,copyright 7,c7 #bjjb by ,lidija ,rangelovska4 ,issues 9 ,population & ,bioe?ics #a/ ,,edition ,sam ,vakn91 ,ph4,d4 ,edit+ & ,design3 ,lidija ,rangelovska ,lidija ,rangelovska ,a ,n>cissus ,publications ,impr9t1 ,skopje #bjjc ,n = ,sale6 ,non-comm]cial edition4 #bjjb ,copyright ,lidija ,rangelovska4 ,all rights res]v$4 ,?is book1 or any "p !re(1 may n be us$ or reproduc$ 9 any mann] )\t writt5 p]mission f3 ,lidija ,rangelovska - write to3 palmaunet4com4mk or to vakn9l9k4com4mk ,visit ! ,au?or ,ar*ive ( ,dr4 ,sam ,vakn9 9 ,c5tral ,europe ,review3 http3_/_/www4ce-review4org_/au?or>*ives_ /vakn9ar*ive_/vakn9ma94htm l ,visit ,sam ,vakn9's ,unit$ ,press ,int]national 7,,upi7 ,article ,ar*ive -,click ,,"h6 ,philosophical ,mus+s & ,essays http3_/_/samvak4tripod4com_/culture4html ,malignant ,self ,love - ,n>cissism ,revisit$ http3_/_/samvak4tripod4com_/ ,,isbn3 #iihi-ibi-ci-d ,creat$ by3 ,,lidija ,,rangelovska ,,republic ,,( ,,mac$onia ,c ,o ,n ,t ,e ,n ,t ,s ,i4 ,& ,!n ,!re ,7 ,too ,_m ,,ii4 ,eug5ics & ! ,future ( ! ,human ,species ,,iii4 ,! ,my? ( ! ,"r to ,life ,,iv4 ,! ,abort$ ,contract ,v4 ,9 ,our ,own ,image - ,! ,debate ab\t ,clon+ ,,vi4 ,e?ical ,relativism & ,absolute ,taboos ,,vii4 ,! ,au?or ,,viii4 ,ab\t ,aft] ! ,ra9 ,& ,!n ,!re ,7 ,too ,_m ,by3 ,sam ,vakn9 ,! late/ c5sus 9 ,ukra9e reveal$ an apocalyptic drop ( #aj 9 its population - f #eb4e million a decade ago to a m]e #dg4e million la/ ye>4 ,demograph]s pr$ict a precipit\s decl9e ( "o ?ird 9 ,russia's impov]i%$1 inebriat$1 disillusion$1 & age+ citiz5ry4 ,bir?s 9 _m c\ntries 9 ! ri*1 indu/rializ$1 ,we/ are bel[ ! replacem5t rate4 ,^! ba/ions ( conspicu\s afflu5ce are %rivel+4 ,s*ol>s & decision-mak]s - once t]rifi$ by ! ,mal?usian dy/opia ( a population bomb - are m sangu9e n[4 ,advances 9 agricultural te*nology eradicat$ hung] ev5 9 teem+ places l ,india & ,*9a4 ,& !n !re is ! old idea ( progress3 bir? rates t5d to decl9e ) high] education levels & gr[+ incomes4 ,family plann+ has _h res\nd+ successes 9 places z div]se z ,?ail&1 ,*9a1 & we/]n ,africa4 ,9 ! ne> pa/1 fecundity us$ to comp5sate = infant mortality4 ,z ! latt] decl9$ - s did ! =m]4 ,*ildr5 are means ( production 9 _m de/itute c\ntries4 ,h5ce ! inord9ately l>ge families ( ! pa/ - a =m ( insurance aga9/ ! economic outcomes ( ! inevitable demise ( "s ( "o's (f-spr+4 ,yet1 despite ^! tr5ds1 ! _w's populace is augm5t$ by #hj million p annually4 ,all ( !m are born to ! y\ng] inhabitants ( ! m p5uri\s corn]s ( ! ,e>?4 ,!re 7 only #a billion p alive 9 #ahjd4 ,! numb] d\bl$ a c5tury lat]4 ,b our la/ billion - ! six? - requir$ only #ab f]tile ye>s4 ,! entire population ( ,g]many is add$ e half a decade to bo? ,india & ,*9a4 ,cle>ly1 ,mank9d's gr[? is out ( control1 z affirm$ 9 ! #aiid ,cairo ,int]national ,conf]5ce on ,population & ,developm5t4 ,doz5s ( millions ( p regul>ly />ve - _m ( !m to dea?4 ,9 only "o corn] ( ! ,e>? - s\!rn ,africa - food aid is ! sole subsi/5ce ( entire c\ntries4 ,m ?an #ah million p 9 ,zambia1 ,malawi1 & ,angola surviv$ on *>itable donations 9 #aiib4 ,m ?an #aj million expect ! same ?is ye>1 among !m ! emaciat$ d5iz5s ( er/:ile food export]1 ,zimbabwe4 ,accord+ to ,m$ec9s ,sans ,fronti]e1 ,,aids kills #c million p a ye>1 ,tub]culosis ano!r #b million4 ,mal>ia decimates #b p e m9ute4 ,m ?an #ad million p fall prey to p>asitic & infecti\s diseases e ye> - #ij ( !m 9 ! develop+ c\ntries4 ,millions emigrate e ye> 9 se>* ( a bett] life4 ,^! massive %ifts are facilitat$ by mod]n modes ( transportation4 ,b1 despite ^! tectonic relocations - & despite fam9e1 disease1 & w>1 ! classic ,mal?usian regulatory me*anisms - ! depletion ( natural res\rces - f arable l& to wat] - is und5iable & g>gantuan4 ,our press+ environm5tal issues - global w>m+1 wat] /ress1 sal9ization1 des]tification1 de=e/ation1 pollution1 loss ( biological div]sity - & our om9\s social ills - crime at ! =efront - are traceable to "o1 politically incorrect1 tru?3 ,!re are too _m ( u4 ,we are way too num]\s4 ,! population load is unsu/a9able4 ,we1 ! survivors1 w\ld be bett] (f if o!rs 7 to p]i%4 ,%\ld population gr[? cont9ue unabat$ - we are all doom$4 ,doom$ to :at8 ,num]\s ,cass&ras & c\ntless ,j]emiads h be5 falsifi$ by hi/ory4 ,) prop] gov]nance1 sci5tific rese>*1 education1 af=dable m$ic9es1 effective family plann+1 & economic gr[? - ?is planet c support ev5 #aj-ab billion p4 ,we are n at risk ( physical ext9ction & nev] h be54 ,:at is haz>d$ is n our life - b our quality ( life4 ,z any insurance actu>y w atte/1 we are gov]n$ by /ati/ical datasets4 ,consid] ?is s+le fact3 ,ab\t #a ( ! population suff] f ! p]nici\sly debilitat+ & all-p]vasive m5tal heal? disord]1 s*izophr5ia4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj? c5tury1 !re 7 #af4e million s*izophr5ics - n[adays !re are #fd million4 ,_! impact on fri5ds1 family1 & colleagues is expon5tial - & incalculable4 ,?is is n a m]ely quantitative leap4 ,x is a qualitative phase transition4 ,or ?is3 ,l>ge populations lead to ! em]g5ce ( high d5sity urban c5t]s4 ,x is ineffici5t to cultivate ev] small] plots ( l&4 ,surplus manp[] moves to c5t]s ( indu/rial production4 ,a second wave ( int]nal migrants cat]s to _! ne$s1 ?us spawn+ a s]vice sector4 ,network effects g5]ate excess capital & a virtu\s cycle ( inve/m5t1 employm5t1 & consumption ensues4 ,b ov]-cr[d+ bre$s viol5ce 7z has be5 demon/rat$ 9 exp]im5ts ) mice74 ,! %e] numb]s involv$ s]ve to magnify & amplify social anomies1 deviate behavi\r1 & antisocial traits4 ,9 ! city1 !re are m crim9als1 m p]v]ts1 m victims1 m immigrants1 & m raci/s p] squ>e mile4 ,moreov]1 only a plann$ & ord]ly urbanization is desirable4 ,! blights t pass = cities 9 mo/ ?ird _w c\ntries are ! outgr[? ( nei!r prem$itation nor me?od4 ,^! mega-cities are infe/$ ) non-dispos$ ( wa/e & prone to natural cata/rophes & epidemics4 ,no "o c v\*safe = a critical mass ( humans1 a ?re%old beyond :i* ! species w implode & vani%4 ,luckily1 ! ebb & fl[ ( human numb]s is subject to ?ree regulatory demographic me*anisms1 ! comb9$ action ( :i* gives hope4 ,! ,mal?usian ,me*anism ,limit$ res\rces lead to w>s1 fam9e1 & diseases &1 ?us1 to a decrease 9 human numb]s4 ,mank9d has done well to *eck fam9e1 f5d (f disease1 & /aun* w>4 ,b to h done s )\t a comm5surate policy ( population control 0 irresponsible4 ,! ,assimilative ,me*anism ,mank9d is n divorc$ f nature4 ,humanity is de/9$ to be impact$ by its *oices & by ! rev]b]ations ( its actions4 ,damage caus$ to ! environm5t haunts - 9 a complex fe$back loop - ! p]petrators4 ,examples3 ,immod]ate use ( antibiotics leads to ! eruption ( drug-resi/ant /ra9s ( pa?og5s4 ,a myriad types ( canc] are caus$ by human pollution4 ,man is ! victim ( its own de/ructive excesses4 ,! ,cognitive ,me*anism ,humans int5tionally limit ! propagation ( _! race ?r\gh family plann+1 abortion1 & contraceptives4 ,g5etic eng9e]+ w likely int]me% ) ^! to produce enhanc$ or design$ prog5y to specifications4 ,we mu/ /op procreat+4 ,or1 else1 pray = a r$uction 9 our numb]s4 ,?is c\ld be a*iev$ b5ignly1 = in/ance by coloniz+ space1 or ! ocean dep?s - bo? remote & te*nologically unfeasible possibilities4 ,yet1 ! alt]native is cataclysmic4 ,un9t5d$ w>s1 rampant disease1 & le?al fam9es w ultimately trim our numb]s - no matt] h[ noble our int5tions & h[ dilig5t our ef=ts to curb !m4 ,is ?is a bad ?+8 ,n necess>ily4 ,to my m9d1 ev5 a ,mal?usian resolution is pref]able to ! alt]native ( sl[ decay1 uni=m impecuniosity1 & p]dition 9 in/alm5ts - an alt]native made inexorable by our collective irresponsibility & d5ial4 ,rac+ ,d[n ,eug5ics & ! ,future ( ! ,human ,species ,by3 ,dr4 ,sam ,vakn9 ,x is cle> t mod]n m$ic9e has creat$ a s]i\s dilemma 444 ,9 ! pa/1 !re 7 _m *ildr5 :o nev] surviv$ - !y succumb$ to v>i\s diseases 444 ,b 9 a s5se mod]n m$ic9e has put natural selection out ( commission4 ,some?+ t has help$ "o individual ov] a s]i\s illness c 9 ! long run contribute to weak5+ ! resi/ance ( ! :ole human race to c]ta9 diseases4 ,if we pay absolutely no att5tion to :at is call$ h]$it>y hygi5e1 we c\ld f9d ourselves fac+ a deg5]ation ( ! human race4 ,mank9d's h]$it>y pot5tial = resi/+ s]i\s disease w be weak5$4 7,jo/e9 ,ga>d] 9 ,sophie's ,_w1 a be/sell+ philosophy textbook = adolesc5ts publi%$ 9 ,oslo1 ,norway1 9 #aiia &1 aft]w>ds1 ?r\gh\t ! _w1 hav+ be5 translat$ to doz5s ( languages7 ,! ,nazis reg>d$ ! murd] ( ! feeble-m9d$ & ! m5tally insane - int5d$ to purify ! race & ma9ta9 h]$it>y hygi5e - z a =m ( eu?anasia4 ,g]man doctors 7 en?usia/ic propon5ts ( an eug5ics movem5ts root$ 9 #ai? c5tury social ,d>w9ism4 ,luke ,gormally writes1 9 8 essay ,walton1 ,davies1 & ,boyd 7publi%$ 9 ,eu?anasia ,exam9$ - ,e?ical1 ,cl9ical1 & ,legal ,p]spectives1 ed4 ,john ,ke[n1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aiie73 ,:5 ! juri/ ,k>l ,b9d+ & ! psy*iatri/ ,alfr$ ,ho*e publi%$ _! tract ,! ,p]mission to ,de/roy ,life t is ,n ,wor? ,liv+ 9 #aibj 444 _! motive 0 to rid society ( ! 