,! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle ,by ,ari/otle ,introduction by ,j4 ,a4 ,smi? ,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,ari/otle',s ,,e?ics ,,book ,i ,,book ,,ii ,,book ,,iii ,,book ,,iv ,,book ,v ,,book ,,vi ,,book ,,vii ,,book ,,viii ,,book ,,ix ,,book ,x ,,notes ,,introduction ,! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle is "o half ( a s+le treatise ( :i* 8 ,politics is ! o!r half4 ,bo? deal ) "o & ! same subject4 ,?is subject is :at ,ari/otle calls 9 "o place ! 8philosophy ( human affairs20 b m frequ5tly ,political or ,social ,sci5ce4 ,9 ! two works tak5 toge!r we h _! au?or's :ole !ory ( human conduct or practical activity1 t is1 ( all human activity :i* is n direct$ m]ely to k or tru?4 ,! two p>ts ( ?is treatise are mutually complem5t>y1 b 9 a lit]>y s5se ea* is indep5d5t & self-conta9$4 ,! proem to ! ,e?ics is an introduction to ! :ole subject1 n m]ely to ! fir/ "p2 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,e?ics po9ts =w>d to ! ,politics1 & sket*es = t "p ( ! treatise ! ord] ( enquiry to be pursu$ 7an ord] :i* 9 ! actual treatise is n adh]$ to74 ,! pr9ciple ( di/ribution ( ! subject-matt] betwe5 ! two works is f> f obvi\s1 & has be5 mu* debat$4 ,n mu* c be ga!r$ f _! titles1 :i* 9 any case 7 n giv5 to !m by _! au?or4 ,nor d ^! titles sugge/ any v compact unity 9 ! works to :i* !y are appli$3 ! plural =ms1 :i* survive s oddly 9 ,engli% 7,e?ics1 ,politics71 7 int5d$ to indicate ! treatm5t )9 a s+le "w ( a gr\p ( connect$ que/ions4 ,! unity ( ! fir/ gr\p arises f _! c5tr+ r\nd ! topic ( "*1 t ( ! second f _! connection ) ! exi/5ce & life ( ! city or /ate4 ,we h ?us to reg>d ! ,e?ics z deal+ ) "o gr\p ( problems & ! ,politics ) a second1 bo? fall+ )9 ! wide compass ( ,political ,sci5ce4 ,ea* ( ^! gr\ps falls into sub-gr\ps :i* r\ghly correspond to ! sev]al books 9 ea* "w4 ,! t5d5cy to take up "o by "o ! v>i\s problems :i* _h sugge/$ !mselves 9 ! wide field obscures bo? ! unity ( ! subject-matt] & its prop] articulation4 ,b x is to be rememb]$ t :at is (f]$ u is av[$ly r an enquiry ?an an exposition ( h>d & fa/ doctr9e4 ,nev]!less ea* "w aims at a relative complet5ess1 & x is important to obs]ve ! relation ( ea* to ! o!r4 ,! di/9ction is n t ! "o treats ( ,moral & ! o!r ( ,political ,philosophy1 nor aga9 t ! "o deals ) ! moral activity ( ! individual & ! o!r ) t ( ! ,/ate1 nor once m t ! "o gives u ! !ory ( human conduct1 :ile ! o!r discusses its application 9 practice1 ?\gh n all ( ^! mis9t]pretations are equally errone\s4 ,! clue to ! "r int]pretation is giv5 by ,ari/otle himself1 :]e 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ,e?ics he is pav+ ! way = ! ,politics4 ,9 ! ,e?ics he has n conf9$ himself to ! ab/ract or isolat$ individual1 b has always ?\ght ( him1 or we might say1 9 8 social & political context1 ) a giv5 nature due to race & h]$ity & 9 c]ta9 surr\nd+s4 ,s view+ him he has /udi$ ! nature & =mation ( 8 "*--all t he c make himself or be made by o!rs to be4 ,especially he has inve/igat$ ! v>i\s admirable =ms ( human "* & ! mode ( _! production4 ,b all ?is1 ?\gh x br+s m cle>ly be=e u :at goodness or virtue is1 & h[ x is to be rea*$1 rema9s m]e !ory or talk4 ,by itself x does n enable u to become1 or to help o!rs to become1 good4 ,= ?is x is necess>y to br+ into play ! great =ce ( ! ,political ,community or ,/ate1 ( :i* ! ma9 in/rum5t is ,law4 ,h5ce arises ! dem& = ! necess>y complem5t to ! ,e?ics1 i4e41 a treatise devot$ to ! que/ions :i* c5tre r\nd ! enquiry2 by :at organisation ( social or political =ces1 by :at laws or in/itutions c we be/ secure ! greate/ am\nt ( good "*8 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 rememb] t ! production ( good "* is n ! end ( ei!r individual or /ate action3 t is ! aim ( ! "o & ! o!r because good "* is ! indisp5sable condition & *ief det]m9ant ( happ9ess1 itself ! goal ( all human do+4 ,! end ( all action1 individual or collective1 is ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,!re is1 ,ari/otle insi/s1 no diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 ! good ( "o & ! good ( _m or all4 ,! sole diff]5ce is "o ( am\nt or scale4 ,?is does n mean simply t ! ,/ate exi/s to secure 9 l>g] measure ! objects ( degree :i* ! isolat$ individual attempts1 b is too feeble1 to secure )\t x4 ,on ! contr>y1 x r insi/s t :atev] goods society alone enables a man to secure h always _h to ! individual--:e!r he realis$ x or n--! value :i*1 :5 s secur$1 he recognises !m to possess4 ,! be/ & happie/ life = ! individual is t :i* ! ,/ate r5d]s possible1 & ?is x does ma9ly by reveal+ to him ! value ( new objects ( desire & educat+ him to appreciate !m4 ,to ,ari/otle or to ,plato ! ,/ate is1 above all1 a l>ge & p[]ful educative ag5cy :i* gives ! individual increas$ opportunities ( self-developm5t & great] capacities = ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,look+ =w>d1 !n1 to ! life ( ! ,/ate z t :i* aids support1 & comb9es ! ef=ts ( ! individual to obta9 happ9ess1 ,ari/otle draws no h>d & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 ! sph]es ( action ( ,man z individual & ,man z citiz54 ,nor does ! division ( 8 discussion into ! ,e?ics & ! ,politics re/ ^u any su* di/9ction4 ,! di/9ction impli$ is r betwe5 two /ages 9 ! life ( ! civilis$ man--! /age ( prep>ation = ! full life ( ! adult citiz51 & ! /age ( ! actual ex]cise or enjoym5t ( citiz5%ip4 ,h5ce ! ,e?ics1 :]e 8 att5tion is direct$ ^u ! =mation ( "*1 is l>gely & c5trally a treatise on ,moral ,education4 ,x discusses especially ^? admirable human qualities :i* fit a man = life 9 an organis$ civic community1 :i* makes him 8a good citiz510 & consid]s h[ !y c be fo/]$ or creat$ & _! opposites prev5t$4 ,?is is ! k]nel ( ! ,e?ics1 & all ! re/ is subord9ate to ?is ma9 int]e/ & purpose4 ,yet 8! re/0 is n irrelevant2 ! :ole situation 9 :i* "* gr[s & op]ates is concretely conceiv$4 ,!re is a basis ( :at we %\ld call ,psy*ology1 sket*$ 9 firm outl9es1 ! deep] presuppositions & ! wid] issues ( human "* & conduct are n ignor$1 & !re is no little ( :at we %\ld call ,metaphysics4 ,b nei!r ! ,psy*ology nor ! ,metaphysics is elaborat$1 & only s mu* is br\ght =w>d z appe>s necess>y to put ! ma9 facts 9 _! prop] p]spective & sett+4 ,x is ?is comb9ation ( wid? ( outlook ) close obs]vation ( ! concrete facts ( conduct :i* gives its abid+ value to ! "w1 & ju/ifies ! view ( x z conta9+ ,ari/otle's ,moral ,philosophy4 ,nor is x important m]ely z summ+ up ! moral judgm5ts & speculations ( an age n[ long pa/4 ,x seizes & dwells ^u ^? elem5ts & features 9 human practice :i* are mo/ ess5tial & p]man5t1 & x is small wond] t s mu* 9 x survives 9 our own ways ( reg>d+ conduct & speak+ ( x4 ,?us x /ill rema9s "o ( ! classics ( ,moral ,philosophy1 nor is its value likely soon to be exhau/$4 ,z 0 po9t$ out above1 ! proem 7,book ,i41 cc4 i-iii47 is a prelude to ! treatm5t ( ! :ole subject cov]$ by ! ,e?ics & ! ,politics toge!r4 ,x sets =? ! purpose ( ! enquiry1 describes ! _s 9 :i* x is to be und]tak5 & :at ought to be ! expectation ( ! read]1 & la/ly /ates ! necess>y conditions ( /udy+ x ) pr(it4 ,! aim ( x is ! acquisition & propagation ( a c]ta9 k9d ( k 7sci5ce71 b ?is k & ! ?9k+ :i* br+s x ab\t are subsidi>y to a practical end4 ,! k aim$ at is ( :at is be/ = man & ( ! conditions ( its realisation4 ,su* k is t :i* 9 its consumate =m we f9d 9 great /atesm51 enabl+ !m to organise & adm9i/] _! /ates & regulate by law ! life ( ! citiz5s to _! advantage & happ9ess1 b x is ! same k9d ( k :i* on a small] scale secures success 9 ! managem5t ( ! family or ( private life4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( su* k t x %\ld be defici5t 9 8exactness10 9 precision ( /atem5t1 & clos5ess ( logical concat5ation4 ,we mu/ n look = a ma!matics ( conduct4 ,! subject-matt] ( ,human ,conduct is n gov]n$ by necess>y & uni=m laws4 ,b ?is does n mean t x is subject to no laws4 ,!re are g5]al pr9ciples at "w 9 x1 & ^! c be =mulat$ 9 8rules10 :i* rules c be sy/ematis$ or unifi$4 ,x is all-important to rememb] t practical or moral rules are only g5]al & always admit ( exceptions1 & t !y arise n f ! m]e complexity ( ! facts1 b f ! liability ( ! facts to a c]ta9 unpr$ictable v>iation4 ,at _! v be/1 practical rules /ate probabilities1 n c]ta9ties2 a relative con/ancy ( connection is all t exi/s1 b x is en\gh to s]ve z a guide 9 life4 ,ari/otle "h holds ! balance betwe5 a mislead+ hope ( r$uc+ ! subject-matt] ( conduct to a few simple rigor\s ab/ract pr9ciples1 ) conclusions necess>ily issu+ f !m1 & ! view t x is ! field ( op]ation ( inscrutable =ces act+ )\t pr$ictable regul>ity4 ,he does n pret5d to f9d 9 x absolute uni=mities1 or to d$uce ! details f 8 pr9ciples4 ,h5ce1 too1 he insi/s on ! necessity ( exp]i5ce z ! s\rce or te/ ( all t he has to say4 ,moral exp]i5ce--! actual possession & ex]cise ( good "*--is necess>y truly to und]/& moral pr9ciples & pr(itably to apply !m4 ,! m]e intellectual appreh5sion ( !m is n possible1 or if possible1 pr(itless4 ,! ,e?ics is address$ to /ud5ts :o are presum$ bo? to h en\gh g5]al education to appreciate ^! po9ts1 & also to h a solid f\ndation ( good habits4 ,m ?an t is n requir$ = ! pr(itable /udy ( x4 ,if ! discussion ( ! nature & =mation ( "* be reg>d$ z ! c5tral topic ( ! ,e?ics1 ! cont5ts ( ,book ,i41 cc4 iv4-xii4 may be consid]$ z /ill belong+ to ! introduction & sett+1 b ^! *apt]s conta9 matt] ( pr(\nd importance & h ex]cis$ an enorm\s influ5ce ^u subsequ5t ?\ght4 ,!y lay d[n a pr9ciple :i* gov]ns all ,greek ?\ght ab\t human life1 viz4 t x is only intelligible :5 view$ z direct$ t[>ds "s end or good4 ,?is is ! ,greek way ( express+ t all human life involves an ideal elem5t--some?+ :i* x is n yet & :i* "u c]ta9 conditions x is to be4 ,9 t s5se ,greek ,moral ,philosophy is ess5tially ideali/ic4 ,fur!r x is always assum$ t all human practical activity is direct$ or 8ori5t$0 to a s+le end1 & t t end is kn[able or def9able 9 advance ( its realisation4 ,to "k x is n m]ely a matt] ( speculative int]e/1 x is ( ! highe/ practical mom5t = only 9 ! light ( x c life be duly guid$1 & p>ticul>ly only s c ! /ate be prop]ly organis$ & adm9i/]$4 ,?is expla9s ! /ress laid ?r\gh\t by ,greek ,moral ,philosophy ^u ! necessity ( k z a condition ( ! be/ life4 ,?is k is n1 ?\gh x includes k ( ! nature ( man & 8 circum/ances1 x is k ( :at is be/--( man's supreme end or good4 ,b ?is end is n conceiv$ z pres5t$ to him by a sup]ior p[] nor ev5 z some?+ :i* ought to be4 ,! pres5tation ( ! ,moral ,ideal z ,duty is almo/ abs5t4 ,f ! outset x is id5tifi$ ) ! object ( desire1 ( :at we n m]ely judge desirable b actually d desire1 or t :i* w\ld1 if realis$1 satisfy human desire4 ,9 fact x is :at we all1 wise & simple1 agree 9 nam+ 8,happ9ess0 7,welf>e or ,well-be+7 ,9 :at !n does happ9ess consi/8 ,ari/otle summ>ily sets aside ! m or less popul> id5tifications ( x ) abundance ( physical pleasures1 ) political p[] & hon\r1 ) ! m]e possession ( su* sup]ior gifts or atta9m5ts z normally entitle m5 to ^!1 ) weal?4 ,none ( ^! c con/itute ! end or good ( man z su*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he rejects 8 ma/] ,plato's conception ( a good :i* is ! end ( ! :ole univ]se1 or at lea/ dismisses x z irrelevant to 8 pres5t enquiry4 ,! good t[>ds :i* all human desires & practical activities are direct$ mu/ be "o con=mable to man's special nature & circum/ances & atta9able by 8 ef=ts4 ,!re is 9 ,ari/otle's !ory ( human conduct no trace ( ,plato's 8o!r worldl9ess01 he br+s ! moral ideal 9 ,bacon's phrase d[n to 8"r e>?0--& s clos] to ! facts & problems ( actual human liv+4 ,turn+ f criticism ( o!rs he /ates 8 own positive view ( ,happ9ess1 &1 ?\gh he av[$ly /ates x m]ely 9 outl9e 8 acc\nt is pregnant ) significance4 ,human ,happ9ess lies 9 activity or en]gis+1 & t 9 a way peculi> to man ) 8 giv5 nature & 8 giv5 circum/ances1 x is n !oretical1 b practical3 x is ! activity n ( reason b /ill ( a be+ :o possesses reason & applies x1 & x presupposes 9 t be+ ! developm5t1 & n m]ely ! natural possession1 ( c]ta9 relevant p[]s & capacities4 ,! la/ is ! prime condition ( successful liv+ & !re=e ( satisfaction1 b ,ari/otle does n ignore o!r conditions1 su* z l5g? ( life1 weal? & good luck1 ! abs5ce or dim9ution ( :i* r5d] happ9ess n impossible1 b difficult ( atta9m5t4 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ?is acc\nt ( ,happ9ess ) ,mill's 9 ,utilit>ianism4 ,mill's is mu* ! less consi/5t3 at times he di/+ui%es & at times he id5tifies1 happ9ess1 pleasure1 cont5tm5t1 & satisfaction4 ,he wav]s betwe5 belief 9 its g5]al atta9ability & an abs5ce ( hopefulness4 ,he mixes up 9 an arbitr>y way su* +r$i5ts z 8n expect+ m f life ?an x is capable ( be/[+10 8m5tal cultivation10 8improv$ laws10 etc41 & 9 fact leaves ! :ole conception vague1 blurr$1 & unc]ta94 ,ari/otle draws ! outl9e ) a firm] h& & pres5ts a m def9ite ideal4 ,he all[s = ! influ5ce on happ9ess ( conditions only p>tly1 if at all1 )9 ! control ( man1 b he cle>ly makes ! man positive det]m9ant ( man's happ9ess he 9 himself1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 :at he makes directly ( 8 own nature1 & s indirectly ( 8 circum/ances4 8#8,tis 9 ourselves t we are ?us or ?us0 ,b once m ?is does n involve an artificial or ab/ract isolation ( ! individual moral ag5t f 8 relation to o!r p]sons or ?+s f 8 context 9 society & nature1 nor ignore ! relative dep5d5ce ( 8 life ^u a fav\rable environm5t4 ,! ma9 factor :i* det]m9es success or failure 9 human life is ! acquisition ( c]ta9 p[]s1 = ,happ9ess is j ! ex]cise or putt+ =? ( ^! 9 actual liv+1 ev]y?+ else is second>y & subord9ate4 ,^! p[]s arise f ! due developm5t ( c]ta9 natural aptitudes :i* belong 79 v>i\s degrees7 to human nature z su* & !re=e to all normal human be+s4 ,9 _! develop$ =m !y are kn[n z virtues 7! ,greek means simply 8goodnesses10 8p]fections10 8excell5ces10 or 8fitnesses071 "s ( !m are physical1 b o!rs are psy*ical1 & among ! latt] "s1 & ^! di/9ctively or peculi>ly human1 are 8rational10 i e1 presuppose ! possession & ex]cise ( m9d or intellig5ce4 ,^! la/ fall into two gr\ps1 :i* ,ari/otle di/+ui%es z ,goodnesses ( ,intellect & ,goodnesses ( ,"*4 ,!y h 9 common t !y all excite 9 u admiration & praise ( _! possessors1 & t !y are n natural end[m5ts1 b acquir$ *>act]i/ics ,b !y diff] 9 important ways4 7#a7 ! =m] are excell5ces or develop$ p[]s ( ! reason z su*--( t 9 u :i* sees & =mulates laws1 rules1 regul>ities sy/ems1 & is cont5t 9 ! vision ( !m1 :ile ! latt] involve a submission or ob$i5ce to su* rules ( some?+ 9 u :i* is 9 itself caprici\s & irregul>1 b capable ( regulation1 viz our in/9cts & feel+s1 7#b7 ! =m] are acquir$ by /udy & in/ruction1 ! latt] by discipl9e4 ,! latt] con/itute 8"*10 ea* ( !m z a 8moral virtue0 7lit]ally 8a goodness ( "*071 & ^u !m prim>ily dep5ds ! realisation ( happ9ess4 ,?is is ! case at lea/ = ! great majority ( m51 & = all m5 _! possession is an indisp5sable basis ( ! be/1 i e1 ! mo/ desirable life4 ,!y =m ! *ief or c5tral subject-matt] ( ! ,e?ics4 ,p]haps ! true/ way ( conceiv+ ,ari/otle's mean+ "h is to reg>d a moral virtue z a =m ( ob$i5ce to a maxim or rule ( conduct accept$ by ! ag5t z valid = a class ( recurr5t situations 9 human life4 ,su* ob$i5ce requires k ( ! rule & acceptance ( x z ! rule ( ! ag5t's own actions1 b n necess>ily k ( its gr\nd or ( its sy/ematic connexion ) o!r simil>ly kn[n & simil>ly accept$ rules 7,x may be rem>k$ t ! ,greek ^w usually translat$ 8reason10 means 9 almo/ all cases 9 ! ,e?ics su* a rule1 & n ! faculty :i* appreh5ds1 =mulates1 consid]s !m74 ,! 8moral virtues & vices0 make up :at we call "*1 & ! important que/ions arise3 7#a7 ,:at is "*8 & 7#b7 ,h[ is x =m$8 7= "* 9 ?is s5se is n a natural end[m5t2 x is =m$ or produc$74 ,ari/otle deals ) ^! que/ions 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,8 answ]s are peculi> & di/9ctive--n t !y are absolutely novel 7= !y are anticipat$ 9 ,plato71 b t by him !y are = ! fir/ "t di/9ctly & cle>ly =mulat$4 7#a47 ,"*1 good or bad1 is produc$ by :at ,ari/otle calls 8habituation10 t is1 x is ! result ( ! repeat$ do+ ( acts :i* h a simil> or common quality4 ,su* repetition act+ ^u natural aptitudes or prop5sities gradually fixes !m 9 "o or o!r ( two opposite directions1 giv+ !m a bias t[>ds good or evil4 ,h5ce ! sev]al acts :i* det]m9e goodness or badness ( "* mu/ be done 9 a c]ta9 way1 & ?us ! =mation ( good "* requires discipl9e & direction f )\t4 ,n t ! ag5t himself contributes no?+ to ! =mation ( 8 "*1 b t at fir/ he ne$s guidance4 ,! po9t is n s mu* t ! process _c be safely left to ,nature1 b t x _c be entru/$ to m]ely intellectual in/ruction4 ,! process is "o ( assimilation1 l>gely by imitation & "u direction & control4 ,! result is a gr[+ und]/&+ ( :at is done1 a *oice ( x = its own sake1 a fixity & /ead9ess ( purpose4 ,"r acts & feel+s become1 ?r\gh habit1 easi] & m pleasant1 & ! do+ ( !m a 8second nature40 ,! ag5t acquires ! p[] ( do+ !m freely1 will+ly1 m & m 8( himself40 ,b :at are 8"r0 acts8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y are ^? t con=m to a rule--to ! "r rule1 & ultimately to reason4 ,! ,greeks nev] wav] f ! conviction t 9 ! end moral conduct is ess5tially reasonable conduct4 ,b !re is a m significant way ( describ+ _! 8rightness10 & "h = ! fir/ "t ,ari/otle introduces 8 fam\s 8,doctr9e ( ! ,mean40 ,reason+ f ! analogy ( 8"r0 physical acts1 he pron\nces t rightness always means adaptation or adju/m5t to ! special requirem5ts ( a situation4 ,to ?is adju/m5t he gives a quantitative int]pretation4 ,to d 7or to feel7 :at is "r 9 a giv5 situation is to d or to feel j ! am\nt requir$--nei!r m nor less3 to d wrong is to d or to feel too mu* or too little--to fall %ort ( or ov]-%oot1 8a mean0 det]m9$ by ! situation4 ,! repetition ( acts :i* lie 9 ! mean is ! cause ( ! =mation ( ea* & e 8goodness ( "*10 & = ?is 8rules0 c be giv54 7#b7 ,:at !n is a 8moral virtue10 ! result ( su* a process duly direct$8 ,x is no m]e mood ( feel+1 no m]e liability to emotion1 no m]e natural aptitude or end[m5t1 x is a p]man5t /ate ( ! ag5t's self1 or1 z we might 9 mod]n phrase put x1 ( 8 w1 x consi/s 9 a /eady self-impos$ ob$i5ce to a rule ( action 9 c]ta9 situations :i* frequ5tly recur 9 human life4 ,! rule prescribes ! control & regulation )9 limits ( ! ag5t's natural impulses to act & feel ?us & ?us4 ,! situations fall into gr\ps :i* con/itute ! 8fields0 ( ! sev]al 8moral virtues01 = ea* !re is a rule1 con=mity to :i* secures rightness 9 ! individual acts4 ,?us ! moral ideal appe>s z a code ( rules1 accept$ by ! ag5t1 b z yet to him )\t rational ju/ification & )\t sy/em or unity4 ,b ! rules prescribe no me*anical uni=mity3 ea* )9 its limits p]mits v>iety1 & ! exactly "r am\nt adopt$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! individual situation 7& e actual situation is individual7 mu/ be det]m9$ by ! intuition ( ! mom5t4 ,!re is no attempt to r$uce ! ri* possibilities ( "r action to a s+le monoton\s type4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are ackn[l$g$ to be _m =ms ( moral virtue1 & !re is a long li/ ( !m1 ) _! correlative vices enum]at$4 ,! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean "h takes a =m 9 :i* x has impress$ subsequ5t ?9k]s1 b :i* has less importance ?an is usually ascrib$ to x4 ,9 ! 8,table ( ! ,virtues & ,vices10 ea* ( ! virtues is flank$ by two opposite vices1 :i* are respectively ! excess & defect ( t :i* 9 due measure con/itutes ! virtue4 ,ari/otle tries to %[ t ?is is ! case 9 reg>d to e virtue nam$ & recognis$ z su*1 b 8 treatm5t is (t5 =c$ & ! endeav\r is n v successful4 ,except z a conv5i5t pr9ciple ( arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s =ms ( praisewor?y or blamewor?y *>act]s1 g5]ally ackn[l$g$ z su* by ,greek op9ion1 ?is =m ( ! doctr9e is ( no great significance4 ,books ,,iii-,v are occupi$ ) a survey ( ! moral virtues & vices4 ,^! seem to h be5 und]tak5 9 ord] to v]ify 9 detail ! g5]al acc\nt1 b ?is aim is n kept /eadily 9 view4 ,nor is !re any well-consid]$ pr9ciple ( classification4 ,:at we f9d is a sort ( portrait-gall]y ( ! v>i\s types ( moral excell5ce :i* ! ,greeks ( ! au?or's age admir$ & /rove to enc\rage4 ,! discussion is full ( acute1 int]e/+ & sometimes pr(\nd obs]vations4 ,"s ( ! types are ^? :i* are & w be admir$ at all times1 b o!rs are connect$ ) peculi> features ( ,greek life :i* h n[ pass$ away4 ,! mo/ important is t ( ,ju/ice or ! ,j ,man1 to :i* we may lat] return4 ,b ! discussion is prec$$ by an attempt to elucidate "s difficult & obscure po9ts 9 ! g5]al acc\nt ( moral virtue & action 7,book ,,iii1 cc i-v74 ,?is section is conc]n$ ) ! notion ( ,responsibility4 ,! discussion design$ly excludes :at we may call ! metaphysical issues ( ! problem1 :i* "h pres5t !mselves1 x moves on ! level ( ?\ght ( ! practical man1 ! /atesman1 & ! legislator4 ,co]cion & ignorance ( relevant circum/ances r5d] acts involunt>y & exempt _! do] f responsibility1 o!rwise ! act is volunt>y & ! ag5t responsible1 *oice or pref]5ce ( :at is done1 & inn] cons5t to ! de$1 are to be presum$4 ,nei!r passion nor ignorance ( ! "r rule c ext5uate responsibility4 ,b !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 acts done volunt>ily & acts done ( set *oice or purpose4 ,! latt] imply ,delib]ation4 ,delib]ation involves ?9k+1 ?9k+ out means to ends3 9 delib]ate acts ! :ole nature ( ! ag5t cons5ts to & ent]s into ! act1 & 9 a peculi> s5se !y are 81 !y are him 9 action1 & ! mo/ significant evid5ce ( :at he is4 ,ari/otle is unable :olly to avoid allusion to ! metaphysical difficulties & :at he does "h say ^u !m is obscure & unsatisfactory4 ,b he insi/s ^u ! importance 9 moral action ( ! ag5t's inn] cons5t1 & on ! reality ( 8 individual responsibility4 ,= 8 pres5t purpose ! metaphysical difficulties are irrelevant4 ,! treatm5t ( ,ju/ice 9 ,book ,v has always be5 a s\rce ( great difficulty to /ud5ts ( ! ,e?ics4 ,almo/ m ?an any o!r "p ( ! "w x has ex]cis$ influ5ce ^u m$iaeval & mod]n ?\ght ^u ! subject4 ,! di/9ctions & divisions h become "p ( ! /ock-9-trade ( w\ld be philosophic juri/s4 ,& yet1 oddly en\gh1 mo/ ( ^! di/9ctions h be5 misund]/ood & ! :ole purport ( ! discussion misconceiv$4 ,ari/otle is "h deal+ ) ju/ice 9 a re/rict$ s5se viz z t special goodness ( "* :i* is requir$ ( e adult citiz5 & :i* c be produc$ by e>ly discipl9e or habituation4 ,x is ! temp] or habitual attitude dem&$ ( ! citiz5 = ! due ex]cise ( 8 functions z tak+ "p 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! civic community--z a memb] ( ! judicature & executive4 ,! ,greek citiz5 0 only exceptionally1 & at r>e int]vals if ev]1 a law-mak] :ile at any mom5t he might be call$ ^u to act z a judge 7juryman or arbitrator7 or z an adm9i/rator4 ,= ! "w ( a legislator f> m ?an ! moral virtue ( ju/ice or fairm9d$ness 0 necess>y1 ^! 7 requisite to ! r>] & high] 8intellectual virtue0 ( practical wisdom4 ,!n "h1 too1 ! discussion moves on a l[ level1 & ! rais+ ( fundam5tal problems is exclud$4 ,h5ce 8di/ributive ju/ice0 is conc]n$ n ) ! l>ge "q ( ! di/ribution ( political p[] & privileges among ! con/itu5t memb]s or classes ( ! /ate b ) ! small] que/ions ( ! di/ribution among ^? ( casual ga9s & ev5 ) ! division among private claimants ( a common fund or inh]itance1 :ile 8corrective ju/ice0 is conc]n$ solely ) ! managem5t ( legal r$ress4 ,! :ole treatm5t is confus$ by ! unhappy attempt to give a precise ma!matical =m to ! pr9ciples ( ju/ice 9 ! v>i\s fields di/+ui%$4 ,/ill x rema9s an int]e/+ fir/ endeav\r to give great] exactness to "s ( ! lead+ conceptions ( jurisprud5ce4 ,book ,,vi appe>s to h 9 view two aims3 7#a7 to describe goodness ( intellect & discov] its highe/ =m or =ms2 7#b7 to %[ h[ ?is is relat$ to goodness ( "*1 & s to conduct g5]ally4 ,z all ?9k+ is ei!r !oretical or practical1 goodness ( intellect has two supreme =ms--,!oretical & ,practical ,wisdom4 ,! fir/1 :i* appreh5ds ! et]nal laws ( ! univ]se1 has no direct relation to human conduct3 ! second is id5tical ) t ma/] sci5ce ( human life ( :i* ! :ole treatise1 consi/+ ( ! ,e?ics & ! ,politics1 is an exposition4 ,x is ?is sci5ce :i* supplies ! "r rules ( conduct ,tak+ !m z !y em]ge 9 & f practical exp]i5ce1 x =mulates !m m precisely & organises !m into a sy/em :]e !y are all se5 to conv]ge ^u happ9ess4 ,! mode 9 :i* su* k manife/s itself is 9 ! p[] to %[ t su* & su* rules ( action foll[ f ! v nature ( ! end or good = man4 ,x presupposes & />ts f a cle> conception ( ! end & ! wi% = x z conceiv$1 & x proce$s by a d$uction :i* is dehb]ation writ l>ge4 ,9 ! man ( practical wisdom ?is process has rea*$ its p]fect result1 & ! code ( "r rules is appreh5d$ z a sy/em ) a s+le pr9ciple & s z some?+ :olly rational or reasonable ,he has n on ea* occasion to seek & f9d ! "r rule applicable to ! situation1 he produces x at once f )9 himself1 & c at ne$ ju/ify x by exhibit+ its rationale1 i4e4 1 its connection ) ! end4 ,?is is ! consummate =m ( reason appli$ to conduct1 b !re are m9or =ms ( x1 less indep5d5t or orig9al1 b nev]!less ( great value1 su* z ! p[] to ?9k out ! prop] cause ( policy 9 novel circum/ances or ! p[] to see ! prop] l9e ( treatm5t to foll[ 9 a c\rt ( law4 ,! =m ( ! ?9k+ :i* ent]s into conduct is t :i* t]m9ates 9 ! production ( a rule :i* decl>es "s means to ! end ( life4 ,! process presupposes 7a7 a cle> & j appreh5sion ( ! nature ( t end--su* z ! ,e?ics itself endeav\rs to supply2 7b7 a correct p]ception ( ! conditions ( action1 7a7 at lea/ is impossible except to a man ^: "* has be5 duly =m$ by discipl9e2 x arises only 9 a man :o has acquir$ moral virtue4 ,= su* action & feel+ z =ms bad "*1 bl9ds ! eye ( ! s\l & corrupts ! moral pr9ciple1 & ! place ( practical wisdom is tak5 by t p>ody ( itself :i* ,ari/otle calls 8clev]ness0--! 8wisdom0 ( ! unscrupul\s man ( ! _w4 ,?us true practical wisdom & true goodness ( "* are int]dep5d5t2 nei!r is g5u9ely possible or 8completely0 pres5t )\t ! o!r4 ,?is is ,ari/otle's contribution to ! discussion ( ! "q1 s c5tral 9 ,greek ,moral ,philosophy1 ( ! relation ( ! intellectual & ! passionate factors 9 conduct4 ,ari/otle is n an intuitioni/1 b he recognises ! implication 9 conduct ( a direct & imm$iate appreh5sion bo? ( ! end & ( ! "* ( 8 circum/ances "u :i* x is f mom5t to mom5t realis$4 ,! directness ( su* appreh5sion makes x analog\s to s5sation or s5se-p]ception2 b x is on 8 view 9 ! end due to ! exi/5ce or activity 9 man ( t p[] 9 him :i* is ! highe/ ?+ 9 8 nature1 & ak9 to or id5tical ) ! div9e nature--m9d1 or intellig5ce4 ,x is ?is :i* reveals to u :at is be/ = u--! ideal ( a happ9ess :i* is ! object ( our real wi% & ! goal ( all our ef=ts4 ,b beyond & above ! practical ideal ( :at is be/ = man beg9s to %[ itself ano!r & /ill high] ideal--t ( a life n di/9ctively human or 9 a n>r[ s5se practical1 yet capable ( be+ p>ticipat$ 9 by man ev5 "u ! actual circum/ances ( ?is _w4 ,= a "t1 h[ev]1 ?is fur!r & high] ideal is ignor$4 ,! next book 7,book ,,vii471 is conc]n$ p>tly ) moral conditions1 9 :i* ! ag5t seems to rise above ! level ( moral virtue or fall bel[ t ( moral vice1 b p>tly & m l>gely ) conditions 9 :i* ! ag5t occupies a middle position betwe5 ! two4 ,ari/otle's att5tion is "h direct$ *iefly t[>ds ! ph5om5a ( 8,incont95ce10 weakness ( w or imp]fect self-control4 ,?is condition 0 to ! ,greeks a matt] ( only too frequ5t exp]i5ce1 b x appe>$ to !m peculi>ly difficult to und]/&4 ,h[ c a man "k :at is good or be/ = him1 & yet *ronically fail to act ^u 8 k8 ,socrates 0 driv5 to ! p>adox ( d5y+ ! possibility1 b ! facts are too /rong = him4 ,k ( ! "r rule may be pres5t1 nay ! rightfulness ( its au?ority may be ackn[l$g$1 & yet "t aft] "t x may be disobey$2 ! w may be good & yet ov]ma/]$ by ! =ce ( desire1 s t ! act done is contr>y to ! ag5t's w4 ,nev]!less ! act may be ! ag5t's1 & ! w !re=e divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,ari/otle is aw>e ( ! s]i\sness & difficulty ( ! problem1 b 9 spite ( ! vividness ) :i* he pictures1 & ! acut5ess ) :i* he analyses1 ! situation 9 :i* su* action occurs1 x _c be said t he solves ! problem4 ,x is "t t he rises above ! ab/ract view ( x z a conflict betwe5 reason & passion1 recognis+ t passion is involv$ 9 ! k :i* 9 conduct prevails or is ov]borne1 & t ! =ce :i* leads to ! wrong act is n bl9d or ignorant passion1 b always has "s reason 9 x4 ,b he t5ds to lapse back into ! ab/raction1 & 8 f9al acc\nt is p]plex$ & obscure4 ,he f9ds ! s\rce ( ! ph5om5on 9 ! nature ( ! desire = bodily pleasures1 :i* is n irrational b has some?+ rational 9 x4 ,su* pleasures are n necess>ily or inh]5tly bad1 z has sometimes be5 ma9ta9$2 on ! contr>y1 !y are good1 b only 9 c]ta9 am\nts or "u c]ta9 conditions1 s t ! w is (t5 misl$1 hesitates1 & is lo/4 ,books ,,viii4 & ,,ix4 7on ,fri5d%ip7 are almo/ an int]ruption ( ! argum5t4 ,! subject-matt] ( !m 0 a fav\rite topic ( anci5t writ]s1 & ! treatm5t is smoo!r & m ord]ly ?an else:]e 9 ! ,e?ics4 ,! argum5t is cle>1 & may be left )\t comm5t to ! read]s4 ,^! books conta9 a necess>y & attractive complem5t to ! some:at dry acc\nt ( ,greek morality 9 ! prec$+ books1 & !re are 9 !m pr(\nd reflections on :at may be call$ ! metaphysics ( fri5d%ip or love4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,x4 we return to ! topic ( ,pleasure1 :i* is n[ reg>d$ f a diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,9 ,book ,,vii4 ! antagoni/s 7 ^? :o ov]-emphasis$ ! irrationality or badness ( ,pleasure3 "h x is r ^? :o s exagg]ate its value z to confuse or id5tify x ) ! good or ,happ9ess4 ,b !re is (f]$ u 9 ?is section mu* m ?an criticism ( ! errors ( o!rs4 ,answ]s are giv5 bo? to ! psy*ological "q1 8,:at is ,pleasure80 & to ! e?ical "q1 8,:at is its value80 ,pleasure1 we are told1 is ! natural concomitant & index ( p]fect activity1 di/+ui%able b insep>able f x--8! activity ( a subject at its be/ act+ ^u an object at its be/40 ,x is !re=e always & 9 itself a good1 b its value rises & falls ) t ( ! activity ) :i* x is conjo9$1 & :i* x int5sifies & p]fects4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! highe/ & be/ pleasures are ^? :i* accompany ! highe/ & be/ activity4 ,pleasure is1 !re=e1 a necess>y elem5t 9 ! be/ life1 b x is n ! :ole ( x nor ! pr9cipal +r$i5t4 ,! value ( a life dep5ds ^u ! nature & wor? ( ! activity :i* x involves2 giv5 ! maximum ( full free action1 ! maximum ( pleasure necess>y foll[s4 ,b on :at sort ( life is su* activity possible8 ,?is leads u back to ! "q1 ,:at is happ9ess8 ,9 :at life c man f9d ! fulle/ satisfaction = 8 desires8 ,to ?is "q ,ari/otle gives an answ] :i* _c b surprise u aft] :at has prec$$4 ,true ,happ9ess1 great satisfaction1 _c be f\nd by man 9 any =m ( 8practical0 life1 no1 n 9 ! fulle/ & free/ ex]cise possible ( ! 8moral virtues10 n 9 ! life ( ! citiz5 or ( ! great soldi] or /atesman4 ,to seek x !re is to c\rt failure & disappo9tm5t4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! life ( ! onlook]1 ! dis9t]e/$ spectator2 or1 to put x m di/9ctly1 89 ! life ( ! philosoph]1 ! life ( sci5tific & philosophic contemplation40 ,! highe/ & mo/ satisfy+ =m ( life possible to man is 8! contemplative life02 x is only 9 a second>y s5se & = ^? incapable ( _! life1 t ! practical or moral ideal is ! be/4 ,x is "t t su* a life is n di/9ctively human1 b x is ! privilege ( man to p>take 9 x1 & su* p>ticipation1 at h[ev] r>e int]vals & = h[ev] %ort a p]iod1 is ! highe/ ,happ9ess :i* human life c (f]4 ,all o!r activities h value only because & 9 s f> z !y r5d] ?is life possible4 ,b x mu/ n be =gott5 t ,ari/otle conceives ( ?is life z "o ( int5se activity or en]gis+3 x is j ?is :i* gives x its supremacy4 ,9 spite ( ! almo/ religi\s f]v\r ) :i* he speaks ( x 78! mo/ or?odox ( 8 disciples0 p>aphrases 8 mean+ by describ+ its cont5t z 8! s]vice & vision ( ,god071 x is cle> t he id5tifi$ x ) ! life ( ! philosoph]1 z he und]/ood x1 a life ( ceaseless intellectual activity 9 :i* at lea/ at times all ! di/ractions & di/urbances insep>able f practical life seem$ to disappe> & become z no?+4 ,?is ideal 0 p>tly an inh]itance f ! m ard5t idealism ( 8 ma/] ,plato1 b p>tly x 0 ! expression ( p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,! nobility ( ?is ideal _c be que/ion$2 ! conception ( ! end ( man or a life liv$ = tru?--( a life blissfully absorb$ 9 ! vision ( tru?--is a l(ty & inspir+ "o4 ,b we _c resi/ c]ta9 criticisms ^u its pres5tation by ,ari/otle3 7#a7 ! relation ( x to ! l[] ideal ( practice is left some:at obscure2 7#b7 x is describ$ 9 su* a way z r5d]s its realisation possible only to a gift$ few1 & "u exceptional circum/ances2 7#c7 x seems 9 v>i\s ways1 z reg>ds its cont5t1 to be unnecess>ily & unju/ifiably limit$4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ?is is a fir/ endeav\r to det]m9e its pr9ciple1 & t simil> failures h att5d$ ! attempts to describe ! 8religi\s0 or ! 8spiritual0 ideals ( life1 :i* h cont9ually be5 sugge/$ by ! app>5tly inh]5t limitations ( ! 8practical0 or 8moral0 life1 :i* is ! subject ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,! ,moral ,ideal to ^? :o h mo/ deeply reflect$ on x leads to ! ?\ght ( an ,ideal beyond & above x1 :i* alone gives x mean+1 b :i* seems to escape f def9ite conception by man4 ,! ri*ness & v>iety ( ?is ,ideal ceaselessly invite1 b z ceaselessly defy1 our attempts to imprison x 9 a def9ite =mula or portray x 9 detail$ imag9ation4 ,yet ! ?\ght ( x is & rema9s inexpungable f our m9ds4 ,?is conception ( ! be/ life is n =gott5 9 ! ,politics ,! end ( life 9 ! /ate is itself well-liv+ & well-do+--a life :i* helps to produce ! be/ life ,! great ag5cy 9 ! production ( su* life is ! ,/ate op]at+ ?r\gh ,law1 :i* is ,reason back$ by ,=ce4 ,= its greate/ effici5cy !re is requir$ ! developm5t ( a sci5ce ( legislation4 ,! ma9 drift ( :at he says "h is t ! mo/ desirable ?+ w\ld be t ! be/ reason ( ! community %\ld be embodi$ 9 its laws4 ,b s f> z t is n possible1 x /ill is true t anyone :o w\ld make himself & o!rs bett] mu/ become a m9iature legislator--mu/ /udy ! g5]al pr9ciples ( law1 morality1 & education4 ,! conception ( ) :i* he op5$ ! ,e?ics w\ld s]ve z a guide to a fa!r educat+ 8 *ildr5 z well z to ! legislator legislat+ = ! /ate4 ,f9d+ 9 8 pr$ecessors no develop$ doctr9e on ?is subject1 ,ari/otle proposes himself to und]take ! con/ruction ( x1 & sket*es 9 advance ! programme ( ! ,politics 9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! ,e?ics ,8 ultimate object is to answ] ! que/ions1 ,:at is ! be/ =m ( ,polity1 h[ %\ld ea* be con/itut$1 & :at laws & cu/oms %\ld x adopt & employ8 ,n till ?is answ] is giv5 w 8! philosophy ( human affairs0 be complete4 ,on look+ back x w be se5 t ! discussion ( ! c5tral topic ( ! nature & =mation ( "* has exp&$ into a ,philosophy ( ,human ,conduct1 m]g+ at its beg9n+ & end into metaphysics ,! result is a ,moral ,philosophy set aga9/ a backgr\nd ( ,political ,!ory & g5]al ,philosophy4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ?is ,moral ,philosophy are due to ! fact ( its ess5tially teleological view ( human life & action3 7#a7 ,e human activity1 b especially e human practical activity1 is direct$ t[>ds a simple ,end discov]able by reflection1 & ?is ,end is conceiv$ ( z ! object ( univ]sal human desire1 z some?+ to be enjoy$1 n z some?+ :i* ought to be done or enact$4 ,an/otle's ,moral ,philosophy is n h$oni/ic b x is eudmom/ic1 ! end is ! enjoym5t ( ,happ9ess1 n ! fulfilm5t ( ,duty4 7#b7 ,e human practical activity d]ives its value f its effici5cy z a means to t end1 x is good or bad1 "r or wrong1 z x conduces or fails to conduce to ,happ9ess ,?us 8 ,moral ,philosophy is ess5tially utilit>ian or prud5tial ,"r action presupposes ,?\ght or ,?9k+1 p>tly on ! developm5t ( a cle>] & di/9ct] conception ( ! end ( desire1 p>tly z ! d$uction f t ( rules :i* /ate ! normally effective conditions ( its realisation4 ,! ?9k+ involv$ 9 "r conduct is calculation--calculation ( means to an end fix$ by nature & =ekn[able ,action itself is at its be/ j ! realisation ( a s*eme preconceiv$ & ?\ght out be=eh&1 comm5d+ itself by its inh]5t attractiv5ess or promise ( enjoym5t4 ,?is view has ! great advantage ( exhibit+ morality z ess5tially reasonable1 b ! accompany+ disadvantage ( l[]+ x into a some:at prosaic & unideal ,prud5tialism1 nor is x sav$ f ?is by ! tack+ on to x1 by a sort ( aft]-?\ght1 ( ! second & high] ,ideal--an addition :i* ru9s ! coh]5ce ( ! acc\nt )\t really transmut+ its sub/ance ,! s\rce ( our dissatisfaction ) ! :ole !ory lies deep] ?an 9 its t5d5cy to id5tify ! end ) ! maximum ( enjoym5t or satisfaction1 or to reg>d ! goodness or badness ( acts & feel+s z ly+ solely 9 _! efficacy to produce su* a result ,x arises f ! application to morality ( ! di/9ction ( means & end ,= ?is di/9ction1 = all its plausibility & usefulness 9 ord9>y ?\ght & spee*1 _c f9ally be ma9ta9$ ,9 morality--& ?is is vital to its "*--ev]y?+ is bo? means & end1 & s nei!r 9 di/9ction or sep>ation1 & all ?9k+ ab\t x :i* presupposes ! f9ality ( ?is di/9ction w&]s into misconception & error4 ,! ?9k+ :i* really matt]s 9 conduct is n a ?9k+ :i* imag9atively =eca/s ideals :i* promise to fulfil desire1 or calculates means to _! atta9m5t--t is sometimes useful1 sometimes h>mful1 & always subord9ate1 b ?9k+ :i* reveals to ! ag5t ! situation 9 :i* he is to act1 bo?1 t is1 ! univ]sal situation on :i* z man he always & ev]y:]e /&s1 & ! ev]-v>y+ & ev]-novel situation 9 :i* he z ?is individual1 "h & n[1 f9ds himself4 ,9 su* k ( giv5 or hi/oric fact lie ! natural det]m9ants ( 8 conduct1 9 su* k alone lies ! condition ( 8 fre$om & 8 good4 ,b ?is does n mean t ,moral ,philosophy has n /ill mu* to le>n f ,ari/otle's ,e?ics4 ,! "w /ill rema9s "o ( ! be/ introductions to a /udy ( its important subject-matt]1 x spreads be=e u a view ( ! relevant facts1 x r$uces !m to manageable compass & ord]1 x raises "s ( ! c5tral problems1 & makes acute & valuable sugge/ions t[>ds _! solution4 ,above all1 x p]petually incites to r5ew$ & indep5d5t reflection ^u !m4 ,j4 ,a4 ,,smi? ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! works ( ,ari/otle3-- ,fir/ edition ( works 7) omission ( ,rhetorica1 ,poetica1 & second book ( ,economica71 #e vols by ,aldus ,manutius1 ,v5ice1 #adie #h1 re impression sup]vis$ by ,erasmus & ) c]ta9 corrections by ,grynaeus 7includ+ ,rhetorica & ,poetica71 #aeca1 #aeci1 revis$ #aeej1 lat] editions 7 foll[$ by t ( ,immanuel ,bekk] & ,br&is 7,greek & ,lat971 #e vols4 ,! #e? vol conta9s ! ,index by ,bomtz1 #ahca-gj1 ,didot edition 7,greek & ,lat971 #e vols #ahdh #gd ,,engli% ,,translations ,edit$ by ,t ,taylor1 ) ,porphyry's ,introduction1 #i vols1 #ahab1 "u editor%ip ( ,j ,a ,smi? & ,w ,d ,ross1 ,,ii vols1 #aijh-ca1 ,loeb editions ,e?ica1 ,rhetorica1 ,poetica1 ,physica1 ,politica1 ,metaphysica1 #aibf-cc ,lat] editions ( sep>ate works ,de ,anima ,tor/rik1 #ahfb1 ,tr5del5burg1 #bnd edition1 #ahgg1 ) ,engli% translation1 ,l ,wallace1 #ahhb1 ,biehl1 #ahhd1 #ahif1 ) ,engli%1 ,r ,d ,hicks1 #aijg ,e?ica ,j ,s ,brew] 7,nicoma*ean71 #ahcf1 ,w ,e ,jelf1 #ahef1 ,j ,f ,t ,rog]s1 #ahfe1 ,a ,grant1 #aheg #h1 #ahff1 #ahgd1 #ahhe1 ,e ,moore1 #ahga1 #ahgh1 #d? edition1 #ahij1 ,ramsau] 7,nicoma*ean71 #ahgh1 ,susemihl1 #ahgh1 #ahhj1 revis$ by ,o ,apelt1 #aijc1 ,a ,grant1 #ahhe1 ,i ,bywat] 7,nicoma*ean71 #ahij1 ,j ,burnet1 #aijj ,hi/oria ,animalium ,s*neid]1 #ahab1 ,aub]t & ,wimm]1 #ahfj2 ,dittmey]1 #aijg ,metaphysica ,s*wegl]1 #ahdh1 ,w ,*ri/1 #ahii ,organon ,waitz1 #ahdd #f ,poetica ,vahl51 #ahfg1 #ahgd1 ) ,notes by ,e ,moore1 #ahge1 ) ,engli% translation by ,e ,r ,:>ton1 #ahhc1 #ahhe1 ,ub]weg1 #ahgj1 #ahge1 ) ,g]man translation1 ,susemihl1 #ahgd1 ,s*midt1 #ahge1 ,*ri/1 #ahgh1 ,i ,bywat]1 #ahih1 ,t ,g ,tuck]1 #ahii ,de ,republica ,a!ni5tium ,text & facsimile ( ,papyrus1 ,f ,g ,k5yon1 #ahia1 #crd edition1 #ahib1 ,kaibel & ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorf1 #ahia1 #crd edition1 #ahih1 ,van ,h]w]d5 & ,leeuw5 7f ,k5yon's text71 #ahia1 ,blass1 #ahib1 #ahie1 #ahih1 #aijc1 ,j ,e ,s&ys1 #ahic ,politica ,susemihl1 #ahgb1 ) ,g]man1 #ahgh1 #crd edition1 #ahhb1 ,susemihl & ,hicks1 #ahid1 etc1 ,o ,immis*1 #aiji ,physica ,c ,prantl1 #ahgi ,rhetorica ,/ahr1 #ahfb1 ,spr5gel 7) ,lat9 text71 #ahfg1 ,cope & ,s&ys1 #ahgg1 ,roem]1 #ahhe1 #ahih ,,engli% ,,translations ,,( ,,"o ,,or ,,m ,,works ,de ,anima 7) ,p>va ,naturalia71 by ,w ,a ,hammond1 #aijb ,e?ica ,( ,morals to ,nicoma*us1 by ,e ,p>git]1 #agde1 ) ,politica by ,j ,gillies1 #agig1 #ahjd1 #ahac1 ) ,rhetorica & ,poetica1 by ,t ,taylor1 #ahah1 & lat] editions ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics1 #ahai1 ma9ly f text ( ,bekk] by ,d ,p ,*ase1 #ahdg1 revis$ #ahfa1 & lat] editions1 ) an introductory essay by ,g ,h ,lewes 7,camelot ,classics7 #ahij1 re-edit$ by ,j ,m ,mit*ell 7,new ,univ]sal ,libr>y71 #aijf1 #aiaj1 by ,r ,w ,br[ne 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh1 etc1 by ,r ,williams1 #ahfi1 #ahgf1 by ,w ,m ,hat* & o!rs 7) translation ( p>aphrase attribut$ to ,&ronicus ( ,rhodes71 edit$ by ,e ,hat*1 #ahgi by ,f ,h ,pet]s1 #ahha1 ,j ,e ,c ,welldon1 #ahib1 ,j ,gillies 7,lubbock's ,hundr$ ,books7 #ahic ,hi/oria ,animalium1 by ,r ,creswell 7,bonn's ,classical ,libr>y7 #ahdh1 ) ,treatise on ,physiognomy1 by ,t ,taylor1 #ahji ,metaphysica1 by ,t ,taylor1 #ahja1 by ,j ,h ,m ,mahon 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh ,organon1 ) ,porphyry's ,introduction1 by ,o ,f ,ow5 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh ,po/]ior ,analytics1 ,e ,po/e1 #ahej1 ,e ,s ,b\r*i]1 #aija1 ,on ,fallacies1 ,e ,po/e1 #ahff ,p>va ,naturaha 7,greek & ,engli%71 by ,g ,r ,t ,ross1 #aijf1 ) ,de ,anima1 by ,w ,a ,hammond1 #aijb ,y\? & ,old ,age1 ,life & ,dea? & ,respiration1 ,w ,ogle #ahig ,poetica1 ) ,notes f ! ,fr5* ( ,d ,aci]1 #agje1 by ,h ,j ,pye1 #aghh1 #agib1 ,t ,tw9+1 #aghi1 #ahab1 ) ,preface & ,notes by ,h ,hamilton1 #ahea1 ,treatise on ,rhetorica & ,poetica1 by ,t ,hobbes 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahej1 by ,:>ton1 #ahhc 7see ,greek v]sion71 ,s ,h ,but*]1 #ahie1 #ahih1 #crd edition1 #aijb1 ,e ,s ,b\r*i]1 #aijg1 by ,+ram ,bywat]1 #aiji ,de ,p>tibus ,animalium1 ,w ,ogle1 #ahhb ,de ,republica ,a!ni5tium1 by ,e ,po/e1 #ahia1 ,f ,g ,k5yon1 #ahia1 ,t ,j ,dymes1 #ahia ,de ,virtutibus et ,vitus1 by ,w ,bridgman1 #ahjd ,politica1 f ! ,fr5* ( ,regius1 #aeih1 by ,w ,ellis1 #aggf1 #aggh1 #ahhh 7,morley's ,univ]sal ,libr>y71 #ahic 7,lubbock's ,hundr$ ,books7 by ,e ,wal=d 7) conomics1 & ,life by ,dr ,gillies71 7,bohn's ,classical ,libr>y71 #ahdh1 ,j ,e4 ,c4 ,welldon1 #ahhc1 ,b ,j[ett1 #ahhe1 ) ,introduction & ,index by ,h ,w ,c ,davis1 #aije1 ,books i iii iv 7vii7 f ,bekk]'s text by ,w ,e ,boll&1 ) ,introduction by ,a ,lang1 #ahgg4 ,problemata 7) writ+s ( o!r philosoph]s71 #aeig1 #afjg1 #afhj1 #afhd1 etc4 ,rhetorica1 ,a summ>y by ,t ,hobbes1 #afee 7871 new edition1 #agei1 by ! translators ( ! ,art ( ,?9k+1 #afhf1 #ahaf1 by ,d ,m ,crimm91 #ahab1 ,j ,gillies1 #ahbc1 ,anon #ahdg1 ,j ,e ,c ,welldon1 #ahhf1 ,r ,c ,jebb1 ) ,introduction & ,supplem5t>y ,notes by ,j ,e ,s&ys1 #aiji 7see "u ,poetica & ,e?ica74 ,secreta ,secretorum 7supposititi\s "w71 ,anon #agjb1 f ! ,hebrew v]sion by ,m ,ga/]1 #aijg1 #aijh4 ,v]sion by ,lydgate & ,burgh1 edit$ by ,r ,/eele 7,e ,e ,t ,s71 #ahid1 #ahih4 ,,life1 ,,etc ,j ,w ,blakesley1 #ahci1 ,a ,cri*ton 7,j>d9e's ,naturali/'s ,libr>y71 #ahdc1 ,,js ,blackie1 ,f\r ,phases ( ,morals1 ,socrates1 ,ari/otle1 etc1 #ahga1 ,g ,grote1 ,ari/otle1 edit$ by ,a ,ba9 & ,g ,c ,rob]tson1 #ahgb1 #ahhj1 ,e ,wallace1 ,outl9es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 #ahge1 #ahhj1 ,a ,grant 7,anci5t ,classics = ,engli% read]s71 #ahgg1 ,t ,davidson1 ,ari/otle & ,anci5t ,educational ,ideals 7,great ,educators71 #ahib1 ,f ,sewall1 ,sw$5borg & ,ari/otle1 #ahie1 ,w ,a ,heidel1 ,! ,necess>y & ! ,cont+5t ( ! ,ari/otelian ,sy/em 7,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,contributions to ,philosophy71 #ahif1 ,f ,w ,ba91 ,on ! ,realisation ( ! ,possible1 & ! ,_s ( ,ari/otle1 #ahii1 ,j ,h ,hyslop1 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 etc 7,evolution ( ,e?ics71 #aijc1 ,m ,v ,williams1 ,six ,essays on ! ,platonic ,!ory ( ,k z exp\nd$ 9 ! lat] dialogues & review$ by ,ari/otle1 #aijh1 ,j ,m ,watson1 ,ari/otle's ,criticism ( ,plato1 #aiji ,a ,e ,taylor1 ,ari/otle1 #aiai1 ,w ,d ,ross1 ,ari/otle1 #aibc4 ,,ari/otle',s ,,e?ics ,,book ,i ,*apt] ,i4 ,e art1 & e sci5ce r$uc$ to a tea*able =m1 & 9 l mann] e action & moral *oice1 aims1 x is ?\ght1 at "s good3 = :i* reason a common & by no means a bad description ( ! ,*ief ,good is1 8t :i* all ?+s aim at40 ,n[ !re pla9ly is a diff]5ce 9 ! ,ends propos$3 = 9 "s cases !y are acts ( work+1 & 9 o!rs c]ta9 works or tangible results beyond & beside ! acts ( work+3 & :]e !re are c]ta9 ,ends beyond & beside ! actions1 ! works are 9 _! nature bett] ?an ! acts ( work+4 ,aga91 s9ce actions & arts & sci5ces are _m1 ! ,ends likewise come to be _m3 ( ! heal+ art1 = in/ance1 heal?2 ( ! %ip-build+ art1 a vessel2 ( ! milit>y art1 victory2 & ( dome/ic managem5t1 weal?2 are respectively ! ,ends4 ,& :atev] ( su* actions1 arts1 or sci5ces range "u "s "o faculty 7z "u t ( horseman%ip ! art ( mak+ bridles1 & all t are connect$ ) ! manufacture ( horse-furniture 9 g5]al2 ?is itself aga91 & e action connect$ ) w>1 "u ! milit>y art2 & 9 ! same way o!rs "u o!rs71 9 all su*1 ! ,ends ( ! ma/]-arts are m *oice-wor?y ?an ^? rang+ "u !m1 because x is ) a view to ! =m] t ! latt] are pursu$4 7,& 9 ?is comp>ison x makes no diff]5ce :e!r ! acts ( work+ are !mselves ! ,ends ( ! actions1 or some?+ fur!r beside !m1 z is ! case 9 ! arts & sci5ces we h be5 j speak+ (47 ,s9ce !n ( all ?+s :i* may be done !re is "s "o ,end :i* we desire = its own sake1 & ) a view to :i* we desire ev]y?+ else2 & s9ce we d n *oose 9 all in/ances ) a fur!r ,end 9 view 7= !n m5 w\ld g on )\t limit1 & s ! desire w\ld be unsatisfi$ & fruitless71 ?is pla9ly mu/ be ! ,*ief ,good1 i4e4 ! be/ ?+ ( all4 ,surely !n1 ev5 ) ref]5ce to actual life & conduct1 ! k ( x mu/ h great weight2 & l ar*]s1 ) a m>k 9 view1 we %all be m likely to hit ^u :at is "r3 & if s1 we ought to try to describe1 9 outl9e at lea/1 :at x is & ( :i* ( ! sci5ces & faculties x is ! ,end4 ,n[ "o w\ld naturally suppose x to be ! ,end ( t :i* is mo/ comm&+ & mo/ inclusive3 & to ?is description1 #a pla9ly answ]s3 = ?is x is t det]m9es :i* ( ! sci5ces %\ld be 9 ! communities1 & :i* k9d individuals are to le>n1 & :at degree ( pr(ici5cy is to be requir$4 ,aga92 we see also rang+ "u ?is ! mo/ highly e/eem$ faculties1 su* z ! art milit>y1 & t ( dome/ic managem5t1 & ,rhetoric4 ,well !n1 s9ce ?is uses all ! o!r practical sci5ces1 & moreov] lays d[n rules z to :at m5 are to d1 & f :at to ab/a91 ! ,end ( ?is mu/ include ! ,ends ( ! re/1 & s mu/ be ,! ,good ( ,man4 ,& grant t ?is is ! same to ! individual & to ! community1 yet surely t ( ! latt] is pla9ly great] & m p]fect to discov] & pres]ve3 = to d ?is ev5 = a s+le individual 7 a matt] = cont5tm5t2 b to d x = a :ole nation1 & = communities g5]ally1 7 m noble & godlike4 ,su* !n are ! objects propos$ by our treatise1 :i* is ( ! nature ( 3 & ,i conceive ,i %all h spok5 on !m satisfactorily1 if !y be made z di/9ctly cle> z ! nature ( ! subject-matt] w admit3 = exactness mu/ n be look$ = 9 all discussions alike1 any m ?an 9 all works ( h&icraft4 ,n[ ! notions ( nobl5ess & ju/ice1 ) ! exam9ation ( :i* is conc]n$1 admit ( v>iation & error to su* a degree1 t !y are suppos$ by "s to exi/ conv5tionally only1 & n 9 ! nature ( ?+s3 b !n1 aga91 ! ?+s :i* are all[$ to be goods admit ( a simil> error1 because h>m comes to _m f !m3 = be=e n[ "s h p]i%$ ?r\gh weal?1 & o!rs ?r\gh val\r4 ,we mu/ be cont5t !n1 9 speak+ ( su* ?+s & f su* data1 to set =? ! tru? r\ghly & 9 outl9e2 9 o!r words1 s9ce we are speak+ ( g5]al matt] & f g5]al data1 to draw also conclusions m]ely g5]al4 ,& 9 ! same _s %\ld ea* p]son receive :at we say3 = ! man ( education w seek exactness s f> 9 ea* subject z ! nature ( ! ?+ admits1 x be+ pla9ly mu* ! same absurdity to put up ) a ma!matician :o tries to p]suade in/ead ( prov+1 & to dem& /rict demon/rative reason+ ( a ,rhetorician4 ,n[ ea* man judges well :at he kn[s1 & ( ^! ?+s he is a good judge3 on ea* p>ticul> matt] !n he is a good judge :o has be5 in/ruct$ 9 x1 & 9 a g5]al way ! man ( g5]al m5tal cultivation4#b ,h5ce ! "y man is n a fit /ud5t ( ,moral ,philosophy1 = he has no exp]i5ce 9 ! actions ( life1 :ile all t is said presupposes & is conc]n$ ) ^!3 & 9 ! next place1 s9ce he is apt to foll[ ! impulses ( 8 passions1 he w he> z ?\gh he he>d n1 & to no pr(it1 ! end 9 view be+ practice & n m]e k4 ,& ,i draw no di/9ction betwe5 "y 9 ye>s1 & y\?ful 9 temp] & disposition3 ! defect to :i* ,i allude be+ no direct result ( ! "t1 b ( liv+ at ! beck & call ( passion1 & foll[+ ea* object z x rises4#c ,= to !m t are su* ! k comes to be unpr(itable1 z to ^? ( imp]fect self-control3 b1 to ^? :o =m _! desires & act 9 accordance ) reason1 to h k on ^! po9ts mu/ be v pr(itable4 ,let ?us mu* suffice by way ( preface on ^! ?ree po9ts1 ! /ud5t1 ! _s 9 :i* our obs]vations %\ld be receiv$1 & ! object :i* we propose4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,& n[1 resum+ ! /atem5t ) :i* we comm5c$1 s9ce all k & moral *oice grasps at good ( "s k9d or ano!r1 :at good is t :i* we say aims at8 or1 9 o!r words1 :at is ! highe/ ( all ! goods :i* are ! objects ( action8 ,s f> z "n goes1 !re is a pretty g5]al agreem5t3 = ,,happ9ess bo? ! multitude & ! ref9$ few call x1 & 8liv+ well0 & 8do+ well0 !y conceive to be ! same ) 8be+ happy20 b ab\t ! ,nature ( ?is ,happ9ess1 m5 dispute1 & ! multitude d n 9 _! acc\nt ( x agree ) ! wise4 ,= "s say x is "s "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are palpable & app>5t1 z pleasure or weal? or hon\r2 9 fact1 "s "o ?+1 "s ano!r2 nay1 (t5times ! same man gives a diff]5t acc\nt ( x2 = :5 ill1 he calls x heal?2 :5 poor1 weal?3 & consci\s ( _! own ignorance1 m5 admire ^? :o talk gr&ly & above _! compreh5sion4 ,"s aga9 held x to be some?+ by itself1 o!r ?an & beside ^! _m good ?+s1 :i* is 9 fact to all ^! ! cause ( _! be+ good4 ,n[ to sift all ! op9ions w\ld be p]haps r a fruitless task2 s x %all suffice to sift ^? :i* are mo/ g5]ally curr5t1 or are ?\ght to h "s reason 9 !m4 ,& "h we mu/ n =get ! diff]5ce betwe5 reason+ f pr9ciples1 & reason+ to pr9ciples3 = ) good cause did ,plato too d\bt ab\t ?is1 & enquire :e!r ! "r road is f pr9ciples or to pr9ciples1 j z 9 ! racec\rse f ! judges to ! fur!r end1 or vice v]s4 ,( c\rse1 we mu/ beg9 ) :at is kn[n2 b !n ?is is ( two k9ds1 :at we d "k1 & :at we may "k3#e p]haps !n z individuals we mu/ beg9 ) :at we d "k4 ,h5ce ! necessity t he %\ld h be5 well tra9$ 9 habits1 :o is to /udy1 ) any tol]able *ance ( pr(it1 ! pr9ciples ( nobl5ess & ju/ice & moral philosophy g5]ally4 ,= a pr9ciple is a matt] ( fact1 & if ! fact is suffici5tly cle> to a man !re w be no ne$ 9 addition ( ! reason = ! fact4 ,& he t has be5 ?us tra9$ ei!r has pr9ciples already1 or c receive !m easily3 z = him :o nei!r has nor c receive !m1 let him he> 8 s5t5ce f ,hesiod3 ,he is be/ ( all :o ( himself conceive? all ?+s2 ,good aga9 is he too :o c adopt a good sugge/ion2 ,b :oso nei!r ( himself conceive? nor he>+ f ano!r ,laye? x to he>t2--he is a useless man4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,b to return f ?is digression4 ,n[ ( ! ,*ief ,good 7i4e4 ( ,happ9ess7 m5 seem to =m _! notions f ! diff]5t modes ( life1 z we might naturally expect3 ! _m & mo/ l[ conceive x to be pleasure1 & h5ce !y are cont5t ) ! life ( s5sual enjoym5t4 ,= !re are ?ree l9es ( life :i* /& out prom95tly to view3 t j m5tion$1 & ! life 9 society1 &1 ?irdly1 ! life ( contemplation4 ,n[ ! _m are pla9ly q slavi%1 *oos+ a life l t ( brute animals3 yet !y obta9 "s consid]ation1 because _m ( ! great %>e ! ta/es ( ,s>danapalus4 ,! ref9$ & active aga9 conceive x to be hon\r3 = ?is may be said to be ! end ( ! life 9 society3 yet x is pla9ly too sup]ficial = ! object ( our se>*1 because x is ?\ght to re/ ) ^? :o pay r ?an ) him :o receives x1 :]eas ! ,*ief ,good we feel in/9ctively mu/ be some?+ :i* is our own1 & n easily to be tak5 f u4 ,& besides1 m5 seem to pursue hon\r1 t !y may believe !mselves to be good3#f = in/ance1 !y seek to be hon\r$ by ! wise1 & by ^? among :om !y are kn[n1 & = virtue3 cle>ly !n1 9 ! op9ion at lea/ ( ^! m51 virtue is high] ?an hon\r4 ,9 tru?1 "o w\ld be mu* m incl9$ to ?9k ?is to be ! end ( ! life 9 society2 yet ?is itself is pla9ly n suffici5tly f9al3 = x is conceiv$ possible1 t a man possess$ ( virtue might sleep or be inactive all ?r\gh 8 life1 or1 z a ?ird case1 suff] ! greate/ evils & mis=tunes3 & ! man :o %\ld live ?us no "o w\ld call happy1 except = m]e disputation's sake4#g ,& = ^! let ?us mu* suffice1 = !y h be5 treat$ ( at suffici5t l5g? 9 my ,encyclia4#h ,a ?ird l9e ( life is t ( contemplation1 conc]n+ :i* we %all make our exam9ation 9 ! foll[+ pages4#i ,z = ! life ( money-mak+1 x is "o ( con/ra9t1 & weal? manife/ly is n ! good we are seek+1 because x is = use1 t is1 = ! sake ( some?+ fur!r3 & h5ce "o w\ld r conceive ! =em5tion$ ends to be ! "r ones1 = m5 re/ cont5t ) !m = _! own sakes4 ,yet1 cle>ly1 !y are n ! objects ( our se>* ei!r1 ?\gh _m words h be5 wa/$ on !m4#aj ,s mu* !n = ^!4 ,aga91 ! notion ( "o ,univ]sal ,good 7! same1 t is1 9 all ?+s71 x is bett] p]haps we %\ld exam9e1 & discuss ! mean+ ( x1 ?\gh su* an enquiry is unpleasant1 because !y are fri5ds ( ours :o h introduc$ ^! 4#aa ,/ill p]haps x may appe> bett]1 nay to be our duty :]e ! safety ( ! tru? is conc]n$1 to upset if ne$ be ev5 our own !ories1 specially z we are lov]s ( wisdom3 = s9ce bo? are de> to u1 we are b\nd to pref] ! tru?4 ,n[ !y :o inv5t$ ?is doctr9e ( 1 did n apply x to ^? ?+s 9 :i* !y spoke ( priority & po/]iority1 & s !y nev] made any ( numb]s2 b good is pr$icat$ 9 ! categories ( ,sub/ance1 ,quality1 & ,relation2 n[ t :i* exi/s ( itself1 i4e4 ,sub/ance1 is prior 9 ! nature ( ?+s to t :i* is relative1 because ?is latt] is an (f-%oot1 z x 71 & result ( t :i* is2 on _! own pr9ciple !n !re _c be a common 9 ! case ( ^!4 ,9 ! next place1 s9ce good is pr$icat$ 9 z _m ways z !re are modes ( exi/5ce = x is pr$icat$ 9 ! category ( ,sub/ance1 z ,god1 ,intellect--& 9 t ( ,quality1 z ,! ,virtues--& 9 t ( ,quantity1 z ,! ,mean--& 9 t ( ,relation1 z ,! ,useful--& 9 t ( ,"t1 z ,opportunity--& 9 t ( ,place1 z ,abode2 & o!r su* l ?+s1 x manife/ly _c be some?+ common & univ]sal & "o 9 all3 else x w\ld n h be5 pr$icat$ 9 all ! categories1 b 9 "o only4 ,?irdly1 s9ce ^? ?+s :i* range "u "o are also "u ! cognisance ( "o sci5ce1 !re w\ld h be51 on _! !ory1 only "o sci5ce tak+ cognisance ( all goods collectively3 b 9 fact !re are _m ev5 = ^? :i* range "u "o category3 = in/ance1 ( ,opportunity or ,seasonabl5ess 7:i* ,i h be=e m5tion$ z be+ 9 ! category ( ,"t71 ! sci5ce is1 9 w>1 g5]al%ip2 9 disease1 m$ical sci5ce2 & ( ! ,mean 7:i* ,i quot$ be=e z be+ 9 ! category ( ,quantity71 9 food1 ! m$ical sci5ce2 & 9 lab\r or ex]cise1 ! gymna/ic sci5ce4 ,a p]son might fairly d\bt also :at 9 ! _w !y mean by v-?is t or ! o!r1 s9ce1 z !y w\ld !mselves all[1 ! acc\nt ( ! humanity is "o & ! same 9 ! v-,man1 & 9 any individual ,man3 = s f> z ! individual & ! v-,man are bo? ,man1 !y w n diff] at all3 & if s1 !n v-good & any p>ticul> good w n diff]1 9 s f> z bo? are good4 ,nor w x d to say1 t ! et]nity ( ! v-good makes x to be m good2 = :at has la/$ :ite ev] s long1 is no :it] ?an :at la/s b = a day4 ,no4 ,! ,py?agoreans d seem to give a m cr$ible acc\nt ( ! matt]1 :o place 8,"o0 among ! goods 9 _! d\ble li/ ( goods & bads3#ab :i* philosoph]s1 9 fact1 ,speusippus#ac seems to h foll[$4 ,b ( ^! matt]s let u speak at "s o!r "t4 ,n[ !re is pla9ly a loophole to object to :at has be5 advanc$1 on ! plea t ! !ory ,i h attack$ is n by its advocates appli$ to all good3 b ^? goods only are spok5 ( z be+ "u "o 1 :i* are pursu$1 & ) :i* m5 re/ cont5t simply = _! own sakes3 :]eas ^? ?+s :i* h a t5d5cy to produce or pres]ve !m 9 any way1 or to h9d] _! contr>ies1 are call$ good because ( ^! o!r goods1 & aft] ano!r fa%ion4 ,x is manife/ !n t ! goods may be s call$ 9 two s5ses1 ! "o class = _! own sakes1 ! o!r because ( ^!4 ,v well !n1 let u sep>ate ! indep5d5t goods f ! in/rum5tal1 & see :e!r !y are spok5 ( z "u "o 4 ,b ! "q next arises1 :at k9d ( goods are we to call indep5d5t8 ,all su* z are pursu$ ev5 :5 sep>at$ f o!r goods1 z1 = in/ance1 be+ wise1 see+1 & c]ta9 pleasures & hon\rs 7= ^!1 ?\gh we d pursue !m ) "s fur!r end 9 view1 "o w\ld /ill place among ! indep5d5t goods78 or does x come 9 fact to ?is1 t we c call no?+ indep5d5t good except ! 1 & s ! concrete ( x w be n\ght8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! are indep5d5t goods1 !n we %all require t ! acc\nt ( ! goodness be ! same cle>ly 9 all1 j z t ( ! :it5ess is 9 sn[ & :ite lead4 ,b h[ /&s ! fact8 ,:y ( hon\r & wisdom & pleasure ! acc\nts are di/9ct & diff]5t 9 s f> z !y are good4 ,! ,*ief ,good !n is n some?+ common1 & aft] "o 4 ,b !n1 h[ does ! "n come to be common 7= x is n seem+ly a case ( =tuit\s equivocation78 ,are diff]5t individual ?+s call$ good by virtue ( be+ f "o s\rce1 or all conduc+ to "o end1 or r by way ( analogy1 = t intellect is to ! s\l z sight to ! body1 & s on8 ,h[ev]1 p]haps we ought to leave ^! que/ions n[1 = an accurate inve/igation ( !m is m prop]ly ! bus9ess ( a diff]5t philosophy4 ,& likewise respect+ ! 3 = ev5 if !re is "s "o good pr$icat$ 9 common ( all ?+s t are good1 or sep>able & capable ( exi/+ indep5d5tly1 manife/ly x _c be ! object ( human action or atta9able by ,man2 b we are 9 se>* n[ ( some?+ t is s4#ad ,x may readily occur to any "o1 t x w\ld be bett] to atta9 a k ( x ) a view to su* concrete goods z are atta9able & practical1 because1 ) ?is z a k9d ( model 9 our h&s1 we %all ! bett] "k :at ?+s are good = u individually1 & :5 we "k !m1 we %all atta9 !m4 ,"s plausibility1 x is true1 ?is argum5t possesses1 b x is contradict$ by ! facts ( ! ,arts & ,sci5ces2 = all ^!1 ?\gh aim+ at "s good1 & seek+ t :i* is defici5t1 yet pret]mit ! k ( x3 n[ x is n exactly probable t all artisans )\t exception %\ld be ignorant ( s great a help z ?is w\ld be1 & n ev5 look aft] x2 nei!r is x easy to see :]e9 a weav] or a c>p5t] w be pr(it$ 9 respect ( 8 craft by kn[+ ! v-good1 or h[ a man w be ! m apt to effect cures or to comm& an army = hav+ se5 ! itself4 ,= manife/ly x is n heal? aft] ?is g5]al & ab/ract fa%ion :i* is ! subject ( ! physician's inve/igation1 b ! heal? ( ,man1 or r p]haps ( ?is or t man2 = he has to heal individuals4--,?us mu* on ^! po9ts4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,& n[ let u rev]t to ! ,good ( :i* we are 9 se>*3 :at c x be8 = manife/ly x is diff]5t 9 diff]5t actions & arts3 = x is diff]5t 9 ! heal+ art & 9 ! art milit>y1 & simil>ly 9 ! re/4 ,:at !n is ! ,*ief ,good 9 ea*8 ,is x n 8t = ! sake ( :i* ! o!r ?+s are done80 & ?is 9 ! heal+ art is heal?1 & 9 ! art milit>y victory1 & 9 t ( h\se-build+ a h\se1 & 9 any o!r ?+ some?+ else2 9 %ort1 9 e action & moral *oice ! ,end1 because 9 all cases m5 d ev]y?+ else ) a view to ?is4 ,s t if !re is "s "o ,end ( all ?+s :i* are & may be done1 ?is mu/ be ! ,good propos$ by do+1 or if m ?an "o1 !n ^!4 ,?us our discussion aft] "s trav]s+ ab\t has come to ! same po9t :i* we rea*$ be=e4 ,& ?is we mu/ try yet m to cle> up4 ,n[ s9ce ! ends are pla9ly _m1 & ( ^! we *oose "s ) a view to o!rs 7weal?1 = in/ance1 musical in/rum5ts1 &1 9 g5]al1 all in/rum5ts71 x is cle> t all are n f9al3 b ! ,*ief ,good is manife/ly some?+ f9al2 & s1 if !re is "s "o only :i* is f9al1 ?is mu/ be ! object ( our se>*3 b if sev]al1 !n ! mo/ f9al ( !m w be x4 ,n[ t :i* is an object ( pursuit 9 itself we call m f9al ?an t :i* is s ) a view to some?+ else2 t aga9 :i* is nev] an object ( *oice ) a view to some?+ else ?an ^? :i* are s bo? 9 !mselves & ) a view to ?is ult]ior object3 & s by ! t]m 8absolutely f9al10 we d5ote t :i* is an object ( *oice always 9 itself1 & nev] ) a view to any o!r4 ,& ( ?is nature ,happ9ess is mo/ly ?\ght to be1 = ?is we *oose always = its own sake1 & nev] ) a view to any?+ fur!r3 :]eas hon\r1 pleasure1 intellect1 9 fact e excell5ce we *oose = _! own sakes1 x is true 7because we w\ld *oose ea* ( ^! ev5 if no result 7 to foll[71 b we *oose !m also ) a view to happ9ess1 conceiv+ t ?r\gh _! in/rum5tality we %all be happy3 b no man *ooses happ9ess ) a view to !m1 nor 9 fact ) a view to any o!r ?+ :atsoev]4 ,! same result#ae is se5 to foll[ also f ! notion ( self-suffici5cy1 a quality ?\ght to belong to ! f9al good4 ,n[ by suffici5t = ,self1 we mean n = a s+le individual liv+ a solit>y life1 b = 8 p>5ts also & *ildr5 & wife1 &1 9 g5]al1 fri5ds & c\ntrym52 = man is by nature adapt$ to a social exi/5ce4 ,b ( ^!1 ( c\rse1 "s limit mu/ be fix$3 = if "o ext5ds x to p>5ts & desc5dants & fri5ds' fri5ds1 !re is no end to x4 ,?is po9t1 h[ev]1 mu/ be left = future inve/igation3 = ! pres5t we def9e t to be self-suffici5t 8:i* tak5 alone makes life *oice-wor?y1 & to be 9 want ( no?+20 n[ ( su* k9d we ?9k ,happ9ess to be3 & fur!r1 to be mo/ *oice-wor?y ( all ?+s2 n be+ reckon$ ) any o!r ?+1#af = if x 7 s reckon$1 x is pla9 we mu/ !n all[ x1 ) ! addition ( ev] s small a good1 to be m *oice-wor?y ?an x 0 be=e3#ag because :at is put to x becomes an addition ( s mu* m good1 & ( goods ! great] is ev] ! m *oice-wor?y4 ,s !n ,happ9ess is manife/ly some?+ f9al & self-suffici5t1 be+ ! end ( all ?+s :i* are & may be done4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,b1 x may be1 to call ,happ9ess ! ,*ief ,good is a m]e truism1 & :at is want$ is "s cle>] acc\nt ( its real nature4 ,n[ ?is object may be easily atta9$1 :5 we h discov]$ :at is ! "w ( man2 = z 9 ! case ( flute-play]1 /atu>y1 or artisan ( any k9d1 or1 m g5]ally1 all :o h any "w or c\rse ( action1 _! ,*ief ,good & ,excell5ce is ?\ght to reside 9 _! "w1 s x w\ld seem to be ) man1 if !re is any "w belong+ to him4 ,are we !n to suppose1 t :ile c>p5t] & cobbl] h c]ta9 works & c\rses ( action1 ,man z ,man has none1 b is left by ,nature )\t a "w8 or w\ld n "o r hold1 t z eye1 h&1 & foot1 & g5]ally ea* ( 8 memb]s1 has manife/ly "s special "w2 s too ! :ole ,man1 z di/9ct f all ^!1 has "s "w ( 8 own8#ah ,:at !n c ?is be8 n m]e life1 because t pla9ly is %>$ ) him ev5 by vegetables1 & we want :at is peculi> to him4 ,we mu/ sep>ate (f !n ! life ( m]e n\ri%m5t & gr[?1 & next w come ! life ( s5sation3 b ?is aga9 manife/ly is common to horses1 ox51 & e animal4 ,!re rema9s !n a k9d ( life ( ! ,rational ,nature apt to act3 & ( ?is ,nature !re are two p>ts d5om9at$ ,rational1 ! "o z be+ ob$i5t to ,reason1 ! o!r z hav+ & ex]t+ x4 ,aga91 z ?is life is also spok5 ( 9 two ways1#ai we mu/ take t :i* is 9 ! way ( actual work+1 because ?is is ?\ght to be mo/ prop]ly entitl$ to ! "n4 ,if !n ! "w ( ,man is a work+ ( ! s\l 9 accordance ) reason1 or at lea/ n indep5d5tly ( reason1 & we say t ! "w ( any giv5 subject1 & ( t subject good ( its k9d1 are ! same 9 k9d 7z1 = in/ance1 ( a h>p-play] & a good h>p-play]1 & s on 9 e case1 add+ to ! "w em95ce 9 ! way ( excell5ce2 ,i mean1 ! "w ( a h>p-play] is to play ! h>p1 & ( a good h>p-play] to play x well72 if1 ,i say1 ?is is s1 & we assume ! "w ( ,man to be life ( a c]ta9 k9d1 t is to say a work+ ( ! s\l1 & actions ) reason1 & ( a good man to d ^! ?+s well & nobly1 & 9 fact ev]y?+ is f9i%$ (f well 9 ! way ( ! excell5ce :i* peculi>ly belongs to x3 if all ?is is s1 !n ! ,good ( ,man comes to be 8a work+ ( ! ,s\l 9 ! way ( ,excell5ce10 or1 if ,excell5ce admits ( degrees1 9 ! way ( ! be/ & mo/ p]fect ,excell5ce4 ,& we mu/ add1 2#bj = z x is n "o swall[ or "o f9e day t makes a spr+1 s x is n "o day or a %ort "t t makes a man bless$ & happy4 ,let ?is !n be tak5 = a r\gh sket* ( ! ,*ief ,good3 s9ce x is probably ! "r way to give fir/ ! outl9e1 & fill x 9 aft]w>ds4 ,& x w\ld seem t any man may improve & connect :at is good 9 ! sket*1 & t "t is a good discov]] & co-op]ator 9 su* matt]s3 x is ?us 9 fact t all improvem5ts 9 ! v>i\s arts h be5 br\ght ab\t1 = any man may fill up a defici5cy4 ,y mu/ rememb] also :at has be5 already /at$1 & n seek = exactness 9 all matt]s alike1 b 9 ea* accord+ to ! subject-matt]1 & s f> z prop]ly belongs to ! sy/em4 ,! c>p5t] & geometrician1 = in/ance1 enquire into ! "r l9e 9 diff]5t fa%ion3 ! =m] s f> z he wants x = 8 "w1 ! latt] enquires into its nature & prop]ties1 because he is conc]n$ ) ! tru?4 ,s !n %\ld "o d 9 o!r matt]s1 t ! incid5tal matt]s may n exce$ ! direct ones4 ,& aga91 y mu/ n dem& ! reason ei!r 9 all ?+s alike1#ba because 9 "s x is suffici5t t ! fact has be5 well demon/rat$1 :i* is ! case ) fir/ pr9ciples2 & ! fact is ! fir/ /ep1 i4e4 />t+-po9t or pr9ciple4 ,& ( ^! fir/ pr9ciples "s are obta9$ by induction1 "s by p]ception1#bb "s by a c\rse ( habituation1 o!rs 9 o!r diff]5t ways4 ,& we mu/ try to trace up ea* 9 _! own nature1 & take pa9s to secure _! be+ well def9$1 because !y h great influ5ce on :at foll[s3 x is ?\ght1 ,i mean1 t ! />t+-po9t or pr9ciple is m ?an half ! :ole matt]1 & t _m ( ! po9ts ( enquiry come simultane\sly into view !reby4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,we mu/ n[ enquire conc]n+ ,happ9ess1 n only f our conclusion & ! data on :i* our reason+ proce$s1 b likewise f :at is commonly said ab\t x3 because ) :at is true all ?+s :i* really are are 9 h>mony1 b ) t :i* is false ! true v soon j>s4 ,n[ !re is a common division ( goods into ?ree classes2 "o be+ call$ ext]nal1 ! o!r two ^? ( ! s\l & body respectively1 & ^? belong+ to ! s\l we call mo/ prop]ly & specially good4 ,well1 9 our def9ition we assume t ! actions & work+s ( ! s\l con/itute ,happ9ess1 & ^! ( c\rse belong to ! s\l4 ,& s our acc\nt is a good "o1 at lea/ accord+ to ?is op9ion1 :i* is ( anci5t date1 & accept$ by ^? :o pr(ess philosophy4 ,rightly too are c]ta9 actions & work+s said to be ! end1 = ?us x is br\ght into ! numb] ( ! goods ( ! s\l in/ead ( ! ext]nal4 ,agree+ also ) our def9ition is ! common notion1 t ! happy man lives well & does well1 = x has be5 /at$ by u to be pretty mu* a k9d ( liv+ well & do+ well4 ,& fur!r1 ! po9ts requir$ 9 ,happ9ess are f\nd 9 comb9ation 9 our acc\nt ( x4 ,= "s ?9k x is virtue1 o!rs practical wisdom1 o!rs a k9d ( sci5tific philosophy2 o!rs t x is ^!1 or else "s "o ( !m1 9 comb9ation ) pleasure1 or at lea/ n indep5d5tly ( x2 :ile o!rs aga9 take 9 ext]nal prosp]ity4 ,( ^! op9ions1 "s re/ on ! au?ority ( numb]s or antiquity1 o!rs on t ( few1 & ^? m5 ( note3 & x is n likely t ei!r ( ^! classes %\ld be wrong 9 all po9ts1 b be "r at lea/ 9 "s "o1 or ev5 9 mo/4 ,n[ ) ^? :o ass]t x to be ,virtue 7,excell5ce71 or "s k9d ( ,virtue1 our acc\nt agrees3 = work+ 9 ! way ( ,excell5ce surely belongs to ,excell5ce4 ,& !re is p]haps no unimportant diff]5ce betwe5 conceiv+ ( ! ,*ief ,good z 9 possession or z 9 use1 9 o!r words1 z a m]e /ate or z a work+4 ,= ! /ate or habit#bc may possibly exi/ 9 a subject )\t effect+ any good1 z1 = in/ance1 9 him :o is asleep1 or 9 any o!r way inactive2 b ! work+ _c s1 = x w ( necessity act1 & act well4 ,& z at ! ,olympic games x is n ! f9e/ & /ronge/ m5 :o are cr[n$1 b !y :o ent] ! li/s1 = out ( ^! ! prize-m5 are select$2 s too 9 life1 ( ! hon\rable & ! good1 x is !y :o act :o rightly w9 ! prizes4#bd ,_! life too is 9 itself pleasant3 = ! feel+ ( pleasure is a m5tal s5sation1 & t is to ea* pleasant ( :i* he is said to be fond3 a horse1 = in/ance1 to him :o is fond ( horses1 & a sight to him :o is fond ( sights3 & s 9 l mann] j acts to him :o is fond ( ju/ice1 & m g5]ally ! ?+s 9 accordance ) virtue to him :o is fond ( virtue4 ,n[ 9 ! case ( ! multitude ( m5 ! ?+s :i* !y individually e/eem pleasant cla%1 because !y are n su* by nature1 :]eas to ! lov]s ( nobl5ess ^? ?