,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #dcj ,,new ,,york1 ,,m>* #bi1 #ahhd ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xvii1 ,no4 #dcj4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+1 ,,me*anics1 ,,etc4--,! ,iron ,indu/ry ,9 ,brazil4--,by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,,fehr&4--,me?ods ( obta9+ iron4--,op]ation ( ! sy/em4--,elaboration ( ! ore4--,sett+ up a =ge4-- ,sell+ price ( iron ,! ,/eam] ,*ur*ill1 built by ,messrs4 ,hall1 ,russell ,co41 = s]vice at ,natal4--,) full page ( illu/rations ,?ree-,way ,tunnels ,falconetti's ,cont9u\sly ,prim$ ,siphon4--,mann] ( c>ry+ a wat] c\rse ov] a canal1 riv]1 or road4--,) engrav+ ,! ,weibel-,picc>d ,sy/em ( ,evaporat+ ,liquids4-- #b illu/rations ,,ii4 ,,te*nology4--,coal ,gas z a ,labor--sav+ ,ag5t 9 ,me*anical ,trades4--,by ,t4 ,,flet*]4--,gas z fuel4--,arrangem5t ( burn]s = dis9fection1 = dry+ glue1 album51 etc4--,be/ burn]s4 --,gas b>s = furnaces1 etc4 ,in/antane\s ,photography4--,sev]al illu/rations ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,magnetism1 ,,etc4--,electric ,laun*es4--,a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( ,arts by ,a4 ,,reck5zaun1 & discussion on ! same4--,advantages ( electromotive p[]4-- ,co/ ( same4--,exp]im5tal electric laun*es ,fir/ ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,electric ,light4--,sir ,humphry ,davy's exp]im5ts 9 #ahac1--,) two engrav+s ,electrical ,grapnel = ,subm>9e ,cables & ,torp$o ,l9es4-- #c figures ,hughes' ,new ,magnetic ,balance4--#a figure ,app>atus = ,measur+ ,small ,resi/ances4--,) engrav+ & diagram ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4--,magnetism on railways4--,syn*ron\s ,seismology ,,iv4 ,,ar*itecture4--,adornm5ts ( ! ,new ,po/ ,(fice at ,leipzig4-- #b engrav+s ,v4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,etc4--,comp>ison ( ,/r5g? ( ,l>ge & ,small ,animals4--,by ,w4 ,n4 ,,lock+ton ,oil 9 ,cali=nia ,,vi4 ,,horticulture1 ,,botany4 ,,etc4--,! ,dodd]4--,a new p>asitic plant4--,) engrav+ ,rec5t ,botanical ,inve/igations ,,vii4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,hygi5e ,,etc4--,nutritive ,value ( ,condim5ts4--,by ,h4 ,d4 ,,abbott ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s4--,mont ,/4 ,mi*el1 ,norm&y4--,) engrav+ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,dodd]4 ,! g5us ,cuscuta conta9s q a numb] ( species :i* g "u ! common "n ( dodd]1 & :i* h ! peculi>ily ( liv+ z p>asites ^u o!r plants4 ,_! habits are un=tunately too well kn[n to cultivators1 :o ju/ly dread _! incursions among cultivat$ plants l flax1 hops1 etc4 ,all p>asitic plants1 or at lea/ ! majority ( !m1 h "o "* 9 common :i* di/+ui%es !m at fir/ sight4 ,9 _m cases gre5 matt] is want+ 9 _! tissues or is hidd5 by a livid t9t t /rikes ! obs]v]4 ,su* are ! ,oroban*acc1 or broomropes1 & ! tropical ,balanophorace4 ,nev]!less1 o!r p>asites1 su* z ! mi/letoe1 h p]fectly gre5 leaves4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! naturali/'s att5tion is attract$ e "t he f9ds a plant depriv$ ( *lorophyl1 & "o 9 :i* ! leaves seem to be want+1 z 9 ! dodd] t occupies u4 ,9 fact1 z ! majority ( p>asites take _! n\ri%m5t at ! exp5se ( ! plants ^u :i* !y fa/5 !mselves1 !y h no ne$1 z a g5]al ?+1 ( elaborat+ ?r\gh _! foli> organs ! mat]ials t _! ho/s d]ive f ! air2 9 a ^w1 !y d n brea! actively l ! latt]1 s9ce !y f9d ! elem5ts ( _! nutrition already prep>$ 9 ! sap ( _! nurses4 ,! dodd]s1 !n1 are ess5tially p>asites1 & _! app>5t simplicity gives !m a v peculi> aspect4 ,_! leaves are :olly want+1 or are indicat$ by small1 imp]ceptible scales1 & _! organs ( vegetation are r$uc$ to a /em & fili=m bran*es t h obta9$ = !m ! names ( ,*eveux de ,v5us 7,v5us' ,hair7 & ,*eveux du ,diable 7devil's hair7 9 ,fr5*1 & gold ?read 9 ,engli%4 ,because ( _! de/ructive nature !y h likewise be5 call$ by ! unpoetic "n ( hellwe$2 &1 = ! reason t !y embrace _! ho/ plants s closely1 !y h be5 call$ love we$ & love v9e4 ,:5 a se$ ( ,cuscuta1 g]m9ates1 no cotyl$ons are to be di/+ui%$4 ,?is peculi>ity1 h[ev]1 ! plant has 9 common ) o!r p>asites1 & ev5 ) "s plants1 su* z or*ids1 t vegetate normally4 ,! radicle ( ! dodd] fixes itself 9 ! e>?1 & ! little /em rises z 9 o!r dicotyl$ons2 b soon 7= ! plantlet c\ld n live long ?us7 ?is /em1 :i* is z sl5d] z a ?read1 seeks support ^u "s neighbor+ plant1 & produces ^u its surfaces ( contact "o or m little protub]ances t %ortly aft]w>d adh]e firmly to ! support & take on ! appe>ance & functions ( cupp+ glasses4 ,at ?is po9t !re =ms a prolongation ( ! tissue ( ! dodd]--a sort ( cone1 :i* p5etrates ! /alk ( ! ho/ plant4 ,aft] ?is1 ?r\gh ! increase ( ! /em & bran*es ( ! p>asite1 ! support+ plant becomes int]lac$ on e side1 &1 if x does n die f ! embraces ( its enemy1 its exi/5ce is notably haz>d$4 ,x is possible = a ,cuscuta plant to "w de/ruction ov] a space two met]s 9 diamet] 9 a luc]n or clov] field2 s1 %\ld a hundr$ se$s g]m9ate 9 an acre1 x may be easily se5 h[ disa/r\s ! effects ( ! sc\rge w\ld prove4 ,^! enemies ( our agriculture 7 sc>cely to be reg>d$ z injuri\s n v _m ye>s ago1 = ! reason t _! s\rces ( developm5t 7 want+4 ,luc]n & clov] are comp>atively rec5t introductions into ,france1 at lea/ z =age plants4 ,o!r cultures are (t5 sorely tri$ by ! dodd]1 & :at is peculi> is t !re are almo/ always species t are special to su* or su* a plant1 s t ! botani/ usually kn[s be=eh& h[ to det]m9e ! p>asite ^: pres5ce is made kn[n to him4 ,?us1 ! ,cuscuta ( flax1 call$ by ! ,fr5* ,b\rreau du ,l9 7! flax's execution]71 & by ! ,engli%1 flax dodd]1 gr[s only ^u ?is textile plant1 ! crop ( :i* x (t5 ru9s4 ,on acc\nt ( ?is1 botani/s call ?is species ,cuscuta epil9um4 ,o!rs1 su* z ,c4 ,europa1 attack by pref]5ce hemp & nettle4 ,f9ally1 c]ta9 species are un=tunately indiff]5t & take possession ( any plant t w n\ri% !m4 ,( ?is numb] is ! "o t we are ab\t to speak (4 ,attempts h sometimes be5 made out ( curiosity to cultivate exotic species4 ,"o ( ! head g>d5]s at ! ,p>is ,museum receiv$ specim5s ( ,cuscuta reflexa f ,india ab\t two ye>s ago1 &1 hav+ plac$ x ^u a g]anium plant1 succe$$ 9 cultivat+ x4 ,s9ce !n1 o!r plants h be5 select$1 & ! p>asite has be5 f\nd to develop ^u all ( !m4 ,:at adds int]e/ to ?is species is t its fl[]s are relatively l>g] & t !y emit a pleasant odor ( haw?orn4 ,mr4 ,hamel9 ?9ks t by reason ( ^! advantages1 an ornam5tal plant might be made ( x1 or at lea/ a plant t w\ld be s\ght by lov]s ( novelties4 ,l ! majority ( dodd]s1 ?is species is an annual1 s t1 z soon z ! cycle ( vegetation is accompli%$1 ! plant dies aft] fl[]+ & fruit+4 ,b "h ! se$s d n arrive at maturity1 & ! plant has to be propagat$ by a peculi> me?od4 ,at ! mom5t :5 vegetation is active1 x is only necess>y to take a bit ( ! /em1 & !n1 aft] previ\sly lift+ a piece ( ! b>k ( ! plant ^u :i* x is to be plac$1 to apply ?is fragm5t ( ,cuscuta !reto 7z 9 graft+71 place ! b>k ov] x1 & b9d a ligature r\nd ! :ole4 ,9 a %ort "t ! graft w bud1 & 9 a few mon?s ! ho/ plant w be cov]$ ) x4 ,! g5us ,cuscuta embraces m ?an eighty species1 :i* are di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! entire _w1 b :i* are n s abundant 9 cold z 9 w>m regions4--,la ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,new ,,exotic ,,dodd]4 7,cuscuta ,reflexa47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,botanical ,,inve/igations4 ,x is commonly said t !re is a great diff]5ce betwe5 ! transpiration & evaporation ( wat] 9 plants4 ,! =m] takes place 9 an atmosph]e saturat$ ) moi/ure1 x is influ5c$ by light1 by an equable temp]ature1 :ile evaporation ceases 9 a saturat$ atmosph]e4 ,m4 ,lecl]c has v c>efully exam9$ ?is "q1 & he concludes t transpiration is only ! simple evaporation ( wat]4 ,if transpiration is m active 9 ! plant expos$ to ! sun1 t is due to ! heat rays1 & 9 addition arises 9 "p f ! fact t ! assimilat+ action ( *lorophyl heats ! tissues1 :i* 9 turn raises ! temp]ature & facilitates evaporation4 ,z to transpiration tak+ place 9 a saturat$ atmosph]e1 x is a mi/ake2 g5]ally !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! plant & ! air1 & ! air is n saturat$ 9 its vic9ity4 ,9 a ^w1 transpiration & evaporation is ! same ?+4 ,h]r ,re9ke has made an int]e/+ exam9ation ( ! action ( light on a plant4 ,he has p]mitt$ a p5cil ( sun rays to pass ?r\gh a conv]g+ l5s ^u a cell conta9+ a fragm5t ( an aquatic plant4 ,he 0 enabl$ to increase ! int5sity ( ! light1 s t x %\ld be /rong] or weak] ?an ! direct sunlight4 ,he c\ld ?us v>y its int5sity f #a_/af ( t ( direct sunlight to an int5sity #fd times /rong]4 ,! temp]ature 0 ma9ta9$ con/ant4 ,h]r ,re9ke has %[n t ! *lorophyl action increases regul>ly ) ! light = int5sities "u t ( direct sunlight2 b :at is unexpect$1 t = ! high] int5sities above t ( ord9>y daylight ! dis5gagem5t ( oxyg5 rema9s con/ant4 ,m4 ,lecl]c du ,sablon has publi%$ "s ( 8 results 9 8 "w on ! op5+ ( fruits4 ,! influ5ces :i* act ^u fruit are ext]nal & int]nal4 ,! ext]nal cause ( dehisc5ce is dry+4 ,we c op5 or %ut a fruit by dry+ or wett+ x4 ,! int]nal causes are relat$ to ! arrangem5t ( ! tissues1 & we may say t ! op5+ ( fruit c be easily expla9$ by ! contraction ( ! ligne\s fib]s "u dry+ influ5ces4 ,m4 ,lecl]c %[s by exp]im5t t ! fib]s contract m transv]sely ?an longitud9ally1 & t ! ?ick] fib]s contract ! mo/4 ,?is he f9ds is connect$ ) ! op5+ ( dry fruits4 ,h]r ,h(fman has rec5tly made "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts ^u ! cultivation ( fruits4 ,x is well kn[n t _m plants appe> to select c]ta9 m9]al soils & avoid o!rs1 t a numb] ( plants :i* pref] calc>e\s soils are gr\p$ toge!r z calcicoles1 & o!rs :i* %un su* gr\nd z calcifuges4 ,h]r ,h(fman has gr[n ! specim5 :i* has be5 cit$ by _m au?ors z absolutely calcifugic4 ,he has obta9$ /rong plants ^u a soil ) #ec p] c5t4 ( lime1 & ^! h )/ood ! sev]e w9t] ( #ahgi-ahhj1 :ile individuals ( ! same species gr[n on silici\s gr\nd h fail$4 ,?is w modify ! ideas ( agriculturi/s1 at lea/ 9 reg>d to ?is plant4 ,h]r ,s*w>z has be5 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! f9e hairs ( roots4 ,accord+ to ?is au?or1 !re is a maximum & m9imum ( humidity1 betwe5 :i* !re lies a mean ( moi/ure1 mo/ favorable = ! developm5t ( ^! capill>y rootlets1 & ?is am\nt ( moi/ure v>ies ) diff]5t plants4 ,he f9ds t ?is gr[? ( hair-l roots is condition$ ^u ! developm5t ( ! ma9 root f :i* x spr+s4 ,9 a weak solution ( br9e ^! f9e roots are suppress$1 :ile ! gr[? ( ! ma9 root is cont9u$4 ,! *anges ( ! milieu lead to *anges 9 ! =m ( ! hairs1 r5d]+ !m ev5 bran*$4 ,signor ,sava/ano has v5tur$ to criticise z exagg]at$ ! views ( ,mull]1 ,lubbock1 & ,all5 on ! adaptation ( fl[]s to insects1 hav+ notic$ t bees visit numb]s ( fl[]s1 & extract _! honey )\t t\*+ ! /igmas or pi/ils4 ,he has also f\nd !m neglect+ fl[]s :i* 7 ri* 9 honey & visit+ o!rs mu* poor]4 ,^! obs]vations h value1 b _c be consid]$ z s]i\sly impair+ ! multipli$ evid5ces ( plant adaptation to insect life4 ,mr4 ,camus has %[n t ! flora ( a small gr\p ( hills1 ! ,euganean ,m\nta9s1 we/ ( ! ,ap5n9es & s\? ( ! ,alps1 has a peculi> flora1 =m+ an isl& 9 ! mid/ ( a contra/$ flora exi/+ ab\t x4 ,"h are f\nd ,alp9e1 m>itime1 & exotic plants associat$ 9 a common isolation4--,revue ,sci5tifique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,botanical ,,advances4 ,among ! mo/ significant ( ! rec5t discov]ies 9 botany1 is t respect+ ! cont9uity ( ! protoplasm f cell to cell1 by means ( delicate ?reads :i* trav]se *annels ?r\gh ! cell walls4 ,x _h long be5 kn[n1 t 9 ! sieve tissues ( high] plants !re 0 su* cont9uity ?r\gh ! sieve plates1 :i* imp]fectly sep>at$ ! contigu\s cells4 ,?is may be readily se5 by mak+ longitud9al sections ( a fibro-vascul> bundle ( a pumpk9 /em1 /a9+ ) iod9e1 & contract+ ! protoplasm by alcohol4 ,c>efully made specim5s ( ! s(t tissues ( _m plants h %[n a simil> protoplasmic cont9uity1 :]e x _h previ\sly be5 unsuspect$4 ,"s inve/igators are n[ incl9$ to ! op9ion t protoplasmic cont9uity may be ( univ]sal occurr5ce 9 plants4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electric ,,laun*es4 ,footnote3 ,a rec5t lecture be=e ! ,society ( ,,atm1 ,london4 ,by ,a4 ,,reck5zaun4 ,x is n my int5tion to treat ?is subject f a %ipwright's po9t ( view4 ,! title ( ?is pap] is suppos$ to indicate a mode ( propell+ boats by means ( electrical en]gy1 & x is to ?is motive p[] t ,i %all h ! honor ( draw+ y\r att5tion4 ,! prim>y object ( a laun*1 9 ! mod]n s5se ( ! ^w1 lies 9 ! conveyance ( pass5g]s on riv]s & lakes1 less ?an = ! transport ( heavy goods2 !re=e1 x may n be out ( place to consid] ! conv5i5ces aris+ f ! employm5t ( a motive p[] :i* promises to become valuable z "t & exp]i5ce advance4 ,9 a rec5t pap] be=e ! ,briti% ,association at ,s\?port1 ,i ref]r$ to num]\s exp]im5ts made ) electric laun*es2 n[ x is propos$ to treat ?is subject 9 a wid] s5se1 t\*+ ^u ! po9ts ( conv5i5ce 9 ! fir/ place2 secondly1 ^u ! co/ & me?od ( produc+ ! curr5t ( electricity2 & ?irdly1 ^u ! con/ruction & effici5cy ( ! propell+ p[] & its accessories4 ,:e!r x is = bus9ess1 pleasure1 or w> purposes a laun* %\ld be 9 read9ess at all times1 )\t requir+ mu* prep>ation or att5tion4 ,! di/ances to be trav]s$ are seldom v great1 fifty to sixty miles be+ ! av]age4 ,ne>ly ! :ole space ( a laun* %\ld be available = ! accommodation ( pass5g]s1 & ?is is ! case ) an electrically propell$ laun*4 ,we h x on good au?ority1 t an electric laun* w accommodate ne>ly d\ble ! numb] ( pass5g]s t a /eam laun* ( ! same dim5sions w\ld2 !re=e1 = any giv5 accommodation we %\ld require a mu* small] vessel1 dem&+ less p[] to propel x at a giv5 rate ( spe$1 co/+ less1 & af=d+ easi] managem5t4 ,a fur!r conv5i5ce aris+ f electromotive p[] is ! abs5ce ( combu/ibles & ! abs5ce ( ! products ( combu/ion-matt]s ( great importance2 & = ! mild] seasons1 :5 inl& navigation is pr9cipally enjoy$1 ! abs5ce ( heat1 smell1 & noise1 &1 f9ally1 ! disp5s+ ) "o att5dant on bo>d1 ^: wages1 9 mo/ cases1 am\nt to z mu* or m ?an ! co/ ( fuel1 besides ! inconv5i5ce ( c>ry+ an additional individual4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! co/ ( motive p[] is a s]i\s consid]ation ) proprietors ( laun*es1 b x is evid5t t if !re be a *oice betwe5 two me?ods ( equal qualities1 ! mo/ economical me?od w ga9 favor4 ,! motive p[] on ! electric laun* is ! electric curr5t2 we mu/ decide ^u ! mode ( procur+ ! curr5t4 ,! mode :i* fir/ sugge/$ itself to ,pr(essor ,jacobi1 9 ! ye> #ahch1 0 ! prim>y batt]y1 or ! purely *emical process ( g5]at+ electricity4 ,jacobi employ$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 a ,daniell's batt]y1 & 9 lat] exp]im5ts ) 8 boat on ! riv] ,neva1 a ,grove's batt]y4 ,! ,daniell's batt]y consi/$ ( #cbj cells conta9+ plates ( copp] & z9c2 ! spe$ atta9$ by ! boat ) ?is batt]y did n rea* "o mile & a qu>t] p] h\r2 :5 #fd ,grove cells 7 sub/itut$1 ! spe$ came to two & a qu>t] miles p] h\r2 ! boat 0 #ch feet long4 #g beam1 & #c feet deep4 ,! electromotor 0 inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,jacobi2 x virtually consi/$ ( two disks1 "o ( :i* 0 /ation>y1 & c>ri$ a numb] ( electromagnets1 :ile ! o!r disk 0 provid$ ) pieces ( iron s]v+ z armatures to ! pole pieces ( ! electromagnets1 :i* 7 attract$ :ile ! electric curr5t 0 alt]nately convey$ ?r\gh ! bobb9s by means ( a commutator1 produc+ cont9u\s rotation4 ,we are n in=m$ z to ! l5g? ( "t ! batt]ies 7 enabl$ to supply ! motor ) suffici5t curr5t1 b we may inf] f ! surface ( ! act+ mat]ials 9 ! batt]y t ! run 0 r %ort2 ! p[] ( ! motor 0 evid5tly v small1 judg+ by ! limit$ spe$ obta9$1 b ! orig9ality ( ,jacobi des]ves comm5t1 & = ?is1 z well z = num]\s o!r rese>*es1 8 "n w be rememb]$ at all times4 ,x may n be g5]ally kn[n t an electric laun* 0 tri$ = exp]im5tal purposes1 on a lake at ,p5tlega]1 ne> ,swansea4 ,mr4 ,rob]t ,hunt1 9 ! discussion ( 8 pap] on electromagnetism be=e ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 9 #aheh1 m5tion$ t he c>ri$ on an ext5d$ s]ies ( exp]im5ts at ,falm\?1 & at ! in/igation ( ,b5khaus51 ,russian ,consul-,g5]al1 he communicat$ ) ,jacobi ^u ! subject4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdh1 at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,swansea1 ,mr4 ,hunt 0 appli$ to1 by "s g5tlem5 connect$ ) ! copp] trade ( t "p1 to make "s exp]im5ts on ! electrical propulsion ( vessels2 !y /at$1 t al?\gh electricity might co/ ?irty times z mu* z ! p[] obta9$ f coal x w\ld1 nev]!less1 be suffici5tly economical to induce its employm5t = ! auxili>y screw %ips employ$ 9 ! copp] trade ) ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! boat at ,swansea 0 p>tly made "u ,mr4 7n[ ,sir ,william7 ,grove's directions1 & ! eng9e 0 work$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! old toys ( ,rit*ie1 :i* consi/$ ( six radiat+ poles project+ f a sp9dle1 & rotat+ betwe5 a l>ge electro-magnet4 ,?ree p]sons travel$ 9 ,hunt's boat1 at ! rate ( ?ree miles p] h\r4 ,eight l>ge ,grove's cells 7 employ$1 b ! exp5se put x out ( "q z a practical application4 ,_h ! ,gramme or ,siem5s ma*9e exi/$ at t "t1 no d\bt ! subject w\ld h be5 fur!r advanc$1 = x 0 n m]ely ! co/ ( ! batt]y :i* /ood 9 ! way1 b ! ineffici5t motor1 :i* return$ only a small fraction ( ! p[] furni%$ by ! z9c4 ,pr(essor ,silvanus ,?ompson in=ms u t an electric boat 0 con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,e4 ,d]+1 9 ! ye> #ahef1 at ,messrs4 ,se>le's y>d1 on ! ,riv] ,?ames2 x 0 work$ by a motor 9 :i* rotation 0 effect$ by magnets arrang$ )9 coils1 l galvanomet] ne$les1 & act$ on successively by curr5ts f a batt]y4 ,f a rec5t numb] ( ! ,annales de l',electricite1 we le>n t ,c\nt de ,m\l9s exp]im5t$ on ! lake 9 ! ,bois de ,b\logne1 9 ! ye> #ahff1 ) an iron flat-bottom$ boat1 c>ry+ twelve p]sons4 ,tw5ty ,buns5 cells furni%$ ! curr5t to a motor on ,from5t's pr9ciple turn+ a pair ( paddle :eels4 ,9 all ^! reports !re is a lack ( data4 ,we are int]e/$ to "k :at p[] ! motors develop$1 ! "t & spe$1 z well z dim5sions & weights4 ,until ,tr\ve's trip on ! ,se9e1 9 #ahha1 & ! laun* ( ! ,electricity on ! ,?ames1 9 #ahhb1 v little 0 kn[n conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( electric navigation4 ,m4 ,tr\ve orig9ally employ$ ,plante's second>y batt]y1 b aft]w>d rev]t$ to a bi*romate batt]y ( 8 own inv5tion4 ,9 all ! prim>y batt]ies hi!rto appli$ ) advantage1 z9c has be5 us$ z ! act+ mat]ial4 ,:]e mu* p[] is requir$1 ! consumption ( z9c am\nts to a =midable item2 x co/s1 9 quantity1 ab\t #c;d4 p] p\nd1 & 9 a well arrang$ batt]y a def9ite quantity ( z9c is trans=m$4 ,! f9al effect ( ?is trans=mation manife/s itself 9 electrical en]gy1 am\nt+ to ab\t #gdf watts1 or "o electrical horse p[] = e two p\nds ( ?is metal consum$ p] h\r4 ,! co/ ( ! excit+ fluid v>ies1 h[ev]1 consid]ably2 x may be a solution ( salts1 or x may be dilute acid4 ,consid]+ ! z9c by itself1 ! exp5se = five electrical or f\r me*anical horse p[] ?r\gh an effici5t motor1 9 a small laun*1 w\ld be #bs4 #f;d4 p] h\r4 ,_m p]sons w\ld will+ly sacrifice #bs4 #f;d p] h\r = ! conv5i5ce1 b a great item connect$ ) ! employm5t ( z9c batt]ies is 9 ! excit+ fluid1 & ! tr\ble ( prep>+ ! z9c plates frequ5tly4 ,! process ( clean+1 amalgamat+ & refill+ is s t$i\s1 t ! use ( prim>y batt]ies = locomotive purposes is extremely limit$4 ,to re*>ge a ,buns51 ,grove1 or bi*romate batt]y1 capable ( giv+ six or sev5 h\rs' "w at ! rate ( five electrical horse p[]1 w\ld involve a good day's "w = "o man2 no d\bt he w\ld consid] himself entitl$ to a full day's wages1 ) ! be/ appliances to assi/ him 9 ! op]ation4 ,sev]al improv$ prim>y batt]ies h rec5tly be5 br\ght out1 :i* promise economical results4 ,if ! residual comp\nd ( z9c c be utiliz$1 & sold at a good price1 !n ! co/ ( su* motive p[] may be r$uc$ 9 proportion to ! value ( ^? by-products4 ,= ! purpose ( comp>ison1 let u n[ employ ! man :o w\ld o!rwise clean & prep>e ! prim>y cells1 at eng9e driv+4 ,we let him att5d to a six horse p[] /eam eng9e1 boil]1 & dynamo ma*9e = *>g+ #ej accumulators1 ea* ( a capacity ( #cgj amp]e h\rs1 or "o horse p[] h\r4 ,! consumption ( fuel w probably am\nt to #dj lb4 p] h\r1 :i*1 at ! rate ( #ahs4 a ton1 w give an exp5diture ( ne>ly #d;d4 p] h\r4 ,! en]gy d]iv$ f coal 9 ! accumulator co/s1 9 ! case ( a supply ( five electrical horse p[] = sev5 h\rs1 #bs4 #i;d42 ! en]gy d]iv$ f ! z9c 9 a prim>y batt]y1 supply+ five electrical horse p[] = sev5 h\rs1 w\ld co/ #ags4 #c;d4 ,x is h>dly probable t any "o w\ld lay d[n a complete plant1 consi/+ ( a /eam or gas eng9e & dynamo1 = ! sole purpose ( *>g+ ! boat cells1 unless su* a boat 7 9 almo/ daily use1 or unless sev]al boats 7 to be suppli$ ) electrical p[] f "o /ation4 ,9 ord] t electric laun*es may prove useful1 x w be desirable t *>g+ /ations %\ld be e/abli%$1 & on _m ( ! ,briti% & ,iri% riv]s & lakes !re is abundance ( motive p[]1 9 ! %ape ( /eam or gas eng9es1 or wat]-:eels4 ,a sy/em ( hir+ accumulators ready = use may1 p]haps1 be/ satisfy ! conditions impos$ 9 ! case ( pleasure laun*es4 ,x is difficult to compile comp>ative tables %[+ ! relative exp5ses = runn+ /eam laun*es1 electric laun*es ) second>y batt]ies1 & electric laun*es ) prim>y z9c batt]ies2 b ,i h r\ghly calculat$ t1 = a laun* hav+ accommodation = a def9ite numb] ( pass5g]s1 ! total co/s are z #a1 #b4e1 & #ab respectively1 /eam be+ l[e/ & z9c batt]ies highe/4 ,! accumulators are1 9 ?is case1 *>g$ by a small high pressure /eam eng9e1 & a v l>ge m>g9 = depreciation & int]e/ on plant is add$4 ,! laun* tak5 = ?is comp>ison mu/ run dur+ #b1jjj h\rs 9 ! ye>1 & be pr9cipally employ$ 9 a regul> pass5g] s]vice1 police & h>bor duties1 po/al s]vice on ! lakes & riv]s ( =eign c\ntries1 & ! l4 ,! subject ( second>y batt]ies has be5 s ably treat$ by ,pr(essor ,silvanus ,?ompson & ,dr4 ,oliv] ,lodge1 9 ?is room1 t ,i %\ld va9ly attempt to give y a m complete idea ( _! nature4 ,! improvem5ts :i* are be+ made f "t to "t mo/ly conc]n me*anical details1 & al?\gh important1 a description w sc>cely prove int]e/+4 ,a complete ,faure-,sellon-,volckm> cell1 su* z is us$ 9 ! exi/+ electric laun*es1 is "h on ! table2 ?is box weighs1 :5 ready = use1 #ef lb42 & x /ores en]gy equal to "o horse p[] = "o h\r#a1ihj1jjj foot p\nds1 or ab\t "o horse p[] p] m9ute = ea* p\nd weight ( mat]ial4 ,x is n advantage\s to )draw ! :ole am\nt ( en]gy put 92 al?