,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cfc ,,new ,,york1 ,,decemb] #af1 #ahhb ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #cfc4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,! ,new ,york ,canals4-- ,_! hi/ory1 dim5sions1 & comm]cial influ5ce ,cottrau's ,locomotive = ,asc5d+ ,/eep ,grades4--#a figure ,ba*mann's ,/eam ,dri]--#c figures ,h4 ,s4 ,p>melee's ,pat5t ,automatic spr9kl]4--#b figures ,in/rum5t = ,draw+ ,conv]g+ ,/raight ,l9es4--#aj figures ,fe$ ,wat] ,heat] & ,purifi]4 ,by ,,geo4 ,s4 ,,/rong4--#b figures ,pap] ,mak+ ,d[n ,ea/4 ,g\li]'s ,tube ,gauge4--#a figure4-,plan & longitud9al & transv]se sections ,sold]+ ,)\t an ,iron ,work+ ,copp] ,ores at ,sp5ceville ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry-,new ,me?od ( ,detect+ ,dyes on ,y>ns & ,tissues4 ,by ,,jules ,,j(fre4--,reag5ts4--,r$ colors4--,violet colors ,*evalet's ,cond5so-purifi] = ,gas4--#b figures4--,elevation & plan ,artificial ,ivory ,creosote ,impurities4 ,by ,pr( ,p4 ,w4 ,,b$=d ,,iii4 ,,electricity4 ,,etc4--,sir ,william ,?omson's ,pile--#b figures ,siem5s' ,telemet]4--#a figure4--,siem5s electric telemet] ,physics ,)\t ,app>atus4--,exp]im5t 9 /atic electricity4-- #a figure ,! ,cascade ,batt]y4 ,by ,f4 ,,higg9s4--#a figure ,p]fectly ,lovely ,philosophy ,,iv4 ,,a/ronomy1 ,,etc4--,! ,comet z se5 f ! ,pyramids ne> ,cairo1 ,egypt4--#a figure ,sunlight & skylight at ,high ,altitudes4--,influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! sol> spectrum4--,obs]vations ( ,capt4 ,abney & ,pr(essor ,langley4--#b figures ,h[ to ,e/abli% a ,true ,m]idian ,v4 ,,m9]alogy4--,! ,m9]alogical ,localities 9 & ,ar\nd ,new ,york ,city1 & ! ,m9]als ,occurr+ ,!re94 ,by ,,nelson ,h4 ,,dakton4 ,"p ,,iii4--,hobok5 m9]als4--,magnesite4--,dolomite4 --,brucite4--,aragonite4--,s]p5t9e4--,*r omic iron--,da?olite4 --,pectolite4--,feldsp>4--,copp] m9es1 ,arl+ton1 ,n4,j4-,gre5 mala*ite4--,r$ oxide ( copp]4--,copp] glance4--,erubescite ,,vi4 ,,entomology4--,! ,buckeye ,leaf ,/em ,bor] ,defoliation ( ,oak ,trees by ,dryocampa s5atoria 9 ,p]ry ,c\nty1 ,pa4 ,efficacy ( ,*alcid ,egg ,p>asites ,on ! ,biology ( ,gonatopis ,pilosus1 ,?oms ,species ( ,otiorhyn*adae ,injuri\s to ,cultivat$ ,plants ,,vii4 ,,art1 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,etc4--,montev]de's ,/atue ( ,ar*itecture4 --,full page illu/ration1 ,lit ,ar*itectura4 ,by ,,juli ,,montev]de ,design = a ,g>d5]'s ,cottage4--#a figure ,,viii4 ,,hygi5e ,,& ,,m$ic9e4--,rem$y = ,sick ,heada*e ,,ix4 ,,orni?ology4--,sp>r[s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,effects ( acclimation1 etc4 ,x4 ,,miscellane\s4--,james ,prescott ,j\le1 ) ,portrait4--,a sket* ( ! life & inve/igations ( ! discov]] ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,by ,j4 ,t4 ,,bottomley ,! ,propos$ ,dut* ,int]national ,colonial & ,g5]al ,export ,exhibition4--#a figure4--,plan ( ! ,am/]dam ,exhibition 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,comet ,,f ,,! ,,pyramids1 ,,cairo ,"s c5turies ago1 ! appe>ance ( s l>ge a comet z is n[ int]e/+ ! a/ronomical _w1 almo/ contemporane\sly ) our victory 9 ,egypt1 w\ld h be5 look$ ^u z an om5 ( great port5t1 & x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! fir/ glimpse ,sir ,g>net ,wolseley _h ( ?is erratic lum9>y 0 :5 /&+1 on ! ev5tful morn+ ( ,septemb] #ac1 #ahhb1 wat* 9 h&1 be=e ! intr5*m5ts ( ,tel-el-,kebir1 wait+ to give ! ^w to advance4 ,z may be se5 9 our sket*1 ! comet is se5 9 ,egypt 9 all its magnific5ce1 & ! sight 9 ! e>ly morn+ f ! pyramids 7our sket* 0 tak5 at #d ,a4,m47 is describ$ z unusually gr&4--,london ,graphic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,comet ,,z ,,se5 ,,f ,,! ,,great ,,pyramids1 ,,ne> ,,cairo1 ,,egypt4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nature4 ,,james ,,prescott ,,j\le4 ,james ,prescott ,j\le 0 born at ,sal=d1 on ,*ri/mas ,eve ( ! ye> #ahah4 ,8 fa!r & 8 gr&fa!r be=e him 7 brew]s1 & ! bus9ess1 9 due c\rse1 desc5d$ to ,mr4 ,j\le & 8 eld] bro!r1 & by !m 0 c>ri$ on ) success till x 0 sold1 9 #ahed4 ,mr4 ,j\le's gr&fa!r came f ,elton1 9 ,d]by%ire1 settl$ ne> ,man*e/]1 :]e he f\nd$ ! bus9ess1 & di$ at ! age ( fifty-f\r1 9 #agii4 ,8 fa!r1 "o ( a num]\s family1 m>ri$ a daught] ( ,john ,prescott ( ,wigan4 ,!y _h five *ildr51 ( :om ,james ,prescott ,j\le 0 ! second1 & ( :om ?ree 7 sons--,b5jam91 ! elde/1 ,james1 & ,john--& two daught]s--,alice & ,m>y4 ,mr4 ,j\le's "m di$ 9 #ahcf at ! age ( =ty-eight2 & 8 fa!r1 :o 0 an invalid = _m ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 di$ at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r1 9 ! ye> #aheh4 ,"y ,j\le 0 a delicate *ild1 & 0 n s5t to s*ool4 ,8 e>ly education 0 comm5c$ by 8 "m's half si/]1 & 0 c>ri$ on at 8 fa!r's h\se1 ,broomhill1 ,p5dlebury1 by tutors till he 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age4 ,at fifte5 he comm5c$ work+ 9 ! brew]y1 :i*1 z 8 fa!r's heal? decl9$1 fell entirely into ! h&s ( 8 bro!r ,b5jam9 & himself4 ,mr4 ,j\le obta9$ 8 fir/ in/ruction 9 physical sci5ce f ,dalton1 to :om 8 fa!r s5t ! two bro!rs to le>n *emi/ry4 ,dalton1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ *emi/s ( any age or c\ntry1 0 !n ,presid5t ( ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 & liv$ & receiv$ pupils 9 ! rooms ( ! ,society's h\se4 ,_m ( 8 mo/ important memoirs 7 communicat$ to ! ,society1 ^: ,transactions are likewise enri*$ by a l>ge numb] ( communications f 8 di/+ui%$ pupil4 ,dalton's in/ruction to ! two "y m5 comm5c$ ) ari?metic1 algebra1 & geometry4 ,he !n taught !m natural philosophy out ( ,cavallo's text-book1 & aft]w>d1 b only = a %ort "t be=e 8 heal? gave way1 9 #ahcg1 *emi/ry f 8 own ,new ,sy/em ( ,*emical ,philosophy4 ,pr(\nd1 pati5t1 intuitive1 8 tea*+ mu/ h _h great influ5ce on 8 pupils4 ,we f9d ,mr4 ,j\le e>ly at "w on ! molecul> con/itution ( gases1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( 8 illu/ri\s ma/]1 ^: own inve/igations on ! con/itution ( mix$ gases1 & on ! behavior ( vapors & gases "u heat1 7 among ! mo/ important ( 8 day1 & ^: brilliant discov]y ( ! atomic !ory revolutioniz$ ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry & plac$ him at ! head ( ! philosophical *emi/s ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,james ,,prescott ,,j\le4 ,"u ,dalton1 ,mr4 ,j\le fir/ became acqua9t$ ) physical app>atus2 & ! int]e/ excit$ 9 8 m9d v soon began to produce fruit4 ,almo/ imm$iately he comm5c$ exp]im5t+ on 8 own acc\nt4 ,obta9+ a room 9 8 fa!r's h\se = ! purpose1 he began by con/ruct+ a cyl9d] electric ma*9e 9 a v primitive way4 ,a glass tube s]v$ = ! cyl9d]2 a pok] hung up by silk ?reads1 z 9 ! v olde/ =ms ( electric ma*9e1 0 ! prime conductor2 & = a ,leyd5 j> he w5t back to ! old hi/orical j> ( ,cunaeus1 & us$ a bottle half fill$ ) wat]1 /&+ 9 an out] vessel1 :i* conta9$ wat] also4 ,enl>g+ 8 /ock ( app>atus1 *iefly by ! "w ( 8 own h&s1 he soon ent]$ ! ranks z an inve/igator1 & orig9al pap]s foll[$ ea* o!r 9 quick succession4 ,! ,royal ,society li/ n[ conta9s1 ! titles ( n9ety-sev5 pap]s due to ,j\le1 exclusive ( ov] tw5ty v important pap]s detail+ rese>*es und]tak5 by him conjo9tly ) ,?omson1 ) ,lyon ,playfair1 & ) ,scoresby4 ,mr4 ,j\le's fir/ inve/igations 7 9 ! field ( magnetism4 ,9 #ahch1 at ! age ( n9ete51 he con/ruct$ an electro-magnetic eng9e1 :i* he describ$ 9 ,/urgeon's ,annals ( ,electricity = ,janu>y ( t ye>4 ,9 ! same ye>1 & 9 ! ?ree ye>s foll[+1 he con/ruct$ o!r electro-magnetic ma*9es & electro-magnets ( novel =ms2 & exp]im5t+ ) ! new app>atus1 he obta9$ results ( great importance 9 ! !ory ( electro-magnetism4 ,9 #ahdj he discov]$ & det]m9$ ! value ( ! limit to ! magnetization communicable to s(t iron by ! electric curr5t2 %[+ = ! case ( an electro-magnet support+ weight1 t :5 ! excit+ curr5t is made /rong] & /rong]1 ! su/a9+ p[] t5ds to a c]ta9 def9ite limit1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 e/imate1 am\nts to ab\t #adj lb4 p] squ>e in* ( ei!r ( ! attract+ surfaces4 ,he inve/igat$ ! relative values ( solid iron cores = ! electro-magnetic ma*9e1 z comp>$ ) bundles ( iron wire2 &1 apply+ ! pr9ciples :i* he _h discov]$1 he proce$$ to ! con/ruction ( electro-magnets ( mu* great] lift+ p[] ?an any previ\sly made1 :ile he /udi$ also ! me?ods ( modify+ ! di/ribution ( ! =ce 9 ! magnetic field4 ,9 comm5c+ ^! inve/igations he 0 met at ! v outset1 z he tells u1 ) ! difficulty1 if n impossibility1 ( und]/&+ exp]im5ts & comp>+ !m ) "o ano!r1 :i* arises 9 g5]al f incomplete descriptions ( app>atus1 & f ! arbitr>y & vague numb]s :i* are us$ to *>act]ize electric curr5ts4 ,su* a practice1 he says1 might be tol]at$ 9 ! infancy ( sci5ce2 b 9 its pres5t /ate ( advancem5t great] precision & propriety are imp]atively dem&$4 ,i h !re=e det]m9$1 he cont9ues1 = my own "p to ab&on my old quantity numb]s1 & to express my results on ! basis ( a unit :i* %all be at once sci5tific & conv5i5t4 ,! discov]y by ,f>aday ( ! law ( electro-*emical equival5ts _h induc$ him to propose ! voltamet] z a measur] ( electric curr5ts1 b ! sy/em propos$ _h n be5 us$ 9 ! rese>*es ( any electrician1 n except+ ^? ( ,f>aday himself4 ,j\le1 realiz+ = ! fir/ "t ! importance ( hav+ a sy/em ( electric measurem5t :i* w\ld make exp]im5tal results obta9$ at diff]5t times & "u v>i\s circum/ances comp>able among !mselves1 & p]ceiv+ at ! same "t ! advantages ( a sy/em ( electric measurem5t dep5d5t on1 or at any rate comp>able )1 ! *emical action produc+ ! electric curr5t1 adopt$ z unit quantity ( electricity ! quantity requir$ to decompose n9e gra9s ( wat]1 #i be+ ! atomic weight ( wat]1 accord+ to ! *emical nom5clature !n 9 use4 ,he _h already made & describ$ v important improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( galvanomet]s1 & he graduat$ 8 tang5t galvanomet] to correspond ) ! sy/em ( electric measurem5t he _h adopt$4 ,! electric curr5ts us$ 9 8 exp]im5ts 7 !nce=? measur$ on ! new sy/em2 & ! numb]s giv5 9 ,j\le's pap]s f #ahdj d[nw>d are easily r$ucible to ! mod]n absolute sy/em ( electric measurem5ts1 9 ! con/ruction & g5]al introduction ( :i* he himself took s prom95t a "p4 ,x 0 9 #ahdj1 also1 t aft] exp]im5t+ on improvem5ts 9 voltaic app>atus1 he turn$ 8 att5tion to ! heat evolv$ by metallic conductors ( electricity & 9 ! cells ( a batt]y dur+ electrolysis4 ,9 ?is pap]1 & ^? foll[+ x 9 #ahda & #ahdb1 he laid ! f\ndation ( a new prov9ce 9 physical sci5ce-electric & *emical !rmodynamics-!n totally unkn[n1 b n[ wond]fully famili>1 ev5 to ! r\ghe/ common s5se practical electrician4 ,) reg>d to ! heat evolv$ by a metallic conductor c>ry+ an electric curr5t1 he e/abli%$ :at 0 already suppos$ to be ! law1 namely1 t ! quantity ( heat evolv$ by x 9 a giv5 "t is always proportional to ! resi/ance :i* x pres5ts1 :atev] may be ! l5g?1 ?ickness1 %ape1 or k9d ( ! metallic conductor1 :ile he obta9$ ! law1 !n unkn[n1 t ! heat evolv$ is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! quantity ( electricity pass+ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,correspond+ laws 7 e/abli%$ = ! heat evolv$ by ! curr5t pass+ 9 ! electrolytic cell1 & likewise = ! heat develop$ 9 ! cells ( ! batt]y itself4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj he 0 already speculat+ on ! trans=mation ( *emical en]gy into heat4 ,9 ! pap] la/ ref]r$ to & 9 a %ort ab/ract 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,decemb]1 #ahdj1 he po9ts out t ! heat g5]at$ 9 a wire convey+ a curr5t ( electricity is a "p ( ! heat ( *emical comb9ation ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! voltaic cell1 & t ! rema9d]1 n ! :ole heat ( comb9ation1 is evolv$ )9 ! cell 9 :i* ! *emical action takes place4 ,9 pap]s giv5 9 #ahda & #ahdb1 he pu%es 8 inve/igations fur!r1 & %[s t ! sum ( ! heat produc$ 9 all p>ts ( ! circuit dur+ voltaic action is proportional to ! *emical action t goes on 9 ! voltaic pile1 & aga91 t ! quantities ( heat :i* are evolv$ by ! combu/ion ( equival5ts ( bodies are proportional to ! int5sities ( _! aff9ities = oxyg54 ,hav+ proce$$ ?us f>1 he c>ri$ on ! same tra9 ( reason+ & exp]im5t till he 0 able to ann\nce 9 ,janu>y1 #ahdc1 t ! magneto-electric ma*9e enables u to conv]t me*anical p[] into heat4 ,mo/ ( 8 sp>e "t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ye> #ahdc 0 devot$ to mak+ exp]im5ts necess>y = ! discov]y ( ! laws ( ! developm5t ( heat by magneto-electricity1 & = ! def9ite det]m9ation ( ! me*anical value ( heat4 ,at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,cork1 on ,augu/ #ba1 #ahdc1 he read 8 pap] ,on ! ,calorific ,effects ( ,magneto-,electricity1 & on ! ,me*anical ,value ( ,heat4 ,! pap] gives an acc\nt ( an admirable s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 prov+ t heat is g5]at$ 7n m]ely transf]r$ f "s s\rce7 by ! magneto-electric ma*9e4 ,! inve/igation 0 pu%$ on = ! purpose ( f9d+ :e!r a con/ant ratio exi/s betwe5 ! heat g5]at$ & ! me*anical p[] us$ 9 its production4 ,z ! result ( "o set ( magneto-electric exp]im5ts1 he f9ds #hch foot p\nds to be ! me*anical equival5t ( ! quantity ( heat capable ( increas+ ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] by "o degree ( ,fahr5heit's scale4 ,! pap] is dat$ ,broomhill1 ,july1 #ahdc1 b a po/script1 dat$ ,augu/1 #ahdc1 conta9s ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,we %all be oblig$ to admit t ,c\nt ,rum=d 0 "r 9 attribut+ ! heat evolv$ by bor+ cannon to friction1 & n 79 any consid]able degree7 to any *ange 9 ! capacity ( ! metal4 ,i h lately prov$ exp]im5tally t heat is evolv$ by ! passage ( wat] ?r\gh n>r[ tubes4 ,my app>atus consi/$ ( a pi/on p]=at$ by a numb] ( small holes1 work+ 9 a cyl9drical glass j> conta9+ ab\t #g lb4 ( wat]4 ,i ?us obta9$ "o degree ( heat p] p\nd ( wat] f a me*anical =ce capable ( rais+ ab\t #ggj lb4 to ! height ( "o foot1 a result :i* w be all[$ to be v /rongly confirmatory ( our previ\s d$uctions4 ,i %all lose no "t 9 repeat+ & ext5d+ ^! exp]im5ts1 be+ satisfi$ t ! gr& ag5ts ( nature are1 by ! ,creator's fiat1 inde/ructible1 & t :]ev] me*anical =ce is exp5d$1 an exact equival5t ( heat is always obta9$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ det]m9ation ( ! dynamical equival5t ( heat4 ,o!r naturali/s & exp]im5t]s ab\t ! same "t 7 attempt+ to comp>e ! quantity ( heat produc$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances ) ! quantity ( "w exp5d$ 9 produc+ x2 & results & d$uctions 7"s ( !m v rem>kable7 7 giv5 by ,sgu9 7#ahci71 ,may] 7#ahdb71 ,cold+ 7#ahdc71 f\nd$ p>tly on exp]im5t1 & p>tly on a k9d ( metaphysical reason+4 ,x 0 ,j\le1 h[ev]1 :o fir/ def9itely propos$ ! problem ( det]m9+ ! relation betwe5 heat produc$ & "w done 9 any me*anical action1 & solv$ ! problem directly4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ,j\le's discov]y & ! results ( 8 inve/igation met ) imm$iate att5tion or ) ready acquiesc5ce4 ,! problem occupi$ him almo/ cont9u\sly = _m ye>s2 & 9 #ahgh he gives 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ! results ( a fre% det]m9ation1 accord+ to :i* ! quantity ( "w requir$ to be exp5d$ 9 ord] to raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] weigh$ 9 vacuum f #fj to #fa ,fahr41 is #ggb4ee foot p\nds ( "w at ! sea level & 9 ! latitude ( ,gre5wi*4 ,8 results ( #ahdi & #ahgh agree 9 a /rik+ mann] ) ^? obta9$ by ,hirn & ) ^? d]iv$ f an elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts c>ri$ out by ,pr(4 ,r[l&1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,8 exp]im5ts subsequ5t to #ahdc on ! dynamical equival5t ( heat mu/ be m5tion$ briefly4 ,9 t ye> 8 fa!r remov$ f ,p5dlebury to ,oak ,field1 ,:alley ,range1 on ! s\? side ( ,man*e/]1 & built = 8 son a conv5i5t laboratory ne> to ! h\se4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t he felt ! press+ ne$ ( accurate !rmomet]s2 & :ile ,regnault 0 do+ ! same ?+ 9 ,france1 ,mr4 ,j\le produc$1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,danc]1 in/rum5t mak]1 ( ,man*e/]1 ! fir/ ,engli% !rmomet]s possess+ su* accuracy z ! m]cury-9-glass !rmomet] is capable (4 ,"s ( !m 7 =w>d$ to ,pr(4 ,graham & to ,pr(4 ,lyon ,playfair2 & ! production ( ^! in/rum5ts 0 9 itself a mo/ important contribution to sci5tific equipm5t4 ,z ! direct exp]im5t ( friction ( a fluid is dep5d5t on no hypo!sis1 & appe>s to be :olly unexceptionable1 x 0 us$ by ,mr4 ,j\le repeat$ly 9 modifi$ =ms4 ,! /irr+ ( m]cury1 ( oil1 & ( wat] ) a paddle1 :i* 0 turn$ by a fall+ weight1 0 comp>$1 & solid friction1 ! friction ( iron on iron "u m]cury1 0 tri$2 b ! simple /irr+ ( wat] seem$ pref]able to any1 & 0 employ$ 9 all 8 lat] det]m9ations4 ,9 #ahdg ,mr4 ,j\le 0 m>ri$ to ,amelia1 daught] ( ,mr4 ,john ,grimes1 ,comptroll] ( ,cu/oms1 ,liv]pool4 ,8 wife di$ e>ly 7#ahed71 leav+ him "o son & "o daught]4 ,! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d1 9 ?is ye>1 prov$ an int]e/+ & important "o4 ,"h ,j\le read a fre% pap] ,on ! ,me*anical ,equival5t ( ,heat4 ,( ?is meet+ ,sir ,william ,?omson writes z foll[s to ! au?or ( ?is notice3 ,i made ,j\le's acqua9tance at ! ,ox=d meet+1 & x quickly rip5$ into a lifelong fri5d%ip4 ,i he>d 8 pap] read 9 ! section1 & felt /rongly impell$ at fir/ to rise & say t x mu/ be wrong1 because ! true me*anical value ( heat giv51 suppose 9 w>m wat]1 mu/1 = small diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 be proportional to ! squ>e ( its quantity4 ,i knew f ,c>not t ?is mu/ be true 7& x is true2 only n[ ,i call x 'motivity1' to avoid cla%+ ) ,j\le's 'me*anical value'74 ,b z ,i li/5$ on & on1 ,i saw t 7?\gh ,c>not _h vitally important tru?1 n to be ab&on$7 ,j\le _h c]ta9ly a great tru? & a great discov]y1 & a mo/ important measurem5t to br+ =w>d4 ,s1 in/ead ( ris+1 ) my objection1 to ! meet+1 ,i wait$ till x 0 ov]1 & said my say to ,j\le himself1 at ! end ( ! meet+4 ,?is made my fir/ introduction to him4 ,aft] t ,i _h a long talk ov] ! :ole matt] at "o ( ! conv]saziones ( ! ,association1 & we became fa/ fri5ds f !nce=w>d4 ,h[ev]1 he did n tell me he 0 to be m>ri$ 9 a week or s2 b ab\t a =tnight lat] ,i 0 walk+ d[n f ,*am\nix to comm5ce ! t\r ( ,mont ,blanc1 & :om %\ld ,i meet walk+ up b ,j\le1 ) a long !rmomet] 9 8 h&1 & a c>riage ) a lady 9 x n f> (f4 ,he told me he _h be5 m>ri$ s9ce we _h p>t$ at ,ox=d6 & he 0 go+ to try = elevation ( temp]ature 9 wat]falls4 ,we try/$ to meet a few days lat] at ,m>tigny1 & look at ! ,cascade de ,sallan*es1 to see if x might answ]4 ,we f\nd x too mu* brok5 into spray4 ,8 "y wife1 z long z %e liv$1 took complete int]e/ 9 8 sci5tific "w1 & bo? %e & he %[$ me ! greate/ k9dness dur+ my visits to !m 9 ,man*e/] = our exp]im5ts on ! !rmal effects ( fluid 9 motion1 :i* we comm5c$ a few ye>s lat] ,j\le's pap] at ! ,ox=d meet+ made a great s5sation4 ,f>aday 0 !re & 0 mu* /ruck ) x1 b did n ent] fully into ! new views4 ,x 0 _m ye>s aft] t be=e any ( ! sci5tific *iefs began to give _! adhesion4 ,x 0 n long aft]1 :5 ,/okes told me he 0 incl9$ to be a ,j\lite4 ,mill]1 or ,graham1 or bo?1 7 = ye>s q incr$ul\s z to ,j\le's results1 because !y all dep5d$ on fractions ( a degree ( temp]ature--sometimes v small fractions4 ,8 boldness 9 mak+ su* l>ge conclusions f su* v small obs]vational effects is almo/ z notewor?y & admirable z 8 skill 9 extort+ accuracy f !m4 ,i rememb] di/9ctly at ! ,royal ,society1 ,i ?9k x 0 ei!r ,graham or ,mill]1 say+ simply he did n believe ,j\le1 because he _h no?+ b hundr$?s ( a degree to prove 8 case by4 ,! fri5d%ip =m$ betwe5 ,j\le & ,?omson 9 #ahdg grew rapidly4 ,a volum9\s correspond5ce 0 kept up betwe5 !m1 & sev]al important rese>*es 7 und]tak5 by ! two fri5ds 9 common4 ,_! fir/ jo9t rese>* 0 on ! !rmal effects exp]i5c$ by air ru%+ ?r\gh small ap]tures ,! results ( ?is inve/igation give = ! fir/ "t an exp]im5tal basis = ! hypo!sis assum$ )\t pro( by ,may] z ! f\ndation = an e/imate ( ! num]ical relation betwe5 quantities ( heat & me*anical "w1 & !y %[ t = p]man5t gases ! hypo!sis is v approximately true4 ,subsequ5tly1 ,j\le & ,?omson und]took m compreh5sive inve/igations on ! !rmal effects ( fluids 9 motion1 & on ! heat acquir$ by bodies mov+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air4 ,!y f\nd ! heat g5]at$ by a body mov+ at "o mile p] second ?r\gh ! air suffici5t to acc\nt = its ignition4 ,! ph5om5a ( %oot+ />s 7 expla9$ by ,mr4 ,j\le 9 #ahdg by ! heat develop$ by bodies ru%+ into our atmosph]e4 ,x is impossible )9 ! limits to :i* ?is sket* is necess>ily conf9$ to speak 9 detail ( ! _m rese>*es und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,j\le on v>i\s physical subjects4 ,ev5 ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! a v brief notice mu/ suffice = ! pres5t4 ,molecul> physics1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 e>ly claim$ 8 att5tion4 ,v>i\s pap]s on electrolysis ( liquids1 & on ! con/itution ( gases1 h be5 ! result4 ,a v int]e/+ pap] on ,heat & ! ,con/itution ( ,ela/ic ,fluids 0 read be=e ! ,man*e/] ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society 9 #ahdh4 ,9 x he develop$ ,daniel ,b]n\lli's explanation ( air pressure by ! impact ( ! molecules ( ! gas on ! sides ( ! vessel :i* conta9s x1 & f v simple consid]ations he calculat$ ! av]age velocity ( ! p>ticles requisite to produce ord9>y atmosph]ic pressure at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! av]age velocity ( ! p>ticles ( hydrog5 at #cb ,f4 he f\nd to be #f1jee feet p] second1 ! velocities at v>i\s temp]atures be+ proportional to ! squ>e roots ( ! numb]s :i* express ^? temp]atures on ! absolute !rmodynamic scale4 ,8 contribution to ! !ory ( ! velocity ( s\nd 9 air 0 likewise ( great importance1 & is di/+ui%$ alike = ! acut5ess ( 8 explanations ( ! exi/+ causes ( error 9 ! "w ( previ\s exp]im5t]s1 & = ! accuracy1 s f> z 0 requir$ = ! purpose 9 h&1 ( 8 own exp]im5ts4 ,8 det]m9ation ( ! specific heat ( air1 pressure con/ant1 & ! specific heat ( air1 volume con/ant1 furni%$ ! data necess>y = mak+ ,laplace's !oretical velocity agree ) ! velocity ( s\nd exp]im5tally det]m9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he 0 able to acc\nt = mo/ puzzl+ discrepancies1 :i* appe>$ 9 attempt$ direct det]m9ations ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two specific heats by c>eful exp]im5t]s4 ,he po9t$ out t 9 exp]im5ts 9 :i* air 0 all[$ to ru% viol5tly or explode into a vacuum1 !re 0 a s\rce ( loss ( en]gy t no "o _h tak5 acc\nt (1 namely1 9 ! s\nd produc$ by ! explosion4 ,h5ce 9 ! mo/ c>eful exp]im5ts1 :]e ! vacuum 0 made z p]fect z possible1 & ! explosion correspond+ly ! m viol5t1 ! results 7 actually ! wor/4 ,) 8 explanations1 ! !ory ( ! subject 0 r5d]$ q complete4 ,space fails1 or ,i %\ld m5tion 9 detail ,mr4 ,j\le's exp]im5ts on magnetism & electro-magnets1 ref]r$ to at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is sket*4 ,he discov]$ ! n[ celebrat$ *ange ( dim5sions produc$ by ! magnetization ( s(t iron by ! curr5t4 ,! peculi> noise :i* accompanies ! magnetization ( an iron b> by ! curr5t1 sometimes call$ ! magnetic tick1 0 ?us expla9$4 ,mr4 ,j\le's improvem5ts 9 galvanomet]s h already be5 incid5tally m5tion$1 & ! con/ruction by him ( accurate !rmomet]s has be5 ref]r$ to4 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t he fir/ us$ small en\gh ne$les 9 tang5t galvanomet]s to practically annul error f want ( uni=mity ( ! magnetic field4 ,( o!r improvem5ts & additions to philosophical in/rum5ts may be m5tion$ a !rmomet]1 unaffect$ by radiation1 = measur+ ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 an improv$ b>omet]1 a m]curial vacuum pump1 "o ( ! v fir/ ( ! species :i* is n[ do+ su* valuable "w1 n only 9 sci5tific laboratories1 b 9 ! manufacture ( inc&esc5t electric lamps1 & an app>atus = det]m9+ ! e>?'s horizontal magnetic =ce 9 absolute measure4 ,"h ?is imp]fect sket* mu/ close4 ,my limits are already pass$4 ,mr4 ,j\le has nev] be5 9 any s5se a public man2 &1 ( ^? :o "k 8 "n z t ( ! discov]] :o has giv5 ! exp]im5tal basis = ! gr&e/ g5]alization 9 ! :ole ( physical sci5ce1 v few h ev] se5 8 face4 ,( 8 private "* ?is is sc>cely ! place to speak4 ,mr4 ,j\le is /ill among u4 ,may he long be sp>$ to "w = t cause to :i* he has giv5 8 life ) he>t-:ole devotion t has nev] be5 excell$4 ,9 ,june1 #ahgh1 he receiv$ a lett] f ! ,e>l ( ,beaconsfield ann\nc+ to him t ,h] ,maje/y ! ,que5 _h be5 pleas$ to grant him a p5sion ( #bjj p] annum4 ,?is recognition ( 8 labors by 8 c\ntry 0 a subject ( mu* gratification to ,mr4 ,j\le4 ,mr4 ,j\le receiv$ ! ,gold ,royal ,m$al ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #aheb1 ! ,copley ,gold ,m$al ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahgj1 & ! ,alb]t ,m$al ( ! ,society ( ,arts f ! h& ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales 9 #ahhj4 ,j4 ,t4 ,,bottomley4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,canals4 ,! rec5t adoption ( ! con/itutional am5dm5t aboli%+ tolls on ! canals ( ,new ,york ,/ate has reviv$ int]e/ 9 ^! wat] ways4 ,! ov]:elm+ majority by :i* ! measure 