'human balla/ & enorm\s economic burd5' ( c>e = ! m5tally ill1 ! h&icapp$1 ret>d$ & de=m$ *ildr51 & ! incurably ill4 ,b ! reason !y invok$ to ju/ify ! kill+ ( human be+s :o fell into ^! categories 0 t ! lives ( su* human be+s 7 'n wor? liv+'1 7 'devoid ( value' ,x is ?is association ) ! hide\s ,nazi regime t gave eug5ics - a t]m co9$ by a relative ( ,*>les ,d>w91 ,sir ,francis ,galton1 9 #ahhc - its bad "n4 ,ri*>d ,lynn1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ul/] ( ,nor? ,irel&1 ?9ks t ?is recoil result$ 9 ,dysg5ics - ! g5etic det]ioration ( mod]n 7human7 population1 z ! title ( 8 controv]sial tome puts x4 ,! crux ( ! argum5t = eug5ics is t a ho/ ( te*nological1 cultural1 & social developm5ts conspir$ to give rise to negative selection ( ! weake/1 lea/ intellig5t1 sicke/1 ! habitually crim9al1 ! sexually deviant1 ! m5tally-ill1 & ! lea/ adapt$4 ,contraception is m widely us$ by ! afflu5t & ! well-educat$ ?an by ! de/itute & dull4 ,bir? control z practic$ 9 places l ,*9a di/ort$ bo? ! sex di/ribution 9 ! cities - & increas$ ! weight ( ! rural population 7rural c\ples 9 ,*9a are all[$ to h two *ildr5 r ?an ! urban "o74 ,mod]n m$ic9e & ! welf>e /ate collaborate 9 su/a9+ alive individuals - ma9ly ! m5tally ret>d$1 ! m5tally ill1 ! sick1 & ! g5etically defective - :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 cull$ by natural selection to ! bett]m5t ( ! entire species4 ,eug5ics may be bas$ on a lit]al und]/&+ ( ,d>w9's metaphor4 ,! #bjjb edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica has ?is to say3 ,d>w9's description ( ! process ( natural selection z ! survival ( ! fitte/ 9 ! /ruggle = life is a metaphor4 ,/ruggle does n necess>ily mean cont5tion1 /rife1 or combat2 survival does n mean t ravages ( dea? are ne$$ to make ! selection effective2 & fitte/ is virtually nev] a s+le optimal g5otype b r an array ( g5otypes t collectively enhance population survival r ?an ext9ction4 ,all ^! consid]ations are mo/ apposite to consid]ation ( natural selection 9 humans4 ,decreas+ infant & *ildhood mortality rates d n necess>ily mean t natural selection 9 ! human species no long] op]ates4 ,!oretically1 natural selection c\ld be v effective if all ! *ildr5 born rea*$ maturity4 ,two conditions are ne$$ to make ?is !oretical possibility realiz$3 fir/1 v>iation 9 ! numb] ( *ildr5 p] family &1 second1 v>iation correlat$ ) ! g5etic prop]ties ( ! p>5ts4 ,nei!r ( ^! conditions is f>fet*$4 ,! eug5ics debate is only ! visible extremity ( ! ,man vs4 ,nature conundrum4 ,h we truly conqu]$ nature & extract$ ourselves f its det]m9ism8 ,h we graduat$ f natural to cultural evolution1 f natural to artificial selection1 & f g5es to memes8 ,does ! evolution>y process culm9ate 9 a be+ t transc5ds its g5etic baggage1 t programs & *>ts its future1 & t all[s its weake/ & sicke/ to survive8 ,supplant+ ! imp]ative ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ ) a culturally-s5sitive pr9ciple may be ! hallm>k ( a successful evolution1 r ?an ! beg9n+ ( an inexorable decl9e4 ,! eug5ics movem5t turns ?is argum5t on its head4 ,!y accept ! premise t ! contribution ( natural selection to ! makeup ( future human g5]ations is glacial & negligible4 ,b !y reject ! conclusion t1 hav+ ridd5 ourselves ( its tyranny1 we c n[ let ! weak & sick among u survive & multiply4 ,r1 !y propose to replace natural selection ) eug5ics4 ,b :o1 by :i* au?ority1 & accord+ to :at guidel9es w adm9i/] ?is man-made cull+ & decide :o is to live & :o is to die1 :o is to bre$ & :o may n8 ,:y select by intellig5ce & n by c\rtesy or altruism or *ur*-go+ - or al ( !m toge!r8 ,x is "h t eug5ics fails mis]ably4 ,%\ld ! crit]ion be physical1 l 9 anci5t ,sp>ta8 ,%\ld x be m5tal8 ,%\ld ,,iq det]m9e "o's fate - or social /atus or weal?8 ,diff]5t answ]s yield disp>ate eug5ic programs & t>get dissimil> gr\ps 9 ! population4 ,ar5't eug5ic crit]ia liable to be unduly influ5c$ by fa%ion & cultural bias8 ,c we agree on a univ]sal eug5ic ag5da 9 a _w z e?nically & culturally div]se z ours8 ,if we d get x wrong - & ! *ances are ov]:elm+ - w we n damage our g5e pool irrep>ably &1 ) x1 ! future ( our species8 ,& ev5 if _m w avoid a slipp]y slope lead+ f eug5ics to active ext]m9ation ( inf]ior gr\ps 9 ! g5]al population - c we gu>antee t ev]yone w8 ,h[ to prev5t eug5ics f be+ appropriat$ by an intrusive1 au?orit>ian1 or ev5 murd]\s /ate8 ,mod]n eug5ici/s di/ance !mselves f ! crude me?ods adopt$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury by #bi c\ntries1 includ+ ,g]many1 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,canada1 ,switz]l&1 ,au/ria1 ,v5ezuela1 ,e/onia1 ,arg5t9a1 ,norway1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$5 7until #aigf71 ,brazil1 ,italy1 ,greece1 & ,spa94 ,!y talk ab\t free contraceptives = l[-,,iq wom51 vasectomies or tubal ligations = crim9als1 sp]m banks ) contributions f high a*iev]s1 & inc5tives = college /ud5ts to procreate4 ,mod]n g5etic eng9e]+ & biote*nology are readily applicable to eug5ic projects4 ,clon+ c s]ve to pres]ve ! g5es ( ! fitte/4 ,embryo selection & pr5atal diagnosis ( g5etically diseas$ embryos c r$uce ! numb] ( ! unfit4 ,b ev5 ^! innocu\s v>iants ( eug5ics fly 9 ! face ( lib]alism4 ,inequality1 claim ! propon5ts ( h]$it>y amelioration1 is g5etic1 n environm5tal4 ,all m5 are creat$ unequal & z mu* subject to ! natural laws ( h]$ity z are c[s & bees4 ,inf]ior p give bir? to inf]ior (fspr+ &1 ?us1 propagate _! inf]iority4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 true - :i* is at be/ debatable - ! "q is :e!r ! inf]ior specim5 ( our species possess ! inali5able "r to reproduce8 ,if society is to be> ! co/s ( ov]-population - social welf>e1 m$ical c>e1 dayc>e c5t]s - !n society has ! "r to regulate procreation4 ,b does x h ! "r to act discrim9ately 9 do+ s8 ,ano!r dilemma is :e!r we h ! moral "r - let alone ! necess>y k - to int]f]e ) natural z well z social & demographic tr5ds4 ,eug5ici/s c\nt] t contraception & indiscrim9ate m$ic9e already d j t4 ,yet1 /udies %[ t ! m afflu5t & educat$ a population becomes - ! less fecund x is4 ,bir? rates ?r\gh\t ! _w h dropp$ dramatically already4 ,in/ead ( cull+ ! great unwa%$ & ! unwor?y - w\ldn't x be a bett] idea to educate !m 7or _! (f-spr+7 & provide !m ) economic opportunities 7eu!nics r ?an eug5ics78 ,human populations seem to self-regulate4 ,a g5tle & p]si/5t nudge 9 ! "r direction - ( increas$ afflu5ce & bett] s*ool+ - might a*ieve m ?an a hundr$ eug5ic programs1 volunt>y or compulsory4 ,t eug5ics pres5ts itself n m]ely z a biological-social ag5da1 b z a panacea1 ought to ar\se suspicion4 ,! typical eug5ics text reads m l a cate*ism ?an a reason$ argum5t4 ,previ\s all-encompass+ & omnicompet5t plans t5d$ to end traumatically - especially :5 !y contra/$ a human elite ) a disp5sable und]class ( p]sons4 ,above all1 eug5ics is ab\t human hubris4 ,to presume to "k bett] ?an ! lott]y ( life is haughty4 ,mod]n m$ic9e l>gely obviates ! ne$ = eug5ics 9 t x all[s ev5 g5etically defective p to lead pretty normal lives4 ,( c\rse1 ,man himself - be+ "p ( ,nature - may be reg>d$ z no?+ m ?an an ag5t ( natural selection4 ,/ill1 _m ( ! argum5ts advanc$ 9 favor ( eug5ics c be turn$ aga9/ x ) emb>rass+ ease4 ,consid] sick *ildr54 ,true1 !y are a burd5 to society & a probable m5ace to ! g5e pool ( ! species4 ,b !y also inhibit fur!r reproduction 9 _! family by consum+ ! f9ancial & m5tal res\rces ( ! p>5ts4 ,_! g5es - h[ev] flaw$ - contribute to g5etic div]sity4 ,ev5 a badly mutat$ ph5otype sometimes yields preci\s sci5tific k & an int]e/+ g5otype4 ,! implicit ,weltbild ( eug5ics is /atic - b ! real _w is dynamic4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a correct g5etic makeup t[>ds :i* we mu/ all /rive4 ,a comb9ation ( g5es may be p]fectly adaptable to "o environm5t - b woefully inadequate 9 ano!r4 ,x is !re=e prud5t to enc\rage g5etic div]sity or polymorphism4 ,! m rapidly ! _w *anges1 ! great] ! value ( mutations ( all sorts4 ,"o nev] kn[s :e!r today's maladaptation w n prove to be tomorr['s w9n]4 ,ecosy/ems are inv>iably compris$ ( ni*es & diff]5t g5es - ev5 mutat$ ones - may fit diff]5t ni*es4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury mo/ pepp]$ mo?s 9 ,brita9 7 silv]y gray1 indi/+ui%able f li*5-cov]$ trunks ( silv] bir*es - _! habitat4 ,d>k] mo?s 7 gobbl$ up by rapaci\s birds4 ,_! mutat$ g5es prov$ to be le?al4 ,z soot f spr\t+ factories black5$ ^! trunks - ! v same g5es1 hi!rto fatal1 became an unmitigat$ bless+4 ,! black] specim5 surviv$ :ile _! hi!rto p]fectly adapt$ fair] bre?r5 p]i%$ 7indu/rial melanism74 ,?is mode ( natural selection is call$ directional4 ,moreov]1 bad g5es are (t5 connect$ to desirable g5es 7pleitropy74 ,sickle cell anemia protects c]ta9 ,african tribes aga9/ mal>ia4 ,?is is call$ div]sify+ or disruptive natural selection4 ,artificial selection c ?us fa/ det]iorate into adv]se selection due to ignorance4 ,mod]n eug5ics relies on /ati/ics4 ,x is no long] conc]n$ ) causes - b ) ph5om5a & ! likely effects ( int]v5tion4 ,if ! adv]se traits ( (f-spr+ & p>5ts are /rongly correlat$ - !n prev5t+ p>5ts ) c]ta9 undesirable qualities f multiply+ w surely r$uce ! incid5ce ( said dispositions 9 ! g5]al population4 ,yet1 correlation does n necess>ily imply causation4 ,! manipulation ( "o p>amet] ( ! correlation does n inevitably alt] x - or ! incid5ce ( ! outcome4 ,eug5ici/s (t5 h>k back to wisdom g>n]$ by g5]ations ( bre$]s & f>m]s4 ,b ! unequivocal lesson ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ( artificial selection is t cross-bre$+ 7hybridization7 - ev5 ( two l9es ( inf]ior g5etic /ock - yields valuable g5otypes4 ,int]-m>riage betwe5 races1 gr\ps 9 ! population1 e?nic gr\ps1 & clans is ?us b\nd to improve ! species' *ances ( survival m ?an any eug5ic s*eme4 ,! ,my? ( ! ,"r to ,life ,by3 ,dr4 ,sam ,vakn9 ,i4 ,! ,"r to ,life ,g5]ations ( malleable ,israeli *ildr5 are br\ght up on ! /ory ( ! misnam$ ,jewi% settlem5t ,tel-,hai 7,m\nt ( ,life71 ,israel's ,alamo4 ,!re1 among ! picturesque valleys ( ! ,galilee1 a "o-arm$ h]o nam$ ,joseph ,trumpeldor is said to h di$1 eight decades ago1 f an ,arab /ray bullet1 mumbl+3 ,x is good to die = our c\ntry4 ,judaism is dubb$ ,a ,tea*+ ( ,life - b x w\ld seem t ! sanctity ( life c & does take a back seat to "s ov]rid+ values4 ,! "r to life - at lea/ ( human be+s - is a r>ely que/ion$ fundam5tal moral pr9ciple4 ,9 ,we/]n cultures1 x is assum$ to be inali5able & indivisible 7i4e41 monoli?ic74 ,yet1 x is nei!r4 ,ev5 if we accept ! axiomatic - & !re=e arbitr>y - s\rce ( ?is "r1 we are /ill fac$ ) intractable dilemmas4 ,all said1 ! "r to life may be no?