,,g]many  ,,f ,,!  ,,e>lie/ ,,p]iod     
,,by  ,,wolfgang ,,m5zel  ,,translat$   
,,f ,,! ,,f\r? ,,g]man ,,edition  ,by   
,,mrs4 ,,george ,,horrocks  ,,) ,a      
,,supplem5t>y ,,*apt] ,,( ,,rec5t       
,,ev5ts  ,by ,,edg> ,,saltus  ,,volume  
,,iv    ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,g]many  ,,"p 
,,xxi  ,,! ,,rise ,,( ,,prussia         
7,,cont9u$7  ,,ccxliv4 ,art & ,fa%ion   
,al?\gh art _h1 "u ,fr5* influ5ce1      
become unnatural1 bomba/ical1 9 f9e1    
exactly contr>y to e rule ( good ta/e1 !
 c\rts1 va9 ( _! collections ( works (  
art1 /ill emulat$ ea* o!r 9 ! patronage 
( ! arti/s ( ! day1 ^: creations1       
ta/eless z !y 71 nev]!less af=d$ a      
species ( consolation to ! p1 by div]t+ 
_! ?\ghts f ! mis]ies ( daily exi/5ce4  
,ar*itecture deg5]at$ 9 ! greate/       
degree4 ,its sublimity 0 gradually lo/ z
 ! mean+ ( ! ,go?ic /yle became less    
und]/ood1 & a ta/eless imitation ( !    
,roman /yle1 l t ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1
 0 br\ght into vogue by ! ,jesuits & by 
! c\rt ar*itects1 by :om ! *ateau (     

,v]sailles 0 deem$ ! highe/ *ef-d'oeuvre
 ( art4 ,?is /yle ( ar*itecture 0       
accompani$ by a /yle ( sculpture equally
 unmean+ & =c$2 sa9ts & ,pagan deities 9
 !atrical attitudes1 fat g5ii1 &        
coquetti% nymphs peopl$ ! ro(s ( !      
*ur*es & palaces1 presid$ ov] bridges1  
f\nta9s1 etc4 ,m9iature turn]y-w>e &    
microscopical sculpture also came into  
fa%ion4 ,su* curiosities z1 = in/ance1 a
 *]ry-/one1 on :i* ,prann]1 ! ,c>9?ian1 
_h c>v$ upw>d ( a hundr$ faces2 a       
*essbo>d1 ! completion ( :i* _h occupi$ 
a ,dut*man = eighte5 ye>s2 gold5        
c>riages drawn by fleas2 toys compos$ ( 
porcela9 or ivory 9 imitation ( ,*9ese  
works ( art2 curi\s pieces ( me*anism1  
musical clocks1 etc41 7 indu/ri\sly     
collect$ into ! cab9ets ( ! weal?y &    
p[]ful4 ,?is ta/e 01 h[ev]1 n utt]ly    
useless4 ,! pr$ilection = anci5t gems   
promot$ ! /udy ( ! rema9s ( antiquity1 z
 ,/os*1 ,lipp]t1 & ,w9ckelmann prove1 & 
t ( natural hi/ory 0 greatly facilitat$ 
by ! collections ( natural curiosities4 

,! /yle ( pa9t+ 01 h[ev]1 /ill          
ess5tially ,g]man1 al?\gh depriv$ by !  
,re=mation & by ,fr5* influ5ce ( its    
anci5t sacr$ & spiritual "*4 ,nature 0  
n[ g5]ally /udi$ 9 ! se>* aft] !        
beautiful4 ,among ! pupils ( ,rub5s1 !  
great f\nd] ( ! ,dut* s*ool1 ,jorda5s 0 
di/+ui%$ = brilliancy & =ce ( execution1
 ,van ,dyck1 ,a4,d4 #aeda1 = grace &    
beauty1 al?\gh pr9cipally a portrait    
pa9t] & incapable ( idealiz+ 8 subjects1
 9 :i* ,rembr&t1 ,a4,d4 #afgd1 :o *ose m
 ext5sive hi/orical subjects1 & ^:      
color+ is rem>kable = dep? & effect1 0  
equally defici5t4 ,rembr&t's pupil1     
,g]h>d ,d\w1 introduc$ dome/ic sc5es2 8 
att5tion to ! m9uti ( 8 art 0 su* t he  
is said to h work$ = ?ree days at a     
broom/ick1 9 ord] to repres5t x ) p]fect
 tru?4 ,d5n] c>ri$ accuracy /ill fur!r2 
9 8 portraits ( old m5 e hair 9 ! be>d  
is c>efully imitat$4 ,francis &         
,william#a ,mi]is discov]$ f> great]    
tal5t 9 _! treatm5t ( social & dome/ic  
gr\ps2 ,t]b\rg & ,nets*]1 on ! o!r h&1  

delight$ 9 ! close imitation ( velvet & 
sat9 drap]ies2 & ,s*alk51 9 ! effect (  
%ad[s & lamplight4 ,hon?or/#b attempt$ a
 high] /yle1 b ,van d] ,w]f's small     
delici\s nudities & ,van ,loos's        
luxuri\s pa/oral sc5es 7 bett] adapt$ to
 ! ta/e ( ! times4 ,:ile ^! pa9t]s      
belong$ to ! high] ord]s ( society1 (   
:i* _! works give evid5ce1 num]\s o!rs  
/udi$ ! l[] classes ) /ill great]       
success4 ,besides ,van d] ,meul5 &      
,rug5das1 ! pa9t]s ( battle-pieces1     
,w\v]mann *iefly excell$ 9 ! del9eation 
( horses & gr\ps ( horsem51 & ,t5i]s1   
,o/ade1 & ,jan ,/e5 became fam\s = !    
surpass+ tru? ( _! peasants & dome/ic   
sc5es4 ,to ?is l[ b happily-treat$ s*ool
 also belong$ ! cattle-pieces ( ,b]*em &
 ,paul de ,pott]1 ^: ,bull & ,c[s 71 9 a
 c]ta9 respect1 z mu* ! ideal ( ! ,dut* 
z ! ,madonna _h =m]ly be5 t ( !         
,italians or ! ,v5us di ,m$ici t ( !    
anci5ts4  ,l&scape-pa9t+ alone gave     
evid5ce ( a high] /yle4 ,nature1 :5ev]  
undesecrat$ by ! vulg>ity ( man1 is ev] 

sublimely simple4 ,! ,dut*1 z may be se5
 9 ! productions ( ,breughel1 call$1 f 8
 dress1 ,velvet ,breughel1 & 9 ^? (     
,elzheim]1 t]m$1 f 8 att5tion to        
m9utiae1 ! ,d5n] ( l&scape- pa9t+1 7 at 
fir/ too c>eful & m9ute2 b ,paul ,brill1
 ,a4,d4 #afbf1 0 inspir$ ) f9]          
conceptions & =m$ ! l9k betwe5 prec$+   
arti/s & ! magnific5t ,claude ,lorra9e  
7s call$ f ! place ( 8 bir?1 8 real "n  
be+ ,claude ,gelee71 :o resid$ = a long 
"t at ,muni*1 & :o fir/ attempt$ to     
idealize nature z ! ,italian arti/s _h  
=m]ly idealiz$ man4 ,ev]d+5 & ,ruysdael1
 on ! contr>y1 /udi$ nature 9 h] simple 
nor!rn g>b1 & ! sombre p9es ( ! =m]1 !  
*e]ful woods ( ! latt]1 w ev] be        
attractive1 l pictures ( a mu*-lov$     
home1 to ! ,g]man4 ,bakhuys5's          
sea-pieces & /orms are fai?ful          
repres5tations ( ! ,baltic4 ,9 !        
comm5cem5t ( la/ c5tury1 l&scape-pa9t+  
also deg5]at$ & became m]e ornam5tal    
fl[]-pa9t+1 ( :i* ! ,dut* 7 s           
passionately fond t !y honor$ & paid !  

mo/ skilful arti/s 9 ?is /yle l pr9ces4 
,! dull prosaic exi/5ce ( ! m]*ant call$
 = relief4 ,huysum 0 ! mosrt celebrat$ (
 ! fl[]-pa9t]s1 ) ,ra*el ,ruys*1        
,william von ,arless1 & o!rs ( less]    
note4 ,fruit & kit*5 pieces 7 also      
greatly admir$4 ,hondekott] 0 celebrat$ 
z a pa9t] ( birds4  ,pa9t+ 01 9 ?is     
mann]1 conf9$ to a slavi% imitation (   
nature1 = ^: l[e/ objects a pr$ilection 
0 ev9c$ until ! middle ( ! eighte5?     
c5tury1 :5 a /yle1 half ,italian1 half  
antique1 0 introduc$ into ,g]many by !  
op]as1 by travell]s1 & m p>ticul>ly by !
 gall]ies f\nd$ by ! pr9ces1 & 0 /ill   
fur!r promot$ by ! le>n$ rese>*es (     
connoisseurs1 m especially by ^? (      
,w9ckelmann4 ,m5gs1 ! ,raphael (        
,g]many1 ,oes]1 ,tis*be91 !             
l&scape-pa9t]s ,seekatz1 ,hack]t1       
,re9h>dt1 ,ko*1 etc41 =m$ ! transition  
to ! mod]n /yle4 ,frey1 ,*od[iecki1     
etc41 ga9$ great celebrity z engrav]s4  
,ar*itecture fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,middle     
,ages1 pa9t+ at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 &  

music 9 mod]n times4 ,! same _s t spoke 
to ! eye 9 ! et]nal /one n[ brea!d 9    
transi5t melody to ! e>4 ,! sci5ce (    
music1 transport$ by ,dut* arti/s into  
,italy1 _h be5 !re assidu\sly cultivat$2
 ! ,italians _h spe$ily surpass$ _!     
ma/]s1 & _h occupi$ !mselves ) !        
creation ( a peculi> *ur*-music & ( !   
pr(ane op]a1 :ile ! ,ne!rl&s & ! :ole ( 
,g]many 7 convuls$ by bloody religi\s   
w>s4 ,aft] ! peace ( ,we/phalia1 !      
national music ( ,g]many1 ) ! exception 
( ! *oral music 9 ! ,prote/ant *ur*es1 0
 almo/ sil5t1 & ,italian op]as 7        
introduc$ at all ! c\rts1 :]e ,italian  
*apel-ma/]s1 s+]s1 & p]=m]s 7 patroniz$ 
9 imitation ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o pursu$ a 
simil> sy/em 9 ,france4 ,g]man tal5t 0  
r$uc$ to imitate ! ,italian ma/]s1 &1 9 
#afbh1 ,sagitt>ius produc$ at ,dresd5 ! 
fir/ ,g]man op]a 9 imitation ( !        
,italian1 & ,keys] publi%$ no few] ?an  
"o hundr$ & sixte54  ,! ,g]man musicians
 71 nev]!less1 e>li] ?an ! ,g]man poets1
 animat$ ) a desire to extirpate ! =eign

 & deg5]ate mode fo/]$ by ! vanity ( !  
,g]man pr9ces1 & to give free scope to  
_! orig9al & native tal5t4 ,?is         
reg5]ation 0 effect$ by ! despis$ &     
simple organi/s ( ! ,prote/ant *ur*es4  
,9 #agag1 ,s*ro$]1 a native ( ,hoh5/e9 9
 ,saxony1 inv5t$ ! pian(orte & improv$ !
 organ4 ,seba/ian ,ba*1 9 8 colossal    
fugues1 l to a pill>$ dome dissolv$ 9   
melody1#c rais$ music by 8 compositions 
to a height unatta9$ by any ( 8         
successors4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y
 g5iuses t ev] appe>$ on e>?4 ,h&el1 ^: 
glori\s melodies entranc$ ! s5ses1      
produc$ ! gr& oratorio ( ! ,messiah1 :i*
 is /ill p]=m$ 9 bo? ,prote/ant &       
,ca?olic ca!drals2 & ,graun1 ) :om      
,fr$]ick ! ,great play$ ! flute1 br\ght 
private s++ into vogue by 8 musical     
compositions4 ,gluck 0 ! fir/ compos] :o
 introduc$ ! dep? & pa?os ( m solemn    
music into ! op]a4 ,he ga9$ a complete  
triumph at ,p>is ov] ,picc9i1 !         
celebrat$ ,italian musician1 9 8 conte/ 
respect+ ! comp>ative excell5cies ( !   

,g]man & ,italian s*ools4 ,haydn        
introduc$ ! v>iety & melody ( ! op]a    
into ! oratorio1 ( :i* 8 ,creation is a 
/&+ pro(4 ,9 ! latt] half ( ! =ego+     
c5tury1 sacr$ music has gradually yield$
 to ! op]a4 ,moz>t br\ght ! op]atic /yle
 to p]fection 9 ! wond]ful compositions 
t et]nalize 8 fame4  ,! ,g]man !atre 01 
ow+ to ! ,gallomania ( ! p]iod1 m]ely a 
bad imitation ( ! ,fr5* /age4           
,gotts*$1#d :o greatly contribut$ t[>d !
 re=mation ( ,g]man lit]ature1 /ill     
reta9$ ! /ilt$ ,alex&r9e & !            
pseudo-,gallic imitation ( ! anci5t     
dramati/s to :i* ,less+ put an end4     
,less+ wrote 8 ,dramaturgy at ,hamburg1 
recomm5d$ ,%akespe>e & o!r ,engli%      
au?ors z models1 b m p>ticul>ly nature4 
,! celebrat$ ,eckh(1 ! fa!r ( ! ,g]man  
/age1 :o at fir/ travell$ ab\t ) a      
company ( actors & f9ally settl$ at     
,go?a1 0 ! fir/ :o foll[$ ?is           
innovation4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,s*ro$] 9  
,hamburg1 :o 0 equally indu/ri\s z a    
poet1 an actor1 & a ,freemason4 ,9      

,b]l91 :]e ,fleck _h already pav$ ! way1
 ,iffl&1 :o1 l ,s*ro$]1 0 bo? a poet &  
an actor1 f\nd$ a s*ool1 :i* 9 e respect
 took nature z a guide1 & :i* rais$ !   
,g]man /age to its well-m]it$ celebrity4
  ,at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 m5 ( 
education 7 seiz$ ) an en?usiasm = art1 
:i* %[$ itself pr9cipally 9 a love = !  
/age & 9 visits = ! promotion ( art to  
,italy4 ,! poet & ! pa9t]1 alike        
dissatisfi$ ) reality1 s\ght to /ill _! 
secret long+s = ! beautiful amid !      
unreal creations ( fancy & ! records (  
classical antiquity4  ,fa%ion1 t mask] (
 nature1 t creator ( de=mity1 _h1 9     
tru?1 arriv$ at an unp>allel$ pit* (    
ugl9ess4 ,! ,g]man co/ume1 al?\gh       
sometimes extravagantly curi\s dur+ !   
,middle ,ages1 _h nev]!less always      
reta9$ a c]ta9 degree ( picturesque     
beauty1 nor 0 x until ! reign ( ,l\is   
,,xiv4 ( ,france t dress assum$ an      
unnatural1 inconv5i5t1 & mon/r\s =m4    
,enorm\s allonge p]ukes & ruffles1 !    
fontange 7high headdress71 hoops1 & high

 heels1 r5d]$ ! human race a c>icature (
 itself4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 p[d]$    
wigs ( extraord9>y %ape1 hairbags &     
queues1 frocks & frills1 came into      
fa%ion = ! m52 p[d]$ headdresses an ell 
9 height1 dim9utive wai/s1 & pat*es = ! 
wom54 ,! de=mity1 unheal?9ess1 &        
absurdity ( ?is mode ( attire 7 va9ly   
po9t$ out by ,salzmann1 9 a piece       
entitl$1 ,*>les von ,c>lsb]g1 or ,human 
,mis]y4  ,footnote #a3 ,also 8 bro!r    
,john1 :o pa9t$ ) equal tal5t 9 ! same  
/yle4--,trans4  ,footnote #b3 ,call$    
also ,g]>do dalle ,notti f 8 subjects1  
pr9cipally night-sc5es & pieces         
illum9at$ by tor* or c&le-light4 ,8 mo/ 
celebrat$ picture is t ( ,jesus ,*ri/   
be=e ! ,tribunal ( ,pilate4--,ibid4     
,footnote #c3 ,go?ic ar*itecture has be5
 lik5$ to petrifi$ music4  ,footnote #d3
 ,he 0 assi/$ 9 8 dramatic writ+s by 8  
wife1 a woman ( spl5did tal5ts4--,trans4
    ,,ccxlv4 ,influ5ce ( !              
,belles-,lettres   ,! ,g]man1 exclud$ f 
all p>ticipation 9 public affairs &     

conf9$ to ! n>r[ limits ( 8 family      
circle & pr(ession1 foll[$ 8 natural b5t
 = speculative philosophy & poetical    
rev]ie2 b :ile 8 ?\ghts became m elevat$
 & ! loss ( 8 activity 01 9 a c]ta9     
degree1 comp5sat$ by ! g5tle dom9ion ( !
 muses1 ! mitigation ?us af=d$ m]ely    
aggravat$ ! evil by r5d]+ him cont5t ) 8
 /ate ( inaction4 ,ere long1 z 9 ! mo/  
deg5]ate age ( anci5t ,rome1 ! citiz51  
amus$ by sophi/s & s+]s1 actors &       
juggl]s1 lo/ ! remembrance ( 8 =m] p[] &
 rights & became ins5sible to 8 /ate (  
moral degradation1 to :i* ! =eign       
notions1 ! va9 & frivol\s "* ( mo/ ( !  
poets ( ! day1 _h n a little contribut$4
  ,aft] ! ?irty ye>s' w>1 ! ,silesian   
poets became rem>kable = ,gallomania or 
! slavi% imitation ( ^? ( ,france4      
,unb\nd$ adulation ( ! sov]eign1        
bomba/ical c>m9a on occasion ( ! bir?1  
w$d+1 accession1 victories1 ftes1       
treaties ( peace1 & burial ( pot5tates1 
love-c\plets equally /ra9$1 twi/$       
complim5ts to female beauty1 ) p$antic1 

(t5 indec5t1 citations f anci5t         
my?ology1 *iefly *>act]iz$ ?is s*ool (  
poetry4 ,m>t9 ,opitz1 ,a4,d4 #afci1 !   
f\nd] ( ! fir/ ,silesian s*ool1#a       
not)/&+ ! insipidity ( ! ta/e ( ! day1  
pres]v$ ! h>mony ( ! ,g]man ballad4 ,8  
mo/ di/+ui%$ foll[]s 7 ,logau1 celebrat$
 = 8 ,epigrams2#b ,paul ,g]h>d1 :o1 9 8 
f9e hymns1 reviv$ ! =ce & simplicity (  
,lu!r2 ,flemm+1 a g5ial & ?or\ghly      
,g]man poet1 ! companion ( ,ole>ius#c   
dur+ 8 visit to ,p]sia2 ! g5tle ,simon  
,da*1 ^: sorr[+ notes bewail ! mis]ies (
 ! age4 ,he f\nd$ a society ( melan*oly 
poets at ,knigsb]g1 9 ,prussia1 ! memb]s
 ( :i* compos$ elegies = ea* o!r2       
,ts*]n+ & ,&rew ,gryphius1 ! ,corneille 
( ,g]many1 a native ( ,glogau1 ^: dramas
 are wor?y ( a bett] age ?an ! insipid  
c5tury 9 :i* !y 7 produc$4 ,! life ( ?is
 dramati/ 0 full ( incid5t4 ,8 fa!r 0   
poison$2 8 "m di$ ( a brok5 he>t4 ,he   
w&]$ ov] ,g]many dur+ ! ?irty ye>s' w>1 
pursu$ by fire1 sword1 & pe/il5ce1 to ! 
latt] ( :i* ! :ole ( 8 relations fell   

victims4 ,he travell$ ov] ! :ole (      
,europe1 spoke elev5 languages1 & became
 a pr(essor at ,leyd51 :]e he taught    
hi/ory1 geography1 ma!matics1 physics1 &
 anatomy4 ,^! poets 71 h[ev]1 m]ely     
exceptions to ! g5]al rule4 ,9 !        
poetical societies1 ! ,ord] ( ! ,palm or
 ,fructif]\s ,society1 f\nd$ ,a4,d4     
#afag1 at ,weim>1 by ,casp> von         
,teutleb51 ! ,upright ,p9e ,society1    
e/abli%$ by ,rempl] ( ,lw5?al at        
,/rasburg1 t ( ! ,roses1 f\nd$ ,a4,d4   
#afdc1 by ,philip von ,zes51 at         
,hamburg1 ! ,ord] ( ! ,pegnitz-%eph]ds1 
f\nd$ ,a4,d4 #afdd1 by ,h>sdrf]1 at     
,nuremb]g1 ! _s ( ! ,italian & ,fr5*    
op]as & academies prevail$1 & pa/oral   
poetry1 9 :i* ! god ( ,love 0 repres5t$ 
we>+ an imm5se allonge p]uke1 & !       
coquetti% immorality ( ! c\rts 0 gl[+ly 
describ$ 9 ,arcadian sc5es ( delight1 0 
cultivat$4 ,! fanta/ical romances (     
,spa9 7 also imitat$1 & ! inv5tion (    
novel t]ms 0 deem$ ! highe/ triumph ( ! 
poet4 ,e ?ird ^w 0 ei!r ,lat91 ,fr5*1   

,spani%1 ,italian1 or ,engli%4          
,francisci ( ,lbeck1 :o describ$ all !  
discov]ies ( ! ,new ,_w 9 a colloquial  
romance conta9$ 9 a ?ick folio volume1 0
 ! mo/ extravagant ( ^! scribbl]s4 ,!   
romances ( ,antony ,ulric1 duke (       
,brunswick1 :o embrac$ ,ca?olicism on ! 
occasion ( ! m>riage ( 8 daught] ) !    
emp]or ,*>les ,,vi41 are equally bad4   
,lauremb]g's satires1 writt5 ,a4,d4     
#aefd1 are excell5t4 ,he said ) great   
tru? t ! ,fr5* _h depriv$ ! ,g]man muse 
( h] nose & _h pat*$ on ano!r q unsuit$ 
to h] ,g]man e>s4 ,mos*]os* 7,phil&] von
 ,sittewald7 wrote an admirable & cutt+ 
satire ^u ! mann]s ( ! age1 & ,greif5son
 von ,hirs*feld is wor?y ( m5tion z !   
au?or ( ! fir/ hi/orical romance t gives
 an accurate & graphic acc\nt ( ! /ate (
 ,g]many dur+ ! ?irty ye>s' w>4  ,?is   
fir/ s*ool 0 succe$$ by a second (      
surpass+ extravagance4 ,h(fman von      
,h(fmannswaldau1 ,a4,d4 #afgi1 ! f\nd] (
 ! second ,silesian s*ool1 0 a c>icature
 ( ,opitz1 ,loh5/e9 ( ,gryphius1 ,bess] 

