,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement    
,,no4 #bii  ,,new ,,york1 ,,september   
#bd1 #ahha  ,scientific ,american       
,supplement4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4 #bii4    
,scientific ,american established #ahde 
,scientific ,american ,supplement1 #e a 
year4  ,scientific ,american and        
,supplement1 #g a year4    ,illustration
            99       99       99        
99       99       ,,table ,,of          
,,contents4  ,i4   ,,engineering ,,and  
,,mechanics4--,on the ,progress and     
development      of the ,marine         
,engine4--,marine engines4--,the marine 
boiler4--,steel boilers4--,corrosion of 
boilers4--,how the marine      engine   
may be improved4--,consumption of       
fuel4--,evaporative      efficiency of  
marine locomotive boilers4--,screw      
propellers       ,steam ,ferry ,boats of
 the ,port of ,marseilles4--#b          
figures4--      ,transverse and         
longitudinal sections       ,opening of 
a ,new ,english ,dock4 #a figure        
,improved ,grain ,elevator4 #a figure   

,improved ,dredger4 #a figure4--,single 
bucket dipper dredger       ,railway    
,alarm ,whistle       ,furnace for the  
,manufacture of ,sulphide of ,carbon4 #a
 figure       ,brouardel's ,dry         
,inscribing ,manometer4 #a figure4--,gas
 indication      of manometer           
,centrifugal ,apparatus for ,casting    
,metals4 #d figures4--,centrifugal      
metal moulding apparatus                
,apparatus for the ,manufacture of ,wood
 ,pulp4 #b figures4--,dresel's      wood
 pulp apparatus       ,recent ,progress 
of ,industrial ,science4--,presidential 
address1      ,convention of ,mechanical
 ,engineers       ,the ,hoboken         
,drainage ,problem  ,,ii4  ,,technology 
,,and ,,chemistry--,on some ,recent     
,improvements      in ,lead ,processes4 
,by ,,norman ,c4 ,,cookson              
,apparatus ,used in ,berlin for the     
,preparation of ,gelatine ,plates4--    
,i4 ,mixing apparatus4--,,ii4 ,digestive
 apparatus4--,,iii4 ,triturating        
apparatus--,,iv4 ,washing apparatus--#c 

figures       ,how ,to ,make ,emulsions 
,in ,hot ,weather4 ,by ,a4 ,l4          
,,henderson       ,the ,distillation and
 ,rectification of ,alcohols by the     
,rational      ,use of ,low             
,temperatures4 ,by ,,raoul ,,pictet4--#a
 figure4--,pictet's      apparatus for  
the rectification of alcohol by cold    
,the ,removal of ,noxious ,vapors from  
,roasting ,furnace ,gases       ,new    
,gas ,exhauster4 #a figure              
,advance in the ,price of ,glycerine    
,analysis of ,oils or ,mixtures of ,oils
 ,used for ,lubricating ,purposes       
,nitrate of ,amyl  ,,iii4 ,,electricity1
 ,,etc4--,the ,electric ,light in       
,earnock ,colliery       ,lightning and 
,telephone ,wires       ,conditions of  
,flames ,under the ,influence of        
,electricity       ,the ,electric       
,stop-,motion in the ,cotton ,mill      
,electrolytic ,determinations and       
,separations4 ,by ,,alex1 and ,m4       
,a4 ,,von ,,reis4--,determination of    
cobalt4--,nickel--,iron4--,zinc4--      

,manganese4--,bismuth4--,lead4--,copper4
--,cadmium4--,tin4--,antimony4--        
,arsenic4--,separation of iron from     
manganese4--,iron from ,aluminum  ,,iv4 
,,medicine1 ,,surgery1                  
,,etc4--,treatment of ,acute            
,rheumatism4      ,by ,,alfred ,m4      
,,stille1 ,m4,d4       ,method in       
,madness       ,simple ,methods to      
,staunch ,accidental ,hemorrhage4 ,by   
,,edward      ,,borck1 ,m4,d4--,bleeding
 from upper arm4--,from arteries in the 
upper third of the arm4--,from the      
thigh4--,from the foot       ,hot ,water
 ,compresses in ,tetanus and ,trismus   
,v4   ,,agriculture1 ,,etc4--,the       
,cultivation of ,pyrethrum and          
,manufacture      of ,powder            
,trials of ,string ,sheaf ,binders at   
,derby1 ,england       ,the ,culture of 
,strawberries4--,garden culture4--,field
 culture       ,some ,hardy ,flowers for
 ,midsummer       ,the ,time ,consuming 
,match  ,,vi4  ,,architecture1 ,,art1   
,,etc4--,suggestions in ,decorative     

,art4      #a figure4--,silver ewer by  
,odiot1 ,paris       ,artists' ,homes4  
,no4 l#d4--;,bent's ,brook1 ,holmwood1  
,surrey1 ,eng4--      #f                
figures4--,perspective1 elevations1 and 
plans  ,,vii4 ,,obituary4--,achille     
,delesse1 eminent as geologist and      
mineralogist         99       99        
99       99       99     ,,achille      
,,delesse4   ,the death of this         
distinguished man must be recorded4 ,an 
interesting rsum of his labors by ,m4   
,daubree has appeared1 from which we    
take the following facts4 ,after a      
training in his native town at the      
,lyceum of ,metz1 which furnished so    
many scholars to the ,polytechnic       
school1 ,delesse was admitted at the age
 of twenty to this school4 ,in #ahci he 
left to enter the ,corps des ,mines4    
,from the beginning of his career the   
student engineer applied himself with   
ardor to the sciences to which he was to
 devote his entire existence4 ,the      
journeys which he undertook then1 and   

continued later1 in ,france1 ,germany1  
,poland1 ,england1 and ,ireland1 helped 
to confirm and develop the bent of his  
mind4 ,he soon arrived at important     
scientific results1 and was rewarded1 in
 #ahde1 by having conferred to him by   
the university the course of mineralogy 
and geology in the ,faculty at ,besanon1
 where ,delesse at the same time        
fulfilled the duties of engineer of     
mines4 ,five years later he returned to 
,paris1 where he continued his          
university duties1 at first as deputy of
 the course of geology at the ,sorbonne1
 then as master of the conferences at   
the ,superior ,normal ,school4 ,besides 
this1 he continued his profession of    
engineer of mines as inspector of the   
roads of ,paris4 ,the first original    
researches of the young savant concern  
pure mineralogy2 he studied a certain   
number of species1 of which the chemical
 nature was yet uncertain or altogether 
unknown1 and his name was appended to   
one of the species which he defined4 ,he

 studied also1 and with success1 the    
interesting modifications called        
pseudomorphism--the mode of association 
of minerals1 as well as their magnetic  
properties4 ,the attributes of a        
practical mineralogist aided him greatly
 in the culture of a branch of geology  
to which ,delesse has rendered eminent  
services1 in the recognition of rocks of
 igneous origin and of others allied to 
them4 ,he studied in the field1 as well 
as by investigations in the laboratory1 
for fifteen years1 with an intelligent  
and indefatigable perseverance1 and1    
aided by the results of hundreds of     
analyses1 eruptive masses of the most   
varied kind1 the knowledge derived from 
which threw light upon the principles of
 science1 from granites and syenites to 
melaphyres and basalts4 ,after thirty   
years of study and progress1 other      
savants1 without differing from him1    
progressed further in the intimate      
knowledge of rocks2 but the historian of
 science will not forget that ,delesse  

was the precursor of this order of      
research4 ,his studies of metamorphism  
will long do him honor4 ,the            
mineralogical modifications which the   
eruptive rocks have undergone in the    
mass are the permanent witnesses which  
attracted all his attention4 ,the       
chemical comparison of the metamorphic  
with the normal rock pointed out        
distinctly the nature of the substances 
acquired or lost4 ,one of the principal 
results of these analyses has been to   
lessen the importance attributed until  
then to heat alone1 and to show in more 
than one case the intervention of       
thermal sources and of other emanations 
from below1 to which the eruptive rocks 
have simply opened up tracks4  ,it is   
not only upon subjects relating to the  
history of rocks that ,delesse has      
touched4 ,witness his work on the       
infiltration of water1 as well as his   
volume relating to the materials of     
construction1 published on the occasion 
of the ,exhibition of #ahee4 ,the nature

 of the deposits which operate          
continually at the bottom of the sea    
offers points of interest which well    
repay the labor of the geologist4 ,he   
finds there1 indeed1 a precious field to
 be compared with stratified deposits2  
for in spite of the enormous depth to   
which they form a part of continents1   
they are of analogous origin4 ,delesse  
laboriously studied the products of the 
innumerable soundings taken in most of  
the seas4 ,he arranged the results in a 
work which has become classical with the
 beautiful atlas of submarine drawings  
which accompany it4 ,though he never    
slackened in his own especial work1 he  
made much of the work of others4 ,the   
,revue des ,progrs de la ,gologie1 with 
which he enriched the ,annales des      
,mines for twenty years1 would have been
 sufficient to engross the time of a    
less active scientific man1 and one less
 ready to grasp the opening of a        
discovery4 ,this indefatigable theorist 
never neglected the applications of     

science3 the nature and the changes of  
the layers which form the under earth2  
the course and the depth of the         
subterraneous sheets of water2 the      
mineralogical composition of the earth's
 vegetation1 were represented by him on 
several charts and plans drawn out in   
proper form4 ,his maps which follow the 
route of many of the great ,french lines
 of railway explain the kind of soil    
upon which they are laid1 and are of    
daily use4 ,in the pursuit of his       
numerous scientific works1 ,delesse     
never failed in discharging his duties  
in the ,corps des ,mines4 ,having in    
#ahfd quitted the service of the        
,government of ,paris1 which he had     
occupied for eighteen years1 he was made
 professor of agriculture1 of drainage1 
and irrigation1 at the ,school of       
,mines1 where he established instruction
 in these before being called to found  
the course of geology at the            
,agricultural ,institution4 ,promoted to
 be ,inspector-,general of ,mines in    

#ahgh1 and charged with the division of 
the south east of ,france1 he preserved 
to the end of his life these new duties1
 for which1 to the regret of the ,school
 of ,mines1 he gave up his excellent    
lessons there4 ,during the year of #ahgj
 ,delesse fulfilled his duties as a     
citizen1 as engineer in preparation of  
cartridges in the department4  ,his     
nomination to the ,academy of ,sciences1
 which took place on the #fth of        
,january1 #ahgi1 satisfied the ambition 
of his life4 ,he was for two years      
,president of the ,central ,commission  
of the ,geographical ,society2 he was   
also ,president of the ,geological      
,society4 ,he was not long to enjoy the 
noble position acquired by his          
intelligence and his work4 ,he suffered 
from a serious malady1 which1 however1  
did not weaken his intellect1 and he    
continued from his bed of suffering to  
prepare the reports for the             
,council-,general of ,mines1 and that   
which recently he addressed to the      

,academy on the occasion of his         
election4 ,the greatness and the        
rectitude of mind of ,delesse1 his      
astounding power of work1 his profound  
knowledge of science1 his sympathetic   
sweetness1 which were associated with   
sterling modesty and loyalty of         
character1 made him esteemed and        
cherished throughout his whole career4  
,he died on the #bdth of ,march4--,the  
,engineer4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,illustration3             
,,suggestions ,,in ,,decotative         
,,art4--,,silver ,,ewer1 ,,by ,,odiot1  
,,paris4  7,from ,the ,workshop7        
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,electric ,,light ,,at ,,earnock 
,,colliery4   ,on the afternoon of      
,august #i1 ,earnock ,colliery1 near    
,hamilton1 belonging to ,mr4 ,john      
,watson1 of ,earnock1 was the scene of  
an interesting ceremonial which may well
 be said to mark a new era in mining    
annals4 ,in proceeding to win the rich  
mineral wealth of his estate1 ,mr4      

,watson determined that1 in respect of  
fittings1 machinery1 and general        
appointments1 it should be a model1 and 
he has been highly successful in giving 
practical effect to his aims4 ,among    
other things1 he early resolved to1 if  
at all practicable1 substitute the      
electric light for the ordinary mode of 
illuminating the workings1 and after    
investigating the various systems1 he   
decided on giving that of ,mr4 ,swan a  
trial4 ,accordingly1 since ,april last1 
,messrs4 ,d4  ,e4 ,graham1 electrical   
engineers1 ,glasgow1 have been engaged  
fitting up the ,swan incandescent lamp1 
with modifications1 to adapt it for safe
 use in the mine1 and on ,tuesday the   
inauguration of the new light took place
 in presence of a large company of      
leading gentlemen from ,glasgow1        
,hamilton1 and the ,west4 ,arrived at   
the colliery about half-past one        
o'clock1 the visitors were received by  
,mr4 ,watson1 and after a brief space   
spent in inspecting the three           

magnificent winding and fan engines1 the
 ,guibal fan1 and the framework for     
screening the coal1 they were conducted 
by ,mr4 ,james ,gilchrist1 manager1 down
 into the workings in the ell seam at a 
depth of #aah fathoms4 ,here at the pit 
bottom1 in the roads and at the face1   
twenty-one ,swan lamps were burning1    
giving forth a brilliant1 steady flame1 
the luminosity of which1 while          
sufficient to supply the desired light1 
had none of the disagreeable intensity  
associated with most systems of electric
 lighting4 ,besides the pear-shaped     
,swan lamp1 in which the glowing or     
incandescence is carried on in vacuo1   
there is an outer lantern1 the invention
 of ,mr4 ,david ,graham1 consisting of a
 strong glass globe1 air-tight1         
protected with steel guards4 ,each lamp 
was also connected with two different   
forms of ,graham's patent safety air    
tight contacts and switches for cutting 
off and letting on the current1 the     
effect of which1 it is believed1 would  

be to render the lamps quite safe1 even 
in the presence of explosive gas4 ,at   
first the intention was to employ the   
fan-engine to drive the dynamo-electric 
machine or generator1 but this was      
departed from1 and an engine of #ab     
horse-power was erected in the workshops
 on the surface for the purpose4 ,from  
the generator the electric cables1 two  
in number1 are conducted along the roof 
of the workshops over ordinary telegraph
 poles to the pit-head at ,no4 #b shaft1
 and thence down into the workings4     
,from the ridge of the workshops to the 
pithead1 a distance of several hundred  
yards1 the cables consist of ordinary   
copper wire1 three-eighths of an inch in
 diameter2 inside the workshop and below
 ground1 to allow of their safe         
handling1 they are composed of insulated
 wires1 while on the way down the shaft 
they are inclosed in a galvanized tube4 
,near the bottom of the shaft1 branches 
are taken off to supply light to the    
principal roadways and to the haulage   

engine-room1 the main cables being      
carried into one of the sections of the 
mine a distance of half-a-mile4 ,after a
 careful inspection of the lamps at the 
pit bottom1 the party were photographed 
in three groups1 with the aid of the    
electric light1 by ,mr4 ,annan1 of      
,glasgow1 who may well be credited with 
the distinction of being the first to   
exercise his skill in the bowels of the 
earth4 ,they were then led to the       
haulage engine-room and into the        
workings1 where they witnessed the      
effects of the light4 ,at the latter    
point1 while1 of course1 the visitors   
were at a safe distance1 a shot was     
fired1 bringing down a large mass of    
coal4 ,having spent fully an hour below 
ground1 the party returned to the       
surface4--,colliery ,guardian4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,lightning ,,and ,,telephone ,,wires4  
,m4 ,bede1 of ,brussels1 has an article 
in ,l',ingnieur-,conseil on the above   
subject4 ,he considers that a system of 

such wires forms the best and most      
complete security against lightning with
 which a town can be provided1 because  
they protect not only the buildings in  
which they terminate1 but also those    
over which they pass4 ,at each end they 
communicate with the earth1 and thus    
carry off safely any surplus of         
electricity with which they may become  
charged4 ,it is1 however1 important that
 they should be provided with lightning 
conductors of their own1 to carry off   
such surplus directly from the          
transmission wire to the earth wire1    
without allowing it to pass through the 
fine wires of the induction coils1 which
 it might fuse4  ,such lightning        
conductors usually consist of a toothed 
plate attached to one wire1 close to    
another plate not toothed attached to   
the other wire4 ,the copper even of such
 a conductor has been melted by the     
powerful current which it has carried   
away4 ,in telephonic central offices1   
,m4 ,bede has seen all the signals of   

one row of telephone wires fall at the  
same moment1 proving that an electric   
discharge had fallen upon the wires1 and
 been by them conveyed to earth4  ,this 
fact shows that wires1 even without     
points1 are capable of attracting the   
atmospheric electricity2 but it must be 
remembered that there are two points at 
every join in the wire4 ,m4 ,bede       
insists strongly upon the uselessness of
 terminating lightning conductors in    
wells1 or even larger pieces of water4  
,the experiments of ,,mm4 ,becquerel and
 ,pouillet proved that the resistance of
 water to the passage of electricity is 
one thousand million times greater than 
that of iron2 consequently1 if the      
current conveyed by a wire one square   
mm4 thick were to be carried off by     
water without increased resistance1 a   
surface of contact between the wire and 
the water of not less than #a1jjj square
 meters must be established4  ,it is    
obvious that a wire let down into a well
 is simply useless4 ,on the two-fluid   

theory1 it offers no effectual way of   
escape to the terrestrial electricity2  
according to the older views1 it would  
be absolutely dangerous1 by attracting  
more electricity from the clouds than it
 could dispose of4 ,the author advocates
 connecting lightning conductors with   
water or gas pipes1 which have an       
immense surface of contact with the     
earth4         99       99       99     
99       99     ,,condition ,,of        
,,flames ,,under ,,the ,,influence ,,of 
,,electricity4   ,the experiments of the
 author have been principally directed  
to the alterations in shape and color   
produced in a flame when under the      
influence of positive or negative       
electricity4 ,the flames were arranged  
so as to form one electrode of a        
frictional machine4 ,when charged with  
positive electricity the flame became   
more blue1 narrower1 and pointed at the 
top1 while little or nothing of the     
result was observed in negative flames4 
,a peculiar result is that the end of a 

negative flame returns to its own       
conductor1 and that1 according to the   
intensity of the electricity1 and also  
depending on the width of the burner1   
this turning back of the flame is either
 intermittent or constant4 ,most        
noticeable are these results3  ,when the
 flame rises from a circular burner1 or 
when burning round a metallic cylinder1 
in the latter case it returns to the    
metallic surface according to the       
intensity of electricity in an arc or   
angle1 while the point of the flame     
divides into two branches1 which        
separately perform more or less equal   
movements4 ,if a body connected to the  
earth by a conducting wire is held      
opposite the flame at some distance1 the
 flame will in all cases bend toward it2
 as the body is brought closer1 the     
flame1 if negative1 will be repulsed1   
and1 if positive1 will be attracted1 at 
least the upper luminous part of the    
flame1 while the lower dark body of     
flame is also repulsed4  ,this          

phenomenon explains why a positive flame
 will burn through wire gauze1 while a  
negative flame remains below the gauze4 
,the positive flame becoming pointed    
explains the fact that this will drive a
 small fan wheel1 while a negative flame
 will only just move it4  ,all these    
results are most prominently obtained   
with a pure gas flame1 a stearine1 wax1 
or tallow candle1 very indifferently    
with a spirit flame1 and least from a   
,bunsen flame rich in oxygen4 ,they may 
not only be obtained with flames        
electrified direct1 but also when placed
 under the influence of a long ,holtz   
machine4  ,a flame placed between two   
small disks on the machine bends toward 
the negative pole1 becomes widened1 and1
 at a certain point of electric         
intensity1 commences to vibrate and     
oscillate1 exhibiting a peculiar        
stratification4 ,since these phenomena  
are also least observed in flames rich  
in oxygen1 it appears to be a general   
law that carbon and hydrogen are more   

strongly attracted by the negative pole1
 while oxygen is more attracted by the  
positive pole1 probably like in all     
polar differentially attractions1 in    
consequence of a peculiar unipolar      
conductivity of the substances4  ,the   
return motion of the flame the author   
explains thus3 ,the point of the flame  
loses more electricity by influence than
 it receives by conductivity4 ,a paper  
strip fixed at one end to a large ball  
shows similar movements when its free   
end is pointed and made conductive4 ,why
 principally the negative flame returns 
may be explained in two ways--either the
 point of the flame loses much by       
radiation1 or the base of the flame is a
 bad conductor4 ,the former explanation 
would agree with the experiments made by
 ,wiedemann and ,ruhlmann1 the latter   
with ,erdman's theory of unipolar       
conductivity of flames4 ,this theory is 
still further supported by the          
resistance on the negative electrodes   
noticed by ,hittorf1 which almost       

explains ,erdman's experiments1 because 
if negative electricity enters a flame  
with greater difficulty1 then positive  
electricity must leave a flame with     
difficulty4--,w4 ,holtz1 in ,wiedemanris
 ,beibltter to ,poggendorfs ,annalen4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,electric ,,stop-,,motion ,,in   
,,the ,,cotton ,,mill4   ,the number of 
inventions for use as stop-motions in   
and about the various machines in the   
cotton mill has been to a certain extent
 something like the search after        
perpetual motion4 ,very available and   
quite satisfactory stop-motions have for
 a number of years been employed        
wherever the thread or sliver has been  
twisted so that strength was given it to
 resist a slight amount of friction1 but
 the main trouble in the mill has been  
done after the sliver leaves the railway
 head and during its transit in the     
various processes employed between the  
railway head and the spinning frame or  
mule4 ,every carder or spinner knows    

that where an injury comes to the sliver
 because the sliver is soft1 but        
partially condensed and very susceptible
 to injury1 the injury is magnified and 
multiplied in every successive process4 
,virtually the field was long since     
abandoned for an accurate quick-working 
motion that should be applicable to any 
and all the machines and to every sliver
 or strand of the machine4  ,this       
invention was solved practically about  
two years since1 and is now being       
employed as applied to drawing frames1  
doublers1 speeder1 intermediate1 and    
slubber4 ,it is a very cunning          
mechanical appliance1 too1 and has found
 favor to a great extent in ,england1   
where several thousand heads of drawing 
and speeders are already supplied4      
,this invention was exhibited at the    
,centennial in #ahgf1 although in a     
somewhat crude state4 ,since that time  
it has been materially improved1 and    
mechanically is very nearly perfect now4
 ,many attempts have been made to apply 

a stop motion1 which should be quick in 
its movement and accurate in its result1
 to carding engines or the card1 not one
 of which1 until the application of     
electricity1 was worth the time spent in
 putting it on4 ,with the electric      
motion1 however1 all this is changed1   
and the electric attachments are not of 
necessity so fragile as to be           
un-mechanical or to be not practical4   
,the advantage has also been taken1 in a
 mechanical way1 of using cotton as one 
element1 and1 being non-conducting1 so  
that no trouble shall arise from contact
 with the working parts of the          
electrical apparatus with the cotton    
itself4  ,to take into consideration all
 the possibilities that exist from the  
railway can to the front of the fine    
speeder is not needed by the practical  
reader1 and would be useless to any     
other4 ,the principle of this invention 
is the supplying of a magneto-electric  
current from a small magneto-electric   
machine attached to the card1 speeder1  

or whatever machine it may be applied to
 which generates the current1 and this  
machine is driven by a small belt from  
the main driving shaft4 ,the machine in 
itself weighs but a few pounds1 and can 
be driven by a half-inch or three       
quarter-inch belt1 and requires a little
 more power than a light-running sewing 
machine4  ,one pole of the              
magneto-electric machine is connected by
 means of a rod or wire to the machine  
frame upon which it is to be used1 and  
the other pole to the electromagnet in  
the ordinary way of conductivity of     
current1 which means stretching the wire
 from one to the other4 ,an armature is 
arranged so that when a thread is broken
 or a sliver or a strand of roving1 the 
armature drops into a ratchet wheel2    
this ratchet wheel is made to revolve by
 the belt1 and whenever it is impeded or
 stopped in its course it acts upon     
mechanism which throws the driving belt 
of the machine upon the loose pulley4   
,electrical contact is made by a very   

simple contrivance1 and these           
attachments are only to act in the case 
of a breakage of a thread or strand4    
,as applied to a card1 the calender     
rolls are both connected1 one with the  
negative and one with the positive pole2
 when the sliver of cotton is between   
the calender rolls there is no          
connection1 but if the sheet breaks down
 between the cone and the calender roll1
 the moment the calender rolls come in  
contact the electrical attachment       
operates and a stoppage ensues2 and in  
the case1 as with the ,american system1 
where a number of cards are used in a   
railway1 this electric contact may be   
used for either one of two purposes-to  
stop the feeding of cotton into the     
card1 or to ring a bell sharply and     
continue ringing it until the sliver is 
put between the calender rolls again and
 the card set to delivering cotton4  ,in
 drawing frames it may be attached so   
that1 in the case of a breakage between 
the front roll and the calender roll1   

the electric machine acts2 in the case  
of a lap upon one of the rolls or one   
end of the roll1 or in case of breakage 
of the sliver at the back of the        
machine1 in either case a stoppage would
 be instantly produced4  ,in being      
applied to the slubber a breakage either
 at the front or back can be arranged   
for4 ,upon intermediates the breakage of
 either one of the strands1 if the      
machine was running two into one1 from  
the creel to the roller1 would cause the
 stoppage of the machine1 or the        
breaking or tangling of ends between the
 front roll and the nose of the flier4  
,there are many other places where this 
motion can be applied4 ,with mechanical 
means we require motion2 with           
electricity we require simple contact of
 two differently arranged surfaces1 and 
this can always be had by letting the   
cotton drop out from between the        
rollers2 no radical changes are         
necessary1 and we are glad to find that 
this electrical attachment is meeting   

with a very good success in ,england1   
,france1 and1 so far1 in the ,united    
,states1 and1 undoubtedly1 further and  
more extended opportunity will be found 
for this application4--,textile ,record4
         99       99       99       99  
99     ,,on ,,the ,,progress ,,and      
,,development ,,of ,,the ,,marine       
,,engine4  ,footnote3 ,a paper recently 
read before the ,society of ,mechanical 
,engineers by ,f4,c4,marshall4   ,the   
author began by referring to a paper    
read at the ,liverpool meeting in #ahgb1
 by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,bramwell1 ,f4,r4,s41  
on ,the ,progress effected in ,economy  
of ,fuel in ,steam ,navigation1         
considered in ,relation to ,compound    
,cylinder ,engines and ,high-pressure   
,steam2 then proceeded to continue the  
subject from the date of that meeting1  
to trace out whether any1 and if so     
what1 progress had been made2 further1  
to consider whether or no we have       
reached the finality so strongly        
deprecated by ,sir ,frederick ,bramwell 

in the discussion referred to1 and1 if  
not1 then in what direction we are to   
look for further development4  ,from a  
table it would seem that the steam      
pressures are now much higher1 the      
boilers have less heating surface1 and  
the cylinders are much smaller for the  
indicated horsepower developed than in  
#ahgb2 and at the same time the average 
consumption of fuel is reduced from     
#b4aa lb4 to #a4hbh lb41 or by #ac4ch   
per cent4   ,,marine ,,engines4  ,the   
author then briefly described the modern
 marine engine and boiler4 ,the three   
great types of compound engines may be  
placed as follows in the order of their 
general acceptance by the shipowning    
community3 7#a7 ,the two-cylinder       
intermediate-receiver compound engine1  
having cranks at right angles4 7#b7 ,the
 ,woolf engine in the tandem form1      
having generally the high-pressure and  
low-pressure cylinders in line with each
 other1 but occasionally alongside1 and 
always communicating their power to one 

crank4 ,such a pair of engines is used  
sometimes singly1 oftener two pairs     
together1 working side by side to cranks
 at right angles2 recently three pairs  
together1 working to cranks placed #abj 
deg4 apart4 ,the system affords the     
opportunity of adding yet more engines  
to the same propeller to an indefinite  
extent4 7#c7 ,the three cylinder        
intermediate-receiver compound engine1  
with one high and two low-pressure      
cylinders1 the steam passing from the   
high-pressure cylinder into the         
receiver1 and thence into the two       
low-pressure cylinders respectively4    
,the cranks are placed at equal angles  
apart round the crank shaft1 so as to   
balance the forces exerted upon the     
shaft4  ,these three types may be said  
to embrace all the engines now being    
manufactured in this country for the    
propulsion of steam vessels by the screw
 propeller4 ,in their leading principles
 they also embrace nearly all paddle    
engines now being built1 whether the    

cylinders be oscillating1 fixed         
vertically1 or inclined to the shaft4   
,the compound engine1 in fact1 in one of
 these three forms1 may now be said to  
be universally adopted in this country2 
and the question of the relative value  
of simple expansion in one cylinder1 and
 of compound expansion in two or more   
cylinders1 which agitated the minds of  
some of our leading engineers ten years 
ago1 is now practically solved in favor 
of the latter4   ,,the ,,marine         
,,boiler4  ,the marine boiler of to-day 
is in all its main features the same as 
it was ten years ago4 ,the single-ended 
boiler1 made with two1 three1 and       
sometimes four furnaces1 is the simplest
 form1 and for all powers under #ejj    
indicated horse power is the most       
generally adopted4 ,the double-ended    
form is largely used4 ,it has been found
 more economically efficient than the   
single-ended form1 by as much as ten per
 cent1 in the writer's own experience4  
,it is generally adopted for engines of 

large power1 but for small power is     
inconvenient1 owing to its occupying    
more room lengthwise in the vessel1 and 
also involving two stokeholds and       
therefore more supervision4 ,at one time
 great difficulty was found in keeping  
the bottoms of boilers of this kind     
tight4 ,owing to their length1 the      
unequal expansion due to different      
temperatures at the top and bottom      
caused severe racking strains on the    
bottom seams and riveting--so severe in 
some cases as to rend the plating for a 
large part of the bottom circumference  
of the shell4 ,this difficulty has now  
been to a large extent got over1 in     
consequence of the greater attention    
given to the form and direction of the  
water spaces in the boiler itself1 so as
 to induce circulation of water2 the    
introduction of the feed-water at the   
top instead of near the bottom2 the more
 careful management now usual on the    
part of engineers2 and lastly1 the use  
of larger plates1 welded horizontal     

seams1 drilled rivet holes1 and more    
perfect workmanship throughout4 ,a      
modification of double-ended boiler is  
that introduced by ,mr4 ,alfred ,holt4  
,it has many decided advantages1 but is 
costly to make4 ,the formation of the   
two ends into separate fire-boxes leaves
 the bottom of the boiler free to adapt 
itself to the variations of temperature 
to which it is exposed4 ,the separation 
of the furnaces from the combustion     
chamber1 excepting through the opening  
afforded by a connecting tube1 is an    
advantage in the same direction1 and    
avoids almost entirely the racking      
strains due to irregular furnace action4
 ,the weight of water carried is less1  
and that of the boiler may also be made 
less2 while the elliptical form of the  
two ends gives greater steam space4  ,a 
type of boiler largely used in her      
,majesty's ,navy1 somewhat like a       
locomotive boiler1 is highly efficient  
in regard to weight and power developed4
 ,many examples have yielded one        

indicated horse-power in the cylinders  
for every three square feet of heating  
surface1 under natural draught and with 
a very moderate height of funnel2 and   
this with a consumption of fuel not     
exceeding #b lb4 per indicated          
horse-power per hour under a working    
pressure of #fj lb4 ,with the aid of a  
steam jet in the funnel1 the heating    
surface per indicated horse-power has   
fallen below #b square feet4 ,the large 
water surface afforded for escape of    
steam secures almost entire freedom from
 priming1 without the incumbrance of    
steam domes2 and the large combustion   
chamber allows of the thorough          
combustion of the gases before their    
passage through the tubes4 ,the         
locomotive type of boiler has lately    
occupied the writer's attention1 with a 
view to its more definite introduction  
into marine work4 ,the difficulties1    
however1 which lie in the way of        
applying it to steamers going long      
voyages are very great4 ,the principal  

difficulty lies in the necessity of     
burning a large quantity of fuel in a   
very limited space and time4 ,this can  
only be done either by direct pressure  
or exhaust action applied at the        
furnace4 ,in other words1 we must either
 exhaust the funnel1 which will absorb a
 large amount of power1 but would be    
comparatively easy of application2 or   
our stokers1 as is the case with our    
miners1 must work under a pressure of   
air4   ,,steel ,,boilers4  ,the writer  
stated that his experience in the       
manufacture and working of steel boilers
 was satisfactory4 ,many steel boilers  
of sizes varying from six feet diameter 
to fourteen feet six inches diameter    
have left the works at ,st4 ,peter's    
since #ahgg1 when the first was made2   
and in no case has there been a failure 
of a plate after being put into a       
boiler1 either in the process of        
manufacture or in working at sea4 ,the  
mode of working is as follows3 ,for     
shell plates1 from five-eighths inch to 

seven-eighths inch thick1 to warm each  
to a dark red heat before rolling1      
having previously drilled a few holes to
 template for bolting the strakes       
together2 the longitudinal seams are    
usually lap joints treble riveted1      
requiring the corners to be thinned1    
which is done after rolling4 ,the       
furnace plates are generally welded two 
plates in length1 and flanged to form   
,adamson rings1 and at the back end to  
meet the tube plate2 the back flame-box 
plates are flanged1 also the tube plates
 and front and back plates2 and wherever
 work is put on to the plate it is      
annealed before going into the place4   
,the rivet holes are drilled throughout4
 ,in the putting together the           
longitudinal seams of the thicker plates
 of the shells1 great care is always    
taken to set the upper and under plates 
for the lap to their proper angle before
 they are bolted together1 a point      
generally overlooked by the practical   
boilersmith4   ,,corrosion ,,of         