+ m ?an a cultural con/ruct1 dep5d5t on social mores1 hi/orical contexts1 & exegetic sy/ems4 ,rights - :e!r moral or legal - impose obligations or duties on ?ird p>ties t[>ds ! "r-hold]4 ,"o has a "r ,,aga9/ o!r p & ?us c prescribe to !m c]ta9 obligatory behaviors & proscribe c]ta9 acts or omissions4 ,rights & duties are two sides ( ! same ,janus-l e?ical co94 ,?is duality confuses p4 ,!y (t5 errone\sly id5tify rights ) _! att5dant duties or obligations1 ) ! morally dec5t1 or ev5 ) ! morally p]missible4 ,"o's rights in=m o!r p h[ !y ,,mu/ behave t[>ds "o - n h[ !y ,,%\ld or ,,ought to act morally4 ,moral behavior is n dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( a "r4 ,obligations are4 ,to complicate matt]s fur!r1 _m app>5tly simple & /raight=w>d rights are amalgams ( m basic moral or legal pr9ciples4 ,to treat su* rights z unities is to mi/reat !m4 ,take ! "r to life4 ,x is a comp5dium ( no less ?an eight di/9ct rights3 ! "r to be br\ght to life1 ! "r to be born1 ! "r to h "o's life ma9ta9$1 ! "r n to be kill$1 ! "r to h "o's life sav$1 ! "r to save "o's life 7wrongly r$uc$ to ! "r to self-def5se71 ! "r to t]m9ate "o's life1 & ! "r to h "o's life t]m9at$4 ,none ( ^! rights is self-evid5t1 or unambigu\s1 or univ]sal1 or immutable1 or automatically applicable4 ,x is safe to say1 !re=e1 t ^! rights are n prim>y z hi!rto believ$ - b d]ivative4 ,! ,"r to be ,br\ght to ,life ,9 mo/ moral sy/ems - includ+ all major religions & ,we/]n legal me?odologies - x is life t gives rise to rights4 ,! dead h rights only because ( ! exi/5ce ( ! liv+4 ,:]e !re is no life - !re are no rights4 ,/ones h no rights 7?\gh _m animi/s w\ld f9d ?is /atem5t abhorr5t74 ,h5ce ! vitriolic debate ab\t clon+ :i* involves d5ud+ an unf]tiliz$ egg ( its nucleus4 ,is !re life 9 an egg or a sp]m cell8 ,t some?+ exi/s1 does n necess>ily imply t x h>bors life4 ,s& exi/s & x is inanimate4 ,b :at ab\t ?+s t exi/ & h ! pot5tial to develop life8 ,no "o disputes ! exi/5ce ( eggs & sp]ms - or _! capacity to gr[ alive4 ,is ! pot5tial to be alive a legitimate s\rce ( rights8 ,does ! egg h any rights1 or1 at ! v lea/1 ! "r to be br\ght to life 7! "r to become or to be7 & ?us to acquire rights8 ,! mu* trumpet$ "r to acquire life p]ta9s to an entity :i* exi/s b is n alive - an egg4 ,x is1 !re=e1 an unprec$5t$ k9d ( "r4 ,_h su* a "r exi/$1 x w\ld h impli$ an obligation or duty to give life to ! unborn & ! n yet conceiv$4 ,cle>ly1 life manife/s1 at ! e>lie/1 :5 an egg & a sp]m unite at ! mom5t ( f]tilization4 ,life is n a pot5tial - x is a process trigg]$ by an ev5t4 ,an unf]tiliz$ egg is nei!r a process - nor an ev5t4 ,x does n ev5 possess ! pot5tial to become alive unless & until x is f]tiliz$4 ,! pot5tial to become alive is n ! ontological equival5t ( actually be+ alive4 ,a pot5tial life _c give rise to rights & obligations4 ,! transition f pot5tial to be+ is n trivial1 nor is x automatic1 or inevitable1 or indep5d5t ( context4 ,atoms ( v>i\s elem5ts h ! pot5tial to become an egg 7or1 = t matt]1 a human be+7 - yet no "o w\ld claim t !y ,,are an egg 7or a human be+71 or t !y %\ld be treat$ z su* 7i4e41 ) ! same rights & obligations74 ,! ,"r to be ,born ,:ile ! "r to be br\ght to life deals ) pot5tials - ! "r to be born deals ) actualities4 ,:5 "o or two adults volunt>ily cause an egg to be f]tiliz$ by a sp]m cell ) ! explicit int5t & purpose ( creat+ ano!r life - ! "r to be born cry/allizes4 ,! volunt>y & prem$itat$ action ( said adults am\nts to a contract ) ! embryo - or r1 ) society :i* /&s 9 = ! embryo4 ,h5ce=?1 ! embryo acquires ! entire panoply ( human rights3 ! "r to be born1 to be f$1 %elt]$1 to be emotionally nurtur$1 to get an education1 & s on4 ,b :at if ! f]tilization 0 ei!r involunt>y 7rape7 or un9t5tional 7accid5tal pregnancy78 ,is ! embryo's successful acquisition ( rights dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( ! conception8 ,we d5y crim9als _! loot z fruits ( ! poison$ tree4 ,:y n d5y an embryo 8 life if x is ! outcome ( a crime8 ,! conv5tional response - t ! embryo did n commit ! crime or conspire 9 x - is inadequate4 ,we w\ld d5y ! poison$ fruits ( crime to innoc5t by/&]s z well4 ,w\ld we all[ a pass]by to freely sp5d ca% ?r[n out ( an escape vehicle foll[+ a robb]y8 ,ev5 if we agree t ! embryo has a "r to be kept alive - ?is "r _c be held aga9/ 8 violat$ "m4 ,x _c oblige h] to h>bor ?is pat5tly unwant$ embryo4 ,if x c\ld survive outside ! womb1 ?is w\ld h solv$ ! moral dilemma4 ,b x is dubi\s - to say ! lea/ - t x has a "r to g on us+ ! "m's body1 or res\rces1 or to burd5 h] 9 any way 9 ord] to su/a9 its own life4 ,! ,"r to ,h ,"o's ,life ,ma9ta9$ ,?is leads to a m g5]al qu&>y4 ,to :at ext5t c "o use o!r p's bodies1 _! prop]ty1 _! "t1 _! res\rces & to deprive !m ( pleasure1 com=t1 mat]ial possessions1 income1 or any o!r ?+ - 9 ord] to ma9ta9 "o's life8 ,ev5 if x 7 possible 9 reality1 x is indef5sible to ma9ta9 t ,i h a "r to su/a91 improve1 or prolong my life at ano!r's exp5se4 ,i _c dem& - ?\gh ,i c morally expect - ev5 a trivial & m9imal sacrifice f ano!r 9 ord] to prolong my life4 ,i h no "r to d s4 ,( c\rse1 ! exi/5ce ( an implicit1 let alone explicit1 contract betwe5 myself & ano!r p>ty w\ld *ange ! picture4 ,! "r to dem& sacrifices comm5surate ) ! provisions ( ! contract w\ld !n cry/allize & create correspond+ duties & obligations4 ,no embryo has a "r to su/a9 its life1 ma9ta91 or prolong x at its "m's exp5se4 ,?is is true reg>dless ( h[ insignificant ! sacrifice requir$ ( h] is4 ,yet1 by kn[+ly & int5tionally conceiv+ ! embryo1 ! "m c be said to h sign$ a contract ) x4 ,! contract causes ! "r ( ! embryo to dem& su* sacrifices f 8 "m to cry/allize4 ,x also creates correspond+ duties & obligations ( ! "m t[>ds h] embryo4 ,we (t5 f9d ourselves 9 a situation :]e we d n h a giv5 "r aga9/ o!r individuals - b we d possess ?is v same "r aga9/ society4 ,society owes u :at no con/itu5t-individual does4 ,?us1 we all h a "r to su/a9 our lives1 ma9ta91 prolong1 or ev5 improve !m at society's exp5se - no matt] h[ major & significant ! res\rces requir$4 ,public hospitals1 /ate p5sion s*emes1 & police =ces may be ne$$ 9 ord] to fulfill society's obligations to prolong1 ma9ta91 & improve our lives - b fulfill !m x mu/4 ,/ill1 ea* "o ( u c sign a contract ) society - implicitly or explicitly - & abrogate ?is "r4 ,"o c volunte] to jo9 ! army4 ,su* an act con/itutes a contract 9 :i* ! individual assumes ! duty or obligation to give up 8 or h] life4 ,! ,"r n to be ,kill$ ,x is commonly agre$ t e p]son has ! "r n to be kill$ unju/ly4 ,admitt$ly1 :at is j & :at is unju/ is det]m9$ by an e?ical calculus or a social contract - bo? con/antly 9 flux4 ,/ill1 ev5 if we assume an ,ar*im$ean immutable po9t ( moral ref]5ce - does ,a's "r n to be kill$ mean t ?ird p>ties are to refra9 f en=c+ ! rights ( o!r p aga9/ ,a8 ,:at if ! only way to "r wrongs committ$ by ,a aga9/ o!rs - 0 to kill ,a8 ,! moral obligation to "r wrongs is ab\t re/or+ ! rights ( ! wrong$4 ,if ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( ,a is pr$icat$ on ! repeat$ & cont9u\s violation ( ! rights ( o!rs - & ^! o!r p object to x - !n ,a mu/ be kill$ if t is ! only way to "r ! wrong & re-ass]t ! rights ( ,a's victims4 ,! ,"r to h ,"o's ,life ,sav$ ,!re is no su* "r because !re is no moral obligation or duty to save a life4 ,t p believe o!rwise demon/rates ! muddle betwe5 ! morally comm5dable1 desirable1 & dec5t 7ought1 %\ld7 & ! morally obligatory1 ! result ( o!r p's rights 7mu/74 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! obligation to save a life is codifi$ 9 ! law ( ! l&4 ,b legal rights & obligations d n always correspond to moral rights & obligations1 or give rise to !m4 ,! ,"r to ,save ,"o's ,own ,life ,"o has a "r to save "o's life by ex]cis+ self-def5se or o!rwise1 by tak+ c]ta9 actions or by avoid+ !m4 ,judaism - z well z o!r religi\s1 moral1 & legal sy/ems - accept t "o has ! "r to kill a pursu] :o kn[+ly & int5tionally is b5t on tak+ "o's life4 ,hunt+ d[n ,osama b9-,lad5 9 ! wilds ( ,afghani/an is1 !re=e1 morally acceptable 7?