( ,flemm+1 ,tal&] & ,ziegl] ( ,zes51 &  
ev5 ,francisci 0 outdone by t mo/       
intol]able ( romanc]s1 ,happel4 ,?is    
s*ool 0 rem>kable = ! mo/ extravagant   
lic5se & bomba/ical nons5se1 a sad pro( 
( ! moral p]v]sion ( ! age4 ,! ,g]man   
"*1 nev]!less1 betray$ itself by a sort 
( nave p$antry1 a pro(1 7 any want+1 t !
 o/5tati\s absurdities ( ! poets (      
,g]many 7 b bad & paltry imitations4 ,! 
,fr5* ,alex&r9e 0 also br\ght into vogue
 by ?is s*ool1 ^: immorality 0 c>ri$ to 
! highe/ pit* by ,gn!r1 ! lyric poet1   
:o1 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 
oppos$ m>riage1 attempt$ ! emancipation 
( ! female sex1 &1 ) crim9al g5iality1  
recomm5d$ 8 follies & crimes1 z highly  
int]e/+1 to ! _w4 ,to him ! poet1       
,s*nabel1 ! au?or ( an admirable        
romance1 ! ,isl& ( ,fels5burg1 ! asylum1
 9 ano!r hemisph]e1 ( virtue1 exil$ f   
,europe1 (f]s a noble contra/4  ,?ree   
,ca?olic poets ( extreme orig9ality     
appe> at ! close ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1   
,angelus ,silesius 7,s*effl] (          

,breslau71 :o gave to ! _w 8 devotional 
?\ghts 9 ,g]man ,alex&r9es2 ,fa!r       
,abraham a ,sancta ,cl>a 7,meg]le (     
,swabia71 a celebrat$ ,vi5nese prea*]1  
:o1 ) comical sev]ity1 wrote satires    
ab\nd+ ) wit & humor\s obs]vations2 &   
,balde1 :o wrote "s f9e ,lat9 poems on  
,god & nature4 ,prtorius1 ,a4,d4 #afhj1 
! fir/ collector ( ! popul> leg5d>y     
ballads conc]n+ ,rbezahl & o!r spirits1 
gho/s & wit*es1 also des]ves m5tion4 ,! 
,silesian1 ,/ranizki1 :o1 ,a4,d4 #agjh1 
f\nd$ ! ,leopold/adt !atre at ,vi5na1   
:i* aft]w>d became s celebrat$1 & gave  
to x ! popul> comic /yle = :i* x is     
fam\s at ! pres5t day1 0 also a poet (  
extreme orig9ality4 ,gotts*$ appe>$ z ! 
h]o ( ,gallomania1 :i* 0 at t "t ?reat5$
 ) gradual ext9ction by ! ,spani% &     
,hamburg romance & by ,vi5nese wit4     
,assi/$ by ,neub]1 ! actress1 he        
extirpat$ all t 0 n /rictly ,fr5*1      
solemnly burn$ ,h>lequ9 9 effigy at     
,leipzig1 ,a4,d4 #agcg1 & laid d[n a law
 = ,g]man poetry1 :i* prescrib$ ob$i5ce 

to ! rules ( ! /ilt$ ,fr5* c\rt-poetry1 
"u pa9 ( ! critic's la%4 ,he & 8 le>n$  
wife guid$ ! lit]ature ( ,g]many =      
sev]al ye>s4  ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! lit]>y     
ab]rations1 dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! =ego+    
c5tury1 ,?omson1 ! ,engli% poet1 ,brokes
 ( ,hamburg1 & ! ,swiss1 ,alb]t von     
,hall]1 gave _! descriptions ( nature to
 ! _w4 ,brokes1 9 8 ,e>?ly ,pleasures 9 
,god1 0 fai?ful1 (t5 ,hom]ic1 9 8       
descriptions1 :ile ,hall] depictur$ 8   
native ,alps ) unp>allel$ sublimity4 ,! 
latt] 0 succe$$ by a ,swiss s*ool1 :i*  
imitat$ ! witty & lib]al-m9d$ criticisms
 ( ,addison & o!r ,engli% writ]s1 &     
oppos$ ,fr5* ta/e & ,gotts*$4 ,at its   
head /ood ,bodm] & ,breit+]1 :o         
recomm5d$ nature z a guide1 & in/ead ( !
 /udy ( ,fr5* lit]ature1 t ( ! anci5t   
classics & ( ,engli% au?ors4 ,x 0 also  
ow+ to _! ex]tions t ,mll] publi%$ an   
edition ( ,rudig] ,maness's collection (
 ,swabian ,m9neli$]1 ! connect+ l9k     
betwe5 mod]n & anci5t ,g]man poetry4    
,/ill1 not)/&+ _! m]it z critics1 !y 7  

no poets1 & m]ely op5$ to o!rs ! road to
 improvem5t4 ,hag$orn1 al?\gh frivol\s 9
 8 ideas1 0 graceful & easy 9 8         
v]sification2 b ! mo/ em95t poet ( ! age
 0 ,gell]t ( ,leipzig1 ,a4,d4 #agfi1 ^: 
tales1 fables1 & essays br\ght him into 
su* note z to attract ! att5tion (      
,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o1 not)/&+ !        
contempt 9 :i* he held ! poets (        
,g]many1 honor$ him ) a p]sonal visit4  
,poets & critics n[ rose 9 e qu>t] &    
pitilessly assail$ ,gotts*$1 ! *ampion (
 ,gallomania4 ,!y 7 !mselves divid$ into
 two opposite p>ties1 into ,anglomani/s 
& ,grcomani/s1 accord+ to _! pr$ilection
 = mod]n ,engli% lit]ature or = t (     
anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,engl&1 gr\nd$1 
z ^u a rock1 on h] self-ga9$            
con/itution1 produc$ m5 ( ! r>e/ g5ius 9
 all ! high] walks ( sci5ce & lit]ature1
 & h] philosoph]s1 naturali/s1          
hi/orians1 & poets ex]cis$ ! happie/    
influ5ce ov] _! ,teutonic bre?r51 :o    
s\ght to rega9 f !m ! vigor ( :i* !y _h 
be5 depriv$ by ,france4 ,! p[] &        

national le>n+ ( ,g]many break =? 9     
,klop/ock1 ^: g5ius va9ly s\ght a       
natural g>b & 0 compell$ to assume a    
borr[$ =m4 ,he consecrat$ 8 muse to !   
s]vice ( religion1 b1 9 s do+1 imitat$ !
 ,hom]ic hexamet]s ( ,milton2 he s\ght  
to ar\se ! national pride ( 8 c\ntrym5  
by recall+ ! de$s ( ,h]mann 7,arm97 &   
t]m$ himself a b>d1 b1 9 ! ,horatian    
metre ( 8 songs1 imitat$ ,ossian1 ! old 
,scotti% b>d1 & 0 consequ5tly labor$ &  
affect$ 9 8 /yle4 ,o!rs took ! less]    
,engli% poets = _! model1 z1 = in/ance1 
,klei/1 :o fell at ,kun]sdorf1 copi$    
,?omson 9 8 ,spr+2 ,za*>i1 ,pope1 9 8   
satirical pieces2 ,h]mes1 9 ,! ,travels 
( ,sophia1 ! humor\s romances (         
,ri*>dson2 ,mll] von ,itzehoe1 9 8      
,siegfri$ von ,l9d5b]g1 ! comic         
descriptions ( ,smollett4 ,! influ5ce ( 
! celebrat$ ,engli% poets1 ,%akespe>e1  
,swift1 & ,/]ne1 on ! tone ( ,g]man     
humor & satire1 0 /ill great]4 ,swift's 
fir/ imitator1 ,lisc[1 display$         
consid]able tal5t1 & ,rab5]1 a great "p 

( ^: manuscripts 0 burn$ dur+ ! siege ( 
,dresd5 9 ! sev5 ye>s' w>1 wrote witty1 
& at ! same "t in/ructive1 satires on ! 
mann]s ( 8 age4 ,bo? 7 surpass$ by      
,li*t5b]g1 ! little hump-back$          
philosoph] ( ,gtt+51 ^: compositions are
 replete ) grace4 ,! witty & amiable    
,?mmmel 0 also =m$ on an ,engli% model1 
& ,ar*5holz solely occupi$ himself )    
transport+ ! cu/oms & lit]ature ( ,engl&
 into ,g]many4 ,if ,%akespe>e has n be5 
)\t influ5ce ^u ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 ,/]ne1 
9 8 ,s5tim5tal ,j\rney1 t\*$ an e*o+    
*ord 9 ! ,g]man's he>t by bl5d+ pa?os ) 
8 je/s4 ,hippel 0 ! fir/ :o1 l him1     
unit$ wit ) pa?os1 mock]y ) te>s4  ,9   
,klop/ock1 ,anglo & ,graecomania 7      
comb9$4 ,! latt] _h1 h[ev]1 also its    
p>ticul> s*ool1 9 :i* ea* ( ! ,greek &  
,roman poets f\nd 8 imitator4 ,voss1 =  
in/ance1 took ,hom] = 8 model1 ,raml]1  
,horace1 ,gleim1 ,anacreon1 ,gessn]1    
,!ocritus1 ,cram]1 ,p9d>1 ,li*tw]1 sop1 
etc4 ,! ,g]mans1 9 ! ridicul\s attempt  
to set !mselves up z ,greeks1 71 9 tru?1

 b>b>ians4 ,b all 0 =c$1 unnatural1 &   
p]v]t$ 9 ?is ap+ age4 ,wiel& alone 0    
deeply s5sible ( ?is want ( nature1 &   
h5ce arose 8 pr$ilection = ! be/ poets (
 ,greece & ,france4 ,! ,g]man muse1 l$  
by 8 g5ius1 lo/ h] anci5t /iffness &    
acquir$ a pliant grace1 to :i* ! /]ne/  
critic ( 8 too lax morality is n        
ins5sible4 ,"s lyric poets1 connect$ ) !
 ,graecomani/s by ! ,gtt+5 ,ha9bund1    
pres]v$ a noble simplicity1 m p>ticul>ly
 ,salis & ,hlty1 & also ,c\nt ,/olb]g1  
:]ev] he has n be5 l$ a/ray by ,voss's  
/ilt$ mann]4 ,mat?ison is1 on ! o!r h&1 
mo/ t$i\sly affect$4  ,! ,g]man1 nev] m 
at home ?an :5 abroad1 boa/$ ( be+ !    
cosmopolite he _h become1 made a virtue 
( necessity1 & t]m$ 8 want ( patriotism1
 ju/ice to o!rs1 humanity1 philan?ropy4 
,=tunately = him1 !re 71 besides !      
,fr5*1 o!r nations on :i* he c\ld model 
himself1 ! anci5t ,greeks & ! ,engli%1 f
 ea* ( :om he ga!r$ some?+ until he _h  
conv]t$ himself into a sort ( univ]sal  
ab/ract4 ,! great poets1 :o %ortly be=e 

& aft] ! sev5 ye>s' w>1 put an end to   
m]e p>tial imitations1 7 n actuat$ by a 
reaction ( nationality1 b by a s5tim5t (
 univ]sality4 ,_! object 01 n to oppose 
! ,g]man to ! =eign1 b simply ! human to
 ! s+le national elem5t1 &1 al?\gh      
,g]many gave !m bir?1 !y reg>d$ ! :ole  
_w equally z _! c\ntry4  ,less+1 by 8   
triumph ov] ! s*ola/ic p$ants1 complet$ 
:at ,?omasius _h begun1 by 8 irresi/ible
 criticism drove ,fr5* ta/e f ! lit]>y  
ar5a1 aid$ ,w9ckelmann to promote ! /udy
 ( ! anci5ts & to fo/] ! love ( art1 &  
rais$ ! ,g]man !atre to an unprec$5t$   
height4 ,8 native language1 9 :i* he    
always wrote1 brea!s1 ev5 9 8 mo/ trifl+
 works1 a free & l(ty _s1 :i*1 fasc9at+ 
9 e age1 0 m peculi>ly s at t emasculat$
 p]iod4 ,he is1 h[ev]1 totally devoid ( 
patriotism4 ,9 8 ,m9na von ,b>nhelm1 he 
inculcates ! f9e/ feel+s ( honor2 8     
,na?an is replete ) ! wisdom t come? f  
above & ) calm dignity2 & 9 ,emilia     
,galotti he has be5 ! fir/ to draw !    
veil1 hi!rto respect$1 f sc5es 9 real   

life4 ,8 life 01 l 8 m9d1 indep5d5t4 ,he
 scorn$ to cr+e = favor1 ev5 disda9$    
lett]s ( recomm5dation :5 visit+ ,italy 
7,w9ckelmann _h deviat$ f ! tru? = !    
sake ( pleas+ a patron71 cont5t$ himself
 ) ! scanty lot ( a libr>ian at         
,wolf5bttel1 & ev5 pref]r$ los+ t       
appo9tm5t r ?an subject himself to !    
c5sor%ip4 ,he 0 ! bolde/1 free/1 f9e/ _s
 ( ! age4  ,h]d]1 al?\gh no less noble1 
0 exactly 8 opposite4 ,( a s(t & yield+ 
temp]am5t1 unimag9ative1 & gift$ )      
little p5etration1 b ) a ke5 s5se ( !   
beautiful 9 o!rs1 he op5$ to 8 fell[    
c\ntrym5 ) unremitt+ dilig5ce ! lit]>y  
treasures ( =eign nations1 anci5t       
classical poetry1 t1 hi!rto unkn[n1 ( ! 
,ea/1 & rescu$ f obscurity ! old popul> 
poetry ( ,g]many4 ,9 8 ,ideas ( a       
,philosophical ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 he    
attempt$ to display 9 ri* & manifold    
v>iety ! moral "* ( e nation & ( e age1 
&1 :ile ?us creat+ & improv+ ! ta/e =   
poetry & hi/ory1 ev]1 ) *ildlike piety1 
s\ght = & rev]$ ,god 9 all 8 works4     

,goe!1 ) a f> ri*] imag9ation1 possess$ 
! elegance b n ! indep5d5ce ( ,less+1   
all ! s(tness1 pa?os1 & univ]sality (   
,h]d]1 )\t 8 fai?4 ,9 ! treatm5t & *oice
 ( 8 subjects he is indubitably !       
greate/ poet ( ,g]many1 b he 0 nev]     
inspir$ ) en?usiasm except = himself4 ,8
 p]sonal vanity 0 excessive4 ,8 works1 l
 ! lights 9 8 ap>tm5t at ,weim>1 :i* 7  
skilfully dispos$ s z to pres5t him 9 ! 
mo/ favorable mann] to 8 visitors1 b    
artfully reflect ^u self4 ,! mann] 9 :i*
 he palliat$ ! weaknesses ( ! he>t1 !   
va9 incl9ations1 %>$ by 8 contempor>ies 
9 common ) himself1 r5d]$ him ! mo/     
amiable & popul> au?or ( ! day4 ,fr5*   
frivolity & lic5se _h long be5 practic$1
 b !y _h also be5 rebuk$4 ,goe! 0 ! fir/
 :o gravely ju/ifi$ adult]y1 r5d]$ !    
s5tim5tal voluptu>y an object (         
en?usia/ic admiration1 & deifi$ ! h]oes 
( ! /age1 9 ^: imag9>y =tunes ! ,g]man  
=got sad reality & ! wret*$ fate ( 8    
c\ntry4 ,8 fade assumption ( dignity1 ! 
art ) :i* he ?rew ! veil ( my/]y ov] 8  

frivol\s t5d5cies & made 8 commonplace  
ideas pass = some?+ incr$ibly sublime1  
naturally met ) a/oni%+ success 9 8     
wond]-seek+ times4  ,r\sseau's influ5ce1
 ! ideas ( univ]sal re=m1 ! example (   
,engl&1 pr\d & free1 b /ill m1 !        
en?usiasm excit$ by ! ,am]ican w> (     
indep5d5ce1 inflam$ _m heads 9 ,g]many &
 rais$ a poetical opposition1 :i* began 
) ! bold-spirit$ ,s*ub>t1 ^: lib]al     
op9ions ?rew him into a prison1 b ^: _s 
/ill brea!d 9 8 songs & r\s$ t ( 8 great
 c\ntryman1 ,s*ill]4 ,! fir/ cry ( !    
oppress$ p 01 by ,s*ill]1 repeat$ ) a   
prophet's voice4 ,9 him _! woes f\nd an 
eloqu5t advocate4 ,less+ _h va9ly       
appeal$ to ! und]/&+1 b ,s*ill] spoke to
 ! he>t1 & if ! se$1 s[n by him1 fell   
p>tially on corrupt & b>r5 gr\nd1 x f\nd
 a fo/]+ soil 9 ! w>m1 unadult]at$ he>ts
 ( ! y\? ( bo? sexes4 ,he recall$ 8     
fell[-m51 9 ^? frivol\s times1 to a s5se
 ( self-respect1 he re/or$ to innoc5ce !
 p[] & dignity ( :i* %e _h be5 depriv$  
by ridicule1 & became ! *ampion (       

lib]ty1 ju/ice1 & 8 c\ntry1 ?+s f :i* ! 
love ( pleasure & ! ari/ocratic         
self-complac5cy1 exemplifi$ 9 ,goe!1 _h 
gradually & completely ,wean$ succe$+   
poets4 ,kl+]1 at ! same "t1 co>sely     
portray$ ! vices ( ! *ur* & /ate1 &     
,mey]n extravagat$ 9 8 romance          
,dya-,na-,sore on ,utopian happ9ess4 ,! 
poems ( ,mull]1 ! pa9t]1 are full (     
lat5t w>m?4 ,burg]1 ,pfeffel1 ! bl9d    
poet1 & ,claudius1 gave utt]ance1 9     
,s*ub>t's co>se mann]1 to a few trite   
truisms4 ,musu 0 greatly admir$ = 8     
amus+ popul> /ories4 ,z = ! re/1 x seem$
 z ?\gh ! spiritless writ]s ( t day _h  
f\nd x m conv5i5t to be viol5t & savage 
9 _! endless *ivalric pieces & romances 
?an1 l ,s*ill]1 /eadily & c\rage\sly to 
attack ! vices & evils ( _! age4 ,_!    
fire b end$ 9 smoke4 ,babo & ,ziegl]    
alone1 among ! dramati/s1 h a lib]al    
t5d5cy4 ,! _s t _h be5 call$ =? also    
deg5]at$ into m]e bac*analian lic5se1 &1
 9 ord] to return to nature1 ! limits   
set by dec5cy & cu/om 71 z by ,he9se1 = 

in/ance1 :o ?us disgrac$ 8 g5ius1       
wantonly ov]?r[n4  ,9 contradi/9ction to
 ^! wild spirits1 :i*1 :e!r borne al(t  
by _! g5ius or impell$ by ambition1     
quitt$ ! n>r[ limits ( daily exi/5ce1 a 
/ill great] numb] ( poets employ$ _!    
tal5ts 9 s++ ! praise ( common life1 &  
br\ght dome/icity & h\sehold            
s5tim5tality into vogue4 ,! v prose (   
life1 s unbe>able to ! =m]1 0 by !m     
conv]t$ into poetry4 ,al?\gh ! anci5t   
idyls & ! family sc5es ( ,engli% au?ors 
7 at fir/ imitat$1 ?is /yle ( poetry    
reta9$ an ess5tially ,g]man orig9ality2 
! h]o ( ! mod]n idyl1 unlike 8 anci5t   
model1 0 a fop trick$ out ) wig & cane1 
& ! dome/ic h]o ( ! tale1 unlike 8      
,engli% c\nt]p>t1 0 a m]e political     
nullity4 ,x is p]haps well :5 dome/ic   
com=ts replace ! want ( public life1 b  
^! poets hugg$ ! *a9 !y _h deck$ )      
fl[]s1 & =got ! reality4 ,!y =got t x is
 a mis=tune & a disgrace = a ,g]man to  
be )\t a c\ntry1 )\t a great national   
int]e/1 to be ! mo/ unwor?y desc5dant ( 

! greate/ ance/ors1 ! prey & ! je/ ( !  
=eign]2 to ?is !y 7 indiff]5t1          
ins5sible2 !y laid d[n ! maxim t a      
,g]man has no?+ m to d ?an to provide = 
himself & 8 family1 no o!r enemy to     
repel ?an dome/ic tr\ble1 no o!r duty   
?an to keep 8 ,g]man wife 9 ord]1 to s5d
 8 sons to ! univ]sity1 & to m>ry 8     
daught]s4 ,^! commonplace private       
int]e/s 7 )al m]ely adorn$ ) a little   
s5tim5tality4 ,no noble motive is       
discov]able 9 ,voss's celebrat$ ,l\isa &
 ,goe!'s ,h]mann & ,doro!a4 ,?is /yle ( 
poetry 0 s easy t hundr$s ( weak-head$  
m5 & wom5 made x _! occupation1 & family
 sc5es & plays spe$ily surpass$ !       
romances ( *ivalry 9 numb]4 ,! poet1    
nev]!less1 ex]cis$ no less an influ5ce1 
not)/&+ 8 volunt>y r5unciation ( 8      
privilege to elevate ! s9k+ m9ds ( 8    
c\ntrym5 by ! great memories ( ! pa/ or 
by ideal images1 & 8 degradation (      
poetry to a m]e palliation ( !          
weaknesses ( humanity4   ,footnote #a3  
,he 0 a fri5d ( ,grotius & is /yl$ !    

