,,books ,,fatal ,,to ,,their ,,authors ,by ,p4 ,h4 ,ditchfield ,to ,the ,memory ,of ,john ,walter1 ,esq41 ,m4,a41 ,j4,p41 ,of ,bearwood1 ,berks1 ,this ,volume ,is ,respectfully ,and ,affectionately ,dedicated4 ,,preface4 ,,to ,,the ,,book-,,lover4 ,to record the woes of authors and to discourse de libris fatalibus seems deliberately to court the displeasure of that fickle mistress who presides over the destinies of writers and their works4 ,fortune awaits the aspiring scribe with many wiles1 and oft treats him sorely4 ,if she enrich any1 it is but to make them subject of her sport4 ,if she raise others1 it is but to pleasure herself with their ruins4 ,what she adorned but yesterday is to-day her pastime1 and if we now permit her to adorn and crown us1 we must to-morrow suffer her to crush and tear us to pieces4 ,to-day her sovereign power is limited3 she can but let loose a host of angry critics upon us2 she can but scoff at us1 take away our literary reputation1 and turn away the eyes of a public as fickle as herself from our pages4 ,surely that were hard enough6 ,can ,fortune pluck a more galling dart from her quiver1 and dip the point in more envenomed bitterness8 ,yes1 those whose hard lot is here recorded have suffered more terrible wounds than these4 ,they have lost liberty1 and even life1 on account of their works4 ,the cherished offspring of their brains have1 like unnatural children1 turned against their parents1 causing them to be put to death4 ,fools many of them--nay1 it is surprising how many of this illustrious family have peopled the world1 and they can boast of many authors' names which figure on their genealogical tree--men who might have lived happy1 contented1 and useful lives were it not for their insane cacoethes scribendi4 ,and hereby they show their folly4 ,if only they had been content to write plain and ordinary commonplaces which every one believed1 and which caused every honest fellow who had a grain of sense in his head to exclaim1 ,how true that is6 all would have been well4 ,but they must needs write something original1 something different from other men's thoughts2 and immediately the censors and critics began to spy out heresy1 or laxity of morals1 and the fools were dealt with according to their folly4 ,there used to be special houses of correction in those days1 mad-houses built upon an approved system1 for the special treatment of cases of this kind2 mediaeval dungeons1 an occasional application of the rack1 and other gentle instruments of torture of an inventive age1 were wonderfully efficacious in curing a man of his folly4 ,nor was there any special limit to the time during which the treatment lasted4 ,and in case of a dangerous fit of folly1 there were always a few faggots ready1 or a sharpened axe1 to put a finishing stroke to other and more gentle remedies4 ,one species of folly was especially effective in procuring the attention of the critics of the day1 and that was satirical writing4 ,they could not tolerate that style--no1 not for a moment2 and many an author has had his cap and bells1 aye1 and the lining too1 severed from the rest of his motley1 simply because he would go and play with ,satyrs instead of keeping company with plain and simple folk4 ,far separated from the crowd of fools1 save only in their fate1 were those who amid the mists of error saw the light of ,truth1 and strove to tell men of her graces and perfections4 ,the vulgar crowd heeded not the message1 and despised the messengers4 ,they could see no difference between the philosopher's robe and the fool's motley1 the ,saint's glory and ,satan's hoof4 ,but with eager eyes and beating hearts the toilers after ,truth worked on4 ,how many with sad faith have sought her8 ,how many with crossed hands have sighed for her8 ,how many with brave hearts fought for her1 ,at life's dear peril wrought for her1 ,so loved her that they died for her1 ,tasting the raptured fleetness ,of her ,divine completeness8 ,in honour of these scholars of an elder age1 little understood by their fellows1 who caused them to suffer for the sake of the ,truth they loved1 we doff our caps1 whether they jingle or not1 as you please2 and if thou thinkest1 good reader1 that 'twere folly to lose a life for such a cause1 the bells will match the rest of thy garb4 ,the learning1 too1 of the censors and critics was often indeed remarkable4 ,they condemned a recondite treatise on ,trigonometry1 because they imagined it contained heretical opinions concerning the doctrine of the ,trinity2 and another work which was devoted to the study of ,insects was prohibited1 because they concluded that it was a secret attack upon the ,jesuits4 ,well might poor ,galileo exclaim1 ,and are these then my judges8 ,stossius1 who wrote a goodly book with the title ,concordia rationis et fidei1 which was duly honoured by being burnt at ,berlin1 thus addresses his slaughtered offspring1 and speculates on the reason of its condemnation3 ,ad librum a ministerio damnatum4 ,q4 ,parve liber1 quid enim peccasti1 dente sinistro4 ,quod te discerptum turba sacrata velit8 ,r4 ,invisum dixi verum1 propter quod et olim1 ,vel dominum letho turba sacrata dedit4 ,but think not1 ,o ,book-lover1 that ,i am about to record all the race of fools who have made themselves uncomfortable through their insane love of writing1 nor count all the books which have become instruments of accusation against their authors4 ,that library would be a large one which contained all such volumes4 ,i may only write to thee of some of them now1 and if thou shouldest require more1 some other time ,i may tell thee of them4 ,perhaps in a corner of thy book-shelves thou wilt collect a store of ,fatal ,books1 many of which are rare and hard to find4 ,know1 too1 that ,i have derived some of the titles of works herein recorded from a singular and rare work of ,m4 ,john ,christianus ,klotz1 published in ,latin at ,leipsic1 in the year #agea4 ,to these ,i have added many others4 ,the ,biographical ,dictionary of ,bayle is a mine from which ,i have often quarried1 and discovered there many rare treasures4 ,our own learned literary historian1 ,mr4 ,isaac ,disraeli1 has recorded the woes of many of our ,english writers in his book entitled ,the ,calamities of ,authors and also in his ,curiosities of ,literature4 ,from these works ,i have derived some information4 ,there is a work by ,menkenius1 ,analecta de ,calamitate ,literatorum2 another by ,pierius ,valerianus1 ,de ,infelicitate ,literatorum2 another by ,spizelius1 ,infelix ,literatus2 and last but not least ,peignot's ,dictionnaire ,critique1 ,littraire et ,bibliographique1 des ,livres condamns au ,feu which will furnish thee with further information concerning the woes of authors1 if thine appetite be not already sated4 ,and if there be any of ,folly's crowd who read this book--of those1 ,i mean1 who work and toil by light of midnight lamp1 weaving from their brains page upon page of lore and learning1 wearing their lives out1 all for the sake of an ungrateful public1 which cares little for their labour and scarcely stops to thank the toiler for his pains--if there be any of you who read these pages1 it will be as pleasant to you to feel safe and free from the stern critics' modes of former days1 as it is to watch the storms and tempests of the sea from the secure retreat of your study chair4 ,and if at any time a cross-grained reviewer should treat thy cherished book with scorn1 and presume to ridicule thy sentiment and scoff at thy style 7which ,heaven forfend671 console thyself that thou livest in peaceable and enlightened times1 and needest fear that no greater evil can befall thee on account of thy folly in writing than the lash of his satire and the bitterness of his caustic pen4 ,after the manner of thy race thou wilt tempt ,fortune again4 ,may'st thou proceed and prosper6 ,vale4 ,i desire to express my many thanks to the ,rev4 ,arthur ,carr1 ,m4,a41 late ,fellow of ,oriel ,college1 ,oxford1 for his kind assistance in revising the proofs of this work4 ,it was my intention to dedicate this book to ,mr4 ,john ,walter1 but alas6 his death has deprived it of that distinction4 ,it is only possible now to inscribe to the memory of him whom ,england mourns the results of some literary labour in which he was pleased to take a kindly interest4 ,p4 ,h4 ,d4 ,,barkham ,,rectory1 ,november1 #ahid4 ,,contents4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,theology4 ,michael ,molinos--,bartholomew ,carranza--,jerome ,wecchiettus--,samuel ,clarke--,francis ,david--,antonio de ,dominis--,nol ,bde--,william ,tyndale--,arias ,montanus--,john ,huss--,antonio ,bruccioli--,enzinas--,louis ,le ,maistre--,caspar ,peucer--,grotius--,vorstius--,pasquier ,quesnel--,le ,courayer--,savonarola--,michael ,servetus--,sebastian ,edzardt--,william of ,ockham--,ablard4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,fanatics ,,and ,,free-,,thinkers4 ,quirinus ,kuhlmann--,john ,tennhart--,jeremiah ,felbinger--,simon ,morin--,liszinski--,john ,toland--,thomas ,woolston--,john ,biddle--,johann ,lyser--,bernardino ,ochino--,samuel ,friedrich ,willenberg4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,astrology1 ,,alchemy1 ,,and ,,magic4 ,henry ,cornelius ,agrippa--,joseph ,francis ,borri--,urban ,grandier--,dr4 ,dee--,edward ,kelly--,john ,darrell4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,science ,,and ,,philosophy4 ,bishop ,virgil--,roger ,bacon--,galileo--,jordano ,bruno--,thomas ,campanella--,de ,lisle de ,sales--,denis ,diderot--,balthazar ,bekker--,isaac de la ,peyrre--,abb de ,marolles--,lucilio ,vanini--,jean ,rousseau4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,history4 ,antonius ,palearius--,caesar ,baronius--,john ,michael ,bruto--,isaac ,berruyer ,louis ,elias ,dupin--,noel ,alexandre--,peter ,giannone--,joseph ,sanfelicius 7,eusebius ,philopater7--,arlotto--,bonfadio--,de ,thou--,gilbert ,gnbrard--,joseph ,audra--,beaumelle--,john ,mariana--,john ,b4 ,primi--,john ,christopher ,rdiger--,rudbeck--,franois ,haudicquer--,franois de ,rosires--,anthony ,urseus4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,politics ,,and ,,statesmanship4 ,john ,fisher--,reginald ,pole--,martin ,marprelate--,udal--,penry--,hacket--,co ppinger--,arthington--,cartwright --,cowell--,leighton--,john ,stubbs--,peter ,wentworth--,r4 ,doleman--,j4 ,hales-- ,reboul--,william ,prynne--,burton,bastwick--,john ,selden--,john ,tutchin-- ,delaune--,samuel ,johnson--,algernon ,sidney--,edmund ,richer--,john de ,falkemberg--,jean ,lenoir--,simon ,linguet--,abb ,caveirac--,darigrand--,pietro ,sarpi--,jerome ,maggi--,theodore ,reinking4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,satire4 ,roger ,rabutin de ,bussy--,m4 ,dassy--,trajan ,boccalini--,pierre ,billard--,pietro ,aretino--,felix ,hemmerlin--,john ,giovanni ,cinelli--,nicholas ,francus--,lorenzo ,valla--,ferrante ,pallavicino--,franois ,gacon--,daniel ,defoe--,du ,rosoi--,caspar ,scioppius4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,poetry4 ,adrian ,beverland--,cecco d',ascoli--,george ,buchanan--,nicodemus ,frischlin--,clement ,marot--,gaspar ,weiser--,john ,williams--,deforges--,thophile--,hlot-- ,matteo ,palmieri--,la ,grange--,pierre ,petit--,voltaire--,montgomery--,keats-- ,joseph ,ritson4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,drama ,,and ,,romance4 ,sir ,john ,yorke and ,catholic ,plays--,abraham ,cowley--,antoine ,danchet--,claude ,crbillon--,nogaret--,franois de ,salignac ,fnlon4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,publishers4 ,the ,printers of ,nicholas de ,lyra and ,caesar ,baronius--,john ,fust--,richard ,grafton--,jacob van ,liesvelt--,john ,lufftius--,robert ,stephens 7,estienne7--,henry ,stephens--,simon ,ockley--,floyer ,sydenham--,edmund ,castell--,page--,john ,lilburne--,etienne ,dolet--,john ,morin--,christian ,wechel--,andrew ,wechel--,jacques ,froull--,godonesche--,william ,anderton4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,some ,,literary ,,martyrs4 ,leland--,strutt--,cotgrave--,henry ,wharton--,robert ,heron--,collins--,william ,cole--,homeric victims--,joshua ,barnes--,an example of unrequited toil--,borgarutius,pays4 ,,index ,,books ,,fatal ,,to ,,their ,,authors4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,theology4 ,michael ,molinos--,bartholomew ,carranza--,jerome ,wecchiettus--,samuel ,clarke--,francis ,david--,antonio de ,dominis--,nol ,bde--,william ,tyndale--,arias ,montanus--,john ,huss--,antonio ,bruccioli--,enzinas--,louis ,le ,maistre--,gaspar ,peucer--,grotius--,vorstius--,pasquier ,quesnel--,le ,courayer--,savonarola--,michael ,servetus--,sebastian ,edzardt--,william of ,ockham--,ablard4 ,since the knowledge of ,truth is the sovereign good of human nature1 it is natural that in every age she should have many seekers1 and those who ventured in quest of her in the dark days of ignorance and superstition amidst the mists and tempests of the sixteenth century often ran counter to the opinions of dominant parties1 and fell into the hands of foes who knew no pity4 ,inasmuch as ,theology and ,religion are the highest of all studies--the aroma scientiarum--they have attracted the most powerful minds and the subtlest intellects to their elucidation2 no other subjects have excited men's minds and aroused their passions as these have done2 on account of their unspeakable importance1 no other subjects have kindled such heat and strife1 or proved themselves more fatal to many of the authors who wrote concerning them4 ,in an evil hour persecutions were resorted to to force consciences1 ,roman ,catholics burning and torturing ,protestants1 and the latter retaliating and using the same weapons2 surely this was1 as ,bacon wrote1 to bring down the ,holy ,ghost1 instead of the likeness of a dove1 in the shape of a vulture or raven2 and to set1 out of the bark of a ,christian ,church1 a flag of a bark of pirates and assassins4 ,the historian then will not be surprised to find that by far the larger number of ,fatal ,books deal with these subjects of ,theology and ,religion1 and many of them belong to the stormy period of the ,reformation4 ,they met with severe critics in the merciless ,inquisition1 and sad was the fate of a luckless author who found himself opposed to the opinions of that dread tribunal4 ,there was no appeal from its decisions1 and if a taint of heresy1 or of what it was pleased to call heresy1 was detected in any book1 the doom of its author was sealed1 and the ingenuity of the age was well-nigh exhausted in devising methods for administering the largest amount of torture before death ended his woes4 ,tantum religio potuit suadere malorum4 ,liberty of conscience was a thing unknown in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries2 and while we prize that liberty as a priceless possession1 we can but admire the constancy and courage of those who lived in less happy days4 ,we are not concerned now in condemning or defending their opinions or their beliefs1 but we may at least praise their boldness and mourn their fate4 ,the first author we record whose works proved fatal to him was ,michael ,molinos1 a ,spanish theologian born in #afbg1 a pious and devout man who resided at ,rome and acted as confessor4 ,he published in #afge ,the ,spiritual ,manual1 which was translated from ,italian into ,latin1 and together with a treatise on ,the ,daily ,communion was printed with this title3 ,a ,spiritual ,manual1 releasing the soul and leading it along the interior way to the acquiring the perfection of contemplation and the rich treasure of internal peace4 ,in the preface ,molinos writes3 ,mystical theology is not a science of the imagination1 but of feelings2 we do not understand it by study1 but we receive it from heaven4 ,therefore in this little work ,i have received far greater assistance from the infinite goodness of ,god1 who has deigned to inspire me1 than from the thoughts which the reading of books has suggested to me4 ,the object of the work is to teach that the pious mind must possess quietude in order to attain to any spiritual progress1 and that for this purpose it must be abstracted from visible objects and thus rendered susceptible of heavenly influence4 ,this work received the approval of the ,archbishop of the kingdom of ,calabria1 and many other theologians of the ,church4 ,it won for its author the favour of ,cardinal ,estraeus and also of ,pope ,innocent ,,xi4 ,it was examined by the ,inquisition at the instigation of the ,jesuits1 and passed that trying ordeal unscathed4 ,but the book raised up many powerful adversaries against its author1 who did not scruple to charge ,molinos with ,judaism1 ,mohammedanism1 and many other isms1 but without any avail1 until at length they approached the confessor of the ,king of ,naples1 and obtained an order addressed to ,cardinal ,estraeus for the further examination of the book4 ,the ,cardinal preferred the favour of the king to his private friendship4 ,molinos was tried in #afhe1 and two years later was conducted in his priestly robes to the temple of ,minerva1 where he was bound1 and holding in his hand a wax taper was compelled to renounce sixty-eight articles which the ,inquisition decreed were deduced from his book4 ,he was afterwards doomed to perpetual imprisonment4 ,on his way to the prison he encountered one of his opponents and exclaimed1 ,farewell1 my father2 we shall meet again on the day of judgment1 and then it will be manifest on which side1 on yours or mine1 the ,truth shall stand4 ,for eleven long years ,molinos languished in the dungeons of the ,inquisition1 where he died in #afif4 ,his work was translated into ,french and appeared in a ,recueil de pices sur le ,quitisme1 published in ,amsterdam #afhh4 ,molinos has been considered the leader and founder of the ,quietism of the seventeenth century4 ,the monks of ,mount ,athos in the fourteenth1 the ,molinosists1 ,madame ,guyon1 ,fnlon1 and others in the seventeenth century1 all belonged to that contemplative company of ,christians who thought that the highest state of perfection consisted in the repose and complete inaction of the soul1 that life ought to be one of entire passive contemplation1 and that good works and active industry were only fitting for those who were toiling in a lower sphere and had not attained to the higher regions of spiritual mysticism4 ,thus the ',greek3 ,aesuchastai' on ,mount ,athos contemplated their nose or their navel1 and called the effect of their meditations the divine light1 and ,molinos pined in his dungeon1 and left his works to be castigated by the renowned ,bossuet4 ,the pious1 devout1 and learned ,spanish divine was worthy of a better fate1 and perhaps a little more quietism and a little less restlessness would not be amiss in our busy nineteenth century4 ,the noblest prey ever captured by those keen hunters1 the ,inquisitors1 was ,bartholomew ,carranza1 ,archbishop of ,toledo1 in #aeeh1 one of the richest and most powerful prelates in ,christendom4 ,he enjoyed the favour of his sovereign ,philip ,,ii4 of ,spain1 whom he accompanied to ,england1 and helped to burn our ,english ,protestants4 ,unfortunately in an evil hour he turned to authorship1 and published a catechism under this title3 ,commentarios sobre el ,catequismo ,cristiano divididos en quatro partes las quales contienen fodo loque professamor en el sancto baptismo1 como se vera en la plana seguiente dirigidos al serenissimo ,roy de ,espaa 7,antwerp74 ,on account of this work he was accused of ,lutheranism1 and his capture arranged by his enemies4 ,at midnight1 after the ,archbishop had retired to rest1 a knock was heard at the door of the chamber4 ,who calls8 asked the attendant friar4 ,open to the ,holy ,office1 was the answer4 ,immediately the door flew open1 for none dared resist that terrible summons1 and ,ramirez1 the ,inquisitor-,general of ,toledo1 entered4 ,the ,archbishop raised himself in his bed1 and demanded the reason of the intrusion4 ,an order for his arrest was produced1 and he was speedily conveyed to the dungeons of the ,inquisition at ,valladolid4 ,for seven long years he lingered there1 and was then summoned to ,rome in #aeff by ,pius ,v4 and imprisoned for six years in the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo4 ,the successor of ,pope ,pius ,v41 ,gregory ,,xiii41 at length pronounced him guilty of false doctrine4 ,his catechism was condemned2 he was compelled to abjure sixteen propositions1 and besides other penances he was confined for five years in a monastery4 ,broken down by his eighteen years' imprisonment and by the hardships he had undergone1 he died sixteen days after his cruel sentence had been pronounced4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,the ,church of ,spain1 by ,canon ,meyrick4 7,national ,churches ,series47 ,on his deathbed he solemnly declared that he had never seriously offended with regard to the ,faith4 ,the people were very indignant against his persecutors1 and on the day of his funeral all the shops were closed as on a great festival4 ,his body was honoured as that of a saint4 ,his captors doubtless regretted his death1 inasmuch as the ,pope is said to have received a thousand gold pieces each month for sparing his life1 and ,philip appropriated the revenues of his see for his own charitable purposes1 which happened at that time to be suppression of heresy in the ,netherlands by the usual means of rack and fire and burying alive helpless victims4 ,a very fatal book was one entitled ,opus de anno primitivo ab exordia mundi1 ad annum ,julianum accommodato1 et de sacrorum temporum ratione4 ,augustae-,vindelicorum1 #afba1 in folio magno4 ,it is a work of ,jerome ,wecchiettus1 a ,florentine doctor of theology4 ,the ,inquisition attacked and condemned the book to the flames1 and its author to perpetual imprisonment4 ,being absent from ,rome he was comparatively safe1 but surprised the whole world by voluntarily submitting himself to his persecutors1 and surrendering himself to prison4 ,this extraordinary humility disarmed his foes1 but it did not soften much the hearts of the ,inquisitors1 who permitted him to end his days in the cell4 ,the causes of the condemnation of the work are not very evident4 ,one idea is that in his work the author pretended to prove that ,christ did not eat the passover during the last year of ,his life2 and another states that he did not sufficiently honour the memory of ,louis of ,bavaria1 and thus aroused the anger of the strong supporters of that ancient house4 ,the first ,english author whose woes we record is ,samuel ,clarke1 who was born at ,norwich in #afge1 and was for some time chaplain to the bishop of that see4 ,he was very intimate with the scientific men of his time1 and especially with ,newton4 ,in #agjd he published his ,boyle ,lectures1 ,a ,treatise on the ,being and ,attributes of ,god1 and on ,natural and ,revealed ,religion1 which found its way into other lands1 a translation being published in ,amsterdam in #agba4 ,our author became chaplain to ,queen ,anne and ,rector of ,st4 ,james's4 ,he was a profoundly learned and devout student1 and obtained a ,european renown as a true ,christian philosopher4 ,in controversy he encountered foemen worthy of his steel1 such as ,spinosa1 ,hobbes1 ,dodwell1 ,collins1 ,leibnitz1 and others4 ,but in #agab he published ,the ,scriptural ,doctrine of the ,trinity1 which was declared to be opposed to the ,christian belief and tainted with ,arianism4 ,the attention of ,parliament was called to the book2 the arguments were disputed by ,edward ,wells1 ,john ,edwards1 and ,william ,sommer2 and ,clarke was deprived of his offices4 ,the charge of heterodoxy was certainly never proved against him2 he did good service in trying to stem the flood of rationalism prevalent in his time1 and his work was carried on by ,bishop ,butler4 ,his correspondence with ,leibnitz on ,time1 ,space1 ,necessity1 and ,liberty was published in #agag1 and his editions of ,caesar and ,homer were no mean contributions to the study of classical literature4 ,in the sixteenth century there lived in ,hungary one ,francis ,david1 a man learned in the arts and languages1 but his inconstancy and fickleness of mind led him into diverse errors1 and brought about his destruction4 ,he left the ,church1 and first embraced ,calvinism2 then he fled into the camp of the ,semi-,judaising party1 publishing a book ,de ,christo non invocando1 which was answered by ,faustus ,socinus1 the founder of ,socinianism4 ,the ,prince of ,transylvania1 ,christopher ,bathori1 condemned ,david as an impious innovator and preacher of strange doctrines1 and cast him into prison1 where he died in #aegi4 ,there is extant a letter of ,david to the ,churches of ,poland concerning the millennium of ,christ4 ,our next author was a victim to the same inconstancy of mind which proved so fatal to ,francis ,david1 but sordid reasons and the love of gain without doubt influenced his conduct and produced his fickleness of faith4 ,antonio de ,dominis1 ,archbishop of ,spalatro1 was a shining light of the ,roman ,church at the end of the sixteenth century4 ,he was born in #aeff1 and educated by the ,jesuits4 ,he was learned in history and in science1 and was the first to discover the cause of the rainbow1 his explanation being adopted and perfected by ,descartes4 ,the ,jesuits obtained for him the ,professorship of ,mathematics at ,padua1 and of ,logic and ,rhetoric at ,brescia4 ,after his ordination he became a popular preacher and was consecrated ,bishop of ,segni1 and afterwards ,archbishop of ,spalatro in ,dalmatia4 ,he took a leading part in the controversy between the ,republic of ,venice and the ,pope1 and after the reconciliation between the two parties was obliged by the ,pope to pay an annual pension of five hundred crowns out of the revenues of his see to the ,bishop of ,segni4 ,this highly incensed the avaricious prelate1 who immediately began to look out for himself a more lucrative piece of preferment4 ,he applied to ,sir ,dudley ,carleton1 the ,english ,ambassador at ,venice1 to know whether he would be received into the ,church of ,england1 as the abuses and corruptions of the ,church of ,rome prevented him from remaining any longer in her communion4 ,king ,james ,i4 heartily approved of his proposal1 and gave him a most honourable reception1 both in the ,universities and at ,court4 ,all the ,english bishops agreed to contribute towards his maintenance4 ,fuller says3 ,it is incredible what flocking of people there was to behold this old archbishop now a new convert2 prelates and peers presented him with gifts of high valuation4 ,other writers of the period describe him as old and corpulent1 but of a comely presence2 irascible and pretentious1 gifted with an unlimited assurance and plenty of ready wit in writing and speaking2 of a jeering temper1 and of a most grasping avarice4 ,he was ridiculed on the stage in ,middleton's play1 ,the ,game of ,chess1 as the ,fat ,bishop4 ,he was well named ,de ,dominis in the plural1 says ,crakanthorp1 for he could serve two masters1 or twenty1 if they paid him wages4 ,our author now proceeded to finish his great work1 which he published in #afag in three large folios--,de ,republic ,ecclesiastic1 of which the original still exists among the ,tanner ,,mss4 in the ,bodleian ,library at ,oxford4 ,he exclaims1 says ,fuller1 'in reading1 meditation1 and writing1 ,i am almost pined away1' but his fat cheeks did confute his false tongue in that expression4 ,in this book he shows that the authority of the ,bishop of ,rome can easily be disproved from ,holy ,scripture1 that it receives no support from the judgment of history and antiquity1 that the early bishops of that see had no precedence over other bishops1 nor were in the least able to control those of other countries4 ,he declares that the inequality in power amongst the ,apostles is a human invention1 not founded on the ,gospels2 that in the ,holy ,eucharist the priest does not offer the sacrifice of ,christ1 but only the commemoration of that sacrifice2 that the ,church has no coercive power1 that ,john ,huss was wrongfully condemned at the ,council of ,constance2 that the ,holy ,spirit was promised to the whole ,church1 and not only to bishops and priests2 that the papacy is a fiction invented by men2 and he states many other propositions which must have been somewhat distasteful to the ,pope and his followers4 ,james rewarded ,de ,dominis by conferring on him the ,mastership of the ,savoy and the ,deanery of ,windsor1 and he further increased his wealth by presenting himself to the rich living of ,west ,ilsley1 in ,berkshire4 ,in an unfortunate moment he insulted ,count ,gondomar1 the ,spanish ,ambassador1 who determined to be revenged1 and persuaded the ,pope to send the most flattering offers if he would return to his former faith4 ,pope ,gregory ,,xv41 a relative of ,de ,dominis1 had just ascended the ,papal throne4 ,the bait took4 ,de ,dominis1 discontented with the non multum supra quadringentas libras annuas which he received in ,england1 and pining after the duodecim millia ,coronatorum promised by the ,pope1 resolved to leave our shores4 ,james was indignant4 ,bishop ,hall tried to dissuade him from his purpose4 ,tell me1 by the ,immortal ,god1 what it is that can snatch you from us so suddenly1 after a delay of so many years1 and drive you to ,rome8 ,has our race appeared to you inhospitable1 or have we shown favour to your virtues less than you hoped8 ,you cannot plead that this is the cause of your departure1 upon whom a most kind sovereign has bestowed such ample gifts and conferred such rich offices4 ,the ,archbishop was questioned by the ,bishops of ,london and ,durham1 by order of the king1 with regard to his intentions1 and commanded to leave the country within twenty days4 ,he was known to have amassed a large sum of money during his sojourn in ,england1 and his trunks were seized1 and found to contain over #a1fjj4 ,de ,dominis fled to ,brussels1 and there wrote his ,consilium ,redits1 giving his reasons for rejoining the ,roman ,church1 and expecting daily his promised reward--a cardinal's hat and a rich bishopric4 ,his hopes were doomed to be disappointed4 ,for a short time he received a pension from ,gregory ,,xv41 but this was discontinued by ,urban ,,viii41 and our author became dissatisfied and imprudently talked of again changing his faith4 ,he was heard to exclaim at supper on one occasion1 ,that no ,catholic had answered his book1 ,de ,republic ,ecclesiastic1 but that he himself was able to deal with them4 ,the ,inquisition seized him1 and he was conveyed to the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo1 where he soon died1 as some writers assert1 by poison4 ,his body and his books were burned by the executioner1 and the ashes thrown into the ,tiber4 ,dr4 ,fitzgerald1 ,rector of the ,english ,college at ,rome1 thus describes him3 ,he was a malcontent knave when he fled from us1 a railing knave when he lived with you1 and a motley particoloured knave now he is come again4 ,he had undoubtedly great learning and skill in controversy1 ,footnote3 ,his opinion with regard to the jurisdiction of the ,metropolitan over suffragan bishops was referred to in the recent trial of the ,bishop of ,lincoln4 but avarice was his master1 and he was rewarded according to his deserts4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 article by the ,rev4 ,c4 ,w4 ,penny in the ,journal of the ,berks ,archaeological ,society1 on ,antonio de ,dominis4 ,the lonely fortress of ,mont-,saint-,michel saw the end of a bitter controversialist1 ,nol ,bde1 who died there in #aehg4 ,he wrote ,natalis ,bedoe1 doctoris ,theol4 ,parisiensis annotationum in ,erasmi paraphrases ,novi ,testamenti1 et ,jacobi ,fabri ,stapulensis commentarios in ,evangelistas1 ,paulique ,epistolas1 ,libri ,,iii41 ,parisiis1 #aebf1 in-fol4 ,this work abounds in vehement criticisms and violent declamations4 ,erasmus did not fail to reply to his calumniator1 and detected no less than eighty-one falsehoods1 two hundred and six calumnies1 and forty-seven blasphemies4 ,bde continued to denounce ,erasmus as a heretic1 and in a sermon before the court reproached the king for not punishing such unbelievers with sufficient rigour4 ,the author was twice banished1 and finally was compelled to make a public retractation in the ,church of ,notre ,dame1 for having spoken against the king and the truth1 and to be exiled to ,mont-,saint-,michel4 ,translators of the ,bible fared not well at the hands of those who were unwilling that the ,scriptures should be studied in the vulgar tongue by the lay-folk1 and foremost among that brave band of self-sacrificing scholars stands ,william ,tyndale4 ,his life is well known1 and needs no recapitulation2 but it may be noted that his books1 rather than his work of translating the ,scriptures1 brought about his destruction4 ,his important work called ,the ,practice of ,prelates1 which was mainly directed against the corruptions of the hierarchy1 unfortunately contained a vehement condemnation of the divorce of ,catherine of ,arragon by ,henry ,,viii4 ,this deeply offended the monarch at the very time that negotiations were in progress for the return of ,tyndale to his native shores from ,antwerp1 and he declared that he was very joyous to have his realm destitute of such a person4 ,the ,practice of ,prelates was partly written in answer to the ,dialogue of ,sir ,thomas ,more1 who was commissioned to combat the pernicious and heretical works of the impious enemies of the ,church4 ,tyndale wrote also a bitter ,answer to the ,dialogue1 and this drew forth from ,more his abusive and scurrilous ,confutation1 which did little credit to the writer or to the cause for which he contended ,tyndale's longest controversial work1 entitled ,the ,obedience of a ,christian ,man1 and how ,christian ,rulers ought to govern1 although it stirred up much hostility against its author1 very favourably impressed ,king ,henry1 who delighted in it1 and declared that the book was for him and for all kings to read4 ,the story of the burning of the translation of the ,new ,testament at ,st4 ,paul's ,cross by ,bishop ,tunstall1 of the same bishop's purchase of a heap of the books for the same charitable purpose1 thereby furnishing ,tyndale with means for providing another edition and for printing his translation of the ,pentateuch1 all this is a thrice-told tale4 ,nor need we record the account of the conspiracy which sealed his doom4 ,for sixteen months he was imprisoned in the ,castle of ,vilvoord1 and we find him petitioning for some warm clothing and for a candle in the evening1 for it is wearisome to sit alone in the dark1 and above all for his ,hebrew ,bible1 ,grammar1 and ,dictionary1 that he might spend his time in that study4 ,after a long dreary mockery of a trial on ,october #afth1 #aecf1 he was chained to a stake with faggots piled around him4 ,as he stood firmly among the wood1 with the executioner ready to strangle him1 he lifted up his eyes to heaven and cried with a fervent zeal and loud voice1 ',lord1 open the ,king of ,england's eyes6' and then1 yielding himself to the executioner1 he was strangled1 and his body immediately consumed4 ,that same year1 by the ,king's command1 the first edition of the ,bible was published in ,london4 ,if ,tyndale had confined himself to the great work of translating the ,scriptures1 and had abandoned controversy and his ,practice of ,prelates1 his fate might have been different2 but1 as ,mr4 ,froude says1 he was a man whose history has been lost in his work1 and whose epitaph is the ,reformation4 ,another translator1 whose fate was not so tragic1 was the learned ,arias ,montanus1 a ,spaniard1 who produced at the command of ,king ,philip ,,ii4 the famous ,polyglot ,bible printed at ,antwerp in nine tomes4 ,he possessed a wonderful knowledge of several languages1 and devoted immense labour to his great work4 ,but in spite of the royal approval of his work his book met with much opposition on the part of the extreme ,roman party1 who accused him to the ,pope and made many false charges against him4 ,the ,pope was enraged against ,montanus1 and he was obliged to go to ,rome to plead his cause4 ,he at length obtained pardon from the ,pope1 and escaped the chariots of fire which bore the souls of so many martyred saints to heaven4 ,it is a curious irony of fate that ,montanus1 who was one of the chief compilers of the ,index ,expurgatorius1 should live to see his own work placed on the condemned list4 ,the story of the martyrdom of ,john ,huss is well known1 and need not be here related1 but perhaps the books which caused his death are not so frequently studied or their titles remembered4 ,his most important work was his ,de ,ecclesi1 in which he maintained the rigid doctrine of predestination1 denied to the ,pope the title of ,head of the ,church1 declaring that the ,pope is the vicar of ,st4 ,peter1 if he walk in his steps2 but if he give in to covetousness1 he is the vicar of ,judas ,iscariot4 ,he reprobates the flattery which was commonly used towards the ,pope1 and denounces the luxury and other corruptions of the cardinals4 ,besides this