,the ,greek transliterations throughout this file are either missing or very suspect4 ,illustration3 ,f4 ,finden sculp4 ,london1 ,john ,murray1 ,albernarle ,st4 #ahcg autographed3 ,dear ,sir1 ,your obliged servant4 ,s4 ,t4 ,coleridge ,,specimens ,,of ,,the ,,table ,,talk ,,of ,,samuel ,,taylor ,,coleridge4 ,,to ,,james ,,gillman1 ,,esquire1 ,,of ,,the ,,grove1 ,,highgate1 ,,and ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,gillman1 ,this ,volume ,,is ,,gratefully ,,inscribed4 ,,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is nearly fifteen years since ,i was1 for the first time1 enabled to become a frequent and attentive visitor in ,mr4 ,coleridge's domestic society4 ,his exhibition of intellectual power in living discourse struck me at once as unique and transcendant2 and upon my return home1 on the very first evening which ,i spent with him after my boyhood1 ,i committed to writing1 as well as ,i could1 the principal topics of his conversation in his own words4 ,i had no settled design at that time of continuing the work1 but simply made the note in something like a spirit of vexation that such a strain of music as ,i had just heard1 should not last forever4 ,what ,i did once1 ,i was easily induced by the same feeling to do again2 and when1 after many years of affectionate communion between us1 the painful existence of my revered relative on earth was at length finished in peace1 my occasional notes of what he had said in my presence had grown to a mass1 of which this volume contains only such parts as seem fit for present publication4 ,i know1 better than any one can tell me1 how inadequately these specimens represent the peculiar splendour and individuality of ,mr4 ,coleridge's conversation4 ,how should it be otherwise8 ,who could always follow to the turning-point his long arrow-flights of thought8 ,who could fix those ejaculations of light1 those tones of a prophet1 which at times have made me bend before him as before an inspired man8 ,such acts of spirit as these were too subtle to be fettered down on paper2 they live--if they can live any where--in the memories alone of those who witnessed them4 ,yet ,i would fain hope that these pages will prove that all is not lost2--that something of the wisdom1 the learning1 and the eloquence of a great man's social converse has been snatched from forgetfulness1 and endowed with a permanent shape for general use4 ,and although1 in the judgment of many persons1 ,i may incur a serious responsibility by this publication2 ,i am1 upon the whole1 willing to abide the result1 in confidence that the fame of the loved and lamented speaker will lose nothing hereby1 and that the cause of ,truth and of ,goodness will be every way a gainer4 ,this sprig1 though slight and immature1 may yet become its place1 in the ,poet's wreath of honour1 among flowers of graver hue4 ,if the favour shown to several modern instances of works nominally of the same description as the present were alone to be considered1 it might seem that the old maxim1 that nothing ought to be said of the dead but what is good1 is in a fair way of being dilated into an understanding that every thing is good that has been said by the dead4 ,the following pages do not1 ,i trust1 stand in need of so much indulgence4 ,their contents may not1 in every particular passage1 be of great intrinsic importance2 but they can hardly be without some1 and1 ,i hope1 a worthy1 interest1 as coming from the lips of one at least of the most extraordinary men of the age2 whilst to the best of my knowledge and intention1 no living person's name is introduced1 whether for praise or for blame1 except on literary or political grounds of common notoriety4 ,upon the justice of the remarks here published1 it would be out of place in me to say any thing2 and a commentary of that kind is the less needed1 as1 in almost every instance1 the principles upon which the speaker founded his observations are expressly stated1 and may be satisfactorily examined by themselves4 ,but1 for the purpose of general elucidation1 it seemed not improper to add a few notes1 and to make some quotations from ,mr4 ,coleridge's own works2 and in doing so1 ,i was in addition actuated by an earnest wish to call the attention of reflecting minds in general to the views of political1 moral1 and religious philosophy contained in those works1 which1 through an extensive1 but now decreasing1 prejudice1 have hitherto been deprived of that acceptance with the public which their great preponderating merits deserve1 and will1 as ,i believe1 finally obtain4 ,and ,i can truly say1 that if1 in the course of the perusal of this little work1 any one of its readers shall gain a clearer insight into the deep and pregnant principles1 in the light of which ,mr4 ,coleridge was accustomed to regard ,god and the ,world1--,i shall look upon the publication as fortunate1 and consider myself abundantly rewarded for whatever trouble it has cost me4 ,a cursory inspection will show that this volume lays no claim to be ranked with those of ,boswell in point of dramatic interest4 ,coleridge differed not more from ,johnson in every characteristic of intellect1 than in the habits and circumstances of his life1 during the greatest part of the time in which ,i was intimately conversant with him4 ,he was naturally very fond of society1 and continued to be so to the last2 but the almost unceasing ill health with which he was afflicted1 after fifty1 confined him for many months in every year to his own room1 and1 most commonly1 to his bed4 ,he was then rarely seen except by single visiters2 and few of them would feel any disposition upon such occasions to interrupt him1 whatever might have been the length or mood of his discourse4 ,and indeed1 although ,i have been present in mixed company1 where ,mr4 ,coleridge has been questioned and opposed1 and the scene has been amusing for the moment--,i own that it was always much more delightful to me to let the river wander at its own sweet will1 unruffled by aught but a certain breeze of emotion which the stream itself produced4 ,if the course it took was not the shortest1 it was generally the most beautiful2 and what you saw by the way was as worthy of note as the ultimate object to which you were journeying4 ,it is possible1 indeed1 that ,coleridge did not1 in fact1 possess the precise gladiatorial power of ,johnson2 yet he understood a sword-play of his own2 and ,i have1 upon several occasions1 seen him exhibit brilliant proofs of its effectiveness upon disputants of considerable pretensions in their particular lines4 ,but he had a genuine dislike of the practice in himself or others1 and no slight provocation could move him to any such exertion4 ,he was1 indeed1 to my observation1 more distinguished from other great men of letters by his moral thirst after the ,truth--the ideal truth--in his own mind1 than by his merely intellectual qualifications4 ,to leave the everyday circle of society1 in which the literary and scientific rarely-- the rest never--break through the spell of personality2--where ,anecdote reigns everlastingly paramount and exclusive1 and the mildest attempt to generalize the ,babel of facts1 and to control temporary and individual phenomena by the application of eternal and overruling principles1 is unintelligible to many1 and disagreeable to more2--to leave this species of converse--if converse it deserves to be called--and pass an entire day with ,coleridge1 was a marvellous change indeed4 ,it was a ,sabbath past expression deep1 and tranquil1 and serene4 ,you came to a man who had travelled in many countries and in critical times2 who had seen and felt the world in most of its ranks and in many of its vicissitudes and weaknesses2 one to whom all literature and genial art were absolutely subject1 and to whom1 with a reasonable allowance as to technical details1 all science was in a most extraordinary degree familiar4 ,throughout a long-drawn summer's day would this man talk to you in low1 equable1 but clear and musical1 tones1 concerning things human and divine2 marshalling all history1 harmonizing all experiment1 probing the depths of your consciousness1 and revealing visions of glory and of terror to the imagination2 but pouring withal such floods of light upon the mind1 that you might1 for a season1 like ,paul1 become blind in the very act of conversion4 ,and this he would do1 without so much as one allusion to himself1 without a word of reflection on others1 save when any given act fell naturally in the way of his discourse1--without one anecdote that was not proof and illustration of a previous position2--gratifying no passion1 indulging no caprice1 but1 with a calm mastery over your soul1 leading you onward and onward for ever through a thousand windings1 yet with no pause1 to some magnificent point in which1 as in a focus1 all the party-coloured rays of his discourse should converge in light4 ,in all this he was1 in truth1 your teacher and guide2 but in a little while you might forget that he was other than a fellow student and the companion of your way1--so playful was his manner1 so simple his language1 so affectionate the glance of his pleasant eye6 ,there were1 indeed1 some whom ,coleridge tired1 and some whom he sent asleep4 ,it would occasionally so happen1 when the abstruser mood was strong upon him1 and the visiter was narrow and ungenial4 ,i have seen him at times when you could not incarnate him1--when he shook aside your petty questions or doubts1 and burst with some impatience through the obstacles of common conversation4 ,then1 escaped from the flesh1 he would soar upwards into an atmosphere almost too rare to breathe1 but which seemed proper to him1 and there he would float at ease4 ,like enough1 what ,coleridge then said1 his subtlest listener would not understand as a man understands a newspaper2 but upon such a listener there would steal an influence1 and an impression1 and a sympathy2 there would be a gradual attempering of his body and spirit1 till his total being vibrated with one pulse alone1 and thought became merged in contemplation2-- ,and so1 his senses gradually wrapt ,in a half sleep1 he'd dream of better worlds1 ,and dreaming hear thee still1 ,o singing lark1 ,that sangest like an angel in the clouds6 ,but it would be a great mistake to suppose that the general character of ,mr4 ,coleridge's conversation was abstruse or rhapsodical4 ,the contents of the following pages may1 ,i think1 be taken as pretty strong presumptive evidence that his ordinary manner was plain and direct enough2 and even when1 as sometimes happened1 he seemed to ramble from the road1 and to lose himself in a wilderness of digressions1 the truth was1 that at that very time he was working out his fore-known conclusion through an almost miraculous logic1 the difficulty of which consisted precisely in the very fact of its minuteness and universality4 ,he took so large a scope1 that1 if he was interrupted before he got to the end1 he appeared to have been talking without an object2 although1 perhaps1 a few steps more would have brought you to a point1 a retrospect from which would show you the pertinence of all he had been saying4 ,i have heard persons complain that they could get no answer to a question from ,coleridge4 ,the truth is1 he answered1 or meant to answer1 so fully that the querist should have no second question to ask4 ,in nine cases out of ten he saw the question was short or misdirected2 and knew that a mere yes or no answer could not embrace the truth--that is1 the whole truth--and might1 very probably1 by implication1 convey error4 ,hence that exhaustive1 cyclical mode of discoursing in which he frequently indulged2 unfit1 indeed1 for a dinner- table1 and too long-breathed for the patience of a chance visiter1--but which1 to those who knew for what they came1 was the object of their profoundest admiration1 as it was the source of their most valuable instruction4 ,mr4 ,coleridge's affectionate disciples learned their lessons of philosophy and criticism from his own mouth4 ,he was to them as an old master of the ,academy or ,lyceum4 ,the more time he took1 the better pleased were such visiters2 for they came expressly to listen1 and had ample proof how truly he had declared1 that whatever difficulties he might feel1 with pen in hand1 in the expression of his meaning1 he never found the smallest hitch or impediment in the utterance of his most subtle reasonings by word of mouth4 ,how many a time and oft have ,i felt his abtrusest thoughts steal rhythmically on my soul1 when chanted forth by him6 ,nay1 how often have ,i fancied ,i heard rise up in answer to his gentle touch1 an interpreting music of my own1 as from the passive strings of some wind-smitten lyre6 ,mr4 ,coleridge's conversation at all times required attention1 because what he said was so individual and unexpected4 ,but when he was dealing deeply with a question1 the demand upon the intellect of the hearer was very great2 not so much for any hardness of language1 for his diction was always simple and easy2 nor for the abstruseness of the thoughts1 for they generally explained1 or appeared to explain1 themselves2 but preeminently on account of the seeming remoteness of his associations1 and the exceeding subtlety of his transitional links4 ,upon this point it is very happily1 though1 according to my observation1 too generally1 remarked1 by one whose powers and opportunities of judging were so eminent that the obliquity of his testimony in other respects is the more unpardonable2--,coleridge1 to many people--and often ,i have heard the complaint--seemed to wander2 and he seemed then to wander the most1 when1 in fact1 his resistance to the wandering instinct was greatest1--viz4 when the compass and huge circuit1 by which his illustrations moved1 travelled farthest into remote regions1 before they began to revolve4 ,long before this coming round commenced1 most people had lost him1 and naturally enough supposed that he had lost himself4 ,they continued to admire the separate beauty of the thoughts1 but did not see their relations to the dominant theme4 99 99 99 99 ,however1 ,i can assert1 upon my long and intimate knowledge of ,coleridge's mind1 that logic the most severe was as inalienable from his modes of thinking1 as grammar from his language4 ,footnote3 ,tait's ,mag4 ,sept4 #ahcd1 p4 #ead4 ,true3 his mind was a logic-vice2 let him fasten it on the tiniest flourish of an error1 he never slacked his hold1 till he had crushed body and tail to dust4 ,he was always ratiocinating in his own mind1 and therefore sometimes seemed incoherent to the partial observer4 ,it happened to him as to ,pindar1 who in modern days has been called a rambling rhapsodist1 because the connections of his parts1 though never arbitrary1 are so fine that the vulgar reader sees them not at all4 ,but they are there nevertheless1 and may all be so distinctly shown1 that no one can doubt their existence2 and a little study will also prove that the points of contact are those which the true genius of lyric verse naturally evolved1 and that the entire ,pindaric ode1 instead of being the loose and lawless out-burst which so many have fancied1 is1 without any exception1 the most artificial and highly wrought composition which ,time has spared to us from the wreck of the ,greek ,muse4 ,so ,i can well remember occasions1 in which1 after listening to ,mr4 ,coleridge for several delightful hours1 ,i have gone away with divers splendid masses of reasoning in my head1 the separate beauty and coherency of which ,i deeply felt1 but how they had produced1 or how they bore upon1 each other1 ,i could not then perceive4 ,in such cases ,i have mused sometimes even for days afterwards upon the words1 till at length1 spontaneously as it seemed1 the fire would kindle1 and the association1 which had escaped my utmost efforts of comprehension before1 flash itself all at once upon my mind with the clearness of noon-day light4 ,it may well be imagined that a style of conversation so continuous and diffused as that which ,i have just attempted to describe1 presented remarkable difficulties to a mere reporter by memory4 ,it is easy to preserve the pithy remark1 the brilliant retort1 or the pointed anecdote2 these stick of themselves1 and their retention requires no effort of mind4 ,but where the salient angles are comparatively few1 and the object of attention is a long-drawn subtle discoursing1 you can never recollect1 except by yourself thinking the argument over again4 ,in so doing1 the order and the characteristic expressions will for the most part spontaneously arise2 and it is scarcely credible with what degree of accuracy language may thus be preserved1 where practice has given some dexterity1 and long familiarity with the speaker has enabled1 or almost forced1 you to catch the outlines of his manner4 ,yet with all this1 so peculiar were the flow and breadth of ,mr4 ,coleridge's conversation1 that ,i am very sensible how much those who can best judge will have to complain of my representation of it4 ,the following specimens will1 ,i fear1 seem too fragmentary1 and therefore deficient in one of the most distinguishing properties of that which they are designed to represent2 and this is true4 ,yet the reader will in most instances have little difficulty in understanding the course which the conversation took1 although my recollections of it are thrown into separate paragraphs for the sake of superior precision4 ,as ,i never attempted to give dialogue--indeed1 there was seldom much dialogue to give --the great point with me was to condense what ,i could remember on each particular topic into intelligible wholes with as little injury to the living manner and diction as was possible4 ,with this explanation1 ,i must leave it to those who still have the tones of that old man eloquent ringing in their ears1 to say how far ,i have succeeded in this delicate enterprise of stamping his winged words with perpetuity4 ,in reviewing the contents of the following pages1 ,i can clearly see that ,i have admitted some passages which will be pronounced illiberal by those who1 in the present day1 emphatically call themselves liberal--the liberal4 ,i allude of course to ,mr4 ,coleridge's remarks on the ,reform ,bill and the ,malthusian economists4 ,the omission of such passages would probably have rendered this publication more generally agreeable1 and my disposition does not lead me to give gratuitous offence to any one4 ,but the opinions of ,mr4 ,coleridge on these subjects1 however imperfectly expressed by me1 were deliberately entertained by him2 and to have omitted1 in so miscellaneous a collection as this1 what he was well known to have said1 would have argued in me a disapprobation or a fear1 which ,i disclaim4 ,a few words1 however1 may be pertinently employed here in explaining the true bearing of ,coleridge's mind on the politics of our modern days4 ,he was neither a ,whig nor a ,tory1 as those designations are usually understood2 well enough knowing that1 for the most part1 half-truths only are involved in the ,parliamentary tenets of one party or the other4 ,in the common struggles of a session1 therefore1 he took little interest2 and as to mere personal sympathies1 the friend of ,frere and of ,poole1 the respected guest of ,canning and of ,lord ,lansdowne1 could have nothing to choose4 ,but he threw the weight of his opinion--and it was considerable--into the ,tory or ,conservative scale1 for these two reasons3--,first1 generally1 because he had a deep conviction that the cause of freedom and of truth is now seriously menaced by a democratical spirit1 growing more and more rabid every day1 and giving no doubtful promise of the tyranny to come2 and secondly1 in particular1 because the national ,church was to him the ark of the covenant of his beloved country1 and he saw the ,whigs about to coalesce with those whose avowed principles lead them to lay the hand of spoliation upon it4 ,add to these two grounds1 some relics of the indignation which the efforts of the ,whigs to thwart the generous exertions of ,england in the great ,spanish war had formerly roused within him2 and all the constituents of any active feeling in ,mr4 ,coleridge's mind upon matters of state are1 ,i believe1 fairly laid before the reader4 ,the ,reform question in itself gave him little concern1 except as he foresaw the present attack on the ,church to be the immediate consequence of the passing of the ,bill2 for let the form of the ,house of ,commons1 said he1 be what it may1 it will be1 for better or for worse1 pretty much what the country at large is2 but once invade that truly national and essentially popular institution1 the ,church1 and divert its funds to the relief or aid of individual charity or public taxation--how specious soever that pretext may be--and you will never thereafter recover the lost means of perpetual cultivation4 ,give back to the ,church what the nation originally consecrated to its use1 and it ought then to be charged with the education of the people2 but half of the original revenue has been already taken by force from her1 or lost to her through desuetude1 legal decision1 or public opinion2 and are those whose very houses and parks are part and parcel of what the nation designed for the general purposes of the ,clergy1 to be heard1 when they argue for making the ,church support1 out of her diminished revenues1 institutions1 the intended means for maintaining which they themselves hold under the sanction of legal robbery8 ,upon this subject ,mr4 ,coleridge did indeed feel very warmly1 and was accustomed to express himself accordingly4 ,it weighed upon his mind night and day1 and he spoke upon it with an emotion1 which ,i never saw him betray upon any topic of common politics1 however decided his opinion might be4 ,in this1 therefore1 he was felix opportunitate mortis2 non enim vidit----2 and the just and honest of all parties will heartily admit over his grave1 that as his principles and opinions were untainted by any sordid interest1 so he maintained them in the purest spirit of a reflective patriotism1 without spleen1 or bitterness1 or breach of social union4 ,it would require a rare pen to do justice to the constitution of ,coleridge's mind4 ,it was too deep1 subtle1 and peculiar1 to be fathomed by a morning visiter4 ,few persons knew much of it in any thing below the surface2 scarcely three or four ever got to understand it in all its marvellous completeness4 ,mere personal familiarity with this extraordinary man did not put you in possession of him2 his pursuits and aspirations1 though in their mighty range presenting points of contact and sympathy for all1 transcended in their ultimate reach the extremest limits of most men's imaginations4 ,for the last thirty years of his life1 at least1 ,coleridge was really and truly a philosopher of the antique cast4 ,he had his esoteric views2 and all his prose works from the ,friend to the ,church and ,state were little more than feelers1 pioneers1 disciplinants for the last and complete exposition of them4 ,of the art of making hooks he knew little1 and cared less2 but had he been as much an adept in it as a modern novelist1 he never could have succeeded in rendering popular or even tolerable1 at first1 his attempt to push ,locke and ,paley from their common throne in ,england4 ,a little more working in the trenches might have brought him closer to the walls with less personal damage2 but it is better for ,christian philosophy as it is1 though the assailant was sacrificed in the bold and artless attack4 ,mr4 ,coleridge's prose works had so very limited a sale1 that although published in a technical sense1 they could scarcely be said to have ever become publici juris4 ,he did not think them such himself1 with the exception1 perhaps1 of the ,aids to ,reflection1 and generally made a particular remark if he met any person who professed or showed that he had read the ,friend or any of his other books4 ,and ,i have no doubt that had he lived to complete his great work on ,philosophy reconciled with ,christian ,religion1 he would without scruple have used in that work any part or parts of his preliminary treatises1 as their intrinsic fitness required4 ,hence in every one of his prose writings there are repetitions1 either literal or substantial1 of passages to be found in some others of those writings2 and there are several particular positions and reasonings1 which he considered of vital importance1 reiterated in the ,friend1 the ,literary ,life1 the ,lay ,sermons1 the ,aids to ,reflection1 and the ,church and ,state4 ,he was always deepening and widening the foundation1 and cared not how often he used the same stone4 ,in thinking passionately of the principle1 he forgot the authorship--and sowed beside many waters1 if peradventure some chance seedling might take root and bear fruit to the glory of ,god and the spiritualization of ,man4 ,his mere reading was immense1 and the quality and direction of much of it well considered1 almost unique in this age of the world4 ,he had gone through most of the ,fathers1 and1 ,i believe1 all the ,schoolmen of any eminence2 whilst his familiarity with all the more common departments of literature in every language is notorious4 ,the early age at which some of these acquisitions were made1 and his ardent self-abandonment in the strange pursuit1 might1 according to a common notion1 have seemed adverse to increase and maturity of power in after life3 yet it was not so2 he lost1 indeed1 for ever the chance of being a popular writer2 but ,lamb's inspired charity-boy of twelve years of age continued to his dying day1 when sixty-two1 the eloquent centre of all companies1 and the standard of intellectual greatness to hundreds of affectionate disciples far and near4 ,had ,coleridge been master of his genius1 and not1 alas6 mastered by it2-- had he less romantically fought a single-handed fight against the whole prejudices of his age1 nor so mercilessly racked his fine powers on the problem of a universal ,christian philosophy1--he might have easily won all that a reading public can give to a favourite1 and have left a name--not greater nor more enduring indeed--but--better known1 and more prized1 than now it is1 amongst the wise1 the gentle1 and the good1 throughout all ranks of society4 ,nevertheless1 desultory as his labours1 fragmentary as his productions at present may seem to the cursory observer--my undoubting belief is1 that in the end it will be found that ,coleridge did1 in his vocation1 the day's work of a giant4 ,he has been melted into the very heart of the rising literatures of ,england and ,america2 and the principles he has taught are the master-light of the moral and intellectual being of men1 who1 if they shall fail to save1 will assuredly illustrate and condemn1 the age in which they live4 ,as it is1 they 'bide their time4 ,coleridge himself--blessings on his gentle memory6--,coleridge was a frail mortal4 ,he had indeed his peculiar weaknesses as well as his unique powers2 sensibilities that an averted look would rack1 a heart which would have beaten calmly in the tremblings of an earthquake4 ,he shrank from mere uneasiness like a child1 and bore the preparatory agonies of his death- attack like a martyr4 ,sinned against a thousand times more than sinning1 he himself suffered an almost life-long punishment for his errors1 whilst the world at large has the unwithering fruits of his labours1 his genius1 and his sacrifice4 ,necesse est tanquam immaturam mortem ejus defleam2 si tamen fas est aut flere1 aut omnino mortem vocare1 qua tanti viri mortalitas magis finita quam vita est4 ,vivit enim1 vivetque semper1 atque etiam latius in memoria hominum et sermone versabitur1 postquam ab oculis recessit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,samuel ,taylor ,coleridge was the youngest child of the ,reverend ,john ,coleridge1 ,vicar of the ,parish of ,ottery ,st4 ,mary1 in the county of ,devon1 and master of ,henry the ,eighth's ,free ,grammar ,school in that town4 ,his mother's maiden name was ,ann ,bowdon4 ,he was born at ,ottery on the #bast of ,october1 #aggb1 about eleven o'clock in the forenoon1 as his father the vicar has1 with rather a curious particularity1 entered it in the register4 ,he died on the #beth of ,july1 #ahcd1 in ,mr4 ,gillman's house1 in the ,grove1 ,highgate1 and is buried in the old church-yard1 by the road side4 ,greek3 ---- ,h4 ,n4 ,c4 ,,contents 99 99 99 99 99 ,character of ,othello ,schiller's ,robbers ,shakspeare ,scotch ,novels ,lord ,byron ,john ,kemble ,mathews ,parliamentary ,privilege ,permanency and ,progression of ,nations ,kant's ,races of ,mankind ,materialism ,ghosts ,character of the ,age for ,logic ,plato and ,xenophon ,greek ,drama ,kotzebue ,burke ,st4 ,john's ,gospel ,christianity ,epistle to the ,hebrews ,the ,logos ,reason and ,understanding ,kean ,sir ,james ,mackintosh ,sir ,h4 ,davy ,robert ,smith ,canning ,national ,debt ,poor ,laws ,conduct of the ,whigs ,reform of the ,house of ,commons ,church of ,rome ,zendavesta ,pantheism and ,idolatry ,difference between ,stories of ,dreams and ,ghosts ,phantom ,portrait ,witch of ,endor ,socinianism ,plato and ,xenophon ,religions of the ,greeks ,egyptian ,antiquities ,milton ,virgil ,granville ,penn and the ,deluge ,rainbow ,english and ,greek ,dancing ,greek ,acoustics ,lord ,byron's ,versification and ,don ,juan ,parental ,control in ,marriage ,marriage of ,cousins ,differences of ,character ,blumenbach and ,kant's ,races ,iapetic and ,semitic ,hebrew ,solomon ,jewish ,history ,spinozistic and ,hebrew ,schemes ,roman ,catholics ,energy of ,man and other ,animals ,shakspeare in minimis ,paul ,sarpi ,bartram's ,travels ,the ,understanding ,parts of ,speech ,grammar ,magnetism ,electricity ,galvanism ,spenser ,character of ,othello ,hamlet ,polonius ,principles and ,maxims ,love ,measure for ,measure ,ben ,jonson ,beaumont and ,fletcher ,version of the ,bible ,craniology ,spurzheim ,bull and ,waterland ,the ,trinity ,scale of ,animal ,being ,popedom ,scanderbeg ,thomas ,becket ,pure ,ages of ,greek1 ,italian1 and ,english ,luther ,baxter ,algernon ,sidney's ,style ,ariosto and ,tasso ,prose and ,poetry ,the ,fathers ,rhenferd ,jacob ,behmen ,non-perception of ,colours ,restoration ,reformation ,william ,,iii4 ,berkeley ,spinosa ,genius ,envy ,love ,jeremy ,taylor ,hooker ,ideas ,knowledge ,painting ,prophecies of the ,old ,testament ,messiah ,jews ,the ,trinity ,conversion of the ,jews ,jews in ,poland ,mosaic ,miracles ,pantheism ,poetic ,promise ,nominalists and ,realists ,british ,schoolmen ,spinosa ,fall of ,man ,madness ,brown and ,darwin ,nitrous ,oxide ,plants ,insects ,men ,dog ,ant and ,bee ,black1 ,colonel ,holland and the ,dutch ,religion ,gentilizes ,women and ,men ,biblical ,commentators ,walkerite ,creed ,horne ,tooke ,diversions of ,purley ,gender of the ,sun in ,german ,horne ,tooke ,jacobins ,persian and ,arabic ,poetry ,milesian ,tales ,sir ,t4 ,monro ,sir ,s4 ,raffles ,canning ,shakspeare ,milton ,homer ,reason and ,understanding ,words and ,names of ,things ,the ,trinity ,irving ,abraham ,isaac ,jacob ,origin of ,acts ,love ,lord ,eldon's ,doctrine as to ,grammar ,schools ,democracy ,the ,eucharist ,st4 ,john1 xix4 #aa4 ,divinity of ,christ ,genuineness of ,books of ,moses ,mosaic ,prophecies ,talent and ,genius ,motives and ,impulses ,constitutional and functional ,life ,hysteria ,hydro-carbonic ,gas ,bitters and ,tonics ,specific ,medicines ,epistles to the ,ephesians and ,colossians ,oaths ,flogging ,eloquence of ,abuse ,the ,americans ,book of ,job ,translation of the ,psalms ,ancient ,mariner ,undine ,martin ,pilgrim's ,progress ,prayer ,church-singing ,hooker ,dreams ,jeremy ,taylor ,english ,reformation ,catholicity ,gnosis ,tertullian ,st4 ,john ,principles of a ,review ,party ,spirit ,southey's ,life of ,bunyan ,laud ,puritans and ,cavaliers ,presbyterians1 ,independents1 and ,bishops ,study of the ,bible ,rabelais ,swift ,bentley ,burnet ,giotto ,painting ,seneca ,plato ,aristotle ,duke of ,wellington ,monied ,interest ,canning ,bourrienne ,jews ,the ,papacy and the ,reformation ,leo ,x4 ,thelwall ,swift ,stella ,iniquitous ,legislation ,spurzheim and ,craniology ,french ,revolution1 #ahcj ,captain ,b4 ,hall and the ,americans ,english ,reformation ,democracy ,idea of a ,state ,church ,government ,french ,gendarmerie ,philosophy of young ,men at the present ,day ,thucydides and ,tacitus ,poetry ,modern ,metre ,logic ,varro ,socrates ,greek ,philosophy ,plotinus ,tertullian ,scotch and ,english ,lakes ,love and ,friendship opposed ,marriage ,characterlessness of ,women ,mental ,anarchy ,ear and ,taste for ,music different ,english ,liturgy ,belgian ,revolution ,galileo1 ,newton1 ,kepler1 ,bacon ,the ,reformation ,house of ,commons ,government ,earl ,grey ,government ,popular ,representation ,napier ,buonaparte ,southey ,patronage of the ,fine ,arts ,old ,women ,pictures ,chillingworth ,superstition of ,maltese1 ,sicilians1 and ,italians ,asgill ,the ,french ,the ,good and the ,true ,romish ,religion ,england and ,holland ,iron ,galvanism ,heat ,national ,colonial ,character1 and ,naval ,discipline ,england ,holland and ,belgium ,greatest ,happiness ,principle ,hobbism ,the ,two ,modes of ,political ,action ,truths and ,maxims ,drayton and ,daniel ,mr4 ,coleridge's ,system of ,philosophy ,keenness and ,subtlety ,duties and ,needs of an ,advocate ,abolition of the ,french ,hereditary ,peerage ,conduct of ,ministers on the ,reform ,bill ,religion ,union with ,ireland ,irish ,church ,a ,state ,persons and ,things ,history ,beauty ,genius ,church ,state ,dissenters ,gracefulness of ,children ,dogs ,ideal ,tory and ,whig ,the ,church ,ministers and the ,reform ,bill ,disfranchisement ,genius feminine ,pirates ,astrology ,alchemy ,reform ,bill ,crisis ,john1 ,chap4 ,,iii4 ,ver4 #d4 ,dictation and ,inspiration ,gnosis ,new ,testament ,canon ,unitarianism--,moral ,philosophy ,moral ,law of ,polarity ,epidemic ,disease ,quarantine ,harmony ,intellectual ,revolutions ,modern ,style ,genius of the ,spanish and ,italians ,vico ,spinosa ,colours ,destruction of ,jerusalem ,epic ,poem ,vox ,populi ,vox ,dei ,black ,asgill and ,defoe ,horne ,tooke ,fox and ,pitt ,horner ,adiaphori ,citizens and ,christians ,professor ,park ,english ,constitution ,democracy ,milton and ,sidney ,de ,vi ,minimorum ,hahnemann ,luther ,sympathy of old ,greek and ,latin with ,english ,roman ,mind ,war ,charm for ,cramp ,greek ,dual1 neuter pleural 99sic991 and verb singular ,theta ,talented ,homer ,valcknaer ,principles and ,facts ,schmidt ,puritans and ,jacobins ,wordsworth ,french ,revolution ,infant ,schools ,mr4 ,coleridge's ,philosophy ,sublimity ,solomon ,madness ,c4 ,lamb ,faith and ,belief ,dobrizhoffer ,scotch and ,english ,criterion of ,genius ,dryden and ,pope ,milton's disregard of ,painting ,baptismal ,service ,jews' ,division of the ,scripture ,sanskrit ,hesiod ,virgil ,genius ,metaphysical ,don ,quixote ,steinmetz ,keats ,christ's ,hospital ,bowyer ,st4 ,paul's ,melita ,english and ,german ,best ,state of ,society ,great ,minds ,androgynous ,philosopher's ,ordinary ,language ,juries ,barristers' and ,physicians' ,fees ,quacks ,csarean ,operation ,inherited ,disease ,mason's ,poetry ,northern and ,southern ,states of the ,american ,union ,all and the ,whole ,ninth ,article ,sin and ,sins ,old ,divines ,preaching extempore ,church of ,england ,union with ,ireland ,faust ,michael ,scott1 ,goethe1 ,schiller1 and ,wordsworth ,beaumont and ,fletcher ,ben ,jonson ,massinger ,house of ,commons appointing the officers of the ,army and ,navy ,penal ,code in ,ireland ,churchmen ,coronation ,oaths ,divinity ,professions and ,trades ,modern ,political ,economy ,national ,debt ,property ,tax ,duty of ,landholders ,massinger ,shakspeare ,hieronimo ,love's ,labour ,lost ,gifford's ,massinger ,shakspeare ,the ,old ,dramatists ,statesmen ,burke ,prospect of ,monarchy or ,democracy ,the ,reformed ,house of ,commons ,united ,states of ,america ,captain ,b4 ,hall ,northern and ,southern ,states ,democracy with ,slavery ,quakers ,land and ,money ,methods of ,investigation ,church of ,rome ,celibacy of the ,clergy ,roman ,conquest of ,italy ,wedded ,love in ,shakspeare and his ,contemporary ,dramatists ,tennyson's ,poems ,rabelais and ,luther ,wit and ,madness ,colonization ,machinery ,capital ,roman ,conquest ,constantine ,papacy and the ,schoolmen ,civil ,war of the ,seventeenth ,century ,hampden's ,speech ,reformed ,house of ,commons ,food ,medicine ,poison ,obstruction ,wilson ,shakspeare's ,sonnets ,wickliffe ,love ,luther ,reverence for ,ideal ,truths ,johnson the ,whig ,asgill ,james ,i4 ,sir ,p4 ,sidney ,things are finding their ,level ,german ,goethe ,god's ,providence ,man's ,freedom ,dom ,miguel and ,dom ,pedro ,working to better one's condition ,negro ,emancipation ,fox and ,pitt ,revolution ,virtue and ,liberty ,epistle to the ,romans ,erasmus ,luther ,negro ,emancipation ,hackett's ,life of ,archbishop ,williams ,charles ,i4 ,manners under ,edward ,,iii4 ,richard ,,ii4 and ,henry ,,viii4 ,hypothesis ,suffiction ,theory ,lyell's ,geology ,gothic ,architecture ,gerard's ,douw's ,schoolmaster and ,titian's ,venus ,sir ,j4 ,scarlett ,mandeville's ,fable of the ,bees ,bestial ,theory ,character of ,bertram ,beaumont and ,fletcher's ,dramas ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 ,euripides ,milton ,style ,cavalier ,slang ,junius ,prose and ,verse ,imitation and ,copy ,dr4 ,johnson ,boswell ,burke ,newton ,milton ,painting ,music ,poetry ,public ,schools ,scott and ,coleridge ,nervous ,weakness ,hooker and ,bull ,faith ,quakers ,philanthropists ,jews ,sallust ,thucydides ,herodotus ,gibbon ,key to the ,decline of the ,roman ,empire ,dr4 ,johnson's ,political ,pamphlets ,taxation ,direct ,representation ,universal ,suffrage ,right of ,women to vote ,horne ,tooke ,etymology of the final ,ive ,the ,lord in the ,english ,version of the ,psalms1 etc4 ,scotch ,kirk and ,irving ,milton's ,egotism ,claudian ,sterne ,humour and ,genius ,great ,poets good ,men ,diction of the ,old and ,new ,testament ,version ,hebrew ,vowels and ,consonants ,greek ,accent and ,quantity ,consolation in ,distress ,mock ,evangelicals ,autumn ,day ,rosetti on ,dante ,laughter3 ,farce and ,tragedy ,baron ,von ,humboldt ,modern ,diplomatists ,man cannot be stationary ,fatalism and ,providence ,characteristic ,temperament of ,nations ,greek ,particles ,latin ,compounds ,propertius ,tibullus ,lucan ,statius ,valerius ,flaccus ,claudian ,persius ,prudentius ,hermesianax ,destruction of ,jerusalem ,epic ,poem ,german and ,english ,paradise ,lost ,modern ,travels ,the ,trinity ,incarnation ,redemption ,education ,elegy ,lavacrum ,pallados ,greek and ,latin ,pentameter ,milton's ,latin ,poems ,poetical ,filter ,gray and ,cotton ,homeric ,heroes in ,shakspeare ,dryden ,dr4 ,johnson ,scott's ,novels ,scope of ,christianity ,times of ,charles ,i4 ,messenger of the ,covenant ,prophecy ,logic of ,ideas and of ,syllogisms ,w4 ,s4 ,lander's ,poetry ,beauty ,chronological ,arrangement of ,works ,toleration ,norwegians ,articles of ,faith ,modern ,quakerism ,devotional ,spirit ,sectarianism ,origen ,some ,men like ,musical ,glasses ,sublime and ,nonsense ,atheist ,proof of ,existence of ,god ,kant's attempt ,plurality of ,worlds ,a ,reasoner ,shakspeare's ,intellectual ,action ,crabbe and ,southey ,peter ,simple and ,tom ,cringle's ,log ,chaucer ,shakspeare ,ben ,jonson ,beaumont and ,fletcher ,daniel ,massinger ,lord ,byron and ,h4 ,walpole's ,mysterious ,mother ,lewis's ,jamaica ,journal ,sicily ,malta ,sir ,alexander ,ball ,cambridge ,petition to admit ,dissenters ,corn ,laws ,christian ,sabbath ,high ,prizes and ,revenues of the ,church ,sir ,charles ,wetherell's ,speech ,national ,church ,dissenters ,papacy ,universities ,schiller's ,versification ,german ,blank ,verse ,roman ,catholic ,emancipation ,duke of ,wellington ,coronation ,oath ,corn ,laws ,modern ,political ,economy ,socinianism ,unitarianism ,fancy and ,imagination ,mr4 ,coleridge's ,system ,biographia ,literaria ,dissenters ,lord ,brooke ,barrow and ,dryden ,peter ,wilkins and ,stothard ,fielding and ,richardson ,bishop ,sandford ,roman ,catholic ,religion ,euthanasia ,recollections1 by ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge ,address to a ,god-child ,,table ,,talk ,december #bi1 #ahbb ,,character ,,of ,,othello--,,schiller',s ,,robbers-,,shakspeare --,,scotch ,,novels--,,lord ,,byron--,,john ,,kemmble--,,mathews ,othello must not be conceived as a negro1 but a high and chivalrous ,moorish chief4 ,shakspeare learned the sprit of the character from the ,spanish poetry1 which was prevalent in ,england in his time4#a ,jelousy does not strike me as the point in his passion2 ,i take it to be rather an agony that the creature1 whom he had believed angelic1 with whom he had garnered up his heart1 and whom he could not help still loving1 should be proved impure and worthless4 ,it was the struggle not to love her4 ,it was a moral indignation and regret that virture should so fall3--,but yet the pity of it1 ,iago6--,o ,iago6 the pity of it1 ,iago6 ,in addition to this1 his hourour was concerned3 ,iago would not have succeeded but by hinting that this honour was compromised4 ,there is no ferocity in ,othello2 his mind is majestic and composed4 ,he deliberately determines to die2 and speaks his last speech with a view of showing his attachment to the ,venetian state1 though it had superseded him4 ,footnote #a3 ,caballaeros ,granadinos1 ,aunque ,moros1 hijos d'algo--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,schiller has the material ,sublime2 to produce an effect he sets you a whole town on fire1 and throws infants with their mothers into the flames1 or locks up a father in an old tower4#a ,but ,shakspeare drops a handkerchief1 and the same or greater effects follow4 ,footnote #a3 ,this expression--material sublime--like a hundred others which have slipped into general use1 came originally from ,mr4 ,coleridege1 and was by him1 in the first instatnce1 applied to ,schiller's ,robbers-- ,see ,act iv1 sc4 #e4--;,,ed4 ,lear is the most tremendous effort of ,shakspeare as a poet2 ,hamlet as a philosopher or meditater2 and ,othello is the union of the two4 ,there is something gigantic and unformed in the former two2 but in the latter1 every thing assumes its due place and proportion1 and the whole mature powers of his mind are displayed in admirable equilibrium4 ,i think ,old ,mortality and ,guy ,mannering the best of the ,scotch novels4 ,it seems1 to my ear1 that there is a sad want of harmony in ,lord ,byron's verses4 ,is it not unnatural to be always connecting very great intellectual power with utter depravity8 ,does such a combination often really exist in rerum naturae8 ,i always had a great liking--,i may say1 a sort of nondescript reverence-- for ,john ,kemble4 ,what a quaint creature he was6 ,i remember a party1 in which he was discoursing in his measured manner after dinner1 when the servant announced his carriage4 ,he nodded1 and went on4 ,the announcement took place twice afterwards2 ,kemble each time nodding his head a little more impatiently1 but still going on4 ,at last1 and for the fourth time1 the servant entered1 and said1--,mrs4 ,kemble says1 sir1 she has the rheumatise1 and cannot stay4 ,addism6 dropped ,john1 in a parenthesis1 and proceeded quietly in his harangue4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kemble would correct any body1 at any time1 and in any place4 ,dear ,charles ,mathews--a true genius in his line1 in my judgment--told me he was once performing privately before the ,king4 ,the ,king was much pleased with the imitation of ,kemble1 and said1--,i liked ,kemble very much4 ,he was one of my earliest friends4 ,i remember once he was talking1 and found himself out of snuff4 ,i offered him my box4 ,he declined taking any--'he1 a poor actor1 could not put his fingers into a royal box4' ,i said1 ',take some1 pray2 you will obleege me4' ,upon which ,kemble replied1--',it would become your royal mouth better to say1 oblige me2' and took a pinch4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is not easy to put me out of countenance1 or interrupt the feeling of the time by mere external noise or circumstance2 yet once ,i was thoroughly done up1 as you would say4 ,i was reciting1 at a particular house1 the ,remorse2 and was in the midst of ,alhadra's description of the death of her husband1 #a when a scrubby boy1 with a shining face set in dirt1 burst open the door and cried out1--,please1 ma'am1 master says1 ,will you ha'2 or will you not ha'1 the pin-round8 ,footnote #a3 ,,alhadra4 ,this night your chieftain arm'd himself1 ,and hurried from me4 ,but ,i follow'd him ,at distance1 till ,i saw him enter there6 ,,naomi4 ,the cavern8 ,,alhadra4 ,yes1 the mouth of yonder cavern4 ,after a while ,i saw the son of ,valdez ,rush by with flaring torch3 he likewise enter'd4 ,there was another and a longer pause2 ,and once1 methought1 ,i heard the clash of swords6 ,and soon the son of ,valdez re-appear'd3 ,he flung his torch towards the moon in sport1 ,and seem'd as he were mirthful6 ,i stood listening1 ,impatient for the footsteps of my husband4 ,,naomi4 ,thou calledst him8 ,,alhadra4 ,i crept into the cavern-- ',twas dark and very silent4 ,what saidst thou8 ,no6 ,no6 ,i did not dare call ,isidore1 ,lest ,i should hear no answer6 ,a brief while1 ,belike1 ,i lost all thought and memory ,of that for which ,i came6 ,after that pause1 ,o ,heaven6 ,i heard a groan1 and follow'd it2 ,and yet another groan1 which guided me ,into a strange recess--and there was light1 ,a hideous light6 his torch lay on the ground2 ,its flame burnt dimly o'er a chasm's brink3 ,i spake2 and whilst ,i spake1 a feeble groan ,came from that chasm6 it was his last--his death-groan6 ,,naomi4 ,comfort her1 ,allah6 ,,alhadra4 ,i stood in unimaginable trance ,and agony that cannot be remember'd1 ,listening with horrid hope to hear a groan6 ,but ,i had heard his last2--my husband's death-groan6 ,,naomi4 ,haste6 let us onward6 ,,alhadra4 ,i look'd far down the pit-- ,my sight was bounded by a jutting fragment2 ,and it was stain'd with blood4 ,then first ,i shriek'd2 ,my eyeballs burnt1 my brain grew hot as fire1 ,and all the hanging drops of the wet roof ,turn'd into blood--,i saw them turn to blood6 ,and ,i was leaping wildly down the chasm1 ,when on the further brink ,i saw his sword1 ,and it said1 ,vengeance6--,curses on my tongue6 ,the moon hath moved in heaven1 and ,i am here1 ,and he hath not had vengeance6--,isidore6 ,spirit of ,isidore1 thy murderer lives6 ,away1 away6--,act iv4 sc4 #c4 ,january #a4 #ahbc4 ,,parliamentary ,,privilege4---,,permanency ,,and ,,progression ,,of ,,nations4--,,kant',s ,,races ,,of ,,mankind4 ,privilege is a substitution for ,law1 where1 from the nature of the circumstances1 a law cannot act without clashing with greater and more general principles4 ,the ,house of ,commons must1 of course1 have the power of taking cognizance of offences against its own rights4 ,sir ,francis ,burdett might have been properly sent to the ,tower for the speech he made in the ,house #a2 but when afterwards he published it in ,cobbett1 and they took cognizance of it as a breach of privilege1 they violated the plain distinction between privilege and law4 ,as a speech in the ,house1 the ,house could alone animadvert upon it1 consistently with the effective preservation of its most necessary prerogative of freedom of debate2 but when that speech became a book1 then the law was to look to it2 and there being a law of libel1 commensurate with every possible object of attack in the state1 privilege1 which acts1 or ought to act1 only as a substitute for other laws1 could have nothing to do with it4 ,i have heard that one distinguished individual said1--,that he1 for one1 would not shrink from affirming1 that if the ,house of ,commons chose to burn one of their own members in ,palace ,yard1 it had an inherent power and right by the constitution to do so4 ,this was said1 if at all1 by a moderate-minded man2 and may show to what atrocious tyranny some persons may advance in theory1 under shadow of this word privilege4 ,footnote #a3 ,march #ab4 #ahaj4 ,sir ,francis ,burdett made a motion in the ,house of ,commons for the discharge of ,mr4 ,gale ,jones1 who had been committed to ,newgate by a resolution of the ,house on the #bast of ,february preceding4 ,sir ,francis afterwards published1 in ,cobbett's ,political ,register1 of the #bdth of the same month of ,march1 a ,letter to his ,constituents1 denying the power of the ,house of ,commons to imprison the people of ,england1 and he accompanied the letter with an argument in support of his position4 ,on the #bgth of ,march a complaint of breach of privilege1 founded on this publication1 was made in the ,house by ,mr4 7now ,sir ,thomas7 ,lethbridge1 and after several long debates1 a motion that ,sir ,francis ,burdett should be committed to the ,tower was made on the #eth of ,april1 #ahaj1 by ,sir ,robert ,salisbury1 and carried by a majority of #ch4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are two principles in every ,european and ,christian state3 ,permanency and ,progression4#a ,in the civil wars of the seventeenth century in ,england1 which are as new and fresh now as they were a hundred and sixty years ago1 and will be so for ever to us1 these two principles came to a struggle4 ,it was natural that the great and the good of the nation should he found in the ranks of either side4 ,in the ,mohammedan states1 there is no principle of permanence2 and1 therefore1 they sink directly4 ,they existed1 and could only exist1 in their efforts at progression2 when they ceased to conquer1 they fell in pieces4 ,turkey would long since have fallen1 had it not been supported by the rival and conflicting interests of ,christian ,europe4 ,the ,turks have no church2 religion and state are one2 hence there is no counterpoise1 no mutual support4 ,this is the very essence of their ,unitarianism4 ,they have no past2 they are not an historical people2 they exist only in the present4 ,china is an instance of a permanency without progression4 ,the ,persians are a superior race3 they have a history and a literature2 they were always considered by the ,greeks as quite distinct from the other barbarians4 ,the ,afghans are a remarkable people4 ,they have a sort of republic4 ,europeans and ,orientalists may be well represented by two figures standing back to back3 the latter looking to the east1 that is1 backwards2 the former looking westward1 or forwards4 ,footnote #a3 ,see this position stated and illustrated in detail in ,mr4 ,coleridge's work1 ,on the ,constitution of the ,church and ,state1 according to the ,idea of each1 p4 #ba4 #b;d edit4 #ahcj4 ,well acquainted as ,i am with the fact f the comparatively small acceptation which ,mr4 ,coleridge's prose works have ever found in the literary world1 and with the reasons1 and1 what is more1 with the causes1 of it1 ,i still wonder that this particular treatise has not been more noticed3 first1 because it is a little book2 secondly1 because it is1 or at least nineteen-twentieths of it are1 written in a popular style2 and thirdly1 because it is the only work1 that ,i know or have ever heard mentioned1 that even attempts a solution of the difficulty in which an ingenious enemy of the church of ,england may easily involve most of its modern defenders in ,parliament1 or through the press1 upon their own principles and admissions4 ,mr4 ,coleridge himself prized this little work highly1 although he admitted its incompleteness as a composition3--,but ,i don't care a rush about it1 he said to me1 as an author4 ,the saving distinctions are plainly stated in it1 and ,i am sure nothing is wanted to make them tell1 but that some kind friend should steal them from their obscure hiding-place1 and just tumble them down before the public as his own4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kant assigns three great races of mankind4 ,if two individuals of distinct races cross1 a third1 or tertium aliquid1 is invariably produced1 different from either1 as a white and a negro produce a mulatto4 ,but when different varieties of the same race cross1 the offspring is according to what we call chance2 it is now like one1 now like the other parent4 ,note this1 when you see the children of any couple of distinct ,european complexions1--as ,english and ,spanish1 ,german and ,italian1 ,russian and ,portuguese1 and so on4 ,january #c4 #ahbc4 ,,materialism4--,,ghosts4 ,either we have an immortal soul1 or we have not4 ,if we have not1 we are beasts2 the first and wisest of beasts1 it may be2 but still true beasts4 #a ,we shall only differ in degree1 and not in kind2 just as the elephant differs from the slug4 ,but by the concession of all the materialists of all the schools1 or almost all1 we are not of the same kind as beasts--and this also we say from our own consciousness4 ,therefore1 methinks1 it must be the possession of a soul within us that makes the difference4 ,footnote #a3 ,try to conceive a man without the ideas of ,god1 eternity1 freedom1 will1 absolute truth2 of the good1 the true1 the beautiful1 the infinite4 ,an animal endowed with a memory of appearances and facts might remain4 ,but the man will have vanished1 and you have instead a creature more subtle than any beast of the field1 but likewise cursed above every beast of the field2 upon the belly must it go1 and dust must it eat all the days of its life4--,church and ,state1 p4 #ed4 n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,read the first chapter of ,genesis without prejudice1 and you will be convinced at once4 ,after the narrative of the creation of the earth and brute animals1 ,moses seems to pause1 and says3--,and ,god said1 ,let us make man in our image1 after our likeness4 ,and in the next chapter1 he repeats the narrative3--,and the ,lord ,god formed man of the dust of the ground1 and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life2 and then he adds these words1--and man became a living soul4 ,materialism will never explain those last words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,define a vulgar ghost with reference to all that is called ghost-like4 ,it is visibility without tangibility2 which is also the definition of a shadow4 ,therefore1 a vulgar ghost and a shadow would be the same2 because two different things cannot properly have the same definition4 ,a visible substance without susceptibility of impact1 ,i maintain to be an absurdity4 ,unless there be an external substance1 the bodily eye cannot see it2 therefore1 in all such cases1 that which is supposed to be seen is1 in fact1 not seen1 but is an image of the brain4 ,external objects naturally produce sensation2 but here1 in truth1 sensation produces1 as it were1 the external object4 ,in certain states of the nerves1 however1 ,i do believe that the eye1 although not consciously so directed1 may1 by a slight convulsion1 see a portion of the body1 as if opposite to it4 ,the part actually seen will by common association seem the whole2 and the whole body will then constitute an external object1 which explains many stories of persons seeing themselves lying dead4 ,bishop ,berkeley once experienced this4 ,he had the presence of mind to ring the bell1 and feel his pulse2 keeping his eye still fixed on his own figure right opposite to him4 ,he was in a high fever1 and the brain image died away as the door opened4 ,i observed something very like it once at ,grasmere2 and was so conscious of the cause1 that ,i told a person what ,i was experiencing1 whilst the image still remained4 ,of course1 if the vulgar ghost be really a shadow1 there must be some substance of which it is the shadow4 ,these visible and intangible shadows1 without substances to cause them1 are absurd4 ,january #d4 #ahbh4 ,,character ,,of ,,the ,,age ,,for ,,logic4--,,plato ,,and ,,xenophon4----,,greek ,,drama4---- ,,kotzebue4--,,burke4--,,plagiarists4 ,this is not a logical age4 ,a friend lately gave me some political pamphlets of the times of ,charles ,i4 and the ,cromwellate4 ,in them the premisses are frequently wrong1 but the deductions are almost always legitimate2 whereas1 in the writings of the present day1 the premisses are commonly sound1 but the conclusions false4 ,i think a great deal of commendation is due to the ,university of ,oxford for preserving the study of logic in the schools4 ,it is a great mistake to suppose geometry any substitute for it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,negatively1 there may be more of the philosophy of ,socrates in the ,memorabilia of ,xenophon than in ,plato3 that is1 there is less of what does not belong to ,socrates2 but the general spirit of1 and impression left by1 ,plato1 are more ,socratic4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see p4 #bf4 ,mr4 ,coleridge meant in both these passages1 that ,xenophon had preserved the most of the man ,socrates2 that he was the best ,boswell2 and that ,socrates1 as a persona dialogi1 was little more than a poetical phantom in ,plato's hands4 ,on the other hand1 he says that ,plato is more ,socratic1 that is1 more of a philosopher in the ,socratic mode of reasoning 7,cicero calls the ,platonic writings generally1 ,socratici libri72 and ,mr4 ,c4 also says1 that in the metaphysical disquisitions ,plato is ,pythagorean1 meaning1 that he worked on the supposed ideal or transcendental principles of the extraordinary founder of the ,italian school4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in schylus religion appears terrible1 malignant1 and persecuting3 ,sophocles is the mildest of the three tragedians1 but the persecuting aspect is still maintained3 ,euripides is like a modern ,frenchman1 never so happy as when giving a slap at the gods altogether4 99 99 99 99 99 ,kotzebue represents the petty kings of the islands in the ,pacific ,ocean exactly as so many ,homeric chiefs4 ,riches command universal influence1 and all the kings are supposed to be descended from the gods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i confess ,i doubt the ,homeric genuineness of ,greek3 dakruoen gelaschsa4 #a ,it sounds to me much more like a prettiness of ,bion or ,moschus4 ,footnote #a3 ,greek3 hos eipon1 alochoio thilaes en chersin ethaeke paid eon hae d ara min chaeodei dexato cholpo1 dachruoen gelasasa4--,illiad4 ,z4 vi4 #dhb 99 99 99 99 99 ,the very greatest writers write best when calm1 and exerting themselves upon subjects unconnected with party4 ,burke rarely shows all his powers1 unless where he is in a passion4 ,the ,french ,revolution was alone a subject fit for him4 ,we are not yet aware of all the consequences of that event4 ,we are too near it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,goldsmith did every thing happily4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you abuse snuff6 ,perhaps it is the final cause of the human nose4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a rogue is a roundabout fool2 a fool in circumbendibus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,omne ignotum pro magnifico4 ,a dunghill at a distance sometimes smells like musk1 and a dead dog like elder-flowers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plagiarists are always suspicious of being stolen from1--as pickpockets are observed commonly to walk with their hands in their breeches' pockets4 ,january #f4 #ahbc4 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,gospel4--,,christianity--,,epistle ,,to ,,the ,,hebrews4--,,the ,,logos4-- ,,reason ,,and ,,understanding4 ,st4 ,john had a twofold object in his ,gospel and his ,epistles1--to prove the divinity1 and also the actual human nature and bodily suffering1 of ,jesus ,christ1--that he was ,god and ,man4 ,the notion that the effusion of blood and water from the ,saviour's side was intended to prove the real death of the sufferer originated1 ,i believe1 with some modern ,germans1 and seems to me ridiculous3 there is1 indeed1 a very small quantity of water occasionally in the prcordia3 but in the pleura1 where wounds are not generally mortal1 there is a great deal4 ,st4 ,john did not mean1 ,i apprehend1 to insinuate that the spear-thrust made the death1 merely as such1 certain or evident1 but that the effusion showed the human nature4 ,i saw it1 he would say1 with my own eyes4 ,it was real blood1 composed of lymph and crassamentum1 and not a mere celestial ichor1 as the ,phantasmists allege4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think the verse of the three witnesses 7#a ,john1 v4 #g47 spurious1 not only because the balance of external authority is against it1 as ,porson seems to have shown2 but also1 because1 in my way of looking at it1 it spoils the reasoning4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,john's logic is ,oriental1 and consists chiefly in position and parallel2 whilst ,st4 ,paul displays all the intricacies of the ,greek system4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whatever may be thought of the genuineness or authority of any part of the book of ,daniel1 it makes no difference in my belief in ,christianity2 for ,christianity is within a man1 even as he is a being gifted with reason2 it is associated with your mother's chair1 and with the first-remembered tones of her blessed voice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i do not believe ,st4 ,paul to be the author of the ,epistle to the ,hebrews4 ,luther's conjecture is very probable1 that it was by ,apollos1 an ,alexandrian ,jew4 ,the plan is too studiously regular for ,st4 ,paul4 ,it was evidently written during the yet existing glories of the ,temple4 ,for three hundred years the church did not affix ,st4 ,paul's name to it2 but its apostolical or catholic character1 independently of its genuineness as to ,st4 ,paul1 was never much doubted4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first three ,gospels show the history1 that is1 the fulfilment of the prophecies in the facts4 ,st4 ,john declares explicitly the doctrine1 oracularly1 and without comment1 because1 being pure reason1 it can only be proved by itself4 ,for ,christianity proves itself1 as the sun is seen by its own light4 ,its evidence is involved in its existence4 ,st4 ,paul writes more particularly for the dialectic understanding2 and proves those doctrines1 which were capable of such proof1 by common logic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,st4 ,john used the term ,greek3 ho ,logos technically4 ,philo-,judus had so used it several years before the probable date of the composition of this ,gospel2 and it was commonly understood amongst the ,jewish ,rabbis at that time1 and afterwards1 of the manifested ,god4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our translators1 unfortunately1 as ,i think1 render the clause ,greek3 pros ton ,theos with ,god2 that would be right1 if the ,greek were ,greek3 syn to ,theo4#a ,by the preposition ,greek3 pros in this place1 is meant the utmost possible proximity1 without confusion2 likeness1 without sameness4 ,the ,jewish ,church understood the ,messiah to be a divine person4 ,philo expressly cautions against any one's supposing the ,logos to be a mere personification1 or symbol4 ,he says1 the ,logos is a substantial1 self- existent ,being4 ,the ,gnostics1 as they were afterwards called1 were a kind of ,arians2 and thought the ,logos was an after-birth4 ,they placed ,greek3 ,abyssos and ,greek3 ,sigae 7the ,abyss and ,silence7 before him4 ,therefore it was that ,st4 ,john said1 with emphasis1 ,greek3 en archae aen ho ,logos-- ,in the beginning was the ,word4 ,he was begotten in the first simultaneous burst of ,godhead1 if such an expression may be pardoned1 in speaking of eternal existence4 ,footnote #a3 ,john1 ch4 i4 v4 #a1 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,understanding suggests the materials of reasoning3 the ,reason decides upon them4 ,the first can only say1--,this is1 or ought to be so4 ,the last says1--,it must be so4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i have preserved this1 and several other equivalent remarks1 out of a dutiful wish to popularize1 by all the honest means in my power1 this fundamental distinction2 a thorough mastery of which ,mr4 ,coleridge considered necessary to any sound system of psychology2 and in the denial or neglect of which1 he delighted to point out the source of most of the vulgar errors in philosophy and religion4 ,the distinction itself is implied throughout almost all ,mr4 ,c4's works1 whether in verse or prose2 but it may be found minutely argued in the ,aids to ,reflection1 p4 #bjf1 c4 #b;d edit4 #ahca4--;,,ed4 ,april #bg4 #ahbc4 ,,kean4--,,sir ,,james ,,mackintosh4--,,sir ,h4 ,,davy4--,,robert ,,smith4--,,canning4-- ,,national ,,debt4--,,poor ,,laws4 ,kean is original2 but he copies from himself4 ,his rapid descents from the hyper-tragic to the infra-colloquial1 though sometimes productive of great effect1 are often unreasonable4 ,to see him act1 is like reading ,shakspeare by flashes of lightning4 ,i do not think him thorough-bred gentleman enough to play ,othello4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sir ,james ,mackintosh is the king of the men of talent4 ,he is a most elegant converger4 ,how well ,i remember his giving breakfast to me and ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 at that time an unknown young man1 and our having a very spirited talk about ,locke and ,newton1 and so forth6 ,when ,davy was gone1 ,mackintosh said to me1 ,that's a very extraordinary young man2 but he is gone wrong on some points4 ,but ,davy was1 at that time at least1 a man of genius2 and ,i doubt if ,mackintosh ever heartily appreciated an eminently original man4 ,he is uncommonly powerful in his own line2 but it is not the line of a first- rate man4 ,after all his fluency and brilliant erudition1 you can rarely carry off any thing worth preserving4 ,you might not improperly write on his forehead1 ,warehouse to let6 ,he always dealt too much in generalities for a lawyer4 ,he is deficient in power in applying his principles to the points in debate4 ,i remember ,robert ,smith had much more logical ability2 but ,smith aimed at conquest by any gladiatorial shift2 whereas ,mackintosh was uniformly candid in argument4 ,i am speaking now from old recollections4 99 99 99 99 99 ,canning is very irritable1 surprisingly so for a wit who is always giving such hard knocks4 ,he should have put on an ass's skin before he went into parliament4 ,lord ,liverpool is the single stay of this ministry2 but he is not a man of a directing mind4 ,he cannot ride on the whirlwind4 ,he serves as the isthmus to connect one half of the cabinet with the other4 ,he always gives you the common sense of the matter1 and in that it is that his strength in debate lies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the national debt has1 in fact1 made more men rich than have a right to be so1 or1 rather1 any ultimate power1 in case of a struggle1 of actualizing their riches4 ,it is1 in effect1 like an ordinary1 where three hundred tickets have been distributed1 but where there is1 in truth1 room only for one hundred4 ,so long as you can amuse the company with any thing else1 or make them come in successively1 all is well1 and the whole three hundred fancy themselves sure of a dinner2 but if any suspicion of a hoax should arise1 and they were all to rush into the room at once1 there would be two hundred without a potato for their money2 and the table would be occupied by the landholders1 who live on the spot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,poor-laws are the inevitable accompaniments of an extensive commerce and a manufacturing system4 ,in ,scotland1 they did without them1 till ,glasgow and ,paisley became great manufacturing places1 and then people said1 ,we must subscribe for the poor1 or else we shall have poor-laws4 ,that is to say1 they enacted for themselves a poor-law in order to avoid having a poor-law enacted for them4 ,it is absurd to talk of ,queen ,elizabeth's act as creating the poor-laws of this country4 ,the poor-rates are the consideration paid by1 or on behalf of1 capitalists for having labour at demand4 ,it is the price1 and nothing else4 ,the hardship consists in the agricultural interest having to pay an undue proportion of the rates2 for although1 perhaps1 in the end1 the land becomes more valuable1 yet1 at the first1 the landowners have to bear all the brunt4 ,i think there ought to be a fixed revolving period for the equalization of rates4 ,april #bh4 #ahbc4 ,,conduct ,,of ,,the ,,whigs4--,,reform ,,of ,,the ,,house ,,of ,,commons4 ,the conduct of the ,whigs is extravagantly inconsistent4 ,it originated in the fatal error which ,fox committed1 in persisting1 after the first three years of the ,french ,revolution1 when every shadow of freedom in ,france had vanished1 in eulogizing the men and measures of that shallow-hearted people4 ,so he went on gradually1 further and further departing from all the principles of ,english policy and wisdom1 till at length he became the panegyrist1 through thick and thin1 of a military frenzy1 under the influence of which the very name of liberty was detested4 ,and thus it was that1 in course of time1 ,fox's party became the absolute abettors of the ,buonapartean invasion of ,spain1 and did all in their power to thwart the generous efforts of this country to resist it4 ,now1 when the invasion is by a ,bourbon1 and the cause of the ,spanish nation neither united nor1 indeed1 sound in many respects1 the ,whigs would precipitate this country into a crusade to fight up the cause of a faction4 ,i have the honour of being slightly known to my lord ,darnley4 ,in #ahjh-i1 ,i met him accidentally1 when1 after a few words of salutation1 he said to me1 ,are you mad1 ,mr4 ,coleridge8--,not that ,i know1 my lord1 ,i replied2 what have ,i done which argues any derangement of mind8--,why1 ,i mean1 said he1 those letters of yours in the ,courier1 ',on the ,hopes and ,fears of a ,people invaded by foreign ,armies4' ,the ,spaniards are absolutely conquered2 it is absurd to talk of their chance of resisting4--,very well1 my lord1 ,i said1 we shall see4 ,but will your lordship permit me1 in the course of a year or two1 to retort your question upon you1 if ,i should have grounds for so doing8--,certainly6 said he2 that is fair6 ,two years afterwards1 when affairs were altered in ,spain1 ,i met ,lord ,darnley again1 and1 after some conversation1 ventured to say to him1 ,does your lordship recollect giving me leave to retort a certain question upon you about the ,spaniards8 ,who is mad now8--,very true1 very true1 ,mr4 ,coleridge1 cried he3 you are right4 ,it is very extraordinary4 ,it was a very happy and hold guess4 ,upon which ,i remarked1 ,i think 'guess' is hardly a fair term4 ,for1 has any thing happened that has happened1 from any other causes1 or under any other conditions1 than such as ,i laid down ,beforehand8 ,lord ,darnley1 who was always very courteous to me1 took this with a pleasant nod of his head4 99 99 99 99 99 ,many votes are given for reform in the ,house of ,commons1 which are not honest4 ,whilst it is well known that the measure will not he carried in parliament1 it is as well to purchase some popularity by voting for it4 ,when ,hunt and his associates1 before the ,six ,acts1 created a panic1 the ministers lay on their oars for three or four months1 until the general cry1 even from the opposition1 was1 ,why don't the ministers come forward with some protective measure8 ,the present ,ministry exists on the weakness and desperate character of the ,opposition4 ,the sober part of the nation are afraid of the latter getting into power1 lest they should redeem some of their pledges4 99 99 99 99 99 ,april #bi4 #ahbc4 ,,church ,,of ,,rome4 ,the present adherents of the church of ,rome are not1 in my judgment1 ,catholics4 ,we are the ,catholics4 ,we can prove that we hold the doctrines of the primitive church for the first three hundred years4 ,the council of ,trent made the ,papists what they are4 #a ,a foreign ,romish bishop has declared1 that the ,protestants of his acquaintance were more like what he conceived the enlightened ,catholics to have been before the council of ,trent1 than the best of the latter in his days4 ,perhaps you will say1 this bishop was not a good ,catholic4#b ,i cannot answer for that4 ,the course of ,christianity and the ,christian church may not unaptly be likened to a mighty river1 which filled a wide channel1 and bore along with its waters mud1 and gravel1 and weeds1 till it met a great rock in the middle of its stream4 ,by some means or other1 the water flows purely1 and separated from the filth1 in a deeper and narrower course on one side of the rock1 and the refuse of the dirt and troubled water goes off on the other in a broader current1 and then cries out1 ,we are the river6 ,footnote #a3 ,see ,aids to ,reflection1 p4 #ahj4 note4 ,footnote #b3 ,mr4 ,coleridge named him1 but the name was strange to me1 and ,i have been unable to recover it--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a person said to me lately1 ,but you will1 for civility's sake1 call them ,catholics1 will you not8 ,i answered1 that ,i would not2 for ,i would not tell a lie upon any1 much less upon so solemn an occasion4 ,the adherents of the church of ,rome1 ,i repeat1 are not ,catholic ,christians4 ,if they are1 then it follows that we ,protestants are heretics and schismatics1 as1 indeed1 the ,papists very logically1 from their own premisses1 call us4 ,and ',roman ,catholics' makes no difference4 ,catholicism is not capable of degrees or local apportionments4 ,there can be but one body of ,catholics1 ex vi termini4 ,to talk strictly of ,irish or ,scotch ,roman ,catholics is a mere absurdity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is common to hear it said1 that1 if the legal disabilities are removed1 the ,romish church will lose ground in this country4 ,i think the reverse3 the ,romish religion is1 or1 in certain hands1 is capable of being made1 so flattering to the passions and self-delusion of men1 that it is impossible to say how far it would spread1 amongst the higher orders of society especially1 if the secular disadvantages now attending its profession were removed4#a ,footnote #a3 ,here1 at least1 the prophecy has been fulfilled4 ,the wisdom of our ancestors1 in the reign of ,king ,william ,,iii41 would have been jealous of the daily increase in the numbers of the ,romish church in ,england1 of which every attentive observer must be aware4 ,see ,sancti ,dominici ,pallium1 in vol4 ii4 p4 #hj4 of ,mr4 ,coleridge's ,poems4-,ed4 ,april #cj4 #ahbc4 ,,zendavesta4--,,pantheism ,,and ,,idolatry4 ,the ,zendavesta must1 ,i think1 have been copied in parts from the writings of ,moses4 ,in the description of the creation1 the first chapter of ,genesis is taken almost literally1 except that the sun is created before the light1 and then the herbs and the plants after the sun2 which are precisely the two points they did not understand1 and therefore altered as errors4#a ,there are only two acts of creation1 properly so called1 in the ,mosaic account1--the material universe and man4 ,the intermediate acts seem more as the results of secondary causes1 or1 at any rate1 of a modification of prepared materials4 ,footnote #a3 ,the ,zend1 or ,zendavesta1 is the sacred book ascribed to ,zoroaster1 or ,zerdusht1 the founder or reformer of the ,magian religion4 ,the modern edition or paraphrase of this work1 called the ,sadda1 written in the ,persian of the day1 was1 ,i believe1 composed about three hundred years ago --,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pantheism and idolatry naturally end in each other2 for all extremes meet4 ,the ,judaic religion is the exact medium1 the true compromise4 ,may #a4 #ahbc4 ,,difference ,,between ,,stories ,,of ,,dreams ,,and ,,ghosts4 --,,phantom ,,portrait4--,,witch ,,of ,,endor4--,,socinianism4 ,there is a great difference in the credibility to be attached to stories of dreams and stories of ghosts4 ,dreams have nothing in them which are absurd and nonsensical2 and1 though most of the coincidences may be readily explained by the diseased system of the dreamer1 and the great and surprising power of association1 yet it is impossible to say whether an inner sense does not really exist in the mind1 seldom developed1 indeed1 but which may have a power of presentiment4 #a ,all the external senses have their correspondents in the mind2 the eye can see an object before it is distinctly apprehended2--why may there not be a corresponding power in the soul8 ,the power of prophecy might have been merely a spiritual excitation of this dormant faculty4 ,hence you will observe that the ,hebrew seers sometimes seem to have required music1 as in the instance of ,elisha before ,jehoram3--,but now bring me a minstrel4 ,and it came to pass1 when the minstrel played1 that the hand of the ,lord came upon him4 #b ,every thing in nature has a tendency to move in cycles2 and it would be a miracle if1 out of such myriads of cycles moving concurrently1 some coincidences did not take place4 ,no doubt1 many such take place in the daytime2 but then our senses drive out the remembrance of them1 and render the impression hardly felt2 but when we sleep1 the mind acts without interruption4 ,terror and the heated imagination will1 even in the daytime1 create all sorts of features1 shapes1 and colours out of a simple object possessing none of them in reality4 ,but ghost stories are absurd4 ,whenever a real ghost appears1--by which ,i mean some man or woman dressed up to frighten another1--if the supernatural character of the apparition has been for a moment believed1 the effects on the spectator have always been most terrible1--convulsion1 idiocy1 madness1 or even death on the spot4 ,consider the awful descriptions in the ,old ,testament of the effects of a spiritual presence on the prophets and seers of the ,hebrews2 the terror1 the exceeding great dread1 the utter loss of all animal power4 ,but in our common ghost stories1 you always find that the seer1 after a most appalling apparition1 as you are to believe1 is quite well the next day4 ,perhaps1 he may have a headach2 but that is the outside of the effect produced4 ,alston1 a man of genius1 and the best painter yet produced by ,america1 when he was in ,england told me an anecdote which confirms what ,i have been saying4 ,it was1 ,i think1 in the university of ,cambridge1 near ,boston1 that a certain youth took it into his wise head to endeavour to convert a ,tom-,painish companion of his by appearing as a ghost before him4 ,he accordingly dressed himself up in the usual way1 having previously extracted the ball from the pistol which always lay near the head of his friend's bed4 ,upon first awaking1 and seeing the apparition1 the youth who was to be frightened1 ,a41 very coolly looked his companion the ghost in the face1 and said1 ,i know you4 ,this is a good joke2 but you see ,i am not frightened4 ,now you may vanish6 ,the ghost stood still4 ,come1 said ,a41 that is enough4 ,i shall get angry4 ,away6 ,still the ghost moved not4 ,by ----1 ejaculated ,a41 if you do not in three minutes go away1 ,i'll shoot you4 ,he waited the time1 deliberately levelled the pistol1 fired1 and1 with a scream at the immobility of the figure1 became convulsed1 and afterwards died4 ,the very instant he believed it to be a ghost1 his human nature fell before it4 ,footnote #a3 ,see this point suggested and reasoned with extraordinary subtlety in the third essay 7marked ,c71 in the ,appendix to the ,statesman's ,manual1 ,or first ,lay ,sermon1 p4 #ai1 c4 ,one beautiful paragraph ,i will venture to quote3-- ,not only may we expect that men of strong religious feelings1 but little religious knowledge1 will occasionally be tempted to regard such occurrences as supernatural visitations2 but it ought not to surprise us if such dreams should sometimes be confirmed by the event1 as though they had actually possessed a character of divination4 ,for who shall decide how far a perfect reminiscence of past experiences 7of many1 perhaps1 that had escaped our reflex consciousness at the time7--who shall determine to what extent this reproductive imagination1 unsophisticated by the will1 and undistracted by intrusions from the senses1 may or may not be concentred and sublimed into foresight and presentiment8 ,there would be nothing herein either to foster superstition on the one hand1 or to justify contemptuous disbelief on the other4 ,incredulity is but ,credulity seen from behind1 bowing and nodding assent to the ,habitual and the ,fashionable-,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 #b ,kings1 iii4 #ae41 and see #a ,sam4 x4 #e4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what follows in the text within commas was written about this time1 and communicated to me by ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge4--,,ed4 ,last ,thursday my uncle1 ,s4 ,t4 ,c41 dined with us1 and several men came to meet him4 ,i have heard him more brilliant1 but he was very fine1 and delighted every one very much4 ,it is impossible to carry off1 or commit to paper1 his long trains of argument2 indeed1 it is not always possible to understand them1 he lays the foundation so deep1 and views every question in so original a manner4 ,nothing can be finer than the principles which he lays down in morals and religion4 ,his deep study of ,scripture is very astonishing2 the rest of the party were but as children in his hands1 not merely in general views of theology1 but in nice verbal criticism4 ,he thinks it clear that ,st4 ,paul did not write the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 but that it must have been the work of some ,alexandrian ,greek1 and he thinks ,apollos4 ,it seemed to him a desirable thing for ,christianity that it should have been written by some other person than ,st4 ,paul2 because1 its inspiration being unquestioned1 it added another independent teacher and expounder of the faith4 ,we fell upon ghosts1 and he exposed many of the stories physically and metaphysically4 ,he seemed to think it impossible that you should really see with the bodily eye what was impalpable1 unless it were a shadow2 and if what you fancied you saw with the bodily eye was in fact only an impression on the imagination1 then you were seeing something out of your senses1 and your testimony was full of uncertainty4 ,he observed how uniformly1 in all the best-attested stories of spectres1 the appearance might be accounted for from the disturbed state of the mind or body of the seer1 as in the instances of ,dion and ,brutus4 ,upon some one's saying that he wished to believe these stories true1 thinking that they constituted a useful subsidiary testimony of another state of existence1 ,mr4 ,c4 differed1 and said1 he thought it a dangerous testimony1 and one not wanted3 it was ,saul1 with the ,scriptures and the ,prophet before him1 calling upon the witch of ,endor to certify him of the truth6 ,he explained very ingeniously1 yet very naturally1 what has often startled people in ghost stories--such as ,lord ,lyttelton's--namely1 that when a real person has appeared1 habited like the phantom1 the ghost-seer has immediately seen two1 the real man and the phantom4 ,he said that such must be the case4 ,the man under the morbid delusion sees with the eye of the imagination1 and sees with the bodily eye too2 if no one were really present1 he would see the spectre with one1 and the bed-curtains with the other4 ,when1 therefore1 a real person comes1 he sees the real man as he would have seen any one else in the same place1 and he sees the spectre not a whit the less3 being perceptible by different powers of vision1 so to say1 the appearances do not interfere with each other4 ,he told us the following story of the ,phantom ,portrait #a3-- ,a stranger came recommended to a merchant's house at ,lubeck4 ,he was hospitably received2 but1 the house being full1 he was lodged at night in an apartment handsomely furnished1 but not often used4 ,there was nothing that struck him particularly in the room when left alone1 till he happened to cast his eyes on a picture1 which immediately arrested his attention4 ,it was a single head2 but there was something so uncommon1 so frightful and unearthly1 in its expression1 though by no means ugly1 that he found himself irresistibly attracted to look at it4 ,in fact1 he could not tear himself from the fascination of this portrait1 till his imagination was filled by it1 and his rest broken4 ,he retired to bed1 dreamed1 and awoke from time to time with the head glaring on him4 ,in the morning1 his host saw by his looks that he had slept ill1 and inquired the cause1 which was told4 ,the master of the house was much vexed1 and said that the picture ought to have been removed1 that it was an oversight1 and that it always was removed when the chamber was used4 ,the picture1 he said1 was1 indeed1 terrible to every one2 but it was so fine1 and had come into the family in so curious a way1 that he could not make up his mind to part with it1 or to destroy it4 ,the story of it was this3--',my father1' said he1 'was at ,hamburgh on business1 and1 whilst dining at a coffee-house1 he observed a young man of a remarkable appearance enter1 seat himself alone in a corner1 and commence a solitary meal4 ,his countenance bespoke the extreme of mental distress1 and every now and then he turned his head quickly round1 as if he heard something1 then shudder1 grow pale1 and go on with his meal after an effort as before4 ,my father saw this same man at the same place for two or three successive days2 and at length became so much interested about him1 that he spoke to him4 ,the address was not repulsed1 and the stranger seemed to find some comfort in the tone of sympathy and kindness which my father used4 ,he was an ,italian1 well informed1 poor but not destitute1 and living economically upon the profits of his art as a painter4 ,their intimacy increased2 and at length the ,italian1 seeing my father's involuntary emotion at his convulsive turnings and shuddering1 which continued as formerly1 interrupting their conversation from time to time1 told him his story4 ,he was a native of ,rome1 and had lived in some familiarity with1 and been much patronized by1 a young nobleman2 but upon some slight occasion they had fallen out1 and his patron1 besides using many reproachful expressions1 had struck him4 ,the painter brooded over the disgrace of the blow4 ,he could not challenge the nobleman1 on account of his rank2 he therefore watched for an opportunity1 and assassinated him4 ,of course he fled from his country1 and finally had reached ,hamburgh4 ,he had not1 however1 passed many weeks from the night of the murder1 before1 one day1 in the crowded street1 he heard his name called by a voice familiar to him3 he turned short round1 and saw the face of his victim looking at him with a fixed eye4 ,from that moment he had no peace3 at all hours1 in all places1 and amidst all companies1 however engaged he might be1 he heard the voice1 and could never help looking round2 and1 whenever he so looked round1 he always encountered the same face staring close upon him4 ,at last1 in a mood of desperation1 he had fixed himself face to face1 and eye to eye1 and deliberately drawn the phantom visage as it glared upon him2 and this was the picture so drawn4 ,the ,italian said he had struggled long1 but life was a burden which he could now no longer bear2 and he was resolved1 when he had made money enough to return to ,rome1 to surrender himself to justice1 and expiate his crime on the scaffold4 ,he gave the finished picture to my father1 in return for the kindness which he had shown to him4' ,footnote #a3 ,this is the story which ,mr4 ,washington ,irving has dressed up very prettily in the first volume of his ,tales of a ,traveller1 pp4 #hd-aai42 professing in his preface that he could not remember whence he had derived the anecdote4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have no doubt that the ,jews believed generally in a future state1 independently of the ,mosaic law4 ,the story of the witch of ,endor is a proof of it4 ,what we translate witch1 or familiar spirit1 is1 in the ,hebrew1 ,ob1 that is1 a bottle or bladder1 and means a person whose belly is swelled like a leathern bottle by divine inflation4 ,in the ,greek it is ,greek3 engastrimuthos1 a ventriloquist4 ,the text 7#a ,sam4 ch4 xxviii47 is a simple record of the facts1 the solution of which the sacred historian leaves to the reader4 ,i take it to have been a trick of ventriloquism1 got up by the courtiers and friends of ,saul1 to prevent him1 if possible1 from hazarding an engagement with an army despondent and oppressed with bodings of defeat4 ,saul is not said to have seen ,samuel2 the woman only pretends to see him4 ,and then what does this ,samuel do8 ,he merely repeats the prophecy known to all ,israel1 which the true ,samuel had uttered some years before4 ,read ,captain ,lyon's account of the scene in the cabin with the ,esquimaux bladder1 or conjurer2 it is impossible not to be reminded of the witch of ,endor4 ,i recommend you also to look at ,webster's admirable treatise on ,witchcraft4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the pet texts of a ,socinian are quite enough for his confutation with acute thinkers4 ,if ,christ had been a mere man1 it would have been ridiculous in him to call himself the ,son of man2 but being ,god and man1 it then became1 in his own assumption of it1 a peculiar and mysterious title4 ,so1 if ,christ had been a mere man1 his saying1 ,my ,father is greater than ,i1 7,john1 xv4 #bh47 would have been as unmeaning4 ,it would be laughable enough1 for example1 to hear me say1 ,my ',remorse' succeeded1 indeed1 but ,shakspeare is a greater dramatist than ,i4 ,but how immeasurably more foolish1 more monstrous1 would it not be for a man1 however honest1 good1 or wise1 to say1 ,but ,jehovah is greater than ,i6 ,may #h4 #ahbd4 ,,plato ,,and ,,xenophon4--,,religions ,,of ,,the ,,greeks4--,,egyptian ,,antiquities4-- ,,milton4--,,virgil4 ,plato's works are logical exercises for the mind4 ,little that is positive is advanced in them4 ,socrates may be fairly represented by ,plato in the more moral parts2 but in all the metaphysical disquisitions it is ,pythagoras4 ,xenophon's representation of his master is quite different4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see p4 #i4 n4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observe the remarkable contrast between the religion of the tragic and other poets of ,greece4 ,the former are always opposed in heart to the popular divinities4 ,in fact1 there are the popular1 the sacerdotal1 and the mysterious religions of ,greece1 represented roughly by ,homer1 ,pindar1 and schylus4 ,the ancients had no notion of a fall of man1 though they had of his gradual degeneracy4 ,prometheus1 in the old mythus1 and for the most part in ,a,eschylus1 is the ,redeemer and the ,devil jumbled together4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot say ,i expect much from mere ,egyptian antiquities4 ,almost every thing really1 that is1 intellectually1 great in that country seems to me of ,grecian origin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think nothing can be added to ,milton's definition or rule of poetry1-- that it ought to be simple1 sensuous1 and impassioned2 that is to say1 single in conception1 abounding in sensible images1 and informing them all with the spirit of the mind4 ,milton's ,latin style is1 ,i think1 better and easier than his ,english4 ,his style1 in prose1 is quite as characteristic of him as a philosophic republican1 as ,cowley's is of him as a first-rate gentleman4 ,if you take from ,virgil his diction and metre1 what do you leave him8 99 99 99 99 99 ,june #b4 #ahbd4 ,,cranville ,,penn ,,and ,,the ,,deluge4--,,rainbow4 ,i confess ,i have small patience with ,mr4 ,granville ,penn's book against ,professor ,buckland4 ,science will be superseded1 if every phenomenon is to be referred in this manner to an actual miracle4 ,i think it absurd to attribute so much to the ,deluge4 ,an inundation1 which left an olive-tree standing1 and bore up the ark peacefully on its bosom1 could scarcely have been the sole cause of the rents and dislocations observable on the face of the earth4 ,how could the tropical animals1 which have been discovered in ,england and in ,russia in a perfectly natural state1 have been transported thither by such a flood8 ,those animals must evidently have been natives of the countries in which they have been found4 ,the climates must have been altered4 ,assume a sudden evaporation upon the retiring of the ,deluge to have caused an intense cold1 the solar heat might not be sufficient afterwards to overcome it4 ,i do not think that the polar cold is adequately explained by mere comparative distance from the sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you will observe1 that there is no mention of rain previously to the ,deluge4 ,hence it may be inferred1 that the rainbow was exhibited for the first time after ,god's covenant with ,noah4 ,however1 ,i only suggest this4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,earth with its scarred face is the symbol of the ,past2 the ,air and ,heaven1 of ,futurity4 ,june #e4 #ahbd4 ,,english ,,and ,,greek ,,dancing4--,,greek ,,acoustics4 ,the fondness for dancing in ,english women is the reaction of their reserved manners4 ,it is the only way in which they can throw themselves forth in natural liberty4 ,we have no adequate conception of the perfection of the ancient tragic dance4 ,the pleasure which the ,greeks received from it had for its basis ,difference and the more unfit the vehicle1 the more lively was the curiosity and intense the delight at seeing the difficulty overcome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ancients certainly seem to have understood some principles in acoustics which we have lost1 or1 at least1 they applied them better4 ,they contrived to convey the voice distinctly in their huge theatres by means of pipes1 which created no echo or confusion4 ,our theatres--,drury ,lane and ,covent ,garden--are fit for nothing3 they are too large for acting1 and too small for a bull-fight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,june #g4 #ahbd4 ,,lord ,,byron',s ,,versification1 ,,and ,,don ,,juan4 ,how lamentably the art of versification is neglected by most of the poets of the present day6--by ,lord ,byron1 as it strikes me1 in particular1 among those of eminence for other qualities4 ,upon the whole1 ,i think the part of ,don ,juan in which ,lambro's return to his home1 and ,lambro himself1 are described1 is the best1 that is1 the most individual1 thing in all ,i know of ,lord ,b4's works4 ,the festal abandonment puts one in mind of ,nicholas ,poussin's pictures4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge particularly noticed1 for its classical air1 the #cb;d stanza of this ,canto 7the third73-- ,a band of children1 round a snow-white ram1 ,there wreathe his venerable horns with flowers1 ,while1 peaceful as if still an unwean'd lamb1 ,the patriarch of the flock all gently cowers ,his sober head1 majestically tame1 ,or eats from out the palm1 or playful lowers ,his brow1 as if in act to butt1 and then ,yielding to their small hands1 draws back again4 ,but ,mr4 ,c4 said that then1 and again1 made no rhyme to his ear4 ,why should not the old form agen be lawful in verse8 ,we wilfully abridge ourselves of the liberty which our great poets achieved and sanctioned for us in innumerable instances4--,,ed4 ,june #aj4 #ahbd4 ,,parental ,,control ,,in ,,marriage4--,,marriage ,,of ,,cousins4--,,difference ,,of ,,character4 ,up to twenty-one1 ,i hold a father to have power over his children as to marriage2 after that age1 authority and influence only4 ,show me one couple unhappy merely on account of their limited circumstances1 and ,i will show you ten that are wretched from other causes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if the matter were quite open1 ,i should incline to disapprove the intermarriage of first cousins2 but the church has decided otherwise on the authority of ,augustine1 and that seems enough upon such a point4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you may depend upon it1 that a slight contrast of character is very material to happiness in marriage4 ,february #bd4 #ahbg4 ,,blumenbach ,,and ,,kant',s ,,races4--,,iapetic ,,and ,,semitic4--,,hebrew4--,,solomon4 ,blumenbach makes five races2 ,kant1 three4 ,blumenbach's scale of dignity may be thus figured3-- #a4 ,caucasian or ,european4 #b4 ,malay #b4 ,american #c4 ,negro #c4 ,mongolian1 ,asiatic ,there was1 ,i conceive1 one great ,iapetic original of language1 under which ,greek1 ,latin1 and other ,european dialects1 and1 perhaps1 ,sanscrit1 range as species4 ,the ,iapetic race1 ,greek3 ,iaones2 separated into two branches2 one1 with a tendency to migrate south-west1--,greeks1 ,italians1 c42 and the other north-west1--,goths1 ,germans1 ,swedes1 c4 ,the ,hebrew is ,semitic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hebrew1 in point of force and purity1 seems at its height in ,isaiah4 ,it is most corrupt in ,daniel1 and not much less so in ,ecclesiastes2 which ,i cannot believe to have been actually composed by ,solomon1 but rather suppose to have been so attributed by the ,jews1 in their passion for ascribing all works of that sort to their grand monurque4 ,march #aj4 #ahbg4 ,,jewish ,,history4--,,spinozistic ,,and ,,hebrew ,,schemes4 ,the people of all other nations1 but the ,jewish1 seem to look backwards and also to exist for the present2 but in the ,jewish scheme every thing is prospective and preparatory2 nothing1 however trifling1 is done for itself alone1 but all is typical of something yet to come4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i would rather call the book of ,proverbs ,solomonian than as actually a work of ,solomon's4 ,so ,i apprehend many of the ,psalms to be ,davidical only1 not ,david's own compositions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you may state the ,pantheism of ,spinosa1 in contrast with the ,hebrew or ,christian scheme1 shortly1 as thus3-- ,spinosism4 ,w-,g #j2 i4e4 the ,world without ,god is an impossible idea4 ,g-,w #j2 i4e4 ,god without the ,world is so likewise4 ,hebrew or ,christian scheme4 ,w-,g #j2 i4e4 ,the same as ,spinosa's premiss4 ,but ,g-,w ,g2 i4e4 ,god without the ,world is ,god the self-subsistent4 99 99 99 99 99 ,march #ab4 #ahbg4 ,,roman ,,catholics4--,,energy ,,of ,,man ,,and ,,other ,,animals4--,,shakspeare ,,in ,,minimis4--,,paul ,,sarpi4--,,bartram',s ,,travels4 ,i have no doubt that the real object closest to the hearts of the leading ,irish ,romanists is the destruction of the ,irish ,protestant church1 and the re-establishment of their own4 ,i think more is involved in the manner than the matter of legislating upon the civil disabilities of the members of the church of ,rome2 and1 for one1 ,i should he willing to vote for a removal of those disabilities1 with two or three exceptions1 upon a solemn declaration being made legislatively in parliament1 that at no time1 nor under any circumstances1 could or should a branch of the ,romish hierarchy1 as at present constituted1 become an estate of this realm4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,church and ,state1 second part1 p4 #ahi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,internal or mental energy and external or corporeal modificability are in inverse proportions4 ,in man1 internal energy is greater than in any other animal2 and you will see that he is less changed by climate than any animal4 ,for the highest and lowest specimens of man are not one half as much apart from each other as the different kinds even of dogs1 animals of great internal energy themselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for an instance of ,shakspeare's power in minimis1 ,i generally quote ,james ,gurney's character in ,king ,john4 ,how individual and comical he is with the four words allowed to his dramatic life6 #a ,and pray look at ,skelton's ,richard ,sparrow also6 ,paul ,sarpi's ,history of the ,council of ,trent deserves your study4 ,it is very interesting4 ,footnote #a3 ,enter ,lady ,,falconbridge and ,,james ,,gurney4 ,,bast4 ,o me6 it is my mother3--,how now1 good lady8 ,what brings you here to court so hastily8 ,,lady ,f4 ,where is that slave1 thy brother8 where is he8 ,that holds in chase mine honour up and down8 ,,bast4 ,my brother ,robert8 ,old ,sir ,robert's son8 ,colbrand the giant1 that same mighty man8 ,is it ,sir ,robert's son that you seek so8 ,,lady ,f4 ,sir ,robert's son6 ,ay1 thou unreverend boy1 ,sir ,robert's son3 why scorn'st thou at ,sir ,robert8 ,he is ,sir ,robert's son2 and so art thou4 ,,bast4 ,james ,gurney1 wilt thou give us leave a while8 ,,gur4 ,good leave1 good ,philip4 ,,bast4 ,philip8--,sparrow6 ,james1 ,there's toys abroad2 anon ,i'll tell thee more4 ,exit ,,gurney4 ,the very exit ,gurney is a stroke of ,james's character4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the latest book of travels ,i know1 written in the spirit of the old travellers1 is ,bartram's account of his tour in the ,floridas4 ,it is a work of high merit every way4#a ,footnote #a3 ,travels through ,north and ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 ,east and ,west ,florida1 the ,cherokee ,country1 the extensive territories of the ,muscogulges1 or ,creek ,confederacy1 and the ,country of the ,chactaws1 c4 ,by ,william ,bartram4 ,philadelphia1 #agia4 ,london1 #agib4 #hvo4 ,the expedition was made at the request of ,dr4 ,fothergill1 the ,quaker physician1 in #aggc1 and was particularly directed to botanical discoveries4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,march #ac4 #ahbg4 ,,the ,,understanding4 ,a pun will sometimes facilitate explanation1 as thus2--the ,understanding is that which stands under the phenomenon1 and gives it objectivity4 ,you know what a thing is by it4 ,it is also worthy of remark1 that the ,hebrew word for the understanding1 ,bineh1 comes from a root meaning between or distinguishing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,march #ah4 #ahbg4 ,,parts ,,of ,,speech4--,,grammar4 ,there are seven parts of speech1 and they agree with the five grand and universal divisions into which all things finite1 by which ,i mean to exclude the idea of ,god1 will be found to fall2 that is1 as you will often see it stated in my writings1 especially in the ,aids to ,reflection#a3-- ,prothesis4 #a4 ,thesis4 ,mesothesis4 ,antithesis4 #b4 #d4 #c4 ,synthesis4 #e4 ,conceive it thus3-- #a4 ,prothesis1 the noun-verb1 or verb-substantive1 ,i am1 which is the previous form1 and implies identity of being and act4 #b4 ,thesis1 the noun4 #c4 ,antithesis1 the verb4 ,note1 each of these may be converted2 that is1 they are only opposed to each other4 #d4 ,mesothesis1 the infinitive mood1 or the indifference of the verb and noun1 it being either the one or the other1 or both at the same time1 in different relations4 #e4 ,synthesis1 the participle1 or the community of verb and noun2 being and acting at once4 ,now1 modify the noun by the verb1 that is1 by an act1 and you have-- #f4 ,the adnoun1 or adjective4 ,modify the verb by the noun1 that is1 by being1 and you have-- #g4 ,the adverb4 ,interjections are parts of sound1 not of speech4 ,conjunctions are the same as prepositions2 but they are prefixed to a sentence1 or to a member of a sentence1 instead of to a single word4 ,the inflections of nouns are modifications as to place2 the inflections of verbs1 as to time4 ,the genitive case denotes dependence2 the dative1 transmission4 ,it is absurd to talk of verbs governing4 ,in ,thucydides1 ,i believe1 every case has been found absolute4#b ,dative3--,greek3 ---- ,thuc4,,viii4 #bd4 ,this is the ,latin usage4 ,accusative4--,i do not remember an instance of the proper accusative absolute in ,thucydides2 but it seems not uncommon in other authors3 ,greek3 ---- ,yet all such instances may be nominatives2 for ,i cannot find an example of the accusative absolute in the masculine or feminine gender1 where the difference of inflexion would show the case4--,,ed4 ,the inflections of the tenses of a verb are formed by adjuncts of the verb substantive4 ,in ,greek it is obvious4 ,the ,e is the prefix significative of a past time4 ,footnote #a3 ,p4 #agj4 #b;d edition4 ,footnote #b3 ,nominative absolute3--,greek3 theon de phozos ae anthropon nomos1 oudeis apeirge1 to men krinontes en homoio kai sezein kai mae--ton de hamartaematon4--,thuc4 ,,ii4 #ec4 ,june #ae4 #ahbg4 ,,magnetism4--,,electricity4--,,galvanis m4 ,perhaps the attribution or analogy may seem fanciful at first sight1 but ,i am in the habit of realizing to myself ,magnetism as length2 ,electricity as breadth or surface2 and ,galvanism as depth4 ,june #bd4 #ahbg4 ,,spenser4--,,character ,of ,,othello4--,,hamlet4--,,polonius4--,,pr inciples ,,and ,,maxims4--,,love4--,,measure ,,for ,,measure4--,,ben ,,jonson4--,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4-- ,,version ,,of ,,the ,,bible4--,,spurzheim4--,,craniology4 ,spenser's ,epithalamion is truly sublime2 and pray mark the swan-like movement of his exquisite ,prothalamion4 #a ,his attention to metre and rhythm is sometimes so extremely minute as to be painful even to my ear1 and you know how highly ,i prize good versification4 ,footnote #a3 ,how well ,i remember this ,midsummer-day6 ,i shall never pass such another4 ,the sun was setting behind ,caen ,wood1 and the calm of the evening was so exceedingly deep that it arrested ,mr4 ,coleridge's attention4 ,we were alone together in ,mr4 ,gillman's drawing-room1 and ,mr4 ,c4 left off talking1 and fell into an almost trance-like state for ten minutes whilst contemplating the beautiful prospect before us4 ,his eyes swam in tears1 his head inclined a little forward1 and there was a slight uplifting of the fingers1 which seemed to tell me that he was in prayer4 ,i was awestricken1 and remained absorbed in looking at the man1 in forgetfulness of external nature1 when he recovered himself1 and after a word or two fell by some secret link of association upon ,spenser's poetry4 ,upon my telling him that ,i did not very well recollect the ,prothalamion3 ,then ,i must read you a bit of it1 said he2 and1 fetching the book from the next room1 he recited the whole of it in his finest and most musical manner4 ,i particularly bear in mind the sensible diversity of tone and rhythm with which he gave3-- ,sweet ,thames6 run softly till ,i end my song1 the concluding line of each of the ten strophes of the poem4 ,when ,i look upon the scanty memorial1 which ,i have alone preserved of this afternoon's converse1 ,i am tempted to burn these pages in despair4 ,mr4 ,coleridge talked a volume of criticism that day1 which1 printed verbatim as he spoke it1 would have made the reputation of any other person but himself4 ,he was1 indeed1 particularly brilliant and enchanting2 and ,i left him at night so thoroughly magnetized1 that ,i could not for two or three days afterwards reflect enough to put any thing on paper1--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have often told you that ,i do not think there is any jealousy1 properly so called1 in the character of ,othello4 ,there is no predisposition to suspicion1 which ,i take to be an essential term in the definition of the word4 ,desdemona very truly told ,emilia that he was not jealous1 that is1 of a jealous habit1 and he says so as truly of himself4 ,iago's suggestions1 you see1 are quite new to him2 they do not correspond with any thing of a like nature previously in his mind4 ,if ,desdemona had1 in fact1 been guilty1 no one would have thought of calling ,othello's conduct that of a jealous man4 ,he could not act otherwise than he did with the lights he had2 whereas jealousy can never be strictly right4 ,see how utterly unlike ,othello is to ,leontes1 in the ,winter's ,tale1 or even to ,leonatus1 in ,cymbeline6 ,the jealousy of the first proceeds from an evident trifle1 and something like hatred is mingled with it2 and the conduct of ,leonatus in accepting the wager1 and exposing his wife to the trial1 denotes a jealous temper already formed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hamlet's character is the prevalence of the abstracting and generalizing habit over the practical4 ,he does not want courage1 skill1 will1 or opportunity2 but every incident sets him thinking2 and it is curious1 and at the same time strictly natural1 that ,hamlet1 who all the play seems reason itself1 should he impelled1 at last1 by mere accident to effect his object4 ,i have a smack of ,hamlet myself1 if ,i may say so4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,maxim is a conclusion upon observation of matters of fact1 and is merely retrospective3 an ,idea1 or1 if you like1 a ,principle1 carries knowledge within itself1 and is prospective4 ,polonius is a man of maxims4 ,whilst he is descanting on matters of past experience1 as in that excellent speech to ,laertes before he sets out on his travels1 he is admirable2 but when he comes to advise or project1 he is a mere dotard4 #a ,you see ,hamlet1 as the man of ideas1 despises him4 ,footnote #a3 ,act i4 sc4 #c 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man of maxims only is like a ,cyclops with one eye1 and that eye placed in the back of his head4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the scene with ,ophelia1 in the third act1#a ,hamlet is beginning with great and unfeigned tenderness2 but1 perceiving her reserve and coyness1 fancies there are some listeners1 and then1 to sustain his part1 breaks out into all that coarseness4 ,love is the admiration and cherishing of the amiable qualities of the beloved person1 upon the condition of yourself being the object of their action4 ,the qualities of the sexes correspond4 ,the man's courage is loved by the woman1 whose fortitude again is coveted by the man4 ,his vigorous intellect is answered by her infallible tact4 ,can it be true1 what is so constantly affirmed1 that there is no sex in souls8--,i doubt it1 ,i doubt it exceedingly4 #b ,footnote #a3 ,sc4 #a4 ,footnote #b3 ,mr4 ,coleridge was a great master in the art of love1 but he had not studied in ,ovid's school4 ,hear his account of the matter3-- ,love1 truly such1 is itself not the most common thing in the world1 and mutual love still less so4 ,but that enduring personal attachment1 so beautifully delineated by ,erin's sweet melodist1 and still more touchingly1 perhaps1 in the well-known ballad1 ',john ,anderson1 my ,jo1 ,john1' in addition to a depth and constancy of character of no every-day occurrence1 supposes a peculiar sensibility and tenderness of nature2 a constitutional communicativeness and utterancy of heart and soul2 a delight in the detail of sympathy1 in the outward and visible signs of the sacrament within1--to count1 as it were1 the pulses of the life of love4 ,but1 above all1 it supposes a soul which1 even in the pride and summer-tide of life1 even in the lustihood of health and strength1 had felt oftenest and prized highest that which age cannot take away1 and which in all our lovings is the love2 ,i mean1 that willing sense of the unsufficingness of the self for itself1 which predisposes a generous nature to see1 in the total being of another1 the supplement and completion of its own2 that quiet perpetual seeking which the presence of the beloved object modulates1 not suspends1 where the heart momently finds1 and1 finding again1 seeks on2 lastly1 when 'life's changeful orb has passed the full1' a confirmed faith in the nobleness of humanity1 thus brought home and pressed1 as it were1 to the very bosom of hourly experience2 it supposes1 ,i say1 a heartfelt reverence for worth1 not the less deep because divested of its solemnity by habit1 by familiarity1 by mutual infirmities1 and even by a feeling of modesty which will arise in delicate minds1 when they are conscious of possessing the same1 or the correspondent1 excellence in their own characters4 ,in short1 there must be a mind1 which1 while it feels the beautiful and the excellent in the beloved as its own1 and by right of love appropriates it1 can call goodness its playfellow2 and dares make sport of time and infirmity1 while1 in the person of a thousand-foldly endeared partner1 we feel for aged virtue the caressing fondness that belongs to the innocence of childhood1 and repeat the same attentions and tender courtesies which had been dictated by the same affection to the same object when attired in feminine loveliness or in manly beauty4 7,poetical ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abj47--;,,ed4 ,measure for ,measure is the single exception to the delightfulness of ,shakspeare's plays4 ,it is a hateful work1 although ,shakspearian throughout4 ,our feelings of justice are grossly wounded in ,angelo's escape4 ,isabella herself contrives to be unamiable1 and ,claudio is detestable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am inclined to consider ,the ,fox as the greatest of ,ben ,jonson's works4 ,but his smaller works are full of poetry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,monsieur ,thomas and the little ,french ,lawyer are great favourites of mine amongst ,beaumont and ,fletcher's plays4 ,how those plays overflow with wit6 ,and yet ,i scarcely know a more deeply tragic scene any where than that in ,rollo1 in which ,edith pleads for her father's life1 and then1 when she cannot prevail1 rises up and imprecates vengeance on his murderer4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,act iii4 sc4 #a43-- ,,rollo4 ,hew off her hands6 ,,hamond4 ,lady1 hold off6 ,,edith4 ,no6 hew 'em2 ,hew off my innocent hands1 as he commands you6 ,they'll hang the faster on for death's convulsion4-- ,thou seed of rocks1 will nothing move thee1 then8 ,are all my tears lost1 all my righteous prayers ,drown'd in thy drunken wrath8 ,i stand up thus1 then1 ,thou boldly bloody tyrant1 ,and to thy face1 in heav'n's high name defy thee6 ,and may sweet mercy1 when thy soul sighs for it1-- ,when under thy black mischiefs thy flesh trembles1-- ,when neither strength1 nor youth1 nor friends1 nor gold1 ,can stay one hour2 when thy most wretched conscience1 ,waked from her dream of death1 like fire shall melt thee1-- ,when all thy mother's tears1 thy brother's wounds1 ,thy people's fears1 and curses1 and my loss1 ,my aged father's loss1 shall stand before thee-- ,,rollo4 ,save him1 ,i say2 run1 save him1 save her father2 ,fly and redeem his head6 ,,edith4 ,may then that pity1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our version of the ,bible is to be loved and prized for this1 as for a thousand other things1--that it has preserved a purity of meaning to many terms of natural objects4 ,without this holdfast1 our vitiated imaginations would refine away language to mere abstractions4 ,hence the ,french have lost their poetical language2 and ,mr4 ,blanco ,white says the same thing has happened to the ,spanish4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have the perception of individual images very strong1 but a dim one of the relation of place4 ,i remember the man or the tree1 but where ,i saw them ,i mostly forget4#a ,footnote #a3 ,there was no man whose opinion in morals1 or even in a matter of general conduct in life1 if you furnished the pertinent circumstances1 ,i would have sooner adopted than ,mr4 ,coleridge's2 but ,i would not take him as a guide through streets or fields or earthly roads4 ,he had much of the geometrician about him2 but he could not find his way4 ,in this1 as in many other peculiarities of more importance1 he inherited strongly from his learned and excellent father1 who deserves1 and will1 ,i trust1 obtain1 a separate notice for himself when his greater son's life comes to be written4 ,i believe the beginning of ,mr4 ,c4's liking for ,dr4 ,spurzheim was the hearty good humour with which the ,doctor bore the laughter of a party1 in the presence of which he1 unknowing of his man1 denied any ,ideality1 and awarded an unusual share of ,locality1 to the majestic silver-haired head of my dear uncle and father-in-law4 ,but ,mr4 ,coleridge immediately shielded the craniologist under the distinction preserved in the text1 and perhaps1 since that time1 there may be a couple of organs assigned to the latter faculty4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,craniology is worth some consideration1 although it is merely in its rudiments and guesses yet4 ,but all the coincidences which have been observed could scarcely be by accident4 ,the confusion and absurdity1 however1 will be endless until some names or proper terms are discovered for the organs1 which are not taken from their mental application or significancy4 ,the forepart of the head is generally given up to the higher intellectual powers2 the hinder part to the sensual emotions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,silence does not always mark wisdom4 ,i was at dinner1 some time ago1 in company with a man1 who listened to me and said nothing for a long time2 but he nodded his head1 and ,i thought him intelligent4 ,at length1 towards the end of the dinner1 some apple dumplings were placed on the table1 and my man had no sooner seen them1 than he burst forth with--,them's the jockies for me6 ,i wish ,spurzheim could have examined the fellow's head4 99 99 99 99 99 ,some folks apply epithets as boys do in making ,latin verses4 ,when ,i first looked upon the ,falls of the ,clyde1 ,i was unable to find a word to express my feelings4 ,at last1 a man1 a stranger to me1 who arrived about the same time1 said3--,how majestic6--7,it was the precise term1 and ,i turned round and was saying--,thank you1 ,sir6 that is the exact word for it--when he added1 eodem flatu7--,yes6 how very pretty6 99 99 99 99 99 ,july #h4 #ahbg4 ,,bull ,,and ,,waterland4--,,the ,,trinity4 ,bull and ,waterland are the classical writers on the ,trinity4#a ,in the ,trinity there is1 #a4 ,ipseity4 #b4 ,alterity4 #c4 ,community4 ,you may express the formula thus3-- ,god1 the absolute ,will or ,identity1 ,prothesis4 ,the ,father ,thesis4 ,the ,son ,antithesis4 ,the ,spirit ,synthesis4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge's admiration of ,bull and ,waterland as high theologians was very great4 ,bull he used to read in the ,latin ,defensio ,fidei ,nicaenae1 using the ,jesuit ,zola's edition of #aghd1 which1 ,i think1 he bought at ,rome4 ,he told me once1 that when he was reading a ,protestant ,english ,bishop's work on the ,trinity1 in a copy edited by an ,italian ,jesuit in ,italy1 he felt proud of the church of ,england1 and in good humour with the church of ,rome4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the author of the ,athanasian ,creed is unknown4 ,it is1 in my judgment1 heretical in the omission1 or implicit denial1 of the ,filial subordination in the ,godhead1 which is the doctrine of the ,nicene ,creed1 and for which ,bull and ,waterland have so fervently and triumphantly contended2 and by not holding to which1 ,sherlock staggered to and fro between ,tritheism and ,sabellianism4 ,this creed is also tautological1 and1 if not persecuting1 which ,i will not discuss1 certainly containing harsh and ill-conceived language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how much ,i regret that so many religious persons of the present day think it necessary to adopt a certain cant of manner and phraseology as a token to each other4 ,they must improve this and that text1 and they must do so and so in a prayerful way2 and so on4 ,why not use common language8 ,a young lady the other day urged upon me that such and such feelings were the marrow of all religion2 upon which ,i recommended her to try to walk to ,london upon her marrow-bones only4 99 99 99 99 99 ,july #i4 #ahbg4 ,,scale ,,of ,,animal ,,being4 ,in the very lowest link in the vast and mysterious chain of ,being1 there is an effort1 although scarcely apparent1 at individualization2 but it is almost lost in the mere nature4 ,a little higher up1 the individual is apparent and separate1 but subordinate to any thing in man4 ,at length1 the animal rises to be on a par with the lowest power of the human nature4 ,there are some of our natural desires which only remain in our most perfect state on earth as means of the higher powers' acting4#a ,footnote #a3 ,these remarks seem to call for a citation of that wonderful passage1 transcendant alike in eloquence and philosophic depth1 which the readers of the ,aids to ,reflection have long since laid up in cedar3-- ,every rank of creatures1 as it ascends in the scale of creation1 leaves death behind it or under it4 ,the metal at its height of being seems a mute prophecy of the coming vegetation1 into a mimic semblance of which it crystallizes4 ,the blossom and flower1 the acme of vegetable life1 divides into correspondent organs with reciprocal functions1 and by instinctive motions and approximations seems impatient of that fixture1 by which it is differenced in kind from the flower-shaped ,psyche that flutters with free wing above it4 ,and wonderfully in the insect realm doth the irritability1 the proper seat of instinct1 while yet the nascent sensibility is subordinate thereto1--most wonderfully1 ,i say1 doth the muscular life in the insect1 and the musculo-arterial in the bird1 imitate and typically rehearse the adaptive understanding1 yea1 and the moral affections and charities of man4 ,let us carry ourselves back1 in spirit1 to the mysterious week1 the teeming work-days of the ,creator1 as they rose in vision before the eye of the inspired historian of the generations of the heaven and earth1 in the days that the ,lord ,god made the earth and the heavens4 ,and who that hath watched their ways with an understanding heart1 could1 as the vision evolving still advanced towards him1 contemplate the filial and loyal bee2 the home building1 wedded1 and divorceless swallow2 and1 above all1 the manifoldly intelligent ant tribes1 with their commonwealth and confederacies1 their warriors and miners1 the husband-folk1 that fold in their tiny flocks on the honied leaf1 and the virgin sisters with the holy instincts of maternal love1 detached and in selfless purity1 and not say to himself1 ,behold the shadow of approaching ,humanity1 the sun rising from behind1 in the kindling morn of creation6 ,thus all lower natures find their highest good in semblances and seekings of that which is higher and better4 ,all things strive to ascend1 and ascend in their striving4 ,and shall man alone stoop8 ,shall his pursuits and desires1 the reflections of his inward life1 be like the reflected image of a tree on the edge of a pool1 that grows downward1 and seeks a mock heaven in the unstable element beneath it1 in neighbourhood with the slim water-weeds and oozy bottom-grass that are yet better than itself and more noble1 in as far as substances that appear as shadows are preferable to shadows mistaken for substance8 ,no6 it must be a higher good to make you happy4 ,while you labour for any thing below your proper humanity1 you seek a happy life in the region of death4 ,well saith the moral poet3-- ',unless above himself he can ,erect himself1 how mean a thing is man6' ,p4 #aje4 #b;d ed4--,,ed4 ,july #ab4 #ahbg4 ,,popedom4--,,scanderbeg4--,,thomas ,,becket4--,,pure ,,ages ,,of ,,greek1 ,,italian1 ,,and ,,english4--,,luther4--,,baxter4--,,alge rnon ,,sidney',s ,,style4--,,ariosto ,,and ,,tasso4-- ,,prose ,,and ,,poetry4--,,the ,,fathers4--,,rhenferd4--,,jacob ,,behmen4 ,what a grand subject for a history the ,popedom is6 ,the ,pope ought never to have affected temporal sway1 but to have lived retired within ,st4 ,angelo1 and to have trusted to the superstitious awe inspired by his character and office4 ,he spoiled his chance when he meddled in the petty ,italian politics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,scanderbeg would be a very fine subject for ,walter ,scott2 and so would ,thomas ,becket1 if it is not rather too much for him4 ,it involves in essence the conflict between arms1 or force1 and the men of letters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observe the superior truth of language1 in ,greek1 to ,theocritus inclusively2 in ,latin1 to the ,augustan age exclusively2 in ,italian1 to ,tasso exclusively2 and in ,english1 to ,taylor and ,barrow inclusively4 99 99 99 99 99 ,luther is1 in parts1 the most evangelical writer ,i know1 after the apostles and apostolic men4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pray read with great attention ,baxter's ,life of himself4 ,it is an inestimable work4 #a ,i may not unfrequently doubt ,baxter's memory1 or even his competence1 in consequence of his particular modes of thinking2 but ,i could almost as soon doubt the ,gospel verity as his veracity4 ,footnote #a3 ,this1 a very thick folio of the old sort1 was one of ,mr4 ,coleridge's text books for ,english church history4 ,he used to say that there was no substitute for it in a course of study for a clergyman or public man1 and that the modern political ,dissenters1 who affected to glory in ,baxter as a leader1 would read a bitter lecture on themselves in every page of it4 ,in a marginal note ,i find ,mr4 ,c4 writing thus3 ,alas6 in how many respects does my lot resemble ,baxter's6 ,but how much less have my bodily evils been1 and yet how very much greater an impediment have ,i suffered them to be6 ,but verily ,baxter's labours seem miracles of supporting grace4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am not enough read in ,puritan divinity to know the particular objections to the surplice1 over and above the general prejudice against the retenta of ,popery4 ,perhaps that was the only ground1--a foolish one enough4 ,in my judgment ,bolingbroke's style is not in any respect equal to that of ,cowley or ,dryden4 ,read ,algernon ,sidney2 his style reminds you as little of books as of blackguards4 ,what a gentleman he was6 99 99 99 99 99 ,burke's ,essay on the ,sublime and ,beautiful seems to me a poor thing2 and what he says upon ,taste is neither profound nor accurate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,well6 ,i am for ,ariosto against ,tasso2 though ,i would rather praise ,aristo's poetry than his poem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i wish our clever young poets would remember my homely definitions of prose and poetry2 that is1 prose words in their best order2--poetry the best words in the best order4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i conceive ,origen1 ,jerome1 and ,augustine to be the three great fathers in respect of theology1 and ,basil1 ,gregory ,nazianzen1 and ,chrysostom in respect of rhetoric4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rhenferd possessed the immense learning and robust sense of ,selden1 with the acuteness and wit of ,jortin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jacob ,behmen remarked1 that it was not wonderful that there were separate languages for ,england1 ,france1 ,germany1 c42 but rather that there was not a different language for every degree of latitude4 ,in confirmation of which1 see the infinite variety of languages amongst the barbarous tribes of ,south ,america4 ,july #bj4 #ahbg4 ,,non-,,perception ,,of ,,colours4 ,what is said of some persons not being able to distinguish colours1 ,i believe4 ,it may proceed from general weakness1 which will render the differences imperceptible1 just as the dusk or twilight makes all colours one4 ,this defect is most usual in the blue ray1 the negative pole4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i conjecture that when finer experiments have been applied1 the red1 yellow1 and orange rays will be found as capable of communicating magnetic action as the other rays1 though1 perhaps1 under different circumstances4 ,remember this1 if you are alive twenty years hence1 and think of me4 ,july #ba4 #ahbg4 ,,restoration4--,,reformation4 ,the elements had been well shaken together during the civil wars and interregnum under the ,long ,parliament and ,protectorate2 and nothing but the cowardliness and impolicy of the ,nonconformists1 at the ,restoration1 could have prevented a real reformation on a wider basis4 ,but the truth is1 by going over to ,breda with their stiff flatteries to the hollow-hearted ,king1 they put ,sheldon and the bishops on the side of the constitution4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,reformation in the sixteenth century narrowed ,reform4 ,as soon as men began to call themselves names1 all hope of further amendment was lost4 ,july #bc4 #ahbg4 ,,william ,,iii4--,,berkeley4--,,spinosa4--,,geniu s4--,,envy4--,,love4 ,william the ,third was a greater and much honester man than any of his ministers4 ,i believe every one of them1 except ,shrewsbury1 has now been detected in correspondence with ,james4 99 99 99 99 99 ,berkeley can only be confuted1 or answered1 by one sentence4 ,so it is with ,spinosa4 ,his premiss granted1 the deduction is a chain of adamant4 99 99 99 99 99 ,genius may co-exist with wildness1 idleness1 folly1 even with crime2 but not long1 believe me1 with selfishness1 and the indulgence of an envious disposition4 ,envy is 99,greek3 kakistos kai dikaiotatos theos1 as ,i once saw it expressed somewhere in a page of ,stobaeus3 it dwarfs and withers its worshippers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the man's desire is for the woman2 but the woman's desire is rarely other than for the desire of the man4#a ,footnote #a3 ,a woman's friendship1 ,i find written by ,mr4 ,c4 on a page dyed red with an imprisoned rose-leaf1 a woman's friendship borders more closely on love than man's4 ,men affect each other in the reflection of noble or friendly acts2 whilst women ask fewer proofs1 and more signs and expressions of attachment4--,,ed4 ,august #bi4 #ahbg4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4--,,hooker4--,,ideas4--,,knowle dge4 ,jeremy ,taylor is an excellent author for a young man to study1 for the purpose of imbibing noble principles1 and at the same time of learning to exercise caution and thought in detecting his numerous errors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i must acknowledge1 with some hesitation1 that ,i think ,hooker has been a little over-credited for his judgment4 ,take as an instance of an idea the continuity and coincident distinctness of nature2 or this1--vegetable life is always striving to be something that it is not2 animal life to be itself4#a ,hence1 in a plant the parts1 as the root1 the stem1 the branches1 leaves1 c4 remain after they have each produced or contributed to produce a different status of the whole plant3 in an animal nothing of the previous states remains distinct1 but is incorporated into1 and constitutes progressively1 the very self4 ,footnote #a3 ,the reader who has never studied ,plato1 ,bacon1 ,kant1 or ,coleridge in their philosophic works1 will need to be told that the word ,idea is not used in this passage in the sense adopted by ,dr4 ,holofernes1 who in a lecture on metaphysics1 delivered at one of the ,mechanics' ,institutions1 explodes all ideas but those of sensation2 whilst his friend1 deputy ,costard1 has no idea of a better-flavoured haunch of venison1 than he dined off at the ,london ,tavern last week4 ,he admits 7for the deputy has travelled7 that the ,french have an excellent idea of cooking in general2 but holds that their most accomplished matres de cuisine have no more idea of dressing a turtle1 than the ,parisian gourmands themselves have any real idea of the true taste and colour of the fat4 ,church and ,state1 p4 #gh4 ,no6 what ,mr4 ,coleridge meant by an idea in this place may be expressed in various ways out of his own works4 ,i subjoin a sufficient definition from the ,church and ,state1 p4 #f4 ,that which1 contemplated objectively1 7that is1 as existing externally to the mind17 we call a law2 the same contemplated subjectively1 7that is1 as existing in a subject or mind17 is an idea4 ,hence ,plato often names ,ideas1 ,laws2 and ,lord ,bacon1 the ,british ,plato1 describes the laws of the material universe as the ideas in nature4 ,quod in natura naturata ,lex1 in natura naturante ,idea dicitur4 ,a more subtle limitation of the word may be found in the last paragraph of ,essay 7,e7 in the ,appendix to the ,statesman's ,manual4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to know any thing for certain is to have a clear insight into the inseparability of the predicate from the subject 7the matter from the form71 and vice vers4 ,this is a verbal definition1--a real definition of a thing absolutely known is impossible4 ,i know a circle1 when ,i perceive that the equality of all possible radii from the centre to the circumference is inseparable from the idea of a circle4 ,august #cj4 #ahbg4 ,,painting4 ,painting is the intermediate somewhat between a thought and a thing4 ,april #ac4 #ahcj4 ,,prophecies ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,testament4--,,messiah4--,,jews4--,,the ,,trinity4 ,if the prophecies of the ,old ,testament are not rightly interpreted of ,jesus our ,christ1 then there is no prediction whatever contained in it of that stupendous event--the rise and establishment of ,christianity--in comparison with which all the preceding ,jewish history is as nothing4 ,with the exception of the book of ,daniel1 which the ,jews themselves never classed among the prophecies1 and an obscure text of ,jeremiah1 there is not a passage in all the ,old ,testament which favours the notion of a temporal ,messiah4 ,what moral object was there1 for which such a ,messiah should come8 ,what could he have been but a sort of virtuous ,sesostris or ,buonaparte8 99 99 99 99 99 ,i know that some excellent men--,israelites without guile--do not1 in fact1 expect the advent of any ,messiah2 but believe1 or suggest1 that it may possibly have been ,god's will and meaning1 that the ,jews should remain a quiet light among the nations for the purpose of pointing at the doctrine of the unity of ,god4 ,to which ,i say1 that this truth of the essential unity of ,god has been preserved1 and gloriously preached1 by ,christianity alone4 ,the ,romans never shut up their temples1 nor ceased to worship a hundred or a thousand gods and goddesses1 at the bidding of the ,jews2 the ,persians1 the ,hindus1 the ,chinese1 learned nothing of this great truth from the ,jews4 ,but from ,christians they did learn it in various degrees1 and are still learning it4 ,the religion of the ,jews is1 indeed1 a light2 but it is as the light of the glow-worm1 which gives no heat1 and illumines nothing but itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it has been objected to me1 that the vulgar notions of the ,trinity are at variance with this doctrine2 and it was added1 whether as flattery or sarcasm matters not1 that few believers in the ,trinity thought of it as ,i did4 ,to which again humbly1 yet confidently1 ,i reply1 that my superior light1 if superior1 consists in nothing more than this1--that ,i more clearly see that the doctrine of ,trinal ,unity is an absolute truth transcending my human means of understanding it1 or demonstrating it4 ,i may or may not be able to utter the formula of my faith in this mystery in more logical terms than some others2 but this ,i say1 ,go and ask the most ordinary man1 a professed believer in this doctrine1 whether he believes in and worships a plurality of ,gods1 and he will start with horror at the bare suggestion4 ,he may not be able to explain his creed in exact terms2 but he will tell you that he does believe in one ,god1 and in one ,god only1-- reason about it as you may4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what all the churches of the ,east and ,west1 what ,romanist and ,protestant believe in common1 that ,i call ,christianity4 ,in no proper sense of the word can ,i call ,unitarians and ,socinians believers in ,christ2 at least1 not in the only ,christ of whom ,i have read or know any thing4 ,april #ad1 #ahcj4 ,,conversion ,,of ,,the ,,jews4--,,jews ,,in ,,poland4 ,there is no hope of converting the ,jews in the way and with the spirit unhappily adopted by our church2 and1 indeed1 by all other modern churches4 ,in the first age1 the ,jewish ,christians undoubtedly considered themselves as the seed of ,abraham1 to whom the promise had been made2 and1 as such1 a superior order4 ,witness the account of ,st4 ,peter's conduct in the ,acts #a1 and the ,epistle to the ,galatians4#b ,st4 ,paul protested against this1 so far as it went to make ,jewish observances compulsory on ,christians who were not of ,jewish blood1 and so far as it in any way led to bottom the religion on the ,mosaic covenant of works2 but he never denied the birthright of the chosen seed3 on the contrary1 he himself evidently believed that the ,jews would ultimately be restored2 and he says1--,if the ,gentiles have been so blest by the rejection of the ,jews1 how much rather shall they be blest by the conversion and restoration of ,israel6 ,why do we expect the ,jews to abandon their national customs and distinctions8 ,the ,abyssinian church said that they claimed a descent from ,abraham2 and that1 in virtue of such ancestry1 they observed circumcision3 but declaring withal1 that they rejected the covenant of works1 and rested on the promise fulfilled in ,jesus ,christ4 ,in consequence of this appeal1 the ,abyssinians were permitted to retain their customs4 ,if ,rhenferd's ,essays were translated--if the ,jews were made acquainted with the real argument--if they were addressed kindly1 and were not required to abandon their distinctive customs and national type1 but were invited to become ,christians as of the seed of ,abraham--,i believe there would be a ,christian synagogue in a year's time4 ,as it is1 the ,jews of the lower orders are the very lowest of mankind2 they have not a principle of honesty in them2 to grasp and be getting money for ever is their single and exclusive occupation4 ,a learned ,jew once said to me1 upon this subject3--,o ,sir6 make the inhabitants of ,hollywell ,street and ,duke's ,place ,israelites first1 and then we may debate about making them ,christians4#c ,in ,poland1 the ,jews are great landholders1 and are the worst of tyrants4 ,they have no kind of sympathy with their labourers and dependants4 ,they never meet them in common worship4 ,land1 in the hand of a large number of ,jews1 instead of being1 what it ought to be1 the organ of permanence1 would become the organ of rigidity1 in a nation2 by their intermarriages within their own pale1 it would be in fact perpetually entailed4 ,then1 again1 if a popular tumult were to take place in ,poland1 who can doubt that the ,jews would be the first objects of murder and spoliation8 ,footnote #a3 ,chap4 xv4 ,footnote #b 3 ,chap4 ii4 ,footnote #c3 ,mr4 ,coleridge had a very friendly acquaintance with several learned ,jews in this country1 and he told me that1 whenever he had fallen in with a ,jew of thorough education and literary habits1 he had always found him possessed of a strong natural capacity for metaphysical disquisitions4 ,i may mention here the best known of his ,jewish friends1 one whom he deeply respected1 ,hyman ,hurwitz4--,,ed4 ,april #ag4 #ahcj4 ,,mosaic ,,miracles4--,,pantheism4 ,in the miracles of ,moses1 there is a remarkable intermingling of acts1 which we should now-a-days call simply providential1 with such as we should still call miraculous4 ,the passing of the ,jordan1 in the #c;d chapter of the book of ,joshua1 is perhaps the purest and sheerest miracle recorded in the ,bible2 it seems to have been wrought for the miracle's sake1 and so thereby to show to the ,jews--the descendants of those who had come out of ,egypt-- that the same ,god who had appeared to their fathers1 and who had by miracles1 in many respects providential only1 preserved them in the wilderness1 was their ,god also4 ,the manna and quails were ordinary provisions of ,providence1 rendered miraculous by certain laws and qualities annexed to them in the particular instance4 ,the passage of the ,red ,sea was effected by a strong wind1 which1 we are told1 drove hack the waters2 and so on4 ,but then1 again1 the death of the first-born was purely miraculous4 ,hence1 then1 both ,jews and ,egyptians might take occasion to learn1 that it was one and the same ,god who interfered specially1 and who governed all generally4 99 99 99 99 99 ,take away the first verse of the hook of ,genesis1 and then what immediately follows is an exact history or sketch of ,pantheism4 ,pantheism was taught in the mysteries of ,greece2 of which the ,samothracian or ,cabeiric were probably the purest and the most ancient4 ,april #ah4 #ahcj4 ,,poetic ,,promise4 ,in the present age it is next to impossible to predict from specimens1 however favourable1 that a young man will turn out a great poet1 or rather a poet at all4 ,poetic taste1 dexterity in composition1 and ingenious imitation1 often produce poems that are very promising in appearance4 ,but genius1 or the power of doing something new1 is another thing4 ,mr4 ,tennyson's sonnets1 such as ,i have seen1 have many of the characteristic excellencies of those of ,wordsworth and ,southey4 ,april #ai4 #ahcj4 ,it is a small thing that the patient knows of his own state2 yet some things he does know better than his physician4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never had1 and never could feel1 any horror at death1 simply as death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,good and bad men are each less so than they seem4 ,april #cj4 #ahcj4 ,,nominalists ,,and ,,realists4--,,british ,,schoolmen4--,,spinosa4 ,the result of my system will be1 to show1 that1 so far from the world being a goddess in petticoats1 it is rather the ,devil in a strait waistcoat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the controversy of the ,nominalists and ,realists was one of the greatest and most important that ever occupied the human mind4 ,they were both right1 and both wrong4 ,they each maintained opposite poles of the same truth2 which truth neither of them saw1 for want of a higher premiss4 ,duns ,scotus was the head of the ,realists2 ,ockham1#a his own disciple1 of the ,nominalists4 ,ockham1 though certainly very prolix1 is a most extraordinary writer4 ,footnote #a3 ,john ,duns ,scotus was born in #abgd1 at ,dunstone in the parish of ,emildune1 near ,alnwick4 ,he was a fellow of ,merton ,college1 and ,professor of ,divinity at ,oxford4 ,after acquiring an uncommon reputation at his own university1 he went to ,paris1 and thence to ,cologne1 and there died in #acjh1 at the early age of thirty-four years4 ,he was called the ,subtle ,doctor1 and found time to compose works which now fill twelve volumes in folio4 ,see the ,lyons edition1 by ,luke ,wadding1 in #afci4 ,william ,ockham was an ,englishman1 and died about #acdg2 but the place and year of his birth are not clearly ascertained4 ,he was styled the ,invincible ,doctor1 and wrote bitterly against ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 ,we all remember ,butler's account of these worthies3-- ,he knew what's what1 and that's as high ,as metaphysic wit can fly2 ,in school divinity as able ,as he that hight ,irrefragable1 ,a second ,thomas1 or at once ,to name them all1 another ,dunse2 ,profound in all the ,nominal ,and ,real ways beyond them all2 ,for he a rope of sand could twist ,as tough as learned ,sorbonist4 ,,hudibras4 ,part ,i4 ,canto ,i4 v4 #adi4 ,the ,irrefragable ,doctor was ,alexander ,hales1 a native of ,gloucestershire1 who died in #abde4 ,amongst his pupils at ,paris1 was ,fidanza1 better known by the name of ,bonaventura1 the ,seraphic ,doctor4 ,the controversy of the ,realists and the ,nominalists cannot he explained in a note2 but in substance the original point of dispute may be thus stated4 ,the ,realists held generally with ,aristotle1 that there were universal ideas or essences impressed upon matter1 and coval with1 and inherent in1 their objects4 ,plato held that these universal forms existed as exemplars in the divine mind previously to1 and independently of1 matter2 but both maintained1 under one shape or other1 the real existence of universal forms4 ,on the other hand1 ,zeno and the old ,stoics denied the existence of these universals1 and contended that they were no more than mere tenms and nominal representatives of their particular objects4 ,the ,nominalists were the followers of ,zeno1 and held that universal forms are merely modes of conception1 and exist solely in and for the mind4 ,it does not require much reflection to see how great an influence these different systems might have upon the enunciation of the higher doctrines of ,christianity4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is remarkable1 that two thirds of the eminent schoolmen were of ,british birth4 ,it was the schoolmen who made the languages of ,europe what they now are4 ,we laugh at the quiddities of those writers now1 but1 in truth1 these quiddities are just the parts of their language which we have rejected2 whilst we never think of the mass which we have adopted1 and have in daily use4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one of the scholastic definitions of ,god is this1--,deus est1 cui omne quod est est esse omne quod est3 as long a sentence made up of as few words1 and those as oligosyllabic1 as any ,i remember4 ,by the by1 that oligosyllabic is a word happily illustrative of its own meaning1 ex opposito4 99 99 99 99 99 ,spinosa1 at the very end of his life1 seems to have gained a glimpse of the truth4 ,in the last letter published in his works1 it appears that he began to suspect his premiss4 ,his unica substantia is1 in fact1 a mere notion1 --a subject of the mind1 and no object at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,plato's works are preparatory exercises for the mind4 ,he leads you to see1 that propositions involving in themselves contradictory conceptions1 are nevertheless true2 and which1 therefore1 must belong to a higher logic-- that of ideas4 ,they are contradictory only in the ,aristotelian logic1 which is the instrument of the understanding4 ,i have read most of the works of ,plato several times with profound attention1 but not all his writings4 ,in fact1 ,i soon found that ,i had read ,plato by anticipation4 ,he was a consummate genius4#a ,footnote #a3 ,this is the test and character of a truth so affirmed 7--a truth of the reason1 an ,idea7--that in its own proper form it is inconceivable4 ,for to conceive1 is a function of the understanding1 which can he exercised only on subjects subordinate thereto4 ,and yet to the forms of the understanding all truth must be reduced1 that is to be fixed as an object of reflection1 and to be rendered expressible4 ,and here we have a second test and sign of a truth so affirmed1 that it can come forth out of the moulds of the understanding only in the disguise of two contradictory conceptions1 each of which is partially true1 and the conjunction of both conceptions becomes the representative or expression 7--the exponent7 of a truth beyond conception and inexpressible4 ,examples3 before ,abraham ,,was1 ,i ,,am4 ,god is a circle1 the centre of which is every where1 and the circumference no where4 ,the soul is all in every part4 ,aids to ,reflection1 n4 #bbd4n4 ,see also ,church and ,state1 p4 #ab4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,my mind is in a state of philosophical doubt as to animal magnetism4 ,von ,spix1 the eminent naturalist1 makes no doubt of the matter1 and talks coolly of giving doses of it4 ,the torpedo affects a third or external object1 by an exertion of its own will3 such a power is not properly electrical2 for electricity acts invariably under the same circumstances4 ,a steady gaze will make many persons of fair complexions blush deeply4 ,account for that4 #a ,footnote #a3 ,i find the following remarkable passage in p4 #cja4 vol4 i4 of the richly annotated copy of ,mr4 ,southey's ,life of ,wesley1 which ,mr4 ,c4 bequeathed as his darling book and the favourite of his library to its great and honoured author and donor3-- ,the coincidence throughout of all these ,methodist cases with those of the ,magnetists makes me wish for a solution that would apply to all4 ,now this sense or appearance of a sense of the distant1 both in time and space1 is common to almost all the magnetic patients in ,denmark1 ,germany1 ,france1 and ,north ,italy1 to many of whom the same or a similar solution could not apply4 ,likewise1 many cases have been recorded at the same time1 in different countries1 by men who had never heard of each other's names1 and where the simultaneity of publication proves the independence of the testimony4 ,and among the ,magnetisers and ,attesters are to be found names of men1 whose competence in respect of integrity and incapability of intentional falsehood is fully equal to that of ,wesley1 and their competence in respect of physio- and psychological insight and attainments incomparably greater4 ,who would dream1 indeed1 of comparing ,wesley with a ,cuvier1 ,hufeland1 ,blumenbach1 ,eschenmeyer1 ,reil1 c48 ,were ,i asked1 what ,i think1 my answer would be1--that the evidence enforces scepticism and a non liquet2--too strong and consentaneous for a candid mind to be satisfied of its falsehood1 or its solvibility on the supposition of imposture or casual coincidence2--too fugacious and unfixable to support any theory that supposes the always potential1 and1 under certain conditions and circumstances1 occasionally active1 existence of a correspondent faculty in the human soul4 ,and nothing less than such an hypothesis would be adequate to the satisfactory explanation of the facts2--though that of a metastasis of specific functions of the nervous energy1 taken in conjunction with extreme nervous excitement1 plus some delusion1 plus some illusion1 plus some imposition1 plus some chance and accidental coincidence1 might determine the direction in which the scepticism should vibrate4 ,nine years has the subject of ,zoo-magnetism been before me4 ,i have traced it historically1 collected a mass of documents in ,french1 ,german1 ,italian1 and the ,latinists of the sixteenth century1 have never neglected an opportunity of questioning eye-witnesses1 ex4 gr4 ,tieck1 ,treviranus1 ,de ,prati1 ,meyer1 and others of literary or medical celebrity1 and ,i remain where ,i was1 and where the first perusal of ,klug's work had left me1 without having moved an inch backward or forward4 ,the reply of ,treviranus1 the famous botanist1 to me1 when he was in ,london1 is worth recording3--',ich habe gesehen was 7ich weiss das7 ich nicht wrde geglaubt haben auf ihren erzhlung1' c4 ',i have seen what ,i am certain ,i would not have believed on your telling2 and in all reason1 therefore1 ,i can neither expect nor wish that you should believe on mine4'--,,ed4 ,may #a4 #ahcj4 ,,fall ,,of ,,man4--,,madness4--,,brown ,,and ,,darwin4--,,nitrous ,,oxide4 ,a ,fall of some sort or other--the creation1 as it were1 of the non- absolute--is the fundamental postulate of the moral history of man4 ,without this hypothesis1 man is unintelligible2 with it1 every phenomenon is explicable4 ,the mystery itself is too profound for human insight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,madness is not simply a bodily disease4 ,it is the sleep of the spirit with certain conditions of wakefulness2 that is to say1 lucid intervals4 ,during this sleep1 or recession of the spirit1 the lower or bestial states of life rise up into action and prominence4 ,it is an awful thing to be eternally tempted by the perverted senses4 ,the reason may resist--it does resist--for a long time2 but too often1 at length1 it yields for a moment1 and the man is mad for ever4 ,an act of the will is1 in many instances1 precedent to complete insanity4 ,i think it was ,bishop ,butler who said1 that he was all his life struggling against the devilish suggestions of his senses1 which would have maddened him1 if he had relaxed the stern wakefulness of his reason for a single moment4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brown's and ,darwin's theories are both ingenious2 but the first will not account for sleep1 and the last will not account for death3 considerable defects1 you must allow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is said that every excitation is followed by a commensurate exhaustion4 ,that is not so4 ,the excitation caused by inhaling nitrous oxide is an exception at least2 it leaves no exhaustion on the bursting of the bubble4 ,the operation of this gas is to prevent the decarbonating of the blood2 and1 consequently1 if taken excessively1 it would produce apoplexy4 ,the blood becomes black as ink4 ,the voluptuous sensation attending the inhalation is produced by the compression and resistance4 ,may #b4 #ahcj4 ,,plants4--,,insects4--,,men4--,,dog4--, ,ant ,,and ,,bee4 ,plants exist in themselves4 ,insects by1 or by means of1 themselves4 ,men1 for themselves4 ,the perfection of irrational animals is that which is best for them2 the perfection of man is that which is absolutely best4 ,there is growth only in plants2 but there is irritability1 or1 a better word1 instinctivity1 in insects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you may understand by insect1 life in sections--diffused generally over all the parts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the dog alone1 of all brute animals1 has a 99,greek3 storgae1 or affection upwards to man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ant and the bee are1 ,i think1 much nearer man in the understanding or faculty of adapting means to proximate ends than the elephant4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i remember ,mr4 ,c4 was accustomed to consider the ant1 as the most intellectual1 and the dog as the most affectionate1 of the irrational creatures1 so far as our present acquaintance with the facts of natural history enables us to judge4--,,ed4 ,may #c4 #ahcj4 ,,black ,,colonel4 ,what an excellent character is the black ,colonel in ,mrs4 ,bennett's ,beggar ,girl6#a ,if an inscription be put upon my tomb1 it may be that ,i was an enthusiastic lover of the church2 and as enthusiastic a hater of those who have betrayed it1 be they who they may4#b ,footnote #a3 ,this character was frequently a subject of pleasant description and enlargement with ,mr4 ,coleridge1 and he generally passed from it to a high commendation of ,miss ,austen's novels1 as being in their way perfectly genuine and individual productions4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,this was a strong way of expressing a deep-rooted feeling4 ,a better and a truer character would be1 that ,coleridge was a lover of the church1 and a defender of the faith6 ,this last expression is the utterance of a conviction so profound that it can patiently wait for time to prove its truth4--,,ed4 ,may #d4 #ahcj4 ,,holland ,,and ,,the ,,dutch4 ,holland and the ,netherlands ought to be seen once1 because no other country is like them4 ,every thing is artificial4 ,you will be struck with the combinations of vivid greenery1 and water1 and building2 but every thing is so distinct and rememberable1 that you would not improve your conception by visiting the country a hundred times over4 ,it is interesting to see a country and a nature made1 as it were1 by man1 and to compare it with ,god's nature4#a ,if you go1 remark1 7indeed you will be forced to do so in spite of yourself17 remark1 ,i say1 the identity 7for it is more than proximity7 of a disgusting dirtiness in all that concerns the dignity of1 and reverence for1 the human person2 and a persecuting painted cleanliness in every thing connected with property4 ,you must not walk in their gardens2 nay1 you must hardly look into them4 ,footnote #a3 ,in the summer of #ahbh1 ,mr4 ,coleridge made an excursion with ,mr4 ,wordsworth in ,holland1 ,flanders1 and up the ,rhine1 as far as ,bergen4 ,he came back delighted1 especially with his stay near ,bonn1 but with an abiding disgust at the filthy habits of the people4 ,upon ,cologne1 in particular1 he avenged himself in two epigrams4 ,see ,poet4 ,works1 vol4 ii4 p4 #add4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,dutch seem very happy and comfortable1 certainly2 but it is the happiness of animals4 ,in vain do you look for the sweet breath of hope and advancement among them4 #a;,in fact1 as to their villas and gardens1 they are not to be compared to an ordinary ,london merchant's box4 ,footnote #a3 ,for every gift of noble origin ,is breathed upon by ,hope's perpetual breath4 ,wordsworth4 ,may #e4 #ahcj4 ,,religion ,,gentilizes4--,,women ,,and ,,men4--,,biblical ,,commentators4--,,walkerite ,,creed4 ,you may depend upon it1 religion is1 in its essence1 the most gentlemanly thing in the world4 ,it will alone gentilize1 if unmixed with cant2 and ,i know nothing else that will1 alone4 ,certainly not the army1 which is thought to be the grand embellisher of manners4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a woman's head is usually over ears in her heart4 ,man seems to have been designed for the superior being of the two2 but as things are1 ,i think women are generally better creatures than men4 ,they have1 taken universally1 weaker appetites and weaker intellects1 but they have much stronger affections4 ,a man with a bad heart has been sometimes saved by a strong head2 but a corrupt woman is lost for ever4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never could get much information out of the biblical commentators4 ,cocceius has told me the most2 but he1 and all of them1 have a notable trick of passing siccissimis pedibus over the parts which puzzle a man of reflection4 ,the ,walkerite creed1 or doctrine of the ,new ,church1 as it is called1 appears to be a miscellany of ,calvinism and ,quakerism2 but it is hard to understand it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,may #g1 #ahcj4 ,,horne ,,tooke4----,,diversions ,,of ,,purley4----,,gender ,,of ,,the ,,sun ,,in ,,german4 ,horne ,tooke was pre-eminently a ready-witted man4 ,he had that clearness which is founded on shallowness4 ,he doubted nothing2 and1 therefore1 gave you all that he himself knew1 or meant1 with great completeness4 ,his voice was very fine1 and his tones exquisitely discriminating4 ,his mind had no progression or developement4 ,all that is worth any thing 7and that is but little7 in the ,diversions of ,purley is contained in a short pamphlet-letter which he addressed to ,mr4 ,dunning2 then it was enlarged to an octavo1 hut there was not a foot of progression beyond the pamphlet2 at last1 a quarto volume1 #a believe1 came out2 and yet1 verily1 excepting newspaper lampoons and political insinuations1 there was no addition to the argument of the pamphlet1 ,it shows a base and unpoetical mind to convert so beautiful1 so divine1 a subject as language into the vehicle or make-weight of political squibs4 ,all that is true in ,horne ,tooke's book is taken from ,lennep1 who gave it for so much as it was worth1 and never pretended to make a system of it4 ,tooke affects to explain the origin and whole philosophy of language by what is1 in fact1 only a mere accident of the history of one language1 or one or two languages4 ,his abuse of ,harris is most shallow and unfair4 ,harris1 in the ,hermes1 was dealing--not very profoundly1 it is true1--with the philosophy of language1 the moral1 physical1 and metaphysical causes and conditions of it1 c4 ,horne ,tooke1 in writing about the formation of words only1 thought he was explaining the philosophy of language1 which is a very different thing4 ,in point of fact1 he was very shallow in the ,gothic dialects4 ,i must say1 all that decantata fabula about the genders of the sun and moon in ,german seems to me great stuff4 ,originally1 ,i apprehend1 in the ,platt-,deutsch of the north of ,germany there were only two definite articles--die for masculine and feminine1 and das for neuter4 ,then it was die sonne1 in a masculine sense1 as we say with the same word as article1 the sun4 ,luther1 in constructing the ,hoch-,deutsch 7for really his miraculous and providential translation of the ,bible was the fundamental act of construction of the literary ,german71 took for his distinct masculine article the der of the ,ober-,deutsch1 and thus constituted the three articles of the present ,high ,german1 der1 die1 das4 ,naturally1 therefore1 it would then have been1 der sonne2 but here the analogy of the ,greek grammar prevailed1 and as sonne had the arbitrary feminine termination of the ,greek1 it was left with its old article die1 which1 originally including masculine and feminine both1 had grown to designate the feminine only4 ,to the best of my recollection1 the ,minnesingers and all the old poets always use the sun as masculine2 and1 since ,luther's time1 the poets feel the awkwardness of the classical gender affixed to the sun so much1 that they more commonly introduce ,phoebus or some other synonyme instead4 ,i must acknowledge my doubts1 whether1 upon more accurate investigation1 it can be shown that there ever was a nation that considered the sun in itself1 and apart from language1 as the feminine power4 ,the moon does not so clearly demand a feminine as the sun does a masculine sex3 it might be considered negatively or neuter2--yet if the reception of its light from the sun were known1 that would have been a