0 pass$ %[s1 says ! ,glassw>e ,report]1 t ! p are will+ to be> ! co/ ( _! managem5t by defray+ f ! public treasury all exp5ses incid5t to _! op]ation4 ,t ! abolition ( ! toll sy/em w be a great ga9 to ! ,/ate seems to be admitt$ by ne>ly ev]ybody1 & ! measure met ) b little opposition except f ! railroad corporations & _! support]s4 ,at z e>ly a date z ! close ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 ,mr4 ,morris _h sugge/$ ! union ( ! great lakes ) ! ,hudson ,riv]1 & 9 #ahab he aga9 advocat$ x4 ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 ( ,new ,york1 "o ( ! mo/1 valuable m5 ( 8 day1 took up ! idea1 & br\ght ! lead+ m5 ( 8 ,/ate to l5d him _! support 9 pu%+ x4 ,to dig a canal all ! way f ,albany to ,lake ,erie 0 a pretty =midable und]tak+2 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york accord+ly invit$ ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t to assi/ 9 ! ent]prise4 ,! canal 0 z desirable on national gr\nds z on any o!r1 b ! proposition met ) a rebuff1 & ! ,empire ,/ate !n resolv$ to build ! canal h]self4 ,surveyors 7 s5t out to locate a l9e = x1 & on ,july #d1 #ahag1 gr\nd 0 brok5 = ! canal by ,de ,witt ,cl9ton1 :o 0 !n ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ma9 l9e1 f ,albany1 on ! ,hudson1 to ,buffalo1 on ,lake ,erie1 measures #cfc miles 9 l5g?1 & co/ #g1adc1ghi4 ,! ,*ampla91 ,oswego1 ,*emung1 ,cayuga1 & ,crook$ ,lake canals1 & "s o!rs1 jo9 ! ma9 l9e1 &1 includ+ ^! bran* l9es1 x measures #edc miles 9 l5g?1 & co/ upw>d ( #aa1ejj1jjj4 ,?is canal 0 orig9ally #dj feet 9 bread? at ! wat] l9e1 #bh feet at ! bottom1 & #d feet 9 dep?4 ,its dim5sions prov$ too small = ! ext5sive trade :i* x _h to support1 & ! dep? ( wat] 0 increas$ to #g feet1 & ! extreme bread? ( ! canal to #fj feet4 ,!re are #hd locks on ! ma9 l9e4 ,^! locks1 orig9ally #ij feet 9 l5g? & #ae 9 bread?1 & ) an av]age lift ( #h feet #b in*es1 h s9ce be5 mu* enl>g$4 ,! total rise & fall is #fib feet4 ,! t[pa? is elevat$ #d feet above ! level ( ! wat]1 & is #aj feet 9 bread?4 ,at ,lockport ! canal desc5ds #fj feet by means ( #e locks excavat$ 9 solid rock1 & aft]w>d proce$s on a uni=m level = a di/ance ( #fc miles to ! ,g5esee ,riv]1 ov] :i* x is c>ri$ on an aqu$uct hav+ #i ar*es ( #ej feet span ea*4 ,eight & a half miles f ?is po9t x passes ov] ! ,cayuga m>%1 on an embankm5t #b miles 9 l5g?1 & 9 "s places #gj feet 9 height4 ,at ,syracuse1 ! long level comm5ces1 :i* ext5ds = a di/ance ( #fi miles to ,frank=t1 )\t an int]v5+ lock4 ,aft] leav+ ,frank=t1 ! canal crosses ! riv] ,mohawk1 fir/ by an aqu$uct #gdh feet 9 l5g?1 support$ on #af pi]s1 elevat$ #be feet above ! surface ( ! riv]1 & aft]w>d by ano!r aqu$uct #a1ahh feet 9 l5g?1 & em]ges into ! ,hudson at ,albany4 ,?is great "w 0 f9i%$ 9 #ahbe1 & its completion 0 ! occasion ( great public rejoic+4 ,! same ye> t ! ,erie ,canal 0 begun1 gr\nd 0 brok5 = a canal f ,lake ,*ampla9 to ! ,hudson1 sixty-?ree miles 9 l5g?4 ,?is "w 0 complet$ 9 #ahbc4 ,! con/ruction ( ^! two wat] ways 0 att5d$ ) ! mo/ int]e/+ consequ5ces4 ,ev5 be=e !y 7 complet$ _! value _h become cle>ly app>5t4 ,boats 7 plac$ ^u ! ,erie ,canal z fa/ z ! diff]5t levels 7 ready = use1 & set to "w 9 active transportation4 ,!y 7 small affairs comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pres5t day1 be+ ab\t #ej or #fj tons burd51 ! mod]n canal boat be+ #ahj or #bjj tons4 ,small z !y 71 !y r$uc$ ! co/ ( transportation imm$iately to "o-t5? :at x _h be5 be=e4 ,a ton ( freight by l& f ,buffalo to ,albany co/ at t "t #ajj4 ,:5 ! canal 0 op5 its entire l5g?1 ! co/ ( freight fell f fifte5 to tw5ty-five doll>s a ton1 accord+ to ! class ( article c>ri$2 & ! "t ( transit f #bj to #h days1 ,:eat at t "t 0 wor? only #cc a ton 9 we/]n ,new ,york1 & x did n pay to s5d x by l& to ,new ,york4 ,:5 s5t to m>ket at all1 x 0 float$ d[n ! ,susquehanna to ,baltimore1 z be+ ! *eape/ & be/ m>ket4 ,! canal *ang$ t4 ,x n[ became possible to s5d to m>ket a wide v>iety ( agricultural produce--fruit1 gra91 vegetables1 etc4--:i*1 be=e ! canal 0 built1 ei!r _h no value at all1 or :i* c\ld be dispos$ ( to no good advantage4 ,x is claim$ by ! orig9al promot]s ( ! ,erie ,canal1 :o liv$ to see its b5eficial effects exp]i5c$ by ! p ( ! c\ntry1 t _! "w1 co/+ less ?an #h4jjj1jjj & pay+ its :ole co/ ( con/ruction 9 a v few ye>s1 add$ #ajj1jjj1jjj to ! value ( ! f>ms ( ,new ,york by op5+ up good & ready m>kets = _! products4 ,! canal _h ano!r result4 ,x made ,new ,york city ! comm]cial metropolis ( ! c\ntry4 ,an old lett]1 writt5 by a resid5t ( ,newport1 ,r4 ,i41 9 t age1 has lately be5 discov]$1 :i* speaks ( ,new ,york city1 & says3 ,if we d n look out1 ,new ,york w get ahead ( u4 ,newport 0 !n "o ( ! pr9cipal seaports ( ! c\ntry2 x _h once be5 ! fir/4 ,new ,york city c]ta9ly did get ahead ( u aft] ! ,erie ,canal 0 built4 ,x got ahead ( e o!r comm]cial city on ! coa/4 ,freight1 :i* _h previ\sly gone ov]l& f ,ohio & ! ,we/ to ,pittsburg1 & !nce to ,philadelphia1 co/+ #abj a ton betwe5 ! two cities nam$1 n[ w5t to ,new ,york by way ( ! ,hudson ,riv] & ! ,erie ,canal & ! lakes4 ,manufactures & groc]ies return$ to ! ,we/ by ! same r\te1 & ,new ,york became a fl\ri%+ & gr[+ emporium imm$iately4 ,! ,erie ,canal 0 enl>g$ 9 #ahce1 s z to p]mit ! passage ( boats ( #ajj tons burd51 & ! result 0 a /ill fur!r r$uction ( ! co/ ( freight+1 expansion ( traffic1 & an increase ( ! g5]al b5efits conf]r$ by ! canal4 ,! ,*ampla9 ,canal _h an effect ^u ! f>ms & t[ns ly+ along ,lake ,*ampla91 9 ,v]mont & ,new ,york1 k9dr$ 9 "* to t above describ$ 9 respect to ! ,erie ,canal4 ,x br\ght into ! m>ket l&s & produce :i* be=e _h be5 wor?less1 & 0 a great bless+ to all conc]n$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! build+ ( ! ,erie ,canal 0 ! wise/ & mo/ f>-see+ ent]prise ( ! age4 ,x has left a p]man5t & indelible m>k ^u ! face ( ! republic ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! great communities x has directly assi/$ to build up at ! ,we/1 & 9 ! popul\s metropolis x creat$ at ! m\? ( ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,none ( ! canals :i* h be5 built to compete ) x h yet succe$$ 9 rega9+ = _! ,/ates :at 0 lo/ to !m :5 ! ,erie ,canal w5t into op]ation4 ,?is wat] r\te is /ill ! mo/ important artificial "o ( its class 9 ! c\ntry1 & is only equal$ by ! ,well& ,canal 9 ,canada1 :i* is its close/ rival4 ,n[ t x is free1 x w reta9 its position z ! mo/ popul> wat] r\te to ! sea f ! great ,we/4 ,! ,mississippi ,riv] w div]t f x all ! trade fl[+ to ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico2 b = ! nor?we/ x w be ! *ief wat] highway to ! ocean4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cottrau',s ,,locomotive ,,= ,,asc5d+ ,,/eep ,,grades4 ,we borr[1 f our contempor>y ,la ,nature1 ! annex$ figure1 illu/rat+ an +5i\s type ( locomotive design$ = equally effici5t use on bo? level surfaces & heavy grades4 ,illu/ration3 ,,cottrau',s ,,locomotive ,,= ,,asc5d+ ,,/eep ,,grades4 ,z well kn[n1 all ! eng9es employ$ on level roads are provid$ ) l>ge driv+ :eels1 :i*1 al?\gh !y h a comp>atively feeble tractive p[]1 af=d a high spe$1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ^? t are us$ = asc5d+ heavy grades h small :eels t move sl[ly1 b possess1 z an (fset1 a tractive p[] t enables !m to ov]come ! resi/ances ( gravity4 ,m4 ,cottrau's eng9e possesses ! qualities ( bo? ^! types1 s9ce x is provid$ ) :eels ( l>ge & small diamet]1 t may be us$ at w4 ,^! two sets ( :eels1 z may be se5 f ! figure1 are arrang$ on ! same driv+ axle4 ,! l>ge :eels are held ap>t ! wid? ( ! ord9>y track1 :ile ! small :eels are plac$ int]nally1 or z 9 ! case repres5t$ 9 ! figure1 ext]nally4 ,^! two sets ( :eels1 be+ fix$ solidly to ! same axle1 revolve toge!r4 ,on level surfaces ! eng9e re/s on ! l>ge :eels1 :i* revolve 9 contact ) ! rails ( ! ord9>y track1 & x !n runs ) great spe$1 :ile ! auxili>y :eels revolve to no purpose4 ,on rea*+ an asc5t1 on ! contr>y1 ! eng9e meets ) an elevat$ track ext]nal or int]nal to ! ord9>y "o1 & :i* engages ) ! auxili>y :eels4 ,! l>ge :eels are !n lift$ (f ! ord9>y track & revolve to no purpose4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! eng9e is plac$ "u conditions z advantage\s z are ^? t are built especially = ! two types ( roads4 ,! idea appe>s to be a v +5i\s "o1 & c c]ta9ly be c>ri$ out )\t di/urb+ ! work+ ( ! locomotive4 ,9 fact1 ! same numb] ( pi/on /rokes p] m9ute may be pres]v$ 9 ! two modes ( runn+1 s z to r$uce ! spe$ 9 asc5d+1 9 proportion to ! diamet]s ( ! :eels4 ,!re w ?us occur ! same consumption ( /eam4 ,on ano!r h&1 !re is no?+ to prev5t ! boil] f keep+ up ! same production ( /eam1 = x has be5 asc]ta9$ by exp]i5ce1 on ! majority ( railways1 t ! spe$ ( runn+ has no influ5ce on vaporization1 & t ! same figures may be all[$ = pass5g] z = freight locomotives4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( con/ruction t w be met ) 9 ! eng9e "u consid]ation w be connect$ ) ! plac+ ( ! d\ble :eels1 :i* w r$uce ! already limit$ space at "o's disposal1 & ) ! necessity t !re w be ( /r5g!n+ all ! p>ts ( ! me*anism t are to be submitt$ to /ra94 ,! in/allation ( ! auxili>y track w also prove a peculi>ly delicate matt]2 &1 to prev5t accid5ts1 "s means w h to be devis$ t w p]mit ! auxili>y :eels to engage ) ?is track v gradually4 ,/ill1 ^! difficulties are p]haps n insurm\ntable1 & if ,m4 ,cottrau's +5i\s arrangem5t meets ) f9al success 9 practice1 x w f9d num]\s applications4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ba*mann',s ,,/eam ,,dri]4 ,! app>atus %[n 9 ! annex$ cuts is capable ( effect+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( sav+ 9 ! fuel ( a g5]ator1 & ( secur+ a normal op]ation 9 a /eam eng9e4 ,if occasion does n occur to bl[ (f ! motive cyl9d] frequ5tly1 ! wat] t is c>ri$ ov] me*anically by ! /eam1 or t is produc$ ?r\gh cond5sation 9 ! pipes1 accumulates !re9 & leaks ?r\gh ! jo9ts ( ! cocks & valves4 ,?is is "o ( ! causes t dim9i% ! p]=mance ( ! motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ba*mann',s ,,/eam ,,dri]4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,! /eam dri] "u consid]ation has be5 devis$ by ,mr4 ,ba*mann = ! purpose ( do+ away ) su* inconv5i5ces4 ,:5 appli$ to app>atus employ$ 9 heat+1 = cook+1 = "w 9 a vacuum1 x may be affix$ to ! pipe at ! v place :]e ! /eam is utiliz$1 s z to draw (f all ! wat] f ! mixture4 ,z %[n by ! arr[s 9 ,fig #a1 ! /eam ent]s ?r\gh ! orifice1 ,d1 along ) ! wat] t x c>ries1 gives up ! latt] at ,p1 & is completely dri$ at ! exit1 ,r4 ,! p>tition1 g1 is s arrang$ z to dim9i% ! section ( ! /eam pipe1 9 ord] to increase ! effect ( ! gravity t br+s ab\t ! sep>ation ( ! mixture4 ,! wat] t falls into ! space1 ,p1 is exhau/$ ei!r by means ( a dis*>ge cock 7,fig4 #a71 :i* gives passage to ! liquid only1 or by ! aid ( an automatic purge-cock 7,figs4 #b & #c71 ! locat+ ( :i* v>ies ) ! sy/em employ$4 ,?is arrangem5t is pref]able to ! o!r1 s9ce x p]mits ( expell+ ! wat] deposit$ 9 ! receptacle1 ,p1 )\t necessitat+ any att5tion on ! "p ( ! eng9e-man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,h4,s4 ,,p>melee',s ,,pat5t ,,automatic ,,spr9kl]4 ,! inv5tor says3 ,! automatic spr9kl] is a device = automatically ext+ui%+ fires ?r\gh ! release ( wat] by means ( ! heat ( ! fire1 ! wat] escap+ 9 a %[]1 :i* is ?r[n 9 all directions to a di/ance ( f six to eight feet4 ,! spr9kl] is a light brass rose1 ab\t #a in*es diamet] & less ?an two in*es high entire1 ! di/ribut] be+ a revolv+ head fitt$ loosely to ! body ( ! fix$ portion1 :i* is made to screw into a half in* tube connection4 ,! revolution ( ! di/ribut] is effect$ by ! resi/ance ! wat] meets 9 escap+ ?r\gh slots cut at an angle 9 ! head4 ,! di/ribution ( wat] has be5 f\nd to be ! mo/ p]fect f ?is arrangem5t4 ,n[1 ?is di/ribut+ head is cov]$ ov] ) a brass cap1 :i* is sold]$ to ! base b5ea? ) an alloy :i* melts at f #aee to #afj degrees4 ,no wat] c escape until ! cap is remov$4 ,! heat ( an insignificant fire is suffici5t to effect ?is1 & we h ! practical prev5tion ( any s]i\s damage or loss ?r\gh ! multiplication ( ! spr9kl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>melee',s ,,pat5t ,,automatic ,,spr9kl]4 ,,fig4 #a4--,section ( ,spr9kl] ) ,cap on4 ,! annex$ engrav+s repres5t ! spr9kl] at exact size = "o-half in* connection4 ,fig4 #a %[s a section ) ! cap cov]+ ov] ! spr9kl]1 & sold]$ on to ! base4 ,fig4 #b %[s ! spr9kl] ) ! cap (f1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 leaves ! wat] free to run f ! holes 9 f9e spray 9 all directions4 ,fig4 #a %[s ! base holl[$ out s z to all[ ! heat to circulate 9 betwe5 ! pipe & ! base ( ! spr9kl]1 ?us all[+ ! heat to op]ate on ! inside z well z on ! outside ( ! spr9kl]2 ?us1 9 case ( fire1 x is v quickly heat$ ?r\gh suffici5tly to melt ! fusible sold]4 ,^! spr9kl]s are all te/$ at #ejj lb41 consequ5tly !y c nev] leak1 & _c possibly be op5$1 except by heat1 by any "o4 ,z ! entire spr9kl] is cov]$ by a heavy brass cap1 sold]$ on1 x _c by any means be injur$1 nor c ! op5+s 9 ! revolv+ head ev] become fill$ ) du/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p>melee',s ,,pat5t ,,automatic ,,spr9kl]4 ,,fig4#b--,spr9kl] ) cap (f4 ,x is s simple z to be easily und]/ood by any "o4 ,z soon z ! spr9kl] becomes heat$ to #aee degrees1 ! cap w become unsold]$1 & w !n imm$iately be bl[n entirely (f by ! =ce ( ! wat] 9 ! pipes & spr9kl]4 ,^! caps _c rema9 on aft] ! fusible metal melts1 if !re is ! lea/ =ce ( wat]4 ,a man's brea? is suffici5t to bl[ !m (f4 ,! arrangem5t comm5ces ) "o or m ma9 supply pipes1 ei!r f$ f a city wat] pipe or f a tank1 z ! situation w admit4 ,if desir$1 ! tank ne$ only be ( suffici5t size to fe$ a few spr9kl]s = a %ort "t1 & !n dep5d5ce mu/ be plac$ ^u a pump = a fur!r supply ( wat]1 if necess>y4 ,! tank1 h[ev] small1 w insure ! automatic & prompt work+ ( ! spr9kl]s & al>m1 & by ! "t ! tank %all become empty ! pumps c be got at "w4 ,x is mo/ desirable1 h[ev]1 9 all cases to h an abundant wat] supply )\t resort+ to pumps1 if x is possible4 ,9 ! ma9 supply pipe or pipes is plac$ our pat5t al>m valve1 :i*1 z soon z !re is any motion ( ! wat] 9 ! pipe1 op5s1 & moves a lev]1 :i*1 by connect+ ) a /eam :i/le valve by means ( a wire1 w bl[ ! :i/le & w cont9ue to d s until ei!r ! /eam or ! wat] is /opp$4 ,t9s con/itutes ! al>m1 & is positive 9 its motion4 ,no wat] c possibly fl[ f ! l9e ( pipes )\t op5+ ?is valve & bl[+ ! :i/le4 ,we also put 9 an automatic al>m bell :5 desir$4 ,f ! ma9 pipe o!r pipes are run1 g5]ally l5g?ways ( ! build+1 t5 feet f ea* side & tw5ty feet ap>t4 ,at e t5 feet on ^! pipes we place five feet ( ?ree-qu>t] in* pipe1 rea*+ ea* side1 at ! end ( :i* is plac$ ! spr9kl] 9 an elb[ po9t+ t[>d ! ceil+4 ,?is arrangem5t is z we place !m 9 all cotton & wool5 mills1 b may be v>i$ to suit diff]5t /yles ( build+s4 ,! spr9kl] is made ( brass1 & has a revolv+ head1 ) f\r slots1 f :i* ! wat] flies 9 a v f9e & d5se spray on ev]y?+1 & fill+ ! air v completely = a radius ( sev5 or eight feet all ar\nd2 ?us r5d]+ ! exi/5ce ( any fire 9 t space p]fectly impossible2 & z ! spr9kl]s are only plac$ t5 feet ap>t1 & a fire _c />t at a great] di/ance ?an f five to six feet f "o or m ( !m1 x is assur$ t all p>ts ( a build+ are fully protect$4 ,ov] ea* "o ( ^! spr9kl]s is plac$ a brass cap1 :i* fits closely ov] & passes bel[ ! base1 :]e x is sold]$ on ) a fusible metal t melts z soon z x is heat$ to #aee degrees4 ,z soon z a fire />ts 9 any "p ( a build+1 heat w be g5]at$ & imm$iately rise t[>d ! ceil+1 & ! spr9kl] ne>e/ ! fire w become heat$ 9 a v few mom5ts to ! requir$ #aee degrees1 :5 ! cap w become loos5$ & w be =c$ (f by ! p[] ( ! wat]4 ,! wat] w !n be spread 9 f9e spray on ! ceil+ ov] ! fire1 also directly on ! fire & all ar\nd = a diamet] ( f f\rte5 to eighte5 feet4 ,?is spray has be5 fully tri$1 & x is f\nd to be entirely suffici5t to ext+ui% any fire )9 its rea* :i* c be made ( any ord9>y mat]ials4 ,z soon z ! cap on any spr9kl] becomes loos5$ by ! heat ( a fire & is =c$ (f1 a curr5t ( wat] is produc$ 9 ! ma9 pipe :]e ! al>m valve is plac$1 & z ! passage ?r\gh x is dos$1 ! wat] _c pass )\t op5+ ! valve & ?us mov+ ! lev] to :i* ! /eam :i/le valve is atta*$2 by ?is motion ! :i/le valve is op5$1 & ! :i/le w bl[ until x is /opp$ by "s "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,in/rum5t ,,= ,,draw+ ,,conv]g+ ,,/raight ,,l9es4 ,footnote3 ,pap] by ,pr(4 ,fr4 ,smigaglia1 read at ! reunion ( ! ,eng9e]s & ,ar*itects ( ,rome4 #a4 ,,let ,a & ,b be two fix$ po9ts & ,a ,c & ,c ,b two /raight l9es conv]g+ at ,c & mov+ 9 _! plane s z to always rema9 bas$ on ?is po9t 7,fig4 #a74 ,! geometrical place ( ! positions occupi$ by ,c is ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle :i* passes ?r\gh ! ?ree po9ts ,a1 ,b1 & ,c4 ,n[ let ,c ,f be a /raight l9e pass+ ?r\gh ,c4 ,on prolong+ x1 x w meet ! circumf]5ce ,a ,c ,b ,i at a po9t ,i4 ,if ! sy/em ( ?ree conv]g+--l9es takes a new position ,a ,c' ,f ,b1 x is evid5t ,f' ,b' prolong$ w pass ?r\gh ,i1 because ! angles alpha & beta are inv>iable = any position :atev] ( ! sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 #b4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case 9 :i* alpha beta 7,fig4 #b71 ! po9t ,i is f\nd at ! extremity ( ! diamet]1 &1 consequ5tly1 = a giv5 di/ance ,a ,b1 or = a giv5 l5g? ,c ,d1 su* po9t w be at its maximum di/ance f ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 #c4 ,?is grant$1 x is easy to con/ruct an in/rum5t suitable = draw+ conv]g+ l9es :i* %all prove useful to all ^? :o h to d ) practical p]spective4 ,= ?is purpose x is only necess>y to take ?ree rul]s unit$ at ,c 7,fig4 #c71 to re/ ! two ,a ,c & ,c ,b aga9/ two po9ts or ne$les ,a & ,b1 & to draw ! l9es ) ! rul] ,c ,f1 9 plac+ ! sy/em 7 #a7 9 all positions possible4 ,! ?ree rul]s may be incl9$ 9 any way :atev] t[>d ea* o!r1 b 7 #b7 x is pref]able to take ! case :]e alpha beta4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 #d4 ,let u suppose t ! in/rum5t passes f ! position ,i to position ,,iii 7,fig4 #d74 ,!n ! rul] ,c ,a w come to occupy ! position ,b ,a1 f ! fact t ! in/rum5t1 cont9u+ to move 9 ! same direction1 w roll ar\nd ! po9t ,b4 ,x is well1 !n1 to manage s t ! sy/em %all h ano!r po9t ( support4 ,= t reason ,i prolong ,c ,b1 take ,b ,c' ,b ,c1 draw ,c' ,i1 & describe ! circumf]5ce--! geometrical place ( ! po9ts ,c'4 ,i take ,c' ,d ,c' ,b & obta9 at ,d ! position ( ! fix$ po9t at :i* ! ne$le is ins]t$4 ,9 ,fig4 #d are repres5t$ diff]5t positions ( ! in/rum5t2 & x may be se5 t all ! po9ts ,c ,c'1 & ! c5t]s ,o ,o'1 are f\nd ^u ! circumf]5ces t h _! c5t] at ,i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 #e4 ,! manipulation & use ( ! in/rum5t are ( ! simple/ "*4 ,be+ giv5 any two /raight conv]g+ l9es :atev]1 alpha beta & gamma delta 7,fig4 #e71 9 ord] to trace all ! o!rs ,i ins]t a ne$le at ,a & arrange ! in/rum5t z se5 at ,s4 ,i draw ,a ,b & ,a ,b'1 & f !re c>ry x to ,s' 9 su* a way t ! rul] be+ on gamma delta1 "o ( ! re/+ rul]s passes ?r\gh ,a4 ,i draw ! l9e ,c ,b :i* meets ,a ,b at ! po9t ,b1 ! position s\ght = ! second ne$le4 ,9 ord] to draw ! /raight l9es :i* are "u alpha beta1 x is only necess>y to hold ! ne$le ,a 9 place & to fix "o at ,b'1 mak+ ,a ,b' ,a ,b4 ,9 ?is case ,s indicates "o ( ! positions ( ! in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 #f4 ,! po9t ,a 0 *os5 arbitr>ily1 b x is evid5t t t ( ! ne$les dep5ds on its di/ance f ! po9t ( conv]g5ce4 ,?us1 on tak+ ,a' in/ead ( ,a 9 ! case ( ,fig4 #c1 !y approa*1 :ile ! contr>y happ5s on *oos+ ! po9t ,a4 ,x is cle> t ! diff]5t positions t a ne$le ,a may take are f\nd on a /raight l9e :i* runs to ! po9t ( meet+4 #g4 ,if ! in/rum5t 7 jo9t$ or h+$ at ,c1 t is to say1 s t we c\ld at w modify ! angle ( ! re/+ rul]1 we might make ! position ( ! ne$les dep5d on su* angle1 & conv]sely4 #h4 ,be+ giv5 ! l5g? ,c ,i 7,fig4 #f71 to e/abli% ! position ( ! ne$les s t all ! l9es outside ( ! %eet %all conv]ge at ,i4 ,to d ?is1 x is well to det]m9e ,c ,d1 & !n to draw ! /raight l9e ,a ,d ,b p]p5dicul> to ,c ,i1 s z to h at ,a & ,b ! po9ts at :i* ! ne$les mu/ be plac$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,!n ,,ad ,,cd ,,cd x ,,di ,,ad4 ,,cd ---- --------- tangalpha1 ,,di ,,ci - ,,cd ,,tex3 ,,cd times ,,di ov]l9e,,ad#b4 ,,cd fracov]l9e,,ad#b;,,di fracov]l9e,,cd#b;,,ci-,,cd tan#b alpha :5ce ,,ci ,,cd ------------------ or ,,cd ,,ci cosalpha4 7#a7 ,i tangalpha ,,tex3 ,,cd frac,,ci,i tan#b alpha textor ,,cd ,,ci cos#b alpha4 #i4 ,if ! in/rum5t is jo9t$1 ! absolute values be+ _/ ,,ad _/ ,,cd7,,ci - ,,cd7 1 7#b7 _/ ,,tex3 ,,ad sqrt,,cd7,,ci - ,,cd7 x suffices to take = ,,cd a suitable value & to calculate ,,ad4 ,if1 = example1 ! value ( ,c ,d is repres5t$ by ,c ,d'1 ! in/rum5t takes ! position ,a' ,c ,b'1 & ! ne$les w be ins]t$ at ,a' & ,b' on ! l9e ,a' ,d' ,b'1 :i* is p]p5dicul> to ,c ,i4 #aj4 ,if ! position ( ! in/rum5t1 & consequ5tly t ( ! ne$les1 has be5 e/abli%$1 & we wi% to "k ! di/ance ,c ,i1 we w h ,,cd ,,ci ------------ 2 7#c7 cosalpha ,,tex3 ,,ci frac,,cdcos#b alpha or1 aga91 ,,ac ,,ci ----- 7#d7 ,,cd' ,,tex3 ,,ci fracov]l9e,,ac#b;,,cd' #aa4 ,9 ord] to avoid all calculation1 we may proce$ ?us3 ,if ,i wi% to arrange ! in/rum5t s t ,c ,i repres5ts a giv5 quantity 7 #h71 ,i take 7,fig4 #g7 ! l5g? ,ci ,,ci_/n1 :]e n is any entire numb] :atev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,9 o!r t]ms1 ,ci is ! r$uction to ! scale ( ,,ci4 ,i describe ! circumf]5ce ,c b i a1 & arrange ! in/rum5t z se5 9 ! figure1 & measure ! l5g? ,c b4 ,x is visible t ,c i #a ,c b ,c d ----- --- ----- ------2 !n ,c ,b n4,c b 7#e7 ,c ,i n ,c ,b ,c ,d ,,cd n4,c d2 7#f7 &1 consequ5tly1 ! position ( ! ne$les :i* are f\nd at ,a & ,b are det]m9$4 #ab4 ,! "q treat$ 9 #aj1 !n1 is simply solv$4 ,9 fact1 on describ+ ! circumf]5ce ,c b i a ) any radius :atev]1 ,i %all h ,c ,b n -----2 7#g7 c b &1 consequ5tly1 ,c ,i n4,c i 7#h7 #ac4 ,z may be se51 ! in/rum5t compos$ ( ?ree firmly unit$ rul]s is ! simple/ ( all & easy to use4 ,any "o c con/ruct x = himself ) a piece ( c>dbo>d1 & give ! angle #b alpha ! value t he ?9ks mo/ suitable = ea* application4 ,! great] #b alpha is1 ! %ort] is ! di/ance at :i* we %\ld put ! ne$les = a giv5 po9t ( meet+4 #ad ,! jo9t$ in/rum5t may be con/ruct$ z %[n 9 ,figs #h1 #i1 & #aj4 ,! ?ree pieces1 ,a4 ,b1 & ,c1 unit$ by a pivot1 ,o1 9 :i* !re is a small hole1 are ( brass or o!r metal4 ,rul]s may be easily procur$ ( any l5g? :atev]4 ,! in/rum5t is ,y-%ap$4 ,9 ! p>ticul> case 9 :i* alpha #ahj x becomes ,t-%ap$1 & s]ves to draw p>allel l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h1 ,fig4 #i1 ,fig4 #aj #ae4 ,! in/rum5t may be us$ likewise1 z we h se51 to draw arcs ( circles ( ! diamet] ,c ,i or ( ! radius ,a ,o r1 ^: c5t] o falls outside ! pap]4 ,! p5cil w be re/$ on ,c4 ,we may op]ate z foll[s 7,fig4 #b73 ,be+ giv5 ! direction ( ! radii ,a ,o & ,b ,o1 or1 :at am\nts to ! same ?+1 ! tang5ts to ! curve at ! giv5 po9ts1 ,a & ,b to be unit$1 we draw ! l9e ,a ,d & raise at its c5t] ! p]p5dicul> ,d ,c1 :i*1 prolong$1 passes necess>ily ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,x is necess>y to calculate ! l5g? ,c ,d4 ,we %all h ,,cd 7#br - ,,cd7 ,,ad4,,cd - #br4,,cd ,,ad o4 ,,tex3 ,,cd 7#br - ,,cd7 ov]l9e,,ad#b4ov]l9e,,cd#b - #br4,,cd ov]l9e,,ad#b o4 _/ ,,cd r _/ r - ,,ad 4 _/ ,,tex3 ,,cd r sqrtr#b - ov]l9e,,ad#b4 ,x is evid5t t ! l[] sign alone suits our case1 = d r2 consequ5tly1 _/ ,,cd r - _/ r - ,,ad 4 7#i7 _/ ,,tex3 ,,cd r - sqrtr#b - ov]l9e,,ad#b4 ,hav+ obta9$ ,c1 we put ! in/rum5t 9 ! direction ,a ,b ,c4 ,!n ea* po9t ( ,c ,f describes a circumf]5ce ( ! same c5t] o4 #af4 ,if ! di/ance ( ! po9ts ,a & ,b 7 too great1 !n x w\ld be easy to det]m9e a s]ies ( po9ts belong+ to ! arc ( circumf]5ce s\ght 7,fig4 #d74 ,be+ giv5 ,c1 ! direction ,c ,i1 & ,c ,i ,r1 on ,c ,i ,i lay (f ,c ,e d1 draw ,a ,e ,b p]p5dicul>ly1 & calculate ,c ,a or ,a ,e4 ,i %all h d 7,r - d7 ,,ae2 ,,tex3 d 7,r - d7 ov]l9e,,ae#b2 or1 z absolute value1 _/ ,a ,e _/ d 7,r - d7 4 7#aj7 _/ ,,tex3 ,,ae sqrtd 7,r-d7 ,! in/rum5t be+ arrang$ accord+ to ,a ,c ,b1 ,i prolong ,c ,b & take ,b ,c' ,b ,c1 :5 ,c' w be "o ( ! po9ts s\ght4 ,x w be readily und]/ood h[1 by repeat+ ! above op]ations1 b by v>y+ ! value ( d1 we obta9 ! o!r int]m$iate po9ts1 & h[ we may cont9ue ! op]ation to ! "r ( ,c' ) ! process po9t$ out4 #ag4 ,if ! ?ree rul]s 7 ?ree arcs ( a l>ge circle ( a sph]e1 ! in/rum5t might s]ve = draw+ ! m]idians on su* sph]e4 #ah4 ,if we imag9e1 in/ead ( ?ree axes plac$ 9 "o plane & conv]g+ at "o po9t1 a sy/em ( f\r axes also conv]g+ 9 "o po9t1 b situat$ 9 any mann] :atev] 9 space1 & if we re/ ?ree ( !m aga9/ ?ree fix$ po9ts1 we %all be able to solve 9 space problems analog\s to ^? t h j be5 solv$ 9 a plane4 ,if we _h1 = example1 to draw a sph]ical vault ^: c5t] 0 inaccessible1 we might adopt ! same me?od4--,le ,gnie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fe$-,,wat] ,,heat] ,,& ,,purifi]4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] read be=e ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute4 ,by ,,george ,s4 ,,/rong4 ,9 ord] to prop]ly und]/& ! requirem5ts ( an effective fe$-wat] purifi]1 x w be necess>y to und]/& some?