\gh n morally m&atory74 ,b does "o h ! "r to kill an innoc5t p]son :o unkn[+ly & un9t5tionally ?reat5s to take "o's life8 ,an embryo sometimes ?reat5s ! life ( ! "m4 ,does %e h a "r to take its life8 ,:at ab\t an unwitt+ c>ri] ( ! ,ebola virus - d we h a "r to t]m9ate h] life8 ,= t matt]1 d we h a "r to t]m9ate h] life ev5 if !re is no?+ %e c\ld h done ab\t x _h %e kn[n ab\t h] condition8 ,! ,"r to ,t]m9ate ,"o's ,life ,!re are _m ways to t]m9ate "o's life3 self sacrifice1 avoidable m>tyrdom1 engag+ 9 life risk+ activities1 refusal to prolong "o's life ?r\gh m$ical treatm5t1 eu?anasia1 ov]dos+ & self inflict$ dea? t is ! result ( co]cion4 ,l suicide1 9 all ^! - b> ! la/ - a =ekn[l$ge ( ! risk ( dea? is pres5t c\pl$ ) its acceptance4 ,does "o h a "r to take "o's life8 ,! answ] is3 x dep5ds4 ,c]ta9 cultures & societies enc\rage suicide4 ,bo? ,japanese kamikaze & ,jewi% m>tyrs 7 extoll$ = _! suicidal actions4 ,c]ta9 pr(essions are kn[+ly life-?reat5+ - soldi]s1 firem51 policem54 ,c]ta9 indu/ries - l ! manufacture ( armam5ts1 cig>ettes1 & alcohol - boo/ ov]all mortality rates4 ,9 g5]al1 suicide is comm5d$ :5 x s]ves social ends1 enhances ! cohesion ( ! gr\p1 upholds its values1 multiplies its weal?1 or def5ds x f ext]nal & int]nal ?reats4 ,social /ructures & human collectives - empires1 c\ntries1 firms1 b&s1 in/itutions - (t5 commit suicide4 ,?is is consid]$ to be a heal?y process4 ,?us1 suicide came to be p]ceiv$ z a social act4 ,! flip-side ( ?is p]ception is t life is communal prop]ty4 ,society has appropriat$ ! "r to fo/] suicide or to prev5t x4 ,x condemns individual suicidal entrepr5eur%ip4 ,suicide1 accord+ to ,?omas ,aqu9as1 is unnatural4 ,x h>ms ! community & violates ,god's prop]ty rights4 ,9 ,judeo-,*ri/ian tradition1 ,god is ! own] ( all s\ls4 ,! s\l is on deposit ) u4 ,! v "r to use x1 = h[ev] %ort a p]iod1 is a div9e gift4 ,suicide1 !re=e1 am\nts to an abuse ( ,god's possession4 ,black/one1 ! v5]able codifi] ( ,briti% ,law1 concurr$4 ,! /ate1 accord+ to him1 has a "r to prev5t & to puni% suicide & attempt$ suicide4 ,suicide is self-murd]1 he wrote1 &1 !re=e1 a grave felony4 ,9 c]ta9 pat]nali/ic c\ntries1 ?is /ill is ! case4 ,! ,"r to ,h ,"o's ,life ,t]m9at$ ,! "r to h "o's life t]m9at$ at w 7eu?anasia71 is subject to social1 e?ical1 & legal /rictures4 ,9 "s c\ntries - su* z ! ,ne!rl&s - x is legal 7& socially acceptable7 to h "o's life t]m9at$ ) ! help ( ?ird p>ties giv5 a suffici5t det]ioration 9 ! quality ( life & giv5 ! imm95ce ( dea?4 ,"o has to be ( s\nd m9d & w "o's dea? kn[+ly1 int5tionally1 repeat$ly1 & =cefully4 ,,ii4 ,issues 9 ! ,calculus ( ,rights ,! ,hi]>*y ( ,rights ,! "r to life sup]s$es - 9 ,we/]n moral & legal sy/ems - all o!r rights4 ,x ov]rules ! "r to "o's body1 to com=t1 to ! avoidance ( pa91 or to own]%ip ( prop]ty4 ,giv5 su* lack ( equivocation1 ! am\nt ( dilemmas & controv]sies surr\nd+ ! "r to life is1 !re=e1 surpris+4 ,:5 !re is a cla% betwe5 equally pot5t rights - = in/ance1 ! conflict+ rights to life ( two p - we c decide among !m r&omly 7by flipp+ a co91 or ca/+ dice74 ,alt]natively1 we c add & subtract rights 9 a some:at macabre ari?metic4 ,?us1 if ! cont9u$ life ( an embryo or a fetus ?reat5s ! "m's life - t is1 assum+1 controv]sially1 t bo? ( !m h an equal "r to life - we c decide to kill ! fetus4 ,by add+ to ! "m's "r to life h] "r to h] own body we outweigh ! fetus' "r to life4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,kill+ & ,lett+ ,die ,c\nt]9tuitively1 !re is a moral gulf betwe5 kill+ 7tak+ a life7 & lett+ die 7n sav+ a life74 ,! "r n to be kill$ is undisput$4 ,!re is no "r to h "o's own life sav$4 ,:]e !re is a "r - & only :]e !re is "o - !re is an obligation4 ,?us1 :ile !re is an obligation n to kill - !re is no obligation to save a life4 ,kill+ ! ,innoc5t ,! life ( a ,victim 7,v7 is sometimes ?reat5$ by ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( an innoc5t p]son 7,,ip71 a p]son :o _c be held guilty ( ,v's ultimate dea? ev5 ?\gh he caus$ x4 ,,ip is n guilty ( dispat*+ ,v because he hasn't int5d$ to kill ,v1 nor 0 he aw>e t ,v w die due to 8 actions or cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,aga91 x boils d[n to gha/ly ari?metic4 ,we def9itely %\ld kill ,,ip to prev5t ,v's dea? if ,,ip is go+ to die anyway - & %ortly4 ,! rema9+ life ( ,v1 if sav$1 %\ld exce$ ! rema9+ life ( ,,ip1 if n kill$4 ,if ^! conditions are n met1 ! rights ( ,,ip & ,v %\ld be weight$ & calculat$ to yield a decision 7,see ,abortion & ! ,sanctity ( ,human ,life by ,b>u* ,a4 ,brody74 ,utilit>ianism - a =m ( crass moral calculus - calls = ! maximization ( utility 7life1 happ9ess1 pleasure74 ,! lives1 happ9ess1 or pleasure ( ! _m outweigh ! life1 happ9ess1 or pleasure ( ! few4 ,if by kill+ ,,ip we save ! lives ( two or m p & !re is no o!r way to save _! lives - x is morally p]missible4 ,b surely ,v has "r to self def5se1 reg>dless ( any moral calculus ( rights8 ,n s4 ,tak+ ano!r's life to save "o's own is r>ely ju/ifi$1 ?\gh su* behavior _c be condemn$4 ,"h we h ! flip side ( ! confusion we op5$ )3 und]/&able & p]haps inevitable behavior 7self def5se7 is mi/ak5 = a moral "r4 ,if ,i 7 ,v1 ,i w\ld kill ,,ip unhesitat+ly4 ,moreov]1 ,i w\ld h ! und]/&+ & sympa?y ( ev]yone4 ,b ?is does n mean t ,i _h a "r to kill ,,ip4 ,:i* br+s u to ,septemb] #aa4 ,collat]al ,damage ,:at %\ld prevail3 ! imp]ative to sp>e ! lives ( innoc5t civilians - or ! ne$ to safegu>d ! lives ( fight] pilots8 ,precision bomb+ puts su* pilots at great risk4 ,avoid+ ?is risk usually results 9 civilian casualties 7collat]al damage74 ,?is moral dilemma is (t5 solv$ by apply+ - explicitly or implicitly - ! pr9ciple ( ov]-rid+ affiliation4 ,we f9d ! two facets ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ,jewi% sacr$ texts3 ,"o is close to oneself & ,y\r city's poor d5iz5s come fir/ 7) reg>ds to *>ity74 ,"s moral obligations are univ]sal - ?\ %alt n kill4 ,!y are relat$ to "o's position z a human be+4 ,o!r moral values & obligations arise f "o's affiliations4 ,yet1 !re is a hi]>*y ( moral values & obligations4 ,! ones relat$ to "o's position z a human be+ are1 actually1 ! weake/4 ,!y are ov]rul$ by moral values & obligations relat$ to "o's affiliations4 ,! imp]ative ?\ %alt n kill 7ano!r human be+7 is easily ov]-rul$ by ! moral obligation to kill = "o's c\ntry4 ,! imp]ative ?\ %alt n /eal is sup]s$$ by "o's moral obligation to spy = "o's nation4 ,?is leads to ano!r />tl+ conclusion3 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a self-consi/5t moral sy/em4 ,moral values & obligations (t5 contradict ea* o!r & almo/ always conflict ) univ]sal moral values & obligations4 ,9 ! examples above1 kill+ 7= "o's c\ntry7 & /eal+ 7= "o's nation7 are moral obligations4 ,yet1 !y contradict ! univ]sal moral value ( ! sanctity ( life & ! univ]sal moral obligation n to kill4 ,f> f be+ a fundam5tal & immutable pr9ciple - ! "r to life1 x w\ld seem1 is m]ely a conv5i5t implem5t 9 ! h&s ( society4 ,! ,abort$ ,contract ,& ! ,"r to ,life ,by3 ,dr4 ,sam ,vakn9 ,! issue ( abortion is emotionally load$ & ?is (t5 makes = poor1 n ?or\ghly ?\ght out argum5ts4 ,! que/ions3 ,is abortion immoral & ,is abortion a murd] are (t5 confus$4 ,! pregnancy 7& ! result+ fetus7 are discuss$ 9 t]ms normally res]v$ to natural cata/rophes 7=ce majeure74 ,at times1 ! embryo is comp>$ to canc]1 a ?ief1 or an invad]3 aft] all1 !y are bo? gr[?s1 clu/]s ( cells4 ,! diff]5ce1 ( c\rse1 is t no "o contracts canc] will+ly 7except1 to "s ext5t1 smok]s --b1 !n !y gamble1 n contract74 ,:5 a woman engages 9 volunt>y sex1 does n use contraceptives & gets pregnant - "o c say t %e sign$ a contract ) h] fetus4 ,a contract entails ! demon/rat$ exi/5ce ( a reasonably 7& reasonable7 free w4 ,if ! fulfillm5t ( ! obligations 9 a contract betwe5 individuals c\ld be life-?reat5+ - x is fair & safe to assume t no rational free w 0 involv$4 ,no reasonable p]son w\ld sign or ent] su* a contract ) ano!r p]son 7?\gh mo/ p w\ld sign su* contracts ) society74 ,judi? ,j>vis ,?omson argu$ conv9c+ly 7,a ,def5ce ( ,abortion7 t pregnancies t are ! result ( =c$ sex 7rape be+ a special case7 or :i* are life ?reat5+ %\ld or c\ld1 morally1 be t]m9at$4 ,us+ ! transactional language3 ! contract 0 n ent]$ to will+ly or reasonably &1 !re=e1 is null & void4 ,any actions :i* are int5d$ to t]m9ate x & to annul its consequ5ces %\ld be legally & morally p]missible4 ,! same goes = a contract :i* 0 ent]$ into aga9/ ! express w ( "o ( ! p>ties & despite all ! reasonable measures t ! unwill+ p>ty adopt$ to prev5t x4 ,if a "m uses contraceptives 9 a mann] int5d$ to prev5t pregnancy1 x is z good z say+3 ,i d n want to sign ?is contract1 ,i am do+ my reasonable be/ n to sign x1 if x is sign$ - x is contr>y to my express w4 ,!re is little legal 7or moral7 d\bt t su* a contract %\ld be void$4 ,mu* m s]i\s problems arise :5 we /udy ! o!r p>ty to ^! implicit agreem5ts3 ! embryo4 ,to />t )1 x lacks consci\sness 79 ! s5se t is ne$$ = sign+ an en=ceable & valid contract74 ,c a contract be valid ev5 if "o ( ! signatories lacks ?is s9e qua non trait8 ,9 ! abs5ce ( consci\sness1 !re is little po9t 9 talk+ ab\t free w 7or rights :i* dep5d on s5ti5ce74 ,s1 is ! contract n a contract at all8 ,does x n reflect ! int5tions ( ! p>ties8 ,! answ] is 9 ! negative4 ,! contract betwe5 a "m & h] fetus is d]iv$ f ! l>g] ,social ,contract4 ,society - ?r\gh