fa!r ( ,g]man poetry4--,trans4          
,footnote #b3 ,( :i* an edition1 mu*    
e/eem$1 0 publi%$ by ,less+ & ,raml]4   
,footnote #c3 ,adam ,els*lag] or        
,ole>ius1 an em95t travell] &           
ma!matician1 a native ( ,anhalt4 ,he    
became secret>y to an embassy s5t to    
,russia & ,p]sia by ! duke (            
,hol/e94--,trans4           99       99 
99       99       99  ,,"p ,,xxii  ,,!  
,,great ,,w>s ,,) ,,france  ,,ccxlvi4 ,!
 ,fr5* ,revolution   ,9 no o!r ,european
 /ate _h despotism arriv$ at su* a pit* 
z 9 ,france2 ! p groan$ b5ea? ! heavy   
burd5s impos$ by ! c\rt1 ! nobility1 & !
 cl]gy1 & aga9/ ^! two e/ates !re 0 no  
appeal1 _! tyranny be+ protect$ by !    
c\rt1 to :i* !y _h s]vilely submitt$4 ,!
 c\rt _h r5d]$ itself n only unpopul>1 b
 contemptible1 by its excessive lic5se1 
:i* _h also spread d[nw>d among ! high] 
classes2 ! gov]nm5t 01 moreov]1         
impov]i%$ by extravagance & weak5$ by an
 incapable adm9i/ration1 ! helm ( /ate1 
in/ead ( be+ guid$ by a ma/]-h&1 hav+   

fall5 "u ,l\is ,,xv4 into t ( a woman4  
,9 ,france1 :]e ! ideas ( mod]n         
philosophy emanat$ f ! c\rt1 !y spread m
 rapidly ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry among !   
ti]s-etat1 & ! _s ( rese>*1 (           
improvem5t1 ( ridicule ( all t 0 old1   
naturally l$ ! p to inquire into !      
adm9i/ration1 to discov] & to ridicule  
its errors4 ,! natural wit ( ! p1 %>p5$ 
by daily oppression & embold5$ by       
,voltaire's unsp>+ ridicule ( objects   
hi!rto held sacr$1 f\nd ample food 9 !  
policy pursu$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ridicule 
became ! weapon ) :i* ! ti]s-etat rev5g$
 ! tyranny ( ! high] classes4 ,z le>n+  
spread1 ! de$s ( o!r nations1 :o _h     
happily & glori\sly ca/ (f ! yoke ( _!  
oppressors1 became kn[n to ! p4 ,! names
 ( ! patriots ( ,greece & ,rome pass$ f 
m\? to m\?1 & _! actions became ! !me ( 
! ris+ g5]ation2 b m p[]ful ?an all 9   
effect1 0 ! example ( ! ,nor? ,am]icans1
 :o1 ,a4,d4 #aghc1 sep>at$ !mselves f _!
 "m-c\ntry1 ,engl&1 & f\nd$ a republic4 
,france1 int5t ^u weak5+ h] anci5t foe1 

l5t h] c\nt5ance to ! new republic1 &   
numb]s ( h] sons f\ght b5ea? h] /&>d &  
bore ! novel ideas ( lib]ty back to _!  
native l&1 :]e !y spe$ily produc$ a     
f]m5tation among _! m]curial c\ntrym54  
,l\is ,,xv41 a voluptu\s & extravagant  
mon>*1 0 succe$$ by ,l\is ,,xvi41 a man 
( ref9$ habits1 pi\s & b5evol5t 9       
disposition1 b unpossess$ ( ! moral p[] 
requisite = ! ext]m9ation ( ! evils     
deeply root$ 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,8 que51     
,m>ie ,anto9ette1 si/] to ,joseph ,,ii41
 little resembl$ h] bro!r or h] husb& 9 
h] ta/es1 0 devot$ to gaiety1 &1 by h]  
example1 c\nt5anc$ ! mo/ lavi%          
extravagance4 ,! evil increas$ to a     
fe>ful degree4 ,! taxes no long]        
suffic$2 ! ex*equ] 0 robb$ by privileg$ 
?ieves2 an enorm\s debt cont9u$ to      
increase2 & ! k+1 almo/ r$uc$ to !      
necessity ( decl>+ ! /ate bankrupt1     
dem&$ aid f ! nobility & cl]gy1 :o1     
hi!rto free f taxation1 _h amass$ ! :ole
 weal? ( ! empire4  ,! ari/ocracy1 ev]  
bl9d to _! true int]e/1 refus$ to       

comply1 &1 by s do+1 compell$ ! k+ to h 
rec\rse to ! ti]s-etat4 ,accord+ly1     
,a4,d4 #aghi1 he convok$ a g5]al        
assembly1 9 :i* ! deputies s5t by !     
citiz5s & peasant classes 7 n only      
num]ically equal to ^? ( ! ari/ocracy1 b
 7 greatly sup]ior to !m 9 tal5t &      
en]gy1 &1 on ! refusal ( ! nobility &   
cl]gy to comply ) ! j dem&s ( !         
ti]s-etat1 or ev5 to hold a common sitt+
 ) _! despis$ inf]iors1 ^! deputies     
decl>$ ! national assembly to consi/ (  
!mselves alone1 & proce$$1 on _! own    
responsibility1 to scrut9ize ! evils ( !
 adm9i/ration & to discuss rem$ial      
measures4 ,! :ole nation applaud$ !     
manly & c\rage\s conduct ( its          
repres5tatives4 ,! ,p>isians1 ev] 9     
extremes1 revolt$1 & murd]$ ! unpopul>  
public (fic]s2 ! soldi]s1 in/ead (      
quell+ ! rebellion1 frat]niz$ ) ! p4 ,! 
national assembly1 embold5$ by ^! fir/  
successes1 und]took a ?or\gh            
trans=mation ( ! /ate1 &1 9 ord] to     
atta9 ! object = :i* !y _h be5 assembl$1

 t ( procur+ supplies1 decl>$ !         
ari/ocracy subject to taxation1 & sold !
 enorm\s prop]ty belong+ to ! *ur*4 ,!y 
w5t /ill fur!r4 ,! p 0 decl>$ ! only    
true sov]eign1 & ! k+ ! fir/ s]vant ( ! 
/ate4 ,all di/9ctions & privileges 7    
aboli%$1 & all ,fr5*m5 7 decl>$ equal4  
,! nobility & cl]gy1 infuriat$ by ?is   
dreadful humiliation1 embitt]$ ! p /ill 
m aga9/ !m by _! futile opposition1 &1  
at l5g? conv9c$ ( ! hopelessness ( _!   
cause1 emigrat$ 9 cr[ds & attempt$ to =m
 ano!r ,france on ! bord]s ( _! c\ntry 9
 ! ,g]man ,rh5i% prov9ces4 ,worms &     
,cobl5tz 7 _! *ief places ( resort4 ,9 !
 latt] city1 !y cont9u$ _! ,p>isian mode
 ( life at ! exp5se ( ! av>ici\s elector
 ( ,treves1 ,clem5t ,w5zel1 a ,saxon    
pr9ce1 by ^: p[]ful m9i/]1 ,dom9ique1 !y
 7 support$1 & act$ ) unp>allel$        
impud5ce4 ,!y 7 head$ by ! two bro!rs ( 
! ,fr5* k+1 :o ent]$ into negotiation ) 
all ! =eign p[]s1 & !y v[$ to def5d !   
cause ( ! sov]eigns aga9/ ! p4 ,l\is1 :o
 = "s "t wav]$ betwe5 ! national        

assembly & ! emigrants1 0 at l5g?       
p]suad$ by ! que5 to ?r[ himself into ! 
arms ( ! latt]1 & secretly fl$1 b 0     
retak5 & subject$ to /ill m rigor\s     
treatm5t4 ,! emigrants1 in/ead ( sav+1  
hurri$ him to de/ruction4  ,! o!r       
,european p[]s at fir/ gave signs (     
indecision4 ,bl9d$ by a policy no long] 
suit$ to ! times1 !y m]ely beheld 9 !   
,fr5* ,revolution ! ru9 ( a /ate hi!rto 
inimical to !m1 & rejoic$ at ! ev5t4 ,! 
prospect ( an easy conque/ ( ! di/ract$ 
c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ere long l$ to !         
resolution on _! "p ( actively int]f]+ )
 its affairs4 ,au/ria 0 insult$ 9 !     
p]son ( ! ,fr5* que51 &1 z head ( !     
empire1 0 b\nd to protect ! rights ( !  
petty ,rh5i% pr9ces & nobility1 :o      
possess$ prop]ty & ecclesia/ical or     
feudal rights#a on ,fr5* t]ritory1 & _h 
be5 injur$ by ! new con/itution4        
,prussia1 habituat$ to despotism1 came  
=w>d z its *ampion 9 ! hope ( ga9+ new  
laurels = h] unemploy$ army4 ,a conf]5ce
 took place at ,pilnitz 9 ,saxony1      

,a4,d4 #agia1 betwe5 ,emp]or ,leopold & 
,k+ ,fr$]ick ,william1 at :i* ! ,c\nt   
,d',artois1 ! y\nge/ bro!r ( ,l\is      
,,xvi41 0 pres5t1 & a league 0 =m$ aga9/
 ! ,revolution4 ,! old m9i/]s /rongly   
oppos$ x4 ,9 ,prussia1 ,h]zb]g drew ^u  
himself ! displeasure ( 8 sov]eign by   
zeal\sly advis+ a union ) ,france aga9/ 
,au/ria4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ,kaunitz recomm5d$ 
peace1 & said t 7 he all[$ to act he    
w\ld defeat ! impetu\s ,fr5* by 8       
pati5ce2 t1 in/ead ( attack+ ,france1 he
 w\ld calmly wat* ! ev5t & all[ h]1 l a 
volcano1 to br+ de/ruction ^u h]self4   
,f]d9& ( ,brunswick1 field-m>%al (      
,prussia1 0 equally oppos$ to w>4 ,8    
fame z ! greate/ g5]al ( 8 "t _h be5 too
 easily ga9$1 m by 8 manoeuvres ?an by 8
 victories1 n to induce a fe> on 8 side 
( be+ z easily depriv$ ( x 9 a fre% w>2 
b ! proposal ( ! revolution>y p>ty 9    
,france--)9 ^: m9ds ! memory ( ,rossba* 
0 /ill fre%--mi/ru/ful ( ,fr5* skill1 to
 nom9ate him g5]alissimo ( ! troops ( ! 
republic1 conspir$ ) ! incessant        

entreaties ( ! emigrants to reanimate 8 
c\rage2 & he f9ally decl>$ t1 foll[$ by 
! fam\s troops ( ! great ,fr$]ick1 he   
w\ld put a spe$y t]m9ation to ! ,fr5*   
,revolution4  ,leopold ,,ii4 01 z bro!r 
to ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 greatly embitt]$   
aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,! dis9cl9ation ( !      
,au/rians to ! re=ms ( ,joseph ,,ii4    
appe>s to h *iefly confirm$ him 9 !     
conviction ( f9d+ a sure support 9 ! old
 sy/em4 ,he consequ5tly /rictly         
prohibit$ ! slighte/ innovation & plac$ 
a p[] hi!rto unkn[n 9 ! h&s ( ! police1 
m p>ticul>ly 9 ^? ( its secret          
function>ies1 :o li/5$ to e ^w &        
consign$ ! suspect$ to ! oblivion ( a   
dungeon4 ,?is mute t]rorism f\nd _m a   
victim4 ,?is sy/em 01 on ! dea? (       
,leopold ,,ii41 ,a4,d4 #agib1b publicly 
aboli%$ by 8 son & successor1 ,francis  
,,ii41 b 0 ere long aga9 c>ri$ on 9     
secret4  ,ca!r9e ,,ii41 ) ! view ( seiz+
 ! re/ ( ,pol&1 employ$ e art 9 ord] to 
in/igate ,au/ria & ,prussia to a w> )   
,france1 & by ^! means fully to occupy  

!m 9 ! ,we/4 ,! ,prussian k+1 al?\gh    
aw>e ( h] projects1 deem$ ! ,fr5* an    
easy conque/1 & t 9 case ( necessity 8  
armies c\ld )\t difficulty be ?r[n into 
,pol&4 ,he mean:ile secur$ ! popul>     
feel+ 9 ,pol& 9 8 favor by conclud+1    
,a4,d4 #agij1 an alliance ) ,/anislaus &
 giv+ 8 cons5t to ! improv$ con/itution 
e/abli%$ 9 ,pol&1 ,a4,d4 #agia4 ,h]zb]g 
_h ev5 c\nsell$ an alliance ) ,france & 
,pol&1 ! latt] 0 to be brib$ ) a promise
 ( ! annexation ( ,galicia1 aga9/       
,au/ria & ,russia2 ?is plan 01 h[ev]1   
m]ely :isp]$ ab\t = ! purpose ( bl9d+ ! 
,poles & ( al>m+ ,russia4  ,! bur/+ /orm
 0 anticipat$ on ! "p ( ! ,fr5* by a    
decl>ation ( w>1 ,a4,d4 #agib1 & :ile   
,au/ria /ill rema9$ beh9d = ! purpose ( 
wat*+ ,russia1 ,pol&1 & ,turkey1 & !    
unwieldy empire 0 engag$ 9 rais+ troops1
 ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick _h already l$ !    
,prussians across ! ,rh9e4 ,he 0 jo9$ by
 ! emigrants "u ,conde1 ^: army almo/   
entirely consi/$ ( (fic]s4 ,! well-kn[n 
manife/o1 publi%$ by ! duke ( ,brunswick

 on 8 entrance into ,france1 & 9 :i* he 
decl>$ 8 int5tion to level ,p>is ) !    
gr\nd %\ld ! ,fr5* refuse to submit to !
 au?ority ( _! sov]eign1 0 compos$ by   
,r5fn]1 ! c\nsellor ( ! embassy at      
,b]l94 ,! emp]or & ,fr$]ick ,william1   
p]suad$ t fe> w\ld r$uce ! ,fr5* to     
ob$i5ce1 _h approv$ ( ?is manife/o1 :i* 
01 on ! contr>y1 disapprov$ ( by ! duke 
( ,brunswick1 on acc\nt ( its b>b>ity & 
its ill-accordance ) ! rules ( w>4#c ,he
 did n1 h[ev]1 )draw 8 signature on its 
publication4 ,! effect ( ?is manife/o 0 
t ! ,fr5*1 in/ead ( be+ /ruck ) t]ror1 7
 madd5$ ) rage1 depos$ _! k+1 proclaim$ 
a republic1 & flew to arms 9 ord] to    
def5d _! cities aga9/ ! b>b>ians ?reat5+
 !m ) de/ruction4 ,! ,orleans p>ty & !  
,jacob9s1 :o 7 9 close alliance ) !     
,g]man ,illum9ati1 7 at t "t fir/ able  
to ga9 ! ma/]y & to supplant !          
noble-spirit$ con/itutionali/s4 ,a      
,prussian b>on1 ,ana*asis ,cloots1#d 0  
ev5 elect$ 9 ! national conv5tion ( !   
,fr5* republic1 :]e he appe>$ z !       

advocate ( ! :ole human race4 ,^!       
a!i/ical babbl]s1 h[ev]1 talk$ to little
 purpose1 b ! national pride ( ! troops1
 ha/ily levi$ & s5t aga9/ ! invad]s1    
effect$ wond]s4  ,! delusion ( !        
,prussians 0 s complete t ,bis*(sw]d]   
said to ! (fic]s1 ,d n pur*ase too _m   
horses1 ! affair w soon be ov]2 & ! duke
 ( ,brunswick rem>k$1 ,g5tlem51 n too   
mu* baggage1 ?is is m]ely a milit>y     
trip4  ,! ,prussians1 x is true1 wond]$ 
t ! inhabitants did n1 z ! emigrants _h 
alleg$ !y w\ld1 cr[d to meet & greet !m 
z _! saviors & lib]ators1 b at fir/ !y  
met ) no opposition4 ,! noble-spirit$   
,lafayette1 :o comm&$ ! ma9 body ( !    
,fr5* army1 _h at fir/ attempt$ to m>*  
^u ,p>is = ! purpose ( sav+ ! k+1 b !   
troops 7 already too mu* republicaniz$ &
 he 0 compell$ to seek refuge 9 !       
,ne!rl&s1 :]e he 01 toge!r ) 8          
companions1 seiz$ by comm& ( ! emp]or ( 
,au/ria1 & ?r[n into prison at ,olmtz1  
:]e he rema9$ dur+ five ye>s "u ! mo/   
rigor\s treatm5t m]ely on acc\nt ( !    

lib]ality ( 8 op9ions1 because he want$ 
a con/itutional k+1 & not)/&+ 8 hav+    
endang]$ 8 life & 8 honor 9 ord] to save
 8 sov]eign4 ,su* 0 ! hatr$ ) :i*       
high-m9d$ m5 ( /rict pr9ciple 7 at t    
p]iod view$1 :ile at ! same "t a        
negotiation 0 c>ri$ on ) ,dum\riez1#e a 
*>act]less ,jacob9 intriguant1 :o _h    
succe$$ ,lafayette 9 ! comm& ( ! ,fr5*  
armies4  ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick n[ became !
 dupe ( ,dum\riez1 z he _h =m]ly be5 t (
 ! emigrants4 ,9 ! hope ( a c\nt]-      
revolution 9 ,p>is1 he procra/9at$ 8    
advance & lo/ 8 mo/ valuable "t 9 !     
siege ( =tresses4 ,v]dun fell3 ?ree     
beautiful citiz5s' daught]s1 :o _h      
pres5t$ b\quets to ! k+ ( ,prussia1 7   
aft]w>d s5t to ! guillot9e by !         
republicans z traitoresses to _! c\ntry4
 ,f]d9&1 not)/&+ ?is success1 /ill      
delay$ 8 advance 9 ! hope ( ga9+ ov] !  
wily ,fr5* comm&] & ( ?us secur+ be=eh& 
8 triumph 9 a conte/ 9 :i* 8 anci5t fame
 might o!rwise be at /ake4 ,! impati5t  
k+1 :o _h accompani$ ! army1 spurr$ him 

on1 b 01 ow+ to 8 ignorance ( milit>y   
matt]s1 aga9 pacifi$ by ! reasons alleg$
 by ! cauti\s duke4 ,dum\riez1          
consequ5tly1 ga9$ "t to collect         
consid]able re9=cem5ts & to unite 8 =ces
 ) ^? "u ,kell]mann ( ,alsace4 ,! two   
armies came )9 sight ( ea* o!r at       
,valmy2 ! k+ gave ord]s = battle1 & !   
,prussians 7 9 ! act ( advanc+ aga9/ !  
heights occupi$ by ,kell]mann1 :5 ! duke
 sudd5ly gave ord]s to halt & drew (f ! 
troops "u a l\d vivat f ! ,fr5*1 :o     
beheld ?is movem5t ) a/oni%m5t4 ,! k+ 0 
at fir/ greatly enrag$1 b 0 aft]w>d     
p]suad$ by ! duke ( ! prud5ce ( ?is     
extraord9>y /ep4 ,negotiations 7 n[     
c>ri$ on ) increas$ _s4 ,dum\riez1 :o1 l
 ,kaunitz1 said t ! ,fr5*1 if left to   
!mselves1 w\ld inevitably fall a prey to
 inte/9e convulsions1 also contriv$ to  
accu/om ! k+ to ! idea ( a future       
alliance ) ,france4 ,! result ( ^!      
intrigues 0 an armi/ice & ! retreat ( ! 
,prussian army1 :i* dys5t]y1 bad wea!r1 
& bad roads r5d]$ extremely de/ructive4 

,au/ria 0 n[1 ow+ to ! intrigues ( !    
duke ( ,brunswick & ! cr$ulity (        
,fr$]ick ,william1 left unprotect$4 ,z  
e>ly z ,june1 old ,m>%al ,lukn] invad$  
,fl&]s1 b1 be+ arre/$ on suspicion1 0   
replac$ by ,dum\riez1 :o cont9u$ ! w> 9 
! ,ne!rl&s & defeat$ ! /ad?old]1 ,alb]t1
 duke ( ,saxon- ,tes*eu 7son-9-law to   
,m>ia ,!resa1 9 consid]ation ( :i* he _h
 be5 end[$ ) ! pr9cipality ( ,tes*5 & ! 
/ad?old]%ip at ,brussels71 at ,jemappes1
 & ! :ole ( ! ,ne!rl&s fell into ! h&s (
 ! ,jacob9s1 :o1 on ! #ad? ( ,novemb]1  
ent]$ ,brussels1 :]e !y proclaim$ lib]ty
 & equality4 ,a few days lat] 7#ai? (   
,novemb]7 ! national conv5tion at ,p>is 
proclaim$ lib]ty & equality to all      
nations1 promis$ _! aid to all ^? :o    
ass]t$ _! lib]ty1 & ?reat5$ to compel ^?
 :o *ose to rema9 9 slav]y to accept (  
lib]ty4 ,z a prelim9>y1 h[ev]1 !        
,ne!rl&s1 aft] be+ decl>$ free1 7       
ransack$ ( e description ( movable      
prop]ty1 ( :i* ,pa*e1 a native (        
,freiburg 9 ,switz]l&1 at t "t ! ,fr5*  

m9i/] ( w>1 receiv$ a l>ge %>e4 ,!      
fluctuations ( ! w>1 h[ev]1 spe$ily     
recall$ ! ,jacob9s4 ,ano!r ,fr5* army "u
 ,cu/9es1 :i* _h m>*$ to ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 
ga9$ "t to take a firm foot+ 9 ,may5ce4 
,footnote #a3 ,to ! ar*bi%opric (       
,cologne belong$ ! bi%opric ( ,/rasburg1
 to ! ar*bi%opric ( ,treves1 ! bi%oprics
 ( ,metz1 ,t\l1 ,v]dun1 ,nancy1 ,/4     
,diez4 ,wrtemb]g1 ,bad51 ,d>m/adt1      
,nassau1 ,pfalz-,zweibrck51 ,le9+51     
,salm-,salm1 ,hoh5lohe-,b>t5/e91        
,lw5/e91 ,w]!im1 ! ,teutonic ord]1 !    
knights ( ,/4 ,john1 ! imm$iate nobility
 ( ! empire1 ! bi%op ( ,basel1 etc41 _h1
 moreov]1 feudal rights )9 ! ,fr5*      
t]ritory4 ,! ar*- *ancellor1 elector (  
,may5ce1 made ! patriotic proposal to ! 
imp]ial diet t ! empire %\ld1 n[ t      
,france _h1 by ! violation ( !          
conditions ( peace1 infr+$ ! old &      
%ameful treaties by :i* ,g]many _h be5  
depriv$ ( h] prov9ces1 seize !          
opportunity also on h] "p to refuse to  
recognize ^? treaties1 & to rega9 :at %e

 _h lo/4 ,?is s5sible proposal1 h[ev]1  
f\nd no "o capable ( c>ry+ x into       
effect4  ,footnote #b3 ,8 sons 7 !      
emp]or ,francis ,,ii41 ,f]d9&1 gr&duke (
 ,tuscany1 ! ar*duke ,*>les1 celebrat$ =
 8 milit>y tal5ts1 ,joseph1 palat9e (   
,hung>y1 ,antony1 gr&-ma/] ( ! ,teutonic
 ord]1 :o di$ at ,vi5na1 ,a4,d4 #ahce1  
,john1 a g5]al 7he liv$ = _m ye>s 9     
,/yria71 ! pres5t imp]ial vic>-g5]al (  
,g]many1 & ,rayn]1 vic]oy (             
,milan4--,trans4  ,footnote #c3 ,g5tz1  
:o aft]w>d wrote s _m manife/oes =      
,au/ria1 practically rem>ks t ?is       
celebrat$ manife/o 0 9 p]fect con=mity )
 ! int5t & t ! only fault committ$ 0 !  
non-fulfillm5t ( ! ?reats !re9 conta9$4 
,footnote #d3 ,f ,cleve4 ,he comp>$     
himself ) ,ana*>sis ! ,scy?ian1 a       
b>b>ian1 :o visit$ ,greece = ! sake (   
le>n+4 ,he sacrific$ ! :ole ( 8 prop]ty 
to ! ,revolution4 ,foll[$ by a troop (  
m5 dress$ 9 ! co/umes ( diff]5t nations1
 ( :om !y 7 ! pret5d$ repres5tatives1 he
 appe>$ be=e ! conv5tion1 f :i* he dem&$

