca/rat$4 ,! scrotum %\ld be wa%$ ) !    
dis9fectant1 & ! te/icles press$ tightly
 aga9/ ! scrotal wall4 ,an incision     
p>allel ) ! middle l9e or raphe & a     
little to "o side is made ?r\gh ! sk9 & 
! cov]+s ( ! te/icle1 & ! te/icle press$
 out ?r\gh ! incision4 ,! te/icle &     
cords are !n pull$ well out & ! cord    
brok5 (f ) a quick j]k & twi/1 or scrap$
 (f ) a knife4 ,! latt] me?od is to be  
pref]r$ 9 l>ge lambs if ! op]ator does n
 h an emasculator4 ,! incision 9 !      

scrotum %\ld be ext5d$ f its base to !  
l[e/ "p1 9 ord] to secure p]fect        
dra9age4  ,"y calves may be ca/rat$ 9 ! 
/&+ position or :5 ca/ & held on ! side4
 ,! me?od ( op]at+ is ! same z recomm5d$
 = pigs & lambs4  ,! ca/ration ( ! colt 
may be p]=m$ 9 ei!r ! /&+ position or :5
 ca/4 ,! me?od ( op]at+ is ! same z     
practis$ 9 ! small] animals ) !         
exception ( cutt+ (f ! cord4 ,!         
emasculator is us$ "h4 ,?is in/rum5t    
cru%es ! /ump ( ! cord & prev5ts        
haemorrhage f ! cut ends ( !            
blood-vessels4 ,c>eful aseptic          
precautions mu/ be obs]v$ 9 op]at+ on   
colts1 z !y are v susceptible to w\nd   
infection & p]itonitis4  ,!             
blood-vessels ( ! te/icul> cord are l>g]
 9 ! adult animals1 & ! dang] f         
haemorrhage is great] ?an 9 ! "y4 ,= ?is
 reason1 x is advisable to use an       
emasculator 9 ca/rat+ all mature        
animals4  ,complications ,foll[+        
,ca/ration4--,! haemorrhage f ! w\nd &  
/ump ( cord is usually unimportant 9 !  

"y animals4 ,s]i\s haemorrhage f !      
vessels ( ! cord sometimes occur 9 !    
adult1 & a p]si/5t haemorrhage results  
:5 a subcutane\s ve9 is cut 9 mak+ !    
incision 9 ! scrotum4 ,?is complication 
is n usually s]i\s1 & c be prev5t$ &    
controll$ by obs]v+ prop] precautions 9 
cutt+ (f ! cord1 or by pick+ up ! cut   
ends ( ! vessel & ligat+ x4 ,pack+ !    
scrotal sack ) /]ile gauze or absorb5t  
cotton1 & clos+ ! incision ) sutures may
 be practis$ = ! purpose ( /opp+ ?is =m 
( haemorrhage4 ,! pack+ %\ld be remov$ 9
 ab\t twelve h\rs4  ,! infection ( !    
w\nd always foll[s ca/ration4 ,if !     
incision is small & ! op]ation is foll[$
 by swell+ ( ! neighbor+ tissues1 !     
clott$ blood1 w\nd secretions & pus     
become p5n$ up 9 ! scrotal sack4 ,local 
blood poison+ or p]itonitis foll[s4 ,?is
 is n an uncommon complication4 ,x c be 
prev5t$ by aseptic precautions 9 op]at+1
 & insur+ good dra9age by ext5d+ !      
incision to ! l[e/ "p ( ! scrotal sac4  
,! scrotal sac always contracts d[n &   

becomes m or less swoll5 )9 a day or two
 foll[+ ca/ration4 ,we mu/ keep ?is 9   
m9d :5 enl>g+ ! op5+1 & be sure & make x
 pl5ty l>ge to p]mit ! escape ( !       
infecti\s matt]4 ,9 ca/rat+ %eep1 all   
wool 9 ! region ( ! scrotal sac %\ld be 
clipp$ (f1 z ?is int]f]es ) dra9age f ! 
w\nd4  ,ex]cise foll[+ ca/ration is     
almo/ z ess5tial z clean qu>t]s4 ,lack (
 ex]cise leads to o$emat\s swell+ 9 !   
region ( ! scrotum1 & ! lips ( !        
incision may become adh]$ if ! animal is
 at re/4 ,colts & all mature animals t  
are conf9$ 9 close qu>t]s %\ld be exam9$
 )9 =ty-eight h\rs foll[+ ! op]ation1 & 
! condition ( ! w\nd not$4 ,if clos$1 ! 
h&s %\ld be clean$ & dis9fect$1 & !     
adhesion brok5 d[n ) ! f+]s4 ,x is be/  
to ex]cise horses daily4  ,x is unsafe  
to expose ca/rat$ animals to cold1 damp1
 *illy wea!r4 ,! %ock & sor5ess result+ 
f ! op]ation r5d] ! animal highly       
susceptible to pleurisy & pneumonia4    
,?is is especially true ( "y colts4     
,+u9al h]nia or rupture may complicate !

 op]ation4 ,?is =m ( h]nia is q         
frequ5tly met ) 9 pigs1 & only          
occasionally 9 ! o!r animals4 ,?is      
complication is usually ov]come by      
practis+ :at is commonly t]m$ ! cov]$   
op]ation4 ,! pig is usually held or hung
 up by ! h9d legs4 ,a l>g] animal is    
plac$ on its back4 ,! h]nia is r$uc$ by 
manipulat+ ! mass ( inte/9es ) ! f+]s1 s
 t !y drop back into ! abdom9al cavity4 
,! "p is c>efully clean$ & dis9fect$ &  
an incision made ?r\gh ! scrotal wall1 &
 ! ?9 cov]+ or s]\s sac 9 :i* ! te/icle 
is lodg$ is expos$4 ,! te/icle ) ! cord 
& cov]+ is drawn well out ( ! scrotum & 
held by an att5dant4 ,! op]ator !n      
passes a ne$le c>ry+ a /rong silk ?read 
?r\gh ! cord & cov]+1 bel[ ! po9t :]e he
 int5ds sev]+ x4 ,! ne$le is remov$ & ! 
cord & cov]+ ligat$ at ?is po9t4 ,! cord
 is !n cut (f ab\t "o-half an in* f !   
ligature1 & ! incision 9 ! scrotum made 
pl5ty l>ge 9 ord] to insure dra9age4  ,x
 is v ess5tial to ! success ( ?is       
op]ation t ! animal be diet$ = twelve or

 eighte5 h\rs be=e attempt+ to op]ate4  
,! aft]-treatm5t consi/s 9 giv+ ! animal
 sep>ate qu>t]s & fe$+ a light diet4    
,enl>g$ or scirrh\s cords foll[         
infection ( ! w\nd1 usually ) spores ( a
 c]ta9 fungus 7,botryomyces74 ,?is      
complication m (t5 foll[s ca/ration (   
cattle & pigs ?an ( colts4 ,wrong me?ods
 ( op]at+1 su* z leav+ ! /ump ( ! cord  
too long & insuffici5t dra9age = ! pus &
 w\nd secretions1 are ! factors t favor 
?is complication4 ,scirrh\s cords or    
fibr\s tumors %\ld be dissect$ out &    
remov$ be=e !y h become l>ge & begun    
break+ d[n4  ,,ca/ration ,,( ,,ridgel+  
,,or ,,cryptor*id ,,animals4--,9 !      
ridgel+ animal "o or bo? ( ! te/icles h 
n desc5d$ into ! scrotal sac1 & are     
usually lodg$ 9 ! +u9al canal or        
abdom9al cavity4 ,if ! te/icle is lodg$ 
9 ! +u9al canal ! animal is t]m$ a      
flank]4 ,9 ye>l+ colts ! te/icul> cord  
is sometimes %ort1 & ! te/icle is       
situat$ high up 9 ! scrotum & +u9al     
canal4 ,9 exam9+ a suppos$ cryptor*id   

colt1 he %\ld be twit*$4 ,?is may cause 
! te/icle to desc5d into ! scrotum4  ,! 
ca/ration ( a true cryptor*id requires a
 special op]ation4 ,:5 prop]ly p]=m$ & !
 animal giv5 special aft]-c>e1 !        
op]ation is n foll[$ by any s]i\s       
complications4 ,an abnormally l>ge1     
diseas$ te/icle is sometimes met ) t _c 
be remov$ 9 ! usual way1 & :i*          
complicates & increases ! difficulty (  
op]at+4  ,,caponiz+4--,! ca/ration or   
caponiz+ ( ! male *ick5 is commonly     
practis$ 9 c]ta9 localities4 ,?is       
op]ation *anges ! disposition ( !       
cock]el4 ,he becomes m quiet & sluggi%1 
nev] cr[s1 ! head is small1 ! comb &    
wattles cease gr[+ & ! hackle & saddle  
fea!rs become well develop$4 ,a capon   
always develops m uni=mly & is l>g] ?an 
! cock]el4  ,! be/ "t to caponize !     
cock]el is :5 he weighs betwe5 two or   
?ree p\nds4 ,if old] & heavi]1 ! te/icle
 becomes s l>ge t x is v difficult to   
remove1 & ! dang] f te>+ ! sp]matic     
art]y & a fatal haemorrhage result+ is  

great]4  ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( caponiz+
 in/rum5ts4 ,!y may be pur*as$ 9 sets4  
,ea* set %\ld conta9 an in/rum5t =      
remov+ ! te/icle2 a knife = mak+ !      
incision ?r\gh ! abdom9al wall2 a %>p   
hook = te>+ ?r\gh ! ?9 membrane2 spr+   
spread] = hold+ ! lips ( ! incision     
ap>t2 a blunt probe = keep+ ! inte/9es  
out ( ! way ( ! op]ator2 & a pair (     
tweez]s = remov+ clots ( blood4 ,!      
diff]5t in/rum5ts = remov+ ! te/icles   
are a spoon-l scoop1 spoon =ceps &      
cannula4 ,! spoon-l scoop is pref]r$ by 
mo/ op]ators4  ,! cock]el is conf9$ = ! 
op]ation by pass+ a /rong noose ( cord  
ar\nd bo? legs1 & a second noose ar\nd !
 w+s close to ! body1 t h weights fa/5$ 
to !m4 ,! cords pass ?r\gh holes or     
loops 9 a b>rel or bo>d t is us$ = an   
op]at+ table4 ,?is holds ! cock]el      
firmly & prev5ts 8 /ruggl+4  ,! bird    
%\ld be prep>$ = ! op]ation by )hold+   
all fe$ & wat] = a p]iod ( tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs or long]1 = ! purpose ( empty+ out 
! inte/9e4 ,! op]ator mu/ h a /rong     

light1 9 ord] to "w quickly & safely4   
,direct sunlight or electric light %\ld 
be us$4  ,! in/rum5ts %\ld be plac$ 9 a 
two p] c5t wat] solution ( c>bolic acid4
 ,a second vessel conta9+ a two p] c5t  
wat] solution ( liquor cresolis comp\nd 
= clean+ ! sk9 is necess>y4 ,absorb5t   
cotton %\ld be us$ = wa%+ ! w\nd4  ,!   
g5]al me?od ( op]at+ is z foll[s3 ,!    
incision is made betwe5 ! la/ two ribs &
 9 front ( ! ?igh4 ,! fea!rs ov] ?is    
region %\ld be remov$1 & ! sk9 pull$ to 
"o side be=e mak+ ! incision4 ,an       
incision ab\t "o & "o-half in*es 9 l5g? 
is made ?r\gh ! sk9 & muscles1 & !      
spread] ins]t$4 ,! %>p hook is !n ins]t$
 & ! ?9 s]\s membrane ov] ! inte/9e is  
torn ?r\gh4 ,! te/icles are situat$ 9 ! 
sup]ior portion ( ! abdom9al cavity or  
"u ! back4 ,on pu%+ ! inte/9es to "o    
side1 bo? te/icles1 :i* are ab\t ! size 
( a bean & yell[i% 9 color1 c be se54 ,!
 l[] "o %\ld be remov$ fir/4 ,aft]      
remov+ bo? te/icles1 blood clots1       
fea!rs1 or any =eign body t may h gott5 

into ! w\nd %\ld be pick$ up ) ! tweez]s
 be=e remov+ ! spread]s & all[+ ! w\nd  
to close4 ,no special aft]-treatm5t is  
requir$4  ,! mo/ common complication is 
rupture ( ! sp]matic art]y4 ,?is occurs 
at ! "t ! te/icle is torn loose & may be
 due to c>eless me?ods1 or op]at+ on    
cock]els t are too l>ge4 ,if all ( !    
te/icle is n remov$ f ! abdom9al cavity1
 ! bird is t]m$ a slip4 ,sometimes air  
puffs =m aft] ! op]ation4 ,^! %\ld be   
punctur$ ) a %>p knife4  ,,ov>iotomy1   
,,spay+4--,! removal ( ! ov>ies1 or     
ov>iotomy1 is practis$ = ! purpose (    
r5d]+ ! female m useful = meat          
production1 prolong+ ! p]iod (          
lactation1 ov]com+ vici\s habits &      
prev5t+ oe/rum or heat4 ,! op]ation is  
commonly p]=m$ 9 ! heif] & bit*1        
occasionally 9 ! m>e1 & at pres5t r>ely 
9 ! s[4  ,heif]s are usually spay$      
betwe5 ! ages ( eight & twelve mon?s2 ! 
bit* & s[ :5 a few mon?s old1 or be=e ! 
p]iods ( heat h begun4 ,! m>e is spay$  
:5 mature4 ,x is possible to spay !     

female at any age1 b ! ages m5tion$ are 
! mo/ conv5i5t4 ,pregnant animals %\ld n
 be op]at$ on4 ,! season ( ! ye> makes  
little diff]5ce 9 ! results1 provid+ !  
animal c be kept "u close obs]vation &  
giv5 ! necess>y c>e & treatm5t4 ,! spr+ 
( ! ye>1 j be=e turn+ ! h]d on pa/ure1  
is ! be/ season to spay heif]s4  ,all   
animals %\ld be prep>$ = ! op]ation by  
)hold+ all fe$ = at lea/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 
be=e !y are op]at$ on1 & x may be       
advisable to give !m a physic4 ,x is    
easi] to op]ate :5 ! inte/9al tract is  
comp>atively empty1 & ! dea? rate is l[]
 ?an :5 ! animal is n prop]ly prep>$ = !
 op]ation4  ,! me?od ( op]at+ is n !    
same 9 ! diff]5t species4 ,9 "y heif]s &
 s[s1 ! flank op]ation is pref]r$1 & 9  
m>es & c[s1 ! vag9al op]ation4 ,! m$ian 
l9e op]ation is practis$ 9 bit*es4 ,a   
spay+ emasculator1 or ecraseur1 are !   
special in/rum5ts ne$ = remov+ ! ov>ies4
  ,! animal mu/ be prop]ly conf9$ = !   
op]ation4 ,heif]s are usually held 9 !  
/&+ position by fa/5+ ! head securely1 &

 cr[d+ ! left side ( ! animal aga9/ a   
solid bo>d p>tition1 or side ( a *ute4  
,if ! vag9al op]ation is p]=m$1 ! m>e or
 c[ may be conf9$ 9 /ocks4 ,! bit* is   
usually ane/hetiz$ & plac$ on h] back on
 a table t is incl9$1 s t ! h9d p>ts are
 elevat$4  ,ov>iotomy _c be successfully
 p]=m$ by an untra9$ & inexp]i5c$       
op]ator4 ,! necess>y precautions aga9/ !
 infection ( ! "p mu/ be obs]v$1 9 ord] 
to promote ! heal+ ( ! w\nd & prev5t    
p]itonitis4 ,! seat ( ! op]ation %\ld be
 c>efully clean$ & dis9fect$4  ,foll[+ !
 op]ation ! animal %\ld be f$ a sp>e    
diet = a few days4 ,?is is a v necess>y 
"p ( ! c>e ( ! bit*4 ,! g5]al condition 
( ! animal %\ld be not$ daily until !re 
is no fur!r dang] f w\nd infection4     
,heal+ is usually complet$ 9 f sev5 to  
twelve days4 ,! sutures %\ld !n be      
remov$1 & if /it* abscesses occur1 ! "p 
%\ld be wa%$ ) a dis9fectant4           
,,que/ions  #a4 ,:at is ! purpose (     
dehorn+ cattle8 ,give diff]5t me?ods (  
remov+ ! horns4  #b4 ,give ! causes &   

treatm5t ( *ok+4  #c4 ,:at is ! purpose 
( ca/ration & ov>iotomy8  #d4 ,at :at   
age is x be/ to practise ca/ration &    
ov>iotomy8  #e4 ,9 :at way %\ld an      
animal be prep>$ = ca/ration8 ,give a   
description ( ! me?od ( ca/ration 9 !   
diff]5t animals4  #f4 ,:at special c>e  
%\ld be giv5 foll[+ ca/ration8  #g4 ,:at
 are "s ( ! complications t may foll[   
ca/ration8     ,,"p ,v4--,,p>asitic     
,,diseases    ,,*apt] ,,xxiv  ,,p>asitic
 ,,insects ,,& ,,mites   ,p>asitic      
insects are common causes ( sk9 diseases
 9 dome/ic animals4 ,! diseas$          
conditions ( ! sk91 & ! irritation t !y 
may cause ! animal1 dep5d on ! life     
hi/ory & habits ( ! p>asite4 ,species t 
are unable to live indep5d5tly ( a ho/ &
 are p]man5t p>asites are usually ! mo/ 
injuri\s to ! animal4 ,?is is especially
 true ( p>asites t are capable (        
punctur+ ! sk9 or burr[+ into x4        
,tempor>y p>asites may cause fatal =ms (
 disease4 ,?is is true ( ! l>va8 ( !    
%eep bot-fly1 :i* develop 9 ! s9uses ( !

 head1 caus+ sev]e inflammation ( ^!    
p>ts1 n]v\s symptoms & dea?4 ,! "* ( !  
symptoms ( a p>asitic disease dep5ds on 
! habits ( ! p>asite1 & ! tissue or     
organ1 t x may attack4  ,! p>asitic     
flies belong to ! ord] ,dipt]a1 & !     
families ,muscidae & ,o,estridae4 ,fleas
 belong to ! sub-ord] ,pulicidae4 ,!    
ord] ,hemipt]a includes ! lice1 & ! mo/ 
important families are ,p$iculidae &    
,ric9idae4 ,mites & ticks belong to !   
ord] ,ac>9a4 ,! mo/ important p>asites  
belong+ to ?is ord] are ! ,s>coptidae & 
,ixodidae4  ,,oe/ridae4--,! ?ree common 
bot-flies are ! ,ga/rophilus equi1      
,hypod]ma l9eata & ,o,estrus ovis4 ,^!  
flies are important because ( ! p>asitic
 habits ( _! l>va4 ,!y inhabit ! /oma* &
 inte/9es ( horses 7,fig4 #fb72 !       
subcutane\s tissue & sk9 ( cattle2 & !  
s9uses ( ! head & nasal cavities ( %eep4
  ,! common bot-fly ( ! horse 7,g4 equi7
 has a heavy1 hairy body4 ,its color is 
br[n1 ) d>k & yell[i% spots4 ,! female  
fly c be se5 dur+ ! w>m wea!r1 hov]+    

ar\nd ! horse1 & d>t+ t[>d ! animal = ! 
purpose ( deposit+ ! egg4 ,! color ( !  
egg is yell[1 & x adh]es firmly to !    
hair4 ,x hat*es 9 f two to f\r weeks1 & 
! l>va rea*es ! m\? ?r\gh ! animal lick+
 ! "p4 ,f ! m\?1 x passes to ! /oma*1   
:]e x atta*es itself to ! ga/ric muc\s  
membrane 7,fig4 #fb74 ,"h x rema9s until
 fully develop$1 :5 x becomes deta*$ &  
is pass$ out ) ! fasces4 ,! ?ird /age is
 pass$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,?is takes place 9 !  
spr+ & e>ly summ] & la/s = sev]al weeks1
 :5 x f9ally em]ges a mature fly4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,a piece ( !
 wall ( ! horse's /oma* %[+ ! bot-fly   
l>vae atta*$4  ,! bot-fly ( ! ox 7,h4   
l9eata7 is d>k 9 color & ab\t ! size ( a
 honey-bee4 ,on w>m days1 ! female may  
be se5 deposit+ eggs on ! body ( !      
animal1 especially 9 ! region ( ! heels4
 ,?is seems to greatly annoy ! animal1 &
 x is n uncommon = cattle to become     
/amp$$4 ,! egg rea*es ! m\? ?r\gh !     
animal lick+ ! "p4 ,! saliva dissolves !
 %ell ( ! egg & ! l>va is fre$4 ,x !n   

migrates f ! gullet1 w&]s ab\t 9 !      
tissue until f9ally x may rea* a po9t   
b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! back4 ,"h ! l>va matures
 & =ms ! well-kn[n swell+ or w>ble4 ,9 !
 spr+ ( ! ye> x works out ?r\gh ! sk94  
,! next /age is sp5t 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! pupa 
/ate la/s sev]al weeks1 :5 ! mature fly 
issues =?4  ,! bot-fly ( %eep 7,o4 ovis7
 resembles an ov]gr[n h\se-fly4 ,its    
g5]al color is br[n1 & x is app>5tly    
lazy1 fly+ ab\t v little4 ,?is bot-fly  
makes its appe>ance :5 ! w>m wea!r      
beg9s1 & deposits live l>vae 9 ! no/rils
 ( %eep4 ,?is act is greatly fe>$ by !  
animals1 z %[n by _! cr[d+ toge!r &     
hold+ ! head d[n4 ,! l>va works up !    
nasal cavities & rea*es ! s9uses ( !    
head1 :]e x becomes atta*$ to ! l9+     
muc\s membrane4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 fully     
develop$1 x passes out ?r\gh ! nasal    
cavities & no/rils1 drops to ! gr\nd1   
buries itself1 & 9 f f\r to six weeks   
develops into ! mature fly4  ,,symptoms 
,,( ,,bot-,,fly ,,diseases4--,! l>vae ( 
! bot-fly ( ! horse d n cause *>act]i/ic

 symptoms ( disease4 ,"w horses t are   
groom$ daily are n ho/s = a l>ge numb] (
 bots1 b "y & old horses t are kept 9 a 
pa/ure or lot & seldom groom$ may become
 un?rifty & pot belli$1 or %[ symptoms (
 indige/ion4  ,cattle suff] mu* pa9 f ! 
developm5t ( ! l>va ( ! ,h4 l9eata4     
,dur+ ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ! pa9 result+ f ! 
pres5ce ( ! l>vae b5ea? ! sk9 & !       
p5etration ( ! sk9 is manife/$ by       
excitem5t & runn+ ab\t4 ,besides ! loss 
9 milk & beef production1 !re is a heavy
 ye>ly loss f ! damage to hides4  ,!    
p>asitic life ( ! bot-fly ( %eep results
 9 a sev]e cat>rhal inflammation ( !    
muc\s membrane l9+ ! s9uses ( ! head1 & 
a dis*>ge ( a heavy1 pus-l mat]ial f !  
no/rils4 ,! irritation produc$ by !     
l>vae may be s s]i\s at times z to      
result 9 n]v\s symptoms & dea?4         
,,treatm5t ,,( ,,bot-,,fly              
,,diseases4--,! treatm5t ( ! diff]5t    
bot-fly diseases is l>gely prev5tive4   
,?is consi/s 9 ei!r ! de/ruction ( !    
eggs or ! l>vae4  ,! diff]5t me?ods (   

de/roy+ ! eggs ( ! bot-fly ( ! horse are
 clipp+ ! hair f ! "p1 scrap+ (f ! eggs 
) a %>p knife1 or de/roy+ !m by wa%+ !  
"p infe/$ ) eggs ) a two or ?ree p] c5t 
wat] solution ( c>bolic acid4 ,?is %\ld 
be practis$ e two weeks dur+ ! p]iod :5 
! female deposits ! eggs4  ,h\s+ !      
cattle1 or apply+ wat] solutions ( c]ta9
 prep>ations to ! sk9 t may keep !      
female f deposit+ eggs1 may be practis$ 
= ! prev5tion ( ! ox-w>ble4 ,! mo/      
practical me?od ( ridd+ cattle ( ?is pe/
 is to de/roy ! l>vae4 ,?is c be done by
 exam9+ ea* animal & locat+ ! swell+ or 
w>ble & inject+ a few drops ( k]os5e    
into ! op5+ 9 ! sk94 ,a bett] me?od is  
to enl>ge ! op5+ 9 ! sk9 ) a %>p knife1 
squeeze out ! grub & de/roy x4 ,?is %\ld
 be practis$ 9 late w9t] & e>ly spr+4   
,! application ( p9e t> to ! no/rils (  
%eep is ! mo/ practical me?od ( prev5t+ 
grub 9 ! head4 ,?is %\ld be practis$ e  
few days dur+ ! summ] mon?s4 ,a v good  
prev5tive measure is pl5ty ( %ade = !   
flock4 ,valuable animals may be treat$  

by treph9+ into ! head s9us & remov+ !  
grub4  ,,lice4--,! suck+ lice belong to 
! g5us ,hoematop9us1 & ! bit+ lice (    
mammals belong to ! g5us ,tri*odectes4  
,diff]5t species ( suck+ & bit+ lice    
occur on ! diff]5t species ( f>m        
animals4 ,p\ltry act z ho/s = _m diff]5t
 species ( bit+ lice belong+ to ! foll[+
 g5uses3 ,lipiurus1 ,goniodes1          
,goniocotes & ,m5opon4  ,! common suck+ 
lice occurr+ on animals are ! l>ge-head$
 horse l\se1 ,h4 macrocephalus2 !       
long-nos$ ox l\se1 ,h4 t5uiro/ris2 !    
l>ge-belli$ ox l\se1 ,h4 cury/]nus2 !   
,h4 /5opses ( %eep2 ,h4 suis ( sw9e2 & !
 ,h4 pilif]us ( ! dog4  ,! common bit+  
lice 7,fig4 #fc7 t are f\nd on dome/ic  
animals are ! ,t4 pilosus & ,t4 pubesc5s
 ( solip$s1 ,t4 scal>is ( ! ox1 ,t4     
spo]ocephalus ( %eep & goats1 ,t4 latus 
& ,t4 subro/ratus ( ! dog & cat4 ,m5opon
 palidum1 ,lipiurus v>iabilis &         
,gonoides dissimilis are ! common lice  
f\nd on p\ltry4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4   
#fc4--;,bit+ l\se4  ,,symptoms ,,(      