good reason for making her feminine1 as being the recipient body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as our the was the ,german die1 so ,i believe our that stood for das1 and was used as a neuter definite article4 ,the ,platt-,deutsch was a compact language like the ,english1 not admitting much agglutination4 ,the ,ober-,deutsch was fuller and fonder of agglutinating words together1 although it was not so soft in its sounds4 ,may #h4 #ahcj4 ,,horne ,,tooke4--,,jacobins4 ,horne ,tooke said that his friends might1 if they pleased1 go as far as ,slough1--he should go no farther than ,hounslow2 but that was no reason why he should not keep them company so far as their roads were the same4 ,the answer is easy4 ,suppose you know1 or suspect1 that a man is about to commit a robbery at ,slough1 though you do not mean to be his accomplice1 have you a moral right to walk arm in arm with him to ,hounslow1 and1 by thus giving him your countenance1 prevent his being taken up8 ,the history of all the world tells us1 that immoral means will ever intercept good ends4 99 99 99 99 99 ,enlist the interests of stern morality and religious enthusiasm in the cause of political liberty1 as in the time of the old ,puritans1 and it will be irresistible2 but the ,jacobins played the whole game of religion1 and morals1 and domestic happiness into the hands of the aristocrats4 ,thank ,god6 that they did so4 ,england was saved from civil war by their enormous1 their providential1 blundering4 99 99 99 99 99 ,can a politician1 a statesman1 slight the feelings and the convictions of the whole matronage of his country8 ,the women are as influential upon such national interests as the men4 99 99 99 99 99 ,horne ,tooke was always making a butt of ,mr4 ,godwin2 who1 nevertheless1 had that in him which ,tooke could never have understood4 ,i saw a good deal of ,tooke at one time3 he left upon me the impression of his being a keen1 iron man4 ,may #i4 #ahcj4 ,,persian ,,and ,,arabic ,,poetry4--,,milesian ,,tales4 ,i must acknowledge ,i never could see much merit in the ,persian poetry1 which ,i have read in translation4 ,there is not a ray of imagination in it1 and but a glimmering of fancy4 ,it is1 in fact1 so far as ,i know1 deficient in truth4 ,poetry is certainly something more than good sense1 but it must be good sense1 at all events2 just as a palace is more than a house1 but it must be a house1 at least4 ,the ,arabian ,nights' ,tales are a different thing --they are delightful1 but ,i cannot help surmising that there is a good deal of ,greek fancy in them4 ,no doubt we have had a great loss in the ,milesian ,tales4#a ,the book of ,job is pure ,arab poetry of the highest and most antique cast4 ,think of the sublimity1 ,i should rather say the profundity1 of that passage in ,ezekiel1 #b,son of man1 can these bones live8 ,and ,i answered1 ,o ,lord ,god1 thou knowest4 ,i know nothing like it4 ,footnote #a3 ,the ,milesiacs were so called1 because written or composed by ,aristides of ,miletus1 and also because the scene of all or most of them was placed in that rich and luxurious city4 ,harpocration cites the sixth book of this collection4 ,nothing1 ,i believe1 is now known of the age or history of this ,aristides1 except what may be inferred from the fact that ,lucius ,cornelius ,sisenna translated the tales into ,latin1 as we learn from ,ovid3-- ,junxit ,aristides ,milesia crimina secum-- and afterwards1 ,vertit ,aristidem ,sisenna1 nec obfuit illi ,historiae turpes inseruisse jocos3-- ,fasti1 ii4 #dab-dde4 and also from the incident mentioned in the ,plutarchian life of ,crassus1 that after the defeat at ,carrhae1 a copy of the ,milesiacs of ,aristides was found in the baggage of a ,roman officer1 and that ,surena 7who1 by the by1 if history has not done him injustice1 was not a man to be over scrupulous in such a case17 caused the book to be brought into the senate house of ,seleucia1 and a portion of it read aloud1 for the purpose of insulting the ,romans1 who1 even during war1 he said1 could not abstain from the perusal of such infamous compositions1--c4 #cb4 ,the immoral character of these tales1 therefore1 may be considered pretty clearly established2 they were the ,decameron and ,heptameron of antiquity4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,chap4 xxxvii4 v4 #c4 ,may #aa4 #ahcj4 ,,sir ,t4 ,,monro4--,,sir ,s4 ,,raffles4--,,canning4 ,sir ,thomas ,monro and ,sir ,stamford ,raffles were both great men2 but ,i recognise more genius in the latter1 though1 ,i believe1 the world says otherwise4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never found what ,i call an idea in any speech or writing of ----'s4 ,those enormously prolix harangues are a proof of weakness in the higher intellectual grasp4 ,canning had a sense of the beautiful and the good2 --- rarely speaks but to abuse1 detract1 and degrade4 ,i confine myself to institutions1 of course1 and do not mean personal detraction4 ,in my judgment1 no man can rightly apprehend an abuse till he has first mastered the idea of the use of an institution4 ,how fine1 for example1 is the idea of the unhired magistracy of ,england1 taking in and linking together the duke to the country gentleman in the primary distribution of justice1 or in the preservation of order and execution of law at least throughout the country6 ,yet some men never seem to have thought of it for one moment1 but as connected with brewers1 and barristers1 and tyrannical ,squire ,westerns6 ,from what ,i saw of ,homer1 ,i thought him a superior man1 in real intellectual greatness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,canning flashed such a light around the constitution1 that it was difficult to see the ruins of the fabric through it4 ,may #ab4 #ahcj4 ,,shakspeare4--,,milton4--,,homer4 ,shakspeare is the ,spinosistic deity--an omnipresent creativeness4 ,milton is the deity of prescience2 he stands ab extra1 and drives a fiery chariot and four1 making the horses feel the iron curb which holds them in4 ,shakspeare's poetry is characterless2 that is1 it does not reflect the individual ,shakspeare2 but ,john ,milton himself is in every line of the ,paradise ,lost4 ,shakspeare's rhymed verses are excessively condensed1-- epigrams with the point every where2 but in his blank dramatic verse he is diffused1 with a linked sweetness long drawn out4 ,no one can understand ,shakspeare's superiority fully until he has ascertained1 by comparison1 all that which he possessed in common with several other great dramatists of his age1 and has then calculated the surplus which is entirely ,shakspeare's own4 ,his rhythm is so perfect1 that you may be almost sure that you do not understand the real force of a line1 if it does not run well as you read it4 ,the necessary mental pause after every hemistich or imperfect line is always equal to the time that would have been taken in reading the complete verse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have no doubt whatever that ,homer is a mere concrete name for the rhapsodies of the ,iliad4#a ,of course there was a ,homer1 and twenty besides4 ,i will engage to compile twelve books with characters just as distinct and consistent as those in the ,iliad1 from the metrical ballads1 and other chronicles of ,england1 about ,arthur and the ,knights of the ,round ,table4 ,i say nothing about moral dignity1 but the mere consistency of character4 ,the different qualities were traditional4 ,tristram is always courteous1 ,lancelot invincible1 and so on4 ,the same might be done with the ,spanish romances of the ,cid4 ,there is no subjectivity whatever in the ,homeric poetry4 ,there is a subjectivity of the poet1 as of ,milton1 who is himself before himself in everything he writes2 and there is a subjectivity of the persona1 or dramatic character1 as in all ,shakspeare's great creations1 ,hamlet1 ,lear1 c4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge was a decided ,wolfian in the ,homeric question2 but he had never read a word of the famous ,prolegomena1 and knew nothing of ,wolf's reasoning1 but what ,i told him of it in conversation4 ,mr4 ,c4 informed me1 that he adopted the conclusion contained in the text upon the first perusal of ,vico's ,scienza ,nuova2 not1 he said1 that ,vico has reasoned it out with such learning and accuracy as you report of ,wolf1 but ,vico struck out all the leading hints1 and ,i soon filled up the rest out of my own head4-- ,,ed4 ,may #ad4 #ahcj4 ,,reason ,,and ,,understanding4--,,words ,,and ,,names ,,of ,,things4 ,until you have mastered the fundamental difference1 in kind1 between the reason and the understanding as faculties of the human mind1 you cannot escape a thousand difficulties in philosophy4 ,it is pre-eminently the ,gradus ad ,philosophiam4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the general harmony between the operations of the mind and heart1 and the words which express them in almost all languages1 is wonderful2 whilst the endless discrepancies between the names of things is very well deserving notice4 ,there are nearly a hundred names in the different ,german dialects for the alder-tree4 ,i believe many more remarkable instances are to be found in ,arabic4 ,indeed1 you may take a very pregnant and useful distinction between words and mere arbitrary names of things4 ,may #ae4 #ahcj4 ,,the ,,trinity4--,,irving4 ,the ,trinity is1 #a4 the ,will2 #b4 the ,reason1 or ,word2 #c4 the ,love1 or ,life4 ,as we distinguish these three1 so we must unite them in one ,god4 ,the union must be as transcendant as the distinction4 ,mr4 ,irving's notion is tritheism1--nay1 rather in terms1 tri-daemonism4 ,his opinion about the sinfulness of the humanity of our ,lord is absurd1 if considered in one point of view2 for body is not carcass4 ,how can there be a sinful carcass8 ,but what he says is capable of a sounder interpretation4 ,irving caught many things from me2 but he would never attend to any thing which he thought he could not use in the pulpit4 ,i told him the certain consequence would be1 that he would fall into grievous errors4 ,sometimes he has five or six pages together of the purest eloquence1 and then an outbreak of almost madman's babble4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the admiration and sympathy which ,mr4 ,coleridge felt and expressed towards the late ,mr4 ,irving1 at his first appearance in ,london1 were great and sincere2 and his grief at the deplorable change which followed was in proportion4 ,but1 long after the tongues shall have failed and been forgotten1 ,irving's name will live in the splendid eulogies of his friend4 ,see ,church and ,state1 p4 #ahj4 n4--,,ed4 ,may #af4 #ahcj4 ,,abraham4--,,isaac4--,,jacob4 ,how wonderfully beautiful is the delineation of the characters of the three patriarchs in ,genesis6 ,to be sure1 if ever man could1 without impropriety1 be called1 or supposed to be1 the friend of ,god1 ,abraham was that man4 ,we are not surprised that ,abimelech and ,ephron seem to reverence him so profoundly4 ,he was peaceful1 because of his conscious relation to ,god2 in other respects1 he takes fire1 like an ,arah sheikh1 at the injuries suffered by ,lot1 and goes to war with the combined kinglings immediately4 99 99 99 99 99 ,isaac is1 as it were1 a faint shadow of his father ,abraham4 ,born in possession of the power and wealth which his father had acquired1 he is always peaceful and meditative2 and it is curious to observe his timid and almost childish imitation of ,abraham's stratagem about his wife4 #a ,isaac does it before-hand1 and without any apparent necessity4 ,footnote #a3 ,gen4 xxvi4 #f4 99 99 99 99 99 ,jacob is a regular ,jew1 and practises all sorts of tricks and wiles1 which1 according to our modern notions of honour1 we cannot approve4 ,but you will observe that all these tricks are confined to matters of prudential arrangement1 to worldly success and prosperity 7for such1 in fact1 was the essence of the birthright72 and ,i think we must not exact from men of an imperfectly civilized age the same conduct as to mere temporal and bodily abstinence which we have a right to demand from ,christians4 ,jacob is always careful not to commit any violence2 he shudders at bloodshed4 ,see his demeanour after the vengeance taken on the ,schechemites4 #a ,he is the exact compound of the timidity and gentleness of ,isaac1 and of the underhand craftiness of his mother ,rebecca4 ,no man could be a bad man who loved as he loved ,rachel4 ,i dare say ,laban thought none the worse of ,jacob for his plan of making the ewes bring forth ring-streaked lambs4 ,footnote #a3 ,gen4 xxxiv4 ,may #ag4 #ahcj4 ,,origin ,,of ,,acts4--,,love4 ,if a man's conduct cannot be ascribed to the angelic1 nor to the bestial within him1 what is there left for us to refer to it1 but the fiendish8 ,passion without any appetite is fiendish4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the best way to bring a clever young man1 who has become sceptical and unsettled1 to reason1 is to make him feel something in any way4 ,love1 if sincere and unworldly1 will1 in nine instances out of ten1 bring him to a sense and assurance of something real and actual2 and that sense alone will make him think to a sound purpose1 instead of dreaming that he is thinking4 99 99 99 99 99 ,never marry but for love1 says ,william ,penn in his ,reflexions and ,maxims2 but see that thou lovest what is lovely4 ,may #ah4 #ahcj4 ,,lord ,,eldon',s ,,doctrine ,,as ,,to ,,grammar ,,schools4--,,democracy4 ,lord ,eldon's doctrine1 that grammar schools1 in the sense of the reign of ,edward ,,vi4 and ,queen ,elizabeth1 must necessarily mean schools for teaching ,latin and ,greek1 is1 ,i think1 founded on an insufficient knowledge of the history and literature of the sixteenth century4 ,ben ,jonson uses the term grammar without any reference to the learned languages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is intolerable when men1 who have no other knowledge1 have not even a competent understanding of that world in which they are always living1 and to which they refer every thing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,although contemporary events obscure past events in a living man's life1 yet as soon as he is dead1 and his whole life is a matter of history1 one action stands out as conspicuously as another4 ,a democracy1 according to the prescript of pure reason1 would1 in fact1 be a church4 ,there would he focal points in it1 but no superior4 ,may #bj4 #ahcj4 ,,the ,,eucharist4--,,st4 ,,john1 xix4 #aa4--;,,genuineness ,,of ,,books ,,of ,,moses4-- ,,divinity ,,of ,,christ4--,,mosaic ,,prophecies4 ,no doubt1 ,chrysostom1 and the other rhetorical fathers1 contributed a good deal1 by their rash use of figurative language1 to advance the superstitious notion of the eucharist2 but the beginning had been much earlier4 #a ,in ,clement1 indeed1 the mystery is treated as it was treated by ,saint ,john and ,saint ,paul2 but in ,hermas we see the seeds of the error1 and more clearly in ,irenaeus2 and so it went on till the idea was changed into an idol4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge made these remarks upon my quoting ,selden's well-known saying 7,table ,talk71 that transubstantiation was nothing but rhetoric turned into logic4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the errors of the ,sacramentaries1 on the one hand1 and of the ,romanists on the other1 are equally great4 ,the first have volatilized the eucharist into a metaphor2 the last have condensed it into an idol4 ,jeremy ,taylor1 in his zeal against transubstantiation1 contends that the latter part of the sixth chapter of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel has no reference to the eucharist4 ,if so1 ,st4 ,john wholly passes over this sacred mystery2 for he does not include it in his notice of the last supper4 ,would not a total silence of this great apostle and evangelist upon this mystery be strange8 ,a mystery1 ,i say2 for it is a mystery2 it is the only mystery in our religious worship4 ,when many of the disciples left our ,lord1 and apparently on the very ground that this saying was hard1 he does not attempt to detain them by any explanation1 but simply adds the comment1 that his words were spirit4 ,if he had really meant that the eucharist should he a mere commemorative celebration of his death1 is it conceivable that he would let these disciples go away from him upon such a gross misunderstanding8 ,would he not have said1 ,you need not make a difficulty2 ,i only mean so and so8 99 99 99 99 99 ,arnauld1 and the other learned ,romanists1 are irresistible against the low sacramentary doctrine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sacrament of baptism applies itself1 and has reference to the faith or conviction1 and is1 therefore1 only to be performed once2--it is the light of man4 ,the sacrament of the eucharist is a symbol of all our religion2-- it is the life of man4 ,it is commensurate with our will1 and we must1 therefore1 want it continually4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the meaning of the expression1 ,greek3 ei me en soi didomenon anothen1 except it were given thee from above1 in the #aith chapter of ,st4 ,john1 ver4 #aa41 seems to me to have been generally and grossly mistaken4 ,it is commonly understood as importing that ,pilate could have no power to deliver ,jesus to the ,jews1 unless it had been given him by ,god1 which1 no doubt1 is true2 but if that is the meaning1 where is the force or connection of the following clause1 ,greek3 dia touto1 therefore he that delivered me unto thee hath the greater sin8 ,in what respect were the ,jews more sinful in delivering ,jesus up1 because ,pilate could do nothing except by ,god's leave8 ,the explanation of ,erasmus and ,clarke1 and some others1 is very dry- footed4 ,i conceive the meaning of our ,lord to have been simply this1 that ,pilate would have had no power or jurisdiction--,greek3 exousian--over him1 if it had not been given by the ,sanhedrin1 the ,greek3 ano boule1 and therefore it was that the ,jews had the greater sin4 ,there was also this further peculiar baseness and malignity in the conduct of the ,jews4 ,the mere assumption of ,messiahship1 as such1 was no crime in the eyes of the ,jews2 they hated ,jesus1 because he would not be their sort of ,messiah3 on the other hand1 the ,romans cared not for his declaration that he was the ,son of ,god2 the crime in their eyes was his assuming to be a king4 ,now1 here were the ,jews accusing ,jesus before the ,roman governor of that which1 in the first place1 they knew that ,jesus denied in the sense in which they urged it1 and which1 in the next place1 had the charge been true1 would have been so far from a crime in their eyes1 that the very gospel history itself1 as well as all the history to the destruction of ,jerusalem1 shows it would have been popular with the whole nation4 ,they wished to destroy him1 and for that purpose charge him falsely with a crime which yet was no crime in their own eyes1 if it had been true2 but only so as against the ,roman domination1 which they hated with all their souls1 and against which they were themselves continually conspiring6 99 99 99 99 99 ,observe1 ,i pray1 the manner and sense in which the high-priest understands the plain declaration of our ,lord1 that he was the ,son of ,god4 ,footnote3 ,matt4 xxvi4 v4 #fc4 ,mark1 xiv4 #fa4 ,i adjure thee by the living ,god1 that thou tell us whether thou be the ,christ1 the ,son of ,god1 or the ,son of the ,blessed1 as it is in ,mark4 ,jesus said1 ,i am1--and hereafter ye shall see the ,son of man 7or me7 sitting on the right hand of power1 and coming in the clouds of heaven4 ,does ,caiaphas take this explicit answer as if ,jesus meant that he was full of ,god's spirit1 or was doing his commands1 or walking in his ways1 in which sense ,moses1 the prophets1 nay1 all good men1 were and are the sons of ,god8 ,no1 no6 ,he tears his robes in sunder1 and cries out1 ,he hath spoken blasphemy4 ,what further need have we of witnesses8 ,behold1 now ye have heard his blasphemy4 ,what blasphemy1 ,i should like to know1 unless the assuming to be the ,son of ,god was assuming to be of the divine nature8 99 99 99 99 99 ,one striking proof of the genuineness of the ,mosaic books is this1--they contain precise prohibitions--by way of predicting the consequences of disobedience--of all those things which ,david and ,solomon actually did1 and gloried in doing1--raising cavalry1 making a treaty with ,egypt1 laying up treasure1 and polygamising4 ,now1 would such prohibitions have been fabricated in those kings' reigns1 or afterwards8 ,impossible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the manner of the predictions of ,moses is very remarkable4 ,he is like a man standing on an eminence1 and addressing people below him1 and pointing to things which he can1 and they cannot1 see4 ,he does not say1 ,you will act in such and such a way1 and the consequences will be so and so2 but1 ,so and so will take place1 because you will act in such a way6 ,may #ba4 #ahcj4 ,,talent ,,and ,,genius4--,,motives ,,and ,,impulses4 ,talent1 lying in the understanding1 is often inherited2 genius1 being the action of reason and imagination1 rarely or never4 99 99 99 99 99 ,motives imply weakness1 and the existence of evil and temptation4 ,the angelic nature would act from impulse alone4 ,a due mean of motive and impulse is the only practicable object of our moral philosophy4 ,may #bc4 #ahcj4 ,,constitutional ,,and ,,functional ,,life4--,,hysteria4--,,hydro-,,carbonic ,,gas4-- ,,bitters ,,and ,,tonics4--,,specific ,,medicines4 ,it is a great error in physiology not to distinguish between what may be called the general or fundamental life--the principium vitae1 and the functional life--the life in the functions4 ,organization must presuppose life as anterior to it3 without life1 there could not be or remain any organization2 but then there is also a life in the organs1 or functions1 distinct from the other4 ,thus1 a flute presupposes1--demands the existence of a musician as anterior to it1 without whom no flute could ever have existed2 and yet again1 without the instrument there can be no music4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it often happens that1 on the one hand1 the principium vitae1 or constitutional life1 may be affected without any1 or the least imaginable1 affection of the functions2 as in inoculation1 where one pustule only has appeared1 and no other perceptible symptom1 and yet this has so entered into the constitution1 as to indispose it to infection under the most accumulated and intense contagion2 and1 on the other hand1 hysteria1 hydrophobia1 and gout will disorder the functions to the most dreadful degree1 and yet often leave the life untouched4 ,in hydrophobia1 the mind is quite sound2 but the patient feels his muscular and cutaneous life forcibly removed from under the control of his will4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hysteria may be fitly called mimosa1 from its counterfeiting so many diseases1--even death itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hydro-carbonic gas produces the most death-like exhaustion1 without any previous excitement4 ,i think this gas should be inhaled by way of experiment in cases of hydrophobia4 ,there is a great difference between bitters and tonics4 ,where weakness proceeds from excess of irritability1 there bitters act beneficially2 because all bitters are poisons1 and operate by stilling1 and depressing1 and lethargizing the irritability4 ,but where weakness proceeds from the opposite cause of relaxation1 there tonics are good2 because they brace up and tighten the loosened string4 ,bracing is a correct metaphor4 ,bark goes near to be a combination of a bitter and a tonic2 but no perfect medical combination of the two properties is yet known4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the study of specific medicines is too much disregarded now4 ,no doubt the hunting after specifics is a mark of ignorance and weakness in medicine1 yet the neglect of them is proof also of immaturity2 for1 in fact1 all medicines will be found specific in the perfection of the science4 ,may #be4 #ahcj4 ,,epistles ,,to ,,the ,,ephesians ,,and ,,colossians4--,,oaths4 ,the ,epistle to the ,ephesians is evidently a catholic epistle1 addressed to the whole of what might be called ,st4 ,paul's diocese4 ,it is one of the divinest compositions of man4 ,it embraces every doctrine of ,christianity2-- first1 those doctrines peculiar to ,christianity1 and then those precepts common to it with natural religion4 ,the ,epistle to the ,colossians is the overflowing1 as it were1 of ,st4 ,paul's mind upon the same subject4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the present system of taking oaths is horrible4 ,it is awfully absurd to make a man invoke ,god's wrath upon himself1 if he speaks false2 it is1 in my judgment1 a sin to do so4 ,the ,jews' oath is an adjuration by the judge to the witness3 ,in the name of ,god1 ,i ask you4 ,there is an express instance of it in the high-priest's adjuring or exorcising ,christ by the living ,god1 in the twenty-sixth chapter of ,matthew1 and you will observe that our ,lord answered the appeal4#a ,you may depend upon it1 the more oath-taking1 the more lying1 generally among the people4 ,footnote #a3 ,see this instance cited1 and the whole history and moral policy of the common system of judicial swearing examined with clearness and good feeling1 in ,mr4 ,tyler's late work on ,oaths4--,,ed4 ,may #bg4 #ahcj4 ,,flogging4--,,eloquence ,,of ,,abuse4 ,i had one just flogging4 ,when ,i was about thirteen1 ,i went to a shoemaker1 and begged him to take me as his apprentice4 ,he1 being an honest man1 immediately brought me to ,bowyer1 who got into a great rage1 knocked me down1 and even pushed ,crispin rudely out of the room4 ,bowyer asked me why ,i had made myself such a fool8 to which ,i answered1 that ,i had a great desire to be a shoemaker1 and that ,i hated the thought of being a clergyman4 ,why so8 said he4--,because1 to tell you the truth1 sir1 said ,i1 ,i am an infidel6 ,for this1 without more ado1 ,bowyer flogged me1-- wisely1 as ,i think1--soundly1 as ,i know4 ,any whining or sermonizing would have gratified my vanity1 and confirmed me in my absurdity2 as it was1 ,i was laughed at1 and got heartily ashamed of my folly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how rich the ,aristophanic ,greek is in the eloquence of abuse6-- ,greek3 ',o ,bdelyre1 kanaischunte1 kai tolmaere su1 ,kai miare1 kai pammiare1 kai miarotate4#a ,we are not behindhand in ,english4 ,fancy my calling you1 upon a fitting occasion1--,fool1 sot1 silly1 simpleton1 dunce1 blockhead1 jolterhead1 clumsy-pate1 dullard1 ninny1 nincompoop1 lackwit1 numpskull1 ass1 owl1 loggerhead1 coxcomb1 monkey1 shallow-brain1 addle-head1 tony1 zany1 fop1 fop-doodle2 a maggot-pated1 hare-brained1 muddle-pated1 muddle-headed1 ,jackan-apes6 ,why ,i could go on for a minute more6 ,footnote #a3 ,in ,the ,frogs4--,,ed4 ,may #bh4 #ahcj4 ,,the ,,americans4 ,i deeply regret the anti-,american articles of some of the leading reviews4 ,the ,americans regard what is said of them in ,england a thousand times more than they do any thing said of them in any other country4 ,the ,americans are excessively pleased with any kind or favourable expressions1 and never forgive or forget any slight or abuse4 ,it would be better for them if they were a trifle thicker-skinned4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the last ,american war was to us only something to talk or read about2 but to the ,americans it was the cause of misery in their own homes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i1 for one1 do not call the sod under my feet my country4 ,but language1 religion1 laws1 government1 blood1--identity in these makes men of one country4 ,may #bi4 #ahcj4 ,,book ,,of ,,job4 ,the ,book of ,job is an ,arab poem1 antecedent to the ,mosaic dispensation4 ,it represents the mind of a good man not enlightened by an actual revelation1 but seeking about for one4 ,in no other book is the desire and necessity for a ,mediator so intensely expressed4 ,the personality of ,god1 the ,i ,,am of the ,hebrews1 is most vividly impressed on the book1 in opposition to pantheism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i now think1 after many doubts1 that the passage1 ,i know that my ,redeemer liveth1 c4 may fairly be taken as a burst of determination1 a quasi prophecy4 #a ,i know not how this can be2 but in spite of all my difficulties1 this ,i do know1 that ,i shall be recompensed4 ,footnote #a3 ,chap4 xix4 #be1 #bf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it should be observed1 that all the imagery in the speeches of the men is taken from the ,east1 and is no more than a mere representation of the forms of material nature4 ,but when ,god speaks1 the tone is exalted2 and almost all the images are taken from ,egypt1 the crocodile1 the war-horse1 and so forth4 ,egypt was then the first monarchy that had a splendid court4 99 99 99 99 99 ,satan1 in the prologue1 does not mean the devil1 our ,diabolus4 ,there is no calumny in his words4 ,he is rather the circuitor1 the accusing spirit1 a dramatic attorney-general4 ,but after the prologue1 which was necessary to bring the imagination into a proper state for the dialogue1 we hear no more of this ,satan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,warburton's notion1 that the ,book of ,job was of so late a date as ,ezra1 is wholly groundless4 ,his only reason is this appearance of ,satan4 ,may #cj4 #ahcj4 ,,translation ,,of ,,the ,,psalms4 ,i wish the ,psalms were translated afresh2 or1 rather1 that the present version were revised4 ,scores of passages are utterly incoherent as they now stand4 ,if the primary visual images had been oftener preserved1 the connection and force of the sentences would have been better perceived4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge1 like so many of the elder divines of the ,christian church1 had an affectionate reverence for the moral and evangelical portion of the ,book of ,psalms4 ,he told me that1 after having studied every page of the ,bible with the deepest attention1 he had found no other part of ,scripture come home so closely to his inmost yearnings and necessities4 ,during many of his latter years he used to read ten or twelve verses every evening1 ascertaining 7for his knowledge of ,hebrew was enough for that7 the exact visual image or first radical meaning of every noun substantive2 and he repeatedly expressed to me his surprise and pleasure at finding that in nine cases out of ten the bare primary sense1 if literally rendered1 threw great additional light on the text4 ,he was not disposed to allow the prophetic or allusive character so largely as is done by ,horne and others2 but he acknowledged it in some instances in the fullest manner4 ,in particular1 he rejected the local and temporary reference which has been given to the #aajth ,psalm1 and declared his belief in its deep mystical import with regard to the ,messiah4 ,mr4 ,c4 once gave me the following note upon the #bb;d ,psalm written by him1 ,i believe1 many years previously1 but which1 he said1 he approved at that time4 ,it will find as appropriate a niche here as any where else3-- ,i am much delighted and instructed by the hypothesis1 which ,i think probable1 that our ,lord in repeating ,eli1 ,eli1 lama sabacthani1 really recited the whole or a large part of the #bb;d ,psalm4 ,it is impossible to read that psalm without the liveliest feelings of love1 gratitude1 and sympathy4 ,it is1 indeed1 a wonderful prophecy1 whatever might or might not have been ,david's notion when he composed it4 ,whether ,christ did audibly repeat the whole or not1 it is certain4 ,i think1 that he did it mentally1 and said aloud what was sufficient to enable his followers to do the same4 ,even at this day to repeat in the same manner but the first line of a common hymn would be understood as a reference to the whole4 ,above all1 ,i am thankful for the thought which suggested itself to my mind1 whilst ,i was reading this beautiful psalm1 namely1 that we should not exclusively think of ,christ as the ,logos united to human nature1 but likewise as a perfect man united to the ,logos4 ,this distinction is most important in order to conceive1 much more1 appropriately to feel1 the conduct and exertions of ,jesus4--,,ed4 ,may #ca4 #ahcj4 ,,ancient ,,mariner4--,,undine4--,,martin4--,,pilg rim',s ,,progress4 ,mrs4 ,barbauld once told me that she admired the ,ancient ,mariner very much1 but that there were two faults in it1--it was improbable1 and had no moral4 ,as for the probability1 ,i owned that that might admit some question2 but as to the want of a moral1 ,i told her that in my own judgment the poem had too much2 and that the only1 or chief fault1 if ,i might say so1 was the obtrusion of the moral sentiment so openly on the reader as a principle or cause of action in a work of such pure imagination4 ,it ought to have had no more moral than the ,arabian ,nights' tale of the merchant's sitting down to eat dates by the side of a well1 and throwing the shells aside1 and lo6 a genie starts up1 and says he must kill the aforesaid merchant1 because one of the date shells had1 it seems1 put out the eye of the genie's son4#a ,i took the thought of grinning for joy1 in that poem1 from my companion's remark to me1 when we had climbed to the top of ,plinlimmon1 and were nearly dead with thirst4 ,we could not speak from the constriction1 till we found a little puddle under a stone4 ,he said to me1--,you grinned like an idiot6 ,he had done the same4 ,footnote #a3 ,there he found1 at the foot of a great walnut-tree1 a fountain of a very clear running water1 and alighting1 tied his horse to a branch of a tree1 and sitting clown by the fountain1 took some biscuits and dates out of his portmanteau1 and1 as he ate his dates1 threw the shells about on both sides of him4 ,when he had done eating1 being a good ,mussulman1 he washed his hands1 his face1 and his feet1 and said his prayers4 ,he had not made an end1 but was still on his knees1 when he saw a genie appear1 all white with age1 and of a monstrous bulk2 who1 advancing towards him with a cimetar in his hand1 spoke to him in a terrible voice thus3--',rise up1 that ,i may kill thee with this cimetar as you have killed my son6' and accompanied these words with a frightful cry4 ,the merchant being as much frightened at the hideous shape of the monster as at these threatening words1 answered him trembling3--',alas6 my good lord1 of what crime can ,i be guilty towards you that you should take away my life8'--',i will1' replies the genie1 'kill thee1 as thou hast killed my son6'--',o heaven6' says the merchant1 'how should ,i kill your son8 ,i did not know him1 nor ever saw him4'--',did not you sit down when you came hither8' replies the genie4 ',did not you take dates out of your portmanteau1 and1 as you ate them1 did not you throw the shells about on both sides8'--',i did all that you say1' answers the merchant1 ',i cannot deny it4'--',if it be so1' replied the genie1 ',i tell thee that thou hast killed my son2 and the way was thus3 when you threw the nutshells about1 my son was passing by1 and you threw one of them into his eye1 which killed him1 therefore ,i must kill thee4'--',ah6 my good lord1 pardon me6' cried the merchant4--',no pardon1' answers the genie1 'no mercy6 ,is it not just to kill him that has killed another8'--',i agree to it1' says the merchant1 'but certainly ,i never killed your son1 and if ,i have1 it was unknown to me1 and ,i did it innocently2 therefore ,i beg you to pardon me1 and suffer me to live4'--',no1 no1' says the genie1 persisting in his resolution1 ',i must kill thee1 since thou hast killed my son2' and then taking the merchant by the arm1 threw him with his face upon the ground1 and lifted up his cimetar to cut off his head6--,the ,merchant and the ,genie4 ,first night4--,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,undine is a most exquisite work4 ,it shows the general want of any sense for the fine and the subtle in the public taste1 that this romance made no deep impression4 ,undine's character1 before she receives a soul1 is marvellously beautiful4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge's admiration of this little romance was unbounded4 ,he read it several times in ,german1 and once in the ,english translation1 made in ,america1 ,i believe2 the latter he thought inadequately done4 ,mr4 ,c4 said that there was something in ,undine even beyond ,scott1--that ,scott's best characters and conceptions were composed2 by which ,i understood him to mean that ,baillie ,nicol ,jarvie1 for example1 was made up of old particulars1 and received its individuality from the author's power of fusion1 being in the result an admirable product1 as ,corinthian brass was said to be the conflux of the spoils of a city4 ,but ,undine1 he said1 was one and single in projection1 and had presented to his imagination1 what ,scott had never done1 an absolutely new idea--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it seems to me1 that ,martin never looks at nature except through bits of stained glass4 ,he is never satisfied with any appearance that is not prodigious4 ,he should endeavour to school his imagination into the apprehension of the true idea of the ,beautiful4#a ,the wood-cut of ,slay-good#b is admirable1 to be sure2 but this new edition of the ,pilgrim's ,progress is too fine a book for it4 ,it should be much larger1 and on sixpenny coarse paper4 ,the ,pilgrim's ,progress is composed in the lowest style of ,english1 without slang or false grammar4 ,if you were to polish it1 you would at once destroy the reality of the vision4 ,for works of imagination should be written in very plain language2 the more purely imaginative they are the more necessary it is to be plain4 ,this wonderful work is one of the few books which may be read over repeatedly at different times1 and each time with a new and a different pleasure4 ,i read it once as a theologian--and let me assure you1 that there is great theological acumen in the work--once with devotional feelings--and once as a poet4 ,i could not have believed beforehand that ,calvinism could be painted in such exquisitely delightful colours4#c ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge said this1 after looking at the engravings of ,mr4 ,martin's two pictures of the ,valley of the ,shadow of ,death1 and the ,celestial ,city1 published in the beautiful edition of the ,pilgrim's ,progress by ,messrs4 ,murray and ,major1 in #ahcj4 ,i wish ,mr4 ,martin could have heard the poet's lecture3 he would have been flattered1 and at the same time1 ,i believe1 instructed2 for in the philosophy of painting ,coleridge was a master4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,p4 #cej41 by ,s4 ,mosses from a design by ,mr4 ,w4 ,harvey4 ,when they came to the place where he was1 they found him with one ,feeble-mind in his hand1 whom his servants had brought unto him1 having taken him in the way4 ,now the giant was rifling him1 with a purpose1 after that1 to pick his bones2 for he was of the nature of flesh eaters4--,,ed4 ,footnote #c3 ,i find written on a blank leaf of my copy of this edition of the ,p4's ,p4 the following note by ,mr4 ,c43--,i know of no book1 the ,bible excepted as above all comparison1 which ,i1 according to my judgment and experience1 could so safely recommend as teaching and enforcing the whole saving truth according to the mind that was in ,christ ,jesus1 as the ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,it is1 in my conviction1 incomparably the best summa theologiae evangalicae ever produced by a writer not miraculously inspired4 ,june #ad4 #ahcj4--;,,ed4 ,june #a4 #ahcj4 ,,prayer4--,,church-,,singing4--,,hooker 4--,,dreams4 ,there are three sorts of prayer3--#a4 ,public2 #b4 ,domestic2 #c4 ,solitary4 ,each has its peculiar uses and character4 ,i think the church ought to publish and authorise a directory of forms for the latter two4 ,yet ,i fear the execution would be inadequate4 ,there is a great decay of devotional unction in the numerous books of prayers put out now-a-days4 ,i really think the hawker was very happy1 who blundered ,new ,form of ,prayer into ,new former ,prayers4#a ,i exceedingly regret that our church pays so little attention to the subject of congregational singing4 ,see how it is6 ,in that particular part of the public worship in which1 more than in all the rest1 the common people might1 and ought to1 join1--which1 by its association with music1 is meant to give a fitting vent and expression to the emotions1--in that part we all sing as ,jews2 or1 at best1 as mere men1 in the abstract1 without a ,saviour4 ,you know my veneration for the ,book of ,psalms1 or most of it2 but with some half dozen exceptions1 the ,psalms are surely not adequate vehicles of ,christian thanksgiving and joy6 ,upon this deficiency in our service1 ,wesley and ,whitfield seized2 and you know it is the hearty congregational singing of ,christian hymns which keeps the humbler ,methodists together4 ,luther did as much for the ,reformation by his hymns as by his translation of the ,bible4 ,in ,germany1 the hymns are known by heart by every peasant3 they advise1 they argue from the hymns1 and every soul in the church praises ,god1 like a ,christian1 with words which are natural and yet sacred to his mind4 ,no doubt this defect in our service proceeded from the dread which the ,english ,reformers had of being charged with introducing any thing into the worship of ,god but the text of ,scripture4 ,footnote #a3 ,i will add1 at the risk of appearing to dwell too long on religious topics1 that on this my first introduction to ,coleridge he reverted with strong compunction to a sentiment which he had expressed in earlier days upon prayer4 ,in one of his youthful poems1 speaking of ,god1 he had said-- --',of whose all-seeing eye ,aught to demand were impotence of mind4' ,this sentiment he now so utterly condemned1 that1 on the contrary1 he told me1 as his own peculiar opinion1 that the act of praying was the very highest energy of which the human heart was capable1 praying1 that is1 with the total concentration of the faculties2 and the great mass of worldly men and of learned men he pronounced absolutely incapable of prayer4--,tait's ,magazine1 ,september1 #ahcd1 p4 #eae4 ,mr4 ,coleridge within two years of his death very solemnly declared to me his conviction upon the same subject4 ,i was sitting by his bedside one afternoon1 and he fell1 an unusual thing for him1 into a long account of many passages of his past life1 lamenting some things1 condemning others1 but complaining withal1 though very gently1 of the way in which many of his most innocent acts had been cruelly misrepresented4 ,but ,i have no difficulty1 said he1 in forgiveness2 indeed1 ,i know not how to say with sincerity the clause in the ,lord's ,prayer1 which asks forgiveness as we forgive4 ,i feel nothing answering to it in my heart4 ,neither do ,i find1 or reckon1 the most solemn faith in ,god as a real object1 the most arduous act of the reason and will4 ,o no1 my dear1 it is to pray1 to pray as ,god would have us2 this is what at times makes me turn cold to my soul4 ,believe me1 to pray with all your heart and strength1 with the reason and the will1 to believe vividly that ,god will listen to your voice through ,christ1 and verily do the thing he pleaseth thereupon--this is the last1 the greatest achievement of the ,christian's warfare upon earth4 ,teach us to pray1 ,o ,lord6 ,and then he burst into a flood of tears1 and begged me to pray for him4 ,o what a sight was there6--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hooker said1--,that by looking for that in the ,bible which it is impossible that any book can have1 we lose the benefits which we might reap from its being the best of all books4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you will observe1 that even in dreams nothing is fancied without an antecedent quasi cause4 ,it could not be otherwise4 ,june #d4 #ahcj4 ,,jeremy ,,taylor4--,,english ,,reformation4 ,taylor's was a great and lovely mind2 yet how much and injuriously was it perverted by his being a favourite and follower of ,laud1 and by his intensely popish feelings of church authority4 #a ,his ,liberty of ,prophesying is a work of wonderful eloquence and skill2 but if we believe the argument1 what do we come to8 ,why to nothing more or less than this1 that--so much can be said for every opinion and sect1--so impossible is it to settle any thing by reasoning or authority of ,scripture1--we must appeal to some positive jurisdiction on earth1 ut sit finis controversiarum4 ,in fact1 the whole book is the precise argument used by the ,papists to induce men to admit the necessity of a supreme and infallible head of the church on earth4 ,it is one of the works which preeminently gives countenance to the saying of ,charles or ,james ,,ii41 ,i forget which3--,when you of the ,church of ,england contend with the ,catholics1 you use the arguments of the ,puritans2 when you contend with the ,puritans1 you immediately adopt all the weapons of the ,catholics4 ,taylor never speaks with the slightest symptom of affection or respect of ,luther1 ,calvin1 or any other of the great reformers--at least1 not in any of his learned works2 but he saints every trumpery monk and friar1 down to the very latest canonizations by the modern popes4 ,i fear you will think me harsh1 when ,i say that ,i believe ,taylor was1 perhaps unconsciously1 half a ,socinian in heart4 ,such a strange inconsistency would not be impossible4 ,the ,romish church has produced many such devout ,socinians4 ,the cross of ,christ is dimly seen in ,taylor's works4 ,compare him in this particular with ,donne1 and you will feel the difference in a moment4 ,why are not ,donne's volumes of sermons reprinted at ,oxford8#b ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge placed ,jeremy ,taylor amongst the four great geniuses of old ,english literature4 ,i think he used to reckon ,shakspeare and ,bacon1 ,milton and ,taylor1 four-square1 each against each4 ,in mere eloquence1 he thought the ,bishop without any fellow4 ,he called him ,chrysostom4 ,further1 he loved the man1 and was anxious to find excuses for some weak parts in his character4 ,but ,mr4 ,coleridge's assent to ,taylor's views of many of the fundamental positions of ,christianity was very limited2 and1 indeed1 he considered him as the least sound in point of doctrine of any of the old divines1 comprehending1 within that designation1 the writers to the middle of ,charles ,,ii4's reign4 ,he speaks of ,taylor in ,the ,friend in the following terms3--,among the numerous examples with which ,i might enforce this warning1 ,i refer1 not without reluctance1 to the most eloquent1 and one of the most learned1 of our divines2 a rigorist1 indeed1 concerning the authority of the church1 but a latitudinarian in the articles of its faith2 who stretched the latter almost to the advanced posts of ,socinianism1 and strained the former to a hazardous conformity with the assumptions of the ,roman hierarchy4 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #ajh4--;,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,why not1 indeed6 ,it is really quite unaccountable that the sermons of this great divine of the ,english church should be so little known as they are1 even to very literary clergymen of the present day4 ,it might have been expected1 that the sermons of the greatest preacher of his age1 the admired of ,ben ,jonson1 ,selden1 and all that splendid band of poets and scholars1 would even as curiosities have been reprinted1 when works1 which are curious for nothing1 are every year sent forth afresh under the most authoritative auspices4 ,dr4 ,donne was educated at both universities1 at ,hart ,hall1 ,oxford1 first1 and afterwards at ,cambridge1 but at what college ,walton does not mention--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the reign of ,edward ,,vi41 the ,reformers feared to admit almost any thing on human authority alone4 ,they had seen and felt the abuses consequent on the popish theory of ,christianity2 and ,i doubt not they wished and intended to reconstruct the religion and the church1 as far as was possible1 upon the plan of the primitive ages8 ,but the ,puritans pushed this bias to an absolute bibliolatry4 ,they would not put on a corn-plaster without scraping a text over it4 ,men of learning1 however1 soon felt that this was wrong in the other extreme1 and indeed united itself to the very abuse it seemed to shun4 ,they saw that a knowledge of the ,fathers1 and of early tradition1 was absolutely necessary2 and unhappily1 in many instances1 the excess of the ,puritans drove the men of learning into the old popish extreme of denying the ,scriptures to be capable of affording a rule of faith without the dogmas of the church4 ,taylor is a striking instance how far a ,protestant might be driven in this direction4 ,june #f4 #ahcj4 ,,catholicity4--,,gnosis4--,,tertullian4 --,,st4 ,,john4 ,in the first century1 catholicity was the test of a book or epistle-- whether it were of the ,evangelicon or ,apostolicon--being canonical4 ,this catholic spirit was opposed to the gnostic or peculiar spirit1--the humour of fantastical interpretation of the old ,scriptures into ,christian meanings4 ,it is this gnosis1 or knowingness1 which the ,apostle says puffeth up1--not knowledge1 as we translate it4 ,the ,epistle of ,barnabas1 of the genuineness of which ,i have no sort of doubt1 is an example of this gnostic spirit4 ,the ,epistle to the ,hebrews is the only instance of gnosis in the canon3 it was written evidently by some apostolical man before the destruction of the ,temple1 and probably at ,alexandria4 ,for three hundred years1 and more1 it was not admitted into the canon1 especially not by the ,latin church1 on account of this difference in it from the other ,scriptures4 ,but its merit was so great1 and the gnosis in it is so kept within due bounds1 that its admirers at last succeeded1 especially by affixing ,st4 ,paul's name to it1 to have it included in the canon2 which was first done1 ,i think1 by the council of ,laodicea in the middle of the fourth century4 ,fortunately for us it was so4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i beg ,tertullian's pardon2 but amongst his many bravuras1 he says something about ,st4 ,paul's autograph4 ,origen expressly declares the reverse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is delightful to think1 that the beloved apostle was born a ,plato4 ,to him was left the almost oracular utterance of the mysteries of the ,christian religion while to ,st4 ,paul was committed the task of explanation1 defence1 and assertion of all the doctrines1 and especially of those metaphysical ones touching the will and grace2#a for which purpose his active mind1 his learned education1 and his ,greek logic1 made him pre-eminently fit4 ,footnote #a3 ,the imperative and oracular form of the inspired ,scripture is the form of reason itself1 in all things purely rational and moral4--,statesman's ,manual1 p4 #bb4 ,june #g4 #ahcj4 ,,principles ,,of ,a ,,review4--,,party-,,spirit4 ,notwithstanding what you say1 ,i am persuaded that a review would amply succeed even now1 which should be started upon a published code of principles1 critical1 moral1 political1 and religious2 which should announce what sort of books it would review1 namely1 works of literature as contradistinguished from all that offspring of the press1 which in the present age supplies food for the craving caused by the extended ability of reading without any correspondent education of the mind1 and which formerly was done by conversation1 and which should really give a fair account of what the author intended to do1 and in his own words1 if possible1 and in addition1 afford one or two fair specimens of the execution1--itself never descending for one moment to any personality4 ,it should also be provided before the commencement with a dozen powerful articles upon fundamental topics to appear in succession4 ,you see the great reviewers are now ashamed of reviewing works in the old style1 and have taken up essay writing instead4 ,hence arose such publications as the ,literary ,gazette and others1 which are set up for the purpose--not a useless one--of advertizing new books of all sorts for the circulating libraries4 ,a mean between the two extremes still remains to be taken4 99 99 99 99 99 ,party men always hate a slightly differing friend more than a downright enemy4 ,i quite calculate on my being one day or other holden in worse repute by many ,christians than the ,unitarians and open infidels4 ,it must be undergone by every one who loves the truth for its own sake beyond all other things4 99 99 99 99 99 ,truth is a good dog2 but beware of barking too close to the heels of an error1 lest you get your brains kicked out4 ,june #aj4 #ahcj4 ,,southey',s ,,life ,,of ,,bunyan4--,,laud4--,,puritans ,,and ,,cavaliers4--,,presbyterians1 ,,independents1 ,,and ,,bishops4 ,southey's ,life of ,bunyan is beautiful4 ,i wish he had illustrated that mood of mind which exaggerates1 and still more1 mistakes1 the inward depravation1 as in ,bunyan1 ,nelson1 and others1 by extracts from ,baxter's ,life of himself4 ,what genuine superstition is exemplified in that bandying of texts and half texts1 and demi-semi-texts1 just as memory happened to suggest them1 or chance brought them before ,bunyan's mind6 ,his tract1 entitled1 ,grace abounding to the ,chief of ,sinners#a is a study for a philosopher4 ,footnote #a3 ,grace abounding to the ,chief of ,sinners1 in a faithful ,account of the ,life and ,death of ,john ,bunyan1 c4 ,is it not1 however1 an historical error to call the ,puritans dissenters8 ,before ,st4 ,bartholomew's day1 they were essentially a part of the church1 and had as determined opinions in favour of a church establishment as the bishops themselves4 99 99 99 99 99 ,laud was not exactly a ,papist to be sure2 but he was on the road with the church with him to a point1 where declared popery would have been inevitable4 ,a wise and vigorous ,papist king would very soon1 and very justifiably too1 in that case1 have effected a reconciliation between the churches of ,rome and ,england1 when the line of demarcation had become so very faint4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the faults of the ,puritans were many2 but surely their morality will1 in general1 bear comparison with that of the ,cavaliers after the ,restoration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,presbyterians hated the ,independents much more than they did the bishops1 which induced them to cooperate in effecting the ,restoration4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the conduct of the bishops towards ,charles1 whilst at ,breda1 was wise and constitutional4 ,they knew1 however1 that when the forms of the constitution were once restored1 all their power would revive again as of course4 ,june #ad4 #ahcj4 ,,study ,,of ,,the ,,bible4 ,intense study of the ,bible will keep any writer from being vulgar1 in point of style4 ,june #ae4 #ahcj4 ,,rabelais4--,,swift4--,,bentley4--,,sub net4 ,rabelais is a most wonderful writer4 ,pantagruel is the ,reason2 ,panurge the ,understanding1--the pollarded man1 the man with every faculty except the reason4 ,i scarcely know an example more illustrative of the distinction between the two4 ,rabelais had no mode of speaking the truth in those days but in such a form as this2 as it was1 he was indebted to the ,king's protection for his life4 ,some of the commentators talk about his book being all political2 there are contemporary politics in it1 of course1 but the real scope is much higher and more philosophical4 ,it is in vain to look about for a hidden meaning in all that he has written2 you will observe that1 after any particularly deep thrust1 as the ,papimania#a for example1 ,rabelais1 as if to break the blow1 and to appear unconscious of what he has done1 writes a chapter or two of pure buffoonery4 ,he1 every now and then1 flashes you a glimpse of a real face from his magic lantern1 and then buries the whole scene in mist4 ,the morality of the work is of the most refined and exalted kind2 as for the manners1 to be sure1 ,i cannot say much4 ,swift was anima ,rabelaisii habitans in sicco1--the soul of ,rabelais dwelling in a dry place4 ,yet ,swift was rare4 ,can any thing beat his remark on ,king ,william's motto1 --,recepit1 non rapuit1--that the receiver was as bad as the thief8 ,footnote #a3 ,b4 iv4 c4 #dh4 ,comment ,pantagruel descendit en l',isle de ,papimanes4 ,see the five following chapters1 especially c4 #ej42 and note also c4 #i4 of the fifth book2 ,comment nous fut monstr ,papegaut grande difficult4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the effect of the ,tory wits attacking ,bentley with such acrimony has been to make them appear a set of shallow and incompetent scholars4 ,neither ,bentley nor ,burnet suffered from the hostility of the wits4 ,burnet's ,history of his own ,times is a truly valuable book4 ,his credulity is great1 but his simplicity is equally great2 and he never deceives you for a moment4 ,june #be4 #ahcj4 ,,giotto4--,,painting4 ,the fresco paintings by ,giotto#a and others1 in the cemetery at ,pisa1 are most noble4 ,giotto was a contemporary of ,dante3 and it is a curious question1 whether the painters borrowed from the poet1 or vice versa4 ,certainly ,m4 ,angelo and ,raffael fed their imaginations highly with these grand drawings1 especially ,m4 ,angelo1 who took from them his bold yet graceful lines4 ,footnote #a3 ,giotto1 or ,angiolotto's birth is fixed by ,vasari in #abgf1 but there is some reason to think that he was born a little earlier4 ,dante1 who was his friend1 was born in #abfe4 ,giotto was the pupil of ,cimabue1 whom he entirely eclipsed1 as ,dante testifies in the well-known lines in the ,purgatorio3-- ,o vana gloria dell'umane posse6 ,com' poco verde in su la cima dura1 ,se non e giunta dall' etati grosse6 ,credette ,cirnabue nella pintura ,tener lo campo3 ed ora ha ,giotto il grido1 ,si che la fama di colui oscura4--,c4 xi4 v4 #ia4 ,his six great frescos in the cemetery at ,pisa are upon the sufferings and patience of ,job4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,people may say what they please about the gradual improvement of the ,arts4 ,it is not true of the substance4 ,the ,arts and the ,muses both spring forth in the youth of nations1 like ,minerva from the front of ,jupiter1 all armed3 manual dexterity may1 indeed1 he improved by practice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,painting went on in power till1 in ,raffael1 it attained the zenith1 and in him too it showed signs of a tendency downwards by another path4 ,the painter began to think of overcoming difficulties4 ,after this the descent was rapid1 till sculptors began to work inveterate likenesses of perriwigs in marble1--as see ,algarotti's tomb in the cemetery at ,pisa1--and painters did nothing but copy1 as well as they could1 the external face of nature4 ,now1 in this age1 we have a sort of reviviscence1--not1 ,i fear1 of the power1 but of a taste for the power1 of the early times4 ,june #bf4 #ahcj4 ,,seneca4 ,you may get a motto for every sect in religion1 or line of thought in morals or philosophy1 from ,seneca2 but nothing is ever thought out by him4 ,july #b4 #ahcj4 ,,plato4--,,aristotle4 ,every man is born an ,aristotelian1 or a ,platonist4 ,i do not think it possible that any one born an ,aristotelian can become a ,platonist2 and ,i am sure no born ,platonist can ever change into an ,aristotelian4 ,they are the two classes of men1 beside which it is next to impossible to conceive a third4 ,the one considers reason a quality1 or attribute2 the other considers it a power4 ,i believe that ,aristotle never could get to understand what ,plato meant by an idea4 ,there is a passage1 indeed1 in the ,eudemian ,ethics which looks like an exception2 but ,i doubt not of its being spurious1 as that whole work is supposed by some to be4 ,with ,plato ideas are constitutive in themselves4#a ,aristotle was1 and still is1 the sovereign lord of the understanding2 the faculty judging by the senses4 ,he was a conceptualist1 and never could raise himself into that higher state1 which was natural to ,plato1 and has been so to others1 in which the understanding is distinctly contemplated1 and1 as it were1 looked down upon from the throne of actual ideas1 or living1 inborn1 essential truths4 ,yet what a mind was ,aristotle's--only not the greatest that ever animated the human form6--the parent of science1 properly so called1 the master of criticism1 and the founder or editor of logic6 ,but he confounded science with philosophy1 which is an error4 ,philosophy is the middle state between science1 or knowledge1 and sophia1 or wisdom4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge said the ,eudemian ,ethics2 but ,i half suspect he must have meant the ,metaphysics1 although ,i do not know that all the fourteen books under that title have been considered non-genuine4 ,the ,greek3 ,aethicha ,eudaemeia are not ,aristotle's4 ,to what passage in particular allusion is here made1 ,i cannot exactly say2 many might be alleged1 but not one seems to express the true ,platonic idea1 as ,mr4 ,coleridge used to understand it2 and as1 ,i believe1 he ultimately considered ideas in his own philosophy4 ,fourteen or fifteen years previously1 he seems to have been undecided upon this point4 ,whether1 he says1 ideas are regulative only1 according to ,aristotle and ,kant1 or likewise constitutive1 and one with the power and life of nature1 according to ,plato and ,plotinus ,greek3--eg logo zoae aeg1 chai ae zoae aeg to phos tog agthwpog is the highest problem of philosophy1 and not part of its nomenclature4 ,essay 7,e7 in the ,appendix to the ,statesman's ,manual1 #ahaf4--;,,ed4 ,july #d4 #ahcj4 ,,duke ,,of ,,wellington4--,,moneyed ,,interest4--,,canning4 ,i sometimes fear the ,duke of ,wellington is too much disposed to imagine that he can govern a great nation by word of command1 in the same way in which he governed a highly disciplined army4 ,he seems to be unaccustomed to1 and to despise1 the inconsistencies1 the weaknesses1 the bursts of heroism followed by prostration and cowardice1 which invariably characterise all popular efforts4 ,he forgets that1 after all1 it is from such efforts that all the great and noble institutions of the world have come2 and that1 on the other hand1 the discipline and organization of armies have been only like the flight of the cannon-ball1 the object of which is destruction4#a ,footnote #a3 ,straight forward goes ,the lightning's path1 and straight the fearful path ,of the cannon-ball4 ,direct it flies and rapid1 ,shattering that it may reach1 and shattering what it reaches4 ,wallenstein1 ,part ,i1 act i1 sc4 #d 99 99 99 99 99 ,the stock-jobbing and moneyed interest is so strong in this country1 that it has more than once prevailed in our foreign councils over national honour and national justice4 ,the country gentlemen are not slow to join in this influence4 ,canning felt this very keenly1 and said he was unable to contend against the city trained-bands4 ,july #f1 #ahcj4 ,,bourrienne4 ,bourienne is admirable4 ,he is the ,french ,pepys1--a man with right feelings1 but always wishing to participate in what is going on1 be it what it may4 ,he has one remark1 when comparing ,buonaparte with ,charlemagne1 the substance of which ,i have attempted to express in ,the ,friend#a but which ,bourrienne has condensed into a sentence worthy of ,tacitus1 or ,machiavel1 or ,bacon4 ,it is this2 that ,charlemagne was above his age1 whilst ,buonaparte was only above his competitors1 but under his age6 ,bourrienne has done more than any one else to show ,buonaparte to the world as he really was1--always contemptible1 except when acting a part1 and that part not his own4 ,footnote #a3 ,vol4 i4 ,essay #ab4 p4 #acc4 ,july #h4 #ahcj4 ,,jews4 ,the other day ,i was what you would call floored by a ,jew4 ,he passed me several times crying out for old clothes in the most nasal and extraordinary tone ,i ever heard4 ,at last ,i was so provoked1 that ,i said to him1 ,pray1 why can't you say 'old clothes' in a plain way as ,i do now8 ,the ,jew stopped1 and looking very gravely at me1 said in a clear and even fine accent1 ,sir1 ,i can say 'old clothes' as well as you can2 but if you had to say so ten times a minute1 for an hour together1 you would say ,ogh ,clo as ,i do now2 and so he marched off4 ,i was so confounded with the justice of his retort1 that ,i followed and gave him a shilling1 the only one ,i had4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have had a good deal to do with ,jews in the course of my life1 although ,i never borrowed any money of them4 ,once ,i sat in a coach opposite a ,jew--a symbol of old clothes' bags--an ,isaiah of ,hollywell ,street4 ,he would close the window2 ,i opened it4 ,he closed it again2 upon which1 in a very solemn tone1 ,i said to him1 ,son of ,abraham6 thou smellest2 son of ,isaac6 thou art offensive2 son of ,jacob6 thou stinkest foully4 ,see the man in the moon6 he is holding his nose at thee at that distance2 dost thou think that ,i1 sitting here1 can endure it any longer8 ,my ,jew was astounded1 opened the window forthwith himself1 and said1 he was sorry he did not know before ,i was so great a gentleman4 ,july #bd4 #ahcj4 ,,the ,,papacy ,,and ,,the ,,reformation4--,,leo ,x4 ,during the early part of the middle ages1 the papacy was nothing1 in fact1 but a confederation of the learned men in the west of ,europe against the barbarism and ignorance of the times4 ,the ,pope was chief of this confederacy2 and so long as he retained that character exclusively1 his power was just and irresistible4 ,it was the principal mean of preserving for us and for our posterity all that we now have of the illumination of past ages4 ,but as soon as the ,pope made a separation between his character as premier clerk in ,christendom and as a secular prince2 as soon as he began to squabble for towns and castles2 then he at once broke the charm1 and gave birth to a revolution4 ,from that moment1 those who remained firm to the cause of truth and knowledge became necessary enemies to the ,roman ,see4 ,the great ,british schoolmen led the way2 then ,wicliffe rose1 ,huss1 ,jerome1 and others2--in short1 every where1 but especially throughout the north of ,europe1 the breach of feeling and sympathy went on widening1--so that all ,germany1 ,england1 ,scotland1 and other countries started like giants out of their sleep at the first blast of ,luther's trumpet4 ,in ,france1 one half of the people--and that the most wealthy and enlightened-- embraced the ,reformation4 ,the seeds of it were deeply and widely spread in ,spain and in ,italy2 and as to the latter1 if ,james ,i4 had been an ,elizabeth1 ,i have no doubt at all that ,venice would have publicly declared itself against ,rome4 ,it is a profound question to answer1 why it is1 that since the middle of the sixteenth century the ,reformation has not advanced one step in ,europe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the time of ,leo ,x4 atheism1 or infidelity of some sort1 was almost universal in ,italy amongst the high dignitaries of the ,romish church4 ,july #bg4 #ahcj4 ,,thelwall4--,,swift4--,,stella4 ,john ,thelwall had something very good about him4 ,we were once sitting in a beautiful recess in the ,quantocks1 when ,i said to him1 ,citizen ,john1 this is a fine place to talk treason in6--,nay6 ,citizen ,samuel1 replied he1 it is rather a place to make a man forget that there is any necessity for treason6 ,thelwall thought it very unfair to influence a child's mind by inculcating any opinions before it should have come to years of discretion1 and be able to choose for itself4 ,i showed him my garden1 and told him it was my botanical garden4 ,how so8 said he1 it is covered with weeds4--,oh1 ,i replied1 that is only because it has not yet come to its age of discretion and choice4 ,the weeds1 you see1 have taken the liberty to grow1 and ,i thought it unfair in me to prejudice the soil towards roses and strawberries4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think ,swift adopted the name of ,stella1 which is a man's name1 with a feminine termination1 to denote the mysterious epicene relation in which poor ,miss ,johnston stood to him4 ,july #bh4 #ahcj4 ,,iniquitous ,,legislation4 ,that legislation is iniquitous which sets law in conflict with the common and unsophisticated feelings of our nature4 ,if ,i were a clergyman in a smuggling town1 ,i would not preach against smuggling4 ,i would not be made a sort of clerical revenue officer4 ,let the government1 which by absurd duties fosters smuggling1 prevent it itself1 if it can4 ,how could ,i show my hearers the immorality of going twenty miles in a boat1 and honestly buying with their money a keg of brandy1 except by a long deduction which they could not understand8 ,but were ,i in a place where wrecking went on1 see if ,i would preach on any thing else6 ,july #bi4 #ahcj4 ,,spurzheim ,,and ,,craniolooy4 ,spurzheim is a good man1 and ,i like him2 but he is dense1 and the most ignorant ,german ,i ever knew4 ,if he had been content with stating certain remarkable coincidences between the moral qualities and the configuration of the skull1 it would have been well2 but when he began to map out the cranium dogmatically1 he fell into infinite absurdities4 ,you know that every intellectual act1 however you may distinguish it by name in respect of the originating faculties1 is truly the act of the entire man2 the notion of distinct material organs1 therefore1 in the brain itself1 is plainly absurd4 ,pressed by this1 ,spurzheim has1 at length1 been guilty of some sheer quackery2 and ventures to say that he has actually discovered a different material in the different parts or organs of the brain1 so that he can tell a piece of benevolence from a bit of destructiveness1 and so forth4 ,observe1 also1 that it is constantly found1 that so far from there being a concavity in the interior surface of the cranium answering to the convexity apparent on the exterior--the interior is convex too4 ,dr4 ,baillie thought there was something in the system1 because the notion of the brain being an extendible net helped to explain those cases where the intellect remained after the solid substance of the brain was dissolved in water4#a ,that a greater or less development of the forepart of the head is generally coincidedent with more or less of reasoning power1 is certain4 ,the line across the forehead1 also1 denoting musical power1 is very common4 ,footnote #a3 ,the very marked1 positive as well as comparative1 magnitude and prominence of the bump1 entitled benevolence 7see ,spurzheim's map of the human skull7 on the head of the late ,mr4 ,john ,thurtell1 has woefully unsettled the faith of many ardent phrenologists1 and strengthened the previous doubts of a still greater number into utter disbelief4 ,on my mind this fact 7for a fact it is7 produced the directly contrary effect2 and inclined me to suspect1 for the first time1 that there may be some truth in the ,spurzheimian scheme4 ,whether future craniologists may not see cause to new-name this and one or two others of these convex gnomons1 is quite a different question4 ,at present1 and according to the present use of words1 any such change would be premature2 and we must be content to say1 that ,mr4 ,thurtell's benevolence was insufficiently modified by the unprotrusive and unindicated convolutes of the brain1 that secrete honesty and common sense4 ,the organ of destructiveness was indirectly potentiated by the absence or imperfect development of the glands of reason and conscience in this 'unfortunate gentleman4'--,aids to ,reflection1 p4 #adc4 n4 ,august #bj4 #ahcj4 ,,french ,,revolution1 #ahcj4--;,,captain ,r4 ,,and ,,the ,,americans4 ,the ,french must have greatly improved under the influence of a free and regular government 7for such it1 in general1 has been since the restoration71 to have conducted themselves with so much moderation in success as they seem to have done1 and to be disposed to do4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i must say ,i cannot see much in ,captain ,b4 ,hall's account of the ,americans1 but weaknesses--some of which make me like the ,yankees all the better4 ,how much more amiable is the ,american fidgettiness and anxiety about the opinion of other nations1 and especially of the ,english1 than the sentiments of the rest of the world4#a ,as to what ,captain ,hall says about the ,english loyalty to the person of the ,king--,i can only say1 ,i feel none of it4 ,i respect the man while1 and only while1 the king is translucent through him3 ,i reverence the glass case for the ,saint's sake within2 except for that it is to me mere glazier's work1-- putty1 and glass1 and wood4 ,footnote #a3 ,there exists in ,england a gentlemanly character1 a gentlemanly feeling1 very different even from that which is most like it1--the character of a well-born ,spaniard1 and unexampled in the rest of ,europe4 ,this feeling originated in the fortunate circumstance1 that the titles of our ,english nobility follow the law of their property1 and are inherited by the eldest sons only4 ,from this source1 under the influences of our constitution and of our astonishing trade1 it has diffused itself in different modifications through the whole country4 ,the uniformity of our dress among all classes above that of the day labourer1 while it has authorized all ranks to assume the appearance of gentlemen1 has at the same time inspired the wish to conform their manners1 and still more their ordinary actions in social intercourse1 to their notions of the gentlemanly the most commonly received attribute of which character is a certain generosity in trifles4 ,on the other hand1 the encroachments of the lower classes on the higher1 occasioned and favoured by this resemblance in exteriors1 by this absence of any cognizable marks of distinction1 have rendered each class more reserved and jealous in their general communion2 and1 far more than our climate or natural temper1 have caused that haughtiness and reserve in our outward demeanour1 which is so generally complained of among foreigners4 ,far be it from me to depreciate the value of this gentlemanly feeling3 ,i respect it under all its forms and varieties1 from the ,house of ,commons 99 to the gentleman in the one-shilling gallery4 ,it is always the ornament of virtue1 and oftentimes a support2 but it is a wretched substitute for it4 ,its worth1 as a moral good1 is by no means in proportion to its value as a social advantage4 ,these observations are not irrelevant3 for to the want of reflection that this diffusion of gentlemanly feeling among us is not the growth of our moral excellence1 but the effect of various accidental advantages peculiar to ,england2 to our not considering that it is unreasonable and uncharitable to expect the same consequences1 where the same causes have not existed to produce them2 and lastly1 to our prorieness to regard the absence of this character 7which1 as ,i have before said1 does1 for the greater part1 and in the common apprehension1 consist in a certain frankness and generosity in the detail of action7 as decisive against the sum total of personal or national worth2 we must1 ,i am convinced1 attribute a large portion of that conduct1 which in many instances has left the inhabitants of countries conquered or appropriated by ,great ,britain doubtful whether the various solid advantages which they have derived from our protection and just government were not bought dearly by the wounds inflicted on their feelings and prejudices1 by the contemptuous and insolent demeanour of the ,english1 as individuals4--,friend1 vol4 iii4 p1 #cbb4 ,this was written long before the ,reform ,act4--,,ed4 ,september #h4 #ahcj4 ,,english ,,reformation4 ,the fatal error into which the peculiar character of the ,english ,reformation threw our ,church1 has borne bitter fruit ever since1--,i mean that of its clinging to court and state1 instead of cultivating the people4 ,the church ought to be a mediator between the people and the government1 between the poor and the rich4 ,as it is1 ,i fear the ,church has let the hearts of the common people be stolen from it4 ,see how differently the ,church of ,rome--wiser in its generation--has always acted in this particular4 ,for a long time past the ,church of ,england seems to me to have been blighted with prudence1 as it is called4 ,i wish with all my heart we had a little zealous imprudence4 ,september #ai4 #ahcj4 ,,democracy4----,,idea ,,of ,a ,,state4----,,church4 ,it has never yet been seen1 or clearly announced1 that democracy1 as such1 is no proper element in the constitution of a state4 ,the idea of a state is undoubtedly a government ,greek3 ek ton aristou--an aristocracy4 ,democracy is the healthful life-blood which circulates through the veins and arteries1 which supports the system1 but which ought never to appear externally1 and as the mere blood itself4 ,a state1 in idea1 is the opposite of a church4 ,a state regards classes1 and not individuals2 and it estimates classes1 not by internal merit1 but external accidents1 as property1 birth1 c4 ,but a church does the reverse of this1 and disregards all external accidents1 and looks at men as individual persons1 allowing no gradation of ranks1 but such as greater or less wisdom1 learning1 and holiness ought to confer4 ,a church is1 therefore1 in idea1 the only pure democracy4 ,the church1 so considered1 and the state1 exclusively of the church1 constitute together the idea of a state in its largest sense4 ,september #bj4 #ahcj4 ,,government4----,,french ,,gend',,armerie4 ,all temporal government must rest on a compromise of interests and abstract rights4 ,who would listen to the county of ,bedford1 if it were to declare itself disannexed from the ,british empire1 and to set up for itself8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the most desirable thing that can happen to ,france1 with her immense army of gensd'armes1 is1 that the service may at first become very irksome to the men themselves1 and ultimately1 by not being called into real service1 fall into general ridicule1 like our trained bands4 ,the evil in ,france1 and throughout ,europe1 seems now especially to be1 the subordination of the legislative power to the direct physical force of the people4 ,the ,french legislature was weak enough before the late revolution2 now it is absolutely powerless1 and manifestly depends even for its existence on the will of a popular commander of an irresistible army4 ,there is now in ,france a daily tendency to reduce the legislative body to a mere deputation from the provinces and towns4 ,september #ba4 #ahcj4 ,,philosophy ,,of ,,young ,,men ,,at ,,the ,,present ,,day4 ,i do not know whether ,i deceive myself1 but it seems to me that the young men1 who were my contemporaries1 fixed certain principles in their minds1 and followed them out to their legitimate consequences1 in a way which ,i rarely witness now4 ,no one seems to have any distinct convictions1 right or wrong2 the mind is completely at sea1 rolling and pitching on the waves of facts and personal experiences4 ,mr4 ---- is1 ,i suppose1 one of the rising young men of the day2 yet he went on talking1 the other evening1 and making remarks with great earnestness1 some of which were palpably irreconcilable with each other4 ,he told me that facts gave birth to1 and were the absolute ground of1 principles2 to which ,i said1 that unless he had a principle of selection1 he would not have taken notice of those facts upon which he grounded his principle4 ,you must have a lantern in your hand to give light1 otherwise all the materials in the world are useless1 for you cannot find them2 and if you could1 you could not arrange them4 ,but then1 said ,mr4 ----1 that principle of selection came from facts6--,to be sure6 ,i replied2 but there must have been again an antecedent light to see those antecedent facts4 ,the relapse may be carried in imagination backwards for ever1--but go back as you may1 you cannot come to a man without a previous aim or principle4 ,he then asked me what ,i had to say to ,bacon's induction3 ,i told him ,i had a good deal to say1 if need were2 but that it was perhaps enough for the occasion to remark1 that what he was evidently taking for the ,baconian induction was mere deduction--a very different thing4#a ,footnote #a3 ,as far as ,i can judge1 the most complete and