+s are pleasant :i* are su* by nature3 b ! actions 9 accordance ) virtue are ( ?is k9d1 s t !y are pleasant bo? to ! individuals & also 9 !mselves4 ,s !n _! life has no ne$ ( pleasure z a k9d ( additional app5dage1 b involves pleasure 9 itself4 ,=1 besides :at ,i h j m5tion$1 a man is n a good man at all :o feels no pleasure 9 noble actions1#be j z no "o w\ld call t man j :o does n feel pleasure 9 act+ ju/ly1 or lib]al :o does n 9 lib]al actions1 & simil>ly 9 ! case ( ! o!r virtues :i* might be enum]at$3 & if ?is be s1 !n ! actions 9 accordance ) virtue mu/ be 9 !mselves pleasurable4 ,!n aga9 !y are c]ta9ly good & noble1 & ea* ( ^! 9 ! highe/ degree2 if we are to take z "r ! judgm5t ( ! good man1 = he judges z we h said4 ,?us !n ,happ9ess is mo/ excell5t1 mo/ noble1 & mo/ pleasant1 & ^! attributes are n sep>at$ z 9 ! well-kn[n ,delian inscription-- 8,mo/ noble is t :i* is mo/ j1 b be/ is heal?2 ,& naturally mo/ pleasant is ! obta9+ "o's desires40 ,= all ^! co-exi/ 9 ! be/ acts ( work+3 & we say t ,happ9ess is ^!1 or "o1 t is1 ! be/ ( !m4 ,/ill#bf x is q pla9 t x does require ! addition ( ext]nal goods1 z we h said3 because )\t appliances x is impossible1 or at all ev5ts n easy1 to d noble actions3 = fri5ds1 money1 & political influ5ce are 9 a mann] in/rum5ts :]eby _m ?+s are done3 "s ?+s !re are aga9 a defici5cy 9 :i* m>s bless$ness2 good bir?1 = in/ance1 or f9e (fspr+1 or ev5 p]sonal beauty3 = he is n at all capable ( ,happ9ess :o is v ugly1 or is ill-born1 or solit>y & *ildless2 & /ill less p]haps suppos+ him to h v bad *ildr5 or fri5ds1 or to h lo/ good ones by dea?4 ,z we h said already1 ! addition ( prosp]ity ( ?is k9d does seem necess>y to complete ! idea ( ,happ9ess2 h5ce "s rank good =tune1 & o!rs virtue1 ) ,happ9ess4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,& h5ce too a "q is rais$1 :e!r x is a ?+ t c be le>n$1 or acquir$ by habituation or discipl9e ( "s o!r k9d1 or :e!r x comes 9 ! way ( div9e disp5sation1 or ev5 9 ! way ( *ance4 ,n[ to be sure1 if any?+ else is a gift ( ! ,gods to m51 x is probable t ,happ9ess is a gift ( !irs too1 & specially because ( all human goods x is ! highe/4 ,b ?is1 x may be1 is a "q belong+ m prop]ly to an inve/igation diff]5t f ours3#bg & x is q cle>1 t on ! supposition ( its n be+ s5t f ! ,gods direct1 b com+ to u by reason ( virtue & le>n+ ( a c]ta9 k9d1 or discipl9e1 x is yet "o ( ! mo/ ,godlike ?+s2 because ! prize & ,end ( virtue is manife/ly some:at mo/ excell5t1 nay div9e & bless$4 ,x w also on ?is supposition be widely p>ticipat$1 = x may ?r\gh le>n+ & dilig5ce ( a c]ta9 k9d exi/ 9 all :o h n be5 maim$#bh = virtue4 ,& if x is bett] we %\ld be happy ?us ?an z a result ( *ance1 ?is is 9 itself an argum5t t ! case is s2 because ^? ?+s :i* are 9 ! way ( nature1 & 9 l mann] ( art1 & ( e cause1 & specially ! be/ cause1 are by nature 9 ! be/ way possible3 to leave !m to *ance :at is greate/ & mo/ noble w\ld be v mu* out ( h>mony ) all ^! facts4#bi ,! "q may be det]m9$ also by a ref]5ce to our def9ition ( ,happ9ess1 t x is a work+ ( ! s\l 9 ! way ( excell5ce or virtue ( a c]ta9 k9d3 & ( ! o!r goods1 "s we mu/ h to beg9 )1 & ^? :i* are co-op]ative & useful are giv5 by nature z in/rum5ts4#cj ,^! consid]ations w h>monise also ) :at we said at ! comm5cem5t3 = we assum$ ! ,end ( to be mo/ excell5t3 n[ ?is be/[s mo/ c>e on mak+ ! memb]s ( ! community ( a c]ta9 "*2 good t is & apt to d :at is hon\rable4 ,) good reason !n nei!r ox nor horse nor any o!r brute animal d we call happy1 = none ( !m c p>take 9 su* work+3 & = ?is same reason a *ild is n happy ei!r1 because by reason ( 8 t5d] age he _c yet p]=m su* actions3 if ! t]m is appli$1 x is by way ( anticipation4 ,= to con/itute ,happ9ess1 !re mu/ be1 z we h said1 complete virtue & a complete life3 = _m *anges & *ances ( all k9ds arise dur+ a life1 & he :o is mo/ prosp]\s may become involv$ 9 great mis=tunes 9 8 old age1 z 9 ! h]oic poems ! tale is told ( ,priam3 b ! man :o has exp]i5c$ su* =tune & di$ 9 wret*$ness1 no man calls happy4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,are we !n to call no man happy :ile he lives1 &1 z ,solon w\ld h u1 look to ! end8 ,& aga91 if we are to ma9ta9 ?is position1 is a man !n happy :5 he is dead8 or is n ?is a complete absurdity1 specially 9 u :o say ,happ9ess is a work+ ( a c]ta9 k9d8 ,if on ! o!r h& we d n ass]t t ! dead man is happy1 & ,solon does n mean ?is1 b only t "o w\ld !n be safe 9 pron\nc+ a man happy1 z be+ !nce=w>d out ( ! rea* ( evils & mis=tunes1 ?is too admits ( "s dispute1 s9ce x is ?\ght t ! dead has some:at bo? ( good & evil 7if1 z we mu/ all[1 a man may h :5 alive b n aw>e ( ! circum/ances71 z hon\r & di%on\r1 & good & bad =tune ( *ildr5 & desc5dants g5]ally4 ,nor is ?is view aga9 )\t its difficulties3 =1 aft] a man has liv$ 9 bless$ness to old age & di$ accord+ly1 _m *anges may befall him 9 "r ( 8 desc5dants2 "s ( !m may be good & obta9 positions 9 life accordant to _! m]its1 o!rs aga9 q ! contr>y3 x is pla9 too t ! desc5dants may at diff]5t int]vals or grades /& 9 all mann] ( relations to ! ance/ors4#ca ,absurd inde$ w\ld be ! position t ev5 ! dead man is to *ange ab\t ) !m & become at "o "t happy & at ano!r mis]able4 ,absurd h[ev] x is on ! o!r h& t ! affairs ( ! desc5dants %\ld 9 no degree & dur+ no "t affect ! ance/ors4 ,b we mu/ rev]t to ! po9t fir/ rais$1#cb s9ce ! pres5t "q w be easily det]m9$ f t4 ,if !n we are to look to ! end & !n pron\nce ! man bless$1 n z be+ s b z hav+ be5 s at "s previ\s "t1 surely x is absurd t :5 he is happy ! tru? is n to be ass]t$ ( him1 because we are unwill+ to pron\nce ! liv+ happy by reason ( _! liability to *anges1 & because1 :]eas we h conceiv$ ( happ9ess z some?+ /able & no way easily *angeable1 ! fact is t good & bad =tune are con/antly circl+ ab\t ! same p3 = x is q pla91 t if we are to dep5d ^u ! =tunes ( m51 we %all (t5 h to call ! same man happy1 & a little :ile aft] mis]able1 ?us repres5t+ our happy man1 8,*ameleon-l1 & bas$ on rott5ness40 ,is n ?is ! solution8 t to make our s5t5ce dep5d5t on ! *anges ( =tune1 is no way "r3 = n 9 !m /&s ! well1 or ! ill1 b ?\gh human life ne$s ^! z accessories 7:i* we h all[$ already71 ! work+s 9 ! way ( virtue are :at det]m9e ,happ9ess1 & ! contr>y ! contr>y4 ,&1 by ! way1 ! "q :i* has be5 "h discuss$1 te/ifies incid5tally to ! tru? ( our acc\nt ( ,happ9ess4#cc ,= to no?+ does a /ability ( human results atta* s mu* z x does to ! work+s 9 ! way ( virtue1 s9ce ^! are held to be m abid+ ev5 ?an ! sci5ces3 & ( ^! la/ aga9#cd ! mo/ preci\s are ! mo/ abid+1 because ! bless$ live 9 !m mo/ & mo/ cont9u\sly1 :i* seems to be ! reason :y !y are n =gott54 ,s !n ?is /ability :i* is s\ght w be 9 ! happy man1 & he w be su* ?r\gh life1 s9ce always1 or mo/ ( all1 he w be do+ & contemplat+ ! ?+s :i* are 9 ! way ( virtue3 & ! v>i\s *ances ( life he w be> mo/ nobly1 & at all times & 9 all ways h>moni\sly1 s9ce he is ! truly good man1 or 9 ! t]ms ( our prov]b 8a faultless cube40 ,& :]eas ! incid5ts ( *ance are _m1 & diff] 9 greatness & smallness1 ! small pieces ( good or ill =tune evid5tly d n affect ! balance ( life1 b ! great & num]\s1 if happ5+ = good1 w make life m bless$ 7= x is _! nature to contribute to ornam5t1 & ! us+ ( !m comes to be noble & excell5t71 b if = ill1 !y bruise z x 7 & maim ! bless$ness3 = !y br+ 9 positive pa91 & h9d] _m acts ( work+4 ,b /ill1 ev5 9 ^!1 nobl5ess %9es ?r\gh :5 a man be>s cont5t$ly _m & great mis*ances n f ins5sibility to pa9 b because he is noble & high-spirit$4 ,& if1 z we h said1 ! acts ( work+ are :at det]m9e ! "* ( ! life1 no "o ( ! bless$ c ev] become wret*$1 because he w nev] d ^? ?+s :i* are hateful & mean4 ,= ! man :o is truly good & s5sible be>s all =tunes1 we presume1 becom+ly1 & always does :at is noble/ "u ! circum/ances1 j z a good g5]al employs to ! be/ advantage ! =ce he has ) him2 or a good %oemak] makes ! h&some/ %oe he c out ( ! lea!r :i* has be5 giv5 him2 & all o!r good artisans likewise4 ,& if ?is be s1 wret*$ nev] c ! happy man come to be3 ,i d n mean to say he w be bless$ %\ld he fall into =tunes l ^? ( ,priam4 ,nor1 9 tru?1 is he %ift+ & easily *angeable1 = on ! "o h& f 8 happ9ess he w n be %ak5 easily nor by ord9>y mis*ances1 b1 if at all1 by ^? :i* are great & num]\s2 &1 on ! o!r1 aft] su* mis*ances he _c rega9 8 happ9ess 9 a little "t2 b1 if at all1 9 a long & complete p]iod1 dur+ :i* he has made himself ma/] ( great & noble ?+s4 ,:y !n %\ld we n call happy ! man :o works 9 ! way ( p]fect virtue1 & is furni%$ ) ext]nal goods suffici5t = act+ 8 "p 9 ! drama ( life3#ce & ?is dur+ no ord9>y p]iod b su* z con/itutes a complete life z we h be5 describ+ x4 ,or we mu/ add1 t n only is he to live s1 b 8 dea? mu/ be 9 keep+ ) su* life1 s9ce ! future is d>k to u1 & ,happ9ess we assume to be 9 e way an end & complete4 ,&1 if ?is be s1 we %all call !m among ! liv+ bless$ :o h & w h ! ?+s specifi$1 b bless$ z ,m54#cf ,on ^! po9ts !n let x suffice to h d5n$ ?us mu*4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,n[ t ! =tunes ( _! desc5dants1 & fri5ds g5]ally1 contribute no?+ t[>ds =m+ ! condition ( ! dead1 is pla9ly a v he>tless notion1 & contr>y to ! curr5t op9ions4 ,b s9ce ?+s :i* befall are _m1 & diff] 9 all k9ds ( ways1 & "s t\* m ne>ly1 o!rs less1 to g into m9ute p>ticul> di/9ctions w\ld evid5tly be a long & endless task3 & s x may suffice to speak g5]ally & 9 outl9e4 ,if !n1 z ( ! mis=tunes :i* happ5 to "o's self1 "s h a c]ta9 weight & turn ! balance ( life1 :ile o!rs are1 s to speak1 light]2 s x is likewise ) ^? :i* befall all our fri5ds alike2 if fur!r1 :e!r !y :om ea* suff]+ befalls be alive or dead makes mu* m diff]5ce ?an 9 a trag$y ! presuppos+ or actual p]petration ( ! v>i\s crimes & horrors1 we mu/ take into our acc\nt ?is diff]5ce also1 & /ill m p]haps ! d\bt conc]n+ ! dead :e!r !y really p>take ( any good or evil2 x seems to result f all ^! consid]ations1 t if any?+ does pi]ce ! veil & rea* !m1 be ! same good or bad1 x mu/ be some?+ trivial & small1 ei!r 9 itself or to !m2 or at lea/ ( su* a magnitude or su* a k9d z nei!r to make happy !m t are n s o!rwise1 nor to deprive ( _! bless$ness !m t are4#cg ,x is pla9 !n t ! good or ill =tunes ( _! fri5ds d affect ! dead some:at3 b 9 su* k9d & degree z nei!r to make ! happy unhappy nor produce any o!r su* effect4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ^! po9ts1 let u exam9e ) respect to ,happ9ess1 :e!r x belongs to ! class ( ?+s praisewor?y or ?+s preci\s2 = to t ( faculties#ch x evid5tly does n4 ,n[ x is pla9 t ev]y?+ :i* is a subject ( praise is prais$ = be+ ( a c]ta9 k9d & be>+ a c]ta9 relation to some?+ else3 = in/ance1 ! j1 & ! valiant1 & g5]ally ! good man1 & virtue itself1 we praise because ( ! actions & ! results3 & ! /rong man1 & ! quick runn]1 & s =?1 we praise = be+ ( a c]ta9 nature & be>+ a c]ta9 relation to some?+ good & excell5t 7& ?is is illu/rat$ by attempts to praise ! gods2 = !y are pres5t$ 9 a ludicr\s aspect#ci by be+ ref]r$ to our /&>d1 & ?is results f ! fact1 t all praise does1 z we h said1 imply ref]5ce to a /&>d74 ,n[ if x is to su* objects t praise belongs1 x is evid5t t :at is applicable to ! be/ objects is n praise1 b some?+ high] & bett]3 :i* is pla9 matt] ( fact1 = n only d we call ! gods bless$ & happy1 b ( m5 also we pron\nce ^? bless$ :o mo/ ne>ly resemble ! gods4 ,& 9 l mann] 9 respect ( goods2 no man ?9ks ( prais+ ,happ9ess z he does ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 b calls x bless$1 z be+ some:at m godlike & m excell5t4 ,eudoxus#dj too is ?\ght to h advanc$ a s\nd argum5t 9 support ( ! claim ( pleasure to ! highe/ prize3 = ! fact t1 ?\gh x is "o ( ! good ?+s1 x is n prais$1 he took = an indication ( its sup]iority to ^? :i* are subjects ( praise3 a sup]iority he attribut$ also to a god & ! ,*ief ,good1 on ! gr\nd t !y =m ! /&>d to :i* ev]y?+ besides is ref]r$4 ,= praise applies to virtue1 because x makes m5 apt to d :at is noble2 b encomia to def9ite works ( body or m9d4#da ,h[ev]1 x is p]haps m suitable to a regul> treatise on encomia to pursue ?is topic ) exactness3 x is en\gh = our purpose t f :at has be5 said x is evid5t t ,happ9ess belongs to ! class ( ?+s preci\s & f9al4 ,& x seems to be s also because ( its be+ a />t+-po9t2 :i* x is1 9 t ) a view to x we all d ev]y?+ else t is done2 n[ ! />t+-po9t & cause ( good ?+s we assume to be some?+ preci\s & div9e4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ,happ9ess is a k9d ( work+ ( ! s\l 9 ! way ( p]fect ,excell5ce1 we mu/ enquire conc]n+ ,excell5ce3 = s probably %all we h a cle>] view conc]n+ ,happ9ess2 & aga91 he :o is really a /atesman is g5]ally ?\ght to h sp5t mo/ pa9s on ?is1 = he wi%es to make ! citiz5s good & ob$i5t to ! laws4 7,= examples ( ?is class we h ! lawgiv]s ( ! ,cretans & ,lac$monians & :atev] o!r su* !re h be547 ,b if ?is inve/igation belongs prop]ly to 1 !n cle>ly ! enquiry w be 9 accordance ) our orig9al design4 ,well1 we are to enquire conc]n+ ,excell5ce1 i4e4 ,human ,excell5ce ( c\rse1 because x 0 ! ,*ief ,good ( ,man & ! ,happ9ess ( ,man t we 7 enquir+ ( j n[4 ,& by ,human ,excell5ce we mean n t ( man's body b t ( 8 s\l2 = we call ,happ9ess a work+ ( ! ,s\l4 ,& if ?is is s1 x is pla9 t "s k ( ! nature ( ! ,s\l is necess>y = ! /atesman1 j z = ! oculi/ a k ( ! :ole body1 & ! m s 9 proportion z is m preci\s & high] ?an ! heal+ art3 & 9 fact physicians ( ! high] class d busy !mselves mu* ) ! k ( ! body4 ,s !n ! /atesman is to consid] ! nature ( ! ,s\l3 b he mu/ d s ) ^! objects 9 view1 & s f> only z may suffice = ! objects ( 8 special enquiry3 = to c>ry 8 speculations to a great] exactness is p]haps a task m labori\s ?an falls )9 8 prov9ce4 ,9 fact1 ! few /atem5ts made on ! subject 9 my popul> treatises are q en\gh1 & accord+ly we w adopt !m "h3 z1 t ! ,s\l consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! ,irrational & ! ,rational 7z to :e!r ^! are actually divid$1 z are ! p>ts ( ! body1 & ev]y?+ t is capable ( division2 or are only metaphysically speak+ two1 be+ by nature insep>able1 z are convex & concave circumf]5ces1 matt]s n 9 respect ( our pres5t purpose74 ,& ( ! ,irrational1 ! "o "p seems common to o!r objects1 & 9 fact vegetative2 ,i mean ! cause ( n\ri%m5t & gr[? 7= su* a faculty ( ! ,s\l "o w\ld assume to exi/ 9 all ?+s t receive n\ri%m5t1 ev5 9 embryos1 & ?is ! same z 9 ! p]fect creatures2 = ?is is m likely ?an t x %\ld be a diff]5t "o74 ,n[ ! ,excell5ce ( ?is manife/ly is n peculi> to ! human species b common to o!rs3 = ?is "p & ?is faculty is ?\ght to "w mo/ 9 "t ( sleep1 & ! good & bad man are lea/ di/+ui%able :ile asleep2 :5ce x is a common say+ t dur+ "o half ( life !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! happy & ! wret*$2 & ?is accords ) our anticipations1 = sleep is an inactivity ( ! s\l1 9 s f> z x is d5om9at$ good or bad1 except t 9 "s wise "s ( its movem5ts f9d _! way ?r\gh ! veil & s ! good come to h bett] dreams ?an ord9>y m54 ,b en\gh ( ?is3 we mu/ =ego any fur!r m5tion ( ! nutritive "p1 s9ce x is n naturally capable ( ! ,excell5ce :i* is peculi>ly human4 ,& !re seems to be ano!r ,irrational ,nature ( ! ,s\l1 :i* yet 9 a way p>takes ( ,reason4 ,= 9 ! man :o controls 8 appetites1 & 9 him :o resolves to d s & fails1 we praise ! ,reason or ,rational "p ( ! ,s\l1 because x exhorts aright & to ! be/ c\rse3 b cle>ly !re is 9 !m1 beside ! ,reason1 "s o!r natural pr9ciple :i* fights ) & /ra9s aga9/ ! ,reason4 7,= 9 pla9 t]ms1 j z p>alys$ limbs ( ! body :5 _! own]s w\ld move !m to ! "r are borne aside 9 a contr>y direction to ! left1 s is x 9 ! case ( ! ,s\l1 = ! impulses ( m5 :o _c control _! appetites are to contr>y po9ts3 ! diff]5ce is t 9 ! case ( ! body we d see :at is borne aside b 9 ! case ( ! s\l we d n4 ,b1 x may be1 n ! less#db on t acc\nt are we to suppose t !re is 9 ! ,s\l also some:at besides ! ,reason1 :i* is oppos$ to ?is & goes aga9/ x2 z to h[ x is diff]5t1 t is irrelevant47 ,b ( ,reason ?is too does evid5tly p>take1 z we h said3 = in/ance1 9 ! man ( self-control x obeys ,reason3 & p]haps 9 ! man ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y1#dc or ! brave man1 x is yet m ob$i5t2 9 !m x agrees entirely ) ! ,reason4 ,s !n ! ,irrational is pla9ly tw(old3 ! "o "p1 ! m]ely vegetative1 has no %>e ( ,reason1 b t ( desire1 or appetition g5]ally1 does p>take ( x 9 a s5se1 9 s f> z x is ob$i5t to x & capable ( submitt+ to its rule4 7,s too 9 common phrase we say we h ( our fa!r or fri5ds1 & ?is 9 a diff]5t s5se f t 9 :i* we say we h ( ma!matics47#dd ,n[ t ! ,irrational is 9 "s way p]suad$ by ! ,reason1 admonition1 & e act ( rebuke & exhortation indicate4 ,if !n we are to say t ?is also has ,reason1 !n ! ,rational1 z well z ! ,irrational1 w be tw(old1 ! "o supremely & 9 itself1 ! o!r pay+ x a k9d ( filial reg>d4 ,! ,excell5ce ( ,man !n is divid$ 9 accordance ) ?is diff]5ce3 we make two classes1 call+ ! "o ,intellectual1 & ! o!r ,moral2 pure sci5ce1 intellig5ce1 & practical wisdom--,intellectual3 lib]ality1 & p]fect$ self-ma/]y--,moral3 9 speak+ ( a man's ,moral "*1 we d n say he is a sci5tific or intellig5t b a meek man1 or "o ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y3 & we praise ! man ( sci5ce 9 "r ( 8 m5tal /ate2#de & ( ^! su* z are praisewor?y we call ,excell5ces4 ,,book ,,ii ,*apt] ,i4 ,well3 human ,excell5ce is ( two k9ds1 ,intellectual & ,moral3#a n[ ! ,intellectual spr+s orig9ally1 & is increas$ subsequ5tly1 f tea*+ 7= ! mo/ "p t is#b71 & ne$s !re=e exp]i5ce & "t2 :]eas ! ,moral comes f cu/om1 & s ! ,greek t]m d5ot+ x is b a slight deflection f ! t]m d5ot+ cu/om 9 t language4 ,f ?is fact x is pla9 t n "o ( ! ,moral ,virtues comes to be 9 u m]ely by nature3 because ( su* ?+s z exi/ by nature1 none c be *ang$ by cu/om3 a /one1 = in/ance1 by nature gravitat+ d[nw>ds1 c\ld nev] by cu/om be br\ght to asc5d1 n ev5 if "o 7 to try & accu/om x by ?r[+ x up t5 ?\s& times2 nor c\ld file aga9 be br\ght to desc5d1 nor 9 fact c\ld any?+ ^: nature is 9 "o way be br\ght by cu/om to be 9 ano!r4 ,! ,virtues !n come to be 9 u nei!r by nature1 nor 9 despite ( nature1#c b we are furni%$ by nature ) a capacity = receiv+ !mu & are p]fect$ 9 !m ?r\gh cu/om4 ,aga91 9 :atev] cases we get ?+s by nature1 we get ! faculties fir/ & p]=m ! acts ( work+ aft]w>ds2 an illu/ration ( :i* is af=d$ by ! case ( our bodily s5ses1 = x 0 n f hav+ (t5 se5 or he>d t we got ^! s5ses1 b j ! rev]se3 we _h !m & s ex]cis$ !m1 b did n h !m because we _h ex]cis$ !m4 ,b ! ,virtues we get by fir/ p]=m+ s+le acts ( work+1 :i*1 aga91 is ! case ( o!r ?+s1 z ! arts = in/ance2 = :at we h to make :5 we h le>n$ h[1 ^! we le>n h[ to make by mak+3 m5 come to be build]s1 = in/ance1 by build+2 h>p-play]s1 by play+ on ! h>p3 exactly s1 by do+ j actions we come to be j2 by do+ ! actions ( self-ma/]y we come to be p]fect$ 9 self-ma/]y2 & by do+ brave actions brave4 ,& to ! tru? ( ?is te/imony is borne by :at takes place 9 communities3 because ! law-giv]s make ! individual memb]s good m5 by habituation1 & ?is is ! int5tion c]ta9ly ( e law-giv]1 & all :o d n effect x well fail ( _! int5t2 & h]e9 consi/s ! diff]5ce betwe5 a good ,con/itution & a bad4 ,aga91 e ,virtue is ei!r produc$ or de/roy$ f & by ! v same circum/ances3 art too 9 l mann]2 ,i mean x is by play+ ! h>p t bo? ! good & ! bad h>p-play]s are =m$3 & simil>ly build]s & all ! re/2 by build+ well m5 w become good build]s2 by do+ x badly bad ones3 9 fact1 if ?is _h n be5 s1 !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ ( in/ructors1 b all m5 w\ld h be5 at once good or bad 9 _! sev]al arts )\t !m4 ,s too !n is x ) ! ,virtues3 = by act+ 9 ! v>i\s relations 9 :i* we are ?r[n ) our fell[ m51 we come to be1 "s j1 "s unju/3 & by act+ 9 dang]\s positions & be+ habituat$ to feel fe> or confid5ce1 we come to be1 "s brave1 o!rs c[>ds4 ,simil>ly is x also ) respect to ! occasions ( lu/ & ang]3 = "s m5 come to be p]fect$ 9 self-ma/]y & mild1 o!rs de/itute ( all self-control & passionate2 ! "o class by behav+ 9 "o way "u !m1 ! o!r by behav+ 9 ano!r4 ,or1 9 "o ^w1 ! habits are produc$ f ! acts ( work+ l to !m3 & s :at we h to d is to give a c]ta9 "* to ^! p>ticul> acts1 because ! habits =m$ correspond to ! diff]5ces ( ^!4 ,s !n1 :e!r we are accu/om$ ?is way or t /raight f *ildhood1 makes n a small b an important diff]5ce1 or r ,i w\ld say x makes all ! diff]5ce4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,s9ce !n ! object ( ! pres5t treatise is n m]e speculation1 z x is ( "s o!rs 7= we are enquir+ n m]ely t we may "k :at virtue is b t we may become virtu\s1 else x w\ld h be5 useless71 we mu/ consid] z to ! p>ticul> actions h[ we are to d !m1 because1 z we h j said1 ! quality ( ! habits t %all be =m$ dep5ds on ^!4 ,n[1 t we are to act 9 accordance ) ,"r ,reason is a g5]al maxim1 & may = ! pres5t be tak5 = grant$3 we w speak ( x h]eaft]1 & say bo? :at ,"r ,reason is1 & :at are its relations to ! o!r virtues4#d ,b let ?is po9t be fir/ ?or\ghly und]/ood betwe5 u1 t all :i* c be said on moral action mu/ be said 9 outl9e1 z x 71 & n exactly3 = z we rem>k$ at ! comm5cem5t1 su* reason+ only mu/ be requir$ z ! nature ( ! subject-matt] admits (1 & matt]s ( moral action & exp$i5cy h no fix$ness any m ?an matt]s ( heal?4 ,& if ! subject 9 its g5]al maxims is su*1 /ill less 9 its application to p>ticul> cases is exactness atta9able3#e because ^! fall n "u any art or sy/em ( rules1 b x mu/ be left 9 ea* in/ance to ! individual ag5ts to look to ! exig5cies ( ! p>ticul> case1 z x is 9 ! art ( heal+1 or t ( navigat+ a %ip4 ,/ill1 ?\gh ! pres5t subject is confess$ly su*1 we mu/ try & d :at we c = x4 ,fir/ !n ?is mu/ be not$1 t x is ! nature ( su* ?+s to be spoil$ by defect & excess2 z we see 9 ! case ( heal? & /r5g? 7s9ce = ! illu/ration ( ?+s :i* _c be se5 we mu/ use ^? t c71 = excessive tra9+ impairs ! /r5g? z well z defici5t3 meat & dr9k1 9 l mann]1 9 too great or too small quantities1 impair ! heal?3 :ile 9 due proportion !y cause1 increase1 & pres]ve x4 ,?us x is !re=e ) ! habits ( p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y & ,c\rage & ! re/ ( ! ,virtues3 = ! man :o flies f & fe>s all ?+s1 & nev] /&s up aga9/ any?+1 comes to be a c[>d2 & he :o fe>s no?+1 b goes at ev]y?+1 comes to be ra%4 ,9 l mann] too1 he t ta/es ( e pleasure & ab/a9s f none comes to lose all self-control2 :ile he :o avoids all1 z d ! dull & cl[ni%1 comes z x 7 to lose 8 faculties ( p]ception3 t is to say1 ! habits ( p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y & ,c\rage are spoil$ by ! excess & defect1 b by ! mean /ate are pres]v$4 ,fur!rmore1 n only d ! orig9ation1 gr[?1 & m>r+ ( ! habits come f & by ! same circum/ances1 b also ! acts ( work+ aft] ! habits are =m$ w be ex]cis$ on ! same3 = s x is also ) ^? o!r ?+s :i* are m directly matt]s ( sight1 /r5g? = in/ance3 = ?is comes by tak+ pl5ty ( food & do+ pl5ty ( "w1 & ! man :o has atta9$ /r5g? is be/ able to d ^!3 & s x is ) ! ,virtues1 = n only d we by ab/a9+ f pleasures come to be p]fect$ 9 ,self-,ma/]y1 b :5 we h come to be s we c be/ ab/a9 f !m3 simil>ly too ) ,c\rage3 = x is by accu/om+ ourselves to despise objects ( fe> & /& up aga9/ !m t we come to be brave2 & aft] we h come to be s we %all be be/ able to /& up aga9/ su* objects4 ,& = a te/ ( ! =mation ( ! habits we mu/ take ! pleasure or pa9 :i* succe$s ! acts2 = he is p]fect$ 9 ,self-,ma/]y :o n only ab/a9s f ! bodily pleasures b is glad to d s2 :]eas he :o ab/a9s b is sorry to d x has n ,self-,ma/]y3 he aga9 is brave :o /&s up aga9/ dang]1 ei!r ) positive pleasure or at lea/ )\t any pa92 :]eas he :o does x ) pa9 is n brave4#f ,= ,moral ,virtue has = its object-matt] pleasures & pa9s1 because by reason ( pleasure we d :at is bad1 & by reason ( pa9 decl9e do+ :at is "r 7= :i* cause1 z ,plato obs]ves1 m5 %\ld h be5 tra9$ /raight f _! *ildhood to receive pleasure & pa9 f prop] objects1 = ?is is ! "r education74 ,aga93 s9ce ,virtues h to d ) actions & feel+s1 & on e feel+ & e action pleasure & pa9 foll[1 "h aga9 is ano!r pro( t ,virtue has = its object-matt] pleasure & pa94 ,! same is %[n also by ! fact t puni%m5ts are effect$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ^!2 because !y are ( ! nature ( rem$ies1 & x is ! nature ( rem$ies to be ! contr>ies ( ! ills !y cure4 ,aga91 to quote :at we said be=e3 e habit ( ! ,s\l by its v nature has relation to1 & ex]ts itself ^u1 ?+s ( ! same k9d z ^? by :i* x is naturally det]iorat$ or improv$3 n[ su* habits d come to be vici\s by reason ( pleasures & pa9s1 t is1 by m5 pursu+ or avoid+ respectively1 ei!r su* z !y ought n1 or at wrong times1 or 9 wrong mann]1 & s =? 7= :i* reason1 by ! way1 "s p def9e ! ,virtues z c]ta9 /ates ( impassibility & utt] quietude1#g b !y are wrong because !y speak )\t modification1 in/ead ( add+ 8z !y ought10 8z !y ought n10 & 8:510 & s on74 ,virtue !n is assum$ to be t habit :i* is su*1 9 relation to pleasures & pa9s1 z to effect ! be/ results1 & ,vice ! contr>y4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations may also s]ve to set ?is 9 a cle> light4 ,!re are pr9cipally ?ree ?+s mov+ u to *oice & ?ree to avoidance1 ! hon\rable1 ! exp$i5t1 ! pleasant2 & _! ?ree contr>ies1 ! di%on\rable1 ! hurtful1 & ! pa9ful3 n[ ! good man is apt to g "r1 & ! bad man wrong1 ) respect to all ^! ( c\rse1 b mo/ specially ) respect to pleasure3 because n only is ?is common to him ) all animals b also x is a concomitant ( all ^? ?+s :i* move to *oice1 s9ce bo? ! hon\rable & ! exp$i5t give an impression ( pleasure4 ,aga91 x gr[s up ) u all f infancy1 & s x is a h>d matt] to remove f ourselves ?is feel+1 engra9$ z x is into our v life4 ,aga91 we adopt pleasure & pa9 7"s ( u m1 & "s less7 z ! measure ev5 ( actions3 = ?is cause !n our :ole bus9ess mu/ be ) !m1 s9ce to receive "r or wrong impressions ( pleasure & pa9 is a ?+ ( no little importance 9 respect ( ! actions4 ,once m2 x is h>d]1 z ,h]aclitus says1 to fight aga9/ pleasure ?an aga9/ ang]3 n[ x is ab\t t :i* is m ?an commonly difficult t art comes into be+1 & virtue too1 because 9 t :i* is difficult ! good is ( a high] ord]3 & s = ?is reason too bo? virtue & moral philosophy g5]ally mu/ :olly busy !mselves respect+ pleasures & pa9s1 because he t uses ^! well w be good1 he t does s ill w be bad4 ,let u !n be und]/ood to h /at$1 t ,virtue has = its object-matt] pleasures & pa9s1 & t x is ei!r increas$ or m>r$ by ! same circum/ances 7diff]5tly us$7 by :i* x is orig9ally g5]at$1 & t x ex]ts itself on ! same circum/ances out ( :i* x 0 g5]at$4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,n[ ,i c conceive a p]son p]plex$ z to ! mean+ ( our /atem5t1 t m5 mu/ d j actions to become j1 & ^? ( self-ma/]y to acquire ! habit ( self-ma/]y2 8=10 he w\ld say1 8if m5 are do+ ! actions !y h ! respective virtues already1 j z m5 are gramm>ians or musicians :5 !y d ! actions ( ei!r art40 ,may we n reply by say+ t x is n s ev5 9 ! case ( ! arts ref]r$ to3 because a man may produce some?+ grammatical ei!r by *ance or ! sugge/ion ( ano!r2 b !n only w he be a gramm>ian :5 he n only produces some?+ grammatical b does s gramm>ian-wise1 i4e4 9 virtue ( ! grammatical k he himself possesses4 ,aga91 ! cases ( ! arts & ! virtues are n p>allel3 because ^? ?+s :i* are produc$ by ! arts h _! excell5ce 9 !mselves1 & x is suffici5t !re=e t ^! :5 produc$ %\ld be 9 a c]ta9 /ate3 b ^? :i* are produc$ 9 ! way ( ! virtues1 are1 /rictly speak+1 actions ( a c]ta9 k9d 7say ( ,ju/ice or p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y71 n m]ely if 9 !mselves !y are 9 a c]ta9 /ate b if also he :o does !m does !m be+ himself 9 a c]ta9 /ate1 fir/ if kn[+ :at he is do+1 next if ) delib]ate pref]5ce1 & ) su* pref]5ce = ! ?+s' own sake2 & ?irdly if be+ himself /able & unapt to *ange4 ,n[ to con/itute possession ( ! arts ^! requisites are n reckon$ 91 except+ ! "o po9t ( k3 :]eas = possession ( ! virtues k avails little or no?+1 b ! o!r requisites avail n a little1 b1 9 fact1 are all 9 all1 & ^! requisites z a matt] ( fact d come f (t5times do+ ! actions ( ,ju/ice & p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y4 ,! facts1#h x is true1 are call$ by ! names ( ^! habits :5 !y are su* z ! j or p]fectly self-ma/]+ man w\ld d2 b he is n 9 possession ( ! virtues :o m]ely does ^! facts1 b he :o also s does !m z ! j & self-ma/]+ d !m4 ,we are "r !n 9 say+1 t ^! virtues are =m$ 9 a man by 8 do+ ! actions2 b no "o1 if he %\ld leave !m undone1 w\ld be ev5 9 ! way to become a good man4 ,yet p 9 g5]al d n p]=m ^! actions1 b tak+ refuge 9 talk !y flatt] !mselves !y are philosophis+1 & t !y w s be good m53 act+ 9 tru? v l ^? sick p :o li/5 to ! doctor ) great att5tion b d no?+ t he tells !m3 j z ^! !n _c be well bodily "u su* a c\rse ( treatm5t1 s nei!r c ^? be m5tally by su* philosophis+4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,next1 we mu/ exam9e :at ,virtue is4#i ,well1 s9ce ! ?+s :i* come to be 9 ! m9d are1 9 all1 ( ?ree k9ds1 ,feel+s1 ,capacities1 ,/ates1 ,virtue ( c\rse mu/ belong to "o ( ! ?ree classes4 ,by ,feel+s1 ,i mean su* z lu/1 ang]1 fe>1 confid5ce1 envy1 joy1 fri5d%ip1 hatr$1 long+1 emulation1 compassion1 9 %ort all su* z are foll[$ by pleasure or pa93 by ,capacities1 ^? 9 "r ( :i* we are said to be capable ( ^! feel+s2 z by virtue ( :i* we are able to h be5 made angry1 or griev$1 or to h compassionat$2 by ,/ates1 ^? 9 "r ( :i* we are 9 a c]ta9 relation good or bad to ! a=em5tion$ feel+s2 to hav+ be5 made angry1 = in/ance1 we are 9 a wrong relation if 9 our ang] we 7 too viol5t or too slack1 b if we 7 9 ! happy m$ium we are 9 a "r relation to ! feel+4 ,& s on ( ! re/4 ,n[ ,feel+s nei!r ! virtues nor vices are1 because 9 "r ( ! ,feel+s we are n d5om9at$ ei!r good or bad1 b 9 "r ( ! virtues & vices we are4 ,aga91 9 "r ( ! ,feel+s we are nei!r prais$ nor blam$1#aj 7= a man is n comm5d$ = be+ afraid or be+ angry1 nor blam$ = be+ angry m]ely b = be+ s 9 a p>ticul> way71 b 9 "r ( ! virtues & vices we are4 ,aga91 bo? ang] & fe> we feel )\t moral *oice1 :]eas ! virtues are acts ( moral *oice1 or at lea/ c]ta9ly n indep5d5t ( x4 ,moreov]1 9 "r ( ! ,feel+s we are said to be mov$1 b 9 "r ( ! virtues & vices n to be mov$1 b dispos$1 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,& = ^! same reasons !y are n ,capacities1 = we are n call$ good or bad m]ely because we are able to feel1 nor are we prais$ or blam$4 ,& aga91 ,capacities we h by nature1 b we d n come to be good or bad by nature1 z we h said be=e4 ,s9ce !n ! virtues are nei!r ,feel+s nor ,capacities1 x rema9s t !y mu/ be ,/ates4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,n[ :at ! g5us ( ,virtue is has be5 said2 b we mu/ n m]ely speak ( x ?us1 t x is a /ate b say also :at k9d ( a /ate x is4 ,we mu/ obs]ve !n t all excell5ce makes t :]e( x is ! excell5ce bo? to be itself 9 a good /ate & to p]=m its "w well4 ,! excell5ce ( ! eye1 = in/ance1 makes bo? ! eye good & its "w also3 = by ! excell5ce ( ! eye we see well4 ,s too ! excell5ce ( ! horse makes a horse good1 & good 9 spe$1 & 9 c>ry+ 8 rid]1 & /&+ up aga9/ ! enemy4 ,if !n ?is is univ]sally ! case1 ! excell5ce ( ,man1 i4e4 ,virtue1 mu/ be a /ate :]eby ,man comes to be good & :]eby he w p]=m well 8 prop] "w4 ,n[ h[ ?is %all be x is true we h said already1 b /ill p]haps x may ?r[ light on ! subject to see :at is its *>act]i/ic nature4 ,9 all quantity !n1 :e!r cont9u\s or discrete1#aa "o may take ! great] "p1 ! less1 or ! exactly equal1 & ^! ei!r ) ref]5ce to ! ?+ itself1 or relatively to u3 & ! exactly equal is a mean betwe5 excess & defect4 ,n[ by ! mean ( ! ?+1 i4e4 absolute mean1 ,i d5ote t :i* is equidi/ant f ei!r extreme 7:i* ( c\rse is "o & ! same to all71 & by ! mean relatively to ourselves1 t :i* is nei!r too mu* nor too little = ! p>ticul> individual4 ,?is ( c\rse is n "o nor ! same to all3 = in/ance1 suppose t5 is too mu* & two too little1 p take six = ! absolute mean2 because x exce$s ! small] sum by exactly z mu* z x is itself exce$$ by ! l>g]1 & ?is mean is accord+ to ari?metical proportion4#ab ,b ! mean relatively to ourselves mu/ n be s f\nd 2 = x does n foll[1 suppos+ t5 m9#ac is too l>ge a quantity to eat & two too small1 t ! tra9] w ord] 8 man six2 because = ! p]son :o is to take x ?is also may be too mu* or too little3 = ,milo x w\ld be too little1 b = a man j comm5c+ 8 a?letic ex]cises too mu*3 simil>ly too ( ! ex]cises !mselves1 z runn+ or wre/l+4 ,s !n x seems e "o possess$ ( skill avoids excess & defect1 b seeks = & *ooses ! mean1 n ! absolute b ! relative4 ,n[ if all skill ?us accompli%es well its "w by keep+ an eye on ! mean1 & br++ ! works to ?is po9t 7:5ce x is common en\gh to say ( su* works z are 9 a good /ate1 8"o _c add to or take ought f !m10 "u ! notion ( excess or defect de/roy+ goodness b ! mean /ate pres]v+ x71 & good artisans1 z we say1 "w ) _! eye on ?is1 & excell5ce1 l nature1 is m exact & bett] ?an any art 9 ! _w1 x mu/ h an aptitude to aim at ! mean4 ,x is moral excell5ce1 i4e4 ,virtue1 ( c\rse :i* ,i mean1 because ?is x is :i* is conc]n$ ) feel+s & actions1 & 9 ^! !re c be excess & defect & ! mean3 x is possible1 = in/ance1 to feel ! emotions ( fe>1 confid5ce1 lu/1 ang]1 compassion1 & pleasure & pa9 g5]ally1 too mu* or too little1 & 9 ei!r case wrongly2 b to feel !m :5 we ought1 on :at occasions1 t[>ds :om1 :y1 & z1 we %\ld d1 is ! mean1 or 9 o!r words ! be/ /ate1 & ?is is ! prop]ty ( ,virtue4 ,9 l mann] too ) respect to ! actions1 !re may be excess & defect & ! mean4 ,n[ ,virtue is conc]n$ ) feel+s & actions1 9 :i* ! excess is wrong & ! defect is blam$ b ! mean is prais$ & goes "r2 & bo? ^! circum/ances belong to ,virtue4 ,virtue !n is 9 a s5se a mean /ate1 s9ce x c]ta9ly has an aptitude = aim+ at ! mean4 ,aga91 "o may g wrong 9 _m diff]5t ways 7because1 z ! ,py?agoreans express$ x1 evil is ( ! class ( ! inf9ite1 good ( ! f9ite71 b "r only 9 "o2 & s ! =m] is easy1 ! latt] difficult2 easy to miss ! m>k1 b h>d to hit x3 & = ^! reasons1 !re=e1 bo? ! excess & defect belong to ,vice1 & ! mean /ate to ,virtue2 =1 z ! poet has x1 8,m5 may be bad 9 _m ways1 ,b good 9 "o alone40 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,virtue !n is 8a /ate apt to ex]cise delib]ate *oice1 be+ 9 ! relative mean1 det]m9$ by reason1 &#ad z ! man ( practical wisdom w\ld det]m9e40 ,x is a middle /ate betwe5 too faulty ones1 9 ! way ( excess on "o side & ( defect on ! o!r3 & x is s moreov]1 because ! faulty /ates on "o side fall %ort (1 & ^? on ! o!r exce$1 :at is "r1 bo? 9 ! case ( ! feel+s & ! actions2 b ,virtue f9ds1 & :5 f\nd adopts1 ! mean4 ,& s1 view+ x 9 respect ( its ess5ce & def9ition1 ,virtue is a mean /ate2 b 9 ref]5ce to ! *ief good & to excell5ce x is ! highe/ /ate possible4 ,b x mu/ n be suppos$ t e action or e feel+ is capable ( subsi/+ 9 ?is mean /ate1 because "s !re are :i* are s nam$ z imm$iately to convey ! notion ( badness1 z malevol5ce1 %amelessness1 envy2 or1 to in/ance 9 actions1 adult]y1 !ft1 homicide2 = all ^! & su*like are blam$ because !y are 9 !mselves bad1 n ! hav+ too mu* or too little ( !m4 ,9 ^! !n y nev] c g "r1 b mu/ always be wrong3 nor 9 su* does ! "r or wrong dep5d on ! selection ( a prop] p]son1 "t1 or mann] 7take adult]y = in/ance71 b simply do+ any "o soev] ( ^? ?+s is be+ wrong4 ,y might z well require t !re %\ld be det]m9$ a mean /ate1 an excess & a defect 9 respect ( act+ unju/ly1 be+ c[>dly1 or giv+ up all control ( ! passions3 = at ?is rate !re w be ( excess & defect a mean /ate2 ( excess1 excess2 & ( defect1 defect4 ,b j z ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y & c\rage !re is no excess & defect1 because ! mean is 9 "o po9t ( view ! highe/ possible /ate1 s nei!r ( ^? faulty /ates c y h a mean /ate1 excess1 or defect1 b h[soev] done !y are wrong3 y _c1 9 %ort1 h ( excess & defect a mean /ate1 nor ( a mean /ate excess & defect4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,x is n en\gh1 h[ev]1 to /ate ?is 9 g5]al t]ms1 we mu/ also apply x to p>ticul> in/ances1 because 9 treatises on moral conduct g5]al /atem5ts h an air ( vagu5ess1 b ^? :i* g into detail "o ( great] reality3 = ! actions aft] all mu/ be 9 detail1 & ! g5]al /atem5ts1 to be wor? any?+1 mu/ hold good "h4 ,we mu/ take ^! details !n f ! well-kn[n s*eme4#ae ,i4 ,9 respect ( fe>s & confid5ce or boldness3 ,! ,mean /ate is ,c\rage3 m5 may exce$1 ( c\rse1 ei!r 9 abs5ce ( fe> or 9 positive confid5ce3 ! =m] has no "n 7:i* is a common case71 ! latt] is call$ ra%3 aga91 ! man :o has too mu* fe> & too little confid5ce is call$ a c[>d4 ,,ii4 ,9 respect ( pleasures & pa9s 7b n all1 & p]haps few] pa9s ?an pleasures73 ,! ,mean /ate "h is p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 ! defect total abs5ce ( ,self-control4 ,z = defect 9 respect ( pleasure1 !re are really no p :o are *>geable ) x1 s1 ( c\rse1 !re is really no "n = su* *>act]s1 b1 z !y are conceivable1 we w give !m "o & call !m ins5sible4 ,,iii4 ,9 respect ( giv+ & tak+ weal?#af 7a73 ,! mean /ate is ,lib]ality1 ! excess ,prodigality1 ! defect ,/+9ess3 "h ea* ( ! extremes involves really an excess & defect contr>y to ea* o!r3 ,i mean1 ! prodigal gives out too mu* & takes 9 too little1 :ile ! /+y man takes 9 too mu* & gives out too little4 7,x mu/ be und]/ood t we are n[ giv+ m]ely an outl9e & summ>y1 int5tionally3 & we w1 9 a lat] "p ( ! treatise1 draw out ! di/9ctions ) great] exactness47 ,,iv4 ,9 respect ( weal? 7b73 ,!re are o!r dispositions besides ^! j m5tion$2 a mean /ate call$ ,munific5ce 7= ! munific5t man diff]s f ! lib]al1 ! =m] hav+ necess>ily to d ) great weal?1 ! latt] ) b small72 ! excess call$ by ! names ei!r ( ,want ( ta/e or ,vulg> ,pr(usion1 & ! defect ,paltr9ess 7^! also diff] f ! extremes connect$ ) lib]ality1 & ! mann] ( _! diff]5ce %all also be spok5 ( lat]74 ,v4 ,9 respect ( hon\r & di%on\r 7a73 ,! mean /ate ,greatness ( ,s\l1 ! excess :i* may be call$ 1#ag & ! defect ,littl5ess ( ,s\l4 ,,vi4 ,9 respect ( hon\r & di%on\r 7b73 ,n[ !re is a /ate be>+ ! same relation to ,greatness ( ,s\l z we said j n[ ,lib]ality does to ,munific5ce1 ) ! diff]5ce t is ( be+ ab\t a small am\nt ( ! same ?+3 ?is /ate hav+ ref]5ce to small hon\r1 z ,greatness ( ,s\l to great hon\r2 a man may1 ( c\rse1 grasp at hon\r ei!r m ?an he %\ld or less2 n[ he t exce$s 9 8 grasp+ at x is call$ ambiti\s1 he t falls %ort unambiti\s1 he t is j z he %\ld be has no prop] "n3 nor 9 fact h ! /ates1 except t ! disposition ( ! ambiti\s man is call$ ambition4 ,= ?is reason ^? :o are 9 ei!r extreme lay claim to ! mean z a debateable l&1 & we call ! virtu\s "* sometimes by ! "n ambiti\s1#ah sometimes by t ( unambiti\s1 & we comm5d sometimes ! "o & sometimes ! o!r4 ,:y we d x %all be said 9 ! subsequ5t "p ( ! treatise2 b n[ we w g on ) ! re/ ( ! virtues aft] ! plan we h laid d[n4 ,,vii4 ,9 respect ( ang]3 ,"h too !re is excess1 defect1 & a mean /ate2 b s9ce !y may be said to h really no prop] names1 z we call ! virtu\s "* ,meek1 we w call ! mean /ate ,meekness1 & ( ! extremes1 let ! man :o is excessive be d5om9at$ ,passionate1 & ! faulty /ate ,passionat5ess1 & him :o is defici5t ,ang]less1 & ! defect ,ang]lessness4 ,!re are also ?ree o!r mean /ates1 hav+ "s mutual resemblance1 b /ill ) diff]5ces2 !y are alike 9 t !y all h = _! object-matt] int]c\rse ( words & de$s1 & !y diff] 9 t "o has respect to tru? h]e91 ! o!r two to :at is pleasant2 & ?is 9 two ways1 ! "o 9 relaxation & amusem5t1 ! o!r 9 all ?+s :i* occur 9 daily life4 ,we mu/ say a ^w or two ab\t ^! also1 t we may ! bett] see t 9 all matt]s ! mean is praisewor?y1 :ile ! extremes are nei!r "r nor wor?y ( praise b ( blame4 ,n[ ( ^!1 x is true1 ! majority h really no prop] names1 b /ill we mu/ try1 z 9 ! o!r cases1 to co9 "s = !m = ! sake ( cle>ness & intelligibl5ess4 ,i4 ,9 respect ( tru?3 ,! man :o is 9 ! mean /ate we w call ,tru?ful1 & 8 /ate ,tru?fulness1 & z to ! disguise ( tru?1 if x be on ! side ( exagg]ation1 ,braggadocia1 & him t has x a ,braggadocio2 if on t ( dim9ution1 ,res]ve & ,res]v$ %all be ! t]ms4 ,,ii4 ,9 respect ( :at is pleasant 9 ! way ( relaxation or amusem5t4 ,! mean /ate %all be call$ ,easy-pleasantry1 & ! "* accord+ly a man ( ,easy-pleasantry2 ! excess ,buffoon]y1 & ! man a ,buffoon2 ! man defici5t h]e9 a ,cl[n1 & 8 /ate ,cl[ni%ness4 ,,iii4 ,9 respect ( :at is pleasant 9 daily life4 ,he t is z he %\ld be may be call$ ,fri5dly1 & 8 mean /ate ,fri5dl9ess3 he t exce$s1 if x be )\t any int]e/$ motive1 some:at too ,complaisant1 if ) su* motive1 a ,flatt]]3 he t is defici5t & 9 all in/ances unpleasant1 ,qu>relsome & ,cross4 ,!re are mean /ates likewise 9 feel+s & matt]s conc]n+ !m4 ,%amefac$ness1 = in/ance1 is no virtue1 /ill a man is prais$ = be+ %amefac$3 = 9 ^! too ! "o is d5om9at$ ! man 9 ! mean /ate1 ! o!r 9 ! excess2 ! ,dumbf\nd]$1 = in/ance1 :o is ov]:elm$ ) %ame on all & any occasions3 ! man :o is 9 ! defect1 i4e4 :o has no %ame at all 9 8 composition1 is call$ ,%ameless3 b ! "r "* ,%amefac$4 ,indignation aga9/ successful vice1#ai aga91 is a /ate 9 ! mean betwe5 ,envy & ,malevol5ce3 !y all ?ree h respect to pleasure & pa9 produc$ by :at happ5s to "o's neighb\r3 = ! man :o has ?is "r feel+ is annoy$ at undes]v$ success ( o!rs1 :ile ! envi\s man goes beyond him & is annoy$ at all success ( o!rs1 & ! malevol5t falls s f> %ort ( feel+ annoyance t he ev5 rejoices at mis=tune ( o!rs4 ,b = ! discussion ( ^! also !re w be ano!r opportunity1 z ( ,ju/ice too1 because ! t]m is us$ 9 m s5ses ?an "o4 ,s aft] ?is we w g accurately into ea* & say h[ !y are mean /ates3 & 9 l mann] also ) respect to ! ,intellectual ,excell5ces4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,n[ z !re are ?ree /ates 9 ea* case1 two faulty ei!r 9 ! way ( excess or defect1 & "o "r1 :i* is ! mean /ate1 ( c\rse all are 9 a way oppos$ to "o ano!r2 ! extremes1 = in/ance1 n only to ! mean b also to "o ano!r1 & ! mean to ! extremes3 = j z ! half is great] if comp>$ ) ! less portion1 & less if comp>$ ) ! great]1 s ! mean /ates1 comp>$ ) ! defects1 exce$1 :e!r 9 feel+s or actions1 & vice v]sa4 ,! brave man1 = in/ance1 %[s z ra% :5 comp>$ ) ! c[>d1 & c[>dly :5 comp>$ ) ! ra%2 simil>ly too ! man ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y1 view$ 9 comp>ison ) ! man de/itute ( all p]ception1 %[s l a man ( no self-control1 b 9 comp>ison ) ! man :o really has no self-control1 he looks l "o de/itute ( all p]ception3 & ! lib]al man comp>$ ) ! /+y seems prodigal1 & by ! side ( ! prodigal1 /+y4 ,& s ! extreme *>act]s pu% away1 s to speak1 t[>ds ea* o!r ! man 9 ! mean /ate2 ! brave man is call$ a ra% man by ! c[>d1 & a c[>d by ! ra% man1 & 9 ! o!r cases accord+ly4 ,& !re be+ ?is mutual opposition1 ! contr>iety betwe5 ! extremes is great] ?an betwe5 ei!r & ! mean1 because !y are fur!r f "o ano!r ?an f ! mean1 j z ! great] or less portion diff] m f ea* o!r ?an ei!r f ! exact half4 ,aga91 9 "s cases an extreme w be> a resemblance to ! mean2 ra%ness1 = in/ance1 to c\rage1 & prodigality to lib]ality2 b betwe5 ! extremes !re is ! greate/ dissimil>ity4 ,n[ ?+s :i* are fur!/ f "o ano!r#bj are def9$ to be contr>y1 & s ! fur!r (f ! m contr>y w !y be4 ,fur!r3 ( ! extremes 9 "s cases ! excess1 & 9 o!rs ! defect1 is mo/ oppos$ to ! mean3 to c\rage1 = in/ance1 n ra%ness :i* is ! excess1 b c[>dice :i* is ! defect2 :]eas to p]fect$ self-ma/]y n ins5sibility :i* is ! defect b abs5ce ( all self-control :i* is ! excess4 ,& = ?is !re are two reasons to be giv52 "o f ! nature ( ! ?+ itself1 because f ! "o extreme be+ ne>] & m l ! mean1 we d n put ?is aga9/ x1 b ! o!r2 z1 = in/ance1 s9ce ra%ness is ?\ght to be ne>] to c\rage ?an c[>dice is1 & to resemble x m1 we put c[>dice aga9/ c\rage r ?an ra%ness1 because ^? ?+s :i* are fur!r f ! mean are ?\ght to be m contr>y to x4 ,?is !n is "o reason aris+ f ! ?+ itself2 !re is ano!r aris+ f our own con/itution & make3 = 9 ea* man's own case ^? ?+s give ! impression ( be+ m contr>y to ! mean to :i* we individually h a natural bias4 ,?us we h a natural bias t[>ds pleasures1 = :i* reason we are mu* m incl9$ to ! rejection ( all self-control1 ?an to self-discipl9e4 ,^! ?+s !n to :i* ! bias is1 we call m contr>y1 & s total want ( self-control 7! excess7 is m contr>y ?an ! defect is to p]fect$ self-ma/]y4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,n[ t ,moral ,virtue is a mean /ate1 & h[ x is s1 & t x lies betwe5 two faulty /ates1 "o 9 ! way ( excess & ano!r 9 ! way ( defect1 & t x is s because x has an aptitude to aim at ! mean bo? 9 feel+s & actions1 all ?is has be5 set =? fully & suffici5tly4 ,& s x is h>d to be good3 = surely h>d x is 9 ea* in/ance to f9d ! mean1 j z to f9d ! mean po9t or c5tre ( a circle is n :at any man c d1 b only he :o kn[s h[3 j s to be angry1 to give money1 & be exp5sive1 is :at any man c d1 & easy3 b to d ^! to ! "r p]son1 9 due proportion1 at ! "r "t1 ) a "r object1 & 9 ! "r mann]1 ?is is n z be=e :at any man c d1 nor is x easy2 & = ?is cause goodness is r>e1 & praisewor?y1 & noble4 ,!re=e he :o aims at ! mean %\ld make x 8 fir/ c>e to keep away f t extreme :i* is m contr>y ?an ! o!r to ! mean2 j z ,calypso 9 ,hom] advises ,ulysses1 8,cle> ( ?is smoke & surge ?y b>que direct20 because ( ! two extremes ! "o is always m1 & ! o!r less1 errone\s2 &1 !re=e1 s9ce to hit exactly on ! mean is difficult1 "o mu/ take ! lea/ ( ! evils z ! safe/ plan2#ba & ?is a man w be do+1 if he foll[s ?is me?od4 ,we ought also to take into consid]ation our own natural bias2 :i* v>ies 9 ea* man's case1 & w be asc]ta9$ f ! pleasure & pa9 aris+ 9 u4 ,fur!rmore1 we %\ld =ce ourselves (f 9 ! contr>y direction1 because we %all f9d ourselves 9 ! mean aft] we h remov$ ourselves f> f ! wrong side1 exactly z m5 d 9 /raight5+ b5t timb]4#bb ,b 9 all cases we mu/ gu>d mo/ c>efully aga9/ :at is pleasant1 & pleasure itself1 because we are n imp>tial judges ( x4 ,we ought to feel 9 fact t[>ds pleasure z did ! old c\nsellors t[>ds ,hel51 & 9 all cases pron\nce a simil> s5t5ce2 = s by s5d+ x away f u1 we %all err ! less4#bc ,well1 to speak v briefly1 ^! are ! precautions by adopt+ :i* we %all be be/ able to atta9 ! mean4 ,/ill1 p]haps1 aft] all x is a matt] ( difficulty1 & specially 9 ! p>ticul> in/ances3 x is n easy1 = in/ance1 to det]m9e exactly 9 :at mann]1 ) :at p]sons1 = :at causes1 & = :at l5g? ( "t1 "o ought to feel ang]3 = we ourselves sometimes praise ^? :o are defective 9 ?is feel+1 & we call !m meek2 at ano!r1 we t]m ! hot-temp]$ manly & spirit$4 ,!n1 aga91 he :o makes a small deflection f :at is "r1 be x on ! side ( too mu* or too little1 is n blam$1 only he :o makes a consid]able "o2 = he _c escape obs]vation4 ,b to :at po9t or degree a man mu/ err 9 ord] to incur blame1 x is n easy to det]m9e exactly 9 words3 nor 9 fact any ( ^? po9ts :i* are matt] ( p]ception by ! ,moral ,s5se3 su* que/ions are matt]s ( detail1 & ! decision ( !m re/s ) ! ,moral ,s5se4#bd ,at all ev5ts ?us mu* is pla91 t ! mean /ate is 9 all ?+s praisewor?y1 & t practically we mu/ deflect sometimes t[>ds excess sometimes t[>ds defect1 because ?is w be ! easie/ me?od ( hitt+ on ! mean1 t is1 on :at is "r4 ,,book ,,iii ,*apt] ,i4 ,n[ s9ce ,virtue is conc]n$ ) ! regulation ( feel+s & actions1 & praise & blame arise ^u su* z are volunt>y1 :ile = ! involunt>y all[ance is made1 & sometimes compassion is excit$1 x is p]haps a necess>y task = ^? :o are inve/igat+ ! nature ( ,virtue to draw out ! di/9ction betwe5 :at is volunt>y & :at involunt>y2 & x is c]ta9ly useful = legislators1 ) respect to ! assign+ ( hon\rs & puni%m5ts4 ,involunt>y actions !n are ?\ght to be ( two k9ds1 be+ done ei!r on compulsion1 or by reason ( ignorance4 ,an action is1 prop]ly speak+1 compulsory1 :5 ! orig9ation is ext]nal to ! ag5t1 be+ su* t 9 x ! ag5t 7p]haps we may m prop]ly say ! pati5t7 contributes no?+2 z if a w9d 7 to convey y any:]e1 or m5 hav+ p[] ov] y\r p]son4 ,b :5 actions are done1 ei!r f fe> ( great] evils1 or f "s hon\rable motive1 z1 = in/ance1 if y 7 ord]$ to commit "s base act by a despot :o _h y\r p>5ts or *ildr5 9 8 p[]1 & !y 7 to be sav$ ^u y\r compliance or die ^u y\r refusal1 9 su* cases !re is room = a "q :e!r ! actions are volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,a simil> "q arises ) respect to cases ( ?r[+ goods ov]bo>d 9 a /orm3 ab/ract$ly no man ?r[s away 8 prop]ty will+ly1 b ) a view to 8 own & 8 %ipmates' safety any "o w\ld :o _h any s5se4 ,! tru? is1 su* actions are ( a mix$ k9d1 b are mo/ l volunt>y actions2 = !y are *oice-wor?y at ! "t :5 !y are be+ done1 & ! end or object ( ! action mu/ be tak5 ) ref]5ce to ! actual occasion4 ,fur!r1 we mu/ d5om9ate an action volunt>y or involunt>y at ! "t ( do+ x3 n[ 9 ! giv5 case ! man acts volunt>ily1 because ! orig9at+ ( ! motion ( 8 limbs 9 su* actions re/s ) himself2 & :]e ! orig9ation is 9 himself x re/s ) himself to d or n to d4 ,su* actions !n are volunt>y1 ?\gh 9 ! ab/ract p]haps involunt>y because no "o w\ld *oose any ( su* ?+s 9 & by itself4 ,b = su* actions m5 sometimes are ev5 prais$1 z :5 !y endure any disgrace or pa9 to secure great & hon\rable equival5ts2 if vice v]s1 !n !y are blam$1 because x %[s a base m9d to endure ?+s v disgraceful = no hon\rable object1 or = a trifl+ "o4 ,= "s aga9 no praise is giv51 b all[ance is made2 z :]e a man does :at he %\ld n by reason ( su* ?+s z ov]/ra9 ! p[]s ( human nature1 or pass ! limits ( human endurance4 ,"s acts p]haps !re are = :i* compulsion _c be plead$1 b a man %\ld r suff] ! wor/ & die2 h[ absurd1 = in/ance1 are ! pleas ( compulsion ) :i* ,alcmaeon 9 ,euripides' play excuses 8 matricide6 ,b x is difficult sometimes to decide :at k9d ( ?+ %\ld be *os5 in/ead ( :at1 or :at endur$ 9 pref]5ce to :at1 & mu* moreso to abide by "o's decisions3 = 9 g5]al ! alt]natives are pa9ful1 & ! actions requir$ are base1 & s praise or blame is aw>d$ accord+ z p]sons h be5 compell$ or no4 ,:at k9d ( actions !n are to be call$ compulsory8 may we say1 simply & ab/ract$ly :5ev] ! cause is ext]nal & ! ag5t contributes no?+2 & t :]e ! acts are 9 !mselves su* z "o w\ld n wi% b *oice-wor?y at ! pres5t "t & 9 pref]5ce to su* & su* ?+s1 & :]e ! orig9ation re/s ) ! ag5t1 ! actions are 9 !mselves involunt>y b at ! giv5 "t & 9 pref]5ce to su* & su* ?+s volunt>y2 & !y are m l volunt>y ?an involunt>y1 because ! actions consi/ ( little details1 & ^! are volunt>y4 ,b :at k9d ( ?+s "o ought to *oose in/ead ( :at1 x is n easy to settle1 = !re are _m diff]5ces 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,b suppose a p]son %\ld say1 ?+s pleasant & hon\rable ex]t a compulsive =ce 7= t !y are ext]nal & d compel72 at t rate e action is on compulsion1 because ^! are univ]sal motives ( action4 ,aga91 !y :o act on compulsion & aga9/ _! w d s ) pa92 b !y :o act by reason ( :at is pleasant or hon\rable act ) pleasure4 ,x is truly absurd = a man to attribute 8 actions to ext]nal ?+s in/ead ( to 8 own capacity = be+ easily caught by !m2#a or1 aga91 to ascribe ! hon\rable to himself1 & ! base ones to pleasure4 ,s !n t seems to be compulsory 8^: orig9ation is f )\t1 ! p>ty compell$ contribut+ no?+40 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,n[ e action ( :i* ignorance is ! cause is n-volunt>y1 b t only is involunt>y :i* is att5d$ ) pa9 & remorse2 = cle>ly ! man :o has done any?+ by reason ( ignorance1 b is n annoy$ at 8 own action1 _c be said to h done x ) 8 w because he did n "k he 0 do+ x1 nor aga9 aga9/ 8 w because he is n sorry = x4 ,s !n ( ! class 8act+ by reason ( ignorance10 he :o feels regret aft]w>ds is ?\ght to be an involunt>y ag5t1 & him t has no su* feel+1 s9ce he c]ta9ly is diff]5t f ! o!r1 we w call a n-volunt>y ag5t2 = z !re is a real diff]5ce x is bett] to h a prop] "n4 ,aga91 !re seems to be a diff]5ce betwe5 act+ because ( ignorance & act+ ) ignorance3 = in/ance1 we d n usually assign ignorance z ! cause ( ! actions ( ! drunk5 or angry man1 b ei!r ! drunk5ness or ! ang]1 yet !y act n kn[+ly b ) ignorance4 ,aga91 e bad man is ignorant :at he ought to d & :at to leave undone1 & by reason ( su* error m5 become unju/ & :olly evil4 ,aga91 we d n usually apply ! t]m involunt>y :5 a man is ignorant ( 8 own true int]e/2#b because ignorance :i* affects moral *oice#c con/itutes depravity b n involunt>9ess3 nor does any ignorance ( pr9ciple 7because = ?is m5 are blam$7 b ignorance 9 p>ticul> details1 :]e9 consi/s ! action & :]e) x is conc]n$1 = 9 ^! !re is bo? compassion & all[ance1 because he :o acts 9 ignorance ( any ( !m acts 9 a prop] s5se involunt>ily4 ,x may be z well1 !re=e1 to def9e ^! p>ticul> details2 :at !y are1 & h[ _m2 viz4 :o acts1 :at he is do+1 ) respect to :at or 9 :at1 sometimes ) :at1 z ) :at in/rum5t1 & ) :at result2#d z t ( pres]vation1 = in/ance1 & h[1 z :e!r s(tly or viol5tly4 ,all ^! p>ticul>s1 9 "o & ! same case1 no man 9 8 s5ses c\ld be ignorant (2 pla9ly n ( ! ag5t1 be+ himself4 ,b :at he is do+ a man may be ignorant1 z m5 9 speak+ say a ?+ escap$ !m unaw>es2 or z ,aes*ylus did ) respect to ! ,my/]ies1 t he 0 n aw>e t x 0 unlawful to speak ( !m2 or z 9 ! case ( t catapult accid5t ! o!r day ! man said he dis*>g$ x m]ely to display its op]ation4 ,or a p]son might suppose a son to be an enemy1 z ,m]ope did2 or t ! spe> really po9t$ 0 r\nd$ (f2 or t ! /one 0 a pumice2 or 9 /rik+ ) a view to save might kill2 or might /rike :5 m]ely wi%+ to %[ ano!r1 z p d 9 %am-fight+4 ,n[ s9ce ignorance is possible 9 respect to all ^! details 9 :i* ! action consi/s1 he t act$ 9 ignorance ( any ( !m is ?\ght to h act$ involunt>ily1 & he mo/ s :o 0 9 ignorance z reg>ds ! mo/ important1 :i* are ?\ght to be ^? 9 :i* ! action consi/s1 & ! result4 ,fur!r1 n only mu/ ! ignorance be ( ?is k9d1 to con/itute an action involunt>y1 b x mu/ be also und]/ood t ! action is foll[$ by pa9 & regret4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,n[ s9ce all involunt>y action is ei!r ^u compulsion or by reason ( ignorance1 ,volunt>y ,action w\ld seem to be 8t ^: orig9ation is 9 ! ag5t1 he be+ aw>e ( ! p>ticul> details 9 :i* ! action consi/s40 ,=1 x may be1 m5 are n ju/ifi$ by call+ ^? actions involunt>y1 :i* are done by reason ( ,ang] or ,lu/4 ,because1 9 ! fir/ place1 if ?is be s no o!r animal b man1 & n ev5 *ildr51 c be said to act volunt>ily4 ,next1 is x meant t we nev] act volunt>ily :5 we act f ,lu/ or ,ang]1 or t we act volunt>ily 9 do+ :at is "r & involunt>ily 9 do+ :at is discr$itable8 ,! latt] supposition is absurd1 s9ce ! cause is "o & ! same4 ,!n z to ! =m]1 x is a /range ?+ to ma9ta9 actions to be involunt>y :i* we are b\nd to grasp at3 n[ !re are occasions on :i* ang] is a duty1#e & !re are ?+s :i* we are b\nd to lu/ aft]1#f heal?1 = in/ance1 & le>n+4 ,aga91 :]eas actions /rictly involunt>y are ?\ght to be att5d$ ) pa91 ^? :i* are done to gratify lu/ are ?\ght to be pleasant4 ,aga93 h[ does ! involunt>9ess make any diff]5ce#g betwe5 wrong actions done f delib]ate calculation1 & ^? done by reason ( ang]8 = bo? ought to be avoid$1 & ! irrational feel+s are ?\ght to be j z natural to man z reason1 & s ( c\rse mu/ be su* actions ( ! individual z are done f ,ang] & ,lu/4 ,x is absurd !n to class ^! actions among ! involunt>y4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,hav+ ?us drawn out ! di/9ction betwe5 volunt>y & involunt>y action our next /ep is to exam9e into ! nature ( ,moral ,*oice1 because ?is seems mo/ intimately connect$ ) ,virtue & to be a m decisive te/ ( moral "* ?an a man's acts are4 ,n[ ,moral ,*oice is pla9ly volunt>y1 b ! two are n co-ext5sive1 volunt>y be+ ! m compreh5sive t]m2 = fir/1 *ildr5 & all o!r animals %>e 9 volunt>y action b n 9 ,moral ,*oice2 & next1 sudd5 actions we call volunt>y b d n ascribe !m to ,moral ,*oice4 ,nor d !y appe> to be "r :o say x is lu/ or ang]1 or wi%1 or op9ion ( a c]ta9 k9d2 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,moral ,*oice is n %>$ by ! irrational animals :ile ,lu/ & ,ang] are4 ,next2 ! man :o fails ( self-control acts f ,lu/ b n f ,moral ,*oice2 ! man ( self-control1 on ! contr>y1 f ,moral ,*oice1 n f ,lu/4 ,aga93 :]eas ,lu/ is frequ5tly oppos$ to ,moral ,*oice1 ,lu/ is n to ,lu/4 ,la/ly3 ! object-matt] ( ,lu/ is ! pleasant & ! pa9ful1 b ( ,moral ,*oice nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,/ill less c x be ,ang]1 because actions done f ,ang] are ?\ght g5]ally to be lea/ ( all consequ5t on ,moral ,*oice4 ,nor is x ,wi% ei!r1 ?\gh appe>+ closely connect$ ) x2 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,moral ,*oice has n = its objects impossibilities1 & if a man 7 to say he *ose !m he w\ld be ?\ght to be a fool2 b ,wi% may h impossible ?+s = its objects1 immortality = in/ance4 ,wi% aga9 may be ex]cis$ on ?+s 9 ! accompli%m5t ( :i* "o's self c\ld h no?+ to d1 z ! success ( any p>ticul> actor or a?lete2 b no man *ooses ?+s ( ?is nature1 only su* z he believes he may himself be in/rum5tal 9 procur+4 ,fur!r3 ,wi% has = its object ! ,end r1 b ,moral ,*oice ! means to ! ,end2 = in/ance1 we wi% to be heal?y b we *oose ! means :i* w make u s2 or happ9ess aga9 we wi% =1 & commonly say s1 b to say we *oose is n an appropriate t]m1 because1 9 %ort1 ! prov9ce ( ,moral ,*oice seems to be ^? ?+s :i* are 9 our own p[]4 ,nei!r c x be ,op9ion2 = ,op9ion is ?\ght to be unlimit$ 9 its range ( objects1 & to be ex]cis$ z well ^u ?+s et]nal & impossible z on ^? :i* are 9 our own p[]3 aga91 ,op9ion is logically divid$ into true & false1 n into good & bad z ,moral ,*oice is4 ,h[ev]1 nobody p]haps ma9ta9s its id5tity ) ,op9ion simply2 b x is n ! same ) op9ion ( any k9d1#h because by *oos+ good & bad ?+s we are con/itut$ ( a c]ta9 "*1 b by hav+ op9ions on !m we are n4 ,aga91 we *oose to take or avoid1 & s on1 b we op9e :at a ?+ is1 or = :at x is s]viceable1 or h[2 b we d n op9e to take or avoid4 ,fur!r1 ,moral ,*oice is comm5d$ r = hav+ a "r object ?an = be+ judici\s1 b ,op9ion = be+ =m$ 9 accordance ) tru?4 ,aga91 we *oose su* ?+s z we pretty well "k to be good1 b we =m op9ions respect+ su* z we d n "k at all4 ,& x is n ?\ght t *oos+ & op9+ be/ always g toge!r1 b t "s op9e ! bett] c\rse & yet by reason ( vici\sness *oose n ! ?+s :i* !y %\ld4 ,x may be urg$1 t ,op9ion always prec$es or accompanies ,moral ,*oice2 be x s1 ?is makes no diff]5ce1 = ?is is n ! po9t 9 "q1 b :e!r ,moral ,*oice is ! same z ,op9ion ( a c]ta9 k9d4 ,s9ce !n x is none ( ! a=em5tion$ ?+s1 :at is x1 or h[ is x *>act]is$8 ,volunt>y x pla9ly is1 b n all volunt>y action is an object ( ,moral ,*oice4 ,may we n say !n1 x is 8t volunt>y :i* has pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( previ\s delib]ation80 because ,moral ,*oice is att5d$ ) reason+ & intellectual process4 ,! etymology ( its ,greek "n seems to give a h9t ( x1 be+ :5 analys$ 8*os5 9 pref]5ce to some:at else40 ,*apt] ,v4 ,well !n2 d m5 delib]ate ab\t ev]y?+1 & is any?+ soev] ! object ( ,delib]ation1 or are !re "s matt]s ) respect to :i* !re is none8 7,x may be z well p]haps to say1 t by 8object ( ,delib]ation0 is meant su* matt] z a s5sible man w\ld delib]ate ^u1 n :at any fool or madman might47 ,well3 ab\t et]nal ?+s no "o delib]ates2 z1 = in/ance1 ! univ]se1 or ! incomm5surability ( ! diamet] & side ( a squ>e4 ,nor aga9 ab\t ?+s :i* are 9 motion b :i* always happ5 9 ! same way ei!r necess>ily1 or naturally1 or f "s o!r cause1 z ! sol/ices or ! sunrise4 ,nor ab\t ^? :i* are v>iable1 z dr\ght & ra9s2 nor =tuit\s matt]s1 z f9d+ ( treasure4 ,nor 9 fact ev5 ab\t all human affairs2 no ,lac$monian1 = in/ance1 delib]ates z to ! be/ c\rse = ! ,scy?ian gov]nm5t to adopt2 because 9 su* cases we h no p[] ov] ! result4 ,b we d delib]ate respect+ su* practical matt]s z are 9 our own p[] 7:i* are :at are left aft] all our exclusions74 ,i h adopt$ ?is division because causes seem to be divisible into nature1 necessity1 *ance1 & moreov] intellect1 & all human p[]s4 ,& z man 9 g5]al delib]ates ab\t :at man 9 g5]al c effect1 s individuals d ab\t su* practical ?+s z c be effect$ ?r\gh _! own in/rum5tality4 ,aga91 we d n delib]ate respect+ su* arts or sci5ces z are exact & indep5d5t3 z1 = in/ance1 ab\t writt5 *>act]s1 because we h no d\bt h[ !y %\ld be =m$2 b we d delib]ate on all bu* ?+s z are usually done ?r\gh our own in/rum5tality1 b n inv>iably 9 ! same way2 z1 = in/ance1 ab\t matt]s connect$ ) ! heal+ art1 or ) money-mak+2 &1 aga91 m ab\t pilot+ %ips ?an gymna/ic ex]cises1 because ! =m] has be5 less exactly det]m9$1 & s =?2 & m ab\t arts ?an sci5ces1 because we m frequ5tly d\bt respect+ ! =m]4 ,s !n ,delib]ation takes place 9 su* matt]s z are "u g5]al laws1 b /ill unc]ta9 h[ 9 any giv5 case !y w issue1 i4e4 9 :i* !re is "s indef9it5ess2 & = great matt]s we associate coadjutors 9 c\nsel1 di/ru/+ our ability to settle !m alone4 ,fur!r1 we delib]ate n ab\t ,ends1 b ,means to ,ends4 ,no physician1 = in/ance1 delib]ates :e!r he w cure1 nor orator :e!r he w p]suade1 nor /atesman :e!r he w produce a good con/itution1 nor 9 fact any man 9 any o!r function ab\t 8 p>ticul> ,end2 b hav+ set be=e !m a c]ta9 ,end !y look h[ & ?r\gh :at means x may be accompli%$3 if !re is a *oice ( means1 !y exam9e fur!r :i* are easie/ & mo/ cr$itable2 or1 if !re is b "o means ( accompli%+ ! object1 !n h[ x may be ?r\gh ?is1 ?is aga9 ?r\gh :at1 till !y come to ! fir/ cause2 & ?is w be ! la/ f\nd2 = a man engag$ 9 a process ( delib]ation seems to seek & analyse1 z a man1 to solve a problem1 analyses ! figure giv5 him4 ,& pla9ly n e se>* is ,delib]ation1 ^? 9 ma!matics to wit1 b e ,delib]ation is a se>*1 & ! la/ /ep 9 ! analysis is ! fir/ 9 ! con/ructive process4 ,& if 9 ! c\rse ( _! se>* m5 come ^u an impossibility1 !y give x up2 if money1 = in/ance1 be necess>y1 b _c be got3 b if ! ?+ appe>s possible !y !n attempt to d x4 ,& by possible ,i mean :at may be done ?r\gh our own in/rum5tality 7( c\rse :at may be done ?r\gh our fri5ds is ?r\gh our own in/rum5tality 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 because ! orig9ation 9 su* cases re/s ) u74 ,& ! object ( se>* is sometimes ! necess>y in/rum5ts1 sometimes ! me?od ( us+ !m2 & simil>ly 9 ! re/ sometimes ?r\gh :at1 & sometimes h[ or ?r\gh :at4#i ,s x seems1 z has be5 said1 t ,man is ! orig9ator ( 8 actions2 & ,delib]ation has = its object :atev] may be done ?r\gh "o's own in/rum5tality1 & ! actions are ) a view to o!r ?+s2 & s x is1 n ! ,end1 b ! ,means to ,ends on :i* ,delib]ation is employ$4 ,nor1 aga91 is x employ$ on matt]s ( detail1 z :e!r ! sub/ance be=e me is bread1 or has be5 prop]ly cook$2 = ^! come "u ! prov9ce ( s5se1 & if a man is to be always delib]at+1 he may g on ad inf9itum4 ,fur!r1 exactly ! same matt] is ! object bo? ( ,delib]ation & ,moral ,*oice2 b t :i* is ! object ( ,moral ,*oice is !nce=w>d sep>at$ (f & def9ite1#aj because by object ( ,moral ,*oice is d5ot$ t :i* aft] ,delib]ation has be5 pref]r$ to some?+ else3 = ea* man leaves (f se>*+ h[ he %all d a ?+ :5 he has br\ght ! orig9ation up to himself1 i4e4 to ! gov]n+ pr9ciple 9 himself1#aa because x is ?is :i* makes ! *oice4 ,a good illu/ration ( ?is is furni%$ by ! old regal con/itutions :i* ,hom] drew f1 9 :i* ! ,k+s w\ld ann\nce to ! commonalty :at !y _h det]m9$ be=e4 ,n[ s9ce t :i* is ! object ( ,moral ,*oice is some?+ 9 our own p[]1 :i* is ! object ( delib]ation & ! grasp+ ( ! ,w1 ,moral ,*oice mu/ be 8a grasp+ aft] some?+ 9 our own p[] consequ5t ^u ,delib]ation30 because aft] hav+ delib]at$ we decide1 & !n grasp by our ,w 9 accordance ) ! result ( our delib]ation4#ab ,let ?is be accept$ z a sket* ( ! nature & object ( ,moral ,*oice1 t object be+ 8,means to ,ends40 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,t ,wi% has = its object-matt] ! ,end1 has be5 already /at$2 b !re are two op9ions respect+ x2 "s ?9k+ t its object is real good1 o!rs :atev] impresses ! m9d ) a notion ( good4 ,n[ ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! object ( ,wi% is real good are beset by ?is difficulty1 t :at is wi%$ = by him :o *ooses wrongly is n really an object ( ,wi% 7because1 on _! !ory1 if x is an object ( wi%1 x mu/ be good1 b x is1 9 ! case suppos$1 evil74 ,^? :o ma9ta91 on ! contr>y1 t t :i* impresses ! m9d ) a notion ( good is prop]ly ! object ( ,wi%1 h to meet ?is difficulty1 t !re is no?+ naturally an object ( ,wi% b to ea* individual :atev] seems good to him2 n[ diff]5t p h diff]5t notions1 & x may *ance contr>y ones4 ,b1 if ^! op9ions d n satisfy u1 may we n say t1 ab/ract$ly & z a matt] ( objective tru?1 ! really good is ! object ( ,wi%1 b to ea* individual :atev] impresses 8 m9d ) ! notion ( good4#ac ,& s to ! good man t is an object ( ,wi% :i* is really & truly s1 b to ! bad man any?+ may be2 j z physically ^? ?+s are :olesome to ! heal?y :i* are really s1 b o!r ?+s to ! sick4 ,& s too ( bitt] & sweet1 & hot & heavy1 & s on4 ,= ! good man judges 9 e in/ance correctly1 & 9 e in/ance ! notion convey$ to 8 m9d is ! true "o4 ,= !re are fair & pleasant ?+s peculi> to1 & s v>y+ )1 ea* /ate2 & p]haps ! mo/ di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! good man is 8 see+ ! tru? 9 e in/ance1 he be+1 9 fact1 ! rule & measure ( ^! matt]s4 ,! multitude ( m5 seem to be deceiv$ by reason ( pleasure1 because ?\gh x is n really a good x impresses _! m9ds ) ! notion ( goodness1 s !y *oose :at is pleasant z good & avoid pa9 z an evil4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,n[ s9ce ! ,end is ! object ( ,wi%1 & ! means to ! ,end ( ,delib]ation & ,moral ,*oice1 ! actions reg>d+ ^! matt]s mu/ be 9 ! way ( ,moral ,*oice1 i4e4 volunt>y3 b ! acts ( work+ out ! virtues are su* actions1 & !re=e ,virtue is 9 our p[]4 ,& s too is ,vice3 because :]ev] x is 9 our p[] to d x is also 9 our p[] to =be> do+1 & vice v]s3 !re=e if ! do+ 7be+ 9 a giv5 case cr$itable7 is 9 our p[]1 s too is ! =be>+ 7:i* is 9 ! same case discr$itable71 & vice v]s4 ,b if x is 9 our p[] to d & to =be> do+ :at is cr$itable or ! contr>y1 & ^! respectively con/itute ! be+ good or bad1 !n ! be+ good or vici\s *>act]s is 9 our p[]4 ,z = ! well-kn[n say+1 8,no man volunt>ily is wick$ or involunt>ily happy10 x is p>tly true1 p>tly false2 = no man is happy aga9/ 8 w1 ( c\rse1 b wick$ness is volunt>y4 ,or mu/ we dispute ! /atem5ts lately made1 & n say t ,man is ! orig9ator or g5]ator ( 8 actions z mu* z ( 8 *ildr58 ,b if ?is is matt] ( pla9 manife/ fact1 & we _c ref] our actions to any o!r orig9ations beside ^? 9 our own p[]1 ^? ?+s mu/ be 9 our own p[]1 & s volunt>y1 ! orig9ations ( :i* are 9 ourselves4 ,moreov]1 te/imony seems to be borne to ^! positions bo? privately by individuals1 & by law-giv]s too1 9 t !y *a/ise & puni% ^? :o d wrong 7unless !y d s on compulsion1 or by reason ( ignorance :i* is n self-caus$71 :ile !y hon\r ^? :o act rightly1 "u ! notion ( be+ likely to enc\rage ! latt] & re/ra9 ! =m]4 ,b su* ?+s z are n 9 our own p[]1 i4e4 n volunt>y1 no "o ?9ks ( enc\rag+ u to d1 kn[+ x to be ( no avail = "o to h be5 p]suad$ n to be hot 7= in/ance71 or feel pa91 or be hungry1 & s =?1 because we %all h ^? s5sations all ! same4 ,& :at makes ! case /rong] is ?is3 t !y *a/ise = ! v fact ( ignorance1 :5 x is ?\ght to be self-caus$2 to ! drunk51 = in/ance1 p5alties are d\ble1 because ! orig9ation 9 su* case lies 9 a man's own self3 = he might h help$ gett+ drunk1 & ?is is ! cause ( 8 ignorance4 ,aga91 ^? also :o are ignorant ( legal regulations :i* !y are b\nd to "k1 & :i* are n h>d to "k1 !y *a/ise2 & simil>ly 9 all o!r cases :]e neglect is ?\ght to be ! cause ( ! ignorance1 "u ! notion t x 0 9 _! p[] to prev5t _! ignorance1 because !y might h paid att5tion4 ,b p]haps a man is ( su* a "* t he _c att5d to su* ?+s3 /ill m5 are !mselves ! causes ( hav+ become su* *>act]s by liv+ c>elessly1 & also ( be+ unju/ or de/itute ( self-control1 ! =m] by do+ evil actions1 ! latt] by sp5d+ _! "t 9 dr9k+ & su*-l2 because ! p>ticul> acts ( work+ =m correspond+ *>act]s1 z is %[n by ^? :o are practis+ = any conte/ or p>ticul> c\rse ( action1 = su* m5 p]sev]e 9 ! acts ( work+4 ,z = ! plea1 t a man did n "k t habits are produc$ f sep>ate acts ( work+1 we reply1 su* ignorance is a m>k ( excessive /upidity4 ,fur!rmore1 x is :olly irrelevant to say t ! man :o acts unju/ly or dissolutely does n wi% to atta9 ! habits ( ^! vices3 = if a man witt+ly does ^? ?