\gh its *>g+ capacity is z mu* z #cgj amp]e h\rs1 we d n use m ?an #hj p] c5t41 or #cjj amp]e h\rs2 h5ce1 if we dis*>ge ^! accumulators at ! rate ( #dj amp]es1 we obta9 an almo/ con/ant curr5t = #g h\rs3 "o cell gives an ,e4,m4,f4 ( two volts4 ,9 ord] to h a con/ant p[] ( "o horse = #g h\rs1 at ! rate ( #dj amp]es dis*>ge1 we mu/ h m ?an n9e cells p] electrical horsep[]2 & #dg su* cells w supply five electrical horse p[] = ! "t /at$1 & ^! #dg cells w weigh #b1fcc lb4 ,we c\ld employ half ! numb] ( cells by us+ !m at ! rate ( #hj amp]es1 b !n !y w supply ! p[] = less ?an half ! "t4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 t ! cells w give s high a rate ( dis*>ge = a few h\rs is1 9 itself1 important1 s9ce we are enabl$ to apply great p[] if desirable2 ! #dg cells above ref]r$ to c be made to give #aj or #ab electrical horse p[] = ov] two h\rs1 & ?us propel ! boat at a v high spe$1 provid$ t ! motor is adapt$ to utilize su* p[]ful curr5ts4 ,! above m5tion$ weight ( batt]y p[]--viz41 #b1fcb lb41 to :i* has to be add$ ! weight ( ! motor & ! v>i\s fitt+s--repres5ts1 9 ! case ( a /eam laun*1 ! weight ( coals1 /eam boil]1 eng9e1 & fitt+s4 ,! electro motor capable ( giv+ f\r horse p[] on ! screw %aft ne$ n weigh #djj lb4 if economically design$2 ?is add$ to ! weight ( ! accumulators1 & all[+ a m>g9 = swit*es & leads1 br+s ! :ole app>atus up to ab\t #bh cwt4 ,an equally p[]ful laun* eng9e & boil]1 toge!r ) a maximum /[age ( fuel1 w weigh ab\t ! same4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is disadvantage ab\t ! /eam p[]1 t x occupies ! mo/ valuable "p ( ! vessel1 tak+ away "s eight or n9e feet ( ! wide/ & mo/ conv5i5t "p1 & 9 a laun* ( tw5ty-f\r feet l5g?1 requir+ su* a p[] z we h be5 discuss+1 ?is is actually "o-?ird ( ! total l5g? ( ! vessel1 & "o-half ( ! pass5g] accommodation2 !re=e1 ,i may safely ass]t t an electric laun* w c>ry ab\t twice z _m p z a /eam laun* ( simil> dim5sions4 ,! diagram on ! wall repres5ts sections ( an electric laun* built by ,messrs4 ,y>r[ & ,company1 & fitt$ up by ! ,electrical ,p[] ,/orage ,company1 = ! rec5t ,electrical ,exhibition 9 ,vi5na4 ,%e has made a great numb] ( successful voyages on ! ,riv] ,danube dur+ ! autumn4 ,h] hull is ( /eel1 #dj feet long & #f feet beam1 & !re are seats to accommodate =ty adults com=tably4 ,h] accumulators are /[$ away "u ! floor1 s is ! motor1 b ow+ to ! l9es ( ! boat ! floor j above ! motor is rais$ a few in*es4 ,?is motor is a ,siem5s ,d#b ma*9e1 capable ( work+ up to sev5 horse p[] ) eighty accumulators4 ,9 speak+ ( ! horse p[] ( an electro motor1 ,i always mean ! actual p[] develop$ 9 ! %aft1 & n ! electrical horse p[]2 ?is1 !re=e1 %\ld n be comp>$ to ! indicat$ horse p[] ( a /eam eng9e4 ,i am indebt$ to ,messrs4 ,y>r[ = ! pr9cipal dim5sions & o!r p>ticul>s ( a high pressure laun* eng9e & boil]1 su* z w\ld be suitable = ?is boat4 ,f ^! dim5sions ,i prep>$ a second diagram repres5t+ ! /eam p[]1 & :5 plac$ 9 position x w %[ at a glance h[ mu* space ?is app>atus w occupy4 ,! total l5g? lo/ 9 ?is way am\nts to #ab feet1 leav+ = te/+ capacity only #ae feet1 :ile t ( ! electric laun* is #bg feet on ea* side ( ! boat2 ?us ! accommodation is z fifte5 to tw5ty-sev51 or z tw5ty-two pass5g]s to =ty1 9 favor ( ! electric laun*4 ,comp>+ ! relative weights ( ! /eam p[] & ! electric p[] = ?is laun*1 we f9d t !y are ne>ly equal--ea* approa*es #ej cwt2 b 9 ! case ( ! /eam laun* we include #aj cwt4 ( coals1 :i* c be /[$ into ! bunk]s1 & :i* all[ fifte5 h\rs cont9u\s /eam+1 :]eas ! electric en]gy /or$ up w only give u sev5 & a half h\rs ) p]fect safety4 ,i h "h all[$ #h lb4 ( coal p] indicat$ horse p[] p] h\r1 & #aj horse p[] giv+ (f #g me*anical horse p[] on ! screw %aft2 ?is is an example ( an av]age laun* eng9e4 ,!re are laun* eng9es 9 exi/5ce :i* d n consume "o-half t am\nt ( fuel1 b ^! are s few1 s r>e1 & s exp5sive1 t ,i h neglect$ !m 9 ?is acc\nt4 ,n _m ye>s ago1 a /eam laun* c>ry+ a sev5 h\rs supply ( fuel 0 consid]$ m>vel\s4 ,our pres5t accumulaton supplies #cc1jjj foot p\nds ( "w p] p\nd ( lead1 b !oretically "o p\nd ( lead manife/s an en]gy equal to #cfj1jjj foot p\nds 9 ! sep>ation f its oxide2 & 9 ! case ( iron1 ,pr(4 ,osborne ,reynolds told u 9 ?is place1 ! en]gy evolv$ by its oxidation is equival5t to #a1ijj1jjj foot p\nds p] p\nd ( metal4 ,h[ ne>ly ^! limits may be approa*$ w he ! problem ( ! *emi/2 to prophesy is dang]\s1 :ile sci5ce & its applications are advanc+ at ?is rapid rate4 ,!oretically1 !n1 ) our weight ( fully oxidiz$ lead we %\ld be able to travel = #hb h\rs2 ) ! same weight ( iron = #dcj h\rs1 or #ah days & nights cont9ually1 at ! rate ( #h miles p] h\r1 ) "o *ange4 ,( c\rse1 ^! feats are q impossible4 ,we might z well dream ( gett+ #e horse p[] out ( a /eam eng9e = "o p\nd ( coal p] h\r4 ,:ile ! *emi/ is busy ) 8 rese>*es = sub/ances & comb9ations :i* w yield great p[] ) small quantities ( mat]ial1 ! eng9e] assidu\sly endeavors to reconv]t ! *emical or electrical en]gy into me*anical "w suitable to ! v>i\s ne$s4 ,to get ! maximum am\nt ( "w ) a m9imum am\nt ( weight1 & lea/ dim5sions comb9$ ) ! necess>y /r5g? is ! prov9ce ( ! me*anical eng9e]--x is a gr& & int]e/+ /udy2 x involves _m factors2 x is n1 z 9 ! /eam eng9e & hydraulic ma*9e1 a matt] ( pressures1 t5sion & compression1 c5trifugal & /atic =ces1 b x comprises a /ill l>g] numb] ( factors1 all be>+ a def9ite relation to ea* o!r4 ,) dynamo ma*9es ! aim has be5 to obta9 z ne>ly z possible z mu* electrical en]gy out ( ! ma*9e z has be5 put 9 by ! prime mov]1 irrespective ( ! quantity ( mat]ial employ$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,hopk9son has n only improv$ ^u ! ,edison dynamo1 & obta9$ #id p] c5t4 ( ! p[] appli$ 9 ! =m ( electrical en]gy1 b he got #ej horse p[] out ( ! same quantity ( iron & copp] :]e ,edison c\ld only get #bj horsep[]--&1 ?\gh ! effici5cy ( ?is g5]ator is p]fect1 x c\ld n be call$ an effici5t motor1 suitable = locomotion by l& or wat]1 because x is /ill too heavy4 ,an effici5t motor = locomotion purposes mu/ n only give out 9 me*anical "w z ne>ly z possible z mu* z ! electrical en]gy put 91 b x mu/ be ( small weight1 because x has to propel itself along ) ! vehicle1 & e p\nd weight ( ! motor repres5ts s _m foot p\nds ( en]gy us$ 9 its own propulsion2 ?us1 if a motor weigh$ #ffj p\nds1 & 7 travel+ at ! rate ( #ej feet p] m9ute1 aga9/ gravitation1 x w\ld exp5d #cc1jjj foot p\nds p] m9ute 9 mov+ itself1 & al?\gh ?is ma*9e may give #b horse p[]1 ) an effici5cy ( #ij p] c5t4 x w\ld1 9 ! case ( a boat or a tram-c>1 be t]m$ a wa/eful ma*9e4 ,"h we h an all-important factor :i* c be neglect$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 ! dynamo z a g5]ator1 al?\gh f an economical po9t ( view excessive weight 9 ! dynamo mu/ also be c>efully avoid$4 ,! prop] te/ = an electro-motor1 !re=e1 is n m]ely its effici5cy1 or ! quoti5t ( ! me*anical p[] giv5 out1 divid$ by ! electrical en]gy put 91 b also ! numb] ( feet x c\ld raise its own weight 9 a giv5 space ( "t1 ) a giv5 curr5t1 or1 9 o!r words1 ! numb] ( foot p\nds ( "w ea* p\nd weight ( ! motor w\ld give out4 ,! ,siem5s ,d#b ma*9e1 z us$ 9 ! laun* %[n 9 ! diagram on ! wall1 is "o ( ! lighte/ & be/ motors1 x gives #g horse p[] on ! %aft1 ) an exp5diture ( #i electrical horsep[]1 & x weighs #feh lb42 its effici5cy1 !re=e1 #g_/e or ne>ly #gh p] c5t42 b its coeffici5t z an eng9e ( locomotion is #cea--t is to say1 ea* p\nd weight ( ! motor w yield #cea foot p\nds on ! %aft4 ,we c\ld get ev5 m ?an #g horse p[] out ( ?is ma*9e1 by ei!r runn+ x at an excessive spe$1 or by us+ excessive curr5ts2 9 bo? cases1 h[ev]1 we %\ld %ort5 ! life ( ! app>atus4 ,an electro-motor consi/s1 g5]ally1 ( two or m electro-magnets s arrang$ t !y cont9ually attract ea* o!r1 & !reby convey p[]4 ,z already /at$1 !re are num]\s factors1 all be>+ a c]ta9 relation%ip to ea* o!r1 & p>ticul> rules :i* hold good 9 "o type ( ma*9e w n always answ] 9 ano!r1 b ! g5]al laws ( electricity & magnetism mu/ be obs]v$ 9 all cases4 ,) a giv5 en]gy express$ 9 watts1 we c arrange a quantity ( wire & iron to produce a c]ta9 quantity ( "w2 ! small] ! quantity ( mat]ial employ$1 & ! l>g] ! return = ! en]gy put 91 ! great] is ! total effici5cy ( ! ma*9e4 ,p[]ful electro-magnets1 judici\sly arrang$1 mu/ make p[]ful motors4 ,! ease ) :i* p[]ful electro-magnets c be con/ruct$ has l$ _m to believe t ! p[] ( an electro-motor c be increas$ almo/ inf9itely1 )\t a correspond+ increase ( en]gy sp5t4 ,! /ronge/ magnet c be produc$ ) an exce$+ly small curr5t1 if we only w9d suffici5t wire ^u an iron core4 ,an electro-magnet excit$ by a t9y batt]y ( #aj volts1 &1 say1 "o amp]e ( curr5t1 may be able to hold a trem5d\s weight 9 susp5sion1 al?\gh ! en]gy consum$ am\nts to only #aj watts1 or less ?an #a_/ge ( a horse p[]1 b ! susp5d$ weight produces no me*anical "w4 ,me*anical "w w\ld only be done if we discont9u$ ! fl[ ( ! curr5t1 9 :i* case ! said weight w\ld drop2 if ! di/ance is suffici5tly small1 ! magnet c\ld1 by ! application ( ! curr5t f ! batt]y1 raise ! weight aga91 & if t op]ation is repeat$ _m times 9 a m9ute1 !n we c\ld det]m9e ! me*anical "w p]=m$4 ,assum+ t ! weight rais$ is #a1jjj lb41 & t we c\ld make & break ! curr5t two hundr$ times a m9ute1 !n ! "w done by ! fall+ mass c\ld1 "u no circum/ances1 equal #a_/ge ( a horse-p[]1 or #ddj foot-p\nds2 t is1 #a1jjj lb4 lift$ #b4bg feet high 9 a m9ute1 or ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* = ea* op]ation3 h5ce ! m]e /atical pull1 or p[] ( ! magnet1 does 9 no way t5d to increase ! en]gy furni%$ by ! batt]y or g5]ator1 = ! in/ant we wi% to d "w we mu/ h motion--"w be+ ! product ( mass & di/ance4 ,l>ge sums ( money h virtually be5 ?r[n away 9 ! endeavor to produce en]gy1 & !re are intellig5t p]sons :o to ?is day imag9e t1 by indef9itely increas+ ! /r5g? ( a magnet1 m p[] may be got out ( x ?an is put 94 ,l>ge field-magnets are advantage\s1 & ! t5d5cy 9 ! manufacture ( dynamo ma*9es has be5 to increase ! mass ( iron1 because ) long & heavy cores & pole pieces !re is a /eady magnetism insur$1 & !re=e a /eady curr5t1 s9ce l>ge masses ( iron take a long "t to magnetize & demagnetize2 ?us v slight irregul>ites 9 ! spe$ ( an armature are n s easily p]ceiv$4 ,9 ! case ( electro-motors ^! conditions are *ang$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we assume t ! curr5t put ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnets is cont9u\s2 & secondly1 we c c\nt ^u ! mom5tum ( ! armature1 z well z ! mom5tum ( ! driv5 object1 to assi/ u ov] slight irregul>ities4 ,) electric laun*es we are b\nd to employ a batt]y curr5t1 & batt]y curr5ts are p]fectly cont9u\s--!re are no sudd5 *anges2 x is consequ5tly a "q z to h[ small a mass ( iron we may employ 9 our dynamo z a motor )\t sacrific+ effici5cy4 ,! int5sity ( ! magnetic field mu/ be got by saturat+ ! iron1 & ! en]gy be+ fix$1 ?is saturation det]m9es ! limit ( ! weight ( ! iron4 ,s(t wr\ght iron1 divid$ into ! l>ge/ possible numb] ( pieces1 w s]ve our purpose be/4 ,! "q ( /r5g? ( mat]ials plays also an important "p4 ,we _c r$uce ! quantity & division to su* a po9t t ! rigidity & equilibrium ( ! :ole /ructure is 9 any way endang]$4 ,! armature1 = in/ance1 mu/ n give way to ! c5trifugal =ces impos$ ^u x1 nor %\ld ! field magnets be s flexible z to yield to ! /atical pull ( ! magnetic poles4 ,! compass ( ?is pap] does n p]mit ( a detail$ discussion ( ! ess5tial po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 ! con/ruction ( electro-motors2 a ref]5ce to ! ma9 po9ts1 may1 h[ev]1 be useful4 ,! design] has1 fir/ ( all1 to det]m9e ! mo/ effective positions ( ! purely electrical & magnetic p>ts2 secondly1 compactness & simplicity 9 details2 ?irdly1 easy access to su* p>ts z are subject to we> & adju/m5t2 &1 f\r?ly1 ! co/ ( mat]ials & labor4 ,! int]nal resi/ance ( ! motor %\ld be proportion$ to ! resi/ances ( ! g5]ator & ! conductors lead+ f ! g5]ator to ! receiv]4 ,! insulation resi/ances mu/ be z high z possible2 ! insulation c nev] be too good4 ,! motor %\ld he made to run at t spe$ at :i* x gives ! greate/ p[] ) a high effici5cy1 )\t heat+ to a degree :i* w\ld damage ! insulat+ mat]ial4 ,be=e fix+ a motor 9 its f9al position1 x %\ld also be te/$ = p[] ) a dynamomet]1 & = ?is purpose a ,prony brake answ]s v well4 ,an ammet] ins]t$ 9 ! circuit w %[ at a glance :at curr5t is pass+ at any p>ticul> spe$1 & voltmet] read+s are tak5 at ! t]m9als ( ! ma*9e1 :5 ! same is /&+ /ill z well z :5 ! armature is runn+1 because ! ,e4,m4,f4 indicat$ :5 ! armature is at re/ alone det]m9es ! comm]cial effici5cy ( ! motor1 :]eas ! ,e ,m4,f4 develop$ dur+ motion v>ies ) ! spe$ until x ne>ly rea*es ! ,e4,m4,f4 9 ! leads2 at t po9t ! !oretical effici5cy w be highe/4 ,calculations are greatly facilitat$1 & ! value ( te/s c be asc]ta9$ quickly1 if ! con/ant ( ! brake is asc]ta9$2 !n x w be simply necess>y to multiply ! numb] ( revolutions & ! weight at ! end ( ! lev] by su* a con/ant1 & ! product gives ! horse p[]1 because1 ) a giv5 ,prony brake1 ! only v>iable quantities are ! weight & ! spe$4 ,all ! obs]vations1 electrical & me*anical1 are made simultane\sly4 ,! electrical horse p[] put into ! motor is f\nd by ! well kn[n =mula ,c x ,e _/ #gdf2 ?is simple multiplication & division becomes v t$i\s & ev5 labori\s if _m te/s h to be made 9 quick succession1 & to obviate ?is tr\ble1 & prev5t errors1 ,i h con/ruct$ a horse p[] diagram1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* is %[n 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #a74 ,graphic repres5tations are ( ! greate/ value 9 all comp>ative te/s4 ,mr4 ,gisb]t ,kapp has rec5tly publi%$ a useful curve 9 ! ,electrician1 by means ( :i* "o c easily comp>e ! p[] & effici5cy at a glance 7,fig4 #b74 ,! spe$s are plott$ z abscissae1 & ! electrical "w absorb$ 9 watts divid$ by #gdf z ord9ates2 !n ) a s]ies-w\nd motor we obta9 ! curve1 ,,ee4 ,! %ape ( ?is curve dep5ds on ! type ( ! motor4 ,v>iation ( spe$ is obta9$ by load+ ! brake ) diff]5t weights4 ,we beg9 ) an excess ( weight :i* holds ! motor fa/1 & !n a maximum curr5t w fl[ ?r\gh x )\t produc+ any ext]nal "w4 ,:5 we remove ! brake altoge!r1 ! motor w run ) a maximum spe$1 & aga9 produce no ext]nal "w1 b 9 ?is case v little curr5t w pass2 ?is maximum spe$ is om on ! diagram4 ,betwe5 ^! two extremes ext]nal "w w be done1 & !re is a spe$ at :i* ?is is a maximum4 ,to f9d ^! spe$s we load ! brake to diff]5t weights1 & plot ! result+ spe$s & horse p[]s z abscissae & ord9ates produc+ ! curve1 ,,bb4 ,ano!r curve1 e ,b_/,e made ) an arbitr>y scale1 gives ! comm]cial effici5cy2 ! spe$ = a maximum ext]nal horse p[] is o a1 & ! spe$ = ! highe/ effici5cy is repres5t$ by o b4 ,9 practice x is n necess>y to te/ a motor to ! :ole limits ( ?is diagram2 x w be suffici5t to comm5ce ) a spe$ at :i* ! effici5cy becomes appreciable1 & to leave (f ) t spe$ :i* r5d]s ! desir$ p[]4 ,i h n[ to draw y\r att5tion to a new motor ( my own inv5tion1 ( ! weight ( #abd lb41 :i*1 at #a1eej revolutions1 gives #ca amp]es & #fa4e volts at t]m9als4 ,! me*anical horse p[] is #a4cg1 & ! coeffici5t #cgc4 ,ohms4 ,armature resi/ance #j4d w4 ,field-magnet resi/ance #j4ag w4 ,insulation resi/ance #a1ejj1jjj w4 ,?is motor 0 only complet$ on ! morn+ be=e read+ ! pap]2 x c\ld n1 !re=e1 be te/$ z to its v>i\s capacities4 ,we h next to consid] ! pr9ciple ( apply+ ! motive p[] to ! propulsion ( a laun*4 ,! propell]s hi!rto practically appli$ 9 /eam navigation are ! paddle-:eel & ! screw4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mod]n /eam navigation po9ts to ! exclusive use & advantage ( ! screw propell] :]e great spe$ ( %aft is obta9able1 & ! electric eng9e is pre-em95tly a high-spe$ eng9e1 consequ5tly ! screw appe>s to be mo/ suitable to ! requirem5ts ( electric boats4 ,by simply fix+ ! propell] to ! prolong$ motor %aft1 we complete ! :ole sy/em1 :i*1 :5 correctly made1 w d its duty 9 p]fect ord]1 ) an effici5cy approa*+ !ory to a high degree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,reck5zaun',s ,,electrical ,,horse ,,p[] ,,diagram4 ,draw a squ>e1 ,a ,b ,c ,d--divide ,b ,c into #gdf p>ts1 & ,c ,d into #a1jjj p>ts1 or1 g5]ally1 let a division on ,c ,d be #j4gdf ( a division on ,b ,c1 s t we c use ! horizontal l9es cutt+ ,a ,b z a horse p[] scale4 ,a ,b1 9 ! above diagram1 gives #a1jjj horse p[]1 if ! l9e ,b ,c repres5ts #gdf volts1 & ,c ,d #a1jjj amp]es4 ,let x any numb] ( volts1 y ! amp]es1 & h ! horse p[]1 !n h_/x y_/#ajj 34 h xy_/#gdf ,a f9e wire or ?read /ret*$ f o z a c5t] to ! requir$ division on ,c ,d w facilitate ref]5ces4 ,:atev] =ce may be imp>t$ to ! wat] by a propell]1 su* =ce c be resolv$ into two elem5ts1 "o ( :i* is p>allel1 & ! o!r 9 a plane at "r angles to ! keel4 ,! p>allel =ce alone has ! propell+ effect2 ! screw1 !re=e1 %\ld always be s con/ruct$ t its surfaces %all be *iefly employ$ 9 driv+ ! wat] 9 a direction p>allel to ! keel f /em to /]n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b--,,kapp',s ,,diagram4 ,x is evid5t t a f9ely pit*$ screw1 runn+ at a high velocity1 w supply ^! conditions be/4 ,) t beautiful screw ly+ on ?is table1 & made by ,messrs4 ,y>r[1 #ie p] c5t4 ( effici5cy has be5 obta9$ :5 runn+ at a spe$ ( ov] #hjj revolutions p] m9ute--t is to say1 only #e p] c5t 0 lo/ 9 slip4 ,review+ ! v>i\s po9ts ( advantage1 x appe>s t electricity w1 9 "t to come1 be l>gely us$ = propell+ laun*es1 &1 p]haps1 some?+ m ?an laun*es4 ,9 conclusion1 quot+ ,dr4 ,l>dn]'s rem>ks on ! subject ( /eam navigation ( ne>ly fifty ye>s ago1 he said3 ,"s1 :o1 be+ conv]sant ) ! actual conditions ( /eam eng9e]+ z appli$ to navigation1 & aw>e ( v>i\s comm]cial conditions :i* mu/ affect ! problem1 7 enabl$ to e/imate calmly & dispassionately ! difficulties & drawbacks1 z well z ! disadvantages1 ( ! und]tak+1 ent]ta9$ d\bts :i* cl\d$ ! brightness ( _! hopes1 & w>n$ ! comm]cial _w aga9/ ! indulg5ce ( too sangu9e anticipation ( ! imm$iate & unqualifi$ realization ( ! project4 ,!y c\nsel$ caution & res]ve aga9/ an improvid5t inve/m5t ( ext5sive capital 9 s*emes :i* /ill be only reg>d$ z exp]im5tal1 & :i* might prove its grave4 ,b ! voice ( remon/rance 0 dr[n$ amid ! en?usiasm excit$ by ! promise ( an imm$iate practical realization ( a s*eme s gr&4 ,x _c1 he cont9ues1 be s]i\sly imag9$ t any "o :o _h be5 conv]sant ) ! pa/ hi/ory ( /eam navigation c\ld ent]ta9 ! lea/ d\bt ( ! ab/ract practicability ( a /eam vessel mak+ ! voyage betwe5 ,bri/ol & ,new ,york4 ,a /eam vessel1 hav+ z c>go a c\ple ( hundr$ tons ( coals1 w\ld1 ct]is p>ibus1 be z capable ( cross+ ! ,atlantic z a vessel transport+ ! same weight ( any o!r c>go4 ,dr4 ,l>dn] is g5]ally cr$it$ ) hav+ ass]t$ t a /eam voyage across ! ,atlantic 0 a physical impossibility1 b 9 ! "w f :i* ,i took ! lib]ty ( copy+ 8 words he d5ies ! *>ge1 & says t :at he did affirm 01 t long sea voyages c\ld n at t "t be ma9ta9$ ) t regul>ity & c]ta9ty :i* are indisp5sable to comm]cial success1 by any rev5ue :i* c\ld be expect$ f traffic alone4 ,! practical results are well kn[n to u4 ,hi/ory repeats itself1 & ! next g5]ation may put on record our week attempts1 our d\bts & fe>s ( ?is day4 ,:e!r electricity w ev] rival /eam1 rema9s yet to be prov$2 we may be on ! ?re%old ( great ?+s4 ,! premature en?usiasm has subsid$1 & we ent] ^u ! road ( /eady progress4 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,preece1 ! *airman1 9 invit+ discussion1 said t no d\bt ^? pres5t w\ld l to "k some?+ ab\t ! co/ ( su* a boat z ,mr4 ,reck5zaun describ$1 & he hop$ t g5tleman w\ld give !m "s in=mation on t po9t4 ,admiral ,selwyn ?\ght ,mr4 ,reck5zaun 0 a little bel[ ! m>k :5 he talk$ ab\t ! dream ( gett+ #e horse p[] = "o p\nd--he w\ld n say ( coal1 b ( fuel4 ,= "s mon?s he _h se5 lb4 ( fuel produce #a horse p[]1 & he knew x c\ld be done4 ,t fuel 0 cond5s$ conc5trat$ fuel 9 ! %ape ( oil4 ,:5 ?is c\ld be done1 electrical en]gy also c\ld be obta9$ mu* *eap]1 b if x 7 ext5d$ to ya*ts1 he ?\ght t w\ld be z f> z any "o n[ pres5t c\ld be expect$ to see x g4 ,/ill he ?\ght !re 0 a future = x1 & t future w\ld be be/ advanc$ by consid]+ ! "q on :i* he _h t\*$4 ,fir/1 ! employm5t ( a *eap] mode ( gett+ ! p[] 9 ! /eam eng9e2 &1 secondly1 a *eap] & high] second>y batt]y4 ,9 a railway tra9 weight 0 a =midable affair1 b 9 a float+ vessel x 0 /ill m important4 ,he did n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t a light second>y batt]y 0 by any means an impossibility4 ,mr4 ,l(tus ,p]k9s _h actually produc$ by improvem5ts 9 ! boil] & /eam eng9e two great ?+s3 fir/1 "o indicat$ horse p[] = a p\nd ( fuel p] h\r1 & next he _h devis$ a /eam eng9e ( #ajj horse p[]1 ( a weight ( only #hd lb4 p] horse p[]1 in/ead ( #cjd lb41 :i* 0 ab\t ! av]age4 ,^? 7 two enorm\s /eps 9 advance1 & "u a /ill m improv$ pat5t law he _h no d\bt ?+s w\ld be br\ght =w>d :i* w\ld %[ a /ill great] progress4 ,)9 ! la/ fifte5 days1 ne>ly #b1jjj pat5ts _h be5 tak5 out1 z aga9/ #e1jjj 9 ! :ole ( ! previ\s ye>1 :i* %[$ h[ op]ative a v small & illusory inducem5t _h be5 to enc\rage inv5tion4 ,he _h long be5 kn[n z an advocate ( pat5t law re=m1 &1 !re=e1 felt b\nd to lose no opportunity ( call+ att5tion to its importance4 ,inv5tion 0 9 ! h&s ( ! inv5tor1 ! creator ( trade4 ,if1 )\t robb+ anybody1 "o wi%$ to produce prop]ty1 x mu/ be done by improv+ manufactures z a consequ5ce ( inv5tions4 ,9 "o in/ance alone x bad be5 prov$ t a s+le inv5tion _h be5 ! means ( introduc+ tw5ty millions annually1 ^u :i* income tax 0 paid4 ,mr4 ,crampton said he did n ?9k /eam c\ld ev] compete ) electricity1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances2 b1 at ! same "t1 x w\ld be a long "t be=e x 0 sup]s$$4 ,he %\ld l v mu* to see ! compress$ oil1 "o-six? ( a p\nd ( :i* w\ld give #a horse p[] p] h\r4 ,admiral ,selwyn said he _h se5 a common ,corni% boil] do+ x ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,crampton said x _h nev] come "u 8 notice1 & he _h no hesitation 9 say+ t no su* duty ev] 0 p]=m$ by any oil1 because he nev] he>d ( any oil :i* evaporat$ m ?an eighte5 to tw5ty-two p\nds ( wat] p] p\nd4 ,h[ev]1 he 0 delight$ to he> ( su* progress be+ made1 & ?\gh he _h be5 = s _m ye>s connect$ ) /eam1 he nev] expect$ x w\ld la/ =ev]4 ,he 0 n[ mak+ exp]im5ts = "s l>ge %ip[n]s1 = ! purpose ( facilitat+ fe$+ & do+ away ) du/1 b let him succe$ to :at ext5t he might1 /eam w\ld nev] compete ) electricity = su* small vessels z ^! laun*es4 ,! ,*airman ask$ if he rightly und]/ood ,admiral ,selwyn t he _h rec5tly se5 an inv5tion 9 :i* "o-six? ( a p\nd ( cond5s$ fuel w\ld give #a horse p[] p] h\r4 ,admiral ,selwyn said x 0 n[ "s ye>s ago s9ce he saw ?is go+ on1 b ! p]sons :o did x did n "k h[ or :y x 0 done4 ,he _h /udi$ ! "q = ! la/ t5 ye>s1 & n[ knew ! rationale ( x1 & w\ld be prep>$ %ortly to publi% x4 ,he knew t #bb 0 ! !oretical calorific value ( ! p\nd ( oil1 & nev] suppos$ t oil alone w\ld give #df lb41 :i* he saw x do+4 ,he _h f\nd out t by means ( ! oil =m+ c>bon con/antly 9 ! furnace1 ! hydrog5 ( ! /eam 0 burn$1 & t x 0 a fallacy to suppose t an equal quantity ( heat 0 us$ 9 rais+ /eam1 at a pressure (1 say1 #abj lb4 to ! squ>e in*1 z ! hydrog5 0 capable ( develop+ :5 prop]ly burn$4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 conditions "u :i* alone t combu/ion c\ld take place--"o be+ t ! heat ( ! *amb] mu/ be #c1gjj1 & t c>bon mu/ be con/antly =m$4 ,mr4 ,gumpel said ) reg>d to ! g5]al application ( electricity to ! propulsion ( vessels z well z to railway tra9s1 he believ$ t _m ( ^? pres5t w\ld live to see electricity appli$ to t purpose1 because !re 7 s _m m9ds n[ appli$ to ! problem1 t be=e long he _h no d\bt we %\ld see coal burn$ 9 batt]ies1 z x 0 n[ burn$ 9 /eam boil]s4 ,! utmo/ !y c\ld d1 !n1 w\ld be ab\t #ej p] c5t4 less ?an ,admiral ,selwyn said c\ld be accompli%$ ) cond5s$ fuel4 ,he c\ld n b wond] :]e ,admiral ,selwyn obta9$ 8 in=mation1 kn[+ t a !oretically p]fect heat eng9e w\ld only give #bc p] c5t4 ( ! absolute heat us$1 & t a p\nd ( ! be/ coal w\ld give b #h1jjj & hydroc>bon #ac1jjj heat units1 :ile hydrog5 w\ld give #cd1jjj2 & calculat+ x out1 h[ 0 x possible to get out ( "o-six? ( a p\nd ( c>bon1 or any hydroc>bon1 ! am\nt ( p[] /at$8 ,no d\bt1 :5 ,admiral ,selwyn appli$ ! k :i* physici/s w\ld give him ( ! am\nt ( p[] :i* c\ld be got out ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( c>bon & hydrog51 he w\ld f9d t !re 0 a mi/ake some:]e4 ,mr4 ,reck5zaun1 9 reply1 said x w\ld be v difficult to answ] ! "q put by ! ,*airman1 z to ! co/ ( an electric laun*--q z difficult z to say :at w\ld be ! co/ ( a /eam laun*4 ,x dep5d$ on ! fitt+s1 ! ornam5tal "p1 ! p[] requir$1 & ! "t x 0 requir$ to run4 ,if su* a laun* 7 to run con/antly1 two sets ( accumulators w\ld be requir$1 "o to replace ! o!r :5 dis*>g$4 ,?is c\ld be easily done1 ! floor be+ made to take up1 & ! cells c\ld be *ang$ 9 a few m9utes ) prop] appliances4 ,z to ,admiral ,selwyn's rem>ks ab\t "o-six? ( a p\nd ( fuel p] horse p[]1 he _h nev] he>d ( su* a ?