,,lice4--,! symptoms ( l\s9ess dep5d on 
! v>iety ( lice pres5t1 ! degree to :i* 
! animal is infe/$ ) !m1 its physical   
condition & ! c>e t x receives4 ,lice   
multiply m rapidly & cause great] loss  
dur+ ! w9t] mon?s ?an !y d 9 ! summ]1 :5
 ! animals are n h\s$ & ! opportunity = 
infection f ! surr\nd+s is n s great4 ,!
 suck+ l\se 7,fig4 #fd7 is ! mo/        
injuri\s & irritat+4 ,! irritation &    
loss ( blood t ! animal may suff] :5    
badly infe/$ by ?is p>asite may result 9
 m>k$ un?rift9ess4 ,"y & old animals t  
are n well c>$ = suff] mo/4 ,! bit+ l\se
 may bite ?r\gh ! sup]ficial lay] ( !   
sk91 & cause ! animal to bite & rub !   
"p4 ,?is irritation to ! sk9 prev5ts !  
animal f becom+ re/$1 & aft] a "t       
s]i\sly int]f]es ) its ?rift9ess4       
,horses & mules %[ a />+1 dirty1 r\gh   
coat4 ,! mane & tail may become brok5 & 
matt$4 ,! animal rubs aga9/ ! /all1     
f5ces & trees1 & bites ! sk9 9 its ef=ts
 to relieve ! irritation4 ,on exam9+ !  
coat1 nits are f\nd adh]+ to ! hair     

7,fig4 #fe74 ,we %\ld exam9e ! p>ts ( ! 
sk9 cov]$ by ! long hair = ! suck+ lice2
 & ! )]s1 abdom5 & limbs = ! bit+ lice4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,suck+ l\se  
7mu* enl>g$74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#fe4--,nits atta*$ to hair 7mu* enl>g$74
  ,! symptoms ( l\s9ess 9 cattle are    
ab\t ! same z occur 9 horses4 ,lick+ &  
rubb+ ! sk9 are prom95t symptoms 9      
cattle1 & ! coat becomes dirty & r\gh4  
,! lick$ "p is matt$ & curl$4 ,! lice   
may be discov]$ by p>t+ ! hair along !  
back & rump4  ,! bit+ l\se ( %eep causes
 ! fleece to become matt$ & tufts ( wool
 are pull$ out4 ,?is is br\ght ab\t by !
 %eep rubb+ & nibbl+ ! fleece1 & ! lice 
cutt+ ?r\gh ! wool4 ,! loss due to !    
damage to ! fleece is usually great] ?an
 t result+ f un?rift9ess4  ,! hog-l\se  
is ! l>ge/ specie kn[n4 ,z well z !     
l>ge/1 x is ! mo/ common ( all lice f\nd
 on dome/ic animals4 ,! favorite po9ts (
 attack are ! "u surface ( ! body1 !    
neck & ! inside ( ! ?ighs4 ,! irritation
 & it*+ are sev]e1 & ! hog rubs &       

scrat*es ! sk94 ,"y hogs suff] mo/ f ?is
 p>asite1 & _! ?rift9ess is greatly     
int]f]$ )4  ,! long-hair$ bre$s ( dogs  
suff] m f lice ?an ! %ort-hair$ bre$s4  
,! almo/ con/ant scrat*+ & bit+ ( ! sk9 
result 9 its becom+ badly irritat$ &    
scabby4 ,! symptoms diff] little f      
irritation to ! sk9 caus$ by fleas1 b ! 
pres5ce ( bit+ or suck+ lice enables !  
p]son mak+ ! exam9ation to det]m9e !    
cause ( ! irritation4  ,lice are ! mo/  
common p>asites ( p\ltry4 ,x is uncommon
 to meet ) a flock ( f[ls t are n ho/s =
 "o or m ( ! _m diff]5t v>ieties ( bird 
lice4 ,re/lessness1 pick+1 scrat*+1     
flapp+ ! w+s1 ab&on+ ! ne/ & loss (     
condition are common symptoms4 ,"y birds
 suff] mo/ f lice4 ,?is is especially   
true ( "y *ick5s1 dea? frequ5tly        
result+4 ,old f[ls may %[ little        
inconv5i5ce unless badly infe/$4 ,! f9d+
 ( ! lice ) ! head imb$d$ 9 ! sk9 or on 
! fea!rs enables ! p]son mak+ !         
exam9ation to positively diagnose !     
case4 ,! head1 back1 region ( ! v5t &   

b5ea? ! w+s are ! p>ts t %\ld be        
c>efully exam9$ = lice4  ,,treatm5t ,,( 
,,l\s9ess4--,! prev5tive treatm5t is v  
important4 ,?is consi/s 9 c>efully      
exam9+ all animals or birds t h be5     
pur*as$ rec5tly1 & if f\nd to h>bor     
lice1 exclud+ !m f ! h]d or flock until 
aft] !y h be5 prop]ly treat$4  ,x is    
impossible to rid animals ( lice if !   
qu>t]s are ?or\ghly clean$ & dis9fect$4 
,?is is necess>y 9 ord] to de/roy lice t
 h become scatt]$ ab\t by ! l\sy        
animals1 & prev5t ! re9fection ( !      
treat$ animals4 ,! be/ me?od to use 9   
clean+ ! qu>t]s is to remove all litt] &
 manure f ! /able or h\ses & _! imm$iate
 surr\nd+s4 ,x %\ld be burn$1 or haul$  
to a field or lot :]e o!r animals _c    
come 9 contact ) x = a few mon?s4 ,!    
walls1 floors & p>titions %\ld be spray$
 ) a ?ree p] c5t wat] solution ( liquor 
cresolis compositus4 ,lime may be       
scatt]$ ab\t ! build+s1 y>ds & runs4 ,! 
mo/ satisfactory me?od ( de/roy+ lice on
 ! bodies ( animals is by wa%+ or dipp+ 

9 a wat] solution or mixture ( "s       
reliable dis9fectant or oil4  ,runn+    
hogs ?r\gh a dipp+ tank t conta9s a "o  
or two p] c5t wat] solution ( liquor    
cresolis compositus1 or a coal t>       
dis9fectant1 or t has f ?ree-f\r?s to "o
 & "o-half in*es ( oil on top ( ! wat]1 
is ! mo/ satisfactory me?od ( de/roy+ ! 
hog l\se4 ,because ( ! ?9ness ( ! hog's 
coat & ! dang] f irritat+ ! sk9 :5 /rong
 solutions ( a dis9fectant are us$1 mo/ 
sw9e bre$]s pref] crude oil z a rem$y = 
l\s9ess 9 hogs4 ,crude oil may be appli$
 to ! bodies ( hogs ) a swab4 ,if ?is   
me?od is practis$ in/ead ( dipp+1 x is  
advisable to cr[d ! hogs into a small   
p51 & apply ! oil 9 front & betwe5 !    
?ighs & back ( ! arms4 ,?is may be      
practis$ dur+ ! cold wea!r :5 x is      
impossible to dip ! animals4  ,horses   
may be wa%$ ) a "o or two p] c5t wat]   
solution ( liquor cresolis compositus1  
or a coal t> dis9fectant4 ,if ! wea!r is
 cold1 x is advisable to pick a sunny   
day1 & blanket ! animal aft] rubb+ x z  

dry z possible 9 ord] to prev5t *ill+ & 
cat*+ cold4  ,cattle may be treat$ 9 !  
same mann] z horses4 ,m]curial o9tm5t   
rubb$ 9 small am\nts on ! sk9 back ( !  
horns & e>s1 :]e ! animal _c lick x1 is 
a common rem$y4 ,! absorption ( a small 
am\nt ( ?is drug does ! animal no h>m1 b
 a l>g] quantity may salivate x4  ,%eep 
are treat$ by dipp+ 9 a wat] solution ( 
a reliable coal t> dis9fectant4 ,?is    
%\ld n be practis$ dur+ cold wea!r1 z ! 
fleece does n dry out4 ,insect p[d] may 
be du/$ into ! fleece :5 x is impossible
 to dip ! animal4  ,a v satisfactory    
treatm5t = l\s9ess 9 dogs & cats is to  
wa% !m ) c>boliz$ soap4 ,we %\ld wait a 
few m9utes be=e r9s+ (f ! soapy la!r &  
dry+ ! coat4  ,a numb] ( diff]5t rem$ies
 are us$ = ! treatm5t ( l\s9ess 9       
p\ltry4 ,du/ ba?s & insect p[d] are     
recomm5d$4 ,o9tm5ts are commonly us$4   
,"o "p sulfur & f\r p>ts vasel9e1 or    
l>d1 may be made into an o9tm5t & appli$
 to ! head1 neck1 "u ! w+s & ar\nd !    
v5t4 ,m]curial o9tm5t may be appli$ to !

 m>g9 ( ! v5t4 ,nei!r ( !m %\ld be us$ =
 de/roy+ lice on "y *icks4 ,m]curial    
o9tm5t %\ld be us$ v c>efully because ( 
its poison\s effect4 ,l>d may be us$ =  
de/roy+ lice on "y *icks4 ,crude        
petroleum may be spray$ among ! fea!rs  
by a h&-spray]1 :ile ! f[ls are susp5d$ 
by ! feet4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#ff--,%eep-tick4  ,none ( ! dis9fectants
 & oils recomm5d$ = dipp+ & wa%+ l\sy   
animals de/roy ! nits4 ,?is makes x     
necess>y to re-treat ! animal 9 f eight 
to t5 days aft] ! fir/ treatm5t4  ,,!   
,,%eep-,,tick4--,?is is n a true tick4  
,x resembles a fly m ?an x does a tick1 
& its "r "n is ,melophagus ov9us 7,fig4 
#ff74 ,l\se-fly is a bett] "n = ?is     
p>asite ?an tick1 z its entire life is  
sp5t on ! body ( a %eep4 ,! g5]al color 
( ! body is br[n4 ,! legs are /\t1 cov]$
 ) hair & arm$ ) hooks at _!            
extremities4 ,! m\? p>ts consi/ ( a     
tubul>1 too!d proboscis ) :i* ! p>asite 
punctures ! sk9 & sucks ! blood4 ,)9 a  
few h\rs aft] bir?1 ! l>vae develop into

 pupae1 :i* are h>d1 d>k br[n 9 color & 
firmly glu$ to ! wool4 ,! "y l\se-fly   
em]ges f ! pupa 9 f ?ree to f\r weeks4  
,! %eep-tick is a v common ext]nal      
p>asite4 ,! adult p>asites & ! pupae are
 l>ge & easily f\nd4 ,:5 badly infe/$ ) 
ticks1 a %eep w rub1 dig & scrat* ! sk9 
& fleece4 ,?is results 9 pieces ( wool  
becom+ pull$ out & ! fleece appe>s      
ragg$4 ,aft] clipp+ ! ticks migrate f ! 
ewes to ! lambs1 :i* may become un?rifty
 & weak4  ,! treatm5t consi/s 9 dipp+ ! 
flock 9 a "o or two p] c5t wat] solution
 ( a coal-t> dip4 ,dips conta9+ ars5ic  
are mo/ effective 9 ridd+ %eep ( ticks4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,%eep scab   
mite1 v5tral view4 7,f ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 
,no4 #aei1 ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (    
,agriculture47  ,,scabies4--,?is        
p>asitic disease is "o ( ! olde/ & mo/  
preval5t diseases ( ! sk94 ,x is        
commonly kn[n z scab or mange4 ,!       
animals mo/ commonly affect$ are %eep1  
horses & cattle4  ,! disease is caus$ by
 small mites or ac>i t are naturally    

divid$ into ! ,s>coptes1 :i* burr[ "u ! 
epid]mis1 =m+ gall]ies2 ! ,psoroptes1   
:i* live on ! surface ( ! sk9 :]e !y are
 %elt]$ by scabs & scurf2 & !           
,symbiotes1 :i* also live on ! surface (
 ! sk91 b pref] ! regions ( ! h9d feet &
 legs4  ,ac>i multiply rapidly & live _!
 entire life on ! body ( ! ho/4 ,a new  
g5]ation is produc$ 9 ab\t fifte5 days4 
,g]la* has e/imat$ ! natural increase 9 
?ree mon?s at #a1jjj1jjj females &      
#ejj1jjj males4 ,scab & mange are       
exce$+ly contagi\s diseases4            
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,%eep scab4  
,common %eep scab is caus$ by t specie (
 mites kn[n z ! ,psoroptes communis v>4 
ovis 7,fig4 #fg74 ,any "p ( ! body may  
become affect$4 ,! bites ( ! mites      
greatly irritate ! sk91 & ! animal      
scrat*es1 bites & rubs ! "p 9 its ef=t  
to relieve ! int5se it*+4 ,! sk9 becomes
 inflam$ & scabby1 ! wool is pull$ &    
rubb$ out1 & ! fleece becomes ragg$     
7,fig4 #fh74 ,by pull+ wool out ( !     
newly infe/$ area1 or collect+ sk9      

scrap+s & plac+ ?is mat]ial on black    
pap] 9 a sunny1 w>m place1 ! mites may  
be se5 crawl+ ov] ! pap]4 ,?is me?od (  
diagnosis %\ld be resort$ to 9 all      
suspici\s cases ( sk9 disease1 & be=e ! 
disease has develop$ to any great ext5t4
  ,! mite t mo/ commonly causes mange 9 
cattle is ! ,psoroptes communis v>4     
bovis4 ,x may invade ! sk9 9 ! diff]5t  
regions ( ! body1 b x is 9 ! regions ( !
 tail & ?ighs t ! fir/ evid5ce ( ! mange
 is notic$4 ,! animal rubs1 scrat*es1 & 
licks ! "p4 ,! it*+ is int5se4 ,! hair  
ov] ! "p is lo/ & ! sk9 appe>s inflam$1 
?ick5$1 moi/1 or cov]$ ) :ite cru/s4    
,cracks & sores may =m 9 ! sk94 ,!      
exam9ation ( scrap+s f ! inflam$ sk9    
%\ld be practis$ 9 ord] to confirm !    
diagnosis4  ,mange 9 horses may be caus$
 by ei!r psoroptic or s>coptic mites4   
,psoroptes communis v>4 equi seems to be
 ! m common p>asite4 ,! it*+ is int5se4 
,! inflam$ areas are small at fir/ &    
scatt]$ ov] ! regions ( ! rump1 back &  
neck 7,fig4 #fi74 ,aft] a "t ! small    

areas come toge!r & =m l>ge pat*es1 &   
fur!r spread+ ( ! inflammation results f
 groom+1 scrat*+ & bit+ ! sk94 ,scatt]$1
 elevat$ eruptions on ! sk9 f :i* ! hair
 has dropp$ out are fir/ notic$4 ,^!    
p>ts may %[ yell[i% scabs4 ,lat] ! sk9  
is ?ick5$1 smoo?1 wr9kl$1 crack$1 or    
cov]$ ) sores4 ,scrap+s made f ! inflam$
 areas ( ! sk9 may %[ ! psoroptic mites4
  ,mange 9 hogs is comp>atively r>e4 ,x 
is caus$ by "o ( ! s>coptic mites4 ,! ?9
 portions ( ! sk9 are usually fir/      
invad$4 ,!re are viol5t it*+ & rubb+1 & 
small1 r$ elevations occur on ! sk9 9 ! 
region ( ! e>s1 eyelids or inn] surface 
( ! ?ighs1 dep5d+ on ! "p fir/ invad$4  
,! sk9 becomes greatly ?ick5$ & cov]$ ) 
cru/s & scabs4 ,pus =mation & ulc]ation 
may occur4  ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,scab ,,&   
,,mange4--,a c>eful inspection ( rec5tly
 pur*as$ animals t pass ?r\gh /ocky>ds1 
or are %ipp$ f sections :]e scab & mange
 are common sk9 diseases1 is an         
important prev5tive measure4 ,infect$   
animals %\ld be completely isolat$ f !  

h]d1 & kept ap>t f o!r animals until    
aft] !y h be5 treat$4 ,hogs t are       
slightly infect$ %\ld be qu>ant9$ &     
treat$4 ,if badly affect$1 !y %\ld be   
kill$1 & ! c>cass dispos$ ( by burn+ or 
bury+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,a  
sev]e case ( mange4  ,! diff]5t rem$ies 
us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( ! disease may be     
appli$ by dipp+1 h& dress+ or wa%+1     
p\r+1 sme>+ & spott+4 ,! fir/ me?od is !
 mo/ satisfactory4 ,! la/ me?od may be  
us$ :5 a small area ( ! sk9 is involv$1 
& dur+ ! cold wea!r4 ,wa%+ or dipp+ !   
animal ) a two p] c5t wat] solution (   
liquor cresolis compositus is an        
effective rem$y = ! psoroptic =ms ( scab
 & mange4 ,tobacco1 lime & sulfur1 &    
ars5ical dips are recomm5d$ 9 ! treatm5t
 ( %eep & cattle4 ,o9tm5ts are recomm5d$
 = animals t are slightly affect$ )     
mange4 ,lime & sulfur dips are recomm5d$
 by ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry4 ,small
 infect$ areas ( ! sk9 may be treat$ by 
apply+ sulfur-iodide o9tm5t4 ,! foll[+  
o9tm5t is commonly recomm5d$3 potassium 

sulfide t5 p>ts1 potassium c>bonate two 
p>ts1 & l>d ?ree hundr$ p>ts4  ,%eep _c 
be safely dipp$ = scab dur+ ! cold      
wea!r4 ,if ?ick5$ & scabby1 ! sk9 %\ld  
be scrubb$ ) ! dip1 or ! animal prep>$ =
 dipp+ or wa%+ by fir/ clipp+ ! hair or 
wool & scrubb+ ! sk9 ) wat] & a good    
soap4 ,9 ord] to prev5t re9fection1 x is
 necess>y to remove ! animal to new     
qu>t]s1 or ?or\ghly clean & dis9fect !  
old4 ,x is necess>y to wa% or spray !   
f5ces1 floors1 walls1 bru%es &          
curry-combs ) a dis9fect+ solution4     
,manure & o!r litt] %\ld be remov$ to a 
place :]e !re is no dang] f its         
di/ribut+ ! infection4  ,,diseases ,,(  
,,p\ltry ,,caus$ ,,by ,,mites4--,mites  
or ac>9a t cause diseases ( p\ltry may  
live on ! fea!rs1 b5ea? ! sk91 & )9 !   
body ( ! f[l4  ,! small1 r$ mite        
7,d]manyssus gall9ae7 rema9s on !       
surface ( ! body only :5 fe$+1 & sp5ds !
 re/ ( ! "t "u collections ( fil? & 9   
cracks 9 ! roo/s & walls ( ! h\se4 ,?is 
p>asite causes ! birds to become        

re/less1 emaciat$ & droopy4  ,a v small 
mite 7,s>coptes mutans7 is ! cause (    
scaly leg4 ,x lives "u ! sk94 ,! jo9ts (
 ! feet appe> affect$1 & ! foot & leg   
become enl>g$1 r\gh5$ & scaly4  ,deplum+
 scabies is caus$ by ,s>coptes laevis   
v>4 gall9ae4 ,?is mite causes ! fea!rs  
to break (f at ! surface ( ! sk94       
,masses ( epid]mic scales may =m ar\nd !
 brok5 ends ( ! fea!rs4 ,! diagnosis c  
be confirm$ by exam9+ ! sk9 lesions &   
f9d+ ! mite4  ,! air sac mite           
7,cytodites nudus7 may cause suffici5t  
irritation to ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! air
 sacs to s]i\sly ob/ruct ! air passages 
) mucus1 or produce dea? f exhau/ion4 ,a
 po/-mortem exam9ation ( a f[l t has di$
 ( ?is disease %[s ! mites on ! surface 
( ! l9+ membrane ( ! air-sacs4 ,!y appe>
 z a :ite or yell[ du/4  ,,treatm5t ,,( 
,,p\ltry ,,diseases ,,caus$ ,,by        
,,mites4--,diseases ( p\ltry caus$ by   
mites may be prev5t$ by qu>ant9+ all    
rec5tly pur*as$ birds = a p]iod ( f two 
to f\r weeks1 & by keep+ ! p\ltry h\ses 

clean4 ,birds t are f\nd infe/$ )       
p>asites %\ld be de/roy$ or return$4 ,9 
case ! bird is valuable & suff]+ f      
ext]nal p>asites only1 x %\ld be giv5 ! 
necess>y treatm5t4  ,r$ mites may be    
de/roy$ by ?or\ghly clean+ ! p\ltry     
h\se1 & spray+ ! roo/s1 ne/s1 walls &   
floor ) a ?ree p] c5t wat] solution (   
liquor cresolis compositus4 ,?is %\ld be
 repeat$ twice a week = two weeks4      
,scaly-leg may be treat$ by apply+ a    
p5etrat+ oil to ! feet & l[] "p ( ! leg4
 ,x is advisable to fir/ remove ! scales
 by scrubb+ ! "p ) soap & w>m wat]4     
,dipp+ ! feet 9 a mixture ( k]os5e "o "p
 & l9se$ oil two p>ts is recomm5d$4 ,?is
 %\ld be repeat$ z (t5 z necess>y4      
,,que/ions  #a4 ,describe ! diff]5t     
bot-flies4  #b4 ,give ! life hi/ory ( ! 
bot-fly ( ! horse2 ( ! ox2 ( %eep4  #c4 
,give ! symptoms ( bot-fly diseases4    
#d4 ,give ! symptoms ( l\s9ess4  #e4    
,give treatm5t = l\s9ess ( diff]5t f>m  
animals4  #f4 ,:at is ! damage f !      
%eep-tick8 ,give treatm5t4  #g4         

,describe ! injury f scabies & mange4   
#h4 ,give treatm5ts = ^! diseases4  #i4 
,m5tion ! sev]al p\ltry mites & tell h[ 
to treat !m4     ,,*apt] ,,xxv  ,,animal
 ,,p>asites   ,! common p>asitic        
diseases ( dome/ic animals are caus$ by 
! foll[+ gr\ps ( worms3 ,flukes or      
trematoides2 tapeworms or ,ce/oides2    
?orn-head$ worms or ,acan?ocephales2 &  
r\nd-worms or ,nematoids4 ,flat worms1  
su* z tapeworms & flukes1 require       
second>y ho/s4 ,! immature & mature =ms 
( tapeworms are p>asites ( v]tebrate    
animals1 b an inv]tebrate ho/ is        
necess>y = ! completion ( ! life cycle (
 ! fluke4 ,! hog is ! only specie (     
dome/ic animals t becomes a ho/ = !     
?orn-head$ worm4 ,! r\nd-worm is a v    
common p>asite4 ,!re are _m species     
belong+ to ?is class4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #gj4--,liv] flukes4  ,,di/oma    
,,hepaticum 7,,common ,,liv]            
,,fluke74--,%eep are ! mo/ common ho/s =
 ?is p>asite4 ,x is pres5t 9 ! gall     
ducts & liv]s1 & causes a disease ( !   

liv] kn[n z liv] rot4 ,! liv] fluke is  
flat or leaf-l & f ?irte5 to fifte5 mm4 
long 7,fig4 #gj74 ,! head portion is    
conical4 ,x has an oval & v5tral suck]1 
& ! body is cov]$ ) scaly sp9es4 ,! eggs
 are oval & br[ni% 9 color4  ,! life    
hi/ory1 9 brief1 is z foll[s3 ,ea* adult
 is capable ( produc+ an imm5se numb] ( 
eggs :i* are c>ri$ d[n ! bile ducts ) ! 
bile to ! inte/9e1 & are pass$ (f ) !   
faeces4 ,"u favorable conditions =      
incubation1 su* z w>m1 moi/ surr\nd+s1 !
 ova or eggs hat* & ! ciliat$ embryos   
become fre$4 ,! embryo next p5etrates   
into ! body ( c]ta9 snails & ency/s4 ,! 
sporocy/1 z x is n[ call$1 develops into
 a ?ird g5]ation kn[n z r$ia :i* escape 
f ! cy/4 ,! daught] r$ia or c]c>ia1 z !y
 are n[ t]m$1 leave ! body ( ! snail &  
f9ally become ency/$ on ! /ems ( grass1 
cresses & we$s4 ,:5 tak5 into ! dige/ive
 tract ( ! animal graz+ ov] infe/$      
gr\nd1 ! immature flukes are fre$ by !  
dige/ive juices4 ,!y !n pass f ! inte/9e
 into ! bile ducts4 ,! p]iod (          

developm5t v>ies f t5 to tw5ty weeks2   
ea* sporocy/ may give rise to f five to 
eight r$ia & ea* r$ia to f twelve to    
tw5ty c]c>ia4  ,fluke diseases occur    
among animals pa/ur$ on l[1 wet1 undra9$
 l&4 ,dry+ ponds & lakes are ! homes ( !
 fre% wat] snails1 & 9 su* places !re   
are pl5ty ( ho/s = ! immature flukes4   
,wet seasons favor ! developm5t ( ?is   
p>asite4 ,cattle & %eep t pa/ure on riv]
 bottom l& 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! s\!rn   
portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are frequ5tly 
affect$ ) fluke diseases4  ,! symptoms (
 liv] rot ( %eep may be divid$ into two 
/ages4 ,! fir/ /age is m>k$ by increase 
9 weight & improv$ condition4 ,9 !      
second /age ( ! disease1 ! animal %[s a 
pale sk9 & muc\s membrane1 dropsical    
swell+s1 loss ( fle% & weakness4 ,! "* (
 ! symptoms ( ! disease dep5ds on ! age 
( ! animals & ! c>e t !y receive4 ,"y1  
poorly c>$ = animals suff] sev]ely f !  
disease1 & ! dea? rate is usually heavy4
 ,! f9d+ ( fluke ova 9 ! faeces is      
conclusive evid5ce ( ! nature ( !       