+s :]eby he mu/ become unju/ he is to all int5ts & purposes unju/ volunt>ily2 b he _c ) a wi% cease to be unju/ & become j4 ,=1 to take ! analog\s case1 ! sick man _c ) a wi% be well aga91 yet 9 a supposable case he is volunt>ily ill because he has produc$ 8 sickness by liv+ intemp]ately & disreg>d+ 8 physicians4 ,!re 0 a "t !n :5 he might h help$ be+ ill1 b n[ he has let himself g he _c any long]2 j z he :o has let a /one out ( 8 h& _c recall x1#ad & yet x re/$ ) him to aim & ?r[ x1 because ! orig9ation 0 9 8 p[]4 ,j s ! unju/ man1 & he :o has lo/ all self-control1 might orig9ally h help$ be+ :at !y are1 & s !y are volunt>ily :at !y are2 b n[ t !y are become s !y no long] h ! p[] ( be+ o!rwise4 ,& n only are m5tal diseases volunt>y1 b ! bodily are s 9 "s m51 :om we accord+ly blame3 = su* z are naturally de=m$ no "o blames1 only su* z are s by reason ( want ( ex]cise1 & neglect3 & s too ( weakness & maim+3 no "o w\ld ?9k ( upbraid+1 b w\ld r compassionate1 a man :o is bl9d by nature1 or f disease1 or f an accid5t2 b e "o w\ld blame him :o 0 s f excess ( w9e1 or any o!r k9d ( intemp]ance4 ,x seems1 !n1 t 9 respect ( bodily diseases1 ^? :i* dep5d on ourselves are c5sur$1 ^? :i* d n are n c5sur$2 & if s1 !n 9 ! case ( ! m5tal disord]s1 ^? :i* are c5sur$ mu/ dep5d ^u ourselves4 ,b suppose a man to say1 8t 7by our own admission7 all m5 aim at t :i* conveys to _! m9ds an impression ( good1 & t m5 h no control ov] ?is impression1 b t ! ,end impresses ea* ) a notion correspond5t to 8 own individual "*2 t to be sure if ea* man is 9 a way ! cause ( 8 own moral /ate1 s he w be also ( ! k9d ( impression he receives3 :]eas1 if ?is is n s1 no "o is ! cause to himself ( do+ evil actions1 b he does !m by reason ( ignorance ( ! true ,end1 suppos+ t ?r\gh _! means he w secure ! *ief good4 ,fur!r1 t ?is aim+ at ! ,end is no matt] ( "o's own *oice1 b "o mu/ be born ) a p[] ( m5tal vision1 s to speak1 :]eby to judge fairly & *oose t :i* is really good2 & he is bless$ by nature :o has ?is naturally well3 because x is ! mo/ important ?+ & ! faire/1 & :at a man _c get or le>n f ano!r b w h su* z nature has giv5 x2 & = ?is to be s giv5 well & fairly w\ld be excell5ce ( nature 9 ! highe/ & true/ s5se40 ,if all ?is be true1 h[ w ,virtue be a :it m volunt>y ?an ,vice8 ,alike to ! good man & ! bad1 ! ,end gives its impression & is fix$ by nature or h[soev] y l to say1 & !y act s & s1 ref]r+ ev]y?+ else to ?is ,end4 ,:e!r !n we suppose t ! ,end impresses ea* man's m9d ) c]ta9 notions n m]ely by nature1 b t !re is some:at also dep5d5t on himself2 or t ! ,end is giv5 by nature1 & yet ,virtue is volunt>y because ! good man does all ! re/ volunt>ily1 ,vice mu/ be equally s2 because 8 own ag5cy equally atta*es to ! bad man 9 ! actions1 ev5 if n 9 ! selection ( ! ,end4 ,if !n1 z is commonly said1 ! ,virtues are volunt>y 7because we at lea/ coop]ate#ae 9 produc+ our moral /ates1 & we assume ! ,end to be ( a c]ta9 k9d accord+ z we are ourselves ( c]ta9 *>act]s71 ! ,vices mu/ be volunt>y also1 because ! cases are exactly simil>4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,well n[1 we h /at$ g5]ally respect+ ! ,moral ,virtues1 ! g5us 79 outl9e71 t !y are mean /ates1 & t !y are habits1 & h[ !y are =m$1 & t !y are ( !mselves calculat$ to act ^u ! circum/ances out ( :i* !y 7 =m$1 & t !y are 9 our own p[] & volunt>y1 & are to be done s z "r ,reason may direct4 ,b ! p>ticul> actions & ! habits are n volunt>y 9 ! same s5se2 = ( ! actions we are ma/]s f beg9n+ to end 7suppos+ ( c\rse a k ( ! p>ticul> details71 b only ( ! orig9ation ( ! habits1 ! addition by small p>ticul> accessions n be+ cognisiable 7z is ! case ) sicknesses73 /ill !y are volunt>y because x re/$ ) u to use our circum/ances ?is way or t4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,"h we w resume ! p>ticul> discussion ( ! ,moral ,virtues1 & say :at !y are1 :at is _! object-matt]1 & h[ !y /& respectively relat$ to x3 ( c\rse _! numb] w be !reby %[n4 ,fir/1 !n1 ( ,c\rage4 ,n[ t x is a mean /ate1 9 respect ( fe> & boldness1 has be5 already said3 fur!r1 ! objects ( our fe>s are obvi\sly ?+s fe>ful or1 9 a g5]al way ( /atem5t1 evils2 :i* acc\nts = ! common def9ition ( fe>1 viz4 8expectation ( evil40 ,( c\rse we fe> evils ( all k9ds3 disgrace1 = in/ance1 pov]ty1 disease1 desolat5ess1 dea?2 b n all ^! seem to be ! object-matt] ( ! ,brave man1 because !re are ?+s :i* to fe> is "r & noble1 & n to fe> is base2 disgrace1 = example1 s9ce he :o fe>s ?is is a good man & has a s5se ( hon\r1 & he :o does n fe> x is %ameless 7?\gh !re are ^? :o call him ,brave by analogy1 because he some:at resembles ! ,brave man :o agrees ) him 9 be+ free f fe>72 b pov]ty1 p]haps1 or disease1 & 9 fact :atev] does n proce$ f vici\sness1 nor is attributable to 8 own fault1 a man ought n to fe>3 /ill1 be+ fe>less 9 respect ( ^! w\ld n con/itute a man ,brave 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,yet we d apply ! t]m#af 9 "r ( ! simil>ity ( ! cases2 = !re are m5 :o1 ?\gh timid 9 ! dang]s ( w>1 are lib]al m5 & are /\t en\gh to face loss ( weal?4 ,&1 aga91 a man is n a c[>d = fe>+ insult to 8 wife or *ildr51 or envy1 or any su* ?+2 nor is he a ,brave man = be+ bold :5 go+ to be sc\rg$4 ,:at k9d ( fe>ful ?+s !n d con/itute ! object-matt] ( ! ,brave man8 fir/ ( all1 mu/ !y n be ! greate/1 s9ce no man is m apt to )/& :at is dreadful4 ,n[ ! object ( ! greate/ dread is dea?1 because x is ! end ( all ?+s1 & ! dead man is ?\ght to be capable nei!r ( good nor evil4 ,/ill x w\ld seem t ! ,brave man has n = 8 object-matt] ev5 dea? 9 e circum/ance2 on ! sea1 = example1 or 9 sickness3 9 :at circum/ances !n8 mu/ x n be 9 ! mo/ hon\rable8 n[ su* is dea? 9 w>1 because x is dea? 9 ! greate/ & mo/ hon\rable dang]2 & ?is is confirm$ by ! hon\rs aw>d$ 9 communities1 & by mon>*s4 ,he !n may be mo/ prop]ly d5om9at$ ,brave :o is fe>less 9 respect ( hon\rable dea? & su* sudd5 em]g5cies z ?reat5 dea?2 n[ su* specially are ^? :i* arise 9 ! c\rse ( w>4 ,x is n meant b t ! ,brave man w be fe>less also on ! sea 7& 9 sickness71 b n 9 ! same way z sea-f>+ m52 = ^! are light-he>t$ & hopeful by reason ( _! exp]i5ce1 :ile l&sm5 ?\gh ,brave are apt to give !mselves up = lo/ & %udd] at ! notion ( su* a dea?3 to :i* x %\ld be add$ t ,c\rage is ex]t$ 9 circum/ances :i* admit ( do+ some?+ to help "o's self1 or 9 :i* dea? w\ld be hon\rable2 n[ nei!r ( ^! requisites atta* to de/ruction by dr[n+ or sickness4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,aga91 fe>ful is a t]m ( relation1 ! same ?+ n be+ s to all1 & !re is accord+ to common p>lance some:at s fe>ful z to be beyond human endurance3 ?is ( c\rse w\ld be fe>ful to e man ( s5se1 b ^? objects :i* are level to ! capacity ( man diff] 9 magnitude & admit ( degrees1 s too ! objects ( confid5ce or boldness4 ,n[ ! ,brave man _c be fright$ f 8 propriety 7b ( c\rse only s f> z he is man72 fe> su* ?+s inde$ he w1 b he w /& up aga9/ !m z he ought & z "r reason may direct1 ) a view to :at is hon\rable1 because ?is is ! end ( ! virtue4 ,n[ x is possible to fe> ^! ?+s too mu*1 or too little1 or aga9 to fe> :at is n really fe>ful z if x 7 su*4 ,s ! errors come to be ei!r t a man fe>s :5 he ought n to fe> at all1 or t he fe>s 9 an improp] way1 or at a wrong "t1 & s =?2 & s too 9 respect ( ?+s inspir+ confid5ce4 ,he is ,brave !n :o )/&s1 & fe>s1 & is bold1 9 respect ( "r objects1 f a "r motive1 9 "r mann]1 & at "r times3 s9ce ! ,brave man suff]s or acts z he ought & z "r reason may direct4 ,n[ ! end ( e sep>ate act ( work+ is t :i* accords ) ! habit1 & s to ! ,brave man ,c\rage2 :i* is hon\rable2 !re=e su* is also ! ,end1 s9ce ! "* ( ea* is det]m9$ by ! ,end4#ag ,s hon\r is ! motive f :i* ! ,brave man )/&s ?+s fe>ful & p]=ms ! acts :i* accord ) ,c\rage4 ,( ! *>act]s on ! side ( ,excess1 he :o exce$s 9 utt] abs5ce ( fe> has no appropriate "n 7,i obs]v$ be=e t _m /ates h none71 b he w\ld be a madman or inaccessible to pa9 if he fe>$ no?+1 nei!r e>?quake1 nor ! bill[s1 z !y tell ( ! ,celts4 ,he aga9 :o exce$s 9 confid5ce 9 respect ( ?+s fe>ful is ra%4 ,he is ?\ght moreov] to be a bragg>t1 & to advance unf\nd$ claims to ! "* ( ,brave3 ! relation :i* ! ,brave man really be>s to objects ( fe> ?is man wi%es to appe> to be>1 & s imitates him 9 :atev] po9ts he c2 = ?is reason mo/ ( !m exhibit a curi\s mixture ( ra%ness & c[>dice2 because1 affect+ ra%ness 9 ^! circum/ances1 !y d n )/& :at is truly fe>ful4 ,! man moreov] :o exce$s 9 feel+ fe> is a c[>d1 s9ce !re atta* to him ! circum/ances ( fe>+ wrong objects1 9 wrong ways1 & s =?4 ,he is defici5t also 9 feel+ confid5ce1 b he is mo/ cle>ly se5 z exce$+ 9 ! case ( pa9s2 he is a fa9!>t$ k9d ( man1 = he fe>s all ?+s3 ! ,brave man is j ! contr>y1 = boldness is ! prop]ty ( ! light-he>t$ & hopeful4 ,s ! c[>d1 ! ra%1 & ! ,brave man h exactly ! same object-matt]1 b /& diff]5tly relat$ to x3 ! two fir/-m5tion$ respectively exce$ & are defici5t1 ! la/ is 9 a mean /ate & z he ought to be4 ,! ra% aga9 are precipitate1 &1 be+ eag] be=e dang]1 :5 actually 9 x fall away1 :ile ! ,brave are quick & %>p 9 action1 b be=e are quiet & compos$4 ,well !n1 z has be5 said1 ,c\rage is a mean /ate 9 respect ( objects inspir+ boldness or fe>1 9 ! circum/ances :i* h be5 /at$1 & ! ,brave man *ooses 8 l9e & )/&s dang] ei!r because to d s is hon\rable1 or because n to d s is base4 ,b dy+ to escape f pov]ty1 or ! pangs ( love1 or any?+ t is simply pa9ful1 is ! act n ( a ,brave man b ( a c[>d2 because x is m]e s(tness to fly f :at is toilsome1 & ! suicide braves ! t]rors ( dea? n because x is hon\rable b to get out ( ! rea* ( evil4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,c\rage prop] is some:at ( ! k9d ,i h describ$1 b !re are dispositions1 diff]+ 9 five ways1#ah :i* also be> 9 common p>lance ! "n ( ,c\rage4 ,we w take fir/ t :i* be>s mo/ resemblance to ! true1 ! ,c\rage ( ,citiz5%ip1 s nam$ because ! motives :i* are ?\ght to actuate ! memb]s ( a community 9 brav+ dang] are ! p5alties & disgrace held out by ! laws to c[>dice1 & ! dignities conf]r$ on ! ,brave2 :i* is ?\ght to be ! reason :y ^? are ! brave/ p among :om c[>ds are visit$ ) disgrace & ! ,brave held 9 hon\r4 ,su* is ! k9d ( ,c\rage ,hom] exhibits 9 8 *>act]s2 ,diom$ & ,hector = example4 ,! latt] says1 8,polydamas w be ! fir/ to fix ,disgrace ^u me40 ,diom$ aga91 8,= ,hector surely w h]eaft] say1 ,speak+ 9 ,troy1 ,tydides by my h&0-- ,?is ,i say mo/ ne>ly resembles ! ,c\rage be=e spok5 (1 because x arises f virtue1 f a feel+ ( %ame1 & a desire ( :at is noble 7t is1 ( hon\r71 & avoidance ( disgrace :i* is base4 ,9 ! same rank "o w\ld be incl9$ to place ^? also :o act "u compulsion f _! comm&]s2 yet are !y really l[]1 because n a s5se ( hon\r b fe> is ! motive f :i* !y act1 & :at !y seek to avoid is n t :i* is base b t :i* is simply pa9ful3 comm&]s d 9 fact compel _! m5 sometimes1 z ,hector says 7to quote ,hom] aga971 8,b :omsoev] ,i %all f9d c[]+ af> f ! fight1 ,! tee? ( dogs he %all by no means escape40 ,^? comm&]s :o /ation /aun* troops by d\btful ones1#ai or :o beat _! m5 if !y fl9*1 or :o draw _! troops up 9 l9e ) ! tr5*es1 or o!r simil> ob/acles1 9 _! re>1 d 9 effect ! same z ,hector1 = !y all use compulsion4 ,b a man is to be ,brave1 n on compulsion1 b f a s5se ( hon\r4 ,9 ! next place1 ,exp]i5ce & ,skill 9 ! v>i\s p>ticul>s is ?\ght to be a species ( ,c\rage3 :5ce ,socrates also ?\ght t ,c\rage 0 k4#bj ,?is quality is exhibit$ ( c\rse by diff]5t m5 "u diff]5t circum/ances1 b 9 w>like matt]s1 ) :i* we are n[ conc]n$1 x is exhibit$ by ! soldi]s 78! regul>s073 = !re are1 x w\ld seem1 _m ?+s 9 w> ( no real importance#ba :i* ^! h be5 con/antly us$ to see2 s !y h a %[ ( ,c\rage because o!r p are n aw>e ( ! real nature ( ^! ?+s4 ,!n aga9 by reason ( _! skill !y are bett] able ?an any o!rs to inflict )\t suff]+ !mselves1 because !y are able to use _! arms & h su* z are mo/ s]viceable bo? ) a view to (f5ce & def5ce3 s t _! case is p>allel to t ( arm$ m5 fight+ ) un>m$ or tra9$ a?letes ) amateurs1 s9ce 9 conte/s ( ?is k9d ^? are ! be/ fight]s1 n :o are ! brave/ m51 b :o are ! /ronge/ & are 9 ! be/ condition4 ,9 fact1 ! regul> troops come to be c[>ds :5ev] ! dang] is great] ?an _! means ( meet+ x2 suppos+1 = example1 t !y are inf]ior 9 numb]s & res\rces3 !n !y are ! fir/ to fly1 b ! m]e militia /& & fall on ! gr\nd 7:i* z y "k really happ5$ at ! ,h]mum71#bb = 9 ! eyes ( ^! flight 0 disgraceful & dea? pref]able to safety b\ght at su* a price3 :ile 8! regul>s0 orig9ally w5t into ! dang] "u a notion ( _! own sup]iority1 b on discov]+ _! error !y took to flight1#bc hav+ great] fe> ( dea? ?an ( disgrace2 b ?is is n ! feel+ ( ! ,brave man4 ,?irdly1 m]e ,animal ,_s is sometimes br\ght "u ! t]m ,c\rage3 !y are ?\ght to be ,brave :o are c>ri$ on by m]e ,animal ,_s1 z are wild bea/s aga9/ ^? :o h w\nd$ !m1 because 9 fact ! really ,brave h mu* ,_s1 !re be+ no?+ l x = go+ at dang] ( any k9d2 :5ce ^? frequ5t expressions 9 ,hom]1 8infus$ /r5g? into 8 _s10 8r\s$ 8 /r5g? & _s10 or aga91 8& ke5 /r5g? 9 8 no/rils10 88 blood boil$30 = all ^! seem to d5ote ! ar\s+ & impetuosity ( ! ,animal ,_s4 ,n[ !y t are truly ,brave act f a s5se ( hon\r1 & ?is ,animal ,_s co-op]ates ) !m2 b wild bea/s f pa91 t is because !y h be5 w\nd$1 or are fright5$2 s9ce if !y are quietly 9 _! own haunts1 =e/ or m>%1 !y d n attack m54 ,surely !y are n ,brave because !y ru% into dang] :5 goad$ on by pa9 & m]e ,_s1 )\t any view ( ! dang]3 else w\ld asses be ,brave :5 !y are hungry1 = ?\gh beat5 !y w n !n leave _! pa/ure3 pr(ligate m5 besides d _m bold actions by reason ( _! lu/4 ,we may conclude !n t !y are n ,brave :o are goad$ on to meet dang] by pa9 & m]e ,_s2 b /ill ?is temp] :i* arises f ,animal ,_s appe>s to be mo/ natural1 & w\ld be ,c\rage ( ! true k9d if x c\ld h add$ to x moral *oice & ! prop] motive4 ,s m5 also are pa9$ by a feel+ ( ang]1 & take pleasure 9 rev5ge2 b !y :o fight f ^! causes may be good fight]s1 b !y are n truly ,brave 79 t !y d n act f a s5se ( hon\r1 nor z reason directs1 b m]ely f ! pres5t feel+71 /ill !y be> "s resemblance to t "*4 ,nor1 aga91 are ! ,sangu9e & ,hopeful !re=e ,brave3 s9ce _! boldness 9 dang]s arises f _! frequ5t victories ov] num]\s foes4 ,! two *>act]s are alike1 h[ev]1 9 t bo? are confid5t2 b !n ! ,brave are s f ! a=e-m5tion$ causes1 :]eas ^! are s f a settl$ conviction ( _! be+ sup]ior & n likely to suff] any?+ 9 return 7!y :o are intoxicat$ d mu* ! same1 = !y become hopeful :5 9 t /ate72 b :5 ! ev5t disappo9ts _! expectations !y run away3 n[ x 0 said to be ! "* ( a ,brave man to )/& ?+s :i* are fe>ful to man or produce t impression1 because x is hon\rable s to d & ! contr>y is di%on\rable4 ,= ?is reason x is ?\ght to be a great] pro( ( ,c\rage to be fe>less & undi/urb$ "u ! pressure ( sudd5 fe> ?an "u t :i* may be anticipat$1 because ,c\rage !n comes r f a fix$ habit1 or less f prep>ation3 s9ce z to =ese5 dang]s a man might take 8 l9e ev5 f calculation & reason+1 b 9 ^? :i* are sudd5 he w d s accord+ to 8 fix$ habit ( m9d4 ,fif?ly & la/ly1 ^? :o are act+ "u ,ignorance h a %[ ( ,c\rage & are n v f> f ! ,hopeful2 b /ill !y are inf]ior inasmu* z !y h no op9ion ( !mselves2 :i* ! o!rs h1 & !re=e /ay & conte/ a field = "s little "t2 b !y :o h be5 deceiv$ fly ! mom5t !y "k ?+s to be o!rwise ?an !y suppos$1 :i* ! ,argives exp]i5c$ :5 !y fell on ! ,lac$monians1 tak+ !m = ! m5 ( ,sicyon4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,we h describ$ !n :at k9d ( m5 ! ,brave are1 & :at !y :o are ?\ght to be1 b are n really1 ,brave4 ,x mu/ be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh ,c\rage has = its object-matt] boldness & fe> x has n bo? equally s1 b objects ( fe> mu* m ?an ! =m]2 = he t "u pressure ( ^! is undi/urb$ & /&s relat$ to !m z he ought is bett] entitl$ to ! "n ( ,brave ?an he :o is prop]ly affect$ t[>ds objects ( confid5ce4 ,s !n m5 are t]m$ ,brave = )/&+ pa9ful ?+s4 ,x foll[s t ,c\rage involves pa9 & is ju/ly prais$1 s9ce x is a h>d] matt] to )/& ?+s t are pa9ful ?an to ab/a9 f su* z are pleasant4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght b t ! ,end & object ( ,c\rage is pleasant1 b x is obscur$ by ! surr\nd+ circum/ances3 :i* happ5s also 9 ! gymna/ic games2 to ! box]s ! ,end is pleasant ) a view to :i* !y act1 ,i mean ! cr[n & ! hon\rs2 b ! receiv+ ! bl[s !y d is pa9ful & annoy+ to fle% & blood1 & s is all ! lab\r !y h to und]go2 &1 z ^! drawbacks are _m1 ! object 9 view be+ small appe>s to h no pleasantness 9 x4 ,if !n we may say ! same ( ,c\rage1 ( c\rse dea? & w\nds mu/ be pa9ful to ! ,brave man & aga9/ 8 w3 /ill he endures ^! because x is hon\rable s to d or because x is di%on\rable n to d s4 ,& ! m complete 8 virtue & 8 happ9ess s mu* ! m w he be pa9$ at ! notion ( dea?3 s9ce to su* a man z he is x is be/ wor? :ile to live1 & he ) full consci\sness is depriv$ ( ! greate/ goods by dea?1 & ?is is a pa9ful idea4 ,b he is n ! less ,brave = feel+ x to be s1 nay r x may be he is %[n to be m s because he *ooses ! hon\r t may be reap$ 9 w> 9 pref]5ce to reta9+ safe possession ( ^! o!r goods4 ,! fact is t to act ) pleasure does n belong to all ! virtues1 except s f> z a man realises ! ,end ( 8 actions4 ,b !re is p]haps no reason :y n su* m5 %\ld make ! be/ soldi]s1 b ^? :o are less truly ,brave b h no o!r good to c>e =3 ^! be+ ready to meet dang] & b>t]+ _! lives aga9/ small ga94 ,let ?us mu* be accept$ z suffici5t on ! subject ( ,c\rage2 ! true nature ( :i* x is n difficult to ga!r1 9 outl9e at lea/1 f :at has be5 said4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,next let u speak ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 :i* seems to claim ! next place to ,c\rage1 s9ce ^! two are ! ,excell5ces ( ! ,irrational "p ( ! ,s\l4 ,t x is a mean /ate1 hav+ = its object-matt] ,pleasures1 we h already said 7,pa9s be+ 9 fact its object-matt] 9 a less degree & dissimil> mann]71 ! /ate ( utt] abs5ce ( self-control has pla9ly ! same object-matt]2 ! next ?+ !n is to det]m9e :at k9d ( ,pleasures4 ,let ,pleasures !n be und]/ood to be divid$ into m5tal & bodily3 in/ances ( ! =m] be+ love ( hon\r or ( le>n+3 x be+ pla9 t ea* man takes pleasure 9 t ( ^! two objects :i* he has a t5d5cy to l1 8 body be+ no way affect$ b r 8 intellect4 ,n[ m5 are n call$ p]fectly self-ma/]+ or :olly de/itute ( self-control 9 respect ( pleasures ( ?is class3 nor 9 fact 9 respect ( any :i* are n bodily2 ^? = example :o love to tell long /ories1 & are prosy1 & sp5d _! days ab\t m]e *ance matt]s1 we call gossips b n :olly de/itute ( self-control1 nor aga9 ^? :o are pa9$ at ! loss ( money or fri5ds4 ,x is bodily ,pleasures !n :i* are ! object-matt] ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 b n ev5 all ^! indiff]5tly3 ,i mean1 t !y :o take pleasure 9 objects p]ceiv$ by ! ,sight1 z col\rs1 & =ms1 & pa9t+1 are n d5om9at$ m5 ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 or :olly de/itute ( self-control2 & yet x w\ld seem t "o may take pleasure ev5 9 su* objects1 z "o ought to d1 or excessively1 or too little4 ,s too ( objects p]ceiv$ by ! s5se ( ,he>+2 no "o applies ! t]ms be=e quot$ respectively to ^? :o are excessively pleas$ ) musical tunes or act+1 or to ^? :o take su* pleasure z !y ought4 ,nor aga9 to ^? p]sons ^: pleasure arises f ! s5se ( ,smell1 except incid5tally3#bd ,i mean1 we d n say m5 h no self-control because !y take pleasure 9 ! sc5t ( fruit1 or fl[]s1 or inc5se1 b r :5 !y d s 9 ! smells ( ungu5ts & sauces3 s9ce m5 de/itute ( self-control take pleasure h]e91 because h]eby ! objects ( _! lu/s are recall$ to _! imag9ation 7y may also see o!r m5 take pleasure 9 ! smell ( food :5 !y are hungry73 b to take pleasure 9 su* is a m>k ( ! "* be=e nam$ s9ce ^! are objects ( desire to him4 ,n[ n ev5 brutes receive pleasure 9 "r ( ^! s5ses1 except incid5tally4 ,i mean1 x is n ! sc5t ( h>es' fle% b ! eat+ x :i* dogs take pleasure 91 p]ception ( :i* pleasure is caus$ by ! s5se ( ,smell4 ,or aga91 x is n ! l[+ ( ! ox b eat+ him :i* ! lion likes2 b ( ! fact ( 8 ne>ness ! lion is made s5sible by ! l[+1 & s he appe>s to take pleasure 9 ?is4 ,9 l mann]1 he has no pleasure 9 m]ely see+ or f9d+ a /ag or wild goat1 b 9 ! prospect ( a meal4 ,! habits ( ,p]fect ,self-,ma/]y & entire abs5ce ( self-control h !n = _! object-matt] su* pleasures z brutes also %>e 91 = :i* reason !y are pla9ly s]vile & bruti%3 !y are ,t\* & ,ta/e4 ,b ev5 ,ta/e m5 seem to make little or no use (2 = to ! s5se ( ,ta/e belongs ! di/+ui%+ ( flav\rs2 :at m5 d1 9 fact1 :o are te/+ ! quality ( w9es or season+ 8made di%es40 ,b m5 sc>cely take pleasure at all 9 ^! ?+s1 at lea/ ^? :om we call de/itute ( self-control d n1 b only 9 ! actual enjoym5t :i* arises entirely f ! s5se ( ,t\*1 :e!r 9 eat+ or 9 dr9k+1 or 9 gross] lu/s4 ,?is acc\nts = ! wi% said to h be5 express$ once by a great glutton1 8t 8 ?roat _h be5 =m$ long] ?an a crane's neck10 imply+ t 8 pleasure 0 d]iv$ f ! ,t\*4 ,! s5se !n ) :i* is connect$ ! habit ( abs5ce ( self-control is ! mo/ common ( all ! s5ses1 & ?is habit w\ld seem to be ju/ly a matt] ( reproa*1 s9ce x atta*es to u n 9 s f> z we are m5 b 9 s f> z we are animals4 ,inde$ x is bruti% to take pleasure 9 su* ?+s & to l !m be/ ( all2 = ! mo/ respectable ( ! pleasures aris+ f ! t\* h be5 set aside2 ^?1 = in/ance1 :i* occur 9 ! c\rse ( gymna/ic tra9+ f ! rubb+ & ! w>m ba?3 because ! t\* ( ! man de/itute ( self-control is n indiff]5tly ( any "p ( ! body b only ( p>ticul> p>ts4 ,n[ ( lu/s or desires "s are ?\ght to be univ]sal1 o!rs peculi> & acquir$2 ?us desire = food is natural s9ce e "o :o really ne$s desires also food1 :e!r solid or liquid1 or bo? 7&1 z ,hom] says1 ! man 9 ! prime ( y\? ne$s & desires int]c\rse ) ! o!r sex72 b :5 we come to ?is or t p>ticul> k9d1 !n nei!r is ! desire univ]sal nor 9 all m5 is x direct$ to ! same objects4 ,& !re=e ! conceiv+ ( su* desires pla9ly atta*es to u z individuals4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t !re is some?+ natural 9 x3 because diff]5t ?+s are pleasant to diff]5t m5 & a pref]5ce ( "s p>ticul> objects to *ance ones is univ]sal4 ,well !n1 9 ! case ( ! desires :i* are /rictly & prop]ly natural few m5 g wrong & all 9 "o direction1 t is1 on ! side ( too mu*3 ,i mean1 to eat & dr9k ( su* food z happ5s to be on ! table till "o is ov]fill$ is exce$+ 9 quantity ! natural limit1 s9ce ! natural desire is simply a supply ( a real defici5cy4 ,= ?is reason ^! m5 are call$ belly-mad1 z fill+ x beyond :at !y ought1 & x is ! slavi% :o become ( ?is "*4 ,b 9 respect ( ! peculi> pleasures _m m5 g wrong & 9 _m diff]5t ways2 = :]eas ! t]m 8fond ( s & s0 implies ei!r tak+ pleasure 9 wrong objects1 or tak+ pleasure excessively1 or z ! mass ( m5 d1 or 9 a wrong way1 !y :o are de/itute ( all self-control exce$ 9 all ^! ways2 t is to say1 !y take pleasure 9 "s ?+s 9 :i* !y ought n to d s 7because !y are prop]ly objects ( dete/ation71 & 9 su* z x is "r to take pleasure 9 !y d s m ?an !y ought & z ! mass ( m5 d4 ,well !n1 t excess ) respect to pleasures is abs5ce ( self-control1 & blamewor?y1 is pla94 ,b view+ ^! habits on ! side ( pa9s1 we f9d t a man is n said to h ! virtue = )/&+ !m 7z 9 ! case ( ,c\rage71 nor ! vice = n )/&+ !m2 b ! man de/itute ( self-control is su*1 because he is pa9$ m ?an he ought to be at n obta9+ ?+s :i* are pleasant 7& ?us 8 pleasure produces pa9 to him71 & ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y is su* 9 virtue ( n be+ pa9$ by _! abs5ce1 t is1 by hav+ to ab/a9 f :at is pleasant4 ,n[ ! man de/itute ( self-control desires ei!r all pleasant ?+s indiscrim9ately or ^? :i* are specially pleasant1 & he is impell$ by 8 desire to *oose ^! ?+s 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs2 & ?is involves pa91 n only :5 he misses ! atta9m5t ( 8 objects b1 9 ! v desir+ !m1 s9ce all desire is accompani$ by pa94 ,surely x is a /range case ?is1 be+ pa9$ by reason ( pleasure4 ,z = m5 :o are defective on ! side ( pleasure1 :o take less pleasure 9 ?+s ?an !y ought1 !y are almo/ imag9>y *>act]s1 because su* abs5ce ( s5sual p]ception is n natural to man3 = ev5 ! o!r animals di/+ui% betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( food1 & l "s k9ds & dislike o!rs4 ,9 fact1 c\ld a man be f\nd :o takes no pleasure 9 any?+ & to :om all ?+s are alike1 he w\ld be f> f be+ human at all3 !re is no "n = su* a "* because x is simply imag9>y4 ,b ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y is 9 ! mean ) respect to ^! objects3 t is to say1 he nei!r takes pleasure 9 ! ?+s :i* delight ! vici\s man1 & 9 fact r dislikes !m1 nor at all 9 improp] objects2 nor to any great degree 9 any object ( ! class2 nor is he pa9$ at _! abs5ce2 nor does he desire !m2 or1 if he does1 only 9 mod]ation1 & nei!r m ?an he ought1 nor at improp] times1 & s =?2 b su* ?+s z are conducive to heal? & good condition ( body1 be+ also pleasant1 ^! he w grasp at 9 mod]ation & z he ought to d1 & also su* o!r pleasant ?+s z d n h9d] ^! objects1 & are n unseemly or disproportionate to 8 means2 because he t %\ld grasp at su* w\ld be lik+ su* pleasures m ?an is prop]2 b ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y is n ( ?is "*1 b regulates 8 desires by ! dictates ( "r reason4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,n[ ! vice ( be+ de/itute ( all ,self-,control seems to be m truly volunt>y ?an ,c[>dice1 because pleasure is ! cause ( ! =m] & pa9 ( ! latt]1 & pleasure is an object ( *oice1 pa9 ( avoidance4 ,& aga91 pa9 d]anges & spoils ! natural disposition ( its victim1 :]eas pleasure has no su* effect & is m volunt>y & !re=e m ju/ly op5 to reproa*4 ,x is s also = ! foll[+ reason2 t x is easi] to be inur$ by habit to resi/ ! objects ( pleasure1 !re be+ _m ?+s ( ?is k9d 9 life & ! process ( habituation be+ unaccompani$ by dang]2 :]eas ! case is ! rev]se z reg>ds ! objects ( fe>4 ,aga91 ,c[>dice z a confirm$ habit w\ld seem to be volunt>y 9 a diff]5t way f ! p>ticul> in/ances :i* =m ! habit2 because x is pa9less1 b ^! d]ange ! man by reason ( pa9 s t he ?r[s away 8 arms & o!rwise behaves himself unseemly1 = :i* reason !y are ev5 ?\ght by "s to ex]cise a p[] ( compulsion4 ,b to ! man de/itute ( ,self-,control ! p>ticul> in/ances are on ! contr>y q volunt>y1 be+ done ) desire & direct ex]tion ( ! w1 b ! g5]al result is less volunt>y3 s9ce no man desires to =m ! habit4 ,! "n ( ?is vice 7:i* signifies etymologically un*a/5$-ness7 we apply also to ! faults ( *ildr51 !re be+ a c]ta9 resemblance betwe5 ! cases3 to :i* ! "n is prim>ily appli$1 & to :i* second>ily or d]ivatively1 is n relevant to ! pres5t subject1 b x is evid5t t ! lat] 9 po9t ( "t mu/ get ! "n f ! e>li]4 ,& ! metaphor seems to be a v good "o2 = :atev] grasps aft] base ?+s1 & is liable to great increase1 ought to be *a/5$2 & to ?is description desire & ! *ild answ] mo/ truly1 9 t *ildr5 also live "u ! direction ( desire & ! grasp+ aft] :at is pleasant is mo/ prom95tly se5 9 ^!4 ,unless !n ! appetite be ob$i5t & subject$ to ! gov]n+ pr9ciple x w become v great3 = 9 ! fool ! grasp+ aft] :at is pleasant is insatiable & undiscrim9at+2 & e act+ out ( ! desire increases ! k9dr$ habit1 & if ! desires are great & viol5t 9 degree !y ev5 expel ,reason entirely2 !re=e !y ought to be mod]ate & few1 & 9 no respect to be oppos$ to ,reason4 ,n[ :5 ! appetite is 9 su* a /ate we d5om9ate x ob$i5t & *a/5$4 ,9 %ort1 z ! *ild ought to live ) con/ant reg>d to ! ord]s ( its educator1 s %\ld ! appetitive pr9ciple ) reg>d to ^? ( ,reason4 ,s !n 9 ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 ! appetitive pr9ciple mu/ be accordant ) ,reason3 = :at is "r is ! m>k at :i* bo? pr9ciples aim3 t is to say1 ! man ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y desires :at he ought 9 "r mann] & at "r times1 :i* is exactly :at ,reason directs4 ,let ?is be tak5 = our acc\nt ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y4 ,,book ,,iv ,*apt] ,i4 ,we w next speak ( ,lib]ality4 ,n[ ?is is ?\ght to be ! mean /ate1 hav+ = its object-matt] ,weal?3 ,i mean1 ! ,lib]al man is prais$ n 9 ! circum/ances ( w>1 nor 9 ^? :i* con/itute ! "* ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y1 nor aga9 9 judicial decisions1 b 9 respect ( giv+ & receiv+ ,weal?1 *iefly ! =m]4 ,by ! t]m ,weal? ,i mean 8all ^? ?+s ^: wor? is measur$ by money40 ,n[ ! /ates ( excess & defect 9 reg>d ( ,weal? are respectively ,prodigality & ,/+9ess3 ! latt] ( ^! t]ms we atta* inv>iably to ^? :o are ov] c>eful ab\t ,weal?1 b ! =m] we apply sometimes ) a complex notion2 t is to say1 we give ! "n to ^? :o fail ( self-control & sp5d money on ! unre/ra9$ gratification ( _! passions2 & ?is is :y !y are ?\ght to be mo/ base1 because !y h _m vices at once4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t ?is is n a /rict & prop] use ( ! t]m1 s9ce its natural etymological mean+ is to d5ote him :o has "o p>ticul> evil1 viz4 ! wa/+ 8 sub/ance3 he is unsav$ 7z ! t]m lit]ally d5otes7 :o is wa/+ away by 8 own fault2 & ?is he really may be said to be2 ! de/ruction ( 8 sub/ance is ?\ght to be a k9d ( wa/+ ( himself1 s9ce ^! ?+s are ! means ( liv+4 ,well1 ?is is our acceptation ( ! t]m ,prodigality4 ,aga94 ,:atev] ?+s are = use may be us$ well or ill1 & ,weal? belongs to ?is class4 ,he uses ea* p>ticul> ?+ be/ :o has ! virtue to ^: prov9ce x belongs3 s t he w use ,weal? be/ :o has ! virtue respect+ ,weal?1 t is to say1 ! ,lib]al man4 ,exp5diture & giv+ are ?\ght to be ! us+ ( money1 b receiv+ & keep+ "o w\ld r call ! possess+ ( x4 ,& s ! giv+ to prop] p]sons is m *>act]i/ic ( ! ,lib]al man1 ?an ! receiv+ f prop] qu>t]s & =be>+ to receive f ! contr>y4 ,9 fact g5]ally1 do+ well by o!rs is m *>act]i/ic ( virtue ?an be+ done well by1 & do+ ?+s positively hon\rable ?an =be>+ to d ?+s di%on\rable2 & any "o may see t ! do+ well by o!rs & do+ ?+s positively hon\rable atta*es to ! act ( giv+1 b to t ( receiv+ only ! be+ done well by or =be>+ to d :at is di%on\rable4 ,besides1 ?anks are giv5 to him :o gives1 n to him :o m]ely =be>s to receive1 & praise ev5 m4 ,aga91 =be>+ to receive is easi] ?an giv+1 ! case ( be+ too little freeh&$ ) "o's own be+ common] ?an tak+ t :i* is n "o's own4 ,& aga91 x is !y :o give t are d5om9at$ ,lib]al1 :ile !y :o =be> to receive are comm5d$1 n on ! score ( ,lib]ality b ( j deal+1 :ile = receiv+ m5 are n1 9 fact1 prais$ at all4 ,& ! ,lib]al are lik$ almo/ be/ ( all virtu\s *>act]s1 because !y are pr(itable to o!rs1 & ?is _! pr(itabl5ess consi/s 9 _! giv+4 ,fur!rmore3 all ! actions done 9 accordance ) virtue are hon\rable1 & done f ! motive ( hon\r3 & ! ,lib]al man1 !re=e1 w give f a motive ( hon\r1 & w give rightly2 ,i mean1 to prop] p]sons1 9 "r proportion1 at "r times1 & :atev] is includ$ 9 ! t]m 8"r giv+30 & ?is too ) positive pleasure1 or at lea/ )\t pa91 s9ce :atev] is done 9 accordance ) virtue is pleasant or at lea/ n unpleasant1 mo/ c]ta9ly n att5d$ ) positive pa94 ,b ! man :o gives to improp] p1 or n f a motive ( hon\r b f "s o!r cause1 %all be call$ n ,lib]al b some?+ else4 ,nei!r %all he be s d5om9at$ :o does x ) pa93 ?is be+ a sign t he w\ld pref] 8 weal? to ! hon\rable action1 & ?is is no "p ( ! ,lib]al man's "*2 nei!r w su* an "o receive f improp] s\rces1 because ! s receiv+ is n *>act]i/ic ( "o :o values n weal?3 nor aga9 w he be apt to ask1 because "o :o does k9dnesses to o!rs does n usually receive !m will+ly2 b f prop] s\rces 78 own prop]ty1 = in/ance7 he w receive1 do+ ?is n z hon\rable b z necess>y1 t he may h some:at to give3 nei!r w he be c>eless ( 8 own1 s9ce x is 8 wi% ?r\gh ^! to help o!rs 9 ne$3 nor w he give to *ance p1 t he may h :]e) to give to ^? to :om he ought1 at "r times1 & on occasions :5 x is hon\rable s to d4 ,aga91 x is a trait 9 ! ,lib]al man's "* ev5 to exce$ v mu* 9 giv+ s z to leave too little = himself1 x be+ *>act]i/ic ( su* an "o n to h a ?\ght ( self4 ,n[ ,lib]ality is a t]m ( relation to a man's means1 = ! ,lib]al-ness dep5ds n on ! am\nt ( :at is giv5 b on ! moral /ate ( ! giv] :i* gives 9 proportion to 8 means4 ,!re is !n no reason :y he %\ld n be ! m ,lib]al man :o gives ! less am\nt1 if he has less to give out (4 ,aga91 !y are ?\ght to be m ,lib]al :o h inh]it$1 n acquir$ = !mselves1 _! means2 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 !y h nev] exp]i5c$ want1 & next1 all p love mo/ _! own works1 j z p>5ts d & poets4 ,x is n easy = ! ,lib]al man to be ri*1 s9ce he is nei!r apt to receive nor to keep b to lavi%1 & values n weal? = its own sake b ) a view to giv+ x away4 ,h5ce x is commonly *>g$ ^u =tune t !y :o mo/ des]ve to be ri* are lea/ s4 ,yet ?is happ5s reasonably en\gh2 x is impossible he %\ld h weal? :o does n take any c>e to h x1 j z 9 any simil> case4 ,yet he w n give to improp] p1 nor at wrong times1 & s on3 because he w\ld n !n be act+ 9 accordance ) ,lib]ality1 & if he sp5t ^u su* objects1 w\ld h no?+ to sp5d on ^? on :i* he ought3 =1 z ,i h said be=e1 he is ,lib]al :o sp5ds 9 proportion to 8 means1 & on prop] objects1 :ile he :o does s 9 excess is prodigal 7?is is ! reason :y we nev] call despots prodigal1 because x does n seem to be easy = !m by _! gifts & exp5diture to g beyond _! imm5se possessions74 ,to sum up !n4 ,s9ce ,lib]ality is a mean /ate 9 respect ( ! giv+ & receiv+ ( weal?1 ! ,lib]al man w give & sp5d on prop] objects1 & 9 prop] proportion1 9 great ?+s & 9 small alike1 & all ?is ) pleasure to himself2 also he w receive f "r s\rces1 & 9 "r proportion3 because1 z ! virtue is a mean /ate 9 respect ( bo?1 he w d bo? z he ought1 &1 9 fact1 ^u prop] giv+ foll[s ! correspond5t receiv+1 :ile t :i* is n su* is contr>y to x4 7,n[ ^? :i* foll[ "o ano!r come to co-exi/ 9 ! same p]son1 ^? :i* are contr>ies pla9ly d n47 ,aga91 %\ld x happ5 to him to sp5d money beyond :at is ne$ful1 or o!rwise ?an is well1 he w be vex$1 b only mod]ately & z he ought2 = feel+ pleasure & pa9 at "r objects1 & 9 "r mann]1 is a prop]ty ( ,virtue4 ,! ,lib]al man is also a good man to h = a p>tn] 9 respect ( weal?3 = he c easily be wrong$1 s9ce he values n weal?1 & is m vex$ at n sp5d+ :]e he ought to h done s ?an at sp5d+ :]e he ought n1 & he reli%es n ! maxim ( ,simonides4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,b ! ,prodigal man goes wrong also 9 ^! po9ts1 = he is nei!r pleas$ nor pa9$ at prop] objects or 9 prop] mann]1 :i* w become m pla9 z we proce$4 ,we h said already t ,prodigality & ,/+9ess are respectively /ates ( excess & defect1 & ?is 9 two ?+s1 giv+ & receiv+ 7exp5diture ( c\rse we class "u giv+74 ,well n[1 ,prodigality exce$s 9 giv+ & =be>+ to receive & is defici5t 9 receiv+1 :ile ,/+9ess is defici5t 9 giv+ & exce$s 9 receiv+1 b x is 9 small ?+s4 ,! two p>ts ( ,prodigality1 to be sure1 d n commonly g toge!r2 x is n easy1 ,i mean1 to give to all if y receive f none1 because private individuals ?us giv+ w soon f9d _! means run %ort1 & su* are 9 fact ?\ght to be prodigal4 ,he t %\ld comb9e bo? w\ld seem to be no little sup]ior to ! ,/+y man3 = he may be easily cur$1 bo? by advanc+ 9 ye>s1 & also by ! want ( means1 & he may come ?us to ! mean3 he has1 y see1 already ! facts ( ! ,lib]al man1 he gives & =be>s to receive1 only he does nei!r 9 "r mann] or well4 ,s if he c\ld be wr\ght ^u by habituation 9 ?is respect1 or *ange 9 any o!r way1 he w\ld be a real ,lib]al man1 = he w give to ^? to :om he %\ld1 & w =be> to receive :5ce he ought n4 ,?is is ! reason too :y he is ?\ght n to be l[ 9 moral "*1 because to exce$ 9 giv+ & 9 =be>+ to receive is no sign ( badness or meanness1 b only ( folly4 ,well !n1 he :o is ,prodigal 9 ?is fa%ion is ?\ght f> sup]ior to ! ,/+y man = ! a=em5tion$ reasons1 & also because he does good to _m1 b ! ,/+y man to no "o1 n ev5 to himself4 ,b mo/ ,prodigals1 z has be5 said1 comb9e ) _! o!r faults t ( receiv+ f improp] s\rces1 & on ?is po9t are ,/+y3 & !y become grasp+1 because !y wi% to sp5d & _c d ?is easily1 s9ce _! means soon run %ort & !y are necessitat$ to get f "s o!r qu>t]2 & !n aga91 because !y c>e n = :at is hon\rable1 !y receive recklessly1 & f all s\rces indiff]5tly1 because !y desire to give b c>e n h[ or :5ce4 ,& = ?is reason _! giv+s are n ,lib]al1 inasmu* z !y are n hon\rable1 nor purely dis9t]e/$1 nor done 9 "r fa%ion2 b !y (t5times make ^? ri* :o %\ld be poor1 & to ^? :o are quiet respectable k9d ( p !y w give no?+1 b to flatt]]s1 or ^? :o subs]ve _! pleasures 9 any way1 !y w give mu*4 ,& !re=e mo/ ( !m are utt]ly devoid ( self-re/ra9t2 = z !y are op5-h&$ !y are lib]al 9 exp5diture ^u ! unre/ra9$ gratification ( _! passions1 & turn (f to _! pleasures because !y d n live ) ref]5ce to :at is hon\rable4 ,?us !n ! ,prodigal1 if unguid$1 slides into ^! faults2 b if he c\ld get c>e be/[$ on him he might come to ! mean & to :at is "r4 ,/+9ess1 on ! contr>y1 is incurable3 old age1 = in/ance1 & incapacity ( any k9d1 is ?\ght to make p ,/+y2 & x is m cong5ial to human nature ?an ,prodigality1 ! mass ( m5 be+ fond ( money r ?an apt to give3 moreov] x ext5ds f> & has _m phases1 ! modes ( /+9ess be+ ?\ght to be _m4 ,= z x consi/s ( two ?+s1 defect ( giv+ & excess ( receiv+1 ev]ybody does n h x entire1 b x is sometimes divid$1 & "o class ( p]sons exce$ 9 receiv+1 ! o!r are defici5t 9 giv+4 ,i mean ^? :o are designat$ by su* appellations z sp>+1 close-fi/$1 nigg>ds1 are all defici5t 9 giv+2 b o!r m5's prop]ty !y nei!r desire nor are will+ to receive1 9 "s in/ances f a real mod]ation & %r9k+ f :at is base4 ,!re are "s p ^: motive1 ei!r suppos$ or alleg$1 = keep+ _! prop]ty is ?is1 t !y may nev] be driv5 to d any?+ di%on\rable3 to ?is class belongs ! sk9fl9t1 & e "o ( simil> "*1 s nam$ f ! excess ( n-giv+4 ,o!rs aga9 decl9e to receive _! neighb\r's goods f a motive ( fe>2 _! notion be+ t x is n easy to take o!r p's ?+s y\rself )\t _! tak+ y\rs3 s !y are cont5t nei!r to receive nor give4 ,! o!r class aga9 :o are ,/+y 9 respect ( receiv+ exce$ 9 t !y receive any?+ f any s\rce2 su* z !y :o "w at illib]al employm5ts1 bro!l keep]s1 & su*-l1 & usur]s :o l5d small sums at l>ge int]e/3 = all ^! receive f improp] s\rces1 & improp] am\nts4 ,_! common *>act]i/ic is base-ga9+1 s9ce !y all submit to disgrace = ! sake ( ga9 & t small2 because ^? :o receive great ?+s nei!r :5ce !y ought1 nor :at !y ought 7z = in/ance despots :o sack cities & plund] temples71 we d5om9ate wick$1 impi\s1 & unju/1 b n ,/+y4 ,n[ ! dic] & ba?-plund]] & ! robb] belong to ! class ( ! ,/+y1 = !y are giv5 to base ga93 bo? busy !mselves & submit to disgrace = ! sake ( ga91 & ! "o class incur ! greate/ dang]s = ! sake ( _! booty1 :ile ! o!rs make ga9 ( _! fri5ds to :om !y ought to be giv+4 ,s bo? classes1 z wi%+ to make ga9 f improp] s\rces1 are giv5 to base ga91 & all su* receiv+s are ,/+y4 ,& ) good reason is ,/+9ess call$ ! contr>y ( ,lib]ality3 bo? because x is a great] evil ?an ,prodigality1 & because m5 err r 9 ?is direction ?an 9 t ( ! ,prodigality :i* we h spok5 ( z prop]ly & completely su*4 ,let ?is be consid]$ z :at we h to say respect+ ,lib]ality & ! contr>y vices4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,next 9 ord] w\ld seem to come a diss]tation on ,magnific5ce1 ?is be+ ?\ght to be1 l lib]ality1 a virtue hav+ = its object-matt] ,weal?2 b x does n1 l t1 ext5d to all transactions 9 respect ( ,weal?1 b only applies to su* z are exp5sive1 & 9 ^! circum/ances x exce$s lib]ality 9 respect ( magnitude1 because x is 7:at ! v "n 9 ,greek h9ts at7 fitt+ exp5se on a l>ge scale3 ?is t]m is ( c\rse relative3 ,i mean1 ! exp5diture ( equipp+ & comm&+ a trireme is n ! same z t ( giv+ a public spectacle3 8fitt+0 ( c\rse also is relative to ! individual1 & ! matt] :]e9 & ^u :i* he has to sp5d4 ,& a man is n d5om9at$ ,magnific5t = sp5d+ z he %\ld d 9 small or ord9>y ?+s1 z1 = in/ance1 8,(t to ! w&]+ begg> did ,i give10 b = do+ s 9 great matt]s3 t is to say1 ! ,magnific5t man is lib]al1 b ! lib]al is n !reby ,magnific5t4 ,! fall+ %ort ( su* a /ate is call$ ,meanness1 ! exce$+ x ,vulg> ,pr(usion1 ,want ( ,ta/e1 & s on2 :i* are faulty1 n because !y are on an excessive scale 9 respect ( "r objects b1 because !y %[ (f 9 improp] objects1 & 9 improp] mann]3 ( ^! we w speak pres5tly4 ,! ,magnific5t man is l a man ( skill1 because he c see :at is fitt+1 & c sp5d l>gely 9 good ta/e2 =1 z we said at ! comm5cem5t1 ! confirm$ habit is det]m9$ by ! sep>ate acts ( work+1 & by its object-matt]4 ,well1 ! exp5ses ( ! ,magnific5t man are great & fitt+3 su* also are 8 works 7because ?is secures ! exp5diture be+ n great m]ely1 b befitt+ ! "w74 ,s !n ! "w is to be proportionate to ! exp5se1 & ?is aga9 to ! "w1 or ev5 above x3 & ! ,magnific5t man w incur su* exp5ses f ! motive ( hon\r1 ?is be+ common to all ! virtues1 & besides he w d x ) pleasure & lavi%ly2 excessive accuracy 9 calculation be+ ,mean4 ,he w consid] also h[ a ?+ may be done mo/ beautifully & fitt+ly1 r1 ?an = h[ mu* x may be done1 & h[ at ! lea/ exp5se4 ,s ! ,magnific5t man mu/ be also a lib]al man1 because ! lib]al man w also sp5d :at he ought1 & 9 "r mann]3 b x is ! ,great1 t is to say tke l>ge scale1 :i* is di/9ctive ( ! ,magnific5t man1 ! object-matt] ( lib]ality be+ ! same1 & )\t sp5d+ m money ?an ano!r man he w make ! "w m magnific5t4 ,i mean1 ! excell5ce ( a possession & ( a "w is n ! same3 z a piece ( prop]ty t ?+ is mo/ valuable :i* is wor? mo/1 gold = in/ance2 b z a "w t :i* is great & beautiful1 because ! contemplation ( su* an object is admirable1 & s is t :i* is ,magnific5t4 ,s ! excell5ce ( a "w is ,magnific5ce on a l>ge scale4 ,!re are cases ( exp5diture :i* we call hon\rable1 su* z are d$icatory (f]+s to ! gods1 & ! furni%+ _! temples1 & sacrifices1 & 9 l mann] ev]y?+ t has ref]5ce to ! ,deity1 & all su* public matt]s z are objects ( hon\rable ambition1 z :5 m5 ?9k 9 any case t x is _! duty to furni% a *orus = ! /age spl5didly1 or fit out & ma9ta9 a trireme1 or give a g5]al public fea/4 ,n[ 9 all ^!1 z has be5 already /at$1 respect is _h also to ! rank & ! means ( ! man :o is do+ !m3 because !y %\ld be proportionate to ^!1 & befit n ! "w only b also ! do] ( ! "w4 ,= ?is reason a poor man _c be a ,magnific5t man1 s9ce he has n means :]e) to sp5d l>gely & yet becom+ly2 & if he attempts x he is a fool1 inasmu* z x is out ( proportion & contr>y to propriety1 :]eas to be 9 accordance ) virtue a ?+ mu/ be done rightly4 ,su* exp5diture is fitt+ moreov] = ^? to :om su* ?+s previ\sly belong1 ei!r ?r\gh !mselves or ?r\gh _! ance/ors or p ) :om !y are connect$1 & to ! high-born or p ( high repute1 & s on3 because all ^! ?+s imply greatness & reputation4 ,s !n ! ,magnific5t man is pretty mu* z ,i h describ$ him1 & ,magnific5ce consi/s 9 su* exp5ditures3 because !y are ! greate/ & mo/ hon\rable3 & ( private ones su* z come b once = all1 m>riage to wit1 & ?+s ( t k9d2 & any occasion :i* engages ! int]e/ ( ! community 9 g5]al1 or ( ^? :o are 9 p[]2 & :at conc]ns receiv+ & despat*+ /rang]s2 & gifts1 & repay+ gifts3 because ! ,magnific5t man is n apt to sp5d ^u himself b on ! public good1 & gifts are pretty mu* 9 ! same case z d$icatory (f]+s4 ,x is *>act]i/ic also ( ! ,magnific5t man to furni% 8 h\se suitably to 8 weal?1 = ?is also 9 a way reflects cr$it2 & aga91 to sp5d r ^u su* works z are ( long duration1 ^! be+ mo/ hon\rable4 ,& aga91 propriety 9 ea* case1 because ! same ?+s are n suitable to gods & m51 nor 9 a temple & a tomb4 ,& aga91 9 ! case ( exp5ditures1 ea* mu/ be great ( its k9d1 & great exp5se on a great object is mo/ magnific5t1 t is 9 any case :at is great 9 ^! p>ticul> ?+s4 ,!re is a diff]5ce too betwe5 greatness ( a "w & greatness ( exp5diture3 = in/ance1 a v beautiful ball or cup is magnific5t z a pres5t to a *ild1 :ile ! price ( x is small & almo/ mean4 ,!re=e x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,magnific5t man to d magnific5tly :atev] he is ab\t3 = :atev] is ( ?is k9d _c be easily surpass$1 & be>s a prop] proportion to ! exp5diture4 ,su* !n is ! ,magnific5t man4 ,! man :o is 9 ! /ate ( excess1 call$ "o ( ,vulg> ,pr(usion1 is 9 excess because he sp5ds improp]ly1 z has be5 said4 ,i mean 9 cases requir+ small exp5diture he lavi%es mu* & %[s (f out ( ta/e2 giv+ 8 club a fea/ fit = a w$d+-p>ty1 or if he has to furni% a *orus = a com$y1 giv+ ! actors purple to we> 9 ! fir/ sc5e1 z did ! ,meg>ians4 ,& all su* ?+s he w d1 n ) a view to t :i* is really hon\rable1 b to display 8 weal?1 & because he ?9ks he %all be admir$ = ^! ?+s2 & he w sp5d little :]e he ought to sp5d mu*1 & mu* :]e he %\ld sp5d little4 ,! ,mean man w be defici5t 9 e case1 & ev5 :]e he has sp5t ! mo/ he w spoil ! :ole effect = want ( "s trifle2 he is procra/9at+ 9 all he does1 & contrives h[ he may sp5d ! lea/1 & does ev5 t ) lam5tations ab\t ! exp5se1 & ?9k+ t he does all ?+s on a great] scale ?an he ought4 ,( c\rse1 bo? ^! /ates are faulty1 b !y d n involve disgrace because !y are nei!r hurtful to o!rs nor v unseemly4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! v "n ( ,great-m9d$ness implies1 t great ?+s are its object-matt]2 & we w fir/ settle :at k9d ( ?+s4 ,x makes no diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 :e!r we reg>d ! moral /ate 9 ! ab/ract or z exemplifi$ 9 an individual4 ,well !n1 he is ?\ght to be ,great-m9d$ :o values himself highly & at ! same "t ju/ly1 because he t does s )\t gr\nds is fooli%1 & no virtu\s "* is fooli% or s5seless4 ,well1 ! "* ,i h describ$ is ,great-m9d$4 ,! man :o e/imates himself l[ly1 & at ! same "t ju/ly1 is mode/2 b n ,great-m9d$1 s9ce ?is latt] quality implies greatness1 j z beauty implies a l>ge bodily con=mation :ile small p are neat & well made b n beautiful4 ,aga91 he :o values himself highly )\t j gr\nds is a ,va9 man3 ?\gh ! "n mu/ n be appli$ to e case ( unduly high self-e/imation4 ,he t values himself bel[ 8 real wor? is ,small-m9d$1 & :e!r t wor? is great1 mod]ate1 or small1 8 own e/imate falls bel[ x4 ,& he is ! /ronge/ case ( ?is error :o is really a man ( great wor?1 = :at w\ld he h done _h 8 wor? be5 less8 ,! ,great-m9d$ man is !n1 z f> z greatness is conc]n$1 at ! summit1 b 9 respect ( propriety he is 9 ! mean1 because he e/imates himself at 8 real value 7! o!r *>act]s respectively are 9 excess & defect74 ,s9ce !n he ju/ly e/imates himself at a high1 or r at ! highe/ possible rate1 8 "* w h respect specially to "o ?+3 ?is t]m 8rate0 has ref]5ce ( c\rse to ext]nal goods3 & ( ^! we %\ld assume t to be ! greate/ :i* we attribute to ! gods1 & :i* is ! special object ( desire to ^? :o are 9 p[]1 & :i* is ! prize propos$ to ! mo/ hon\rable actions3 n[ hon\r answ]s to ^! descriptions1 be+ ! greate/ ( ext]nal goods4 ,s ! ,great-m9d$ man be>s himself z he ought 9 respect ( hon\r & di%on\r4 ,9 fact1 )\t ne$ ( words1 ! ,great-m9d$ pla9ly h hon\r = _! object-matt]3 s9ce hon\r is :at ! great consid] !mselves specially wor?y (1 & accord+ to a c]ta9 rate4 ,! ,small-m9d$ man is defici5t1 bo? z reg>ds himself1 & also z reg>ds ! e/imation ( ! ,great-m9d$3 :ile ! ,va9 man is 9 excess z reg>ds himself1 b does n get beyond ! ,great-m9d$ man4 ,n[ ! ,great-m9d$ man1 be+ by ! hypo!sis wor?y ( ! greate/ ?+s1 mu/ be ( ! highe/ excell5ce1 s9ce ! bett] a man is ! m is he wor?1 & he :o is be/ is wor? ! mo/3 x foll[s !n1 t to be truly ,great-m9d$ a man mu/ be good1 & :atev] is great 9 ea* virtue w\ld seem to belong to ! ,great-m9d$4 ,x w\ld no way correspond ) ! "* ( ! ,great-m9d$ to flee spread+ 8 h&s all abroad2 nor to injure any "o2 = ) :at object 9 view w he d :at is base1 9 ^: eyes no?+ is great8 9 %ort1 if "o 7 to g into p>ticul>s1 ! ,great-m9d$ man w\ld %[ q ludicr\sly unless he 7 a good man3 he w\ld n be 9 fact des]v+ ( hon\r if he 7 a bad man1 hon\r be+ ! prize ( virtue & giv5 to ! good4 ,?is virtue1 !n1 ( ,great-m9d$ness seems to be a k9d ( ornam5t ( all ! o!r virtues1 9 t x makes !m bett] & _c be )\t !m2 & = ?is reason x is a h>d matt] to be really & truly ,great-m9d$2 = x _c be )\t ?or\gh goodness & nobl5ess ( "*4 ,hon\r !n & di%on\r are specially ! object-matt] ( ! ,great-m9d$ man3 & at su* z is great1 & giv5 by good m51 he w be pleas$ mod]ately z gett+ 8 own1 or p]haps some:at less = no hon\r c be q adequate to p]fect virtue3 b /ill he w accept ?is because !y h no?+ high] to give him4 ,b su* z is giv5 by ord9>y p & on trifl+ gr\nds he w entirely despise1 because ^! d n come up to 8 des]ts3 & di%on\r likewise1 because 9 8 case !re _c be j gr\nd = x4 ,n[ ?\gh1 z ,i h said1 hon\r is specially ! object-matt] ( ! ,great-m9d$ man1 ,i d n mean b t likewise 9 respect ( weal? & p[]1 & good or bad =tune ( e k9d1 he w be> himself ) mod]ation1 fall out h[ !y may1 & nei!r 9 prosp]ity w he be ov]joy$ nor 9 adv]sity w he be unduly pa9$4 ,= n ev5 9 respect ( hon\r does he s be> himself2 & yet x is ! greate/ ( all su* objects1 s9ce x is ! cause ( p[] & weal? be+ *oice-wor?y1 = c]ta9ly !y :o h !m desire to receive hon\r ?r\gh !m4 ,s to :om hon\r ev5 is a small ?+ to him w all o!r ?+s also be s2 & ?is is :y su* m5 are ?\ght to be sup]cili\s4 ,x seems too t pieces ( good =tune contribute to =m ?is "* ( ,great-m9d$ness3 ,i mean1 ! nobly born1 or m5 ( influ5ce1 or ! weal?y1 are consid]$ to be entitl$ to hon\r1 = !y are 9 a position ( em95ce & :atev] is em95t by good is m entitl$ to hon\r3 & ?is is :y su* circum/ances dispose m5 r to ,great-m9d$ness1 because !y receive hon\r at ! h&s ( "s m54 ,n[ really & truly ! good man alone is entitl$ to hon\r2 only if a man unites 9 himself goodness ) ^! ext]nal advantages he is ?\ght to be m entitl$ to hon\r3 b !y :o h !m )\t also hav+ virtue are n ju/ifi$ 9 _! high e/imate ( !mselves1 nor are !y rightly d5om9at$ ,great-m9d$2 s9ce p]fect virtue is "o ( ! indisp5sable conditions to su* "*4 ,fur!r1 su* m5 become sup]cili\s & insol5t1 x n be+ easy to be> prosp]ity well )\t goodness2 & n be+ able to be> x1 & possess$ ) an idea ( _! own sup]iority to o!rs1 !y despise !m1 & d j :atev] _! fancy prompts2 = !y mimic ! ,great-m9d$ man1 ?\gh !y are n l him1 & !y d ?is 9 su* po9ts z !y c1 s )\t do+ ! actions :i* c only fl[ f real goodness !y despise o!rs4 ,:]eas ! ,great-m9d$ man despises on good gr\nds 7= he =ms 8 op9ions truly71 b ! mass ( m5 d x at r&om4 ,moreov]1 he is n a man to incur little risks1 nor does he c\rt dang]1 because !re are b few ?+s he has a value =2 b he w incur great dang]s1 & :5 he does v5ture he is prodigal ( 8 life z kn[+ t !re are t]ms on :i* x is n wor? 8 :ile to live4 ,he is ! sort ( man to d k9dnesses1 b he is a%am$ to receive !m2 ! =m] putt+ a man 9 ! position ( sup]iority1 ! latt] 9 t ( inf]iority2 accord+ly he w greatly ov]pay any k9dness done to him1 because ! orig9al actor w ?us be laid "u obligation & be 9 ! position ( ! p>ty b5efit$4 ,su* m5 seem likewise to rememb] ^? !y h done k9dnesses to1 b n ^? f :om !y h receiv$ !m3 because he :o has receiv$ is inf]ior to him :o has done ! k9dness & our fri5d wi%es to be sup]ior2 accord+ly he is pleas$ to he> ( 8 own k9d acts b n ( ^? done to himself 7& ?is is :y1 9 ,hom]1 ,!tis does n m5tion to ,jupit] ! k9dnesses %e _h done him1 nor did ! ,lac$monians to ! ,a!nians b only ! b5efits !y _h receiv$74 ,fur!r1 x is *>act]i/ic ( ! ,great-m9d$ man to ask fav\rs n at all1 or v reluctantly1 b to d a s]vice v readily2 & to be> himself l(tily t[>ds ! great or =tunate1 b t[>ds p ( middle /ation affably2 because to be above ! =m] is difficult & s a gr& ?+1 b to be above ! latt] is easy2 & to be high & mighty t[>ds ! =m] is n ignoble1 b to d x t[>ds ^? ( humble /ation w\ld be l[ & vulg>2 x w\ld be l p>ad+ /r5g? aga9/ ! weak4 ,& aga91 n to put himself 9 ! way ( hon\r1 nor to g :]e o!rs are ! *ief m52 & to be remiss & dilatory1 except 9 ! case ( "s great hon\r or "w2 & to be conc]n$ 9 few ?+s1 & ^? great & fam\s4 ,x is a prop]ty ( him also to be op51 bo? 9 8 dislikes & 8 lik+s1 because concealm5t is a consequ5t ( fe>4 ,likewise to be c>eful = reality r ?an appe>ance1 & talk & act op5ly 7= 8 contempt = o!rs makes him a bold man1 = :i* same reason he is apt to speak ! tru?1 except :]e ! pr9ciple ( res]ve comes 971 b to be res]v$ t[>ds ! g5]ality ( m54 ,& to be unable to live ) ref]5ce to any o!r b a fri5d2 because do+ s is s]vile1 z may be se5 9 t all flatt]]s are l[ & m5 9 l[ e/ate are flatt]]s4 ,nei!r is 8 admiration easily excit$1 because no?+ is great 9 8 eyes2 nor does he be> malice1 s9ce rememb]+ any?+1 & specially wrongs1 is no "p ( ,great-m9d$ness1 b r ov]look+ !m2 nor does he talk ( o!r m52 9 fact1 he w n speak ei!r ( himself or ( any o!r2 he nei!r c>es to be prais$ himself nor to h o!rs blam$2 nor aga9 does he praise freely1 & = ?is reason he is n apt to speak ill ev5 ( 8 enemies except to %[ contempt & insol5ce4 ,& he is by no means apt to make lam5ts ab\t ?+s :i* _c be help$1 or reque/s ab\t ^? :i* are trivial2 because to be ?us dispos$ ) respect to ^! ?+s is consequ5t only ^u real anxiety ab\t !m4 ,aga91 he is ! k9d ( man to acquire :at is beautiful & unproductive r ?an :at is productive & pr(itable3 ?is be+ r ! "p ( an indep5d5t man4 ,also sl[ motion1 deep-ton$ voice1 & delib]ate /yle ( spee*1 are ?\ght to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ,great-m9d$ man3 = he :o is e>ne/ ab\t few ?+s is n likely to be 9 a hurry1 nor he :o e/eems no?+ great to be v int5t3 & %>p tones & quickness are ! result ( ^!4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,?is !n is my idea ( ! ,great-m9d$ man2 & he :o is 9 ! defect is a ,small-m9d$ man1 he :o is 9 ! excess a ,va9 man4 ,h[ev]1 z we obs]v$ 9 respect ( ! la/ "* we discuss$1 ^! extremes are n ?\ght to be vici\s exactly1 b only mi/ak51 = !y d no h>m4 ,! ,small-m9d$ man1 = in/ance1 be+ really wor?y ( good deprives himself ( 8 des]ts1 & seems to h some:at faulty f n hav+ a suffici5tly high e/imate ( 8 own des]t1 9 fact f self-ignorance3 because1 b = ?is1 he w\ld h grasp$ aft] :at he really is entitl$ to1 & t is good4 ,/ill su* *>act]s are n ?\ght to be fooli%1 b r lagg>ds4 ,b ! hav+ su* an op9ion ( !mselves seems to h a det]iorat+ effect on ! "*3 because 9 all cases m5's aims are regulat$ by _! suppos$ des]t1 & ?us ^! m51 "u a notion ( _! own want ( des]t1 /& alo( f hon\rable actions & c\rses1 & simil>ly f ext]nal goods4 ,b ! ,va9 are fooli% & self-ignorant1 & t palpably3 because !y attempt hon\rable ?+s1 z ?\gh !y 7 wor?y1 & !n !y are detect$4 ,!y also set !mselves (f1 by dress1 & c>riage1 & su*-l ?+s1 & desire t _! good circum/ances may be se51 & !y talk ( !m "u ! notion ( receiv+ hon\r !reby4 ,small-m9d$ness r ?an ,vanity is oppos$ to ,great-m9d$ness1 because x is m commonly met ) & is worse4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,well1 ! virtue ( ,great-m9d$ness has = its object great ,hon\r1 z we h said3 & !re seems to be a virtue hav+ ,hon\r also = its object 7z we /at$ 9 ! =m] book71 :i* may seem to be> to ,great-m9d$ness ! same relation t ,lib]ality does to ,magnific5ce3 t is1 bo? ^! virtues /& alo( f :at is great b dispose u z we ought to be dispos$ t[>ds mod]ate & small matt]s4 ,fur!r3 z 9 giv+ & receiv+ ( weal? !re is a mean /ate1 an excess1 & a defect1 s likewise 9 grasp+ aft] ,hon\r !re is ! m or less ?an is "r1 & also ! do+ s f "r s\rces & 9 "r mann]4 ,= we blame ! lov] ( ,hon\r z aim+ at ,hon\r m ?an he ought1 & f wrong s\rces2 & him :o is de/itute ( a love ( ,hon\r z n *oos+ to be hon\r$ ev5 = :at is noble4 ,sometimes aga9 we praise ! lov] ( ,hon\r z manly & hav+ a love = :at is noble1 & him :o has no love = x z be+ mod]ate & mode/ 7z we notic$ also 9 ! =m] discussion ( ^! virtues74 ,x is cle> !n t s9ce 8,lov] ( s & s0 is a t]m capable ( sev]al mean+s1 we d n always d5ote ! same quality by ! t]m 8,lov] ( ,hon\r20 b :5 we use x z a t]m ( comm5dation we d5ote m ?an ! mass ( m5 are2 :5 = blame m ?an a man %\ld be4 ,& ! mean /ate hav+ no prop] "n ! extremes seem to dispute = x z unoccupi$ gr\nd3 b ( c\rse :]e !re is excess & defect !re mu/ be also ! mean4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact1 m5 d grasp at ,hon\r m ?an !y %\ld1 & less1 & sometimes j z !y ought2 = in/ance1 ?is /ate is prais$1 be+ a mean /ate 9 reg>d ( ,hon\r1 b )\t any appropriate "n4 ,comp>$ ) :at is call$ ,ambition x %[s l a want ( love = ,hon\r1 & comp>$ ) ?is x %[s l ,ambition1 or comp>$ ) bo?1 l bo? faults3 nor is ?is a s+ul> case among ! virtues4 ,"h ! extreme *>act]s appe> to be oppos$1 because ! mean has no "n appropriat$ to x4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,meekness is a mean /ate1 hav+ = its object-matt] ,ang]3 & z ! "* 9 ! mean has no "n1 & we may almo/ say ! same ( ! extremes1 we give ! "n ( ,meekness 7lean+ r to ! defect1 :i* has no "n ei!r7 to ! "* 9 ! mean4 ,! excess may be call$ an ov]-aptness to ,ang]3 = ! passion is ,ang]1 & ! produc+ causes _m & v>i\s4 ,n[ he :o is angry at :at & ) :om he ought1 & fur!r1 9 "r mann] & "t1 & = prop] l5g? ( "t1 is prais$1 s ?is ,man w be ,meek s9ce ,meekness is prais$4 ,= ! notion repres5t$ by ! t]m ,meek man is ! be+ imp]turbable1 & n be+ l$ away by passion1 b be+ angry 9 t mann]1 & at ^? ?+s1 & = t l5g? ( "t1 :i* ,reason may direct4 ,?is "* h[ev] is ?\ght to err r on ! side ( defect1 inasmu* z he is n apt to take rev5ge b r to make all[ances & =give4 ,& ! defect1 call x ,ang]lessness or :at y w1 is blam$3 ,i mean1 !y :o are n angry at ?+s at :i* !y ought to be angry are ?\ght to be fooli%1 & !y :o are angry n 9 "r mann]1 nor 9 "r "t1 nor ) ^? ) :om !y ought2 = a man :o lab\rs "u ?is defect is ?\ght to h no p]ception1 nor to be pa9$1 & to h no t5d5cy to av5ge himself1 inasmu* z he feels no ang]3 n[ to be> ) scurrility 9 "o's own p]son1 & pati5tly see "o's own fri5ds suff] x1 is a slavi% ?+4 ,z = ! excess1 x occurs 9 all =ms2 m5 are angry ) ^? ) :om1 & at ?+s ) :i*1 !y ought n to be1 & m ?an !y ought1 & too ha/ily1 & = too great a l5g? ( "t4 ,i d n mean1 h[ev]1 t ^! are comb9$ 9 any "o p]son3 t w\ld 9 fact be impossible1 because ! evil de/roys itself1 & if x is develop$ 9 its full =ce x becomes unbe>able4 ,n[ ^? :om we t]m ! ,passionate are soon angry1 & ) p ) :om & at ?+s at :i* !y ought n1 & 9 an excessive degree1 b !y soon cool aga91 :i* is ! be/ po9t ab\t !m4 ,& ?is results f _! n repress+ _! ang]1 b repay+ _! enemies 79 t !y %[ _! fee+s by reason ( _! vehem5ce71 & !n !y h done ) x4 ,! ,*ol]ic aga9 are excessively vehem5t1 & are angry at ev]y?+1 & on e occasion2 :5ce comes _! ,greek "n signify+ t _! *ol] lies high4 ,! ,bitt]-temp]$ are h>d to reconcile & keep _! ang] = a long :ile1 because !y repress ! feel+3 b :5 !y h rev5g$ !mselves !n comes a lull2 = ! v5geance de/roys _! ang] by produc+ pleasure 9 lieu ( pa94 ,b if ?is does n happ5 !y keep ! weight on _! m9ds3 because1 z x does n %[ itself1 no "o attempts to reason x away1 & dige/+ ang] )9 "o's self takes "t4 ,su* m5 are v great nuisances to !mselves & to _! be/ fri5ds4 ,aga91 we call ^? ,cross-gra9$ :o are angry at wrong objects1 & 9 excessive degree1 & = too long a "t1 & :o are n appeas$ )\t v5geance or at lea/ puni%+ ! (f5d]4 ,to ,meekness we oppose ! excess r ?an ! defect1 because x is ( m common occurr5ce3 = human nature is m dispos$ to take ?an to =go rev5ge4 ,& ! ,cross-gra9$ are worse to live ) ?an !y :o are too phlegmatic4 ,n[1 f :at has be5 "h said1 t is also pla9 :i* 0 said be=e4 ,i mean1 x is no easy matt] to def9e h[1 & ) :at p]sons1 & at :at k9d ( ?+s1 & h[ long "o ought to be angry1 & up to :at po9t a p]son is "r or is wrong4 ,= he t transgresses ! /rict rule only a little1 :e!r on ! side ( too mu* or too little1 is n blam$3 sometimes we praise ^? :o are defici5t 9 ! feel+ & call !m ,meek1 sometimes we call ! irritable ,spirit$ z be+ well qualifi$ = gov]nm5t4 ,s x is n easy to lay d[n1 9 s _m words1 = :at degree or k9d ( transgression a man is blameable3 because ! decision is 9 p>ticul>s1 & re/s !re=e ) ! ,moral ,s5se4 ,?us mu*1 h[ev]1 is pla91 t ! mean /ate is praisewor?y1 9 virtue ( :i* we are angry ) ^? ) :om1 & at ^? ?+s ) :i*1 we ought to be angry1 & 9 "r mann]1 & s on2 :ile ! excesses & defects are blameable1 slightly s if only slight1 m s if great]1 & :5 consid]able v blameable4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! mean /ate is :at we are to hold to4 ,?is !n is to be tak5 z our acc\nt ( ! v>i\s moral /ates :i* h ,ang] = _! object-matt]4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,next1 z reg>ds social int]c\rse & int]*ange ( words & acts1 "s m5 are ?\ght to be ,ov]-,complaisant :o1 ) a view solely to giv+ pleasure1 agree to ev]y?+ & nev] oppose1 b ?9k _! l9e is to give no pa9 to ^? !y are ?r[n among/3 !y1 on ! o!r h&1 are call$ ,cross & ,cont5ti\s :o take exactly ! contr>y l9e to ^!1 & oppose 9 ev]y?+1 & h no c>e at all :e!r !y give pa9 or n4 ,n[ x is q cle> ( c\rse1 t ! /ates ,i h nam$ are blameable1 & t ! mean betwe5 !m is praisewor?y1 9 virtue ( :i* a man w let pass :at he ought z he ought1 & also w object 9 l mann]4 ,h[ev]1 ?is /ate has no "n appropriat$1 b x is mo/ l ,fri5d%ip2 s9ce ! man :o exhibits x is j ! k9d ( man :om we w\ld call ! amiable fri5d1 ) ! addition ( /rong e>ne/ affection2 b !n ?is is ! v po9t 9 :i* x diff]s f ,fri5d%ip1 t x is q indep5d5t ( any feel+ or /rong affection = ^? among :om ! man mixes3 ,i mean1 t he takes ev]y?+ z he ought1 n f any feel+ ( love or hatr$1 b simply because 8 natural disposition leads him to d s2 he w d x alike to ^? :om he does "k & ^? :om he does n1 & ^? ) :om he is intimate & ^? ) :om he is n2 only 9 ea* case z propriety requires1 because x is n fitt+ to c>e alike = intimates & /rang]s1 nor aga9 to pa9 !m alike4 ,x has be5 /at$ 9 a g5]al way t 8 social int]c\rse w be regulat$ by propriety1 & 8 aim w be to avoid giv+ pa9 & to contribute to pleasure1 b ) a con/ant ref]5ce to :at is noble & exp$i5t4 ,8 prop] object-matt] seems to be ! pleasures & pa9s :i* arise out ( social int]c\rse1 b :5ev] x is n hon\rable or ev5 hurtful to him to contribute to pleasure1 9 ^! in/ances he w run c\nt] & pref] to give pa94 ,or if ! ?+s 9 "q involve unseeml9ess to ! do]1 & ?is n inconsid]able1 or any h>m1 :]eas 8 opposition w cause "s little pa91 "h he w n agree b w run c\nt]4 ,aga91 he w regulate diff]5tly 8 int]c\rse ) great m5 & ) ord9>y m51 & ) all p accord+ to ! k he has ( !m2 & 9 l mann]1 tak+ 9 any o!r diff]5ces :i* may exi/1 giv+ to ea* 8 due1 & 9 itself pref]r+ to give pleasure & cauti\s n to give pa91 b /ill guid$ by ! results1 ,i mean by :at is noble & exp$i5t accord+ z !y prepond]ate4 ,aga91 he w inflict trifl+ pa9 ) a view to consequ5t pleasure4 ,well1 ! man be>+ ! mean "* is pretty well su* z ,i h describ$ him1 b he has no "n appropriat$ to him3 ( ^? :o try to give pleasure1 ! man :o simply & dis9t]e/$ly tries to be agreeable is call$ ,ov]-,complaisant1 he :o does x ) a view to secure "s pr(it 9 ! way ( weal?1 or ^? ?+s :i* weal? may procure1 is a ,flatt]]3 ,i h said be=e1 t ! man :o is 8always non-cont5t0 is ,cross & ,cont5ti\s4 ,"h ! extremes h ! appe>ance ( be+ oppos$ to "o ano!r1 because ! mean has no appropriate "n4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! mean /ate :i* /e]s cle> ( ,exagg]ation has pretty mu* ! same object-matt] z ! la/ we describ$1 & likewise has no "n appropriat$ to x4 ,/ill x may be z well to g ov] ^! /ates3 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 by a p>ticul> discussion ( ea* we %all be bett] acqua9t$ ) ! g5]al subject ( moral "*1 & next we %all be ! m conv9c$ t ! virtues are mean /ates by see+ t ?is is univ]sally ! case4 ,9 respect !n ( liv+ 9 society1 ^? :o c>ry on ?is int]c\rse ) a view to pleasure & pa9 h be5 already spok5 (2 we w n[ g on to speak ( ^? :o are ,true or ,false1 alike 9 _! words & de$s & 9 ! claims :i* !y advance4 ,n[ ! ,exagg]ator is ?\ght to h a t5d5cy to lay claim to ?+s reflect+ cr$it on him1 bo? :5 !y d n belong to him at all & also 9 great] degree ?an t 9 :i* !y really d3 :]eas ! ,res]v$ man1 on ! contr>y1 d5ies ^? :i* really belong to him or else depreciates !m1 :ile ! mean "* be+ a ,pla9-matt]-(-fact p]son is ,tru?ful 9 life & ^w1 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( :at does really belong to him & mak+ x nei!r great] nor less ?an ! tru?4 ,x is possible ( c\rse to take any ( ^! l9es ei!r ) or )\t "s fur!r view3 b 9 g5]al m5 speak1 & act1 & live1 ea* accord+ to 8 p>ticul> "* & disposition1 unless inde$ a man is act+ f any special motive4 ,n[ s9ce falsehood is 9 itself l[ & blameable1 :ile tru? is noble & praisewor?y1 x foll[s t ! ,tru?ful man 7:o is also 9 ! mean7 is praisewor?y1 & ! two :o dep>t f /rict tru? are bo? blameable1 b especially ! ,exagg]ator4 ,we w n[ speak ( ea*1 & fir/ ( ! ,tru?ful man3 ,i call him ,tru?ful1 because we are n n[ mean+ ! man :o is true 9 8 agreem5ts nor 9 su* matt]s z am\nt to ju/ice or inju/ice 7?is w\ld come )9 ! prov9ce ( a diff]5t virtue71 b1 9 su* z d n involve any su* s]i\s diff]5ce z ?is1 ! man we are describ+ is true 9 life & ^w simply because he is 9 a c]ta9 moral /ate4 ,& he t is su* mu/ be judg$ to be a good man3 = he t has a love = ,tru? z su*1 & is guid$ by x 9 matt]s indiff]5t1 w be s likewise ev5 m 9 su* z are n indiff]5t2 = surely he w h a dread ( falsehood z base1 s9ce he %unn$ x ev5 9 itself3 & he t is ( su* a "* is praisewor?y1 yet he leans r to t :i* is bel[ ! tru?1 ?is hav+ an appe>ance ( be+ 9 bett] ta/e because exagg]ations are s hateful4 ,z = ! man :o lays claim to ?+s above :at really belongs to him )\t any special motive1 he is l a base man because he w\ld n o!rwise h tak5 pleasure 9 falsehood1 b he %[s z a fool r ?an z a knave4 ,b if a man does ?is ) a special motive1 suppose = hon\r or glory1 z ! ,bragg>t does1 !n he is n s v blamewor?y1 b if1 directly or indirectly1 = pecuni>y consid]ations1 he is m unseemly4 ,n[ ! ,bragg>t is su* n by 8 p[] b by 8 purpose1 t is to say1 9 virtue ( 8 moral /ate1 & because he is a man ( a c]ta9 k9d2 j z !re are li>s :o take pleasure 9 falsehood = its own sake :ile o!rs lie f a desire ( glory or ga94 ,!y :o exagg]ate ) a view to glory pret5d to su* qualities z are foll[$ by praise or highe/ congratulation2 !y :o d x ) a view to ga9 assume ^? :i* _! neighb\rs c avail !mselves (1 & ! abs5ce ( :i* c be conceal$1 z a man's be+ a skilful soo?say] or physician2 & accord+ly mo/ m5 pret5d to su* ?+s & exagg]ate 9 ?is direction1 because ! faults ,i h m5tion$ are 9 !m4 ,! ,res]v$1 :o depreciate _! own qualities1 h ! appe>ance ( be+ m ref9$ 9 _! *>act]s1 because !y are n ?\ght to speak ) a view to ga9 b to avoid gr&eur3 "o v common trait 9 su* *>act]s is _! d5y+ common curr5t op9ions1 z ,socrates us$ to d4 ,!re are p :o lay claim falsely to small ?+s & ?+s ! falsity ( _! pret5sions to :i* is obvi\s2 ^! are call$ ,factotums & are v despicable4 ,?is v ,res]ve sometimes %[s l ,exagg]ation2 take1 = in/ance1 ! excessive pla9ness ( dress affect$ by ! ,lac$monians3 9 fact1 bo? excess & ! extreme ( defici5cy p>take ( ! nature ( ,exagg]ation4 ,b !y :o practise ,res]ve 9 mod]ation1 & 9 cases 9 :i* ! tru? is n v obvi\s & pla91 give an impression ( ref9em5t4 ,"h x is ! ,exagg]ator 7z be+ ! wor/ "*7 :o appe>s to be oppos$ to ! ,tru?ful ,man4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,next1 z life has its pauses & 9 !m admits ( pa/ime comb9$ ) ,jocul>ity1 x is ?\ght t 9 ?is respect also !re is a k9d ( fitt+ int]c\rse1 & t rules may be prescrib$ z to ! k9d ( ?+s "o %\ld say & ! mann] ( say+ !m2 & 9 respect ( he>+ likewise 7& !re w be a diff]5ce betwe5 ! say+ & he>+ su* & su* ?+s74 ,x is pla9 t 9 reg>d to ^! ?+s also !re w be an excess & defect & a mean4 ,n[ !y :o exce$ 9 ! ridicul\s are judg$ to be ,buffoons & ,vulg>1 cat*+ at x 9 any & e way & at any co/1 & aim+ r at rais+ laught] ?an at say+ :at is seemly & at avoid+ to pa9 ! object ( _! wit4 ,!y1 on ! o!r h&1 :o w\ld n = ! _w make a joke !mselves & are displeas$ ) su* z d are ?\ght to be ,cl[ni% & ,/]n4 ,b !y :o are ,jocul> 9 good ta/e are d5om9at$ by a ,greek t]m express+ prop]ly ease ( movem5t1 because su* are ?