,,boilers4  ,the question of corrosion  
is one which is gradually being answered
 as time goes on2 and so far very       
satisfactorily for steel4 ,some steel   
boilers were examined a few weeks ago   
which were among the first made2 and the
 superintending engineer reports3 ,there
 is no sign of pitting or corrosion in  
any part of the boiler2 the boilers are 
washed out very carefully every voyage1 
and very carefully examined1 and ,i     
cannot trace anything either leaking or 
eating away4 ,no zinc is used1 only care
 in washing out1 drying out1 and        
managing the water4 ,this is the        
evidence of an engineer with a large    
number of vessels in his charge4 ,on the
 other hand1 some of the most prominent 
,liverpool engineers always use zinc1   
and take care to apply it most strictly4
 ,the evidence of one of them is as     
follows3 ,we always fix slabs of zinc to
 most boilers1 exposing not less than a 
surface of one square foot for every    
twenty indicated horse-power1 and       

distributed throughout the boiler4 ,this
 zinc we find to be in a state of oxide 
and crumbling away in about three       
months4 ,we then renew the whole1 and   
find this will last twelve months or    
more1 when it is renewed again4         
,meanwhile we have no pitting and no    
corrosion2 but on the contrary1 the     
interior surfaces appear to have taken a
 coating of oxide of zinc all over1 and 
we have no trouble with them4   ,,how   
,,the ,,marine ,,engine ,,may ,,be      
,,improved4  ,then the writer considered
 our present marine engine as to its    
efficiency and capability of further    
improvement4 ,the weight of machinery1  
water1 and fuel carried for propelling  
ships has not had due attention in the  
general practice of engineers4 ,by the  
best shipping authorities the writer is 
assured that every ton of dead weight   
capacity is worth on an average #aj per 
annum as earning freight4 ,assuming1    
therefore1 the weight of the machinery  
and water of any ordinary vessel to be  

#cjj tons1 and that1 by careful design  
and judicious use of materials1 the     
engineer can reduce it by #ajj tons1    
without increasing the cost of working1 
he makes the vessel worth #a1jjj per    
annum more to her owners4 ,that there is
 much room for improvement in this      
direction is shown by the following     
statement1 giving1 for various classes  
of ships1 the average weight of         
machinery1 including engines1 boilers1  
water1 and all fittings ready for sea1  
in pounds1 per indicated horse power3   
,lb4 per ,i4 ,h4 ,p4    ,merchant       
steamers44444444444444444444444444 #dhj 
,royal                                  
,navy444444444444444444444444444444444  
#cjj   ,engines specially designed for  
light draught                           
vessels444444444444444444444444444444444
44#bhj   ,royal ,navy1 ,polyphemus class
 7given by ,mr4                         
,wright744444444444444444444444444444444
44 #ahj   ,modern                       
locomotive44444444444444444444444444    

#adj   ,torpedo                         
vessels44444444444444444444444444444 #fj
    ,ordinary marine boilers1 including 
water444 #aif   ,locomotive boilers1    
including water444444444 #fj  ,the      
ordinary marine boiler1 encumbered as it
 is by the regulations of the ,board of 
,trade and of ,lloyds' ,committee1 does 
not admit of much reduction in the      
weight of material or of water carried  
when working4 ,the introduction of steel
 has reduced the weight by about        
one-tenth2 but it will be the alteration
 of form to the locomotive1 tubulous1 or
 some other type1 combined with some    
method of forced draught1 to which we   
must look for such reductions in weight 
of material and water as will be of any 
great commercial value4 ,the engine may 
be reduced in weight by reducing its    
size1 and this can only be done by      
increasing the number of revolutions per
 minute4  ,it has hitherto been the     
practice to treat the propeller as      
dependent upon the size of engines1     

draught of water1 and speed required4   
,this process should be reversed4 ,the  
propeller's diameter depends on the     
column of water behind necessary to     
overcome the resistance in front of it  
due to the properties of the vessel4    
,this fixed1 the speed will then fix the
 number of revolutions1 which will be   
found much greater than is usual in     
practice1 and from this the size of the 
engines and boilers will be determined4 
,great saving in weight can be effected 
by careful design and judicious         
selection and adaptation of materials1  
also by the substitution of trussed     
framing and a proper mode of securing   
the engine to the structure of the      
vessel1 as worked out in ,h4,m4,s4      
,nelson1 by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kirk1 of      
,glasgow1 and in the beautifully        
designed engines by ,mr4 ,thornycroft1  
in place of the massive cast-iron       
bedplates and columns of the ordinary   
engines of commerce4 ,the same may be   
said of the moving parts4 ,in fine1 the 

hull and engines should be as much as   
possible one structure2 rigidity in one 
place and elasticity in others are the  
cause of most of the accidents so costly
 to the ship-owner2 under such          
conditions mass and solidity cease to be
 virtues1 and the sooner their place is 
taken by careful design1 and the use of 
the smallest weight of material--of the 
very best kind for the                  
purpose--consistent with thorough       
efficiency1 the better for all          
concerned4   ,,consumption ,,of ,,fuel  
,,in ,,marine ,,engines4  ,coming to the
 question of the consumption of fuel1 a 
considerable saving has been effected in
 nine years1 as shown in the following  
table3                 ,item4           
#ahgb4       #ahha4    ,working         
pressure1 lb4 per sq4 in444444444 #eb4e 
#gg4d   ,heating surface per ,i4 ,h4    
,p41 sq4 ft4444   #d4fd        #c4iai   
,piston speed1 feet per                 
min44444444444444 #cgf         #dfg     
,coal burnt per ,i4 ,h4 ,p41            

lb44444444444444  #b4aa        #a4hbh   
,this shows a saving equal to #ac4ch per
 cent1 in quantity of fuel consumed4    
,mr4 ,marshall then read a letter from  
,mr4 ,alfred ,holt1 of ,liverpool1      
bearing on this subject1 in which ,mr4  
,holt spoke favorably of the            
single-crank engine1 and stated his     
belief that the compound system would   
ere long be abandoned for the simple    
engine4 ,he is endeavoring to feel his  
way to using the steam in one cylinder  
only1 and so far the results have been  
encouraging1 and he is now fitting a    
#b1bjj-ton vessel on that system4 ,he is
 also endeavoring to do without a crank 
shaft1 the forward end of the screw     
shaft carrying an ordinary crank with   
overhung pin4 ,this experiment also     
promises satisfactorily4 ,in his opinion
 the great improvement of the immediate 
future is to increase the steam         
production of our boilers4 ,a ton weight
 of a locomotive boiler produces as much
 steam as six tons of an ordinary       

steamboat boiler4  ,mr4 ,holt speaks of 
the coal account as one of the minor    
disbursements of a steamer4 ,he does not
 give the ratio which coals bear to the 
total disbursements1 but from other     
reliable sources ,mr4 ,marshall found   
that1 according to the direction of the 
voyage1 it varies from #af to #bj       
percent4--or1 say1 an average of #ah per
 cent4--of the total disbursements1 in a
 vessel carrying a cargo of #b1ejj tons4
 ,this will represent to-day about      
#c1jjj per annum1 and in #ahgb1 at equal
 prices1 the cost would have been       
#c1gej--showing a saving of #gej1 equal 
to a dividend of1 say1 #c per cent4 on  
the value of the ship4 ,again1 the cost 
of coal per mile run for such a vessel1 
in #ahgb1 would have been at least      
#af;d42 to-day it does not exceed #ac;d4
   ,,evaporative ,,efficiency ,,of      
,,marine ,,boilers4  ,the marine boiler 
as now made is very efficient1 but if   
the quantity of steam used be considered
 in relation to the increased pressure1 

it will be seen that the boiler of      
to-day is little if anymore efficient   
than that of ten years ago4 ,the present
 boiler has an evaporative efficiency of
 about #ge per cent41 and cannot be much
 improved so long as air is supplied to 
the furnace by the natural draught4 ,to 
increase the efficiency from #ge to     
#hb4e per cent4 would require about     
double the heating surface1 the weight  
of boiler and water being also doubled1 
while the gain would be only #aj per    
cent4 ,mr4 ,blechynden's formula1 used  
in ,mr4 ,marshall's works for weights of
 cylindrical marine boilers of the      
ordinary type1 and for pressures varying
 from #ej lb4 to #aej lb41 is as        
follows3  ,w  7,p  #ae7 7,s  ,d ,l7 _/  
,c  or ,w  #b,s 7,p  #ae7 _/ ,c  when ,s
  ,d ,l1 which is a common proportion4  
,here ,w  weight in tons4        ,p     
working pressure as on gauge4        ,s 
heating surface1 in square feet4        
,d  diameter1 in feet4        ,l        
length1 in feet4        ,c  a constant  

divisor1 depending on the class of      
riveting1 etc4 ,for boilers to ,lloyds' 
rules1            and with iron shells  
having #ge per cent4            strength
 of solid plate1 ,c  #ac1bjj4  ,this    
formula1 if correct--and it is almost   
strictly so--would give the relative    
weight of boilers per sq4 ft4 of heating
 surface1 for #aje lb4 and #aej lb4     
total pressure1 assuming we wish to     
increase the efficiency #aj per cent1 as
 follows3  ,weight at #aje lb4  #aje x  
#a _/ ,c  ,weight at #aej lb4  #aej x   
#a4ge _/ ,c  #bfc _/ ,c  ,hence the     
ratio of weight  #bfc _/ #aje  #b4e  ,in
 other words1 the boiler with the higher
 efficiency would weigh two and a half  
times that with the lower efficiency4   
,in the case of a vessel of #c1jjj tons1
 with engines and boilers of #a1ejj     
indicated horse power1 the introduction 
of locomotive boilers with forced       
draught would place at the disposal of  
the owner #aej tons of cargo space1     
representing #a1ejj per annum in        

addition to the present earnings of such
 a vessel4   ,,marine ,,locomotive      
,,boilers4  ,mr4 ,thornycroft has for   
some years used the locomotive form of  
boiler for his steam launches1 working  
them under an air pressure--produced by 
a fan discharging into a close          
stokehold--of from #a in4 to #f in4 of  
water1 as may be required4 ,the         
experiments made gave an evaporation of 
#g4fa lb4 of water from #a lb4 of coal  
at #bab ,fahr41 with #b in4 of water    
pressure1 and #f4da lb4 with #f in4 of  
pressure4 ,these results are low1 but it
 is to be remembered that the heating   
surface is necessarily small1 in order  
to save weight1 and the temperature of  
the funnel consequently high1 ranging   
from #a1jgc at the first pressure1 and  
#a1ddd at the #f in4 ,with the ordinary 
proportions of locomotive practice the  
efficiency can be made equal to the best
 marine boiler when working under the   
water pressure usual in locomotives1 say
 from #c in4 to #d in41 including funnel

 draught4  ,it has fallen to the lot of 
the writer to fit three vessels recently
 with boilers worked under pressure in  
closed stokeholds4 ,the results1 even   
under unfavorable conditions1 were very 
satisfactory4 ,the pressure of air would
 be represented by #b in4 of water1 and 
the indicated horse power given out by  
the engines was #b1hjj1 as against      
#a1hge when working by natural draught1 
or exactly #ej per cent4 gain in power  
developed4  ,mr4 ,marshall then         
proceeded to refute the arguments which 
may be urged against the use of the     
locomotive boiler at sea1 and which we  
need not reproduce4 ,coming to the      
engines1 ,mr4 ,marshall said that the   
total working pressure of to-day may be 
accepted as #aje lb41 or equal to seven 
atmospheres4 ,if it were boldly accepted
 that eleven atmospheres1 or #afe lb41  
were to be the standard working         
pressure1 the result would be a gain of 
#ad4ee per cent41 provided no           
counteracting influence came into play4 

,of course1 there are forces which war  
against the attainment of the full      
extent of this advantage1 viz41 the     
greater condensation in the cylinders   
and loss in the receiver or passages4   
,in regard to the former1 it may be     
questioned whether by steamjacketing the
 high pressure cylinder1 correctly      
proportioning the steam passages1 and   
giving a due amount of compression in   
both cylinders1 this may not be reduced 
far below the generally received notion2
 and the latter cause of loss may be    
considerably reduced in its effect by a 
more carefully chosen cylinder ratio4   
,the ratio usually adopted1 between #c4e
 and #d to #a1 whether the pressure be  
#gj lb4 or #ij lb41 may well be         
questioned4 ,with a cylinder ratio of   
#b4ie to #a1 the economic performance is
 very good1 and equal to any with the   
higher ratio4 ,a lower cylinder ratio   
has another advantage of considerable   
value1 viz41 that the working pressure  
can be much reduced as the boilers get  

older1 while by giving a greater amount 
of steam the power may be maintained--at
 an extra cost of steam1 of course1 but 
not so great a cost as with higher      
ratios4 ,the cut-off in the             
high-pressure cylinder usually takes    
place at about #j4f1 and the ratio of   
expansion has decided the ratio of      
cylinders4 ,the use of separate starting
 valves in both cylinders obviates that 
necessity4  ,the difficulties in the way
 of taking advantage of the higher      
economic properties of greater pressures
 than hitherto used on board ship1 are1 
it is submitted1 not insuperable1 and it
 would be to the interest of all that   
they should be firmly and determinedly  
met4 ,it may be accepted as an average  
result that the ,woolf engine1 as       
usually arranged1 will use #aj per cent4
 more steam than the receiver engine for
 the same power4  ,of the three-cylinder
 receiver type the data are insufficient
 to form a definite opinion upon2 but so
 far the general working of the ,arizona

 is stated to be as good1 economically1 
as any of the two-cylinder receiver     
class4 ,the surface condenser remains as
 it was ten years ago1 with scarcely a  
detail altered4 ,in most engines it     
remains a portion of the framing1 and as
 such adds greatly to the weight of the 
engine4  ,it is a question seriously    
worth consideration whether or no the   
surface of tubes can be reduced4 ,the   
practice at present is to make the      
surface one-half the boiler surface as a
 minimum1 that is1 equal to about #b    
square feet per indicated horse power4  
,in practice1 the writer has found #a4d 
square feet per indicated horse power to
 maintain a steady vacuum of #bg inches4
  ,mr4 ,marshall has just completed six 
pairs of engines for three twin screw   
ships1 having steel shafts of #aj inches
 diameter1 and has in each case run the 
engines at #abj revolutions per minute1 
while indicating #a1chj horse power from
 each pair for ten to fifteen hours     
without stopping2 and in no case has a  

single bearing or crank pin warmed or   
had water applied1 the surfaces on      
examination being perfect4 ,in these    
engines all working bolts1 pins1 and    
rods1 except the piston and connecting  
rods1 are of steel1 all rods in tension 
being loaded to #h1jjj lb4 per square   
inch4 ,the boilers are of the ,navy     
type1 made throughout of                
,siemens-,martin steel plates1 riveted  
with steel rivets1 all holes drilled4   
,furnaces are welded and flanged2 the   
tubes are of brass4 ,in comparison with 
an ordinary merchant steamer's iron     
boilers of the double ended type1 they  
weigh1 including water and all          
appurtenances1 as follows3              
,double ended ,type4    ,navy ,type4    
,weight1 tons444444444444   #ace        
44444444444  #adf   ,i4 ,h4             
,p44444444444444444 #a1djj 4444444444   
#b1gfj   ,draught4444444444444444       
,natural 444444444 ,forced4   ,,screw   
,,propellers4  ,the screw propeller is  
still to a great extent an unsolved     

problem4 ,we have no definite rule by   
which we can fix the most important     
factor of the whole1 namely1 the        
diameter4 ,mr4 ,froude has pointed out  
that by reducing the diameter1 and thus 
the peripheral friction1 we can increase
 the efficiency2 and this is confirmed  
by cases--of ,iris reduced #b feet #c   
inches1 and the ,arizona reduced #b     
feet4 ,this must1 of course1 be         
qualified by other considerations4 ,the 
ship has by her form a definite         
resistance1 and a certain speed is      
required2 if the propeller be made too  
small in diameter1 the ship will not be 
driven at the required speed1 except at 
serious loss in other directions4 ,this 
question was too large and complicated  
to be dealt with here1 and should1 in   
the first instance1 be made the subject 
of careful and extended experiment1 on  
which a separate paper should be        
written4  ,to sum up the whole4         
,progress has been made during the past 
nine years1 and in the following        

particulars3  #a4 ,the power of the     
engines made and making show a great    
increase4 #b4 ,speeds hitherto          
unattainable are now seen to be possible
 in vessels of all the various classes4 
#c4 ,the consumption of fuel is reduced 
by #ac4ch per cent4 on the average2 and 
numbers of vessels are now working on   
much less coal than that average1 while 
the quality of the coal is in nearly all
 cases very inferior1 so that it is not 
unfair to take credit for #bj per cent4 
reduction4 #d4 ,the working pressures of
 steam are much increased on the        
average1 and are still increasing2 many 
steamers now being built for #abj lb4   
per square inch1 while #ij lb4 is the   
standard pressure now required4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,steam ,,ferry ,,boats ,,of ,,the      
,,port ,,of ,,marseilles4   ,the small  
steam ferry boats represented in the    
accompanying cut are doing service in   
the port of ,marseilles1 and the        
following description of them has been  

given by ,mr4 ,flecher in the ,bulletin 
de la ,socit des ,anciens ,elves d',arts
 et ,metiers3  ,all those who are       
acquainted with the ,old ,port of       
,marseilles know the inconvenience of   
communication between one shore and the 
other1 and the high price of ferriage by
 row boats4 ,to obviate this1 ,captain  
,advient has been struck with the happy 
idea of creating a cheap steam service  
7fare one cent71 thus supplying a       
genuine want in the modes of locomotion 
of the city4  ,the building of these    
ferry boats1 on a system providing for  
the use of separate hulls1 was confided 
to ,messrs4 ,stapfer1 ,de ,duclos  ,co41
 of ,marseilles1 whose well-known       
reputation was a sufficient guarantee   
that the problem would be successfully  
solved4  ,there existed difficulties of 
two natures3 ,the first of these related
 to the stability of boats such as this1
 having their engine1 boiler1 supply of 
coal1 forty passengers who might all    
occupy one side of the vessel1 a central

 superstructure1 with roof2 and1        
finally1 all the weight centered on five
 feet of the deck1 with nothing below to
 counterbalance it except the hollow    
hulls and two three-foot compartments1  
each placed toward the central portion  
of the hulls and designed as fresh-water
 reservoirs for the steam generator4    
,the second difficulty was to obtain the
 best utilization possible of a screw   
placed in the current between the hulls 
and upon a shaft inclined toward the    
stern1 that is1 stern by analogy1 for   
there is no distinction of fore and aft 
in ferry boats4  ,illustration3 ,,steam 
,,ferryboats ,,of ,,the ,,port ,,of     
,,marseilles4  ,the conditions of the   
problem were finally fulfilled to the   
satisfaction of all concerned1 and      
especially to that of the public4  ,the 
hulls1 navicular in form and having a   
flat bottom1 are constructed of         
one-tenth inch iron plate and #djx#dj   
angle iron4 ,their dimensions are3      
,length1 #cc feet2 breadth1 #c feet2 and

 depth1 #e feet4 ,the internal distance 
between the two shells is #g feet4      
,these hulls1 having absolutely         
water-tight decks1 are connected below  
by tie bars of flat iron1 and above by  
vertical stays #a foot in length1 which 
serve to support the floor-planks of the
 deck and boilerplate flooring of the   
engine-room4 ,the engine-room1 which is 
#ai feet long by #e feet wide1 is       
constructed of varnished pitch-pine1    
with movable side-shutters of teak4 ,the
 roof1 of thin iron plate1 is provided  
with a ventilator to allow of the escape
 of hot air4  ,the passengers1 to the   
number of forty or fifty1 can move about
 freely from larboard to starboard1 or  
from stem to stern1 or seat themselves  
on the benches running along the inside 
of the guard railing on the two sides of
 the vessel4 ,they are protected from   
rain by a roof1 and from the rays of the
 sun by a curtain extending along the   
sides4  ,although the usual method of   
landing is fore and aft1 gangways have  

been provided at the sides for          
side-landing should it become necessary4
  ,the general appearance of one of     
these boats may be likened to that of a 
floating street-car4 ,finally1 a small  
apartment1 provided with benches1 is    
provided for the use of those passengers
 who might be taken sick1 or for office 
purposes1 if need be4  ,the total weight
 of one of the boats is divided up as   
follows3    ,forty                      
passengers4444444444444444 #f1bjj       
pounds1   ,engine and                   
boiler444444444444444 #f1fjj            
,ballast1 water1 and equipment444 #i1ijj
      ,deck and superstructure444444444 
#f1fjj      ,hull and                   
accessories444444444444#ab1ejj          
,total444444444444444444444444444#da1hjj
     or a displacement of about #gjj    
cubic feet1 corresponding to a maximum  
draught of #c4g feet4 ,the mean speed is
 #d knots1 or #d miles per hour1 a great
 velocity being unnecessary1 owing to   
the small distance to cross in a port   

often obstructed by the general movement
 of vessels taking place therein4  ,the 
engine is from #af to #ah horse-power4  
,its frame is inclined perpendicularly  
to the direction of the screw-shaft1 the
 extremity of which is supported near   
the screw by a strengthened cross-stay  
serving as a pillow-block4 ,the cylinder
 is #h inches in diameter1 and the      
piston has a stroke of #f inches1       
causing the screw 7which is #c feet     
diameter7 to make #bjj revolutions per  
minute4 ,the screw1 although it has a   
wide surface of thrust1 gives1          
nevertheless1 a recoil of about #cj per 
cent41 because of its location between  
the hulls and its oblique action on the 
shaft4  ,the steam is furnished by a    
tubular boiler having an internal       
fireplace and a heating surface of      
sixteen square meters1 the draught being
 effected by the exhaust of the engine4 
,this boiler1 which is tested up to #ad 
pounds1 is fed by a steam pump1 or by a 
pump actuated by the engine4 ,the feed  

pumps take water successively from one  
or the other of the reservoirs in the   
hulls4 ,the reservoirs are filled in the
 morning1 and their level is ascertained
 by two small and ingenious ,decondun   
indicators1 the dials of which are      
placed against the walls of the         
engine-room4  ,taken altogether1 these  
little boats are well arranged and quite
 handsome2 and1 since they were put into
 service in ,june1 #ahhj1 they have     
proved a great convenience to the       
hard-working and active population for  
which they were built4         99       
99       99       99       99           
,,opening ,,of ,a ,,new ,,english       
,,dock4   ,in ,july last1 ,admiral the  
,duke of ,edinburgh1 with the ,naval    
,reserve ,squadron under his command1   
arrived in the ,firth of ,forth and     
anchored in ,leith ,roads4 ,his ,royal  
,highness performed the ceremony of     
opening the new dock at ,leith1 which   
has been named after him4 ,the          
,edinburgh ,dock at ,leith1 which was   

commenced in #ahgd1 consists of a center
 basin #ejj ft4 long and #fej ft4 wide1 
and two basins #a1jjj ft4 long and #bjj 
ft4 wide1 separated by a jetty having a 
width of #bej ft4 ,the total amount of  
masonry in the wet docks is #ajj1jjj    
cubic yards4 ,the north and south quays 
are each #a1ejj ft4 long1 and the two   
sides of the jetty #a1jjj ft4 long each1
 having a total quayage in connection   
with the dock of #f1gge ft4 ,the walls  
are #ae ft4 thick at the base1 narrowing
 in two tiers to #h ft4 ,the new dock   
will cost altogether about #cjj1jjj4    
,leith now possesses five docks and a   
total quayage of three miles #hjh yards1
 #a1bcd yards of which is the old       
portion4 ,these works have been         
constructed1 at a cost of nearly one    
million sterling1 by the ,leith ,dock   
,commissioners1 whose chairman1 ,mr4    
,james ,currie1 presented an address to 
the ,duke of ,edinburgh1 on board the   
flag-ship ,h4,m4,s4 ,hercules1 giving an
 account of their affairs4 ,the other   

docks at ,leith are named the ,old      
,dock1 the ,queen's ,dock1 the          
,victoria1 the ,albert1 and the ,prince 
of ,wales ,dock4 ,the opening ceremony  
was arranged to consist of the steamer  
,berlin1 with his ,royal ,highness and  
the ,dock ,commissioners on board1      
accompanied by ,sir ,donald ,currie1    
,m4,p41 and other gentlemen1 passing    
through the entrance from the ,albert   
,dock to the new dock1 across which a   
blue ribbon had been stretched4 ,at the 
moment when the ribbon snapped asunder1 
under the bow of the ,berlin1 the ,duke 
of ,edinburgh1 stepping forward on the  
upper deck of the steamer1 said1 ,i have
 now the gratification of declaring this
 dock open1 and calling it the          
,edinburgh ,dock4 ,on this announcement 
being made1 a signal was conveyed to a  
battery of guns1 posted on the sea wall 
of the new dock1 from which a party of  
the ,royal ,artillery fired a ,royal    
salute4 ,the steamer1 having gone round 
the new dock1 was brought up at the quay

 at the west4 ,his ,royal ,highness the 
,duke of ,edinburgh1 with ,prince ,henry
 of ,prussia1 the officers of the fleet1
 and the ,commissioners1 disembarked and
 proceeded to the saloon in the new     
dock1 where luncheon in honor of the    
occasion was given by the ,leith ,dock  
,commissioners4--,illustrated ,london   
,news1 ,aug4 #f4  ,illustration3        
,,opening ,,of ,a ,,new ,,english       
,,dock4         99       99       99    
99       99     ,,improved ,,grain      
,,elevator4   ,the illustration shows   
the apparatus at work transferring a    
cargo of grain from the hold of a ship  
by means of an elevating band fitted    
with buckets4 ,by a simple contrivance  
shown in the engraving by diamond-shaped
 squares1 the elevating band can be     
shortened or lengthened at pleasure1 so 
as to suit it to the position the grain 
to be elevated occupies in the ship or  
barge4 ,when the grain is elevated to   
the point whence it is to be transferred
 to the granary1 railway truck1 or other

 destination1 the band travels          
horizontally on suitable bearings1 the  
buckets being so constructed that in    
traveling they retain their load intact4
 ,the contrivance for lengthening and   
shortening the bucket band is an        
application of the lazytongs device1    
which is well known4 ,the float of the  
elevator is shown at the left hand of   
the engraving1 and1 as seen in the      
latter1 there is an automatic weighing  
machine1 by which the material may be   
weighed as it is delivered1 before it   
goes to the bottom of the elevator1 to  
be again transferred by its means to the
 barge or granary4 ,simplicity1         
efficiency1 and adaptability to any     
position in which elevators of this     
class are desirable1 are the claims the 
patentees1 ,messrs4 ,behrns  ,unruth1   
,lubeck1 make for the advantages of     
their apparatus4--,london ,miller4      
,illustration3 ,,improved ,,floating    
,,elevator4         99       99       99
       99       99     ,,improved       