masterly thing ever done by ,mr4 ,coleridge in prose1 is the analysis and reconcilement of the ,platonic and ,baconian methods of philosophy1 contained in the third volume of the ,friend1 from p4 #agf to #baf4 ,no edition of the ,novum ,organum should ever be published without a transcript of it4--,,ed4 ,september #bb4 #ahcj4 ,,thucydides ,,and ,,tacitus4----,,poetry4----,,modern ,,metre4 ,the object of ,thucydides was to show the ills resulting to ,greece from the separation and conflict of the spirits or elements of democracy and oligarchy4 ,the object of ,tacitus was to demonstrate the desperate consequences of the loss of liberty on the minds and hearts of men4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a poet ought not to pick nature's pocket3 let him borrow1 and so borrow as to repay by the very act of borrowing4 ,examine nature accurately1 but write from recollection2 and trust more to your imagination than to your memory4 99 99 99 99 99 ,really the metre of some of the modern poems ,i have read1 bears about the same relation to metre properly understood1 that dumb bells do to music2 both are for exercise1 and pretty severe too1 ,i think4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nothing ever left a stain on that gentle creature's mind1 which looked upon the degraded men and things around him like moonshine on a dunghill1 which shines and takes no pollution4 ,all things are shadows to him1 except those which move his affections4 ,september #bc4 #ahcj4 ,,logic4 ,there are two kinds of logic3 #a4 ,syllogistic4 #b4 ,criterional4 ,how any one can by any spinning make out more than ten or a dozen pages about the first1 is inconceivable to me2 all those absurd forms of syllogisms are one half pure sophisms1 and the other half mere forms of rhetoric4 ,all syllogistic logic is--#a4 ,seclusion2 #b4 ,inclusion2 #c4 ,conclusion2 which answer to the understanding1 the experience1 and the reason4 ,the first says1 this ought to be2 the second adds1 this is2 and the last pronounces1 this must be so4 ,the criterional logic1 or logic of premisses1 is1 of course1 much the most important2 and it has never yet been treated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the object of rhetoric is persuasion1--of logic1 conviction1--of grammar1 significancy4 ,a fourth term is wanting1 the rhematic1 or logic of sentences4 ,september #bd4 #ahcj4 ,,varro4--,,socrates4--,,greek ,,philosophy4--,,plotinus4--,,tertullian 4 ,what a loss we have had in ,varro's mythological and critical works6 ,it is said that the works of ,epicurus are probably amongst the ,herculanean manuscripts4 ,i do not feel much interest about them1 because1 by the consent of all antiquity1 ,lucretius has preserved a complete view of his system4 ,but ,i regret the loss of the works of the old ,stoics1 ,zeno and others1 exceedingly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,socrates1 as such1 was only a poetical character to ,plato1 who worked upon his own ground4 ,the several disciples of ,socrates caught some particular points from him1 and made systems of philosophy upon them according to their own views4 ,socrates himself had no system4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i hold all claims set up for ,egypt having given birth to the ,greek philosophy1 to be groundless4 ,it sprang up in ,greece itself1 and began with physics only4 ,then it took in the idea of a living cause1 and made pantheism out of the two4 ,socrates introduced ethics1 and taught duties2 and then1 finally1 ,plato asserted or re-asserted the idea of a ,god the maker of the world4 ,the measure of human philosophy was thus full1 when ,christianity came to add what before was wanting--assurance4 ,after this again1 the ,neo-,platonists joined theurgy with philosophy1 which ultimately degenerated into magic and mere mysticism4 ,plotinus was a man of wonderful ability1 and some of the sublimest passages ,i ever read are in his works4 ,i was amused the other day with reading in ,tertullian1 that spirits or demons dilate and contract themselves1 and wriggle about like worms-- lumbricix similes4 ,september #bf4 #ahcj4 ,,scotch ,,and ,,english ,,lakes4 ,the five finest things in ,scotland are--#a4 ,edinburgh2 #b4 ,the antechamber of the ,fall of ,foyers2 #c4 ,the view of ,loch ,lomond from ,inch ,tavannach1 the highest of the islands2 #d4 ,the ,trosachs2 #e4 ,the view of the ,hebrides from a point1 the name of which ,i forget4 ,but the intervals between the fine things in ,scotland are very dreary2--whereas in ,cumberland and ,westmoreland there is a cabinet of beauties1--each thing being beautiful in itself1 and the very passage from one lake1 mountain1 or valley1 to another1 is itself a beautiful thing again4 ,the ,scotch lakes are so like one another1 from their great size1 that in a picture you are obliged to read their names2 but the ,english lakes1 especially ,derwent ,water1 or rather the whole vale of ,keswick1 is so rememberable1 that1 after having been once seen1 no one ever requires to be told what it is when drawn4 ,this vale is about as large a basin as ,loch ,lomond2 the latter is covered with water2 but in the former instance1 we have two lakes with a charming river to connect them1 and lovely villages at the foot of the mountain1 and other habitations1 which give an air of life and cheerfulness to the whole place4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the land imagery of the north of ,devon is most delightful4 ,september #bg4 #ahcj4 ,,love ,,and ,,friendship ,,opposed4--,,marriage4--,,characterless ness ,,of ,,women4 ,a person once said to me1 that he could make nothing of love1 except that it was friendship accidentally combined with desire4 ,whence ,i concluded that he had never been in love4 ,for what shall we say of the feeling which a man of sensibility has towards his wife with her baby at her breast6 ,how pure from sensual desire6 yet how different from friendship6 ,sympathy constitutes friendship2 but in love there is a sort of antipathy1 or opposing passion4 ,each strives to be the other1 and both together make up one whole4 ,luther has sketched the most beautiful picture of the nature1 and ends1 and duties of the wedded life ,i ever read4 ,st4 ,paul says it is a great symbol1 not mystery1 as we translate it4#a ,footnote #a3 ,greek3 ---- 99 99 99 99 99 ,most women have no character at all1 said ,pope#a and meant it for satire4 ,shakspeare1 who knew man and woman much better1 saw that it1 in fact1 was the perfection of woman to be characterless4 ,every one wishes a ,desdemona or ,ophelia for a wife1--creatures who1 though they may not always understand you1 do always feel you1 and feel with you4 ,footnote #a3 ,nothing so true as what you once let fall-- ',most women have no character at all1'-- ,matter too soft a lasting mark to bear1 ,and best distinguish'd by black1 brown1 and fair4 ,epist4 to a ,lady1 v4 ,i41 ,september #bh4 #ahcj4 ,,mental ,,anarchy4 ,why need we talk of a fiery hell8 ,if the will1 which is the law of our nature1 were withdrawn from our memory1 fancy1 understanding1 and reason1 no other hell could equal1 for a spiritual being1 what we should then feel1 from the anarchy of our powers4 ,it would be conscious madness--a horrid thought6 ,october #e4 #ahcj4 ,,ear ,,and ,,taste ,,for ,,music ,,different4----,,english ,,liturgy4----,,belgian ,,revolution4 ,in politics1 what begins in fear usually ends in folly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an ear for music is a very different thing from a taste for music4 ,i have no ear whatever2 ,i could not sing an air to save my life2 but ,i have the intensest delight in music1 and can detect good from bad4 ,naldi1 a good fellow1 remarked to me once at a concert1 that ,i did not seem much interested with a piece of ,rossini's which had just been performed4 ,i said1 it sounded to me like nonsense verses4 ,but ,i could scarcely contain myself when a thing of ,beethoven's followed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never distinctly felt the heavenly superiority of the prayers in the ,english liturgy1 till ,i had attended some kirks in the country parts of ,scotland1 ,i call these strings of school boys or girls which we meet near ,london--walking advertisements4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,brussels riot--,i cannot bring myself to dignify it with a higher name --is a wretched parody on the last ,french revolution4 ,were ,i ,king ,william1 ,i would banish the ,belgians1 as ,coriolanus banishes the ,romans in ,shakspeare4#a ,it is a wicked rebellion without one just cause4 ,footnote #a3 ,you common cry of curs6 whose breath ,i hate ,as reek o' the rotten fens1 whose loves ,i prize ,as the dead carcasses of unburied men ,that do corrupt my air1 ,i banish you2 ,and here remain with your uncertainty6 ,act iii4 sc4 #c4 ,october #h4 #ahcj4 ,,galileo1 ,,newton1 ,,kepler1 ,,bacon4 ,galileo was a great genius1 and so was ,newton2 but it would take two or three ,galileos and ,newtons to make one ,kepler4#a ,it is in the order of ,providence1 that the inventive1 generative1 constitutive mind--the ,kepler-- should come first2 and then that the patient and collective mind--the ,newton--should follow1 and elaborate the pregnant queries and illumining guesses of the former4 ,the laws of the planetary system are1 in fact1 due to ,kepler4 ,there is not a more glorious achievement of scientific genius upon record1 than ,kepler's guesses1 prophecies1 and ultimate apprehension of the law#b of the mean distances of the planets as connected with the periods of their revolutions round the sun4 ,gravitation1 too1 he had fully conceived2 but1 because it seemed inconsistent with some received observations on light1 he gave it up1 in allegiance1 as he says1 to ,nature4 ,yet the idea vexed and haunted his mind2 ,vexat me et lacessit1 are his words1 ,i believe4 ,we praise ,newton's clearness and steadiness4 ,he was clear and steady1 no doubt1 whilst working out1 by the help of an admirable geometry1 the idea brought forth by another4 ,newton had his ether1 and could not rest in--he could not conceive--the idea of a law4 ,he thought it a physical thing after all4 ,as for his chronology1 ,i believe1 those who are most competent to judge1 rely on it less and less every day4 ,his lucubrations on ,daniel and the ,revelations seem to me little less than mere raving4 ,footnote #a3 ,galileo ,galilei was born at ,pisa1 on the #aeth of ,february1 #aefd4 ,john ,kepler was born at ,weil1 in the duchy of ,wirtemberg1 on the #blst of ,december1 #aega4--;,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,namely1 that the squares of their times vary as the cubes of their distances1--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,personal experiment is necessary1 in order to correct our own observation of the experiments which ,nature herself makes for us--,i mean1 the phenomena of the universe4 ,but then observation is1 in turn1 wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment4 ,experiments alone cannot advance knowledge1 without observation2 they amuse for a time1 and then pass off the scene and leave no trace behind them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bacon1 when like himself--for no man was ever more inconsistent--says1 ,prudens qiuestio--dimidium scienti est4 ,october #bj4 #ahcj4 ,,the ,,reformation4 ,at the ,reformation1 the first reformers were beset with an almost morbid anxiety not to be considered heretical in point of doctrine4 ,they knew that the ,romanists were on the watch to fasten the brand of heresy upon them whenever a fair pretext could be found2 and ,i have no doubt it was the excess of this fear which at once led to the burning of ,servetus1 and also to the thanks offered by all the ,protestant churches1 to ,calvin and the ,church of ,geneva1 for burning him4 ,november #ba4 #ahcj4 ,,house ,,of ,,commons4 ---- never makes a figure in quietude4 ,he astounds the vulgar with a certain enormity of exertion2 he takes an acre of canvass1 on which he scrawls every thing4 ,he thinks aloud2 every thing in his mind1 good1 bad1 or indifferent1 out it comes2 he is like the ,newgate gutter1 flowing with garbage1 dead dogs1 and mud4 ,he is preeminently a man of many thoughts1 with no ideas3 hence he is always so lengthy1 because he must go through every thing to see any thing4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is a melancholy thing to live when there is no vision in the land4 ,where are our statesmen to meet this emergency8 ,i see no reformer who asks himself the question1 ,what is it that ,i propose to myself to effect in the result8 ,is the ,house of ,commons to be re-constructed on the principle of a representation of interests1 or of a delegation of men8 ,if on the former1 we may1 perhaps1 see our way2 if on the latter1 you can never1 in reason1 stop short of universal suffrage2 and in that case1 ,i am sure that women have as good a right to vote as men4#a ,footnote #a3 ,in ,mr4 ,coleridge's masterly analysis and confutation of the physiocratic system of the early ,french revolutionists1 in the ,friend1 he has the following passage in the nature of a reductio ad absurdum4 ,rousseau1 indeed1 asserts that there is an inalienable sovereignty inherent in every human being possessed of reason2 and from this the framers of the ,constitution of #agia deduce1 that the people itself is its own sole rightful legislator1 and at most dare only recede so far from its right as to delegate to chosen deputies the power of representing and declaring the general will4 ,but this is wholly without proof2 for it has been already fully shown1 that1 according to the principle out of which this consequence is attempted to be drawn1 it is not the actual man1 but the abstract reason alone1 that is the sovereign and rightful lawgiver4 ,the confusion of two things so different is so gross an error1 that the ,constituent ,assembly could scarce proceed a step in their declaration of rights1 without some glaring inconsistency4 ,children are excluded from all political power2 are they not human beings in whom the faculty of reason resides8 ,yes6 butin them the faculty is not yet adequately developed4 ,but are not gross ignorance1 inveterate superstition1 and the habitual tyranny of passion and sensuality1 equally preventives of the developement1 equally impediments to the rightful exercise1 of the reason1 as childhood and early youth8 ,who would not rely on the judgment of a well-educated ,english lad1 bred in a virtuous and enlightened family1 in preference to that of a brutal ,russian1 who believes that he can scourge his wooden idol into good humour1 or attributes to himself the merit of perpetual prayer1 when he has fastened the petitions1 which his priest has written for him1 on the wings of a windmill8 ,again3 women are likewise excluded2 a full half1 and that assuredly the most innocent1 the most amiable half1 of the whole human race is excluded1 and this too by a ,constitution which boasts to have no other foundations but those of universal reason6 ,is reason1 then1 an affair of sex8 ,no6 but women are commonly in a state of dependence1 and are not likely to exercise their reason with freedom4 ,well6 and does not this ground of exclusion apply with equal or greater force to the poor1 to the infirm1 to men in embarrassed circumstances1 to all1 in short1 whose maintenance1 be it scanty1 or be it ample1 depends on the will of others8 ,how far are we to go8 ,where must we stop8 ,what classes should we admit8 ,whom must we disfranchise8 ,the objects concerning whom we are to determine these questions1 are all human beings1 and differenced from each other by degrees only1 these degrees1 too1 oftentimes changing4 ,yet the principle on which the whole system rests1 is that reason is not susceptible of degree4 ,nothing1 therefore1 which subsists wholly in degrees1 the changes of which do not obey any necessary law1 can be the object of pure science1 or determinate by mere reason1--,vol4 i4 p4 #cda1 ,,ed4 ,march #bj4 #ahca4 ,,government4--,,earl ,,grey4 ,government is not founded on property1 taken merely as such1 in the abstract2 it is founded on unequal property2 the inequality is an essential term in the position4 ,the phrases--higher1 middle1 and lower classes1 with reference to this point of representation--are delusive2 no such divisions as classes actually exist in society4 ,there is an indissoluble blending and interfusion of persons from top to bottom2 and no man can trace a line of separation through them1 except such a confessedly unmeaning and unjustifiable line of political empiricism as #ajl4 householders4 ,i cannot discover a ray of principle in the government plan1 --not a hint of the effect of the change upon the balance of the estates of the realm1--not a remark on the nature of the constitution of ,england1 and the character of the property of so many millions of its inhabitants4 ,half the wealth of this country is purely artificial1--existing only in and on the credit given to it by the integrity and honesty of the nation4 ,this property appears1 in many instances1 a heavy burthen to the numerical majority of the people1 and they believe that it causes all their distress3 and they are now to have the maintenance of this property committed to their good faith--the lamb to the wolves6 ,necker1 you remember1 asked the people to come and help him against the aristocracy4 ,the people came fast enough at his bidding2 but1 somehow or other1 they would not go away again when they had done their work4 ,i hope ,lord ,grey will not see himself or his friends in the woeful case of the conjuror1 who1 with infinite zeal and pains1 called up the devils to do something for him4 ,they came at the word1 thronging about him1 grinning1 and howling1 and dancing1 and whisking their long tails in diabolic glee2 but when they asked him what he wanted of them1 the poor wretch1 frightened out his of wits1 could only stammer forth1--,i pray you1 my friends1 be gone down again6 ,at which the devils1 with one voice1 replied1-- ,yes6 yes6 we'll go down6 we'll go down6-- ,but we'll take you with us to swim or to drown6#a ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge must have been thinking of that very pithy and profitable ballad by the ,laureate1 wherein is shown how a young man would read unlawful books1 and how he was punished3-- ,the young man1 he began to read ,he knew not what1 but he would proceed1 ,when there was heard a sound at the door1 ,which as he read on grew more and more4 ,and more and more the knocking grew1 ,the young man knew not what to do3 ,but trembling in fear he sat within1 ,till the door was broke1 and the devil came in4 ',what would'st thou with me8' the wicked one cried2 ,but not a word the young man replied2 ,every hair on his head was standing upright1 ,and his limbs like a palsy shook with affright4 ',what would'st thou with me8' cried the author of ill2 ,but the wretched young man was silent still1 c4 ,the catastrophe is very terrible1 and the moral1 though addressed by the poet to young men only1 is quite as applicable to old men1 as the times show4 ,henceforth let all young men take heed ,how in a conjuror's books they read6 ,southey's ,minor ,poems1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ib4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,june #be4 #ahca4 ,,government4--,,popular ,,representation4 ,the three great ends which a statesman ought to propose to himself in the government of a nation1 are1--#a4 ,security to possessors2 #b4 ,facility to acquirers2 and2 #c4 ,hope to all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a nation is the unity of a people4 ,king and parliament are the unity made visible4 ,the king and the peers are as integral portions of this manifested unity as the commons4#a ,in that imperfect state of society in which our system of representation began1 the interests of the country were pretty exactly commensurate with its municipal divisions4 ,the counties1 the towns1 and the seaports1 accurately enough represented the only interests then existing2 that is say1--the landed1 the shop-keeping or manufacturing1 and the mercantile4 ,but for a century past1 at least1 this division has become notoriously imperfect1 some of the most vital interests of the empire being now totally unconnected with any ,english localities4 ,yet now1 when the evil and the want are known1 we are to abandon the accommodations which the necessity of the case had worked out for itself1 and begin again with a rigidly territorial plan of representation6 ,the miserable tendency of all is to destroy our nationality1 which consists1 in a principal degree1 in our representative government1 and to convert it into a degrading delegation of the populace4 ,there is no unity for a people but in a representation of national interests2 a delegation from the passions or wishes of the individuals themselves is a rope of sand4 ,undoubtedly it is a great evil1 that there should be such an evident discrepancy between the law and the practice of the constitution in the matter of the representation4 ,such a direct1 yet clandestine1 contravention of solemn resolutions and established laws is immoral1 and greatly injurious to the cause of legal loyalty and general subordination in the minds of the people4 ,but then a statesman should consider that these very contraventions of law in practice point out to him the places in the body politic which need a remodelling of the law4 ,you acknowledge a certain necessity for indirect representation in the present day1 and that such representation has been instinctively obtained by means contrary to law2 why then do you not approximate the useless law to the useful practice1 instead of abandoning both law and practice for a completely new system of your own8 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge was very fond of quoting ,george ,withers's fine lines3-- ,let not your king and parliament in one1 ,much less apart1 mistake themselves for that ,which is most worthy to be thought upon3 ,nor think they are1 essentially1 ,the ,,state4 ,let them not fancy that th' authority ,and privileges upon them bestown1 ,conferr'd are to set up a majesty1 ,a power1 or a glory1 of their own6 ,but let them know1 't was for a deeper life1 ,which they but represent-- ,that there's on earth a yet auguster thing1 ,veil'd though it be1 than parliament and king6--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the malignant duplicity and unprincipled tergiversations of the specific ,whig newspapers are to me detestable4 ,i prefer the open endeavours of those publications which seek to destroy the church1 and introduce a republic in effect3 there is a sort of honesty in that which ,i approve1 though ,i would with joy lay down my life to save my country from the consummation which is so evidently desired by that section of the periodical press4 ,june #bf4 #ahca4 ,,napier4--,,buonaparte4--,,southey4 ,i have been exceedingly impressed with the evil precedent of ,colonel ,napier's ,history of the ,peninsular ,war4 ,it is a specimen of the true ,french military school2 not a thought for the justice of the war1--not a consideration of the damnable and damning iniquity of the ,french invasion4 ,all is looked at as a mere game of exquisite skill1 and the praise is regularly awarded to the most successful player4 ,how perfectly ridiculous is the prostration of ,napier's mind1 apparently a powerful one1 before the name of ,buonaparte6 ,i declare ,i know no book more likely to undermine the national sense of right and wrong in matters of foreign interference than this work of ,napier's4 ,if ,a4 has a hundred means of doing a certain thing1 and ,b4 has only one or two1 is it very wonderful1 or does it argue very transcendant superiority1 if ,a4 surpasses ,b48 ,buonaparte was the child of circumstances1 which he neither originated nor controlled4 ,he had no chance of preserving his power but by continual warfare4 ,no thought of a wise tranquillization of the shaken elements of ,france seems ever to have passed through his mind2 and ,i believe that at no part of his reign could be have survived one year's continued peace4 ,he never had but one obstacle to contend with--physical force2 commonly the least difficult enemy a general1 subject to courts- martial and courts of conscience1 has to overcome4 99 99 99 99 99 ,southey's ,history#a is on the right side1 and starts from the right point2 but he is personally fond of the ,spaniards1 and in bringing forward their nationality in the prominent manner it deserves1 he does not1 in my judgment1 state with sufficient clearness the truth1 that the nationality of the ,spaniards was not founded on any just ground of good government or wise laws1 but was1 in fact1 very little more than a rooted antipathy to all strangers as such4 ,in this sense every thing is national in ,spain4 ,even their so called ,catholic religion is exclusively national in a genuine ,spaniard's mind2 he does not regard the religious professions of the ,frenchman or ,italian at all in the same light with his own4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge said that the conclusion of this great work was the finest specimen of historic eulogy he had ever read in ,english2--that it was more than a campaign to the duke's fame4--,,ed4 ,july #g4 #ahca4 ,,patronage ,,of ,,the ,,fine ,,arts4--,,old ,,women4 ,the darkest despotisms on the ,continent have done more for the growth and elevation of the fine arts than the ,english government4 ,a great musical composer in ,germany and ,italy is a great man in society1 and a real dignity and rank are universally conceded to him4 ,so it is with a sculptor1 or painter1 or architect4 ,without this sort of encouragement and patronage such arts as music and painting will never come into great eminence4 ,in this country there is no general reverence for the fine arts2 and the sordid spirit of a money-amassing philosophy would meet any proposition for the fostering of art1 in a genial and extended sense1 with the commercial maxim1--,laissez faire4 ,paganini1 indeed1 will make a fortune1 because he can actually sell the tones of his fiddle at so much a scrape2 but ,mozart himself might have languished in a garret for any thing that would have been done for him here4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are three classes into which all the women past seventy that ever ,i knew were to be divided3--#a4 ,that dear old soul2 #b4 ,that old woman2 #c4 ,that old witch4 ,july #bd4 #ahca4 ,,pictures4#a ,observe the remarkable difference between ,claude and ,teniers in their power of painting vacant space4 ,claude makes his whole landscape a plenum3 the air is quite as substantial as any other part of the scene4 ,hence there are no true distances1 and every thing presses at once and equally upon the eye4 ,there is something close and almost suffocating in the atmosphere of some of ,claude's sunsets4 ,never did any one paint air1 the thin air1 the absolutely apparent vacancy between object and object1 so admirably as ,teniers4 ,that picture of the ,archers#b exemplifies this excellence4 ,see the distances between those ugly louts6 how perfectly true to the fact6 ,but oh6 what a wonderful picture is that ,triumph of ,silenus6#c ,it is the very revelry of hell4 ,every evil passion is there that could in any way be forced into juxtaposition with joyance4 ,mark the lust1 and1 hard by1 the hate4 ,every part is pregnant with libidinous nature without one spark of the grace of ,heaven4 ,the animal is triumphing--not over1 but--in the absence1 in the non-existence1 of the spiritual part of man4 ,i could fancy that ,rubens had seen in a vision-- ,all the souls that damned be ,leap up at once in anarchy1 ,clap their hands1 and dance for glee6 ,that landscape#d on the other side is only less magnificent than dear ,sir ,george ,beaumont's1 now in the ,national ,gallery4 ,it has the same charm4 ,rubens does not take for his subjects grand or novel conformations of objects2 he has1 you see1 no precipices1 no forests1 no frowning castles1-- nothing that a poet would take at all times1 and a painter take in these times4 ,no2 he gets some little ponds1 old tumble-down cottages1 that ruinous chteau1 two or three peasants1 a hay-rick1 and other such humble images1 which looked at in and by themselves convey no pleasure and excite no surprise2 but he--and he ,peter ,paul ,rubens alone--handles these every- day ingredients of all common landscapes as they are handled in nature2 he throws them into a vast and magnificent whole1 consisting of heaven and earth and all things therein4 ,he extracts the latent poetry out of these common objects1--that poetry and harmony which every man of genius perceives in the face of nature1 and which many men of no genius are taught to perceive and feel after examining such a picture as this4 ,in other landscape painters the scene is confined and as it were imprisoned2--in ,rubens the landscape dies a natural death2 it fades away into the apparent infinity of space4 ,so long as ,rubens confines himself to space and outward figure--to the mere animal man with animal passions--he is1 ,i may say1 a god amongst painters4 ,his satyrs1 ,silenuses1 lions1 tigers1 and dogs1 are almost godlike2 but the moment he attempts any thing involving or presuming the spiritual1 his gods and goddesses1 his nymphs and heroes1 become beasts1 absolute1 unmitigated beasts4 ,footnote #a3 ,all the following remarks in this section were made at the exhibition of ancient masters at the ,british ,gallery in ,pall ,mall4 ,the recollection of those two hours has made the rooms of that ,institution a melancholy place for me4 ,mr4 ,coleridge was in high spirits1 and seemed to kindle in his mind at the contemplation of the splendid pictures before him4 ,he did not examine them all by the catalogue1 but anchored himself before some three or four great works1 telling me that he saw the rest of the ,gallery potentially4 ,i can yet distinctly recall him1 half leaning on his old simple stick1 and his hat off in one hand1 whilst with the fingers of the other he went on1 as was his constant wont1 figuring in the air a commentary of small diagrams1 wherewith1 as he fancied1 he could translate to the eye those relations of form and space which his words might fail to convey with clearness to the ear4 ,his admiration for ,rubens showed itself in a sort of joy and brotherly fondness2 he looked as if he would shake hands with his pictures4 ,what the company1 which by degrees formed itself round this silver-haired1 bright-eyed1 music-breathing1 old man1 took him for1 ,i cannot guess2 there was probably not one there who knew him to be that ,ancient ,mariner1 who held people with his glittering eye1 and constrained them1 like three years' children1 to hear his tale4 ,in the midst of his speech1 he turned to the right hand1 where stood a very lovely young woman1 whose attention he had involuntarily arrested2--to her1 without apparently any consciousness of her being a stranger to him1 he addressed many remarks1 although ,i must acknowledge they were couched in a somewhat softer tone1 as if he were soliciting her sympathy4 ,he was1 verily1 a gentle-hearted man at all times2 but ,i never was in company with him in my life1 when the entry of a woman1 it mattered not who1 did not provoke a dim gush of emotion1 which passed like an infant's breath over the mirror of his intellect4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,figures shooting at a ,target1 belonging1 ,i believe1 to ,lord ,bandon4--,,ed4 ,footnote #c3 ,this belongs to ,sir ,robert ,peel4--,,ed4 ,footnote #d3 ,landscape with setting ,sun1--,lord ,farnborough's picture4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,italian masters differ from the ,dutch in this--that in their pictures ages are perfectly ideal4 ,the infant that ,raffael's ,madonna holds in her arms cannot be guessed of any particular age2 it is ,humanity in infancy4 ,the babe in the manger in a ,dutch painting is a fac-simile of some real new-born bantling2 it is just like the little rabbits we fathers have all seen with some dismay at first burst4 99 99 99 99 99 ,carlo ,dolce's representations of our ,saviour are pretty1 to be sure2 but they are too smooth to please me4 ,his ,christs are always in sugar-candy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,that is a very odd and funny picture of the ,connoisseurs at ,rome#a by ,reynolds4 ,footnote #a3 ,portraits of distinguished ,connoisseurs painted at ,rome1--belonging to ,lord ,burlington4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the more ,i see of modern pictures1 the more ,i am convinced that the ancient art of painting is gone1 and something substituted for it1--very pleasing1 but different1 and different in kind and not in degree only4 ,portraits by the old masters1--take for example the pock-fritten lady by ,cuyp#a--;are pictures of men and women3 they fill1 not merely occupy1 a space2 they represent individuals1 but individuals as types of a species4 ,modern portraits--a few by ,jackson and ,owen1 perhaps1 excepted--give you not the man1 not the inward humanity1 but merely the external mark1 that in which ,tom is different from ,bill4 ,there is something affected and meretricious in the ,snake in the ,grass#b and such pictures1 by ,reynolds4 ,footnote #a3 ,i almost forget1 but have some recollection that the allusion is to ,mr4 ,heneage ,finch's picture of a ,lady with a ,fan4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,sir ,robert ,peel's4--,,ed4 ,july #be4 #ahca4 ,,chillingworth4--,,superstition ,,of ,,maltese1 ,,sicilians1 ,,and ,,italians4 ,it is now twenty years since ,i read ,chillingworth's book#a2 but certainly it seemed to me that his main position1 that the mere text of the ,bible is the sole and exclusive ground of ,christian faith and practice1 is quite untenable against the ,romanists4 ,it entirely destroys the conditions of a church1 of an authority residing in a religious community1 and all that holy sense of brotherhood which is so sublime and consolatory to a meditative ,christian4 ,had ,i been a ,papist1 ,i should not have wished for a more vanquishable opponent in controversy4 ,i certainly believe ,chillingworth to have been in some sense a ,socinian4 ,lord ,falkland1 his friend1 said so in substance4 ,i do not deny his skill in dialectics2 he was more than a match for ,knott#b to be sure4 ,i must be bold enough to say1 that ,i do not think that even ,hooker puts the idea of a church on the true foundation4 ,footnote #a3 ,the ,religion of ,protestants a safe ,way to ,salvation2 or1 an ,answer to a ,booke entitled ',mercy and ,truth2 or1 ,charity maintained by ,catholicks1' which pretends to prove the contrary4 ,footnote #b3 ,socinianism1 or some inclination that way1 is an old and clinging charge against ,chillingworth4 ,on the one hand1 it is well known that he subscribed the articles of the church of ,england1 in the usual form1 on the #bjth of ,july1 #afch2 and on the other1 it is equally certain that within two years immediately previous1 he wrote the letter to some unnamed correspondent1 beginning ,dear ,harry1 and printed in all the ,lives of ,chillingworth1 in which letter he sums up his arguments upon the ,arian doctrine in this passage3--,in a word1 whosoever shall freely and impartially consider of this thing1 and how on the other side the ancient fathers' weapons against the ,arrians are in a manner only places of ,scripture 7and these now for the most part discarded as importunate and unconcluding71 and how in the argument drawn from the authority of the ancient fathers1 they are almost always defendants1 and scarse ever opponents1 he shall not choose but confesses or at least be very inclinable to beleeve1 that the doctrine of ,arrius is eyther a truth1 or at least no damnable heresy4 ,the truth is1 however1 that the ,socinianism of ,chillingworth1 such as it may have been1 had more reference to the doctrine of the redemption of man than of the being of ,god4 ,edward ,knott's real name was ,matthias ,wilson4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the superstition of the peasantry and lower orders generally in ,malta1 ,sicily1 and ,italy exceeds common belief4 ,it is unlike the superstition of ,spain1 which is a jealous fanaticism1 having reference to their catholicism1 and always glancing on heresy4 ,the popular superstition of ,italy is the offspring of the climate1 the old associations1 the manners1 and the very names of the places4 ,it is pure paganism1 undisturbed by any anxiety about orthodoxy1 or animosity against heretics4 ,hence1 it is much more good-natured and pleasing to a traveller's feelings1 and certainly not a whit less like the true religion of our dear ,lord than the gloomy idolatry of the ,spaniards4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i well remember1 when in ,valetta in #ahje1 asking a boy who waited on me1 what a certain procession1 then passing1 was1 and his answering with great quickness1 that it was ,jesus ,christ1 who lives here 7sta di casa qui71 and when he comes out1 it is in the shape of a wafer4 ,but1 ,eccelenza1 said he1 smiling and correcting himself1 non ,cristiano4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the following anecdote related by ,mr4 ,coleridge1 in ,april1 #ahaa1 was preserved and communicated to me by ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge3--,as ,i was descending from ,mount ,a,etna with a very lively talkative guide1 we passed through a village 7,i think called7 ,nicolozzi1 when the host happened to be passing through the street4 ,every one was prostrate2 my guide became so2 and1 not to be singular1 ,i went down also4 ,after resuming our journey1 ,i observed in my guide an unusual seriousness and long silence1 which1 after many hums and hahs1 was interrupted by a low bow1 and leave requested to ask a question4 ,this was of course granted1 and the ensuing dialogue took place4 ,guide4 ,signor1 are you then a ,christian8 ,coleridge4 ,i hope so4 ,g4 ,what6 are all ,englishmen ,christians8 ,c4 ,i hope and trust they are4 ,g4 ,what6 are you not ,turks8 ,are you not damned eternally8 ,c4 ,i trust not1 through ,christ4 ,g4 ,what6 you believe in ,christ then8 ,c4 ,certainly4 ,this answer produced another long silence4 ,at length my guide again spoke1 still doubting the grand point of my ,christianity4 ,g4 ,i'm thinking1 ,signor1 what is the difference between you and us1 that you are to be certainly damned8 ,c4 ,nothing very material2 nothing that can prevent our both going to heaven1 ,i hope4 ,we believe in the ,father1 the ,son1 and the ,holy ,ghost4 ,g4 7interrupting me7 ,oh those damned priests6 what liars they are6 ,but 7pausing7 we can't do without them2 we can't go to heaven without them4 ,but tell me1 ,signor1 what are the differences8 ,c4 ,why1 for instance1 we do not worship the ,virgin4 ,g4 ,and why not1 ,signor8 ,c4 ,because1 though holy and pure1 we think her still a woman1 and1 therefore1 do not pay her the honour due to ,god4 ,g4 ,but do you not worship ,jesus1 who sits on the right hand of ,god8 ,c4 ,we do4 ,g4 ,then why not worship the ,virgin1 who sits on the left8 ,c4 ,i did not know she did4 ,if you can show it me in the ,scriptures1 ,i shall readily agree to worship her4 ,oh1 said my man1 with uncommon triumph1 and cracking his fingers1 sicuro1 ,signor6 sicuro1 ,signor6--,,ed4 ,july #cj4 #ahca4 ,,asgill4--,,the ,,french4 ,asgill was an extraordinary man1 and his pamphlet#a is invaluable4 ,he undertook to prove that man is literally immortal2 or1 rather1 that any given living man might probably never die4 ,he complains of the cowardly practice of dying4 ,he was expelled from two ,houses of ,commons for blasphemy and atheism1 as was pretended2--really ,i suspect because he was a staunch ,hanoverian4 ,i expected to find the ravings of an enthusiast1 or the sullen snarlings of an infidel2 whereas ,i found the very soul of ,swift--an intense half self-deceived humorism4 ,i scarcely remember elsewhere such uncommon skill in logic1 such lawyer-like acuteness1 and yet such a grasp of common sense4 ,each of his paragraphs is in itself a whole1 and yet a link between the preceding and following2 so that the entire series forms one argument1 and yet each is a diamond in itself4 ,footnote #a3 ,an argument proving1 that1 according to the covenant of eternal life1 revealed in the ,scriptures1 man may be translated from hence1 without passing through death1 although the human nature of ,christ himself could not be thus translated1 till he had passed through death4 ,asgill died in the year #agch1 in the ,king's ,bench prison1 where he had been a prisoner for debt thirty years4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,was there ever such a miserable scene as that of the exhibition of the ,austrian standards in the ,french house of peers the other day8#a ,every other nation but the ,french would see that it was an exhibition of their own falsehood and cowardice4 ,a man swears that the property intrusted to him is burnt1 and then1 when he is no longer afraid1 produces it1 and boasts of the atmosphere of honour1 through which the lie did not transpire4 ,frenchmen are like grains of gunpowder1--each by itself smutty and contemptible1 but mass them together and they are terrible indeed4 ,footnote #a3 ,when the allies were in ,paris in #ahae1 all the ,austrian standards were reclaimed4 ,the answer was that they had been burnt by the soldiers at the ,htel des ,invalides4 ,this was untrue4 ,the ,marquis de ,semonville confessed with pride that he1 knowing of the fraud1 had concealed these standards1 taken from ,mack at ,ulm in #ahje1 in a vault under the ,luxemburg palace4 ,an inviolable asylum1 said the ,marquis in his speech to the peers1 formed in the vault of this hall has protected this treasure from every search4 ,vainly1 during this long space of time1 have the most authoritative researches endeavoured to penetrate the secret4 ,it would have been culpable to reveal it1 as long as we were liable to the demands of haughty foreigners4 ,no one in this atmosphere of honour is capable of so great a weakness1 c4--,,ed4 ,august #a4 #ahca4 ,as there is much beast and some devil in man2 so is there some angel and some ,god in him4 ,the beast and the devil may be conquered1 but in this life never destroyed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i will defy any one to answer the arguments of a ,st4 ,simonist1 except on the ground of ,christianity--its precepts and its assurances4 ,august #f4 #ahca4 ,,the ,,good ,,and ,,the ,,true4--,,romish ,,religion4 ,there is the love of the good for the good's sake1 and the love of the truth for the truth's sake4 ,i have known many1 especially women1 love the good for the good's sake2 but very few1 indeed1 and scarcely one woman1 love the truth for the truth's sake4 ,yet2 without the latter1 the former may become1 as it has a thousand times been1 the source of persecution of the truth1--the pretext and motive of inquisitorial cruelty and party zealotry4 ,to see clearly that the love of the good and the true is ultimately identical--is given only to those who love both sincerely and without any foreign ends4 99 99 99 99 99 ,look through the whole history of countries professing the ,romish religion1 and you will uniformly find the leaven of this besetting and accursed principle of action--that the end will sanction any means4 ,august #h4 #ahca4 ,,england ,,and ,,holland4 ,the conduct of this country to ,king ,william of ,holland has been1 in my judgment1 base and unprincipled beyond any thing in our history since the times of ,charles the ,second4 ,certainly1 ,holland is one of the most important allies that ,england has2 and we are doing our utmost to subject it1 and ,portugal1 to ,french influence1 or even dominion6 ,upon my word1 the ,english people1 at this moment1 are like a man palsied in every part of his body but one1 in which one part he is so morbidly sensitive that he cannot bear to have it so much as breathed upon1 whilst you may pinch him with a hot forceps elsewhere without his taking any notice of it4 ,august #h4 #ahca4 ,,iron4--,,galvanism4--,,heat4 ,iron is the most ductile of all hard metals1 and the hardest of all ductile metals4 ,with the exception of nickel1 in which it is dimly seen1 iron is the only metal in which the magnetic power is visible4 ,indeed1 it is almost impossible to purify nickel of iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,galvanism is the union of electricity and magnetism1 and1 by being continuous1 it exhibits an image of life2--,i say1 an image only3 it is life in death4 99 99 99 99 99 ,heat is the mesothesis or indifference of light and matter4 ,august #ad4 #ahca4 ,,national ,,colonial ,,character1 ,,and ,,naval ,,discipline4 ,the character of most nations in their colonial dependencies is in an inverse ratio of excellence to their character at home4 ,the best people in the mother-country will generally be the worst in the colonies2 the worst at home will be the best abroad4 ,or1 perhaps1 ,i may state it less offensively thus3--,the colonists of a well governed-country will degenerate2 those of an ill-governed country will improve4 ,i am now considering the natural tendency of such colonists if left to themselves2 of course1 a direct act of the legislature of the mother-country will break in upon this4 ,where this tendency is exemplified1 the cause is obvious4 ,in countries well governed and happily conditioned1 none1 or very few1 but those who are desperate through vice or folly1 or who are mere trading adventurers1 will be willing to leave their homes and settle in another hemisphere2 and of those who do go1 the best and worthiest are always striving to acquire the means of leaving the colony1 and of returning to their native land4 ,in ill-governed and ill-conditioned countries1 on the contrary1 the most respectable of the people are willing and anxious to emigrate for the chance of greater security and enlarged freedom2 and if they succeed in obtaining these blessings in almost any degree1 they have little inducement1 on the average1 to wish to abandon their second and better country4 ,hence1 in the former case1 the colonists consider themselves as mere strangers1 sojourners1 birds of passage1 and shift to live from hand to mouth1 with little regard to lasting improvement of the place of their temporary commerce2 whilst1 in the latter case1 men feel attached to a community to which they are individually indebted for otherwise unattainable benefits1 and for the most part learn to regard it as their abode1 and to make themselves as happy and comfortable in it as possible4 ,i believe that the internal condition and character of the ,english and ,french ,west ,india islands of the last century amply verified this distinction2 the ,dutch colonists most certainly did1 and have always done4 ,analogous to this1 though not founded on precisely the same principle1 is the fact that the severest naval discipline is always found in the ships of the freest nations1 and the most lax discipline in the ships of the most oppressed4 ,hence1 the naval discipline of the ,americans is the sharpest2 then that of the ,english2#a then that of the ,french 7,i speak as it used to be72 and on board a ,spanish ship1 there is no discipline at all4 ,at ,genoa1 the word ,liberty is1 or used to be1 engraved on the chains of the galley-slaves1 and the doors of the dungeons4 ,footnote #a3 ,this expression needs explanation4 ,it looks as if ,mr4 ,coleridge rated the degree of liberty enjoyed by the ,english1 after that of the citizens of the ,united ,states2 but he meant no such thing4 ,his meaning was1 that the form of government of the latter was more democratic1 and formally assigned more power to each individual4 ,the ,americans1 as a nation1 had no better friend in ,england than ,coleridge2 he contemplated their growth with interest1 and prophesied highly of their destiny1 whether under their present or other governments4 ,but he well knew their besetting faults and their peculiar difficulties1 and was most deliberately of opinion that the ,english had1 for #acj years last past1 possessed a measure of individual freedom and social dignity which had never been equalled1 much less surpassed1 in any other country ancient or modern4 ,there is a passage in ,mr4 ,coleridge's latest publication 7,church and ,state1 which clearly expresses his opinion upon this subject3 ,it has been frequently and truly observed that in ,england1 where the ground-plan1 the skeleton1 as it were1 of the government is a monarchy1 at once buttressed and limited by the aristocracy 7the assertions of its popular character finding a better support in the harangues and theories of popular men1 than in state documents1 and the records of clear history71 afar greater degree of liberty is1 and long has been1 enjoyed1 than ever existed in1 the ostensibly freest1 that is1 most democratic1 commonwealths of ancient or modern times2 greater1 indeed1 and with a more decisive predominance of the spirit of freedom1 than the wisest and most philanthropic statesmen of antiquity1 or than the great commonwealth's men1--the stars of that narrow interspace of blue sky between the black clouds of the first and second ,charles's reigns--believed compatible1 the one with the safety of the state1 the other with the interests of morality4 ,yes6 for little less than a century and a half1 ,englishmen have1 collectively and individually1 lived and acted with fewer restraints on their free-agency1 than the citizens of any known republic1 past or present4 7p4 #abj47 ,upon which he subjoins the following note3 ,it will be thought1 perhaps1 that the ,united ,states of ,north ,america should have been excepted4 ,but the identity of stock1 language1 customs1 manners1 and laws scarcely allows us to consider this an exception1 even though it were quite certain both that it is and that it will continue such4 ,it was at all events a remark worth remembering1 which ,i once heard from a traveller 7a prejudiced one1 ,i must admit71 that where every man may take1 liberties1 there is little liberty for any man2 or1 that where every man takes liberties1 no man can enjoy any4 7p4 #aba47 ,see also a passage to the like effect in the ,friend1 vol4 i4 p4 #abi--;,,ed4 ,august #ae4 #ahca4 ,,england4--,,holland ,,and ,,belgium4 ,i cannot contain my indignation at the conduct of our government towards ,holland4 ,they have undoubtedly forgotten the true and well-recognized policy of this country in regard to ,portugal in permitting the war faction in ,france to take possession of the ,tagus1 and to bully the ,portuguese upon so flimsy--indeed1 false--a pretext#a yet1 in this instance1 something may be said for them4 ,miguel is such a wretch1 that ,i acknowledge a sort of morality in leaving him to be cuffed and insulted2 though1 of course1 this is a poor answer to a statesman who alleges the interest and policy of the country4 ,but1 as to the ,dutch and ,king ,william3 the first1 as a nation1 the most ancient ally1 the alter idem of ,england1 the best deserving of the cause of freedom and religion and morality of any people in ,europe2 and the second1 the very best sovereign now in ,christendom1 with1 perhaps1 the single exception of the excellent king of ,sweden#b--was ever any thing so mean and cowardly as the behaviour of ,england6 ,the ,five ,powers have1 throughout this conference1 been actuated exclusively by a selfish desire to preserve peace--,i should rather say1 to smother war --at the expense of a most valuable but inferior power4 ,they have over and over again acknowledged the justice of the ,dutch claims1 and the absurdity of the ,belgian pretences2 but as the ,belgians were also as impudent as they were iniquitous1--as they would not yield their point1 why then--that peace may be preserved--the ,dutch must yield theirs6 ,a foreign prince comes into ,belgium1 pending these negotiations1 and takes an unqualified oath to maintain the ,belgian demands3--what could ,king ,william or the ,dutch do1 if they ever thereafter meant to call themselves independent1 but resist and resent this outrage to the uttermost8 ,it was a crisis in which every consideration of state became inferior to the strong sense and duty of national honour4 ,when1 indeed1 the ,french appear in the field1 ,king ,william retires4 ,i now see1 he may say1 that the powers of ,europe are determined to abet the ,belgians4 ,the justice of such a proceeding ,i leave to their conscience and the decision of history4 ,it is now no longer a question whether ,i am tamely to submit to rebels and a usurper2 it is no longer a quarrel between ,holland and ,belgium3 it is an alliance of all ,europe against ,holland1--in which case ,i yield4 ,i have no desire to sacrifice my people4 ,footnote #a3 ,meaning1 principally1 the whipping1 so richly deserved1 inflicted on a ,frenchman called ,bonhomme1 for committing a disgusting breach of common decency in the cathedral of ,coimbra1 during divine service in ,passion ,week4--,,ed42 ,footnote #b3 ,every thing that ,i have heard or read of this sovereign has contributed to the impression on my mind1 that he is a good and a wise man1 and worthy to be the king of a virtuous people1 the purest specimen of the ,gothic race4--,church and ,state1 p4 #abe4 n4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,leopold said that he was called to reign over four millions of noble ,belgians1 ,i thought the phrase would have been more germane to the matter1 if he had said that he was called to rein in four million restive asses4 ,august #bj4 #ahca4 ,,greatest ,,happiness ,,principle4----,,hobbism4 ,o4 ,p4 ,q4 in the ,morning ,chronicle is a clever fellow4 ,he is for the greatest possible happiness for the greatest possible number1 and for the longest possible time6 ,so am ,i2 so are you1 and every one of us1 ,i will venture to say1 round the tea-table4 ,first1 however1 what does ,o4 ,p4 ,q4 mean by the word happiness8 and1 secondly1 how does he propose to make other persons agree in his definition of the term8 ,don't you see the ridiculous absurdity of setting up that as a principle or motive of action1 which is1 in fact1 a necessary and essential instinct of our very nature--an inborn and inextinguishable desire8 ,how can creatures susceptible of pleasure and pain do otherwise than desire happiness8 ,but1 what happiness8 ,that is the question4 ,the ,american savage1 in scalping his fallen enemy1 pursues his happiness naturally and adequately4 ,a ,chickasaw1 or ,pawnee ,bentham1 or ,o4 ,p4 ,q41 would necessarily hope for the most frequent opportunities possible of scalping the greatest possible number of savages1 for the longest possible time4 ,there is no escaping this absurdity1 unless you come back to a standard of reason and duty1 imperative upon our merely pleasurable sensations4 ,oh6 but1 says ,o4 ,p4 ,q41 ,i am for the happiness of others6 ,of others6 ,are you1 indeed8 ,well1 ,i happen to be one of those others1 and1 so far as ,i can judge from what you show me of your habits and views1 ,i would rather be excused from your banquet of happiness4 ,your mode of happiness would make me miserable4 ,to go about doing as much good as possible to as many men as possible1 is1 indeed1 an excellent object for a man to propose to himself2 but then1 in order that you may not sacrifice the real good and happiness of others to your particular views1 which may be quite different from your neighbour's1 you must do that good to others which the reason1 common to all1 pronounces to be good for all4 ,in this sense your fine maxim is so very true as to be a mere truism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so you object1 with old ,hobbes1 that ,i do good actions for the pleasure of a good conscience2 and so1 after all1 ,i am only a refined sensualist6 ,heaven bless you1 and mend your logic6 ,don't you see that if conscience1 which is in its nature a consequence1 were thus anticipated and made an antecedent--a party instead of a judge--it would dishonour your draft upon it--it would not pay on demand8 ,don't you see that1 in truth1 the very fact of acting with this motive properly and logically destroys all claim upon conscience to give you any pleasure at all8 ,august #bb4 #ahca4 ,,the ,,two ,,modes ,,of ,,political ,,action4 ,there are many able and patriotic members in the ,house of ,commons--,sir ,robert ,inglis1 ,sir ,robert ,peel1 and some others4 ,but ,i grieve that they never have the courage or the wisdom--,i know not in which the failure is-- to take their stand upon duty1 and to appeal to all men as men1--to the ,good and the ,true1 which exist for all1 and of which all have an apprehension4 ,they always set to work--especially1 his great eminence considered1 ,sir ,robert ,peel--by addressing themselves to individual interests2 the measure will be injurious to the linen-drapers1 or to the bricklayers2 or this clause will bear hard on bobbin-net or poplins1 and so forth4 ,whereas their adversaries--the demagogues--always work on the opposite principle3 they always appeal to men as men2 and1 as you know1 the most terrible convulsions in society have been wrought by such phrases as ,rights of ,man1 ,sovereignty of the ,people1 c41 which no one understands1 which apply to no one in particular1 but to all in general4#a ,the devil works precisely in the same way4 ,he is a very clever fellow2 ,i have no acquaintance with him1 but ,i respect his evident talents4 ,consistent truth and goodness will assuredly in the end overcome every thing2 but inconsistent good can never be a match for consistent evil4 ,alas6 ,i look in vain for some wise and vigorous man to sound the word ,duty in the ears of this generation4 ,footnote #a3 ,it is with nations as with individuals4 ,in tranquil moods and peaceable times we are quite practical2 facts only1 and cool common sense1 are then in fashion4 ,but let the winds of passion swell1 and straightway men begin to generalize1 to connect by remotest analogies1 to express the most universal positions of reason in the most glowing figures of fancy2 in short1 to feel particular truths and mere facts as poor1 cold1 narrow1 and incommensurate with their feelings4--,statesman's ,manual1 p4 #ah4 ,it seems a paradox only to the unthinking1 and it is a fact that none but the unread in history will deny1 that1 in periods of popular tumult and innovation1 the more abstract a notion is1 the more readily has it been found to combine1 the closer has appeared its affinity1 with the feelings of a people1 and with all their immediate impulses to action4 ,at the commencement of the ,french ,revolution1 in the remotest villages every tongue was employed in echoing and enforcing the almost geometrical abstractions of the physiocratic politicians and economists4 ,the public roads were crowded with armed enthusiasts1 disputing on the inalienable sovereignty of the people1 the imprescriptible laws of the pure reason1 and the universal constitution1 which1 as rising out of the nature and rights of man as man1 all nations alike were under the obligation of adopting4-- ,statesman's ,manual4 ,august #bd4 #ahca4 ,,truths ,,and ,,maxims4 ,the ,english public is not yet ripe to comprehend the essential difference between the reason and the understanding--between a principle and a maxim-- an eternal truth and a mere conclusion generalized from a great number of facts4 ,a man1 having seen a million moss roses all red1 concludes from his own experience and that of others that all moss roses are red4 ,that is a maxim with him--the greatest amount of his knowledge upon the subject4 ,but it is only true until some gardener has produced a white moss rose1-- after which the maxim is good for nothing4 ,again1 suppose ,adam watching the sun sinking under the western horizon for the first time2 he is seized with gloom and terror1 relieved by scarce a ray of hope that he shall ever see the glorious light again4 ,the next evening1 when it declines1 his hopes are stronger1 but still mixed with fear2 and even at the end of a thousand years1 all that a man can feel is a hope and an expectation so strong as to preclude anxiety4 ,now compare this in its highest degree with the assurance which you have that the two sides of any triangle are together greater than the third4 ,this1 demonstrated of one triangle1 is seen to be eternally true of all imaginable triangles4 ,this is a truth perceived at once by the intuitive reason1 independently of experience4 ,it is and must ever be so1 multiply and vary the shapes and sizes of triangles as you may4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it used to be said that four and five make nine4 ,locke says1 that four and five are nine4 ,now ,i say1 that four and five are not nine1 but that they will make nine4 ,when ,i see four objects which will form a square1 and five which will form a pentagon1 ,i see that they are two different things2 when combined1 they will form a third different figure1 which we call nine4 ,when separate they are not it1 but will make it4 ,september #aa4 #ahca4 ,,drayton ,,and ,,daniel4 ,drayton is a sweet poet1 and ,selden's notes to the early part of the ,polyolbion are well worth your perusal4 ,daniel is a superior man2 his diction is pre-eminently pure1--of that quality which ,i believe has always existed somewhere in society4 ,it is just such ,english1 without any alteration1 as ,wordsworth or ,sir ,george ,beaumont might have spoken or written in the present day4 ,yet there are instances of sublimity in ,drayton4 ,when deploring the cutting down of some of our old forests1 he says1 in language which reminds the reader of ,lear1 written subsequently1 and also of several passages in ,mr4 ,wordsworth's poems3-- ----our trees so hack'd above the ground1 ,that where their lofty tops the neighbouring countries crown'd1 ,their trunks 7like aged folks7 now bare and naked stand1 ,as for revenge to ,heaven each held a wither'd hand4 #a ,that is very fine4 ,footnote #a3 ,polyol ,,vii4 ,he 7,drayton7 was a poet by nature1 and carefully improved his talent2 one who sedulously laboured to deserve the approbation of such as were capable of appreciating and cared nothing for the censures which others might pass upon him4 ',like me that list1' he says1 ----'my honest rhymes ,nor care for critics1 nor regard the times4' ,and though he is not a poet virum volitarc per ora1 nor one of those whose better fortune it is to live in the hearts of their devoted admirers1--yet what he deemed his greatest work will be preserved by its subject2 some of his minor poems have merit enough in their execution to ensure their preservation2 and no one who studies poetry as an art will think his time misspent in perusing the whole1 if he have any real love for the art he is pursuing4 ,the youth who enters upon that pursuit without a feeling of respect and gratitude for those elder poets1 who by their labours have prepared the way for him1 is not likely to produce any thing himself that will be held in remembrance by posterity4-,the ,doctor1 c4 c4 #cf4 ,p4,i4 ,i heartily trust that the author or authors1 as the case may be1 of this singularly thoughtful and diverting book will in due time continue it4 ,let some people say what they please1 there has not been the fellow of it published for many a long day4--,,ed4 ,september #ab4 #ahca4 ,,mr4 ,,coleridge',s ,,system ,,of ,,philosophy4 ,my system1 if ,i may venture to give it so fine a name1 is the only attempt1 ,i know1 ever made to reduce all knowledges into harmony4 ,it opposes no other system1 but shows what was true in each2 and how that which was true in the particular1 in each of them became error1 because it was only half the truth4 ,i have endeavoured to unite the insulated fragments of truth1 and therewith to frame a perfect mirror4 ,i show to each system that ,i fully understand and rightfully appreciate what that system means2 but then ,i lift up that system to a higher point of view1 from which ,i enable it to see its former position1 where it was1 indeed1 but under another light and with different relations2--so that the fragment of truth is not only acknowledged1 but explained4 ,thus the old astronomers discovered and maintained much that was true2 but1 because they were placed on a false ground1 and looked from a wrong point of view1 they never did1 they never could1 discover the truth--that is1 the whole truth4 ,as soon as they left the earth1 their false centre1 and took their stand in the sun1 immediately they saw the whole system in its true light1 and their former station remaining1 but remaining as a part of the prospect4 ,i wish1 in short1 to connect by a moral copula natural history with political history2 or1 in other words1 to make history scientific1 and science historical--to take from history its accidentality1 and from science its fatalism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never from a boy could1 under any circumstances1 feel the slightest dread of death as such4 ,in all my illnesses ,i have ever had the most intense desire to be released from this life1 unchecked by any but one wish1 namely1 to be able to finish my work on ,philosophy4 ,not that ,i have any author's vanity on the subject3 ,god knows that ,i should be absolutely glad1 if ,i could hear that the thing had already been done before me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illness never in the smallest degree affects my intellectual powers4 ,i can think with all my ordinary vigour in the midst of pain2 but ,i am beset with the most wretched and unmanning reluctance and shrinking from action4 ,i could not upon such occasions take the pen in hand to write down my thoughts for all the wide world4 ,october #bf4 #ahca4 ,,keenness ,,and ,,subtlety4 ,few men of genius are keen2 but almost every man of genius is subtle4 ,if you ask me the difference between keenness and subtlety1 ,i answer that it is the difference between a point and an edge4 ,to split a hair is no proof of subtlety2 for subtlety acts in distinguishing differences--in showing that two things apparently one are in fact two2 whereas1 to split a hair is to cause division1 and not to ascertain difference4 ,october #bg4 #ahca4 ,,duties ,,and ,,needs ,,of ,,an ,,advocate4 ,there is undoubtedly a limit to the exertions of an advocate for his client4 ,he has a right1 it is his bounden duty1 to do every thing which his client might honestly do1 and to do it with all the effect which any exercise of skill1 talent1 or knowledge of his own may be able to produce4 ,but the advocate has no right1 nor is it his duty1 to do that for his client which his client in foro conscientiae has no right to do for himself2 as1 for a gross example1 to put in evidence a forged deed or will1 knowing it to be so forged4 ,as to mere confounding of witnesses by skilful cross-examination1 ,i own ,i am not disposed to be very strict4 ,the whole thing is perfectly well understood on all hands1 and it is little more in general than a sort of cudgel-playing between the counsel and the witness1 in which1 ,i speak with submission to you1 ,i think ,i have seen the witness have the best of it as often as his assailant4 ,it is of the utmost importance in the administration of justice that knowledge and intellectual power should be as far as possible equalized between the crown and the prisoner1 or plaintiff and defendant4 ,hence especially arises the necessity for an order of advocates1--men whose duty it ought to be to know what the law allows and disallows2 but whose interests should be wholly indifferent as to the persons or characters of their clients4 ,if a certain latitude in examining witnesses is1 as experience seems to have shown1 a necessary mean towards the evisceration of the truth of matters of fact1 ,i have no doubt1 as a moralist1 in saying1 that such latitude within the bounds1 now existing is justifiable4 ,we must be content with a certain quantum in this life1 especially in matters of public cognizance2 the necessities of society demand it2 we must not be righteous overmuch1 or wise overmuch2 and1 as an old father says1 in what vein may there not be a plethora1 when the ,scripture tells us that there may under circumstances be too much of virtue and of wisdom8 ,still ,i think that1 upon the whole1 the advocate is placed in a position unfavourable to his moral being1 and1 indeed1 to his intellect also1 in its higher powers4 ,therefore ,i would recommend an advocate to devote a part of his leisure time to some study of the metaphysics of the mind1 or metaphysics of theology2 something1 ,i mean1 which shall call forth all his powers1 and centre his wishes in the investigation of truth alone1 without reference to a side to be supported4 ,no studies give such a power of distinguishing as metaphysical1 and in their natural and unperverted tendency they are ennobling and exalting4 ,some such studies are wanted to counteract the operation of legal studies and practice1 which sharpen1 indeed1 but1 like a grinding-stone1 narrow whilst they sharpen4 ,november #ai4 #ahca4 ,,abolition ,,of ,,the ,,french ,,hereditary ,,peerage4 ,i cannot say what the ,french peers will do2 but ,i can tell you what they ought to do4 ,so far1 they might say1 as our feelings and interests1 as individuals1 are concerned in this matter--if it really be the prevailing wish of our fellow-countrymen to destroy the hereditary peerage--we shall1 without regret1 retire into the ranks of private citizens3 but we are bound by the provisions of the existing constitution to consider ourselves collectively as essential to the well-being of ,france3 we have been placed here to defend what ,france1 a short time ago at least1 thought a vital part of its government2 and1 if we did not defend it1 what answer could we make hereafter to ,france itself1 if she should come to see1 what we think to be an error1 in the light in which we view it8 ,we should be justly branded as traitors and cowards1 who had deserted the post which we were specially appointed to maintain4 ,as a ,house of ,peers1 therefore1--as one substantive branch of the legislature1 we can never1 in honour or in conscience1 consent to a measure of the impolicy and dangerous consequences of which we are convinced4 ,if1 therefore1 this measure is demanded by the country1 let the king and the deputies form themselves into a constituent assembly2 and then1 assuming to act in the name of the total nation1 let them decree the abolition4 ,in that case we yield to a just1 perhaps1 but revolutionary1 act1 in which we do not participate1 and against which we are1 upon the supposition1 quite powerless4 ,if the deputies1 however1 consider themselves so completely in the character of delegates as to be at present absolutely pledged to vote without freedom of deliberation1 let a concise1 but perspicuous1 summary of the ablest arguments that can be adduced on either side be drawn up1 and printed1 and circulated throughout the country2 and then1 after two months1 let the deputies demand fresh instructions upon this point4 ,one thing1 as men of honour1 we declare beforehand--that1 come what will1 none of us who are now peers will ever accept a peerage created de novo for life4 ,november #bj4 #ahca4 ,,conduct ,,of ,,ministers ,,on ,,the ,,reform ,,bill4--,,the ,,multitude4 ,the present ministers have1 in my judgment1 been guilty of two things preeminently wicked1 sensu politico1 in their conduct upon this ,reform ,bill4 ,first1 they have endeavoured to carry a fundamental change in the material and mode of action of the government of the country by so exciting the passions1 and playing upon the necessary ignorance of the numerical majority of the nation1 that all freedom and utility of discussion1 by competent heads1 in the proper place1 should be precluded4 ,in doing this they have used1 or sanctioned the use of1 arguments which may he applied with equal or even greater force to the carrying of any measure whatever1 no matter how atrocious in its character or destructive in its consequences4 ,they have appealed directly to the argument of the greater number of voices1 no matter whether the utterers were drunk or sober1 competent or not competent2 and they have done the utmost in their power to rase out the sacred principle in politics of a representation of interests1 and to introduce the mad and barbarizing scheme of a delegation of individuals4 ,and they have done all this without one word of thankfulness to ,god for the manifold blessings of which the constitution as settled at the ,revolution1 imperfect as it may be1 has been the source or vehicle or condition to this great nation1--without one honest statement of the manner in which the anomalies in the practice grew up1 or any manly declaration of the inevitable necessities of government which those anomalies have met4 ,with no humility1 nor fear1 nor reverence1 like ,ham the accursed1 they have beckoned1 with grinning faces1 to a vulgar mob1 to come and insult over the nakedness of a parent2 when it had become them1 if one spark of filial patriotism had burnt within their breasts1 to have marched with silent steps and averted faces to lay their robes upon his destitution6 ,secondly1 they have made the king the prime mover in all this political wickedness3 they have made the king tell his people that they were deprived of their rights1 and1 by direct and necessary implication1 that they and their ancestors for a century past had been slaves3 they have made the king vilify the memory of his own brother and father4 ,rights6 ,there are no rights whatever without corresponding duties4 ,look at the history of the growth of our constitution1 and you will see that our ancestors never upon any occasion stated1 as a ground for claiming any of their privileges1 an abstract right inherent in themselves2 you will nowhere in our parliamentary records find the miserable sophism of the ,rights of ,man4 ,no6 they were too wise for that4 ,they took good care to refer their claims to custom and prescription1 and boldly--sometimes very impudently--asserted them upon traditionary and constitutional grounds4 ,the ,bill is bad enough1 ,god knows2 but the arguments of its advocates1 and the manner of their advocacy1 are a thousand times worse than the ,bill itself2 and you will live to think so4 ,i am far1 very far1 from wishing to indulge in any vulgar abuse of the vulgar4 ,i believe that the feeling of the multitude will1 in most cases1 be in favour of something good2 but this it is which ,i perceive1 that they are always under the domination of some one feeling or view2--whereas truth1 and1 above all1 practical wisdom1 must be the result of a wide comprehension of the more and the less1 the balance and the counter- balance4 ,december #c4 #ahca4 ,,religion4 ,a religion1 that is1 a true religion1 must consist of ideas and facts both2 not of ideas alone without facts1 for then it would be mere ,philosophy2-- nor of facts alone without ideas1 of which those facts are the symbols1 or out of which they arise1 or upon which they are grounded1 for then it would be mere ,history4 ,december #ag4 #ahca4 ,,union ,,with ,,ireland4--,,irish ,,church4 ,i am quite sure that no dangers are to be feared by ,england from the disannexing and independence of ,ireland at all comparable with the evils which have been1 and will yet be1 caused to ,england by the ,union4 ,we have never received one particle of advantage from our association with ,ireland1 whilst we have in many most vital particulars violated the principles of the ,british constitution solely for the purpose of conciliating the ,irish agitators1 and of endeavouring--a vain endeavour--to find room for them under the same government4 ,mr4 ,pitt has received great credit for effecting the ,union2 but ,i believe it will sooner or later be discovered that the manner in which1 and the terms upon which1 he effected it1 made it the most fatal blow that ever was levelled against the peace and prosperity of ,england4 ,from it came the ,catholic ,bill4 ,from the ,catholic ,bill has come this ,reform ,bill6 ,and what next8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the case of the ,irish ,church is certainly anomalous1 and full of practical difficulties4 ,on the one hand1 it is the only church which the constitution can admit2 on the other1 such are the circumstances1 it is a church that cannot act as a church towards five sixths of the persons nominally and legally within its care4 ,december #ah4 #ahca4 ,a ,,state4--,,persons ,,and ,,things4--,,history4 ,the difference between an inorganic and an organic body lies in this3--,in the first--a sheaf of corn--the whole is nothing more than a collection of the individual parts or phenomena4 ,in the second--a man--the whole is the effect of1 or results from1 the parts2 it--the whole--is every thing1 and the parts are nothing4 ,a ,state is an idea intermediate between the two--the whole being a result from1 and not a mere total of1 the parts1 and yet not so merging the constituent parts in the result1 but that the individual exists integrally within it4 ,extremes1 especially in politics1 meet4 ,in ,athens each individual ,athenian was of no value2 but taken altogether1 as ,demus1 they were every thing in such a sense that no individual citizen was any thing4 ,in ,turkey there is the sign of unity put for unity4 ,the ,sultan seems himself the ,state2 but it is an illusion3 there is in fact in ,turkey no ,state at all3 the whole consists of nothing but a vast collection of neighbourhoods4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when the government and the aristocracy of this country had subordinated persons to things1 and treated the one like the other1--the poor1 with some reason1 and almost in self-defence1 learned to set up rights above duties4 ,the code of a ,christian society is1 ,debeo1 et tu debes--of ,heathens or ,barbarians1 ,teneo1 teneto et tu1 si potes4#a ,footnote #a3 ,and this1 again1 is evolved out of the yet higher idea of person in contradistinction from thing1 all social law and justice being grounded on the principle that a person can never1 but by his own fault1 become a thing1 or1 without grievous wrong1 be treated as such2 and the distinction consisting in this1 that a thing may be used altogether1 and merely as the means to an end2 but the person must always be included in the end2 his interest must always form a part of the object1--a mean to which he1 by consent1 that is1 by his own act1 makes himself4 ,we plant a tree1 and we fell it2 we breed the sheep1 and we shear1 or we kill it1--in both cases wholly as means to our ends3 for trees and animals are things4 ,the woodcutter and the hind are likewise employed as means2 but on agreement1 and that too an agreement of reciprocal advantage1 which includes them as well as their employer in the end2 for they are persons4 ,and the government under which the contrary takes place is not worthy to be called a state1 if1 as in the kingdom of ,dahomey1 it be unprogressive2 or only by anticipation1 where1 as in ,russia1 it is in advance to a better and more manworthy order of things4--,church and ,state1 p4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if men could learn from history1 what lessons it might teach us6 ,but passion and party blind our eyes1 and the light which experience gives is a lantern on the stern1 which shines only on the waves behind us6 ,december #bg4 #ahca4 ,,beauty4--,,genius4 ,the old definition of beauty in the ,roman school of painting was1 il pi nell' uno--multitude in unity2 and there is no doubt that such is the principle of beauty4 ,and as one of the most characteristic and infallible criteria of the different ranks of men's intellects1 observe the instinctive habit which all superior minds have of endeavouring to bring1 and of never resting till they have brought1 into unity the scattered facts which occur in conversation1 or in the statements of men of business4 ,to attempt to argue any great question upon facts only1 is absurd2 you cannot state any fact before a mixed audience1 which an opponent as clever as yourself cannot with ease twist towards another bearing1 or at least meet by a contrary fact1 as it is called4 ,i wonder why facts were ever called stubborn things3 ,i am sure they have been found pliable enough lately in the ,house of ,commons and elsewhere4 ,facts1 you know1 are not truths2 they are not conclusions2 they are not even premisses1 but in the nature and parts of premisses4 ,the truth depends on1 and is only arrived at1 by a legitimate deduction from all the facts which are truly material4 99 99 99 99 99 ,december #bh4 #ahca4 ,,church4--,,state4--,,dissenters4 ,even to a church1--the only pure democracy1 because in it persons are alone considered1 and one person priori is equal to another person1--even