its app>atuses - /&s = ! embryo ! same way t x repres5ts m9ors1 ! m5tally ret>d$1 & ! insane4 ,society /eps 9 - & has ! recogniz$ "r & moral obligation to d s - :5ev] ! p[]s ( ! p>ties to a contract 7implicit or explicit7 are n balanc$4 ,x protects small citiz5s f big monopolies1 ! physically weak f ! ?ug1 ! t9y opposition f ! mighty adm9i/ration1 ! b>ely surviv+ radio /ation f ! claws ( ! dev\r+ /ate me*anism4 ,x also has ! "r & obligation to int]v5e1 int]c$e & repres5t ! unconsci\s3 ?is is :y eu?anasia is absolutely =bidd5 )\t ! cons5t ( ! dy+ p]son4 ,!re is n mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! embryo & ! comatose4 ,a typical contract /ates ! rights ( ! p>ties4 ,x assumes ! exi/5ce ( p>ties :i* are moral p]sonhoods or morally significant p]sons - 9 o!r words1 p]sons :o are hold]s ( rights & c dem& f u to respect ^! rights4 ,contracts explicitly elaborate "s ( ^! rights & leaves o!rs unm5tion$ because ( ! presum$ exi/5ce ( ! ,social ,contract4 ,! typical contract assumes t !re is a social contract :i* applies to ! p>ties to ! contract & :i* is univ]sally kn[n &1 !re=e1 implicitly incorporat$ 9 e contract4 ,?us1 an explicit contract c deal ) ! prop]ty rights ( a c]ta9 p]son1 :ile neglect+ to m5tion t p]son's rights to life1 to free spee*1 to ! enjoym5t ! fruits ( 8 lawful prop]ty &1 9 g5]al to a happy life4 ,!re is little debate t ! ,"m is a morally significant p]son & t %e is a rights-hold]4 ,all born humans are &1 m s1 all adults above a c]ta9 age4 ,b :at ab\t ! unborn fetus8 ,"o approa* is t ! embryo has no rights until c]ta9 conditions are met & only ^u _! fulfillm5t is he trans=m$ into a morally significant p]son 7moral ag5t74 ,op9ions diff] z to :at are ! conditions4 ,rationality1 or a morally mean+ful & valu$ life are "s ( ! (t cit$ crit]ia4 ,! fallaci\sness ( ?is argum5t is easy to demon/rate3 *ildr5 are irrational - is ?is a lic5ce to commit infanticide8 ,a second approa* says t a p]son has ! "r to life because x desires x4 ,b !n :at ab\t *ronic depressives :o wi% to die - d we h ! "r to t]m9ate _! mis]able lives8 ,! good "p ( life 7&1 !re=e1 ! diff]5tial & mean+ful te/7 is 9 ! exp]i5ce itself - n 9 ! desire to exp]i5ce4 ,ano!r v>iant says t a p]son has ! "r to life because once 8 life is t]m9at$ - 8 exp]i5ces cease4 ,s1 h[ %\ld we judge ! "r to life ( someone :o con/antly endures bad exp]i5ces 7&1 z a result1 h>bors a dea? wi%78 ,%\ld he bett] be t]m9at$8 ,hav+ review$ ! above argum5ts & c\nt]-argum5ts1 ,don ,m>quis goes on 79 ,:y ,abortion is ,immoral1 #aihi7 to (f] a %>p] & m compreh5sive crit]ion3 t]m9at+ a life is morally wrong because a p]son has a future fill$ ) value & mean+1 simil> to ours4 ,b ! :ole debate is unnecess>y4 ,!re is no conflict betwe5 ! rights ( ! "m & ^? ( h] fetus because !re is nev] a conflict betwe5 p>ties to an agreem5t4 ,by sign+ an agreem5t1 ! "m gave up "s ( h] rights & limit$ ! o!rs4 ,?is is normal practice 9 contracts3 !y repres5t compromises1 ! optimization 7& n ! maximization7 ( ! p>ties' rights & wi%es4 ,! rights ( ! fetus are an insep>able "p ( ! contract :i* ! "m sign$ volunt>ily & reasonably4 ,!y are d]iv$ f ! "m's behavi\r4 ,gett+ will+ly pregnant 7or assum+ ! risk ( gett+ pregnant by n us+ contraceptives reasonably7 - is ! behavi\r :i* validates & ratifies a contract betwe5 h] & ! fetus4 ,_m contracts are by behavi\r1 r ?an by a sign$ piece ( pap]4 ,num]\s contracts are v]bal or behavi\ral4 ,^! contracts1 ?\gh implicit1 are z b9d+ z any ( _! writt51 m explicit1 bre?r54 ,legally 7& morally7 ! situation is cry/al cle>3 ! "m sign$ "s ( h] rights away 9 ?is contract4 ,ev5 if %e regrets x - %e _c claim h] rights back by annull+ ! contract unilat]ally4 ,no contract c be annull$ ?is way - ! cons5t ( bo? p>ties is requir$4 ,_m times we realize t we h ent]$ a bad contract1 b !re is no?+ mu* t we c d ab\t x4 ,^! are ! rules ( ! game4 ,?us ! two rema9+ que/ions3 7a7 c ?is specific contract 7pregnancy7 be annull$ &1 if s 7b7 9 :i* circum/ances - c be easily settl$ us+ mod]n contract law4 ,yes1 a contract c be annull$ & void$ if sign$ "u duress1 involunt>ily1 by incompet5t p]sons 7e4g41 ! insane71 or if "o ( ! p>ties made a reasonable & full scale attempt to prev5t its signature1 ?us express+ its cle> w n to sign ! contract4 ,x is also t]m9at$ or void$ if x w\ld be unreasonable to expect "o ( ! p>ties to see x ?r\gh4 ,rape1 contraception failure1 life ?reat5+ situations are all su* cases4 ,?is c\ld be argu$ aga9/ by say+ t1 9 ! case ( economic h>d%ip1 f or in/ance1 ! damage to ! "m's future is c]ta94 ,true1 h] value- fill$1 mean+ful future is grant$ - b s is ! detrim5tal effect t ! fetus w h on x1 once born4 ,?is c]ta9ty _c be balanc$ by ! ,,unc]ta9 value-fill$ future life ( ! embryo4 ,always1 pref]r+ an unc]ta9 good to a c]ta9 evil is morally wrong4 ,b surely ?is is a quantitative matt] - n a qualitative "o4 ,c]ta91 limit$ aspects ( ! re/ ( ! "m's life w be adv]sely effect$ 7& c be ameliorat$ by society's help+ h& & int]v5tion7 if %e does h ! baby4 ,! decision n to h x is bo? qualitatively & qualitatively diff]5t4 ,x is to deprive ! unborn ( all ! aspects ( all 8 future life - 9 :i* he might well h exp]i5c$ happ9ess1 values1 & mean+4 ,! que/ions :e!r ! fetus is a ,be+ or a gr[? ( cells1 consci\s 9 any mann]1 or utt]ly unconsci\s1 able to value 8 life & to want !m - are all b irrelevant4 ,he has ! pot5tial to lead a happy1 mean+ful1 value-fill$ life1 simil> to ours1 v mu* z a "o m9ute old baby does4 ,! contract betwe5 him & 8 "m is a s]vice provision contract4 ,%e provides him ) goods & s]vices t he requires 9 ord] to mat]ialize 8 pot5tial4 ,x s\nds v mu* l _m o!r human contracts4 ,& ?is contract cont9ue well aft] pregnancy has end$ & bir? giv54 ,consid] education3 *ildr5 d n appreciate its importance or value its pot5tial - /ill1 x is en=c$ ^u !m because we1 :o are capable ( ^? feats1 want !m to h ! tools t !y w ne$ 9 ord] to develop _! pot5tial4 ,9 ?is & _m o!r respects1 ! human pregnancy cont9ues well into ! f\r? ye> ( life 7physiologically x cont9ues 9 to ! second ye> ( life - see ,born ,ali574 ,%\ld ! location ( ! pregnancy 79 ut]us1 9 vivo7 det]m9e its future8 ,if a "m has ! "r to abort at w1 :y %\ld ! "m be d5i$ h] "r to t]m9ate ! pregnancy ,,aft] ! fetus em]ges & ! pregnancy cont9ues ,,outside h] womb8 ,ev5 aft] bir?1 ! woman's body is ! ma9 s\rce ( food to ! baby &1 9 any case1 %e has to endure physical h>d%ip to raise ! *ild4 ,:y n ext5d ! woman's own]%ip ( h] body & "r to x fur!r 9 "t & space to ! po/-natal p]iod8 ,contracts to provide goods & s]vices 7always at a p]sonal co/ to ! provid]7 are ! commone/ ( contracts4 ,we op5 a bus9ess4 ,we sell a s(tw>e application1 we publi% a book - we engage 9 help+ o!rs to mat]ialize _! pot5tial4 ,we %\ld always d s will+ly & reasonably - o!rwise ! contracts t we sign w be null & void4 ,b to d5y anyone 8 capacity to mat]ialize 8 pot5tial & ! goods & s]vices t he ne$s to d s - aft] a valid contract 0 ent]$ into - is immoral4 ,to refuse to provide a s]vice or to condition x provision 7,"m3 ,i w provide ! goods & s]vices t ,i agre$ to provide to ?is fetus "u ?is contract only if & :5 ,i b5efit f su* provision7 is a violation ( ! contract & %\ld be p5aliz$4 ,admitt$ly1 at times we h a "r to *oose to d ! immoral 7because x has n be5 codifi$ z illegal7 - b t does n turn x into moral4 ,/ill1 n e immoral act involv+ ! t]m9ation ( life c be classifi$ z murd]4 ,ph5om5ology is deceiv+3 ! acts look ! same 7cessation ( life functions1 ! prev5tion ( a future74 ,b murd] is ! int5tional t]m9ation ( ! life ( a human :o possesses1 at ! mom5t ( dea?1 a consci\sness 7&1 9 mo/ cases1 a free w1 especially ! w n to die74 ,abortion is ! int5tional t]m9ation ( a life :i* has ! pot5tial to develop into a p]son ) consci\sness & free w4 ,philosophically1 no id5tity c be e/abli%$ betwe5 pot5tial & actuality4 ,! de/ruction ( pa9ts & clo? is n tantam\nt 7n to say id5tical7 to ! de/ruction ( a pa9t+ by ,van ,gogh1 made up ( ^! v elem5ts4 ,pa9ts & clo? are conv]t$ to a pa9t+ ?r\gh ! int]m$iacy & ag5cy ( ! ,pa9t]4 ,a clu/] ( cells a human makes only ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ,nature4 ,surely1 ! de/ruction ( ! pa9t+ mat]ials con/itutes an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,pa9t]4 ,9 ! same way1 ! de/ruction ( ! fetus con/itutes an (f5ce aga9/ ,nature4 ,b !re is no d5y+ t 9 bo? cases1 no f9i%$ product 0 elim9at$4 ,naturally1 ?is becomes less & less s 7! sev]ity ( ! t]m9at+ act increases7 z ! process ( creation advances4 ,classify+ an abortion z murd] poses num]\s & insurm\ntable philosophical problems4 ,no "o disputes ! n[ common view t ! ma9 crime committ$ 9 abort+ a pregnancy - is a crime aga9/ pot5tialities4 ,if s1 :at is ! philosophical diff]5ce betwe5 abort+ a fetus & de/roy+ a sp]m & an egg8 ,^! two conta9 all ! in=mation 7all ! pot5tial7 & _! de/ruction is philosophically no less grave ?an ! de/ruction ( a fetus4 ,! de/ruction ( an egg & a sp]m is ev5 m s]i\s philosophically3 ! creation ( a fetus limits ! set ( all pot5tials emb$d$ 9 ! g5etic mat]ial to ! "o fetus creat$4 ,! egg & sp]m c be comp>$ to ! fam\s wave function 7/ate vector7 9 quantum me*anics - ! repres5t millions ( pot5tial f9al /ates 7millions ( pot5tial embryos & lives74 ,! fetus is ! collapse ( ! wave function3 x repres5ts a mu* m limit$ set ( pot5tials4 ,if kill+ an embryo is murd] because ( ! elim9ation ( pot5tials - h[ %\ld we consid] ! int5tional elim9ation ( _m m pot5tials ?r\gh ma/urbation & contraception8 ,! argum5t t x is difficult to say :i* sp]m cell w impregnate ! egg is n s]i\s4 ,biologically1 x does n matt] - !y all c>ry ! same g5etic cont5t4 ,moreov]1 w\ld ?is c\nt]-argum5t /ill hold if1 9 future1 we 7 be able to id5tify ! *os5 "o & elim9ate only x8 ,9 _m religions 7,ca?olicism7 contraception is murd]4 ,9 ,judaism1 ma/urbation is ! corruption ( ! se$ & su* a s]i\s (f5ce t x is puni%able by ! /ronge/ religi\s p5alty3 et]nal ex-communication 7,k>et74 ,if abortion is inde$ murd] h[ %\ld we resolve ! foll[+ moral dilemmas & que/ions 7"s ( !m pat5tly absurd73 ,is a natural abortion ! equival5t ( manslaught] 7?r\gh neglig5ce78 ,d habits l smok+1 drug addiction1 veget>ianism - infr+e ^u ! "r to life ( ! embryo8 ,d !y con/itute a violation ( ! contract8 ,r$uctio ad absurdum3 if1 9 ! f> future1 rese>* w unequivocally prove t li/5+ to a c]ta9 k9d ( music or ent]ta9+ c]ta9 ?