+ ( ! "* ( ! impurities ( natural wat]s us$ = fe$+ boil]s1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y become tr\blesome 9 caus+ incru/ation or scale1 z x is commonly call$1 9 /eam boil]s4 ,all natural wat]s are kn[n to conta9 m or less m9]al matt]1 p>tly held 9 solution & p>tly 9 me*anical susp5sion4 ,^! m9]al impurities are d]iv$ by contact ( ! wat] ) ! e>?'s surface1 & by p]colation ?r\gh its soil & rocks4 ,! sub/ances tak5 up 9 solution by ?is process consi/ *iefly ( ! c>bonates & sulphates ( lime & magnesia1 & ! *loride ( sodium4 ,! mat]ials c>ri$ 9 me*anical susp5sion are clay1 s&1 & vegetable matt]4 ,!re are _m o!r sal9e +r$i5ts 9 v>i\s natural wat]s1 b !y exi/ 9 su* m9ute quantities1 & are g5]ally s v soluble1 t _! pres5ce may safely be ignor$ 9 treat+ ( ! utility ( boil] wat]s4 ,( ! above nam$ salts1 ! c>bonates ( lime & magnesia are soluble only :5 ! wat] conta9s free c>bonic acid4 ,our ,am]ican riv]s conta9 f #b to #f gra9s ( sal9e matt] to ! gallon 9 solution1 & a v>y+ quantity--g5]ally exce$+ #aj gra9s to ! gallon--9 me*anical susp5sion4 ,! wat]s ( wells & spr+s hold a small] quantity 9 susp5sion1 b g5]ally c>ry a l>g] p]c5tage ( dissolv$ salts 9 solution1 v>y+ f #aj to #fej gra9s to ! gallon4 ,:5 wat]s conta9+ ! c>bonates ( lime & magnesia 9 solution are boil$1 ! c>bonic acid is driv5 (f1 & ! salts1 depriv$ ( _! solv5t1 are rapidly precipitat$ 9 f9e cry/all9e p>ticles1 :i* adh]e t5aci\sly to :atev] surface !y fall ^u4 ,) respect to ! sulphate ( lime1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,x is at be/ only sp>+ly soluble 9 wat]1 "o "p 7by weight7 ( ! salt requir+ ne>ly #ejj p>ts ( wat] to dissolve x4 ,z ! wat] evaporates 9 ! boil]1 h[ev]1 a po9t is soon rea*$ :]e sup]saturation occurs1 z ! wat] fre%ly f$ into x con/antly br+s fre% accessions ( ! salt2 & :5 ?is po9t is rea*$1 ! sulphate ( lime is precipitat$ 9 ! same =m & ) ! same t5aci\sly adh]5t quality z ! c>bonates4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a peculi> prop]ty possess$ by ?is salt :i* facilitates its precipitation1 namely1 t its solubility 9 wat] dim9i%es z ! temp]ature rises4 ,?is fact is ( special int]e/1 s9ce1 if prop]ly tak5 advantage (1 x is possible to effect its almo/ complete removal f ! fe$-wat] ( boil]s1 ,!re is little diff]5ce 9 ! solubility ( ! sulphate ( lime until ! temp]ature has ris5 some:at above #bab ,fahr41 :5 x rapidly dim9i%es1 & f9ally1 at ne>ly #cjj1 all ( ?is salt1 held 9 solution at l[] temp]atures1 w be precipitat$ :5 ! temp]ature has ris5 to t po9t4 ,! foll[+ table#a repres5ts ! solubility ( sulphate ( lime 9 sea wat] at diff]5t temp]atures3 ,temp]ature4 ,p]c5tage ,sulph4 ,fahr4 ,lime held 9 ,solution4 #bag #j4ejj #bai #j4dgg #bba #j4dcb #bbg #j4cie #bcb #j4cee #bcf #j4caj #bdj #j4bfg #bde #j4bbf #bej #j4ahc #bee #j4adj #bfa #j4jig #bff #j4jfj #bga #j4jbc #bij #j4jjj ,footnote #a3 ,vide ,burgh1 ,mod]n ,m>9e ,eng9e]+1 page #agf et seq4 ,m4 ,c\/1 ,annales des ,m9es ,v #fi4 ,re*]*es sur ,v9cru/ation des ,*audires a vap\r4 ,mr4 ,hugh ,lee ,pattison1 ( ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,in/itute ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s ( ,great ,brita91 9 ,augu/1 #ahhj1 rem>k$ on ?is subject t ,! solubility ( sulphate ( lime 9 wat] dim9i%es z ! temp]ature rises4 ,at ord9>y temp]atures pure wat] dissolves ab\t #aej gra9s ( sulphate ( lime p] gallon2 b at a temp]ature ( #bej ,fahr41 at :i* ! pressure ( /eam is equal to ab\t #b atmosph]es1 only ab\t #dj gra9s p] gallon are held 9 solution4 ,at a pressure ( #c atmosph]es1 & temp]ature ( #cjb ,fahr41 x is practically insoluble4 ,! po9t ( maximum solubility is ab\t #ie ,fahr4 ,! pres5ce ( magnesium *loride1 or ( calcium *loride1 9 wat]1 dim9i%es its p[] ( dissolv+ sulphate ( lime1 :ile ! pres5ce ( sodium *loride increases t p[]4 ,z an in/ance ( ! latt] fact1 we f9d a boil] works mu* clean] :i* is f$ alt]nately ) fre% wat] & ) bracki% wat] pump$ f ! ,tyne :5 ! tide is high ?an "o :i* is f$ ) fre% wat] con/antly4 ,^! figures hold sub/antially = fre% z well z = sea wat]1 = ! sulphate ( lime becomes :olly insoluble 9 sea wat]1 or 9 s(t wat]1 at temp]atures compris$ betwe5 #bhj & #cjj ,fahr4 ,x appe>s f ?is t x is simply necess>y to heat wat] up to a temp]ature ( #bej 9 ord] to effect ! precipitation ( f\r fif?s ( ! sulphate ( lime x may h conta9$1 or to ! temp]ature ( #bij 9 ord] to precipitate x entirely4 ,! be>+ ( ^! facts on ! purification ( fe$-wat]s w appe> fur!r on4 ,! explanation (f]$ to acc\nt = ! gradually increas+ insolubility ( sulphate ( lime on heat+1 is1 t ! hydrate1 9 :i* condition x exi/s 9 solution1 is p>tially decompos$1 anhydr\s calcic sulphate be+ =m$1 ! dehydration becom+ m & m complete z ! temp]ature rises4 ,sulphate ( magnesia1 *loride ( sodium 7common salt71 & all ! o!r m soluble salts conta9$ 9 natural wat]s are likewise precipitat$ by ! process ( sup]saturation1 b ow+ to _! extreme solubility _! precipitation w nev] be effect$ 9 boil]s2 all me*anically susp5d$ matt] t5ds naturally to subside4 ,:]e wat] conta9+ su* m9]al & susp5d$ matt] is f$ to a /eam boil]1 !re results a comb9$ deposit1 ( :i* ! c>bonate ( lime usually =ms ! great] "p1 & :i* rema9s m or less firmly adh]5t to ! inn] surfaces ( ! boil]1 undi/urb$ by ! =ce ( ! boil+ curr5ts4 ,gradually accumulat+1 x becomes h>d] & ?ick]1 &1 if p]mitt$ to accumulate1 may at l5g? atta9 su* ?ickness z to prev5t ! prop] heat+ ( ! wat] by any fire t may be ma9ta9$ 9 ! furnace4 ,dr4 ,joseph ,g4 ,rog]s1 :o has made boil] wat]s & incru/ations a subject ( c>eful /udy1 decl>es t ! high heats necess>y to heat wat] ?r\gh ?ick scale w sometimes actually conv]t ! scale into a species ( glass1 by comb9+ ! s&1 me*anically sep>at$1 ) ! alkal9e salts4 ,! same au?ority has c>efully e/imat$ ! non-conduct+ prop]ties ( su* boil] incru/ations4 ,on ?is po9t he rem>ks t ! evil effects ( ! scale are due to ! fact t x is relatively a nonconductor ( heat4 ,z comp>$ ) iron1 its conduct+ p[] is z #a to #cg1 consequ5tly m fuel is requir$ to heat wat] 9 an incru/$ boil] ?an 9 ! same boil] if clean4 ,rog]s e/imates t a scale #a-af? ( an in* ?ick w require ! extra exp5diture ( #ae p] c5t4 m fuel1 & ?is ratio increases z ! scale gr[s ?ick]4 ,?us1 :5 x is "o-qu>t] ( an in* ?ick1 #fj p] c5t4 m fuel is ne$$2 "o-half in*1 #aab p] c5t4 m fuel1 & s on4 ,rog]s v =cibly %[s ! evil consequ5ces to ! boil] f ! excessive heat+ requir$ to raise /eam 9 a badly incru/$ boil]1 by ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ,to raise /eam to a pressure ( #ij p\nds ! wat] mu/ be heat$ to ab\t #cbj ,fahr4 ,9 a clean boil] ( "o-qu>t] in* iron ?is may be done by heat+ ! ext]nal surface ( ! %ell to ab\t #cbe ,fahr4 ,if1 n[1 "o-half an in* ( scale int]v5es betwe5 ! boil] %ell & ! wat]1 su* is its quality ( resi/+ ! passage ( heat t x w be necess>y to heat ! fire surface to ab\t #gjj1 almo/ to a l[ r$ heat1 to effect ! same result4 ,n[1 ! high] ! temp]ature at :i* iron is kept ! m rapidly x oxidizes1 & at any heat above #fjj x v soon becomes granul> & brittle1 & is liable to bulge1 crack1 or o!rwise give way to ! int]nal pressure4 ,?is condition pr$isposes ! boil] to explosion & makes exp5sive repairs necess>y4 ,! pres5ce ( su* scale1 also1 r5d]s m difficult ! rais+1 ma9ta9+1 & l[]+ ( /eam4 ,! nature ( incru/ation & ! evils result+ !refrom hav+ be5 /at$1 x n[ rema9s to consid] ! me?ods t h be5 devis$ to ov]come !m4 ,^! me?ods naturally resolve !mselves into two k9ds1 *emical & me*anical4 ,! *emical me?od has two modifications2 9 "o ! design is to purify ! wat] 9 l>ge tanks or res]voirs1 by ! addition ( c]ta9 sub/ances :i* %all precipitate all ! scale-=m+ +r$i5ts be=e ! wat] is f$ into ! boil]2 9 ! o!r ! *emical ag5t is f$ into ! boil] f "t to "t1 & ! object is to effect ! precipitation ( ! sal9e matt] 9 su* a mann] t x w n =m solid masses ( adh]5t scale4 ,:]e *emical me?ods ( purification are resort$ to1 ! latt] plan is g5]ally foll[$ z be+ ! lea/ tr\blesome4 ,( ! _m sub/ances us$ = ?is purpose1 h[ev]1 "s are measurably successful2 ! majority ( !m are unsatisfactory or objectionable4 ,! me*anical me?ods are also v v>i\s4 ,pick+1 scrap+1 clean+1 etc41 are v g5]ally resort$ to1 b ! scale is s t5aci\s t ?is only p>tially succe$s1 &1 z x necessitates /oppage ( "w1 x is wa/eful4 ,9 addition to ?is plan1 a great v>iety ( me*anical contrivances = heat+ & purify+ ! fe$-wat]1 by sep>at+ & int]cept+ ! sal9e matt] on its passage ?r\gh ! app>atus1 h be5 devis$4 ,_m ( ^! are ( great utility & h come into v g5]al use4 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,/ates especially1 :]e ! wat] 9 mo/ localities is heavily *>g$ ) lime1 ^! me*anical purifi]s h become q indisp5sable :]ev] /eam us]s are alive to ! necessity ( g5]at+ /eam ) economy4 ,mo/ ( ^! appliances1 h[ev]1 only p>tly fulfill _! int5d$ purposes4 ,!y consi/ ess5tially ( a *amb] ?r\gh :i* ! fe$-wat] is pass$1 & 9 :i* x is heat$ almo/ to ! boil+ po9t by exhau/ /eam f ! eng9e4 ,accord+ to ! temp]ature to :i* ! wat] is heat$ 9 ?is *amb]1 & ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = its passage ?r\gh ! *amb]1 ! c>bonates are m or less completely precipitat$1 z likewise ! matt] held 9 me*anical susp5sion4 ,! precipitat$ matt] subsides on %elves or else:]e 9 ! *amb]1 f :i* x is remov$ f "t to "t4 ,! sulphate ( lime1 h[ev]1 & ! o!r soluble salts1 & 9 "s cases also a portion ( ! c>bonates t 7 n precipitat$ dur+ ! brief "t ( passage ?r\gh ! heat]1 are pass$ on into ! boil]4 ,appreciat+ ?is insuffici5cy ( exi/+ fe$-wat] purifi]s to effectually remove ^! dang]\s sal9e impurities1 ! writ] 9 design+ ! fe$-wat] heat] n[ to be describ$ paid special att5tion to ! sep>ation ( all matt]s1 soluble & insoluble2 & he has succe$$ 9 pass+ ! wat] to ! boil]s q free f any sub/ance :i* w\ld cause scal+ or coh]5t deposit4 ,8 att5tion 0 call$ m p>ticul>ly to ! necessity ( extreme c>e 9 ?is respect1 ?r\gh ! great annoyance suff]$ by /eam us]s 9 ! ,c5tral & ,we/]n ,/ates1 :]e ! wat] is heavily *>g$ ) lime4 ,v simple & ev5 primitive boil]s are "h us$2 ! mo/ necess>y consid]ation be+ h&9ess 9 clean+1 & n ! highe/ evaporative effici5cy4 ,^! boil]s are !re=e v wa/eful1 only evaporat+1 :5 cov]$ ) lime scale1 f two to ?ree p\nds ( wat] ) "o p\nd ( ! be/ coal1 & requir+ cleans+ once a week at ! v lea/4 ,! writ]'s int]e/ be+ ar\s$1 he det]m9$1 if possible1 to rem$y ^! inconv5i5ces1 & accord+ly he made a c>eful /udy ( ! subject1 & exam9$ all ! heat]s !n 9 ! m>ket4 ,he f\nd !m all1 )\t exception1 insuffici5t to free ! fe$-wat] f ! mo/ dang]\s ( impurities1 namely1 ! sulphate & ! c>bonate ( lime4 ,tak+ ! =ego+ facts1 well kn[n to *emi/s & eng9e]s1 z ! basis ( 8 op]ations1 ! writ] p]ceiv$ t all sub/ances likely to give tr\ble by deposition w\ld be precipitat$ at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bej ,f4 ,8 plan 01 !re=e1 to make a fe$-wat] heat] 9 :i* ! wat] c\ld be rais$ to t temp]ature be=e ent]+ ! boil]4 ,n[1 by us+ ! heat f ! exhau/ /eam ! wat] may be rais$ to betwe5 #bjh & #bab ,f4 ,x has yet to be rais$ to #bej ,f42 & = ?is purpose ! writ] saw at once ! advantage t w\ld be atta9$ by us+ a coil ( live /eam f ! boil]4 ,?is device does n cause any loss ( /eam1 except ! small loss due to radiation1 s9ce ! wat] 9 any case w\ld h to be heat$ up to ! temp]ature ( ! /eam on ent]+ ! boil]4 ,by adopt+ ?is me?od1 ! *emical precipitation1 :i* w\ld o!rwise occur 9 ! boil]1 takes place 9 ! heat]2 & x is only necess>y n[ to provide a filt]1 :i* %all prev5t any?+ pass+ t c possibly cause scale4 ,hav+ expla9$ z briefly z possible ! pr9ciples on :i* ! sy/em is f\nd$1 ! writ] w n[ describe ! details ( ! heat] itself4 ,9 ,figs4 #a & #b are %[n an elevation & a v]tical section ( ! heat]4 ,! ca/-iron base1 ,a1 is divid$ into two p>ts by ! diaphragm1 ,b4 ,! exhau/ /eam ent]s at ,c1 passes up ! l>g] tubes1 ,d1 :i* are fa/5$ into ! upp] %ell ( ! ca/+1 returns by ! small] tubes1 ,e1 :i* are inside ! o!rs1 & passes away by ! passage1 ,f4 ,! inn] tube only s]ves = dis*>ge4 ,x w be se5 at once t ?is arrangem5t1 :ile secur+ great heat+ surface 9 a small space1 at ! same "t leaves fre$om = expansion & contraction1 )\t produc+ /ra9s4 ,! free area = passage ( /eam is arrang$ to be "o & a half times t ( ! exhau/ pipe1 s t !re is no possible dang] ( back pressure4 ,! wr\ght iron %ell1 ,g1 connect+ ! /&1 ,a1 ) ! dome1 ,h1 is made /rong en\gh to )/& ! full boil] pressure4 ,an ord9>y cas+1 ,j1 ( wood or o!r mat]ial prev5ts loss by radiation ( heat4 ,! cold wat] f ! pump passes into ! heat] ?r\gh ! injector arrangem5t1 ,k1 & com+ 9 contact ) ! tubes1 ,d1 is heat$2 x !n rises to ! coil1 ,l1 :i* is suppli$ ) /eam f ! boil]1 & ?us becomes fur!r heat$1 atta9+ !re a temp]ature ( f #bej to #bgj ,f41 accord+ to ! pressure 9 ! boil]4 ,?is high temp]ature causes ! sep>ation ( ! dissolv$ salts2 & on ! way to ! boil] ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! filt]1 ,m1 becom+ !reby fre$ f all precipitat$ matt] be=e pass+ away to ! boil] at ,n4 ,! purpose ( ! injector1 ,k1 & ! pipe pass+ f ,o to ,k1 is to cause a cont9ual passage ( air or /eam f ! upp] "p ( ! dome to ! l[] "p ( ! heat]1 s t any precipitate c>ri$ up 9 fro? may be aga9 return$ to ! "u side ( ! filt]1 9 ord] m effectually to sep>ate x1 be=e any *ance occurs ( its pass+ into ! boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,elevation4 ,,fig4 #b4--,v]tical ,section ,! filt] consi/s ( wood *>coal 9 ! l[] half & bone black above firmly held betwe5 two p]=at$ plates1 z %[n4 ,aft] ! heat] has be5 9 use = f ?ree to t5 h\rs1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! wat] us$1 x is necess>y to bl[ out ! heat]1 9 ord] to cle> ! filt] f deposit4 ,to d ?is1 ! cock at ,r is op5$1 & ! wat] is dis*>g$ by ! pressure f ! boil]4 ,! /eam is all[$ to pass ?r\gh ! heat] = "s little "t1 9 ord] to cle> ! filt] completely4 ,aft] ?is op]ation1 all is ready to comm5ce "w aga94 ,by ?is means ! filt] rema9s fit = use = mon?s )\t *ange ( ! *>coal4 ,:]e a jet cond5s] is us$1 ei!r ( two plans may be adopt$4 ,"o plan takes ! fe$-wat] f ! hot well & passes ! exhau/ f ! fe$ pumps ?r\gh ! heat]1 us+ at ! same "t an increas$ am\nt ( coil = ! live /eam4 ,by ?is means a temp]ature ( wat] is atta9$ high en\gh to cause deposition1 & at ! same "t to produce decomposition ( ! oil br\ght ov] f ! cyl9d]s4 ,! o!r plan places ! heat] 9 ! l9e ( exhau/ f ! eng9e to ! cond5s]1 also us+ a l>g] am\nt ( coil4 ,bo? ^! me?ods "w well4 ,! writ] sometimes uses ! /eam f ! coil to "w ! fe$ pump2 or1 if ! heat] /&s high en\gh1 x is only necess>y to make a connection ) ! boil]1 :5 ! wat] =m$ by ! cond5sation ( ! /eam runs back to ! boil]1 & ?us ! coil is kept con/antly at ! necess>y temp]ature4 ,9 adapt+ ! heat] to locomotives1 we 7 met ) ! difficulty ( want ( space to put a heat] suffici5tly l>ge to h&le ! extremely l>ge am\nt ( wat] evaporat$ on a locomotive work$ up to its full capacity1 be+ f #a1ejj to #b1ejj gallons p] h\r1 or f five hundr$ to "o ?\s& h4p4 ,we design$ v>i\s =ms ( heat]s & tri$ !m1 b h f9ally decid$ on ! "o %[n 9 ! engrav+1 ,fig4 #c1 :i* consi/s ( a lap weld$ tube1 #ac in*es int]nal diamet]1 #ab feet long1 ) a ca/-iron head :i* is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts or *amb]s by a diaphragm4 ,into ?is head are screw$ #fj tubes1 "o in* outside diamet] & #ab feet long1 :i* are ( seamless brass4 ,^! are ! heat+ tubes1 )9 :i* are int]nal tubes = circulation only1 :i* are screw$ into ! diaphragm & ext5d to )9 a v %ort di/ance ( ! end ( ! heat+ tube4 ,! exhau/ /eam = heat+ is tak5 equally f bo? sides ( ! locomotive by tapp+ a two-in* nipple ) a cup %ap$ ext5sion on x 9 su* a way z to cat* a portion ( ! exhau/ )\t int]f]+ ) ! free escape ( ! /eam = ! bla/1 & )\t any back pressure1 z x relieves ! back pressure z mu* z x cond5ses4 ,! pipe f "o side ( ! eng9e is connect$ ) ! *amb] into :i* ! heat+ tubes are screw$1 & is 9 direct communication ) !m4 ,! pipe f ! o!r side is connect$ ) ! *amb] into :i* ! circulat+ tubes are screw$4 ,! beat ( ! exhau/1 work+1 z x does1 on ! qu>t]s1 causes a con/ant saw+ or backw>d & =w>d circulation ( /eam )\t any dis*>ge1 & only ! cond5sation is c>ri$ (f4 ,! wat] is br\ght f ! pump & dis*>g$ into ! l[] side ( ! heat] well =w>d1 & passes ar\nd ! heat+ tubes to ! end1 :5 x is dis*>g$ into a pipe t c>ries x =w>d1 ei!r direct to ! *eck or into ! purifi]1 :i* is locat$ betwe5 ! frames "u ! boil]1 & consi/s ( a *amb] 9 :i* are arrang$ a live /eam coil & a filt] above ! coil4 ,! wat] com+ 9 contact ) ! coil1 its temp]ature is increas$ f ! temp]ature ( ! exhau/1 #baj1 to ab\t #bej ,fahr41 :i* causes ! sep>ation ( ! lime salts z be=e describ$1 & x !n passes ?r\gh ! filt] & direct to ! boil] f above ! filt]1 :i* is cleans$ by bl[+ back ?r\gh x z be=e describ$4 ,"o ( ^! heat]s lately te/$ %[$ a sav+ 9 coal ( #bb p] c5t1 & an increase ( evaporation ( #a4ji p\nds ( wat] p] p\nd ( coal4--,frankl9 ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,montev]de',s ,,/atue ,,( ,,ar*itecture4 ,?is preci\s /atue =ms ! noble figure t adorns ! monum5t erect$ to ! memory ( ! ar*itect ,c>les ,sada1 :o di$ 9 #ahgc4 ,?is rem>kable fun]eal monum5t is #bj feet high1 ! sup]ior portion consi/+ ( a s>cophagus re/+ ^u a level base4 ,^u ?is s>cophagus is plac$ ! /atue ( ,la ,ar*itectura1 :i* we reproduce1 & :i* well exemplifies ! g5ius ( ! au?or & sculptor1 ,juli ,montev]de4--,la ,ilu/raci ,catalana4 ,illu/ration3 ,,la ,,ar*itectura4--,,/atue ,,by ,,juli ,,montev]de4 ,,erect$ ,,9 ,,memory ,,( ,,! ,,ar*itect1 ,,c>les ,,sada4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,design ,,= ,a ,,g>d5]',s ,,cottage4 ,! illu/ration %[s a g>d5]'s cottage rec5tly erect$ at ,d[nes1 ,devon%ire1 ! seat ( ,colonel ,bull]1 ,v4,c41 ,c4,b1 ,c4,m4,g41 f ! designs ( ,mr4 ,h>bottle1 ,a4,r4,i4,b4,a41 ( ,exet]4 ,x is built ( r$ brick & tile1 ! color ( :i* & ! outl9e ( ! cottage give x a picturesque appe>ance1 se5 ?r\gh ! beautiful old trees 9 "o ( ! f9e/ p>ks 9 ,devon%ire4--,! ,ar*itect4 ,illu/ration3 ,g>d5]'s ,cottage at ,,d[nes = ,colonel ,bull] ,v4,c41 ,c4,b41 ,c4,m4,g41 ,e4,h4 ,h>bottle ,ar*itect 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pap] ,,mak+ ,,d[n ,,ea/4 ,writ+ f ,gilb]tville1 a ,lewi/on j\rnal correspond5t says3 ,gilb]tville1 a manufactur+ community 9 ! t[n ( ,canton1 tw5ty-five miles f ,lewi/on1 up ! ,&roscogg91 is n[ a village ( ov] #ejj inhabitants1 :]e ?ree ye>s ago !re 0 b a s+le f>mh\se4 ,if a t[n _h sprung into exi/5ce 9 a f> ,we/]n ,/ate ) s mu* cel]ity1 ! ph5om5on w\ld n be consid]$ rem>kable1 p]haps2 b gr[?s ( ?is k9d are n indig5\s to ! ,new ,engl& ( ! pres5t era4 ,gilb]tville has probably out/ripp$ all ,new ,engl& villages 9 ! race ( ! pa/ ?ree ye>s4 ,x is only "o ( ! signs t old ,ma9e is n dead yet4 ,gilb]t ,bro!rs erect$ a saw mill "h ?ree ye>s ago4 ,a ye> lat]1 ! ,d5ison ,pap] ,manufactur+ ,company1 ( ,me*anic ,falls1 erect$ a big pulp mill1 :i*1 also1 ! t[n vot$ to exempt f taxation = t5 ye>s4 ,! mills are valuable companions = ea* o!r4 ,! pulp mill utilizes all ! wa/e ( ! saw mill4 ,a settlem5t 0 spe$ily built by ! op]atives4 ,gilb]tville n[ boa/s ( a po/-(fice1 a /ore1 sev]al l>ge bo>d+ h\ses1 a nice s*ool h\se1 & ov] #ejj inhabitants4 ,! pulp mill employs sev5ty m54 ,x runs night & day4 ,x manufactures mon?ly #cej cords ( popl> & spruce into pulp4 ,x consumes mon?ly #ejj cords ( wood = fuel1 #de casks ( soda a%1 valu$ at #de p] cask1 n9e c> loads ( lime1 #bd1jjj p\nds to ! c>4 ,x produces #a1jjj1jjj p\nds ( wet fib]1 valu$ at ab\t #ag1jjj1 mon?ly4 ,! pay roll am\nts to #c1ejj p] mon?4 ,! l>g] "p ( ! /ock us$ by ! mill consi/s ( popl> logs float$ d[n ! ,&roscogg9 & its tribut>ies4 ,"o ?\s& two hundr$ cords ( popl> cut 9 f\r-foot l5g?s are pil$ ab\t ! mill2 & a little fur!r up ! riv] are #e1jjj cords m4 ,! logs are haul$ f ! riv] & saw$ into l5g?s by a donkey eng9e1 :i* cuts ab\t sixty cords p] day1 & pulls out f\rte5 logs at a "t4 ,all ! spruce slabs made by ! saw mill are us$ ) ?is popl>4 ,! wood is f$ to a :eel arm$ ) _m %>p knives4 ,x dev\rs a cord ( wood e fifte5 m9utes4 ,! f\r-foot /icks are *ew$ into f9e *ips z rapidly z !y c be ?ru/ into ! maw ( ! *opp]4 ,!y are c>ri$ directly f ?is ma*9e to ! top ( ! mill by an endless belt ) pockets atta*$4 ,!re are hat*ways 9 ! attic floor1 :i* op5 ^u rot>y iron boil]s4 ,into ^! boil]s ! *ips are rak$1 & a solution ( lime & soda a% is p\r$ ov] !m4 ,?is ba? de/roys all ! res9\s matt] 9 ! wood1 & aft] cook+ five h\rs ! *ips are r$uc$ to a mass ( s(t black pulp4 ,ea* rot>y w conta9 two cords ( *ips4 ,aft] ! cook+1 ! pulp is dump$ into iron tanks 9 ! basem5t1 :]e x is ?or\ghly wa%$ ) /reams ( clean cold wat]4 ,x is !n pump$ into a ma*9e :i* rolls x into broad %eets4 ,^! %eets are fold$1 & cond5s$ by a hydraulic press ( #bjj tons pressure4 ,?is process r$uces its bulk fifty p] c5t41 & s5ds pr(use jets ( wat] fly+ out ( x4 ,! soda a%1 9 :i*1 mix$ ) lime & wat]1 ! *ips are cook$1 is reclaim$1 & us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,! liquor1 aft] x has be5 us$1 is pump$ into tanks on top ( l>ge brick furnaces4 ,z x is heat$1 x ?ick5s4 ,x is br\ght ne>] & ne>] ! fire until x cry/allizes1 & f9ally burns into an a%4 ,eighty p] c5t4 ( ! a% us$ is ?us reclaim$4 ,?is process is an imm5se sav+ to ! pulp manufactur]s4 ,! "w 9 ! pulp mill is sev]e1 & is slightly t+$ ) dang]4 ,?ree ?\s& f\r hundr$ p\nds ( :ite a% to #b1ajj p\nds ( lime are ! proportions 9 :i* ! liquor 9 ea* vat is mix$4 ,"o does n envy ! lot ( ! /\t fell[s :o crawl into ! great rot>ies to /[ away ! *ips4 ,! hurry ( bus9ess is s great t !y _c wait = ^! boil]s to cool naturally1 aft] !y h cook$ "o bat*1 be=e putt+ 9 ano!r4 ,s !y h a fan pump1 to :i* is atta*$ a canvas hose1 & ) ?is bl[ cool+ air curr5ts into ! boil]1 or rot>y1 z !y call x4 ,! rot>y is subject$ to an imm5se pressure1 & is v /\tly made ( ?ick iron plates1 bolt$ toge!r4 ,describ+ ! bus9ess z c>ri$ on at ,me*anic ,falls1 ! same pap] says3 ,!re are six ( ^! mills on ! ?ree dams ov] :i* ! ,little ,&roscogg9 falls4 ,^! are ! ,eagle1 ! ,/>1 ! ,diamond1 ! ,union1 ! pulp1 & ! sup] cal5d]+ mills4 ,! ,eagle & ! ,/> mills run on book pap]s ( v>i\s grades4 ,! ,union mill runs on newspap]4 ,! old ,diamond mill n[ prep>es pulp /ock4 ,! pulp mill does no?+ b blea* ! rag pulp & prep>e = ! ma*9es 9 ! o!r mills2 :ile ! sup]-cal5d]+ mill gives ! pap] an extra f9i% :5 ord]$4 ,!re is practically b "o s]ies ( processes by :i* ! pap] is made 9 ! v>i\s mills4 ,x is a curi\s fact t ,am]ica is n ragg$ en\gh to produce ! requisite am\nt ( /ock = its own pap] mills4 ,ne>ly all ! rags us$ by ! ,d5ison ,mills 7& by o!rs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry z well7 are import$ f ! old c\ntries4 ,all ! rags fir/ g ?r\gh ! du/]4 ,?is is a big cyl9drical %ell ( co>se wire nett+4 ,x is rapidly revolv$1 :ile a screw runn+ ?r\gh its c5t] is turn$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,air curr5ts are =c$ ?r\gh x by a p[] fan4 ,! rags are cont9u\sly f$ into "o end ( ?is %ell1 :i* is ab\t t5 feet long & f\r feet 9 diamet]4 ,! screw =ces !m ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! %ell1 :ile !y are kept buzz+ ar\nd & subject$ to breezes :i* bl[ ?ick cl\ds ( dirt & du/ out ( !m4 ,! air ( ! room is ?ick ) ,european & ,asiatic e>?4 ,x is swept up 9 great rolls on ! floor4 ,! man :o op]ates ! du/] %\ld h lea!r lungs4 ,ov]head is a long room :]e ?irty girls are busily sort+ ! rags = ! v>i\s grades ( pap]s4 ,t ! du/+ ma*9e is no m p]fect ?an a human ma*9e is ev9c$ by ! murky atmosph]e ( ?is room1 by ! p>ticles t lodge 9 ! ?roat ( ! visitor1 & by ! frequ5t c\gh+ ( ! sort]s4 ,!y protect _! hair ) turbans ( veil+1 occasionally decorat$ ) a bit ( bright color4 ,^! turbans give ! room ! appe>ance ( an indu/ri\s ,turki% h>em4 ,%ort1 %>p scy! blades1 l ,turki% scimet]s1 gleam above all ! girls' b5*es4 ,:5 a sort] wi%es to cut a rag1 %e pulls x across ! edge ( ?is blade1 & is n oblig$ to hunt = a pair ( %e>s4 ,curi\s discov]ies are frequ5tly made 9 ! rags4 ,old pockets1 conta9+ small sums ( money1 are occasionally f\nd4 ,a =eign co9 valu$ at ab\t #c 0 f\nd a few days ago4 ,9 ! pap] /ock1 qua9t & valuable old books or pictures are f\nd (t54 ,"o ( ! workm5 has a museum compos$ ( curiosities f\nd amid ! rags & %r$s ( pap]4 ,rev4 ,dr4 ,bolles1 ( ,massa*usetts1 makes an annual pilgrimage to ,me*anic ,falls = ! sake ( ! r>e old pamphlets1 books1 & engrav+s t he may dig out4 ,/uff$ 9 hog%eads1 ! rags are l[]$ f ?is room ?r\gh a hat*way1 & are giv5 a r$ hot lime ba?4 ,!y are plac$ 9 pond]\s cyl9d]s ( boil] iron1 :i* revolve horizontally 9 great ge>s high above ! floor4 ,a mixture ( lime & wat]1 :i* has be5 prep>$ 9 l>ge brick vats1 is p\r$ ov] !m4 ,an iron door1 secur$ by huge bolts1 is clos$ on !m4 ,! cyl9d] sl[ly turns ar\nd1 & *urns ! rags 9 ! lime-juice twelve h\rs4 ,?is process is call$ blea*+4 ,:5 ! rags come out !y are f> f :ite1 h[ev]4 ,!y are ( a uni=m dirty br[n hue4 ,b ! colors h lo/ _! gripe4 ,:5 ! rags %all h be5 submitt$ to ! gr9d+ & wa%+ 9 pure wat]1 z we %all see !m pres5tly1 !y are easily :it5$4 ,! lime ba? is ! purgatory ( ! pap] /ock4 ,be=e we g any fur!r1 we mu/ see :at becomes ( ^? s(t & lop-sid$ bundles :i* are go+ into ! mills4 ,^! conta9 *emically prep>$ wood fib]1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( :i* is us$ 9 ne>ly all ! pap]s made n[4 ,x gives ! pap] a great] body1 al?