,,dredger4   ,we illustrate below a     
useful type of dredger made by ,messrs4 
,rennie1 of ,blackfriars1 ,england4 ,the
 drawing almost explains itself4 ,the   
machine consists of a double barge or   
pontoon1 in which is erected a derrick4 
,this derrick works a spoon dredge at   
the end of a lever4 ,the spoon1 as      
shown1 is at its lowest position4 ,it   
will make a forward stroke1 through     
about one-sixth of a revolution1 and    
will thus become filled with mud and be 
lifted above the surface of the water4  
,the motion will be imparted to it by   
the chain and pulleys seen at outer end 
of the derrick jib4 ,the jib will then  
be swung round over the bank on a hopper
 barge and its contents delivered4 ,the 
requisite power is supplied by the steam
 engine at the end of the pontoon4      
,messrs4 ,rennie have made several of   
these little dredgers1 which are found  
very useful and handy in shallow        
water4--,the ,engineer4  ,illustration3 
,,single ,,bucket ,,dipper ,,dredger4   

99       99       99       99       99  
,,railway ,,alarm ,,whistle4   ,in order
 to prevent a train passing a danger    
signal during a fog or snowstorm without
 being seen by the engineer1 the        
,southern ,railway ,company of ,france  
have attached to the locomotive a steam 
whistle1 which is controlled by the     
signal4 ,the whistle is connected with  
an insulated metallic brush placed under
 the engine4 ,between the rails there is
 a projecting contact bar1 faced with   
copper1 which is swept by the brush when
 the train passes4 ,this contact piece  
is connected with the positive pole of a
 voltaic battery1 the negative pole of  
which is in communication with a        
commutator on the signal post1 from     
which a wire leads to the ground4 ,when 
the signal is line clear the passage of 
the brush over the fixed contact        
produces no result2 but when the signal 
marks danger1 the commutator brings the 
negative pole of the battery in direct  
communication with the ground1 and when 

the brush passes over the contact the   
completion of the electric current      
causes the whistle to be sounded1 so as 
to alarm the driver4--,l',ingen4 ,univ4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,furnace ,,for ,,the ,,manufacture ,,of
 ,,sulphide ,,of ,,carbon4   ,sulphide  
of carbon 7,,cs#b7 is prepared by       
passing the vapors of sulphur over      
charcoal heated to redness4 ,in         
laboratories1 charcoal and roll         
brimstone are employed so as to obtain  
as pure a product as possible2 but      
sulphide of carbon having now become so 
important a commercial product1 and     
being employed for so large a number of 
industrial purposes1 it has been found  
more economical to substitute coke for  
charcoal and pyrites for brimstone4     
,the ,messrs4 ,labois1 in their system  
of furnace represented herewith1 have   
had in view the manufacture of this     
product under as economical conditions  
as possible1 by coupling over two       
connected fireplaces the retort in which

 the pyrites is distilled1 and that in  
which the reaction of the sulphur and   
carbon takes place4  ,the pyrites is fed
 from the hopper1 ,a1 into a            
distributing box1 ,b1 furnished with a  
valve which is maneuvered by a lever4   
,from thence it descends into the       
retort1 ,g1 where it is roasted by the  
heat of the fireplace1 ,l4 ,the sulphur 
converted into a state of vapor passes  
through the conduit1 ,r1 into the coke  
or charcoal retort1 ,g'1 which is       
divided into two parts by the partition1
 g g'1 of refractory clay1 and heated by
 the fireplace1 ,l'4  ,illustration3    
,,labois',s ,,sulphide ,,of ,,carbon    
,,furnace4  ,the conduit1 ,r'1 leads the
 sulphide of carbon in a state of vapor 
to the condensing apparatus4 ,the       
uncombined sulphur which is carried     
along is deposited in the first part of 
the retort by the arrangement of the    
partition1 which permits of passage only
 below4 ,the registers1 ,v and ,v'1     
permit of the introduction of the       

sulphur vapor and the exit of the       
sulphide of carbon being regulated4     
,the apparatus is so easy of            
installation that it may be applied     
without much expense to pyrites furnaces
 already in operation4  ,wherever a     
manufactory of the product is to be     
started1 the system recommends itself by
 its simplicity1 and by the facility    
with which the operation may be watched 
and conducted4         99       99      
99       99       99     ,,brouardel',s 
,,dry ,,inscribing ,,manometer4         
,brouardel's manometer1 represented     
herewith1 is designed for showing       
graphically variations in the pressure  
of gas1 either at the works during the  
course of manufacture1 or at any point  
whatever in the system of piping4  ,for 
this purpose water manometers have      
hitherto been employed2 but1 although   
the indications given by these are very 
accurate1 their form and weight are such
 as to render them not easily           
transportable2 and then1 again1         

considerable care is necessary in       
putting them in place4  ,mr4            
,brouardel's registering manometer does 
not give so accurate indications1       
perhaps1 but it possesses1 as an offset1
 the merit of being very portable and   
easily put in place2 and1 besides1 it   
inscribes the hour at which the pressure
 is exerted4  ,the apparatus consists of
 a metallic cylinder1 ,a ,b1 which      
carries a circular shoulder1 ,c1 that   
rests on a plate1 ,d--the latter being  
put in motion by a clock which is wound 
up by means of a button under the base1 
,e1 of the apparatus4 ,the two          
standards1 ,f ,f1 carry a crosspiece    
which supports a disk that closes freely
 the aperture of the drum1 ,a ,b1 in    
such a manner as not to impede its      
rotation4  ,in the interior of the      
cylinder there is a metallic cup which  
is connected with the central reservoir 
by an impermeable membrane1 ,i4 ,these  
three parts form a closed chamber1 into 
which the pressure comes through a tube1

 ,f1 provided with a cock4 ,a spring1   
,m1 which counteracts the pressure1 is  
arranged between the crosspiece1 ,g1 and
 the bottom of the reservoir4 ,the      
latter carries also a small rod1 ,k1    
which is provided with a cord made of   
braided silk4 ,this cord runs over a    
pulley1 ,n1 whose axle carries at its   
other end a still larger pulley1 ,o4    
,toward the middle of the latter is     
fixed a silken cord which hangs down on 
each side1 after making several turns   
around the pulley4 ,to the front cord is
 attached a slide1 ,q1 moving in a      
vertical direction1 and to which is     
fixed an inscribing style1 ,r4 ,the     
other extremity of the thread enters the
 hollow upright1 and carries a weight   
which is greater than the combined      
weights of the slide1 the membrane1 and 
the internal reservoir4 ,the upright    
serves as a guide to this counterpoise4 
,in order to use the apparatus there is 
affixed to the cylinder1 ,a ,b1 a sheet 
of paper divided in a vertical direction

 into as many parts as the cylinder     
takes hours to make one revolution4 ,the
 divisions running horizontally         
represent centimeters of water or of    
mercury1 according to the strength of   
the spring1 ,m1 which should be so      
constructed as to be in relation with   
the pressure4 ,the operation of the     
apparatus may be readily understood4    
,illustration3 ,,gas ,,indicator ,,of   
,,manometer4  ,when the gas reaches the 
pressure chamber1 the spring1 ,m1       
contracts1 and consequently the         
counterpoise descends1 and causes the   
cord1 ,o1 which carries the slide and   
writing style1 to wind around the       
pulley4 ,when the pressure diminishes1  
the movement takes place in an opposite 
direction4  ,the tracing is done by     
means of a special form of style giving 
indelible curves through the medium of  
colored glycerine4 ,the position of the 
point is determined in such a way as to 
annul the friction of the pen1 and      
consequently to give it greater         

sensitiveness4  ,it should be remarked  
that the course of the rod1 ,k1 is      
amplified in the tracing of the         
ordinates of the pressure according to  
the ratio of the diameters of the       
pulleys1 ,n and ,o4  ,the apparatus may 
be carried by hand by means of the      
handle1 ,s1 either in or out of its     
case4 ,to put it in operation1 it is    
only necessary to connect the apparatus 
with a gas burner 7located near the     
place where the variations of pressure  
are to be observed7 by means of rubber  
tubing4 ,the apparatus may be employed  
under the same circumstances as glass   
and ,u-shaped water manometers1 with the
 further advantage that the results are 
registered1 and consequently can be more
 easily compared4         99       99   
99       99       99     ,,centrifugal  
,,apparatus ,,for ,,casting ,,metals4   
,the apparatus represented in ,figs4 #a1
 #b1 #c1 and #d is the invention of     
,messrs4 ,taylor  ,wailes1 and is       
designed for casting metallic objects in

 annular form1 its arrangement being    
slightly varied according to the nature 
of the objects to be cast4 ,in all cases
 where a special form is to be given to 
the outer or inner circumference of the 
object1 or where it is desired to exert 
a pressure on the circumference1 such   
form or pressure is obtained by the     
introduction of a core which may be     
expanded or contracted as need may be4  
,for this purpose an expansible1        
metallic core is employed1 the          
arrangement of which is shown in ,figs4 
#a and #b1 and which is so fashioned    
that the inner circumference of the ring
 to be cast may receive the desired     
form4 ,this core is formed of the       
pieces1 g1 g'1 made of cast-iron or any 
other material which fuses with         
difficulty1 and which are placed in the 
revolving mould in such a way that after
 the cooling of the pieces the parts1 g1
 recede by the shrinkage of the piece   
and thus free the core4 ,the parts1 g1  
of the core are in the shape of circular

 segments1 and are united at their      
external circumference by a flange1     
along with which they form a shoulder   
piece for the casting4 ,as a consequence
 of the rapid revolution of the mould1  
these parts are pressed by centrifugal  
force against the molten metal which is 
run into the mould4  ,illustration3     
,,centrifugal ,,metal ,,moulding        
,,apparatus4  ,the plan1 ,fig4 #b1 shows
 the arrangement of the parts1 g1 g'1   
and allows it to be seen that the       
pieces1 g'1 act as wedges against the   
segments1 g1 and push these out so as to
 form a perfect circle4 ,the molten     
metal cannot become oxidized in the     
mould1 since it is shut off from contact
 with the external air by the cap1 ,c1  
which covers it4 ,oxidation may1        
however1 be further prevented by passing
 some deoxidizing or neutral gas into   
the mould4 ,for this purpose the mould  
is filled before the casting is done    
with some such gas as illuminating gas1 
carbonic acid1 nitrogen1 or hydrogen4   

,this improved process of casting may   
also be employed for objects which do   
not possess an exactly annular section4 
,the moulds are then arranged           
eccentrically in a frame which is made  
to revolve rapidly during the cooling of
 the metal ,in this way the pieces are  
less strongly compressed at the places  
where they are nearest the center of    
rotation than a the points where the    
radius is greater4  ,figs4 #c and #d    
show section and plan of an apparatus of
 this kind4 ,the sand moulds are        
arranged in the frame1 a b which        
revolves about the axle1 c4 ,in the     
moulds there are iron cores1 h1 which   
press the metal during rotation and     
thereby produce compact pieces4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,,apparatus ,,for ,,the ,,manufacture   
,,of ,,wood ,,pulp4   ,for manufacturing
 wood pulp ,mr4 ,dresel employs an      
apparatus such as represented in ,figs4 
#a and #b1 consisting of an upright     
cylindrical reservoir1 ,a1 supported on 

a frame by means of trunnions1 z4 ,this 
reservoir1 which is of boiler plate1 is 
furnished with a cover1 ,d1 which has in
 its center a piece of tubing1 with     
stop-cock1 ,c4 ,a series of tubes1 ,r1  
whose diameter and length are           
proportioned to the volume of the       
boiler1 ,a1 is filled with the liquid   
which is contained in the boiler1 so as 
always to be able to rapidly produce a  
pressure of nine atmospheres or more by 
direct heating4 ,the flanges of the     
tubing are provided with a cut-off of   
angle iron identical with that of the   
tube1 ,d4 ,by means of this arrangement 
the cocks and the flanges1 ,e1 permit of
 communication between the serpentine   
tubing1 ,r1 and the boiler being        
interrupted2 while the heat developed by
 the fire-place1 ,f1 causes an active   
circulation in both the tubing and      
boiler4  ,illustration3 ,,dresel',s     
,,wood ,,pulp ,,apparatus4 ,fig4 #a     
,illustration3 ,,dresel',s ,,wood ,,pulp
 ,,apparatus4 ,fig4 #b  ,to put the     

apparatus in operation the cover1 ,d1 is
 first unscrewed1 and there is put into 
the boiler a certain quantity of wood1  
which has been divided up by a cutting  
machine of special form4 ,then the      
boiler is filled to the proper height   
with the liquid necessary to dissolve   
the incrusting materials1 the cocks1 ,b1
 being closed4 ,afterwards there is     
fixed immediately beneath the angle-iron
 ring of the cover1 ,d1 a perforated    
iron plate upon which the contents of   
the boiler rest when the latter is      
turned up4 ,then the cover is fastened  
down and the boiler is put in           
communication with the heating          
apparatus4 ,the cocks1 ,e and ,b1 are   
opened1 so that the liquid may begin its
 movement in the tube1 a1 the boiler1   
,a1 and the tube1 n4 ,as soon as the    
proper temperature is reached for       
converting the wood into fiber and      
decomposing the incrusting matters1 the 
heat is shut off in case the tubing1 ,r1
 is not connected with another like     

boiler1 and1 after closing the cocks1 ,e
 and ,b1 and shut off communication     
between the tubing and the boiler1 the  
latter is turned over and the cock1 ,c1 
gradually opened in order to allow the  
steam to escape4 ,when the temperature  
has descended to #ajj in the boiler the 
cover1 ,d1 may be opened1 after the     
liquid has been allowed to flow out     
through the cock1 ,c4 ,next1 lixiviation
 is effected by connecting the cock1 ,c1
 with the steam pipe1 ,p1 and causing   
steam under pressure to enter the       
boiler1 ,a4 ,the action of the steam on 
the contents of the latter1 which are   
now converted into cellulose1 mixed with
 a large quantity of dissolved matters  
and of liquid1 effects a complete       
washing and permits of the recovery of  
considerable quantities of useful       
chemical products4 ,moreover1 the steam 
purifies1 decolorizes1 and completely   
separates the fibers1 and renders them  
more easily susceptible of being        
bleached4 ,finally1 the perforated      

bottom1 ,s 7which is formed of two      
parts71 is removed and the boiler       
emptied4  ,in order to have the         
operations under control1 and for the   
purpose of safety1 there is riveted into
 the boiler1 ,a1 a tube1 ,t1 containing 
a thermometer3 and there is fixed to the
 tube1 a1 a pressure-gauge1 ,m1 and a   
safety-valve4 ,the level of the liquid  
is ascertained by means of a gauge-cock1
 ,h4         99       99       99       
99       99     ,,recent ,,progress ,,of
 ,,industrial ,,science4   ,the         
thirty-fourth annual summer meeting of  
the ,institution of ,mechanical         
,engineers began on ,aug4 #b1 at        
,newcastle-on-,tyne4 ,the following is  
an abstract from the address of the     
president1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,cowper4  ,he   
began by stating that as members of the 
,institution of ,mechanical ,engineers1 
on revisiting their brother members and 
friends here in ,newcastle1 after an    
interval of twelve years1 they came as  
it were to one of their natural homes2  

certainly to the home of one of the     
greatest engineers that ,england has    
ever produced1 and the birthplace of the
 locomotive1 which has done more than   
any other improvement1 of our age to    
lessen the cost of materials to the men 
who have to use them1 and therefore to  
cheapen and extend production in the    
most wonderful manner4 ,he then went on 
to say that it seems but a few years ago
 since ,george ,stephenson1 at a meeting
 in #ahdg1 proposed the resolution that 
the ,institution of ,mechanical         
,engineers be formed4 ,he was strongly  
supported by a large number of the      
mechanical engineers of the country1 and
 the speaker had the honor of seconding 
the resolution that he be first         
president4 ,the intention was that      
engineers from all parts of the country 
should join to form a compact body      
capable of discussing and judging of all
 mechanical subjects and appliances4 ,in
 this the institution had been eminently
 successful1 and it numbered among its  

members mechanical engineers in every   
large town in the country1 and has      
increased in strength and importance4   
,the last twelve years have been marked 
by many very important changes1 while   
low prices have generally ruled4 ,among 
other causes of fluctuations in demand  
and supply 7and consequently in values7 
must be mentioned the occurrence and the
 threatening of foreign wars1 which     
disturbed the course of commerce greatly
 for some years4 ,such causes must be   
considered as extraneous to the sphere  
of influence possessed by good or bad   
manufacturing or engineering4 ,mr4      
,cowper does not look upon the very     
great expense of improved war material  
and implements as an unmixed evil for   
this country2 for it so happens that we 
can better meet such outlay than any    
other nation1 and thus our wealth gives 
rise to greater power and security than 
our neighbors possess2 while1 seeing    
that we are not an aggressive nation1   
such power tends materially at once to  

the progress of this country1 and to the
 peace of the world4 ,having referred   
briefly to one cause of disturbance to  
the progress of mechanical engineering1 
he named another1 which at the present  
moment is occupying thoughtful men to a 
considerable extent1 namely1 the        
arbitrary imposition of duties and      
bounties for the professed object of    
protecting manufactures1 while in fact  
they constitute taxes on a nation for   
the benefit of a few individuals4 ,in   
some countries excessive duties have    
been imposed1 as against our            
manufactures1 and it is even proposed to
 increase them2 while in other cases    
bounties are actually paid out of the   
public purse to men engaged in a        
particular manufacture1 on their        
exporting to this county certain of     
their wares1 as1 for instance1 beet-root
 sugar4  ,one extremely significant     
lesson1 resulting from high             
duties--which it may be hoped will not  
be thrown away upon the ,american       

public--is1 that whereas our cousins on 
the other side of the water used to     
build almost all the ,american liners of
 wood1 they now find that1 with their   
excessive duties against the importation
 of iron and steel from ,england1 they  
cannot compete with ,english iron and   
steel ship-builders and marine          
engineers4 ,this is one of those        
damaging effects naturally produced by  
excessive protective duties2 which1     
while they enable ,american ironmasters 
quickly to realize enormous fortunes1   
drive the ,american merchants to        
purchase ,english ships1 or intrust     
their merchandise in ,english bottoms1  
as it is impossible to maintain         
protective duties at sea4  ,whatever    
fluctuations have occurred1 it is now   
pretty clear that several foreign       
nations have settled down to cultivate  
and extend their manufactures1 and we   
are brought face to face with the       
fact--which has now been for some years 
growing to its present importance--that 

many articles which in years gone by we 
thought it to be our especial province  
to supply1 are now produced in the very 
countries requiring them4 ,even ,spain  
is awakening to the advantage of        
producing hematite iron from her own    
excellent ores1 with ,english and ,welsh
 coke carried out in the same ships that
 bring ,spanish ores to this country4   
,now with regard to the possibility of  
any foreign nation eclipsing us in our  
manufactures1 he would say at once that 
any such successful rivalry on their    
part is far worse than the effect of any
 duties1 even if they be prohibitive2   
for it means rivalry in the markets of  
the world1 and possibly in our own      
markets here at home4 ,therefore it     
behooves us to put our house in order1  
and see in what way we may be enabled to
 manufacture better and with greater    
economy4 ,mechanical engineering is of  
such extreme importance in advancing    
civilization1 that it is most essential 
that its progress should be rapid and   

unimpeded4  ,perhaps the very large     
increase in steam shipping1 and the     
change from sailing ships and paddle    
steamers to screw steamers1 has been one
 of the greatest improvements of recent 
times1 and it is none the less real or  
important from having been gradual1     
while the result to this neighborhood   
has been most beneficial4 ,this change  
has been due in great measure to the    
introduction of very economical marine  
engines1 chiefly of the compound type1  
together with better boilers carrying a 
higher pressure4  ,the speed and        
regularity of ocean steamers has also   
greatly improved1 and one small         
scientific improvement has added much to
 the safety of traversing such seas as  
the ,atlantic at a high speed--namely1  
the careful and continual use of a good 
thermometer1 to ascertain constantly the
 temperature of the sea-water at the    
surface4 ,for if an iceberg is floating 
within a quarter of a mile--or even half
 a mile1 if the sea is pretty           

smooth--the surface water will be       
several degrees colder than the rest of 
the sea2 since the very cold fresh      
water1 resulting from the melting       
iceberg1 floats on the top of the sea   
water for some distance4  ,no doubt the 
use of iron1 and now of steel1 has      
contributed most largely to the increase
 of shipbuilding in this country4 ,good 
arrangements of water ballast have also 
proved very useful2 and steam cranes and
 arrangements for loading and           
discharging cargo have greatly promoted 
the use of steam colliers1 enabling them
 to make more voyages in the year4      
,closely connected with marine          
engineering is the great improvement in 
the economy of stationary engines1 which
 has become more fully developed during 
recent years1 both in reference to      
waterworks engines and factory engines4 
,in aid of stationary engines1 surface  
evaporator condensers have been found   
very useful1 particularly where the     
supply of water is very limited2 and at 

waterworks it is now very common to pass
 the whole water pumped through a       
surface condenser1 thus giving a good   
vacuum without the expenditure of any   
water1 and with the result of only      
raising the temperature of the water a  
very few degrees1 on account of its     
large volume4  ,locomotives have shared 
to some extent in the general           
improvement in machinery4 ,the boilers  
are better made1 and are safer at the   
higher pressures now carried than they  
were formerly with a low pressure4      
,several new valve gears of great       
promise have been brought forward1 both 
for locomotives and marine engines4     
,among them ,joy's motion should be     
again noticed4 ,mr4 ,webb says3 ,the    
engine shown at ,barrow has been at     
continuous work ever since the ,barrow  
meeting1 and has run #cj1bgh miles2 we  
had it in for examination on the #ahth  
inst41 and found the motion practically 
as good as the day it went out of the   
shop1 more especially the slides1 about 

which so many of the people who spoke at
 the meeting seemed to have doubts4 ,i  
do not think you could get a visiting   
card between the slides and the blocks2 
in fact1 the engine has been sent out to
 work again1 having had nothing whatever
 done to it4 ,the first thing1 of       
course1 that will require doing will be 
the tires2 as far as ,i can see nothing 
else will want doing for some time4  ,a 
very fine engineering work has now been 
accomplished in ,america in reference to
 navigation1 namely1 the deepening of   
the channel at the mouth of the         
,mississippi through the training of the
 river by jetties and banks4 ,in        
consequence1 ships of large size may now
 go up the river--there being plenty of 
deep water above the mouth--and bring   
down grain cargoes1 without the expense 
and inconvenience of transshipment1 thus
 reducing the freight of corn to this   
country4 ,this great improvement is the 
work of ,captain ,eads4 ,a somewhat     
similar improvement was the blowing up  

of about #ej1jjj tons of rock from the  
bed of the river at the narrow pass of  
,hell ,gate1 near ,new ,york4 ,it is to 
be hoped that these good examples may   
spur on our friends on the ,continent to
 improve their harbors1 so that large   
channel boats may cross with comfort to 
the passengers1 thus avoiding the       
excessive expense that a tunnel would   
involve4  ,great improvements have been 
made in the illumination of lighthouses 
by oil lamps2 a light equal to #a1cjj   
candles has been produced by ,mr4       
,douglass1 of the ,trinity ,house1 and  
now two such lights will be placed one  
above the other1 where required4 ,the   
electric light has made such numerous   
and rapid strides that it is impossible 
even to notice its various applications2
 but on the one hand the lighting by    
,dr4 ,siemens of four miles of dock     
frontage at the ,albert ,dock of the    
,london and ,st4 ,katherine ,dock       
,company1 together with the railway     
behind the warehouses1 and the          

warehouses and ships themselves1 and1 on
 the other hand1 the elegant and steady 
domestic light of ,mr4 ,swan1 are       
excellent examples of the two extremes  
in this department4 ,i believe we shall 
have the pleasure of closely observing  
the ,swan light during our visit here4  
,the lighthouse electric light is also a
 noble application of the great power of
 a single electric light on the arc     
principle4 ,the most powerful electric  
light in the world is situated near here
 on the coast1 between the ,tyne and the
 ,wear4 ,it is possible1 and even       
probable1 that one of the great uses to 
which electric force will be applied    
eventually1 will be simple conveyance of
 power by means of large wires2 and as a
 higher percentage of power is gradually
 being realized1 this method will become
 more economical4 ,i may mention that   
#fj per cent4 has already been obtained4
  ,the invention of ,messrs4 ,thomas    
,gilchrist1 by which a very large field 
of ironstone is now1 for the first time1

 made available for the purpose of      
making good steel by the ,bessemer      
process1 bids fair to make very         
considerable alterations in the         
steel-making trade1 and in the hands of 
,mr4 ,e4 ,windsor ,richards it has been 
made a great success1 while in ,germany 
there are several works also using the  
process largely4 ,mild steel is now     
being used to a great extent for the    
construction of steam boilers as well as
 of ships1 and in steel castings for a  
variety of purposes1 such as spur       
wheels1 frames of portable engines1     
manhole door frames1 etc41 etc4 ,among  
the uses to which steel may be put is   
the manufacture of steel sleepers in    
place of wood4 ,it is a very encouraging
 fact that there are now1 or rather     
there were already1 at ,dusseldorf1 in  
#ahhj1 #gj1jjj tons of iron or steel    
railway sleepers in use in ,germany4    
,mr4 ,webb1 of ,crewe1 has exhibited a  
very promising arrangement of sleepers  
and fastenings1 to be made either of    

iron or steel4 ,steel sleepers should   
also be used for tramways4  ,if1 now1   
some clever ironmaster could only       
accomplish the task of making a good    
street pavement of cast iron1 the       
increased demand for pig metal would be 
enormous4 ,it has nearly been           
accomplished already1 by several        
different modes of construction2 and    
there are very many streets where the   
luxury of wood pavement1 which wears    
very rapidly1 cannot be afforded1 and   
where macadamizing will not stand the   
wear and tear of the heavy traffic4 ,the
 use of ingot steel1 or very mild steel1
 for making tin-plates is now an        
established thing1 and manufacturers are
 now taking this metal for making large 
tinned sheets up to seven by three feet4
  ,the making of casks by machinery1    
cheaper and better than those made by   
hand1 is now an accomplished fact by    
,mr4 ,ransome's machines4 ,there are    
twelve factories already established    
abroad1 some turning out #b1jjj or      