\ght to be1 z "o may say1 motions ( ! moral "*2 & z bodies are judg$ ( by _! motions s too are moral *>act]s4 ,n[ z ! ridicul\s lies on ! surface1 & ! majority ( m5 take m pleasure ?an !y ought 9 ,jocul>ity & ,je/+1 ! ,buffoons too get ?is "n ( ,easy ,pleasantry1 z if ref9$ & g5tlemanlike2 b t !y diff] f ^!1 & consid]ably too1 is pla9 f :at has be5 said4 ,"o quality :i* belongs to ! mean /ate is ,tact3 x is *>act]i/ic ( a man ( ,tact to say & li/5 to su* ?+s z are fit = a good man & a g5tleman to say & li/5 to3 = !re are ?+s :i* are becom+ = su* a "o to say & li/5 to 9 ! way ( ,jocul>ity1 & !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,jocul>ity ( ! ,g5tleman & t ( ! ,vulg>ian2 & aga91 betwe5 t ( ! educat$ & un$ucat$ man4 ,?is y may see f a comp>ison ( ! ,old & ,new ,com$y3 9 ! =m] obsc5e talk made ! fun2 9 ! latt] x is r innu5do3 & ?is is no slight diff]5ce z reg>ds dec5cy4 ,well !n1 are we to *>act]ise him :o je/s well by 8 say+ :at is becom+ a g5tleman1 or by 8 avoid+ to pa9 ! object ( 8 wit1 or ev5 by 8 giv+ him pleasure8 or w n su* a def9ition be vague1 s9ce diff]5t ?+s are hateful & pleasant to diff]5t m58 ,be ?is z x may1 :atev] he says su* ?+s w he also li/5 to1 s9ce x is commonly held t a man w d :at he w be> to he>3 ?is mu/1 h[ev]1 be limit$2 a man w n d q all t he w he>3 because je/+ is a species ( scurrility & !re are "s po9ts ( scurrility =bidd5 by law2 x may be c]ta9 po9ts ( je/+ %\ld h be5 also s =bidd54 ,s !n ! ref9$ & g5tlemanlike man w be> himself ?us z be+ a law to himself4 ,su* is ! mean "*1 :e!r d5om9at$ ! man ( ,tact or ( ,easy ,pleasantry4 ,b ! ,buffoon _c resi/ ! ridicul\s1 sp>+ nei!r himself nor any "o else s t he c b raise 8 laugh1 say+ ?+s ( su* k9d z no man ( ref9em5t w\ld say & "s :i* he w\ld n ev5 tol]ate if said by o!rs 9 8 he>+4 ,! ,cl[ni% man is = su* int]c\rse :olly useless3 inasmu* z contribut+ no?+ jocose ( 8 own he is savage ) all :o d4 ,yet "s pause & amusem5t 9 life are g5]ally judg$ to be indisp5sable4 ,! ?ree mean /ates :i* h be5 describ$ d occur 9 life1 & ! object-matt] ( all is int]*ange ( words & de$s4 ,!y diff]1 9 t "o ( !m is conc]n$ ) tru?1 & ! o!r two ) ! pleasurable3 & ( ^! two aga91 ! "o is conv]sant ) ! jocosities ( life1 ! o!r ) all o!r po9ts ( social int]c\rse4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,to speak ( ,%ame z a ,virtue is incorrect1 because x is mu* m l a feel+ ?an a moral /ate4 ,x is def9$1 we "k1 to be 8a k9d ( fe> ( disgrace10 & its effects are simil> to ^? ( ! fe> ( dang]1 = !y :o feel ,%ame gr[ r$ & !y :o fe> dea? turn pale4 ,s bo? are evid5tly 9 a way physical1 :i* is ?\ght to be a m>k ( a feel+ r ?an a moral /ate4 ,moreov]1 x is a feel+ n suitable to e age1 b only to y\?3 we d ?9k t ! "y %\ld be ,%amefac$1 because s9ce !y live at ! beck & call ( passion !y d mu* t is wrong & ,%ame acts on !m z a *eck4 ,9 fact1 we praise su* "y m5 z are ,%amefac$1 b no "o w\ld ev] praise an old man = be+ giv5 to x1 inasmu* z we hold t he ought n to d ?+s :i* cause ,%ame2 = ,%ame1 s9ce x arises at l[ bad actions1 does n at all belong to ! good man1 because su* ought n to be done at all3 nor does x make any diff]5ce to allege t "s ?+s are disgraceful really1 o!rs only because !y are ?\ght s2 = nei!r %\ld be done1 s t a man ought n to be 9 ! position ( feel+ ,%ame4 ,9 tru?1 to be su* a man z to d any?+ disgraceful is ! "p ( a faulty "*4 ,& = a man to be su* t he w\ld feel ,%ame if he %\ld d any?+ disgraceful1 & to ?9k t ?is con/itutes him a good man1 is absurd3 because ,%ame is felt at volunt>y actions only1 & a good man w nev] volunt>ily d :at is base4 ,true x is1 t ,%ame may be good on a c]ta9 supposition1 z 8if a man %\ld d su* ?+s1 he w\ld feel ,%ame30 b !n ! ,virtues are good 9 !mselves1 & n m]ely 9 suppos$ cases4 ,&1 grant$ t impud5ce & ! n be+ a%am$ to d :at is disgraceful is base1 x does n ! m foll[ t x is good = a man to d su* ?+s & feel ,%ame4 ,nor is ,self-,control prop]ly a ,virtue1 b a k9d ( mix$ /ate3 h[ev]1 all ab\t ?is %all be set =? 9 a future ,book4 ,,book ,v ,*apt] ,i4 ,n[ ! po9ts = our enquiry 9 respect ( ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice are1 :at k9d ( actions are _! object-matt]1 & :at k9d ( a mean /ate ,ju/ice is1 & betwe5 :at po9ts ! ab/ract pr9ciple ( x1 i4e4 ! ,j1 is a mean4 ,& our enquiry %all be1 if y please1 conduct$ 9 ! same me?od z we h obs]v$ 9 ! =ego+ p>ts ( ?is ,treatise4 ,we see !n t all m5 mean by ! t]m ,ju/ice a moral /ate su* t 9 consequ5ce ( x m5 h ! capacity ( do+ :at is j1 & actually d x1 & wi% x3#a simil>ly also ) respect to ,inju/ice1 a moral /ate su* t 9 consequ5ce ( x m5 d unju/ly & wi% :at is unju/3 let u also be cont5t !n ) ^! z a gr\nd-"w sket*$ out4 ,i m5tion ! two1 because ! same does n hold ) reg>d to ,/ates :e!r ( m9d or body z ) reg>d to ,sci5ces or ,faculties3 ,i mean t :]eas x is ?\ght t ! same ,faculty or ,sci5ce embraces contr>ies1 a ,/ate w n3 f heal?1 = in/ance1 n ! contr>y acts are done b ! heal?y ones only2 we say a man walks heal?ily :5 he walks z ! heal?y man w\ld4 ,h[ev]1 ( ! two contr>y /ates ! "o may be frequ5tly kn[n f ! o!r1 & (t5times ! /ates f _! subject-matt]3 if x be se5 cle>ly :at a good /ate ( body is1 !n is x also se5 :at a bad /ate is1 & f ! ?+s :i* belong to a good /ate ( body ! good /ate itself is se51 & vice v]s4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! good /ate is firmness ( fle% x foll[s t ! bad /ate is flabb9ess ( fle%2 & :atev] causes firmness ( fle% is connect$ ) ! good /ate4 ,x foll[s moreov] 9 g5]al1#b t if ( two contr>y t]ms ! "o is us$ 9 _m s5ses s also w ! o!r be2 z1 = in/ance1 if 8! ,j10 !n also 8! ,unju/40 ,n[ ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice d seem to be us$ respectively 9 _m s5ses1 b1 because ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ^! is v f9e & m9ute1#c x commonly escapes notice t !y are ?us us$1 & x is n pla9 & manife/ z :]e ! v>i\s significations ( t]ms are widely diff]5t = 9 ^! la/ ! visible diff]5ce is great1 = in/ance1 ! ^w is us$ equivocally to d5ote ! bone :i* is "u ! neck ( animals & ! in/rum5t ) :i* p close doors4 ,let x be asc]ta9$ !n 9 h[ _m s5ses ! t]m 8,unju/ man0 is us$4 ,well1 he :o violates ! law1 & he :o is a grasp+ man1 & ! unequal man1 are all ?\ght to be ,unju/ & s manife/ly ! ,j man w be1 ! man :o acts accord+ to law1 & ! equal man 8,! ,j0 !n w be ! lawful & ! equal1 & 8! ,unju/0 ! unlawful & ! unequal4 ,well1 s9ce ! ,unju/ man is also a grasp+ man1 he w be s1 ( c\rse1 ) respect to good ?+s1 b n ( e k9d1 only ^? :i* are ! subject-matt] ( good & bad =tune & :i* are 9 !mselves always good b n always to ! individual4#d ,yet m5 pray = & pursue ^! ?+s3 ?is !y %\ld n d b pray t ?+s :i* are 9 ! ab/ract good may be s also to !m1 & *oose :at is good = !mselves4 ,b ! ,unju/ man does n always *oose actually ! great] "p1 b ev5 sometimes ! less2 z 9 ! case ( ?+s :i* are simply evil3 /ill1 s9ce ! less evil is ?\ght to be 9 a mann] a good & ! grasp+ is aft] good1 !re=e ev5 9 ?is case he is ?\ght to be a grasp+ man1 i4e4 "o :o /rives = m good ?an fairly falls to 8 %>e3 ( c\rse he is also an unequal man1 ?is be+ an inclusive & common t]m4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,we said t ! violator ( ,law is ,unju/1 & ! keep] ( ! ,law ,j3 fur!r1 x is pla9 t all ,lawful ?+s are 9 a mann] ,j1 because by ,lawful we und]/& :at h be5 def9$ by ! legislative p[] & ea* ( ^! we say is ,j4 ,! ,laws too give directions on all po9ts1 aim+ ei!r at ! common good ( all1 or t ( ! be/1 or t ( ^? 9 p[] 7tak+ = ! /&>d real goodness or adopt+ "s o!r e/imate72 9 "o way we mean by ,j1 ^? ?+s :i* are apt to produce & pres]ve happ9ess & its +r$i5ts = ! social community4 ,fur!r1 ! ,law comm&s ! do+ ! de$s n only ( ! brave man 7z n leav+ ! ranks1 nor fly+1 nor ?r[+ away "o's arms71 b ^? also ( ! p]fectly self-ma/]+ man1 z ab/95ce f adult]y & wantonness2 & ^? ( ! meek man1 z refra9+ f /rik+ o!rs or us+ abusive language3 & 9 l mann] 9 respect ( ! o!r virtues & vices comm&+ "s ?+s & =bidd+ o!rs1 rightly if x is a good law1 9 a way some:at inf]ior if x is "o extemporis$4 ,n[ ?is ,ju/ice is 9 fact p]fect ,virtue1 yet n simply s b z ex]cis$ t[>ds "o's neighb\r3 & = ?is reason ,ju/ice is ?\ght (t5times to be ! be/ ( ! ,virtues1 & 8nei!r ,hesp] nor ! ,morn+-/> ,s wor?y ( our admiration30 & 9 a prov]bial say+ we express ! same2 8,all virtue is 9 ,ju/ice compreh5d$40 ,& x is 9 a special s5se p]fect ,virtue because x is ! practice ( p]fect ,virtue4 ,& p]fect x is because he t has x is able to practise 8 virtue t[>ds 8 neighb\r & n m]ely on himself2 ,i mean1 !re are _m :o c practise virtue 9 ! regulation ( _! own p]sonal conduct :o are :olly unable to d x 9 transactions ) _! neighb\r4 ,& = ?is reason t say+ ( ,bias is ?\ght to be a good "o1 8,rule w %[ :at a man is20 = he :o be>s ,rule is necess>ily 9 contact ) o!rs1 i4e4 9 a community4 ,& = ?is same reason ,ju/ice alone ( all ! ,virtues is ?\ght to be a good to o!rs1 because x has imm$iate relation to "s o!r p]son1 inasmu* z ! ,j man does :at is advantage\s to ano!r1 ei!r to 8 rul] or fell[-subject4 ,n[ he is ! base/ ( m5 :o practises vice n only 9 8 own p]son1#e b t[>ds 8 fri5ds also2 b he ! be/ :o practises virtue n m]ely 9 8 own p]son b t[>ds 8 neighb\r1 = ?is is a matt] ( "s difficulty4 ,h[ev]1 ,ju/ice 9 ?is s5se is n a "p ( ,virtue b is co-ext5sive ) ,virtue2 nor is ! ,inju/ice :i* answ]s to x a "p ( ,vice b co-ext5sive ) ,vice4 ,n[ :]e9 ,ju/ice 9 ?is s5se diff]s f ,virtue appe>s f :at has be5 said3 x is ! same really1 b ! po9t ( view is n ! same3 9 s f> z x has respect to "o's neighb\r x is ,ju/ice1 9 s f> z x is su* & su* a moral /ate x is simply ,virtue4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,b ! object ( our enquiry is ,ju/ice1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is a "p ( ,virtue 7= !re is su* a ?+1 z we commonly say71 & likewise ) respect to p>ticul> ,inju/ice4 ,& ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is la/ ! foll[+ consid]ation is a pro(3 !re are _m vices by practis+ :i* a man acts unju/ly1 ( c\rse1 b does n grasp at m ?an 8 %>e ( good2 if1 = in/ance1 by reason ( c[>dice he ?r[s away 8 %ield1 or by reason ( ill-temp] he uses abusive language1 or by reason ( /+9ess does n give a fri5d pecuni>y assi/ance2 b :5ev] he does a grasp+ action1 x is (t5 9 ! way ( none ( ^! vices1 c]ta9ly n 9 all ( !m1 /ill 9 ! way ( "s vice or o!r 7= we blame him71 & 9 ! way ( ,inju/ice4 ,!re is !n "s k9d ( ,inju/ice di/9ct f t co-ext5sive ) ,vice & relat$ to x z a "p to a :ole1 & "s 8,unju/0 relat$ to t :i* is co-ext5sive ) violation ( ! law z a "p to a :ole4 ,aga91 suppose "o man s$uces a man's wife ) a view to ga9 & actually gets "s advantage by x1#f & ano!r does ! same f impulse ( lu/1 at an exp5se ( money & damage2 ?is latt] w be ?\ght to be r de/itute ( self-ma/]y ?an a grasp+ man1 & ! =m] ,unju/ b n de/itute ( self-ma/]y3 n[ :y8 pla9ly because ( 8 ga9+4 ,aga91 all o!r acts ( ,inju/ice we ref] to "s p>ticul> depravity1 z1 if a man commits adult]y1 to ab&onm5t to 8 passions2 if he des]ts 8 comrade1 to c[>dice2 if he /rikes ano!r1 to ang]3 b if he ga9s by ! act to no o!r vice ?an to ,inju/ice4 ,?us x is cle> t !re is a k9d ( ,inju/ice diff]5t f & besides t :i* includes all ,vice1 hav+ ! same "n because ! def9ition is 9 ! same g5us2 = bo? h _! =ce 9 deal+s ) o!rs1 b ! "o acts ^u hon\r1 or weal?1 or safety1 or by :atev] "o "n we c include all ^! ?+s1 & is actuat$ by pleasure att5dant on ga91 :ile ! o!r acts ^u all ?+s :i* con/itute ! sph]e ( ! good man's action4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,n[ t !re is m ?an "o k9d ( ,ju/ice1 & t !re is "o :i* is di/9ct f & besides t :i* is co-ext5sive )1 ,virtue1 is pla93 we mu/ next asc]ta9 :at x is1 & :at are its *>act]i/ics4 ,well1 ! ,unju/ has be5 divid$ into ! unlawful & ! unequal1 & ! ,j accord+ly into ! lawful & ! equal3 ! a=em5tion$ ,inju/ice is 9 ! way ( ! unlawful4 ,& z ! unequal & ! m#g are n ! same1 b diff]+ z "p to :ole 7because all m is unequal1 b n all unequal m71 s ! ,unju/ & ! ,inju/ice we are n[ 9 se>* ( are n ! same )1 b o!r ?an1 ^? be=e m5tion$1 ! "o be+ ! p>ts1 ! o!r ! :oles2 = ?is p>ticul> ,inju/ice is a "p ( ! ,inju/ice co-ext5sive ) ,vice1 & likewise ?is ,ju/ice ( ! ,ju/ice co-ext5sive ) ,virtue4 ,s t :at we h n[ to speak ( is ! p>ticul> ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice1 & likewise ! p>ticul> ,j & ,unju/4 ,"h !n let u dismiss any fur!r consid]ation ( ! ,ju/ice rank+ z co-ext5sive ) ,virtue 7be+ ! practice ( ,virtue 9 all its be>+s t[>ds o!rs71 & ( ! co-relative ,inju/ice 7be+ simil>ly ! practice ( ,vice74 ,x is cle> too1 t we mu/ sep>ate (f ! ,j & ! ,unju/ involv$ 9 ^!3 because "o may pretty well say t mo/ lawful ?+s are ^? :i* naturally result 9 action f ,virtue 9 its fulle/ s5se1 because ! law enjo9s ! liv+ 9 accordance ) ea* ,virtue & =bids liv+ 9 accordance ) ea* ,vice4 ,& ! produc+ causes ( ,virtue 9 all its be>+s are ^? enactm5ts :i* h be5 made respect+ education = society4 ,by ! way1 z to individual education1 9 respect ( :i* a man is simply good )\t ref]5ce to o!rs1 :e!r x is ! prov9ce ( or "s o!r sci5ce we mu/ det]m9e at a future "t3 = x may be x is n ! same ?+ to be a good man & a good citiz5 9 e case4#h ,*apt] ,v4 ,n[ ( ! ,p>ticul> ,ju/ice1 & ! ,j involv$ 9 x1 "o species is t :i* is conc]n$ 9 ! di/ributions ( hon\r1 or weal?1 or su* o!r ?+s z are to be %>$ among ! memb]s ( ! social community 7because 9 ^! "o man z comp>$ ) ano!r may h ei!r an equal or an unequal %>e71 & ! o!r is t :i* is ,corrective 9 ! v>i\s transactions betwe5 man & man4 ,& ( ?is latt] !re are two p>ts3 because ( transactions "s are volunt>y & "s involunt>y2 volunt>y1 su* z foll[2 sell+1 buy+1 use1 bail1 borr[+1 deposit1 hir+3 & ?is class is call$ volunt>y because ! orig9ation ( ^! transactions is volunt>y4 ,! involunt>y aga9 are ei!r su* z effect secrecy2 z !ft1 adult]y1 poison+1 pimp+1 kidnapp+ ( slaves1 assass9ation1 false witness2 or accompani$ ) op5 viol5ce2 z insult1 bonds1 dea?1 plund]+1 maim+1 f\l language1 sl&]\s abuse4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,well1 ! unju/ man we h said is unequal1 & ! ab/ract 8,unju/0 unequal3 fur!r1 x is pla9 t !re is "s mean ( ! unequal1 t is to say1 ! equal or exact half 7because 9 :atev] action !re is ! great] & ! less !re is also ! equal1 i4e4 ! exact half74 ,if !n ! ,unju/ is unequal ! ,j is equal1 :i* all mu/ all[ )\t fur!r pro(3 & z ! equal is a mean ! ,j mu/ be also a mean4 ,n[ ! equal implies two t]ms at lea/3 x foll[s !n t ! ,j is bo? a mean & equal1 & ^! to c]ta9 p]sons2 &1 9 s f> z x is a mean1 betwe5 c]ta9 ?+s 7t is1 ! great] & ! less71 &1 s f> z x is equal1 betwe5 two1 & 9 s f> z x is j x is s to c]ta9 p]sons4 ,! ,j !n mu/ imply f\r t]ms at lea/1 = ^?#i to :i* x is j are two1 & ! t]ms repres5t+ ! ?+s are two4 ,& !re w be ! same equality betwe5 ! t]ms repres5t+ ! p]sons1 z betwe5 ^? repres5t+ ! ?+s3 because z ! latt] are to "o ano!r s are ! =m]3 = if ! p]sons are n equal !y mu/ n h equal %>es2 9 fact ?is is ! v s\rce ( all ! qu>rell+ & wrangl+ 9 ! _w1 :5 ei!r !y :o are equal h & get aw>d$ to !m ?+s n equal1 or be+ n equal ^? ?+s :i* are equal4 ,aga91 ! necessity ( ?is equality ( ratios is %[n by ! common phrase 8accord+ to rate10 = all agree t ! ,j 9 di/ributions ought to be accord+ to "s rate3 b :at t rate is to be1 all d n agree2 ! democrats are = fre$om1 olig>*s = weal?1 o!rs = nobl5ess ( bir?1 & ! ari/ocratic p>ty = virtue4 ,! ,j1 !n1 is a c]ta9 proportionable ?+4 ,= proportion does n apply m]ely to numb] 9 ! ab/ract1#aj b to numb] g5]ally1 s9ce x is equality ( ratios1 & implies f\r t]ms at lea/ 7t ?is is ! case 9 :at may be call$ discrete proportion is pla9 & obvi\s1 b x is true also 9 cont9ual proportion1 = ?is uses ! "o t]m z two1 & m5tions x twice2 ?us ,a3,b3,c may be express$ ,a3,b33,b3,c4 ,9 ! fir/1 ,b is nam$ twice2 & s1 if1 z 9 ! second1 ,b is actually writt5 twice1 ! proportionals w be f\r73 & ! ,j likewise implies f\r t]ms at ! lea/1 & ! ratio betwe5 ! two pair ( t]ms is ! same1 because ! p]sons & ! ?+s are divid$ simil>ly4 ,x w /& !n ?us1 ,a3,b33,c3,d1 & !n p]mut&o ,a3,c33,b3,d1 & !n 7suppos+ ,c & ,d to repres5t ! ?+s7 ,a,c3,b,d33,a3,b4 ,! di/ribution 9 fact consi/+ 9 putt+ toge!r ^! t]ms ?us3 & if !y are put toge!r s z to pres]ve ?is same ratio1 ! di/ribution puts !m toge!r ju/ly4#aa ,s !n ! jo9+ toge!r ( ! fir/ & ?ird & second & f\r? proportionals is ! ,j 9 ! di/ribution1 & ?is ,j is ! mean relatively to t :i* violates ! proportionate1 = ! proportionate is a mean & ! ,j is proportionate4 ,n[ ma!maticians call ?is k9d ( proportion geometrical3 = 9 geometrical proportion ! :ole is to ! :ole z ea* "p to ea* "p4 ,fur!rmore ?is proportion is n cont9ual1 because ! p]son & ?+ d n make up "o t]m4 ,! ,j !n is ?is proportionate1 & ! ,unju/ t :i* violates ! proportionate2 & s !re comes to be ! great] & ! less3 :i* 9 fact is ! case 9 actual transactions1 because he :o acts unju/ly has ! great] %>e & he :o is treat$ unju/ly has ! less ( :at is good3 b 9 ! case ( :at is bad ?is is rev]s$3 = ! less evil comp>$ ) ! great] comes to be reckon$ = good1 because ! less evil is m *oice-wor?y ?an ! great]1 & :at is *oice-wor?y is good1 & ! m s ! great] good4 ,?is !n is ! "o species ( ! ,j4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,& ! rema9+ "o is ! ,corrective1 :i* arises 9 volunt>y z well z involunt>y transactions4 ,n[ ?is j has a diff]5t =m f ! a=em5tion$2 = t :i* is conc]n$ 9 di/ribution ( common prop]ty is always accord+ to ! a=em5tion$ proportion3 ,i mean t1 if ! division is made out ( common prop]ty1 ! %>es w be> ! same proportion to "o ano!r z ! orig9al contributions did3 & ! ,unju/ :i* is opposite to ?is ,j is t :i* violates ! proportionate4 ,b ! ,j :i* arises 9 transactions betwe5 m5 is an equal 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 & ! ,unju/ an unequal1 only n 9 ! way ( t proportion b ( ari?metical4#ab ,because x makes no diff]5ce :e!r a robb]y1 = in/ance1 is committ$ by a good man on a bad or by a bad man on a good1 nor :e!r a good or a bad man has committ$ adult]y3 ! law looks only to ! diff]5ce creat$ by ! injury & treats ! m5 z previ\sly equal1 :]e ! "o does & ! o!r suff]s injury1 or ! "o has done & ! o!r suff]$ h>m4 ,& s ?is ,unju/1 be+ unequal1 ! judge endeav\rs to r$uce to equality aga91 because really :5 ! "o p>ty has be5 w\nd$ & ! o!r has /ruck him1 or ! "o kills & ! o!r dies1 ! suff]+ & ! do+ are divid$ into unequal %>es2 well1 ! judge tries to re/ore equality by p5alty1 !reby tak+ f ! ga94 ,= ^! t]ms ga9 & loss are appli$ to ^! cases1 ?\gh p]haps ! t]m 9 "s p>ticul> in/ance may n be /rictly prop]1 z ga91 = in/ance1 to ! man :o has giv5 a bl[1 & loss to him :o has receiv$ x3 /ill1 :5 ! suff]+ has be5 e/imat$1 ! "o is call$ loss & ! o!r ga94 ,& s ! equal is a mean betwe5 ! m & ! less1 :i* repres5t ga9 & loss 9 contr>y ways 7,i mean1 t ! m ( good & ! less ( evil is ga91 ! less ( good & ! m ( evil is loss73 betwe5 :i* ! equal 0 /at$ to be a mean1 :i* equal we say is ,j3 & s ! ,corrective ,j mu/ be ! mean betwe5 loss & ga94 ,& ?is is ! reason :y1 ^u a dispute aris+1 m5 h rec\rse to ! judge3 go+ to ! judge is 9 fact go+ to ! ,j1 = ! judge is meant to be ! p]sonification ( ! ,j4#ac ,& m5 seek a judge z "o 9 ! mean1 :i* is express$ 9 a "n giv5 by "s to judges 71 or middle-m57 "u ! notion t if !y c hit on ! mean !y %all hit on ! ,j4 ,! ,j is !n surely a mean s9ce ! judge is also4 ,s x is ! (fice ( a judge to make ?+s equal1 & ! l9e1 z x 71 hav+ be5 unequally divid$1 he takes f ! great] "p t by :i* x exce$s ! half1 & adds ?is on to ! less4 ,& :5 ! :ole is divid$ into two exactly equal portions !n m5 say !y h _! own1 :5 !y h gott5 ! equal2 & ! equal is a mean betwe5 ! great] & ! less accord+ to ari?metical equality4 ,?is1 by ! way1 acc\nts = ! etymology ( ! t]m by :i* we 9 ,greek express ! ideas ( ,j & ,judge2 7 quasi 1 t is 9 two p>ts1 & quasi 1 he :o divides into two p>ts74 ,= :5 f "o ( two equal magnitudes some:at has be5 tak5 & add$ to ! o!r1 ?is latt] exce$s ! =m] by twice t portion3 if x _h be5 m]ely tak5 f ! =m] & n add$ to ! latt]1 !n ! latt] w\ld h exce$$ ! =m] only by t "o portion2 b 9 ! o!r case1 ! great] exce$s ! mean by "o1 & ! mean exce$s also by "o t magnitude f :i* ! portion 0 tak54 ,by ?is illu/ration1 !n1 we obta9 a rule to det]m9e :at "o ought to take f him :o has ! great]1 & :at to add to him :o has ! less4 ,! excess ( ! mean ov] ! less mu/ be add$ to ! less1 & ! excess ( ! great] ov] ! mean be tak5 f ! great]4 ,?us let !re be ?ree /raight l9es equal to "o ano!r4 ,f "o ( !m cut (f a portion1 & add z mu* to ano!r ( !m4 ,! :ole l9e ?us made w exce$ ! rema9d] ( ! fir/-nam$ l9e1 by twice ! portion add$1 & w exce$ ! unt\*$ l9e by t portion4#ad ,& ^! t]ms loss & ga9 are d]iv$ f volunt>y ex*ange3 t is to say1 ! hav+ m ?an :at 0 "o's own is call$ ga9+1 & ! hav+ less ?an "o's orig9al /ock is call$ los+2 = in/ance1 9 buy+ or sell+1 or any o!r transactions :i* are gu>ante$ by law3 b :5 ! result is nei!r m nor less1 b exactly ! same z !re 0 orig9ally1#ae p say !y h _! own1 & nei!r lose nor ga94 ,s !n ! ,j we h be5 speak+ ( is a mean betwe5 loss & ga9 aris+ 9 involunt>y transactions2 t is1 x is ! hav+ ! same aft] ! transaction z "o _h be=e x took place4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,!re are p :o h a notion t ,reciprocation is simply j1 z ! ,py?agoreans said3 = !y def9$ ! ,j simply & )\t qualification z 8,t :i* reciprocates ) ano!r40 ,b ?is simple ,reciprocation w n fit on ei!r to ! ,di/ributive ,j1 or ! ,corrective 7& yet ?is is ! int]pretation !y put on ! ,rhadaman?ian rule ( ,j1 ,if a man %\ld suff] :at he ha? done1 !n !re w\ld be /raight=w>d ju/ice207 = 9 _m cases diff]5ces arise3 z1 = in/ance1 suppose "o 9 au?ority has /ruck a man1 he is n to be /ruck 9 turn2 or if a man has /ruck "o 9 au?ority1 he mu/ n only be /ruck b puni%$ also4#af ,& aga91 ! volunt>9ess or involunt>9ess ( actions makes a great diff]5ce4 ,b 9 deal+s ( ex*ange su* a pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice z ?is ,reciprocation =ms ! bond ( union1 b !n x mu/ be ,reciprocation accord+ to proportion & n exact equality1 because by proportionate reciprocity ( action ! social community is held toge!r1 ,= ei!r ,reciprocation ( evil is meant1 & if ?is be n all[$ x is ?\ght to be a s]vile condition ( ?+s3 or else ,reciprocation ( good1 & if ?is be n effect$ !n !re is no admission to p>ticipation :i* is ! v bond ( _! union4 ,& ?is is ! moral ( plac+ ! ,temple ( ! ,graces 77 9 ! public /reets2 to impress ! notion t !re may be requital1 ?is be+ peculi> to #ag because a man ought to requite ) a good turn ! man :o has done him a fav\r & !n to become himself ! orig9ator ( ano!r 1 by do+ him a fav\r4 ,n[ ! acts ( mutual giv+ 9 due proportion may be repres5t$ by ! diamet]s ( a p>allelogram1 at ! f\r angles ( :i* ! p>ties & _! w>es are s plac$ t ! side connect+ ! p>ties be opposite to t connect+ ! w>es1 & ea* p>ty be connect$ by "o side ) 8 own w>e1 z 9 ! accompany+ diagram4 ,illu/ration ,! build] is to receive f ! %oemak] ( 8 w>e1 & to give him ( 8 own3 if !n !re be fir/ proportionate equality1 & !n ! ,reciprocation takes place1 !re w be ! j result :i* we are speak+ (3 if n1 !re is n ! equal1 nor w ! connection /&3 = !re is no reason :y ! w>e ( ! "o may n be bett] ?an t ( ! o!r1 & !re=e be=e ! ex*ange is made !y mu/ h be5 equalis$4 ,& ?is is s also 9 ! o!r arts3 = !y w\ld h be5 de/roy$ entirely if !re 7 n a correspond5ce 9 po9t ( quantity & quality betwe5 ! produc] & ! consum]4 ,=1 we mu/ rememb]1 no deal+ arises betwe5 two ( ! same k9d1 two physicians1 = in/ance2 b say betwe5 a physician & agriculturi/1 or1 to /ate x g5]ally1 betwe5 ^? :o are diff]5t & n equal1 b ^! ( c\rse mu/ h be5 equalis$ be=e ! ex*ange c take place4 ,x is !re=e indisp5sable t all ?+s :i* c be ex*ang$ %\ld be capable ( comp>ison1 & = ?is purpose money has come 91 & comes to be a k9d ( m$ium1 = x measures all ?+s & s likewise ! excess & defect2 = in/ance1 h[ _m %oes are equal to a h\se or a giv5 quantity ( food4 ,z !n ! build] to ! %oemak]1 s _m %oes mu/ be to ! h\se 7or food1 if in/ead ( a build] an agriculturi/ be ! ex*ang+ p>ty72 = unless !re is ?is proportion !re _c be ex*ange or deal+1 & ?is proportion _c be unless ! t]ms are 9 "s way equal2 h5ce ! ne$1 z 0 /at$ above1 ( "s "o measure ( all ?+s4 ,n[ ?is is really & truly ! ,dem& = !m1 :i* is ! common bond ( all su* deal+s4 ,= if ! p>ties 7 n 9 want at all or n simil>ly ( "o ano!r's w>es1 !re w\ld ei!r n be any ex*ange1 or at lea/ n ! same4 ,& money has come to be1 by g5]al agreem5t1 a repres5tative ( ,dem&3 & ! acc\nt ( its ,greek "n is ?is1 t x is :at x is n naturally b by cu/om or law 771 & x re/s ) u to *ange its value1 or make x :olly useless4 ,v well !n1 !re w be ,reciprocation :5 ! t]ms h be5 equalis$ s z to /& 9 ?is proportion2 ,agriculturi/ 3 ,%oemak] 3 3 w>es ( ,%oemak] 3 w>es ( ,agriculturi/2 b y mu/ br+ !m to ?is =m ( proportion :5 !y ex*ange1 o!rwise ! "o extreme w comb9e bo? exce$+s ( ! mean3#ah b :5 !y h exactly _! own !n !y are equal & h deal+s1 because ! same equality c come to be 9 _! case4 ,let ,a repres5t an agriculturi/1 ,c food1 ,b a %oemak]1 ,d 8 w>es equalis$ ) ,a's4 ,!n ! proportion w be correct1 ,a3,b33,c3,d2 n[ ,reciprocation w be practicable1 if x 7 n1 !re w\ld h be5 no deal+4 ,n[ t :at connects m5 9 su* transactions is ,dem&1 z be+ "s "o ?+1 is %[n by ! fact t1 :5 ei!r "o does n want ! o!r or nei!r want "o ano!r1 !y d n ex*ange at all3 :]eas !y d#ai :5 "o wants :at ! o!r man has1 w9e = in/ance1 giv+ 9 return corn = exportation4 ,& fur!r1 money is a k9d ( security to u 9 respect ( ex*ange at "s future "t 7suppos+ t "o wants no?+ n[ t we %all h x :5 we d73 ! !ory ( money be+ t :5ev] "o br+s x "o c receive commodities 9 ex*ange3 ( c\rse ?is too is liable to depreciation1 = its pur*as+ p[] is n always ! same1 b /ill x is ( a m p]man5t nature ?an ! commodities x repres5ts4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y all ?+s %\ld h a price set ^u !m1 because ?us !re may be ex*ange at any "t1 & if ex*ange !n deal+4 ,s money1 l a measure1 mak+ all ?+s comm5surable equalises !m3 = if !re 0 n ex*ange !re w\ld n h be5 deal+1 nor ex*ange if !re 7 n equality1 nor equality if !re 7 n ! capacity ( be+ comm5surate3 x is impossible t ?+s s greatly diff]5t %\ld be really comm5surate1 b we c approximate suffici5tly = all practical purposes 9 ref]5ce to ,dem&4 ,! common measure mu/ be "s "o ?+1 & also f agreem5t 7= :i* reason x is call$ 71 = ?is makes all ?+s comm5surable3 9 fact1 all ?+s are measur$ by money4 ,let ,b repres5t t5 m91 ,a a h\se wor? five m91 or 9 o!r words half ,b1 ,c a b$ wor? #a_/aj? ( ,b3 x is cle> !n h[ _m b$s are equal to "o h\se1 namely1 five4 ,x is obvi\s also t ex*ange 0 ?us conduct$ be=e ! exi/5ce ( money3 = x makes no diff]5ce :e!r y give = a h\se five b$s or ! price ( five b$s4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,we h n[ said !n :at ! ab/ract ,j & ,unju/ are1 & ^! hav+ be5 def9$ x is pla9 t j act+ is a mean betwe5 act+ unju/ly & be+ act$ unju/ly t[>ds3 ! =m] be+ equival5t to hav+ m1 & ! latt] to hav+ less4 ,b ,ju/ice1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is a mean /ate n aft] ! same mann] z ! =em5tion$ virtues1 b because x aims at produc+ ! mean1 :ile ,inju/ice occupies bo? ! extremes4 ,& ,ju/ice is ! moral /ate 9 virtue ( :i* ! j man is said to h ! aptitude = practis+ ! ,j 9 ! way ( moral *oice1 & = mak+ division betwe51 himself & ano!r1 or betwe5 two o!r m51 n s z to give to himself ! great] & to 8 neighb\r ! less %>e ( :at is *oice-wor?y & contr>iwise ( :at is hurtful1 b :at is proportionably equal1 & 9 l mann] :5 adjudg+ ! rights ( two o!r m54 ,inju/ice is all ?is ) respect to ! ,unju/3 & s9ce ! ,unju/ is excess or defect ( :at is good or hurtful respectively1 9 violation ( ! proportionate1 !re=e ,inju/ice is bo? excess & defect because x aims at produc+ excess & defect2 excess1 t is1 9 a man's own case ( :at is simply advantage\s1 & defect ( :at is hurtful3 & 9 ! case ( o!r m5 9 l mann] g5]ally speak+1 only t ! proportionate is violat$ n always 9 "o direction z be=e b :i*ev] way x happ5s 9 ! giv5 case4 ,& ( ! ,unju/ act ! less is be+ act$ unju/ly t[>ds1 & ! great] ! act+ unju/ly t[>ds o!rs4#bj ,let ?is way ( describ+ ! nature ( ,ju/ice & ,inju/ice1 & likewise ! ,j & ! ,unju/ g5]ally1 be accept$ z suffici5t4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,aga91 s9ce a man may d unju/ acts & n yet h =m$ a "* ( inju/ice1 ! "q arises :e!r a man is unju/ 9 ea* p>ticul> =m ( inju/ice1 say a ?ief1 or adult]]1 or robb]1 by do+ acts ( a giv5 "*4 ,we may say1 ,i ?9k1 t ?is w n ( itself make any diff]5ce2 a man may1 = in/ance1 h _h connection ) ano!r's wife1 kn[+ well ) :om he 0 s9n+1 b he may h done x n ( delib]ate *oice b f ! impulse ( passion3 ( c\rse he acts unju/ly1 b he has n necess>ily =m$ an unju/ "*3 t is1 he may h /ol5 yet n be a ?ief2 or committ$ an act ( adult]y b /ill n be an adult]]1 & s on 9 o!r cases :i* might be enum]at$4#ba ,( ! relation :i* ,reciprocation be>s to ! ,j we h already spok53 & "h x %\ld be notic$ t ! ,j :i* we are inve/igat+ is bo? ! ,j 9 ! ab/ract & also z exhibit$ 9 ,social ,relations1 :i* latt] arises 9 ! case ( ^? :o live 9 communion ) a view to indep5d5ce & :o are free & equal ei!r proportionately or num]ically4#bb ,x foll[s !n t ^? :o are n 9 ?is position h n among !mselves ! ,social ,j1 b /ill ,j ( "s k9d & resembl+ t o!r4 ,= ,j implies mutually ackn[l$g$ law1 & law ! possibility ( inju/ice1 = adjudication is ! act ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! ,j & ! ,unju/4 ,& among :omsoev] !re is ! possibility ( inju/ice among ^! !re is t ( act+ unju/ly2 b x does n hold conv]sely t inju/ice atta*es to all among :om !re is ! possibility ( act+ unju/ly1 s9ce by ! =m] we mean giv+ "o's self ! l>g] %>e ( :at is ab/ract$ly good & ! less ( :at is ab/ract$ly evil4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is ! reason :y we d n all[ a man to gov]n1 b ,pr9ciple1 because a man gov]ns = himself & comes to be a despot3 b ! (fice ( a rul] is to be gu>dian ( ! ,j & !re=e ( ! ,equal4 ,well !n1 s9ce he seems to h no peculi> p]sonal advantage1 suppos+ him a ,j man1 = 9 ?is case he does n allot to himself ! l>g] %>e ( :at is ab/ract$ly good unless x falls to 8 %>e proportionately 7= :i* reason he really gov]ns = o!rs1 & s ,ju/ice1 m5 say1 is a good n to "o's self s mu* z to o!rs1 z 0 m5tion$ be=e71 !re=e "s comp5sation mu/ be giv5 him1 z !re actually is 9 ! %ape ( hon\r & privilege2 & :]ev] ^! are n adequate !re rul]s turn into despots4 ,b ! ,j :i* arises 9 ! relations ( ,ma/] & ,fa!r1 is n id5tical )1 b simil> to1 ^!2 because !re is no possibility ( inju/ice t[>ds ^? ?+s :i* are absolutely "o's own2 & a slave or *ild 7s long z ?is la/ is ( a c]ta9 age & n sep>at$ into an indep5d5t be+71 is1 z x 71 "p ( a man's self1 & no man *ooses to hurt himself1 = :i* reason !re _c be inju/ice t[>ds "o's own self3 !re=e nei!r is !re ! social ,unju/ or ,j1 :i* 0 /at$ to be 9 accordance ) law & to exi/ betwe5 ^? among :om law naturally exi/s1 & ^! 7 said to be !y to :om belongs equality ( rul+ & be+ rul$4 ,h5ce also !re is ,j r betwe5 a man & 8 wife ?an betwe5 a man & 8 *ildr5 or slaves2 ?is is 9 fact ! ,j aris+ 9 dome/ic relations3 & ?is too is diff]5t f ! ,social ,j4 ,fur!r1 ?is la/-m5tion$ ,j is ( two k9ds1 natural & conv5tional2 ! =m] be+ t :i* has ev]y:]e ! same =ce & does n dep5d ^u be+ receiv$ or n2 ! latt] be+ t :i* orig9ally may be ?is way or t indiff]5tly b n aft] enactm5t3 = in/ance1 ! price ( ransom be+ fix$ at a m9a1 or ! sacrific+ a goat in/ead ( two %eep2 & aga91 all cases ( special enactm5t1 z ! sacrific+ to ,brasidas z a h]o2 9 %ort1 all matt]s ( special decree4 ,b !re are "s m5 :o ?9k t all ! ,ju/s are ( ?is latt] k9d1 & on ?is gr\nd3 :atev] exi/s by nature1 !y say1 is un*angeable & has ev]y:]e ! same =ce2 fire1 = in/ance1 burns n "h only b 9 ,p]sia z well1 b ! ,ju/s !y see *ang$ 9 v>i\s places4 ,n[ ?is is n really s1 & yet x is 9 a way 7?\gh among ! gods p]haps by no means73 /ill ev5 among/ ourselves !re is some:at exi/+ by nature3 all[+ t ev]y?+ is subject to *ange1 /ill !re is t :i* does exi/ by nature1 & t :i* does n4#bc ,nay1 we may g fur!r1 & say t x is practically pla9 :at among ?+s :i* c be o!rwise does exi/ by nature1 & :at does n b is dep5d5t ^u enactm5t & conv5tional1 ev5 grant+ t bo? are alike subject to be *ang$3 & ! same di/9ctive illu/ration w apply to ?is & o!r cases2 ! "r h& is naturally ! /rong]1 /ill "s m5 may become equally /rong 9 bo?4 ,a p>allel may be drawn betwe5 ! ,ju/s :i* dep5d ^u conv5tion & exp$i5ce1 & measures2 = w9e & corn measures are n equal 9 all places1 b :]e m5 buy !y are l>ge1 & :]e ^! same sell aga9 !y are small]3 well1 9 l mann] ! ,ju/s :i* are n natural1 b ( human inv5tion1 are n ev]y:]e ! same1 = n ev5 ! =ms ( gov]nm5t are1 & yet !re is "o only :i* by nature w\ld be be/ 9 all places4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,n[ ( ,ju/s & ,lawfuls ea* be>s to ! acts :i* embody & exemplify x ! relation ( an univ]sal to a p>ticul>2 ! acts be+ _m1 b ea* ( ! pr9ciples only s+ul> because ea* is an univ]sal4 ,& s !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 an unju/ act & ! ab/ract ,unju/1 & ! j act & ! ab/ract ,j3 ,i mean1 a ?+ is unju/ 9 itself1 by nature or by ord9ance2 well1 :5 ?is has be5 embodi$ 9 act1 !re is an unju/ act1 b n till !n1 only "s unju/ ?+4#bd ,& simil>ly ( a j act4 7,p]haps is m correctly ! common or g5]ic t]m = j act1 ! ^w 1 :i* ,i h "h us$1 mean+ g5]ally & prop]ly ! act corrective ( ! unju/ act47 ,n[ z to ea* ( !m1 :at k9ds !re are1 & h[ _m1 & :at is _! object-matt]1 we mu/ exam9e aft]w>ds4 ,= ! pres5t we proce$ to say t1 ! ,ju/s & ! ,unju/s be+ :at h be5 m5tion$1 a man is said to act unju/ly or ju/ly :5 he embodies ^! ab/racts 9 volunt>y actions1 b :5 9 involunt>y1 !n he nei!r acts unju/ly or ju/ly except accid5tally2 ,i mean t ! be+ j or unju/ is really only accid5tal to ! ag5ts 9 su* cases4 ,s bo? unju/ & j actions are limit$ by ! be+ volunt>y or ! contr>y3 = :5 an embody+ ( ! ,unju/ is volunt>y1 !n x is blam$ & is at ! same "t also an unju/ action3 b1 if volunt>9ess does n atta*1 !re w be a ?+ :i* is 9 itself unju/ b n yet an unju/ action4 ,by volunt>y1 ,i mean1 z we /at$ be=e1 :atsoev] ( ?+s 9 8 own p[] a man does ) k1 & ! abs5ce ( ignorance z to ! p]son to :om1 or ! in/rum5t ) :i*1 or ! result ) :i* he does2 z1 = in/ance1 :om he /rikes1 :at he /rikes him )1 & ) :at probable result2 & ea* ( ^! po9ts aga91 n accid5tally nor by compulsion2 z suppos+ ano!r man 7 to seize 8 h& & /rike a ?ird p]son ) x1 "h1 ( c\rse1 ! own] ( ! h& acts n volunt>ily1 because x did n re/ ) him to d or leave undone3 or aga91 x is conceivable t ! p]son /ruck may be 8 fa!r1 & he may "k t x is a man1 or ev5 "o ( ! pres5t company1 :om he is /rik+1 b n "k t x is 8 fa!r4 ,& let ^! same di/9ctions be suppos$ to be c>ri$ into ! case ( ! result & 9 fact ! :ole ( any giv5 action4 ,9 f9e !n1 t is involunt>y :i* is done ?r\gh ignorance1 or :i*1 n result+ f ignorance1 is n 9 ! ag5t's control or is done on compulsion4 ,i m5tion ^! cases1 because !re are _m natural ?+s :i* we d & suff] kn[+ly b /ill no "o ( :i* is ei!r volunt>y or involunt>y1 gr[+ old1 or dy+1 = in/ance4 ,aga91 accid5tality may atta* to ! unju/ 9 l mann] z to ! j acts4 ,= in/ance1 a man may h re/or$ :at 0 deposit$ ) him1 b aga9/ 8 w & f fe> ( ! consequ5ces ( a refusal3 we mu/ n say t he ei!r does :at is j1 or does ju/ly1 except accid5tally3 & 9 l mann] ! man :o ?r\gh compulsion & aga9/ 8 w fails to re/ore a deposit1 mu/ be said to d unju/ly1 or to d :at is unju/1 accid5tally only4 ,aga91 volunt>y actions we d ei!r f delib]ate *oice or )\t x2 f x1 :5 we act f previ\s delib]ation2 )\t x1 :5 )\t any previ\s delib]ation4 ,s9ce !n hurts :i* may be done 9 transactions betwe5 man & man are ?reefold1 ^? mi/akes :i* are att5d$ ) ignorance are1 :5 a man ei!r does a ?+ n to ! man to :om he meant to d x1 or n ! ?+ he meant to d1 or n ) ! in/rum5t1 or n ) ! result :i* he int5d$3 ei!r he did n ?9k he %\ld hit him at all1 or n ) ?is1 or ?is is n ! man he ?\ght he %\ld hit1 or he did n ?9k ?is w\ld be ! result ( ! bl[ b a result has foll[$ :i* he did n anticipate2 z1 = in/ance1 he did x n to w\nd b m]ely to prick him2 or x is n ! man :om1 or ! way 9 :i*1 he meant4 ,n[ :5 ! hurt has come ab\t contr>y to all reasonable expectation1 x is a ,misadv5ture2 :5 ?\gh n contr>y to expectation yet )\t any vici\sness1 x is a ,mi/ake2 = a man makes a mi/ake :5 ! orig9ation ( ! cause re/s ) himself1 he has a misadv5ture :5 x is ext]nal to himself4 ,:5 aga9 he acts ) k1 b n f previ\s delib]ation1 x is an unju/ action2 = in/ance1 :atev] happ5s to m5 f ang] or o!r passions :i* are necess>y or natural3 = :5 do+ ^! hurts or mak+ ^! mi/akes !y act unju/ly ( c\rse & _! actions are unju/1 /ill !y are n yet confirm$ unju/ or wick$ p]sons by reason ( ^!1 because ! hurt did n arise f depravity 9 ! do] ( x3 b :5 x does arise f delib]ate *oice1 !n ! do] is a confirm$ unju/ & deprav$ man4 ,& on ?is pr9ciple acts done f ang] are fairly judg$ n to be f malice prep5se1 because x is n ! man :o acts 9 wra? :o is ! orig9ator really b he :o caus$ 8 wra?4 ,& aga91 ! "q at issue 9 su* cases is n respect+ ! fact b respect+ ! ju/ice ( ! case1 ! occasion ( ang] be+ a notion ( injury4#be ,i mean1 t ! p>ties d n dispute ab\t ! fact1 z 9 que/ions ( contract 7:]e "o ( ! two mu/ be a rogue1 unless real =getfulness c be plead$71 b1 admitt+ ! fact1 !y dispute on :i* side ! ju/ice ( ! case lies 7! "o :o plott$ aga9/ ! o!r1 i4e4 ! real aggressor1 ( c\rse1 _c be ignorant71#bf s t ! "o ?9ks !re is inju/ice committ$ :ile ! o!r does n4 ,well !n1 a man acts unju/ly if he has hurt ano!r ( delib]ate purpose1 & he :o commits su* acts ( inju/ice is ipso facto an unju/ "* :5 !y are 9 violation ( ! proportionate or ! equal2 & 9 l mann] also a man is a j "* :5 he acts ju/ly ( delib]ate purpose1 & he does act ju/ly if he acts volunt>ily4 ,!n z = involunt>y acts ( h>m1 !y are ei!r su* z are excusable or su* z are n3 "u ! =m] head come all errors done n m]ely 9 ignorance b f ignorance2 "u ! latt] all t are done n f ignorance b 9 ignorance caus$ by "s passion :i* is nei!r natural nor fairly attributable to human infirmity4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,n[ a "q may be rais$ :e!r we h spok5 ) suffici5t di/9ctness z to be+ unju/ly dealt )1 & deal+ unju/ly t[>ds o!rs4 ,fir/1 :e!r ! case is possible :i* ,euripides has put1 say+ some:at /rangely1 8,my "m he ha? sla92 ! tale is %ort1 ,ei!r he will+ly did slay h] will+1 ,or else ) h] w b aga9/ 8 own40 ,i mean !n1 is x really possible = a p]son to be unju/ly dealt ) ) 8 own cons5t1 or mu/ e case ( be+ unju/ly dealt ) be aga9/ ! w ( ! suff]] z e act ( unju/ deal+ is volunt>y8 ,& next1 are cases ( be+ unju/ly dealt ) to be rul$ all "o way z e act ( unju/ deal+ is volunt>y8 or may we say t "s cases are volunt>y & "s involunt>y8 ,simil>ly also z reg>ds be+ ju/ly dealt )3 all j act+ is volunt>y1 s t x is fair to suppose t ! be+ dealt ) unju/ly or ju/ly mu/ be simil>ly oppos$1 z to be+ ei!r volunt>y or involunt>y4 ,n[ z = be+ ju/ly dealt )1 ! position t e case ( ?is is volunt>y is a /range "o1 = "s are c]ta9ly ju/ly dealt ) )\t _! w4#bg ,! fact is a man may also fairly raise ?is "q1 :e!r 9 e case he :o has suff]$ :at is unju/ is !re=e unju/ly dealt )1 or r t ! case is ! same ) suff]+ z x is ) act+2 namely t 9 bo? x is possible to p>ticipate 9 :at is j1 b only accid5tally4 ,cle>ly ! case ( :at is unju/ is simil>3 = do+ ?+s 9 !mselves unju/ is n id5tical ) act+ unju/ly1 nor is suff]+ !m ! same z be+ unju/ly dealt )4 ,s too ( act+ ju/ly & be+ ju/ly dealt )1 s9ce x is impossible to be unju/ly dealt ) unless "s "o else acts unju/ly or to be ju/ly dealt ) unless "s "o else acts ju/ly4 ,n[ if act+ unju/ly is simply 8hurt+ ano!r volunt>ily0 7by :i* ,i mean1 kn[+ :om y are hurt+1 & :]e)1 & h[ y are hurt+ him71 & ! man :o fails ( self-control volunt>ily hurts himself1 !n ?is w be a case ( be+ volunt>ily dealt unju/ly )1 & x w be possible = a man to deal unju/ly ) himself4 7,?is by ! way is "o ( ! que/ions rais$1 :e!r x is possible = a man to deal unju/ly ) himself47 ,or aga91 a man may1 by reason ( fail+ ( self-control1 receive hurt f ano!r man act+ volunt>ily1 & s "h w be ano!r case ( be+ unju/ly dealt ) volunt>ily4 ,! solution1 ,i take x1 is ?is3 ! def9ition ( be+ unju/ly dealt ) is n correct1 b we mu/ add1 to ! hurt+ ) ! k ( ! p]son hurt & ! in/rum5t & ! mann] ( hurt+ him1 ! fact ( its be+ aga9/ ! wi% ( ! man :o is hurt4 ,s !n a man may be hurt & suff] :at is 9 itself unju/ volunt>ily1 b unju/ly dealt ) volunt>ily no man c be3 s9ce no man wi%es to be hurt1 n ev5 he :o fails ( self-control1 :o really acts contr>y to 8 wi%3 = no man wi%es = t :i* he does n ?9k to be good1 & ! man :o fails ( self-control does n :at he ?9ks he ought to d4 ,& aga91 he t gives away 8 own prop]ty 7z ,hom] says ,glaucus gave to ,diom$1 8arm\r ( gold = brass1 arm\r wor? a hundr$ ox5 = t :i* 0 wor? b n9e07 is n unju/ly dealt )1 because ! giv+ re/s entirely ) himself2 b be+ unju/ly dealt ) does n1 !re mu/ be "s o!r p]son :o is deal+ unju/ly t[>ds him4 ,) respect to be+ unju/ly dealt ) !n1 x is cle> t x is n volunt>y4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,!re rema9 yet two po9ts on :i* we purpos$ to speak3 fir/1 is he *>geable ) an unju/ act :o 9 di/ribution has giv5 ! l>g] %>e to "o p>ty contr>y to ! prop] rate1 or he t has ! l>g] %>e8 next1 c a man deal unju/ly by himself8 ,9 ! fir/ "q1 if ! fir/-nam$ alt]native is possible & x is ! di/ributor :o acts unju/ly & n he :o has ! l>g] %>e1 !n suppos+ t a p]son kn[+ly & will+ly gives m to ano!r ?an to himself "h is a case ( a man deal+ unju/ly by himself2 :i*1 9 fact1 mod]ate m5 are ?\ght to d1 = x is a *>act]i/ic ( ! equitable man to take less ?an 8 due4 ,is n ?is ! answ]8 t ! case is n q fairly /at$1 because ( "s o!r good1 su* z cr$it or ! ab/ract hon\rable1 9 ! suppos$ case ! man did get ! l>g] %>e4 ,& aga91 ! difficulty is solv$ by ref]5ce to ! def9ition ( unju/ deal+3 = ! man suff]s no?+ contr>y to 8 own wi%1 s t1 on ?is score at lea/1 he is n unju/ly dealt )1 b1 if any?+1 he is hurt only4 ,x is evid5t also t x is ! di/ributor :o acts unju/ly & n ! man :o has ! great] %>e3 because ! m]e fact ( ! ab/ract ,unju/ atta*+ to :at a man does1 does n con/itute unju/ action1 b ! do+ ?is volunt>ily3 & volunt>9ess atta*es to t qu>t] :5ce is ! orig9ation ( ! action1 :i* cle>ly is 9 ! di/ributor n 9 ! receiv]4 ,& aga9 ! t]m do+ is us$ 9 sev]al s5ses2 9 "o s5se inanimate objects kill1 or ! h&1 or ! slave by 8 ma/]'s bidd+2 s ! man 9 "q does n act unju/ly b does ?+s :i* are 9 !mselves unju/4 ,aga91 suppose t a man has made a wrongful aw>d 9 ignorance2 9 ! eye ( ! law he does n act unju/ly nor is 8 aw>d+ unju/1 b yet he is 9 a c]ta9 s5se3 = ! ,j accord+ to law & prim>y or natural ,j are n co9cid5t3 b1 if he kn[+ly decid$ unju/ly1 !n he himself z well z ! receiv] got ! l>g] %>e1 t is1 ei!r ( fav\r f ! receiv] or private rev5ge aga9/ ! o!r p>ty3 & s ! man :o decid$ unju/ly f ^! motives gets a l>g] %>e1 9 exactly ! same s5se z a man w\ld :o receiv$ "p ( ! actual matt] ( ! unju/ action3 because 9 ?is case ! man :o wrongly adjudg$1 say a field1 did n actually get l& b money by 8 unju/ decision4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,n[ m5 suppose t act+ ,unju/ly re/s entirely ) !mselves1 & conclude t act+ ,ju/ly is !re=e also easy4 ,b ?is is n really s2 to h connection ) a neighb\r's wife1 or /rike "o's neighb\r1 or give ! money ) "o's h&1 is ( c\rse easy & re/s ) "o's self3 b ! do+ ^! acts ) c]ta9 inw>d dispositions nei!r is easy nor re/s entirely ) "o's self4 ,& 9 l way1 ! kn[+ :at is ,j & :at ,unju/ m5 ?9k no great in/ance ( wisdom because x is n h>d to compreh5d ^? ?+s ( :i* ! laws speak4 ,!y =get t ^! are n ,j actions1 except accid5tally3 to be ,j !y mu/ be done & di/ribut$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]3 & ?is is a m difficult task ?an kn[+ :at ?+s are :olesome2 = 9 ?is bran* ( k x is an easy matt] to "k honey1 w9e1 hellebore1 caut]y1 or ! use ( ! knife1 b ! kn[+ h[ "o %\ld adm9i/] ^! ) a view to heal?1 & to :om & at :at "t1 am\nts 9 fact to be+ a physician4 ,f ?is v same mi/ake !y suppose also1 t act+ ,unju/ly is equally 9 ! p[] ( ! ,j man1 = ! ,j man no less1 nay ev5 m1 ?an ! ,unju/1 may be able to d ! p>ticul> acts2 he may be able to h int]c\rse ) a woman or /rike a man2 or ! brave man to ?r[ away 8 %ield & turn 8 back & run ?is way or t4 ,true3 b !n x is n ! m]e do+ ^! ?+s :i* con/itutes acts ( c[>dice or inju/ice 7except accid5tally71 b ! do+ !m ) c]ta9 inw>d dispositions3 j z x is n ! m]e us+ or n us+ ! knife1 adm9i/]+ or n adm9i/]+ c]ta9 drugs1 :i* con/itutes m$ical treatm5t or cur+1 b do+ ^! ?+s 9 a c]ta9 p>ticul> way4 ,aga9 ! ab/ract pr9ciples ( ,ju/ice h _! prov9ce among ^? :o p>take ( :at is ab/ract$ly good1 & c h too mu* or too little ( ^!4#bh ,n[ !re are be+s :o _c h too mu* ( !m1 z p]haps ! gods2 !re are o!rs1 aga91 to :om no p>ticle ( !m is ( use1 ^? :o are incurably wick$ to :om all ?+s are hurtful2 o!rs to :om !y are useful to a c]ta9 degree3 = ?is reason !n ! prov9ce ( ,ju/ice is among ,m54 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,we h next to speak ( ,equity & ! ,equitable1 t is to say1 ( ! relations ( ,equity to ,ju/ice & ! ,equitable to ! ,j2 = :5 we look into ! matt] ! two d n appe> id5tical nor yet diff]5t 9 k9d2 & we sometimes comm5d ! ,equitable & ! man :o embodies x 9 8 actions1 s t by way ( praise we commonly transf] ! t]m also to o!r acts in/ead ( ! t]m good1 ?us %[+ t ! m ,equitable a ?+ is ! bett] x is3 at o!r times foll[+ a c]ta9 tra9 ( reason+ we arrive at a difficulty1 9 t ! ,equitable ?\gh di/9ct f ! ,j is yet praisewor?y2 x seems to foll[ ei!r t ! ,j is n good or ! ,equitable n ,j1 s9ce !y are by hypo!sis diff]5t2 or if bo? are good !n !y are id5tical4 ,?is is a tol]ably fair /atem5t ( ! difficulty :i* on ^! gr\nds arises 9 respect ( ! ,equitable2 b1 9 fact1 all ^! may be reconcil$ & really involve no contradiction3 = ! ,equitable is ,j1 be+ also bett] ?an "o =m ( ,j1 b is n bett] ?an ! ,j z ?\gh x 7 diff]5t f x 9 k9d3 ,j & ,equitable !n are id5tical1 &1 bo? be+ good1 ! ,equitable is ! bett] ( ! two4 ,:at causes ! difficulty is ?is2 ! ,equitable is ,j1 b n ! ,j :i* is 9 accordance ) writt5 law1 be+ 9 fact a correction ( t k9d ( ,j4 ,& ! acc\nt ( ?is is1 t e law is necess>ily univ]sal :ile !re are "s ?+s :i* x is n possible to speak ( rightly 9 any univ]sal or g5]al /atem5t4 ,:]e !n !re is a necessity = g5]al /atem5t1 :ile a g5]al /atem5t _c apply rightly to all cases1 ! law takes ! g5]ality ( cases1 be+ fully aw>e ( ! error ?us involv$2 & rightly too not)/&+1 because ! fault is n 9 ! law1 or 9 ! fram] ( ! law1 b is inh]5t 9 ! nature ( ! ?+1 because ! matt] ( all action is necess>ily su*4 ,:5 !n ! law has spok5 9 g5]al t]ms1 & !re arises a case ( exception to ! g5]al rule1 x is prop]1 9 s f> z ! lawgiv] omits ! case & by reason ( 8 univ]sality ( /atem5t is wrong1 to set "r ! omission by rul+ x z ! lawgiv] himself w\ld rule 7 he !re pres5t1 & w\ld h provid$ by law _h he =ese5 ! case w\ld arise4 ,& s ! ,equitable is ,j b bett] ?an "o =m ( ,j2 ,i d n mean ! ab/ract ,j b ! error :i* arises out ( ! univ]sality ( /atem5t3 & ?is is ! nature ( ! ,equitable1 8a correction ( ,law1 :]e ,law is defective by reason ( its univ]sality40 ,?is is ! reason :y n all ?+s are accord+ to law1 because !re are ?+s ab\t :i* x is simply impossible to lay d[n a law1 & s we want special enactm5ts = p>ticul> cases4 ,= to speak g5]ally1 ! rule ( ! undef9$ mu/ be itself undef9$ also1 j z ! rule to measure ,lesbian build+ is made ( lead3 = ?is rule %ifts accord+ to ! =m ( ea* /one & ! special enactm5t accord+ to ! facts ( ! case 9 "q4 ,x is cle> !n :at ! ,equitable is2 namely t x is ,j b bett] ?an "o =m ( ,j3 & h5ce x appe>s too :o ! ,equitable man is3 he is "o :o has a t5d5cy to *oose & c>ry out ^! pr9ciples1 & :o is n apt to press ! lett] ( ! law on ! worse side b cont5t to waive 8 /rict claims ?\gh back$ by ! law3 & ?is moral /ate is ,equity1 be+ a species ( ,ju/ice1 n a diff]5t moral /ate f ,ju/ice4 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! answ] to ! second ( ! two que/ions indicat$ above1 8:e!r x is possible = a man to deal unju/ly by himself10 is obvi\s f :at has be5 already /at$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 "o class ( ,ju/s is ^? :i* are en=c$ by law 9 accordance ) ,virtue 9 ! mo/ ext5sive s5se ( ! t]m3 = in/ance1 ! law does n bid a man kill himself2 & :atev] x does n bid x =bids3 well1 :5ev] a man does hurt contr>y to ! law 7unless by way ( requital ( hurt71 volunt>ily1 i4e4 kn[+ to :om he does x & :]e)1 he acts ,unju/ly4 ,n[ he t f rage kills himself1 volunt>ily1 does ?is 9 contrav5tion ( ,"r ,reason1 :i* ! law does n p]mit4 ,he !re=e acts ,unju/ly3 b t[>ds :om8 t[>ds ! ,community1 n t[>ds himself 7because he suff]s ) 8 own cons5t1 & no man c be ,unju/ly dealt ) ) 8 own cons5t71 & on ?is pr9ciple ! ,community puni%es him2 t is a c]ta9 infamy is atta*$ to ! suicide z to "o :o acts ,unju/ly t[>ds ! ,community4 ,next1 a man _c deal ,unju/ly by himself 9 ! s5se 9 :i* a man is ,unju/ :o only does ,unju/ acts )\t be+ entirely bad 7= ! two ?+s are diff]5t1 because ! ,unju/ man is 9 a way bad1 z ! c[>d is1 n z ?\gh he 7 *>geable ) badness 9 ! full ext5t ( ! t]m1 & s he does n act ,unju/ly 9 ?is s5se71 because if x 7 s !n x w\ld be possible = ! same ?+ to h be5 tak5 away f & add$ to ! same p]son3#bi b ?is is really n possible1 ! ,j & ! ,unju/ always imply+ a plurality ( p]sons4 ,aga91 an ,unju/ action mu/ be volunt>y1 done ( delib]ate purpose1 & aggressive 7= ! man :o hurts because he has fir/ suff]$ & is m]ely requit+ ! same is n ?\ght to act ,unju/ly71 b "h ! man does to himself & suff]s ! same ?+s at ! same "t4 ,aga91 x w\ld imply ! possibility ( be+ ,unju/ly dealt ) ) "o's own cons5t4 ,&1 besides all ?is1 a man _c act ,unju/ly )\t 8 act fall+ "u "s p>ticul> crime2 n[ a man _c s$uce 8 own wife1 commit a burgl>y on 8 own premises1 or /eal 8 own prop]ty4 ,aft] all1 ! g5]al answ] to ! "q is to allege :at 0 settl$ respect+ be+ ,unju/ly dealt ) ) "o's own cons5t4 ,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,x is obvi\s1 moreov]1 t be+ ,unju/ly dealt by & deal+ ,unju/ly by o!rs are bo? wrong2 because ! "o is hav+ less1 ! o!r hav+ m1 ?an ! mean1 & ! case is p>allel to t ( ! heal?y 9 ! heal+ art1 & t ( good condition 9 ! art ( tra9+3 b /ill ! deal+ ,unju/ly by o!rs is ! wor/ ( ! two1 because ?is involves wick$ness & is blamewor?y2 wick$ness1 ,i mean1 ei!r :olly1 or ne>ly s 7= n all volunt>y wrong implies inju/ice71 b ! be+ ,unju/ly dealt by does n involve wick$ness or inju/ice4 ,9 itself !n1 ! be+ ,unju/ly dealt by is ! lea/ bad1 b accid5tally x may be ! great] evil ( ! two4 ,h[ev]1 sci5tific /atem5t _c take 9 su* consid]ations2 a pleurisy1 = in/ance1 is call$ a great] physical evil ?an a bruise3 & yet ?is la/ may be ! great] accid5tally2 x may *ance t a bruise receiv$ 9 a fall may cause "o to be captur$ by ! enemy & sla94 ,fur!r3 ,j1 9 ! way ( metaphor & similitude1 !re may be ,i d n say betwe5 a man & himself exactly b betwe5 c]ta9 p>ts ( 8 nature2 b n ,j ( e k9d1 only su* z belongs to ! relation ( ma/] & slave1 or to t ( ! head ( a family4 ,= all ?r\gh ?is treatise ! rational "p ( ! ,s\l has be5 view$ z di/9ct f ! irrational4 ,n[1 tak+ ^! into consid]ation1 !re is ?\ght to be a possibility ( inju/ice t[>ds "o's self1 because h]e9 x is possible = m5 to suff] some:at 9 contradiction ( impulses really _! own2 & s x is ?\ght t !re is ,j ( a c]ta9 k9d betwe5 ^! p>ts mutually1 z betwe5 rul] & rul$4 ,let ?is !n be accept$ z an acc\nt ( ! di/9ctions :i* we recognise respect+ ,ju/ice & ! re/ ( ! moral virtues4#cj ,,book ,,vi ,*apt] ,i4 ,hav+ /at$ 9 a =m] "p ( ?is treatise t m5 %\ld *oose ! mean in/ead ( ei!r ! excess or defect1 & t ! mean is accord+ to ! dictates ( ,"r ,reason2 we w n[ proce$ to expla9 ?is t]m4 ,= 9 all ! habits :i* we h expressly m5tion$1 z likewise 9 all ! o!rs1 !re is1 s to speak1 a m>k ) 8 eye fix$ on :i* ! man :o has ,reason tight5s or slacks 8 rope2#a & !re is a c]ta9 limit ( ^? mean /ates :i* we say are 9 accordance ) ,"r ,reason1 & lie betwe5 excess on ! "o h& & defect on ! o!r4 ,n[ to speak ?us is true en\gh b conveys no v def9ite mean+3 z1 9 fact1 9 all o!r pursuits requir+ att5tion & dilig5ce on :i* skill & sci5ce are br\ght to be>2 x is q true ( c\rse to say t m5 are nei!r to lab\r nor relax too mu* or too little1 b 9 mod]ation1 & z ,"r ,reason directs2 yet if ?is 7 all a man _h he w\ld n be greatly ! wis]2 z1 = in/ance1 if 9 answ] to ! "q1 :at are prop] applications to ! body1 he 7 to be told1 8,oh6 ( c\rse1 :atev] ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 & 9 su* mann] z ! physician1 directs40 ,& s 9 respect ( ! m5tal /ates x is requisite n m]ely t ?is %\ld be true :i* has be5 already /at$1 b fur!r t x %\ld be expressly laid d[n :at ,"r ,reason is1 & :at is ! def9ition ( x4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,n[ 9 our division ( ! ,excell5ces ( ! ,s\l1 we said !re 7 two classes1 ! ,moral & ! ,intellectual3 ! =m] we h already gone ?r\gh2 & we w n[ proce$ to speak ( ! o!rs1 premis+ a few words respect+ ! ,s\l itself4 ,x 0 /at$ be=e1 y w rememb]1 t ! ,s\l consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! ,rational1 & ,irrational3 we mu/ n[ make a simil> division ( ! ,rational4 ,let x be und]/ood !n t !re are two p>ts ( ! ,s\l possess$ ( ,reason2 "o :]eby we realise ^? exi/5ces ^: causes _c be o!rwise ?an !y are1 & "o :]eby we realise ^? :i* c be o!rwise ?an !y are1#b 7= !re mu/ be1 answ]+ to ?+s g5]ically diff]5t1 g5]ically diff]5t p>ts ( ! s\l naturally adapt$ to ea*1 s9ce ^! p>ts ( ! s\l possess _! k 9 virtue ( a c]ta9 resemblance & appropriat5ess 9 !mselves to ! objects ( :i* !y are p]cipi5ts72#c & let u "n ! =m]1 8t :i* is apt to "k10 ! latt]1 8t :i* is apt to calculate0 7because delib]at+ & calculat+ are ! same1 & no "o ev] delib]ates ab\t ?+s :i* _c be o!rwise ?an !y are3 & s ! ,calculative w be "o "p ( ! ,rational faculty ( ! s\l74 ,we mu/ discov]1 !n1 :i* is ! be/ /ate ( ea* ( ^!1 because t w be ! ,excell5ce ( ea*2 & ?is aga9 is relative to ! "w ea* has to d4#d ,!re are 9 ! ,s\l ?ree functions on :i* dep5d moral action & tru?2 ,s5se1 ,intellect1 ,appetition1 :e!r vague ,desire or def9ite ,w4 ,n[ ( ^! ,s5se is ! orig9at+ cause ( no moral action1 z is se5 f ! fact t brutes h ,s5se b are 9 no way p>tak]s ( moral action4#e ,intellect & ,w are ?us connect$1 :at 9 ! ,intellectual op]ation is ,affirmation & ,negation t 9 ! ,w is ,pursuit & ,avoidance1 ,& s1 s9ce ,moral ,virtue is a ,/ate apt to ex]cise ,moral ,*oice & ,moral ,*oice is ,w consequ5t on delib]ation1 ! ,reason mu/ be true & ! ,w "r1 to con/itute good ,moral ,*oice1 & :at ! ,reason affirms ! ,w mu/ pursue4#f ,n[ ?is ,intellectual op]ation & ?is ,tru? is :at be>s ^u ,moral ,action2 ( c\rse tru? & falsehood mu/ be ! good & ! bad ( t ,intellectual ,op]ation :i* is purely ,speculative1 & conc]n$ nei!r ) action nor production1 because ?is is manife/ly ! "w ( e ,intellectual faculty1 :ile ( ! faculty :i* is ( a mix$ ,practical & ,intellectual nature1 ! "w is t ,tru? :i*1 z ,i h describ$ above1 corresponds to ! "r movem5t ( ! ,w4 ,n[ ! />t+-po9t ( moral action is ,moral ,*oice1 7,i mean1 :at actually sets x 9 motion1 n ! f9al cause17#g & ( ,moral ,*oice1 ,appetition1 & ,reason direct$ to a c]ta9 result3 & ?us ,moral ,*oice is nei!r indep5d5t ( intellect1 i4 e4 intellectual op]ation1 nor ( a c]ta9 moral /ate3 = "r or wrong action _c be1 indep5d5tly ( op]ation ( ! ,intellect1 & moral "*4 ,b op]ation ( ! ,intellect by itself moves no?+1 only :5 direct$ to a c]ta9 result1 i4 e4 ex]cis$ 9 ,moral ,action3 7,i say no?+ ( its be+ ex]cis$ 9 production1 because ?is function is orig9at$ by ! =m]3 = e "o :o makes makes ) a view to some:at fur!r2 & t :i* is or may be made1 is n an ,end 9 itself1 b only relatively to some:at else1 & belong+ to "s "o3#h :]eas t :i* is or may be done is an ,end 9 itself1 because act+ well is an ,end 9 itself1 & ?is is ! object ( ! ,w17 & s ,moral ,*oice is ei!r#i ,intellect put 9 a position ( ,w-+1 or ,appetition subject$ to an ,intellectual ,process4 ,& su* a ,cause is ,man4 ,b no?+ :i* is done & pa/ c be ! object ( ,moral ,*oice2 = in/ance1 no man *ooses to h sack$ ,troy2 because1 9 fact1 no "o ev] delib]ates ab\t :at is pa/1 b only ab\t t :i* is future1 & :i* may !re=e be influ5c$1 :]eas :at has be5 _c n h be53 & s ,aga?on is "r 9 say+ 8,( ?is alone is ,deity b]eft1 ,to make undone :atev] ha? be5 done40 ,?us !n ,tru? is ! "w ( bo? ! ,intellectual ,p>ts ( ! ,s\l2 ^? /ates !re=e are ! ,excell5ces ( ea* 9 :i* ea* w be/ atta9 tru?4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,comm5c+ !n f ! po9t /at$ above we w n[ speak ( ^! ,excell5ces aga94 ,let ^? faculties :]eby ! ,s\l atta9s tru? 9 ,affirmation or ,negation1 be assum$ to be 9 numb] five3#aj viz4 ,art1 ,k1 ,practical ,wisdom1 ,sci5ce1 ,intuition3 7,supposition & ,op9ion ,i d n include1 because by ^! "o may g wrong47 ,:at ,k is1 is pla9 f ! foll[+ ( consid]ations1 if "o is to speak accurately1 in/ead ( be+ l$ away by resemblances4 ,= we all conceive t :at we /rictly speak+ "k1 _c be o!rwise ?an x is1 because z to ^? ?+s :i* c be o!rwise ?an !y are1 we are unc]ta9 :e!r !y are or are n1 ! mom5t !y cease to be )9 ! sph]e ( our actual obs]vation4 ,s !n1 :atev] comes )9 ! range ( ,k is by necessity1 & !re=e et]nal1 7because all ?+s are s :i* exi/ necess>ily17 & all et]nal ?+s are )\t beg9n+1 & inde/ructible4 ,aga91 all ,k is ?\ght to be capable ( be+ taught1 & :at comes )9 its range capable ( be+ le>n$4 ,& all tea*+ is bas$ ^u previ\s k2 7a /atem5t y w f9d 9 ! ,analytics also17#aa = !re are two ways ( tea*+1 by ,syllogism & by ,induction4 ,9 fact4 ,induction is ! s\rce ( univ]sal propositions1 & ,syllogism reasons f ^! univ]sals4#ab ,syllogism !n may reason f pr9ciples :i* _c be !mselves prov$ ,syllogi/ically3 & !re=e mu/ by ,induction4 ,s ,k is 8a /ate or m5tal faculty apt to demon/rate syllogi/ically10 c4 z 9 ! ,analytics3#ac because a man1 /rictly & prop]ly speak+1 kn[s1 :5 he e/abli%es 8 conclusion 9 a c]ta9 way1 & ! pr9ciples are kn[n to him3 = if !y are n bett] kn[n to him ?an ! conclusion1 su* k z he has w be m]ely accid5tal4 ,let ?us mu* be accept$ z a def9ition ( ,k4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,matt] :i* may exi/ o!rwise ?an x actually does 9 any giv5 case 7commonly call$ ,cont+5t7 is ( two k9ds1 t :i* is ! object ( ,mak+1 & t :i* is ! object ( ,do+2 n[ ,mak+ & ,do+ are two diff]5t ?+s 7z we %[ 9 ! exot]ic treatise71 & s t /ate ( m9d1 conjo9$ ) ,reason1 :i* is apt to ,d1 is di/9ct f t also conjo9$ ) ,reason1 :i* is apt to ,make3 & = ?is reason !y are n includ$ "o by ! o!r1 t is1 ,do+ is n ,mak+1 nor ,mak+ ,do+4#ad ,n[#ae z ,ar*itecture is an ,art1 & is ! same z 8a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d1 conjo9$ ) ,reason1 :i* is apt to ,make10 & z !re is no ,art :i* is n su* a /ate1 nor any su* /ate :i* is n an ,art1 ,art1 9 its /rict & prop] s5se1 mu/ be 8a /ate ( m9d1 conjo9$ ) true ,reason1 apt to ,make40 ,n[ all ,art has to d ) production1 & contrivance1 & see+ h[ any ( ^? ?+s may be produc$ :i* may ei!r be or n be1 & ! orig9ation ( :i* re/s ) ! mak] & n ) ! ?+ made4 ,&1 s nei!r ?+s :i* exi/ or come into be+ necess>ily1 nor ?+s 9 ! way ( nature1 come "u ! prov9ce ( ,art1 because ^! are self-orig9at+4 ,& s9ce ,mak+ & ,do+ are di/9ct1 ,art mu/ be conc]n$ ) ! =m] & n ! latt]4 ,& 9 a c]ta9 s5se ,art & ,=tune are conc]n$ ) ! same ?+s1 z1 ,aga?on says by ! way1 8,art ,=tune loves1 & is ( h] belov$40 ,s ,art1 z has be5 /at$1 is 8a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d1 apt to ,make1 conjo9$ ) true ,reason20 its abs5ce1 on ! contr>y1 is ! same /ate conjo9$ ) false ,reason1 & bo? are employ$ ^u ,cont+5t matt]4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,z = ,practical ,wisdom1 we %all asc]ta9 its nature by exam9+ to :at k9d ( p]sons we 9 common language ascribe x4#af ,x is ?\ght !n to be ! prop]ty ( ! ,practically ,wise man to be able to delib]ate well respect+ :at is good & exp$i5t = himself1 n 9 any def9ite l9e1#ag z :at is conducive to heal? or /r5g?1 b :at to liv+ well4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t we call m5 ,wise 9 ?is or t1 :5 !y calculate well ) a view to "s good end 9 a case :]e !re is no def9ite rule4 ,& s1 9 a g5]al way ( speak+1 ! man :o is good at delib]ation w be ,practically ,wise4 ,n[ no man delib]ates respect+ ?+s :i* _c be o!rwise ?an !y are1 nor su* z lie n )9 ! range ( 8 own action3 & s1 s9ce ,k requires /rict demon/rative reason+1 ( :i* ,cont+5t matt] does n admit 7,i say ,cont+5t matt]1 because all matt]s ( delib]ation mu/ be ,cont+5t & delib]ation _c take place ) respect to ?+s :i* are ,necess>ily71 ,practical ,wisdom _c be ,k nor ,art2 nor ! =m]1 because :at falls "u ! prov9ce ( ,do+ mu/ be ,cont+5t2 n ! latt]1 because ,do+ & ,mak+ are diff]5t 9 k9d4 ,x rema9s !n t x mu/ be 8a /ate ( m9d true1 conjo9$ ) ,reason1 & apt to ,d1 hav+ = its object ^? ?+s :i* are good or bad = ,man30 because ( ,mak+ some?+ beyond itself is always ! object1 b _c be ( ,do+ because ! v well-do+ is 9 itself an ,end4 ,= ?is reason we ?9k ,p]icles & m5 ( t /amp to be ,practically ,wise1 because !y c see :at is good = !mselves & = m5 9 g5]al1 & we also ?9k ^? to be su* :o are skill$ 9 dome/ic managem5t or civil gov]nm5t4 ,9 fact1 ?is is ! reason :y we call ! habit ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y by ! "n :i* 9 ,greek x be>s1 etymologically signify+ 8t :i* pres]ves ! ,practical ,wisdom30 = :at x does pres]ve is ! ,notion ,i h m5tion$1 i4e4 ( "o's own true int]e/4#ah ,= x is n e k9d ( ,notion :i* ! pleasant & ! pa9ful corrupt & p]v]t1 z1 = in/ance1 t 8! ?ree angles ( e rectil9eal triangle are equal to two "r angles10 b only ^? be>+ on moral action4 ,= ! ,pr9ciples ( ! matt]s ( moral action are ! f9al cause ( !m3#ai n[ to ! man :o has be5 corrupt$ by reason ( pleasure or pa9 ! ,pr9ciple imm$iately becomes obscur$1 nor does he see t x is 8 duty to *oose & act 9 ea* in/ance ) a view to ?is f9al cause & by reason ( x3 = vici\sness has a t5d5cy to de/roy ! moral ,pr9ciple3 & s ,practical ,wisdom mu/ be 8a /ate conjo9$ ) reason1 true1 hav+ human good = its object1 & apt to d40 ,!n aga9 ,art admits ( degrees ( excell5ce1 b ,practical ,wisdom does n3#bj & 9 ,art he :o goes wrong purposely is pref]able to him :o does s unwitt+ly1#ba b n s 9 respect ( ,practical ,wisdom or ! o!r ,virtues4 ,x pla9ly is !n an ,excell5ce ( a c]ta9 k9d1 & n an ,art4 ,n[ z !re are two p>ts ( ! ,s\l :i* h ,reason1 x mu/ be ! ,excell5ce ( ! ,op9ionative :i* we call$ be=e calculative or delib]ative1 because bo? ,op9ion & ,practical ,wisdom are ex]cis$ ^u ,cont+5t matt]4 ,& fur!r1 x is n simply a /ate conjo9$ ) ,reason1 z is prov$ by ! fact t su* a /ate may be =gott5 & s lo/ :ile ,practical ,wisdom _c4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,n[ ,k is a conception conc]n+ univ]sals & ,necess>y matt]1 & !re are ( c\rse c]ta9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples 9 all tra9s ( demon/rative reason+ 7t is ( all ,k because ?is is connect$ ) reason+73 t faculty1 !n1 :i* takes 9 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( t :i* comes "u ! range ( ,k1 _c be ei!r ,k1 or ,art1 or ,practical ,wisdom3 n ,k1 because :at is ! object ( ,k mu/ be d]iv$ f demon/rative reason+2 n ei!r ( ! o!r two1 because !y are ex]cis$ ^u ,cont+5t matt] only4 ,nor c x be ,sci5ce :i* takes 9 ^!1 because ! ,sci5tific ,man mu/ 9 "s cases dep5d on demon/rative ,reason+4 ,x comes !n to ?is3 s9ce ! faculties :]eby we always atta9 tru? & are nev] deceiv$ :5 deal+ ) matt] ,necess>y or ev5 ,cont+5t are ,k1 ,practical ,wisdom1 ,sci5ce1 & ,intuition1 & ! faculty :i* takes 9 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples _c be any ( ! ?ree fir/2 ! la/1 namely ,intuition1 mu/ be x :i* p]=ms ?is function4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,sci5ce is a t]m we use pr9cipally 9 two mean+s3 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! ,arts we ascribe x to ^? :o c>ry _! arts to ! highe/ accuracy2#bb ,phidias1 = in/ance1 we call a ,sci5tific or cunn+ sculptor2 ,polycleitus a ,sci5tific or cunn+ /atu>y2 mean+1 9 ?is in/ance1 no?+ else by ,sci5ce ?an an excell5ce ( art3 9 ! o!r s5se1 we ?9k "s to be ,sci5tific 9 a g5]al way1 n 9 any p>ticul> l9e or 9 any p>ticul> ?+1 j z ,hom] says ( a man 9 8 ,m>gites2 8,him ! ,gods made nei!r a digg] ( ! gr\nd1 nor pl\ghman1 nor 9 any o!r way ,sci5tific40 ,s x is pla9 t ,sci5ce mu/ mean ! mo/ accurate ( all ,k2 b if s1 !n ! ,sci5tific man mu/ n m]ely "k ! d$uctions f ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples b be 9 possession ( tru? respect+ ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 ,s t ,sci5ce mu/ be equival5t to ,intuition & ,k2 x is1 s to speak1 ,k ( ! mo/ preci\s objects1 ) a head on4#bc ,i say ( ! mo/ preci\s ?+s1 because x is absurd to suppose 1#bd or ,practical ,wisdom1 to be ! highe/1 unless x c be %[n t ,man is ! mo/ excell5t ( all t exi/s 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,n[ if 8heal?y0 & 8good0 are relative t]ms1 diff]+ :5 appli$ to m5 or to fi%1 b 8:ite0 & 8/raight0 are ! same always1 m5 mu/ all[ t ! ,sci5tific is ! same always1 b ! ,practically ,wise v>ies3 = :atev] provides all ?+s well = itself1 to ?is !y w\ld apply ! t]m ,practically ,wise1 & commit ^! matt]s to x2 :i* is ! reason1 by ! way1 t !y call "s brutes ,practically ,wise1 su* t is z pla9ly h a faculty ( =e?\ght respect+ _! own subsi/5ce4 ,& x is q pla9 t ,sci5ce & _c be id5tical3 because if m5 give ! "n ( ,sci5ce to t faculty :i* is employ$ ^u :at is exp$i5t = !mselves1 !re w be _m in/ead ( "o1 because !re is n "o & ! same faculty employ$ on ! good ( all animals collectively1 unless 9 ! same s5se z y may say !re is "o art ( heal+ ) respect to all liv+ be+s4 ,if x is urg$ t man is sup]ior to all o!r animals1 t makes no diff]5ce3 = !re are _m o!r ?+s m ,godlike 9 _! nature ?an ,man1 z1 mo/ obvi\sly1 ! elem5ts ( :i* ! ,univ]se is compos$4#be ,x is pla9 !n t ,sci5ce is ! union ( ,k & ,intuition1 & has = its objects ^? ?+s :i* are mo/ preci\s 9 _! nature4 ,accord+ly1 ,anexagoras1 ,?ales1 & m5 ( t /amp1 p call ,sci5tific1 b n ,practically ,wise because !y see !m ignorant ( :at conc]ns !mselves2 & !y say t :at !y "k is q out ( ! common run c]ta9ly1 & wond]ful1 & h>d1 & v f9e no d\bt1 b /ill useless because !y d n seek aft] :at is good = !m z m54 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,b ,practical ,wisdom is employ$ ^u human matt]s1 & su* z are objects ( delib]ation 7= we say1 t to delib]ate well is mo/ peculi>ly ! "w ( ! man :o possesses ?is ,wisdom71 & no man delib]ates ab\t ?+s :i* _c be o!rwise ?an !y are1 nor ab\t any save ^? t h "s def9ite ,end & ?is ,end good result+ f ,moral ,action2 & ! man to :om we %\ld give ! "n ( ,good 9 ,c\nsel1 simply & )\t modification1 is he :o 9 ! way ( calculation has a capacity = atta9+ t ( practical goods :i* is ! be/ = ,man4 ,nor aga9 does ,practical ,wisdom consi/ 9 a k ( g5]al pr9ciples only1 b x is necess>y t "o %\ld "k also ! p>ticul> details1 because x is apt to act1 & action is conc]n$ ) details3 = :i* reason sometimes m5 :o h n mu* k are m practical ?an o!rs :o h2 among o!rs1 !y :o d]ive all !y "k f actual exp]i5ce3 suppose a man to "k1 = in/ance1 t light meats are easy ( dige/ion & :olesome1 b n :at k9ds ( meat are light1 he w n produce a heal?y /ate2 t man w h a mu* bett] *ance ( do+ s1 :o kn[s t ! fle% ( birds is light & :olesome4 ,s9ce !n ,practical ,wisdom is apt to act1 "o ought to h bo? k9ds ( k1 or1 if only "o1 ! k ( details r ?an ( ,pr9ciples4 ,s !re w be 9 respect ( ,practical ,wisdom ! di/9ction ( supreme & subord9ate4#bf ,fur!r3 & ,practical ,wisdom are ! same m5tal /ate1 b ! po9t ( view is n ! same4 ,( ,practical ,wisdom ex]t$ ^u a community t :i* ,i w\ld call ! ,supreme is ! faculty ( ,legislation2 ! subord9ate1 :i* is conc]n$ ) ! details1 g5]ally has ! common "n 1 & its functions are ,action & ,delib]ation 7= ! p>ticul> enactm5t is a matt] ( action1 be+ ! ultimate issue ( ?is bran* ( ,practical ,wisdom1 & !re=e p commonly say1 t ^! m5 alone are really engag$ 9 gov]nm5t1 because !y alone act1 fill+ ! same place relatively to legislators1 t workm5 d to a ma/]74#bg ,aga91 t is ?