to a church1 discipline is an essential condition4 ,but a state regards classes1 and classes as they represent classified property2 and to introduce a system of representation which must inevitably render all discipline impossible1 what is it but madness-the madness of ignorant vanity1 and reckless obstinacy8 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have known1 and still know1 many ,dissenters1 who profess to have a zeal for ,christianity2 and ,i dare say they have4 ,but ,i have known very few ,dissenters indeed1 whose hatred to the ,church of ,england was not a much more active principle of action with them than their love for ,christianity4 ,the ,wesleyans1 in uncorrupted parts of the country1 are nearly the only exceptions4 ,there never was an age since the days of the apostles1 in which the catholic spirit of religion was so dead1 and put aside for love of sects and parties1 as at present4 99 99 99 99 99 ,january #a4 #ahcb4 ,,gracefulness ,,of ,,children4--,,dogs4 ,how inimitably graceful children are in general before they learn to dance6 99 99 99 99 99 ,there seems a sort of sympathy between the more generous dogs and little children4 ,i believe an instance of a little child being attacked by a large dog is very rare indeed4 ,january #bh4 #ahcb4 ,,ideal ,,tory ,,and ,,whig4 ,the ideal ,tory and the ideal ,whig 7and some such there have really been7 agreed in the necessity and benefit of an exact balance of the three estates3 but the ,tory was more jealous of the balance being deranged by the people2 the ,whig1 of its being deranged by the ,crown4 ,but this was a habit1 a jealousy only2 they both agreed in the ultimate preservation of the balance2 and accordingly they might each1 under certain circumstances1 without the slightest inconsistency1 pass from one side to the other1 as the ultimate object required it4 ,this the ,tories did at the ,revolution1 but remained ,tories as before4 ,i have half a mind to write a critical and philosophical essay on ,whiggism1 from ,dryden's ,achitophel 7,shaftesbury71 the first ,whig1 7for1 with ,dr4 ,johnson's leave1 the devil is no such cattle17 down to ----1 who1 ,i trust1 in ,god's mercy to the interests of peace1 union1 and liberty in this nation1 will be the last4 ,in it ,i would take the last years of ,queen ,anne's reign as the zenith1 or palmy state1 of ,whiggism in its divinest avatar of common sense1 or of the understanding1 vigorously exerted in the right direction on the right and proper objects of the understanding2 and would then trace the rise1 the occasion1 the progress1 and the necessary degeneration of the ,whig spirit of compromise1 even down to the profound ineptitudes of their party in these days4 ,a clever fellow might make something of this hint4 ,how ,asgill would have done it6 ,february #bb4 #ahcb4 ,,the ,,church4 ,the church is the last relic of our nationality4 ,would to ,god that the bishops and the clergy in general could once fully understand that the ,christian church and the national church are as little to be confounded as divided6 ,i think the fate of the ,reform ,bill1 in itself1 of comparatively minor importance2 the fate of the national church occupies my mind with greater intensity4 ,february #bd4 #ahcb4 ,,ministers ,,and ,,the ,,reform ,,bill4 ,i could not help smiling1 in reading the report of ,lord ,grey's speech in the ,house of ,lords1 the other night1 when he asked ,lord ,wicklow whether he seriously believed that he1 ,lord ,grey1 or any of the ministers1 intended to subvert the institutions of the country4 ,had ,i been in ,lord ,wicklow's place1 ,i should have been tempted to answer this question something in the following way3--,waiving the charge in an offensive sense of personal consciousness against the noble earl1 and all but one or two of his colleagues1 upon my honour1 and in the presence of ,almighty ,god1 ,i answer1 ,yes6 ,you have destroyed the freedom of parliament2 you have done your best to shut the door of the ,house of ,commons to the property1 the birth1 the rank1 the wisdom of the people1 and have flung it open to their passions and their follies4 ,you have disfranchised the gentry1 and the real patriotism of the nation3 you have agitated and exasperated the mob1 and thrown the balance of political power into the hands of that class 7the shopkeepers7 which1 in all countries and in all ages1 has been1 is now1 and ever will be1 the least patriotic and the least conservative of any4 ,you are now preparing to destroy for ever the constitutional independence of the ,house of ,lords2 you are for ever displacing it from its supremacy as a co-ordinate estate of the realm2 and whether you succeed in passing your bill by actually swamping our votes by a batch of new peers1 or by frightening a sufficient number of us out of our opinions by the threat of one1--equally you will have superseded the triple assent which the constitution requires to the enactment of a valid law1 and have left the king alone with the delegates of the populace6 ,march #c4 #ahcb4 ,,disfranchisement4 ,i am afraid the ,conservative party see but one half of the truth4 ,the mere extension of the franchise is not the evil2 ,i should be glad to see it greatly extended2--there is no harm in that per se2 the mischief is that the franchise is nominally extended1 but to such classes1 and in such a manner1 that a practical disfranchisement of all above1 and a discontenting of all below1 a favoured class are the unavoidable results4 ,march #ag4 #ahcb4 ,,genius ,,feminine4----,,pirates4 ----'s face is almost the only exception ,i know to the observation1 that something feminine--not effeminate1 mind--is discoverable in the countenances of all men of genius4 ,look at that face of old ,dampier1 a rough sailor1 but a man of exquisite mind4 ,how soft is the air of his countenance1 how delicate the shape of his temples6 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think it very absurd and misplaced to call ,raleigh and ,drake1 and others of our naval heroes of ,elizabeth's age1 pirates4 ,no man is a pirate1 unless his contemporaries agree to call him so4 ,drake said1--,the subjects of the king of ,spain have done their best to ruin my country3 ergo1 ,i will try to ruin the king of ,spain's country4 ,would it not be silly to call the ,argonauts pirates in our sense of the word8 ,march #ah4 #ahcb4 ,,astrology4--,,alchemy4 ,it is curious to mark how instinctively the reason has always pointed out to men the ultimate end of the various sciences1 and how immediately afterwards they have set to work1 like children1 to realize that end by inadequate means4 ,now they applied to their appetites1 now to their passions1 now to their fancy1 now to the understanding1 and lastly1 to the intuitive reason again4 ,there is no doubt but that astrology of some sort or other would be the last achievement of astronomy3 there must he chemical relations between the planets2 the difference of their magnitudes compared with that of their distances is not explicable otherwise2 but this1 though1 as it were1 blindly and unconsciously seen1 led immediately to fortune- telling and other nonsense4 ,so alchemy is the theoretic end of chemistry3 there must be a common law1 upon which all can become each and each all2 but then the idea was turned to the coining of gold and silver4 ,march #bj4 #ahcb4 ,,reform ,,bill4--,,crisis4 ,i have heard but two arguments of any weight adduced in favour of passing this ,reform ,bill1 and they are in substance these3--#a4 ,we will blow your brains out if you don't pass it4 #b4 ,we will drag you through a horsepond if you don't pass it2 and there is a good deal of force in both4 99 99 99 99 99 ,talk to me of your pretended crisis6 ,stuff6 ,a vigorous government would in one month change all the data for your reasoning4 ,would you have me believe that the events of this world are fastened to a revolving cycle with ,god at one end and the ,devil at the other1 and that the ,devil is now uppermost6 ,are you a ,christian1 and talk about a crisis in that fatalistic sense6 ,march #ca4 #ahcb4 ,,john1 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,,ver4 #d4--;,,dictation ,,and ,,inspiration4--,,gnosis--,,new ,,testament ,,canon4 ,i certainly understand the ,greek3 ti emoi kai soi gynai in the second chapter#a of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 as having a liquid increpationis in it-- a mild reproof from ,jesus to ,mary for interfering in his ministerial acts by requests on her own account4 ,i do not think that ,greek3 gynai was ever used by child to parent as a common mode of address3 between husband and wife it was2 but ,i cannot think that ,greek3 meter and ,greek3 gynai were equivalent terms in the mouth of a son speaking to his mother4 ,no part of the ,christopaedia is found in ,john or ,paul2 and after the baptism there is no recognition of any maternal authority in ,mary4 ,see the two passages where she endeavours to get access to him when he is preaching3--,whosoever shall do the will of ,god1 the same is my brother1 and my sister1 and my mother#b and also the recommendation of her to the care of ,john at the crucifixion4 ,footnote #a3 ,verse #d4 ,footnote #b3 ,mark1 ch4 iii4 ver4 #ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there may be dictation without inspiration1 and inspiration without dictation2 they have been and continue to be grievously confounded4 ,balaam and his ass were the passive organs of dictation2 but no one1 ,i suppose1 will venture to call either of those worthies inspired4 ,it is my profound conviction that ,st4 ,john and ,st4 ,paul were divinely inspired2 but ,i totally disbelieve the dictation of any one word1 sentence1 or argument throughout their writings4 ,observe1 there was revelation4 ,all religion is revealed2-- revealed religion is1 in my judgment1 a mere pleonasm4 ,revelations of facts were undoubtedly made to the prophets2 revelations of doctrines were as undoubtedly made to ,john and ,paul2--but is it not a mere matter of our very senses that ,john and ,paul each dealt with those revelations1 expounded them1 insisted on them1 just exactly according to his own natural strength of intellect1 habit of reasoning1 moral1 and even physical temperament8 ,we receive the books ascribed to ,john and ,paul as their books on the judgment of men1 for whom no miraculous discernment is pretended2 nay1 whom1 in their admission and rejection of other books1 we believe to have erred4 ,shall we give less credence to ,john and ,paul themselves8 ,surely the heart and soul of every ,christian give him sufficient assurance that1 in all things that concern him as a man1 the words that he reads are spirit and truth1 and could only proceed from ,him who made both heart and soul4-- ,understand the matter so1 and all difficulty vanishes3 you read without fear1 lest your faith meet with some shock from a passage here and there which you cannot reconcile with immediate dictation1 by the ,holy ,spirit of ,god1 without an absurd violence offered to the text4 ,you read the ,bible as the best of all books1 but still as a book2 and make use of all the means and appliances which learning and skill1 under the blessing of ,god1 can afford towards rightly apprehending the general sense of it--not solicitous to find out doctrine in mere epistolary familiarity1 or facts in clear ad hominem et pro tempore allusions to national traditions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tertullian1 ,i think1 says he had seen the autograph copies of some of the apostles' writings4 ,the truth is1 the ancient ,church was not guided by the mere fact of the genuineness of a writing in pronouncing it canonical2-- its catholicity was the test applied to it4 ,i have not the smallest doubt that the ,epistle of ,barnabas is genuine2 but it is not catholic2 it is full of the ,greek3 gnosis1 though of the most simple and pleasing sort4 ,i think the same of ,hermas4 ,the ,church would never admit either into the canon1 although the ,alexandrians always read the ,epistle of ,barnabas in their churches for three hundred years together4 ,it was upwards of three centuries before the ,epistle to the ,hebrews was admitted1 and this on account of its ,greek3 gnosis2 at length1 by help of the venerable prefix of ,st4 ,paul's name1 its admirers1 happily for us1 succeeded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,so little did the early bishops and preachers think their ,christian faith wrapped up in1 and solely to be learned from1 the ,new ,testament1--indeed1 can it be said that there was any such collection for three hundred years8 --that ,i remember a letter from ----#a to a friend of his1 a bishop in the ,east1 in which he most evidently speaks of the ,christian ,scriptures as of works of which the bishop knew little or nothing4 ,footnote #a3 ,i have lost the name which ,mr4 ,coleridge mentioned4--,,ed4 ,april #d4 #ahcb4 ,,unitarianism4--,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,i make the greatest difference between ans and isms4 ,i should deal insincerely with you1 if ,i said that ,i thought ,unitarianism was ,christianity4 ,no2 as ,i believe and have faith in the doctrine1 it is not the truth in ,jesus ,christ2 but ,god forbid that ,i should doubt that you1 and many other ,unitarians1 as you call yourselves1 are1 in a practical sense1 very good ,christians4 ,we do not win heaven by logic4 ,by the by1 what do you mean by exclusively assuming the title of ,unitarians8 ,as if ,tri-,unitarians were not necessarily ,unitarians1 as much 7pardon the illustration7 as an apple-pie must of course be a pie6 ,the schoolmen would1 perhaps1 have called you ,unicists2 but your proper name is ,psilanthropists--believers in the mere human nature of ,christ4 ,upon my word1 if ,i may say so without offence1 ,i really think many forms of ,pantheistic ,atheism more agreeable to an imaginative mind than ,unitarianism as it is professed in terms3 in particular1 ,i prefer the ,spinosistic scheme infinitely4 ,the early ,socinians were1 to be sure1 most unaccountable logicians2 but1 when you had swallowed their bad reasoning1 you came to a doctrine on which the heart1 at least1 might rest for some support4 ,they adored ,jesus ,christ4 ,both ,laelius and ,faustus ,socinus laid down the adorability of ,jesus in strong terms4 ,i have nothing1 you know1 to do with their logic4 ,but ,unitarianism is1 in effect1 the worst of one kind of ,atheism1 joined to the worst of one kind of ,calvinism1 like two asses tied tail to tail4 ,it has no covenant with ,god2 and looks upon prayer as a sort of self-magnetizing--a getting of the body and temper into a certain status1 desirable per se1 but having no covenanted reference to the ,being to whom the prayer is addressed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sum total of moral philosophy is found in this one question1 ,is ,good a superfluous word1--or mere lazy synonyme for the pleasurable1 and its causes2--at most1 a mere modification to express degree1 and comparative duration of pleasure8--,or the question may be more unanswerably stated thus1 ,is good superfluous as a word exponent of a kind8--,if it be1 then moral philosophy is but a subdivision of physics4 ,if not1 then the writings of ,paley and all his predecessors and disciples are false and most pernicious2 and there is an emphatic propriety in the superlative1 and in a sense which of itself would supply and exemplify the difference between most and very4 ,april #e4 #ahcb4 ,,moral ,,law ,,of ,,polarity4 ,it is curious to trace the operation of the moral law of polarity in the history of politics1 religion1 c4 ,when the maximum of one tendency has been attained1 there is no gradual decrease1 but a direct transition to its minimum1 till the opposite tendency has attained its maximum2 and then you see another corresponding revulsion4 ,with the ,restoration came in all at once the mechanico-corpuscular philosophy1 which1 with the increase of manufactures1 trade1 and arts1 made every thing in philosophy1 religion1 and poetry objective2 till1 at length1 attachment to mere external worldliness and forms got to its maximum1--when out burst the ,french revolution2 and with it every thing became immediately subjective1 without any object at all4 ,the ,rights of ,man1 the ,sovereignty of the ,people1 were subject and object both4 ,we are now1 ,i think1 on the turning point again4 ,this ,reform seems the ne plus ultra of that tendency of the public mind which substitutes its own undefined notions or passions for real objects and historical actualities4 ,there is not one of the ministers--except the one or two revolutionists among them--who has ever given us a hint1 throughout this long struggle1 as to what he really does believe will be the product of the bill2 what sort of ,house of ,commons it will make for the purpose of governing this empire soberly and safely4 ,no2 they have actualized for a moment a wish1 a fear1 a passion1 but not an idea4 ,april #a4 #ahcb4 ,,epidemic ,,disease4--,,quarantine4 ,there are two grand divisions under which all contagious diseases may be classed3--#a4 ,those which spring from organized living beings1 and from the life in them1 and which enter1 as it were1 into the life of those in whom they reproduce themselves--such as small-pox and measles4 ,these become so domesticated with the habit and system1 that they are rarely received twice4 #b4 ,those which spring from dead organized1 or unorganized matter1 and which may be comprehended under the wide term malaria4 ,you may have passed a stagnant pond a hundred times without injury3 you happen to pass it again1 in low spirits and chilled1 precisely at the moment of the explosion of the gas3 the malaria strikes on the cutaneous or veno-glandular system1 and drives the blood from the surface2 the shivering fit comes on1 till the musculo-arterial irritability re-acts1 and then the hot fit succeeds2 and1 unless bark or arsenic--particularly bark1 because it is a bitter as well as a tonic--be applied to strengthen the veno- glandular1 and to moderate the musculo-arterial1 system1 a man may have the ague for thirty years together4 ,but if1 instead of being exposed to the solitary malaria of a pond1 a man1 travelling through the ,pontine ,marshes1 permits his animal energies to flag1 and surrenders himself to the drowsiness which generally attacks him1 then blast upon blast strikes upon the cutaneous system1 and passes through it to the musculo-arterial1 and so completely overpowers the latter that it cannot re-act1 and the man dies at once1 instead of only catching an ague4 ,there are three factors of the operation of an epidemic or atmospheric disease4 ,the first and principal one is the predisposed state of the body2 secondly1 the specific virus in the atmosphere2 and1 thirdly1 the accidental circumstances of weather1 locality1 food1 occupation1 c4 ,against the second of these we are powerless3 its nature1 causes1 and sympathies are too subtle for our senses to find data to go upon4 ,against the first1 medicine may act profitably4 ,against the third1 a wise and sagacious medical police ought to be adopted2 but1 above all1 let every man act like a ,christian1 in all charity1 and love1 and brotherly kindness1 and sincere reliance on ,god's merciful providence4 ,quarantine cannot keep out an atmospheric disease2 but it can1 and does always1 increase the predisposing causes of its reception4 ,april #aj4 #ahcb4 ,,harmony4 ,all harmony is founded on a relation to rest--on relative rest4 ,take a metallic plate1 and strew sand on it2 sound an harmonic chord over the sand1 and the grains will whirl about in circles1 and other geometrical figures1 all1 as it were1 depending on some point of sand relatively at rest4 ,sound a discord1 and every grain will whisk about without any order at all1 in no figures1 and with no points of rest4 ,the clerisy of a nation1 that is1 its learned men1 whether poets1 or philosophers1 or scholars1 are these points of relative rest4 ,there could be no order1 no harmony of the whole1 without them4 ,april #ba4 #ahcb4 ,,intellectual ,,revolutions4--,,modern ,,style4 ,there have been three silent revolutions in ,england3--first1 when the professions fell off from the church2 secondly1 when literature fell off from the professions2 and1 thirdly1 when the press fell off from literature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,common phrases are1 as it were1 so stereotyped now by conventional use1 that it is really much easier to write on the ordinary politics of the day in the common newspaper style1 than it is to make a good pair of shoes4 ,an apprentice has as much to learn now to be a shoemaker as ever he had2 but an ignorant coxcomb1 with a competent want of honesty1 may very effectively wield a pen in a newspaper office1 with infinitely less pains and preparation than were necessary formerly4 ,april #bc4 #ahcb4 ,,genius ,,of ,,the ,,spanish ,,and ,,italians4--,,vico4--,,spinosa4 ,the genius of the ,spanish people is exquisitely subtle1 without being at all acute2 hence there is so much humour and so little wit in their literature4 ,the genius of the ,italians1 on the contrary1 is acute1 profound1 and sensual1 but not subtle2 hence what they think to be humorous is merely witty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to estimate a man like ,vico1 or any great man who has made discoveries and committed errors1 you ought to say to yourself--,he did so and so in the year #agbj1 a ,papist1 at ,naples4 ,now1 what would he not have done if he had lived now1 and could have availed himself of all our vast acquisitions in physical science8 99 99 99 99 99 ,after the ,scienza ,nuova#a read ,spinosa1 ,de ,monarchia ex rationis praescripto#b4,they differed--,vico in thinking that society tended to monarchy2 ,spinosa in thinking it tended to democracy4 ,now1 ,spinosa's ideal democracy was realized by a contemporary--not in a nation1 for that is impossible1 but in a sect--,i mean by ,george ,fox and his ,quakers4#c ,footnote #a3 ,see ,michelet's ,principes de la ,philosophie de l',histoire1 c4 ,paris1 #ahbg4 ,an admirable analysis of ,vico4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,tractatus ,politici1 c4 vi4 ,footnote #c3 ,spinosa died in #afgg2 ,fox in #afha4--;,,ed4 ,april #bd4 #ahcb4 ,,colours4 ,colours may best be expressed by a heptad1 the largest possible formula for things finite1 as the pentad is the smallest possible form4 ,indeed1 the heptad of things finite is in all cases reducible to the pentad4 ,the adorable tetractys1 or tetrad1 is the formula of ,god2 which1 again1 is reducible into1 and is1 in reality1 the same with1 the ,trinity4 ,take colours thus3-- ,prothesis1 ,red1 or ,colour ,greek3 kat exochen4 _/#a _/ ,mesothesis1 or ,indifference of _/ ,red and ,yellow ,orange4 #d_/ #e ,indigo1 ,violet ,indifference _/,synthesis of ,red and ,blue4 _/--#f ,thesis ,yellow4 #b #c ,blue ,antithesis4 ,green indi-_/ componi- _/ ble _/ _/ _/ ,to which you must add #g_/ which is spurious or artificial v synthesis of ,yellow and ,blue4 ,green1 decom- ponible ,april #bh4 #ahcb4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,jerusalem4--,,epic ,,poem4 ,the destruction of ,jerusalem is the only subject now remaining for an epic poem2 a subject which1 like ,milton's ,fall of ,man1 should interest all ,christendom1 as the ,homeric ,war of ,troy interested all ,greece4 ,there would be difficulties1 as there are in all subjects2 and they must he mitigated and thrown into the shade1 as ,milton has done with the numerous difficulties in the ,paradise ,lost4 ,but there would be a greater assemblage of grandeur and splendour than can now be found in any other theme4 ,as for the old mythology1 incredulus odi2 and yet there must be a mythology1 or a quasi-mythology1 for an epic poem4 ,here there would be the completion of the prophecies--the termination of the first revealed national religion under the violent assault of ,paganism1 itself the immediate forerunner and condition of the spread of a revealed mundane religion2 and then you would have the character of the ,roman and the ,jew1 and the awfulness1 the completeness1 the justice4 ,i schemed it at twenty-five2 but1 alas6 venturum expectat4 ,april #bi4 #ahcb4 ,,vox ,,populi1 ,,vox ,,dei4--,,black4 ,i never said that the vox populi was of course the vox ,dei4 ,it may be2 but it may be1 and with equal probability1 a priori1 vox ,diaboli4 ,that the voice of ten millions of men calling for the same thing is a spirit1 ,i believe2 but whether that be a spirit of ,heaven or ,hell1 ,i can only know by trying the thing called for by the prescript of reason and ,god's will4 99 99 99 99 99 ,black is the negation of colour in its greatest energy4 ,without lustre1 it indicates or represents vacuity1 as1 for instance1 in the dark mouth of a cavern2 add lustre1 and it will represent the highest degree of solidity1 as in a polished ebony box4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in finite forms there is no real and absolute identity4 ,god alone is identity4 ,in the former1 the prothesis is a bastard prothesis1 a quasi identity only4 ,april #cj4 #ahcb4 ,,asgill ,,and ,,defoe4 ,i know no genuine ,saxon ,english superior to ,asgill's4 ,i think his and ,defoe's irony often finer than ,swift's4 ,may #a4 #ahcb4 ,,horne ,,tooke4--,,fox ,,and ,,pitt ,horne ,tooke's advice to the ,friends of the ,people was profound3--,if you wish to be powerful1 pretend to be powerful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fox and ,pitt constantly played into each other's hands4 ,mr4 ,stuart1 of the ,courier1 who was very knowing in the politics of the day1 soon found out the gross lies and impostures of that club as to its numbers1 and told ,fox so4 ,yet1 instead of disclaiming them and exposing the pretence1 as he ought to have done1 ,fox absolutely exaggerated their numbers and sinister intentions2 and ,pitt1 who also knew the lie1 took him at his word1 and argued against him triumphantly on his own premisses4 ,fox's ,gallicism1 too1 was a treasury of weapons to ,pitt4 ,he could never conceive the ,french right without making the ,english wrong4 ,ah6 ,i remember-- --it vex'd my soul to see ,so grand a cause1 so proud a realm ,with ,goose and ,goody at the helm2 ,who long ago had fall'n asunder ,but for their rivals' baser blunder1 ,the coward whine and ,frenchified ,slaver and slang of the other side6 ,may #b4 #ahcb4 ,,horner4 ,i cannot say that ,i thought ,mr4 ,horner a man of genius4 ,he seemed to me to be one of those men who have not very extended minds1 but who know what they know very well--shallow streams1 and clear because they are shallow4 ,there was great goodness about him4 ,may #c4 #ahcb4 ,,adiaphori4--,,citizens ,,and ,,christians4 ------ is one of those men who go far to shake my faith in a future state of existence2 ,i mean1 on account of the difficulty of knowing where to place him4 ,i could not bear to roast him2 he is not so bad as all that comes to3 but then1 on the other hand1 to have to sit down with such a fellow in the very lowest pothouse of heaven is utterly inconsistent with the belief of that place being a place of happiness for me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in two points of view ,i reverence man2 first1 as a citizen1 a part of1 or in order to1 a nation2 and1 secondly1 as a ,christian4 ,if men are neither the one nor the other1 but a mere aggregation of individual bipeds1 who acknowledge no national unity1 nor believe with me in ,christ1 ,i have no more personal sympathy with them than with the dust beneath my feet4 ,may #ba4 #ahcb4 ,,professor ,,park4--,,english ,,constitution--,,democracy4--,,milton ,,and ,,sidney4 ,professor ,park talks#a about its being very doubtful whether the constitution described by ,blackstone ever in fact existed4 ,in the same manner1 ,i suppose1 it is doubtful whether the moon is made of green cheese1 or whether the souls of ,welchmen do1 in point of fact1 go to heaven on the backs of mites4 ,blackstone's was the age of shallow law4 ,monarchy1 aristocracy1 and democracy1 as such1 exclude each the other3 but if the elements are to interpenetrate1 how absurd to call a lump of sugar hydrogen1 oxygen1 and carbon6 nay1 to take three lumps1 and call the first hydrogen2 the second1 oxygen2 and the third1 carbon6 ,don't you see that each is in all1 and all in each8 ,the democracy of ,england1 before the ,reform ,bill1 was1 where it ought to be1 in the corporations1 the vestries1 the joint-stock companies1 c4 ,the power1 in a democracy1 is in focal points1 without a centre2 and in proportion as such democratical power is strong1 the strength of the central government ought to be intense--otherwise the nation will fall to pieces4 ,we have just now incalculably increased the democratical action of the people1 and1 at the same time1 weakened the executive power of the government4 ,footnote #a3 ,in his ,dogmas of the ,constitution1 four ,lectures on the ,theory and ,practice of the ,constitution1 delivered at the ,king's ,college1 ,london1 #ahcb4 ,lecture ,i4 ,there was a stiffness1 and an occasional uncouthness in ,professor ,park's style2 but his two works1 the one just mentioned1 and his ,contre-,projet to the ,humphreysian ,code1 are full of original views and vigorous reasonings4 ,to those who wished to see the profession of the law assume a more scientific character than for the most part it has hitherto done in ,england1 the early death of ,john ,james ,park was a very great loss4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it was the error of ,milton1 ,sidney1 and others of that age1 to think it possible to construct a purely aristocratical government1 defecated of all passion1 and ignorance1 and sordid motive4 ,the truth is1 such a government would be weak from its utter want of sympathy with the people to be governed by it4 ,may #be4 #ahcb4 ,,de ,,vi ,,minimorum4--,,hahnemann4--,,luther4 ,mercury strongly illustrates the theory de vi minimorum4 ,divide five grains into fifty doses1 and they may poison you irretrievably4 ,i don't believe in all that ,hahnemann says2 but he is a fine fellow1 and1 like most ,germans1 is not altogether wrong1 and like them also1 is never altogether right4 99 99 99 99 99 ,six volumes of translated selections from ,luther's works1 two being from his ,letters1 would be a delightful work4 ,the translator should be a man deeply imbued with his ,bible1 with the ,english writers from ,henry the ,seventh to ,edward the ,sixth1 the ,scotch divines of the #afth century1 and with the old racy ,german4#a ,hugo de ,saint ,victor1 ,luther's favourite divine1 was a wonderful man1 who1 in the #abth century1 the jubilant age of papal dominion1 nursed the lamp of ,platonic mysticism in the spirit of the most refined ,christianity4#b ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge was fond of pressing this proposed publication3--,i can scarcely conceive1 he says in the ,friend1 a more delightful volume than might be made from ,luther's letters1 especially those that were written from the ,warteburg1 if they were translated in the simple1 sinewy1 idiomatic1 hearty mother tongue of the original4 ,a difficult task ,i admit1 and scarcely possible for any man1 however great his talents in other respects1 whose favourite reading has not lain among the ,english writers from ,edward the ,sixth to ,charles the ,first4 ,vol4 i4 p4 #bce4 n4-- ,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,this celebrated man was a ,fleming1 and a member of the ,augustinian society of ,st4 ,victor4 ,he died at ,paris in #aadb1 aged forty-four4 ,his age considered1 it is sufficient praise for him that ,protestants and ,romanists both claim him for their own on the subject of transubstantiation4--,,ed4 ,june #i4 #ahcb4 ,,sympathy ,,of ,,old ,,greek ,,and ,,latin ,,with ,,english4--,,roman ,,mind4--,,war4 ,if you take ,sophocles1 ,catullus1 ,lucretius1 the better parts of ,cicero1 and so on1 you may1 just with two or three exceptions arising out of the different idioms as to cases1 translate page after page into good mother ,english1 word by word1 without altering the order2 but you cannot do so with ,virgil or ,tibullus3 if you attempt it1 you will make nonsense4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is a remarkable power of the picturesque in the fragments we have of ,ennius1 ,actius1 and other very old ,roman writers4 ,this vivid manner was lost in the ,augustan age4 99 99 99 99 99 ,much as the ,romans owed to ,greece in the beginning1 whilst their mind was1 as it were1 tuning itself to an after-effort of its own music1 it suffered more in proportion by the influence of ,greek literature subsequently1 when it was already mature and ought to have worked for itself4 ,it then became a superfetation upon1 and not an ingredient in1 the national character4 ,with the exception of the stern pragmatic historian and the moral satirist1 it left nothing original to the ,latin ,muse4#a ,a nation1 to be great1 ought to be compressed in its increment by nations more civilized than itself--as ,greece by ,persia2 and ,rome by ,etruria1 the ,italian states1 and ,carthage4 ,i remember ,commodore ,decatur saying to me at ,malta1 that he deplored the occupation of ,louisiana by the ,united ,states1 and wished that province had been possessed by ,england4 ,he thought that if the ,united ,states got hold of ,canada by conquest or cession1 the last chance of his country becoming a great compact nation would be lost4 ,footnote #a3 ,perhaps it left letter-writing also4 ,even if the ,platonic epistles are taken as genuine1 which ,mr4 ,coleridge1 to my surprise1 was inclined to believe1 they can hardly interfere1 ,i think1 with the uniqueness of the truly incomparable collections from the correspondence of ,cicero and ,pliny4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,war in republican ,rome was the offspring of its intense aristocracy of spirit1 and stood to the state in lieu of trade4 ,as long as there was any thing ab extra to conquer1 the state advanced3 when nothing remained but what was ,roman1 then1 as a matter of course1 civil war began4 ,june #aj4 #ahcb4 ,,charm ,,for ,,cramp4 ,when ,i was a little hoy at the ,blue-coat ,school1 there was a charm for one's foot when asleep2 and ,i believe it had been in the school since its foundation1 in the time of ,edward the ,sixth4 ,the march of intellect has probably now exploded it4 ,it ran thus3-- ,foot6 foot6 foot6 is fast asleep6 ,thumb6 thumb6 thumb6 in spittle we steep3 ,crosses three we make to ease us1 ,two for the thieves1 and one for ,christ ,jesus6 ,and the same charm served for a cramp in the leg1 with the following substitution3-- ,the devil is tying a knot in my leg6 ,mark1 ,luke1 and ,john1 unloose it ,i beg6-- ,crosses three1 c4 ,and really upon getting out of bed1 where the cramp most frequently occurred1 pressing the sole of the foot on the cold floor1 and then repeating this charm with the acts configurative thereupon prescribed1 ,i can safely affirm that ,i do not remember an instance in which the cramp did not go away in a few seconds4 ,i should not wonder if it were equally good for a stitch in the side2 but ,i cannot say ,i ever tried it for that4 ,july #g4 #ahcb4 ,,greek4--,,dual1 ,,neuter ,,plural1 ,,and ,,verb ,,singular4--,,theta4 ,it is hardly possible to conceive a language more perfect than the ,greek4 ,if you compare it with the modern ,european tongues1 in the points of the position and relative bearing of the vowels and consonants on each other1 and of the variety of terminations1 it is incalculably before all in the former particulars1 and only equalled in the last by ,german4 ,but it is in variety of termination alone that the ,german surpasses the other modern languages as to sound2 for1 as to position1 ,nature seems to have dropped an acid into the language1 when a-forming1 which curdled the vowels1 and made all the consonants flow together4 ,the ,spanish is excellent for variety of termination2 the ,italian1 in this particular1 the most deficient4 ,italian prose is excessively monotonous4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is very natural to have a dual1 duality being a conception quite distinct from plurality4 ,most very primitive languages have a dual1 as the ,greek1 ,welch1 and the native ,chilese1 as you will see in the ,abb ,raynal4 ,the neuter plural governing1 as they call it1 a verb singular is one of the many instances in ,greek of the inward and metaphysic grammar resisting successfully the tyranny of formal grammar4 ,in truth1 there may be ,multeity in things2 but there can only be ,plurality in persons4 ,observe also that1 in fact1 a neuter noun in ,greek has no real nominative case1 though it has a formal one1 that is to say1 the same word with the accusative4 ,the reason is--a thing has no subjectivity1 or nominative case3 it exists only as an object in the accusative or oblique case4 ,it is extraordinary that the ,germans should not have retained or assumed the two beautifully discriminated sounds of the soft and hard theta2 as in thy thoughts--the thin ether that1 c4 ,how particularly fine the hard theta is in an ,english termination1 as in that grand word--,death-- for which the ,germans gutturize a sound that puts you in mind of nothing but a loathsome toad4 ,july #h4 #ahcb4 ,,talented4 ,i regret to see that vile and barbarous vocable talented1 stealing out of the newspapers into the leading reviews and most respectable publications of the day4 ,why not shillinged1 farthinged1 tenpenced1 c48 ,the formation of a participle passive from a noun is a licence that nothing but a very peculiar felicity can excuse4 ,if mere convenience is to justify such attempts upon the idiom1 you cannot stop till the language becomes1 in the proper sense of the word1 corrupt4 ,most of these pieces of slang come from ,america4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see eventuate1 in ,mr4 ,washington ,irving's ,tour ,on the ,prairies1 passim4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,never take an iambus as a ,christian name4 ,a trochee1 or tribrach1 will do very well4 ,edith and ,rotha are my favourite names for women4 ,july #i4 #ahcb4 ,,homer4--,,valcknaer4 ,i have the firmest conviction that ,homer is a mere traditional synonyme with1 or figure for1 the ,iliad4 ,you cannot conceivefor a moment any thing about the poet1 as you call him1 apart from that poem4 ,difference in men there was in a degree1 but not in kind2 one man was1 perhaps1 a better poet than another2 but he was a poet upon the same ground and with the same feelings as the rest4 ,the want of adverbs in the ,iliad is very characteristic4 ,with more adverbs there would have been some subjectivity1 or subjectivity would have made them4 ,the ,greeks were then just on the verge of the bursting forth of individuality4 ,valckenaer's treatise#a on the interpolation of the ,classics by the later ,jews and early ,christians is well worth your perusal as a scholar and critic4 ,footnote #a3 ,diatribe de ,aristobulo ,judaeo4--,,ed4 ,july #ac4 #ahcb4 ,,principles ,,and ,,facts4--,,schmidt4 ,i have read all the famous histories1 and1 ,i believe1 some history of every country and nation that is1 or ever existed2 but ,i never did so for the story itself as a story4 ,the only thing interesting to me was the principles to be evolved from1 and illustrated by1 the facts4#a ,after ,i had gotten my principles1 ,i pretty generally left the facts to take care of themselves4 ,i never could remember any passages in books1 or the particulars of events1 except in the gross4 ,i can refer to them4 ,to be sure1 ,i must be a different sort of man from ,herder1 who once was seriously annoyed with himself1 because1 in recounting the pedigree of some ,german royal or electoral family1 he missed some one of those worthies and could not recall the name4 ,footnote #a3 ,the true origin of human events is so little susceptible of that kind of evidence which can compel our belief2 so many are the disturbing forces which1 in every cycle or ellipse of changes1 modify the motion given by the first projection2 and every age has1 or imagines it has1 its own circumstances1 which render past experience no longer applicable to the present case2 that there will never be wanting answers1 and explanations1 and specious flatteries of hope1 to persuade and perplex its government1 that the history of the past is inapplicable to their case4 ,and no wonder1 if we read history for the facts1 instead of reading it for the sake of the general principles1 which are to the facts as the root and sap of a tree to its leaves3 and no wonder if history so read should find a dangerous rival in novels2 nay1 if the latter should be preferred to the former1 on the score even of probability4 ,i well remember that1 when the examples of former ,jacobins1 as ,julius ,caesar1 ,cromwell1 and the like1 were adduced in ,france and ,england1 at the commencement of the ,french consulate1 it was ridiculed as pedantry and pedants' ignorance1 to fear a repetition of usurpation and military despotism at the close of the enlightened eighteenth century6 ,even so1 in the very dawn of the late tempestuous day1 when the revolutions of ,corcyra1 the proscriptions of the reformers ,marius1 ,csar1 c41 and the direful effects of the levelling tenets in the peasants' war in ,germany 7differenced from the tenets of the first ,french constitution only by the mode of wording them1 the figures of speech being borrowed in the one instance from theology1 and in the other from modern metaphysics71 were urged on the convention and its vindicators2 the magi of the day1 the true citizens of the world1 the plusquam perfecti of patriotism1 gave us set proofs that similar results were impossible1 and that it was an insult to so philosophical an age1 to so enlightened a nation1 to dare direct the public eye towards them as to lights of warning4--,statesman's ,manual1 p4 #ad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,schmidt#a was a ,romanist2 but ,i have generally found him candid1 as indeed almost all the ,austrians are4 ,they are what is called good ,catholics2 but1 like our ,charles the ,second1 they never let their religious bigotry interfere with their political well-doing4 ,kaiser is a most pious son of the church1 yet he always keeps his papa in good order4 ,footnote #a3 ,michael ,ignatius ,schmidt1 the author of the ,history of the ,germans4 ,he died in the latter end of the last century4--,,ed4 ,july #bj4 #ahcb4 ,,puritans ,,and ,,jacobins4 ,it was ,god's mercy to our age that our ,jacobins were infidels and a scandal to all sober ,christians4 ,had they been like the old ,puritans1 they would have trodden church and king to the dust--at least for a time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for one mercy ,i owe thanks beyond all utterance1--that1 with all my gastric and bowel distempers1 my head hath ever been like the head of a mountain in blue air and sunshine4 ,july #ba4 #ahcb4 ,,wordsworth4 ,i have often wished that the first two books of the ,excursion had been published separately1 under the name of ,the ,deserted ,cottage4 ,they would have formed1 what indeed they are1 one of the most beautiful poems in the language4 99 99 99 99 99 ,can dialogues in verse be defended8 ,i cannot but think that a great philosophical poet ought always to teach the reader himself as from himself4 ,a poem does not admit argumentation1 though it does admit development of thought4 ,in prose there may be a difference2 though ,i must confess that1 even in ,plato and ,cicero1 ,i am always vexed that the authors do not say what they have to say at once in their own persons4 ,the introductions and little urbanities are1 to be sure1 very delightful in their way2 ,i would not lose them2 but ,i have no admiration for the practice of ventriloquizing through another man's mouth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot help regretting that ,wordsworth did not first publish his thirteen books on the growth of an individual mind--superior1 as ,i used to think1 upon the whole1 to the ,excursion4 ,you may judge how ,i felt about them by my own poem upon the occasion4#a ,then the plan laid out1 and1 ,i believe1 partly suggested by me1 was1 that ,wordsworth should assume the station of a man in mental repose1 one whose principles were made up1 and so prepared to deliver upon authority a system of philosophy4 ,he was to treat man as man1 --a subject of eye1 ear1 touch1 and taste1 in contact with external nature1 and informing the senses from the mind1 and not compounding a mind out of the senses2 then he was to describe the pastoral and other states of society1 assuming something of the ,juvenalian spirit as he approached the high civilization of cities and towns1 and opening a melancholy picture of the present state of degeneracy and vice2 thence he was to infer and reveal the proof of1 and necessity for1 the whole state of man and society being subject to1 and illustrative of1 a redemptive process in operation1 showing how this idea reconciled all the anomalies1 and promised future glory and restoration4 ,something of this sort was1 ,i think1 agreed on4 ,it is1 in substance1 what ,i have been all my life doing in my system of philosophy4 ,footnote #a3 ,poetical ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjf4 ,it is not too much to say of this beautiful poem1 and yet it is difficult to say more1 that it is at once worthy of the poet1 his subject1 and his object3-- ,an ,orphic song indeed1 ,a song divine of high and passionate thoughts1 ,to their own music chanted4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think ,wordsworth possessed more of the genius of a great philosophic poet than any man ,i ever knew1 or1 as ,i believe1 has existed in ,england since ,milton2 but it seems to me that he ought never to have abandoned the contemplative position1 which is peculiarly--perhaps ,i might say exclusively--fitted for him4 ,his proper title is ,spectator ab extra4 99 99 99 99 99 ,july #bc4 #ahcb4 ,,french ,,revolution4 ,no man was more enthusiastic than ,i was for ,france and the ,revolution3 it had all my wishes1 none of my expectations4 ,before #agic1 ,i clearly saw and often enough stated in public1 the horrid delusion1 the vile mockery1 of the whole affair4#a ,when some one said in my brother ,james's presence#b that ,i was a ,jacobin1 he very well observed1--,no6 ,samuel is no ,jacobin2 he is a hot-headed ,moravian6 ,indeed1 ,i was in the extreme opposite pole4 ,footnote #a3 ,forgive me1 ,freedom6 ,o forgive those dreams6 ,i hear thy voice1 ,i hear thy loud lament1 ,from bleak ,helvetia's icy cavern sent-- ,i hear thy groans upon her blood-stain'd streams6 ,heroes1 that for your peaceful country perish'd1 ,and ye that1 fleeing1 spot your mountain snows ,with bleeding wounds2 forgive me1 that ,i cherish'd ,one thought that ever blest your cruel foes6 ,to scatter rage and traitorous guilt1 ,where ,peace her jealous home had built2 ,a patriot race to disinherit ,of all that made her stormy wilds so dear3 ,and with inexpiable spirit ,to taint the bloodless freedom of the mountaineer-- ,o ,france1 that mockest ,heaven1 adult'rous1 blind1 ,and patriot only in pernicious toils1 ,are these thy boasts1 champion of human-kind8 ,to mix with kings in the low lust of sway1 ,yell in the hunt and share the murderous prey-- ,to insult the shrine of ,liberty with spoils ,from freemen torn--to tempt and to betray8-- ,the ,sensual and the ,dark rebel in vain1 ,slaves by their own compulsion6 ,in mad game ,they burst their manacles1 and wear the name ,of freedom1 graven on a heavier chain6 ,o ,liberty6 with profitless endeavour ,have ,i pursued thee many a weary hour2 ,but thou nor swell'st the victor's train1 nor ever ,didst breathe thy soul in forms of human power4 ,alike from all1 howe'er they praise thee1 7,nor prayer1 nor boastful name delays thee17 ,alike from priestcraft's harpy minions1 ,and factious blasphemy's obscener slaves1 ,thou speedest on thy subtle pinions1 ,the guide of homeless winds1 and playmate of the waves6 ,france1 an ,ode4 ,poetical ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 ,footnote #b3 ,a soldier of the old cavalier stamp1 to whom the ,king was the symbol of the majesty1 as the ,church was of the life1 of the nation1 and who would most assuredly have taken arms for one or the other against all the ,houses of ,commons or committees of public safety in the world4--,,ed4 ,july #bd4 #ahcb4 ,,infant ,,schools4 ,i have no faith in act of parliament reform4 ,all the great--the permanently great--things that have been achieved in the world have been so achieved by individuals1 working from the instinct of genius or of goodness4 ,the rage now-a-days is all the other way3 the individual is supposed capable of nothing2 there must be organization1 classification1 machinery1 c41 as if the capital of national morality could be increased by making a joint stock of it4 ,hence you see these infant schools so patronized by the bishops and others1 who think them a grand invention4 ,is it found that an infant-school child1 who has been bawling all day a column of the multiplication-table1 or a verse from the ,bible1 grows up a more dutiful son or daughter to its parents8 ,are domestic charities on the increase amongst families under this system8 ,in a great town1 in our present state of society1 perhaps such schools may be a justifiable expedient--a choice of the lesser evil2 but as for driving these establishments into the country villages1 and breaking up the cottage home education1 ,i think it one of the most miserable mistakes which the well-intentioned people of the day have yet made2 and they have made1 and are making1 a good many1 ,god knows4 ,july #be4 #ahcb4 ,,mr4 ,,coleridge',s ,,philosophy4--,,sublimity4--,,solomon4- -,,madness4--,c4 ,,lamb-- ,,sforza's ,,decision4 ,the pith of my system is to make the senses out of the mind--not the mind out of the senses1 as ,locke did4 99 99 99 99 99 ,could you ever discover any thing sublime1 in our sense of the term1 in the classic ,greek literature8 never could4 ,sublimity is ,hebrew by birth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i should conjecture that the ,proverbs and ,ecclesiastes were written1 or1 perhaps1 rather collected1 about the time of ,nehemiah4 ,the language is ,hebrew with ,chaldaic endings4 ,it is totally unlike the language of ,moses on the one hand1 and of ,isaiah on the other4 99 99 99 99 99 ,solomon introduced the commercial spirit into his kingdom4 ,i cannot think his idolatry could have been much more1 in regard to himself1 than a state protection or toleration of the foreign worship4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when a man mistakes his thoughts for persons and things1 he is mad4 ,a madman is properly so defined4 99 99 99 99 99 ,charles ,lamb translated my motto ,sermoni propriora by--properer for a sermon6 99 99 99 99 99 ,i was much amused some time ago by reading the pithy decision of one of the ,sforzas of ,milan1 upon occasion of a dispute for precedence between the lawyers and physicians of his capital2--,paecedant fures--sequantur carnifices4 ,i hardly remember a neater thing4 ,july #bh4 #ahcb4 ,,faith ,,and ,,belief4 ,the sublime and abstruse doctrines of ,christian belief belong to the church2 but the faith of the individual1 centered in his heart1 is or may be collateral to them4#a ,faith is subjective4 ,i throw myself in adoration before ,god2 acknowledge myself his creature1--simple1 weak1 lost2 and pray for help and pardon through ,jesus ,christ3 but when ,i rise from my knees1 ,i discuss the doctrine of the ,trinity as ,i would a problem in geometry2 in the same temper of mind1 ,i mean1 not by the same process of reasoning1 of course4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge used very frequently to insist upon the distinction between belief and faith4 ,he once told me1 with very great earnestness1 that if he were that moment convinced--a conviction1 the possibility of which1 indeed1 he could not realize to himself--that the ,new ,testament was a forgery from beginning to end--wide as the desolation in his moral feelings would be1 he should not abate one jot of his faith in ,god's power and mercy through some manifestation of his being towards man1 either in time past or future1 or in the hidden depths where time and space are not4 ,this was1 ,i believe1 no more than a vivid expression of what he always maintained1 that no man had attained to a full faith who did not recognize in the ,scriptures a correspondency to his own nature1 or see that his own powers of reason1 will1 and understanding were preconfigured to the reception of the ,christian doctrines and promises4--,,ed4 ,august #d4 #ahcb4 ,,dobrizhoffer4#a ,i hardly know any thing more amusing than the honest ,german ,jesuitry of ,dobrizhoffer4 ,his chapter on the dialects is most valuable4 ,he is surprised that there is no form for the infinitive1 but that they say1--,i wish1 7go1 or eat1 or drink1 c47 interposing a letter by way of copula1--forgetting his own ,german and the ,english1 which are1 in truth1 the same4 ,the confident belief entertained by the ,abipones of immortality1 in connection with the utter absence in their minds of the idea of a ,god1 is very remarkable4 ,if ,warburton were right1 which he is not1 the ,mosaic scheme would be the exact converse4 ,my dear daughter's translation of this book#b is1 in my judgment1 unsurpassed for pure mother ,english by any thing ,i have read for a long time4 ,footnote #a3 ,he was a man of rarest qualities1 ,who to this barbarous region had confined ,a spirit with the learned and the wise ,worthy to take its place1 and from mankind ,receive their homage1 to the immortal mind ,paid in its just inheritance of fame4 ,but he to humbler thoughts his heart inclined3 ,from ,gratz amid the ,styrian hills he came1 ,and ,dobrizhofter was the good man's honour'd name4 ,it was his evil fortune to behold ,the labours of his painful life destroyed2 ,his flock which he had brought within the fold ,dispers'd2 the work of ages render'd void1 ,and all of good that ,paraguay enjoy'd ,by blind and suicidal power o'erthrown4 ,so he the years of his old age employ'd1 ,a faithful chronicler1 in handing down ,names which he lov'd1 and things well worthy to be known4 ,and thus when exiled from the dear-loved scene1 ,in proud ,vienna he beguiled the pain ,of sad remembrance3 and the empress-queen1 ,that great ,teresa1 she did not disdain ,in gracious mood sometimes to entertain ,discourse with him both pleasurable and sage2 ,and sure a willing ear she well might deign ,to one whose tales may equally engage ,the wondering mind of youth1 the thoughtful heart of age4 ,but of his native speech1 because well-nigh ,disuse in him forgetfulness had wrought1 ,in ,latin he composed his history2 ,a garrulous1 but a lively tale1 and fraught ,with matter of delight1 and food for thought4 ,and if he could in ,merlin's glass have seen ,by whom his tomes to speak our tongue were taught1 ,the old man would have felt as pleased1 ,i ween1 ,as when he won the ear of that great empress-queen4 ,little he deem'd1 when with his ,indian band ,he through the wilds set forth upon his way1 ,a poet then unborn1 and in a land ,which had proscribed his order1 should one day ,take up from thence his moralizing lay1 ,and1 shape a song that1 with no fiction drest1 ,should to his worth its grateful tribute pay1 ,and sinking deep in many an ,english breast1 ,foster that faith divine that keeps the heart at rest4 ,southey's ,tale of ,paraguay1 canto iii4 st4 #af4 ,footnote #b3 ,an ,account of the ,abipones1 an ,equestrian ,people of ,paraguay1 ,from the ,latin of ,martin ,dobrizhoffer1 eighteen ,years a ,missionary in that ,country4--,vol4 ii4 p4 #agf4 ,august #f4 #ahcb4 ,,scotch ,,and ,,english4--,,criterion ,,of ,,genius4--,,dryden ,,and ,,pope4 ,i have generally found a ,scotchman with a little literature very disagreeable4 ,he is a superficial ,german or a dull ,frenchman4 ,the ,scotch will attribute merit to people of any nation rather than the ,english2 the ,english have a morbid habit of petting and praising foreigners of any sort1 to the unjust disparagement of their own worthies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you will find this a good gage or criterion of genius1--whether it progresses and evolves1 or only spins upon itself4 ,take ,dryden's ,achitophel and ,zimri1--,shaftesbury and ,buckingham2 every line adds to or modifies the character1 which is1 as it were1 a-building up to the very last verse2 whereas1 in ,pope's ,timon1 c4 the first two or three couplets contain all the pith of the character1 and the twenty or thirty lines that follow are so much evidence or proof of overt acts of jealousy1 or pride1 or whatever it may be that is satirized4 ,in like manner compare ,charles ,lamb's exquisite criticisms on ,shakspeare with ,hazlitt's round and round imitations of them4 ,august #g4 #ahcb4 ,,milton',s ,,disregard ,,of ,,painting4 ,it is very remarkable that in no part of his writings does ,milton take any notice of the great painters of ,italy1 nor1 indeed1 of painting as an art2 whilst every other page breathes his love and taste for music4 ,yet it is curious that1 in one passage in the ,paradise ,lost1 ,milton has certainly copied the fresco of the ,creation in the ,sistine ,chapel at ,rome4 ,i mean those lines1-- ----now half appear'd ,the tawny lion1 pawing to get free ,his hinder parts1 then springs as broke from bonds1 ,and rampant shakes his brinded mane2--c4#a an image which the necessities of the painter justified1 but which was wholly unworthy1 in my judgment1 of the enlarged powers of the poet4 ,adam bending over the sleeping ,eve in the ,paradise ,lost#b and ,dalilah approaching ,samson1 in the ,agonistes#c are the only two proper pictures ,i remember in ,milton4 ,footnote #a3 ,par4 ,lost1 book vii4 ver4 #dfc4 ,footnote #b3 ----so much the more ,his wonder was to find unwaken'd ,eve ,with tresses discomposed1 and glowing cheek1 ,as through unquiet rest3 he on his side ,leaning1 half raised1 with looks of cordial love ,hung over her enamour'd1 and beheld ,beauty1 which1 whether waking or asleep1 ,shot forth peculiar graces2 then1 with voice ,mild1 as when ,zephyrus on ,flora breathes1 ,her hand soft touching1 whisper'd thus3 ,awake1 ,my fairest1 c4 ,book v4 ver4 #h4 ,footnote #c3 ,but who is this1 what thing of sea or land8 ,female of sex it seems1 ,that so bedeck'd1 ornate1 and gay1 ,comes this way sailing ,like a stately ship ,of ,tarsus1 bound for the isles ,of ,javan or ,gadire1 ,with all her bravery on1 and tackle trim1 ,sails fill'd1 and streamers waving1 ,courted by all the winds that hold them play2 ,an amber-scent of odorous perfume ,her harbinger1 a damsel train behind6 ,august #i4 #ahcb4 ,,baptismal ,,service4--,,jews' ,,division ,,of ,,the ,,scripture4--,,sanskrit4 ,i think the baptismal service almost perfect4 ,what seems erroneous assumption in it to me1 is harmless4 ,none of the services of the church affect me so much as this4 ,i never could attend a christening without tears bursting forth at the sight of the helpless innocent in a pious clergyman's arms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,jews recognized three degrees of sanctity in their ,scriptures3--first1 the writings of ,moses1 who had the ,greek3 autopsia2 secondly1 the ,prophets2 and1 thirdly1 the ,good ,books4 ,philo1 amusingly enough1 places his works somewhere between the second and third degrees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the claims of the ,sanskrit for priority to the ,hebrew as a language are ridiculous4 ,august #aa4 #ahcb4 ,,hesiod4--,,virgil4--,,genius ,,metaphysical4--,,don ,,quixote4 ,i like reading ,hesiod1 meaning the ,works and ,days4 ,if every verse is not poetry1 it is1 at least1 good sense1 which is a great deal to say4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is nothing real in the ,georgies1 except1 to be sure1 the verse4#a ,mere didactics of practice1 unless seasoned with the personal interests of the time or author1 are inexpressibly dull to me4 ,such didactic poetry as that of the ,works and ,days followed naturally upon legislation and the first ordering of municipalities4 ,footnote #a3 ,i used to fancy ,mr4 ,coleridge paulo iniquior ,virgilio1 and told him so2 to which he replied1 that1 like all ,eton men1 ,i swore per ,maronem4 ,this was far enough from being the case2 but ,i acknowledge that ,mr4 ,c4's apparent indifference to the tenderness and dignity of ,virgil excited my surprise4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,all genius is metaphysical2 because the ultimate end of genius is ideal1 however it may be actualized by incidental and accidental circumstances4 99 99 99 99 99 ,don ,quixote is not a man out of his senses1 but a man in whom the imagination and the pure reason are so powerful as to make him disregard the evidence of sense when it opposed their conclusions4 ,sancho is the common sense of the social man-animal1 unenlightened and unsanctified by the reason4 ,you see how he reverences his master at the very time he is cheating him4 ,august #ad4 #ahcb4 ,,steinmetz4--,,keats4 ,poor dear ,steinmetz is gone1--his state of sure blessedness accelerated2 or1 it may be1 he is buried in ,christ1 and there in that mysterious depth grows on to the spirit of a just man made perfect6 ,could ,i for a moment doubt this1 the grass would become black beneath my feet1 and this earthly frame a charnel-house4 ,i never knew any man so illustrate the difference between the feminine and the effeminate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a loose1 slack1 not well-dressed youth met ,mr4 ---- and myself in a lane near ,highgate4---- knew him1 and spoke4 ,it was ,keats4 ,he was introduced to me1 and staid a minute or so4 ,after he had left us a little way1 he came back and said3 ,let me carry away the memory1 ,coleridge1 of having pressed your hand6--,there is death in that hand1 ,i said to ----1 when ,keats was gone2 yet this was1 ,i believe1 before the consumption showed itself distinctly4 ,august #af4 #ahcb4 ,,christ',s ,,hospital4--,,bowyer4 ,the discipline at ,christ's ,hospital in my time was ultra-,spartan2--all domestic ties were to be put aside4 ,boy6 ,i remember ,bowyer saying to me once when ,i was crying the first day of my return after the holidays1 ,boy6 the school is your father6 ,boy6 the school is your mother6 ,boy6 the school is your brother6 the school is your sister6 the school is your first cousin1 and your second cousin1 and all the rest of your relations6 ,let's have no more crying6 99 99 99 99 99 ,no tongue can express good ,mrs4 ,bowyer4 ,val4 ,le ,grice and ,i were once going to be flogged for some domestic misdeed1 and ,bowyer was thundering away at us by way of prologue1 when ,mrs4 ,b4 looked in1 and said1 ,flog them soundly1 sir1 ,i beg6 ,this saved us4 ,bowyer was so nettled at the interruption that he growled out1 ,away1 woman6 away6 and we were let off4 ,august #bh4 #ahcb4 ,,st4 ,,paul',s ,,melita4 ,the belief that ,malta is the island on which ,st4 ,paul was wrecked is so rooted in the common ,maltese1 and is cherished with such a superstitious nationality1 that the ,government would run the chance of exciting a tumult1 if it1 or its representatives1 unwarily ridiculed it4 ,the supposition itself is quite absurd4 ,not to argue the matter at length1 consider these few conclusive facts3--,the narrative speaks of the barbarous people1 and barbarians1#a of the island4 ,now1 our ,malta was at that time fully peopled and highly civilized1 as we may surely infer from ,cicero and other writers4#b ,a viper comes out from the sticks upon the fire being lighted3 the men are not surprised at the appearance of the snake1 but imagine first a murderer1 and then a god from the harmless attack4 ,now in our ,malta there are1 ,i may say1 no snakes at all2 which1 to be sure1 the ,maltese attribute to ,st4 ,paul's having cursed them away4 ,melita in the ,adriatic was a perfectly barbarous island as to its native population1 and was1 and is now1 infested with serpents4 ,besides the context shows that the scene is in the ,adriatic4 ,footnote #a3 ,acts xxviii4 #b4 and #d4 ,mr4 ,c4 seemed to think that the ,greek words had reference to something more than the fact of the islanders not speaking ,latin or ,greek2 the classical meaning of ,greek3 ,barbaroi4-,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,upwards of a century before the reign of ,nero1 ,cicero speaks at considerable length of our ,malta in one of the ,verrine orations4 ,see ,act4 ii4 lib4 iv4 c4 #df4 ,insula est ,melita1 judices1 c4 ,there was a town1 and ,verres had established in it a manufactory of the fine cloth or cotton stuffs1 the ,melitensis vestis1 for which the island is uniformly celebrated3-- ,fertilis est ,melite sterili vicina ,cocyrae ,insula1 quam ,libyci verberat unda freti4 ,ovid4 ,fast4 iii4 #efg4 ,and ,silius ,italicus has-- ----telaque superba ,lanigera ,melite4 ,punic4 xiv4 #bea4 ,yet it may have been cotton after all--the present product of ,malta4 ,cicero describes an ancient temple of ,juno situated on a promontory near the town1 so famous and revered1 that1 even in the time of ,masinissa1 at least #aej years ,b4,c41 that prince had religiously restored some relics which his admiral had taken from it4 ,the plunder of this very temple is an article of accusation against ,verres2 and a deputation of ,maltese 7legati ,melitenses7 came to ,rome to establish the charge4 ,these are all the facts1 ,i think1 which can be gathered from ,cicero2 because ,i consider his expression of nudatae urbes1 in the working up of this article1 a piece of rhetoric4 ,strabo merely marks the position of ,melita1 and says that the lap-dogs called ,greek3 kunidia ,melitaia were sent from this island1 though some writers attribute them to the other ,melite in the ,adriatic1 7lib4 vi47 ,diodorus1 however1 a ,sicilian himself by birth1 gives the following remarkable testimony as to the state of the island in his time1 which1 it will be remembered1 was considerably before the date of ,st4 ,paul's shipwreck4 ,there are three islands to the south of ,sicily1 each of which has a city or town 7,greek3 polin71 and harbours fitted for the safe reception of ships4 ,the first of these is ,melite1 distant about #hjj stadia from ,syracuse1 and possessing several harbours of surpassing excellence4 ,its inhabitants are rich and luxurious 7,greek3 tous katoikountas tais ousiais eudaimonas74 ,there are artizans of every kind 7,greek3 pantodapous tais exgasias72 the best are those who weave cloth of a singular fineness and softness4 ,the houses are worthy of admiration for their superb adornment with eaves and brilliant white-washing 7,greek3 oikias axiologous kai kateskeuasmenas philotimos geissois kai koniamasi pezittotezon74-- ,lib4 v4 c4 #ab4 ,mela 7ii4 c4 #g47 and ,pliny 7iii4 #ad47 simply mark the position4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,maltese seem to have preserved a fondness and taste for architecture from the time of the knights--naturally enough occasioned by the incomparable materials at hand4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the passage which ,i have cited from ,diodorus shows that the origin was much earlier4--,,ed4 ,august #ai4 #ahcb4 ,,english ,,and ,,german4--,,best ,,state ,,of ,,society4 ,it may be doubted whether a composite language like the ,english is not a happier instrument of expression than a homogeneous one like the ,german4 ,we possess a wonderful richness and variety of modified meanings in our ,saxon and ,latin quasi-synonymes1 which the ,germans have not4 ,for the pomp and prodigality of ,heaven1 the ,germans must have said the spendthriftness4#a ,shakspeare is particularly happy in his use of the ,latin synonymes1 and in distinguishing between them and the ,saxon4 ,footnote #a3 ,verschwendung1 ,i suppose4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,that is the most excellent state of society in which the patriotism of the citizen ennobles1 but does not merge1 the individual energy of the man4 ,september #a4 #ahcb4 ,,great ,,minds ,,androgynous4--,,philosopher',s ,,ordinary ,,language4 ,in chemistry and nosology1 by extending the degree to a certain point1 the constituent proportion may be destroyed1 and a new kind produced4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have known strong minds with imposing1 undoubting1 ,cobbett-like manners1 but ,i have never met a great mind of this sort4 ,and of the former1 they are at least as often wrong as right4 ,the truth is1 a great mind must be androgynous4 ,great minds--,swedenborg's for instance--are never wrong but in consequence of being in the right1 but imperfectly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a philosopher's ordinary language and admissions1 in general conversation or writings ad populum1 are as his watch compared with his astronomical timepiece4 ,he sets the former by the town-clock1 not because he believes it right1 but because his neighbours and his cook go by it4 ,january #b4 #ahcc4 ,,juries4--,,barristers' ,,and ,,physicians' ,,fees4--,,quacks4--,,caesarean ,,operation4-- ,,inherited ,,disease4 ,i certainly think that juries would be more conscientious1 if they were allowed a larger discretion4 ,but1 after all1 juries cannot be better than the mass out of which they are taken4 ,and if juries are not honest and single-minded1 they are the worst1 because the least responsible1 instruments of judicial or popular tyranny4 ,i should he sorry to see the honorary character of the fees of barristers and physicians done away with4 ,though it seems a shadowy distinction1 ,i believe it to be beneficial in effect4 ,it contributes to preserve the idea of a profession1 of a class which belongs to the public1--in the employment and remuneration of which no law interferes1 but the citizen acts as he likes in foro conscientiae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there undoubtedly ought to be a declaratory act withdrawing expressly from the ,st4 ,john ,longs and other quacks the protection which the law is inclined to throw around the mistakes or miscarriages of the regularly educated practitioner4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think there are only two things wanting to justify a surgeon in performing the ,caesarean operation3 first1 that he should possess infallible knowledge of his art3 and1 secondly1 that he should be infallibly certain that he is infallible4 99 99 99 99 99 ,can any thing he more dreadful than the thought that an innocent child has inherited from you a disease or a weakness1 the penalty in yourself of sin or want of caution8 99 99 99 99 99 ,in the treatment of nervous cases1 he is the best physician1 who is the most ingenious inspirer of hope4 ,january #c4 #ahcc4 ,,mason',s ,,poetry4 ,i cannot bring myself to think much of ,mason's poetry4 ,i may be wrong2 but all those passages in the ,caractacus1 which we learn to admire at school1 now seem to me one continued falsetto4 ,january #d4 #ahcc4 ,,northern ,,and ,,southern ,,states ,,of ,,the ,,american ,,union4--,,all ,,and ,,the ,,whole4 ,naturally one would have thought that there would have been greater sympathy between the northern and north-western states of the ,american ,union and ,england1 than between ,england and the ,southern states4 ,there is ten times as much ,english blood and spirit in ,new ,england as in ,virginia1 the ,carolinas1 c4 ,nevertheless1 such has been the force of the interests of commerce1 that now1 and for some years past1 the people of the ,north hate ,england with increasing bitterness1 whilst1 amongst those of the south1 who are ,jacobins1 the ,british connection has become popular4 ,can there ever be any thorough national fusion of the ,northern and ,southern states8 ,i think not4 ,in fact1 the ,union will be shaken almost to dislocation whenever a very serious question between the states arises4 ,the ,american ,union has no centre1 and it is impossible now to make one4 ,the more they extend their borders into the ,indians' land1 the weaker will the national cohesion be4 ,but ,i look upon the states as splendid masses to be used1 by and by1 in the composition of two or three great governments4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is a great and important difference1 both in politics and metaphysics1 between all and the whole4 ,the first can never be ascertained as a standing quantity2 the second1 if comprehended by insight into its parts1 remains for ever known4 ,mr4 ,huskisson1 ,i thought1 satisfactorily refuted the ship owners2 and yet the shipping interest1 who must know where the shoe pinches1 complain to this day4 ,january #g1 #ahcc4 ,,ninth ,,article4--,,sin ,,and ,,sins4--,,old ,,divines4--,,preaching ,,extempore4 ,very far gone1 is quam longissime in the ,latin of the ninth article1-- as far gone as possible1 that is1 as was possible for man to go2 as far as was compatible with his having any redeemable qualities left in him4 ,to talk of man's being utterly lost to good1 is absurd2 for then he would be a devil at once4 99 99 99 99 99 ,one mistake perpetually made by one of our unhappy parties in religion1-- and with a pernicious tendency to ,antinomianism1--is to confound sin with sins4 ,to tell a modest girl1 the watchful nurse of an aged parent1 that she is full of sins against ,god1 is monstrous1 and as shocking to reason as it is unwarrantable by ,scripture4 ,but to tell her that she1 and all men and women1 are of a sinful nature1 and that1 without ,christ's redeeming love and ,god's grace1 she cannot be emancipated from its dominion1 is true and proper4#a ,footnote #a3 ,in a marginal scrap ,mr4 ,c4 wrote3--,what are the essential doctrines of our religion1 if not sin and original sin1 as the necessitating occasion1 and the redemption of sinners by the ,incarnate ,word as the substance of the ,christian dispensation8 ,and can these be intelligently believed without knowledge and steadfast meditation4 ,by the unlearned1 they may be worthily received1 but not by the unthinking and self-ignorant1 ,christian4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no article of faith can be truly and duly preached without necessarily and simultaneously infusing a deep sense of the indispensableness of a holy life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how pregnant with instruction1 and with knowledge of all sorts1 are the sermons of our old divines6 in this respect1 as in so many others1 how different from the major part of modern discourses6 99 99 99 99 99 ,every attempt1 in a sermon1 to cause emotion1 except as the consequence of an impression made on the reason1 or the understanding1 or the will1 ,i hold to be fanatical and sectarian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no doubt preaching1 in the proper sense of the word1 is more effective than reading2 and1 therefore1 ,i would not prohibit it1 but leave a liberty to the clergyman who feels himself able to accomplish it4 ,but1 as things now are1 ,i am quite sure ,i prefer going to church to a pastor who reads his discourse3 for ,i never yet heard more than one preacher without book1 who did not forget his argument in three minutes' time2 and fall into vague and unprofitable declamation1 and1 generally1 very coarse declamation too4 ,these preachers never progress2 they eddy round and round4 ,sterility of mind follows their ministry4 ,january #bj4 #ahcc4 ,,church ,,of ,,england4 ,when the ,church at the ,reformation ceased to be extra-national1 it unhappily became royal instead2 its proper bearing is intermediate between the crown and the people1 with an inclination to the latter4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the present prospects of the ,church weigh heavily on my soul4 ,oh6 that the words of a statesman-like philosophy could win their way through the ignorant zealotry and sordid vulgarity of the leaders of the day6 ,february #e4 #ahcc4 ,,union ,,with ,,ireland4 ,if any modification of the ,union takes place1 ,i trust it will be a total divorce a vinculo matrimonii4 ,i am sure we have lived a cat and dog life of it4 ,let us have no silly saving of one crown and two legislatures2 that would be preserving all the mischiefs without any of the goods1 if there are any1 of the union4 ,i am deliberately of opinion1 that ,england1 in all its institutions1 has received injury from its union with ,ireland4 ,my only difficulty is as to the ,protestants1 to whom we owe protection4 ,but ,i cannot forget that the ,protestants themselves have greatly aided in accelerating the present horrible state of things1 by using that as a remedy and a reward which should have been to them an opportunity4#a ,if the ,protestant ,church in ,ireland is removed1 of course the ,romish ,church must be established in its place4 ,there can be no resisting it in common reason4 ,how miserably imbecile and objectless has the ,english government of ,ireland been for forty years past6 ,oh6 for a great man--but one really great man1-- who could feel the weight and the power of a principle1 and unflinchingly put it into act6 ,but truly there is no vision in the land1 and the people accordingly perisheth4 ,see how triumphant in debate and in action ,o',connell is6 ,why8 ,because he asserts a broad principle1 and acts up to it1 rests all his body on it1 and has faith in it4 ,our ministers--true ,whigs in that-- have faith in nothing but expedients de die in diem4 ,indeed1 what principles of government can they have1 who in the space of a month recanted a life of political opinions1 and now dare to threaten this and that innovation at the huzza of a mob1 or in pique at a parliamentary defeat8 ,footnote #a3 ,whatever may be thought of the settlement that followed the battle of the ,boyne and the extinction of the war in ,ireland1 yet when this had been made and submitted to1 it would have been the far wiser policy1 ,i doubt not1 to have provided for the safety of the constitution by improving the quality of the elective franchise1 leaving the eligibility open1 or like the former1 limited only by considerations of property4 ,still1 however1 the scheme of exclusion and disqualification had its plausible side4 ,the ink was scarcely dry on the parchment-rolls and proscription-lists of the ,popish parliament4 ,the crimes of the man were generalized into attributes of his faith2 and the ,irish catholics collectively were held accomplices in the perfidy and baseness of the king4 ,alas6 his immediate adherents had afforded too great colour to the charge4 ,the ,irish massacre was in the mouth of every ,protestant1 not as an event to be remembered1 but as a thing of recent expectation1 fear still blending with the sense of deliverance4 ,at no time1 therefore1 could the disqualifying system have been enforced with so little reclamation of the conquered party1 or with so little outrage on the general feeling of the country4 ,there was no time1 when it was so capable of being indirectly useful as a sedative in order to the application of the remedies directly indicated1 or as a counter-power reducing to inactivity whatever disturbing forces might have interfered with their operation4 ,and had this use been made of these exclusive laws1 and had they been enforced as the precursors and negative conditions1--but1 above all1 as bon fide accompaniments1 of a process of emancipation1 properly and worthily so named1 the code would at this day have been remembered in ,ireland only as when1 recalling a dangerous fever of our boyhood1 we think of the nauseous drugs and drenching-horn1 and congratulate ourselves that our doctors now-a-days know how to manage these things less coarsely4 ,but this angry code was neglected as an opportunity1 and mistaken for a substitute3 et hinc illae99 lacrymae6--,church and ,state1 p4 #aie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i sometimes think it just possible that the ,dissenters may once more be animated by a wiser and nobler spirit1 and see their dearest interest in the church of ,england as the bulwark and glory of ,protestantism1 as they did at the ,revolution4 ,but ,i doubt their being able to resist the low factious malignity to the church which has characterized them as a body for so many years4 ,february #af4 #ahcc4 ,,faust4----,,michael ,,scott1 ,,goethe1 ,,schiller1 ,,and ,,wordsworth4 ,before ,i had ever seen any part of ,goethe's ,faust#a1 though1 of course1 when ,i was familiar enough with ,marlowe's1 ,i conceived and drew up the plan of a work1 a drama1 which was to be1 to my mind1 what the ,faust was to ,goethe's4 ,my ,faust was old ,michael ,scott2 a much better and more likely original than ,faust4 ,he appeared in the midst of his college of devoted disciples1 enthusiastic1 ebullient1 shedding around him