 ! lib]ation ( ! :ole _w f ! yoke ( k+s 
& prie/s4 ,he became presid5t ( ! great 
,jacob9 club1 & x 0 pr9cipally ow+ to 8 
in/igations t ! ,fr5*1 at fir/ m]ely    
int5t ^u def5ce1 7 r\s$ to ! attack &   
inspir$ ) ! desire = conque/4  ,footnote
 #e3 ,dum\riez propos$ z negotiator     
,john ,mll]1 :o 0 at t "t tea*+ at      
,may5ce1 & :o 0 9 secret correspond5ce )
 him4 ,vide ,memoirs ( a ,celebrat$     
,/atesman1 edit$ by ,rd]4 ,rd] rem>ks t 
,john ,mll] is sil5t 9 8 autobiography  
conc]n+ 8 correspond5ce ) ! ,jacob9s1 = 
:i* he might1 "u a *ange ( circum/ances1
 h _h good reason4    ,,ccxlvii4 ,g]man 
,jacob9s   ,9 ,lorra9e & ,alsace1 !     
,revolution _h be5 hail$ ) delight by ! 
long-oppress$ p4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,july1    
#aghi1 ! peasants de/roy$ ! p>k ( !     
bi%op1 ,rohan1 at ,zab]n1 & kill$ imm5se
 quantities ( game4 ,! *ateaux &        
mona/]ies ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 7 aft]w>d    
r$uc$ to heaps ( ru9s1 &1 9 ,suntgau1 ! 
peasants took especial v5geance on !    
,jews1 :o _h1 9 t place1 long liv$ on ! 

fat ( ! l&4 ,mulhaus5 receiv$ a         
democratic con/itution & a ,jacob9 club4
 ,9 ,/rasburg1 ! t[n-h\se 0 assail$ by !
 populace1#a not)/&+ :i*1 ord] 0 ma9ta9$
 by ! mayor1 ,dietri*4 ,! unpopul>      
bi%op1 ,rohan1 0 replac$ by ,br5del1    
aga9/ :om ! p ( ,colm> revolt$1 & ev5   
assault$ him 9 ! *ur* = hav+ tak5 ! oa? 
impos$ by ! ,fr5* republic1 & :i* 0     
reject$ by all good ,ca?olics4 ,dietri*1
 aid$ by ! great majority ( ! citiz5s ( 
,/rasburg1 long succe$$ 9 keep+ ! sans  
culottes at bay1 b 0 at l5g? ov]come1   
depriv$ ( 8 (fice1 & guillot9$ at ,p>is1
 :ile ,eulogius ,s*neid]1 :o _h =m]ly   
be5 a pr(essor at ,bonn1 !n c\rt prea*] 
to ! ,ca?olic duke1 ,*>les (            
,wurtemb]g1#b became ! tyrant (         
,/rasburg1 &1 9 ! "* ( public accus]    
be=e ! revolution>y tribunal1 conduct$ !
 executions4 ,! national conv5tion at   
,p>is nom9at$ z 8 colleague ,monet1 a   
man tw5ty-f\r ye>s ( age1 totally       
ignorant ( ! ,g]man language1 & :o m]ely
 made himself rem>kable = 8 op5         

rapacity4#c ,?is 01 h[ev]1 a m]e prelude
 to f> great] horrors4 ,two memb]s ( !  
conv5tion1 ,/4 ,j & ,lebas1 unexpect$ly 
appe>$ at ,/rasburg1 decl>$ t no?+ _h z 
yet be5 done1 ord]$ ! executions to take
 place on a l>g] scale1 &1 ,a4,d4 #agic1
 impos$ a f9e ( n9e million livres on ! 
already plund]$ city4 ,! ,g]man co/ume &
 mode ( writ+ 7 also prohibit$2 e sign1 
writt5 9 ,g]man1 affix$ to ! h\ses1 0   
tak5 d[n1 &1 f9ally1 ! :ole ( ! city    
c\ncil & all ! (fic]s ( ! national gu>d 
7 arre/$ & ei!r exil$ or guillot9$1     
not)/&+ _! zeal\s advocacy (            
revolution>y pr9ciples1 on ! *>ge ( an  
und]/&+ ) ,au/ria1 )\t pro(1 on a m]e   
gr\ndless suspicion1 )\t be+ p]mitt$ to 
def5d !mselves1 = ! sole purpose (      
remov+ !m out ( ! way 9 ord] to replace 
!m ) trueborn ,fr5*m51 a ,p>isian mob1  
:o e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ! desolate h\ses4
 ,s*neid] & ,br5del cont9u$ to reta9 _! 
places by means ( ! base/ adulation4 ,on
 ! #ba/ ( ,novemb]1 a great fe/ival 0   
solemniz$ 9 ! ,m9/]1 :i* _h be5 conv]t$ 

into a temple ( ,reason4 ,! bu/ ( ,m>at1
 ! mo/ loa?some ( all ! mon/]s eng5d]$  
by ! ,revolution1 0 borne 9 solemn      
procession to ! ca!dral1 be=e ^: portals
 an imm5se fire 0 f$ ) pictures & images
 ( ! sa9ts1 crucifixes1 prie/s' g>m5ts1 
& sacr$ vessels1 among :i* ,br5del hurl$
 8 mitre4 ,)9 ! ca!dral walls1 ,s*neid] 
deliv]$ a disc\rse 9 controv]sion ( !   
,*ri/ian religion1 :i* he conclud$ by   
solemnly r5\nc+2 a numb] ( ,ca?olic     
ecclesia/ics foll[$ 8 example4 ,all !   
/atues & ecclesia/ical symbols 7 pil$ 9 
a rude heap at ! foot ( ! great t[]1 :i*
 x 0 also attempt$ to pull d[n = !      
promotion ( univ]sal equality1 an       
attempt :i* ! extraord9>y /r5g? ( !     
build+ & ! %ort reign ( revolution>y    
madness =tunately fru/rat$4 ,all ! m    
weal?y citiz5s _h1 mean:ile1 be5        
consign$ ei!r to ! guillot9e or to      
prison1 & _! h\ses fill$ ) ,fr5* b&its1 
:o revell$ 9 _! weal? & di%onor$ _!     
wives & daught]s4 ,eulogius ,s*neid] 0  
compell$ to seek at midnight = a wife1  

suspicion hav+ already atta*$ to him on 
acc\nt ( 8 =m] pr(ession4 ,x 01 h[ev]1  
too late4 ,on ! foll[+ morn+1 he 0 seiz$
 & s5t to ,p>is1 :]e he 0 guillot9$4    
,all ecclesia/ics1 all s*oolma/]s1 ev5 !
 hi/orian1 ,friese1 71 )\t exception1   
decl>$ suspect$ & dragg$ to ! prisons ( 
,besanon1 :]e !y suff]$ ! h>%e/ treatm5t
 at ! h&s ( ! comm&ant1 ,pr9ce ,*>les ( 
,hesse4 ,9 ,/rasburg1 ,neumann1 :o _h   
succe$$ ,s*neid] z public accus]1 rag$ )
 r$\bl$ fury4 ,! guillot9e 0 ev] at "w1 
0 illum9at$ dur+ ! night "t1 & 0 ! sc5e 
( ! orgies ( ! drunk5 b&its4 ,on !      
advance ( ! ,fr5* armies to ! fronti]s1 
! :ole c\ntry 0 pillag$4#d  ,9 o!r      
places1 :]e ! plund]+ habits ( ! ,fr5*  
_h n cool$ ! popul> en?usiasm1 x /ill   
rose high1 m p>ticul>ly at ,may5ce4 ,?is
 city1 :i* _h be5 r5d]$ a seat ( !      
,muses by ! elector1 ,fr$]ick ,*>les1 0 
9 a /ate ( complete demoralization4 ,on 
! loss ( ,/rasburg1 ,may5ce1 al?\gh !   
only rema9+ bulw>k ( ,g]many1 0 entirely
 ov]look$4 ,! w> _h already bur/ =?2 no 

imp]ial army _h z yet be5 levi$1 & !    
=tifications ( ,may5ce 7 9 ! mo/ %ameful
 /ate ( neglect4 ,magaz9es _h be5       
e/abli%$ by ! imp]ial troops on ! left  
bank ( ! ,rh9e1 seem+ly = ! m]e purpose 
( lett+ !m fall into ! h&s ( ,cu/9e3 b  
eight hundr$ ,au/rians g>rison$ ,may5ce2
 ! ,hessians1 al?\gh num]ically weak1 7 
alone s9c]e 9 _! ef=ts = ! def5ce (     
,g]many4 ,cu/9e's advanc$ gu>d no soon] 
came 9 sight ?an ! elector & all ! high]
 function>ies fl$ to ,as*aff5burg4 ,von 
,gymni*1 ! comm&ant ( ,may5ce1 call$ a  
c\ncil ( w> & surr5d]$ ! city1 :i* 0    
unanim\sly decl>$ unt5able by all pres5t
 ) ! exception ( ,eik5mai]1 :o1 not)/&+1
 w5t =?) ov] to ! ,fr5*1 & ( ,&uj>1 !   
comm&] ( ! eight hundr$ ,au/rians1 ) :om
 he in/antly evacuat$ ! place4 ,!       
,illum9ati1 :o 7 "h 9 great numb]1      
triumphantly op5$ ! gates to ! ,fr5*1   
,a4,d4 #agib4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y sc5es 7
 enact$4 ,a society1 ! memb]s ( :i*     
prea*$ ! doctr9es ( lib]ty & equality1 &
 at ^: head /ood ! pr(essors ,blau1     

,w$ek9d1 ,mett]ni*1 ,h(fmann1 ,=/]1 !   
em95t navigator1 ! doctors ,bhm] &      
,/amm1 ,dors* ( ,/rasburg1 etc41 *iefly 
m5 :o _h =m]ly be5 ,illum9ati1 0 =m$ 9  
imitation ( ! revolution>y ,jacob9 club 
at ,p>is4#e ,^! p committ$ unhe>d-(     
follies4 ,at fir/1 not)/&+ _! doctr9e ( 
equality1 !y 7 di/+ui%$ by a p>ticul>   
ribbon2 ! wom51 ins5sible to %ame1 wore 
girdles ) long ends1 on :i* ! ^w lib]ty 
0 work$ 9 front1 & ! ^w equality beh9d4 
,wom51 girt ) sabres1 danc$ franticly   
ar\nd tall trees ( lib]ty1 9 imitation (
 ^? ( ,france1 & fir$ (f pi/ols4 ,! m5  
wore mon/r\s mu/a*es 9 imitation ( ^? ( 
,cu/9e1 :om1 not)/&+ _! republican      
notions1 !y load$ ) s]vile flatt]y4 ,z a
 means ( ga9+ ov] ! l[] ord]s among !   
citiz5s1 :o ) pla9 good s5se oppos$ _!  
api% tricks1 ! clubbi/s demoli%$ a l>ge 
/one1 by :i* ! ,ar*bi%op ,adolphus _h   
=m]ly sworn1 ,y1 citiz5s ( ,may5ce1 %all
 n rega9 y\r privileges until ?is /one  
%all melt4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 prov$ z little  
effective z did ! production ( a l>ge   

book1 9 :i* e citiz51 desir\s ( trans=m+
 ! electorate ( ,may5ce into a republic1
 0 reque/$ to inscribe 8 "n4 ,not)/&+ ! 
?reat ( be+ treat$1 9 case ( refusal1 z 
slaves1 ! citiz5s & peasantry1 pla9ly   
=esee+ t1 in/ead ( receiv+ ! promis$    
boon ( lib]ty1 !y w\ld b expose !mselves
 to ,cu/9e's brutal tyranny1 )held _!   
signatures1 & ! clubbi/s f9ally e/abli%$
 a republic "u ! protection ( ,france   
)\t ! cons5t ( ! p1 remov$ all ! old    
au?orities1 &1 at ! close ( #agib1      
elect$ ,dors*1 a rem>kably dim9utive1   
ill-favor$ man1 :o _h =m]ly be5 a prie/1
 presid5t4  ,! mann] 9 :i* ,cu/9e levi$ 
contributions 9 ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1#f 0
 /ill less calculat$ to r5d] ! ,fr5*    
popul> 9 ,g]many4 ,c[>dly z ?is g5]al 01
 he1 nev]!less1 told ! citiz5s (        
,frank=t a tru? t "t has1 up to ! pres5t
 p]iod1 confirm$4 ,y h beheld !         
coronation ( ! emp]or ( ,g]many8 ,well6 
y w n see ano!r4  ,two ,g]mans1 natives 
( ,colm> 9 ,alsace1 ,rewbel & ,hausmann1
 & a ,fr5*man1 ,m]l91 all ?ree memb]s ( 

! national conv5tion1 came to ,may5ce = 
! purpose ( conduct+ ! def5ce ( t city4 
,!y burn$ symbolically all ! cr[ns1     
mitres1 & escut*eons ( ! ,g]man empire1 
b 7 unable to induce ! citiz5s ( ,may5ce
 to decl>e 9 favor ( ! republic4        
,rewbel1 infuriat$ at _! opposition1    
exclaim$ t he w\ld level ! city to !    
gr\nd1 t he %\ld deem himself di%onor$ 7
 he to wa/e ano!r ^w on su* slaves4 ,a  
numb] ( refractory p]sons 7 expell$ f ! 
city1#g &1 on ! #ag? ( ,m>*1 #agic1     
al?\gh ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty ( ! citiz5s 
alone vot$ 9 its favor1 a ,teuto-,rh5i% 
national conv5tion1 "u ! presid5cy (    
,h(fmann1 0 op5$ at ,may5ce & in/antly  
decl>$ 9 favor ( ! union ( ! new        
republic ) ,france4 ,=/]1 9 o!r respects
 a man ( great elevation ( m9d1 =getful1
 9 8 en?usiasm1 ( all national pride1   
p]sonally c>ri$ to ,p>is ! sc&al\s      
docum5ts 9 :i* ! ,fr5* 7 humbly entreat$
 to accept ( a prov9ce ( ! ,g]man       
empire4 ,! ,prussians1 :o _h rema9$ 9   
,luxemburg 7)\t aid+ ! ,au/rians71      

mean:ile advanc$ to ! ,rh9e1 took       
,cobl5tz1 :i* ,cu/9e _h neglect$ to     
g>rison 7a neglect = :i* he aft]w>d lo/ 
8 head71 repuls$ a ,fr5* =ce "u         
,b\rnonville1 :5 on ! po9t ( =m+ a      
junction ) ,cu/9e1 at ,treves1 expell$  
,cu/9e f ,frank=t1#h & closely besieg$  
,may5ce1 :i*1 aft] mak+ a valiant       
def5ce1 0 compell$ to capitulate 9      
,july4  ,numb]s ( ! clubbi/s fl$1 or 7  
sav$ by ! ,fr5*1 :5 evacuat+ ! city1 9 !
 disguise ( soldi]s4 ,o!rs 7 arre/$ &   
treat$ ) extreme cruelty4 ,e clubbi/1 or
 any p]son suspect$ ( be+ "o1 receiv$   
five & tw5ty la%es 9 ! pres5ce (        
,kalkreu?1 ! ,prussian g5]al4 ,mett]ni* 
01 toge!r ) num]\s o!rs1 c>ri$ (f1 *a9$ 
fa/ betwe5 ! horses ( ! huss>s1 &1 :5ev]
 he sank f we>9ess1 spurr$ on at ! sabre
 po9t4 ,blau _h 8 e>s box$ by !         
,prussian m9i/]1 ,/e94#i ,a simil>      
reaction took place at ,worms1#aj       
,spires1 etc4  ,! ,g]man ,jacob9s suff]$
 ! puni%m5t amply des]v$ by all ^? :o   
look = salvation f ! =eign]4 ,^? :o _h  

b>ely escap$ ! v5geance ( ! ,prussian on
 ! ,rh9e 7 behead$ by _! pret5d$ good   
fri5ds 9 ,france4 ,robespi]re1 an       
advocate1 :o1 at t p]iod1 gov]n$ !      
conv5tion1 s5t e =eign] :o _h enroll$   
himself z a memb] ( ! ,jacob9 club to ! 
guillot9e1 z a suspici\s p]son1 a bloody
 b in/ructive lesson to all unpatriotic 
,g]man ,gallomani/s4#aa  ,! victims :o  
fell on ?is occasion 71 a pr9ce (       
,salm-,kyrburg1 :o _h volunt>ily        
republicaniz$ 8 petty t]ritory1         
,ana*>sis ,cloots1#ab & ! v5]able ,tr5k1
 :o _h s long p9$ 9 ,fr$]ick's prisons4 
,adam ,lux1 a fri5d ( ,george ,=/]1 0   
also behead$ = express+ 8 admiration (  
,*>lotte ,corday1 ! murd]ess ( ,m>at4   
,m>at 0 a ,prussian subject1 be+ a      
native ( ,neuf*tel4 ,gbel von ,bruntrut1
 uncle to ,r5gg]1#ac a celebrat$ "* 9 ! 
subsequ5t ,swiss revolution1 vic>-g5]al 
( ,basel1 a furi\s revolutioni/1 :o _h  
on t acc\nt be5 appo9t$ bi%op ( ,p>is1  
pres5t$ himself on ! #f? ( ,novemb]1    
#agic1 at ! b> ( ! conv5tion z an       

associate ( ,cloots1 ,heb]t1 ,*aumette1 
etc41 ca/ 8 mitre & o!r insignia ( (fice
 to ! gr\nd1 & plac+ ! bonnet r\ge on 8 
head1 solemnly r5\nc$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? & 
proclaim$ t ( lib]ty & equality4 ,! re/ 
( ! ecclesia/ics 7 compell$ to imitate 8
 example2 ! ,*ri/ian religion 0 =mally  
aboli%$ & ! wor%ip ( ,reason 0 e/abli%$ 
9 its /ead4 ,half-nak$ wom5 7 plac$ ^u !
 alt>s ( ! desecrat$ *ur*es & wor%ipp$ z
 goddesses ( ,reason4 ,gbel's fri5d1    
,pa*e1 a native ( ,freiburg1 a creature 
abject z himself1 0 p>ticul>ly zeal\s1 z
 0 also ,proli1 a natural son ( !       
,au/rian m9i/]1 ,kaunitz4 ,pr9ce ,*>les 
( ,hesse1 kn[n among ! ,jacob9s z ,*>les
 ,hesse1 =tunately escap$4              
,s*lab]ndorf1#ad a ,silesian c\nt1 :o   
appe>s to h be5 a m]e spectator1 &      
,oelsn]1 a di/+ui%$ au?or1 7 equally    
=tunate4 ,^! two latt] rema9$ 9 ,p>is4  
,re9h>d1 a native ( ,wurtemb]g1 secret>y
 to ! celebrat$ ,girond91 ,v]gniaud1 :om
 he is said to h aid$ 9 ! composition ( 
8 eloqu5t spee*es1 rema9$ 9 ! s]vice (  