\ght to be ,practical ,wisdom 9 ! mo/ prop] s5se :i* has = its object ! int]e/ ( ! ,individual3 & ?is usually appropriates ! common "n3 ! o!rs are call$ respectively ,dome/ic ,managem5t1 ,legislation1 ,executive ,gov]nm5t divid$ into two bran*es1 ,delib]ative & ,judicial4#bh ,n[ ( c\rse1 k = "o's self is "o k9d ( k1 b x admits ( _m %ades ( diff]5ce3 & x is a common notion t ! man :o kn[s & busies himself ab\t 8 own conc]ns m]ely is ! man ( ,practical ,wisdom1 :ile !y :o ext5d _! solicitude to society at l>ge are consid]$ m$dlesome4 ,euripides has ?us embodi$ ?is s5tim5t2 8,h[10 says "o ( 8 ,*>act]s1 8,h[ fooli% am ,i1 :o :]eas ,i might h %>$ equally1 idly numb]$ among ! multitude ( ! army 999999 = !m t are busy & m$dlesome ,jove hates10 because ! g5]ality ( mank9d seek _! own good & hold t ?is is _! prop] bus9ess4 ,x is !n f ?is op9ion t ! notion has aris5 t su* m5 are ! ,practically-,wise4 ,& yet x is j possible t ! good ( ! individual _c be secur$ indep5d5tly ( connection ) a family or a community4 ,& aga91 h[ a man %\ld manage 8 own affairs is sometimes n q pla91 & mu/ be made a matt] ( enquiry4#bi ,a corroboration ( :at ,i h said is#cj ! fact1 t ! "y come to be geometricians1 & ma!maticians1 & ,sci5tific 9 su* matt]s1 b x is n ?\ght t a "y man c come to be possess$ ( ,practical ,wisdom3 n[ ! reason is1 t ?is ,wisdom has = its object p>ticul> facts1 :i* come to be kn[n f exp]i5ce1 :i* a "y man has n because x is produc$ only by l5g? ( "t4 ,by ! way1 a p]son might also enquire1#ca :y a boy may be made a ma!matician b n ,sci5tific or a natural philosoph]4 ,is n ?is ! reason8 t ma!matics are tak5 9 by ! process ( ab/raction1 b ! pr9ciples ( ,sci5ce#cb & natural philosophy mu/ be ga9$ by exp]im5t2 & ! latt] "y m5 talk ( b d n realise1 :ile ! nature ( ! =m] is pla9 & cle>4 ,aga91 9 matt] ( practice1 error atta*es ei!r to ! g5]al rule1 9 ! process ( delib]ation1 or to ! p>ticul> fact3 = in/ance1 ?is w\ld be a g5]al rule1 8,all wat] ( a c]ta9 gravity is bad20 ! p>ticul> fact1 8?is wat] is ( t gravity40 ,& t ,practical ,wisdom is n ,k is pla91 = x has to d ) ! ultimate issue1#cc z has be5 said1 because e object ( action is ( ?is nature4 ,to ,intuition x is oppos$1 = ?is takes 9 ^? pr9ciples :i* _c be prov$ by reason+1 :ile ,practical ,wisdom is conc]n$ ) ! ultimate p>ticul> fact :i* _c be realis$ by ,k b by ,s5se2 ,i d n mean "o ( ! five s5ses1 b ! same by :i* we take 9 ! ma!matical fact1 t no rectil9eal figure c be conta9$ by less ?an ?ree l9es1 i4e4 t a triangle is ! ultimate figure1 because "h also is a /opp+ po9t4 ,?is h[ev] is ,s5se r ?an ,practical ,wisdom1 :i* is ( ano!r k9d4#cd ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,n[ ! acts ( enquir+ & delib]at+ diff]1 ?\gh delib]at+ is a k9d ( enquir+4 ,we ought to asc]ta9 ab\t ,good ,c\nsel likewise :at x is1 :e!r a k9d ( ,k1 or ,op9ion1 or ,happy ,conjecture1 or "s o!r k9d ( faculty4 ,k x obvi\sly is n1 because m5 d n enquire ab\t :at !y "k1 & ,good ,c\nsel is a k9d ( delib]ation1 & ! man :o is delib]at+ is enquir+ & calculat+4 ,nei!r is x ,happy ,conjecture2 because ?is is indep5d5t ( reason+1 & a rapid op]ation2 b m5 delib]ate a long "t1 & x is a common say+ t "o %\ld execute spe$ily :at has be5 resolv$ ^u 9 delib]ation1 b delib]ate sl[ly4 ,quick p]ception ( causes#ce aga9 is a diff]5t faculty f good c\nsel1 = x is a species ( ,happy ,conjecture4 ,nor is ,good ,c\nsel ,op9ion ( any k9d4 ,well !n1 s9ce he :o delib]ates ill goes wrong1 & he :o delib]ates well does s rightly1 x is cle> t ,good ,c\nsel is rightness ( "s k9d1 b n ( ,k nor ( ,op9ion3 = ,k _c be call$ "r because x _c be wrong1 & ,rightness ( ,op9ion is ,tru?3 & aga91 all :i* is ! object ( op9ion is def9itely m>k$ out4#cf ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ,good ,c\nsel is n indep5d5t ( ,reason1 ,does x rema9 !n t x is a rightness ( ,intellectual ,op]ation simply1 because ?is does n am\nt to an ass]tion2 & ! objection to ,op9ion 0 t x is n a process ( enquiry b already a def9ite ass]tion2 :]eas :osoev] delib]ates1 :e!r well or ill1 is engag$ 9 enquiry & calculation4 ,well1 ,good ,c\nsel is a ,rightness ( delib]ation1 & s ! fir/ "q mu/ reg>d ! nature & objects ( delib]ation4 ,n[ rememb] ,rightness is an equivocal t]m2 we pla9ly d n mean ,rightness ( any k9d :atev]2 ! 1 = in/ance1 or ! bad man1 w obta9 by 8 calculation :at he sets be=e him z an object1 & s he may be said to h delib]at$ rightly 9 "o s5se1 b w h atta9$ a great evil4 ,:]eas to h delib]at$ well is ?\ght to be a good1 because ,good ,c\nsel is ,rightness ( delib]ation ( su* a nature z is apt to atta9 good4 ,b ev5 ?is aga9 y may get by false reason+1 & hit ^u ! "r effect ?\gh n ?r\gh "r means1#cg y\r middle t]m be+ fallaci\s3 & s nei!r w ?is be yet ,good ,c\nsel 9 consequ5ce ( :i* y get :at y ought b n ?r\gh prop] means4 ,aga91 "o man may hit on a ?+ aft] long delib]ation1 ano!r quickly4 ,& s t be=e describ$ w n be yet ,good ,c\nsel1 b ! ,rightness mu/ be ) ref]5ce to :at is exp$i5t2 & y mu/ h a prop] end 9 view1 pursue x 9 a "r mann] & "r "t4 ,once m4 ,"o may delib]ate well ei!r g5]ally or t[>ds "s p>ticul> ,end4#ch ,good c\nsel 9 ! g5]al !n is t :i* goes "r t[>ds t :i* is ! ,end 9 a g5]al way ( consid]ation2 9 p>ticul>1 t :i* does s t[>ds "s p>ticul> ,end4 ,s9ce !n delib]at+ well is a quality ( m5 possess$ ( ,practical ,wisdom1 ,good ,c\nsel mu/ be 8,rightness 9 respect ( :at conduces to a giv5 ,end1 ( :i*#ci ,practical ,wisdom is ! true conception40 ,*apt] ,x4 ,!re is too ! faculty ( ,judici\sness1 & also its abs5ce1 9 virtue ( :i* we call m5 ,judici\s or ! contr>y4 ,n[ ,judici\sness is nei!r entirely id5tical ) ,k or ,op9ion 7= !n all w\ld h be5 ,judici\s71 nor is x any "o specific sci5ce1 z m$ical sci5ce ^: object matt] is ?+s :olesome2 or geometry ^: object matt] is magnitude3 = x has n = its object ?+s :i* always exi/ & are immutable1 nor ( ^? ?+s :i* come into be+ j any :i* may *ance2 b ^? 9 respect ( :i* a man might d\bt & delib]ate4 ,& s x has ! same object matt] z ,practical ,wisdom2 yet ! two faculties are n id5tical1 because ,practical ,wisdom has ! capacity = comm&+ & tak+ ! initiative1 = its ,end is 8:at "o %\ld d or n d30 b ,judici\sness is only apt to decide ^u sugge/ions 7?\gh we d 9 ,greek put 8well0 on to ! faculty & its concrete n\n1 ^! really mean exactly ! same z ! pla9 words71 & ,judici\sness is nei!r ! hav+ ,practical ,wisdom1 nor atta9+ x3 b j z le>n+ is t]m$ :5 a man uses 8 k1 s judici\sness consi/s 9 employ+ ! ,op9ionative faculty 9 judg+ conc]n+ ^? ?+s :i* come )9 ! prov9ce ( ,practical ,wisdom1 :5 ano!r enunciates !m2 & n judg+ m]ely1 b judg+ well 7= & mean exactly ! same ?+74 ,& ! ,greek "n ( ?is faculty is d]iv$ f ! use ( ! t]m 9 le>n+3 & be+ (t5 us$ z synonym\s4 ,! faculty call$ 1#dj 9 "r ( :i* we call m5 1 or say !y h 1 is 8! "r judgm5t ( ! equitable man40 ,a pro( ( :i* is t we mo/ commonly say t ! equitable man has a t5d5cy to make all[ance1 & ! mak+ all[ance 9 c]ta9 cases is equitable4 ,& 7! ^w d5ot+ all[ance7 is "r hav+ a capacity ( mak+ equitable decisions1 ,by 8"r0 ,i mean t ( ! ,tru?ful man4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,n[ all ^! m5tal /ates#da t5d to ! same object1 z inde$ common language leads u to expect3 ,i mean1 we speak ( 1 ,judici\sness1 ,practical ,wisdom1 & ,practical ,intuition1 attribut+ ! possession ( & ,practical ,intuition to ! same ,individuals :om we d5om9ate ,practically-,wise & ,judici\s3 because all ^! faculties are employ$ ^u ! extremes1#db i4e4 on p>ticul> details2 & 9 "r ( 8 aptitude = decid+ on ! matt]s :i* come )9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,practically-,wise1 a man is ,judici\s & possess$ ( good 2 i4e4 he is dispos$ to make all[ance1 = consid]ations ( equity are ent]ta9$ by all good m5 alike 9 transactions ) _! fell[s4 ,& all matt]s ( ,moral ,action belong to ! class ( p>ticul>s1 o!rwise call$ extremes3 = ! man ( ,practical ,wisdom mu/ "k !m1 & ,judici\sness & are conc]n$ ) matt]s ( ,moral ,actions1 :i* are extremes4 ,intuition1 moreov]1 takes 9 ! extremes at bo? ends3#dc ,i mean1 ! fir/ & la/ t]ms mu/ be tak5 9 n by reason+ b by ,intuition s t ,intuition comes to be ( two k9ds1 & t :i* belongs to /rict demon/rative reason+s takes 9 immutable1 i4e4 ,necess>y1 fir/ t]ms2 :ile t :i* is employ$ 9 practical matt]s takes 9 ! extreme1 ! ,cont+5t1 & ! m9or ,premiss3#dd = ! m9or ,premisses are ! s\rce ( ! ,f9al ,cause1 ,univ]sals be+ made up out ( ,p>ticul>s4#de ,to take 9 ^!1 ( c\rse1 we mu/ h ,s5se1 i4e4 9 o!r words ,practical ,intuition4 ,& = ?is reason ^! are ?\ght to be simply gifts ( nature2 & :]eas no man is ?\ght to be ,sci5tific by nature1 m5 are ?\ght to h 1 & ,judici\sness1 & ,practical ,intuition3 a pro( ( :i* is t we ?9k ^! faculties are a consequ5ce ev5 ( p>ticul> ages1 & ?is giv5 age has ,practical ,intuition & 1 we say1 z if "u ! notion t nature is ! cause4 ,& ?us ,intuition is bo? ! beg9n+ & end1 because ! pro(s are bas$ ^u ! "o k9d ( extremes & conc]n ! o!r4 ,& s#df "o %\ld att5d to ! undemon/rable dicta & op9ions ( ! skilful1 ! old & ! ,practically-,wise1 no less ?an to ^? :i* are bas$ on /rict reason+1 because !y see aright1 hav+ ga9$ _! p[] ( moral vision f exp]i5ce4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,well1 we h n[ /at$ ! nature & objects ( ,practical ,wisdom & ,sci5ce respectively1 & t !y belong ea* to a diff]5t "p ( ! ,s\l4 ,b ,i c conceive a p]son que/ion+ _! utility4 8,sci5ce10 he w\ld say1 8conc]ns itself ) none ( ! causes ( human happ9ess 7= x has no?+ to d ) produc+ any?+73 ,practical ,wisdom has ?is recomm5dation1 ,i grant1 b :]e is ! ne$ ( x1 s9ce its prov9ce is ^? ?+s :i* are j & hon\rable1 & good = man1 & ^! are ! ?+s :i* ! good man z su* does2 b we are n a bit ! m apt to d !m because we "k !m1 s9ce ! ,moral ,virtues are ,habits2 j z we are n m apt to be heal?y or 9 good condition f m]e k ( :at relates to ^! 7,i mean1#dg ( c\rse1 ?+s s call$ n f _! produc+ heal?1 etc41 b f _! evid5c+ x 9 a p>ticul> subject71 = we are n m apt to be heal?y & 9 good condition m]ely f kn[+ ! art ( m$ic9e or tra9+4 8,if x be urg$ t kn[+ :at is good does n by itself make a ,practically-,wise man b becom+ good2 /ill ?is ,wisdom w be no use ei!r to ^? t are good1 & s h x already1 or to ^? :o h x n2 because x w make no diff]5ce to !m :e!r !y h x !mselves or put !mselves "u ! guidance ( o!rs :o h2 & we might be cont5t$ to be 9 respect ( ?is z 9 respect ( heal?3 = ?\gh we wi% to be heal?y /ill we d n set ab\t le>n+ ! art ( heal+4 8,fur!rmore1 x w\ld seem to be /range t1 ?\gh l[] 9 ! scale ?an ,sci5ce1 x is to be its ma/]2 :i* x is1 because :atev] produces results takes ! rule & directs 9 ea* matt]40 ,?is !n is :at we are to talk ab\t1 = ^! are ! only po9ts n[ rais$4 ,n[ fir/ we say t be+ respectively ,excell5ces ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,s\l !y mu/ be *oice-wor?y1 ev5 on ! supposition t !y nei!r ( !m produce results4 ,9 ! next place we say t !y d produce results2 t ,sci5ce makes ,happ9ess1 n z ! m$ical art b z heal?9ess makes heal?3#dh because1 be+ a "p ( ,virtue 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se1 x makes a man happy by be+ possess$ & by work+4 ,next1 ,man's "w z ,man is accompli%$ by virtue ( ,practical ,wisdom & ,moral ,virtue1 ! latt] giv+ ! "r aim & direction1 ! =m] ! "r means to its atta9m5t2#di b ( ! f\r? "p ( ! ,s\l1 ! m]e nutritive pr9ciple1 !re is no su* ,excell5ce1 because no?+ is 9 its p[] to d or leave undone4#ej ,z to our n be+ m apt to d :at is noble & j by reason ( possess+ ,practical ,wisdom1 we mu/ beg9 a little high] up1#ea tak+ ?is = our />t+-po9t4 ,z we say t m5 may d ?+s 9 !mselves j & yet n be j m52 = in/ance1 :5 m5 d :at ! laws require ( !m1 ei!r aga9/ _! w1 or by reason ( ignorance or some?+ else1 at all ev5ts n = ! sake ( ! ?+s !mselves2 & yet !y d :at !y ought & all t ! good man %\ld d2 s x seems t to be a good man "o mu/ d ea* act 9 a p>ticul> frame ( m9d1 ,i mean f ,moral ,*oice & = ! sake ( ! ?+s !mselves :i* are done4 ,n[ x is ,virtue :i* makes ! ,moral ,*oice "r1 b :atev] is naturally requir$ to c>ry out t ,*oice comes "u ! prov9ce n ( ,virtue b ( a diff]5t faculty4 ,we mu/ halt1 z x 71 a:ile1 & speak m cle>ly on ^! po9ts4 ,!re is !n a c]ta9 faculty1 commonly nam$ ,clev]ness1 ( su* a nature z to be able to d & atta9 :atev] conduces to any giv5 purpose3 n[ if t purpose be a good "o ! faculty is praisewor?y2 if o!rwise1 x goes by a "n :i*1 d5ot+ /rictly ! ability1 implies ! will+ness to d any?+2 we accord+ly call ! ,practically-,wise ,clev]1 & also ^? :o c & w d any?+4#eb ,n[ ,practical ,wisdom is n id5tical ) ,clev]ness1 nor is x )\t ?is p[] ( adapt+ means to ends3 b ?is ,eye ( ! ,s\l 7z we may call x7 does n atta9 its prop] /ate )\t goodness1 z we h said be=e & z is q pla91 because ! syllogisms into :i* ,moral ,action may be analys$ h = _! ,major ,premiss1#ec 8s9ce ---- is ! ,end & ! ,*ief ,good0#ed 7fill up ! blank ) j any?+ y please1 = we m]ely want to exhibit ! ,=m1 s t any?+ w d71 b h[ ?is blank %\ld be fill$ is se5 only by ! good man3 because ,vice di/orts ! moral vision & causes m5 to be deceiv$ 9 respect ( practical pr9ciples4#ee ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t a man _c be a ,practically-,wise1 )\t be+ a good1 man4 ,we mu/ enquire aga9 also ab\t ,virtue3 = x may be divid$ into ,natural ,virtue & ,matur$1 :i* two be> to ea* o!r a relation simil> to t :i* ,practical ,wisdom be>s to ,clev]ness1 "o n ( id5tity b resemblance4 ,i speak ( ,natural ,virtue1 because m5 hold t ea* ( ! moral dispositions atta* to u all someh[ by nature3 we h dispositions#ef t[>ds ju/ice1 self-ma/]y & c\rage1 = in/ance1 imm$iately f our bir?3 b /ill we seek ,goodness 9 its highe/ s5se z some?+ di/9ct f ^!1 & t ^! dispositions %\ld atta* to u 9 a some:at diff]5t fa%ion4#eg ,*ildr5 & brutes h ^! natural /ates1 b !n !y are pla9ly hurtful unless comb9$ ) an intellectual elem5t3 at lea/ ?us mu* is matt] ( actual exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 t z a /rong body de/itute ( sight mu/1 if set 9 motion1 fall viol5tly because x has n sight1 s x is also 9 ! case we are consid]+3 b if x c get ! intellectual elem5t x !n excels 9 act+4 ,j s ! ,natural ,/ate ( ,virtue1 be+ l ?is /rong body1 w !n be ,virtue 9 ! highe/ s5se :5 x too is comb9$ ) ! intellectual elem5t4 ,s t1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,op9ionative faculty1 !re are two =ms1 ,clev]ness & ,practical ,wisdom2 s also 9 ! case ( ! ,moral !re are two1 ,natural ,virtue & ,matur$2 & ( ^! ! latt] _c be =m$ )\t ,practical ,wisdom4#eh ,?is leads "s to say t all ! ,virtues are m]ely intellectual ,practical ,wisdom1 & ,socrates 0 p>tly "r 9 8 enquiry & p>tly wrong3 wrong 9 t he ?\ght all ! ,virtues 7 m]ely intellectual ,practical ,wisdom1 "r 9 say+ !y 7 n indep5d5t ( t faculty4 ,a pro( ( :i* is t n[ all1 9 def9+ ,virtue1 add on ! 8/ate0 m5tion+ also to :at /&>d x has ref]5ce1 namely t 8:i* is accordant ) ,"r ,reason30 n[ 8"r0 means 9 accordance ) ,practical ,wisdom4 ,s !n all seem to h an in/9ctive notion t t /ate :i* is 9 accordance ) ,practical ,wisdom is ,virtue2 h[ev]1 we mu/ make a slight *ange 9 _! /atem5t1 because t /ate is ,virtue1 n m]ely :i* is 9 accordance ) b :i* implies ! possession ( ,"r ,reason2 :i*1 ^u su* matt]s1 is ,practical ,wisdom4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 u & ,socrates is ?is3 he ?\ght ! ,virtues 7 reason+ processes 7i4e4 t !y 7 all in/ances ( ,k 9 its /rict s5se71 b we say !y imply ! possession ( ,reason4 ,f :at has be5 said !n x is cle> t "o _c be1 /rictly speak+1 good )\t ,practical ,wisdom nor ,practically-,wise )\t moral goodness4 ,& by ! di/9ction betwe5 ,natural & ,matur$ ,virtue "o c meet ! reason+ by :i* x might be argu$ 8t ! ,virtues are sep>able because ! same man is n by nature mo/ incl9$ to all at once s t he w h acquir$ ?is "o be=e he has t o!r30 we w\ld reply t ?is is possible ) respect to ! ,natural ,virtues b n ) respect to ^? 9 "r ( :i* a man is d5om9at$ simply good3 because !y w all belong to him toge!r ) ! "o faculty ( ,practical ,wisdom4 ,x is pla9 too t ev5 _h x n be5 apt to act we %\ld h ne$$ x1 because x is ! ,excell5ce ( a "p ( ! ,s\l2 & t ! moral *oice _c be "r indep5d5tly ( ,practical ,wisdom & ,moral ,goodness2 because ?is gives ! "r ,end1 t causes ! do+ ^! ?+s :i* conduce to ! ,end4 ,!n aga91 x is n ,ma/] ( ,sci5ce 7i4e4 ( ! sup]ior "p ( ! ,s\l71 j z nei!r is ! heal+ art ,ma/] ( heal?2 = x does n make use ( x1 b looks h[ x may come to be3 s x comm&s = ! sake ( x b does n comm& x4 ,! objection is1 9 fact1 ab\t z valid z if a man %\ld say gov]ns ! gods because x gives ord]s ab\t all ?+s 9 ! communty4 ,,app5dix ,on 1 f ,i4 ,po/4 ,analyt4 *ap4 i4 & ii4 7,su* p>ts only are translat$ z ?r[ light on ! ,e?ics47 ,all tea*+1 & all intellectual le>n+1 proce$s on ! basis ( previ\s k1 z w appe> on an exam9ation ( all4 ,! ,ma!matical ,sci5ces1 & e o!r sy/em1 draw _! conclusions 9 ?is me?od4 ,s too ( reason+s1 :e!r by syllogism1 or induction3 = bo? tea* ?r\gh :at is previ\sly kn[n1 ! =m] assum+ ! premisses z f wise m51 ! latt] prov+ univ]sals f ! evid5tness ( ! p>ticul>s4 ,9 l mann] too rhetoricians p]suade1 ei!r ?r\gh examples 7:i* am\nts to induction71 or ?r\gh en?ymemes 7:i* am\nts to syllogism74 ,,*ap4 ,,ii ,well1 we suppose t we "k ?+s 79 ! /rict & prop] s5se ( ! ^w7 :5 we suppose ourselves to "k ! cause by reason ( :i* ! ?+ is to be ! cause ( x2 & t ?is _c be o!rwise4 ,x is pla9 t ! idea int5d$ to be convey$ by ! t]m kn[+ is some?+ ( ?is k9d2 because !y :o d n really "k suppose !mselves ?us relat$ to ! matt] 9 h& & !y :o d "k really are s t ( :atsoev] !re is prop]ly speak+ ,k ?is _c be o!rwise ?an x is ,:e!r or no !re is ano!r way ( kn[+ we w say aft]w>ds1 b we d say t we "k ?r\gh demon/ration1 by :i* ,i mean a syllogism apt to produce ,k1 i4e4 9 "r ( :i* ?r\gh hav+ x1 we "k4 ,if ,k !n is su* z we h describ$ x1 ! ,k produc$ by demon/rative reason+ mu/ be drawn f premisses true & fir/1 & incapable ( syllogi/ic pro(1 & bett] kn[n1 & prior 9 ord] ( "t1 & causes ( ! conclusion1 = s ! pr9ciples w be ak9 to ! conclusion demon/rat$4 7,syllogism1 ( c\rse !re may be )\t su* premisses1 b x w n be demon/ration because x w n produce k74 ,true1 !y mu/ be1 because x is impossible to "k t :i* is n4 ,fir/1 t is indemon/rable1 because1 if demon/rable1 he _c be said to "k !m :o has no demon/ration ( !m = kn[+ su* ?+s z are demon/rable is ! same z hav+ demon/ration ( !m4 ,causes !y mu/ be1 & bett] kn[n1 & prior 9 "t1 causes1 because we !n "k :5 we are acqua9t$ ) ! cause1 & prior1 if causes1 & kn[n be=eh&1 n m]ely compreh5d$ 9 idea b kn[n to exi/ 7,! t]ms prior1 & bett] kn[n1 be> two s5ses = prior by nature & prior relatively to ourselves are n ! same1 nor bett] kn[n by nature1 & bett] kn[n to u ,i mean1 by prior & bett] kn[n relatively to ourselves1 su* ?+s z are ne>] to s5sation1 b ab/ract$ly s su* z are fur!r ,^? are fur!/ :i* are mo/ univ]sal ^? ne>e/ :i* are p>ticul>s1 & ^! are mutually oppos$47 ,& by fir/1 ,i mean pr9ciples ak9 to ! conclusion1 = pr9ciple means ! same z fir/ ,& ! pr9ciple or fir/ /ep 9 demon/ration is a proposition incapable ( syllogi/ic pro(1 i4e4 "o to :i* !re is none prior4 ,n[ ( su* syllogi/ic pr9ciples ,i call t a :i* y _c demon/rate1 & :i* is unnecess>y ) a view to le>n+ some?+ else4 ,t :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to le>n some?+ else is an ,axiom4 ,fur!r1 s9ce "o is to believe & "k ! ?+ by hav+ a syllogism ( ! k9d call$ demon/ration1 & :at con/itutes x to be su* is ! nature ( ! premisses1 x is necess>y n m]ely to "k be=e1 b to "k bett] ?an ! conclusion1 ei!r all or at lea/ "s (1 ! pr9ciples1 because t :i* is ! cause ( a quality inh]+ 9 some?+ else always inh]es itself m z ! cause ( our lov+ is itself m lovable4 ,s1 s9ce ! pr9ciples are ! cause ( our kn[+ & behov+ we "k & believe !m m1 because by reason ( !m we "k also ! conclusion foll[+4 ,fur!r3 ! man :o is to h ! ,k :i* comes ?r\gh demon/ration mu/ n m]ely "k & believe 8 pr9ciples bett] ?an he does 8 conclusion1 b he mu/ believe no?+ m firmly ?an ! contradictories ( ^? pr9ciples out ( :i* ! contr>y fallacy may be con/ruct$3 s9ce he :o kn[s1 is to be simply & absolutely infallible4 ,,book ,,vii ,*apt] ,i4 ,next we mu/ take a diff]5t po9t to />t f1#a & obs]ve t ( :at is to be avoid$ 9 respect ( moral "* !re are ?ree =ms2 ,vice1 ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 & ,bruti%ness4 ,( ! two =m] x is pla9 :at ! contr>ies are1 = we call ! "o ,virtue1 ! o!r ,self-,control2 & z answ]+ to ,bruti%ness x w be mo/ suitable to assign ,sup]human1 i4e4 h]oical & godlike ,virtue1 z1 9 ,hom]1 ,priam says ( ,hector 8t he 0 v excell5t1 nor 0 he l ! (fspr+ ( mortal man1 b ( a god40 & s1 if1 z is commonly said1 m5 are rais$ to ! position ( gods by reason ( v high excell5ce 9 ,virtue1 ! /ate oppos$ to ! ,bruti% w pla9ly be ( ?is nature3 because z brutes are n virtu\s or vici\s s nei!r are gods2 b ! /ate ( ^! is some?+ m preci\s ?an ,virtue1 ( ! =m] some?+ diff]5t 9 k9d f ,vice4 ,& z1 on ! "o h&1 x is a r>e ?+ = a man to be godlike 7a t]m ! ,lac$monians are accu/om$ to use :5 !y admire a man exce$+ly2 !y call him71 s ! bruti% man is r>e2 ! "* is f\nd mo/ among b>b>ians1 & "s cases ( x are caus$ by disease or maim+2 also su* m5 z exce$ 9 vice all ord9>y measures we !re=e designate by ?is opprobri\s t]m4 ,well1 we mu/ 9 a subsequ5t place make "s m5tion ( ?is disposition1 & ,vice has be5 spok5 ( be=e3 = ! pres5t we mu/ speak ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control & its k9dr$ faults ( ,s(tness & ,luxury1 on ! "o h&1 & ( ,self-,control & ,endurance on ! o!r2 s9ce we are to conceive ( !m1 n z be+ ! same /ates exactly z ,virtue & ,vice respectively1 nor aga9 z diff]+ 9 k9d4 ,& we %\ld adopt ! same c\rse z be=e1 i4e4 /ate ! ph5om5a1 &1 aft] rais+ & discuss+ difficulties :i* sugge/ !mselves1 !n exhibit1 if possible1 all ! op9ions afloat respect+ ^! affections ( ! moral "*2 or1 if n all1 ! great] "p & ! mo/ important3 = we may consid] we h illu/rat$ ! matt] suffici5tly :5 ! difficulties h be5 solv$1 & su* !ories z are mo/ approv$ are left z a residuum4 ,! *ief po9ts may be ?us enum]at$4 ,x is ?\ght1 ,i4 ,t ,self-,control & ,endurance belong to ! class ( ?+s good & praisewor?y1 :ile ,imp]fect ,self-,control & ,s(tness belong to t ( ?+s l[ & blamewor?y4 ,,ii4 ,t ! man ( ,self-,control is id5tical ) ! man :o is apt to abide by 8 resolution1 & ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control ) him :o is apt to dep>t f 8 resolution4 ,,iii4 ,t ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control does ?+s at ! in/igation ( 8 passions1 kn[+ !m to be wrong1 :ile ! man ( ,self-,control1 kn[+ 8 lu/s to be wrong1 refuses1 by ! influ5ce ( reason1 to foll[ _! sugge/ions4 ,,iv4 ,t ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y unites ! qualities ( ,self-,control & ,endurance1 & "s say t e "o :o unites ^! is a man ( ,p]fect ,self-,ma/]y1 o!rs d n4 ,v4 ,"s conf\nd ! two *>act]s ( ! man :o has no ,self-,control1 & ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 :ile o!rs di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,,vi4 ,x is sometimes said t ! man ( ,practical ,wisdom _c be a man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 sometimes t m5 :o are ,practically ,wise & ,clev] are ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control4 ,,vii4 ,aga91 m5 are said to be ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 n simply b ) ! addition ( ! ?+ :]e91 z 9 respect ( ang]1 ( hon\r1 & ga94 ,^! !n are pretty well ! common /atem5ts4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,n[ a man may raise a "q z to ! nature ( ! "r conception 9 violation ( :i* a man fails ( ,self-,control4 ,t he c s fail :5 kn[+ 9 ! /rict s5se :at is "r "s say is impossible3 = x is a /range ?+1 z ,socrates ?\ght1 t :ile ,k is pres5t 9 8 m9d some?+ else %\ld ma/] him & drag him ab\t l a slave4 ,socrates 9 fact cont5d$ g5]ally aga9/ ! !ory1 ma9ta9+ !re is no su* /ate z t ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 = t no "o acts contr>y to :at is be/ conceiv+ x to be be/ b by reason ( ignorance :at is be/4 ,) all due respect to ,socrates1 8 acc\nt ( ! matt] is at v>iance ) pla9 facts1 & we mu/ enquire ) respect to ! affection1 if x be caus$ by ignorance :at is ! nature ( ! ignorance3 = t ! man s fail+ does n suppose 8 acts to be "r be=e he is "u ! influ5ce ( passion is q pla94#b ,!re are p :o p>tly agree ) ,socrates & p>tly n3 t no?+ c be /rong] ?an ,k !y agree1 b t no man acts 9 contrav5tion ( 8 conviction ( :at is bett] !y d n agree2 & s !y say t x is n ,k1 b only ,op9ion1 :i* ! man 9 "q has & yet yields to ! in/igation ( 8 pleasures4 ,b !n1 if x is ,op9ion & n ,k1 t is x ! oppos+ conception be n /rong b only mild 7z 9 ! case ( real d\bt71 ! n abid+ by x 9 ! face ( /rong lu/s w\ld be excusable3 b wick$ness is n excusable1 nor is any?+ :i* des]ves blame4 ,well !n1 is x ,practical ,wisdom :i* 9 ?is case (f]s opposition3 = t is ! /ronge/ pr9ciple8 ,! supposition is absurd1 = we %all h ! same man unit+ ,practical ,wisdom & ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 & surely no s+le p]son w\ld ma9ta9 t x is consi/5t ) ! "* ( ,practical ,wisdom to d volunt>ily :at is v wrong2 & besides we h %[n be=e t ! v m>k ( a man ( ?is "* is aptitude to act1 z di/+ui%$ f m]e k ( :at is "r2 because he is a man conv]sant ) p>ticul> details1 & possess$ ( all ! o!r virtues4 ,aga91 if ! hav+ /rong & bad lu/s is necess>y to ! idea ( ! man ( ,self-,control1 ?is "* _c be id5tical ) ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 because ! hav+ /rong desires or bad ones does n ent] into ! idea ( ?is latt] "*3 & yet ! man ( ,self-,control mu/ h su*3 = suppose !m good2 !n ! moral /ate :i* %\ld h9d] a man f foll[+ _! sugge/ions mu/ be bad1 & s ,self-,control w\ld n be 9 all cases good3 suppose !m on ! o!r h& to be weak & n wrong1 x w\ld be no?+ gr&2 nor any?+ great1 suppos+ !m to be wrong & weak4 ,aga91 if ,self-,control makes a man apt to abide by all op9ions )\t exception1 x may be bad1 z suppose ! case ( a false op9ion3 & if ,imp]fect ,self-,control makes a man apt to dep>t f all )\t exception1 we %all h cases :]e x w be good2 take t ( ,neoptolemus 9 ! ,philoctetes ( ,sophocles1 = in/ance3 he is to be prais$ = n abid+ by :at he 0 p]suad$ to by ,ulysses1 because he 0 pa9$ at be+ guilty ( falsehood4 ,or aga91 false sophi/ical reason+ pres5ts a difficulty3 = because m5 wi% to prove p>adoxes t !y may be c\nt$ clev] :5 !y succe$1 ! reason+ t has be5 us$ becomes a difficulty3 = ! intellect is fett]$2 a man be+ unwill+ to abide by ! conclusion because x does n please 8 judgm5t1 b unable to advance because he _c dis5tangle ! web ( sophi/ical reason+4 ,or aga91 x is conceivable on ?is supposition t folly jo9$ ) ,imp]fect ,self-,control may turn out1 9 a giv5 case1 goodness3 = by reason ( 8 imp]fection ( self-control a man acts 9 a way :i* contradicts 8 notions2 n[ 8 notion is t :at is really good is bad & ought n to be done2 & s he w ev5tually d :at is good & n :at is bad4 ,aga91 on ! same supposition1 ! man :o act+ on conviction pursues & *ooses ?+s because !y are pleasant mu/ be ?\ght a bett] man ?an he :o does s n by reason ( a quasi-rational conviction b ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control3 because he is m op5 to cure by reason ( ! possibility ( 8 receiv+ a contr>y conviction4 ,b to ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control w\ld apply ! prov]b1 8:5 wat] *okes1 :at %\ld a man dr9k !n80 = _h he nev] be5 conv9c$ at all 9 respect ( :at he does1#c !n by a conviction 9 a contr>y direction he might h /opp$ 9 8 c\rse2 b n[ ?\gh he has _h convictions he not)/&+ acts aga9/ !m4 ,aga91 if any & e ?+ is ! object-matt] ( ,imp]fect & ,p]fect ,self-,control1 :o is ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control simply8 because no "o unites all cases ( x1 & we commonly say t "s m5 are s simply1 n add+ any p>ticul> ?+ 9 :i* !y are s4 ,well1 ! difficulties rais$ are pretty ne> su* z ,i h describ$ !m1 & ( ^! !ories we mu/ remove "s & leave o!rs z e/abli%$2 because ! solv+ ( a difficulty is a positive act ( e/abli%+ some?+ z true4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,n[ we mu/ exam9e fir/ :e!r m5 ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control act ) a k ( :at is "r or n3 next1 if ) su* k1 9 :at s5se2 & next :at are we to assume is ! object-matt] ( ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 & ( ! man ( ,self-,control2 ,i mean1 :e!r pleasure & pa9 ( all k9ds or c]ta9 def9ite ones2 & z to ,self-,control & ,endurance1 :e!r ^! are designations ( ! same "* or diff]5t4 ,& 9 l mann] we mu/ g into all que/ions :i* are connect$ ) ! pres5t4 ,b ! real />t+ po9t ( ! enquiry is1 :e!r ! two *>act]s ( ,self-,control & ,imp]fect ,self-,control are di/+ui%$ by _! object-matt]1 or _! respective relations to x4 ,i mean1 :e!r ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is su* simply by virtue ( hav+ su* & su* object-matt]2 or n1 b by virtue ( 8 be+ relat$ to x 9 su* & su* a way1 or by virtue ( bo?3 next1 :e!r ,self-,control & ,imp]fect ,self-,control are unlimit$ 9 _! object-matt]3 because he :o is designat$ )\t any addition a man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is n unlimit$ 9 8 object-matt]1 b has exactly ! same z ! man :o has lo/ all ,self-,control3 nor is he s designat$ because ( 8 relation to ?is object-matt] m]ely 7= !n 8 "* w\ld be id5tical ) t j m5tion$1 loss ( all ,self-,control71 b because ( 8 relation to x be+ su* & su*4 ,= ! man :o has lo/ all ,self-,control is l$ on ) delib]ate moral *oice1 hold+ t x is 8 l9e to pursue pleasure z x rises3 :ile ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control does n ?9k t he ought to pursue x1 b does pursue x all ! same4 ,n[ z to ! notion t x is ,true ,op9ion & n ,k 9 contrav5tion ( :i* m5 fail 9 ,self-,control1 x makes no diff]5ce to ! po9t 9 "q1 because "s ( ^? :o hold ,op9ions h no d\bt ab\t !m b suppose !mselves to h accurate ,k2 if !n x is urg$ t m5 hold+ ,op9ions w be m likely ?an m5 :o h ,k to act 9 contrav5tion ( _! conceptions1 z hav+ b a mod]ate belief 9 !m2 we reply1 ,k w n diff] 9 ?is respect f ,op9ion3 because "s m5 believe _! own ,op9ions no less firmly ?an o!rs d _! positive ,k3 ,h]aclitus is a case 9 po9t4 ,r ! foll[+ is ! acc\nt ( x3 ! t]m kn[+ has two s5ses2 bo? ! man :o does n use 8 ,k1 & he :o does1 are said to "k3 !re w be a diff]5ce betwe5 a man's act+ wrongly1 :o ?\gh possess$ ( ,k does n call x into op]ation1 & 8 do+ s :o has x & actually ex]cises x3 ! latt] is a /range case1 b ! m]e hav+1 if n ex]cis+1 pres5ts no anomaly4 ,aga91 z !re are two k9ds ( propositions affect+ action1#d univ]sal & p>ticul>1 !re is no reason :y a man may n act aga9/ 8 ,k1 hav+ bo? propositions 9 8 m9d1 us+ ! univ]sal b n ! p>ticul>1 = ! p>ticul>s are ! objects ( moral action4 ,!re is a diff]5ce also 9 univ]sal propositions2#e a univ]sal proposition may relate p>tly to a man's self & p>tly to ! ?+ 9 "q3 take ! foll[+ = in/ance2 8dry food is good = e man10 ?is may h ! two m9or premisses1 8?is is a man10 & 8s & s is dry food20 b :e!r a giv5 sub/ance is s & s a man ei!r has n ! ,k or does n ex]t x4 ,accord+ to ^! diff]5t s5ses !re w be an imm5se diff]5ce1 s t = a man to "k 9 ! "o s5se1 & yet act wrongly1 w\ld be no?+ /range1 b 9 any ( ! o!r s5ses x w\ld be a matt] = wond]4 ,aga91 m5 may h ,k 9 a way diff]5t f any ( ^? :i* h be5 n[ /at$3 = we con/antly see a man's /ate s diff]+ by hav+ & n us+ ,k1 t he has x 9 a s5se & also has n2 :5 a man is asleep1 = in/ance1 or mad1 or drunk3 well1 m5 "u ! actual op]ation ( passion are 9 exactly simil> conditions2 = ang]1 lu/1 & "s o!r su*-l ?+s1 manife/ly make *anges ev5 9 ! body1 & 9 "s !y ev5 cause madness2 x is pla9 !n t we mu/ say ! m5 ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control are 9 a /ate simil> to ^!4 ,& _! say+ :at embodies ,k is no pro( ( _! actually !n ex]cis+ x1 because !y :o are "u ! op]ation ( ^! passions repeat demon/rations2 or v]ses ( ,emp$ocles1#f j z *ildr51 :5 fir/ le>n+1 /r+ words toge!r1 b z yet "k no?+ ( _! mean+1 because !y mu/ gr[ into x1 & ?is is a process requir+ "t3 s t we mu/ suppose ^! m5 :o fail 9 ,self-,control to say ^! moral say+s j z actors d4 ,fur!rmore1 a man may look at ! acc\nt ( ! phnom5on 9 ! foll[+ way1 f an exam9ation ( ! actual work+ ( ! m9d3 ,all action may be analys$ into a syllogism1 9 :i* ! "o premiss is an univ]sal maxim & ! o!r conc]ns p>ticul>s ( :i* ,s5se moral or physical1 z ! case may be is cognisant3 n[ :5 "o results f ^! two1 x foll[s necess>ily t1 z f> z !ory goes ! m9d mu/ ass]t ! conclusion1 & 9 practical propositions ! man mu/ act accord+ly4 ,= in/ance1 let ! univ]sal be1 8,all t is sweet %\ld be ta/$10 ! p>ticul>1 8,?is is sweet20 x foll[s necess>ily t he :o is able & is n h9d]$ %\ld n only draw1 b put 9 practice1 ! conclusion 8,?is is to be ta/$40 ,:5 !n !re is 9 ! m9d "o univ]sal proposition =bidd+ to ta/e1 & ! o!r 8,all t is sweet is pleasant0 ) its m9or 8,?is is sweet0 7:i* is ! "o t really works71 & desire happ5s to be 9 ! man1 ! fir/ univ]sal bids him avoid ?is b ! desire leads him on to ta/e2 = x has ! p[] ( mov+ ! v>i\s organs3 & s x results t he fails 9 ,self-,control1 9 a c]ta9 s5se "u ! influ5ce ( ,reason & ,op9ion n contr>y 9 itself to ,reason b only accid5tally s2 because x is ! desire t is contr>y to ,"r ,reason1 b n ! ,op9ion3#g & s = ?is reason brutes are n acc\nt$ ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 because !y h no p[] ( conceiv+ univ]sals b only ( receiv+ & reta9+ p>ticul> impressions4 ,z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! ignorance is remov$ & ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control recov]s 8 ,k1 ! acc\nt is ! same z ) respect to him :o is drunk or asleep1 & is n peculi> to ?is affection1 s physiologi/s#h are ! "r p to apply to4 ,b :]eas ! m9or premiss ( e practical syllogism is an op9ion on matt] cognisable by ,s5se & det]m9es ! actions2 he :o is "u ! influ5ce ( passion ei!r has n ?is1 or s has x t 8 hav+ does n am\nt to kn[+ b m]ely say+1 z a man :5 drunk might repeat ,emp$ocles' v]ses2 & because ! m9or t]m#i is nei!r univ]sal1 nor is ?\ght to h ! p[] ( produc+ ,k 9 l mann] z ! univ]sal t]m3 & s ! result :i* ,socrates 0 seek+ comes out1 t is to say1 ! affection does n take place 9 ! pres5ce ( t :i* is ?\ght to be specially & prop]ly ,k1 nor is ?is dragg$ ab\t by reason ( ! affection1 b 9 ! pres5ce ( t ,k :i* is convey$ by ,s5se4 ,let ?is acc\nt !n be accept$ ( ! "q respect+ ! failure 9 ,self-,control1 :e!r x is ) ,k1 & ! mann] 9 :i* su* failure is possible or n1 ?\gh a man possesses ,k4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! next "q to be discuss$ is :e!r !re is a "* to be designat$ by ! t]m 8( ,imp]fect ,self-,control0 simply1 or :e!r all :o are s are to be acc\nt$ su*1 9 respect ( "s p>ticul> ?+2 &1 if !re is su* a "*1 :at is 8 object-matt]4 ,n[ t pleasures & pa9s are ! object-matt] ( m5 ( ,self-,control & ( ,endurance1 & also ( m5 ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control & ,s(tness1 is pla94 ,fur!r1 ?+s :i* produce pleasure are ei!r necess>y1 or objects ( *oice 9 !mselves b yet admitt+ ( excess4 ,all bodily ?+s :i* produce pleasure are necess>y2 & ,i call su* ^? :i* relate to food & o!r gross] appetities1 9 %ort su* bodily ?+s z we assum$ 7 ! ,object-matt] ( abs5ce ( ,self-,control & ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y4 ,! o!r class ( objects are n necess>y1 b objects ( *oice 9 !mselves3 ,i mean1 = in/ance1 victory1 hon\r1 weal?1 & su*-l good or pleasant ?+s4 ,& ^? :o are excessive 9 _! lik+ = su* ?+s contr>y to ! pr9ciple ( ,"r ,reason :i* is 9 _! own brea/s we d n designate m5 ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control simply1 b ) ! addition ( ! ?+ :]e91 z 9 respect ( money1 or ga91 or hon\r1 or ang]1 & n simply2 because we consid] !m z diff]5t *>act]s & only hav+ t title 9 "r ( a k9d ( resemblance 7z :5 we add to a man's "n 8conqu]or 9 ! ,olympic games0 ! acc\nt ( him z ,man diff]s b little f ! acc\nt ( him z ! ,man :o conqu]$ 9 ! ,olympic games1 b /ill x is diff]5t74 ,& a pro( ( ! real diff]5ce betwe5 ^! s designat$ ) an addition & ^? simply s call$ is ?is1 t ,imp]fect ,self-,control is blam$1 n z an error m]ely b also z be+ a vice1 ei!r :olly or p>tially2 b none ( ^! o!r cases is s blam$4 ,b ( ^? :o h = _! object-matt] ! bodily enjoym5ts1 :i* we say are also ! object-matt] ( ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y & ! man :o has lo/ all ,self-,control1 he t pursues excessive pleasures & too mu* avoids#aj ?+s :i* are pa9ful 7z hung] & ?ir/1 heat & cold1 & ev]y?+ connect$ ) t\* & ta/e71 n f moral *oice b 9 spite ( 8 moral *oice & intellectual conviction1 is t]m$ 8a man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control10 n ) ! addition ( any p>ticul> object-matt] z we d 9 respect ( want ( control ( ang] b simply4 ,& a pro( t ! t]m is ?us appli$ is t ! k9dr$ t]m 8,s(t0 is us$ 9 respect ( ^! enjoym5ts b n 9 respect ( any ( ^? o!rs4 ,& = ?is reason we put into ! same rank ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 ! man :o has lo/ x entirely1 ! man :o has x1 & ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y2 b n any ( ^? o!r *>act]s1 because ! =m] h = _! object-matt] ! same pleasures & pa9s3 b ?\gh !y h ! same object-matt]1 !y are n relat$ to x 9 ! same way1 b two ( !m act ^u moral *oice1 two )\t x4 ,& s we %\ld say t man is m entirely giv5 up to 8 passions :o pursues excessive pleasures1 & avoids mod]ate pa9s1 be+ ei!r n at all1 or at lea/ b little1 urg$ by desire1 ?an ! man :o does s because 8 desire is v /rong3 because we ?9k :at w\ld ! =m] be likely to d if he _h ! additional /imulus ( y\?ful lu/ & viol5t pa9 consequ5t on ! want ( ^? pleasures :i* we h d5om9at$ necess>y8 ,well !n1 s9ce ( desires & pleasures !re are "s :i* are 9 k9d hon\rable & good 7because ?+s pleasant are divisible1 z we said be=e1 into su* z are naturally objects ( *oice1 su* z are naturally objects ( avoidance1 & su* z are 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 money1 ga91 hon\r1 victory1 = in/ance72 9 respect ( all su* & ^? t are indiff]5t1 m5 are blam$ n m]ely#aa = be+ affect$ by or desir+ or lik+ !m1 b = exce$+ 9 any way 9 ^! feel+s4 ,& s !y are blam$1 :osoev] 9 spite ( ,reason are ma/]$ by1 t is pursue1 any object1 ?\gh 9 its nature noble & good2 !y1 = in/ance1 :o are m e>ne/ ?an !y %\ld be respect+ hon\r1 or _! *ildr5 or p>5ts2 n b :at ^! are good objects & m5 are prais$ = be+ e>ne/ ab\t !m3 b /ill !y admit ( excess2 = in/ance1 if any "o1 z ,niobe did1 %\ld fight ev5 aga9/ ! gods1 or feel t[>ds 8 fa!r z ,satyrus1 :o got !refrom ! nickname ( 1 because he 0 ?\ght to be v fooli%4 ,n[ depravity !re is none 9 reg>d ( ^! ?+s1 = ! reason assign$ above1 t ea* ( !m 9 itself is a ?+ naturally *oice-wor?y1 yet ! excesses 9 respect ( !m are wrong & matt] = blame3 & simil>ly !re is no ,imp]fect ,self-,control 9 respect ( ^! ?+s2 t be+ n m]ely a ?+ t %\ld be avoid$ b blamewor?y4 ,b because ( ! resemblance ( ! affection to ! ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control ! t]m is us$ ) ! addition 9 ea* case ( ! p>ticul> object-matt]1 j z m5 call a man a bad physician1 or bad actor1 :om !y w\ld n ?9k ( call+ simply bad4 ,z !n 9 ^! cases we d n apply ! t]m simply because ea* ( ! /ates is n a vice1 b only l a vice 9 ! way ( analogy1#ab s x is pla9 t 9 respect ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control & ,self-,control we mu/ limit ! names to ^? /ates :i* h ! same object-matt] z ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y & utt] loss ( ,self-,control1 & t we d apply x to ! case ( ang] only 9 ! way ( resemblance3 = :i* reason1 ) an addition1 we designate a man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control 9 respect ( ang]1 z ( hon\r or ( ga94 ,*apt] ,v4 ,z !re are "s ?+s naturally pleasant1 & ( ^! two k9ds2 ^?1 namely1 :i* are pleasant g5]ally1 & ^? :i* are s relatively to p>ticul> k9ds ( animals & m52 s !re are o!rs :i* are n naturally pleasant b :i* come to be s 9 consequ5ce ei!r ( maim+s1 or cu/om1 or deprav$ natural ta/es3 & "o may obs]ve moral /ates simil> to ^? we h be5 speak+ (1 hav+ respectively ^! classes ( ?+s = _! object-matt]4 ,i mean ! ,bruti%1 z 9 ! case ( ! female :o1 !y say1 w\ld rip up wom5 ) *ild & eat ! foetus2 or ! ta/es :i* are f\nd among ! savage tribes bord]+ on ! ,pontus1 "s lik+ raw fle%1 & "s be+ cannibals1 & "s l5d+ "o ano!r _! *ildr5 to make fea/s (2 or :at is said ( ,phal>is4 ,^! are in/ances ( ,bruti% /ates1 caus$ 9 "s by disease or madness2 take1 = in/ance1 ! man :o sacrific$ & ate 8 "m1 or him :o dev\r$ ! liv] ( 8 fell[-s]vant4 ,in/ances aga9 ( ^? caus$ by disease or by cu/om1 w\ld be1 pluck+ out ( hair1 or eat+ "o's nails1 or eat+ coals & e>?4#ac ,n[ :]ev] nature is really ! cause no "o w\ld ?9k ( call+ m5 ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 444 nor1 9 l mann]1 su* z are 9 a diseas$ /ate ?r\gh cu/om4 ,! hav+ any ( ^! incl9ations is some?+ =eign to :at is d5om9at$ ,vice1 j z ,bruti%ness is3 & :5 a man has !m 8 ma/]+ !m is n prop]ly ,self-,control1 nor 8 be+ ma/]$ by !m ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control 9 ! prop] s5se1 b only 9 ! way ( resemblance2 j z we may say a man ( ungov]nable wra? fails ( ,self-,control 9 respect ( ang] b n simply fails ( ,self-,control4 ,= all excessive folly1 c[>dice1 abs5ce ( ,self-,control1 or irritability1 are ei!r ,bruti% or morbid4 ,! man1 = in/ance1 :o is naturally afraid ( all ?+s1 ev5 if a m\se %\ld /ir1 is c[>dly aft] a ,bruti% sort2 !re 0 a man aga9 :o1 by reason ( disease1 0 afraid ( a cat3 & ( ! fools1 !y :o are naturally de/itute ( ,reason & live only by ,s5se are ,bruti%1 z are "s tribes ( ! f>-(f b>b>ians1 :ile o!rs :o are s by reason ( diseases1 epileptic or frantic1 are 9 morbid /ates4 ,s !n1 ( ^! incl9ations1 a man may sometimes m]ely h "o )\t yield+ to x3 ,i mean1 suppose t ,phal>is _h re/ra9$ 8 unnatural desire to eat a *ild3 or he may bo? h & yield to x4 ,z !n ,vice :5 su* z belongs to human nature is call$ ,vice simply1 :ile ! o!r is s call$ ) ! addition ( 8bruti%0 or 8morbid10 b n simply ,vice1 s manife/ly !re is ,bruti% & ,morbid ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control1 b t alone is entitl$ to ! "n )\t any qualification :i* is ( ! nature ( utt] abs5ce ( ,self-,control1 z x is f\nd 9 ,man4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,x is pla9 !n t ! object-matt] ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control & ,self-,control is re/rict$ to ! same z t ( utt] abs5ce ( ,self-,control & t ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 & t ! re/ is ! object-matt] ( a diff]5t species s nam$ metaphorically & n simply3 we w n[ exam9e ! position1 8t ,imp]fect ,self-,control 9 respect ( ,ang] is less disgraceful ?an t 9 respect ( ,lu/s40 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x seems t ,ang] does 9 a way li/5 to ,reason b mi%e>s x2 z quick s]vants :o run out be=e !y h he>d ! :ole ( :at is said & !n mi/ake ! ord]2 dogs1 aga91 b>k at ! slighte/ /ir1 be=e !y h se5 :e!r x be fri5d or foe2 j s ,ang]1 by reason ( its natural heat & quickness1 li/5+ to ,reason1 b )\t hav+ he>d ! comm& ( ,reason1 ru%es to its rev5ge4 ,t is to say1 ,reason or "s impression on ! m9d %[s !re is insol5ce or contempt#ad 9 ! (f5d]1 & !n ,ang]1 reason+ z x 7 t "o ought to fight aga9/ :at is su*1 fires up imm$iately3 :]eas ,lu/1 if ,reason or ,s5se1 z ! case may be1 m]ely says a ?+ is sweet1 ru%es to ! enjoym5t ( x3 & s ,ang] foll[s ,reason 9 a mann]1 b ,lu/ does n & is !re=e m disgraceful3 because he t _c control 8 ang] yields 9 a mann] to ,reason1 b ! o!r to 8 ,lu/ & n to ,reason at all4 ,aga91 a man is m excusable = foll[+ su* desires z are natural1 j z he is = foll[+ su* ,lu/s z are common to all & to t degree 9 :i* !y are common4 ,n[ ,ang] & irritability are m natural ?an ,lu/s :5 9 excess & = objects n necess>y4 7,?is 0 ! gr\nd ( ! def5ce ! man made :o beat 8 fa!r1 8,my fa!r10 he said1 8us$ to beat 81 & 8 fa!r 8 aga91 & ?is little fell[ "h10 po9t+ to 8 *ild1 8w beat me :5 he is gr[n a man3 x runs 9 ! family40 ,& ! fa!r1 z he 0 be+ dragg$ along1 bid 8 son leave (f beat+ him at ! door1 because he _h himself be5 us$ to drag 8 fa!r s f> & no f>!r47 ,aga91 *>act]s are less unju/ 9 proportion z !y involve less insidi\sness4 ,n[ ! ,angry man is n insidi\s1 nor is ,ang]1 b q op53 b ,lu/ is3 z !y say ( ,v5us1 8,cyprus-born ,goddess1 weav] ( deceits0 ,or ,hom] ( ! girdle call$ ! ,ce/us1 8,p]suasiv5ess *eat+ e'en ! subtle/ m9d40 ,& s s9ce ?is k9d ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is m unju/1 x is also m disgraceful ?an t 9 respect ( ,ang]1 & is simply ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 & ,vice 9 a c]ta9 s5se4 ,aga91 no man feels pa9 9 be+ insol5t1 b e "o :o acts ?r\gh ,ang] does act ) pa92 & he :o acts insol5tly does x ) pleasure4 ,if !n ^? ?+s are mo/ unju/ ) :i* we h mo/ "r to be angry1 !n ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 aris+ f ,lu/1 is m s ?an t aris+ f ,ang]3 because 9 ,ang] !re is no insol5ce4#ae ,well !n1 x is cle> t ,imp]fect ,self-,control 9 respect ( ,lu/s is m disgraceful ?an t 9 respect ( ,ang]1 & t ! object-matt] ( ,self-,control1 & ! ,imp]fection ( x1 are bodily ,lu/s & pleasures2 b ( ^! la/ we mu/ take into acc\nt ! diff]5ces2 =1 z 0 said at ! comm5cem5t1 "s are prop] to ! human race & natural bo? 9 k9d & degree1 o!rs ,bruti%1 & o!rs caus$ by maim+s & diseases4 ,n[ ! fir/ ( ^! only are ! object-matt] ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y & utt] abs5ce ( ,self-,control2 & !re=e we nev] attribute ei!r ( ^! /ates to ,brutes 7except metaphorically1 & :5ev] any "o k9d ( animal diff]s entirely f ano!r 9 insol5ce1 mis*iev\sness1 or voracity71 because !y h n moral *oice or process ( delib]ation1 b are q diff]5t f t k9d ( creature j z are madm5 f o!r m54 ,bruti%ness is n s l[ 9 ! scale z ,vice1 yet x is to be reg>d$ ) m fe>3 because x is n t ! highe/ pr9ciple has be5 corrupt$1 z 9 ! human creature1 b ! subject has x n at all4 ,x is mu* ! same1 !re=e1 z if "o %\ld comp>e an inanimate ) an animate be+1 :i* 7 ! worse3 = ! badness ( t :i* has no pr9ciple ( orig9ation is always less h>mful2 n[ ,intellect is a pr9ciple ( orig9ation4 ,a simil> case w\ld be ! comp>+ inju/ice & an unju/ man toge!r3 = 9 diff]5t ways ea* is ! wor/3 a bad man w\ld produce t5 ?\s& times z mu* h>m z a bad brute4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,n[ ) respect to ! pleasures & pa9s :i* come to a man ?r\gh ,t\* & ,ta/e1 & ! desir+ or avoid+ su* 7:i* we det]m9$ be=e to con/itute ! object-matt] ( ! /ates ( utt] abs5ce ( ,self-,control & ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y71 "o may be s dispos$ z to yield to temptations to :i* mo/ m5 w\ld be sup]ior1 or to be sup]ior to ^? to :i* mo/ m5 w\ld yield3 9 respect ( pleasures1 ^! *>act]s w be respectively ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 & ! man ( ,self-,control2 &1 9 respect ( pa9s1 ! man ( ,s(tness & ! man ( ,endurance3 b ! moral /ate ( mo/ m5 is some?+ betwe5 ! two1 ev5 ?\gh !y lean some:at to ! worse *>act]s4 ,aga91 s9ce ( ! pleasures indicat$ "s are necess>y & "s are n1 o!rs are s to a c]ta9 degree b n ! excess or defect ( !m1 & simil>ly also ( ,lu/s & pa9s1 ! man :o pursues ! excess ( pleasant ?+s1 or su* z are 9 !mselves excess1 or f moral *oice1 = _! own sake1 & n = any?+ else :i* is to result f !m1 is a man utt]ly void ( ,self-,control3 = he mu/ be incapable ( remorse1 & s incurable1 because he t has n remorse is incurable4 7,he t has too little love ( pleasure is ! opposite "*1 & ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y ! mean "*47 ,he is ( a simil> "* :o avoids ! bodily pa9s1 n because he _c1 b because he *ooses n to1 )/& !m4 ,b ( ! *>act]s :o g wrong )\t *oos+ s to d1 ! "o is l$ on by reason ( pleasure1 ! o!r because he avoids ! pa9 x w\ld co/ him to d5y 8 lu/2 & s !y are diff]5t ! "o f ! o!r4 ,n[ e "o w\ld pron\nce a man worse = do+ some?+ base )\t any impulse ( desire1 or ) a v slight "o1 ?an = do+ ! same f ! impulse ( a v /rong desire2 = /rik+ a man :5 n angry ?an if he did s 9 wra?3 because "o naturally says1 8,:at w\ld he h done _h he be5 "u ! influ5ce ( passion80 7& on ?is gr\nd1 by ! bye1 ! man utt]ly void ( ,self-,control is worse ?an he :o has x imp]fectly74 ,h[ev]1 ( ! two *>act]s :i* h be5 m5tion$1#af z includ$ 9 t ( utt] abs5ce ( ,self-,control1 ! "o is r ,s(tness1 ! o!r prop]ly ! man ( no ,self-,control4 ,fur!rmore1 to ! "* ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is oppos$ t ( ,self-,control1 & to t ( ,s(tness t ( ,endurance3 because ,endurance consi/s 9 cont9u$ resi/ance b ,self-,control 9 actual ma/]y1 & cont9u$ resi/ance & actual ma/]y are z diff]5t z n be+ conqu]$ is f conqu]+2 & s ,self-,control is m *oice-wor?y ?an ,endurance4 ,aga91 he :o fails :5 expos$ to ^? temptations aga9/ :i* ! common run ( m5 hold out1 & are well able to d s1 is ,s(t & ,luxuri\s 7,luxury be+ a k9d ( ,s(tness73 ! k9d ( man1 ,i mean1 to let 8 robe drag 9 ! dirt to avoid ! tr\ble ( lift+ x1 & :o1 ap+ ! sick man1 does n h[ev] suppose himself wret*$ ?\gh he is l a wret*$ man4 ,s x is too ) respect to ,self-,control & ! ,imp]fection ( x3 if a man yields to pleasures or pa9s :i* are viol5t & excessive x is no matt] = wond]1 b r = all[ance if he made :at resi/ance he c\ld 7in/ances are1 ,philoctetes 9 ,!odectes' drama :5 w\nd$ by ! vip]2 or ,c]cyon 9 ! ,alope ( ,c>c9us1 or m5 :o 9 try+ to suppress laught] bur/ into a l\d cont9u\s fit ( x1 z happ5$1 y rememb]1 to ,x5ophantus71 b x is a matt] = wond] :5 a man yields to & _c cont5d aga9/ ^? pleasures or pa9s :i* ! common h]d are able to resi/2 always suppos+ 8 failure n to be ow+ to natural con/itution or disease1 ,i mean1 z ! ,scy?ian k+s are con/itutionally ,s(t1 or ! natural diff]5ce betwe5 ! sexes4 ,aga91 ! man :o is a slave to amusem5t is commonly ?\ght to be de/itute ( ,self-,control1 b he really is ,s(t2 because amusem5t is an act ( relax+1 be+ an act ( re/+1 & ! "* 9 "q is "o ( ^? :o exce$ due b\nds 9 respect ( ?is4 ,moreov] ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control !re are two =ms1 ,precipitancy & ,weakness3 ^? :o h x 9 ! latt] =m ?\gh !y h made resolutions d n abide by !m by reason ( passion2 ! o!rs are l$ by passion because !y h nev] =m$ any resolutions at all3 :ile !re are "s :o1 l ^? :o by tickl+ !mselves be=eh& get rid ( tickli%ness1 hav+ felt & se5 be=eh& ! approa* ( temptation1 & r\s$ up !mselves & _! resolution1 yield n to passion2 :e!r ! temptation be some:at pleasant or some:at pa9ful4 ,! ,precipitate =m ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control !y are mo/ liable to :o are con/itutionally ( a %>p or melan*oly temp]am5t3 because ! "o by reason ( ! swiftness1 ! o!r by reason ( ! viol5ce1 ( _! passions1 d n wait = ,reason1 because !y are dispos$ to foll[ :atev] notion is impress$ ^u _! m9ds4 ,aga91 ! man utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,control1 z 0 obs]v$ be=e1 is n giv5 to remorse3 = x is "p ( 8 "* t he abides by 8 moral *oice3 b ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is almo/ made up ( remorse3 & s ! case is n z we det]m9$ x be=e1 b ! =m] is incurable & ! latt] may be cur$3 = depravity is l *ronic diseases1 dropsy & consumption = in/ance1 b ,imp]fect ,self-,control is l acute disord]s3 ! =m] be+ a cont9u\s evil1 ! latt] n s4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,imp]fect ,self-,control & ,confirm$ ,vice are diff]5t 9 k9d3 ! latt] be+ imp]ceptible to its victim1 ! =m] n s4#ag ,b1 ( ! diff]5t =ms ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 ^? are bett] :o are c>ri$ (f _! feet by a sudd5 access ( temptation ?an !y :o h ,reason b d n abide by x2 ^! la/ be+ ov]come by passion less 9 degree1 & n :olly )\t prem$itation z are ! o!rs3 = ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is l ^? :o are soon intoxicat$ & by little w9e & less ?an ! common run ( m54 ,well !n1 t ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control is n ,confirm$ ,vici\sness is pla93 & yet p]haps x is su* 9 a way1 because 9 "o s5se x is contr>y to moral *oice & 9 ano!r ! result ( x3#ah at all ev5ts1 9 respect ( ! actions1 ! case is mu* l :at ,demodocus said ( ! ,miletians4 8,! p ( ,miletus are n fools1 b !y d j ! k9d ( ?+s t fools d20 & s !y ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control are n unju/1 b !y d unju/ acts4 ,b to resume4 ,s9ce ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is ( su* a "* z to foll[ bodily pleasures 9 excess & 9 defiance ( ,"r ,reason1 )\t act+ on any delib]ate conviction1 :]eas ! man utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,control does act ^u a conviction :i* re/s on 8 natural incl9ation to foll[ aft] ^! pleasures2 ! =m] may be easily p]suad$ to a diff]5t c\rse1 b ! latt] n3 = ,virtue & ,vice respectively pres]ve & corrupt ! moral pr9ciple2 n[ ! motive is ! pr9ciple or />t+ po9t 9 moral actions1 j z axioms & po/ulates are 9 ma!matics3 & nei!r 9 morals nor ma!matics is x ,reason :i* is apt to tea* ! pr9ciple2 b ,excell5ce1 ei!r natural or acquir$ by cu/om1 9 hold+ "r notions ) respect to ! pr9ciple4 ,he :o does ?is 9 morals is ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 & ! contr>y "* is ! man utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,control4 ,aga91 !re is a "* liable to be tak5 (f 8 feet 9 defiance ( ,"r ,reason because ( passion2 :om passion s f> ma/]s z to prev5t 8 act+ 9 accordance ) ,"r ,reason1 b n s f> z to make him be conv9c$ t x is 8 prop] l9e to foll[ aft] su* pleasures )\t limit3 ?is "* is ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self- ,control1 bett] ?an he :o is utt]ly de/itute ( x1 & n a bad man simply & )\t qualification3 because 9 him ! highe/ & be/ "p1 i4e4 pr9ciple1 is pres]v$3 & !re is ano!r "* oppos$ to him :o is apt to abide by 8 resolutions1 & n to dep>t f !m2 at all ev5ts1 n at ! in/igation ( passion4 ,x is evid5t !n f all ?is1 t ,self-,control is a good /ate & ! ,imp]fection ( x a bad "o4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,next comes ! "q1 :e!r a man is a man ( ,self-,control = abid+ by 8 conclusions & moral *oice be !y ( :at k9d !y may1 or only by ! "r "o2 or aga91 a man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control = n abid+ by 8 conclusions & moral *oice be !y ( :atev] k9d2 or1 to put ! case we did be=e1 is he su* = n abid+ by false conclusions & wrong moral *oice8 ,is n ?is ! tru?1 t incid5tally x is by conclusions & moral *oice ( any k9d t ! "o "* abides & ! o!r does n1 b p] se true conclusions & "r moral *oice3#ai to expla9 :at is meant by incid5tally1 & p] se2 suppose a man *ooses or pursues ?is ?+ = ! sake ( t1 he is said to pursue & *oose t p] se1 b ?is only incid5tally4 ,= ! t]m p] se we use commonly ! ^w 8simply10 & s1 9 a way1 x is op9ion ( any k9d soev] by :i* ! two *>act]s respectively abide or n1 b he is 8simply0 entitl$ to ! designations :o abides or n by ! true op9ion4 ,!re are also p1 :o h a trick ( abid+ by _!1 own op9ions1 :o are commonly call$ ,positive1 z !y :o are h>d to be p]suad$1 & ^: convictions are n easily *ang$3 n[ ^! p be> "s resemblance to ! "* ( ,self-,control1 j z ! prodigal to ! lib]al or ! ra% man to ! brave1 b !y are diff]5t 9 _m po9ts4 ,! man ( ,self-,control does n *ange by reason ( passion & lu/1 yet :5 occasion s requires he w be easy ( p]suasion3 b ! ,positive man *anges n at ! call ( ,reason1 ?\gh _m ( ?is class take up c]ta9 desires & are l$ by _! pleasures4 ,among ! class ( ,positive are ! ,op9ionat$1 ! ,ignorant1 & ! ,be>i%3 ! fir/1 f ! motives ( pleasure & pa93 ,i mean1 !y h ! pleasurable feel+ ( a k9d ( victory 9 n hav+ _! convictions *ang$1 & !y are pa9$ :5 _! decrees1 s to speak1 are rev]s$3 s t1 9 fact1 !y r resemble ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control ?an ! man ( ,self-,control4 ,aga91 !re are "s :o dep>t f _! resolutions n by reason ( any ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control2 take1 = in/ance1 ,neoptolemus 9 ! ,philoctetes ( ,sophocles4 ,"h c]ta9ly pleasure 0 ! motive ( 8 dep>ture f 8 resolution1 b !n x 0 "o ( a noble sort3 = to be tru?ful 0 noble 9 8 eyes & he _h be5 p]suad$ by ,ulysses to lie4 ,s x is n e "o :o acts f ! motive ( pleasure :o is utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,control or base or ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 only he :o acts f ! impulse ( a base pleasure4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,moreov] z !re is a "* :o takes less pleasure ?an he ought 9 bodily enjoym5ts1 & he also fails to abide by ! conclusion ( 8 ,reason1#bj ! man ( ,self-,control is ! mean betwe5 him & ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control3 t is to say1 ! latt] fails to abide by !m because ( some:at too mu*1 ! =m] because ( some:at too little2 :ile ! man ( ,self-,control abides by !m1 & nev] *anges by reason ( any?+ else ?an su* conclusions4 ,n[ ( c\rse s9ce ,self-,control is good bo? ! contr>y ,/ates mu/ be bad1 z inde$ !y pla9ly are3 b because ! "o ( !m is se5 9 few p]sons1 & b r>ely 9 !m1 ,self-,control comes to be view$ z if oppos$ only to ! ,imp]fection ( x1 j z ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y is ?\ght to be oppos$ only to utt] want ( ,self-,control4 ,aga91 z _m t]ms are us$ 9 ! way ( similitude1 s p h come to talk ( ! ,self-,control ( ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y 9 ! way ( similitude3 = ! man ( ,self-,control & ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y h ?is 9 common1 t !y d no?+ aga9/ ,"r ,reason on ! impulse ( bodily pleasures1 b !n ! =m] has bad desires1 ! latt] n2 & ! latt] is s con/itut$ z n ev5 to feel pleasure contr>y to 8 ,reason1 ! =m] feels b does n yield to x4 ,l aga9 are ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control & he :o is utt]ly de/itute ( x1 ?\gh 9 reality di/9ct3 bo? foll[ bodily pleasures1 b ! latt] "u a notion t x is ! prop] l9e = him to take1 8 =m] )\t any su* notion4 ,& x is n possible = ! same man to be at once a man ( ,practical ,wisdom & ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control3 because ! "* ( ,practical ,wisdom includes1 z we %[$ be=e1 goodness ( moral "*4 ,& aga91 x is n k m]ely1 b aptitude = action1 :i* con/itutes ,practical ,wisdom3 & ( ?is aptitude ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is de/itute4 ,b !re is no reason :y ! ,clev] man %\ld n be ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control3 & ! reason :y "s m5 are occasionally ?\ght to be m5 ( ,practical ,wisdom1 & yet ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control1 is ?is1 t ,clev]ness diff]s f ,practical ,wisdom 9 ! way ,i /at$ 9 a =m] book1 & is v ne> x s f> z ! intellectual elem5t is conc]n$ b diff]s 9 respect ( ! moral *oice4 ,nor is ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control l ! man :o bo? has & calls into ex]cise 8 k1 b l ! man :o1 hav+ x1 is ov]p[]$ by sleep or w9e4 ,aga91 he acts volunt>ily 7because he kn[s1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 :at he does & ! result ( x71 b he is n a confirm$ bad man1 = 8 moral *oice is good1 s he is at all ev5ts only half bad4 ,nor is he unju/1 because he does n act ) delib]ate int5t3 = ( ! two *ief =ms ( ! "*1 ! "o is n apt to abide by 8 delib]ate resolutions1 & ! o!r1 ! man ( con/itutional /r5g? ( passion1 is n apt to delib]ate at all4 ,s 9 fact ! man ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control is l a community :i* makes all prop] enactm5ts1 & has admirable laws1 only does n act on !m1 v]ify+ ! sc(f ( ,anax&rides1 8,t ,/ate did w x1 :i* c>es n\ght = laws20 :]eas ! bad man is l "o :i* acts ^u its laws1 b !n un=tunately !y are bad ones4 ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control & ,self-,control1 aft] all1 are above ! av]age /ate ( m52 because he ( ! latt] "* is m true to 8 ,reason1 & ! =m] less s1 ?an is 9 ! p[] ( mo/ m54 ,aga91 ( ! two =ms ( ,imp]fect ,self-,control t is m easily cur$ :i* !y h :o are con/itutionally ( /rong passions1 ?an t ( ^? :o =m resolutions & break !m2 & !y t are s ?r\gh habituation ?an !y t are s naturally2 s9ce ( c\rse cu/om is easi] to *ange ?an nature1 because ! v resemblance ( cu/om to nature is :at con/itutes ! difficulty ( *ang+ x2 z ,ev5us says1 8,practice1 ,i say1 my fri5d1 do? long endure1 ,& at ! la/ is ev5 v nature40 ,we h n[ said !n :at ,self-,control is1 :at ,imp]fection ( ,self-,control1 :at ,endurance1 & :at ,s(tness1 & h[ ^! /ates are mutually relat$4 ,,app5dix4 ,book ,,vii4 ,*apt]s #ab to #ae4 7,bekk]47 ,to consid] ! subject ( ,pleasure & ,pa9 falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,social-,sci5ce ,philosoph]1 s9ce he x is :o has to fix ! ,ma/]-,end :i* is to guide u 9 dom9at+ any object absolutely evil or good4 ,b we may say m3 an enquiry into _! nature is absolutely necess>y4 ,fir/1 because we ma9ta9$ t ,moral ,virtue & ,moral ,vice are bo? conc]n$ ) ,pa9s & ,pleasures3 next1 because ! great] "p ( mank9d ass]t t ,happ9ess mu/ include ,pleasure 7:i* by ! way acc\nts = ! ^w !y use1 2 be+ ! root ( t ^w74 ,n[ "s hold t no "o ,pleasure is good1 ei!r 9 itself or z a matt] ( result1 because ,good & ,pleasure are n id5tical4 ,o!rs t "s ,pleasures are good b ! great] numb] bad4 ,!re is yet a ?ird view2 grant+ t e ,pleasure is good1 /ill ! ,*ief ,good _c possibly be ,pleasure4 ,9 support ( ! fir/ op9ion 7t ,pleasure is utt]ly n-good7 x is urg$ t3 #a4 ,e ,pleasure is a s5sible process t[>ds a complete /ate2 b no su* process is ak9 to ! end to be atta9$3 e4g4 no process ( build+ to ! complet$ h\se4 #b4 ,! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y avoids ,pleasures4 #c4 ,! man ( ,practical ,wisdom aims at avoid+ ,pa91 n at atta9+ ,pleasure4 #d4 ,pleasures are an imp$im5t to ?\ght1 & ! m s ! m ke5ly !y are felt4 ,an obvi\s in/ance w readily occur4 #e4 ,pleasure _c be ref]r$ to any ,art3 & yet e good is ! result ( "s ,art4 #f4 ,*ildr5 & brutes pursue ,pleasures4 ,9 support ( ! second 7t n all ,pleasures are good71 ,t !re are "s base & matt] ( reproa*1 & "s ev5 hurtful3 because "s ?+s t are pleasant produce disease4 ,9 support ( ! ?ird 7t ,pleasure is n ! ,*ief ,good71 ,t x is n an ,end b a process t[>ds creat+ an ,end4 ,?is is1 ,i ?9k1 a fair acc\nt ( curr5t views on ! matt]4 ,b t ! reasons alleg$ d n prove x ei!r to be n-good or ! ,*ief ,good is pla9 f ! foll[+ consid]ations4 ,fir/4 ,good be+ ei!r absolute or relative1 ( c\rse ! natures & /ates embody+ x w be s too2 !re=e also ! movem5ts & ! processes ( creation4 ,s1 ( ^? :i* are ?\ght to be bad "s w be bad absolutely1 b relatively n bad1 p]haps ev5 *oice-wor?y2 "s n ev5 *oice-wor?y relatively to any p>ticul> p]son1 only at c]ta9 times or = a %ort "t b n 9 !mselves *oice-wor?y4 ,o!rs aga9 are n ev5 ,pleasures at all ?\gh !y produce t impression on ! m9d3 all su* ,i mean z imply pa9 & ^: purpose is cure2 ^? ( sick p1 = in/ance4 ,next1 s9ce ,good may be ei!r an active work+ or a /ate1 ^? or :i* t5d to place u 9 our natural /ate are pleasant incid5tally because ( t t5d5cy3 b ! active work+ is really 9 ! desires excit$ 9 ! rema9+ 7s\nd7 "p ( our /ate or nature3 = !re are ,pleasures :i* h no connection ) pa9 or desire3 ! acts ( contemplative intellect1 = in/ance1 9 :i* case !re is no defici5cy 9 ! nature or /ate ( him :o p]=ms ! acts4 ,a pro( ( ?is is t ! same pleasant ?+ does n produce ! s5sation ( ,pleasure :5 ! natural /ate is be+ fill$ up or complet$ z :5 x is already 9 its normal condition3 9 ?is latt] case :at give ! s5sation are ?+s pleasant p] se1 9 ! =m] ev5 ^? ?+s :i* are contr>y4 ,i mean1 y f9d p tak+ pleasure 9 %>p or bitt] ?+s ( :i* no "o is naturally or 9 itself pleasant2 ( c\rse n !re=e ! ,pleasures aris+ f !m1 because x is obvi\s t z is ! classification ( pleasant ?+s su* mu/ be t ( ! ,pleasures aris+ f !m4 ,next1 x does n foll[ t !re mu/ be some?+ else bett] ?an any giv5 pleasure because 7z "s say7 ! ,end mu/ be bett] ?an ! process :i* creates x4 ,= x is n true t all ,pleasures are processes or ev5 att5d$ by any process1 b 7"s are7 active work+s or ev5 ,ends3 9 fact !y result n f our com+ to be some?+ b f our us+ our p[]s4 ,aga91 x is n true t ! ,end is1 9 e case1 di/9ct f ! process3 x is true only 9 ! case ( su* processes z conduce to ! p]fect+ ( ! natural /ate4 ,= :i* reason x is wrong to say t ,pleasure is 8a s5sible process ( production40 ,= 8process etc40 %\ld be sub/itut$ 8active work+ ( ! natural /ate10 = 8s5sible0 8unimp$$40 ,! reason ( its be+ ?\ght to be a 8process etc40 is t x is good 9 ! highe/ s5se3 p confus+ 8active work+0 & 8process10 :]eas !y really are di/9ct4 ,next1 z to ! argum5t t !re are bad ,pleasures because "s ?+s :i* are pleasant are also hurtful to heal?1 x is ! same z say+ t "s heal?ful ?+s are bad = 8bus9ess40 ,9 ?is s5se1 ( c\rse1 bo? may be said to be bad1 b !n ?is does n make !m out to be bad simplicit]3 ! ex]cise ( ! pure ,intellect sometimes hurts a man's heal?3 b :at h9d]s ,practical ,wisdom or any /ate :atev] is1 n ! ,pleasure peculi> to1 b "s ,pleasure =eign to x3 ! ,pleasures aris+ f ! ex]cise ( ! pure ,intellect or f le>n+ only promote ea*4 ,next4 8,no ,pleasure is ! "w ( any ,art40 ,:at else w\ld y expect8 ,no active work+ is ! "w ( any ,art1 only ! faculty ( s work+4 ,/ill ! p]fum]'s ,art or ! cook's are ?\ght to belong to ,pleasure4 ,next4 8,! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y avoids ,pleasures40 8,! man ( ,practical ,wisdom aims at escap+ ,pa9 r ?an at atta9+ ,pleasure40 8,*ildr5 & brutes pursue ,pleasures40 ,"o answ] w d = all4 ,we h already said 9 :at s5se all ,pleasures are good p] se & 9 :at s5se n all are good3 x is ! latt] class t brutes & *ildr5 pursue1 su* z are accompani$ by desire & pa91 t is ! bodily ,pleasures 7:i* answ] to ?is description7 & ! excesses ( !m3 9 %ort1 ^? 9 respect ( :i* ! man utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,control is ?us utt]ly de/itute4 ,& x is ! abs5ce ( ! pa9 aris+ f ^! ,pleasures t ! man ( ,practical ,wisdom aims at4 ,x foll[s t ^! ,pleasures are :at ! man ( ,p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y avoids3 = obvi\sly he has ,pleasures peculi>ly 8 own4 ,!n aga91 x is all[$ t ,pa9 is an evil & a ?+ to be avoid$ p>tly z bad p] se1 p>tly z be+ a h9drance 9 "s p>ticul> way4 ,n[ ! contr>y ( t :i* is to be avoid$1 qu x is to be avoid$1 i4e4 evil1 is good4 ,pleasure !n mu/ be a good4 ,! attempt$ answ] ( ,speusippus1 8t ,pleasure may be oppos$ & yet n contr>y to ,pa91 j z ! great] portion ( any magnitude is contr>y to ! less b only oppos$ to ! exact half10 w n hold3 = he _c say t ,pleasure is id5tical ) evil ( any k9d4 ,aga94 ,grant+ t "s ,pleasures are l[1 !re is no reason :y "s p>ticul> ,pleasure may n be v good1 j z "s p>ticul> ,sci5ce may be al?