#c1jjj casks a week4 ,this is a good    
case of ,english invention taking the   
lead in a manufacture4  ,among good     
mechanical appliances that have been    
proved to be highly valuable to the     
civil engineer may be mentioned the     
excavating machine1 which answers well  
for certain soils and situations1 though
 not for all2 and the dredger of        
,messrs4 ,bruce  ,batho1 for excavating 
from the inside of piers in water4  ,in 
manufacturing chemistry1 which1 with its
 numerous mechanical appliances1 is much
 indebted to mechanical science and     
engineering1 great advances have been   
made during the last dozen or twenty    
years4 ,aluminum has been brought into  
practical use to a large extent1 it     
being at once a very light metal and a  
very cleanly one4 ,anthracine1 obtained 
from coal tar1 has been manufactured    
largely for the purpose of producing the
 various brilliant dyes now so common4  
,new materials for making candles have  
been manufactured1 in some cases by     

purely mechanical means1 such as boiling
 together for some hours1 at a pressure 
of several hundred pounds per square    
inch1 neutral grease and water1 when the
 water takes up the base1 viz41         
glycerine1 and leaves the grease as an  
acid grease4 ,this same effect has been 
noticed in some steam boilers1 where the
 same water1 without admixture of fresh1
 has been used over and over again with 
surface condensers4 ,then1 again1 large 
rotating chemical furnaces have been    
introduced2 and improved glass          
furnaces--particularly tank glass       
furnaces1 in which the batch is put in  
at one end1 and the working holes are   
toward the other end--have cheapened the
 actual production of glass1 and are    
being worked largely on the ,continent1 
and to some extent in this neighborhood4
 ,toughened glass has made some progress
 for certain purposes4 ,besides the     
improved and extended use of glass in   
lighthouse illumination1 it has again   
been pressed into our service for other 

purposes1 through our greatly extended  
knowledge of the laws of optics4        
,spectrum analysis has become of        
practical use1 and photographs of the   
various ,fraunhofer lines in the        
spectrum have been taken as permanent   
records of each experiment4 ,that such  
extended knowledge should have been     
developed by that one little instrument1
 the lens1 is but natural2 for the lens 
is at once the means by which we        
discover the extreme magnitude of some  
portion of the infinite works of the    
,almighty in the architecture of the    
heavens1 and by which we appreciate to  
some extent the extremely minute        
markings of a diatom that one cannot see
 with the naked eye4 ,at the same time  
we feel sure that there are other       
markings still smaller1 as every        
increase in the power of the microscope 
has always rendered visible some        
markings still smaller than the last2   
and in like manner has every increase in
 the power of the telescope developed   

more worlds and suns far away from our  
system and beyond our ,milky ,way4 ,an  
approach to the infinite in minuteness  
and to the infinite in magnitude and    
distance is thus furnished to us by one 
instrument alone4  ,there was but one   
further observation that he would       
venture to make1 and it is this4  ,when 
one looks back upon the goodly list of  
clever men and benefactors of the human 
race1 who have lived1 say1 during the   
last hundred years1 one is sometimes    
tempted to wish that more of those      
scientific men1 who have had the most   
brilliant ideas1 and been our greatest  
discoverers1 should have striven to     
carry out their discoveries into        
practice4 ,for instance1 take ,faraday's
 beautiful discoveries in electricity4  
,it was1 in a manner1 left to ,sir      
,francis ,ronalds1 ,professor ,daniell1 
,professor ,wheatstone1 ,fothergill     
,cooke1 ,dr4 ,siemens1 and others1 to   
develop from those discoveries the      
intelligence wires1 and bands1 that now 

encircle the earth1 and unite nations1  
and do so much to prevent               
misunderstandings4  ,it is gratifying to
 know that the engineering profession   
has not been forgotten when honors have 
been conferred on distinguished men2 and
 among others may be named ,sir ,william
 ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,john ,rennie1 ,sir   
,peter ,fairbairn1 ,sir ,charles ,fox1  
,sir ,william ,armstrong1 ,sir ,joseph  
,whitworth1 ,sir ,john ,hawkshaw1 ,sir  
,john ,coode1 ,sir ,william ,thomson1   
,sir ,joseph ,bazalgette1 ,sir ,charles 
,hartley1 ,sir ,charles ,bright1 ,sir   
,james ,ramsden1 ,sir ,john ,anderson1  
,sir ,george ,elliot1 ,sir ,daniel      
,gooch1 ,sir ,henry ,tyler1 ,sir ,samuel
 ,canning1 ,sir ,edward ,reed1 and ,sir 
,frederick ,bramwell4 ,with many noble  
examples before us1 and with signs of an
 improvement in many branches of        
commerce1 he trusted that the latter    
part of the present century will1 with  
somewhat greater exertion of thought and
 enterprise on our parts1 be marked1 not

 only by numerous small improvements1   
but by many substantial inventions for  
the good of mankind4         99       99
       99       99       99     ,,the   
,,hoboken ,,drainage ,,problem4   ,our  
thriving neighbor1 ,hoboken1 just across
 the ,hudson ,river1 has a large and    
vitally important problem to solve4 ,of 
the #gbj acres within the city limits1  
#bgj acres lie at a considerable height 
above the river and constitute what are 
known as the knoll or uplands of        
,hoboken4 ,between this low ridge and   
,palisade ,ridge lie #dej acres of marsh
 lands or meadows1 #adj acres of which  
have already been built upon4 ,the marsh
 is about half a mile wide1 and         
something like a mile and a half long1  
extending southward into ,jersey ,city4 
,the surface is a network of matted     
vegetation and roots perhaps five feet  
deep1 and under that lies a mass of blue
 clay or river silt #ajj feet or more in
 depth4 ,the original tidal flow over   
these marsh lands has been obstructed by

 viaducts for railroads and streets1    
leaving only two natural outlets1 a     
sluice way at ,fifteenth street on the  
north1 and on the south a basin         
constructed by the ,d4 ,l4  ,w4 ,r4 ,r41
 #ajj feet wide1 and #b1cjj feet long4  
,the average level of the marsh land is 
three feet above mean low water and a   
foot and a half below mean high water4  
,in the part built upon the streets are 
but two feet above mean high water4     
,during long easterly and northerly     
storms1 especially at times of high     
spring tides1 the level of the water in 
the ,hudson is often such as to cover   
the meadows even at low tide2 and on    
several occasions the water at high tide
 has been #d feet above the level of the
 meadows1 and a foot or more above the  
established grade of the streets4  ,the 
problem is to drain these marsh lands so
 as to make them properly habitable and 
to protect them from invasion by high   
tides and storm waters4  ,the first     
drainage map of the district was made   

about fifteen years ago2 since then over
 #ajj1jjj have been expended on tidal   
sewers and other devices1 and several   
acts have been passed by the ,new       
,jersey ,legislature in furtherance of  
the work4 ,an extended review of the    
plans proposed and the experiments made 
thus far is given in a report presented 
to the ,board of ,health and ,vital     
,statistics1 last ,may1 by ,engineers   
,spielmann and ,brush4 ,ten years ago   
,mr4 ,arthur ,spielmann1 on being       
directed by the ,city ,council to       
prepare plans and estimates for a       
contemplated sewer in ,ferry street to  
the western boundary of the city1       
reported adversely to the project1      
believing that such a sewer would fail  
to answer the purpose of its            
construction4  ,there were but two ways1
 he thought1 of securing the end        
desired3 ,first1 by raising the grade   
sufficient to give a good drainage2     
second1 by making reservoirs and forcing
 the drainage matter out into the river 

by steam pumps4 ,the first method he    
found impracticable on account of the   
cost of filling in so large an area and 
of raising the large number of houses   
already on the low ground4 ,the second  
plan was recommended as being much      
cheaper and entirely practicable4       
,substantially the same position is     
taken in the report of last ,may1       
wherein it is alleged that the superior 
economy of a pumping system has been    
sufficiently attested by several eminent
 hydraulic engineers who have since     
investigated the problems involved4 ,on 
a small scale the efficacy of the       
pumping system has been practically     
tested1 first1 in ,meadow street1       
between ,ferry and ,first streets1 and  
more recently in the southern part of   
the city1 where a number of property    
owners have kept twenty-five acres free 
from water 7except during storms7 by    
means of a private pump4  ,the          
comparative economy of the pumping      
system is shown by estimates in detail  

of the cost of constructing and         
operating such a system in contrast     
with1 the cost of raising the grade and 
introducing tidal sewers4 ,under both   
systems the cost of the ordinary sewers 
will be about the same4 ,a proper system
 of tidal sewers1 it is claimed1 will   
necessitate the raising of the grade of 
the streets on the low lands to a height
 at least ten feet above mean high      
water4 ,the extra cost of raising the   
streets is estimated at #c1jjj1jjj4 ,the
 cost of the pumping system1 with       
machinery and power sufficient to remove
 all storm water and sewage1 is put at  
#aej1jjj1 while the running expenses1   
including interest on the first outlay1 
are put at #cj1jjj a year4 ,the interest
 on the preliminary expenditure of the  
first plan considered is #ahj1jjj a     
year1 or six times as much as the       
pumping system would involve4           
,according to the estimates made by     
,engineer ,kirkwood1 in his report of   
#ahgd1 a total pumping capacity of      

#acd1ejj1jjj gallons a day will         
ultimately have to be provided to meet  
the requirements during the heaviest    
storms1 besides some six or seven       
million gallons a day of sewage proper1 
exclusive of storm waters4 ,not more    
than half that amount of pumping will be
 required at first1 the increase to be  
made gradually as the marsh land is     
built upon4         99       99       99
       99       99     ,,artists'       
,,homes--,no4 #ad--;,,bent',s ,,brook4  
,our plate illustrates the residence of 
,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,boehm1 ,a4,r4,a41 the     
sculptor4 ,bent's ,brook is situated at 
,holmwood1 not far south of ,dorking1 on
 the ,mid-,sussex line1 and commands    
some fine views of well-timbered        
country4 ,the site itself is            
comparatively low1 and the soil being   
clay it was advisable to keep the       
building well out of the ground1 and in 
this way a rather unusually high        
elevation for such a house was obtained4
 ,the plan is very compactly arranged1  

with an ingenious approach to the       
well-centered hall and staircase1 over  
which1 by a mezzanine contrivance1 a    
good store place is secured4 ,the       
drawing-room has a belvedere bay1       
reached from the garden by an external  
stair1 under which is a covered garden  
seat4 ,a balcony overlooking the garden 
leads also from the drawing-room1 and a 
billiard room is arranged on the        
basement level with a separate entrance 
from the porch4 ,a tradesmen's entrance 
is provided elsewhere4 ,the kitchen and 
offices are on the lower floor level1   
and a kitchen yard is conveniently      
placed at the rear4 ,red brick1 with    
cut-brick dressings1 is the material    
used throughout for the walls1 the upper
 parts of which are hung with ornamental
 tiles4 ,the gables are enriched with   
wide1 massive barge boards1 and the roof
 is surmounted with a white wooden      
cupola over the principal staircase4    
,the terracotta panels along the        
entrance front1 over the principal floor

 windows1 were designed by ,mr4 ,boehm  
himself4 ,the work was executed by ,mr4 
,h4 ,batchelor1 builder1 of ,betchworth1
 and the architect of the house was ,mr4
 ,r4 ,w4 ,edis1 ,f4,s4,a41 who          
superintended its erection4--,building  
,news4  ,illustration3 ,,artists'       
,,homes ,no4 #ad ,,bent',s ,,brook4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,on ,,some ,,recent ,,improvements ,,in
 ,,lead ,,processes4  ,footnote3 ,lately
 read before the ,institute of          
,mechanical ,engineers4  ,by ,,norman   
,c4 ,,cookson1 of ,newcastle4   ,the    
author began by stating that probably in
 few trades have a smaller number of    
changes been made during recent years1  
in the processes employed1 than in that 
of lead smelting and manufacturing4 ,he 
then briefly noted what these changes   
are1 and went on to describe the steam  
desilverizing process1 as used in the   
works of the writer's firm1 and in other
 works licensed by them1 which process  
is the invention of ,messrs4 ,luce ,fils

 et ,rozan1 of ,marseilles4 ,it is one  
which should commend itself especially  
to engineers1 as in it mechanical means 
are employed1 instead of the large      
amount of hand-labor used in the        
,pattinson process4 ,it consists in     
using two pots only1 of which the lower 
is placed at such a height that the     
bottom of it is about #ab in4 to #ae in4
 above the floor level1 while the upper 
is placed at a sufficiently high level  
to enable the lead to be run out of it  
into the lower pot4 ,the capacity of the
 lower pot1 in those most recently      
erected1 is thirty-six tons--double that
 of the upper one4 ,round each pot is   
placed a platform1 on which the         
workmen--of which there are two only to 
each apparatus--stand when skimming1    
slicing1 and charging the pots4 ,the    
upper pot is open at the top1 but the   
lower one has a cover1 with hinged      
doors2 and from the top of the cover a  
funnel is carried to a set of           
condensers4 ,at a convenient distance   

from the two pots is placed a steam or  
hydraulic crane1 so arranged that it can
 plumb each pot1 and also the large     
moulds which are placed at either side  
of the lower pot4 ,the mode of working  
is as follows3  ,the silver lead is     
charged into the upper pot by means of  
the crane4 ,when melted1 the dross is   
removed1 and the lead run into the      
lower1 or working pot1 among the        
crystals remaining from a previous      
operation4  ,when the whole charge is   
thoroughly melted1 it is again drossed2 
and in order to keep the lead in a      
thoroughly uniform condition1 and       
prevent it setting solid on the top and 
the outside1 a jet of steam is          
introduced4  ,to enable this steam to   
rise regularly in the working pot1 a    
disk-plate is placed above the nozzle1  
which acts as a baffle-plate2 and       
uniform distribution of the steam is the
 result4 ,to quicken the formation of   
crystals1 and thus hasten the operation1
 small jets of water are allowed to play

 on the surface of the lead4  ,this1 it 
might be thought1 would make the lead   
set hard on the surface2 but the violent
 action of the steam acts in the most   
effectual manner in causing the regular 
formation of crystals4 ,owing to the    
ebullition caused by this action of the 
steam1 small quantities of lead are     
forced up1 and set on the upper edges   
and cover of the pot4 ,from time to time
 the valve controlling the thin stream  
of water playing on the top of the      
charge is closed1 and the workman1      
opening the doors of the cover in       
rotation1 breaks off this solidified    
lead1 which falls among the rest of the 
charge1 and instantly becomes uniformly 
mixed with it4  ,very little practice   
enables an ordinary workman to judge    
when two-thirds of the contents of the  
big pot are in crystals1 and one-third  
liquid2 and when he sees this to be the 
case1 instead of ladling out the        
crystals ladleful by ladleful1 as in the
 old ,pattinson process1 he taps out the

 liquid lead by means of two pipes1     
controlled by valves1 the crystals being
 retained in the pot by means of        
perforated plates4  ,the liquid lead is 
run into large cone-shaped moulds on    
either side of the pot2 and a wrought   
iron ring being cast into the blocks    
thus formed1 they are readily lifted1   
when set1 by the crane4 ,to give some   
idea of the rapidity of the process1 it 
may be mentioned that from the time the 
lead is melted and fit to work in the   
big pot1 to the time that it is         
crystallized and ready for tapping1 is1 
in the case of a #cf ton pot1 from      
thirty-five to forty-five minutes2 and  
the time required for tapping the liquid
 lead into the large moulds is about    
eight minutes4  ,before the lead begins 
to crystallize1 the upper pot is charged
 with lead of half the richness of that 
in the lower pot4 ,thus1 when the liquid
 lead has been tapped out of the lower  
pot1 it is replaced by a similar amount 
of lead of the same richness as the     

remaining crystals1 by simply tapping   
the upper or melting pot1 and allowing  
the contents to run among the crystals4 
,the same operation is repeated from    
time to time1 until the crystals are so 
poor in silver that they are fit to be  
melted1 and run into pigs for market4   
,the large blocks of partially worked   
lead are placed by the crane in a       
semicircle round it1 and pass           
successively through the subsequent     
operations4 ,the advantages of the steam
 process1 as compared to the old six-ton
 ,pattinson pots formerly used by the   
writer's firm1 are3 7#a7 a saving of    
two-thirds amount of fuel used2 7#b7 the
 saving of cost of calcination of the   
lead to the extent of at least          
four-fifths of all that is used2 7#c7   
above all1 a saving in labor to the     
extent of two-thirds4 ,the process has  
its disadvantages1 and these are a      
larger original outlay for plant1 and a 
constant expense in renewals and        
repairs4 ,this is principally caused by 

the breakage of pots2 but with increased
 experience this item has been very much
 reduced during the last two or three   
years4  ,the zinc process of            
desilverizing1 which is largely used by 
,messrs4 ,locke1 ,blackett  ,co41 and   
was patented in the form adopted by them
 about fourteen years since4 ,the action
 of this process is dependent on the    
affinity of zinc for silver4 ,the       
following is a brief description of it3 
,a charge of silver lead1 usually about 
fifteen tons1 is heated to a point      
considerably above that which is used in
 either the ,pattinson or the steam     
process4 ,the quantity of zinc added is 
regulated by the amount of silver       
contained in the lead2 but for lead     
containing #ej oz4 to the ton1 the      
quantity of zinc used is in most cases  
about #a per cent1 of the charge of     
lead4 ,the lead being melted as         
described1 a portion of this zinc1      
usually about half of the total quantity
 required for the charge1 is added to   

the melted lead1 and thoroughly mixed   
with it by continued stirring4 ,the lead
 is now allowed to cool1 when the zinc  
is seen gradually to rise to the top1   
having incorporated with it a large     
proportion of the silver4 ,the setting  
point of zinc being above that of lead1 
a zinc crust is gradually formed1 and   
this is broken up and carefully lifted  
off into a small pot conveniently       
placed1 care being taken to let as much 
lead drain off as possible4 ,the fire is
 again applied strongly to the pot1 and 
when the lead is sufficiently heated1 a 
further quantity of zinc1 about         
one-third of the whole quantity used1 is
 added1 when the same process of cooling
 and removing the zinc crust is         
repeated4 ,this operation is gone       
through a third time with the remaining 
portion-- per cent4--of zinc2 and if    
each of these operations has been       
carefully carried out1 the lead will be 
found to be completely desilverized1 and
 will only show a very small trace of   

zinc4 ,in some works this trace of zinc 
is allowed to remain in the market lead1
 but at ,messrs4 ,locke1 ,blackett      
,co4's works it is invariably removed by
 subjecting the lead to a high heat in a
 calcining furnace4 ,the zinc crusts1   
rich in silver1 are freed as far as     
possible from the lead by allowing this 
to sweat out in the small pot1 after    
which the crusts are placed in a covered
 crucible1 where the zinc is distilled  
off1 and a portion of it recovered4 ,the
 lead remaining1 which is extremely rich
 in silver1 is then taken to the        
refinery1 and treated in the usual      
manner4 ,the writer is given to         
understand that the quantity of zinc    
recovered is as high as from #ej to #fj 
per cent4 of the total quantity used4   
,although it was said that the rolling  
or milling of lead remains unchanged in 
its main features since the first mill  
was established1 yet the writer's firm  
have introduced many important          
improvements4 ,when lead is required for

 sheet making1 instead of running out   
the market lead into the usual pigs of  
about one hundredweight each1 it is run 
into large blocks of #c tons4 ,these #c 
ton blocks are taken on a bogie to the  
mill-house1 where the mill melting pot  
is charged with them by means of a      
double-powered hydraulic crane1 lifting1
 however1 with the single power only4   
,three such blocks fill the pot1 and    
when melted are tapped on to a large    
casting plate1 #h ft4 #d in4 by #g ft4  
#f in41 and about #g in4 thick4 ,this   
block1 weighing #aj tons1 is lifted on  
to the mill table by the same crane as  
fills the pot1 but using the double     
power2 and is moved along to the rolls  
in the usual manner by means of a rope  
working on a surging head4 ,the mill    
itself1 as regards the roll1 is much the
 same as those of other firms2 but      
instead of an engine with a heavy       
fly-wheel1 always working in one        
direction1 and connected to the rolls by
 double clutch and gearing1 the work is 

done by a pair of horizontal reversing  
engines1 in connection with which there 
is a very simple1 and at the same time  
extremely effectual1 system of hydraulic
 reversing4 ,on the usual method there  
is no necessity for full or delicate    
control of lead mill engines2 but with  
this system it is essential1 and the    
hydraulic reversing gear contributes    
largely to such control4 ,this may be   
explained as follows3  ,in all other    
mills with which the writer is          
acquainted1 when the lead sheet1 or the 
original block1 has passed through the  
rolls1 and before it can be sent back in
 the opposite direction1 a man on either
 side of the mill must work it into the 
grip of the rolls with crowbars4  ,in   
the writer's system this labor is       
avoided1 and the sheet or block is fed  
in automatically by means of subsidiary 
rolls1 which are driven by power4 ,when 
it is required to cut the block or sheet
 by the guillotine1 or cross-cutting    
knife1 instead of the block being moved 

to the desired point by hand-labor1 the 
subsidiary driven rolls work it up to   
the knife2 and such perfect control does
 the engine with its hydraulic reversing
 gear possess1 that should the sheet    
overshoot the knife #a_/h in41 or even  
less1 the engine would bring it back to 
this extent exactly4  ,another point1   
which the writer looks upon as one of   
the greatest improvements in this mill1 
is its being furnished with circular    
knives1 which can be set to any desired 
width1 and put in or out of gear at     
will2 and which are used for dressing up
 the finished sheet in the longitudinal 
direction4 ,this is a simple mechanical 
arrangement1 but one which is found to  
be of immense benefit1 and which1 in the
 writer's opinion1 is far superior to   
the usual practice of marking off the   
sheet with a chalk line1 and then       
dressing off with hand knives4 ,the last
 length of the mill table forms a       
weighbridge1 and a hydraulic crane lifts
 the sheet from it either on to the     

warehouse floor or the tramway          
communicating with the shipping quay4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,,apparatus ,,used ,,in ,,berlin ,,for  
,,the ,,preparation ,,of ,,gelatine     
,,plates4  ,i4--,,mixing ,,apparatus    
,,for ,,gelatine ,,emulsion4   ,the     
mixing vessel--a porcelain kettle       
capable of containing twenty liters1    
made at the ,royal ,porcelain ,factory  
at ,berlin1 whose products are unequaled
 for chemical purposes--is also the     
boiling vessel1 and1 therefore1 fits    
tightly1 by means of the tin ring with  
the wooden handles1 on to a large water 
bath4 ,the light-tight metal lid1 which 
can be permanently affixed to the       
kettle1 then supports a stirring        
arrangement of fine silver1 which dips  
into the emulsion and has blades formed 
like a ship's screw4  ,the arrangements 
for injecting the silver vary4 ,the     
simplest consists of a large glass      
vessel containing the silver solution1  
which is closed by a glass stopper1 and 

terminates below in a funnel running to 
a fine point4 ,this funnel-shaped bottle
 fits into an opening specially made for
 it in the lid of the kettle1 and while 
revolving sends a fine stream into the  
gelatine4 ,when it is wished to         
interrupt it1 it is only necessary to   
raise the glass stopper in order to see 
the stream dry up after a short time4   
,another arrangement consists of a      
contrivance constructed on the principle
 of the common ,india-rubber inhaling   
apparatus1 and sends the silver solution
 into the gelatine in the form of the   
minutest air-bubbles4 ,after the        
emulsion is boiled in such a kettle it  
is allowed to stand until cool1 when the
 ammonia is added4 ,with such a great   
quantity of emulsion and so large a     
water bath sufficient heat is retained  
as to allow the action of the ammonia to
 take place4 ,as soon as the time set   
apart for that reaction has elapsed the 
water bath is emptied and filled with   
pieces of ice and iced water1 and the   

kettle replaced in it4  ,if the stirring
 apparatus be now set in motion1 even   
this large quantity of emulsion will    
stiffen in at least an hour and a half4 
,it may be further remarked that1 the   
outside of the kettle being black1 the  
lid being light-tight1 and all the      
apertures in it being firmly closed1    
nearly the whole process can be         
conducted by daylight1 from the mixing  
to the stiffening1 so that it is very   
convenient to be able to keep the       
emulsion in the same vessel during all  
these operations4   ,,ii4--,,digestive  
,,apparatus4  ,it is very desirable that
 those who do not prepare their emulsion
 by boiling1 but by prolonged digestion1
 should possess a regulator which will  
keep the temperature at a given point4  
,such an apparatus would also be very   
useful for warming the emulsion for the 
preparation of plates1 as then one would
 have no further occasion to pay        
attention to the thermometer and gas    
stove4 ,in the accompanying diagram a   

simple contrivance is shown4 ,the gas   
which feeds the stove passes through a  
narrow glass tube1 a b1 into the wider  
tube1 c d e1 which is made air-tight at 
e4 ,this latter tube has an exit tube at
 f1 by which the gas is supplied to the 
gas stove4 ,at e it is hermetically     
closed1 and at its deepest part it      
contains mercury1 upon which a little   
sulphuric ether floats in the           
hermetically-closed limb1 e4g4 ,lastly1 
there is a minute opening in the        
narrowest tube at i4 ,the whole         
apparatus1 or1 at least1 the under part 
of it1 is dipped into the water bath    
warmed by the gas boiler4 ,it acts thus3
 ,as the temperature rises the ethereal 
vapor in the shorter limb expands and   
drives the mercury up the longer tube   
until it closes the opening of the      
narrow tube1 a b1 and thereby impedes   
the power of the stream of gas4 ,still1 
the ,bunsen burner does not go out1     
being always fed by the small opening1  
i1 with sufficient gas to support a     

small flame until the water bath has so 
far cooled as to leave the opening at b 
free1 when the burner again burns with a
 strong flame4 ,by removing the cork1 c1
 from the tube the temperature of the   
water bath is raised1 while by pushing  
it in it is lowered4 ,the apparatus     
never goes wrong1 and is very cheap4 ,it
 was first made by ,herr ,c4 ,braun1 of 
,berlin4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4     
,,iii4--,,triturating ,,apparatus4  ,the
 apparatus hereafter described is in    
general use1 and was invented by ,herr  
,paul ,grundner1 of ,berlin4 ,it is     
particularly adapted for finely dividing
 large quantities of emulsion4 ,it      
consists essentially of a wooden lid1 a 
b1 fitting upon a large stone pot1 to   
the under side of which two strong      
trapezoid pieces of wood1 e d and e f1  
are fixed1 in the under part of which   
semicircular incisions are cut and held 
together by two leather straps1         
supporting a strong1 easily-removable   
iron transverse bar1 g h4 ,through the  

center of the lid1 and turned by the    
crank1 m1 passes the axle i1 which ends 
under the lid in the long ring1 n4  ,the
 stiffened emulsion is then placed in   
the bag1 o p q r1 made of fine but      
strong canvas1 with meshes about #j4e   
mm4 7such as is used for working upon   
with ,berlin wool74 ,the iron rod1 g h1 
is then slipped through the four loops  
at the bottom of the bag1 the open end  
is slung upon the ring1 n1 and bound    
tightly to it by the ribbons1 r#a4 ,the 
loops upon the iron bar are then pushed 
as close together in the middle as      
possible1 and the stone vessel is filled
 with water until o p q r is completely 
covered4 ,the crank is then turned1 by  
which the bag is wrung1 and the emulsion
 squeezed through the meshes immediately
 into the water4 ,when this process is  
continued until the purse between n and 
g h feels like a metal rod1 the best    
part of the emulsion has been squeezed  
through1 and if one now take out the bag
 and dissolve its contents1 it will be  

found that the loss of emulsion is      
almost nil4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4  
,it may be remarked that the whole      
apparatus1 with the exception of the    
crank1 must be coated with asphalt      
varnish2 also that the corners1 r and q1
 must be separated off from the purse1  
as shown by the dotted line1 s s s s1   
otherwise the emulsion would lodge there
 without being squeezed through4        
,instead of g h a strong glass rod may  
be used for small apparatus2 but for    
large apparatus it is indispensable1 as 
the power that requires to be exerted   
would be far too great for glass4       
,,iv4--,,washing ,,apparatus4  ,the     
fundamental idea of the apparatus shown 
in ,fig4 #c first occurred to ,herr     
,jos4 ,junk1 of ,berlin4 ,in the present
 form all the subsequent improvements   
made by ,herren ,carl ,such1 ,paul      
,grundner1 and others are incorporated4 
,it may be described as follows3  ,a tin
 vessel1 the bottom of which sinks at e 
into the shape of a funnel1 rests upon  

strong iron feet1 f f1 and is covered   
with a lid1 having a double edge closing
 it light-tight4 ,through the center of 
the lid passes the tube1 g h1 by which  
the water enters4 ,in the interior of   
the vessel upon iron hooks stands a     
wooden vessel saturated with paraffine1 
open at the ends1 and over one end of   
which the finest hair cloth is stretched
 at o p4 ,the water which enters the    
vessel runs off through the siphon4 ,the
 proceedings are as follows3 ,turn the  
granulated gelatine and the water in    
which it is contained into the horsehair
 sieve1 m n o p4 ,place the lid upon the
 apparatus and turn on the water4 ,the  
whole apparatus fills with water until  
the siphon begins to act4 ,if the       
diameter of the siphon be properly      
measured--one inch should be sufficient 
for the largest apparatus--and the cock 
by which the water is turned on properly
 adjusted1 more water will run out by   
the siphon than runs in through the     
supply pipe1 and the apparatus becomes  

completely empty4  ,the siphon has then 
performed its function1 the apparatus   
fills again1 and the play begins anew4  
,the tube1 g h1 which reaches right down
 nearly to the bottom of the sieve1     
takes the water so deep into the vessel 
that1 as long as the water in the       
apparatus stands high enough above o p1 
the gelatine nodules are in continuous  
motion4 ,in order to prevent the finest 
particles of the emulsion from stopping 
up the pores of the sieve too much1 and 
thereby incurring the danger of the     
water in the sieve overflowing its upper
 edge1 thus occasioning loss of         
emulsion1 the tube1 g h1 is now         
sometimes omitted and replaced by a     
supply pipe1 represented in the diagram 
by the dotted lines1 x y4 ,in this way  
every possibility of loss is excluded1  
and yet a very careful washing provided4
 ,then when1 after being emptied by the 
siphon1 the apparatus fills again1 every
 particle of the emulsion which might   
have formerly been pressed down into the

 interstices of the sieve would now be  
driven up again by the upward pressure  
of the water entering from below1 and   
thus the sieve would always be kept     
clear and open4  ,illustration3 ,,fig4  
#c4  ,the great advantages of this      
apparatus are as follows3 #a4 ,from the 
moment the lid is closed one can work by
 daylight4 #b4 ,the method of washing in
 moving water is combined with that of  
complete change of water4 #c4 ,the      
emulsion never comes in contact with    
metal4 #d4 ,whoever wishes to prepare   
dry gelatine only requires1 when the    
washing is over and the vessel perfectly
 emptied1 to leave the emulsion to drip 
for a time1 and then to lift out the    
sieve and its contents and place it in a
 suitable vessel with absolute alcohol4 
,the latter should be changed once1 and 
when sufficient water has been extracted
 the sieve should be withdrawn from the 
vessel and the emulsion allowed to dry  
spontaneously4 ,in this way all trouble 
occasioned by changing from vessel to   

vessel is avoided1 and there is no loss 
of material4  ,this apparatus is        
principally valuable in dealing with    
large quantities1 since it saves a great
 deal of labor1 and affords perfect     
certainty of the emulsion being well    
washed4 ,it may not be unnecessary to   
maintain that the difficulties of       
perfect washing--particularly if one do 
not wash with running water--increase at
 least in quadruple proportion to the   
quantity of emulsion                    
manipulated4--,franz ,stoke1 ,ph4,d41 in
 ,br4 ,jour1 of ,photography4         99
       99       99       99       99    
,,how ,,to ,,make ,,emulsion ,,in ,,hot 
,,weather4  ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,henderson4    
,numerous complaints have reached me    
within the last few weeks of the        
difficulty experienced in preparing     
emulsion and coating plates2 one is very
 likely to blame everything but the     
right1 but doubtless the weather is the 
culprit4  ,i have always held that to   
boil gelatine is to spoil it1 and1 even 

when emulsification is made with a few  
grains to the ounce and cooled down     
before adding the bulk1 the damage is   
done to the smaller quantity1 so that   
when mixed it contaminates the whole    
mass2 moreover1 it is impossible to set 
and wash the gelatine without the aid of
 ice4  ,i have lately made several      
batches 7with the thermometer at #ib in 
the shade1 and the washing water at #gh7
 as follows3    ,hard                   
gelatine4444444444444441444444          
ounce4                                  
,water444444444444444444444444444444  #b
    ounces4                             
,alcohol4444444444444444444444444444  #b
         ,bromide                       
ammonia44444444444444444444#aej         
grains4   ,liquor ammonia1              
#hhj4444444444444444 #fj    drops4      
,when all is thoroughly dissolved and of
 about #abj temperature1 add1 stirring  
all the time1    ,nitrate               
silver444444444444444444444 #fj         
grains1                                 