disease4 ,x may be advisable to kill "o 
( ! sick animals1 & det]m9e ! nature ( !
 disease by a po/-mortem exam9ation4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,tapeworm    
l>vae 9 liv] 7,e*9ococcus polymorphus74 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,tapeworms4  
,! treatm5t is prev5tive4 ,dra9age wat] 
f a pa/ure infe/$ ) snails h>bor+       
immature flukes is a s\rce ( infection1 
& %\ld n be us$ z a wat] supply = cattle
 & %eep4 ,9 sections :]e ! disease is   
preval5t1 %eep %\ld n be pa/ur$ on l[1  
poorly-dra9$ l&4 ,su* l& %\ld be us$ =  
pa/ur+ horses & cattle1 b if possible1 x
 %\ld be fir/ dra9$ & cultivat$4 ,c>eful
 fe$+ & good c>e may help ! affect$     
animals to recov]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #gc4--,tapeworm l>vae 9 ! p]itoneum    
7,cy/ic]cus cellulosa74  ,,tapeworms    
,,or ,,ce/oides4--,tapeworms are =m$ by 
a *a9 ( segm5ts1 jo9$ toge!r at _! ends1
 & are flat or ribbon-%ap$ 7,fig4 #ga74 
,! head segm5t is small1 & possesses    
ei!r hooks or suck]s4 ,x is by ^! t !   
worm atta*es itself to ! l9+ membrane ( 

! inte/9e4 ,! ant]ior segm5ts are small]
 & less mature ?an ! po/]ior segm5ts4   
,ea* segm5t is sexually complete1       
possess+ bo? ! male & female organs1 &  
:5 mature1 "o or m ( !m break (f & are  
pass$ out ) ! faeces4 ,! mature or ripe 
segm5ts are fill$ ) ova4 ,on rea*+ !    
dige/ive tract ( a prop] ho/1 usually ) 
! dr9k+ wat] or fodd]1 ! embryo is fre$ 
f ! egg4 ,! arm$ embryo uses its        
hooklets 9 bor+ its way ?r\gh ! wall ( !
 inte/9e4 ,x !n w&]s ?r\gh ! tissues (  
its ho/ until x f9ally rea*es a suitable
 place = developm5t 7,figs4 #ga & #gc74 
,on com+ to re/1 x develops into ! l>va 
or bladd]-worm1 :i* :5 eat5 by a prop]  
ho/ gives rise to ! mature tapeworm4  ,!
 foll[+ tables give ! mo/ important     
tapeworms3  ,,adult ,,=ms  ,"n          
,ho/            ,organ  ,ta5ia expansa  
,%eep & ox    ,inte/9e ,ta5ia fimbriata 
,%eep           ,liv] ,ta5ia d5ticulata 
,cattle          ,inte/9e ,ta5ia alba   
,cattle          ,inte/9e ,ta5ia        
p]foliata      ,solip$s        ,inte/9e 

,ta5ia mamillana       ,solip$s         
,inte/9e ,ta5ia e*9ococcus    ,dog      
,inte/9e  ,,l>val ,,=ms  ,"n            
,ho/  ,cy/ic]cus bovis           ,cattle
 ,cy/ic]cus cellulosa       ,sw9e & man 
,cy/ic]cus t5nicollis     ,cattle1 %eep 
& sw9e ,co5urus c]ebralis               
,cattle & %eep ,e*9ococcus polymorphus  
,cattle1 %eep1 sw9e & man  ,! adult     
tapeworms ,ta5iae sag9ata & soleum1 (   
:i* ! ,cy/ic]ci bovis & cellulosa are ! 
l>vae =ms1 occur 9 man4 ,! l>vae are    
pres5t 9 meat & pork1 & ?is =m (        
p>asitism is t]m$ beef measles 9 cattle 
& pork measles 9 hogs4 ,man becomes ho/ 
= ^! two =ms ( tapeworms ?r\gh eat+     
measly pork or beef t is n prop]ly      
cook$4  ,! dog is ! ho/ = ,ta5iae       
m>g9ala1 co5urus & e*9ococcus4 ,! l>vae 
=ms ( ^! ta5iae are ! ,cy/ic]cus        
t5nicollis1 ,co5urus c]ebralis &        
,e*9ococcus polymorphus4 ,c4 t5nicollis 
is a p>asite ( ! s]\s or l9+ membranes (
 ! body cavities4 ,x is n ( great       
economic importance4 ,c4 c]ebralis is a 

p>asite ( ! bra9 ( %eep1 & may cause a  
heavy dea? rate 9 flocks t are infe/$ ) 
x4 ,e4 polymorphus is a p>asite ( !     
liv]1 b x may occur 9 o!r organs4  ,,!  
,,?orn-,,head$ ,,worm ,,or              
,,acan?ocephale4--,?is p>asite requires 
a second>y ho/4 ,9 ?is case a p>ticul>  
species ( ! ,may-beetle l>va or :ite    
grub t is commonly f\nd ab\t manure     
piles & 9 clov] pa/ures is ! ho/4 ,! hog
 eats a :ite grub t is ho/ = ! l>val =m4
 ,! dige/ive juices free ! l>va1 x !n   
becomes atta*$ to ! inte/9al muc\s      
membrane & develops into ! adult        
?orn-head$ worm 7,fig4 #gd74 ,?is       
p>asite is *>act]iz$ by a hook$         
proboscis or ?orn at its ant]ior        
extremity1 & ! abs5ce ( a di/9ct        
dige/ive tract4 ,! male is mu* small]   
?an ! female4 ,! eggs are pass$ out ( ! 
inte/9e ) ! faeces4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #gd4--,?orn-head$ worms4  ,,!    
,,r\nd-,,worms ,,or                     
,,nematoids4--,r\nd-worms are v common  
p>asites ( dome/ic animals 7,fig4 #ge74 

,?is gr\p ( worms is *>act]iz$ by _!    
cyl9drical =m1 ! pres5ce ( a true       
dige/ive canal & ! sep>ation into two   
sexes1 male & female4 ,! life hi/ory is 
m simple ?an 9 ! flat worms4 ,int]m$iate
 ho/s are n requir$ = ! developm5t ( !  
common =ms4 ,! eggs & embryos are       
deposit$ by ! female 9 ! inte/9al tract1
 air passages1 or excretory ducts ( !   
kidneys ( ! ho/4 ,developm5t may be     
complet$ "h1 or ! eggs & embryos are    
pass$ (f ) ! body excretions4 ,!y may   
live = a %ort "t outside ! animal body1 
or und]go c]ta9 developm5t & aga9 infe/ 
a ho/ ( ! same species f :i* !y came1   
?r\gh ! wat]1 grass & fodd] t ! animal  
may take into its dige/ive tract4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--,l>ge        
r\nd-worm 9 inte/9e ( hog4  ,! foll[+   
species ( nematoids are common p>asites 
( dome/ic animals3  ,,solip$s           
,species                      ,organ    
,asc>is megalocephala        ,inte/9es  
,scl]o/oma equ9um          ,l>ge inte/9e
 & blood-vessels ,scl]o/oma tetracan?um 

,l>ge inte/9e ,oxyrus curvula           
,l>ge inte/9e ,oxyrus ma/igodes         
,l>ge inte/9e  ,,cattle    ,species     
,organ ,/rongylus convolutus            
,abomasum ,asc>is vituli                
,small inte/9e 7calves7 ,/rongylus      
v5tricosus       ,small inte/9e         
,oesophago/omum inflatum     ,l>ge      
inte/9e ,tri*ocephalus aff9s            
,l>ge inte/9e ,/rongylus micrurus       
,bron*i ,/rongylus pulmon>is            
,bron*i  ,,%eep    ,species             
,organ ,haemon*us contortus             
,abomasum ,asc>is ovis                  
,small inte/9e ,/rongylus filicollis    
,small inte/9e ,oesophago/omum          
columbianum  ,inte/9es ,unc9>ia c]nua   
,small inte/9e ,tri*ocephalus aff9s     
,l>ge inte/9e ,/rongylus fil>ia         
,bron*i ,/rongylus rufesc5s             
,bron*i & air follicles  ,,sw9e         
,species                      ,organ    
,asc>is suis                 ,inte/9es  
,oesophago/omum d5tatum     ,l>ge       
inte/9e ,tri*ocephalus cr5atus          

,l>ge inte/9e ,tri*9a spiralis          
,muscles & inte/9es ,/rongylus p>adoxus 
,tra*ea & bron*i ,scl]o/oma p+5cola     
,r5al fat & kidney  ,,p\ltry    ,species
                      ,organ ,asc>is    
inflexa              ,inte/9e ,spiropt]a
 hamulosa          ,gizz>d ,het]akis    
papillosa          ,caecum ,syngamus    
tra*ealis          ,tra*ea & bron*i     
,,inte/9al ,,worms ,,( ,,solip$s4--,!   
l>ge r\nd-worms or asc>ides & !         
scl]o/omes are ! mo/ injuri\s inte/9al  
p>asites ( solip$s4 ,! ,a4 megalocephala
 or l>ge r\nd-worm is f #e to #ae in*es 
7#ab to #ce cm47 long4 ,x may be pres5t 
9 ! d\ble colon 9 su* l>ge numb]s z to  
=m an entangl$ mass t completely fills a
 portion ( ! loop 9 :i* x is lodg$4 ,x  
may int]f]e ) dige/ion by ob/ruct+ !    
passage ( alim5t>y matt]1 & irritat+ !  
inte/9e4  ,! ,s4 equ9um & ,s4           
tetracan?um are small worms4 ,! =m]     
scl]o/oma is f #j4f to #a4e in*es 7#ah  
to #ce mm47 long1 & ! latt] is f #j4e to
 #j4f in* 7#h to #ag mm47 long4 ,bo?    

scl]o/omes atta* !mselves to ! l9+      
membrane ( ! inte/9e by _! m\? p>ts1 &  
suck blood4 ,! "y ,s4 equ9um may live 9 
tumor-l cy/s t !y cause to =m 9 ! l9+   
membrane ( ! inte/9e4 ,! "y worm may    
p5etrate ! wall ( a small blood-vessel z
 well1 & drift into a l>ge vessel1 :]e x
 may become lodg$ & und]go p>tial       
developm5t4 ,! irritation to !          
blood-vessel results 9 an inflammation &
 dilation ( ! vessel wall4 ,?is is t]m$ 
v]m9\s aneurism4 ,a portion ( ! fibr9-l 
l9+ ( ! aneurism may flake (f & drift   
along 9 ! blood /ream1 until f9ally a   
vessel t is too small = ! float+ p>ticle
 or embolus to pass ?r\gh is rea*$4 ,!  
vessel is !n plugg$ or a ?rombus is =m$4
 ,if ! vessel involv$ by ! ?rombus      
happ5s to be a mes5t]ic vessel1 !n a    
loop ( inte/9e has its blood supply cut 
(f1 & colicky pa9s result4 ,su* colics  
are dang]\s1 & may t]m9ate fatally4     
,inte/9al ob/ruction1 ?rombo-embolic    
colics1 un?rift9ess & a weak5$1 anaemic 
condition may be caus$ by inte/9al      

worms4  ,! treatm5t is bo? prev5tive &  
m$ic9al4 ,! prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9
 giv+ "y1 gr[+ animals ! be/ c>e        
possible4 ,cleanl9ess ab\t ! /able1 giv+
 ! colt pl5ty ( range :5 runn+ 9 a      
pa/ure1 & fe$+ a ration t is suffici5t  
to keep ! colt 9 good physical condition
 are ! important prev5tive measures4    
,t>t> emetic 9 "o-half to "o dram doses 
may be giv5 ) ! fe$ daily until five or 
six doses are giv54 ,turp5t9e may be    
giv5 9 "o to ?ree ounce doses 9 a p9t ( 
l9se$ oil4 ,?is may be repeat$ daily =  
two or ?ree days4 ,worms locat$ 9 !     
po/]ior b[el may be remov$ by rectal    
injections ( a weak wat] infusion (     
quassia *ips4 ,! rectum %\ld be fir/    
empti$ ) ! h&1 & ! nozzle ( ! syr+e     
c>ri$ z f> =w>d ) ! h& z possible4 ,!   
injections %\ld be repeat$ daily =      
sev]al days4  ,,inte/9al ,,worms ,,(    
,,cattle4--,inte/9al worms seldom cause 
s]i\s losses f un?rift9ess or dea? 9    
cattle4 ,x is 9 calves only t we are    
call$ on to treat ?is class ( disease4  

,! symptoms result+ f ! invasion ( !    
inte/9al tract by ! diff]5t worms v>y 9 
sev]ity accord+ to ! numb]1 habits ( !  
p>asite & c>e t ! animal receives4 ,!   
usual symptoms are un?rift9ess1         
indige/ion1 di>rhoea & a /unt$1 anaemic 
condition4 ,/iles report$ extreme       
anaemia1 un?rift9ess & _m dea?s among   
cattle 9 a c]ta9 section ( ,texas1 due  
to ext5sive infection ) ! ,unc9>ia      
radialus4  ,! treatm5t is l>gely        
prev5tive4 ,calves & ye>l+s %\ld be     
provid$ ) pl5ty ( fe$ at all seasons ( !
 ye>4 ,good c>e & c>eful fe$+ w keep !m 
9 a ?rifty1 heal?y condition & enable !m
 to ?r[ (f invasions ( inte/9al worms4  
,turp5t9e is ! v]mifuge usually adm9i/]$
 to calves4 ,! dose is f two to f\r     
drams giv5 9 a milk or raw l9se$ oil    
emulsion4  ,,/oma* ,,worm ,,(           
,,%eep4--,! twi/$ /oma* worm1 ,haemon*us
 contortus1 is ! mo/ injuri\s int]nal   
p>asite ( %eep4 ,x is a v small1 hair-l 
worm f #j4d to #a in* 7#i to #be mm47 9 
l5g?4 ,9 ! adult =m x atta*es itself to 

! muc\s membrane ( ! f\r? /oma* or      
abomasum1 & lives by suck+ blood4 ,!    
blood pres5t 9 ! dige/ive tract ( ! worm
 gives x a br[n color1 & ! :ite oviducts
 :i* are w\nd ar\nd ! dige/ive canal    
cause ! body to appe> twi/$4 ,:5 ! twi/$
 /oma* worm is pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 !  
worms become mix$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* 
& c be readily f\nd on mak+ a po/-mortem
 exam9ation4  ,symptoms ( /oma* worms   
are fir/ manife/ 9 ! lambs 7,fig4 #gf74 
,x is n until e>ly summ] t ! disease    
appe>s 9 ! flock4 ,! symptoms are n     
*>act]i/ic unless we consid] an         
un?rifty1 anaemic1 weak1 emaciat$       
condition accompani$ by di>rhoea1 dur+ !
 summ] mon?s *>act]i/ic ( /oma*-worm    
disease4 ,! sick animals are unable to  
keep up ) ! flock1 & !y l to /& ab\t 9 !
 %ade4 ,!y move sl[ly1 ! back is ar*$1 !
 appetite poor1 ! muc\s membranes & sk9 
are pale & ! h9d p>ts soil$ by !        
di>rhoeal dis*>ge4 ,m acute symptoms ?an
 ! above sometimes occur4 ,! disease may
 la/ f a few days to sev]al weeks4 ,a   

l>ge p]c5tage ( ! affect$ animals die4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,lamb affect$
 ) /oma* worm disease4  ,! treatm5t is  
l>gely prev5tive4 ,frequ5t *ang+ (      
pa/ures & dry lot fe$+ are common       
prev5tive measures4 ,p]man5t %eep       
pa/ures lead to heavy losses f /oma*    
worm disease4 ,a v effective prev5tive  
measure1 z we may t]m x1 is ! practice (
 adm9i/]+ a v]mifuge to ! ewes 9 ! late 
summ] & aga9 9 e>ly w9t]4 ,?is may be   
giv5 9 a dr5*1 or ) ! fe$4 ,?is prev5ts 
! re9fection ( ! pa/ures e spr+1 & ! "y 
lambs are n expos$ to ?is =m (          
infection4 ,! mo/ effective treatm5t t !
 writ] has ev] us$ is ! foll[+ =mula    
recomm5d$ by ,dr4 ,law3 ,ars5\s acid "o 
dram1 sulfate ( iron five drams1 p[d]$  
areca nut two ounces1 common salt f\r   
ounces4 ,?is is suffici5t = "o dose =   
?irty %eep4 ,x may be giv5 ) ! salt1 or 
9 gr\nd fe$4 ,if ! flock is app>5tly    
heal?y1 f\r doses giv5 at int]vals (    
?ree days is suffici5t4 ,if symptoms (  
/oma* worms are manife/$ ! animals %\ld 

be dos$ daily until !y h receiv$ f five 
to t5 doses1 dep5d+ on ! condition ( !  
animal4  ,,inte/9al ,,worms ,,(         
,,%eep4--,! mo/ widely di/ribut$ &      
seem+ly mo/ injuri\s inte/9al worm (    
%eep is ! ,o,esopliagostomum            
columbianum4 ,x is a small worm f #j4e  
to #j4ge in* 7#ab to #ah mm47 long4 ,x  
p5etrates ! l9+ membrane ( ! inte/9es & 
ency/s 9 ! inte/9al wall4 ,a tumor1 v>y+
 9 size f t ( a millet se$ to a         
hazelnut1 !n =ms 9 ! wall ( ! inte/9e4  
,^! tumors und]go a *eesy deg5]ation1 & 
:5 mature1 may appe> z gre5i%1 *eesy-l  
masses1 cov]+ a l>ge portion ( ! l9+    
membrane ( ! inte/9e4 ,di>rhoea &       
emaciation may result4 ,^! symptoms are 
mo/ evid5t dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4  ,!       
treatm5t recomm5d$ = ridd+ %eep ( ?is   
inte/9al worm is l>gely prev5tive4 ,v   
little c be done ) ! m$ic9al treatm5t ( 
a %eep ^: inte/9al tract is badly infe/$
 ) ?is p>asite4 ,good c>e & ! fe$+ ( a  
prop] ration are ! only curative        
measures t are effective 9 su* cases4 ,!

 occasional adm9i/ration ( a v]mifuge = 
! purpose ( ridd+ ! dige/ive tract (    
worms1 toge!r ) ! frequ5t *ang+ (       
pa/ures dur+ ! spr+ & summ]1 are ! mo/  
effective prev5tive l9es ( treatm5t4 ,! 
same treatm5t recomm5d$ = /oma* worms   
may be us$ = ?is disease4  ,,inte/9al   
,,p>asites ,,( ,,hogs4--,! ,asc>is suis 
or common r\nd worm is v commonly f\nd 9
 ! small inte/9e4 ,x is q frequ5tly f\nd
 9 l>ge numb]s1 almo/ fill+ ! lum5 ( !  
inte/9e ( an un?rifty pig 7,fig4 #ge74  
,x may also "w its way into ! bile duct4
 ,sometimes1 aft] a hog has di$1 ?is    
p>asite migrates =w>d into ! /oma* &    
gullet4 ,! ,a4 suis is f #d to #aj in*es
 7#aj to #bf cm47 long4  ,! ,e*9orhyn*us
 gigas or ?orn-head$ worm is ! mo/      
dang]\s ( all inte/9al worms 7,fig4     
#gd74 ,x is usually f\nd ) its proboscis
 or ?orn imb$d$ 9 ! wall ( ! small      
inte/9e4 ,! ,e*9orhyn*us is n z common a
 p>asite z ! ,asc>ide1 & x is n usually 
pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,usually1 n m ?an 
a half-doz5 ( ^! worms are f\nd 9 !     

inte/9e ( a hog1 b 9 "s localities & 9  
hogs t are all[$ to root ar\nd manure   
piles & 9 clov] pa/ures ! h]d may become
 badly infect$ ) !m & s]i\s losses      
occur4 ,! av]age l5g? ( ! male is ab\t  
#c in*es 7#h cm47 & ! female #aj in*es  
7#bf cm474  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#gg4--,:ip-worms atta*$ to wall (       
inte/9e4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#gh4--,p9-worms 9 inte/9e4  ,!          
,tri*ocephalus cr5atus or :ip worm      
7,fig4 #gg7 is sl5d] or hair-l 9 its    
ant]ior two-?irds & ?ick po/]iorly4 ,x  
is f #a4e to #b in*es 7#dj to #de mm47  
long4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! caecum atta*$ to ! 
wall by ! hair-l portion4  ,!           
,o,esophagostomum d5tatum or p9 worm is 
f #j4c to #j4f in* 7#h to #ae mm47 long4
 ,x is f\nd 9 ! l>ge inte/9e 7,fig4     
#gh74  ,! symptoms ( inte/9al worms are 
n v evid5t 9 ! av]age drove ( hogs4     
,none ( ! o!r f>m animals are su* common
 ho/s = inte/9al worms z hogs4 ,b x is  
only 9 extreme cases ( infection by     
inte/9al worms1 & 9 /unt$ & poorly-c>$-=

 hogs1 t v noticeable symptoms ( disease
 are manife/$4 ,we mu/ n take f ! above 
/atem5t t x is unnecess>y to resort to  
treatm5t unless 9 exceptional cases4    
,inte/9al worms int]f]e ) ! gr[? ( "y   
hogs1 & may irritate & inflame !        
inte/9e1 caus+ *ronic indige/ion1 n]v\s 
symptoms1 & 9 "s cases dea?4 ,?is       
irritat$ & inflam$ condition ( ! inte/9e
 is be/ not$ 9 ! abattoir by ! ease )   
:i* ! wall ( ! inte/9e t conta9s l>ge   
numb]s ( worms te>s :5 h&l+ x4  ,!      
treatm5t ( inte/9al worms 9 hogs is bo? 
prev5tive & m$ic9al4 ,if ! conditions 9 
! p5s & h\ses are su* z to enable ! eggs
 & embryos to live = a long "t1 or !    
surr\nd+s are favorable = infection ( ! 
animals ?r\gh _! fe$ & wat] supply1 !   
h]d may become badly infe/$ ) inte/9al  
p>asites4 ,! prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 
9 keep+ hogs 9 clean1 well-dra9$ y>ds or
 pa/ures1 & fe$+ !m f clean tr\ghs &    
concrete fe$+ floors t c be wa%$1 :5    
necess>y1 9 ord] to keep !m clean4      
,turp5t9e1 giv5 9 a milk emulsion1 is a 

common rem$y = inte/9al worms 9 hogs4 ,!
 dose is "o teaspoonful = e eighty p\nds
 weight4 ,?is dose %\ld be repeat$ daily
 = ?ree days4 ,! foll[+ v]mifuge c be   
recomm5d$3 ,santon9 ?ree to five gra9s1 
calomel five to eight gra9s4 ,?is is    
suffici5t = "o hundr$ p\nds weight4 ,if 
! pigs are small & x requires two or    
?ree to weigh "o hundr$ p\nds1 ! l>ge   
dose %\ld be giv54 ,if ! hogs weigh "o  
hundr$ p\nds or m1 !y %\ld receive !    
small dose4 ,! drove %\ld be divid$ into
 lots ( t5 or fifte5 hogs ea*4 ,! drugs 
%\ld be mix$ & divid$ into ! same numb] 
( p[d]s z !re are lots ( hogs4 ,gr\nd   
fe$ is plac$ 9 ! tr\gh1 damp5$ ) milk1  
or wat] & ! p[d] spr9kl$ ev5ly ov] x4 ,!
 hogs are !n all[$ to eat ! fe$4 ,x is  
be/ to dose !m 9 ! morn+ aft] !y h be5  
(f fe$ = t5 or twelve h\rs4  ,,v]m9\s   
,,bron*itis ,,9 ,,calves4--,! lung worms
 ( cattle1 ,/rongylus micrurus &        
,/rongylus pulmon>is1 may cause heavy   
losses 9 calves & ye>l+s4 ,old] cattle  
may h>bor ^! p>asites1 b !y d n seem to 

be inconv5i5c$ by !m4 ,! ,s4 micrurus is
 f #a to #c in*es 7#be to #ge mm47 long4
 ,! ,s4 pulmon>is is small]4 ,x is f    
#j4d to #a4c in*es 7#aj to #ce mm47     
long4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! tra*ea & small   
bron*ial tubes1 :]e !y are mix$ ) muc\s 
secretions f ! inflam$ l9+ membrane ( ! 
bron*ial tubes4  ,wet seasons & l[1 wet 
pa/ures are said to favor ! developm5t (
 lung worms4 ,_! life hi/ory is n fully 
und]/ood4 ,!y d n p]si/ g5]ation aft]   
g5]ation 9 ! air passages ( an animal1 b
 ! eggs & embryos are expell$ & live = a
 "t outside ( ! animal1 :5 !y may aga9  
become p>asites ( ano!r or ! same ho/4  
,! symptoms are ! same z occur 9        
bron*itis & pneumonia4 ,calves & ye>l+s 
are ! only animals 9 ! h]d t may %[     
symptoms ( ! disease4 ,! air passages   
become irritat$ & inflam$1 & ! calf %[s 
a slight c\gh4 ,z ! inflammation        
increases & ! worms & muc\s secretions  
plug up ! small bron*ial tubes1 ! c\gh+ 
spells become m sev]e & rattl+1 :eez+   
s\nds may be he>d on auscultat+ ! lungs4