\gh its fib] is n s /rong z t made ( rags4 ,! pulp comes d[n f ,canton 9 s(t br[n %eets4 ,^! are at once blea*$4 ,! br[n fib] is plac$ 9 a ba? ( cold wat] & *lorate ( lime4 ,!re x quietly re/s till a s$im5t settles at ! bottom ( ! tank4 ,at an opportune mom5t ! workman p\rs 9 a copi\s libation ( boil+ wat]4 ,?is causes ! escape ( ! *lor9e gas1 :i* de/roys all ! color 9 ! pulp4 ,9 half an h\r x comes out1 a mass ( smok+ fib]s z :ite z a sn[ heap4 ,! dra9]s into :i* x goes are l>ge p5s ) p]=at$ tile floors4 ,! pulp rema9s 9 ! dra9]s till x s dry x is h&l$ ) a pit*=k4 ,we are n[ ready to look at ! beat+ ma*9es1 :i* h to p]=m a v important "p 9 pap] mak+4 ,^! are l>ge iron tanks ) p[]ful gr9d]s revolv+ 9 !m4 ,b>r[ loads ( ! br[n rags are dump$ into !m1 & cle> cold wat] is p\r$ 94 ,! gr9d]s are !n />t$4 ,!y *ew ! rags into f9e bits4 ,!y keep ! mass ( rags & wat] circulat+ incessantly 9 ! tanks4 ,clean wat] con/antly fl[s 9 & dirty wat] z con/antly fl[s out4 ,9 ! c\rse ( six h\rs ! rags are r$uc$ to a p]fectly :ite pulpy mass4 ,!re is "o mill1 z we h said1 devot$ exclusively to ! r$uction ( rags to ?is :ite pulp4 ,x is dri$ 9 dra9]s su* z we saw a few mom5ts ago fill$ ) ! wood fib]4 ,!re are o!r beat+ ma*9es j l ^!1 :i* p]=m a slightly diff]5t s]vice4 ,_! function may be comp>$ to t ( an apo!c>y's mort> or a cook's mix+ di%4 ,! :ite rag /ock & ! :ite wood fib] are mix$ 9 ^!1 9 ! requir$ proportions4 ,at ?is /age1 ! pulp is adult]at$ ) ,*9a clay1 to give x sub/ance & weight2 "h ! siz+ 7compos$ ( res9 & sal soda7 is put 92 oil ( vitriol1 blu+1 yell[ o*]1 & o!r *emicals are add$1 to :it5 or to t9t ! pap]4 ,^! beat]s are mu* l s _m s\p kettles4 ,^u ! k9d1 numb]1 & proportion ( ! +r$i5ts dep5ds ! nature ( ! product4 ,! p]c5tages ( rag pulp1 wood pulp1 clay1 color+1 etc41 us$1 dep5d ^u ! quality ( pap] ord]$4 ,aft] ! f9al beat+1 ! mixture desc5ds into a l>ge res]voir call$ ! /uff *e/1 :5ce x is pump$ to ! pap] ma*9e4 ,! pulp is ( ! consi/5cy ( milk :5 x p\rs f ! sp\t ( ! pumps on ! pap] ma*9e4 ,! latt] is a complicat$ s]ies ( roll]s1 belts1 sieves1 blankets1 pumps1 & ge>s1 "o hundr$ feet long4 ,to describe x or to und]/& a description ( x w\ld require ! vocabul>y & ! k ( a sci5ti/4 ,! milky pulp fir/ passes ov] a belt ( f9e wire clo?1 ?r\gh :i* ! wat] p>tly dra9s4 ,x is +5i\sly made to glide ov] two p]=at$ iron plates1 "u :i* pumps are con/antly suck+4 ,y c pla9ly see ! broad %eet ( pulp lose its wat] & ga9 ?ickness z x goes ov] ^! plates4 ,broad1 blanket-l belts ( felt take x & c>ry x ov] & betwe5 l>ge roll+ cyl9d]s fill$ ) hot /eam4 ,^! dry & h>d5 x into a %eet :i* w support itself2 & )\t ! aid ( blankets x w9ds among iron rolls1 call$ cal5d]s1 :i* squeeze x & give x surface4 ,x is w\nd ^u revolv+ reels at ! end ( ! ma*9e4 ,if a bett] surface or gloss is requir$1 x is c>ri$ to ! sup] cal5d]+ mill1 :]e x is /eam$ & subject$ to a long & circuit\s j\rney up & d[n tall /&s ( cal5d]s ^u cal5d]s4 ,! pap] is cut by ma*9es hav+ long1 w9d+ knives :i* revolve sl[ly & cut1 on ! scissors pr9ciple--no two po9ts ( ! blade be>+ on ! pap] ) equal pressure at once4 ,girls pack ! %eets on ! tables z !y fall f ! cutt]s1 & ?r[ out ! damag$ or dirti$ %eets4 ,a small black spot or hole or imp]fection ( any sort is suffici5t to reject a %eet4 ,9 "s ord]s fifty p] c5t4 ( ! %eets are ?r[n out4 ,!re is no wa/e1 z ! damag$ pap] is gr\nd into pulp aga94 ,hav+ be5 cut1 ! pap] mu/ be c\nt$ & fold$4 ,!n x is pack$ into bundles = %ipm5t4 ,! "y lady :o does ! c\nt+ & fold+ is ! wond] ( ! mill4 ,giv+ ! %eets a twi/ ) "o h& s z to spread op5 ! edges1 %e gallops ! f+]s ( ! o!r h& among !m2 & z quickly z y or ,i c\ld c\nt ?ree1 %e c\nts tw5ty-f\r & folds ! quire4 ,%e takes f\r %eets ) a f+] & goes h] :ole h& & "o f+] m2 ?us %e gets tw5ty-f\r %eets4 ,long practice is requir$ to d ! c\nt+ rapidly & accurately4 ,tw5ty-f\r %eets1 no m & no less1 are always f\nd 9 h] quires4 ,pap]s ( diff]5t grades are made ( diff]5t /ock1 b by ! same process4 ,"s pap] /ock is us$4 ,?is mu/ be blea*$ 9 lime & soda a%4 ,!re are p[]ful /eam eng9es 9 ! mills = use :5 ! wat] is l[4 ,!re are l>ge furnaces & boil]s :i* supply ! /eam us$ 9 ! processes4 ,! ,messrs4 ,d5ison employ #age h&s at ,me*anic ,falls4 ,_! pay roll am\nts to ab\t #e1jjj p] mon?4 ,! mills produce #cej1jjj p\nds ( pap] p] mon? & !y %ip sev]al c>-loads ( prep>$ wood-pulp1 9 excess ( t requir$ = _! own use1 weekly4 ,! annual value ( _! product is n f> f #cjj1jjj4 ,!y use1 = sundries1 ea* mon?1 #cjj tons ( coal1 #ajj casks ( common lime1 #bej gallons ( burn+-oil1 #bh1jjj p\nds ( *lorate ( lime1 #c1gjj p\nds ( soda a%4 #aj1jjj p\nds ( res94 #bd1jjj p\nds ( sal soda1 #bb1jjj p\nds ( oil ( vitriol1 #bb1jjj p\nds ( ,*9a clay1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,:eat-,,meal ,,bread ,,z ,a ,,means ,,( ,,dim9i%+ ,,tub]cul> ,,disease4 ,by ,m4 ,,yates1 ,hon4 ,sec4 ,bread ,re=m ,league1 ,london4 ,x is well recogniz$ t defective m9]al nutrition is an important factor 9 ! production ( rickets & bad tee?1 b z its influ5ce 9 pr$ispos+ t[>d tub]cul\s disease is n s cle>ly asc]ta9$1 w y k9dly all[ public att5tion to be direct$ to a /atem5t :i* 0 discuss$ at ! ,social ,sci5ce & ,sanit>y ,congresses & :i*1 if confirm$ by fur!r sci5tific rese>*1 indicates a simple means ( dim9i%+ consumption1 :i*1 z ,dr4 ,william ,fair1 ,f4,r4,s41 says1 is ! greate/1 ! mo/ con/ant1 & ! mo/ dreadful ( all ! diseases t affect mank9d4 ,9 ,phosphates 9 ,nutrition1 by ,mr4 ,m4,f4 ,&]son1 x is /at$ t al?\gh ! ext]nal appe>ances & g5]al condition ( a body :5 dea? has occurr$ f />vation are v simil> to ^? pres5t$ 9 tub]cul\s disease1 9 />vation1 f wa/+ ( ! tissues1 caus$ by ! combu/ion ( _! organic matt]1 !re w\ld be an app>5t increase 9 ! p]c5tage proportion ( m9]al matt]2 on ! o!r h&1 9 tub]cul> disease1 !re w\ld be a mat]ial decrease 9 ! m9]al matt] z comp>$ ) ! g5]al wa/+4 ,analyses1 made by ,mr4 ,&]son1 ( ! vascul> tissues ( pati5ts :o h di$ ( consumption1 scr(ula1 & alli$ diseases1 %[ a v m>k$ defici5cy 9 ! quantity ( inorganic matt] ent]+ into _! composition2 ?is defici5cy is n conf9$ to ! organs or tissues :i* are app>5tly ! seat ( ! disease1 b 9 a great] or less] degree p]vades ! :ole capill>y sy/em4 ,! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,m>cet1 ,f4,r4,s41 %[ t 9 ph?isis !re is a consid]able r$uction ( ! normal am\nt ( phosphoric acid 9 ! pulmon>y tissues2 & x is v probable t !re is a g5]al dra9 ( phosphoric acid f ! sy/em4 ,?is loss may be caus$ by ! expectoration & night-sweats1 or x may also be produc$ by defective m9]al nutrition1 ei!r f defici5t supply 9 ! food1 or f non assimilation4 ,b1 :atev] causes ?is defici5cy1 x is univ]sally ackn[l$g$ t x is ess5tial ! food %\ld conta9 a prop] supply ( ! m9]al elem5ts4 ,if ! body is well n\ri%$1 ! resi/+ =ce ( ! sy/em is rais$4 ,pr(essor ,ko* & o!rs1 :o accept ! g]m !ory ( disease to its fulle/ ext5t1 /ate t ! m9ute organisms ( tub]cul> disease d n occur 9 ! tissues ( heal?y bodies1 & t :5 introduc$ into a liv+ body _! propagation & increase are greatly favor$ by a l[ /ate ( ! g5]al heal?4 ,dr4 ,pavy1 ,f4,r4,s41 %[$ 9 8 address on ! ,dietetics ( ,bread t 9 :ite fl\r1 in/ead ( obta9+ ! #bc p>ts ( m9]al matt] to #ajj p>ts ( nitrog5\s matt]--:i* is ! accept$ ratio ( a /&>d diet--we %\ld only get #d4bj p>ts ( m9]al matt]4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* /ates t #a lb4 ( :ite fl\r has only #di gra9s ( m9]al matt]1 :ile #a lb4 ( :ole :eat meal has #aai gra9s4 ,:ole :eat meal1 besides conta9+ o!r ess5tial m9]al elem5ts1 has d\ble ! am\nt ( lime1 & ne>ly ?ree times ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid2 s t if defective m9]al nutrition 9 any way pr$isposes to consumption1 ! adoption ( :eat meal prep>$ 9 a dige/ible & palatable =m is ( prim>y importance = ^? :o are unable to obta9 ! phosphates f high-pric$ animal foods4 ,:eat meal has also great advantages = ^? :o are able to af=d animal food1 =1 z ,dr4 ,pavy /at$1 ,x acts z a great] /imulant to ! dige/ive organs4 ,x is probably due to ?is /imulat+ prop]ty ( :eat meal t p :o h adopt$ x f9d !y c dige/ animal fat mu* bett] ?an previ\sly4 ,if ?is is corroborat$ by g5]al exp]i5ce1 x may be ( great b5efit 9 aid+ ! sy/em to resi/ t5d5cies t[>d consumption & scr(ula1 = ^! diseases are g5]ally accompani$ by loss ( ! p[] ( assimilat+ fat4 ,x is believ$ t a defici5cy ( oleag9\s matt] is a pr$ispos+ cause ( tub]cul\s disease4 ,an important prophylactic1 !re=e1 aga9/ su* maladies1 w\ld be a g5]al increase 9 ! use ( butt] & o!r fatty foods4 ,!re is su* good reason to believe t a l[ /ate ( nutrition favors ! developm5t ( tub]cul\s disease1 t p>5ts _c be too /rongly urg$ to provide _! *ildr5 ) a prop] supply ( heal?y1 n\ri%+1 & pure food 7"u :i* t]m mu/1 ( c\rse1 be includ$ pure air & pure wat]71 = by s do+ !y may (t5 arre/ consumptive t5d5cies1 & ?us w\ld be dim9i%$ ! ravages ( t fatal disease :i*1 :5 once e/abli%$1 is ! despair ( ! physician1 & ! t]ror ( ! public4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,new ,,york ,,fi% ,,commission ,,ponds ,,at ,,cal$onia4 ,! capacity ( ! ,new ,york ,/ate fi% f>m at ,cal$onia is #f1jjj1jjj fry a ye>4 ,! rec5tly issu$ report ( ! fi% commission]s says t ?is ye> ! ponds w be work$ to _! full capacity4 ,! supply ( spawn has be5 great] ?an c\ld be hat*$ !re1 & supplies 7 s5t to responsible p]sons 9 e ,/ate 9 ! ,union to be exp]im5t$ )4 ,at ! date ( issu+ ! report ! supply ( /ock fi% at ! hat*]y embrac$1 x 0 e/imat$1 a ?\s& salmon tr\t1 ( weights rang+ f f\r to twelve p\nds2 t5 ?\s& brook tr\t1 f half a p\nd to two p\nds 9 weight2 ?irty ?\s& ,cali=nia m\nta9 tr\t1 weigh+ f a qu>t] ( a p\nd to ?ree p\nds2 =ty-sev5 hundr$ ra9b[ tr\t1 ( f a qu>t] ( a p\nd to two p\nds' weight2 & a l>ge numb] ( hybrids produc$ by cross+ & int]bre$+ ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! salmon tribe4 ,9 ?is connection ref]5ce is made to ! int]e/+ fact t hybrids ( ! fi% family are n b>r54 ,spawn]s produc$ by cross+ ! male brook tr\t ) ! female salmon tr\t ca/ #gb1jjj eggs la/ fall1 :i* hat*$ z readily z ! spawn ( _! prog5itors4 ,! value ( ! /ock ( bre$+ fi% at ! hat*]y is e/imat$ at #bj1jjj4 ,! hat* ( salmon tr\t ?is season 0 n f> f #a1bjj1jjj1 & ^! w be di/ribut$ *iefly 9 ! l>ge lakes ( ! int]ior4 ,ab\t a million little brook tr\t 7 produc$4 ,! commission d\bts :e!r mu* b5efit has result$ f attempt+ to /ock small /reams t h once be5 good tr\t wat]s1 b ! temp]ature ( :i* has be5 *ang$ by cutt+ away ! =e/ trees t ov]hung !m4 ,! be/ results h be5 atta9$ :]e ! wat]s are ( consid]able ext5t1 especially ^? 9 & bord]+ on ! wild]ness 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! exp]im5ts ) ,cali=nia tr\t1 h be5 v successful1 & x is f\nd t ! /reams mo/ suitable = !m1 are ! ,hudson1 ,g5esee1 ,mohawk1 ,moose1 ,black1 & ,beav] riv]s1 & ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,canada creeks4 ,! commission hopes to hat* #f1jjj1jjj or #h1jjj1jjj %ad ?is season at a co/ ( ab\t #a1jjj4 ,conc]n+ ,g]man c>p1 ! commission]s f9d t ! wat] at ,cal$onia is too cold = ?is fi%1 b ?9k t c>p w\ld d well 9 wat]s fur!r s\?4 ,! commission awaits a m lib]al appropriation ( money be=e beg9n+ ! "w ( hat*+ at ! new ,/ate fi% f>m at ,cold ,spr+1 on ! nor? side ( ,long ,isl&1 ?irty miles out f ,brooklyn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mioc5e ,,man4 ,grant ,all51 an ,engli% evolutioni/1 gives ?is imag9>y picture ( our suppos$ ance/or3 ,we may n unju/ifiably picture him to ourselves z a tall & hairy creature1 m or less erect1 b ) a sl\*+ gait1 black fac$ & :isk]$1 ) prom95t1 progna?\s muzza1 & l>ge1 po9t$ can9e tee?1 ^? ( ea* jaw fitt$ into an int]space 9 ! opposite r[4 ,^! tee?1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 sugge/s1 7 us$ 9 ! combats ( ! males4 ,8 =ehead 0 no d\bt l[ & retreat+1 ) bony bosses und]ly+ ! %aggy eyebr[s1 :i* gave him a fi]ce expression1 some?+ l t ( ! gorilla4 ,b already1 9 all likelihood1 he _h le>n$ to walk habitually erect1 & _h begun to develop a human pelvis1 z well z to c>ry 8 head m /raight on 8 %\ld]s4 ,t "s su* animal mu/ h exi/$ seems to me an inevitable coroll>y f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( evolution & a natural inf]5ce f ! analogy ( o!r liv+ g5]a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,g\li]',s ,,tube-,,gauge4 ,z well kn[n1 ! me?od by :i* glass b>omet] tubes are made gives !m v>iable calib]s4 ,n only d ! diff]5t tubes v>y 9 size1 b ev5 ! same tube is apt to h diff]5t diamet]s ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 & its sections are n always circul>4 ,manufactur]s ( b>omet]s (t5 h ne$ to "k exactly ! dim5sions ( ! sections ( ^! tubes1 & to asc]ta9 :e!r !y are equal ?r\gh\t a c]ta9 l5g? ( tube1 & ?is is especially necess>y 9 ^? in/rum5ts 9 :i* ! surfaces ( ! sections ( ! res]voir & tube mu/ be> a def9ite ratio to "o ano!r4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ t no app>atus exi/$ = measur+ ! calib] ( ^! & anolag\s tubes1 & t manufactur]s _h be5 accu/om$ to make ! measurem5ts by r\ndab\t me?ods1 ,colonel ,g\li] has be5 l$ to devise a small app>atus = ! purpose1 & :i* is %[n 9 ! accompany+ cuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g\li]',s ,,tube ,,gauge4 7,plan & longitud9al & tranv]se sections47 ,! extremity ( a brass tube1 ,t1 #j4e to #j4f ( a met] 9 l5g? & small] 9 diamet] ?an ! tube to be gaug$1 is cut into f\r n>r[ /rips a few c5timet]s 9 l5g?4 ,! extremity ( ea* ( ^! /rips is b5t t[>d ! axis ( ! tube4 ,two ( !m1 m & m'1 opposite ea* o!r are made v flexible1 & c>ry1 rivet$ to _! extremities1 two /eel buttons1 ! heads ( :i*1 plac$ 9 ! int]ior1 h ! =m ( an obtuse quo9 ) r\nd$ edge direct$ p]p5dicul> to ! tube's axis4 ,! o!r extremities ( ^! buttons are sph]ical & poli%$ & s]ve z calip] po9ts 9 ! op]ation ( measur+4 ,^! buttons are giv5 a ?ickness su* t :5 ! edges ( _! heads are 9 contact1 ! ext]nal diamet] ( ! tube exce$s ! di/ance ap>t ( ! two calibrat+ po9ts by m ?an "o millimet]4 ,b su* di/ance ap>t is increas$ )9 c]ta9 limits by ins]t+ betwe5 ! buttons a ,g]man silv] w$ge1 ,l1 c>ri$ by a rod1 t1 :i* trav]ses ! entire tube1 & :i* is maneuv]$ by a head1 ,b1 fix$ to its extremity4 ,?is rod c>ries a small screw1 v1 ^: head slides 9 a groove1 r1 9 ! tube1 s z to limit ! travel ( ! w$ge & prev5t its rotation4 ,b5ea? ! head1 ,b1 ! rod is fil$ s z to give x a plane surface = ! reception ( a divid$ scale4 ,a correspond+ slit 9 ! top ( ! tube c>ries ! index1 ,i1 ( ! scale4 ,! pr9cipal divisions ( ! scale h be5 obta9$ exp]im5tally1 & trac$ opposite ! index :5 ! calibrat+ po9ts 7 exactly #g1 #h1 #i etc41 millimet]s ap>t4 ,z ! angle ( ! w$ge is ab\t "o t5?1 ! int]vals betwe5 ^! divisions are ab\t "o c5timet]4 ,^! int]vals are divid$ into t5 p>ts1 ea* ( :i* corresponds to a v>iation 9 di/ance ( "o t5? ( a millimet]4 ,to calibrate a glass tube ) ?is in/rum5t1 ! tube is laid ^u ! table1 ! gauge is ins]t$1 & ! buttons are introduc$ into ! section desir$4 ,! flat side ( ! head1 ,b1 be+ laid on ! table1 arranges1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 ! buttons p]p5dicul> to x4 ,!n ! measur+ w$ge is introduc$ until a /oppage occurs ?r\gh ! contact ( ! buttons ) ! sides ( ! tube4 ,f9ally1 _! di/ance ap>t is read on ! scale4 ,su* di/ance ap>t w be ! measure ( a diamet] or a *ord ( ! tube's section1 accord+ z ! buttons h be5 kept 9 ! diametral plane or mov$ out ( x4 ,9 ord] t ! op]ator %all n be oblig$ to wat* ! position ( ! l9e ( calibrat+ buttons 9 obta9+ ! diamet]1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t has be5 devis$3 ,! sides ( ! measur+ w$ge are fil$ (f to a c]ta9 angle1 & ! ends ( ! correspond+ /rips1 d & d'1 are b5t inw>d 9 ! =m ( hooks1 ^: extremities always re/ on ! faces ( ! direct+ w$ges4 ,! l5g? ( ^! hooks & ! angle ( ! w$ge are su* t ! di/ance ap>t ( ! r\nd$ backs ( ! direct+ /rips is ev]y:]e less1 by ab\t "o-?irtie?1 ?an t ( ! calibrat+ buttons4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t if ! w$ge be drawn back1 & ins]t$ aga9 aft] ! tube has be5 turn$1 we %all measure ! diamet] t is actually v]tical4 ,x becomes possible1 !n1 to det]m9e ! greate/ & smalle/ diamet]s 9 a few m9utes2 &1 suppos+ ! section elliptical1 its area w be obta9$ by multiply+ ! product ( ^! two diamet]s by pi_/#d4 ,f ! description "h giv5 x w be se5 t ,colonel ,g\li]'s app>atus is n only conv5i5t to use1 b also p]mits ( obta9+ z accurate results z are necess>y4 ,two sizes ( ! in/rum5t are made1 "o = diamet]s ( f #g to #aj4e mm41 & ! o!r = ^? ( f #aj to #ae4e mm4 ,x is ! =m] ( ^! t is %[n1 ( actual size1 9 ! cuts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sold]+ ,,)\t ,,an ,,iron4 ,! foll[+ me?od = sold]+ )\t ! use ( a sold]+ iron is giv5 9 ! ,te*nik]3 ,! p>ts to be jo9$ are made to fit accurately1 ei!r by fil+ or on a la!4 ,! surfaces are moi/5$ ) ! sold]+ fluid1 a smoo? piece ( t9 foil laid on1 & ! pieces press$ toge!r & tightly wir$4 ,! article is !n heat$ ov] ! fire or by means ( a lamp until ! t9 foil melts4 ,9 ?is way two pieces ( brass c be sold]$ toge!r s nicely t ! jo9t c sc>cely be f\nd4 ,) good s(t sold]1 ne>ly all k9ds ( sold]+ c be done ov] a lamp )\t ! use ( a copp]4 ,if sev]al piaces h to be sold]$ on ! same piece1 x is well to use sold] ( unlike fusibility4 ,if ! fir/ piece is sold]$ ) f9e sold] compos$ ( #b p>ts ( lead1 #a ( t91 & #b ( bismu?1 !re is no dang] ( its melt+ :5 ano!r place ne> x is sold]$ ) bismu? sold]1 made ( #d p>ts ( lead1 #d ( t91 & #a ( bismu?1 = _! melt+ po9ts diff] s mu* t ! =m] w n melt :5 ! latt] does4 ,_m sold]s d n =m any malleable comp\nds4 ,9 sold]+ toge!r brass1 copp]1 or iron1 h>d sold] mu/ be employ$2 = example1 a sold] made ( equal p>ts ( brass & silv] 7674 ,= iron1 copp]1 or brass ( high melt+ po9t1 a good sold] is obta9$ by roll+ a silv] co9 out ?91 = x furni%es a t5aci\s comp\nd1 & "o t is n too exp5sive1 s9ce silv] /ret*es out well4 ,borax is ! be/ flux = h>d sold]+4 ,x dissolves ! oxides :i* =m on ! surface ( ! metal1 & protects x f fur!r oxidation1 s t ! sold] comes into actual contact ) ! surfaces ( ! metal4 ,= s(t sold]+1 ! well-kn[n fluid1 made by saturat+ equal p>ts ( wat] & hydro*loric acid ) z9c1 is to be us$4 ,9 us+ common sold] ros9 is ! *eape/ & be/ flux4 ,x also has ?is advantage1 t x does n ru/ ! article t x is us$ on4--,deuts*e ,indu/rie ,zeitung4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,work+ ,,copp] ,,ores ,,at ,,sp5ceville4 ,f a lett] 9 ! ,grass ,valley ,tid+s we make ! foll[+ extracts3 ,! ,sp5ceville ,copp] ,m9+ ,company h #dc acres ( copp]-be>+ gr\nd & #ajj acres ( adjo9+ l&1 :i* 0 b\ght = ! timb]4 ,!re are a hoi/+ works1 mill1 roa/+ %$s1 & lea*+ vats on ! gr\nd1 & !y cov] sev]al acres4 ,on go+ ar\nd ) ,mr4 ,ellis1 ! fir/ place we came to 0 ! m9e prop]1 :i* is simply an imm5se op5+ 9 ! gr\nd cov]+ ab\t "o half ( an acre1 & ab\t #hj feet deep4 ,x has an incl9e runn+ d[n into x1 by :i* ! ore is hoi/$ to ! surface4 ,/&+ on ! br9k ( ?is op5+ & look+ d[n1 we c\ld see ! m5 at "w1 "s drill+1 o!rs fill+ & runn+ ! c>s to ! incl9e to be hoi/$ to ! surface4 ,! ore is f\nd 9 a sort ( *loritic slate & iron pyrites :i* foll[ ! l$ge all ar\nd4 ,! ore itself is a f9e-gra9$ pyrite1 ) a grayi% color1 & x is well suit$ by its sulphur & l[ copp] cont5ts1 z well z by its prop]ties = heap roa/+4 ,9 heap roa/+1 ! ore is h&-brok5 by ,*9am5 into small lumps be=e be+ hoi/$ to ! surface4 ,f ! l&+ on ! surface x is run out on long tracks "u %$s1 dump$ ar\nd a loose brick flue & on a few /icks ( wood =m$ 9 ! %ape ( a ,v1 :i* runs to ! flues to give a draught4 ,lay]s ( bru% are put on at int]vals ?r\gh ! pile4 ,! small] lumps are plac$ 9 ! core ( ! heap1 ! l>g] lumps ?r[n ^u !m1 & #dj tons ( tank residues ?r[n ov] all to exclude excess ( air2 #ejj lb4 ( salt is !n di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! pile1 & x is !n set afire4 ,aft] well alight ! draught-holes are clos$ up1 & ! pile is left to burn1 :i* x does = six mon?s4 ,at ! expiration ( t "t ! pile is brok5 into & sort$1 ! imp]fectly roa/$ ore is return$ to a fre% roa/-heap1 & ! re/ tramm$ to ! ,,lea*-,,vats4 ,^! are #ej 9 numb]1 #aj hav+ be5 rec5tly add$4 ,! fir/ #dj are f\r feet by six feet & f\r feet deep1 ! rema9+ #aj twice z l>ge4 ,ab\t two tons ( burnt ore is put 9 ! small vats 7twice z mu* 9 ! l>g] ones71 half ! vats be+ till$ at "o "t1 & !n en\gh cold wat] is turn$ 9 to cov] ! ore4 ,/eam is !n inject$ b5ea? ! ore1 ?us boil+ ! wat]4 ,aft] boil+ = "s "t1 ! /eam is turn$ (f & ! wat] all[$ to g cold4 ,! wat]1 :i* aft] ! boil+ process turns to a d>k r$ color1 is !n drawn (f4 ,?is wat] c>ries ! copp] 9 a /ate ( solution4 ,! ore is !n boil$ a second "t1 aft] :i* ! tank residues are ?r[n out & wat] kept spr9kl+ ov] !m4 ,?is wat] collects ! copp] /ill left 9 ! residues1 & is !n run into a res]voir1 & f ! res]voirs /ill fur!r on into settl+ tanks1 previ\s to ,,precipitation1 & is !n conduct$ ?r\gh a sy/em ( boxes fill$ ) scrap iron1 ?us precipitat+ ! copp]4 ,! ri*] copp] liquors :i* h be5 drawn f ! tanks fire n all[$ to run 9 ) t :i* comes f ! dump heaps4 ,?is liquor is also run into settl+ tanks1 & f !m pump$ into f\r l>ge b>rels1 m\nt$ horizontally on friction roll]s1 to :i* a v sl[ motion is giv54 ,^! b>rels are #ah feet long & six feet six in*es deep outside measure4 ,!y are built v /rongly1 & are wat]-tight4 ,t5 tons ( scrap iron are always kept 9 ea* ( ^! b>rels1 :i* are refill$ six times daily1 complete precipitation be+ effect$ 9 less ?an f\r h\rs4 ,ea* b>rel is provid$ ) two safety valves1 ins]t$ 9 ! heads1 :i* op5 automatically to all[ ! escape ( gas & /eam4 ,! precipitation ( ! copp] 9 ! b>rels =ms copp] cem5t4 ,?is cem5t is dis*>g$ f ! b>rels on to scre5s :i* hold any lumps ( scrap iron :i* may be dis*>g$ ) ! cem5t4 ,x is !n dri$ by /eam1 aft] :i* x is convey$ into ano!r tank1 left to cool1 & !n plac$ 9 bags ready = %ipm5t1 z copp] cem5t4 ,! build+ 9 :i* ! liquor is treat$ is ! mill "p ( ! prop]ty1 f :i* !y s5d out #db tons mon?ly ( an av]age ( #he p] c5t1 ( copp] cem5t1 ?is be+ ! av]age yield ( ! m9e4 ,!re are #bc :ite m5 & #dj ,*9am5 employ$ at ! m9e & ! mill4 ,!re are also sev]al wood *opp]s1 etc41 on ! company's pay-roll4 ,eight mon?s' supply ( ore is always kept on h&1 !re n[ be+ #ab1jjj tons roa/+4 ,! m9e is n[ pay+ regul> mon?ly divid5ds1 & ev]y?