bright surmises of discoveries fully perfected in after-times1 and inculcating the study of nature and its secrets as the pathway to the acquisition of power4 ,he did not love knowledge for itself--for its own exceeding great reward--but in order to be powerful4 ,this poison-speck infected his mind from the beginning4 ,the priests suspect him1 circumvent him1 accuse him2 he is condemned1 and thrown into solitary confinement3 this constituted the prologus of the drama4 ,a pause of four or five years takes place1 at the end of which ,michael escapes from prison1 a soured1 gloomy1 miserable man4 ,he will not1 cannot study2 of what avail had all his study been to him8 ,his knowledge1 great as it was1 had failed to preserve him from the cruel fangs of the persecutors2 he could not command the lightning or the storm to wreak their furies upon the heads of those whom he hated and contemned1 and yet feared4 ,away with learning6 away with study6 to the winds with all pretences to knowledge6 ,we know nothing2 we are fools1 wretches1 mere beasts4 ,anon ,i began to tempt him4 ,i made him dream1 gave him wine1 and passed the most exquisite of women before him1 but out of his reach4 ,is there1 then1 no knowledge by which these pleasures can be commanded8 ,that way lay witchcraft1 and accordingly to witchcraft ,michael turns with all his soul4 ,he has many failures and some successes2 he learns the chemistry of exciting drugs and exploding powders1 and some of the properties of transmitted and reflected light3 his appetites and his curiosity are both stimulated1 and his old craving for power and mental domination over others revives4 ,at last ,michael tries to raise the ,devil1 and the ,devil comes at his call4 ,my ,devil was to be1 like ,goethe's1 the universal humorist1 who should make all things vain and nothing worth1 by a perpetual collation of the great with the little in the presence of the infinite4 ,i had many a trick for him to play1 some better1 ,i think1 than any in the ,faust4 ,in the mean time1 ,michael is miserable2 he has power1 but no peace1 and he every day more keenly feels the tyranny of hell surrounding him4 ,in vain he seems to himself to assert the most absolute empire over the ,devil1 by imposing the most extravagant tasks2 one thing is as easy as another to the ,devil4 ,what next1 ,michael8 is repeated every day with more imperious servility4 ,michael groans in spirit2 his power is a curse3 he commands women and wine6 but the women seem fictitious and devilish1 and the wine does not make him drunk4 ,he now begins to hate the ,devil1 and tries to cheat him4 ,he studies again1 and explores the darkest depths of sorcery for a receipt to cozen hell2 but all in vain4 ,sometimes the ,devil's finger turns over the page for him1 and points out an experiment1 and ,michael hears a whisper--,try that1 ,michael6 ,the horror increases2 and ,michael feels that he is a slave and a condemned criminal4 ,lost to hope1 he throws himself into every sensual excess1--in the mid-career of which he sees ,agatha1 my ,margaret1 and immediately endeavours to seduce her4 ,agatha loves him2 and the ,devil facilitates their meetings2 but she resists ,michael's attempts to ruin her1 and implores him not to act so as to forfeit her esteem4 ,long struggles of passion ensue1 in the result of which his affections are called forth against his appetites1 and1 love-born1 the idea of a redemption of the lost will dawns upon his mind4 ,this is instantaneously perceived by the ,devil2 and for the first time the humorist becomes severe and menacing4 ,a fearful succession of conflicts between ,michael and the ,devil takes place1 in which ,agatha helps and suffers4 ,in the end1 after subjecting him to every imaginable horror and agony1 ,i made him triumphant1 and poured peace into his soul in the conviction of a salvation for sinners through ,god's grace4 ,the intended theme of the ,faust is the consequences of a misology1 or hatred and depreciation of knowledge caused by an originally intense thirst for knowledge baffled4 ,but a love of knowledge for itself1 and for pure ends1 would never produce such a misology1 but only a love of it for base and unworthy purposes4 ,there is neither causation nor progression in the ,faust2 he is a ready-made conjuror from the very beginning2 the incredulus odi is felt from the first line4 ,the sensuality and the thirst after knowledge are unconnected with each other4 ,mephistopheles and ,margaret are excellent2 but ,faust himself is dull and meaningless4 ,the scene in ,auerbach's cellars is one of the best1 perhaps the very best2 that on the ,brocken is also fine2 and all the songs are beautiful4 ,but there is no whole in the poem2 the scenes are mere magic-lantern pictures1 and a large part of the work is to me very flat4 ,the ,german is very pure and fine4 ,the young men in ,germany and ,england who admire ,lord ,byron1 prefer ,goethe to ,schiller2 but you may depend upon it1 ,goethe does not1 nor ever will1 command the common mind of the people of ,germany as ,schiller does4 ,schiller had two legitimate phases in his intellectual character3--the first as author of the ,robbers--a piece which must not be considered with reference to ,shakspeare1 but as a work of the mere material sublime1 and in that line it is undoubtedly very powerful indeed4 ,it is quite genuine1 and deeply imbued with ,schiller's own soul4 ,after this he outgrew the composition of such plays as the ,robbers1 and at once took his true and only rightful stand in the grand historical drama--the ,wallenstein2--not the intense drama of passion1--he was not master of that--but the diffused drama of history1 in which alone he had ample scope for his varied powers4 ,the ,wallenstein is the greatest of his works2 it is not unlike ,shakspeare's historical plays--a species by itself4 ,you may take up any scene1 and it will please you by itself2 just as you may in ,don ,quixote1 which you read through once or twice only1 but which you read in repeatedly4 ,after this point it was1 that ,goethe and other writers injured by their theories the steadiness and originality of ,schiller's mind2 and in every one of his works after the ,wallenstein you may perceive the fluctuations of his taste and principles of composition4 ,he got a notion of re-introducing the characterlessness of the ,greek tragedy with a chorus1 as in the ,bride of ,messina1 and he was for infusing more lyric verse into it4 ,schiller sometimes affected to despise the ,robbers and the other works of his first youth2 whereas he ought to have spoken of them as of works not in a right line1 but full of excellence in their way4 ,in his ballads and lighter lyrics ,goethe is most excellent4 ,it is impossible to praise him too highly in this respect4 ,i like the ,wilhelm ,meister the best of his prose works4 ,but neither ,schiller's nor ,goethe's prose style approaches to ,lessing's1 whose writings1 for manner1 are absolutely perfect4 ,although ,wordsworth and ,goethe are not much alike1 to be sure1 upon the whole2 yet they both have this peculiarity of utter non-sympathy with the subjects of their poetry4 ,they are always1 both of them1 spectators ab extra1--feeling for1 but never with1 their characters4 ,schiller is a thousand times more hearty than ,goethe4 ,i was once pressed--many years ago--to translate the ,faust2 and ,i so far entertained the proposal as to read the work through with great attention1 and to revive in my mind my own former plan of ,michael ,scott4 ,but then ,i considered with myself whether the time taken up in executing the translation might not more worthily be devoted to the composition of a work which1 even if parallel in some points to the ,faust1 should be truly original in motive and execution1 and therefore more interesting and valuable than any version which ,i could make2 and1 secondly1 ,i debated with myself whether it became my moral character to render into ,english--and so far1 certainly1 lend my countenance to language--much of which ,i thought vulgar1 licentious1 and blasphemous4 ,i need not tell you that ,i never put pen to paper as a translator of ,faust4 ,i have read a good deal of ,mr4 ,hayward's version1 and ,i think it done in a very manly style2 but ,i do not admit the argument for prose translations4 ,i would in general rather see verse attempted in so capable a language as ours4 ,the ,french cannot help themselves1 of course1 with such a language as theirs4 ,footnote #a3 ,the poem was first published in #agij1 and forms the commencement of the seventh volume of ,goethe's ,schriften1 ,wien und ,leipzig1 bey ,j4 ,stahel and ,g4 ,j4 ,goschen1 #agij4 ,this edition is now before me4 ,the poem entitled1 ,faust1 ein ,fragment 7not ,doktor ,faust1 ein ,trauerspiel1 as ,dring says71 and contains no prologue or dedication of any sort4 ,it commences with the scene in ,faust's study1 ant1 p4 #ag41 and is continued1 as now1 down to the passage ending1 ant1 p4 #bf4 line #e4 ,in the original1 the line-- ,und froh ist1 wenn er ,regenwrmer findet1 ends the scene4 ,the next scene is one between ,faust and ,mephistopheles1 and begins thus3-- ,und was der ganzen ,menschheit zugetheilt ist1 i4 e4 with the passage 7ant1 p4 #gj47 beginning1 ,i will enjoy1 in my own heart's core1 all that is parcelled out among mankind1 c4 ,all that intervenes1 in later editions1 is wanting4 ,it is thenceforth continued1 as now1 to the end of the cathedral scene 7ant1 p4 7#agj771 except that the whole scene1 in which ,valentine is killed1 is wanting4 ,thus ,margaret's prayer to the ,virgin and the cathedral scene come together1 and form the conclusion of the work4 ,according to ,dring's ,verzeichniss1 there was no new edition of ,faust until #ahjg4 ,according to ,dr4 ,sieglitz1 the first part of ,faust first appeared1 in its present shape1 in the collected edition of ,goethe's works1 which was published in #ahjh4--;,hayward's ,translation of ,faust1 second edition1 note1 p4 #bae4 ,february #ag4 #ahcc4 ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4--,,ben ,,jonson4--,,massinger4 ,in the romantic drama ,beaumont and ,fletcher are almost supreme4 ,their plays are in general most truly delightful4 ,i could read the ,beggar's ,bush from morning to night4 ,how sylvan and sunshiny it is6 ,the ,little ,french ,lawyer is excellent4 ,lawrit is conceived and executed from first to last in genuine comic humour4 ,monsieur ,thomas is also capital4 ,i have no doubt whatever that the first act and the first scene of the second act of the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen are ,shakspeare's4 ,beaumont and ,fletcher's plots are1 to be sure1 wholly inartificial2 they only care to pitch a character into a position to make him or her talk2 you must swallow all their gross improbabilities1 and1 taking it all for granted1 attend only to the dialogue4 ,how lamentable it is that no gentleman and scholar can he found to edit these beautiful plays6#a ,did the name of criticism ever descend so low as in the hands of those two fools and knaves1 ,seward and ,simpson8 ,there are whole scenes in their edition which ,i could with certainty put back into their original verse1 and more that could he replaced in their native prose4 ,was there ever such an absolute disregard of literary fame as that displayed by ,shakspeare1 and ,beaumont and ,fletcher8#b ,footnote #a3 ,i believe ,mr4 ,dyce could edit ,beaumont and ,fletcher as well as any man of the present or last generation2 but the truth is1 the limited sale of the late editions of ,ben ,jonson1 ,shirley1 c41 has damped the spirit of enterprise amongst the respectable publishers4 ,still ,i marvel that some cheap reprint of ,b4 and ,f4 is not undertaken4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,the men of the greatest genius1 as far as we can judge from their own works1 or from the accounts of their contemporaries1 appear to have been of calm and tranquil temper1 in all that related to themselves4 ,in the inward assurance of permanent fame1 they seem to have been either indifferent or resigned1 with regard to immediate reputation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shakspeare's evenness and sweetness of temper were almost proverbial in his own age4 ,that this did not arise from ignorance of his own comparative greatness1 we have abundant proof in his sonnets1 which could scarcely have been known to ,mr4 ,pope1 when he asserted1 that our great bard 'grew immortal in his own despite4'--,biog4 ,lit4 vol4 i1 p4 #cb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,ben ,jonson you have an intense and burning art4 ,some of his plots1 that of the ,alchemist1 for example1 are perfect4 ,ben ,jonson and ,beaumont and ,fletcher would1 if united1 have made a great dramatist indeed1 and yet not have come near ,shakspeare2 but no doubt ,ben ,jonson was the greatest man after ,shakspeare in that age of dramatic genius4 ,the styles of ,massinger's plays and the ,sampson ,agonistes are the two extremes of the arc within which the diction of dramatic poetry may oscillate4 ,shakspeare in his great plays is the midpoint4 ,in the ,samson ,agonistes1 colloquial language is left at the greatest distance1 yet something of it is preserved1 to render the dialogue probable3 in ,massinger the style is differenced1 but differenced in the smallest degree possible1 from animated conversation by the vein of poetry4 ,there's such a divinity doth hedge our ,shakspeare round1 that we cannot even imitate his style4 ,i tried to imitate his manner in the ,remorse1 and1 when ,i had done1 ,i found ,i had been tracking ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 and ,massinger instead4 ,it is really very curious4 ,at first sight1 ,shakspeare and his contemporary dramatists seem to write in styles much alike3 nothing so easy as to fall into that of ,massinger and the others2 whilst no one has ever yet produced one scene conceived and expressed in the ,shakspearian idiom4 ,i suppose it is because ,shakspeare is universal1 and1 in fact1 has no manner2 just as you can so much more readily copy a picture than ,nature herself4 ,february #bj4 #ahcc4 ,,house ,,of ,,commons ,,appointing ,,the ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,army ,,and ,,navy4 ,i was just now reading ,sir ,john ,cam ,hobhouse's answer to ,mr4 ,hume1 ,i believe1 upon the point of transferring the patronage of the army and navy from the ,crown to the ,house of ,commons4 ,i think1 if ,i had been in the ,house of ,commons1 ,i would have said1 that1 ten or fifteen years ago1 ,i should have considered ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,h4's speech quite unanswerable1--it being clear constitutional law that the ,house of ,commons has not1 nor ought to have1 any share1 directly or indirectly1 in the appointment of the officers of the army or navy4 ,but now that the ,king had been reduced1 by the means and procurement of the ,honourable ,baronet and his friends1 to a puppet1 which1 so far from having any independent will of its own1 could not resist a measure which it hated and condemned1 it became a matter of grave consideration whether it was not necessary to vest the appointment of such officers in a body like the ,house of ,commons1 rather than in a junta of ministers1 who were obliged to make common cause with the mob and democratic press for the sake of keeping their places4 ,march #i4 #ahcc4 ,,penal ,,code ,,in ,,ireland4--,,churchmen4 ,the penal code in ,ireland1 in the beginning of the last century1 was justifiable1 as a temporary mean of enabling government to take breath and look about them2 and if right measures had been systematically pursued in a right spirit1 there can be no doubt that all1 or the greater part1 of ,ireland would have become ,protestant4 ,protestantism under the ,charter ,schools was greatly on the increase in the early part of that century1 and the complaints of the ,romish priests to that effect are on record4 ,but1 unfortunately1 the drenching-horn was itself substituted for the medicine4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there seems to me1 at present1 to be a curse upon the ,english church1 and upon the governors of all institutions connected with the orderly advancement of national piety and knowledge2 it is the curse of prudence1 as they miscall it--in fact1 of fear4 ,clergymen are now almost afraid to explain in their pulpits the grounds of their being ,protestants4 ,they are completely cowed by the vulgar harassings of the press and of our ,hectoring sciolists in ,parliament4 ,there should be no party politics in the pulpit to be sure2 but every church in ,england ought to resound with national politics1--,i mean the sacred character of the national church1 and an exposure of the base robbery from the nation itself--for so indeed it is#a--;about to be committed by these ministers1 in order to have a sop to throw to the ,irish agitators1 who will1 of course1 only cut the deeper1 and come the oftener4 ,you cannot buy off a barbarous invader4 ,footnote #a3 ,that the maxims of a pure morality1 and those sublime truths of the divine unity and attributes1 which a ,plato found it hard to learn1 and more difficult to reveal2 that these should have become the almost hereditary property of childhood and poverty1 of the hovel and the workshop2 that even to the unlettered they sound as common-place2 this is a phenomenon which must withhold all but minds of the most vulgar cast from undervaluing the services even of the pulpit and the reading-desk4 ,yet he who should confine the efficiency of an established church to these1 can hardly be placed in a much higher rank of intellect4 ,that to every parish throughout the kingdom there is transplanted a germ of civilization2 that in the remotest villages there is a nucleus1 round which the capabilities of the place may crystallize and brighten2 a model sufficiently superior to excite1 yet sufficiently near to encourage and facilitate imitation2 this unobtrusive1 continuous agency of a ,protestant church establishment1 this it is1 which the patriot and the philanthropist1 who would fain unite the love of peace with the faith in the progressive amelioration of mankind1 cannot estimate at too high a price4 ',it cannot be valued with the gold of ,ophir1 with the precious onyx1 or the sapphire4 ,no mention shall be made of coral or of pearls2 for the price of wisdom is above rubies4'--,the clergyman is with his parishioners and among them2 he is neither in the cloistered cell1 nor in the wilderness1 but a neighbour and family man1 whose education and rank admit him to the mansion of the rich landholder1 while his duties make him the frequent visitor of the farm-house and the cottage4 ,he is1 or he may become1 connected with the families of his parish or its vicinity by marriage4 ,and among the instances of the blindness1 or at best of the short-sightedness1 which it is the nature of cupidity to inflict1 ,i know few more striking than the clamours of the farmers against church property4 ,whatever was not paid to the clergyman would inevitably at the next lease be paid to the landholder2 while1 as the case at present stands1 the revenues of the church are in some sort the reversionary property of every family that may have a member educated for the church1 or a daughter that may marry a clergyman4 ,instead of being foreclosed and immovable1 it is1 in fact1 the only species of landed property that is essentially moving and circulative4 ,that there exist no inconveniences who will pretend to assert8--,but ,i have yet to expect the proof1 that the inconveniences are greater in this than in any other species2 or that either the farmers or the clergy would be benefited by forcing the latter to become either ,trullibers or salaried placemen4--,church and ,state1 p4 #ij4 ,march #ab4 #ahcc4 ,,coronation ,,oaths4 ,lord ,grey has1 in ,parliament1 said two things3 first1 that the ,coronation ,oaths only bind the ,king in his executive capacity2 and1 secondly1 that members of the ,house of ,commons are bound to represent by their votes the wishes and opinions of their constituents1 and not their own4 ,put these two together1 and tell me what useful part of the constitutional monarchy of ,england remains4 ,it is clear that the ,coronation ,oaths would be no better than ,highgate oaths4 ,for in his executive capacity the ,king cannot do any thing1 against the doing of which the oaths bind him2 it is only in his legislative character that he possesses a free agency capable of being bound4 ,the nation meant to bind that4 ,march #ad4 #ahcc4 ,,divinity4--,,professions ,,and ,,trades4 ,divinity is essentially the first of the professions1 because it is necessary for all at all times2 law and physic are only necessary for some at some times4 ,i speak of them1 of course1 not in their abstract existence1 but in their applicability to man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,every true science bears necessarily within itself the germ of a cognate profession1 and the more you can elevate trades into professions the better4 ,march #ag4 #ahcc4 ,,modern ,,political ,,economy4 ,what solemn humbug this modern political economy is6 ,what is there true of the little that is true in their dogmatic books1 which is not a simple deduction from the moral and religious credenda and agenda of any good man1 and with which we were not all previously acquainted1 and upon which every man of common sense instinctively acted8 ,i know none4 ,but what they truly state1 they do not truly understand in its ultimate grounds and causes2 and hence they have sometimes done more mischief by their half- ignorant and half-sophistical reasonings about1 and deductions from1 well- founded positions1 than they could have done by the promulgation of positive error4 ,this particularly applies to their famous ratios of increase between man and the means of his subsistence4 ,political economy1 at the highest1 can never be a pure science4 ,you may demonstrate that certain properties inhere in the arch1 which yet no bridge-builder can ever reduce into brick and mortar2 but an abstract conclusion in a matter of political economy1 the premisses of which neither exist now1 nor ever will exist within the range of the wildest imagination1 is not a truth1 but a chimera--a practical falsehood4 ,for there are no theorems in political economy--but problems only4 ,certain things being actually so and so2 the question is1 how to do so and so with them4 ,political philosophy1 indeed1 points to ulterior ends1 but even those ends are all practical2 and if you desert the conditions of reality1 or of common probability1 you may show forth your eloquence or your fancy1 but the utmost you can produce will be a ,utopia or ,oceana4 ,you talk about making this article cheaper by reducing its price in the market from #h;d4 to #f;d4 ,but suppose1 in so doing1 you have rendered your country weaker against a foreign foe2 suppose you have demoralized thousands of your fellow-countrymen1 and have sown discontent between one class of society and another1 your article is tolerably dear1 ,i take it1 after all4 ,is not its real price enhanced to every ,christian and patriot a hundred-fold8 99 99 99 99 99 ,all is an endless fleeting abstraction2 the whole is a reality4 ,march #ca4 #ahcc4 ,,national ,,debt4--,,property ,,tax4--,,duty ,,of ,,landholders4 ,what evil results now to this country1 taken at large1 from the actual existence of the ,national ,debt8 ,i never could get a plain and practical answer to that question4 ,i do not advert to the past loss of capital1 although it is hard to see how that capital can be said to have been unproductive1 which produces1 in the defence of the nation itself1 the conditions of the permanence and productivity of all other capital4 ,as to taxation to pay the interest1 how can the country suffer by a process1 under which the money is never one minute out of the pockets of the people8 ,you may just as well say that a man is weakened by the circulation of his blood4 ,there may1 certainly1 be particular local evils and grievances resulting from the mode of taxation or collection2 but how can that debt be in any proper sense a burthen to the nation1 which the nation owes to itself1 and to no one but itself8 ,it is a juggle to talk of the nation owing the capital or the interest to the stockholders2 it owes to itself only4 ,suppose the interest to be owing to the ,emperor of ,russia1 and then you would feel the difference of a debt in the proper sense4 ,it is really and truly nothing more in effect than so much moneys or money's worth1 raised annually by the state for the purpose of quickening industry4#a ,i should like to see a well graduated property tax1 accompanied by a large loan4 ,one common objection to a property tax is1 that it tends to diminish the accumulation of capital4 ,in my judgment1 one of the chief sources of the bad economy of the country now is the enormous aggregation of capitals4 ,when shall we return to a sound conception of the right to property-- namely1 as being official1 implying and demanding the performance of commensurate duties6 ,nothing but the most horrible perversion of humanity and moral justice1 under the specious name of political economy1 could have blinded men to this truth as to the possession of land1--the law of ,god having connected indissolubly the cultivation of every rood of earth with the maintenance and watchful labour of man4 ,but money1 stock1 riches by credit1 transferable and convertible at will1 are under no such obligations2 and1 unhappily1 it is from the selfish autocratic possession of such property1 that our landholders have learnt their present theory of trading with that which was never meant to be an object of commerce4 ,footnote #a3 ,see the splendid essay in the ,friend 7vol4 ii1 p4 #dg47 on the vulgar errors respecting taxes and taxation4 ,a great statesman1 lately deceased1 in one of his anti-ministerial harangues against some proposed impost1 said1 ',the nation has been already bled in every vein1 and is faint with loss of blood4' ,this blood1 however1 was circulating in the mean time through the whole body of the state1 and what was received into one chamber of the heart was instantly sent out again at the other portal4 ,had he wanted a metaphor to convey the possible injuries of taxation1 he might have found one less opposite to the fact1 in the known disease of aneurism1 or relaxation of the coats of particular vessels1 by a disproportionate accumulation of blood in them1 which sometimes occurs when the circulation has been suddenly and violently changed1 and causes helplessness1 or even mortal stagnation1 though the total quantity of blood remains the same in the system at large4 ,but a fuller and fairer symbol of taxation1 both in its possible good and evil effects1 is to be found in the evaporation of waters from the surface of the earth4 ,the sun may draw up the moisture from the river1 the morass1 and the ocean1 to be given back in genial showers to the garden1 to the pasture1 and the corn field2 but it may1 likewise1 force away the moisture from the fields of tillage1 to drop it on the stagnant pool1 the saturated swamp1 or the unprofitable sand-waste4 ,the gardens in the south of ,europe supply1 perhaps1 a not less apt illustration of a system of finance judiciously conducted1 where the tanks or reservoirs would represent the capital of a nation1 and the hundred rills1 hourly varying their channels and directions under the gardener's spade1 give a pleasing image of the dispersion of that capital through the whole population by the joint effect of taxation and trade4 ,for taxation itself is a part of commerce1 and the government maybe fairly considered as a great manufacturing house1 carrying on1 in different places1 by means of its partners and overseers1 the trades of the shipbuilder1 the clothier1 the iron-founder1 c4 c4--,,ed4 ,april #e4 #ahcc4 ,,massinger4--,,shakspeare4--,,hieronimo 4 ,to please me1 a poem must be either music or sense2 if it is neither1 ,i confess ,i cannot interest myself in it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the first act of the ,virgin ,martyr is as fine an act as ,i remember in any play4 ,the ,very ,woman is1 ,i think1 one of the most perfect plays we have4 ,there is some good fun in the first scene between ,don ,john1 or ,antonio1 and ,cuculo1 his master#a2 and can any thing exceed the skill and sweetness of the scene between him and his mistress1 in which he relates his story8#b ,the ,bondman is also a delightful play4 ,massinger is always entertaining2 his plays have the interest of novels4 ,but1 like most of his contemporaries1 except ,shakspeare1 ,massinger often deals in exaggerated passion4 ,malefort senior1 in the ,unnatural ,combat1 however he may have had the moral will to be so wicked1 could never have actually done all that he is represented as guilty of1 without losing his senses4 ,he would have been1 in fact1 mad4 ,regan and ,goneril are the only pictures of the unnatural in ,shakspeare2 the pure unnatural--and you will observe that ,shakspeare has left their hideousness unsoftened or diversified by a single line of goodness or common human frailty4 ,whereas in ,edmund1 for whom passion1 the sense of shame as a bastard1 and ambition1 offer some plausible excuses1 ,shakspeare has placed many redeeming traits4 ,edmund is what1 under certain circumstances1 any man of powerful intellect might be1 if some other qualities and feelings were cut off4 ,hamlet is1 inclusively1 an ,edmund1 but different from him as a whole1 on account of the controlling agency of other principles which ,edmund had not4 ,it is worth while to remark the use which ,shakspeare always makes of his bold villains as vehicles for expressing opinions and conjectures of a nature too hazardous for a wise man to put forth directly as his own1 or from any sustained character4 ,footnote #a3 ,act iii4 sc4 #b4 ,footnote #b3 ,act iv4 sc4 #c43-- ,,ant4 ,not far from where my father lives1 a lady1 ,a neighbour by1 bless'd with as great a beauty ,as nature durst bestow without undoing1 ,dwelt1 and most happily1 as ,i thought then1 ,and bless'd the home a thousand times she dwelt in4 ,this beauty1 in the blossom of my youth1 ,when my first fire knew no adulterate incense1 ,nor ,i no way to flatter1 but my fondness2 ,in all the bravery my friends could show me1 ,in all the faith my innocence could give me1 ,in the best language my true tongue could tell me1 ,and all the broken sighs my sick heart lent me1 ,i sued and served3 long did ,i love this lady1 ,long was my travail1 long my trade to win her2 ,with all the duty of my soul1 ,i served her4 ,,alm4 ,how feelingly he speaks6 7,aside47 ,and she loved you too8 ,it must be so4 ,,ant4 ,i would it had1 dear lady2 ,this story had been needless1 and this place1 ,i think1 unknown to me4 ,,alm4 ,were your bloods equal8 ,,ant4 ,yes2 and ,i thought our hearts too4 ,,alm4 ,then she must love4 ,,ant4 ,she did--but never me2 she could not love me1 ,she would not love1 she hated2 more1 she scorn'd me1 ,and in so poor and base a way abused me1 ,for all my services1 for all my bounties1 ,so bold neglects flung on me-- ,,alm4 ,an ill woman6 ,belike you found some rival in your love1 then8 ,,ant4 ,how perfectly she points me to my story6 7,aside47 ,madam1 ,i did2 and one whose pride and anger1 ,ill manners1 and worse mien1 she doted on1 ,doted to my undoing1 and my ruin4 ,and1 but for honour to your sacred beauty1 ,and reverence to the noble sex1 though she fall1 ,as she must fall that durst be so unnoble1 ,i should say something unbeseeming me4 ,what out of love1 and worthy love1 ,i gave her1 ,shame to her most unworthy mind6 to fools1 ,to girls1 and fiddlers1 to her boys she flung1 ,and in disdain of me4 ,,alm4 ,pray you take me with you4 ,of what complexion was she8 ,,ant4 ,but that ,i dare not ,commit so great a sacrilege 'gainst virtue1 ,she look'd not much unlike--though far1 far short1 ,something1 ,i see1 appears--your pardon1 madam-- ,her eyes would smile so1 but her eyes could cozen2 ,and so she would look sad2 but yours is pity1 ,a noble chorus to my wretched story2 ,hers was disdain and cruelty4 ,,alm4 ,pray heaven1 ,mine be no worse6 he has told me a strange story1 7,aside47 c4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the parts pointed out in ,hieronimo as ,ben ,jonson's bear no traces of his style2 but they are very like ,shakspeare's2 and it is very remarkable that every one of them re-appears in full form and development1 and tempered with mature judgment1 in some one or other of ,shakspeare's great pieces4#a ,footnote #a3 ,by ,hieronimo ,mr4 ,coleridge meant ,the ,spanish ,tragedy1 and not the previous play1 which is usually called ,the ,first ,part of ,jeronimo4 ,the ,spanish ,tragedy is1 upon the authority of ,heywood1 attributed to ,kyd4 ,it is supposed that ,ben ,jonson originally performed the part of ,hieronimo1 and hence it has been surmised that certain passages and whole scenes connected with that character1 and not found in some of the editions of the play1 are1 in fact1 ,ben ,jonson's own writing4 ,some of these supposed interpolations are amongst the best things in the ,spanish ,tragedy2 the style is singularly unlike ,jonson's1 whilst there are turns and particular images which do certainly seem to have been imitated by or from ,shakspeare4 ,mr4 ,lamb at one time gave them to ,webster4 ,take this1 passage1 in the fourth act3-- ,,hieron4 ,what make you with your torches in the dark8 ,,pedro4 ,you bid us light them1 and attend you here4 ,,hieron4 ,no6 you are deceived2 not ,i2 you are deceived4 ,was ,i so mad to bid light torches now8 ,light me your torches at the mid of noon1 ,when as the sun-god rides in all his glory2 ,light me your torches then4 ,,pedro4 ,then we burn day-light4 ,,hieron4 ,let it be burnt2 ,night is a murd'rous slut1 ,that would not have her treasons to be seen2 ,and yonder pale-faced ,hecate there1 the moon1 ,doth give consent to that is done in darkness2 ,and all those stars that gaze upon her face ,are aglets on her sleeve1 pins on her train2 ,and those that should be powerful and divine1 ,do sleep in darkness when they most should shine4 ,,pedro4 ,provoke them not1 fair sir1 with tempting words4 ,the heavens are gracious1 and your miseries and sorrow ,make you speak you know not what ,,hieron4 ,villain6 thou liest1 and thou dost nought ,but tell me ,i am mad3 thou liest1 ,i am not mad2 ,i know thee to be ,pedro1 and he ,jaques2 ,i'll prove it thee2 and were ,i mad1 how could ,i8 ,where was she the same night1 when my ,horatio was murder'd6 ,she should have shone then2 search thou the book3 ,had the moon shone in my boy's face1 there was a kind of grace1 ,that ,i know--nay1 ,i do know1 had the murderer seen him1 ,his weapon would have fallen1 and cut the earth1 ,had he been framed of nought but blood and death1 c4 ,again1 in the fifth act3-- ,,hieron4 ,but are you sure that they are dead8 ,,castile4 ,ay1 slain1 too sure4 ,,hieron4 ,what1 and yours too8 ,,viceroy4 ,ay1 all are dead2 not one of them survive4 ,,hibron4 ,nay1 then ,i care not--come1 we shall be friends2 ,let us lay our heads together4 ,see1 here's a goodly noose will hold them all4 ,,viceroy4 ,o damned devil6 how secure he is6 ,,hieron4 ,secure6 why dost thou wonder at it8 ,i tell thee1 ,viceroy1 this day ,i've seen ,revenge1 d in that sight am grown a prouder monarch ,than ever sate under the crown of ,spain4 ,had ,i as many lives at there be stars11 ,as many heavens to go to as those lives1 ,i'd give them all1 ay1 and my soul to boot1 ,but ,i would see thee ride in this red pool4 ,methinks1 since ,i grew inward with revenge1 ,i cannot look with scorn enough on death4 ,,king4 ,what6 dost thou mock us1 slave8 ,bring tortures forth4 ,,hieron4 ,do1 do1 do2 and meantime ,i'll torture you4 ,you had a son as ,i take it1 and your son ,should have been married to your daughter3 ha6 was it not so8 ,you had a son too1 he was my liege's nephew4 ,he was proud and politic--had he lived1 ,he might have come to wear the crown of ,spain3 ,i think 't was so--'t was ,i that killed him2 ,look you--this same hand was it that stabb'd ,his heart--do you see this hand8 ,for one ,horatio1 if you ever knew him-- ,a youth1 one that they hang'd up in his father's garden-- ,one that did force your valiant son to yield1 c4--,,ed4 ,april #g4 #ahcc4 ,,love',s ,,labour ,,lost4--,,gifford',s ,,massinger4--,,shakspeare4--,,the ,,old ,,dramatists4 ,i think ,i could point out to a half line what is really ,shakspeare's in ,love's ,labour ,lost1 and some other of the not entirely genuine plays4 ,what he wrote in that play is of his earliest manner1 having the all-pervading sweetness which he never lost1 and that extreme condensation which makes the couplets fall into epigrams1 as in the ,venus and ,adonis1 and ,rape of ,lucrece4 #a ,in the drama alone1 as ,shakspeare soon found out1 could the sublime poet and profound philosopher find the conditions of a compromise4 ,in the ,love's ,labour ,lost there are many faint sketches of some of his vigorous portraits in after-life--as for example1 in particular1 of ,benedict and ,beatrice4#b ,footnote #a3 ,in ,shakspeare's ,poems the creative power and the intellectual energy wrestle as in a war embrace4 ,each in its excess of strength seems to threaten the extinction of the other4 ,at length1 in the drama1 they were reconciled1 and fought each with its shield before the breast of the other4 ,or like two rapid streams1 that1 at their first meeting within narrow and rocky banks1 mutually strive to repel each other1 and intermix reluctantly1 and in tumult2 but soon finding a wider channel and more yielding shores1 blend1 and dilate1 and flow on in one current1 and with one voice4--,biog4 ,lit4 vol4 ii4 p4 #ba4 ,footnote #b3 ,mr4 ,coleridge1 of course1 alluded to ,biron and ,rosaline2 and there are other obvious prolusions1 as the scene of the masque with the courtiers1 compared with the play in ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gifford has done a great deal for the text of ,massinger1 but not as much as might easily be done4 ,his comparison of ,shakspeare with his contemporary dramatists is obtuse indeed4#a ,footnote #a3 ,see his ,introduction to ,massinger1 vol4i4 p4 #gi41 in which1 amongst other most extraordinary assertions1 ,mr4 ,gifford pronounces that rhythmical modulation is not one of ,shakspeare's merits6--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,shakspeare one sentence begets the next naturally2 the meaning is all inwoven4 ,he goes on kindling like a meteor through the dark atmosphere2 yet1 when the creation in its outline is once perfect1 then he seems to rest from his labour1 and to smile upon his work1 and tell himself that it is very good4 ,you see many scenes and parts of scenes which are simply ,shakspeare's1 disporting himself in joyous triumph and vigorous fun after a great achievement of his highest genius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the old dramatists took great liberties in respect of bringing parties in scene together1 and representing one as not recognizing the other under some faint disguise4 ,some of their finest scenes are constructed on this ground4 ,shakspeare avails himself of this artifice only twice1 ,i think1--in ,twelfth ,night1 where the two are with great skill kept apart till the end of the play2 and in the ,comedy of ,errors1 which is a pure farce1 and should be so considered4 ,the definition of a farce is1 an improbability or even impossibility granted in the outset1 see what odd and laughable events will fairly follow from it6 ,april #h4 #ahcc4 ,,statesmen4--,,burke4 ,i never was much subject to violent political humours or accesses of feelings4 ,when ,i was very young1 ,i wrote and spoke very enthusiastically1 but it was always on subjects connected with some grand general principle1 the violation of which ,i thought ,i could point out4 ,as to mere details of administration1 ,i honestly thought that ministers1 and men in office1 must1 of course1 know much better than any private person could possibly do2 and it was not till ,i went to ,malta1 and had to correspond with official characters myself1 that ,i fully understood the extreme shallowness and ignorance with which men of some note too were able1 after a certain fashion1 to carry on the government of important departments of the empire4 ,i then quite assented to ,oxenstiern's saying1 ,nescis1 mi fili1 quam parva sapientia regitur mundus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,burke was1 indeed1 a great man4 ,no one ever read history so philosophically as he seems to have done4 ,yet1 until he could associate his general principles with some sordid interest1 panic of property1 jacobinism1 c41 he was a mere dinner bell4 ,hence you will find so many half truths in his speeches and writings4 ,nevertheless1 let us heartily acknowledge his transcendant greatness4 ,he would have been more influential if he had less surpassed his contemporaries1 as ,fox and ,pitt1 men of much inferior minds in all respects4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as a telegraph supposes a correspondent telescope1 so a scientific lecture requires a scientific audience4 ,april #i4 #ahcc4 ,,prospect ,,of ,,monarchy ,,or ,,democracy4--,,the ,,reformed ,,house ,,of ,,commons4 ,i have a deep1 though paradoxical1 conviction that most of the ,european nations are more or less on their way1 unconsciously indeed1 to pure monarchy2 that is1 to a government in which1 under circumstances of complicated and subtle control1 the reason of the people shall become efficient in the apparent will of the king4#a ,as it seems to me1 the wise and good in every country will1 in all likelihood1 become every day more and more disgusted with the representative form of government1 brutalized as it is1 and will be1 by the predominance of democracy in ,england1 ,france1 and ,belgium4 ,the statesmen of antiquity1 we know1 doubted the possibility of the effective and permanent combination of the three elementary forms of government2 and1 perhaps1 they had more reason than we have been accustomed to think4 ,footnote #a3 ,this is backing ,vico against ,spinosa4 ,it must1 however1 be acknowledged that at present the prophet of democracy has a good right to be considered the favourite4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you see how this ,house of ,commons has begun to verify all the ill prophecies that were made of it--low1 vulgar1 meddling with every thing1 assuming universal competency1 flattering every base passion1 and sneering at every thing noble1 refined1 and truly national6 ,the direct and personal despotism will come on by and by1 after the multitude shall have been gratified with the ruin and the spoil of the old institutions of the land4 ,as for the ,house of ,lords1 what is the use of ever so much fiery spirit1 if there be no principle to guide and to sanctify it8 ,april #aj4 #ahcc4 ,,united ,,states ,,of ,,america4--,,captain ,b4 ,,hall4--,,northern ,,and ,,southern ,,states4 --,,democracy ,,with ,,slavery4--,,quakers4 ,the possible destiny of the ,united ,states of ,america1--as a nation of a hundred millions of freemen1--stretching from the ,atlantic to the ,pacific1 living under the laws of ,alfred1 and speaking the language of ,shakspeare and ,milton1 is an august conception4 ,why should we not wish to see it realized8 ,america would then be ,england viewed through a solar microscope2 ,great ,britain in a state of glorious magnification6 ,how deeply to be lamented is the spirit of hostility and sneering which some of the popular books of travels have shown in treating of the ,americans6 ,they hate us1 no doubt1 just as brothers hate2 but they respect the opinion of an ,englishman concerning themselves ten times as much as that of a native of any other country on earth4 ,a very little humouring of their prejudices1 and some courtesy of language and demeanour on the part of ,englishmen1 would work wonders1 even as it is1 with the public mind of the ,americans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,captain ,basil ,hall's book is certainly very entertaining and instructive2 but1 in my judgment1 his sentiments upon many points1 and more especially his mode of expression1 are unwise and uncharitable4 ,after all1 are not most of the things shown up with so much bitterness by him mere national foibles1 parallels to which every people has and must of necessity have8 99 99 99 99 99 ,what you say about the quarrel in the ,united ,states is sophistical4 ,no doubt1 taxation may1 and perhaps in some cases must1 press unequally1 or apparently so1 on different classes of people in a state4 ,in such cases there is a hardship2 but1 in the long run1 the matter is fully compensated to the over-taxed class4 ,for example1 take the householders of ,london1 who complain so bitterly of the house and window taxes4 ,is it not pretty clear that1 whether such householder be a tradesman1 who indemnifies himself in the price of his goods1--or a letter of lodgings1 who does so in his rent1 --or a stockholder1 who receives it back again in his dividends1--or a country gentleman1 who has saved so much fresh levy on his land or his other property1--one way or other1 it comes at last pretty nearly to the same thing1 though the pressure for the time may be unjust and vexatious1 and fit to be removed8 ,but when ,new ,england1 which may be considered a state in itself1 taxes the admission of foreign manufactures in order to cherish manufactures of its own1 and thereby forces the ,carolinians1 another state of itself1 with which there is little intercommunion1 which has no such desire or interest to serve1 to buy worse articles at a higher price1 it is altogether a different question1 and is1 in fact1 downright tyranny of the worst1 because of the most sordid1 kind4 ,what would you think of a law which should tax every person in ,devonshire for the pecuniary benefit of every person in ,yorkshire8 ,and yet that is a feeble image of the actual usurpation of the ,new ,england deputies over the property of the ,southern ,states4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there are two possible modes of unity in a ,state2 one by absolute coordination of each to all1 and of all to each2 the other by subordination of classes and offices4 ,now1 ,i maintain that there never was an instance of the first1 nor can there be1 without slavery as its condition and accompaniment1 as in ,athens4 ,the poor ,swiss cantons are no exception4 ,the mistake lies in confounding a state which must be based on classes and interests and unequal property1 with a church1 which is founded on the person1 and has no qualification but personal merit4 ,such a community may exist1 as in the case of the ,quakers2 but1 in order to exist1 it must be compressed and hedged in by another society--mundus mundulus in mundo immundo4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the free class in a slave state is always1 in one sense1 the most patriotic class of people in an empire2 for their patriotism is not simply the patriotism of other people1 but an aggregate of lust of power and distinction and supremacy4 ,april #aa4 #ahcc4 ,,land ,,and ,,money4 ,land was the only species of property which1 in the old time1 carried any respectability with it4 ,money alone1 apart from some tenure of land1 not only did not make the possessor great and respectable1 but actually made him at once the object of plunder and hatred4 ,witness the history of the ,jews in this country in the early reigns after the ,conquest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have no objection to your aspiring to the political principles of our old ,cavaliers2 but embrace them all fully1 and not merely this and that feeling1 whilst in other points you speak the canting foppery of the ,benthamite or ,malthusian schools4 ,april #ad4 #ahcc4 ,,methods ,,of ,,investigation4 ,there are three ways of treating a subject3-- ,in the first mode1 you begin with a definition1 and that definition is necessarily assumed as the truth4 ,as the argument proceeds1 the conclusion from the first proposition becomes the base of the second1 and so on4 ,now1 it is quite impossible that you can be sure that you have included all the necessary1 and none but the necessary1 terms in your definition2 as1 therefore1 you proceed1 the original speck of error is multiplied at every remove2 the same infirmity of knowledge besetting each successive definition4 ,hence you may set out1 like ,spinosa1 with all but the truth1 and end with a conclusion which is altogether monstrous2 and yet the mere deduction shall be irrefragable4 ,warburton's ,divine ,legation is also a splendid instance of this mode of discussion1 and of its inability to lead to the truth3 in fact1 it is an attempt to adopt the mathematical series of proof1 in forgetfulness that the mathematician is sure of the truth of his definition at each remove1 because he creates it1 as he can do1 in pure figure and number4 ,but you cannot make any thing true which results from1 or is connected with1 real externals2 you can only find it out4 ,the chief use of this first mode of discussion is to sharpen the wit1 for which purpose it is the best exercitation4 #b4 ,the historical mode is a very common one3 in it the author professes to find out the truth by collecting the facts of the case1 and tracing them downwards2 but this mode is worse than the other4 ,suppose the question is as to the true essence and character of the ,english constitution4 ,first1 where will you begin your collection of facts8 where will you end it8 ,what facts will you select1 and how do you know that the class of facts which you select are necessary terms in the premisses1 and that other classes of facts1 which you neglect1 are not necessary8 ,and how do you distinguish phenomena which proceed from disease or accident from those which are the genuine fruits of the essence of the constitution8 ,what can be more striking1 in illustration of the utter inadequacy of this line of investigation for arriving at the real truth1 than the political treatises and constitutional histories which we have in every library8 ,a ,whig proves his case convincingly to the reader who knows nothing beyond his author2 then comes an old ,tory 7,carte1 for instance71 and ferrets up a hamperful of conflicting documents and notices1 which proves his case per contra4 ,a4 takes this class of facts2 ,b4 takes that class3 each proves something true1 neither proves the truth1 or any thing like the truth2 that is1 the whole truth4 #c4 ,you must1 therefore1 commence with the philosophic idea of the thing1 the true nature of which you wish to find out and manifest4 ,you must carry your rule ready made1 if you wish to measure aright4 ,if you ask me how ,i can know that this idea--my own invention--is the truth1 by which the phenomena of history are to be explained1 ,i answer1 in the same way exactly that you know that your eyes were made to see with2 and that is1 because you do see with them4 ,if ,i propose to you an idea or self-realizing theory of the constitution1 which shall manifest itself as in existence from the earliest times to the present1--which shall comprehend within it all the facts which history has preserved1 and shall give them a meaning as interchangeably causals or effects2--if ,i show you that such an event or reign was an obliquity to the right hand1 and how produced1 and such other event or reign a deviation to the left1 and whence originating1--that the growth was stopped here1 accelerated there1--that such a tendency is1 and always has been1 corroborative1 and such other tendency destructive1 of the main progress of the idea towards realization2--if this idea1 not only like a kaleidoscope1 shall reduce all the miscellaneous fragments into order1 but shall also minister strength1 and knowledge1 and light to the true patriot and statesmen for working out the bright thought1 and bringing the glorious embryo to a perfect birth2--then1 ,i think1 ,i have a right to say that the idea which led to this is not only true1 but the truth1 the only truth4 ,to set up for a statesman upon historical knowledge only1 is as about as wise as to set up for a musician by the purchase of some score flutes1 fiddles1 and horns4 ,in order to make music1 you must know how to play2 in order to make your facts speak truth1 you must know what the truth is which ought to be proved1--the ideal truth1--the truth which was consciously or unconsciously1 strongly or weakly1 wisely or blindly1 intended at all times4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i have preserved this passage1 conscious1 the while1 how liable it is to be misunderstood1 or at least not understood4 ,the readers of ,mr4 ,coleridge's works generally1 or of his ,church and ,state in particular1 will have no difficulty in entering into his meaning2 namely1 that no investigation in the non-mathematical sciences can be carried on in a way deserving to be called philosophical1 unless the investigator have in himself a mental initiative1 or1 what comes to the same thing1 unless he set out with an intuition of the ultimate aim or idea of the science or aggregation of facts to be explained or interpreted4 ,the analysis of the ,platonic and ,baconian methods in ,the ,friend1 to which ,i have before referred1 and the ,church and ,state1 exhibit respectively a splendid vindication and example of ,mr4 ,coleridge's mode of reasoning on this subject4--,,ed4 ,april #ah4 #ahcc4 ,,church ,,of ,,rome4--,,celibacy ,,of ,,the ,,clergy4 ,in my judgment1 ,protestants lose a great deal of time in a false attack when they labour to convict the ,romanists of false doctrines4 ,destroy the ,papacy1 and help the priests to wives1 and ,i am much mistaken if the doctrinal errors1 such as there really are1 would not very soon pass away4 ,they might remain in terminis1 but they would lose their sting and body1 and lapse back into figures of rhetoric and warm devotion1 from which they1 most of them1--such as transubstantiation1 and prayers for the dead and to saints1--originally sprang4 ,but1 so long as the ,bishop of ,rome remains ,pope1 and has an army of ,mamelukes all over the world1 we shall do very little by fulminating against mere doctrinal errors4 ,in the ,milanese1 and elsewhere in the north of ,italy1 ,i am told there is a powerful feeling abroad against the ,papacy4 ,that district seems to be something in the state of ,england in the reign of our ,henry the ,eighth4 ,how deep a wound to morals and social purity has that accursed article of the celibacy of the clergy been6 ,even the best and most enlightened men in ,romanist countries attach a notion of impurity to the marriage of a clergyman4 ,and can such a feeling be without its effect on the estimation of the wedded life in general8 ,impossible6 and the morals of both sexes in ,spain1 ,italy1 ,france1 c4 prove it abundantly4 ,the ,papal church has had three phases1--anti-,caesarean1 extra-national1 anti-,christian4 ,april #bj4 #ahcc4 ,,roman ,,conquest ,,of ,,italy4 ,the ,romans would never have subdued the ,italian tribes if they had not boldly left ,italy and conquered foreign nations1 and so1 at last1 crushed their next-door neighbours by external pressure4 ,april #bd4 #ahcc4 ,,wedded ,,love ,,in ,,shakspeare ,,and ,,his ,,contemporary ,,dramatists4--,,tennyson',s ,,poems4 ,except in ,shakspeare1 you can find no such thing as a pure conception of wedded love in our old dramatists4 ,in ,massinger1 and ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 it really is on both sides little better than sheer animal desire4 ,there is scarcely a suitor in all their plays1 whose abilities are not discussed by the lady or her waiting-woman4 ,in this1 as in all things1 how transcendant over his age and his rivals was our sweet ,shakspeare6 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have not read through all ,mr4 ,tennyson's poems1 which have been sent to me2 but ,i think there are some things of a good deal of beauty in what ,i have seen4 ,the misfortune is1 that he has begun to write verses without very well understanding what metre is4 ,even if you write in a known and approved metre1 the odds are1 if you are not a metrist yourself1 that you will not write harmonious verses2 but to deal in new metres without considering what metre means and requires1 is preposterous4 ,what ,i would1 with many wishes for success1 prescribe to ,tennyson1--indeed without it he can never be a poet in act1--is to write for the next two or three years in none but one or two well-known and strictly defined metres1 such as the heroic couplet1 the octave stanza1 or the octo-syllabic measure of the ,allegro and ,penseroso4 ,he would1 probably1 thus get imbued with a sensation1 if not a sense1 of metre without knowing it1 just as ,eton boys get to write such good ,latin verses by conning ,ovid and ,tibullus4 ,as it is1 ,i can scarcely scan some of his verses4 ,may #a4 #ahcc4 ,,rabelais ,,and ,,luther4--,,wit ,,and ,,madness4 ,i think with some interest upon the fact that ,rabelais and ,luther were born in the same year4#a ,glorious spirits6 glorious spirits6 ----,hos utinam inter ,heroas natum me6 ,footnote #a3 ,they were both born within twelve months of each other1 ,i believe2 but ,luther's birth was in ,november1 #adhd1 and that of ,rabelais is generally placed at the end of the year preceding4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,great wits are sure to madness near allied1 says ,dryden1 and true so far as this1 that genius of the highest kind implies an unusual intensity of the modifying power1 which detached from the discriminative and reproductive power1 might conjure a platted straw into a royal diadem3 but it would be at least as true1 that great genius is most alien from madness1--yea1 divided from it by an impassable mountain1-- namely1 the activity of thought and vivacity of the accumulative memory1 which are no less essential constituents of great wit4 ,may #d4 #ahcc4 ,,colonization4--,,machinery4--,,capital 4 ,colonization is not only a manifest expedient for1 but an imperative duty on1 ,great ,britain4 ,god seems to hold out his finger to us over the sea4 ,but it must be a national colonization1 such as was that of the ,scotch to ,america2 a colonization of hope1 and not such as we have alone encouraged and effected for the last fifty years1 a colonization of despair4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the wonderful powers of machinery can1 by multiplied production1 render the mere arte facta of life actually cheaper3 thus money and all other things being supposed the same in value1 a silk gown is five times cheaper now than in ,queen ,elizabeth's time2 but machinery cannot cheapen1 in any thing like an equal degree1 the immediate growths of nature or the immediate necessaries of man4 ,now the arte facta are sought by the higher classes of society in a proportion incalculably beyond that in which they are sought by the lower classes2 and therefore it is that the vast increase of mechanical powers has not cheapened life and pleasure to the poor as it has done to the rich4 ,in some respects1 no doubt1 it has done so1 as in giving cotton dresses to maid-servants1 and penny gin to all4 ,a pretty benefit truly6 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think this country is now suffering grievously under an excessive accumulation of capital1 which1 having no field for profitable operation1 is in a state of fierce civil war with itself4 ,may #f4 #ahcc4 ,,roman ,,conquest4--,,constantine4--,,papacy ,,and ,,the ,,schoolmen4 ,the ,romans had no national clerisy2 their priesthood was entirely a matter of state1 and1 as far back as we can trace it1 an evident stronghold of the ,patricians against the increasing powers of the ,plebeians4 ,all we know of the early ,romans is1 that1 after an indefinite lapse of years1 they had conquered some fifty or sixty miles round their city4 ,then it is that they go to war with ,carthage1 the great maritime power1 and the result of that war was the occupation of ,sicily4 ,thence they1 in succession1 conquered ,spain1 ,macedonia1 ,asia ,minor1 c41 and so at last contrived to subjugate ,italy1 partly by a tremendous back blow1 and partly by bribing the ,italian ,states with a communication of their privileges1 which the now enormously enriched conquerors possessed over so large a portion of the civilized world4 ,they were ordained by ,providence to conquer and amalgamate the materials of ,christendom4 ,they were not a national people2 they were truly-- ,romanos rerum dominos-- --and that's all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,under ,constantine the spiritual power became a complete reflex of the temporal4 ,there were four patriarchs1 and four prefects1 and so on4 ,the ,clergy and the ,lawyers1 the ,church and the ,state1 were opposed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the beneficial influence of the ,papacy upon the whole has been much over- rated by some writers2 and certainly no country in ,europe received less benefit and more harm from it than ,england4 ,in fact1 the lawful kings and parliaments of ,england were always essentially ,protestant in feeling for a national church1 though they adhered to the received doctrines of the ,christianity of the day2 and it was only the usurpers1 ,john1 ,henry ,,iv41 c41 that went against this policy4 ,all the great ,english schoolmen1 ,scotus ,erigena#a1 ,duns ,scotus1 ,ockham1 and others1 those morning stars of the ,reformation1 were heart and soul opposed to ,rome1 and maintained the ,papacy to be ,antichrist4 ,the ,popes always persecuted1 with rancorous hatred1 the national clerisies1 the married clergy1 and disliked the universities which grew out of the old monasteries4 ,the ,papacy was1 and is1 essentially extra- national1 and was always so considered in this country1 although not believed to be anti-,christian4 ,footnote #a3 ,john ,scotus1 or ,erigena1 was born1 according to different authors1 in ,wales1 ,scotland1 or ,ireland2 but ,i do not find any account making him an ,englishman of ,saxon blood4 ,his death is uncertainly placed in the beginning of the ninth century4 ,he lived in well-known intimacy with ,charles the ,bald1 of ,france1 who died about ,a4 ,d4 #hgd4 ,he resolutely resisted the doctrine of transubstantiation1 and was publicly accused of heresy on that account4 ,but the king of ,france protected him--,,ed4 ,may #h4 #ahcc4 ,,civil ,,war ,,of ,,the ,,seventeenth ,,century4--,,hampden',s ,,speech4 ,i know no portion of history which a man might write with so much pleasure as that of the great struggle in the time of ,charles ,i41 because he may feel the profoundest respect for both parties4 ,the side taken by any particular person was determined by the point of view which such person happened to command at the commencement of the inevitable collision1 one line seeming straight to this man1 another line to another4 ,no man of that age saw the truth1 the whole truth2 there was not light enough for that4 ,the consequence1 of course1 was a violent exaggeration of each party for the time4 ,the ,king became a martyr1 and the ,parliamentarians traitors1 and vice vers4 ,the great reform brought into act by and under ,william the ,third combined the principles truly contended for by ,charles and his ,parliament respectively3 the great revolution of #ahca has certainly1 to an almost ruinous degree1 dislocated those principles of government again4 ,as to ,hampden's speech#a1 no doubt it means a declaration of passive obedience to the sovereign1 as the creed of an ,english ,protestant individual3 every man1 ,cromwell and all1 would have said as much2 it was the antipapistical tenet1 and almost vauntingly asserted on all occasions by ,protestants up to that time4 ,but it implies nothing of ,hampden's creed as to the duty of ,parliament4 ,footnote #a3 ,on his impeachment with the other four members1 #afdb4 ,see the ,letter to ,john ,murray1 ,esq4 touching ,lord ,nugent1 #ahcc4 ,it is extraordinary that ,lord ,n4 should not see the plain distinction taken by ,hampden1 between not obeying an unlawful command1 and rebelling against the ,king because of it4 ,he approves the one1 and condemns the other4 ,his words are1 to yield obedience to the commands of a ,king1 if against the true religion1 against the ancient and fundamental laws of the land1 is another sign of an ill subject3--,to resist the lawful power of the ,king2 to raise insurrection against the ,king2 admit him adverse in his religion2 to conspire against his sacred person1 or any ways to rebel1 though commanding things against our consciences in exercising religion1 or against the rights and privileges of the subject1 is an absolute sign of the disaffected and traitorous subject4--,,ed4 ,may #aj4 #ahcc4 ,,reformed ,,house ,,of ,,commons4 ,well1 ,i think no honest man will deny that the prophetic denunciations of those who seriously and solemnly opposed the ,reform ,bill are in a fair way of exact fulfilment6 ,for myself1 ,i own ,i did not expect such rapidity of movement4 ,i supposed that the first parliament would contain a large number of low factious men1 who would vulgarize and degrade the debates of the ,house of ,commons1 and considerably impede public business1 and that the majority would be gentlemen more fond of their property than their politics4 ,but really the truth is something more than this4 ,think of upwards of #afj members voting away two millions and a half of tax on ,friday#a1 at the bidding of whom1 shall ,i say8 and then no less than #gj of those very members rescinding their votes on the ,tuesday next following1 nothing whatever having intervened to justify the change1 except that they had found out that at least seven or eight millions more must go also upon the same principle1 and that the revenue was cut in two6 ,of course ,i approve the vote of rescission1 however dangerous a precedent2 but what a picture of the composition of this ,house of ,commons6 ,footnote #a3 ,on ,friday1 the #bfth of ,april1 #ahcc1 ,sir ,william ,ingilby moved and carried a resolution for reducing the duty on malt from #bhs4 #h;d4 to l#js4 per quarter4 ,one hundred and sixty-two members voted with him4 ,on ,tuesday following1 the #cjth of ,april1 seventy-six members only voted against the rescission of the same resolution4--,,ed4 ,may #ac4 #ahcc4 ,,food4--,,medicine4--,,poison4--,,obstr uction4 #a4 ,that which is digested wholly1 and part of which is assimilated1 and part rejected1 is--,food4 #b4 ,that which is digested wholly1 and the whole of which is partly assimilated1 and partly not1 is--,medicine4 #c4 ,that which is digested1 but not assimilated1 is--,poison4 #d4 ,that which is neither digested nor assimilated is--,mere ,obstruction4 ,as to the stories of slow poisons1 ,i cannot say whether there was any1 or what1 truth in them2 but ,i certainly believe a man may be poisoned by arsenic a year after he has taken it4 ,in fact1 ,i think that is known to have happened4 ,may #ad4 #ahcc4 ,,wilson4--,,shakspeare',s ,,sonnets4--,,love4 ,professor ,wilson's character of ,charles ,lamb in the last ,blackwood1 ,twaddle on ,tweed-side#a1 is very sweet indeed1 and gratified me much4 ,it does honour to ,wilson1 to his head and his heart4 ,footnote #a3 ,charles ,lamb ought really not to abuse ,scotland in the pleasant way he so often does in the sylvan shades of ,enfield2 for ,scotland loves ,charles ,lamb2 but he is wayward and wilful in his wisdom1 and conceits that many a ,cockney is a better man even than ,christopher ,north4 ,but what will not ,christopher forgive to genius and goodness6 ,even ,lamb1 bleating libels on his native land4 ,nay1 he learns lessons of humanity even from the mild malice of ,elia1 and breathes a blessing on him and his household in their bower of rest4 ,some of ,mr4 ,coleridge's poems were first published with some of ,c4 ,lamb's at ,bristol in #agig4 ,the remarkable words on the title-page have been aptly cited in the ,new ,monthly ,magazine for ,february1 #ahce1 p4 #aih43 ,duplex nobis vinculum1 et amicitiae et similium junctarumque ,camcoenarum1--quod utinam neque mors solvat1 neque temporis longinquitas4 ,and even so it came to pass after thirty seven years more had passed over their heads1--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how can ,i wish that ,wilson should cease to write what so often soothes and suspends my bodily miseries1 and my mental conflicts6 ,yet what a waste1 what a reckless spending1 of talent1 ay1 and of genius1 too1 in his ,i know not how many years' management of ,blackwood6 ,if ,wilson cares for fame1 for an enduring place and prominence in literature1 he should now1 ,i think1 hold his hand1 and say1 as he well may1-- ,militavi non sine gloria3 ,nunc arma defunctumque bello ,barbiton hic paries habebit4 ,two or three volumes collected out of the magazine by himself would be very delightful4 ,but he must not leave it for others to do2 for some recasting and much condensation would be required2 and literary executors make sad work in general with their testators' brains4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i believe it possible that a man may1 under certain states of the moral feeling1 entertain something deserving the name of love towards a male object--an affection beyond friendship1 and wholly aloof from appetite4 ,in ,elizabeth's and ,james's time it seems to have been almost fashionable to cherish such a feeling2 and perhaps we may account in some measure for it by considering how very inferior the women of that age1 taken generally1 were in education and accomplishment of mind to the men4 ,of course there were brilliant exceptions enough2 but the plays of ,beaumont and ,fletcher-- the most popular dramatists that ever wrote for the ,english stage--will show us what sort of women it was generally pleasing to represent4 ,certainly the language of the two friends1 ,musidorus and ,pyrocles1 in the ,arcadia1 is such as we could not now use except to women2 and in ,cervantes the same tone is sometimes adopted1 as in the novel of the ,curious ,impertinent4 ,and ,i think there is a passage in the ,new ,atlantis#a of ,lord ,bacon1 in which he speaks of the possibility of such a feeling1 but hints the extreme danger of entertaining it1 or allowing it any place in a moral theory4 ,i mention this with reference to ,shakspeare's sonnets1 which have been supposed1 by some1 to be addressed to ,william ,herbert1 ,earl of ,pembroke1 whom ,clarendon calls#b the most beloved man of his age1 though his licentiousness was equal to his virtues4 ,i doubt this4 ,i do not think that ,shakespeare1 merely because he was an actor1 would have thought it necessary to veil his emotions towards ,pembroke under a disguise1 though he might probably have done so1 if the real object had perchance been a ,laura or a ,leonora4 ,it seems to me that the sonnets could only have come from a man deeply in love1 and in love with a woman2 and there is one sonnet which1 from its incongruity1 ,i take to be a purposed blind4 ,these extraordinary sonnets form1 in fact1 a poem of so many stanzas of fourteen lines each2 and1 like the passion which inspired them1 the sonnets are always the same1 with a variety of expression1--continuous1 if you regard the lover's soul1--distinct1 if you listen to him1 as he heaves them sigh after sigh4 ,these sonnets1 like the ,venus and ,adonis1 and the ,rape of ,lucrece1 are characterized by boundless fertility and laboured condensation of thought1 with perfection of sweetness in rhythm and metre4 ,these are the essentials in the budding of a great poet4 ,afterwards habit and consciousness of power teach more ease--praecipitandum liberum spiritum4 ,footnote #a3 ,i cannot fix upon any passage in this work1 to which it can be supposed that ,mr4 ,coleridge alluded1 unless it be the speech of ,joabin the ,jew2 but it contains nothing coming up to the meaning in the text4 ,the only approach to it seems to be3--,as for masculine love1 they have no touch of it2 and yet there are not so faithful and inviolate friendships in the world again as are there2 and to speak generally1 as ,i said before1 ,i have not read of any such chastity in any people as theirs4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,william ,earl of ,pembroke was next1 a man of another mould and making1 and of another fame and reputation with all men1 being the most universally beloved and esteemed of any man of that age4 4444444,he indulged to himself the pleasures of all kinds1 almost in all excesses4--,hist4 of the ,rebellion1 book i4 ,he died in #afcj1 aged fifty years4 ,the dedication by ,t4 ,t4 7,thomas ,thorpe7 is to the only begetter of these ensuing sonnets1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 and ,malone is inclined to think that ,william ,hughes is meant4 ,as to ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 being the only begetter of these sonnets1 it must be observed1 that at least the last twenty-eight are beyond dispute addressed to a woman4 ,i suppose the twentieth sonnet was the particular one conceived by ,mr4 ,c4 to be a blind2 but it seems to me that many others may be so construed1 if we set out with a conviction that the real object of the poet was a woman4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,every one who has been in love1 knows that the passion is strongest1 and the appetite weakest1 in the absence of the beloved object1 and that the reverse is the case in her presence4 ,may #ae4 #ahcc4 ,,wicliffe4--,,luther4--,,reverence ,,for ,,ideal ,,truths4--,,johnson ,,the ,,whig4-- ,,asgill4--,,james ,i4 ,wicliffe's genius was1 perhaps1 not equal to ,luther's2 but really the more ,i know of him from ,vaughan and ,le ,bas1 both of whose books ,i like1 ,i think him as extraordinary a man as ,luther upon the whole4 ,he was much sounder and more truly catholic in his view of the ,eucharist than ,luther4 ,and ,i find1 not without some pleasure1 that my own view of it1 which ,i was afraid was original1 was maintained in the tenth century1 that is to say1 that the body broken had no reference to the human body of ,christ1 but to the ,caro ,noumenon1 or symbolical ,body1 the ,rock that followed the ,israelites4 ,whitaker beautifully says of ,luther2--,felix ille1 quem ,dominus eo honore dignatus est1 ut homines nequissimos suos haberet inimicos4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is now no reverence for any thing2 and the reason is1 that men possess conceptions only1 and all their knowledge is conceptional only4 ,now as1 to conceive1 is a work of the mere understanding1 and as all that can be conceived may be comprehended1 it is impossible that a man should reverence that1 to which he must always feel something in himself superior4 ,if it were possible to conceive ,god in a strict sense1 that is1 as we conceive a horse or a tree1 even ,god himself could not excite any reverence1 though he might excite fear or terror1 or perhaps love1 as a tiger or a beautiful woman4 ,but reverence1 which is the synthesis of love and fear1 is only due from man1 and1 indeed1 only excitable in man1 towards ideal truths1 which are always mysteries to the understanding1 for the same reason that the motion of my finger behind my back is a mystery to you now--your eyes not being made for seeing through my body4 ,it is the reason only which has a sense by which ideas can be recognized1 and from the fontal light of ideas only can a man draw intellectual power4 99 99 99 99 99 ,samuel ,johnson#a1 whom1 to distinguish him from the ,doctor1 we may call the ,whig1 was a very remarkable writer4 ,he may be compared to his contemporary ,de ,foe1 whom he resembled in many points4 ,he is another instance of ,king ,william's discrimination1 which was so much superior to that of any of his ministers1 ,johnson was one of the most formidable advocates for the ,exclusion ,bill1 and he suffered by whipping and imprisonment under ,james accordingly4 ,like ,asgill1 he argues with great apparent candour and clearness till he has his opponent within reach1 and then comes a blow as from a sledge-hammer4 ,i do not know where ,i could put my hand upon a book containing so much sense and sound constitutional doctrine as this thin folio of ,johnson's ,works2 and what party in this country would read so severe a lecture in it as our modern ,whigs6 ,a close reasoner and a good writer in general may be known by his pertinent use of connectives4 ,read that page of ,johnson2 you cannot alter one conjunction without spoiling the sense4 ,it is a linked strain throughout4 ,in your modern books1 for the most part1 the sentences in a page have the same connection with each other that marbles have in a bag2 they touch without adhering4 ,asgill evidently formed his style upon ,johnson's1 but he only imitates one part of it4 ,asgill never rises to ,johnson's eloquence4 ,the latter was a sort of ,cobbett-,burke4 ,james the ,first thought that1 because all power in the state seemed to proceed from the crown1 all power therefore remained in the crown2--as if1 because the tree sprang from the seed1 the stem1 branches1 leaves1 and fruit were all contained in the seed4 ,the constitutional doctrine as to the relation which the king bears to the other components of the state is in two words this3--,he is a representative of the whole of that1 of which he is himself a part4 ,footnote #a3 ,dryden's ,ben ,jochanan1 in the second part of ,absalom and ,achitophel4 ,he was born in #afdi1 and died in #agjc4 ,he was a clergyman4 ,in #afhf1 when the army was encamped on ,hounslow ,heath1 he published ,a humble and hearty ,address to all ,english ,protestants in the present ,army4 ,for this he was tried and sentenced to be pilloried in three places1 pay a fine1 and be whipped from ,newgate to ,tyburn4 ,an attempt was also made to degrade him from his orders1 but this failed through an informality4 ,after the ,revolution he was preferred4--,,ed4 ,may #ag4 #ahcc4 ,,sir ,p4 ,,sidney4--,,things ,,are ,,finding ,,their ,,level4 ,when ,sir ,philip ,sidney saw the enthusiasm which agitated every man1 woman1 and child in the ,netherlands against ,philip and ,d',alva1 he told ,queen ,elizabeth that it was the spirit of ,god1 and that it was invincible4 ,what is the spirit which seems to move and unsettle every other man in ,england and on the ,continent at this time8 ,upon my conscience1 and judging by ,st4 ,john's rule1 ,i think it is a special spirit of the devil--and a very vulgar devil too6 99 99 99 99 99 ,your modern political economists say that it is a principle in their science--that all things find their level2--which ,i deny2 and say1 on the contrary1 that the true principle is1 that all things are finding their level like water in a storm4 ,may #ah4 #ahcc4 ,,german4--,,goethe4--,,god',s ,,providence4--,,man',s ,,freedom4 ,german is inferior to ,english in modifications of expression of the affections1 but superior to it in modifications of expression of all objects of the senses4 99 99 99 99 99 ,goethe's small lyrics are delightful4 ,he showed good taste in not attempting to imitate ,shakspeare's ,witches1 which are threefold1--,fates1 ,furies1 and earthly ,hags o' the caldron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,man does not move in cycles1 though nature does4 ,man's course is like that of an arrow2 for the portion of the great cometary ellipse which he occupies is no more than a needle's length to a mile4 ,in natural history1 ,god's freedom is shown in the law of necessity4 ,in moral history1 ,god's necessity or providence is shown in man's freedom4 ,june #h4 #ahcc4 ,,dom ,,miguel ,,and ,,dom ,,pedro4--,,working ,,to ,,better ,,one',s ,,condition4--,,negro ,,emancipation4--,,fox ,,and ,,pitt4--,,revolution4 ,there can be no doubt of the gross violations of strict neutrality by this government in the ,portuguese affair2 but ,i wish the ,tories had left the matter alone1 and not given room to the people to associate them with that scoundrel ,dom ,miguel4 ,you can never interest the common herd in the abstract question2 with them it is a mere quarrel between the men2 and though ,pedro is a very doubtful character1 he is not so bad as his brother2 and1 besides1 we are naturally interested for the girl4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is very strange that men who make light of the direct doctrines of the ,scriptures1 and turn up their noses at the recommendation of a line of conduct suggested by religious truth1 will nevertheless stake the tranquillity of an empire1 the lives and properties of millions of men and women1 on the faith of a maxim of modern political economy6 ,and this1 too1 of a maxim true only1 if at all1 of ,england or a part of ,england1 or some other country2--namely1 that the desire of bettering their condition will induce men to