,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #bii ,,new ,,york1 ,,septemb] #bd1 #ahha ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #bii4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 ,illu/ration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,on ! ,progress & developm5t ( ! ,m>9e ,eng9e4--,m>9e eng9es4--,! m>9e boil]4--,/eel boil]s4--,corrosion ( boil]s4--,h[ ! m>9e eng9e may be improv$4--,consumption ( fuel4--,evaporative effici5cy ( m>9e locomotive boil]s4--,screw propell]s ,/eam ,f]ry ,boats ( ! ,port ( ,m>seilles4--#b figures4-- ,transv]se & longitud9al sections ,op5+ ( a ,new ,engli% ,dock4 #a figure ,improv$ ,gra9 ,elevator4 #a figure ,improv$ ,dr$g]4 #a figure4--,s+le bucket dipp] dr$g] ,railway ,al>m ,:i/le ,furnace = ! ,manufacture ( ,sulphide ( ,c>bon4 #a figure ,br\>del's ,dry ,inscrib+ ,manomet]4 #a figure4--,gas indication ( manomet] ,c5trifugal ,app>atus = ,ca/+ ,metals4 #d figures4--,c5trifugal metal m\ld+ app>atus ,app>atus = ! ,manufacture ( ,wood ,pulp4 #b figures4--,dresel's wood pulp app>atus ,rec5t ,progress ( ,indu/rial ,sci5ce4--,presid5tial address1 ,conv5tion ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s ,! ,hobok5 ,dra9age ,problem ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry--,on "s ,rec5t ,improvem5ts 9 ,lead ,processes4 ,by ,,norman ,c4 ,,cookson ,app>atus ,us$ 9 ,b]l9 = ! ,prep>ation ( ,gelat9e ,plates4-- ,i4 ,mix+ app>atus4--,,ii4 ,dige/ive app>atus4--,,iii4 ,triturat+ app>atus--,,iv4 ,wa%+ app>atus--#c figures ,h[ ,to ,make ,emulsions ,9 ,hot ,wea!r4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,h5d]son ,! ,di/illation & ,rectification ( ,alcohols by ! ,rational ,use ( ,l[ ,temp]atures4 ,by ,,ra\l ,,pictet4--#a figure4--,pictet's app>atus = ! rectification ( alcohol by cold ,! ,removal ( ,noxi\s ,vapors f ,roa/+ ,furnace ,gases ,new ,gas ,exhau/]4 #a figure ,advance 9 ! ,price ( ,glyc]9e ,analysis ( ,oils or ,mixtures ( ,oils ,us$ = ,lubricat+ ,purposes ,nitrate ( ,amyl ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,! ,electric ,light 9 ,e>nock ,colli]y ,lightn+ & ,telephone ,wires ,conditions ( ,flames ,"u ! ,influ5ce ( ,electricity ,! ,electric ,/op-,motion 9 ! ,cotton ,mill ,electrolytic ,det]m9ations & ,sep>ations4 ,by ,,alex1 & ,m4 ,a4 ,,von ,,reis4--,det]m9ation ( cobalt4--,nickel--,iron4--,z9c4-- ,manganese4--,bismu?4--,lead4--,copp]4-- ,cadmium4--,t94--,antimony4-- ,ars5ic4--,sep>ation ( iron f manganese4--,iron f ,alum9um ,,iv4 ,,m$ic9e1 ,,surg]y1 ,,etc4--,treatm5t ( ,acute ,rheumatism4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,m4 ,,/ille1 ,m4,d4 ,me?od 9 ,madness ,simple ,me?ods to ,/aun* ,accid5tal ,hemorrhage4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,borck1 ,m4,d4--,ble$+ f upp] arm4--,f art]ies 9 ! upp] ?ird ( ! arm4--,f ! ?igh4--,f ! foot ,hot ,wat] ,compresses 9 ,tetanus & ,trismus ,v4 ,,agriculture1 ,,etc4--,! ,cultivation ( ,pyre?rum & ,manufacture ( ,p[d] ,trials ( ,/r+ ,%eaf ,b9d]s at ,d]by1 ,engl& ,! ,culture ( ,/rawb]ries4--,g>d5 culture4--,field culture ,"s ,h>dy ,fl[]s = ,midsumm] ,! ,"t ,consum+ ,mat* ,,vi4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,art1 ,,etc4--,sugge/ions 9 ,decorative ,art4 #a figure4--,silv] ew] by ,odiot1 ,p>is ,arti/s' ,homes4 ,no4 l#d4--;,b5t's ,brook1 ,holmwood1 ,surrey1 ,eng4-- #f figures4--,p]spective1 elevations1 & plans ,,vii4 ,,obitu>y4--,a*ille ,delesse1 em95t z geologi/ & m9]alogi/ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,a*ille ,,delesse4 ,! dea? ( ?is di/+ui%$ man mu/ be record$4 ,an int]e/+ rsum ( 8 labors by ,m4 ,daubree has appe>$1 f :i* we take ! foll[+ facts4 ,aft] a tra9+ 9 8 native t[n at ! ,lyceum ( ,metz1 :i* furni%$ s _m s*ol>s to ! ,polyte*nic s*ool1 ,delesse 0 admitt$ at ! age ( tw5ty to ?is s*ool4 ,9 #ahci he left to ent] ! ,corps des ,m9es4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e] ! /ud5t eng9e] appli$ himself ) ardor to ! sci5ces to :i* he 0 to devote 8 entire exi/5ce4 ,! j\rneys :i* he und]took !n1 & cont9u$ lat]1 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,pol&1 ,engl&1 & ,irel&1 help$ to confirm & develop ! b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,he soon arriv$ at important sci5tific results1 & 0 rew>d$1 9 #ahde1 by hav+ conf]r$ to him by ! univ]sity ! c\rse ( m9]alogy & geology 9 ! ,faculty at ,besanon1 :]e ,delesse at ! same "t fulfill$ ! duties ( eng9e] ( m9es4 ,five ye>s lat] he return$ to ,p>is1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 univ]sity duties1 at fir/ z deputy ( ! c\rse ( geology at ! ,sorbonne1 !n z ma/] ( ! conf]5ces at ! ,sup]ior ,normal ,s*ool4 ,besides ?is1 he cont9u$ 8 pr(ession ( eng9e] ( m9es z inspector ( ! roads ( ,p>is4 ,! fir/ orig9al rese>*es ( ! "y savant conc]n pure m9]alogy2 he /udi$ a c]ta9 numb] ( species1 ( :i* ! *emical nature 0 yet unc]ta9 or altoge!r unkn[n1 & 8 "n 0 app5d$ to "o ( ! species :i* he def9$4 ,he /udi$ also1 & ) success1 ! int]e/+ modifications call$ pseudomorphism--! mode ( association ( m9]als1 z well z _! magnetic prop]ties4 ,! attributes ( a practical m9]alogi/ aid$ him greatly 9 ! culture ( a bran* ( geology to :i* ,delesse has r5d]$ em95t s]vices1 9 ! recognition ( rocks ( igne\s orig9 & ( o!rs alli$ to !m4 ,he /udi$ 9 ! field1 z well z by inve/igations 9 ! laboratory1 = fifte5 ye>s1 ) an intellig5t & indefatigable p]sev]ance1 &1 aid$ by ! results ( hundr$s ( analyses1 eruptive masses ( ! mo/ v>i$ k9d1 ! k d]iv$ f :i* ?rew light ^u ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 f granites & sy5ites to melaphyres & basalts4 ,aft] ?irty ye>s ( /udy & progress1 o!r savants1 )\t diff]+ f him1 progress$ fur!r 9 ! intimate k ( rocks2 b ! hi/orian ( sci5ce w n =get t ,delesse 0 ! precursor ( ?is ord] ( rese>*4 ,8 /udies ( metamorphism w long d him honor4 ,! m9]alogical modifications :i* ! eruptive rocks h und]gone 9 ! mass are ! p]man5t witnesses :i* attract$ all 8 att5tion4 ,! *emical comp>ison ( ! metamorphic ) ! normal rock po9t$ out di/9ctly ! nature ( ! sub/ances acquir$ or lo/4 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal results ( ^! analyses has be5 to less5 ! importance attribut$ until !n to heat alone1 & to %[ 9 m ?an "o case ! int]v5tion ( !rmal s\rces & ( o!r emanations f bel[1 to :i* ! eruptive rocks h simply op5$ up tracks4 ,x is n only ^u subjects relat+ to ! hi/ory ( rocks t ,delesse has t\*$4 ,witness 8 "w on ! infiltration ( wat]1 z well z 8 volume relat+ to ! mat]ials ( con/ruction1 publi%$ on ! occasion ( ! ,exhibition ( #ahee4 ,! nature ( ! deposits :i* op]ate cont9ually at ! bottom ( ! sea (f]s po9ts ( int]e/ :i* well repay ! labor ( ! geologi/4 ,he f9ds !re1 inde$1 a preci\s field to be comp>$ ) /ratifi$ deposits2 = 9 spite ( ! enorm\s dep? to :i* !y =m a "p ( cont95ts1 !y are ( analog\s orig94 ,delesse labori\sly /udi$ ! products ( ! innum]able s\nd+s tak5 9 mo/ ( ! seas4 ,he arrang$ ! results 9 a "w :i* has become classical ) ! beautiful atlas ( subm>9e draw+s :i* accompany x4 ,?\gh he nev] slack5$ 9 8 own especial "w1 he made mu* ( ! "w ( o!rs4 ,! ,revue des ,progrs de la ,gologie1 ) :i* he enri*$ ! ,annales des ,m9es = tw5ty ye>s1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to engross ! "t ( a less active sci5tific man1 & "o less ready to grasp ! op5+ ( a discov]y4 ,?is indefatigable !ori/ nev] neglect$ ! applications ( sci5ce3 ! nature & ! *anges ( ! lay]s :i* =m ! "u e>?2 ! c\rse & ! dep? ( ! subt]rane\s %eets ( wat]2 ! m9]alogical composition ( ! e>?'s vegetation1 7 repres5t$ by him on sev]al *>ts & plans drawn out 9 prop] =m4 ,8 maps :i* foll[ ! r\te ( _m ( ! great ,fr5* l9es ( railway expla9 ! k9d ( soil ^u :i* !y are laid1 & are ( daily use4 ,9 ! pursuit ( 8 num]\s sci5tific works1 ,delesse nev] fail$ 9 dis*>g+ 8 duties 9 ! ,corps des ,m9es4 ,hav+ 9 #ahfd quitt$ ! s]vice ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,p>is1 :i* he _h occupi$ = eighte5 ye>s1 he 0 made pr(essor ( agriculture1 ( dra9age1 & irrigation1 at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 :]e he e/abli%$ in/ruction 9 ^! be=e be+ call$ to f\nd ! c\rse ( geology at ! ,agricultural ,in/itution4 ,promot$ to be ,inspector-,g5]al ( ,m9es 9 #ahgh1 & *>g$ ) ! division ( ! s\? ea/ ( ,france1 he pres]v$ to ! end ( 8 life ^! new duties1 = :i*1 to ! regret ( ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 he gave up 8 excell5t lessons !re4 ,dur+ ! ye> ( #ahgj ,delesse fulfill$ 8 duties z a citiz51 z eng9e] 9 prep>ation ( c>tridges 9 ! dep>tm5t4 ,8 nom9ation to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 :i* took place on ! #f? ( ,janu>y1 #ahgi1 satisfi$ ! ambition ( 8 life4 ,he 0 = two ye>s ,presid5t ( ! ,c5tral ,commission ( ! ,geographical ,society2 he 0 also ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,he 0 n long to enjoy ! noble position acquir$ by 8 intellig5ce & 8 "w4 ,he suff]$ f a s]i\s malady1 :i*1 h[ev]1 did n weak5 8 intellect1 & he cont9u$ f 8 b$ ( suff]+ to prep>e ! reports = ! ,c\ncil-,g5]al ( ,m9es1 & t :i* rec5tly he address$ to ! ,academy on ! occasion ( 8 election4 ,! greatness & ! rectitude ( m9d ( ,delesse1 8 a/\nd+ p[] ( "w1 8 pr(\nd k ( sci5ce1 8 sympa!tic sweetness1 :i* 7 associat$ ) /]l+ mode/y & loyalty ( "*1 made him e/eem$ & *]i%$ ?r\gh\t 8 :ole c>e]4 ,he di$ on ! #bd? ( ,m>*4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,decotative ,,art4--,,silv] ,,ew]1 ,,by ,,odiot1 ,,p>is4 7,f ,! ,work%op7 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,light ,,at ,,e>nock ,,colli]y4 ,on ! aft]noon ( ,augu/ #i1 ,e>nock ,colli]y1 ne> ,hamilton1 belong+ to ,mr4 ,john ,watson1 ( ,e>nock1 0 ! sc5e ( an int]e/+ c]emonial :i* may well be said to m>k a new era 9 m9+ annals4 ,9 proce$+ to w9 ! ri* m9]al weal? ( 8 e/ate1 ,mr4 ,watson det]m9$ t1 9 respect ( fitt+s1 ma*9]y1 & g5]al appo9tm5ts1 x %\ld be a model1 & he has be5 highly successful 9 giv+ practical effect to 8 aims4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he e>ly resolv$ to1 if at all practicable1 sub/itute ! electric light = ! ord9>y mode ( illum9at+ ! work+s1 & aft] inve/igat+ ! v>i\s sy/ems1 he decid$ on giv+ t ( ,mr4 ,swan a trial4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ,april la/1 ,messrs4 ,d4 ,e4 ,graham1 electrical eng9e]s1 ,glasg[1 h be5 engag$ fitt+ up ! ,swan inc&esc5t lamp1 ) modifications1 to adapt x = safe use 9 ! m9e1 & on ,tuesday ! inauguration ( ! new light took place 9 pres5ce ( a l>ge company ( lead+ g5tlem5 f ,glasg[1 ,hamilton1 & ! ,we/4 ,arriv$ at ! colli]y ab\t half-pa/ "o o'clock1 ! visitors 7 receiv$ by ,mr4 ,watson1 & aft] a brief space sp5t 9 inspect+ ! ?ree magnific5t w9d+ & fan eng9es1 ! ,guibal fan1 & ! framework = scre5+ ! coal1 !y 7 conduct$ by ,mr4 ,james ,gil*ri/1 manag]1 d[n into ! work+s 9 ! ell seam at a dep? ( #aah fa?oms4 ,"h at ! pit bottom1 9 ! roads & at ! face1 tw5ty-"o ,swan lamps 7 burn+1 giv+ =? a brilliant1 /eady flame1 ! lum9osity ( :i*1 :ile suffici5t to supply ! desir$ light1 _h none ( ! disagreeable int5sity associat$ ) mo/ sy/ems ( electric light+4 ,besides ! pe>-%ap$ ,swan lamp1 9 :i* ! gl[+ or inc&esc5ce is c>ri$ on 9 vacuo1 !re is an out] lant]n1 ! inv5tion ( ,mr4 ,david ,graham1 consi/+ ( a /rong glass globe1 air-tight1 protect$ ) /eel gu>ds4 ,ea* lamp 0 also connect$ ) two diff]5t =ms ( ,graham's pat5t safety air tight contacts & swit*es = cutt+ (f & lett+ on ! curr5t1 ! effect ( :i*1 x is believ$1 w\ld be to r5d] ! lamps q safe1 ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( explosive gas4 ,at fir/ ! int5tion 0 to employ ! fan-eng9e to drive ! dynamo-electric ma*9e or g5]ator1 b ?is 0 dep>t$ f1 & an eng9e ( #ab horse-p[] 0 erect$ 9 ! work%ops on ! surface = ! purpose4 ,f ! g5]ator ! electric cables1 two 9 numb]1 are conduct$ along ! ro( ( ! work%ops ov] ord9>y telegraph poles to ! pit-head at ,no4 #b %aft1 & !nce d[n into ! work+s4 ,f ! ridge ( ! work%ops to ! pi!ad1 a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ y>ds1 ! cables consi/ ( ord9>y copp] wire1 ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]2 inside ! work%op & bel[ gr\nd1 to all[ ( _! safe h&l+1 !y are compos$ ( insulat$ wires1 :ile on ! way d[n ! %aft !y are inclos$ 9 a galvaniz$ tube4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! %aft1 bran*es are tak5 (f to supply light to ! pr9cipal roadways & to ! haulage eng9e-room1 ! ma9 cables be+ c>ri$ into "o ( ! sections ( ! m9e a di/ance ( half-a-mile4 ,aft] a c>eful inspection ( ! lamps at ! pit bottom1 ! p>ty 7 photograph$ 9 ?ree gr\ps1 ) ! aid ( ! electric light1 by ,mr4 ,annan1 ( ,glasg[1 :o may well be cr$it$ ) ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ to ex]cise 8 skill 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,!y 7 !n l$ to ! haulage eng9e-room & into ! work+s1 :]e !y witness$ ! effects ( ! light4 ,at ! latt] po9t1 :ile1 ( c\rse1 ! visitors 7 at a safe di/ance1 a %ot 0 fir$1 br++ d[n a l>ge mass ( coal4 ,hav+ sp5t fully an h\r bel[ gr\nd1 ! p>ty return$ to ! surface4--,colli]y ,gu>dian4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lightn+ ,,& ,,telephone ,,wires4 ,m4 ,b$e1 ( ,brussels1 has an article 9 ,l',+nieur-,conseil on ! above subject4 ,he consid]s t a sy/em ( su* wires =ms ! be/ & mo/ complete security aga9/ lightn+ ) :i* a t[n c be provid$1 because !y protect n only ! build+s 9 :i* !y t]m9ate1 b also ^? ov] :i* !y pass4 ,at ea* end !y communicate ) ! e>?1 & ?us c>ry (f safely any surplus ( electricity ) :i* !y may become *>g$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 important t !y %\ld be provid$ ) lightn+ conductors ( _! own1 to c>ry (f su* surplus directly f ! transmission wire to ! e>? wire1 )\t all[+ x to pass ?r\gh ! f9e wires ( ! induction coils1 :i* x might fuse4 ,su* lightn+ conductors usually consi/ ( a too!d plate atta*$ to "o wire1 close to ano!r plate n too!d atta*$ to ! o!r wire4 ,! copp] ev5 ( su* a conductor has be5 melt$ by ! p[]ful curr5t :i* x has c>ri$ away4 ,9 telephonic c5tral (fices1 ,m4 ,b$e has se5 all ! signals ( "o r[ ( telephone wires fall at ! same mom5t1 prov+ t an electric dis*>ge _h fall5 ^u ! wires1 & be5 by !m convey$ to e>?4 ,?is fact %[s t wires1 ev5 )\t po9ts1 are capable ( attract+ ! atmosph]ic electricity2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re are two po9ts at e jo9 9 ! wire4 ,m4 ,b$e insi/s /rongly ^u ! uselessness ( t]m9at+ lightn+ conductors 9 wells1 or ev5 l>g] pieces ( wat]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,,mm4 ,becqu]el & ,p\illet prov$ t ! resi/ance ( wat] to ! passage ( electricity is "o ?\s& million times great] ?an t ( iron2 consequ5tly1 if ! curr5t convey$ by a wire "o squ>e mm4 ?ick 7 to be c>ri$ (f by wat] )\t increas$ resi/ance1 a surface ( contact betwe5 ! wire & ! wat] ( n less ?an #a1jjj squ>e met]s mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,x is obvi\s t a wire let d[n into a well is simply useless4 ,on ! two-fluid !ory1 x (f]s no effectual way ( escape to ! t]re/rial electricity2 accord+ to ! old] views1 x w\ld be absolutely dang]\s1 by attract+ m electricity f ! cl\ds ?an x c\ld dispose (4 ,! au?or advocates connect+ lightn+ conductors ) wat] or gas pipes1 :i* h an imm5se surface ( contact ) ! e>?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,condition ,,( ,,flames ,,"u ,,! ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,electricity4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ! au?or h be5 pr9cipally direct$ to ! alt]ations 9 %ape & color produc$ 9 a flame :5 "u ! influ5ce ( positive or negative electricity4 ,! flames 7 arrang$ s z to =m "o electrode ( a frictional ma*9e4 ,:5 *>g$ ) positive electricity ! flame became m blue1 n>r[]1 & po9t$ at ! top1 :ile little or no?+ ( ! result 0 obs]v$ 9 negative flames4 ,a peculi> result is t ! end ( a negative flame returns to its own conductor1 & t1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! electricity1 & also dep5d+ on ! wid? ( ! burn]1 ?is turn+ back ( ! flame is ei!r int]mitt5t or con/ant4 ,mo/ noticeable are ^! results3 ,:5 ! flame rises f a circul> burn]1 or :5 burn+ r\nd a metallic cyl9d]1 9 ! latt] case x returns to ! metallic surface accord+ to ! int5sity ( electricity 9 an arc or angle1 :ile ! po9t ( ! flame divides into two bran*es1 :i* sep>ately p]=m m or less equal movem5ts4 ,if a body connect$ to ! e>? by a conduct+ wire is held opposite ! flame at "s di/ance1 ! flame w 9 all cases b5d t[>d x2 z ! body is br\ght clos]1 ! flame1 if negative1 w be repuls$1 &1 if positive1 w be attract$1 at lea/ ! upp] lum9\s "p ( ! flame1 :ile ! l[] d>k body ( flame is also repuls$4 ,?is ph5om5on expla9s :y a positive flame w burn ?r\gh wire gauze1 :ile a negative flame rema9s bel[ ! gauze4 ,! positive flame becom+ po9t$ expla9s ! fact t ?is w drive a small fan :eel1 :ile a negative flame w only j move x4 ,all ^! results are mo/ prom95tly obta9$ ) a pure gas flame1 a /e>9e1 wax1 or tall[ c&le1 v indiff]5tly ) a _s flame1 & lea/ f a ,buns5 flame ri* 9 oxyg54 ,!y may n only be obta9$ ) flames electrifi$ direct1 b also :5 plac$ "u ! influ5ce ( a long ,holtz ma*9e4 ,a flame plac$ betwe5 two small disks on ! ma*9e b5ds t[>d ! negative pole1 becomes wid5$1 &1 at a c]ta9 po9t ( electric int5sity1 comm5ces to vibrate & oscillate1 exhibit+ a peculi> /ratification4 ,s9ce ^! ph5om5a are also lea/ obs]v$ 9 flames ri* 9 oxyg51 x appe>s to be a g5]al law t c>bon & hydrog5 are m /rongly attract$ by ! negative pole1 :ile oxyg5 is m attract$ by ! positive pole1 probably l 9 all pol> diff]5tially attractions1 9 consequ5ce ( a peculi> unipol> conductivity ( ! sub/ances4 ,! return motion ( ! flame ! au?or expla9s ?us3 ,! po9t ( ! flame loses m electricity by influ5ce ?an x receives by conductivity4 ,a pap] /rip fix$ at "o end to a l>ge ball %[s simil> movem5ts :5 its free end is po9t$ & made conductive4 ,:y pr9cipally ! negative flame returns may be expla9$ 9 two ways--ei!r ! po9t ( ! flame loses mu* by radiation1 or ! base ( ! flame is a bad conductor4 ,! =m] explanation w\ld agree ) ! exp]im5ts made by ,wi$emann & ,ruhlmann1 ! latt] ) ,erdman's !ory ( unipol> conductivity ( flames4 ,?is !ory is /ill fur!r support$ by ! resi/ance on ! negative electrodes notic$ by ,hittorf1 :i* almo/ expla9s ,erdman's exp]im5ts1 because if negative electricity ent]s a flame ) great] difficulty1 !n positive electricity mu/ leave a flame ) difficulty4--,w4 ,holtz1 9 ,wi$emanris ,beibltt] to ,pogg5dorfs ,annal54 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,electric ,,/op-,,motion ,,9 ,,! ,,cotton ,,mill4 ,! numb] ( inv5tions = use z /op-motions 9 & ab\t ! v>i\s ma*9es 9 ! cotton mill has be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t some?+ l ! se>* aft] p]petual motion4 ,v available & q satisfactory /op-motions h = a numb] ( ye>s be5 employ$ :]ev] ! ?read or sliv] has be5 twi/$ s t /r5g? 0 giv5 x to resi/ a slight am\nt ( friction1 b ! ma9 tr\ble 9 ! mill has be5 done aft] ! sliv] leaves ! railway head & dur+ its transit 9 ! v>i\s processes employ$ betwe5 ! railway head & ! sp9n+ frame or mule4 ,e c>d] or sp9n] kn[s t :]e an injury comes to ! sliv] because ! sliv] is s(t1 b p>tially cond5s$ & v susceptible to injury1 ! injury is magnifi$ & multipli$ 9 e successive process4 ,virtually ! field 0 long s9ce ab&on$ = an accurate quick-work+ motion t %\ld be applicable to any & all ! ma*9es & to e sliv] or /r& ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is inv5tion 0 solv$ practically ab\t two ye>s s9ce1 & is n[ be+ employ$ z appli$ to draw+ frames1 d\bl]s1 spe$]1 int]m$iate1 & slubb]4 ,x is a v cunn+ me*anical appliance1 too1 & has f\nd favor to a great ext5t 9 ,engl&1 :]e sev]al ?\s& heads ( draw+ & spe$]s are already suppli$4 ,?is inv5tion 0 exhibit$ at ! ,c5t5nial 9 #ahgf1 al?\gh 9 a some:at crude /ate4 ,s9ce t "t x has be5 mat]ially improv$1 & me*anically is v ne>ly p]fect n[4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to apply a /op motion1 :i* %\ld be quick 9 its movem5t & accurate 9 its result1 to c>d+ eng9es or ! c>d1 n "o ( :i*1 until ! application ( electricity1 0 wor? ! "t sp5t 9 putt+ x on4 ,) ! electric motion1 h[ev]1 all ?is is *ang$1 & ! electric atta*m5ts are n ( necessity s fragile z to be un-me*anical or to be n practical4 ,! advantage has also be5 tak51 9 a me*anical way1 ( us+ cotton z "o elem5t1 &1 be+ non-conduct+1 s t no tr\ble %all arise f contact ) ! work+ p>ts ( ! electrical app>atus ) ! cotton itself4 ,to take into consid]ation all ! possibilities t exi/ f ! railway c to ! front ( ! f9e spe$] is n ne$$ by ! practical read]1 & w\ld be useless to any o!r4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?is inv5tion is ! supply+ ( a magneto-electric curr5t f a small magneto-electric ma*9e atta*$ to ! c>d1 spe$]1 or :atev] ma*9e x may be appli$ to :i* g5]ates ! curr5t1 & ?is ma*9e is driv5 by a small belt f ! ma9 driv+ %aft4 ,! ma*9e 9 itself weighs b a few p\nds1 & c be driv5 by a half-in* or ?ree qu>t]-in* belt1 & requires a little m p[] ?an a light-runn+ sew+ ma*9e4 ,"o pole ( ! magneto-electric ma*9e is connect$ by means ( a rod or wire to ! ma*9e frame ^u :i* x is to be us$1 & ! o!r pole to ! electromagnet 9 ! ord9>y way ( conductivity ( curr5t1 :i* means /ret*+ ! wire f "o to ! o!r4 ,an armature is arrang$ s t :5 a ?read is brok5 or a sliv] or a /r& ( rov+1 ! armature drops into a rat*et :eel2 ?is rat*et :eel is made to revolve by ! belt1 & :5ev] x is imp$$ or /opp$ 9 its c\rse x acts ^u me*anism :i* ?r[s ! driv+ belt ( ! ma*9e ^u ! loose pulley4 ,electrical contact is made by a v simple contrivance1 & ^! atta*m5ts are only to act 9 ! case ( a breakage ( a ?read or /r&4 ,z appli$ to a c>d1 ! cal5d] rolls are bo? connect$1 "o ) ! negative & "o ) ! positive pole2 :5 ! sliv] ( cotton is betwe5 ! cal5d] rolls !re is no connection1 b if ! %eet breaks d[n betwe5 ! cone & ! cal5d] roll1 ! mom5t ! cal5d] rolls come 9 contact ! electrical atta*m5t op]ates & a /oppage ensues2 & 9 ! case1 z ) ! ,am]ican sy/em1 :]e a numb] ( c>ds are us$ 9 a railway1 ?is electric contact may be us$ = ei!r "o ( two purposes-to /op ! fe$+ ( cotton into ! c>d1 or to r+ a bell %>ply & cont9ue r++ x until ! sliv] is put betwe5 ! cal5d] rolls aga9 & ! c>d set to deliv]+ cotton4 ,9 draw+ frames x may be atta*$ s t1 9 ! case ( a breakage betwe5 ! front roll & ! cal5d] roll1 ! electric ma*9e acts2 9 ! case ( a lap ^u "o ( ! rolls or "o end ( ! roll1 or 9 case ( breakage ( ! sliv] at ! back ( ! ma*9e1 9 ei!r case a /oppage w\ld be in/antly produc$4 ,9 be+ appli$ to ! slubb] a breakage ei!r at ! front or back c be arrang$ =4 ,^u int]m$iates ! breakage ( ei!r "o ( ! /r&s1 if ! ma*9e 0 runn+ two into "o1 f ! creel to ! roll]1 w\ld cause ! /oppage ( ! ma*9e1 or ! break+ or tangl+ ( ends betwe5 ! front roll & ! nose ( ! fli]4 ,!re are _m o!r places :]e ?is motion c be appli$4 ,) me*anical means we require motion2 ) electricity we require simple contact ( two diff]5tly arrang$ surfaces1 & ?is c always be _h by lett+ ! cotton drop out f betwe5 ! roll]s2 no radical *anges are necess>y1 & we are glad to f9d t ?is electrical atta*m5t is meet+ ) a v good success 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 &1 s f>1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 und\bt$ly1 fur!r & m ext5d$ opportunity w be f\nd = ?is application4--,textile ,record4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,progress ,,& ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,m>9e ,,eng9e4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,society ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s by ,f4,c4,m>%all4 ,! au?or began by ref]r+ to a pap] read at ! ,liv]pool meet+ 9 #ahgb1 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,bramwell1 ,f4,r4,s41 on ,! ,progress effect$ 9 ,economy ( ,fuel 9 ,/eam ,navigation1 consid]$ 9 ,relation to ,comp\nd ,cyl9d] ,eng9es & ,high-pressure ,/eam2 !n proce$$ to cont9ue ! subject f ! date ( t meet+1 to trace out :e!r any1 & if s :at1 progress _h be5 made2 fur!r1 to consid] :e!r or no we h rea*$ ! f9ality s /rongly deprecat$ by ,sir ,fr$]ick ,bramwell 9 ! discussion ref]r$ to1 &1 if n1 !n 9 :at direction we are to look = fur!r developm5t4 ,f a table x w\ld seem t ! /eam pressures are n[ mu* high]1 ! boil]s h less heat+ surface1 & ! cyl9d]s are mu* small] = ! indicat$ horsep[] develop$ ?an 9 #ahgb2 & at ! same "t ! av]age consumption ( fuel is r$uc$ f #b4aa lb4 to #a4hbh lb41 or by #ac4ch p] c5t4 ,,m>9e ,,eng9es4 ,! au?or !n briefly describ$ ! mod]n m>9e eng9e & boil]4 ,! ?ree great types ( comp\nd eng9es may be plac$ z foll[s 9 ! ord] ( _! g5]al acceptance by ! %ip[n+ community3 7#a7 ,! two-cyl9d] int]m$iate-receiv] comp\nd eng9e1 hav+ cranks at "r angles4 7#b7 ,! ,woolf eng9e 9 ! t&em =m1 hav+ g5]ally ! high-pressure & l[-pressure cyl9d]s 9 l9e ) ea* o!r1 b occasionally alongside1 & always communicat+ _! p[] to "o crank4 ,su* a pair ( eng9es is us$ sometimes s+ly1 (t5] two pairs toge!r1 work+ side by side to cranks at "r angles2 rec5tly ?ree pairs toge!r1 work+ to cranks plac$ #abj deg4 ap>t4 ,! sy/em af=ds ! opportunity ( add+ yet m eng9es to ! same propell] to an indef9ite ext5t4 7#c7 ,! ?ree cyl9d] int]m$iate-receiv] comp\nd eng9e1 ) "o high & two l[-pressure cyl9d]s1 ! /eam pass+ f ! high-pressure cyl9d] into ! receiv]1 & !nce into ! two l[-pressure cyl9d]s respectively4 ,! cranks are plac$ at equal angles ap>t r\nd ! crank %aft1 s z to balance ! =ces ex]t$ ^u ! %aft4 ,^! ?ree types may be said to embrace all ! eng9es n[ be+ manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry = ! propulsion ( /eam vessels by ! screw propell]4 ,9 _! lead+ pr9ciples !y also embrace ne>ly all paddle eng9es n[ be+ built1 :e!r ! cyl9d]s be oscillat+1 fix$ v]tically1 or incl9$ to ! %aft4 ,! comp\nd eng9e1 9 fact1 9 "o ( ^! ?ree =ms1 may n[ be said to be univ]sally adopt$ 9 ?is c\ntry2 & ! "q ( ! relative value ( simple expansion 9 "o cyl9d]1 & ( comp\nd expansion 9 two or m cyl9d]s1 :i* agitat$ ! m9ds ( "s ( our lead+ eng9e]s t5 ye>s ago1 is n[ practically solv$ 9 favor ( ! latt]4 ,,! ,,m>9e ,,boil]4 ,! m>9e boil] ( to-day is 9 all its ma9 features ! same z x 0 t5 ye>s ago4 ,! s+le-end$ boil]1 made ) two1 ?ree1 & sometimes f\r furnaces1 is ! simple/ =m1 & = all p[]s "u #ejj indicat$ horse p[] is ! mo/ g5]ally adopt$4 ,! d\ble-end$ =m is l>gely us$4 ,x has be5 f\nd m economically effici5t ?an ! s+le-end$ =m1 by z mu* z t5 p] c5t1 9 ! writ]'s own exp]i5ce4 ,x is g5]ally adopt$ = eng9es ( l>ge p[]1 b = small p[] is inconv5i5t1 ow+ to its occupy+ m room l5g?wise 9 ! vessel1 & also involv+ two /okeholds & !re=e m sup]vision4 ,at "o "t great difficulty 0 f\nd 9 keep+ ! bottoms ( boil]s ( ?is k9d tight4 ,ow+ to _! l5g?1 ! unequal