+ argues well = ! cont9uance ( ! same4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sir ,,william ,,?omson',s ,,pile4 ,! ,?omson pile1 :i* is employ$ ) success = putt+ 9 action ! siphon record]1 & :i* is utiliz$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( cases 9 :i* an en]getic & con/ant curr5t is ne$$1 is made 9 two =ms4 ,we %all describe fir/ ! "o us$ = demon/ration4 ,ea* elem5t ( ?is 7,fig4 #a7 consi/s ( a disk ( copp] plac$ at ! bottom ( a cyl9drical glass vessel1 & ( a piece ( z9c 9 ! =m ( a grat+ plac$ at ! upp] "p1 ne> ! surface ( ! solution4 ,a glass tube is plac$ v]tically 9 ! solution1 its l[] extremity re/+ on ! copp]4 ,into ?is tube are ?r[n "s cry/als ( sulphate ( copp]1 :i* dissolve 9 ! liquid1 & =m a solution ( a great] d5sity ?an t ( ! z9c alone1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 _c rea* ! z9c by diffusion4 ,9 ord] to ret>d ! ph5om5on ( diffusion1 a glass siphon conta9+ a cotton wick is plac$ ) "o ( its extremities midway betwe5 ! copp] & z9c1 & ! o!r 9 a vessel outside ! elem5t1 s t ! liquid is suck$ up sl[ly ne>ly to its c5t]4 ,! liquid is replac$ by add+ f ! top ei!r wat] or a weak solution ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,! ,,?omson ,,pile47,type = demon/ration47 ,! great] "p ( ! sulphate ( copp] t rises ?r\gh ! liquid by diffusion is c>ri$ (f by ! siphon be=e rea*+ ! z9c1 ! latt] be+ ?us surr\nd$ ) an almo/ pure solution ( sulphate ( copp] hav+ a sl[ motion f top to bottom4 ,?is r5ewal ( ! liquid is s mu* ! m necess>y 9 t ! saturat$ solution ( sulphate ( copp] has a d5sity ( #a4aff1 & ! sulphate ( z9c "o ( #a4dde1 ,!re w\ld occur1 !n1 a mixture ?r\gh inv]sion ( d5sities if ! solution 7 all[$ to rea* a too great am\nt ( saturation1 did n ! siphon prev5t su* a ph5om5on by suck+ up ! liquid into ! "p :]e ! mixture t5ds to take place4 ,! *emical action t produces ! curr5t is id5tical ) t ( ! ,daniell elem5t4 ,9 its application1 ?is pile is consid]ably modifi$ 9 =m & arrangem5t4 ,ea* elem5t 7,fig #b7 consi/s ( a flat wood5 hopp]-%ap$ tr\gh1 ab\t fifty c5timet]s squ>e1 l9$ ) %eet lead to make x imp]vi\s4 ,! bottom is cov]$ ) a %eet ( copp] & above ?is !re is a z9c grate =m$ ( closely set b>s t all[ ! liquid to circulate4 ,?is grate is provid$ ) a rim :i* s]ves to support a second simil> elem5t1 & ! latt] a ?ird1 & soon until !re are t5 ( ! elem5ts sup]pos$ to =m s]ies m\nt$ = t5sion4 ,! weight ( ! elem5ts is suffici5t to secure a prop] contact betwe5 ! z9c & copp] ( ! elem5ts plac$ b5ea? !m1 su* contact be+ e/abli%$ by means ( a b& ( copp] cut out ( ! %eet itself1 & b5t ov] ! tr\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,! ,,?omson ,,pile4 7,siphon ,record] ,type47 ,on acc\nt ( ! l>ge dim5sions ( ! elem5ts1 & ! proximity ( ! two metals1 a pile is obta9$ ^: int]nal resi/ance is v feeble1 x be+ always less ?an a t5? ( an ohm :5 ! pile is 9 a good /ate1 & ! electromotive =ce be+ t ( ! ,daniell elem5t--ab\t #a #jh volts4 ,sometimes ! z9c is cov]$ ) a %eet ( p>*m5t :i* m ?or\ghly prev5ts a mixture ( ! liquids & a deposit ( copp] on ! z9c4 ,b su* a precaution is n indisp5sable1 if c>e be tak5 to keep up ! pile by tak+ out "s ( ! solution ( sulphate ( z9c e day1 & add+ sulphate ( copp] 9 cry/als4 ,if ! pile is to rema9 idle = "s "t1 x is bett] to put x on a %ort circuit 9 ord] to use up all ! sulphate ( copp]1 ! disappe>ance ( :i* w be asc]ta9$ by ! loss ( blue color 9 ! liquid4 ,9 curr5t s]vice1 on ! contr>y1 a disappe>ance ( ! blue color w indicate an insuffici5cy ( ! sulphate1 & w be foll[$ by a consid]able r$uction 9 ! effects produc$ by ! pile4 ,! great p[] ( ?is pile1 & its con/ancy1 :5 x is prop]ly kept up1 con/itute features t are indisp5sable = ! prop] work+ ( ! siphon record]--! application = :i* x 0 m especially design$4 ,?is app>atus has be5 also employ$ "u "s circum/ances = produc+ an electric light & *>g+ accumulators2 b su* applications are )\t economic int]e/1 see+ ! enorm\s consumption ( sulphate ( copp] dur+ ! op]ation ( ! pile4 ,! use ( ! app>atus is only truly effective 9 cases :]e x is necess>y to h1 be=e ev]y?+ else1 an en]getic & exce$+ly con/ant curr5t4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,siem5s' ,,telemet] ,! accompany+ cut illu/rates a telemet] :i* 0 exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( ,electricity1 & :i* is p>ticul>ly int]e/+ f ! fact t x is ! fir/ app>atus ( ?is k9d4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! object ( a telemet] is to make kn[n at any mom5t :atev] ! di/ance ( a movable object1 & t1 too1 by a direct read+ & )\t any calculation4 ,9 ,mr4 ,siem5s' app>atus ! problem is solv$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! movable object 7v (t5 a vessel7 is sight$ f two diff]5t /ations--two po9ts ( ! coa/1 = example--by two diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,! sight+ is done ) two telescopes1 ,a#a & ,a#b1 :i* ! obs]v]s revolve ar\nd a v]tical axis by means ( two w9*es1 ,k#a & ,k#b1 t ge> ) two tra9s ( clockwork4 ,!re is ?us con/antly =m$ a l>ge triangle1 hav+ = its apices ! movable po9t sight$ & ! v]tical axes1 ,a#a & ,a#b1 ( ! two telescopes4 ,on ano!r h&1 at a po9t situat$ betwe5 ! two telescopes1 !re is a table1 ,t ,t1 t c>ries two alidades1 a#av#a1 & a#bv#b1 movable ar\nd _! v]tical axes1 a#a & a#b4 ,! l9e1 a#a a#b1 t jo9s ^! axes is p>allel ) t :i* jo9s ! axes ( ! two telescopes2 & ! alidades are connect$ electrically ) ! telescopes by a sy/em su* t ea* alidade always moves p>allel ) ! telescope t corresponds to x4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! small triangle t has = apices1 a#a a#b1 & ! cross+ po9t ( ! two alidades w always be l ! l>ge triangle =m$ by ! l9e t jo9s ! telescopes & ! two l9es ( vision4 ,if1 !n1 we "k ! ratio ( a#a1 a#b to ,a#a ,a#b1 x w suffice to measure on "o ( ! alidades ! di/ance f its axis to ! po9t ( cross+ 9 ord] to "k ! di/ance f ! movable object to ! axis ( ! correspond+ telescope4 ,if ! table1 ,t ,t1 be cov]$ ) a *>t giv+ ! space ov] :i* ! %ip is mov+1 s t a#a & a#b %all co9cide ) ! po9ts :i* ,a#a & ,a#b repres5t1 ! cross+ ( ! ?reads ( ! alidades w p]mit ( foll[+ on ! *>t all ! %ip's movem5ts4 ,9 ?is way !re maybe _h a p[]ful auxili>y 9 coa/ def5ce2 = all ! po9ts at :i* torp$oes h be5 sunk may be m>k$ on ! *>t1 &1 z soon z ! op]ator at ! table f9ds1 by ! motion ( ! alidades1 t ! %ip "u obs]vation is directly ov] a torp$o1 he w be able to fire ! latt] & bl[ ! enemy up4 ,dur+ ?is "t ! two obs]v]s at ,a#a & ,a#b h only to keep _! telescopes direct$ ^u ! vessel t x has be5 agre$ ^u to wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,siem5s' ,,electric ,,telemet] ,9 ord] to obta9 a p>allelism betwe5 ! motion ( ! alidades & t ( ! correspond+ telescopes1 ! w9* ( ea* ( ! latt]1 :ile putt+ its in/rum5t 9 motion1 also sets 9 motion a ,siem5s d\ble-,t armature electromagnetic ma*9e4 ,"o ( ! wires ( ! armature ( ?is ma*9e1 connect$ to ! frame1 is always 9 communication ) ! gr\nd at ,e#a 7if we consid]1 = example1 ! telescope to ! left71 & ! o!r ends 9 a spr+ t alt]nately t\*es two contacts4 ,"o ( ^! contacts communicates ) ! wire1 ,l#a & ! o!r ) ! wire1 ,l#c1 s t1 :5 ! ma*9e is revolv+1 ! curr5ts are s5t alt]nately into ,l#a & ,l#c4 ,^! two latt] wires end 9 a sy/em ( electro magnets1 ,m#a1 provid$ ) a pol>iz$ armature4 ,! motions ( ! latt] act1 ?r\gh an an*or escapem5t1 ^u a sy/em ( :eels4 ,an axle1 set 9 motion by ! latt]1 revolves "o way or ! o!r1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! telescope's motions4 ,?is axle is provid$ ) an endless screw t ge>s ) a too!d sector1 & ! latt] controls ! rotatory axis ( ! alidade4 ,! elem5ts ( ! too!d :eels & ! numb] ( revolutions ( ! armature = a giv5 displacem5t ( ! telescope be+ prop]ly calculat$1 x w be se5 t ! alidade w be able to foll[ all ! movem5ts ( ! latt]4 ,:5 x is desir$ to place "o ( ! telescopes 9 a giv5 position 7its position ( z]o1 = example71 )\t act+ on ! alidade1 x may be done by act+ directly on ! telescope itself )\t ! int]m$ium ( ! w9*4 ,= su* purpose x is necess>y to int]rupt communication ) ! me*anism by press+ on ! button1 q4 ,if ! telescope be turn$ to "o side or ! o!r ( its normal position1 9 mak+ x describe an angle ( #ij1 x w abut aga9/ /ops1 & ^! two positions w p]mit ( det]m9+ ! direction ( ! base4 ,! alidades !mselves are provid$ ) a button :i* dis5gages ! too!d sector f ! endless screw1 & p]mits ( _! be+ turn$ to a m>k made on ! table4 ,a regulat+ screw p]mits ( ?is op]ation be+ p]=m$ v accurately4 ,9 :at prec$es1 we h suppos$ a case 9 :i* ! movable po9t is view$ by two obs]v]s1 & 9 :i* ! table1 ,t ,t1 is /ation$ at a place di/ant f !m4 ,9 c]ta9 cases only two /ations are employ$4 ,"o ( ! telescopes is !n plac$ ov] its alidade & moves ) x2 & ! app>atus ?us compreh5ds only a sy/em ( syn*ron\s movem5ts4 ,?is telemet] 0 "o ( ! fir/ t 0 tri$ 9 our milit>y ports1 & gave !re9 mo/ satisfactory results4 ,! maneuv] ( ! w9*1 h[ev]1 requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( /ress1 & 9 ord] t ! s5d+ ( ! curr5ts %all be regul>1 ! op]ator mu/ turn x v uni=mly4 ,?is is a slight difficulty t has l$ to ! use ( piles1 in/ead ( ! magneto-electric ma*9e1 9 ! app>atus employ$ 9 ,france4 ,) su* sub/itution !re is ne$ ( no?+ m ?an a movable contact t requires no ex]tion1 & t may be guid$ by ! telescope itself4--,la ,lumire ,electrique4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physics ,,)\t ,,app>atus4 ,exp]im5t 9 ,/atic ,electricity4--,take a pipe--a common clay "o co/+ "o c5t--& balance x c>efully on ! edge ( a goblet1 s t x w oscillate freely at ! lea/ t\*1 l ! beam ( a scales4 ,?is be+ done1 say to y\r audi5ce3 ,"h is a pipe plac$ on ! edge ( a goblet2 n[ ! "q is to make x fall )\t t\*+ x1 )\t bl[+ aga9/ x1 )\t t\*+ ! glass1 )\t agitat+ ! air ) a fan1 & )\t mov+ ! support+ table ,illu/ration3 ,,clay ,,pipe ,,attract$ ,,by ,,an ,,electrifi$ ,,goblet4 ,! problem ?us propos$ may be solv$ by means ( electricity4 ,take a goblet l ! "o t supports ! pipe1 & rub x briskly aga9/ y\r coat sleeve1 s z to electrify ! glass ?r\gh friction4 ,hav+ done ?is1 br+ ! goblet to )9 ab\t a c5timet] ( ! pipe /em4 ,! latt] w !n be se5 to be /rongly attract$1 & w foll[ ! glass ar\nd & f9ally fall f its support4 ,?is curi\s exp]im5t is a pretty v>iation ( ! electric p5dulum2 & x %[s t pipe-clay--a v bad conductor ( electricity--favors v well ! attraction ( an electrifi$ body4 ,tumbl]s or goblets are to be f\nd 9 e h\se1 & a clay pipe is easily procur$ any:]e4 ,s x w\ld be difficult to produce manife/ations ( electricity m easily & at less exp5se ?an by ! means "h describ$4--,la ,nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cascade ,,batt]y4 ,footnote3 ,lately read be=e ! ,society ( ,telegraph ,eng9e]s & ,electricians4 ,by ,f4 ,,higg9s4 ,! batt]y :i* ,i h br\ght "h to-night to introduce to y\r notice is ( ! circulat+ k9d1 9 :i* ! alim5t>y fluid employ$ passes f cell to cell by gravitation1 & ma9ta9s ! action ( ! batt]y z long z x cont9ues to fl[4 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 comp>e ) su* abundant s\rces ( electricity z dynamo-electric ma*9es driv5 by /eam p[]1 b = purposes 9 :i* a curr5t ( some:at great] volume & con/ancy ?an t furni%$ by ! ord9>y voltaic batt]ies is requir$1 x w1 ,i believe1 be f\nd 9 "s cases useful4 ,a s+le fluid is employ$1 & ea* cell is provid$ ) an ov]fl[ sp\t4 ,! cells are arrang$ ^u /eps1 9 ord] t ! liquid may fl[ f ! cell on ! topmo/ /ep ?r\gh ea* successive cell by gravitation specim5 cells 7 on ! table be=e ! audi5ce to ! res]voir at ! bottom4 ,! top & ! bottom res]voirs are ( equal capacity1 & are fitt$ ) taps4 ,! topmo/ tap is us$ to regulate ! fl[ ( ! solution1 & ! bottom "o to draw x (f4 ,9 ea* cell two c>bon plates are susp5d$ above a quantity ( fragm5ts ( amalgamat$ z9c4 ,! foll[+ is a sectional draw+ ( ! arrangem5t ( ! cell3 ,illu/ration ,a copp] wire passes d[n to ! bottom ( ! cell & makes connection ) ! m]cury2 ?is wire is cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a1 except :]e imm]s$ 9 ! m]cury4 ,! pores ( ! c>bon plates are fill$ ) p>aff9 wax4 ,?is batt]y 0 fir/ employ$ = ! purpose ( utiliz+ wa/e solution f bi*romate batt]ies1 a great quantity ( :i* is ?r[n away be=e hav+ be5 completely exhau/$4 ,?is wa/e is unavoidable1 9 consequ5ce ( ! impossibility ( p]mitt+ su* batt]ies1 :5 employ$ = telegraphic purposes1 to run until complete exhau/ion or r$uction ( ! solutions has be5 effect$2 !re=e "s valuable *emicals h to be sacrific$ to insure con/ancy 9 work+4 ,! fragm5ts ( z9c 9 ?is cell 7 also ! rema9s ( amalgamat$ z9c plates f ! bi*romate batt]ies1 & ! m]cury :i* is employ$ = secur+ good metallic connection is soon augm5t$ by t rema9+ aft] ! dissolution ( ! z9c4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t n only ! solution1 b also ! z9c & m]cury remnants ( bi*romate batt]ies are utiliz$1 & at ! same "t a consid]able quantity ( electricity is g5]at$4 ,! cells are sev5 in*es deep & six in*es wide1 outside1 & conta9 ab\t a qu>t ( solution 9 addition to ! plates4 ,! batt]y :i* ,i employ regul>ly1 consi/+ ( #ah cells1 is at pres5t work+ n9e p]man5t curr5t ,morse circuits1 :i* previ\sly requir$ #bej telegraphic ,daniell cells to produce ! same effect1 & is capable ( work+ at lea/ t5 times ! numb] ( circuits :i* ,i h m5tion$2 b z we d n happ5 to h any m ( su* p]man5t curr5t ,morse circuits1 we are unable to make all ! use possible ( ! capabilities ( ! batt]y4 ,! pot5tial ( "o cell is f #a4i to #b volts ) /rong solution1 & ! int]nal resi/ance v>ies f #j4ajh to #j4agj ( an ohm ) cells ( ! size describ$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! con/ancy ( ! batt]y1 a r$ heat 0 ma9ta9$ 9 a plat9um-iridium wire by ! curr5t = six weeks1 bo? day & night4 ,! abs5ce or exhau/ion ( ! z9c 9 any "o cell 9 a batt]y is indicat$ by ! appe>ance ( a r$ insoluble *romic salt ( m]cury1 9 a f9ely divid$ /ate1 float+ 9 ! faulty cell4 ,x is !n necess>y to drop 9 "s pieces ( z9c4 ,! /ate ( ! z9c supply may also be asc]ta9$ at any "t by feel+ ab\t 9 ! cells ) a /ick4 ,:5 n requir$1 ! batt]y may be wa%$ by simply *>g+ ! top res]voir ) wat]1 & leav+ x to circulate 9 ! usual mann]1 or ! solution may be )drawn f ea* cell by a siphon4 ,a v small fl[ ( ! solution is suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! requir$ curr5t = telegraphic work+1 b if ! fl[ be /opp$ altoge!r = a few h\rs1 no diff]5ce is obs]v$ 9 ! curr5t1 al?\gh :5 ! curr5t is requir$ to be ma9ta9$ 9 a conductor ( a few ohms resi/ance1 z 9 heat+ a plat9um wire1 x is necess>y t ! circulation be ma9ta9$ heat+ a piece ( plat9um ribbon4 ,! batt]y furni%+ ! curr5t = produc+ ! effect y n[ see is ( five cells1 & z t numb] is r$uc$ d[n to two1 y see a gl[ /ill appe>s 9 ! plat9um4 ,! plat9um /rip employ$ 0 #e in*es long & #a_/h in* wide1 its resi/ance be+ #j4db ohm1 cold4 ,t gives an idea ( ! volume ( curr5t fl[+4 ,i h twelve electro magnets 9 pr9t+ in/rum5ts jo9$ up on ! table1 & jo9+ up ! batt]y y see t ! two cells are suffici5t to "w !m4 ,! twelve electro-magnets are be+ work$ 7by ! two cells7 9 multiple arc at ! same "t4 ,! curr5t f ! cells :i* heat$ ! plat9um wire is amply suffici5t to magnetize a ,?omson record]4 ,i h ma9ta9$ five in*es ( plat9um ribbon 9 a r$ hot /ate = two h\rs1 9 ord] to make sure t ! batt]y ,i 0 ab\t to br+ be=e y 0 9 good ord]4 ,! co/ ( work+ su* a batt]y :5 wa/e solution _c be obta9$1 & x is necess>y to use specially prep>$ bi*romate solution1 is ab\t #b;d4 p] cell p] day1 ) a curr5t con/antly active 9 a ,?omson record] circuit1 or a resi/ance ( #a ohms p] cell2 b if only occasionally us$1 ! same quantity ( solution w la/ sev]al weeks4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is ) ano!r =m ( con/ant batt]y1 ! ,daniell1 z us$ 9 telegraphy1 %[s t six ( ^! cells1 ) a total electromotive =ce ( #ab volts & an int]nal resi/ance ( #j4hd ( an ohm1 _c be replac$ by less ?an #ga batt]ies ( #aj cells ea*1 connect$ 9 multiple arc1 or = quantity4 ,?is result1 h[ev] l>ge x may appe>1 is consid]ably bel[ t :i* may be obta9$ :5 work+ telegraphic l9es4 ,a curr5t ( #j4jb web]1 or amp]e1 w "w an ord9>y s\nd] or direct writ+ ,morse circuit2 ! cascade batt]y is capable ( work+ #ajj su* circuits at ! same "t1 :ile ! comb9$ resi/ance ( t numb] ( l9es w\ld n be bel[ t 9 :i* x is f\nd t ! batt]y is con/ant 9 action4 ,objection may be made to ! arrangem5t ( ! batt]y on ! score ( wa/e ( z9c by local action1 because ( ! electro positive metal be+ expos$ to ! *romic liquid2 b if ! batt]y be out ( action & ! circulation /opp$1 ! z9c amalgam is protect$ by ! immobility ( ! liquid & ! =mation ( a d5se lay] ( sulphate ( z9c on its surface4 ,:5 9 action1 t effect is neutraliz$ f ! fact t c>bon 9 *romic acid is m highly electro-negative ?an ! *romate ( m]cury =m$ ^u ! z9c amalgam1 & :i* appe>s to be ! cause ( ! dissolution ( ! z9c ev5 :5 amalgamat$ 9 ! pres5ce ( *romic acid4 ,! solution may be repeat$ly pass$ ?r\gh ! batt]y until ! abs5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic w>m? ( color ( *romic acid indicates its complete exhau/ion4 ,dur+ a description be=e ! ,society ( !rmo-electric batt]ies "s "t ago1 ,mr4 ,preece m5tion$ t five ( ! !rmopiles :i* 7 be+ tri$ at ! ,po/-,(fice 7 do+ ! "w ( #b1ece ( ! batt]y cells previ\sly employ$4 ,?irty ( ! cascade cells w\ld h ab\t ! same pot5tial z five su* !rmopiles1 b w\ld supply ?ree & a half times ! curr5t1 & be capable ( do+ ! "w ( #h1hgb cells if employ$ ^u ! univ]sal batt]y sy/em 9 ! same mann] z ! !rmo batt]ies ref]r$ to4 ,al?\gh ?is batt]y w d all t is requir$ = a ,?omson record] or a simil> in/rum5t mu* m *eaply 9 ?is c\ntry ?an ! tray batt]y1 & ) half ! numb] ( cells1 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be ! case 9 di/ant c\ntries1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty & co/ ( transport4 ,a solid comp\nd ( *romic & sulphuric acids c\ld be manufactur$ :i* w\ld ov]come ?is difficulty1 if p]man5t magnetic fields = subm>9e telegraphic in/rum5ts cont9ue to be produc$ by electric vortices4 ,9 conclusion1 & to enable comp>isons to be made1 ,i may m5tion t ! "w ?is batt]y is capable ( p]=m+ is #gcb1dhb foot p\nds1 at a total co/ ( #as4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,f ,,! ,,s*ool ,,j\rnal4 ,,p]fectly ,,lovely ,,philosophy4 ,,*>act]s3 ,laura & ,isabel1 dress$ v /yli%ly1 bo? ) hats on4 ,ent] h& 9 h&4 ,laura4 ,my de> ,isabel1 ,i 0 s afraid y w\ld n come4 ,i wait$ at t horrid /ation a full half h\r = y4 ,i w5t !re e>ly on purpose1 s z to be sure n to miss y4 ,isabel4 ,oh1 y sweet girl6 ,l4 ,n[1 sit "r d[n2 y mu/ be tir$4 ,j lay y\r hat !re on ! table1 & we'll beg9 to visit "r (f4 7,bo? lay _! hats on ! table & /& ne> by47 ,i4 ,& h[ h y be5 all ! ages s9ce we 7 toge!r at ,bo/on8 ,l4 ,oh1 well1 de>2 ^? 7 sweet old s*ool days1 w]5't !y4 ,h[ are y enjoy+ y\rself n[8 ,y wrote t y 7 tak+ lessons 9 philosophy4 ,tell me h[ y l x4 ,is x real sweet8 ,i ,oh1 ^? ,i took 9 ! w9t] 7 p]fectly lovely6 ,x 0 ab\t sci5ce1 y "k1 & all ( u j dol$ on sci5ce4 ,l4 ,x mu/ h be5 nice4 ,:at 0 x ab\t8 ,i4 ,x 0 ab\t molecules z mu* z any?+ else1 & molecules are j too awfully nice = any?+4 ,if !re's any?+ ,i really enjoy1 x's molecules4 ,l4 ,oh1 tell me ab\t !m1 de>4 ,:at are molecules8 ,i4 ,!y are little wee ?+s1 & x takes ev] s _m ( !m1 y "k4 ,!y are s sweet6 ,d y "k1 !re isn't any?+ b t's got a molecule 9 x4 ,& ! pr(essors are s lovely6 ,!y expla9$ ev]y?+ s beautifully4 ,l4 ,oh1 h[ ,i'd l to h be5 !re6 ,i4 ,y'd h enjoy$ x ev] s mu*4 ,!y tea* protoplasm1 too1 & if !re's "o ?+ t is too sweetly div9e1 x's protoplasm4 ,i really don't "k :i* ,i l be/1 protoplasm or molecules4 ,l4 ,tell me ab\t protoplasm4 ,i "k ,i %\ld adore x6 ,i4 ',de$ y w\ld4 ,x's j too sweet to live4 ,y "k x's ab\t h[ ?+s get />t$1 or some?+ ( t k9d4 ,y ought to h he>d ! pr(essors tell ab\t x4 ,oh4 de>6 7,wipes h] eyes ) h&k]*ief7 ,! fir/ "t he expla9$ ab\t protoplasm !re wasn't a dry eye 9 ! room4 ,we all nam$ our hats aft] ! pr(essors4 ,?is is a ,d>w9ian hat4 ,y see ! ribbon is drawn ov] ! cr[n ?is way 7takes hat & illu/rates71 & caught ) a buckle & bun* ( fl[]s4 ,!n y turn up ! side ) a spray ( =get me-nots4 ,l4 ,oh1 h[ utt]ly sweet6 ,d tell me "s m ( sci5ce4 ,i adore x already4 ,i4 ,d y1 de>8 ,well1 ,i almo/ =got ab\t diff]5tiation4 ,i am really & truly positively 9 love ) diff]5tiation4 ,x's diff]5t f molecules & protoplasms1 b x's e bit z nice4 ,& our pr(essor6 ,y %\ld he> him en?use ab\t x2 he's p]fectly b\nd up 9 x4 ,?is is a diff]5tiation sc>f--!y've j come out4 ,all ! girls we> !m--j on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ we take 9 diff]5tiation4 ,l4 ,:at is x1 anyway8 ,i4 ,mull trimm$ ) ,langu$oc lace1 b-- ,l4 ,i don't mean t--! o!r4 ,i4 ,oh1 diff]5tiation6 ,t's j sweet4 ,x's got some?+ to d ) species4 ,& we le>n all ab\t ascidians1 too4 ,!y are ! div9e/ ?+s6 ,if ,i only _h an ascidian ( my own6 ,i w\ldn't ask any?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,l4 ,:at d !y look l1 de>8 ,did y ev] see "o8 ,i4 ,oh1 no2 nobody ev] did b ! poor de> pr(essors2 b !y're some?+ l an oy/] ) a reticule hung on its belt4 ,i ?9k !y are j too lovely = any?+4 ,l4 ,did y le>n any?+ else besides8 ,i4 ,oh1 yes4 ,we /udi$ common philosophy1 & logic1 & metaphysics1 & a lot ( ^? ord9>y ?+s1 b ! girls didn't c>e any?+ ab\t ^?4 ,we 7 j 9 ec/asies ov] diff]5tiations1 & molecules1 & ! pr(essor1 & protoplasms1 & ascidians4 ,i don't see :y !y put 9 ^? common bran*es2 we c\ldn't h>dly endure !m4 ,l4 7,sighs47 ,d y believe !y'll h a c\rse l t next ye>8 ,i4 ,i ?9k may be !y w4 ,l4 ,de> me6 ,!re's ! bell to dress = d9n]4 ,h[ ,i wi% ,i c\ld /udy ^? lovely ?+s6 ,i4 ,y mu/ ask y\r fa!r if y c't sp5d ! w9t] 9 ,bo/on ) me4 ,i'm sure !re'll be ano!r c\rse ( ,p>lor ,philosophy next w9t]4 ,b h[ dreadful t we mu/ /op talk+ ab\t x n[ to dress = d9n]6 ,y are go+ to h company1 y said2 :at %all y we>1 de>8 ,l4 ,oh1 almo/ any?+4 ,:at %all y8 7,exeunt arm 9 arm47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,propos$ ,,dut* ,,int]national ,,colonial ,,& ,,g5]al ,,export ,,exhibition4 ,! ,am/]dam ,int]national ,exhibition1 ! op5+ ( :i* has be5 fix$ = ,may #a1 #ahhc1 is n[ 9 way ( realization4 ,?is exhibition w pres5t a special int]e/ to all nations1 & p>ticul>ly to _! export trade4 ,holl&1 :i* is "o ( ! great colonial p[]s1 proposes by means ( ?is affair to organize a competition betwe5 ! v>i\s coloniz+ nations1 & to contribute ?us to a k ( ! res\rces ( =eign c\ntries ^: ri*ness ( soil is _! fundam5tal p[]4 ,! executive committee includes ! names ( "s ( ! mo/ prom95t p]sons ( ! ,ne!rl&s3 ,m4 ,cordes1 presid5t2 ,m4 de ,cl]cq1 delegate2 ,m4 ,kappeyne van di ,coppello1 secret>y2 & ,m4 ,ago/9i1 commiss>y g5]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,dut* ,,int]national ,,exhibition4 #a4 ,exhibition ,palace4 #b4 ,ne!rl&s ,colonial ,exhibition4 #c4 ,f9e ,arts4 #d4 ,annexes = ,agricultural ,ma*9es1 etc4 #e4 ,ma*9es1 ,mat]ials1 etc4 #f4 ,conc]t ,!at]4 #g4 ,panorama4 #h4 ,jury ,pavilion4 #i4 ,royal ,pavilion4 #aj4 ,committee ,pavilion4 #aa4 ,int]national ,society's ,pavilion4 #ab4 ,re/aurant & ,caf4 #ac4 ,music ,kiosque & ,electric ,ph>os4 #ad4 ,g]man ,re/aurant4 #ae4 ,dut* ,re/aurant4 #af4 ,engli% ,re/aurant4 #ag4 ,fr5* ,re/aurant4 #ah4 ,aqu>ium & ,rockwork4 ,! exhibition w consi/ ( five great divisions1 to wit3 #a4 ,a ,colonial exhibition4 #b4 ,a ,g5]al ,export exhibition4 #c4 ,a ,retrospective exhibition ( ,f9e ,arts & ( ,arts appli$ to ! ,indu/ries4 #d4 ,special exhibitions4 #e4 ,lectures & ,sci5tific ,reunions4 ,! colonial "p =ms ! base ( ! exhibition1 & w be devot$ to a comp>ative /udy ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( colonization & colonial agriculture1 z well z ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ultram>9e peoples4 ,9 giv+ an exact idea ( :at has be5 done1 x w indicate :at rema9s to be done f ! /&po9t ( a g5]al developm5t ( comm]ce & manufactures4 ,su* is ! programme ( ! fir/ division4 ,! second division w include ev]y?+ t relates to ! export trade4 ,! ?ird division w be res]v$ = works ( art dat+ back f ! mo/ remote ages4 ,! f\r? division w be devot$ to tempor>y exhibitions1 su* z ^? ( horticultural & agricultural products1 etc4 ,! fif? division w con/itute ! intellectual "p1 s to speak1 ( ! exhibition4 ,x w be devot$ to lectures1 & to sci5tific meet+s = ! discussion ( que/ions relat+ to tea*+1 to ! arts1 to ! sci5ces1 to hygi5e1 to int]national jurisprud5ce1 & to political economy4 ,que/ions ( colonial economy w naturally occupy ! fir/ rank4 ,z w be se51 ! programme ( ?is gr& s*eme organiz$ by ! ,ne!rl&s gov]nm5t is a broad "o2 &1 ow+ ! exp]i5ce acquir$ 9 rec5t univ]sal exhibitions1 especially t ( ,p>is 9 #ahgh1 v happy results may be expect$ f x4 ,at pres5t1 we give an illu/ration %[+ ! g5]al plan ( ! exhibition4 ,9 future1 9 measure z ! "w proce$s1 we %all be able to give fur!r details4--,le ,g5ie ,civil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,detect+ ,,dyes ,,on ,,y>ns ,,& ,,tissues4 ,by ,,jules ,,j(fre4 ,! reag5ts employ$ are a solution ( cau/ic potassa 9 t5 p>ts ( wat]2 hydro*loric acid dilut$ ) an equal bulk ( wat]1 or occasionally conc5trat$2 nitric acid1 ammonia1 f]ric sulphate1 & a conc5trat$ solution ( t9 cry/als4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t me?od ( op]at+ is to /eep small portions ( ! clo? "u exam9ation 9 a little ( ! reag5t plac$ at ! bottom ( a porcela9 capsule4 ,! bits are !n laid on ! edge ( ! capsule1 :5 ! *anges ( color :i* !y h und]gone may be conv5i5tly obs]v$4 ,x is useful to submit to ! same reag5ts simultane\sly portions ( clo? dy$ 9 a kn[n mann] ) ! w>es :i* are suspect$ ( hav+ be5 us$ 9 dye+ ! goods "u exam9ation4 ,,r$ ,,colors4 ,by ! action ( cau/ic potassa1 ! r$s are divid$ into f\r gr\ps3 #a1 ^? :i* turn to a violet or blue2 #b1 ^? :i* turn br[n2 #c1 ^? :i* are *ang$ to a light yell[ or gray2 #d1 ^? :i* und]go little or no *ange4 ,! fir/ gr\p comprises madd]1 co*9eal1 or*il1 alkanet1 & murexide4 ,madd] r$s are turn$ to an orange by hydro*loric acid1 :ile ! ?ree next are n notably affect$4 ,co*9eal is turn$ by ! potassa to a violet-r$1 or*il to a violet-blue1 & alkanet to a decid$ blue4 ,lac-dye pres5ts ! same reactions z co*9eal1 b has less brightness4 ,ammoniacal co*9eal & c>m9e may likewise be di/+ui%$ by ! tone ( ! r$s obta9$4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( madd] r$s is t1 aft] hav+ be5 turn$ yell[ by hydro*loric acid1 !y are r5d]$ violet on treatm5t ) milk ( lime4 ,a boil+ soap-lye re/ores ! orig9al r$1 ?