\ghts s]i\sly hamp]s ! embryonic developm5t - %\ld we apply c5sor%ip to ! ,"m8 ,%\ld =ce majeure clauses be introduc$ to ! ,"m-,embryo pregnancy contract8 ,w !y give ! "m ! "r to cancel ! contract8 ,w ! embryo h a "r to t]m9ate ! contract8 ,%\ld ! asymmetry p]si/3 ! ,"m w h no "r to t]m9ate - b ! embryo w1 or vice v]sa8 ,be+ a rights hold]1 c ! embryo 7! ,/ate7 litigate aga9/ 8 ,"m or ,?ird ,p>ties 7! doctor t abort$ him1 someone :o hit 8 "m & br\ght ab\t a natural abortion7 ev5 aft] he di$8 ,%\ld anyone :o kn[s ab\t an abortion be consid]$ an accomplice to murd]8 ,if abortion is murd] - :y puni% x s mildly8 ,:y is !re a debate reg>d+ ?is "q8 ,?\ %alt n kill is a natural law1 x appe>s 9 virtually e legal sy/em4 ,x is easily & imm$iately id5tifiable4 ,! fact t abortion does n enjoy ! same legal & moral treatm5t says a lot4 ,9 ,our ,own ,image ,! ,debate ab\t ,clon+ ,by3 ,dr4 ,sam ,vakn9 ,!re are two types ( clon+4 ,"o involves h>ve/+ /em cells f embryos 7!rapeutic clon+74 ,^! are ! biological equival5t ( a template4 ,!y c develop into any k9d ( mature functional cell & ?us help cure _m deg5]ative & auto-immune diseases4 ,! o!r k9d ( clon+ is mu* d]id$ 9 popul> culture - & else:]e - z ! h>b+] ( a ,brave1 ,new ,_w4 ,a nucleus f any cell ( a donor is emb$d$ 9 an egg ^: own nucleus has be5 remov$4 ,! egg is !n implant$ 9 a woman's womb & a clon$ baby is born n9e mon?s lat]4 ,biologically1 ! clon$ infant is a replica ( ! donor4 ,clon+ is (t5 confus$ ) o!r advances 9 bio-m$ic9e & bio-eng9e]+ - su* z g5etic selection4 ,x _c - 9 itself - be us$ to produce p]fect humans or select sex or o!r traits4 ,h5ce1 "s ( ! argum5ts aga9/ clon+ are ei!r speci\s or fuell$ by ignorance4 ,x is true1 ?\gh1 t clon+1 us$ 9 conjunction ) o!r bio-te*nologies1 raises s]i\s bio-e?ical que/ions4 ,sc>e sc5>ios ( humans cultivat$ 9 s9i/] labs z s\rces ( sp>e body p>ts1 design] babies1 ma/] races1 or g5etic sex slaves - =m]ly ! pres]ve ( ,b sci-fi movies - h invad$ ma9/ream disc\rse4 ,/ill1 clon+ t\*es ^u ,mank9d's mo/ basic fe>s & hopes4 ,x invokes ! mo/ intractable e?ical & moral dilemmas4 ,z an inevitable result1 ! debate is (t5 m passionate ?an in=m$4 ,"r to ,life ,argum5ts ,accord+ to clon+'s detractors1 ! nucleus remov$ f ! egg c\ld o!rwise h develop$ into a human be+4 ,?us1 remov+ ! nucleus am\nts to murd]4 ,x is a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( mo/ moral !ories t all human be+s h a "r to life4 ,! exi/5ce ( a "r implies obligations or duties ( ?ird p>ties t[>ds ! "r-hold]4 ,"o has a "r ,,aga9/ o!r p4 ,! fact t "o possesses a c]ta9 "r - prescribes to o!rs c]ta9 obligatory behavi\rs & proscribes c]ta9 acts or omissions4 ,?is ,janus-l nature ( rights & duties z two sides ( ! same e?ical co9 - creates great confusion4 ,p (t5 & easily confuse rights & _! att5dant duties or obligations ) ! morally dec5t1 or ev5 ) ! morally p]missible4 ,:at "o ,,mu/ d z a result ( ano!r's "r - %\ld nev] be confus$ ) "o ,,%\ld or ,,ought to d morally 79 ! abs5ce ( a "r74 ,b is ! egg - alive8 ,?is "q is ,,n equival5t to ! anci5t qu&>y ( :5 does life beg94 ,life cry/allizes1 at ! e>lie/1 :5 an egg & a sp]m unite 7i4e41 at ! mom5t ( f]tilization74 ,life is n a pot5tial - x is a process trigg]$ by an ev5t4 ,an unf]tiliz$ egg is nei!r a process - nor an ev5t4 ,x does n ev5 possess ! pot5tial to become alive unless & until x m]ges ) a sp]m4 ,%\ld su* m]g] n occur - x w nev] develop life4 ,! pot5tial to become ,x is n ! ontological equival5t ( actually be+ ,x1 nor does x spawn moral & e?ical rights & obligations p]ta9+ to ,x4 ,! transition f pot5tial to be+ is n trivial1 nor is x automatic1 or inevitable1 or indep5d5t ( context4 ,atoms ( v>i\s elem5ts h ! pot5tial to become an egg 7or1 = t matt]1 a human be+7 - yet no "o w\ld claim t !y ,,are an egg 7or a human be+71 or t !y %\ld be treat$ z "o 7i4e41 ) ! same rights & obligations74 ,moreov]1 x is ! donor nucleus emb$d$ 9 ! egg t end[s x ) life - ! life ( ! clon$ baby4 ,yet1 ! nucleus is usually extract$ f a muscle or ! sk94 ,%\ld we treat a muscle or a sk9 cell ) ! same rev]5ce ! critics ( clon+ wi% to accord an unf]tiliz$ egg8 ,is ?is ! ma9 conc]n8 ,! ma9 conc]n is t clon+ - ev5 ! !rapeutic k9d - w produce piles ( embryos4 ,_m ( !m - close to #ie ) curr5t biote*nology - w die4 ,o!rs c be surreptiti\sly & illegally implant$ 9 ! wombs ( surrogate mo!rs4 ,x is pat5tly immoral1 goes ! precaution>y argum5t1 to kill s _m embryos4 ,clon+ is su* a novel te*nique t its success rate is /ill unacceptably l[4 ,!re are alt]native ways to h>ve/ /em cells - less co/ly 9 t]ms ( human life4 ,if we accept t life beg9s at ! mom5t ( f]tilization1 ?is argum5t is valid4 ,b x also implies t - once clon+ becomes saf] & sci5ti/s m adept - clon+ itself %\ld be p]mitt$4 ,?is is ana!ma to ^? :o fe> a slipp]y slope4 ,!y abhor ! v notion ( unnatural conception4 ,to !m1 clon+ is a n>cissi/ic act & an ignorant & dang]\s int]f]5ce 9 nature's sagaci\s ways4 ,!y w\ld ban procreative clon+1 reg>dless ( h[ safe x is4 ,!rapeutic clon+ - ) its m\nds ( disc>d$ fetuses - w all[ rogue sci5ti/s to cross ! b\nd>y betwe5 p]missible 7curative clon+7 & illegal 7baby clon+74 ,:y %\ld ,baby ,clon+ be ,illegal8 ,clon+'s oppon5ts object to procreative clon+ because x c be abus$ to design babies1 skew natural selection1 unbalance nature1 produce ma/]s & slaves & s on4 ,! argum5t f abuse has be5 rais$ ) e sci5tific advance - f 9 vitro f]tilization to space travel4 ,e te*nology c be pot5tially abus$4 ,television c be ei!r a wond]ful educational tool - or an addictive & m9d numb+ pa/ime4 ,nucle> fission is a process t yields bo? nucle> weapons & atomic en]gy4 ,to claim1 z _m d1 t clon+ t\*es ^u ! he>t ( our exi/5ce1 ! k]nel ( our be+1 ! v ess5ce ( our nature - & ?us ?reat5s life itself - w\ld be incorrect4 ,!re is no privileg$ =m ( te*nological abuse & no hi]>*y ( pot5tially abusive te*nologies4 ,nucle> fission tackles natural processes z fundam5tal z life4 ,nucle> weapons ?reat5 life no less ?an clon+4 ,! pot5tial = abuse is n a suffici5t reason to arre/ sci5tific rese>* & progress - ?\gh x is a necess>y condition4 ,"s fe> t clon+ w fur!r ! gov]nm5t's enme%m5t 9 ! heal?c>e sy/em & 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,p[] corrupts & x is n inconceivable t gov]nm5ts w ultimately abuse & misuse clon+ & o!r biote*nologies4 ,nazi ,g]many _h a /ate-sponsor$ & /ate-m&at$ eug5ics program 9 ! #aicj's4 ,yet1 ?is is ano!r v>iant ( ! argum5t f abuse4 ,t a te*nology c be abus$ by gov]nm5ts does n imply t x %\ld be avoid$ or rema9 undevelop$4 ,?is is because all te*nologies - )\t a s+le exception - c & are abus$ r\t9ely - by gov]nm5ts & o!rs4 ,?is is human nature4 ,fukuyama rais$ ! possibility ( a multi-ti]$ humanity 9 :i* natural & g5etically modifi$ p enjoy diff]5t rights & privileges4 ,b :y is ?is inevitable8 ,surely ?is c easily by tackl$ by prop]1 prophylactic1 legislation8 ,all humans1 reg>dless ( _! pre-natal hi/ory1 %\ld be treat$ equally4 ,are *ildr5 curr5tly conceiv$ 9 vitro treat$ any diff]5tly to *ildr5 conceiv$ 9 ut]o8 ,!y are n4 ,!re is no reason t clon$ or g5etically-modifi$ *ildr5 %\ld belong to di/9ct legal classes4 ,unbalanc+ ,nature ,x is v an?ropoc5tric to argue t ! prolif]ation ( g5etically enhanc$ or g5etically select$ *ildr5 w someh[ unbalance nature & de/abilize ! prec>i\s equilibrium x ma9ta9s4 ,aft] all1 humans h be5 modify+1 enhanc+1 & elim9at+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( species = well ov] #aj1jjj ye>s n[4 ,g5etic modification & bio-eng9e]+ are z natural z agriculture4 ,human be+s are a "p ( nature & its manife/ation4 ,by def9ition1 ev]y?