expansion due to diff]5t temp]atures at ! top & bottom caus$ sev]e rack+ /ra9s on ! bottom seams & rivet+--s sev]e 9 "s cases z to r5d ! plat+ = a l>ge "p ( ! bottom circumf]5ce ( ! %ell4 ,?is difficulty has n[ be5 to a l>ge ext5t got ov]1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great] att5tion giv5 to ! =m & direction ( ! wat] spaces 9 ! boil] itself1 s z to induce circulation ( wat]2 ! introduction ( ! fe$-wat] at ! top in/ead ( ne> ! bottom2 ! m c>eful managem5t n[ usual on ! "p ( eng9e]s2 & la/ly1 ! use ( l>g] plates1 weld$ horizontal seams1 drill$ rivet holes1 & m p]fect workman%ip ?r\gh\t4 ,a modification ( d\ble-end$ boil] is t introduc$ by ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,holt4 ,x has _m decid$ advantages1 b is co/ly to make4 ,! =mation ( ! two ends into sep>ate fire-boxes leaves ! bottom ( ! boil] free to adapt itself to ! v>iations ( temp]ature to :i* x is expos$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! furnaces f ! combu/ion *amb]1 except+ ?r\gh ! op5+ af=d$ by a connect+ tube1 is an advantage 9 ! same direction1 & avoids almo/ entirely ! rack+ /ra9s due to irregul> furnace action4 ,! weight ( wat] c>ri$ is less1 & t ( ! boil] may also be made less2 :ile ! elliptical =m ( ! two ends gives great] /eam space4 ,a type ( boil] l>gely us$ 9 h] ,maje/y's ,navy1 some:at l a locomotive boil]1 is highly effici5t 9 reg>d to weight & p[] develop$4 ,_m examples h yield$ "o indicat$ horse-p[] 9 ! cyl9d]s = e ?ree squ>e feet ( heat+ surface1 "u natural draught & ) a v mod]ate height ( funnel2 & ?is ) a consumption ( fuel n exce$+ #b lb4 p] indicat$ horse-p[] p] h\r "u a work+ pressure ( #fj lb4 ,) ! aid ( a /eam jet 9 ! funnel1 ! heat+ surface p] indicat$ horse-p[] has fall5 bel[ #b squ>e feet4 ,! l>ge wat] surface af=d$ = escape ( /eam secures almo/ entire fre$om f prim+1 )\t ! incumbrance ( /eam domes2 & ! l>ge combu/ion *amb] all[s ( ! ?or\gh combu/ion ( ! gases be=e _! passage ?r\gh ! tubes4 ,! locomotive type ( boil] has lately occupi$ ! writ]'s att5tion1 ) a view to its m def9ite introduction into m>9e "w4 ,! difficulties1 h[ev]1 :i* lie 9 ! way ( apply+ x to /eam]s go+ long voyages are v great4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty lies 9 ! necessity ( burn+ a l>ge quantity ( fuel 9 a v limit$ space & "t4 ,?is c only be done ei!r by direct pressure or exhau/ action appli$ at ! furnace4 ,9 o!r words1 we mu/ ei!r exhau/ ! funnel1 :i* w absorb a l>ge am\nt ( p[]1 b w\ld be comp>atively easy ( application2 or our /ok]s1 z is ! case ) our m9]s1 mu/ "w "u a pressure ( air4 ,,/eel ,,boil]s4 ,! writ] /at$ t 8 exp]i5ce 9 ! manufacture & work+ ( /eel boil]s 0 satisfactory4 ,_m /eel boil]s ( sizes v>y+ f six feet diamet] to f\rte5 feet six in*es diamet] h left ! works at ,/4 ,pet]'s s9ce #ahgg1 :5 ! fir/ 0 made2 & 9 no case has !re be5 a failure ( a plate aft] be+ put into a boil]1 ei!r 9 ! process ( manufacture or 9 work+ at sea4 ,! mode ( work+ is z foll[s3 ,= %ell plates1 f five-eigh?s in* to sev5-eigh?s in* ?ick1 to w>m ea* to a d>k r$ heat be=e roll+1 hav+ previ\sly drill$ a few holes to template = bolt+ ! /rakes toge!r2 ! longitud9al seams are usually lap jo9ts treble rivet$1 requir+ ! corn]s to be ?9n$1 :i* is done aft] roll+4 ,! furnace plates are g5]ally weld$ two plates 9 l5g?1 & flang$ to =m ,adamson r+s1 & at ! back end to meet ! tube plate2 ! back flame-box plates are flang$1 also ! tube plates & front & back plates2 & :]ev] "w is put on to ! plate x is anneal$ be=e go+ into ! place4 ,! rivet holes are drill$ ?r\gh\t4 ,9 ! putt+ toge!r ! longitud9al seams ( ! ?ick] plates ( ! %ells1 great c>e is always tak5 to set ! upp] & "u plates = ! lap to _! prop] angle be=e !y are bolt$ toge!r1 a po9t g5]ally ov]look$ by ! practical boil]smi?4 ,,corrosion ,,( ,,boil]s4 ,! "q ( corrosion is "o :i* is gradually be+ answ]$ z "t goes on2 & s f> v satisfactorily = /eel4 ,"s /eel boil]s 7 exam9$ a few weeks ago :i* 7 among ! fir/ made2 & ! sup]9t5d+ eng9e] reports3 ,!re is no sign ( pitt+ or corrosion 9 any "p ( ! boil]2 ! boil]s are wa%$ out v c>efully e voyage1 & v c>efully exam9$1 & ,i _c trace any?+ ei!r leak+ or eat+ away4 ,no z9c is us$1 only c>e 9 wa%+ out1 dry+ out1 & manag+ ! wat]4 ,?is is ! evid5ce ( an eng9e] ) a l>ge numb] ( vessels 9 8 *>ge4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s ( ! mo/ prom95t ,liv]pool eng9e]s always use z9c1 & take c>e to apply x mo/ /rictly4 ,! evid5ce ( "o ( !m is z foll[s3 ,we always fix slabs ( z9c to mo/ boil]s1 expos+ n less ?an a surface ( "o squ>e foot = e tw5ty indicat$ horse-p[]1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! boil]4 ,?is z9c we f9d to be 9 a /ate ( oxide & crumbl+ away 9 ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,we !n r5ew ! :ole1 & f9d ?is w la/ twelve mon?s or m1 :5 x is r5ew$ aga94 ,mean:ile we h no pitt+ & no corrosion2 b on ! contr>y1 ! int]ior surfaces appe> to h tak5 a coat+ ( oxide ( z9c all ov]1 & we h no tr\ble ) !m4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,m>9e ,,eng9e ,,may ,,be ,,improv$4 ,!n ! writ] consid]$ our pres5t m>9e eng9e z to its effici5cy & capability ( fur!r improvem5t4 ,! weight ( ma*9]y1 wat]1 & fuel c>ri$ = propell+ %ips has n _h due att5tion 9 ! g5]al practice ( eng9e]s4 ,by ! be/ %ipp+ au?orities ! writ] is assur$ t e ton ( dead weight capacity is wor? on an av]age #aj p] annum z e>n+ freight4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 ! weight ( ! ma*9]y & wat] ( any ord9>y vessel to be #cjj tons1 & t1 by c>eful design & judici\s use ( mat]ials1 ! eng9e] c r$uce x by #ajj tons1 )\t increas+ ! co/ ( work+1 he makes ! vessel wor? #a1jjj p] annum m to h] own]s4 ,t !re is mu* room = improvem5t 9 ?is direction is %[n by ! foll[+ /atem5t1 giv+1 = v>i\s classes ( %ips1 ! av]age weight ( ma*9]y1 includ+ eng9es1 boil]s1 wat]1 & all fitt+s ready = sea1 9 p\nds1 p] indicat$ horse p[]3 ,lb4 p] ,i4 ,h4 ,p4 ,m]*ant /eam]s44444444444444444444444444 #dhj ,royal ,navy444444444444444444444444444444444 #cjj ,eng9es specially design$ = light draught vessels444444444444444444444444444444444 44#bhj ,royal ,navy1 ,polyphemus class 7giv5 by ,mr4 ,wright744444444444444444444444444444444 44 #ahj ,mod]n locomotive44444444444444444444444444 #adj ,torp$o vessels44444444444444444444444444444 #fj ,ord9>y m>9e boil]s1 includ+ wat]444 #aif ,locomotive boil]s1 includ+ wat]444444444 #fj ,! ord9>y m>9e boil]1 encumb]$ z x is by ! regulations ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ( ,lloyds' ,committee1 does n admit ( mu* r$uction 9 ! weight ( mat]ial or ( wat] c>ri$ :5 work+4 ,! introduction ( /eel has r$uc$ ! weight by ab\t "o-t5?2 b x w be ! alt]ation ( =m to ! locomotive1 tubul\s1 or "s o!r type1 comb9$ ) "s me?od ( =c$ draught1 to :i* we mu/ look = su* r$uctions 9 weight ( mat]ial & wat] z w be ( any great comm]cial value4 ,! eng9e may be r$uc$ 9 weight by r$uc+ its size1 & ?is c only be done by increas+ ! numb] ( revolutions p] m9ute4 ,x has hi!rto be5 ! practice to treat ! propell] z dep5d5t ^u ! size ( eng9es1 draught ( wat]1 & spe$ requir$4 ,?is process %\ld be rev]s$4 ,! propell]'s diamet] dep5ds on ! column ( wat] beh9d necess>y to ov]come ! resi/ance 9 front ( x due to ! prop]ties ( ! vessel4 ,?is fix$1 ! spe$ w !n fix ! numb] ( revolutions1 :i* w be f\nd mu* great] ?an is usual 9 practice1 & f ?is ! size ( ! eng9es & boil]s w be det]m9$4 ,great sav+ 9 weight c be effect$ by c>eful design & judici\s selection & adaptation ( mat]ials1 also by ! sub/itution ( truss$ fram+ & a prop] mode ( secur+ ! eng9e to ! /ructure ( ! vessel1 z work$ out 9 ,h4,m4,s4 ,nelson1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kirk1 ( ,glasg[1 & 9 ! beautifully design$ eng9es by ,mr4 ,?ornycr(t1 9 place ( ! massive ca/-iron b$plates & columns ( ! ord9>y eng9es ( comm]ce4 ,! same may be said ( ! mov+ p>ts4 ,9 f9e1 ! hull & eng9es %\ld be z mu* z possible "o /ructure2 rigidity 9 "o place & ela/icity 9 o!rs are ! cause ( mo/ ( ! accid5ts s co/ly to ! %ip-own]2 "u su* conditions mass & solidity cease to be virtues1 & ! soon] _! place is tak5 by c>eful design1 & ! use ( ! smalle/ weight ( mat]ial--( ! v be/ k9d = ! purpose--consi/5t ) ?or\gh effici5cy1 ! bett] = all conc]n$4 ,,consumption ,,( ,,fuel ,,9 ,,m>9e ,,eng9es4 ,com+ to ! "q ( ! consumption ( fuel1 a consid]able sav+ has be5 effect$ 9 n9e ye>s1 z %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,item4 #ahgb4 #ahha4 ,work+ pressure1 lb4 p] sq4 9444444444 #eb4e #gg4d ,heat+ surface p] ,i4 ,h4 ,p41 sq4 ft4444 #d4fd #c4iai ,pi/on spe$1 feet p] m944444444444444 #cgf #dfg ,coal burnt p] ,i4 ,h4 ,p41 lb44444444444444 #b4aa #a4hbh ,?is %[s a sav+ equal to #ac4ch p] c5t1 9 quantity ( fuel consum$4 ,mr4 ,m>%all !n read a lett] f ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,holt1 ( ,liv]pool1 be>+ on ?is subject1 9 :i* ,mr4 ,holt spoke favorably ( ! s+le-crank eng9e1 & /at$ 8 belief t ! comp\nd sy/em w\ld ere long be ab&on$ = ! simple eng9e4 ,he is endeavor+ to feel 8 way to us+ ! /eam 9 "o cyl9d] only1 & s f> ! results h be5 enc\rag+1 & he is n[ fitt+ a #b1bjj-ton vessel on t sy/em4 ,he is also endeavor+ to d )\t a crank %aft1 ! =w>d end ( ! screw %aft c>ry+ an ord9>y crank ) ov]hung p94 ,?is exp]im5t also promises satisfactorily4 ,9 8 op9ion ! great improvem5t ( ! imm$iate future is to increase ! /eam production ( our boil]s4 ,a ton weight ( a locomotive boil] produces z mu* /eam z six tons ( an ord9>y /eamboat boil]4 ,mr4 ,holt speaks ( ! coal acc\nt z "o ( ! m9or disbursem5ts ( a /eam]4 ,he does n give ! ratio :i* coals be> to ! total disbursem5ts1 b f o!r reliable s\rces ,mr4 ,m>%all f\nd t1 accord+ to ! direction ( ! voyage1 x v>ies f #af to #bj p]c5t4--or1 say1 an av]age ( #ah p] c5t4--( ! total disbursem5ts1 9 a vessel c>ry+ a c>go ( #b1ejj tons4 ,?is w repres5t to-day ab\t #c1jjj p] annum1 & 9 #ahgb1 at equal prices1 ! co/ w\ld h be5 #c1gej--%[+ a sav+ ( #gej1 equal to a divid5d (1 say1 #c p] c5t4 on ! value ( ! %ip4 ,aga91 ! co/ ( coal p] mile run = su* a vessel1 9 #ahgb1 w\ld h be5 at lea/ #af;d42 to-day x does n exce$ #ac;d4 ,,evaporative ,,effici5cy ,,( ,,m>9e ,,boil]s4 ,! m>9e boil] z n[ made is v effici5t1 b if ! quantity ( /eam us$ be consid]$ 9 relation to ! increas$ pressure1 x w be se5 t ! boil] ( to-day is little if anymore effici5t ?an t ( t5 ye>s ago4 ,! pres5t boil] has an evaporative effici5cy ( ab\t #ge p] c5t41 & _c be mu* improv$ s long z air is suppli$ to ! furnace by ! natural draught4 ,to increase ! effici5cy f #ge to #hb4e p] c5t4 w\ld require ab\t d\ble ! heat+ surface1 ! weight ( boil] & wat] be+ also d\bl$1 :ile ! ga9 w\ld be only #aj p] c5t4 ,mr4 ,ble*ynd5's =mula1 us$ 9 ,mr4 ,m>%all's works = weights ( cyl9drical m>9e boil]s ( ! ord9>y type1 & = pressures v>y+ f #ej lb4 to #aej lb41 is z foll[s3 ,w 7,p #ae7 7,s ,d ,l7 _/ ,c or ,w #b,s 7,p #ae7 _/ ,c :5 ,s ,d ,l1 :i* is a common proportion4 ,"h ,w weight 9 tons4 ,p work+ pressure z on gauge4 ,s heat+ surface1 9 squ>e feet4 ,d diamet]1 9 feet4 ,l l5g?1 9 feet4 ,c a con/ant divisor1 dep5d+ on ! class ( rivet+1 etc4 ,= boil]s to ,lloyds' rules1 & ) iron %ells hav+ #ge p] c5t4 /r5g? ( solid plate1 ,c #ac1bjj4 ,?is =mula1 if correct--& x is almo/ /rictly s--w\ld give ! relative weight ( boil]s p] sq4 ft4 ( heat+ surface1 = #aje lb4 & #aej lb4 total pressure1 assum+ we wi% to increase ! effici5cy #aj p] c5t1 z foll[s3 ,weight at #aje lb4 #aje x #a _/ ,c ,weight at #aej lb4 #aej x #a4ge _/ ,c #bfc _/ ,c ,h5ce ! ratio ( weight #bfc _/ #aje #b4e ,9 o!r words1 ! boil] ) ! high] effici5cy w\ld weigh two & a half times t ) ! l[] effici5cy4 ,9 ! case ( a vessel ( #c1jjj tons1 ) eng9es & boil]s ( #a1ejj indicat$ horse p[]1 ! introduction ( locomotive boil]s ) =c$ draught w\ld place at ! disposal ( ! own] #aej tons ( c>go space1 repres5t+ #a1ejj p] annum 9 addition to ! pres5t e>n+s ( su* a vessel4 ,,m>9e ,,locomotive ,,boil]s4 ,mr4 ,?ornycr(t has = "s ye>s us$ ! locomotive =m ( boil] = 8 /eam laun*es1 work+ !m "u an air pressure--produc$ by a fan dis*>g+ into a close /okehold--( f #a 94 to #f 94 ( wat]1 z may be requir$4 ,! exp]im5ts made gave an evaporation ( #g4fa lb4 ( wat] f #a lb4 ( coal at #bab ,fahr41 ) #b 94 ( wat] pressure1 & #f4da lb4 ) #f 94 ( pressure4 ,^! results are l[1 b x is to be rememb]$ t ! heat+ surface is necess>ily small1 9 ord] to save weight1 & ! temp]ature ( ! funnel consequ5tly high1 rang+ f #a1jgc at ! fir/ pressure1 & #a1ddd at ! #f 94 ,) ! ord9>y proportions ( locomotive practice ! effici5cy c be made equal to ! be/ m>9e boil] :5 work+ "u ! wat] pressure usual 9 locomotives1 say f #c 94 to #d 941 includ+ funnel draught4 ,x has fall5 to ! lot ( ! writ] to fit ?ree vessels rec5tly ) boil]s work$ "u pressure 9 clos$ /okeholds4 ,! results1 ev5 "u unfavorable conditions1 7 v satisfactory4 ,! pressure ( air w\ld be repres5t$ by #b 94 ( wat]1 & ! indicat$ horse p[] giv5 out by ! eng9es 0 #b1hjj1 z aga9/ #a1hge :5 work+ by natural draught1 or exactly #ej p] c5t4 ga9 9 p[] develop$4 ,mr4 ,m>%all !n proce$$ to refute ! argum5ts :i* may be urg$ aga9/ ! use ( ! locomotive boil] at sea1 & :i* we ne$ n reproduce4 ,com+ to ! eng9es1 ,mr4 ,m>%all said t ! total work+ pressure ( to-day may be accept$ z #aje lb41 or equal to sev5 atmosph]es4 ,if x 7 boldly accept$ t elev5 atmosph]es1 or #afe lb41 7 to be ! /&>d work+ pressure1 ! result w\ld be a ga9 ( #ad4ee p] c5t41 provid$ no c\nt]act+ influ5ce came into play4 ,( c\rse1 !re are =ces :i* w> aga9/ ! atta9m5t ( ! full ext5t ( ?is advantage1 viz41 ! great] cond5sation 9 ! cyl9d]s & loss 9 ! receiv] or passages4 ,9 reg>d to ! =m]1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r by /eamjacket+ ! high pressure cyl9d]1 correctly proportion+ ! /eam passages1 & giv+ a due am\nt ( compression 9 bo? cyl9d]s1 ?is may n be r$uc$ f> bel[ ! g5]ally receiv$ notion2 & ! latt] cause ( loss may be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 its effect by a m c>efully *os5 cyl9d] ratio4 ,! ratio usually adopt$1 betwe5 #c4e & #d to #a1 :e!r ! pressure be #gj lb4 or #ij lb41 may well be que/ion$4 ,) a cyl9d] ratio ( #b4ie to #a1 ! economic p]=mance is v good1 & equal to any ) ! high] ratio4 ,a l[] cyl9d] ratio has ano!r advantage ( consid]able value1 viz41 t ! work+ pressure c be mu* r$uc$ z ! boil]s get old]1 :ile by giv+ a great] am\nt ( /eam ! p[] may be ma9ta9$--at an extra co/ ( /eam1 ( c\rse1 b n s great a co/ z ) high] ratios4 ,! cut-(f 9 ! high-pressure cyl9d] usually takes place at ab\t #j4f1 & ! ratio ( expansion has decid$ ! ratio ( cyl9d]s4 ,! use ( sep>ate />t+ valves 9 bo? cyl9d]s obviates t necessity4 ,! difficulties 9 ! way ( tak+ advantage ( ! high] economic prop]ties ( great] pressures ?an hi!rto us$ on bo>d %ip1 are1 x is submitt$1 n insup]able1 & x w\ld be to ! int]e/ ( all t !y %\ld be firmly & det]m9$ly met4 ,x may be accept$ z an av]age result t ! ,woolf eng9e1 z usually arrang$1 w use #aj p] c5t4 m /eam ?an ! receiv] eng9e = ! same p[]4 ,( ! ?ree-cyl9d] receiv] type ! data are insuffici5t to =m a def9ite op9ion ^u2 b s f> ! g5]al work+ ( ! ,arizona is /at$ to be z good1 economically1 z any ( ! two-cyl9d] receiv] class4 ,! surface cond5s] rema9s z x 0 t5 ye>s ago1 ) sc>cely a detail alt]$4 ,9 mo/ eng9es x rema9s a portion ( ! fram+1 & z su* adds greatly to ! weight ( ! eng9e4 ,x is a "q s]i\sly wor? consid]ation :e!r or no ! surface ( tubes c be r$uc$4 ,! practice at pres5t is to make ! surface "o-half ! boil] surface z a m9imum1 t is1 equal to ab\t #b squ>e feet p] indicat$ horse p[]4 ,9 practice1 ! writ] has f\nd #a4d squ>e feet p] indicat$ horse p[] to ma9ta9 a /eady vacuum ( #bg in*es4 ,mr4 ,m>%all has j complet$ six pairs ( eng9es = ?ree tw9 screw %ips1 hav+ /eel %afts ( #aj in*es diamet]1 & has 9 ea* case run ! eng9es at #abj revolutions p] m9ute1 :ile indicat+ #a1chj horse p[] f ea* pair = t5 to fifte5 h\rs )\t /opp+2 & 9 no case has a s+le be>+ or crank p9 w>m$ or _h wat] appli$1 ! surfaces on exam9ation be+ p]fect4 ,9 ^! eng9es all work+ bolts1 p9s1 & rods1 except ! pi/on & connect+ rods1 are ( /eel1 all rods 9 t5sion be+ load$ to #h1jjj lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! boil]s are ( ! ,navy type1 made ?r\gh\t ( ,siem5s-,m>t9 /eel plates1 rivet$ ) /eel rivets1 all holes drill$4 ,furnaces are weld$ & flang$2 ! tubes are ( brass4 ,9 comp>ison ) an ord9>y m]*ant /eam]'s iron boil]s ( ! d\ble end$ type1 !y weigh1 includ+ wat] & all appurt5ances1 z foll[s3 ,d\ble end$ ,type4 ,navy ,type4 ,weight1 tons444444444444 #ace 44444444444 #adf ,i4 ,h4 ,p44444444444444444 #a1djj 4444444444 #b1gfj ,draught4444444444444444 ,natural 444444444 ,=c$4 ,,screw ,,propell]s4 ,! screw propell] is /ill to a great ext5t an unsolv$ problem4 ,we h no def9ite rule by :i* we c fix ! mo/ important factor ( ! :ole1 namely1 ! diamet]4 ,mr4 ,fr\de has po9t$ out t by r$uc+ ! diamet]1 & ?us ! p]iph]al friction1 we c increase ! effici5cy2 & ?is is confirm$ by cases--( ,iris r$uc$ #b feet #c in*es1 & ! ,arizona r$uc$ #b feet4 ,?is mu/1 ( c\rse1 be qualifi$ by o!r consid]ations4 ,! %ip has by h] =m a def9ite resi/ance1 & a c]ta9 spe$ is requir$2 if ! propell] be made too small 9 diamet]1 ! %ip w n be driv5 at ! requir$ spe$1 except at s]i\s loss 9 o!r directions4 ,?is "q 0 too l>ge & complicat$ to be dealt ) "h1 & %\ld1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 be made ! subject ( c>eful & ext5d$ exp]im5t1 on :i* a sep>ate pap] %\ld be writt54 ,to sum up ! :ole4 ,progress has be5 made dur+ ! pa/ n9e ye>s1 & 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 #a4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9es made & mak+ %[ a great increase4 #b4 ,spe$s hi!rto unatta9able are n[ se5 to be possible 9 vessels ( all ! v>i\s classes4 #c4 ,! consumption ( fuel is r$uc$ by #ac4ch p] c5t4 on ! av]age2 & numb]s ( vessels are n[ work+ on mu* less coal ?an t av]age1 :ile ! quality ( ! coal is 9 ne>ly all cases v inf]ior1 s t x is n unfair to take cr$it = #bj p] c5t4 r$uction4 #d4 ,! work+ pressures ( /eam are mu* increas$ on ! av]age1 & are /ill increas+2 _m /eam]s n[ be+ built = #abj lb4 p] squ>e in*1 :ile #ij lb4 is ! /&>d pressure n[ requir$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,/eam ,,f]ry ,,boats ,,( ,,! ,,port ,,( ,,m>seilles4 ,! small /eam f]ry boats repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cut are do+ s]vice 9 ! port ( ,m>seilles1 & ! foll[+ description ( !m has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,fle*] 9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit des ,anci5s ,elves d',arts et ,meti]s3 ,all ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! ,old ,port ( ,m>seilles "k ! inconv5i5ce ( communication betwe5 "o %ore & ! o!r1 & ! high price ( f]riage by r[ boats4 ,to obviate ?is1 ,capta9 ,advi5t has be5 /ruck ) ! happy idea ( creat+ a *eap /eam s]vice 7f>e "o c5t71 ?us supply+ a g5u9e want 9 ! modes ( locomotion ( ! city4 ,! build+ ( ^! f]ry boats1 on a sy/em provid+ = ! use ( sep>ate hulls1 0 confid$ to ,messrs4 ,/apf]1 ,de ,duclos ,co41 ( ,m>seilles1 ^: well-kn[n reputation 0 a suffici5t gu>antee t ! problem w\ld be successfully solv$4 ,!re exi/$ difficulties ( two natures3 ,! fir/ ( ^! relat$ to ! /ability ( boats su* z ?is1 hav+ _! eng9e1 boil]1 supply ( coal1 =ty pass5g]s :o might all occupy "o side ( ! vessel1 a c5tral sup]/ructure1 ) ro(2 &1 f9ally1 all ! weight c5t]$ on five feet ( ! deck1 ) no?+ bel[ to c\nt]balance x except ! holl[ hulls & two ?ree-foot comp>tm5ts1 ea* plac$ t[>d ! c5tral portion ( ! hulls & design$ z fre%-wat] res]voirs = ! /eam g5]ator4 ,! second difficulty 0 to obta9 ! be/ utilization possible ( a screw plac$ 9 ! curr5t betwe5 ! hulls & ^u a %aft incl9$ t[>d ! /]n1 t is1 /]n by analogy1 = !re is no di/9ction ( =e & aft 9 f]ry boats4 ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,f]ryboats ,,( ,,! ,,port ,,( ,,m>seilles4 ,! conditions ( ! problem 7 f9ally fulfill$ to ! satisfaction ( all conc]n$1 & especially to t ( ! public4 ,! hulls1 navicul> 9 =m & hav+ a flat bottom1 are con/ruct$ ( "o-t5? in* iron plate & #djx#dj angle iron4 ,_! dim5sions are3 ,l5g?1 #cc feet2 bread?1 #c feet2 & dep?1 #e feet4 ,! int]nal di/ance betwe5 ! two %ells is #g feet4 ,^! hulls1 hav+ absolutely wat]-tight decks1 are connect$ bel[ by tie b>s ( flat iron1 & above by v]tical /ays #a foot 9 l5g?1 :i* s]ve to support ! floor-planks ( ! deck & boil]plate floor+ ( ! eng9e-room4 ,! eng9e-room1 :i* is #ai feet long by #e feet wide1 is con/ruct$ ( v>ni%$ pit*-p9e1 ) movable side-%utt]s ( teak4 ,! ro(1 ( ?9 iron plate1 is provid$ ) a v5tilator to all[ ( ! escape ( hot air4 ,! pass5g]s1 to ! numb] ( =ty or fifty1 c move ab\t freely f l>bo>d to />bo>d1 or f /em to /]n1 or seat !mselves on ! b5*es runn+ along ! inside ( ! gu>d rail+ on ! two sides ( ! vessel4 ,!y are protect$ f ra9 by a ro(1 & f ! rays ( ! sun by a curta9 ext5d+ along ! sides4 ,al?\gh ! usual me?od ( l&+ is =e & aft1 gangways h be5 provid$ at ! sides = side-l&+ %\ld x become necess>y4 ,! g5]al appe>ance ( "o ( ^! boats may be lik5$ to t ( a float+ /reet-c>4 ,f9ally1 a small ap>tm5t1 provid$ ) b5*es1 is provid$ = ! use ( ^? pass5g]s :o might be tak5 sick1 or = (fice purposes1 if ne$ be4 ,! total weight ( "o ( ! boats is divid$ up z foll[s3 ,=ty pass5g]s4444444444444444 #f1bjj p\nds1 ,eng9e & boil]444444444444444 #f1fjj ,balla/1 wat]1 & equipm5t444 #i1ijj ,deck & sup]/ructure444444444 #f1fjj ,hull & accessories444444444444#ab1ejj ,total444444444444444444444444444#da1hjj or a displacem5t ( ab\t #gjj cubic feet1 correspond+ to a maximum draught ( #c4g feet4 ,! mean spe$ is #d knots1 or #d miles p] h\r1 a great velocity be+ unnecess>y1 ow+ to ! small di/ance to cross 9 a port (t5 ob/ruct$ by ! g5]al movem5t ( vessels tak+ place !re94 ,! eng9e is f #af to #ah horse-p[]4 ,its frame is incl9$ p]p5dicul>ly to ! direction ( ! screw-%aft1 ! extremity ( :i* is support$ ne> ! screw by a /r5g!n$ cross-/ay s]v+ z a pill[-block4 ,! cyl9d] is #h in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! pi/on has a /roke ( #f in*es1 caus+ ! screw 7:i* is #c feet diamet]7 to make #bjj revolutions p] m9ute4 ,! screw1 al?\gh x has a wide surface ( ?ru/1 gives1 nev]!less1 a recoil ( ab\t #cj p] c5t41 because ( its location betwe5 ! hulls & its oblique action on ! %aft4 ,! /eam is furni%$ by a tubul> boil] hav+ an int]nal fireplace & a heat+ surface ( sixte5 squ>e met]s1 ! draught be+ effect$ by ! exhau/ ( ! eng9e4 ,?is boil]1 :i* is te/$ up to #ad p\nds1 is f$ by a /eam pump1 or by a pump actuat$ by ! eng9e4 ,! fe$ pumps take wat] successively f "o or ! o!r ( ! res]voirs 9 ! hulls4 ,! res]voirs are fill$ 9 ! morn+1 & _! level is asc]ta9$ by two small & +5i\s ,decondun indicators1 ! dials ( :i* are plac$ aga9/ ! walls ( ! eng9e-room4 ,tak5 altoge!r1 ^! little boats are well arrang$ & q h&some2 &1 s9ce !y 7 put into s]vice 9 ,june1 #ahhj1 !y h prov$ a great conv5i5ce to ! h>d-work+ & active population = :i* !y 7 built4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,op5+ ,,( ,a ,,new ,,engli% ,,dock4 ,9 ,july la/1 ,admiral ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh1 ) ! ,naval ,res]ve ,squadron "u 8 comm&1 arriv$ 9 ! ,fir? ( ,=? & an*or$ 9 ,lei? ,roads4 ,8 ,royal ,highness p]=m$ ! c]emony ( op5+ ! new dock at ,lei?1 :i* has be5 nam$ aft] him4 ,! ,ed9burgh ,dock at ,lei?1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahgd1 consi/s ( a c5t] bas9 #ejj ft4 long & #fej ft4 wide1 & two bas9s #a1jjj ft4 long & #bjj ft4 wide1 sep>at$ by a jetty hav+ a wid? ( #bej ft4 ,! total am\nt ( masonry 9 ! wet docks is #ajj1jjj cubic y>ds4 ,! nor? & s\? quays are ea* #a1ejj ft4 long1 & ! two sides ( ! jetty #a1jjj ft4 long ea*1 hav+ a total quayage 9 connection ) ! dock ( #f1gge ft4 ,! walls are #ae ft4 ?ick at ! base1 n>r[+ 9 two ti]s to #h ft4 ,! new dock w co/ altoge!r ab\t #cjj1jjj4 ,lei? n[ possesses five docks & a total quayage ( ?ree miles #hjh y>ds1 #a1bcd y>ds ( :i* is ! old portion4 ,^! works h be5 con/ruct$1 at a co/ ( ne>ly "o million /]l+1 by ! ,lei? ,dock ,commission]s1 ^: *airman1 ,mr4 ,james ,currie1 pres5t$ an address to ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh1 on bo>d ! flag-%ip ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]cules1 giv+ an acc\nt ( _! affairs4 ,! o!r docks at ,lei? are nam$ ! ,old ,dock1 ! ,que5's ,dock1 ! ,victoria1 ! ,alb]t1 & ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales ,dock4 ,! op5+ c]emony 0 arrang$ to consi/ ( ! /eam] ,b]l91 ) 8 ,royal ,highness & ! ,dock ,commission]s on bo>d1 accompani$ by ,sir ,donald ,currie1 ,m4,p41 & o!r g5tlem51 pass+ ?r\gh ! entrance f ! ,alb]t ,dock to ! new dock1 across :i* a blue ribbon _h be5 /ret*$4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! ribbon snapp$ asund]1 "u ! b[ ( ! ,b]l91 ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh1 /epp+ =w>d on ! upp] deck ( ! /eam]1 said1 ,i h n[ ! gratification ( decl>+ ?is dock op51 & call+ x ! ,ed9burgh ,dock4 ,on ?is ann\ncem5t be+ made1 a signal 0 convey$ to a batt]y ( guns1 po/$ on ! sea wall ( ! new dock1 f :i* a p>ty ( ! ,royal ,artill]y fir$ a ,royal salute4 ,! /eam]1 hav+ gone r\nd ! new dock1 0 br\ght up at ! quay at ! we/4 ,8 ,royal ,highness ! ,duke ( ,ed9burgh1 ) ,pr9ce ,h5ry ( ,prussia1 ! (fic]s ( ! fleet1 & ! ,commission]s1 disemb>k$ & proce$$ to ! saloon 9 ! new dock1 :]e lun*eon 9 honor ( ! occasion 0 giv5 by ! ,lei? ,dock ,commission]s4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,aug4 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op5+ ,,( ,a ,,new ,,engli% ,,dock4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,gra9 ,,elevator4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! app>atus at "w transf]r+ a c>go ( gra9 f ! hold ( a %ip by means ( an elevat+ b& fitt$ ) buckets4 ,by a simple contrivance %[n 9 ! engrav+ by diamond-%ap$ squ>es1 ! elevat+ b& c be %ort5$ or l5g!n$ at pleasure1 s z to suit x to ! position ! gra9 to be elevat$ occupies 9 ! %ip or b>ge4 ,:5 ! gra9 is elevat$ to ! po9t :5ce x is to be transf]r$ to ! gran>y1 railway truck1 or o!r de/9ation1 ! b& travels horizontally on suitable be>+s1 ! buckets be+ s con/ruct$ t 9 travel+ !y reta9 _! load intact4 ,! contrivance = l5g!n+ & %ort5+ ! bucket b& is an application ( ! lazytongs device1 :i* is well kn[n4 ,! float ( ! elevator is %[n at ! left h& ( ! engrav+1 &1 z se5 9 ! latt]1 !re is an automatic weigh+ ma*9e1 by :i* ! mat]ial may be weigh$ z x is deliv]$1 be=e x goes to ! bottom ( ! elevator1 to be aga9 transf]r$ by its means to ! b>ge or gran>y4 ,simplicity1 effici5cy1 & adaptability to any position 9 :i* elevators ( ?is class are desirable1 are ! claims ! pat5tees1 ,messrs4 ,behrns ,unru?1 ,lubeck1 make = ! advantages ( _! app>atus4--,london ,mill]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,float+ ,,elevator4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,improv$ ,,dr$g]4 ,we illu/rate bel[ a useful type ( dr$g] made by ,messrs4 ,r5nie1 ( ,blackfri>s1 ,engl&4 ,! draw+ almo/ expla9s itself4 ,! ma*9e consi/s ( a d\ble b>ge or pontoon1 9 :i* is erect$ a d]rick4 ,?is d]rick works a spoon dr$ge at ! end ( a lev]4 ,! spoon1 z %[n1 is at its l[e/ position4 ,x w make a =w>d /roke1 ?r\gh ab\t "o-six? ( a revolution1 & w ?us become fill$ ) mud & be lift$ above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! motion w be imp>t$ to x by ! *a9 & pulleys se5 at out] end ( ! d]rick jib4 ,! jib w !n be swung r\nd ov] ! bank on a hopp] b>ge & its cont5ts deliv]$4 ,! requisite p[] is suppli$ by ! /eam eng9e at ! end ( ! pontoon4 ,messrs4 ,r5nie h made sev]al ( ^! little dr$g]s1 :i* are f\nd v useful & h&y 9 %all[ wat]4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,s+le ,,bucket ,,dipp] ,,dr$g]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railway ,,al>m ,,:i/le4 ,9 ord] to prev5t a tra9 pass+ a dang] signal dur+ a fog or sn[/orm )\t be+ se5 by ! eng9e]1 ! ,s\!rn ,railway ,company ( ,france h atta*$ to ! locomotive a /eam :i/le1 :i* is controll$ by ! signal4 ,! :i/le is connect$ ) an insulat$ metallic bru% plac$ "u ! eng9e4 ,betwe5 ! rails !re is a project+ contact b>1 fac$ ) copp]1 :i* is swept by ! bru% :5 ! tra9 passes4 ,?is contact piece is connect$ ) ! positive pole ( a voltaic batt]y1 ! negative pole ( :i* is 9 communication ) a commutator on ! signal po/1 f :i* a wire leads to ! gr\nd4 ,:5 ! signal is l9e cle> ! passage ( ! bru% ov] ! fix$ contact produces no result2 b :5 ! signal m>ks dang]1 ! commutator br+s ! negative pole ( ! batt]y 9 direct communication ) ! gr\nd1 & :5 ! bru% passes ov] ! contact ! completion ( ! electric curr5t causes ! :i/le to be s\nd$1 s z to al>m ! driv]4--,l',+54 ,univ4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,furnace ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,sulphide ,,( ,,c>bon4 ,sulphide ( c>bon 7,,cs#b7 is prep>$ by pass+ ! vapors ( sulphur ov] *>coal heat$ to r$ness4 ,9 laboratories1 *>coal & roll brim/one are employ$ s z to obta9 z pure a product z possible2 b sulphide ( c>bon hav+ n[ become s important a comm]cial product1 & be+ employ$ = s l>ge a numb] ( indu/rial purposes1 x has be5 f\nd m economical to sub/itute coke = *>coal & pyrites = brim/one4 ,! ,messrs4 ,labois1 9 _! sy/em ( furnace repres5t$ h]e)1 h _h 9 view ! manufacture ( ?is product "u z economical conditions z possible1 by c\pl+ ov] two connect$ fireplaces ! retort 9 :i* ! pyrites is di/ill$1 & t 9 :i* ! reaction ( ! sulphur & c>bon takes place4 ,! pyrites is f$ f ! hopp]1 ,a1 into a di/ribut+ box1 ,b1 furni%$ ) a valve :i* is maneuv]$ by a lev]4 ,f !nce x desc5ds into ! retort1 ,g1 :]e x is roa/$ by ! heat ( ! fireplace1 ,l4 ,! sulphur conv]t$ into a /ate ( vapor passes ?r\gh ! conduit1 ,r1 into ! coke or *>coal retort1 ,g'1 :i* is divid$ into two p>ts by ! p>tition1 g g'1 ( refractory clay1 & heat$ by ! fireplace1 ,l'4 ,illu/ration3 ,,labois',s ,,sulphide ,,( ,,c>bon ,,furnace4 ,! conduit1 ,r'1 leads ! sulphide ( c>bon 9 a /ate ( vapor to ! cond5s+ app>atus4 ,! uncomb9$ sulphur :i* is c>ri$ along is deposit$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ! retort by ! arrangem5t ( ! p>tition1 :i* p]mits ( passage only bel[4 ,! regi/]s1 ,v & ,v'1 p]mit ( ! introduction ( ! sulphur vapor & ! exit ( ! sulphide ( c>bon be+ regulat$4 ,! app>atus is s easy ( in/allation t x may be appli$ )\t mu* exp5se to pyrites furnaces already 9 op]ation4 ,:]ev] a manufactory ( ! product is to be />t$1 ! sy/em recomm5ds itself by its simplicity1 & by ! facility ) :i* ! op]ation may be wat*$ & conduct$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,br\>del',s ,,dry ,,inscrib+ ,,manomet]4 ,br\>del's manomet]1 repres5t$ h]e)1 is design$ = %[+ graphically v>iations 9 ! pressure ( gas1 ei!r at ! works dur+ ! c\rse ( manufacture1 or at any po9t :atev] 9 ! sy/em ( pip+4 ,= ?is purpose wat] manomet]s h hi!rto be5 employ$2 b1 al?\gh ! indications giv5 by ^! are v accurate1 _! =m & weight are su* z to r5d] !m n easily transportable2 & !n1 aga91 consid]able c>e is necess>y 9 putt+ !m 9 place4 ,mr4 ,br\>del's regi/]+ manomet] does n give s accurate indications1 p]haps1 b x possesses1 z an (fset1 ! m]it ( be+ v portable & easily put 9 place2 &1 besides1 x inscribes ! h\r at :i* ! pressure is ex]t$4 ,! app>atus consi/s ( a metallic cyl9d]1 ,a ,b1 :i* c>ries a circul> %\ld]1 ,c1 t re/s on a plate1 ,d--! latt] be+ put 9 motion by a clock :i* is w\nd up by means ( a button "u ! base1 ,e1 ( ! app>atus4 ,! two /&>ds1 ,f ,f1 c>ry a crosspiece :i* supports a disk t closes freely ! ap]ture ( ! drum1 ,a ,b1 9 su* a mann] z n to imp$e its rotation4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! cyl9d] !re is a metallic cup :i* is connect$ ) ! c5tral res]voir by an imp]meable membrane1 ,i4 ,^! ?ree p>ts =m a clos$ *amb]1 into :i* ! pressure comes ?r\gh a tube1 ,f1 provid$ ) a cock4 ,a spr+1 ,m1 :i* c\nt]acts ! pressure1 is arrang$ betwe5 ! crosspiece1 ,g1 & ! bottom ( ! res]voir4 ,! latt] c>ries also a small rod1 ,k1 :i* is provid$ ) a cord made ( braid$ silk4 ,?is cord runs ov] a pulley1 ,n1 ^: axle c>ries at its o!r end a /ill l>g] pulley1 ,o4 ,t[>d ! middle ( ! latt] is fix$ a silk5 cord :i* hangs d[n on ea* side1 aft] mak+ sev]al turns ar\nd ! pulley4 ,to ! front cord is atta*$ a slide1 ,q1 mov+ 9 a v]tical direction1 & to :i* is fix$ an inscrib+ /yle1 ,r4 ,! o!r extremity ( ! ?read ent]s ! holl[ upright1 & c>ries a weight :i* is great] ?an ! comb9$ weights ( ! slide1 ! membrane1 & ! int]nal res]voir4 ,! upright s]ves z a guide to ?is c\nt]poise4 ,9 ord] to use ! app>atus !re is affix$ to ! cyl9d]1 ,a ,b1 a %eet ( pap] divid$ 9 a v]tical direction into z _m p>ts z ! cyl9d] takes h\rs to make "o revolution4 ,! divisions runn+ horizontally repres5t c5timet]s ( wat] or ( m]cury1 accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! spr+1 ,m1 :i* %\ld be s con/ruct$ z to be 9 relation ) ! pressure4 ,! op]ation ( ! app>atus may be readily und]/ood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,gas ,,indicator ,,( ,,manomet]4 ,:5 ! gas rea*es ! pressure *amb]1 ! spr+1 ,m1 contracts1 & consequ5tly ! c\nt]poise desc5ds1 & causes ! cord1 ,o1 :i* c>ries ! slide & writ+ /yle1 to w9d ar\nd ! pulley4 ,:5 ! pressure dim9i%es1 ! movem5t takes place 9 an opposite direction4 ,! trac+ is done by means ( a special =m ( /yle giv+ indelible curves ?r\gh ! m$ium ( color$ glyc]9e4 ,! position ( ! po9t is det]m9$ 9 su* a way z to annul ! friction ( ! p51 & consequ5tly to give x great] s5sitiv5ess4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ t ! c\rse ( ! rod1 ,k1 is amplifi$ 9 ! trac+ ( ! ord9ates ( ! pressure accord+ to ! ratio ( ! diamet]s ( ! pulleys1 ,n & ,o4 ,! app>atus may be c>ri$ by h& by means ( ! h&le1 ,s1 ei!r 9 or out ( its case4 ,to put x 9 op]ation1 x is only necess>y to connect ! app>atus ) a gas burn] 7locat$ ne> ! place :]e ! v>iations ( pressure are to be obs]v$7 by means ( rubb] tub+4 ,! app>atus may be employ$ "u ! same circum/ances z glass & ,u-%ap$ wat] manomet]s1 ) ! fur!r advantage t ! results are regi/]$1 & consequ5tly c be m easily comp>$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,c5trifugal ,,app>atus ,,= ,,ca/+ ,,metals4 ,! app>atus repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #a1 #b1 #c1 & #d is ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,taylor ,wailes1 & is design$ = ca/+ metallic objects 9 annul> =m1 its arrangem5t be+ slightly v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! objects to be ca/4 ,9 all cases :]e a special =m is to be giv5 to ! out] or inn] circumf]5ce ( ! object1 or :]e x is desir$ to ex]t a pressure on ! circumf]5ce1 su* =m or pressure is obta9$ by ! introduction ( a core :i* may be exp&$ or contract$ z ne$ may be4 ,= ?is purpose an expansible1 metallic core is employ$1 ! arrangem5t ( :i* is %[n 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 & :i* is s fa%ion$ t ! inn] circumf]5ce ( ! r+ to be ca/ may receive ! desir$ =m4 ,?is core is =m$ ( ! pieces1 g1 g'1 made ( ca/-iron or any o!r mat]ial :i* fuses ) difficulty1 & :i* are plac$ 9 ! revolv+ m\ld 9 su* a way t aft] ! cool+ ( ! pieces ! p>ts1 g1 rec$e by ! %r9kage ( ! piece & ?us free ! core4 ,! p>ts1 g1 ( ! core are 9 ! %ape ( circul> segm5ts1 & are unit$ at _! ext]nal circumf]5ce by a flange1 along ) :i* !y =m a %\ld] piece = ! ca/+4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ! rapid revolution ( ! m\ld1 ^! p>ts are press$ by c5trifugal =ce aga9/ ! molt5 metal :i* is run into ! m\ld4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c5trifugal ,,metal ,,m\ld+ ,,app>atus4 ,! plan1 ,fig4 #b1 %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 g1 g'1 & all[s x to be se5 t ! pieces1 g'1 act z w$ges aga9/ ! segm5ts1 g1 & pu% ^! out s z to =m a p]fect circle4 ,! molt5 metal _c become oxidiz$ 9 ! m\ld1 s9ce x is %ut (f f contact ) ! ext]nal air by ! cap1 ,c1 :i* cov]s x4 ,oxidation may1 h[ev]1 be fur!r prev5t$ by pass+ "s deoxidiz+ or neutral gas into ! m\ld4 ,= ?is purpose ! m\ld is fill$ be=e ! ca/+ is done ) "s su* gas z illum9at+ gas1 c>bonic acid1 nitrog51 or hydrog54 ,?is improv$ process ( ca/+ may also be employ$ = objects :i* d n possess an exactly annul> section4 ,! m\lds are !n arrang$ ecc5trically 9 a frame :i* is made to revolve rapidly dur+ ! cool+ ( ! metal ,9 ?is way ! pieces are less /rongly compress$ at ! places :]e !y are ne>e/ ! c5t] ( rotation ?an a ! po9ts :]e ! radius is great]4 ,figs4 #c & #d %[ section & plan ( an app>atus ( ?is k9d4 ,! s& m\lds are arrang$ 9 ! frame1 a b :i* revolves ab\t ! axle1 c4 ,9 ! m\lds !re are iron cores1 h1 :i* press ! metal dur+ rotation & !reby produce compact pieces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,manufacture ,,( ,,wood ,,pulp4 ,= manufactur+ wood pulp ,mr4 ,dresel employs an app>atus su* z repres5t$ 9 ,figs4 #a & #b1 consi/+ ( an upright cyl9drical res]voir1 ,a1 support$ on a frame by means ( trunnions1 z4 ,?is res]voir1 :i* is ( boil] plate1 is furni%$ ) a cov]1 ,d1 :i* has 9 its c5t] a piece ( tub+1 ) /op-cock1 ,c4 ,a s]ies ( tubes1 ,r1 ^: diamet] & l5g? are proportion$ to ! volume ( ! boil]1 ,a1 is fill$ ) ! liquid :i* is conta9$ 9 ! boil]1 s z always to be able to rapidly produce a pressure ( n9e atmosph]es or m by direct heat+4 ,! flanges ( ! tub+ are provid$ ) a cut-(f ( angle iron id5tical ) t ( ! tube1 ,d4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t ! cocks & ! flanges1 ,e1 p]mit ( communication betwe5 ! s]p5t9e tub+1 ,r1 & ! boil] be+ int]rupt$2 :ile ! heat develop$ by ! fire-place1 ,f1 causes an active circulation 9 bo? ! tub+ & boil]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dresel',s ,,wood ,,pulp ,,app>atus4 ,fig4 #a ,illu/ration3 ,,dresel',s ,,wood ,,pulp ,,app>atus4 ,fig4 #b ,to put ! app>atus 9 op]ation ! cov]1 ,d1 is fir/ unscrew$1 & !re is put into ! boil] a c]ta9 quantity ( wood1 :i* has be5 divid$ up by a cutt+ ma*9e ( special =m4 ,!n ! boil] is fill$ to ! prop] height ) ! liquid necess>y to dissolve ! incru/+ mat]ials1 ! cocks1 ,b1 be+ clos$4 ,aft]w>ds !re is fix$ imm$iately b5ea? ! angle-iron r+ ( ! cov]1 ,d1 a p]=at$ iron plate ^u :i* ! cont5ts ( ! boil] re/ :5 ! latt] is turn$ up4 ,!n ! cov] is fa/5$ d[n & ! boil] is put 9 communication ) ! heat+ app>atus4 ,! cocks1 ,e & ,b1 are op5$1 s t ! liquid may beg9 its movem5t 9 ! tube1 a1 ! boil]1 ,a1 & ! tube1 n4 ,z soon z ! prop] temp]ature is rea*$ = conv]t+ ! wood into fib] & decompos+ ! incru/+ matt]s1 ! heat is %ut (f 9 case ! tub+1 ,r1 is n connect$ ) ano!r l boil]1 &1 aft] clos+ ! cocks1 ,e & ,b1 & %ut (f communication betwe5 ! tub+ & ! boil]1 ! latt] is turn$ ov] & ! cock1 ,c1 gradually op5$ 9 ord] to all[ ! /eam to escape4 ,:5 ! temp]ature has desc5d$ to #ajj 9 ! boil] ! cov]1 ,d1 may be op5$1 aft] ! liquid has be5 all[$ to fl[ out ?r\gh ! cock1 ,c4 ,next1 lixiviation is effect$ by connect+ ! cock1 ,c1 ) ! /eam pipe1 ,p1 & caus+ /eam "u pressure to ent] ! boil]1 ,a4 ,! action ( ! /eam on ! cont5ts ( ! latt]1 :i* are n[ conv]t$ into cellulose1 mix$ ) a l>ge quantity ( dissolv$ matt]s & ( liquid1 effects a complete wa%+ & p]mits ( ! recov]y ( consid]able quantities ( useful *emical products4 ,moreov]1 ! /eam purifies1 decolorizes1 & completely sep>ates ! fib]s1 & r5d]s !m m easily susceptible ( be+ blea*$4 ,f9ally1 ! p]=at$ bottom1 ,s 7:i* is =m$ ( two p>ts71 is remov$ & ! boil] empti$4 ,9 ord] to h ! op]ations "u control1 & = ! purpose ( safety1 !re is rivet$ into ! boil]1 ,a1 a tube1 ,t1 conta9+ a !rmomet]3 & !re is fix$ to ! tube1 a1 a pressure-gauge1 ,m1 & a safety-valve4 ,! level ( ! liquid is asc]ta9$ by means ( a gauge-cock1 ,h4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,rec5t ,,progress ,,( ,,indu/rial ,,sci5ce4 ,! ?irty-f\r? annual summ] meet+ ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s began on ,aug4 #b1 at ,newca/le-on-,tyne4 ,! foll[+ is an ab/ract f ! address ( ! presid5t1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,c[p]4 ,he began by /at+ t z memb]s ( ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s1 on revisit+ _! bro!r memb]s & fri5ds "h 9 ,newca/le1 aft] an int]val ( twelve ye>s1 !y came z x 7 to "o ( _! natural homes2 c]ta9ly to ! home ( "o ( ! greate/ eng9e]s t ,engl& has ev] produc$1 & ! bir?place ( ! locomotive1 :i* has done m ?an any o!r improvem5t1 ( our age to less5 ! co/ ( mat]ials to ! m5 :o h to use !m1 & !re=e to *eap5 & ext5d production 9 ! mo/ wond]ful mann]4 ,he !n w5t on to say t x seems b a few ye>s ago s9ce ,george ,/eph5son1 at a meet+ 9 #ahdg1 propos$ ! resolution t ! ,in/itution ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s be =m$4 ,he 0 /rongly support$ by a l>ge numb] ( ! me*anical eng9e]s ( ! c\ntry1 & ! speak] _h ! honor ( second+ ! resolution t he be fir/ presid5t4 ,! int5tion 0 t eng9e]s f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry %\ld jo9 to =m a compact body capable ( discuss+ & judg+ ( all me*anical subjects & appliances4 ,9 ?is ! in/itution _h be5 em95tly successful1 & x numb]$ among its memb]s me*anical eng9e]s 9 e l>ge t[n 9 ! c\ntry1 & has increas$ 9 /r5g? & importance4 ,! la/ twelve ye>s h be5 m>k$ by _m v important *anges1 :ile l[ prices h g5]ally rul$4 ,among o!r causes ( fluctuations 9 dem& & supply 7& consequ5tly 9 values7 mu/ be m5tion$ ! occurr5ce & ! ?reat5+ ( =eign w>s1 :i* di/urb$ ! c\rse ( comm]ce greatly = "s ye>s4 ,su* causes mu/ be consid]$ z extrane\s to ! sph]e ( influ5ce possess$ by good or bad manufactur+ or eng9e]+4 ,mr4 ,c[p] does n look ^u ! v great exp5se ( improv$ w> mat]ial & implem5ts z an unmix$ evil = ?is c\ntry2 = x s happ5s t we c bett] meet su* outlay ?an any o!r nation1 & ?us our weal? gives rise to great] p[] & security ?an our neighbors possess2 :ile1 see+ t we are n an aggressive nation1 su* p[] t5ds mat]ially at once to ! progress ( ?is c\ntry1 & to ! peace ( ! _w4 ,hav+ ref]r$ briefly to "o cause ( di/urbance to ! progress ( me*anical eng9e]+1 he nam$ ano!r1 :i* at ! pres5t mom5t is occupy+ ?\ghtful m5 to a consid]able ext5t1 namely1 ! arbitr>y imposition ( duties & b\nties = ! pr(ess$ object ( protect+ manufactures1 :ile 9 fact !y con/itute taxes on a nation = ! b5efit ( a few individuals4 ,9 "s c\ntries excessive duties h be5 impos$1 z aga9/ our manufactures1 & x is ev5 propos$ to increase !m2 :ile 9 o!r cases b\nties are actually paid out ( ! public purse to m5 engag$ 9 a p>ticul> manufacture1 on _! export+ to ?is c\nty c]ta9 ( _! w>es1 z1 = in/ance1 beet-root sug>4 ,"o extremely significant lesson1 result+ f high duties--:i* x may be hop$ w n be ?r[n away ^u ! ,am]ican public--is1 t :]eas our c\s9s on ! o!r side ( ! wat] us$ to build almo/ all ! ,am]ican l9]s ( wood1 !y n[ f9d t1 ) _! excessive duties aga9/ ! importation ( iron & /eel f ,engl&1 !y _c compete ) ,engli% iron & /eel %ip-build]s & m>9e eng9e]s4 ,?is is "o ( ^? damag+ effects naturally produc$ by excessive protective duties2 :i*1 :ile !y enable ,am]ican ironma/]s quickly to realize enorm\s =tunes1 drive ! ,am]ican m]*ants to pur*ase ,engli% %ips1 or intru/ _! m]*&ise 9 ,engli% bottoms1 z x is impossible to ma9ta9 protective duties at sea4 ,:atev] fluctuations h occurr$1 x is n[ pretty cle> t sev]al =eign nations h settl$ d[n to cultivate & ext5d _! manufactures1 & we are br\ght face to face ) ! fact--:i* has n[ be5 = "s ye>s gr[+ to its pres5t importance--t _m articles :i* 9 ye>s gone by we ?\ght x to be our especial prov9ce to supply1 are n[ produc$ 9 ! v c\ntries requir+ !m4 ,ev5 ,spa9 is awak5+ to ! advantage ( produc+ hematite iron f h] own excell5t ores1 ) ,engli% & ,wel% coke c>ri$ out 9 ! same %ips t br+ ,spani% ores to ?is c\ntry4 ,n[ ) reg>d to ! possibility ( any =eign nation eclips+ u 9 our manufactures1 he w\ld say at once t any su* successful rivalry on _! "p is f> worse ?an ! effect ( any duties1 ev5 if !y be prohibitive2 = x means rivalry 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w1 & possibly 9 our own m>kets "h at home4 ,!re=e x behooves u to put our h\se 9 ord]1 & see 9 :at way we may be enabl$ to manufacture bett] & ) great] economy4 ,me*anical eng9e]+ is ( su* extreme importance 9 advanc+ civilization1 t x is mo/ ess5tial t its progress %\ld be rapid & unimp$$4 ,p]haps ! v l>ge increase 9 /eam %ipp+1 & ! *ange f sail+ %ips & paddle /eam]s to screw /eam]s1 has be5 "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts ( rec5t times1 & x is none ! less real or important f hav+ be5 gradual1 :ile ! result to ?is neighborhood has be5 mo/ b5eficial4 ,?is *ange has be5 due 9 great measure to ! introduction ( v economical m>9e eng9es1 *iefly ( ! comp\nd type1 toge!r ) bett] boil]s c>ry+ a high] pressure4 ,! spe$ & regul>ity ( ocean /eam]s has also greatly improv$1 & "o small sci5tific improvem5t has add$ mu* to ! safety ( trav]s+ su* seas z ! ,atlantic at a high spe$--namely1 ! c>eful & cont9ual use ( a good !rmomet]1 to asc]ta9 con/antly ! temp]ature ( ! sea-wat] at ! surface4 ,= if an iceb]g is float+ )9 a qu>t] ( a mile--or ev5 half a mile1 if ! sea is pretty smoo?--! surface wat] w be sev]al degrees cold] ?an ! re/ ( ! sea2 s9ce ! v cold fre% wat]1 result+ f ! melt+ iceb]g1 floats on ! top ( ! sea wat] = "s di/ance4 ,no d\bt ! use ( iron1 & n[ ( /eel1 has contribut$ mo/ l>gely to ! increase ( %ipbuild+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,good arrangem5ts ( wat] balla/ h also prov$ v useful2 & /eam cranes & arrangem5ts = load+ & dis*>g+ c>go h greatly promot$ ! use ( /eam colli]s1 enabl+ !m to make m voyages 9 ! ye>4 ,closely connect$ ) m>9e eng9e]+ is ! great improvem5t 9 ! economy ( /ation>y eng9es1 :i* has become m fully develop$ dur+ rec5t ye>s1 bo? 9 ref]5ce to wat]works eng9es & factory eng9es4 ,9 aid ( /ation>y eng9es1 surface evaporator cond5s]s h be5 f\nd v useful1 p>ticul>ly :]e ! supply ( wat] is v limit$2 & at wat]works x is n[ v common to pass ! :ole wat] pump$ ?r\gh a surface cond5s]1 ?us giv+ a good vacuum )\t ! exp5diture ( any wat]1 & ) ! result ( only rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! wat] a v few degrees1 on acc\nt ( its l>ge volume4 ,locomotives h %>$ to "s ext5t 9 ! g5]al improvem5t 9 ma*9]y4 ,! boil]s are bett] made1 & are saf] at ! high] pressures n[ c>ri$ ?an !y 7 =m]ly ) a l[ pressure4 ,sev]al new valve ge>s ( great promise h be5 br\ght =w>d1 bo? = locomotives & m>9e eng9es4 ,among !m ,joy's motion %\ld be aga9 notic$4 ,mr4 ,webb says3 ,! eng9e %[n at ,b>r[ has be5 at cont9u\s "w ev] s9ce ! ,b>r[ meet+1 & has run #cj1bgh miles2 we _h x 9 = exam9ation on ! #ah? in/41 & f\nd ! motion practically z good z ! day x w5t out ( ! %op1 m especially ! slides1 ab\t :i* s _m ( ! p :o spoke at ! meet+ seem$ to h d\bts4 ,i d n ?9k y c\ld get a visit+ c>d betwe5 ! slides & ! blocks2 9 fact1 ! eng9e has be5 s5t out to "w aga91 hav+ _h no?+ :atev] done to x4 ,! fir/ ?+1 ( c\rse1 t w require do+ w be ! tires2 z f> z ,i c see no?+ else w want do+ = "s "t4 ,a v f9e eng9e]+ "w has n[ be5 accompli%$ 9 ,am]ica 9 ref]5ce to navigation1 namely1 ! deep5+ ( ! *annel at ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi ?r\gh ! tra9+ ( ! riv] by jetties & banks4 ,9 consequ5ce1 %ips ( l>ge size may n[ g up ! riv]--!re be+ pl5ty ( deep wat] above ! m\?--& br+ d[n gra9 c>goes1 )\t ! exp5se & inconv5i5ce ( trans%ipm5t1 ?us r$uc+ ! freight ( corn to ?is c\ntry4 ,?is great improvem5t is ! "w ( ,capta9 ,eads4 ,a some:at simil> improvem5t 0 ! bl[+ up ( ab\t #ej1jjj tons ( rock f ! b$ ( ! riv] at ! n>r[ pass ( ,hell ,gate1 ne> ,new ,york4 ,x is to be hop$ t ^! good examples may spur on our fri5ds on ! ,cont95t to improve _! h>bors1 s t l>ge *annel boats may cross ) com=t to ! pass5g]s1 ?us avoid+ ! excessive exp5se t a tunnel w\ld involve4 ,great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! illum9ation ( ligh?\ses by oil lamps2 a light equal to #a1cjj c&les has be5 produc$ by ,mr4 ,d\glass1 ( ! ,tr9ity ,h\se1 & n[ two su* lights w be plac$ "o above ! o!r1 :]e requir$4 ,! electric light has made su* num]\s & rapid /rides t x is impossible ev5 to notice its v>i\s applications2 b on ! "o h& ! light+ by ,dr4 ,siem5s ( f\r miles ( dock frontage at ! ,alb]t ,dock ( ! ,london & ,/4 ,ka!r9e ,dock ,company1 toge!r ) ! railway beh9d ! w>eh\ses1 & ! w>eh\ses & %ips !mselves1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! elegant & /eady dome/ic light ( ,mr4 ,swan1 are excell5t examples ( ! two extremes 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,i believe we %all h ! pleasure ( closely obs]v+ ! ,swan light dur+ our visit "h4 ,! ligh?\se electric light is also a noble application ( ! great p[] ( a s+le electric light on ! arc pr9ciple4 ,! mo/ p[]ful electric light 9 ! _w is situat$ ne> "h on ! coa/1 betwe5 ! ,tyne & ! ,we>4 ,x is possible1 & ev5 probable1 t "o ( ! great uses to :i* electric =ce w be appli$ ev5tually1 w be simple conveyance ( p[] by means ( l>ge wires2 & z a high] p]c5tage ( p[] is gradually be+ realiz$1 ?is me?od w become m economical4 ,i may m5tion t #fj p] c5t4 has already be5 obta9$4 ,! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,?omas ,gil*ri/1 by :i* a v l>ge field ( iron/one is n[1 = ! fir/ "t1 made available = ! purpose ( mak+ good /eel by ! ,bessem] process1 bids fair to make v consid]able alt]ations 9 ! /eel-mak+ trade1 & 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,w9dsor ,ri*>ds x has be5 made a great success1 :ile 9 ,g]many !re are sev]al works also us+ ! process l>gely4 ,mild /eel is n[ be+ us$ to a great ext5t = ! con/ruction ( /eam boil]s z well z ( %ips1 & 9 /eel ca/+s = a v>iety ( purposes1 su* z spur :eels1 frames ( portable eng9es1 manhole door frames1 etc41 etc4 ,among ! uses to :i* /eel may be put is ! manufacture ( /eel sleep]s 9 place ( wood4 ,x is a v enc\rag+ fact t !re are n[1 or r !re 7 already1 at ,dusseldorf1 9 #ahhj1 #gj1jjj tons ( iron or /eel railway sleep]s 9 use 9 ,g]many4 ,mr4 ,webb1 ( ,crewe1 has exhibit$ a v promis+ arrangem5t ( sleep]s & fa/5+s1 to be made ei!r ( iron or /eel4 ,/eel sleep]s %\ld also be us$ = tramways4 ,if1 n[1 "s clev] ironma/] c\ld only accompli% ! task ( mak+ a good /reet pavem5t ( ca/ iron1 ! increas$ dem& = pig metal w\ld be enorm\s4 ,x has ne>ly be5 accompli%$ already1 by sev]al diff]5t modes ( con/ruction2 & !re are v _m /reets :]e ! luxury ( wood pavem5t1 :i* we>s v rapidly1 _c be af=d$1 & :]e macadamiz+ w n /& ! we> & te> ( ! heavy traffic4 ,! use ( +ot /eel1 or v mild /eel1 = mak+ t9-plates is n[ an e/abli%$ ?+1 & manufactur]s are n[ tak+ ?is metal = mak+ l>ge t9n$ %eets up to sev5 by ?ree feet4 ,! mak+ ( casks by ma*9]y1 *eap] & bett] ?an ^? made by h&1 is n[ an accompli%$ fact by ,mr4 ,ransome's ma*9es4 ,!re are twelve factories already e/abli%$ abroad1 "s turn+ out #b1jjj or #c1jjj casks a week4 ,?is is a good case ( ,engli% inv5tion tak+ ! lead 9 a manufacture4 ,among good me*anical appliances t h be5 prov$ to be highly valuable to ! civil eng9e] may be m5tion$ ! excavat+ ma*9e1 :i* answ]s well = c]ta9 soils & situations1 ?\gh n = all2 & ! dr$g] ( ,messrs4 ,bruce ,ba?o1 = excavat+ f ! inside ( pi]s 9 wat]4 ,9 manufactur+ *emi/ry1 :i*1 ) its num]\s me*anical appliances1 is mu* indebt$ to me*anical sci5ce & eng9e]+1 great advances h be5 made dur+ ! la/ doz5 or tw5ty ye>s4 ,alum9um has be5 br\ght into practical use to a l>ge ext5t1 x be+ at once a v light metal & a v cleanly "o4 ,an?rac9e1 obta9$ f coal t>1 has be5 manufactur$ l>gely = ! purpose ( produc+ ! v>i\s brilliant dyes n[ s common4 ,new mat]ials = mak+ c&les h be5 manufactur$1 9 "s cases by purely me*anical means1 su* z boil+ toge!r = "s h\rs1 at a pressure ( sev]al hundr$ p\nds p] squ>e in*1 neutral grease & wat]1 :5 ! wat] takes up ! base1 viz41 glyc]9e1 & leaves ! grease z an acid grease4 ,?is same effect has be5 notic$ 9 "s /eam boil]s1 :]e ! same wat]1 )\t admixture ( fre%1 has be5 us$ ov] & ov] aga9 ) surface cond5s]s4 ,!n1 aga91 l>ge rotat+ *emical furnaces h be5 introduc$2 & improv$ glass furnaces--p>ticul>ly tank glass furnaces1 9 :i* ! bat* is put 9 at "o end1 & ! work+ holes are t[>d ! o!r end--h *eap5$ ! actual production ( glass1 & are be+ work$ l>gely on ! ,cont95t1 & to "s ext5t 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,t\gh5$ glass has made "s progress = c]ta9 purposes4 ,besides ! improv$ & ext5d$ use ( glass 9 ligh?