,france1 0 aft]w>d ennobl$ & rais$ to ! 
m9i/ry4 ,felix von ,wimpf51 :om !       
faction ( ! ,gironde 7! mod]ates :o     
oppos$ ! savage ,jacob9s7 elect$ _!     
g5]al1 & :o1 attempt+ to lead a small   
=ce f ,norm&y aga9/ ,p>is1 0 defeat$ &  
compell$ to seek safety by flight4 ,!   
v5]able ,lukn]1 ! associate (           
,lafayette1 :o _h t]m$ ! great          
,revolution m]ely a little occurr5ce 9  
,p>is1 0 behead$4 ,! un=tunate ,george  
,=/] p]ceiv$ 8 error & di$ ( sorr[4#ae  
,among ! o!r ,rh5i% ,g]mans ( di/9ction1
 :o _h at t "t =m$ a connection )       
,france1 ,joseph ,grres br\ght himself1 
not)/&+ 8 extreme y\?1 into great note  
at ,cobl5tz by 8 sup]ior tal5ts4 ,he w5t
 to ,p>is z deputy ( ,treves & spe$ily  
became kn[n by 8 works 7,rubezahl & !   
,r$ ,leaf74 ,he also spe$ily discov]$ ! 
imm5se mi/ake made by ! ,g]mans 9 re/+  
_! hopes ^u ,france4 ,x 0 inde$ a /range
 delusion to suppose ! va9 & gre$y      
,fr5*man capable ( be+ inspir$ )        
dis9t]e/$ love = all mank9d1 & x 0 inde$

 a sev]e irony1 t1 aft] su* repeat$ &   
cruel exp]i5ce1 aft] hav+ = c5turies se5
 ! ,fr5* ev] 9 ! guise ( robb]s &       
pillag]s1 & aft] brea?+ su* l\d         
compla9ts aga9/ ! pr9ces :o _h sold     
,g]many to ,france1 t ! w>me/ fri5ds ( !
 p %\ld on ?is occasion be guilty (     
simil> trea*]y1 &1 l select+ ! goat = a 
g>d5]1 entru/ ! weal ( _! c\ntry to !   
,fr5*4  ,! p 9 ,g]many too little       
und]/ood ! real motives & object ( !    
,fr5* ,revolution1 & 7 too soon provok$ 
by ! pr$atory incursions ( ! ,fr5*      
troops1 to be infect$ ) revolution>y    
pr9ciples4 ,^! m]ely f]m5t$ among !     
lit]ati2 ! ,utopian idea ( univ]sal     
frat]nization 0 spread by ,freemasonry2 
numb]s at fir/ *]i%$ a hope t !         
,revolution w\ld pres]ve a pure moral   
"*1 & 7 n a little a/oni%$ on behold+ ! 
mon/r\s crimes to :i* x gave bir?4 ,o!rs
 m]ely rejoic$ at ! fall ( ! old &      
insupportable sy/em1 & num]\s anonym\s  
pamphlets 9 ?is _s appe>$ 9 ! ,rh5i%    
prov9ces4 ,fi*te1 ! philosoph]1 also    

publi%$ an anonym\s "w 9 favor ( !      
,revolution4 ,o!rs aga91 z1 = in/ance1  
,rei*>d1 ,girtann]1 ,s*ira*1 & ,h(fmann1
 set !mselves up z in=m]s1 & d5\nc$ e   
lib]al-m9d$ man to ! pr9ces z a dang]\s 
,jacob94 ,a se>* 0 made =               
,crypto-,jacob9s1 & e hone/ man 0 expos$
 to ! calumny ( ! s]vile newspap]       
editors4 ,fr5* republicanism 0 d5\nc$ z 
crim9al1 not)/&+ ! favor 9 :i* ! ,fr5*  
language & ,fr5* ideas 7 held at all !  
c\rts ( ,g]many4 ,lib]al op9ions 7      
d5\nc$ z crim9al1 not)/&+ ! example fir/
 set by ! c\rts 9 ridicul+ religion1 9  
mock+ all t 0 v5]able & sacr$4 ,nor 0   
?is reaction by any means occasion$ by a
 bur/ ( ,g]man patriotism aga9/ !       
tyranny ( ,france1 = ! treaty ( ,basel  
spe$ily reconcil$ ! self-same newspap]  
editors ) ,france4 ,x 0 m]e s]vility2 & 
! hatr$ :i*1 x may easily be conceiv$1 0
 naturally excit$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* z a     
nation1 0 v5t$ 9 ?is mode ^u ! pati5t   
,g]mans1#af :o 71 un=tunately1 ev]      
doom$1 :5ev] _! neighbors 7 visit$ ) "s 

political *ronic convulsion1 to ta/e !  
bitt] rem$y4 ,b few ( ! writ]s ( ! day  
took a hi/orical view ( ! ,revolution & 
weigh$ its irrem$iable results 9 reg>d  
to ,g]many1 besides ,g5tz1 ,rehb]g1 & ! 
,b>on von ,gag]n1 :o publi%$ an ,address
 to 8 ,c\ntrym51 9 :i* he />t$ ! pa9ful 
"q1 ,:y are we ,g]mans disunit$8 ,! :ole
 ( ^! cont5d+ op9ions ( ! le>n$ 71      
h[ev]1 equally errone\s4 ,x 0 z little  
possible to pres]ve ! ,revolution f     
blood & immorality1 & to ext5d ! boon ( 
lib]ty to ! :ole _w1 z x 0 to suppress x
 by =ce1 &1 z f> z ,g]many 0 conc]n$1 h]
 affairs 7 too complicat$ & h] int]e/s  
too scatt]$ = any attempt ( ! k9d to    
succe$4 ,a ,doctor ,fau/1 at ,buckeburg1
 s5t a le>n$ treatise ^u ! orig9 (      
tr\s]s to ! national conv5tion at ,p>is1
 by :i* ,sansculottism _h be5 introduc$2
 an incid5t alone suffici5t to %[ ! /ate
 ( feel+ 9 ,g]many at t "t4  ,!         
revolution>y pr9ciples ( ,france m]ely  
infect$ ! p 9 ^? p>ts ( ,g]many :]e _!  
suff]+s _h ev] be5 ! greate/1 z1 =      

in/ance1 9 ,saxony1 :]e ! peasantry1    
oppress$ by ! game laws & ! rights ( !  
nobility1 rose1 aft] a dry summ] by :i* 
_! mis]y _h be5 greatly increas$1 to !  
numb] ( eighte5 ?\s&1 & s5t "o ( _!     
class to lay _! compla9ts be=e !        
elector1 ,a4,d4 #agij4 ,! un=tunate     
mess5g] 0 in/antly consign$ to a        
madh\se1 :]e he rema9$ until #ahji1 & ! 
peasantry 7 disp]s$ by ! milit>y4 ,a    
simil> revolt ( ! peasantry aga9/ !     
tyrannical nuns ( ,wormel51 9           
,we/phalia1 m]ely des]ves m5tion z be+  
*>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,a revolt ( !     
peasantry1 ( equal unimportance1 also   
took place 9 ,buckeburg1 on acc\nt ( !  
expulsion ( ?ree revolution>y prie/s1   
,froriep1 ,mey]1 & ,raus*5bus*4 ,9      
,breslau1 a great meute1 :i* 0 put d[n  
by means ( artill]y1 0 occasion$ by !   
expulsion ( a tailor's appr5tice1 ,a4,d4
 #agic4  ,9 ,au/ria1 "o ,heb5/reit =m$ a
 conspiracy1 :i* br\ght him to ! gall[s1
 ,a4,d4 #agic4 ,t =m$ by ,m>t9[its1 = ! 
e/abli%m5t ( ! sov]eignty ( ! p 9       

,hung>y & = ! expulsion ( ! magnates1 0 
( a m dang]\s "*4 ,m>t9[its 0 behead$1  
,a4,d4 #agic1 ) f\r ( 8 associates4#ag  
,^! attempts s greatly excit$ !         
appreh5sions ( ! gov]nm5t t ! reaction1 
already begun on ! dea? ( ,joseph ,,ii41
 0 br\ght at once to a climax2 ,?ugut1 !
 m9i/]1 e/abli%$ an extremely active    
secret police & a sy/em ( surveillance1 
:i* spread t]ror ?r\gh\t ,au/ria & 0    
utt]ly uncall$ =1 no "o1 ) ! exception (
 a few crack-bra9$ individuals1 be+ 9 ! 
slighte/ degree infect$ ) ! revolution>y
 mania4#ah  ,x may be record$ z a matt] 
( curiosity t1 dur+ ! blood/a9$ ye> (   
#agic1 ! petty pr9ce (                  
,s*w>zburg-,rudol/adt held1 z ?\gh 9 !  
mo/ undi/urb$ "t ( peace1 a magnific5t  
t\rnam5t1 & ! fetes cu/om>y on su* an   
occasion4   ,footnote #a3 ,ob]l91 !     
celebrat$ philologi/1 an ornam5t to     
,g]man le>n+1 a pr(essor at ,/rasburg1  
rescu$1 at ! risk ( 8 life1 a great     
portion ( ! anci5t city ar*ives1 :i* _h 
be5 ?r[n out ( ! w9d[s1 by re-collect+ !

 docum5ts ) ! aid ( ! /ud5ts4 ,on acc\nt
 ( ?is sample ( old ,g]man p$antry he   
p9$1 until #agic1 9 durance vile at     
,metz1 & n>r[ly escap$ be+ guillot9$4   
,footnote #b3 ,at ,bonn he _h ! impud5ce
 to say to ! elector1 ,i _c pay y a     
high] complim5t ?an by ass]t+ y to be no
 ,ca?olic4--,van ,alp51 ,hi/ory ( ,rh5i%
 ,franconia4  ,footnote #c3 ,he mulct$ !
 brew]s to ! am\nt ( #bee1jjj livres1 on
 acc\nt ( _! well-kn[n av>ice1 ! bak]s &
 mill]s to t ( #cad1jjj1 a publican to t
 ( #dj1jjj1 a bak] to t ( #cj1jjj1      
because he 0 an enemy ( mank9d1         
etc4--,vide ,friese's ,hi/ory (         
,/rasburg4  ,footnote #d3 ,x 0 ass]t$ t 
! ,jacob9s _h =m$ a plan to depopulate !
 :ole ( ,alsace1 & to p>tition ! c\ntry 
among ! brave/ soldi]s belong+ to !     
republican armies4  ,footnote #e3 ,john 
,mll] play$ a rem>kable "p4 ,?is        
?or\ghly deceptive p]son _h1 by 8       
comm5dation ( ! anci5t ,swiss 9 8       
affect$ly writt5 ,hi/ory ( ,switz]l&1   
ga9$ ! favor ( ! fri5ds ( lib]ty1 &1 at 

! same "t1 t ( ! nobility by 8 encomium 
on ! deg5]ate ,swiss ari/ocracy4 ,:ile )
 s5tim5tal phrases & f9e words he       
pret5d$ to be "o ( ! noble/ ( mank9d1 he
 0 addict$ to ! l[e/ & mo/ mon/r\s      
vices4 ,8 immorality br\ght him into    
tr\ble 9 ,switz]l&1 & ! man1 :o _h be51 
app>5tly1 solely inspir$ ) ! love (     
republican lib]ty1 n[ paid c\rt1 = !    
sake ( ga91 to =eign pr9ces2 ! adulation
 t _h succe$$ s well ) all ! lordl+s (  
,switz]l& 0 p\r$ into ! e>s ( all !     
pot5tates ( ,europe4 ,he ev5 rose to    
great favor at ,rome by 8 flatt]y ( !   
pope 9 a "w entitl$ ,! ,travels ( !     
,popes4 ,he publi%$ ! mo/ virul5t       
sophisms aga9/ ! b5eficial re=ms ( !    
emp]or ,joseph1 & cri$ up ! ,league1 =  
:i* he 0 well paid4 ,he contriv$1 at !  
same "t1 to creep into favor ) !        
,illum9ati4 ,he 0 employ$ by ! elector (
 ,may5ce to c>ry on negotiations )      
,dum\riez1 got into (fice "u ! ,fr5*    
republic1 & aft]w>d revisit$ ,may5ce = !
 express purpose ( call+ ^u ! citiz5s1  

at t "t highly dissatisfi$ ) ! conduct (
 ! ,fr5*1 to unite !mselves ) ,france4  
,vide ,=/]'s ,correspond5ce4 ,dum\riez  
%ortly aft]w>d w5t ov] to ! ,au/rians1 &
 ,mll] sudd5ly appe>$ at ,vi5na1 adorn$ 
) a title & 9 ! "* ( an ,aulic          
c\ncillor4  ,footnote #f3 ,:ile 9 8     
proclamations he swore by all t 0 sacr$ 
7:at 0 s to a ,fr5*man87 to respect !   
prop]ty ( ! citiz5s & t ,france covet$  
no ext5sion ( t]ritory4  ,footnote #g3  
,=/] 0 s bl9d$ at t "t by 8 en?usiasm t 
he wrote1 all ( ^? among u :o refuse !  
citiz5%ip ( ,france are to be expell$ ! 
city1 ev5 if complete depopulation %\ld 
be ! result4 ,he relates3 ,i summon$1 at
 ,grun/adt1 ! ,c\nts von ,le9+5 to      
ackn[l$ge !mselves citiz5s ( ,france4   
,!y prote/$ aga9/ x1 caball$1 in/igat$ !
 citiz5s peasantry to revolt2 "o ( my   
soldi]s 0 attack$ & w\nd$4 ,i dem&$ a   
re9=cem5t1 took possession ( bo? !      
ca/les1 & plac$ ! c\nts "u gu>d4 ,to-day
 ,i s5t !m ) an escort to ,l&au4 ,?is   
has be5 a disagreeable duty1 b we mu/   

r$uce e oppon5t ( ! good cause to       
ob$i5ce4  ,footnote #h3 ,:]e ! weak     
g>rison left by ! ,fr5* 0 dis>m$ by !   
workm54  ,footnote #i3 ,ei!r ! ,prussian
 m9i/] :o aft]w>d ga9$ su* celebrity or 
"o ( 8 relations4  ,footnote #aj3 ,"h   
,skekuly =c$ ! ,g]man clubbi/s1 ) ! la%1
 to cut d[n ! tree ( lib]ty4  ,footnote 
#aa3 ,=/] wrote f ,p>is1 ,suspicion     
hangs ov] e =eign]1 & ! ess5tial        
di/9ctions :i* ought to be made 9 ?is   
respect are ( no avail4 ,?us did nature1
 by :om nations are et]nally sep>at$1   
av5ge h]self on ! fools :o _h dream$ (  
univ]sal equality4  ,footnote #ab3      
,cloots _h incessantly prea*$ w>1       
?reat5$ all ! k+s ( ! e>? ) de/ruction1 
&1 9 8 vanity1 _h ev5 set a price ^u !  
head ( ! ,prussian mon>*4 ,8 object 0 ! 
union ( ! :ole ( mank9d1 ! abolition (  
nationality4 ,! ,fr5* 7 to receive a new
 "n1 t ( ,univ]sel4 ,he prea*$ 9 !      
conv5tion3 ,i h /ruggl$ dur+ ! :ole ( my
 exi/5ce aga9/ ! p[]s ( heav5 & e>?4    
,!re is b "o ,god1 ,nature1 & b "o      

sov]eign1 mank9d1 ! p1 unit$ by reason 9
 "o univ]sal republic4 ,religion is !   
la/ ob/acle1 b ! "t has arriv$ = its    
de/ruction4 ,j'occupe la tribune de     
l'univ]s4 ,je le repte1 le g5re huma9 e/
 ,dieu1 le ,peuple ,dieu4 ,quiconque a  
la dbilit de croire en ,dieu ne sauroit 
avoir la sagacit de connaitre le g5re   
huma91 le s\v]a9 unique1 etc4--,moniteur
 ( #agic1 ,no4 #abj4 ,he also subscrib$ 
himself ! p]sonal enemy ( ,jeu (        
,naz>e?4  ,footnote #ac3 ,^: nephew1 !  
celebrat$ travell]1 ,r5gg]1 01 )        
,bonpl&1 s long imprison$ 9 ,p>aguay4   
,footnote #ad3 ,he _h be5 already       
imprison$ & 0 ord]$ to ! guillot9e1 b n 
be+ able to f9d 8 boots quickly en\gh1 8
 execution 0 put (f until ! morr[4 ,dur+
 ! night1 ,robespi]re fell1 & 8 life 0  
sav$4 ,he cont9u$ to reside at ,p>is1   
:]e he nev] quitt$ 8 ap>tm5t1 *]i%$ 8   
be>d1 & associat$ solely ) ecclesia/ics4
  ,footnote #ae3 ,aft] an int]view ) 8  
wife1 ,!resa 7daught] to ! great        
philologi/1 ,heyne ( ,grott+571 on !    

,fr5* fronti]1 he return$ to ,p>is &    
kill$ himself by dr9k+ aqua=tis4 ,vide  
,crome's ,autobiography4 ,!resa ent]$   
into association ) ,hub]1 ! j\rnali/1   
:om %e %ortly aft]w>d m>ri$4 ,%e ga9$   
great celebrity by h] num]\s romances4  
,footnote #af3 ,! popul> "w ,hu]gelm]   
relates1 among o!r ?+s1 ! conduct ( !   
,m>grave ( ,bad5 t[>d ,lau*s5r+1 8      
private physician1 :om he1 on acc\nt ( !
 lib]ality ( 8 op9ions1 deliv]$ ov] to !
 ,au/rian g5]al1 :o s5t5c$ him to !     
ba/9ado4  ,footnote #ag3 ,s*nelt] says3 
,! fir/ great conspiracy 0 =m$ 9 !      
vic9ity ( ! ?rone1 ,a4,d4 #agic4 ,! *ief
 conspirator 0 ,heb5/reit1 ! comm&ant1  
:o held1 by 8 (fice1 ! keys to ! ars5al1
 & _h e place ( importance 9 8 p[]4 ,8  
fell[ conspirators 7 ,pr&/tt]1 !        
magi/rate & poet1 :o1 by 8 sup]ior      
tal5ts1 l$ ! :ole ( ! magi/racy1 &      
possess$ great influ5ce 9 ! metropolis1 
,pr(essor ,ri$l1 :o possess$ ! confid5ce
 ( ! c\rt1 :i* he frequ5t$ = ! purpose (
 in/ruct+ "s ( ! pr9cipal p]sonages1 &  

,hckel1 ! m]*ant1 :o _h ! managem5t (   
its pecuni>y affairs4 ,! re/ ( !        
conspirators belong$ to e class (       
society & 7 spread ?r\gh\t e prov9ce ( !
 empire4 ,! plan consi/$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t 
( a democratic con/itution1 ! fir/ /ep  
to :i* appe>s to h be5 an attempt aga9/ 
! life ( ! imp]ial family4 ,! signal =  
insurrection 0 to be giv5 by fir+ !     
imm5se wood-y>ds4 ,! he>ts ( ! p 7 to be
 ga9$ by ! de/ruction ( ! gov]nm5t      
acc\nts4 ,! discov]y 0 made ?r\gh a     
conspiracy =m$ 9 ,d5m>k4 ,! *ief        
conspirator 0 seiz$ & s5t to ! gall[s4  
,! re/ 7 exil$ to ,munkat*1 :]e sev]al (
 !m _h succumb$ to ! sev]ity ( _!       
treatm5t & ( ! climate :5 _! release 0  
effect$ by ,bonap>te by ! peace ( ,campo
 ,=mio1 :i* gave rise to ! supposition t
 ! ,heb5/reit conspiracy 0 connect$ ) ! 
,fr5* republicans & ,jacob9s4 ,! second 
conspiracy 0 laid 9 ,hung>y1 by ! bi%op 
& abbot1 ,josephus ,ignatius ,m>t9[its1 
a man :om ! emp]ors ,joseph1 ,leopold1 &
 ,francis _h1 on acc\nt ( 8 tal5t &     

en]gy1 load$ ) favors4 ,! plan 0 an     
actionalis conspiratio1 = ! purpose (   
contriv+ an attempt aga9/ ! sacr$ p]son 
( 8 ,maje/y ! k+1 ! de/ruction ( ! p[] (
 ! privileg$ classes 9 ,hung>y1 !       
subv]sion ( ! adm9i/ration1 & !         
e/abli%m5t ( a democracy4 ,! means = !  
execution ( ?is project 7 furni%$ by two
 secret societies4 ,hu]gelm] relates3 ,a
 c]ta9 ,dr4 ,plank some:at ?\ghtlessly  
ridicul$ ! in/itution ( ! jubilee2 9    
ord] to conv9ce him ( its utility1 he 0 
s5t z a recruit to ! ,italian army1 an  
act t 0 highly prais$ by ! newspap]s4   
,on ! #bb;d ( ,july1 #agie1 a ,b>on von 
,ri$el 0 plac$ 9 ! pillory at ,vi5na =  
"s political crime1 & 0 aft]w>d consign$
 to ! oblivion ( a dungeon2 ! same fate1
 "s days lat]1 befell ,br&-,btett]1     
,fellesneck1 ,billeck1 ,rus*itiski      
7,ephem]idae ( #agif74 ,a ,b>on ,taufn] 
0 hang$ at ,vi5na z a traitor to 8      
c\ntry 7,e4 ( #agif74  ,footnote #ah3 ,!
 increase ( crime occasion$ by !        
artifices ( ! police1 :o !reby ga9$ _!  

livelihood1 r5d]$ an especial /atute1   
prohibitory ( su* measures1 necess>y 9 !
 new legislature4 ,ev5 ! pass+ /rang]   
p]ceiv$ ! disa/r\s effect ( _! intrigues
 ^u ! op51 hone/ "* & ! social habits ( 
! ,vi5nese4 ,! police began gradually to
 be consid]$ z a necess>y "p ( ! ma*9e (
 gov]nm5t1 a c\nt]balance to or a rem$y 
= ! faults committ$ by o!r bran*es ( !  
adm9i/ration4 ,l>ge sums1 ! want ( :i* 0
 heavily felt 9 ! national education & 9
 ! army1 7 exp5d$ on ?is ars5al (       
poison$ weapons4--,hormayr's            
,pocket-,book1 #ahcb4 ,?ugut is describ$
 z a dim9utive1 hun*back$ old man1 ) a  
face resembl+ ! mask ( a fawn & ) an    
almo/ satanic expression4    ,,ccxlviii4
 ,loss ( ! ,left ,bank ( ! ,rh9e   ,!   
object ( ! ,prussian k+ 0 ei!r to ext5d 
8 conque/s we/w>d or1 at all ev5ts1 to  
prev5t ! advance ( ,au/ria4 ,! w> )     
,france claim$ 8 utmo/ att5tion1 &1 9   
ord] to gu>d 8 re>1 he aga9 attempt$ to 
conv]t ,pol& into a bulw>k aga9/        
,russia4  ,8 ambassador1 ,luc*es9i1     

drove ,/ackelb]g1 ! ,russian envoy1 out 
( ,w>saw1 & promis$ m\nta9s ( gold to ! 
,poles1 :o dissolv$ ! p]petual c\ncil   
associat$ by ,russia ) ! sov]eign1 fre$ 
!mselves f ! ,russian gu>antee2 aid$ by 
,prussia1 compell$ ! ,russian troops to 
evacuate ! c\ntry2 devis$ a con/itution1
 :i* !y laid be=e ! cab9ets ( ,london & 
,b]l92 conclud$ an (f5sive & def5sive   
alliance ) ,prussia on ! #bi? ( ,m>*1   
#agij1 &1 on ! #c;d ( ,may1 #agia1 c>ri$
 into effect ! new con/itution ratifi$  
by ,engl& & ,prussia1 & approv$ ( by !  
emp]or ,leopold4 ,dur+ ! conf]5ce1 held 
at ,pilnitz1 ! indivisibility ( ,pol& 0 
expressly m5tion$4 ,! con/itution 0     
mon>*ical4 ,pol& 01 = ! future1 to be a 
h]$it>y in/ead ( an elective mon>*y1 &1 
on ! dea? ( ,poniat[sky1 ! cr[n 0 to    
fall to ,saxony4 ,! modification ( !    
peasants' dues & ! p[] conc$$ to ! s]f (
 mak+ a private agreem5t ) 8 "l also    
gave ! mon>*y a support aga9/ !         
ari/ocracy4  ,ca!r9e ( ,russia1 h[ev]1  
no soon] beheld ,prussia & ,au/ria      

engag$ 9 a w> ) ,france1 ?an %e comm5c$ 
h] op]ations aga9/ ,pol&1 decl>$ ! new  
,poli% con/itution ,fr5* & ,jacob9ical1 
not)/&+ its abolition ( ! lib]um veto & 
its ext5sion ( ! pr]ogatives ( ! cr[n1  
&1 tak+ advantage ( ! k+'s abs5ce f     
,prussia1 spe$ily rega9$ possession ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,:at 0 ,fr$]ick ,william's      
policy 9 ?is dilemma8 ,he 0 /rongly     
advis$ to make peace ) ,france1 to ?r[  
himself at ! head ( ! :ole ( 8 =ces into
 ,pol&1 & to set a limit to ! insol5ce (
 ! autocrat2 b--he fe>$1 %\ld he ab&on !
 ,rh9e1 ! ext5sion ( ! p[] ( ,au/ria 9 t
 qu>t]1 &-- calculat+ t ,ca!r9e1 9 ord] 
to reta9 8 fri5d%ip1 w\ld c$e to him a  
portion ( h] booty1#a unhesitat+ly broke
 ! fai? he _h j plight$ ) ! ,poles1     
sudd5ly took up ,ca!r9e's tone1 decl>$ !
 con/itution he _h s lately ratifi$     
,jacob9ical1 & despat*$ a =ce "u        
,moll5dorf into ,pol& 9 ord] to secure  
possession ( 8 /ipulat$ prey4 ,by !     
second p>tition ( ,pol&1 :i* took place 
z rapidly1 z viol5tly1 &1 on acc\nt ( ! 