,water444444444444444444444444444444    
ounce4                                  
,alcohol4444444444444444444444444444    
,then again add1    ,nitrate            
silver444444444444444444444#adj         
grains4                                 
,water444444444444444444444444444444  #a
    ounce4                              
,alcohol4444444444444444444444444444  #a
        ,both solutions being warmed to 
about #abj4  ,my object is adding the   
silver in two quantities will be obvious
 to many--viz41 when the first portion  
of silver is mixed1 nitrate of ammonia  
is liberated 7which is a powerful       
restrainer71 and the bulk of the        
solution being increased1 the remainder 
of the silver may be added in a much    
more concentrated state4  ,the alcohol1 
both in the gelatine and silver         
solutions1 plays a most important part3 
7#a7 ,it prevents decomposition of the  
gelatine4 7#b7 ,it allows the gelatine  
to be precipitated with a much smaller  
quantity of alcohol 7say about #aj      

ounces74  ,after letting the emulsion   
stand for a few minutes to ripen1 ,i    
pour in slowly about eight ounces of    
alcohol1 stirring all the time1 and     
keeping the emulsion warm2 the emulsion 
will adhere to the stirring-rod and the 
bottom of the vessel in a soft mass1 and
 all that is now required is to pour    
away the alcohol1 allow the emulsion to 
cool1 tear it into small pieces1 wash in
 several changes of cold water1 make up 
the quantity to ten ounces1 and strain2 
it is then ready for coating4  ,by this 
formula ,i have no difficulties         
whatever2 my plates set in about five   
minutes1 and their quality is such that1
 unless a better method is devised1 ,i  
intend to adopt it in all weathers4     
,one word more as to the alcohol4 ,it   
will prevent the decomposition of       
gelatine when boiling goes on1 or when  
in the presence of foreign salts2 no    
flocculent deposit is noticed in the    
alcohol after the emulsion has been     
precipitated4--,photographic ,news4     

99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,distillation ,,and              
,,rectification ,,of ,,alcohols ,,by    
,,the ,,rational ,,use ,,of ,,low       
,,temperatures4  ,by ,,raoul ,,pictet4  
,the industrial problem of the          
rectification of alcohols is based      
entirely upon the properties of volatile
 liquids1 upon the laws of the maximum  
tensions of the vapors of these liquids1
 and upon the influence of temperature  
upon those different elements which find
 themselves in presence of each other in
 an alembic4  ,if we desire to follow1  
in their least details1 all the         
phenomena which succeed one another in a
 rectifying column1 and which are       
connected with one another by a         
continuous chain of reciprocal          
influences1 the problem becomes         
exceedingly complex4  ,illustration3    
,,pictet',s ,,apparatus ,,for ,,the     
,,rectification ,,of ,,alcohol ,,by     
,,cold4  ,in order that the new         
applications of the mechanical theory of

 heat may be readily understood1 we     
shall divide this problem into a series 
of propositions1 which we shall examine 
separately1 and which collectively      
constitutes in its general features the 
methodical rectification of liquids4    
,i4 ,knowing the maximum tensions of    
pure water and pure alcohol1 can we     
calculate directly the tensions of the  
vapors of any mixture whatever of       
alcohol and water8  ,yes1 we can        
calculate this tension by a general     
formula1 provided we take into account  
the affinity of water for alcohol1 which
 increases the value of the total latent
 heat of evaporation of the liquid4 ,the
 results of the calculation are fully   
confirmed by experience4 ,we thus       
establish the following laws3  a4 ,for  
any temperature whatever1 the maximum   
tension of the vapors of a mixture of   
water and alcohol is always comprised   
between that of pure water and that of  
pure alcohol4  b4 ,the tension of the   
vapors of a mixture of water and alcohol

 approaches the tension of alcohol so   
much the nearer in proportion as the    
proof is higher2 and1 reciprocally1 if  
water is in excess1 the tension of the  
vapors approaches the tension of the    
vapors of water4  c4 ,the curves of the 
maximum tensions of vapors formed by all
 mixtures of alcohol and water are      
represented by the same general formula1
 one factor only of which is a function 
of the richness of the alcoholic        
solution4  ,it results1 then1 from these
 laws that we may determine with the    
greatest exactness the richness of a    
solution containing alcohol and water1  
if we know the tension of the vapors    
that it gives off at a certain          
temperature4 ,such indications are      
confirmed by the centigrade             
alcoholmeter4  ,we see likewise that1   
for these solutions of alcohol and      
water1 the laws of ,dalton are          
completely at fault1 since the total    
pressure of the vapors is never equal to
 the sum of the tensions of the two     

liquids1 water and alcohol4  ,,ii4      
,being given a solution of water and    
alcohol1 mixed in equal volumes1 what   
will be the quality of the vapors       
emitted from it8  ,in other terms1 do   
the vapors which escape from a definite 
mixture of water and alcohol also       
contain volumes of vapor of water and   
alcohol in the same proportion as the   
liquids8  ,we have discovered the       
following laws3  d4 ,the quality of the 
vapors emitted by a mixture of water and
 alcohol varies according to the        
alcoholic richness of the solution1 but 
is not in simple proportion thereto4  e4
 ,the quality of the vapors emitted by a
 definite mixture of water and alcohol  
varies according to the temperature4  f4
 ,in a same solution of water and       
alcohol1 it is at low temperatures that 
the vapors emitted by the mixture       
contain the largest proportion of       
alcohol4  g4 ,the more the temperature  
rises the more the tensions of the two  
liquids tend to become equalized4  ,we  

have been able to verify these different
 laws experimentally1 and to find an    
interesting confirmation of our general 
formula of maximum tensions1 in the     
following way3  ,let us take a test tube
 containing a #ej per cent4 solution of 
alcohol and water1 plunge it into water 
of #bj;,c41 and put its interior in     
hermetic communication with the receiver
 of a mercurial air-pump4  ,we vaporize 
at #bj a certain quantity of the liquid1
 and the vapors fill the known capacity 
of the pump4 ,the pressure of the gases 
in the interior is ascertained by a     
pressure gauge1 and this pressure should
 be constant if care is taken to act    
upon a sufficient mass of liquid and    
with moderate speed4 ,when the receiver 
of the air-pump is full of vapors1      
communication between it and the        
test-tube is shut off1 and communication
 is effected with a second test-tube1   
like the first1 plunged into the same   
water at #bj4 ,care must be taken       
beforehand to create a perfect vacuum in

 this test-tube4  ,on causing the       
mercury to rise into the space that it  
previously occupied1 the vapors are made
 to condense in the second test-tube at 
the same temperature as that at which   
they were formed4  ,we immediately      
ascertain that the pressure-gauge shows 
an elevation of pressure2 moreover1 the 
proof of the condensed alcohol has very 
perceptibly risen4  ,if1 instead of     
causing these vapors to condense in the 
second test-tube1 we leave the first    
communication open1 the vapors          
recondense in the first test-tube       
without any elevation of pressure2 and  
we do not see the least trace of liquid 
forming in the second test tube4  ,this 
difference of pressure in the two       
foregoing experiments must be           
attributed1 then1 to the specific action
 of the water on the vapors of alcohol4 
,now we can calculate the difference of 
the work of the pump1 and put at #a     
kilogramme of condensed liquid the      
difference of mechanical work           

represented in kilogrammeters4 ,what is 
remarkable is that this difference is   
absolutely the equivalent of the heat   
disengaged when the condensed liquid and
 the old liquid are remixed2 there is a 
complete identity4 ,thus the affinity of
 the water for the alcohol modifies the 
tension of the vapors which form or     
condense upon the free surface of the   
mixture4 ,the two phenomena are closely 
connected by the law of equivalence4    
,it results from all the laws that we   
have cited that by properly regulating  
the tensions of the vapors of a mixture 
of alcohol and water1 and the           
temperature of the liquid1 we shall be  
able to obtain a liquid of a desired    
richness by the condensation of these   
vapors4  ,,iii4 ,it was likewise        
indispensable to make sure of one       
important fact3 ,when the temperature of
 a liquid like alcohol is considerably  
lowered1 can the distillation of a given
 weight of this substance be effected   
with sufficient rapidity for industrial 

requirements8 ,repeated experiments with
 a host of volatile liquids have        
demonstrated the following laws3  ,if we
 introduce a volatile liquid into two   
spherical receivers connected by a wide 
tube1 and if these be kept at different 
temperatures after driving out all the  
air from the apparatus1 the liquid      
distills from the warmer into the cooler
 receiver1 and we ascertain that3  h4   
,the weight of the liquid which distills
 in the unit of time increases with the 
deviation of temperature between the two
 receivers4  i4 ,the weight of the      
liquid which distills in the unit of    
time is constant for a same deviation of
 temperature between the receivers1     
whatever be1 moreover1 the absolute     
temperature of the receivers4  k4 ,the  
weight of the liquid distilled in the   
unit of time is proportional to the     
active surfaces of the receivers2 that  
is to say1 to the surfaces which are the
 seat of passage of heat through their  
thickness4  l4 ,the least trace of a    

foreign gas in the vapors left in the   
apparatus throws the preceding laws into
 confusion1 and checks distillation to a
 considerable degree1 especially at low 
temperatures4  ,thus1 water distilling  
between #ajj and #fj will pass over as  
quickly as that which is distilling     
between #dj and #j4 ,absolute           
temperature is without influence1       
provided every trace of air or foreign  
gas be got rid of4  ,the distillatory   
apparatus should be provided with an    
excellent air-pump1 capable of          
preventing all those entrances of air   
which are inevitable in practice4  ,the 
following is the industrial application 
that we have endeavored to make of these
 theoretical views3 ,the rectification  
of alcohols is one of the most complex  
of operations2 it looks toward several  
results simultaneously4 ,alcohol derived
 from the fermentation of grain1 sugar1 
and of all starchy matters in general1  
contains an innumerable host of         
different products1 which may be grouped

 under four principal heads3  #a4       
,empyreumatic essential oils1           
characteristic of the source of the     
alcohol1 and having a powerful odor     
which infects the total mass of the     
crude spirits4 #b4 ,a considerable      
quantity of water4 #c4 ,a certain       
quantity of pure alcohol4 #d4 ,a        
variable proportion of volatile         
substances1 composed in great part of   
ethers1 different alcohols1 and bodies  
as yet not well defined4 ,these latter  
affect the quality of the alcohol by an 
odor which is entirely different from   
that of the essential oils4  ,the object
 of rectification is to bring out ,no4  
#c all alone2 that is to say1 to extract
 the alcohol in a pure state by ridding 
it of oils1 water1 ether1 and foreign   
alcohols4  ,the alcohol industry never  
realizes this operation in an absolutely
 complete manner4 ,all the rectifying   
apparatus in operation at the present   
day are based on the use of high        
temperatures varying between #gh4e and  

#ajj4 ,the successive condensation and  
vaporization of the vapors issuing from 
the spirits effect in the rectifying    
columns a partial separation of these   
liquids1 and there are received         
successively as products of             
rectification3  #a4 ,bad tasting        
alcohols1 containing the majority of the
 ethers and impure alcohols4  #b4 ,fine 
alcohol4  #c4 ,alcohols contaminated by 
notable proportions of empyreumatic     
oils4  ,industry knows only one means of
 obtaining an excellent product1 and    
that is to diminish the quantity of fine
 alcohol which comes from a same lot of 
spirits1 and to make a large number of  
successive distillations4 ,hence the    
large expenses attending rectification1 
which produce fine alcohols necessarily 
at an elevated price4 ,we may remark1 in
 passing1 that the toxic action of      
commercial alcohols is in great part    
caused by the presence of essential     
oils1 amylic alcohol1 and ethers1       
absolutely pure alcohol1 as compared    

with these1 being relatively innocent4  
,why is it that our present apparatus   
cannot produce good results in          
rectifying alcohol8 ,because they are   
limited by the temperature at which they
 must operate4 ,between #gh and #ajj the
 tension of the vapors of all the       
liquids mixed in the spirits is         
considerable for each of them2 they all 
pass over1 then1 in certain proportions 
during the operation of rectification4  
,we have been led1 by examining the     
theoretical question1 to ascertain that 
the proportion of alcohol which         
evaporates from a mixture is maximum at 
low temperatures2 consequently1 we      
should seek to establish some           
arrangement which can realize the       
following conditions3 7#a7 ,render      
variable1 at will1 the temperature of   
the boiling liquid2 and 7#b71 render    
variable the pressure of the vapors     
which act on the liquid4  ,thus1 to     
effect the rectification of alcohol it  
suffices to cause its ebullition at very

 low temperatures1 and to keep up the   
ebullition without changing such        
temperatures when once obtained4  ,it is
 exactly these two conditions that we   
have fulfilled in the apparatus that we 
have just installed in our factory in   
,rue ,immeubles ,industriels1 at ,paris4
  ,by their arrangement1 which is shown 
in the opposite figure1 they form a     
mechanical system permitting of the     
rectification of alcohols at            
temperatures as low as -#dj or even     
-#ej4 ,they verify experimentally1 by   
their operation1 the theoretical        
deductions which precede4 ,the boilers1 
,a1 which1 in an industrial application1
 may be more numerous1 receive their    
supply of spirits from the country      
distilleries in the vicinity of the     
factory4 ,there may even be introduced  
directly into them vinasses1 or washes1 
that is to say1 liquids1 such as are    
obtained by alcoholic fermentation4     
,above the boiler rises a rectifying    
column composed of superposed plates    

inclined one over the other1 and        
surmounted by a tubular condenser1 which
 serves to effect the retrogression of  
the first condensation by means of a    
current of water supplied by the        
reservoir placed above4  ,on leaving    
this condenser1 the vapors which have   
escaped condensation pass into the      
refrigerator1 ,c1 where they are totally
 condensed by a current of water which  
goes to the reservoir above4  ,the first
 products obtained contain ethers and   
impure alcohols1 which are collected in 
the reservoir1 ,e4  ,when the first     
products have been thus introduced into 
the reservoir1 and it is ascertained by 
tasting that good alcohol is passing    
over1 the liquid produced is directed   
into the second boiler1 ,f4 ,the sliding
 valve1 operated by a screw having a    
very fine pitch1 establishes a          
communication between the refrigerator1 
,c1 and the second boiler1 ,f4 ,the     
office of this valve we shall learn     
further on4 ,this first rectification is

 performed in a vacuum1 for a system of 
metallic pipes connects the entire      
apparatus with an air-pump1 ,o4 ,the    
temperature at which the liquids shall  
enter into ebullition in the boilers1 ,a
 ,a1 may1 then1 be regulated in advance4
  ,the operations will be carried on    
with a more or less complete vacuum1    
according to the nature of the products 
to be rectified4 ,the distiller will    
have to be guided in this by practice   
alone4  ,the good tasted products are   
received in boiler ,no4 #b1 ,f1 and     
there the liquids are submitted to the  
action of an almost absolute vacuum4 ,as
 we have before said1 their temperature 
falls immediately and spontaneously4    
,the vapors which issue from this liquid
 contain almost solely pure alcohol4    
,the other substances1 which passed over
 in the first distillation1 no longer   
emit vapors at temperatures ranging     
between -#aj and #e4 ,their temperature 
is shown by a thermometer running into  
the boiler1 ,f4  ,these vapors1 purified

 by ebullition at a low temperature1    
rise into a second rectifying column1   
,g1 which terminates in the             
refrigerator1 ,h1 filled with liquid    
sulphurous anhydride4 ,this refrigerator
 is like those which we employ in our   
sulphurous anhydride frigorific         
apparatus4 ,under the action of a       
special pump1 ,m1 this liquid produces  
and maintains a constant temperature of 
-#be to -#cj in the refrigerator4 ,the  
vapors of alcohol condense therein at   
this low temperature1 and the cold      
liquid alcohol flows into the lower part
 of the refrigerator4  ,by the action of
 a return cock1 a portion of this liquid
 falls upon the plates of the column1   
,g1 and descends1 while the vapors are  
rising therein4 ,the other portion of   
the liquid obtained flows into the      
reservoir1 ,k1 at the beginning of the  
operation1 and into the reservoir1 ,l1  
during all the remainder of the         
rectification4 ,the ice-making machine  
keeps up of itself alone the two        

operations4  ,in fact1 the exhaust of   
the steam engine which actuates the     
sulphurous anhydride pump is directed   
into a worm which circulates through the
 first boiler1 ,a1 and the refrigerator1
 ,h1 of the frigorific machine keeps up 
the second rectification1 which was     
brought about below the surrounding     
temperature1 and which for this reason  
takes place without necessitating any   
combustion of coal4 ,it suffices to     
cause the current of water which issues 
from the condenser of the frigorific    
machine to pass into the worm of the    
boiler4  ,we have1 then1 two results1   
two like operations1 both produced by   
the working of a single machine4        
,moreover1 these two operations are     
performed in vacuo1 and we know that    
under these conditions they are effected
 at lower temperatures4 ,owing to this  
fact1 likewise1 the weight of the water 
that must be evaporated diminishes just 
so much4 ,now1 one kilogramme of water  
requires #fcf heat units to cause it to 

pass from the liquid to the gaseous     
state1 while one kilogramme of alcohol  
requires only #bcj heat units to        
vaporize it4 ,thus every decrease of    
temperature in rectification has for an 
immediate corollary an important economy
 of fuel1 which is proved by the        
diminution of radiation1 and by the less
 quantity of water to be distilled4     
,between the boilers1 ,a1 in which is   
maintained a temperature bordering on   
#ej to #fj1 and the refrigerator1 ,h1 in
 which is easily obtained a temperature 
of -#cj to -#dj1 there is at our        
disposal a range of temperature of      
nearly #ajj1 an immense difference      
compared with that which can be made use
 of in ordinary apparatus4 ,thanks to   
this powerful factor1 which is          
manageable at will1 we can take directly
 from the apparatus alcohols marking #ih
 and #ii degrees by the centigrade      
alcoholmeter4 ,such results are         
unobtainable by the usual methods4  ,we 
have likewise ascertained that at low   

temperatures the ebullition of alcohol  
is as active as at near #ajj4  ,for a   
same range of temperature between the   
boiler and the refrigerator1 the weight 
of alcohol which distills in an hour is 
constant4 ,by the operation of the      
valve1 ,d1 it becomes easy to allow all 
the liquid condensed in the first       
refrigerator to pass into the second    
boiler2 and thus the second             
rectification1 which is effected in a   
more perfect vacuum1 is supplied with   
exactness4 ,the object of this valve1   
then1 is to allow the liquid to pass1   
and yet to cut off the pressure in such 
a way as to have a double fall of       
temperature throughout the whole        
apparatus2 from #fj to #bj in the first 
operation1 and from #j to -#dj in the   
second4 ,we may add that the regulation 
of the valve is extremely easy1 because 
of the screw which actuates it4  ,to sum
 up the commercial advantages that our  
process procures1 we may say that it    
realizes the following desiderata3 #a4  

,with the cost of a single distillation 
we have1 at once1 distillation and      
rectification1 or a single expense for  
two results4 #b4 ,with one operation at 
a low temperature we obtain products    
which are almost impossible to get even 
by an indefinite number of              
rectifications at a high temperature1   
the temperature having an intrinsic     
value in the operation4 #c4 ,the        
alcohols obtained are wholesome1 and can
 be put on the market without danger4   
#d4 ,their superior quality gives these 
alcohols an extra value difficult to    
calculate1 but which is very notable4   
#e4 ,the whole operation being performed
 in closed vessels1 there is absolutely 
no waste4 #f4 ,for the same reason there
 is scarcely any danger of fire4 #g4    
,the management of the works and the    
service are performed by the pressure of
 the gases entirely2 there are only a   
few cocks to be turned to perform all   
the interior maneuvers1 empty and fill  
the vessels1 etc4 ,hence economy in     

personnel4         99       99       99 
99       99     ,,electrolytic          
,,determinations ,,and ,,separations4   
,footnote3 ,,note4--,each of these      
determinations was accompanied by a     
series of results in which the practical
 determinations obtained from the method
 described were compared with the       
theoretical contents of the solutions of
 the various elements4 ,these1 however1 
would take up too much room for         
insertion in these columns4  ,by ,,alex4
 ,,classen and ,m4,a4 ,,von ,,reis2     
translated by ,m4 ,,benjamin1 ,ph4,b41  
,f4,c4,s4   ,ever since the electrolytic
 method for the estimation of copper    
came into general use1 numerous chemists
 have endeavored to adapt this          
peculiarly simple and elegant method to 
the determination of other metals4      
,according to the experiments which have
 been made up to the present time1 it   
has been found that the separation of   
copper is best effected in a nitric acid
 solution1 while that of nickel and     

cobalt takes place most readily in an   
ammoniacal solution1 and for the        
precipitation of zinc and cadmium a     
potassium cyanide solution is the best4 
,the accuracy of the results depend     
chiefly upon the following of certain   
fixed rules1 such as1 for instance1 that
 the precipitation of copper only takes 
place when there is a definite amount of
 nitric acid in the solution2 that of   
cobalt and nickel when a certain        
quantity of ammonium hydrate and        
ammonium sulphate is present4 ,the      
electrolytic decomposition of the       
chlorides has not yet been successfully 
accomplished1 so that prior to the      
operation it is necessary to convert    
them into sulphates4 ,the experiments   
which have been made for the purpose of 
investigating the application of the    
electric current in quantitative        
analyses are very few1 about the only   
exception being the separation of copper
 from the metals which are not          
precipitated from a nitric acid         

solution1 or which are deposited as     
peroxides at the other electrode4 ,we   
shall endeavor to show in that which    
follows1 that copper1 zinc1 nickel1 and 
cobalt1 and even iron1 manganese1       
cadmium1 bismuth1 and tin1 whether they 
be present as sulphates1 chlorides1 or  
nitrates1 may be precipitated and       
separated from each other by            
electrolytic methods much more rapidly  
than by any previously known process4   
,,determination ,,of ,,cobalt4  ,neutral
 potassium oxalate is added in excess to
 the solution of a cobalt salt1 and the 
clear solution of cobalt potassium      
oxalate submitted to electrolysis4 ,the 
intense red color of this solution is   
soon changed into a dark green2 the     
latter diminishing in intensity as the  
metal is deposited at the negative      
electrode4 ,the electric current        
decomposes the potassium oxalate into   
the carbonate1 so that a precipitate of 
cobalt carbonate is simultaneously      
formed with the separation of the       

metallic cobalt4 ,this precipitate may  
be dissolved by adding oxalic acid or   
dilute sulphuric acid2 the further      
action of the current will change the   
solution to an alkaline reaction1 upon  
which the treatment with acid is        
repeated until all the cobalt has been  
separated out in its metallic condition4
 ,the electrolytic separation of cobalt 
is much more easily and rapidly effected
 when the potassium oxalate is          
substituted by the corresponding        
ammonium salt1 as the latter forms a    
soluble double salt with the cobalt     
compounds4 ,if the ammonium oxalate     
added is just sufficient to form the    
double salt1 a red cobalt oxalate 7which
 is only slowly reduced by the current7 
will separate out in addition to the    
cobalt4 ,in order to obviate this       
difficulty1 the solution to which the   
ammonium oxalate had been added in      
excess is heated1 and then three or four
 grammes more of solid ammonium oxalate 
are added4 ,the hot solution1 when      

exposed to the action of the current1   
deposits the cobalt as a closely        
adhering gray film4 ,by the aid of two  
,bunsen's elements1 #j4b gramme cobalt  
can be separated in an hour's time4     
,when the reduction has been completed1 
and this is best determined by testing a
 small sample 7removed by a pipette7    
with ammonium sulphide1 the positive    
electrode#a is removed from the         
solution1 and the liquid poured off4    
,the dish is immediately rinsed several 
times with water1 and the excess of     
water removed at first with alcohol1 and
 then with absolute ether4 ,the cobalt  
in the dish is dried in the air bath at 
#ajj ,c41 and in the course of a few    
minutes a constant weight is obtained4  
,footnote #a3 ,a piece of platinum foil1
 #d4e cm4 in diameter1 is used for the  
positive electrode1 and a deep platinum 
dish as the negative electrode4--,vide  
,classen's ,quantitative ,analysis1 #c;d
 ,edition1 p4 #df4   ,,determination    
,,of ,,nickel4  ,this process is        

precisely identical with the previously 
described method for cobalt4 ,the       
ammonium oxalate is added in excess to  
the solution1 which is then heated1 and 
four more grammes of the solid salt     
added4 ,the separation of the nickel is 
as rapid as that of the cobalt4 ,the    
nickel is precipitated as a gray1       
compact mass1 tightly adhering to the   
electrode4   ,,determination ,,of       
,,iron4  ,for this estimation1 solutions
 of the chloride as well as those of the
 sulphate 7ammonium1 iron1 alum7 may be 
used in the manner previously described4
 ,the electrolysis is best effected in  
the presence of a sufficient quantity of
 ammonium oxalate2 no separation of any 
iron compound takes place4 ,the iron is 
deposited in the form of a bright1 steel
 gray1 firmly-adhering mass on the      
platinum dish4 ,the iron may be exposed 
to the air for several days without any 
noticeable oxidation taking place4      
,,determination ,,of ,,zinc4  ,zinc may 
be separated from a solution of the     

double salt fully as easily and rapidly 
as the previously mentioned metals were4
 ,the reduced zinc has a dark gray      
color1 and adheres very firmly to the   
electrode4 ,the separated metal is      
dissolved by using dilute acids and     
heating4 ,it is only removed with       
difficulty1 and generally leaves a dark 
coating on the dish1 which is separated 
by repeated ignitions and treatment with
 acid4   ,,determination ,,of           
,,manganese4  ,it is already known that 
manganese may be separated as the       
peroxide from its nitric acid solution4 
,we find1 however1 that the             
precipitation is only completely        
effected when the quantity present is   
small2 the amount of nitric acid must   
also be slight1 and it is necessary to  
wash the dish without interrupting the  
current4 ,if the manganese is converted 
into the soluble double salt1 prepared  
by adding an excess of potassium1 and   
submitted to the electric current1 the  
whole of the manganese will be deposited

 at the positive electrode4 ,when       
ammonium oxalate is used1 the complete  
precipitation does not take place4 ,as  
the separated peroxide does not adhere  
firmly to the electrode1 it is necessary
 to filter it and convert it1 by        
ignition1 into the trimangano-tetroxide 
7,mn#c,o#d74   ,,determination ,,of     
,,bismuth4  ,this separation presents   
considerable difficulty1 because the    
metal is not precipitated as a compact  
mass on the platinum4 ,the bismuth is   
always obtained in the same form1 no    
matter whether it is precipitated from  
an acid solution1 or from the double    
ammonium oxalate1 or1 finally1 from a   
solution to which potassium tartrate has
 been added4 ,as large a surface as     
possible must be used1 and the dish     
piled to the rim2 then1 if the quantity 
of bismuth is small1 the washing with   
water1 alcohol1 and ether may be        
effected without any loss of the        
element4 ,if small quantities of the    
metal separate from the dish1 they must 

be collected on a tared filter1 and     
determined separately4 ,in our          
experiments1 an excess of ammonium      
oxalate was added to a nitric acid      
solution of bismuth4 ,during the        
electrolytic decomposition1 a separation
 of the peroxide was observed at the    
positive electrode1 which1 however1     
slowly disappeared4 ,in order to prevent
 the reduced metal from oxidation1 the  
last traces of water are completely     
removed by repeated washings with       
alcohol and anhydrous ether4            
,,determination ,,of ,,lead4  ,the      
nitric solution of lead acts similarly  
to that of manganese4 ,when the amount  
of peroxide separated is so large that  
it does not adhere firmly1 and becomes  
mechanically precipitated on the        
negative electrode1 it becomes          
impossible to complete the estimation   
without loss from the solution of the   
peroxide1 and the results cannot be     
accepted4  ,if the double oxalate is    
submitted to electrolysis1 the whole of 

the lead is separated out in its        
metallic state1 but it is so rapidly    
oxidized by the air that it is very     
seldom that it can be dried without     
decomposition even when the operation is
 conducted in a current of illuminating 
gas4 ,the electrolytic estimation of    
this element cannot be recommended4     
,,determination ,,of ,,copper4  ,the    
copper may be very easily and rapidly   
separated from the double ammonium      
oxalate salt1 provided a sufficient     
excess of ammonium oxalate is present4  
,weak currents cannot be employed for   
the determination of this element when  
it is present in large quantities1 for  
under such circumstances the metal does 
not adhere with sufficient firmness to  
the electrode4 ,we employed a current   
which corresponded to an evolution of   
#ccj c4c4 of gas per hour1 and we were  
able to precipitate #j4ae gramme        
metallic copper in about twenty-five    
minutes4   ,,determination ,,of         
,,cadmium4  ,when the cadmium ammonium  

oxalate is submitted to the action of   
the electric current1 the metal is      
thrown down in the form of a gray       
coating1 which does not adhere very     
firmly to the electrode1 but1 however1  
sufficiently so as not to become        
separated on careful washing4           
,,determination ,,of ,,tin4  ,tin may be
 easily estimated by electrolysis2 it   
can be separated from its hydrochloric  
acid solution1 or from its double salt  
with ammonium oxalate1 as a beautiful   
silver gray coating on the platinum4    
,when the ammonium oxalate is           
substituted by the potassium salt1 the  
operation becomes more difficult1 as a  
basic salt is formed at the opposite    
pole1 and is not easily reduced4 ,if the
 tin is separated from an acid solution1
 the current must not be interrupted    
while the washing takes place1 a        
precaution which it is not necessary to 
follow when the ammonium oxalate is     
used4 ,when the tin is dissolved from   
the platinum dish1 it acts like the     

zinc2 that is to say1 a black coating is
 left on the electrode4                 
,,determination ,,of ,,antimony4        
,antimony may be precipitated in its    
metallic state from a hydrochloric acid 
solution1 but it does not adhere very   
firmly to the electrode4 ,if potassium  
oxalate is added to a solution of the   
trichloride1 the antimony may be readily
 reduced1 but the metal adheres still   
less firmly to the electrode than it did
 in the first instance4 ,an adherent    
coating may be obtained by adding an    
alkaline tartrate1 but in that case the 
separation takes place too slowly4 ,the 
precipitation of antimony may be very   
readily effected from solutions of its  
sulpho salts4  ,to a liquid1 which may  
contain free hydrochloric acid1 hydrogen
 sulphide is added1 then neutralized    
with ammonium hydrate1 and saturated    
with ammonium sulphide in excess4 ,the  
reduction may be accelerated by the     
addition of some ammonium sulphate4 ,the
 antimony separates out as a fine1 light

 gray precipitate on the electrode1 and 
which adheres very firmly1 provided the 
precipitation has not been carried on   
too rapidly1 i4 e41 if the current      
employed for the reduction was not too  
strong4  ,when the reduction has been   
completed1 the supernatant liquid is    
poured off1 and the residue washed in   
the ordinary manner4   ,,determination  
,,of ,,arsenic4  ,arsenic cannot be     
completely separated from either its    
aqueous hydrochloric acid1 or from a    
solution to which ammonium oxalate has  
been added in excess4 ,from its aqueous 
as well as from its oxalate solution1 a 
portion of the metal may be separated1  
but if the current is passed through its
 hydrochloric acid solution for a       
sufficient length of time1 all the      
arsenic will be volatilized as arsenious
 hydride 7,as,h#c74   ,,separation ,,of 
,,iron ,,from ,,manganese4  ,if a       
solution of ferric oxide and manganese  
ammonium oxalate is submitted to        
electrolysis1 without the previous      

addition of ammonium oxalate1 the       
characteristic color of permanganic acid
 immediately makes its appearance1 and  
the peroxide gradually precipitates     
itself on the positive1 while the iron  
is deposited on the negative electrode4 
,when the examination is made in the    
above manner1 it is impossible to       
separate the two metals1 for the        
peroxide will bring down with it a      
considerable quantity of ferric hydrate4
 ,the separation of the two metals is   
only possible when the precipitation of 
the manganese peroxide is prevented1    
until the greater portion of the iron   
has been deposited4 ,this result may be 
attained by adding sodium phosphate1 or1
 better still1 by the addition of       
ammonium oxalate in great excess4 ,in   
both cases the characteristic coloration
 from permanganic acid is developed by  
the action of the current at the        
positive pole2 this1 however1 disappears
 in the direction of the negative       
electrode4 ,after the greater portion of

 the ammonium oxalate has been converted
 into carbonate1 the coloration and     
necessarily the formation of manganese  
peroxide begins4  ,ammonium oxalate is  
added to the solution1 and heat applied2
 then three or four grammes more of     
ammonium oxalate are dissolved in the   
liquid1 which is then immediately       
submitted to electrolysis4 ,when the    
amount of manganese is small1 the       
separation of the two elements takes    
place very rapidly1 and the results are 
accurate4 ,if the amount of manganese is
 more than double that of iron1 the     
separation of the latter will take a    
much longer time4 ,then1 in order to    
effect a complete separation of the two 
elements1 it is necessary to redissolve 
the deposited manganese in oxalic acid  
7the acid is added1 without interrupting
 the current1 until the liquid becomes  
red71 and the current is allowed to     
continue its action4  ,it was found     
desirable1 in effecting this separation1
 not to employ too strong a current 7two