\se illum9ation1 x has aga9 be5 press$ into our s]vice = o!r purposes1 ?r\gh our greatly ext5d$ k ( ! laws ( optics4 ,spectrum analysis has become ( practical use1 & photographs ( ! v>i\s ,fraunh(] l9es 9 ! spectrum h be5 tak5 z p]man5t records ( ea* exp]im5t4 ,t su* ext5d$ k %\ld h be5 develop$ by t "o little in/rum5t1 ! l5s1 is b natural2 = ! l5s is at once ! means by :i* we discov] ! extreme magnitude ( "s portion ( ! inf9ite works ( ! ,almighty 9 ! ar*itecture ( ! heav5s1 & by :i* we appreciate to "s ext5t ! extremely m9ute m>k+s ( a diatom t "o _c see ) ! nak$ eye4 ,at ! same "t we feel sure t !re are o!r m>k+s /ill small]1 z e increase 9 ! p[] ( ! microscope has always r5d]$ visible "s m>k+s /ill small] ?an ! la/2 & 9 l mann] has e increase 9 ! p[] ( ! telescope develop$ m worlds & suns f> away f our sy/em & beyond our ,milky ,way4 ,an approa* to ! inf9ite 9 m9ut5ess & to ! inf9ite 9 magnitude & di/ance is ?us furni%$ to u by "o in/rum5t alone4 ,!re 0 b "o fur!r obs]vation t he w\ld v5ture to make1 & x is ?is4 ,:5 "o looks back ^u ! goodly li/ ( clev] m5 & b5efactors ( ! human race1 :o h liv$1 say1 dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 "o is sometimes tempt$ to wi% t m ( ^? sci5tific m51 :o h _h ! mo/ brilliant ideas1 & be5 our greate/ discov]]s1 %\ld h /riv5 to c>ry out _! discov]ies into practice4 ,= in/ance1 take ,f>aday's beautiful discov]ies 9 electricity4 ,x 01 9 a mann]1 left to ,sir ,francis ,ronalds1 ,pr(essor ,daniell1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ,fo!rgill ,cooke1 ,dr4 ,siem5s1 & o!rs1 to develop f ^? discov]ies ! intellig5ce wires1 & b&s1 t n[ encircle ! e>?1 & unite nations1 & d s mu* to prev5t misund]/&+s4 ,x is gratify+ to "k t ! eng9e]+ pr(ession has n be5 =gott5 :5 honors h be5 conf]r$ on di/+ui%$ m52 & among o!rs may be nam$ ,sir ,william ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,john ,r5nie1 ,sir ,pet] ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,*>les ,fox1 ,sir ,william ,arm/rong1 ,sir ,joseph ,:itwor?1 ,sir ,john ,hawk%aw1 ,sir ,john ,coode1 ,sir ,william ,?omson1 ,sir ,joseph ,bazalgette1 ,sir ,*>les ,h>tley1 ,sir ,*>les ,bright1 ,sir ,james ,ramsd51 ,sir ,john ,&]son1 ,sir ,george ,elliot1 ,sir ,daniel ,goo*1 ,sir ,h5ry ,tyl]1 ,sir ,samuel ,cann+1 ,sir ,edw>d ,re$1 & ,sir ,fr$]ick ,bramwell4 ,) _m noble examples be=e u1 & ) signs ( an improvem5t 9 _m bran*es ( comm]ce1 he tru/$ t ! latt] "p ( ! pres5t c5tury w1 ) some:at great] ex]tion ( ?\ght & ent]prise on our p>ts1 be m>k$1 n only by num]\s small improvem5ts1 b by _m sub/antial inv5tions = ! good ( mank9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,hobok5 ,,dra9age ,,problem4 ,our ?riv+ neighbor1 ,hobok51 j across ! ,hudson ,riv]1 has a l>ge & vitally important problem to solve4 ,( ! #gbj acres )9 ! city limits1 #bgj acres lie at a consid]able height above ! riv] & con/itute :at are kn[n z ! knoll or upl&s ( ,hobok54 ,betwe5 ?is l[ ridge & ,palisade ,ridge lie #dej acres ( m>% l&s or mead[s1 #adj acres ( :i* h already be5 built ^u4 ,! m>% is ab\t half a mile wide1 & some?+ l a mile & a half long1 ext5d+ s\?w>d into ,j]sey ,city4 ,! surface is a network ( matt$ vegetation & roots p]haps five feet deep1 & "u t lies a mass ( blue clay or riv] silt #ajj feet or m 9 dep?4 ,! orig9al tidal fl[ ov] ^! m>% l&s has be5 ob/ruct$ by viaducts = railroads & /reets1 leav+ only two natural outlets1 a sluice way at ,fifte5? /reet on ! nor?1 & on ! s\? a bas9 con/ruct$ by ! ,d4 ,l4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r41 #ajj feet wide1 & #b1cjj feet long4 ,! av]age level ( ! m>% l& is ?ree feet above mean l[ wat] & a foot & a half bel[ mean high wat]4 ,9 ! "p built ^u ! /reets are b two feet above mean high wat]4 ,dur+ long ea/]ly & nor!rly /orms1 especially at times ( high spr+ tides1 ! level ( ! wat] 9 ! ,hudson is (t5 su* z to cov] ! mead[s ev5 at l[ tide2 & on sev]al occasions ! wat] at high tide has be5 #d feet above ! level ( ! mead[s1 & a foot or m above ! e/abli%$ grade ( ! /reets4 ,! problem is to dra9 ^! m>% l&s s z to make !m prop]ly habitable & to protect !m f invasion by high tides & /orm wat]s4 ,! fir/ dra9age map ( ! di/rict 0 made ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago2 s9ce !n ov] #ajj1jjj h be5 exp5d$ on tidal sew]s & o!r devices1 & sev]al acts h be5 pass$ by ! ,new ,j]sey ,legislature 9 fur!rance ( ! "w4 ,an ext5d$ review ( ! plans propos$ & ! exp]im5ts made ?us f> is giv5 9 a report pres5t$ to ! ,bo>d ( ,heal? & ,vital ,/ati/ics1 la/ ,may1 by ,eng9e]s ,spielmann & ,bru%4 ,t5 ye>s ago ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,spielmann1 on be+ direct$ by ! ,city ,c\ncil to prep>e plans & e/imates = a contemplat$ sew] 9 ,f]ry /reet to ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! city1 report$ adv]sely to ! project1 believ+ t su* a sew] w\ld fail to answ] ! purpose ( its con/ruction4 ,!re 7 b two ways1 he ?\ght1 ( secur+ ! end desir$3 ,fir/1 by rais+ ! grade suffici5t to give a good dra9age2 second1 by mak+ res]voirs & =c+ ! dra9age matt] out into ! riv] by /eam pumps4 ,! fir/ me?od he f\nd impracticable on acc\nt ( ! co/ ( fill+ 9 s l>ge an area & ( rais+ ! l>ge numb] ( h\ses already on ! l[ gr\nd4 ,! second plan 0 recomm5d$ z be+ mu* *eap] & entirely practicable4 ,sub/antially ! same position is tak5 9 ! report ( la/ ,may1 :]e9 x is alleg$ t ! sup]ior economy ( a pump+ sy/em has be5 suffici5tly atte/$ by sev]al em95t hydraulic eng9e]s :o h s9ce inve/igat$ ! problems involv$4 ,on a small scale ! efficacy ( ! pump+ sy/em has be5 practically te/$1 fir/1 9 ,mead[ /reet1 betwe5 ,f]ry & ,fir/ /reets1 & m rec5tly 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! city1 :]e a numb] ( prop]ty own]s h kept tw5ty-five acres free f wat] 7except dur+ /orms7 by means ( a private pump4 ,! comp>ative economy ( ! pump+ sy/em is %[n by e/imates 9 detail ( ! co/ ( con/ruct+ & op]at+ su* a sy/em 9 contra/ )1 ! co/ ( rais+ ! grade & introduc+ tidal sew]s4 ,"u bo? sy/ems ! co/ ( ! ord9>y sew]s w be ab\t ! same4 ,a prop] sy/em ( tidal sew]s1 x is claim$1 w necessitate ! rais+ ( ! grade ( ! /reets on ! l[ l&s to a height at lea/ t5 feet above mean high wat]4 ,! extra co/ ( rais+ ! /reets is e/imat$ at #c1jjj1jjj4 ,! co/ ( ! pump+ sy/em1 ) ma*9]y & p[] suffici5t to remove all /orm wat] & sewage1 is put at #aej1jjj1 :ile ! runn+ exp5ses1 includ+ int]e/ on ! fir/ outlay1 are put at #cj1jjj a ye>4 ,! int]e/ on ! prelim9>y exp5diture ( ! fir/ plan consid]$ is #ahj1jjj a ye>1 or six times z mu* z ! pump+ sy/em w\ld involve4 ,accord+ to ! e/imates made by ,eng9e] ,kirkwood1 9 8 report ( #ahgd1 a total pump+ capacity ( #acd1ejj1jjj gallons a day w ultimately h to be provid$ to meet ! requirem5ts dur+ ! heavie/ /orms1 besides "s six or sev5 million gallons a day ( sewage prop]1 exclusive ( /orm wat]s4 ,n m ?an half t am\nt ( pump+ w be requir$ at fir/1 ! increase to be made gradually z ! m>% l& is built ^u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,arti/s' ,,homes--,no4 #ad--;,,b5t',s ,,brook4 ,our plate illu/rates ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,boehm1 ,a4,r4,a41 ! sculptor4 ,b5t's ,brook is situat$ at ,holmwood1 n f> s\? ( ,dork+1 on ! ,mid-,sussex l9e1 & comm&s "s f9e views ( well-timb]$ c\ntry4 ,! site itself is comp>atively l[1 & ! soil be+ clay x 0 advisable to keep ! build+ well out ( ! gr\nd1 & 9 ?is way a r unusually high elevation = su* a h\se 0 obta9$4 ,! plan is v compactly arrang$1 ) an +5i\s approa* to ! well-c5t]$ hall & /aircase1 ov] :i*1 by a mezzan9e contrivance1 a good /ore place is secur$4 ,! draw+-room has a belv$]e bay1 rea*$ f ! g>d5 by an ext]nal /air1 "u :i* is a cov]$ g>d5 seat4 ,a balcony ov]look+ ! g>d5 leads also f ! draw+-room1 & a billi>d room is arrang$ on ! basem5t level ) a sep>ate entrance f ! por*4 ,a tradesm5's entrance is provid$ else:]e4 ,! kit*5 & (fices are on ! l[] floor level1 & a kit*5 y>d is conv5i5tly plac$ at ! re>4 ,r$ brick1 ) cut-brick dress+s1 is ! mat]ial us$ ?r\gh\t = ! walls1 ! upp] p>ts ( :i* are hung ) ornam5tal tiles4 ,! gables are enri*$ ) wide1 massive b>ge bo>ds1 & ! ro( is surm\nt$ ) a :ite wood5 cupola ov] ! pr9cipal /aircase4 ,! t]racotta panels along ! entrance front1 ov] ! pr9cipal floor w9d[s1 7 design$ by ,mr4 ,boehm himself4 ,! "w 0 execut$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,bat*elor1 build]1 ( ,bet*wor?1 & ! ar*itect ( ! h\se 0 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,edis1 ,f4,s4,a41 :o sup]9t5d$ its erection4--,build+ ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,arti/s' ,,homes ,no4 #ad ,,b5t',s ,,brook4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,"s ,,rec5t ,,improvem5ts ,,9 ,,lead ,,processes4 ,footnote3 ,lately read be=e ! ,in/itute ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]s4 ,by ,,norman ,c4 ,,cookson1 ( ,newca/le4 ,! au?or began by /at+ t probably 9 few trades h a small] numb] ( *anges be5 made dur+ rec5t ye>s1 9 ! processes employ$1 ?an 9 t ( lead smelt+ & manufactur+4 ,he !n briefly not$ :at ^! *anges are1 & w5t on to describe ! /eam desilv]iz+ process1 z us$ 9 ! works ( ! writ]'s firm1 & 9 o!r works lic5s$ by !m1 :i* process is ! inv5tion ( ,messrs4 ,luce ,fils et ,rozan1 ( ,m>seilles4 ,x is "o :i* %\ld comm5d itself especially to eng9e]s1 z 9 x me*anical means are employ$1 in/ead ( ! l>ge am\nt ( h&-labor us$ 9 ! ,patt9son process4 ,x consi/s 9 us+ two pots only1 ( :i* ! l[] is plac$ at su* a height t ! bottom ( x is ab\t #ab 94 to #ae 94 above ! floor level1 :ile ! upp] is plac$ at a suffici5tly high level to enable ! lead to be run out ( x into ! l[] pot4 ,! capacity ( ! l[] pot1 9 ^? mo/ rec5tly erect$1 is ?irty-six tons--d\ble t ( ! upp] "o4 ,r\nd ea* pot is plac$ a plat=m1 on :i* ! workm5--( :i* !re are two only to ea* app>atus--/& :5 skimm+1 slic+1 & *>g+ ! pots4 ,! upp] pot is op5 at ! top1 b ! l[] "o has a cov]1 ) h+$ doors2 & f ! top ( ! cov] a funnel is c>ri$ to a set ( cond5s]s4 ,at a conv5i5t di/ance f ! two pots is plac$ a /eam or hydraulic crane1 s arrang$ t x c plumb ea* pot1 & also ! l>ge m\lds :i* are plac$ at ei!r side ( ! l[] pot4 ,! mode ( work+ is z foll[s3 ,! silv] lead is *>g$ into ! upp] pot by means ( ! crane4 ,:5 melt$1 ! dross is remov$1 & ! lead run into ! l[]1 or work+ pot1 among ! cry/als rema9+ f a previ\s op]ation4 ,:5 ! :ole *>ge is ?or\ghly melt$1 x is aga9 dross$2 & 9 ord] to keep ! lead 9 a ?or\ghly uni=m condition1 & prev5t x sett+ solid on ! top & ! outside1 a jet ( /eam is introduc$4 ,to enable ?is /eam to rise regul>ly 9 ! work+ pot1 a disk-plate is plac$ above ! nozzle1 :i* acts z a baffle-plate2 & uni=m di/ribution ( ! /eam is ! result4 ,to quick5 ! =mation ( cry/als1 & ?us ha/5 ! op]ation1 small jets ( wat] are all[$ to play on ! surface ( ! lead4 ,?is1 x might be ?\ght1 w\ld make ! lead set h>d on ! surface2 b ! viol5t action ( ! /eam acts 9 ! mo/ effectual mann] 9 caus+ ! regul> =mation ( cry/als4 ,ow+ to ! ebullition caus$ by ?is action ( ! /eam1 small quantities ( lead are =c$ up1 & set on ! upp] edges & cov] ( ! pot4 ,f "t to "t ! valve controll+ ! ?9 /ream ( wat] play+ on ! top ( ! *>ge is clos$1 & ! workman1 op5+ ! doors ( ! cov] 9 rotation1 breaks (f ?is solidifi$ lead1 :i* falls among ! re/ ( ! *>ge1 & in/antly becomes uni=mly mix$ ) x4 ,v little practice enables an ord9>y workman to judge :5 two-?irds ( ! cont5ts ( ! big pot are 9 cry/als1 & "o-?ird liquid2 & :5 he sees ?is to be ! case1 in/ead ( ladl+ out ! cry/als ladleful by ladleful1 z 9 ! old ,patt9son process1 he taps out ! liquid lead by means ( two pipes1 controll$ by valves1 ! cry/als be+ reta9$ 9 ! pot by means ( p]=at$ plates4 ,! liquid lead is run into l>ge cone-%ap$ m\lds on ei!r side ( ! pot2 & a wr\ght iron r+ be+ ca/ into ! blocks ?us =m$1 !y are readily lift$1 :5 set1 by ! crane4 ,to give "s idea ( ! rapidity ( ! process1 x may be m5tion$ t f ! "t ! lead is melt$ & fit to "w 9 ! big pot1 to ! "t t x is cry/alliz$ & ready = tapp+1 is1 9 ! case ( a #cf ton pot1 f ?irty-five to =ty-five m9utes2 & ! "t requir$ = tapp+ ! liquid lead into ! l>ge m\lds is ab\t eight m9utes4 ,be=e ! lead beg9s to cry/allize1 ! upp] pot is *>g$ ) lead ( half ! ri*ness ( t 9 ! l[] pot4 ,?us1 :5 ! liquid lead has be5 tapp$ out ( ! l[] pot1 x is replac$ by a simil> am\nt ( lead ( ! same ri*ness z ! rema9+ cry/als1 by simply tapp+ ! upp] or melt+ pot1 & all[+ ! cont5ts to run among ! cry/als4 ,! same op]ation is repeat$ f "t to "t1 until ! cry/als are s poor 9 silv] t !y are fit to be melt$1 & run into pigs = m>ket4 ,! l>ge blocks ( p>tially work$ lead are plac$ by ! crane 9 a semicircle r\nd x1 & pass successively ?r\gh ! subsequ5t op]ations4 ,! advantages ( ! /eam process1 z comp>$ to ! old six-ton ,patt9son pots =m]ly us$ by ! writ]'s firm1 are3 7#a7 a sav+ ( two-?irds am\nt ( fuel us$2 7#b7 ! sav+ ( co/ ( calc9ation ( ! lead to ! ext5t ( at lea/ f\r-fif?s ( all t is us$2 7#c7 above all1 a sav+ 9 labor to ! ext5t ( two-?irds4 ,! process has its disadvantages1 & ^! are a l>g] orig9al outlay = plant1 & a con/ant exp5se 9 r5ewals & repairs4 ,?is is pr9cipally caus$ by ! breakage ( pots2 b ) increas$ exp]i5ce ?is item has be5 v mu* r$uc$ dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s4 ,! z9c process ( desilv]iz+1 :i* is l>gely us$ by ,messrs4 ,locke1 ,blackett ,co41 & 0 pat5t$ 9 ! =m adopt$ by !m ab\t f\rte5 ye>s s9ce4 ,! action ( ?is process is dep5d5t on ! aff9ity ( z9c = silv]4 ,! foll[+ is a brief description ( x3 ,a *>ge ( silv] lead1 usually ab\t fifte5 tons1 is heat$ to a po9t consid]ably above t :i* is us$ 9 ei!r ! ,patt9son or ! /eam process4 ,! quantity ( z9c add$ is regulat$ by ! am\nt ( silv] conta9$ 9 ! lead2 b = lead conta9+ #ej oz4 to ! ton1 ! quantity ( z9c us$ is 9 mo/ cases ab\t #a p] c5t1 ( ! *>ge ( lead4 ,! lead be+ melt$ z describ$1 a portion ( ?is z9c1 usually ab\t half ( ! total quantity requir$ = ! *>ge1 is add$ to ! melt$ lead1 & ?or\ghly mix$ ) x by cont9u$ /irr+4 ,! lead is n[ all[$ to cool1 :5 ! z9c is se5 gradually to rise to ! top1 hav+ incorporat$ ) x a l>ge proportion ( ! silv]4 ,! sett+ po9t ( z9c be+ above t ( lead1 a z9c cru/ is gradually =m$1 & ?is is brok5 up & c>efully lift$ (f into a small pot conv5i5tly plac$1 c>e be+ tak5 to let z mu* lead dra9 (f z possible4 ,! fire is aga9 appli$ /rongly to ! pot1 & :5 ! lead is suffici5tly heat$1 a fur!r quantity ( z9c1 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! :ole quantity us$1 is add$1 :5 ! same process ( cool+ & remov+ ! z9c cru/ is repeat$4 ,?is op]ation is gone ?r\gh a ?ird "t ) ! rema9+ portion-- p] c5t4--( z9c2 & if ea* ( ^! op]ations has be5 c>efully c>ri$ out1 ! lead w be f\nd to be completely desilv]iz$1 & w only %[ a v small trace ( z9c4 ,9 "s works ?is trace ( z9c is all[$ to rema9 9 ! m>ket lead1 b at ,messrs4 ,locke1 ,blackett ,co4's works x is inv>iably remov$ by subject+ ! lead to a high heat 9 a calc9+ furnace4 ,! z9c cru/s1 ri* 9 silv]1 are fre$ z f> z possible f ! lead by all[+ ?is to sweat out 9 ! small pot1 aft] :i* ! cru/s are plac$ 9 a cov]$ crucible1 :]e ! z9c is di/ill$ (f1 & a portion ( x recov]$4 ,! lead rema9+1 :i* is extremely ri* 9 silv]1 is !n tak5 to ! ref9]y1 & treat$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,! writ] is giv5 to und]/& t ! quantity ( z9c recov]$ is z high z f #ej to #fj p] c5t4 ( ! total quantity us$4 ,al?\gh x 0 said t ! roll+ or mill+ ( lead rema9s un*ang$ 9 its ma9 features s9ce ! fir/ mill 0 e/abli%$1 yet ! writ]'s firm h introduc$ _m important improvem5ts4 ,:5 lead is requir$ = %eet mak+1 in/ead ( runn+ out ! m>ket lead into ! usual pigs ( ab\t "o hundr$weight ea*1 x is run into l>ge blocks ( #c tons4 ,^! #c ton blocks are tak5 on a bogie to ! mill-h\se1 :]e ! mill melt+ pot is *>g$ ) !m by means ( a d\ble-p[]$ hydraulic crane1 lift+1 h[ev]1 ) ! s+le p[] only4 ,?ree su* blocks fill ! pot1 & :5 melt$ are tapp$ on to a l>ge ca/+ plate1 #h ft4 #d 94 by #g ft4 #f 941 & ab\t #g 94 ?ick4 ,?is block1 weigh+ #aj tons1 is lift$ on to ! mill table by ! same crane z fills ! pot1 b us+ ! d\ble p[]2 & is mov$ along to ! rolls 9 ! usual mann] by means ( a rope work+ on a surg+ head4 ,! mill itself1 z reg>ds ! roll1 is mu* ! same z ^? ( o!r firms2 b in/ead ( an eng9e ) a heavy fly-:eel1 always work+ 9 "o direction1 & connect$ to ! rolls by d\ble clut* & ge>+1 ! "w is done by a pair ( horizontal rev]s+ eng9es1 9 connection ) :i* !re is a v simple1 & at ! same "t extremely effectual1 sy/em ( hydraulic rev]s+4 ,on ! usual me?od !re is no necessity = full or delicate control ( lead mill eng9es2 b ) ?is sy/em x is ess5tial1 & ! hydraulic rev]s+ ge> contributes l>gely to su* control4 ,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s3 ,9 all o!r mills ) :i* ! writ] is acqua9t$1 :5 ! lead %eet1 or ! orig9al block1 has pass$ ?r\gh ! rolls1 & be=e x c be s5t back 9 ! opposite direction1 a man on ei!r side ( ! mill mu/ "w x into ! grip ( ! rolls ) cr[b>s4 ,9 ! writ]'s sy/em ?is labor is avoid$1 & ! %eet or block is f$ 9 automatically by means ( subsidi>y rolls1 :i* are driv5 by p[]4 ,:5 x is requir$ to cut ! block or %eet by ! guillot9e1 or cross-cutt+ knife1 in/ead ( ! block be+ mov$ to ! desir$ po9t by h&-labor1 ! subsidi>y driv5 rolls "w x up to ! knife2 & su* p]fect control does ! eng9e ) its hydraulic rev]s+ ge> possess1 t %\ld ! %eet ov]%oot ! knife #a_/h 941 or ev5 less1 ! eng9e w\ld br+ x back to ?is ext5t exactly4 ,ano!r po9t1 :i* ! writ] looks ^u z "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 ?is mill1 is its be+ furni%$ ) circul> knives1 :i* c be set to any desir$ wid?1 & put 9 or out ( ge> at w2 & :i* are us$ = dress+ up ! f9i%$ %eet 9 ! longitud9al direction4 ,?is is a simple me*anical arrangem5t1 b "o :i* is f\nd to be ( imm5se b5efit1 & :i*1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 is f> sup]ior to ! usual practice ( m>k+ (f ! %eet ) a *alk l9e1 & !n dress+ (f ) h& knives4 ,! la/ l5g? ( ! mill table =ms a weighbridge1 & a hydraulic crane lifts ! %eet f x ei!r on to ! w>eh\se floor or ! tramway communicat+ ) ! %ipp+ quay4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app>atus ,,us$ ,,9 ,,b]l9 ,,= ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,gelat9e ,,plates4 ,i4--,,mix+ ,,app>atus ,,= ,,gelat9e ,,emulsion4 ,! mix+ vessel--a porcela9 kettle capable ( conta9+ tw5ty lit]s1 made at ! ,royal ,porcela9 ,factory at ,b]l91 ^: products are unequal$ = *emical purposes--is also ! boil+ vessel1 &1 !re=e1 fits tightly1 by means ( ! t9 r+ ) ! wood5 h&les1 on to a l>ge wat] ba?4 ,! light-tight metal lid1 :i* c be p]man5tly affix$ to ! kettle1 !n supports a /irr+ arrangem5t ( f9e silv]1 :i* dips into ! emulsion & has blades =m$ l a %ip's screw4 ,! arrangem5ts = inject+ ! silv] v>y4 ,! simple/ consi/s ( a l>ge glass vessel conta9+ ! silv] solution1 :i* is clos$ by a glass /opp]1 & t]m9ates bel[ 9 a funnel runn+ to a f9e po9t4 ,?is funnel-%ap$ bottle fits into an op5+ specially made = x 9 ! lid ( ! kettle1 & :ile revolv+ s5ds a f9e /ream into ! gelat9e4 ,:5 x is wi%$ to int]rupt x1 x is only necess>y to raise ! glass /opp] 9 ord] to see ! /ream dry up aft] a %ort "t4 ,ano!r arrangem5t consi/s ( a contrivance con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! common ,india-rubb] inhal+ app>atus1 & s5ds ! silv] solution into ! gelat9e 9 ! =m ( ! m9ute/ air-bubbles4 ,aft] ! emulsion is boil$ 9 su* a kettle x is all[$ to /& until cool1 :5 ! ammonia is add$4 ,) su* a great quantity ( emulsion & s l>ge a wat] ba? suffici5t heat is reta9$ z to all[ ! action ( ! ammonia to take place4 ,z soon z ! "t set ap>t = t reaction has elaps$ ! wat] ba? is empti$ & fill$ ) pieces ( ice & ic$ wat]1 & ! kettle replac$ 9 x4 ,if ! /irr+ app>atus be n[ set 9 motion1 ev5 ?is l>ge quantity ( emulsion w /iff5 9 at lea/ an h\r & a half4 ,x may be fur!r rem>k$ t1 ! outside ( ! kettle be+ black1 ! lid be+ light-tight1 & all ! ap]tures 9 x be+ firmly clos$1 ne>ly ! :ole process c be conduct$ by daylight1 f ! mix+ to ! /iff5+1 s t x is v conv5i5t to be able to keep ! emulsion 9 ! same vessel dur+ all ^! op]ations4 ,,ii4--,,dige/ive ,,app>atus4 ,x is v desirable t ^? :o d n prep>e _! emulsion by boil+1 b by prolong$ dige/ion1 %\ld possess a regulator :i* w keep ! temp]ature at a giv5 po9t4 ,su* an app>atus w\ld also be v useful = w>m+ ! emulsion = ! prep>ation ( plates1 z !n "o w\ld h no fur!r occasion to pay att5tion to ! !rmomet] & gas /ove4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram a simple contrivance is %[n4 ,! gas :i* fe$s ! /ove passes ?r\gh a n>r[ glass tube1 a b1 into ! wid] tube1 c d e1 :i* is made air-tight at e4 ,?is latt] tube has an exit tube at f1 by :i* ! gas is suppli$ to ! gas /ove4 ,at e x is h]metically clos$1 & at its deepe/ "p x conta9s m]cury1 ^u :i* a little sulphuric e!r floats 9 ! h]metically-clos$ limb1 e4g4 ,la/ly1 !re is a m9ute op5+ 9 ! n>r[e/ tube at i4 ,! :ole app>atus1 or1 at lea/1 ! "u "p ( x1 is dipp$ into ! wat] ba? w>m$ by ! gas boil]4 ,x acts ?us3 ,z ! temp]ature rises ! e!real vapor 9 ! %ort] limb exp&s & drives ! m]cury up ! long] tube until x closes ! op5+ ( ! n>r[ tube1 a b1 & !reby imp$es ! p[] ( ! /ream ( gas4 ,/ill1 ! ,buns5 burn] does n g out1 be+ always f$ by ! small op5+1 i1 ) suffici5t gas to support a small flame until ! wat] ba? has s f> cool$ z to leave ! op5+ at b free1 :5 ! burn] aga9 burns ) a /rong flame4 ,by remov+ ! cork1 c1 f ! tube ! temp]ature ( ! wat] ba? is rais$1 :ile by pu%+ x 9 x is l[]$4 ,! app>atus nev] goes wrong1 & is v *eap4 ,x 0 fir/ made by ,h]r ,c4 ,braun1 ( ,b]l94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,iii4--,,triturat+ ,,app>atus4 ,! app>atus h]eaft] describ$ is 9 g5]al use1 & 0 inv5t$ by ,h]r ,paul ,grundn]1 ( ,b]l94 ,x is p>ticul>ly adapt$ = f9ely divid+ l>ge quantities ( emulsion4 ,x consi/s ess5tially ( a wood5 lid1 a b1 fitt+ ^u a l>ge /one pot1 to ! "u side ( :i* two /rong trapezoid pieces ( wood1 e d & e f1 are fix$1 9 ! "u "p ( :i* semicircul> incisions are cut & held toge!r by two lea!r /raps1 support+ a /rong1 easily-removable iron transv]se b>1 g h4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! lid1 & turn$ by ! crank1 m1 passes ! axle i1 :i* ends "u ! lid 9 ! long r+1 n4 ,! /iff5$ emulsion is !n plac$ 9 ! bag1 o p q r1 made ( f9e b /rong canvas1 ) me%es ab\t #j4e mm4 7su* z is us$ = work+ ^u ) ,b]l9 wool74 ,! iron rod1 g h1 is !n slipp$ ?r\gh ! f\r loops at ! bottom ( ! bag1 ! op5 end is slung ^u ! r+1 n1 & b\nd tightly to x by ! ribbons1 r#a4 ,! loops ^u ! iron b> are !n pu%$ z close toge!r 9 ! middle z possible1 & ! /one vessel is fill$ ) wat] until o p q r is completely cov]$4 ,! crank is !n turn$1 by :i* ! bag is wrung1 & ! emulsion squeez$ ?r\gh ! me%es imm$iately into ! wat]4 ,:5 ?is process is cont9u$ until ! purse betwe5 n & g h feels l a metal rod1 ! be/ "p ( ! emulsion has be5 squeez$ ?r\gh1 & if "o n[ take out ! bag & dissolve its cont5ts1 x w be f\nd t ! loss ( emulsion is almo/ nil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! :ole app>atus1 ) ! exception ( ! crank1 mu/ be coat$ ) asphalt v>ni%2 also t ! corn]s1 r & q1 mu/ be sep>at$ (f f ! purse1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 s s s s1 o!rwise ! emulsion w\ld lodge !re )\t be+ squeez$ ?r\gh4 ,in/ead ( g h a /rong glass rod may be us$ = small app>atus2 b = l>ge app>atus x is indisp5sable1 z ! p[] t requires to be ex]t$ w\ld be f> too great = glass4 ,,iv4--,,wa%+ ,,app>atus4 ,! fundam5tal idea ( ! app>atus %[n 9 ,fig4 #c fir/ occurr$ to ,h]r ,jos4 ,junk1 ( ,b]l94 ,9 ! pres5t =m all ! subsequ5t improvem5ts made by ,h]r5 ,c>l ,su*1 ,paul ,grundn]1 & o!rs are incorporat$4 ,x may be describ$ z foll[s3 ,a t9 vessel1 ! bottom ( :i* s9ks at e into ! %ape ( a funnel1 re/s ^u /rong iron feet1 f f1 & is cov]$ ) a lid1 hav+ a d\ble edge clos+ x light-tight4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! lid passes ! tube1 g h1 by :i* ! wat] ent]s4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! vessel ^u iron hooks /&s a wood5 vessel saturat$ ) p>aff9e1 op5 at ! ends1 & ov] "o end ( :i* ! f9e/ hair clo? is /ret*$ at o p4 ,! wat] :i* ent]s ! vessel runs (f ?r\gh ! siphon4 ,! proce$+s are z foll[s3 ,turn ! granulat$ gelat9e & ! wat] 9 :i* x is conta9$ into ! horsehair sieve1 m n o p4 ,place ! lid ^u ! app>atus & turn on ! wat]4 ,! :ole app>atus fills ) wat] until ! siphon beg9s to act4 ,if ! diamet] ( ! siphon be prop]ly measur$--"o in* %\ld be suffici5t = ! l>ge/ app>atus--& ! cock by :i* ! wat] is turn$ on prop]ly adju/$1 m wat] w run out by ! siphon ?an runs 9 ?r\gh ! supply pipe1 & ! app>atus becomes completely empty4 ,! siphon has !n p]=m$ its function1 ! app>atus fills aga91 & ! play beg9s anew4 ,! tube1 g h1 :i* rea*es "r d[n ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! sieve1 takes ! wat] s deep into ! vessel t1 z long z ! wat] 9 ! app>atus /&s high en\gh above o p1 ! gelat9e nodules are 9 cont9u\s motion4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! f9e/ p>ticles ( ! emulsion f /opp+ up ! pores ( ! sieve too mu*1 & !reby incurr+ ! dang] ( ! wat] 9 ! sieve ov]fl[+ its upp] edge1 ?us occasion+ loss ( emulsion1 ! tube1 g h1 is n[ sometimes omitt$ & replac$ by a supply pipe1 repres5t$ 9 ! diagram by ! dott$ l9es1 x y4 ,9 ?is way e possibility ( loss is exclud$1 & yet a v c>eful wa%+ provid$4 ,!n :51 aft] be+ empti$ by ! siphon1 ! app>atus fills aga91 e p>ticle ( ! emulsion :i* might h =m]ly be5 press$ d[n into ! int]/ices ( ! sieve w\ld n[ be driv5 up aga9 by ! upw>d pressure ( ! wat] ent]+ f bel[1 & ?us ! sieve w\ld always be kept cle> & op54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,! great advantages ( ?is app>atus are z foll[s3 #a4 ,f ! mom5t ! lid is clos$ "o c "w by daylight4 #b4 ,! me?od ( wa%+ 9 mov+ wat] is comb9$ ) t ( complete *ange ( wat]4 #c4 ,! emulsion nev] comes 9 contact ) metal4 #d4 ,:oev] wi%es to prep>e dry gelat9e only requires1 :5 ! wa%+ is ov] & ! vessel p]fectly empti$1 to leave ! emulsion to drip = a "t1 & !n to lift out ! sieve & its cont5ts & place x 9 a suitable vessel ) absolute alcohol4 ,! latt] %\ld be *ang$ once1 & :5 suffici5t wat] has be5 extract$ ! sieve %\ld be )drawn f ! vessel & ! emulsion all[$ to dry spontane\sly4 ,9 ?is way all tr\ble occasion$ by *ang+ f vessel to vessel is avoid$1 & !re is no loss ( mat]ial4 ,?is app>atus is pr9cipally valuable 9 deal+ ) l>ge quantities1 s9ce x saves a great deal ( labor1 & af=ds p]fect c]ta9ty ( ! emulsion be+ well wa%$4 ,x may n be unnecess>y to ma9ta9 t ! difficulties ( p]fect wa%+--p>ticul>ly if "o d n wa% ) runn+ wat]--increase at lea/ 9 quadruple proportion to ! quantity ( emulsion manipulat$4--,franz ,/oke1 ,ph4,d41 9 ,br4 ,j\r1 ( ,photography4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,emulsion ,,9 ,,hot ,,wea!r4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,h5d]son4 ,num]\s compla9ts h rea*$ me )9 ! la/ few weeks ( ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 prep>+ emulsion & coat+ plates2 "o is v likely to blame ev]y?