labour even more abundantly and profitably than servile compulsion1--to which maxim the past history and present state of all ,asia and ,africa give the lie4 ,nay1 even in ,england at this day1 every man in ,manchester1 ,birmingham1 and in other great manufacturing towns1 knows that the most skilful artisans1 who may earn high wages at pleasure1 are constantly in the habit of working but a few days in the week1 and of idling the rest4 ,i believe ,st4 ,monday is very well kept by the workmen in ,london4 ,the love of indolence is universal1 or next to it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,must not the ministerial plan for the ,west ,indies lead necessarily to a change of property1 either by force or dereliction8 ,i can't see any way of escaping it4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you are always talking of the rights of the negroes4 ,as a rhetorical mode of stimulating the people of ,england here1 ,i do not object2 but ,i utterly condemn your frantic practice of declaiming about their rights to the blacks themselves4 ,they ought to be forcibly reminded of the state in which their brethren in ,africa still are1 and taught to be thankful for the providence which has placed them within reach of the means of grace4 ,i know no right except such as flows from righteousness2 and as every ,christian believes his righteousness to be imputed1 so must his right be an imputed right too4 ,it must flow out of a duty1 and it is under that name that the process of humanization ought to begin and to be conducted throughout4 99 99 99 99 99 ,thirty years ago1 and more1 ,pitt availed himself1 with great political dexterity1 of the apprehension1 which ,burke and the conduct of some of the clubs in ,london had excited1 and endeavoured to inspire into the nation a panic of property4 ,fox1 instead of exposing the absurdity of this by showing the real numbers and contemptible weakness of the disaffected1 fell into ,pitt's trap1 and was mad enough to exaggerate even ,pitt's surmises4 ,the consequence was1 a very general apprehension throughout the country of an impending revolution1 at a time when1 ,i will venture to say1 the people were more heart-whole than they had been for a hundred years previously4 ,after ,i had travelled in ,sicily and ,italy1 countries where there were real grounds for fear1 ,i became deeply impressed with the difference4 ,now1 after a long continuance of high national glory and influence1 when a revolution of a most searching and general character is actually at work1 and the old institutions of the country are all awaiting their certain destruction or violent modification--the people at large are perfectly secure1 sleeping or gambolling on the very brink of a volcano4 ,june #ae4 #ahcc4 ,,virtue ,,and ,,liberty4--,,epistle ,,to ,,the ,,romans4--,,erasmus4----,,luther4 ,the necessity for external government to man is in an inverse ratio to the vigour of his self-government4 ,where the last is most complete1 the first is least wanted4 ,hence1 the more virtue the more liberty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think ,st4 ,paul's ,epistle to the ,romans the most profound work in existence2 and ,i hardly believe that the writings of the old ,stoics1 now lost1 could have been deeper4 ,undoubtedly it is1 and must be1 very obscure to ordinary readers2 but some of the difficulty is accidental1 arising from the form in which the ,epistle appears4 ,if we could now arrange this work in the way in which we may be sure ,st4 ,paul would himself do1 were he now alive1 and preparing it for the press1 his reasoning would stand out clearer4 ,his accumulated parentheses would be thrown into notes1 or extruded to the margin4 ,you will smile1 after this1 if ,i say that ,i think ,i understand ,st4 ,paul2 and ,i think so1 because1 really and truly1 ,i recognize a cogent consecutiveness in the argument--the only evidence ,i know that you understand any book4 ,how different is the style of this intensely passionate argument from that of the catholic circular charge called the ,epistle to the ,ephesians6--and how different that of both from the style of the ,epistles to ,timothy and ,titus1 which ,i venture to call ,greek3 epistolal panloeideiz ,erasmus's paraphrase of the ,new ,testament is clear and explanatory2 but you cannot expect any thing very deep from ,erasmus4 ,the only fit commentator on ,paul was ,luther--not by any means such a gentleman as the ,apostle1 but almost as great a genius4 ,june #ag4 #ahcc4 ,,negro ,,emancipation4 ,have you been able to discover any principle in this ,emancipation ,bill for the ,slaves1 except a principle of fear of the abolition party struggling with a dread of causing some monstrous calamity to the empire at large8 ,well6 ,i will not prophesy2 and ,god grant that this tremendous and unprecedented act of positive enactment may not do the harm to the cause of humanity and freedom which ,i cannot but fear6 ,but yet1 what can be hoped1 when all human wisdom and counsel are set at nought1 and religious faith-- the only miraculous agent amongst men--is not invoked or regarded6 and that most unblest phrase--the ,dissenting interest--enters into the question6 ,june #bb4 #ahcc4 ,,hacket',s ,,life ,,of ,,archbishop ,,williams4--,,charles ,i4--,,manners ,,under ,,edward ,,iii41 ,,richard ,,ii41 ,,and ,,henry ,,viii4 ,what a delightful and instructive hook ,bishop ,hacket's ,life of ,archbishop ,williams is6 ,you learn more from it of that which is valuable towards an insight into the times preceding the ,civil ,war than from all the ponderous histories and memoirs now composed about that period4 99 99 99 99 99 ,charles seems to have been a very disagreeable personage during ,james's life4 ,there is nothing dutiful in his demeanour4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think the spirit of the court and nobility of ,edward ,,iii4 and ,richard ,,ii4 was less gross than that in the time of ,henry ,,viii42 for in this latter period the chivalry had evaporated1 and the whole coarseness was left by itself4 ,chaucer represents a very high and romantic style of society amongst the gentry4 ,june #bi4 #ahcc4 ,,hypothesis4--,,suffiction4--,,theory4- -,,lyell',s ,,geology4--,,gothic ,,architecture4 --,,gerard ,,douw's ,,schoolmaster ,,and ,,titian',s ,,venus4--,,sir ,j4 ,,scarlett4 ,it seems to me a great delusion to call or suppose the imagination of a subtle fluid1 or molecules penetrable with the same1 a legitimate hypothesis4 ,it is a mere suffiction4 ,newton took the fact of bodies falling to the centre1 and upon that built up a legitimate hypothesis4 ,it was a subposition of something certain4 ,but ,descartes' vortices were not an hypothesis2 they rested on no fact at all2 and yet they did1 in a clumsy way1 explain the motions of the heavenly bodies4 ,but your subtle fluid is pure gratuitous assumption2 and for what use8 ,it explains nothing4 ,besides1 you are endeavouring to deduce power from mass1 in which you expressly say there is no power but the vis inertiae3 whereas1 the whole analogy of chemistry proves that power produces mass4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the use of a theory in the real sciences is to help the investigator to a complete view of all the hitherto discovered facts relating to the science in question2 it is a collected view1 ,greek3 theorhia1 of all he yet knows in one4 ,of course1 whilst any pertinent facts remain unknown1 no theory can be exactly true1 because every new fact must necessarily1 to a greater or less degree1 displace the relation of all the others4 ,a theory1 therefore1 only helps investigation2 it cannot invent or discover4 ,the only true theories are those of geometry1 because in geometry all the premisses are true and unalterable4 ,but1 to suppose that1 in our present exceedingly imperfect acquaintance with the facts1 any theory in chemistry or geology is altogether accurate1 is absurd3--it cannot be true4 ,mr4 ,lyell's system of geology is just half the truth1 and no more4 ,he affirms a great deal that is true1 and he denies a great deal which is equally true2 which is the general characteristic of all systems not embracing the whole truth4 ,so it is with the rectilinearity or undulatory motion of light2--,i believe both2 though philosophy has as yet but imperfectly ascertained the conditions of their alternate existence1 or the laws by which they are regulated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,those who deny light to be matter do not1 therefore1 deny its corporeity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the principle of the ,gothic architecture is infinity made imaginable4 ,it is no doubt a sublimer effort of genius than the ,greek style2 but then it depends much more on execution for its effect4 ,i was more than ever impressed with the marvellous sublimity and transcendant beauty of ,king's ,college ,chapel4#a ,it is quite unparalleled4 ,i think ,gerard ,douw's ,schoolmaster1 in the ,fitzwilliam ,museum1 the finest thing of the sort ,i ever saw2--whether you look at it at the common distance1 or examine it with a glass1 the wonder is equal4 ,and that glorious picture of the ,venus--so perfectly beautiful and perfectly innocent--as if beauty and innocence could not be dissociated6 ,the ,french thing below is a curious instance of the inherent grossness of the ,french taste4 ,titian's picture is made quite bestial4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge visited ,cambridge upon the occasion of the scientific meeting there in ,june1 #ahcc4--,my emotions1 he said1 at revisiting the university were at first1 overwhelming4 ,i could not speak for an hour2 yet my feelings were upon the whole very pleasurable1 and ,i have not passed1 of late years at least1 three days of such great enjoyment and healthful excitement of mind and body4 ,the bed on which ,i slept--and slept soundly too--was1 as near as ,i can describe it1 a couple of sacks full of potatoes tied together4 ,i understand the young men think it hardens them4 ,truly ,i lay down at night a man1 and arose in the morning a bruise4 ,he told me that the men were much amused at his saying that the fine old ,quaker philosopher ,dalton's face was like ,all ,souls' ,college4 ,the two persons of whom he spoke with the greatest interest were ,mr4 ,faraday and ,mr4 ,thirlwall2 saying of the former1 that he seemed to have the true temperament of genius1 that carrying-on of the spring and freshness of youthful1 nay1 boyish feelings1 into the matured strength of manhood6 ,for1 as ,mr4 ,coleridge had long before expressed the same thought1--,to find no contradiction in the union of old and new2 to contemplate the ,ancient of ,days and all his works with feelings as fresh as if all had then sprung forth at the first creative fiat1 this characterizes the mind that feels the riddle of the world1 and may help to unravel it4 ,to carry on the feelings of childhood into the powers of manhood2 to combine the child's sense of wonder and novelty with the appearances which everyday for perhaps forty years had rendered familiar2 ',with sun and moon and stars throughout the year1 ,and man and woman2'-- this is the character and privilege of genius1 and one of the marks which distinguish genius from talent4 ,and therefore is it the prime merit of genius1 and its most unequivocal mode of manifestation1 so to represent familiar objects as to awaken in the minds of others a kindred feeling concerning them1 and that freshness of sensation which is the constant accompaniment of mental1 no less than of bodily1 convalescence4 ,who has not a thousand times seen snow fall on water8 ,who has not watched it with a new feeling1 from the time that he has read ,burns's comparison of sensual pleasure ',to snow that falls upon a river1 ,a moment white--then gone for ever6' ,biog4 ,lit4 vol4 i1 p4 #he4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think ,sir ,james ,scarlett's speech for the defendant1 in the late action of ,cobbett v4 ,the ,times1 for a libel1 worthy of the best ages of ,greece or ,rome2 though1 to be sure1 some of his remarks could not have been very palatable to his clients4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am glad you came in to punctuate my discourse1 which ,i fear has gone on for an hour without any stop at all4 ,july #a4 #ahcc4 ,,mandeville',s ,,fable ,,of ,,the ,,bees4--,,bestial ,,theory4--,,character ,,of ,,bertram4-- ,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher',s ,,dramas4--,,schylus1 ,,sophocles1 ,,euripides1--,,milton4 ,if ,i could ever believe that ,mandeville really meant any thing more by his ,fable of the ,bees than a bonne bouche of solemn raillery1 ,i should like to ask those man-shaped apes who have taken up his suggestions in earnest1 and seriously maintained them as bases for a rational account of man and the world--how they explain the very existence of those dexterous cheats1 those superior charlatans1 the legislators and philosophers1 who have known how to play so well upon the peacock-like vanity and follies of their fellow mortals4 ,by the by1 ,i wonder some of you lawyers 7sub rosa1 of course7 have not quoted the pithy lines in ,mandeville upon this registration question3-- ,the lawyers1 of whose art the basis ,was raising feuds and splitting cases1 ,oppos'd all ,registers1 that cheats ,might make more work with dipt estates2 ,as 'twere unlawful that one's own ,without a lawsuit should be known6 ,they put off hearings wilfully1 ,to finger the refreshing fee2 ,and to defend a wicked cause ,examined and survey'd the laws1 ,as burglars shops and houses do1 ,to see where best they may break through4 ,there is great ,hudibrastic vigour in these lines2 and those on the doctors are also very terse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,look at that head of ,cline1 by ,chantrey6 ,is that forehead1 that nose1 those temples and that chin1 akin to the monkey tribe8 ,no1 no4 ,to a man of sensibility no argument could disprove the bestial theory so convincingly as a quiet contemplation of that fine bust4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot agree with the solemn abuse which the critics have poured out upon ,bertram in ,all's ,well that ends ,well4 ,he was a young nobleman in feudal times1 just bursting into manhood1 with all the feelings of pride of birth and appetite for pleasure and liberty natural to such a character so circumstanced4 ,of course he had never regarded ,helena otherwise than as a dependant in the family2 and of all that which she possessed of goodness and fidelity and courage1 which might atone for her inferiority in other respects1 ,bertram was necessarily in a great measure ignorant4 ,and after all1 her prima facie merit was the having inherited a prescription from her old father the doctor1 by which she cures the king1--a merit1 which supposes an extravagance of personal loyalty in ,bertram to make conclusive to him in such a matter as that of taking a wife4 ,bertram had surely good reason to look upon the king's forcing him to marry ,helena as a very tyrannical act4 ,indeed1 it must be confessed that her character is not very delicate1 and it required all ,shakspeare's consummate skill to interest us for her2 and he does this chiefly by the operation of the other characters1--the ,countess1 ,lafeu1 c4 ,we get to like ,helena from their praising and commending her so much4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,beaumont and ,fletcher's tragedies the comic scenes are rarely so interfused amidst the tragic as to produce a unity of the tragic on the whole1 without which the intermixture is a fault4 ,in ,shakspeare1 this is always managed with transcendant skill4 ,the ,fool in ,lear contributes in a very sensible manner to the tragic wildness of the whole drama4 ,beaumont and ,fletcher's serious plays or tragedies are complete hybrids1--neither fish nor flesh1--upon any rules1 ,greek1 ,roman1 or ,gothic3 and yet they are very delightful notwithstanding4 ,no doubt1 they imitate the ease of gentlemanly conversation better than ,shakspeare1 who was unable not to be too much associated to succeed perfectly in this4 ,when ,i was a boy1 ,i was fondest of schylus2 in youth and middle age ,i preferred ,euripides2 now in my declining years ,i admire ,sophocles4 ,i can now at length see that ,sophocles is the most perfect4 ,yet he never rises to the sublime simplicity of schylus--simplicity of design1 ,i mean--nor diffuses himself in the passionate outpourings of ,euripides4 ,i understand why the ancients called ,euripides the most tragic of their dramatists3 he evidently embraces within the scope of the tragic poet many passions1-- love1 conjugal affection1 jealousy1 and so on1 which ,sophocles seems to have considered as incongruous with the ideal statuesqueness of the tragic drama4 ,certainly ,euripides was a greater poet in the abstract than ,sophocles4 ,his choruses may be faulty as choruses1 but how beautiful and affecting they are as odes and songs6 ,i think the famous ,greek3 ,euippoy ,xene1 in ,oedipus ,coloneus#a cold in comparison with many of the odes of ,euripides1 as that song of the chorus in the ,hippolytus--,greek3 ,eoos1 ,eoos#b and so on2 and ,i remember a choric ode in the ,hecuba1 which always struck me as exquisitely rich and finished2 ,i mean1 where the chorus speaks of ,troy and the night of the capture4#c ,there is nothing very surprising in ,milton's preference of ,euripides1 though so unlike himself4 ,it is very common--very natural--for men to like and even admire an exhibition of power very different in kind from any thing of their own4 ,no jealousy arises4 ,milton preferred ,ovid too1 and ,i dare say he admired both as a man of sensibility admires a lovely woman1 with a feeling into which jealousy or envy cannot enter4 ,with ,aeschylus or ,sophocles he might perchance have matched himself4 ,in ,euripides you have oftentimes a very near approach to comedy1 and ,i hardly know any writer in whom you can find such fine models of serious and dignified conversation4 ,footnote #a3 ,greek3 ,euppoy1 ,xge1 tmsde chosas ,tchoy t chztista gs esaula tdn xgaeta ,kolann'--ch4 t4 l4 v4 #ffh ,footnote #b3 ,greek3 ,exos ,exos1 chat' mmtton s tzeos pthon eisagog glychean ,psuch chriu os pithtzatesei mae moi tot sn chach phaneiaes mae rruthmos lthois--x4t4l v4#ebg ,footnote #c3 ,i take it for granted that ,mr4 ,coleridge alluded to the chorus1-- ,greek3 ,su men1 o patrhis ,ilias ton aporhtheton polis ouketi lexei toion ,el- lanon nephos amphi se krhuptei1 dorhi de1 dorhi perhsan--k4 t4 l4 v4 #hii4 ,thou1 then1 oh1 natal ,troy6 no more ,the city of the unsack'd shalt be1 ,so thick from dark ,achaia's shore ,the cloud of war hath covered thee4 ,ah6 not again ,i tread thy plain-- ,the spear--the spear hath rent thy pride2 ,the flame hath scarr'd thee deep and wide2 ,thy coronal of towers is shorn1 ,and thou most piteous art--most naked and forlorn6 ,i perish'd at the noon of night6 ,when sleep had seal'd each weary eye2 ,when the dance was o'er1 ,and harps no more ,rang out in choral minstrelsy4 ,in the dear bower of delight ,my husband slept in joy2 ,his shield and spear ,suspended near1 ,secure he slept3 that sailor band ,full sure he deem'd no more should stand ,beneath the walls of ,troy4 ,and ,i too1 by the taper's light1 ,which in the golden mirror's haze ,flash'd its interminable rays1 ,bound up the tresses of my hair1 ,that ,i ,love's peaceful sleep might share4 ,i slept2 but1 hark6 that war-shout dread1 ,which rolling through the city spread2 ,and this the cry1--,when1 ,sons of ,greece1 ,when shall the lingering leaguer cease2 ,when will ye spoil ,troy's watch-tower high1 ,and home return8--,i heard the cry1 ,and1 starting from the genial bed1 ,veiled1 as a ,doric maid1 ,i fled1 ,and knelt1 ,diana1 at thy holy fane1 ,a trembling suppliant--all in vain4 ,,july #c4 #ahcc4 ,,style4--,,cavalier ,,slang4--,,juntos4--,,prose ,,and ,,verse4--,,imitation ,,and ,,copy4 ,the collocation of words is so artificial in ,shakspeare and ,milton1 that you may as well think of pushing a#a brick out of a wall with your forefinger1 as attempt to remove a word out of any of their finished passages4#b ,a good lecture upon style might he composed1 by taking on the one hand the slang of ,l',estrange1 and perhaps1 even of ,roger ,north1#c which became so fashionable after the ,restoration as a mark of loyalty2 and on the other1 the ,johnsonian magniloquence or the balanced metre of ,junius2 and then showing how each extreme is faulty1 upon different grounds4 ,it is quite curious to remark the prevalence of the ,cavalier slang style in the divines of ,charles the ,second's time4 ,barrow could not of course adopt such a mode of writing throughout1 because he could not in it have communicated his elaborate thinkings and lofty rhetoric2 but even ,barrow not unfrequently lets slip a phrase here and there in the regular ,roger ,north way--much to the delight1 no doubt1 of the largest part of his audience and contemporary readers4 ,see particularly1 for instances of this1 his work on the ,pope's supremacy4 ,south is full of it4 ,the style of ,junius is a sort of metre1 the law of which is a balance of thesis and antithesis4 ,when he gets out of this aphorismic metre into a sentence of five or six lines long1 nothing can exceed the slovenliness of the ,english4 ,horne ,tooke and a long sentence seem the only two antagonists that were too much for him4 ,still the antithesis of ,junius is a real antithesis of images or thought2 but the antithesis of ,johnson is rarely more than verbal4 ,the definition of good prose is--proper words in their proper places2--of good verse--the most proper words in their proper places4 ,the propriety is in either case relative4 ,the words in prose ought to express the intended meaning1 and no more2 if they attract attention to themselves1 it is1 in general1 a fault4 ,in the very best styles1 as ,southey's1 you read page after page1 understanding the author perfectly1 without once taking notice of the medium of communication2--it is as if he had been speaking to you all the while4 ,but in verse you must do more2--there the words1 the media1 must be beautiful1 and ought to attract your notice--yet not so much and so perpetually as to destroy the unity which ought to result from the whole poem4 ,this is the general rule1 but1 of course1 subject to some modifications1 according to the different kinds of prose or verse4 ,some prose may approach towards verse1 as oratory1 and therefore a more studied exhibition of the media may be proper2 and some verse may border more on mere narrative1 and there the style should be simpler4 ,but the great thing in poetry is1 quocunque modo1 to effect a unity of impression upon the whole2 and a too great fulness and profusion of point in the parts will prevent this4 ,who can read with pleasure more than a hundred lines or so of ,hudibras at one time8 ,each couplet or quatrain is so whole in itself1 that you can't connect them4 ,there is no fusion1--just as it is in ,seneca4 ,footnote #a3 ,they led me to the sounding shore-- ,heavens6 as ,i passed the crowded way1 ,my bleeding lord before me lay-- ,i saw--,i saw--and wept no more1 ,till1 as the homeward breezes bore ,the bark returning o'er the sea1 ,my gaze1 oh ,ilion1 turn'd on thee6 ,then1 frantic1 to the midnight air1 ,i cursed aloud the adulterous pair3-- ,they plunge me deep in exile's woe2 ,they lay my country low3 ,their love--no love6 but some dark spell1 ,in vengeance breath'd1 by spirit fell4 ,rise1 hoary sea1 in awful tide1 ,and whelm that vessel's guilty pride2 ,nor e'er1 in high ,mycene's hall1 ,let ,helen boast in peace of mighty ,ilion's fall4 ,the translation was given to me by ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,the amotion or transposition will alter the thought1 or the feeling1 or at least the tone4 ,they are as pieces of mosaic work1 from which you cannot strike the smallest block without making a hole in the picture4-- ,quarterly ,review1 ,no4 ,,ciii4 p4 #g4 ,footnote #c3 ,but ,mr4 ,coleridge took a great distinction between ,north and the other writers commonly associated with him4 ,in speaking of the ,examen and the ,life of ,lord ,north1 in the ,friend1 ,mr4 ,c4 calls them two of the most interesting biographical works in our language1 both for the weight of the matter1 and the incuriosa felicitas of the style4 ,the pages are all alive with the genuine idioms of our mother tongue4 ,a fastidious taste1 it is true1 will find offence in the occasional vulgarisms1 or what we now call slang1 which not a few of our writers1 shortly after the ,restoration of ,charles the ,second1 seem to have affected as a mark of loyalty4 ,these instances1 however1 are but a trifling drawback4 ,they are not sought for1 as is too often and too plainly done by ,l',estrange1 ,collyer1 ,tom ,brown1 and their imitators4 ,north never goes out of his way1 either to seek them1 or to avoid them2 and1 in the main1 his language gives us the very nerve1 pulse1 and sinew of a hearty1 healthy1 conversational ,english4--,vol4 ii4 p4 #cjg4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,imitation is the mesothesis of likeness and difference4 ,the difference is as essential to it as the likeness2 for without the difference1 it would be copy or facsimile4 ,but to borrow a term from astronomy1 it is a librating mesothesis3 for it may verge more to likeness as in painting1 or more to difference1 as in sculpture4 ,,july #d4 #ahcc4 ,,dr4 ,,johnson4--,,boswell4--,,burke4--,,newt on4--,,milton4 ,dr4 ,johnson's fame now rests principally upon ,boswell4 ,it is impossible not to be amused with such a book4 ,but his bow-wow manner must have had a good deal to do with the effect produced2--for no one1 ,i suppose1 will set ,johnson before ,burke1--and ,burke was a great and universal talker2--yet now we hear nothing of this except by some chance remarks in ,boswell4 ,the fact is1 ,burke1 like all men of genius who love to talk at all1 was very discursive and continuous2 hence he is not reported2 he seldom said the sharp short things that ,johnson almost always did1 which produce a more decided effect at the moment1 and which are so much more easy to carry off4#a ,besides1 as to ,burke's testimony to ,johnson's powers1 you must remember that ,burke was a great courtier2 and after all1 ,burke said and wrote more than once that he thought ,johnson greater in talking than writing1 and greater in ,boswell than in real life4#b ,footnote #a3 ,burke1 ,i am persuaded1 was not so continuous a talker as ,coleridge4 ,madame de ,stael told a nephew of the latter1 at ,coppet1 that ,mr4 ,c4 was a master of monologue1 mais qu'il ne savait pas le dialogue4 ,there was a spice of vindictiveness in this1 the exact history of which is not worth explaining4 ,and if dialogue must be cut down in its meaning to small talk1 ,i1 for one1 will admit that ,coleridge1 amongst his numberless qualifications1 possessed it not4 ,but ,i am sure that he could1 when it suited him1 converse as well as any one else1 and with women he frequently did converse in a very winning and popular style1 confining them1 however1 as well as he could1 to the detail of facts or of their spontaneous emotions4 ,in general1 it was certainly otherwise4 ,you must not be surprised1 he said to me1 at my talking so long to you--,i pass so much of my time in pain and solitude1 yet everlastingly thinking1 that1 when you or any other persons call on me1 ,i can hardly help easing my mind by pouring forth some of the accumulated mass of reflection and feeling1 upon an apparently interested recipient4 ,but the principal reason1 no doubt1 was the habit of his intellect1 which was under a law of discoursing upon all subjects with reference to ideas or ultimate ends4 ,you might interrupt him when you pleased1 and he was patient of every sort of conversation except mere personality1 which he absolutely hated4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,this was said1 ,i believe1 to the late ,sir ,james ,mackintosh4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,newton was a great man1 but you must excuse me if ,i think that it would take many ,newtons to make one ,milton4 ,july #f4 #ahcc4 ,,painting4----,,music4----,,poetry4 ,it is a poor compliment to pay to a painter to tell him that his figure stands out of the canvass1 or that you start at the likeness of the portrait4 ,take almost any daub1 cut it out of the canvass1 and place the figure looking into or out of a window1 and any one may take it for life4 ,or take one of ,mrs4 ,salmon's wax queens or generals1 and you will very sensibly feel the difference between a copy1 as they are1 and an imitation1 of the human form1 as a good portrait ought to be4 ,look at that flower vase of ,van ,huysum1 and at these wax or stone peaches and apricots6 ,the last are likest to their original1 but what pleasure do they give8 ,none1 except to children4#a ,some music is above me2 most music is beneath me4 ,i like ,beethoven and ,mozart--or else some of the arial compositions of the elder ,italians1 as ,palestrina#b and ,carissimi4--,and ,i love ,purcell4 ,the best sort of music is what it should be--sacred2 the next best1 the military1 has fallen to the lot of the ,devil4 ,good music never tires me1 nor sends me to sleep4 ,i feel physically refreshed and strengthened by it1 as ,milton says he did4 ,i could write as good verses now as ever ,i did1 if ,i were perfectly free from vexations1 and were in the ad libitum hearing of fine music1 which has a sensible effect in harmonizing my thoughts1 and in animating and1 as it were1 lubricating my inventive faculty4 ,the reason of my not finishing ,christabel is not1 that ,i don't know how to do it--for ,i have1 as ,i always had1 the whole plan entire from beginning to end in my mind2 but ,i fear ,i could not carry on with equal success the execution of the idea1 an extremely subtle and difficult one4 ,besides1 after this continuation of ,faust1 which they tell me is very poor1 who can have courage to attempt#c a reversal of the judgment of all criticism against continuations8 ,let us except ,don ,quixote1 however1 although the second part of that transcendant work is not exactly uno flatu with the original conception4 ,footnote #a3 ,this passage1 and those following1 will evidence1 what the readers even of this little work must have seen1 that ,mr4 ,coleridge had an eye1 almost exclusively1 for the ideal or universal in painting and music4 ,he knew nothing of the details of handling in the one1 or of rules of composition in the other4 ,yet he was1 to the best of my knowledge1 an unerring judge of the merits of any serious effort in the fine arts1 and detected the leading thought or feeling of the artist1 with a decision which used sometimes to astonish me4 ,every picture which ,i have looked at in company with him1 seems now1 to my mind1 translated into ,english4 ,he would sometimes say1 after looking for a minute at a picture1 generally a modern one1 ,there's no use in stopping at this2 for ,i see the painter had no idea4 ,it is mere mechanical drawing4 ,come on2 here the artist meant something for the mind4 ,it was just the same with his knowledge of music4 ,his appetite for what he thought good was literally inexhaustible4 ,he told me he could listen to fine music for twelve hours together1 and go away refreshed4 ,but he required in music either thought or feeling2 mere addresses to the sensual ear he could not away with2 hence his utter distaste for ,rossini1 and his reverence for ,beethoven and ,mozart--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,giovanni ,pierluigi da ,palestrina was born about #aebi1 and died in #aeid4 ,i believe he may be considered the founder or reformer of the ,italian church music4 ,his masses1 motets1 and hymns are tolerably well known amongst lovers of the old composers2 but ,mr4 ,coleridge used to speak with delight of some of ,palestrina's madrigals which he heard at ,rome4 ,giacomo ,carissimi composed about the years #afdj--afej4 ,his style has been charged with effeminacy2 but ,mr4 ,c4 thought it very graceful and chaste4 ,henry ,purcell needs no addition in ,england4--,,ed4 ,footnote #c3 ,the thing attempted in ,christabel is the most difficult of execution in the whole field of romance--witchery by daylight--and the success is complete4--,quarterly ,review1 ,no4 ,,ciii4 p4 #bi4 ,july #h4 #ahcc4 ,,public ,,schools4 ,i am clear for public schools as the general rule2 but for particular children private education may be proper4 ,for the purpose of moving at ease in the best ,english society1--mind1 ,i don't call the ,london exclusive clique the best ,english society1--the defect of a public education upon the plan of our great schools and ,oxford and ,cambridge is hardly to be supplied4 ,but the defect is visible positively in some men1 and only negatively in others4 ,the first offend you by habits and modes of thinking and acting directly attributable to their private education2 in the others you only regret that the freedom and facility of the established and national mode of bringing up is not added to their good qualities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i more than doubt the expediency of making even elementary mathematics a part of the routine in the system of the great schools4 ,it is enough1 ,i think1 that encouragement and facilities should be given2 and ,i think more will be thus effected than by compelling all4 ,much less would ,i incorporate the ,german or ,french1 or any modern language1 into the school labours4 ,i think that a great mistake4#a ,footnote #a3 ,one constant blunder--,i find it so pencilled by ,mr4 ,c4 on a margin--of these ,new-,broomers--these ,penny ,magazine sages and philanthropists1 in reference to our public schools1 is to confine their view to what schoolmasters teach the boys1 with entire oversight of all that the boys are excited to learn from each other and of themselves--with more geniality even because it is not a part of their compelled school knowledge4 ,an ,eton boy's knowledge of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,mississippi1 ,missouri1 ,orellana1 c4 will be1 generally1 found in exact proportion to his knowledge of the ,ilissus1 ,hebrus1 ,orontes1 c42 inasmuch as modern travels and voyages are more entertaining and fascinating than ,cellarius2 or ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,dampier1 and ,captain ,cook1 than the ,periegesis4 ,compare the lads themselves from ,eton and ,harrow1 c4 with the alumni of the ,new-,broom ,institution1 and not the lists of school-lessons2 and be that comparison the criterion4--,,ed4 ,august #d1 #ahcc4 ,,scott ,,and ,,coleridge4 ,dear ,sir ,walter ,scott and myself were exact1 but harmonious1 opposites in this2--that every old ruin1 hill1 river1 or tree called up in his mind a host of historical or biographical associations1--just as a bright pan of brass1 when beaten1 is said to attract the swarming bees2--whereas1 for myself1 notwithstanding ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,i believe ,i should walk over the plain of ,marathon without taking more interest in it than in any other plain of similar features4 ,yet ,i receive as much pleasure in reading the account of the battle1 in ,herodotus1 as any one can4 ,charles ,lamb wrote an essay #a on a man who lived in past time3--,i thought of adding another to it on one who lived not in time at all1 past1 present1 or future1--but beside or collaterally4 ,footnote #a3 ,i know not when or where2 but are not all the writings of this exquisite genius the effusions of one whose spirit lived in past time8 ,the place which ,lamb holds1 and will continue to hold1 in ,english literature1 seems less liable to interruption than that of any other writer of our day4--,,ed4 ,august #aj4 #ahcc4 ,,nervous ,,weakness4----,,hooker ,,and ,,bull4-----,,faith4----,a ,,poet',s ,,need ,,of ,,praise4 ,a ,,person1 nervously weak1 has a sensation of weakness which is as bad to him as muscular weakness4 ,the only difference lies in the better chance of removal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the fact1 that ,hooker and ,bull1 in their two palmary works respectively1 are read in the ,jesuit ,colleges1 is a curious instance of the power of mind over the most profound of all prejudices4 ,there are permitted moments of exultation through faith1 when we cease to feel our own emptiness save as a capacity for our ,redeemer's fulness4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is a species of applause scarcely less genial to a poet1 than the vernal warmth to the feathered songsters during their nest-breeding or incubation2 a sympathy1 an expressed hope1 that is the open air in which the poet breathes1 and without which the sense of power sinks back on itself1 like a sigh heaved up from the tightened chest of a sick man4 ,august #ad4 #ahcc4 ,,quakers4--,,philanthropists4--,,jews4 ,a quaker is made up of ice and flame4 ,he has no composition1 no mean temperature4 ,hence he is rarely interested about any public measure but he becomes a fanatic1 and oversteps1 in his irrespective zeal1 every decency and every right opposed to his course4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have never known a trader in philanthropy who was not wrong in heart somewhere or other4 ,individuals so distinguished are usually unhappy in their family relations1--men not benevolent or beneficent to individuals1 but almost hostile to them1 yet lavishing money and labour and time on the race1 the abstract notion4 ,the cosmopolitism which does not spring out of1 and blossom upon1 the deep-rooted stem of nationality or patriotism1 is a spurious and rotten growth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,i read the ninth1 tenth1 and eleventh chapters of the ,epistle to the ,romans to that fine old man ,mr4 ----1 at ,ramsgate1 he shed tears4 ,any ,jew of sensibility must be deeply impressed by them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the two images farthest removed from each other which can be comprehended under one term1 are1 ,i think1 ,isaiah #a--;,hear1 ,o heavens1 and give ear1 ,o earth6--and ,levi of ,holywell ,street--,old clothes6--both of them ,jews1 you'll observe4 ,immane quantum discrepant6 ,footnote #a3 ,i remember ,mr4 ,coleridge used to call ,isaiah his ideal of the ,hebrew prophet4 ,he studied that part of the ,scripture with unremitting attention and most reverential admiration4 ,although ,mr4 ,c4 was remarkably deficient in the technical memory of words1 he could say a great deal of ,isaiah by heart1 and he delighted in pointing out the hexametrical rhythm of numerous passages in the ,english version3-- ,hear1 ,o heavens1 and give ear1 ,o earth3 for the ,lord hath spoken4 ,i have nourished and brought up children1 and they have rebelled against me4 ,the ox knoweth his owner1 and the ass his master's crib3 ,but ,israel doth not know1 my people doth not consider4--,,ed4 ,august #ae4 #ahcc4 ,,sallust4--,,thucydides4--,,herodotus4- -,,gibbon4--,,key ,,to ,,the ,,decline ,,of ,,the ,,roman ,,empire4 ,i consider the two works of ,sallust which have come down to us entire1 as romances founded on facts2 no adequate causes are stated1 and there is no real continuity of action4 ,in ,thucydides1 you are aware from the beginning that you are reading the reflections of a man of great genius and experience upon the character and operation of the two great political principles in conflict in the civilized world in his time2 his narrative of events is of minor importance1 and it is evident that he selects for the purpose of illustration4 ,it is ,thucydides himself whom you read throughout under the names of ,pericles1 ,nicias1 c4 ,but in ,herodotus it is just the reverse4 ,he has as little subjectivity as ,homer1 and1 delighting in the great fancied epic of events1 he narrates them without impressing any thing as of his own mind upon the narrative4 ,it is the charm of ,herodotus that he gives you the spirit of his age--that of ,thucydides1 that he reveals to you his own1 which was above the spirit of his age4 ,the difference between the composition of a history in modern and ancient times is very great2 still there are certain principles upon which the history of a modern period may be written1 neither sacrificing all truth and reality1 like ,gibbon1 nor descending into mere biography and anecdote4 ,gibbon's style is detestable1 but his style is not the worst thing about him4 ,his history has proved an effectual bar to all real familiarity with the temper and habits of imperial ,rome4 ,few persons read the original authorities1 even those which are classical2 and certainly no distinct knowledge of the actual state of the empire can be obtained from ,gibbon's rhetorical sketches4 ,he takes notice of nothing but what may produce an effect2 he skips on from eminence to eminence1 without ever taking you through the valleys between3 in fact1 his work is little else but a disguised collection of all the splendid anecdotes which he could find in any book concerning any persons or nations from the ,antonines to the capture of ,constantinople4 ,when ,i read a chapter in ,gibbon1 ,i seem to be looking through a luminous haze or fog3--figures come and go1 ,i know not how or why1 all larger than life1 or distorted or discoloured2 nothing is real1 vivid1 true2 all is scenical1 and1 as it were1 exhibited by candlelight4 ,and then to call it a ,history of the ,decline and ,fall of the ,roman ,empire6 ,was there ever a greater misnomer8 ,i protest ,i do not remember a single philosophical attempt made throughout the work to fathom the ultimate causes of the decline or fall of that empire4 ,how miserably deficient is the narrative of the important reign of ,justinian6 ,and that poor scepticism1 which ,gibbon mistook for ,socratic philosophy1 has led him to misstate and mistake the character and influence of ,christianity in a way which even an avowed infidel or atheist would not and could not have done4 ,gibbon was a man of immense reading2 but he had no philosophy2 and he never fully understood the principle upon which the best of the old historians wrote4 ,he attempted to imitate their artificial construction of the whole work--their dramatic ordonnance of the parts--without seeing that their histories were intended more as documents illustrative of the truths of political philosophy than as mere chronicles of events4 ,the true key to the declension of the ,roman empire--which is not to be found in all ,gibbon's immense work--may be stated in two words3--the imperial character overlaying1 and finally destroying1 the national character4 ,rome under ,trajan was an empire without a nation4 ,august #af4 #ahcc4 ,,dr4 ,,johnson',s ,,political ,,pamphlets4--,,taxation4-,,direct ,,representation4--- ,,universal ,,suffrage4---,,right ,,of ,,women ,,to ,,vote----,,horne ,,tooke4----,,etymology ,,of ,,the ,,final ,,ive4 ,i like ,dr4 ,johnson's political pamphlets better than any other parts of his works3-particularly his ,taxation no ,tyranny is very clever and spirited1 though he only sees half of his subject1 and that not in a very philosophical manner4 ,plunder--,tribute--,taxation--are the three gradations of action by the sovereign on the property of the subject4 ,the first is mere violence1 bounded by no law or custom1 and is properly an act only between conqueror and conquered1 and that1 too1 in the moment of victory4 ,the second supposes law2 but law proceeding only from1 and dictated by1 one party1 the conqueror2 law1 by which he consents to forego his right of plunder upon condition of the conquered giving up to him1 of their own accord1 a fixed commutation4 ,the third implies compact1 and negatives any right to plunder1--taxation being professedly for the direct benefit of the party taxed1 that1 by paying a part1 he may through the labours and superintendence of the sovereign be able to enjoy the rest in peace4 ,as to the right to tax being only commensurate with direct representation1 it is a fable1 falsely and treacherously brought forward by those who know its hollowness well enough4 ,you may show its weakness in a moment1 by observing that not even the universal suffrage of the ,benthamites avoids the difficulty2--for although it may be allowed to be contrary to decorum that women should legislate2 yet there can be no reason why women should not choose their representatives to legislate2--and if it be said that they are merged in their husbands1 let it be allowed where the wife has no separate property2 but where she has a distinct taxable estate1 in which her husband has no interest1 what right can her husband have to choose for her the person whose vote may affect her separate interest8--,besides1 at all events1 an unmarried woman of age1 possessing one thousand pounds a year1 has surely as good a moral right to vote1 if taxation without representation is tyranny1 as any ten-pounder in the kingdom4 ,the truth1 of course1 is1 that direct representation is a chimera1 impracticable in fact1 and useless or noxious if practicable4 ,johnson had neither eye nor ear2 for nature1 therefore1 he cared1 as he knew1 nothing4 ,his knowledge of town life was minute2 but even that was imperfect1 as not being contrasted with the better life of the country4 ,horne ,tooke was once holding forth on language1 when1 turning to me1 he asked me if ,i knew what the meaning of the final ive was in ,english words4 ,i said ,i thought ,i could tell what he1 ,horne ,tooke himself1 thought4 ,why1 what8 said he4 ,vis1 ,i replied2 and he acknowledged ,i had guessed right4 ,i told him1 however1 that ,i could not agree with him2 but believed that the final ive came from ick--vicus1 ,greek3 -- a'txaq2 the root denoting collectivity and community1 and that it was opposed to the final ing1 which signifies separation1 particularity1 and individual property1 from ingle1 a hearth1 or one man's place or seat3 ,greek3 -- oi'xo81 vicus1 denoted an aggregation of ingles4 ,the alteration of the c and k of the root into the v was evidently the work of the digammate power1 and hence we find the icus and ivus indifferently as finals in ,latin4 ,the precise difference of the etymologies is apparent in these phrases3--- ,the lamb is sportive2 that is1 has a nature or habit of sporting3 the lamb is sporting2 that is1 the animal is now performing a sport4 ,horne ,tooke upon this said nothing to my etymology2 but ,i believe he found that he could not make a fool of me1 as he did of ,godwin and some other of his butts4 ,august #ag4 #ahcc4 ,,the ,,lord ,,in ,,the ,,english ,,version ,,of ,,the ,,psalms1 ,,etc4----,,scotch ,,kirk ,,and ,,irving4 ,it is very extraordinary that1 in our translation of the ,psalms1 which professes to be from the ,hebrew1 the name ,jehovah--,hebrew3 -- ',o -- ,the ,being1 or ,god--should be omitted1 and1 instead of it1 the ,hebrew3 -- ,ktlpio81 or ,lord1 of the ,septuagint be adopted4 ,the ,alexandrian ,jews had a superstitious dread of writing the name of ,god1 and put ,greek3 ,kurhios not as a translation1 but as a mere mark or sign--every one readily understanding for what it really stood4 ,we1 who have no such superstition1 ought surely to restore the ,jehovah1 and thereby bring out in the true force the overwhelming testimony of the ,psalms to the divinity of ,christ1 the ,jehovah or manifested ,god4#a ,footnote #a3 ,i find the same remark in the late most excellent ,bishop ,sandford's diary1 under date #agth ,december1 #ahbg3--;,greek3 ,c,hairhete en to ,kurhio ,kurhios idem significat quod ,hebrew3 -- apud ,hebraeos4 ,hebraei enim nomine ,hebrew3 -- sanctissimo nempe ,dei nomine1 nunquam in colloquio utebantur1 sed vice ejus ,hebrew3 -- pronuntiabant1 quod ,,lxx per ,greek3 ,kurhios exprimebant4--,remains of ,bishop ,sandford1 vol4 i4 p4 #bjg4 ,mr4 ,coleridge saw this work for the first time many months after making the observation in the text4 ,indeed it was the very last book he ever read4 ,he was deeply interested in the picture drawn of the ,bishop1 and said that the mental struggles and bodily sufferings indicated in the ,diary had been his own for years past4 ,he conjured me to peruse the ,memoir and the ,diary with great care3--,i have received1 said he1 much spiritual comfort and strength from the latter4 ,o6 were my faith and devotion1 like my sufferings1 equal to that good man's6 ,he felt1 as ,i do1 how deep a depth is prayer in faith4 ,in connection with the text1 ,i may add here1 that ,mr4 ,c4 said1 that long before he knew that the late ,bishop ,middleton was of the same opinion1 he had deplored the misleading inadequacy of our authorized version of the expression1 ,greek3 prototokos pases ktiseos in the ,epistle to the ,colossians1 i4 #ae43 ,greek3 hos estin eikon tou ,t,heou tou aoratou1 prototokos pases ktiseos4 ,he rendered the verse in these words3--,who is the manifestation of ,god the invisible1 the begotten antecedently to all creation2 observing1 that in ,greek3 prototokos there was a double superlative of priority1 and that the natural meaning of first-born of every creature1--the language of our version1--afforded no premiss for the causal ,greek3 hoti in the next verse4 ,the same criticism may be found in the ,stateman's ,manual1 p4 #ef4 n42 and see ,bishop ,sandford's judgment to the same effect1 vol4 i4 p4 #afe4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot understand the conduct of the ,scotch ,kirk with regard to poor ,irving4 ,they might with ample reason have visited him for the monstrous indecencies of those exhibitions of the spirit2--perhaps the ,kirk would not have been justified in overlooking such disgraceful breaches of decorum2 but to excommunicate him on account of his language about ,christ's body was very foolish4 ,irving's expressions upon this subject are ill judged1 inconvenient1 in had taste1 and in terms false3 nevertheless his apparent meaning1 such as it is1 is orthodox4 ,christ's body--as mere body1 or rather carcass 7for body is an associated word71 was no more capable of sin or righteousness than mine or yours2--that his humanity had a capacity of sin1 follows from its own essence4 ,he was of like passions as we1 and was tempted4 ,how could he be tempted1 if he had no formal capacity of being seduced8 ,it is ,irving's error to use declamation1 high and passionate rhetoric1 not introduced and pioneered by calm and clear logic1 which is--to borrow a simile1 though with a change in the application1 from the witty-wise1 but not always wisely-witty1 ,fuller--like knocking a nail into a board1 without wimbling a hole for it1 and which then either does not enter1 or turns crooked1 or splits the wood it pierces4 ,august #ah4 #ahcc4 ,,milton',s ,,egotism4--,,claudian4--,,sterne4 ,in the ,paradise ,lost--indeed in every one of his poems--it is ,milton himself whom you see2 his ,satan1 his ,adam1 his ,raphael1 almost his ,eve--are all ,john ,milton2 and it is a sense of this intense egotism that gives me the greatest pleasure in reading ,milton's works4 ,the egotism of such a man is a revelation of spirit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,claudian deserves more attention than is generally paid to him4 ,he is the link between the old classic and the modern way of thinking in verse4 ,you will observe in him an oscillation between the objective poetry of the ancients and the subjective mood of the moderns4 ,his power of pleasingly reproducing the same thought in different language is remarkable1 as it is in ,pope4 ,read particularly the ,phoenix1 and see how the single image of renascence is varied4#a ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge referred to ,claudian's first ,idyll3--,oceani summo circumfluus cequore lucus ,trans ,indos ,eurumque viret1 c4 ,see the lines-- ,hic neque concepto fetu1 nec semine surgit2 ,sed pater est prolesque sibi1 nulloque creante ,emeritos artus foecunda morte reformat1 ,et petit alternam totidem per funera vitam4 444 ,et cumulum texens pretiosa fronde ,sabaeum ,componit bustumque sibi partumque futurum4 444 ,o senium positure rogo1 falsisque sepulcris ,natales habiture vices1 qui saepe renasci ,exitio1 proprioque soles pubescere leto1 ,accipe principium rursus4 444 ,parturiente rogo-- 444 ,victuri cineres-- 444 ,qm fuerat genitor1 natus nunc prosilit idem1 ,succeditque novus--- 444 ,o felix1 haeresque tui6 quo solvimur omnes1 ,hoc tibi suppeditat vires2 praebetur origo ,per cinerem2 moritur te non pereunte senectus4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think highly of ,sterne--that is1 of the first part of ,tristram ,shandy3 for as to the latter part about the widow ,wadman1 it is stupid and disgusting2 and the ,sentimental ,journey is poor sickly stuff4 ,there is a great deal of affectation in ,sterne1 to be sure2 but still the characters of ,trim and the two ,shandies#a are most individual and delightful4 ,sterne's morals are bad1 but ,i don't think they can do much harm to any one whom they would not find bad enough before4 ,besides1 the oddity and erudite grimaces under which much of his dirt is hidden take away the effect for the most part2 although1 to be sure1 the book is scarcely readable by women4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,coleridge considered the character of the father1 the elder ,shandy1 as by much the finer delineation of the two4 ,i fear his low opinion of the ,sentimental ,journey will not suit a thorough ,sterneist2 but ,i could never get him to modify his criticism4 ,he said1 ,the oftener you read ,sterne1 the more clearly will you perceive the great difference between ,tristram ,shandy and the ,sentimental ,journey4 ,there is truth and reality in the one1 and little beyond a clever affectation in the other4--,,ed4 ,august #bj4 #ahcc4 ,,humour ,,and ,,genius4--,,great ,,poets ,,good ,,men4--,,diction ,,of ,,the ,,old ,,and ,,new ,,testament ,,version4--,,hebrew4--,,vowels ,,and ,,consonants4 ,men of humour are always in some degree men of genius2 wits are rarely so1 although a man of genius may amongst other gifts possess wit1 as ,shakspeare4 99 99 99 99 99 ,genius must have talent as its complement and implement1 just as in like manner imagination must have fancy4 ,in short1 the higher intellectual powers can only act through a corresponding energy of the lower4 99 99 99 99 99 ,men of genius are rarely much annoyed by the company of vulgar people1 because they have a power of looking at such persons as objects of amusement of another race altogether4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i quite agree with ,strabo1 as translated by ,ben ,jonson in his splendid dedication of the ,fox#a--that there can be no great poet who is not a good man1 though not1 perhaps1 a goody man4 ,his heart must be pure2 he must have learned to look into his own heart1 and sometimes to look at it2 for how can he who is ignorant of his own heart know any thing of1 or be able to move1 the heart of any one else8 ,footnote #a3 ,greek3 ',h de 7arhete7 poietou synezeyktai te tou anthrhopou kai ouch oion te agathon genesthai poieten1 me prhoterhon genethenta angrha agathon4--,lib4 ,i4 p4 #cc4 folio4 ,for1 if men will impartially1 and not asquint1 look toward the offices and function of a poet1 they will easily conclude to themselves the impossibility of any man's being the good poet without first being a good man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think there is a perceptible difference in the elegance and correctness of the ,english in our versions of the ,old and ,new ,testament4 ,i cannot yield to the authority of many examples of usages which may be alleged from the ,new ,testament version4 ,st4 ,paul is very often most inadequately rendered1 and there are slovenly phrases which would never have come from ,ben ,jonson or any other good prose writer of that day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,hebrew is so simple1 and its words are so few and near the roots1 that it is impossible to keep up any adequate knowledge of it without constant application4 ,the meanings of the words are chiefly traditional4 ,the loss of ,origen's ,heptaglott ,bible1 in which he had written out the ,hebrew words in ,greek characters1 is the heaviest which biblical literature has ever experienced4 ,it would have fixed the sounds as known at that time4 99 99 99 99 99 ,brute animals have the vowel sounds2 man only can utter consonants4 ,it is natural1 therefore1 that the consonants should be marked first1 as being the framework of the word2 and no doubt a very simple living language might be written quite intelligibly to the natives without any vowel sounds marked at all4 ,the words would be traditionally and conventionally recognized as in short hand--thus--,gd crtd th ,hvn nd th ,rth4 ,i wish ,i understood ,arabic2 and yet ,i doubt whether to the ,european philosopher or scholar it is worth while to undergo the immense labour of acquiring that or any other ,oriental tongue1 except ,hebrew4 ,august #bc4 #ahcc4 ,,greek ,,accent ,,and ,,quantity4 ,the distinction between accent and quantity is clear1 and was1 no doubt1 observed by the ancients in the recitation of verse4 ,but ,i believe such recitation to have been always an artificial thing1 and that the common conversation was entirely regulated by accent4 ,i do not think it possible to talk any language without confounding the quantity of syllables with their high or low tones#a2 although you may sing or recitative the difference well enough4 ,why should the marks of accent have been considered exclusively necessary for teaching the pronunciation to the ,asiatic or ,african ,hellenist1 if the knowledge of the acuted syllable did not also carry the stress of time with it8 ,if ,greek3 9999anthropos was to be pronounced in common conversation with a perceptible distinction of the length of the penultima as well as of the elevation of the antepenultima1 why was not that long quantity also marked8 ,it was surely as important an ingredient in the pronunciation as the accent4 ,and although the letter omega might in such a word show the quantity1 yet what do you say to such words as ,greek3 lelonchasi1 tupsasa1 and the like--the quantity of the penultima of which is not marked to the eye at all8 ,besides1 can we altogether disregard the practice of the modern ,greeks8 ,their confusion of accent and quantity in verse is of course a barbarism1 though a very old one1 as the versus politici of ,john ,tzetzes #b in the twelfth century and the ,anacreontics prefixed to ,proclus will show2 but these very examples prove a fortiori what the common pronunciation in prose then was4 ,footnote #a3 ,this opinion1 ,i need not say1 is in direct opposition to the conclusion of ,foster and ,mitford1 and scarcely reconcilable with the apparent meaning of the authorities from the old critics and grammarians4 ,foster's opponent was for rejecting the accents and attending only to the syllabic quantity2--,mr4 ,c4 would1 in prose1 attend to the accents only as indicators of the quantity1 being unable to conceive any practical distinction between time and tone in common speech4 ,yet how can we deal with the authority of ,dionysius of ,halicarnassus alone1 who1 on the one hand1 discriminates quantity so exquisitely as to make four degrees of shortness in the penultimates of ,greek3 --hodos hr odos1 tz opos and ,greek3 --stz ophos1 and this expressly ,greek3 --eu logois psilois1 or plain prose1 as well as in verse2 and on the other hand declares1 according to the evidently correct interpretation of the passage1 that the difference between music and ordinary speech consists in the number only1 and not in the quality1 of tones3--,greek3 9999to ,poso diallattousa taes su odais kahi oznauois1 kahi ouchi to ,poio4 7,pezhi ,sun4 c4 #aa487 ,the extreme sensibility of the ,athenian ear to the accent in prose is1 indeed1 proved by numerous anecdotes1 one of the most amusing of which1 though1 perhaps1 not the best authenticated as a fact1 is that of ,demosthenes in the ,speech for the ,crown1 asking1 ,whether1 ,o ,athenians1 does ,aeschines appear to you to be the mercenary 7,greek3 9999misthothos of ,alexander1 or his guest or friend 7,greek3 9999xenos78 ,it is said that he pronounced ,greek3 9999misthothos with a false accent on the antepenultima1 as ,greek3 9999misthotos1 and that upon the audience immediately crying out1 by way of correction1 ,greek3 9999misthothos1 with an emphasis1 the orator continued coolly1--,greek3 9999achoueis a legousi--,you yourself hear what they say6 ,demosthenes is also said1 whether affectedly1 or in ignorance1 to have sworn in some speech by ,greek3 ,asklaepios1 throwing the accent falsely on the antepenultima1 and that1 upon being interrupted for it1 he declared1 in his justification1 that the pronunciation was proper1 for that the divinity was ,greek3 aepios1 mild4 ,the expressions in ,plutarch are very striking3--,greek3 9999,thozuxon ekinaesen1 omnue dhe kahi thon' ,asklaepion1 pzopasoxunon' ,asklaepion1 kai pazedeiknuen autohn ozthos legonta' einai gahz tohn thehon aepion' kahi epi outo polakis hethozuzaethae4 ,dec4 ,orat4--,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,see his ,chiliads4 ,the sort of verses to which ,mr4 ,coleridge alluded are the following1 which those who consider the scansion to be accentual1 take for tetrameter catalectic iambics1 like-- ,greek3 ---- 7 ,chil4 ,i4 ,i 'll climb the frost y mountains high 1 and there ,i 'll coin the weather2 ,i'll tear the rain bow from the sky 1 and tie both ends together4 ,some critics1 however1 maintain these verses to be trochaics1 although very loose and faulty4 ,see ,foster1 p4 #aac4 ,a curious instance of the early confusion of accent and quantity may be seen in ,prudentius1 who shortens the penultima in eremus and idola1 from ,greek3 ezaemos and ,greek3 eidola4 ,cui jejuna eremi saxa loquacibus ,exundant scatebris1 c4 ,cathemer4 ,v4 #hi4 --cognatumque malum1 pigmenta1 ,camoenas1 ,idola1 conflavit fallendi trina potestas4 ,cont4 ,symm4 #dg4--;,,ed4 ,august #bd4 #ahcc4 ,,consolation ,,in ,,distress4---,,mock ,,evangelicals4--,,autumn ,,day4 ,i am never very forward in offering spiritual consolation to any one in distress or disease4 ,i believe that such resources1 to be of any service1 must be self-evolved in the first instance4 ,i am something of the ,quaker's mind in this1 and am inclined to wait for the spirit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the most common effect of this mock evangelical spirit1 especially with young women1 is self-inflation and busy-bodyism4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how strange and awful is the synthesis of life and death in the gusty winds and falling leaves of an autumnal day6 ,august #be4 #ahcc4 ,,rosetti ,,on ,,dante4--,,laughter3 ,,farce ,,and ,,tragedy4 ,rosetti's view of ,dante's meaning is in great part just1 but he has pushed it beyond all bounds of common sense4 ,how could a poet--and such a poet as ,dante--have written the details of the allegory as conjectured by ,rosetti8 ,the boundaries between his allegory and his pure picturesque are plain enough1 ,i think1 at first reading4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to resolve laughter into an expression of contempt is contrary to fact1 and laughable enough4 ,laughter is a convulsion of the nerves2 and it seems as if nature cut short the rapid thrill of pleasure on the nerves by a sudden convulsion of them1 to prevent the sensation becoming painful4 ,aristotle's definition is as good as can be3--surprise at perceiving any thing out of its usual place1 when the unusualness is not accompanied by a sense of serious danger4 ,such surprise is always pleasurable2 and it is observable that surprise accompanied with circumstances of danger becomes tragic4 ,hence farce may often border on tragedy2 indeed1 farce is nearer tragedy in its essence than comedy is4 ,august #bh4 #ahcc4 ,,baron ,,von ,,humboldt4--,,modern ,,diplomatists4 ,baron von ,humboldt1 brother of the great traveller1 paid me the following compliment at ,rome3--,i confess1 ,mr4 ,coleridge1 ,i had my suspicions that you were here in a political capacity of some sort or other2 but upon reflection ,i acquit you4 ,for in ,germany and1 ,i believe1 elsewhere on the ,continent1 it is generally understood that the ,english government1 in order to divert the envy and jealousy of the world at the power1 wealth1 and ingenuity of your nation1 makes a point1 as a ruse de guerre1 of sending out none but fools of gentlemanly birth and connections as diplomatists to the courts abroad4 ,an exception is1 perhaps1 sometimes made for a clever fellow1 if sufficiently libertine and unprincipled4 ,is the case much altered now1 do you know8 99 99 99 99 99 ,what dull coxcombs your diplomatists at home generally are4 ,i remember dining at ,mr4 ,frere's once in company with ,canning and a few other interesting men4 ,just before dinner ,lord ---- called on ,frere1 and asked himself to dinner4 ,from the moment of his entry he began to talk to the whole party1 and in ,french--all of us being genuine ,english--and ,i was told his ,french was execrable4 ,he had followed the ,russian army into ,france1 and seen a good deal of the great men concerned in the war3 of none of those things did he say a word1 but went on1 sometimes in ,english and sometimes in ,french1 gabbling about cookery and dress and the like4 ,at last he paused for a little--and ,i said a few words remarking how a great image may be reduced to the ridiculous and contemptible by bringing the constituent parts into prominent detail1 and mentioned the grandeur of the deluge and the preservation of life in ,genesis and the ,paradise ,lost #a1 and the ludicrous effect produced by ,drayton's description in his ,noah's ,flood3-- ,and now the beasts are walking from the wood1 ,as well of ravine1 as that chew the cud4 ,the king of beasts his fury doth suppress1 ,and to the ,ark leads down the lioness2 ,the bull for his beloved mate doth low1 ,and to the ,ark brings on the fair-eyed cow1 c4 ,hereupon ,lord ---- resumed1 and spoke in raptures of a picture which he had lately seen of ,noah's ,ark1 and said the animals were all marching two and two1 the little ones first1 and that the elephants came last in great majesty and filled up the fore-ground4 ,ah6 no doubt1 my ,lord1 said ,canning2 your elephants1 wise fellows6 staid behind to pack up their trunks6 ,this floored the ambassador for half an hour4 ,in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries almost all our ambassadors were distinguished men4 #b ,read ,lloyd's ,state ,worthies4 ,the third-rate men of those days possessed an infinity of knowledge1 and were intimately versed not only in the history1 but even in the heraldry1 of the countries in which they were resident4 ,men were almost always1 except for mere compliments1 chosen for their dexterity and experience--not1 as now1 by parliamentary interest4 ,footnote #a3 ,genesis1 c4 vi4 vii4 ,par4 ,lost1 book xi4 v4 #gbh1 c4 ,footnote #b3 ,yet ,diego de ,mendoza1 the author of ,lazarillo de ,tormes1 himself a veteran diplomatist1 describes his brethren of the craft1 and their duties1 in the reigns of ,charles the ,emperor and ,philip the ,second1 in the following terms3-- ,o embajadores1 puros majaderos1 ,que si los reyes quieren engaar1 ,comienzan por nosotros los primeros4 ,nuestro mayor negocio es1 no daar1 ,y jamas hacer cosa1 ni dezilla1 ,que no corramos riesgo de ensear4 ,what a pity it is that modern diplomatists1 who1 for the most part1 very carefully observe the precept contained in the last two lines of this passage1 should not equally bear in mind the importance of the preceding remark--that their principal business is just to do no mischief4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the sure way to make a foolish ambassador is to bring him up to it4 ,what can an ,english minister abroad really want but an honest and bold heart1 a love for his country and the ten commandments8 ,your art diplomatic is stuff3--no truly greatly man now would negotiate upon any such shallow principles4 ,august #cj4 #ahcc4 ,,man ,,cannot ,,be ,,stationary4--,,fatalism ,,and ,,providence4--,,sympathy ,,in ,,joy4 ,if a man is not rising upwards to be an angel1 depend upon it1 he is sinking downwards to be a devil4 ,he cannot stop at the beast4 ,the most savage of men are not beasts2 they are worse1 a great deal worse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the conduct of the ,mohammedan and ,western nations on the subject of contagious plague illustrates the two extremes of error on the nature of ,god's moral government of the world4 ,the ,turk changes ,providence into fatalism2 the ,christian relies upon it--when he has nothing else to rely on4 ,he does not practically rely upon it at all4 99 99 99 99 99 ,for compassion a human heart suffices2 but for full and adequate sympathy with joy an angel's only4 ,and ever remember1 that the more exquisite and delicate a flower of joy1 the tenderer must be the hand that plucks it4 ,september #b4 #ahcc4 ,,characteristic ,,temperament ,,of ,,nations4--,,greek ,,particles4--,,latin ,,compounds4- -,,propertius4--,,tibullus4--,,lucan4--, ,statius4--,,valerius ,,flaccus4--,,claudian4-- ,,persius4------,,prudentius4--,,hermesi anax4 ,the ,english affect stimulant nourishment--beef and beer4 ,the ,french1 excitants1 irritants--nitrous oxide1 alcohol1 champagne4 ,the ,austrians1 sedatives--hyoscyamus4 ,the ,russians1 narcotics--opium1 tobacco1 and beng4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is worth particular notice how the style of ,greek oratory1 so full1 in the times of political independence1 of connective particles1 some of passion1 some of sensation only1 and escaping the classification of mere grammatical logic1 became1 in the hands of the declaimers and philosophers of the ,alexandrian era1 and still later1 entirely deprived of this peculiarity4 ,so it was with ,homer as compared with ,nonnus1 ,tryphiodorus1 and the like4 ,in the latter there are in the same number of lines fewer words by one half than in the ,iliad4 ,all the appoggiaturas of time are lost4 ,all the ,greek writers after ,demosthenes and his contemporaries1 what are they but the leavings of tyranny1 in which a few precious things seem sheltered by the mass of rubbish6 ,yet1 whenever liberty began but to hope and strive1 a ,polybius appeared4 ,theocritus is almost the only instance ,i know of a man of true poetic genius nourishing under a tyranny4 ,the old ,latin poets attempted to compound as largely as the ,greek2 hence in ,ennius such words as belligerentes1 c4 ,in nothing did ,virgil show his judgment more than in rejecting these1 except just where common usage had sanctioned them1 as omnipotens and a few more4 ,he saw that the ,latin was too far advanced in its formation1 and of too rigid a character1 to admit such composition or agglutination4 ,in this particular respect ,virgil's ,latin is very admirable and deserving preference4 ,compare it with the language of ,lucan or ,statius1 and count the number of words used in an equal number of lines1 and observe how many more short words ,virgil has4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot quite understand the grounds of the high admiration which the ancients expressed for ,propertius1 and ,i own that ,tibullus is rather insipid to me4 ,lucan was a man of great powers2 but what was to be made of such a shapeless fragment of party warfare1 and so recent too6 ,he had fancy rather than imagination1 and passion rather than fancy4 ,his taste was wretched1 to be sure2 still the ,pharsalia is in my judgment a very wonderful work for such a youth as ,lucan#a was4 ,i think ,statius a truer poet than ,lucan1 though he is very extravagant sometimes4 ,valerius ,flaccus is very pretty in particular passages4 ,i am ashamed to say1 ,i have never read ,silius ,italicus4 ,claudian ,i recommend to your careful perusal1 in respect of his being properly the first of the moderns1 or at least the transitional link between the ,classic and the ,gothic mode of thought4 ,i call ,persius hard--not obscure4 ,he had a bad style2 but ,i dare say1 if he had lived#b1 he would have learned to express himself in easier language4 ,there are many passages in him of exquisite felicity1 and his vein of thought is manly and pathetic4 ,prudentius#c is curious for this1--that you see how ,christianity forced allegory into the place of mythology4 ,mr4 ,frere ,greek3 ho philokalos1 ho kalokagathos used to esteem the ,latin ,christian poets of ,italy very highly1 and no man in our times was a more competent judge than he4 ,footnote #a3 ,lucan died by the command of ,nero1 ,a4,d4 #fe1 in his twenty-sixth year4 ,i think this should be printed at the beginning of every book of the ,pharsalia4--,,ed4 ,footnote #b3 ,aulus ,persius ,flaccus died in the #cjth year of his age1 ,a4,d4 #fb4--;,,ed4 ,footnote #c3 ,aurelius ,prudentius ,clemens was born ,a4,d4 #cdh1 in ,spain4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how very pretty are those lines of ,hermesianax in ,athenaeus about the poets and poetesses of ,greece6#a ,footnote #a3 ,see the fragment from the ,leontium3-- ,greek3 ,h,oien men philos huios anegagen ,oiagrhoio ,agrhiopen1 ,t,hressan steilamenos kitharen ,aidothen k4 t4 l4 ,athen4 xiii4 s4 #ga--;,,ed ,september #d4 #ahcc4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,jerusalem4--,,epic ,,poem4--,,german ,,and ,,english4--,,modern ,,travels4--,,paradise ,,lost4 ,i have already told you that in my opinion the destruction of ,jerusalem is the only subject now left for an epic poem of the highest kind4 ,yet1 with all its great capabilities1 it has this one grand defect--that1 whereas a poem1 to be epic1 must have a personal interest1--in the destruction of ,jerusalem no genius or skill could possibly preserve the interest for the hero from being merged in the interest for the event4 ,the fact is1 the event itself is too sublime and overwhelming4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in my judgment1 an epic poem must either be national or mundane4 ,as to ,arthur1 you could not by any means make a poem on him national to ,englishmen4 ,what have we to do with him8 ,milton saw this1 and with a judgment at least equal to his genius1 took a mundane theme--one common to all mankind4 ,his ,adam and ,eve are all men and women inclusively4 ,pope satirizes ,milton for making ,god the ,father talk like a school divine4#a ,pope was hardly the man to criticize ,milton4 ,the truth is1 the judgment of ,milton in the conduct of the celestial part of his story is very exquisite4 ,wherever ,god is represented as directly acting as ,creator1 without any exhibition of his own essence1 ,milton adopts the simplest and sternest language of the ,scriptures4 ,he ventures upon no poetic diction1 no amplification1 no pathos1 no affection4 ,it is truly the ,voice or the ,word of the ,lord coming to1 and acting on1 the subject ,chaos4 ,but1 as some personal interest was demanded for the purposes of poetry1 ,milton takes advantage of the dramatic representation of ,god's address to the ,son1 the ,filial ,alterity1 and in those addresses slips in1 as it were by stealth1 language of affection1 or thought1 or sentiment4 ,indeed1 although ,milton was undoubtedly a high ,arian in his mature life1 he does in the necessity of poetry give a greater objectivity to the ,father and the ,son1 than he would have justified in argument4 ,he was very wise in adopting the strong anthropomorphism of the ,hebrew ,scriptures at once4 ,compare the ,paradise ,lost with ,klopstock's ,messiah1 and you will learn to appreciate ,milton's judgment and skill quite as much as his genius4 ,footnote #a3 ,milton's strong pinion now not ,heav'n can bound1 ,now1 serpent-like1 in prose he sweeps the ground2 ,in quibbles angel and archangel join1 ,and ,god the ,father turns a school divine4 #a ,epist4 #b;d book of ,hor4 v4 #ii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the conquest of ,india by ,bacchus might afford scope for a very brilliant poem of the fancy and the understanding4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is not that the ,german can express external imagery more fully than ,english2 but that it can flash more images at once on the mind than the ,english can4 ,as to mere power of expression1 ,i doubt whether even the ,greek surpasses the ,english4 ,pray1 read a very pleasant and acute dialogue in ,schlegel's ,athenaeum between a ,german1 a ,greek1 a ,roman1 ,italian1 and a ,frenchman1 on the merits of their respective languages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i wish the naval and military officers who write accounts of their travels would just spare us their sentiment4 ,the ,magazines introduced this cant4 ,let these gentlemen read and imitate the old captains and admirals1 as ,dampier1 c4 ,october #ae4 #ahcc4 ,,the ,,trinity4--,,incarnation4--,,redemption 4--,,education4 ,the ,trinity is the idea3 the ,incarnation1 which implies the ,fall1 is the fact3 the ,redemption is the mesothesis of the two--that is--the religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you bring up your children in a way which puts them out of sympathy with the religious feelings of the nation in which they live1 the chances are1 that they will ultimately turn out ruffians or fanatics--and one as likely as the other4 ,october #bc4 #ahcc4 ,,elegy4--,,lavacrum ,,pallados4--,,greek ,,and ,,latin ,,pentameter4--,,milton',s ,,latin ,,poems4--,,poetical ,,filter4--,,gray ,,and ,,cotton4 ,elegy is the form of poetry natural to the reflective mind4 ,it may treat of any subject1 but it must treat of no subject for itself2 but always and exclusively with reference to the poet himself4 ,as he will feel regret for the past or desire for the future1 so sorrow and love become the principal themes of elegy4 ,elegy presents every thing as lost and gone1 or absent and future4 ,the elegy is the exact opposite of the ,homeric epic1 in which all is purely external and objective1 and the poet is a mere voice4 ,the true lyric ode is subjective too2 but then it delights to present things as actually existing and visible1 although associated with the past1 or coloured highly by the subject of the ode itself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think the ,lavacrum ,pallados of ,callimachus very beautiful indeed1 especially that part about the mother of ,tiresias and ,minerva4#a ,i have a mind to try how it would bear translation2 but what metre have we to answer in feeling to the elegiac couplet of the ,greeks8 ,i greatly prefer the ,greek rhythm of the short verse to ,ovid's1 though1 observe1 ,i don't dispute his taste with reference to the genius of his own language4 ,augustus ,schlegel gave me a copy of ,latin elegiacs on the ,king of ,prussia's going down the ,rhine1 in which he had almost exclusively adopted the manner of ,propertius4 ,i thought them very elegant4 ,footnote #a3 ,greek3 ,paides1 ,athanaia numphan mian en poka ,thezais poolu ti kai pezi de philato tan hetezan1 mateza ,teizesiao1 kai oupoka chozis egento k4t4l4 v #eg1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you may find a few minute faults in ,milton's ,latin verses2 but you will not persuade me that1 if these poems had come down to us as written in the age of ,tiberius1 we should not have considered them to be very beautiful4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i once thought of making a collection1--to be called ,the ,poetical ,filter1--upon the principle of simply omitting from the old pieces of lyrical poetry which we have1 those parts in which the whim or the bad taste of the author or the fashion of his age prevailed over his genius4 ,you would be surprised at the number of exquisite wholes which might be made by this simple operation1 and1 perhaps1 by the insertion of a single line or half a line1 out of poems which are now utterly disregarded on account of some odd or incongruous passages in them2--just as whole volumes of ,wordsworth's poems were formerly neglected or laughed at1 solely because of some few wilfulnesses1 if ,i may so call them1 of that great man--whilst at the same time five sixths of his poems would have been admired1 and indeed popular1 if they had appeared without those drawbacks1 under the name of ,byron or ,moore or ,campbell1 or any other of the fashionable favourites of the day4 ,but he has won the battle now1 ay6 and will wear the crown1 whilst ,english is ,english4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think there is something very majestic in ,gray's ,installation ,ode2 but as to the ,bard and the rest of his lyrics1 ,i must say ,i think them frigid and artificial4 ,there is more real lyric feeling in ,cotton's ,ode on ,winter4#a ,footnote #a3 ,let me borrow ,mr4 ,wordsworth's account of1 and quotation from1 this poem3-- ,finally1 ,i will