+ be=e1 & %\ld l to "k m ab\t x4 ,mr4 ,l(tus ,p]k9s' new /eam eng9e 0 a wond]ful example ( mod]n eng9e]+4 ,a comp>atively small eng9e1 occupy+ no m space ?an t ( a /eam laun* ( consid]able dim5sions1 develop$ #hjj horse p[] indicat$4 ,f a me*anical po9t ( view1 ?is eng9e 0 extremely int]e/+2 x _h f\r cyl9d]s1 b only "o crank & "o connect+ rod2 & !re 7 no dead c5t]s4 ,! me*anism 0 v beautiful1 b w\ld require elaborate diagrams to expla94 ,mr4 ,p]k9s des]v$ ! greate/ praise = x1 = 9 x he _h r$uc$ bo? ! weight ( ! eng9e & ! consumption ( fuel to a m9imum4 ,he believ$ he us$ coke & took "o p\nd p] horse p[]4 ,he %\ld n l to cross ! ,*annel 9 ! electric laun*1 if !re 0 a heavy sea on1 = %ak+ c]ta9ly did n increase ! effici5cy ( ! accumulators1 b a fair am\nt ( motion !y c\ld /&1 & !y _h run on ! ,?ames1 by ! side ( heavy tug boats caus+ a consid]able am\nt ( swell1 )\t any mi%ap4 ,( c\rse ea* box 0 provid$ ) a lid1 & ! plates 7 s closely pack$ t a fair am\nt ( %ak+ w\ld n affect !m2 ! only dang] 0 ! spill+ ( ! acid4 ,mr4 ,crohne _h rem>k$ t a torp$o boat ( t size w\ld h #ajj indicat$ horse p[]1 b !n ! :ole boat w\ld be fill$ ) ma*9]y4 ,:at might be done ) electricity !y _h1 z yet1 no idea (4 ,at pres5t1 !y c\ld only get #cc1jjj foot p\nds f #a lb4 ( lead & acid1 ?\gh1 !oretically1 !y ought to get #cfj1jjj foot p\nds4 ,iron 9 its oxidation w\ld manife/ !oretically #a1ijj1jjj foot p\nds p] lb4 ( mat]ial4 ,z yet !y _h n succe$$ 9 mak+ an iron accumulator2 if !y c\ld1 !y w\ld get ab\t six or sev5 times ! en]gy = ! same weight ( mat]ial1 or c\ld r$uce ! weight proportionately = ! same p[]1 & 9 t way !y might ev5tually get #gj horse p[] 9 a boat ( t size1 because ! weight ( ! motor 0 n great4 ,) reg>d to ! =mation ( a film on ! surface1 no d\bt a film ( sulphate ( lead 0 =m$ if ! batt]y /ood idle1 b x did n consid]ably r$uce its effici5cy2 z soon z x 0 broke ?r\gh by ! en]gy be+ evolv$ f x1 x w\ld give (f its maximum curr5t4 ,!y knew by exp]i5ce t1 ) prop]ly con/ruct$ accumulators1 #hj p] c5t4 ( ! en]gy put into !m 0 return$ 9 "w4 ,x 0 q c]ta91 z ,mr4 ,crampton said1 t x w\ld be a long "t be=e /eam 0 sup]s$$3 he did n prophesy at all2 & he entitl$ 8 pap] ,electric ,laun*es1 because x w\ld be presumptu\s to speak ( any?+ m until l>g] vessels _h be5 made & tri$4 ,) reg>d to ,mr4 ,gumpel's rem>k on ! friction ( ! propell]1 he w\ld say t x 0 con/ruct$ to run #ijj revolutions2 if x 7 driv5 by a /eam eng9e1 & ! spe$ r$uc$ to #cjj1 n only w\ld ! pit* h to be alt]$1 b ! surface w\ld h to be l>g]1 :i* w\ld entail m friction4 ,mr4 ,crohne w\ld be> him out t !y lo/ only #e p] c5t4 by slip & friction comb9$1 on an av]age ( a great numb] ( trials1 bo? ) & aga9/ ! curr5t4 ,! ,*airman 9 propos+ a vote ( ?anks to ,mr4 ,reck5zaun1 said he rejoic$ to f9d t t g5tleman _h prov$1 to "o man at lea/1 t 8 views _h be5 mi/ak54 ,he f\nd 9 ^! days ( ! practical applications ( electricity1 t ! ideas ( mo/ practical m5 7 gradually be+ prov$ to be mi/ak51 & e day new facts 7 be+ discov]$1 :i* l$ !m to imag9e t z yet !y 7 only on ! %ore ( an enorm\s ocean ( k4 ,x 0 q impossible to say :at ^! electric laun*es w\ld lead to4 ,c]ta9 po9ts ( great importance _h be5 po9t$ out2 !y gave great room & !y 7 always ready4 ,= lifeboat & fire eng9e purposes1 z ,capta9 ,%aw po9t$ out at ,vi5na1 ?is 0 ( great consequ5ce4 ,at fir/ !y 7 l$ to believe t !re 0 great /ability1 b t idea _h be5 a little %ak51 n z to ! boat itself1 b z to ! influ5ce ( ! motion ( ! wat] ^u ! con/ancy ( ! cells4 ,b ^! boats 7 only int5d$ = smoo? wat]1 & if !y c\ld n be adapt$ = r\gh wat]1 he fe>$ ,admiral ,selwyn's sugge/ion ( ! application ( ?is pr9ciple to lifeboats w\ld fall to ! gr\nd2 b if second>y batt]ies 7 n calculat$ z yet to /& r\gh usage1 x only requir$ probably "s ?\ght on ,mr4 ,reck5zaun's "p to make !m available ev5 9 a gale4 ,enorm\s /rides 7 be+ made ) reg>d to ^! batt]ies4 ,no "o pres5t _h be5 a great] skeptic ) reg>d to !m at fir/ ?an be himself2 b aft] con/ant exp]im5ts--employ+ !m1 z he _h done = _m mon?s1 = telegraphic purposes--he 0 gradually com+ to view !m ) a mu* m favorable eye4 ,! same /eps :i* _h r5d]$ all sci5tific notions practicable1 _h gradually elim9at$ ! faults :i* orig9ally exi/$1 & !y 7 n[ becom+ good1 s\nd1 available in/rum5ts4 ,at pres5t1 he c\ld only reg>d ?is electric laun* z a luxury4 ,he _h hop$ t ,mr4 ,reck5zaun w\ld h be5 able to say some?+ :i* w\ld h enabl$ poor m5 to look =w>d to ! "t :5 !y might enjoy !mselves 9 !m on ! riv]2 b he 0 told at ,vi5na1 :5 he enjoy$ two or ?ree trips 9 ?is boat on ! ,danube1 t h] co/ w\ld be ab\t #hjj1 :i* 0 a little too mu* = mo/ p4 ,!y want$ some?+ m )9 _! rea*1 s t at v>i\s po9ts on ! riv] !y might see small eng9es con/antly at "w supply+ en]gy to second>y batt]ies1 & s t !y might />t on a ,friday ev5+1 & g up z f> z ,ox=d1 or high]1 & come d[n aga9 on ,monday morn+4 ,he mu/ congratulate ,mr4 ,reck5zaun on ! excell5t diagrams he _h con/ruct$4 ,! tr\ble ( calculat+ figures ( ?is sort 0 v great :5 mak+ exp]im5ts2 & ! use ( diagrams & curves exp$it$ ! labor v mu*4 ,at pres5t !y 7 pass+ ?r\gh a /age ( electrical depression2 robb]y _h be5 committ$ on a l>ge scale2 ! e>n+s ( ! poor _h be5 fil*$ out ( _! pockets by sangu9e company promotors2 an enorm\s am\nt ( money _h be5 lo/1 & ! result _h be5 t confid5ce 01 to a great ext5t1 de/roy$2 b ^? :o _h be5 wise en\gh to keep _! money 9 _! pockets1 & to read ! pap]s read 9 t room1 mu/ h se5 t !re 0 a con/ant /eady advance 9 sci5tific k ( ! laws ( electricity & 9 _! practical applications1 & z soon z "s ( ^! rott51 mu%room companies _h be5 wip$ out ( exi/5ce1 !y might hope t real practical progress w\ld be made1 & t ! day 0 n f> di/ant :5 ! public w\ld aga9 acquire confid5ce 9 electrical ent]prise4 ,!y w\ld !n enable inv5tors & practical m5 to c>ry out _! exp]im5ts1 & to put electrical matt]s on a prop] foot+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,! ,,electric ,,light4 ,electric light+ dates back1 z well kn[n2 to ! celebrat$ exp]im5t ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 :i* took place 9 #ahji or #ahaj1 b ! date ( :i* is (t5 giv5 z #ahac4 ,!re exi/ h[ev]1 "s indications t exp]im5ts on ! production ( ! electric sp>k betwe5 c>bons _h be5 p]=m$ be=e ! above nam$ date4 ,mr4 ,s4,p4 ,?ompson has giv5 ! foll[+ int]e/+ details 9 reg>d to ?is subject3 ,9 look+ ov] an old volume ( ! ,j\rnal de ,p>is1 says he1 ,i f\nd "u date ( ! #bb;d ,v5tose1 ye> ,x4 7,m>* #ab1 #ahjb71 ! foll[+ passage1 :i* evid5tly ref]s to an exhibition ( ! electric arc3 ,citiz5 ,rob]tson1 ! inv5tor ( ! phantasmagoria 7magic lant]n71 is at pres5t p]=m+ "s int]e/+ exp]im5ts t mu/ d\btless advance our k conc]n+ galvanism4 ,he has j m\nt$ metallic piles to ! numb] ( #b1ejj z9c plates & z _m ( rosette copp]4 ,we %all =?) speak ( 8 results1 z well z ( a new exp]im5t t he p]=m$ ye/]day ) two gl[+ c>bons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sir ,,humphry ,,davy',s ,,electric ,,light ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 #ahac4 ,! fir/ hav+ be5 plac$ at ! base ( a column ( #abj z9c & silv] elem5ts1 & ! second communicat+ ) ! apex ( ! pile1 !y gave at ! mom5t !y 7 unit$ a brilliant sp>k ( an extreme :it5ess t 0 se5 by ! entire society4 ,citiz5 ,rob]tson w repeat ?is exp]im5t on ! #be?4 ,! date g5]ally giv5 = ! inv5tion ( ! electric light by ,sir ,humphry ,davy is #ahji1 b previ\s m5tions ( 8 exp]im5t are f\nd 9 ,cu?b]son's ,electricity 7#ahjg7 & 9 o!r works4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 vol4 ix41 p4 #bai1 "u date ( ,feb4 #a1 #ahja1 9 a memoir by ,mr4 ,h4 ,moyes1 ( ,ed9burgh1 relative to exp]im5ts made ) ! pile1 we f9d ! foll[+ passage3 ,:5 ! column 9 "q _h rea*$ ! height ( its p[]1 its sp>ks 7 se5 by daylight1 ev5 :5 !y 7 made to jump ) a piece ( c>bon held 9 ! h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electric ,,light+ ,,9 ,,p>is ,,9 #ahdd4 ,9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,in/itution1 vol4 i4 7#ahjb71 ,davy describes 7p4 #ajf7 a few exp]im5ts made ) ! pile1 & says3 ,:51 in/ead ( metals1 pieces ( well calc9$ c>bon 7 employ$1 ! sp>k 0 /ill l>g] & ( a cle> :ite4 ,on page #bad he describes & figures an app>atus = tak+ ! galvano-electric sp>k into fluid & a]i=m sub/ances4 ,?is app>atus consi/$ ( a glass tube op5 at ! top1 & hav+ at ! side a tube ?r\gh :i* pass$ a wire t t]m9at$ 9 a c>bon4 ,ano!r wire1 likewise t]m9at+ 9 c>bon1 trav]s$ ! bottom & 0 cem5t$ 9 a v]tical position4 ,b all ^! indications are po/]ior to a lett] pr9t$ 9 ,ni*olson's ,j\rnal1 9 ,octob]1 #ahjj1 p4 #aej1 & entitl$3 ,additional ,exp]im5ts on ,galvanic ,electricity 9 a ,lett] to ,mr4 ,ni*olson4 ,! lett] is dat$ ,d[ry ,squ>e1 ,hotwells1 ,septemb] #bb1 #ahjj1 & is sign$ by ,humphry ,davy1 :o at ?is epo* 0 assi/ant to ,dr4 ,b$does at ! ,philosophical ,in/itution ( ,bri/ol4 ,x beg9s ?us3 ,sir3 ,! fir/ exp]im5t]s 9 animal electricity rem>k$ ! prop]ty t well calc9$ c>bon has ( conduct+ ord9>y galvanic action4 ,i h f\nd t ?is sub/ance possesses ! same prop]ties z metallic bodies = ! production ( ! sp>k1 :5 x is us$ = e/abli%+ a communication betwe5 ! extremities ( ,signor ,volta's pile4 ,9 none ( ^! extracts1 h[ev]1 d we f9d any?+ t has ref]5ce to ! prop]ties ( ! arc z a cont9u\s1 lum9\s sp>k4 ,x 0 9 8 subsequ5t rese>*es t ,davy made kn[n its prop]ties4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t ! electric light _h attract$ att5tion be=e its special prop]ty ( cont9uity _h be5 obs]v$4 ,x results f ^! facts t ,rob]tson's exp]im5t 0 9 no wise ant]ior to t ( ,davy4 ,! inv5tor ( ! phantasmagoria did n obta9 ! arc1 prop]ly s call$1 ) its *>act]i/ic cont9uity1 b m]ely produc$ a sp>k betwe5 two c>bons--an exp]im5t t _h already be5 made kn[n by ,davy 9 #ahjj4 ,! latt] _h !n at 8 disposal no?+ b a relatively weak pile1 & x is v natural t1 "u su* circum/ances1 he produc$ a sp>k )\t obs]v+ its prop]ties z a light produc]4 ,x 0 only 9 #ahjh t he 0 9 a position to op]ate ^u a l>g] scale4 ,at ?is epo* a gr\p ( m5 :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( sci5ce subscrib$ ! necess>y funds = ! con/ruction ( a l>ge batt]y design$ = ! laboratory ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,?is pile 0 compos$ ( #b1jjj elem5ts m\nt$ 9 two hundr$ porcela9 tr\ghs1 "o ( :i* is /ill to be se5 at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! z9c plates ( ^! elem5ts 7 ea* ( !m #cb in*es squ>e1 & =m$ altoge!r a surface ( #hj squ>e met]s4 ,x 0 ) ?is p[]ful batt]y t ,davy1 9 #ahaj1 p]=m$ ! exp]im5t on ! voltaic arc be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,! c>bons employ$ 7 rods ( *>coal1 & 7 rapidly us$ up 9 burn+ 9 ! air4 ,s 9 ord] to give long] duration to 8 exp]im5t1 ,davy 0 oblig$1 on repeat+ x1 to inclose ! c>bons 9 a glass globe l t us$ 9 ! app>atus call$ ! electric egg4 ,! accompany+ figure repres5ts ! exp]im5t made "u ?is =m 9 ! great ampi!at] ( ! ,royal ,in/itution at ,london4--,la ,lumi]e ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrical ,,grapnel ,,= ,,subm>9e ,,cables ,,& ,,torp$o ,,l9es4 ,by ,h4 ,,k+s=d4 ,all ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! cable-lift+ bran* ( subm>9e telegraphy are well aw>e h[ important a matt] x is 9 grappl+ to be c]ta9 ( ! in/ant ! cable is hook$4 ,?is importance increases1 ( c\rse1 ) ! age & consequ5t weakness ( ! mat]ial1 z ! injury caus$ by dragg+ a cable along ! bottom is obvi\sly v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,,electrical ,,grapnel ,,= ,,subm>9e ,,cables ,,& ,,torp$o ,,l9es4 ,x is easy also to und]/& ! fact t 9 ne>ly all cases ! mo/ delicate dynamomet]s mu/ fail to indicate imm$iately ! pres5ce ( ! cable on ! grapnel1 m especially 9 ^? cases :]e a consid]able am\nt ( slack grapnel rope is paid out4 ,9 _m cases1 !re=e1 ! grapnel w travel ?r\gh a cable )\t ! slighte/ indication 7or at lea/ reliable indication7 occurr+ on ! dynamomet]1 & p]haps sev]al miles beyond ! l9e ( cable w be dragg$ ov]1 ei!r fruitlessly1 or to ! p]il ( neighbor+ cables2 :]eas1 %\ld ! eng9e] be advis$ ( ! cable's pres5ce on ! grapnel1 ! break w probably be avoid$ & ! cable lift$2 at any rate1 ! position ( ! cable w be an assur$ ?+4 ,my own k ( cable grappl+ has conv9c$ me ( ^! facts2 & ,i am well assur$ t ^? eng9e]s at lea/ :o h be5 engag$ 9 grappl+ = cables 9 great dep?s1 or = weak cables 9 %all[ wat]1 w he>tily agree ) me4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ rem>ks re ! insuffici5cy ( ! dynamomet] z an in/rum5t = indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a cable on ! grapnel1 ,i might rem9d eng9e]s ( ! tr\bles & p]plexities :i* occur incessantly 9 dragg+ ov] a rocky bottom4 ,! grapnel hooks a rock1 a l>ge increase ( /ra9 is indicat$ on ! dynamomet]1 & x becomes d\btful :e!r ! cable z well is hook$ or n4 ,aga91 x frequ5tly happ5s 9 grappl+ ov] a rocky bottom t "o or m prongs are brok5 (f1 ! grapnel ?us becom+ useless1 great wa/e ( "t be+ ?us occasion$4 ,fully realiz+ all ! difficulties h]e9 enum]at$1 x occurr$ to me t a grapnel might be con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to automatically signal by electrical means ! hook+ ( ! cable1 :ile x w\ld ignore all /ra9 t ext]nal causes might br+ to be> on x1 & !reby obviate ! unc]ta9ties atta*$ to ! use ( ! grapnels at pres5t 9 vogue4 ,to effect ?is1 ,i design$ e>ly 9 #ahha a grapnel fitt$ 9 ea* prong ) an insulat$ conduct+ surface1 & a plung] & p9 s arrang$ t ! cable1 :5 hook$1 %\ld1 by ! pressure t x w\ld br+ to be> on any ( ! plung]s1 cause ! p9 to come 9 contact ) ! conduct+ surface1 itself 9 electrical communication ) any suitable curr5t detect] & batt]y on bo>d ! repair+ %ip1 & !reby complete ! circuit4 ,?is grapnel 0 successfully us$ on ! ,anglo-,am]ican ,telegraph ,company's repair+ /eam] ,m9ia 9 ! summ] ( #ahha4 ,subsequ5tly1 9 discuss+ ! con/ruction ( ! grapnel ) ,capta9 ,troot1 we conclud$ t some?+ 0 yet want$ to r5d] ! successful work+ 9 deep wat] absolutely sure1 & we decid$1 consequ5tly1 to make c]ta9 alt]ations4 ,?is improv$ =m may be con/ruct$1 ei!r ) a contact-plate 9 ea* prong1 or ) "o contact-plate common to all ! prongs2 ! latt] is some:at simpl]1 & is !re=e ! plan t we usually adopt4 ,bo? =ms are %[n 9 ! accompany+ diagrams4 ,! =m ( grapnel 9 ,diagram ,no4 #a has "o advantage ov] ! o!r 9 ?is respect1 viz41 t %\ld a prong be ruptur$ s z to r5d] x useless1 ! fact w\ld imm$iately be kn[n on bo>d4 ,a circuit =m$ 9 su* a mann]1 by ! break+ (f ( a bran* lead1 w\ld h great] resi/ance ?an t =m$ by ! contact result+ f pressure ( cable on ! plung]s2 ?is diff]5ce w\ld be manife/$ on ! indicator 7( l[ resi/ance7 plac$ 9 circuit ) ! al>m-bell1 or1 if any d\bt rema9$1 a ,:eat/one's bridge1 or simpl] /ill1 a telephone might be made use (4 ,9 "s cases we may protect ! plung]s f ! pressure ( ooze1 etc41 by gu>ds fitt$ to ! /em ( ! grapnel1 b 9 practice we h n f\nd ^! to be necess>y4 ,! wat] is all[$ free access ar\nd & ab\t ea* sep>ate "p1 9 ord] t its pressure %all be equal on all sides4 ,?is arrangem5t r5d]s ! grapnel z effectual 9 ! deepe/ z 9 ! %all[e/ wat]4 ,by mak+ ! plung]s 9 two pieces1 ) a rubb] wa%] or its equival5t betwe5 !m1 we prev5t mud or ooze f gett+ beh9d & int]f]+ ) _! work+4 ,z ! hole 9 ! rubb] surr\nd+ ! contact-plate1 by caus$ ! passage ( ! p9 ?r\gh x1 closes up z soon z ! pressure is remov$1 leav+ 9 ! rubb] a fault ( exce$+ly high resi/ance1 ! rubb] does n require r5ew+4 ,9 ! rubb] 9 :i* we emb$d$ ! contact-plate1 we place a lay] or m ( t9foil or o!r easily pi]c$ conduct+ surface1 ?r\gh :i* ! p9 passes on its way to ! contact-plate prop]4 ,?is me?od we h adopt$ 9 ord] to make ! assurance ( contact d\bly sure4 ,! grapnel j describ$ we _h 9 use on ! ,m9ia s9ce ,april la/4 ,we h tri$ x sev]ely1 & h nev] kn[n x to fail4 ,no swivel has be5 us$ ) ! rope1 9 ! he>t ( :i* is ! insulat$ wire1 z x w\ld all[ ! grapnel to turn ov] on ! bottom1 & w\ld be apt to twi/ & break ! wire %ort (f4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! grapnel w turn1 & does turn1 ) ! rope2 a swivel is !re=e ( no value4 ,we are p]fectly awake1 h[ev]1 to ! fact t a grappl+-rope %\ld be made 9 a mann] t w n all[ x to k9k2 & eng9e]s %\ld avail !mselves ( su* rope1 especially 9 deep wat]4 ,pat5ts h lately be5 grant$ to ,messrs4 ,trott ,hamilton = ! inv5tion ( a =m ( rope or cable answ]+ all ! requirem5ts ( ?is "w4 ,a small type ( grapnel fitt$ 9 ! mann] ,i h describ$ may be v advantage\sly us$ = se>*+ purposes1 to asc]ta9 ! position ei!r ( telegraph or torp$o l9es2 by t[+ at a quick rate mu* "t may be sav$4 ,! position be+ asc]ta9$1 if x be n desir$ to lift ! cable1 ! grapnel c be releas$ & hove on bo>d by a tripp+ l9e1 :i* c always be atta*$ :5 su* "w is contemplat$4 ,! great importance ( be+ able to localize an enemy's torp$o l9es )\t rais+ an al>m w be readily se5 by eng9e]s engag$ 9 torp$o "w4 ,,ref]5ces ,,to ,,! ,,diagrams4 a1 /em ( ! grapnel conta9+ core2 b1 flukes2 c1 recess = insulat$ contact-plate connect$ to core2 d1 cov]+ plate screw$ on bottom ( grapnel2 e1 button ( plug2 f1 rubb] wa%] & button2 g1 metal-plate2 h1 /em ( plug1 on :i* 9 ! "u c\nt]-s9k1 ,u is a small metal disk :i* prev5ts ! fitt+s f fall+s out2 i1 ne$le2 j1 spr+2 k1 c\nt]-s9k = head ( plug2 l1 c\nt]-s9k = spr+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hughes' ,,new ,,magnetic ,,balance4 ,a new magnetic balance has be5 describ$ be=e ! ,royal ,society by ,pr(4 ,d4 ,e4 ,hughes1 ,f4,r4,s41 :i* he has devis$ 9 ! c\rse ( c>ry+ out 8 rese>*es on ! diff]5ces betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( iron & /eel4 ,! in/rum5t is ?us describ$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society3 ,x consi/s ( a delicate silk-fib]-susp5d$ magnetic ne$le1 #e cm4 9 l5g?1 its po9t] re/+ ne> an index hav+ a s+le f9e black l9e or m>k = its z]o1 ! movem5t ( ! ne$le on ! o!r side ( z]o be+ limit$ to #e mm4 by means ( two ivory /ops or projections4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le & its index z]o are nor?1 ! ne$le re/s at its index z]o1 b ! slighte/ ext]nal influ5ce1 su* z a piece ( iron #a mm4 9 diamet] #aj cm4 di/ant1 deflects ! ne$le to ! "r or left accord+ to ! pol>ity ( its magnetism1 & ) a =ce proportional to its p[]4 ,if we place on ! opposite side ( ! ne$le at ! same di/ance a wire possess+ simil> pol>ity & =ce1 ! two are equal1 & ! ne$le returns to z]o2 & if we "k ! magnetic value requir$ to produce a balance1 we "k ! value ( bo?4 ,9 ord] to balance any wire or piece ( iron plac$ 9 a position ea/ & we/1 a magnetic comp5sator is us$1 consi/+ ( a p[]ful b> magnet free to revolve ^u a c5tral pivot plac$ at a di/ance ( #cj or m cm41 s z to be able to obta9 delicate obs]vations4 ,?is turns ^u an index1 ! degrees ( :i* are m>k$ = equal degrees ( magnetic action ^u ! ne$le4 ,a coil ( insulat$ wire1 ?r\gh :i* a feeble electric curr5t is pass+1 magnetizes ! piece ( iron "u obs]vation1 b1 z ! coil itself w\ld act ^u ! ne$le1 ?is is balanc$ by an equal & oppos+ coil on ! opposite side1 & we are ?us enabl$ to obs]ve ! magnetism due to ! iron alone4 ,a rev]s+ key1 resi/ance coils1 & a ,daniell cell are requir$4 ,! g5]al design ( ! in/rum5t1 z %[n 9 a some:at crude =m :5 fir/ exhibit$1 is giv5 9 ! figure1 :]e ,a is ! magnetiz+ coil )9 :i* ! sample ( iron or /eel wire to be te/$ is plac$1 ,b ! susp5d$ ne$le1 ,c ! comp5sat+ coil1 & ,m ! magnet us$ z a comp5sator1 hav+ a scale b5ea? x divid$ into qu>t] degrees4 ,! idea ( employ+ a magnet z comp5sator 9 a magnetic balance is n new1 ?is disposition hav+ be5 us$ by ,pr(4 ,von ,feilitzs* 9 #ahef 9 8 rese>*es on ! magnetiz+ influ5ce ( ! curr5t4 ,9 ,von ,feilitzs*'s balance1 h[ev]1 ! comp5sat+ magnet 0 plac$ end on to ! ne$le1 & its directive action 0 dim9i%$ at w1 n by turn+ x r\nd on its c5t]1 b by %ift+ x to a great] di/ance along a l9e> scale bel[ x4 ,! =m n[ giv5 by ,hughes to ! balance is "o ( s great compactness & conv5i5ce t x w probably prove a mo/ acceptable addition to ! res\rces ( ! physical laboratory4--,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,h>d5 ,,ca/ ,,iron4 ,ca/ iron may be h>d5$ z foll[s3 ,heat ! iron to a *]ry r$1 !n spr9kle on x cyanide ( potassium & heat to a little above r$1 !n dip4 ,! end ( a rod t _h be5 treat$ 9 ?is way c\ld n be cut ) a file4 ,^u break+ (f a piece ab\t "o-half an in* long1 x 0 f\nd t ! h>d5+ _h p5etrat$ to ! int]ior1 ^u :i* ! file made no m impression ?an ^u ! surface4 ,! same salt may be us$ to caseh>d5 wr\ght iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,measur+ ,,small ,,resi/ances4 ,! accompany+ engrav+ %[s a =m ( ,?omson's d\ble bridge1 z modifi$ by ,kir*h(f & ,hausemann4 ,! *ief advantage claim$ = ?is in/rum5t consi/s 9 ! fact t all resi/ances ( defective contact betwe5 ! piece to be measur$ & ! batt]y are entirely elim9at$--an object ( prime importance 9 measur+ v small resi/ances4 ,by ! use ( ?is in/rum5t resi/ances c be measur$ accurately d[n to "o-million? ( a ,siem5s unit4 ,! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! in/rum5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #a2 ,fig4 #b be+ a diagram ( ! electrical connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,kir*h(f ,,& ,,hansemann',s ,,bridge ,,= ,,measur+ ,,small ,,resi/ances4 ,! piece ( metal to be measur$1 ,m1 is plac$ 9 ! measur+ =ks1 gg1 9 su* a mann] t ! movable =k is remov$ z f> z possible f ! /ation>y "o2 if ! weight ( ! piece be insuffici5t to secure a good connection1 additional weights may be plac$ ^u x4 ,! ma9 circuit includes ! batt]y1 ,b 7,fig4 #b71 consi/+ ( f two to f\r ,buns5 cells1 ! key1 ,t1 ! ,g]man silv] measur+ wire1 ,n1 & ! piece ( metal re/+ on ! =ks1 all be+ jo9$ 9 s]ies4 ,! ,g]man silv] wire1 ,n1 is trav]s$ by two movable knife-edge contacts1 cc1 z %[n4 ,connections are made betwe5 ^! contacts1 cc1 ! resi/ance box1 ! prongs1 k & l1 ( ! =ks1 gg1 & ! reflect+ galvanomet]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,a resi/ance ( t5 units is ins]t$ at o & n1 :ile at m & p tw5ty units or "o ?\s& units are ins]t$4 ,! positions ( cc are !n v>i$ until ! galvanomet] %[s no deflection :5 ! key1 ,t1 is depress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,electtrical ,,connections ,,( ,,bridge4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 ! ratio ( resi/ances n_/m is equal to o_/p2 lett+ ,m equal ! resi/ance ( ! metal b> betwe5 ! po9ts1 h & i1 & ,n equal to ! resi/ance betwe5 ! po9ts1 cc1 on ! measur+ wire1 ,n1 !n we %all h ,m ,n 7n_/m7 ,n 7o_/p74 ,kn[+ ! cross section 9 millimet]s1 ,q1 ( ! b>1 & obs]v+ ! temp]ature1 t1 9 degrees ,c5tigrade1 its conductivity1 x1 z comp>$ ) m]cury c be det]m9$4 ,if ,l be ! di/ance1 h l or k i1 9 met]s1 !n x 7#a_/m7 7,l_/,q7 7#a at74 ,= pure metals ! value ( a may be tak5 at #j4jjd2 b alloys h a diff]5t coeffici5t4 ,! in/rum5t is made by ,siem5s & ,halske1 & is accompani$ by a table giv+ resi/ances p] millimet] ( ! measur+ wire1 ,n4--,zeits*4 fr ,elektrote*nik4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,t]re/rial ,,magnetism4 ,footnote3 ,= a full acc\nt ( exp]im5ts relat+ to magnetism on railways 9 ,new ,york city1 see ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,janu>y #ai1ahhd4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,an item has appe>$ rec5tly 9 sev]al pap]s1 /at+ t ,new ,york is a highly magnetiz$ city--t ! elevat$ railroad1 ,brooklyn ,bridge cables1 etc41 are all highly magnetiz$4 ,z ?is might convey to ! g5]al read] ! impression t ! magnetism ?us exhibit$ 0 peculi> to ,new ,york city1 & z _m ( y\r subscrib]s look anxi\sly = y\r answ]s to num]\s que/ions put = ! elucidation ( app>5t1 sci5tific my/]ies1 ,i h ?