+ b ! "r1 b d\btless ! wea!r is ! culprit4 ,i h always held t to boil gelat9e is to spoil x1 &1 ev5 :5 emulsification is made ) a few gra9s to ! ounce & cool$ d[n be=e add+ ! bulk1 ! damage is done to ! small] quantity1 s t :5 mix$ x contam9ates ! :ole mass2 moreov]1 x is impossible to set & wa% ! gelat9e )\t ! aid ( ice4 ,i h lately made sev]al bat*es 7) ! !rmomet] at #ib 9 ! %ade1 & ! wa%+ wat] at #gh7 z foll[s3 ,h>d gelat9e4444444444444441444444 ounce4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #b ounces4 ,alcohol4444444444444444444444444444 #b ,bromide ammonia44444444444444444444#aej gra9s4 ,liquor ammonia1 #hhj4444444444444444 #fj drops4 ,:5 all is ?or\ghly dissolv$ & ( ab\t #abj temp]ature1 add1 /irr+ all ! "t1 ,nitrate silv]444444444444444444444 #fj gra9s1 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 ounce4 ,alcohol4444444444444444444444444444 ,!n aga9 add1 ,nitrate silv]444444444444444444444#adj gra9s4 ,wat]444444444444444444444444444444 #a ounce4 ,alcohol4444444444444444444444444444 #a ,bo? solutions be+ w>m$ to ab\t #abj4 ,my object is add+ ! silv] 9 two quantities w be obvi\s to _m--viz41 :5 ! fir/ portion ( silv] is mix$1 nitrate ( ammonia is lib]at$ 7:i* is a p[]ful re/ra9]71 & ! bulk ( ! solution be+ increas$1 ! rema9d] ( ! silv] may be add$ 9 a mu* m conc5trat$ /ate4 ,! alcohol1 bo? 9 ! gelat9e & silv] solutions1 plays a mo/ important "p3 7#a7 ,x prev5ts decomposition ( ! gelat9e4 7#b7 ,x all[s ! gelat9e to be precipitat$ ) a mu* small] quantity ( alcohol 7say ab\t #aj ounces74 ,aft] lett+ ! emulsion /& = a few m9utes to rip51 ,i p\r 9 sl[ly ab\t eight ounces ( alcohol1 /irr+ all ! "t1 & keep+ ! emulsion w>m2 ! emulsion w adh]e to ! /irr+-rod & ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 a s(t mass1 & all t is n[ requir$ is to p\r away ! alcohol1 all[ ! emulsion to cool1 te> x into small pieces1 wa% 9 sev]al *anges ( cold wat]1 make up ! quantity to t5 ounces1 & /ra92 x is !n ready = coat+4 ,by ?is =mula ,i h no difficulties :atev]2 my plates set 9 ab\t five m9utes1 & _! quality is su* t1 unless a bett] me?od is devis$1 ,i int5d to adopt x 9 all wea!rs4 ,"o ^w m z to ! alcohol4 ,x w prev5t ! decomposition ( gelat9e :5 boil+ goes on1 or :5 9 ! pres5ce ( =eign salts2 no floccul5t deposit is notic$ 9 ! alcohol aft] ! emulsion has be5 precipitat$4--,photographic ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,di/illation ,,& ,,rectification ,,( ,,alcohols ,,by ,,! ,,rational ,,use ,,( ,,l[ ,,temp]atures4 ,by ,,ra\l ,,pictet4 ,! indu/rial problem ( ! rectification ( alcohols is bas$ entirely ^u ! prop]ties ( volatile liquids1 ^u ! laws ( ! maximum t5sions ( ! vapors ( ^! liquids1 & ^u ! influ5ce ( temp]ature ^u ^? diff]5t elem5ts :i* f9d !mselves 9 pres5ce ( ea* o!r 9 an alembic4 ,if we desire to foll[1 9 _! lea/ details1 all ! ph5om5a :i* succe$ "o ano!r 9 a rectify+ column1 & :i* are connect$ ) "o ano!r by a cont9u\s *a9 ( reciprocal influ5ces1 ! problem becomes exce$+ly complex4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pictet',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,! ,,rectification ,,( ,,alcohol ,,by ,,cold4 ,9 ord] t ! new applications ( ! me*anical !ory ( heat may be readily und]/ood1 we %all divide ?is problem into a s]ies ( propositions1 :i* we %all exam9e sep>ately1 & :i* collectively con/itutes 9 its g5]al features ! me?odical rectification ( liquids4 ,i4 ,kn[+ ! maximum t5sions ( pure wat] & pure alcohol1 c we calculate directly ! t5sions ( ! vapors ( any mixture :atev] ( alcohol & wat]8 ,yes1 we c calculate ?is t5sion by a g5]al =mula1 provid$ we take into acc\nt ! aff9ity ( wat] = alcohol1 :i* increases ! value ( ! total lat5t heat ( evaporation ( ! liquid4 ,! results ( ! calculation are fully confirm$ by exp]i5ce4 ,we ?us e/abli% ! foll[+ laws3 a4 ,= any temp]ature :atev]1 ! maximum t5sion ( ! vapors ( a mixture ( wat] & alcohol is always compris$ betwe5 t ( pure wat] & t ( pure alcohol4 b4 ,! t5sion ( ! vapors ( a mixture ( wat] & alcohol approa*es ! t5sion ( alcohol s mu* ! ne>] 9 proportion z ! pro( is high]2 &1 reciprocally1 if wat] is 9 excess1 ! t5sion ( ! vapors approa*es ! t5sion ( ! vapors ( wat]4 c4 ,! curves ( ! maximum t5sions ( vapors =m$ by all mixtures ( alcohol & wat] are repres5t$ by ! same g5]al =mula1 "o factor only ( :i* is a function ( ! ri*ness ( ! alcoholic solution4 ,x results1 !n1 f ^! laws t we may det]m9e ) ! greate/ exactness ! ri*ness ( a solution conta9+ alcohol & wat]1 if we "k ! t5sion ( ! vapors t x gives (f at a c]ta9 temp]ature4 ,su* indications are confirm$ by ! c5tigrade alcoholmet]4 ,we see likewise t1 = ^! solutions ( alcohol & wat]1 ! laws ( ,dalton are completely at fault1 s9ce ! total pressure ( ! vapors is nev] equal to ! sum ( ! t5sions ( ! two liquids1 wat] & alcohol4 ,,ii4 ,be+ giv5 a solution ( wat] & alcohol1 mix$ 9 equal volumes1 :at w be ! quality ( ! vapors emitt$ f x8 ,9 o!r t]ms1 d ! vapors :i* escape f a def9ite mixture ( wat] & alcohol also conta9 volumes ( vapor ( wat] & alcohol 9 ! same proportion z ! liquids8 ,we h discov]$ ! foll[+ laws3 d4 ,! quality ( ! vapors emitt$ by a mixture ( wat] & alcohol v>ies accord+ to ! alcoholic ri*ness ( ! solution1 b is n 9 simple proportion !reto4 e4 ,! quality ( ! vapors emitt$ by a def9ite mixture ( wat] & alcohol v>ies accord+ to ! temp]ature4 f4 ,9 a same solution ( wat] & alcohol1 x is at l[ temp]atures t ! vapors emitt$ by ! mixture conta9 ! l>ge/ proportion ( alcohol4 g4 ,! m ! temp]ature rises ! m ! t5sions ( ! two liquids t5d to become equaliz$4 ,we h be5 able to v]ify ^! diff]5t laws exp]im5tally1 & to f9d an int]e/+ confirmation ( our g5]al =mula ( maximum t5sions1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,let u take a te/ tube conta9+ a #ej p] c5t4 solution ( alcohol & wat]1 plunge x into wat] ( #bj;,c41 & put its int]ior 9 h]metic communication ) ! receiv] ( a m]curial air-pump4 ,we vaporize at #bj a c]ta9 quantity ( ! liquid1 & ! vapors fill ! kn[n capacity ( ! pump4 ,! pressure ( ! gases 9 ! int]ior is asc]ta9$ by a pressure gauge1 & ?is pressure %\ld be con/ant if c>e is tak5 to act ^u a suffici5t mass ( liquid & ) mod]ate spe$4 ,:5 ! receiv] ( ! air-pump is full ( vapors1 communication betwe5 x & ! te/-tube is %ut (f1 & communication is effect$ ) a second te/-tube1 l ! fir/1 plung$ into ! same wat] at #bj4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 be=eh& to create a p]fect vacuum 9 ?is te/-tube4 ,on caus+ ! m]cury to rise into ! space t x previ\sly occupi$1 ! vapors are made to cond5se 9 ! second te/-tube at ! same temp]ature z t at :i* !y 7 =m$4 ,we imm$iately asc]ta9 t ! pressure-gauge %[s an elevation ( pressure2 moreov]1 ! pro( ( ! cond5s$ alcohol has v p]ceptibly ris54 ,if1 in/ead ( caus+ ^! vapors to cond5se 9 ! second te/-tube1 we leave ! fir/ communication op51 ! vapors recond5se 9 ! fir/ te/-tube )\t any elevation ( pressure2 & we d n see ! lea/ trace ( liquid =m+ 9 ! second te/ tube4 ,?is diff]5ce ( pressure 9 ! two =ego+ exp]im5ts mu/ be attribut$1 !n1 to ! specific action ( ! wat] on ! vapors ( alcohol4 ,n[ we c calculate ! diff]5ce ( ! "w ( ! pump1 & put at #a kilogramme ( cond5s$ liquid ! diff]5ce ( me*anical "w repres5t$ 9 kilogrammet]s4 ,:at is rem>kable is t ?is diff]5ce is absolutely ! equival5t ( ! heat dis5gag$ :5 ! cond5s$ liquid & ! old liquid are remix$2 !re is a complete id5tity4 ,?us ! aff9ity ( ! wat] = ! alcohol modifies ! t5sion ( ! vapors :i* =m or cond5se ^u ! free surface ( ! mixture4 ,! two ph5om5a are closely connect$ by ! law ( equival5ce4 ,x results f all ! laws t we h cit$ t by prop]ly regulat+ ! t5sions ( ! vapors ( a mixture ( alcohol & wat]1 & ! temp]ature ( ! liquid1 we %all be able to obta9 a liquid ( a desir$ ri*ness by ! cond5sation ( ^! vapors4 ,,iii4 ,x 0 likewise indisp5sable to make sure ( "o important fact3 ,:5 ! temp]ature ( a liquid l alcohol is consid]ably l[]$1 c ! di/illation ( a giv5 weight ( ?is sub/ance be effect$ ) suffici5t rapidity = indu/rial requirem5ts8 ,repeat$ exp]im5ts ) a ho/ ( volatile liquids h demon/rat$ ! foll[+ laws3 ,if we introduce a volatile liquid into two sph]ical receiv]s connect$ by a wide tube1 & if ^! be kept at diff]5t temp]atures aft] driv+ out all ! air f ! app>atus1 ! liquid di/ills f ! w>m] into ! cool] receiv]1 & we asc]ta9 t3 h4 ,! weight ( ! liquid :i* di/ills 9 ! unit ( "t increases ) ! deviation ( temp]ature betwe5 ! two receiv]s4 i4 ,! weight ( ! liquid :i* di/ills 9 ! unit ( "t is con/ant = a same deviation ( temp]ature betwe5 ! receiv]s1 :atev] be1 moreov]1 ! absolute temp]ature ( ! receiv]s4 k4 ,! weight ( ! liquid di/ill$ 9 ! unit ( "t is proportional to ! active surfaces ( ! receiv]s2 t is to say1 to ! surfaces :i* are ! seat ( passage ( heat ?r\gh _! ?ickness4 l4 ,! lea/ trace ( a =eign gas 9 ! vapors left 9 ! app>atus ?r[s ! prec$+ laws into confusion1 & *ecks di/illation to a consid]able degree1 especially at l[ temp]atures4 ,?us1 wat] di/ill+ betwe5 #ajj & #fj w pass ov] z quickly z t :i* is di/ill+ betwe5 #dj & #j4 ,absolute temp]ature is )\t influ5ce1 provid$ e trace ( air or =eign gas be got rid (4 ,! di/illatory app>atus %\ld be provid$ ) an excell5t air-pump1 capable ( prev5t+ all ^? entrances ( air :i* are inevitable 9 practice4 ,! foll[+ is ! indu/rial application t we h endeavor$ to make ( ^! !oretical views3 ,! rectification ( alcohols is "o ( ! mo/ complex ( op]ations2 x looks t[>d sev]al results simultane\sly4 ,alcohol d]iv$ f ! f]m5tation ( gra91 sug>1 & ( all />*y matt]s 9 g5]al1 conta9s an innum]able ho/ ( diff]5t products1 :i* may be gr\p$ "u f\r pr9cipal heads3 #a4 ,empyreumatic ess5tial oils1 *>act]i/ic ( ! s\rce ( ! alcohol1 & hav+ a p[]ful odor :i* infects ! total mass ( ! crude spirits4 #b4 ,a consid]able quantity ( wat]4 #c4 ,a c]ta9 quantity ( pure alcohol4 #d4 ,a v>iable proportion ( volatile sub/ances1 compos$ 9 great "p ( e!rs1 diff]5t alcohols1 & bodies z yet n well def9$4 ,^! latt] affect ! quality ( ! alcohol by an odor :i* is entirely diff]5t f t ( ! ess5tial oils4 ,! object ( rectification is to br+ out ,no4 #c all alone2 t is to say1 to extract ! alcohol 9 a pure /ate by ridd+ x ( oils1 wat]1 e!r1 & =eign alcohols4 ,! alcohol indu/ry nev] realizes ?is op]ation 9 an absolutely complete mann]4 ,all ! rectify+ app>atus 9 op]ation at ! pres5t day are bas$ on ! use ( high temp]atures v>y+ betwe5 #gh4e & #ajj4 ,! successive cond5sation & vaporization ( ! vapors issu+ f ! spirits effect 9 ! rectify+ columns a p>tial sep>ation ( ^! liquids1 & !re are receiv$ successively z products ( rectification3 #a4 ,bad ta/+ alcohols1 conta9+ ! majority ( ! e!rs & impure alcohols4 #b4 ,f9e alcohol4 #c4 ,alcohols contam9at$ by notable proportions ( empyreumatic oils4 ,indu/ry kn[s only "o means ( obta9+ an excell5t product1 & t is to dim9i% ! quantity ( f9e alcohol :i* comes f a same lot ( spirits1 & to make a l>ge numb] ( successive di/illations4 ,h5ce ! l>ge exp5ses att5d+ rectification1 :i* produce f9e alcohols necess>ily at an elevat$ price4 ,we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ! toxic action ( comm]cial alcohols is 9 great "p caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ess5tial oils1 amylic alcohol1 & e!rs1 absolutely pure alcohol1 z comp>$ ) ^!1 be+ relatively innoc5t4 ,:y is x t our pres5t app>atus _c produce good results 9 rectify+ alcohol8 ,because !y are limit$ by ! temp]ature at :i* !y mu/ op]ate4 ,betwe5 #gh & #ajj ! t5sion ( ! vapors ( all ! liquids mix$ 9 ! spirits is consid]able = ea* ( !m2 !y all pass ov]1 !n1 9 c]ta9 proportions dur+ ! op]ation ( rectification4 ,we h be5 l$1 by exam9+ ! !oretical "q1 to asc]ta9 t ! proportion ( alcohol :i* evaporates f a mixture is maximum at l[ temp]atures2 consequ5tly1 we %\ld seek to e/abli% "s arrangem5t :i* c realize ! foll[+ conditions3 7#a7 ,r5d] v>iable1 at w1 ! temp]ature ( ! boil+ liquid2 & 7#b71 r5d] v>iable ! pressure ( ! vapors :i* act on ! liquid4 ,?us1 to effect ! rectification ( alcohol x suffices to cause its ebullition at v l[ temp]atures1 & to keep up ! ebullition )\t *ang+ su* temp]atures :5 once obta9$4 ,x is exactly ^! two conditions t we h fulfill$ 9 ! app>atus t we h j in/all$ 9 our factory 9 ,rue ,immeubles ,indu/riels1 at ,p>is4 ,by _! arrangem5t1 :i* is %[n 9 ! opposite figure1 !y =m a me*anical sy/em p]mitt+ ( ! rectification ( alcohols at temp]atures z l[ z -#dj or ev5 -#ej4 ,!y v]ify exp]im5tally1 by _! op]ation1 ! !oretical d$uctions :i* prec$e4 ,! boil]s1 ,a1 :i*1 9 an indu/rial application1 may be m num]\s1 receive _! supply ( spirits f ! c\ntry di/ill]ies 9 ! vic9ity ( ! factory4 ,!re may ev5 be introduc$ directly into !m v9asses1 or wa%es1 t is to say1 liquids1 su* z are obta9$ by alcoholic f]m5tation4 ,above ! boil] rises a rectify+ column compos$ ( sup]pos$ plates incl9$ "o ov] ! o!r1 & surm\nt$ by a tubul> cond5s]1 :i* s]ves to effect ! retrogression ( ! fir/ cond5sation by means ( a curr5t ( wat] suppli$ by ! res]voir plac$ above4 ,on leav+ ?is cond5s]1 ! vapors :i* h escap$ cond5sation pass into ! refrig]ator1 ,c1 :]e !y are totally cond5s$ by a curr5t ( wat] :i* goes to ! res]voir above4 ,! fir/ products obta9$ conta9 e!rs & impure alcohols1 :i* are collect$ 9 ! res]voir1 ,e4 ,:5 ! fir/ products h be5 ?us introduc$ into ! res]voir1 & x is asc]ta9$ by ta/+ t good alcohol is pass+ ov]1 ! liquid produc$ is direct$ into ! second boil]1 ,f4 ,! slid+ valve1 op]at$ by a screw hav+ a v f9e pit*1 e/abli%es a communication betwe5 ! refrig]ator1 ,c1 & ! second boil]1 ,f4 ,! (fice ( ?is valve we %all le>n fur!r on4 ,?is fir/ rectification is p]=m$ 9 a vacuum1 = a sy/em ( metallic pipes connects ! entire app>atus ) an air-pump1 ,o4 ,! temp]ature at :i* ! liquids %all ent] into ebullition 9 ! boil]s1 ,a ,a1 may1 !n1 be regulat$ 9 advance4 ,! op]ations w be c>ri$ on ) a m or less complete vacuum1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! products to be rectifi$4 ,! di/ill] w h to be guid$ 9 ?is by practice alone4 ,! good ta/$ products are receiv$ 9 boil] ,no4 #b1 ,f1 & !re ! liquids are submitt$ to ! action ( an almo/ absolute vacuum4 ,z we h be=e said1 _! temp]ature falls imm$iately & spontane\sly4 ,! vapors :i* issue f ?is liquid conta9 almo/ solely pure alcohol4 ,! o!r sub/ances1 :i* pass$ ov] 9 ! fir/ di/illation1 no long] emit vapors at temp]atures rang+ betwe5 -#aj & #e4 ,_! temp]ature is %[n by a !rmomet] runn+ into ! boil]1 ,f4 ,^! vapors1 purifi$ by ebullition at a l[ temp]ature1 rise into a second rectify+ column1 ,g1 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! refrig]ator1 ,h1 fill$ ) liquid sulphur\s anhydride4 ,?is refrig]ator is l ^? :i* we employ 9 our sulphur\s anhydride frigorific app>atus4 ,"u ! action ( a special pump1 ,m1 ?is liquid produces & ma9ta9s a con/ant temp]ature ( -#be to -#cj 9 ! refrig]ator4 ,! vapors ( alcohol cond5se !re9 at ?is l[ temp]ature1 & ! cold liquid alcohol fl[s into ! l[] "p ( ! refrig]ator4 ,by ! action ( a return cock1 a portion ( ?is liquid falls ^u ! plates ( ! column1 ,g1 & desc5ds1 :ile ! vapors are ris+ !re94 ,! o!r portion ( ! liquid obta9$ fl[s into ! res]voir1 ,k1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! op]ation1 & into ! res]voir1 ,l1 dur+ all ! rema9d] ( ! rectification4 ,! ice-mak+ ma*9e keeps up ( itself alone ! two op]ations4 ,9 fact1 ! exhau/ ( ! /eam eng9e :i* actuates ! sulphur\s anhydride pump is direct$ into a worm :i* circulates ?r\gh ! fir/ boil]1 ,a1 & ! refrig]ator1 ,h1 ( ! frigorific ma*9e keeps up ! second rectification1 :i* 0 br\ght ab\t bel[ ! surr\nd+ temp]ature1 & :i* = ?is reason takes place )\t necessitat+ any combu/ion ( coal4 ,x suffices to cause ! curr5t ( wat] :i* issues f ! cond5s] ( ! frigorific ma*9e to pass into ! worm ( ! boil]4 ,we h1 !n1 two results1 two l op]ations1 bo? produc$ by ! work+ ( a s+le ma*9e4 ,moreov]1 ^! two op]ations are p]=m$ 9 vacuo1 & we "k t "u ^! conditions !y are effect$ at l[] temp]atures4 ,ow+ to ?is fact1 likewise1 ! weight ( ! wat] t mu/ be evaporat$ dim9i%es j s mu*4 ,n[1 "o kilogramme ( wat] requires #fcf heat units to cause x to pass f ! liquid to ! gase\s /ate1 :ile "o kilogramme ( alcohol requires only #bcj heat units to vaporize x4 ,?us e decrease ( temp]ature 9 rectification has = an imm$iate coroll>y an important economy ( fuel1 :i* is prov$ by ! dim9ution ( radiation1 & by ! less quantity ( wat] to be di/ill$4 ,betwe5 ! boil]s1 ,a1 9 :i* is ma9ta9$ a temp]ature bord]+ on #ej to #fj1 & ! refrig]ator1 ,h1 9 :i* is easily obta9$ a temp]ature ( -#cj to -#dj1 !re is at our disposal a range ( temp]ature ( ne>ly #ajj1 an imm5se diff]5ce comp>$ ) t :i* c be made use ( 9 ord9>y app>atus4 ,?anks to ?is p[]ful factor1 :i* is manageable at w1 we c take directly f ! app>atus alcohols m>k+ #ih & #ii degrees by ! c5tigrade alcoholmet]4 ,su* results are unobta9able by ! usual me?ods4 ,we h likewise asc]ta9$ t at l[ temp]atures ! ebullition ( alcohol is z active z at ne> #ajj4 ,= a same range ( temp]ature betwe5 ! boil] & ! refrig]ator1 ! weight ( alcohol :i* di/ills 9 an h\r is con/ant4 ,by ! op]ation ( ! valve1 ,d1 x becomes easy to all[ all ! liquid cond5s$ 9 ! fir/ refrig]ator to pass into ! second boil]2 & ?us ! second rectification1 :i* is effect$ 9 a m p]fect vacuum1 is suppli$ ) exactness4 ,! object ( ?is valve1 !n1 is to all[ ! liquid to pass1 & yet to cut (f ! pressure 9 su* a way z to h a d\ble fall ( temp]ature ?r\gh\t ! :ole app>atus2 f #fj to #bj 9 ! fir/ op]ation1 & f #j to -#dj 9 ! second4 ,we may add t ! regulation ( ! valve is extremely easy1 because ( ! screw :i* actuates x4 ,to sum up ! comm]cial advantages t our process procures1 we may say t x realizes ! foll[+ desid]ata3 #a4 ,) ! co/ ( a s+le di/illation we h1 at once1 di/illation & rectification1 or a s+le exp5se = two results4 #b4 ,) "o op]ation at a l[ temp]ature we obta9 products :i* are almo/ impossible to get ev5 by an indef9ite numb] ( rectifications at a high temp]ature1 ! temp]ature hav+ an intr9sic value 9 ! op]ation4 #c4 ,! alcohols obta9$ are :olesome1 & c be put on ! m>ket )\t dang]4 #d4 ,_! sup]ior quality gives ^! alcohols an extra value difficult to calculate1 b :i* is v notable4 #e4 ,! :ole op]ation be+ p]=m$ 9 clos$ vessels1 !re is absolutely no wa/e4 #f4 ,= ! same reason !re is sc>cely any dang] ( fire4 #g4 ,! managem5t ( ! works & ! s]vice are p]=m$ by ! pressure ( ! gases entirely2 !re are only a few cocks to be turn$ to p]=m all ! int]ior maneuv]s1 empty & fill ! vessels1 etc4 ,h5ce economy 9 p]sonnel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,electrolytic ,,det]m9ations ,,& ,,sep>ations4 ,footnote3 ,,note4--,ea* ( ^! det]m9ations 0 accompani$ by a s]ies ( results 9 :i* ! practical det]m9ations obta9$ f ! me?od describ$ 7 comp>$ ) ! !oretical cont5ts ( ! solutions ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 w\ld take up too mu* room = ins]tion 9 ^! columns4 ,by ,,alex4 ,,class5 & ,m4,a4 ,,von ,,reis2 translat$ by ,m4 ,,b5jam91 ,ph4,b41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,ev] s9ce ! electrolytic me?od = ! e/imation ( copp] came into g5]al use1 num]\s *emi/s h endeavor$ to adapt ?is peculi>ly simple & elegant me?od to ! det]m9ation ( o!r metals4 ,accord+ to ! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made up to ! pres5t "t1 x has be5 f\nd t ! sep>ation ( copp] is be/ effect$ 9 a nitric acid solution1 :ile t ( nickel & cobalt takes place mo/ readily 9 an ammoniacal solution1 & = ! precipitation ( z9c & cadmium a potassium cyanide solution is ! be/4 ,! accuracy ( ! results dep5d *iefly ^u ! foll[+ ( c]ta9 fix$ rules1 su* z1 = in/ance1 t ! precipitation ( copp] only takes place :5 !re is a def9ite am\nt ( nitric acid 9 ! solution2 t ( cobalt & nickel :5 a c]ta9 quantity ( ammonium hydrate & ammonium sulphate is pres5t4 ,! electrolytic decomposition ( ! *lorides has n yet be5 successfully accompli%$1 s t prior to ! op]ation x is necess>y to conv]t !m into sulphates4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made = ! purpose ( inve/igat+ ! application ( ! electric curr5t 9 quantitative analyses are v few1 ab\t ! only exception be+ ! sep>ation ( copp] f ! metals :i* are n precipitat$ f a nitric acid solution1 or :i* are deposit$ z p]oxides at ! o!r electrode4 ,we %all endeavor to %[ 9 t :i* foll[s1 t copp]1 z9c1 nickel1 & cobalt1 & ev5 iron1 manganese1 cadmium1 bismu?1 & t91 :e!r !y be pres5t z sulphates1 *lorides1 or nitrates1 may be precipitat$ & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by electrolytic me?ods mu* m rapidly ?an by any previ\sly kn[n process4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,cobalt4 ,neutral potassium oxalate is add$ 9 excess to ! solution ( a cobalt salt1 & ! cle> solution ( cobalt potassium oxalate submitt$ to electrolysis4 ,! int5se r$ color ( ?is solution is soon *ang$ into a d>k gre52 ! latt] dim9i%+ 9 int5sity z ! metal is deposit$ at ! negative electrode4 ,! electric curr5t decomposes ! potassium oxalate into ! c>bonate1 s t a precipitate ( cobalt c>bonate is simultane\sly =m$ ) ! sep>ation ( ! metallic cobalt4 ,?is precipitate may be dissolv$ by add+ oxalic acid or dilute sulphuric acid2 ! fur!r action ( ! curr5t w *ange ! solution to an alkal9e reaction1 ^u :i* ! treatm5t ) acid is repeat$ until all ! cobalt has be5 sep>at$ out 9 its metallic condition4 ,! electrolytic sep>ation ( cobalt is mu* m easily & rapidly effect$ :5 ! potassium oxalate is sub/itut$ by ! correspond+ ammonium salt1 z ! latt] =ms a soluble d\ble salt ) ! cobalt comp\nds4 ,if ! ammonium oxalate add$ is j suffici5t to =m ! d\ble salt1 a r$ cobalt oxalate 7:i* is only sl[ly r$uc$ by ! curr5t7 w sep>ate out 9 addition to ! cobalt4 ,9 ord] to obviate ?is difficulty1 ! solution to :i* ! ammonium oxalate _h be5 add$ 9 excess is heat$1 & !n ?ree or f\r grammes m ( solid ammonium oxalate are add$4 ,! hot solution1 :5 expos$ to ! action ( ! curr5t1 deposits ! cobalt z a closely adh]+ gray film4 ,by ! aid ( two ,buns5's elem5ts1 #j4b gramme cobalt c be sep>at$ 9 an h\r's "t4 ,:5 ! r$uction has be5 complet$1 & ?is is be/ det]m9$ by te/+ a small sample 7remov$ by a pipette7 ) ammonium sulphide1 ! positive electrode#a is remov$ f ! solution1 & ! liquid p\r$ (f4 ,! di% is imm$iately r9s$ sev]al times ) wat]1 & ! excess ( wat] remov$ at fir/ ) alcohol1 & !n ) absolute e!r4 ,! cobalt 9 ! di% is dri$ 9 ! air ba? at #ajj ,c41 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few m9utes a con/ant weight is obta9$4 ,footnote #a3 ,a piece ( plat9um foil1 #d4e cm4 9 diamet]1 is us$ = ! positive electrode1 & a deep plat9um di% z ! negative electrode4--,vide ,class5's ,quantitative ,analysis1 #c;d ,edition1 p4 #df4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,nickel4 ,?is process is precisely id5tical ) ! previ\sly describ$ me?od = cobalt4 ,! ammonium oxalate is add$ 9 excess to ! solution1 :i* is !n heat$1 & f\r m grammes ( ! solid salt add$4 ,! sep>ation ( ! nickel is z rapid z t ( ! cobalt4 ,! nickel is precipitat$ z a gray1 compact mass1 tightly adh]+ to ! electrode4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,iron4 ,= ?is e/imation1 solutions ( ! *loride z well z ^? ( ! sulphate 7ammonium1 iron1 alum7 may be us$ 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$4 ,! electrolysis is be/ effect$ 9 ! pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( ammonium oxalate2 no sep>ation ( any iron comp\nd takes place4 ,! iron is deposit$ 9 ! =m ( a bright1 /eel gray1 firmly-adh]+ mass on ! plat9um di%4 ,! iron may be expos$ to ! air = sev]al days )\t any noticeable oxidation tak+ place4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,z9c4 ,z9c may be sep>at$ f a solution ( ! d\ble salt fully z easily & rapidly z ! previ\sly m5tion$ metals 74 ,! r$uc$ z9c has a d>k gray color1 & adh]es v firmly to ! electrode4 ,! sep>at$ metal is dissolv$ by us+ dilute acids & heat+4 ,x is only remov$ ) difficulty1 & g5]ally leaves a d>k coat+ on ! di%1 :i* is sep>at$ by repeat$ ignitions & treatm5t ) acid4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,manganese4 ,x is already kn[n t manganese may be sep>at$ z ! p]oxide f its nitric acid solution4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! precipitation is only completely effect$ :5 ! quantity pres5t is small2 ! am\nt ( nitric acid mu/ also be slight1 & x is necess>y to wa% ! di% )\t int]rupt+ ! curr5t4 ,if ! manganese is conv]t$ into ! soluble d\ble salt1 prep>$ by add+ an excess ( potassium1 & submitt$ to ! electric curr5t1 ! :ole ( ! manganese w be deposit$ at ! positive electrode4 ,:5 ammonium oxalate is us$1 ! complete precipitation does n take place4 ,z ! sep>at$ p]oxide does n adh]e firmly to ! electrode1 x is necess>y to filt] x & conv]t x1 by ignition1 into ! trimangano-tetroxide 7,mn#c,o#d74 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,bismu?4 ,?is sep>ation pres5ts consid]able difficulty1 because ! metal is n precipitat$ z a compact mass on ! plat9um4 ,! bismu? is always obta9$ 9 ! same =m1 no matt] :e!r x is precipitat$ f an acid solution1 or f ! d\ble ammonium oxalate1 or1 f9ally1 f a solution to :i* potassium t>trate has be5 add$4 ,z l>ge a surface z possible mu/ be us$1 & ! di% pil$ to ! rim2 !n1 if ! quantity ( bismu? is small1 ! wa%+ ) wat]1 alcohol1 & e!r may be effect$ )\t any loss ( ! elem5t4 ,if small quantities ( ! metal sep>ate f ! di%1 !y mu/ be collect$ on a t>$ filt]1 & det]m9$ sep>ately4 ,9 our exp]im5ts1 an excess ( ammonium oxalate 0 add$ to a nitric acid solution ( bismu?4 ,dur+ ! electrolytic decomposition1 a sep>ation ( ! p]oxide 0 obs]v$ at ! positive electrode1 :i*1 h[ev]1 sl[ly disappe>$4 ,9 ord] to prev5t ! r$uc$ metal f oxidation1 ! la/ traces ( wat] are completely remov$ by repeat$ wa%+s ) alcohol & anhydr\s e!r4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,lead4 ,! nitric solution ( lead acts simil>ly to t ( manganese4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( p]oxide sep>at$ is s l>ge t x does n adh]e firmly1 & becomes me*anically precipitat$ on ! negative electrode1 x becomes impossible to complete ! e/imation )\t loss f ! solution ( ! p]oxide1 & ! results _c be accept$4 ,if ! d\ble oxalate is submitt$ to electrolysis1 ! :ole ( ! lead is sep>at$ out 9 its metallic /ate1 b x is s rapidly oxidiz$ by ! air t x is v seldom t x c be dri$ )\t decomposition ev5 :5 ! op]ation is conduct$ 9 a curr5t ( illum9at+ gas4 ,! electrolytic e/imation ( ?is elem5t _c be recomm5d$4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,copp]4 ,! copp] may be v easily & rapidly sep>at$ f ! d\ble ammonium oxalate salt1 provid$ a suffici5t excess ( ammonium oxalate is pres5t4 ,weak curr5ts _c be employ$ = ! det]m9ation ( ?is elem5t :5 x is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities1 = "u su* circum/ances ! metal does n adh]e ) suffici5t firmness to ! electrode4 ,we employ$ a curr5t :i* correspond$ to an evolution ( #ccj c4c4 ( gas p] h\r1 & we 7 able to precipitate #j4ae gramme metallic copp] 9 ab\t tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,cadmium4 ,:5 ! cadmium ammonium oxalate is submitt$ to ! action ( ! electric curr5t1 ! metal is ?r[n d[n 9 ! =m ( a gray coat+1 :i* does n adh]e v firmly to ! electrode1 b1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly s z n to become sep>at$ on c>eful wa%+4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,t94 ,t9 may be easily e/imat$ by electrolysis2 x c be sep>at$ f its hydro*loric acid solution1 