refer to ,cotton's ',ode upon ,winter1' an admirable composition1 though stained with some peculiarities of the age in which he lived1 for a general illustration of the characteristics of ,fancy4 ,the middle part of this ode contains a most lively description of the entrance of ,winter1 with his retinue1 as 'a palsied king1' and yet a military monarch1 advancing for conquest with his army2 the several bodies of which1 and their arms and equipments1 are described with a rapidity of detail1 and a profusion of fanciful comparisons1 which indicate1 on the part of the poet1 extreme activity of intellect1 and a correspondent hurry of delightful feeling4 ,he retires from the foe into his fortress1 where-- a magazine ,of sovereign juice is cellared in2 ,liquor that will the siege maintain ,should ,phoebus ne'er return again4 ,though myself a water-drinker1 ,i cannot resist the pleasure of transcribing what follows1 as an instance still more happy of ,fancy employed in the treatment of feeling than1 in its preceding passages1 the poem supplies of her management of forms4 ',tis that1 that gives the ,poet rage1 ,and thaws the gelly'd blood of ,age2 ,matures the ,young1 restores the ,old1 ,and makes the fainting coward bold4 ,it lays the careful head to rest1 ,calms palpitations in the breast1 ,renders our lives' misfortune sweet2 99 99 99 99 99 ,then let the chill ,scirocco blow1 ,and gird us round with hills of snow2 ,or else go whistle to the shore1 ,and make the hollow mountains roar3 ,whilst we together jovial sit ,careless1 and crowned with mirth and wit2 ,where1 though bleak winds confine us home1 ,our fancies round the world shall roam4 ,we'll think of all the friends we know1 ,and drink to all worth drinking to2 ,when1 having drunk all thine and mine1 ,we rather shall want healths than wine4 ,but where friends fail us1 we'll supply ,our friendships with our charity2 ,men that remote in sorrows live ,shall by our lusty brimmers thrive4 ,we'll drink the wanting into wealth1 ,and those that languish into health1 ,th' afflicted into joy1 th' opprest ,into security and rest4 ,the worthy in disgrace shall find ,favour return again more kind1 ,and in restraint who stifled lie ,shall taste the air of liberty4 ,the brave shall triumph in success1 ,the lovers shall have mistresses1 ,poor unregarded virtue1 praise1 ,and the neglected poet1 bays4 ,thus shall our healths do others good1 ,whilst we ourselves do all we would2 ,for1 freed from envy and from care1 ,what would we be but what we are8 ,preface to the editions of ,mr4 ,w4's ,poems1 in #ahae and #ahbj4--;,,ed4 ,november #a4 #ahcc4 ,,homeric ,,heroes ,,in ,,shakspeare4--,,dryden4--,,dr4 ,,johnson4--,,scott',s ,,novels4-- ,,scope ,,of ,,christianity4 ,compare ,nestor1 ,ajax1 ,achilles1 c4 in the ,troilus and ,cressida of ,shakspeare with their namesakes in the ,iliad4 ,the old heroes seem all to have been at school ever since4 ,i scarcely know a more striking instance of the strength and pregnancy of the ,gothic mind4 ,dryden's genius was of that sort which catches fire by its own motion2 his chariot wheels get hot by driving fast4 99 99 99 99 99 ,dr4 ,johnson seems to have been really more powerful in discoursing viv voce in conversation than with his pen in hand4 ,it seems as if the excitement of company called something like reality and consecutiveness into his reasonings1 which in his writings ,i cannot see4 ,his antitheses are almost always verbal only2 and sentence after sentence in the ,rambler may be pointed out to which you cannot attach any definite meaning whatever4 ,in his political pamphlets there is more truth of expression than in his other works1 for the same reason that his conversation is better than his writings in general4 ,he was more excited and in earnest4 99 99 99 99 99 ,when ,i am very ill indeed1 ,i can read ,scott's novels1 and they are almost the only books ,i can then read4 ,i cannot at such times read the ,bible2 my mind reflects on it1 but ,i can't bear the open page4 99 99 99 99 99 ,unless ,christianity be viewed and felt in a high and comprehensive way1 how large a portion of our intellectual and moral nature does it leave without object and action6 99 99 99 99 99 ,let a young man separate ,i from ,me as far as he possibly can1 and remove ,me till it is almost lost in the remote distance4 ,i am me1 is as bad a fault in intellectuals and morals as it is in grammar1 whilst none but one--,god-- can say1 ,i am ,i1 or ,that ,i am4 ,november #i4 #ahcc4 ,,times ,,of ,,charles ,i4 ,how many books are still written and published about ,charles the ,first and his times6 ,such is the fresh and enduring interest of that grand crisis of morals1 religion1 and government6 ,but these books are none of them works of any genius or imagination2 not one of these authors seems to be able to throw himself back into that age2 if they did1 there would be less praise and less blame bestowed on both sides4 ,december #ba4 #ahcc4 ,,messenger ,,of ,,the ,,covenant--,,prophecy4--,,logic ,,of ,,ideas ,,and ,,of ,,syllogisms4 ,when ,i reflect upon the subject of the messenger of the covenant1 and observe the distinction taken in the prophets between the teaching and suffering ,christ1--the ,priest1 who was to precede1 and the triumphant ,messiah1 the ,judge1 who was to follow1--and how ,jesus always seems to speak of the ,son of ,man in a future sense1 and yet always at the same time as identical with himself2 ,i sometimes think that our ,lord himself in his earthly career was the ,messenger2 and that the way is now still preparing for the great and visible advent of the ,messiah of ,glory4 ,i mention this doubtingly4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what a beautiful sermon or essay might be written on the growth of prophecy6--from the germ1 no bigger than a man's hand1 in ,genesis1 till the column of cloud gathers size and height and substance1 and assumes the shape of a perfect man2 just like the smoke in the ,arabian ,nights' tale1 which comes up and at last takes a genie's shape4#a ,footnote #a3 ,the passage in ,mr4 ,coleridge's mind was1 ,i suppose1 the following3--,he 7the fisherman7 set it before him1 and while he looked upon it attentively1 there came out a very thick smoke1 which obliged him to retire two or three paces from it4 ,the smoke ascended to the clouds1 and extending itself along the sea1 and upon the shore1 formed a great mist1 which1 we may well imagine1 did mightily astonish the fisherman4 ,when the smoke was all out of the vessel1 it reunited itself1 and became a solid body1 of which there was formed a genie twice as high as the greatest of giants4 ,story of the ,fisherman4 ,ninth ,night4--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the logic of ideas is to that of syllogisms as the infinitesimal calculus to common arithmetic2 it proves1 but at the same time supersedes4 ,january #a4 #ahcd4 ,,landor',s ,,poetry4--,,beauty4--,,chronological ,,arrangement ,,of ,,works4 ,what is it that ,mr4 ,landor wants1 to make him a poet8 ,his powers are certainly very considerable1 but he seems to be totally deficient in that modifying faculty1 which compresses several units into one whole4 ,the truth is1 he does not possess imagination in its highest form1--that of stamping il pi nell' uno4 ,hence his poems1 taken as wholes1 are unintelligible2 you have eminences excessively bright1 and all the ground around and between them in darkness4 ,besides which1 he has never learned1 with all his energy1 how to write simple and lucid ,english4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the useful1 the agreeable1 the beautiful1 and the good1 are distinguishable4 ,you are wrong in resolving beauty into expression or interest2 it is quite distinct2 indeed it is opposite1 although not contrary4 ,beauty is an immediate presence1 between 7inter7 which and the beholder nihil est4 ,it is always one and tranquil2 whereas the interesting always disturbs and is disturbed4 ,i exceedingly regret the loss of those essays on beauty1 which ,i wrote in a ,bristol newspaper4 ,i would give much to recover them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,after all you can say1 ,i still think the chronological order the best for arranging a poet's works4 ,all your divisions are in particular instances inadequate1 and they destroy the interest which arises from watching the progress1 maturity1 and even the decay of genius4 ,january #c4 #ahcd4 ,,toleration4--,,norwegians4 ,i have known books written on ,tolerance1 the proper title of which would be--intolerant or intolerable books on tolerance4 ,should not a man who writes a book expressly to inculcate tolerance learn to treat with respect1 or at least with indulgence1 articles of faith which tens of thousands ten times told of his fellow-subjects or his fellow-creatures believe with all their souls1 and upon the truth of which they rest their tranquillity in this world1 and their hopes of salvation in the next1--those articles being at least maintainable against his arguments1 and most certainly innocent in themselves8--,is it fitting to run ,jesus ,christ in a silly parallel with ,socrates--the ,being whom thousand millions of intellectual creatures1 of whom ,i am a humble unit1 take to be their ,redeemer1 with an ,athenian philosopher1 of whom we should know nothing except through his glorification in ,plato and ,xenophon8--,and then to hitch ,latimer and ,servetus together6 ,to be sure there was a stake and a fire in each case1 but where the rest of the resemblance is ,i cannot see4 ,what ground is there for throwing the odium of ,servetus's death upon ,calvin alone8--,why1 the mild ,melancthon wrote to ,calvin#a1 expressly to testify his concurrence in the act1 and no doubt he spoke the sense of the ,german reformers2 the ,swiss churches advised the punishment in formal letters1 and ,i rather think there are letters from the ,english divines1 approving ,calvin's conduct6-- ,before a man deals out the slang of the day about the great leaders of the ,reformation1 he should learn to throw himself back to the age of the ,reformation1 when the two great parties in the church were eagerly on the watch to fasten a charge of heresy on the other4 ,besides1 if ever a poor fanatic thrust1 himself into the fire1 it was ,michael ,servetus4 ,he was a rabid enthusiast1 and did every thing he could in the way of insult and ribaldry to provoke the feeling of the ,christian church4 ,he called the ,trinity triceps monstrum et ,cerberum quendam tripartitum1 and so on4 ,indeed1 how should the principle of religious toleration have been acknowledged at first8--,it would require stronger arguments than any which ,i have heard as yet1 to prove that men in authority have not a right1 involved in an imperative duty1 to deter those under their control from teaching or countenancing doctrines which they believe to be damnable1 and even to punish with death those who violate such prohibition4 ,i am sure that ,bellarmine would have had small difficulty in turning ,locke round his fingers' ends upon this ground4 ,a right to protection ,i can understand2 but a right to toleration seems to me a contradiction in terms4 ,some criterion must in any case be adopted by the state2 otherwise it might be compelled to admit whatever hideous doctrine and practice any man or number of men may assert to be his or their religion1 and an article of his or their faith4 ,it was the same ,pope who commanded the ,romanists of ,england to separate from the national church1 which previously their own consciences had not dictated1 nor the decision of any council1--and who also commanded them to rebel against ,queen ,elizabeth1 whom they were bound to obey by the laws of the land2 and if the ,pope had authority for one1 he must have had it for the other4 ,the only true argument1 as it seems to me1 apart from ,christianity1 for a discriminating toleration is1 that it is of no use to attempt to stop heresy or schism by persecution1 unless1 perhaps1 it be conducted upon the plan of direct warfare and massacre4 ,you cannot preserve men in the faith by such means1 though you may stifle for a while any open appearance of dissent4 ,the experiment has now been tried1 and it has failed2 and that is by a great deal the best argument for the magistrate against a repetition of it4 ,i know this1--that if a parcel of fanatic missionaries were to go to ,norway1 and were to attempt to disturb the fervent and undoubting ,lutheranism of the fine independent inhabitants of the interior of that country1 ,i should be right glad to hear that the busy fools had been quietly shipped off--any where4 ,i don't include the people of the seaports in my praise of the ,norwegians2--,i speak of the agricultural population4 ,if that country could be brought to maintain a million more of inhabitants1 ,norway might defy the world2 it would be ,greek3 autarhkas and impregnable2 but it is much under-handed now4 ,footnote #a3 ,melancthon's words are3--,tuo judicio prorsus assentior4 ,affirmo etiam vestros magistratus juste fecisse quod hominem blasphemum1 re ordine judicata1 interfecerunt4 #adth ,oct4 #aeed4--;,,ed4 ,january #ab4 #ahcd4 ,,articles ,,of ,,faith4--,,modern ,,quakerism4--,,devotional ,,spirit4--,,sectarianism4--,,origen4 ,i have drawn up four or perhaps five articles of faith1 by subscription1 or rather by assent1 to which ,i think a large comprehension might take place4 ,my articles would exclude ,unitarians1 and ,i am sorry to say1 members of the church of ,rome1 but with this difference--that the exclusion of ,unitarians would be necessary and perpetual2 that of the members of the church of ,rome depending on each individual's own conscience and intellectual light4 ,what ,i mean is this3--that the ,romanists hold the faith in ,christ1--but unhappily they also hold certain opinions1 partly ceremonial1 partly devotional1 partly speculative1 which have so fatal a facility of being degraded into base1 corrupting1 and even idolatrous practices1 that if the ,romanist will make them of the essence of his religion1 he must of course be excluded4 ,as to the ,quakers1 ,i hardly know what to say4 ,an article on the sacraments would exclude them4 ,my doubt is1 whether ,baptism and the ,eucharist are properly any parts of ,christianity1 or not rather ,christianity itself2--the one1 the initial conversion or light1--the other1 the sustaining and invigorating life2--both together the ,greek3 phos ahi zoha1 which are ,christianity4 ,a line can only begin once2 hence1 there can be no repetition of baptism2 but a line may be endlessly prolonged by continued production2 hence the sacrament of love and life lasts for ever4 ,but really there is no knowing what the modern ,quakers are1 or believe1 excepting this--that they are altogether degenerated from their ancestors of the seventeenth century4 ,i should call modern ,quakerism1 so far as ,i know it as a scheme of faith1 a ,socinian ,calvinism4 ,penn himself was a ,sabellian1 and seems to have disbelieved even the historical fact of the life and death of ,jesus2--most certainly ,jesus of ,nazareth was not ,penn's ,christ1 if he had any4 ,it is amusing to see the modern ,quakers appealing now to history for a confirmation of their tenets and discipline--and by so doing1 in effect abandoning the strong hold of their founders4 ,as an imperium in imperio1 ,i think the original ,quakerism a conception worthy of ,lycurgus4 ,modern ,quakerism is like one of those gigantic trees which are seen in the forests of ,north ,america1--apparently flourishing1 and preserving all its greatest stretch and spread of branches2 but when you cut through an enormously thick and gnarled bark1 you find the whole inside hollow and rotten4 ,modern ,quakerism1 like such a tree1 stands upright by help of its inveterate bark alone4 ,bark a ,quaker1 and he is a poor creature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how much the devotional spirit of the church has suffered by that necessary evil1 the ,reformation1 and the sects which have sprung up subsequently to it6 ,all our modern prayers seem tongue-tied4 ,we appear to be thinking more of avoiding an heretical expression or thought than of opening ourselves to ,god4 ,we do not pray with that entire1 unsuspecting1 unfearing1 childlike profusion of feeling1 which so beautifully shines forth in ,jeremy ,taylor and ,andrewes and the writings of some of the older and better saints of the ,romish church1 particularly of that remarkable woman1 ,st4 ,theresa4#a ,and certainly ,protestants1 in their anxiety to have the historical argument on their side1 have brought down the origin of the ,romish errors too late4 ,many of them began1 no doubt1 in the ,apostolic age itself2--,i say errors-- not heresies1 as that dullest of the fathers1 ,epiphanius1 calls them4 ,epiphanius is very long and fierce upon the ,ebionites4 ,there may have been real heretics under that name2 but ,i believe that1 in the beginning1 the name was1 on account of its ,hebrew meaning1 given to1 or adopted by1 some poor mistaken men--perhaps of the ,nazarene way--who sold all their goods and lands1 and were then obliged to beg4 ,i think it not improbable that ,barnabas was one of these chief mendicants2 and that the collection made by ,st4 ,paul was for them4 ,you should read ,rhenferd's account of the early heresies4 ,i think he demonstrates about eight of ,epiphanius's heretics to be mere nicknames given by the ,jews to the ,christians4 ,read ,hermas1 or the ,shepherd1 of the genuineness of which and of the epistle of ,barnabas ,i have no doubt4 ,it is perfectly orthodox1 but full of the most ludicrous tricks of gnostic fancy--the wish to find the ,new ,testament in the ,old4 ,this gnosis is perceptible in the ,epistle to the ,hebrews1 but kept exquisitely within the limit of propriety4 ,in the others it is rampant1 and most truly puffeth up1 as ,st4 ,paul said of it4 ,what between the sectarians and the political economists1 the ,english are denationalized4 ,england ,i see as a country1 but the ,english nation seems obliterated4 ,what could redintegrate us again8 ,must it be another threat of foreign invasion8 ,footnote #a3 ,she was a native of ,avila in ,old ,castile1 and a ,carmelite nun4 ,theresa established an order which she called the ,reformed1 and which became very powerful4 ,her works are divided into ten books1 of which her autobiography forms a remarkable part4 ,she died in #aehb1 and was canonised by ,gregory ,,xv4 in #afbb--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never can digest the loss of most of ,origen's works3 he seems to have been almost the only very great scholar and genius combined amongst the early ,fathers4 ,jerome was very inferior to him4 ,january #bj4 #ahcd4 ,,some ,,men ,,like ,,musical ,,glasses4--,,sublime ,,and ,,nonsense4--,,atheist4 ,some men are like musical glasses2--to produce their finest tones1 you must keep them wet4 99 99 99 99 99 ,well6 that passage is what ,i call the sublime dashed to pieces by cutting too close with the fiery four-in-hand round the corner of nonsense4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how did the ,atheist get his idea of that ,god whom he denies8 ,february #bb4 #ahcd4 ,,proof ,,of ,,existence ,,of ,,god4--,,kant',s ,,attempt4--,,plurality ,,of ,,worlds4 ,assume the existence of ,god1--and then the harmony and fitness of the physical creation may be shown to correspond with and support such an assumption2--but to set about proving the existence of a ,god by such means is a mere circle1 a delusion4 ,it can be no proof to a good reasoner1 unless he violates all syllogistic logic1 and presumes his conclusion4 ,kant once set about proving the existence of ,god1 and a masterly effort it was499 ,but in his later great work1 the ,critique of the ,pure ,reason1 he saw its fallacy1 and said of it--that if the existence could he proved at all1 it must be on the grounds indicated by him4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i never could feel any force in the arguments for a plurality of worlds1 in the common acceptation of that term4 ,a lady once asked me--,what then could be the intention in creating so many great bodies1 so apparently useless to us8 ,i said--,i did not know1 except perhaps to make dirt cheap4 ,the vulgar inference is in alio genere4 ,what in the eye of an intellectual and omnipotent ,being is the whole sidereal system to the soul of one man for whom ,christ died8 ,march #a4 #ahcd4 ,a ,,reasoner4 ,i am by the law of my nature a reasoner4 ,a person who should suppose ,i meant by that word1 an arguer1 #a would not only not understand me1 but would understand the contrary of my meaning4 ,i can take no interest whatever in hearing or saying any thing merely as a fact--merely as having happened4 ,it must refer to something within me before ,i can regard it with any curiosity or care4 ,my mind is always energic--,i don't mean energetic2 ,i require in every thing what1 for lack of another word1 ,i may call propriety1--that is1 a reason why the thing is at all1 and why it is there or then rather than elsewhere or at another time4 ,footnote #a3 ,in his essay1 ,der einzig mgliche ,beweisgrund zu einer ,demonstration des ,daseyns ,gottes4--,the only possible argument or ground of proof for a demonstration of the existence of ,god4 ,it was published in #agfc2 the ,critique in #agha4--;,,ed4 ,march #e4 #ahcd4 ,,shakspeare',s ,,intellectual ,,action4--,,crabbe ,,and ,,southey4--,,peter ,,simple ,,and ,,tom ,,cringle',s ,,log4 ,shakspeare's intellectual action is wholly unlike that of ,ben ,jonson or ,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ,the latter see the totality of a sentence or passage1 and then project it entire4 ,shakspeare goes on creating1 and evolving ,b4 out of ,a41 and ,c4 out of ,b41 and so on1 just as a serpent moves1 which makes a fulcrum of its own body1 and seems for ever twisting and untwisting its own strength4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think ,crabbe and ,southey are something alike2 but ,crabbe's poems are founded on observation and real life--,southey's on fancy and books4 ,in facility they are equal1 though ,crabbe's ,english is of course not upon a level with ,southey's1 which is next door to faultless4 ,but in ,crabbe there is an absolute defect of the high imagination2 he gives me little or no pleasure3 yet1 no doubt1 he has much power of a certain kind1 and it is good to cultivate1 even at some pains1 a catholic taste in literature4 ,i read all sorts of books with some pleasure except modern sermons and treatises on political economy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have received a great deal of pleasure from some of the modern novels1 especially ,captain ,marryat's ,peter ,simple4 ,that book is nearer ,smollett than any ,i remember4 ,and ,tom ,cringle's ,log in ,blackwood is also most excellent4 ,march #ae4 #ahcd4 ,,chaucer4--,,shakspeare4--,,ben ,,jonson4--,,beaumont ,,and ,,fletcher4--,,daniel4--,,massinger4 ,i take unceasing delight in ,chaucer4 ,his manly cheerfulness is especially delicious to me in my old age4#a ,how exquisitely tender he is1 and yet how perfectly free from the least touch of sickly melancholy or morbid drooping6 ,the sympathy of the poet with the subjects of his poetry is particularly remarkable in ,shakspeare and ,chaucer2 but what the first effects by a strong act of imagination and mental metamorphosis1 the last does without any effort1 merely by the inborn kindly joyousness of his nature4 ,how well we seem to know ,chaucer6 ,how absolutely nothing do we know of ,shakspeare6 ,i cannot in the least allow any necessity for ,chaucer's poetry1 especially the ,canterbury ,tales1 being considered obsolete4 ,let a few plain rules be given for sounding the final of syllables1 and for expressing the termination of such words as ocan1 and natin1 c4 as dissyllables1-- or let the syllables to be sounded in such cases be marked by a competent metrist4 ,this simple expedient would1 with a very few trifling exceptions1 where the errors are inveterate1 enable any reader to feel the perfect smoothness and harmony of ,chaucer's verse4 ,footnote #a3 ,eighteen years before1 ,mr4 ,coleridge entertained the same feelings towards ,chaucer3--,through all the works of ,chaucer there reigns a cheerfulness1 a manly hilarity1 which makes it almost impossible to doubt a correspondent habit of feeling in the author himself4 ,biog4 ,lit41 vol4 i4 p4 #cb4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as to understanding his language1 if you read twenty pages with a good glossary1 you surely can find no further difficulty1 even as it is2 but ,i should have no objection to see this done3--,strike out those words which are now obsolete1 and ,i will venture to say that ,i will replace every one of them by words still in use out of ,chaucer himself1 or ,gower his disciple4 ,i don't want this myself3 ,i rather like to see the significant terms which ,chaucer unsuccessfully offered as candidates for admission into our language2 but surely so very slight a change of the text may well be pardoned1 even by black--letterati1 for the purpose of restoring so great a poet to his ancient and most deserved popularity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,shakspeare is of no age4 ,it is idle to endeavour to support his phrases by quotations from ,ben ,jonson1 ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 c4 ,his language is entirely his own1 and the younger dramatists imitated him4 ,the construction of ,shakspeare's sentences1 whether in verse or prose1 is the necessary and homogeneous vehicle of his peculiar manner of thinking4 ,his is not the style of the age4 ,more particularly1 ,shakspeare's blank verse is an absolutely new creation4 ,read ,daniel#a--the admirable ,daniel--in his ,civil ,wars1 and ,triumphs of ,hymen4 ,the style and language are just such as any very pure and manly writer of the present day--,wordsworth1 for example--would use2 it seems quite modern in comparison with the style of ,shakspeare4 ,ben ,jonson's blank verse is very masterly and individual1 and perhaps ,massinger's is even still nobler4 ,in ,beaumont and ,fletcher it is constantly slipping into lyricisms4 ,i believe ,shakspeare was not a whit more intelligible in his own day than he is now to an educated man1 except for a few local allusions of no consequence4 ,as ,i said1 he is of no age--nor1 ,i may add1 of any religion1 or party1 or profession4 ,the body and substance of his works came out of the unfathomable depths of his own oceanic mind3 his observation and reading1 which was considerable1 supplied him with the drapery of his figures4#b ,footnote #a3 ,this poet's well-merited epithet is that of the 'well-languaged ,daniel2' but1 likewise1 and by the consent of his contemporaries1 no less than of all succeeding critics1 the 'prosaic ,daniel4' ,yet those who thus designate this wise and amiable writer1 from the frequent incorrespondency of his diction with his metre1 in the majority of his compositions1 not only deem them valuable and interesting on other accounts1 but willingly admit that there are to be found throughout his poems1 and especially in his ,epistles and in his ,hymen's ,triumph1 many and exquisite specimens of that style1 which1 as the neutral ground of prose and verse1 is common to both4--,biog4 ,lit41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb4 ,footnote #b3 ,mr4 ,coleridge called ,shakspeare the myriad-minded man1 ,greek3 auaz muzioyous-- a phrase1 said he1 which ,i have borrowed from a ,greek monk1 who applies it to a patriarch of ,constantinople4 ,i might have said1 that ,i have reclaimed1 rather than borrowed1 it1 for it seems to belong to ,shakspeare de jure singulari1 et ex privilegio naturae4 ,see ,biog4 ,lit41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ac4--;,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as for editing ,beaumont and ,fletcher1 the task would be one immensi laboris4 ,the confusion is now so great1 the errors so enormous1 that the editor must use a boldness quite unallowable in any other case4 ,all ,i can say as to ,beaumont and ,fletcher is1 that ,i can point out well enough where something has been lost1 and that something so and so was probably in the original2 but the law of ,shakspeare's thought and verse is such1 that ,i feel convinced that not only could ,i detect the spurious1 but supply the genuine1 word4 ,march #bj4 #ahcd4 ,,lord ,,byron ,,and ,h4 ,,walpole',s ,,mysterious ,,mother4--,,lewis',s ,,jamaica ,,journal4 ,lord ,byron1 as quoted by ,lord ,dover#a1 says1 that the ,mysterious ,mother raises ,horace ,walpole above every author living in his1 ,lord ,byron's1 time4 ,upon which ,i venture to remark1 first1 that ,i do not believe that ,lord ,byron spoke sincerely2 for ,i suspect that he made a tacit exception in favour of himself at least2--secondly1 that it is a miserable mode of comparison which does not rest on difference of kind4 ,it proceeds of envy and malice and detraction to say that ,a4 is higher than ,b41 unless you show that they are in pari materia2--thirdly1 that the ,mysterious ,mother is the most disgusting1 vile1 detestable composition that ever came from the hand of man4 ,no one with a spark of true manliness1 of which ,horace ,walpole had none1 could have written it4 ,as to the blank verse1 it is indeed better than ,rowe's and ,thomson's1 which was execrably bad3--any approach1 therefore1 to the manner of the old dramatists was of course an improvement2 but the loosest lines in ,shirley are superior to ,walpole's best4 ,footnote #a3 ,in the memoir prefixed to the correspondence with ,sir ,h4 ,mann4 ,lord ,byron's words are3--,he is the ultimus ,romanorum1 the author of the ',mysterious ,mother1' a tragedy of the highest order1 and not a puling love play4 ,he is the father of the first romance1 and of the last tragedy1 in our language2 and surely worthy of a higher place than any living author1 be he who he may4--,preface to ,marino ,faliero4 ,is not ,romeo and ,juliet a love play8 --,but why reason about such insincere1 splenetic trash8--,,ed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lewis's ,jamaica ,journal is delightful2 it is almost the only unaffected book of travels or touring ,i have read of late years4 ,you have the man himself1 and not an inconsiderable man1--certainly a much finer mind than ,i supposed before from the perusal of his romances1 c4 ,it is by far his best work1 and will live and be popular4 ,those verses on the ,hours are very pretty2 but the ,isle of ,devils is1 like his romances1--a fever dream-- horrible1 without point or terror4 ,april #af4 #ahcd4 ,,sicily4--,,malta--,,sir ,,alexander ,,ball4 ,i found that every thing in and about ,sicily had been exaggerated by travellers1 except two things--the folly of the government and the wretchedness of the people4 ,they did not admit of exaggeration4 ,really you may learn the fundamental principles of political economy in a very compendious way1 by taking a short tour through ,sicily1 and simply reversing in your own mind every law1 custom1 and ordinance you meet with4 ,i never was in a country in which every thing proceeding from man was so exactly wrong4 ,you have peremptory ordinances against making roads1 taxes on the passage of common vegetables from one miserable village to another1 and so on4 ,by the by1 do you know any parallel in modern history to the absurdity of our giving a legislative assembly to the ,sicilians8 ,it exceeds any thing ,i know4 ,this precious legislature passed two bills before it was knocked on the head3 the first was1 to render lands inalienable2 and the second1 to cancel all debts due before the date of the bill4 ,and then consider the gross ignorance and folly of our laying a tax upon the ,sicilians6 ,taxation in its proper sense can only exist where there is a free circulation of capital1 labour1 and commodities throughout the community4 ,but to tax the people in countries like ,sicily and ,corsica1 where there is no internal communication1 is mere robbery and confiscation4 ,a crown taken from a ,corsican living in the sierras would not get back to him again in ten years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is interesting to pass from ,malta to ,sicily--from the highest specimen of an inferior race1 the ,saracenic1 to the most degraded class of a superior race1 the ,european4 99 99 99 99 99 ,no tongue can describe the moral corruption of the ,maltese when the island was surrendered to us4 ,there was not a family in it in which a wife or a daughter was not a kept mistress4 ,a marquis of ancient family applied to ,sir ,alexander ,ball to be appointed his valet4 ,my valet6 said ,ball1 what can you mean1 ,sir8 ,the marquis said1 he hoped he should then have had the honour of presenting petitions to his ,excellency4 ,oh1 that is it1 is it6 said ,sir ,alexander3 my valet1 ,sir1 brushes my clothes1 and brings them to me4 ,if he dared to meddle with matters of public business1 ,i should kick him down stairs4 ,in short1 ,malta was an ,augean stable1 and ,ball had all the inclination to be a ,hercules4#a ,his task was most difficult1 although his qualifications were most remarkable4 ,i remember an ,english officer of very high rank soliciting him for the renewal of a pension to an abandoned woman who had been notoriously treacherous to us4 ,that officer had promised the woman as a matter of course--she having sacrificed her daughter to him4 ,ball was determined1 as far as he could1 to prevent ,malta from being made a nest of home patronage4 ,he considered1 as was the fact1 that there was a contract between ,england and the ,maltese4 ,hence the government at home1 especially ,dundas1 disliked him1 and never allowed him any other title than that of ,civil ,commissioner4 ,we have1 ,i believe1 nearly succeeded in alienating the hearts of the inhabitants from us4 ,every officer in the island ought to be a ,maltese1 except those belonging to the immediate executive3 #ajjl4 per annum to a ,maltese1 to enable him to keep a gilt carriage1 will satisfy him where an ,englishman must have #bjjjl4 ,footnote #a3 ,i refer the reader to the five concluding essays of the third volume of the ,friend1 as a specimen of what ,mr4 ,c4 might have done as a biographer if an irresistible instinct had not devoted him to profounder labours4 ,as a sketch--and it pretends to nothing more--is there any thing more perfect in our literature than the monument raised in those essays to the memory of ,sir ,alexander ,ball8--and there are some touches added to the character of ,nelson1 which the reader1 even of ,southey's matchless ,life of our hero1 will find both new and interesting4--,,ed4 ,may #a4 #ahcd4 ,,cambridge ,,petition ,,to ,,admit ,,dissenters4 ,there are1 to my grief1 the names of some men to the ,cambridge petition for admission of the ,dissenters to the ,university1 whose cheeks ,i think must have burned with shame at the degrading patronage and befouling eulogies of the democratic press1 and at seeing themselves used as the tools of the open and rancorous enemies of the church4 ,how miserable to be held up for the purpose of inflicting insult upon men1 whose worth and ability and sincerity you well know1--and this by a faction banded together like obscene dogs and cats and serpents1 against a church which you profoundly revere6 ,the time--the time--the occasion and the motive ought to have been argument enough1 that even if the measure were right or harmless in itself1 not now1 nor with such as these1 was it to be effected6 ,may #c4 #ahcd4 ,,corn ,,laws4 ,those who argue that ,england may safely depend upon a supply of foreign corn1 if it grow none or an insufficient quantity of its own1 forget that they are subjugating the necessaries of life itself to the mere luxuries or comforts of society4 ,is it not certain that the price of corn abroad will be raised upon us as soon as it is once known that we must buy8--and when that fact is known1 in what sort of a situation shall we be8 ,besides this1 the argument supposes that agriculture is not a positive good to the nation1 taken in and by itself1 as a mode of existence for the people1 which supposition is false and pernicious2 and if we are to become a great horde of manufacturers1 shall we not1 even more than at present1 excite the ill will of all the manufacturers of other nations8 ,it has been already shown1 in evidence which is before all the world1 that some of our manufacturers have acted upon the accursed principle of deliberately injuring foreign manufactures1 if they can1 even to the ultimate disgrace of the country and loss to themselves4 ,may #ai4 #ahcd4 ,,christian ,,sabbath4 ,how grossly misunderstood the genuine character of the ,christian sabbath1 or ,lord's day1 seems to be even by the church6 ,to confound it with the ,jewish sabbath1 or to rest its observance upon the fourth commandment1 is1 in my judgment1 heretical1 and would so have been considered in the primitive church4 ,that cessation from labour on the ,lord's day could not have been absolutely incumbent on ,christians for two centuries after ,christ1 is apparent2 because during that period the greater part of the ,christians were either slaves or in official situations under ,pagan masters or superiors1 and had duties to perform for those who did not recognize the day4 ,and we know that ,st4 ,paul sent back ,onesimus to his master1 and told every ,christian slave1 that1 being a ,christian1 he was free in his mind indeed1 but still must serve his earthly master1 although he might laudably seek for his personal freedom also4 ,if the early ,christians had refused to work on the ,lord's day1 rebellion and civil war must have been the immediate consequences4 ,but there is no notice of any such cessation4 ,the ,jewish sabbath was commemorative of the termination of the great act of creation2 it was to record that the world had not been from eternity1 nor had arisen as a dream by itself1 but that ,god had created it by distinct acts of power1 and that he had hallowed the day or season in which he rested or desisted from his work4 ,when our ,lord arose from the dead1 the old creation was1 as it were1 superseded1 and the new creation then began2 and therefore the first day and not the last day1 the commencement and not the end1 of the work of ,god was solemnized4 ,luther1 in speaking of the good by itself1 and the good for its expediency alone1 instances the observance of the ,christian day of rest1-- a day of repose from manual labour1 and of activity in spiritual labour1--a day of joy and co-operation in the work of ,christ's creation4 ,keep it holy--says he--for its use' sake1--both to body and soul6 ,but if any where the day is made holy for the mere day's sake1--if any where any one sets up its observance upon a ,jewish foundation1 then ,i order you to work on it1 to ride on it1 to dance on it1 to feast on it--to do any thing that shall reprove this encroachment on the ,christian spirit and liberty4 ,the early church distinguished the day of ,christian rest so strongly from a fast1 that it was unlawful for a man to bewail even his own sins1 as such only1 on that day4 ,he was to bewail the sins of all1 and to pray as one of the whole of ,christ's body4 ,and the ,english ,reformers evidently took the same view of the day as ,luther and the early church4 ,but1 unhappily1 our church1 in the reigns of ,james and ,charles the ,first1 was so identified with the undue advancement of the royal prerogative1 that the puritanical ,judaizing of the ,presbyterians was but too well seconded by the patriots of the nation1 in resisting the wise efforts of the church to prevent the incipient alteration in the character of the day of rest4 ,after the ,restoration1 the bishops and clergy in general adopted the view taken and enforced by their enemies4 ,by the by1 it is curious to observe1 in this semi-infidel and ,malthusian ,parliament1 how the ,sabbatarian spirit unites itself with a rancorous hostility to that one institution1 which alone1 according to reason and experience1 can insure the continuance of any general religion at all in the nation at large4 ,some of these gentlemen1 who are for not letting a poor labouring man have a dish of baked potatoes on a ,sunday1 religionis gratia--7,god forgive that audacious blasphemy67--are foremost among those who seem to live but in vilifying1 weakening1 and impoverishing the national church4 ,i own my indignation boils over against such contemptible fellows4 ,i sincerely wish to preserve a decent quiet on ,sunday4 ,i would prohibit compulsory labour1 and put down operas1 theatres1 c41 for this plain reason--that if the rich be allowed to play1 the poor will be forced1 or1 what comes to the same thing1 will be induced1 to work4 ,i am not for a ,paris ,sunday4 ,but to stop coaches1 and let the gentleman's carriage run1 is monstrous4 ,may #be4 #ahcd4 ,,high ,,prizes ,,and ,,revenues ,,of ,,the ,,church4 ,your argument against the high prizes in the church might be put strongly thus3--,admit that in the beginning it might have been fairly said1 that some eminent rewards ought to be set apart for the purpose of stimulating and rewarding transcendant merit2 what have you to say now1 after centuries of experience to the contrary8--,have the high prizes been given to the highest genius1 virtue1 or learning8 ,is it not rather the truth1 as ,jortin said1 that twelve votes in a contested election will do more to make a man a bishop than an admired commentary on the twelve minor prophets8--,to all which and the like ,i say again1 that you ought not to reason from the abuse1 which may be rectified1 against the inherent uses of the thing4 ,appoint the most deserving--and the prize will answer its purpose4 ,as to the bishops' incomes1--in the first place1 the net receipts--that which the bishops may spend--have been confessedly exaggerated beyond measure2 but1 waiving that1 and allowing the highest estimate to be correct1 ,i should like to have the disposition of the episcopal revenue in any one year by the late or the present ,bishop of ,durham1 or the present ,bishops of ,london or ,winchester1 compared with that of the most benevolent nobleman in ,england of any party in politics4 ,i firmly believe that the former give away in charity of one kind or another1 public1 official1 or private1 three times as much in proportion as the latter4 ,you may have a hunks or two now and then2 but so you would much more certainly1 if you were to reduce the incomes to #bjjjl4 per annum4 ,as a body1 in my opinion the clergy of ,england do in truth act as if their property were impressed with a trust to the utmost extent that can be demanded by those who affect to believe1 ignorantly or not1 that lying legend of a tripartite or quadripartite division of the tithe by law4 ,may #ca4 #ahcd4 ,,sir ,c4 ,,wetherell',s ,,speech4--,,national ,,church4--,,dissenters4--,,papacy4---- ,,universities4 ,i think ,sir ,charles ,wetherell's speech before the ,privy ,council very effective4 ,i doubt if any other lawyer in ,westminster ,hall could have done the thing so well4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,national ,church requires1 and is required by1 the ,christian ,church1 for the perfection of each4 ,for if there were no national ,church1 the mere spiritual ,church would either become1 like the ,papacy1 a dreadful tyranny over mind and body2--or else would fall abroad into a multitude of enthusiastic sects1 as in ,england in the seventeenth century4 ,it is my deep conviction that1 in a country of any religion at all1 liberty of conscience can only be permanently preserved by means and under the shadow of a national church--a political establishment connected with1 but distinct from1 the spiritual ,church4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i sometimes hope that the undisguised despotism of temper of the ,dissenters may at last awaken a jealousy in the laity of the ,church of ,england4 ,but the apathy and inertness are1 ,i fear1 too profound--too providential4 99 99 99 99 99 ,whatever the ,papacy may have been on the ,continent1 it was always an unqualified evil to this country4 ,it destroyed what was rising of good1 and introduced a thousand evils of its own4 ,the ,papacy was and still is essentially extra-national2--it affects1 temporally1 to do that which the spiritual ,church of ,christ can alone do--to break down the natural distinctions of nations4 ,now1 as the ,roman ,papacy is in itself local and peculiar1 of course this attempt is nothing but a direct attack on the political independence of other nations4 ,the institution of ,universities was the single check on the ,papacy4 ,the ,pope always hated and maligned the ,universities4 ,the old coenobitic establishments of ,england were converted--perverted1 rather--into monasteries and other monking receptacles4 ,you see it was at ,oxford that ,wicliffe alone found protection and encouragement4 ,june #b4 #ahcd4 ,,schiller',s ,,versification4--,,german ,,blank ,,verse4 ,schiller's blank verse is bad4 ,he moves in it as a fly in a glue bottle4 ,his thoughts have their connection and variety1 it is true1 but there is no sufficiently corresponding movement in the verse4 ,how different from ,shakspeare's endless rhythms6 ,there is a nimiety--a too-muchness--in all ,germans4 ,it is the national fault4 ,leasing had the best notion of blank verse4 ,the trochaic termination of ,german words renders blank verse in that language almost impracticable4 ,we have it in our dramatic hendecasyllable2 but then we have a power of interweaving the iambic close ad libitum4 ,june #ad4 #ahcd4 ,,roman ,,catholic ,,emancipation4--,,duke ,,of ,,wellington4--,,coronation ,,oath4 ,the ,roman ,catholic ,emancipation ,act--carried in the violent1 and1 in fact1 unprincipled manner it was--was in effect a ,surinam toad2--and the ,reform ,bill1 the ,dissenters' admission to the ,universities1 and the attack on the ,church1 are so many toadlets1 one after another detaching themselves from their parent brute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if you say there is nothing in the ,romish religion1 sincerely felt1 inconsistent with the duties of citizenship and allegiance to a territorial ,protestant sovereign1 cadit qustio4 ,for if that is once admitted1 there can be no answer to the argument from numbers4 ,certainly1 if the religion of the majority of the people be innocuous to the interests of the nation1 the majority have a natural right to be trustees of the nationalty--that property which is set apart for the nation's use1 and rescued from the gripe of private hands4 ,but when ,i say--for the nation's use4--,i mean the very reverse of what the ,radicals mean4 ,they would convert it to relieve taxation1 which ,i call a private1 personal1 and perishable use4 ,a nation's uses are immortal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,how lamentable it is to hear the ,duke of ,wellington expressing himself doubtingly on the abominable sophism that the ,coronation ,oath only binds the ,king as the executive power--thereby making a ,highgate oath of it4 ,but the ,duke is conscious of the ready retort which his language and conduct on the ,emancipation ,bill afford to his opponents4 ,he is hampered by that affair4 ,june #bj4 #ahcd4 ,,corn ,,laws4--,,modern ,,political ,,economy4 ,in the argument on the ,corn ,laws there is a ,greek3 metazasis eis allo gevos4 ,it may be admitted that the great principles of commerce require the interchange of commodities to be free2 but commerce1 which is barter1 has no proper range beyond luxuries or conveniences2--it is properly the complement to the full existence and development of a state4 ,but how can it be shown that the principles applicable to an interchange of conveniences or luxuries apply also to an interchange of necessaries8 ,no state can be such properly1 which is not self-subsistent at least2 for no state that is not so1 is essentially independent4 ,the nation that cannot even exist without the commodity of another nation1 is in effect the slave of that other nation4 ,in common times1 indeed1 pecuniary interest will prevail1 and prevent a ruinous exercise of the power which the nation supplying the necessary must have over the nation which has only the convenience or luxury to return2 but such interest1 both in individuals and nations1 will yield to many stronger passions4 ,is ,holland any authority to the contrary8 ,if so1 ,tyre and ,sidon and ,carthage were so6 ,would you put ,england on a footing with a country1 which can be overrun in a campaign1 and starved in a year8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the entire tendency of the modern or ,malthusian political economy is to denationalize4 ,it would dig up the charcoal foundations of the temple of ,ephesus to burn as fuel for a steam-engine6 ,june #ba4 #ahcd4 ,mr4 ----1 in his poem1 makes trees coeval with ,chaos2--which is next door to ,hans ,sachse#a who1 in describing ,chaos1 said it was so pitchy dark1 that even the very cats ran against each other6 ,footnote #a3 ,hans ,sachse was born #adid1 and died #aegf4--;,,ed1 ,june #bc4 #ahcd4 ,,socinianism4--,,unitarianism4--,,fancy ,,and ,,imagination4 ,faustus ,socinus worshipped ,jesus ,christ1 and said that ,god had given him the power of being omnipresent4 ,davidi1 with a little more acuteness1 urged that mere audition or creaturely presence could not possibly justify worship from men2--that a man1 how glorified soever1 was no nearer ,god in essence than the vulgarest of the race4 ,prayer1 therefore1 was inapplicable4 ,and how could a man be a mediator between ,god and man8 ,how could a man with sins himself offer any compensation for1 or expiation of1 sin1 unless the most arbitrary caprice were admitted into the counsels of ,god8--,and so1 at last1 you see1 it was discovered by the better logicians amongst the ,socinians1 that there was no such thing as sin at all4 ,it is wonderful how any ,socinian can read the works of ,philo ,judus without some pause of doubt in the truth of his views as to the person of ,christ4 ,whether ,philo wrote on his own ground as a ,jew1 or borrowed from the ,christians1 the testimony as to the then ,jewish expectation and belief1 is equally strong4 ,you know ,philo calls the ,logos ,greek3 yios ,theoy1 the ,son of ,god1 and ,greek3 agapathon te non1 beloved ,son4 ,he calls him ,greek3 arhchierheus1 high priest1 ,greek3 deuterhos ,thehos1 second divinity1 ,greek3 ei an ,theoy1 image of ,god1 and describes him as ,greek3 eggutato madenhos ovtos methorhioy diastamatos1 the nearest possible to ,god without any intervening separation4 ,and there are numerous other remarkable expressions of the same sort4 ,my faith is this3--,god is the ,absolute ,will3 it is his ,name and the meaning of it4 ,it is the ,hypostasis4 ,as begetting his own ,alterity1 the ,jehovah1 the ,manifested--,he is the ,father2 but the ,love and the ,life--the ,spirit-- proceeds from both4 ,i think ,priestley must be considered the author of the modern ,unitarianism4 ,i owe1 under ,god1 my return to the faith1 to my having gone much further than the ,unitarians1 and so having come round to the other side4 ,i can truly say1 ,i never falsified the ,scripture4 ,i always told them that their interpretations of the ,scripture were intolerable upon any principles of sound criticism2 and that1 if they were to offer to construe the will of a neighbour as they did that of their ,maker1 they would be scouted out of society4 ,i said then plainly and openly1 that it was clear enough that ,john and ,paul were not ,unitarians4 ,but at that time ,i had a strong sense of the repugnancy of the doctrine of vicarious atonement to the moral being1 and ,i thought nothing could counterbalance that4 ,what care ,i1 ,i said1 for the ,platonisms of ,john1 or the ,rabbinisms of ,paul8-- ,my conscience revolts6 ,that was the ground of my ,unitarianism4 ,always believing in the government of ,god1 ,i was a fervent ,optimist4 ,but as ,i could not but see that the present state of things was not the best1 ,i was necessarily led to look forward to some future state4 99 99 99 99 99 ,you may conceive the difference in kind between the ,fancy and the ,imagination in this way1--that if the check of the senses and the reason were withdrawn1 the first would become delirium1 and the last mania4 ,the ,fancy brings together images which have no connection natural or moral1 but are yoked together by the poet by means of some accidental coincidence2 as in the well-known passage in ,hudibras3 ,the sun had long since in the lap ,of ,thetis taken out his nap1 ,and like a lobster boyl'd1 the morn ,from black to red began to turn4#a ,the ,imagination modifies images1 and gives unity to variety2 it sees all things in one1 il pi nell' uno4 ,there is the epic imagination1 the perfection of which is in ,milton2 and the dramatic1 of which ,shakspeare is the absolute master4 ,the first gives unity by throwing back into the distance2 as after the magnificent approach of the ,messiah to battle#b1 the poet1 by one touch from himself-- --far off their coming shone6-- makes the whole one image4 ,and so at the conclusion of the description of the appearance of the entranced angels1 in which every sort of image from all the regions of earth and air is introduced to diversify and illustrate1--the reader is brought back to the single image by-- ,he call'd so loud1 that all the hollow deep ,of ,hell resounded4#c ,the dramatic imagination does not throw back1 but brings close2 it stamps all nature with one1 and that its own1 meaning1 as in ,lear throughout4 ,footnote #a3 ,part ,,ii4 c4 #b4 v4#bi4 ,footnote #b3 ----,forth rush'd with whirlwind sound ,the chariot of ,paternal ,deity1 ,flashing thick flames1 wheel within wheel undrawn1 ,itself instinct with spirit1 but convoy'd ,by four cherubic shapes2 four faces each ,had wonderous2 as with stars their bodies all ,and wings were set with eyes2 with eyes the wheels ,of beryl1 and careering fires between2 ,over their heads a crystal firmament1 ,whereon a sapphire throne1 inlaid with pure ,amber1 and colours of the showery arch4 ,he1 in celestial panoply all arm'd ,of radiant ,urim1 work divinely wrought1 ,ascended2 at his right hand ,victory ,sat eagle-wing'd2 beside him hung his bow ,and quiver1 with three-bolted thunder stored2 ,and from about him fierce effusion roll'd ,of smoke1 and bickering flame1 and sparkles dire2 ,attended with ten thousand thousand saints1 ,he onward came2 far off their coming shone2 ,and twenty thousand 7,i their number heard7 ,chariots of ,god1 half on each hand1 were seen3 ,he on the wings of cherub rode sublime ,on the crystalline sky1 in sapphire throned1 ,illustrious far and wide2 but by his own ,first seen4--,p4 ,l4 b4 vi4 v4 #gdi1 c4 ,footnote #c3 ----and call'd ,his legions1 angel forms1 who lay intranced ,thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks ,in ,vallombrosa1 where th' ,etrurian shades1 ,high over arch'd1 embower2 or scatter'd sedge ,afloat1 when with fierce winds ,orion arm'd ,hath vex'd the ,red ,sea coast1 whose waves o'erthrew ,busiris1 and his ,memphian chivalry1 ,while with perfidious hatred they pursued ,the sojourners of ,goshen1 who beheld ,from the safe shore their floating carcasses ,and broken chariot wheels2 so thick bestrewn1 ,abject and lost lay these1 covering the flood1 ,under amazement of their hideous change4 ,he call'd so loud1 that all the hollow deep ,of ,hell resounded4--,p4 ,l4 b4 i4 v4 #cjj1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at the very outset1 what are we to think of the soundness of this modern system of political economy1 the direct tendency of every rule of which is to denationalize1 and to make the love of our country a foolish superstition8 ,june #bh4 #ahcd4 ,,mr4 ,,coleridge',s ,,system4--,,biographia ,,literahia4--,,dissenters4 ,you may not understand my system1 or any given part of it1--or by a determined act of wilfulness1 you may1 even though perceiving a ray of light1 reject it in anger and disgust3--but this ,i will say1--that if you once master it1 or any part of it1 you cannot hesitate to acknowledge it as the truth4 ,you cannot be sceptical about it4 ,the metaphysical disquisition at the end of the first volume of the ,biographia ,literaria is unformed and immature2--it contains the fragments of the truth1 but it is not fully thought out4 ,it is wonderful to myself to think how infinitely more profound my views now are1 and yet how much clearer they are withal4 ,the circle is completing2 the idea is coming round to1 and to be1 the common sense4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the generation of the modern worldly ,dissenter was thus3 ,presbyterian1 ,arian1 ,socinian1 and last1 ,unitarian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,is it not most extraordinary to see the ,dissenters calling themselves the descendants of the old ,nonconformists1 and yet clamouring for a divorce of ,church and ,state8 ,why--,baxter1 and the other great leaders1 would have thought a man an atheist who had proposed such a thing4 ,they were rather for merging the ,state in the ,church4 ,but these our modern gentlemen1 who are blinded by political passion1 give the kiss of alliance to the harlot of ,rome1 and walk arm in arm with those who deny the ,god that redeemed them1 if so they may but wreak their insane antipathies on the ,national ,church6 ,well6 ,i suppose they have counted the cost1 and know what it is they would have1 and can keep4 ,july #e4 #ahcd4 ,,lord ,,brooke4--,,barrow ,,and ,,dryden4--,,peter ,,wilkins ,,and ,,stothard4--,,fielding ,,and ,,richardson4--,,bishop ,,sandford4--,,roman ,,catholic ,,religion4 ,i do not remember a more beautiful piece of prose in ,english than the consolation addressed by ,lord ,brooke 7,fulke ,greville7 to a lady of quality on certain conjugal infelicities4 ,the diction is such that it might have been written now1 if we could find any one combining so thoughtful a head with so tender a heart and so exquisite a taste4 99 99 99 99 99 ,barrow often debased his language merely to evidence his loyalty4 ,it was1 indeed1 no easy task for a man of so much genius1 and such a precise mathematical mode of thinking1 to adopt even for a moment the slang of ,l',estrange and ,tom ,brown2 but he succeeded in doing so sometimes4 ,with the exception of such parts1 ,barrow must be considered as closing the first great period of the ,english language4 ,dryden began the second4 ,of course there are numerous subdivisions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,peter ,wilkins is to my mind a work of uncommon beauty2 and yet ,stothard's illustrations have added beauties to it4 ,if it were not for a certain tendency to affectation1 scarcely any praise could be too high for ,stothard's designs4 ,they give me great pleasure4 ,i believe that ,robinson ,crusoe and ,peter ,wilkins could only have been written by islanders4 ,no continentalist could have conceived either tale4 ,davis's story is an imitation of ,peter ,wilkins2 but there are many beautiful things in it2 especially his finding his wife crouching by the fireside--she having1 in his absence1 plucked out all her feathers--to be like him6 ,it would require a very peculiar genius to add another tale1 ejusdem generis1 to ,robinson ,crusoe and ,peter ,wilkins4 ,i once projected such a thing2 but the difficulty of a pre-occupied ground stopped me4 ,perhaps ,la ,motte ,fouqu might effect something2 but ,i should fear that neither he1 nor any other ,german1 could entirely understand what may be called the desert island feeling4 ,i would try the marvellous line of ,peter ,wilkins1 if ,i attempted it1 rather than the real fiction of ,robinson ,crusoe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,what a master of composition ,fielding was6 ,upon my word1 ,i think the ,oedipus ,tyrannus1 the ,alchemist1 and ,tom ,jones the three most perfect plots ever planned4 ,and how charming1 how wholesome1 ,fielding always is6 ,to take him up after ,richardson1 is like emerging from a sick room heated by stoves1 into an open lawn1 on a breezy day in ,may4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have been very deeply interested in the account of ,bishop ,sandford's life1 published by his son4 ,he seems to have been a thorough gentleman upon the model of ,st4 ,paul1 whose manners were the finest of any man's upon record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think ,i could have conformed to the then dominant ,church before the ,reformation4 ,the errors existed1 but they had not been riveted into peremptory articles of faith before the ,council of ,trent4 ,if a ,romanist were to ask me the question put to ,sir ,henry ,wotton1 #a;,i should content myself by answering1 that ,i could not exactly say when my religion1 as he was pleased to call it1 began--but that it was certainly some sixty or seventy years before his1 at all events--which began at the ,council of ,trent4 ,footnote #a3 ,having1 at his being in ,rome1 made acquaintance with a pleasant priest1 who invited him1 one evening1 to hear their vesper music at church2 the priest1 seeing ,sir ,henry stand obscurely in a corner1 sends to him by a boy of the choir this question1 writ in a small piece of paper2--',where was your religion to be found before ,luther8' ,to which question ,sir ,henry presently underwrit2--',my religion was to be found then1 where yours is not to be found now--in the written word of ,god4'--,isaak ,walton's ,life of ,sir ,henry ,wotton4 ,july #aj4 #ahcd4 ,,euthanasia4 ,i am1 dying1 but without expectation of a speedy release4 ,is it not strange that very recently by-gone images1 and scenes of early life1 have stolen into my mind1 like breezes blown from the spice-islands of ,youth and ,hope-- those twin realities of this phantom world6 ,i do not add ,love1--for what is ,love but ,youth and ,hope embracing1 and so seen as one8 ,i say realities2 for reality is a thing of degrees1 from the ,iliad to a dream2 ,greek3 99ai gor t onar e ,di s esti4 ,yet1 in a strict sense1 reality is not predicable at all of aught below ,heaven4 ,es enim in coelis1 ,pater noster1 qui tu vere es6 ,hooker wished to live to finish his ,ecclesiastical ,polity2--so ,i own ,i wish life and strength had been spared to me to complete my ,philosophy4 ,for1 as ,god hears me1 the originating1 continuing1 and sustaining wish and design in my heart were to exalt the glory of his name2 and1 which is the same thing in other words1 to promote the improvement of mankind4 ,but visum aliter ,deo1 and his will be done4 99 99 99 99 99 9999 ,this note may well finish the present specimens4 ,what followed was for the memory of private friends only4 ,mr4 ,coleridge was then extremely ill2 but certainly did not believe his end to be quite so near at hand as it was4--,,ed4 ,the following ,recollections of ,mr4 ,coleridge1 written in ,may1 #ahaa1 have been also communicated to me by my brother1 ,mr4 ,justice ,coleridge3-- #bjth ,april1 #ahaa1 at ,richmond4 ,we got on politics1 and he related some curious facts of the ,prince and ,perceval4 ,then1 adverting to the present state of affairs in ,portugal1 he said that he rejoiced not so much in the mere favourable turn1 as in the end that must now be put to the base reign of opinion respecting the superiority and invincible skill of the ,french generals4 ,brave as ,sir ,john ,moore was1 he thought him deficient in that greater and more essential manliness of soul which should have made him not hold his enemy in such fearful respect1 and which should have taught him to care less for the opinion of the world at home4 ,we then got1 ,i know not how1 to ,german topics4 ,he said that the language of their literature was entirely factitious1 and had been formed by ,luther from the two dialects1 ,high and ,low ,german2 that he had made it1 grammatically1 most correct1 more so1 perhaps1 than any other language2 it was equal to the ,greek1 except in harmony and sweetness4 ,and yet the ,germans themselves thought it sweet2--,klopstock had repeated to him an ode of his own to prove it1 and really had deceived himself1 by the force of association1 into a belief that the harsh sounds1 conveying1 indeed1 or being significant of1 sweet images or thoughts1 were themselves sweet4 ,mr4 ,c4 was asked what he thought of ,klopstock4 ,he answered1 that his fame was rapidly declining in ,germany2 that an ,englishman might form a correct notion of him by uniting the moral epigram of ,young1 the bombast of ,hervey1 and the minute description of ,richardson4 ,as to sublimity1 he had1 with all ,germans1 one rule for producing it2--it was1 to take something very great1 and make it very small in comparison with that which you wish to elevate4 ,thus1 for example1 ,klopstock says1--',as the gardener goes forth1 and scatters from his basket seed into the garden2 so does the ,creator scatter worlds with his right hand4' ,here worlds1 a large object1 are made small in the hands of the ,creator2 consequently1 the ,creator is very great4 ,in short1 the ,germans were not a poetical nation in the very highest sense4 ,wieland was their best poet3 his subject was bad1 and his thoughts often impure2 but his language was rich and harmonious1 and his fancy luxuriant4 ,sotheby's translation had not at all caught the manner of the original4 ,but the ,germans were good metaphysicians and critics3 they criticised on principles previously laid down2 thus1 though they might be wrong1 they were in no danger of being self-contradictory1 which was too often the case with ,english critics4 ,young1 he said1 was not a poet to be read through at once4 ,his love of point and wit had often put an end to his pathos and sublimity2 but there were parts in him which must be immortal4 ,he 7,mr4 ,c47 loved to read a page of ,young1 and walk out to think of him4 ,returning to the ,germans1 he said that the state of their religion1 when he was in ,germany1 was really shocking4 ,he had never met one clergyman a ,christian2 and he found professors in the universities lecturing against the most material points in the ,gospel4 ,he instanced1 ,i think1 ,paulus1 whose lectures he had attended4 ,the object was to resolve the miracles into natural operations2 and such a disposition evinced was the best road to preferment4 ,he severely censured ,mr4 ,taylor's book1 in which the principles of ,paulus were explained and insisted on with much gratuitous indelicacy4 ,he then entered into the question of ,socinianism1 and noticed1 as ,i recollect1 the passage in the ,old ,testament2 ',the people bowed their faces1 and worshipped ,god and the king4' ,he said1 that all worship implied the presence of the object worshipped3 the people worshipped1 bowing to the sensuous presence of the one1 and the conceived omnipresence of the other4 ,he talked of his having constantly to defend the ,church against the ,socinian ,bishop of ,llandaff1 ,watson4 ,the subject then varied to ,roman ,catholicism1 and he gave us an account of a controversy he had had with a very sensible priest in ,sicily on the worship of saints4 ,he had driven the priest from one post to another1 till the latter took up the ground1 that though the saints were not omnipresent1 yet ,god1 who was so1 imparted to them the prayers offered up1 and then they used their interference with ,him to grant them4 ',that is1 father1 7said ,c4 in reply7--excuse my seeming levity1 for ,i mean no impiety--that is2 ,i have a deaf and dumb wife1 who yet understands me1 and ,i her1 by signs4 ,you have a favour to ask of me1 and want my wife's interference2 so you communicate your request to me1 who impart it to her1 and she1 by signs back again1 begs me to grant it4' ,the good priest laughed1 and said1 ',populus milt decipi1 et decipiatur6' ,we then got upon the ,oxford controversy1 and he was decidedly of opinion that there could be no doubt of ,copleston's complete victory4 ,he thought the ,review had chosen its points of attack ill1 as there must doubtless be in every institution so old much to reprehend and carp at4 ,on the other hand1 he thought that ,copleston had not been so severe or hard upon them as he might have been2 but he admired the critical part of his work1 which he thought very highly valuable1 independently of the controversy4 ,he wished some portion of mathematics was more essential to a degree at ,oxford1 as he thought a gentleman's education incomplete without it1 and had himself found the necessity of getting up a little1 when he could ill spare the time4 ,he every day more and more lamented his neglect of them when at ,cambridge1 ,then glancing off to ,aristotle1 he gave a very high character of him4 ,he said that ,bacon objected to ,aristotle the grossness of his examples1 and ,davy now did precisely the same to ,bacon3 both were wrong2 for each of those philosophers wished to confine the attention of the mind in their works to the form of reasoning only1 by which other truths might be established or elicited1 and therefore the most trite and common-place examples were in fact the best4 ,he said that during a long confinement to his room1 he had taken up the ,schoolmen1 and was astonished at the immense learning and acute knowledge displayed by them2 that there was scarcely any thing which modern philosophers had proudly brought forward as their own1 which might not be found clearly and systematically laid down by them in some or other of their writings4 ,locke had sneered at the ,schoolmen unfairly1 and had raised a foolish laugh against them by citations from their ,quid libet questions1 which were discussed on the eyes of holydays1 and in which the greatest latitude was allowed1 being considered mere exercises of ingenuity4 ,we had ridiculed their quiddities1 and why8 ,had we not borrowed their quantity and their quality1 and why then reject their quiddity1 when every schoolboy in logic must know1 that of every thing may be asked1 ,quantum est8 ,quale est8 and ,quid est8 the last bringing you to the most material of all points1 its individual being4 ,he afterwards stated1 that in a ,history of ,speculative ,philosophy which he was endeavouring to prepare for publication1 he had proved1 and to the satisfaction of ,sir ,james ,mackintosh1 that there was nothing in ,locke which his best admirers most admired1 that might not be found more clearly and better laid down in ,descartes or the old ,schoolmen2 not that he was himself an implicit disciple of ,descartes1 though he thought that ,descartes had been much misinterpreted4 ,when we got on the subject of poetry and ,southey1 he gave us a critique of the ,curse of ,kehama1 the fault of which he thought consisted in the association of a plot and a machinery so very wild with feelings so sober and tender3 but he gave the poem high commendation1 admired the art displayed in the employment of the ,hindu monstrosities1 and begged us to observe the noble feeling excited of the superiority of virtue over vice2 that ,kehama went on1 from the beginning to the end of the poem1 increasing in power1 whilst ,kailyal gradually lost her hopes and her protectors2 and yet by the time we got to the end1 we had arrived at an utter contempt and even carelessness of the power of evil1 as exemplified in the almighty ,rajah1 and felt a complete confidence in the safety of the unprotected virtue of the maiden4 ,this he thought the very great merit of the poem4 ,when we walked home with him to the inn1 he got on the subject of the ,english ,essay for the year at ,oxford1 and thought some consideration of the corruption of language should he introduced into it4 ,footnote3 ,on ,etymology4 ,it originated1 he thought1 in a desire to abbreviate all expression as much as possible2 and no doubt1 if in one word1 without violating idiom1 ,i can express what others have done in more1 and yet be as fully and easily understood1 ,i have manifestly made an improvement2 but if1 on the other hand1 it becomes harder1 and takes more time to comprehend a thought or image put in one word by ,apuleius than when expressed in a whole sentence by ,cicero1 the saving is merely of pen and ink1 and the alteration is evidently a corruption4 ,april #ba4--,richmond4 ,before breakfast we went into ,mr4 ,may's delightful book-room1 where he was again silent in admiration of the prospect4 ,after breakfast1 we walked to church4 ,he seemed full of calm piety1 and said he always felt the most delightful sensations in a ,sunday church-yard1--that it struck him as if ,god had given to man fifty-two springs in every year4 ,after the service1 he was vehement against the sermon1 as common-place1 and invidious in its tone towards the poor4 ,then he gave many texts from the lessons and gospel of the day1 as affording fit subjects for discourses4 ,he ridiculed the absurdity of refusing to believe every thing that you could not understand2 and mentioned a rebuke of ,dr4 ,parr's to a man of the name of ,frith1 and that of another clergyman to a young man1 who said he would believe nothing which he could not understand3--',then1 young man1 your creed will be the shortest of any man's ,i know4' ,as we walked up ,mr4 ,cambridge's meadows towards ,twickenham1 he criticised ,johnson and ,gray as poets1 and did not seem to allow them high merit4 ,the excellence of verse1 he said1 was to be untranslatable into any other words without detriment to the beauty of the passage2--the position of a single word could not be altered in ,milton without injury4 ,gray's personifications1 he said1 were mere printer's devils' personifications-- persons with a capital letter1 abstract qualities with a small one4 ,he thought ,collins had more genius than ,gray1 who was a singular instance of a man of taste1 poetic feeling1 and fancy1 without imagination4 ,he contrasted ,dryden's opening of the #ajth satire of ,juvenal with ,johnson's3-- ',let observation1 with extensive view1 ,survey mankind from ,ganges to ,peru4' which was as much as to say1-- ',let observation with extensive observation observe mankind4' ,after dinner he told us a humorous story of his enthusiastic fondness for ,quakerism1 when he was at ,cambridge1 and his attending one of their meetings1 which had entirely cured him4 ,when the little children came in1 he was in raptures with them1 and descanted upon the delightful mode of treating them now1 in comparison with what he had experienced in childhood4 ,he lamented the haughtiness with which ,englishmen treated all foreigners abroad1 and the facility with which our government had always given up any people which had allied itself to us1 at the end of a war2 and he particularly remarked upon our abandonment of ,minorca4 ,these two things1 he said1 made us universally disliked on the ,continent2 though1 as a people1 most highly respected4 ,he thought a war with ,america inevitable2 and expressed his opinion1 that the ,united ,states were unfortunate in the prematureness of their separation from this country1 before they had in themselves the materials of moral society--before they had a gentry and a learned class1--the former looking backwards1 and giving the sense of stability--the latter looking forwards1 and regulating the feelings of the people4 ,afterwards1 in the drawing-room1 he sat down by ,professor ,rigaud1 with whom he entered into a discussion of ,kant's ,system of ,metaphysics4 ,the little knots of the company were speedily silent3 ,mr4 ,c4's voice grew louder2 and abstruse as the subject was1 yet his language was so ready1 so energetic1 and so eloquent1 and his illustrations so very neat and apposite1 that the ladies even paid him the most solicitous and respectful attention4 ,they were really entertained with ,kant's ,metaphysics6 ,at last ,i took one of them1 a very sweet singer1 to the piano-forte2 and1 when there was a pause1 she began an ,italian air4 ,she was anxious to please him1 and he was enraptured4 ,his frame quivered with emotion1 and there was a titter of uncommon delight on his countenance4 ,when it was over1 he praised the singer warmly1 and prayed she might finish those strains in heaven6 ,this is nearly all1 except some anecdotes1 which ,i recollect of our meeting with this most interesting1 most wonderful man4 ,some of his topics and arguments ,i have enumerated2 but the connection and the words are lost4 ,and nothing that ,i can say can give any notion of his eloquence and manner1--of the hold which he soon got on his audience--of the variety of his stores of information--or1 finally1 of the artlessness of his habits1 or the modesty and temper with which he listened to1 and answered arguments1 contradictory to his own4--,j4 ,t4 ,c4 ,the following address has been printed before2 but it cannot be too widely circulated1 and it will form an appropriate conclusion to this volume4 ,to ,adam ,steinmetz ,k----4 ,,my ,,dear ,,godchild1 ,i offer up the same fervent prayer for you now1 as ,i did kneeling before the altar1 when you were baptized into ,christ1 and solemnly received as a living member of his spiritual body1 the ,church4 ,years must pass before you will be able to read1 with an understanding heart1 what ,i now write4 ,but ,i trust that the all-gracious ,god1 the ,father of our ,lord ,jesus ,christ1 the ,father of ,mercies1 who1 by his only-begotten ,son1 7all mercies in one sovereign mercy67 has redeemed you from the evil ground1 and willed you to be born out of darkness1 but into light--out of death1 but into life--out of sin1 but into righteousness1 even into the ,lord our ,righteousness2 ,i trust that ,he will graciously hear the prayers of your dear parents1 and be with you as the spirit of health and growth in body and mind6 ,my dear ,godchild6--,you received from ,christ's minister at the baptismal font1 as your ,christian name1 the name of a most dear friend of your father's1 and who was to me even as a son1 the late ,adam ,steinmetz1 whose fervent aspiration1 and ever-paramount aim1 even from early youth1 was to be a ,christian in thought1 word1 and deed--in will1 mind1 and affections4 ,i too1 your ,godfather1 have known what the enjoyments and advantages of this life are1 and what the more refined pleasures which learning and intellectual power can bestow2 and with all the experience that more than threescore years can give1 ,i now1 on the eve of my departure1 declare to you1 7and earnestly pray that you may hereafter live and act on the conviction17 that health is a great blessing1--competence obtained by honourable industry a great blessing1--and a great blessing it is to have kind1 faithful1 and loving friends and relatives2 but that the greatest of all blessings1 as it is the most ennobling of all privileges1 is to be indeed a ,christian4 ,but ,i have been likewise1 through a large portion of my later life1 a sufferer1 sorely afflicted with bodily pains1 languors1 and manifold infirmities2 and1 for the last three or four years1 have1 with few and brief intervals1 been confined to a sick-room1 and1 at this moment1 in great weakness and heaviness1 write from a sick-bed1 hopeless of a recovery1 yet without prospect of a speedy removal2 and ,i1 thus on the very brink of the grave1 solemnly bear witness to you1 that the ,almighty ,redeemer1 most gracious in his promises to them that truly seek him1 is faithful to perform what he hath promised1 and has preserved1 under all my pains and infirmities1 the inward peace that passeth all understanding1 with the supporting assurance of a reconciled ,god1 who will not withdraw his spirit from me in the conflict1 and in his own time will deliver me from the ,evil ,one6 ,o1 my dear ,godchild6 eminently blessed are those who begin early to seek1 fear1 and love their ,god1 trusting wholly in the righteousness and mediation of their ,lord1 ,redeemer1 ,saviour1 and everlasting ,high ,priest1 ,jesus ,christ6 ,o preserve this as a legacy and bequest from your unseen ,godfather and friend1 ,s4 ,t4 ,,coleridge4 ,grove1 ,highgate1 ,july #ac4 #ahcd4 ,he died on the #beth day of the same month4 ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 ,abraham4 ,abuse1 ,eloquence of4 ,acoustics4 ,acts1 ,origin of4 ,adiaphori4 ,advocate1 ,duties and ,needs of an4 ,aeschylus1 ,sophocles1 and ,euripides4 ,alchemy4 ,all and the ,whole4 ,america1 ,united ,states of4 ,american ,union1 ,northern and ,southern ,states of the4 ,americans1 the4 ,anarchy1 ,mental4 ,ancient ,mariner4 ,animal ,being1 ,scale of4 ,ant and ,bee4 ,architecture1 ,gothic4 ,ariosto and ,tasso4 ,aristotle4 ,army and ,navy1 ,house of ,commons appointing the ,officers of the4 ,article1 ,ninth4 ,asgill4 -----and ,defoe4 ,astrology4 ,atheist4 ,autumn ,day4 ,b4 ,bacon4 ,ball1 ,sir ,alexander4 ,baptismal ,service4 ,barrow and ,dryden4 ,bartram's ,travels4 ,baxter4 ,beaumont and ,fletcher4 ----'s ,dramas4 ,beauty4 ,behmen1 ,jacob4 ,bentley4 ,berkeley4 ,bertram1 ,character of4 ,bestial 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