\ght t p]haps a /atem5t 9 pla9 language ( exp]im5ts made at v>i\s times1 to elucidate ?is subject1 might1 9 conjunction ) a diagram1 s]ve to expla9 ev5 to ^? :o h n made a special /udy ( sci5ce a few ( ! int]e/+ ph5om5a connect$ ) ,,t]re/rial ,,magnetism4 ,"s ( ! fir/ exp]im5ts ,i made1 :ile pr(essor at ! ,indiana ,/ate ,univ]sity1 7 detail$ 9 ! ,m>* & ,augu/ numb]s1 #ahgb1 ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 & ,i ?9k %[$ conclusively t ! e>?1 by induction1 r5d]s all articles ( iron1 /eel1 or t9n$ iron magnetic2 possess+ = ! "t be+ pol>ity1 aft] !y h be5 9 a settl$ position = a %ort "t4 ,9 ,dr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,drap]'s ,ye> ,book ( ,nature = #ahgc1 m5tion is made ( ! exp]im5ts 9 :i* ,i f\nd e rail ( a ,n4 & ,s4 railroad exhibit+ pol>ity4 ,! same /atem5ts 7 repeat$ 9 "o ( a s]ies ( articles s5t by me to ! ,indianapolis ,daily ,j\rnal1 dat$ ,jan4 #bj1 #ahgg1 9 :i* ,i us$ ! foll[+ language3 ,e article ( iron or /eel or t9n$ iron1 by ! e>?'s induction1 becomes magnetic4 ,?us1 if we exam9e our /oves1 or a doorlock1 or long v]tical h+e1 or ev5 a high t9 cup1 by hold+ a delicate magnetic ne$le 9 ! h& ne> ^? objects1 we f9d ! e>? has1 by induction1 attract$ to ! l[] end ( ! /ove ut5sils1 etc41 ! opposite magnetism f its own2 & repell$ to ! upp] end ( ! /ove1 etc41 ! same magnetism :i* exi/s 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! bottom ( ! /ove1 or ( ! h+e1 cup1 etc41 w attract ! s\? 7or unm>k$ end7 ( our ne$le2 :ile ! top ( ! /ove1 etc41 attracts ! nor?1 or m>k$ end ( our magnetic ne$le4 ,if we apply our ne$le to ! ,t rails ( a ,n4 & ,s4 railroad1 we n only f9d t ! l[] flange ( ! rail attracts ! ,s4 end ( our ne$le1 :ile ! upp] flange attracts ! ,n4 end ( our ne$le1 b we also f9d1 :]e ! two rails come ne>ly toge!r 7say )9 two in*es71 t ! ,n4 end ( ! rail attracts ! ,s4 end ( our ne$le1 :ile ! ,s4 end ( ! rail attracts ! ,n4 7or m>k$7 end ( our magnetic ne$le4 ,illu/ration3 ,,magnetism ,,on ,,railways4 ,q rec5tly1 be+ anxi\s to see ! effect produc$ on ! ne$le by rails laid ,e4 & ,w41 ,i exp]im5t$ on "s rec5tly laid "h2 />t+ f a ,s4 t]m9us1 9 ! t[n ( ,new ,h>mony1 & gradually curv+ nor!a/1 until ! road pursues a due ea/ c\rse to ,evansville4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a bran* road ( ab\t half a mile1 :i* />ts f ! ,waba% ,riv]1 at a we/ t]m9us1 & runs due ea/ to jo9 ! o!r1 ne> :]e t ma9 track comm5ces its nor!a/ curve4 ,! results 7m readily und]/ood by an inspection ( ! diagram7 7 z foll[s3 #a4 ,at ! s\? t]m9us ( ! railroad1 ! rails on ! ea/ side ( ! track z well z ^? on ! we/ side attract$ at _! s\? ends ! m>k$ end ( a small magnetic ne$le1 bo? at ! upp] & l[] flange2 ! usual v]tical induction be+ 9 ?is case ov]come by ! great] lat]al induction4 ,:5ev]1 on progress+ nor?1 ! rails 7 at lea/ ab\t two in*es ap>t1 ! upp] flange ( ! nor? end ( any rail w\ld attract ! unm>k$1 :ile ! s\? end ( its neighbor or any o!r ( ! nor? & s\? laid rails w\ld attract ! m>k$ end4 #b4 ,! same results 7 obta9$ f rails laid all ar\nd ! nor!a/ curve1 & ev5 aft] !y _h acquir$ a due we/ to ea/ c\rse2 %[+ t ea* rail acquir$ ! same magnetic pol>ity :i* w\ld be exhibit$ by any magnetic ne$le oscillat+ freely 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e1 dipp+ also at its nor? end consid]ably d[nw>d if susp5d$ at its c5t] ( gravity4 #c4 ,apply+ ! ne$le at ! we/ t]m9us1 a few anomalies 7 obs]v$2 b1 especially ne>] ! junction1 ! rails all gave ! normal result f\nd on ! ma9 track4 #d4 ,! :eels ( ! c>s /&+ on ! nor? & s\? track foll[$ ! same law1 exhibit+ bo? v]tical & lat]al induction1 s t ! l[] rims & ! =w>d or nor? "p ( ! p]iph]y attract$ ! unm>k$ end ( ! ne$le1 :ile ! upp] & re>1 or s\? portions ( ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel attract$ ! m>k$ end4 #e4 ,! :eels ( c>s /&+ on ! ea/ & we/ road exhibit$ ! foll[+ modification4 ,! l[e/ rim ( all ! :eels1 :e!r /&+ on ! nor? rails or on ! s\? rails ( said track1 9 consequ5ce ( v]tical induction attract$ ! unm>k$ end ( ! ne$le1 & ! upp] rims attract$ ! m>k$ end ( ! ne$le2 b ! middle portions ( ! p]iph]y1 bo? ant]ior & po/]ior1 ( ! :eels /&+ on ! nor? rail1 attract$ ! unm>k$ end1 :ile simil> middle portions ( :eels /&+ on s\? rails attract$ ! m>k$ end2 9 consequ5ce ( horizontal induction1 ! :eels be+ connect$ by iron axles1 & ?us pres5t+ consid]able ext5sion across ! track1 viz41 f s\? to nor?4 ,magnetite seems to h acquir$ its pol>ity 9 ! same mann]1 namely by ! e>?'s induction1 :5 ! ore conta9s a l>ge en\gh p]c5tage ( pure iron4 ,a l>ge specim5 7#f 94 long by #c deep & weigh+ #e lb47 :i* ,i obta9$ f ne> ,pilot ,knob1 ,miss\ri1 exhibits pol>ity1 n only at its lat]al ends1 b also v]tically1 z ! l[] surface attracts ! unm>k$ end ( a ne$le1 :ile ! plane1 :i* evid5tly occupi$ ! upp] surface 9 its native b$1 attracts ! m>k$ end ( ! ne$le4 ,iron f5ces inv>iably exhibit only ! pol>ity by v]tical induction2 s also small buckets1 bells1 etc4 ,b 9 ! case ( a bell ab\t #c ft4 9 diamet] at its base1 & ov] two feet deep1 tap]+ to ab\t a foot 9 diamet] at ! top1 ,i f\nd t al?\gh ! top attract$ ! m>k$ end ( ! ne$le1 ! bottom attract$ ! unm>k$ end ( ! ne$le only ar\nd ! nor!rly half ( ! circumf]5ce1 :ile ! s\!rn portion ( ?is l[] rim attract$ ! m>k$ end 9 consequ5ce ( lat]al induction1 z 9 ,n4 & ,s4 rails4 ,?us1 ^u a comp>ison ( all ^! facts1 x w\ld appe> t1 if ! magnetism induc$ by ! e>? is due to s-call$ curr5ts ( electricity1 ^? curr5ts mu/ be und]nea? ! rails1 & mu/ move f we/ to ea/1 "u ! s\? to nor? rails1 & f s\? to nor? "u ! we/ to ea/ laid rails1 z indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 ! diagram4 ,?is accords p]fectly ) :at we %\ld !oretically expect1 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e1 if ! electricity 9 ! e>?'s cru/ is due to !rmo-electrical curr5ts f ea/ to we/1 namely1 f ! m heat$ to ! less heat$ portion1 on any giv5 latitude1 :ile ! e>? revolves f we/ to ea/2 z well z also f electrical curr5ts tr5d+ f tropical to ,arctic regions4 ,z ! network ( iron rails spreads f ye> to ye> m ext5sively ov] our cont95t1 x w be int]e/+ to obs]ve :e!r or n any effect is produc$1 meteorological1 agricultural1 etc41 by ?is diffusion ( magnetism4 ,x may fur!r int]e/ "s ( y\r read]s to h att5tion call$ to facts indicat+ ,,syn*ron\s ,,seismology4 ,! ye> rec5tly clos$ furni%es int]e/+ corroborative te/imony ( an app>5t law reg>d+ ! propagation ( e>?quake movem5ts mo/ readily along great circles ( our globe1 z well z evid5ce t ^! seismic movem5ts are frequ5tly transmitt$ along belts 7approximat+ to great circles7 co9cid5t sometimes ) cont95tal tr5ds1 at o!r times ) fissures :i* emanate 9 radii at e #cj1 ar\nd ! pole ( ! l& hemisph]e 9 ,switz]l&1 z describ$ 9 "o ( my pap]s1 read at ! ,montreal meet+ ( ! ,a4,a4,a4,s4 ,! t]ms syn*ronism or syn*ron\s1 z "h us$1 are n design$ to imply absolute simultaneity 7al?\gh t is sometimes ! case ) di/urbances #ahj ap>t71 b are r int5d$ to indicate ! t5d5cy pres5t$ by ^! ph5om5a to exhibit ?is int]nal activity1 dur+ successive days1 weeks1 or ev5 mon?s1 along a giv5 great circle ( ! e>?1 especially "o or m ( ^? connect$ ) ! l& c5t]2 p]haps mo/ ( all along ! great circle :i* =ms ! prime v]tical1 :5 ! c5t] ( l& is plac$ at ! z5i?4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! above1 let u exam9e ! record ( ! mo/ prom95t e>?quakes or volcanic eruptions = ! ye> #ahhc4 ,late 9 ,dec41 #ahhb1 & e>ly 9 ,feb41 #ahhc1 %ocks occurr$ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire2 on ,jan4 #aa1 #ahhc1 also at ,cairo1 ,ill9ois1 & ab\t ! same "t at ,paducah1 ,ky42 ,feb4 #bg at ,norwi*1 ,conn41 & e>ly 9 ,feb4 at ,murcia1 ,spa94 ,^!1 by exam9ation ( any good globe1 w be f\nd on a belt =m+ "o & ! same great circle ( ! e>?4 ,late 9 ,m>* & dur+ "p ( ,april ! volcano ( ,ometeke 9 ,lake ,nic>agua 0 active 7aft] be+ long dormant72 ,panama1 portions ( ! ,u4,s4 ( ,colombia1 & ( ,*ili2 also1 9 ,may1 ,hel5a1 ,m4,t42 &1 9 ,june1 ,quito 7) ,cotopaxi active7 7 all m or less %ak5 by e>?quakes2 & are all f\nd on "o belt ( a great circle4 ,! pr9cipal record = ! rema9d] ( ! ye> compris$3 ,an e>?quake at ,tabreez 9 ,nor? ,p]sia1 e>ly 9 ,may1 #ahhc4 ,! awful de/ruction 9 ,is*ia1 ,july #bi 7) ,vesuvius active74 ,! fe>ful eruption 9 ! ,/raits ( ,sunda1 #be? ,aug4 & lat]4 ,%ocks 9 ,sumatra & at ,guayaquil1 ab\t same date or e>ly 9 ,sept4 ,%ocks at ,dusseldorf1 accord+ to a ,b]l9 pap] ( #e? ,sept4 ,%ocks at ,santa ,b>b>a & ,los ,angeles1 e>ly 9 ,sept4 ,%ocks at ,gibralt> & ,anatolia 9 ,octob]4 ,%ocks at ,malta1 ,trie/e1 & ,asia ,m9or 9 ,octob]4 ,azram %ak5 late 9 ,sept41 & great de/ruction betwe5 ,scios & ,smyrna4 ,la/ly1 ! =mation ( a new isl& 9 ! ,aleutian ,ar*ipelago4 ,date ( outbur/1 e>ly 9 ,octob]1 #ahhc4 ,besides ^!1 !re 7 sev]al o!r less sev]e di/urbances1 ! records ( :i* are *iefly obta9$ f ,nature1 & :i* w-be ref]r$ to bel[4 ,if ! globe be s plac$ z to h ! l& c5t] at ! z5i?1 ! exact position ( ! new isl&1 ne> ,unnok1 w be f\nd "u ! braz5 m]idian1 :ile ,agram1 ,tabreez1 ,sunda1 ,sumatra1 ,quito1 & ,guayaquil are all on ! prime v]tical4 ,vesuvius & ,hecla 7 bo? active e>ly 9 ! ye>1 & !y1 ) ! ev] re/less ,/romboli1 are situat$ on ! great circle :i* =ms ) ! l& c5t] at ,m\nt ,rosa1 ! radius runn+ ,s4 #cj ,e41 & :i* w\ld embrace ! *ief di/urbances up to ! middle ( ! ye>1 includ+ z we g nor? ,malta1 ,sicily1 ,rome1 region ( ! ,po1 ,bologna1 & 9 ! ,we/]n ,cont95t1 aft] pass+ ,hecla1 ,hel5a 9 ,montana ,t]ritory1 rea*+ 9 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory & ,oregon ! belt ( x4 ,am]ican volcanoes3 ,m\nts ,bak]1 ,ra9i]1 ,/4 ,hel5s1 ,hood1 & ,%a/a4 ,/ill ano!r seismic belt1 />t+ f ! ev] active ,fogo1 & pass+ ?r\gh ,t5]iffe 7at t "t erupt$71 w\ld include ! regions di/urb$ 9 ,oct4 & ,nov41 namely1 ,cadiz1 ,gibralt>1 ,malaga 7,murcia & ,val5cia some:at e>li]72 x !n trav]s$ ! c5t] ( l&1 caus$ ! e>?quakes at ,olmutz 9 ,moravia1 & ev5 tremors felt at ,irkutsk1 z ! seismic w> mov$ along said great circle to ! volcanic region ( ,s4 ,japan4 ,aga91 ! belt :i* cov]s ! m]idian ( l& c5t] 7ab\t #h-aj ,e4 long7 cov]s also ! region ( a di/urbanc$ area 9 ,norway1 z well z t portion ( ,alg]ia1 viz41 ,bona1 9 :i* a m\nta9 #hjj met]s high1 ,naiba1 is gradually s9k+ out ( sight4 ,ab\t #ajj geo4 miles ,e4 ( ,bona is :]e ,graham's ,isl& appe>$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & a few mon?s lat] disappe>$ 9 deep wat]4 ,ano!r highly seismic belt ext5ds f ! volcanoes ( ,b\rbon1 ,n4 ,madagasc>1 & ,abyss9ia to ,santoria & ! (t di/urb$ ,scios1 ,smyrna1 & ,anatolia region2 & along ! same great circle 7 %ak5 ,patra 9 ,greece on ! #ad? ,nov41 & ,bosnia on ! #ae?2 :ile %ocks _h be5 felt at ,trie/e & ,mlh\se ab\t ! #aa?1 & at ,/yria on ! #g?1 & di/urbances at ,dusseldorf 9 ,sept4 ,f9ally1 on ! #bh? ,dec4 ,s4 ,hung>y 7ne> ! conflu5ce ( ! ,drave ) ! ,danube7 0 visit$ by seismic movem5ts along ?is same great circle1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! ext9ct volcanic region ( ! ,eifel1 ! (t %ak5 ,comrie 9 ,p]?%ire1 ,scotl&1 ! volcanic ,icel&1 our ,national ,p>k ) its ?\s&s ( geys]s1 ! cataclysmic region ( ,salt ,lake & ! ,wahsat* ,m\nta9s 7s graphically describ$ by ! geologi/s ( ! ,u4,s4 ,geol4 ,survey71 giv+ rise 9 ,sept4 to ! e>?quakes ( ,los ,angeles & ,santa ,b>b>a1 & f9ally rea*+ ! volcanic isl&s ( ! ,m>quesas gr\p4 ,?us ! seismic ef=ts ( #ahhc may be se5 to h exp5d$ _! =ce p>tly along ! great backbone ( ! ,s4 & ,n4 ,am]ican ,cordill]a1 b m especially f ! c5t] ( l& ,e4 & ,w4 along its prime v]tical f ,sunda to ,quito1 also s\?we/]ly by ! ,e4 coa/ ( ,spa91 z well z due ,s4 ?r\gh ,alg]ia1 & ,s4 #cj ,e4 ?r\gh ,rome1 ,naples1 ,sicily1 etc4 ,f9ally1 ! autumnal cata/rophes at & ne> ,scios1 ,anatolia1 etc41 seem to h be5 caus$ by a seismic wave1 propagat$ along ! great circle1 :i* (t5 agitates ,jan9a1 & produces e>?quakes at ,agram1 :]e ?is great circle crosses ! prime v]tical4 ,,ri*>d ,,ow54 ,new ,h>mony1 ,ind41 #bg ,feb41 #ahhd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,iron ,,indu/ry ,,9 ,,brazil 7,,prov9ce ,,( ,,m9as ,,g]aes47 ,by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,,f]r&4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 ! me?ods employ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes 7,brazil7 = obta9+ iron p]mit ( manufactur+ x direct f ! ore )\t ! int]v5+ process ( ca/+4 ,^! me?ods are two 9 numb]3 #a4 ,! me?od by cad9hes 7crucibles71 :i* is ! simpl] & requires b little manipulation1 b p]mits ( ! production ( b a small quantity ( metal at a "t4 #b4 ,! ,italian me?od1 a v>iation ( ! ,catalan1 :i* requires m skill on ! "p ( ! workm5 & yields m iron ?an ! prec$+4 ,z ^! me?ods seem to me ( int]e/1 f ! /&po9t ( _! simplicity & easy in/allation1 ,i propose to describe !m briefly1 9 ord] to give z fai?ful & g5]al an ap]u z possible ( _! application4 ,at pres5t ,i %all deal ) ! fir/ "o only1 ! "o call$ ! me?od by ,cad9hes4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,me?od ,,by ,,cad9hes4 ,! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes ocupies a va/ ext5t 9 ! empire ( ,brazil1 its sup]ficies be+ ab\t #ijj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s1 repres5t+ ne>ly a ?ird ( ! total surface4 ,! population is relatively small & is dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t a mu* brok5 c\ntry1 :]e ! means ( communication are v few4 ,s x is necess>y to succe$ 9 produc+ :at iron is ne$$ by means t are simple & t require b quickly erect$ works built ( su* mat]ial z may be at h&4 ,! iron ore is f\nd 9 v great abundance 9 ?is region & is v easily m9$4 ,9 ! c5t] ( a mass ( qu>tzites t seem lo con/itute ! upp] level ( ! eruptive gr\nds ( ! prov9ce1 !re are f\nd /rata ( an ore ( iron designat$ z itabirite--a mixture ( oxide ( iron & qu>tz4 ,^! /rata are ( great ?ickness1 & h num]\s outcrops t p]mit ( _! be+ work$ by qu>ry+4 ,^! itabirites pres5t !mselves "u two v di/9ct aspects & (f] a c]ta9 diff]5ce 9 _! composition4 ,"s are ess5tially friable1 & are call$ by ! vulg> "n ( jacut+aes4 ,x is ?is v>iety 7:i* is ! "o mo/ easily m9$7 t is pr9cipally consum$ 9 ! =ges4 ,! o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 are compact4 ,_! exploitation is m difficult1 & be=e putt+ !m into ! furnaces x is necess>y to submit !m to breakage & scre5+2 s ! use ( !m is m limit$4 ,! fir/ v>iety conta9s less iron & m gangue1 b1 p] contra1 possesses mu* oxide ( manganese4 ,! second1 on ! contr>y1 is =m$ almo/ :olly ( oxide ( iron ) b little gangue & only traces ( oxide ( manganese4 ,! foll[+ are analyses ( ^! two v>ieties ( ore3 ,friable ,ore4 ,fe#b,o#b4444444444444444444444444444444 444 #hd4i ,oxide ( manganese444444444444444444444444444 #i4b ,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #a4i ,qu>tz4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #d4a ---- #ajj4a ,compact ,ore4 ,fe#b,o#c & traces ( manganese4444444444 #ii4f ,qu>tz4444444444444444444444444444444444 44444 #a4a ---- #ajj4g ,situation ( ! ,=ges4--,a =ge is usually plac$ on ! bank ( a brook1 or r ( a torr5t1 :i* supplies ! fall ( wat] necess>y = ! motive p[] by means ( a flume ab\t a hundr$ met]s 9 l5g?4 ,9 mo/ cases ! =ge is surr\nd$ on all sides ) a =e/ :i* yields ! wood necess>y = ! manufacture ( ! *>coal1 & is 9 ! vic9ity ( ! iron qu>ry1 s z to r$uce ! exp5se ( haul+ ! ore z mu* z possible4 ,! neighbor+ rocks furni% ! f\ndation /ones & /ones = ! furnaces2 ! decompos$ s*i/ gives ! cem5t & refractory coat+1 & ! =e/ provides ! wood necess>y = ! con/ruction ( ! road1 %$s1 etc4 ,! head ( ! trip hamm]1 ! anvils1 & ! tools are ! only objects t x is necess>y to procure1 & ev5 ^! ! ma/] ( ! =ge (t5 manufactures 9 "p1 aft] beg9n+ production ) an incomplete set4 ,illu/ration3 #g;a ,,fig #a4--;,,f\r-,,crucible ,,furnace ,,& ,,=ge2 7,,plan74 ,g5]al ,arrangem5t ( a ,=ge4--,a =ge usually consi/s ( "o or two furnaces ( ?ree or f\r crucibles 7! "o %[n 9 plan 9 ,fig4 #a has only "o f\r crucible furnace1 ,a72 #a or #b two fire reheat+ furnaces1 ,b2 #a trip hamm]1 ,c1 actuat$ by a hydraulic :eel1 ,d2 #b tromps :i* drive ! w9d1 "o ( !m1 ,e1 into ! cad9hes 7crucibles71 & ! o!r1 ,f1 into ! reheat+ furnace2 #b anvils1 ,g & ,h1 plac$ ne> ! furnace1 = work+ delicate pieces2 & f9ally1 ! diff]5t tools t s]ve = maneuv]+ ! bloom & f9i%+ ! b>s4 ,! *>coal is pres]v$ f ra9 "u a %$1 l4 ,! ore1 :i* is br\ght 9 z ne$$1 is dump$ 9 a pile at ,m1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! crucibles4 ,! build+s are set back aga9/ ! m\nta91 & ! wat] is l$ 9 by a d\ble flume1 ,l & ,n1 made ( planks1 & empties on "o side into ! :eel & into ! tromp1 ,f1 & on ! o!r into ! tromp1 ,e1 & !n runs into a d\ble wa/e *annel1 ,p & ,q1 :i* c>ries x to ! /ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #b4--;,,f\r-,,crucible ,,furnace2 7,,plan74 ,f\r ,crucible ,furnace 7,fig4 #b74--,! arrangem5t ( a furnace is v simple4 ,x consi/s ( a cube ( masonry conta9+ sev]al cyl9drical ap]tures ) elliptic bases1 ^: l>ge axis is p>allel$ ) ! small] side ( ! masonry4 ,?is =m recalls t ( a crucible2 & ^! cavities are1 moreov]1 s nam$4 ,9 ! front "p ( ea* cad9he !re is a rectangul> ap]ture t gives access to ! bottom ( ! crucible & facilitates ! removal ( ! bloom !refrom4 ,at ! back "p !re is a small ap]ture = ! introduction ( ! tuy]e1 & :i* p]mits1 besides1 ( ! nozzle ( ! latt] be+ easily got at s z to see :e!r ! bla/ is work+ prop]ly4 ,! sides ( ! crucibles are cov]$ ) a ?9 lay] ( refractory clay1 & _! bottoms h a sph]ical concavity to hold ! bloom4 ,! tuy]e1 :i* is fitt$ to a wood5 conduit ( squ>e section t runs along ! back ( ! masonry1 is plac$ 9 ! axis ( ! cad9hes & ent]s ! masonry at a few c5timet]s f ! bottom 9 su* away t its nozzle comes j flu% ) ! surface ( ! refractory l9+4 ,?is arrangem5t prev5ts ! tuy]e f gett+ bef\l$ by scori dur+ ! op]ation ( ! furnace & ?us int]f]+ ) ! w9d4 ,tromp4--,! tromp :i* furni%es ! necess>y w9d to ! cad9hes consi/s ( a holl[ wood5 conduit1 a 7,fig4 #c71 ( squ>e section1 :i* ent]s a *amb]1 b1 along a l5g? ( #j4a m4 ,?is conduit1 :i* is ab\t #g met]s 9 height1 receives ! wat] f ! flume ?r\gh ! int]m$ium ( an ajutage ( pyramidal =m1 :i* s]ves to *oke ! ve9 ( liquid1 & ! extremity ( :i* is at a few c5timet]s f ! conduit 9 ord] to facilitate ! entrance ( ! air2 ! latt] be+ attract$ by an ill def9$ action t is suppos$ to be due to its be+ c>ri$ along by ! wat]1 & to a depression produc$ by *ok+ ! fl[ ( ! liquid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,! ,,tromp4 ,s9ce ! air t is suck$ 9 dur+ ! op]ation has con/antly same pressure1 !re is no valve = regulat+ ! entrance ( ! wat] into ! v]tical conduit4 ,^u issu+ f ! latt]1 ! mixture ( air & wat] /rikes ! surface ( ! wat] 9 ! *amb]1 b1 & ! viol5ce ( ! %ock ^u ! bottom is dead5$ by ! int]position ( a /one4 ,:ile ! wat] is escap+ ?r\gh a lat]al ap]ture 9 ! *amb]1 b1 ! air is rea*+ ! tuy]es ?r\gh a wood5 conduit ( squ>e section :i* is fitt$ to an ap]ture 9 ! upp] "p ( ! *amb]4 ,?is sorry arrangem5t1 :i* obliges ! mixture ( air & wat] to p5etrate ! wat] at ! bottom ( ! upright conduit1 a1 ret>ds ! sep>ation ( ! two fluids1 & results 9 damp air be+ =c$ into ! crucibles4 ,! ,trip ,hamm]4--,fig4 #d %[s ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! app>atus t g to make up ! =g+ mill4 ,! hamm] & cam %aft h _! axes p>allel1 & ! latt] is plac$ 9 ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! :eel4 ,! hamm] consi/s ( a r\ghly squ>$ beam1 #d met]s 9 l5g?1 & ( #j4be m4 section4 ,! head1 ,a1 consi/s ( a mass ( iron weigh+ #aej kilos1 includ+ ! weight ( ! /raps t surr\nd ! beam on e side ( ! piece ( iron4 ,! axis ( rotation is situat$ at ! o!r extremity ( ! beam1 ,b4 ,! cam %aft :i* s]ves to maneuv] ! trip hamm] is provid$ ) f\r cams :i* lift ! beam at a po9t ne> ! hamm]4 ,! l5g? ( ?is %aft 7to ! extremity ( :i* is adapt$ ! wat] :eel7 is #d4ge m41 & its diamet] is #j4ej m4 ,! :eel is an ov]%ot "o1 #c4be m4 9 diamet] by #a m4 9 wid?4 ,! wat]1 :i* is l$ to x by a flume1 acts ^u x by its weight & impact1 & is reta9$ 9 ! buckets & kept f ov]%oot+ ! m>k by a jacket made ( planks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,! ,,trip ,,hamm]4 ,! anvil ^u :i* ! hamm] /rikes is surr\nd$ by a b$ ( /ones 7qu>tzites7 d]iv$ f ! neighbor+ rocks4 ,x is a mass ( iron1 #ge kilogrammes 9 weight4 ,9 ord] to prev5t vibrations 9 ! trip hamm] :5 x is lift$1 & increase ! numb] ( bl[s1 !re is e/abli%$ a spr+ beam1 :i* is =m$ ( unsqu>$ timb]1 :i* is firmly fa/5$ at "o ( its extremities1 & :i* receives at ! o!r end ! %ock ( ! hamm] head :5 ! latt] rea*es ! end ( its upw>d travel4 ,reheat+ ,furnace4--,?is is a d\ble fire furnace1 l ^? us$ 9 our smi?ies1 except t ! w9d1 in/ead ( be+ =c$ into x by means ( a bell[s1 is suppli$ by a tromp :i* receives wat] f ! same *annel z ! :eel4 ,! two furnace tuy]es are arrang$ exactly l ^? ( ! cad9hes1 ^u a wood5 conduit :i* />ts f ! w9d *amb] 7,fig4 #e74 ,?is furnace s]ves to prev5t ! cool+ ( su* blooms z are await+ _! turn to be %+l$1 & ( su* b>s ( f9i%$ iron z are be+ made into tools4 ,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,sy/em4 ,a =ge l ! "o ^: plan we give1 may be run ) #a workman at ! cad9hes1 #a assi/ant1 #a workman at ! hamm]2 total1 #c m54 ,furnace4--,! "w la/s ab\t twelve h\rs p] day1 & ?ree op]ations ( ?ree to f\r h\rs are p]=m$ 9 ea* cad9he1 ?us mak+ twelve p] day4 ,at ea* op]ation1 #bb4e kilos4 ( ore & #de ( *>coal are us$4 ,f ?is !re is obta9$ a bloom ( #ae kilos4 ,! op]ation is p]=m$ z foll[s3 ,:ile ! assi/ant has gone to put ! bloom ( ! prec$+ op]ation "u ! hamm]1 ! workman prep>es at ! bottom ( ! crucible a b$ consi/+ ( a mixture ( s& & v f9e *>coal1 & !n fills ! crucible up to its edge ) *>coal4 ,at ! end ( a qu>t] ( an h\r1 ! fuel be+ ?or\ghly agl[1 ! workman puts 9 ! fir/ *>ge ( ore 9 p[d] 7jacut+ue71 ab\t #b kilos1 & cov]s x ) *>coal4 ,/>t+ f ?is mom5t1 he goes on *>g+ e five or t5 m9utes ) #a4e to #b kilos ( ore1 tak+ c>e 9 do+ s to keep ! crucible /uff$ ) *>coal1 :i* ! assi/ant places 9 piles ar\nd ea* cad9he4 ,?is la/s ab\t two & "o-half h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t he /ops putt+ 9 *>coal1 & /&+ ^u ! masonry1 walks f "o cad9he to ano!r1 c>ry+ a l>ge rod1 9 ord] to /udy ! lay ( ! bloom4 ,!n1 ! fire be+ entirely out1 he scrapes out ! b$ ( s& & *>coal t closes ! op5+ 9 ! bottom ( ! crucible1 removes ! mass ( f]rug9\s scori :i* =ms a h>d pa/e & surr\nds ! bloom1 & takes ?is latt] out by means ( a hook4 ,! workman runs ! f\r cad9hes at once1 ?is be+ easily en\gh done1 s9ce he has nei!r to bo!r himself ) regulat+ ! w9d1 :i* ent]s always ) ! same pressure1 nor ) ! fl[ ( ! scori1 :i* rema9 always at ! bottom ( ! crucible4 ,8 role consi/s simply 9 keep+ 8 fires runn+ prop]ly1 be+ guid$ 9 ?is by ! color ( ! flame )\t mak+ an exam9ation 9 ! int]ior4 ,he draws ea* ( ! f\r blooms out f its b$ at ! end ( ! op]ation1 :ile ! assi/ant c>ries ! fir/ to ! hamm] & ! ?ree o!rs to ! reheat+ furnace4 ,he aft]w>d cleans out ! crucible1 prep>es ! b$ ( s& & *>coal1 fills ) *>coal1 & !n passes to ! next1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,,reheat+ ,,furnace4 ,trip ,hamm]4--,! workman at ! hamm] takes ! bloom f ! h&s ( ! assi/ant & %+les x "u ! head4 ,!n he beg9s to give x %ape1 br++ x to ! /ate %[n at c1 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,! assi/ant !n br+s him ano!r bloom & takes ! "o t has be5 %+l$ to ! reheat+ furnace1 :]e he heats b "o ( its extremities4 ,:5 ! f\r blooms h be5 %+l$1 ! workman takes up ! fir/ & beg9s to draw out "o ( its extremities1 :i* he aft]w>d cools 9 wat] & uses z a h&le = f9i%+ ! "w1 d4 ,!n he reheats ! o!r extremity1 &1 aft] draw+ x out z he did ! o!r1 obta9s a b> ( f9i%$ iron :i* he d\bles1 z %[n at e1 to ?us deliv] to ! trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,cad9he ,,9 ,,op]ation4 ,"o ( ^! b>s weighs f #aa to #ab kilogrammes4 ,x w be se5 t1 dur+ ! c\rse ( ! "w1 ! furnace workm5 & ! hamm] workm5 h well def9$ duties to p]=m2 b x is n ! same ) ! assi/ant1 :o goes f "o to ! o!r accord+ to requirem5ts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s =ges 9 :i* ea* ( ! workm5 has an assi/ant1 s9ce ! blooms produc$ are heavi]1 & "o assi/ant w\ld n suffice = ! "w ( ! two m54 ,9 su* a case ! assi/ant at ! crucibles c>ries ! blooms to ! reheat+ furnace1 & ! assi/ant at ! hamm] c>ries !m f !nce to ! hamm]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,work+ ,,! ,,bloom4 ,,elaboration ,,( ,,! ,,ore4 ,we h se5 t ! workman :o has *>ge ( ! fire cont5ts himself ) putt+ *>coal & ore alt]nately into ! crucibles1 & t too accord+ to ! aspect ( ! flames1 )\t mak+ any exam9ation 9 ! int]ior1 9 ord] to judge :e!r ! "w is proce$+ well4 ,! bloom =ms gradually b5ea? ! nozzle ( ! tuy]e1 9 ! c5t] ( ! b$ ( s& & *>coal1 & is surr\nd$ on e side ) an exce$+ly pa/y mass1 =m$ ( silicates ( iron & manganese 7,fig4 #g74 ,x is only at ! end ( ! op]ation t ! workman1 by means ( a rod1 causes ! burn+ coal to drop & v]ifies ! prop] position ( ! bloom by break+ ! lay] ( scori t surr\nds x4 ,?is coat+ he breaks (f1 removes ! bloom ) a hook1 & agglut9ates ) 8 rod ! diff]5t bubbles t x exhibits1 & ! assi/ant !n c>ries x to ! hamm]4 ,,sett+ ,,up ,a ,,=ge4--,,sell+ ,,price ,,( ,,! ,,iron4 ,to set up a =ge l ! "o we h describ$1 x is necess>y to c\nt ^u a fir/ co/ ( ab\t #aj1jjj francs4 ,add to ?is ! co/ ( #ej hect>es ( =e/ to furni% ! *>coal t ! workm5 h to make e day4 ,! co/ ( ?is is v v>iable1 & floats betwe5 #b1ejj & #e1jjj francs p] #ajj hect>es4 ,! co/ ! ore is only t connect$ ) gett+ x b & haul+ x4 ,manual ,labor4--,! *>coal burn]s receive #a4be francs p] load ( #ij kilos1 ?us br++ ! price ( ! product 7includ+ co/ price ( =e/7 at #b4d francs p] #ajj kilos4 ,! workm5 9 ! furnace are paid at ! rate ( f #b4ej to #c4ge francs p] day4 ,^? t "w ! hamm]s receive #c4ge francs1 & ! assi/ants #a4be francs4 ,c>riage ( ! ,=g$ ,iron4--,! iron is c>ri$ f ! =ge to ! places ( consumption on ! backs ( mules1 & ! co/ ( c>riage is1 on an av]age1 #j4be franc p] #ajj kilos & p] kilomet]4 ,sell+ ,price4--,! sell+ price is v v>iable1 & dep5ds pr9cipally ^u ! di/ance ( ! place :]e sold f ! diff]5t =ges t surr\nd x4 ,at ,ouro ,preto ! price v>ies betwe5 #de & #ej francs p] #ajj kilos4 ,! foll[+ is a resume ( ! data :i* prec$e3 ,co/ ( fir/ e/abli%m5t444444444444444444 #aj1jjj fr4 ,*>coal p] kilogramme4444444444444444444444 #b4dj ,furnace m54444 #b4ej to #c4ge ,manual labor p] day ,hamm] m54444444444444 #c4ge ,assi/ants4444444444444 #a4be ,c>riage ( =g$ iron p] kilometric ton44444 #b4ej ,sell+ price p] #ajj kilos4444444444444444 #de to #ej --,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,/eam] ,,*ur*ill4 ,we give engrav+s ( ! ,*ur*ill1 a vessel lately built to ! ord] ( ,mr4 ,walt] ,peace1 ,london ag5t to ! ,natal ,h>bor ,bo>d1 by ,messrs4 ,hall1 ,russell1 & ,co41 ,ab]de54 ,%e 0 design$ by ,mr4 ,j4,f4 ,flann]y1 consult+ eng9e] to ! ,bo>d1 = special s]vice at ,natal4 ,! ,*ur*ill has be5 con/ruct$ s z to be capable ( t[+ into or out ( h>bor ov] ! b> 9 any wea!r1 ( act+ z a v p[]ful fire eng9e1 ( c>ry+ a l>ge am\nt ( fre% wat] = ! use ( o!r %ips1 ( l&+ troops f transports :i* ! h>bor is too %all[ to admit1 ( recov]+ lo/ an*ors & cables1 ( :i* !re are a l>ge numb] (f ! coa/1 & ( act+ 9 "t ( ne$ z a torp$o or coa/ def5se vessel2 %e 0 laun*$ on ! #af? ,augu/1 & is likely to fulfill all ^! requirem5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,new ,,/eam%ip ,,*ur*ill4 ,! pr9cipal dim5sions ( ! vessel are3 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s #aae feet1 bread?1 extreme1 #bb feet1 dep? ( hold #aa feet1 & maximum draught ) full bunk]s #g feet #f in*es4 ,!re are f\r wat]-tight iron bulkheads =m+ five comp>tm5ts2 ! /]n is built v full to protect ! propell]s4 ,accommodation is arrang$ on deck = ! capta9 aft ) two sp>e b]?s1 mate & two eng9e]s amid%ips1 :ile six :ite h&s w occupy ! =w>d =eca/le1 & six ,kaffirs ! aft] "o4 ,= t[+ purposes %e is fitt$ ) "o ma9 & two skip hooks secur$ to ! ma9 fram+2 t[+ rails are plac$ aft1 :ile bitts are put on "o ea* qu>t]1 w be se5 by ref]r+ to ! deck plan4 ,! vessel is propell$ by tw9 screws #f feet #h in*es 9 diamet] & #ac feet #f in*es pit*2 ^! are ( ca/ iron1 h f\r blades1 & are driv5 by a d\ble pair ( comp\nd inv]t$ direct act+ eng9es 7see ,figs4 #d to #g7 :i* are capable ( develop+ #fjj indicat$ horse p[]1 & ^: cyl9d]s are #ai in*es & #cd in*es 9 diamet] ) a /roke ( #b feet4 ,! cond5s]s =m "p ( ! eng9e frame1 & h guide faces ca/ on = ! cros%ead %oes4 ,!y are fitt$ ) gun metal tube-plates1 & ea* conta9 #eaf tubes1 #c_/d in* 9 diamet]1 :i* h an expos$ l5g? ( #f feet #e in*es1 & give a total cool+ surface ( #fej squ>e feet4 ,! air & circulat+ pumps are bolt$ to ! back ( ! cond5s]s1 & are work$ by lev]s f ! eng9e cros%ead4 ,ea* eng9e has "o fe$ & "o bilge pump atta*$ to ! air pump1 & work$ by ! same lev]4 ,! plan ( ! eng9es %[s ! pump arrangem5t v completely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eng9es ,,& ,,boil]s ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,/eam%ip ,,*ur*ill4 ,! /eam is suppli$ by two circul> return tube boil]s1 #i feet #f in*es 9 diamet] & #aj feet long1 ) two furnaces 9 ea*4 ,! boil]s1 :i* are ( /eel ?r\gh\t1 except ! tubes1 are plac$ longitud9ally1 & are fitt$ ) two pairs ( ! ,m>tyn-,rob]ts pat5t safety valves4 ,!y h "o /eam dome betwe5 !m4 ,! total heat+ surface is #a1gjj squ>e feet1 ! total /eam space is #ccj cubic feet1 & ! work+ pressure #ajj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! fire pump is a ,wilson's ,excelsior1 ) #aj in* /eam cyl9d] & #h in* wat] b>rel4 ,?is p[]ful pump is 9 a special comp>tm5t ( ! =e hold1 & w draw wat] f ! bilge1 sea1 or ei!r hold4 ,a /eam w9dlass & a d\ble-h&le w9* are on deck z %[n4 ,on trial trip ! eng9es ( ! ,*ur*ill indicat$ a maximum ( #fde4e horse p[]1 driv+ ! vessel #aj4die knots p] h\r4 ,! vessel is rem>kable = div]sity ( uses1 = heavy eng9e p[] 9 a small hull1 & = g5]al compactness ( arrangem5t4--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?ree-,,way ,,tunnels4 ,mr4 ,t4,r4 ,cramton1 :o at ! ,s\?ampton meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association sugge/$ a me?od ( tunnel+ :i*1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 seems ( excell5t promise1 br\ght =w>d a sugge/ion at ,s\?port = ! con/ruction ( ?ree-way tunnels4 ,n[1 ! und\bt$ aim ( all eng9e]s is economy ( con/ruction & ! secur+ ( p]man5t advantages4 ,mr4 ,crampton ma9ta9s t ! sugge/$ sy/em w give ^!1 t ?ree tunnels (1 say1 #ag ft4 diamet]1 c be con/ruct$ *eap] ?an "o ( #cj ft4 diamet]4 ,aft] describ+ ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,hawk%aw's s*eme = ! v5tilation ( long tunnels1 ! ?ree-way s*eme 0 discuss$4 ,?ree sep>ate tunnels ( #ag ft4 diamet] ea*1 or #bbg ft4 area1 are to be connect$ by l>ge passages ab\t midway ( _! l5g?4 ,^! passages are )\t valves2 9 fact1 free air passages4 ,betwe5 ^! midway connections & ! ends1 say aga9 midway betwe51 is =m$ a bran* at "r angles ei!r above or bel[ ) sep>ate op5+s f ! bran* into ! o!r tunnels1 su* op5+s be+ provid$ ) doors or valves q cle> ( ! ma9 tunnel1 any two ( :i* may be clos$1 ?us sep>at+ at ?is po9t ! correspond+ tunnels f ! ?ird4 ,! bran* is to be l$ to any conv5i5t position :]e ! exhu/ion app>atus c be plac$4 ,if two ( ! tunnels are left op5 to ?is bran*1 & ! ?ird "o %ut (f f x by clos+ ! doors1 ! vitiat$ air w be drawn f ! two work+ tunnels1 ?r\gh ! connect+ bran*1 :ile fre% air w be p>tly suck$ d[n ! v]tical %afts ?r\gh _! op5 ends & p>tly at ! c5t] tunnel1 :i* is suppli$ by =c+ air d[n ! v]tical %aft 9 communication ) x1 a /op or door be+ plac$ j outside ( ! bottom ( ! %aft s z to compel ! air to fl[ to ! c5t] ( ! tunnel4 ,x w be obs]v$ t no tra9s are runn+ 9 ?is air tunnel s long z x is s us$2 !re are simil> doors = ! work+ tunnel1 b !y are kept op51 unless ei!r ( !m is requir$ to be made into an air tunnel1 s t ! pass+ tra9s run no risk ( runn+ into ! doors4 ,by means ( ! doors above m5tion$1 any "o ( ! ?ree tunnels c be us$ z a fre%-air tunnel1 9 :i* ! m5 do+ ! repairs to ! road w\ld be cle> ( ! traffic1 :ile ! o!r two are us$ = ! traffic1 z well z outlets = ! mix$ impure gas & air4 ,if a breakd[n ( a tra9 occurs 9 any "o tunnel1 t tunnel c at once be conv]t$ into a fre%-air "o1 :ile its traffic is transf]r$ to ! "o previ\sly us$ = air1 !reby avoid+ delay4 ,! sy/em describ$ = splitt+ ! air & draw+ (f ! noxi\s gases is v simil> to t describ$ by ,mr4 ,hawk%aw at ,s\?ampton4 ,! valves & o!r details be+ add$1 to make ! sy/em applicable to ?ree tunnels1 x w be obvi\s t o!r modes ( v5tilation may be adopt$4 ,9 ord] to r$uce ! numb] ( m5 work+ 9 ! tunnel x is propos$1 if f\nd practicable1 n to adopt ! ord9>y balla/ & cross sleep]s1 b to sub/itute ! longitud9al timb] sy/em1 ! timb]s to be secur$ to brickwork or concrete1 =m+ a "p ( ! tunnel l9+1 plac+ effici5t ela/ic mat]ial betwe5 ! f\ndation & longitud9als = _! :ole area1 also betwe5 ! rails & sleep]s4 ,an op5 dra9 is =m$ betwe5 ! rails2 by ?is plan any wat] accumulat+ fl[s ov] smoo? surfaces ?r\gh small *annels into a dra91 ! tunnel on ea* side be+ dry4 ,! sav+ ( labor 9 repairs1 if ?is sy/em c be employ$1 is s evid5t t a l>ge am\nt ( money might be exp5d$ 9 endeavor+ to discov] a suitable ela/ic mat]ial = ! purpose4 ,!re are data on _m long viaducts suffici5t to ju/ify exp]im5ts be+ made on ! subject1 & x is n unreasonable to expect t suitable mat]ial may be met )4 ,9 v long tunnels no?+ %\ld be omitt$ t5d+ to r$uce ! numb] ( m5 work+ 9 !m4 ,! op9ion 0 express$ t 9 tunnels pass+ ?r\gh solid mat]ials1 & prop] f\ndations be+ made = ! longitud9als to re/ ^u1 ) good ela/ic mat]ial plac$ betwe5 ! rails & sleep]s & f\ndations1 "o-half ( ! m5 employ$ on ! ord9>y cross sleep] road re/+ on balla/ w\ld be sav$1 m p>ticul>ly z ! repairs are effect$ 9 pure air free f ! traffic z expla9$4 ,! e/imate z to ! co/ ( ?is sy/em 0 ^u ! dim5sions giv5 by ,sir ,j4 ,hawk%aw1 & ! foll[+ gives ! comp>ison3 ,! quantity ( excavation & brickwork or concrete 9 ea* case w be z foll[s3 ,s+le tunnel3 #cj ft4 diamet] l9+1 #c ft4 ?ick1 ) ! brickwork =m+ ! air passage to #cf4e cubic y>ds p] y>d =w>d4 ,excavation to outside ( brickwork #cf ft4 diamet] to #aac cubic y>ds p] y>d =w>d4 ,?ree tunnels #ag ft4 diamet] & #ah 94 brickwork4 ,brickwork l9+ = ?ree tunnels #bd4e cubic y>ds p] y>d =w>d4 ,excavation outside brickwork = ! same #aje cubic y>ds p] y>d =w>d4 ,x is assum$ t ?ree #ag ft4 tunnels are /rong]1 m conv5i5tly =m$1 & involve less risks 9 con/ruction ?an "o ( #cj ft4 diamet]2 at ! same "t !re is no difficulty 9 mak+ ! latt]4 ,! above %[s ! sav+ 9 ! ?ree tunnels ( #bc p] c5t4 9 brickwork1 & ab\t #g p] c5t4 ( e>?work1 comp>$ ) "o ( #cj ft4 ,) reg>d to v5tilation1 x is well kn[n t ! p[] requir$ to =ce air along passages is practically z ! cube ( ! velocity2 & z ! area ( ! air passages 9 ! s+le tunnel is #ajf ft4 ) spe$ t5 miles p] h\r1 & t ( "o ( ! #ag ft4 diamet] is #bbg ft41 or r m ?an d\ble1 giv+ only five miles p] h\r velocity1 x foll[s t ! p[] = ?is portion w\ld be eight times less4 ,t = ! work+ tunnels w\ld be practically ! same1 ! velocities be+ ne>ly alike 9 bo? cases1 :i* w\ld be ab\t #b miles p] h\r--! #cj ft4 hav+ an area ( #dgj ft41 ! two s+le ones toge!r ab\t #dej ft4 ,^u ! face ( x ! sy/em des]ves a trial4 ,a full consid]ation ( ! s*eme by eng9e]s prep>+ plans = new tunnels w\ld no d\bt ?r[ fur!r light ^u ! subject & be ( int]e/ :]ev] su* "w is contemplat$4--,contract ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mont ,,/4 ,,mi*el4 ,e "o :o has ! slighte/ reg>d = hi/orical monum5ts1 :o values m$ival ar*itecture1 or c>es 9 ! lea/ degree = ! beautiful & ! picturesque1 mu/ he>tily sympa?ize ) ,m4 ,victor ,hugo 9 8 prote/ aga9/ ! propos$ s*eme = unit+ ! wond]ful isl& ( ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el ) ! ma9l& by means ( a causeway1 & possibly a railway6 ,^? :o "k ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el well1 &1 l ! writ]1 h sp5t sev]al days ^u ! isl&1 _c b feel t su* a s*eme w\ld n only be a frightful disfigurem5t1 b w\ld entirely de/roy all ! associations & ! poetry ( ! place4 ,practical p w say1 ,mod]n improvem5t _c /op 9 its m>* =w>d to consid] poetical associations & m]e arti/ic :ims & fancies4 ,n[1 ?is w\ld be a possible argum5t if ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el 7 a busy1 ?riv+ t[n1 a comm]cial port1 or ! seat ( great indu/ries2 b 9 a case :]e ! only trade is t ( t\t+1 ! only visitors sightse]s1 ! only /ock-9-trade m$ival rema9s1 surely1 f a practical po9t ( view1 any?+ :i* w injure ^! antiquities w really de/roy ! importance ( ! isl&1 z its only value consi/s 9 its wond]ful hi/oric & arti/ic associations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mont ,,/4 ,,mi*el1 ,,norm&y4 ,! fir/ glimpse ( ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el is /range & weird 9 ! extreme4 ,a va/ gho/like object ( a v pale p9ki% hue sudd5ly rises out ( ! bay1 & "o's fir/ impression is t "o has be5 read+ ! ,arabian ,nights1 & t "h is "o ( ^? fairy palaces :i* w fly (f1 or gradually fade away1 or s9k bodily ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,its solemn isolation1 its une>?ly color1 & its flamelike outl9e fill ! m9d ) a/oni%m5t4 ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el is by f> ! mo/ p]fect example ( a m$ival =tifi$ abbey 9 exi/5ce1 ) its surr\nd+ t[n & dep5d5cies1 all q p]fect2 j1 9 fact1 z if "t _h /ood /ill ) !m s9ce ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! great granite rock rises to ! height ( two hundr$ & ?irty feet out ( ! bay2 x is twice an isl& & twice a p59sula 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! only approa* is at l[ wat]1 by driv+ or walk+ across ! s&s4 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o arrives )9 a few y>ds ( ! solit>y gate to ! t[n1 walk+ or driv+ has to be ab&on$1 & "h ! comm]cial indu/ries ( ! inhabitants comm5ce4 ,a numb] ( individuals1 half sailors & half fi%]m51 are /&+ ready to c>ry y on _! %\ld]s ov] ! small gully1 :i* is v r>ely q dry4 ,ent]+ ?r\gh ! old gate "o sees two anci5t pieces ( cannon tak5 f ! ,engli%1 :o unsuccessfully laid siege to ! place 9 #adbb4 ,close to ! gate are ! two rival inns1 :i* are v primitive 9 _! arrangem5t1 ! entrance hall =m+ ! kit*51 z 9 _m old ,breton h\ses4 ,a second fr[n+ old gateway leads to ! s+le /reet1 :i*1 pass+ betwe5 two r[s ( antique gabl$ h\ses1 & "u ! *ancel ( ! little p>i% *ur*1 conducts "o to ! almo/ int]m9able flight ( /one /eps lead+ to ! gateway ( ! mona/]y4 ,^u r++ ! bell a polite lay bro!r op5s ! iron-/udd$ door1 & we are admitt$ into a solemn1 vault$ hall1 ) ano!r /one /aircase opposite4 ,"h we g up & up1 to a second vault$ hall1 :]e1 9 old5 times1 we %\ld h _h to give up any arms :i* we 7 c>ry+4 ,!n ano!r /one /aircase1 :i* l&s u 9 a small c\rt ) a well 9 x1 at ! opposite end ( :i* is a heavy & solid ar*$ doorway4 ,we pass ?r\gh ?is1 expect+ to f9d ourselves on ! top ( ! c5tral t[] ( ! *ur* at lea/1 & are surpris$ to f9d ourselves 9 ! solemn & almo/ d>k crypt ( ! *ur*4 ,"h we h climb$ up "s #bcj feet above ! _w & ! sea to f9d ourselves 9 an und]gr\nd vault2 up 9 ! air & d[n "u ! rock at ! same "t4 ,wond]fully beautiful is ?is /range crypt1 :5 "o's eye gets accu/om$ to ! gloom1 ) its exquisite ribb$ & vault$ ro(1 support$ ^u huge circul> columns4 ,return+ to ! c\rt1 ano!r doorway conducts u into a mo/ sup]b ,go?ic hall1 ) a r[ ( sl5d] columns d[n ! c5t]4 ,?is 0 ! monks' refectory 9 anci5t times2 adjo9+ ?is is ano!r gr& hall1 divid$ into f\r aisles by r[s ( granite columns1 all ( ! mo/ p]fect ?irte5? c5tury "w4 ,above ^! are two o!r halls1 /ill m magnific5t ?an ^? bel[4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ! ,salle des ,*evali]s1 is probably ! mo/ beautiful ,go?ic hall 9 exi/5ce4 ,aga9 a flight ( /one /airs1 & we f9d ourselves1 :]e we %\ld c]ta9ly n h expect$1 9 ! cloi/]s ( ! mona/]y1 ! exquisite ar*itecture ( :i*1 ) its c\ntless m>ble columns & delicate d\ble arcades1 _c be describ$4 ,! *ur* des]ves a few words1 z x is a v]itable ca!dral z to size & gr&eur4 ,! *oir is imm5sely l(ty1 & con/ruct$ ( granite mo/ elaborately wr\ght 9 ! lat] ,go?ic or flamboyant /yle4 ,! nave & transepts are 9 ! old ,romanesque /yle1 ) solid pill>s & l[ r\nd ar*es4 ,! *ur* is beautifully kept1 & conta9s "s v int]e/+ old r]$oses & alt>s ) c>v+ 9 alaba/]4 ,! "o mod]n alt> 9 ! ,lady ,*apel is compos$ entirely ( silv]6 ,our space w n p]mit u to describe ! num]\s int]e/+ old ,abbey build+s--! libr>y1 ! prior's lodg+1 ! va/ kit*51 ! prisons1 ! dungeons1 & ! means ( supply+ ! place 9 times ( siege4 ,! propos$ causeway w\ld jo9 ! isl& to ! left ( our view1 & our read]s c imag9e ! abom9able effect ( a high embankm5t disfigur+ ?is po9t1 & break+ ?r\gh ! int]e/+ old walls & t[]s1 )1 p]haps1 a ,brummagem ,go?ic /ation aga9/ ! old "t-worn gateway4--,h4 ,w4 ,brew]1 9 ,london ,graphic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,adornm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,po/ ,,(fice ,,at ,,leipzig4 ,! cuts giv5 h]e)1 tak5 f ! ,illu/rirte ,zeitung1 repres5t two /atues = ! new ,po/ ,(fice at ,leipzig4 ,! sculptor1 ,kaffsack1 has repres5t$ ! po/ & ! telegraph z w+$ female figures4 ,! figure repres5t+ ,mail holds a horn or trumpet 9 h] left h&1 & a lett] 9 h] "r h&4 ,! figure repres5t+ ,telegraphy holds a bun* ( ?und]bolts 9 h] left h&1 & unrolls a b& = receiv+ dispat*es ) h] "r h&4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! figure repres5t+ ,telegraphy is made mu* light] & m graceful ?an ! figure repres5t+ ,mail1 & has also a m en]getic expression ( c\nt5ance1 ?us indicat+ ! great] spe$ ( ,telegraphy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,adornm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,po/ ,,(fice1 ,,leipzig1 ,,g]many4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,coal ,,gas ,,z ,a ,,labor-,,sav+ ,,ag5t ,,9 ,,me*anical ,,trades4 ,by ,,?omas ,,flet*]1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,gas1 z a fuel1 is an absolute necessity to ! economical c>ry+ out ( _m comm]cial processes4 ,x is (t5 us$ 9 ! crude/ & mo/ co/ly way2 a burn] may be p]fect = "o purpose1 yet exce$+ly wa/eful = ano!r1 & h[ev] good x may be1 an error ( judgm5t 9 its application may lead to its total condemnation4 ,an excess ( *imney draught1 9 cases :]e a flue is necess>y1 may pull 9 suffici5t excess ( cold air to almo/ neutralize ! :ole p[] ( ! burn]1 unless a damp] is us$ ) judgm5t4 ,) solid fuel1 an excess ( draught causes m fuel to be burnt1 b ) gas ! fuel is adju/$ & limit$2 !re is no m>g9 or /ore ( fuel ready to comb9e ) ! excess ( air1 :i*1 !re=e1 l[]s ! am\nt ( "w done by its cool+ p[]4 ,! p[] ( any burn]1 = any specifi$ purpose1 dep5ds n only on its p]fection1 b to a f> great] ext5t on ! diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! flame & ( ! object to be heat$4 ,= in/ance1 if a bright r$ heat is requir$1 x is n possible to obta9 ?is temp]ature economically ) any burn] work+ )\t an artificial bla/ ( air2 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]ature ( ! flame & t ( ! object heat$ is too little to enable ! heat to be tak5 up freely or quickly1 & ! result is a l>ge loss ( co/ly fuel4 ,if we want to obta9 high temp]atures economically1 an artificial bla/ ( air is necess>y1 & ! heavi] ! pressure ( air1 ! great] ! economy4 ,on ! contr>y1 l[ temp]atures & diffus$ heat are obta9$ be/ by flames )\t any artificial air supply4 ,= su* purposes z ov5s1 dis9fect+ *amb]s1 japann]s' /oves1 f\nd]s' core dry+1 & simil> requirem5ts ! be/ results are obta9$ by a numb] ( sep>ate jets ( flame at ! l[e/ "p ( ! inclos$ space1 & ! use ( ei!r illum9at+ or blue flames is a matt] ( no importance1 z ! total am\nt ( heat$ air f ei!r "* ( flame is ! same4 ,if !re is any pref]5ce1 x may be giv5 to illum9at+ flames1 z ! proportion ( radiant heat is great]1 & ?is makes ! av]age temp]ature ( ! inclos$ space m equal2 b on ! o!r h&1 may be consid]$ ! great] liability ( ! v f9e holes1 necess>y = illum9at+ flames1 to be *ok$ ) du/ & dirt4 ,?is may1 to a great ex5t1 be obviat$ by us+ v small union jets1 & sett+ !m horizontally1 s z to make a flat horizontal %eet ( flame4 ,burn]s plac$ ?is way are practically safe f ! int]f]5ce ( fall+ du/ or dirt1 b n f spla%es4 ,fall+ dirt or spla%es mu/ always be consid]$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( any burn]s1 & ! v5tilation mu/ be no great] ?an is absolutely necess>y = ! requir$ "w4 ,9 cook+1 ?is limit ( v5tilation may be exce$$1 z mo/ ?