or f its d\ble salt ) ammonium oxalate1 z a beautiful silv] gray coat+ on ! plat9um4 ,:5 ! ammonium oxalate is sub/itut$ by ! potassium salt1 ! op]ation becomes m difficult1 z a basic salt is =m$ at ! opposite pole1 & is n easily r$uc$4 ,if ! t9 is sep>at$ f an acid solution1 ! curr5t mu/ n be int]rupt$ :ile ! wa%+ takes place1 a precaution :i* x is n necess>y to foll[ :5 ! ammonium oxalate is us$4 ,:5 ! t9 is dissolv$ f ! plat9um di%1 x acts l ! z9c2 t is to say1 a black coat+ is left on ! electrode4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,antimony4 ,antimony may be precipitat$ 9 its metallic /ate f a hydro*loric acid solution1 b x does n adh]e v firmly to ! electrode4 ,if potassium oxalate is add$ to a solution ( ! tri*loride1 ! antimony may be readily r$uc$1 b ! metal adh]es /ill less firmly to ! electrode ?an x did 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,an adh]5t coat+ may be obta9$ by add+ an alkal9e t>trate1 b 9 t case ! sep>ation takes place too sl[ly4 ,! precipitation ( antimony may be v readily effect$ f solutions ( its sulpho salts4 ,to a liquid1 :i* may conta9 free hydro*loric acid1 hydrog5 sulphide is add$1 !n neutraliz$ ) ammonium hydrate1 & saturat$ ) ammonium sulphide 9 excess4 ,! r$uction may be accel]at$ by ! addition ( "s ammonium sulphate4 ,! antimony sep>ates out z a f9e1 light gray precipitate on ! electrode1 & :i* adh]es v firmly1 provid$ ! precipitation has n be5 c>ri$ on too rapidly1 i4 e41 if ! curr5t employ$ = ! r$uction 0 n too /rong4 ,:5 ! r$uction has be5 complet$1 ! sup]natant liquid is p\r$ (f1 & ! residue wa%$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,ars5ic4 ,ars5ic _c be completely sep>at$ f ei!r its aque\s hydro*loric acid1 or f a solution to :i* ammonium oxalate has be5 add$ 9 excess4 ,f its aque\s z well z f its oxalate solution1 a portion ( ! metal may be sep>at$1 b if ! curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh its hydro*loric acid solution = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 all ! ars5ic w be volatiliz$ z ars5i\s hydride 7,as,h#c74 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,iron ,,f ,,manganese4 ,if a solution ( f]ric oxide & manganese ammonium oxalate is submitt$ to electrolysis1 )\t ! previ\s addition ( ammonium oxalate1 ! *>act]i/ic color ( p]manganic acid imm$iately makes its appe>ance1 & ! p]oxide gradually precipitates itself on ! positive1 :ile ! iron is deposit$ on ! negative electrode4 ,:5 ! exam9ation is made 9 ! above mann]1 x is impossible to sep>ate ! two metals1 = ! p]oxide w br+ d[n ) x a consid]able quantity ( f]ric hydrate4 ,! sep>ation ( ! two metals is only possible :5 ! precipitation ( ! manganese p]oxide is prev5t$1 until ! great] portion ( ! iron has be5 deposit$4 ,?is result may be atta9$ by add+ sodium phosphate1 or1 bett] /ill1 by ! addition ( ammonium oxalate 9 great excess4 ,9 bo? cases ! *>act]i/ic coloration f p]manganic acid is develop$ by ! action ( ! curr5t at ! positive pole2 ?is1 h[ev]1 disappe>s 9 ! direction ( ! negative electrode4 ,aft] ! great] portion ( ! ammonium oxalate has be5 conv]t$ into c>bonate1 ! coloration & necess>ily ! =mation ( manganese p]oxide beg9s4 ,ammonium oxalate is add$ to ! solution1 & heat appli$2 !n ?ree or f\r grammes m ( ammonium oxalate are dissolv$ 9 ! liquid1 :i* is !n imm$iately submitt$ to electrolysis4 ,:5 ! am\nt ( manganese is small1 ! sep>ation ( ! two elem5ts takes place v rapidly1 & ! results are accurate4 ,if ! am\nt ( manganese is m ?an d\ble t ( iron1 ! sep>ation ( ! latt] w take a mu* long] "t4 ,!n1 9 ord] to effect a complete sep>ation ( ! two elem5ts1 x is necess>y to r$issolve ! deposit$ manganese 9 oxalic acid 7! acid is add$1 )\t int]rupt+ ! curr5t1 until ! liquid becomes r$71 & ! curr5t is all[$ to cont9ue its action4 ,x 0 f\nd desirable1 9 effect+ ?is sep>ation1 n to employ too /rong a curr5t 7two ,buns5 elem5ts w suffice71 & only to increase ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t :5 x is necess>y1 9 consequ5ce ( a l>ge am\nt ( manganese be+ pres5t1 to r$issolve ! p]oxide4 ,:5 ! process is complet$1 x is n advisable to all[ ! curr5t to act any long]1 = o!rwise "s ( ! p]oxide may adh]e firmly to ! iron1 & ! latt] 7aft] previ\sly hav+ p\r$ (f ! liquid7 mu/ be r$issolv$ 9 oxalic acid1 t is to say1 ! electrolysis mu/ be repeat$4 ,z has be5 already m5tion$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( manganese z p]oxide1 its precipitation f ammonium oxalate is n complete4 ,! solution :i* conta9s ! great] portion ( manganese1 susp5d$ z p]oxide1 mu/ fir/1 !re=e1 be boil$ to decompose ! ammonium c>bonate2 ! rema9d] ( ! ammonium oxalate is neutraliz$ ) nitric acid1 & ! manganese conv]t$ into ! sulphide by ammonium sulphide4 ,! manganese sulphide is !n ignit$ 9 a curr5t ( hydrog51 & weigh$ z su*4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,alum9um4 ,! quantitative sep>ation ( iron f alum9um1 :i* pres5t$ _m difficulties accord+ to ! old] me?ods1 may be easily p]=m$ by electrolysis4 ,if a solution ( iron ammonium oxalate & alum9um oxalate1 to :i* an excess ( ammonium oxalate has be5 add$1 be submitt$ to ! action ( ! electric curr5t1 ! iron w be deposit$ z a firmly adh]+ coat on ! negative electrode1 :ile ! alum9um oxide rema9s 9 solution1 j s long z ! quantity ( ammonium oxalate is 9 excess ( ! quantity ( ammonium c>bonate produc$4 ,:51 f9ally1 a precipitation ( alum9um oxide takes place ! liquid is almo/ free f iron4 ,f "t to "t1 ! solution1 9 :i* ! alum9um oxide is susp5d$1 is te/$ = iron by ammonium sulphide1 & ! curr5t is int]rupt$ :5 no fur!r reaction is obs]v$4 ,! be/ me?od ( proc$ure is to add ammonium oxalate 9 excess to a neutral1 a slightly acid solution1 or to "o :i* has be5 neutraliz$ by ! addition ( ammonium hydrate 7a hydro*loric acid solution is n well adapt$ = ?is purpose72 !n z mu* m solid ammonium oxalate is add$ until = e #j4a gramme !re is #b to #c grammes ( ! oxalate pres5t4 ,! hot solution is !n directly submitt$ to ! action ( ! electric curr5t4 ,aft] ! iron has be5 precipitat$1 x is be/ to /op ! action ( ! curr5t be=e all ! alum9um oxide is ?r[n d[n1 = o!rwise a portion ( ! latt] may adh]e firmly to ! iron1 & be difficult to remove4 ,9 su* a case1 z 0 m5tion$ previ\sly 9 ! sep>ation ( iron f manganese1 x is necess>y to r$issolve ! iron 7aft] previ\sly hav+ p\r$ (f ! liquid7 9 oxalic acid1 & !n ! electrolysis is cont9u$4 ,9 ord] to effect ! complete precipitation ( ! alum9um oxide f ! solution :i* 0 p\r$ f ! iron1 ammonium hydrate is add$1 & ! solution boil$ = "s "t1 & !n ! alum9um oxide is det]m9$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,:5 ! quantity ( alum9um is less ?an t ( iron1 ?is me?od may be reli$ ^u to give exact results4 ,) ! rev]se 7i4 e41 an excess ( iron7 ! precipitate ( alum9um oxide mu/ be dissolv$ 9 oxalic acid 7)\t ! int]ruption ( ! curr5t71 & ! electrolysis cont9u$4--,b]i*te d] ,deuts*5 ,*emis*5 ,gesells*aft1 #ad1 #affb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,cultivation ,,( ,,pyre?rum ,,& ,,manufacture ,,( ,,! ,,p[d]4 ,9 accordance ) an ann\ncem5t 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ! ,naturali/1 ! editor ( ?is dep>tm5t has s5t out ! se$ ( two species ( pyre?rum1 viz4 ,p4 roseum & ,p4 c9]>ioefolium1 to a l>ge numb] ( correspond5ts 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,e mail br+s u "s inquiries = fur!r p>ticul>s & directions to guide 9 ! cultivation ( ! plant & prep>ation ( ! p[d]4 ,we h conclud$1 !re=e1 t su* in=mation z is obta9able on ^! heads w prove ( public int]e/1 & we %all ask ,pr(essor ,bessey's p>don = tr5*+ some:at on 8 doma94 ,!re are v few data at h& conc]n+ ! discov]y ( ! insecticide prop]ties ( pyre?rum4 ,! p[d] has be5 9 use = _m ye>s 9 ,asiatic c\ntries s\? ( ! ,caucasus m\nta9s4 ,x 0 sold at a high price by ! inhabitants1 :o successfully kept its nature a secret until ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 :5 an ,arm5ian m]*ant1 ,mr4 ,jumtik(f1 le>n$ t ! p[d] 0 obta9$ f ! dri$ & pulv]iz$ fl[]-heads ( c]ta9 species ( pyre?rum gr[+ abundantly 9 ! m\nta9 region ( :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,russian prov9ce ( ,transcaucasia4 ,! son ( ,mr4 ,jumtik(f began ! manufacture ( ! article on a l>ge scale 9 #ahbh1 aft] :i* ye> ! pyre?rum indu/ry /eadily grew1 until to-day ! export ( ! dri$ fl[]-heads repres5ts an important item 9 ! rev5ue ( ^? c\ntries4 ,/ill less seems to be kn[n ( ! discov]y & hi/ory ( ! ,dalmatian species ( pyre?rum 7,p4 c9]>ioefolum71 b x is probable t its hi/ory is v simil> to t ( ! ,asiatic species4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! pyre?rum fl[]s are consid]$ by f> ! mo/ valuable product ( ! soil ( ,dalmatia4 ,!re is also v little in=mation publi%$ reg>d+ ei!r ! mode ( gr[? or ! cultivation ( pyre?rum plants 9 _! native home4 ,z to ! ,caucasian species we h reasons to believe t !y are n cultivat$1 at lea/ n at ! pres5t "t1 /atem5ts to ! contr>y not)/&+4#a ,footnote #a3 ,report ,comm4 ( ,pat5ts1 #aheg1 ,agriculture1 p4 #acj4 ,! well-kn[n ,dr4 ,gu/av ,radde1 director ( ! ,imp]ial ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,tiflis1 ,transcaucasia1 :o is ! highe/ liv+ au?ority on ev]y?+ p]ta9+ to ! natural hi/ory ( t region1 wrote u rec5tly z foll[s3 ,! only species ( its g5us ,pyre?rum roseum1 :i* gives a good1 effective insect p[d]1 is n[h]e cultivat$1 b gr[s wild 9 ! basal-alp9e zone ( our m\nta9s at an altitude ( f #f1jjj to #h1jjj feet4 ,f ?is x appe>s t ?is species1 at lea/1 is n cultivat$ 9 its native home1 & ,dr4 ,radde's /atem5t is corroborat$ by a communication ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,hutton1 ,vice-,consul ,g5]al ( ! ,u4 ,s4 at ,mosc[1 ,russia1 to :om we appli$ = se$ ( ?is species4 ,he writes t 8 ag5ts 7 n able to get m ?an ab\t half a p\nd ( ! se$ f any "o p]son4 ,f ?is /atem5t x may be inf]r$ t ! se$s h to be ga!r$ f ! wild & n f ! cultivat$ plants4 ,z to ! ,dalmatian plant x is also said to be cultivat$ 9 its native home1 b we c get no def9ite in=mation on ?is score1 ow+ to ! fact t ! inhabitants are v unwill+ to give any in=mation reg>d+ a plant ! product ( :i* !y wi% to monopolize4 ,= simil> reasons we h f\nd great difficulty 9 obta9+ ev5 small quantities ( ! se$ ( ,p4 c9]>ioefolium t 0 n bak$ or 9 o!r ways tamp]$ ) to prev5t g]m9ation4 ,inde$1 ! p are s jeal\s ( _! plant t to s5d ! se$ out ( ! c\ntry becomes a s]i\s matt]1 9 :i* life is risk$4 ,! se$ ( ,pyre?rum roseum is obta9$ ) less difficulty1 at lea/ 9 small quantities1 & x has ev5 become an article ( comm]ce1 sev]al nurs]ym5 "h1 z well z 9 ,europe1 adv]tis+ x 9 _! catalogues4 ,! species has be5 successfully gr[n z a g>d5 plant = its pale rose or bright p9k fl[]-rays4 ,mr4 ,?omas ,meehan1 ( ,g]mant[n1 ,pa41 writes u3 ,i h _h a plant ( ,pyre?rum roseum 9 my h]bace\s g>d5 = _m ye>s pa/1 & x holds its own )\t any c>e mu* bett] ?an _m o!r ?+s4 ,i %\ld say f ?is exp]i5ce t x 0 a plant :i* w v easily accommodate itself to culture any:]e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pet] ,h5d]son1 ( ,new ,york1 ano!r well-kn[n & exp]i5c$ nurs]yman1 writes3 ,i h gr[n ! plant & its v>ieties = t5 ye>s4 ,x is ( ! easie/ cultivation1 ei!r by se$s or divisions4 ,x n[ ramifies into a great v>iety ( all %ades1 f :ite to deep crimson1 d\ble & s+le1 p]fectly h>dy "h1 & ,i ?9k likely to be ne>ly ev]y:]e on ?is cont95t4 ,dr4 ,james ,c4 ,neal1 ( ,ar*]1 ,fla41 has also successfully gr[n ,p4 roseum & _m v>ieties !re(1 & o!r correspond5ts report simil> favorable exp]i5ce4 ,none ( !m h f\nd a special mode ( cultivation necess>y4 ,9 #ahef ,mr4 ,c4 ,willemot made a s]i\s attempt to introduce & cultivate ! plant#a on a l>ge scale 9 ,france4 ,z 8 acc\nt ( ! cultivation ( pyre?rum is ! be/ we "k ( we quote "h 8 exp]i5ce 9 full1 ) b few slight omissions3 ,! soil be/ adapt$ to its culture %\ld be compos$ ( pure gr\nd1 some:at silici\s & dry4 ,moi/ure & ! pres5ce ( clay are injuri\s1 ! plant be+ extremely s5sitive to an excess ( wat]1 & w\ld 9 su* case imm$iately p]i%4 ,a s\!rn exposure is ! mo/ favorable4 ,! be/ "t = putt+ ! se$s 9 ! gr\nd is f ,m>* to ,april4 ,x c be done ev5 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y if ! wea!r w p]mit x4 ,aft] ! soil has be5 prep>$ & ! se$s are s[n !y are cov]$ by a /ratum ( gr\nd mix$ ) "s vegetable m\ld1 :5 ! roll] is slightly appli$ to x4 ,e five or six days ! wat]+ is to be r5ew$1 9 ord] to facilitate ! g]m9ation4 ,at ! end ( ab\t ?irty or =ty days ! "y plants make _! appe>ance1 & z soon z !y h ga9$ /r5g? en\gh !y are transplant$ at a di/ance ( ab\t six in*es f ea* o!r4 ,?ree mon?s aft] ?is op]ation !y are transplant$ aga9 at a di/ance ( f f\rte5 to tw5ty in*es1 accord+ to _! /r5g?4 ,ea* transplantation requires1 ( c\rse1 a new wat]+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 %\ld only be mod]ately appli$4 ,! blossom+ ( ! pyre?rum comm5ces ! second ye>1 t[>d ! end ( ,may1 & cont9ues to ! end ( ,septemb]4 ,mr4 ,willemot also /ates t ! plant is v little s5sitive to cold1 & ne$s no %elt]1 ev5 dur+ sev]e w9t]s4 ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,willemot calls 8 plant ,pyr?re du ,caucase 7,p4 ,willemoti4 ,du*>tre71 b x is m ?an probable t ?is is only a synonym ( ,p4 roseum4 ,we h drawn lib]ally f ,mr4 ,willemot's pap] on ! subject1 a translation ( :i* may be f\nd 9 ! ,report ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts = ! ye> #ahfa1 ,agriculture1 pp4 #bbc-cca4 ,! above quot$ directions h ref]5ce to ! climate ( ,france1 & z ! cultivation ( ! plant 9 _m p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica is yet an exp]im5t1 a great deal ( indep5d5t judgm5t mu/ be us$4 ,! plants %\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann] z ! ord9>y ,a/]s ( ! g>d5 or o!r p]5nial ,compositae4 ,z to ! ,dalmatian plant1 x is well kn[n t ,mr4 ,g4 ,n4 ,milco1 a native ( ,dalmatia1 has ( late ye>s successfully cultivat$ ,pyre?rum c9]>ioefolium ne> ,/ockton1 ,cal41 & ! p[d] f ! ,cali=nia gr[n plants1 to :i* ,mr4 ,milco has giv5 ! "n ( ,buha*1 reta9s all ! insecticide qualities & is f> sup]ior to mo/ ( ! import$ p[d]1 z we "k f exp]i5ce4 ,mr4 ,milco gives ! foll[+ advice ab\t plant+--advice :i* applies m p>ticul>ly to ! ,pacific coa/3 ,prep>e a small b$ ( f9e1 loose1 s&y1 loamy soil1 slightly mix$ ) f9e manure4 ,mix ! se$ ) dry s& & s[ c>efully on top ( ! b$4 ,!n ) a common rake di/urb ! surface ( ! gr\nd half an in* 9 dep?4 ,spr9kle ! b$ e ev5+ until spr\t$2 too mu* wat] w cause injury4 ,aft] x is well spr\t$1 wat]+ twice a week is suffici5t4 ,:5 ab\t a mon? old1 we$ c>efully4 ,!y %\ld be transplant$ to loamy soil dur+ ! ra9y season ( w9t] or spr+4 ,our own exp]i5ce ) ,p4 roseum z well z ,p4 c9]>ioefolium 9 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 has be5 s f> q satisfactory4 ,"s t we plant$ la/ ye> 9 ! fall came up q well 9 ! spr+ & w p]haps bloom ! pres5t ye>4 ,! plants f s\nd se$ :i* we plant$ ?is spr+ are also do+ f9ely1 & z ! soil is a r /iff clay & ! ra9s h be5 _m & heavy1 we conclude t ,mr4 ,willemot has ov]/at$ ! delicacy ( ! plants4 ,9 reg>d to manufactur+ ! p[d]1 ! fl[] heads %\ld be ga!r$ dur+ f9e wea!r :5 !y are ab\t to op51 or at ! "t :5 f]tilization takes place1 z ! ess5tial oil t gives ! insecticide qualities rea*es1 at ?is "t1 its greate/ developm5t4 ,:5 ! blossom+ has ceas$ ! /alks may be cut )9 ab\t f\r in*es f ! gr\nd & utiliz$1 be+ gr\nd & mix$ ) ! fl[]s 9 ! proportion ( "o-?ird ( _! weight4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 n to expose ! fl[]s to moi/ure1 or ! rays ( ! sun1 or /ill less to artificial heat4 ,!y %\ld be dri$ "u cov] & h]metically clos$ up 9 sacks or o!r vessels to prev5t untimely pulv]ization4 ,! f9] ! fl[]-heads are pulv]iz$ ! m effectually ! p[d] acts & ! m economical 9 its use4 ,prop] pulv]ization 9 l>ge quantities is be/ done by ^? :o make a bus9ess ( x & h special mill facilities4 ,lehn ,f9k1 ( ,new ,york1 h furni%$ u ) ! mo/ satisfactory p[d]4 ,= 8 own use ! f>m] c pulv]ize small] quantities by ! simple me?od ( p\nd+ ! fl[]s 9 a mort>4 ,x is necess>y t ! mort> be clos$1 & a piece ( lea!r ?r\gh :i* ! pe/le moves1 su* z is g5]ally us$ 9 pulv]iz+ ph>maceutic sub/ances 9 a laboratory1 w answ]4 ,! quantity to be pulv]iz$ %\ld n exce$ "o p\nd at a "t1 ?us avoid+ too high a degree ( heat1 :i* w\ld be injuri\s to ! quality ( ! p[d]4 ,! pulv]ization be+ deem$ suffici5t1 ! sub/ance is sift$ ?r\gh a silk sieve1 & !n ! rema9d]1 ) a new addition ( fl[]s1 is put 9 ! mort> & pulv]iz$ aga94 ,! be/ vessels = keep+ ! p[d] are fruit j>s ) pat5t cov]s or any o!r p]fectly tight glass vessel or t9 box4--,am]ican ,naturali/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,removal ,,( ,,noxi\s ,,vapors ,,f ,,roa/+ ,,furnace ,,gases4 ,9 a pap] read be=e ! ,aix-la-,*apelle section ( ! ,v]e9 deuts*] ,+5ieure1 ,h]r ,rob]t ,has5clev] pres5ts a summ>y ( ! results obta9$ ) v>i\s me?ods = ! absorption ( ! sulphur\s acid g5]at$ dur+ ! roa/+ ( z9c-bl5de & o!r sulphurets4 ,?\gh mo/ ( our own metallurgical works are n s locat$ z to be =c$ to pay mu* att5tion to ! removal ( noxi\s vapors1 ! ef=ts made abroad possess "s int]e/ = ,am]ican metallurgi/s4 ,besides conta9+ sulphur\s acid1 ! gases f ! roa/+ furnaces hold v>y+ quantities ( sulphuric acid1 & ,dr4 ,b]n\lli describes a process appli$ on a l>ge scale 9 ,silesian z9c works1 :]e ! gases 7 pass$ ?r\gh t[]s fill$ ) lime4 ,x 0 f\nd t !re 0 no tr\ble on acc\nt ( ! absorption ( c>bonic acid by ! lime1 & t ! latt] act$ v effici5tly 9 r$uc+ ! quantity ( sulphur\s acid4 ,be=e ent]+ ! t[]1 !y conta9$ #j4beh p] c5t4 by volume ( sulphur\s acid & #b4de p] c5t4 ( c>bonic acid2 :ile1 aft] _! passage ?r\gh x1 !y held #j4jag & #b4dgh p] c5t1 respectively4 ,! process1 h[ev]1 is decl>$ by ,h]r ,has5clev] to be too co/ly = ord9>y work+1 al?\gh he does n d5y its value "u special circum/ances4 ,! removal ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid f ! gases f roa/+-furnaces has hi!rto1 z at ! ,waldmei/] works1 ne> ,/olb]g1 be5 effect$ by means ( wat] trickl+ d[n 9 a t[] fill$ ) coke1 ! gases ent]+ bel[ & mov+ upw>d4 ,h]r ,has5clev] te/$ ! ,freytag me?od1 9 :i* ! wat] is replac$ by sulphuric acid1 & obta9$ favorable results1 z %[n by ! foll[+ analyses ( ! gases be=e & aft] treatm5t4 ,! figures giv5 are grammes p] #a1jjj lit]s3 ,,be=e4 ,,aft]4 ,,s#b4 ,,s#c4 ,,s#b4 ,,s#c4 #h4bd #j4fc #e4gd #j4jj #h4bi #j4cg #f4gd #j4jg #i4cf #j4fi #f4if #j4jj #i4df #j4fc #g4ch #j4je #aj4jc #a4jh #g4fi #j4ji #af4eb #b4ig #ad4ci #j4bc #ag4ij #a4ig #ac4cb #j4aa #ag4hj #b4df #af4ah #j4fi ,! av]age absorption = ! fir/ set ( f\r analyses :5 ?ree roa/+-furnaces 7 dis*>g+ into ! t[] 0 #ie p] c5t4 ( ! sulphuric acid1 & t ( ! second set ( f\r or five furnaces 0 #ij p] c5t4 ,! am\nt ( sulphuric acid *>g$ p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs 0 ab\t #e1jjj kilogrammes ( #ej degrees ,baum1 :i* fl[$ (f ) a d5sity ( f #ef to #eh degrees ,baum4 ,! quantity ( acid cond5s$ v>i$ accord+ to ! nature ( ! ores & ! numb] ( furnaces work+4 ,x rang$ betwe5 #cjj & #a1jjj kilogrammes ( #fj degrees ,baum p] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! cond5sation ( anhydr\s sulphuric acid w\ld pay1 accord+ to e/imates submitt$ by ,h]r ,has5clev]2 b to pass ! gases ?r\gh a t[] fill$ ) lime1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! rema9+ sulphur\s acid1 w\ld prove too exp5sive at ,/olb]g4 ,an attempt to use milk ( lime prov$ p>tially successful2 b x 0 n foll[$ up1 because x 0 decid$ to exp]im5t ) ! process sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,cl4 ,w9kl]1 ( ,freib]g1 :o proposes to pass ! gases ?r\gh a t[] fill$ ) iron 9 "s suitable %ape1 ov] :i* wat] trickles4 ,f ! solution ?us obta9$1 sulphur\s acid pure en\gh to be us$ = ! manufacture ( sulphuric acid1 sulphur1 & a solution ( gre5 vitriol is made4 ,exp]im5ts ) ?is process are mak+ at ,freib]g & at ! ,rh5ania ,works1 ne> ,/olb]g4 ,! tr\ble ) ! majority ( me?ods ?us f> is1 t ! draught ( ! furnaces is s mu* imp$$ by ! absorption t[]s t fans1 bl[]s1 or /eam jets mu/ be us$ to c>ry ! gases ?r\gh x4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,h]r ,has5clev] has prov$ h[ difficult x is to f9d a satisfactory means ( remov+ ! noxi\s vapors f furnace gases )\t incurr+ too s]i\s an exp5se4 ,?us f> ! value ( ! products obta9$ by absorption ( sulphur\s acid has n be5 equal to ! co/ ( produc+ !m4 ,h]r ,c4 ,l&sb]g1 :o is g5]al manag] ( ! ,/olb]g ,company1 has _h simil> exp]i5ce1 ?\gh 8 exp]im5ts 7 made to te/ me?ods sugge/$ at v>i\s times by ,dr4 ,e4 ,jacob & ,dr4 ,a>l&4 ,bo? are v +5i\s1 & 7 successful on a small scale1 b fail$ :5 tri$ 9 actual work+4--,eng9e]+ & ,m9+ ,j\rnal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,gas ,,exhau/]4 ,9 common practice1 ! new exhau/] at ! ,old ,k5t ,road passes ab\t five million cubic feet ( gas p] day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & requires ! att5tion ( two m5 & two boys = driv+ & /ok+1 at ! foll[+ co/3 s4 d4 ,wages--#b m51 at #es4 #f;d #aa #j ,wages--#b boys1 at #cs4 #f;d #g #j ----- #j #ah #j ,oil1 #a gallon #j #c #f ,wa/e1 #e lb #j #a #j -------- ,total #a #b #f = five million cubic feet1 or #j4jed;d4 p] #a1jjj feet4 ,! boil] burns a mixture ( coke & breeze1 *iefly ! latt]1 ( small value1 co/+ #j4jagd;d4 p] #a1jjj feet ( gas exhau/$2 !re=e ! total co/ ( exhau/+ gas by ! new sy/em is-- ,fuel #j4jagd;d ,wages1 oil1 & wa/e #j4jedj -------- ,total #j4jgl#d;d4 p] #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 exclusive ( repairs1 :i* w be decid$ly less = ! new exhau/] ?an = t on ! old] sy/em1 f ! friction be+ s mu* less4 ,! fe$ wat] evaporat$ is at ! rate ( ab\t #g4d lb4 p] p\nd ( breeze1 & #g4e lb4 p] p\nd ( coke4 ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,gas ,,exhau/]4 ,x w be se5 t ! exhau/+ arrangem5ts at ! ,old ,k5t ,road are extremely economical1 ! co/ ( fuel be+ r$uc$ to a m9imum2 :ile a man & boy by day1 & _! reliefs = ! night1 att5d to ! ma*9]y inside ! exhau/]-h\se1 & also to ! pumps outside1 & /oke ! boil] z well4--,j\rnal ( ,gas ,light+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,advance ,,9 ,,! ,,price ,,( ,,glyc]9e ,! cont9u$ advance 9 ! price ( glyc]9e cont9ues to excite comm5t among ^? :o deal 9 or use x1 & no "o seems to "k exactly :]e or :5 ! advance is likely to /op1 or by :at means a retrograde movem5t w probably be br\ght ab\t4 ,z we h h]et(ore /at$1 ! rise has be5 br\ght ab\t by a comb9ation ( two causes--a fall+ (f 9 production & a great increase 9 ! dem&1 ow+ to ! discov]y ( new uses = x1 & ! ext5sion ( ! bran*es ( manufactures 9 :i* x has be5 h]et(ore employ$4 ,9 ph>macy1 x is com+ m & m into use daily1 & 9 v>i\s o!r bran*es ( manufacture ! same t5d5cy is obs]vable4 ,x has prov$ itself s elegant & s conv5i5t a vehicle = ! adm9i/ration ( v>i\s m$ic9al sub/ances1 is s easily miscible ) bo? wat] & alcohol1 & is s pleasant to ! ta/e1 t x seems almo/ a wond] t x %\ld h be5 s long 9 atta9+ ! rank among ! articles ( ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica :i* x n[ occupies4 ,! two manufactures1 h[ev]1 :i* seem to lead 9 ! dem& = glyc]9e are ( nitro-glyc]9e & ( oleom>g>9e4 ,! uses to :i* x is put = ! =m] are well kn[n1 b precisely :at ! latt] c\ld want ( ! article is n1 at fir/ glance1 q s obvi\s4 ,we are in=m$1 h[ev]1 t x is valu$ = its antiseptic prop]ties1 & also = its s(t5+ effect on ! quasi butt]4 ,be ?is z x may1 x seems t bo? "h & 9 ,europe ! mak]s ( ^! two articles are buy+ l>gely ( bo? crude & ref9$ glyc]9e4 ,s x appe>s t ! will+ness ( ! p to eat artificial butt]1 & ! progress 9 s*emes = int]nal improvem5t1 su* z ! ,de ,lesseps ,canal1 = in/ance1 to say no?