 ,! calf f9ally loses its appetite1     
becomes emaciat$ & weak1 & w&]s (f      
alone4 ,x is usually f\nd ly+ d[n & %[s 
labor$ brea?+ t is occasionally         
int]rupt$ by p>oxysmal c\gh+4 ,! dea?   
rate 9 poorly-c>$-= h]ds is heavy4      
,,v]m9\s ,,bron*itis ,,& ,,pneumonia ,,(
 ,,%eep4--,! two lung worms ( %eep are !
 ,/rongylus fil>ia & ,/rongylus         
rufesc5s4 ,! =m] is f #a4c to #c in*es  
7#cc to #hj mm47 long1 & ! latt] f #j4f 
to #a in* 7#af to #be mm47 long4 ,! ,s4 
fil>ia is ?read-l & ! ,s4 refusc5s      
hair-l 9 appe>ance4 ,= ?is reason !y are
 t]m$ ?read & hair lung-worms4 ,!       
?read-worm is f\nd 9 ! tra*ea & ! l>g]  
bron*ial tubes1 & ! hair-worm 9 ! mo/   
m9ute z well z ! l>g] bron*ioli4  ,?is  
disease is mo/ common 9 wet seasons4    
,undra9$ pa/ures & ponds are said to    
favor ! spread ( ! disease4 ,p]man5t    
pa/ures favor ! re9fection ( ! flock f  
ye> to ye>4 ,! eggs & embryos are       
expell$ 9 c\gh+1 & live = a "t 9 !      
pa/ures1 p5s & h\ses4 ,! %eep become    

infect$ ?r\gh ! du/1 dr9k+ wat] or fe$4 
,! symptoms ( v]m9\s bron*itis &        
pneumonia are q *>act]i/ic4 ,lambs suff]
 mo/ f ^! diseases4 ,a numb] ( animals 9
 ! flock are affect$4 ,c\gh+1 rapid &   
labor$ brea?+1 loss ( appetite1         
emaciation & weakness are ! usual       
symptoms notic$4 ,:5 a p>oxysm ( c\gh+  
occurs1 consid]able mucus is expell$4   
,an exam9ation ( ! expectorations may   
result 9 f9d+ a few lung worms4 ,9      
poorly-c>$-= flocks1 & :5 complicat$ by 
/oma* & inte/9al worms1 ! dea? rate is  
usually heavy4  ,! treatm5t ( lung-worm 
diseases 9 lambs & calves is l>gely     
prev5tive4 ,we %\ld use e possible      
precaution aga9/ introduc+ ! infection  
into ! h]d or flock4 ,x is n advisable  
to br+ animals f an infect$ h]d onto !  
premises1 )\t subject+ !m to a c>eful   
exam9ation & a long qu>ant9e be=e all[+ 
!m to /able or pa/ure ) ! o!r animals4  
,calves or lambs t %[ m>k$ symptoms (   
disease %\ld be giv5 com=table qu>t]s1 &
 special c>e & fe$+4 ,! entire h]d or   

flock mu/ be giv5 ! be/ c>e & ration    
possible4 ,?is is ! only satisfactory   
me?od ( treatm5t4 ,*ang+ ! pa/ure or lot
 frequ5tly may help 9 ridd+ ! premises (
 ! infection4  ,,v]m9\s ,,bron*itis ,,9 
,,hogs4--,! lung worm1 ,/rongylus       
p>adoxus1 is a common p>asite ( "y hogs4
 ,x is f #j4f to #a4f in*es 7#af to #dj 
mm47 long4 ,:5 ! infection is light1 !  
worms are f\nd mo/ly 9 ! bron*ial tubes 
( ! m>g9 & apex ( ! lung4  ,infection ) 
?is p>asite does n dep5d on ! humidity (
 ! soil1 or l[1 wet pa/ures conta9+     
ponds4 ,probably du/y qu>t]s are        
responsible 9 l>ge degree = ?is disease4
  ,! symptoms are mo/ evid5t 9 pigs     
weigh+ f =ty to eighty p\nds4 ,! fir/   
symptom is a c\gh1 occurr+ on leav+ !   
b$1 aft] ex]cise & aft] eat+4 ,9 badly  
infect$ cases ! p>oxysm ( c\gh+ is q    
sev]e4 ,! appetite usually rema9s good &
 ! ?rift9ess ( ! pig is n s]i\sly       
int]f]$ )4 ,! fe$+ ( a suitable ration1 
& ! good c>e t is usually giv5 "y hogs1 
are responsible = ! mildness ( !        

disease4  ,! treatm5t t is ( mo/        
importance is clean qu>t]s1 & ! fe$+ ( a
 ration t w keep ! pig gr[+ & heal?y4 ,!
 sleep+ qu>t]s %\ld be kept free f du/4 
,dis9fectants %\ld be us$ freely ab\t ! 
qu>t]s4  ,,! ,,kidney ,,worm ,,(        
,,hogs4--,scl]o/oma p+uicola is ! kidney
 worm ( hogs4 ,x is f #a to #a4e in*es  
7#be to #bg mm47 long1 & :5 se5 aga9/ ! 
kidney fat x appe>s d>k or mottl$4 ,x is
 usually f\nd 9 ! fat 9 ! region ( !    
pelvis ( ! kidney4 ,al?\gh ! kidney worm
 is capable ( caus+ inflammatory *anges 
9 ! tissues surr\nd+ ! kidney & ! pelvis
 ( ?is organ1 ! disease _c be det]m9$ by
 any noticeable symptom4 ,p>alysis ( !  
po/]ior portion ( ! body is attribut$ to
 ! pres5ce ( kidney worms by /ockm54    
,!re are no data by :i* we may prove t !
 kidney worm is responsible = ?is       
disord]4  ,! treatm5t is prev5tive4     
,clean fe$1 p5s1 wat]+ tr\ghs & fe$+    
floors are ! prev5tive measures indicat$
 "h4 ,x is useless to attempt treatm5t )
 drugs1 z ! worms are out ( rea* ( any  

drug t may be adm9i/]$4  ,,worms ,,( ,,!
 ,,dige/ive ,,tract ,,(                 
,,p\ltry4--,p\ltry are (t5 s]i\sly      
infe/$ ) worms4 ,a small numb] ( ! less 
injuri\s worms may n cause any          
appreciable symptoms ( disease2 b ! f[l 
t h>bors !m is a s\rce ( infection to ! 
o!r f[ls4 ,! infecti\s nature ( p>asitic
 disease caus$ by worms %\ld be         
recogniz$ m fully ?an at pres5t by      
p\ltrym54  ,! diff]5t species ( p\ltry  
are ho/s = _m diff]5t species (         
r\nd-worms1 ?orn-head$ worms &          
tapeworms4 ,dr4 ,kaupp /ates t ,ac>is   
inflexa or l>ge r\nd-worm1 ,het]akis    
pipilosa or small r\nd-worm1 & !        
,spiropt]a hamulosa or gizz>d-worm are  
frequ5tly f\nd 9 f[ls4 ,! common        
r\nd-worm may be f\nd 9 ! fir/ portion (
 ! inte/9e1 & ! small r\nd-worm 9 !     
caecum4 ,nei!r ( ! species are dang]\s  
unless pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,!y may !n 
ob/ruct ! inte/9e1 & irritate ! inte/9al
 muc\s membrane4 ,?is may cause         
con/ipation1 cat>rhal inflammation ( !  

inte/9e & di>rhoea4 ,! gizz>d-worm is ! 
mo/ dang]\s ( ! p>asites m5tion$4 ,!    
gizz>d has an important dige/ive        
function1 & any condition t may weak5   
its muscul> walls may cause s]i\s       
dige/ive disord]s4 ,?is p>asite may     
ency/ 9 ! wall ( ! gizz>d4  ,! treatm5t 
( inte/9al worms 9 p\ltry is bo?        
prev5tive & curative4 ,! prev5tive      
measures consi/ 9 keep+ ! h\ses & runs  
clean4 ,air-slak$ lime %\ld be scatt]$  
ov] ! runs e few weeks4 ,! dr9k+ places 
%\ld be clean$ & dis9fect$ daily4 ,all  
possible precautions %\ld be tak5 9 ord]
 to prev5t fil? f gett+ into ! dr9k+    
wat]4 ,epsom salts1 p[d]$ areca nut &   
santon9 are ! rem$ies commonly recomm5d$
 = ! treatm5t ( inte/9al worms4 ,f tw5ty
 to =ty gra9s ( ,epsom salts may be     
giv54 ,p[d]$ areca nut is recomm5d$ 9 f 
?ree to t5 gra9 doses4 ,santon9 may be  
giv5 9 f "o to two gra9 doses4 ,bo? !   
areca nut & santon9 may be giv5 ) ! fe$4
  ,,! ,,gapes ,,9 ,,birds4--,!          
gape-worm1 ,syngamus tra*ealis1 is f    

#j4b to #j4h in* 7#e to #bj mm47 long4  
,! male & female are p]man5tly unit$4 ,!
 male is ab\t "o-?ird z long z ! female1
 & :5 atta*$ to ! ant]ior ?ird ( !      
female1 gives ! pair a =k$ appe>ance4   
,f[ls become infe/$ ) ! gape-worm by    
eat+ ! adult p>asite t has be5          
expectorat$1 or an e>? worm t is ho/ = !
 immature p>asite4 ,! embryo gape-worm  
is fre$ 9 ! inte/9e1 & f "h !y are      
suppos$ to migrate into ! abdom9al air  
sacs & to ! tra*ea & bron*i4  ,! symptom
 are mo/ sev]e 9 v "y f[ls4 ,! affect$  
bird op5s its m\? & appe>s to gasp =    
brea?1 sneeze & attempt to swall[4 ,9 ! 
sev]e cases ! appetite is int]f]$ )1    
mucus accumulates 9 ! m\? & ! bird is   
dull & li/less4 ,! dea? rate is q high 9
 "y-*ick5s & turkeys4  ,! treatm5t is   
bo? prev5tive & curative4 ,if !         
gape-worm is kn[n to be pres5t 9 ! runs1
 ! gr\nd %\ld be cov]$ ) lime1 & ! f[ls 
mov$ to fre% runs if possible4 ,! "y    
birds %\ld n be expos$ to ! infection   
until !y are well fea!r$ out4           

,antiseptics may be giv5 ) ! dr9k+ wat]4
 ,dis9fectants %\ld be us$ freely ab\t !
 p\ltry h\ses1 & ! qu>t]s kept clean4 ,!
 worms may be sn>$ by ins]t+ a /iff     
horse hair t has be5 twi/$ & =ms a loop 
into ! tra*ea4 ,?is may be dipp$ into   
camphorat$ oil or turp5t9e4 ,?is        
treatm5t %\ld be repeat$ until ! bird   
has be5 reliev$4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,"n !
 diff]5t gr\ps ( int]nal p>asites2 give 
examples ( ea*4  #b4 ,:at conditions    
favor liv] rot8 ,give ! life hi/ory ( ! 
liv]    fluke4  #c4 ,"n ?ree common     
tapeworms2 give ! life hi/ory ( ! beef &
 pork    tapeworms4  #d4 ,"n ! common   
inte/9al worms ( horses & give !        
treatm5t4  #e4 ,give ! symptoms &       
treatm5t ( /oma*-worm disease ( %eep4   
#f4 ,"n ! common inte/9al worms ( hogs &
 give treatm5t4  #g4 ,:at species (     
dome/ic animals suff] mo/ ( v]m9\s      
bron*itis8    ,give ! treatm5t4  #h4 ,"n
 ! common int]nal p>asites ( p\ltry &   
give treatm5t4     ,,"p                 
,,vi4--,,infecti\s ,,diseases    ,,*apt]

 ,,xxvi  ,,hog-,,*ol]a   ,,hog-,,*ol]a  
is a highly infecti\s disease ( sw9e4 ,x
 is *>act]iz$ by an inflammation1 ( !   
lymphatic gl&s1 kidneys1 inte/9es1 lungs
 & sk94 ,! inflammation is hemorrhagic 9
 "*1 ! inflam$ organs usually %[+ deep  
r$ spots or blot*es4  ,hog-*ol]a is     
especially preval5t 9 ! corn-rais+      
,/ates :i* possess a d5s] hog population
 ?an any o!r section ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,9 ?is c\ntry ! loss f hog-*ol]a 9 #aiac
 am\nt$ to m ?an #fj1jjj1jjj1 & x may be
 consid]$ ( great] economic importance  
?an any ( ! o!r animal diseases4        
,,specific ,,cause4--,! specific cause (
 hog-*ol]a is an ultra-visible organism 
t is pres5t 9 ! excretions1 secretions &
 tissues ( a *ol]a hog4 ,de ,s*we9itz & 
,dorset 9 #aijc produc$ typical         
hog-*ol]a by inoculat+ hogs )           
*ol]a-blood filtrates t 7 free f any    
organism t c\ld be demon/rat$ by        
microscopical exam9ation or any cultural
 me?od4 ,! t]m ultra-visible virus is   
appli$ to ! virus ( hog-*ol]a4  ,!      

ultra-visible virus is elim9at$ f ! body
 ( ! *ol]a hog ) ! body secretions &    
excretions4 ,heal?y hogs contract !     
disease by eat+ fe$ or dr9k+ wat] t is  
infect$ ) ! virus4 ,!re are o!r me?ods (
 infection1 b field & exp]im5tal data %[
 t hog-*ol]a is commonly produc$ by tak+
 ! g]ms into ! body ) food & dr9k+ wat]4
  ,,accessory ,,causes4--,! usual me?od 
( introduc+ hog-*ol]a into a            
neighborhood is ?r\gh ! importation (   
fe$+ or bre$+ hogs t 7 infect$ ) !      
disease be=e !y 7 pur*as$1 or became    
infect$ ?r\gh exposure to ! disease 9 ! 
public /ock-y>ds & /ock-c>s4 ,! %ipp+ ( 
fe$+ hogs f "o section ( ! c\ntry to    
ano!r1 & f public /ock-y>ds1 has always 
be5 productive ( hog-*ol]a4 ,dr4 ,dorset
 /ates t m ?an fifty-sev5 p] c5t ( !    
hog-*ol]a outbreaks are caus$ by visit+1
 ex*ang+ "w1 exposure on adjo9+ f>ms &  
h>bor+ ! infection f ye> to ye> 7,fig4  
#gi71 & m ?an tw5ty-?ree p] c5t to      
pur*as+ hogs & %ipp+ 9 infect$ c>s1     
birds & contam9at$ /reams4              

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,a hog y>d  
:]e ! disease-produc+ g]ms may be c>ri$ 
ov] f ye> to ye>4  ,9 neighborhoods :]e 
outbreaks ( hog-*ol]a occur necess>y    
precautions aga9/ ! spread ( ! disease  
are n tak54 ,! ex*ange ( help at ?re%+ &
 %r$d+ "t 9 neighborhoods :]e !re is an 
outbreak ( hog-*ol]a is ! mo/ common    
me?od ( spread+ ! disease4 ,visit+ f>ms 
:]e hogs are dy+ ( *ol]a2 walk+ or driv+
 a team & wagon ?r\gh ! *ol]a-infect$   
y>ds2 /ock buy]s1 /ock-food &           
*ol]a-rem$y v5d]s t visit ! diff]5t f>ms
 9 a neighborhood may di/ribute !       
hog-*ol]a virus ?r\gh ! infect$ fil? t  
may adh]e to ! %oes1 horses' feet &     
wagon :eels4 ,*ol]a hogs may c>ry !     
disease directly to a heal?y h]d :5     
all[$ to run at l>ge4 ,/reams t are     
pollut$ ) ! dra9age f *ol]a-infect$ y>ds
 are common s\rces ( disease4  ,pigeons1
 dogs1 c[s & buzz>ds t travel ab\t !    
neighborhood & fe$ 9 hog y>ds & on !    
c>casses ( *ol]a hogs may di/ribute !   
disease4 ,because ( ! active "p t dogs1 

birds & surface dra9age take 9 !        
di/ribution ( hog-*ol]a1 ! practice (   
all[+ ! c>casses ( dead hogs to lie on !
 gr\nd & decompose is responsible = a   
l>ge p]c5tage ( ! hog-*ol]a outbreaks4  
,age is an important pr$ispos+ factor4  
,"y hogs are mo/ susceptible to *ol]a1 &
 ?is susceptibility c be greatly        
increas$ by giv+ !m cr[d$1 fil?y qu>t]s4
 ,infection ) lice1 lung & inte/9al     
worms1 ! fe$+ ( an improp] ration &     
sudd5 *anges 9 ! ration l[] ! natural   
resi/ance ( a hog aga9/ disease4 ,pamp]$
 hogs usually develop acute *ol]a :5    
expos$ to ?is disease4  ,hog-*ol]a is m 
virul5t or acute dur+ ! summ] & fall    
mon?s ?an x is dur+ ! w9t] & spr+ mon?s4
 ,aft] ! disease sweeps ov] a section ( 
c\ntry1 x becomes less virul5t & takes  
on a subacute or *ronic =m4 ,outbreaks (
 hog-*ol]a usually la/ two or ?ree ye>s 
9 a neighborhood4 ,?is dep5ds l>gely on 
! numb] ( susceptible hogs t 7 n expos$ 
to ! infection ! fir/ season1 & !       
prev5tive precautions obs]v$ by ! own]s4

  ,,p]iod ,,( ,,incubation4--,! l5g? (  
"t elaps+ betwe5 ! exposure ( ! hog to !
 *ol]a virus1 & ! developm5t (          
noticeable symptoms ( hog-*ol]a1 v>ies f
 a few days to two or ?ree weeks4 ,!    
l5g? ( ?is incubation p]iod dep5ds on ! 
susceptibility ( ! animal1 ! virul5ce ( 
! virus & ! me?od ( exposure4 ,an acute 
=m ( hog-*ol]a indicates a %ort p]iod ( 
incubation1 & a *ronic =m1 a long p]iod4
  ,,symptoms4--,! symptoms ( hog-*ol]a  
may diff] widely 9 ! diff]5t outbreaks (
 ! disease4 ,! symptoms may be classifi$
 "u ! foll[+ =ms3 ,acute1 subacute &    
*ronic4 ,! acute =m ( hog-*ol]a is ! mo/
 common4 ,! e>ly symptoms are tremors1  
fev]1 depress$ appe>ance1 m>k$ weakness1
 /agg]+ gait1 con/ipation & di>rhoea1   
labor$ brea?+ & convulsions4 ,dea? may  
occur )9 a few h\rs or a few days4      
,recov]y seldom occurs4 ,9 ! subacute   
=m1 ! symptoms are mild & develop sl[ly4
 ,recov]y may take place )9 a few days1 
or aft] ext5d+ ov] a week or t5 days x  
may assume ! *ronic =m4 ,v (t5 9        

outbreaks ( subacute *ol]a a l>ge       
majority ( ! h]d does n %[ visible      
symptoms ( ! disease4 ,9 ! *ronic =m1   
m>k$ symptoms ( pleuropneumonia & *ronic
 inflammation ( ! inte/9e are common4   
,ulc]s & sores =m on ! sk9 & ! hair may 
come (f4 ,l>ge portions ( ! sk9 may     
become gangr5\s & sl\gh4 ,"y hogs are   
usually /unt$ & emaciat$4  ,! fir/      
symptom ( disease is an elevation ( body
 temp]ature4  ,at ! beg9n+ ( any        
outbreak ( hog-*ol]a ! body temp]atures 
( ! app>5tly heal?y animals may v>y f   
#ajebfj to #ajhbfj ,f4 ,aft] a few days1
 animals t are fatally sick or recov]+ f
 ! disease may %[ normal or subnormal   
body temp]ature4  ,loss ( appetite is ! 
fir/ symptom ( disease usually not$ by !
 p]son 9 *>ge ( ! h]d4 ,! hog may %[ a  
disposition to eat dirt4 ,! sick hog is 
usually f\nd ly+ 9 its b$1 or (f by     
itself 9 a quiet place4 ,x pres5ts a r  
*>act]i/ic appe>ance4 ,! back is ar*$1 !
 h9d feet are held close toge!r1 or     
cross$1 ! abdom5 is tuck$ up & ! hog    

appe>s weak 9 its h9d p>ts4 ,di>rhoea or
 con/ipation may be pres5t4 ,! color ( !
 di>rhoeal dis*>ges v>ies accord+ to !  
"* ( ! fe$1 & x may be m or less t+$ )  
blood & h a disagreeable odor4 ,! ur9e  
is highly color$4  ,! respirations &    
pulse beats are quick5$ & abnormal 9 "*4
 ,?umps sometimes occur4 ,:5 ! muc\s    
membranes l9+ ! ?roat & ant]ior air     
passages are ?ick5$1 ! respirations are 
noisy & difficult4 ,! animal may c\gh on
 gett+ up f its b$ & mov+ ab\t4 ,!re is 
at times a noticeable dis*>ge f !       
no/rils4 ,:5 ! lungs are inflam$ !      
respirations are quick5$ & labor$4 ,9   
case ! pleural membrane is inflam$1 !   
respiratory symptoms are m sev]e1 & !   
hog %[s evid5ce ( pa9 :5 ! walls ( ! *e/
 are press$ on4 ,! p]ic>dium may be     
inflam$4 ,9 su* cases ! hog /agg]s &    
falls :5 =c$ to walk4  ,! c5tral n]v\s  
sy/em may be involv$ by ! inflammation4 
,! usual symptoms occurr+ 9 inflammation
 ( ! bra9 & its cov]+s are !n pres5t4 ,a
 sleepy1 comatose condition may end 9   

dea?1 or ! animal dies 9 a convulsion4  
,! secretions ( ! sk9 & muc\s membranes 
are abnormal4 ,! sk9 9 ! regions ( !    
e>s1 inside ( ! ?ighs & "u surface ( !  
body is moi/1 dirty or discolor$ r$4 ,j 
be=e dea? ! sk9 ov] ! "u surface ( !    
body becomes a purpli% r$4 ,9 ! *ronic  
=m1 a dirty1 ?ick5$1 wr9kl$ sk9 is      
commonly obs]v$4 ,at fir/ ! secretion f 
! eyes is ?9 & wat]y1 b x becomes ?ick1 
heavy & pus-l1 caus+ ! m>g9s ( ! lids to
 adh]e to ea* o!r4  ,! dea? rate 9      
hog-*ol]a v>ies 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( !     
disease4 ,! av]age dea? rate is ab\t    
fifty p] c5t4  ,,diff]5tial             
,,diagnosis4--,! diagnosis ( hog-*ol]a 9
 ! field mu/ dep5d on ! cl9ical         
symptoms1 po/-mortem lesions & hi/ory ( 
! outbreak4 ,! hi/ory %\ld be t ( a     
highly infecti\s disease4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,c>cass ( a *ol]a hog %[+
 diff]5t gr\ps ( lymphatic gl&s2        
kidneys2 & ulc] on caecum4  ,abnormal   
body temp]atures ( a l>ge p]c5tage ( !  
h]d indicate ! pres5ce ( an acute       

infecti\s disease4 ,we %\ld !n de/roy "o
 ( ! sick hogs & make a c>eful          
po/-mortem exam9ation 7,fig4 #hj74 ,an  
e>ly diagnosis ( ! disease is necess>y1 
z ?is enables u to use curative treatm5t
 :5 x w d "s good1 & take ! necess>y    
/eps t[>d prev5t+ ! spread ( ! disease  
to neighbor+ h]ds4  ,inte/9al & lung    
worms are common 9 "y hogs4 ,! pres5ce (
 ^! worms does n always indicate t !y   
are ! cause ( ! sickness & dea? ( !     
animal4 ,su* p>asites are injuri\s & may
 cause disease1 b x is only 9 r>e cases 
t !y cause dea?4  ,pig typhoid is       
sometimes spok5 ( z a highly infecti\s  
disease involv+ ! inte/9es4 ,a disease (
 hogs t may be t]m$ typhus-fev]         
sometimes affects a l>ge numb] ( ! hogs 
9 ! h]d4 ,?is disease occurs among hogs 
kept 9 small y>ds & h\ses t are cr[d$1  
unsanit>y & 9 cont9u\s use1 or :5 ! hogs
 dr9k f wall[s1 ponds & creeks4  ,! t]m 
sw9e-plague %\ld n be us$ 9 speak+ (    
outbreaks ( hog-*ol]a1 z x is n[        
consid]$ a =m ( hog-*ol]a involv+       

especially ! lungs4  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #ha4--,kidneys f hog t di$ (     
acute hog-*ol]a4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#hb4--,lungs f hog t di$ ( acute        
hog-*ol]a4  ,,lesions4--,9 acute        
hog-*ol]a ! inflammation is hemorrhagic 
9 "*4 ,small1 r$ spots & blot*es occur 9
 diff]5t organs & tissues4 ,9 ! *ronic  
=m ( ! disease ulc]ation ( ! inte/9al & 
ga/ric muc\s membrane1 inflammation ( ! 
lungs & pleura & sl\gh+ ( ! sk9 are     
common lesions4  ,! sk9 ov] ! "u side ( 
! neck1 body & inside ( ! ?ighs may     
appe> r$ or purpli%-r$ 9 color4 ,!      
diff]5t gr\ps ( lymphatic gl&s are      
enl>g$ & s(t5$4 ,!y may v>y 9 color f a 
grayi%-r$ to a deep r$1 dep5d+ on !     
degree ( engorgem5t ) blood4 ,! pleura &
 p]ic>dium may %[ small r$ spots &      
blot*es4 ,! kidneys are usually light]  
color$ ?an normal1 & m>k$ ) r$ spots &  
blot*es 7,fig4 #ha74 ,! sple5 may %[ no 
evid5ce ( disease4 ,x may be l>ge & s(t1
 or ev5 small] ?an normal4 ,! liv] may  
be enl>g$ & d>k1 or mottl$ & light      

color$4  ,! /oma* & inte/9es may %[     
hemorrhagic spots & blot*es4 ,sometimes 
! ga/ric & inte/9al muc\s membrane is a 
brick r$4 ,ulc]ation ( ! muc\s membrane 
is common 7,fig4 #hc74  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #hc4--;,a piece ( inte/9e f a hog
 t di$ ( *ronic hog-*ol]a1 %[+ appe>ance
 ( inte/9al ulc]s4  ,small1 r$ spots may
 be pres5t on ! surface ( ! lungs 7,fig4
 #hb74 ,scatt]$ lung lobules or a l>ge  
portion ( ! lungs may be inflam$4 ,9    
*ronic hog-*ol]a1 pleural exudation1    
adhesions & abscesses 9 ! lung tissue   
may occur4 ,inflammations ( ! p]ic>dium 
& he>t muscle are less common lesions4  
,,prev5tive ,,measures4--,hog-*ol]a is !
 mo/ widespread infecti\s disease (     
hogs1 & all possible precautions aga9/  
its di/ribution to heal?y h]ds %\ld be  
practis$4 ,hogs com+ f o!r h]ds & /ock  
%[s %\ld be exclud$ f ! home h]d until  
!y are positively %[n to be free f      
disease4 ,!y %\ld be qu>ant9$ 9 y>ds set
 (f = ?is purpose4 ,! hogs %\ld be      
clean$ by dipp+ or wa%+ !m ) a          

dis9fectant4 ,! qu>ant9e p]iod %\ld be  
long] ?an ! av]age p]iod ( incubation4  
,?ree weeks is suffici5t4  ,! possible  
introduction ( ! disease into ! p5s by  
p1 dogs1 birds & o!r c>ri]s ( ! disease 
%\ld be gu>d$ aga9/1 especially if *ol]a
 is pres5t 9 ! neighborhood4 ,! ex*ange 
( help at ?re%+ & %r$d+ "t ) a neighbor 
:o has hog-*ol]a on 8 f>m is a common   
me?od ( di/ribut+ ! infection4 ,x is n  
advisable to all[ a /rang] to ent] y\r  
hog-h\ses & y>ds1 unless 8 %oes are fir/
 dis9fect$4 ,:5ev] x is necess>y = a    
p]son to ent] y>ds :]e ! disease is     
pres5t1 ! %oes %\ld be clean$ &         
dis9fect$ on leav+4 ,! :eels ( wagons1 &
 ! feet ( horses t are driv5 ?r\gh *ol]a
 y>ds1 %\ld be wa%$ ) a dis9fectant4 ,! 
feet ( fe$+ cattle t are %ipp$ f        
/ock-y>ds %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann]4
 ,p]sons tak+ c>e ( *ol]a hogs %\ld     
obs]ve ! necess>y precautions aga9/ !   
di/ribution ( ! disease1 & see t o!rs   
practise l precautions4  ,hog-y>ds %\ld 
be well dra9$ & all wall[ holes fill$4  