+s are bett] cook$ ) a free v5tilation1 ! extra co/ ( fuel be+ well comp5sat$ = by ! bett] quality ( ! result4 ,! air 9 an ov5 or inclos$ space heat$ by flames inside is simil> 9 "* to highly sup]heat$ /eam4 ,x conta9s a l>ge proportion ( moi/ure1 & yet has ! p[] ( dry+ any sub/ance :i* is heat$ to ne> its own temp]ature4 ,a mass ( cold metal plac$ 9 ! ov5 is in/antly b$ew$ ) moi/ure1 :i* dries up z ! temp]ature ( ! metal rises4 ,?is is1 = _m purposes1 an objection1 & ! rem$y is to close ! bottom ( ! ov5 & place burn]s und]nea?4 ,if = dry+ purposes & a curr5t ( air is necess>y1 ! simple/ way is to place 9 ! bottom ( ov5 ! a numb] ( tubes hang+ d[nw>d 9 su* a position t ! heat ( ! flame acts bo? on ! bottom ( ! ov5 & ! sides ( ! tubes1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be long en\gh = ! l[] op5+ to be well bel[ ! level ( ! flame4 ,! exit may be at any level1 b = dry+ purposes x is bett] at ! top1 & x %\ld be controll$ by a damp] to prev5t cool+ by excessive curr5ts ( air4 ,if n o!rwise objectionable1 ! arrangem5t ( flames inside ! ov5 is f> ! mo/ economical 9 use4 ,:]e an ov5 or dry+ *amb] is us$ cont9u\sly1 x %\ld be jacket$ ) slag wool or boil] composition1 b = _m purposes ?is is no advantage4 ,z an example bo? ways1 ,i w in/ance ! dry+ ( f\nd]s' cores :]e !re is only "o bl[ p] day4 ,! cores ( an ord9>y f\ndry c be dri$ by gas 9 a common %eet iron ev5 9 ab\t half an h\r2 any accumulation ( heat aft] t "t w\ld be useless1 & a jacket$ ov5 w\ld be ( no advantage4 ,= ! dis9fection ( clo!s 9 vagrant w>ds & hospitals = infecti\s diseases1 on ! contr>y1 a cont9u$ heat is necess>y1 & 9 ?is case ! accumulation ( res]ve heat1 :i* takes place sl[ly 9 a jacket$ ov51 becomes ( value1 z ! gas c be turn$ l[ or out1 & ! v5tilators clos$1 insur+ a m complete dis9fection ) a mu* small] gas consumption4 ,:]e an ov5 or heat$ *amb] is mu* us$ = p]iods ( ov] half an h\r at once1 a non-conduct+ cas+ pays well by r$uc$ gas consumption4 ,= album5 & glue dry+1 lea!r enamel+1 tobacco dry+1 & purposes :]e a l>ge space has to be v slightly & equally w>m$ :5 ! wea!r is unfavorable1 /eam-pipes are g5]ally us$1 b1 n be+ always available1 an exce$+ly good arrangem5t may be made by plac+ at int]vals 9 ! room gas burn]s1 ( any con/ruction1 close to ! floor1 & surr\nd$ ) a %eet-iron cyl9d]1 say #b ft4 or #c ft4 high4 ,! top ( ^! cyl9d]s mu/ be connect$ ?r\gh\t ) a fairly l>ge flue1 :i* w take ! products ( combu/ion f ! :ole1 & ?is flue mu/ be c>ri$ ei!r horizontally1 or ) a slight rise1 s z to utilize all ! wa/e heat4 ,! reason = hav+ a numb] ( /oves at int]vals is t ! heat 9 a flue w n c>ry1 = any useful purpose1 m ?an ab\t #h ft4 or #aj ft41 & a s+le /ove w\ld give an irregul> temp]ature 9 any except a v small room4 ,if all are n us$ at once1 ! flues ( ^? n 9 use may be clos$ by a damp] to prev5t d[n draught4 ,! use ( hot wat] pipes heat$ by gas may also be occasionally advisable1 b1 unless = "s special reason1 x is mu* m economical to use coal or coke1 z ! bulk ( wat] makes an exce$+ly good regulator1 & makes a fire practically z /eady & reliable z gas1 ?us sup]s$+ ! m co/ly fuel4 ,= "o ( my own purposes ,i ne$ hot-wat] pipes1 hav+ v little v>iation 9 temp]ature night & day2 & us+ coke = economy's sake1 ,i get a regul> temp]ature by heat+ a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 ab\t #bjj gallons1 ) ! fire1 & inclos+ ?is 9 a tank jacket$ ) slag wool4 ,my circulat+ pipes run f ?is tank1 & a practically /eady temp]ature1 night & day1 c be obta9$ ) ! mo/ irregul> fir+1 & occasional ext9ction ( ! fire = sev]al h\rs at once4 ,= ! heat+ ( liquids1 ! greate/ economy is to be obta9$ f "o s+le flame1 ( z high a temp]ature z c conv5i5tly be obta9$1 & ! flame mu/ be 9 actual contact ) ! vessel to be heat$4 ,9 jacket+ vessels1 to prev5t draughts1 c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! jackets d n cause curr5ts ( cold air to rise rapidly up ! sides ( ! vessel1 & s cool x4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ! use ( a jacket1 in/ead ( be+ an economy1 is a positive exp5se1 & wa/e ( heat4 ,_m processes1 su* z mak+ oil & turp5t9e v>ni%es1 require a heat "u in/ant control1 & 9 ^! ! use ( gas is an important matt]1 z ! loss & risk ( fire are v s]i\s elem5ts ( exp5se1 m especially 9 small works :]e special & co/ly prep>ations = cont+5cies _c be af=d$4 ,i h "h a burn] :i*1 = its p[]1 is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ compact & gives ! highe/ temp]ature ( any burn] yet kn[n1 & x is easily made 9 almo/ any size2 x has1 ,i ?9k1 _m special advantages4 ,! use ( gauze1 :i* is its only weak po9t1 is m ?an comp5sat$ = by ! v high duties obta9$ 9 practice ) x1 ow+ to ! compactness & conc5tration ( ! heat obta9$4 ,! foll[+ extract f my communication to ! ,gas ,in/itute w give all p>ticul>s z to ! con/ructive detail ( ?is burn]4 ,^? :o wi% to g fur!r into ! matt] w f9d ! pap] ref]r$ to 9 ! publication ( ! ,gas ,in/itute = ! curr5t ye>1 & also 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+1 ,june #bf1 #ahhc1 & ! ,review ( ,gas & ,wat] ,eng9e]+1 ,june #af1 #ahhc4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important "p is ! mix+ *amb] or tube1 "o end ( :i* is suppli$ sep>ately ) gas & air1 :i* at ! o!r end are1 or %\ld be1 deliv]$ z a p]fect mixture4 ,x may be tak5 z a rule t ?is tube1 if horizontal1 %\ld n be less 9 l5g? ?an f\r & a half times or m ?an six times its diamet]4 ,x is a common practice to dim9i% or make conical-%ap$ tubes4 ,all my exp]i5ce goes to prove t1 except+ a v trifl+ all[ance = friction1 ! area ( ! smalle/ "p ( ! tube rules ! p[]1 ! value ( ! mix+-tube be+ no m ?an t ( ! smalle/ "p4 ,if ! mix+-tube is upright1 new s\rces ( int]f]5ce comes 92 notably ! v>y+ specific gravity ( ! mixture4 ,except ) "o def9ite gas supply1 ! result is always m or less imp]fect1 & regul> proportions _c be obta9$4 ,?is is n[ s well kn[n t ! upright =m has be5 practically disc>d$ = _m ye>s1 & is n[ only us$ :]e ! peculi> necessities ( ! case give "s special advantage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,special ,,high ,,p[] ,,burn]4 ,,%ew+ ,,atta*m5t ,b ,,:5 ,,us$ ,,) ,a ,,bla/ ,,( ,,air ,! diamet] ( ! mix+ tube is a matt] ( importance1 z x rules ! quantity ( gas :i* c be satisfactorily burnt 9 any arrangem5t4 ,) l>ge flames1 giv5 a c]ta9 size ( gas-jet1 ! diamet] ( ! mix+-tube %\ld be n less ?an t5 times z great4 ,= in/ance1 at #a in* pressure1 a jet hav+ a bore ( #a_/h in* w pass ab\t #bj cubic feet ( gas p] h\r4 ,to burn ?is quantity ( gas1 a mix+ tube is necess>y #aj_/h or #a in* 9 diamet]4 ,by ! fir/ rule ?is tube mu/ be 9 l5g? equal to f\r & a half times its diamet]1 or #e-e_/h in*es4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! mix+-tube1 hav+ #ajj times ! area ( ! gas jet1 is out ( all proportion to ! size necess>y = obta9+ a mixture ( "o ( gas to n9e or t5 ( air2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! gas is suppli$ "u pressure4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t no m]e calculation ( areas c be tak51 into acc\nt1 unless ! diff]5ce 9 pressure ( ! supply is also consid]$4 ,a complete rev]sal ( ?is law is %[n 9 t rul+ ! con/ruction ( bl[pipes1 :i* ,i h already giv5 9 a previ\s pap] on ',! ,use & ,con/ruction ( ! ,bl[pipe4' ,9 ^! ! air supply1 be+ "u a heavi] pressure1 is mu* small] 9 area ?an ! gas inlet2 &1 to obta9 maximum p[]1 ! air-jet requires to be enl>g$ 9 proportion to ! gas pressure4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 area ( tube deliv]+ a combu/ible mixture1 ! outlet = ?is mixture mu/ be nei!r m nor less ?an ! size ( ! tube4 ,tak+ an ord9>y drill$ tube1 su* z is commonly made1 & ( ! dim5sions be=e giv5--i4 e41 #a in* bore--if ! holes are drill$ #a_/h in* 9 diamet] ! tube w supply #aj x #aj #ajj ( ^! holes4 ,9 practice ?is rule may be modifi$4 ,! v>iations f ! rule1 h[ev]1 mu/ be a matt] ( exp]i5ce ) ea* =m ( burn]4 ,!re is also ! fact t ) small divid$ flames x is n necess>y to mix s l>ge a proportion ( air1 z ea* flame w take up air1 on its ext]nal surface2 b 9 ?is case ! flames are long]1 holl[1 & ( l[] temp]ature4 ,z a matt] ( actual practice1 :]e a burn] is us$ :i* gives a numb] ( flames or jets1 ! diamet] ( ! mix+-tube does n ne$ to exce$ eight times ! diamet] ( ! gas jet2 ! rema9d] ( ! air requir$ be+ tak5 up by ! surfaces ( ! flames4 ,wire gauze1 made ( wire ! ?ickness ( #bb iron wire gauge1 #bj wires to ! l9e> in*1 & t9n$ aft] weav+1 has an area 9 ! holes ( its surface4 ,by calculation1 ! area ( a gauze surface 9 a burn] %\ld1 !re=e1 be tak5 at f\r times t ( ! tube1 & our /&>d ( #a in* tube requires a gauze surface ( #b in*es 9 diamet]4 ,?is rule is subject to v>iation 9 burn]s ( a small size1 ow+ to ! air t c1 if requir$1 be tak5 up by ! ext]nal surface ( ! flame1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is mu* great] 9 proportion 9 a small flame ?an 9 a l>ge "o4 ,:]e ! diamet] ( ! gauze is1 say1 n ov] "o or two in*es1 ! !oretical maximum gas supply may be exce$$1 & a v>y+ comp5sation is necess>y ) ea* size4 ,my rule is int5d$ to apply to burn]s ( l>g] diamet]s1 :]e ! ext]nal air supply plays a comp>atively unimportant "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t burn]s ( ?is class1 :i* burn )\t ! necessity ( an ext]nal air supply 9 a flame :i* is solid1 require ! mixture to be correct 9 proportions4 ,a v slight v>iation makes an imp]fect flame4 ,n only does ! gas jet require to be adju/$ ) great precision1 b x also ne$s m or less adju/m5t = diff]5t qualities ( gas4 ,an ord9>y holl[ or divid$ flame is able to take up on its surface any defici5cy ( air supply2 b ) ! high p[] solid flames ! outside surface is small1 & ! consequ5ce is t "o ( ^! burn]s1 adju/$ = gas ( poor quality1 may1 :5 us$ ) ri* gas1 give a long holl[ or smoky flame1 unless ! gas jet be r$uc$ 9 size4 ,:5 p]fect1 ! flame %[s a film ( gre5 on ! surface ( ! gauze2 & if a ri*] gas is us$1 ! gre5 film lifts away4 ,to cause ?is to fall aga91 & to produce a solid flame1 x is necess>y to take out ! gas jet1 & tap ! end ) a hamm] until1 on trial1 x is f\nd correct4 ,if too small1 ! gre5 film lies s closely z to make ! gauze r$ hot4 ,:]e ! 'tail+ up' ( ! c>bonic oxide flame is objectionable1 !re is no practical difficulty :atev] 9 con/ruct+ ^! burn]s z a r+1 ) an air supply 9 ! c5t]1 :i* greatly r$uces ! l5g? ( ! 'tail4' ,9 practice x is a decid$ advantage to h a c5t] air-way 9 all burn]s ( m ?an ab\t #b 94 diamet]1 z x enables ! inject+ tube to be slightly %ort5$1 & less5s ! liability ( ! gre5 film to lift ) v>y+ qualities ( gas4 ,9 ?is class ( burn] ,i h adopt$ ! small c5tral air-way z a decid$ improvem5t 9 ! burn]s4 ,9 su* processes z ! roa/+ ( c(fee1 *iccory1 gra91 etc41 a diffus$ heat is necess>y1 b ( mu* great] int5sity ?an c be obta9$ ) economy f heat$ air4 ,9 ^! cases ! application ( a direct flame is necess>y1 & x may be 9 actual contact ) ! sub/ances to be heat$1 provid$ ^! are kept 9 con/ant & rapid motion4 ,! use ( a revolv+ cyl9d] br+s 9 complications ) any burn] :i* is suppli$ ) gas at ord9>y pressures )\t any artificial air supply1 z ! curr5ts ( air caus$ by ! motion ( ! cyl9d] int]f]e ) ! satisfactory work+ ( any burn]2 & ! air supply mu/ be ei!r protect$ f draughts & irregul> air curr5ts1 or ! air mu/ be appli$ artificially f "s indep5d5t s\rce4 ,"o exce$+ly good way ( mak+ any burn] "w1 indep5d5tly ( ! curr5ts caus$ by a revolv+ cyl9d]1 is to apply ! flame inside ! cyl9d] at ! c5t]1 mak+ ! sub/ances to be heat$ to fall 9 a cont9u\s /ream ?r\gh ! flame4 ,?is sy/em is n applicable to f9e p[d]s or /icky sub/ances1 z x necessitates ! p]=ation ( ! cyl9d]1 to all[ ( ! escape ( products ( combu/ion4 ,= ?is class ( "w1 a v conc5trat$ heat is n desirable1 z a rule1 & a slit or a p]=at$ burn] is pref]able4 ,( ?is class ( burn] ,i h "h a sample1 :i* is n only new 9 its con/ructive details1 b has great & special advantages = _m purposes4 ,z y see1 x resembles a numb] ( ord9>y furnace b>s1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ea* b> is a burn]2 9 fact1 x is an ord9>y furnace grate1 :i* supplies its own fuel4 ,) ! usual day pressure ( gas#a in* ( wat]1 ?is burn] w1 at its maximum p[]1 consume ab\t #ajj cubic feet ( gas p] h\r p] squ>e foot ( burn] surface1 & z x c readily be made almo/ any =m or size1 its adaptability = a great numb] ( uses is evid5t4 ,i h made x 9 _m sizes & %apes1 to give flames f in* wide by #e feet long to l>ge squ>e or oblong blocks4 ,by apply+ a bla/ ( air at ! ord9>y gas jets1 & supply+ ! gas by a sep>ate pipe1 or s]ies ( pipes1 bel[ ! op5 end ( ! burn]1 ?is c be conv]t$ into a furnace ( extraord9>y p[]4 ,x is q possible to burn z mu* z #b1jjj cubic feet ( gas p] h\r p] squ>e foot ( burn] surface1 produc+ a heat suffici5t to fuse any ord9>y crucible4 ,y see its p[] :5 ,i place a bundle ( iron wire 9 ! flame2 x is1 9 fact1 a conc5tration ( hundr$s or ?\s&s ( p[]ful bl[pipe flames 9 "o mass4 ,x has also ?is advantage1 t ) a bla/ ( air x w burn & "w equally well any side up1 & ! flames c !re=e be direct$ /raight on _! "w )\t loss4 ,x is1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 almo/ a univ]sal burn]1 z x c be readily adapt$ to almo/ any purpose1 f temp]+ a r[ ( ne$les to mak+ /eam = a #bjj horse p[] /eam eng9e4 ,x is easy to make1 easy to manage1 practically inde/ructible1 & = comm]cial purposes has1 ,i ?9k1 a g5]al adaptability :i* w br+ x1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 into almo/ univ]sal use4 ,i may say t :5 we are 9 a special fix1 ?is has 9 e case l&$ u out ( ! difficulty4 ,= heat+ l>ge plates ( metal equally1 = dry+ pap] impressions = /]eotyp]s1 hot press+ hosi]y1 crumpet bak+1 work+ up pla/ic masses :i* c only be work$ hot1 & "w ( ?is class1 a numb] ( sep>ate flames equally diffus$ "u ! :ole surface ( ! plate are necess>y to equalize ! heat1 unless ! plate is v ?ick1 & ^! are bett] if produc$ by a mixture ( gas & air2 b 9 heat+ wide plates "o difficulty mu/ always be rememb]$1 ! burnt gases f ! c5t] flames c only escape by pass+ ov] ! out] flames1 & !re=e a space mu/ be left betwe5 ! top ( ! flame & ! plate1 or ! out] flames w be smo!r$ & make a mo/ (f5sive smell4 ,9 hosi]y presses1 pr9t]s' arm+ presses1 & _m o!rs1 ! top plate also requires to be heat$4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is to use a numb] ( bl[pipe flames direct$ d[nw>d4 ,9 _m cases ! supply ( air "u pressure is a practical difficulty & objection4 ,?is is ov]come1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by ! use ( a ?ick upp] plate ) a numb] ( horizontal holes1 into :i* a ,buns5 flame is direct$4 ,9 e case ,i h se51 )\t "o s+le exception1 ! holes are ei!r too small1 or ! burn] is plac$ too close1 & ! consequ5ce is t ! gas1 in/ead ( burn+ inside ! holes1 z x %\ld1 passes ?r\gh p>tially unburnt1 & is consum$ at ! opposite end1 :]e x is absolutely useless1 ! flame n be+ 9 contact ) or "u ! surface to be heat$1 & !re=e do+ no "w4 ,9 hosi]y presses ?is is a great objection1 z ! holes are s long t an equal heat is simply impossible1 & ! only rem$y is to use a bl[pipe flame1 :i* =ces suffici5t air 9 ) ! gas to insure combu/ion :]e ! heat is necess>y4 ,! same rem>k applies to crape & emboss+ roll]s4 ,= ! production ( heat 9 conf9$ spaces & difficult position1 ! use ( an artificial bla/ ( air is becom+ an ackn[l$g$ necessity1 & ! small ,roots bl[]s n[ made = su* purposes1 & driv5 by p[]1 are com+ rapidly into use4 ,sometimes a plate is requir$ to be heat$ to a high temp]ature 9 "o conf9$ spot1 &1 z an example ( ?is1 ,i may take ! blu+ ( ! h&s ( wat*es4 ,= ?is purpose ,i h made sev]al arrangem5ts1 & p]haps ! be/ is a ?9 copp] plate1 b5t d[n at "o side to a "r angle4 ,9 ?is angle1 und]nea?1 is direct$ a v f9e bl[pipe flame on "o spot1 & ! h&s are pass$ s+ly ov] ?is spot until ! color comes1 :5 !y are in/antly pu%$ ov] ! edge4 ,i h "h ! arrangem5t :i* is g5]ally us$ = ?is purpose4 ,= ! blu+ ( clock h&s1 a l>g] & m equally heat$ surface is requir$1 & ?is c be obta9$ by a small p[]ful burn] )\t a bla/ ( air1 us+ a r ?ick] plate to equalize ! heat4 ,! same arrangem5t may be us$ ) advantage = temp]+ small cutt]s = ornam5tal turn+1 p5knife-blades1 etc41 & 9 ^! cases ! cool] "p ( ! plate is ( great value1 z x enables ! ?ick] p>ts to be sl[ly & equally heat$ up2 ! application ( a me*anical arrangem5t to pass ! articles to be heat$ 9 a regul> succession is a matt] easily manag$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,blue+ ,,wat* ,,h&s ,,temp]+ ,,small ,,tools ,among o!r ?+s :i* h sev]al times come "u my notice may be m5tion$ cremation furnaces1 b ,i h n yet met1 )1 or be5 able to devise1 any burn] = ord9>y coal gas :i* has work$ satisfactorily4 ,?is fuel is app>5tly unfitt$ = ! "w1 & ! be/ arrangem5t ,i "k is a numb] ( pipes deliv]+ ord9>y produc] gas f ! ,wilson or ,d[son g5]ators1 9 exactly ! same way z is at pres5t us$ = fir+ horizontal /eam boil]s4 ,= heat+ book f9i%]s' tools1 a r+-flame is ! simple/1 ! tools be+ support$ a little di/ance above ! flame2 ! usual plan ( heat+ a plate1 & plac+ ! ends ( ! tools on ?is1 necessitates at lea/ d\ble ! gas consumption z comp>$ ) an op5 flame4 ,= type-f\nd+ ma*9es1 bullet m\ld+1 /]eotype metal melt+1 sold] mak+1 lead melt+1 etc41 "o burn]1 or r "o flame1 %\ld be us$ ( a suitable p[] = ! "w1 & ?is %\ld be z p]fect & ( z high a temp]ature z possible to insure economy4 ,x is n[ a simple matt]1 ow+ to rec5t rese>*es 9 ! !ory ( heat+ burn]s1 to obta9 flames ( any p[] )\t practical limit1 :i*1 )\t any artificial air supply1 w d all :i* is necess>y 9 ?is class ( "w1 & ! requir$ arrangem5ts are exce$+ly simple4 ,) ^! trades may be class$1 also1 ! conc5tration & di/illation ( acids & liquids boil+ at a high temp]ature1 & we may also include ba?s = t9n+ small articles1 & ! t9n+ by fusion ( %eet copp]1 ! same burn]s be+ applicable1 & p]fectly suit$ to all ^! requirem5ts1 unless ! t9n+ ba?s are long & n>r[1 9 :i* case ! furnace-b> burn]s aga9 come to ! front z ! be/2 z1 if we are to use gas economically1 ! flame mu/ be ! same %ape z ! vessel to be treat$4 ,we may n[ consid] ! heat+ ( blanks = /amp+1 h>d5+ ! po9ts ( sp9dles1 f9i%+ ! ends ( umbrella tips1 & "w :]e a small article1 or a small "p ( any article1 has to be heat$ to a high temp]ature ) spe$ & c]ta9ty4 ,= ^! a long & n>r[ flame is necess>y1 & ,i may m5tion t 9 cases :]e a high spe$ ( deliv]y is requir$1 & a small "p only has to be heat$1 su* z1 = in/ance1 9 ! h>d5+ ( ! po9ts ( sp9dles = cotton ma*9]y1 ,i h made burn]s giv+ a flame ( exce$+ly high temp]ature only in* wide & five feet long4 ,?is flame is produc$ by ! assi/ance ( a bla/ ( air1 & is ( suffici5tly high temp]ature to fuse ! sp9dle 9 a few m9utes4 ,! po9ts only project ov] ! flame1 & ! sp9dles are c>ri$ me*anically at su* a spe$ t at ! end ( ! five feet trav]se !y are r$ hot1 & drop into wat]4 ,m ?an "o hundr$ are 9 ! flame at once1 ly+ side by side4 ,= heat+ blanks = /amp+1 ! furnace b>-burn] is p]fectly suit$1 & 9 ?is "w ! *ute supply+ ! blanks to ! ma*9e %\ld be made ( two fireclay sides1 ) an op5+ = ! flame betwe5 ! *ute & flame be+ plac$ at a %>p angle1 to prev5t risk ( ! blanks /ick+ or ov]rid+ ea* o!r4 ,a bl[pipe may also be us$ ) good effect1 z %[n 9 ! above engrav+1 & 9 _m cases x is pref]able & mu* easi] to manage4 ,9 "s cases ! direct contact ( ! flame w\ld spoil ! articles to be heat$1 & in/ead ( ! arrangem5t m5tion$1 a tube ( iron1 fireclay1 or o!r suitable mat]ial is heat$1 & ! articles are pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,?is sy/em ( cont9u\s fe$1 ?r\gh a tube1 has be5 appli$ to ! fir+ ( small articles ( pott]y1 & might possibly be well adapt$1 among o!r ?+s1 to ! production ( gas-burn]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,:]e ! contact ( air ) ! heat$ articles is injuri\s1 _m plans h be5 tri$ to keep ! ends clos$ z mu* z possible1 b ,i believe no m p]fect & simple seal aga9/ ! admission ( air c be devis$ ?an to turn a jet ( pure gas1 unmix$ ) air1 into ea* end ( ! tube4 ,?is is an absolute seal aga9/ ! entry ( oxyg5 9 an uncomb9$ /ate2 free oxyg5 _c exi/ at a v high temp]ature 9 ! pres5ce ( coal gas4 ,= _m trades !re is a dem& = h>d5$ & temp]$ /eel wire1 ei!r r\nd or flatt5$1 & ! production ( ?is has l$ to _m attempts to obta9 a satisfactory cont9u\s process4 ,! common me?od n[1 :i* is work$ z a secret process by mo/ firms1 is to pass ! wire ?r\gh a tube to heat x1 z already describ$1 & to run x direct f ! tube ?r\gh a hole 9 ! side ( a box fill$ ) oil1 ! :ole be+ pack$ ) asbe/os1 to prev5t leakage2 f ?is x is pass$ ?r\gh ano!r simil> hole on ! opposite side1 ei!r ov] a plate heat$ to ! "r temp]ature1 or ov] a n>r[ op5 flame ( suffici5t l5g? & p[] to give ! correct heat = temp]+4 ,:]e absolute precision is necess>y1 ! gas supply mu/ be adapt$ by an automatic regulator on ! ma91 to prev5t ! slighte/ v>iation ( heat4 ,once adju/$1 ! production ( flat & r\nd spr+ wire by ! mile is an exce$+ly simple matt]4 ,x is q possible to obta9 absolute precision 9 temp]ature by a prop] adju/m5t ( ! gas pressure1 & z ?is is1 = temp]+ /eel articles & "s o!r purposes1 a matt] ( great importance1 x is wor? "s consid]ation4 ,no pressure regulator alone w give an absolutely /eady supply2 b if we put on fir/ a regulator1 adju/$ to ! m9imum pressure ( supply1 say "o in* ( wat]1 & !n fix ano!r on ! same pipe1 adju/$ to a slightly l[] pressure1 say #i_/aj ( an in*1 ! fir/ regulator does ! r\gh adju/m5t1 & ! second "o w !n give an absolutely /eady supply1 provid$ always t ! regulators are bo? capable ( pass+ m gas ?an is likely to be ev] requir$4 ,no regulator c be reli$ on = absolute precision1 if work$ up to its maximum possible capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,heat+ ,,blanks ,,= ,,/amp+ ,,or ,,h>d5+4 ,among o!r applications ( a long n>r[ flame ( high p[]1 may be m5tion$ ! braz+ ( long l5g?s ( tube1 9 fact ! application ( flames ( ?is =m1 ) & )\t a bla/ ( air1 = diff]5t temp]atures1 are almo/ endless4 ,! ?\s&s ( uses to :i* bl[pipes are adapt$ are s well kn[n1 t !y ne$ no m5tion1 except ! curi\sly ignor$ fact t ! p[] ( any bl[pipe dep5ds on ! air pressure4 ,a compact flame ( high temp]ature _c be obta9$ except ) a heavy air pressure1 & ! ignorance ( ?is fact has caus$ an imm5se numb] ( unexpla9$ failures4 ,_m p ?9k t "o bl[] is z good z ano!r1 & expect t a fan giv+ a pressure equal to1 say1 ! height ( a two in* column ( wat] %\ld d ! same "w z a bl[] giv+ a pressure t5 to tw5ty times z great4 ,! con/ruction & p[] ( bl[pipes1 ) ! laws rul+ ! proportions & p[]1 w be f\nd 9 an article on ,bl[pipe ,con/ruction1 publi%$ 9 ,design & ,"w1 ,m>*1 #ahha1 & z ! matt] is !re fully treat$1 no fur!r ref]5ce to ! subject is necess>y4 ,9 ! m rec5t =ms ( gas-eng9e1 ! *>ge is explod$ by a wr\ght iron tube1 heat$ to r$ness by ! ext]nal application ( a gas flame4 ,?is1 al?