\gh !re are "s :i* are l[4 ,p]haps x ev5 foll[s1 s9ce ea* /ate may h active work+ unimp$$1 :e!r ! active work+s ( all be ,happ9ess or t ( "s "o ( !m1 t ?is active work+1 if x be unimp$$1 mu/ be *oice-wor?y3 n[ ,pleasure is exactly ?is4 ,s t ! ,*ief ,good may be ,pleasure ( "s k9d1 ?\gh mo/ ,pleasures be 7let u assume7 l[ p] se4 ,& = ?is reason all m5 ?9k ! happy life is pleasant1 & int]weave ,pleasure ) ,happ9ess4 ,reasonably en\gh3 because ,happ9ess is p]fect1 b no imp$$ active work+ is p]fect2 & !re=e ! happy man ne$s z an addition ! goods ( ! body & ! goods ext]nal & =tune t 9 ^! po9ts he may n be fett]$4 ,z = ^? :o say t he :o is be+ tortur$ on ! :eel1 or falls into great mis=tunes is happy provid$ only he be good1 !y talk nons5se1 :e!r !y mean to d s or n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 because =tune is ne$$ z an addition1 "s hold good =tune to be id5tical ) ,happ9ess3 :i* x is n1 = ev5 ?is 9 excess is a h9drance1 & p]haps !n has no "r to be call$ good =tune s9ce x is good only 9 s f> z x contributes to ,happ9ess4 ,! fact t all animals1 brute & human alike1 pursue ,pleasure1 is "s presumption ( its be+ 9 a s5se ! ,*ief ,good2 78,!re mu/ be some?+ 9 :at mo/ folks say107 only z "o & ! same nature or /ate nei!r is nor is ?\ght to be ! be/1 s nei!r d all pursue ! same ,pleasure1 ,pleasure nev]!less all d4 ,nay fur!r1 :at !y pursue is1 p]haps1 n :at !y ?9k nor :at !y w\ld say !y pursue1 b really "o & ! same3 = 9 all !re is "s in/9ct above !mselves4 ,b ! bodily ,pleasures h receiv$ ! "n exclusively1 because !irs is ! mo/ frequ5t =m & t :i* is univ]sally p>tak5 (2 & s1 because to _m ^! alone are kn[n !y believe !m to be ! only ones :i* exi/4 ,x is pla9 too t1 unless ,pleasure & its active work+ be good1 x w n be true t ! happy man's life embodies ,pleasure3 = :y w he want x on ! supposition t x is n good & t he c live ev5 ) ,pa98 because1 assum+ t ,pleasure is n good1 !n ,pa9 is nei!r evil nor good1 & s :y %\ld he avoid x8 ,besides1 ! life ( ! good man is n m pleasurable ?an any o!r unless x be grant$ t 8 active work+s are s too4 ,"s enquiry into ! bodily ,pleasures is also necess>y = ^? :o say t "s ,pleasures1 to be sure1 are highly *oice-wor?y 7! good ones to wit71 b n ! bodily ,pleasures2 t is1 ^? :i* are ! object-matt] ( ! man utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,control4 ,if s1 we ask1 :y are ! contr>y ,pa9s bad8 !y _c be 7on _! assumption7 because ! contr>y ( bad is good4 ,may we n say t ! necess>y bodily ,pleasures are good 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t :i* is n-bad is good8 or t !y are good only up to a c]ta9 po9t8 because su* /ates or movem5ts z _c h too mu* ( ! bett] _c h too mu* ( ,pleasure1 b ^? :i* c ( ! =m] c also ( ! latt]4 ,n[ ! bodily ,pleasures d admit ( excess3 9 fact ! l[ bad man is su* because he pursues ! excess ( !m in/ead ( ^? :i* are necess>y 7meat1 dr9k1 & ! objects ( o!r animal appetites d give pleasure to all1 b n 9 "r mann] or degree to all74 ,b 8 relation to ,pa9 is exactly ! contr>y3 x is n excessive ,pa91 b ,pa9 at all1 t he avoids :i* makes him to be 9 ?is way too a bad l[ man1 because only 9 ! case ( him :o pursues excessive ,pleasure is ,pa9 contr>y to excessive ,pleasure4 ,x is n en\gh h[ev] m]ely to /ate ! tru?1 we %\ld also %[ h[ ! false view arises2 because ?is /r5g!ns conviction4 ,i mean1 :5 we h giv5 a probable reason :y t impresses p z true :i* really is n true1 x gives !m a /rong] conviction ( ! tru?4 ,& s we mu/ n[ expla9 :y ! bodily ,pleasures appe> to p to be m *oice-wor?y ?an any o!rs4 ,! fir/ obvi\s reason is1 t bodily ,pleasure drives out ,pa92 & because ,pa9 is felt 9 excess m5 pursue ,pleasure 9 excess1 i4e4 g5]ally bodily ,pleasure1 "u ! notion ( its be+ a rem$y = t ,pa94 ,^! rem$ies1 moreov]1 come to be viol5t ones2 :i* is ! v reason !y are pursu$1 s9ce ! impression !y produce on ! m9d is ow+ to _! be+ look$ at side by side ) _! contr>y4 ,&1 z has be5 said be=e1 !re are ! two foll[+ reasons :y bodily ,pleasure is ?\ght to be n-good4 #a4 ,"s ,pleasures ( ?is class are act+s ( a l[ nature1 :e!r cong5ital z 9 brutes1 or acquir$ by cu/om z 9 l[ bad m54 #b4 ,o!rs are 9 ! nature ( cures1 cures t is ( "s defici5cy2 n[ ( c\rse x is bett] to h ! heal?y /ate orig9ally ?an t x %\ld accrue aft]w>ds4 7,b "s ,pleasures result :5 natural /ates are be+ p]fect$3 ^! !re=e are good z a matt] ( result47 ,aga91 ! v fact ( _! be+ viol5t causes !m to be pursu$ by su* z c reli% no o!rs3 su* m5 9 fact create viol5t ?ir/s = !mselves 7if h>mless ones !n we f9d no fault1 if h>mful !n x is bad & l[7 because !y h no o!r ?+s to take pleasure 91 & ! neutral /ate is di/a/eful to "s p con/itutionally2 = toil ( "s k9d is insep>able f life1 z physiologi/s te/ify1 tell+ u t ! acts ( see+ or he>+ are pa9ful1 only t we are us$ to ! pa9 & d n f9d x out4 ,simil>ly 9 y\? ! con/ant gr[? produces a /ate mu* l t ( v9\s intoxication1 & y\? is pleasant4 ,aga91 m5 ( ! melan*olic temp]am5t con/antly ne$ "s rem$ial process 7because ! body1 f its temp]am5t1 is con/antly be+ worri$71 & !y are 9 a *ronic /ate ( viol5t desire4 ,b ,pleasure drives out ,pa92 n only su* ,pleasure z is directly contr>y to ,pa9 b ev5 any ,pleasure provid$ x be /rong3 & ?is is h[ m5 come to be utt]ly de/itute ( ,self-,ma/]y1 i4e4 l[ & bad4 ,b ^? ,pleasures :i* are unconnect$ ) ,pa9s d n admit ( excess3 i4e4 su* z belong to objects :i* are naturally pleasant & n m]ely z a matt] ( result3 by ! latt] class ,i mean su* z are rem$ial1 & ! reason :y ^! are ?\ght to be pleasant is t ! cure results f ! action 9 "s way ( t "p ( ! con/itution :i* rema9s s\nd4 ,by 8pleasant naturally0 ,i mean su* z put into action a nature :i* is pleasant4 ,! reason :y no "o & ! same ?+ is inv>iably pleasant is t our nature is1 n simple1 b complex1 involv+ some?+ diff]5t f itself 7s f> z we are corruptible be+s74 ,suppose !n t "o "p ( ?is nature be do+ some?+1 ?is some?+ is1 to ! o!r "p1 unnatural3 b1 if !re be an equilibrium ( ! two natures1 !n :atev] is be+ done is indiff]5t4 ,x is obvi\s t if !re be any ^: nature is simple & n complex1 to su* a be+ ! same c\rse ( act+ w always be ! mo/ pleasurable4 ,= ?is reason x is t ! ,div9ity feels ,pleasure :i* is always "o1 i4e4 simple3 n motion m]ely b also motionlessness acts1 & ,pleasure resides r 9 ! abs5ce ?an 9 ! pres5ce ( motion4 ,! reason :y ! ,poet's dictum 8*ange is ( all ?+s mo/ pleasant0 is true1 is 8a bas5ess 9 our blood20 = z ! bad man is easily *angeable1 bad mu/ be also ! nature t craves *ange1 i4e4 x is nei!r simple nor good4 ,we h n[ said our say ab\t ,self-,control & its opposite2 & ab\t ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,:at ea* is1 & h[ ! "o set is good ! o!r bad4 ,we h yet to speak ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,,book ,,viii ,*apt] ,i4 ,next w\ld seem prop]ly to foll[ a diss]tation on ,fri5d%ip3 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 x is ei!r itself a virtue or connect$ ) virtue2 & next x is a ?+ mo/ necess>y = life1 s9ce no "o w\ld *oose to live )\t fri5ds ?\gh he %\ld h all ! o!r good ?+s 9 ! _w3 &1 9 fact1 m5 :o are ri* or possess$ ( au?ority & influ5ce are ?\ght to h special ne$ ( fri5ds3 = :]e is ! use ( su* prosp]ity if !re be tak5 away ! do+ ( k9dnesses ( :i* fri5ds are ! mo/ usual & mo/ comm5dable objects8 ,or h[ c x be kept or pres]v$ )\t fri5ds8 because ! great] x is s mu* ! m slipp]y & haz>d\s3 9 pov]ty moreov] & all o!r adv]sities m5 ?9k fri5ds to be _! only refuge4 ,fur!rmore1 ,fri5d%ip helps ! "y to keep f error3 ! old1 9 respect ( att5tion & su* defici5cies 9 action z _! weakness makes !m liable to2 & ^? :o are 9 _! prime1 9 respect ( noble de$s 78,!y two toge!r go+10 ,hom] says1 y may rememb]71 because !y are ?us m able to devise plans & c>ry !m out4 ,aga91 x seems to be implant$ 9 u by ,nature3 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! p>5t t[>ds ! (fspr+ & ! (fspr+ t[>ds ! p>5t 7n m]ely 9 ! human species1 b likewise 9 birds & mo/ animals71 & 9 ^? ( ! same tribe t[>ds "o ano!r1 & specially 9 m5 ( ! same nation2 = :i* reason we comm5d ^? m5 :o love _! fell[s3 & "o may see 9 ! c\rse ( travel h[ close ( k9 & h[ fri5dly man is to man4 ,fur!rmore1 ,fri5d%ip seems to be ! bond ( ,social ,communities1 & legislators seem to be m anxi\s to secure x ?an ,ju/ice ev54 ,i mean1 ,unanimity is some:at l to ,fri5d%ip1 & ?is !y c]ta9ly aim at & specially drive out faction z be+ inimical4 ,aga91 :]e p are 9 ,fri5d%ip ,ju/ice is n requir$2#a b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh !y are j !y ne$ ,fri5d%ip 9 addition1 & t pr9ciple :i* is mo/ truly j is ?\ght to p>take ( ! nature ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,la/ly1 n only is x a ?+ necess>y b hon\rable likewise3 s9ce we praise ^? :o are fond ( fri5ds1 & ! hav+ num]\s fri5ds is ?\ght a matt] ( cr$it to a man2 "s g s f> z to hold1 t 8good man0 & 8fri5d0 are t]ms synonym\s4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,yet ! disput$ po9ts respect+ x are n few3 "s m5 lay d[n t x is a k9d ( resemblance1 & t m5 :o are l "o ano!r are fri5ds3 :5ce come ! common say+s1 8,l w to l10 8,birds ( a fea!r10 & s on4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 say1 t all su* come "u ! maxim1 8,two ( a trade nev] agree40#b ,aga91 "s m5 pu% _! enquiries on ^! po9ts high] & reason physically3 z ,euripides1 :o says1 8,! e>? by dr\ght consum$ do? love ! ra91 ,& ! great heav51 ov]*>g$ ) ra91 ,do? love to fall 9 %[]s ^u ! e>?40 ,h]aclitus1 aga91 ma9ta9s1 t 8contr>iety is exp$i5t1 & t ! be/ agreem5t arises f ?+s diff]+1 & t all ?+s come into be+ 9 ! way ( ! pr9ciple ( antagonism40 ,emp$ocles1 among o!rs1 9 direct opposition to ^!1 affirms1 t 8l aims at l40 ,^! physical que/ions we w take leave to omit1 inasmu* z !y are =eign to ! pres5t enquiry2 & we w exam9e su* z are prop] to man & conc]n moral *>act]s & feel+s3 z1 = in/ance1 8,does ,fri5d%ip arise among all )\t di/9ction1 or is x impossible = bad m5 to be fri5ds80 &1 8,is !re b "o species ( ,fri5d%ip1 or sev]al80 = !y :o gr\nd ! op9ion t !re is b "o on ! fact t ,fri5d%ip admits ( degrees hold t ^u insuffici5t pro(2 because ?+s :i* are diff]5t 9 species admit likewise ( degrees 7on ?is po9t we h spok5 be=e74 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,our view w soon be cle>$ on ^! po9ts :5 we h asc]ta9$ :at is prop]ly ! object-matt] ( ,fri5d%ip3 = x is ?\ght t n ev]y?+ indiscrim9ately1 b "s peculi> matt] alone1 is ! object ( ?is affection2 t is to say1 :at is good1 or pleasurable1 or useful4 ,n[ x w\ld seem t t is useful ?r\gh :i* accrues any good or pleasure1 & s ! objects ( ,fri5d%ip1 z absolute ,ends1 are ! good & ! pleasurable4 ,a "q "h arises2 :e!r x is good absolutely or t :i* is good to ! individuals1 = :i* m5 feel ,fri5d%ip 7^! two be+ sometimes di/9ct73 & simil>ly 9 respect ( ! pleasurable4 ,x seems !n t ea* individual feels x t[>ds t :i* is good to himself1 & t ab/ract$ly x is ! real good :i* is ! object ( ,fri5d%ip1 & to ea* individual t :i* is good to ea*4 ,x comes !n to ?is2 t ea* individual feels ,fri5d%ip n = :at is b = t :i* conveys to 8 m9d ! impression ( be+ good to himself4 ,b ?is w make no real diff]5ce1 because t :i* is truly ! object ( ,fri5d%ip w also convey ?is impression to ! m9d4 ,!re are !n ?ree causes f :i* m5 feel ,fri5d%ip3 b ! t]m is n appli$ to ! case ( fondness = ?+s inanimate because !re is no requital ( ! affection nor desire = ! good ( ^? objects3 x c]ta9ly sav\rs ( ! ridicul\s to say t a man fond ( w9e wi%es well to x3 ! only s5se 9 :i* x is true be+ t he wi%es x to be kept safe & s\nd = 8 own use & b5efit4#c ,b to ! fri5d !y say "o %\ld wi% all good = 8 sake4 ,& :5 m5 d ?us wi% good to ano!r 7he n reciprocat+ ! feel+71 p call !m ,k9dly2 because ,fri5d%ip !y describe z be+ 8,k9dl9ess betwe5 p]sons :o reciprocate x40 ,b mu/ !y n add t ! feel+ mu/ be mutually kn[n8 = _m m5 are k9dly dispos$ t[>ds ^? :om !y h nev] se5 b :om !y conceive to be amiable or useful3 & ?is notion am\nts to ! same ?+ z a real feel+ betwe5 !m4 ,well1 ^! are pla9ly ,k9dly-dispos$ t[>ds "o ano!r3 b h[ c "o call !m fri5ds :ile _! mutual feel+s are unkn[n to "o ano!r8 to complete ! idea ( ,fri5d%ip1 !n1 x is requisite t !y h k9dly feel+s t[>ds "o ano!r1 & wi% "o ano!r good f "o ( ! a=em5tion$ causes1 & t ^! k9dly feel+s %\ld be mutually kn[n4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,z ! motives to ,fri5d%ip diff] 9 k9d s d ! respective feel+s & ,fri5d%ips4 ,! species !n ( ,fri5d%ip are ?ree1 9 numb] equal to ! objects ( x1 s9ce 9 ! l9e ( ea* !re may be 8mutual affection mutually kn[n40 ,n[ !y :o h ,fri5d%ip = "o ano!r desire "o ano!r's good accord+ to ! motive ( _! ,fri5d%ip2 accord+ly !y ^: motive is utility h no ,fri5d%ip = "o ano!r really1 b only 9 s f> z "s good arises to !m f "o ano!r4 ,& !y ^: motive is pleasure are 9 l case3 ,i mean1 !y h ,fri5d%ip = m5 ( easy pleasantry1 n because !y are ( a giv5 "* b because !y are pleasant to !mselves4 ,s !n !y ^: motive to ,fri5d%ip is utility love _! fri5ds = :at is good to !mselves2 !y ^: motive is pleasure d s = :at is pleasurable to !mselves2 t is to say1 n 9 s f> z ! fri5d belov$ is b 9 s f> z he is useful or pleasurable4 ,^! ,fri5d%ips !n are a matt] ( result3 s9ce ! object is n belov$ 9 t he is ! man he is b 9 t he furni%es advantage or pleasure z ! case may be4 ,su* ,fri5d%ips are ( c\rse v liable to dissolution if ! p>ties d n cont9ue alike3 ,i mean1 t ! o!rs cease to h any ,fri5d%ip = !m :5 !y are no long] pleasurable or useful4 ,n[ x is ! nature ( utility n to be p]man5t b con/antly v>y+3 s1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! motive :i* made !m fri5ds is vani%$1 ! ,fri5d%ip likewise dissolves2 s9ce x exi/$ only relatively to ^? circum/ances4 ,fri5d%ip ( ?is k9d is ?\ght to exi/ pr9cipally among ! old 7because m5 at t "t ( life pursue n :at is pleasurable b :at is pr(itable72 & 9 su*1 ( m5 9 _! prime & ( ! "y1 z are giv5 to ! pursuit ( pr(it4 ,!y t are su* h no intimate int]c\rse ) "o ano!r2 = sometimes !y are n ev5 pleasurable to "o ano!r2 nor1 9 fact1 d !y desire su* int]c\rse unless _! fri5ds are pr(itable to !m1 because !y are pleasurable only 9 s f> z !y h hopes ( advantage4 ,) ^! ,fri5d%ips is commonly rank$ t ( hospitality4 ,b ! ,fri5d%ip ( ! "y is ?\ght to be bas$ on ! motive ( pleasure3 because !y live at ! beck & call ( passion & g5]ally pursue :at is pleasurable to !mselves & ! object ( ! pres5t mom5t3 & z _! age *anges s likewise d _! pleasures4 ,?is is ! reason :y !y =m & dissolve ,fri5d%ips rapidly3 s9ce ! ,fri5d%ip *anges ) ! pleasurable object & su* pleasure *anges quickly4 ,! "y are also mu* giv5 up to ,love2 ?is passion be+1 9 great measure1 a matt] ( impulse & bas$ on pleasure3 = :i* cause !y conceive ,fri5d%ips & quickly drop !m1 *ang+ (t5 9 ! same day3 b ^! wi% = society & intimate int]c\rse ) _! fri5ds1 s9ce !y ?us atta9 ! object ( _! ,fri5d%ip4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,t !n is p]fect ,fri5d%ip :i* subsi/s betwe5 ^? :o are good & ^: simil>ity consi/s 9 _! goodness3 = ^! m5 wi% "o ano!r's good 9 simil> ways2 9 s f> z !y are good 7& good !y are 9 !mselves72 & ^? are specially fri5ds :o wi% good to _! fri5ds = _! sakes1 because !y feel ?us t[>ds !m on _! own acc\nt & n z a m]e matt] ( result2 s ! ,fri5d%ip betwe5 ^! m5 cont9ues to subsi/ s long z !y are good2 & goodness1 we "k1 has 9 x a pr9ciple ( p]man5ce4 ,moreov]1 ea* p>ty is good ab/ract$ly & also relatively to 8 fri5d1 = all good m5 are n only ab/ract$ly good b also useful to "o ano!r4 ,su* fri5ds are also mutually pleasurable because all good m5 are s ab/ract$ly1 & also relatively to "o ano!r1 inasmu* z to ea* individual ^? actions are pleasurable :i* correspond to 8 nature1 & all su* z are l !m4 ,n[ :5 m5 are good ^! w be always ! same1 or at lea/ simil>4 ,fri5d%ip !n "u ^! circum/ances is p]man5t1 z we %\ld reasonably expect1 s9ce x comb9es 9 itself all ! requisite qualifications ( fri5ds4 ,i mean1 t ,fri5d%ip ( :atev] k9d is bas$ ^u good or pleasure 7ei!r ab/ract$ly or relatively to ! p]son ent]ta9+ ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip71 & results f a simil>ity ( "s sort2 & to ?is k9d belong all ! a=em5tion$ requisites 9 ! p>ties !mselves1 because 9 ?is ! p>ties are simil>1 & s on3#d moreov]1 9 x !re is ! ab/ract$ly good & ! ab/ract$ly pleasant1 & z ^! are specially ! object-matt] ( ,fri5d%ip s ! feel+ & ! /ate ( ,fri5d%ip is f\nd mo/ int5se & mo/ excell5t 9 m5 ?us qualifi$4 ,r>e x is probable ,fri5d%ips ( ?is k9d w be1 because m5 ( ?is k9d are r>e4 ,besides1 all requisite qualifications be+ presuppos$1 !re is fur!r requir$ "t & intimacy3 =1 z ! prov]b says1 m5 _c "k "o ano!r 8till !y h eat5 ! requisite quantity ( salt toge!r20 nor c !y 9 fact admit "o ano!r to intimacy1 mu* less be fri5ds1 till ea* has appe>$ to ! o!r & be5 prov$ to be a fit object ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,!y :o spe$ily comm5ce an int]*ange ( fri5dly actions may be said to wi% to be fri5ds1 b !y are n s unless !y are also prop] objects ( ,fri5d%ip & mutually kn[n to be su*3 t is to say1 a desire = ,fri5d%ip may arise quickly b n ,fri5d%ip itself4 ,well1 ?is ,fri5d%ip is p]fect bo? 9 respect ( ! "t & 9 all o!r po9ts2 & exactly ! same & simil> results accrue to ea* p>ty f ! o!r2 :i* ought to be ! case betwe5 fri5ds4 ,! fri5d%ip bas$ ^u ! pleasurable is1 s to say1 a copy ( ?is1 s9ce ! good are s\rces ( pleasure to "o ano!r3 & t bas$ on utility likewise1 ! good be+ also useful to "o ano!r4 ,betwe5 m5 ?us connect$ ,fri5d%ips are mo/ p]man5t :5 ! same result accrues to bo? f "o ano!r1 pleasure1 = in/ance2 & n m]ely s b f ! same s\rce1 z 9 ! case ( two m5 ( easy pleasantry2 & n z x is 9 t ( a lov] & ! object ( 8 affection1 ^! n d]iv+ _! pleasure f ! same causes1 b ! =m] f see+ ! latt] & ! latt] f receiv+ ! att5tions ( ! =m]3 & :5 ! bloom ( y\? fades ! ,fri5d%ip sometimes ceases also1 because !n ! lov] d]ives no pleasure f see+ & ! object ( 8 affection ceases to receive ! att5tions :i* 7 paid be=e3 9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 p s connect$ cont9ue fri5ds1 if be+ ( simil> temp]s !y h come f cu/om to l "o ano!r's disposition4 ,:]e p d n int]*ange pleasure b pr(it 9 matt]s ( ,love1 ! ,fri5d%ip is bo? less int5se 9 degree & also less p]man5t3 9 fact1 !y :o are fri5ds because ( advantage commonly "p :5 ! advantage ceases2 =1 9 reality1 !y nev] 7 fri5ds ( "o ano!r b ( ! advantage4 ,s !n x appe>s t f motives ( pleasure or pr(it bad m5 may be fri5ds to "o ano!r1 or good m5 to bad m5 or m5 ( neutral "* to "o ( any "* :atev]3 b dis9t]e/$ly1 = ! sake ( "o ano!r1 pla9ly ! good alone c be fri5ds2 because bad m5 h no pleasure ev5 9 !mselves unless 9 s f> z "s advantage arises4 ,& fur!r1 ! ,fri5d%ip ( ! good is alone sup]ior to calumny2 x n be+ easy = m5 to believe a ?ird p]son respect+ "o :om !y h long tri$ & prov$3 !re is betwe5 good m5 mutual confid5ce1 & ! feel+ t "o's fri5d w\ld nev] h done "o wrong1 & all o!r su* ?+s z are expect$ 9 ,fri5d%ip really wor?y ! "n2 b 9 ! o!r k9ds !re is no?+ to prev5t all su* suspicions4 ,i call !m ,fri5d%ips1 because s9ce m5 commonly give ! "n ( fri5ds to ^? :o are connect$ f motives ( pr(it 7:i* is ju/ifi$ by political language1 = alliances betwe5 /ates are ?\ght to be contract$ ) a view to advantage71 & to ^? :o are atta*$ to "o ano!r by ! motive ( pleasure 7z *ildr5 are71 we may p]haps also be all[$ to call su* p]sons fri5ds1 & say !re are sev]al species ( ,fri5d%ip2 prim>ily & specially t ( ! good1 9 t !y are good1 & ! re/ only 9 ! way ( resemblance3 ,i mean1 p connect$ o!rwise are fri5ds 9 t way 9 :i* !re arises to !m some:at good & "s mutual resemblance 7because1 we mu/ rememb] ! pleasurable is good to ^? :o are fond ( x74 ,^! second>y ,fri5d%ips1 h[ev]1 d n comb9e v well2 t is to say1 ! same p]sons d n become fri5ds by reason ( advantage & by reason ( ! pleasurable1 = ^! matt]s ( result are n (t5 comb9$4 ,& ,fri5d%ip hav+ be5 divid$ into ^! k9ds1 bad m5 w be fri5ds by reason ( pleasure or pr(it1 ?is be+ _! po9t ( resemblance2 :ile ! good are fri5ds = "o ano!r's sake1 t is1 9 s f> z !y are good4 ,^! la/ may be t]m$ ab/ract$ly & simply fri5ds1 ! =m] z a matt] ( result & t]m$ fri5ds f _! resemblance to ^! la/4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,fur!r2 j z 9 respect ( ! diff]5t virtues "s m5 are t]m$ good 9 respect ( a c]ta9 inw>d /ate1 o!rs 9 respect ( acts ( work+1 s is x 9 respect ( ,fri5d%ip3 ,i mean1 !y :o live toge!r take pleasure 91 & imp>t good to1 "o ano!r3 b !y :o are asleep or are locally sep>at$ d n p]=m acts1 b only are 9 su* a /ate z to act 9 a fri5dly way if !y act$ at all3 di/ance has 9 itself no direct effect ^u ,fri5d%ip1 b only prev5ts ! act+ x out3 yet1 if ! abs5ce be protract$1 x is ?\ght to cause a =getfulness ev5 ( ! ,fri5d%ip3 & h5ce x has be5 said1 8_m & _m a ,fri5d%ip do? want ( int]c\rse de/roy40 ,accord+ly1 nei!r ! old nor ! morose appe> to be calculat$ = ,fri5d%ip1 because ! pleasurabl5ess 9 !m is small1 & no "o c sp5d 8 days 9 company ) t :i* is positively pa9ful or ev5 n pleasurable2 s9ce to avoid ! pa9ful & aim at ! pleasurable is "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s t5d5cies ( human nature4 ,!y :o get on ) "o ano!r v fairly1 b are n 9 habits ( intimacy1 are r l p hav+ k9dly feel+s t[>ds "o ano!r ?an fri5ds2 no?+ be+ s *>act]i/ic ( fri5ds z ! liv+ ) "o ano!r1 because ! necessit\s desire assi/ance1 & ! happy companion%ip1 !y be+ ! la/ p]sons 9 ! _w = solit>y exi/5ce3 b p _c sp5d _! "t toge!r unless !y are mutually pleasurable & take pleasure 9 ! same objects1 a quality :i* is ?\ght to app]ta9 to ! ,fri5d%ip ( companion%ip4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! connection !n subsi/+ betwe5 ! good is ,fri5d%ip p> excell5ce1 z has already be5 frequ5tly said3 s9ce t :i* is ab/ract$ly good or pleasant is ?\ght to be an object ( ,fri5d%ip & *oice-wor?y1 & to ea* individual :atev] is su* to him2 & ! good man to ! good man = bo? ^! reasons4 7,n[ ! ent]ta9+ ! s5tim5t is l a feel+1 b ,fri5d%ip itself l a /ate3 because ! =m] may h = its object ev5 ?+s inanimate1 b requital ( ,fri5d%ip is att5d$ ) moral *oice :i* proce$s f a moral /ate3 & aga91 m5 wi% good to ! objects ( _! ,fri5d%ip = _! sakes1 n 9 ! way ( a m]e feel+ b ( moral /ate47 ,& ! good1 9 lov+ _! fri5d1 love _! own good 7inasmu* z ! good man1 :5 br\ght into t relation1 becomes a good to him ) :om he is s connect$71 s t ei!r p>ty loves 8 own good1 & repays 8 fri5d equally bo? 9 wi%+ well & 9 ! pleasurable3 = equality is said to be a tie ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,well1 ^! po9ts belong mo/ to ! ,fri5d%ip betwe5 good m54 ,b betwe5 morose or eld]ly m5 ,fri5d%ip is less apt to arise1 because !y are some:at awkw>d-temp]$1 & take less pleasure 9 int]c\rse & society2 ^! be+ ?\ght to be specially fri5dly & productive ( ,fri5d%ip3 & s "y m5 become fri5ds quickly1 old m5 n s 7because p d n become fri5ds ) any1 unless !y take pleasure 9 !m72 & 9 l mann] nei!r d ! morose4 ,yet m5 ( ^! classes ent]ta9 k9dly feel+s t[>ds "o ano!r3 !y wi% good to "o ano!r & r5d] mutual assi/ance 9 respect ( _! ne$s1 b !y are n q fri5ds1 because !y nei!r sp5d _! "t toge!r nor take pleasure 9 "o ano!r1 :i* circum/ances are ?\ght specially to belong to ,fri5d%ip4 ,to be a fri5d to _m p1 9 ! way ( ! p]fect ,fri5d%ip1 is n possible2 j z y _c be 9 love ) _m at once3 x is1 s to speak1 a /ate ( excess :i* naturally has b "o object2 & besides1 x is n an easy ?+ = "o man to be v mu* pleas$ ) _m p at ! same "t1 nor p]haps to f9d _m really good4 ,aga91 a man ne$s exp]i5ce1 & to be 9 habits ( close intimacy1 :i* is v difficult4 ,b x is possible to please _m on ! score ( advantage & pleasure3 because !re are _m m5 ( ! k9d1 & ! s]vices may be r5d]$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,( ! two imp]fect k9ds t :i* mo/ resembles ! p]fect is ! ,fri5d%ip bas$ ^u pleasure1 9 :i* ! same results accrue f bo? & !y take pleasure 9 "o ano!r or 9 ! same objects2 su* z are ! ,fri5d%ips ( ! "y1 because a g5]\s _s is mo/ f\nd 9 ^!4 ,! ,fri5d%ip because ( advantage is ! connect+ l9k ( %opkeep]s4 ,!n aga91 ! v happy h no ne$ ( p]sons :o are pr(itable1 b ( pleasant ones !y h because !y wi% to h p to live intimately )2 & :at is pa9ful !y be> = a %ort "t inde$1 b cont9u\sly no "o c\ld support x1 nay1 n ev5 ! ,*ief ,good itself1 if x 7 pa9ful to him individually3 & s !y look out = pleasant fri5ds3 p]haps !y ought to require su* to be good also2 & good moreov] to !mselves individually1 because !n !y w h all ! prop] requisites ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,m5 9 p[] are (t5 se5 to make use ( sev]al di/9ct fri5ds3 = "s are useful to !m & o!rs pleasurable1 b ! two are n (t5 unit$3 because !y d n1 9 fact1 seek su* z %all comb9e pleasantness & goodness1 nor su* z %all be useful = hon\rable purposes3 b ) a view to atta9 :at is pleasant !y look out = m5 ( easy-pleasantry2 & aga91 = m5 :o are clev] at execut+ any bus9ess put into _! h&s3 & ^! qualifications are n commonly f\nd unit$ 9 ! same man4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t ! good man unites ! qualities ( pleasantness & usefulness3 b !n su* a "o w n be a fri5d to a sup]ior unless he be also 8 sup]ior 9 goodness3 = if ?is be n ! case1 he _c1 be+ surpass$ 9 "o po9t1 make ?+s equal by a proportionate degree ( ,fri5d%ip4#e ,& *>act]s :o unite sup]iority ( /ation & goodness are n common4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,n[ all ! k9ds ( ,fri5d%ip :i* h be5 already m5tion$ exi/ 9 a /ate ( equality1 inasmu* z ei!r ! same results accrue to bo? & !y wi% ! same ?+s to "o ano!r1 or else !y b>t] "o ?+ aga9/ ano!r2 pleasure1 = in/ance1 aga9/ pr(it3 x has be5 said already t ,fri5d%ips ( ?is latt] k9d are less int5se 9 degree & less p]man5t4 ,& x is _! resemblance or dissimil>ity to ! same ?+ :i* makes !m to be ?\ght to be & n to be ,fri5d%ips3 !y %[ l ,fri5d%ips 9 "r ( _! lik5ess to t :i* is bas$ on virtue 7! "o k9d hav+ ! pleasurable1 ! o!r ! pr(itable1 bo? ( :i* belong also to ! o!r72 & aga91 !y d n %[ l ,fri5d%ips by reason ( _! unlik5ess to t true k9d2 :i* unlik5ess consi/s h]e91 t :ile t is above calumny & s p]man5t ^! quickly *ange & diff] 9 _m o!r po9ts4 ,b !re is ano!r =m ( ,fri5d%ip1 t1 namely1 9 :i* ! "o p>ty is sup]ior to ! o!r2 z betwe5 fa!r & son1 eld] & y\ng]1 husb& & wife1 rul] & rul$4 ,^! also diff] "o f ano!r3 ,i mean1 ! ,fri5d%ip betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 is n ! same z betwe5 rul] & ! rul$1 nor has ! fa!r ! same t[>ds ! son z ! son t[>ds ! fa!r1 nor ! husb& t[>ds ! wife z %e t[>ds him2 because ! "w1 & !re=e ! excell5ce1 ( ea* ( ^! is diff]5t1 & diff]5t !re=e are ! causes ( _! feel+ ,fri5d%ip2 di/9ct & diff]5t !re=e are _! feel+s & /ates ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,& ! same results d n accrue to ea* f ! o!r1 nor 9 fact ought !y to be look$ =3 b1 :5 *ildr5 r5d] to _! p>5ts :at !y ought to ! au?ors ( _! be+1 & p>5ts to _! sons :at !y ought to _! (fspr+1 ! ,fri5d%ip betwe5 su* p>ties w be p]man5t & equitable4 ,fur!r2 ! feel+ ( ,fri5d%ip %\ld be 9 a due proportion 9 all ,fri5d%ips :i* are betwe5 sup]ior & inf]ior2 ,i mean1 ! bett] man1 or ! m pr(itable1 & s =?1 %\ld be ! object ( a /rong] feel+ ?an he himself ent]ta9s1 because :5 ! feel+ ( ,fri5d%ip comes to be aft] a c]ta9 rate !n equality 9 a c]ta9 s5se is produc$1 :i* is ?\ght to be a requisite 9 ,fri5d%ip4 7,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! equal is n 9 ! same case z reg>ds ,ju/ice & ,fri5d%ip3 = 9 /rict ,ju/ice ! exactly proportion$ equal ranks fir/1 & ! actual num]ically equal ranks second1 :ile 9 ,fri5d%ip ?is is exactly rev]s$47 ,& t equality is ?us requisite is pla9ly %[n by ! occurr5ce ( a great diff]5ce ( goodness or badness1 or prosp]ity1 or some?+ else3 = 9 ?is case1 p are n any long] fri5ds1 nay !y d n ev5 feel t !y ought to be4 ,! cle>e/ illu/ration is p]haps ! case ( ! gods1 because !y are mo/ sup]ior 9 all good ?+s4 ,x is obvi\s too1 9 ! case ( k+s1 = !y :o are greatly _! inf]iors d n feel entitl$ to be fri5ds to !m2 nor d p v insignificant to be fri5ds to ^? ( v high excell5ce or wisdom4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* cases x is out ( ! "q to attempt to def9e up to :at po9t !y may cont9ue fri5ds3 = y may remove _m po9ts ( agreem5t & ! ,fri5d%ip la/ nev]!less2 b :5 "o ( ! p>ties is v f> sep>at$ 7z a god f m571 x _c cont9ue any long]4 ,?is has giv5 room = a d\bt1 :e!r fri5ds d really wi% to _! fri5ds ! v highe/ goods1 z t !y may be gods3 because1 9 case ! wi% 7 accompli%$1 !y w\ld no long] h !m = fri5ds1 nor 9 fact w\ld !y h ! good ?+s !y _h1 because fri5ds are good ?+s4 ,if !n x has be5 rightly said t a fri5d wi%es to 8 fri5d good ?+s = t fri5d's sake1 x mu/ be und]/ood t he is to rema9 su* z he n[ is3 t is to say1 he w wi% ! greate/ good to him ( :i* z man he is capable3 yet p]haps n all1 because ea* man desires good = himself mo/ ( all4 ,x is ?\ght t desire = hon\r makes ! mass ( m5 wi% r to be ! objects ( ! feel+ ( ,fri5d%ip ?an to ent]ta9 x !mselves 7& = ?is reason !y are fond ( flatt]]s1 a flatt]] be+ a fri5d inf]ior or at lea/ pret5d+ to be su* & r to ent]ta9 t[>ds ano!r ! feel+ ( ,fri5d%ip ?an to be himself ! object ( x71 s9ce ! =m] is ?\ght to be ne>ly ! same z be+ hon\r$1 :i* ! mass ( m5 desire4 ,& yet m5 seem to *oose hon\r1 n = its own sake1 b incid5tally3#f ,i mean1 ! common run ( m5 delight to be hon\r$ by ^? 9 p[] because ( ! hope x raises2 t is !y ?9k !y %all get f !m any?+ !y may happ5 to be 9 want (1 s !y delight 9 hon\r z an e>ne/ ( future b5efit4 ,!y aga9 :o grasp at hon\r at ! h&s ( ! good & ^? :o are really acqua9t$ ) _! m]its desire to confirm _! own op9ion ab\t !mselves3 s !y take pleasure 9 ! conviction t !y are good1 :i* is bas$ on ! s5t5ce ( ^? :o ass]t x4 ,b 9 be+ ! objects ( ,fri5d%ip m5 delight = its own sake1 & s ?is may be judg$ to be high] ?an be+ hon\r$ & ,fri5d%ip to be 9 itself *oice-wor?y4 ,fri5d%ip1 moreov]1 is ?\ght to consi/ 9 feel+1 r ?an be+ ! object (1 ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip1 :i* is prov$ by ! delight mo!rs h 9 ! feel+3 "s !re are :o give _! *ildr5 to be adopt$ & br\ght up by o!rs1 & kn[+ !m be> ?is feel+ t[>ds !m nev] seek+ to h x return$1 if bo? are n possible2 b seem+ to be cont5t ) see+ !m well (f & be>+ ?is feel+ !mselves t[>ds !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y1 by reason ( ignorance1 nev] r5d] to !m any filial reg>d or love4 ,s9ce !n ,fri5d%ip /&s r 9 ! ent]ta9+1 ?an 9 be+ ! object (1 ! s5tim5t1 & !y are prais$ :o are fond ( _! fri5ds1 x seems t ent]ta9+ ! s5tim5t is ! ,excell5ce ( fri5ds2 & s1 9 :omsoev] ?is exi/s 9 due proportion ^! are /able fri5ds & _! ,fri5d%ip is p]man5t4 ,& 9 ?is way may !y :o are unequal be/ be fri5ds1 because !y may ?us be made equal4 ,equality1 !n1 & simil>ity are a tie to ,fri5d%ip1 & specially ! simil>ity ( goodness1 because good m51 be+ /able 9 !mselves1 are also /able z reg>ds o!rs1 & nei!r ask degrad+ s]vices nor r5d] !m1 b1 s to say1 r prev5t !m3 = x is ! "p ( ! good nei!r to d wrong !mselves nor to all[ _! fri5ds 9 s do+4 ,! bad1 on ! contr>y1 h no pr9ciple ( /ability3 9 fact1 !y d n ev5 cont9ue l !mselves3 only !y come to be fri5ds = a %ort "t f tak+ delight 9 "o ano!r's wick$ness4 ,^? connect$ by motives ( pr(it1 or pleasure1 hold toge!r some:at long]3 s long1 t is to say1 z !y c give pleasure or pr(it mutually4 ,! ,fri5d%ip bas$ on motives ( pr(it is ?\ght to be mo/ ( all =m$ out ( contr>y elem5ts3 ! poor man1 = in/ance1 is ?us a fri5d ( ! ri*1 & ! ignorant ( ! man ( in=mation2 t is to say1 a man desir+ t ( :i* he is1 z x happ5s1 9 want1 gives some?+ else 9 ex*ange = x4 ,to ?is same class we may ref] ! lov] & belov$1 ! beautiful & ! ill-fav\r$4 ,= ?is reason lov]s sometimes %[ 9 a ridicul\s light by claim+ to be ! objects ( z int5se a feel+ z !y !mselves ent]ta93 ( c\rse if !y are equally fit objects ( ,fri5d%ip !y are p]haps entitl$ to claim ?is1 b if !y h no?+ ( ! k9d x is ridicul\s4 ,p]haps1 moreov]1 ! contr>y does n aim at its contr>y = its own sake b incid5tally3 ! mean is really :at is grasp$ at2 x be+ good = ! dry1 = in/ance1 n to become wet b to atta9 ! mean1 & s ( ! hot1 etc4 ,h[ev]1 let u drop ^! que/ions1 because !y are 9 fact some:at =eign to our purpose4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,x seems too1 z 0 /at$ at ! comm5cem5t1 t ,fri5d%ip & ,ju/ice h ! same object-matt]1 & subsi/ betwe5 ! same p]sons3 ,i mean t 9 e ,communion !re is ?\ght to be "s pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice & also "s ,fri5d%ip3 m5 address z fri5ds1 = in/ance1 ^? :o are _! comrades by sea1 or 9 w>1 & 9 l mann] also ^? :o are br\ght into ,communion ) !m 9 o!r ways3 & ! ,fri5d%ip1 because also ! ,ju/ice1 is co-ext5sive ) ! ,communion1 ,?is ju/ifies ! common prov]b1 8! goods ( fri5ds are common10 s9ce ,fri5d%ip re/s ^u ,communion4 ,n[ bro!rs & intimate companions h all 9 common1 b o!r p h _! prop]ty sep>ate1 & "s h m 9 common & o!rs less1 because ! ,fri5d%ips likewise diff] 9 degree4 ,s too d ! v>i\s pr9ciples ( ,ju/ice involv$1 n be+ ! same betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 z betwe5 bro!rs1 nor betwe5 companions z betwe5 fell[-citiz5s m]ely1 & s on ( all ! o!r conceivable ,fri5d%ips4 ,diff]5t also are ! pr9ciples ( ,inju/ice z reg>ds ^! diff]5t grades1 & ! acts become int5sifi$ by be+ done to fri5ds2 = in/ance1 x is worse to rob y\r companion ?an "o :o is m]ely a fell[-citiz52 to refuse help to a bro!r ?an to a /rang]2 & to /rike y\r fa!r ?an any "o else4 ,s !n ! ,ju/ice naturally increases ) ! degree ( ,fri5d%ip1 z be+ betwe5 ! same p>ties & ( equal ext5t4 ,all cases ( ,communion are p>ts1 s to say1 ( ! great ,social "o1 s9ce 9 !m m5 associate ) a view to "s advantage & to procure "s ( ^? ?+s :i* are ne$ful = life2 & ! great ,social ,communion is ?\ght orig9ally to h be5 associat$ & to cont9ue = ! sake ( "s advantage3 ?is be+ ! po9t at :i* legislators aim1 affirm+ t to be j :i* is g5]ally exp$i5t4 ,all ! o!r cases ( ,communion aim at advantage 9 p>ticul> po9ts2 ! crew ( a vessel at t :i* is to result f ! voyage :i* is und]tak5 ) a view to mak+ money1 or "s su* object2 comrades 9 w> at t :i* is to result f ! w>1 grasp+ ei!r at weal? or victory1 or x may be a political position2 & ^? ( ! same tribe1 or ,demus1 9 l mann]4 ,"s ( !m are ?\ght to be =m$ = pleasure's sake1 ^?1 = in/ance1 ( bac*anals or club-fell[s1 :i* are ) a view to ,sacrifice or m]ely company4 ,b all ^! seem to be rang$ "u ! great ,social "o1 inasmu* z ! aim ( ?is is1 n m]ely ! exp$i5cy ( ! mom5t b1 = life & at all times2 ) a view to :i* ! memb]s ( x in/itute sacrifices & _! att5dant assemblies1 to r5d] hon\r to ! gods & procure = !mselves respite f toil comb9$ ) pleasure4 ,= x appe>s t sacrifices & religi\s assemblies 9 old times 7 made z a k9d ( fir/-fruits aft] ! +a!r+ ( ! crops1 because at su* seasons !y _h mo/ leisure4 ,s !n x appe>s t all ! in/ances ( ,communion are p>ts ( ! great ,social "o3 & correspond+ ,fri5d%ips w foll[ ^u su* ,communions4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,( ,political ,con/itutions !re are ?ree k9ds2 & equal 9 numb] are ! deflections f !m1 be+1 s to say1 corruptions ( !m4 ,! =m] are ,k+%ip1 ,ari/ocracy1 & t :i* recognises ! pr9ciple ( weal?1 :i* x seems appropriate to call ,timocracy 7,i give to x ! "n ( a political con/itution because p commonly d s74 ,( ^! ! be/ is ,mon>*y1 & ,timocracy ! wor/4 ,f ,mon>*y ! deflection is ,despotism2 bo? be+ ,mon>*ies b widely diff]+ f ea* o!r2 = ! ,despot looks to 8 own advantage1 b ! ,k+ to t ( 8 subjects3 = he is 9 fact no ,k+ :o is n ?or\ghly indep5d5t & sup]ior to ! re/ 9 all good ?+s1 & he t is ?is has no fur!r wants3 he w n !n h to look to 8 own advantage b to t ( 8 subjects1 = he t is n 9 su* a position is a m]e ,k+ elect$ by lot = ! nonce4 ,b ,despotism is on a contr>y foot+ to ?is ,k+%ip1 because ! ,despot pursues 8 own good3 & 9 ! case ( ?is its inf]iority is mo/ evid5t1 & :at is worse is contr>y to :at is be/4 ,! ,transition to ,despotism is made f ,k+%ip1 ,despotism be+ a corrupt =m ( ,mon>*y1 t is to say1 ! bad ,k+ comes to be a ,despot4 ,f ,ari/ocracy to ,olig>*y ! transition is made by ! fault ( ! ,rul]s 9 di/ribut+ ! public prop]ty contr>y to "r proportion2 & giv+ ei!r all t is good1 or ! greate/ %>e1 to !mselves2 & ! (fices to ! same p]sons always1 mak+ weal? _! idol2 ?us a few be> rule & !y bad m5 9 ! place ( ! be/4 ,f ,timocracy ! transition is to ,democracy1 !y be+ contigu\s3 = x is ! nature ( ,timocracy to be 9 ! h&s ( a multitude1 & all 9 ! same grade ( prop]ty are equal4 ,democracy is ! lea/ vici\s ( all1 s9ce h]e9 ! =m ( ! con/itution und]goes lea/ *ange4 ,well1 ^! are g5]ally ! *anges to :i* ! v>i\s ,con/itutions are liable1 be+ ! lea/ 9 degree & ! easie/ to make4 ,lik5esses1 &1 z x 71 models ( !m1 "o may f9d ev5 9 ,dome/ic life3 = in/ance1 ! ,communion betwe5 a ,fa!r & 8 ,sons pres5ts ! figure ( ,k+%ip1 because ! *ildr5 are ! ,fa!r's c>e3 & h5ce ,hom] names ,jupit] ,fa!r because ,k+%ip is int5d$ to be a pat]nal rule4 ,among ! ,p]sians1 h[ev]1 ! ,fa!r's rule is ,despotic1 = !y treat _! ,sons z slaves4 7,! relation ( ,ma/] to ,slaves is ( ! nature ( ,despotism because ! po9t reg>d$ h]e9 is ! ,ma/]'s int]e/73 ?is n[ /rikes me to be z x ought1 b ! ,p]sian cu/om to be mi/ak52 because = diff]5t p]sons !re %\ld be diff]5t rules4 ,betwe5 ,husb& & ,wife ! relation takes ! =m ( ,ari/ocracy1 because he rules by "r & 9 su* po9ts only z ! ,husb& %\ld1 & gives to ! ,wife all t befits h] to h4 ,:]e ! ,husb& lords x 9 ev]y?+ he *anges ! relation into an ,olig>*y2 because he does x contr>y to "r & n z be+ ! bett] ( ! two4 ,9 "s in/ances ! ,wives take ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 be+ heiresses3 "h ! rule is c>ri$ on n 9 "r ( goodness b by reason ( weal? & p[]1 z x is 9 ,olig>*ies4 ,timocracy f9ds its type 9 ! relation ( ,bro!rs3 !y be+ equal except z to su* diff]5ces z age introduces3 = :i* reason1 if !y are v diff]5t 9 age1 ! ,fri5d%ip comes to be no long] a frat]nal "o3 :ile ,democracy is repres5t$ specially by families :i* h no head 7all be+ !re equal71 or 9 :i* ! prop] head is weak & s e memb] does t :i* is "r 9 8 own eyes4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,att5dant !n on ea* =m ( ,political ,con/itution !re pla9ly is ,fri5d%ip exactly co-ext5sive ) ! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice2 t betwe5 a ,k+ & 8 ,subjects be+ 9 ! relation ( a sup]iority ( b5efit1 inasmu* z he b5efits 8 subjects2 x be+ assum$ t he is a good k+ & takes c>e ( _! welf>e z a %eph]d t5ds 8 flock2 :5ce ,hom] 7to quote him aga97 calls ,agamemnon1 8%eph]d ( ! p40 ,& ( ?is same k9d is ! ,pat]nal ,fri5d%ip1 only t x exce$s ! =m] 9 ! greatness ( ! b5efits done2 because ! fa!r is ! au?or ( be+ 7:i* is e/eem$ ! greate/ b5efit7 & ( ma9t5ance & education 7^! ?+s are also1 by ! way1 ascrib$ to ance/ors g5]ally73 & by ! law ( nature ! fa!r has ! "r ( rule ov] 8 sons1 ance/ors ov] _! desc5dants1 & ! k+ ov] 8 subjects4 ,^! fri5d%ips are also betwe5 sup]iors & inf]iors1 = :i* reason p>5ts are n m]ely lov$ b also hon\r$4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice also betwe5 ^! p>ties is n exactly ! same b accord+ to proportiton1 because s also is ! ,fri5d%ip4 ,n[ betwe5 ,husb& & ,wife !re is ! same ,fri5d%ip z 9 ,ari/ocracy3 = ! relation is det]m9$ by relative excell5ce1 & ! bett] p]son has ! great] good & ea* has :at befits3 s too also is ! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice betwe5 !m4 ,! ,frat]nal ,fri5d%ip is l t ( ,companions1 because bro!rs are equal & mu* ( an age1 & su* p]sons h g5]ally l feel+s & l dispositions4 ,l to ?is also is ! ,fri5d%ip ( a ,timocracy1 because ! citiz5s are int5d$ to be equal & equitable3 rule1 !re=e1 passes f h& to h&1 & is di/ribut$ on equal t]ms3 s too is ! ,fri5d%ip accord+ly4 ,9 ! deflections f ! con/itutional =ms1 j z ! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice is b small s is ! ,fri5d%ip also3 & lea/ ( all 9 ! mo/ p]v]t$ =m3 9 ,despotism !re is little or no ,fri5d%ip4 ,= g5]ally :]ev] ! rul] & ! rul$ h no?+ 9 common !re is no ,fri5d%ip because !re is no ,ju/ice2 b ! case is z betwe5 an artisan & 8 tool1 or betwe5 s\l & body1 & ma/] & slave2 all ^! are b5efit$ by ^? :o use !m1 b t[>ds ?+s inanimate !re is nei!r ,fri5d%ip nor ,ju/ice3 nor ev5 t[>ds a horse or an ox1 or a slave qu slave1 because !re is no?+ 9 common3 a slave z su* is an animate tool1 a tool an inanimate slave4 ,qu slave1 !n1 !re is no ,fri5d%ip t[>ds him1 only qu man3 = x is ?\ght t !re is "s pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice betwe5 e man1 & e o!r :o c %>e 9 law & be a p>ty to an agreem5t2 & s some:at ( ,fri5d%ip1 9 s f> z he is man4 ,s 9 ,despotisms ! ,fri5d%ips & ! pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice are inconsid]able 9 ext5t1 b 9 ,democracies !y are mo/ consid]able because !y :o are equal h mu* 9 common4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,n[ ( c\rse all ,fri5d%ip is bas$ ^u ,communion1 z has be5 already /at$3 b "o w\ld be incl9$ to sep>ate (f f ! re/ ! ,fri5d%ip ( ,k9dr$1 & t ( ,companions3 :]eas ^? ( m5 ( ! same city1 or tribe1 or crew1 & all su*1 are m peculi>ly1 x w\ld seem1 bas$ ^u ,communion1 inasmu* z !y pla9ly exi/ 9 "r ( "s agreem5t express$ or impli$3 among ^! "o may rank also ! ,fri5d%ip ( ,hospitality1 ,! ,fri5d%ip ( ,k9dr$ is likewise ( _m k9ds1 & appe>s 9 all its v>ieties to dep5d on ! ,p>5tal3 p>5ts1 ,i mean1 love _! *ildr5 z be+ a "p ( !mselves1 *ildr5 love _! p>5ts z be+ !mselves some:at d]iv$ f !m4 ,b p>5ts "k _! (fspr+ m ?an ^! "k t !y are f ! p>5ts1 & ! s\rce is m closely b\nd to t :i* is produc$ ?an t :i* is produc$ is to t :i* =m$ x3 ( c\rse1 :atev] is d]iv$ f "o's self is prop] to t f :i* x is s d]iv$ 7z1 = in/ance1 a too? or a hair1 or any o!r ?+ :atev] to him t has x73 b ! s\rce to x is 9 no degree prop]1 or 9 an inf]ior degree at lea/4 ,!n aga9 ! great] l5g? ( "t comes 93 ! p>5ts love _! (fspr+ f ! fir/ mom5t ( _! be+1 b _! (fspr+ !m only aft] a lapse ( "t :5 !y h atta9$ intellig5ce or in/9ct4 ,^! consid]ations s]ve also to %[ :y mo!rs h great] /r5g? ( affection ?an fa!rs4 ,n[ p>5ts love _! *ildr5 z !mselves 7s9ce :at is d]iv$ f !mselves becomes a k9d ( o!r ,self by ! fact ( sep>ation71 b *ildr5 _! p>5ts z be+ sprung f !m4 ,& bro!rs love "o ano!r f be+ sprung f ! same2 t is1 _! sam5ess ) ! common /ock creates a sam5ess ) "o ano!r2#g :5ce come ! phrases1 8same blood10 8root10 & s on4 ,9 fact !y are ! same1 9 a s5se1 ev5 9 ! sep>ate di/9ct individuals4 ,!n aga9 ! be+ br\ght up toge!r1 & ! ne>ness ( age1 are a great help t[>ds ,fri5d%ip1 = a man likes "o ( 8 own age & p]sons :o are us$ to "o ano!r are companions1 :i* acc\nts = ! resemblance betwe5 ! ,fri5d%ip ( ,bro!rs & t ( ,companions4 ,& c\s9s & all o!r relatives d]ive _! bond ( union f ^!1 t is to say1 f _! community ( orig93 & ! /r5g? ( ?is bond v>ies accord+ to _! respective di/ances f ! common ance/or4 ,fur!r3 ! ,fri5d%ip felt by *ildr5 t[>ds p>5ts1 & by m5 t[>ds ! gods1 is z t[>ds some?+ good & above !m2 because ^! h conf]r$ ! greate/ possible b5efits1 9 t !y are ! causes ( _! be+ & be+ n\ri%$1 & ( _! hav+ be5 educat$ aft] !y 7 br\ght into be+4 ,& ,fri5d%ip ( ?is k9d has also ! pleasurable & ! pr(itable m ?an t betwe5 p]sons unconnect$ by blood1 9 proportion z _! life is also m %>$ 9 common4 ,!n aga9 9 ! ,frat]nal ,fri5d%ip !re is all t !re is 9 t ( ,companions1 & m 9 ! good1 & g5]ally 9 ^? :o are alike2 9 proportion z !y are m closely ti$ & f _! v bir? h a feel+ ( affection = "o ano!r to beg9 )1 & z !y are m l 9 disposition :o spr+ f ! same /ock & h gr[n up toge!r & be5 educat$ alike3 & besides ?is !y h ! greate/ opportunities 9 respect ( "t = prov+ "o ano!r1 & c !re=e dep5d mo/ securely ^u ! trial4 ,betwe5 ,husb& & ,wife !re is ?\ght to be ,fri5d%ip by a law ( nature3 man be+ by nature dispos$ to pair1 m ?an to associate 9 ,communities3 9 proportion z ! family is prior 9 ord] ( "t & m absolutely necess>y ?an ! ,community4 ,& procreation is m common to him ) o!r animals2 all ! o!r animals h ,communion ?us f>1 b human creatures cohabit n m]ely = ! sake ( procreation b also ) a view to life 9 g5]al33#h because 9 ?is connection ! works are imm$iately divid$1 & "s belong to ! man1 o!rs to ! woman3 ?us !y help "o ! o!r1 putt+ :at is peculi> to ea* into ! common /ock4 ,& = ^! reasons ?is ,fri5d%ip is ?\ght to comb9e ! pr(itable & ! pleasurable3 x w be also bas$ ^u virtue if !y are good p2 because ea* has goodness & !y may take delight 9 ?is quality 9 ea* o!r4 ,*ildr5 too are ?\ght to be a tie3 accord+ly ! *ildless soon] sep>ate1 = ! *ildr5 are a good common to bo? & any?+ 9 common is a bond ( union4 ,! "q h[ a man is to live ) 8 wife1 or 7m g5]ally7 "o fri5d ) ano!r1 appe>s to be no o!r ?an ?is1 h[ x is j t !y %\ld3 because pla9ly !re is n ! same pr9ciple ( ,ju/ice betwe5 a fri5d & fri5d1 z betwe5 /rang]s1 or companions1 or m]e *ance fell[-travell]s4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,!re are !n1 z 0 /at$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is book1 ?ree k9ds ( ,fri5d%ip1 & 9 ea* !re may be fri5ds on a foot+ ( equality & fri5ds 9 ! relation ( sup]ior & inf]ior2 we f9d1 ,i mean1 t p :o are alike 9 goodness1 become fri5ds1 & bett] ) worse1 & s also pleasant p2 aga91 because ( advantage p are fri5ds1 ei!r balanc+ exactly _! mutual pr(itabl5ess or diff]+ f "o ano!r h]e94 ,well !n1 ^? :o are equal %\ld 9 "r ( ?is equality be equalis$ also by ! degree ( _! ,fri5d%ip & ! o!r po9ts1 & ^? :o are on a foot+ ( inequality by r5d]+ ,fri5d%ip 9 proportion to ! sup]iority ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,fault-f9d+ & blame arises1 ei!r solely or mo/ naturally1 9 ,fri5d%ip ( :i* utility is ! motive3 = !y :o are fri5ds by reason ( goodness1 are eag] to d k9dnesses to "o ano!r because ?is is a natural result ( goodness & ,fri5d%ip2 & :5 m5 are vy+ ) ea* o!r = ?is ,end !re c be no fault-f9d+ nor cont5tion3 s9ce no "o is annoy$ at "o :o ent]ta9s = him ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip & does k9dnesses to him1 b if ( a ref9$ m9d he requites him ) k9d actions4 ,& suppose t "o ( ! two exce$s ! o!r1 yet z he is atta9+ 8 object he w n f9d fault ) 8 fri5d1 = good is ! object ( ea* p>ty4 ,nei!r c !re well be qu>rels betwe5 m5 :o are fri5ds = pleasure's sake3 because suppos+ !m to delight 9 liv+ toge!r !n bo? atta9 _! desire2 or if n a man w\ld be put 9 a ridicul\s light :o %\ld f9d fault ) ano!r = n pleas+ him1 s9ce x is 9 8 p[] to =be> int]c\rse ) him4 ,b ! ,fri5d%ip because ( advantage is v liable to fault-f9d+2 because1 z ! p>ties use "o ano!r ) a view to advantage1 ! requirem5ts are cont9ually enl>g+1 & !y ?9k !y h less ?an ( "r belongs to !m1 & f9d fault because ?\gh ju/ly entitl$ !y d n get z mu* z !y want3 :ile !y :o d ! k9dnesses1 c nev] come up to ! requirem5ts ( ^? to :om !y are be+ done4 ,x seems also1 t z ! ,j is ( two k9ds1 ! unwritt5 & ! legal1 s ,fri5d%ip because ( advantage is ( two k9ds1 :at may be call$ ! ,moral1 & ! ,legal3 & ! mo/ fruitful s\rce ( compla9ts is t p>ties contract obligations & dis*>ge !m n 9 ! same l9e ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,! ,legal is ^u specifi$ conditions1 ei!r purely tradesmanlike f h& to h& or some:at m g5tlemanly z reg>ds "t b /ill by agreem5t a quid pro quo4 ,9 ?is ,legal k9d ! obligation is cle> & admits ( no dispute1 ! fri5dly elem5t is ! delay 9 requir+ its dis*>ge3 & = ?is reason 9 "s c\ntries no actions c be ma9ta9$ at ,law = ! recov]y ( su* debts1 x be+ held t !y :o h dealt on ! foot+ ( cr$it mu/ be cont5t to abide ! issue4 ,t :i* may be t]m$ ! ,moral k9d is n ^u specifi$ conditions1 b a man gives z to 8 fri5d & s on3 b /ill he expects to receive an equival5t1 or ev5 m1 z ?\gh he _h n giv5 b l5t3 he also w f9d fault1 because he does n get ! obligation dis*>g$ 9 ! same way z x 0 contract$4 ,n[ ?is results f ! fact1 t all m51 or ! g5]ality at lea/1 wi% :at is hon\rable1 b1 :5 te/$1 *oose :at is pr(itable2 & ! do+ k9dnesses dis9t]e/$ly is hon\rable :ile receiv+ b5efits is pr(itable4 ,9 su* cases "o %\ld1 if able1 make a return proportionate to ! good receiv$1 & d s will+ly1 because "o ought n to make a dis9t]e/$ fri5d#i ( a man aga9/ 8 incl9ation3 "o %\ld act1 ,i say1 z hav+ made a mi/ake orig9ally 9 receiv+ k9dness f "o f :om "o ought n to h receiv$ x1 he be+ n a fri5d nor do+ ! act dis9t]e/$ly2 "o %\ld !re=e dis*>ge "o's self ( ! obligation z hav+ receiv$ a k9dness on specifi$ t]ms3 & if able a man w\ld engage to repay ! k9dness1 :ile if he 7 unable ev5 ! do] ( x w\ld n expect x ( him3 s t if he is able he ought to repay x4 ,b "o ought at ! fir/ to asc]ta9 f :om "o is receiv+ k9dness1 & on :at und]/&+1 t on t same und]/&+ "o may accept x or n4 ,a "q admitt+ ( dispute is :e!r "o is to measure a k9dness by ! good done to ! receiv] ( x1 & make ?is ! /&>d by :i* to requite1 or by ! k9d int5tion ( ! do]8 ,= !y :o h receiv$ k9dnesses frequ5tly plead 9 depreciation t !y h receiv$ f _! b5efactors su* ?+s z 7 small = !m to give1 or su* z !y !mselves c\ld h got f o!rs3 :ile ! do]s ( ! k9dnesses affirm t !y gave ! be/ !y _h1 & :at c\ld n h be5 got f o!rs1 & "u dang]1 or 9 su*-l /raits4 ,may we n say1 t z utility is ! motive ( ! ,fri5d%ip ! advantage conf]r$ on ! receiv] mu/ be ! /&>d8 because he x is :o reque/s ! k9dness & ! o!r s]ves him 9 8 ne$ on ! und]/&+ t he is to get an equival5t3 ! assi/ance r5d]$ is !n exactly proportionate to ! advantage :i* ! receiv] has obta9$1 & he %\ld !re=e repay z mu* z he ga9$ by x1 or ev5 m1 ?is be+ m cr$itable4 ,9 ,fri5d%ips bas$ on goodness1 ! "q1 ( c\rse1 is nev] rais$1 b h]e9 ! motive ( ! do] seems to be ! prop] /&>d1 s9ce virtue & moral "* dep5d pr9cipally on motive4 ,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,qu>rels arise also 9 ^? ,fri5d%ips 9 :i* ! p>ties are unequal because ea* p>ty ?9ks himself entitl$ to ! great] %>e1 & ( c\rse1 :5 ?is happ5s1 ! ,fri5d%ip is brok5 up4 ,! man :o is bett] ?an ! o!r ?9ks t hav+ ! great] %>e p]ta9s to him ( "r1 = t m is always aw>d$ to ! good man3 & simil>ly ! man :o is m pr(itable to ano!r ?an t o!r to him3 8"o :o is useless10 !y say1 8ought n to %>e equally1 = x comes to a tax1 & n a ,fri5d%ip1 unless ! fruits ( ! ,fri5d%ip are reap$ 9 proportion to ! works done30 _! notion be+1 t z 9 a money p>tn]%ip !y :o contribute m receive m s %\ld x be 9 ,fri5d%ip likewise4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ne$y man & ! less virtu\s advance ! opposite claim3 !y urge t 8x is ! v bus9ess ( a good fri5d to help ^? :o are 9 ne$1 else :at is ! use ( hav+ a good or p[]ful fri5d if "o is n to reap ! advantage at all80 ,n[ ea* seems to advance a "r claim & to be entitl$ to get m out ( ! connection ?an ! o!r1 only n m ( ! same ?+3 b ! sup]ior man %\ld receive m respect1 ! ne$y man m pr(it3 respect be+ ! rew>d ( goodness & b5efic5ce1 pr(it be+ ! aid ( ne$4 ,?is is pla9ly ! pr9ciple act$ ^u 9 ,political ,communities3 he receives no hon\r :o gives no good to ! common /ock3 = ! prop]ty ( ! ,public is giv5 to him :o does good to ! ,public1 & hon\r is ! prop]ty ( ! ,public2 x is n possible bo? to make money out ( ! ,public & receive hon\r likewise2 because no "o w put up ) ! less 9 e respect3 s to him :o suff]s loss z reg>ds money !y aw>d hon\r1 b money to him :o c be paid by gifts3 s9ce1 z has be5 /at$ be=e1 ! obs]v+ due proportion equalises & pres]ves ,fri5d%ip4 ,l rules !n %\ld be obs]v$ 9 ! int]c\rse ( fri5ds :o are unequal2 & to him :o advantages ano!r 9 respect ( money1 or goodness1 t o!r %\ld repay hon\r1 mak+ requital accord+ to 8 p[]2 because ,fri5d%ip requires :at is possible1 n :at is /rictly due1 ?is be+ n possible 9 all cases1 z 9 ! hon\rs paid to ! gods & to p>5ts3 no man c\ld ev] make ! due return 9 ^! cases1 & s he is ?\ght to be a good man :o pays respect accord+ to 8 ability4 ,= ?is reason x may be judg$ nev] to be all[able = a son to dis[n 8 fa!r1 :]eas a fa!r may 8 son3 because he t owes is b\nd to pay2 n[ a son c nev]1 by any?+ he has done1 fully requite ! b5efits fir/ conf]r$ on him by 8 fa!r1 & s is always a debtor4 ,b !y to :om any?+ is ow$ may ca/ (f _! debtors3 !re=e ! fa!r may 8 son4 ,b at ! same "t x mu/ p]haps be admitt$1 t x seems no fa!r ev] w\ld sev] himself utt]ly f a son1 except 9 a case ( exce$+ depravity3 because1 indep5d5tly ( ! natural ,fri5d%ip1 x is l human nature n to put away f "o's self ! assi/ance :i* a son might r5d]4 ,b to ! son1 if deprav$1 assi/+ 8 fa!r is a ?+ to be avoid$1 or at lea/ "o :i* he w n be v anxi\s to d2 mo/ m5 be+ will+ en\gh to receive k9dness1 b av]se to do+ x z unpr(itable4 ,let ?us mu* suffice on ^! po9ts4 ,,book ,,ix ,*apt] ,i4 ,well1 9 all ! ,fri5d%ips ! p>ties to :i* are dissimil> x is ! proportionate :i* equalises & pres]ves ! ,fri5d%ip1 z has be5 already /at$3 ,i mean1 9 ! ,social ,fri5d%ip ! cobbl]1 = in/ance1 gets an equival5t = 8 %oes aft] a c]ta9 rate2 & ! weav]1 & all o!rs 9 l mann]4 ,n[ 9 ?is case a common measure has be5 provid$ 9 money1 & to ?is accord+ly all ?+s are ref]r$ & by ?is are measur$3 b 9 ! ,fri5d%ip ( ,love ! compla9t is sometimes f ! lov] t1 ?\gh he loves exce$+ly1 8 love is n requit$2 he hav+ p]haps all ! "t no?+ t c be ! object ( ,fri5d%ip3 aga91 (t5times f ! object ( love t he :o z a suitor promis$ any & e ?+ n[ p]=ms no?+4 ,^! cases occur because ! ,fri5d%ip ( ! lov] = ! belov$ object is bas$ ^u pleasure1 t ( ! o!r = him ^u utility1 & 9 "o ( ! p>ties ! requisite quality is n f\nd3 =1 z ^! are respectively ! gr\nds ( ! ,fri5d%ip1 ! ,fri5d%ip comes to be brok5 up because ! motives to x cease to exi/3 ! p>ties lov$ n "o ano!r b qualities 9 "o ano!r :i* are n p]man5t1 & s nei!r are ! ,fri5d%ips3 :]eas ! ,fri5d%ip bas$ ^u ! moral "* ( ! p>ties1 be+ indep5d5t & dis9t]e/$1 is p]man5t1 z we h already /at$4 ,qu>rels arise also :5 ! p>ties realise diff]5t results & n ^? :i* !y desire2 = ! n atta9+ "o's special object is all "o1 9 ?is case1 ) gett+ no?+ at all3 z 9 ! well-kn[n case :]e a man made promises to a musician1 ris+ 9 proportion to ! excell5ce ( 8 music2 b :51 ! next morn+1 ! musician claim$ ! p]=mance ( 8 promises1 he said t he _h giv5 him pleasure = pleasure3 ( c\rse1 if ea* p>ty _h int5d$ ?is1 x w\ld h be5 all "r3 b if ! "o desires amusem5t & ! o!r ga91 & ! "o gets 8 object b ! o!r n1 ! deal+ _c be fair3 because a man fixes 8 m9d ^u :at he happ5s to want1 & w give s & s = t specific ?+4 ,! "q !n arises1 :o is to fix ! rate8 ! man :o fir/ gives1 or ! man :o fir/ takes8 because1 prim facie1 ! man :o fir/ gives seems to leave ! rate to be fix$ by ! o!r p>ty4 ,?is1 !y say1 0 9 fact ! practice ( ,protagoras3 :5 he taught a man any?+ he w\ld bid ! le>n] e/imate ! wor? ( ! k ga9$ by 8 own private op9ion2 & !n he us$ to take s mu* f him4 ,9 su* cases "s p adopt ! rule1 8,) specifi$ rew>d a fri5d %\ld be cont5t40 ,!y are c]ta9ly fairly f\nd fault ) :o take ! money 9 advance & !n d no?+ ( :at !y said !y w\ld d1 _! promises hav+ be5 s f> beyond _! ability2 = su* m5 d n p]=m :at !y agre$1 ,! ,sophi/s1 h[ev]1 are p]haps oblig$ to take ?is c\rse1 because no "o w\ld give a sixp5ce = _! k4 ,^! !n1 ,i say1 are fairly f\nd fault )1 because !y d n :at !y h already tak5 money = do+4 ,9 cases :]e no /ipulation z to ! respective s]vices is made !y :o dis9t]e/$ly d ! fir/ s]vice w n raise ! "q 7z we h said be=e71 because x is ! nature ( ,fri5d%ip1 bas$ on mutual goodness to be ref]5ce to ! int5tion ( ! o!r1 ! int5tion be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! true fri5d & ( goodness4 ,& x w\ld seem ! same rule %\ld be laid d[n = ^? :o are connect$ ) "o ano!r z tea*]s & le>n]s ( philosophy2 = "h ! value ( ! commodity _c be measur$ by money1 &1 9 fact1 an exactly equival5t price _c be set ^u x1 b p]haps x is suffici5t to d :at "o c1 z 9 ! case ( ! gods or "o's p>5ts4 ,b :]e ! orig9al giv+ is n ^u ^! t]ms b av[$ly = "s return1 ! mo/ prop] c\rse is p]haps = ! requital to be su* z bo? %all all[ to be proportionate1 &1 :]e ?is _c be1 !n = ! receiv] to fix ! value w\ld seem to be n only necess>y b also fair3 because :5 ! fir/ giv] gets t :i* is equival5t to ! advantage receiv$ by ! o!r1 or to :at he w\ld h giv5 to secure ! pleasure he has _h1 !n he has ! value f him3 = n only is ?is se5 to be ! c\rse adopt$ 9 matt]s ( buy+ & sell+ b also 9 "s places ! law does n all[ ( actions ^u volunt>y deal+s2 on ! pr9ciple t :5 "o man has tru/$ ano!r he mu/ be cont5t to h ! obligation dis*>g$ 9 ! same _s z he orig9ally contract$ x3 t is to say1 x is ?\ght fair] = ! tru/$1 ?an = ! tru/+1 p>ty1 to fix ! value4 ,=1 9 g5]al1 ^? :o h & ^? :o wi% to get ?+s d n set ! same value on !m3 :at is _! own1 & :at !y give 9 ea* case1 appe>s to !m wor? a great deal3 b yet ! return is made accord+ to ! e/imate ( ^? :o h receiv$ fir/1 x %\ld p]haps be add$ t ! receiv] %\ld e/imate :at he has receiv$1 n by ! value he sets ^u x n[ t he has x1 b by t :i* he set ^u x be=e he obta9$ x4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,que/ions also arise ^u su* po9ts z ! foll[+3 ,:e!r "o's fa!r has an unlimit$ claim on "o's s]vices & ob$i5ce1 or :e!r ! sick man is to obey 8 physician8 or1 9 an election ( a g5]al1 ! w>like qualities ( ! c&idates %\ld be alone reg>d$8 ,9 l mann] :e!r "o %\ld d a s]vice r to "o's fri5d or to a good man8 :e!r "o %\ld r requite a b5efactor or give to "o's companion1 suppos+ t bo? are n )9 "o's p[]8 ,is n ! true answ] t x is no easy task to det]m9e all su* que/ions accurately1 inasmu* z !y involve num]\s diff]5ces ( all k9ds1 9 respect ( am\nt & :at is hon\rable & :at is necess>y8 ,x is obvi\s1 ( c\rse1 t no "o p]son c unite 9 himself all claims4 ,aga91 ! requital ( b5efits is1 9 g5]al1 a high] duty ?an do+ unsolicit$ k9dnesses to "o's companion2 9 o!r words1 ! dis*>g+ ( a debt is m obligatory ^u "o ?an ! duty ( giv+ to a companion4 ,& yet ?is rule may admit ( exceptions2 = in/ance1 :i* is ! high] duty8 = "o :o has be5 ransom$ out ( ! h&s ( robb]s to ransom 9 return 8 ransom]1 be he :o he may1 or to repay him on 8 dem& ?\gh he has n be5 tak5 by robb]s1 or to ransom 8 own fa!r8 = x w\ld seem t a man ought to ransom 8 fa!r ev5 9 pref]5ce to himself4 ,well !n1 z has be5 said already1 z a g5]al rule ! debt %\ld be dis*>g$1 b if 9 a p>ticul> case ! giv+ greatly prepond]ates z be+ ei!r hon\rable or necess>y1 we mu/ be sway$ by ^! consid]ations3 ,i mean1 9 "s cases ! requital ( ! obligation previ\sly exi/+ may n be equal2 suppose1 = in/ance1 t ! orig9al b5efactor has conf]r$ a k9dness on a good man1 kn[+ him to be su*1 :]eas ?is said good man has to repay x believ+ him to be a sc\ndrel4 ,& aga91 9 c]ta9 cases no obligation lies on a man to l5d to "o :o has l5t to him2 suppose1 = in/ance1 t a bad man l5t to him1 z be+ a good man1 "u ! notion t he %\ld get repaid1 :]eas ! said good man has no hope ( repaym5t f him be+ a bad man4 ,ei!r !n ! case is really z we h suppos$ x & !n ! claim is n equal1 or x is n s b suppos$ to be2 & /ill 9 s act+ p are n to be ?\ght to act wrongly4 ,9 %ort1 z has be5 (t5times /at$ be=e1 all /atem5ts reg>d+ feel+s & actions c be def9ite only 9 proportion z _! object-matt] is s2 x is ( c\rse q obvi\s t all p h n ! same claim ^u "o1 nor are ! claims ( "o's fa!r unlimit$2 j z ,jupit] does n claim all k9ds ( sacrifice )\t di/9ction3 & s9ce ! claims ( p>5ts1 bro!rs1 companions1 & b5efactors1 are all diff]5t1 we mu/ give to ea* :at belongs to & befits ea*4 ,& ?is is se5 to be ! c\rse commonly pursu$3 to m>riages m5 commonly invite _! relatives1 because ^! are f a common /ock & !re=e all ! actions 9 any way p]ta9+ !reto are common also3 & to fun]als m5 ?9k t relatives ought to assemble 9 pref]5ce to o!r p1 = ! same reason4 ,& x w\ld seem t 9 respect ( ma9t5ance x is our duty to assi/ our p>5ts 9 pref]5ce to all o!rs1 z be+ _! debtors1 & because x is m hon\rable to succ\r 9 ^! respects ! au?ors ( our exi/5ce ?an ourselves4 ,hon\r likewise we ought to pay to our p>5ts j z to ! gods1 b !n1 n all k9ds ( hon\r3 n ! same1 = in/ance1 to a fa!r z to a "m3 nor aga9 to a fa!r ! hon\r due to a sci5tific man or to a g5]al b t :i* is a fa!r's due1 & 9 l mann] to a "m t :i* is a "m's4 ,to all our eld]s also ! hon\r befitt+ _! age1 by ris+ up 9 _! pres5ce1 turn+ out ( ! way = !m1 & all simil> m>ks ( respect3 to our companions aga91 or bro!rs1 frankness & free p>ticipation 9 all we h4 ,& to ^? ( ! same family1 or tribe1 or city1 ) ourselves1 & all simil>ly connect$ ) u1 we %\ld con/antly try to r5d] _! due1 & to discrim9ate :at belongs to ea* 9 respect ( ne>ness ( connection1 or goodness1 or intimacy3 ( c\rse 9 ! case ( ^? ( ! same class ! discrim9ation is easi]2 9 t ( ^? :o are 9 diff]5t classes x is a matt] ( m tr\ble4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be a reason = giv+ up ! attempt1 b we mu/ obs]ve ! di/9ctions s f> z x is practicable to d s4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,a "q is also rais$ z to ! propriety ( dissolv+ or n dissolv+ ^? ,fri5d%ips ! p>ties to :i* d n rema9 :at !y 7 :5 ! connection 0 =m$4 ,n[ surely 9 respect ( ^? ^: motive to ,fri5d%ip is utility or pleasure !re c be no?+ wrong 9 break+ up ! connection :5 !y no long] h ^? qualities2 because !y 7 fri5ds n ( "o ano!r1 b ( ^? qualities3 &1 ^! hav+ fail$1 x is only reasonable to expect t !y %\ld cease to ent]ta9 ! s5tim5t4 ,b a man has reason to f9d fault if ! o!r p>ty1 be+ really atta*$ to him because ( advantage or pleasure1 pret5d$ to be s because ( 8 moral "*3 9 fact1 z we said at ! comm5cem5t1 ! mo/ common s\rce ( qu>rels betwe5 fri5ds is _! n be+ fri5ds on ! same gr\nds z !y suppose !mselves to be4 ,n[ :5 a man has be5 deceiv$ 9 hav+ suppos$ himself to excite ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip by reason ( 8 moral "*1 ! o!r p>ty do+ no?+ to indicate he has b himself to blame3 b :5 he has be5 deceiv$ by ! pret5ce ( ! o!r he has a "r to f9d fault ) ! man :o has s deceiv$ him1 aye ev5 m ?an ) utt]]s ( false co91 9 proportion to ! great] preci\sness ( t :i* is ! object-matt] ( ! villany4 ,b suppose a man takes up ano!r z be+ a good man1 :o turns out1 & is f\nd by him1 to be a sc\ndrel1 is he b\nd /ill to ent]ta9 ,fri5d%ip = him8 or may we n say at once x is impossible8 s9ce x is n ev]y?+ :i* is ! object-matt] ( ,fri5d%ip1 b only t :i* is good2 & s !re is no obligation to be a bad man's fri5d1 nor1 9 fact1 ought "o to be su*3 = "o ought n to be a lov] ( evil1 nor to be assimilat$ to :at is base2 :i* w\ld be impli$1 because we h said be=e1 l is fri5dly to l4 ,are we !n to break ) him in/antly8 n 9 all cases2 only :]e our fri5ds are incurably deprav$2 :5 !re is a *ance ( am5dm5t we are b\nd to aid 9 repair+ ! moral "* ( our fri5ds ev5 m ?an _! sub/ance1 9 proportion z x is bett] & m closely relat$ to ,fri5d%ip4 ,/ill he :o %\ld break (f ! connection is n to be judg$ to act wrongly1 = he nev] 0 a fri5d to su* a "* z ! o!r n[ is1 & !re=e1 s9ce ! man is *ang$ & he _c r$uce him to 8 orig9al /ate1 he backs out ( ! connection4 ,to put ano!r case3 suppose t "o p>ty rema9s :at he 0 :5 ! ,fri5d%ip 0 =m$1 :ile ! o!r becomes morally improv$ & widely diff]5t f 8 fri5d 9 goodness2 is ! improv$ "* to treat ! o!r z a fri5d8 ,may we n say x is impossible8 ,! case ( c\rse is cle>e/ :]e !re is a great diff]5ce1 z 9 ! ,fri5d%ips ( boys3 = suppose t ( two boyi% fri5ds ! "o /ill cont9ues a boy 9 m9d & ! o!r becomes a man ( ! highe/ "*1 h[ c !y be fri5ds8 s9ce !y nei!r are pleas$ ) ! same objects nor l & dislike ! same ?+s3 = ^! po9ts w n belong to !m z reg>ds "o ano!r1 & )\t !m x 0 assum$ !y _c be fri5ds because !y _c live 9 intimacy3 & ( ! case ( ^? :o _c d s we h spok5 be=e4 ,well !n1 is ! improv$ p>ty to be> himself t[>ds 8 =m] fri5d 9 no way diff]5tly to :at he w\ld h done _h ! connection nev] exi/$8 ,surely he ought to be> 9 m9d ! intimacy ( pa/ times1 & j z we ?9k ourselves b\nd to d fav\rs = our fri5ds 9 pref]5ce to /rang]s1 s to ^? :o h be5 fri5ds & are s no long] we %\ld all[ some:at on ! score ( previ\s ,fri5d%ip1 :5ev] ! cause ( sev]ance is n excessive depravity on _! "p4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,n[ ! fri5dly feel+s :i* are exhibit$ t[>ds our fri5ds1 & by :i* ,fri5d%ips are *>act]is$1 seem to h sprung out ( ^? :i* we ent]ta9 t[>d ourselves4 ,i mean1 p def9e a fri5d to be 8"o :o int5ds & does :at is good 7or :at he believes to be good7 to ano!r = t o!r's sake10 or 8"o :o wi%es 8 fri5d to be & to live = t fri5d's own sake0 7:i* is ! feel+ ( mo!rs t[>ds _! *ildr51 & ( fri5ds :o h come into collision74 ,o!rs aga91 8"o :o lives ) ano!r & *ooses ! same objects10 or 8"o :o sympa?ises ) 8 fri5d 9 8 sorr[s & 9 8 joys0 7?is too is especially ! case ) mo!rs74 ,well1 by "s "o ( ^! m>ks p g5]ally *>act]ise ,fri5d%ip3 & ea* ( ^! ! good man has t[>ds himself1 & all o!rs h !m 9 s f> z !y suppose !mselves to be good4 7,=1 z has be5 said be=e1 goodness1 t is ! good man1 seems to be a measure to e "o else47 ,= he is at unity 9 himself1 & ) e "p ( 8 s\l he desires ! same objects2 & he wi%es = himself bo? :at is1 & :at he believes to be1 good2 & he does x 7x be+ *>act]i/ic ( ! good man to "w at :at is good71 & = ! sake ( himself1 inasmu* z he does x = ! sake ( 8 ,intellectual ,pr9ciple :i* is g5]ally ?\ght to be a man's ,self4 ,aga91 he wi%es himself ,& specially ?is ,pr9ciple :]eby he is an intellig5t be+1 to live & be pres]v$ 9 life1 because exi/5ce is a good to him t is a good man4 ,b x is to himself t ea* individual wi%es :at is good1 & no man1 conceiv+ ! possibility ( 8 becom+ o!r ?an he n[ is1 *ooses t t ,new ,self %\ld h all ?+s indiscrim9ately3 a god1 = in/ance1 has at ! pres5t mom5t ! ,*ief ,good1 b he has x 9 "r ( be+ :atev] he actually n[ is3 & ! ,intellig5t ,pr9ciple mu/ be judg$ to be ea* man's ,self1 or at lea/ em95tly s ?\gh o!r ,pr9ciples help1 ( c\rse1 to con/itute him ! man he is4 ,fur!rmore1 ! good man wi%es to cont9ue to live ) himself2 = he c d x ) pleasure1 9 t 8 memories ( pa/ actions are full ( delight & 8 anticipations ( ! future are good & su* are pleasurable4 ,!n1 aga91 he has good /ore ( matt] = 8 ,intellect to contemplate1 & he mo/ especially sympa?ises ) 8 ,self 9 its griefs & joys1 because ! objects :i* give him pa9 & pleasure are at all times ! same1 n "o ?+ to-day & a diff]5t "o to-morr[3 because he is n giv5 to rep5tance1#a if "o may s speak4 ,x is !n because ea* ( ^! feel+s are ent]ta9$ by ! good man t[>ds 8 own ,self & a fri5d feels t[>ds a fri5d z t[>ds himself 7a fri5d be+ 9 fact ano!r ,self71 t ,fri5d%ip is ?\ght to be "s "o ( ^! ?+s & !y are acc\nt$ fri5ds 9 :om !y are f\nd4 ,:e!r or no !re c really be ,fri5d%ip betwe5 a man & 8 ,self is a "q we w n at pres5t ent]ta93 !re may be ?\ght to be ,fri5d%ip1 9 s f> z !re are two or m ( ! a=esaid requisites1 & because ! highe/ degree ( ,fri5d%ip1 9 ! usual acceptation ( t t]m1 resembles ! feel+ ent]ta9$ by a man t[>ds himself4 ,b x may be urg$ t ! a=esaid requisites are to all appe>ance f\nd 9 ! common run ( m51 ?\gh !y are m5 ( a l[ /amp4 ,may x n be answ]$1 t !y %>e 9 !m only 9 s f> z !y please !mselves1 & conceive !mselves to be good8 = c]ta9ly1 !y are n ei!r really1 or ev5 app>5tly1 f\nd 9 any "o ( ^? :o are v deprav$ & villa9\s2 we may almo/ say n ev5 9 ^? :o are bad m5 at all3 = !y are at v>iance ) !mselves & lu/ aft] diff]5t ?+s f ^? :i* 9 cool reason !y wi% =1 j z m5 :o fail ( ,self-,control3 ,i mean1 !y *oose ?+s :i*1 ?\gh hurtful1 are pleasurable1 9 pref]5ce to ^? :i* 9 _! own m9ds !y believe to be good3 o!rs aga91 f c[>dice & indol5ce1 decl9e to d :at /ill !y are conv9c$ is be/ = !m3 :ile !y :o f _! depravity h actually done _m dreadful actions hate & avoid life1 & accord+ly kill !mselves3 & ! wick$ seek o!rs 9 ^: company to sp5d _! "t1 b fly f !mselves because !y h _m unpleasant subjects ( memory1 & c only look =w>d to o!rs l !m :5 9 solitude b dr[n _! remorse 9 ! company ( o!rs3 & z !y h no?