assurances ( ! ,prussian mon>*1 f> m    
unexpect$ly ?an ! fir/1 ,russia receiv$ 
! :ole ( ,li?uania1 ,podolia1 & !       
,ukra9e1 & ,prussia1 ,?orn & ,dantzig1  
besides ,s\!rn ,prussia 7,pos5 &        
,calis*74 ,au/ria1 at t "t fully occupi$
 ) ,france1 _h no p>ticipation 9 ?is    
robb]y1 :i* 01 z x 71 committ$ beh9d h] 
back4  ,affairs _h worn a rem>kably     
worse aspect s9ce ! campaign ( #agib4 ,!
 ,fr5* _h arm$ !mselves ) all ! t]rors (
 (f5d$ nationalism & ( unb\nd$1         
intoxicat+ lib]ty4 ,all ! enemies ( !   
,revolution )9 ! ,fr5* t]ritory 7       
m]cilessly ext]m9at$1 & hundr$s ( ?\s&s 
7 sacrific$ by ! guillot9e1 a ma*9e     
inv5t$ = ! purpose ( accel]at+ ! mode ( 
execution4 ,! k+ 0 behead$ 9 ?is mann] 9
 ! ,janu>y ( #agic1 & ! que5 %>$ a      
simil> fate 9 ! ensu+ ,octob]4#b ,:ile  
,robespi]re direct$ ! executions1 ,c>not
 und]took to make prep>ations = w>1 &1 9
 ! v mid/ ( ?is imm5se f]m5tation1      
calmly conv]t$ ,france into an enorm\s  
camp1 & m ?an a million ,fr5*m51 z if   

summon$ by magic f ! clod1 7 plac$ "u   
arms4  ,! sov]eigns ( ,europe also      
prep>$ = w>1 &1 ,a4,d4 #agic1 =m$ ! fir/
 great coalition1 at ^: head /ood       
,engl&1 int5t ^u ! de/ruction ( ! ,fr5* 
navy4 ,! ,engli%1 aid$ by a l>ge portion
 ( ! ,fr5* population devot$ to ! anci5t
 mon>*y1 attack$ ,france by sea1 & made 
a simultane\s desc5t on ! nor!rn & s\!rn
 coa/s4 ,! ,spani% & ,portuguese troops 
cross$ ! ,pyr5ees2 ! ,italian pr9ces    
invad$ ! ,alp9e b\nd>y2 ,au/ria1        
,prussia1 ,holl&1 & ! ,g]man empire     
?reat5$ ! ,rh5i% fronti]1 :ile ,sw$5 &  
,russia /ood fr[n+ 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,!    
:ole ( ,*ri/ian ,europe took up arms    
aga9/ ,france1 & enorm\s armies hov]$1 l
 vultures1 ar\nd _! prey4  ,! duke (    
,coburg comm&$ ! ma9 body ( ! ,au/rians 
9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 :]e he 0 at fir/ m]ely    
oppos$ by ! old ,fr5* army1 ^: g5]al1   
,dum\riez1 aft] unsuccessfully grasp+ at
 ! supreme p[]1 ent]$ into a secret     
agreem5t ) ! coalition1 all[$ himself to
 be defeat$ at ,ald5hov5l#c & ,ne]w9d51 

& f9ally des]t$ to ! ,au/rians4 ,at ?is 
mom5t1 :5 ! ,fr5* army 0 dispirit$ by   
defeat & )\t a lead]1 ,coburg1 :o _h be5
 re9=c$ by ! ,engli% & ,dut* "u ! duke (
 ,york1 might1 by a ha/y advance1 h tak5
 ,p>is by surprise1 b bo? ! ,engli% &   
,au/rian g5]als solely ow$ ! comm&1 =   
:i* !y 7 totally unfit1 to _! high bir?1
 & ,colonel ,mack1 ! mo/ prom95t "*     
among ! (fic]s ( ! /aff1 0 a m]e        
!oretician1 :o c\ld clev]ly en\gh       
conduct a campaign--^u pap]4 ,clairfait1
 ! ,au/rian g5]al1 beat ! disb&$ ,fr5*  
army "u ,dampi]e at ,fam>s1 b temporiz$ 
in/ead ( foll[+ up 8 victory4 ,coburg1 9
 ! hope ( ! triumph ( ! mod]ate p>ty1 ! 
,girond9s1 publi%$ an extremely mild &  
peaceable proclamation1 :i*1 on ! fall (
 ! ,gironde1 0 in/antly succe$$ by "o ( 
a m ?reat5+ "*1 :i* 8 want ( en]gy &    
decision 9 action m]ely r5d]$ ridicul\s4
 ,no vigor\s attack 0 made1 nor 0 ev5 a 
vigor\s def5ce calculat$ ^u1 n "o ( !   
fronti] =ts 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 demoli%$ by   
,joseph ,,ii41 hav+ be5 rebuilt4 ,!     

coalition fooli%ly tru/$ t ! ,fr5* w\ld 
be annihilat$ by _! inw>d convulsions1  
:ile !y 7 9 reality seiz+ ! opportunity 
grant$ by ! t>d9ess ( _! foes to levy   
raw recruits & ex]cise !m 9 arms4 ,!    
pr9cipal error1 h[ev]1 lay 9 ! sy/em (  
conque/ pursu$ by bo? ,au/ria & ,engl&4 
,conde1 ,val5ci5nes1 & all t[ns )9 !    
,fr5* t]ritory tak5 by ,coburg1 7       
compell$ to take a =mal oa? ( allegiance
 to ,au/ria1 & ,engl& made1 z !         
condition ( h] aid1 t ( ! ,au/rians = ! 
conque/ ( ,dunkirk4 ,! siege ( ?is      
place1 :i* 0 m]ely ( importance to      
,engl& 9 a m]cantile po9t ( view1 reta9$
 ! armies ( ,coburg & ,york1 & ! ,fr5* 7
 consequ5tly enabl$1 9 ! meantime1 to   
conc5trate _! scatt]$ =ces & to act on !
 (f5sive4 ,ere long1 ,h\*>d & ,j\rdan   
pu%$ =w>d ) _! wild masses1 :i*1 at fir/
 undiscipl9$ & un/eady1 7 m]ely able to 
scre5 !mselves f ! rapid & su/a9$ fire (
 ! ,briti% by act+ z tirailleurs 7a mode
 ( w>f>e successfully practic$ by !     
,nor? ,am]icans aga9/ ! s]ri$ ranks ( ! 

,engli%71 became gradually bold]1 &     
f9ally1 by _! num]ical /r5g? &          
republican fury1 ga9$ a complete        
triumph4 ,h\*>d1 9 ?is mann]1 defeat$ ! 
,engli% at ,hondscot5 7,septemb] #h?71 &
 ,j\rdan drove ! ,au/rians (f ! field at
 ,wattignies on ! #af? ( ,octob]1 ! day 
on :i* ! ,fr5* que5 0 behead$4 ,coburg1 
al?\gh ! ,au/rians _h ma9ta9$ _! gr\nd  
on e o!r po9t1 resolv$ to retreat1      
not)/&+ ! urg5t remon/rances ( ! y\?ful 
ar*duke1 ,*>les1 :o _h greatly di/+ui%$ 
himself4 ,dur+ ! retreat1 an unimportant
 victory 0 ga9$ at ,m59 by ,beaulieu1 ! 
imp]ial g5]al4#d ,8 colleague1 ,wurms]1 
nev]!less ma9ta9$ ) extreme difficulty !
 l9e ext5d+ f ,basel to ,luxemburg1 :i* 
=m$ ! ,prussian outpo/s4 ,a ,fr5* troop 
"u ,delange advanc$ z f> z              
,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e !y cr[n$ ! /atue (
 ,*>lemagne ) a bonnet r\ge4  ,may5ce 01
 dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s ( ?is ye>1       
besieg$ by ! ma9 body ( ! ,prussian army
 "u ! comm& ( ,f]d9&1 duke ( ,brunswick4
 ,! ,au/rians1 :5 on _! way pa/ ,may5ce 

to ,val5ci5nes ) a quantity ( heavy     
artill]y de/9$ = ! r$uction ( ! latt]   
place 7:i* !y aft]w>d compell$ to d     
homage to ! emp]or71 refus+ ! reque/ ( !
 k+ ( ,prussia = its use en passant = ! 
r$uction ( ,may5ce1 greatly displeas$ t 
mon>*1 :o cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! common       
int5tion ( ,engl& & ,au/ria to conqu] ! 
nor? ( ,france to ! exclusion (         
,prussia1 & consequ5tly rev5g$ himself  
by privately p>tition+ ,pol& ) ,russia1 
& refus+ 8 assi/ance to ,g5]al ,wurms] 9
 ! ,vosges c\ntry4 ,! diss5sions betwe5 
! allies aga9 r5d]$ _! successes null4  
,! ,prussians1 aft] ! conque/ ( ,may5ce1
 ,a4,d4 #agic1 advanc$ & beat ! fre%    
masses l$ aga9/ !m by ,moreau at        
,pirmas5s1 b ,fr$]ick ,william1 disgu/$ 
) ,au/ria & secretly f> f dis9cl9$ to   
peace ) ,france1 quitt$ ! army 7:i* he  
ma9ta9$ 9 ! field1 m]ely f motives (    
honor1 b all[$ to rema9 9 a /ate (      
inactivity71 9 ord] to visit 8 newly    
acquir$ t]ritory 9 ,pol&4  ,! gallant   
old ,wurms] 0 a native ( ,alsace1 :]e he

 _h "s prop]ty1 & f\ght m]itori\sly = ! 
,g]man cause1 :ile s _m ( 8 c\ntrym5 at 
t "t rang$ !mselves on ! side ( !       
,fr5*4#e ,8 position on ! celebrat$     
,weiss5burg l9e 01 ow+ to !             
non-assi/ance ( ! ,prussians1 replete ) 
dang]1 & he consequ5tly endeavor$ to    
supply 8 want ( /r5g? by /rik+ 8        
oppon5ts ) t]ror4 ,8 ,croats1 ! notori\s
 ,ro?mantl]1 are *>g$ ) ! commission (  
fe>ful de$s ( cruelty4 ,ow+ to 8 sy/em (
 pay+ a piece ( gold = e ,fr5*man's     
head1 !y w\ld ru%1 :5 no legitimate     
enemy c\ld be enc\nt]$1 into ! fir/ l>ge
 village at h&1 knock at ! w9d[s & /rike
 (f ! heads ( ! inhabitants z !y peep$  
out4 ,! petty pr9cipalities on ! ,g]man 
side ( ! ,rh9e also compla9$ ( !        
treatm5t !y receiv$ f ! ,au/rians4 ,b h[
 c\ld x be o!rwise8 ,! empire slo?fully 
ca/ ! :ole burd5 ( ! w> ^u ,au/ria4 ,_m 
( ! pr9ces 7 t]ror-/rick5 by ! ,fr5*1   
:ile o!rs m$itat$ an alliance ) t p[]1 l
 t =m]ly conclud$ betwe5 !m & ,l\is     
,,xiv4 aga9/ ! empire4 ,bav>ia alone 01 

b ) great difficulty1 induc$ to furni% a
 cont+5t4 ,! weak imp]ial free t[ns met 
) mo/ unc]emoni\s treatm5t at ! h&s (   
,au/ria4 ,!y 7 depriv$ ( _! artill]y &  
treat$ ) ! utmo/ contempt4 ,x (t5 happ5$
 t ! ari/ocratic magi/racy1 z1 =        
in/ance1 at ,ulm1 sid$ ) ! soldi]y aga9/
 ! citiz5s4 ,! slo?ful bi%ops & abbots (
 ! empire 71 on ! o!r h&1 treat$ ) !    
utmo/ respect by ! ,ca?olic soldi]y4 ,! 
infr+em5t ( ! law ( nations by ! arre/ (
 ,semonville1 ! ,fr5* ambassador to     
,con/ant9ople1 & ( ,m>et1 ! ,fr5*       
ambassador to ,naples1 & ! seizure ( _! 
pap]s on neutral gr\nd1 9 ! ,valtell9e1 
by ,au/ria1 creat$ a f> great] s5sation4
  ,! duke ( ,brunswick1 :o _h receiv$ no
 ord]s to retreat1 0 compell$1          
bongre-malgre1 to haz>d ano!r engagem5t 
) ! ,fr5*1 :o ru%$ to ! attack4 ,he 0   
once m victori\s1 at ,kais]slaut]n1 ov] 
,ho*e1 ^: untra9$ masses 7 unable to )/&
 ! sup]ior discipl9e ( ! ,prussian      
troops4 ,wurms] took advantage ( ! mom5t
 :5 success seem$ to re/ore ! good humor

 ( ! allies to coalesce ) ! ,prussians1 
dragg+ ! unwill+ ,bav>ians 9 8 tra94    
,?is junction1 h[ev]1 m]ely _h ! effect 
( disclos+ ! jeal\sy rankl+ on e side4  
,! greate/ milit>y blund]s 7 committ$ & 
ea* blam$ ! o!r4 ,l&au ought to & might 
h be5 rescu$ f ! ,fr5*1 b ?is /ep 0     
procra/9at$ until ! conv5tion _h *>g$   
,g5]als ,ho*e & ,pi*egru1 ,l&au or dea?4
 ,^! two g5]als br\ght a fre% & num]\s  
army into ! field1 &1 9 ! v fir/        
engagem5ts1 at ,wor? & ,fros*weil]1 !   
,bav>ians ran away & ! ,au/rians &      
,prussians 7 signally defeat$4 ,!       
retreat ( ,wurms]1 9 high displeasure1  
across ! ,rh9e af=d$ a welcome pretext  
to ! duke ( ,brunswick to foll[ 8       
example & ev5 to resign ! comm& ( ! army
 to ,moll5dorf4 ,9 ?is %ameful mann] 0 !
 left bank ( ! ,rh9e lo/ to ,g]many4  ,9
 ! spr+ ( ! ensu+ ye>1 #agid1 ! emp]or  
,francis ,,ii4 visit$ ! ,ne!rl&s 9      
p]son1 ) ! int5t ( pu%+ /raight ^u      
,p>is4 ,?is project1 practicable en\gh  
dur+ ! prec$+ campaign1 01 h[ev]1 n[    

utt]ly out ( ! "q1 ! m s on acc\nt ( !  
retreat ( ! ,prussians4 ,! ,fr5* obs]v$ 
on ?is occasion ) well-m]it$ scorn3 ,!  
allies are ev] an idea1 a ye> & an army 
beh9dh&4 ,! ,au/rians1 nev]!less1       
attack$ ! :ole ,fr5* l9e 9 ,m>* & 7 at  
fir/ victori\s on e side1 at ,catillon1 
:]e ,kray & ,w]nek di/+ui%$ !mselves1 & 
at ,l&recis1 :]e ! ,ar*duke ,*>les made 
a brilliant *>ge at ! head ( ! cavalry4 
,l&recis 0 tak54 ,b ?is 0 all4          
,clairfait1 ^: example might h animat$ !
 inactive duke ( ,york1 be+ left        
unsupport$ by ! ,briti%1 0 attack$ s+ly 
at ,c\rtray by ,pi*egru & =c$ to yield  
to sup]ior numb]s4 ,coburg f\ght an     
extremely bloody b indecisive battle at 
,doornik 7,t\rnay71 :]e ,pi*egru ev]    
oppos$ fre% masses to ! ,au/rian        
artill]y4 ,tw5ty ?\s& dead /rew$ !      
field4 ,! y\?ful emp]or1 disc\rag$ by ! 
coldness display$ by ! ,dut*1 :om he _h 
expect$ to rise en masse 9 8 cause1     
return$ to ,vi5na4 ,8 dep>ture & !      
inactivity ( ! ,briti% comm&] completely

 dispirit$ ! ,au/rian troops1 & on !    
#bf? ( ,june1 #agid1f ! duke ( ,coburg 0
 defeat$ at ,fleurus by ,j\rdan1 ! g5]al
 ( ! republic4 ,?is success 0 imm$iately
 foll[$ by t ( ,pi*egru1 n f> f ,br$a1  
ov] ! ineffici5t ,engli% g5]al1#g :o    
consequ5tly evacuat$ ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i* 7  
in/antly ov]run by ! pillag+ ,fr5*4 ,&  
?us _h ! ,g]man p[]s1 not)/&+ _!        
well-discipl9$ armies & _! great plans1 
n only =feit$ _! milit>y honor1 b also  
drawn ! enemy1 &1 9 8 tra91 an>*y ) its 
concomitant horrors1 into ! empire4 ,!  
,au/rians _h r5d]$ !mselves univ]sally  
unpopul> by _! arbitr>y measures1 & ea* 
prov9ce rema9$ /upidly indiff]5t to !   
?reat5$ pillage ( its neighbor by !     
victori\s ,fr5*4 ,j\rdan b sl[ly track$ 
! retreat+ =ces ( ,coburg1 :om he aga9  
beat at ,sprimont1 :]e he drove him f ! 
,maese1 & at ,ald5hov51 :]e he drove him
 f ! ,ro]4 ,fr$]ick1 ,l&grave (         
,hesse-,cassel1 capitulat$ at ,mae/ri*t1
 ) t5 ?\s& m51 to ,kleb]2 & ! ,au/rians1
 ) ! exception ( a small corps "u !     

,c\nt von ,erba*1 /ation$ at ,dsseldorf1
 completely ab&on$ ! ,l[] ,rh9e4  ,!    
disa/]s suff]$ by ! ,au/rians seem at t 
"t to h flatt]$ ! ambition ( !          
,prussians1 = ,moll5dorf sudd5ly        
recross$ ! ,rh9e & ga9$ an advantage at 
,kais]slaut]n1 b 01 9 ,july1 #agid1 aga9
 repuls$ at ,tripp/adt1 not)/&+ :i* he  
once m cross$ ! ,rh9e 9 ,septemb]1 & a  
battle 0 won by ! ,pr9ce von            
,hoh5lohe-,+elf+5 at ,fis*ba*1 b1 on !  
junction ( ,j\rdan ) ,ho*e1 :o _h until 
!n s+ly oppos$ him1 ,moll5dorf aga91 & =
 ! la/ "t1 retreat$ across ! ,rh9e4 ,!  
:ole ( ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 ,luxemburg
 & ,may5ce alone except$1 7 n[ 9 ! h&s (
 ! ,fr5*4 ,resius1 ! ,hessian g5]al1    
ab&on$ ! ,rhe9fels ) ! :ole g>rison1 )\t
 /rik+ a bl[ 9 its def5ce4 ,he 01 9     
rew>d1 condemn$ to p]petual             
imprisonm5t4#h ,j\rdan conv]t$ ! =tress 
into a ru9$ heap4 ,! :ole ( !           
=tifications on ! ,rh9e 7 yield$ = !    
sake ( sav+ ,mannheim f bomb>dm5t4  ,9 !
 ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s1 ! old gov]nm5t _h   

already be5 aboli%$1 & ! :ole c\ntry be5
 trans=m$ into a ,belgian republic by   
,dum\riez4 ,! re=m ( all ! anci5t evils1
 s va9ly attempt$ b a few ye>s be=e by !
 noble-spirit$ emp]or1 ,joseph ,,ii41 0 
successfully execut$ by ?is insol5t     
,fr5*man1 :o also aboli%$ ) !m all t 0  
good 9 ! anci5t sy/em4 ,! city deputies1
 x is true1 made an en]getic b futile   
resi/ance4#i ,aft] ! flight ( ,dum\riez1
 fre% depr$ations 71 ) e fre% success1  
committ$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,liege 0 r$uc$ to !
 mo/ deplorable /ate ( desolation1 !    
ca!dral & ?irty spl5did *ur*es 7 levell$
 ) ! gr\nd by ! anci5t enemies ( !      
bi%op4 ,treves 0 also m]cilessly sack$ &
 conv]t$ into a ,fr5* =tress4           
,footnote #a3 ,prussia *iefly covet$ !  
possession ( ,dantzig1 :i* ! ,poles     
refus$ to give or ! ,engli% to grant to 
him1 & :i* he c\ld only seize by ! aid (
 ,russia4  ,footnote #b3 ,aft] hav+ be5 
long reta9$ 9 prison1 ill f$ & ill      
clo!d1 aft] support+1 ) unb5d+ dignity1 
! unmanly insults ( ! republican mob    

be=e ^: tribunal %e 0 dragg$4 ,! "y     
dauph9 expir$ "u ! ill-treatm5t he      
receiv$ f 8 gu>dian1 a %oemak]4 ,8 si/]1
 ! pres5t ,du*ess d',ang\leme1 0 sp>$4  
,footnote #c3 ,:]e ! peasantry1         
infuriat$ at ! depr$ations ( ! ,fr5*1   
ca/ ! w\nd$ & ! dead indiscrim9ately    
into a tr5*4--,b5z5b]g's ,lett]s4       
,footnote #d3 ,! ,hanov]ian g5]al1      
,hamm]/e91 & 8 adjutant ,s*>nhor/1 :o   
aft]w>d became s not$1 made a gallant   
def5ce4 ,:5 ! city became no long]      
t5able1 !y boldly salli$ =? at ! head ( 
! g>rison & escap$4  ,footnote #e3      
,rewbel1 "o ( ! five directors ( ! great
 ,fr5* republic1 & sev]al ( ! mo/       
celebrat$ ,fr5* g5]als1 ,g]many's       
unwe>i$ foes1 7 natives ( ,alsace1 z1 = 
in/ance1 ! gallant ,we/]mann1 "o ( !    
fir/ lead]s ( ! republican armies2 !    
intrepid ,kell]mann1 ! soldi]s' fa!r2 ! 
immortal ,kleb]1 g5]alissimo ( ! ,fr5*  
=ces 9 ,egypt1 :o fell by ! dagg] ( a   
fanatical ,mussulman2 & ! undaunt$      
,rapp1 ! h]o ( ,dantzig4 ,! lion-he>t$  