treatise we have many others--,adv4 ,indulgentias1 ,de ,erectione ,crucis1 etc4 ,he wrote in ,latin1 ,bohemian1 and ,german1 and recently his ,bohemian writings have been edited by ,k4 ,j4 ,erben1 ,prague 7#ahfe74 ,his plain speaking aroused the fury of his adversaries1 and he knew his danger4 ,on one occasion he made a strange challenge1 offering to maintain his opinions in disputation1 and consenting to be burnt if his conclusions were proved to be wrong1 on condition that his opponents should submit to the same fate in case of defeat4 ,but as they would only sacrifice one out of the company of his foes1 he declared that the conditions were unequal1 and the challenge was abandoned4 ,when at last he was granted a safe conduct by the ,emperor ,sigismund1 and trusted himself to the ,council of ,constance1 his fate was sealed4 ,even in his noisome prison his pen 7when he could procure one7 was not idle1 and ,huss composed during his confinement several tracts on religious subjects4 ,at length his degradation was completed2 a tall paper cap painted with hideous figures of devils was placed upon his head1 and a bishop said to him1 ,we commit thy body to the secular arm1 and thy soul to the devil4 ,and ,i1 replied the martyr1 commit it to my most merciful ,lord1 ,jesus ,christ4 ,when on his way to execution he saw his ,fatal ,books being burnt amidst an excited crowd1 he smiled and remarked on the folly of people burning what they could not read4 ,another translator of the ,bible was ,antonio ,bruccioli1 who published in ,venice1 in #aedf1 the following edition of the ,holy ,scriptures3 ,biblia en lengua toscana1 cio1 i tutti i santi libri del vecchio y ,novo ,testamento1 in lengua toscana1 dalla hebraica verita1 e fonte greco1 con commento da ,antonio ,bruccioli4 ,although a ,roman ,catholic1 he favoured ,protestant views1 and did not show much love for either the monks or priests4 ,his bold comments attracted the attention of the ,inquisition1 who condemned his work and placed it on the ,index4 ,the author was condemned to death by hanging1 but happily for him powerful friends interceded1 and his punishment was modified to a two years' banishment4 ,he died in #aeee1 when ,protestant burnings were in vogue in ,england4 ,enzinas1 the author of a ,spanish translation of the ,new ,testament entitled ,el ,nuevo ,testamento de ,n4 ,redemptor y ,salvador ,j4 ,c4 traduzido en lengua castellana 7,en ,amberes1 #aedc1 in-#h71 dedicated his work to ,charles ,v4 ,but it caused him to be imprisoned fifteen months4 ,happily he discovered a means of escape from his dungeon1 and retired to safe quarters at ,geneva4 ,in ,france he adopted the nom-de-plume of ,dryander1 and his ,history of the ,netherlands and of ,religion in ,spain forms part of the ,protestant martyrology published in ,germany4 ,the author's brother1 ,john ,dryander1 was burnt at ,rome in #aede4 ,the ,jansenist ,louis ,le ,maistre1 better known under the name of de ,sacy1 was imprisoned in the ,bastille on account of his opinions and also for his ,french translation of the ,new ,testament1 published at ,mons1 in #affg1 and entitled ,le ,nouveau ,testament de ,n4,s4,j4,c41 traduit en franais selon l'dition ,vulgate1 avec les diffrences du grec 7#b vols41 in-#ab74 ,this famous work1 known by the name of the ,new ,testament of ,mons1 has been condemned by many popes1 bishops1 and other authorities4 ,louis ,le ,maistre was assisted in the work by his brother1 and the translation was improved by ,arnaud and ,nicole4 ,pope ,clement ,,ix4 described the work as rash1 pernicious1 different from the ,vulgate1 and containing many stumbling-blocks for the unlearned4 ,when confined in the ,bastille1 ,le ,maistre and his friend ,nicolas ,fontaine wrote ,les ,figures de la ,bible1 which work is usually attributed to the latter author4 ,according to the ,jesuits1 the ,port-,royalists are represented under the figure of ,david1 their antagonists as ,saul4 ,louis ,,xiv4 appears as ,rehoboam1 ,jezebel1 ,ahasuerus1 and ,darius4 ,but these fanciful interpretations are probably due to the imagination of the critics4 ,the fate of ,gaspar ,peucer enforces the truth of the old adage that a shoemaker ought to stick to his last1 and shows that those men court adversity who meddle with matters outside their profession4 ,peucer was a doctor of medicine of the academy of ,wrtemberg1 and wrote several works on astronomy1 medicine1 and history4 ,he was a friend of ,melanchthon1 and became imbued with ,calvinistic notions1 which he manifested in his publication of the works of the ,reformer4 ,on account of this he was imprisoned eleven years4 ,by the favour of the ,elector he was at length released1 and wrote a ,history of his ,captivity 7,zurich1 #afje74 ,a curious work1 entitled ,a ,treatise on ,divination1 was published by ,peucer at ,wrtemberg1 written in ,latin1 in #aeeb4 ,he ranks among the most learned men of ,germany of the sixteenth century4 ,there were many ,fatal ,books in ,holland during the famous controversy between the ,arminians and the ,gomarists1 which ended in the famous ,synod of ,dort1 and for vehemence1 bigotry1 and intolerance is as remarkable as any which can be found in ecclesiastical history4 ,the learned historian ,grotius was imprisoned1 but he wrote no book which caused his misfortune4 ,indeed his books were instrumental in his escape1 which was effected by means of his large box containing books brought into the prison by his wife4 ,when removed from the prison it contained1 not the books1 but the author4 ,vorstius1 the successor of ,arminius as ,professor of ,theology at ,leyden1 was not so happy4 ,his book1 ,tractatus de ,deo1 seu de natur et attributis ,dei 7,steinfurti1 #afaj1 in-#d71 aroused the vengeance of the ,gomarists1 and brought about the loss of his professorship and his banishment from ,holland2 but any injustice might have been expected from that extraordinary ,synod1 where theology was mystified1 religion disgraced1 and ,christianity outraged4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,church in the ,netherlands1 by ,p4,h4 ,ditchfield1 chap4 xvii4 ,few books have created such a sensation in the world or aroused so prolonged a controversy as ,les ,rflexions ,morales of ,pasquier ,quesnel1 published in #afga4 ,the full title of the work is ,le ,nouveau ,testament en ,franais1 avec des rflexions morales sur chaque verset 7,paris1 #afga1 i vol41 in-#ab71 pour les quatre ,evangiles seulement4 ,praslard was the publisher4 ,in #afic and #afid appeared another edition1 containing his rflexions morales1 not only on the ,gospels1 but also on the ,acts and the ,epistles4 ,many subsequent editions have appeared4 ,not only ,france1 but the whole of the ,western ,church was agitated by it1 and its far-reaching effects have hardly yet passed away4 ,it caused its author a long period of incarceration2 it became a weapon in the hands of the ,jesuits to hurl at the ,jansenists1 and the ,papal ,bull pronounced against it was the cause of the separation of a large body of the faithful from the communion of the ,roman ,church4 ,its author was born at ,paris in #afcd1 and was educated in the congregation of the ,oratory4 ,appointed director of its school in ,paris1 he wrote ,penses ,chrtiennes sur les quatre ,evangiles1 which was the germ of his later work4 ,in #afhd he fled to ,brussels1 because he felt himself unable to sign a formulary decreed by the ,oratorians on account of its acceptance of some of the principles of ,descartes to which ,arnauld and the famous writers of the school of ,port-,royal always offered vehement opposition4 ,a second edition of ,rflexions ,morales appeared in #afid with the approval of ,de ,noailles1 then ,bishop of ,chlons1 afterwards ,archbishop of ,paris4 ,but a few years later1 by the intrigues of the ,jesuits1 and by the order of ,philip ,v41 ,quesnel was imprisoned at ,mechlin4 ,in #agjc he escaped and retired to ,amsterdam1 where he died in #agai4 ,but the history of the book did not close with the author's death4 ,it was condemned by ,pope ,clement ,,xi4 in #agjh as infected with ,jansenism4 ,four years later an assembly of five cardinals and eleven theologians sat in judgment upon it2 their deliberations lasted eighteen months1 and the result of their labours was the famous ,bull ,unigenitus1 which condemned one hundred and one propositions taken from the writings of ,quesnel4 ,the unreasonableness and injustice of this condemnation may be understood from the following extracts3-- ,proposition #ej4--;,it is in vain that we cry to ,god1 ,my ,father1 if it is not the ,spirit of love that cries4 ,this is described as pernicious in practice1 and offensive to pious ears4 ,proposition #ed4--;,it is love alone that speaks to ,god2 it is love alone that ,god hears4 ,this1 according to the cardinals1 is scandalous1 temerarious1 impious1 and erroneous4 ,the acceptance of the ,bull was a great stumbling-block to many churchmen4 ,louis ,,xiv4 forced it upon the ,french bishops1 who were entertained at a sumptuous banquet given by the ,archbishop of ,strasbourg and by a large majority decided against the ,quesnelites4 ,it is unnecessary to follow the history of this controversy further4 ,france was long agitated by it1 and the ,church of ,holland was and is excommunicate from ,rome mainly on account of its refusal to accept the ,bull ,unigenitus1 which was called forth by and so unjustly condemned ,quesnel's famous book4 ,in connection with the history of this ,bull we may mention the work of one of its most vehement opponents1 ,pierre ,franois le ,courayer1 of the order of the canons regular of ,st4 ,augustine1 who wrote a book of great interest to ,english churchmen1 entitled ,dissertation sur la validit des ,ordinations ,anglicanes 7,bruxelles1 #agbc1 #b vols41 in-#ab74 ,this book was condemned and its author excommunicated4 ,he retired to the shelter of the ,church whose right of succession he so ably defended1 and died in ,london in #aggf4 ,few authors have received greater honour for their works1 or endured severer calamities on account of them1 than the famous ,florentine preacher ,savonarola4 ,endowed with a marvellous eloquence1 imbued with a spirit of enthusiastic patriotism and intense devotion1 he inveighed against the vices of the age1 the worldliness of the clergy1 the selfish ease of the wealthy while the poor were crying for bread in want and sickness4 ,the good citizens of ,florence believed that he was an angel from heaven1 that he had miraculous powers1 could speak with ,god and foretell the future2 and while the women of ,florence cast their jewels and finery into the flames of the bonfire of vanities1 the men1 inspired by the preacher's dreams of freedom1 were preparing to throw off the yoke of the ,medicis and proclaim a grand ,florentine ,republic4 ,the revolution was accomplished1 and for three years ,savonarola was practically the ruler of the new state4 ,his works were3 ,commentatiuncula de ,mahumetanorum secta2 ,triumphus crucis1 sive de fidei ,christianae veritate in four books 7#adig71 de ,simplicitate vitae ,christianae in five books1 and ,compendium ,revelationis 7#adie71 and many volumes of his discourses1 some of which are the rarest treasures of incunabula4 ,footnote3 ,at ,venice in the library of ,leo ,s4 ,olschki ,i have met with some of these volumes1 the rarest of which is entitled3-- ,,prediche ,,del ,,reverendo ,,padre ,,frate ,,hieronymo ,da ,ferrara facie lanno del4 #adif negiorni delle feste1 finito che hebbe la quaresima3 prima riposatosi circa uno mese ricomincio eldi di ,sc ,michele ,adi4 viii di ,maggio4 ,,mcccc ,,lxxxxvi4 ,the text commences ,,credite ,,in ,do ,deo uestro securi eritis4 ,in the cell of ,savonarola at the ,monastery of ,st4 ,mark is preserved a ,,ms4 volume of the famous preacher4 ,the writing is very small1 and must have taxed the skill of the printers in deciphering it4 ,the austerity of his teaching excited some hostility against him1 especially on the part of the monks who did not belong to his order--that of the ,dominicans4 ,he had poured such bitter invective both in his books and in his sermons upon the vices of the ,popes and the ,cardinals1 that they too formed a powerful party in league against him4 ,in addition the friends of the ,medicis resented the overthrow of their power1 and the populace1 ever fickle in their affections1 required fresh wonders and signs to keep them faithful to their leader4 ,the opportunity of his enemies came when ,charles ,,viii4 of ,france retired from ,florence4 ,they accused ,savonarola of all kinds of wickedness4 ,he was cast into prison1 tortured1 and condemned to death as a heretic4 ,in what his heresy consisted it were hard to discover4 ,it was true that when his poor1 shattered1 sensitive frame was being torn and rent by the cruel engines of torture1 he assented to many things which his persecutors strove to wring from him4 ,the real cause of his destruction was not so much the charges of heresy which were brought against his books and sermons1 as the fact that he was a person inconvenient to ,pope ,alexander ,,vi4 ,on the #bcrd of ,may1 #adih1 he met his doom in the great piazza at ,florence where in happier days he had held the multitude spell-bound by his burning eloquence4 ,there sentence was passed upon him4 ,stripped of his black ,dominican robe and long white tunic1 he was bound to a gibbet1 strangled by a halter1 and his dead body consumed by fire1 his ashes being thrown into the river ,arno4 ,such was the miserable end of the great ,florentine preacher1 whose strange and complex character has been so often discussed1 and whose remarkable career has furnished a theme for poets and romance-writers1 and forms the basis of one of the most powerful novels of modern times4 ,not only were the ,inquisitors and the ,cardinals guilty of intolerance and the stern rigour of persecution1 but the ,reformers themselves1 when they had the power1 refrained not from torturing and burning those who did not accept their own particular belief4 ,this they did not merely out of a spirit of revenge conceived against those who had formerly condemned their fathers and brethren to the stake1 but sometimes we see instances of ,reformers slaughtering ,reformers1 because the victims did not hold quite the same tenets as those who were in power4 ,poor ,michael ,servetus shared as hard a fate at the hands of ,calvin1 as ever heretic did at the hands of the ,catholics2 and this fate was entirely caused by his writings4 ,this author was born in ,spain1 at ,villaneuva in ,arragon1 in #aeji4 ,at an early age he went to ,africa to learn ,arabic1 and on his return settled in ,france1 studying law at ,toulouse1 and medicine at ,lyons and ,paris4 ,but the principles of the ,reformed religion attracted him2 he studied the ,scriptures in their original languages1 and the writings of the fathers and schoolmen4 ,unhappily his perverse and self-reliant spirit led him into grievous errors with regard to the doctrine of the ,trinity4 ,in vain the gentle ,reformer ,oecolampadius at ,basle reasoned with him4 ,he must needs disseminate his opinions in a book entitled ,de ,trinitatis ,erroribus1 which has handed the name of ,servetus down to posterity as the author of errors opposed to the tenets of the ,christian ,faith4 ,bucer declared that he deserved the most shameful death on account of the ideas set forth in this work4 ,in his next work1 ,dialogues on the ,trinity and ,a ,treatise on the ,kingdom of ,christ1 ,servetus somewhat modified his views1 and declared that his former reasonings were merely those of a boy speaking to boys2 but he blamed rather the arrangement of his book1 than retracted the opinions he had expressed4 ,he also annotated ,pagnini's ,latin version of the ,sacred ,scriptures1 entitled ,biblia sacra latina ex hebraeo1 per ,sanctum ,pagninum1 cum praefatione et scholiis ,michaelis ,villanovani 7,michel ,servet74 ,lugduni1 a ,porta1 #aedb1 in-folio4 ,this edition was vigorously suppressed on account of the notes of ,servetus4 ,after sojourning some time in ,italy1 he returned to ,france in #aecd1 and settled at ,lyons1 where he published a new and highly esteemed edition of the ,geography of ,ptolemy1 inscribing himself as ,michael ,villanovanus1 from the name of his birthplace4 ,his former works had been published under the name of ,reves1 formed by the transposition of the letters of his family name4 ,in ,paris he studied medicine1 and began to set forth novel opinions which led him into conflict with other members of the faculty4 ,in one of his treatises he is said to have suggested the theory of the circulation of the blood4 ,in #aedj he went to ,vienne and published anonymously his well-known work ,de ,restitutione ,christianismi4 ,this book1 when its authorship became known1 brought upon him the charge of heresy1 and he was cast into prison4 ,powerful friends enabled him to escape1 and his enemies were obliged to content themselves with burning his effigy and several copies of his books in the market-place at ,vienne4 ,servetus determined to fly to ,naples1 but was obliged to pass through ,geneva1 where at the instigation of the great ,reformer ,calvin he was seized and cast into prison4 ,it is unnecessary to follow the course of ,servetus' ill-fated history1 the bitter hostility of ,calvin1 the delays1 the trials and colloquies4 ,at length he was condemned1 and the religious world shuddered at the thought of seeing the pile lighted by a champion of the ,reformation and religious freedom4 ,loud and awful shrieks were heard in the prison when the tidings of his sentence were conveyed to ,servetus4 ,soon the fatal staff was broken over his head as a sign of his condemnation1 and on the ,champel ,hill1 outside the gates of ,geneva1 the last tragic scene took place4 ,with his brow adorned with a crown of straw sprinkled with brimstone1 his ,fatal ,books at his side1 chained to a low seat1 and surrounded by piles of blazing faggots1 the newness and moisture of which added greatly to his torture1 in piteous agony ,servetus breathed his last1 a sad spectacle of crime wrought in religion's name1 a fearful example of how great woes an author may bring upon himself by his arrogance and self-sufficiency4 ,the errors of ,servetus were deplorable1 but the vindictive cruelty of his foes creates sympathy for the victim of their rage1 and ,calvin's memory is ever stained by his base conduct to his former friend4 ,the name of ,sebastian ,edzardt is not so well known4 ,he was educated at ,wrtemberg1 and when ,frederick ,i4 of ,prussia conceived the desire of uniting the various reformed bodies with the ,lutherans1 he published a work ,de causis et natura unionis1 and a treatise ,ad ,calvanianorum ,pelagianisinum4 ,in this book he charged the ,calvinists with the ,pelagian heresy--a charge which they were accustomed to bring against the ,lutherans4 ,it was written partly against a book of ,john ,winckler1 ,arcanum ,regium de conciliandis religionibus subditorum diffidentibus1 published in #agjc in support of the ,king's designs4 ,in the same year he published ,impietas cohortis fanatica1 expropriis ,speneri1 ,rechenbergii1 ,petersenii1 ,thomasii1 ,arnoldi1 ,schutzii1 ,boehmeri1 aliorumque fanaticorum scriptis1 plusquam apodictis argumentis1 ostensa4 ,hamburgi1 ,koenig1 #agjc1 in-#d4 ,this work was suppressed by order of the senate of ,hamburg4 ,frederick was enraged at ,edzardt's opposition to his plans1 ordered his first book to be burnt1 and forbade any one to reply to it4 ,nor was our author more successful in his other work1 ,kurtzer ,entwurff der ,einigkeit der ,evangelisch-,lutherischen und ,reformirten im ,grunde des ,glaubens3 von dieser ,vereinigung eigentlicher ,natur und ,beschaffenheit1 wherein he treated of various systems of theology4 ,this too was publicly burnt1 but of the fate of its author ,i have no further particulars4 ,the last of the great schoolmen1 ,william of ,ockham1 called the ,invincible ,doctor1 suffered imprisonment and exile on account of his works4 ,he was born at ,ockham in ,surrey in #abhj1 and1 after studying at ,oxford1 went to the ,university of ,paris4 ,he lived in stirring times1 and took a prominent part in the great controversies which agitated the fourteenth century4 ,pope ,john ,,xxii4 ruled at ,avignon1 a shameless truckster in ecclesiastical merchandise1 a violent oppressor of his subjects1 yet obliged by force of circumstances to be a mere subject of the ,king of ,france4 ,the ,emperor ,ludwig ,,iv4 ruled in ,germany in spite of the excommunication pronounced against him by the ,pope4 ,many voices were raised in support of ,louis denouncing the assumptions of the occupant of the ,papal ,see4 ,marcilius of ,padua wrote his famous ,defensor ,pacis against ,papal pretensions1 and our author1 ,william of ,ockham1 issued his still more famous ,defence of ,poverty1 which startled the whole of ,christendom by its vigorous onslaught on the vices of the ,papacy and the assumptions of ,pope ,john4 ,the latter ordered two bishops to examine the work1 and the ,invincible ,doctor was cast into prison at ,avignon4 ,he would certainly have been slain1 had he not contrived to effect his escape1 and taken refuge at the court of the ,german emperor1 to whom he addressed the words1 ,tu me defendas gladio1 ego te defendam calamo4 ,there he lived and wrote1 condemned by the ,pope1 disowned by his order1 the ,franciscans1 threatened daily with sentences of heresy1 deprivation1 and imprisonment2 but for them he cared not1 and fearlessly pursued his course1 becoming the acknowledged leader of the reforming tendencies of the age1 and preparing the material for that blaze of light which astonished the world in the sixteenth century4 ,his works have never been collected1 and are very scarce1 being preserved with great care in some of the chief libraries of ,europe4 ,the scholastic philosophy of the fourteenth century1 the disputes between the ,nominalists and the ,realists1 in which he took the part of the former1 the principle that entities are not to be multiplied except by necessity1 or the hypostatic existence of abstractions1 have ceased to create any very keen interest in the minds of readers4 ,but how bitterly the war of words was waged in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries6 ,and it was not only a war of words2 one who witnessed the contests wrote that when the contending parties had exhausted their stock of verbal abuse1 they often came to blows2 and it was not uncommon in their quarrels about universals1 to see the combatants engaged not only with their fists1 but with clubs and swords1 so that many have been wounded and some killed4 ,these controversies have passed away1 upon which1 says ,john of ,salisbury1 more time had been wasted than the ,caesars had employed in making themselves masters of the world2 and it is unnecessary here to revive them4 ,ockham's principal works are3 ,quaestiones et decisiones in quatuor libros sententiarum cum centilogio theologico 7,lyons1 #adie71 ,footnote3 ,i have met with a copy of this work amongst the incunabula in the possession of ,m4 ,olschki1 of ,venice4 ,the printer's name is ,john ,trechsel1 who is described as vir hujus artis solertissimus4 ,summa logicae 7,paris1 #adhc71 ,quodlibeta 7,paris1 #adhg71 ,super potestate summi pontifia 7#adif74 ,he died at ,munich in #acdc4 ,the ,introductio ad ,theologiam of the famous ,ablard1 another schoolman1 was fatal to him4 ,ablard's name is more generally known on account of the golden haze of romance which surrounded him and the fair ,heloise2 and their loving letters have been often read and mourned over by thousands who have never heard of his theological writings4 ,at one time the famous ,canon of ,notre ,dame at ,paris had an enthusiastic following2 thousands flocked to his lectures from every country2 his popularity was enormous4 ,he combated the abuses of the age and the degeneracy of some of the clergy1 and astonished and enraged many by the boldness of his speech and the novelty of his opinions4 ,his views with regard to the doctrine of the ,trinity expressed in his ,introductio 7,trait de la ,trinit7 were made the subject of a charge against him1 and certainly they cannot be easily distinguished from ,sabellianism4 ,the qualities or attributes of the ,godhead1 power1 wisdom1 goodness1 were stated to be the three ,persons4 ,the ,son of ,god was not incarnate to deliver us1 but only to instruct us by ,his discourses and example4 ,jesus ,christ1 ,god and ,man1 is not one of the ,persons in the ,trinity1 and a man is not properly called ,god4 ,he did not descend into hell4 ,such were some of the errors with which ,ablard was reproached4 ,whether they were actually contained in his writings1 it is not so evident4 ,we have only fragments of ,ablard's writings to judge from1 which have been collected by ,m4 ,cousin--,ouvrages indits d',ablard--and therefore cannot speak with certain knowledge of his opinions4 ,at least they were judged to be blasphemous and heretical by the ,council of ,soissons1 when he was condemned to commit his books to the flames and to retire to the ,convent of ,st4 ,denys4 ,some years later1 when he had recovered from the horrible mutilation to which he had been subjected by the uncle of ,heloise1 and his mind had acquired its usual strength1 we find him at ,paris1 again attracting crowds by his brilliant lectures1 and pouring forth books1 and alas6 another fatal one1 ,sic et ,non1 ,footnote3 ,petri ,abelardi ,sic et ,non 7,marburgi1 ,sumptibus ,librariae2 ,academy ,elwertianae1 #ahea74 ,the best edition of ,ablard's letters is ,p4 ,abaelardi et ,heloisae conjugis ejus ,epistolae1 ab erroribus purgatae et cum codd4 ,,mss4 collatae cura ,richardi ,rawlinson1 ,londini1 #agah1 in-#h4 ,there is also an edition published in ,paris in #afaf1 #dto1 ,petri ,abelardi et ,heloisae conjugis ejus1 opera cum praefatione apologetica ,franc4 ,antbosii1 et ,censura doctorum parisiensium2 ex editione ,andreae ,quercetani 7,andr ,duchesne74 which asked one hundred and fifty-eight questions on all kinds of subjects4 ,the famous champion of orthodoxy1 ,st4 ,bernard1 examined the book1 and at the ,council of ,sens in #aadj obtained a verdict against its author4 ,he said that poor ,ablard was an infernal dragon who persecuted the ,church1 that ,arius1 ,pelagius1 and ,nestorius were not more dangerous1 as ,ablard united all these monsters in his own person1 and that he was a persecutor of the faith and the precursor of ,antichrist4 ,these words of the celebrated ,abbot of ,clairvaux are more creditable to his zeal than to his charity4 ,ablard's disciple ,arnold of ,brescia attended him at the ,council1 and shared in the condemnations which ,st4 ,bernard so freely bestowed4 ,arnold's stormy and eventful life as a religious and political reformer was ended at ,rome in #aaee1 where he was strangled and burnt by order of the ,emperor ,frederick1 his ashes being cast into the ,tiber lest they should be venerated as relics by his followers4 ,st4 ,bernard described him as a man having the head of a dove and the tail of a scorpion4 ,ablard was condemned to perpetual silence1 and found a last refuge in the monastery of ,cluny4 ,side by side in the graveyard of the ,paraclete ,convent the bodies of ,ablard and ,heloise lie1 whose earthly lives1 though lighted by love and cheered by religion1 were clouded with overmuch sorrow1 and await the time when all theological questions will be solved and doubts and difficulties raised by earthly mists and human frailties will be swept away1 and we shall know even as also we are known4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,,fanatics ,,and ,,free-,,thinkers4 ,quirinus ,kuhlmann--,john ,tennhart--,jeremiah ,felbinger--,simon ,morin--,liszinski--,john ,toland--,thomas ,woolston--,john ,biddle--,johann ,lyser--,bernardino ,ochino--,samuel ,friedrich ,willenberg4 ,the nympholepts of old were curious and unhappy beings who1 while carelessly strolling amidst sylvan shades1 caught a hasty glimpse of some spirit of the woods1 and were doomed ever afterwards to spend their lives in fruitlessly searching after it4 ,the race of ,fanatics are somewhat akin to these restless seekers4 ,there is a wildness and excessive extravagance in their notions and actions which separates them from the calm followers of ,truth1 and leads them into strange courses and curious beliefs4 ,how far the sacred fire of enthusiasm may be separated from the fierce heat of fanaticism we need not now inquire1 nor whether a spark of the latter has not shone brilliantly in many a noble soul and produced brave deeds and acts of piety and self-sacrifice4 ,those whose fate is here recorded were far removed from such noble characters2 their fanaticism was akin to madness1 and many of them were fitter for an asylum rather than a gaol1 which was usually their destination4 ,foremost among them was ,quirinus ,kulmanus 7,kuhlmann71 who has been called the ,prince of ,fanatics1 and wandered through many lands making many disciples4 ,he was born at ,breslau in ,silesia in #afea1 and at an early age saw strange visions1 at one time the devils in hell1 at another the ,beatific ,glory of ,god4 ,his native country did not appreciate him1 and he left it to wander on from university to university1 publishing his ravings4 ,at ,leyden he met with the works of ,boehme1 another fanatic1 who wrote a strange book1 entitled ,aurora1 which was suppressed by the magistrates4 ,the reading of this author was like casting oil into the fire4 ,poor ,kuhlmann became wilder still in his strange fanaticism1 and joined himself to a pretended prophet1 ,john ,rothe1 whom the authorities at ,amsterdam incarcerated1 in order that he might be able to foretell with greater certainty than he had done other things when and after what manner he should be released4 ,kuhlmann then wrote a book1 entitled ,prodromus ,quinquennii ,mirabilis1 and published at ,leyden in #afgd1 in which he set forth his peculiar views4 ,he stated that in that same year the ,fifth ,monarchy or the ,christian ,kingdom was about to commence1 that he himself would bring forth a son from his own wife1 that this son by many miracles would found the kingdom1 and that he himself was the ,son of ,god4 ,on account of these mad ravings he was exiled by the ,chief of the ,united ,provinces of the ,netherlands1 and expelled with infamy from the ,university of ,leyden4 ,but his strange mission did not cease4 ,he wandered for some time in ,france and ,england1 where he printed at his own expense several small books in #afha and #afhb1 amongst others one piece addressed to ,mahomet ,,iv41 ,de ,conversione ,turcarum4 ,the following passage occurs in this fantastic production3 ,you saw1 some months ago1 ,o great ,eastern ,leader1 a comet of unusual magnitude1 a true prognostic of the ,kingdom of the ,jesuelites1 that is1 of the restoration of all people to the one-three ,god4 ,o well is thee1 that thou hast turned thy mind before ,god1 and by proclaiming a general fast throughout thy empire1 hast begun to fulfil the words of the ,lord to the prophet ,drabicius4 ,he declares that if the ,christians refuse to perform his will in destroying the kingdom of ,antichrist1 the ,turks and ,tartars shall do it1 to the disgrace of the ,christians1 which will be a horror to angels and to men4 ,he then proceeded to ,turkey on his mission1 and presented himself to the ,sultan4 ,although ignorant of the language of the country1 he persuaded himself that he could speak in any tongue2 but when they led him into the presence of the ,sultan he waited in vain for the burning words of eloquence to flow4 ,the ,turks dealt with him according to his folly1 and bestowed on him a sound thrashing4 ,thence he proceeded to ,russia1 and when he was about to marry a second wife1 his former spouse being left in ,england1 the ,patriarch of the ,russian ,church condemned him to be burnt at ,moscow in #afhi4 ,a follower of ,kuhlmann's1 named ,nordermann1 who also wrote a book on the ,second ,advent of ,christ1 shared his fate4 ,kuhlmann also wrote a volume of verses1 entitled ,the ,berlin and ,amsterdam ,kuhl-festival at the ,gathering of ,lutherans and ,calvinists1 which sufficiently attests his insanity4 ,the following is a specimen of the lucidity of his works3 ,the more ,i continued my doctrines1 the more opposition ,i received1 so that also the higher world of light with which ,i am illuminated1 in their light ,i was enlightened1 or shadowed1 when ,i proceeded1 and in their light lit ,i up brighter lights4 ,a fitting companion to ,kuhlmann was ,john ,tennhart1 a barber of ,nuremberg1 born in #affb1 who used to speak continually of the visions1 dreams1 and colloquies which he had with ,god1 and boasted that the office of a scribe was entrusted to him by the ,divine ,will4 ,he endeavoured to persuade all men that the words he wrote were verily and indeed the words of ,god4 ,the world was not disposed to interfere with the poor barber who imagined himself inspired1 but in an evil hour he published a book against the priests1 entitled ,worte ,gottes1 oder ,tracttlein an den so genannten geistlichen ,stand1 which caused its author great calamities4 ,he was cast into prison by order of the senate of the ,nuremberg ,state4 ,on his release he again published his former work1 with others which he also believed to be inspired1 and again in #agad was imprisoned at ,nuremberg4 ,his incarceration did not1 however1 last long1 and ,tennhart died while he was journeying from the city which so little appreciated his ravings to find in ,cassel a more secure resting-place4 ,amongst the fanatics of the seventeenth century may be classed ,jeremiah ,felbinger1 a native of ,brega1 a town in the ,prussian ,state of ,silesia1 who was an early advocate of the heresy of the ,unitarians4 ,for some years he was a soldier1 and then became a schoolmaster4 ,he wrote ,prodromus demonstrationis1 published in #afed1 in which he attempted to prove his ,unitarian ideas4 ,shortly before this1 in #afec1 he wrote ,demonstrationes ,christianae1 and finally his ,epistola ad ,christianos1 published at ,amsterdam in #afgb4 ,his strange views and perverted opinions first caused his dismissal from the army1 and his works upon the ,unitarian doctrines necessitated his removal from the office of teacher4 ,he then journeyed to ,helmstadt1 but there the wanderer found no rest2 for when he tried to circulate his obnoxious books1 he was ordered to leave the city before sunset4 ,finally he settled in ,amsterdam1 the home of free-thinkers1 where men were allowed a large amount of religious liberty2 there printers produced without let or hindrance books which were condemned elsewhere and could only be printed in secret presses and obscure corners of cities governed by more orthodox rulers4 ,here ,felbinger passed the rest of his miserable life in great poverty1 earning a scanty pittance by instructing youths and correcting typographical errors4 ,he died in #afhi1 aged seventy-three years4 ,the seventeenth century was fruitful in fanatics1 and not the least mad was ,simon ,morin1 who was burnt at ,paris in #affc4 ,his fatal book was his ,penses de ,simon ,morin 7,paris1 #afdg1 in-#h71 which contains a curious mixture of visions and nonsense1 including the principal errors of the ,quietists and adding many of his own4 ,amongst other mad ravings1 he declared that there would be very shortly a general reformation of the ,church1 and that all nations should be converted to the true faith1 and that this reformation was to be accomplished by the ,second ,advent of our ,lord in ,his state of glory1 incorporated in ,morin himself2 and that for the execution of the things to which he was destined1 he was to be attended by a great number of perfect souls1 and such as participated in the glorious state of ,jesus ,christ1 whom he therefore called the champions of ,god4 ,he was condemned by the ,parliament of ,paris1 and after having done penance1 dressed in his shirt1 with a rope round his neck and a torch in his hand1 before the entrance of ,notre ,dame1 he was burnt with his book and writings1 his ashes being subsequently cast into the air4 ,morin had several followers who shared his fantastic views1 and these poor champions of ,god were condemned to witness the execution of their leader1 to be publicly whipped and branded with the mark of fleur-de-lys1 and to spend the rest of their lives as galley-slaves4 ,poland witnessed the burning of ,cazimir ,liszinski in #afhi1 whose ashes were placed in a cannon and shot into the air4 ,this ,polish gentleman was accused of atheism by the ,bishop of ,potsdam4 ,his condemnation was based upon certain atheistical manuscripts found in his possession1 containing several novel doctrines1 such as ,god is not the creator of man2 but man is the creator of a ,god gathered together from nothing4 ,his writings contain many other extravagant notions of the same kind4 ,a few years later the religious world of both ,england and ,ireland was excited and disturbed by the famous book of ,john ,toland1 a sceptical ,irishman1 entitled ,christianity not ,mysterious 7,london1 #afif74 ,its author was born in ,londonderry in #afgj1 and was endowed with much natural ability1 but this did not avail to avert the calamities which pursue indiscreet and reckless writers4 ,he wrote his book at the early age of twenty-five years1 for the purpose of defending ,holy ,scripture from the attacks of infidels and atheists2 he essayed to prove that there was nothing in religion contrary to sound reason1 and to show that the mysteries of religion were not opposed to reason4 ,but his work aroused much opposition both in ,england and ,ireland1 as there were many statements in the book which were capable of a rationalistic interpretation4 ,a second edition was published in ,london with an apology by ,toland in #agjb4 ,in ,dublin he raised against himself a storm of opposition1 not only on account of his book1 but also by his vain and foolish manner of propagating his views4 ,he began openly to deride ,christianity1 to scoff at the clergy1 to despise the worship of ,god1 and so passed his life that whoever associated with him was judged to be an impious and infamous person4 ,he proposed to form a society which he called ,socratia2 the hymns to be sung by the members were the ,odes of ,horace1 and the prayers were blasphemous productions1 composed by ,toland1 in derision of those used in the ,roman ,church4 ,the ,council of ,religion of the ,irish ,house of ,parliament condemned his book to be burnt1 and some of the members wished to imprison its author1 who after enduring many privations wisely sought safety in flight4 ,a host of writers arrayed themselves in opposition to ,toland and refuted his book1 amongst whom were ,john ,norris1 ,stillingfleet1 ,payne1 ,beverley1 ,clarke1 ,leibnitz1 and others4 ,toland wrote also ,the ,life of ,milton 7,london1 #afih71 which was directed against the authenticity of the ,new ,testament2 ,the ,nazarene1 or ,christianity1 ,judaic1 ,pagan1 and ,mahometan 7#agah72 and ,pantheisticon 7#agbj74 ,the outcry raised by the orthodox party against the poor gentleman who had to beg for half-crowns1 and ran into debt for his wigs1 clothes1 and lodging1 together with his own vanity and conceit1 changed him from being a somewhat free-thinking ,christian into an infidel and atheist or ,pantheist4 ,he died in extreme poverty at ,putney in #agbb4 ,a fitting companion to ,toland was ,thomas ,woolston1 who lived about the same time2 he was born at ,northampton in #affi1 and died at ,london in #agcc4 ,he was a free-thinker1 and a man of many attainments1 whose works became widely known and furnished weapons for the use of ,voltaire and other atheistical writers4 ,in #agje he wrote a book entitled ,the ,old ,apology1 in which he endeavoured to show that in the interpretation of the ,holy ,scriptures the literal meaning ought to be abandoned1 and that the events recorded therein were merely allegories4 ,in his book ,free ,gifts to the ,clergy he denounced all who favoured the literal interpretation as apostates and ministers of ,antichrist4 ,finally1 in his ,discourses on the ,miracles 7#agbf7 he denied entirely the authenticity of miracles1 and stated that they were merely stories and allegories4 ,he thought that the literal account of the miracles is improbable and untrustworthy1 that they were parables and prophetical recitations4 ,these and many other such-like doctrines are found in his works4 ,woolston held at that time the post of tutor at ,sidney ,sussex ,college at ,cambridge2 but on account of his works he was expelled from the ,college and cast into prison4 ,according to one account of his life1 he died in prison in #agca4 ,another record states that he was released on paying a fine of #ajj after enduring one year's incarceration1 and that he bore his troubles bravely1 passing an honest life and enduring reproaches with an equal mind4 ,not a few able theologians set themselves the task of refuting the errors of ,woolston1 amongst whom were ,john ,ray1 ,stebbins1 ,bishop of ,st4 ,davids1 and ,sherlock1 whose book was translated into ,french4 ,a ,life of ,woolston has been written anonymously by some one who somewhat favoured his views and supported his tenets4 ,he may certainly be classed among the leaders of ,free ,thought in the eighteenth century4 ,john ,biddle was a vehement advocate of ,socinian and ,unitarian opinions1 attacking the belief in the ,trinity and in the ,divinity of our ,lord4 ,the ,holy ,spirit was accounted by him as the first of the angels4 ,his fatal book was entitled ,the ,faith of one ,god1 who is only the ,father1 and of one ,mediator between ,god and man1 who is only the man ,christ ,jesus2 and of one ,holy ,spirit1 the gift1 and sent of ,god1 asserted and defended in several tracts contained in this volume 7,london1 #afia1 in-#d74 ,this work was publicly burnt and its author imprisoned4 ,biddle was born at ,wotton-under-,edge in #afae2 he went to ,oxford1 and became a teacher at a grammar-school at ,gloucester4 ,he underwent several terms of imprisonment on account of the opinions expressed in his writings1 and died in gaol in #affb4 ,amongst the fanatics whose works were fatal to them must be enrolled the famous advocates of polygamy1 ,johann ,lyser1 ,bernardino ,ochino1 and ,samuel ,friedrich ,willenberg4 ,lyser was born at ,leipsic in #afca1 and although he ever remained a bachelor and abhorred womankind1 nevertheless tried to demonstrate that not only was polygamy lawful1 but that it was a blessed estate commanded by ,god4 ,he first brought out a dialogue written in the vernacular entitled ,sinceri ,wahrenbergs kurzes ,gespraech von der ,polygamie2 and this little work was followed by a second book1 ,das ,koenigliche ,marck aller ,laender 7,freyburg1 #afgf1 in-#d74 ,then he produced another work1 entitled ,theophili ,aletaei discursus politicus de ,polygamia4 ,a second edition of this work followed1 which bore the title ,polygamia triumphatrix1 id est1 discursus politicus de ,polygamia1 auctore ,theoph4 ,aletoeo1 cum notis ,athanasii ,vincentii1 omnibus ,anti-polygamis1 ubique locorum1 terrarum1 insularum1 pagorum1 urbium modeste et pie opposita 7,londini ,scanorum1 #afhb1 in-#d74 ,on account of the strange views expressed in this work he was deprived of his office of ,inspector1 and was obliged to seek protection from a powerful ,count1 by whose advice it is said that ,lyser first undertook the advocacy of polygamy4 ,on the death of his friend ,lyser was compelled frequently to change his abode1 and wandered through most of the provinces of ,germany4 ,he was imprisoned by the ,count of ,hanover1 and then expelled4 ,in ,denmark his book was burned by the public executioner4 ,at another place he was imprisoned and beaten and his books burned4 ,at length1 travelling from ,italy to ,holland1 he endured every kind of calamity1 and after all his misfortunes he died miserably in a garret at ,amsterdam1 in #afhd4 ,it is curious that ,lyser1 who never married nor desired wedlock1 should have advocated polygamy2 but it is said that he was led on by a desire for providing for the public safety by increasing the population of the country1 though probably the love of notoriety1 which has added many authors' names to the category of fools1 contributed much to his madness4 ,infected with the same notions was ,bernardino ,ochino1 a ,franciscan1 and afterwards a ,capuchin1 whose dialogue ,de ,polygami was fatal to him4 ,although he was an old man1 the authorities at ,basle ordered him to leave the city in the depth of a severe winter4 ,he wandered into ,poland1 but through the opposition of the ,papal ,nuncio1 ,commendone1 he was again obliged to fly4 ,he had to mourn over the death of two sons and a daughter1 who died of the plague in ,poland1 and finally ,ochino ended his woes in ,moravia4 ,such was the miserable fate of ,ochino1 who was at one time the most famous preacher in the whole of ,italy4 ,he had a wonderful eloquence1 which seized upon the minds of his hearers and carried them whither he would4 ,no church was large enough to contain the multitudes which flocked to hear him4 ,ochino was a skilled linguist1 and1 after leaving the ,roman ,church1 he wrote a book against the ,papacy in ,english1 which was printed in ,london1 and also a sermon on predestination4 ,he visited ,england in company with ,peter ,martyr1 but on the death of ,edward ,,vi41 on account of the changes introduced in ,mary's reign these two doctors again crossed the seas1 and retired to a safer retreat4 ,his brilliant career was entirely ruined by his fatal frenzy and foolish fanaticism for polygamy4 ,the third of this strange triumvirate was ,samuel ,friedrich ,willenberg1 a doctor of law of the famous ,university of ,cracow1 who wrote a book ,de finibus polygamiae licitae and aroused the hatred of the ,poles4 ,in #agae1 by command of the ,high ,court of the ,king of ,poland1 his book was condemned to be burnt1 and its author nearly shared the same fate4 ,he escaped1 however1 this terrible penalty1 and was fined one hundred thousand gold pieces4 ,with these unhappy advocates of a system which violates the sacredness of marriage1 we must close our list of fanatics whose works have proved fatal to them4 ,many of them deserve our pity rather than our scorn2 for they suffered from that species of insanity which1 according to ,holmes1 is often the logic of an accurate mind overtasked4 ,at any rate1 they furnish an example of that ,faith1 fanatic faith1 which1 wedded fast ,to some dear falsehood1 hugs it to the last4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,astrology1 ,,alchemy1 ,,and ,,magic4 ,henry ,cornelius ,agrippa--,joseph ,francis ,borri--,urban ,grandier--,dr4 ,dee--,edward ,kelly--,john ,darrell4 ,superstition is a deformed monster who dies hard2 and like ,loki of the ,sagas when the snake dropped poison on his forehead1 his writhings shook the world and caused earthquakes4 ,now its power is well-nigh dead4 ,superstition6 that horrible incubus which dwelt in darkness1 shunning the light1 with all its racks and poison-chalices1 and foul sleeping-draughts1 is passing away without return4 ,footnote3 ,carlyle4 ,but society was once leavened with it4 ,alchemy1 astrology1 and magic were a fashionable cult1 and so long as its professors pleased their patrons1 proclaimed smooth things and prophesied deceits1 all went well with them2 but it is an easy thing to offend fickle-minded folk1 and when the philosopher's stone and the secret of perpetual youth after much research were not producible1 the cry of impostor was readily raised1 and the trade of magic had its uncertainties1 as well as its charms4 ,our first author who suffered as an astrologer1 though it is extremely doubtful whether he was ever guilty of the charges brought against him1 was ,henry ,cornelius ,agrippa1 who was born at ,cologne in #adhf1 a man of noble birth and learned in ,medicine1 ,law1 and ,theology4 ,his supposed devotion to necromancy and his adventurous career have made his story a favourite one for romance-writers4 ,we find him in early life fighting in the ,italian war under the ,emperor ,maximilian1 whose private secretary he was4 ,the honour of knighthood conferred upon him did not satisfy his ambition1 and he betook himself to the fields of learning4 ,at the request of ,margaret of ,austria1 he wrote a treatise on the ,excellence of ,wisdom1 which he had not the courage to publish1 fearing to arouse the hostility of the theologians of the day1 as his views were strongly opposed to the scholasticism of the monks4 ,he lived the roving life of a mediaeval scholar1 now in ,london illustrating the ,epistles of ,st4 ,paul1 now at ,cologne or ,pavia or ,turin lecturing on ,divinity1 and at another time at ,metz1 where he resided some time and took part in the government of the city4 ,there1 in #aeba1 he was bereaved of his beautiful and noble wife4 ,there too we read of his charitable act of saving from death a poor woman who was accused of witchcraft4 ,then he became involved in controversy1 combating the idea that ,st4 ,anne1 the mother of the ,blessed ,virgin1 had three husbands1 and in consequence of the hostility raised by his opinions he was compelled to leave the city4 ,the people used to avoid him1 as if he carried about with him some dread infection1 and fled from him whenever he appeared in the streets4 ,at length we see him established at ,lyons as physician to the ,queen ,mother1 the ,princess ,louise of ,savoy1 and enjoying a pension from ,francis ,i4 ,this lady seems to have been of a superstitious turn of mind1 and requested the learned ,agrippa1 whose fame for astrology had doubtless reached her1 to consult the stars concerning the destinies of ,france4 ,this ,agrippa refused1 and complained of being employed in such follies4 ,his refusal aroused the ire of the ,queen2 her courtiers eagerly took up the cry1 and conjurer1 necromancer1 etc41 were the complimentary terms which were freely applied to the former favourite4 ,agrippa fled to the court of ,margaret of ,austria1 the governor of the ,netherlands under ,charles ,v41 and was appointed the ,emperor's historiographer4 ,he wrote a history of the reign of that monarch1 and during the life of ,margaret he continued his prosperous career1 and at her death he delivered an eloquent funeral oration4 ,but troubles were in store for the illustrious author4 ,in #aecj he published a work1 ,de ,incertitudine et ,vanitate ,scientiarum et ,artium1 atque ,excellenti ,verbi ,dei ,dedamatio 7,antwerp74 ,his severe satire upon scholasticism and its professors roused the anger of those whom with scathing words he castigated4 ,the ,professors of the ,university of ,louvain declared that they detected forty-three errors in the book2 and ,agrippa was forced to defend himself against their attacks in a little book published at ,leyden1 entitled ,apologia pro defencione ,declamationis de ,vanitate ,scientiarum contra ,theologistes ,lovanienses4 ,in spite of such powerful friends as the ,papal ,legate1 ,cardinal ,campeggio1 and ,cardinal de la ,marck1 ,prince ,bishop of ,lige1 ,agrippa was vilified by his opponents1 and imprisoned at ,brussels in #aeca4 ,the fury against his book continued to rage1 and its author declares in his ,epistles3 ,when ,i brought out my book for the purpose of exciting sluggish minds to the study of sound learning1 and to provide some new arguments for these monks to discuss in their assemblies1 they repaid this kindness by rousing common hostility against me2 and now by suggestions1 from their pulpits1 in public meetings1 before mixed multitudes1 with great clamourings they declaim against me2 they rage with passion1 and there is no impiety1 no heresy1 no disgrace which they do not charge me with1 with wonderful gesticulations--namely1 with clapping of fingers1 with hands outstretched and then suddenly drawn back1 with gnashing of teeth1 by raging1 by spitting1 by scratching their heads1 by gnawing their nails1 by stamping with their feet1 they rage like madmen1 and omit no kind of lunatic behaviour by means of which they may arouse the hatred and anger of both prince and people against me4 ,the book was examined by the ,inquisition and placed by the ,council of ,trent on the list of prohibited works1 amongst the heretical books of the first class4 ,erasmus1 however1 spoke very highly of it1 and declared it to be the work of a man of sparkling intellect1 of varied reading and good memory1 who always blames bad things1 and praises the good4 ,schelhorn declares that the book is remarkable for the brilliant learning displayed in it1 and for the very weighty testimony which it bears against the errors and faults of the time4 ,our author was released from his prison at ,brussels1 and wrote another book1 ,de occulta ,philosophia 7#c vols41 ,antwerp1 #aecc71 which enabled his enemies to bring against him the charge of magic4 ,stories were told of the money which ,agrippa paid at inns turning into pieces of horn and shell1 and of the mysterious dog which ate and slept with him1 which was indeed a demon in disguise and vanished at his death4 ,they declared he had a wonderful wand1 and a mirror which reflected the images of persons absent or dead4 ,the reputed wizard at length returned to ,france1 where he was imprisoned on a charge of speaking evil of the ,queen ,mother1 who had evidently not forgotten his refusal to consult the stars for her benefit4 ,he was1 however1 soon released1 and after his strange wandering life our author ended his labours in a hospital at ,grenoble1 where he died in #aece4 ,in addition to the works we have mentioned1 he wrote ,de ,nobilitate et ,proecellentia ,faeminei ,sexus 7,antwerp1 #aebi71 in order to flatter his patroness ,margaret of ,austria1 and an early work1 ,de ,triplici ,ratione ,cognoscendi ,deum 7#aeae74 ,the monkish epigram1 unjust though it be1 is perhaps worth recording3-- ,among the gods there is ,momus who reviles all men2 among the heroes there is ,hercules who slays monsters2 among the demons there is ,pluto1 the king of ,erebus1 who is in a rage with all the shades2 among the philosophers there is ,democritus who laughs at all things1 ,heraclitus who bewails all things1 ,pyrrhon who is ignorant of all things1 ,aristotle who thinks that he knows all things1 ,diogenes who despises all things4 ,but this ,agrippa spares none1 despises all things1 knows all things1 is ignorant of all things1 bewails all things1 laughs at all things1 rages against all things1 reviles all things1 being himself a philosopher1 a demon1 a hero1 a god1 everything4 ,the impostor ,joseph ,francis ,borri was a very different character4 ,he was a famous chemist and charlatan1 born at ,milan in #afbg1 and educated by the ,jesuits at ,rome1 being a student of medicine and chemistry4 ,he lived a wild and depraved life1 and was compelled to retire into a seminary4 ,then he suddenly changed his conduct1 and pretended to be inspired by ,god1 advocating in a book which he published certain strange notions with regard to the existence of the ,trinity1 and expressing certain ridiculous opinions1 such as that the mother of ,god was a certain goddess1 that the ,holy ,spirit became incarnate in the womb of ,anna1 and that not only ,christ but the ,virgin also are adored and contained in the ,holy ,eucharist4 ,in spite of the folly of his teaching he attracted many followers1 and also the attention of the ,inquisition4 ,perceiving his danger1 he fled to ,milan1 and thence to a more safe retreat in ,amsterdam and ,hamburg4 ,in his absence the ,inquisition examined his book and passed its dread sentence upon its author1 declaring that ,borri ought to be punished as a heretic for his errors1 that he had incurred both the 'general' and 'particular' censures1 that he was deprived of all honour and prerogative in the ,church1 of whose mercy he had proved himself unworthy1 that he was expelled from her communion1 and that his effigy should be handed over to the ,cardinal ,legate for the execution of the punishment he had deserved4 ,all his heretical writings were condemned to the flames1 and all his goods confiscated4 ,on the #crd of ,january1 #affa1 ,borri's effigy and his books were burned by the public executioner1 and ,borri declared that he never felt so cold1 when he knew that he was being burned by proxy4 ,he then fled to a more secure asylum in ,denmark4 ,he imposed upon ,frederick ,,iii41 saying that he had found the philosopher's stone4 ,after the death of this credulous monarch ,borri journeyed to ,vienna1 where he was delivered up to the representative of the ,pope1 and cast into prison4 ,he was then sent to ,rome1 and condemned to perpetual imprisonment in the ,castle of ,st4 ,angelo1 where he died in #afhe4 ,his principal work was entitled ,la ,chiave del gabineito del cavagliere ,g4 ,f4 ,borri 7,the key of the cabinet of ,borri74 ,certainly the ,church showed him no mercy1 but perhaps his hard fate was not entirely undeserved4 ,the tragic death of ,urban ,grandier shows how dangerous it was in the days of superstition to incur the displeasure of powerful men1 and how easily the charge of necromancy could be used for the purpose of removing an obnoxious person4 ,grandier was cur of the ,church of ,st4 ,peter at ,loudun and canon of the ,church of the ,holy ,cross4 ,he was a pleasant companion1 agreeable in conversation1 and much admired by the fair sex4 ,indeed he wrote a book1 ,contra ,caelibatum ,clericorum1 in which he strongly advocated the marriage of the clergy1 and showed that he was not himself indifferent to the charms of the ladies4 ,in an evil hour he wrote a little book entitled ,la cordonnire de ,loudun1 in which he attacked ,richelieu1 and aroused the undying hatred of the great ,cardinal4 ,richelieu was at that time in the zenith of his power1 and when offended he was not very scrupulous as to the means he employed to carry out his vengeance1 as the fate of our author abundantly testifies4 ,in the town of ,loudun was a famous convent of ,ursuline nuns1 and ,grandier solicited the office of director of the nunnery1 but happily he was prevented by circumstances from undertaking that duty4 ,a short time afterwards the nuns were attacked with a curious and contagious frenzy1 imagining themselves tormented by evil spirits1 of whom the chief was ,asmodeus4 ,footnote3 ,this was the demon mentioned in ,tobit iii4 #h1 #ag1 who attacked ,sarah1 the daughter of ,raguel1 and killed her seven husbands4 ,rabbinical writers consider him as the chief of evil spirits1 and recount his marvellous deeds4 ,he is regarded as the fire of impure love4 ,they pretended that they were possessed by the demon1 and accused the unhappy ,grandier of casting the spells of witchcraft upon them4 ,he indignantly refuted the calumny1 and appealed to the ,archbishop of ,bordeaux1 ,charles de ,sourdis4 ,this wise prelate succeeded in calming the troubled minds of the nuns1 and settled the affair4 ,in the meantime the vengeful eye of ,richelieu was watching for an opportunity4 ,he sent his emissary1 ,councillor ,laubardemont1 to ,loudun1 who renewed the accusation against ,grandier4 ,the amiable cleric1 who had led a pious and regular life1 was declared guilty of adultery1 sacrilege1 magic1 witchcraft1 demoniacal possession1 and condemned to be burned alive after receiving an application of the torture4 ,in the market-place of ,loudun in #afdc this terrible sentence was carried into execution1 and together with his book1 ,contra ,caelibatum ,clericorum1 poor ,grandier was committed to the flames4 ,when he ascended his funeral pile1 a fly was observed to buzz around his head4 ,a monk who was standing near declared that1 as ,beelzebub was the god of flies1 the devil was present with ,grandier in his dying hour and wished to bear away his soul to the infernal regions4 ,an account of this strange and tragic history was published by ,aubin in his ,histoire des diables de ,loudun1 ou cruels effets de la vengeance de ,richelieu 7,amsterdam1 #afic74 ,our own country has produced a noted alchemist and astrologer1 ,dr4 ,dee1 whose fame extended to many lands4 ,he was a very learned man and prolific writer1 and obtained the office of warden of the collegiate church of ,manchester through the favour of ,queen ,elizabeth1 who was a firm believer in his astrological powers4 ,his age was the age of witchcraft1 and in no county was the belief in the magic power of the evil eye more prevalent than in ,lancashire4 ,dr4 ,dee1 however1 disclaimed all dealings with the black art in his petition to the great ,solomon of the ,north1 ,james ,i41 which was couched in these words3 ,it has been affirmed that your majesty's suppliant was the conjurer belonging to the most honourable privy council of your majesty's predecessor1 of famous memory1 ,queen ,elizabeth2 and that he is1 or hath been1 a caller or invocater of devils1 or damned spirits2 these slanders1 which have tended to his utter undoing1 can no longer be endured2 and if on trial he is found guilty of the offence imputed to him1 he offers himself willingly to the punishment of death2 yea1 either to be stoned to death1 or to be buried quick1 or to be burned unmercifully4 ,in spite of his assertions to the contrary1 the learned doctor must have had an intimate acquaintance with the black art1 and was the companion and friend of ,edward ,kelly1 a notorious necromancer1 who for his follies had his ears cut off at ,lancaster4 ,this ,kelly used to exhume and consult the dead2 in the darkness of night he and his companions entered churchyards1 dug up the bodies of men recently buried1 and caused them to utter predictions concerning the fate of the living4 ,dr4 ,dee's friendship with ,kelly was certainly suspicious4 ,on the coronation of ,queen ,elizabeth1 he foretold the future by consulting the stars4 ,when a waxen image of the queen was found in ,lincoln's-,inn-,fields1 which was a sure sign that some one was endeavouring to cast spells upon her majesty1 ,dr4 ,dee pretended that he was able to defeat the designs of such evil-disposed persons1 and prevent his royal mistress feeling any of the pains which might be inflicted on her effigy4 ,in addition his books1 of which there were many1 witness against him4 ,these were collected by ,casaubon1 who published in ,london in #afei a rsum of the learned doctor's works4 ,manchester was made too hot1 even for the alchemist1 through the opposition of his clerical brethren1 and he was compelled to resign his office of warden of the college4 ,then1 accompanied by ,kelly1 he wandered abroad1 and was received as an honoured guest at the courts of many sovereigns4 ,the ,emperor ,rodolphe1 ,stephen1 ,king of ,poland1 and other royal personages welcomed the renowned astrologers1 who could read the stars1 had discovered the elixir of life1 which rendered men immortal1 the philosopher's stone in the form of a powder which changed the bottom of a warming-pan into pure silver1 simply by warming it at the fire1 and made the precious metals so plentiful that children played at quoits with golden rings4 ,no wonder they were so welcome6 ,they were acquainted with the ,rosicrucian philosophy1 could hold correspondence with the spirits of the elements1 imprison a spirit in a mirror1 ring1 or stone1 and compel it to answer questions4 ,dr4 ,dee's mirror1 which worked such wonders1 and was found in his study at his death in #afjh1 is now in the ,british ,museum4 ,in spite of all these marvels1 the favour which the great man for a time enjoyed was fleet and transient4 ,he fell into poverty and died in great misery1 his downfall being brought about partly by his works but mainly by his practices4 ,associated with ,lancashire demonology is the name of ,john ,darrell1 a cleric1 afterwards preacher at ,st4 ,mary's1 ,nottingham1 who published a narrative of the strange and grievous vexation of the devil of seven persons in ,lancashire4 ,this remarkable case occurred at ,clayworth in the parish of ,leigh1 in the family of one ,nicholas ,starkie1 whose house was turned into a perfect bedlam4 ,it is vain to follow the account of the vagaries of the possessed1 the howlings and barkings1 the scratchings of holes for the familiars to get to them1 the charms and magic circles of the impostor and exorcist ,hartley1 and the godly ministrations of the accomplished author1 who with two other preachers overcame the evil spirits4 ,unfortunately for him1 ,harsnett1 ,bishop of ,chichester1 and afterwards ,archbishop of ,york1 doubted the marvellous powers of the pious author1 ,dr4 ,darrell1 and had the audacity to suggest that he made a trade of casting out devils1 and even went so far as to declare that ,darrell and the possessed had arranged the matter between them1 and that ,darrell had instructed them how they were to act in order to appear possessed4 ,the author was subsequently condemned as an impostor by the ,queen's commissioners1 deposed from his ministry1 and condemned to a long term of imprisonment with further punishment to follow4 ,the base conduct and pretences of ,darrell and others obliged the clergy to enact the following canon 7,no4 #gc73 ,that no minister or ministers1 without license and direction of the bishop1 under his hand and seal obtained1 attempt1 upon any pretence whatsoever1 either of possession or obsession1 by fasting and prayer1 to cast 'out any devil or devils1 under pain of the imputation of imposture1 or cozenage1 and deposition from the ministry4 ,this penalty at the present day not many of the clergy are in danger of incurring4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,science ,,and ,,philosophy4 ,bishop ,virgil--,roger ,bacon--,galileo--,jordano ,bruno--,thomas ,campanella--,de ,lisle de ,sales--,denis ,diderot--,balthazar ,bekker--,isaac de la ,peyrre--,abb de ,marolles--,lucilio ,vanini--,jean ,rousseau4 ,science in its infancy found many powerful opponents1 who1 not understanding the nature of the newly-born babe1 strove to strangle it4 ,but the infant grew into a healthy child in spite of its cruel stepmother1 and cried so loudly and talked so strangely that the world was forced to listen to its utterances4 ,these were regarded with distrust and aversion by the theologians of the day1 for they were supposed to be in opposition to ,revelation1 and contrary to the received opinions of all learned and pious people4 ,therefore ,science met with very severe treatment2 its followers were persecuted with relentless vehemence1 and blasphemous fables and dangerous deceits were the only epithets which could characterise its doctrines4 ,the controversy between ,religion and ,science still rages1 in spite of the declaration of ,professor ,huxley that in his opinion the conflict between the two is entirely factitious4 ,but theologians are wiser now than they were in the days of ,galileo2 they are waiting to see what the scientists can prove1 and then1 when the various hypotheses are shown to be true1 it will be time enough to reconcile the verities of the ,faith with the facts of ,science4 ,to those who believed that the earth was flat it was somewhat startling to be told that there were antipodes4 ,this elementary truth of cosmology ,bishop ,virgil of ,salzbourg was courageous enough to assert as early as ,a4,d4 #gfd4 ,he wrote a book in which he stated that men of another race1 not sprung from ,adam1 lived in the world beneath our feet4 ,this work aroused the anger of ,pope ,zacharias ,,ii1 who wrote to the ,king of ,bavaria that ,virgil should be expelled from the temple of ,god and the ,church1 and deprived of ,god and the ,church1 and deprived of his office1 unless he confessed his perverse errors4 ,in spite of the censure and sentence of excommunication pronounced upon him1 ,bishop ,virgil was canonised by ,pope ,gregory ,,xi42 thus1 in spite of his misfortunes brought about by his book1 his memory was revered and honoured by the ,western ,church4 ,if the account of his imprisonment be true 7of which there is no contemporary evidence7 our own celebrated ,english philosopher1 ,roger ,bacon1 is one of the earliest scientific authors whose works proved fatal to them4 ,in #abfg he sent his book1 ,opus ,majus1 together with his ,opus ,minus1 an abridgement of his former work1 to ,pope ,clement ,,iv4 ,after the death of that ,pope ,bacon was cited by the ,general of the ,franciscan order1 to which he belonged1 to appear before his judges at ,paris1 where he was condemned to imprisonment4 ,he is said to have languished in the dungeon fourteen years1 and1 worn out by his sufferings1 to have died in his beloved ,oxford during the year of his release1 #abib4 ,the charge of magic was freely brought against him4 ,his great work1 which has been termed the ,encyclopaedia and the ,novum ,organum of the thirteenth century1 discloses an unfettered mind and judgment far in advance of the spirit of the age in which he lived4 ,in addition to this he wrote ,compendium ,philosophiae1 ,de mirabili ,potestate artis et naturae1 ,specula mathematica1 ,speculum alchemicum1 and other works4 ,the treatment which ,galileo received at the hands of the ecclesiastics of his day is well known4 ,this father of experimental philosophy was born at ,pisa in #aefd1 and at the age of twenty-four years1 through the favour of the ,medicis1 was elected ,professor of ,mathematics at the ,university of the same town4 ,resigning his chair in #aeib1 he became professor at ,padua1 and then at ,florence4 ,he startled the world by the publication of his first book1 ,sidereus ,nuntius1 in which he disclosed his important astronomical discoveries1 amongst others the satellites of ,jupiter and the spots on the sun4 ,this directed the attention of the ,inquisition to his labours1 but in #afcb he published his immortal work ,dialogo sopra i due ,massimi ,sistemi del monda1 ,tolemaico et ,copernicano 7,florence71 which was the cause of his undoing4 ,in this book he defended the opinion of ,copernicus concerning the motion of the earth round the sun1 which was supposed by the theologians of the day to be an opinion opposed to the teaching of ,holy ,scripture and subversive of all truth4 ,the work was brought before the ,inquisition at ,rome1 and condemned by the order of ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,galileo was commanded to renounce his theory1 but this he refused to do1 and was cast into prison4 ,are these then my judges8 he exclaimed when he was returning from the presence of the ,inquisitors1 whose ignorance astonished him4 ,there he remained for five long years2 until at length1 wearied by his confinement1 the squalor of the prison1 and by his increasing years1 he consented to recant his heresy1 and regained his liberty4 ,the old man lost his sight at seventy-four years of age1 and died four years later in #afdb4 ,in addition to the work which caused him so great misfortunes he published ,discorso e ,demonstr4 interna alle due nuove ,scienze1 ,delia ,scienza ,meccanica 7#afdi71 ,tractato della ,sfera 7#afee72 and the telescope1 the isochronism of the vibrations of the pendulum1 the hydrostatic balance1 the thermometer1 were all invented by this great leader of astronomical and scientific discoverers4 ,many other discoveries might have been added to these1 had not his widow submitted the sage's ,,mss4 to her confessor1 who ruthlessly destroyed all that he considered unfit for publication4 ,possibly he was not the best judge of such matters6 ,italy also produced another unhappy philosophic writer1 ,jordano ,bruno1 who lived about the same time as ,galileo1 and was born at ,nole in #aeej1 being fourteen years his senior4 ,at an early age he acquired a great love of study and a thirst for knowledge4 ,the ,renaissance and the revival of learning had opened wide the gates of knowledge1 and there were many eager faces crowding around the doors1 many longing to enter the fair ,paradise and explore the far-extending vistas which met their gaze4 ,it was an age of anxious and eager inquiry2 the torpor of the last centuries had passed away2 and a new world of discovery1 with spring-like freshness1 dawned upon the sight4 ,jordano ,bruno was one of these zealous students of the sixteenth century4 ,we see him first in a ,dominican convent1 but the old-world scholasticism had no charms for him4 ,the narrow groove of the cloister was irksome to his freedom-loving soul4 ,he cast off his monkish garb1 and wandered through ,europe as a knight-errant of philosophy1 multum ille et terris jactatus et alto1 teaching letters4 ,in #aehj we find him at ,geneva conferring with ,calvin and ,beza1 but ,calvinism did not commend itself to his philosophic mind4 ,thence he journeyed to ,paris1 where in #aehb he produced one of his more important works1 ,de umbris idearum4 ,soon afterwards he came to ,london1 where he became the intimate friend of ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,here he wrote the work which proved fatal to him1 entitled ,spaccio della bestia triomphante 7,the expulsion of the triumphing beast7 7,london1 #aehd74 ,footnote3 ,the full title of the work is3 ,spaccio della bestia triomphante da giove1 effetuato dal conseglo1 revelato da ,mercurio1 recitato da sofia1 udito da saulino1 registrato dal nolano1 divisa in tre dialogi1 subdivisi in tre parti4 ,in ,parigi1 #aehd1 in-#h4 ,this was an allegory in which he combated superstition and satirised the errors of ,rome4 ,but in this work ,bruno fell into grievous errors and dangerous atheistic deceits4 ,he scoffed at the worship of ,god1 declared that the books of the sacred canon were merely dreams1 that ,moses worked his wonders by magical art1 and blasphemed the ,saviour4 ,bruno furnished another example of those whose faith1 having been at one time forced to accept dogmas bred of superstition1 has been weakened and altogether destroyed when they have perceived the falseness and fallibility of that which before they deemed infallible4 ,but in spite of these errors ,bruno's learning was remarkable4 ,he had an extensive knowledge of all sciences4 ,from ,england he went to ,germany1 and lectured at ,wittenberg1 ,prague1 and ,frankfort4 ,his philosophy resembled that of ,spinosa4 ,he taught that ,god is the substance and life of all things1 and that the universe is an immense animal1 of which ,god is the soul4 ,at length he had the imprudence to return