+ to raise ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip s !y nev] feel x t[>ds !mselves4 ,nei!r1 9 fact1 c !y :o are ( ?is "* sympa?ise ) _! ,selves 9 _! joys & sorr[s1 because _! s\l is1 z x 71 r5t by faction1 & ! "o pr9ciple1 by reason ( ! depravity 9 !m1 is griev$ at ab/a9+ f c]ta9 ?+s1 :ile ! o!r & bett] pr9ciple is pleas$ !reat2 & ! "o drags !m ?is way & ! o!r t way1 z ?\gh actually te>+ !m asund]4#b ,& ?\gh x is impossible actually to h at ! same "t ! s5sations ( pa9 & pleasure2 yet aft] a little "t ! man is sorry = hav+ be5 pleas$1 & he c\ld wi% t ^? objects _h n giv5 him pleasure2 = ! wick$ are full ( remorse4 ,x is pla9 !n t ! wick$ man _c be 9 ! position ( a fri5d ev5 t[>ds himself1 because he has 9 himself no?+ :i* c excite ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,if !n to be ?us is exce$+ly wret*$ x is a man's duty to flee f wick$ness ) all 8 might & to /rive to be good1 because ?us may he be fri5ds ) himself & may come to be a fri5d to ano!r4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,k9dly ,feel+1 ?\gh resembl+ ,fri5d%ip1 is n id5tical ) x1 because x may exi/ 9 ref]5ce to ^? :om we d n "k & )\t ! object ( x be+ aw>e ( its exi/5ce1 :i* ,fri5d%ip _c4 7,?is1 by ! way1 has also be5 said be=e47 ,& fur!r1 x is n ev5 ,affection because x does n imply int5sity nor ye>n+1 :i* are bo? consequ5ces ( ,affection4 ,aga9 ,affection requires intimacy b ,k9dly ,feel+ may arise q sudd5ly1 z happ5s sometimes 9 respect ( m5 aga9/ :om p are mat*$ 9 any way1 ,i mean !y come to be k9dly dispos$ to !m & sympa?ise 9 _! wi%es1 b /ill !y w\ld n jo9 !m 9 any action1 because1 z we said1 !y conceive ?is feel+ ( k9dness sudd5ly & s h b a sup]ficial lik+4 ,:at x does seem to be is ! />t+ po9t ( a ,fri5d%ip2 j z pleasure1 receiv$ ?r\gh ! sight1 is ! comm5cem5t ( ,love3 = no "o falls 9 love )\t be+ fir/ pleas$ ) ! p]sonal appe>ance ( ! belov$ object1 & yet he :o takes pleasure 9 x does n !re=e necess>ily love1 b :5 he we>ies = ! object 9 its abs5ce & desires its pres5ce4 ,exactly 9 ! same way m5 _c be fri5ds )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! /age ( ,k9dly ,feel+1 & yet !y :o are 9 t /age d n necess>ily advance to ,fri5d%ip3 !y m]ely h an in]t wi% = ! good ( ^? t[>d :om !y ent]ta9 ! feel+1 b w\ld n jo9 !m 9 any action1 nor put !mselves out ( ! way = !m4 ,s t1 9 a metaphorical way ( speak+1 "o might say t x is dormant ,fri5d%ip1 & :5 x has endur$ = a space & rip5$ into intimacy comes to be real ,fri5d%ip2 b n t ^: object is advantage or pleasure1 because su* motives _c produce ev5 ,k9dly ,feel+4 ,i mean1 he :o has receiv$ a k9dness requites x by ,k9dly ,feel+ t[>ds 8 b5efactor1 & is "r 9 s do+3 b he :o wi%es ano!r to be prosp]\s1 because he has hope ( advantage ?r\gh 8 in/rum5tality1 does n seem to be k9dly dispos$ to t p]son b r to himself2 j z nei!r is he 8 fri5d if he pays c\rt to him = any int]e/$ purpose4 ,k9dly ,feel+ always arises by reason ( goodness & a c]ta9 amiability1 :5 "o man gives ano!r ! notion ( be+ a f9e fell[1 or brave man1 etc41 z we said 0 ! case sometimes ) ^? mat*$ aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,unity ( ,s5tim5t is also pla9ly connect$ ) ,fri5d%ip1 & !re=e is n ! same z ,unity ( ,op9ion1 because ?is might exi/ ev5 betwe5 p unacqua9t$ ) "o ano!r4 ,nor d m5 usually say p are unit$ 9 s5tim5t m]ely because !y agree 9 op9ion on any po9t1 z1 = in/ance1 on po9ts ( a/ronomical sci5ce 7,unity ( ,s5tim5t h]e9 n hav+ any connection ) ,fri5d%ip71 b !y say t ,communities h ,unity ( ,s5tim5t :5 !y agree respect+ po9ts ( exp$i5cy & take ! same l9e & c>ry out :at has be5 det]m9$ 9 common consultation4 ,?us we see t ,unity ( ,s5tim5t has = its object matt]s ( action1 & su* ( ^! z are ( importance1 & ( mutual1 or1 9 ! case ( s+le ,/ates1 common1 int]e/3 :51 = in/ance1 all agree 9 ! *oice ( magi/rates1 or =m+ alliance ) ! ,lac$monians1 or appo9t+ ,pittacus rul] 7t is to say1 suppos+ he himself 0 will+74 ,b :5 ea* wi%es himself to be 9 p[] 7z ! bro!rs 9 ! ,phniss71 !y qu>rel & =m p>ties3 =1 pla9ly1 ,unity ( ,s5tim5t does n m]ely imply t ea* ent]ta9s ! same idea be x :at x may1 b t !y d s 9 respect ( ! same object1 z :5 bo? ! populace & ! s5sible m5 ( a ,/ate desire t ! be/ m5 %\ld be 9 (fice1 because !n all atta9 _! object4 ,?us ,unity ( ,s5tim5t is pla9ly a social ,fri5d%ip1 z x is also said to be3 s9ce x has = its object-matt] ?+s exp$i5t & relat+ to life4 ,& ?is ,unity exi/s among ! good3 = !y h x t[>ds !mselves & t[>ds "o ano!r1 be+1 if ,i may be all[$ ! expression1 9 ! same position3 ,i mean1 ! wi%es ( su* m5 are /eady & d n ebb & fl[ l ! ,euripus1 & !y wi% :at is j & exp$i5t & aim at ^! ?+s 9 common4 ,! bad1 on ! contr>y1 c z little h ,unity ( ,s5tim5t z !y c be real fri5ds1 except to a v slight ext5t1 desir+ z !y d unfair advantage 9 ?+s pr(itable :ile !y %irk lab\r & s]vice = ! common good3 & :ile ea* man wi%es = ^! ?+s = himself he is jeal\s ( & h9d]s 8 neighb\r3 & z !y d n wat* ov] ! common good x is lo/4 ,! result is t !y qu>rel :ile !y are = keep+ "o ano!r to "w b are n will+ to p]=m _! j %>e4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,b5efactors are commonly held to h m ,fri5d%ip = ! objects ( _! k9dness ?an ^! = !m3 & ! fact is made a subject ( discussion & enquiry1 z be+ contr>y to reasonable expectation4 ,! acc\nt ( ! matt] :i* satisfies mo/ p]sons is t ! "o are debtors & ! o!rs cr$itors3 & !re=e t1 z 9 ! case ( actual loans ! debtors wi% _! cr$itors out ( ! way :ile ! cr$itors are anxi\s = ! pres]vation ( _! debtors1 s ^? :o h done k9dnesses desire ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ! p !y h done !m to1 "u ! notion ( gett+ a return ( _! good (fices1 :ile ^! are n p>ticul>ly anxi\s ab\t requital4 ,epi*>mus1 ,i suspect1 w\ld v probably say t !y :o give ?is solution judge f _! own bas5ess2 yet x c]ta9ly is l human nature1 = ! g5]ality ( m5 h %ort memories on ^! po9ts1 & aim r at receiv+ ?an conf]r+ b5efits4 ,b ! real cause1 x w\ld seem1 re/s ^u nature1 & ! case is n p>allel to t ( cr$itors2 because 9 ?is !re is no affection to ! p]sons1 b m]ely a wi% = _! pres]vation ) a view to ! return3 :]eas1 9 po9t ( fact1 !y :o h done k9dnesses feel fri5d%ip & love = ^? to :om !y h done !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y nei!r are1 nor c by possibility h]eaft] be1 9 a position to s]ve _! b5efactors4 ,& ?is is ! case also ) artisans2 e "o1 ,i mean1 feels m affection = 8 own "w ?an t "w possibly c\ld = him if x 7 animate4 ,x is p]haps specially ! case ) poets3 = ^! ent]ta9 v great affection = _! poems1 lov+ !m z _! own *ildr54 ,x is to ?is k9d ( ?+ ,i %\ld be incl9$ to comp>e ! case ( b5efactors3 = ! object ( _! k9dness is _! own "w1 & s !y love ?is m ?an ?is loves its creator4 ,& ! acc\nt ( ?is is t exi/5ce is to all a ?+ *oice-wor?y & an object ( affection2 n[ we exi/ by acts ( work+1 t is1 by liv+ & act+2 he !n t has creat$ a giv5 "w exi/s1 x may be said1 by 8 act ( work+3 !re=e he loves 8 "w because he loves exi/5ce4 ,& ?is is natural1 = ! "w produc$ displays 9 act :at exi/$ be=e pot5tially4 ,!n aga91 ! b5efactor has a s5se ( hon\r 9 "r ( 8 action1 s t he may well take pleasure 9 him 9 :om ?is resides2 b to him :o has receiv$ ! b5efit !re is no?+ hon\rable 9 respect ( 8 b5efactor1 only some?+ advantage\s :i* is bo? less pleasant & less ! object ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,aga91 pleasure is d]iv$ f ! actual work+ out ( a pres5t action1 f ! anticipation ( a future "o1 & f ! recollection ( a pa/ "o3 b ! highe/ pleasure & special object ( affection is t :i* att5ds on ! actual work+4 ,n[ ! b5efactor's "w abides 7= ! hon\rable is endur+71 b ! advantage ( him :o has receiv$ ! k9dness passes away4 ,aga91 !re is pleasure 9 recollect+ hon\rable actions1 b 9 recollect+ advantage\s ones !re is none at all or mu* less 7by ! way ?\gh1 ! contr>y is true ( ! expectation ( advantage74 ,fur!r1 ! ent]ta9+ ! feel+ ( ,fri5d%ip is l act+ on ano!r2 b be+ ! object ( ! feel+ is l be+ act$ ^u4 ,s !n1 ent]ta9+ ! s5tim5t ( ,fri5d%ip1 & all feel+s connect$ ) x1 att5d on ^? :o1 9 ! giv5 case ( a b5efaction1 are ! sup]ior p>ty4 ,once m3 all p value mo/ :at has co/ !m mu* lab\r 9 ! production2 = in/ance1 p :o h !mselves made _! money are fond] ( x ?an ^? :o h inh]it$ x3 & receiv+ k9dness is1 x seems1 unlabori\s1 b do+ x is labori\s4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y ! female p>5ts are mo/ fond ( _! (fspr+2 = _! "p 9 produc+ !m is att5d$ ) mo/ lab\r1 & !y "k m c]ta9ly t !y are !irs4 ,?is feel+ w\ld seem also to belong to b5efactors4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,a "q is also rais$ z to :e!r x is "r to love "o's ,self be/1 or "s "o else3 because m5 f9d fault ) ^? :o love !mselves be/1 & call !m 9 a disp>ag+ way lov]s ( ,self2 & ! bad man is ?\ght to d ev]y?+ he does = 8 own sake m]ely1 & ! m s ! m deprav$ he is2 accord+ly m5 reproa* him ) nev] do+ any?+ unselfi%3 :]eas ! good man acts f a s5se ( hon\r 7& ! m s ! bett] man he is71 & = 8 fri5d's sake1 & is c>eless ( 8 own int]e/4 ,b ) ^! !ories facts are at v>iance1 & n unnaturally3 = x is commonly said also t a man is to love mo/ him :o is mo/ 8 fri5d1 & he is mo/ a fri5d :o wi%es good to him to :om he wi%es x = t man's sake ev5 ?\gh no "o kn[s4 ,n[ ^! conditions1 & 9 fact all ! re/ by :i* a fri5d is *>act]is$1 belong specially to ea* individual 9 respect ( 8 ,self3 = we h said be=e t all ! fri5dly feel+s are d]iv$ to o!rs f ^? :i* h ,self prim>ily = _! object4 ,& all ! curr5t prov]bs support ?is view2 = in/ance1 8"o s\l10 8! goods ( fri5ds are common10 8equality is a tie ( ,fri5d%ip10 8! knee is ne>] ?an ! %940 ,= all ^! ?+s exi/ specially ) ref]5ce to a man's own ,self3 he is specially a fri5d to himself & s he is b\nd to love himself ! mo/4 ,x is ) good reason que/ion$ :i* ( ! two p>ties "o %\ld foll[1 bo? hav+ plausibility on _! side4 ,p]haps !n1 9 respect ( !ories ( ?is k9d1 ! prop] c\rse is to di/+ui% & def9e h[ f> ea* is true1 & 9 :at way4 ,if we c\ld asc]ta9 ! s5se 9 :i* ea* uses ! t]m 8,self-lov+10 ?is po9t might be cle>$ up4 ,well n[1 !y :o use x disp>ag+ly give ! "n to ^? :o1 9 respect ( weal?1 & hon\rs1 & pleasures ( ! body1 give to !mselves ! l>g] %>e3 because ! mass ( mank9d grasp aft] ^! & are e>ne/ ab\t !m z be+ ! be/ ?+s2 :i* is ! reason :y !y are matt]s ( cont5tion4 ,!y :o are covet\s 9 reg>d to ^! gratify _! lu/s & passions 9 g5]al1 t is to say ! irrational "p ( _! s\l3 n[ ! mass ( mank9d are s dispos$1 = :i* reason ! appellation has tak5 its rise f t mass :i* is l[ & bad4 ,( c\rse !y are ju/ly reproa*$ :o are ,self-lov+ 9 ?is s5se4 ,& t ! g5]ality ( m5 are accu/om$ to apply ! t]m to d5om9ate ^? :o d give su* ?+s to !mselves is q pla93 suppose1 = in/ance1 t a man 7 anxi\s to d1 m ?an o!r m51 acts ( ju/ice1 or self-ma/]y1 or any o!r virtu\s acts1 &1 9 g5]al1 7 to secure to himself t :i* is ab/ract$ly noble & hon\rable1 no "o w\ld call him ,self-lov+1 nor blame him4 ,yet might su* an "o be judg$ to be m truly ,self-lov+3 c]ta9ly he gives to himself ! ?+s :i* are mo/ noble & mo/ good1 & gratifies t ,pr9ciple ( 8 nature :i* is mo/ rightfully au?oritative1 & obeys x 9 ev]y?+3 & j z t :i* possesses ! highe/ au?ority is ?\ght to con/itute a ,community or any o!r sy/em1 s also 9 ! case ( ,man3 & s he is mo/ truly ,self-lov+ :o loves & gratifies ?is ,pr9ciple4 ,aga91 m5 are said to h1 or to fail ( hav+1 self-control1 accord+ z ! ,intellect controls or n1 x be+ pla9ly impli$ !reby t ?is ,pr9ciple con/itutes ea* individual2 & p are ?\ght to h done ( !mselves1 & volunt>ily1 ^? ?+s specially :i* are done ) ,reason4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t ?is ,pr9ciple does1 ei!r entirely or specially con/itute ! individual man1 & t ! good man specially loves ?is4 ,= ?is reason !n he mu/ be specially ,self-lov+1 9 a k9d o!r ?an t :i* is reproa*$1 & z f> sup]ior to x z liv+ 9 accordance ) ,reason is to liv+ at ! beck & call ( passion1 & aim+ at ! truly noble to aim+ at app>5t advantage4 ,n[ all approve & comm5d ^? :o are em95tly e>ne/ ab\t hon\rable actions1 & if all w\ld vie ) "o ano!r 9 respect ( ! 1 & be int5t ^u do+ :at is mo/ truly noble & hon\rable1 society at l>ge w\ld h all t is prop] :ile ea* individual 9 p>ticul> w\ld h ! greate/ ( goods1 ,virtue be+ assum$ to be su*4 ,& s ! good man ought to be ,self-lov+3 because by do+ :at is noble he w h advantage himself & w d good to o!rs3 b ! bad man ought n to be1 because he w h>m himself & 8 neighb\rs by foll[+ l[ & evil passions4 ,9 ! case ( ! bad man1 :at he ought to d & :at he does are at v>iance1 b ! good man does :at he ought to d1 because all ,intellect *ooses :at is be/ = itself & ! good man puts himself "u ! direction ( ,intellect4 ,( ! good man x is true likewise t he does _m ?+s = ! sake ( 8 fri5ds & 8 c\ntry1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( dy+ = !m1 if ne$ be3 = money & hon\rs1 &1 9 %ort1 all ! good ?+s :i* o!rs fight =1 he w ?r[ away :ile eag] to secure to himself ! 3 he w pref] a brief & great joy to a tame & endur+ "o1 & to live nobly = "o ye> r ?an ord9>ily = _m1 & "o great & noble action to _m trifl+ ones4 ,& ?is is p]haps t :i* befals m5 :o die = _! c\ntry & fri5ds2 !y *oose great glory = !mselves3 & !y w lavi% _! own money t _! fri5ds may receive m1 = h]eby ! fri5d gets ! money b ! man himself ! 2 s1 9 fact he gives to himself ! great] good4 ,x is ! same ) hon\rs & (fices2 all ^! ?+s he w give up to 8 fri5d1 because ?is reflects hon\r & praise on himself3 & s ) good reason is he e/eem$ a f9e "* s9ce he *ooses ! hon\rable be=e all ?+s else4 ,x is possible also to give up ! opportunities ( action to a fri5d2 & to h caus$ a fri5d's do+ a ?+ may be m noble ?an hav+ done x "o's self4 ,9 %ort1 9 all praisewor?y ?+s ! good man does pla9ly give to himself a l>g] %>e ( ! hon\rable4 ,9 ?is s5se x is "r to be ,self-lov+1 9 ! vulg> acceptation ( ! t]m x is n4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,a "q is rais$ also respect+ ! ,happy man1 :e!r he w want ,fri5ds1 or no8 ,"s say t !y :o are bless$ & indep5d5t h no ne$ ( ,fri5ds1 = !y already h all t is good1 & s1 z be+ indep5d5t1 want no?+ fur!r3 :]eas ! notion ( a fri5d's (fice is to be z x 7 a second ,self & procure = a man :at he _c get by himself3 h5ce ! say+1 8,:5 ,=tune gives u good1 :at ne$ we ,fri5ds80 ,on ! o!r h&1 x looks absurd1 :ile we are assign+ to ! ,happy man all o!r good ?+s1 n to give him ,fri5ds1 :i* are1 aft] all1 ?\ght to be ! greate/ ( ext]nal goods4 ,aga91 if x is m *>act]i/ic ( a fri5d to conf] ?an to receive k9dnesses1 & if to be b5efic5t belongs to ! good man & to ! "* ( virtue1 & if x is m noble to conf] k9dnesses on fri5ds ?an /rang]s1 ! good man w ne$ objects = 8 b5efactions4 ,& out ( ?is la/ consid]ation spr+s a "q :e!r ! ne$ ( ,fri5ds be great] 9 prosp]ity or adv]sity1 s9ce ! un=tunate man wants p to d him k9dnesses & !y :o are =tunate want objects = _! k9d acts4 ,aga91 x is p]haps absurd to make our ,happy man a solit>y1 because no man w\ld *oose ! possession ( all goods 9 ! _w on ! condition ( solit>9ess1 man be+ a social animal & =m$ by nature = liv+ ) o!rs3 ( c\rse ! ,happy man has ?is qualification s9ce he has all ^? ?+s :i* are good by nature3 & x is obvi\s t ! society ( fri5ds & good m5 mu/ be pref]able to t ( /rang]s & ord9>y p1 & we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! ,happy man does ne$ ,fri5ds4 ,b !n1 :at d !y mean :om we quot$ fir/1 & h[ are !y "r8 ,is x n t ! mass ( mank9d mean by ,fri5ds ^? :o are useful8 & ( c\rse ! ,happy man w n ne$ su* because he has all good ?+s already2 nei!r w he ne$ su* z are ,fri5ds ) a view to ! pleasurable1 or at lea/ only to a slight ext5t2 because 8 life1 be+ already pleasurable1 does n want pleasure import$ f )\t2 & s1 s9ce ! ,happy man does n ne$ ,fri5ds ( ^! k9ds1 he is ?\ght n to ne$ any at all4 ,b x may be1 ?is is n true3 = x 0 /at$ orig9ally1 t ,happ9ess is a k9d ( ,work+2 n[ ,work+ pla9ly is some?+ t mu/ come into be+1 n be already !re l a m]e piece ( prop]ty4 ,if !n ! be+ happy consi/s 9 liv+ & work+1 & ! good man's work+ is 9 itself excell5t & pleasurable 7z we said at ! comm5cem5t ( ! treatise71 & if :at is our own reckons among ?+s pleasurable1 & if we c view our neighb\rs bett] ?an ourselves & _! actions bett] ?an we c our own1 !n ! actions ( _! ,fri5ds :o are good m5 are pleasurable to ! good2 inasmu* z !y h bo? ! requisites :i* are naturally pleasant4 ,s ! man 9 ! highe/ /ate ( happ9ess w ne$ ,fri5ds ( ?is k9d1 s9ce he desires to contemplate good actions1 & actions ( 8 own1 :i* ^? ( 8 fri5d1 be+ a good man1 are4 ,aga91 common op9ion requires t ! ,happy man live ) pleasure to himself3 n[ life is bur!nsome to a man 9 solitude1 = x is n easy to "w cont9u\sly by "o's self1 b 9 company )1 & 9 reg>d to o!rs1 x is easi]1 & !re=e ! work+1 be+ pleasurable 9 itself w be m cont9u\s 7a ?+ :i* %\ld be 9 respect ( ! ,happy man72 = ! good man1 9 t he is good takes pleasure 9 ! actions :i* accord ) ,virtue & is annoy$ at ^? :i* spr+ f ,vice1 j z a musical man is pleas$ ) beautiful music & annoy$ by bad4 ,& besides1 z ,!ognis says1 ,virtue itself may be improv$ by practice1 f liv+ ) ! good4 ,&1 ^u ! foll[+ consid]ations m purely metaphysical1 x w probably appe> t ! good fri5d is naturally *oice-wor?y to ! good man4 ,we h said be=e1 t :atev] is naturally good is also 9 itself good & pleasant to ! good man2 n[ ! fact ( liv+1 s f> z animals are conc]n$1 is *>act]is$ g5]ally by ! p[] ( s5ti5ce1 9 man x is *>act]is$ by t ( s5ti5ce1 or ( rationality 7! faculty ( c\rse be+ ref]r$ to ! actual op]ation ( ! faculty1 c]ta9ly ! ma9 po9t is ! actual op]ation ( x72 s t liv+ seems ma9ly to consi/ 9 ! act ( s5ti5ce or ex]t+ rationality3 n[ ! fact ( liv+ is 9 itself "o ( ! ?+s t are good & pleasant 7= x is a def9ite totality1 & :atev] is su* belongs to ! nature ( good71 b :at is naturally good is good to ! good man3 = :i* reason x seems to be pleasant to all4 7,( c\rse "o mu/ n suppose a life :i* is deprav$ & corrupt$1 nor "o sp5t 9 pa91 = t :i* is su* is indef9ite z are its inh]5t qualities3 h[ev]1 :at is to be said ( pa9 w be cle>] 9 :at is to foll[47 ,if !n ! fact ( liv+ is 9 itself good & pleasant 7& ?is appe>s f ! fact t all desire x1 & specially ^? :o are good & 9 high happ9ess2 _! c\rse ( life be+ mo/ *oice-wor?y & _! exi/5ce mo/ *oice-wor?y likewise71 !n also he t sees p]ceives t he sees2 & he t he>s p]ceives t he he>s2 & he t walks p]ceives t he walks2 & 9 all ! o!r in/ances 9 l mann] !re is a faculty :i* reflects ^u & p]ceives ! fact t we are work+1 s t we c p]ceive t we p]ceive & intellectually "k t we intellectually "k3 b to p]ceive t we p]ceive or t we intellectually "k is to p]ceive t we exi/1 s9ce exi/5ce 0 def9$ to be p]ceiv+ or intellectually kn[+4 ,n[ to p]ceive t "o lives is a ?+ pleasant 9 itself1 life be+ a ?+ naturally good1 & ! p]ceiv+ ( ! pres5ce 9 ourselves ( ?+s naturally good be+ pleasant4 ,!re=e ! fact ( liv+ is *oice-wor?y1 & to ! good specially s s9ce exi/5ce is good & pleasant to !m3 = !y receive pleasure f ! int]nal consci\sness ( t :i* 9 itself is good4 ,b ! good man is to 8 fri5d z to himself1 fri5d be+ b a "n = a second ,self2 !re=e z 8 own exi/5ce is *oice-wor?y to ea* s too1 or simil>ly at lea/1 is 8 fri5d's exi/5ce4 ,b ! gr\nd ( "o's own exi/5ce be+ *oice-wor?y is ! p]ceiv+ ( "o's self be+ good1 any su* p]ception be+ 9 itself pleasant4 ,!re=e "o ought to be ?or\ghly consci\s ( "o's fri5d's exi/5ce1 :i* w result f liv+ ) him1 t is %>+ 9 8 words & ?\ghts3 = ?is is ! mean+ ( ! t]m z appli$ to ! human species1 n m]e fe$+ toge!r z 9 ! case ( brutes4 ,if !n to ! man 9 a high /ate ( happ9ess exi/5ce is 9 itself *oice-wor?y1 be+ naturally good & pleasant1 & s too a fri5d's exi/5ce1 !n ! fri5d also mu/ be among ?+s *oice-wor?y4 ,b :atev] is *oice-wor?y to a man he %\ld h or else he w be 9 ?is po9t defici5t4 ,! man !re=e :o is to come up to our notion 8,happy0 w ne$ good ,fri5ds4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,are we !n to make our fri5ds z num]\s z possible8 or1 z 9 respect ( acqua9tance x is ?\ght to h be5 well said 8h n ?\ _m acqua9tances yet be n )\t20 s too 9 respect ( ,fri5d%ip may we adopt ! precept1 & say t a man %\ld n be )\t fri5ds1 nor aga9 h exce$+ _m fri5ds8 ,n[ z = fri5ds :o are int5d$ = use1 ! maxim ,i h quot$ w1 x seems1 fit 9 exce$+ly well1 because to requite ! s]vices ( _m is a matt] ( lab\r1 & a :ole life w\ld n be long en\gh to d ?is = !m4 ,s t1 if m num]\s ?an :at w suffice = "o's own life1 !y become (fici\s1 & are h9drances 9 respect ( liv+ well3 & s we d n want !m4 ,& aga9 ( ^? :o are to be = pleasure a few are q en\gh1 j l sweet5+ 9 our food4 ,b ( ! good are we to make z _m z ev] we c1 or is !re any measure ( ! numb] ( fri5ds1 z !re is ( ! numb] to con/itute a ,political ,community8 ,i mean1 y _c make "o out ( t5 m51 & if y increase ! numb] to "o hundr$ ?\s& x is n any long] a ,community4 ,h[ev]1 ! numb] is n p]haps "s "o def9ite numb] b any betwe5 c]ta9 extreme limits4 ,well1 ( fri5ds likewise !re is a limit$ numb]1 :i* p]haps may be laid d[n to be ! greate/ numb] ) :om x w\ld be possible to keep up intimacy2 ?is be+ ?\ght to be "o ( ! greate/ m>ks ( ,fri5d%ip1 & x be+ q obvi\s t x is n possible to be intimate ) _m1 9 o!r words1 to "p "o's self among _m4 ,& besides x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y also are to be fri5ds to "o ano!r if !y are all to live toge!r3 b x is a matt] ( difficulty to f9d ?is 9 _m m5 at once4 ,x comes likewise to be difficult to br+ home to "o's self ! joys & sorr[s ( _m3 because 9 all probability "o w\ld h to sympa?ise at ! same "t ) ! joys ( ?is "o & ! sorr[s ( t o!r4 ,p]haps !n x is well n to endeav\r to h v _m fri5ds b s _m z are en\gh = intimacy3 because1 9 fact1 x w\ld seem n to be possible to be v mu* a fri5d to _m at ! same "t3 &1 = ! same reason1 n to be 9 love ) _m objects at ! same "t3 love be+ a k9d ( excessive ,fri5d%ip :i* implies b "o object3 & all /rong emotions mu/ be limit$ 9 ! numb] t[>ds :om !y are felt4 ,& if we look to facts ?is seems to be s3 = n _m at a "t become fri5ds 9 ! way ( companion%ip1 all ! fam\s ,fri5d%ips ( ! k9d are betwe5 two p]sons3 :]eas !y :o h _m fri5ds1 & meet ev]ybody on ! foot+ ( intimacy1 seem to be fri5ds really to no "o except 9 ! way ( g5]al society2 ,i mean ! *>act]s d5om9at$ z ov]-complaisant4 ,to be sure1 9 ! way m]ely ( society1 a man may be a fri5d to _m )\t be+ necess>ily ov]-complaisant1 b be+ truly good3 b "o _c be a fri5d to _m because ( _! virtue1 & = ! p]sons' own sake2 9 fact1 x is a matt] = cont5tm5t to f9d ev5 a few su*4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,aga93 are fri5ds mo/ ne$$ 9 prosp]ity or 9 adv]sity8 !y are requir$1 we "k1 9 bo? /ates1 because ! un=tunate ne$ help & ! prosp]\s want p to live ) & to d k9dnesses to3 = !y h a desire to act k9dly to "s "o4 ,to h fri5ds is m necess>y 9 adv]sity1 & !re=e 9 ?is case useful ones are want$2 & to h !m 9 prosp]ity is m hon\rable1 & ?is is :y ! prosp]\s want good m5 = fri5ds1 x be+ pref]able to conf] b5efits on1 & to live )1 ^!4 ,= ! v pres5ce ( fri5ds is pleasant ev5 9 adv]sity3 s9ce m5 :5 griev$ are com=t$ by ! sympa?y ( _! fri5ds4 ,& f ?is1 by ! way1 ! "q might be rais$1 :e!r x is t !y d 9 a mann] take "p ( ! weight ( calamities1 or only t _! pres5ce1 be+ pleasurable1 & ! consci\sness ( _! sympa?y1 make ! pa9 ( ! suff]] less4 ,h[ev]1 we w n fur!r discuss :e!r ^! :i* h be5 sugge/$ or "s o!r causes produce ! relief1 at lea/ ! effect we speak ( is a matt] ( pla9 fact4 ,b _! pres5ce has probably a mix$ effect3 ,i mean1 n only is ! v see+ fri5ds pleasant1 especially to "o 9 mis=tune1 & actual help t[>ds less5+ ! grief is af=d$ 7! natural t5d5cy ( a fri5d1 if he is gift$ ) tact1 be+ to com=t by look & ^w1 because he is well acqua9t$ ) ! suff]]'s temp] & disposition & !re=e kn[s :at ?+s give him pleasure & pa971 b also ! p]ceiv+ a fri5d to be griev$ at 8 mis=tunes causes ! suff]] pa91 because e "o avoids be+ cause ( pa9 to 8 fri5ds4 ,& = ?is reason !y :o are ( a manly nature are cauti\s n to implicate _! fri5ds 9 _! pa92 & unless a man is exce$+ly call\s to ! pa9 ( o!rs he _c be> ! pa9 :i* is ?us caus$ to 8 fri5ds3 9 %ort1 he does n admit m5 to wail ) him1 n be+ giv5 to wail at all3 wom51 x is true1 & m5 :o resemble wom51 l to h o!rs to groan ) !m1 & love su* z fri5ds & sympa?is]s4 ,b x is pla9 t x is our duty 9 all ?+s to imitate ! highe/ "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! advantages ( fri5ds 9 our prosp]ity are ! pleasurable int]c\rse & ! consci\sness t !y are pleas$ at our good =tune4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t we ought to call 9 fri5ds readily on occasion ( good =tune1 because x is noble to be ready to d good to o!rs3 b on occasion ( bad =tune1 we %\ld d s ) reluctance2 = we %\ld z little z possible make o!rs %>e 9 our ills2 on :i* pr9ciple goes ! say+1 8,i am un=tunate1 let t suffice40 ,! mo/ prop] occasion = call+ !m 9 is :5 ) small tr\ble or annoyance to !mselves !y c be ( v great use to ! p]son :o ne$s !m4 ,b1 on ! contr>y1 x is fitt+ p]haps to g to "o's fri5ds 9 _! mis=tunes unask$ & ) alacrity 7because k9dness is ! fri5d's (fice & specially t[>ds ^? :o are 9 ne$ & :o d n dem& x z a "r1 ?is be+ m cr$itable & m pleasant to bo?72 & on occasion ( _! good =tune to g readily1 if we c =w>d x 9 any way 7because m5 ne$ _! fri5ds = ?is likewise71 b to be backw>d 9 %>+ x1 any great eag]ness to receive advantage n be+ cr$itable4 ,"o %\ld p]haps be cauti\s n to pres5t ! appe>ance ( sull5ness 9 decl9+ ! sympa?y or help ( fri5ds1 = ?is happ5s occasionally4 ,x appe>s !n t ! pres5ce ( fri5ds is1 "u all circum/ances1 *oice-wor?y4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,may we n say !n t1 z see+ ! belov$ object is mo/ priz$ by lov]s & !y *oose ?is s5se r ?an any ( ! o!rs because ,love 8,is eng5d]$ 9 ! eyes1 ,) gaz+ f$10 9 l mann] intimacy is to fri5ds mo/ *oice-wor?y1 ,fri5d%ip be+ communion8 ,aga91 z a man is to himself s is he to 8 fri5d2 n[ ) respect to himself ! p]ception ( 8 own exi/5ce is *oice-wor?y1 !re=e is x also 9 respect ( 8 fri5d4 ,& besides1 _! ,fri5d%ip is act$ out 9 intimacy1 & s ) good reason !y desire ?is4 ,& :atev] 9 ea* man's op9ion con/itutes exi/5ce1 or :atsoev] x is = ! sake ( :i* !y *oose life1 h]e9 !y wi% _! fri5ds to jo9 ) !m2 & s "s m5 dr9k toge!r1 o!rs gamble1 o!rs jo9 9 gymna/ic ex]cises or hunt+1 o!rs /udy philosophy toge!r3 9 ea* case sp5d+ _! days toge!r 9 t :i* !y l be/ ( all ?+s 9 life1 = s9ce !y wi% to be intimate ) _! fri5ds !y d & p>take 9 ^? ?+s :]eby !y ?9k to atta9 ?is object4 ,!re=e ! ,fri5d%ip ( ! wick$ comes to be deprav$2 =1 be+ un/able1 !y %>e 9 :at is bad & become deprav$ 9 be+ made l to "o ano!r3 b ! ,fri5d%ip ( ! good is good1 gr[+ ) _! int]c\rse2 !y improve also1 z x seems1 by repeat$ acts1 & by mutual correction1 = !y receive impress f "o ano!r 9 ! po9ts :i* give !m pleasure2 :5ce says ! ,poet1 8,?\ f ! good1 good ?+s %alt surely le>n40 ,"h !n we w t]m9ate our disc\rse ( ,fri5d%ip4 ,! next ?+ is to g into ! subject ( ,pleasure4 ,,book ,x ,*apt] ,i4 ,next1 x w\ld seem1 foll[s a discussion respect+ ,pleasure1 = x is ?\ght to be mo/ closely b\nd up ) our k9d3 & s m5 tra9 ! "y1 guid+ !m on _! c\rse by ! rudd]s ( ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,& to l & dislike :at "o ought is judg$ to be mo/ important = ! =mation ( good moral "*3 because ^! feel+s ext5d all "o's life ?r\gh1 giv+ a bias t[>ds & ex]t+ an influ5ce on ! side ( ,virtue & ,happ9ess1 s9ce m5 *oose :at is pleasant & avoid :at is pa9ful4 ,subjects su* z ^! !n1 x w\ld seem1 we ought by no means to pass by1 & specially s9ce !y involve mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,!re are ^? :o call ,pleasure ! ,*ief ,good2 !re are o!rs :o on ! contr>y ma9ta9 t x is exce$+ly bad2#a "s p]haps f a real conviction t su* is ! case1 o!rs f a notion t x is bett]1 9 ref]5ce to our life & conduct1 to %[ up ,pleasure z bad1 ev5 if x is n s really2 argu+ t1 z ! mass ( m5 h a bias t[>ds x & are ! slaves ( _! pleasures1 x is "r to draw !m to ! contr>y1 = t s !y may possibly arrive at ! mean4#b ,i confess ,i suspect ! s\ndness ( ?is policy2 9 matt]s respect+ m5's feel+s & actions !ories are less conv9c+ ?an facts3 :5ev]1 !re=e1 !y are f\nd conflict+ ) actual exp]i5ce1 !y n only are despis$ b involve ! tru? 9 _! fall3 he1 = in/ance1 :o deprecates ,pleasure1 if once se5 to aim at x1 gets ! cr$it ( backslid+ to x z be+ univ]sally su* z he said x 01 ! mass ( m5 be+ incapable ( nice di/9ctions4 ,real acc\nts1 !re=e1 ( su* matt]s seem to be mo/ exp$i5t1 n ) a view to k m]ely b to life & conduct3 = !y are believ$ z be+ 9 h>m ) facts1 & s !y prevail ) ! wise to live 9 accordance ) !m4 ,b ( su* consid]ations en\gh3 let u n[ proce$ to ! curr5t maxims respect+ ,pleasure4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,n[ ,eudoxus ?\ght ,pleasure to be ! ,*ief ,good because he saw all1 rational & irrational alike1 aim+ at x3 & he argu$ t1 s9ce 9 all :at 0 ! object ( *oice mu/ be good & :at mo/ s ! be/1 ! fact ( all be+ drawn to ! same ?+ prov$ ?is ?+ to be ! be/ = all3 8,= ea*10 he said1 8f9ds :at is good = itself j z x does its prop] n\ri%m5t1 & s t :i* is good = all1 & ! object ( ! aim ( all1 is _! ,*ief ,good40 7,& 8 !ories 7 receiv$1 n s mu* = _! own sake1 z because ( 8 excell5t moral "*2 = he 0 ?\ght to be em95tly possess$ ( p]fect self-ma/]y1 & !re=e x 0 n ?\ght t he said ^! ?+s because he 0 a lov] ( ,pleasure b t he really 0 s conv9c$47 ,& he ?\ght 8 position 0 n less prov$ by ! argum5t f ! contr>y3 t is1 s9ce ,pa9 0 9 itself an object ( avoidance to all ! contr>y mu/ be 9 l mann] an object ( *oice4 ,aga9 he urg$ t t is mo/ *oice-wor?y :i* we *oose1 n by reason (1 or ) a view to1 any?+ fur!r2 & t ,pleasure is confess$ly ( ?is k9d because no "o ev] goes on to ask to :at purpose he is pleas$1 feel+ t ,pleasure is 9 itself *oice-wor?y4 ,aga91 t :5 add$ to any o!r good x makes x m *oice-wor?y2 z1 = in/ance1 to actions ( ju/ice1 or p]fect$ self-ma/]y2 & good c only be increas$ by itself4 ,h[ev]1 ?is argum5t at lea/ seems to prove only t x belongs to ! class ( goods1 & n t x does s m ?an any?+ else3 = e good is m *oicewortby 9 comb9ation ) "s o!r ?an :5 tak5 q alone4 ,9 fact1 x is by j su* an argum5t t ,plato proves t ,pleasure is n ! ,*ief ,good3#c 8,=10 says he1 8! life ( ,pleasure is m *oice-wor?y 9 comb9ation ) ,practical ,wisdom ?an ap>t f x2 b1 if ! comp\nd bett] !n simple ,pleasure _c be ! ,*ief ,good2 because ! v ,*ief ,good _c by any addition become *oice-wor?y ?an x is already30 & x is obvi\s t no?+ else c be ! ,*ief ,good1 :i* by comb9ation ) any ( ! ?+s 9 !mselves good comes to be m *oice-wor?y4 ,:at is !re !n ( su* a nature8 7mean+1 ( c\rse1 :]e( we c p>take2 because t :i* we are 9 se>* ( mu/ be su*74 ,z = ^? :o object t 8:at all aim at is n necess>ily good10 ,i confess ,i _c see mu* 9 :at !y say1 because :at all ?9k we say is4 ,& he :o w\ld cut away ?is gr\nd f "u u w n br+ =w>d ?+s m dep5dable3 because if ! argum5t _h re/$ on ! desires ( irrational creatures !re might h be5 some?+ 9 :at he says1 b1 s9ce ! rational also desire ,pleasure1 h[ c 8 objection be all[$ any weight8 & x may be t1 ev5 9 ! l[] animals1 !re is "s natural good pr9ciple above !mselves :i* aims at ! good peculi> to !m4 ,nor does t seem to be s\nd :i* is urg$ respect+ ! argum5t f ! contr>y3 ,i mean1 "s p say 8x does n foll[ t ,pleasure mu/ be good because ,pa9 is evil1 s9ce evil may be oppos$ to evil1 & bo? evil & good to :at is indiff]5t30 n[ :at !y say is "r en\gh 9 itself b does n hold 9 ! pres5t in/ance4 ,if bo? ,pleasure & ,pa9 7 bad bo? w\ld h be5 objects ( avoidance2 or if nei!r !n nei!r w\ld h be51 at all ev5ts !y mu/ h f>$ alike3 b n[ m5 d pla9ly avoid ! "o z bad & *oose ! o!r z good1 & s !re is a complete opposition4 ,nor aga9 is ,pleasure !re=e exclud$ f be+ good because x does n belong to ! class ( qualities3#d ! acts ( ,virtue are n qualities1 nei!r is ,happ9ess yet surely bo? are goods4 ,aga91 !y say ! ,*ief ,good is limit$ b ,pleasure unlimit$1 9 t x admits ( degrees4 ,n[ if !y judge ?is f ! act ( feel+ ,pleasure !n ! same ?+ w apply to ju/ice & all ! o!r virtues1#e 9 respect ( :i* cle>ly x is said t m5 are m or less ( su* & su* *>act]s 7accord+ to ! diff]5t virtues71 !y are m j or m brave1 or "o may practise ju/ice & self-ma/]y m or less4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 !y judge 9 respect ( ! ,pleasures !mselves !n x may be !y miss ! true cause1 namely t "s are unmix$ & o!rs mix$3 = j z heal? be+ 9 itself limit$1 admits ( degrees1 :y %\ld n ,pleasure d s & yet be limit$8 9 ! =m] case we acc\nt = x by ! fact t !re is n ! same adju/m5t ( p>ts 9 all m51 nor "o & ! same always 9 ! same individual3 b heal?1 ?\gh relax$1 rema9s up to a c]ta9 po9t1 & diff]s 9 degrees2 & ( c\rse ! same may be ! case ) ,pleasure4 ,aga91 assum+ ! ,*ief ,good to be p]fect & all ,movem5ts#f & ,g5]ations imp]fect1 !y try to %ew t ,pleasure is a ,movem5t & a ,g5]ation4 ,yet !y d n seem w>rant$ 9 say+ ev5 t x is a ,movem5t3 = to e ,movem5t are ?\ght to belong swiftness & sl[ness1 & if n 9 itself1 z to t ( ! univ]se1 yet relatively3 b to ,pleasure nei!r ( ^! belongs3 = ?\gh "o may h got quickly into ! /ate ,pleasure1 z into t ( ang]1 "o _c be 9 ! /ate quickly1#g nor relatively to ! /ate ( any o!r p]son2 b we c walk or gr[1 & s on1 quickly or sl[ly4 ,( c\rse x is possible to *ange into ! /ate ( ,pleasure quickly or sl[ly1 b to act 9 ! /ate 7by :i*1 ,i mean1 h ! p]ception ( ,pleasure7 quickly1 is n possible4 ,& h[ c x be a ,g5]ation8 because1 accord+ to notions g5]ally held1 n any?+ is g5]at$ f any?+1 b a ?+ resolves itself into t out ( :i* x 0 g5]at$3 :]eas ( t ( :i* ,pleasure is a ,g5]ation ,pa9 is a ,de/ruction4 ,aga91 !y say t ,pa9 is a lack ( some?+ suitable to nature & ,pleasure a supply ( x4 ,b ^! are affections ( ! body3 n[ if ,pleasure really is a supply+ ( some:at suitable to nature1 t mu/ feel ! ,pleasure 9 :i* ! supply takes place1 !re=e ! body ( c\rse3 yet ?is is n ?\ght to be s3 nei!r !n is ,pleasure a supply+1 only a p]son ( c\rse w be pleas$ :5 a supply takes place j z he w be pa9$ :5 he is cut %ort4 ,?is notion w\ld seem to h aris5 out ( ! ,pa9s & ,pleasures connect$ ) natural n\ri%m5t2 because1 :5 p h felt a lack & s h _h ,pa9 fir/1 !y1 ( c\rse1 are pleas$ ) ! supply ( _! lack4 ,b ?is is n ! case ) all ,pleasures3 ^? att5dant on ma!matical /udies1 = in/ance1 are unconnect$ ) any ,pa92 & ( su* z att5d on ! s5ses ^? :i* arise ?r\gh ! s5se ( ,smell2 & aga91 _m s\nds1 & sights1 & memories1 & hopes3 n[ ( :at c ^! be ,g5]ations8 because !re has be5 "h no lack ( any?+ to be aft]w>ds suppli$4 ,& to ^? :o br+ =w>d disgraceful ,pleasures we may reply t ^! are n really pleasant ?+s2 = x does n foll[ because !y are pleasant to ! ill-dispos$ t we are to admit t !y are pleasant except to !m2 j z we %\ld n say t ^? ?+s are really :olesome1 or sweet1 or bitt]1 :i* are s to ! sick1 or ^? objects really :ite :i* give t impression to p lab\r+ "u oph?almia4#h ,or we might say ?us1 t ! ,pleasures are *oice-wor?y b n z d]iv$ f ^! s\rces3 j z weal? is1 b n z ! price ( treason2 or heal?1 b n on ! t]ms ( eat+ any?+ h[ev] loa?some4 ,or aga91 may we n say t ,pleasures diff] 9 k9d8 ^? d]iv$ f hon\rable objects1 = in/ance are diff]5t f ^? aris+ f disgraceful ones2 & x is n possible to exp]i5ce ! ,pleasure ( ! j man )\t be+ j1 or ( ! musical man )\t be+ musical2 & s on ( o!rs4 ,! di/9ction commonly drawn betwe5 ! fri5d & ! flatt]] w\ld seem to %[ cle>ly ei!r t ,pleasure is n a good1 or t !re are diff]5t k9ds ( ,pleasure3 = ! =m] is ?\ght to h good z ! object ( 8 int]c\rse1 ! latt] ,pleasure only2 & ?is la/ is reproa*$1 b ! =m] m5 praise z hav+ diff]5t objects 9 8 int]c\rse4 ,aga91 no "o w\ld *oose to live ) a *ild's intellect all 8 life ?r\gh1 ?\gh receiv+ ! highe/ possible ,pleasure f su* objects z *ildr5 receive x f2 or to take ,pleasure 9 do+ any ( ! mo/ disgraceful ?+s1 ?\gh sure nev] to be pa9$4 ,!re are _m ?+s also ab\t :i* we %\ld be dilig5t ev5 ?\gh !y br\ght no ,pleasure2 z see+1 rememb]+1 kn[+1 possess+ ! v>i\s ,excell5ces2 & ! fact t ,pleasures d foll[ on ^! naturally makes no diff]5ce1 because we %\ld c]ta9ly *oose !m ev5 ?\gh no ,pleasure result$ f !m4 ,x seems !n to be pla9 t ,pleasure is n ! ,*ief ,good1 nor is e k9d ( x *oice-wor?y3 & t !re are "s *oice-wor?y 9 !mselves1 diff]+ 9 k9d1 i4e4 9 ! s\rces f :i* !y are d]iv$4 ,let ?is !n suffice by way ( an acc\nt ( ! curr5t maxims respect+ ,pleasure & ,pa94 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,n[ :at x is1 & h[ *>act]is$1 w be m pla9 if we take up ! subject afre%4 ,an act ( ,sight is ?\ght to be complete at any mom5t2 t is to say1 x lacks no?+ ! accession ( :i* subsequ5tly w complete its :ole nature4 ,well1 ,pleasure resembles ?is3 because x is a :ole1 z "o may say2 & "o c\ld n at any mom5t ( "t take a ,pleasure ^: :ole nature w\ld be complet$ by its la/+ = a long] "t4 ,& = ?is reason x is n a ,movem5t3 = all ,movem5t takes place 9 "t ( c]ta9 duration & has a c]ta9 ,end to accompli%2 = in/ance1 ! ,movem5t ( h\se-build+#i is !n only complete :5 ! build] has produc$ :at he int5d$1 t is1 ei!r 9 ! :ole "t necess>y to complete ! :ole design1 or 9 a giv5 portion4#aj ,b all ! subord9ate ,movem5ts are incomplete 9 ! p>ts ( ! "t1 & are diff]5t 9 k9d f ! :ole movem5t & f "o ano!r 7,i mean1 = in/ance1 t ! fitt+ ! /ones toge!r is a ,movem5t diff]5t f t ( flut+ ! column1 & bo? aga9 f ! con/ruction ( ! ,temple z a :ole3 b ?is la/ is complete z lack+ no?+ to ! result propos$2 :]eas t ( ! basem5t1 or ( ! triglyph1 is incomplete1 because ea* is a ,movem5t ( a "p m]ely74 ,z ,i said !n1 !y diff] 9 k9d1 & y _c at any "t y *oose f9d a ,movem5t complete 9 its :ole nature1 b1 if at all1 9 ! :ole "t requisite4 ,& s x is ) ! ,movem5t ( walk+ & all o!rs3 =1 if motion be a ,movem5t f "o place to ano!r place1 !n ( x too !re are diff]5t k9ds1 fly+1 walk+1 leap+1 & su*-l4 ,& n only s1 b !re are diff]5t k9ds ev5 9 walk+3 ! :]e-f & :]e-to are n ! same 9 ! :ole ,c\rse z 9 a portion ( x2 nor 9 "o portion z 9 ano!r2 nor is cross+ ?is l9e ! same z cross+ t3 because a man is n m]ely cross+ a l9e b a l9e 9 a giv5 place1 & ?is is 9 a diff]5t place f t4 ,( ,movem5t ,i h disc\rs$ exactly 9 ano!r treatise4 ,i w n[ !re=e only say t x seems n to be complete at any giv5 mom5t2 & t mo/ movem5ts are incomplete & specifically diff]5t1 s9ce ! :5ce & :i!r con/itute diff]5t species4 ,b ( ,pleasure ! :ole nature is complete at any giv5 mom5t3 x is pla9 !n t ,pleasure & ,movem5t mu/ be diff]5t f "o ano!r1 & t ,pleasure belongs to ! class ( ?+s :ole & complete4 ,& ?is might appe> also f ! impossibility ( mov+ except 9 a def9ite "t1 :]eas !re is none ) respect to ! s5sation ( ,pleasure1 = :at exi/s at ! v pres5t mom5t is a k9d ( 8:ole40 ,f ^! consid]ations !n x is pla9 t p are n w>rant$ 9 say+ t ,pleasure is a ,movem5t or a ,g5]ation3 because ^! t]ms are n applicable to all ?+s1 only to su* z are divisible & n 8:oles30 ,i mean t ( an act ( ,sight !re is no ,g5]ation1 nor is !re ( a po9t1 nor ( a monad1 nor is any "o ( ^! a ,movem5t or a ,g5]ation3 nei!r !n ( ,pleasure is !re ,movem5t or ,g5]ation1 because x is1 z "o may say1 8a :ole40#aa ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,n[ s9ce e ,p]cipi5t ,faculty works ^u ! ,object answ]+ to x1 & p]fectly ! ,faculty 9 a good /ate ^u ! mo/ excell5t ( ! ,objects )9 its range 7= ,p]fect ,work+ is ?\ght to be mu* :at ,i h describ$2 & we w n raise any "q ab\t say+ 8! ,faculty0 works1 in/ead (1 8t subject :]e9 ! ,faculty resides071 9 ea* case ! be/ ,work+ is t ( ! ,faculty 9 its be/ /ate ^u ! be/ ( ! ,objects answ]+ to x4 ,& ?is w be1 fur!r1 mo/ p]fect & mo/ pleasant3 = ,pleasure is att5dant ^u e ,p]cipi5t ,faculty1 & 9 l mann] on e intellectual op]ation & speculation2 & t is mo/ pleasant :i* is mo/ p]fect1 & t mo/ p]fect :i* is ! ,work+ ( ! be/ ,faculty ^u ! mo/ excell5t ( ! ,objects )9 its range4 ,& ,pleasure p]fects ! ,work+4 ,b ,pleasure does n p]fect x 9 ! same way z ! ,faculty & ,object ( ,p]ception d1 be+ good2 j z heal? & ! physician are n 9 simil> s5ses causes ( a heal?y /ate4 ,& t ,pleasure does arise ^u ! ex]cise ( e ,p]cipi5t ,faculty is evid5t1 = we commonly say t sights & s\nds are pleasant2 x is pla9 also t ?is is especially ! case :5 ! ,faculty is mo/ excell5t & works ^u a simil> ,object3 & :5 bo? ! ,object & ,faculty ( ,p]ception are su*1 ,pleasure w always exi/1 suppos+ ( c\rse an ag5t & a pati5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ,pleasure p]fects ! act ( ,work+ n 9 ! way ( an inh]5t /ate b z a sup]v5+ f9i%1 su* z is bloom 9 p at _! prime4 ,!re=e s long z ! ,object ( intellectual or s5sitive ,p]ception is su* z x %\ld be & also ! ,faculty :i* disc]ns or realises ! ,object1 !re w be ,pleasure 9 ! ,work+3 because :5 t :i* has ! capacity ( be+ act$ on & t :i* is apt to act are alike & simil>ly relat$1 ! same result foll[s naturally4 ,h[ is x !n t no "o feels ,pleasure cont9u\sly8 is x n t he we>ies1 because all human faculties are incapable ( un9t]mitt+ ex]tion2 & s1 ( c\rse1 ,pleasure does n arise ei!r1 because t foll[s ^u ! act ( ,work+4 ,b !re are "s ?+s :i* please :5 new1 b aft]w>ds n 9 ! l way1 = exactly ! same reason3 t at fir/ ! m9d is r\s$ & works on ^! ,objects ) its p[]s at full t5sion2 j z !y :o are gaz+ /$fa/ly at any?+2 b aft]w>ds ! act ( ,work+ is n ( ! k9d x 0 at fir/1 b c>eless1 & s ! ,pleasure too is dull$4 ,aga91 a p]son may conclude t all m5 grasp at ,pleasure1 because all aim likewise at ,life & ,life is an act ( ,work+1 & e man works at & ) ^? ?+s :i* also he be/ likes2 ! musical man1 = in/ance1 works ) 8 he>+ at music2 ! /udi\s man ) 8 intellect at speculative que/ions1 & s =?4 ,& ,pleasure p]fects ! acts ( ,work+1 & s ,life aft] :i* m5 grasp4 ,no wond] !n t !y aim also at ,pleasure1 because to ea* x p]fects ,life1 :i* is itself *oice-wor?y4 7,we w take leave to omit ! "q :e!r we *oose ,life = ,pleasure's sake ( ,pleasure = ,life's sake2 because ^! two pla9ly are closely connect$ & admit n ( sep>ation2 s9ce ,pleasure comes n into be+ )\t ,work+1 & aga91 e ,work+ ,pleasure p]fects47 ,& ?is is "o reason :y ,pleasures are ?\ght to diff] 9 k9d1 because we suppose t ?+s :i* diff] 9 k9d mu/ be p]fect$ by ?+s s diff]+3 x pla9ly be+ ! case ) ! productions ( ,nature & ,art2 z animals1 & trees1 & pictures1 & /atues1 & h\ses1 & furniture2 & s we suppose t 9 l mann] acts ( ,work+ :i* are diff]5t 9 k9d are p]fect$ by ?+s diff]+ 9 k9d4 ,n[ ,intellectual ,work+s diff] specifically f ^? ( ! ,s5ses1 & ^! la/ f "o ano!r2 !re=e s d ! ,pleasures :i* p]fect !m4 ,?is may be %[n also f ! intimate connection subsi/+ betwe5 ea* ,pleasure & ! ,work+ :i* x p]fects3 ,i mean1 t ! ,pleasure prop] to any ,work+ increases t ,work+2 = !y :o "w ) ,pleasure sift all ?+s m closely & c>ry !m out to a great] degree ( nicety2 = in/ance1 ^? m5 become geometricians :o take ,pleasure 9 geometry1 & !y appreh5d p>ticul> po9ts m completely3 9 l mann] m5 :o are fond ( music1 or ar*itecture1 or any?+ else1 improve ea* on 8 own pursuit1 because !y feel ,pleasure 9 !m4 ,?us ! ,pleasures aid 9 increas+ ! ,work+s1 & ?+s :i* d s aid are prop] & peculi>3 b ! ?+s :i* are prop] & peculi> to o!rs specifically diff]5t are !mselves also specifically diff]5t4 ,yet ev5 m cle>ly may ?is be %[n f ! fact t ! ,pleasures aris+ f "o k9d ( ,work+s h9d] o!r ,work+s2 = in/ance1 p :o are fond ( flute-music _c keep _! att5tion to conv]sation or disc\rse :5 !y cat* ! s\nd ( a flute2 because !y take m ,pleasure 9 flute-play+ ?an 9 ! ,work+ !y are at ! "t engag$ on2 9 o!r words1 ! ,pleasure att5dant on flute-play+ de/roys ! ,work+ ( conv]sation or disc\rse4 ,mu* ! same k9d ( ?+ takes place 9 o!r cases1 :5 a p]son is engag$ 9 two diff]5t ,work+s at ! same "t3 t is1 ! pleasant] ( ! two keeps pu%+ out ! o!r1 &1 if ! disp>ity 9 pleasantness be great1 !n m & m till a man ev5 ceases altoge!r to "w at ! o!r4 ,?is is ! reason :y1 :5 we are v mu* pleas$ ) any?+ :atev]1 we d no?+ else1 & x is only :5 we are b mod]ately pleas$ ) "o occupation t we v>y x ) ano!r3 p1 = in/ance1 :o eat sweetmeats 9 ! !atre d s mo/ :5 ! p]=mance is indiff]5t4 ,s9ce !n ! prop] & peculi> ,pleasure gives accuracy to ! ,work+s & makes !m m endur+ & bett] ( _! k9d1 :ile ^? ,pleasures :i* are =eign to !m m> !m1 x is pla9 !re is a wide diff]5ce betwe5 !m3 9 fact1 ,pleasures =eign to any ,work+ h pretty mu* ! same effect z ! ,pa9s prop] to x1#ab :i*1 9 fact1 de/roy ! ,work+s2 ,i mean1 if "o man dislikes writ+1 or ano!r calculation1 ! "o does n write1 ! o!r does n calculate2 because1 9 ea* case1 ! ,work+ is att5d$ ) "s ,pa93 s !n contr>y effects are produc$ ^u ! ,work+s by ! ,pleasures & ,pa9s prop] to !m1 by :i* ,i mean ^? :i* arise ^u ! ,work+1 9 itself1 indep5d5tly ( any o!r circum/ances4 ,z = ! ,pleasures =eign to a ,work+1 we h said already t !y produce a simil> effect to ! ,pa9 prop] to x2 t is !y de/roy ! ,work+1 only n 9 l way4 ,well !n1 z ,work+s diff] f "o ano!r 9 goodness & badness1 "s be+ fit objects ( *oice1 o!rs ( avoidance1 & o!rs 9 _! nature indiff]5t1 ,pleasures are simil>ly relat$2 s9ce its own prop] ,pleasure att5ds or ea* ,work+3 ( c\rse t prop] to a good ,work+ is good1 t prop] to a bad1 bad3 = ev5 ! desires = :at is noble are praisewor?y1 & = :at is base blamewor?y4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,pleasures att5dant on ,work+s are m closely connect$ ) !m ev5 ?an ! desires aft] !m3 = ^! la/ are sep>ate bo? 9 "t & nature1 b ! =m] are close to ! ,work+s1 & s indivisible f !m z to raise a "q :e!r ! ,work+ & ! ,pleasure are id5tical2 b ,pleasure does n seem to be an ,intellectual ,op]ation nor a ,faculty ( ,p]ception1 because t is absurd2 b yet x gives "s ! impression ( be+ ! same f n be+ sep>at$ f ^!4 ,z !n ! ,work+s are diff]5t s are _! ,pleasures2 n[ ,sight diff]s f ,t\* 9 purity1 & ,he>+ & ,smell+ f ,ta/e2 !re=e1 9 l mann]1 d _! ,pleasures2 & aga91 ,intellectual ,pleasures f ^! ,s5sual1 & ! diff]5t k9ds bo? ( ,intellectual & ,s5sual f "o ano!r4 ,x is ?\ght1 moreov]1 t ea* animal has a ,pleasure prop] to itself1 z x has a prop] ,"w2 t ,pleasure ( c\rse :i* is att5dant on ! ,work+4 ,& ! s\ndness ( ?is w appe> ^u p>ticul> inspection3 = horse1 dog1 & man h diff]5t ,pleasures2 z ,h]aclitus says1 an ass w\ld soon] h hay ?an gold2 9 o!r words1 prov5d] is pleasant] to asses ?an gold4 ,s !n ! ,pleasures ( animals specifically diff]5t are also specifically diff]5t1 b ^? ( ! same1 we may reasonably suppose1 are )\t diff]5ce4 ,yet 9 ! case ( human creatures !y diff] n a little3 = ! v same ?+s please "s & pa9 o!rs3 & :at are pa9ful & hateful to "s are pleasant to & lik$ by o!rs4 ,! same is ! case ) sweet ?+s3 ! same w n seem s to ! man 9 a fev] z to him :o is 9 heal?3 nor w ! invalid & ! p]son 9 robu/ heal? h ! same notion ( w>m?4 ,! same is ! case ) o!r ?+s also4 ,n[ 9 all su* cases t is held to be :i* impresses ! good man ) ! notion ( be+ su* & su*2 & if ?is is a second maxim 7z x is usually held to be71 & ,virtue1 t is1 ! ,good man1 9 t he is su*1 is ! measure ( ev]y?+1 !n ^? mu/ be real ,pleasures :i* gave him ! impression ( be+ s & ^? ?+s pleasant 9 :i* he takes ,pleasure4 ,nor is x at all a/oni%+ t :at are to him unpleasant %\ld give ano!r p]son ! impression ( be+ pleasant1 = m5 are liable to _m corruptions & m>r+s2 & ! ?+s 9 "q are n pleasant really1 only to ^! p>ticul> p]sons1 & to !m only z be+ ?us dispos$4 ,well ( c\rse1 y may say1 x is obvi\s t we mu/ ass]t ^? :i* are confess$ly disgraceful to be real ,pleasures1 except to deprav$ ta/es3 b ( ^? :i* are ?\ght to be good :at k9d1 or :i*1 mu/ we say is ,! ,pleasure ( ,man8 is n ! answ] pla9 f consid]+ ! ,work+s1 because ! ,pleasures foll[ ^u ^!8 ,if !n !re be "o or sev]al ,work+s :i* belong to ! p]fect & bless$ man1 ! ,pleasures :i* p]fect ^! ,work+s mu/ be said to be specially & prop]ly ,! ,pleasures ( ,man2 & all ! re/ 9 a second>y s5se1 & 9 v>i\s degrees accord+ z ! ,work+s are relat$ to ^? highe/ & be/ ones4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,n[ t we h spok5 ab\t ! ,excell5ces ( bo? k9ds1 & ,fri5d%ip 9 its v>ieties1 & ,pleasures1 x rema9s to sket* out ,happ9ess1 s9ce we assume t to be ! "o ,end ( all human ?+s3 & we %all save "t & tr\ble by recapitulat+ :at 0 /at$ be=e4 ,well !n1 we said t x is n a ,/ate m]ely2 because1 if x 71 x might belong to "o :o slept all 8 life ?r\gh & m]ely vegetat$1 or to "o :o fell into v great calamities3 & s1 if ^! possibilities displease u & we w\ld r put x into ! rank ( "s k9d ( ,work+ 7z 0 also said be=e71 & ,work+s are ( diff]5t k9ds 7"s be+ necess>y & *oice-wor?y ) a view to o!r ?+s1 :ile o!rs are s 9 !mselves71 x is pla9 we mu/ rank ,happ9ess among ^? *oice-wor?y = _! own sakes & n among ^? :i* are s ) a view to some?+ fur!r3 because ,happ9ess has no lack ( any?+ b is self-suffici5t4 ,by *oice-wor?y 9 !mselves are meant ^? f :i* no?+ is s\ght beyond ! act ( ,work+3 & ( ?is k9d are ?\ght to be ! actions accord+ to ,virtue1 because do+ :at is noble & excell5t is "o ( ^? ?+s :i* are *oice-wor?y = _! own sake alone4 ,& aga91 su* amusem5ts z are pleasant2 because p d n *oose !m ) any fur!r purpose3 9 fact !y receive m h>m ?an pr(it f !m1 neglect+ _! p]sons & _! prop]ty4 ,/ill ! common run ( ^? :o are judg$ happy take refuge 9 su* pa/imes1 :i* is ! reason :y !y :o h v>i$ tal5t 9 su* are highly e/eem$ among despots2 because !y make !mselves pleasant 9 ^? ?+s :i* ^! aim at1 & ^! accord+ly want su* m54 ,n[ ^! ?+s are ?\ght to be appurt5ances ( ,happ9ess because m5 9 p[] sp5d _! leisure h]e93 yet1 x may be1 we _c argue f ! example ( su* m53 because !re is nei!r ,virtue nor ,intellect necess>ily involv$ 9 hav+ p[]1 & yet ^! are ! only s\rces ( good ,work+s3 nor does x foll[ t because ^! m51 nev] hav+ ta/$ pure & g5]\s ,pleasure1 take refuge 9 bodily ones1 we are !re=e to believe !m to be m *oice-wor?y3 = *ildr5 too believe t ^? ?+s are mo/ excell5t :i* are preci\s 9 _! eyes4 ,we may well believe t z *ildr5 & m5 h diff]5t ideas z to :at is preci\s s too h ! bad & ! good3 !re=e1 z we h _m times said1 ^? ?+s are really preci\s & pleasant :i* seem s to ! good man3 & z to ea* individual t ,work+ is mo/ *oice-wor?y :i* is 9 accordance ) 8 own /ate to ! good man t is s :i* is 9 accordance ) ,virtue4 ,happ9ess !n /&s n 9 amusem5t2 9 fact ! v notion is absurd ( ! ,end be+ amusem5t1 & ( "o's toil+ & endur+ h>dness all "o's life long ) a view to amusem5t3 = ev]y?+ 9 ! _w1 s to speak1 we *oose ) "s fur!r ,end 9 view1 except ,happ9ess1 = t is ! ,end compreh5d+ all o!rs4 ,n[ to take pa9s & to lab\r ) a view to amusem5t is pla9ly fooli% & v *ildi%3 b to amuse "o's self ) a view to /eady employm5t aft]w>ds1 z ,ana*>sis says1 is ?\ght to be "r3 = amusem5t is l re/1 & m5 want re/ because unable to lab\r cont9u\sly4 ,re/1 !re=e1 is n an ,end1 because x is adopt$ ) a view to ,work+ aft]w>ds4 ,aga91 x is held t ! ,happy ,life mu/ be "o 9 ! way ( ,excell5ce1 & ?is is accompani$ by e>ne/ness1#ac & /&s n 9 amusem5t4 ,moreov] ^? ?+s :i* are done 9 e>ne/1 we say1 are bett] ?an ?+s m]ely ludicr\s & jo9$ ) amusem5t3 & we say t ! ,work+ ( ! bett] "p1 or ! bett] man1 is m e>ne/2 & ! ,work+ ( ! bett] is at once bett] & m capable ( ,happ9ess4 ,!n1 aga91 z = bodily ,pleasures1 any ord9>y p]son1 or ev5 a slave1 might enjoy !m1 j z well z ! be/ man liv+ b ,happ9ess no "o supposes a slave to %>e except s f> z x is impli$ 9 life3 because ,happ9ess /&s n 9 su* pa/imes b 9 ! ,work+s 9 ! way ( ,excell5ce1 z has also be5 /at$ be=e4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,n[ if ,happ9ess is a ,work+ 9 ! way ( ,excell5ce ( c\rse t ,excell5ce mu/ be ! highe/1 t is to say1 ! ,excell5ce ( ! be/ ,pr9ciple4 ,:e!r !n ?is be/ ,pr9ciple is ,intellect or "s o!r :i* is ?\ght naturally to rule & to lead & to conceive ( noble & div9e ?+s1 :e!r be+ 9 its own nature div9e or ! mo/ div9e ( all our int]nal ,pr9ciples1 ! ,work+ ( ?is 9 accordance ) its own prop] ,excell5ce mu/ be ! p]fect ,happ9ess4 ,t x is ,contemplative has be5 already /at$3 & ?is w\ld seem to be consi/5t ) :at we said be=e & ) tru?3 =1 9 ! fir/ place1 ?is ,work+ is ( ! highe/ k9d1 s9ce ! ,intellect is ! highe/ ( our int]nal ,pr9ciples & ! subjects ) :i* x is conv]sant ! highe/ ( all :i* fall )9 ! range ( our k4 ,next1 x is also mo/ ,cont9u\s3 = we are bett] able to contemplate ?an to d any?+ else :atev]1 cont9u\sly4 ,aga91 we ?9k ,pleasure mu/ be 9 "s way an +r$i5t 9 ,happ9ess1 & ( all ,work+s 9 accordance ) ,excell5ce t 9 ! way ( ,sci5ce is confess$ly mo/ pleasant3 at lea/ ! pursuit ( ,sci5ce is ?\ght to conta9 ,pleasures admirable = purity & p]man5ce2 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! employm5t is m pleasant to ^? :o h ma/]$1 ?an to ^? :o are yet seek+ =1 x4#ad ,& ! ,self-,suffici5cy :i* p speak ( w atta* *iefly to ! ,contemplative ,work+3 ( c\rse ! actual necess>ies ( life are ne$$ alike by ! man ( sci5ce1 & ! j man1 & all ! o!r *>act]s2 b1 suppos+ all suffici5tly suppli$ ) ^!1 ! j man ne$s p t[>ds :om1 & 9 conc]t ) :om1 to practise 8 ju/ice2 & 9 l mann] ! man ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y1 & ! brave man1 & s on ( ! re/2 :]eas ! man ( sci5ce c contemplate & speculate ev5 :5 q alone1 & ! m entirely he des]ves ! appellation ! m able is he to d s3 x may be he c d bett] = hav+ fell[-work]s b /ill he is c]ta9ly mo/ ,self-,suffici5t4 ,aga91 ?is alone w\ld seem to be re/$ 9 = its own sake1 s9ce no?+ results f x beyond ! fact ( hav+ contemplat$2 :]eas f all ?+s :i* are objects ( moral action we d mean to get some?+ beside ! do+ !m1 be ! same m or less4 ,also1 ,happ9ess is ?\ght to /& 9 p]fect re/2#ae = we toil t we may re/1 & w> t we may be at peace4 ,n[ all ! ,practical ,virtues require ei!r society or w> = _! ,work+1 & ! actions reg>d+ ^! are ?\ght to exclude re/2 ^? ( w> entirely1 because no "o *ooses w>1 nor prep>es = w>1 = w>'s sake3 he w\ld inde$ be ?\ght a blood?ir/y villa9 :o %\ld make enemies ( 8 fri5ds to secure ! exi/5ce ( fight+ & blood%$4 ,! ,work+ also ( ! /atesman excludes ! idea ( re/1 &1 beside ! actual "w ( gov]nm5t1 seeks = p[] & dignities or at lea/ ,happ9ess = ! man himself & 8 fell[-citiz5s3 a ,happ9ess di/9ct#af f ! national ,happ9ess1 :i* we evid5tly seek z be+ diff]5t & di/9ct4 ,if !n ( all ! actions 9 accordance ) ! v>i\s virtues ^? ( policy & w> are pre-em95t 9 hon\r & greatness1 & ^! are re/less1 & aim at "s fur!r ,end & are n *oice-wor?y = _! own sakes1 b ! ,work+ ( ! ,intellect1 be+ apt = contemplation1 is ?\ght to excel 9 e>ne/ness1 & to aim at no ,end beyond itself & to h ,pleasure ( its own :i* helps to increase ! ,work+1 & if ! attributes ( ,self-,suffici5cy1 & capacity ( re/1 & unwe>i$ness 7z f> z is compatible ) ! infirmity ( human nature71 & all o!r attributes ( ! highe/ ,happ9ess1 pla9ly belong to ?is ,work+1 ?is mu/ be p]fect ,happ9ess1 if atta9+ a complete duration ( life1 :i* condition is add$ because none ( ! po9ts ( ,happ9ess is incomplete4 ,b su* a life w be high] ?an m]e human nature1 because a man w live ?us1 n 9 s f> z he is man b 9 s f> z !re is 9 him a div9e ,pr9ciple3 & 9 proportion z ?is ,pr9ciple excels 8 composite nature s f> does ! ,work+ !re( excel t 9 accordance ) any o!r k9d ( ,excell5ce3 & !re=e1 if pure ,intellect1 z comp>$ ) human nature1 is div9e1 s too w ! life 9 accordance ) x be div9e comp>$ ) man's ord9>y life4 ,yet mu/ we n give e> to ^? :o bid "o z man to m9d only man's affairs1 or z mortal only mortal ?+s2 b1 s f> z we c1 make ourselves l immortals & d all ) a view to liv+ 9 accordance ) ! highe/ ,pr9ciple 9 u1 = small z x may be 9 bulk yet 9 p[] & preci\sness x f> m excels all ! o!rs4 ,9 fact ?is ,pr9ciple w\ld seem to con/itute ea* man's 8,self10 s9ce x is supreme & above all o!rs 9 goodness x w\ld be absurd !n = a man n to *oose 8 own life b t ( "s o!r4 ,& "h w apply an obs]vation made be=e1 t :atev] is prop] to ea* is naturally be/ & pleasante/ to him3 su* !n is to ,man ! life 9 accordance ) pure ,intellect 7s9ce ?is ,pr9ciple is mo/ truly ,man71 & if s1 !n x is also ! happie/4 ,& second 9 degree ( ,happ9ess w be t ,life :i* is 9 accordance ) ! o!r k9d ( ,excell5ce1 = ! ,work+s 9 accordance ) ?is are prop] to ,man3 ,i mean1 we d actions ( ju/ice1 c\rage1 & ! o!r virtues1 t[>ds "o ano!r1 9 contracts1 s]vices ( diff]5t k9ds1 & 9 all k9ds ( actions & feel+s too1 by obs]v+ :at is befitt+ = ea*3 & all ^! pla9ly are prop] to man4 ,fur!r1 ! ,excell5ce ( ! ,moral "* is ?\ght to result 9 "s po9ts f physical circum/ances1 & to be1 9 _m1 v closely connect$ ) ! passions4 ,aga91 ,practical ,wisdom#ag & ,excell5ce ( ! ,moral "* are v closely unit$2 s9ce ! ,pr9ciples ( ,practical ,wisdom are 9 accordance ) ! ,moral ,virtues & ^! are "r :5 !y accord ) ,practical ,wisdom4 ,^! moreov]1 z b\nd up ) ! passions1 mu/ belong to ! composite nature1 & ! ,excell5ces or ,virtues ( ! composite nature are prop] to man3 !re=e s too w be ! life & ,happ9ess :i* is 9 accordance ) !m4 ,b t ( ! ,pure ,intellect is sep>ate & di/9ct3 & let ?is suffice ^u ! subject1 s9ce great exactness is beyond our purpose1 ,x w\ld seem1 moreov]1 to require supply ( ext]nal goods to a small degree1 or c]ta9ly less ?an ! ,moral ,happ9ess3 =1 z f> z necess>ies ( life are conc]n$1 we w suppose bo? *>act]s to ne$ !m equally 7?\gh1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! man :o lives 9 society does take m pa9s ab\t 8 p]son & all t k9d ( ?+2 !re w really be "s little diff]5ce71 b :5 we come to consid] _! ,work+s !re w be f\nd a great diff]5ce4 ,i mean1 ! lib]al man mu/ h money to d 8 lib]al actions )1 & ! j man to meet 8 engagem5ts 7= m]e int5tions are unc]ta91 & ev5 ^? :o are unju/ make a pret5ce ( wi%+ to d ju/ly71 & ! brave man mu/ h p[]1 if he is to p]=m any ( ! actions :i* app]ta9 to 8 p>ticul> ,virtue1 & ! man ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y mu/ h opportunity ( temptation1 else h[ %all he or any ( ! o!rs display 8 real "*8 7,by ! way1 a "q is sometimes rais$1 :e!r ! moral *oice or ! actions h mo/ to d ) ,virtue1 s9ce x consi/s 9 bo?3 x is pla9 t ! p]fection ( virtu\s action requires bo?3 b = ! actions _m ?+s are requir$1 & ! great] & m num]\s !y are ! m47 ,b z = ! man engag$ 9 ,contemplative ,speculation1 n only are su* ?+s unnecess>y = 8 ,work+1 b1 s to speak1 !y are ev5 h9drances3 z reg>ds ! ,contemplation at lea/2 because ( c\rse 9 s f> z he is ,man & lives 9 society he *ooses to d :at ,virtue requires1 & s he w ne$ su* ?+s = ma9ta9+ 8 "* z ,man ?\gh n z a speculative philosoph]4 ,& t ! p]fect ,happ9ess mu/ be a k9d ( ,contemplative ,work+ may appe> also f ! foll[+ consid]ation3 our conception ( ! gods is t !y are above all bless$ & happy3 n[ :at k9d ( ,moral actions are we to attribute to !m8 ^? ( ju/ice8 nay1 w !y n be set 9 a ridicul\s light if repres5t$ z =m+ contracts1 & re/or+ deposits1 & s on8 well !n1 %all we picture !m p]=m+ brave actions1 )/&+ objects ( fe> & meet+ dang]s1 because x is noble to d s8 or lib]al ones8 b to :om %all !y be giv+8 & fur!r1 x is absurd to ?9k !y h money or any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,& z = actions ( p]fect$ self-ma/]y1 :at c !irs be8 w\ld x n be a degrad+ praise t !y h no bad desires8 ,9 %ort1 if "o foll[$ ! subject into all details all ! circum/ances connect$ ) ,moral actions w\ld appe> trivial & unwor?y ( ,gods4 ,/ill1 e "o believes t !y live1 & !re=e t !y ,"w because x is n suppos$ t !y sleep _! "t away l ,endymion3 n[ if f a liv+ be+ y take away ,action1 /ill m if ,creation1 :at rema9s b ,contemplation8 ,s !n ! ,work+ ( ! ,gods1 em95t 9 bless$ness1 w be "o apt = ,contemplative ,speculation2 & ( all human ,work+s t w h ! greate/ capacity = ,happ9ess :i* is ne>e/ ak9 to ?is4 ,a corroboration ( :i* position is ! fact t ! o!r animals d n p>take ( ,happ9ess1 be+ completely %ut out f any su* ,work+4 ,to ! ,gods !n all _! life is bless$2 & to m5 9 s f> z !re is 9 x "s copy ( su* ,work+1 b ( ! o!r animals none is happy because x 9 no way %>es 9 ,contemplative ,speculation4 ,happ9ess !n is co-ext5sive ) ?is ,contemplative ,speculation1 & 9 proportion z p h ! act ( ,contemplation s f> h !y also ! be+ happy1 n incid5tally1 b 9 ! way ( ,contemplative ,speculation because x is 9 itself preci\s4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,s ,happ9ess mu/ be a k9d ( ,contemplative ,speculation2 b s9ce x is ,man we are speak+ ( he w ne$ likewise ,ext]nal ,prosp]ity1 because 8 ,nature is n by itself suffici5t = ,speculation1 b !re mu/ be heal? ( body1 & n\ri%m5t1 & t5dance ( all k9ds4 ,h[ev]1 x mu/ n be ?\ght1 because )\t ext]nal goods a man _c enjoy high ,happ9ess1 t !re=e he w require _m & great goods 9 ord] to be happy3 = nei!r ,self-suffici5cy1 nor ,action1 /& 9 ,excess1 & x is q possible to act nobly )\t be+ rul] ( sea & l&1 s9ce ev5 ) mod]ate means a man may act 9 accordance ) ,virtue4 ,& ?is may be cle>ly se5 9 t m5 9 private /ations are ?\ght to act ju/ly1 n m]ely no less ?an m5 9 p[] b ev5 m3 x w be q en\gh t j s mu* %\ld belong to a man z is necess>y1 = 8 life w be happy :o works 9 accordance ) ,virtue4 ,solon p]haps drew a fair picture ( ! ,happy1 :5 he said t !y are m5 mod]ately suppli$ ) ext]nal goods1 & :o h a*iev$ ! mo/ noble de$s1 z he ?\ght1 & :o h liv$ ) p]fect self-ma/]y3 = x is q possible = m5 ( mod]ate means to act z !y ought4 ,anaxagoras also seems to h conceiv$ ( ! ,happy man n z ei!r ri* or p[]ful1 say+ t he %\ld n wond] if he 7 acc\nt$ a /range man 9 ! judgm5t ( ! multitude3 = !y judge by outw>d circum/ances ( :i* alone !y h any p]ception4 ,& ?us ! op9ions ( ! ,wise seem to be accordant ) our acc\nt ( ! matt]3 ( c\rse su* ?+s c>ry "s weight1 b tru?1 9 matt]s ( moral action1 is judg$ f facts & f actual life1 = h]e9 re/s ! decision4 ,s :at we %\ld d is to exam9e ! prec$+ /atem5ts by ref]r+ !m to facts & to actual life1 & :5 !y h>monise ) facts we may accept !m1 :5 !y are at v>iance ) !m conceive ( !m z m]e !ories4 ,n[ he t works 9 accordance )1 & pays obs]vance to1 ,pure ,intellect1 & t5ds ?is1 seems likely to be bo? 9 ! be/ frame ( m9d & de>e/ to ! ,gods3 because if1 z is ?\ght1 any c>e is be/[$ on human ?+s by ! ,gods !n x mu/ be reasonable to ?9k t !y take pleasure 9 :at is be/ & mo/ ak9 to !mselves 7& ?is mu/ be ! ,pure ,intellect72 & t !y requite ) k9dness ^? :o love & hon\r ?is mo/1 z pay+ obs]vance to :at is de> to !m1 & z act+ rightly & nobly4 ,& x is q obvi\s t ! man ( ,sci5ce *iefly comb9es all ^!3 he is !re=e de>e/ to ! ,gods1 & x is probable t he is at ! same "t mo/ ,happy4 ,?us !n on ?is view also ! man ( ,sci5ce w be mo/ ,happy4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,n[ !n t we h said en\gh 9 our sket*y k9d ( way on ^! subjects2 ,i mean1 on ! ,virtues1 & also on ,fri5d%ip & ,pleasure2 are we to suppose t our orig9al purpose is complet$8 ,mu/ we n r ackn[l$ge1 :at is commonly said1 t 9 matt]s ( moral action m]e ,speculation & ,k is n ! real ,end b r ,practice3 & if s1 !n nei!r 9 respect ( ,virtue is ,k en\gh2 we mu/ fur!r /rive to h & ex]t x1 & take :atev] o!r means !re are ( becom+ good4 ,n[ if talk+ & writ+ 7 ( !mselves suffici5t to make m5 good1 !y w\ld ju/ly1 z ,!ognis obs]ves h reap$ num]\s & great rew>ds1 & ! ?+ to d w\ld be to provide !m3 b 9 po9t ( fact1 :ile !y pla9ly h ! p[] to guide & /imulate ! g5]\s among ! "y & to base ^u true virtu\s pr9ciple any noble & truly high-m9d$ disposition1 !y z pla9ly are p[]less to guide ! mass ( m5 to ,virtue & goodness2 because x is n _! nature to be am5able to a s5se ( %ame b only to fe>2 nor to ab/a9 f :at is l[ & mean because x is disgraceful to d x b because ( ! puni%m5t atta*$ to x3 9 fact1 z !y live at ! beck & call ( passion1 !y pursue _! own prop] pleasures & ! means ( secur+ !m1 & !y avoid ! contr>y pa9s2 b z = :at is noble & truly pleasurable !y h n an idea ( x1 inasmu* z !y h nev] ta/$ ( x4 ,m5 su* z ^! !n :at m]e words c trans=m8 ,no1 inde$6 x is ei!r actually impossible1 or a task ( no mean difficulty1 to alt] by words :at has be5 ( old tak5 into m5's v dispositions3 &1 x may be1 x is a gr\nd = cont5tm5t if ) all ! means & appliances = goodness 9 our h&s we c atta9 to ,virtue4 ,! =mation ( a virtu\s "* "s ascribe to ,nature1 "s to ,cu/om1 & "s to ,tea*+4 ,n[ ,nature's "p1 be x :at x may1 obvi\sly does n re/ ) u1 b belongs to ^? :o 9 ! true/ s5se are =tunate1 by reason ( c]ta9 div9e ag5cy1 ,!n1 z = ,words & ,precept1 !y1 x is to be fe>$1 w n avail ) all2 b x may be necess>y = ! m9d ( ! disciple to h be5 previ\sly prep>$ = lik+ & dislik+ z he ought2 j z ! soil mu/1 to n\ri% ! se$ s[n4 ,= he t lives 9 ob$i5ce to passion _c he> any advice t w\ld dissuade him1 nor1 if he he>d1 und]/&3 n[ him t is ?us h[ c "o re=m8 9 fact1 g5]ally1 passion is n ?\ght to yield to ,reason b to brute =ce4 ,s !n !re mu/ be1 to beg9 )1 a k9d ( aff9ity to ,virtue 9 ! disposition2 :i* mu/ cleave to :at is hon\rable & loa? :at is disgraceful4 ,b to get "r guidance t[>ds ,virtue f ! e>lie/ y\? is n easy unless "o is br\ght up "u laws ( su* k9d2 because liv+ ) self-ma/]y & endurance is n pleasant to ! mass ( m51 & specially n to ! "y4 ,= ?is reason ! food1 & mann] ( liv+ g5]ally1 ought to be ! subject ( legal regulation1 because ?+s :5 become habitual w n be disagreeable4 ,yet p]haps x is n suffici5t t m5 :ile "y %\ld get "r food & t5dance1 b1 inasmu* z !y w h to practise & become accu/om$ to c]ta9 ?+s ev5 aft] !y h atta9$ to man's e/ate1 we %all want laws on ^! po9ts z well1 &1 9 f9e1 respect+ "o's :ole life1 s9ce ! mass ( m5 are am5able to compulsion r ?an ,reason1 & to puni%m5t r ?an to a s5se ( hon\r4 ,& !re=e "s m5 hold t :ile lawgiv]s %\ld employ ! s5se ( hon\r to exhort & guide m5 to ,virtue1 "u ! notion t !y w !n obey :o h be5 well tra9$ 9 habits2 !y %\ld impose *a/isem5t & p5alties on ^? :o disobey & are ( less promis+ nature2 & ! incurable expel entirely3 because ! good man & he :o lives "u a s5se ( hon\r w be ob$i5t to reason2 & ! bas] sort1 :o grasp at pleasure1 w be kept 9 *eck1 l bea/s ( bur!n by pa94 ,!re=e also !y say t ! pa9s %\ld be su* z are mo/ contr>y to ! pleasures :i* are lik$4 ,z has be5 said already1 he :o is to be good mu/ h be5 br\ght up & habituat$ well1 & !n live accord+ly "u good in/itutions1 & nev] d :at is l[ & mean1 ei!r aga9/ or ) 8 w4 ,n[ ^! objects c be atta9$ only by m5 liv+ 9 accordance ) "s guid+ ,intellect & "r ord]1 ) p[] to back !m4 ,z = ! ,pat]nal ,rule1 x possesses nei!r /r5g? nor compulsory p[]1 nor 9 fact does ! ,rule ( any "o man1 unless he is a k+ or "s "o 9 l case3 b ! ,law has p[] to compel1 s9ce x is a decl>ation emanat+ f ,practical ,wisdom & ,intellect4 ,& p feel enmity t[>ds _! fell[-m5 :o oppose _! impulses1 h[ev] rightly !y may d s3 ! ,law1 on ! contr>y1 is n ! object ( hatr$1 ?\gh en=c+ "r rules4 ,! ,lac$monian is ne>ly ! only ,/ate 9 :i* ! fram] ( ! ,con/itution has made any provision1 x w\ld seem1 respect+ ! food & mann] ( liv+ ( ! p3 9 mo/ ,/ates ^! po9ts are entirely neglect$1 & ea* man lives j z he likes1 rul+ 8 wife & *ildr5 ,cyclops-,fa%ion4 ,( c\rse1 ! be/ ?