,p5s & pa/ures ?r\gh :i* ! dra9age f !  
sw9e enclosures high] up fl[s %\ld n be 
us$ = hogs4  ,,c>e ,,( ,a ,,diseas$     
,,h]d4--,:5 an outbreak ( hog-*ol]a     
occurs on a f>m ! f>m %\ld be qu>ant9$4 
,! h]d %\ld be mov$ away f runn+ /reams1
 public roads & l9e f5ces1 s t neighbor+
 h]ds are n unnecess>ily expos$ to !    
disease4 ,dur+ ! hot wea!r %ade & an    
opportunity to range ov] a grass lot or 
pa/ure are highly necess>y4 ,a rec5tly  
m[$ mead[1 or a blue grass pa/ure & a l[
 %$1 op5 on all sides & amply l>ge = !  
h]d to lie "u1 give ! animals clean     
range & com=table1 cool qu>t]s4 ,roomy1 
dry1 well-v5tilat$ sleep+-qu>t]s t are  
free f drafts & c be clean$ & dis9fect$ 
are be/ :5 ! wea!r is cold & wet4  ,9 ! 
subacute1 & 9 ! e>ly "p ( an acute      
outbreak ( hog-*ol]a1 x is advisable to 
sep>ate ! sick f ! well hogs4 ,! fatally
 sick animals %\ld be de/roy$4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,clean+ up a
 hog lot4  ,a v light ration %\ld be f$ 
& an inte/9al antiseptic giv5 ) ! fe$4  

,a ?9 slop ( %orts is usually pref]r$4  
,f\r ounces ( pulv]iz$ copp] sulfate may
 be dissolv$ 9 "o gallon ( hot wat]1 &  
"o qu>t ( ?is solution may be add$ to e 
t5 gallons ( dr9k+ wat] & slop4 ,wat] & 
slop %\ld n be left 9 ! tr\ghs = ! hogs 
to wall[ 94 ,! tr\ghs %\ld be dis9fect$ 
& turn$ bottom side up z soon z ! hogs h
 f9i%$ fe$+ & dr9k+4 ,kit*5 slop & s\r  
milk %\ld n be f$4 ,! c>e & treatm5t ( !
 h]d require "w & close att5tion on ! "p
 ( ! att5dant4 ,indiff]5t1 c>eless      
treatm5t is ( no use 9 ?is disease4  ,a 
dis9fectant %\ld be spray$ or spr9kl$   
ab\t ! fe$ tr\ghs1 floors1 p5s & sleep+ 
qu>t]s daily4  ,,dispos+ ,,( ,,dead     
,,hogs4--,! c>casses ( ! dead hogs %\ld 
be burn$4 ,be=e plac+ ! c>cass on !     
fire1 x %\ld be cut op5 & sev]al long   
incisions made ?r\gh ! sk94 ,a crematory
 may be made by digg+ two cross tr5*es t
 are ab\t "o foot deep at ! po9t :]e !y 
cross1 & %all[ at ! ends4 ,iron b>s or  
pipe may be laid ov] ! tr5*es :]e !y    
cross = ! c>cass to re/ ^u1 or wov5 wire

 f5c+ securely fa/5$ ) /akes may be us$ 
9 ! place ( ! iron b>s4 ,if ! c>cass is 
dispos$ ( by bury+1 x %\ld be buri$ at  
lea/ f\r feet deep & cov]$ ) quicklime4 
,,dis9fect+ ,,! ,,y>ds ,,& ,,h\ses4--,if
 ! sick hogs are mov$ to new qu>t]s at !
 beg9n+ ( ! outbreak1 ! hog h\ses & y>ds
 %\ld be clean$ & dis9fect$ 7,fig4 #hd74
 ,! manure & all o!r litt] %\ld be haul$
 away to a field :]e !re is no dang] f  
?is infecti\s mat]ial becom+ scatt]$    
ab\t ! premises1 leav+ a c5tre (        
infection 9 ! neighborhood & caus+      
outbreaks ( *ol]a among neighbor+ h]ds4 
,x may be advisable to burn ! corn-cobs 
& o!r litt] t h accumulat$ ab\t ! y>ds4 
,loose bo>d floors %\ld be torn up & !  
manure f b5ea? remov$4 ,portable h\ses  
%\ld be remov$4 ,! floors1 walls ( !    
h\se & f5ces %\ld be fir/ clean$ by     
scrap+ (f ! fil?1 & !n spray$ ) a ?ree  
p] c5t wat] solution ( a cresol or coal 
t> dis9fectant to :i* suffici5t lime has
 be5 add$ to make a ?9 :itewa%4 ,?ree or
 f\r mon?s ( w>m1 sunny wea!r are       

suffici5t to de/roy ! *ol]a infection 9 
well-clean$ y>ds4  ,,anti-,,hog-,,*ol]a 
,,s]um4--,! cr$it ( develop+ ! fir/ & at
 pres5t ! only reliable anti-hog-*ol]a  
s]um & me?od ( vacc9ation belongs to    
,drs4 ,dorset & ,niles4 ,anti-hog-*ol]a 
s]um came into g5]al use 9 #aijh1 & all 
( ! sw9e-produc+ ,/ates h e/abli%$ ,/ate
 laboratories = ! production ( ?is s]um4
  ,anti-hog-*ol]a s]um is produc$ by    
inject+ directly1 or indirectly1 into ! 
blood-vessels ( an immune hog a l>ge    
quantity ( *ol]a virus1 secur$ by ble$+ 
a hog t is fatally sick ) acute *ol]a1 &
 ble$+ ! inject$ animal aft] x has      
completely recov]$ f ! injection4 ,!    
injection ( ! *ol]a blood is = ! purpose
 ( /imulat+ ! production ( antibodies by
 ! body tissues1 & rais+ ! protective   
prop]ties ( ! immune hog's blood4 ,an   
animal s treat$ is call$ a hyp]immune   
7,fig4 #he74 ,! blood f ! hyp]immunes is
 defibr9at$ & a pres]vative add$1 & aft]
 x has be5 te/$ = pot5cy & fre$om f     
contam9at+ organisms1 x is ready = use4 

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,hyp]immune 
hogs us$ = ! production ( anti-hog-*ol]a
 s]um4  ,,! ,,vacc9ation ,,( ,,hogs ,,) 
,,anti-,,hog-,,*ol]a ,,s]um4--,!        
vacc9ation ( a hog by ! s+le me?od      
consi/s 9 inject+ hypod]mically or      
intramuscul>ly anti-hog-*ol]a s]um4 ,!  
immunity conf]r$ may n la/ long] ?an    
?ree or f\r weeks4  ,! vacc9ation ( a   
hog by ! d\ble me?od consi/s 9 inject+  
hypod]mically or intramuscul>ly         
anti-hog-*ol]a s]um & hog-*ol]a blood4  
,! vacc9ation or treatm5t ( a *ol]a hog 
%[+ noticeable symptoms1 or a high body 
temp]ature1 consi/s 9 inject+           
hypod]mically or intramuscul>ly         
anti-hog-*ol]a s]um 7,fig4 #hg74        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,prep>+ ! hog
 = vacc9ation by wa%+ ! "p :]e ! s]um is
 inject$ ) a dis9fectant4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,fig4 #hg4--,vacc9at+ a hog4  ,!      
region into :i* ! s]um & *ol]a blood may
 be inject$ are ! inside ( ! ?igh1 )9 ! 
arm1 flank & side ( ! neck 7,fig4 #hf74 
,two hypod]mic syr+es1 hold+ ab\t tw5ty 

cubic c5timetres & six cubic c5timetres1
 & hav+ %ort1 heavy1 sev5te5 or         
eighte5-gauge slip-on ne$les1 %\ld be   
us$4 ,! small syr+e is us$ = inject+ !  
virul5t or *ol]a blood :i* is inject$   
into a diff]5t "p ?an ! s]um4 ,!        
quantity ( s]um & virus inject$ v>ies ) 
! size & condition ( ! animal4 ,"y hogs 
%\ld receive "o-half cubic c5timetre (  
s]um = ea* p\nd ( body weight1 & *ol]a  
hogs %\ld be giv5 "o-half m to twice !  
dose t is recomm5d$ = heal?y animals4 ,!
 dose ( virus recomm5d$ v>ies f "o to   
two cubic c5timetres = ea* hog4  ,9     
vacc9at+ small pigs n m ?an five1 & 9   
l>ge hogs n m ?an tw5ty1 cubic          
c5timetres %\ld be inject$ at any "o    
po9t4 ,! body temp]ature ( ea* animal   
%\ld be tak54 ,a body temp]ature (      
#ajc4ebfj ,f4 9 a mature hog & a body   
temp]ature ( #ajdbfj ,f4 9 a "y hog may 
indicate hog-*ol]a4 ,ex]cise1 fe$+ &    
close conf9em5t 9 a w>m place may raise 
! body temp]ature above ! normal4  ,hogs
 t are to be vacc9at$ or treat$ %\ld n  

be giv5 fe$ = at lea/ twelve h\rs be=e  
h&l+ !m4 ,if possible !y %\ld be conf9$ 
9 a roomy1 clean1 well-b$d$ p54 ,if ?is 
is practis$1 !y are clean] & easi] to   
h&le & _! body temp]atures are less apt 
to v>y4 ,aft] ! treatm5t or vacc9ation !
 hogs %\ld be f$ a light diet = a p]iod 
( at lea/ t5 days1 & ! ration increas$  
gradually 9 ord] to avoid caus+ acute   
indige/ion4 ,?is is necess>y because ( !
 elevation 9 body temp]ature result+ f !
 inability ( ! animal to dige/ heavy    
fe$s1 kit*5 slops & s\r milk4 ,if poor  
judgm5t is us$ 9 c>+ = ! vacc9at$ hogs1 
& ! p]son :o vacc9ates !m uses c>eless  
me?ods1 heavy losses f acute indige/ion1
 blood poison+1 or hog-*ol]a may occur4 
,,que/ions  #a4 ,:at is ! specific cause
 ( hog-*ol]a8 ,give & describe !        
diff]5t me?ods ( spread+ ! disease4  #b4
 ,:at are ! symptoms ( hog-*ol]a8  #c4  
,give ! prev5tive & curative treatm5t ( 
hog-*ol]a4  #d4 ,:at is anti-hog-*ol]a  
s]um8 ,give ! diff]5t me?ods (          
vacc9ation & treatm5t4     ,,*apt]      

,,xxvii  ,,tub]culosis   ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #hh4--,ko*'s ,bacillus           
tub]culosis4  ,tub]culosis is a         
contagi\s an & dome/ic animals1 affect+ 
any ! lymphatic gl&s & lungs1 *ange 9 ! 
tissues is ! =mation tub]cle or nodule4 
,,hi/ory4--,tub]culosis is "o ( ! olde/ 
( kn[n diseases ( dome/ic animals & man4
 ,its contagi\s "* 0 prov5 by ,villem9 9
 #ahfe1 :o by exp]5tial infection       
transmitt$ tub]culosis f man to animals 
& f animal to animal4 ,x 0 9 #ahhb t    
,dr4 ,rob]t ,ko* discov]$ & prov$ by    
inoculation exp]im5ts t ! disease 0     
caus$ by a specific g]m 7,fig4 #hh74    
,prior to ! exp]im5ts by ,villem9 &     
,ko*1 ! belief 0 t tub]culosis 0 due to 
h]$ity1 unsanit>y conditions & inbre$+4 
,foll[+ discov]y ( ! specific g]m &     
conditions favor+ its developm5t &      
spread1 num]\s sci5tifically conduct$   
exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,^! result$ 9         
practical me?ods ( control & elim9ation 
( tub]culosis f h]ds hav+ ?is disease4  
,by c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts & o!r   

=ms ( educational "w ! infecti\s "* (   
tub]culosis & ! economic importance (   
prev5tative measures h be5 demon/rat$4  
,! av]age /ockman is well in=m$ reg>d+ !
 "* & economic importance ( ?is disease1
 b !re is no g5]al application ( ?is k1 
& tub]culosis is increas+ 9 dairy &     
bre$+ h]ds4 ,! sl[ developm5t (         
tub]culosis1 & ! abs5ce ( visible       
symptoms dur+ ! e>ly /age ( ! disease1  
are responsible = ?is condition & !     
ext5sive infection ( dairy & bre$+ h]ds4
  ,,preval5ce ,,( ,,!                   
,,disease4--,tub]culosis is v preval5t  
among cattle & sw9e 9 all c\ntries :]e  
int5sive agriculture is practis$4 ,x is 
a r>e disease among cattle ( ! /eppes ( 
ea/]n ,europe & ! cattle ranges ( !     
we/]n portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9     
c\ntries :]e dairy+ is an important     
indu/ry1 tub]culosis is a common disease
 ( cattle & hogs4 ,! abattoir reports ( 
,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates %[ t          
tub]culosis is on ! increase among      
dome/ic animals4 ,! ,bureau ( ,animal   

,indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,dep>tm5t (  
,agriculture reports t out ( #djj1jjh   
cattle te/$ ) tub]cul9 #i4be p] c5t     
react$4 ,melv9 /ates t ! annual loss f  
tub]culosis 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t   
#bc1jjj1jjj4 ,9 dairy h]ds 9 :i* !      
disease has exi/$ = sev]al ye>s1 x is n 
uncommon to f9d f #be to #ge p] c5t     
tub]cul>4  ,,! ,,direct ,,cause4--,!    
direct cause ( tub]culosis is ,ko*'s    
,bacillus tub]culosis4 ,?is is a sl5d]1 
rod-%ap$ microorganisms 7,fig4 #hh7     
occurr+ 9 ! diseas$ tissues1 feces &    
milk ( a tub]cul> animal4 ,x belongs to 
t small gr\p kn[n z acid-fa/ bact]ia4 ,!
 tub]cle bacillus is n really de/roy$ by
 ext]nal influ5ces1 & x may reta9 its   
virul5ce = sev]al mon?s 9 dri$ sputum if
 protect$ f ! light4 ,its vitality      
enables x to resi/ high temp]atures1    
*anges 9 temp]ature1 dry+ & putrefaction
 to a1 great] degree ?an mo/            
non-spore-produc+ g]ms4 ,direct sunlight
 de/roys ! g]m )9 a few h\rs1 b x may   
live 9 poorly light$1 fil?y /ables =    

mon?s4 ,a temp]ature ( #febfj ,c4       
de/roys x 9 a few m9utes4  ,animals t1 h
 advanc$ or op5 tub]culosis may         
dissem9ate ! g]m ( ! disease 9 ! dis*>ge
 f ! m\?1 no/rils1 g5ital organs1 9 !   
inte/9al excreta & milk4 ,! g]ms dis*>g$
 f ! m\? & no/rils are c\gh$ up f !     
lungs & may infect ! fe$4 ,milk is a    
common s\rce ( infection = calves &     
hogs4 ,all[+ hogs to run aft] cattle is 
sure to result 9 infection ( a l>ge     
p]c5tage ( !m1 if !re are any op5 cases 
( tub]culosis 9 ! h]d4  ,,pr$ispos+     
,,causes4--,any condition t may less5 ! 
resi/ance ( ! body or enable ! tub]cle  
bacillus to survive ! exposure outside !
 body favors ! developm5t ( ! disease & 
! infection ( ! heal?y animals4 ,cr[d$1 
poorly v5tilat$1 fil?y /ables l[] !     
disease-resi/+ p[] ( ! animal1 & favor !
 entrance ( ! g]ms into ! body4 ,"u su* 
unsanit>y conditions1 tub]culosis       
spreads quickly among dairy cattle1 & a 
l>ge p]c5tage ( ! animals develop !     
g5]aliz$ =m ( ! disease4 ,sanit>y /ables

 & y>ds d n prev5t ! spread ( ! disease 
among animals t live 9 close contact )  
"o ano!r4 ,fre% air & sanit>y surr\nd+s 
only *eck ! spread & ret>d its progress4
  ,,introduction ,,( ,,tub]culosis      
,,into ,,! ,,h]d4--,! common me?od (    
introduc+ tub]culosis into ! h]d is     
?r\gh ! pur*ase ( animals hav+ !        
disease4 ,su* animals may be 9 app>5t   
good heal? at ! "t ( pur*ase1 & be      
affect$ ) g5]aliz$ or op5 tub]culosis4  
,a s\rce ( infection is by unkn[+ly buy+
 c[s t h react$ to ! tub]cul9 te/4 ,!   
indiscrim9ate use & sale ( tub]cul9 are 
l>gely responsible = ! l>ge numb] (     
react+ animals t h be5 plac$ on ! op5   
m>ket4 ,?is di%one/ practice has result$
 9 ! rapid spread ( ! disease 9 c]ta9   
localities4 ,= ye>s a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! 
bre$+ h]ds h be5 infect$1 & ! writ] has 
met ) sev]al h]ds ( dairy & beef cattle 
t became tub]cul> ?r\gh ! pur*ase (     
tub]cul> bre$+ animals4                 
,,symptoms4--,!re is no "o symptom by   
:i* we may recognize tub]culosis 9      

cattle & hogs4 ,none ( ! symptoms %[n by
 a tub]cul> animal are *>act]i/ic1      
unless x is 9 ! late /age ( ! disease4  
,9 a well-c>$-= animal1 ! lymphatic gl&s
 9 ! diff]5t regions ( ! body1 ! lungs1 
liv] & o!r organs1 may be full (        
tub]cles )\t caus+ noticeable symptoms (
 disease 7,fig4 #hi74  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #hi4--;,a tub]cul> c[4 ,?is c[ 01
 to all appe>ances1 9 good heal?1 b %[$ 
g5]aliz$ tub]culosis on po/-mortem      
exam9ation4  ,tub]culosis may attack any
 organ ( ! body1 & 9 ! diff]5t cases ( !
 disease ! symptoms may v>y4 ,enl>gem5t 
( ! gl&s 9 ! region ( ! ?roat1 & noisy1 
difficult brea?+ are sometimes pres5t4  
,! udd] frequ5tly %[s h>d lumps scatt]$ 
?r\gh ! gl&4 ,bloat+ may occur if a     
diseas$ gl& 9 ! *e/ cavity presses on ! 
oesophagus & prev5ts ! usual passage (  
gas f ! paun*4 ,*ronic di>rhoea may     
occur4 ,if ! disease involves ! dige/ive
 tract1 ! animal is un?rifty & loses    
fle% rapidly4 ,c\gh+ is n a *>act]i/ic  
symptom1 & we %\ld n place too mu*      

emphasis on x4 ,if ! lungs become       
tub]cul> ! animal usually has a slight1 
h>% c\gh4 ,! c\gh is fir/ notic$ :5 !   
cattle get up aft] ly+ d[n1 :5 ! /able  
is fir/ op5$ 9 ! morn+ & :5 ! animals   
are driv54 ,if ! *e/ walls are ?91      
sor5ess f pressure on ! ribs may be     
not$4 ,by apply+ ! e> to ! *e/ wall &   
li/5+ to ! lung s\nds1 abs5ce (         
respiratory murmurs & abnormal s\nds may
 be di/+ui%$1 due to consolidation ( !  
lung tissue1 abscess cavities & pleural 
adhesions4 ,9 a well-advanc$ case ! hair
 is r\gh1 ! sk9 becomes tight & ! neck  
?9 & lean4 ,! animal may brea! ?r\gh !  
m\? :5 x is ex]cis$4 ,weakness may be a 
prom95t symptom4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#ij4--,tub]cul> sple5s4  ,bre$+ animals 
t are well f$ & c>$ = may live = sev]al 
ye>s be=e %[+ noticeable symptoms (     
tub]culosis4 ,! disease progresses m    
rapidly 9 mil* c[s1 especially if giv5  
poor c>e4 ,calves all[$ to nurse a      
tub]cul> "m t is giv+ (f tub]cle bacilli
 frequ5tly develop enl>g$ ?roat gl&s & !

 inte/9al =m ( ! disease4  ,hogs develop
 a g5]aliz$ =m ( tub]culosis m quickly  
?an cattle1 b an un?rifty1 emaciat$     
condition is seldom not$ 9 hogs "u t5   
mon?s old4  ,,po/-,,mortem              
,,lesions4--,! effect ( ! tub]cle       
bacillus on ! body is to irritate &     
de/roy ! tissues4 ,lumps or tub]cles =m 
9 ! lymphatic gl&s1 liv]1 lungs1 sple5  
7,fig4 #ij71 s]\s membranes1 kidneys &  
o!r body organs 7,figs4 #ia & #ib74 ,!  
tub]cles may be v small at fir/1 b z !  
disease progresses !y cont9ue to enl>ge 
until f9ally a tub]cul> mass ! size ( a 
base-ball1 or l>g]1 is =m$ 7,figs4 #ic1 
#id1 #ie & #if74 ,lymphatic gl&s may    
become sev]al times l>g] ?an normal & ! 
liv] & lungs greatly enl>g$4 ,! pleura &
 p]itoneum may be ?ick5$ & cov]$ )      
tub]cles ab\t ! size ( a millet se$1 or 
l>g]4 ,pleural & p]itoneal adhesions to 
! organs )9 ! body cavities are common4 
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,! c>cass ( a
 tub]cul> c[4 ,note ! condition ( !     
c>cass1 & ! tub]cul> nodules on ! *e/   

wall1 %[+ t ! disease 0 well advanc$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,a section (
 ! *e/ wall ( a tub]cul> c[ %[+ a bett] 
view ( ! diseas$ tissue4  ,! tub]cle    
usually und]goes a *eesy deg5]ation4    
,old tub]cles may become h>d & calc>e\s4
 ,sometimes ! capsule ( ! tub]cle is    
fill$ ) pus4 ,a yell[i%1 *eesy mat]ial  
)9 ! capsule ( ! tub]cul> nodule or mass
 is typical ( ! disease4  ,,! ,,tub]cul9
 ,,te/4--,! only c]ta9 me?od ( recogniz+
 tub]culosis is by ?is te/4 ,!re is no  
o!r me?od ( recogniz+ ?is disease t is m
 accurate ?an ! above te/4  ,! sub/ance 
us$ 9 te/+ animals = tub]culosis is a   
laboratory product4 ,x is a g]m-free    
fluid prep>$ by gr[+ ! tub]cle bacillus 
9 culture m$ium 7b\illon7 until *>g$ ) !
 toxic products ( _! gr[?4 ,! culture   
m$ium is !n heat$ to a boil+ temp]ature 
9 ord] to de/roy ! g]ms4 ,x is !n pass$ 
?r\gh a porcela9 filt] t removes ! dead 
g]ms4 ,! rema9+ fluid is tub]cul94      
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,a v l>ge   
tub]cul> gl& t _h brok5 d[n 9 ! c5tral  

portion4  ,!re are two me?ods ( apply+ !
 tub]cul9 te/4 ,! subcutane\s te/       
consi/s 9 inject+ a c]ta9 quantity (    
tub]cul9 b5ea? ! sk91 & keep+ a record (
 ! body temp]ature ( ! animal betwe5 !  
eigh? & eighte5? h\rs foll[+ !          
injection4 ,tub]cul> animals %[ an      
elevation 9 temp]ature t comes on ab\t !
 eigh? or twelf? h\r ( ! te/4 ,9 !      
intrad]mal te/1 a small quantity ( a    
special tub]cul9 is inject$ into ! deep]
 lay] ( ! sk94 ,! seat ( ! injection 9  
cattle is a fold ( ! sk9 on ! "u side ( 
! base ( ! tail4 ,9 tub]cul> animals !  
injection is foll[$ by a *>act]i/ic     
local swell+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4     
#id4--;,a tub]cul> gl& t is split op54  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,caul %[+   
tub]culosis4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#if4--;,foot ( hog %[+ tub]culosis (    
jo9t4  ,! control ( tub]culosis is      
l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! bre$] & dairyman4    
,?is is a disease t requires !          
coop]ation ( /ockm5 & sanit>y (fic]s 9 !
 application ( control measures4 ,if !re

 are sev]al op5 cases ( tub]culosis 9 a 
h]d ( cattle1 ! application ( ! tub]cul9
 te/1 removal ( ! react+ animals &      
dis9fection ( ! premises are n suffici5t
 to eradicate ! disease4 ,x is necess>y 
to repeat ! tub]cul9 te/ )9 six mon?s1 &
 lat] at twelve-mon?s int]vals1 until   
none ( ! animals t rema9 9 ! h]d react4 
,! mo/ practical me?od ( dispos+ ( dairy
 c[s t react to ! tub]cul9 te/ is to    
slaught] !m4 ,unless a l>ge p]c5tage ( !
 h]d is tub]cul>1 x is n advisable to   
practise segregation & qu>ant9e4 ,?is   
may be advisable if ! reactor is a      
valuable bre$+ animal1 unless visible   
symptoms are %[n4 ,! milk f react+ c[s  
may be us$ if x is boil$ or /]iliz$4    
,:5ev] a calf is born ( a reactor1 x    
%\ld be sep>at$ f ! "m & f$ milk f a    
heal?y c[4  ,! sep>ation ( ! tub]cul> f 
! heal?y c[s mu/ be complete4 ,sep>ate  
build+s1 y>ds & pa/ures t d n jo9 !     
qu>t]s :]e ! heal?y animals are kept    
%\ld be provid$4 ,! p]son att5d+ !      
reactors %\ld n att5d ! heal?y animals1 