,ney1 ju/ly designat$ by ! ,fr5* z !    
brave/ ( ! brave1 0 a native ( ,lorra9e4
 ,^! 71 "o & all1 m5 ( tri$ metal1 b ^: 
,g]man names induce ! dem&1 ,:y did !y  
fight = ,france8 ,wurms] belong$ to !   
same old ,/rasburg family :i* _h giv5   
bir? to ,wurms]1 ! celebrat$ c\rt-pa9t] 
( ! emp]or1 ,*>les ,,iv4   ,footnote #f3
 ,! ,au/rian g5]als ,beaulieu1          
,quosdan[i*1 & ! ,ar*duke ,*>les1 :o1 at
 t p]iod1 laid ! f\ndation to 8 future  
fame1 _h pu%$ victori\sly =w>d & tak5   
,fleurus1 :5 ! ill-tun$ ord]s1 z !y are 
deem$1 ( ! g5]alissimo ,coburg compell$ 
!m to retreat4 ,quosdan[i* da%$ 8 sabre 
furi\sly on ! gr\nd & exclaim$1 ,! army 
is betray$1 ! victory is ours1 & yet we 
mu/ resign x4 ,adieu1 ?\ glori\s l&1 ?\ 
g>d5 ( ,europe1 ! h\se ( ,au/ria bids !e
 et]nally adieu6 ,! ,fr5* _h1 be=e &    
dur+ ! action1 made use ( a balloon = ! 
purpose ( wat*+ ! movem5ts ( ! enemy4   
,footnote #g3 ,! wor/ _s prevail$ among 
! ,briti% troops2 ! (fic]s 7 weal?y "y  
m51 :o _h pur*as$ _! po/s & 71 9 !      

highe/ degree1 lic5ti\s4 ,vide          
,dietfur?'s ,hessian ,campaigns4        
,footnote #h3 ,pet] ,hamm]1 9 8         
,description ( ! ,imp]ial ,army1        
publi%$1 ,a4,d4 #agif1 at ,cologne1     
graphically depictures ! sad /ate ( !   
empire4 ,! imp]ial troops consi/$ ( !   
dregs ( ! populace1 s v>i\sly arrang$ z 
to ju/ify ! rem>k ( ,colonel ,s&b]g (   
,bad5 t ! only ?+ want+ 0 _! regul>     
equipm5t z jack-pudd+s4 ,a mona/]y      
furni%$ two m52 a petty b>ony1 ! ensign2
 a city1 ! capta94 ,! arms ( ea* man    
diff]$ 9 calibre4 ,no patriotic _s      
animat$ ^! def5d]s ( ! empire4 ,an      
anonym\s au?or rem>ks3 ,= love ( "o's   
c\ntry to be felt1 !re mu/1 fir/ ( all1 
be a c\ntry2 b ,g]many is split into    
petty useless mon>*ies1 *iefly *>act]iz$
 by _! oppression ( _! subjects1 by     
pride1 slav]y1 & unutt]able weakness4   
,=m]ly1 :5 ,g]many 0 attack$1 ea* ( h]  
sons made ready = battle1 h] pr9ces 7   
patriotic & brave4 ,n[1 may ,heav5 h    
pity on ! l&2 ! pr9ces1 ! c\nts1 &      

nobles m>* h5ce & leave _! c\ntry to its
 fate4 ,! ,m>grave ( ,bad5--,i d n speak
 ( ! pr9ce bi%op ( ,spires & ( o!r      
spiritual lords ^: pr(ession =bids _!   
lay+ h& to sword--! ,l&grave ( ,d>m/adt 
& o!r nobles fl$ on ! m]e report ( an   
int5d$ visit f ! ,fr5*1 by :i* !y pla9ly
 intimat$ t !y m]ely held sov]eign rule 
= ! purpose ( be+ fatt5$ by _! subjects 
9 "t ( peace4 ,dang] no soon] appe>s ?an
 ! mis]able subject is left to 8 own    
res\rces4 ,g]many is divid$ into too _m 
petty /ates4 ,h[ c an elector ( !       
,pfalz1 or inde$ any ( ! /ill less]     
nobility1 protect ! c\ntry8 ,unity1     
moreov]1 is utt]ly want+4 ,! ,bav>ian   
reg>ds ! ,hessian z a /rang]1 n z 8     
c\ntryman4 ,ea* petty t]ritory has a    
diff]5t t>iff1 adm9i/ration1 & laws4 ,! 
subject ( "o petty /ate _c travel half a
 mile into a neighbor+ "o )\t leav+     
beh9d him great "p ( 8 prop]ty4 ,! bi%op
 ( ,spires /rictly =bids 8 subjects to  
int]m>ry ) ^? ( any o!r /ate4 ,&        
patriotism is expect$ to result f ^!    

measures6 ,! subject ( a despot1 ^:     
rev5ues exce$ ^? ( 8 neighbors by a few 
?\s& flor9s1 looks d[n ) contempt on !  
slave ( a poor] pr9ce4 ,h5ce ! b\ndless 
hatr$ betwe5 ! ,g]man c\rts & _! petty  
bre?r51 h5ce ! malici\s joy caus$ by !  
mi%aps ( a neighbor+ dyna/y4 ,h5ce !    
wret*$ness ( ! troops4 ,) ! exception ( 
! troops belong+ to ! circle !re 7 none 
to def5d ! fronti]s ( ! empire4 ,gr&es  
battues1 balls1 op]as1 & mi/resses1     
swall[$ up ! rev5ue1 n a f>?+ rema9$ = !
 erection ( =tresses1 ! want ( :i* 0 s  
deeply felt = ! def5ce ( ! fronti]s4    
,footnote #i3 ,h[ c ,france1 ) h] solemn
 assurances ( lib]ty1 arbitr>ily int]f]e
 ) ! gov]nm5t ( a c\ntry already        
possess+ a repres5tative elect$ by ! p8 
,h[ c %e proclaim u z a free nation1 &1 
at ! same mom5t1 deprive u ( our lib]ty8
 ,w %e e/abli% a new my?ology ( nations1
 & divide ! diff]5t peoples on ! face ( 
! e>?1 accord+ to _! /r5g?1 into nations
 & demi-nations8--,prote/ ( !           
,provisional ,c\ncil ( ! ,city (        

,brussels4 ,! ,presid5t1 ,!odore        
,dotr5ge4 ,e free nation gives to itself
 laws1 does n receive !m f              
ano!r4--,prote/ ( ! ,city ( ,antw]p1    
,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil1 ,van ,dun4 ,y    
confiscate alike public & private       
prop]ty4 ,t h ev5 our =m] tyrants nev]  
v5tur$ to d :5 decl>+ u rebels1 & y say 
t y br+ to u lib]ty4--,prote/ ( !       
,h5negau4 ,! mo/ copi\s acc\nt ( !      
revolutioniz+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s is conta9$ 9 
,rau's ,hi/ory ( ! ,g]mans 9 ,france1 & 
( ! ,fr5* 9 ,g]many4 ,frank=t on !      
,ma9e1 #agid & #agie4    ,,ccxlix4 ,!   
,defection ( ,prussia--,! ,ar*duke      
,*>les   ,fr$]ick ,william's advis]s1 :o
 imag9$ ! violation ( e pr9ciple (      
ju/ice & tru? an indubitable pro( (     
in/9ctive & consummate prud5ce1         
unwitt+ly play$ a high & haz>d\s game4  
,_! diplomatic absurdity1 :i* weigh$ !  
fate ( nations aga9/ a d9n]1 f\nd a     
confusion ( all ! solid pr9ciples on :i*
 /ates re/ z /imulat+ z ! piquant rag\ts
 ( ! great ,ude4 ,luc*es9i1 "u 8 almo/  

intol]able airs ( sapi5ce1 z artfully   
veil$ 8 incapacity 9 ! cab9et z ,f]d9& (
 ,brunswick did 8 9 ! field1 & to ?is   
may be ascrib$ ! measures :i* b         
mom5t>ily & seem+ly aggr&iz$ ,prussia & 
prep>$ h] deep] fall4 ,ea* petty        
advantage ga9$ by ,prussia b s]v$ to    
raise aga9/ h] "s p[]ful foe1 & f9ally1 
:5 plac$ by h] policy at enmity ) e     
sov]eign ( ,europe1 %e 0 induc$ to tru/ 
to ! %all[ fri5d%ip ( ! ,fr5* republic4 
,! ,poles1 tak5 unaw>es by ! second     
p>tition ( _! c\ntry1 spe$ily recov]$ f 
_! surprise & collect$ all _! /r5g? = an
 en]getic opposition4 ,kosciuszko1 :o   
_h1 toge!r ) ,lafayette1 f\ght 9 ,nor?  
,am]ica 9 ! cause ( lib]ty1 arm$ 8      
c\ntrym5 ) scy!s1 put e ,russian :o fell
 into 8 h&s to dea?1 & attempt$ !       
re/oration ( anci5t ,pol&4 ,h[ easily   
might n ,prussia1 back$ by ! en?usiasm (
 ! patriotic ,poles1 h repell$ !        
,russian colossus1 already ?reat5+      
,europe6 ,b ! ,b]l9 diplomati/s _h yet  
to le>n ! homely tru?1 t hone/y is ! be/

 policy4 ,!y aid$ 9 ! aggr&izem5t (     
,russia1 drew d[n a nation's curse ^u _!
 heads = ! sake ( an addition to !      
t]ritory ( ,prussia1 ! ma9t5ance ( :i*  
co/ m ?an its rev5ue1 & violat$ ! ,div9e
 comm&s dur+ a p]iod ( /orm &           
convulsion1 :5 ! aid ( ,heav5 0 inde$   
requir$4 ,! m9i/]s ( ,fr$]ick ,william  
,,ii4 7 ext]nally religi\s1 b ^? (      
,fr$]ick ,william ,i41 by :om ! ,poli%  
"q _h be5 s ju/ly decid$1 7 s 9 reality4
  ,! k+ l$ 8 troops 9 p]son into ,pol&4 
,9 ,june1 #agid1 he defeat$             
,kosciuszko's scy!m5 at ,szczekoc9y1 b  
met ) su* /r5u\s opposition 9 8 attack  
^u ,w>saw z to be compell$ to retire 9  
,septemb]4#a ,on ! retreat ( ! ,prussian
 troops1 ! ,russians1 :o _h purposely   
await$ _! dep>ture 9 ord] to secure !   
triumph = !mselves1 invad$ ! c\ntry 9   
great =ce "u _! bold g5]al1 ,suw>[1 :o  
defeat$ ,kosciuszko1 took him prison]1 &
 besieg$ ,w>saw1 :i* he c>ri$ by /orm4  
,on ?is occasion1 t]m$ by ,rei*>dt a    
peaceful & m]ciful entry ( ! clem5t     

victor1 eighte5 ?\s& ( ! inhabitants ( e
 age & sex 7 cruelly put to ! sword4 ,! 
result ( ?is success 0 ! ?ird p>tition  
or utt] annihilation ( ,pol&4 ,russia   
took possession ( ! :ole ( ,li?uania &  
,volhynia1 z f> z ! ,riem5 & ! ,bug2    
,prussia1 ( ! :ole c\ntry we/ ( !       
,riem51 includ+ ,w>saw2 ,au/ria1 ( !    
:ole c\ntry s\? ( ! ,bug1 ,a4,d4 #agie4 
,an army ( ,g]man (ficials1 :o e>n$ =   
!mselves n ! be/ ( reputations1 settl$ 9
 ! ,prussian division3 !y 7 ignorant ( !
 language ( ! c\ntry1 & enri*$ !mselves 
by tyranny & oppression4 ,von           
,treib5feld1 ! c\nsellor to ! =e/-bo>d1 
"o ( ,bis*(sw]d]'s fri5ds1 be/[$ a numb]
 ( confiscat$ l&s ^u 8 adh]5ts4  ,!     
anci5t ,poli% fe( ( ,c\rl& 01 9         
consequ5ce ( ! annihilation ( ,pol&1    
incorporat$ ) ! ,russian empire1 ,pet]1 
! la/ duke1 ! son ( ,biron1 be+ compell$
 to abdicate1 ,a4,d4 #agie4  ,pi*egru   
invad$ ,holl& late 9 ! autumn ( #agid4  
,! duke ( ,york _h already return$ to   
,engl&4 ,a l9e ( def5ce 01 nev]!less1   

tak5 up by ! ,briti% "u ,wallmod51 by ! 
,dut* "u _! h]$it>y /ad?old]1 ,william  
,v4 ( ,orange1 & by an ,au/rian corps "u
 ,alv9zi2 ! ,dut* 71 h[ev]1 panic-/ruck1
 & negotiat$ a sep>ate treaty )         
,pi*egru1#b :o1 at t mom5t1 solely aim$ 
at sep>at+ ! ,dut* f _! allies2 b :51 9 
,decemb]1 all ! riv]s & canals 7 sudd5ly
 froz51 & nature no long] ?rew          
insurm\ntable ob/acles 9 8 pa?1         
reg>dless ( ! negotiations !n p5d+ 9    
,p>is1 he unexpect$ly took up arms1 m>*$
 across ! iceb\nd wat]s1 & c>ri$ ,holl& 
by /orm4 ,) him m>*$ ! anti-,orangem51 !
 exil$ ,dut* patriots1 "u ,g5]al        
,da5dels & ,admiral de ,w9t]1 ) !       
pret5d$ view ( re/or+ anci5t republican 
lib]ty to ,holl& & ( expell+ !          
tyrannical ,orange dyna/y4  ,! ,briti%  
7& "s ,hessian troops7 7 defeat$ at     
,?iel on ! ,waal2 ,alv9zi met ) a simil>
 fate at ,pond]n1 & 0 compell$ to       
retreat into ,we/phalia4 ,"s ,engli%    
%ips1 :i* lay froz5 up 9 ! h>bor1 7     
captur$ by ! ,fr5* huss>s4 ,a mo/ manly 

resi/ance 0 made2 b no aid 0 s5t f any  
qu>t]4 ,prussia1 :o s %ortly be=e _h    
rang$ h]self on ! side ( ! /ad?old]     
aga9/ ! p1 0 n[ an indiff]5t spectator4 
,william ,v4 0 compell$ to flee to      
,engl&4 ,holl& 0 trans=m$ into a        
,batavian republic4 ,hahn1 ,ho(1 etc41 7
 ! fir/ furi\s ,jacob9s by :om ev]y?+ 0 
!re =m$ ^u ! ,fr5* model4 ,! ,dut* 7    
compell$ to c$e ,mae/ri*t1 ,v5loo1 &    
,vliess+52 to pay a hundr$ millions to  
,france1 &1 moreov]1 to all[ _! c\ntry  
to be plund]$1 to be /ripp$ ( all !     
spl5did works ( art1 pictures1 etc4 7z 0
 also ! case 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & on ! ,rh9e71
 & ev5 ( ! valuable museum ( natural    
curiosities collect$ by !m ) su*        
assiduity 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,^!      
depr$ations 7 succe$$ by a m sy/ematic  
mode ( plund]4 ,holl& 0 m]cilessly dra9$
 ( h] enorm\s weal?4 ,all ! gold & silv]
 bullion 0 fir/ ( all collect$2 ?is 0   
foll[$ by ! imposition ( an income-tax (
 six p] c5t1 :i* 0 aft]w>d repeat$1 & 0 
succe$$ by an income-tax on a slid+     

scale f ?ree to ?irty p] c5t4 ,!        
,briti%1 at ! same "t1 de/roy$ ! ,dut*  
fleet 9 ! ,texel comm&$ by de ,w9t]1 9  
ord] to prev5t its capture by ! ,fr5*1 &
 seiz$ all ! ,dut* colonies1 ,java alone
 except$4 ,! flag ( ,holl& _h vani%$ f !
 seas4  ,9 ,augu/1 #agid1 ! reign (     
t]ror 9 ,france rea*$ its close4 ,!     
mod]ate p>ty :i* came into p[] gave     
hopes ( a g5]al peace1 & ,fr$]ick       
,william ,,ii )\t loss ( "t negotiat$ a 
sep>ate treaty1 sudd5ly ab&on$ !        
mon>*ical cause :i* he _h =m]ly s       
zeal\sly upheld1 & (f]$ 8 fri5d%ip to ! 
revolution>y nation1 aga9/ :i* he _h s  
lately hurl$ a viol5t manife/o4 ,!      
,fr5*1 ) equal inconsi/5cy on _! "p1    
ab&on$ ! popul> cause1 &1 aft] hav+     
murd]$ _! own sov]eign & ?reat5$ e      
,european ?rone ) de/ruction1 accept$ ! 
alliance ( a =eign k+4 ,bo? p>ties1     
not)/&+ ! contr>iety ( _! pr9ciples & _!
 mutual animosity1 7 conciliat$ by _!   
political int]e/4 ,! ,fr5*1 solely b5t  
^u conque/1 c>$ n = ! lib]ty ( o!r      

nations2 ,prussia1 int5t ^u self-       
aggr&izem5t1 0 indiff]5t to ! fate ( h] 
bro!r sov]eigns4 ,peace 0 conclud$      
betwe5 ,france & ,prussia at ,basel1    
,april #e1 #agie4 ,by a secret article (
 ?is treaty1 ,prussia confirm$ ! ,fr5*  
republic 9 ! possession ( ! :ole ( !    
left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 :ile ,france 9     
return ri*ly indemnifi$ ,prussia at !   
exp5se ( ! petty ,g]man /ates4 ,?is     
peace1 not)/&+ its manife/              
disadvantages1 0 also acc$$ to by       
,au/ria1 :i*1 on ?is occasion1 receiv$ !
 un=tunate daught] ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 9     
ex*ange = ,semonville & ,m>et1 ! captive
 ambassadors ( ! republic1 & ! memb]s ( 
! ,conv5tion seiz$ by ,dum\riez4        
,hanov]#c & ,hesse-,cassel p>ticipat$ 9 
! treaty & 7 includ$ )9 ! l9e (         
dem>cation1 :i* ,france1 on h] side1    
b\nd h]self n to transgress4  ,!        
c\ntries ly+ beyond ?is l9e (           
dem>cation1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,holl&1 &       
,pfalz-,juli]s1 7 n[ ab&on$ to ,france1 
& ,au/ria1 kept 9 *eck on ! ,upp] ,rh9e1

 0 p[]less 9 _! def5ce4 ,9 ?is mann]    
fell ,luxemburg & ,dsseldorf4 ,all !    
,l[] ,rh5i% prov9ces 7 sy/ematically    
plund]$ by ! ,fr5* "u pretext ( e/abli%+
 lib]ty & equality4#d ,! ,batavian      
republic 0 p]mitt$ to subsi/1 b dep5d5t 
^u ,france2 ,belgium 0 annex$ to        
,france1 ,a4,d4 #agie4  ,on ! retreat ( 
! ,prussians1 ,mannheim 0 surr5d]$ )\t a
 bl[ by ! electoral m9i/]1 ,ob]ndorf1 to
 ! ,fr5*4 ,wurms] arriv$ too late to !  
relief ( ! city4 ,quosdan[i*1 8         
lieut5ant-g5]al1 nev]!less1 succe$$ 9   
sav+ ,heidelb]g by %elt]+ himself beh9d 
a great abatis at ,h&s*u*%eion1 :5ce he 
repuls$ ! enemy1 :o 7 aft]w>d almo/     
entirely cut to pieces by ,g5]al ,kl5au1
 :om he s5t 9 pursuit ) ! light cavalry4
 ,g5]al ,boros l$ ano!r ,au/rian corps  
across ,nassau to ,ehr5breit/e91 at t "t
 besieg$ by ! ,fr5* "u _! y\?ful g5]al1 
,m>ceau1 :o in/antly retir$4 ,wurms] no 
soon] arriv$ 9 p]son ?an1 attack+ !     
,fr5* be=e ,mannheim1 he completely put 
!m to ! r\t & took ,g5]al ,oud9ot       

prison]4 ,clairfait1 at ! same "t1      
advanc$ unp]ceiv$ ^u ,may5ce1 &         
unexpect$ly attack+ ! besieg+ ,fr5* =ce1
 c>ri$ (f "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight pieces
 ( heavy artill]y4 ,pi*egru1 :o _h be5  
call$ f ,holl& to take ! comm& on !     
,upp] ,rh9e1 0 driv5 back to ! ,vosges4 
,j\rdan advanc$ to 8 aid f ! ,l[] ,rh9e1
 b 8 vangu>d "u ,m>ceau 0 defeat$ at    
,kreuzna* & aga9 at ,meiss5heim4        
,mannheim also capitulat$ to !          
,au/rians4 ,! w9t] 0 n[ f> advanc$2 bo? 
sides 7 we>y ( ! campaign1 & an armi/ice
 0 conclud$4 ,au/ria1 not)/&+ h] late   
success1 01 ow+ to ! des]tion (         
,prussia1 9 a critical position4 ,!     
imp]ial troops also refus$ to act4 ,!   
pr9ces ( ,s\!rn ,g]many long$ = peace4  
,ev5 ,spa9 foll[$ ! example ( ,prussia &
 conclud$ a treaty ) ! ,fr5* republic4  
,! consequ5t dissolution ( ! coalition  
betwe5 ! ,g]man p[]s _h at lea/ ! effect
 ( prev5t+ ! =mation ( a coalition (    
nations aga9/ !m by ! ,fr5*4 ,_h !      
alliance betwe5 ! sov]eigns cont9u$1 !  