 ,bunsen elements will suffice71 and    
only to increase the strength of the    
current when it is necessary1 in        
consequence of a large amount of        
manganese being present1 to redissolve  
the peroxide4  ,when the process is     
completed1 it is not advisable to allow 
the current to act any longer1 for      
otherwise some of the peroxide may      
adhere firmly to the iron1 and the      
latter 7after previously having poured  
off the liquid7 must be redissolved in  
oxalic acid1 that is to say1 the        
electrolysis must be repeated4 ,as has  
been already mentioned in the           
determination of manganese as peroxide1 
its precipitation from ammonium oxalate 
is not complete4 ,the solution which    
contains the greater portion of         
manganese1 suspended as peroxide1 must  
first1 therefore1 be boiled to decompose
 the ammonium carbonate2 the remainder  
of the ammonium oxalate is neutralized  
with nitric acid1 and the manganese     
converted into the sulphide by ammonium 

sulphide4 ,the manganese sulphide is    
then ignited in a current of hydrogen1  
and weighed as such4   ,,separation ,,of
 ,,iron ,,and ,,aluminum4  ,the         
quantitative separation of iron from    
aluminum1 which presented many          
difficulties according to the older     
methods1 may be easily performed by     
electrolysis4 ,if a solution of iron    
ammonium oxalate and aluminum oxalate1  
to which an excess of ammonium oxalate  
has been added1 be submitted to the     
action of the electric current1 the iron
 will be deposited as a firmly adhering 
coat on the negative electrode1 while   
the aluminum oxide remains in solution1 
just so long as the quantity of ammonium
 oxalate is in excess of the quantity of
 ammonium carbonate produced4 ,when1    
finally1 a precipitation of aluminum    
oxide takes place the liquid is almost  
free from iron4 ,from time to time1 the 
solution1 in which the aluminum oxide is
 suspended1 is tested for iron by       
ammonium sulphide1 and the current is   

interrupted when no further reaction is 
observed4 ,the best method of procedure 
is to add ammonium oxalate in excess to 
a neutral1 a slightly acid solution1 or 
to one which has been neutralized by the
 addition of ammonium hydrate 7a        
hydrochloric acid solution is not well  
adapted for this purpose72 then as much 
more solid ammonium oxalate is added    
until for every #j4a gramme there is #b 
to #c grammes of the oxalate present4   
,the hot solution is then directly      
submitted to the action of the electric 
current4 ,after the iron has been       
precipitated1 it is best to stop the    
action of the current before all the    
aluminum oxide is thrown down1 for      
otherwise a portion of the latter may   
adhere firmly to the iron1 and be       
difficult to remove4  ,in such a case1  
as was mentioned previously in the      
separation of iron from manganese1 it is
 necessary to redissolve the iron 7after
 previously having poured off the       
liquid7 in oxalic acid1 and then the    

electrolysis is continued4  ,in order to
 effect the complete precipitation of   
the aluminum oxide from the solution    
which was poured from the iron1 ammonium
 hydrate is added1 and the solution     
boiled for some time1 and then the      
aluminum oxide is determined in the     
usual manner4 ,when the quantity of     
aluminum is less than that of iron1 this
 method may be relied upon to give exact
 results4 ,with the reverse 7i4 e41 an  
excess of iron7 the precipitate of      
aluminum oxide must be dissolved in     
oxalic acid 7without the interruption of
 the current71 and the electrolysis     
continued4--,berichte der ,deutschen    
,chemischen ,gesellschaft1 #ad1 #affb4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,,the ,,cultivation ,,of ,,pyrethrum    
,,and ,,manufacture ,,of ,,the ,,powder4
   ,in accordance with an announcement  
in the ,march number of the ,naturalist1
 the editor of this department has sent 
out the seed of two species of          
pyrethrum1 viz4 ,p4 roseum and ,p4      

cinerarioefolium1 to a large number of  
correspondents in different parts of    
,north ,america4 ,every mail brings us  
some inquiries for further particulars  
and directions to guide in the          
cultivation of the plant and preparation
 of the powder4 ,we have concluded1     
therefore1 that such information as is  
obtainable on these heads will prove of 
public interest1 and we shall ask       
,professor ,bessey's pardon for         
trenching somewhat on his domain4       
,there are very few data at hand        
concerning the discovery of the         
insecticide properties of pyrethrum4    
,the powder has been in use for many    
years in ,asiatic countries south of the
 ,caucasus mountains4 ,it was sold at a 
high price by the inhabitants1 who      
successfully kept its nature a secret   
until the beginning of this century1    
when an ,armenian merchant1 ,mr4        
,jumtikoff1 learned that the powder was 
obtained from the dried and pulverized  
flower-heads of certain species of      

pyrethrum growing abundantly in the     
mountain region of what is now known as 
the ,russian province of ,transcaucasia4
 ,the son of ,mr4 ,jumtikoff began the  
manufacture of the article on a large   
scale in #ahbh1 after which year the    
pyrethrum industry steadily grew1 until 
to-day the export of the dried          
flower-heads represents an important    
item in the revenue of those countries4 
,still less seems to be known of the    
discovery and history of the ,dalmatian 
species of pyrethrum 7,p4               
cinerarioefolum71 but it is probable    
that its history is very similar to that
 of the ,asiatic species4 ,at the       
present time the pyrethrum flowers are  
considered by far the most valuable     
product of the soil of ,dalmatia4       
,there is also very little information  
published regarding either the mode of  
growth or the cultivation of pyrethrum  
plants in their native home4 ,as to the 
,caucasian species we have reasons to   
believe that they are not cultivated1 at

 least not at the present time1         
statements to the contrary              
notwithstanding4#a  ,footnote #a3       
,report ,comm4 of ,patents1 #aheg1      
,agriculture1 p4 #acj4  ,the well-known 
,dr4 ,gustav ,radde1 director of the    
,imperial ,museum of ,natural ,history  
at ,tiflis1 ,transcaucasia1 who is the  
highest living authority on everything  
pertaining to the natural history of    
that region1 wrote us recently as       
follows3 ,the only species of its genus 
,pyrethrum roseum1 which gives a good1  
effective insect powder1 is nowhere     
cultivated1 but grows wild in the       
basal-alpine zone of our mountains at an
 altitude of from #f1jjj to #h1jjj feet4
 ,from this it appears that this        
species1 at least1 is not cultivated in 
its native home1 and ,dr4 ,radde's      
statement is corroborated by a          
communication of ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,hutton1  
,vice-,consul ,general of the ,u4 ,s4 at
 ,moscow1 ,russia1 to whom we applied   
for seed of this species4 ,he writes    

that his agents were not able to get    
more than about half a pound of the seed
 from any one person4 ,from this        
statement it may be inferred that the   
seeds have to be gathered from the wild 
and not from the cultivated plants4  ,as
 to the ,dalmatian plant it is also said
 to be cultivated in its native home1   
but we can get no definite information  
on this score1 owing to the fact that   
the inhabitants are very unwilling to   
give any information regarding a plant  
the product of which they wish to       
monopolize4 ,for similar reasons we have
 found great difficulty in obtaining    
even small quantities of the seed of ,p4
 cinerarioefolium that was not baked or 
in other ways tampered with to prevent  
germination4 ,indeed1 the people are so 
jealous of their plant that to send the 
seed out of the country becomes a       
serious matter1 in which life is risked4
 ,the seed of ,pyrethrum roseum is      
obtained with less difficulty1 at least 
in small quantities1 and it has even    

become an article of commerce1 several  
nurserymen here1 as well as in ,europe1 
advertising it in their catalogues4 ,the
 species has been successfully grown as 
a garden plant for its pale rose or     
bright pink flower-rays4 ,mr4 ,thomas   
,meehan1 of ,germantown1 ,pa41 writes   
us3 ,i have had a plant of ,pyrethrum   
roseum in my herbaceous garden for many 
years past1 and it holds its own without
 any care much better than many other   
things4 ,i should say from this         
experience that it was a plant which    
will very easily accommodate itself to  
culture anywhere in the ,united ,states4
 ,peter ,henderson1 of ,new ,york1      
another well-known and experienced      
nurseryman1 writes3 ,i have grown the   
plant and its varieties for ten years4  
,it is of the easiest cultivation1      
either by seeds or divisions4 ,it now   
ramifies into a great variety of all    
shades1 from white to deep crimson1     
double and single1 perfectly hardy here1
 and ,i think likely to be nearly       

everywhere on this continent4 ,dr4      
,james ,c4 ,neal1 of ,archer1 ,fla41 has
 also successfully grown ,p4 roseum and 
many varieties thereof1 and other       
correspondents report similar favorable 
experience4 ,none of them have found a  
special mode of cultivation necessary4  
,in #ahef ,mr4 ,c4 ,willemot made a     
serious attempt to introduce and        
cultivate the plant#a on a large scale  
in ,france4 ,as his account of the      
cultivation of pyrethrum is the best we 
know of we quote here his experience in 
full1 with but few slight omissions3    
,the soil best adapted to its culture   
should be composed of pure ground1      
somewhat silicious and dry4 ,moisture   
and the presence of clay are injurious1 
the plant being extremely sensitive to  
an excess of water1 and would in such   
case immediately perish4 ,a southern    
exposure is the most favorable4 ,the    
best time for putting the seeds in the  
ground is from ,march to ,april4 ,it can
 be done even in the month of ,february 

if the weather will permit it4 ,after   
the soil has been prepared and the seeds
 are sown they are covered by a stratum 
of ground mixed with some vegetable     
mould1 when the roller is slightly      
applied to it4 ,every five or six days  
the watering is to be renewed1 in order 
to facilitate the germination4 ,at the  
end of about thirty or forty days the   
young plants make their appearance1 and 
as soon as they have gained strength    
enough they are transplanted at a       
distance of about six inches from each  
other4 ,three months after this         
operation they are transplanted again at
 a distance of from fourteen to twenty  
inches1 according to their strength4    
,each transplantation requires1 of      
course1 a new watering1 which1 however1 
should only be moderately applied4 ,the 
blossoming of the pyrethrum commences   
the second year1 toward the end of ,may1
 and continues to the end of ,september4
 ,mr4 ,willemot also states that the    
plant is very little sensitive to cold1 

and needs no shelter1 even during severe
 winters4  ,footnote #a3 ,mr4 ,willemot 
calls his plant ,pyrthre du ,caucase    
7,p4 ,willemoti4 ,duchartre71 but it is 
more than probable that this is only a  
synonym of ,p4 roseum4 ,we have drawn   
liberally from ,mr4 ,willemot's paper on
 the subject1 a translation of which may
 be found in the ,report of the         
,commissioner of ,patents for the year  
#ahfa1 ,agriculture1 pp4 #bbc-cca4  ,the
 above quoted directions have reference 
to the climate of ,france1 and as the   
cultivation of the plant in many parts  
of ,north ,america is yet an experiment1
 a great deal of independent judgment   
must be used4 ,the plants should be     
treated in the same manner as the       
ordinary ,asters of the garden or other 
perennial ,compositae4  ,as to the      
,dalmatian plant1 it is well known that 
,mr4 ,g4 ,n4 ,milco1 a native of        
,dalmatia1 has of late years            
successfully cultivated ,pyrethrum      
cinerarioefolium near ,stockton1 ,cal41 

and the powder from the ,california     
grown plants1 to which ,mr4 ,milco has  
given the name of ,buhach1 retains all  
the insecticide qualities and is far    
superior to most of the imported powder1
 as we know from experience4 ,mr4 ,milco
 gives the following advice about       
planting--advice which applies more     
particularly to the ,pacific coast3     
,prepare a small bed of fine1 loose1    
sandy1 loamy soil1 slightly mixed with  
fine manure4 ,mix the seed with dry sand
 and sow carefully on top of the bed4   
,then with a common rake disturb the    
surface of the ground half an inch in   
depth4 ,sprinkle the bed every evening  
until sprouted2 too much water will     
cause injury4 ,after it is well         
sprouted1 watering twice a week is      
sufficient4 ,when about a month old1    
weed carefully4 ,they should be         
transplanted to loamy soil during the   
rainy season of winter or spring4  ,our 
own experience with ,p4 roseum as well  
as ,p4 cinerarioefolium in ,washington1 

,d4 ,c41 has been so far quite          
satisfactory4 ,some that we planted last
 year in the fall came up quite well in 
the spring and will perhaps bloom the   
present year4 ,the plants from sound    
seed which we planted this spring are   
also doing finely1 and as the soil is a 
rather stiff clay and the rains have    
been many and heavy1 we conclude that   
,mr4 ,willemot has overstated the       
delicacy of the plants4  ,in regard to  
manufacturing the powder1 the flower    
heads should be gathered during fine    
weather when they are about to open1 or 
at the time when fertilization takes    
place1 as the essential oil that gives  
the insecticide qualities reaches1 at   
this time1 its greatest development4    
,when the blossoming has ceased the     
stalks may be cut within about four     
inches from the ground and utilized1    
being ground and mixed with the flowers 
in the proportion of one-third of their 
weight4 ,great care must be taken not to
 expose the flowers to moisture1 or the 

rays of the sun1 or still less to       
artificial heat4 ,they should be dried  
under cover and hermetically closed up  
in sacks or other vessels to prevent    
untimely pulverization4 ,the finer the  
flower-heads are pulverized the more    
effectually the powder acts and the more
 economical in its use4 ,proper         
pulverization in large quantities is    
best done by those who make a business  
of it and have special mill facilities4 
,lehn  ,fink1 of ,new ,york1 have       
furnished us with the most satisfactory 
powder4 ,for his own use the farmer can 
pulverize smaller quantities by the     
simple method of pounding the flowers in
 a mortar4 ,it is necessary that the    
mortar be closed1 and a piece of leather
 through which the pestle moves1 such as
 is generally used in pulverizing       
pharmaceutic substances in a laboratory1
 will answer4 ,the quantity to be       
pulverized should not exceed one pound  
at a time1 thus avoiding too high a     
degree of heat1 which would be injurious

 to the quality of the powder4 ,the     
pulverization being deemed sufficient1  
the substance is sifted through a silk  
sieve1 and then the remainder1 with a   
new addition of flowers1 is put in the  
mortar and pulverized again4  ,the best 
vessels for keeping the powder are fruit
 jars with patent covers or any other   
perfectly tight glass vessel or tin     
box4--,american ,naturalist4         99 
99       99       99       99     ,,the 
,,removal ,,of ,,noxious ,,vapors ,,from
 ,,roasting ,,furnace ,,gases4   ,in a  
paper read before the ,aix-la-,chapelle 
section of the ,verein deutscher        
,ingenieure1 ,herr ,robert ,hasenclever 
presents a summary of the results       
obtained with various methods for the   
absorption of the sulphurous acid       
generated during the roasting of        
zinc-blende and other sulphurets4       
,though most of our own metallurgical   
works are not so located as to be forced
 to pay much attention to the removal of
 noxious vapors1 the efforts made abroad

 possess some interest for ,american    
metallurgists4 ,besides containing      
sulphurous acid1 the gases from the     
roasting furnaces hold varying          
quantities of sulphuric acid1 and ,dr4  
,bernoulli describes a process applied  
on a large scale in ,silesian zinc      
works1 where the gases were passed      
through towers filled with lime4 ,it was
 found that there was no trouble on     
account of the absorption of carbonic   
acid by the lime1 and that the latter   
acted very efficiently in reducing the  
quantity of sulphurous acid4 ,before    
entering the tower1 they contained      
#j4beh per cent4 by volume of sulphurous
 acid and #b4de per cent4 of carbonic   
acid2 while1 after their passage through
 it1 they held #j4jag and #b4dgh per    
cent1 respectively4 ,the process1       
however1 is declared by ,herr           
,hasenclever to be too costly for       
ordinary working1 although he does not  
deny its value under special            
circumstances4  ,the removal of         

anhydrous sulphuric acid from the gases 
from roasting-furnaces has hitherto1 as 
at the ,waldmeister works1 near         
,stolberg1 been effected by means of    
water trickling down in a tower filled  
with coke1 the gases entering below and 
moving upward4 ,herr ,hasenclever tested
 the ,freytag method1 in which the water
 is replaced by sulphuric acid1 and     
obtained favorable results1 as shown by 
the following analyses of the gases     
before and after treatment4 ,the figures
 given are grammes per #a1jjj liters3   
,,before4              ,,after4  ,,so#b4
   ,,so#c4       ,,so#b4   ,,so#c4      
#h4bd    #j4fc        #e4gd    #j4jj    
#h4bi    #j4cg        #f4gd    #j4jg    
#i4cf    #j4fi        #f4if    #j4jj    
#i4df    #j4fc        #g4ch    #j4je    
#aj4jc    #a4jh        #g4fi    #j4ji   
#af4eb    #b4ig       #ad4ci    #j4bc   
#ag4ij    #a4ig       #ac4cb    #j4aa   
#ag4hj    #b4df       #af4ah    #j4fi   
,the average absorption for the first   
set of four analyses when three         

roasting-furnaces were discharging into 
the tower was #ie per cent4 of the      
sulphuric acid1 and that of the second  
set of four or five furnaces was #ij per
 cent4 ,the amount of sulphuric acid    
charged per twenty-four hours was about 
#e1jjj kilogrammes of #ej degrees ,baum1
 which flowed off with a density of from
 #ef to #eh degrees ,baum4 ,the quantity
 of acid condensed varied according to  
the nature of the ores and the number of
 furnaces working4 ,it ranged between   
#cjj and #a1jjj kilogrammes of #fj      
degrees ,baum per twenty-four hours4    
,the condensation of anhydrous sulphuric
 acid would pay1 according to estimates 
submitted by ,herr ,hasenclever2 but to 
pass the gases through a tower filled   
with lime1 in order to get rid of the   
remaining sulphurous acid1 would prove  
too expensive at ,stolberg4 ,an attempt 
to use milk of lime proved partially    
successful2 but it was not followed up1 
because it was decided to experiment    
with the process suggested by ,prof4    

,cl4 ,winkler1 of ,freiberg1 who        
proposes to pass the gases through a    
tower filled with iron in some suitable 
shape1 over which water trickles4 ,from 
the solution thus obtained1 sulphurous  
acid pure enough to be used for the     
manufacture of sulphuric acid1 sulphur1 
and a solution of green vitriol is made4
 ,experiments with this process are     
making at ,freiberg and at the ,rhenania
 ,works1 near ,stolberg4 ,the trouble   
with the majority of methods thus far   
is1 that the draught of the furnaces is 
so much impeded by the absorption towers
 that fans1 blowers1 or steam jets must 
be used to carry the gases through it4  
,the experience of ,herr ,hasenclever   
has proved how difficult it is to find a
 satisfactory means of removing the     
noxious vapors from furnace gases       
without incurring too serious an        
expense4 ,thus far the value of the     
products obtained by absorption of      
sulphurous acid has not been equal to   
the cost of producing them4 ,herr ,c4   

,landsberg1 who is general manager of   
the ,stolberg ,company1 has had similar 
experience1 though his experiments were 
made to test methods suggested at       
various times by ,dr4 ,e4 ,jacob and    
,dr4 ,aarland4 ,both are very ingenious1
 and were successful on a small scale1  
but failed when tried in actual         
working4--,engineering and ,mining      
,journal4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,new ,,gas ,,exhauster4
   ,in common practice1 the new         
exhauster at the ,old ,kent ,road passes
 about five million cubic feet of gas   
per day of twenty-four hours1 and       
requires the attention of two men and   
two boys for driving and stoking1 at the
 following cost3                        
s4  d4 ,wages--#b men1  at #es4 #f;d    
#aa  #j ,wages--#b boys1 at #cs4 #f;d   
#g  #j                                  
-----                                   
#j #ah  #j ,oil1 #a gallon              
#j  #c  #f ,waste1 #e lb                
#j  #a  #j                              

-------- ,total                         
#a  #b  #f  for five million cubic feet1
 or #j4jed;d4 per #a1jjj feet4 ,the     
boiler burns a mixture of coke and      
breeze1 chiefly the latter1 of small    
value1 costing #j4jagd;d4 per #a1jjj    
feet of gas exhausted2 therefore the    
total cost of exhausting gas by the new 
system is--  ,fuel                      
#j4jagd;d ,wages1 oil1 and waste        
#j4jedj                                 
-------- ,total                         
#j4jgl#d;d4  per #a1jjj cubic feet of   
gas1 exclusive of repairs1 which will be
 decidedly less for the new exhauster   
than for that on the older system1 from 
the friction being so much less4 ,the   
feed water evaporated is at the rate of 
about #g4d lb4 per pound of breeze1 and 
#g4e lb4 per pound of coke4             
,illustration3 ,,improved ,,gas         
,,exhauster4  ,it will be seen that the 
exhausting arrangements at the ,old     
,kent ,road are extremely economical1   
the cost of fuel being reduced to a     

minimum2 while a man and boy by day1 and
 their reliefs for the night1 attend to 
the machinery inside the                
exhauster-house1 and also to the pumps  
outside1 and stoke the boiler as        
well4--,journal of ,gas ,lighting4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,advance ,,in ,,the ,,price ,,of       
,,glycerine   ,the continued advance in 
the price of glycerine continues to     
excite comment among those who deal in  
or use it1 and no one seems to know     
exactly where or when the advance is    
likely to stop1 or by what means a      
retrograde movement will probably be    
brought about4  ,as we have heretofore  
stated1 the rise has been brought about 
by a combination of two causes--a       
falling off in production and a great   
increase in the demand1 owing to the    
discovery of new uses for it1 and the   
extension of the branches of            
manufactures in which it has been       
heretofore employed4  ,in pharmacy1 it  
is coming more and more into use daily1 

and in various other branches of        
manufacture the same tendency is        
observable4 ,it has proved itself so    
elegant and so convenient a vehicle for 
the administration of various medicinal 
substances1 is so easily miscible with  
both water and alcohol1 and is so       
pleasant to the taste1 that it seems    
almost a wonder that it should have been
 so long in attaining the rank among the
 articles of the ,materia ,medica which 
it now occupies4 ,the two manufactures1 
however1 which seem to lead in the      
demand for glycerine are of             
nitro-glycerine and of oleomargarine4   
,the uses to which it is put for the    
former are well known1 but precisely    
what the latter could want of the       
article is not1 at first glance1 quite  
so obvious4 ,we are informed1 however1  
that it is valued for its antiseptic    
properties1 and also for its softening  
effect on the quasi butter4 ,be this as 
it may1 it seems that both here and in  
,europe the makers of these two articles

 are buying largely of both crude and   
refined glycerine4  ,so it appears that 
the willingness of the people to eat    
artificial butter1 and the progress in  
schemes for internal improvement1 such  
as the ,de ,lesseps ,canal1 for         
instance1 to say nothing of the         
,european revolutionists1 are           
responsible to a great extent for the   
scarcity of an important article of     
pharmaceutical use4  ,on the other hand1
 while there is a notable increase in   
the demand for the article1 there is a  
gradual but very sure and noticeable    
falling off in the production4  ,at     
present the supply for the whole world  
comes from the candlemakers of          
,europe--chiefly ,france and            
,germany--and1 as improved methods of   
illumination push candles out of the    
drawing rooms of the wealthier as well  
as the cabins of the poor1 and          
consequently out of the markets1 the    
production of glycerine naturally grows 
less4 ,in ,france1 for instance1 candles

 are coming to be regarded among the    
wealthy chiefly as articles of luxury1  
and are lighted only for display at     
festivals of especial magnificence and  
ceremony1 while among the poor the      
kerosene lamp is coming into almost as  
universal use as here4  ,to be sure1 the
 inexorable inn-keeper still keeps up1  
we believe1 the inevitable bougie1 but  
even that is fast becoming more of a    
fiction than ever4 ,even in the         
churches1 it is said1 the use of candles
 is gradually falling off4 ,to these    
causes must be attributed the decreasing
 supply of the crude material1 but it   
may be doubted whether this decrease    
would be sufficient to materially affect
 the price for some time to come were it
 not for the increased demand for the   
two industries to which we have alluded4
 ,obviously1 there must be found        
eventually some substitute for          
glycerine1 or else some new source from 
which it may be procured4 ,the natural  
place to look for this would be in the  

waste lye from the soapmakers' boilers1 
but so far no one has succeeded in      
obtaining from this substance the       
glycerine it undoubtedly contains by any
 process sufficiently cheap to allow of 
its profitable employment4  ,we are     
assured by a veteran soap-boiler who has
 experimented much in this direction    
that it is impossible to recover a      
marketable article of glycerine from the
 lees of soap in which resin is an      
ingredient4 ,in his words1 it kills the 
glycerine1 and1 as none but a few of the
 finest soaps are now made without      
resin1 it would seem that the search for
 glycerine in this direction must be a  
hopeless one4 ,it is a curious          
commentary in the present state of      
affairs that previous to about #aheg1   
when candles were largely manufactured  
in this country1 there was little or no 
demand for glycerine1 and millions of   
pounds of it were run into the sewers4  
,even then1 however1 the use of it as a 
wholesome and pleasant article of diet  

was known to the workmen employed in the
 candle factories1 who were accustomed  
to drink freely of the mingled glycerine
 and water which constituted the waste  
from the candles4 ,yet with this fact   
under their noses1 as it were1 it is    
only recently that members of the       
medical profession have begun to        
recommend the same use of glycerine as a
 substitute for cod liver               
oil4--,pharmacist4         99       99  
99       99       99     ,,analysis ,,of
 ,,oils1 ,,or ,,mixtures ,,of ,,oils1   
,,used ,,for ,,lubricating ,,purposes4  
,oils1 fats1 waxes1 and bodies somewhat 
similar in nature1 may--according to the
 substance of a paper recently read     
before the ,chemical ,society1 by ,mr4  
,a4 ,h4 ,allen1 of ,sheffield1 and ,mr4 
,thomson1 of ,manchester--be divided    
into two great classes1 viz41 those     
which combine with soda1 potash1 or     
other alkalies to form soaps1 and those 
which do not2 and as those two classes  
of bodies differ materially in their    

actions on substances such as iron1     
copper1 etc41 with which they come in   
contact1 it often becomes a question of 
great importance to the users of oils   
for lubricating purposes to know what   
proportions of these different          
substances are contained in any oil or  
mixture of oils4 ,the object of the     
authors was to give accurate methods for
 determining the percentages of these   
bodies contained in any sample4         
,hydrocarbon or mineral oils are now    
much used for lubricating the cylinders 
of engines1 and especially of condensing
 engines1 and that for two              
reasons--first1 because they are neutral
 bodies1 which have no action on metals2
 and1 second1 that they are not liable  
to deposit on the boilers1 if they      
should happen to be introduced with the 
condensed water so as to produce burning
 of the ironwork over the flues4        
,animal or vegetable oils or fats are   
composed of fatty acids in combination  
with glycerine1 and these1 under the    

influence of high-pressure steam1 are   
decomposed or dissociated1 the fatty    
acids being liberated from the          
glycerine1 leaving the former to act    
upon or corrode the iron of the         
cylinder4 ,but here their objectionable 
influence does not end4 ,they form with 
the iron hard1 insoluble compounds      
called iron soaps1 which increase the   
friction between the cylinder and       
piston1 and in some cases gradually     
collect into the form of hard balls     
inside the cylinder4  ,when the water is
 used over and over again a considerable
 proportion of the fatty acids of the   
oils used for lubricating the piston is 
carried over with the steam and is found
 in the condensed water which is        
introduced into the boiler along with   
the water4 ,here it commences action1   
which proves quite as injurious to the  
boiler as it does to the cylinder1 but  
in a different way4 ,it acts upon the   
iron of the boiler and on some of the   
lime salts which constitute the         