& sep>ate =ks1 %ovels1 pails & o!r      
ut5sils %\ld be provid$ = ! two h]ds4   
,! be/ me?od ( controll+ tub]culosis 9  
hogs is to slaught] all reactors1       
dis9fect y>ds & h\ses & move ! h]d4 ,if 
! old qu>t]s are free f fil? & c>efully 
dis9fect$1 ! hogs may be return$ )\t    
dang] ( infection aft] six mon?s4 ,a    
rete/ ( ! h]d %\ld be made be=e return+ 
!m to ! p]man5t qu>t]s & ! reactors     
slaught]$4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,give !    
hi/ory ( ! e>ly exp]im5tal "w 9         
tub]culosis2 give    ! common me?ods (  
spread+ ! disease4  #b4 ,:at are !      
symptoms & po/-mortem lesions 9         
tub]culosis8  #c4 ,give ! me?od (       
controll+ tub]culosis4     ,,*apt]      
,,xxviii  ,,infecti\s ,,diseases        
,,common ,,to ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,species   
,,( ,,dome/ic ,,animals   ,,septicaemia 
,,& ,,pyaemia4--,! t]m commonly us$ 9   
speak+ ( simple septicaemia & pyaemia is
 blood poison+4  ,^! infecti\s diseases 
are caus$ by sev]al diff]5t species (   
bact]ia t ga9 entrance to ! tissues by  

way ( w\nds4 ,! bact]ia t cause pyaemia 
are transf]r$ by ! blood /ream to       
diff]5t organs & produce multiple       
abscesses4 ,9 septicaemia1 ! bact]ia may
 occur 9 imm5se numb]s 9 ! blood &      
produce a g5]al infection ( ! tissues1  
caus+ a p>boil$ appe>ance ( ! liv]1     
he>t1 volunt>y muscles & kidneys1 &     
enl>gem5t ( ! sple54 ,! two =ms (       
infection are (t5 pres5t at ! same "t4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#ig4--,/aphylococcus pyog5es4           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,/reptococcus
 pyog5es4  ,! =ms ( bact]ia t may cause 
blood poison+ are ! ,/aphylococcus      
pyog5es aureus & albus 7,fig4 #ig71     
,/reptococcus pyog5es 7,fig4 #ih71      
,bacillus pyocyaneus1 ,bacillus coli    
communis1 & ! bacillus ( malignant o$ema
 7,figs4 #ii & #ajj74 ,! latt] is       
includ$ ) ! bact]ia t produce blood     
poison+ because x is a frequ5t cause (  
w\nd septicaemia4 ,subcutane\s1         
punctur$1 lac]at$1 contus$ & deep w\nds 
)\t suitable dra9age are ! mo/ suitable 

= ! developm5t ( & infection ( ! tissues
 ) ! above g]ms4 ,w\nd infection is mo/ 
common dur+ hot wea!r4  ,! symptoms are 
bo? g5]al & local4 ,! tissues 9 ! region
 ( ! w\nd become swoll5 & pa9ful4 ,9    
malignant o$ema ! swell+ pits on        
pressure1 & if ! w\nd is op51 ! surface 
becomes s(t & may sl\gh4 ,! body        
temp]ature may be sev]al degrees above !
 normal1 ! appetite is impair$ or !     
animal /ops eat+ & acts sleepy4 ,a small
 am\nt ( highly-color$ ur9e may be      
pass$4 ,n]v\s symptoms1 su* z muscul>   
twit*+1 excit$ condition1 delirium &    
p>alysis1 may be not$4  ,illu/ration3   
,,fig4 #ii4--;,bacillus ( malignant     
o$ema1 %[+ spores4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #ajj4--;,bacillus ( malignant o$ema4   
,! prognosis is unfavorable4 ,9 pyaemia 
! animal may live f a few days to sev]al
 mon?s4 ,septicaemia usually t]m9ates   
fatally 9 f two to t5 days4  ,! treatm5t
 is l>gely prev5tive4 ,w\nds %\ld be    
giv5 prompt att5tion4 ,!y %\ld be fre$ f
 all =eign sub/ances & wa%$ ) a         

dis9fect+ solution4 ,a contus$-lac]at$  
w\nd %\ld n be sutur$ if ?is int]f]es ) 
! cleans+ ( x1 & ! escape ( ! w\nd      
secretions4 ,all punctur$ w\nds %\ld be 
enl>g$ s z to p]mit ( treatm5t &        
dra9age4  ,,hemorrhagic                 
,,septicaemia4--,an acute infecti\s     
disease ( rum9ants & sw9e1 *>act]iz$ by 
hemorrhages 9 ! diff]5t body tissues t  
appe> z small r$ spots or blot*es4  ,!  
specific cause ( ?is disease is !       
,bacillus bovisepticus 7,fig4 #aja74    
,?is bacillus probably ent]s ! body     
tissues by way ( ! l9+ membrane ( !     
inte/9al & respiratory tracts4 ,9 !     
nor!rn ,/ates1 cattle pa/ur+ on m>% l&s 
& swampy pa/ures are m (t5 affect$ ) !  
disease 9 ! late summ] & fall ?an at o!r
 seasons ( ! ye>4  ,! dr9k+ ( contam9at$
 surface wat] t collects 9 muddy pools &
 ponds may cause ! disease4 ,cattle     
pa/ur+ 9 /alk fields sometimes become   
infect$ 9 ?is way4 ,du/y sleep+ qu>t]s &
 small1 cr[d$1 muddy y>ds seem to favor 
! developm5t ( ! disease 9 hogs4        

,exposure1 insuffici5t ex]cise & c>eless
 fe$+ are ! pr$ispos+ factors4          
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--;,bacillus  
bovisepticus4  ,! symptoms v>y accord+  
to ! animal & organ1 or organs ( ! body 
affect$ & ! viol5ce ( ! attack4 ,!      
disease may be acute or subacute4 ,!    
bra9 & its membranes1 lungs &           
air-passages & inte/9es may become      
affect$4 ,! symptoms may be class$ "u ! 
head ( n]v\s1 respiratory & inte/9al    
7,fig4 #ajb71 & !y may be v             
unsatisfactory f ! /&po9t ( diagnosis4  
,! hi/ory & po/-mortem lesions are ( mo/
 value 9 ! recognition ( ?is disease4 ,!
 local conditions1 ! loss ( sev]al      
animals 9 ! h]d & ! f9d+ ( hemorrhagic  
lesions 9 ! diff]5t body tissues may    
enable ! exam9] to correctly diagnose ! 
disease4 ,x is v advisable 9 ord] to    
confirm ! diagnosis to make a           
bact]iological exam9ation ( ! tissues4  
,! acute =m ( ! disease is v fatal4     
,animals t h ! subacute =m usually      
recov]4 ,! dea?-rate is betwe5 five &   

fifte5 p] c5t ( ! h]d4 ,! mortality is  
heavi] ?an ?is unless prompt prev5tive  
measures are tak54  ,prev5tive treatm5t 
is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,cattle t    
become affect$ :5 runn+ on pa/ure %\ld  
be mov$1 or 9 case a "p ( ! pa/ure is   
swampy1 we may prev5t fur!r loss by f5c+
 (f ?is portion4 ,dr9k+ places t are    
conv5i5t & free f fil? %\ld be provid$4 
,wat]+ tr\ghs & dr9k+ f\nta9s %\ld be   
clean$ & dis9fect$ e few weeks4 ,= ?is  
purpose1 use a ?ree p] c5t wat] solution
 ( a cresol dis9fectant1 or a t5 p] c5t 
wat] solution ( sulfate ( iron4 ,du/y   
qu>t]s %\ld be clean$ & dis9fect$4 ,dirt
 floors may be spr9kl$ ) crude oil4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--;,a ye>l+   
/e] affect$ ) septicaemia haemorrhagica1
 inte/9al =m4  ,:5 an outbreak (        
septicaemia haemorrhagica occurs 9 a    
h]d1 bo? ! well & sick animals %\ld be  
giv5 a physic4 ,cattle may be giv5      
"o-half p\nd ( ,epsom salts1 repeat$ 9  
?ree or f\r days2 %eep & hogs f "o to   
f\r ounces ( raw l9se$ oil4 ,animals t h

 ! subacute =m ( ! disease may be giv5  
/imulants1 & iron & bitt] tonics4       
,,an?rax1 ,,*>bon4--,?is is an acute    
infecti\s disease affect+ _m diff]5t    
species ( animals4 ,an?rax is "o ( !    
olde/ animal diseases1 & e>ly 9 ! hi/ory
 ( ! race x exi/$ z a plague 9 ,egypt4  
,x mo/ commonly affects cattle1 %eep &  
horses4 ,man contracts ! disease by h&l+
 wool & hides f animals t h di$ (       
an?rax1 & by accid5tal inoculation 9    
exam9+ ! c>cass ( animals t h di$ ( !   
disease4  ,cause4--,an?rax is caus$ by a
 rod-%ap$1 spore-produc+ microorganism1 
,bacillus an?racis 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,x ga9s
 entrance to ! body by way ( ! inte/9al 
tract1 lungs & air-passages & ! sk94 ,! 
bites ( insects play an important "p 9 !
 di/ribution ( ! disease 9 "s           
localities1 b ! mo/ common me?od (      
infection is by way ( ! dige/ive tract1 
?r\gh eat+ & dr9k+ food & wat]          
contam9at$ ) ! an?rax g]ms4 ,! spores ( 
! ,b4 an?racis are v resi/ant to *anges 
9 temp]ature & dry+4 ,!y may live = ye>s

 9 ri*1 moi/ inundat$ soils4            
,riv]-bottom & swampy l&s t h become    
infect$ ) dis*>ges f ! bodies ( animals 
sick ) an?rax1 & by bury+ ! c>casses (  
animals t h di$ ( ?is disease1 reta9 !  
infection = _m ye>s4 ,an?rax is v widely
 di/ribut$4 ,x is ! mo/ preval5t 9 !    
s\!rn portion ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1        
especially ! l[] portion ( !            
,mississippi ,valley4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #ajc4--;,bacillus an?racis4  ,!  
symptoms v>y 9 diff]5t cases1 dep5d+ on 
! organs affect$1 & ! virul5ce & am\nt (
 virus introduc$4 ,! apoplectic =m is v 
acute4 ,! disease sets 9 sudd5ly2 !     
animal trembles1 /agg]s1 falls & dies 9 
a convulsion4 ,blood may be dis*>g$ f ! 
nose & ) ! ur9e & faeces4  ,9 ! abdom9al
 =m1 abdom9al pa91 di>rhoea1 prolapse ( 
! rectum1 bloat+ & d\ghy swell+s 9 !    
region ( ! abdom5 occur4  ,9 ! ?oracic  
=m1 ! symptoms are bloody dis*>ge f !   
no/rils1 salivation1 rapid1 difficult   
brea?+ & swell+ 9 ! region ( ! ?roat4   
,local or sk9 lesions may occur 9       

conjunction )1 or indep5d5t (1 ! above  
=ms ( disease4 ,^! are c>buncles "o or  
two in*es 9 diamet] t are hot & t5d] at 
fir/1 b lat] become gangr5\s1 diffus$   
swell+s4  ,on po/-mortem exam9ation !   
blood is f\nd t>ry & d>k1 & bloody      
exudates may be f\nd 9 ! abdom9al &     
?oracic cavities4 ,! sple5 is s(t & two 
or ?ree times l>g] ?an normal4 ,!       
diagnosis %\ld be confirm$ by f9d+ ! ,b4
 an?racis 9 ! blood & tissues4 ,!       
dea?-rate is v high1 usually ab\t       
sev5ty-five p] c5t4  ,! treatm5t is     
prev5tive4 ,animals %\ld be kept away f 
lots & pa/ures :]e dea?s f an?rax h be5 
kn[n to occur1 unless immuniz$ aga9/ !  
disease4 ,m>%y1 swampy l& t is infect$ )
 ! g]ms ( an?rax %\ld be dra9$ &        
cultivat$4  ,:5 an outbreak ( ! disease 
occurs1 all ( ! animals %\ld be         
vacc9at$4 ,! c>casses ( ! animals t die 
%\ld be cremat$ at or ne> ! place :]e !y
 die4 ,if haul$ or dragg$1 ! necess>y   
precautions %\ld be tak5 aga9/ scatt]+ !
 infecti\s mat]ial f ! c>cass1 & pl5ty (

 dis9fectants us$4 ,p]sons att5d+ !     
animals %\ld be w>n$ aga9/ op5+ or h&l+ 
! c>cass )\t protect+ ! h&s ) rubb]     
gloves4  ,an?rax vacc9e %\ld n be us$ by
 incompet5t p]sons4  ,,ulc]ative        
,,/omatitis4 7,,ulc]ative ,,sore        
,,m\?47--,?is is an infecti\s disease ( 
"y animals4 ,pigs f a few days to a few 
weeks ( age are ! mo/ commonly affect$4 
,! specific cause ( ulc]ative sore m\?s 
is ! ,bacillus necrophorus 7,fig4 #ajd74
 ,! infecti\s ag5t is di/ribut$ by !    
udd] ( ! "m becom+ soil$ ) fil? f !     
/able floor & y>ds1 & by affect$ pigs   
nurs+ mo!rs ( heal?y litt]s4 ,fil?1 %>p 
tee? & irritation to ! gums f ! eruption
 ( ! tee? are important pr$ispos+       
factors4  ,! symptoms are1 at fir/1 an  
inflammation ( ! muc\s membrane l9+ !   
lips & *eeks & cov]+ ! gums4 ,! inflam$ 
p>ts are fir/ swoll5 & a deep r$ color2 
lat]1 :ite pat*es =m & ! "p sl\ghs1     
leav+ a deep ulc]4 ,z ulc]ation         
progresses1 difficulty 9 nurs+ increases
 until f9ally ! "y animal is unable to  

suckle4 ,if ulc]ation ( ! m\? is        
ext5sive1 ! animal may be fev]i%1 dull &
 lose fle% rapidly4 ,portions ( ! lips1 
gums & sn\t may sl\gh (f4 ,! dea?-rate 9
 pigs is v high4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4  
#ajd4--;,bacillus necrophorus4  ,!      
prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9 keep+ !    
qu>t]s & y>ds 9 a sanit>y condition1 &  
us+ all possible precautions aga9/ !    
introduction ( ! disease into ! h]d4 ,! 
diseas$ "y & "m %\ld be sep>at$ f ! h]d 
& ! qu>t]s dis9fect$ daily4 ,! m\?s (   
all ! "y %\ld be exam9$ daily & !       
diseas$ animals treat$4 ,! ulc]s %\ld be
 scrap$ or curett$ & caut]iz$ ) lun>    
cau/ic1 & ! m\? wa%$ daily ) a two p]   
c5t wat] solution ( a cresol            
dis9fectant4 ,dipp+ pigs head=emo/ into 
a wat] solution ( p]manganate (         
potassium 7"o-half teaspoonful dissolv$ 
9 a gallon ( wat]71 twice daily1 may be 
practis$ if ! h]d is l>ge4  ,x is       
usually mo/ economical to kill ! badly  
diseas$ animals1 z !y usually die or    
become badly /unt$4  ,,rabies1          

,,hydrophobia4--,rabies is an infecti\s 
disease affect+ ! n]v\s sy/em1 t is     
transmitt$ by ! bite ( a rabid animal & 
! inoculation ( ! w\nd ) ! virus pres5t 
9 ! saliva4 ,x is commonly consid]$ a   
disease ( dogs1 b because ( !           
disposition ( rabid dogs to bite o!r    
animals1 rabies is common 9 dome/ic     
animals & man4  ,rabies is widely       
di/ribut$1 be+ mo/ preval5t 9 ! temp]ate
 zone1 & :]e ! population is mo/ d5se4  
,x has be5 exclud$ f ,au/ralia1         
,tasmania & ,new ,zeal& by a rigid      
inspection & qu>ant9e ( all import$     
dogs4  ,! specific cause ( rabies is    
probably a protozoan p>asite 7! ,negri  
bodies pres5t 9 n]ve-cells1 ,fig4 #aje74
 ,! g]m spreads f ! w\nds ?r\gh ! n]ves 
& c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,! disease-produc+
 organisms are pres5t 9 great numb]s 9 !
 n]ve-tissue & saliva4  ,! p]iod (      
incubation v>ies f a few days to sev]al 
mon?s4 ,x is usually f t5 to sev5ty     
days4  ,! symptoms diff] 9 ! diff]5t    
species4 ,!re are two =ms ( ! disease3 !

 furi\s & ! dumb4 ,! =m] is m common4   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,negri      
bodies 9 n]ve-tissue4  ,9 ! dog1 !      
symptoms may be divid$ into ?ree /ages4 
,! fir/1 or melan*oly /age1 usually la/s
 f twelve to =ty-eight h\rs4 ,! animal's
 behavior is alt]$ & x becomes sull51   
irritable & n]v\s4 ,sometimes x is      
fri5dly & incl9$ to lick ! h& ( its     
ma/]4 ,an incl9ation to gnaw or swall[  
indige/ible objects is sometimes not$4  
,frequ5tly a c]ta9 "p ( ! sk9 is rubb$  
or lick$4  ,! second1 or furi\s /age1   
may la/ sev]al days4 ,viol5t n]v\s or   
rabid symptoms are manife/$1 & ! dog may
 leave home & travel long di/ances4 ,!  
animal usually %[s a /rong incl9ation to
 bite4 ,x may move ab\t snapp+ at       
imag9>y objects 9 its delirium1 & may   
bite any p]son or animal ) :i* x comes 9
 contact4 ,! b>k is peculi>1 ! appetite 
is lo/ & ! animal becomes weak &        
emaciat$4  ,9 ! ?ird1 or p>alytic /age1 
! dog may pres5t an emaciat$1 dirty1    
ragg$ appe>ance4 ,! l[] jaw may drop1 ! 

tongue hangs f ! lips & ! eyes appe>    
sunk5 & glassy4 ,p>alysis ( ! h9d p>ts  
may be pres5t4  ,9 ! dumb =m1 ! p>alytic
 symptoms pr$om9ate & ! disease pursues 
a %ort c\rse4 ,rabies t]m9ates 9 dea? 9 
f f\r to t5 days4  ,furi\s rabies is m  
common 9 ! horse4 ,! animal is v n]v\s1 
re/less & al]t4 ,x may attack o!r       
animals 9 a vici\s mann]1 kick+ & bit+  
!m4 ,! animal does n seem to c>e to eat 
or dr9k1 & usually %[s viol5t n]v\s     
symptoms1 su* z bit+ ! mang]1 re>+ &    
kick+ :5 conf9$ 9 ! /able4  ,cattle butt
 ) ! horns & %[ a t5d5cy to lick o!r    
animals4 ,!y bell[ m ?an common & !     
sexual desire is increas$4 ,p>alytic    
symptoms are manife/$ e>ly 9 ! disease1 
& ! animal may fall :5 mov+ ab\t4 ,!y   
soon pres5t a gaunt1 emaciat$ appe>ance4
  ,9 dogs ! diagnosis is confirm$ by a  
microscopical exam9ation ( ! vagus      
ganglia & t portion ( ! bra9 kn[n z     
,amnion's horn1 & ! f9d+ ( ,negri bodies
 9 ! n]ve-cells4 ,9 case a p]son is     
bitt5 by a dog1 ! animal %\ld be conf9$ 

until ! disease is well advanc$ & kill$ 
or all[$ to die4 ,! head %\ld !n be     
remov$ & =w>d$ to ! ,/ate laboratory1 or
 :]ev] su* exam9ations are made4  ,!    
treatm5t is prev5tive4 ,:]ev] an        
outbreak ( rabies occurs all dogs %\ld  
be conf9$ on ! own]'s premises or       
muzzl$4 ,all dogs runn+ at l>ge )\t     
muzzles %\ld be promptly kill$4 ,a heavy
 tax on dogs1 & ! kill+ ( all dogs n    
we>+ a lic5se tag1 w\ld prev5t ! heavy  
f9ancial loss result+ f rabies1 & !     
ravages ( w&]+ dogs 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,9 c\ntries :]e ! muzzl+ ( dogs is en=c$
 dur+ ! entire ye>1 rabies is a r>e     
disease4  ,,foot-,,&-,,m\?              
,,disease4--,?is is a highly contagi\s &
 infecti\s disease ( cattle1 %eep1 goats
 & sw9e4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by ! eruption (
 vesicles on ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! m\?1
 ! lips1 betwe5 & above ! claws & 9 !   
region ( ! udd] & p]9eum4 ,man may      
contract ! disease by c>+ = sick        
animals2 or by dr9k+ raw milk f a sick  
c[4 ,babies are mo/ susceptible to      

infection f milk4  ,foot-&-m\? disease 0
 introduc$ into ea/]n ,europe f ! /eppes
 ( ,prussia & ,asia ne> ! end ( !       
eighte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 introduc$ into    
,engl& ab\t #ahci1 & 9 #ahgj into       
,canada ?r\gh ! importation ( cattle f  
,engl&4 ,f ,canada ! disease spread to !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,v few animals 7 infect$
 dur+ ! #ahgj outbreak1 & ! disease 0   
quickly /amp$ out 9 bo? c\ntries4       
,europe has be5 unable to eradicate     
foot-&-m\? disease4 ,! diff]5t outbreaks
 t occur f "t to "t cause enorm\s       
f9ancial loss4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates       
outbreaks ( ! disease h occurr$ 9 !     
foll[+ ye>s3 #ahgj1 #ahhd1 #aijb-'jc1   
#aijh & #aiad-'ae4 ,9 ! fir/ two        
outbreaks v few cattle contract$ !      
disease1 & ! infection 0 quickly /amp$  
out4 ,! ?ird & f\r? outbreaks 7 m       
ext5sive1 & x 0 necess>y to slaught]    
sev]al ?\s& cattle & hogs 9 ord] to     
eradicate ! disease4 ,! fir/ f\r        
outbreaks occurr$ 9 ! ea/]n ,/ates1 & ! 
disease 0 prev5t$ f spread+ to !        