to ,italy1 and became a teacher at ,padua4 ,at ,venice he was arrested by order of the ,inquisition in #aeie1 and conducted to ,rome1 where1 after an imprisonment of two years1 in order that he might be punished as gently as possible without the shedding of blood1 he was sentenced to be burned alive4 ,with a courage worthy of a philosopher1 he exclaimed to his merciless judges1 ,you pronounce sentence upon me with greater fear than ,i receive it4 ,bruno's other great works were ,della causa1 principio e uno 7#aehd71 ,de infinito universo et mundis 7#aehd71 ,de monade numero et figura 7,francfort1 #aeia74 ,the ,inquisition at ,rome at this period was particularly active in its endeavours to reform errant philosophers1 and ,bruno was by no means the only victim who felt its power4 ,thomas ,campanella1 born in ,calabria1 in ,italy1 ,a4,d4 #aefh1 conceived the design of reforming philosophy about the same time as our more celebrated ,bacon4 ,this was a task too great for his strength1 nor did he receive much encouragement from the existing powers4 ,he attacked scholasticism with much vigour1 and censured the philosophy of ,aristotle1 the admired of the schoolmen4 ,he wrote a work entitled ,philosophia sensibus demonstrata1 in which he defended the ideas of ,telesio1 who explained the laws of nature as founded upon two principles1 the heat of the sun and the coldness of the earth4 ,he declared that all our knowledge was derived from sensation1 and that all parts of the earth were endowed with feeling4 ,campanella also wrote ,prodromus philosophiae instaurandae 7#afag72 ,philosophia rationalis1 embracing grammar1 dialectics1 rhetoric1 poetry1 and history2 ,universalis ,philosophatus1 a treatise on metaphysics2 ,civitas solis1 a description of a kind of ,utopia1 after the fashion of ,plato's ,republic4 ,but the fatal book which caused his woes was his ,atheismus triumphatus4 ,on account of this work he was cast into prison1 and endured so much misery that we can scarcely bear to think of his tortures and sufferings4 ,for twenty-five years he endured all the squalor and horrors of a mediaeval dungeon2 through thirty-five hours he was questioned with such exceeding cruelty that all his veins and arteries were so drawn and stretched by the rack that the blood could not flow4 ,yet he bore all this terrible agony with a brave spirit1 and did not utter a cry4 ,various causes have been assigned for the severity of this torture inflicted on poor ,campanella4 ,some attribute it to the malice of the scholastic philosophers1 whom he had offended by his works4 ,others say that he was engaged in some treasonable conspiracy to betray the kingdom of ,naples to the ,spaniards2 but it is probable that his ,atheismus triumphatus was the chief cause of his woes4 ,sorbire has thus passed judgment upon this fatal book3 ,though nothing is dearer to me than time1 the loss of which grieves me sorely1 ,i confess that ,i have lost both oil and labour in reading the empty book of an empty monk1 ,thomas ,campanella4 ,it is a farrago of vanities1 has no order1 many obscurities1 and perpetual barbarisms4 ,one thing ,i have learned in wandering through this book1 that ,i will never read another book of this author1 even if ,i could spare the time4 ,authorities differ with regard to the ultimate fate of this author4 ,some say that he was killed in prison in #aeii2 others declare that he was released and fled to ,france1 where he enjoyed a pension granted to him by ,richelieu4 ,however1 during his incarceration he continued his studies1 and wrote a work concerning the ,spanish monarchy which was translated from ,italian into ,german and ,latin4 ,in spite of his learning he made many enemies by his arrogance2 and his restless and ambitious spirit carried him into enterprises which were outside the proper sphere of his philosophy4 ,in this he followed the example of many other luckless authors1 to whom the advice of the homely proverb would have been valuable which states that a shoemaker should stick to his last4 ,the book entitled ,de la ,philosophie de la ,nature1 ou ,trait de morale pour l'espce humaine1 tir de la philosophie et fond sur la nature 7,paris1 ,saillant et ,nyon1 #agfi1 #f vols41 in-#ab71 has a curious history4 ,it inflicted punishment not only on its author1 ,de ,lisle de ,sales1 but also on two learned censors of books who approved its contents1 the ,abb ,chrtien and ,m4 ,lebas1 the bookseller ,saillant1 and two of its printers4 ,de ,lisle was sent to prison1 but the severity of the punishment aroused popular indignation1 and his journey to gaol resembled a triumph4 ,all the learned 99men of ,paris visited the imprisoned philosopher4 ,all the sentences were reversed by the ,parliament of ,paris in #aggg4 ,this book has often been reproduced and translated in other languages4 ,de ,lisle was exposed to the persecutions of the ,reign of ,terror1 and another work of his1 entitled ,eponine1 caused him a second term of imprisonment1 from which he was released when the terrible reign of anarchy1 lasting eighteen months1 ended4 ,the industrious philosopher ,denis ,diderot wrote ,lettres sur les ,aveugles l'usage de ceux qui voient 7#agdi1 in-#ab74 ,there were those who saw and were not blind to its defects1 and proceeded to incarcerate ,diderot in the ,castle of ,vincennes1 where he remained six months1 and where he perceived that this little correction was necessary to cure him of his philosophical folly4 ,he was a very prolific writer1 and subsequently with ,d',alembert edited the first ,french ,encyclopaedia 7#agea-aggb1 #ag vols474 ,this was supposed to contain statements antagonistic to the ,government and to ,religion1 and its authors and booksellers and their assistants were all sent to the ,bastille4 ,chambers' ,cyclopaedia had existed in ,england some years before a similar work was attempted in ,france1 and the idea was first started by an ,englishman1 ,john ,mills4 ,this man was ingeniously defrauded of the work1 which owed its conception and execution entirely to him4 ,perhaps on the whole he might have been congratulated1 as he escaped the ,bastille1 to which the appropriators of his work were consigned4 ,an author who dares to combat the popular superstitious beliefs current in his time often suffers in consequence of his courage1 as ,balthazar ,bekker discovered to his cost4 ,this writer was born in ,west ,friezland in #afcd1 and died at ,amsterdam in #afih4 ,he was a pastor of the ,reformed ,church of ,holland1 and resided during the greater part of his life at ,amsterdam1 where he produced his earlier work ,recherches sur les ,comtes 7#afhc71 in which he combated the popular belief in the malign influence of comets4 ,this work was followed a few years later by his more famous book ,de ,betoverde ,weereld1 or ,the ,enchanted ,world1 ,footnote3 ,le ,monde enchant1 ou ,examen des sentimens touchant les esprits1 traduit du flamand en franais 7,amsterdam1 #afid1 #d vols41 in-l#b74 ,one ,benjamin ,binet wrote a refutation1 entitled ,trait historique des ,dieux et des ,dmons du paganisme1 avec des remarques sur le systme de ,balthazar ,bekker 7,delft1 #afif1 in-l#b74 in which he refuted the vulgar notions with regard to demoniacal possession4 ,this work created a great excitement amongst the ,hollanders1 and in two months no less than four thousand copies were sold4 ,but1 unfortunately for the author1 it aroused the indignation of the theologians of the ,reformed ,church1 who condemned it1 deprived ,bekker of his office1 and expelled him from their communion4 ,bekker died shortly after his sentence had been pronounced4 ,a great variety of opinions have been expressed concerning this book4 ,bekker was a follower of ,descartes1 and this was sufficient to condemn him in the eyes of many of the theologians of the day4 ,the ,jansenists of ,port-,royal and the divines of the old ,national ,church of ,holland were vehement opponents of ,cartesianism2 consequently we find ,m4,s4 de ,vries of ,utrecht declaring that this fatal book caused more evil in the space of two months than all the priests could prevent in twenty years4 ,another writer states that it is an illustrious work1 and full of wisdom and learning4 ,when ,bekker was deposed from his office1 his adversaries caused a medal to be struck representing the devil clad in a priestly robe1 riding on an ass1 and carrying a trophy in his right hand2 which was intended to signify that ,bekker had been overcome in his attempt to disprove demoniacal possession1 and that the devil had conquered in the assembly of divines who pronounced sentence on ,bekker's book4 ,the author was supposed to resemble ,satan in the ugliness of his appearance4 ,another coin was struck in honour of our author3 on one side is shown the figure of ,bekker clad in his priestly robe2 and on the other is seen ,hercules with his club1 with this inscription1 ,opus virtutis veritatisque triumphat4 ,bekker also wrote a catechism1 entitled ,la ,nourriture des ,parfaits 7#afgj71 which so offended the authorities of the ,reformed ,church that its use was publicly prohibited by the sound of bells4 ,the science of ethnology has also had its victims1 and one ,isaac de la ,peyrre suffered for its sake4 ,his fatal book was one entitled ,praeadamitae1 sive exercitatio super versibus xii41 xiii41 xiv41 capitis v41 epistolae divi ,pauli ad romanos4 ,quibus inducuntur primi homines ante ,adamum conditi 7#afee1 in-#ab71 in which he advocated a theory that the earth had been peopled by a race which existed before ,adam4 ,the author was born at ,bordeaux in #aeib1 and served with the ,prince of ,cond2 but1 in spite of his protector1 he was imprisoned at ,brussels1 and his book was burnt at ,paris1 in #afee4 ,this work had a salutary effect on the indefatigable translator ,abb de ,marolles1 who with extraordinary energy1 but with little skill1 was in the habit of translating the classical works1 and almost anything that he could lay his hands upon4 ,he published no less than seventy volumes1 and at last turned his attention to the sacred ,scriptures1 translating them with notes4 ,in the latter he inserted extracts and reflections from the above-mentioned book by ,peyrre1 which caused a sudden cessation of his labours4 ,by the authority of the ,pope the printing of his works was suddenly stopped1 but probably the loss which the world incurred was not very great4 ,peyrre seems to have foretold the fate of his book and his own escape in the following line3-- ,parve1 nec invideo1 sine me1 liber1 ibis in ignem4 ,lucilio ,vanini1 born in #aehe1 was an ,italian philosopher1 learned in medicine1 astronomy1 theology1 and philosophy1 who1 after the fashion of the scholars of the age1 roamed from country to country1 like the knight-errants of the days of chivalry1 seeking for glory and honours1 not by the sword1 but by learning4 ,this ,vanini was a somewhat vain and ridiculous person4 ,not content with his ,christian name ,lucilio1 he assumed the grandiloquent and high-sounding cognomen of ,julius ,caesar1 wishing to attach to himself some of the glory of the illustrious founder of the ,roman empire4 ,as the proud ,roman declared ,veni1 ,vidi1 ,vici1 so would he carry on the same victorious career1 subduing all rival philosophers by the power of his eloquence and learning4 ,he visited ,naples1 wandered through ,france1 ,germany1 the ,netherlands1 ,switzerland1 and ,england1 and finally stationed himself in ,france1 first at ,lyons1 and then in a convent at ,toulouse4 ,at ,lyons he produced his famous and fatal book1 ,amphitheatrum aeternae providentiae divino-magicum ,christiano-,physicum1 nec non ,astrologo-,catholicum 7,lugduni1 #afaf74 ,it was published with the royal assent1 but afterwards brought upon its author the charge of ,atheism4 ,he concealed the poison most carefully2 for apparently he defended the belief in the ,divine ,providence and in the immortality of the soul1 but with consummate skill and subtilty he taught that which he pretended to refute1 and led his readers to see the force of the arguments against the ,faith of which he posed as a champion4 ,by a weak and feeble defence1 by foolish arguments and ridiculous reasoning1 he secretly exposed the whole ,christian religion to ridicule4 ,but if any doubts were left whether this was done designedly or unintentionally1 they were dispelled by his second work1 ,de admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis 7,paris1 #afaf71 which1 published in the form of sixty dialogues1 contained many profane statements4 ,in this work also he adopted his previous plan of pretending to demolish the arguments against the ,faith1 while he secretly sought to establish them4 ,he says that he had wandered through ,europe fighting against the ,atheists wherever he met with them4 ,he describes his disputations with them1 carefully recording all their arguments2 he concludes each dialogue by saying that he reduced the ,atheists to silence1 but with strange modesty he does not inform his readers what reasonings he used1 and practically leaves the carefully drawn up atheistical arguments unanswered4 ,the ,inquisition did not approve of this subtle method of teaching ,atheism1 and ordered him to be confined in prison1 and then to be burned alive4 ,this sentence was carried out at ,toulouse in #afai1 in spite of his protestations of innocence1 and the arguments which he brought forward before his judges to prove the existence of ,god4 ,some have tried to free ,vanini from the charge of ,atheism1 but there is abundant evidence of his guilt apart from his books4 ,the tender mercies of the ,inquisition were cruel1 and could not allow so notable a victim to escape their vengeance4 ,whether to burn a man is the surest way to convert him1 is a question open to argument4 ,vanini disguised his insidious teaching carefully1 but it required a thick veil to deceive the eyes of ,inquisitors1 who were wonderfully clever in spying out heresy1 and sometimes thought they had discovered it even when it was not there4 ,vanini and many other authors would have been wiser if they had not committed their ideas to writing1 and contented themselves with words only4 ,litera scripta manet2 and disguise it1 twist it1 explain it1 as you will1 there it stands1 a witness for your acquittal or your condemnation4 ,this thought stays the course of the most restless pen1 though the racks and fires of the ,inquisition no longer threaten the incautious scribe4 ,we must not omit a ,french philosopher who died just before the outbreak of the ,first ,french ,revolution1 ,jean ,jacques ,rousseau4 ,it is well known that his work ,emile1 ou de l',education1 par ,j4,j4 ,rousseau1 ,citoyen de ,genve 7 ,amsterdam1 #agfb1 #d vols41 in-#ab71 obliged him to fly from ,france and ,switzerland1 in both of which countries he was adjudged to prison4 ,for many years he passed a wandering1 anxious life1 ever imagining that his best friends wished to betray him4 ,of his virtues and failings as an author1 or of the vast influence he exercised over the minds of his countrymen1 it is needless to write4 ,this has already been done by many authors in many works4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,history4 ,antonius ,palearius--,caesar ,baronius--,john ,michael ,bruto--,isaac ,berruyer--,louis ,elias ,dupin--,noel ,alexandre--,peter ,giannone--,joseph ,sanfelicius 7,eusebius ,philopater7--,arlotto--,bonfadio--,de ,thou--,gilbert ,gnbrard--,joseph ,audra--,beaumelle--,john ,mariana--,john ,b4 ,primi--,john ,christopher ,rdiger--,rudbeck--,franois ,haudicquer--,franois de ,rosires--,anthony ,urseus4 ,braver far than the heroes of ,horace was he who first dared to attack the terrible ,inquisition1 and voluntarily to incur the wrath of that dread tribunal4 ,such did ,antonius ,palearius1 who was styled ,inquisitionis ,detractator1 and in consequence was either beheaded 7as some say7 in #aegj1 or hanged1 strangled1 and burnt at ,rome in #aeff4 ,this author was ,professor of ,greek and ,latin at ,sienna and ,milan1 where he was arrested by order of ,pope ,pius ,v4 and conducted to ,rome4 ,he stated the truth very plainly when he said that the ,inquisition was a dagger pointed at the throats of literary men4 ,as an instance of the foolishness of the method of discovering the guilt of the accused1 we may observe that ,palearius was adjudged a heretic because he preferred to sign his name ,aonius1 instead of ,antonius1 his accuser alleging that he abhorred the sign of the cross in the letter ,t1 and therefore abridged his name4 ,by such absurd arguments were men doomed to death4 ,the ,annales ,ecclesiastici of ,caesar ,baronius1 published in twelve folio volumes at ,rome 7#aehh-ic71 is a stupendous work1 which testifies to the marvellous industry and varied learning of its author1 although it contains several chronological errors1 and perverts history in order to establish the claims of the ,papacy to temporal power4 ,the author of this work was born of noble family at ,sora1 in the kingdom of ,naples1 ,a4,d4 #aech1 and was a pupil of ,st4 ,philip de ,neri1 the founder of the ,congregation of the ,oratory1 whom he succeeded as ,general of that order4 ,in #aeif ,pope ,clement ,,viii4 chose him as his confessor1 made him a cardinal and librarian of the ,vatican4 ,on the death of ,clement1 ,baronius was nominated for election to the ,papal throne1 and was on the point of attaining that high dignity when the crown was snatched from him by reason of his immortal work4 ,in ,tome ,,ix4 our author had written a long history of the monarchy of ,sicily1 and endeavoured to prove that the island rightfully belonged to the ,pope1 and not to the ,king of ,spain1 who was then its ruler4 ,this so enraged ,philip ,,iii4 of ,spain that he published an edict forbidding the tome to be bought or read by any of his subjects4 ,two booksellers who were rash enough to have some copies of the book on their shelves were condemned to row in the galleys4 ,when the election for the ,papal throne took place1 thirty-three cardinals voted for ,baronius1 and he would have been made ,pope had not the ,spanish ambassador1 by order of the ,king1 who was practically master of ,italy at that time1 excluded the author of the ,annals from the election4 ,this disappointment and his ill-health1 brought on by hard study1 terminated his life1 and he died ,a4,d4 #afjg4 ,the ,annales ,ecclesiastici occupied ,baronius thirty years1 and contain the history of the ,church from the earliest times to ,a4,d4 #aaih4 ,various editions were printed at ,venice1 ,cologne1 ,antwerp1 ,metz1 ,amsterdam1 and ,lucca4 ,it was continued by ,rainaldi and ,laderchi1 and the whole work was published in forty-two volumes at ,lucca #agch-eg4 ,it is a monument of the industry and patience of its authors4 ,another luckless ,italian historian flourished in the sixteenth century1 ,john ,michael ,bruto1 who was born ,a4,d4 #aeae1 and was the author of a very illustrious work1 ,historia ,florentina 7,lyons1 #aefb74 ,the full title of the work is3 ,joh4 ,michaelis ,bruti ,historiae ,florentinae1 ,libri ,,viii41 priores ad obitum ,laurentii de ,medicis 7,lugduni1 #aefa1 in-#d74 ,he wrote with considerable elegance1 judgment1 and force1 contradicting the assertions of the historian ,paolo ,giovio1 who was a strong partisan of the ,medicis1 and displaying much animosity towards them4 ,this book aroused the ire of the powerful family of the ,medicis1 and was suppressed by public authority4 ,bruto encouraged the brave citizens of ,florence to preserve inviolate the liberties of their republic1 and to withstand all the attempts of the ,medicis to deprive them of their rights4 ,on account of its prohibition the work is very rare1 for the chiefs of the ,florentines took care to buy all the copies which they could procure4 ,in order to avoid the snares which the ,medicis and other powerful ,italian factions knew so well how to weave around those who were obnoxious to them--an assassin's dagger or a poisoned cup was not then difficult to procure--,bruto was compelled to seek safety in flight1 and wandered through various ,european countries1 enduring great poverty and privations4 ,his exile continued until his death1 which took place in ,transylvania1 ,a4,d4 #aeic4 ,the ,jesuit ,isaac ,joseph ,berruyer was condemned by the ,parliament of ,paris in #agef to be deposed from his office and to publicly retract his opinions expressed in his ,histoire du ,peuple de ,dieu4 ,the first part1 consisting of seven volumes1 #dto1 appeared in ,paris in #agbh1 the second in #agee1 and the third in #ageh4 ,the work was censured by two ,popes1 ,benedict ,,xiv4 and ,clement ,,xiii41 as well as by the ,sorbonne and the ,parliament of ,paris4 ,berruyer seems to have had few admirers4 ,he delighted to revel in the details of the loves of the patriarchs1 the unbridled passion of ,potiphar's wife1 the costume of ,judith1 her intercourse with ,holophernes1 and other subjects1 the accounts of which his prurient fancy did not improve4 ,his imaginative productions caused him many troubles4 ,the ,jesuits disavowed the work1 and1 as we have said1 its author was deposed from his office4 ,the ,french ecclesiastical historian ,louis ,elias ,dupin1 born in #afeg and descended from a noble family in ,normandy1 was the author of the illustrious work ,la ,bibliothque ,universelle des auteurs ecclsiastiques4 ,dupin was a learned doctor of the ,sorbonne1 and professor of the ,college of ,france2 and he devoted most of his life to his immense work1 which is a proof of his marvellous energy and industry4 ,he gives an account of the lives of the writers1 a catalogue of their works1 with the dates when they were issued1 and a criticism of their style and of the doctrines set forth therein4 ,but the learned historian involved himself in controversy with the advocates of ,papal supremacy by publishing a book1 ,de ,antiqua ,ecclesiae disciplina1 in which he defended with much zeal the liberty of the ,gallican ,church4 ,he lived at the time when that ,church was much agitated by the assumptions of ,pope ,clement ,,xi41 aided by the worthless ,louis ,,xiv41 and by the resistance of the brave-hearted ,jansenists to the famous ,bull ,unigenitus4 ,for three years ,france was torn by these disputes4 ,a large number of the bishops were opposed to the enforcing of this bull1 and the first theological school in ,europe1 the ,sorbonne1 joined with them in resisting the tyranny of the ,pope and the machinations of ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,dupin took an active part with the other theologians of his school in opposing this ,unigenitus1 and wrote his book ,de ,antiqua ,ecclesiae disciplina in order to defend the ,gallican ,church from the tyranny of the ,bishop of ,rome4 ,in this work he carefully distinguishes the universal ,catholic ,church from the ,roman ,church1 and shows that the power of the ,papacy was not founded on any warrant of ,holy ,scripture1 nor on the judgments of the ,fathers4 ,he allows that the power of keys was given to ,st4 ,peter1 but not to one man individually1 but to the whole ,church represented by him4 ,the authority of the ,pope extends not beyond certain fixed boundaries1 and the temporal and civil power claimed by the ,papacy is not conjoined to the spiritual power1 and ought to be separated from it4 ,this plain speaking did not commend itself to the occupier of the ,papal throne1 nor to his tool ,louis ,,xiv41 who deprived ,dupin of his professorship and banished him to ,chtelleraut4 ,dupin's last years were occupied with a correspondence with ,archbishop ,wake of ,canterbury1 who was endeavouring to devise a plan for the reunion of the ,churches of ,france and ,england4 ,unhappily the supporters of the ,national ,church of ,france were overpowered by the ,ultramontane party2 otherwise it might have been possible to carry out this project dear to the hearts of all who long for the unity of ,christendom4 ,dupin died ,a4,d4 #agai4 ,a companion in misfortune was ,noel ,alexandre1 a ,french ecclesiastical historian who lived at the same period and shared ,dupin's views with regard to the supremacy of the ,pope4 ,his work is entitled ,natalis ,alexandri ,historia ,ecclesiastica ,veteris et ,novi ,testamenti1 cum ,dissertationibus historico-chronologicis et criticis 7,parisiis1 ,dezallier1 #affi1 seu #agad1 #h tom en #g vol4 in-fol474 ,the results of his researches were not very favourable to the ,court of ,rome4 ,the ,inquisition examined and condemned the work4 ,its author was excommunicated by ,innocent ,,xi4 in #afhd4 ,this sentence was subsequently removed1 as we find our author ,provincial of the ,dominican ,order in #agjf2 but having subscribed his name to the celebrated ,cas de ,conscience1 together with forty other doctors of the ,sorbonne1 he was banished to ,chtelleraut and deprived of his pension4 ,he died in #agbd4 ,italian historians seem to have fared ill1 and our next author1 ,peter ,giannone1 was no exception to the rule4 ,he was born in #afgf1 and resided some time at ,naples1 following the profession of a lawyer4 ,there he published in #agbc four volumes of his illustrious work entitled ,dell' ,historia civile del ,regno di ,napoli1 dopo l'origine sino ad re ,carlo ,,vi41 da ,messer ,p4 ,giannone 7,napoli1 ,nicolo ,naro1 #agbc1 in-#d71 which1 on account of certain strictures upon the temporal authority of the ,pope1 involved him in many troubles4 ,this remarkable work occupied the writer twenty years1 and contains the result of much study and research1 exposing with great boldness the usurpations of the ,pope and his cardinals1 and other ecclesiastical enormities1 and revealing many obscure points with regard to the constitution1 laws1 and customs of the kingdom of ,naples4 ,he was aware of the great dangers which would threaten him1 if he dared to publish this immortal work2 but he bravely faced the cruel fate which awaited him1 and verified the prophetic utterance of a friend1 ,you have placed on your head a crown of thorns1 and of very sharp ones4 ,this book created many difficulties between the ,king of ,naples and the occupant of the ,papal ,see1 and its author was excommunicated and compelled to leave ,naples1 while his work was placed on the index of prohibited books4 ,giannone then led a wandering life for some time1 and at length imagined that he had found a safe asylum at ,venice4 ,but his powerful enemies contrived that he should be expelled from the territory of the ,venetian republic4 ,milan1 ,padua1 ,modena afforded him only temporary resting-places1 and at last he betook himself to ,geneva4 ,there he began to write ,vol4 ,v4 of his history4 ,he was accosted one day by a certain nobleman1 who professed great admiration of his writings1 and was much interested in all that ,giannone told him4 ,his new friend invited him to dinner at a farmstead which was situated not far from ,geneva1 but just within the borders of the kingdom of ,savoy4 ,fearing no treachery1 ,giannone accepted the invitation of his new friend1 but the repast was not concluded before he was arrested by order of the ,king of ,sardinia1 conveyed to a prison1 and then transferred to ,rome4 ,the fates of the poor captives in ,st4 ,angelo were very similar4 ,in spite of a useless retractation of his errors1 he was never released1 and died in prison in #ageh4 ,his history was translated into ,french1 and published in four volumes in #agdb at the ,hague4 ,giannone's work has furnished with weapons many of the adversaries of ,papal dominion1 and one ,vernet collected all the passages in this book1 so fatal to its author1 which were hostile to the ,pope1 and many of his scathing criticisms and denunciations of abuses1 and published the extracts under the title ,anecdotes ecclsiastiques 7,the ,hague1 #agch74 ,the work of ,giannone on the civil history of the kingdom of ,naples excited ,joseph ,sanfelicius1 of the order of the ,jesuits1 to reply to the arguments of the former relating to the temporal power of the ,pope4 ,this man1 assuming the name of ,eusebius ,philopater1 wrote in ,a4,d4 #agbh a fatal book upon the civil history of the kingdom of ,naples1 in which he attacked ,giannone with the utmost vehemence1 and heaped upon him every kind of disgraceful accusation and calumny4 ,this work was first published secretly1 and then sold openly by two booksellers1 by whom it was disseminated into every part of ,italy4 ,it fell into the hands of the ,regent1 who summoned his council and inquired what action should be taken with regard to it4 ,with one voice they decided against the book2 its sale was prohibited1 and its author banished4 ,a book entitled ,histoire de la tyrannie et des excs dont se rendirent coupables les ,habitans de ,padoue dans la guerre qu'ils eurent avec ceux de ,vicence1 par ,arlotto1 notaire ,vicence1 carries us back to the stormy period of the fourteenth century1 when ,italy was distracted by war1 the great republics ever striving for the supremacy4 ,arlotto wrote an account of the cruelties of the people of ,padua when they conquered ,vicenza1 who1 in revenge1 banished the author1 confiscated his goods1 and pronounced sentence of death on any one who presumed to read his work4 ,happily ,vicenza succeeded in throwing off the yoke of ,padua1 and ,arlotto recovered his possessions4 ,this book was so severely suppressed that its author searched in vain for a copy in order that he might republish it1 and only the title of his work is known4 ,genoa too has its literary martyrs1 amongst whom was ,jacopo ,bonfadio1 a professor of philosophy at that city in #aede4 ,he wrote ,annales ,genuendis1 ab anno #aebh recuperatae libertatis usque ad annum #aeej1 libri quinque 7,papiae1 #aehe1 in-#d74 ,his truthful records aroused the animosity of the powerful ,genoese families4 ,the ,dorias and the ,adornos1 the ,spinolas and ,fieschi1 were not inclined to treat tenderly so daring a scribe1 who presumed to censure their misdeeds4 ,they proceeded to accuse the author of a crime which merited the punishment of death by burning4 ,his friends procured for him the special favour that he should be beheaded before his body was burnt4 ,the execution took place in #aefa4 ,the annals have been translated into ,italian by ,paschetti1 and a new ,latin edition was published at ,brescia in #agdg4 ,books have sometimes been fatal1 not only to authors1 but to their posterity also2 so it happened to the famous ,french historian ,de ,thou1 who wrote a valuable history of his own times 7#aeec--afja71 ,historia sui temporis4 ,footnote3 ,the title of the edition of #afjd is ,jacobi ,augusti ,thuani in suprema regni ,gallici curia praesidis insulati1 historiarum sui temporis 7,parisiis ,sonnius1 ,patisson1 ,drouart1 in-fol474 ,this great work was written in ,latin in one hundred and thirty-eight books1 and afterwards translated into ,french and published in sixteen volumes4 ,the important offices which ,de ,thou held1 his intimate acquaintance with the purposes of the ,king and the intrigues of the ,french ,court1 the special embassies on which he was engaged1 as well as his judicial mind and historical aptitude1 his love of truth1 his tolerance and respect for justice1 his keen penetration and critical faculty1 render his memoirs extremely valuable4 ,in #aegb he accompanied the ,italian ambassador to ,italy2 then he was engaged on a special mission to the ,netherlands2 for twenty-four years he was a member of the ,parliament of ,paris4 ,henry ,,iii4 employed him on various missions to ,germany1 ,italy1 and to different provinces of his own country1 and on the accession of ,henry ,,iv4 he followed the fortunes of that monarch1 and was one of the signatories of the ,edict of ,nantes4 ,but his writings created enemies1 and amongst them the most formidable was the mighty ,richelieu1 who disliked him because our author had not praised one of the ancestors of the powerful minister1 and had been guilty of the unpardonable offence of not bestowing sufficient honour upon ,richelieu himself4 ,such a slight was not to be forgiven1 and when ,de ,thou applied for the post of ,president of the ,parliament of ,paris from ,louis ,,xiii41 the favourite took care that the post should be given to some one else1 although it had been promised to our author by the late monarch4 ,this disappointment and the continued opposition of ,richelieu killed ,de ,thou1 who died in #afag4 ,but the revenge of the minister was unsated4 ,frederick ,augustus de ,thou1 the son of the historian1 and formerly a protg of ,richelieu1 was condemned to death and executed4 ,enraged by the treatment which his father had received from the minister1 he had turned against his former patron1 and some imprudent letters to the ,countess of ,chevreuse1 which fell into ,richelieu's hands1 caused the undying animosity of the minister1 and furnished a pretext for the punishment of his former friend1 and the completion of his vengeance upon the author of ,historia sui temporis4 ,casaubon declares that this history is the greatest work of its kind which had been published since the ,annals of ,livy4 ,chancellor ,hardwicke is said to have been so fond of it as to have resigned his office and seals on purpose to read it4 ,the book contains some matter which was written by ,camden1 and destined for his ,elizabeth1 but erased by order of the royal censor4 ,sir ,robert ,filmer1 ,camden's friend1 states that the ,english historian sent all that he was not suffered to print to his correspondent ,thuanus1 who printed it all faithfully in his annals without altering a word4 ,on the tomb of our next author stands the epitaph ,urna capit cineres1 nomen non orbe tenetur4 ,this writer was ,gilbert ,gnbrard1 a ,french author of considerable learning1 who maintained that the bishops should be elected by the clergy and people and not nominated by the king4 ,his book1 written at ,avignon1 is entitled ,de sacrarum electionum jure et necessitate ad ,ecclesiae ,gallicanae1 redintegrationem1 auctore ,g4 ,genebrardo 7,parisiis1 ,nivellius1 #aeic1 in-#h74 ,the ,parliament of ,aix ordered the book to be burned1 and its author banished from the kingdom and to suffer death if he attempted to return4 ,he survived his sentence only one year1 and died in the ,burgundian monastery of ,semur4 ,he loved to declaim against princes and great men1 and obscured his literary glory by his bitter invectives4 ,one of his works is entitled ,excommunication des ,ecclsiastiques qui ont assist au service divin avec ,henri de ,valois aprs l'assassinat du ,cardinal de ,guise 7#aehi1 in-#h74 ,certainly the judgment of posterity has not fulfilled the proud boast of his epitaph4 ,joseph ,audra1 ,professor of ,history at the ,college of ,toulouse1 composed a work for the benefit of his pupils entitled ,abrg d',histoire gnrale1 par l',abb ,audra 7,toulouse1 #aggj71 which was condemned1 and deprived ,audra of his professorship1 and also of his life4 ,he died from the chagrin and disappointment which his misfortunes caused4 ,the author of ,mmoires et ,lettres de ,madame de ,maintenon 7,amsterdam1 #agee1 #ae vols41 in-#ab7 found his subject a dangerous one1 inasmuch as it conducted him to the ,bastille1 a very excellent reformatory for audacious scribes4 ,laurence ,anglivielle de la ,beaumelle1 born in #agbg1 had previously visited that same house of correction on account of his political views expressed in ,mes ,penses1 published at ,copenhagen in #agea4 ,in his ,mmoires he attributed to the mistress-queen of ,louis ,,xiv4 sayings which she never uttered1 and his style lacks the dignity and decency of true historical writings4 ,voltaire advised that ,la ,beaumelle should be fettered together with a band of other literary opponents and sent to the galleys4 ,among ,spanish historians the name of ,john ,mariana is illustrious4 ,he was born at ,talavera in #aecg1 and1 in spite of certain misfortunes which befell him on account of his works1 lived to the age of eighty-seven years4 ,he was of the order of the ,jesuits1 studied at ,rome and ,paris1 and then retired to the house of the ,jesuits at ,toledo1 where he devoted himself to his writings4 ,his most important work was his ,historiae de rebus ,hispaniae libri xxx41 published at ,toledo #aeib-ie4 ,but the work which brought him into trouble was one entitled ,de ,mutatione ,monetae1 which exposed the frauds of the ministers of the ,king of ,spain with regard to the adulteration of the public money1 and censured the negligence and laziness of ,philip ,,iii41 declaring that ,spain had incurred great loss by the depreciation in the value of the current coin of the realm4 ,this book aroused the indignation of the ,king1 who ordered ,mariana to be cast into prison4 ,the ,spanish historian certainly deserved this fate1 not on account of the book which brought this punishment upon him1 but on account of another work1 entitled ,de ,rege ac ,regis institutione ,libri iii4 ad ,philippum ,,iii41 ,hispaniae regem catholicum4 ,toleti1 apud ,petrum ,rodericum1 #aeii1 in-#d4 ,in this book ,mariana propounded the hateful doctrine1 generally ascribed to the ,jesuits1 that a king who was a tyrant and a heretic ought to be slain either by open violence or by secret plots4 ,it is said that