\gh some:at pal]4 ,artificial aliz>9e gives ! same reaction4 ,turkey-r$s1 h[ev]1 are q unaffect$ by acid4 ,g>anc9e & g>anceux r$s1 if treat$ fir/ ) hydro*loric acid & !n ) milk ( lime1 turn to a dull blue4 ,madd] dyes are sometimes sl[ 9 be+ turn$ to a violet by potassa1 & ?is %ade :5 produc$ is (t5 br[ni%4 ,!y might ?us be conf\nd$ ) ! dyes ( ! f\r? gr\p1 i4e41 rosolic acid1 corall9e1 eos9e1 & cocc9e4 ,none ( ^! colors gives ! *>act]i/ic reaction ) milk ( lime & boil+ soap-lye4 ,if plung$ 9 milk ( lime1 !y resume _! rose or orange %ades1 :ile ! madd] colors become violet4 ,murexide is turn$1 by potassa1 gray 9 its light %ades & violet 9 its d>k ones4 ,x might1 !n1 be conf\nd$ ) or*il1 b x is decoloriz$ by hydro*loric acid1 :i* leaves or*il a r$4 ,moreov]1 x is turn$ gre5i% by /ann\s *loride4 ,a special "* ( ?is dye 7murexide7 is ! pres5ce ( m]cury1 ! salts ( :i* s]ve z mordants = fix+ x1 & may be detect$ by ! ord9>y reag5ts4 ,! second gr\p comprises m]ely s&al wood or s&]s r$1 :i* turns to a br[n4 ,on boil+ x ) copp]as x becomes violet1 :ile on boil+ ) potassium di*romate x *anges to a yell[i% br[n4 ,! ?ird gr\p includes saffl[]1 mag5ta1 & murexide 7light %ades74 ,if ! action ( ! potassa is prolong$ ! 7s(t7 r$ woods ent] into ?is gr\p4 ,saffl[] turns yell[ by ! action ( potassa1 & ! orig9al rose %ade is n re/or$ by wa%+ ) wat]4 ,hydro*loric acid turns x imm$iately yell[4 ,citric acid has no action4 ,mag5ta is completely decoloriz$ by potassa1 b a prolong$ wa%+ 9 wat] reproduces ! orig9al %ade4 ,?is reaction is common to _m anil9e colors4 ,^! decolorations & recolorations are easily produc$ 9 d>k %ades1 :ile 9 v light %ades !y are less easily obs]v$1 because !re is always a c]ta9 loss ( color4 ,/ann\s *loride turns mag5ta r$s to a violet4 ,hydro*loric acid r5d]s !m yell[i% br[n 7aft]w>d gre5i%874 ,wat] re/ores ! purple r$ %ade4 ,! f\r? gr\p comprises saffran9e1 azo-d9aph?yldiam9e1 rosolic acid1 corall9e1 pure eos9e & cos9e modifi$ by a salt ( lead1 cocc9a1 artificial ponceau1 & r$-wood4 ,saffran9e is detect$ by ! action ( hydro*loric acid1 :i* turns x to a beautiful blue2 ! r$ color is re/or$ by wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,azo-d9aph?yl diam9e is recogniz$ by its peculi> orange ca/1 & is turn$ by hydro*loric acid to a dull1 dirty violet4 ,rosolic acid & corall9e1 z well z eos9e1 are turn$ by hydro*loric acid to an orange-yell[3 ! two =m] are di/+ui%$ f eos9e by _! %ade1 :i* incl9es to a yell[4 ,potassa turns rosolic acid & corall9e f an orange-r$ to a bright r$1 :ile x produces no *ange 9 eos9e4 ,if ! action ( potassa is prolong$1 modifi$ eos9e is black5$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! decomposition ( ! wool1 ! sulphur ( :i* =ms lead sulphide4 ,cocc9e becomes ( a light lemon-yell[ on treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid4 ,wa%+ ) wat] re/ores ! orig9al %ade4 ,x af=ds ! same reactions z eos9e1 b its tone is m incl9$ to an orange4 ,artificial ponceau does n und]go any *ange on treatm5t ) hydro*loric acid1 & resi/s pota%4 ,r$ wood %ades are turn$ t[>d a gooseb]ry-r$ by hydro*loric acid1 especially if /rong4 ,?is la/ reaction n be+ v di/9ct1 r$-wood %ades might be mi/ak5 = ^? ( artificial ponceau b = ! sup]ior brightness ( ! latt]4 ,if ! action ( potassa is prolong$1 ! r$-wood %ades are decoloriz$1 & a wa%+ ) wat] !n blea*es ! tissue4 ,rocell9e af=ds ! same reactions z artificial ponceau1 b if /eep$ 9 a conc5trat$ solution ( /ann\s *loride x is 9 "t completely dis*>g$1 :i* is n ! case ) artificial ponceau4 ,,violet ,,colors4 ,violets are divid$ into two gr\ps3 ^? affect$ by potassa1 & ^? ^u :i* x has no action4 ,! fir/ gr\p embraces logwood1 or*il1 alkanet1 & anil9e violets1 includ+ "u ! latt] t]m ,p]k9's violet1 7probably ! orig9al mauve71 dahlia1 ,p>me or mag5ta violet1 me?yl1 & ,h(mann's violets4 ,! action ( potassa gives indications = ea* ( ^! violets4 ,logwood violet is br[n$2 t ( or*il1 if slightly r$di%1 is turn$ to a blue-violet2 t ( alkanet is modifi$ to a f9e blue4 ,la/ly1 ,p]k9's mauve1 dahlia1 & me?yl violet become ( a grayi% br[n1 :i* may be re-conv]t$ into a f9e violet by wa%+ 9 abundance ( wat]4 ,:5 ! %ades are v heavy1 ?is grayi% br[n is almo/ ( a violet-br[n1 s t ! violets might seem to be unalt]$4 ,! action ( hydro*loric acid di/+ui%es ^! colors bett] /ill if ! aid ( ammonia is call$ 9 = two cases4 ,! acid turns logwood violet to a f9e r$1 & equally r$d5s or*il violet4 ,b ! two colors _c be conf\nd$1 fir/1 because ! two violet %ades are v di/9ct1 t ( or*il be+ mu* ! bright]2 & secondly1 because ammonia has no action on logwood violet1 :ile x turns or*il violet1 if at all r$di%1 to a blue %ade4 ,hydro*loric acid1 :e!r dilute or conc5trat$1 is )\t action on alkanet violet4 ,if ! acid is dilute1 x is equally )\t action on ,p]k9's violet & dahlia4 ,if x is /rong1 x turns !m blue1 & ev5 gre5 if 9 excess4 ,h(mann's violet turns gre5 ev5 ) dilute acid1 b prolong$ wa%+ re/ores ! orig9al violet %ade4 ,dahlia gives a m blue %ade ?an ,p]k9's mauve4 ,! action ( acid is equally *>act]i/ic = me?yl violet4 ,x becomes gre51 !n yell[4 ,wa%+ 9 wat] re-conv]ts x fir/ to a gre51 & !n to a violet4 ,! second gr\p includes madd] violet1 co*9eal violet1 & ! comp\nd violet ( co*9eal & extract ( indigo4 ,^! ?ree dyes are ?us di/+ui%$3 ,hydro*loric acid turns ! madd] violet-orange1 slightly br[ni%1 or a light br[n1 & x af=ds ! *>act]i/ic reaction ( ! madd] colors describ$ above "u r$s4 ,co*9eal violets are r$d5$4 ,sometimes !y are decoloriz$1 & become f9ally yell[1 b d n pass ?r\gh a br[n /age4 ,! comp\nd violet ( co*9eal & extract ( indigo pres5ts ?is *>act]i/ic reaction1 t if boil$ ) v weak solution ( sodium c>bonate ! liquid becomes blue1 r gre5i%1 :ile ! clo? becomes a v9\s-r$--,moniteur ,sci5tifique4--,*em4 ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,*evalet',s ,,cond5so-,,purifi] ,,= ,,gas4 ,! cond5so-purifi] %[n 9 ! accompany+ cut op]ates z foll[s3 ,wat] is caus$ to fl[ ov] a metallic plate p]=at$ ) innum]able holes ( f "o to ?ree millimet]s 9 diamet]1 & !n1 "u ?is disk1 :i* is exactly horizontal1 a curr5t ( gas is introduc$4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! liquid does n trav]se ! holes 9 ! plate1 b is support$ by ! gas com+ 9 an opposite direction4 ,provid$ t ! gas has suffici5t pressure1 x bubbles up ?r\gh ! wat] & becomes s mu* ! m divid$ 9 proportion z ! holes are small] & m num]\s4 ,! gas is wa%$ by trav]s+ ! liquid1 & fre$ f ! t> & coal-du/ c>ri$ along ) x2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! ammonia t x conta9s dissolves 9 ! wat]1 & ?is1 too1 s mu* ! bett] ! cold] ! latt] is4 ,?is app>atus1 !n1 p]mits ( obta9+ two results3 a me*anical "o1 consi/+ 9 ! /oppage ( ! solid matt]s1 & a *emical "o1 consi/+ 9 ! /oppage ( ! soluble portions1 su* z ammonia1 sulphuret$ hydrog51 & c>bonic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,cond5so-,,purifi] ,,= ,,gas4 7,elevation47 ,! cond5so-purifi] consi/s ( ?ree p]=at$ diaphragms1 plac$ "o ov] ! o!r 9 rectil9e> ca/-iron boxes4 ,^! diaphragms are movable1 & slide on projections runn+ r\nd ! int]ior ( ! boxes4 ,9 ea* ( ! latt] !re is an ov]fl[ pipe1 g1 t runs to ! box or comp>tm5t bel[1 & an unp]=at$ plate1 f1 t slides ov] ! diaphragm s z to cov] or uncov] z _m ( ! holes z may be necess>y4 ,a /ream ( common wat] runs 9 ?r\gh ! funnel1 e1 ov] ! upp] diaphragm1 :ile ! gas ent]s ! app>atus ?r\gh ! pipe1 a1 & aft]w>d takes ! direction %[n by ! arr[s4 ,rea*+ ! level ( ! ov]fl[1 ! wat] escapes1 fills ! l[] comp>tm5t1 cov]s ! middle diaphragm1 !n passes ?r\gh ! second ov]fl[-pipe to cov] ! l[] diaphragm1 next runs ?r\gh ! ov]fl[-pipe ( ! ?ird diaphragm on to ! bottom ( ! purifi]1 & la/ly makes its exit1 ?r\gh a siphon4 ,a pressure gauge1 hav+ an inlet = ! gas above & bel[1 s]ves = regulat+ ! pressure absorb$ = ea* diaphragm1 & :i* %\ld v>y betwe5 #j4ja & #j4jab ( a met]4 ,! effect ( ?is purifi] is visible :5 ! op]ation is p]=m$ ) an app>atus made ext]nally ( glass4 ,! gas is obs]v$ to ent] 9 ! =m ( smoke "u ! fir/ diaphragm1 & ! wat] to become discolor$ & t>ry4 ,:5 ! gas trav]ses ! second diaphragm1 x is obs]v$ to issue f ! wat] entirely colorless1 :ile ! latt] becomes slightly discolor$1 & f9ally1 :5 x trav]ses ! ?ird diaphragm1 ! wat] is left p]fectly limpid4 ,two diaphragms h be5 f\nd suffici5t to completely remove ! solid p>ticles c>ri$ along by ! gas1 ! ?ird produc+ only a *emical effect4 ,?is app>atus may replace two ( ! sy/ems employ$ 9 gas works3 7#a7 me*anical cond5s]s1 su* z ! sy/ems ( ,pel\ze ,aud\91 & ( ,s]vi]2 & 7#b7 scrubb]s ( diff]5t k9ds & coke columns4 ,nev]!less1 x is well to reta9 ! la/ nam$1 if ! gas works h !m1 b to modify _! "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan ,,view ,,) ,,by-,,pass4 ,?is purifi] %\ld always be plac$ directly aft] ! cond5s]s1 & is to be suppli$ ) a /ream ( pure wat] at ! rate ( #ej lit]s ( wat] p] #a1jjj cubic met]s ( gas4 ,su* wat] passes only once into ! purifi]1 & issues !refrom suffici5tly ri* 9 ammonia to be treat$4 ,if !re are coke columns 9 ! works1 !y are plac$ aft] ! purifi]1 fill$ ) wood %av+s or well wa%$ gravel1 & !n suppli$ ) pure cold wat] 9 ! proportion /at$ above4 ,! wat] t fl[s f ! columns passes aft]w>d into ! cond5so-purifi]1 :]e x becomes *>g$ ) ammonia1 & removes f ! gas ! t> t ! latt] has c>ri$ along1 & !n makes its exit & goes to ! decant+ ci/]n4 ,9 op]at+ ?us1 all ! rema9+ ammonia t might h escap$ ! cond5so-purifi] is remov$1 & ! result is obta9$ )\t pumps or motor1 ) app>atus t co/s b little & does n occupy mu* space4 ,! advantages t are d]iv$ f ?is1 z reg>ds sulphate ( ammonia1 are important2 =1 on treat+ ammoniacal wat]s ) cond5s]s1 sc>cely m ?an f\r to five kilogrammes ( ! sulphate are obta9$ p] ton ( coal di/ill$1 :ile by wa%+ ! gas p]fectly ) ! small quantity ( wat] indicat$1 f\r to five kilogrammes m c be got p] #a1jjj kilogrammes ( coal1 or a total ( eight to t5 kilogrammes p] ton4 ,:5 ! gas is n wa%$ suffici5tly1 almo/ all ( ! ammonia cond5ses 9 ! purify+ mat]ial4 ,! pressure absorb$ by ! cond5so purifi] is f t5 to twelve millimet]s p] wa%+-diaphragm4 ,9 works t are n provid$ ) an extractor1 two diaphragms1 or ev5 a s+le "o1 are employ$ :5 x is desir$ simply to cat* ! t>4 ,! app>atus "u consid]ation 0 employ$ 9 ! ,/4 ,qu5t9 gas works dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahha-ahhb1 )\t giv+ rise to any ob/ruction2 &1 besides1 x 0 f\nd t by its use !re might be avoid$ all *ok+ up ( ! pipes at ! works & ! city ma9s ?r\gh naph?al9e4 ,9 cases ( ob/ruction1 x is v easy to take out ! p]=at$ diaphragms2 ?is be+ done by remov+ ! bolts f ! piece t holds ! regi/]1 f1 & !n remov+ ! diaphragm & putt+ 9 ano!r4 ,?is op]ation takes ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! advantages ( su* a m\nt+ ( ! diaphragms is t x all[s ! gas manufactur] to employ 7& easily *ange7 ! numb] ( p]=ations t he f9ds be/ suit$ to 8 ne$s4 ,^! app>atus are con/ruct$ = productions ( f #a1jjj to #ajj1jjj cubic met]s ( gas p] tw5ty f\r h\rs4 ,!y h be5 appli$ advantage\sly 9 ! wa%+ ( smoke f potassa furnaces1 9 ord] to collect ! ammonia t escapes f ! *imneys4 ,9 "o ( su* applications1 ! quantity ( gas & /eam wa%$ rea*$ a million cubic met]s p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4--,revue ,indu/rielle4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,artificial ,,ivory4 ,x is said t artificial ivory ( a pure :ite color & v durable has be5 manufactur$ by dissolv+ %ellac 9 ammonia1 mix+ ! solution ) oxide ( z9c1 driv+ (f ammonia by heat+1 p[d]+1 & /rongly compress+ 9 m\lds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,creosote ,,impurities4 ,footnote3 ,read at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical ,association held at ,niag>a ,falls4 #ahhb4 ,by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,w4 ,,b$=d4 ,! object ( ?is qu]y c be b "o1 namely1 to inquire :e!r ! wood creosote (f]$ = sale is a pure article1 or n2 & if n1 :at is ! impurity pres5t8 ,! relative comm]cial value ( ! articles sold z coal t> creosote & wood creosote disposes ( ! "q z to ! latt] be+ pres5t 9 ! =m] article1 & we are q c]ta9 t ! *eap v>iety is no?+ m or less ?an a ph5ol or c>bolic acid4 ,wood creosote1 x has be5 frequ5tly /at$1 is adult]at$ ) coal t> creosote1 or ph5ol4 ,! object ( my exp]im5ts has be5 to prove ! id5tity ( wood creosote & its fre$om f ph5ol4 ,! foll[+ te/s are laid d[n 9 v>i\s works z conclusive evid5ce ( its purity1 & ea* has be5 fully tri$ ) ! sev]al samples ( wood creosote to prove _! id5tity & purity1 & also ) ph5ol1 sold z comm]cial creosote or coal t> creosote1 & = comp>ison ) mixtures ( ! two1 t ev5 small p]c5tages ( admixture might be id5tifi$1 %\ld su* exi/ 9 ! wood creosote ( ! m>ket4 ,! foll[+ te/s 7 us$3 #a4 ,equal volumes ( anhydr\s glyc]9e & wood creosote make a turbid mixture1 sep>at+ on /&+4 ,ph5ol dissolves4 ,if ?ree volumes ( wat] be add$1 ! sep>ation ( ! wood creosote is imm$iate4 ,ph5ol rema9s 9 p]man5t solution4 #b4 ,"o volume ( wood creosote add$ to two volumes ( glyc]9e2 ! =m] is n dissolv$1 b sep>ates on /&+4 ,ph5ol dissolves4 #c4 ,?ree p>ts ( a mixture conta9+ #ge p] c5t1 ( glyc]9e & #be ( wat] to #a "p ( wood creosote %[ no increase ( volume ( glyc]9e1 & wood creosote sep>ates4 ,ph5ol dissolves1 & =ms a cle> mixture4 ,7 any ph5ol pres5t 9 ! wood creosote1 ! increase 9 ! volume ( ! glyc]9e solution1 if 9 a graduat$ tube1 w\ld di/9ctly indicate ! p]c5tage ( ph5ol pres5t4 #d4 ,solubility 9 b5z9e4 ,wood creosote entirely soluble4 ,ph5ol is insoluble4 #e4 ,a #a p] c5t1 solution ( wood creosote4 ,take ( ?is #aj cubic c5timet]s1 add #a drop ( a te/ solution ( f]ric *loride2 an evanesc5t blue color is =m$1 pass+ quickly into a r$ color4 ,ph5ol gives a p]man5t blue color4 #f4 ,collodion or album5 ) an equal bulk ( wood creosote makes a p]fect mixture )\t coagulation4 ,ph5ol at once coagulates into a m or less firm mass or clot4 #g4 ,brom9e solution ) wood creosote gives a r$di% br[n precipitate4 ,ph5ol gives a :ite precipitate4 ,all te/s enum]at$ above 7 repeat$ly tri$ ) f\r samples ( wood creosote sold z su*2 "o a sample ( ,morson's1 "o ( ,m]ck's1 "o evid5tly ( ,g]man orig91 b be>+ ! label & capsule ( an ,am]ican manufactur]1 & "o ( unkn[n orig91 b sold z bee*-wood creosote 7,g]man71 & ea* prov$ to be pure wood creosote4 ,two samples ( comm]cial creosote :i*1 f ! l[ co/1 7 kn[n to be ( coal t> orig9 gave ! negative te/s1 %[+ t !y 7 ph5ol4 ,corroborative exp]im5ts 7 made by mix+ #aj to #bj p] c5t1 ( ph5ol ) samples ( ! bee*wood creosote1 b 9 e case ea* ( ! te/s nam$ %[$ ! pres5ce ( ! ph5ol4 ,! writ] on o!r occasions appli$ s+le te/s 7! collodion te/7 to samples ( bee*wood creosote t he _h an opportunity ( procur+ small specim5s (1 & satisfi$ himself t !y 7 pure4 ,! conclusion is t ! wood creosote ( ! m>ket ( ! pres5t "t is 9 abundant supply1 is ( unexceptionable quality1 & reasonable 9 price1 s t !re is no excuse = ! sub/itution ( ! ph5ol commonly sold = x4 ,:5 x is direct$ = use = int]nal adm9i/ration 7! m$ic9al effect be+ entirely dissimil>71 wood creosote only %\ld be disp5s$4 ,! g5]al sales ( creosote by ! ph>maci/ are 9 small quantities z a too?a*e rem$y1 & ph5ol has ! p[] ( coagulat+ album51 :i* effectually relieves ! suff]+4 ,wood creosote does n coagulate album51 & is1 !re=e1 n z s]viceable4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! reason t x has become1 9 a great measure1 supplant$ 9 g5]al sale by ! coal t> creosote1 to say no?+ ( ! argum5t ( a l[] co/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rem$y ,,= ,,sick ,,heada*e4 ,surgeon ,major ,roehr+1 ( ,amb]g1 reports1 9 ,no4 #cb ( ! ,allg4 ,m$4 ,c5tr4 ,zeit41 ,april #bb1 #ahhb1 a case ( heada*e ( long /&+1 :i* he cur$ by salicylate ( sodium1 :i* confirms ! obs]vations ( ,dr4 ,oehls*lag]1 ( ,dantzig1 :o fir/ cont5d$ t we possess$ 9 salicylic acid "o ( ! mo/ reliable rem$ies = neuralgia4 ,?is _c a/oni% u if we rememb] t ! action ( salicylic acid is1 9 m ?an "o respect1 & especially 9 its influ5ce on ! n]v\s c5t]s1 analog\s to qu99e4 ,:ile out ) ! troops on maneuv]1 ,dr4 ,roehr+ 0 call$ to visit ! sixte5-ye> old son ( a poor peasant family 9 a neighbor+ village4 ,! boy1 :o gave all evid5ces ( liv+ "u bad hygi5ic surr\nd+s1 b :o _h %[n himself v dilig5t at s*ool1 _h be5 suff]+1 f 8 six? ye>1 sev]al days e week f ! mo/ int5se heada*e1 :i* _h n be5 reliev$ by any ( ! _m rem$ies tri$ = ?is purpose4 ,a c>eful exam9ation did n reveal any organic lesion or any cause = ! pa91 :i* seem$ to be neuralgic 9 "*1 a purely n]v\s heada*e4 ,roehr+ _h j be5 read+ ! obs]vations ( ,oehls*lag]1 & kn[+1 f ! names ( ! physicians :o _h be5 already att5d+ ! poor boy1 t all ! common rem$ies = neuralgia _h be5 giv5 a fair trial1 ?\ght ?is a good opportunity to te/ ! virtue ( salicylate ( sodium4 ,he gave ! boy1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sev]ity ( ! pa91 0 n able to leave 8 b$1 t5 gra9s ( ! rem$y e ?ree h\rs1 & 0 surpris$ to see ! pati5t next day 9 8 t5t & ) smil+ face4 ,! boy admitt$ t he = ye>s _h n be5 feel+ s well z he did !n4 ,! rem$y 0 cont9u$1 b 9 less frequ5t doses1 = a few days long]2 ! heada*e did n return4 ,sev]al mon?s lat] ,dr4 ,roehr+ wrote to ! s*ool-tea*] ( ! boy1 & 0 in=m$ t ! latt] _h1 dur+ all ?is "t1 be5 totally free ( 8 =m] pa91 t he 0 mu* bright] ?an =m]ly1 & evid5tly enjoy+ ! be/ ( heal?4 ,x may be wor? :ile to give ! rem$y a m ext5sive trial1 & ! m s z we are only too (t5 at a loss :at to d 9 /ubborn cases ( s-call$ n]v\s heada*e4--,! ,m$ical & ,surgical ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sunlight ,,& ,,skylight ,,at ,,high ,,altitudes4 ,at ! ,s\?ampton meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 ,capta9 ,abney read a pap] 9 :i* he call$ att5tion to ! fact t photographs tak5 at high altitudes %[ skies t are ne>ly black by comp>ison ) bright objects project$ aga9/ !m1 & he w5t on to %[ t ! high] above ! sea level ! obs]v] w5t1 ! d>k] ! sky really is & ! fa9t] ! spectrum4 ,9 fact1 ! latt] %[s b little m ?an a b& 9 ! violet & ultraviolet at a height ( #h1ejj feet1 :ile at sea-level x %[s ne>ly ! :ole photographic spectrum4 ,! only reason ( ?is mu/ be p>ticles ( "s reflect+ matt] f :i* sunlight is reflect$4 ,! au?or ref]s ?is to wat]y /uff1 ( :i* n9e-t5?s is left beh9d at ! altitude at :i* be work$4 ,he !n %[$ t ! brightness ( ! ultra-violet ( direct sunlight increas$ enorm\sly ! high] ! obs]v] w5t1 b only to a c]ta9 po9t1 = ! spectrum sudd5ly t]m9at$ ab\t #b1idj wave-l5g?4 ,?is abrupt absorption 0 due to extra-atmosph]ic causes & p]haps to space4 ,! increase 9 brightness ( ! ultra-violet 0 su* t ! usually invisible rays1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 c\ld be di/9ctly se51 %[+ t ! visibility ( ^! rays dep5d$ on ! int5sity ( ! radiation4 ,! r$ & ultra-r$ "p ( ! spectrum 0 also consid]$4 ,he %[$ t ! absorption l9es 7 pres5t 9 undim9i%$ =ce & numb] at ?is high altitude1 ?us plac+ _! orig9 to extra-atmosph]ic causes4 ,! absorption f atmosph]ic causes ( radiant enemy 9 ^! p>ts he %[$ 0 due to wat]-/uff1 :i* he hesitat$ to call aque\s vapor1 s9ce ! b&$ spectrum ( wat] 0 pres5t1 & n l9es4 ,! ,b & ,a l9e he also /at$ c\ld n be claim$ z telluric l9es1 mu* less z due to aque\s vapor1 b mu/ orig9ate betwe5 ! sun & our atmosph]e4 ,! au?or f9ally confirm$ ! pres5ce ( b5z9e & e?yl 9 ! same region4 ,he _h f\nd _! pres5ce indicat$ 9 ! spectrum at sea-level1 & f\nd _! absorption l9es ) undim9i%$ int5sity at #h1ejj feet4 ,?us1 )\t mu* d\bt1 hydroc>bons mu/ exi/ betwe5 our atmosph]e & ! sun1 &1 x may be1 9 space4 ,pr(4 ,langley1 foll[+ ,capt4 ,abney1 obs]v$3 ,! v rem>kable pap] j read by ,capta9 ,abney has already br\ght in=mation ^u "s po9ts :i* ! "o ,i am ab\t1 by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,association1 to pres5t1 leaves 9 d\bt4 ,x w be und]/ood !n t ! ref]5ces "h are to 8 publi%$ memoirs only1 & n to :at we h j he>d4 ,! sol> spectrum is s commonly compos$ to h be5 mapp$ ) complet5ess1 t ! /atem5t t mu* m ?an "o-half its ext5t is n only unmapp$ b ne>ly unkn[n1 may excite surprise4 ,?is /atem5t is1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k1 q )9 ! tru?1 z to t almo/ unexplor$ region discov]$ by ! eld] ,h]s*el1 :i*1 ly+ bel[ ! r$ & invisible to ! eye1 is s compress$ by ! prism t1 ?\gh its aggregate heat effects h be5 /udi$ ?r\gh ! !rmopile1 x is only by ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,capt4 ,abney t we h any c]ta9 k ( ! l9es ( absorption !re1 ev5 9 "p4 ,?\gh ! la/-nam$ inve/igator has ext5d$ our k ( x to a po9t mu* beyond ! l[e/ visible ray1 !re yet rema9s a /ill remot] region1 m ext5sive ?an ! :ole visible spectrum1 ! /udy ( :i* has be5 ent]$ on at ,alleghany1 by means ( ! l9e> bolomet]4 ,! :ole spectrum1 visible & invisible1 is p[]fully affect$ by ! selective absorption ( our atmosph]e & t ( ! sun2 & we mu/ fir/ obs]ve t c\ld we get outside our e>?'s atmosph]ic %ell1 we %\ld see a second & v diff]5t spectrum1 & c\ld we aft]w>d remove ! sol> atmosph]e also1 we %\ld h yet a ?ird1 diff]5t f ei!r4 ,! *>ts exhibit$ %[3 #a/4 ,! di/ribution ( ! sol> en]gy z we receive x1 at ! e>?'s surface1 ?r\gh\t ! entire invisible z well z visible portion1 bo? on ! prismatic & normal scales4 ,?is is :at ,i h pr9cipally to speak ( n[1 b ?is :ole fir/ rese>* is b incid5tal to o!rs ^u ! spectra be=e any absorption1 :i* ?\gh incomplete1 ,i wi% to briefly allude to lat]4 ,! o!r curves !n indicate3 #b;d4 ,! di/ribution ( en]gy be=e absorption by our own atmosph]e4 #c;d4 ,?is di/ribution at ! photosph]e ( ! sun4 ,! ext5t ( ! field1 newly /udi$1 is %[n by ?is draw+ *>t exhibit$4 ,betwe5 ,h 9 ! extreme violet1 & ,a 9 ! fur!/ r$1 lies ! visible spectrum1 ) :i* we are famili>1 its l5g? be+ ab\t #d1jjj ( ,ang/rom's units4 ,if1 !n1 #d1jjj repres5t ! l5g? ( ! visible spectrum1 ! *>t %[s t ! region bel[ ext5ds ?r\gh #bd1jjj m1 & s mu* ( ?is z lies bel[ wave-l5g? #ab1jjj1 ,i ?9k1 is n[ mapp$ = ! fir/ "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,prismatic ,,spectrum4 ,we h to pi #ab1jjj relatively complete photographs1 publi%$ by ,capt4 ,abney1 b1 except "s v slight indications by ,lamansky1 ,desa9s1 & ,m\ton1 no fur!r guide4 ,deviations be+ proportionate to abscissae1 & measur$ sol> en]gies to ord9ates1 we h "h 7#a7 ! di/ribution ( en]gy 9 ! prismatic1 & 7#b7 its di/ribution 9 ! normal spectrum4 ,! total en]gy is 9 ea* case proportionate to ! area ( ! curve 7! two v dissimil> curves inclos+ ! same area71 & on ea*1 if ! total en]gy be r\ghly divid$ into f\r p>ts1 "o ( ^! w correspond to ! visible1 & ?ree to ! invisible or ultra-r$ "p4 ,! total en]gy at ! ultra violet end is s small1 !n1 z to be "h altoge!r negligible4 ,we obs]ve t 7ow+ to ! di/ortion introduc$ by ! prism7 ! maximum ord9ate repres5t+ ! heat 9 ! prismatic spectrum is1 z obs]v$ by ,tyndall1 bel[ ! r$1 :ile ^u ! normal scale ?is maximum ord9ate is f\nd 9 ! orange4 ,i w\ld next ask y\r att5tion to ! fact t 9 ei!r spectrum1 bel[ pi #ab1jjj are mo/ extraord9>y depressions & int]ruptions ( ! en]gy1 to :i*1 z w be se51 ! visible spectrum (f]s no p>allel4 ,z to ! ag5t produc+ ^! great gaps1 :i* s /rik+ly int]rupt ! cont9uity ( ! curve1 &1 z y see1 9 "o place1 cut x completely into two1 ,i h z yet obta9$ no conclusive evid5ce4 ,kn[+ ! great absorption ( wat] vapor 9 ?is l[e/ region1 z we already d1 f ! obs]vations ( ,tyndall1 x w\ld1 a priori1 seem n unreasonable to look to x z ! cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ,i h cont9u$ obs]vations f noon to sunset1 mak+ successive measures ( ea* ord9ate1 z ! s9k+ sun s5t its rays ?r\gh great] dep?s ( absorb+ atmosph]e1 ,i h n f\nd ^! gaps increas+ z mu* z !y app>5tly %\ld1 if due to a t]re/rial cause1 & s f> z ?is evid5ce goes1 !y might be r ?\ght to be sol>4 ,b my own means ( inve/igation are n s well adapt$ to decide ?is important po9t z ^? ( photography1 to :i* we may yet be indebt$ = our f9al conclusion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,normal ,,spectrum4 7,at sea level47 ,i am l$1 f a /udy ( ,capt4 ,abney's photographs ( ! region betwe5 pi #h1jjj & pi #ab1jjj1 to ?9k t ^! gaps are produc$ by ! aggregation ( f9] l9es1 :i* c be/ be discrim9at$ by ! cam]a1 an in/rum5t :i*1 :]e x c be us$ at all1 is f> m s5sitive ?an ! bolomet]2 :ile ! latt]1 ,i ?9k1 has on ! o!r h& "s advantage 9 af=d+ direct & tru/wor?y measures ( ! am\nt ( en]gy inh]+ 9 ea* ray4 ,"o reason :y ! ext5t ( ?is great region has be5 s s+ul>ly und]e/imat$1 is ! deceptively small space into :i* x appe>s to be compress$ by ! di/ortion ( ! prism4 ,to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! cr[d$ rays1 ,i h be5 driv5 to ! inv5tion ( a special in/rum5t4 ,! bolomet]1 :i* ,i h "h1 is an in/rum5t dep5d+ ^u pr9ciples :i* ,i ne$ n expla9 at l5g?1 s9ce all pres5t may be presum$ to be famili> ) ! success :i* has be=e att5d$ _! application 9 ano!r field 9 ! h&s ( ! ,presid5t ( ?is ,association4 ,i may rem>k1 h[ev]1 t ?is special con/ruction has involv$ v consid]able difficulties & long labor4 ,= ! in/rum5t "h %[n1 plat9um has be5 roll$ by ,messrs4 ,tiffany1 ( ,new ,york1 into %eets1 :i*1 z det]m9$ by ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,rood1 rea* ! surpris+ t5uity ( less ?an "o tw5ty-five-?