pr9cipal live-/ock c5t]s ( ! c\ntry1 & !
 lead+ /ock-rais+ ,/ates by slaught]+ ! 
diseas$ & expos$ animals & by c\nty &   
,/ate qu>ant9es4 ,e>ly 9 ! #aiad-'ae    
outbreak1 ! disease spread to ! ,*icago 
,/ock ,y>ds1 & f !re1 ?r\gh %ipm5ts (   
cattle1 to ! pr9cipal live-/ock sections
 ( ! c\ntry4 ,! f9ancial loss result+ f 
?is outbreak has am\nt$ to sev]al       
million doll>s4 ,! ,f$]al & ,/ate       
au?orities h always be5 successful 9    
/amp+ out ! disease 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
,! specific cause ( foot-&-m\? disease  
is a filt]able virus t is pres5t 9 !    
s]um f ! vesicles1 ! saliva1 milk1 &    
v>i\s body secretions & excretions f !  
sick animal4 ,9 ! e>ly /age ( ! disease 
x is pres5t 9 ! blood4 ,none ( ! _m     
inve/igators h be5 able to discov] !    
microorganism t produces ! disease4     
,two ( ! outbreaks ( foot-&-m\? disease 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates orig9at$ f an infect$ 
vacc9e us$ = ! inoculation ( vacc9e     
heif]s4 ,! orig9 ( ! #aiad-'ae outbreak 
has n be5 discov]$4 ,:5 introduc$ into a

 c\ntry1 ! disease spreads rapidly1     
?r\gh ! movem5t ( live-/ock affect$ by !
 disease4 ,animals rec5tly recov]$ may  
infect o!r animals4 ,dogs1 birds1 p1    
vehicles1 milk1 r\ghage1 gra9s & o!r    
mat]ial f an infect$ f>m may spread !   
disease4  ,! p]iod ( incubation is %ort4
 ,symptoms ( disease may be manife/$ 9 f
 "o to six days foll[+ exposure4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--;,a c[      
affect$ ) foot-&-m\? disease4 ,note !   
accumulation ( saliva ab\t ! lips4 7,f  
report ( ! ,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry47 
,! fir/ symptoms are fev]1 dulness1     
trembl+ & loss ( appetite4 ,?is is      
foll[$ by vesicles or bli/]s =m+ on !   
muc\s membrane ( ! m\?1 lips1 betwe5 &  
above ! claws & ! region ( ! udd]4 ,!   
inflammation ( ! m\? & feet may be v    
pa9ful4 ,long /r+s ( saliva may dribble 
f ! m\? & collect ab\t ! lips 7,fig4    
#ajf74 ,a smack+ or cluck+ s\nd is      
produc$ :5 ! animal moves its jaws &    
lips4 ,! sev]e pa9 result+ f !          
inflammation ( ! m\? & feet1 & !        

difficulty 9 mov+ ab\t & eat+ & dr9k+1  
cause ! animal to lose fle% & become    
emaciat$4 ,milk c[s may g dry4  ,!      
dea?-rate is n heavy4 ,"s writ]s place x
 z l[ z two or ?ree p] c5t4 ,because ( !
 erosions & sl\gh+ ( ! tissues ( ! m\?1 
feet & udd] x becomes necess>y to kill  
_m ( ! animals4 ,"y animals frequ5tly   
die ( inflammation ( ! dige/ive tract4  
,! immunity conf]r$ by an attack ( !    
disease is n p]man5t4  ,illu/ration3    
,,fig4 #ajg4--,slaught]+ a h]d ( cattle 
affect$ ) foot-&-m\? disease4           
7,photograph$ by ,s4 ,j4 ,craig1 ,c\nty 
,agricultural ,ag5t1 ,cr[n ,po9t1       
,indiana47  ,! mo/ economical measures (
 prev5tion & control are to buy &       
slaught] all diseas$ & expos$ animals1  
bury ! c>casses 9 quicklime1 dis9fect ! 
premises 7,figs4 #ajg1 #ajh & #aji7 &   
en=ce a di/rict1 c\nty & ,/ate qu>ant9e1
 until aft] ! infection has di$ out4    
,?is /atem5t may n hold true ( me?ods ( 
control 9 c\ntries :]e foot-&-m\?       
disease is widely di/ribut$4  ,,tetanus4

 ,,lockjaw4--,?is is an acute infecti\s 
disease t is *>act]iz$ by spasmodic     
contractions ( volunt>y muscles4 ,!     
specific g]m rema9s at ! po9t (         
infection1 & produces tox9s t cause     
tetanic contractions ( ! muscles4 ,x    
commonly affects horses1 mules1 cattle1 
%eep & sw9e4 ,! disease is mo/ common 9 
w>m1 temp]ate climates4  ,illu/ration3  
,,fig4 #ajh4--;,dis9fect+ boots & coats 
be=e leav+ a f>m :]e cattle h be5       
inspect$ = foot-&-m\? disease4          
7,photograph$ by ,s4 ,j4 ,craig1 ,c\nty 
,agricultural ,ag5t1 ,cr[n ,po9t1       
,indiana47  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4        
#aji4--;,clean+ up & dis9fect+ premises 
:]e an outbreak ( foot-&-m\? disease has
 occurr$4  ,! specific cause is a       
p9-%ap$ g]m1 ! ,bacillus tetani 7,fig4  
#aaj71 t is pres5t 9 ! soil1 especially 
^? t are ri* & well manur$4 ,! g]m ent]s
 ! body by way ( a w\nd1 especially     
punctur$ w\nds4 ,infection may take     
place ?r\gh "s w\nd 9 ! muc\s membrane  
l9+ ! m\?1 or o!r p>ts ( ! dige/ive     

tract4 ,infection may foll[ a surgical  
op]ation1 su* z ca/ration4 ,9 any case1 
! g]m requires an abs5ce ( air 7oxyg57 =
 its developm5t4  ,! p]iod ( incubation 
v>ies f "o to two weeks1 ! l5g? ( "t    
dep5d+ on ! ne>ness ( ! w\nd to a l>ge  
n]ve trunk or bra94  ,illu/ration3      
,,fig4 #aaj4--;,bacillus tetani4  ,!    
fir/ symptom obs]v$ is a /iffness ( !   
muscles1 especially ^? ne>e/ ! po9t (   
inoculation or w\nd4 ,! muscles ( !     
head1 neck1 back & lo9s are (t5 affect$ 
fir/1 & :5 press$ ^u ) ! f+]s feel h>d &
 rigid4 ,! disease rapidly ext5ds1      
produc+ spasms ( o!r muscles ( ! body4  
,9 brea?+1 ! ribs %[ less movem5t ?an   
normal1 ! head is held 9 "o position &  
high] ?an usual1 ! e>s are /iff or      
prick$1 ! no/rils dilat$1 ! lips rigid  
or drawn back & ! eyes retract$1 caus+ !
 ?ird eyelid to protrude ov] a portion (
 ! eye 7,fig4 #aaa74 ,9 mo/ cases !     
muscles ( ma/ication & swall[+ are      
affect$4 ,! animal may be unable to op5 
its m\? & swall[s ) difficulty4 ,:5 /&+1

 ! limbs are spread out s z to increase 
! base ( support1 & 9 acute cases ab\t  
to t]m9ate fatally1 ! pulse is quick &  
small & ! respiration %all[1 rapid &    
labor$4 ,! animal sweats pr(usely1 falls
 d[n & /ruggles viol5tly1 b rema9s      
consci\s to ! end4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4
 #aaa4--;,head ( horse affect$ )        
tetanus1 %[+ ?ird eyelid protrud+ ov] ! 
eye4  ,9 ! subacute =m 7,fig4 #aab7 !   
symptoms are mild1 & ! animal may be    
able to move ab\t1 eat & dr9k )\t v     
great ef=t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4       
#aab4--;,a subacute case ( tetanus4     
,treatm5t is l>gely prev5tive4 ,all     
w\nds %\ld be c>efully dis9fect$4 ,?is  
is especially advisable 9 punctur$ w\nds
 ( ! foot4 ,9 communities1 or on        
premises :]e tetanus is a common        
disease1 animals t h punctur$ or op5    
w\nds %\ld be giv5 a protective dose (  
tetanus antitox94  ,! curative treatm5t 
is l>gely good c>e4 ,if a w\nd is       
pres5t1 x %\ld be ?or\ghly dis9fect$4 ,!
 animal may be support$ by plac+ x 9 a  

sl+4 ,a com=table box-/all1 :]e ! animal
 is n annoy$ by noises or worri$ by o!r 
animals1 is to be pref]r$4 ,a fre% pail 
( wat] %\ld be giv5 ! animal sev]al     
times daily4  ,! c\rse ( ! disease      
v>ies4 ,dea? may occur )9 a few days1 or
 ! disease may la/ two or ?ree weeks4   
,animals t recov] f tetanus may %[      
symptoms ( ! disease = sev]al weeks4 ,! 
dea?-rate is highe/ 9 hot climates &    
dur+ ! summ] mon?s4  ,if ! animal c eat1
 x is n advisable to fe$ a heavy ration 
( r\ghage or gra94 ,a v light diet ( s(t
 food1 su* z *ops & bran-ma%1 prev5ts   
con/ipation & enc\rages recov]y4 ,drugs 
t h a relax+ effect on ! muscles may be 
giv54 ,tetanus antitox9 may be giv5 9   
l>ge doses4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,:at is   
septicaemia & pyaemia8  #b4 ,:at is     
haemorrhagic septicaemia8 ,give me?ods (
 spread+ &    controll+ ?is disease4    
#c4 ,give ! cause ( an?rax & symptoms4  
#d4 ,:at control measures are recomm5d$ 
9 an?rax8  #e4 ,:at is ulc]ative sore   
m\?8 ,give ! treatm5t4  #f4 ,describe ! 

symptoms occurr+ 9 rabies1 & /ate !     
control    measures recomm5d$4  #g4 ,"n 
! species ( animals affect$ by          
foot-&-m\? disease1 & !    c\ntries :]e 
! disease is preval5t4  #h4 ,give !     
me?ods ( di/ribution & control (        
foot-&-m\? disease4  #i4 ,:at is !      
specific cause & me?od ( infection 9    
tetanus8 ,give !    treatm5t4           
,,*apt] ,,xxix  ,,infecti\s ,,diseases  
,,( ,,! ,,horse   ,,/rangles4           
,,di/emp]4--,?is is an acute infecti\s  
disease associat$ ) a cat>rhal condition
 ( ! air-passages & suppuration ( !     
lymphatic gl&s 9 ! region ( ! ?roat4    
,colts are ! mo/ susceptible to !       
disease4 ,"o attack r5d]s ! animal      
immune aga9/ a second attack ( !        
disease1 b ! immunity is n always       
p]man5t4  ,! specific cause1            
,/reptococcus equi 7,fig4 #aac71 0      
discov]$ by ,s*utz 9 #ahhh4 ,/rangles is
 commonly spread by expos+ susceptible  
animals to diseas$ animals1 ei!r by     
direct contact1 or by expos+ !m to !    

infection 9 ! /able & all[+ !m to dr9k  
or eat food f wat]+ & fe$+ tr\ghs on    
premises :]e ! disease exi/s4 ,!        
pr$ispos+ causes are cold & sudd5 *anges
 9 ! wea!r4 ,= ?is reason ! disease is  
mo/ preval5t dur+ ! late w9t] & e>ly    
spr+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4             
#aac4--,/reptococcus ( /rangles4  ,!    
p]iod ( incubation v>ies1 usually f f\r 
to eight days4  ,! symptoms at ! beg9n+ 
( ! attack are a fev]i% condition &     
p>tial loss ( appetite4 ,! visible muc\s
 membranes are r$ & dry4 ,?is is foll[$ 
by wat]y nasal secretions t become heavy
 & purul5t )9 a few days4 ,!            
inflammation may ext5d to ! l>ynx &     
ph>ynx4  ,! gl&s 9 ! region ( ! jaw     
become hot1 swoll5 & pa9ful1 & ! animal 
may be unable to eat or dr9k4 ,! swell+ 
& inflammation ( ! ?roat1 & ! heavy1    
pus-l secretions t accumulate 9 ! nasal 
cavities1 cause difficult respirations4 
,aft] a few days ! abscesses usually    
break1 & ! symptoms are less sev]e4 ,if 
! abscesses break on ! inside ( ! ?roat1

 ! dis*>ge f ! no/rils is increas$4  ,! 
disease may be accompani$ by an eruption
 ( nodules1 or vesicles on ! sk91 or    
nasal muc\s membrane4  ,9 sev]e & *ronic
 cases multiple abscesses may =m4 ,?is  
complication is indicat$ by emaciation &
 weakness4 ,su* cases usually t]m9ate 9 
dea?4 ,sev]e inflammation & swell+ 9 !  
region ( ! ?roat may t]m9ate 9          
/rangulation & dea?4 ,! dea?-rate is f  
"o to ?ree p] c5t4  ,! prev5tive        
treatm5t consi/s 9 us+ all possible     
precautions to prev5t ! exposure (      
susceptible animals & practis+ !        
immunization ( expos$ animals4 ,!       
curative treatm5t is pr9cipally c>eful  
nurs+4 ,re/1 a com=table /all1 n\ri%+   
fe$ & good c>e con/itute ! necess>y     
treatm5t = ! av]age case ( di/emp]4 ,:5 
! abscesses become mature1 !y %\ld be   
op5$ & wa%$ ) a dis9fectant4 ,/eam+ !   
animal sev]al times daily relieves      
difficult brea?+ & ! irritat$ condition 
( ! muc\s membranes4 ,9 case ! abscesses
 d n =m promptly & ! ?roat is badly     

swoll51 a bli/]+ o9tm5t or l9im5t may be
 appli$4 ,bitt] & sal9e tonics1 ! same z
 recomm5d$ 9 ! treatm5t ( indige/ion1   
may be giv5 ) ! fe$4  ,,influ5za        
7,,cat>rhal ,,or ,,%ipp+ ,,fev]74--,?is 
is a well-kn[n acute infecti\s disease (
 solip$s4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by depression1
 high body temp]ature & cat>rhal        
inflammation ( ! respiratory & o!r muc\s
 membranes4  ,sev]al epidemics (        
influ5za h occurr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!
 mo/ s]i\s epidemic occurr$ 9 ! latt] "p
 ( ! '#gj's1 & ! la/ "o 9 #aijj-'ja4    
,influ5za is pres5t 9 ! pr9cipal horse  
c5t]s 9 a some:at att5uat$ =m4  ,!      
specific cause ( ! disease has nev] be5 
det]m9$4 ,! virus is pres5t 9 ! expir$  
air1 nasal secretions & excreta4 ,close 
proximity to a diseas$ animal is n      
necess>y 9 ord] to contract ! disease4  
,/ables may h>bor ! infection1 & x may  
be di/ribut$ by su* disease c>ri]s z    
blankets1 h>ness1 clo?+ ( ! att5dant &  
du/4  ,! pr$ispos+ causes are cold1     
exposure & *anges 9 climate4 ,:5 !      

disease appe>s 9 a c\ntry1 x is fir/    
pres5t 9 ! l>ge cities1 & f !re x is    
scatt]$ to ! outly+ di/ricts4 ,! p]iod (
 incubation is usually f f\r to sev5    
days4  ,! e>ly symptoms ( ! disease are 
a high fev]1 m>k$ depression & p>tial or
 entire loss ( appetite4 ,! horse       
usually /&s 9 ! /all ) ! head d[n &     
appe>s sleepy4 ,! visible & respiratory 
muc\s membranes are inflam$1 !          
respirations are quick5$ & ! animal may 
c\gh4 ,! eyes are frequ5tly affect$1 !  
lids & cornea %[+ m or less             
inflammation4 ,! dige/ive tract may be  
affect$4 ,at ! beg9n+1 colicky pa9s may 
be pres5t & lat] con/ipation & di>rhoea4
 ,symptoms ( a s]i\s n]v\s di/urbance   
are sometimes manife/$4  ,! limbs       
usually become swoll5 or fill$4 ,?is    
disappe>s z ! animal beg9s to improve4  
,pregnant m>es may abort4 ,! dea?-rate  
is l[4  ,! treatm5t requir$ = ! sick    
animals is l>gely re/1 a light diet & a 
com=table1 clean1 well-v5tilat$ /all1   
free f draughts4 ,w9d[s 9 ! /all %\ld be

 d>k5$4 ,if ! /able is cold1 ! body ( ! 
animal %\ld be cov]$ ) a blanket & !    
limbs b&ag$4 ,two ounces ( alcohol & "o 
dra*m ( qu99e may be giv5 ?ree or f\r   
times daily4 ,small doses ( raw l9se$   
oil may be giv5 if necess>y4  ,horses t 
are expos$ to cold1 wet wea!r or work$  
aft] becom+ sick1 frequ5tly suff] f     
pneumonia1 p]ic>ditis1 ga/ro-ent]itis & 
o!r diseases4 ,su* complications %\ld be
 giv5 prompt treatm5t4  ,x is v         
advisable to give a protective s]um to  
horses t are %ipp$ or transport$ long   
di/ances1 & expos$ to ! disease 9 sale  
or transf] /ables4  ,,gl&]s1            
,,f>cy4--,?is is a contagi\s & infecti\s
 disease ( solip$s t is *>act]iz$ by !  
=mation ( nodules & ulc]s on ! sk91     
nasal muc\s membrane & lungs4  ,al?\gh  
gl&]s is "o ( ! olde/ ( animal diseases1
 x 0 n until #ahfh t its contagi\s "* 0 
demon/rat$4 ,! disease is widely        
di/ribut$4 ,x became m preval5t 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates aft] ! ,civil ,w>4 ,!     
vigor\s control measures practis$ by !  

,/ate & ,f$]al heal? (fic]s h greatly   
decreas$ ! p]c5tage ( animals affect$ ) 
gl&]s4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! disease is m   
(t5 met ) 9 ! l>ge cities ?an 9 !       
agricultural sections ( ! c\ntry4       
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,bacillus  
mallei4  ,! specific cause ( gl&]s is ! 
,bacillus mallei 7,fig4 #aad74 ,?is     
microorganism 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhb4 ,x is 
pres5t 9 ! dis*>ges f ! nasal muc\s     
membrane & ! ulc]s4 ,^! dis*>ges may    
become deposit$ ^u ! fe$ tr\ghs1 mang]s1
 /alls1 h>ness1 buckets1 wat]+ tr\ghs1  
dr9k+ f\nta9s & att5dants' h&s & clo?+4 
,heal?y horses liv+ 9 ! same /able ) !  
gl&]$ animals may escape infection =    
mon?s4 ,x is usually ! diseas$ animal's 
mate1 or ! "o /&+ 9 an adjo9+ /all1 t is
 fir/ affect$4 ,cat>rhal diseases       
pr$ispose animals to gl&]s1 z ! normal  
resi/ance ( ! muc\s membranes is !reby  
r$uc$4 ,! mo/ common r\tes by :i* ! g]m 
ent]s ! body are by way ( ! dige/ive &  
respiratory tracts4 ,x may ent] ! body  
?r\gh ! un9jur$ muc\s membranes ( !     

respiratory tract & g5ital organs1 or   
?r\gh w\nds ( ! sk94  ,! p]iod (        
incubation may be f a few to _m days4   
,! symptoms may be acute or *ronic 9    
nature4 ,! acute =m pursues a rapid     
c\rse4 ,x is frequ5tly se5 9 mules &    
asses1 & x may develop f ! subacute or  
*ronic =m 9 horses4 ,:5 ! disease is    
acute1 ! animal has a fev]1 is /upid1   
does n eat1 & may h a di>rhoea4 ,9 ?is  
=m ! lymphatic gl&s suppurate1 ! animal 
loses fle% rapidly & dies 9 f "o to two 
weeks4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4            
#aae4--,nasal septum %[+ nodules &      
ulc]s4  ,! *ronic =m is ! mo/ common4 ,x
 develops sl[ly & la/s = ye>s4 ,! e>ly  
symptoms ( ! disease 7*ill+ & fev]7     
usually escape notice4 ,! fir/ visible  
symptom is a nasal dis*>ge ( a dirty    
:ite color f "o or bo? no/rils4 ,?is is 
usually scanty at fir/1 & int]mitt5t1 b 
lat] becomes q abundant4 ,! dis*>ge is v
 /icky1 & adh]es to ! hair & sk94 ,! mo/
 frequ5t seat ( ! disease is 9 !        
respiratory organs1 lymph gl&s & sk94   

,nodules & ulc]s appe> on ! nasal muc\s 
membrane 7,fig4 #aae71 b !y may be s    
high up z to escape notice4 ,! ulc]s are
 v *>act]i/ic ( ! disease4 ,!y are angry
 look+1 ) ragg$1 rais$ m>g9s1 & :5 !y   
heal leave a puck]$ sc>4 ,! submaxill>y 
gl&s may be enl>g$1 & at fir/ m or less 
h>d & pa9ful1 b lat] !y become nodul> & 
adh]e to ! jaw or sk94 ,nodules & ulc]s 
may =m on ! sk9 ov] ! inf]ior wall ( !  
abdom5 & ! inside ( ! h9d limbs & are   
kn[n z f>cy buds4 ,lymphatic vessels ne>
 ^! buds become swoll5 & h>d4 ,! animal 
loses fle% rapidly1 does n )/& h>d "w1 &
 ! limbs usually swell4  ,x is sometimes
 difficult to diagnose ! disease4 ,!    
ulc]s on ! nasal muc\s membranes &      
else:]e are v *>act]i/ic1 & :5 pres5t   
enable ! exam9] to =m a diagnosis4 ,9   
cases ( d\bt1 a bact]iological          
exam9ation ( ! nasal dis*>ge may be     
made1 or we may resort to "o or sev]al (
 ! v>i\s diagno/ic te/s4 ,! ,malle9 te/ 
is q commonly us$4 ,! /]iliz$ products (
 a culture ( ! ,b4 mallei are inject$   

b5ea? ! sk9 ( ! suspect$ animal4 ,?is   
causes a rise 9 body temp]ature & a hot1
 *>act]i/ic swell+ at ! po9t ( injection
 9 gl&]$ animals4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 
#aaf4--,/reptococcus pyog5es equi4      
,treatm5t is n recomm5d$ at ! pres5t "t4
 ,ne>ly all ( ! ,/ates h laws :i* aim to
 /amp out ! disease :]ev] f\nd by kill+ 
all affect$ animals1 & ?or\ghly         
dis9fect+ ! /ables1 h>ness & ev]y?+ :i* 
has be5 ne> ! animal4 ,diseas$ animals  
%\ld be c>efully isolat$ until          
slaught]$1 & all animals expos$ to !m   
%\ld be subsequ5tly te/$ = gl&]s4       
,,contagi\s ,,pleuropneumonia 7,,/able  
,,pneumonia74--,?is is an infecti\s     
disease ( solip$s t usually results 9 a 
fatal inflammation ( ! lungs & pleural  
membrane4  ,_m writ]s h describ$ ?is    
disease z associat$ ) influ5za1 b x is  
frequ5tly se5 z a sep>ate disease1      
usually involv+ only ! lungs & pleurae4 
,x is preval5t 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 m p>ticul>ly ! horse c5t]s or   
l>ge m>kets1 :]e x appe>s 9 ! =m (      

epidemics4 ,9 sev]al ( ^! localities x  
is kn[n z we/]n or /able fev]4  ,!      
specific cause is n def9itely kn[n4 ,!  
,/reptococcus pyog5es equi 7,fig4 #aaf7 
is v commonly pres5t4 ,?is g]m gr[s 9 ! 
diseas$ tissues4 ,! disease is spread by
 direct or indirect contact1 z :5 well  
or susceptible animals are plac$ 9 !    
same /able ) an animal affect$ ) !      
disease1 or 9 /alls :i* h rec5tly held  
diseas$ animals4  ,! p]iod ( incubation 
is f f\r to t5 days foll[+ exposure4  ,!
 symptoms are ^? commonly se5 at !      
beg9n+ ( an attack ( simple pneumonia & 
pleurisy4 ,!y consi/ ( *ills1 high fev]1
 c\gh1 depression1 difficult & labor$   
brea?+ & loss ( appetite4 ,! disease    
usually runs a c\rse ( f "o to ?ree     
weeks4 ,! dea?-rate is ?irty p] c5t or  
m4  ,! treatm5t is ma9ly prev5tive4     
,/ables :]e horses hav+ pleuropneumonia 
h be5 kept %\ld be clean$ & dis9fect$ by
 spray+ ! floors1 /alls & walls ) a f\r 
p] c5t wat] solution ( a cresol         
dis9fectant4 ,x is advisable to subject 

all newly-pur*as$ animals to a %ort     
qu>ant9e p]iod be=e all[+ !m to mix ) ! 
o!r animals 9 ! /able4 ,expos$ animals  
may be giv5 a protective s]um4  ,!      
curative treatm5t is ! same z recomm5d$ 
= ! treatm5t ( simple pneumonia &       
pleurisy4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,:at is !   
specific cause ( di/emp]8 ,give !       
symptoms &    treatm5t4  #b4 ,:at are ! 
diff]5t me?ods ( spread+ influ5za8 ,give
 ! symptoms    & treatm5t4  #c4 ,give ! 
cause & me?ods ( controll+ gl&]s4  #d4  
,give ! cause & treatm5t ( contagi\s    
pleuropneumonia4     ,,*apt] ,,xxx      
,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,cattle     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,a case (  
lumpy jaw4  ,,act9omycosis1 ,,lumpy     
,,jaw4--,?is is an infecti\s disease t  
is *>act]iz$ by ! =mation ( tumors &    
abscesses 7,fig4 #aag71 & ! de/ruction (
 ! infect$ tissues4 ,! disease is common
 9 cattle & usually affects ! bones &   
s(t p>ts ( ! head4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
:]e ! disease is kn[n z lumpy jaw !     
jawbone is commonly affect$4 ,9         