+ ( ! ,european revolutioni/s1 are responsible to a great ext5t = ! sc>city ( an important article ( ph>maceutical use4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :ile !re is a notable increase 9 ! dem& = ! article1 !re is a gradual b v sure & noticeable fall+ (f 9 ! production4 ,at pres5t ! supply = ! :ole _w comes f ! c&lemak]s ( ,europe--*iefly ,france & ,g]many--&1 z improv$ me?ods ( illum9ation pu% c&les out ( ! draw+ rooms ( ! weal?i] z well z ! cab9s ( ! poor1 & consequ5tly out ( ! m>kets1 ! production ( glyc]9e naturally gr[s less4 ,9 ,france1 = in/ance1 c&les are com+ to be reg>d$ among ! weal?y *iefly z articles ( luxury1 & are light$ only = display at fe/ivals ( especial magnific5ce & c]emony1 :ile among ! poor ! k]os5e lamp is com+ into almo/ z univ]sal use z "h4 ,to be sure1 ! inexorable inn-keep] /ill keeps up1 we believe1 ! inevitable b\gie1 b ev5 t is fa/ becom+ m ( a fiction ?an ev]4 ,ev5 9 ! *ur*es1 x is said1 ! use ( c&les is gradually fall+ (f4 ,to ^! causes mu/ be attribut$ ! decreas+ supply ( ! crude mat]ial1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is decrease w\ld be suffici5t to mat]ially affect ! price = "s "t to come 7 x n = ! increas$ dem& = ! two indu/ries to :i* we h allud$4 ,obvi\sly1 !re mu/ be f\nd ev5tually "s sub/itute = glyc]9e1 or else "s new s\rce f :i* x may be procur$4 ,! natural place to look = ?is w\ld be 9 ! wa/e lye f ! soapmak]s' boil]s1 b s f> no "o has succe$$ 9 obta9+ f ?is sub/ance ! glyc]9e x und\bt$ly conta9s by any process suffici5tly *eap to all[ ( its pr(itable employm5t4 ,we are assur$ by a vet]an soap-boil] :o has exp]im5t$ mu* 9 ?is direction t x is impossible to recov] a m>ketable article ( glyc]9e f ! lees ( soap 9 :i* res9 is an +r$i5t4 ,9 8 words1 x kills ! glyc]9e1 &1 z none b a few ( ! f9e/ soaps are n[ made )\t res91 x w\ld seem t ! se>* = glyc]9e 9 ?is direction mu/ be a hopeless "o4 ,x is a curi\s comm5t>y 9 ! pres5t /ate ( affairs t previ\s to ab\t #aheg1 :5 c&les 7 l>gely manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 !re 0 little or no dem& = glyc]9e1 & millions ( p\nds ( x 7 run into ! sew]s4 ,ev5 !n1 h[ev]1 ! use ( x z a :olesome & pleasant article ( diet 0 kn[n to ! workm5 employ$ 9 ! c&le factories1 :o 7 accu/om$ to dr9k freely ( ! m+l$ glyc]9e & wat] :i* con/itut$ ! wa/e f ! c&les4 ,yet ) ?is fact "u _! noses1 z x 71 x is only rec5tly t memb]s ( ! m$ical pr(ession h begun to recomm5d ! same use ( glyc]9e z a sub/itute = cod liv] oil4--,ph>maci/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,analysis ,,( ,,oils1 ,,or ,,mixtures ,,( ,,oils1 ,,us$ ,,= ,,lubricat+ ,,purposes4 ,oils1 fats1 waxes1 & bodies some:at simil> 9 nature1 may--accord+ to ! sub/ance ( a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,*emical ,society1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,all51 ( ,%effield1 & ,mr4 ,?omson1 ( ,man*e/]--be divid$ into two great classes1 viz41 ^? :i* comb9e ) soda1 pota%1 or o!r alkalies to =m soaps1 & ^? :i* d n2 & z ^? two classes ( bodies diff] mat]ially 9 _! actions on sub/ances su* z iron1 copp]1 etc41 ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 x (t5 becomes a "q ( great importance to ! us]s ( oils = lubricat+ purposes to "k :at proportions ( ^! diff]5t sub/ances are conta9$ 9 any oil or mixture ( oils4 ,! object ( ! au?ors 0 to give accurate me?ods = det]m9+ ! p]c5tages ( ^! bodies conta9$ 9 any sample4 ,hydroc>bon or m9]al oils are n[ mu* us$ = lubricat+ ! cyl9d]s ( eng9es1 & especially ( cond5s+ eng9es1 & t = two reasons--fir/1 because !y are neutral bodies1 :i* h no action on metals2 &1 second1 t !y are n liable to deposit on ! boil]s1 if !y %\ld happ5 to be introduc$ ) ! cond5s$ wat] s z to produce burn+ ( ! ironwork ov] ! flues4 ,animal or vegetable oils or fats are compos$ ( fatty acids 9 comb9ation ) glyc]9e1 & ^!1 "u ! influ5ce ( high-pressure /eam1 are decompos$ or dissociat$1 ! fatty acids be+ lib]at$ f ! glyc]9e1 leav+ ! =m] to act ^u or corrode ! iron ( ! cyl9d]4 ,b "h _! objectionable influ5ce does n end4 ,!y =m ) ! iron h>d1 insoluble comp\nds call$ iron soaps1 :i* increase ! friction betwe5 ! cyl9d] & pi/on1 & 9 "s cases gradually collect into ! =m ( h>d balls inside ! cyl9d]4 ,:5 ! wat] is us$ ov] & ov] aga9 a consid]able proportion ( ! fatty acids ( ! oils us$ = lubricat+ ! pi/on is c>ri$ ov] ) ! /eam & is f\nd 9 ! cond5s$ wat] :i* is introduc$ into ! boil] along ) ! wat]4 ,"h x comm5ces action1 :i* proves q z injuri\s to ! boil] z x does to ! cyl9d]1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,x acts ^u ! iron ( ! boil] & on "s ( ! lime salts :i* con/itute ! incru/ation1 =m+ greasy iron & lime soaps1 :i* prev5t ! wat] f com+ into absolute contact ) x4 ,?us ! heat _c be drawn away quickly en\gh by ! wat]1 & ! plates ?us coat$ above ! flues are liable to become burd5$ & weak5$4 ,?is action has 9 _m cases gone on to su* an ext5t t ! flues h collaps$ "u ! pressure ( ! /eam inside4 ,! au?ors give two diff]5t processes = ! det]m9ation ( animal or vegetable oils or fats & hydroc>bon or o!r neutral oils4 ,!y take a c]ta9 weight ( ! sample & boil x ) twice its weight ( an eight p] c5t1 solution ( cau/ic soda 9 alcohol4 ,! soda comb9es ) ! fatty acids ( ! animal or vegetable oils =m+ soaps2 bic>bonate ( soda is !n add$ to neutralize ! excess ( cau/ic soda2 &1 la/ly1 s&2 & ! :ole is evaporat$ to dryness at ! temp]ature ( boil+ wat]4 ,! dry mixture is !n transf]r$ to a l>ge glass tube1 hav+ a small hole 9 ! bottom plugg$ ) glass wool to act z a filt]1 & light petroleum _s--:i* boils at ab\t #aej to #ahj ,fahr4--is p\r$ ov] x1 till all ! neutral or unsaponifiable oil is dissolv$ out4 ,9 ! o!r process no s& is us$1 b ! dry mixture is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 & ! soap solution :i* holds ! neutral oils 9 solution is treat$ ) e!r1 :i* dissolves out ! neutral oil & !n floats to ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,! e!r solution is !n drawn (f1 & ! e!r 9 ! "o case & petroleum _s 9 ! o!r are sep>at$ f ! dissolv$ oils by di/illation1 ! la/ traces ( ^! volatile liquids be+ sep>at$ by bl[+ a curr5t ( filt]$ air ?r\gh ! flask conta9+ ! neutral oil1 :i* is !n weigh$ & its p]c5tage on ! orig9al sample calculat$4 ,all animal & vegetable oils yield a small quantity--ab\t "o p] c5t4--( unsaponifiable fatty matt]1 :i* mu/ be d$uct$ f ! result obta9$4 ,sp]m oil1 h[ev]1 0 f\nd to be an exception1 because f its peculi> *emical con/itution x yields ne>ly half its weight ( a greasy sub/ance to ! e!r or to ! petroleum _s4 ,! sub/ance1 h[ev]1 dissolv$ f sp]m oil aft] saponification has ! appe>ance ( jelly1 :5 ! e!r or petroleum _s solution is conc5trat$ & all[$ to cool1 & ! pres5ce ( sp]m oil c ?us be readily detect$4 ,solid p>aff91 heavy petroleum or p>aff9 oils1 & ros9 oil--:i* is produc$ by ! de/ructive di/illation ( ros9--are n saponifiable1 & yield ab\t ! :ole ( ! am\nt employ$ to ! petroleum _s or e!r4 ,japan wax is almo/ entirely saponifiable1 :ile beeswax & sp]maceti yield ab\t half _! weights to ! petroleum _s or e!r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,nitrite ,,( ,,amyl4 ,dr4 ,edg> ,kurtz1 ( ,flor5ce1 has f\nd ?is m$icam5t s useful 9 ! v>i\s a*es & pa9s ( e-day life t he has p]suad$ _m families ( 8 acqua9tance to keep x on h& z a dome/ic rem$y4 ,x is an excell5t ext]nal application = /oma*-a*e1 colic1 too? a*e 7:e!r n]v\s or aris+ f c>ies71 neuralgia ( ! trigem9us1 ( ! c]vico-bra*ial plexus1 etc4 ,x is sup]ior to any?+ else :5 inhal$ 9 s-call$ angio-spa/ic hemicrania1 giv+ rapid relief 9 ! individual p>oxysms & prolong+ ! int]vals betwe5 ! latt]4 ,no trial 0 made 9 cases ( angio p>alytic hemicrania1 s9ce 9 ?is affection ! drug w\ld be physiologically contra9dicat$4 ,x has a v good effect 9 dysm5orrhoea1 especially :5 occurr+ 9 *lorotic girls2 9 mild cases ext]nal applications suffice1 o!rwise ! drug %\ld be inhal$ 7:5 complicat$ ) inflammatory conditions ( ! ut]us or app5dages ! results 7 d\btful or negative74 ,its physiological action be+ t ( a p>alyz+ ag5t ( ! muscul> tissue ( ! blood vessels1 ) consequ5t dilatation ( _! calib] 7mo/ m>k$ 9 ! upp] half ( ! body71 nitrite ( amyl is !oretically indicat$ 9 all conditions ( c]ebral anaemia4 ,practically x 0 f\nd to be ( mu* value 9 attacks ( dizz9ess & fa9tness occurr+ 9 anmic individuals1 z also 9 a fa9t+-fit f r5al colic1 & 9 sev]al cases ( collapse dur+ anae/hesia by *lor(orm4 ,x has be5 recomm5d$ 9 asphyxia f dr[n+1 hang+1 & 9 asphyxia ( ! new born1 b ! fir/ indication 9 ^! cases is ! induction ( artificial respiration1 aft] ! successful initiation ( :i* inhalations ( nitrite ( amyl d\btless assi/ 9 ov]com+ ! concomitant spasm ( ! small] art]ies4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important indications = ! use ( ! drug is ?reat5+ p>alysis ( ! he>t f insuffici5t comp5sation4 ,9 su* cases x is necess>y to ga9 "t until digitalis & alcoholics c unfold _! action1 & "h nitrite ( amyl /&s pre-em95t4 ,a s+le case 9 po9t w suffice to illu/rate ?is4 ,! pati5t 0 suff]+ f mitral insuffici5cy1 ) irregul> pulse1 loss ( appetite1 enl>gem5t ( ! liv]1 & mild jaundice4 ,tempor>y relief _h be5 sev]al times af=d$ by infusion ( digitalis4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahgi1 ! condition ( ! pati5t sudd5ly became aggravat$4 ,! pulse became v irregul> & int]mitt5t4 ,! condition describ$ z delirium cordis pres5t$ itself1 toge!r ) epiga/ric pulsation & vomit+4 ,vigor\s c\nt]-irritation1 by means ( hot bottles & s9apisms to ! extremities1 etc41 prov$ useless4 ,digitalis & *ampagne1 :5 adm9i/]$1 7 imm$iately vomit$4 ,! pulse ran up f sev5ty until x c\ld no long] be c\nt$ at ! wri/1 :ile ! beats ( ! he>t increas$ to "o hundr$ & tw5ty & m p] m9ute4 ,! extremities grew cold1 & ! face became cov]$ ) p]spiration4 ,! ur9e 0 highly album9\s4 ,nitrite ( amyl 0 !n adm9i/]$ by inhalation3 at fir/1 ?ree to five drops2 !n1 t5 to tw5ty2 & f9ally1 m or less 0 p\r$ on ! h&k]*ief )\t be+ measur$4 ,dur+ ea* inhalation ! condition ( ! pati5t rapidly improv$1 b z quickly grew worse1 s t ! drug 0 cont9u$ at %ort int]vals all night1 t5 grammes 9 all hav+ be5 us$4 ,9 ! morn+ ! pati5t 0 bett]1 & #j4e gramme ( digitalis 0 !n giv5 9 infusion p] rectum1 & repeat$ on ! foll[+ day1 aft] :i* ! pati5t rema9$ comp>atively well until a ye> & a half lat]1 :5 a second attack ( ! k9d j describ$ 0 quickly cut %ort by simil> treatm5t4 ,ano!r notewor?y case 0 t ( a robu/ man ( ?irty ye>s1 :o 0 attack$ ) acute ga/ro inte/9al cat>rh4 ,! pati5t _h z _m z "o hundr$ wat]y evacuations 9 =ty-eight h\rs1 ) fa9t+ fits1 viol5t cramps 9 ! calves ( ! legs1 two attacks ( g5]al convulsions--9 %ort1 he pres5t$ ! picture ( a p]son attack$ ) *ol]a4 ,opium1 *ampagne1 hypod]mic injections ( sulphuric e!r1 c\nt]-irritation1 etc41 prov$ useless4 ,! doctor 0 on ! po9t ( inject+ dilute liquor ammonii into ! ve9s1 b1 none be+ obta9able1 x occurr$ to him to try nitrite ( amyl z a la/ resort4 ,a consid]able am\nt 0 p\r$ on a h&k]*ief & held be=e ! pati5t's m\? & nose1 :ile ! legs 7 also rubb$ en]getically ) ! same ag5t4 ,respiration soon became deep] & m regul>1 :ile ! pulse gradually return$ at ! wri/4 ,^! proc$ures 7 repeat$ aga9 & aga91 )\t reg>d to ! quantity ( ! drug us$1 z soon z ! radial pulse became weak]1 & kept up until ! pati5t compla9$ ( a s5se ( fullness 9 ! head1 & reque/$ ! discont9uance ( ! drug4 ,! evacuations became less frequ5t1 & 9 a week ! pati5t 0 able to be up4 ,resum+ !n1 ,kurz concludes t nitrite ( amyl is indicat$ 9 c>diac affections :5 ! capill>y circulation is ob/ruct$ & ! c>diac muscle is ?reat5$ ) p>alysis f ov]work2 fur!r1 9 cases ( imp$$ circulation occasion$ by *ol]a or sev]e di>rhea1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s-call$ hydrocephaloid 7false hydrocephalus7 ( *ildr54 ,x is wor?y ( trial 9 tetanic & eclamptic seizures1 & 9 tonic angiospasms su* z occur dur+ ! *ill ( mal>ial fev]s1 al?\gh 9 ! la/-m5tion$ condition piloc>p9e is p]haps m suitable1 provid$ ! en]gy ( ! he>t be unimpair$4 ,z reg>ds ! dose1 ,kurz's exp]i5ce demon/rates t we ne$ n re/rict ourselves to a few drops4 ,! quantity may be increas$1 if necess>y1 until symptoms ( c]ebral conge/ion %[ !mselves1 :5 ! drug %\ld be mom5t>ily or p]man5tly discont9u$4 ,usually f ?ree to five or t5 drops are suffici5t1 sometimes ev5 less4 ,kurz has met ) no unpleasant consequ5ces1 mu* less s]i\s complications1 f ! application ( nitrite ( amyl4 ,b ! drug is contra9dicat$ 9 cases associat$ ) c]ebral hyp]aemia1 9 a!romat\s conditions ( ! art]ies1 & 9 ! s-call$ ple?oric /ate--,beta's ,memoabili51 ,m>* #bd1 #ahha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,acute ,,rheumatism4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,/ill1 ,m4,d4 ,! treatm5t ( simple acute articul> rheumatism may be ab&on$ to palliatives & nature4 ,ap>t f complications1 su* cases ne>ly always recov] "u re/ & c>eful nurs+4 ,try & disabuse y\rselves ( ! idea t _! cure is dep5d5t ^u m$ic9es alone2 to help nature is (t5 ! be/ we c d4 ,no treatm5t 0 ev] inv5t$ :i* /opp$ a case ( acute articul> rheumatism4 ,x _c be /opp$ by ble$+1 or sweat+1 or purg+1 by nit]1 by t>t> emetic1 by guaiacum1 by alkalies1 by sal9es1 by salicylic acid1 or by any?+ else4 ,! physician c palliate ! pa9 & p]haps %ort5 ! attack1 c control & p]haps prev5t complications & /iffness ( ! jo9ts1 b he _c arre/ ! disease4 ,:]e re/1 prop] diet1 & w>m? are enjo9$1 mo/ cases w get well j z soon )\t z ) ! use ( m$ic9al me?ods4 ,dr4 ,au/9 ,fl9t1 ,sr41 ( ,new ,york1 9 support ( ?is /atem5t1 subject$ "s pati5ts1 a numb] ( ye>s ago1 to ! expectant treatm5t1 & f\nd t !y made j z rapid & j z complete recov]ies z did ^? cases "u ! mo/ active m$ication4 ,purgatives h be5 us$ 9 all ages 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is disease1 because x 0 ?\ght to be a fev]4 ,we are all b too ready to put our necks into ! yoke ( a !ory4 ,9 old times !y ?\ght t ! sy/em ought to be r$uc$4 ,be=e ! "t ( purgatives depletion 0 employ$4 ,?is mode ( treatm5t ,i w n ev5 discuss4 ,!re is no evid5ce ( :i* ,i am cognizant 9 favor ( purgatives4 ,!re are v good reasons inde$ :y !y %\ld n be us$3 7#a7 ,because !y _c possibly cure2 7#b7 because !y oblige ! pati5t to make pa9ful movem5ts2 & 7#c7 because !y expose him to ! dang]s ( cold4 ,a celebrat$ ,london physician _h all 8 pati5ts pack$ 9 blankets1 & did n all[ !m to move a f+]4 ,?is 0 go+ to ! o!r extreme4 ,!re are c]ta9 cases 9 :i* purgatives are alleg$ to be ( use1 viz43 ,^? 9 :i* ! b[els are con/ipat$1 & !re is a bitt] ta/e 9 ! m\?4 ,i h nev] se5 su* cases except 9 habitual drunk>ds1 & 9 su* cases a purgative does m h>m ?an all[+ ! effete matt] to rema9 9 ! sy/em4 ,opium 0 once vaunt$ z a specific1 & x 0 claim$ t x dim9i%$ ! t5d5cy to complications 9 ! c\rse ( ! disease4 ,dr4 ,corrigan1 ( ,dubl91 said t l>ge doses ( opium 7 well borne--say f f\r to twelve gra9s 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or sometimes he advis$ giv+ z mu* z "o gra9 e h\r4 ,opium s employ$ does n produce n>cotism1 & does n con/ipate ! b[els4 ,m rec5t exp]i5ce has %[n t opium1 ( all rem$ies1 is ! mo/ likely to cause he>t complications4 ,"s h recomm5d$ col*icum1 argu+ t because x does good 9 g\t1 x mu/1 !re=e1 d good 9 rheumatism4 ,b col*icum is n a rem$y = rheumatism4 ,_m ye>s ago x 0 v mu* ! cu/om to adm9i/] l>ge doses ( p[d]$ ,p]uvian b>k4 ,! rationale ( ^! l>ge doses 0 f\nd$ ^u _! s$ative effect4 ,haygra?1 ,morton1 ,heb]d51 & ,fo!rgill 7 ! fir/ to employ ?is me?od4 ,lat] /ill1 a numb] ( not$ ,fr5* physicians1 among !m ,briquet1 ,&ral1 ,mon]at1 & ,legr\x1 r5ew$ ! use ( ?is m$ic9e 9 ! =m ( qu9ia1 b gave x 9 small] doses1 seek+ only its tonic effect1 f five to fifte5 gra9s be+ adm9i/]$ 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & !n x 0 /ill cont9u$ 9 small] doses4 ,/ill m rec5tly1 qu9ia tak+ ! place ( ,p]uvian b>k1 ! old plan ( adm9i/]+ l>ge doses has be5 resum$4 ,f ?irty all ! way up to "o hundr$ gra9s h be5 adm9i/]$ 9 ! c\rse ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,nev] 0 !re a m pr(ligate wa/e ( a preci\s m$ic9e4 ,ev5 ! physicians :o s us$ x 7 oblig$ to ackn[l$ge t x only did good 9 sub-acute & mild cases4 ,i believe t x has also be5 fa%ionable 9 ! s call$ cases ( hyp]pyrexia to imm]se ! pati5t 9 a ba? v>y+ 9 temp]ature f #fj to #ih ,fahr4 ,al?\gh pati5ts ?us treat$ sometimes recov]$1 !y also sometimes p]i%$ f conge/ion ( ! lungs & bra94 ,among c>diac & n]v\s s$atives1 digitalis1 v]atrum album & viride1 v]atria & aconite1 h ea*1 at "o "t or o!r1 be5 employ$ indiscrim9ately4 ,su* treatm5t1 ( c\rse1 has only prov5 itself to be a monum5t ( ra%ness to ^? :o employ$ x4 ,su* s$atives may r$uce ! pulse1 b d n %ort5 ! disease4 ,inde$1 if x is possible to prove ! absurdity ( any?+ m cle>ly by m]e enum]ation ( ^! m$ic9es z cures = rheumatism1 ,i d n "k ( x4 ,d digitalis & aconite act 9 ! same mann]8 ,?is is j "o expression ( ! folly :i* surr\nd$ ! use ( digitalis at ! "t ( its discov]y4 ,!n e affection ( ! he>t 0 treat$ ) digitalis4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s new rem$ies h be5 proclaim$ 9 ! %ape ( salicylic acid & its sodium salt4 ,i confess t ,i possess no p]sonal k ( _! use 9 ?is disease1 = ,i 0 at fir/ dissuad$ f employ+ !m by a prejudice aga9/ ! gr\nds on :i* !y 7 recomm5d$1 & m rec5tly by ! contradictory judgm5ts respect+ !m1 & ! unque/ionable mis*ief !y h sometimes caus$4 ,accord+ to _! eulogi/s1 ! arre/ ( ! disease is secur$ by !m )9 f\r or five days1 :e!r ! attack be febrile or n2 its mortality 0 dim9i%$2 relapses d n occur if ! m$ic9e is cont9u$ until full convalesc5ce2 x is )\t influ5ce on ! he>t complications already exi/+1 b x t5ds to prev5t !m z well z o!r s]i\s inflammations4 ,"o ( ^! g5tlem5 assures u t to say x f> excels any o!r me?od ( treatm5t w\ld be to give x b scant praise4 ,b1 ^u ! o!r h&1 x is accus$ ( produc+ disord]s1 & ev5 grave accid5ts 9 almo/ all ! functions ( ! economy4 ,9 "s cases x has produc$ r++ 9 ! e>s or deafness1 or a rapid pulse1 or an excessively high temp]ature1 pant+ respiration1 pr(use p]spiration1 album9uria1 delirium1 & imm95t collapse4 ,9 "o publi%$ case ?is anti-pyretic did n l[]1 b1 on ! contr>y1 seem$ actually to raise ! temp]ature s high t imm$iately aft] dea? x /ood at #aaj ,f4 ,_m1 v _m1 analog\s cases h be5 publi%$4 ,i repeat1 !re=e1 t ,i am p]sonally unacqua9t$ ) ! effects ( ?is m$ic9e 9 acute articul> rheumatism1 & t ,i h n ?us f> be5 tempt$ to employ x4 ,x may be difficult to see ! connection betwe5 bli/]s & alkalies 9 _! p[] to influ5ce ! c\rse ( acute articul> rheumatism1 & yet x is c]ta9 t !y d s influ5ce x1 & 9 ! same way1 i4 e41 by alt]+ ! condition ( ! blood f acid to alkal9e4 ,if y ask me to expla9 to y h[ bli/]s act 9 ?is way ,i am oblig$ to confess my ignorance4 ,to produce ?is result !y mu/ be appli$ ov] all ! affect$ jo9ts4 ,exp]i5ce1 if n sci5ce1 has decid$ conclusively 9 _! favor4 ,!y d effect a cessation ( ! local symptoms1 r5d] ! ur9e alkal9e1 & dim9i% ! am\nt ( fibr9 9 ! blood4 ,?is br+s u to a consid]ation ( ! use ( alkalies4 ,alkalies neutralize ! acids1 act z diuretics1 & elim9ate ! mat]ies morbi4 ,alone1 & 9 small doses1 !y are unable to influ5ce ! c\rse ( ! disease2 b :5 giv5 9 v l>ge doses _! effects are m>vel\s2 ! pulse falls1 ! ur9e is increas$ 9 quantity & becomes alkal9e1 & ! inflammation subsides4 ,! symptoms ( ! disease are mod]at$1 ! duration ( ! attack is %ort5$1 & ! c>diac complications are prev5t$4 ,! dose ( ! alkalies mu/ be increas$ until ! acid secretions are neutraliz$4 ,a v good comb9ation ( ^! rem$ies is ! foll[+3 ,rx4 ,sodae bic>b #c iss4 ,potas4 acet #c ss4 ,acid4 cit f4 #c ss4 ,aquae f4 #c ij4 #a ,transcrib]s note #a3 ,c\ld also be '#b_/c ij4' ,s4 ,?is dose %\ld be repeat$ e ?ree or f\r h\rs1 until ! ur9e becomes alkal9e4 ,on ! subsid5ce ( ! active symptoms two gra9s ( qu99e may be add$ ) advantage to ea* dose4 ,! alkalies mu/ be gradually discont9u$1 b ! qu9ia cont9u$4 ,! diet %\ld consi/ ( beef tea or bro?1 ) bread & milk2 no solid food %\ld be all[$4 ,wool5 clo?s1 moi/5$ ) alkal9e solutions1 may ) advantage be appli$ to ! affect$ jo9ts4 ,to ^! laudanum may be add$ = its anodyne effect4 ,! pati5t mu/ be s$ul\sly protect$ f vicissitudes ( ! temp]ature & be 9 b$ betwe5 blankets4 ,! alkal9e treatm5t relieves ! pa91 abates ! fev]1 & saves ! he>t by less5+ ! am\nt ( fibr9 9 ! blood4 ,a long "t ago ,dr4 ,ow5 ,rees1 ( ,london1 introduc$ ! use ( lemon juice4 ,?is rem$y 0 ?\ght to conv]t uric acid into urea1 & to s help elim9ation4 ,?\gh ! treatm5t is practically correct1 ! !ory ( x is all wrong4 ,lemon juice does good 9 mild cases1 b _c be reli$ ^u 9 sev]e attacks4 ,dur+ ! febrile /age ( acute articul> rheumatism ! diet %\ld consi/ ma9ly ( f>9ace\s & mucilag9\s prep>ations1 ) lemonade & c>bonic acid wat] z dr9ks4 ,! clo?s appli$ to ! jo9ts %\ld be *ang$ :5 !y become saturat$ ) sweat1 & 9 *ang+ !m ! pati5t %\ld be protect$ f ! air4 ,! sweat+ may be controll$ by small doses ( atropia1 f ! "o-sixtie? to ! "o-?irtie? ( a gra94 ,to prev5t subsequ5t /iffness ! jo9ts %\ld be ba!d ) w>m oil & *lor(orm1 & wrapp$ 9 flannel clo?s4 ,9 ! prop] season ?is condition is v well treat$ by sea-ba?+4 ,!re is no specific plan ( treatm5t 9 acute articul> rheumatism4 ,! treatm5t pursu$ mu/ v>y accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! inflammation & ! peculi>ities ( ! pati5ts4--,m$ical ,gazette4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,me?od ,,9 ,,madness4 ,no psy*ologi/ has hi!rto be5 able1 & probably x is impossible1 to def9e madness1 or to give a cle>ly m>k$ indication ( ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 sanity & insanity4 ,m5tal s\ndness is m]g$ 9 uns\ndness by degrees ( decad5ce :i* are s small z to be practically inappreciable4 ,x is ) ! m9d-/ate :i* prec$es ! developm5t ( recogniz$ =m ( insanity ! !rapeuti/ & ! social philosoph] are *iefly int]e/$4 ,al?\gh 9 individual cases ! subject ( m5tal d]angem5t may1 z ! phrase runs1 g mad sudd5ly1 speak+ g5]ally insanity is a symptom occurr+ 9 ! c\rse ( disease1 &1 commonly1 n until ! malady ( :i* x is ! expression has made "s progress4 ,^? m5tal di/urbances :i* consi/ 9 a tempor>y ab]ration ( bra9 function1 & :i* are ! accid5ts ( in/ability1 r ?an ! effects ( develop$ or ev5 develop+ neuroses1 c sc>cely be class$ z insanity2 al?\gh x is true1 & 9 an important s5se1 t ^! pass+ /orms ( excitem5t or spells ( moody depression may--act+ reflexly on ! c]ebral & n]v\s c5t]s1 z all m9d-/ates & m9d-movem5ts react--ex]t a morbific influ5ce & lay ! physical bases ( m5tal disease4 ,! consid]ation mo/ practical to ! community & g]mane to ! "q ( public safety is1 t 9 any & e population !re mu/ exi/ a dang]\sly l>ge proportion ( p]sons :o are always 9 a condition ( m9d to be injuri\sly influ5c$ by any =ce :i* p[]fully affects !m4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 x w\ld seem t ! majority ( su* p]sons are controll$ r ?an morbidly excit$ by ! opportunity ( ?r[+ !mselves into any popul> movem5t4 ,!y may suff] aft]w>d = ! /imulation !y receive at ! "t ( public commotions1 b :ile ^! are 9 progress !y l9k _! own consci\sness ) t ( o!r m9ds1 & ! t5d5cy to develop individual ecc5tricities ( m5tal action is !reby = ! mom5t repress$ or exhau/$4 ,x is 9 ! int]vals ( great public excitem5t ! peace is di/urb$ by ! vag>ies ( crim9als :o are m or less reasonably suspect$ ( be+ insane4 ,x w\ld be premature to assume t ! murd]] ( ,mr4 ,gold1 or ! man :o attempt$ to assass9ate ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 is insane4 ,!re are circum/ances 9 connection ) ea* ( ^! trag$ies :i* mu/ sugge/ ! reflection t ! assailants 7 possibly1 or ev5 probably1 ( uns\nd m9d4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 propose to discuss ^! features ( ! respective cases at ?is juncture4 ,! full facts are n1 z yet1 asc]ta9$2 b en\gh is kn[n to w>rant an endeavor to cle> ! way = future rem>k by dispos+ ( ! objection t ! suspect$ p]petrator ( ! ,brighton outrage & ! w\ld-be assass9 ( ! ,presid5t bo? %[$ =e?\ght & me?od4 ,x is a common =mula = ! expression ( d\bt z to ! irresponsibility ( an alleg$ lunatic1 t !re is me?od 9 8 madness4 ,no?+ c be f>!r f ! tru? ?an ! inf]5ce to :i* ?is obs]vation is int5d$ to po9t4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ degree necess>y t a madman %\ld be unconsci\s ( ! act he p]=ms1 or ( its nature z a violation ( ! law ( ,god or man2 nor is x necess>y t he %\ld d ! de$ "u an ungov]nable impulse1 or at ! suppos$ bidd+ ( ,god or devil1 angel or fi5d4 ,! =ms ( m5tal disease to :i* ^! presumptions apply are co>se developm5ts ( insanity4 ,dr4 ,pri*>d 0 among ! fir/ ( ,engli% m$ico-psy*ologi/s to recognize ! exi/5ce ( a m subtle =m ( disease1 :i* he t]m$ moral insanity4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] suppli$ ! key-note to ?is my/]y ( madness :5 he prop\nd$ ! doctr9e ( dissolution2 & ,dr4 ,hughl+s ,jackson has s9ce appli$ t hypo!sis to ! elucidation ( morbid m5tal /ates & _! correlat$ ph5om5a4 ,:5 disorganiz+--or1 if we may borr[ an expression f ! t]m9ology ( geological sci5ce1 d5ud+--disease attacks ! m5tal organism1 x1 s to say1 /rips (f1 lay] by lay]1 ! successive /rata ( habit1 pr9ciple1 & nature1 :i* compose ! "*4 ,fir/ 9 ord] g ! high] moral qualities ( ! m9d2 next ^? :i* are ! result ( p]sonally =m$ habits2 !n ! inh]it$ pr9ciples ( p]sonal & social life2 at l5g? ! poli% :i* civilization gives to humanity is lo/1 & 9 ! process ( d5udation ! evolution>y elem5ts ( man's nature are progressively de/roy$1 until he is r$uc$ to ! level ( a creature inspir$ by purely animal passions1 & obey+ ! l[] bruti% in/9cts4 ,! t]m moral insanity is accurate z f> z x goes1 b x expresses only ! fir/ /age 9 a process ( dissolution :i* is ess5tially ! same ?r\gh\t1 b :i* has un=tunately receiv$ diff]5t designations z its sev]al features h be5 recogniz$ & /udi$ ap>t4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! subject ( moral insanity & ! g5]al p>alytic1 :o has lo/ all s5se ( dec5cy & lives ! life ( a bea/1 is "o ( degree4 ,! practical difficulty is to conv9ce ! m]e obs]v] t =ms ( insanity :i* seem to consi/ 9 ! loss ( moral qualities & pr9ciples only1 may be z directly ! effect ( bra9 disease z any ( ^? gross] v>ieties ( m5tal disord] :i* he is p]fectly well able to recognize1 & fully prep>$ to ascribe to _! prop] cause4 ,to ! pr(essional m9d1 at lea/1 x w foll[ f :at we h said t ! injury to m9d prop]ties or qualities inflict$ by ! invasion ( disease may be p>tial1 & mu/ 9 e case be det]m9$ by laws or conditions gov]n+ ! progress ( disease1 p]haps on ! l9es & 9 ! directions :i* h be5 lea/ well gu>d$ by education>y influ5ces4 ,a man may lose 8 faculty ( =m+ a wise judgm5t long be=e he is depriv$ ( ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 "r & wrong4 ,?is is s because x is a high] atta9m5t 9 moral culture to d "r advis$ly1 ?an simply to p]ceive ! "r ?+ to d4 ,! application ( pr9ciple to conduct is an advance on ! m]e recognition ( virtue 9 ! concrete1 or ev5 ! possession ( virtue 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! "q :e!r any pa/ act ( wrongdo+ 0 an act ( insanity does n s mu* dep5d ^u ! great "q :e!r ! p]son do+ x 0 insane z a :ole be+1 or :e!r ! de$ done 0 ! outcome ( passion or error1 ! direct fruit ( limit$ or special disease4 ,9 %ort1 ! insanity ( ! act mu/ be inf]r$ f ! morbid condition ( ! bra9 f :i* x sprang1 r ?an f ! act itself4 ,a p>tially disorganiz$--or z we pref] to say d5ud$--bra9 may be fully capable ( sane ?