\gh consid]$ satisfactory by ! mak]s1 appe>s to me to be an exce$+ly crude way ( gett+ ov] ! difficulty2 & ,i (f] x z a sugge/ion1 t a v small plat9um tube %all be us$ in/ead ( iron4 ,?is1 if made ) a por\s or spongy int]nal coat+1 w\ld fire ! *>ge ) c]ta9ty1 at a l[] temp]ature ?an iron1 & x c\ld be made s ?9 & small 9 diamet]1 )\t risk ( det]ioration or loss ( /r5g?1 t an exce$+ly small flame c\ld be us$ to heat x up4 ,z x w\ld be fully heat$ 9 a v few seconds1 ! delay 9 />t+ w\ld be obviat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,!re are _m purposes = :i* a r$ heat is ne$$ = sl[ cont9u\s processes on a small scale1 su* z case-h>d5+ small /eel goods1 anneal+1 heat+ light /eel articles = h>d5+1 & a great v>iety ( o!r simil> processes4 ,?is1 until rec5tly1 has requir$ ! use ei!r ( a r complicat$ furnace1 or a bla/ ( air "u pressure1 to increase ! rapidity ( combu/ion4 ,s9ce ! conclusion ( my exp]im5ts on ! !oretical con/ruction ( burn]s1 ,i h f\nd t ! high-p[] burn]s1 previ\sly describ$1 are capable ( heat+ a crucible equal 9 size to _! own diamet] to bright r$ness )\t ! assi/ance ( a *imney1 provid$ ! crucible is protect$ f draughts by a fireclay cyl9d]4 ,?is is an important po9t1 z x r5d]s ! production ( a cont9u\s bright r$ heat a matt] ( ! greate/ ease1 ev5 9 crucibles ( a comp>atively l>ge size4 ,:]e ! heat is /eady1 & c]ta9 n to rise above a def9ite po9t1 x c safely be us$ = su* purposes z h>d5+ p5knife blades & o!r articles :i* are v irregul> 9 ?ickness1 ! ?9 edges n be+ liable to be burnt or damag$ by ov]heat+4 ,= ! highe/ temp]atures air "u pressure is a necessity1 z we require a l>ge quantity ( gas burnt 9 z small a space z possible ) ! maximum spe$1 & giv5 ?is air supply1 we are v little hamp]$ by conditions1 z an explosive mixture may be bl[n ?r\gh a gauze into a fireclay *amb]1 clos$1 except s f> z is necess>y to all[ ! escape or burnt gases4 ,! spe$ ( combu/ion is limit$ only by ! spe$ ( supply ( air & gas1 & by increas+ ^! !re is no practical limit to ! heat :i* c be obta9$4 ,:5 we h to d ) ! r$uction ( samples ( refractory ores1 te/+ ! comp>ative fusibility ( diff]5t samples ( firebricks1 or alloys1 etc41 ! use ( an explosive mixture bl[n into & burn+ 9 a close *amb] is invaluable1 & ! ease & c]ta9ty ) :i* any temp]ature may be obta9$ has l$ to great discov]ies1 & ! revolutioniz+ ( _m comm]cial processes4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts h prov$ t1 by a modification 9 ! =m ( ! well-kn[n injector furnace1 an enorm\s increase ( temp]ature may be obta9$4 ,i h1 9 actual "w1 obta9$ ! fus+ po9t ( ca/ iron 9 two m9utes1 />t+ all cold1 & h fus$ e furnace cas+ ,i h yet be5 able to produce4 ,if infusible cas+s c be made1 ,i ?9k ,i am n ov]/at+ facts 9 say+ t any temp]ature requir$ c & w ev5tually be obta9$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,:at ! limit is ,i h z yet n be5 able to discov]4 ,!re is "o m application ( gas1 z a fuel1 :i*1 discov]$ & publi%$ by myself "s two ye>s ago1 has yet to become g5]ally kn[n1 & 9 "s special processes may prove exce$+ly valuable4 ,?is is ! addition ( a v small quantity or coal gas1 or light petroleum vapors1 to ! air suppli$ by a bl[] or *imney pull1 to furnaces burn+ coke or *>coal4 ,! in/ant & great rise 9 temp]ature ( ! furnace1 & ! great] /ability ( ! solid fuel us$1 are extraord9>y4 ,?is is1 9 fact1 a practical application ( ! well-kn[n flameless combu/ion1 ! only signs t ! gas is be+ burnt be+ a great rise 9 temp]ature & a decreas$ consumption ( ! solid fuel2 9 fact1 if ! gas is 9 correct proportion1 ! solid fuel rema9s unburnt1 or ne>ly s1 9 spite ( ! high temp]ature4 ,9 cases :]e a sudd5 rise 9 temp]ature is requir$ 9 a furnace1 or :]e ! p[] is defici5t1 ?is me?od ( supplem5t+ & increas+ ! heat w be f\nd ( v great s]vice1 & processes liable to be *eck$ by mak+ up a fire ) fre% fuel c be c>ri$ on )\t *eck1 ev5 aft] ! solid fuel has almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,t a solid fuel is q unnecess>y1 ,i w prove 9 a v simple mann]1 by burn+ a mixture ( coal gas & air )\t a flame1 9 a bundle ( iron wire4 ,! heat is suffici5t to fuse ! wr\ght iron ) ease1 & ! gl>e inside ! bundle ( wire is pa9ful to ! eyes4 ,! same result c\ld be obta9$ by a pile ( r$-hot lumps ( firebrick1 & ! same heat obta9$ also )\t a trace ( flame4 ,x is n possible to ent] fully into su* a wide & important subject 9 a s+le lecture1 & ! sugge/ions n[ giv5 are simply h9ts = ! guidance = ^? :o ne$ or desire to exp]im5t4 ,no d\bt we %all h1 aft] a "t1 "s text-books & o!r lit]ature on ?is subject1 :i* is "o ( great importance to _m indu/ries2 & x is necess>y = exp]im5tal "w & applications to new indu/ries1 t ! exp]im5t] %all n only be able to pur*ase special burn]s1 b t he %all h fundam5tal laws laid d[n :i* w enable him to con/ruct !m = himself1 s z to h 8 exp]im5ts "u 8 own control4 ,! difficulty 9 ! way ( lit]ature on ! subject is t ^? few :o h work$ 9 ! matt] are busy m51 ) little "t :i* is n already fully employ$4 ,pione]s on new gr\nd h a great liability to g5]alize & jump at conclusions1 & ! necess>y exact "w & detail mu/1 to a great ext5t1 be left to ^? :o foll[ on tracks already r\ghly m>k$ out4 ,( ! special trades :i* h come "u my obs]vation1 ,i h only _h "t to m5tion a v few4 ,x appe>s to me t !re are v few manufactur+ processes ( any k9d :i* c\ld n be simplifi$ by ! use ( gas z a fuel1 f ! production ( electric light app>atus to ! manufacture ( explosives1 cotton /ock+s1 be]1 catgut1 glue1 umbrellas1 ink1 fi%-hook1 m$als1 /a9$ glass w9d[s1 bru%es1 & o!r trades equally v>i\s1 :i* come daily "u my own notice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a man 0 receiv$ into ! ,laborisire ,hospital1 ,p>is1 ! o!r day1 ) a y>d ( rope hang+ f 8 m\?4 ,traction ^u ! cord reveal$ a section ( clo!s l9e measur+ eight feet4 ,he _h be5 surpris$ 9 an attempt at suicide & _h tri$ to conceal 8 design by swall[+ ! cord4 ,he liv$1 ( c\rse--!y g5]ally d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in/antane\s ,,photography4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( ! read]s ( ?is j\rnal are occupi$ ) photography1 & all assur$ly are int]e/$ 9 ?is m>vel\s art1 ^: progress is s rem>kable4 ,s x has seem$ to u t x w\ld be ( int]e/ to treat ( a "q t is ! ord] ( ! day4 ,we desire to speak ( ^? photographic app>atus call$ in/antane\s %utt]s4 ,num]\s app>atus ( ?is k9d h be5 propos$ to ! public1 & sev]al ev5 h be5 describ$ 9 ?is j\rnal1 b we h to /ate t1 despite ! success 9 c]ta9 cases1 none ( !m has prov$ rem>kable = its qualities & sup]iority4 ,?is is due1 we believe1 to ! fact t inv5tors1 :ile %[+ arrangem5ts t 7 (t5 +5i\s1 h n always tak5 into acc\nt ! end t ! %utt] is to subs]ve1 & ! qualities t x mu/ possess 9 ord] to atta9 su* end4 ,9 face ( ! progress made by extra rapid dry processes1 ! "q ( %utt]s has become ! mo/ important1 s9ce cab9et-mak+1 optics1 & photographic *emi/ry give u app>atus1 objectives1 & products :i*1 al?\gh !y w d\btless be improv$ ^u1 satisfy = ! pres5t all our ne$s4 ,:at is und]/ood by in/antane\sness8 ,to our k1 no def9ition !re( has z yet be5 giv54 ,= our "p1 we propose to /yle in/antane\s any photograph t is tak5 9 a fraction ( a second t our s5ses w n p]mit u to e/imate4 ,! %utt] is ! app>atus :i* all[s ! light to ent] ! photographic *amb] dur+ ?is v %ort "t4 ,9 ord] to exam9e ! diff]5t rules t gov]n ! "q ( %utt]s1 we %all take z an example ! type /yl$ ! ,guillot9e4 ,?is app>atus1 z e "o kn[s1 is a /iff plate conta9+ an ap]ture & pass+ ov] ! l9e ( ! rays ( light4 ,"s place x 9 front & o!rs beh9d1 :ile o!rs aga9 place x )9 ! objective4 ,let u exam9e & discuss :at occurs 9 ! ?ree cases4 ,suppose a rectil9e> objective ( ! k9d mo/ usually employ$ 9 in/antane\s photography1 & an object1 ,a ,b1 t we wi% to reproduce 7,fig4 #a71 ! objective be+ provid$ ) any sort ( diaphragm4 ,! po9t1 ,a1 s5ds a bundle ( rays1 ab1 to ! fir/ l5s4 ,"h !y are slightly refract$1 & !n g on p>allel l9es to ! second l5s1 :]e !y are aga9 refract$ & =m at ,a' an image ( ,a4 ,x is ?is image t we see ^u ! gr\nd glass1 & :i* makes an impression ^u ! s5sitive film4 ,! po9t1 ,b1 behaves 9 ! same way & gives an image at ,b'1 b1 z w be at once se51 ! image w be rev]s$4 ,9 our figure1 ,a corresponds to ! sky & ,b to ! e>?4 ,if1 !n1 ! %utt] passes 9 front ( ! objective1 x w fir/ all[ ( ! passage ( ! rays :i* come f ! sky1 !n1 on cont9u+ its travel1 x w unveil ! l&scape1 & la/ly ! gr\nd4 ,z x is submitt$ to ! law ( ! fall ( bodies & has a uni=mly increas+ velocity1 x foll[s t ! "t ( exposure w uni=mly decrease betwe5 ,a' & ,b'1 & t ! sky w pose long] ?an ! =egr\nd4 ,su* a result is contr>y to all photographic rules1 :i* require t objects %all pose s mu* ! long] ! less !y are light$4 ,?is position ( ! guillot9e %utt] is absolutely false1 & mu/ be altoge!r disc>d$4 ,if ! %utt] be plac$ beh9d ! objective1 x w foll[1 z a consequ5ce ( ! same demon/ration1 t ! "t ( exposure w g dim9i%+ f ,b' to ,a'1 & t ! =egr\nd w be expos$ long] ?an ! sky4 ,! solution is logical1 !n1 & w p]mit ( obta9+ excell5t negatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a ,let u n[ exam9e h[ ! image1 ,a',b'1 is =m$4 ,! po9t1 ,a1 appe>s fir/1 & becomes light] & light] up to ! mom5t at :i* all ! rays t emanate f ! po9t1 ,a1 are unveil$4 ,! po9t1 ,b'1 is n yet visible4 ,z ! %utt] cont9ues its travel ! po9t1 ,b'1 appe>s 9 its turn & becomes illum9at$ l ! po9t1 ,a'4 ,at ?is mom5t ! objective is completely uncov]$2 ! image1 ,a',b'1 is p]fect1 & possesses its maximum int5sity4 ,!n ! po9t1 ,a'1 gradually becomes obscur$ & disappe>s2 & ! same is ! case ) all p>ts ( ,a',b'4 ,! image is develop$ progressively f ,a' to ,b'1 & makes its impression ^u ! s5sitive plate successively--a fact :i*1 z may be conceiv$1 may h its importance4 ,if1 = example1 we are photograph+ a %ip t is be+ toss$ ab\t by ! sea 7& we borr[ ?is example f our colleague1 ,mr4 ,davanne71 ! image ( ! top ( ! ma/ w n be =m$ at ! same in/ant z t ( ! base1 & if ! motion ( ! ma/ has suffici5t ext5t x may take on a curv$ =m1 due to ! fact t x has effect$ a movem5t betwe5 ! mom5ts dur+ :i* its apex & base 7 be+ photograph$4 ,^u plac+ ! guillot9e %utt] 9 ! optical c5t] ( ! objective1 :at w occur8 ,! %utt] w p]mit ! passage ( an equal fraction ( ! rays d]iv$ f ,a & ,b1 t is to say1 ! image w be complete f ! fir/ in/ant ( ! exposure4 ,! po9ts1 ,a' & ,b'1 w be illum9at$ precisely at ! same mom5t4 ,z ! %utt] cont9ues its travel1 a fre% quantity ( rays com+ f ,a & ,b w be admitt$1 & ! image w be illum9at$ m & m up to ! mom5t at :i* all ! rays c pass4 ,x w !n possess its maximum int5sity4 ,!n a portion ( ! rays f ,a & ,b be+ int]cept$1 ! image w become d>k] & d>k] until complete ext9ction4 ,! image "h1 !n1 is n produc$ successively z 9 ! =m] case1 b is entire f ! beg9n+4 ,9 ?is case ! image ( our ma/ _c be mis%ap51 s9ce x has be5 accurately photograph$ at ! same mom5t4 ,! true place = ! guillot9e %utt]1 !n1 f a !oretical /&po9t1 is 9 ! int]ior ( ! objective4 ,are !re any o!r advantages to be ga9$ by s plac+ x8 ,yes2 x is easy to und]/& t = ! same "t ( exposure1 & consequ5tly = ! same result1 ! ap]ture may be s mu* ! small] 9 proportion z ! optical c5t] is approa*$4 ,! lum9\s rays1 9 fact1 =m 9 ! objective a d\ble truncat$ cone ^: upp] base is equal to ! diaphragm1 & ! l[] "o to ! diamet] ( ! l5ses4 ,if ! ap]ture be equal to any diamet] :atev] ( "o ( ! cones1 ! result w be ! same2 b1 = ! same p]iod ( exposure1 x w evid5tly prove advantage\s to approa* ! diaphragm4 ,! ratio ( ! ap]tures t give ! same results at ! optical c5t] or beh9d ! objective is z t ( ! diaphragm employ$ to t ( ! back l5s4 ,if ! diaphragm is "o c5timet] & ! l5ses f\r c5timet]s1 an ap]ture ( "o c5timet] 9 "o case & ( f\r 9 ! o!r w give ! same result4 ,we %all see fur!r along t x is advantage\s to employ ap]tures equal to sev]al times ! diamet] ( ! diaphragm or l5s4 ,n[1 f :at we h j said1 an ap]ture1 equal = example to f\r times ! diaphragm1 w be only #d c5timet]s1 :ile ! correspond+ ap]ture beh9d ! l5s mu/ be #af4 ,! dim5sions ( ! fir/ w be practical1 & ^? ( ! second w give too cumb]some & too fragile an app>atus4 ,b :y mu/ ! ap]ture be l>g] ?an ! diaphragm employ$8 ,?is is :at we are go+ to demon/rate4 ,let u make ! ap]ture equal to ! diamet] ( ! objective1 & see :at occurs at ! diff]5t p]iods ( ! exposure4 ,= ! sake ( cle>ness1 we %all suppose ! velocity uni=m4 ,x is evid5t1 a priori1 t a p]fect app>atus w be ! "o t w all[ ! light to act dur+ ! entire exposure ) a maximum ( int5sity4 ,is x ?us1 :5 ! ap]ture is equal to ! diamet] ( ! objective8 ,evid5tly n4 ,let u consult ,fig4 #b4 ,we "h see ! %utt] progressively uncov]+ ! objective4 ,! light w increase f ,a to ,c up to ! mom5t :5 ! objective is entirely uncov]$1 & w !n imm$iately decrease up to ,b4 ,! objective has op]at$ ) a maximum ( light = only a %ort "t4 ,we are f> f ! ideal result 9 :i* ! maximum ( light1 ,,cd1 %\ld exi/ dur+ ! entire exposure1 & =m ! upp] plane precisely equal to ,,ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,if we _c obta9 su* a result 9 practice1 we mu/ nev]!less aproximate to x4 ,we %all d s by increas+ ! %utt]4 ,up to ,c' ! app>atus w op]ate z be=e1 b f ,c' to ,d' ! ap]ture w be complete1 & f ,d' to ,b' w decrease z has be5 said4 ,let u give ,a',b' ! same value z ,,ab1 t is to say1 let u increase ! velocity 9 ! second case 9 ord] t ! "t ( exposure %all be ! same2 we %all at once see t 9 ! fir/ case ! object w be completely uncov]$ = only a v %ort "t1 :ile 9 ! second ! exposure w be p]fect = a v appreciable p]iod4 ,! "t ( exposure :i* is absolutely active1 we propose to call effective "t ( exposure 9 contradi/9ction to ! total "t ( ! same4 ,! m we increase ! value ( ,c',d'1 t is to say1 t ( ! effective "t1 ! m ! ratio1 ,c',d'_/,a',b'1 w approximate to unity1 & ! ne>] we %all rea* p]fection4 ,! correlative ( su* elongation ( ! ap]ture is an increase 9 velocity :i* w always br+ ! total exposure to ! same figure1 :atev] be ! ap]ture employ$4 ,if ! ap]ture be equal to two diamet]s1 ! effective "t w be equal to half ! "t ( ! total exposure2 & if x is equal to ?ree diamet]s1 ! exposure w be good dur+ #b_/c ( ! total "t4 ,?is am\nts to say+ t ! effective "t ( exposure is equal to n times ! diamet]--#a1 ! velocity be+ suppos$ always uni=m4 ,if we place ! %utt] )9 ! objective1 x is ! diamet] ( ! diaphragm t x w be necess>y to say4 ,! effective "t w be equal !n to n diaphragm--#a4 ,f :at prec$es x results t 9 no case %\ld ! ap]ture be inf]ior to ! diaphragm1 s9ce ! =m] w\ld o!rwise absolutely suppress ! effective "t 9 giv+ a l[] plane correspond+ to an insuffici5t quantity ( light4 ,moreov]1 an ap]ature ( ?is k9d w\ld prove injuri\s to ! quality ( ! image by successively uncov]+ rays :i* d n =m _! image id5tically at ! same po9t4 ,we are n[1 !n1 9 pres5ce ( results t are absolutely positive1 & !y are z foll[s3 #a4 ,! guillot9e %utt] %\ld be plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! objective & z ne> z possible to optical c5t]1 t is to say1 beh9d ! diaphragm1 s9ce ! latt] is precisely 9 ! optical c5t]4 #b4 ,! ap]ture %\ld be z wide z possible4 #c4 ,! velocity %\ld be z great z possible4 ,9 practice1 an ap]ture f #d to #e times ! diamet] ( diaphragm employ$ w be m ?an suffici5t1 s9ce we %all h1 accord+ to circum/ances1 or #d_/e ( ! effective "t4 ,moreov]1 :atev] be ! "t ( exposure1 ?is ratio once e/abli%$ w be inv>iable1 & ! app>atus w always op]ate id5tically4 ,a %utt] comb9+ ^! qualities w n yet be p]fect4 ,x is necess>y1 accord+ to ! "t & ! light1 t ! "t ( exposure %all be capable ( be+ v>i$4 ,9 a ^w1 x is necess>y t ! app>atus %all be graduat$ & p]mit ( tak+ views m or less quickly4 ,! diff]5t velocities might be giv5 to ! %utt] by means ( weights1 rubb]1 or spr+s4 ,! latt] seem to be pref]able1 s9ce !y p]mit 9 ! fir/ place ( op]at+ out ( ! v]tical2 moreov]1 !y are less fragile1 &1 ?r\gh diff]5t t5sions1 !y p]mit ( ^! graduations t we consid] z indisp5sable4 ,= ! curr5t ne$s ( practice #a_/ajj ( a second is a limit t seems to u suffici5t z a maximum ( rapidity4 ,9 ord] to "k ! "t ( exposure obta9$ we employ ! foll[+ me?od1 :i* p]mits ( graduat+ an app>atus rapidly & ) extreme precision3 ,a b& ( smok$ pap] is fix$ ^u ! %utt]1 !n a tun+-=k provid$ ) a small /ylet re/+ aga9/ ! pap] is made to vibrate4 ,bett] yet1 a *ronograph :i* vibrates syn*ron\sly ) a tun+-=k1 ^: motion is kept up by electricity1 is put 9 ! same place4 ,fig4 #c %[s ! arrangem5t to be employ$4 ,we !n let ! %utt] fall1 :5 ! little /ylet w inscribe a c]ta9 numb] ( vibrations4 ,kn[+ ! numb] ( vibrations ( ! tun+-=k1 & c\nt+ ! numb] ( ^? inscrib$ ^u ! pap]1 x is v simple to d$uce !refrom ! am\nt ( ! "t ( exposure4 ,! results ( "o ( ^! exp]im5ts we h reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,! tun+-=k gave #ajj d\ble vibrations p] second4 ,six vibrations are includ$ betwe5 ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! app>atus4 ,ea* vibration e/imat$ at #a_/ajj ( a second4 ,! exposure 0 #f_/ajj ( a second 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( ! total "t ( exposure4 ,z = t ( ! effective "t1 t is j z easily asc]ta9$4 ,x suffices to "k ! numb] ( vibrations compris$ betwe5 ! mom5t at :i* "o po9t ( ! objective has be5 completely uncov]$ & t at :i* x has begun to be cov]$ aga94 ,! "t is equal to #b_/ajj 9 r\nd numb]s4 ,9 ! exp]im5t 9 "q1 ) an ap]ture equal to twice ! diamet] ( ! diaphragm1 we h1 !n1 #a_/c ( ! half-op5 exposure2 & ! am\nt ( ! effective "t is #a_/c4 ,! diff]5ce t we h 9 practice is due to ! fact t ! velocity is uni=mly accel]at$4 ,9 ord] to increase ! am\nt ( ! effective "t1 x w be only necess>y to increase ! ap]ture ( ! %utt] & apply aga9 ! me?od t we h j po9t$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,s mu* = ! mat]ial "p ( ! app>atus4 ,x w be necess>y 9 addition to acquire suffici5t individual exp]i5ce to be able to e/imate ! int5sity ( ! light1 & consequ5tly to judge ( ! diaphragm to be employ$ & ! velocity to be obta9$4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t su* or su* an object hav+ a relatively sl[ spe$ w n be suffici5tly %>p on ! negative if x is too ne> ! app>atus1 :ile su* or su* ano!r1 mu* m rapid1 might nev]!less be caught if suffici5t di/ance int]v5$4 ,"h x is t w appe> ! skill ( ! amateur1 :o w f9d x possible to obta9 ! said object z l>ge z possible & ) a maximum degree ( %>pness4 ,we h se5 :at div]se qualities %\ld be possess$ by a good guillot9e %utt]1 & x is evid5t t ! same %\ld be f\nd 9 all app>atus ( ! k9d4 ,9 our op9ion ! guillot9e is a well def9$ type t possesses "o capital advantage1 & t is t x p]mits ( ! use ( ap]atures z wide z may be desir$ = ! same "t ( exposure4 ,x is a "q1 z we h se51 ( velocity4 ,consequ5tly1 h[ev] %ort ! exposure be1 x w always be possible to op]ate ) a full am\nt ( light dur+ ! great] "p ( ! exposure4 ,x is necess>y to dwell ^u ?is po9t1 s9ce 9 ano!r k9d ( app>atus t possesses a clos+ & op5+ %utt] ! same result _c be rea*$4 ,9 ! ,boca app>atus1 = in/ance1 we rem>k t at a giv5 mom5t ! "t ( exposure is r$uc$ to no?+1 z ! clos+ %utt] cov]s ! objective be=e ! latt] has be5 unmask$ by ! op5+ "o4 ,9 all exposures1 9 fact1 ! times ( op5+ & clos+ h a con/ant value4 ,x foll[s t ! %ort] ! exposure is1 ! great] becomes su* value1 & to su* a po9t t1 at a giv5 mom5t1 ! app>atus no long] make an exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,9 ! guillot9e1 on ! contr>y1 ! same space always int]v5es betwe5 ! "t ( op5+ & clos+1 s9ce x is fix$ 9 an unv>y+ mann] by ! diamet] at ! ap]ature4 ,!n1 ! great] ! velocity1 ! m ! "t ( op5+ & clos+ dim9i%es4 ,if ! ratio ( ! effective to ! total "t ( exposure is #c_/d1 = example1 x w be inv>iable1 :atev] be ! velocity4 ,9 conclud+1 we w rem>k t1 )\t employ+ spr+s1 we may increase ! ap]ture ( ! %utt] )\t v>y+ ! "t ( exposure4 ,to effect ?is x is only necess>y to raise ! po9t ( ! %utt]'s drop4 ,9 fact1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #d1 all ! vibrations ( ! /ylet correspond+ to #a_/ajj ( a second always cont9ue to elongate1 & x w consequ5tly be possible = ! same "t ( exposure to consid]ably increase ! ap]ture &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! effective "t1 by caus+ ! guillot9e to drop f a great] elevation4 ,f ?is /udy1 :i* has pr9cipally conc]n$ ! guillot9e %utt]1 c we draw ! d$uction t ?is type ( app>atus w become a def9ite "o8 ,we ?9k n4 ,9 fact1 along ) its decid$ advantages ! guillot9e has a few defects t _c be pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4 ,! ap]ture1 9 measure z x is increas$1 r5d]s ! app>atus delicate & subject to become b5t4 ,if1 9 ord] to obviate ?is tr\ble1 we employ plates ( /eels1 we increase its weight consid]ably1 & ! *amb] becomes subject to vibration at ! mom5t ! %utt] drops4 ,if rubb] or spr+s are us$ = increas+ ! velocity1 x is /ill worse4 ,moreov]1 x is q difficult to obta9 a graduation1 & to our k1 & probably = ?is reason1 x has n yet be5 appli$4 ,! read] w please excuse u = ?is p]haps some:at dry !oretical expose1 b we h ?\ght x well to give x 9 ! hope t x might well %[ ! qualities t %\ld be requir$ ( a photographic %utt] & p>ticul>ly ( ! guillot9e4 ,moreov]1 at ! po9t to :i* photography has arriv$ x is no long] p]mitt$ to d ?+s by halves4 ,aft] ! memorable discov]ies ( ,nicephore1 ,niepce1 ,dagu]re1 & ,talbot1 photography rema9$ = "s "t /ation>y1 limit$ to ! production ( portraits & l&scapes4 ,b = a few ye>s pa/ x has tak5 a new impetus1 & new processes h come to ! surface4 ,9 ! graphic arts & 9 ! sci5ces x has tak5 consid]able place4 ,be+ ! daught] ( *emi/ry & physics1 x is n a/oni%+ t we require ( x ! precision ( bo?4 ,x is1 moreov]1 ?r\gh a pr(\nd /udy ( ! reactions t gave x bir? & ?r\gh a k ( ! laws ( optics t x has come into curr5t use 9 laboratories4 ,9 fact1 x alone is capable ( giv+ ) an und\bt$ "* ( tru?fulness a durable ve/ige ( c]ta9 fleet+ ph5om5a4-- ,a4 ,londe1 9 ,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,falconetti',s ,,cont9u\sly ,,prim$ ,,siphon4 ,to c>ry a wat]c\rse ov] a canal1 riv]1 road1 or railway1 sev]al me?ods may be employ$1 z1 = example1 by aqu$ucts l ^? ( ,arcueil & ,buc ne> ,v]sailles1 & by upright & inv]t$ siphons4 ,( ^! ?ree means1 ! fir/ is ! mo/ impos+1 b is also v co/ly2 &1 besides1 ! declivities z well z ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\nd are n always adapt$ !reto4 ,! inv]t$ siphon is subject to ob/ruction & *ok+ up 9 its mo/ inaccessible p>ts1 :ile ! upright siphon is easy ( inspection1 tak+ ap>t1 etc4 ,b1 p] contra1 ! latt] loses its prim+ v easily by reason ( ! =mation ( air spaces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,falconetti',s ,,siphon4 ,mr4 ,falconetti1 an inspector ( bridges & roadways1 has f\nd a means ( r5d]+ ! latt] occurr5ce impossible by an arrangem5t :i* is bo? simple & practical1 & :i* is illu/rat$ h]e)4 ,9 ! figure1 a & b are ! two v]tical legs ( ! siphon1 bo? ( :i* ent] ! liquid4 ,^! op5 into ! receptacles1 c & d1 9 :i* ! cocks1 e & f1 cut (f or set up a communication ) ! pipes1 a & b4 ,^! latt] are connect$ by a bran*1 g1 :i* may be put 9 communication ) a res]voir1 h1 t is divid$ into two sup]pos$ comp>tm5ts by a p>tition1 i4 ,su* communication may be e/abli%$ or cut (f by a valve1 j1 maneuv]$ by a key1 k1 :i* trav]ses an ap]ture 9 ! p>tition1 i4 ,ano!r ap]ture1 m1 9 ?is same p>tition s]ves to put ! two p>ts ( ! res]voir1 h1 9 communication1 &1 = ?is purpose1 is provid$ ) a cock1 n1 :i* is easily maneuv]$ f ! ext]ior4 ,! object ( ?is arrangem5t ( cocks & res]voir is to prev5t ! siphon f los+ its prim+ ?r\gh ! possible pres5ce 9 ! transv]se portion ( a c]ta9 quantity ( air or gas t might be giv5 (f by ! wat] & accumulate 9 ?is place4 ,! comp>tm5t1 ,a1 ( ! res]voir1 h1 is design$ = receiv+ ! gases t collect 9 ! top ( ! siphon1 :ile ! upp] comp>tm5t conta9s wat] = mak+ a hydraulic jo9t1 & consequ5tly prev5t+ any re-entrance ( air ?r\gh ! ap]tures 9 ! p>tition1 i4 ,to prime ! siphon1 we %ut ! cocks1 e & f1 op5 ! valves1 j & m1 & p\r 9 wat] until ! :ole affair 7siphon & res]voir7 is full2 !n we close ! cock1 m1 & op5 ! ?ree o!rs4 ,! siphon ?us becomes prim$1 & beg9s to op]ate z soon z any wat] rea*es "o or ! o!r ( ! l[] receptacles4 ,z ! cock1 j1 is con/antly turn$ on dur+ ! op]ation ( ! siphon1 ! air t has be5 able to accumulate 9 ! l[] comp>tm5t1 ,a1 ( ! res]voir1 h1 w\ld f9ally unprime ! siphon by int]cept+ communication betwe5 its two legs4 ,9 ord] to prev5t su* a ?+ f occurr+1 x suffices to expel ! air1 f "t to "t1 t accumulates 9 ! *amb]1 ,a1 ?is be+ done1 )\t /opp+ ! op]ation ( ! siphon1 z foll[s3 ,aft] clos+ ! cock1 j1 wat] is p\r$ into ! res]voir1 &1 runn+ d[n to ! l[] comp>tm5t1 drives out ! air ?r\gh ! cock1 m4 ,?is op]ation once effect$1 x only rema9s to turn (f ! cock1 m1 aga91 & op5 j 9 ord] to e/abli% ! normal op]ation4 ,z ! *amb]1 ,a1 is provid$ ext]nally ) a wat] gauge1 ,n1 x may be se5 at a glance :5 x is necess>y to maneuv] ! cocks 9 ord] to expel ! air4 ,?is sy/em ( siphon is evid5tly applicable to all sorts ( liquids4 ,x may likewise und]go a few modifications 9 its con/ruction2 = example1 ! valve1 :i* 9 our engrav+ is plac$ ov] ! siphon1 may be locat$ at any di/ance f ! app>atus1 al?\gh x %\ld1 9 all cases1 be 9 con/ant communication ) x by means ( a tube1 & be plac$ a little high] ?an ! siphon4 ,x may !n be put "u cov] & be kept con/antly 9 sight1 ?us greatly facilitat+ its surveillance4 ,z may be se51 ! ess5tial peculi>ity ( ?is improvem5t consi/s 9 ! v +5i\s arrangem5t t p]mits ( imm]s+ ! cocks 9 ! liquid to make !m p]fectly tight1 x be+ necess>y t !y %\ld be h]metically clos$ 9 ord] to prev5t ! entrance ( air to ! siphon4 ,ev]y?