incrustation1 forming greasy iron and   
lime soaps1 which prevent the water from
 coming into absolute contact with it4  
,thus the heat cannot be drawn away     
quickly enough by the water1 and the    
plates thus coated above the flues are  
liable to become burdened and weakened4 
,this action has in many cases gone on  
to such an extent that the flues have   
collapsed under the pressure of the     
steam inside4  ,the authors give two    
different processes for the             
determination of animal or vegetable    
oils or fats and hydrocarbon or other   
neutral oils4 ,they take a certain      
weight of the sample and boil it with   
twice its weight of an eight per cent1  
solution of caustic soda in alcohol4    
,the soda combines with the fatty acids 
of the animal or vegetable oils forming 
soaps2 bicarbonate of soda is then added
 to neutralize the excess of caustic    
soda2 and1 lastly1 sand2 and the whole  
is evaporated to dryness at the         
temperature of boiling water4 ,the dry  

mixture is then transferred to a large  
glass tube1 having a small hole in the  
bottom plugged with glass wool to act as
 a filter1 and light petroleum          
spirit--which boils at about #aej to    
#ahj ,fahr4--is poured over it1 till all
 the neutral or unsaponifiable oil is   
dissolved out4 ,in the other process no 
sand is used1 but the dry mixture is    
dissolved in water1 and the soap        
solution which holds the neutral oils in
 solution is treated with ether1 which  
dissolves out the neutral oil and then  
floats to the surface of the liquid4    
,the ether solution is then drawn off1  
and the ether in the one case and       
petroleum spirit in the other are       
separated from the dissolved oils by    
distillation1 the last traces of these  
volatile liquids being separated by     
blowing a current of filtered air       
through the flask containing the neutral
 oil1 which is then weighed and its     
percentage on the original sample       
calculated4  ,all animal and vegetable  

oils yield a small quantity--about one  
per cent4--of unsaponifiable fatty      
matter1 which must be deducted from the 
result obtained4 ,sperm oil1 however1   
was found to be an exception1 because   
from its peculiar chemical constitution 
it yields nearly half its weight of a   
greasy substance to the ether or to the 
petroleum spirit4 ,the substance1       
however1 dissolved from sperm oil after 
saponification has the appearance of    
jelly1 when the ether or petroleum      
spirit solution is concentrated and     
allowed to cool1 and the presence of    
sperm oil can thus be readily detected4 
,solid paraffin1 heavy petroleum or     
paraffin oils1 and rosin oil--which is  
produced by the destructive distillation
 of rosin--are not saponifiable1 and    
yield about the whole of the amount     
employed to the petroleum spirit or     
ether4 ,japan wax is almost entirely    
saponifiable1 while beeswax and         
spermaceti yield about half their       
weights to the petroleum spirit or      

ether4         99       99       99     
99       99     ,,nitrite ,,of ,,amyl4  
,dr4 ,edgar ,kurtz1 of ,florence1 has   
found this medicament so useful in the  
various aches and pains of every-day    
life that he has persuaded many families
 of his acquaintance to keep it on hand 
as a domestic remedy4 ,it is an         
excellent external application for      
stomach-ache1 colic1 tooth ache 7whether
 nervous or arising from caries71       
neuralgia of the trigeminus1 of the     
cervico-brachial plexus1 etc4 ,it is    
superior to anything else when inhaled  
in so-called angio-spastic hemicrania1  
giving rapid relief in the individual   
paroxysms and prolonging the intervals  
between the latter4 ,no trial was made  
in cases of angio paralytic hemicrania1 
since in this affection the drug would  
be physiologically contraindicated4 ,it 
has a very good effect in dysmenorrhoea1
 especially when occurring in chlorotic 
girls2 in mild cases external           
applications suffice1 otherwise the drug

 should be inhaled 7when complicated    
with inflammatory conditions of the     
uterus or appendages the results were   
doubtful or negative74 ,its             
physiological action being that of a    
paralyzing agent of the muscular tissue 
of the blood vessels1 with consequent   
dilatation of their caliber 7most marked
 in the upper half of the body71 nitrite
 of amyl is theoretically indicated in  
all conditions of cerebral anaemia4     
,practically it was found to be of much 
value in attacks of dizziness and       
faintness occurring in anmic            
individuals1 as also in a fainting-fit  
from renal colic1 and in several cases  
of collapse during anaesthesia by       
chloroform4  ,it has been recommended in
 asphyxia from drowning1 hanging1 and in
 asphyxia of the new born1 but the first
 indication in these cases is the       
induction of artificial respiration1    
after the successful initiation of which
 inhalations of nitrite of amyl         
doubtless assist in overcoming the      

concomitant spasm of the smaller        
arteries4  ,one of the most important   
indications for the use of the drug is  
threatening paralysis of the heart from 
insufficient compensation4 ,in such     
cases it is necessary to gain time until
 digitalis and alcoholics can unfold    
their action1 and here nitrite of amyl  
stands pre-eminent4 ,a single case in   
point will suffice to illustrate this4  
,the patient was suffering from mitral  
insufficiency1 with irregular pulse1    
loss of appetite1 enlargement of the    
liver1 and mild jaundice4 ,temporary    
relief had been several times afforded  
by infusion of digitalis4 ,in ,february1
 #ahgi1 the condition of the patient    
suddenly became aggravated4 ,the pulse  
became very irregular and intermittent4 
,the condition described as delirium    
cordis presented itself1 together with  
epigastric pulsation and vomiting4      
,vigorous counter-irritation1 by means  
of hot bottles and sinapisms to the     
extremities1 etc41 proved useless4      

,digitalis and champagne1 when          
administered1 were immediately vomited4 
,the pulse ran up from seventy until it 
could no longer be counted at the wrist1
 while the beats of the heart increased 
to one hundred and twenty and more per  
minute4 ,the extremities grew cold1 and 
the face became covered with            
perspiration4 ,the urine was highly     
albuminous4 ,nitrite of amyl was then   
administered by inhalation3 at first1   
three to five drops2 then1 ten to       
twenty2 and finally1 more or less was   
poured on the handkerchief without being
 measured4 ,during each inhalation the  
condition of the patient rapidly        
improved1 but as quickly grew worse1 so 
that the drug was continued at short    
intervals all night1 ten grammes in all 
having been used4 ,in the morning the   
patient was better1 and #j4e gramme of  
digitalis was then given in infusion per
 rectum1 and repeated on the following  
day1 after which the patient remained   
comparatively well until a year and a   

half later1 when a second attack of the 
kind just described was quickly cut     
short by similar treatment4  ,another   
noteworthy case was that of a robust man
 of thirty years1 who was attacked with 
acute gastro intestinal catarrh4 ,the   
patient had as many as one hundred      
watery evacuations in forty-eight hours1
 with fainting fits1 violent cramps in  
the calves of the legs1 two attacks of  
general convulsions--in short1 he       
presented the picture of a person       
attacked with cholera4 ,opium1          
champagne1 hypodermic injections of     
sulphuric ether1 counter-irritation1    
etc41 proved useless4 ,the doctor was on
 the point of injecting dilute liquor   
ammonii into the veins1 but1 none being 
obtainable1 it occurred to him to try   
nitrite of amyl as a last resort4 ,a    
considerable amount was poured on a     
handkerchief and held before the        
patient's mouth and nose1 while the legs
 were also rubbed energetically with the
 same agent4 ,respiration soon became   

deeper and more regular1 while the pulse
 gradually returned at the wrist4 ,these
 procedures were repeated again and     
again1 without regard to the quantity of
 the drug used1 as soon as the radial   
pulse became weaker1 and kept up until  
the patient complained of a sense of    
fullness in the head1 and requested the 
discontinuance of the drug4 ,the        
evacuations became less frequent1 and in
 a week the patient was able to be up4  
,resuming then1 ,kurz concludes that    
nitrite of amyl is indicated in cardiac 
affections when the capillary           
circulation is obstructed and the       
cardiac muscle is threatened with       
paralysis from overwork2 further1 in    
cases of impeded circulation occasioned 
by cholera or severe diarrhea1          
particularly in the so-called           
hydrocephaloid 7false hydrocephalus7 of 
children4 ,it is worthy of trial in     
tetanic and eclamptic seizures1 and in  
tonic angiospasms such as occur during  
the chill of malarial fevers1 although  

in the last-mentioned condition         
pilocarpine is perhaps more suitable1   
provided the energy of the heart be     
unimpaired4  ,as regards the dose1      
,kurz's experience demonstrates that we 
need not restrict ourselves to a few    
drops4 ,the quantity may be increased1  
if necessary1 until symptoms of cerebral
 congestion show themselves1 when the   
drug should be momentarily or           
permanently discontinued4 ,usually from 
three to five or ten drops are          
sufficient1 sometimes even less4 ,kurz  
has met with no unpleasant consequences1
 much less serious complications1 from  
the application of nitrite of amyl4 ,but
 the drug is contraindicated in cases   
associated with cerebral hyperaemia1 in 
atheromatous conditions of the arteries1
 and in the so-called plethoric         
state--,beta's ,memoabilien1 ,march #bd1
 #ahha4         99       99       99    
99       99     ,,the ,,treatment ,,of  
,,acute ,,rheumatism4  ,by ,,alfred     
,,still1 ,m4,d4   ,the treatment of     

simple acute articular rheumatism may be
 abandoned to palliatives and nature4   
,apart from complications1 such cases   
nearly always recover under rest and    
careful nursing4 ,try and disabuse      
yourselves of the idea that their cure  
is dependent upon medicines alone2 to   
help nature is often the best we can do4
 ,no treatment was ever invented which  
stopped a case of acute articular       
rheumatism4 ,it cannot be stopped by    
bleeding1 or sweating1 or purging1 by   
niter1 by tartar emetic1 by guaiacum1 by
 alkalies1 by salines1 by salicylic     
acid1 or by anything else4 ,the         
physician can palliate the pain and     
perhaps shorten the attack1 can control 
and perhaps prevent complications and   
stiffness of the joints1 but he cannot  
arrest the disease4 ,where rest1 proper 
diet1 and warmth are enjoined1 most     
cases will get well just as soon without
 as with the use of medicinal methods4  
,dr4 ,austin ,flint1 ,sr41 of ,new      
,york1 in support of this statement1    

subjected some patients1 a number of    
years ago1 to the expectant treatment1  
and found that they made just as rapid  
and just as complete recoveries as did  
those cases under the most active       
medication4 ,purgatives have been used  
in all ages in the treatment of this    
disease1 because it was thought to be a 
fever4 ,we are all but too ready to put 
our necks into the yoke of a theory4 ,in
 old times they thought that the system 
ought to be reduced4 ,before the time of
 purgatives depletion was employed4     
,this mode of treatment ,i will not even
 discuss4 ,there is no evidence of which
 ,i am cognizant in favor of purgatives4
 ,there are very good reasons indeed why
 they should not be used3 7#a7 ,because 
they cannot possibly cure2 7#b7 because 
they oblige the patient to make painful 
movements2 and 7#c7 because they expose 
him to the dangers of cold4 ,a          
celebrated ,london physician had all his
 patients packed in blankets1 and did   
not allow them to move a finger4 ,this  

was going to the other extreme4 ,there  
are certain cases in which purgatives   
are alleged to be of use1 viz43 ,those  
in which the bowels are constipated1 and
 there is a bitter taste in the mouth4  
,i have never seen such cases except in 
habitual drunkards1 and in such cases a 
purgative does more harm than allowing  
the effete matter to remain in the      
system4 ,opium was once vaunted as a    
specific1 and it was claimed that it    
diminished the tendency to complications
 in the course of the disease4 ,dr4     
,corrigan1 of ,dublin1 said that large  
doses of opium were well borne--say from
 four to twelve grains in the course of 
twenty-four hours1 or sometimes he      
advised giving as much as one grain     
every hour4 ,opium so employed does not 
produce narcotism1 and does not         
constipate the bowels4 ,more recent     
experience has shown that opium1 of all 
remedies1 is the most likely to cause   
heart complications4 ,some have         
recommended colchicum1 arguing that     

because it does good in gout1 it must1  
therefore1 do good in rheumatism4 ,but  
colchicum is not a remedy for           
rheumatism4 ,many years ago it was very 
much the custom to administer large     
doses of powdered ,peruvian bark4 ,the  
rationale of these large doses was      
founded upon their sedative effect4     
,haygrath1 ,morton1 ,heberden1 and      
,fothergill were the first to employ    
this method4 ,later still1 a number of  
noted ,french physicians1 among them    
,briquet1 ,andral1 ,monerat1 and        
,legroux1 renewed the use of this       
medicine in the form of quinia1 but gave
 it in smaller doses1 seeking only its  
tonic effect1 from five to fifteen      
grains being administered in the course 
of twenty-four hours1 and then it was   
still continued in smaller doses4 ,still
 more recently1 quinia taking the place 
of ,peruvian bark1 the old plan of      
administering large doses has been      
resumed4 ,from thirty all the way up to 
one hundred grains have been            

administered in the course of           
twenty-four hours4 ,never was there a   
more profligate waste of a precious     
medicine4 ,even the physicians who so   
used it were obliged to acknowledge that
 it only did good in sub-acute and mild 
cases4 ,i believe that it has also been 
fashionable in the so called cases of   
hyperpyrexia to immerse the patient in a
 bath varying in temperature from #fj to
 #ih ,fahr4 ,although patients thus     
treated sometimes recovered1 they also  
sometimes perished from congestion of   
the lungs and brain4  ,among cardiac and
 nervous sedatives1 digitalis1 veratrum 
album and viride1 veratria and aconite1 
have each1 at one time or other1 been   
employed indiscriminately4 ,such        
treatment1 of course1 has only proven   
itself to be a monument of rashness to  
those who employed it4 ,such sedatives  
may reduce the pulse1 but do not shorten
 the disease4 ,indeed1 if it is possible
 to prove the absurdity of anything more
 clearly by mere enumeration of these   

medicines as cures for rheumatism1 ,i do
 not know of it4 ,do digitalis and      
aconite act in the same manner8 ,this is
 just one expression of the folly which 
surrounded the use of digitalis at the  
time of its discovery4 ,then every      
affection of the heart was treated with 
digitalis4  ,within the last few years  
new remedies have been proclaimed in the
 shape of salicylic acid and its sodium 
salt4 ,i confess that ,i possess no     
personal knowledge of their use in this 
disease1 for ,i was at first dissuaded  
from employing them by a prejudice      
against the grounds on which they were  
recommended1 and more recently by the   
contradictory judgments respecting them1
 and the unquestionable mischief they   
have sometimes caused4 ,according to    
their eulogists1 the arrest of the      
disease is secured by them within four  
or five days1 whether the attack be     
febrile or not2 its mortality was       
diminished2 relapses do not occur if the
 medicine is continued until full       

convalescence2 it is without influence  
on the heart complications already      
existing1 but it tends to prevent them  
as well as other serious inflammations4 
,one of these gentlemen assures us that 
to say it far excels any other method of
 treatment would be to give it but scant
 praise4 ,but1 upon the other hand1 it  
is accused of producing disorders1 and  
even grave accidents in almost all the  
functions of the economy4 ,in some cases
 it has produced ringing in the ears or 
deafness1 or a rapid pulse1 or an       
excessively high temperature1 panting   
respiration1 profuse perspiration1      
albuminuria1 delirium1 and imminent     
collapse4 ,in one published case this   
anti-pyretic did not lower1 but1 on the 
contrary1 seemed actually to raise the  
temperature so high that immediately    
after death it stood at #aaj ,f4 ,many1 
very many1 analogous cases have been    
published4 ,i repeat1 therefore1 that ,i
 am personally unacquainted with the    
effects of this medicine in acute       

articular rheumatism1 and that ,i have  
not thus far been tempted to employ it4 
,it may be difficult to see the         
connection between blisters and alkalies
 in their power to influence the course 
of acute articular rheumatism1 and yet  
it is certain that they do so influence 
it1 and in the same way1 i4 e41 by      
altering the condition of the blood from
 acid to alkaline4 ,if you ask me to    
explain to you how blisters act in this 
way ,i am obliged to confess my         
ignorance4 ,to produce this result they 
must be applied over all the affected   
joints4 ,experience1 if not science1 has
 decided conclusively in their favor4   
,they do effect a cessation of the local
 symptoms1 render the urine alkaline1   
and diminish the amount of fibrin in the
 blood4  ,this brings us to a           
consideration of the use of alkalies4   
,alkalies neutralize the acids1 act as  
diuretics1 and eliminate the materies   
morbi4 ,alone1 and in small doses1 they 
are unable to influence the course of   

the disease2 but when given in very     
large doses their effects are marvelous2
 the pulse falls1 the urine is increased
 in quantity and becomes alkaline1 and  
the inflammation subsides4 ,the symptoms
 of the disease are moderated1 the      
duration of the attack is shortened1 and
 the cardiac complications are          
prevented4 ,the dose of the alkalies    
must be increased until the acid        
secretions are neutralized4 ,a very good
 combination of these remedies is the   
following3  ,rx4 ,sodae bicarb          
#c iss4     ,potas4 acet                
#c ss4     ,acid4 cit              f4 #c
 ss4     ,aquae                  f4 #c  
ij4 #a  ,transcribers note #a3 ,could   
also be '#b_/c ij4'  ,s4 ,this dose     
should be repeated every three or four  
hours1 until the urine becomes alkaline4
 ,on the subsidence of the active       
symptoms two grains of quinine may be   
added with advantage to each dose4 ,the 
alkalies must be gradually discontinued1
 but the quinia continued4 ,the diet    

should consist of beef tea or broth1    
with bread and milk2 no solid food      
should be allowed4 ,woolen cloths1      
moistened with alkaline solutions1 may  
with advantage be applied to the        
affected joints4 ,to these laudanum may 
be added for its anodyne effect4 ,the   
patient must be sedulously protected    
from vicissitudes of the temperature and
 be in bed between blankets4 ,the       
alkaline treatment relieves the pain1   
abates the fever1 and saves the heart by
 lessening the amount of fibrin in the  
blood4 ,a long time ago ,dr4 ,owen      
,rees1 of ,london1 introduced the use of
 lemon juice4 ,this remedy was thought  
to convert uric acid into urea1 and to  
so help elimination4 ,though the        
treatment is practically correct1 the   
theory of it is all wrong4 ,lemon juice 
does good in mild cases1 but cannot be  
relied upon in severe attacks4 ,during  
the febrile stage of acute articular    
rheumatism the diet should consist      
mainly of farinaceous and mucilaginous  

preparations1 with lemonade and carbonic
 acid water as drinks4 ,the cloths      
applied to the joints should be changed 
when they become saturated with sweat1  
and in changing them the patient should 
be protected from the air4 ,the sweating
 may be controlled by small doses of    
atropia1 from the one-sixtieth to the   
one-thirtieth of a grain4 ,to prevent   
subsequent stiffness the joints should  
be bathed with warm oil and chloroform1 
and wrapped in flannel cloths4 ,in the  
proper season this condition is very    
well treated by sea-bathing4 ,there is  
no specific plan of treatment in acute  
articular rheumatism4 ,the treatment    
pursued must vary according to the      
intensity of the inflammation and the   
peculiarities of the patients4--,medical
 ,gazette4         99       99       99 
99       99     ,,method ,,in ,,madness4
   ,no psychologist has hitherto been   
able1 and probably it is impossible1 to 
define madness1 or to give a clearly    
marked indication of the boundary line  

between sanity and insanity4 ,mental    
soundness is merged in unsoundness by   
degrees of decadence which are so small 
as to be practically inappreciable4 ,it 
is with the mind-state which precedes   
the development of recognized form of   
insanity the therapeutist and the social
 philosopher are chiefly interested4    
,although in individual cases the       
subject of mental derangement may1 as   
the phrase runs1 go mad suddenly1       
speaking generally insanity is a symptom
 occurring in the course of disease1    
and1 commonly1 not until the malady of  
which it is the expression has made some
 progress4 ,those mental disturbances   
which consist in a temporary aberration 
of brain function1 and which are the    
accidents of instability1 rather than   
the effects of developed or even        
developing neuroses1 can scarcely be    
classed as insanity2 although it is     
true1 and in an important sense1 that   
these passing storms of excitement or   
spells of moody depression may--acting  

reflexly on the cerebral and nervous    
centers1 as all mind-states and         
mind-movements react--exert a morbific  
influence and lay the physical bases of 
mental disease4 ,the consideration most 
practical to the community and germane  
to the question of public safety is1    
that in any and every population there  
must exist a dangerously large          
proportion of persons who are always in 
a condition of mind to be injuriously   
influenced by any force which powerfully
 affects them4 ,as a matter of history1 
it would seem that the majority of such 
persons are controlled rather than      
morbidly excited by the opportunity of  
throwing themselves into any popular    
movement4 ,they may suffer afterward for
 the stimulation they receive at the    
time of public commotions1 but while    
these are in progress they link their   
own consciousness with that of other    
minds1 and the tendency to develop      
individual eccentricities of mental     
action is thereby for the moment        

repressed or exhausted4 ,it is in the   
intervals of great public excitement the
 peace is disturbed by the vagaries of  
criminals who are more or less          
reasonably suspected of being insane4   
,it would be premature to assume that   
the murderer of ,mr4 ,gold1 or the man  
who attempted to assassinate the        
,president of the ,united ,states of    
,america1 is insane4 ,there are         
circumstances in connection with each of
 these tragedies which must suggest the 
reflection that the assailants were     
possibly1 or even probably1 of unsound  
mind4 ,we do not1 however1 propose to   
discuss these features of the respective
 cases at this juncture4 ,the full facts
 are not1 as yet1 ascertained2 but      
enough is known to warrant an endeavor  
to clear the way for future remark by   
disposing of the objection that the     
suspected perpetrator of the ,brighton  
outrage and the would-be assassin of the
 ,president both showed forethought and 
method4 ,it is a common formula for the 

expression of doubt as to the           
irresponsibility of an alleged lunatic1 
that there is method in his madness4    
,nothing can be farther from the truth  
than the inference to which this        
observation is intended to point4 ,it is
 not in the least degree necessary that 
a madman should be unconscious of the   
act he performs1 or of its nature as a  
violation of the law of ,god or man2 nor
 is it necessary that he should do the  
deed under an ungovernable impulse1 or  
at the supposed bidding of ,god or      
devil1 angel or fiend4 ,the forms of    
mental disease to which these           
presumptions apply are coarse           
developments of insanity4 ,dr4 ,prichard
 was among the first of ,english        
medico-psychologists to recognize the   
existence of a more subtle form of      
disease1 which he termed moral insanity4
 ,herbert ,spencer supplied the key-note
 to this mystery of madness when he     
propounded the doctrine of dissolution2 
and ,dr4 ,hughlings ,jackson has since  

applied that hypothesis to the          
elucidation of morbid mental states and 
their correlated phenomena4 ,when       
disorganizing--or1 if we may borrow an  
expression from the terminology of      
geological science1 denuding--disease   
attacks the mental organism1 it1 so to  
say1 strips off1 layer by layer1 the    
successive strata of habit1 principle1  
and nature1 which compose the character4
 ,first in order go the higher moral    
qualities of the mind2 next those which 
are the result of personally formed     
habits2 then the inherited principles of
 personal and social life2 at length the
 polish which civilization gives to     
humanity is lost1 and in the process of 
denudation the evolutionary elements of 
man's nature are progressively          
destroyed1 until he is reduced to the   
level of a creature inspired by purely  
animal passions1 and obeying the lower  
brutish instincts4 ,the term moral      
insanity is accurate as far as it goes1 
but it expresses only the first stage in

 a process of dissolution which is      
essentially the same throughout1 but    
which has unfortunately received        
different designations as its several   
features have been recognized and       
studied apart4 ,the difference between  
the subject of moral insanity and the   
general paralytic1 who has lost all     
sense of decency and lives the life of a
 beast1 is one of degree4 ,the practical
 difficulty is to convince the mere     
observer that forms of insanity which   
seem to consist in the loss of moral    
qualities and principles only1 may be as
 directly the effect of brain disease as
 any of those grosser varieties of      
mental disorder which he is perfectly   
well able to recognize1 and fully       
prepared to ascribe to their proper     
cause4  ,to the professional mind1 at   
least1 it will follow from what we have 
said that the injury to mind properties 
or qualities inflicted by the invasion  
of disease may be partial1 and must in  
every case be determined by laws or     

conditions governing the progress of    
disease1 perhaps on the lines and in the
 directions which have been least well  
guarded by educationary influences4 ,a  
man may lose his faculty of forming a   
wise judgment long before he is deprived
 of the power of distinguishing between 
right and wrong4 ,this is so because it 
is a higher attainment in moral culture 
to do right advisedly1 than simply to   
perceive the right thing to do4 ,the    
application of principle to conduct is  
an advance on the mere recognition of   
virtue in the concrete1 or even the     
possession of virtue in the abstract4   
,the question whether any past act of   
wrongdoing was an act of insanity does  
not so much depend upon the great       
question whether the person doing it was
 insane as a whole being1 or whether the
 deed done was the outcome of passion or
 error1 the direct fruit of limited or  
special disease4 ,in short1 the insanity
 of the act must be inferred from the   
morbid condition of the brain from which

 it sprang1 rather than from the act    
itself4 ,a partially disorganized--or as
 we prefer to say denuded--brain may be 
fully capable of sane thought1 except on
 some one topic1 and able to exercise   
every intellectual function except of a 
particular order4 ,or there may be      
mental weakness and neurotic            
susceptibility in regard to a special   
class of impressions4 ,it would be      
difficult to name any form of act or    
submission which may not be the outcome 
of incipient or limited disease4 ,the   
practical difficulty is to avoid1 on the
 other hand1 treating the fruits of     
disease as willful offenses2 while1 on  
the other1 we do not allow the          
supposition or presumption of disease to
 be employed as an excuse for           
wrongdoing4 ,it is1 of course1 clear    
that there may be perfect method in such
 madness as springs from partial or     
commencing brain disease2 for every     
element in the mental process which     
culminates in a mad act may be sane     

except the inception of the idea in     
which the act took its rise4 ,thus1 in  
the case of the suspected murderer of   
,mr4 ,gold1 there may have been perfect 
sanity in respect to every stage of the 
process by which the crime was planned  
and carried out1 and yet insanity1 the  
effect of brain disease1 in the idea by 
which the deed was suggested4 ,for      
example1 when a man is suffering from   
morbid suspicion1 and1 fixing his       
distrust on some individual1 purposes to
 murder him1 the intellectual processes 
by which he lays his plans and fulfills 
his morbidly conceived intention1 are   
performed with perfect sanity1 as by a  
sane will4 ,it is important to recognize
 this4 ,there is no difference in nature
 between the mental operation by which a
 sane man contrives and executes a      
crime1 and that by which a known lunatic
 will commit the like offense4 ,there   
may be as much method in the one        
instance as in the other1 and the       
faculties which exhibit this method may 

be as sound and effective1 but in the   
one case the idea behind the act is     
sane1 while in the other it is insane4  
,the brain is not one large homogeneous 
organ to be healthy or diseased1 orderly
 or deranged1 throughout at any one     
period4 ,inflammations1 and diseases    
generally1 which affect the brain as a  
whole do not commonly cause insanity    
properly so called4 ,the organ of the   
mind is a composite1 or aggregate of    
cells1 or molecules1 any number or      
series of which may be affected with    
disease while the rest remain healthy4  
,at present we are only on the threshold
 of investigation concerning the        
physical causes of insanity1 and have   
scarcely done more than recognize the   
possibility of molecular disease of the 
brain4 ,hereafter science will1         
probably1 succeed in unveiling the      
obscure facts of molecular brain        
pathology1 and enable the medical       
psychologist to predicate disease of    
recognized classes of brain elements    

from the special phenomena of mind      
disturbance4 ,this is the line of       
inquiry1 and the result1 to which the   
progress already made distinctly tends4 
,for the present1 the inferences we can 
surely draw from known facts are very   
few2 but prominent among the number are 
certain which it is all-important to    
recognize in view of the judgment which 
must hereafter be formed on the two     
cases now engaging public attention on  
both sides of the ,atlantic4 ,the       
existence of method in madness is no    
marvel1 and that characteristic cannot  
therefore be supposed1 or alleged1 to   
weigh as evidence against the insanity  
of the criminal4 ,the perpetrators of   
these heinous offenses against common   
right and public safety may be more or  
less responsible for their acts1 and1 so
 far as these are concerned1 more or    
less sane or insane4 ,the measure of the
 morbid element in their individual     
cases will be the health or disease of  
the particular part or element of the   

brain from which the offense sprang4    
,the ultimate judgment formed must be   
determined upon the basis of scientific 
tests to be applied to the action of the
 brain alleged to be the subject of     
partial or incipient disease4 ,there is 
nothing in the facts as they stand to   
supply the materials for a judgment4    
,precise scientific inquiry can alone   
solve the enigma each case presents4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,,simple ,,methods ,,to ,,staunch       
,,accidental ,,hemorrhage4  ,by ,,edward
 ,,borck1 ,m4,d41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo4     
,at first sight it seems almost         
superfluous to write or say a word about
 any method of arresting hemorrhage from
 wounds2 for the practitioner1 as a     
rule1 is well acquainted with all the   
different manipulations and appliances  
for the purpose1 and enough may be      
obtained from the text books4           
,nevertheless1 to call attention to some
 useful1 or old1 or apparently forgotten
 matter occasionally1 seems not to be   

amiss1 for it refreshes our memory1     
stimulates us to think about and keeps  
before our eyes important subjects4 ,a  
few hints on the above1 ,i hope1 will   
therefore be well received4  ,the       
treatment of hemorrhage1 viz41 the      
arresting of the same from open wounds1 
is not only important to the surgeon as 
the basis of surgery1 but it is also of 
great importance to the laity1 and      
especially to those workmen who are     
perpetually in danger of being injured4 
,it is astonishing how unknowing the    
people seem to be1 with any method to   
check bleeding from a wound temporarily2
 even the most simple method of pressure
 is in the majority of such accidents   
not resorted to4 ,the sight of a little 
blood does not alone upset a timid1     
nervous woman1 but many times the       
strongest of men2 and why8 because it   
naturally creates a feeling of awe and  
detestation4 ,if a person is wounded by 
a machine1 or otherwise1 a crowd of all 
his fellow workmen gather around him1   