\s&? ( an ,engli% in* 7,i h also iron roll$ to "o fifte5-?\s&? in*71 & f ?is plat9um a /rip is cut "o "o-hundr$-&-tw5ty-fif? ( an in* wide4 ,?is m9ute /rip1 =m+ "o arm ( a ,:eat/one's bridge1 & ?us p]fectly %ield$ f air curr5ts1 is accurately c5t]$ by means ( a comp\nd microscope 9 ?is truly turn$ cyl9d]1 & ! cyl9d] itself is exactly direct$ by ! arms ( ?is ,y4 ,! atta*$ galvanomet] responds readily to *anges ( temp]ature1 ( mu* less ?an "o-t5-?\s&? degree ,f4 ,s9ce x is "o & ! same sol> en]gy ^: manife/ations we call light or heat1 accord+ to ! m$ium :i* int]prets !m1 :at is light to ! eye is heat to ! bolomet]1 & :at is se5 z a d>k l9e by ! eye is felt z a cold l9e by ! s5ti5t in/rum5t4 ,accord+ly1 if l9es analog\s to ! d>k ,fraunh(] l9es exi/ 9 ?is invisible region1 !y w appe> 7if ,i may s speak7 to ! bolomet] z cold b&s1 & ?is hair-l /rip ( plat9a is mov$ along 9 ! invisible "p ( ! spectrum till ! galvanomet] indicates ! all b inf9itesimal *ange ( temp]ature caus$ by its contact ) su* a cold b&4 ,! :ole "w1 x w be se51 is necess>ily v sl[2 x is 9 fact a long grop+ 9 ! d>k1 & x dem&s extreme pati5ce4 ,a portion ( its results are n[ be=e y4 ,! mo/ t$i\s "p ( ! :ole process has be5 ! det]m9ation ( ! wave-l5g?s4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we h 7except ?r\gh ! "w ( ,capt4 ,abney already cit$1 & p]haps ( ,m4 ,m\ton7 no direct k ( ! wave-l5g?s 9 ! infra-r$ prismatic spectrum1 b h hi!rto inf]r$ !m f =mulas l ! well-kn[n "o ( ,cau*y's1 all :i* kn[n to me appe> to be "h f\nd errone\s by ! te/ ( direct exp]im5t1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! prism actually employ$4 ,i h be5 greatly aid$ 9 ?is "p ( ! "w by ! rem>kable concave grat+s lately con/ruct$ by ,pr(4 ,r[l&1 ( ,baltimore1 "o ( :i* ,i h ! pleasure ( %[+ y4 ,in/rum5t exhibit$4 ,! spectra =m$ by ?is fall ^u a scre5 9 :i* is a f9e slit1 only p]mitt+ ne>ly homog5e\s rays to pass1 & ^!1 :i* may conta9 ! rays ( z _m z f\r ov]lapp+ spectra1 are next pass$ ?r\gh a rock-salt or glass prism plac$ ) its refract+ edge p>allel to ! grat+ l9es4 ,?is sorts out ! diff]5t n>r[ spectral images1 )\t dang] ( ov]lapp+1 & aft] _! passage ?r\gh ! prism we f9d !m aga91 & fix _! position by means ( ! bolomet]1 :i* = ?is purpose is atta*$ to a special k9d ( spectromet]1 :]e its plat9um ?read replaces ! reticule ( ! ord9>y telescope4 ,?is is v difficult "w1 especially 9 ! l[]mo/ spectrum1 :]e ,i h sp5t ov] two weeks ( consecutive labor 9 fix+ a s+le wave-l5g?4 ,! f9al result is1 ,i ?9k1 wor?1 ! tr\ble1 h[ev]1 =1 z y see "h1 we are n[ able to fix ) approximate precision & by direct exp]im5t1 ! wave-l5g? ( e prismatic spectral ray4 ,! t]m9al ray ( ! sol> spectrum1 ^: pres5ce has be5 c]ta9ly felt by ! bolomet]1 has a wave-l5g? ( ab\t #bh1jjj 7or is ne>ly two octaves bel[ ! great ,a ( ,fraunh(]74 ,s f>1 x appe>s only t we h be5 measur+ heat1 b ,i h call$ ! curve t ( sol> en]gy1 because by a s]ies ( indep5d5t inve/igations1 n "h giv51 ! selective absorption ( ! silv]1 ! speculum-metal1 ! glass1 & ! lamp-black 7! latt] us$ on ! bolomet]-/rip71 =m+ ! ag5ts ( inve/igation1 has be5 sep>ately all[$ =4 ,my /udy ( lamp-black absorption1 ,i %\ld add 9 qualification1 is n q complete4 ,i h f\nd x q transp>5t to c]ta9 infra-r$ rays1 & x is v possible t !re may be "s fa9t radiations yet to be discov]$ ev5 bel[ ^? "h indicat$4 ,9 view ( ! increas$ att5tion t is d\btless soon to be giv5 to ?is mo/ int]e/+ b /rangely neglect$ region1 & :i* by photography & o!r me?ods is c]ta9 to be fully mapp$ h]eaft]1 ,i c b consid] ?is pres5t "w less z a survey ?an z a sket* ( ?is great new field1 & x is z su* only t ,i "h pres5t x4 ,all t has prec$$ is subord9ate to ! ma9 rese>*1 on :i* ,i h occupi$ ! pa/ two ye>s at ,alleghany1 9 comp>+ ! spectra ( ! sun at high & l[ altitudes1 b :i* ,i mu/ "h t\* ^u briefly4 ,by ! g5]osity ( a fri5d ( ! ,alleghany ,obs]vatory1 & by ! aid ( ,g54 ,haz51 ,*ief ,signal ,(fic] ( ! ,u ,s4 ,army1 ,i 0 enabl$ la/ ye> to organize an exp$ition to ,m\nt ,:itney 9 ,s\? ,cali=nia1 :]e ! mo/ important ( ^! latt] obs]vations 7 repeat$ at an altitude ( #ac1jjj feet4 ,^u my return ,i made a special inve/igation ^u ! selective absorption ( ! sun's atmosph]e1 ) results :i* ,i c n[ only allude to4 ,by su* obs]vations1 b by me?ods too elaborate = pres5t description1 we c pass f ! curve ( en]gy actually obs]v$ to t :i* w\ld be se5 if ! obs]v] 7 /ation$ :olly above ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 & fre$ f ! effect ( its absorption4 ,! sali5t & rem>kable result is ! gr[? ( ! blue end ( ! spectrum1 & ,i w\ld rem>k t1 :ile x has be5 long kn[n f ! rese>*es ( ,locky]1 ,crova1 & o!rs t c]ta9 rays ( %ort wave-l5g? 7 m absorb$ ?an ^? ( long1 ^! *>ts %[ h[ mu* sep>ate ea* ray ( ! spectrum has gr[n1 & br+1 :at seems to me1 conclusive evid5ce ( ! %ift+ ( ! po9t ( maximum en]gy )\t ! atmosph]e t[>d ! blue4 ,contr>y to ! accept$ belief1 x appe>s "h also t ! absorption on ! :ole gr[s less & less1 to ! extreme infra-r$ extremity2 & on ! o!r h&1 t ! en]gy be=e absorption 0 s enorm\sly great] 9 ! blue & violet1 t ! sun mu/ h a decid$ly blui% t9t to ! nak$ eye1 if we c\ld rise above ! e>?'s atmosph]e to view x4 ,b ev5 7 we plac$ outside ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 t surr\nd+ ! sun itself w\ld /ill rema91 & ex]t absorption4 ,by special me?ods1 n "h detail$1 we h at ,alleghany comp>$ ! absorption1 at v>i\s dep?s1 ( ! sun's own atmosph]e = ea* spectral ray1 & are h5ce enabl$ to %[1 ) approximate tru?1 ,i ?9k = ! fir/ "t1 ! orig9al di/ribution ( en]gy ?r\gh\t ! visible & invisible spectrum at ! f\nt ( t en]gy1 9 ! sun itself4 ,!re is a surpris+ simil>ity1 y w notice1 9 ! "* ( ! sol> & telluric absorptions1 & "o :i* we c\ld h>dly h anticipat$ a priori4 ,"h1 too1 violet has be5 absorb$ enorm\sly m ?an ! gre51 & ! gre5 ?an ! r$1 & s on1 ! diff]5ce be+ s great1 t if we 7 to calculate ! ?ickness ( ! sol> atmosph]e on ! hypo!sis ( a uni=m transmission1 we %\ld obta9 a v ?ick atmosph]e f ! rate ( absorption 9 ! infra-r$ alone1 & a v ?9 "o f t 9 ! violet alone4 ,b ! ma9 result seems to be /ill ?is1 t z we h se5 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e1 s we see 9 ! sun's1 an enorm\s & progressive increase ( ! en]gy t[>d ! %ort] wave-l5g?s4 ,?is conclusion1 :i*1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to rem>k1 ,i anticipat$ 9 a communication publi%$ 9 ! ,comptes ,r5dus ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france z long s9ce z #ahge1 is n[ fully confirm$1 & ,i may m5tion t x is s also by direct photometric me?ods1 n "h giv54 ,if1 !n1 we ask h[ ! sol> photosph]e w\ld appe> to ! eye1 c\ld we see x )\t absorption1 ^! figures appe> to %[ conclusively t x w\ld be blue4 ,n to rely on any assumption1 h[ev]1 we h1 by v>i\s me?ods at ,allegh5y1 reproduc$ ?is color4 ,?us 7to indicate r\ghly ! pr9ciple us$71 tak+ ?ree ,maxwell's disks1 a r$1 gre51 & blue1 s z to reproduce :ite1 we note ! ?ree correspond+ ord9ates at ! e>?'s surface spectrum1 &1 comp>+ ^! ) ! same ord9ates 9 ! curve giv+ ! en]gy at ! sol> surface1 we re>range ! disks1 s z to give ! proportion ( r$1 gre51 & blue :i* w\ld be se5 !re1 & obta9 by _! revolution a t9t :i* mu/ approximately repres5t t at ! photosph]e1 & :i* is mo/ simil> to t ( a blue ne> ,fraunh(]'s ,f4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 is t1 :ile all radiations emanate f ! sol> surface1 includ+ r$ & infra-r$1 9 great] degree ?an we receive !m1 ! blue end is s enorm\sly great] 9 proportion t ! prop] color ( ! sun1 z se5 at ! photosph]e is blue--n only blui%1 b positively & di/9ctly blue2 a /atem5t :i* ,i h n v5tur$ to make f any conjecture1 or on any less cause ?an on ! sole gr\nd ( long cont9u$ exp]im5ts1 :i*1 comm5c$ "s sev5 ye>s s9ce1 h )9 ! pa/ two ye>s irresi/ibly t5d$ to ! pres5t conclusion4 ,! mass ( obs]vations on :i* x re/s mu/ be res]v$ = m detail$ publication else:]e4 ,at pres5t1 ,i c only ?ank ! association = ! c\rtesy :i* has giv5 me ! mu* priz$ opportunity ( lay+ be=e !m ?is indication ( me?ods & results4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,m9]alogical ,,localities ,,9 ,,& ,,ar\nd ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,,& ,,! ,,m9]als ,,occurr+ ,,!re94 ,footnote3 ,cont9u$ f ,,supplem5ts #bdd & #bdf4 ,by ,,nelson ,h4 ,,dabton4 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,hobok54--,! locality repres5t$ "h is :]e ! same s]p5t9e t we met on ,/at5 ,isl& crops out1 & is kn[n z ,ca/le ,hill4 ,x is a prom95t object 9 view :5 on ! ,hudson ,riv]1 ly+ on ,ca/le ,po9t j above ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute & ab\t a mile nor? ( ! f]ry f ,b>clay or ,*ri/oph] ,/reet1 ,new ,york city4 ,^u x is ! ,/ev5s e/ate1 etc41 :i* is ord9>ily inaccessible1 b bel[ ?is & along ! riv] walk1 comm5c+ at ,fif? ,/reet & to ,twelf?1 !re is an almo/ un9t]rupt$ outcrop f two to ?irty feet 9 ?ickness & pl5tifully int]sp]s$ ) ! ve9s ( ! m9]als ( ! locality1 :i* are v simil> to ^? ( ,/at5 ,isl&2 ! s]p5t9e1 h[ev]1 pres5t+ q a diff]5t appe>ance1 be+ ( a d5s] & m homog5e\s /ructure & color1 & n s brittle or light color$ z t ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 b ( a pure gre5 color4 ,! ve9s ( m9]als are ab\t a half an in* to--9 ! case ( druses ( magnesite1 :i* p5etrate ! rock 9 all proportions & directions--ev5 six in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,!y lie g5]ally 9 a p]p5dicul> position1 b are frequ5tly b5t & contort$ 9 e direction4 ,!y are ! m abundant :]e ! rock is s(t1 z ve9s1 b includ$ m9]als are m pl5tiful 9 ! h>d] rock4 ,!re is h>dly any "o po9t on ! outcrop t may be said to be favor$ 9 abundance1 b ! ve9s ( ! brucites1 dolomite1 & magnesites are scatt]$ at regul> & %ort int]vals1 except p]haps ! la/1 :i* is mo/ pl5tiful at ! nor? end ( ! walk4 ,magnesite4--,?is m9]al1 ( :i* we obta9$ "s f9e specim5s on ,/at5 ,isl&1 occurs extremely pl5tifully "h1 con/itut+ five or six p] c5t4 ( a l>ge proportion ( ! rock1 & 9 e imag9able condition1 f a smoo?1 ev51 d>k color$ mass app>5tly devoid ( cry/all9e =m1 to druses ( v small b beautiful cry/als1 :i* are obta9$ by select+ a ve9 ) an op5+ say f a qu>t] to a half-in* betwe5 x & "o or1 if possible1 bo? po9ts ( its contact ) ! inclos+ rock1 & cutt+ away ! massive magnesite & rock ar\nd x1 :5 f9e druses & masses or geodes may be g5]ally f\nd & c>efully cut out4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally less ?an a qu>t] ( an in* long1 & ! selection ( a cab9et specim5 %\ld be bas$ m ^u _! =m ( aggregation t ! size ( ! cry/als4 ,ne>ly all ! ve9s hold m or less ( ^! masses ?r\gh _! total ext5t1 b _m h be5 remov$1 & consequ5tly a c>eful se>* ov] ! ve9s = ! above indications1 ( :i* !re are /ill pl5ty undevelop$ or b p>tly s1 w\ld well repay an h\r or m ( cutt+ into1 by ! specim5s obta9$4 ,pati5ce is an excell5t & v necess>y virtue 9 se>*+ = pockets ( m9]als1 & is ev5 m necess>y "h among ! multitud9\s b>r5 ve9s4 ,"o h9t ,i might add1 :i* is ( f9al importance1 & ! ignorance ( :i* has s f> pres]v$ ?is old locality f exhau/ion1 is t e specim5 ( ?is k9d 9 ! s]p5t9e1 ( any great uniqu5ess1 is to be f\nd )9 five feet f ! upp] or surface end ( ! ve91 :i* 9 ?is locality is inaccessible 9 ! m favor$ p>ts )\t a ladd] or simil> arrangem5t ^u :i* "o may "w to rea* !m4 ,"h ! ve9s w be f\nd to be v f> dis9tegrat$ & cav]n\s1 ?us possess+ ! requisite conditions ( occurr5ce 7?is is also true ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 b !re m or less inaccessible7 = ?is m9]al & simil> ones t occur 9 geodes or drus$ incru/ations1 :ile x is j vice v]sa = ^? occurr+ 9 closely pack$ ve9s1 z brucite1 soap/one1 asbe/os1 etc41 :]e !y occur 9 f9] specim5s1 :]e !y are ! m compact1 :i* is deep und]gr\nd4 ,?is is also p>tly true ( ! zeolites & granul> lime/one species ) includ$ m9]als4 ,i d n ?9k !re is any rule1 at lea/ ,i h n obs]v$ x 9 an ext5d$ m9]alogical exp]i5ce2 b if !y favor any "p1 x is und\bt$ly ! top1 z 9 ! granul> lime/one & granite2 h[ev]1 !y g5]ally fall subord9ate to ! fir/ pr9ciple1 z !y m frequ5tly1 9 ?is =mation1 ) ! exception ( *romic iron1 occur n 9 ! s]p5t9e b 9 ! ve9s !re9 conta9$2 = in/ance1 cry/als ( dolomite are f\nd deep] 9 ! rock z !y occur 9 ! d5s] soap/one1 :i* becomes s at a m or less consid]able dep?1 ) sp9el1 zircon1 etc41 ( ! granul> lime/one4 ,!y occur g5]ally 9 pockets )9 five feat f ! surface1 b !y c h>dly be call$ includ$ m9]als1 z !y are r1 z _! m5tion sugge/s1 pockets1 & adjac5t or 9 contact ) ! intrud$ granite or metamorphos$ rock jo9+ ! =mation at ?is po9t4 ,?is is seem+ly at v>iance :5 we consid] da?olite1 b :5 we d f9d x 9 pockets a hundr$ & fifty feet bel[ ! surface1 9 ! ,weehawk5 tunnel1 x is n 9 ! trap1 b on ! surface ( :at 0 a cleft or empty ve91 s9ce fill$ up ) *lorite ext5d+ f ! surface d[n1 :ile natrolite1 etc41 by ! trap hav+ clefts ( su* v>iable & (t5 great dep?1 all[$ ! solution ( ! portion ?us contribut$ t infilt]$ f ! surface easy access to ! b$s 9 :i* !y lie1 ! mode ( access be+ s9ce fill$ ) d5sely pack$ calcite1 :i* 0 pres5t 9 ov]-abundance4 ,?is is n applicable to s]p5t9e1 z ! clefts are nev] ( any great dep?1 & ! five feet be=e m5tion$ are a proportionately great dep? f ! surface4 ,z ,i m5tion$ 9 comm5c+ ?is pap] 7,"p ,i71 e "p ( ! success ( a trip lies 9 kn[+ :]e to f9d ! m9]als s\ght2 & by close obs]vation ( ^! relations mu* m direction may be obta9$ ?an by my try+ to describe ! exact po9t 9 a locality :]e ,i h obta9$ !m or se5 !m4 ,!re is mu* m satisfaction 9 f9d+ ri* pockets indep5d5tly ( direction1 & by close obs]vance ( indications r ?an *ance1 or by hav+ !m po9t$ out2 = ! "o t reads ?is1 & goes ahead ( y to ! spot1 & ei!r de/roys ! rema9d] by promiscu\s cutt+s1 or c>ries !m (f 9 bulk1 z !re are _m :o g to a locality1 & :at !y _c c>ry (f !y de/roy1 give y a disappo9tm5t 9 f9d+ no?+2 consequ5tly1 ,i h consid]$ t ?is digression f our subject 9 detail 0 p>donable1 t "o may be indep5d5t ( ! /at$ p>ts ( ! locality1 & n too confid5tly rely on !m1 z ,i am sometimes disappo9t$ myself 9 localities & pockets t ,i discov] 9 sp>e "t by f9d+ t "s "o has be5 !re betwe5 times1 & c>ri$ (f ! rema9d]4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( magnesite ,i h detail$ "u t head "u ,pavilion ,hill1 ,/at5 ,isl&2 b x may be well to repeat !m briefly "h4 ,=m z above describ$1 f a :ite to d>k] dirty color4 ,specific gravity1 #b4h-c2 h>dness1 ab\t #c4e4 ,be=e ! bl[pipe x is infusible1 & n r$uc$ to quicklime1 :i* di/+ui%es x f dolomite1 :i* x frequ5tly resembles 9 ! latt]'s massive =m1 common "h 9 ve9s4 ,x dissolves 9 acid readily ) b little eff]vesc5ce1 :i* little1 h[ev]1 di/+ui%es x f brucite1 :i* x sometimes resembles & :i* has a mu* l[]-specific gravity :5 pure4 ,dolomite4--,?is m9]al has be5 v common 9 ?is locality4 ,x diff]s1 p]haps1 z ,i h be=e expla9$1 f magnesite 9 conta9+ lime besides magnesia1 & f calc sp> by ! vice v]sa4 ,mu* ( ! magnesite 9 ?is s]p5t9e conta9s m or less lime1 & is consequ5tly 9 places almo/ pure dolomite1 al?\gh cry/als are seldom to be f\nd 9 ?is outcrop1 x all occurr+ z ve9s ab\t a half-in* ?ick & resembl+ some:at ! gurh(ite ( ,/at5 ,isl&1 only t x is s(t] & less homog5e\s 9 appe>ance4 ,its color is slightly t+$ gre51 & specim5s ( x are n peculi>ly unique1 b p]haps wor? remov+4 ,its *>act]i/ics are3 fir/1 its burn+ to quicklime be=e ! bl[pipe1 di/+ui%+ x f pure magnesite2 second1 its sl[ eff]vesc5ce 9 acids4 ,besides ^!1 its specific gravity is #b4h1 h>dness1 #h4e2 f calcsp> x _c be di/+ui%$ except by *emical analysis1 z ! two species bl5d almo/ completely ) e int]m$iate /age ( composition into ei!r calc sp>1 or1 :at occurs 9 ?is locality1 aragonite1 simil> 9 composition to x1 or dolomite4 ,! color ( ! la/1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally d>k]1 & x cleaves less readily into its cry/all9e =m1 :i* is simil> to calc sp>1 & ( :i* x is h>d]1 #c4e to #c ( calc sp>4 ,aragonite4--,?is m9]al1 id5tical 9 composition ) calc sp>1 b ^: cry/all9e =m is entirely diff]5t1 occurs 9 ?is locality 9 ve9s h>dly recognizable f ! magnesite or dolomite1 & runn+ into dolomite4 ,x is n abundant1 & ! ve9s are limit$ 9 ext5t2 ! only di/+ui%m5t x has f ! dolomite1 practically1 is its fibr\s /ructure1 ! fib]s be+ brittle & v co>se4 ,if exam9$ ) a p[]ful glass1 !y w be se5 to be made up ( modifi$ long prisms4 ,! specific gravity is ov] #b4i1 h>dness ab\t #d1 unless mu* wea!r$1 :5 x becomes app>5tly less4 ,!re are "s small ve9s at ! nor? end ( ! walk1 & 9 !m excell5t =ms may be f\nd by cutt+ into ! ve9s4 ,brucite4--,?is m9]al occurs "h 9 fair abundance1 x be+ "o ( ! pr9cipal localities = x 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & :]e =m]ly extremely unique specim5s 7 to be obta9$4 ,x has be5 pretty well exhau/$1 h[ev]1 & ! f9e specim5s are only to be obta9$ by digg+ into ! ve9s ( x 9 ! rock1 :i* are q abundant on ! s\? end ( ! walk1 &1 z ,i be=e not$1 z deep z possible f ! top ( ! ve9s1 z x is a closely pack$ m9]al n occurr+ 9 geodes1 druses1 etc4 ,two =ms ( x occur2 ! "o1 nemalite1 is 9 fib]s ( a :ite to br[n color resembl+ asbe/os1 b ! fib]s are brittle1 & h>dly z f9e z a typical asbe/os4 ,x is pack$ 9 masses resembl+ ! brucite1 f :i* x only diff]s 9 break+ into fib]s in/ead ( plates1 z ,i h expla9$ 9 my description ( t species 7see ,"p ,,ii74 ,!y are bo? readily soluble 9 acids1 ) eff]vesc5ce1 & infusible b crumble to p[d] be=e ! bl[pipe1 or at lea/ become brittle2 :5 rubb$ 9 mass ) a piece ( iron1 !y phosphoresce ) a yell[ light2 specific gravity1 #b4d1 h>dness1 #a4e to #b4 ,its ready solubility 9 acids )\t eff]vesc5ce at once di/+ui%es x f any m9]al t x may resemble4 ,! specim5s ( nemalite may be m readily obta9$ ?an ! brucite b f9e specim5s ( bo? may be obta9$ aft] f9d+ a ve9 ( x1 by cutt+ away ! rock1 :i* is n h>d to d1 z x is 9 lay]s & masses pack$ toge!r1 & :i* maybe w$g$ out 9 l>ge masses at a "t ) ! cold *isel & hamm]1 p]haps at ! rate ( ?ree or f\r cubic feet an h\r = ! fir/ h\r1 & 9 rapidly decreas+ rate z progress is made t[>d ! unwea!r$ rock & unt\*$ brucite1 etc4 ,s]p5t9e4--,fair specim5s ( ?is may be obta9$ ( a d>k oil gre5 color1 b n transluc5t or peculi>ly p]fect =ms4 ,! v>iety kn[n z m>molite1 :i* splits into ?9 leaves1 is pl5tiful & (t5 well wor? remov+4 ,*romic ,iron4--,cry/als ( ?is are includ$ 9 ! d5s] rock 9 great abundance2 !y are v small1 seldom ov] a few l9es 9 diamet]1 ( an iron black color1 ( a regul> octah$ral =m2 sometimes l>ge cry/als may be f\nd 9 place or 9 ! dis9tegrat$ loose rock4 ,i h se5 !m a half in* 9 diamet]1 & a half doz5 9 a small mass1 ?us =m+ an excell5t cab9et specim54 ,by f9d+ out by obs]vation :]e !y are ! ?icke/ 9 ! rock1 & cutt+ 9 at ?is po9t1 m or less f9e cry/als may be obta9$4 ,?is is readily f\nd :]e !y are s v abundant1 ne> ! equidi/ant po9ts ( ! walk1 t no difficulty %\ld be enc\nt]$ 9 s do+4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are int]e/+1 & if l>ge specim5s _c be obta9$1 any quantity ( ! small cry/als may be split out1 &1 z a gr\p1 us$ = a repres5tative at lea/4 ,be=e ! bl[pipe x is infusible1 b if p[d]$1 x sl[ly dissolves 9 ! molt5 borax bead & yields a beautiful gre5 globule4 ,! specific gravity1 :i* is g5]ally unatta9able1 is ab\t #d4e1 & h>dness #e to #f4 ,its p[d] or small fragm5ts are attract$ by ! magnet4 ,a few small ve9s ( ?is m9]al are also to be f\nd horizontally 9 ! rock1 & small masses may be obta9$4 ,!y are v r>e1 h[ev]4 ,i h se5 num]\s agates f ?is locality1 b h n f\nd !m !re myself4 ,!y may be look$ = 9 ! loose e>? ov] ! outcrop1 or along ! wall ( ! riv]4 ,our next locality is ,pat]son1 ,n4 ,j41 or r 9 a trip fir/ to ,we/ ,pat]son by ! ,d4,l4 ,w4 ,railroad1 ,boonton bran*1 !n back to ,pat]son prop]1 :i* is b a %ort di/ance1 & !n home by ! ,erie road1 or1 if an excursion ticket has be5 b\ght1 on ! ,d4,l4 ,w1 back f ,we/ ,pat]son4 ,g>ret ,rock holds ! m9]als ( ,pat]son1 & al?\gh !y are few 9 numb]1 are v unique4 ,! fir/ is phr5ite4 ,?is beautiful m9]al occurs 9 geodes1 or ve9s ( !m1 ne> ! surface ( ! basalt1 :i* is ! *>act]i/ic =mation "h1 & lies on ! r$ s&/one4 ,^! ve9s are b two or ?ree feet f ! surface1 & ! ones f :i* ! f9e specim5s are to be & h be5 obta9$ are expos$ by ! railroad cutt+ ab\t a ?\s& feet nor? ( ! /ation at ,we/ ,pat]son1 & on ! we/ side ( ! rails4 ,ne> or bel[ ! b$s is a small pile ( debris1 prom95t by be+ ! only "o 9 ! vic9ity ne> ! rails4 ,9 ?is loose rock & ! ve9s :i* are by ?is description readily f\nd & id5tifi$1 !y are ab\t ?ree in*es 9 ?ickness1 & 9 "s places wid5 out into pockets ev5 a foot 9 diamet] ,!y look l seams ( a d>k e>?1 ) blot*es ( :ite or gre5 matt] :]e !y are wea!r$1 b are fre%] 9 appe>ance inside4 ,! rock1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! ve9s1 is s(t1 & may be readily brok5 out ) ! hamm] (1 if possible1 a pick b>1 & ?us "s ( ^! geode cavities brok5 into1 & mu* f9] specim5s obta9$ ?an 9 ! ve9 prop]4 ,consid]able occurs scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ pile ( loose rock & debris1 & if "o does n prize x suffici5tly to cut into ! rock1 tak+ ! *ances ( lucky f9d1 pl5ty may be obta9$ ?us2 b z x has be5 pretty ?or\ghly pick$ ov] :]e loose1 x is mu* m satisfactory to obta9 ! f9e specim5s 9 place 9 ! rock4 ,:5 ! b$ = ! railroad 0 be+ cut "h1 _m f9e specim5s 7 obta9$ by ^? 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! natives ( ! place h x 9 abundance1 & x may be obta9$ f _m ( !m = a trifle1 if "o is n incl9$ to "w x out4 ,! m9]al itself occurs 9 masses 9 ! ve9 ( a :ite1 gre5i% :ite1 or m or less d>k gre5 color4 ,sometimes yell[i% cry/als ( x occur pl5tifully 9 %ort ?ick prisms1 b ! common =m is t ( r\nd coralloid bun*es1 hav+ a radiat$ /ructure )94 ,sometimes x is 9 masses made up ( a /ructure resembl+ ! leaves ( a book slightly op5$1 & 9 ne>ly e %ape & size4 ,cry/als ( ! v>i\s =ms may be well secur$1 & also ! diff]5t colors f ! deep gre5 to ! blue :ite1 always rememb]+ t true1 p]fect cry/als are ( m value ?an masses or attempt$ =ms4 ,! specific gravity is #b4h to #b4i1 h>dness ne>ly #g be=e ! bl[pipe2 x readily fuses aft] intumesc+2 x dissolves 9 hot acid )\t gelat9iz+1 leav+ a flaky residue4 ,da?olite4--,?is m9]al is v abundant z inf]ior specim5s1 & frequ5tly v f9e ones may be obta9$4 ,!y occur all ar\nd ,g>ret ,rock at ! juncture ( ! basalt & r$ s&/one1 9 pockets1 & z heavy druses4 ,!y are mo/ abundant ne> ! rock cutt+s betwe5 ,we/ ,pat]son & ,pat]son1 & may be cut out by pati5t labor4 ,?is is a long kn[n & some:at not$ locality = da?olite1 & no difficulty ne$ be exp]i5c$ 9 obta9+ pl5ty ( fair specim5s4 ,ne> !m is ! r$ s&/one1 ly+ "u ! basalt1 & bak$ to a scoriace\s c9d]4 ,^u ?is is a lay] ( da?olite 9 ! =m ( a cry/all9e plate1 & ov] or above ?is1 ei!r 9 ! basalt or hang+ d[n into cavities 9 ! s&/one1 are ! cry/als or geodes ( da?olite4 ,old spots are g5]ally exhau/$1 & consequ5tly e new com] has to hunt up new pockets1 b z ?is is readily done1 ,i w n exp5d fur!r comm5t on ! matt]4 ,! da?olite1 z 9 o!r localities1 consi/s ( gr\ps ( small colorless cry/als4 ,h>dness1 ab\t #e2 specific gravity1 #c4 ,be=e ! bl[pipe x intumesces & melts to a glassy globule color+ ! flame gre51 & =ms a jelly :5 boil$ ) ! acids4 ,pectolite--,?is m9]al is also q abundant 9 places1 ! great] "p occurr+ ) or ne> ! phr5ite be=e m5tion$1 9 small masses g5]ally m or less wea!r$1 b 9 v fair specim5s1 :i* are ab\t an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,x is readily recogniz$ by its peculi> appe>ance1 :i*1 ,i may aga9 repeat1 is 9 fibr\s masses1 ^! fib]s be+ set toge!r 9 radiat$ =ms1 & are q t\gh & flexible1 ( a :ite color1 & readily fus$ to a globule be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,feldsp>4--,?is m9]al occurs /rewn ov] ! hill f place to place1 & is peculi>ly *>act]iz$ by its lively fle% r$ color1 q diff]5t f ! dull yell[i% gray ( t f ,/at5 ,isl& or ,b]g5 ,hill4 ,f9e cry/als ( x are r r>e1 b beautiful specim5s ( brok5 gr\ps may be obta9$ 9 loose debris ar\nd ! hill & 9 its c5t]4 ,i h n be5 able to locate ! ve9 or ve9s f :i* x has come1 b p]si/5t se>* w probably reveal x1 or x may be /umbl$ ^u by accid5t4 ,"s ( ! resid5ts ( ! vic9ity h "s f9e specim5s1 & x is possible t !y c direct to a pl5tiful locality4 ,h[ev]1 "s specim5s are well wor? a ?or\gh se>*1 & possess consid]able value z m9]alogieal specim5s4 ,! specific gravity ( ! m9]al is #b4f1 & x has a h>dness ( #f be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,x is ) difficulty fus$ to a globule1 m or less transp>5t4 ,x occurs und\bt$ly 9 ve9s 9 ! basalt & ne> ! surface ( ! outcrop ,z ?is locality has nev] be=e be5 m5tion$ z af=d+ ?is species1 x is fre% to ! amateur & o!r m9]alogi/s1 & !re ne$ be no difficulty 9 obta9+ "s f9e specim5s4 ,its brilliant color di/+ui%es x f o!r m9]als ( ! locality4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! o!r zeolites z m5tion$ "u ,b]g5 ,hill occur "h1 b ,i h n be5 able to f9d !m4 ,! reason may be t ! rock is b little cut into1 & consequ5tly no new unalt]$ ve9s are expos$4 ,,copp] ,,m9es1 ,,arl+ton1 ,n4 ,j4--,a %ort di/ance nor? ( ?is /ation1 on ! ,new ,york & ,gre5wood ,lake ,railroad1 & ab\t n9e miles f ,j]sey ,city1 is "o ( ! cutt+s into ! deposits ( copp] :i* p]meate _m portions ( ! r$ s&/one ( ?is & ! alli$ di/ricts 9 ,connecticut & ,massa*usetts1 & :i* h be5 s ext5sively work$ fur!r s\? at ,som]ville & ,new ,brunswick1 etc4 ,!re are q a v>iety ( copp] m9]als occurr+ 9 ^! m9es1 & z !y diff] b little 9 any?