+ !y d is natural4 ,:y w\ld ! g5etic alt]ation or enhancem5t ( "o m species - homo sapi5s - be ( any consequ5ce8 ,9 :at way are humans m important to nature1 or m crucial to its prop] function+8 ,9 our %ort hi/ory on ?is planet1 we h g5etically modifi$ & enhanc$ :eat & rice1 dogs & c[s1 tulips & or*ids1 oranges & potatoes4 ,:y w\ld int]f]+ ) ! g5etic legacy ( ! human species be any diff]5t8 ,effects on ,society ,clon+ - l ! ,int]net1 ! television1 ! c>1 electricity1 ! telegraph1 & ! :eel be=e x - is b\nd to h great social consequ5ces4 ,x may fo/] embryo indu/ries4 ,x may lead to ! exploitation ( wom5 - ei!r will+ly 7egg pro/itution7 or unwill+ly 7womb slav]y74 ,*>les ,krau?amm]1 a columni/ & psy*iatri/1 quot$ 9 ,! ,economi/1 says3 7,clon+7 means ! r\t9isation1 ! comm]cialisation1 ! commodification ( ! human embryo4 ,exploit+ anyone unwill+ly is a crime1 :e!r x involves clon+ or :ite slav]y4 ,b :y w\ld egg donations & surrogate mo!rhood be consid]$ problems8 ,if we accept t life beg9s at ! mom5t ( f]tilization & t a woman owns h] body & ev]y?+ )9 x - :y %\ld %e n be all[$ to sell h] eggs or to ho/ ano!r's baby & h[ w\ld ^! volunt>y acts be morally repugnant8 ,9 any case1 human eggs are already be+ b\ght & sold & ! supply f> exce$s ! dem&4 ,moreov]1 full-fl$g$ humans are r\t9ely r\t9is$1 comm]cializ$1 & commodifi$ by gov]nm5ts1 corporations1 religions1 & o!r social in/itutions4 ,consid] w>1 = in/ance - or comm]cial adv]tis+4 ,h[ is ! r\t9isation1 comm]cialization1 & commodification ( embryos m repreh5sible t ! r\t9isation1 comm]cialization1 & commodification ( fully =m$ human be+s8 ,cur+ & ,sav+ ,life ,cell !rapy bas$ on /em cells (t5 leads to tissue rejection & necessitates co/ly & pot5tially dang]\s immunosuppressive !rapy4 ,b :5 ! /em cells are h>ve/$ f ! pati5t himself & clon$1 ^! problems are av]t$4 ,!rapeutic clon+ has va/ untapp$ - ?\gh at ?is /age /ill remote - pot5tial to improve ! lives ( hundr$s ( millions4 ,z f> z design] babies g1 pre-natal clon+ & g5etic eng9e]+ c be us$ to prev5t disease or cure x1 to suppress unwant$ traits1 & to enhance desir$ ones4 ,x is ! moral "r ( a p>5t to make sure t 8 prog5y suff]s less1 enjoys life m1 & atta9s ! maximal level ( welf>e ?r\gh\t 8 or h] life4 ,t su* te*nologies c be abus$ by ov]-zeal\s1 or m5tally unheal?y p>5ts 9 collaboration ) av>ici\s or unscrupul\s doctors - %\ld n prev5t ! va/ majority ( /able1 c>+1 & sane p>5ts f ga9+ access to !m4 ,e?ical ,relativism & ,absolute ,taboos ,by3 ,dr4 ,sam ,vakn9 ,i4 ,taboos ,,ii4 ,ince/ ,,iii4 ,suicide ,,iv4 ,race ,v4 ,moral ,relativism ,i4 ,taboos ,taboos regulate our sexual conduct1 race relations1 political in/itutions1 & economic me*anisms - virtually e realm ( our life4 ,accord+ to ! #bjjb edition ( ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 !y are ! prohibition ( an action or ! use ( an object bas$ on rituali/ic di/9ctions ( !m ei!r z be+ sacr$ & consecrat$ or z be+ dang]\s1 unclean1 & accurs$4 ,jews are in/ruct$ to ritually cleanse !mselves aft] hav+ be5 9 contact ) a ,torah scroll - or a corpse4 ,?is association ( ! sacr$ ) ! accurs$ & ! holy ) ! deprav$ is ! key to ! guilt & s5se ( dang] :i* accompany ! violation ( a taboo4 ,9 ,polynesia1 :]e ! t]m orig9at$1 taboos c\ld include prohibitions on fi%+ or pick+ fruit at c]ta9 seasons2 food taboos t re/rict ! diet ( pregnant wom52 prohibitions on talk+ to or t\*+ *iefs or memb]s ( o!r high social classes2 taboos on walk+ or travel+ 9 c]ta9 areas1 su* z =e/s2 & v>i\s taboos t function dur+ important life ev5ts su* z bir?1 m>riage1 & dea?4 ,political correctness is a p>ticul>ly p]nici\s k9d ( taboo en=cem5t4 ,x entails an all-p]vasive self-c5sor%ip c\pl$ ) social sanctions4 ,consid] ! treatm5t ( ! "r to life1 ince/1 suicide1 & race4 ,,ii4 ,ince/ ,9 contempor>y ?\ght1 ince/ is inv>iably associat$ ) *ild abuse & its horrific1 long-la/+1 & (t5 irrev]sible consequ5ces4 ,b ince/ is f> f be+ ! cle>-cut or monoli?ic issue t mill5nia ( taboo imply4 ,ince/ ) m9ors is a private - & p>ticul>ly egregi\s - case ( p$ophilia or /atutory rape4 ,x %\ld be dealt ) =cefully4 ,b ince/ cov]s mu* m besides ^! crim9al acts4 ,ince/ is ! e?ical & legal prohibition to h sex ) a relat$ p]son or to m>ry him or h] - ev5 if ! p involv$ are cons5t+ & fully in=m$ adults4 ,contr>y to popul> my?ology1 bann+ ince/ has little to d ) ! fe> ( g5etic diseases4 ,ev5 g5etically unrelat$ p>ties 7a /epfa!r & a /epdaught]7 c commit ince/4 ,ince/ is also =bidd5 betwe5 fictive k9 or classificatory k9 7t belong to ! same matril9e or patril9e74 ,9 c]ta9 societies 7c]ta9 ,native ,am]ican tribes1 or ! ,*9ese7 x is suffici5t to c>ry ! same family "n 7i4e41 to belong to ! same clan7 to r5d] a relation%ip ince/u\s4 ,cle>ly1 eug5ic consid]ations h little to d ) ince/4 ,moreov]1 ! use ( contraceptives means t ince/ does n ne$ to result 9 pregnancy & ! transmission ( g5etic mat]ial4 ,inbre$+ 7endogam\s7 or /raight=w>d ince/ is ! norm 9 _m life =ms1 ev5 among primates 7e4g41 *impanzees74 ,x 0 also q common until rec5tly 9 c]ta9 human societies - ! ,h9dus1 = in/ance1 or _m ,native ,am]ican tribes1 & royal families ev]y:]e4 ,nor is ! taboo univ]sal4 ,9 "s societies1 ince/ is m&atory or prohibit$1 accord+ to "o's social class 7,bali74 ,9 o!rs1 ! ,royal ,h\se />t$ a tradition ( ince/u\s m>riages1 lat] emulat$ by ! l[] classes 7,anci5t ,egypt74 ,! li/ is long & x s]ves to demon/rate ! div]sity ( attitudes t[>ds ?is mo/ univ]sal practice4 ,! m primitive & aggressive ! society1 ! m /rict & elaborate ! set ( ince/ prohibitions & ! fi]c] ! p5alties = _! violation4 ,! reason may be economic4 ,ince/ int]f]es ) rigid algori?ms ( inh]itance 9 conditions ( extreme sc>city 7= in/ance1 ( l& & wat]7 & consequ5tly leads to survival-?reat5+ int]nec9e disputes4 ,freud said t ince/ provokes horror because x t\*es ^u our =bidd51 ambival5t sexual crav+s & aggression t[>ds memb]s ( our close family4 ,we/]m>k held t famili>ity bre$s repulsion & t ! ince/ taboo - r ?an c\nt] inbr$ in/9cts - simply reflects emotional reality4 ,bo? ignor$ ! fact t ! ince/ taboo is le>n$ - n inh]5t4 ,we c easily imag9e a society :]e ince/ is extoll$1 taught1 & practic$ - & out-bre$+ is reg>d$ ) horror & revulsion4 ,! ince/u\s m>riages among memb]s ( ! royal h\seholds ( ,europe 7 int5d$ to pres]ve ! familial prop]ty & exp& ! clan's t]ritory4 ,!y 7 normative1 n ab]rant4 ,m>ry+ an outsid] 0 consid]$ abhorr5t4 ,,iii4 ,suicide ,self-sacrifice1 avoidable m>tyrdom1 engag+ 9 life risk+ activities1 refusal to prolong "o's life ?r\gh m$ical treatm5t1 eu?anasia1 ov]dos+1 & self-de/ruction t is ! result ( co]cion - are all closely relat$ to suicide4 ,!y all involve a delib]ately self-inflict$ dea?4 ,b :ile suicide is *iefly int5d$ to t]m9ate a life - ! o!r acts are aim$ at p]petuat+1 /r5g!n+1 & def5d+ values or o!r p4 ,_m are appall$ by ! *oice impli$ 9 suicide - ( dea? ov] life4 ,!y feel t x demeans life - i4e41 abnegates its mean+4 ,life's mean+ - ! outcome ( active selection by ! individual - is ei!r ext]nal 7i4e41 ,god's plan7 or int]nal 7i4e41 ! outcome ( an arbitr>y frame ( ref]5ce74 ,our life is r5d]$ mean+ful only by integrat+ into an et]nal ?+1 process1 design1 or be+4 ,suicide makes life trivial because ! act is n natural - n "p ( ! et]nal framework1 ! undy+ process1 ! timeless cycle ( bir? & dea?4 ,suicide is a break ) et]nity4 ,sidgwick said t only consci\s 7i4e41 intellig5t7 be+s c appreciate values & mean+s4 ,s1 life is significant to consci\s1 intellig5t1 ?\gh f9ite1 be+s - because x is a "p ( "s et]nal goal1 plan1 process1 ?+1 design1 or be+4 ,suicide flies 9 ! face ( ,sidgwick's dictum4 ,x is a /atem5t by an intellig5t & consci\s be+ ab\t ! mean+lessness ( life4 ,if suicide is a /atem5t1 ?an society1 9 ?is case1 is aga9/ ! fre$om ( expression4 ,9 ! case ( suicide1 free spee* dissonantly cla%es ) ! sanctity ( a mean+ful life4 ,to rid itself ( ! anxiety br\ght on by ?is conflict1 society ca/ suicide z a deprav$ or ev5 crim9al act & its p]petrators are mu* ca/igat$4 ,! suicide violates n only ! social contract - b1 _m w add1 cov5ants ) ,god or nature4 ,?omas ,aqu9as said t - s9ce organisms /rive to survive - suicide is an unnatural act4 ,moreov]1 x adv]sely affects ! community & violates ! prop]ty rights ( ,god1 ! imput$ own] ( "o's _s4 ,*ri/ianity reg>ds ! immortal s\l z a gift &1 9 ,jewi% writ+s1 x is a deposit4 ,suicide am\nts to ! abuse or misuse ( ,god's possessions1 tempor>ily lodg$ 9 a corporeal mansion4 ,?is pat]nalism 0 propagat$1 c5turies lat]1 by ,black/one1 ! codifi] ( ,briti% ,law4 ,suicide - be+ self-murd] - is a grave felony1 :i* ! /ate has a "r to prev5t & to puni% =4 ,9 c]ta9 c\ntries ?is /ill is ! case4 ,9 ,israel1 = in/ance1 a soldi] is consid]$ to be milit>y prop]ty & an attempt$ suicide is sev]ely puni%$ z a corruption ( a army *attel4 ,pat]nalism1 a malignant mutation ( b5evol5ce1 is ab\t objectify+ p & treat+ !m z possessions4 ,ev5 fully-in=m$ & cons5t+ adults are n grant$ full1 unmitigat$ autonomy1 fre$om1 & privacy4 ,?is t5ds to bre$ victimless crimes4 ,! culprits - gambl]s1 homosexuals1 communi/s1 suicides1 drug addicts1 alcoholics1 pro/itutes - are protect$ f !mselves by an intrusive nanny /ate4 ,! possession ( a "r creates a correspond+ obligation n to act to fru/rate its ex]cise4 ,suicide is (t5 ! *oice ( a m5tally & legally compet5t adult4 ,life is su* a basic & deep set ph5om5on t ev5 ! incompet5ts - ! m5tally ret>d$ or m5tally insane or m9ors - c fully gauge its significance & make in=m$ decisions1 9 my view4 ,! pat]nali/s claim c\nt]factually t no compet5t adult 9 8 "r m9d w ev] decide to commit suicide4 ,!y cite ! cases ( suicides :o surviv$ & felt v happy t !y h - z a compell+ reason to int]v5e4 ,b we all make irrev]sible decisions = :i*1 sometimes1 we are sorry4 ,x gives no "o ! "r to int]f]e4 ,pat]nalism is a slipp]y slope4 ,%\ld ! /ate be all[$ to prev5t ! bir? ( a g5etically defective *ild or =bid 8 p>5ts to m>ry 9 ! fir/ place8 ,%\ld unheal?y adults be =c$ to ab/a9 f smok+1 or /e] cle> f alcohol8 ,%\ld !y be co]c$ to ex]cise8 ,suicide is subject to a d\ble moral /&>d4 ,p are p]mitt$ - nay1 enc\rag$ - to sacrifice _! life only 9 c]ta91 socially sanction$1 ways4 ,to die on ! battlefield or 9 def5se ( "o's religion is comm5dable4 ,?is hypocrisy reveals h[ p[] /ructures - ! /ate1 in/itutional religion1 political p>ties1 national movem5ts - aim to monopolize ! lives ( citiz5s & adh]5ts to d ) z !y see fit4 ,suicide ?reat5s ?is monopoly4 ,h5ce ! taboo4 ,,iv4 ,race ,social ,d>w9ism1 sociobiology1 &1 n[adays1 evolution>y psy*ology are all d]id$ & disp>ag$ because !y try to prove t nature - m specifically1 our g5es - det]m9e our traits1 our accompli%m5ts1 our behavior patt]ns1 our social /atus1 &1 9 _m ways1 our de/9y4 ,our upbr++ & our environm5t *ange little4 ,!y simply select f +ra9$ libr>ies emb$d$ 9 our bra94 ,moreov]1 ! discussion ( race & race relations is ta9t$ by a hi/ory ( recurr5t e?nocide & g5ocide & ?w>t$ by ! dogma ( egalit>ianism4 ,! 