\ght1 except on "s "o topic1 & able to ex]cise e intellectual function except ( a p>ticul> ord]4 ,or !re may be m5tal weakness & neurotic susceptibility 9 reg>d to a special class ( impressions4 ,x w\ld be difficult to "n any =m ( act or submission :i* may n be ! outcome ( incipi5t or limit$ disease4 ,! practical difficulty is to avoid1 on ! o!r h&1 treat+ ! fruits ( disease z willful (f5ses2 :ile1 on ! o!r1 we d n all[ ! supposition or presumption ( disease to be employ$ z an excuse = wrongdo+4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 cle> t !re may be p]fect me?od 9 su* madness z spr+s f p>tial or comm5c+ bra9 disease2 = e elem5t 9 ! m5tal process :i* culm9ates 9 a mad act may be sane except ! inception ( ! idea 9 :i* ! act took its rise4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! suspect$ murd]] ( ,mr4 ,gold1 !re may h be5 p]fect sanity 9 respect to e /age ( ! process by :i* ! crime 0 plann$ & c>ri$ out1 & yet insanity1 ! effect ( bra9 disease1 9 ! idea by :i* ! de$ 0 sugge/$4 ,= example1 :5 a man is suff]+ f morbid suspicion1 &1 fix+ 8 di/ru/ on "s individual1 purposes to murd] him1 ! intellectual processes by :i* he lays 8 plans & fulfills 8 morbidly conceiv$ int5tion1 are p]=m$ ) p]fect sanity1 z by a sane w4 ,x is important to recognize ?is4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 9 nature betwe5 ! m5tal op]ation by :i* a sane man contrives & executes a crime1 & t by :i* a kn[n lunatic w commit ! l (f5se4 ,!re may be z mu* me?od 9 ! "o in/ance z 9 ! o!r1 & ! faculties :i* exhibit ?is me?od may be z s\nd & effective1 b 9 ! "o case ! idea beh9d ! act is sane1 :ile 9 ! o!r x is insane4 ,! bra9 is n "o l>ge homog5e\s organ to be heal?y or diseas$1 ord]ly or d]ang$1 ?r\gh\t at any "o p]iod4 ,inflammations1 & diseases g5]ally1 :i* affect ! bra9 z a :ole d n commonly cause insanity prop]ly s call$4 ,! organ ( ! m9d is a composite1 or aggregate ( cells1 or molecules1 any numb] or s]ies ( :i* may be affect$ ) disease :ile ! re/ rema9 heal?y4 ,at pres5t we are only on ! ?re%old ( inve/igation conc]n+ ! physical causes ( insanity1 & h sc>cely done m ?an recognize ! possibility ( molecul> disease ( ! bra94 ,h]eaft] sci5ce w1 probably1 succe$ 9 unveil+ ! obscure facts ( molecul> bra9 pa?ology1 & enable ! m$ical psy*ologi/ to pr$icate disease ( recogniz$ classes ( bra9 elem5ts f ! special ph5om5a ( m9d di/urbance4 ,?is is ! l9e ( inquiry1 & ! result1 to :i* ! progress already made di/9ctly t5ds4 ,= ! pres5t1 ! inf]5ces we c surely draw f kn[n facts are v few2 b prom95t among ! numb] are c]ta9 :i* x is all-important to recognize 9 view ( ! judgm5t :i* mu/ h]eaft] be =m$ on ! two cases n[ engag+ public att5tion on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! exi/5ce ( me?od 9 madness is no m>vel1 & t *>act]i/ic _c !re=e be suppos$1 or alleg$1 to weigh z evid5ce aga9/ ! insanity ( ! crim9al4 ,! p]petrators ( ^! he9\s (f5ses aga9/ common "r & public safety may be m or less responsible = _! acts1 &1 s f> z ^! are conc]n$1 m or less sane or insane4 ,! measure ( ! morbid elem5t 9 _! individual cases w be ! heal? or disease ( ! p>ticul> "p or elem5t ( ! bra9 f :i* ! (f5se sprang4 ,! ultimate judgm5t =m$ mu/ be det]m9$ ^u ! basis ( sci5tific te/s to be appli$ to ! action ( ! bra9 alleg$ to be ! subject ( p>tial or incipi5t disease4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! facts z !y /& to supply ! mat]ials = a judgm5t4 ,precise sci5tific inquiry c alone solve ! enigma ea* case pres5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,simple ,,me?ods ,,to ,,/aun* ,,accid5tal ,,hemorrhage4 ,by ,,edw>d ,,borck1 ,m4,d41 ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mo4 ,at fir/ sight x seems almo/ sup]flu\s to write or say a ^w ab\t any me?od ( arre/+ hemorrhage f w\nds2 = ! practition]1 z a rule1 is well acqua9t$ ) all ! diff]5t manipulations & appliances = ! purpose1 & en\gh may be obta9$ f ! text books4 ,nev]!less1 to call att5tion to "s useful1 or old1 or app>5tly =gott5 matt] occasionally1 seems n to be amiss1 = x refre%es our memory1 /imulates u to ?9k ab\t & keeps be=e our eyes important subjects4 ,a few h9ts on ! above1 ,i hope1 w !re=e be well receiv$4 ,! treatm5t ( hemorrhage1 viz41 ! arre/+ ( ! same f op5 w\nds1 is n only important to ! surgeon z ! basis ( surg]y1 b x is also ( great importance to ! laity1 & especially to ^? workm5 :o are p]petually 9 dang] ( be+ injur$4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ unkn[+ ! p seem to be1 ) any me?od to *eck ble$+ f a w\nd tempor>ily2 ev5 ! mo/ simple me?od ( pressure is 9 ! majority ( su* accid5ts n resort$ to4 ,! sight ( a little blood does n alone upset a timid1 n]v\s woman1 b _m times ! /ronge/ ( m52 & :y8 because x naturally creates a feel+ ( awe & dete/ation4 ,if a p]son is w\nd$ by a ma*9e1 or o!rwise1 a cr[d ( all 8 fell[ workm5 ga!r ar\nd him1 & look on ! poor fell[ ble$+2 half a doz5 or m w />t out on a run 9 diff]5t directions to hunt a doctor1 or "s old woman :o has a reputation = /opp+ ble$+ by sympa?y1 ei!r ( :om !y are likely to f9d n at home4 ,9 ! meantime ! vital fluid trickles away2 nobody kn[s :at to d2 ev]ybody does some?+1 b none ! "r ?+4 ,n[1 x is true1 x does n (t5 happ5 t any "o ble$s to dea?1 wise "m nature1 z a rule1 com+ to _! assi/ance1 especially 9 lac]at$ w\nds2 b ! anemic condition produc$ by excessive loss ( blood is foll[$ by sev]e consequ5ces1 & is to be dread$1 = x ret>ds recov]y4 ,to save all ! blood possible ought to be appreh5d$ z an important matt] by e "o4 ,h>dly a week passes t "s un=tunate is n br\ght to my (fice1 :o has be5 badly injur$ 9 "s way2 he has be5 ble$+1 p]haps1 ! di/ance ( sev]al blocks1 & arrives almo/ fa9t4 ,9 ! mo/ ( su* cases !y h some?+ ti$ ar\nd _! w\nds1 b h>dly ev] 9 any mann] s z to be equal to /op ! ble$+4 ,9 exceptional cases y f9d a t\rniquet or ! ,spani% w9dlass appli$4 ,?is1 :5 appli$ by a surgeon1 may answ] v well1 b :5 appli$ by a non-pr(essional p]son x is inv>iably screw$ up s tight t ! pa9 produc$ !reby is s great & intol]able t ! pati5t pref]s r to ble$ to dea?4 ,?is is a great objection4 ,!re=e ,i w call att5tion to ! me?od ( =cible flexion2 & ?\gh extreme flexion has be5 practic$ by surgeons 9 isolat$ cases1 /ill to ,pr(essor ,adelman1 ( ,dorpat1 is due ! cr$it ( fir/ hav+ sy/ematiz$ ! foll[+ me?od3 ,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,upp] ,,arm 7,,art4 ,,bra*ialis74 ,br+ ! elb[s ( ! pati5t z ne> z possible toge!r ^u ! back1 & fa/5 !m ) a b&age4 ,f ?is po9t let a doppelt b&age pass d[n to & ov] ! p]9eum2 sep>ate ! b&ages aga9 9 front1 let "o end run ov] ! left1 ! o!r ov] ! "r gro9 back aga9 to ! elb[s 7see ,fig4 #a7 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,! illu/rations w expla9 at a glance4 ,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,art]ies ,,9 ,,! ,,upp] ,,?ird ,,( ,,! ,,arm4 ,acute flexion ( ! elb[1 simple b5d+ ( ! =e>m ^u ! upp] arm1 w suffice4 ,b if !re is ble$+ f ! art]ies ne> ! jo9t ( ! h& or f any "p ( ! h&1 !n ! h& mu/ also be br\ght into flexion1 & secur$ by a b&age4 7,see ,fig4 #b47 ,! b&age mu/ always be wrapp$ ar\nd ! w\nd fir/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,?igh 7,,art4 ,,femoralis74 ,x ne$s no o!r explanation1 z ,fig4 #c %[s ! mode ( /opp+ ! hemorrhage f t region tempor>ily4 ,ble$+ f ! front "p ( ! leg 7,art4 ,tibialis ,ant471 same z ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,ble$+ f ! po/]ior "p ( ! leg 7,art4 ,tibiailis ,po/1 et ,p]onea7 same z above1 ) ! addition ( a tampon or compress "u ! knee jo9t1 or l ,fig4 #d4 ,,ble$+ ,,f ,,! ,,foot 7,,art4 ,,plant>is ,,et ,,dorsalis ,,p$is74 ,flexion ( ! leg ^u ! ?igh1 & flexion ( ! foot ^u ! front ( ! tibia4 ,objections might also be rais$ to ! above me?od on acc\nt ( ! pa9 :i* x may produce2 b ! flexion nev] ne$s to be s =c$ z to be un5durable to ! pati5t2 ! position may be a little uncom=table to a v s5sitive p]son1 t is all4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 prov5 t a limb c be kept 9 a flex$ position = sev]al days1 n9e by "s au?ors1 )\t any injury1 & ) a complete closure ( ! art]ies4 ,we d n expect1 h[ev]1 t ?is me?od ( arre/+ hemorrhage w ev] be adopt$ z ! me?od 9 surg]y1 nei!r w x be necess>y "h to po9t out any cases :]e ! practition] c h & "u c]ta9 circum/ances be oblig$ to h to resort to ?is simple me?od4 ,milit>y surgeons may also pr(it by x1 = x is c]ta9ly a valuable & admirable mode1 & s easily appli$ 9 cases ( em]g5cy by any "o1 if ! un=tunate %\ld be di/ant f surgical aid4 ,i also believe t x w\ld be advisable & c]ta9ly humane1 to in/ruct ! p 9 g5]al1 by popul> lectures or ?r\gh ! press1 ! mann] ( /opp+ hemorrhage tempor>ily4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! simple/ ( all me?ods1 h[ev]1 to arre/ hemorrhage is ! rubb] b&age4 ,x has displac$ 9 surg]y ! old t\rniquet almo/ completely1 :i* requir$ a c]ta9 skill & anatomical k to apply x2 n necess>ily s ) ! rubb] b&age4 ,any "o c apply x1 = ! am\nt ( pressure ne$$ to arre/ ! hemorrhage f a w\nd sugge/s itself4 ,! rubb] b&age produces b little pa92 ! pati5t is comp>atively com=table & out ( imm$iate dang] & anxiety2 :ile 9 ! meantime ! prop] att5tion c be secur$4 ,i ?9k x w\ld be well if our heal? (fic]s w\ld direct _! att5tion a little to ! accid5tal hemorrhages1 & if !y d n possess ! p[]1 to ref] ! matt] to ! prop] tribunal to enact a law t w\ld compel all own]s & corporations ( factories1 saw1 plan+1 & roll+ mills1 &1 9 fact1 e e/abli%m5t :]e ! labor]s are con/antly 9 dang] ( accid5ts1 to keep on h& a c]ta9 numb] ( /rong rubb] b&ages1 accord+ to ! numb] ( m5 employ$1 & t at lea/ sev]al ( ! m51 if n all 9 e e/abli%m5t ( t k9d1 be in/ruct$ 9 ! application ( ! b&age4 ,/eamboats & o!r vessels %\ld c>ry a supply1 & railroad companies %\ld be oblig$ to furni% all wat*m5 along _! respective roads ) rubb] b&ages1 & see t ! m5 "k h[ to use !m 9 case an accid5t %\ld occur4 ,e tra9 t goes out %\ld h "s b&ages on bo>d 9 c>e ( "s employe1 :o kn[s h[ to h&le !m :5 ne$$4 ,_m p\nds ( preci\s blood may ?us be sav$1 & dang] to life f ?is cause be av]t$4--,indiana ,m$ical ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hot ,,wat] ,,compresses ,,9 ,,tetanus ,,& ,,trismus4 ,spor] has successfully treat$ cases ( tetanus by m]ely apply+ to ! nape ( ! neck & along ! sp9e l>ge pieces ( flannel dipp$ 9 hot wat]1 ( a temp]ature j be>able to ! h& 7#ej-ee ,c474--,allg4 m$4 c5t4 ,zeit41 ,janu>y #ae1 #ahha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,trials ,,( ,,/r+ ,,%eaf ,,b9d]s ,,at ,,d]by1 ,,engl&4 ,aft] a week's po/ponem5t1 r5d]$ necess>y by ! unripe condition ( ! crops on ! fir/ ( ! mon?1 ! trials ( %eaf-b9d+ ma*9es1 us+ any o!r b9d+ mat]ial ?an wire1 in/itut$ by ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&1 began on ,monday morn+1 ! #h? ( ,augu/4 ,by n9e o'clock1 ! "t appo9t$ = beg9n+ op]ations1 !re 0 a v l>ge numb] ( g5tlem5 int]e/$ 9 ^! trials already collect$ on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,hall1 at ,?ul/on1 & ! di/ances t _m ( !m _h come te/ifi$ to ! importance ( ! int]e/s involv$4 ,! morn+ 0 p]fect = reap+1 ?\gh om9\s cl\ds 9 ! s\?we/ l$ _m to haz>d conjectures1 :i* un=tunately turn$ out too well f\nd$1 t ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society w\ld n on ?is occasion escape ! fate :i* _h visit$ !m s (t54 ,! corn /ood ripe & upright 9 ! v>i\s plots into :i* ! fields _h be5 divid$1 & ! gr\nd 0 level & dry4 ,! publi%$ li/ ( ! competitors conta9$ tw5ty entries1 n by z _m firms1 h[ev]1 = _m names appe>$ m ?an once2 b ! rules ( ! society1 :i* objects to diff]5t ma*9es be+ us$ = diff]5t k9ds ( corn 9 ^! trials1 toge!r ) non-att5dance = unkn[n reasons1 _h r$uc$ ! actual li/ ( compet+ ma*9es to sev54 ,^! 7 z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,wood1 ! ,mc,cormick ,h>ve/+ ,ma*9e ,company1 ! ,john/on ,h>ve/] ,company1 ,messrs4 ,samuelson ,company1 ,messrs4 ,j4 ,f4 ,h[>d1 ,messrs4 ,aultman ,company1 & ,mr4 ,h4,j4,h4 ,k+4 ,all ^! ma*9es 7 to be se5 at ! %[1 except ! second nam$1 :i* 0 delay$ by ! /r&+ ( ! /eam%ip ,britannic1 & _h only lately arriv$ 9 r a wea!r-beat5 condition4 ,! trials 7 to be made ^u oats1 b>ley1 & :eat1 & ! plots = ! prelim9>y trials 7 ab\t half an acre 9 ext5t4 ,%ortly aft] half-pa/ n9e o'clock1 ! judges & eng9e]s ( ! society hav+ arriv$ ^u ! gr\nd1 a />t 0 made ^u ! oats by ! ?ree ma*9es belong+ to ,mr4 ,wood1 ,messrs4 ,samuelson ,co41 & ! ,john/on ,h>ve/] ,company4 ,x %\ld1 p]haps1 be m5tion$ t ! /r5g? ( ?is crop ( oats v>i$ a good deal 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! field4 ,^! ?ree ma*9es all belong to ! class :i* has ! automatic trip--t is1 ! b9d+ ge> is ?r[n into action by ! pressure ( ! /raw accumulat$ arriv+ at a c]ta9 value1 indep5d5tly ( any special action on ! "p ( ! driv]4 ,! %eaves f ,messrs4 ,samuelson's ma*9es 7 extremely neat & well sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 a po9t to :i* f>m]s atta* great importance4 ,x w\ld appe> t x is impossible to secure ! b9d+ ( e s+le %eaf4 ,"h & !re1 ev5 ) ! be/ b9d]s1 an occasional miss w occur1 9 :i* ! corn is ?r[n out unb\nd4 ,h[ev]1 ) ,messrs ,samuelson's ma*9e ?is 0 extremely r>e1 & ! neatness ( ! %eaves produc$ 0 rem>kable4 ,no d\bt ! %ortness ( ! crop 9 ! portion allott$ to ?is ma*9e may h _h some?+ to d ) ?is1 z a long] /raw is m likely ?an a %ort] "o to connect two %eaves & produce t hang+ toge!r :i* 9 o!r ma*9es is s (t5 obs]v$ to prec$e a miss 9 ! b9d+4 ,mr4 ,wood's ma*9e _h a /rong] crop & long] /raw to deal )1 & ! hang+ toge!r ( ! %eaves occurr$ f> too frequ5tly1 & 0 almo/ always foll[$ by a loose %eaf4 ,! ,john/on h>ve/] w5t ?r\gh a v fair p]=mance2 !re 0 no hang+ except at turn+ ! corn]s1 & ! piece ( "w 0 f9i%$ 9 a %ort] "t ?an ) ! o!r ma*9es4 ,not)/&+ ! automatic "* ( ! ge> = b9d+1 we believe x w be f\nd t ! %eaves produc$ 9 ^! ma*9es v>y v mu* 9 weight4 ,at ab\t #aj3bj ! next lot ( ma*9es />t$4 ,!y 7 ^? ( ! ,mc,cormick ,h>ve/+ ,ma*9e ,company1 ,messrs4 ,h[>d1 & ,messrs4 ,aultman ,co4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/-nam$ only has ! automatic trip4 ,we believe x made no miss 9 b9d+ dur+ ?is trial1 & ! %eaves 7 neat1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 r too tightly b\nd4 ,!re 0 no hang+ toge!r or *eck 9 ?is run4 ,! ma*9e ( ,messrs4 ,aultman ,co4 0 n s successful 9 sep>at+ ! %eaves1 ?\gh ?is 0 n s (t5 foll[$ by an unb\nd %eaf z 9 "s o!r ma*9es4 ,sometimes z _m z ?ree %eaves1 cl++ closely toge!r1 7 eject$ at "o "t4 ,to avoid ?is a man walk$ by ! ma*9e1 & assi/$ ! deliv]y ( ! %eaf4 ,! t5sion ( ! /r+ :i* b9ds ! %eaves v>ies a good deal 9 ?is ma*9e1 "s ( ! %eaves be+ r too loosely held toge!r1 :ile at o!r times ! fault is 9 ! o!r direction4 ,9 ,messrs4 ,h[>d's ma*9e !re is a t5d5cy 9 ! %eaves to cl+ toge!r1 b ?is is n accompani$ to any ext5t ) miss+ ! b9d+4 ,mr4 ,k+ attempt$ a run aft] ! ?ree la/ _h f9i%$ _! plots2 b 8 ma*9]y _h n be5 fully adju/$1 & aft] "o c\rse ! trial /opp$4 ,z f> z "o c\ld judge f ?is %ort p]=mance1 ! *ief fault 9 ! %eaf produc$ 0 ! unc]ta9 position ( ! /r+ ^u x4 ,sometimes ?is 0 ne> ! bottom ( ! /raw1 & sometimes among ! corn4 ,un=tunately at #aa3be ! ra9 began1 & exp]im5ts 7 /opp$ till ! aft]noon4 ,x 0 no light %[] :i* c\ld give a *eck to ! ardor ( ! judges & o!r (fic]s ( ! society1 b a heavy d[np\r ( "s h\rs' duration1 :i* soak$ ! crop ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,inde$1 we ?9k x a pity t ! exp]im5ts %\ld h be5 cont9u$ at all "u circum/ances 9 :i* practical h>ve/+ w\ld h be5 out ( ! "q4 ,h[ev]1 aft] a %ort lull 9 ! ra91 ! ma*9es ( ,mr4 ,wood1 ,messrs4 ,samuelson1 & ! ,mc,cormick ,h>ve/+ ,company w5t into ! wet b>ley4 ,! ma*9e ( ,mr4 ,wood work$ mo/ rapidly1 b ! cl++ ( ! %eaves & ! failure to b9d 7 aga9 v app>5t4 ,! /ubble left by ?is ma*9e 0 ! %orte/ & mo/ ev5 ( ! ?ree4 ,! ma*9es ( ,messrs4 ,samuelson & ! ,mc,cormick ,company left a v ragg$1 long1 & unev5 /ubble 9 ?is trial1 ?\gh ! deliv]y & b9d+ ( ! %eaves seem$ to be z good z 9 ! oats trial4 ,! b9d+ 9 ! =m] 0 r too tight4 ,! rema9+ ma*9es1 ) ! exception ( t ( ,mr4 ,k+1 !n attempt$ a trial2 b ,messrs4 ,h[>d's ma*9e hav+ too smoo? a face to ! driv+ :eel1 0 unable to drive all ! ge> 9 ! wet condition ( ! gr\nd4 ,! damp wea!r _h no d\bt tight5$ up ! canvas c>ri]s1 & !reby add$ to ! "w to be done2 b ?is 0 ! only ma*9e t 0 f\nd incapacitat$ ?r\gh ! action ( ! ra94 ,un=tunately ! plots assign$ to ?is ma*9e & to ! ,john/on h>ve/] 7 9 juxtaposition1 s t ! latt] ma*9e 0 block$ by ! =m]1 & c\ld n proce$1 & t ( ,messrs4 ,aultman alone w5t ?r\gh ) its "w4 ,!re 0 no improvem5t 9 ! sep>ation ( ! %eaves1 & ! misses 7 r m frequ5t ?an 9 ! trials among ! oats4 ,! %eaves1 too1 t issu$ s+ly 7 some:at want+ 9 neatness4 ,! :ole ( ^! b>ley trials mu/ be look$ ^u z unsatisfactory1 on acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! crop1 & x is to be hop$ t be=e ! inve/igations are br\ght to a conclusion all ^! ma*9es may h a m favorable opportunity ( demon/rat+ ! advantages :i* are claim$ = !m4 ,x may be "h said t ?r\gh\t ^! trials !re has be5 z yet no w9d at all1 :i*1 z ! inve/igations are 9 o!r respects to be s ?or\ghly c>ri$ out1 is a matt] ( regret4 ,probably ,messrs4 ,h[>d's ma*9e 0 z well protect$ f ! w9d z any o!r ( ! sev5 competitors4 ,! foll[+ are ! aw>ds ( ! judges1 :i* 7 made kn[n on ,w$nesday ev5+3 ,gold m$al--,messrs4 ,mc,cormick ,co4 ,silv] m$als--,messrs4 ,samuelson1 ,messrs4 ,john/on ,co4 ,highly comm5d$--,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,k+1 = pr9ciple ( ty+ & sep>at+ %eaves4 ,! only glean+ b9d+ ma*9e :i* ent]$ ! field 0 t ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,walk]1 made by ! ,notts ,=k ,company1 b no (ficial trials ( ?is 7 made4--,! ,eng9e]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,culture ,,( ,,/rawb]ries4 ,messrs4 ,ellwang] ,b>ry1 ( ! ,m\nt ,hope ,nurs]ies1 at ,ro*e/]1 give ! foll[+ directions = sett+ out & cultivat+ /rawb]ries1 ! result ( long & successful exp]i5ce1 9 _! rec5tly issu$ ,/rawb]ry ,catalogue3 ,! ,soil & ,its ,prep>ation4--,! /rawb]ry may be successfully gr[n 9 any soil adapt$ to ! gr[? ( ord9>y field or g>d5 crops4 ,! gr\nd %\ld be well prep>$1 by tr5*+ or pl[+ at lea/ eighte5 to tw5ty in*es deep1 & be prop]ly enri*$ z = any g>d5 crop4 ,x is unnecess>y to say t if ! l& is wet1 x mu/ be ?or\ghly dra9$4 ,season = ,transplant+4--,9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 ! season = plant+ 9 ! spr+ is dur+ ! mon?s ( ,april & ,may4 ,x may !n be done ) safety f ! "t ! plants beg9 to gr[ until !y are 9 blossom4 ,?is is ! "t we pref] = sett+ out l>ge plantations4 ,dur+ ! mon?s ( ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 :5 ! wea!r is usually hot & dry1 pot-gr[n plants may be plant$ to ! be/ advantage4 ,) ! ball ( e>? atta*$ to ! roots1 !y c be transplant$ )\t any failures1 & ! tr\ble & annoyance ( wat]+1 %ad+1 etc41 :i* are indisp5sable to ! success ( lay] plants1 are ?us 9 a great measure avoid$4 ,,g>d5 ,,culture4 ,to ,cultivate ! ,/rawb]ry4--,= family use1 we recomm5d plant+ 9 b$s f\r feet wide1 ) an alley two feet wide betwe54 ,^! b$s w accommodate ?ree r[s ( plants1 :i* may /& fifte5 in*es ap>t ea* way1 & ! outside r[ n9e in*es f ! alley4 ,^! b$s c be kept clean1 & ! fruit c be ga!r$ f !m )\t sett+ ! feet ^u !m4 ,culture 9 ,hills4--,?is is ! be/ mode t c be adopt$ = ! g>d54 ,if y desire f9e1 l>ge1 high-flavor$ fruit1 p9* (f ! runn]s z fa/ z !y appe>1 repeat+ ! op]ation z (t5 z may be necess>y dur+ ! summ]4 ,e runn] ?us remov$ produces a new cr[n at ! c5t] ( ! plant1 & 9 ! fall ! plants w h =m$ l>ge bu%es or /ools1 on :i* ! f9e/ /rawb]ries may be expect$ ! foll[+ season4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! gr\nd among ! plants %\ld be kept cle> ( we$s1 & frequ5tly /irr$ ) a hoe or =k4 ,cov]+ 9 ,w9t]4--,:]e ! w9t]s are sev]e1 ) little sn[ = protection1 a slight cov]+ ( leaves or litt]1 or ! bran*es ( ev]gre5s1 w be ( great s]vice4 ,?is cov]+ %\ld n be plac$ ov] ! plants till aft] ! gr\nd is froz51 usually f ! middle ( ,novemb] till ! fir/ ( ,decemb] 9 ?is locality4 ,fatal errors are (t5 made by putt+ on too mu* & too e>ly4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 to remove ! cov]+ 9 spr+ j z soon z ! plants beg9 to gr[4 ,mul*+ to ,keep ! ,fruit ,clean4--,be=e ! fruit beg9s to rip51 mul* ! gr\nd among ! plants ) %ort hay or /raw1 or grass m[+s f ! lawn1 or any?+ ( t sort4 ,?is w n only keep ! fruit clean1 b w prev5t ! gr\nd f dry+ & bak+1 & ?us l5g!n ! fruit+ season4 ,tan-b>k c also be us$ z a mul*4 ,a b$ manag$ 9 ?is way w give two full crops1 & %\ld !n be spad$ or pl[$ d[n1 a new "o hav+ be5 9 ! meantime prep>$ to take its place4 ,,field ,,culture4 ,! same directions ) reg>d to soil1 "t ( plant+1 protection1 & mul*+1 z giv5 above1 are applicable :5 plant+ on a l>ge scale4 ,! ,matt$ ,r[ ,sy/em4--,! mode ( gr[+ usually pursu$ has its advantages = field culture1 b _c be recomm5d$ = ! g>d54 ,9 ! field we usually plant 9 r[s ?ree to f\r feet ap>t1 & ! plants a foot to a foot & a half ap>t 9 ! r[4 ,9 ?is case mu* ( ! labor is p]=m$ ) ! horse & cultivator4 ,h[ to ,asc]ta9 ! ,numb] ( ,plants ,requir$ = an ,acre4--,! numb] ( plants requir$ = an acre1 at any giv5 di/ance ap>t1 may be asc]ta9$ by divid+ ! numb] ( squ>e feet 9 an acre 7#dc1efj7 by ! numb] ( squ>e feet giv5 to ea* plant1 :i* is obta9$ by multiply+ ! di/ance betwe5 r[s by ! di/ance betwe5 ! plants4 ,?us /rawb]ries plant$ ?ree feet by "o foot give ea* plant ?ree squ>e feet1 or #ad1ebj plants to ! acre4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"s ,,h>dy ,,fl[]s ,,= ,,midsumm]4 ,pret5ti\s g>d5s are n[ gayly decorat$ ) gl[+ masses ( pel>goniums & v9cas1 belts ( ri* coleuses & fi]y alt]nan!ras1 pat*work ( fev]few & mesembryan!mum1 & scroll-"w ( h\se leeks1 b amid ?is gay *eck]+ x is wond]ful h[ few fl[]s !re are = cutt+ = b\quets4 ,z t5d] plants1 except ! few t may h be5 w9t]$ 9 w9d[s & cell>s1 are beyond ! rea* ( mo/ ( our c\ntry folks1 ,i w consid] ^? only t are p]fectly h>dy & 9 full blossom n[1 ,july #ba4 ,koempf]'s irises1 blue1 :ite1 purple1 /reak$1 m>bl$1 & o!rwise v>iegat$1 are 9 bloom2 !y are ! gr&e/ ( _! race1 & z diff]5t v>ieties succe$ "o ano!r1 !y may be _h 9 bloom f ,june till ,augu/4 ,!y are easily rais$ f se$ or by division--pref] ri*1 moi/ l&1 & if 9 a p>tly %ad$ place1 _! blossoms la/ long] ?an 9 full sun%9e4 ,trumpet lilies are bur/+ into bloom2 ! sc>let m>tagon is at its be/2 speciosum1 tig]1 & ,am]ican ,turk's cap lilies are yet to foll[4 ,i f9d ! trumpet lilies h done bett] ?is ye> ?an any ( ! o!r sorts 9 op5 places4 ,mo/ ( ! yell[ day lilies are pa/1 b ! tawny "o is at its be/2 !y are all h>dy1 & seem to ?rive alike 9 wild or cultivat$ l&4 ,seibold's funkia 7call$ also day lily7 has pale blui% fl[]s1 & l>ge1 h&some glauc\s leaves3 ! undulat$-leav$ funkia has beautifully v>iegat$ leaves1 & pale blui% blossoms2 ^!1 toge!r ) sev]al o!rs ( _! race1 are 9 bloom4 ,!y l to gr[ 9 undi/urb$ clumps 9 ri* & fa9tly-%ad$ nooks2 if gr[n 9 full sun%9e !y bloom well en\gh1 b _! leaves get scor*$4 ,! ,european mead[ sweet 7,spiraea ulm>ia71 two feet high1 & ! ,kamt*atka "o1 f\r feet high1 are 9 bloom2 ! d\ble v>ieties are f> f9]1 :it]1 & m la/+ ?an ! s+le ones4 ,!y w gr[ any:]e4 ,!re are _m f9e k9ds ( s$um or live=ev] 9 season2 "s ( !m l album 7:ite71 pul*ellum 7p9k71 spurium spl5d5s 7p9k71 hispanicum 7:ite71 may m prop]ly be call$ /onecups1 b ! /rong]-gr[+ sorts1 z ,s4 w>scewiczii 7yell[71 %\ld be reg>d$ z live=ev]s4 ,!y l op51 sunny places1 & dislike artificial wat]+s4 ,dic5tra eximia 7p9k-purple7 is free1 neat1 copi\s1 & a p]petual bloom]1 z is also ,corydalis lutea 7yell[74 ,! climb+ fumitory comes up ( itself f se$ e ye>1 & is n[ runn+ ov] bu%es1 /akes1 & /r+s1 & is full ( f]n-l leaves & fle%-color$ fl[]s4 ,! long1 sc>let w&s ( ,p5t/emon b>batus are conspicu\s 9 ! bord]s2 ?is %\ld be 9 e g>d51 x is s pr(use & h>dy4 ,_m spe$wells /ill rema9 9 f9e condition1 notably ,v]onica longifolia2 !y are a h>dy & a %[y race ( plants1 & w gr[ any:]e4 ,! ma9 lot ( p]5nial l>kspurs are pa/1 b by cutt+ !m ov] n[ _m fl[] spikes w be produc$ dur+ ! fall mon?s4 ,! yucca or be>-grass is 9 p]fection2 its massive fl[] scapes are v tell+4 ,x w gr[ any:]e1 & once e/abli%$ x is h>d to get rid (4 ,_m k9ds ( p]5nial bell-fl[]s are 9 f9e condition1 z ! c>pa?ian1 pea*-leav$ 7second crop71 nettle-leav$1 common h>ebell1 & vase h>ebell4 ,9 ! case ( _m ( ! tall-gr[+ k9ds1 bett] results are obta9$ by treat+ !m z bi5nials ?an p]5nials4 ,no g>d5 %\ld be )\t ! d\ble :ite fev]few2 ! m y cut x ! m x blooms4 ,an!mis t9ctoria1 yell[ or :ite1 ! yell[ is by f> ! be/1 & ! lance-leav$1 l>ge-fl[]$1 l>kspur-leav$ & e>$ coreopsises are f9e1 seasonable p]5nials1 z are likewise ! yell[1 :ite1 & p9k y>r[s1 d\ble sneezewort1 ! cone fl[]s1 & l>ge-fl[]$ fleabanes1 & all gr[ readily 9 any ord9>y g>d5 soil1 & ) little c>e4 ,hollyhocks are 9 p]fection2 fe$ !m well & prev5t _m spr\ts to ea* /ool4 ,_m k9ds ( mead[ rue1 z g>d5 plants1 h a bold1 graceful appe>ance2 !y love moi/ soil4 ,9 good soil & a p>tly %ad$ spot we h no h&som] plant 9 bloom ?an ! tall bugbane 7,cimicifuga racemosa72 f a bun* ( ?rifty leaves arise a doz5 scapes ( racemes1 creamy :ite1 & six feet high4 ,! sc>let ly*nis & its _m v>ieties are ne>ly pa/1 b ! l>ge-fl[]$1 ,haag's1 & o!rs ( t section1 are 9 _! prime1 & %[y plants !y are4 ,!y are true & la/+ p]5nials1 bloom well ! fir/ season f se$1 q h>dy1 copi\s1 & effective2 any ord9>y g>d5 soil4 ,! pyr5ean prunella has l>ge purple heads2 ! false dragonhead 7,physo/egia71 pale rose-purple spikes2 c5tran?uses1 cymes ( r$ & :ite2 c5taureas1 heads ( yell[1 blue1 & purple2 p9ks1 div]s %ades ( r$ & :ite2 & monk%oods1 hoods ( blue or :ite2 & all are v h>dy1 ready gr[]s1 & copi\s bloom]s4 ,! bee balm1 "o ( our h&some/ p]5nials1 has bright r$ :orls2 x spreads ^u ! surface ( ! gr\nd l m9t1 & ?us may be divid$ & increas$ to any ext5t4 ,x loves ri*1 moi/ l&1 b is n fa/idi\s4 ,among ! ev5+ primroses ! ,miss\ri "o is ! brighte/ & bigge/2 speciosa1 :ite1 f ,texas1 ( blossoms ! mo/ prolific2 glauca1 rip>ia1 frutic]a1 & l9e>is1 all yell[2 _m o!rs1 ?\gh p]5nial1 are be/ treat$ z annual or bi5nial4 ,! spik$ loose/rife plant$ by ! wat]'s edge ( a pond is f> f9] ?an 9 ! g>d5 bord]4 ,x has hundr$s ( r$ spikes4 ,add to ^!1 ev]la/+ peas1 musk mall[s1 spid]wort1 globe ?i/les1 bold s5ecios1 ! f9] milkwe$s1 ,scabiosa1 ,gallium1 ,*9ese ,a/ilbe1 v>i\s k9ds ( loose/rife 7,lysima*ia71 & _m o!rs z p]5nials1 & ,coreopsis1 balsams1 z9nias1 m>igolds1 /ocks1 ,swan riv] daisy1 mignonnette1 sweet peas1 sweet alyssum1 morn+ glories1 l>kspurs1 can>y fl[]s1 cucumb]-leav$ sunfl[]s1 v]b5as1 petunias1 corn fl[]1 ,drummond phlox1 d\ble & s+le poppies1 snapdragons1 ,phacelia1 ,gilia1 ,cl>kia1 c&ytuft1 r$ flax1 tassel fl[]s1 blue ,an*usa1 ,gaill>dia1 & a multitude besides ( seasonable annuals1 :i* c all be rais$ q easily )\t a frame or gre5-h\se1 & :at excuse has any f>m] = hav+ a fl[]less g>d5 9 midsumm]8--,william ,falcon]1 9 ,c\ntry ,g5tleman4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,"t-,,consum+ ,,mat*4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,pr9ce1 spl9t manufactur]1 ( ,horse%oe ,bay1 ,buck+ham t[n%ip1 is au?ority = ! /atem5t t !re are ab\t tw5ty-two mat* factories 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & t ! daily production--& consequ5t daily consumption--is ab\t tw5ty-five ?\s& gross p] day4 ,x may seem a que] /atem5t to make t "o hundr$ ?\s& h\rs ( ea* successive day are sp5t by ! p ( ! two c\ntries 9 /rik+ a light1 b su* is und\bt$ly ! case4 ,9 ea* gross ( mat*es manufactur$ !re are #add boxes1 s t ! #be1jjj gross produces #c1fjj1jjj boxes4 ,ea* box1 at lea/ ^? made 9 ! ,/ates1 :]e a duty ( "o c5t ^u e box ( mat*es is levi$--conta9s #ajj mat*es1 s t ! numb] ( mat*es produc$ & us$ daily am\nts to #cfj1jjj1jjj4 ,c\nt+ t x takes a second to light ea* mat*--& x is que/ionable :e!r x c be done 9 less "t ?an t1 :ile "s m5 occupy sev]al m9utes sometimes 9 try+ to /rike a light1 p>ticul>ly :5 boozy--to light ! #cfj1jjj1jjj w\ld take j t numb] ( seconds4 ,?is gives #f1jjj1jjj m9utes1 or #ajj1jjj h\rs4 ,9 days ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs ea* x figures up to #d1aff #b-c1 & gives elev5 ye>s & five mon?s ) a c\ple ( days extra1 z ! "t occupi$ dur+ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 by ! p ( ,nor? ,am]ica--n figur+ on ! ,mexicans--9 /rik+ mat*es4 ,figur+ a little fur!r x gives #d1aei ye>s "t 9 ea* ye>4 ,! fact may seem amaz+1 b x is und\bt$ly q correct4--,ottawa ,free ,press4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a catalogue1 conta9+ brief notices ( _m important sci5tific pap]s h]et(ore publi%$ 9 ! ,,supplem5t1 may be _h gratis at ?is (fice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4