the reading of this book caused ,ravaillac to commit his crime of assassinating ,henry ,,iv4 of ,france1 and that in consequence of this the book was burned at ,paris in #afaj by order of the ,parliament4 ,the historian of the ,dutch war of #afgb endured much distress by reason of his truthfulness4 ,this was ,john ,baptist ,primi1 ,count of ,saint-,majole4 ,his book was first published in ,italian1 and entitled ,historia della guerra d',olanda nell' anno #afgb 7,in ,parigi1 #afhb71 and in the same year a ,french translation was issued4 ,the author alludes to the discreditable ,treaty of ,dover1 whereby ,charles ,,ii41 the ,sovereign of ,england1 became a pensioner of ,france1 and basely agreed to desert his ,dutch allies1 whom he had promised to aid with all his resources4 ,the exposure of this base business was not pleasing to the royal ears4 ,lord ,preston1 the ,english ambassador1 applied to the ,court for the censure of the author1 who was immediately sent to the ,bastille4 ,his book was very vigorously suppressed1 so that few copies exist of either the ,italian or ,french versions4 ,amongst historians we include one writer of biography1 ,john ,christopher ,rdiger1 who1 under the name of ,clarmundus1 wrote a book ,de ,vitis ,clarissimorum in re ,litteraria ,vivorum4 ,he discoursed pleasantly upon the fates of authors and their works1 but unhappily incurred the displeasure of the powerful ,german family of ,carpzov1 which produced many learned theologians1 lawyers1 and philologists4 ,the chief of this family was one ,samuel ,benedict ,carpzov1 who lived at ,wittenberg1 wrote several dissertations1 and was accounted the ,chrysostom of his age 7#aefe-afbd74 ,rdiger in ,part ,,ix4 of his work wrote the biography of this learned man1 suppressing his good qualities and ascribing to him many bad ones1 and did scant justice to the memory of so able a theologian4 ,this so enraged the sons and other relations of the great man that they accused ,rdiger of slander before the ecclesiastical court1 and the luckless author was ordered to be beaten with rods1 and to withdraw all the calumnies he had uttered against the renowned ,carpzov4 ,on account of his books ,rdiger was imprisoned at ,dresden1 where he died4 ,haudicquer1 the unfortunate compiler of genealogies1 was doomed to the galleys on account of the complaints of certain noble families who felt themselves aggrieved by his writings4 ,his work was entitled ,la ,nobiliaire de ,picardie1 contenant les ,gnralits d',amiens1 de ,soissons1 des pays reconquis1 et partie de l',election de ,beauvais1 le tout justifi conformment aux ,jugemens rendus en faveur de la ,province4 ,par ,franois ,haudicquer de ,blancourt 7,paris1 #afic1 in-#d74 ,bearing ill-will to several illustrious families1 he took the opportunity of vilifying and dishonouring them in his work by many false statements and patents1 which so enraged them that they accomplished the destruction of the calumniating compiler4 ,the book1 in spite of his untrustworthiness1 is sought after by curious book-lovers1 as the copies of it are extremely rare1 and few perfect4 ,it is usually hazardous to endeavour to alter one's facts in order to support historical theories4 ,this ,m4 ,franois de ,rosires1 ,archdeacon of ,toul1 discovered1 who endeavoured to show in his history of ,lorraine that the crown of ,france rightly belonged to that house4 ,his book is entitled ,stemmatum ,lotharingiae et ,barri ducum1 ,tomi ,,vii41 ab ,antenore ,trojano1 ad ,caroli ,,iii41 ducis tempora1 etc4 7,parisiis1 #aehj1 in-folio74 ,the heroes of the ,trojan war had a vast number of descendants all over ,western ,europe1 if early genealogies are to be credited4 ,but ,de ,rosires altered and transposed many ancient charters and royal patents1 in order to support his theory with regard to the sovereignty of the ,house of ,lorraine4 ,his false documents were proved to have been forged by the author4 ,the anger of the ,french was aroused4 ,he was compelled to sue for pardon before ,henry ,,iii42 his book was proscribed and burnt2 but for the protection of the ,house of ,guise1 he would have shared the fate of his book1 and was condemned to imprisonment in the ,bastille4 ,the learned ,swedish historian ,rudbeck may perhaps be included in our list of ill-fated authors1 although his death was not brought about by the machinations of his foes4 ,he wrote a great work on the origin1 antiquities1 and history of ,sweden1 but soon after its completion he witnessed the destruction of his book in the great fire of ,upsal in #agjb4 ,the disappointment caused by the loss of his work was so great that he died the same year4 ,rudbeck is not the only author who so loved his work that he died broken-hearted when deprived of his treasure4 ,a great scholar of the fifteenth century1 one ,anthony ,urseus1 who lived at ,forli1 had just finished a great work1 when unhappily he left a lighted lamp in his study during his absence4 ,the fatal flame soon enveloped his books and papers1 and the poor author on his return went mad1 beating his head against the door of his palace1 and raving blasphemous words4 ,in vain his friends tried to comfort him1 and the poor man wandered away into the woods1 his mind utterly distraught by the enormity of his loss4 ,few authors have the bravery1 the energy1 and amazing perseverance of ,carlyle1 who1 when his ,french ,revolution had been burned by the thoughtlessness of his friend's servant1 could calmly return to fight his battle over again1 and reproduce the ,,ms4 of that immortal work of which hard fate had cruelly deprived him4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,politics ,,and ,,statesmanship4 ,john ,fisher--,reginald ,pole--,martin ,marprelate--,udal--,penry--,hacket-- ,coppinger--,arthington--,cartwright--,c owell--,leighton--,john ,stubbs--,peter ,wentworth--,r4 ,doleman--,j4 ,hales--,reboul--,william ,prynne-- ,burton,bastwick--,john ,selden--,john ,tutchin--,delaune--,samuel ,johnson-- ,algernon ,sidney--,edmund ,richer--,john de ,falkemberg--,jean ,lenoir--,simon ,linguet--,abb ,caveirac--,darigrand--,pietro ,sarpi--,jerome ,maggi--,theodore ,reinking4 ,the thorny subject of ,politics has had many victims1 and not a few ,english authors who have dealt in ,state-craft have suffered on account of their works4 ,the stormy period of the ,reformation1 with its ebbs and flows1 its action and reaction1 was not a very safe time for writers of pronounced views4 ,the way to the block was worn hard by the feet of many pilgrims1 and the fires of ,smithfield shed a lurid glare over this melancholy page of ,english history4 ,one of the earliest victims was ,john ,fisher1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 a prelate renowned for his learning1 his pious life1 and for the royal favour which he enjoyed both from ,henry ,,vii4 and ,henry ,,viii4 ,the ,margaret ,professorship at ,cambridge and the ,colleges of ,st4 ,john's and ,christ's owe their origin to ,fisher1 who induced ,margaret1 the ,countess of ,richmond and mother of ,henry ,,vii41 to found them4 ,fisher became ,chancellor of the ,university1 and acted as tutor to ,henry ,,viii4 ,high dignities and royal favours were bestowed upon the man whom kings delighted to honour4 ,but ,bishop ,fisher was no time-serving prelate nor respecter of persons1 and did not hesitate to declare his convictions1 whatever consequences might result4 ,when the much-married monarch wearied of his first wife1 the ill-fated ,catherine1 and desired to wed ,anne ,boleyn1 the bishops were consulted1 and ,fisher alone declared that in his opinion the divorce would be unlawful4 ,he wrote a fatal book against the divorce1 and thus roused the hatred of the headstrong monarch4 ,he was cast into prison on account of his refusing the oath with regard to the succession1 and his supposed connection with the treason of ,elizabeth ,barton1 whose mad ravings caused many troubles2 he was deprived1 not only of his revenues1 but also of his clothes1 in spite of his extreme age and the severity of a hard winter1 and for twelve long dreary months languished in the ,tower4 ,the ,pope added to the resentment which ,henry bore to his old tutor by making him a ,cardinal2 and the ,red ,hat sealed his doom4 ,the ,pope may send him a hat1 said the ferocious monarch2 but1 ,mother of ,god1 he shall wear it on his shoulders1 for ,i will leave him never a head to set it on4 ,he was charged with having falsely1 maliciously1 and traitorously wished1 willed1 and desired1 and by craft imagined1 invented1 practised1 and attempted1 to deprive the ,king of the dignity1 title1 and name of his royal estate1 that is1 of his title and name of supreme head of the ,church of ,england1 in the ,tower1 on the seventh day of ,may last1 when1 contrary to his allegiance1 he said and pronounced in the presence of different true subjects1 falsely1 maliciously1 and traitorously1 these words3 the ,king oure soveraign lord is not supreme hedd yn erthe of the ,cherche of ,englande4 ,these words1 drawn from him by ,rich1 were found sufficient to effect the ,king's pleasure4 ,the aged prelate was pronounced guilty1 and beheaded on ,july #bbnd1 #aece4 ,on his way to the scaffold he exclaimed1 ,feet1 do your duty2 you have only a short journey1 and then1 singing the ,te ,deum laudamus1 he placed his head upon the block1 and the executioner's axe fell4 ,although ,bishop ,fisher was condemned for denying the ,king's supremacy1 he incurred the wrath of ,henry by his book against the divorce1 and that practically sealed his fate4 ,his head was placed on a spike on ,london ,bridge as a warning to others who might be rash enough to incur the displeasure of the ruthless ,king4 ,another fatal book which belongs to this period is ,pro unitate ecclesiae ad ,henricum ,,viii41 written by ,reginald ,pole in the secure retreat of ,padua1 in which the author compares ,henry to ,nebuchadnezzar1 and prays the ,emperor of ,germany to direct his arms against so heretical a ,christian1 rather than against the ,turks4 ,secure in his retreat at the ,papal ,court1 ,pole did not himself suffer on account of his book1 but the vengeance of ,henry fell heavily upon his relations in ,england1 in whose veins ran the royal blood of the ,plantagenets who had swayed the ,english sceptre through so many generations4 ,sir ,geoffrey ,pole1 a brother of the cardinal1 was seized2 this arrest was followed by that of ,lord ,montague1 another brother1 and the ,countess of ,salisbury1 their mother1 who was the daughter of the ,duke of ,clarence1 brother of ,edward ,,iv4 ,they were accused of having devised to maintain1 promote1 and advance one ,reginald ,pole1 late ,dean of ,exeter1 the ,king's enemy beyond seas1 and to deprive the ,king of his royal state and dignity4 ,sir ,geoffrey ,pole contrived to escape the vengeance of ,henry by betraying his companions1 but the rest were executed4 ,for some time ,pole's mother was kept a prisoner in the ,tower1 as a hostage for her son's conduct4 ,she was more than seventy years of age1 and after two years' imprisonment was condemned to be beheaded4 ,when ordered to lay her head upon the block she replied1 ,no1 my head never committed treason2 if you will have it1 you must take it as you can4 ,she was held down by force1 and died exclaiming1 ,blessed are they who suffer persecution for righteousness' sake4 ,henry endeavoured to tempt the cardinal to ,england1 but in vain was the net spread in sight of any bird4 ,in his absence he was condemned for treason4 ,the ,king of ,france and the ,emperor were asked to deliver him up to justice4 ,spies and emissaries of ,henry were sent to watch him1 and he believed that ruffians were hired to assassinate him4 ,but he survived all these perils1 being employed by the ,pope on various missions and passing his leisure in literary labours4 ,he presided at the ,council of ,trent1 and lived to return to ,england during the reign of ,mary1 became ,archbishop of ,canterbury1 and strived to appease the sanguinary rage of that dreadful persecution which is a lasting disgrace to humanity and to the unhappy ,queen1 its chief instigator4 ,the rise of the ,puritan faction and all the troubles of the ,rebellion caused many woes to reckless authors4 ,in the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth the ,puritan party opened a vehement attack upon the ,episcopalians1 and published books reviling the whole body1 as well as the individual members4 ,the most noted of these works were put forth under the fictitious name of ,martin ,marprelate4 ,they were base1 scurrilous productions1 very coarse1 breathing forth terrible hate against bouncing priests and bishops4 ,here is an example3 ,a ,dialogue wherein is laid open the tyrannical dealing of ,l4 ,bishopps against ,god's children4 ,it is full of scandalous stories of the prelates1 who lived irreproachable lives1 and were quite innocent of the gross charges which ,martin ,senior and ,martin ,junior brought against them4 ,the ,bishop of ,lincoln1 named ,cooper1 was a favourite object of attack1 and the pamphleteers were always striving to make the ,cooper's hoops to flye off and his tubs to leake out4 ,in the ,pistle to the ,terrible ,priests they tell us of a parson1 well-known1 who1 being in the pulpit1 and hearing his dog cry1 he out with the text1 ',why1 how now1 hoe6 can you not let my dog alone there8 ,come1 ,springe6 come1 ,springe6' and whistled the dog to the pulpit4 ,martin ,marprelate was treated by some according to his folly1 and was scoffed in many pamphlets by the wits of the age in language similar to that which he was so fond of using4 ,thus we have ,pasquill of ,england to ,martin ,junior1 in a countercuffe given to ,martin ,junior2 ,a sound boxe on the eare for the father and sonnes1 ,huffe1 ,ruffe1 and ,snuffe1 the three tame ruffians of the ,church1 who take pepper in their nose because they cannot marre ,prelates grating2 and similar publications4 ,archbishop ,whitgift proceeded against these authors with much severity4 ,in #aehi a proclamation was issued against them2 several were taken and punished4 ,udal and ,penry1 who were the chief authors of these outrageous works1 were executed4 ,hacket1 ,coppinger1 and ,arthington1 who seem to have been a trio of insane libellers1 and ,greenwood and ,barrow1 whose seditious books and pamphlets were leading the way to all the horrors of anarchy introduced by the ,anabaptists into ,germany and the ,netherlands1 all felt the vengeance of the ,star ,chamber1 and were severely punished for their revilings4 ,the innocent often suffer with the guilty1 and ,cartwright was imprisoned for eighteen months1 although he denied all connection with the ,marprelate books1 and declared that he had never written or published anything which could be offensive to her ,majesty or detrimental to the state4 ,the ,solomon of the ,north and the ,parliament of ,england dealt hard justice to the ,interpreter 7#afjg71 which nearly caused its author's death4 ,he published also ,institutiones ,juris ,anglicani ad seriem ,institutionum imperialium 7,cambridge1 #afje1 #hvo71 which involved him in a charge of wishing to confound the ,english with the ,roman law4 ,dr4 ,cowell1 in the former work1 sounded the battle-cry which was heard a few years later on many a field when the strength of the ,crown and ,parliament met in deadly combat4 ,he contended for the absolute monarchy of the ,king of ,england4 ,his writings are especially valuable as illustrating our national customs4 ,the author says3 ,my true end is the advancement of knowledge1 and therefore ,i have published this poor work1 not only to impart the good thereof to those young ones who want it1 but also to draw from the learned the supply of my defects4444 ,what a man saith well is not however to be rejected because he hath many errors2 reprehend who will1 in ,god's name1 that is with sweetness and without reproach4 ,so shall he reap hearty thanks at my hands1 and thus more soundly help in a few months1 than ,i1 by tossing and tumbling my books at home1 could possibly have done in many years4 ,the ,attorney-,general1 ,sir ,edward ,coke1 was the determined foe of the unhappy doctor1 endeavouring to ridicule him by calling him ,dr4 ,cowheel2 then1 telling the ,king that the book limited the supreme power of the royal prerogative2 and when that failed1 he accused our author to the ,parliament of the opposite charge of betraying the liberties of the people4 ,at length ,cowell was condemned by the ,house to imprisonment2 ,james issued a proclamation against the book1 but saved its author from the hangman4 ,however1 ,fuller states that ,dr4 ,cowell's death1 which occurred soon after the condemnation of his book1 was hastened by the troubles in which it involved him4 ,a ,scottish divine1 ,dr4 ,leighton1 the father of the illustrious ,archbishop1 incurred the vengeance of the ,star ,chamber in #afcj on account of his treatise entitled ,syon's ,plea against ,prelacy 7#afbh71 and received the following punishment3 ,to be committed to the ,fleet ,prison for life1 and to pay a fine of ten thousand pounds to the king's use2 to be degraded from the ministry2 to be brought to the pillory at ,westminster1 while the court was sitting1 and be whipped1 and after the whipping to have one of his ears cut1 one side of his nose slit1 and be branded in the face with the letters ,s4,s41 signifying ,sower of ,sedition3 after a few days to be carried to the pillory in ,cheapside on a market-day1 and be there likewise whipped1 and have the other ear cut off1 and the other side of his nose slit1 and then to be shut up in prison for the remainder of his life1 unless his ,majesty be graciously pleased to enlarge him4 ,a sentence quite sufficiently severe to deter any rash scribe from venturing upon authorship6 ,maiming an author1 cutting off his hands1 or ears1 or nose1 seems to have been a favourite method of criticism in the sixteenth century4 ,one ,john ,stubbs had his right hand cut off for protesting against the proposed marriage of ,queen ,elizabeth with the ,duke of ,anjou1 which bold act he committed in his work entitled ,discoverie of a ,gaping ,gulf whereinto ,england is like to be swallowed by another ,french marriage1 if the ,lord forbid not the banes by letting her ,majestie see the sin and punishment thereof 7#aegi74 ,hallam states that the book was far from being a libel on the ,virgin ,queen1 but that it was written with great affection4 ,however1 it was pronounced to be a fardell of false reports1 suggestions1 and manifest lies4 ,its author and ,page1 the bookseller1 were brought into the open market at ,westminster1 and their right hands were cut off with a butcher's knife and mallet4 ,with amazing loyalty1 ,stubbs took off his cap with his left hand and shouted1 ,long live ,queen ,elizabeth6 ,the autocratic ,queen had a ready method of dealing with obnoxious authors1 as poor ,peter ,wentworth discovered1 who wrote ,a ,pithy ,exhortation to ,her ,majesty for establishing her ,successor to the ,crown1 and for his pains was committed to the ,tower1 where he pined and died4 ,this work advocated the claims of ,james ,,vi4 of ,scotland1 and was written in answer to a pamphlet entitled ,a ,conference about the ,next ,succession to the ,crown of ,england1 published by ,r4 ,doleman 7#aeid74 ,the ,jesuit ,r4 ,parsons1 ,cardinal ,allen1 and ,sir ,francis ,englefield were the authors1 who advocated the claims of ,lord ,hertford's second son1 or the children of the ,countess of ,derby1 or the ,infanta of ,spain4 ,the authors were safe beyond seas1 but the printer was hung1 drawn1 and quartered4 ,john ,hales wrote ,a ,declaration of ,succession of the ,crown of ,england1 in support of ,lord ,hertford's children by ,lady ,catherine ,grey1 and was sent to the ,tower4 ,james ,i41 by his craft and guile1 accomplished several notable and surprising matters1 and nothing more remarkable than actually to persuade the ,pope to punish an ,italian writer1 named ,reboul1 for publishing an apology for the ,english ,roman ,catholics who refused to take the oath of allegiance required by the ,english monarch in #afjf1 after the discovery of the gunpowder plot4 ,this certainly was a singular and remarkable performance1 and must have required much tact and diplomacy4 ,it is conjectured that the artful ,king so flattered the ,pope as to induce him to protect the ,english sovereign from the attacks of his foes4 ,reboul's production was very virulent1 exhorting all ,catholics to go constantly to ,england to excite a rising against the ,king1 and to strangle the tyrant with their hands4 ,the ,pope ordered the furious writer to be hanged1 and an account of his execution1 written by a ,venetian senator1 is found among ,casaubon's collection of letters4 ,the most famous victim of the ,star ,chamber was ,william ,prynne1 whose work ,histriomastix1 or the ,player's ,scourge1 directed against the sinfulness of play-acting1 masques1 and revels1 aroused the indignation of the ,court4 ,this volume of more than a thousand closely printed quarto pages contains almost all that was ever written against plays and players2 not even the ,queen was spared1 who specially delighted in such pastimes1 and occasionally took part in the performances at ,court4 ,prynne was ejected from his profession1 condemned to stand in the pillory at ,westminster and ,cheapside1 to lose both his ears1 one in each place1 to pay a fine of #e1jjj1 and to be kept in perpetual imprisonment4 ,a few years later1 on account of his ,news from ,ipswich1 he was again fined #e1jjj1 deprived of the rest of his ears1 which a merciful executioner had partially spared1 branded on both cheeks with ,s4,l4 7,schismatical ,libeller71 and condemned to imprisonment for life in ,carnarvon ,castle4 ,he was subsequently removed to the ,castle of ,mont ,orgueil1 in ,jersey1 where he received kind treatment from his jailor1 ,sir ,philip de ,carteret4 ,prynne was conducted in triumph to ,london after the victory of the ,parliamentarian party1 and became a member of the ,commons4 ,his pen was ever active1 and he left behind him forty volumes of his works1 a grand monument of literary activity4 ,associated with ,prynne was ,burton1 the author of two sermons ,for ,god and ,king1 who wrote against ,laud and his party1 and endeavoured to uphold the authority of ,charles1 upon which he imagined the bishops were encroaching4 ,burton suffered the same punishment as ,prynne2 and ,bastwick1 a physician1 incurred a like sentence on account of his ,letany1 and another work entitled ,apologeticus ad ,praesules ,anglicanos1 which were written while the author was a prisoner in the ,gatehouse of ,westminster1 and contained a severe attack upon the ,laudian party1 the ,high ,commission1 and the ,church of ,england4 ,he had previously been imprisoned and fined #a1jjj pounds for his former works ,elenchus ,papisticae ,religionis and ,flagellum ,pontificis4 ,during this period of severe literary criticism lived ,john ,selden1 an author of much industry and varied learning4 ,he was a just1 upright1 and fearless man1 who spoke his mind1 upheld what he deemed to be right in the conduct of either ,king or ,parliament1 and was one of the best characters in that strange drama of the ,great ,rebellion4 ,he was the friend and companion of ,littleton1 the ,lord ,keeper of the ,great ,seal1 and together they studied the ,records1 and were expert in the ,books of ,law1 being the greatest antiquaries in the profession4 ,selden had a great affection for ,charles2 but the latter was exceedingly enraged because ,selden in an able speech in the ,house of ,commons declared the unlawfulness of the ,commission of ,array1 for calling out the ,militia in the ,king's name1 founded upon an ancient ,act of ,parliament in the reign of ,henry ,,iv41 which ,selden said had been repealed4 ,when ,lord ,falkland wrote a friendly letter to remonstrate with him1 he replied courteously and frankly1 recapitulating his arguments1 and expressing himself equally opposed to the ordinance of the ,parliamentarians1 who wished to summon the ,militia without the authority of the ,king4 ,with equal impartiality and vigour ,selden declared the illegality of this measure1 and expected that the ,commons would have rejected it1 but he found that they who suffered themselves to be entirely governed by his ,reason when those conclusions resulted from it which contributed to their own designs1 would not be at all guided by it1 or submit to it1 when it persuaded that which contradicted and would disappoint those designs4 ,footnote3 ,clarendon's ,history of the ,rebellion1 vol4 i41 p4 #ffg4 ,his work ,de ,decimis1 in which he tried to prove that the giving of tithes was not ordered by any ,divine command1 excited much contention1 and aroused the animosity of the clergy4 ,in consequence of this in #afba he was imprisoned1 and remained in custody for five years4 ,on the dissolution of ,parliament in #afbi1 being obnoxious to the royal party1 he was sent to the ,tower1 and then confined in a house of correction for pirates4 ,but as a compensation for his injuries in #afdg he received #e1jjj from the public purse and became a member of the ,long ,parliament4 ,he was by no means a strong partisan of the ,puritan party1 and when asked by ,cromwell to reply to the published works in favour of the martyred ,king he refused4 ,he lived until #afed and wrote several works1 amongst which are ,mare clausum1 which was opposed to the ,mare liberum of the learned ,dutch historian ,grotius1 ,commentaries on the ,arundel ,marbles 7#afbi71 and ,researches into the ,history of the ,legislation of the ,hebrews4 ,john ,tutchin1 afterwards editor of the ,observator1 was punished by the merciless ,jeffreys in his ,bloody ,assize for writing seditious verses1 and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment and to be flogged every year through a town in ,dorsetshire4 ,the court was filled with indignation at this cruel sentence1 and ,tutchin prayed rather to be hanged at once4 ,this privilege was refused1 but as the poor prisoner1 a mere youth1 was taken ill with smallpox1 his sentence was remitted4 ,tutchin became one of the most pertinacious and vehement enemies of the ,house of ,stuart4 ,delaune's ,plea for the ,nonconformists was very fatal to its author1 and landed him in ,newgate1 where the poor man died4 ,some account of this book and its author is given in a previous volume of the ,book-,lover's ,library 7,books ,condemned to be ,burnt71 and the writer founds upon it an attack upon the ,church of ,england1 whereas the ,church had about as much to do with the persecution of poor ,delaune as the writer of ,condemned ,books6 ,there are other conclusions and statements also propounded by the writer of that book1 which to one less intolerant than himself would appear entirely unwarrantable4 ,but this is not the place for controversy4 ,a book entitled ,julian the ,apostate was very fatal to that turbulent divine ,samuel ,johnson1 who in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 made himself famous for his advocacy of the cause of civil liberty and no popery4 ,he lived in very turbulent times1 when the question of the rights of the ,duke of ,york1 an avowed ,roman ,catholic1 to the ,english throne was vehemently disputed1 and allied himself with the party headed by the ,earl of ,essex and ,lord ,william ,russell4 ,he preached with great force against the advocates of popery1 and 7in his own words7 threw away his liberty with both hands1 and with his eyes open1 for his country's service4 ,then he wrote his book in reply to a sermon by ,dr4 ,hickes1 who was in favour of passive obedience1 and compared the future ,king to the ,roman ,emperor surnamed the ,apostate4 ,this made a great sensation1 which was not lessened by the report that he had indited a pamphlet entitled ,julian's ,arts to undermine and extirpate ,christianity4 ,johnson was subsequently condemned to a fine of one hundred marks1 and imprisoned4 ,on his release his efforts did not flag4 ,he wrote ,an ,humble and ,hearty ,address to all the ,protestants in the ,present ,army at the time when the ,stuart monarch had assembled a large number of troops at ,hounslow ,heath in order to overawe ,london4 ,this was the cause of further misfortunes2 he was condemned to stand in the pillory1 to pay another five hundred marks1 to be degraded from the ministry1 and publicly whipped from ,newgate to ,tyburn4 ,when the ,revolution came he expected a bishopric as the reward of his sufferings2 but he was scarcely the man for the episcopal bench4 ,he refused the ,deanery of ,durham1 and had to content himself with a pension and a gift of #a1jjj4 ,all men mourn the fate of ,algernon ,sidney1 who perished on account of his political opinions2 and his ,discourse on the ,government1 a manuscript which was discovered by the authorities at his house1 furnished his enemies with a good pretext4 ,a corrupt jury1 presided over by the notorious ,jeffreys1 soon condemned poor headstrong ,sidney to death4 ,he was beheaded in #afhc4 ,his early life1 his hatred of all in authority1 whether ,charles ,i4 or ,cromwell1 his revolutionary instincts1 are well known4 ,a few extracts from his fatal ,,ms4 will show the author's ideas3--,the supreme authority of kings is that of the laws1 and the people are in a state of dependence upon the laws4 ,liberty is the mother of virtues1 and slavery the mother of vices4 ,all free peoples have the right to assemble whenever and wherever they please4 ,a general rising of a nation does not deserve the name of a revolt4 ,it is the people for whom and by whom the ,sovereign is established1 who have the sole power of judging whether he does1 or does not1 fulfil his duties4 ,in the days of the ,divine ,right of ,kings such sentiments could easily be charged with treason4 ,political authors in other lands have often shared the fate of our own countrymen1 and foremost among these was ,edmund ,richer1 a learned doctor of the ,sorbonne1 ,grand ,master of the ,college of ,cardinal ,le ,moine1 and ,syndic of the ,university of ,paris4 ,he ranks among unfortunate authors on account of his work entitled ,de ,ecclesiastica et ,politica1 potestate 7#afaa71 which aroused the anger of the ,pope and his ,cardinals1 and involved him in many difficulties4 ,this remarkable work1 extracted chiefly from the writings of ,gerson1 was directed against the universal temporal power of the ,pope1 advocated the liberties of the ,gallican ,church1 and furnished ,protestant theologians with weapons in order to defend themselves against the champions of the ,ultramontane party4 ,he argues that ecclesiastical authority belongs essentially to the whole ,church4 ,the ,pope and the bishops are its ministers1 and form the executive power instituted by ,god4 ,the ,pope is the ministerial head of the ,church2 our ,lord ,jesus ,christ is the ,absolute ,chief and ,supreme ,pastor4 ,the ,pope has no power of making canons2 that authority belongs to the universal ,church1 and to general councils4 ,richer was seized by certain emissaries of a ,catholic leader as he entered the college of the ,cardinal1 and carried off to prison1 from which he was ultimately released on the intercession of his friends and of the ,university4 ,but ,richer's troubles did not end when he regained his freedom4 ,having been invited to supper by ,father ,joseph1 a ,capuchin monk1 he went to the house1 not suspecting any evil intentions on the part of his host4 ,but when he entered the room where the feast was prepared he found a large company of his enemies4 ,the door was closed behind him1 daggers were drawn by the assembled guests1 and they demanded from him an immediate retractation of all the opinions he had advanced in his work4 ,the drawn daggers were arguments which our unhappy author was unable to resist4 ,as a reward for all his labour and hard study he was obliged to live as an exile1 as he mournfully complained1 in the midst of a kingdom whose laws he strenuously obeyed1 nor dared to set foot in the college of which he had been so great an ornament4 ,in his latter days ,richer's studies were his only comfort4 ,his mind was not fretted by any ambition1 but he died in the year #afcc1 overcome by his grief on account of his unjust fate1 and fearful of the powerful enemies his book had raised4 ,the age of ,richelieu was not a very safe period for any one who had unhappily excited the displeasure of powerful foes4 ,a strange work of a wild fanatic1 ,john de ,falkemberg1 entitled ,diatribe contre ,ladislas1 ,roi de ,pologne1 was produced at the beginning of the fifteenth century1 and condemned by the ,council of ,constance in #adad4 ,falkemberg addressed himself to all kings1 princes1 prelates1 and all ,christian people1 promising them eternal life1 if they would unite for the purpose of exterminating the ,poles and slaying their king4 ,the author was condemned to imprisonment at ,constance on account of his insane book4 ,as there were no asylums for lunatics in those days1 perhaps that was the wisest course his judges could adopt4 ,the hostility of the ,pope to authors who did not agree with his political views has been excited by many others1 amongst whom we may mention the learned ,pietro ,sarpi1 born at ,venice in #aeeb4 ,he joined the order of the ,servites1 who paid particular veneration to the ,blessed ,virgin1 and of that order ,sarpi and a satirical writer named ,doni were the most distinguished members4 ,sarpi adopted the name of ,paul1 and is better known by his title ,fra ,paolo4 ,he studied history1 and wrote several works in defence of the rights and liberties of the ,venetian ,republic against the arrogant assumptions of ,pope ,paul ,v4 ,the ,venetians were proud of their defender1 and made him their consultant theologian and a member of the famous ,council of ,ten4 ,but the spiritual weapons of the ,pope were levied against the bold upholder of ,venetian liberties1 and he was excommunicated4 ,his ,histoire de l',interdit 7,venice1 #afjf7 exasperated the ,papal party4 ,one evening in the following year1 as ,sarpi was returning to his monastery1 he was attacked by five assassins1 and1 pierced with many wounds1 fell dead at their feet4 ,the authorship of this crime it was not hard to discover1 as the murderers betook themselves to the house of the ,papal ,nuncio1 and thence fled to ,rome4 ,in this book ,sarpi vigorously exposed the unlawfulness and injustice of the power of excommunication claimed by the ,pope1 and showed he had no right or authority to proscribe others for the sake of his own advantage4 ,sarpi wrote also a history of the ,council of ,trent1 published in ,london1 #afai4 ,his complete works were published in ,naples in #agij1 in twenty-four volumes4 ,another ,venetian statesman1 ,jerome ,maggi1 very learned in archaeology1 history1 mathematics1 and other sciences1 hastened his death by his writings4 ,he was appointed by the ,venetians a judge of the town of ,famagousta1 in the island of ,cyprus1 which was held by the powerful ,republic from the year #adhi to #aega4 ,after one of the most bloody sieges recorded in history1 the ,turks captured the stronghold1 losing #ej1jjj men4 ,maggi was taken captive and conducted in chains to ,constantinople4 ,unfortunately he whiled away the tedious hours of his captivity by writing two books1 ,de equuleo and ,de tintinnabulis1 remarkable for their learning1 composed entirely without any reference to other works in the squalor of a ,turkish prison4 ,he dedicated the books to the ,italian and ,french ambassadors to the ,sublime ,porte1 who were much pleased with them and endeavoured to obtain the release of the captive4 ,their efforts unhappily brought about the fate which they were trying to avert4 ,for when the affair became known1 as ,maggi was being conducted to the ,italian ambassador1 the captain of the prison ordered him to be brought back and immediately strangled in the prison4 ,the unhappy ,jean ,lenoir1 ,canon of ,sez1 was doomed in #afhd to a life-long servitude in the galleys1 after making a public retractation of his errors in the ,church of ,notre-,dame1 at ,paris4 ,his impetuous and impassioned eloquence is displayed in all his writings1 which were collected and published under the title ,recueil de ,requtes et de ,factums4 ,the titles of some of his treatises will show how obnoxious they were to the ruling powers--e4g41 ,hrsie de la domination piscopale que l'on tablit en ,france1 ,protestation contre les assembles du clerg de #afha1 etc4 ,these were the causes of the severe persecutions of which he was the unhappy victim4 ,he was fortunate enough to obtain a slight alleviation of his terrible punishment by writing a ,complainte latine1 in which he showed that the author1 although black in name 7le noir71 was white in his virtues and his character4 ,he was released from the galleys1 and sent to prison instead1 being confined at ,saint ,malo1 ,brest1 and ,nantes1 where he died in #afib4 ,in times less remote1 ,simon ,linguet1 a ,french political writer 7born in #agcf71 found himself immured in the ,bastille on account of his works1 which gave great offence to the ruling powers4 ,his chief books were his ,histoire ,impartiale des ,jsuites 7#agfh1 #b vols41 in-l#b7 and his ,annales ,politiques4 ,after his release he wrote an account of his imprisonment1 which created a great sensation1 and aroused the popular indignation against the ,bastille which was only appeased with its destruction4 ,linguet's ,annales ,politiques was subsequently published in ,brussels in #aghg1 for which he was rewarded by the ,emperor ,joseph ,,ii4 with a present of #a1jjj ducats4 ,linguet's experiences in the ,bastille rendered him a persona grata to the revolutionary party1 in which he was an active agent2 but1 alas for the fickleness of the mob6 he himself perished at the hands of the wretches whose madness he had inspired1 and was guillotined at ,paris in #agid4 ,the pretext of his condemnation was that he had incensed by his writings the despots of ,vienna and ,london4 ,the ,jesuit controversy involved many authors in ruin1 amongst others ,abb ,caveirac1 who wrote ,appel la ,raison des ,ecrits et ,libelles publis contre les ,jsuites1 par ,jean ,novi de ,caveirac 7,bruxelles1 #agfb1 #b vols41 in-#ab74 ,this book was at once suppressed1 and its author was condemned to imprisonment in #agfd1 and then sent to the pillory1 and afterwards doomed to perpetual exile4 ,he was accused of having written an apology for the slaughter of the ,protestants on the eve of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,day1 but our last mentioned author1 ,linguet1 endeavours to clear his memory from that charge4 ,a friend of ,linguet1 ,darigrand1 wrote a book entitled ,l',antifinancier1 ou ,relev de quelques-unes des malversations dont se rendent journellement les ,fermiers-,gnraux1 et des vexations qu'ils commettent dans les provinces 7,paris1 ,lambert1 #agfd1 #b vols41 in-#ab74 ,it was directed against the abominable system of taxation in vogue in ,france1 which was mainly instrumental in producing the ,revolution4 ,darigrand was a lawyer1 and had been employed in la ferme gnrale4 ,he knew all the iniquities of that curious institution2 he knew the crushing taxes which were levied1 and the tender mercies of the cellar-rats1 the gnawing bailiffs1 who knew no pity4 ,indignant and disgusted by the whole business1 he wrote his vehement exposure ,l',antifinancier4 ,the government wished to close his mouth by giving him a lucrative post under the same profitable system4 ,this our author indignantly refused2 and that method of enforcing silence having failed1 another more forcible one was immediately adopted4 ,darigrand was sent to the ,bastille in ,january #agfc4 ,his book is a most forcible and complete exposure of that horrible system of extortion1 torture1 and ruination which made a reformation or a revolution inevitable4 ,authors have often been compelled to eat their words1 but the operation has seldom been performed literally4 ,in the seventeenth century1 owing to the disastrous part which ,christian ,,iv4 of ,denmark took in the ,thirty ,years' ,war1 his kingdom was shorn of its ancient power and was overshadowed by the might of ,sweden4 ,one ,theodore ,reinking1 lamenting the diminished glory of his race1 wrote a book entitled ,dania ad exteros de perfidia ,suecorum 7#afdd74 ,it was not a very excellent work1 neither was its author a learned or accurate historian1 but it aroused the anger of the ,swedes1 who cast ,reinking into prison4 ,there he remained many years1 when at length he was offered his freedom on the condition that he should either lose his head or eat his book4 ,our author preferred the latter alternative1 and with admirable cleverness devoured his book when he had converted it into a sauce4 ,for his own sake we trust his work was not a ponderous or bulky volume4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,,satire4 ,roger ,rabutin de ,bussy--,m4 ,dassy--,trajan ,boccalini--,pierre ,billard--,pietro ,aretino--,felix ,hemmerlin--,john ,giovanni ,cinelli--,nicholas ,francus--,lorenzo ,valla--,ferrante ,pallavicino--,franois ,gacon--,daniel ,defoe--,du ,rosoi--,caspar ,scioppius4 ,to sit in the seat of the scorner has often proved a dangerous position1 as the writers of satires and lampoons have found to their cost1 although their sharp weapons have often done good service in checking the onward progress of ,vice and ,folly4 ,all authors have not shown the poet's wisdom who declared3-- ,satire's my weapon1 but ,i'm too discreet ,to run amuck1 and tilt at all ,i meet4 ,nor have all the victims of satire the calmness and self-possession of the philosopher who said3 ,if evil be said of thee1 and it be true1 correct thyself2 if it be a lie1 laugh at it4 ,it would have been well for those who indulged in this style of writing1 if all the victims of their pens had been of the same mind as ,frederick the ,great1 who said that time and experience had taught him to be a good post-horse1 going through his appointed daily stage1 and caring nothing for the curs that barked at him along the road4 ,foremost among the writers of satire stands ,count ,roger ,rabutin de ,bussy1 whose mind was jocose1 his wit keen1 and his sarcasm severe4 ,he was born in #afah1 and educated at a college of ,jesuits1 where he manifested an extraordinary avidity for letters and precocious talents4 ,the glory of war fired his early zeal1 and for sixteen years he followed the pursuit of arms4 ,then literature claimed him as her slave4 ,his first book1 ,les amours du ,palais ,royal1 excited the displeasure of ,king ,louis ,,xiv41 and prepared the way for his downfall4 ,in his ,histoire amoureuse des ,gaules 7,paris1 #affe1 #a vol41 in-#ab7 he satirised the lax manners of the ,french ,court during the minority of the ,king1 and had the courage to narrate the intrigue which ,louis carried on with ,la ,vallire4 ,he spares few of the ladies of the ,court1 and lashes them all with his satire1 amongst others ,mesdames d',olonne and de ,chatillon4 ,unhappily for the ,count1 he showed the book1 when it was yet in ,,ms41 to the ,marchioness de ,beaume1 his intimate friend4 ,but the best of friends sometimes quarrel1 and unfortunately the ,count and the good lady quarrelled while yet the ,,ms4 was in her possession4 ,a grand opportunity for revenge thus presented itself4 ,she showed to the ladies of the ,court the severe verses which the ,count had written2 and his victims were so enraged that they carried their complaints to the ,king1 who had already felt the weight of the author's blows in some verses beginning3-- ,que ,deodatus est heureux ,de baiser ce bec amoureux1 ,qui1 d'une oreille l'autre va4 ,allluia1 etc4 ,this aroused the anger of the self-willed monarch1 who ordered the author to be sent to the ,bastille1 and then to be banished from the kingdom for ever4 ,bussy passed sixteen years in exile1 and occupied his enforced leisure by writing his memoirs1 ,les mmoires de ,roger de ,rabutin1 ,comte de ,bussi 7,paris1 #afig71 in which he lauded himself amazingly1 and a history of the reign of ,louis ,,xiv41 which abounded in base flattery of the ,great ,monarch4 ,bussy earned the title of the ,french ,petronius1 by lashing with his satirical pen the debaucheries of ,louis and his ,court after the same manner in which the ,roman philosopher ridiculed the depravity of ,nero and his satellites4 ,his style was always elegant1 and his satire1 seemingly so playful and facetious1 stung his victims and cut them to the quick4 ,this was a somewhat dangerous gift to the man who wielded the whip when the ,grand ,monarch felt the lash twisting around his royal person4 ,therefore poor ,bussy was compelled to end his days in exile4 ,a book fatal to its author1 ,m4 ,dassy1 a ,parisian lawyer1 was one which bore the title ,consultation pour le ,baron et la ,baronne de ,bagge 7,paris1 #aggg1 in-#d74 ,it attacked ,m4 ,titon de ,villotran1 counsellor of the ,grand ,chamber1 who caused its author to be arrested4 ,the book created some excitement1 and contained some severe criticisms on the magistrates and the ecclesiastical authorities as well as on the aggrieved ,villotran4 ,parliament confirmed the order for ,dassy's arrest1 but he contrived to effect his escape to ,holland4 ,he was a rich man1 who did much to relieve and assist the poor1 while he delighted to attack and satirise the prosperous and the great4 ,the ,italian satirist ,trajan ,boccalini1 born at ,loretto in #aeef1 was also one upon whom ,court favour shone4 ,he was surrounded by a host of friends and admirers1 and was appointed ,governor of the ,states of the ,church4 ,he was one of the wittiest and most versatile of authors1 and would have risen to positions of greater dignity1 if only his pen had been a little less active and his satire less severe4 ,he wrote a book entitled ,ragguagli di ,parnasso 7#afab71 which was most successful4 ,in this work he represents ,apollo as judge of ,parnassus1 who cites before him kings1 authors1 warriors1 statesmen1 and other mighty personages1 minutely examines their faults and crimes1 and passes judgment upon them4 ,inasmuch as these people whom ,apollo condemned were his contemporaries1 it may be imagined that the book created no small stir1 and aroused the wrath of the victims of his satire4 ,boccalini was compelled to leave ,rome and seek safety in ,venice4 ,he also wrote a bitter satire upon the ,spanish misrule in ,italy1 entitled ,pietra del paragone politico 7#afae74 ,in this book he showed that the power of the ,king of ,spain in ,italy was not so great as men imagined1 and that it would be easy to remove the ,spanish yoke from their necks4 ,in ,venice he imagined himself safe2 but his powerful foes hired assassins to remove the obnoxious author4 ,he was seized one day by four strong men1 cast upon a couch1 and beaten to death with bags filled with sand4 ,the elegance of his style1 his witticisms and fine ,satire1 have earned for ,boccalini the title of the ,italian ,lucian4 ,to scoff at the powerful ,jesuits was not always a safe pastime1 as ,pierre ,billard discovered1 who1 on account of his work entitled ,la ,bte sept ttes1 was sent to the ,bastille1 and subsequently to the prisons of ,saint-,lazare and ,saint-,victor4 ,the ,society objected to be compared to the ,seven-headed ,beast1 and were powerful enough to ruin their bold assailant1 who died at ,charenton in #agbf4 ,another ,italian satirist1 ,pietro ,aretino1 acquired great fame1 but not of a creditable kind4 ,born at ,arezzo in #adib1 he followed the trade of a bookbinder2 but not confining his labour to the external adornment of books1 he acquired some knowledge of letters4 ,he began his career by writing a satirical sonnet against indulgences1 and was compelled to fly from his native place and wander through ,italy4 ,at ,rome he found a temporary resting-place1 where he was employed by ,popes ,leo ,x4 and ,clement ,,vii4 ,then he wrote sixteen gross sonnets on the sixteen obscene pictures of ,giulio ,romano ,footnote3 ,these were published under the title of ,la corona de i cazzi1 cio1 sonetti lussuriosi del ,pietro ,aretino4 ,stamp4 senza ,luogo ne anno1 in-#af4 ,the engravings in this edition1 the work of ,marc ,antonio of ,bolgna1 were no less scandalous than the sonnets1 and the engraver was ordered to be arrested by ,pope ,clement ,,vii41 and only escaped punishment by flight41 which were so intolerable that he was again forced to fly and seek an asylum at ,milan under the protection of the black band led by the famous ,captain ,giovanni de ,medici4 ,on the death of this leader he repaired to ,venice1 where he lived by his pen4 ,he began a series of satires on princes and leading men1 and earned the title of flagellum principum4 ,aretino adopted the iniquitous plan of demanding gifts from those he proposed to attack1 in order that by these bribes they might appease the libeller and avert his onslaught4 ,others employed him to libel their enemies4 ,thus the satirist throve and waxed rich and prosperous4 ,his book entitled ,capricium was a rude and obscene collection of satires on great men4 ,his prolific pen poured forth ,dialogues1 ,sonnets1 ,comedies1 and mingled with a mass of discreditable and licentious works we find several books on morality and theology4 ,these he wrote1 not from any sense of piety and devotion1 but simply for gain1 while his immoral life was a strange contrast to his teaching4 ,he published a ,paraphrase on the seven ,penitential ,psalms 7,venice1 #aecd71 and a work entitled ,de humanitate sive incarnatione ,christi 7,venice1 #aece71 calling himself ,aretino the divine1 and by favour of ,pope ,julius ,,iii4 he nearly obtained a ,cardinal's hat4 ,concerning his ,paraphrase a ,french poet wrote3-- ,si ce livre unit le destin ,de ,david et de l',artin1 ,dans leur merveilleuse science1 ,lecteur n'en sois pas empch ,qui paraphrase le pch ,paraphrase la pnitence4 ,utterly venal and unscrupulous1 we find him at one time enjoying the patronage of ,francis ,i4 of ,france1 and then abusing that monarch and basking in the favour of the ,emperor ,charles ,v41 who paid him more lavishly4 ,his death took place at ,venice in #aeeg4 ,some say that he1 the flagellum of princes1 was beaten to death by command of the princes of ,italy2 others narrate that he who laughed at others all his life died through laughter4 ,his risible faculties being on one occasion so violently excited by certain obscene jests1 he fell from his seat1 and struck his head with such violence against the ground that he died4 ,the town of ,zrich was startled in the fifteenth century by finding itself the object of the keen satire of one of its canons1 ,felix ,hemmerlin1 who wrote a book entitled ,clarissimi viri jurumque ,doctoris ,felicis ,malleoli ,hemmerlini variae oblectationis ,opuscula et ,tractatus 7,basileae1 #adid1 folio74 ,the clergy1 both regular and secular1 were also subjected to his criticism4 ,the book is divided into two parts2 the first is a dialogue de ,nobilitate et ,rusticitate1 and the second is a treatise against the mendicant friars1 monks1 ,beghards1 and ,bguines4 ,the town of ,zrich was very indignant at this bold attack1 and deprived the poor author of his benefices and of his liberty4 ,italian air seems to have favoured satire1 but ,italian susceptibility was somewhat fatal to the satirists4 ,giovanni ,cinelli1 born in #afbe1 taught medicine at ,florence and was illustrious for his literary productions4 ,he allied himself with ,antonio ,magliabecchi1 who afforded him opportunities of research in the library of the ,grand ,duke4 ,he began the great work entitled ,bibliotheca volans1 the fourth section of which brought grievous trouble upon its author4 ,it was all caused by an unfortunate note which attacked the doctor of the ,grand ,duke4 ,this doctor was highly indignant1 and reported ,cinelli to the ,tribunal4 ,the book was publicly burnt by the hangman1 and ,cinelli was confined in prison ninety-99three days and then driven into exile4 ,his misfortunes roused his anger1 and he published at his retreat at ,venice a bitter satire on men of all ranks entitled ,giusticazione di ,giovanni ,cinelli 7#afhc71 exciting much hostility against him4 ,he died at the age of seventy years in the ,castle of ,san ,lorenzo1 ,a4,d4 #agje1 and his ,bibliotheca volans was continued and completed by ,sancassani under the fictitious name of ,philoponis4 ,nicholas ,francus1 an ,italian poet of the sixteenth century1 was a graceful writer and very skilled in the ,latin1 ,greek1 and ,etruscan languages1 but incurred a grievous fate on account of his severe satire on ,pope ,pius ,,iv4 ,the stern persecutor of ,carranza1 the powerful ,archbishop of ,toledo1 was not a person to be attacked with impunity4 ,the cause of the poet's resentment against the ,pope was the prohibition of a certain work1 entitled ,priapeia1 which ,francus had commenced1 describing the feasts of ,priapus4 ,pius ,,iv4 refused to allow the poet to complete his book1 and ordered that which he had already written to be burned4 ,this was too much for the equanimity of the poet1 whose eye was with fine frenzy rolling1 and he began to assail the ,pope with all manner of abuse4 ,for some time the punishment for his rash writing was postponed1 on account of the protection of a powerful ,cardinal2 but on the death of ,pius ,,iv4 ,francus sharpened his pen afresh1 and sorely wounded the memory of his deceased foe4 ,in one of his satires the words of ,st4 ,john's ,gospel1 verbum caro factum est1 were inserted2 and the charge of profanity was brought against him4 ,at length ,pius ,v4 condemned him to death4 ,some historians narrate that the poor poet was hung on a beam attached to the famous statue of the ,gladiator in front of the ,palace of the ,orsini1 called the ,pasquin1 to which the deriders and enemies of the ,pope were accustomed to affix their epigrams and pamphlets4 ,these were called ,pasquinades1 from the curious method adopted for their publication4 ,others declare that he suffered punishment in a funereal chamber draped with black2 while another authority declares that the poet1 the victim of his own satires1 was hung on a fork-shaped gibbet1 not on account of his abuse of ,pius ,,iv41 but through the hatred of ,pius ,v41 which some personal quarrel had excited4 ,this conjecture is1 however1 probably false4 ,francus was a true poet1 endowed with a vivid imagination and with a delicate and subtle wit4 ,he scorned the coarse invective in which the satirists of his day used to delight4 ,he had many enemies on account of his plain-spoken words and keen criticisms4 ,the problem which perplexed the ,patriarch ,job--the happiness of prosperous vice1 the misery of persecuted virtue--tormented his mind and called forth his embittered words4 ,he inveighed against the reprobates and fools1 the crowds of monsignors who were as vain of their effeminacy as the ,scipios of their deeds of valour2 he combated abuses1 and with indignant pen heaped scorn upon the fashionable vices of the age4 ,the ,pope and his ,cardinals1 stung by his shafts of satire1 cruelly avenged themselves upon the unhappy poet1 and1 as we have said1 doomed him to death in the year #aefi4 ,his ,dialogues were printed in ,venice by ,zuliani in #aeic1 under the title ,dialoghi piacevolissimi di ,nicolo ,franco da ,benevento2 and there is a ,french translation1 made by ,gabriel ,chapins1 published at ,lyons in #aegi1 entitled ,dix plaisans ,dialogues du sieur ,nicolo ,franco4 ,lorenzo ,valla1 born at ,rome in #adjf1 was one of the greatest scholars of his age1 and contributed more than any other man to the revival of the love of ,latin literature in the fifteenth century4 ,his works are voluminous4 ,he translated into ,latin ,herodotus 7,paris1 #aeaj71 ,thucydides 7,lyons1 #aedc71 ,the ,iliad 7,venice1 #aejb71 ,fables of ,aesop 7,venice1 #aeai72 and wrote ,elegantiae ,sermonis ,latini1 a history of ,ferdinand ,aragon 7,paris1 #aeba71 and many other works1 which are the monuments of his learning and industry4 ,but ,valla raised against him many enemies by the severity of his satire on almost all the learned men of his time4 ,he spared no one1 and least of all the clerics1 who sought his destruction4 ,a friend advised him that1 unless he was weary of life1 he ought to avoid heaping his satirical abuse on the ,roman priests and bishops4 ,he published a work on the pretended ,donation of ,constantine to the ,papal ,see1 and for this and other writings pronounced heretical by the ,inquisition he was cast into prison1 and would have suffered death by fire had not his powerful friend ,alphonso ,v41 ,king of ,aragon1 rescued him from the merciless ,holy ,office4 ,valla was compelled publicly to renounce his heretical opinions1 and then1 within the walls of a monastery1 his hands having been bound1 he was beaten with rods4 ,it is unnecessary to follow the fortunes of ,valla further4 ,he was engaged in a long controversy with the learned men of his time1 especially with the facetious ,poggio1 whose wit was keener though his language was not so forcible4 ,erasmus in his ,second ,epistle defends ,valla in his attacks upon the clergy1 and asks1 ,did he speak falsely1 because he spoke the truth too severely8 ,valla died at ,naples in #adfe4 ,the following epigram testifies to the correctness of his ,latinity and the severity of his criticisms3-- ,nunc postquam manes defunctus ,valla petivit1 ,non audet ,pluto verba latina loqui4 ,jupiter hunc coeli dignatus honore fuisset1 ,censorem lingua sed timet esse suae4 ,raphael ,maffei1 surnamed ,volaterranus1 the compiler of the ,commentarii urbani 7#aejf71 a huge encyclopaedia published in thirty-eight books1 composed the following witty stanza on the death of ,valla3-- ,tandem ,valla silet solitus qui parcere nulli est ,si quaeris quid agat8 nunc quoque mordet humum4 ,our list of ,italian satirists closes with ,ferrante ,pallavicino1 a witty ,canon1 born at ,plaisance in #afah1 who ventured to write satirical poems on the famous nepotist1 ,pope ,urban ,,viii41 and all his family1 the ,barberini4 ,some of his poems were entitled ,il corriero sualigiato1 ,il divortio celeste1 ,la baccinata1 which were published in a collection of his complete works at ,venice in #afee4 ,his selected works were published at ,geneva in #affj4 ,he made a playful allusion to the ,barberini on the title-page of his work1 where there appeared a crucifix surrounded by burning thorns and bees1 with the verse of the ,psalmist ,circumdederunt me sicut apes1 et exarserunt sicut ignis in spinis1 alluding to the bees which that family bear on their arms4 ,pallavicino lived in safety for some time at ,venice1 braving the anger of his enemies4 ,unfortunately he wished to retire to ,france1 and during his journey passed through the territory of the ,pope4 ,he was accompanied by a ,frenchman1 one ,charles ,morfu1 who pretended great friendship for him1 admired his works1 and scoffed at the ,barberini with jests as keen as the ,canon's own satires4 ,but the ,frenchman betrayed him to his foes1 and poor ,pallavicino paid the penalty of his rashness by a cruel death in the ,papal ,palace at ,avignon at the early age of twenty-nine years4 ,his strictures on ,urban and his family were well deserved4 ,the ,pope heaped riches and favours on his relations4 ,he made three of his nephews cardinals1 and the fourth was appointed ,general of the ,papal troops4 ,so odious did the family make themselves by their exactions that on the death of ,urban they were forced to leave ,rome and take refuge in ,france4 ,pallavicino had certainly fitting subjects for his satirical verses4 ,franois ,gacon1 a ,french poet and satirist of the eighteenth century1 suffered imprisonment on account of his poems1 entitled ,le ,pote sans fard1 ou ,discours satyriques sur toutes sortes de sujets 7,paris1 #b vols41 in-#ab74 ,his satire was very biting and not a little scurrilous1 and was famous for the quantity rather than the quality of his poetical effusions4 ,we give the following example of his skill1 in which he discourses upon the different effects which age produces on wine and women3-- ,une beaut1 quand elle avance en ge1 ,a ses amans inspire du dgot2 ,mais1 pour le vin1 il a cet avantage1 ,plus il vieillit1 plus il flatte le got4 ,the literary world of ,paris in #agjh was very much disturbed by certain satirical verses which seemed to come from an unknown hand and empty cafs as if with the magic of a bomb4 ,the ,caf de la ,laurent was the famous resort of the writers of the time1 where ,rousseau and ,lamothe reigned as chiefs of the literary ,parnassus amid a throng of poets1 politicians1 and wits4 ,some malcontent poet thought fit to disturb the harmony of this brilliant company by publishing some very satirical couplets directed against the frequenters of the caf4 ,this so enraged the company that they deserted the unfortunate caf1 and selected another for their rendezvous4 ,but other verses1 still more severe1 followed them4 ,jean ,baptist ,rousseau was suspected as their author2 he denied the supposition and accused ,saurin2 but ,rousseau was found to be guilty and was banished from the kingdom for ever1 as the author and distributer of certain impure and satirical verses4 ,amongst satirical writers who have suffered hard fates we must mention the illustrious author of ,robinson ,crusoe1 ,daniel ,defoe4 ,a strong partisan of the ,nonconformist cause during the controversial struggle between ,church and ,dissent in the reign of ,queen ,anne1 he published a pamphlet entitled ,the ,shortest ,way with the ,dissenters 7#agjb71 in which he ironically advised their entire extermination4 ,this pleased certain of the ,church ,party who had not learned the duty of charity towards the opinions of others1 nor the advantages of ,religious ,liberty4 ,nor were they singular in this respect1 as the ,dissenting ,party had plainly shown when the power was in their hands4 ,happily wiser counsels prevail now4 ,when ,defoe's jest was discovered1 and his opponents found that the book was writ sarcastic1 they caused the unhappy author to be severely punished4 ,parliament condemned his book to the flames1 and its author to the pillory and to prison4 ,on his release he wrote other political pamphlets1 which involved him in new troubles2 and1 disgusted with politics1 he turned his versatile talents to other literary work1 and produced his immortal book ,robinson ,crusoe1 which has been translated into all languages1 and is known and read by every one4 ,young's ,night ,thoughts might not be considered a suitable form of poem for parody1 but this ,m4 ,durosoi1 or ,du ,rosoi1 accomplished in his ,les ,jours d',ariste 7#aggj71 and was sent to the ,bastille for his pains4 ,the cause of his condemnation was that he had published this work without permission1 and also perhaps on account of certain political allusions contained in his second work1 ,le ,nouvel ,ami des ,hommes1 published in the same year4 ,but a worse fate awaited ,du ,rosoi on account of his writings4 ,in the dangerous years of #agia and #agib he edited ,la ,gazette de ,paris1 which procured greater celebrity for him1 and brought about his death4 ,when the fatal tenth of ,august came1 the ,editor was not to be found in ,paris4 ,however1 ultimately he was secured and condemned to death by the tribunal extraordinary appointed by the ,legislative ,assembly to judge the enemies of the new government4 ,he died with great bravery at the hands of the revolutionary assassins1 after telling his judges that as a friend of the ,king he was accounted worthy to die on that day1 the ,feast of ,saint ,louis4 ,all the venom of satirical writers seems to have been collected by that strange author ,gaspar ,scioppius1 who had such a singular lust for powerful invective that he cared not whom he attacked1 and made himself abhorred by all4 ,this ,attila of authors was born in ,germany in #aegf1 went to ,rome1 abjured ,protestantism1 and was raised to high honours by ,pope ,clement ,,viii4 ,in return for these favours he wrote several treatises in support of the ,papal claims1 amongst others ,ecclesiasticus1 which was directed against ,james ,i4 of ,england4 ,concerning this book ,casaubon wrote in his ,epistle ,,clv43 ,know concerning ,scioppius that some of his works have been burned not only here at ,london by the command of our most wise ,king1 but also at ,paris by the hand of the hangsman4 ,i have written a letter1 which ,i will send to you1 if ,i am able1 against that beast4 ,he poured the vials of his wrath upon the ,jesuits1 declaring in his ,relatio ad reges et principes de stratagematibus ,societatis ,jesu 7#afce7 that there was no truth to be found in ,italy1 and that this was owing entirely to the ,jesuits1 who keep back the truth in injustice1 who1 rejecting the cup of ,christ1 drink the cup of devils full of all abominations4 ,this roused their wrath1 and by their designs our author was imprisoned at ,venice4 ,there he would have been slain1 if he had not enjoyed the protection of a powerful ,venetian4 ,he boasted that his writings had had such an effect on two of his literary opponents1 ,casaubon and ,scaliger1 as to cause them to die from vexation and disappointment4 ,he made himself so many powerful enemies that towards the end of his life he knew not where to find a secure retreat4 ,this public pest of letters and society1 as the ,jesuits delighted to call him1 died at ,padua in #afdi hated by all1 both ,catholics and ,protestants4 ,he wrote one hundred and four works1 of which the most admired is his ,elementa philosophiae moralis stoicae 7,mayence1 #afjf74 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,,poetry4 ,adrian ,beverland--,cecco d',ascoli--,george ,buchanan--,nicodemus ,frischlin--,clement ,marot--,caspar ,weiser--,john ,williams--,deforges--,thophile--,helot- -,matteo ,palmieri--,la ,grange--,pierre ,petit--,voltaire--,montgomery--,keats-- ,joseph ,ritson4 ,the haunters of ,parnassus and the wearers of the laurel crown have usually been loved by their fellows1 save only when satire has mingled with their song and filled their victims' minds with thoughts of vengeance4 ,in the last chapter we have noticed some examples of satirical writers who have clothed their libellous thoughts in verse1 and suffered in consequence4 ,but the woes of poets1 caused by those who listened to their song1 have not been numerous4 ,shakespeare classes together the lunatic1 the lover1 and the poet as being of imagination all compact2 and perchance the poet has shared with the madman the reverence which in some countries is bestowed on the latter4 ,however1 all have not so escaped the destinies of fate4 ,some think that ,ovid incurred the wrath of ,augustus ,caesar through his verses on the art of loving1 and was on that account driven into exile1 which he mourned so melodiously and complained of so querulously4 ,in a period less remote we find ,adrian ,beverland wandering away from the true realm of poetry and taking up his abode in the pesthouse of immorality4 ,he was born at ,middlebourg in #afec1 and studied letters at the ,university of ,leyden4 ,he began his career by publishing indecent poems4 ,he wrote a very iniquitous book1 ,de ,peccato originali1 in which he gave a very base explanation of the sin of our first parents2 and although considerable licence was allowed to authors in the ,netherlands at that time1 nevertheless the magistrates and professors of ,leyden condemned the book to be burned and its author to banishment4 ,the full title of the work is ,hadriani ,beverlandi peccatum originale philogic elucubratum1 ,themidis alumno4 ,eleutheropoli1 in horto ,hesperidum1 typis ,adami1 ,evae1 ,terrae filii 7#afgh1 in-#h74 ,he seems to have followed ,henri ,cornelius ,agrippa in his idea that the sin of our first parents arose from sexual desire4 ,leonard ,ryssenius refuted the work in his ,justa detestatio libelli sceleratissimi ,hadriani ,beverlandi1 de ,peccato originali 7#afhj74 ,he would doubtless have incurred a harder fate on account of another immoral work1 entitled ,de prostibulis veterum1 if one of his relations had not charitably committed it to the flames4 ,before the sentence of banishment had been pronounced he wrote an apology1 professed penitence1 and was allowed to remain at ,utrecht1 where he composed several pamphlets4 ,being exiled on account of the indecency of his writings1 he came to ,england1 where he affected decorum1 and his friend and countryman ,isaac ,vossius1 who enjoyed the patronage of ,charles ,,ii4 and was ,canon of ,windsor1 obtained for him a pension charged upon some ecclesiastical fund4 ,never were ecclesiastical funds applied to a baser use2 for although ,beverland wrote another book ,footnote3 ,de fornicatione cavend admonitio 7,londini1 ,bateman1 #afig1 in-#h74 with the apparent intention of warning against vice1 the argument seemed to inculcate the lusts which he condemned4 ,having become insane he died1 in extreme poverty1 in #agab4 ,he imagined that he was pursued by a hundred men who had sworn to kill him4 ,an early poet who suffered death on account of his writings was ,cecco d',ascoli1 ,professor of ,astrology at the famous ,university of ,bologna in #acbb4 ,his poems have been collected and published under the title ,opere ,poetiche del' illustro poeta ,cecco d',ascoli1 cio1 l'acerba4 ,in ,venetia1 per ,philippum ,petri et ,socios1 anno #adgh1 in-#d4 ,the printer of this work1 ,philippus ,condam ,petri 7,philippo de ,piero ,veneto7 is one of the earliest and most famous of ,venetian printers1 and produced several of the incunabula which we now prize so highly4 ,the absurdities of ,cecco contained in his poems merited for their author a place in a lunatic asylum1 rather than on a funeral pile4 ,he was1 however1 burnt alive at ,bologna in #acbg4 ,he believed in the influence of evil spirits1 who1 under certain constellations1 had power over the affairs of men2 that our ,saviour1 ,jesus ,christ1 was born under a certain constellation which obliged ,him to poverty2 whereas ,antichrist would come into the world under a certain planet which would make him enormously wealthy4 ,he continued to proclaim these amazing delusions at ,bologna1 and was condemned by the ,inquisition4 ,the poet escaped punishment by submission and repentance4 ,but two years later he announced to the ,duke of ,calabria1 who asked him to cast the horoscope of his wife and daughter1 that they would betake themselves to an infamous course of life4 ,this prophecy was too much for the ,duke4 ,cecco was again summoned to appear before the ,inquisitors1 who condemned him to the stake4 ,at his execution a large crowd assembled to see whether his familiar genii would arrest the progress of the flames4 ,the poet's real name was ,franois de ,stabili1 ,cecco being a diminutive form of ,francesco4 ,there are many editions of his work4 ,the lunatic and the poet were certainly in his case not far removed4 ,a very different man was the illustrious author and historian of ,scotland1 ,george ,buchanan1 who was born in #aejf4 ,after studying in ,paris1 he returned to ,scotland1 and became tutor of the ,earl of ,murray1 the natural son of ,james ,v4 ,the ,franciscan monks were not very popular at this period1 and at the suggestion of the ,king ,buchanan wrote a satirical poem entitled ,silva ,franciscanorum1 in which he censured the degenerate followers of ,st4 ,francis1 and harassed them in many ways4 ,this poem so enraged the monks that they seized him and imprisoned him in one of their monasteries4 ,one night1 while his guards slept1 he contrived to escape by a window1 and underwent great perils4 ,he published two other severe satirical poems on the ,franciscans1 entitled ,fratres ,fraterrimi and ,franciscanus4 ,it is scarcely necessary to follow his fortunes further1 as ,buchanan's history is well known4 ,after teaching at ,paris1 ,bordeaux1 and at ,coimbre in ,portugal1 he returned to ,scotland1 and was entrusted by ,mary1 ,queen of ,scots1 with the education of her son4 ,buchanan then embraced ,protestantism1 opposed the ,queen in the troubles which followed1 and received from ,parliament the charge of the future ,solomon of the ,north1 ,james ,,vi4 of ,scotland and ,i4 of ,england4 ,he devoted his later life to historical studies1 and produced his famous ,history of ,scotland in twelve books1 ,de ,maria ,regina ejusque conspiratione1 in which he attacked the reputation of the ,queen1 and ,de jure regni apud ,scotos1 a book remarkable for the liberalism of the ideas which were therein expressed4 ,his royal pupil did not treat ,buchanan's ,history with due respect2 he caused it to be proclaimed at the ,merkat ,cross1 and ordered every one to bring his copy to be perused and purged of the offensive and extraordinary matters4 ,in the reign of ,charles ,,ii4 the ,university of ,oxford ordered ,buchanan's ,de jure regni1 together with certain other works1 to be publicly burnt on account of certain obnoxious propositions deducible from them2 such as ,wicked kings and tyrants ought to be put to death4 ,he published a paraphrase of the ,psalms of ,david in verse1 which has been much praised4 ,the ,jesuits were not very friendly critics of our author1 for they asserted that ,buchanan showed in his life little of the piety of ,david1 and stated that during thirty years he did not deliver a single sermon1 even on ,sundays4 ,but who is ignorant1 observes ,m4 ,klotz1 of the lust of these men for calumny8 ,another poet had occasion to adopt the same mode of escape which ,buchanan successfully accomplished1 but with less happy results4 ,this was ,nicodemus ,frischlin1 a ,german poet and philosopher1 born in the duchy of ,wrtemberg in #aedg4 ,at an early age he showed great talents2 honours clustered thickly on his brow4 ,at the age of twenty years he was made ,professor of ,belles-,lettres at ,tubingen2 he received from the ,emperor ,rudolph the poetic crown with the title of chevalier1 and was made ,count ,palatin as a reward for his three panegyrics composed in honour of the emperors of the ,house of ,austria4 ,certainly ,fortune smiled upon her favourite1 but ,envy raised up many enemies1 who were eager to find occasion against the successful poet4 ,he afforded them a pretext in his work ,de laudibus vitae rusticae1 which1 in spite of its innocent title1 grievously