7legitimate7 "q are all races equal ?us becomes a private case ( ! 7no less legitimate7 are all m5 equal4 ,to ask c races co-exi/ peacefully is ?us to emb>k on ! slipp]y slope to slav]y & ,aus*witz4 ,^! hi/orical e*oes & ! ov]we5+ imposition ( political correctness prev5t any mean+ful - let alone sci5tific - disc\rse4 ,! irony is t race - or at lea/ race z det]m9$ by sk9 color - is a di/9ctly unsci5tific concept1 conc]n$ m ) appe>ances 7i4e41 ! color ( "o's sk91 ! %ape ( "o's head or hair71 common hi/ory1 & social politics - ?an ) h]$ity4 ,mo/ human classificatory traits are n concordant4 ,diff]5t taxonomic crit]ia conjure up diff]5t races4 ,,iq is a simil>ly cont5ti\s con/ruct1 al?\gh x is /able & does pr$ict academic a*ievem5t effectively4 ,?us1 raci/-s\nd+ claims are z unf\nd$ z claims ab\t racial equality4 ,/ill1 :ile ! =m] are treat$ z an abom9ation - ! latt] are accord$ academic respectability & sci5tific scrut9y4 ,consid] ^! two hypo!ses3 ,i4 ,t ! ,,iq 7or any o!r measurable trait7 ( a giv5 race or e?nic gr\p is h]$it>ily det]m9$ 7i4e41 t sk9 color & ,,iq - or ano!r measurable trait - are concordant7 & is /rongly correlat$ ) c]ta9 types ( behavior1 life accompli%m5ts1 & social /atus4 ,,ii4 ,t ! ,,iq 7or any o!r quantifiable trait7 ( a giv5 race or e?nic gr\p is ! outcome ( social & economic circum/ances & ev5 if /rongly correlat$ ) behavior patt]ns1 academic or o!r a*ievem5ts1 & social /atus - :i* is disputable - is am5able to social eng9e]+4 ,bo? !ories are falsifiable & bo? des]ve s]i\s1 unbias$1 /udy4 ,t we *oose to ignore ! fir/ & sub/antiate ! second demon/rates ! p]nici\s & corrupt+ effect ( political correctness4 ,claims ( ! type trait ,a & trait ,b are concordant %\ld be inve/igat$ by sci5ti/s1 reg>dless ( h[ politically incorrect !y are4 ,n s claims ( ! type p ) trait ,a are 444 or p ) trait ,a d 4444 ,^! %\ld be decri$ z raci/ tripe4 ,?us ! /atem5t ,! traits ( be+ an ,a%k5azi ,jew 7,a7 & suff]+ f ,tay-,sa*s induc$ idiocy 7,b7 are concordant is true #a ( e #bejj times4 ,! /atem5ts p :o are ,jews 7i4e41 ) trait ,a7 are 7n>cissi/s71 or p :o are ,jews 7i4e41 ) trait ,a7 d ?is3 !y dr9k ! blood ( innoc5t ,*ri/ian *ildr5 dur+ ! ,passov] rites - are vile raci/ & p>anoid /atem5ts4 ,p are n creat$ equal4 ,human div]sity - a taboo topic - is a cause = celebration4 ,x is important to /udy & asc]ta9 :at are ! respective contributions ( nature & nurture to ! way p - individuals & gr\ps - gr[1 develop1 & mature4 ,9 ! pursuit ( ?is invaluable & ess5tial k1 taboos are dang]\sly c\nt]-productive4 ,v4 ,moral ,relativism ,protagoras1 ! ,greek ,sophi/1 0 ! fir/ to notice t e?ical codes are culture-dep5d5t & v>y 9 diff]5t societies1 economies1 & geographies4 ,! pragmati/ believe t :at is "r is m]ely :at society ?9ks is "r at any giv5 mom5t4 ,good & evil are n immutable4 ,no moral pr9ciple - & taboos are moral pr9ciples - is univ]sally & et]nally true & valid4 ,morality applies )9 cultures b n across !m4 ,b e?ical or cultural relativism & ! v>i\s s*ools ( pragmatism ignore ! fact t c]ta9 e?ical p]cepts - probably gr\nd$ 9 human nature - d appe> to be univ]sal & anci5t1 if n et]nal4 ,fairness1 v]acity1 keep+ promises1 moral hi]>*y - p]meate all ! cultures we h come to "k4 ,nor c c]ta9 moral t5ets be expla9$ away z m]e expressions ( emotions or behavioral prescriptions - devoid ( cognitive cont5t1 logic1 & a relat$ness to c]ta9 facts4 ,/ill1 x is easy to prove t mo/ taboos are1 inde$1 relative4 ,ince/1 suicide1 feticide1 infanticide1 p>ricide1 e?nocide1 g5ocide1 g5ital mutilation1 social ca/es1 & adult]y are normative 9 c]ta9 cultures - & /rictly proscrib$ 9 o!rs4 ,taboos are pragmatic moral pr9ciples4 ,!y d]ive _! validity f _! efficacy4 ,!y are obs]v$ because !y "w1 because !y yield solutions & provide results4 ,!y disappe> or are trans=m$ :5 no long] useful4 ,ince/ is likely to be tol]at$ 9 a _w ) limit$ possibilities = procreation4 ,suicide is b\nd to be enc\rag$ 9 a society suff]+ f extreme sc>city ( res\rces & ov]-population4 ,e?noc5trism1 racism & x5ophobia w inevitably re> _! ugly heads aga9 9 anomic circum/ances4 ,none ( ^! taboos is unassailable4 ,none ( !m reflects "s objective tru?1 indep5d5t ( culture & circum/ances4 ,!y are conv5i5t conv5tions1 workable pr9ciples1 & regulatory me*anisms - no?+ m4 ,t s*ol>s are frantically try+ to conv9ce u o!rwise - or to exclude su* a discussion altoge!r - is a sign ( ! gr[+ dis9tegration ( our weak5+ society4 ,t ,h ,e ,a ,u ,t ,h ,o ,r ,,%muel 7,,sam7 ,,vakn9 ,curriculum ,vitae ,click on blue text to access relevant web sites - ?ank y4 ,born 9 #aifa 9 ,qiryat-,yam1 ,israel4 ,s]v$ 9 ! ,israeli ,def5ce ,=ce 7#aigi-aihb7 9 tra9+ & education units4 ,education ,graduat$ a few seme/]s 9 ! ,te*nion - ,israel ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 ,haifa4 ,ph4,d4 9 ,philosophy 7major 3 ,philosophy ( ,physics7 - ,pacific ,we/]n ,univ]sity1 ,cali=nia4 ,graduate ( num]\s c\rses 9 ,f9ance ,!ory & ,int]national ,trad+4 ,c]tifi$ ,e-,comm]ce ,concepts ,analy/4 ,c]tifi$ 9 ,psy*ological ,c\nsell+ ,te*niques4 ,full pr(ici5cy 9 ,hebrew & 9 ,engli%4 ,bus9ess ,exp]i5ce #aihj to #aihc ,f\nd] & co-own] ( a *a9 ( comput]iz$ in=mation kiosks 9 ,tel-,aviv1 ,israel4 #aihb to #aihe ,s5ior positions ) ! ,nessim ,d4 ,gaon ,gr\p ( ,companies 9 ,g5eva1 ,p>is & ,new-,york 7,,noga & ,,apr(im ,,sa73 - ,*ief ,analy/ ( ,edible ,commodities 9 ! ,gr\p's ,headqu>t]s 9 ,switz]l&4 - ,manag] ( ! ,rese>* & ,analysis ,division - ,manag] ( ! ,data ,process+ ,division - ,project ,manag] ( ,! ,nig]ian ,comput]iz$ ,c5sus - ,vice ,presid5t 9 *>ge ( ,,rnd & ,advanc$ ,te*nologies - ,vice ,presid5t 9 *>ge ( ,sov]eign ,debt ,f9anc+ #aihe to #aihf ,repres5t$ ,canadian ,v5ture ,capital ,funds 9 ,israel4 #aihf to #aihg ,g5]al ,manag] ( ,,ipe ,ltd4 9 ,london4 ,! firm f9anc$ int]national multi-lat]al c\nt]trade & leas+ transactions4 #aihh to #aiij ,co-f\nd] & ,director ( ,mikbats - ,tesuah1 a portfolio managem5t firm bas$ 9 ,tel-,aviv4 ,activities includ$ l>ge-scale portfolio managem5t1 und]writ+1 =ex trad+ & g5]al f9ancial advisory s]vices4 #aiij to ,pres5t ,free-lance consultant to _m ( ,israel's ,blue-,*ip firms1 ma9ly on issues relat$ to ! capital m>kets 9 ,israel1 ,canada1 ! ,,uk & ! ,,usa4 ,consultant to =eign ,,rnd v5tures & to ,gov]nm5ts on macro-economic matt]s4 ,presid5t ( ! ,israel *apt] ( ! ,pr(essors ,_w ,peace ,academy 7,,pwpa7 & 7briefly7 ,israel repres5tative ( ! ,wa%+ton ,times4 #aiic to #aiid ,co-own] & ,director ( _m bus9ess ent]prises3 - ,! ,omega & ,en]gy ,air-,condition+ ,conc]n - ,,avp ,f9ancial ,consultants - ,h&iman ,legal ,s]vices ,total annual turnov] ( ! gr\p3 #aj million ,,usd4 ,co-own]1 ,director & ,f9ance ,manag] ( ,,co/i ,ltd4 - ,israel's l>ge/ comput]iz$ in=mation v5dor & develop]4 ,rais$ funds ?r\gh a s]ies ( private placem5ts locally1 9 ! 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psy*odynamics ( humanity - ! tectonic cla% betwe5 ,rome & ,byzantium1 ,we/ & ,ea/1 ,judeo-,*ri/ianity & ,islam - is /ill easily disc]nible4 ,we are seat$ at a ,new ,ye>'s d9+ table1 load$ ) a roa/$ pig & exotic salads4 ,i1 ! ,jew1 only half =eign to ?is cradle ( ,slavonics4 ,f\r ,s]bs1 five ,mac$onians4 ,x is 9 ! ,balkans t all e?nic di/9ctions fail & x is "h t !y prevail ana*roni/ically & atavi/ically4 ,contradiction & *ange ! only two fixtures ( ?is torm5t$ region4 ,! wom5 ( ! ,balkan - buri$ "u provocative mask-l make up1 retro hair/yles & too n>r[ dresses4 ,! m51 clad 9 sepia col\rs1 old fa%ion$ suits & turn ( ! c5tury m\/a*es4 ,9 ! backgr\nd !re is ! cry+ game t is ,balkanian music3 liturgy & folk & elegy comb9$4 ,! smells are heavy ) muskul> p]fumes4 ,x is l "t travel4 ,x is l revisit+ "o's *ildhood4 ,! ,au?or ,sam ,vakn9 is ! au?or ( ,malignant ,self ,love - ,n>cissism ,revisit$ & ,aft] ! ,ra9 - ,h[ ! ,we/ ,lo/ ! ,ea/4 ,he is a columni/ = ,c5tral ,europe ,review & e,book,web 1 a ,unit$ ,press ,int]national 7,,upi7 ,s5ior ,bus9ess ,correspond5t1 & ! 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