+ b abundance1 ,i w describe ?is1 ! "o ne>e/ to ,new ,york ,city1 z ,i promis$ 9 comm5c+ ^! pap]s4 ,! locality ( ?is m9e may be readily f\nd1 z x is ne> ! old turnpike f ,j]sey ,city1 along :i* ! wat]-pipes or aqu$uct1 are laid4 ,by tak+ ! road directly opposite to ! /ation at ,arl+ton1 walk+ nor? to its end1 :i* is a %ort di/ance1 !n turn+ to ! left along ! road1 !re cross+ & turn+ nor? up ! next road jo9+ ?is1 until ! turnpike is rea*$2 ?is is !n foll[$ ea/ = ab\t a qu>t]-mile1 pass+ occasional heaps 9 ! road ( gre5 e>?1 until ! head ( a desc5t is rea*$1 :5 we turn (f into ! field to ! left1 & !re f9d ! m9e ne> ! heaps ( gre5i% rocks & ore scatt]$ ab\t1 a di/ance f ! /ation ( ab\t a mile & a half ?r\gh a pleas+ c\ntry4 ,! entrance to ! m9e is to ! "r ( ! bank ( :ite e>? on ! edge (1 & 9 ! ea/ side ( ! hill2 x is a tunnel m or less cav$ 91 runn+ 9 "u ! heaps ( rock = "s di/ance4 ,x w n be necess>y1 ev5 if x 7 safe1 to v5ture into ! m9e1 b all ! specim5s m5tion$ bel[ may be obta9$ f ! heaps ( ore & rock outside1 & 9 ! outcrops 9 ! ea/ side ( ! hill1 a little nor? ( ! m\? ( ! tunnel to ! m9e4 ,! hamm] & cold *isel w be necess>y1 & ab\t ?ree h\rs %\ld be all[$ to /ay1 tak+ ! noon tra9 f ,new ,york !re1 & ! #e4ji ,p4,m4 tra9 9 return1 or ! #f4cj ,a4,m4 tra9 f ! city1 & ! #a4eg ,p4,m4 9 return4 ,?is w give ample opportunity = ! selection ( specim5s1 &1 if "t is left1 to visit ! wat] works1 etc4 ,gre5 ,mala*ite4--,?is is ! prom95t m9]al ( ! locality1 & is conspicu\s by its ri* gre5 color on all ! rocks & 9 ! outcrops4 ,f9e specim5s ( x =m excell5t cab9et specim5s4 ,x %\ld be 9 masses ( good size1 ) a silky1 div]g5t1 fibr\s /ructure1 q h>d1 & ( a pure oil gre5 color1 = ?is purpose4 ,drus$ cry/als ( x are also v beautiful & abundant1 b v m9ute4 ,z ! great] "p ( x is b a sixte5? or eigh? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 x may require "s se>*+ to secure l>ge masses a qu>t] to a half-in* 9 ?ickness1 b !re 0 consid]able1 bo? 9 ! rock1 debris1 & outcrop1 rema9+ ! la/ visit ,i made to ! place a few mon?s ago4 ,! m9]al is s *>act]iz$ by its color & solubility 9 acid t a detail$ description ( x is unnecess>y to s]ve to di/+ui% x4 ,its specific gravity is #d1 & h>dness ab\t #d4 ,x decrepitates be=e ! bl[pipe1 b :5 fus$ ) "s borax 9 a small holl[ on a piece ( wood *>coal1 gives a globule ( copp]4 ,x readily dissolves 9 acids1 ) eff]vesc5ce1 z x is a c>bonate ( copp]4 ,r$ ,oxide ( ,copp]--,?is r r>e m9]al is f\nd 9 small quantities 9 ?is m9e1 or ne> x1 9 ! debris or outcrop4 ,p]fect cry/als1 :i* are ( a dodecah$ral or octah$ral =m1 are fairly abundant4 ,!y are difficult to di/+ui%1 z !y are g5]ally coat$1 or soil$ at lea/1 ) mala*ite4 ,! color prop] is ( a br[ni% r$1 & ! h>dness ab\t #d1 al?\gh sometimes1 x is e>?y1 ) an app>5t h>dness n ov] #b4 ,! cry/als are g5]ally ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* to a half ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & f\nd inside ! masses ( mala*ite4 ,:5 ^! are brok5 op51 ! r$ copp] oxide is readily di/+ui%$1 & may be sep>at$ or br\ght into relief by c>efully trimm+ away ! mala*ite surr\nd+ x z its gravity 7#f7 is mu* great] ?an mala*ite4 ,:5 a piece ( ! la/ is f\nd :i* has a high gravity1 x may be suspect$ & brok5 into1 z ?is species is mu* m valuable & r>] ?an ! mala*ite :i* is s abundant4 ,x dissolves 9 acids l mala*ite1 b )\t eff]vesc5ce1 if x be fre$ f t m9]al1 & acts ! same be=e ! bl[pipe4 ,sometimes x may be f\nd z an e>?y sub/ance1 b is difficult to di/+ui% f ! r$ s&/one accompanyit1 :i* bo? v>ieties resemble1 b :i*1 n be+ soluble 9 ! acids1 f9d hav+ ! bl[pipe reactions1 is ?us *>act]iz$4 ,?is r$ oxide ( copp] does n =m a p>ticul>ly %[y cab9et specim51 b its r>ity & value fully comp5sate = a se>* aft] x4 ,i h f\nd consid]able ( x "h1 & se5 "s little ( x 9 place rema9+4 ,*rysorolla4--,?is m9]al1 v abundant 9 ?is locality1 resembles mala*ite1 b has a mu* blu]1 light] color1 )\t ! fibr\s /ructure s (t5 pres5t 9 mala*ite1 & seldom 9 masses1 x only occurr+ z light druses & incru/ations1 "s ( :i* are v beautiful1 & make v f9e cab9et specim5s4 ,its h>dness is less ?an t ( ! o!r species1 be+ "u #c1 & a specific gravity ( only #b1 b z x frequ5tly occurs mix$ ) !m1 is difficult to di/+ui%4 ,x does n dissolve 9 nitric acid1 al?\gh t takes ! *>act]i/ic gre5 color ( a solution ( nitrate ( copp]1 z f mala*ite or r$ oxide4 ,?is species is f\nd all ov] ?is locality1 & a f9e drus$ mass ( x w =m an excell5t mem5to ( ! trip4 ,copp] ,glance4--,?is m9]al is q abundant 9 places "h1 b f9e cry/als1 ev5 small1 z x all is1 are r>e4 ,t :i* ,i h se5 has be5 emb$d$ 9 ! loose rock above ! m9e1 ab\t a qu>t] in* 9 diamet]1 & m or less disguis$ by a gre5 coat+ ( *rysocolla4 ,! color ( ! m9]al itself is a gli/5+ grayi% lead color1 resembl+ *romite some:at 9 appe>ance1 b ! cry/als ( an entirely diff]5t %ape1 be+ highly modifi$ or indi/9ct rhombic prisms4 ,! specific gravity is ov] #e1 & ! h>dness #d4 ,be=e ! bl[pipe on a piece ( wood *>coal x gives (f fumes ( sulphur1 fuses1 boils1 & f9ally leaves a globule ( copp]4 ,9 nitric acid x dissolves1 b ! sulphur 9 comb9ation ) x sep>ates z a :ite p[d]4 ,a /eel knife blade plac$ 9 ?is solution receives a coat+ ( copp] kn[n by its r$ color4 ,erubescite--,?is m9]al occurs massive 9 ! rock "h ) ! o!r copp] m9]als1 & is ( a yell[i% r$ color1 m or less t>ni%$ to a light br[n on its surface1 ,be=e ! bl[pipe on *>coal x fuses1 burns1 & af=ds a globule ( copp] & iron1 :i* is attract$ by ! magnet4 ,its specific gravity is #e1 h>dness #c4 ,x resembles some:at ! r$ oxide1 b ! l[ gravity1 inf]ior h>dness1 light] color1 & bl[pipe reaction di/+ui% x4 ,^! are ! only copp] m9]als likely to be f\nd at ?is m9e1 & ! foll[+ table & note w %[ _! *>act]i/ics3 ,"n4 ,speci- ,h>dness ,action ( ,action ( ,color4 ,=m4 fic ,bl[pipe ,heat4 ,hot ,nitric ,gravity4 ,acid4 ,mala- ,f #d ,f #c ,decrepitates1 ,dissolves ,pure ,oil ,fibr\s1 *ite to #d4e to #d b fuses ) ) ,gre54 massive1 borax to a eff]- or 9- gre5 bead4 vesc5ce cru/+4 ,r$ #f ,f #c4e ,on *>coal ,dissolves ,a deep ,modifi$ ,oxide to #d yields a )\t br[ni% cry/als4 globule ( eff]- r$4 copp]4 vesc5ce ,*ryso- ,f #b ,f #b ,infusible4 ,p>tly ,bright ,incrus- colla to #b4c to #c soluble blui% tations4 gre54 ,copp] #e ,f #b4e ,fumes ( ,copp] ,grayi% ,modifi$ ,glance to #c sulphur & a soluble1 ,lead4 rhombic globule ( sulphur prisms4 copp] deposits ,erube- #e ,f #c ,fumes ( ,p>tly ,yell[i% ,massive4 scite to #c4e sulphur & soluble r$ or magnetic t>ni%$4 globule4 ,mala*ite is *>act]iz$ by its color f ,copp] ,glance & ,r$ ,oxide & ,erubescite1 & f ,*rysocolla by ! action ( ! acid1 ! fibr\s /ructure & bl[pipe reaction1 gravity1 & h>dness4 ,r$ ,oxide is di/+ui%$ f ,erubescite1 :i* x alone resembles1 by its d>k] color1 high] specific gravity1 & yield+ a globule ( pure copp]4 ,*rysocolla is *>act]iz$ by its l[ specific gravity1 light color1 lack ( fibr\s /ructure1 bl[pipe reactions1 & ! acid4 ,copp] ,glance is di/+ui%$ by its color1 fumes ( sulphur1 & globule ( copp]4 ,erubescite is di/+ui%$ f ,r$ ,oxide1 :i* x alone resembles1 by its light] color1 great solubility :5 pure1 & yield+ a magnetic globule be=e ! bl[pipe 9 ! holl[ ( a piece ( wood *>coal1 :i* is us$ in/ead ( plat9um wire 9 ?is inve/igation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,entomology4 ,footnote3 ,f ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 ,novemb]1 #ahhb4 ,,! ,,buckeye ,,leaf ,,/em ,,bor]4--,9 our acc\nt ( ! proce$+s ( ! entomological sub-section ( ! ,a4,a4,a4,s41 at ! #ahha meet+ 7see ,am]ican ,naturali/1 #ahha1 p4 #ajji71 we gave a %ort ab/ract ( ,mr4 ,e4,w4 ,claypole's pap] on ! above insect1 accept+ ! det]m9ation ( ! species z ,s]icoris in/rutana1 & m5tion+ ! fact t ! "w ( ,proteot]as sculana ,riley ^u maple & buckeye 0 v simil>4 ,a lett] rec5tly receiv$ f ,mr4 ,claypole1 prior to s5d+ 8 article to press1 & "s specim5s :i* be _h k9dly submitt$ to u1 p]mit ( "s corrections & def9ite /atem5ts4 ,we h a s+le specim5 9 our collection1 br$ f a l>va f\nd fe$+1 9 #ahgc1 on ! blossoms ( buckeye1 & id5tical ) ,mr4 ,claypole's specim5s1 :i* are 9 too poor condition = description or positive det]m9ation4 ,) ?is mat]ial & ) ,mr ,claypole's obs]vations & our own notes1 ! foll[+ facts are e/abli%$3 #a/4 ,we h ,proteot]as sculana bor+ 9 ! t]m9al gre5 twigs ( bo? maple & buckeye1 9 ,miss\ri1 & (t5 produc+ a swell+ or pseudo-gall4 ,exceptionally x works 9 ! leaf-/alk4 ,x also fe$s on ! sam>a ( maple1 z we re>$ ! mo? 9 ,june1 #ahha1 f l>v infe/+ ^! w+$ se$s t _h be5 collect$ by ,mr4 ,a4,j4 ,we!rsby1 ( ,c9c9nati1 ,o4 #b;d4 ,we h an alli$ species1 bor+ 9 ! leaf-/alk ( buckeye1 9 ,ohio1 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,claypole4 ,x be>s "s resemblance to ,proteot]as sculana1 b diff]s f x 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$ f ! poor mat]ial exam9$3 ,! prim>ies are %ort] & m acum9ate at apex4 ,_! g5]al color is pal]1 ) ! d>k m>k+s less di/9ctly sep>at$4 ,no di/9ct tufts ( scales or knobs appe>1 & ! ocellat$ region is trav]s$ by f\r or five d>k longitud9al l9es4 ,x w\ld be difficult to di/+ui% x f a rubb$ & fad$ specim5 ( sculana1 7 x n = ! =m ( ! w+1 on :i*1 h[ev]1 "o d>e n c\nt too confid5tly4 ,x probably belongs to ! same g5us1 & we w\ld propose = x ! "n ( claypoleana4 ,! l>va is di/+ui%$ f t ( sculana by hav+ ! m9ute granulations ( ! sk9 smoo?1 :]eas 9 ! latt] ea* granule has a m9ute %>p po9t4 #c;d4 ,s]icoris in/rutana is a totally diff]5t insect4 ,h5ce our previ\s rem>ks z to ! div]sity ( food-habit 9 ?is species h no =ce--,c4,v4,r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,defoliation ,,( ,,oak ,,trees ,,by ,,dryocampa ,,s5atoria ,,9 ,,p]ry ,,c\nty1 ,,pa4--,dur+ ! pres5t autumn ! woods & road-sides 9 ?is neighborhood 7,new ,bloomfield7 pres5t a s+ul> appe>ance 9 consequ5ce ( ! ravages ( ! black & yell[ l>va ( ! above species4 ,x is m abundant1 s ,i am in=m$1 ?an x has ev] be5 be=e4 ,9 "s places h>dly any trees ( ! two species to :i* its attack is "h limit$ h escap$4 ,^! are ! black or yell[ oak 7,q4 t9ctoria7 ) its v>iety 7cocc9ea71 ! sc>let oak &1 ! scrub oak 7,q4 ilicifolia74 ,^! trees appe> br[n on ! hill-sides f a di/ance1 9 consequ5ce ( be+ altoge!r /ripp$ ( _! leaves4 ,! s\nd ( ! fall+ frass f ! ?\s&s ( cat]pill>s resembles a %[] ( ra94 ,!y crawl 9 ?\s&s ov] ! gr\nd1 t5 or twelve be+ sometimes se5 on a squ>e y>d4 ,! spr+s & pools are cr[d$ ) dr[n$ specim5s4 ,!y are equally abundant 9 all p>ts ( ! c\nty :i* ,i h visit$ dur+ ! pa/ week or two--! c5tral & s\!a/]n4--,e4 ,w4 ,olaypole1 ,new ,bloomfield1 ,pa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,efficacy ,,( ,,*alcid ,,egg-,,p>asites4--,egg-p>asites are among ! mo/ effici5t de/roy]s ( insects injuri\s to vegetation1 s9ce !y kill _! victim be=e x has begun to d any damage2 b few p]sons are aw>e ( ! va/ numb]s 9 :i* ^! t9y p>asites occasionally appe>4 ,ow+ to ! abundance ( "o ( !m 7,tri*ogramma pretiosa ,riley71 we h kn[n ! la/ brood ( ! cotton-worm to be annihilat$1 & ,mr4 ,h4,g4 ,hubb>d report$ ! same exp]i5ce at ,c5t]ville1 ,fla4 ,miss ,m>y ,e4 ,murtfeldt has rec5tly communicat$ to u a simil> exp]i5ce ) a species ( ! ,proctotrupid g5us ,tel5omus1 infe/+ ! eggs ( ! notori\s squa%-bug 7,coreus tri/is74 ,%e writes3 ,! eggs ( ! ,coreus h be5 v abundant on our squa% & melon v9es1 b fully n9ety p] c5t4 ( !m ?us f> ,augu/ #b h be5 p>asitiz$--! only ?+ t has sav$ ! plants f utt] de/ruction4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,biology ,,( ,,gonatopus ,,pilosus ,?oms--,pr(essor ,josef ,mik1 9 ! ,septemb] numb] ( ! ,wi5] ,entomologis*e ,zeitung 7pp4 #bae-bba1 pl4 iii71 gives a mo/ int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! life hi/ory ( ! curi\s ,proctotrupid1 ,gonatopus pilosus ,?oms41 :i* has n be=e be5 ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,f]ris1 9 8 ,n\velles excursions dans les gr&es ,l&es1 tells h[1 f cocoons ( p>asitic l>vae on ,a?ysanus m>itima 7a ,cicadellid7 he br$ ,gonatopus p$e/ris1 b ?is he consid]$ a second>y p>asite1 f ! fact t x issu$ f an inn] cocoon4 ,x appe>s f ! obs]vations ( ,mik1 h[ev]1 t x 0 9 all probability a prim>y p>asite1 z ) ! species /udi$ by ! latt] 7,g4 pilosus7 ! l>va sp9s bo? an out] & an inn] cocoon4 ,! l>va ( ,gonatopus pilosus is an ext]nal p>asite ^u ! ,cicadellid ,deltocephalus xan?oneurus ,fieb4 ,! eggs are laid 9 ,june or ,july1 & ! l>vae1 atta*+ !mselves at ! junction ( two abdom9al segm5ts1 fe$ ^u ! juices ( _! ho/4 ,b "o p>asite is f\nd ^u a s+le ,cicadellid1 & x occasionally %ifts its position f "o "p ( ! abdom5 to ano!r4 ,leav+ its ho/ 9 ,septemb]1 x sp9s a delicate d\ble cocoon 9 :i* x rema9s all w9t] 9 ! l>va /ate1 trans=m+ to pupa 9 ,may1 & issu+ z an imago 9 ,june4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! female 9 ! g5us ,gonatopus is furni%$ ) a v rem>kable modification ( ! claws ( ! front t>si1 :i* are v /rongly develop$1 & diff] some:at 9 %ape 9 ! diff]5t species4 ,x has usually be5 suppos$ t ^! claws 7 = ! purpose ( grasp+ prey1 b ,pr(essor ,mik (f]s ! m satisfactory explanation t !y are = ! purpose ( grasp+ ! ,cicadellids1 & hold+ !m dur+ ! act ( oviposition4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t !re is 9 ! collection ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture a specim5 ( ,amphiscepa bivittata ,say1 :i* be>s1 9 ! position describ$ above1 a p>asitic l>va simil> to t describ$ by ,mik4 ,x left its victim & spun a :ite cocoon1 b we fail$ to re> ! imago4 ,x is probably ! l>va ( a ,gonatopus1 & possibly t ( ! only describ$ ,am]ican species ( ! g5us1 ,gonatopus contortulus ,patton 7,c4 ,ent41 xi p4 #fd74 99 99 99 99 99 ,,species ,,( ,,otiorhyn*idae ,,injuri\s ,,to ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,( our num]\s species ( ?is family1 we "k ! developm5t & e>li] /ages ( only "o species1 viz1 ,full]'s rosebeetle 7,aramigus ,full]i#a74 ,a few o!r species h attract$ att5tion by ! injury caus$ by !m z p]fect insects4 ,!y are z foll[s3 ,epico]us imbricatus1 a v g5]al fe$]2 ,pa*noeus opalus & ,artipus floridanus1 bo? injuri\s to ! orange tree4 ,( a few o!r species we "k ! food-plants3 ?us ,neopto*us adsp]sus fe$s on oak2 ,pa*noeus di/ans on oak & p9e2 ,bra*y/ylus acutus is only f\nd on p]simmon2 ,aphra/us to5iatus lives on pawpaw 7b n exclusively72 ,eudiagogus pul*] & ros5s*oeldi defoliate ! c(fee-we$s 7,cassia occid5talis & o!r species ( ! same g5us74 ,two v common species1 ,p&eleteius hil>is & ,tanymecus conf]tus1 appe> to be polyphag\s1 )\t pref]5ce = any p>ticul> plant4 ,v rec5tly ! habits ( ano!r species1 ,anametis grisea ,horn1 7 br\ght to our k by ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,peff]1 ( ,pewaukee1 ,wis41 :o s5t u specim5s ( ! beetle accompani$ by ! foll[+ communication3 ,! l>g] curculio ,i s5d y is work+ ar\nd ! roots ( apple & pe> trees1 ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd or ar\nd ! union :]e grafts are set4 ,i f\nd fifte5 ( ! l>vae on a small tree "o & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! beetle seems to lay its eggs j :]e ! b>k comm5ces to be s(t1 ne> or p>tly "u ! gr\nd4 ,! l>vae eat ! b>k only1 b !y are s num]\s z to girdle ! tree entirely 9 a %ort "t4--,c4 ,v4 ,riley4 ,footnote #a3 ,vide ,annual ,report ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #ahgh1 p4 #beg4 ,,bombyliid ,,l>vae ,,de/roy+ ,,locu/ ,,eggs ,,9 ,,asia ,,m9or4--,! eggs ( locu/s 9 ,cyprus & ! ,d>danelles1 z we le>n f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,london ,entomological ,society1 are mu* infe/$ ) ! p>asitic l>vae ( ,bombyltidae1 ?\gh ^! 7 previ\sly n kn[n to occur on ! isl&4 ,?is fact %[s t ! habit :i* we discov]$ among "s ( our ,n4 ,a4 ,bombyliids recurs 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & we h little d\bt t c>eful se>* among locu/ eggs w also reveal ! l>val habits ( "s ( ! ,melodae 9 ,europe & else:]e4 ,inde$1 not)/&+ ! close/ exp]im5ts ( ,jules ,li*t5/e91 :i* %[ t ! l>va ( ! ,spani% bli/]-beetle ( comm]ce w fe$ on honey1 we imag9e t its m natural food w be f\nd 9 future to be locu/ eggs4 ,! p>ticul> ,bombyliid obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,calv]t de/roy+ locu/s 9 ! ,d>danelles is ,callo/oma fascip5nis ,macq41 & its l>va & pupa v closely resemble ^? ( ,triodites mus4 :i* we h /udi$ & figur$ 7see ,vol4 ,,xv41 pl4 vi474 ,we quote "s ( ,mr4 ,calv]t's obs]vations3 ,on ! #bd? ( ,april ,i exam9$ ! l>vae 9 ! gr\nd2 ! only *ange 0 a semi-transp>5t appe>ance :i* all[$ ( a movable black spot to be se5 9 ! body4 ,on ! #h? ,june ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ( ! l>vae _h ca/ a sk9 & assum$ ! pupal /ate 9 _! little cells3 ! color yell[i%-br[n1 d>k5+ to gray 9 ! m advanc$ insect4 ,ab\t "o p] c5t4 ( ! cells1 9 :i* 7 two sk9s & an ap]ture to ! surface1 %[$ ! p]fect insect to h already come out ( !m4 ,a gray pupa ,i 0 hold+ 9 my h& sudd5ly bur/ its envelope1 & 9 halt a m9ute on its legs /ood a fly1 ?us id5tify+ ! p]fect insect4444 ,i f\nd ! fly1 n[ id5tifi$1 suck+ ! nect> ( fl[]s1 especially ( ! p9k scabi\s & ?i/le1 plants common 9 ! ,troad4 7,lat] on ,i c\nt$ z _m z sixte5 flies on a ?i/le-head47 ,! numb] ( flies rapidly increas$ daily until ! #ac?1 :5 ! gr\nd appe>$ pitt$ all ov] ) small holes f :5ce ! p>asite _h issu$4 ,a few pupae 7 !n /ill to be f\nd--a l>va ! r>e exception4 ,! pupal /ate ?us seems to be ( %ort duration4 ,x 0 v int]e/+ to wat* ! flies appe>+ above gr\nd2 fir/ ! head 0 pu%$ out2 !n1 ) repeat$ ef=ts1 ! body foll[$2 ! :ole op]ation 0 ov] 9 two or ?ree m9utes2 ! w+s 7 exp&$1 b ! colors did n bright5 until "s "t aft]4 ,occasionally a pupa c\ld n ca/ (f its envelope1 & came wriggl+ out ( ! gr\nd1 :5 x 0 imm$iately captur$ by ants4 ,un=tunate flies t c\ld n deta* ! cov]+ membrane adh]+ to ! abdom51 also fell a prey1 z inde$ _m ( ! flies t c\ld n get on _! legs 9 "t4 ,! flies = ! fir/ "t #ac? ,june1 7 se5 to pair1 b ?is r>ely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sp>r[s ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4--,,effect ,,( ,,acclimation1 ,,etc4 ,! h\se sp>r[s 7 fir/ br\ght to ,new ,york city 9 #ahfb4 ,!y might h be5 introduc$ 9 consid]ation ( ! sci5tific usefulness ( ! exp]im5t2 b ! importation 0 made solely 9 view ( ! b5efit to result f _! imm5se consumption ( l>vae4 ,i h long obs]v$ peculi>ities 9 _! acclimation :i* are h>dly kn[n at all1 & :i* mu/ h a sci5tific importance4 ,! subject might also be wor?y ( g5]al int]e/1 s num]\s & famili> h ! sp>r[s become all ov] our c\ntry4 ,walk+ on ,fif? av5ue1 or 9 ! p>ks ( ! city1 dur+ ! bre$+ season1 "o's att5tion is repeat$ly attract$ by ! pitiful %rill call ( a sp>r[ fall5 on ! pavem5t ^u its fir/ attempt at flight1 or by ! /rong] note ( a "m sp>r[1 %>ply bewail+ ! fate ( a little "o1 kill$ by ! fall1 or dispat*$ alive by ! cat4 ,%\ld we take & exam9e ^! little weakl+s1 we %\ld f9d g5]ally t !y are at a p]iod :5 !y normally %\ld h ! /r5g? = flight1 & we %\ld also f9d t !y are almo/ always ( a lighti% t9t1 "s ) head :ite1 o!rs ) /reaks & spots ( :ite on ! tail or back1 & occasionally "o is f\nd entirely :ite1 ) r$ eyes--a complete alb9o4 ,x is an accept$ fact t ! city-sp>r[ is ev]y:]e ( a light] color ?an t ( ! c\ntry4 ,b "h ! great] lightness exi/s 9 s _m cases1 to su* a degree1 & p>ticul>ly 9 female sp>r[s1 t x %\ld be discuss$1 at lea/ 9 "p1 "u ! head ( alb9ism4 ,t s _m :i* lack ! muscul> /r5g? 9 _! w+s %\ld be s g5]ally affect$ ) alb9ism1 is a significant fact to ^? int]e/$ 9 ?is ph5om5on4 ,_m hold1 ) ,d>w91 t ?is extraord9>y want ( color+ matt]1 occasionally met ) 9 all animals1 is n to be reg>d$ z an index d5ot+ an unheal?ful condition ( ! animal4 ,t x is s (t5 unit$ 9 ! "y sp>r[ ) physical inability1 argues favorably = ^? :o bold a diff]5t view4 ,9 my obs]vations1 :at has /ruck me z a mo/ curi\s fact1 & :at ,i h f\nd to be g5]ally ignor$1 is t ?is wide-spread alb9ism & g5]al weakness ( our acclimat$ h\se-sp>r[ are n f\nd among its prog5itors4 ,?r\gh\t sev]al soj\rns t ,i made 9 ,europe4 ,i se>*$ = a tok5 ( ! rem>kable *>act]i/ics exi/+ "h1 b ,i nev] succe$$ 9 f9d+ "o 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 or 9 ,g]many1 nor h ,i met an obs]v] t has4 ,?is alb9ism & weakness1 exi/+ simultane\sly to su* an ext5t 9 our "y h\se-sp>r[s1 are evid5tly ! result ( _! acclimation4 ,! hypo!sis t our n[ num]\s sp>r[s1 be+ desc5d$ f a few ,european birds1 & t1 probably1 cont9ual & close reproduction among individuals ( ! same /ock1 z 9 ! case ( our orig9al few sp>r[s1 has enc\rag$ weakness 9 ! race1 c h>dly s]ve z an explanation ( ?is ph5om5on1 because ! sp>r[ is s prolific t1 aft] a few ye>s1 s _m families _h be5 =m$ t ! relation betwe5 !m became v di/ant4 ,! reason = ! great] proportion ( alb9ism f\nd 9 ! "y is obvi\s2 ! "y sp>r[s affect$ ) alb9ism1 lack+ usually ! physical /r5g? to battle _! way 9 life1 meet dea? prematurely1 & ?us a v small proportion ( ! numb] is p]mitt$ to rea* maturity1 :ile ^? t d owe x to "s favor+ circum/ance4 ,_m are pick$ up & c>$ = by ! public2 & among ^? to :om ^! sp>r[s g5]ally owe su* prolongation ( life are ! policem5 9 our public p>ks1 :o (t5 br+ ^! little waifs to _! homes1 keep+ "s1 & s5d+ o!rs out into ! _w1 aft] c>+ = !m until !y h acquir$ ! suffici5t /r5g?4 ,h[ev]1 almo/ all ( ^! alb9o-sp>r[s are pick$ up by ! cat1 & imm$iately dispos$ ( to ! fel9e's physical b5efit4 ,!y =m su* a prom95t diet among ! cats ne> ,wa%+ton ,p>k1 :]e ,i live1 t1 ^u ! removal ( "s ( our neighbors to ! upp] "p ( ! city1 x 0 notic$ t _! cat became dissatisfi$ & lean1 z sp>r[-meat is n to be f\nd s ext5sively !re1 b x f9ally became resign$1 f9d+ x possible to procure ab\t ?ree sp>r[s daily4 ,& "h att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! me?od employ$ by our cats to cat* n only ! weak1 b f9e1 heal?y sp>r[s z well2 x ought p]haps to be look$ ^u z a m>k ( intellectual improvem5t1 = orig9ally _! attempts consi/$ *iefly 9 a v unsuccessful giv+ *ase to ! fly+ bird1 :]eas ! cats ( to-day are skill$ 9 a hundr$ adroit devices4 ,x has (t5 be5 a s\rce ( enjoym5t to wat* _! well-laid s*emes & delicate maneuv]+s4 ,:at wond] !n1 ) su* da9ty f>e at 8 disposal1 t ! cat is (t5 f\nd to h become indiff]5t to rats1 & ev5 to mice8 ,!re are sev]al notable *anges1 no m desirable ?an ! =ego+1 :i* h be5 caus$ by ! introduction ( ! h\se-sp>r[4 ,! only positive b5efit :i* occurs to me is t ! measur+ worm1 :i* =m]ly infe/$ all our vegetation1 is n[ v ne>ly ext9ct ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! sp>r[s4 ,a pair ( ^!1 dur+ ! bre$+-season1 de/roys f\r ?\s& l>vae weekly4 ,9 "s places1 compla9ts are made t _! untidy ne/s m> ! appe>ance ( trees & walls4 ,! am\nt ( havoc 9 our :eatfields creat$ ye>ly by !m is enorm\s4 ,_! =w>dness & activity h driv5 all o!r birds f :]e !y h settl$1 s t ! hairy cat]pill>s1 :i* sp>r[s d n eat & :i* us$ to be ext5sively consum$ by o!r birds1 are n[ greatly on ! increase1 probably ! only creatures1 at pres5t1 enjoy+ ! dome/ication ( ! sp>r[ 9 ?is c\ntry4444 ,i h also to rem>k t ! sp>r[s "h betray mu* less pugnacity ?an 9 ,europe4--,e4,m41 ,m4,d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,*emical ,review t rec5t analyses ( ! wat] f ! ,holy ,well at ,mecca1 :i* is s eag]ly drunk by pilgrims1 %[ ?is wat] to be sewage1 ab\t t5 times /rong] ?an av]age ,london sewage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,e/abli% ,a ,,true ,,m]idian4 ,9 look+ ov] ! excell5t article ( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,m4 ,haupt1 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 ,no4 #cfj1 on ! subject ( f9d+ ! m]idian1 ,i discov]$ t "o important /ep is n giv51 :i*1 might prove an emb>rassm5t to a new beg9n]4 ,9 ! f\r? p>agraph1 9 ! ?ird column ( page #e1gdh1 he says3 ,hav+ n[ f\nd ! altitude1 correct x = refraction1 444 & ! result w be ! latitude4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is result is only ! true altitude ( ! />4 ,! latitude is f\nd by fur!r increas+ or dim9i%+ ?is altitude by ! pol> di/ance ( ! />4 ,?is pap] w be ( great value to eng9e]s & surveyors1 = ! elem5t>y works on survey+ h n treat$ ! subject cle>ly4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,pe>sons1 ,c4,e4 ,f]rysburg1 ,mi*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #bfa ,,broadway1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! 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