+ leads to ! belief1 !n1 t if upright siphons h nev] be5 able to op]ate regul>ly1 x has be5 because no means h be5 kn[n ( expell+ ! air f ! int]ior )\t lett+ air f ! ext]ior ent] at ! same "t4 ,! arrangem5t devis$ by ,mr4 ,falconetti gets ov] ! difficulty 9 a v elegant mann]4 ,x seems z if x w\ld be call$ ^u to r5d] great s]vices 9 ! indu/ries1 & x well m]its ! att5tion ( eng9e]s ( roads & bridges1 & ( contractors on public works4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,weibel-,,picc>d ,,sy/em ,,( ,,evaporat+ ,,liquids4 ,9 ! indu/ries1 !re are (t5 consid]able quantities ( liquid to be evaporat$ 9 ord] to conc5trate x4 ,su* evaporation is v (t5 p]=m$ by burn+ fuel 9 suffici5t quantity to furni% ! liquid ! heat necess>y to conv]t x into /eam4 ,?is process is att5d$ ) a consumption ( fuel su* z to =m a v important factor 9 ! co/ ( ! product to be obta9$4 ,9 ord] to vaporize1 at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 #a kilogramme ( wat] at #j1 #fcg heat units are requir$1 & ( ^!1 #ajj are employ$ 9 rais+ ! wat] f #j to #ajj & #ecg 9 conv]t+ ! wat] at #ajj into /eam at #ajj4 ,?is second quantity is call$ ! lat5t heat ( ! /eam at #ajj4 ,! sum ( ! two quantities is call$ ! total heat ( ! /eam at #ajj4 ,! total heat ( ! /eam rema9s ne>ly con/ant1 :atev] be ! temp]ature at :i* ! vaporization occurr$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,weibel-,,picc>d ,,evaporation ,,app>atus4 ,9 ord] to utilize ! /eam z a means ( heat+1 x is necess>y to cond5se x1 t is to say1 to cause x to pass f ! gase\s to a liquid /ate4 ,?is conv]sion dis5gages z mu* heat z ! passage f ! liquid to ! gase\s /ate _h absorb$4 ,x results f ?is t if we c\ld cond5se ! /eam t is giv5 (f by a liquid t we are vaporiz+1 9 contact ) ano!r liquid t x is also a "q ( vaporiz+1 we %\ld utilize all ! heat conta9$ 9 ! /eam t 0 be+ giv5 (f f ! fir/4 ,?is object c be practically atta9$ by two means1 viz41 by 7#a7 putt+ ! dis5gag$ /eam 9 contact ) ! sides ( a vessel t conta9s a liquid cold] ?an ! "o t produc$ x2 7#b7 by rais+ ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! dis5gag$ /eam 9 ord] to cond5se x 9 contact ) ! sides ( ! vessel :i* conta9s ! v liquid t has produc$ x4 ,! fir/ ( ^! means is realiz$ 9 ! app>atus call$ multiple act+1 t are at pres5t s g5]ally employ$ 9 sug> works4 ,! second means1 :i* p]mits ( a great] sav+ 9 fuel be+ made ?an ! o!r does1 is realiz$ by compress+ ! dis5gag$ /eam4 ,?is compression1 :i* raises ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! /eam1 p]mits ( cond5s+ ! latt] 9 contact ) ! vessel :]e9 x has be5 produc$4 ,by su* cond5sation we cont9u\sly re/ore to ! liquid :i* is be+ vaporiz$ ! heat ( ! /eam :i* x gives (f4 ,?is solution ( ! "q1 :i* has be5 p>tially se5 at diff]5t epo*s1 has b rec5tly made its way into ! indu/ries4 ,x is be+ op]at$ at pres5t ) complete success at ! salt works ( ,france & ,switz]l&1 at ^? ( ,au/ria & ,prussia1 9 ! sug> ( milk factories ( ,france & ,switz]l&1 &1 f9ally1 9 #ahhb1 ! fir/ application ( x 9 ! sug> indu/ry 0 made at ,pohrlitz1 9 ,moravia4 ,! sav+ ( fuel t has be5 made 9 ^! diff]5t applications has always be5 great4 ,we %all n[1 = ! sake ( expla9+ ! sy/em1 give a brief description ( ! app>atus z us$ at ! ,pohrlitz sug> works m5tion$ above4 ,^! works treat #bee tons ( beets p] #bd h\rs1 & obta9 #d1jjj hectolit]s ( juice1 :i* is r$uc$ to ab\t #a1jjj hectolit]s ( sirup4 ,up to ! pres5t1 ! conc5tration has be5 effect$ 9 a d\ble act+ app>atus p>tly suppli$ by exhau/ /eam f ! motive eng9es & p>tly by /eam com+ directly f ! g5]ators4 ,9 ord] to dim9i% ! consumption ( direct /eam1 ^! sug> works put 9 a ,weibel-,picc>d app>atus design$ to conc5trate only a ?ird ( _! juice1 or ab\t #a1cej hectolit]s p] day4 ,?is app>atus 7see engrav+7 consi/s ( a /eam compressor1 #j4hce m4 9 diamet]1 actuat$ directly by a driv+ cyl9d] ( #j4e m4 diamet] & #j4h m4 /roke1 & ( ?ree evaporat+ boil]s ( ! ord9>y v]tical tube type1 ! fir/ ( :i* has a surface ( #aej squ>e met]s1 ! second #fj1 & ! ?ird #hj4 ,! /eam1 at ! ord9>y pressure ( ! g5]ators1 say #e atmosph]es1 is tak5 f ! connect$ g5]ators ( ! works1 & is l$ to ! driv+ cyl9d]1 :]e x exp&s & furni%es ! p[] necess>y to run ! compressor4 ,x !n escapes at a pressure ( l4#d atmosph]es & ent]s ! int]tubul> space ( ! fir/ evaporator4 ,! compressor sucks up ! /eam f ! juice ( ! fir/ evaporator 7:i* is boil+ at ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 )\t vacuum or effective pressure71 compresses x to #a4d atmosph]es1 & =ces x likewise into ! int]tubul> space4 ,! ebullition ( ! fir/ evaporator1 !n1 is kept up n only by ! exhau/ f ! motive cyl9d]1 b also by ! /eam f ! juice itself1 :i* has be5 r5d]$ fit to s]ve z a heat+ /eam by ! pressure t x has und]gone 9 ! compress+ cyl9d]4 ,9 ?is fir/ application ( ! new sy/em to sug> mak+1 x became a "q ( asc]ta9+ :e!r ! advantage result+ f compression 0 ( great importance1 &1 9 ! second place1 :e!r ! app>atus c\ld be run ) c]ta9ty & ease4 ,9 tru?1 ! applications ( ! sy/em = "s ye>s pa/ 9 o!r indu/ries p]mitt$ a favorable result to be hop$ =1 & ! result turn$ out z 0 expect$4 ,) ?is app>atus x has be5 f\nd t ! "w furni%$ by "o kilogramme ( /eam pass+ ?r\gh ! motive cyl9d]1 f a pressure ( #e atmosph]es to "o ( #a4d1 is suffici5t to compress #b4e kilogrammes ( /eam tak5 f ! juice1 l$ into ! compressor at "o atmosph]e & escap+ !refrom at #a4d4 ,9 o!r words1 "o kilogramme ( motive /eam is suffici5t to conv]t into heat+ /eam = ! fir/ evaporator #b4e kilogrammes ( /eam tak5 f ! juice 9 ?is same evaporator4 ,besides1 ?is same kilogramme ( motive /eam produces ?ree effects1 "o 9 ?is same evaporator1 & ! o!r two 9 ! two succe$+ ones4 ,! effect obta9$1 !n1 f "o kilogramme ( motive /eam is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #e4e kilogrammes ( /eam remov$ f ! juice4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! motive /eam 0 at ! v mod]ate pressure ( #d effective atmosph]es4 ,_h ! use ( /eam at high pressure 7#g atmosph]es = example7 be5 possible1 x is easy to conclude f ! above results t m ?an #f kilogrammes ( wat] w\ld h be5 vaporiz$ ) "o kilogramme ( /eam4 ,! results "h cit$ 7 asc]ta9$ by accurately measur+ ! quantities ( wat] ( cond5sation f ea* evaporator1 !y soon receiv$1 moreov]1 ! mo/ important ( confirmations by ! decrease 9 ! g5]al consumption ( fuel by ! g5]ators :i* occurr$ aft] ! new app>atus 0 set 9 op]ation4 ,! mean consumption ( coal p] #bd h\rs = ! tw5ty days prec$+ ! #ah? ( ,novemb] 0 #hf1jfj kilogrammes4 ,aft] ?is date ! regul> consumption 0 z foll[s3 ,nov4 #ai44444444444444444ca1hjj kilogrammes4 #bj44444444444444444cc1hjj #ba44444444444444444cc1hjj #bb44444444444444444cb1jjj #bc44444444444444444ca1djj #bd44444444444444444ca1fjj #be44444444444444444cj1ejj #bf44444444444444444cj1ejj #bg44444444444444444bh1fjj #bh44444444444444444cj1cjj ,x mu/ be rem>k$ t 9 ! p]fectly regul> runn+ ( ! sug> works1 no?+ 0 *ang$ sav+ ! sett+ ( ?is evaporat+ app>atus runn+4 ,! same quantity ( beets 0 treat$ p] #bd h\rs1 & ! g5]al temp]ature rema9$ ! same4 ,?is rem>kable result 9 ! sav+ ( fuel 0 br\ght ab\t not)/&+ ! new app>atus treat$ b a ?ird1 at ! mo/1 ( ! total am\nt ( ! juice1 ! re/ cont9u+ to be conc5trat$ by ! d\ble action process4 ,z = ! runn+ ( ! app>atus1 t 0 p]fectly regul>1 & ! deviations 9 temp]ature 9 ea* evaporat] 7 sc>cely two or ?ree degrees4 ,! foll[+ are ! mean temp]atures3 ,fir/ evaporator3 heat+ /eam #aaj ,c42 juice /eam #ajj ,c4 ,second evaporator3 juice /eam #hc ,c4 ,?ird evaporator3 juice /eam #fb ,c4 ,z reg>ds facility ( op]at+ ! app>atus1 ! exp]im5t has prov$ s conclusive t ! plant w be consid]ably enl>g$ 9 view ( ! com+ crop1 9 ord] t a l>g] quantity ( juice may be treat$ by ! new process4 ,! effect ( ?is w be to /ill fur!r increase ! sav+ 9 coal t has already be5 effect$ by ! pres5t app>atus4 ,! engrav+ :i* accompanies ?is article repres5ts ! ,weibel-,picc>d app>atus z x is n[ work+ 9 ! ,pohrlitz sug> works4 ,:at we h said ( x above we ?9k w suffice to make x und]/ood )\t fur!r explanation4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,/r5g? ,,( ,,l>ge ,,& ,,small ,,animals4 ,w4 ,n4 ,,lock+ton4 ,m4 ,delebeuf1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,academie ,royale de ,belgique1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,revue ,sci5tique1 reviews ! attempts ( v>i\s naturali/s to make comp>isons betwe5 ! /r5g? ( l>ge animals & t ( small ones1 especially insects1 & %[s t ignorance or =getfulness ( physical laws vitiates all _! conclusions4 ,aft] a plea = ! idea )\t :i* ! fact is b>r51 ,m4 ,delbeuf repeats c]ta9 /atem5ts ) :i* read]s ( mod]n zoological sci5ce are tol]ably famili>1 su* z ! foll[+3 ,a flea c jump two hundr$ times its l5g?2 !re=e a horse1 7 its /r5g? proportion$ to its weight1 c\ld leap ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & a :ale c\ld spr+ two hundr$ leagues 9 height4 ,an ,amazon ant walks ab\t eight feet p] m9ute1 b if ! progress ( a human ,amazon 7 proportion$ to h] l>g] size1 %e c\ld /ride ov] eight leagues 9 an h\r2 & if proportion$ to h] great] weight1 %e w\ld make ! circuit ( ! globe 9 ab\t twelve m9utes4 ,?is seems greatly to ! advantage ( ! insect4 ,:at weak creatures v]tebrates mu/ be1 is ! impression convey$4 ,b ! "w increases z ! weight4 ,9 spr++1 walk+1 swimm+1 or any o!r activity1 ! =ce employ$ has fir/ to ov]come ! weight ( ! body4 ,a man c easily b\nd a height ( two feet1 & he weighs z mu* z a hundr$ ?\s& gras%opp]s1 :ile a hundr$ ?\s& gras%opp]s c\ld leap no high] ?an "o--say a foot4 ,?is %[s t ! v]tebrate has ! advantage4 ,a man repres5ts ! volume ( fifte5 millions ( ants1 yet c easily move m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet a m9ute1 a comp>ison :i* gives him =ty times m p[]1 bulk = bulk1 ?an ! ant possesses4 ,yet 7 all ! conditions comp>$1 some?+ l equality w\ld probably be ! result4 ,mu* ( ! =ce ( a mov+ man is lo/ f ! inequalities ( ! way4 ,8 body1 support$ on two po9ts only :5 at re/1 oscillates l a p5dulum f "o to ! o!r z he moves4 ,! ant crawls close to ! gr\nd1 & has only a small "p ( ! body unsupport$ at once4 ,?is economizes =ce at ea* /ep1 b on ! o!r h& multiplies ! numb] ( /eps s greatly1 s9ce ! smalle/ irregul>ity ( ! surface is a hill to a crawl+ creature1 t ! total loss ( =ce is p]haps great]1 s9ce x has to slightly raise its body a ?\s& times or s to cle> a space spann$ by a man's "o /ep4 ,by :at peculi>ity ( our m9ds d we seem to expect ! spe$ ( an animal to be 9 proportion to its size8 ,we d n expect a c>avan to move fa/] ?an a s+le horseman1 nor an eight hundr$ p\nd %ot to move twelve ?\s& eight hundr$ times f>!r ?an an ounce ball4 ,dev\t writ]s speak ( a wise provision ( ,nature4 ,if1 say !y1 ! spe$ ( a m\se 7 z mu* less ?an t ( a horse z its body is small]1 x w\ld take two /eps p] second1 & be caught at once4 ,w\ld n ,nature h done bett] = ! m\se _h %e suppress$ ! cat8 ,is x n a fact t small animals (t5 owe _! escape to _! want ( swiftness1 :i* enables !m to *ange _! direction readily8 ,a man c easily ov]take a m\se 9 a /raight run1 b ! ready *ange ( direction baffles him4 ,m4 ,plateau has exp]im5t$ on ! /r5g? ( insects1 & ! facts are unassailable4 ,he has h>ness$ c>abi1 necrophori1 ,june-beetles 7,melolon?a71 & o!r insects 9 su* a way t1 ) a delicate balance1 he c measure _! p[]s ( draught4 ,he ann\nces ! result t ! smalle/ insects are ! /ronge/ proportion$ to _! size1 b t all are enorm\sly /rong :5 comp>$ bulk1 = bulk1 ) v]tebrates4 ,a horse c sc>cely lift two-?irds ( its own weight1 :ile "o small species ( ,june-beetle c lift sixty-six times its weight2 =ty ?\s& su* ,june-beetles c\ld lift z mu* z a draught-horse4 ,7 our /r5g? 9 proportion to ?is1 we c\ld play ) weights equal to t5 times t ( a horse4 ,?is seems1 aga91 great k9dness 9 ,nature to ! small] animal4 ,b all ^! calculations leave out ! elem5t>y me*anical law3 ,:at is ga9$ 9 p[] is lo/ 9 "t4 ,! elevation ( a ton to a giv5 height repres5ts an exp5diture ( an equal am\nt ( =ce1 :e!r ! labor is p]=m$ by flea1 man1 or horse4 ,"t supplies lack ( /r5g?4 ,we c move z mu* z a horse by tak+ m "t1 & c *oose two me?ods--ei!r to divide ! load or use a lev] or a pulley4 ,if a horse moves half its own weight ?ree feet 9 a second1 :ile a ,june-beetle ne$s a hundr$ seconds to convey fifty times its weight an equal di/ance1 ! two animals p]=m equal "w proportion$ to _! weights4 ,true1 ! cock*af] c hold f\rte5 times its weight 9 equilibrium 7"o small ,june-beetle sixty-six times71 :ile a horse _c balance ne>ly 8 own weight4 ,b ?is does n measure ! am\nt ( oscillatory motion induc$ by ! respective pulls4 ,= ?is1 bo? %\ld op]ate aga9/ a spr+4 ,a small beetle c escape f "u a piece ( c>dbo>d a hundr$ times its weight4 ,pu%+ its head "u ! edge & us+ x z a lev]1 x /raight5s itself on its legs & moves ! bo>d j a little1 b en\gh to escape4 ,( c\rse1 we "k a horse w\ld be p[]less to escape f a load a hundr$ times its own weight4 ,8 head _c be made into a lev]4 ,give him a lev] t w make ! "t he takes equal to t tak5 by ! insect1 & he w ?r[ (f ! load at a t\*4 ,! fact is t 9 small creatures ! lack ( muscul> en]gy is replac$ by "t4 ,( two muscles equal 9 bulk & en]gy ! %orte/ moves mo/ weight4 ,if a muscul> fib] t5 in*es 9 l5g? c move a giv5 weight five in*es1 t5 fib]s "o in* long w move t5 times t weight a di/ance ( half an in*4 ,?us small] muscles h an absolutely sl[] motion1 b move a great] proportional weight ?an l>g]4 ,! exp]im5t] be=e m5tion$ 0 surpris$ to f9d t two gras%opp]s1 "o ( :i* 0 ?ree times ! bulk ( ! o!r1 leap$ an equal height4 ,?is 0 :at might be expect$ ( two animals simil>ly con/ruct$4 ,! spr+ 0 proportion$ to ! bulk4 ,9 exp]im5ts on ! insects ) p[]ful w+s1 su* z bees1 flies1 dragon-flies1 etc41 x 0 f\nd t ! weight !y c\ld be> )\t be+ =c$ to desc5d 0 9 mo/ cases equal to _! own4 ,9 "s cases x 0 m1 b ! inequality ( rate ( flight1 _h x be5 tak5 into ! reckon+1 w\ld h acc\nt$ = ?is4 ,take two creatures ( diff]5t bulk b built ^u exactly ! same plan & proportions1 say a ,brobd+nagian & a ,lilliputian1 & let bo? %[ _! p[]s 9 ! ar5a4 ,suppose ! fir/ to weigh a million times m ?an ! second4 ,if ! giant c\ld raise to 8 %\ld]1 "s ?irty-five feet f ! gr\nd1 a weight tw5ty ?\s& p\nds1 ! dw>f c raise to 8 %\ld]1 n1 z might be ?\ght1 a fiftie? ( a p\nd1 b two full p\nds4 ,! di/ance rais$ w\ld be a hundr$ times less4 ,9 a race ! ,lilliputian1 ) a hundr$ skips a second1 w travel an equal di/ance ) ! giant1 :o w\ld take b a skip 9 a second4 ,! leg ( ! latt] weighs a million times ! mo/1 b has only t5 ?\s& times z _m muscle fib]s1 ea* a hundr$ times long] ?an ^? ( ! dw>f1 :o ?us takes "o hundr$ skips :ile ! giant takes "o4 ,! same physical laws apply to all muscles1 s t1 :5 all ! factors are consid]$1 muscles ( ! same quality h equal p[]4--,am4 ,field44 99 99 99 99 99 ,,oil ,,9 ,,cali=nia4 ,j4,w4 ,mc,kinley1 writ+ to ! ,pittsburg ,dispat*1 gives ! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! ,cali=nia oil field at ,ne:all3 ,on ! edge ( ! t[n is locat$ ! ref9]y ( ! company1 connect$ by pipe l9es ) ! wells1 a few miles di/ant4 ,leav+ ,ne:all1 we drove to ,pico ,caon1 ! pr9cipal produc+ t]ritory ( ! region4 ,z we approa*$1 we saw1 away up on ! peaks1 ! tall d]ricks 9 places :i* look$ inaccessible2 b no spot is out ( rea* ( ,am]ican ent]prise & p]sev]ance4 ,9 "o ( ! wilde/ spots ( ! caon1 ab\t ?irty m5 7 mak+ ! m\nta9s e*o to ! /rokes ( _! hamm]s ^u ! iron plates ( a new #bj1jjj b>rel tank4 ,along ! caon are scatt]$ ! h\ses ( ! employes ( ! company1 mo/ ( :om h rec5tly come f ,p5nsylvania4 ,ne> "o ( ! h\ses 0 a grad$ & level$ croquet gr\nd1 ) a little oil tank on a po/1 = light+ x at night4 ,f>!r up we came to a clu/] ( produc+ wells1 ) o!rs at a little di/ance on ! sides ( ! m\nta9s1 or ev5 at ! top1 hundr$s ( feet above our heads4 ,! fir/ well 0 put d[n ab\t eight ye>s ago1 b m has be5 accompli%$ 9 ! la/ two ye>s ?an 9 all ! "t previ\s4 ,"o well :i* we visit$ has produc$ #acj1jjj b>rels 9 ! la/ ?ree ye>s1 & is /ill yield+4 ,!re h be5 no v l>ge wells1 ! be/ be+ #bej p] day1 & ! av]age be+ ab\t #ij b>rels1 b !y keep up _! production1 ) sc>cely any dim9ution f ye> to ye>4 ,drill+ has be5 f\nd difficult1 z a great portion ( ! rock is brok5 %ale ly+ obliquely4 ,! tools slip to "o side v easily1 & a numb] ( crook$ holes h result$4 ,"o drill] lo/ 8 tools altoge!r 9 a well1 & f9i%$ x ) new ones4 ,! co/ ( putt+ d[n a well is f #e1jjj to #g1jjj1 dep5d+ ^u dep?1 etc4 ,mo/ ( ! wells are f #a1bjj to #a1ejj feet1 b "s h yield$ at a mu* less dep?4 ,"o well ( #bgj feet dep? produc$ #dj b>rels p] day = ab\t ?ree ye>s1 has be5 deep5$1 & is n[ yield+ ev5 m4 ,ano!r "o ( #hjj feet is said to h produc$ #bjj1jjj b>rels 9 ! la/ five or six ye>s4 ,drill+ has be5 v successful 9 /rik+ oil 9 pay+ quantities :]ev] !re 7 indications ( its pres5ce4 ,! ,pacific ,oil ,company n[ has #bg wells produc+ or drill+1 & dur+ ! la/ two ye>s has be5 rapidly wid5+ ! scope ( its op]ations4 ,x has n[ f #cj to #dj miles ( pipe l9es1 & is prep>+ to lay #bj miles m1 to connect its l& ) ocean %ipp+ at ,v5tura4 ,! produc]s ( ,cali=nia h a great advantage 9 _! proximity to ! ocean1 :i* gives !m free comm]ce ) ! outside _w4 ,crude oil is n[ sold at #c p] b>rel 9 ,los ,angeles1 & ! oil companies are mak+ imm5se pr(its4 ,!re is a v l>ge am\nt ( oil t]ritory z yet undevelop$1 & a ri* rew>d awaits ent]prise 9 ^! regions4 ,9 ! ,camulos ,di/rict1 :i* lies we/ ( ! ,san ,f]n&o1 are ev5 /rong] surface indications ( oil ?an !re 7 9 ! ,pico ,caon4 ,we fir/ w5t up ! ,brea ,caon1 9 :i* are num]\s outbur/s & spr+s ( oil4 ,asc5d+ ! m\nta9 we/ ( ?is caon1 we c\ld pla9ly see ! break 9 ! m\nta9s cross+ f ! ,san ,f]n&o ?r\gh ?is di/rict to ^? beyond :i* h be5 develop$4 ,a c\ple ( miles f>!r we/1 ! ,hoop] ,caon /ret*es back ov] two miles into ! m\nta91 & is full ( oil4 ,great pools ( oil fill its wat] c\rses1 t are dry at pres5t4 ,hundr$s ( b>rels ( oil mu/ be wa/$ away & evaporat$ dur+ a ye>4 ,a well put d[n only #ij feet by horse p[]1 /ruck light oil 9 consid]able quantity1 &1 _h x n be5 = ! dea? ( "o ( ! own]s & ! consequ5t susp5sion ( op]ations1 w\ld d\btless h yield$ 9 l>ge quantities at ! dep? ( a few hundr$ feet4 ,! m\nta9\s t]ritory betwe5 ^! two caons w probably 9 a few ye>s be ! sc5e ( great activity4 ,9 ! ,little ,sespe ,di/rict1 a few miles we/ ( ,camulos1 a #abe b>rel well 0 /ruck at #a1ejj feet rec5tly4 ,! ,santa ,paula region1 a little f>!r we/1 is also yield+ l>ge pr(its to ! p>ties develop+ x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nutritive ,,value ,,( ,,condim5ts4 ,by ,,hel5 ,d4 ,,abbott1 ,assi/ant 9 ! ,*emical ,laboratory ( ! ,philadelphia ,polycl9ic1 & ,college = ,graduates 9 ,m$ic9e4 ,! prevail+ op9ion respect+ ! sub/ances kn[n z condim5ts is1 t !y possess ess5tially /imulat+ qualities1 r5d]+ !m peculi>ly fitt$ = induc+1 by reflex action1 ! secretion ( ! alim5t>y juices4 ,le!by gives1 z ! functions ( condim5ts1 su* z pepp]1 mu/>d1 spices1 pot-h]bs1 etc41 t besides _! /imulat+ prop]ties !y give flavor to food2 & by !m indiff]5t food is made palatable1 & its dige/ion accel]at$4 ,he enum]ates z aids to dige/ion--prop] selection ( food1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! individual1 prop] treatm5t ( x z reg>ds cook+1 & prop] v>iation ( x1 bo? z to its nature & treatm5t4 ,:ile x is difficult to give an entirely satisfactory def9ition z to :at con/itutes food1 ! foll[+ extracts f /&>d works w s]ve z guides4 ,h]mann#a says3 ,! comp\nd mu/ be fit = absorption into ! blood or *yle1 ei!r directly1 or aft] prep>ation by ! processes ( dige/ion1 i4e41 x mu/ be dige/ible4 ,x mu/ replace directly "s inorganic or organic con/itu5t ( ! body2 or x mu/ und]go conv]sion into su* a con/itu5t1 :ile 9 ! body2 or x mu/ s]ve z an +r$i5t 9 ! con/ruction ( su* a con/itu5t4 ,he fur!r says t wat]1 *lorides1 & phosphates are ! mo/ indisp5sable articles ( diet4 ,watts#b /ates t :atev] is commonly absorb$ 9 a /ate ( heal? is p]haps ! be/1 or r ! true/1 def9ition ( food4 ,footnote #a3 ,elem5ts ( ,human ,physiology1 by ,l4 ,h]mann4 ,translat$ by ,gamgee4 ,footnote #b3 ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 iv41 pages #adg-h4 ,*emical analysis %[s t ! mo/ important & widely applicable foods conta9 c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 & m9]al matt]1 ! latt] conta9+ phosphates & *lorides4 ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 x may be consid]$ t ! comp>ative nutri5t value ( two articles is 9 proportion to ! am\nts ( c>bon1 nitrog51 & phosphoric acid !y conta94 ,! food ( man also conta9s c]ta9 sub/ances kn[n "u ! "n ( condim5ts4 ,s9ce ^! bodies p]=m _! functions outside ! real body1 ?\gh )9 ! alim5t>y canal1 !y h no bett] reason to be consid]$ z food ?an has hung]1 optimum condim5tum4#a ,su* is ! positively express$ op9ion ( ,fo/]1 ! au?or ( ! article on nutrition 9 ,watts' ,diction>y ( ,*emi/ry4 ,) a view ( det]m9+ h[ f> ! common condim5ts des]ve ?is summ>y dismissal1 a numb] ( analyses h be5 made 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,philadelphia ,polycl9ic4 ,my exam9ations 7 especially direct$ to ! m9]al matt]1 phosphoric acid1 & nitrog54 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! result ( ! analyses3 ,p]c5t4 ,p]c5t4 ( a%4 ( ,p#b,o#e4 ,f5nel444444444444444444444444 #i4jj 4#ajc ,m>joram4444444444444444444444 #h4hd 4#jej ,pepp]m9t44444444444444444444 #h4hj 4#jaf ,?yme4444444444444444444444444 #h4cd 4#abb ,poppy4444444444444444444444444 #g4gd 4#jbd ,sage44444444444444444444444444 #g4eh 4#jcc ,c>away44444444444444444444444 #g4jh 4#aah ,spe>m9t444444444444444444444 #g4jf 4#jag ,cori&]444444444444444444444 #f4aj 4#jig ,cloves444444444444444444444444 #e4hd 4#efc ,allspice4444444444444444444444 #e4ed 4#jag ,mu/>d44444444444444444444444 #c4ij 4#acd ,black pepp]444444444444444444 #c4fj 4#jaa ,jamaica g+]4444444444444444 #c4af 4#jeb ,c9namon4444444444444444444444 #c4jb 4#jji ,mace44444444444444444444444444 #b4dd 4#bcj ,nutmeg444444444444444444444444 #b4bd 4#jib ,cel]y444444444444444444444444 #a4bi 4#jhb ,:ite pepp]444444444444444444 #a4af 4#jag ,anise$44444444444444444444444 #a4je 4#aac ,footnote #a3 ,ibid41 page #adi4 ,! articles 7 exam9$ 9 ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 obta9$ 9 ! m>ket1 )\t any prelim9>y dry+1 select+1 or prep>ation4 ,! a% 0 obta9$ by burn+ 9 a plat9um crucible1 at z l[ a temp]ature z possible1 dissolv+ 9 hydro*loric acid ! phosphoric acid sep>at$ z ammonium molybdo-phosphate1 & det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,qualitative te/s made = nitrog5 indicat$ its pres5ce 9 ea* "o ( ! condim5ts exam9$4 ,x is ( importance to obs]ve t ! majority ( ^! condim5ts are fruits1 ripe or ne>ly s4 ,! se$ appropriates to itself ! nitrog5 & ! greate/ nutritive prop]ties = ! developm5t ( ! future plant4 ,all nutritive sub/ances fall into two classes3 ! "o s]ves = ! repair ( ! unoxidizable con/itu5ts ( ! body1 ! o!r is de/9$ to replace ! oxidizable4 ,condim5ts fulfill bo? ( ^! requirem5ts1 z is %[n by a /udy ( _! composition2 ! phosphoric acid & nitrog5 are tak5 up by ! tissues1 z f o!r sub/ances us$ 9 diet4 ,"s articles affect ! "* ( ! excretions2 ?is is (t5 due to ess5tial oils2 ! pres5ce ( ^! 9 ! excretions _c be said to dim9i% ! value ( ! sub/ances 9 supply+ ! tissues ! necess>y elem5ts4 ,! same holds true = condim5ts2 ! ess5tial oils conspicu\s 9 !m are accord$ only /imulat+ prop]ties2 h[ev]1 x may be obs]v$ t ! ess5tial oils 9 tea & c(fee are accr$it$ ) a portion ( ! dietetic value ( ^! bev]ages4 ,x appe>s t :5 condim5ts are us$ 9 food1 especially = ! sick1 !y may s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( r5d]+ ! food m appetiz+ & ( add+ to its nutritive value4 ,! value ( food z a purely !rapeutic ag5t is attract+ "s att5tion at pres5t1 & 9 its /udy we mu/ n neglect ^? sub/ances :i* comb9e /imulant & nutritive qualities4--,polycl9ic4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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