and look on the poor fellow bleeding2   
half a dozen or more will start out on a
 run in different directions to hunt a  
doctor1 or some old woman who has a     
reputation for stopping bleeding by     
sympathy1 either of whom they are likely
 to find not at home4 ,in the meantime  
the vital fluid trickles away2 nobody   
knows what to do2 everybody does        
something1 but none the right thing4    
,now1 it is true1 it does not often     
happen that any one bleeds to death1    
wise mother nature1 as a rule1 coming to
 their assistance1 especially in        
lacerated wounds2 but the anemic        
condition produced by excessive loss of 
blood is followed by severe             
consequences1 and is to be dreaded1 for 
it retards recovery4 ,to save all the   
blood possible ought to be apprehended  
as an important matter by every one4    
,hardly a week passes that some         
unfortunate is not brought to my office1
 who has been badly injured in some way2
 he has been bleeding1 perhaps1 the     

distance of several blocks1 and arrives 
almost faint4 ,in the most of such cases
 they have something tied around their  
wounds1 but hardly ever in any manner so
 as to be equal to stop the bleeding4   
,in exceptional cases you find a        
tourniquet or the ,spanish windlass     
applied4 ,this1 when applied by a       
surgeon1 may answer very well1 but when 
applied by a non-professional person it 
is invariably screwed up so tight that  
the pain produced thereby is so great   
and intolerable that the patient prefers
 rather to bleed to death4 ,this is a   
great objection4  ,therefore ,i will    
call attention to the method of forcible
 flexion2 and though extreme flexion has
 been practiced by surgeons in isolated 
cases1 still to ,professor ,adelman1 of 
,dorpat1 is due the credit of first     
having systematized the following       
method3   ,,bleeding ,,from ,,the       
,,upper ,,arm 7,,art4 ,,brachialis74    
,bring the elbows of the patient as near
 as possible together upon the back1 and

 fasten them with a bandage4 ,from this 
point let a doppelt bandage pass down to
 and over the perineum2 separate the    
bandages again in front1 let one end run
 over the left1 the other over the right
 groin back again to the elbows 7see    
,fig4 #a7  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4     
,the illustrations will explain at a    
glance4   ,,bleeding ,,from ,,the       
,,arteries ,,in ,,the ,,upper ,,third   
,,of ,,the ,,arm4  ,acute flexion of the
 elbow1 simple bending of the forearm   
upon the upper arm1 will suffice4 ,but  
if there is bleeding from the arteries  
near the joint of the hand or from any  
part of the hand1 then the hand must    
also be brought into flexion1 and       
secured by a bandage4 7,see ,fig4 #b47  
,the bandage must always be wrapped     
around the wound first4  ,illustration3 
,fig4 #b4   ,,bleeding ,,from ,,the     
,,thigh 7,,art4 ,,femoralis74  ,it needs
 no other explanation1 as ,fig4 #c shows
 the mode of stopping the hemorrhage    
from that region temporarily4  ,bleeding

 from the front part of the leg 7,art4  
,tibialis ,ant471 same as ,fig4 #c4     
,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4  ,bleeding    
from the posterior part of the leg      
7,art4 ,tibiailis ,post1 et ,peronea7   
same as above1 with the addition of a   
tampon or compress under the knee joint1
 or like ,fig4 #d4   ,,bleeding ,,from  
,,the ,,foot 7,,art4 ,,plantaris ,,et   
,,dorsalis ,,pedis74  ,flexion of the   
leg upon the thigh1 and flexion of the  
foot upon the front of the tibia4       
,objections might also be raised to the 
above method on account of the pain     
which it may produce2 but the flexion   
never needs to be so forced as to be    
unendurable to the patient2 the position
 may be a little uncomfortable to a very
 sensitive person1 that is all4         
,furthermore1 it has been proven that a 
limb can be kept in a flexed position   
for several days1 nine by some authors1 
without any injury1 and with a complete 
closure of the arteries4 ,we do not     
expect1 however1 that this method of    

arresting hemorrhage will ever be       
adopted as the method in surgery1       
neither will it be necessary here to    
point out any cases where the           
practitioner can have and under certain 
circumstances be obliged to have to     
resort to this simple method4 ,military 
surgeons may also profit by it1 for it  
is certainly a valuable and admirable   
mode1 and so easily applied in cases of 
emergency by any one1 if the unfortunate
 should be distant from surgical aid4 ,i
 also believe that it would be advisable
 and certainly humane1 to instruct the  
people in general1 by popular lectures  
or through the press1 the manner of     
stopping hemorrhage temporarily4        
,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4  ,the simplest 
of all methods1 however1 to arrest      
hemorrhage is the rubber bandage4 ,it   
has displaced in surgery the old        
tourniquet almost completely1 which     
required a certain skill and anatomical 
knowledge to apply it2 not necessarily  
so with the rubber bandage4 ,any one can

 apply it1 for the amount of pressure   
needed to arrest the hemorrhage from a  
wound suggests itself4 ,the rubber      
bandage produces but little pain2 the   
patient is comparatively comfortable and
 out of immediate danger and anxiety2   
while in the meantime the proper        
attention can be secured4  ,i think it  
would be well if our health officers    
would direct their attention a little to
 the accidental hemorrhages1 and if they
 do not possess the power1 to refer the 
matter to the proper tribunal to enact a
 law that would compel all owners and   
corporations of factories1 saw1 planing1
 and rolling mills1 and1 in fact1 every 
establishment where the laborers are    
constantly in danger of accidents1 to   
keep on hand a certain number of strong 
rubber bandages1 according to the number
 of men employed1 and that at least     
several of the men1 if not all in every 
establishment of that kind1 be          
instructed in the application of the    
bandage4 ,steamboats and other vessels  

should carry a supply1 and railroad     
companies should be obliged to furnish  
all watchmen along their respective     
roads with rubber bandages1 and see that
 the men know how to use them in case an
 accident should occur4 ,every train    
that goes out should have some bandages 
on board in care of some employe1 who   
knows how to handle them when needed4   
,many pounds of precious blood may thus 
be saved1 and danger to life from this  
cause be averted4--,indiana ,medical    
,reporter4         99       99       99 
99       99     ,,hot ,,water           
,,compresses ,,in ,,tetanus ,,and       
,,trismus4   ,sporer has successfully   
treated cases of tetanus by merely      
applying to the nape of the neck and    
along the spine large pieces of flannel 
dipped in hot water1 of a temperature   
just bearable to the hand 7#ej-ee       
,c474--,allg4 med4 cent4 ,zeit41        
,january #ae1 #ahha4         99       99
       99       99       99     ,,trials
 ,,of ,,string ,,sheaf ,,binders ,,at   

,,derby1 ,,england4   ,after a week's   
postponement1 rendered necessary by the 
unripe condition of the crops on the    
first of the month1 the trials of       
sheaf-binding machines1 using any other 
binding material than wire1 instituted  
by the ,royal ,agricultural ,society of 
,england1 began on ,monday morning1 the 
#hth of ,august4 ,by nine o'clock1 the  
time appointed for beginning operations1
 there was a very large number of       
gentlemen interested in these trials    
already collected on the farm of ,mr4   
,hall1 at ,thulston1 and the distances  
that many of them had come testified to 
the importance of the interests         
involved4 ,the morning was perfect for  
reaping1 though ominous clouds in the   
southwest led many to hazard            
conjectures1 which unfortunately turned 
out too well founded1 that the ,royal   
,agricultural ,society would not on this
 occasion escape the fate which had     
visited them so often4 ,the corn stood  
ripe and upright in the various plots   

into which the fields had been divided1 
and the ground was level and dry4 ,the  
published list of the competitors       
contained twenty entries1 not by as many
 firms1 however1 for many names appeared
 more than once2 but the rules of the   
society1 which objects to different     
machines being used for different kinds 
of corn in these trials1 together with  
non-attendance for unknown reasons1 had 
reduced the actual list of competing    
machines to seven4 ,these were as       
follows3 ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,wood1 the        
,mc,cormick ,harvesting ,machine        
,company1 the ,johnston ,harvester      
,company1 ,messrs4 ,samuelson  ,company1
 ,messrs4 ,j4  ,f4 ,howard1 ,messrs4    
,aultman  ,company1 and ,mr4 ,h4,j4,h4  
,king4 ,all these machines were to be   
seen at the show1 except the second     
named1 which was delayed by the         
stranding of the steamship ,britannic1  
and had only lately arrived in rather a 
weather-beaten condition4 ,the trials   
were to be made upon oats1 barley1 and  

wheat1 and the plots for the preliminary
 trials were about half an acre in      
extent4 ,shortly after half-past nine   
o'clock1 the judges and engineers of the
 society having arrived upon the ground1
 a start was made upon the oats by the  
three machines belonging to ,mr4 ,wood1 
,messrs4 ,samuelson  ,co41 and the      
,johnston ,harvester ,company4 ,it      
should1 perhaps1 be mentioned that the  
strength of this crop of oats varied a  
good deal in different parts of the     
field4 ,these three machines all belong 
to the class which has the automatic    
trip--that is1 the binding gear is      
thrown into action by the pressure of   
the straw accumulated arriving at a     
certain value1 independently of any     
special action on the part of the       
driver4 ,the sheaves from ,messrs4      
,samuelson's machines were extremely    
neat and well separated from each other1
 a point to which farmers attach great  
importance4  ,it would appear that it is
 impossible to secure the binding of    

every single sheaf4 ,here and there1    
even with the best binders1 an          
occasional miss will occur1 in which the
 corn is thrown out unbound4 ,however1  
with ,messrs ,samuelson's machine this  
was extremely rare1 and the neatness of 
the sheaves produced was remarkable4 ,no
 doubt the shortness of the crop in the 
portion allotted to this machine may    
have had something to do with this1 as a
 longer straw is more likely than a     
shorter one to connect two sheaves and  
produce that hanging together which in  
other machines is so often observed to  
precede a miss in the binding4 ,mr4     
,wood's machine had a stronger crop and 
longer straw to deal with1 and the      
hanging together of the sheaves occurred
 far too frequently1 and was almost     
always followed by a loose sheaf4 ,the  
,johnston harvester went through a very 
fair performance2 there was no hanging  
except at turning the corners1 and the  
piece of work was finished in a shorter 
time than with the other machines4      

,notwithstanding the automatic character
 of the gear for binding1 we believe it 
will be found that the sheaves produced 
in these machines vary very much in     
weight4  ,at about #aj3bj the next lot  
of machines started4 ,they were those of
 the ,mc,cormick ,harvesting ,machine   
,company1 ,messrs4 ,howard1 and ,messrs4
 ,aultman  ,co4 ,of these1 the          
first-named only has the automatic trip4
 ,we believe it made no miss in binding 
during this trial1 and the sheaves were 
neat1 though1 perhaps1 rather too       
tightly bound4 ,there was no hanging    
together or check in this run4 ,the     
machine of ,messrs4 ,aultman  ,co4 was  
not so successful in separating the     
sheaves1 though this was not so often   
followed by an unbound sheaf as in some 
other machines4 ,sometimes as many as   
three sheaves1 clinging closely         
together1 were ejected at one time4 ,to 
avoid this a man walked by the machine1 
and assisted the delivery of the sheaf4 
,the tension of the string which binds  

the sheaves varies a good deal in this  
machine1 some of the sheaves being      
rather too loosely held together1 while 
at other times the fault is in the other
 direction4 ,in ,messrs4 ,howard's      
machine there is a tendency in the      
sheaves to cling together1 but this is  
not accompanied to any extent with      
missing the binding4 ,mr4 ,king         
attempted a run after the three last had
 finished their plots2 but his machinery
 had not been fully adjusted1 and after 
one course the trial stopped4 ,as far as
 one could judge from this short        
performance1 the chief fault in the     
sheaf produced was the uncertain        
position of the string upon it4         
,sometimes this was near the bottom of  
the straw1 and sometimes among the corn4
 ,unfortunately at #aa3be the rain      
began1 and experiments were stopped till
 the afternoon4 ,it was no light shower 
which could give a check to the ardor of
 the judges and other officers of the   
society1 but a heavy downpour of some   

hours' duration1 which soaked the crop  
through and through4 ,indeed1 we think  
it a pity that the experiments should   
have been continued at all under        
circumstances in which practical        
harvesting would have been out of the   
question4 ,however1 after a short lull  
in the rain1 the machines of ,mr4 ,wood1
 ,messrs4 ,samuelson1 and the           
,mc,cormick ,harvesting ,company went   
into the wet barley4 ,the machine of    
,mr4 ,wood worked most rapidly1 but the 
clinging of the sheaves and the failure 
to bind were again very apparent4 ,the  
stubble left by this machine was the    
shortest and most even of the three4    
,the machines of ,messrs4 ,samuelson and
 the ,mc,cormick ,company left a very   
ragged1 long1 and uneven stubble in this
 trial1 though the delivery and binding 
of the sheaves seemed to be as good as  
in the oats trial4 ,the binding in the  
former was rather too tight4  ,the      
remaining machines1 with the exception  
of that of ,mr4 ,king1 then attempted a 

trial2 but ,messrs4 ,howard's machine   
having too smooth a face to the driving 
wheel1 was unable to drive all the gear 
in the wet condition of the ground4 ,the
 damp weather had no doubt tightened up 
the canvas carriers1 and thereby added  
to the work to be done2 but this was the
 only machine that was found            
incapacitated through the action of the 
rain4 ,unfortunately the plots assigned 
to this machine and to the ,johnston    
harvester were in juxtaposition1 so that
 the latter machine was blocked by the  
former1 and could not proceed1 and that 
of ,messrs4 ,aultman alone went through 
with its work4 ,there was no improvement
 in the separation of the sheaves1 and  
the misses were rather more frequent    
than in the trials among the oats4 ,the 
sheaves1 too1 that issued singly were   
somewhat wanting in neatness4 ,the whole
 of these barley trials must be looked  
upon as unsatisfactory1 on account of   
the condition of the crop1 and it is to 
be hoped that before the investigations 

are brought to a conclusion all these   
machines may have a more favorable      
opportunity of demonstrating the        
advantages which are claimed for them4  
,it may be here said that throughout    
these trials there has been as yet no   
wind at all1 which1 as the              
investigations are in other respects to 
be so thoroughly carried out1 is a      
matter of regret4 ,probably ,messrs4    
,howard's machine was as well protected 
from the wind as any other of the seven 
competitors4  ,the following are the    
awards of the judges1 which were made   
known on ,wednesday evening3 ,gold      
medal--,messrs4 ,mc,cormick  ,co4       
,silver medals--,messrs4 ,samuelson1    
,messrs4 ,johnston  ,co4 ,highly        
commended--,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,king1 for      
principle of tying and separating       
sheaves4 ,the only gleaning binding     
machine which entered the field was that
 of ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,walker1 made by the   
,notts ,fork ,company1 but no official  
trials of this were made4--,the         

,engineer4         99       99       99 
99       99     ,,the ,,culture ,,of    
,,strawberries4   ,messrs4 ,ellwanger   
,barry1 of the ,mount ,hope ,nurseries1 
at ,rochester1 give the following       
directions for setting out and          
cultivating strawberries1 the result of 
long and successful experience1 in their
 recently issued ,strawberry ,catalogue3
  ,the ,soil and ,its                   
,preparation4--,the strawberry may be   
successfully grown in any soil adapted  
to the growth of ordinary field or      
garden crops4 ,the ground should be well
 prepared1 by trenching or plowing at   
least eighteen to twenty inches deep1   
and be properly enriched as for any     
garden crop4 ,it is unnecessary to say  
that if the land is wet1 it must be     
thoroughly drained4  ,season for        
,transplanting4--,in the ,northern      
,states1 the season for planting in the 
spring is during the months of ,april   
and ,may4 ,it may then be done with     
safety from the time the plants begin to

 grow until they are in blossom4 ,this  
is the time we prefer for setting out   
large plantations4  ,during the months  
of ,august and ,september1 when the     
weather is usually hot and dry1         
pot-grown plants may be planted to the  
best advantage4 ,with the ball of earth 
attached to the roots1 they can be      
transplanted without any failures1 and  
the trouble and annoyance of watering1  
shading1 etc41 which are indispensable  
to the success of layer plants1 are thus
 in a great measure avoided4   ,,garden 
,,culture4  ,to ,cultivate the          
,strawberry4--,for family use1 we       
recommend planting in beds four feet    
wide1 with an alley two feet wide       
between4 ,these beds will accommodate   
three rows of plants1 which may stand   
fifteen inches apart each way1 and the  
outside row nine inches from the alley4 
,these beds can be kept clean1 and the  
fruit can be gathered from them without 
setting the feet upon them4  ,culture in
 ,hills4--,this is the best mode that   

can be adopted for the garden4 ,if you  
desire fine1 large1 high-flavored fruit1
 pinch off the runners as fast as they  
appear1 repeating the operation as often
 as may be necessary during the summer4 
,every runner thus removed produces a   
new crown at the center of the plant1   
and in the fall the plants will have    
formed large bushes or stools1 on which 
the finest strawberries may be expected 
the following season4 ,in the meantime1 
the ground among the plants should be   
kept clear of weeds1 and frequently     
stirred with a hoe or fork4  ,covering  
in ,winter4--,where the winters are     
severe1 with little snow for protection1
 a slight covering of leaves or litter1 
or the branches of evergreens1 will be  
of great service4 ,this covering should 
not be placed over the plants till after
 the ground is frozen1 usually from the 
middle of ,november till the first of   
,december in this locality4 ,fatal      
errors are often made by putting on too 
much and too early4 ,care must also be  

taken to remove the covering in spring  
just as soon as the plants begin to     
grow4  ,mulching to ,keep the ,fruit    
,clean4--,before the fruit begins to    
ripen1 mulch the ground among the plants
 with short hay or straw1 or grass      
mowings from the lawn1 or anything of   
that sort4 ,this will not only keep the 
fruit clean1 but will prevent the ground
 from drying and baking1 and thus       
lengthen the fruiting season4 ,tan-bark 
can also be used as a mulch4  ,a bed    
managed in this way will give two full  
crops1 and should then be spaded or     
plowed down1 a new one having been in   
the meantime prepared to take its place4
   ,,field ,,culture4  ,the same        
directions with regard to soil1 time of 
planting1 protection1 and mulching1 as  
given above1 are applicable when        
planting on a large scale4  ,the ,matted
 ,row ,system4--,the mode of growing    
usually pursued has its advantages for  
field culture1 but cannot be recommended
 for the garden4 ,in the field we       

usually plant in rows three to four feet
 apart1 and the plants a foot to a foot 
and a half apart in the row4 ,in this   
case much of the labor is performed with
 the horse and cultivator4  ,how to     
,ascertain the ,number of ,plants       
,required for an ,acre4--,the number of 
plants required for an acre1 at any     
given distance apart1 may be ascertained
 by dividing the number of square feet  
in an acre 7#dc1efj7 by the number of   
square feet given to each plant1 which  
is obtained by multiplying the distance 
between rows by the distance between the
 plants4 ,thus strawberries planted     
three feet by one foot give each plant  
three square feet1 or #ad1ebj plants to 
the acre4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,some ,,hardy ,,flowers
 ,,for ,,midsummer4   ,pretentious      
gardens are now gayly decorated with    
glowing masses of pelargoniums and      
vincas1 belts of rich coleuses and fiery
 alternantheras1 patchwork of feverfew  
and mesembryanthemum1 and scroll-work of

 house leeks1 but amid this gay         
checkering it is wonderful how few      
flowers there are for cutting for       
bouquets4 ,as tender plants1 except the 
few that may have been wintered in      
windows and cellars1 are beyond the     
reach of most of our country folks1 ,i  
will consider those only that are       
perfectly hardy and in full blossom now1
 ,july #ba4  ,koempfer's irises1 blue1  
white1 purple1 streaked1 marbled1 and   
otherwise variegated1 are in bloom2 they
 are the grandest of their race1 and as 
different varieties succeed one another1
 they may be had in bloom from ,june    
till ,august4 ,they are easily raised   
from seed or by division--prefer rich1  
moist land1 and if in a partly shaded   
place1 their blossoms last longer than  
in full sunshine4  ,trumpet lilies are  
bursting into bloom2 the scarlet        
martagon is at its best2 speciosum1     
tiger1 and ,american ,turk's cap lilies 
are yet to follow4 ,i find the trumpet  
lilies have done better this year than  

any of the other sorts in open places4  
,most of the yellow day lilies are past1
 but the tawny one is at its best2 they 
are all hardy1 and seem to thrive alike 
in wild or cultivated land4 ,seibold's  
funkia 7called also day lily7 has pale  
bluish flowers1 and large1 handsome     
glaucous leaves3 the undulated-leaved   
funkia has beautifully variegated       
leaves1 and pale bluish blossoms2 these1
 together with several others of their  
race1 are in bloom4 ,they like to grow  
in undisturbed clumps in rich and       
faintly-shaded nooks2 if grown in full  
sunshine they bloom well enough1 but    
their leaves get scorched4  ,the        
,european meadow sweet 7,spiraea        
ulmaria71 two feet high1 and the        
,kamtchatka one1 four feet high1 are in 
bloom2 the double varieties are far     
finer1 whiter1 and more lasting than the
 single ones4 ,they will grow anywhere4 
,there are many fine kinds of sedum or  
liveforever in season2 some of them like
 album 7white71 pulchellum 7pink71      

spurium splendens 7pink71 hispanicum    
7white71 may more properly be called    
stonecups1 but the stronger-growing     
sorts1 as ,s4 warscewiczii 7yellow71    
should be regarded as liveforevers4     
,they like open1 sunny places1 and      
dislike artificial waterings4  ,dicentra
 eximia 7pink-purple7 is free1 neat1    
copious1 and a perpetual bloomer1 as is 
also ,corydalis lutea 7yellow74 ,the    
climbing fumitory comes up of itself    
from seed every year1 and is now running
 over bushes1 stakes1 and strings1 and  
is full of fern-like leaves and         
flesh-colored flowers4 ,the long1       
scarlet wands of ,pentstemon barbatus   
are conspicuous in the borders2 this    
should be in every garden1 it is so     
profuse and hardy4 ,many speedwells     
still remain in fine condition1 notably 
,veronica longifolia2 they are a hardy  
and a showy race of plants1 and will    
grow anywhere4 ,the main lot of         
perennial larkspurs are past1 but by    
cutting them over now many flower spikes

 will be produced during the fall       
months4 ,the yucca or bear-grass is in  
perfection2 its massive flower scapes   
are very telling4 ,it will grow         
anywhere1 and once established it is    
hard to get rid of4  ,many kinds of     
perennial bell-flowers are in fine      
condition1 as the carpathian1           
peach-leaved 7second crop71             
nettle-leaved1 common harebell1 and vase
 harebell4 ,in the case of many of the  
tall-growing kinds1 better results are  
obtained by treating them as biennials  
than perennials4 ,no garden should be   
without the double white feverfew2 the  
more you cut it the more it blooms4     
,anthemis tinctoria1 yellow or white1   
the yellow is by far the best1 and the  
lance-leaved1 large-flowered1           
larkspur-leaved and eared coreopsises   
are fine1 seasonable perennials1 as are 
likewise the yellow1 white1 and pink    
yarrows1 double sneezewort1 the cone    
flowers1 and large-flowered fleabanes1  
and all grow readily in any ordinary    

garden soil1 and with little care4      
,hollyhocks are in perfection2 feed them
 well and prevent many sprouts to each  
stool4 ,many kinds of meadow rue1 as    
garden plants1 have a bold1 graceful    
appearance2 they love moist soil4  ,in  
good soil and a partly shaded spot we   
have no handsomer plant in bloom than   
the tall bugbane 7,cimicifuga racemosa72
 from a bunch of thrifty leaves arise a 
dozen scapes of racemes1 creamy white1  
and six feet high4 ,the scarlet lychnis 
and its many varieties are nearly past1 
but the large-flowered1 ,haag's1 and    
others of that section1 are in their    
prime1 and showy plants they are4 ,they 
are true and lasting perennials1 bloom  
well the first season from seed1 quite  
hardy1 copious1 and effective2 any      
ordinary garden soil4 ,the pyrenean     
prunella has large purple heads2 the    
false dragonhead 7,physostegia71 pale   
rose-purple spikes2 centranthuses1 cymes
 of red and white2 centaureas1 heads of 
yellow1 blue1 and purple2 pinks1 divers 

shades of red and white2 and monkshoods1
 hoods of blue or white2 and all are    
very hardy1 ready growers1 and copious  
bloomers4 ,the bee balm1 one of our     
handsomest perennials1 has bright red   
whorls2 it spreads upon the surface of  
the ground like mint1 and thus may be   
divided and increased to any extent4 ,it
 loves rich1 moist land1 but is not     
fastidious4 ,among the evening primroses
 the ,missouri one is the brightest and 
biggest2 speciosa1 white1 from ,texas1  
of blossoms the most prolific2 glauca1  
riparia1 fruticera1 and linearis1 all   
yellow2 many others1 though perennial1  
are best treated as annual or biennial4 
,the spiked loosestrife planted by the  
water's edge of a pond is far finer than
 in the garden border4 ,it has hundreds 
of red spikes4  ,add to these1          
everlasting peas1 musk mallows1         
spiderwort1 globe thistles1 bold        
senecios1 the finer milkweeds1          
,scabiosa1 ,gallium1 ,chinese ,astilbe1 
various kinds of loosestrife            

7,lysimachia71 and many others as       
perennials1 and ,coreopsis1 balsams1    
zinnias1 marigolds1 stocks1 ,swan river 
daisy1 mignonnette1 sweet peas1 sweet   
alyssum1 morning glories1 larkspurs1    
canary flowers1 cucumber-leaved         
sunflowers1 verbenas1 petunias1 corn    
flower1 ,drummond phlox1 double and     
single poppies1 snapdragons1 ,phacelia1 
,gilia1 ,clarkia1 candytuft1 red flax1  
tassel flowers1 blue ,anchusa1          
,gaillardia1 and a multitude besides of 
seasonable annuals1 which can all be    
raised quite easily without a frame or  
green-house1 and what excuse has any    
farmer for having a flowerless garden in
 midsummer8--,william ,falconer1 in     
,country ,gentleman4         99       99
       99       99       99     ,,the   
,,time-,,consuming ,,match4   ,mr4      
,edward ,prince1 splint manufacturer1 of
 ,horseshoe ,bay1 ,buckingham township1 
is authority for the statement that     
there are about twenty-two match        
factories in the ,united ,states and    

,canada1 and that the daily             
production--and consequent daily        
consumption--is about twenty-five       
thousand gross per day4 ,it may seem a  
queer statement to make that one hundred
 thousand hours of each successive day  
are spent by the people of the two      
countries in striking a light1 but such 
is undoubtedly the case4 ,in each gross 
of matches manufactured there are #add  
boxes1 so that the #be1jjj gross        
produces #c1fjj1jjj boxes4 ,each box1 at
 least those made in the ,states1 where 
a duty of one cent upon every box of    
matches is levied--contains #ajj        
matches1 so that the number of matches  
produced and used daily amounts to      
#cfj1jjj1jjj4 ,counting that it takes a 
second to light each match--and it is   
questionable whether it can be done in  
less time than that1 while some men     
occupy several minutes sometimes in     
trying to strike a light1 particularly  
when boozy--to light the #cfj1jjj1jjj   
would take just that number of seconds4 

,this gives #f1jjj1jjj minutes1 or      
#ajj1jjj hours4 ,in days of twenty-four 
hours each it figures up to #d1aff #b-c1
 and gives eleven years and five months 
with a couple of days extra1 as the time
 occupied during every twenty-four      
hours1 by the people of ,north          
,america--not figuring on the           
,mexicans--in striking matches4         
,figuring a little further it gives     
#d1aei years time in each year4 ,the    
fact may seem amazing1 but it is        
undoubtedly quite correct4--,ottawa     
,free ,press4         99       99       
99       99       99  ,a catalogue1     
containing brief notices of many        
important scientific papers heretofore  
published in the ,,supplement1 may be   
had gratis at this office4         99   
99       99       99       99     ,,the 
,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement4   
,,published ,,weekly4  ,,terms ,,of     
,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,year4   ,sent by
 mail1 postage prepaid1 to subscribers  
in any part of the ,united ,states or   

,canada4 ,six dollars a year1 sent1     
prepaid1 to any foreign country4  ,all  
the back numbers of ,,the ,,supplement1 
from the commencement1 ,january #a1     
#ahgf1 can be had4 ,price1 #aj cents    
each4  ,all the back volumes of ,,the   
,,supplement can likewise be supplied4  
,two volumes are issued yearly4 ,price  
of each volume1 #b4ej1 stitched in      
paper1 or #c4ej1 bound in stiff covers4 
,,combined ,,rates--,one copy of        
,,scientific ,,american and one copy of 
,,scientific ,,american ,,supplement1   
one year1 postpaid1 #g4jj4  ,a liberal  
discount to booksellers1 news agents1   
and canvassers4  ,,munn  ,,co41         
,,publishers1  #cg ,,park ,,row1 ,,new  
,,york1 ,n4 ,y4         99       99     
99       99       99     ,,patents4     
,in connection with the ,,scientific    
,,american1 ,messrs4 ,,munn  ,co4 are   
,solicitors of ,american and ,foreign   
,patents1 have had #ce years'           
experience1 and now have the largest    
establishment in the world4 ,patents are

 obtained on the best terms4  ,a special
 notice is made in the ,,scientific     
,,american of all ,inventions patented  
through this ,agency1 with the name and 
residence of the ,patentee4 ,by the     
immense circulation thus given1 public  
attention is directed to the merits of  
the new patent1 and sales or            
introduction often easily effected4     
,any person who has made a new discovery
 or invention can ascertain1 free of    
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  ,branch ,office1 cor4 ,f and #gth     
,sts41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4