offended the nobles1 who were already embittered against him on account of his arrogance and turbulence1 and his keen and unsparing satire4 ,so bitter was their hostility that the poet was compelled to leave ,tubingen1 and became a wandering philosopher1 sometimes teaching in schools1 always pouring forth poems1 elegies1 satires1 tragedies1 comedies1 and epics4 ,being eager to publish some of his works and not having sufficient means1 he applied to the ,duke of ,wrtemberg for a subsidy1 at the same time furiously attacking his old opponents4 ,this so exasperated the chief men of the ,court1 that they persuaded the ,duke to recall ,frischlin2 but instead of finding a welcome from his old patron1 he was cast into prison1 in order that he might unlearn his presumption1 and acquire the useful knowledge that modesty is the chief ornament of a learned man4 ,but ,frischlin did not agree with another poet's assertion3-- ,stone walls do not a prison make1 ,nor iron bars a cage4 ,having raged and stormed1 and tried in vain to obtain release1 he resolved to escape4 ,from his prison window he let himself down by a rope made out of his bed-clothes1 but unfortunately the rope broke and the poor poet fell upon the hard rocks beneath his chamber window and was injured fatally4 ,frischlin was considered one of the best ,latin poets of post-classical times2 but his genius was marred by his immoderate and bitter temper1 which caused him to imagine that the gentle banter and jocular remarks of his acquaintances were insults to be repaid by angry invective and bitter sarcasm1 with which his writings abound4 ,clement ,marot was one of the most famous of early ,french poets1 and the creator of the school of nave poetry in which ,la ,fontaine afterwards so remarkably excelled4 ,his poetical version of the ,psalms was read and sung in many lands2 and in spite of prohibition copies could not be printed so fast as they were eagerly bought4 ,they were at one time as popular in the ,court of ,henry ,,ii4 of ,france as they were amongst the ,calvinists of ,geneva and ,holland4 ,in #aeba we find him fighting in the ,duke of ,alenon's army1 when he was wounded at the battle of ,pavia4 ,then his verses caused their author suffering1 and he was imprisoned on the charge of holding heretical opinions4 ,his epistles in poetry written to the ,king contain a record of his life1 his fear of imprisonment1 his flight1 his arrest by his enemies of the ,sorbonne1 his release by order of the ,king1 and his protestations of orthodoxy4 ,but he seems to have adopted the principles of the ,reformation1 and ,france was no safe place for him4 ,in ,geneva and ,piedmont he found resting-places1 and died in #aedd4 ,his translation of the ,psalms into harmonious verse1 which was sung both by the peasants and the learned1 was the cause of his persecution by the doctors of the ,sorbonne4 ,he complains bitterly to the ,lyons printer1 ,dolet1 that many obscene and unworthy poems were ascribed to him and printed amongst his works of which he was not the author4 ,as an example of his verse ,i quote the beginning of ,psalm cxli43-- ,vers l',eternel des oppressez le pere ,je m'en iray1 luy monstrant l'impropere ,que l'on me faict1 luy ferai ma priere ,a haulte voix1 qu'il ne jette en arriere ,mes piteux cris1 car en lui seul j'espere4 ,it is not often that a poet loses his head for a single couplet1 but this seems to have been the fate of ,caspar ,weiser1 ,professor of ,lund in ,sweden4 ,at first he showed great loyalty to his country1 and wrote a panegyric on the coronation of ,charles ,,xi41 ,king of ,sweden4 ,but a short time afterwards he appears to have changed his political opinions1 for when the city was captured by the ,danes in #afgf1 ,weiser met the conqueror1 and greeted him with the words3-- ,perge ,triumphator reliquas submittere terras1 ,sic redit ad ,dominum1 quod fuit ante1 suum4 ,this verse was fatal to him4 ,the ,swedish monarch recovered his lost territory2 the ,danes were expelled1 and the poor poet was accused of treason and beheaded4 ,the same hard fate befell ,john ,williams in #afai1 who was hanged1 drawn1 and quartered1 on account of two poems1 ,balaam's ,ass and ,speculum ,regis1 the ,,mss4 of which he foolishly sent secretly in a box to ,king ,james4 ,the monarch was always fearful of assassination1 and as one of the poems foretold his speedy decease1 the prophet incurred the ,king's wrath and suffered death for his pains4 ,a single poem was fatal to ,deforges1 entitled ,vers sur l'arrestation du ,prtendant d',angleterre1 en #agdi4 ,it commences with the following lines3-- ,peuple1 jadis si fier1 aujourd'hui si servile1 ,des princes malheureux1 tu n'es donc plus l'asyle8 ,he happened to be present at the ,opera ,house in ,paris when the young ,pretender was arrested1 and being indignant at this breach of hospitality1 and believing that the honour of the nation had been compromised1 he wrote these bitter verses4 ,his punishment was severe4 ,he was arrested and conducted to the gloomy fortress of ,mont-,saint-,michel1 where he remained for three long years shut up in the cage4 ,the floor of this terrible prison1 which was enveloped in perpetual darkness1 was only eight square feet4 ,the poor poet bore his sufferings patiently1 and was befriended by ,m4 de ,broglie1 ,abb of ,saint-,michel1 who obtained permission for him to leave his cage and be imprisoned in the ,abbey2 nor did he fail to take precautions lest the poor poet should lose his eyesight on passing from the darkness of the dungeon to the light of day4 ,the good ,abb finally procured liberty for his captive1 who became secretary to ,m4 de ,broglie's brother1 and subsequently1 on the death of ,madame de ,pompadour1 commissioner of war4 ,terrible were the sufferings which the unhappy ,deforges endured on account of his luckless poem4 ,thophile was condemned to be burned at ,paris on account of his book ,le ,parnasse des ,potes ,satyriques1 ou ,recueil de vers piquans et gaillards de notre temps 7#afbe1 in-#h71 but he contrived to effect his escape4 ,he was ultimately captured in ,picardy1 and put in a dungeon4 ,he was banished from the kingdom by order of the ,parliament4 ,in his old age he found an asylum in the house of the ,duke of ,montmorency4 ,the poet's real surname was ,viaud4 ,the following impromptu is attributed to ,thophile1 who was asked by a foolish person whether all poets were fools3-- ,oui1 je l'avoue avec vous1 ,que tous les potes sont fous2 ,mais sachant ce que vous tes1 ,tous les fous ne sont pas potes4 ,his poems are a mere collection of impieties and obscenities1 published with the greatest impudence1 and well deserved their destruction4 ,on one occasion he travelled to ,holland with ,balzac1 and used this opportunity for bringing out an infamous charge against him1 which he had most probably invented4 ,his book1 the cause of all his woes1 was burnt with the poet's effigy in #afbc4 ,many authors have ruined themselves by writing scandalous works1 offensive to the moral feelings of not very scrupulous ages4 ,several chapters might be written on this not very savoury subject4 ,we may mention ,hlot's ,l',escole des ,filles1 par dialogues 7,paris1 #afgb1 in-#ab74 ,hlot was the son of a lieutenant in the ,king's ,swiss ,guard4 ,as he succeeded in making his escape from prison1 he was hung in effigy1 and his books were burnt4 ,chauveau1 the celebrated engraver1 who designed a beautiful engraving for ,hlot1 not knowing for what purpose it was intended1 also incurred great risks1 but fortunately he escaped with no greater penalty than the breaking of the plate on which he had engraved the design4 ,the printer suffered with the author4 ,some think that ,hlot was burnt at ,paris with his books4 ,the ,muses have often lured men from other and safer delights1 and tempted them to wander in dangerous paths4 ,matteo ,palmieri was a celebrated ,italian historian1 born at ,florence in #adje2 he was a man of much learning1 endowed with great powers of energy and perseverance2 he was entrusted with several important embassies1 and achieved fame as an historian by his vast work ,chronicon ,gnrale1 in which he set himself the appalling task of writing the history of the world from the creation to his own time4 ,the first part of this work1 consisting of extracts from the writings of ,eusebius and ,prosper1 remains unpublished4 ,the rest first saw the light in #adge1 and subsequent editions appeared at ,venice in #adhc1 and at ,basle in #aebi and #aecf4 ,he wrote also four books on the ,pisan ,war4 ,would that he had confined himself to his histories6 ,unfortunately he wrote a poem1 which was never published1 entitled ,citta ,divina1 representing the soul released from the chains of the body1 and freed from earthly stain1 wandering through various places1 and at last resting amid the company of the blessed in heaven4 ,our souls are angels who in the revolt of ,lucifer were unwilling to attach themselves either to ,god or to the rebel hosts of heaven4 ,so1 as a punishment1 ,god made them dwell in mortal bodies in a state of probation4 ,this work was considered tainted with the ,manichaean heresy1 and was condemned to the flames1 and some assert that ,palmieri shared the fate of his book4 ,this1 however1 is doubtful4 ,very fatal to himself were the odes and philippics of ,m4 ,la ,grange1 written in #agbj1 and published in ,paris in #agie1 in-#ab1 with the title ,les ,philippiques1 ,odes1 par ,m4 de la ,grange-,chancel1 ,seigneur d',antoniat en ,prigord1 avec notes historiques1 critiques1 et littraires4 ,in these poems he attacked with malignant fury the ,duke of ,orleans1 ,regent of ,france1 and was obliged to fly for safety to ,avignon4 ,there he was betrayed by a false friend1 who persuaded him to walk into ,french territory1 and delivered him into the hands of a band of soldiers prepared for his capture4 ,the poet was conducted to the ,isle of ,ste4 ,marguerite1 and confined in a dungeon4 ,the governor of the castle was enchanted by his talents and gaiety1 and gave him great liberty4 ,but ,le ,grange's pen was still restless4 ,he must needs make a bitter epigram upon his kind benefactor1 which so aroused the governor's ire that the poet was sent back to his dungeon cell4 ,a piteous ode addressed to the ,regent imploring pardon secured for him a less rigorous confinement4 ,he succeeded in effecting his escape2 then wandered through many lands2 and at last1 on the death of the ,regent in #agbc1 ventured to return to ,france1 where he lived many years and wrote much poetry and several plays1 dying in #ageh4 ,it has never been ascertained what was the cause of his animosity to the ,regent2 certainly his verses glow with fiery invective and abuse4 ,he speaks of him as un monstre farouche4 ,the following example will perhaps be sufficient to be quoted3-- ,il ouvrit peine les paupires1 ,que1 tel qu'il se montre aujourd'hui1 ,il fut indign des barrires ,qu'il vit entre le trne et lui4 ,dans ses dtestables ides ,de l'art des ,circs1 des ,mdes1 ,il fit ses uniques plaisirs2 ,il crut cette voie infernale ,digne de remplir l'intervalle ,qui s'opposait ses dsirs4 ,voltaire suffered one year's imprisonment in the ,bastille on account of a satirical poem on ,louis ,,xiv41 and in confinement wrote an epic poem1 ,la ,henriade4 ,some other storms raised by his works1 such as his ,lettres ,philosophiques and his ,eptre ,uranie1 he weathered by flight1 or by unscrupulously denying their authorship4 ,the rest of his works1 contained in seventy volumes1 do not concern our present purpose4 ,our ,english poet ,james ,montgomery began life as a poor shop-boy4 ,at an early age he began to write verses1 and became editor of a ,sheffield newspaper4 ,the troubles of the ,french ,revolution then broke out1 and fired the extreme ,radical spirit of the poetical editor4 ,his writings attracted the attention of the ,government1 and he was sent to prison1 where he wrote several poems--,ode to the ,evening ,star1 ,pleasures of ,imprisonment1 and ,verses to a ,robin ,redbreast4 ,as late as the middle of the seventeenth century a young unfortunate poet1 in spite of the interest of powerful friends1 was hung and burnt at ,paris4 ,this was young ,pierre ,petit1 the author of ,la ,b---- cleste1 chansons et autres ,posies libres4 ,his productions were certainly infamous and scandalous1 but that was no reason why the poet should have been hanged4 ,moreover the poems existed only in ,,ms42 subsequently they were published in a ,recueil de ,posies4 ,the manner of the discovery of the poems is curious1 and serves as a warning to incautious bards4 ,leaving his chamber one day1 he opened the window1 and unfortunately a strong gust of wind carried several pages of ,,ms4 which were lying on his table into the street4 ,a priest who happened to be passing the house examined one or two of the drifting poems1 and1 discovering that they were impious1 denounced ,petit to the authorities4 ,his rooms furnished a large supply of similar work1 and1 as we have said1 the poet paid the penalty for his rashness at the gallows4 ,although the methods of later critics are less severe than their inquisitorial predecessors1 they have not been without their victims1 and books maltreated by them have sometimes done to death their authors4 ,a century ago furious invective was the fashion1 and the tender mercies of the reviewers were cruel4 ,poor ,keats died of criticism1 if ,shelley's story be true4 ,on the appearance of ,endymion the review in ,blackwood told the young poet to go back to his gallipots1 and that it was a wiser and better thing to be a starved apothecary than a starved poet4 ,such vulgar abuse was certainly not criticism4 ,shelley wrote that the savage criticism on ,keats' ,endymion which appeared in the ,quarterly ,review produced the most violent effects on his susceptible mind2 the agitation thus originated ended in the rupture of a blood-vessel in the lungs2 a rapid consumption ensued1 and the succeeding acknowledgments from more candid critics of the true greatness of his powers were ineffectual to heal the wound thus wantonly inflicted4 ,it may be well said1 that these wretched men know not what they do4 ,they scatter their insults and their slanders without heed as to whether the poisonous shafts light on a heart made callous by many blows1 or one like ,keats'1 composed of more penetrable stuff4 ,and then addressing the reviewer he says3 ,miserable man6 you1 one of the meanest1 have wantonly defaced one of the noblest specimens of the workmanship of ,god4 ,nor shall it be your excuse that1 murderer as you are1 you have spoken daggers1 but used none4 ,joseph ,ritson1 the antiquary1 who1 though not a poet1 was a great writer on poetry and our early ,english songs and ballads1 complained bitterly of the ignorant reviewers1 and described himself as brought to an end in ill-health and low spirits--certain to be insulted by a base and prostitute gang of lurking assassins who stab in the dark1 and whose poisoned daggers he had already experienced4 ,ritson himself was a fairly venomous critic1 and the ,ritsonian style has become proverbial4 ,nowadays authors do not usually die of criticism1 not even susceptible poets4 ,critics can still be severe enough1 but they are just and generous1 and never descend to that scurrilous personal abuse of authors which inflicted such severe wounds a century ago1 and sometimes caused to flow the very heart's blood of their victims4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,,drama ,,and ,,romance4 ,sir ,john ,yorke and ,catholic ,plays--,abraham ,cowley--,antoine ,danchet--,claude ,crbillon--,nogaret--,franois de ,salignac ,fnlon4 ,of the misfortunes of dramatists and romance-writers ,i have little to record1 but it would not be safe to conclude that this subject always furnished a secure field for literary activity4 ,however1 the successes of the writers of fiction and plays in our own times might console the ,muse for any indignities which her followers have suffered in the past4 ,in our own country the early inventors of dramatic performances--,mysteries1 ,moralities1 and ,interludes--lived securely1 their names being unknown4 ,when penal laws were in force against ,roman ,catholics1 plays inculcating their doctrines and worship were often secretly performed in the houses of ,catholic gentry4 ,the anonymous author was indeed safe1 but ,sir ,john ,yorke and his lady were fined one thousand pounds apiece and imprisoned in the ,tower on account of a play performed in their house at ,christmas1 #afad1 containing many foul passages to the vilifying of our religion and exacting of popery4 ,abraham ,cowley was driven into retirement by his unfortunate play ,cutter of ,coleman ,street1 which was an improved edition of his unfinished comedy entitled ,the ,guardian1 acted at ,cambridge before the ,court at the beginning of the ,civil ,war4 ,after the ,restoration he produced the revised version under the name of ,cutter of ,coleman ,street1 the principal character being a merry person who bore that cognomen4 ,some of the aspirants to royal favour persuaded the ,king that the play was a satire directed against him and his ,court1 and the poor poet1 condemned by the enemies of the ,muses1 calumniated and deprived of all hopes of preferment1 retired in disgust to a country retreat among the hills of ,surrey4 ,the disfavour of the ,court was also increased by his ,ode to ,brutus1 wherein he had extolled the genius of his hero1 and praised liberty in language too enthusiastic for the ,court of ,charles ,,ii4 ,the spirit of melancholy claimed ,cowley for her own4 ,disappointment and disgust clouded his heart2 ill-health followed1 and soon the poor poet breathed his last4 ,as is not unusual1 the learned and the great mourned over and praised the dead poet whom when alive they had so cruelly neglected4 ,antoine ,danchet was one of the most famous of ,french dramatic writers1 although his poetry was not of a very high order and lacked energy and colour4 ,he was born at ,riom1 in ,auvergne1 in #afga2 he distinguished himself at the college of the ,oratorian fathers1 and soon came to ,paris to become a teacher of youths and to finish his studies at the ,jesuit ,college4 ,at a very early age he manifested a great love of poetry1 and when he used to recite the whole of ,horace he was rewarded by a wealthy patron with a present of thirty louis d'ors4 ,he bore so noble a character and had such a reputation for learning that a certain noble lady on her death-bed entrusted him with the charge of her two sons1 giving him a pension of two hundred livres1 on the condition that he should never leave them4 ,soon after her death he was ordered to write some verses for a ballet produced at ,court2 this led him to acquire a taste for the theatre1 and he produced in #agjj an opera entitled ,hsione1 which met with a great success4 ,the relations of his pupils were aroused4 ,it was scandalous that a teacher of youths should write plays4 ,all the arguments that superstition could suggest were used against him4 ,he must relinquish his charge2 he must refund the pension which he had received from the mistaken mother4 ,but ,danchet saw no reason why he should conform to their demands1 and refused to relinquish his charge4 ,they urged him still more vehemently1 but met with the same response4 ,they at length refused to pay him the pension1 and withdrew his pupils from his care4 ,a troublesome law-suit followed1 but at length the poet emerged triumphant from the troubles in which his love of the drama had involved him4 ,he produced also the tragedies of ,cyrus1 ,tyndarides1 ,hraclides1 and ,nittis1 but these did not meet with the success of his earlier work4 ,he was a devoted son to his mother1 depriving himself of even the necessaries of life in order to support her4 ,he showed himself a kind and generous friend to all1 and always took a keen interest in young men4 ,one of these brought him an elegy written to his mistress and bewailing her misfortunes4 ,the verses began with ,maison qui renfermes l'objet de mon amour4 ,is not that word maison rather feeble8 observed ,danchet2 would not palais1 beau lieu 444 be better8 ,yes1 replied the poet1 but it is a maison de force1 a prison6 ,a complete edition of his works was published after his death in #agea4 ,the younger ,crbillon 7,claude ,prosper ,jolyot7 was confined in the ,bastille on account of his satirical romance ,tanzai et ,nadarn 7#agcd1 #b vols41 in-#ab74 ,his father1 ,prosper ,crbillon1 was a very famous ,french dramatic poet1 and discarded the profession of the law for the sake of the ,muses4 ,idomeneus1 ,atreus ,electra1 ,rhadamistus1 and the ,triumvirate were some of his works4 ,the son possessed much of his father's genius1 and his wit and gaiety rendered him a pleasant companion4 ,at one time he was a great favourite amongst the lite of ,parisian society4 ,but his satirical and licentious romances brought him into trouble1 and the above-mentioned work conducted him to the ,bastille1 wherein so many authors have been incarcerated4 ,he died in #aggg4 ,the name is not known of a young man who came to ,paris with a marvellous play which he felt sure would electrify the world and cover its author with glory4 ,unhappily1 he met with a cold reception by a stern critic1 who1 with merciless severity1 pointed out the glaring errors in his beloved work4 ,the poor author1 overcome with vexation1 returned home with a broken heart1 burnt his tragedy1 and died of grief4 ,m4 ,nogaret is not the only author who has been unfortunate in the selection of a subject for a romance4 ,he wrote a book entitled ,la ,capucinade 7#agfe71 and the heroes of his story are the ,capuchin monks1 whom he treated somewhat severely4 ,this work and his ,mmoires de ,bachaumont conducted the author to the ,bastille4 ,few are ignorant of that most charming1 graceful1 and immortal work ,tlmache4 ,not only has it been studied and admired by every ,frenchman1 but it has been translated into ,german1 ,english1 ,spanish1 ,flemish1 and ,italian4 ,but in spite of the great popularity which the work has enjoyed1 perhaps few are acquainted with the troubles which this poetic drama and romance brought upon its honoured author4 ,franois de ,salignac de la ,mothe ,fnlon1 born in the castle of his ancestors at ,fnlon in #afea1 was a man of rare piety1 virtue1 and learning1 who deservedly attained to the highest ecclesiastical honours1 and was consecrated ,archbishop of ,cambray4 ,he had previously been appointed by ,louis ,,xiv4 tutor to the ,dauphin1 and his wit and grace made him a great favourite at the ,court1 and even ,madame de ,maintenon for a time smiled upon the noble churchman1 whose face was so remarkable for its expressiveness that1 according to the ,court chronicler ,saint ,simon1 it required an effort to cease looking at him4 ,his ,fables and ,dialogues of the ,dead were written for his royal pupil4 ,it is well known that the ,archbishop sympathised strongly with ,madame ,guyon and the ,french mystics1 that he did not approve of some of the extravagant expressions of that ardent enthusiast1 but vindicated the pure mysticism in his famous work ,maximes des ,saints4 ,this work involved him in controversy with ,bossuet1 and through the influence of ,louis ,,xiv4 a bull was wrung from ,pope ,innocent ,,xii4 condemning the book1 and declaring that twenty-three propositions extracted from it were rash1 scandalous1 and offensive to pious ears1 pernicious and erroneous4 ,the ,pope was very reluctant to pass this sentence of condemnation1 and was induced to do so through fear of ,louis1 and not because he considered the book to be false4 ,with his usual gentleness1 ,fnlon accepted the sentence without a word of protest2 he read the brief in his own cathedral1 declaring that the decision of his superiors was to him an echo of the ,divine ,will4 ,fnlon had aroused the hatred of ,madame de ,maintenon by opposing her marriage with the ,king1 which took place privately in #afhe1 and she did not allow any opportunity to escape of injuring and persecuting the ,archbishop4 ,at this juncture1 through the treachery of a servant1 ,tlmache was published4 ,at first it was received with high favour at ,court4 ,it inculcated the truth that virtue is the glory of princes and the happiness of nations1 and while describing the adventures of the son of ,ulysses its author strove to establish the true system of state-craft1 and his work is imbued with a sense of beauty and refinement which renders it a most pleasurable book to read4 ,but ,madame de ,maintenon was grievously offended by its success1 and by the praise which even ,louis bestowed upon it4 ,she easily persuaded him that the work was a carefully executed satire directed against the ministers of the ,court1 and that even the ,king himself was not spared4 ,malignant tongues asserted that ,madame de ,montespan1 the ,king's former mistress1 might be recognised under the guise of ,calypso1 ,mademoiselle de ,fontanges in ,eucharis1 the ,duchess of ,bourgogne in ,antiope1 ,louvois in ,prothsilas1 ,king ,james in ,idomne1 and ,louis himself in ,ssostris4 ,this aroused that monarch's indignation4 ,fnlon was banished from ,court1 and retired to ,cambray1 where he spent the remaining years of his life1 honoured by all1 and beloved by his many friends4 ,strangers came to listen to his words of piety and wisdom4 ,he performed his episcopal duties with a care and diligence worthy of the earliest and purest ages of the ,church1 and in this quiet seclusion contented himself in doing good to his fellow-creatures1 in spite of the opposition of the ,king1 the censures of the ,pope1 and the vehement attacks of his controversial foes ,bossuet and the ,jansenists4 ,in addition to his fatal book he wrote ,dmonstration de l'existence de ,dieu1 ,rfutation du ,systme de ,malebranche1 and several other works4 ,the ,jansenist ,abb ,barral1 in his ,dictionnaire ,historique1 ,littraire1 et ,critique1 des ,hommes ,clbres1 thus speaks of our author and his work3 ,he composed for the instruction of the ,dukes of ,burgundy1 ,anjou1 and ,berri several works2 amongst others1 the ,telemachus--a singular book1 which partakes at once of the character of a romance and of a poem1 and which substitutes a prosaic cadence for versification4 ,but several luscious pictures would not lead us to suspect that this book issued from the pen of a sacred minister for the education of a prince2 and what we are told by a famous poet is not improbable1 that ,fnlon did not compose it at ,court1 but that it is the fruits of his retreat in his diocese4 ,and indeed the amours of ,calypso and ,eucharis should not be the first lessons that a minister ought to give to his scholars2 and1 besides1 the fine moral maxims which the author attributes to the ,pagan divinities are not well placed in their mouth4 ,is not this rendering homage to the demons of the great truths which we receive from the ,gospel1 and to despoil ,jesus ,christ to render respectable the annihilated gods of paganism8 ,this prelate was a wretched divine1 more familiar with the light of profane authors1 than with that of the fathers of the ,church4 ,the ,jansenists were most worthy men1 but in their opinion of their adversary ,fnlon they were doubtless mistaken4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,,booksellers ,,and ,,publishers4 ,the ,printers of ,nicholas de ,lyra and ,caesar ,baronius--,john ,fust--,richard ,grafton--,jacob van ,liesvelt--,john ,lufftius--,robert ,stephens 7,estienne7--,henry ,stephens--,simon ,ockley--,floyer ,sydenham--,edmund ,castell--,page--,john ,lilburne--,etienne ,dolet--,john ,morin--,christian ,wechel--,andrew ,wechel--,jacques ,froull--,godonesche--,william ,anderton4 ,authors have not been the only beings who have suffered by their writings1 but frequently they have involved the printers and sellers of their works in their unfortunate ruin4 ,the risks which adventurous publishers run in our own enlightened age are not so great as those incurred a few centuries ago4 ,indeed ,mr4 ,walter ,besant assures us that now our publishers have no risks1 not even financial6 ,they are not required to produce the huge folios and heavy quartos which our ancestors delighted in1 and poured forth with such amazing rapidity1 unless there is a good subscribers' list and all the copies are taken4 ,the misfortunes of booksellers caused by voluminous authors might form a special subject of inquiry1 and we commend it to the attentions of some other ,book-lover4 ,we should hear the groans of two eminent printers who were ruined by the amazing industry of one author1 ,nicholas de ,lyra4 ,he himself died long before printing was invented1 in the year #acdj1 but he left behind him his great work1 ,biblia sacra cum interpretationibus et postillis1 which became the source of trouble to the printers1 ,schweynheym and ,pannartz1 of ,subiaco and ,rome4 ,they were persuaded or ordered by the ,pope or his cardinals to print his prodigious commentary on the ,bible2 when a few volumes had been printed they desired most earnestly to be relieved of their burden1 and petitioned the ,pope to be saved from the bankruptcy which this mighty undertaking entailed4 ,they possessed a lasting memento of this author in the shape of eleven hundred ponderous tomes1 which were destined to remain upon their shelves till fire or moths or other enemies of books had done their work4 ,these volumes began to be printed in #adga1 and contain the earliest specimens of ,greek type4 ,the printers of the works of ,prynne1 ,barthius1 ,reynaud1 and other voluminous writers must have had a sorry experience with their authors2 but once bitten twice shy4 ,hence some of these worthies found it rather difficult to publish their works1 and there were no authors' agents or ,societies of ,authors to aid their negotiations4 ,indeed we are told that a printer who was saddled with a large number of unsaleable copies of a heavy piece of literary production adopted the novel expedient of bringing out several editions of the work6 ,this he accomplished by merely adding a new title-page to his old copies1 whereby he readily deceived the unwary4 ,catherino1 in his book entitled ,l',art d',imprimer1 quotes the saying of ,de ,fourcey1 a ,jesuit of ,paris1 that one might make a pretty large volume of the catalogue of those who have entirely ruined their booksellers by their books4 ,but the booksellers and printers whose hard fate ,i wish principally to record are those who shared with the authors the penalties inflicted on account of their condemned books4 ,unhappily there have been many such whose fate has been recorded1 and probably there are many more who have suffered in obscurity the terrible punishments which the stern censors of former days knew so well how to inflict4 ,one of the reputed discoverers of the art of printing1 ,john ,fust1 is said to have been persecuted2 he was accused at ,paris of multiplying the ,scriptures by the aid of the ,devil1 and was compelled to seek safety in flight4 ,the booksellers of the historian ,caesar ,baronius1 ,footnote3 ,cf4 page #ig4 whose account of the ,spanish rule in ,sicily so enraged ,philip ,,iii4 of ,spain1 were condemned to perpetual servitude1 and were forced to endure the terrible tortures inflicted on galley slaves4 ,the early printers of the ,bible incurred great risks4 ,richard ,grafton and ,edward ,whitchurch1 together with ,miles ,coverdale1 were entrusted to arrange for the printing of ,thomas ,mathew's translation4 ,the work was given to the printers in ,paris1 as the ,english printers were not very highly esteemed4 ,the book was nearly completed when the ,inquisition effectually stopped the further progress of the work by seizing the sheets1 and ,grafton with his companions were forced to fly4 ,then ,francis ,regnault1 whose brother's colophon is the admiration of all bibliophiles1 undertook the printing of the ,new ,testament1 made by ,miles ,coverdale1 which was finished at ,paris in #aech4 ,richard ,grafton and ,whitchurch contrived to obtain their types from ,paris1 and the ,bible was completed in #aeci4 ,thus they became printers themselves1 and as a reward for his labour1 when the ,roman ,catholics again became rulers in high places1 ,richard ,grafton was imprisoned4 ,his printer's mark was a graft1 or young tree1 growing out of a tun4 ,the title of the ,bible which was begun in ,paris and finished in ,london is as follows3-- ,the ,byble in ,englyshe4 #aeci4 ,folio4 ,the ,byble in ,englyshe1 that is to saye the content of all the ,holy ,scrypture1 bothe of the ,olde1 and ,newe ,testament1 truly translated after the veryte of the ,hebrue and ,greke textes1 by the dylygent studye of dyuerse excellent learned men1 expert in the forsayde tongues4 ,printed by ,rychard ,grafton and ,edward ,whitchurche4 ,cum priuilegio--solum4 #aeci4 ,this ,grafton was also a voluminous author1 and wrote part of ,hall's ,chronicles1 an abridgment of the ,chronicles of ,england1 and a manual of the same4 ,whether by accident or intention1 a printer of the ,bible in the reign of ,charles ,i4 omitted the important negative in the ,seventh ,commandment4 ,he was summoned to appear before the ,high ,commission ,court1 and fined three thousand pounds4 ,the story is also told of the widow of a ,german printer who strongly objected to the supremacy of husbands1 and desired to revise the text of the passage in the ,sacred ,scriptures which speaks of the subjection of wives 7,genesis iii4 #af74 ,the original text is ,he shall be thy lord4 ,for ,herr 7lord7 in the ,german version she substituted ,narr1 and made the reading1 ,he shall be thy fool4 ,it is said that she paid the penalty of death for this strange assertion of woman's rights4 ,we must not omit the name of another martyr amongst the honourable rank of printers of the ,scriptures1 ,jacob van ,liesvelt1 who was beheaded on account of his edition of the ,bible1 entitled ,bible en langue hollandaise 7,antwerpen1 #aedb1 in-fol474 ,john ,lufftius1 a bookseller and printer of ,wrtemburg1 incurred many perils when he printed ,luther's ,german edition of the ,sacred ,scriptures4 ,it is said that the ,pope used to write ,lufftius' name on paper once every year1 and cast it into the fire1 uttering terrible imprecations and dire threatenings4 ,but the thunders of ,roman pontiffs did not trouble the worthy bookseller1 who laughed at their threats1 and exclaimed1 ,i perspired so freely at ,rome in the flame1 that ,i must take a larger draught1 as it is necessary to extinguish that flame4 ,the same fatality befell ,robert ,stephanus1 the ,parisian printer4 ,his family name was ,estienne1 but1 according to the fashion of the time1 he used the ,latin form of the word4 ,he edited and published a version of the ,sacred ,scriptures1 showing the ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,latin texts1 and adding certain notes which were founded upon the writings of ,franois ,vatable1 ,abbot of ,bellozane1 but also contained some of the scholarly reflections of the learned bookseller4 ,on the title-page the name of the ,abbot appears first1 before that of ,stephanus4 ,but considerable hostility was raised against him by this and other works on the part of the doctors of the ,sorbonne4 ,he was compelled to seek safety in flight1 and found a secure resting-place in ,geneva4 ,his enemies were obliged to content themselves with burning his effigy4 ,this troubled ,stephanus quite as little as the ,papal censures distressed ,lufftius4 ,at the time when his effigy was being burnt1 the ,parisian printer was in the snowy mountains of the ,auvergne1 and declared that he never felt so cold in his life4 ,the printers seem ever to have been on the side of the ,protestants4 ,in ,germany they produced all the works of the ,reformation authors with great accuracy and skill1 and often at their own expense2 whereas the ,roman ,catholics could only get their books printed at great cost1 and even then the printing was done carelessly and in a slovenly manner1 so as to seem the production of illiterate men4 ,and if any printer1 more conscientious than the rest1 did them more justice1 he was jeered at in the market-places and at the fairs of ,frankfort for a ,papist and a slave of the priests4 ,this ,robert ,stephanus 7,estienne or ,stephens1 as the name is usually called7 was a member of one of the most illustrious families of learned printers the world has ever seen4 ,the founder of the family was ,henry ,stephens1 born at ,paris in #adgj1 and the last of the race died there in #afgd4 ,thus for nearly two centuries did they confer the greatest advantages on literature1 which they enriched quite as much by their learning as by their skill4 ,their biographies have frequently been written2 so there is no occasion to record them4 ,this ,robert ,stephens1 who was exiled on account of his books1 was one of the most illustrious scholars of his age4 ,he printed1 edited1 and published an immense number of works in ,hebrew1 ,greek1 and ,latin1 amongst others the ,biblia ,latina 7#aebh71 ,latinae linguae ,thesaurus 7#aeca71 ,dictionarium latino-gallicum 7#aedc71 ,ecclesiastica ,historia ,eusebii1 ,socrates1 ,theodoreti 7#aedd71 ,biblia ,hebraica 7#aedd and #aedf71 and many others4 ,in the ,bible of #aeee he introduced the divisions of chapter and verse1 which are still used4 ,with regard to the accuracy of his proofs we are told that he was so careful as to hang them up in some place of public resort1 and to invite the corrections of the learned scholars who collected there4 ,at ,geneva his printing-press continued to pour forth a large number of learned works1 and after his death1 one of his sons1 named ,charles1 carried on the business4 ,another son of ,robert ,stephens1 named ,henry1 was one of those scholars who have ruined themselves by their love of literature1 devoting their lives and their fortunes to the production of volumes on some special branch of study in which only a few learned readers are interested4 ,hence1 while they earn the gratitude of scholars and enrich the world of literature by their knowledge1 the sale of their books is limited1 and they fail to enrich themselves4 ,the ,thesaurus ,linguae ,graecae cost poor ,henry ,stephens ten years of labour and nearly all his fortune4 ,this is a very valuable work1 and has proved of immense service to subsequent generations of scholars4 ,a second edition was published in ,london in #ahae in seven folio volumes1 and recently another edition has appeared in ,paris4 ,one of his works aroused the indignation of the ,parisian authorities4 ,it was entitled ,introduction au ,trait des ,merveilles anciennes avec les modernes1 ou ,trait prparatif l',apologie pour ,hrodote1 par ,henri ,estienne 7#aeff1 in-#h74 ,this work was supposed to contain insidious attacks upon the monks and priests and ,roman ,catholic faith1 comparing the fables of ,herodotus with the teaching of ,catholicism1 and holding up the latter to ridicule4 ,at any rate1 the book was condemned and its author burnt in effigy4 ,m4 ,peignot asserts in his ,dictionnaire ,critique1 ,littraire1 et ,bibliographique that it was this ,henry ,stephens who uttered the bon mot with regard to his never feeling so cold as when his effigy was being burnt and he himself was in the snowy mountains of the ,auvergne4 ,other authorities attribute the saying to his father1 as we have already narrated4 ,noble martyrs ,literature has had1 men who have sacrificed ease1 comfort1 and every earthly advantage for her sake1 and who have shared with ,henry ,stephens the direst straits of poverty brought about by the ardour of their love4 ,such an one was a learned divine1 ,simon ,ockley1 ,vicar of ,swavesey in #agje1 and ,professor of ,arabic at ,cambridge in #agaa1 who devoted his life to ,asiatic researches4 ,this study did not prove remunerative2 having been seized for debt1 he was confined in ,cambridge ,castle1 and there finished his great work1 ,the ,history of the ,saracens4 ,his martyrdom was lifelong1 as he died in destitution1 having always 7to use his own words7 given the possession of wisdom the preference to that of riches4 ,floyer ,sydenham1 who died in a debtors' prison in #aghh1 and incurred his hard fate through devoting his life to a translation of the ,dialogues of ,plato1 was another martyr2 from whose ashes arose the ,royal ,literary ,fund1 which has prevented many struggling authors from sharing his fate4 ,seventeen long years of labour1 besides a handsome fortune1 did ,edmund ,castell spend on his ,lexicon ,heptaglotton2 but a thankless and ungrateful public refused to relieve him of the copies of this learned work1 which ruined his health while it dissipated his fortune4 ,these are only a few names which might be mentioned out of the many4 ,what a noble army of martyrs ,literature could boast1 if a roll-call were sounded6 ,amongst our booksellers we must not omit the name of ,page1 who suffered with ,john ,stubbs in the market-place at ,westminster on account of the latter's work entitled ,the ,discoverie of a ,gaping ,gulf whereinto ,england is like to be swallowed by another ,french marriage1 if the ,lord forbid not the banes by letting her ,majestie see the sin and punishment thereof 7#aegi74 ,both author and publisher were condemned to the barbarous penalty of having their right hands cut off1 as we have already recorded4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 page #abi4 ,sturdy ,john1 as the people called ,john ,lilburne of ,commonwealth fame1 was another purveyor of books who suffered severely at the hands of both ,royalists and ,roundheads4 ,at the early age of eighteen he began the circulation of the books of ,prynne and ,bastwick1 and for this enormity he was whipped from the ,fleet to ,westminster1 set in the pillory1 gagged1 fined1 and imprisoned4 ,at a later stage in his career we find him imprisoned in the ,tower by ,cromwell1 for his ,just ,reproof to ,haberdashers' ,hall1 and fined #a1jjj2 and his bitter attack on the ,protector1 entitled ,england's ,new ,chains ,discovered1 caused him to pay another visit to the ,tower and to be tried for high treason1 of which he was subsequently acquitted4 ,to assail the powers that be seemed ever to be the constant occupation of ,sturdy ,john ,lilburne4 ,from the above example1 and from many others which might be mentioned1 it is quite evident that ,roundheads1 when they held the power1 could be quite as severe critics of publications obnoxious to them as the ,royalists1 and troublesome authors fared little better under ,puritan regime than they did under the ,stuart monarchs4 ,another learned ,french printer was ,etienne ,dolet1 who was burned to death at ,paris on account of his books in #aedf4 ,he lived and worked at ,lyons1 and1 after the manner of the ,stephens1 published many of his own writings as well as those of other learned men4 ,he applied his energies to reform the ,latin style1 and in addition to his theological and linguistical works cultivated the art of poetry4 ,bayle says that his ,latin and ,french verses are not amiss4 ,in the opinion of ,gruterus they are worthy of a place in the ,deliciae ,poetarum ,gallorum2 but the impassioned and scurrilous ,scaliger1 who hated ,dolet1 declares that ,dolet may be called the ,muse's ,canker1 or ,imposthume2 he wildly affects to be absolute in ,poetry without the least pretence to wit1 and endeavours to make his own base copper pass by mixing with it ,virgil's gold4 ,a driveller1 who with some scraps of ,cicero has tagged together something1 which he calls ,orations1 but which men of learning rather judge to be ,latrations4 ,whilst he sung the fate of that great and good ,king ,francis1 his name found its own evil fate1 and the ,atheist suffered the punishment of the flames1 which both he and his verses so richly merited4 ,but the flames could not purify him1 but were by him rather made impure4 ,why should ,i mention his ,epigrams1 which are but a common sink or shore of dull1 cold1 unmeaning trash1 full of that thoughtless arrogance that braves the ,almighty1 and that denies ,his ,being8 ,the conclusion of this scathing criticism is hardly meet for polite ears4 ,a private wrong had made the censorious ,scaliger more bitter than usual4 ,in spite of the protection of ,castellan1 a learned prelate1 ,dolet at length suffered in the flames1 but whether the charge of ,atheism was well grounded has never been clearly ascertained4 ,certainly the pious prayer which he uttered1 when the faggots were piled around him1 would seem to exonerate him from such a charge3 ,my ,god1 whom ,i have so often offended1 be merciful to me2 and ,i beseech you1 ,o ,virgin ,mother1 and you1 divine ,stephen1 to intercede with ,god for me a sinner4 ,the ,parliament of ,paris condemned his works as containing damnable1 pernicious1 and heretical doctrines4 ,the ,faculty of ,theology censured very severely ,dolet's translation of one of the ,dialogues of ,plato1 entitled ,axiochus1 and especially the passage ,aprs la mort1 tu ne seras rien1 which ,dolet rendered1 ,aprs la mort1 tu ne seras plus rien du tout4 ,the additional words were supposed to convict ,dolet of heresy4 ,he certainly disliked the monks1 as the following epigram plainly declares3-- ,ad ,nicolaum ,fabricium ,valesium ,de cucullatis4 ,incurvicervicum cucullatorum habet ,grex id subinde in ore1 se esse mortuum ,mundo3 tamen edit eximie pecus1 bibit ,non pessime1 stertit sepultum crapula1 ,operam veneri dat1 et voluptatum assecla ,est omnium4 ,idne est mortuum esse mundo8 ,aliter interpretare4 ,mortui sunt ,hercule ,mundo cucullati1 quod inors tense sunt onus1 ,ad rem utiles nullam1 nisi ad scelus et vitium4 ,amongst the works published and written by ,dolet may be mentioned3-- ,summaire des faits et gestes de ,franois ,i41 tant contre l',empereur que ses sujets1 et autres nations trangres1 composs d'abord en latin par ,dolet1 puis translats en franais par lui-mme4 ,lyon1 ,etienne ,dolet1 #aedj1 in-#d4 ,stephani ,doleti ,carminum1 ,libri ,,iv4 ,lugduni1 #aech1 in-#d4 ,brief ,discours de la rpublique franoyse1 dsirant la lecture des livres de l',ecriture saincte luy estre loisable en sa langue vulgaire4 ,etienne ,dolet1 #aedd1 in-#af4 ,la fontaine de vie1 in-#af4 ,several translations into ,french of the writings of ,erasmus and ,melanchthon may also be remembered1 and the ,geneva ,bible1 which was printed by ,dolet4 ,one of the few remaining copies of ,cymbalum mundi1 en franais1 contenant quatre ,dialogues potiques1 antiques1 joyeux1 et factieux1 par ,thomas ,duclevier 7,bonaventure ,despriers1 ,valet de chambre de la ,reyne de ,navarre7 7,paris1 ,jehan ,morin1 #aecg1 in-#h7 reveals the fact that the printer1 ,jean ,morin1 was imprisoned on account of this work4 ,therein it is recorded that he presented the copy to the ,chancellor with the request that he might be released from prison1 where he had been placed on account of this work4 ,the reasons given for its condemnation are various4 ,some state that the author1 a friend of ,clement ,marot1 intended to preach by the use of allegories the ,reformed religion4 ,others say that it was directed against the manners and conduct of some members of the ,court4 ,whether ,morin's request was granted ,i know not1 nor whether ,despriers shared his imprisonment4 ,at any rate1 the author died in #aedd from an attack of frenzy4 ,another famous printer at ,paris in the sixteenth century was ,christian ,wechel1 who published a large number of works4 ,he was persecuted for publishing a book of ,erasmus entitled ,de esu interdicto carnium1 and some declare that he fell into grievous poverty1 being cursed by ,god for printing an impious book4 ,thus one writer says that in the year #aecj arose this abortive child of hell1 who wrote a book against the ,divine ,justice in favour of infants dying without baptism1 and several have wisely observed that the ruin of ,christian ,wechel and his labours fell out as a punishment for his presses and characters being employed in such an infamous work4 ,however1 there is reason to believe that the book was not so impious1 expressing only the pious hope that the souls of such infants might not be lost1 and also that no great curse fell upon the printer1 and that his poverty was apocryphal4 ,at any rate1 his son ,andrew was a very flourishing printer2 but he too was persecuted for his religious opinions1 and narrowly escaped destruction in the ,massacre of ,st4 ,bartholomew4 ,he ran in great danger on that eventful night1 and states that he would have been slaughtered but for the kindness of ,hubert ,languet1 who lodged in his house4 ,andrew ,wechel fled to ,frankfort1 where he continued to ply his trade in safety2 and when more favourable times came re-established his presses at ,paris4 ,he had the reputation of being one of the most able printers and booksellers of his time4 ,the ,revolutionary period in ,france was not a safe time for either authors or booksellers4 ,jacques ,froull was condemned to death in #agic for publishing the lists of names of those who passed sentence on their ,king1 ,louis ,,xvi41 and doomed him to death4 ,this work was entitled ,liste comparative des cinq appels nominaux sur le procs et jugement de ,louis ,,xvi41 avec les dclarations que les ,dputes ont faites chacune des sances 7,paris1 ,froull1 #agic1 in-#h74 ,he gives the names of the deputies who voted on each of the five appeals1 until at length the terrible sentence was pronounced1 #caj voting for the reprieve and #chj for the execution of their monarch4 ,the deputies were so ashamed of their work that they doomed the recorder of their infamous deed to share the punishment of their sovereign4 ,we have few instances of the illustrators of books sharing the misfortunes of authors and publishers1 but we have met with one such example4 ,nicolas ,godonesche made the engravings for a work by ,jean ,laurent ,boursier1 a doctor of the ,sorbonne1 entitled ,explication abrge des principales questions qui ont rapport aux affaires prsentes 7#agca1 in-#ab71 and found that work fatal to him4 ,this book was one of many published by ,boursier concerning the unhappy contentions which for a long time agitated the ,church of ,france4 ,godonesche1 who engraved pictures for the work1 was sent to the ,bastille1 and the author banished4 ,in all ages complaints are heard of the prolific writers who have been seized by the scribbling demon1 and made to pour forth page after page which the public decline to read1 and bring grief to the publishers4 ,pasquier's ,letters contains the following passage1 which applies perhaps quite as forcibly to the present age as to his own time3 ,i cannot forbear complaining at this time of the calamity of this age which has produced such a plenty of reputed or untimely authors4 ,any pitiful scribbler will have his first thoughts to come to light2 lest1 being too long shut up1 they should grow musty4 ,good ,god6 how apposite are these verses of ,jodelle3-- ',et tant ceux d'aujourd'huy me fashent1 ,qui ds lors que leurs plumes laschent ,quelque-trait soit mauvais ou bon1 ,en lumire le vont produire1 ,pour souvent avec leur renom1 ,les pauvres ,imprimeurs destruire4' ,this has been translated as follows3-- ,the scribbling crew would make one's vitals bleed1 ,they write such trash1 no mortal e'er will read2 ,yet they will publish1 they must have a name2 ,so ,printers starve1 to get their authors fame4 ,one would be curious to see the form of agreement between such prolific authors and their deluded publishers1 and to learn by what arts1 other than magical1 the former ever induced the latter to undertake the publication of such fatal books4 ,the story of the establishment of the liberty of the ,press in ,england is full of interest1 and tells the history of several books which involved their authors and publishers in many difficulties4 ,the censors of books did not always occupy an enviable post1 and were the objects of many attacks4 ,catalogue ,fraser lost his office for daring to license ,walker's book on the ,eikon ,basilike1 which asserted that ,gauden and not ,charles ,i4 was the author4 ,his successor ,bohun was deprived of his orffice as licenser and sent to prison for allowing a pamphlet to be printed entitled ,king ,william and ,queen ,mary1 ,conquerors4 ,the ,jacobite printers suffered severely when they were caught1 which was not very frequent4 ,in obscure lanes and garrets they plied their secret trade1 and deluged the land with seditious books and papers4 ,one ,william ,anderton was tracked to a house near ,st4 ,james's ,street1 where he was known as a jeweller4 ,behind the bed in his room was discovered a door which led to a dark closet1 and there were the types and a press1 and heaps of ,jacobite literature4 ,anderton was found guilty of treason1 and paid the penalty of death for his crime4 ,in #afie the ,press was emancipated from its thraldom1 and the office of licenser ceased to exist4 ,henceforward popular judgment and the general good sense and right feeling of the community constituted the only licensing authority of the ,press of ,england4 ,occasionally1 when a publisher or author makes too free with the good name of an ,english citizen1 the restraint of a prison cell is imposed upon the audacious libeller4 ,sometimes when a book offends against the public morals1 and contains the outpourings of a voluptuous imagination1 its author is condemned to lament in confinement over his indecorous pages4 ,the world knows that ,vizetelly1 the publisher1 was imprisoned for translating and publishing some of ,zola's novels4 ,nana and ,l',assommoir were indeed fatal books to him1 as his imprisonment and the anxiety caused by the prosecution are said to have hastened his death4 ,the right feeling and sound sense of the nation has guided the ,press of this country into safe channels1 and few books are fatal now on account of their unseemly contents or immoral tendencies4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,,some ,,literary ,,martyrs4 ,leland--,strutt--,cotgrave--,henry ,wharton--,robert ,heron--,collins--,william ,cole--,homeric victims--,joshua ,barnes--,an example of unrequited toil--,borgarutius--,pays4 ,we have still a list far too long of literary martyrs whose works have proved fatal to them1 and yet whose names have not appeared in the foregoing chapters4 ,these are they who have sacrificed their lives1 their health and fortunes1 for the sake of their works1 and who had no sympathy with the saying of a professional hack writer1 ,till fame appears to be worth more than money1 ,i shall always prefer money to fame4 ,for the labours of their lives they have received no compensation at all4 ,health1 eyesight1 and even life itself have been devoted to the service of mankind1 who have shown themselves somewhat ungrateful recipients of their bounty4 ,some of the more illustrious scholars indeed enjoy a posthumous fame1--their names are still honoured2 their works are still read and studied by the learned1--but what countless multitudes are those who have sacrificed their all1 and yet slumber in nameless graves1 the ocean of oblivion having long since washed out the footprints they hoped to leave upon the shifting sands of ,time6 ,of these we have no record2 let us enumerate a few of the scholars of an elder age whose books proved fatal to them1 and whose sorrows and early deaths were brought on by their devotion to literature4 ,what antiquary has not been grateful to ,leland1 the father of ,english archaeology6 ,he possessed that ardent love for the records of the past which must inspire the heart and the pen of every true antiquary2 that accurate learning and indefatigable spirit of research without which the historian1 however zealous1 must inevitably err2 and that sturdy patriotism which led him to prefer the study of the past glories of his own to those of any other people or land4 ,his ,cygnea ,cantio will live as long as the silvery ,thames1 whose glories he loved to sing1 pursues its beauteous way through the loveliest vales of ,england4 ,while his royal patron1 ,henry ,,viii41 lived1 all went well2 after the death of that monarch his anxieties and troubles began4 ,his pension became smaller1 and at length ceased4 ,no one seemed to appreciate his toil4 ,he became melancholy and morose1 and the effect of nightly vigils and years of toil began to tell upon his constitution4 ,at length his mind gave way1 ere yet the middle stage of life was passed2 and although many other famous antiquaries have followed his steps and profited by his writings and his example1 ,english scholars will ever mourn the sad and painful end of unhappy ,leland4 ,another antiquary was scarcely more fortunate4 ,strutt1 the author of ,english ,sports and ,pastimes1 whose works every student of the manners and customs of our forefathers has read and delighted in1 passed his days in poverty and obscurity1 and often received no recompense for the works which are now so valuable4 ,at least he had his early wish gratified1--,i will strive to leave my name behind me in the world1 if not in the splendour that some have1 at least with some marks of assiduity and study which shall never be wanting in me4 ,randle ,cotgrave1 the compiler of one of the most valuable dictionaries of early ,english words1 lost his eyesight through laboriously studying ancient ,,mss4 in his pursuit of knowledge4 ,the sixteen volumes of ,,ms4 preserved in the ,lambeth ,library of ,english literature killed their author1 ,henry ,wharton1 before he reached his thirtieth year4 ,by the indiscreet exertion of his mind1 in protracted and incessant literary labours1 poor ,robert ,heron destroyed his health1 and after years of toil spent in producing volumes so numerous and so varied as to stagger one to contemplate1 ended his days in ,newgate4 ,in his pathetic appeal for help to the ,literary ,fund1 wherein he enumerates the labours of his life1 he wrote1 ,i shudder at the thought of perishing in gaol4 ,and yet that was the fate of ,heron1 a man of amazing industry and vast learning and ability1 a martyr to literature4 ,he has unhappily many companions1 whose names appear upon that mournful roll of luckless authors4 ,there is the unfortunate poet ,collins1 who was driven insane by the disappointment attending his unremunerative toil1 and the want of public appreciation of his verses4 ,william ,cole1 the writer of fifty volumes in ,,ms4 of the ,athenae ,cantabrigienses1 founded upon the same principle as the ,athenae ,oxonienses of ,anthony ,wood1 lived to see his hopes of fame die1 and yet to feel that he could not abandon his self-imposed task1 as that would be death to him4 ,homer1 too1 has had some victims2 and if he has suffered from translation1 he has revenged himself on his translators4 ,a learned writer1 ,joshua ,barnes1 ,professor of ,greek at ,cambridge1 devoted his whole energy to the task1 and ended his days in abject poverty1 disgusted with the scanty rewards his great industry and scholarship had attained4 ,a more humble translator1 a chemist of ,reading1 published an ,english version of the ,iliad4 ,the fascination of the work drew him away from his business1 and caused his ruin4 ,a clergyman died a few years ago who had devoted many years to a learned ,biblical ,commentary2 it was the work of his life1 and contained the results of much original research4 ,after his death his effects were sold1 and with them the precious ,,ms41 the result of so many hours of patient labour2 this ,,ms4 realised three shillings and sixpence6 ,fatal indeed have their works and love of literature proved to be to many a luckless author4 ,no wonder that many of them have vowed1 like ,borgarutius1 that they would write no more nor spend their life-blood for the sake of so fickle a mistress1 or so thankless a public4 ,this author was so troubled by the difficulties he encountered in printing his book on ,anatomy1 that he made the rash vow that he would never publish anything more2 but1 like many other authors1 he broke his word4 ,poets are especially liable to this change of intention1 as ,la ,fontaine observes3-- ,o6 combien l'homme est inconstant1 divers1 ,foible1 lger1 tenant mal sa parole1 ,j'avois jur1 mme en assez beaux vers1 ,de renouncer tout ,conte frivole4 ,depuis deux jours j'ai fait cette promesse ,puis fiez-vous ,rimeur qui rpond ,d'un seul moment4 ,dieu ne fit la sagesse ,pour les cerveaux qui hantent les neuf ,soeurs4 ,in these days of omnivorous readers1 the position of authors has decidedly improved4 ,we no longer see the half-starved poets bartering their sonnets for a meal2 learned scholars pining in ,newgate2 nor is half the pay of a scavenger ,footnote3 ,a remark of ,granger--vide ,calamities of ,authors1 p4 #he4 considered sufficient remuneration for recondite treatises4 ,it has been the fashion of authors of all ages to complain bitterly of their own times4 ,bayle calls it an epidemical disease in the republic of letters1 and poets seem especially liable to this complaint4 ,usually those who are most favoured by fortune bewail their fate with vehemence2 while poor and unfortunate authors write cheerfully4 ,to judge from his writings one would imagine that ,balzac pined in poverty2 whereas he was living in the greatest luxury1 surrounded by friends who enjoyed his hospitality4 ,oftentimes this language of complaint is a sign of the ingratitude of authors towards their age1 rather than a testimony of the ingratitude of the age towards authors4 ,thus did the ,french poet ,pays abuse his fate3 ,i was born under a certain star1 whose malignity cannot be overcome2 and ,i am so persuaded of the power of this malevolent star1 that ,i accuse it of all misfortunes1 and ,i never lay the fault upon anybody4 ,he has courted ,fortune in vain4 ,she will have nought to do with his addresses1 and it would be just as foolish to afflict oneself because of an eclipse of the sun or moon1 as to be grieved on account of the changes which ,fortune is pleased to cause4 ,many other writers speak in the same fretful strain4 ,there is now work in the vast field of literature for all who have the taste1 ability1 and requisite knowledge2 and few authors now find their books fatal to them--except perhaps to their reputation1 when they deserve the critics' censures4 ,the writers of novels certainly have no cause to complain of the unkindness of the public and their lack of appreciation1 and the vast numbers of novels which are produced every year would have certainly astonished the readers of thirty or forty years ago4 ,for the production of learned works which appeal only to a few scholars1 modern authors have the aid of the ,clarendon ,press and other institutions which are subsidised by the ,universities for the purpose of publishing such works4 ,but in spite of all the advantages which modern authors enjoy1 the great demand for literature of all kinds1 the justice and fair dealing of publishers1 the adequate remuneration which is usually received for their works1 the favourable laws of copyright--in spite of all these and other advantages1 the lamentable woes of authors have not yet ceased4 ,the leaders of literature can hold their own1 and prosper well2 but the men who stand in the second1 third1 or fourth rank in the great literary army1 have still cause to bewail the unkindness of the blind goddess who contrives to see sufficiently to avoid all their approaches to her4 ,for these brave1 but often disheartened1 toilers that noble institution1 the ,royal ,literary ,fund1 has accomplished great things4 ,during a period of more than a century it has carried on its beneficent work1 relieving poor struggling authors when poverty and sickness have laid them low2 and it has proved itself to be a nursing mother to the wives and children of literary martyrs who have been quite unable to provide for the wants of their distressed families4 ,we have already alluded to the foundation of the ,royal ,literary ,fund1 which arose from the feelings of pity and regret excited by the death of ,floyer ,sydenham in a debtors' prison4 ,it is unnecessary to record its history1 its noble career of unobtrusive usefulness in saving from ruin and ministering consolation to those unhappy authors who have been wounded in the world's warfare1 and who1 but for the ,literary ,fund1 would have been left to perish on the hard battlefield of life4 ,since its foundation #aae1fgg has been spent in #d1ccb grants to distressed authors4 ,all book-lovers will1 we doubt not1 seek to help forward this noble work1 and will endeavour to prevent1 as far as possible1 any more distressing cases of literary martyrdom1 which have so often stained the sad pages of our literary history4 ,in order to diminish the woes of authors and to help the maimed and wounded warriors in the service of ,literature1 we should like to rear a large ,literary ,college1 where those who have borne the burden and heat of the day may rest secure from all anxieties and worldly worries when the evening shadows of life fall around4 ,possibly the authorities of the ,royal ,literary ,fund might be able to accomplish this grand enterprise4 ,in imagination we seem to see a noble building like an ,oxford ,college1 or the ,charterhouse1 wherein the veterans of ,literature can live and work and end their days1 free from the perplexities and difficulties to which poverty and distress have so long accustomed them4 ,there is a ,library1 rich with the choicest works4 ,the ,historian1 the ,poet1 the ,divine1 the ,scientist1 can here pursue their studies1 and breathe forth inspired thoughts which the res angusta domi have so long stifled4 ,in society congenial to their tastes1 far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife1 they may succeed in accomplishing their life's work1 and their happiness would be the happiness of the community4 ,if this be but a dream1 it is a pleasant one4 ,but if all book-lovers would unite for the purpose of founding such a ,literary ,college1 it might be possible for the dream to be realised4 ,then the woes of future generations of authors might be effectually diminished1 and ,fatal ,books have less unhappy victims4 ,,index4 ,ablard1 ,canon of ,notre ,dame4 ,agrippa1 ,henry ,cornelius1 astrologer4 ,alexandre1 ,noel1 ,church historian4 ,anderton1 ,william1 ,jacobite printer4 ,aretino1 ,pietro1 satirist4 ,arlotto of ,padua1 historian4 ,arnold of ,brescia1 disciple of ,ablard4 ,arthington1 pamphleteer4 ,ascoli1 ,cecco d'1 poet4 ,athos1 ,monks of ,mount1 ,quietists4 ,audra1 ,joseph1 historian4 ,bacon1 ,roger1 philosopher4 ,balzac1 pretended poverty of4 ,barnes1 ,joshua1 translator4 ,baronius1 ,caesar1 ,church historian4 ,barrai1 ,l',abb1 his opinion of ,fnlon4 ,barrow1 pamphleteer4 ,bastwick1 pamphleteer1 attacked ,laud4 ,bde1 ,nol1 controversialist4 ,bekker1 ,balthazar1 opponent of demoniacal possession4 ,berruyer1 ,isaac ,joseph1 ,jesuit historian4 ,beverland1 ,adrian1 poet4 ,biddle1 ,john1 ,socinian and ,unitarian4 ,billard1 ,pierre1 satirised ,jesuits4 ,boccalini1 ,trajan1 ,italian satirist4 ,bogarutius1 anatomist4 ,bohun1 censor4 ,bonfadio1 ,jacopo1 ,genoese historian4 ,borri1 ,joseph ,francis1 charlatan4 ,boursier1 ,jean ,laurent1 controversialist4 ,bruccioli1 ,antonio1 translator4 ,bruno1 ,jordano1 philosopher and atheist4 ,bruto1 ,john ,michael1 ,florentine historian4 ,buchanan1 ,george1 poet4 ,burton1 attacked ,laud4 ,bussy1 ,roger ,rabutin de1 satirist4 ,campanella1 ,thomas1 philosopher and atheist4 ,carlyle1 ,thomas1 an example of energy4 ,carpzov1 ,samuel ,benedict1 libelled ,rdiger4 ,carranza1 ,bartholomew1 ,archbishop of ,toledo4 ,cartwright1 pamphleteer4 ,castell1 ,edmund1 polyglot4 ,caveirac1 ,l',abb1 ,jesuit defender4 ,cinelli1 ,john ,giovanni1 satirist4 ,clarke1 ,samuel1 philosopher and theologian4 ,cole1 ,william1 author of ,athenae ,cantabrigienses4 ,collins1 poet4 ,coppinger1 pamphleteer4 ,cotgrave1 ,randle1 lexicographer4 ,cowell1 ,dr41 supporter of absolute monarchy4 ,cowley1 ,abraham1 dramatist4 ,crbillon1 the younger1 dramatist4 ,danchet1 ,antoine1 dramatist4 ,darigrand1 author of ,l',anti-,financier4 ,darrell1 ,john1 cleric and demonologist4 ,dassy1 satirist4 ,david1 ,francis1 theologian4 ,dee1 ,dr41 alchemist4 ,defoe1 ,daniel1 satirical writer4 ,deforges1 poet4 ,delaune1 author of ,a ,plea for the ,nonconformists4 ,diderot1 ,denis1 collaborateur of ,d',alembert4 ,doleman1 printer4 ,dolet1 ,etienne1 printer and author4 ,dominis1 ,antonio de1 ,archbishop of ,spalatro4 ,dort1 ,synod of1 some of its proceedings4 ,dryander1 nom-de-plume of ,enzinas4 ,dryander1 ,john1 brother of ,enzinas4 ,dupin1 ,louis ,elias1 ,church historian4 ,durosoi1 editor4 ,edzardt1 ,sebastian1 theologian4 ,enzinas1 ,spanish translator1 #bc4 ,estienne1 see ,stephanus4 ,falkemberg1 ,john de1 fanatic4 ,felbinger1 ,jeremiah1 ,unitarian4 ,fnlon1 ,franois de la ,mothe1 ,archbishop of ,cambrai4 ,fisher1 ,john1 ,bishop of ,rochester1 opponent of royal divorce4 ,fontaine1 ,nicolas1 collaborateur of ,le ,maistre4 ,francus1 ,nicholas1 poet4 ,fraser1 ,catalogue1 censor4 ,frischlin1 ,nicodemus1 poet4 ,froull1 ,jacques1 bookseller4 ,fust1 ,john1 printer4 ,gacon1 ,franois1 poet and satirist4 ,galileo1 father of experimental philosophy4 ,gnbrard1 ,gilbert1 controversialist4 ,giannone1 ,peter1 ,italian historian4 ,godonesche1 ,nicolas1 engraver4 ,grafton1 ,richard1 printer of ,coverdale's ,bible4 ,grandier1 ,urban1 cur of ,london1 opponent of celibacy of clergy4 ,greenwood1 pamphleteer4 ,grotius1 historian4 ,hacket1 pamphleteer4 ,hales1 ,john1 pamphleteer4 ,harsnett1 ,bishop1 the exposer of ,darrell4 ,hartley1 exorcist1 friend of ,darrell4 ,haudicquer1 genealogist4 ,hlot1 poet4 ,hemmerlin1 ,felix1 satirist4 ,heron1 ,robert1 voluminous author4 ,histriomastix4 ,homeric victims4 ,huss1 ,john1 reformer and martyr1 his writings4 ,johnson1 ,samuel1 divine1 author of ,julian the ,apostate4 ,keats1 poet1 ,endymion cruelly reviewed4 ,kelly1 ,edward1 necromancer1 friend of ,dr4 ,dee4 ,kuhlmann1 ,quirinus1 ,prince of ,fanatics4 ,la ,beaumelle1 ,laurence de1 ,memoirs of ,madame de ,maintenon4 ,la ,grange1 poet4 ,la ,peyrre1 ,isaac de1 ethnologist4 ,le ,courayer1 ,pierre ,franois ,canon of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,leighton1 ,dr41 author of ,syon's ,plea against ,prelacy4 ,leland1 archaeologist4 ,le ,maistre1 ,louis1 ,jansenist and translator4 ,lenoir1 ,jean1 ,canon of ,sez1 political writer4 ,liesvelt1 ,jacob van1 ,dutch printer4 ,lilburne1 ,honest ,john1 bookseller and author4 ,linguet1 ,simon1 political writer1 de ,lisle de ,sales1 philosopher4 ,liszinski ,cazimir1 ,polish atheist4 ,literary ,college1 ideal4 ,literary ,fund1 ,royal4 ,lufftius1 ,john1 printer of ,wrtemburg4 ,lyra1 ,nicholas de1 commentator1 ruins his printers4 ,lyser1 ,john1 advocate of polygamy4 ,maffei1 ,raphael1 his epigram on ,valla4 ,maggi1 ,jerome1 ,venetian statesman4 ,maintenon1 ,madame de1 ,memoirs4 ,mariana1 ,john1 ,spanish historian4 ,marolles1 ,l',abb de1 translator4 ,marot1 ,clement1 poet1 versifier of ,psalms4 ,marprelate1 ,martin1 nom-de-plume of various ,puritan authors4 ,melanchthon1 reformer1 works published by ,peucer4 ,molinos1 ,michael1 ,spanish theologian4 ,montague1 ,lord1 victim of ,reginald ,pole's book4 ,montanus1 ,arius1 translator of ,polyglot ,bible4 ,montgomery1 ,james1 poet4 ,morin1 ,jean1 printer4 ,morin1 ,simon1 fanatic4 ,nogaret1 novelist4 ,nordemann1 follower of ,kuhlmann4 ,ochino1 ,bernardino1 a ,franciscan1 advocate of polygamy4 ,ockham1 ,william of1 ,the ,invincible ,doctor4 ,ockley1 ,simon1 ,vicar of ,swavesey4 ,ovid1 poet1 exiled by ,caesar4 ,page1 printer of ,stubbs' pamphlet4 ,palearius1 ,antonius1 ,inquisitionis ,detractator4 ,pallavicino1 ,ferrante1 ,italian satirist4 ,palmieri1 ,matteo1 ,italian historian4 ,pannartz1 printer4 ,paolo1 ,fra1 see ,sarpi4 ,pasquier1 his ,letters quoted4 ,pasquinades1 origin of term4 ,pays1 ,french poet1 quoted4 ,penry1 pamphleteer4 ,petit1 ,pierre1 poet4 ,peucer1 ,caspar1 doctor of medicine and ,calvinist4 ,pole1 ,sir ,geoffrey1 arrested by ,henry ,,viii41 escapes4 ,pole1 ,reginald1 denounced ,henry ,,viii4 ,primi1 ,john ,baptist1 ,count of ,st4 ,majole1 historian4 ,prynne1 ,william1 author of ,histriomastix4 ,quesnal1 ,pasquier1 translator and theologian4 ,quietism4 ,reboul1 ,italian pamphleteer4 ,reinking1 ,theodore1 historian1 condemned to eat his book4 ,richer1 ,edmund1 political essayist4 ,ritson1 ,joseph1 antiquary4 ,rosires1 ,franois de1 ,archdeacon of ,toul1 historian4 ,rothe1 ,john1 pretended prophet4 ,rousseau1 ,jean ,baptiste1 satirist4 ,rousseau1 ,jean ,jacques1 philosopher4 ,rudbeck1 ,swedish historian4 ,rudiger4 ,john ,christopher1 biographer4 ,sacy1 de1 see ,le ,maistre4 ,salisbury1 ,countess of1 victim of ,pole's book4 ,sarpi1 ,pietro1 ,venetian historian4 ,savonarola1 ,florentine preacher4 ,scaliger1 his criticism of ,dolet4 ,schweynheym1 printer4 ,scioppius1 ,caspar1 satirist4 ,selden1 ,john1 author of ,de ,decimis4 ,servetus1 ,michael1 scientist and theologian1 persecuted by ,calvin4 ,sidney1 ,algernon1 his manuscript a witness against him4 ,starkie1 ,nicholas1 household possessed by devils1 see ,darrell4 ,stephanus or ,stephens1 ,robert1 ,parisian printer4 ,stephens1 ,henry1 son of above1 printer4 ,strutt1 author of ,english ,sports and ,pastimes4 ,stubbs1 ,john1 opponent of ,elizabeth's marriage4 ,sydenham1 ,floyer1 translator4 ,thophile1 poet4 ,thou1 de1 ,french historian4 ,thou1 ,frederick ,augustus de1 son of above4 ,toland1 ,john1 freethinker4 ,tutchin1 ,john1 editor of ,observator1 persecuted by ,jeffreys4 ,tyndale1 ,william1 translator of ,bible and controversialist4 ,udal1 ,nicholas1 part author of ,marprelate pamphlets4 ,unigenitus1 ,papal ,bull4 ,urseus1 ,anthony1 becomes insane through loss of book4 ,valla1 ,lorenzo1 ,roman satirist4 ,vanini1 ,lucilio1 philosopher and atheist4 ,villanovanus1 nom-de-plume of ,servetus4 ,virgil1 ,bishop of ,salisbury1 cosmologist4 ,vizetelly1 publisher4 ,volaterranus1 see ,maffei4 ,voltaire1 ,franois ,arouet de1 satirical poem4 ,wecchiettus1 ,jerome1 theologian4 ,wechel1 ,christian1 ,parisian printer4 ,wechel1 ,andrew1 son of above4 ,weiser1 ,caspar1 ,swedish poet4 ,wentworth1 ,peter1 pamphleteer4 ,wharton1 ,henry1 died of overwork4 ,whitchurch1 ,edward1 printer4 ,willenberg1 ,samuel ,friedrich1 advocate of polygamy4 ,williams1 ,john1 poet4 ,woolston1 ,thomas1 freethinker4 ,yorke1 ,sir ,john1 imprisoned for ,roman ,catholic play performed in his house4