+ w\ld be t !re %\ld be a "r ,public ,sy/em & t we %\ld be able to c>ry x out3 b1 s9ce z a public matt] ^? po9ts are neglect$1 ! duty w\ld seem to devolve ^u ea* individual to contribute to ! cause ( ,virtue ) 8 own *ildr5 & fri5ds1 or at lea/ to make ?is 8 aim & purpose3 & ?is1 x w\ld seem1 f :at has be5 said1 he w be be/ able to d by mak+ a ,legislator ( himself3 s9ce all public sy/ems1 x is pla91 are =m$ by ! in/rum5tality ( laws & ^? are good :i* are =m$ by t ( good laws3 :e!r !y are writt5 or unwritt51 :e!r !y are appli$ to ! tra9+ ( "o or _m1 w n1 x seems1 make any diff]5ce1 j z x does n 9 music1 gymna/ics1 or any o!r su* accompli%m5ts1 :i* are ga9$ by practice4 ,= j z 9 ,communities laws & cu/oms prevail1 s too 9 families ! express comm&s ( ! ,head1 & cu/oms also3 & ev5 m 9 ! latt]1 because ( blood-relation%ip & ! b5efits conf]r$3 = !re y h1 to beg9 )1 p :o h affection & are naturally ob$i5t to ! au?ority :i* controls !m4 ,!n1 fur!rmore1 ,private tra9+ has advantages ov] ,public1 z 9 ! case ( ! heal+ art3 = in/ance1 z a g5]al rule1 a man :o is 9 a fev] %\ld keep quiet1 & />ve2 b 9 a p>ticul> case1 p]haps1 ?is may n hold good2 or1 to take a diff]5t illu/ration1 ! box] w n use ! same way ( fight+ ) all antagoni/s4 ,x w\ld seem !n t ! individual w be mo/ exactly att5d$ to "u ,private c>e1 because s ea* w be m likely to obta9 :at is exp$i5t = him4 ,( c\rse1 :e!r 9 ! art ( heal+1 or gymna/ics1 or any o!r1 a man w treat individual cases ! bett] = be+ acqua9t$ ) g5]al rules2 z1 8t s & s is good = all1 or = m5 9 su* & su* cases30 because g5]al maxims are n only said to be b are ! object-matt] ( sci5ces3 /ill ?is is no reason aga9/ ! possibility ( a man's tak+ excell5t c>e ( "s "o case1 ?\gh he possesses no sci5tific k b f exp]i5ce is exactly acqua9t$ ) :at happ5s 9 ea* po9t2 j z "s p are ?\ght to doctor !mselves be/ ?\gh !y w\ld be :olly unable to adm9i/] relief to o!rs4 ,yet x may seem to be necess>y nev]!less1 = "o :o wi%es to become a real arti/ & well acqua9t$ ) ! !ory ( 8 pr(ession1 to h rec\rse to g5]al pr9ciples & asc]ta9 all _! capacities3 = we h already /at$ t ^! are ! object-matt] ( sci5ces4 ,if !n x appe>s t we may become good ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( laws1 ( c\rse :oso wi%es to make m5 bett] by a sy/em ( c>e & tra9+ mu/ try to make a ,legislator ( himself2 = to treat skilfully j any "o :o may be put be=e y is n :at any ord9>y p]son c d1 b1 if any "o1 he :o has k2 z 9 ! heal+ art1 & all o!rs :i* involve c>eful practice & skill4 ,w n !n our next bus9ess be to enquire f :at s\rces1 or h[ "o may acquire ?is faculty ( ,legislation2 or %all we say1 t1 z 9 simil> cases1 ,/atesm5 are ! p to le>n f1 s9ce ?is faculty 0 ?\ght to be a "p ( ! ,social ,sci5ce8 ,mu/ we n admit t ! ,political ,sci5ce pla9ly does n /& on a simil> foot+ to t ( o!r sci5ces & faculties8 ,i mean1 t :ile 9 all o!r cases ^? :o imp>t ! faculties & !mselves ex]t !m are id5tical 7physicians & pa9t]s = in/ance7 matt]s ( ,/atesman%ip ! ,sophi/s pr(ess to tea*1 b n "o ( !m practises x1 t be+ left to ^? actually engag$ 9 x3 & ^! might really v well be ?\ght to d x by "s s+ul> knack & by m]e practice r ?an by any intellectual process3 = !y nei!r write nor speak on ^! matt]s 7?\gh x might be m to _! cr$it ?an compos+ spee*es = ! c\rts or ! assembly71 nor aga9 h !y made ,/atesm5 ( _! own sons or _! fri5ds4 ,"o c h>dly suppose b t !y w\ld h done s if !y c\ld1 see+ t !y c\ld h bequea!d no m preci\s legacy to _! communities1 nor w\ld !y h pref]r$1 = !mselves or _! de>e/ fri5ds1 ! possession ( any faculty r ?an ?is4 ,practice1 h[ev]1 seems to contribute no little to its acquisition2 m]ely brea?+ ! atmosph]e ( politics w\ld nev] h made ,/atesm5 ( !m1 & !re=e we may conclude t !y :o w\ld acquire a k ( ,/atesman%ip mu/ h 9 addition practice4 ,b ( ! ,sophi/s !y :o pr(ess to tea* x are pla9ly a long way (f f do+ s3 9 fact1 !y h no k at all ( its nature & objects2 if !y _h1 !y w\ld nev] h put x on ! same foot+ ) ,rhetoric or ev5 on a l[]3 nei!r w\ld !y h conceiv$ x to be 8an easy matt] to legislate by simply collect+ su* laws z are fam\s because ( c\rse "o c\ld select ! be/10 z ?\gh ! selection 7 n a matt] ( skill1 & ! judg+ aright a v great matt]1 z 9 ,music3 = !y alone1 :o h practical k ( a ?+1 c judge ! p]=mances rightly or und]/& ) :at means & 9 :at way !y are accompli%$1 & :at h>monises ) :at3 ! unle>n$ mu/ be cont5t ) be+ able to discov] :e!r ! result is good or bad1 z 9 pa9t+4 ,n[ laws may be call$ ! p]=mances or tangible results ( ,political ,sci5ce2 h[ !n c a man acquire f ^! ! faculty ( ,legislation1 or *oose ! be/8 we d n see m5 made physicians by compilations3 & yet 9 ^! treatises m5 endeav\r to give n only ! cases b also h[ !y may be cur$1 & ! prop] treatm5t 9 ea* case1 divid+ ! v>i\s bodily habits4 ,well1 ^! are ?\ght to be useful to pr(essional m51 b to ! unpr(essional useless4 ,9 l mann] x may be t collections ( laws & ,con/itutions w\ld be exce$+ly useful to su* z are able to speculate on !m1 & judge :at is well1 & :at ill1 & :at k9d ( ?+s fit 9 ) :at o!rs3 b !y :o )\t ?is qualification %\ld g ?r\gh su* matt]s _c h "r judgm5t1 unless !y h x by in/9ct1 ?\gh !y may become m intellig5t 9 su* matt]s4 ,s9ce !n ^? :o h prec$$ u h left un9ve/igat$ ! subject ( ,legislation1 x w be bett] p]haps = u to inve/igate x ourselves1 &1 9 fact1 ! :ole subject ( ,polity1 t ?us :at we may call ,human ,philosophy may be complet$ z f> z 9 u lies4 ,fir/ !n1 let u endeav\r to get :atev] fragm5ts ( good !re may be 9 ! /atem5ts ( our pr$ecessors1 next1 f ! ,polities we h collect$1 asc]ta9 :at k9d ( ?+s pres]ve or de/roy ,communities1 & :at1 p>ticul> ,con/itutions2 & ! cause :y "s are well & o!rs ill manag$1 = aft] su* enquiry1 we %all be ! bett] able to take a conc5trat$ view z to :at k9d ( ,con/itution is be/1 :at k9d ( regulations are be/ = ea*1 & :at laws & cu/oms4 ,,notes ,,book ,i #a ,= ?is t]m1 z "h employ$1 our language conta9s no equival5t expression except an inconv5i5t p>aphrase4 ,!re are ?ree s5ses :i* x be>s 9 ?is treatise3 ! fir/ 79 :i* x is "h employ$7 is its /rict etymological signfication 8,! sci5ce ( ,society10 & ?is includes ev]y?+ :i* c be> at all ^u ! well-be+ ( ,man 9 8 social capacity1 8,quicquid agunt hom9es no/ri e/ f>rago libelli40 ,x is 9 ?is view t x is fairly d5om9at$ mo/ comm&+ & inclusive4 ,! second s5se 79 :i* x occurs next1 j bel[7 is 8,moral ,philosophy40 ,ari/otle expla9s ! t]m 9 ?is s5se 9 ! ,rhetoric 7#a #b7 ,greek3 hae p]i ta ae?ae pragmateia a5 dikaion e/i prosagoreu5 politika54 ,he has pr9cipally 9 view 9 ?is treatise ! moral tra9+ ( ! ,individual1 ! bran* ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,society :i* we call ,e?ics ,prop]1 be>+ ! same relation to ! l>g] ,sci5ce z ! hew+ & squ>+ ( ! /ones to ! build+ ( ! ,temple1 or ! drill ( ! ,recruit to ! manoeuvres ( ! field4 ,greek ,philosophy view$ m5 pr9cipally z con/itu5t p>ts ( a ,greek3 polis1 consid]+ ?is function to be ! real ,end ( ea*1 & ?is /ate z t 9 :i* ! ,individual atta9$ 8 highe/ & mo/ complete developm5t4 ,! ?ird s5se is 8,! detail ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t10 :i* ,ari/otle expressly /ates 7vi4 #h7 0 ! mo/ common acceptation ( ! t]m4 #b ,matt]s ( :i* a man is to judge ei!r belong to "s def9ite art or sci5ce1 or !y d n4 ,9 ! =m] case he is ! be/ judge :o has ?or\gh acqua9tance ) t art or sci5ce1 9 ! latt]1 ! man ^: p[]s h be5 develop$ & matur$ by education4 ,a lame horse "o w\ld %[ to a f>m]1 n to ! be/ & wise/ man ( "o's acqua9tance2 to ! latt]1 "o w\ld apply 9 a difficult case ( conduct4 ,exp]i5ce answ]s to ! fir/1 a /ate ( self-control to ! latt]4 #c ,9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! ?ird book ( ?is treatise x is said ( ! fool1 t 8 desire ( pleasure is n only insatiable1 b indiscrim9ate 9 its objects1 4 #d is a ^w us$ 9 ?is treatise 9 v>i\s significations4 ,! prim>y "o is 8beg9n+ or fir/ cause10 & ?is runs ?r\gh all its v>i\s uses4 8,rule10 & sometimes 8,rul]s10 are d5ot$ by ?is t]m ! initiative be+ a prop]ty ( ,rule4 8,pr9ciple0 is a v usual signification ( x1 & 9 fact ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,e?ics4 ,! ^w ,pr9ciple means 8/>t+-po9t40 ,e action has two beg9n+s1 t ( ,resolve 1 & t ( ,action 7 74 ,i desire praise ( m5 ?is !n is ! beg9n+ ( ,resolve4 ,hav+ consid]$ h[ x is to be atta9$1 ,i resolve ^u "s c\rse & ?is ,resolve is ! beg9n+ ( ,action4 ,! beg9n+s ( ,resolve1 or ,motives1 :5 =mally /at$1 are ! major premisses ( :at ,ari/otle calls ! 1 i4e4 ! reason+ into :i* actions may be analys$4 ,?us we say t ! desire ( human praise 0 ! motive ( ! ,ph>isees1 or ! pr9ciple on :i* !y act$4 ,_! practical syllogism !n w\ld /& ?us3 ,:atev] ga9s human praise is to be done2 ,public pray+ & almsgiv+ gave human praise3 ergo ,public pray+ & almsgiv+ are to be done4 ,! major premisses may be /or$ up 9 ! m9d z rules ( action1 & ?is is :at is commonly meant by hav+ pr9ciples good or bad4 #e ,! difficulty ( ?is passage consi/s 9 det]m9+ ! signification ( ! t]ms ,greek3 gnorima aem9 & ,greek3 gnorima aplos ,i h translat$ !m )\t ref]5ce to _! use else:]e1 z d5ot+ respectively :at is & :at may be kn[n4 ,all tru? is ,greek3 gnorimon aplos1 b t alone ,greek3 aem9 :i* we individually realise1 !re=e ^? pr9ciples alone are ,greek3 gnorima aem9 :i* we h receiv$ z true4 ,f ?is appe>s imm$iately ! necessity ( good tra9+ z prep>atory to ! /udy ( ,moral ,philosophy = good tra9+ 9 habits w ei!r "w pr9ciples into our nature1 or make u capable ( accept+ !m z soon z !y are put be=e u2 :i* no m]e intellectual tra9+ c d4 ,! *ild :o has be5 us$ to obey 8 p>5ts may nev] h he>d ! fif? ,comm&m5t b x is 9 ! v texture ( 8 nature1 & ! fir/ "t he he>s x he w recognise x z morally true & "r ! pr9ciple is 9 8 case a fact1 ! reason = :i* he is z little incl9$ to ask z any "o w\ld be able to prove its tru? if he %\ld ask4 ,b ^! t]ms are employ$ else:]e 7,analytica ,po/ ,i cap4 #aa4 sect4 #aj7 to d5ote respectively p>ticul>s & univ]sals ,! latt] are s d5om9at$1 because pr9ciples or laws mu/ be suppos$ to h exi/$ be=e ! in/ances ( _! op]ation4 ,ju/ice mu/ h exi/$ be=e j actions1 ,r$ness be=e r$ ?+s1 b s9ce :at we meet ) are ! concrete in/ances 7f :i* we ga!r ! pr9ciples & laws71 ! p>ticul>s are said to be ,greek3 gnorimot]a aem9 ,adopt+ ?is signification gives great] unity to ! :ole passage1 :i* w !n /& ?us4 ,! "q be+ :e!r we are to assume pr9ciples1 or obta9 !m by an analysis ( facts1 ,ari/otle says1 8,we mu/ beg9 ( c\rse ) :at is kn[n b !n ?is t]m d5otes ei!r p>ticul>s or univ]sals p]haps we !n mu/ beg9 ) p>ticul>s & h5ce ! necessity ( a previ\s good tra9+ 9 habits1 etc4 7:i* ( c\rse is beg9n+ ) p>ticul> facts71 = a fact is a />t+ po9t1 & if ?is be suffici5tly cle>1 !re w be no want ( ! reason = ! fact 9 addition0 ,! objection to ?is me?od ( translation is1 t ,greek3 ar*ai occurs imm$iately aft]w>ds 9 ! s5se ( 8pr9ciples40 ,ut]e tuo judicio nihil enim imp$io4 #f ,or 8prove !mselves good10 z 9 ! ,prior ,analytics1 ii #be1 ,greek3 apanta pi/euom5 k4t l b ! o!r r5d]+ is support$ by a passage 9 ,book ,,viii4 *ap4 ix4 ,greek3 oi d' upo ton epieikon kai eidoton oregom5oi timaes bebaiosai t5 oikeian doxan ephi5tai p]i auton *air\si de oti eis9 aga?oi1 pi/euontes te ton legonton krisei #g ,greek3 !sis meant orig9ally "s p>adoxical /atem5t by any philosoph] ( "n en\gh to v5ture on "o1 b _h come to mean any dialectical "q4 ,topics1 ,i4 *ap4 ix4 #h ,a lo/ "w1 suppos$ to h be5 s call$1 because conta9+ miscellane\s que/ions4 #i ,x is only q at ! close ( ! treatise t ,ari/otle ref]s to ?is1 & all[s t ,greek3 !oria con/itutes ! highe/ happ9ess because x is ! ex]cise ( ! highe/ faculty 9 man ! reason ( ?us def]r+ ! /atem5t be+ t till ! l[]1 t is ! moral1 nature has be5 r$uc$ to p]fect ord]1 ,greek3 !oria _c h place1 ?\gh1 _h x be5 held out f ! fir/1 m5 w\ld h be5 = mak+ ! exp]im5t at once1 )\t ! tr\ble ( self-discipl9e4 #aj ,or1 z "s ?9k1 8_m !ories h be5 f\nd$ on !m40 #aa ,! is ! ar*etype1 ! ! concrete embody+ ! resemblance ( x2 h5ce ,ari/otle alludes to ! !ory "u bo? names1 & ?is is ! reason = reta9+ ! ,greek t]ms4 #ab ,! li/ ran ?us-- ,greek3 to p]as to apeiron to eu?u to p]isson to artion to phos to en to ple?os to tetragonon to dexion to ari/]on to a]em\n to arr5 to !lu to aga?on #ac ,plato's si/]'s son4 #ad ,?is is ! capital defect 9 ,ari/otle's eyes1 :o be+ em95tly practical1 c\ld n l a !ory :i* n only did n necess>ily lead to action1 b _h a t5d5cy to disc\rage x by enabl+ unreal m5 to talk f9ely4 ,if true1 ! !ory is m]ely a way ( /at+ facts1 & leads to no action4 #ae i4e4 ! id5tification ( ,happ9ess ) ! ,*ief ,good4 #af i4e4 )\t ! capability ( addition4 #ag ,& !n ,happ9ess w\ld at once be %[n n to be ! ,*ief ,good4 ,x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to speak ( add+ to ! ,*ief ,good4 ,see ,book ,x4 *ap4 #aa4 ,greek3 delon os oud allo oud5 taga?on an eiae o meta t5os ton ka?' auto aga?on airetot]on g9etai4 #ah ,comp>e ,bi%op ,butl]'s acc\nt ( 8,human ,nature z a ,sy/em0 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,s]mons4 #ai i4e4 z work+ or z quiesc5t4 #bj ,! m]e translation ( ?is t]m w\ld convey no idea ( its mean+1 ,i h !re=e reta9$ ! ,greek t]m4 ,x is aft]w>ds expla9$ to include space ( "t & ext]nal appliances requisite = ! full developm5t ( ,man's en]gies2 "h ! "t only is allud$ to4 #ba ,?is pr9ciple is m fully /at$1 ) illu/rations1 9 ! ,topics1 ,i4 *ap4 ix4 #bb ,ei!r t ( ! bodily s5ses1 or t ( ! moral s5ses4 8,fire burns10 is an in/ance ( ! =m]1 8,treason is odi\s10 ( ! latt]4 #bc ,i h ?\ght x wor?:ile to v>y ! int]pretation ( ?is ^w1 because ?\gh 8habitus0 may be equival5t to all ! s5ses ( ,greek3 exis1 8habit0 is n1 at lea/ accord+ to our colloquial usage we commonly d5ote by 8habit0 a /ate =m$ by habituation4 #bd ,ano!r & p]haps m obvi\s me?od ( r5d]+ ?is passage is to apply ,greek3 kalon kaga?on to ?+s1 & let !m dep5d grammatically on ,greek3 epaeboli4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ,greek3 kalos kaga?os bore a special & well-kn[n mean+ also ! comp>ison is 9 ! text m complete1 & ! po9t ( ! passage seems m completely br\ght out4 #be 8,goodness always implies ! love ( itself1 an affection to goodness40 7,bi%op ,butl]1 ,s]mon xiii 7 ,ari/otle describes pleasure 9 ! ,t5? ,book ( ?is ,treatise z ! result ( any faculty ( p]ception meet+ ) ! correspond+ object1 vici\s pleasure be+ z truly pleasure z ! mo/ ref9$ & exalt$4 ,if ,goodness !n implies ! love ( itself1 ! p]cipi5t w always h its object pres5t1 & pleasure cont9ually result4 #bf ,9 spite ( !ory1 we "k z a matt] ( fact t ext]nal circum/ances are necess>y to complete ! idea ( ,happ9ess n t ,happ9ess is capable ( addition1 b t :5 we ass]t x to be id5tical ) virtu\s action we mu/ und]/& t x is to h a fair field2 9 fact1 ! o!r side ( ,greek3 bios teleios4 #bg ,x is rem>kable h[ ,ari/otle "h aga9 %elves :at he consid]s an unpractical "q4 ,if ,happ9ess 7 really a direct gift f ,heav51 indep5d5tly ( human conduct1 all motive to self-discipl9e & moral improvem5t w\ld vani% ,he %[s !re=e t x is no depreciation ( ! value ( ,happ9ess to suppose x to come p>tly at lea/ f ourselves1 & he !n goes on ) o!r reasons :y we %\ld ?9k ) him4 #bh ,?is t]m is important1 :at has be5 maim$ 0 once p]fect2 he does n contemplate z possible ! case ( a man be+ born incapable ( virtue1 & s ( happ9ess4 #bi ,greek ,plato4 ,phdon4 xlvi4 #cj ,b :y give mat]ials & in/rum5ts1 if !re is no "w to d8 #ca ,! suppos$ pair ( ance/ors4 #cb ,solon says1 8,call no man happy till he is dead40 ,he mu/ mean ei!r1 ,! man :5 dead is happy 7a71 or1 ,! man :5 dead may be said to h be5 happy 7b74 ,if ! =m]1 does he mean positive happ9ess 7a78 or only fre$om f unhapp9ess 778 ,we _c all[ 7a71 ,m5's op9ions disall[ 771 ,we rev]t n[ to ! consid]ation ( 7b74 #cc ,! difficulty 0 rais$ by ! cla%+ ( a notion commonly held1 & a fact univ]sally exp]i5c$4 ,mo/ p conceive t ,happ9ess %\ld be abid+1 e "o kn[s t =tune is *angeable4 ,x is ! notion :i* supports ! def9ition1 because we h !re9 bas$ ,happ9ess on ! mo/ abid+ cause4 #cd ,i h tak5 to ref] to 1 aga9/ ,magirus & ! ,p>aphrase ( ,&ronicus ,rhodius4 ,i w\ld ref] to ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( 9 ! ,t5? ,book1 *ap4 vii4 :]e he expressly says ( ! work+ ( or pure intelect1 t x is 8mo/ cont9u\s40 #ce ,! t]m seems to be employ$ advis$ly4 ,! ,*oragus1 ( c\rse1 dress$ 8 actors = _! p>ts2 n accord+ to _! fancies or 8 own4 ,hook] has 7,e4 ,p4 v4 ixxvi4 #e7 a passage :i* seems to be an admirable p>aphrase on ?is4 8,aga91 t ! measure ( our outw>d prosp]ity be tak5 by proportion ) t :i* e man's e/ate 9 ?is pres5t life require?4 ,ext]nal abilities are in/rum5ts ( action4 ,x cont5te? wise artific]s to h _! in/rum5ts proportionable to _! "w1 r fit = use ?an huge & goodly to please ! eye4 ,see+ !n ! actions ( a s]vant d n ne$ t :i* may be necess>y = m5 ( call+ & place 9 ! _w1 nei!r m5 ( inf]ior condition _m ?+s :i* great] p]sonages c h>dly want2 surely !y are bless$ 9 worldly respects :o h :]e) to p]=m :at _! /ation & place aske?1 ?\gh !y h no m40 #cf ,always be>+ 9 m9d t man 8nev] cont9ue? 9 "o /ay40 #cg ,! mean+ is ?is3 p]sonal =tunes1 we h said1 mu/ be 9 c]ta9 weight & numb] to affect our own happ9ess1 ?is w be true1 ( c\rse1 ( ^? :i* are reflect$ on u f our fri5ds3 & ^! are ! only ones to :i* ! dead are suppos$ to be liable8 add !n ! diff]5ce ( s5sibility :i* x is fair to presume1 & !re is a v small residuum ( joy or sorr[4 #ch ,?is is meant = an exhau/ive division ( goods1 :i* are ei!r s 9 esse or 9 posse4 ,if 9 esse1 !y are ei!r above praise1 or subjects ( praise4 ,^? 9 posse1 "h call$ faculties1 are good only :5 rightly us$4 ,?us ,rhetoric is a faculty :i* may be us$ to promote ju/ice or abus$ to support villa9y4 ,money 9 l way4 #ci ,! d\bt is1 :e!r ,greek or ,greek is ! subject ( ! s5t5ce4 ,x is translat$ z above1 n m]ely ) ref]5ce to ! s5se ( ?is passage1 b on a comp>ison ) a simil> "o 9 ,book ,x4 *ap #h4 ,greek4 #dj ,eudoxus1 a philosoph] hold+ ! doctr9e aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,epicurus respect+ pleasure1 b 7z ,ari/otle te/ifies 9 ! ,t5? ,book7 ( irreproa*able "*4 #da ,see ! ,rhetoric1 ,book ,i4 *ap ix4 #db ,! unse5 is at lea/ z real z ! se54 #dc ,! t]ms are borr[$ f ! ,sev5? ,book & are "h us$ 9 _! /rict philosophical mean+4 ,! ,greek3 enkrates is he :o has bad or unruly appetites1 b ^: reason is /rong en\gh to keep !m "u4 ,! ,greek3 akrates is he ^: appetites con/antly prevail ov] 8 reason & previ\s good resolutions4 ,by ! law ( habits ! =m] is con/antly approximat+ to a /ate 9 :i* ! appetites are :olly quell$4 ,?is /ate is call$ ,greek3 sophrosyne1 & ! man 9 x ,greek3 sophron4 ,by ! same law ! remon/rances ( reason 9 ! latt] gr[ fa9t] & fa9t] till !y are sil5c$ = ev]4 ,?is /ate is call$ ,greek3 akolasia1 & ! man 9 x ,greek3 akola/os4 #dd ,?is is untranslateable4 ,z ! ,greek phrase1 ,greek3 e*e9 logon t9os1 really d5otes sub/itut+ t p]son's ,greek3 logos = "o's own1 s ! ,irrational nature 9 a man ( self-control or p]fect$ self-ma/]y sub/itutes ! ord]s ( ,reason = its own impulses4 ,! o!r phrase means ! actual possession ( ma!matical tru?s z "p ( ! m5tal furniture1 i4e4 kn[+ !m4 #de ,greek3 x9 may be tak5 z oppos$ to ,greek3 en]geian1 & ! mean+ w be1 to %[ a diff]5ce betwe5 ,moral & ,intellectual ,excell5ces1 t m5 are comm5d$ = m]ely hav+ ! latt]1 b only = ex]t+ & us+ ! =m]4 ,,book ,,ii #a ,:i* we call simply virtue4 #b ,= nature mu/ ( c\rse supply ! capacity4 #c ,or 8z a simple result ( nature40 #d ,?is is done 9 ! ,six? ,book4 #e ,x is1 9 tru?1 9 ! application ( rules to p>ticul> details ( practice t our moral ,responsibility *iefly lies no rule c be s fram$1 t evasion %all be impossible4 ,see ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,s]mon on ! "* ( ,balaam1 & t on ,self-,deceit4 #f ,! words & are n us$ "h 9 _! /rict significations to d5ote confirm$ /ates ( vice3 ! necess>ily feels pa91 because he mu/ always be ?w>t+ passions :i* are a real "p ( 8 nature2 ?\gh ?is pa9 w gr[ less & less z he ne>s ! po9t ( or p]fect$ ,self-,ma/]y1 :i* be+ atta9$ ! pa9 w !n & !n only cease entirely4 ,s a c]ta9 degree ( fe> is necess>y to ! =mation ( true c\rage4 ,all t is meant "h is1 t no habit ( c\rage or self-ma/]y c be said to be matur$1 until pa9 altoge!r vani%es4 #g ,virtue consi/s 9 ! due regulation ( all ! p>ts ( our nature our passions are a real "p ( t nature1 & z su* h _! prop] (fice1 x is an error !n to aim at _! extirpation4 ,x is true t 9 a p]fect moral /ate emotion w be r>e1 b !n ?is w h be5 ga9$ by regul> process1 be+ ! legitimate result ( ! law t 8passive impressions weak5 z active habits are /r5g!n$1 by repetition40 ,if musical in/rum5ts are mak+ discord1 ,i may sil5ce or ,i may br+ !m into h>mony 9 ei!r case ,i get rid ( discord1 b 9 ! latt] ,i h ! positive enjoym5t ( music4 ,! ,/oics w\ld h ! passions root$ out1 ,ari/otle w\ld h !m cultivat$ to use an apt figure 7^: ,i "k n71 ,!y w\ld pluck ! blossom (f at once1 he w\ld leave x to fall 9 due c\rse :5 ! fruit 0 =m$4 ,( !m we might truly say1 ,solitud9em faciunt1 pacem appellant4 ,see on ?is po9t ,bi%op ,butl]'s fif? ,s]mon1 & sect4 #aa4 ( ! *apt] on ,moral ,discipl9e 9 ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,analogy4 #h ,i h adopt$ ?is ^w f our old writ]s1 because our ^w act is s commonly int]*ang$ ) action4 ,greek3 ,praxis 7action7 prop]ly d5otes ! :ole process f ! conception to ! p]=mance4 ,greek3 ,pragma 7fact7 only ! result4 ,! latt] may be "r :5 ! =m] is wrong if1 = example1 a murd]] 0 kill$ by 8 accomplices4 ,aga91 ! ,greek3 praxis may be good ?\gh ! ,greek3 pragma be wrong1 z if a man "u errone\s impressions does :at w\ld h be5 "r if 8 impressions _h be5 true 7subject ( c\rse to ! "q h[ f> he is guiltless ( 8 orig9al error71 b 9 ?is case we c\ld n call ! ,greek3 praxis "r4 ,no repetition ( ,greek3 pragmata goes to =m a habit4 ,see ,bi%op ,butl] on ! ,!ory ( ,habits m ! *apt] on ,moral ,discipl9e1 quot$ above1 sect4 #aa4 8,& 9 l mann] z habits belong+ to ! body10 etc4 #i ,be+ ab\t to give a /rict logical def9ition ( ,virtue1 ,ari/otle asc]ta9s fir/ :at is its g5us ,greek3 ti e/94 #aj ,t is1 n = m]ely hav+ !m1 because we did n make ourselves4 ,see ,bi%op ,butl]'s acc\nt ( our nature z conta9+ 8p>ticul> prop5sions10 9 sect4 iv4 ( ! *apt] on ,moral discipl9e1 & 9 ! ,preface to ! ,s]mons4 #aa ,?is ref]s to ! division ( quantity 7,greek3 poson7 9 ! ,categories4 ,^? ,quantities are call$ by ,ari/otle ,cont9u\s ^: p>ts h position relatively to "o ano!r1 z a l9e1 surface1 or solid1 ^? discrete1 ^: p>ts h no su* relation1 z numb]s !mselves1 or any /r+ ( words grammatically unconnect$4 #ab ,numb]s are 9 ari?metical proportion 7m usually call$ progression71 :5 !y increase or decrease by a common diff]5ce ?us1 #b1 #f1 #aj are s1 because #b #d #f1 #f #d #aj1 or vice v]sa1 #aj - #d #f1 #f - #d #b4 #ac ,if ! m9a be tak5 at #ae oz4 avoirdupois1 7,dict4 ( ,g4 & ,r4 ,antiquities1 article ,tal5tum17 we mu/ be sadly deg5]ate 9 our ga/ric capacity4 #ad ,! two are necess>y1 because s9ce ! reason itself may be p]v]t$1 a man mu/ h rec\rse to an ext]nal /&>d2 we may suppose 8 ,greek3 logos orig9ally to h be5 a suffici5t guide1 b :5 he has injur$ 8 moral p]ceptions 9 any degree1 he mu/ g out ( himself = direction4 #ae ,?is is "o ( ! _m expressions :i* seem to imply t ?is treatise is r a collection ( notes ( a viv voce lecture ?an a set =mal treatise4 8,! table0 ( virtues & vices probably 0 sket*$ out & exhibit$ to ! audi5ce4 #af ,aft]w>ds def9$ z 8,all ?+s ^: value is measur$ by money40 #ag ,we h no t]m exactly equival5t2 x may be illu/rat$ by ,horace's use ( ! t]m hiatus3 8,quid dignum tanto f]et hic promissor hiatu80 ,op5+ ! m\? wide gives a promise ( some?+ great to come1 if no?+ great does come1 ?is is a case ( ,greek3 *aunotes or fruitless & unmean+ hiatus2 ! transf]5ce to ! pres5t subject is easy4 #ah ,9 l mann] we talk ( laudable ambition1 imply+ ( c\rse !re may be t :i* is n laudable4 #ai ,an expression ( ,bi%op ,butl]'s1 :i* corresponds exactly to ! def9ition ( ,greek3 nemesis 9 ! ,rhetoric4 #bj ,t is1 9 ! same g5us2 to be contr>ies1 ?+s mu/ be g5]ically connect$3 ,greek3 ta plei/on allelon die/ekota ton en to auto g5ei enantia orizontai4 ,categories1 iv4 #ae4 #ba 8,greek3 ,deut]os pl\s is a prov]b10 says ! ,s*olia/ on ! ,pha$o1 8us$ ( ^? :o d any?+ safely & cauti\sly inasmu* z !y :o h misc>ri$ 9 _! fir/ voyage1 set ab\t !n3 prep>ations = ! second cauti\sly10 & he !n alludes to ?is passage4 #bb ,t is1 y mu/ all[ = ! recoil4 8,naturam expellas furca tam5 usque recurret40 ,p4 #dc1 l4 #b4 ,?is illu/ration sets 9 s cle> a light ! doctr9es ent]ta9$ respectively by ,ari/otle1 ,eudoxus1 & ! ,/oics reg>d+ pleasure1 t x is wor? :ile to g into x fully4 ,! ref]5ce is to ,iliad iii4 #aed-afj4 ,! old c\nsellors1 z ,hel5 comes ^u ! city wall1 ackn[l$ge h] surpass+ beauty1 & h no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ bo? nations %\ld h incurr$ su* suff]+ = h] sake /ill1 fair z %e is1 home %e mu/ g1 t %e br+ n ru9 on !mselves & _! po/]ity4 ,?is exactly repres5ts ,ari/otle's relation to ,pleasure he does n1 ) ,eudoxus & 8 foll[]s1 exalt x into ! ,summum ,bonum 7z ,p>is w\ld risk all = ,hel571 nor does he ! ! ,/oics call x :olly evil1 z ,hector might h said t ! woes ,hel5 _h caus$ _h 8bani%$ all ! beauty f h] *eek10 b1 ) ! ag$ c\nsellors1 admits its *>ms1 b aw>e ( _! dang]\sness resolves to d5y himself1 he 8feels h] sweetness1 yet defies h] ?rall40 #bd is "h us$ z an analog\s n\n1 to d5ote ! faculty :i*1 9 respect ( moral matt]s1 dis*>ges ! same function t bodily s5se does 9 respect ( physical objects4 ,x is wor? :ile to notice h[ 9 our colloquial language we c>ry out ! same analogy4 ,we say ( a transaction1 t x 8looks ugly10 8s\nds oddly10 is a 8na/y job10 8/9ks 9 our no/rils10 is a 8h>d deal+40 ,,book ,,iii #a ,a man is n responsible = be+ ,greek3 !ratos1 because 8p>ticul> prop5sions1 f _! v nature1 mu/ be felt1 ! objects ( !m be+ pres5t1 ?\gh !y _c be gratifi$ at all1 or n ) ! all[ance ( ! moral pr9ciple40 ,b he is responsible = be+ ,greek3 eu!ratos1 because1 ?\gh ?us =m$1 he 8might h improv$ & rais$ himself to an high] & m secure /ate ( virtue by ! contr>y behavi\r1 by /eadily foll[+ ! moral pr9ciple1 suppos$ to be "o "p ( 8 nature1 & ?us )/&+ t unavoidable dang] ( defection :i* necess>ily arose f prop5sion1 ! o!r "p ( x4 ,= by ?us pres]v+ 8 integrity = "s "t1 8 dang] w\ld less51 s9ce prop5sions1 by be+ inur$ to submit1 w\ld d x m easily & ( c\rse & 8 security aga9/ ?is less5+ dang] w\ld increase1 s9ce ! moral pr9ciple w\ld ga9 additional /r5g? by ex]cise1 bo? :i* ?+s are impli$ 9 ! notion ( virtu\s habits40 7,f ! *apt] on ,moral ,discipl9e m ! ,analogy1 sect4 iv47 ,! purpose ( ?is disquisition is to refute ! ,necessit>ians2 x is resum$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ?is ,book4 #b ,virtue is n only ! duty1 b 7by ! laws ( ! ,moral ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,_w7 also ! int]e/ ( ,man1 or to express x 9 ,bi%op ,butl]'s mann]1 ,consci5ce & ,reasonable self-love are ! two pr9ciples 9 our nature :i* ( "r h supremacy ov] ! re/1 & ^! two lead 9 po9t ( fact ! same c\rse ( action4 7,s]mon ,,ii47 #c ,any ignorance ( p>ticul> facts affects ! rightness n ( ! ,greek3 praxis1 b ( ! ,greek3 pragma1 b ignorance ( i4e4 incapacity to disc]n1 ,pr9ciples1 %[s ! ,moral ,con/itution to h be5 deprav$1 i4e4 %[s ,consci5ce to be p]v]t$1 or ! sight ( ,self-love to be impair$4 #d ,greek3 eneka prim>ily d5otes ! relation ( cause & effect all circum/ances :i* 9 any way contribute to a c]t result are ,greek3 eneka t result4 ,f ! p[] :i* we h or acquire ( d$uc+ future results f pres5t causes we are enabl$ to act t[>ds1 ) a view to produce1 ^! results ?us ,greek3 eneka comes to mean n causation m]ely1 b design$ causation & s ,greek3 on eneka is us$ = ,motive1 or f9al cause4 ,x is ! prim>y mean+ :i* is "h int5d$1 x w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms to speak ( a man's be+ ignorant ( 8 own ,motive ( action4 ,:5 ! man 8drew a b[ at a v5ture & smote ! ,k+ ( ,israel betwe5 ! jo9ts ( ! h>nesss0 7i ,k+s xxii #cd7 he did x ,greek3 eneka ton apdkte9ai ! ,k+ ( ,israel1 9 ! prim>y s5se ( ,greek3 eneka t is to say1 ! ,k+'s dea? 0 9 fact ! result1 b c\ld n h be5 ! motive1 ( ! %ot1 because ! ,k+ 0 disguis$ & ! %ot 0 at a v5ture4 #e ,bi%op ,butl] w\ld agree to ?is3 he says ( settl$ delib]ate ang]1 8,x seems 9 u pla9ly connect$ ) a s5se ( virtue & vice1 ( moral good & evil40 ,see ! :ole ,s]mon on ,res5tm5t4 #f ,ari/otle has1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 r quibbl$ "h1 by us+ ,greek3 epi?umia & its v]b1 equivocally z !re is no foll[+ 8 argum5t )\t condesc5d+ to ! same device1 ,i h us$ our ^w lu/ 9 its anci5t signification ,ps4 xxiv4 #ab1 8,:at man is he t lu/e? to live80 #g ,! mean+ is1 t ! onus prob&i is ?r[n ^u ! p]son :o ma9ta9s ! di/9ction1 ,ari/otle has a prima facie case4 ,! :ole passage is "o ( difficulty4 ,c>d wells text gives ! passage f ,greek3 dokei de z a sep>ate argum5t ,bekk]'s seems to int5d al #ha ir_/jdeis z a sep>ate argum5t b if s1 ! argum5t w\ld be a m]e petitio pr9cipii4 ,i h adopt$ ,c>dwell's read+ 9 "p1 b reta9 ! comma at ,greek3 dmpho & h translat$ ! la/ f\r words z apply+ to ! :ole discussion1 :]eas ,c>dwell's read+ seems to re/rict !m to ! la/ argum5t4 #h i4e4 on objects ( ,moral ,*oice1 op9ion ( ?is k9d is n ! same z ,moral ,*oice1 because actions alone =m habits & con/itute "*1 op9ions are 9 g5]al signs ( "*1 b :5 !y beg9 to be act$ on !y cease to be op9ions1 & m]ge 9 ,moral ,*oice4 8,treason do? nev] prosp]1 :at's ! reason8 ,:5 x do? prosp]1 none d>e call x ,treason40 #i ,! introduction ( ! words ,greek3 dia t9os seems a m]e useless repetition1 z 9 ! second *apt] ,greek3 en t9i add$ to ,greek3 p]i ti4 ,^! ,i take = "s among ! _m indications t ! treatise is a collection ( notes = lectures1 & n a f9i%$ or sy/ematic "o4 #aj ,suppose t ?ree alt]natives lay be=e a man1 ea* ( ! ?ree is ( c\rse an object ( ,delib]ation2 :5 he has made 8 *oice1 ! alt]native *os5 does n cease to be 9 nature an object ( ,delib]ation1 b sup]adds ! "* ( be+ *os5 & s di/+ui%$4 ,?ree m5 are admitt$ c&idates = an (fice1 ! "o *os5 is ! successful c&idate1 s ( ! ?ree ,greek3 b\leuta1 ! "o *os5 is ! ,greek3 b\leuton proaireton4 #aa ,comp>e ,bi%op ,butl]'s 8,sy/em ( ,human ,nature10 9 ! ,preface to ! ,s]mons4 #ab ,^! words1 ,greek3 ek t\ b\leusa/hai--b\leus91 conta9 ! acc\nt ( ! :ole m5tal ma*9]y ( any action4 ,! fir/ /ep is a ,wi%1 impli$ 9 ! fir/ "h m5tion$1 viz4 ,delib]ation1 = x has be5 already laid d[n t ,delib]ation has = its object-matt] means to ,ends suppos$ to be set be=e ! m9d1 ! next /ep is ,delib]ation1 ! next ,decision1 ! la/ ! def9ite ext5d+ ( ! m5tal h& t[>ds ! object ?us select$1 ! two la/ con/itute ,greek3 proairesis 9 its full mean+4 ,! ^w ,greek3 orexis means lit]ally 8a grasp+ at or aft]0 n[ z ?is physically may be ei!r vague or def9ite1 s too may ! m5tal act1 consequ5tly ! t]m z transf]r$ to ! m9d has two uses1 & d5otes ei!r ! fir/ wi%1 ,greek3 b\laesis1 or ! la/ def9ite movem5t1 ,w 9 its /rict & prop] s5se4 ,^! two uses are recognis$ 9 ! ,rhetoric 7,i #aj71 :]e ,greek3 orexis is divid$ into ,greek3 alogos & ,greek3 logi/ikae4 ,! illu/ration !n af=d$ by ! polities allud$ to is ?is1 z ! ,k+s fir/ decid$ & !n ann\nc$ _! decision = acceptance & execution by _! subjects1 s ,reason1 hav+ decid$ on ! c\rse to be tak51 communicates its decision to ! ,w1 :i* !n proce$s to move ,greek3 ta organika m]ae4 ,to in/ance 9 an action ( ! mix$ k9d m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 safe arrival at l& is naturally desir$1 two means are sugge/$1 ei!r a c]ta9 loss ( goods1 or try+ to save bo? lives & goods1 ! "q be+ debat$1 ! =m] is *os51 ?is decision is communicat$ to ! ,w1 :i* causes ! own]'s h&s to ?r[ ov]bo>d 8 goods3 ! act is d5om9at$ volunt>y1 because ! ,w is cons5t+1 b 9 s d5om9at+ x1 we leave out ( sight h[ t cons5t 0 obta9$4 ,9 a purely compulsory case ! nev] gets beyond ! /age ( ,wi%1 = no means are p[] & delib]ation !re=e is useless1 consequ5tly !re is nei!r ,decision nor ,w1 9 o!r words1 no ,*oice4 #ac ,comp>e ! /atem5t 9 ! ,rhetoric1 #a #aj1 ,greek3 e/i d hae m5 b\laeis aga?\ orexis 7oudeis g> b\letai all ae otan oiae?o e9ai aga?on7 #ad ,a /one once set 9 motion _c be recall$1 because x is !n plac$ "u ! op]ation ( natural laws :i* _c be controll$ or alt]$1 s too 9 ,moral decl5sion1 !re is a po9t at :i* gravitation op]ates irretrievably1 8!re is a c]ta9 b\nd to imprud5ce & misbehavi\r :i* be+ transgress$1 !re rema9s no place = rep5tance 9 ! natural c\rse ( ?+s40 ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy1 ,fir/ ,"p1 *ap #aa4 #ae ,habits be+ =m$ by act+ 9 a c]ta9 way "u c]ta9 circum/ances we c only *oose h[ we w act n :at circum/ances we w h to act "u4 #af 8,moral ,c\rage0 is our phrase4 #ag ,! mean+ ( ?is passage c sc>cely be convey$ except by a p>aphrase4 8,! object ( ea* sep>ate act ( work+ is t :i* accords ) ! habit !y g to =m4 ,c\rage is ! habit :i* sep>ate acts ( brav]y g to =m1 !re=e ! object ( ^! is t :i* accords ) ,c\rage1 i4e4 ,c\rage itself4 ,b ,c\rage is hon\rable 7:i* implies t ! end & object ( x is hon\r1 s9ce ?+s are d5om9at$ accord+ to _! end & object71 !re=e ! object ( ea* sep>ate act ( brav]y is hon\r40 #ah ,= true ,c\rage is requir$1 i4 ,exact appreciation ( dang]4 #b4 ,a ,prop] motive = resi/+ fe>4 ,ea* ( ! ,spuri\s k9ds w be f\nd to fail 9 "o or o!r1 or bo?4 #ai ,?is may m]ely mean1 8:o give /rict ord]s0 n to fl9*1 :i* w\ld imply ! necessity ( compulsion ,! ^w is capable ( ! s5se giv5 above1 :i* seems m =cible4 #bj ,see ,book ,,vi4 *ap4 xiii4 ne> ! end ,greek3 sokrataes aeh5 oun log\s tas aretas oeto e9ai 7epiotaemas g> e9ai pasas7 #ba ,su* z ! noise1 ! rapid movem5ts1 & app>5t confusion :i* to an inexp]i5c$ eye & e> w\ld be al>m+4 ,s ,livy says ( ! ,gauls1 v4 #cg1 ,nata 9 vanos tumultus g5s4 #bb;,9 ,coronea 9 ,botia1 on ! occasion ( ! citadel be+ betray$ to "s ,phocians4 8,! regul>s0 7 ,boeotian troops1 ! ,greek3 politika ,coroneans4 #bc ,by ! diff]5ce ( t5se x seems ,ari/otle has mix$ up two ?+s1 beg9n+ to speak ( ! p>ticul> in/ance1 & !n c>ri$ into ! g5]al /atem5t aga94 ,?is x is sc>ce wor? :ile to imitate4 #bd ,! mean+ ( ! phrase ,greek3 kata sumbebaekos1 z "h us$1 9 giv5 9 ! ,sev5? ,book1 *ap4 ,x4 ,greek3 ei g> tis todi dia todi aireitai ae diokei1 ka? ahuto m5 t\to diokei kai aireitai1 kata sumbebaekos de to prot]on4 ,,book ,v #a ,ea* t]m is important to make up ! "* ( ,ju/ice1 m5 mu/ h ! capacity1 d ! acts1 & d !m f moral *oice4 #b ,b n always4 ,greek3 ,phile91 = in/ance1 has two s5ses1 8to love0 & 8to kiss10 ,greek3 mise9 b "o4 ,topics1 ,i4 *ap4 ,,xiii4 #e4 #c ,?+s are ,greek3 homonuma :i* h only _! "n 9 common1 be+ 9 !mselves diff]5t4 ,! ,greek3 homonumia is close !re=e :5 ! diff]5ce ?\gh real is b slight4 ,!re is no ,engli% expression = ,greek3 homonumia1 8equivocal0 be+ appli$ to a t]m & n to its v>i\s significates4 #d ,see ,book ,i4 *ap4 #a4 ,greek3 toiauta5 de t9a plana5 e*ei kai taga?a k4t4l4 #e ,a man habitually drunk 9 private is view$ by our law z conf9+ 8 vice to himself1 & ! law !re=e does n attempt to t\* him2 a religi\s h]mit may be view$ z "o :o conf9es 8 virtue to 8 own p]son4 #f ,see ! acc\nt ( ,sejanus & ,livia4 ,tac4 ,annal4 ,,iv4 #c4 #g ,c>dwell's text1 :i* "h gives ,greek3 p>anomon1 yields a mu* easi] & m natural s5se4 ,all ,inju/ice violates law1 b only ! p>ticul> k9ds violate equality2 & !re=e ! unlawful 3 ! unequal 33 univ]sal ,inju/ice ! p>ticul> i4e4 z :ole to "p4 ,!re is a read+ :i* also alt]s ! words )9 ! p>5!sis1 b ?is h>dly affects ! gi/ ( ! passage4 #h ,!re are two reasons :y ! *>act]s are n necess>ily co9cid5t4 ,he is a good citiz51 :o does 8 be/ to c>ry out ! ,greek3 politeia "u :i* he lives1 b ?is may be faulty1 s !re=e pro tanto is he4 ,aga91 x is suffici5t1 s f> z ! ,community is conc]n$1 t he does ! facts ( a good man b = ! p]fection ( 8 own individual "*1 he mu/ d !m virtu\sly4 ,a man may move rightly 9 8 social orbit1 )\t revolv+ rightly on 8 own axis4 ,! "q is debat$ 9 ! ,politics1 ,,iii4 #b4 ,comp>e also ! di/9ction betwe5 ! brave man1 & good soldi] 7supra1 ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 xii471 & also ,bi%op ,butl]'s fir/ ,s]mon4 #i ,t]ms us$ = p]sons4 #aj ,by ,greek3---- is meant numb]s !mselves1 #d1 #bj1 #ej1 etc1 by ,greek3---- ^! numb]s exemplifi$1 #d horses1 #bj %eep1 etc4 #aa ,! pr(its ( a m]cantile transaction 7say #ajjj7 are to be divid$ betwe5 ,a & ,b1 9 ! ratio ( #b to #c 7:i* is ! real po9t to be settl$72 !n1 ,a 3 ,b 33 #djj 3 #fjj4 ,a 3 #djj 33 ,b 3 #fjj 7p]mut&o1 & assum+ a value = ,a & ,b1 s z to make !m comm5surable ) ! respectiy sums74 ,a#djj 3 ,b#fjj 33 ,a 3 ,b4 ,?is repres5ts ! actual di/ribution2 its fairness dep5d+ entirely on t ( ! fir/ proportion4 #ab i4e4 :]e ! ratio is t ( equality1 ?us #b 3 #b 33 #dj 3 #dj #ac ,h] ,maje/y's 8,ju/ices40 #ad ,i h omitt$ ! next ?ree l9es1 z !y seem to be out ( place "h1 & to occur mu* m naturally aft]w>ds2 x n be+ likely t !y 7 orig9ally twice writt51 "o is p]haps at lib]ty to give ,ari/otle ! b5efit ( ! d\bt1 & conclude t he put !m :]e !y made ! be/ s5se4 #ae ,?is ,i believe to be ! mean+ ( ! passage b d n pret5d to be able to get x out ( ! words4 #af ,?is is app>5tly contr>y to :at 0 said be=e1 b n really s4 ,ari/otle does n mean t ! man 9 au?ority /ruck wrongfully1 b he takes ! extreme case ( simple ,reciprocation1 & 9 ! second case1 ! man :o /rikes "o 9 au?ority commits two (f5ces1 "o aga9/ ! p]son 7& s f> !y are equal71 & ano!r aga9/ ! (fice4 #ag d5otes1 #a/1 a k9dly feel+ issu+ 9 a gratuit\s act ( k9dness1 #bndly1 ! effect ( ?is act ( k9dness on a g5]\s m9d2 #crdly1 ?is effect issu+ 9 a requital ( ! k9dness4 #ah ,! ,%oemak] w\ld get a h\se :ile ! ,build] only _h 7say7 "o pair ( %oes1 or at all ev5ts n s _m z he ought to h4 ,?us ! man produc+ ! lea/ valuable w>e w\ld get ! mo/ valuable1 & vice v]sa4 ,adopt+1 z ,i h done1 ! read+ :i* omits ,greek3---- at ,greek3----1 we h simply a repetition ( ! caution1 t be=e ,reciprocation is attempt$1 !re mu/ be ! same ratio betwe5 ! w>es z betwe5 ! p]sons1 i4e4 ! ratio ( equality4 ,if we admit ,greek3 ou1 ! mean+ may be1 t y mu/ n br+ into ! proportion ! diff]5ce m5tion$ above ,greek3 et]on kai ouk ison1 s9ce = ! purposes ( comm]ce all m5 are equal4 ,say t ! ,build] is to ! ,%oemak] z #aj3a4 ,!n !re mu/ be ! same ratio betwe5 ! w>es1 consequ5tly ! highe/ arti/ w c>ry (f ! mo/ valuable w>es1 ?us comb9+ 9 himself bo? ,greek3 up]o*ai4 ,! foll[+ are ! ?ree cases1 giv5 #ajj pr4 %oes #a h\se4 ,build] 3 ,%oemak] 3 3 #a pr4 %oes 3 #a h\se--wrong4 ---- ---- #ajj pr4 %oes 3 #a h\se--"r ---- ---- #aj 7#ajj pr4 %oes7 3 #a h\se--wrong4 #ai ,greek ,comp>e a simil> use ( ,greek4 ,de ,int]pretatione1 ,,ii4 #b4 ,greek4 #bj ,e unju/ act embodies ,greek3 to adikon1 :i* is a violation ( ,greek3 to ison1 & s implies a great] & a less %>e1 ! =m] be+ said to fall to ! do]1 ! latt] to ! suff]]1 ( injury4 #ba ,?is passage c]ta9ly occurs awkw>dly "h4 ,if atta*$ to ! close ( ! prec$+ ,*apt] x w\ld leave t ,*apt] incomplete1 = ! "q is n gone into1 b only /at$4 ,z ! comm5cem5t ( ?is ,*apt] x is yet m out ( place2 ,i %\ld propose to ins]t x at ! comm5cem5t ( ! foll[+ ,*apt]1 to :i* x =ms an appropriate introduction4 #bb ,9 a pure democracy m5 are absolutely1 i4e4 num]ically1 equal1 9 o!r =ms only proportionately equal4 ,?us ! meane/ ,briti% subject is proportionately equal to ! ,sov]eign1 t is to say1 is z fully secur$ 9 8 rights z ! ,sov]eign 9 h]s4 #bc ,or1 accord+ to ,c>dwell's read+ 7,greek3 k9eton ou m5toi pan7 8b among/ ourselves !re is ,j1 :i* is naturally v>iable1 b c]ta9ly all ,j is n su*40 ,! s5se ( ! passage is n affect$ by ! read+4 ,9 ,bekk]'s text we mu/ take ,greek3 k9eton to mean ! same z ,greek3 k9\m5on1 i4e4 8we admit !re is no ,j :i* has n be5 sometimes disall[$1 /ill10 etc4 ,) ,c>dwell's1 ,greek3 k9eton w mean 8:i* n only does b naturally may v>y40 #bd ,murd] is unju/ by ! law ( nature1 ,smuggl+ by enactm5t4 ,!re=e any act :i* c be ref]r$ to ei!r ( ^! heads is an unju/ act1 or1 z ,bi%op ,butl] phrases x1 an act mat]ially unju/4 ,?us mu* may be decid$ )\t ref]5ce to ! ag5t4 ,see ! note on page #cb1 l4 #af4 #be 8,z di/9ct f pa9 or loss40 ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,s]mon on ,res5tm5t4 ,see also1 ,rhet4 #aa4 #b ,def4 ( ,greek3 orgae4 #bf ,?is me?od ( read+ ! passage is tak5 f ,zell z quot$ 9 ,c>dwell's ,notes1 & seems to yield ! be/ s5se4 ,! ,p>aphra/ gives x z foll[s3 8,b ! aggressor is n ignorant t he began1 & s he feels himself to be wrong & w n ackn[l$ge t he is ! aggressor1 b ! o!r does n40 #bg ,z :5 a man is 8ju/ifi$ at ! ,grass ,m>ket10 i4e4 hung4 #bh ,:]e ! /ock ( good is limit$1 if any individual takes m ?an 8 %>e "s "o else mu/ h less ?an 8 %>e2 :]e x is inf9ite1 or :]e !re is no good at all ?is _c happ54 #bi ,! ref]5ce is to *ap4 vii4 :]e x 0 said t ! law views ! p>ties 9 a case ( p>ticul> inju/ice z orig9ally equal1 b n[ unequal1 ! wrong do] ! ga9] & ! suff]] ! los] by ! wrong1 b 9 ! case above suppos$ !re is b "o p>ty4 #cj ,s 9 ! ,politics1 #a4 #b4 ,hae m5 g> psu*ae t\ somatos ar*ei despotika5 ar*a51 o de n\s taes orexeos politika5 kai despotikaev4 ,comp>e also ,bi%op ,butl]'s acc\nt ( human nature z a sy/em--( ! diff]5t au?ority ( c]ta9 pr9ciples1 & specially ! supremacy ( ,consci5ce4 ,,book ,,vi #a ,i und]/& ! illu/ration to be tak5 f ! process ( l[]+ a weight into its place2 a block ( m>ble or /one1 = in/ance1 9 a build+4 #b ,call$ = conv5i5ce sake ,necess>y & ,cont+5t matt]4 #c ,"o man le>ns ,ma!matics m easily ?an ano!r1 9 common language1 he has a turn = ,ma!matics1 i e some?+ 9 8 m5tal con=mation answ]s to t sci5ce ,! ,phr5ologi/ %[s ! bump d5ot+ ?is aptitude4 #d ,& !re=e ! "q resolves itself into ?is1 8,:at is ! "w ( ! ,speculative1 & :at ( ! ,practical1 faculty ( ,reason40 ,see ! description ( apetae ,,ii4 #e4 #e praxis is "h us$ 9 its /rict & prop] mean+4 #f ,t is to say1 ! ,w waits ^u delib]ation 9 :i* ,reason is ! judge2 :5 ! decision is pron\nc$1 ! ,w mu/ act accord+ly4 ,! "q at issue always is1 ,is ?is ,good8 because ! ,w is only mov$ by an impression ( ,good2 ! ,decision !n w be always ,aye or ,no1 & ! m5tal h& is put =? to grasp 9 ! =m] case1 & retract$ 9 ! lat]4 ,s f> z :at mu/ take place 9 e ,moral ,action1 "r or wrong1 ! ,ma*9]y ( ! m9d be+ suppos$ un9jur$ b to con/itute a good ,moral ,*oice1 i e44 a good ,action1 ! ,reason mu/ h said ,aye :5 x ought4 ,! cases ( faulty action w be1 ei!r :5 ! ,ma*9]y is p]fect b wrongly direct$1 z 9 ! case ( a delib]ate crime1 or :5 ! direction giv5 by ! ,reason is "r b ! ,w does n move 9 accordance ) t direction1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! ,ma*9]y is out ( ord]2 z 9 ! case ( ! ,greek3 akrates--video meliora proboque1 ,det]iora sequor4 #g ,see ! note on ,greek3 ,ar*e on page #d1 l4 #cj4 #h ,! cobbl] is at 8 la/1 :y8 to make %oes1 :i* are to clo! ! feet ( someone & ! price to be paid1 i4e4 ! produce ( 8 indu/ry1 is to enable him to support 8 wife & *ildr52 ?us 8 production is subord9ate to ,moral ,action4 #i ,x may be fairly presum$ t ,ari/otle w\ld n ?us h v>i$ 8 phrase )\t "s real diff]5ce ( mean+4 ,t diff]5ce is f\nd$1 ,i ?9k1 on ! two s5ses ( ,greek3 orexis be=e allud$ to 7note1 p4 #ec1 l4 #cc74 ,! fir/ impulse ( ! m9d t[>ds ,action may be giv5 ei!r by a vague desire or by ! sugge/ion ( ,reason4 ,! vague desire pass+ ?r\gh ! delib]ate /age w\ld issue 9 ,moral ,*oice4 ,reason mu/ enli/ ! ,w be=e any ,action c take place4 ,reason ought to be ! orig9ator 9 all cases1 z ,bi%op ,butl] obs]ves t ,consci5ce %\ld be4 ,if ?is 7 s1 e act ( ,moral ,*oice w\ld be ,greek3 orektikos n\s4 ,b "o obvi\s function ( ! feel+s & passions 9 our composite nature is to in/igate ,action1 :5 ,reason & ,consci5ce by !mselves d n3 s t z a matt] ( fact our ,moral ,*oice is1 9 g5]al1 fairly describ$ z ,greek3 orexis dianoetike4 ,see ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,s]mon ,,ii4 & ! ,fir/ ^u ,compassion4 #aj ,! m9d atta9s tru?1 ei!r = ! sake ( tru? itself 7,greek3 aplos71 or = ! sake ( some?+ fur!r 7,greek3 eneka t9os74 ,if ! fir/ !n ei!r syllogi/ically 7,greek3 epi/eme71 non-syllogi/ically 7,greek3 n\s71 or by union ( ! two me?ods 7,greek3 sophla74 ,if ! second1 ei!r ) a view to act 7,greek3 phronesis71 or ) a view to make 7,greek3 te*ne74 ,o!rwise4 ,! m9d contemplates ,matt] ,necess>y or ,cont+5t4 ,if necess>y1 ,pr9ciples 7,greek3 n\s71 ,d$uctions 7,greek3 epi/eme71 or ,mix$ 7,greek3 sophla74 ,if ,cont+5t1 ,action 7,greek3 phronesis71 ,production 7,greek3 te*574 7,giphanius quot$ 9 ,c>dwell's notes47 #aa ,x is ! op5+ /atem5t ( ! ,po/ ,analytics4 #ab ,ari/otle 9 8 logical analysis ( ,induction1 ,prior4 ,analytics ,,ii4 #be1 def9es x to be 8! prov+ ! inh]5ce ( ! major t]m 9 ! middle 7i4e4 prov+ ! tru? ( ! major premiss 9 fig4 #a7 ?r\gh ! m9or t]m40 ,he presupposes a ,syllogism 9 ! fir/ ,figure ) an univ]sal affirmative conclusion1 :i* reasons1 ( c\rse1 f an univ]sal1 :i* univ]sal is to be tak5 z prov$ by ,induction4 ,8 doctr9e turns ^u a canon :i* he !re quotes4 8,if ( "o & ! same t]m two o!rs be pr$icat$1 "o ( :i* is coext5sive ) t "o & ! same1 ! o!r may be pr$icat$ ( t :i* is ?us coext5sive40 ,! fact ( ?is coext5siv5ess mu/ be asc]ta9$ by ,greek3 n\s1 9 o!r words1 by ! ,inductive ,faculty4 ,we w take ,aldri*'s in/ance4 ,all ,magnets attract iron ,a ,b ,c are ,magnets ,a ,b ,c attract iron4 ,presuppos$ ,syllogism reason+ f an univ]sal4 ,a ,b ,c attract iron 7,matt] ( obs]vation & exp]im5t7 ,all ,magnets are ,a ,b ,c 7,assum$ by ,greek3 n\s1 i4e4 ! ,inductive faculty7 ,all ,magnets attract iron 7,major premiss ( ! la/ ,syllogism prov$ by tak+ ! m9or t]m ( t = ! middle t]m ( ?is47 ,or1 accord+ to ! canon quot$ above3 ,a ,b ,c are ,magnets4 ,a ,b ,c attract iron4 ,b ,greek3 n\s tells me t ! t]m ,magnets is coext5sive ) ! t]m ,a ,b ,c1 !re=e ( all ,magnets ,i may pr$icate t !y attract iron4 ,induction is said by ,ari/otle to be ,greek3 hoia phanton1 b he says 9 ! same place t = ?is reason we mu/ conceive 7,greek3 noeh97 ! t]m conta9+ ! p>ticul> ,in/ances 7z ,a ,b ,c above7 z compos$ ( all ! ,individuals4 ,if ,induction impli$ actual exam9ation ( all p>ticul> in/ances x w\ld cease to be ,reason+ at all & s9k into repeat$ acts ( ,simple ,appreh5sion x is really ! bridg+ ov] ( a *asm1 n ! /eps cut 9 ! rock on ei!r side to enable u to walk d[n into & aga9 out ( x4 ,x is a bran* ( probable ,reason+1 & its validity dep5ds entirely ^u ! quality ( ! p>ticul> m9d :i* p]=ms x4 ,rapid ,induction has always be5 a di/+ui%+ m>k ( ,g5ius ! c]ta9ty produc$ by x is ,subjective & n ,objective4 ,x may be useful to exhibit x ,syllogi/ically1 b ! ,syllogism :i* exhibits x is ei!r nugatory1 or conta9s a premiss lit]ally false4 ,x w be f\nd useful to comp>e on ! subject ( ,induction z ! t]m is us$ by ,ari/otle1 ,analytica ,prior4 ,,ii #be #bf ,analytica ,po/4 ,i4 #a1 #c1 & ,i4 ,topics ,,vi ,i & ,x4 #ac ,! ref]5ce is made to ! ,po/ ,analyt ,i ,,ii & x is impossible to und]/& ! acc\nt ( ,greek3 epi/aemae )\t a p]usal ( ! *apt]1 ! additions to ! def9ition ref]r$ to relate to ! nature ( ! premisses f :i* ,greek3 epi/aemae draws its conclusions !y are to be 8true1 fir/ pr9ciples incapable ( any syllogi/ic pro(1 bett] kn[n ?an ! conclusion1 prior to x1 & causes ( x40 7,see ! app5dix to ?is ,book47 #ad ,?is is ! te/ ( correct logical division1 t ! membra divid5tia %all be oppos$1 i4e4 n includ$ ! "o by ! o!r4 #ae ,! mean+ ( ! ,greek3 hepehi appe>s to be ?is3 ! appeal is made 9 ! fir/ in/ance to popul> language1 j z x ! case ( ,greek3 epi/aemae1 & w be 9 ^? ( ,greek3 phronaesis & ,greek3 sophia4 ,we commonly call ,ar*itecture an ,art1 & x is s & s1 !re=e ! "n ,art & ?is s & s are someh[ connect$ to prove t connection to be 8coext5siv5ess10 we pr$icate "o ( ! o!r & !n simply conv]t ! proposition1 :i* is ! prop] te/ ( any logical def9ition1 or ( any specific prop]ty4 ,see ! ,topics1 #a4 vi4 #af ,see ! p>able ( ! unju/ ,/ew>d1 9 :i* ! popul> s5se ( ,greek3 phronaesis is /rongly br\ght out2 ,greek3 epha5es5 ho kurios ton oikonomon taes adikias oti phronimos epoiaes5 hoti ohi viohi t\ aionos t\t\ phronimot]oi1 k4t4l4--,luke xvi4 #h4 #ag ,comp>e ! ,greek3 aplos & ,greek3 ka?' eka/a pepaideum5os ( ,book ,i4 *ap4 #a4 #ah ,! two aspects "u :i* ,virtue may be consid]$ z claim+ ! allegiance ( moral ag5ts are1 t ( be+ "r1 & t ( be+ truly exp$i5t1 because ,consci5ce & ,reasonable ,self-,love are ! two ,pr9ciples ( our moral con/itution naturally supreme & 8,consci5ce & ,self-,love1 if we und]/& our true happ9ess1 always lead u ! same way40 ,bi%op ,butl]1 end ( ,s]mon ,,iii4 ,& aga93 8,if by a s5se ( int]e/ is meant a practical reg>d to :at is ^u ! :ole our ,happ9ess ?is is n only co9cid5t ) ! pr9ciple ( ,virtue or ,moral ,rectitude1 b is a "p ( ! idea itself4 ,& x is evid5t ?is ,reasonable ,self-,love wants to be improv$ z really z any pr9ciple 9 our nature4 ,s little cause is !re = ,morali/s to disclaim ?is pr9ciple40 ,f ! note on sect4 iv4 ( ! *apt] on ,moral ,discipl9e1 ,analogy1 "p ,i *ap4 v4 #ai ,see ! note on ,greek3 ,ar*e on page #d1 l4 #cj4 ,! /ud5t w f9d x wor? :ile to comp>e ?is passage ) ! foll[+--,*ap4 xiii4 ( ?is book beg9n+ ,greek3 e d' exis to ommati t\to k4 t4 l--vii4 #d4 ,greek3 eti kai ode physikos4 k4t4l4 vii4 #i4--;,greek3 ae g> are?ae kai ae mo*?a]ia4 k4t4l4--iii4 #g ad f9em4 ,greek3 ei de tis legoi4 k4t4l4 #bj ,?is is n q fair4 ,us$ 9 its /rict s5se1 ,art does n admit ( degrees ( excell5ce any m ?an ,practical ,wisdom4 ,9 popul> language we use ! t]m 8wis] man10 z readily z 8bett] arti/0 really d5ot+ 9 ea* case diff]5t degrees ( approximation to ,practical ,wisdom & ,art respectively1 ,greek3 dia to g9e/hai t\s epa9\s di anaphoras4 ,i4 #ab4 #ba ,he w\ld be a bett] ,*ymi/ :o %\ld poison int5tionally1 ?an he on ^: m9d ! prevail+ impression 0 t 8,epsom ,salts mean ,oxalic ,acid1 & ,syrup ( ,s5na ,laudanum40 #bb,! t]m ,wisdom is us$ 9 our ,engli% ,translation ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! s5se fir/ giv5 to ,greek3---- "h4 8,!n wr\ght ,bezaleel & ,ahohab1 & e wise-he>t$ man1 9 :om ! ,"l put wisdom & und]/&+ to "k h[ to "w all mann] ( "w = ! s]vice ( ! ,sanctu>y0 ,exodus xxxvi4 i4 #bc ,greek3---- & ,greek3----1 79 ! /rict s5se1 = x is us$ 9 _m diff]5t s5ses 9 ?is book7 are diff]5t p>ts ( ! :ole function ,greek3----1 ,greek3---- takes 9 conclusions1 drawn by /rict reason+ f ,pr9ciples ( a c]ta9 k9d :i* ,greek3 ---- supplies4 ,x is conceivable t a man might g on ga9+ ^! pr9ciples by ,intuition & nev] reason+ f !m1 & s ,greek3 ---- might exi/ indep5d5t ( ,greek3----1 b n ?is )\t t4 ,put ! two toge!r1 ! head to ! trunk1 & y =m ! liv+ be+ ,greek3----4 ,!re are ?ree bran*es ( ,greek3---- accord+ to ,greek ,philosophy1 ,greek3----1 ,greek3----1 ,greek3----4 ,sci5ce is p]haps ! ne>e/ ,engli% t]m1 b we h none really equival5t4 #bd;,greek3---- is "h us$ 9 its mo/ ext5sive s5se1 ,greek3---- w\ld be its *ief ,in/rum5t4 #be ,! faculty conc]n$ ) :i* is ,greek3----4 #bf ,9 e bran* ( ,moral ,action 9 :i* ,practical ,wisdom is employ$ !re w be g5]al pr9ciples1 & ! application ( !m1 b 9 "s bran*es !re are di/9ct names appropriat$ to ! op]ations ( ,practical ,wisdom1 9 o!rs !re are n4 ,?us ,practical ,wisdom1 :5 employ$ on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 is call$ ,legislation1 z adm9i/]+ its p>ticul> functions x is call$ simply ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 ,dome/ic ,managem5t1 !re are ( c\rse g5]al ,rules1 & also ! p>ticul> application ( !m2 b "h ! faculty is call$ only by "o "n4 ,s too :5 ,self-,int]e/ is ! object ( ,practical ,wisdom4 #bg ,greek3----1 8our m]e ,op]atives 9 ,public bus9ess40 7,*alm]s47 #bh ,practical ,wisdom may be employ$ ei!r respect+ ,self1 7:i* is ,greek3---- prop]7 or n-,self1 i4e4 ei!r "o's family,greek3----1 or "o's community,greek3----1 b "h ! supreme & subord9ate are di/+ui%$1 ! =m] is ,greek3----1 ! latt] ,greek3---- prop]1 ^: functions are delib]ation & ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice4 #bi ,b :]e c ?is be done1 if !re be no community8 see ,horace's acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* 8 fa!r made him reap in/ruction f ! examples 9 ! society ar\nd him4 #a4 ,sat4 iv4 #aje1 etc4 ,see also ,bi%op ,butl]1 ,analogy1 "p ,i4 *ap4 v4 sect4 iii4 ,! :ole "q ( ! ,selfi% ,morality is treat$ 9 ,bi%op ,butl]'s fir/ ?ree & ! elev5? ,s]mons1 9 :i* he %[s ! co9cid5ce 9 fact ( enlight5$ ,self-,love & ,b5evol5ce i4e4 love ( o!rs4 ,comp>e also :at is said 9 ! fir/ ,book ( ?is treatise1 *ap4 v41 ab\t ,greek3 aut>keia4 #cj ,m truly 8impli$10 namely1 t ,practical ,wisdom results f exp]i5ce4 #ca ,?is obs]vation seems to be introduc$1 simply because sugge/$ by ! la/1 & n because at all relevant to ! matt] 9 h&4 #cb ,an in/ance ( ,pr9ciples ga9$ ,greek3 ai/hesei4 7,book #a4 *ap4 viii47 #cc ,p>ticul>s are call$ ,greek3 es*ata because !y are la/ arriv$ at 9 ! delib]ative process1 b a little fur!r on we h ! t]m appli$ to fir/ pr9ciples1 because !y /& at "o extremity1 & facts at ! o!r1 ( ! l9e ( action4 #cd ,i pref] ! read+ ,greek3 e phronesis1 :i* gives ?is s5se1 8,well1 z ,i h said1 ,practical ,wisdom is ?is k9d ( s5se1 & ! o!r we m5tion$ is diff]5t 9 k9d40 ,9 a passage s utt]ly unimportant1 & ?r[n 9 almo/ colloquially1 x is n wor? :ile to take mu* tr\ble ab\t su* a po9t4 #ce ,! def9ition ( x 9 ! ,organon 7,po/ ,analyt4 #a4 xxiv471 8a happy conjecture ( ! middle t]m )\t "t to consid] ( x40 ,! quae/io /ates ! ph5om5a1 & ! middle t]m ! causation ! rapid asc]ta9+ ( :i* con/itutes ,greek3 an*9oia4 ,all t receives light f ! sun is bright on ! side next to ! sun4 ,! moon receives light f ! sun1 ,! moon is bright on ! side next ! sun4 ,! ,greek3 an*9oia consi/s 9 rapidly & correctly acc\nt+ = ! obs]v$ fact1 t ! moon is bright on ! side next to ! sun4 #cf ,op9ion is a complete1 delib]ation an incomplete1 m5tal act4 #cg ,! ,end does n sanctify ! ,means4 #ch ,! mean+ is1 !re is "o ,end includ+ all o!rs2 & 9 ?is s5se ,greek3 phronesis is conc]n$ ) means1 n ,ends b !re are also _m subord9ate ,ends :i* are 9 fact ,means to ! ,great ,end ( all4 ,good c\nsel has ref]5ce n m]ely to ! gr& ,end1 b to ! subord9ate ,ends :i* ,greek3 phronesis selects z be+ "r means to ! ,gr& ,end ( all4 #ci ,! relative ,greek3 on might be ref]r$ to ,greek3 sumph]on1 b t ,greek3 eubonlia has be5 already divid$ into two k9ds1 & ?is con/ruction w\ld re/rict ! "n to "o ( !m1 namely t ,greek3 pros ti telos z oppos$ to t ,greek3 pros to telos aplos4 #dj ,we h no t]m :i* at all approximates to ! mean+ ( ?is ^w1 mu* less w our language admit ( ! play ^u x :i* connects x ) ,greek3 suggnomae4 #da ,mean+1 ( c\rse1 all ^? :i* relate to ,moral ,action4 ,greek3 psronaesis is equival5t to ,greek3 eub\lia1 ounesis1 gnomae1 & n\s 79 ! new s5se "h giv5 to x74 ,! faculty :i* guides u truly 9 all matt]s ( ,moral ,action is ,greek3 phronaesis1 i4e4 ,reason direct$ by ,goodness or ,goodness in=m$ by ,reason4 ,b j z e faculty ( body & s\l is n actually 9 op]ation at ! same "t1 ?\gh ! ,man is act+1 s prop] names are giv5 to ! v>i\s ,functions ( ,practical ,wisdom4 ,is ! ,greek3 phronimos =m+ plans to atta9 "s p>ticul> ,end8 he is !n ,greek3 eub\los--is he pass+ "u review ! sugge/ions ( o!rs8 he is ,greek3 sunetos--is he judg+ ( ! acts ( o!rs8 he admits ,greek3 gnomae to temp] ! /rictness ( ju/ness--is he apply+ g5]al ,rules to p>ticul> cases8 he is ex]cis+ ,greek3 n\s praktikos or ,greek3 ag/haesis--:ile 9 ea* & all he is ,greek3 phronimos8 #db ,see note1 on p4 #adj4 #dc ,!re are cases :]e we mu/ simply accept or reject )\t pro(3 ei!r :5 ,pr9ciples are prop\nd$ :i* are prior to all reason+1 or :5 p>ticul> facts are br\ght be=e u :i* are simply matt]s ( ,greek3 ag/haesis4 ,ari/otle "h br+s bo? ^! cases )9 ! prov9ce ( ,greek3 n\s1 i4e4 he calls by ?is "n ! ,faculty :i* atta9s ,tru? 9 ea*4 #dd i4e4 ( ! ,greek3 syllogisimai ton prakton4 #de ,see ! note on ,greek3 ,ar*ae on p4 #d1a #cj4 ,z a matt] ( fact & m5tal exp]i5ce ! ,major ,premiss ( ! ,practica ,syllogism is wr\ght into ! m9d by repeat$ly act+ ^u ! ,m9or ,premiss 7i4e4 by ,greek3 e?ismos74 ,all t is pleasant is to be done1 ,?is is pleasant1 ,?is is to be done ,by habitually act+ on ! ,m9or ,premiss1 i4e4 on ! sugge/ions ( ,greek3 epi?ymia1 a man comes really to hold ! ,major ,premiss4 ,ari/otle says ( ! man de/itute ( all self-control t he is firmly p]suad$ t x is 8 prop] l9e to pursue ! gratification ( 8 bodily appetites1 ,greek3 dia to toioytos e9ai oios dioke9 aytas4 ,& 8 analysis ( ,greek3 akrasia 7! /ate ( progress t[>ds ?is utt] ab&onm5t to passion7 %[s t ea* case ( previ\s good resolution succumb+ to temptation is attributable to ,greek3 epi?ymia sugge/+ its own ,m9or ,premiss 9 place ( ! "r "o4 ,book ,,vii4 #h & #e4 #df ,! consequ5tia is ?is3 ,!re are cases bo? ( pr9ciples & facts :i* _c admit ( reason+1 & mu/ be au?oritatively det]m9$ by ,greek3 n\s4 ,:at makes ,greek3 n\s to be a true guide8 only practice1 i4e4 ,exp]i5ce1 & !re=e1 etc4 #dg ,?is is a note to expla9 ,greek3 hygie9a & ,greek3 euektika1 he gives ^! ?ree uses ( ! t]m ,greek3 hygie9on 9 ! ,topics1 ,i4 xiii4 #aj1 ,greek3 to m5 hygieias poitikon1 ,greek3 hygie9on legetai ,greek3 to de phylaktikon1 ,greek3 to de smantikon4 ,( c\rse ! same w apply to ,greek3 euektikon4 #dh ,heal?9ess is ! =mal cause ( heal?4 ,m$ic9e is ! effici5t cause ( heal?4 ,see ,book ,x4 *ap4 iv4 ,greek3 hosp] oud h hygieia kai ho iatros homoios aitia e/i t\ ugia9e94 #di ,greek3 phronsis is "h us$ 9 a p>tial s5se to signify ! ,intellectual1 z di/9ct f ! ,moral1 elem5t ( ,practical ,wisdom4 #ej ,?is is ano!r case ( an obs]vation be+ ?r[n 9 obit]1 n relevant to1 b sugge/$ by1 ! matt] 9 h&4 #ea ,see ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 iii4 & ,v4 xiii4 #eb,! article is suppli$ at ,greek3 pan\rg\s1 because ! ab/ract ^w has j be5 us$ expressly 9 a bad s5se4 8,up to any?+0 is ! ne>e/ equival5t to ,greek3 pan\rgos1 b too ne>ly approa*es to a colloquial vulg>ism4 #ec ,see ! note on ,greek3 ,ar* on page #d1 l4 #cj4 ,p4 #adg1 l4 #ad4 ,& = ! ,m9or1 ( c\rse1 8,?is p>ticul> action is------40 ,we may p>aphrase ,greek3 to telos by ,greek3 ti dei pratte9--ti g> dei pratte9 h m1 to telos auts e/9 i4e4 ,greek3 ts phronseos4--7,*ap4 xi4 ( ?is ,book47 #ee 8,look asqu9t on ! face ( tru?40 ,sir ,t4 ,br[ne1 ,religio ,m$ici4 #ef ,! t]m ,greek3 sophronikoi mu/ be und]/ood z gov]n+ ! signification ( ! o!r two t]ms1 !re be+ no s+le ,greek t]m to d5ote 9 ei!r case m]e dispositions t[>ds ^! ,virtues4 #eg ,comp>e ! passage at ! comm5cem5t ( ,book ,x4 ,greek3 nun de pha9ontai ,greek3 katoko*imon ek ts arets4 #eh ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 t ,greek3 phronsis is us$ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt] 9 two s5ses1 its prop] & complete s5se ( ,practical ,wisdom1 & its incomplete "o ( m]ely ! ,intellectual ,elem5t ( x4 ,,book ,,vii #a ,! acc\nt ( ,virtue & ,vice hi!rto giv5 repres5ts r :at m5 may be ?an :at !y are4 ,9 ?is book we take a practical view ( ,virtue & ,vice1 9 _! ord9>y1 e day developm5t4 #b ,?is illu/rates ! expression1 8,deceits ( ! ,fle%40 #c ,ano!r read+ omits ! ,greek3----2 ! mean+ ( ! :ole passage w\ld be exactly ! same--x w\ld !n run1 8if he _h be5 conv9c$ ( ! rightness ( :at he does1 i4e4 if he 7 n[ act+ on conviction1 he might /op 9 8 c\rse on a *ange ( conviction40 #d ,major & m9or ,premises ( ! ,greek3---- ,greek---- #e,"s necess>ily imply+ k ( ! p>ticul>1 o!rs n4 #f ,z a mod]n p>allel1 take old ,trumbull 9 ,scott's 8,r$ ,gauntlet40 #g ,t is1 z ,i und]/& x1 ei!r ! major or ! m9or premise1 x is true1 t 8all t is sweet is pleasant10 x is true also1 t 8?is is sweet10 :at is contr>y to ,"r ,reason is ! br++ 9 ?is m9or to ! major i4e4 ! univ]sal maxim1 =bidd+ to ta/e4 ,?us1 a man goes to a convivial meet+ ) ! maxim 9 8 m9d 8,all excess is to be avoid$10 at a c]ta9 "t 8 ,greek3---- tells him 8,?is glass is excess40 ,z a matt] ( m]e reason+1 he _c help receiv+ ! conclusion 8,?is glass is to be avoid$10 & suppos+ him to be morally s\nd he w\ld accord+ly ab/a94 ,b ,greek3----1 be+ a simple t5d5cy t[>ds indulg5ce sugge/s1 9 place ( ! m9or premise 8,?is is excess10 its own premise 8,?is is sweet10 ?is aga9 sugge/s ! self-indulg5t maxim or pr9ciple 7#8,greek3----71 8,all t is sweet is to be ta/$10 & s1 by /rict logical sequ5ce1 proves 8,?is glass is to be ta/$40 ,! solution !n ( ! phnom5on ( ,greek3---- is ?is t ,greek3----1 by its direct action on ! animal nature1 swamps ! sugge/ions ( ,"r ,reason4 ,on ! high gr\nd ( ,univ]sals1 ,greek3---- i4e4 ,greek3---- easily defeats ,greek3----4 ,! ,greek3----1 an h\r be=e he is 9 temptation1 w\ld nev] delib]ately pref] ! maxim 8,all t is sweet is to be ta/$0 to 8,all excess is to be avoid$40 ,! ,greek3---- w\ld4 ,horace has a good comm5t ^u ?is 7,,ii ,sat #b73 ,qu virtus et quanta1 bom1 sit viv]e p>vo ,discite1 non int] lances m5sasque nit5tes ,v]um hic impransi mecum disquirite ,comp>e also ,prov]bs ,,xxiii4 #ca4 8,look n ?\ ^u ! w9e :5 x is r$10 etc4 #h ,z we commonly speak1 ,metaphysicians4 ,physiology ( c\rse includes ,metaphysics4 #i ,greek3 oron4 ,ari/otle's own acc\nt ( ?is ^w 7,prior ,analyt ii4 #a7 is ,greek3 eis on dialuetai hae protasis1 b bo? 9 ! acc\nt ( ,greek3 n\s & "h x seems t ! proposition itself is really indicat$ by x4 #aj ,! ,greek w\ld give 8avoids excessive pa910 b ?is is n true1 = ! excess ( pa9 w\ld be gr\nd = excuse ! w>rant = translat+ z 9 ! text1 is ! passage occurr+ j bel[ ,greek3 diokei tas up]bolas kai pheugei metrias lupas4 #aa ,comp>e ,bi%op ,butl] on ,p>ticul> ,prop5sions1 ,analogy1 ,"p ,i *ap v sect4 iv4 #ab ,t is1 !y are to ! "r /ates z ,vice to ,virtue4 #ad ,consult 9 connection ) ?is ,*apt] ! ,*apt] on ,greek3 orgae 9 ! ,rhetoric1 ,,ii4 #b1 & ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,s]mon on ,res5tm5t4 #ae ,! reason+ "h be+ some:at obscure f ! concisem5t ( expression1 ! foll[+ exposition ( x is subjo9$4 ,actions ( ,lu/ are wrong actions done ) pleasure1 ,wrong actions done ) pleasure are m ju/ly objects ( wra?199 ,su* z are m ju/ly objects ( wra? are m unju/1 ,actions ( ,lu/ are m unju/ 99 ,greek3 hubpis is introduc$ z ! s+le in/ance f :i* ?is premiss is prov$ inductively4 ,see ! acc\nt ( x 9 ! ,*apt] ( ! ,rhetoric ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ note4 #af;,greek3 ton dae le*!nton4 ,consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to ! prop] mean+ ( ^! words4 ,! em5dation :i* sub/itutes ,greek3 akrataes = ,greek3 akola/os removes all difficulty1 z ! clause w\ld !n naturally ref] to ,greek3 ton mae proair\m5on b ,zell adh]es to ! read+ 9 ! text ( ,bekk]1 because ! au?ority ( ,,mss & old editions is all on ?is side4 ,i und]/& ,greek3 mallon z meant to modify ! ^w ,greek3 malakias1 :i* prop]ly d5otes t phase ( ,greek3 akrasia 7n ,greek3 akolasia7 :i* is caus$ by pa94 ,! ,greek3 akola/os delib]ately pursues pleasure & decl9es pa9 if !re is to be a di/9ct "n = ! latt] phase1 x comes "u ,greek3 malakia m ne>ly ?an any o!r t]m1 ?\gh p]haps n q prop]ly4 ,or ! words may be und]/ood z ref]r+ to ! class ( wrong acts caus$ by avoidance ( pa91 :e!r delib]ate or o!rwise1 & !n ( c\rse ! names ( ,greek3 malakia & ,greek3 akolasia may be fitly giv5 respectively4 #ag 8,if we w5t into a hospital :]e all 7 sick or dy+1 we %\ld ?9k ^? lea/ ill :o 7 ins5sible to pa92 a physician :o knew ! :ole1 w\ld behold !m ) despair4 ,& !re is a mortification ( ! s\l z well z ( ! body1 9 :i* ! fir/ symptoms ( return+ hope are pa9 & angui%0 ,sewell1 ,s]mons to ,"y ,m5 7,s]mon xii47 #ah ,be=e ! "t ( trial comes ! man delib]ately makes 8 ,moral ,*oice to act rightly1 b1 at ! mom5t ( act+1 ! p[]ful /ra9 ( desire makes him contrav5e ?is *oice 8 ,w does n act 9 accordance ) ! affirmation or negation ( 8 ,reason4 ,8 actions are !re=e ( ! mix$ k9d4 ,see ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 i1 & note on page #abh4 #ai ,let a man be punctual on pr9ciple to any "o engagem5t 9 ! day1 & he mu/1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 keep all 8 o!rs 9 _! due places relatively to ?is "o2 & s w (t5 we> an appe>ance ( be+ ne$lessly punctili\s 9 trifles4 #bj ,because he is de/itute ( ^! m9or spr+s ( action1 :i* are int5d$ to supply ! defects ( ! high] pr9ciple4 ,see ,bi%op ,butl]'s fir/ ,s]mon on ,compassion1 & ! conclusion ( note on p4 #abi4 ,,book ,,viii #a 8,owe no man any?+1 b to love "o ano!r = he t love? ano!r ha? fulfill$ ! ,law40 ,romans ,,xiii4 #h4 #b ,greek3 k]ameis4 ,! ,prov]b 9 full is a l9e f ,hesiod1 ,greek3 kahi k]amehus k]amei koteei kai tektoni tekton4 #c ,9 ?is s5se1 !re=e1 is x sung ( ,mrs4 ,gilp9 t %e 8two /one bottles f\nd1 ,to hold ! liquor t %e lov$1 ,& keep x safe & s\nd40 #d ,c>dwell's read+1 ,greek3 tautae g> omoioi1 kai ta loipa is "h adopt$1 z yield+ a bett] s5se ?an ,bekk]'s4 #e,! ,great man w h a "r to look = m ,fri5d%ip ?an he be/[s1 b ! ,good man c feel ,fri5d%ip only =1 & 9 proportion to1 ! goodness ( ! o!r4 #f ,see note on page #fh1 #a4 #h4 #g ,see ,i4 ,topics1 ,*ap4 v4 on ! v>i\s s5ses ( ,greek3 tauton4 #h 8,= ! mutual society1 help1 & com=t t ! "o ought to h ( ! o!r1 bo? 9 prosp]ity & adv]sity40 #i ,:i* "o w\ld be assum+ he 01 if "o decl9$ to recognise ! obligation to requite ! fav\r or k9dness4 ,,book ,,ix #a 8,nei!r ! ,son ( man1 t ,he %\ld rep5t40 ,numb]s xxiii4 #ai4 8,9 a few in/ances ! ,second ,int5tion1 or ,philosophical employm5t ( a ,t]m1 is m ext5sive ?an ! ,fir/ ,int5tion1 or popul> use40 ,:ately1 ,logic1 iii4 #aj4 #b 8,i h sometimes consid]$ 9 :at tr\blesome case is t ,*amb]la9 9 an ,inn :o be+ b "o is to give att5dance to _m gue/s4 ,= suppose !m all 9 "o *amb]1 yet1 if "o %all comm& him to come to ! w9d[1 & ! o!r to ! table1 & ano!r to ! b$1 & ano!r to ! *imney1 & ano!r to come up/airs1 & ano!r to g d[n/airs1 & all 9 ! same in/ant1 h[ w\ld he be di/ract$ to please !m all8 ,& yet su* is ! sad condition ( nay s\l by nature1 n only a s]vant b a slave unto s94 ,pride calls me to ! w9d[1 gluttony to ! table1 wantonness to ! b$1 laz9ess to ! *imney1 ambition comm&s me to g up/airs1 & covet\sness to come d[n4 ,vices1 ,i see1 are z well contr>y to !mselves z to ,virtue40 7,full]'s ,good ,?\ghts 9 ,bad ,times4 ,mix't ,contemplations1 viii47 ,,book ,x #a ,see note1 p4 #dc4 #b ,see ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 ix4 #c ,see ,book ,i4 *ap4 v4 ad f9em4 #d ,! notion allud$ to is t ( ! greek3 idea3 t !re is no real sub/antial good except ! greek3 auto aga?on1 & !re=e :atev] is s call$ is s nam$ 9 "r ( its p>ticipation 9 t4 #e ,see note on page #acf1 #a4 #ae4 ,p4 #bch1 #a4 #bd4 ,movem5t is1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 ( six k9ds3 ,f n be+ to be+ 4 4 4 4 ,g5]ation ,f be+ to n be+ 4 4 4 4 ,de/ruction ,f be+ to be+ m 4 4 4 4 ,increase ,f be+ to be+ less 4 4 4 4 ,dim9ution ,f be+ "h to be+ !re 4 4 ,*ange ( ,place ,f be+ 9 ?is way to be+ 9 t ,alt]ation #g ,a may g to sleep quick] ?an ,b1 b _c d m sleep 9 a giv5 "t4 #h ,comp>e ,book ,,iii4 *ap4 vi4 ,greek3 osp] kai epi ton somaton1 k4 t4 l4 #i ,:i* is ( c\rse a ,greek3 g5esis4 #aj ,t is1 subord9ate ,movem5ts are complete be=e ! :ole ,movem5t is4 #aa ,pleasure is s in/antane\s a s5sation1 t x _c be conceiv$ divisible or incomplete2 ! longe/ cont9u$ ,pleasure is only a succession ( s+le sp>ks1 s rapid z to give ! appe>ance ( a /ream1 ( light4 #ab ,a man is z effectually h9d]$ f tak+ a walk by ! ,greek3 allotria ha$\ae ( read+ a novel1 z by ! ,greek3 oikeia lupae ( g\t 9 ! feet4 #ac ,i h ?us r5d]$ ,greek3 sp\dae 7ouk agnoon to ham>tanom5on72 b1 ?\gh ! ,engli% t]m does n repres5t ! dep? ( ! ,greek "o1 x is "s approximation to ! tru? to connect an e>ne/ s]i\s purpose ) ,happ9ess4 #ad ,bi%op ,butl]1 contra 7,s]mon ,,xv474 8,k is n our prop] ,happ9ess4 ,:oev] w 9 ! lea/ att5d to ! ?+ w see t x is ! ga9+1 n ! hav+1 ( x1 :i* is ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! m9d40 ,! two /atem5ts may h[ev] be reconcil$4 ,ari/otle may be well und]/ood only to mean1 t ! pursuit ( k w be ! pleasant]1 ! fre] x is f ! m9or h9drances :i* att5d on le>n+4 #ae ,! clause imm$iately foll[+ indicates t ,ari/otle felt ?is /atem5t to be at fir/ sight />tl+1 ,happ9ess hav+ be5 all ! way ?r\gh connect$ ) ,greek3 en]geia1 b ! /atem5t illu/rates & confirms :at 0 said 9 note on page #f1 #a4 #ae4 #af ,t is to say1 he aims at produc+ n m]ely a happy aggregate1 b an aggregate ( happy individuals4 ,comp>e :at is said ( ,legislators 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ,book ,i & ! fir/ ( ,book ,,ii4 #ag ,see note1 page #adf1 #a4 #ag4