,european c\ntries ! disease frequ5tly  
involves ! tongue1 & ! t]m wood5 tongue 
is appli$ to x4 ,! disease may affect   
regions ( ! body o!r ?an ! head4        
,act9omycosis ( ! lungs sometimes       
occurs4 ,sw9e & horses may be affect$ by
 ?is disease4  ,! specific cause (      
act9omycosis is commonly kn[n z ! ray   
fungus 7,fig4 #aah74 ,?is fungus gr[s on
 c]ta9 plants1 & ! animal usually       
contracts ! disease by eat+ plants or   
r\ghage t h ! fungus on !m4 ,grasses    
hav+ awns t are capable ( w\nd+ ! muc\s 
membrane ( ! m\? & p5etrat+ ! gums are  
mo/ apt to produce ! disease4 ,"y cattle
 t are replac+ & erupt+ _! tee? are mo/ 
prone to lumpy jaw4 ,conditions t favor 
bruis+ ( ! jaw & ext]nal w\nds favor !  
developm5t ( act9omycosis4  ,! fungus   
gr[s 9 ! tissues1 caus+ an inflammatory 
reaction & de/ruction ( ! tissue4 ,! ray
 fungus c be se5 9 ! diseas$ tissue or !
 pus z yell[i%1 sph]ical bodies ab\t !  
size ( a gra9 ( s&4 ,ea* ( ^! bodies is 
=m$ by a l>ge numb] ( club-l bodies     

arrang$ ab\t a c5tral mass ( filam5ts4  
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,! ray      
fungus4  ,! local symptoms are          
*>act]i/ic 7,fig4 #aag74 ,! tumor may   
involve ! s(t tissues ( ! head4 ,if !   
jawbone is affect$ ! tumor feels h>d &  
_c be mov$ ab\t4 ,sometimes x is s(t &  
fill$ ) pus4 ,tumors ( long /&+ may     
possess unev51 nodul> surfaces & fi/ul\s
 op5+s4 ,:5 ! tongue is affect$1 x is   
swoll5 & pa9ful1 & preh5sion &          
ma/ication ( ! food may be impossible4  
,:5 ! ph>ynx is ! seat ( disease1 brea?+
 & swall[+ are difficult & pa9ful4      
,act9omycosis ( ! lungs may pres5t !    
appe>ance ( a *ronic pulmon>y affection4
 ,if ! disease involves ! head & lungs1 
! animal may become un?rifty & emaciat$4
 ,9 d\btful cases a microscopic         
exam9ation ( a piece ( ! tumor1 or "s ( 
! pus1 may be necess>y4  ,! treatm5t is 
surgical & m$ic9al4 ,small1 ext]nal     
tumors may be remov$ by an op]ation4    
,sometimes an incision is made into !   
diseas$ tissue & a cau/ic prep>ation    

introduc$4  ,! mo/ desirable me?od (    
treatm5t is ! adm9i/ration ( l>ge doses 
( iodide ( potassium 9 a dr5*1 or 9 !   
dr9k+ wat]4 ,! dose is f "o to ?ree     
dra*ms daily = a p]iod ( sev5 to f\rte5 
days4 ,! size ( ! dose dep5ds on ! size 
( ! animal & its susceptibility to      
iodism4 ,an animal weigh+ #ajjj p\nds   
may be giv5 two dra*ms4 ,! treatm5t is  
kept up until ! symptoms ( iodism       
develop4 ,! condition is indicat$ by a  
loss ( appetite & a cat>rhal dis*>ge f !
 eyes & no/rils4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 !      
treatm5t %\ld be /opp$1 & ! animal dr5*$
 ) "o-half p\nd ( ,epsom salts1 & ! dose
 repeat$ aft] ?ree or f\r days4 ,aft] an
 int]val ( two weeks1 ! iodide (        
potassium treatm5t %\ld be repeat$ if ! 
gr[? ( ! tumor is n *eck$4              
,,emphysemat\s ,,an?rax1 ,,black        
,,leg4--,black leg is an acute infecti\s
 disease ( cattle t is *>act]iz$ by     
lam5ess & sup]ficial swell+s 9 ! region 
( ! %\ld]1 qu>t] or neck4 ,! swell+s are
 hot & pa9ful & usually conta9 gas4  ,! 

specific cause ( black leg is a         
rod-%ap$1 spore-produc+ g]m1 ! bacillus 
( emphysemat\s an?rax 7,fig4 #aai74 ,?is
 g]m possesses great vitality1 & may    
live indef9itely 9 ! soil4 ,x has be5   
kn[n to live = ye>s 9 clay & undra9$    
soils4 ,"y animals t are 9 high         
condition are pr$ispos$ to ! disease4   
,! g]m ent]s ! body ?r\gh abrasions 9 ! 
sk9 & muc\s membrane ( ! m\? & inte/9es4
  ,black leg is a common disease ( "y   
cattle 9 all sections ( ! c\ntry :]e    
cattle-rais+ is engag$ 9 ext5sively4    
,outbreaks ( ! disease are mo/ preval5t 
9 ! e>ly spr+ aft] ! sn[ has melt$1 & 9 
! late summ] 9 localities :]e cattle    
graze ov] ! dri$-up ponds & swampy      
places 9 ! pa/ure4 ,! g]ms ( black leg  
may be c>ri$ f a f>m :]e ! disease is   
preval5t to non-infect$ premises by     
surface wat]4 ,! op5+ up ( dra9age      
dit*es ?r\gh /ock-rais+ communities may 
be foll[$ by outbreaks ( ! disease4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,bacillus (
 emphysemat\s an?rax4  ,! symptoms (    

black leg develop quickly & may t]m9ate 
fatally 9 a few h\rs4 ,^! are g5]al     
dulness1 /iffness1 pro/ration & loss (  
appetite4 ,lam5ess is a prom95t symptom4
 ,! animal may %[ a swell+ 9 ! regions (
 ! %\ld] & h9dqu>t]s or on o!r p>ts ( ! 
body4 ,! swell+ is v hot & pa9ful at    
fir/1 b if ! animal lives = a "t1 x     
becomes less t5d]1 crackles :5 press$ on
 & ! sk9 may feel cold & lea!ry4 ,fev]  
is a con/ant symptom4 ,9 ! highly acute 
=m ( ! disease n]v\s symptoms1 su* z    
convulsions & coma1 occur4  ,! tissue   
*anges 9 ! region ( ! swell+ are        
*>act]i/ic4 ,an incision into ! swell+  
%[s a bloody1 d>k exudate & ! surface ( 
! muscul> tissue is d>k4 ,fro?y1 bloody 
liquid escapes f ! m\?1 nose & anus4  ,!
 prev5tive treatm5t consi/s 9 ?or\ghly  
dra9+ pa/ures & y>ds :]e cattle run4    
,?is measure does n insure cattle aga9/ 
! disease4 ,cattle t die ( black leg    
%\ld be cremat$4 ,?is %\ld be done at ! 
spot :]e ! animal dies4 ,if ! c>cass is 
mov$ or op5$1 ! gr\nd %\ld be ?or\ghly  

wet ) a f\r p] c5t wat] solution ( a    
cresol dis9fectant & cov]$ ) lime4      
,vacc9ation ( ! expos$ or susceptible   
animals %\ld be practis$4 ,on f>ms :]e !
 disease exi/s x may be necess>y to     
vacc9ate ! "y animals 7less ?an two ye>s
 ( age7 once or twice e ye> 9 ord] to   
prev5t ! disease4 ,m$ic9al treatm5t is  
unsatisfactory4  ,,texas ,,or ,,tick    
,,fev]4--,tick fev] is an infecti\s     
disease ( cattle4 ,x is caus$ by an     
animal organism t is pres5t 9 ! blood1 &
 is convey$ f ! animal t is ho/ = ! tick
 fev] p>asite to ! non-infect$ animal by
 a tick 7,figs4 #abj & #aba74           
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--;,cattle    
tick 7male74  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4      
#aba4--;,cattle tick 7female74  ,tick   
fev] 0 introduc$ into ! s\!rn portion ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ?r\gh importation (     
cattle by ! ,spani>ds4 ,previ\s to !    
e/abli%+ ( a def9ite qu>ant9e l9e betwe5
 ! p]man5tly infect$ & ! non-infect$    
sections1 heavy losses among nor!rn     
cattle result$ ?r\gh driv+ & %ipp+ s\!rn

 cattle ?r\gh ! nor!rn ,/ates4 ,!       
specific cause & ! "p tak5 by ! tick 9  
its di/ribution 7 n discov]$ until      
#ahhi-'ij4 ,smi? recogniz$ & discov]$ ! 
specific cause ( ! disease1 & ,kilborn &
 ,salmon prov$ by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts t 
! cattle tick 0 responsible = !         
transmission ( ! disease f animal to    
animal4  ,! specific cause ( tick fev]  
is a protozoan p>asite1 ,piroplasma     
bigem9um 7,fig4 #abb74 ,x is pres5t 9 ! 
blood ( cattle t are affect$ ) ?is      
disease4 ,! natural me?od ( entrance    
into ! body is ?r\gh ! bite ( ! cattle  
tick4 ,! disease may be transmitt$ by   
inoculat+ blood conta9+ ! p>asite into a
 susceptible animal4  ,!re are two =ms (
 ! disease1 ! acute & *ronic4  ,!       
symptoms ( ! acute =m ( ! disease are a 
high fev]1 depression1 loss ( appetite1 
di>rhoea1 d>k or bloody ur9e1 /agg]+    
gait & delirium4 ,dea? may occur )9 a   
few days f ! "t ! fir/ symptoms are     
manife/$4  ,! symptoms ( ! *ronic =m ( !
 disease resemble ! acute =m1 b are m   

mild4 ,! animal is un?rifty & loses fle%
 rapidly4 ,! bloodless condition ( !    
body is manife/$ by ! pale1 visible     
muc\s membrane4 ,dea? seldom occurs4    
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4                    
#abb4--;,blood-cells ) ,piroplasma      
bigem9um 9 !m4  ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic       
diseas$ *anges f\nd on po/-mortem       
exam9ation occur 9 ! liv] & sple54 ,!   
liv] is enl>g$1 & a yell[i%1            
mahogany-br[n color4 ,! gallbladd] is   
fill$ ) a v ?ick bile4 ,! sple5 may be  
sev]al times ! normal size & d>k color$4
 ,:5 x is cut into1 ! pulpy tissue may  
resemble ?ick1 d>k blood4 ,! kidneys are
 pale & ! bladd] may conta9 d>k or      
r$di%-color$ ur9e4  ,9 ! nor!rn ,/ates &
 outside ( ! qu>ant9$ area1 ! direct or 
indirect exposure ( ! affect$ cattle to 
s\!rn cattle1 & ! pres5ce ( ! cattle    
tick1 ,m>g>ophus annulatus1 are         
suffici5t evid5ce to confirm ! diagnosis
 ( ?is disease4  ,! prev5tion & control 
dep5d on de/ruction ( ! cattle tick4 ,9 
! e>ly hi/ory ( ! disease1 %ipp+ & driv+

 ( s\!rn cattle into & ?r\gh ! nor!rn   
,/ates caus$ outbreaks ( tick fev] &    
heavy losses among nor!rn cattle4 ,?is  
f9ally result$ 9 ! locat+ ( ! infect$   
di/rict1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,texas-fev] 
qu>ant9e l9e 9 #ahia by ,dr4 ,d4 ,e4    
,salmon4  ,previ\s to ?is "t ,kilborne &
 ,salmon prov$ t ! cattle tick 0        
ess5tial to ! spread & production ( !   
disease4 ,a fur!r /udy ( ! life hi/ory (
 ! tick result$ 9 ! discov]y t x c\ld n 
mature unless x became a p>asite (      
horses1 mules1 or cattle4 ,?is has l$ to
 ! eradication ( ! tick 9 c]ta9 sections
 ( ! ,s\?1 by n all[+ cattle access to a
 pa/ure or lot = a c]ta9 p]iod1 & by    
free+ ! animals f ticks by h&-pick+1    
dipp+ & sme>+4  ,! immunization ( cattle
 t are %ipp$ into an infect$ di/rict =  
bre$+ purposes is (t5 practis$4         
,immunity is obta9$ by introduc+ ! ,p4  
bigem9un into ! blood1 ei!r by plac+ a  
few virul5t "y ticks ^u ! animal1 or by 
repeat$ inoculation ) a v small quantity
 ( virul5t blood4   ,,que/ions  #a4     

,give ! cause & treatm5t ( act9omycosis4
  #b4 ,give ! cause & treatm5t (        
emphysemat\s an?rax4  #c4 ,give ! cause 
( tick fev]2 di/ribution ( ! disease &  
me?ods (    control4     ,,*apt] ,,xxxi 
,,infecti\s ,,diseases ,,( ,,p\ltry     
,,f[l ,,*ol]a4--,?is is a highly        
infecti\s disease ( all species (       
p\ltry1 t is *>act]iz$ by weakness1     
depression & yell[i% color$ excrem5t4   
,! specific cause ( f[l *ol]a is !      
,bacillus avisepticus 7,fig4 #abc74 ,?is
 microorganism is transmitt$ to ! heal?y
 birds by ! fe$1 or wat] becom+         
contam9at$ ) ! dis*>ges f ! diseas$     
birds4 ,accord+ to ,salmon1 ! p]iod (   
incubat+ v>ies f f\r to tw5ty days4  ,! 
e>ly symptoms are a fall+ (f 9 appetite1
 high fev]1 dulness1 di>rhoea &         
weakness4 ,! affect$ bird becomes dr[sy1
 ! head is drawn t[>d ! body1 & x may   
rema9 asleep = long p]iods at a "t4     
,salmon /ates t ! g5]al outl9e ( ! sick 
bird becomes sph]ical or ball-%ap$4     
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--;,bacillus  

avisepticus4  ,! disease is usually     
highly fatal4 ,9 ! acute =m ! l>g]      
portion ( ! flock may die (f )9 a week4 
,9 ! subacute & *ronic =ms1 ! birds     
become greatly emaciat$1 & a few die (f 
weekly ?r\gh a p]iod ( a mon? or long]4 
,! tissue *anges occurr+ 9 ! disease are
 inflammation ( all or a few ( ! int]nal
 organs4 ,w>d /ates t ! mo/ *>act]i/ic  
lesion ( f[l *ol]a is ! sev]e           
inflammation ( t portion ( ! small      
inte/9e ne>e/ to ! gizz>d4 ,small       
hemorrhagic spots may be f\nd on ! he>t 
& o!r organs4  ,! treatm5t is bo?       
prev5tive & curative4 ,! prev5tive      
treatm5t consi/s 9 qu>ant9+ newly       
pur*as$ birds until we are satisfi$ t !y
 are free f disease4 ,! occasional      
dis9fection ( ! p\ltry h\ses & runs is  
highly important4 ,clean+ ! p\ltry h\se 
by remov+ ! floor1 roo/s1 or any "p ( ! 
h\se = ! purpose ( remov+ all fil?1 &   
spray+ ! int]ior ) a ?ree p] c5t wat]   
solution ( a cresol dis9fectant1 %\ld be
 practis$4 ,lime %\ld be scatt]$ ov] !  

runs1 or ! y>ds imm$iately ab\t ! h\se4 
,! above prev5tive measures =m an       
important "p ( ! c>e & managem5t ( !    
flock4 ,! c>casses ( ! dead birds %\ld  
be burn$4 ,x is advisable to kill all   
birds t are fatally sick4  ,all ( !     
flock %\ld be giv5 antiseptics ) ! fe$ &
 wat]4 ,f\r ounces ( a wat] solution (  
copp] sulfate1 made by dissolv+ "o-qu>t]
 p\nd ( ?is drug 9 "o gallon ( hot wat]1
 may be add$ to ea* gallon ( dr9k+ wat]4
 ,frequ5t dis9fection ( ! dr9k+ f\nta9s1
 fe$+ places & h\ses %\ld be practis$4  
,,diseases ,,resembl+ ,,f[l             
,,*ol]a4--,!re are a few diseases1 su* z
 septicaemia1 limb] neck & infecti\s    
ent]itis1 t are sometimes mi/ak5 = f[l  
*ol]a4 ,^! diseases are caus$ by diff]5t
 microorganisms t may be f\nd 9 !       
dige/ive tract & air-passages ( heal?y  
birds1 insanit>y conditions & decompos$ 
fe$1 especially meat4 ,x seems t "u     
c]ta9 conditions1 su* z insanit>y qu>t]s
 & birds t are l[ 9 con/itutional vigor 
& weak5$ f o!r causes1 c]ta9 g]ms may   

become disease-produc]s4 ,! dea? rate f 
mix$ infections is v heavy 9 p\ltry4  ,!
 symptoms v>y 9 ! diff]5t cases4 ,!     
disease may be highly acute1 z 9 limb]  
neck1 or *ronic1 ext5d+ ov] a p]iod ( a 
week or m4 ,di>rhoea is n a prom95t     
symptom 9 ! majority ( cases4  ,!       
po/-mortem lesions v>y f a hemorrhagic  
to a *ronic inflammation ( ! diff]5t    
body organs & s]\s membranes4  ,!       
treatm5t is prev5tive4 ,a frequ5t clean+
 & dis9fect+ ( ! p\ltry h\se &          
surr\nd+s1 avoid+ ! fe$+ ( spoil$ fe$1  
or all[+ ! dr9k+ f\nta9s & fe$+ places  
to become fil?y1 are effective prev5tive
 measures4 ,sick birds %\ld be ei!r     
isolat$ & qu>ant9$1 or de/roy$4         
,antiseptics may be giv5 ) ! fe$ & dr9k+
 wat]4  ,,avian ,,diph!ria              
7,,r\p74--,?is infecti\s disease (      
p\ltry is especially common 9 *ick5s4 ,x
 is *>act]iz$ by a cat>rhal & diph!ritic
 inflammation ( ! muc\s membranes ( !   
head4  ,! specific cause ( r\p has n be5
 det]m9$4 ,! disease-produc+ g]ms are   

pres5t 9 ! dis*>ges f ! no/rils1 eyes & 
m\?1 & ! body excretions ( sick birds4  
,birds hav+ a mild =m ( r\p1 or t h     
rec5tly recov]$ f x1 are common c>ri]s (
 ! disease4 ,! disease is usually       
introduc$ into ! flock by all[+ birds   
expos$ at p\ltry %[s1 or rec5tly pur*as$
 bre$+ /ock f an infect$ flock1 to mix )
 ! heal?y birds4  ,! pr$ispos+ causes   
are v important factors 9 ! developm5t (
 r\p4 ,cold1 damp1 draughty1 poorly     
v5tilat$ p\ltry h\ses cause ! disease to
 spread rapidly & become highly acute4  
,! symptoms diff] 9 "* 9 ! diff]5t      
outbreaks ( ! disease4 ,usually ! fir/  
symptoms notic$ are sneez+1 dulness1    
dim9i%$ appetite & a wat]y dis*>ge f !  
no/rils & eyes4 ,lat] ! eyelids may     
become swoll5 & ! no/rils plugg$ by !   
dis*>ge f ! inflam$ membranes4 ,if ! m\?
 is exam9$ at ?is "t1 an accumulation ( 
mucus & pat*es ( diph!ritic or false    
membranes are f\nd4 ,9 ! acute =m ( r\p 
! false membranes & yell[i%1 *eesy-l    
mat]ial accumulate on ! diff]5t muc\s   

membranes1 & int]f]e ) vision1 brea?+ & 
dige/ion4 ,! affect$ bird becomes ?9 &  
weak4 ,! dea? rate is v high 9 ?is =m ( 
! disease4  ,! prev5tive treatm5t       
consi/s 9 qu>ant9+ birds t h be5 pur*as$
 f o!r flocks1 & t h be5 exhibit$1 = a  
p]iod ( ?ree weeks4 ,a c>eful exam9ation
 ( ! m\? %\ld be made4 ,if a cat>rhal   
dis*>ge f ! no/rils & false membranes is
 pres5t1 prompt treatm5t %\ld be us$4 ,a
 sick bird %\ld be held 9 qu>ant9e =    
sev]al weeks aft] x has recov]$1 &      
receive a ?or\gh wa%+ 9 a two p] c5t    
wat] solution ( a cresol dis9fectant    
be=e all[+ x to mix ) ! heal?y birds4   
,! m$ic9al treatm5t consi/s 9 remov+ !  
dis*>ges f ! no/rils & eyes ) pl$gets ( 
absorb5t cotton t are soak$ ) a f\r p]  
c5t wat] solution ( boric acid4 ,among !
 common treatm5ts m5tion$ are boric acid
 & calomel1 equal p>ts by weight1 bl[n  
into ! no/rils & eyes ) a p[d] bl[]4    
,wat] solutions ( boric acid1 potassium 
p]manganate & hydrog5 p]oxide are       
recomm5d$4 ,liquid prep>ations are      

appli$ ) pl$gets ( cotton1 oil cans1 or 
atomiz]s4  ,_m recov]ies c be obta9$ )  
c>eful treatm5t4 ,x is usually mo/      
economical to kill ! sev]ely affect$    
birds4 ,_m p\ltrym5 dispose ( ! entire  
flock z soon z ! disease makes its      
appe>ance1 & clean & dis9fect ! premises
 be=e re/ock+4  ,,*ick5pox4--,9 "s      
sections ! disease appe>s 9 ano!r =m1   
kn[n z *ick5pox 7contagi\s epi!lioma71 9
 :i* nodules =m on ! sk9 along ! base ( 
! comb & o!r p>ts ( ! head1 or bo? =ms  
may be met ) 9 ! same flock4 ,! nodules 
%\ld be treat$ ) vasel9e1 or glyc]9e    
o9tm5ts conta9+ two p] c5t ( any ( !    
common antiseptics or dis9fectants4     
,,ent]o-,,hepatitis4 ,,blackhead4--,?is 
is a v fatal disease ( "y turkeys4 ,gr[n
 turkeys & o!r f[ls are n s susceptible 
to ! disease4 ,x is *>act]iz$ by an     
inflammation ( ! liv] & inte/9es1       
especially ! caeca4  ,! specific cause  
is a protozoan microorganism1 ,amoeba   
meleagridis4 ,adult f[ls & turkeys may  
act z c>ri]s ( ! g]m1 & ! "y turkeys    

become infect$ at an e>ly p]iod4  ,!    
symptoms are dim9i%$ or lo/ appetite1   
dulness1 droop$ w+s1 di>rhoea1 weakness 
& dea?4 ,:5 ! disease becomes well      
advanc$1 ! head & comb become d>k4  ,!  
c\rse ( ! disease is f a few weeks to   
?ree mon?s4 ,v few ( ! "y turkeys       
survive4  ,! treatm5t is almo/ entirely 
prev5tive4 ,! same precaution>y measures
 = ! prev5tion ( ! introduction (       
disease into ! flock1 recomm5d$ 9 o!r   
infecti\s diseases1 %\ld be practis$4   
,turkeys t survive %\ld be dispos$ (4 ,z
 *ick5s may h>bor ! disease-produc+     
g]ms1 we %\ld n attempt to raise turkeys
 9 ! same qu>t]s ) !m4 ,eggs %\ld be    
obta9$ f disease-free flocks4 ,wip+ !   
eggs ) a clo? wet ) fifty p] c5t alcohol
 may be practis$4 ,! same recomm5dations
 reg>d+ ! clean+ & dis9fect+ ( ! qu>t]s 
describ$ 9 ! treatm5t ( f[l *ol]a %\ld  
be practis$4  ,if an outbreak ( !       
disease occurs 9 ! flock all ( ! sick   
birds %\ld be kill$1 & _! c>casses      
cremat$4 ,mov+ ! flock to fre% runs & ! 

adm9i/ration ( inte/9al antiseptics are 
! only effective l9es ( treatm5t4       
,,avian ,,tub]culosis4--,tub]culosis (  
p\ltry is a s]i\s disease 9 "s c\ntries4
 ,p\ltry usually contract tub]culosis by
 contact ) a tub]cul> bird1 & n f o!r   
dome/ic animals & man4  ,! symptoms are 
( a g5]al "*1 su* z emaciation1         
weakness1 wa/+ ( muscles & lam5ess4     
,tub]cul> gr[?s may appe> on ! surface (
 ! body4  ,if we suspect ! pres5ce ( !  
disease1 x is advisable to kill "o ( !  
sick birds & make a c>eful exam9ation4  
,! f9d+ ( yell[i%1 :ite1 *eesy nodules  
or masses 9 ! liv]1 sple51 inte/9es &   
mes5t]ies is /rong evid5ce (            
tub]culosis4 ,a bact]iological          
exam9ation ( ! tissues may be necess>y 9
 ord] to confirm ! diagnosis4  ,! same  
me?ods ( treatm5t z recomm5d$ 9         
tub]culosis ( o!r dome/ic animals may be
 us$ 9 elim9at+ ! disease f ! premises &
 flock4 ,?is consi/s 9 kill+ & cremat+  
all birds %[+ visible symptoms1 mov+ !  
app>5tly heal?y portion ( ! flock to new

 qu>t]s & wip+ ! eggs ) alcohol4 ,! old 
qu>t]s %\ld be clean$1 dis9fect$1 & !n  
all[$ to /& empty = sev]al mon?s1 :5 we 
%\ld aga9 spray ) a dis9fectant1 &      
scatt] lime ov] ! runs4 ,if ! clean+ &  
dis9fect+ h be5 ?or\gh1 we may safely   
turn "y or heal?y birds into ! old      
qu>t]s4 ,all possible precautions aga9/ 
c>ry+ ! infection to ! heal?y flock mu/ 
be obs]v$4   ,,que/ions  #a4 ,give !    
cause & treatm5t = f[l *ol]a4  #b4 ,:at 
diseases resemble f[l *ol]a8 ,give !    
treatm5t4  #c4 ,give ! symptoms &       
treatm5t = r\p4  #d4 ,give ! treatm5t = 
blackhead4  #e4 ,give ! treatm5t =      
,avian tub]culosis4     ,,ref]5ce       
,,books  ,pa?ology & ,!rapeutics ( !    
,diseases ( ,dome/ic ,animals1 ,vol4    
,i-,,ii1 ,hutyra & ,m>ek4  ,vet]9>y     
,m$ic9e1 ,vol4 ,i-,v1 ,law4  ,g5]al     
,!rapeutics = ,vet]9>ians1 ,frohn]4     
,prev5tion & ,treatm5t ( ! ,diseases (  
,dome/ic ,animals1 ,w9sl[4  ,age ( !    
,dome/ic ,animals1 ,huidekop]4  ,vet]9>y
 ,mat]ia ,m$ica & ,!rapeutics1 ,w9sl[4  

,vet]9>y ,anatomy1 ,sisson4  ,*auveau's 
,comp>ative ,anatomy ( ,dome/ic         
,animals4  ,manual ( ,vet]9>y           
,physiology1 ,smi?4  ,annual ,reports ( 
,bureau ( ,animal ,indu/ry1 f #aijb to  
#aiaa4