,fr5* w\ld1 f political motives1 h us$  
_! utmo/ endeavors to revolutionize     
,g]many2 ?is project 0 r5d]$ ne$less by 
! treaty ( ,basel1 :i* broke up !       
coalition & confirm$ ,france 9 !        
undi/urb$ possession ( h] lib]ties2 &   
?us x happ5$ t ,prussia unwitt+ly aid$ !
 mon>*ical cause by involunt>ily prev5t+
 ! promulgation ( ! revolution>y        
pr9ciples ( ,france4  ,au/ria rema9$    
un%ak51 & refus$ ei!r to betray !       
mon>*ical cause by ! recognition ( a    
revolution>y democratical gov]nm5t1 or  
to c$e ! fronti]s ( ! empire to ! y\?ful
 & insol5t g5]als ( ! republic4         
,consci\s ( ! righte\sness ( ! cause %e 
upheld1 %e intrepidly /ood h] gr\nd &   
v5tur$ h] s+le /r5g? 9 ! mighty conte/1 
:i* ! campaign ( #agif 0 to decide4 ,!  
,au/rian =ces 9 ,g]many 7 comm&$ by !   
emp]or's bro!r1 ! ,ar*duke ,*>les2 ^? 9 
,italy1 by ,beaulieu4 ,! ,fr5*1 on ! o!r
 h&1 s5t ,j\rdan to ! ,l[] ,rh9e1       
,moreau to ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 ,bonap>te to  
,italy1 & comm5c$ ! attack on e po9t )  

_! wont$ impetuosity4  ,! ,au/rians _h  
aga9 ext5d$ _! l9es z f> z ! ,l[] ,rh9e4
 ,a corps "u ,pr9ce ,f]d9& ( ,wrtemb]g 0
 /ation$ 9 ! ,b]gl&1 9 ! n>r[ corn] /ill
 left betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,prussian l9e (
 dem>cation4 ,m>ceau =c$ him to retire z
 f> z ,alt5kir*51 b ! ,ar*duke ,*>les   
ha/5+ to 8 assi/ance enc\nt]$ ,j\rdan's 
entire =ce on ! ,lahn ne> ,klo/]        
,alt5b]g1 &1 aft] a %ort conte/1        
compell$ x to give way4 ,a great "p ( ! 
,au/rian army ( ! ,rh9e "u ,wurms] hav+ 
be51 mean:ile1 drawn (f & s5t into      
,italy1 ! ar*duke 0 compell$ to turn    
ha/ily f ,j\rdan aga9/ ,moreau1 :o _h j 
despat*$ ,g5]al ,f]9o across ! ,lake (  
,con/ance1 :ile he advanc$ ^u ,/rasburg4
 ,a small ,swabian corps "u ,colonel    
,ragl[i* made an extraord9>y def5ce 9   
,kehl 7! fir/ in/ance ( extreme brav]y  
giv5 by ! imp]ial troops at t "t71 b 0  
=c$ to yield to numb]s4 ,! ,au/rian     
g5]al1 ,szt>ray1 01 not)/&+ ! gallantry 
display$ on ! occasion1 also repuls$ at 
,sasba*2 ! ,wurtemb]g battalion 0 also  

driv5 f ! /eep pass ( ! ,kniebes1#e     
across :i* ,moreau p5etrat$ ?r\gh !     
,black ,=e/ into ! he>t ( ,swabia1 & _h 
already rea*$ ,freud5/adt1 :5 ! ,au/rian
 g5]al1 ,lat\r1 m>*$ up ! ,murg4 ,he 01 
h[ev]1 also repuls$4 ,! ,ar*duke ,*>les 
n[ arriv$ 9 p]son 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd      
,p=zheim 7on ! skirts ( ! ,black ,=e/71 
& s5t =w>d 8 columns to attack ! ,fr5* 9
 ! m\nta9s1 b 9 va92 ! ,fr5* 7 victori\s
 at ,ro!nsol & at ,wildbad4 ,! ar*duke  
retir$ beh9d ! ,neck> to ,cann/adt2 8   
re>gu>d 0 pursu$ ?r\gh ! city ( ,/uttg>d
 by ! vangu>d ( ! ,fr5*4 ,aft] a %ort   
cannonade1 ! ar*duke also ab&on$ 8      
position at ,cann/adt4 ,! :ole ( !      
,swabian circle submitt$ to ! ,fr5*4    
,wurtemb]g 0 n[ compell$ to make a =mal 
cession ( ,mumpelg>d1 :i* _h be5 = "s "t
 g>rison$ by ! ,fr5*1#f &1 moreov]1 to  
pay a contribution ( f\r million livres2
 ,bad5 0 also mulct$ two millions1 ! o!r
 /ates ( ! ,swabian circle twelve       
millions1 ! cl]gy sev5 millions1        
altoge!r tw5ty-five million livres1 )\t 

reckon+ ! enorm\s requisition (         
provisions1 horses1 clo!s1 etc4 ,!      
ar*duke1 9 ! meantime1 depriv$ ! troops 
belong+ to ! ,swabian circle ( _! arms  
at ,bib]a*1 on acc\nt ( ! peace conclud$
 by _! pr9ces ) ! ,fr5*1 & retir$ beh9d 
! ,danube by ,donauwo]?4 ,f]9o _h1      
mean:ile1 also advanc$ f ,hun+5 into !  
,breisgau & to ! ,lake ( ,con/ance1 _h  
beat5 ! small corps "u ,g5]al ,frhlick  
at ,h]bol%eim & ! remnant ( ! ,fr5*     
emigrants "u ,oonde at ,m9delheim1#g &  
jo9$ ,moreau 9 pursuit ( ! ar*duke4 ,8  
troops committ$ great havoc :]ev] !y    
appe>$4#h  ,j\rdan _h also aga9 pu%$    
=w>d4 ,! ar*duke _h m]ely be5 able to   
oppose to him on ! ,l[] ,rh9e ?irty ?\s&
 m5 "u ! ,c\nt von ,w>t5sleb51 :o1 ow+  
to ,j\rdan's num]ical sup]iority1 _h be5
 repuls$ across bo? ! ,lahn & ,ma9e4    
,j\rdan took ,frank=t by bomb>dm5t &    
impos$ ^u t city a contribution ( six   
millions4 ,! ,franconian circle also    
submitt$ & paid sixte5 millions1 )\t    
reckon+ ! requisition ( natural         

productions & ! m]ciless pillage4#i  ,! 
,ar*duke ,*>les1 too weak s+ly to       
enc\nt] ! armies ( ,moreau & ,j\rdan1   
_h1 mean:ile1 boldly resolv$ to keep 8  
oppon5ts z long z possible sep>ate1 &1  
on ! fir/ favorable opportunity1 to     
attack "o ) ! :ole ( 8 =ces1 :ile he    
kept ! o!r at bay ) a small division ( 8
 army4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is plan1 he s5t  
,w>t5sleb5 aga9/ ,j\rdan1 &1 mean:ile1  
drew ,moreau aft] him into ,bav>ia1 :]e1
 leav+ ,g5]al ,lat\r ) a small corps to 
keep him 9 *eck at ,ra9 on ! ,le*1 he   
recross$ ! ,danube at ,+ol/adt ) ! fl[] 
( 8 army & ha/ily advanc$ aga9/ ,j\rdan1
 :o 0 ?us tak5 unaw>es4 ,at ,te9+51 he  
surpris$ ! ,fr5* avant-g>de "u          
,b]nadotte1 :i* he compell$ to retire4  
,at ,amb]g1 he enc\nt]$ ,j\rdan1 :om he 
completely r\t$1 ,a4,d4 #agif4 ,! ,fr5* 
retreat$ ?r\gh ! city1 on ! o!r side (  
:i* !y =m$ an imm5se squ>e aga9/ !      
imp]ial cavalry "u ,w]nek2 x 0 brok5 on 
! ?ird *>ge1 & a t]rible slaught] took  
place1 ?ree ?\s& ( ! ,fr5* be+ kill$ &  

"o ?\s& tak5 prison]4 ,! peasantry _h   
already fl[n to arms1 & assi/$ 9 cutt+  
d[n ! fugitives4 ,j\rdan aga9 made a /& 
at ,wurzburg1 :]e ,w]nek /orm$ 8        
batt]ies at ! head ( 8 gr5adi]s & a     
complete r\t ensu$1 ,septemb] #c4 ,!    
,fr5* lo/ six ?\s& dead & two ?\s&      
prison]s4 ,! peasantry rose en masse1 & 
hunt$ d[n ! fugitives4#aj ,on ! ,upp]   
,rhone1 ,dr4 ,rd] plac$ himself at !    
head ( ! peasantry1 b1 enc\nt]+ a       
sup]ior ,fr5* corps at ,mellri*/adt1 0  
defeat$ & kill$4 ,! ,fr5* suff]$ mo/ 9 !
 ,spess>t1 call$ by !m1 on t acc\nt1 ,la
 petite ,v5dee4 ,! peasantry 7 "h head$ 
by an ag$ =e/] nam$ ,philip ,witt1 &1   
protect$ by _! =e/s1 ext]m9at$ numb]s ( 
! fly+ foe4 ,! imp]ial troops 7 also    
unremitt+ 9 _! pursuit1 aga9 defeat$    
,b]nadotte at ,as*aff5burg & *as$       
,j\rdan ?r\gh ,nassau across ! ,rh9e4   
,m>ceau1 :o _h va9ly besieg$ ,may5ce1   
aga9 made /& at ,all]heim1 :]e he 0     
defeat$ & kill$4#aa  ,moreau1 completely
 deceiv$ by ! ar*duke1 _h1 mean:ile1    

rema9$ 9 ,bav>ia4 ,aft] defeat+ ,g5]al  
,lat\r at ,le*haus51 in/ead ( sett+ (f 9
 pursuit ( ! ar*duke & to ,j\rdan's aid1
 he 01 z ! ar*duke _h =ese51 attract$ by
 ! prospect ( ga9+ a ri* booty1 9 an    
opposite direction1 t[>d ,muni*4 ,bav>ia
 submitt$ to ! ,fr5*1 paid t5 millions1 
& c$$ tw5ty ( ! mo/ valuable pictures   
belong+ to ! ,dusseldorf & ,muni*       
gall]ies4 ,! news ( ,j\rdan's defeat n[ 
compell$ ,moreau to beat a rapid retreat
 9 ord] to avoid be+ cut (f by !        
victori\s ar*duke4 ,lat\r set (f        
vigor\sly 9 pursuit1 came up ) him at   
,ulm & aga9 at ,rav5sb]g1 b 0 bo? times 
repuls$1 ow+ to 8 num]ical inf]iority4  
,a simil> fate await$ ! /ill small]     
imp]ial corps l$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* by       
,nau5dorf at ,ro?weil & by ,petros* at  
,vill+51 & ,moreau l$ ! ma9 body ( 8    
army 9 safety ?r\gh ! deep n>r[ gorges (
 ! ,holl5?al 9 ! ,black ,=e/ to         
,freiburg 9 ! ,breisgau1 :]e he came ^u 
! ar*duke1 :o1 amid ! acclamations ( !  
arm$ peasantry 7by :om ! retreat+       

,fr5*#ab 71 z 9 ! ,spess>t1 cont9ually  
h>ass$ 9 _! passage ?r\gh ! ,black      
,=e/71 _h hurri$1 b too late1 to 8      
enc\nt]4 ,moreau _h already s5t two     
divisions ( 8 army1 "u ,f]9o & ,desaix1 
across ! ,rh9e at ,hun+5 & ,breisa*1 &  
cov]$ _! retreat ) ! ?ird by tak+ up a  
/rong position at ,s*liesg51 n f> f     
,freiburg1 :5ce1 aft] brav+ a fir/      
attack1 he escap$ dur+ ! night to       
,hun+54 ,?is retreat1 9 :i* he _h sav$ 8
 army ) comp>atively little loss1 excit$
 g5]al admiration1 b 9 ,italy !re 0 a "y
 man :o scornfully exclaim$1 ,x 01 aft] 
all1 m]ely a retreat6   ,footnote #a3 ,!
 foll[+ trait proves ! complete         
/agnation ( *ivalric feel+ 9 ! army4    
,szekuli1 colonel ( ! ,prussian huss>s1 
condemn$ sev]al patriotic ladies1       
belong+ to ! highe/ ,poli% families at  
,znawrazlaw1 to be plac$ b5ea? ! gall[s1
 9 mom5t>y expectation ( dea?1 until x1 
at l5g?1 pleas$ him to grant a reprieve1
 c\*$ 9 ! mo/ (f5sive & indec5t t]ms4   
,footnote #b3 ,a mo/ disgraceful treaty4

 ,william's enemies1 ! fugitive         
patriots1 _h promis$ ! ,fr5*1 9 return =
 _! aid1 sixty million flor9s ( ! spoil 
( _! c\ntry4 ,william1 ^u ?is1 promis$  
to pay to ,france a subsidy ( eighty    
millions1 9 ord] to gu>antee ! security 
( 8 fronti]1 b 0 in/antly outbid by !   
base & self-d5om9at$ patriots1 :o (f]$  
to ,france a hundr$ million flor9s 9    
ord] to induce h] to invade _! c\ntry4  
,footnote #c3 ,von ,b]leps*1 ! c\ncillor
 ( adm9i/ration1 propos$ to ! ,calemb]g 
diet to decl>e _! neutrality 9 defiance 
( ,engl&1 &1 9 case ( necessity1 to     
place ! ,calemb]g ,nation "u !          
protection ( ,france4--,havemomn4       
,footnote #d3 ,:]ev] ^! locu/s appe>1   
ev]y?+1 m51 cattle1 food1 prop]ty1 etc41
 is c>ri$ (f4 ,^! ?ieves seize ev]y?+   
conv]tible into money4 ,no?+ is safe f  
!m4 ,at ,cologne1 !y fill$ a *ur* )     
c(fee & sug>4 ,at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 !y  
c>ri$ (f ! f9e/ pictures ( ,rub5s & ,van
 ,dyck1 ! pill>s f ! alt>1 & !          
m>ble-slab f ! tomb ( ,*>lemagne1 all ( 

:i* !y sold to "s ,dut*                 
,jews4--,posselt's ,annals ( #agif4 ,at 
,cologne1 ! nuns 7 in/antly emancipat$ f
 _! v[s1 & "o ( ! y\nge/ & mo/ beautiful
 aft]w>d ga9$ great notoriety z a b>maid
 at an inn4 ,?is sc&al\s /ory is relat$ 
by ,klebe 9 8 ,travels on ! ,rh9e4 ,9   
,bonn1 ,glei*1 a man :o _h =m]ly be5 a  
prie/1 plac$ himself at ! head ( ! ,fr5*
 rabble & plant$ trees ( lib]ty4 ,he    
also gave to ! _w a decade1 z he t]m$ 8 
publication4--,mll]1 ,hi/ory ( ,bonn4 ,!
 ,fr5* proclaim$ w> aga9/ ! palaces &   
peace to ! huts1 b no hut 0 too mean to 
escape ! rapacity ( ^! birds ( prey4 ,! 
fir/-fruits ( lib]ty 0 ! pillage ( e    
corn]4-- ,s*wab5's ,hi/ory ( ,siegburg4 
,! bro!rs ,boiss]e'e aft]w>d collect$ a 
good _m ( ! *ur* pictures1 at t p]iod   
c>ri$ away f ,cologne & m p>ticul>ly f !
 ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,!y n[ adorn ,muni* & =m ! 
be/ collection ( old ,g]man pa9t+s n[   
exi/+4  ,footnote #e3 ,_h ,wrtemb]g     
possess$ b six ?\s& well-organiz$       
troops1 ! position on ! ,roszbuhl might 

h be5 ma9ta9$1 & ! c\ntry h be5 sav$4 ,!
 millions s9ce paid by ,wrtemb]g1 & :i* 
%e may /ill h to pay1 w\ld h be5 sp>$4--
 ,app5dix to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,campaign (  
#agif4  ,footnote #f3 ,! duke1 ,*>les1  
_h1 9 #agia1 visit$ ,p>is1 donn$ !      
national cockade1 & brib$ ,mirabeau ) a 
l>ge sum ( money to induce ! ,fr5*      
gov]nm5t to pur*ase ,mmpelg>d f him4 ,! 
,fr5*1 h[ev]1 7 q z well aw>e z ! duke t
 !y w\ld ere long possess x gratis4     
,footnote #g3 ,moreau g5]\sly all[$ all 
8 prison]s1 :o1 z ex-nobles1 7 de/9$ to 
! guillot9e1 to escape4  ,footnote #h3  
,armbru/]'s ,regi/] ( ,fr5* ,crime      
conta9s z foll[s3 ,"h & !re1 9 !        
neighbor+ t[ns1 !re 7 c]ta9ly symptoms (
 an extremely favorable disposition t[>d
 ! ,fr5*1 :i* w\ld ill des]ve a place 9 
! annals ( ,g]man patriotism & ( ,g]man 
good s5se4 ,?is disposition 0 =tunately 
f> f g5]al4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,fr5* 9 _! 
real "*1 & ! b>b>\s excesses & heavy    
contributions by :i* !y r5d]$ ! p       
s5sible ( _! pres5ce1 spe$ily effect$ _!

 conv]sion4 ,! ,fr5*1 x is true1 nei!r  
murd]$ ! inhabitants nor burn$ !        
villages z !y _h dur+ ! previ\s c5tury 9
 ! ,pfalz1 b !y pillag$ ! c\ntry to a   
great] ext5t1 %amefully abus$ ! wom51 & 
desecrat$ ! *ur*es4 ,_! lic5se & ! art )
 :i* !y extort$ ! la/ p5ny f ! wret*$ p 
surpass$ all belief4 ,n satisfi$ ) robb+
 ! *ur*es1 !y especially glori$ 9 giv+  
utt]ance to ! mo/ fe>ful blasphemies1 9 
de/roy+ & pr(an+ ! alt>s1 9 ov]?r[+ !   
/atues ( sa9ts1 9 tread+ ! ho/ b5ea? _! 
feet or ca/+ x to dogs4--,at ! village (
 ,b]g 9 ,we+>t51 !y set up 9 ! holy (   
holies ! image ( ! devil1 :i* !y _h tak5
 f ! repres5tation ( ! temptation ( !   
,savi\r 9 ! wild]ness4 ,9 ! village (   
,boos1 !y roa/$ a crucifix be=e a       
fire4--,vide ,hurt]'s ,memorabilia1     
conc]n+ ! ,fr5* allies 9 ,swabia1 :o    
attempt$ to f\nd an ,alemannic          
,republic4 ,s*affhaus51 #ahdj4 ,moreau  
r$uc$ !m to sil5ce by decl>+1 ,i h no   
ne$ ( a revolution to ! re> ( my army4  
,footnote #i3 ,not)/&+ ,j\rdan's        

proclamation1 promis+ protection to all 
private prop]ty1 ,wrzburg1 ,s*we9furt1  
,bamb]g1 etc41 7 completely pillag$4 ,! 
"y girls fl$ 9 hundr$s to ! woods4 ,!   
*ur*es 7 %amelessly desecrat$4 ,:5 m]cy 
9 ,god's "n 0 dem&$1 ! plund]]s repli$1 
,god6 we are ,god6 ,!y w\ld dance at    
night-"t ar\nd a b[l ( burn+ br&y1 ^:   
blue flames !y call$ _! tre suprme4--,! 
,fr5* 9 ,franconia1 by ,c\nt ,sod54     
,footnote #aj3 ,!y deem$ ! assass9ation 
( a =eign] a m]itori\s "w4--,ephem]idae 
( #agig4 ,! peasantry1 r\s$ to fury by !
 disord]ly & cruel ,fr5*1 ^: excesses   
exce$$ all belief1 did n ev5 ext5d m]cy 
to ! w\nd$2 & ! ,fr5*1 ) equal b>b>ity1 
set :ole villages on fire4--,app5dix to 
! ,campaign ( #agif4  ,footnote #aa3 ,:5
 sc>cely 9 8 tw5ty-sev5? ye>4 ,he 0 "o (
 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ h]oes ( ! ,revolution1 &
 z rem>kable = 8 g5]osity to 8 weak]    
foes z = 8 moral & *ivalric pr9ciples4  
,! ,ar*duke ,*>les s5t 8 private        
physicians to att5d ^u him1 &1 on !     
occasion ( 8 burial1 fir$ a salvo       

simultane\sly ) t ( ! ,fr5* /ation$ on !
 opposite bank ( ! ,rh9e4--,muss9an4    
,footnote #ab3 ,! peasants ( ! ,art5au &
 ! ,k9zig?al 7 comm&$ by a weal?y f>m]1 
nam$ ,john ,baad]4 ,besides sev]al ,fr5*
 g5]als1 ,hausmann1 ! commiss>y ( !     
gov]nm5t1 :o accompani$ ,moreau's army1 
0 tak5 prison]4--,muss9an1 ,hi/ory ( !  
,fr5* ,w> ( #agif etc4 ,a decree1       
publi%$ on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] by        
,fr$]ick ,eug5e1 ,duke ( ,wrtemb]g1 9   
:i* he prohibit$ 8 subjects f tak+ "p 9 
! pursuit ( ! ,fr5*1 is wor?y ( rem>k4  
,,ccl4 ,bonap>te   ,?is y\? 0 ,napoleon 
,bonap>te1 ! son ( a lawy] 9 ! isl& (   
,corsica1 a man ( milit>y g5ius1 :o1 :5 
a m]e lieut5ant1 _h rais$ ! siege (     
,t\lon1 _h aft]w>d s]v$ ! ,directory by 
disp]s+ ! old ,jacob9s ) 8 artill]y 9 ! 
/reets ( ,p>is1 & _h be5 intru/$ ) !    
comm& ( ! army 9 ,italy4 ,tal5ts1 t "u a
 mon>*y w\ld h be5 doom$ to obscurity1  
71 "u ! ,fr5* republic1 call$ into      
notice1 & m5 ( decid$ g5ius c\ld1 amid !
 g5]al competition1 alone atta9 to p[]  

or reta9 ! re9s ( gov]nm5t4  ,bonap>te 0
 ! fir/ to take ! field4 ,9 ! ,april (  
#agif1 he pu%$ across ! ,alps & attack$ 
! ,au/rians4 ,beaulieu1 a good g5]al1 b 
too old = s]vice 7he 0 !n sev5ty-two1   
,napoleon b tw5ty-sev571 _h incauti\sly 
ext5d$ 8 l9es too f>1 9 ord] to pres]ve 
a communication ) ! ,engli% fleet 9 !   
,m$it]ranean4 ,bonap>te defeat$ 8       
scatt]$ =ces at ,mont5otte & ,millesimo1
 betwe5 ! #aj? & #ae? ( ,april1 &1 turn+
 %>ply ^u ! equally scatt]$ ,s>d9ian    
=ce1 beat x 9 sev]al engagem5ts1 !      
pr9cipal ( :i* took place at ,mondovi1  
betwe5 ! #ai? & #bb;d ( ,april4 ,an     
armi/ice 0 conclud$ ) ,s>d9ia1 &        
,beaulieu1 :o va9ly attempt$ to def5d ! 
,po1 0 defeat$ on ! #g? & #h? ( ,may1 at
 ,fombio4 ,! bridge ov] ! ,adda at      
,lodi1 ?ree hundr$ paces 9 l5g?1        
extremely n>r[ & to all appe>ance       
impregnable1 def5d$ by 8 lieut5ant      
,sebott5dorf1 0 c>ri$ by /orm1 &1 on !  
#ae? ( ,may1 ,bonap>te ent]$ ,milan4    
,beaulieu took up a position beh9d !    

,m9cio1 not)/&+ :i*1 ,bonap>te c>ri$ !  
aga9 ill-def5d$ bridge at ,borghetto by 
/orm4 ,:ile 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry1 he     
n>r[ly escap$ be+ tak5 prison] by a p>ty
 ( skirmi%]s1 & 0 compell$ to fly       
half-nak$1 ) b "o foot boot$1 f 8 night 
qu>t]s at ,/4 ,georgio4  ,beaulieu n[   
)drew into ! ,tyrol4 ,s>d9ia made peace1
 & t]ms 7 (f]$ by ! pope & by ,naples4  
,leghorn 0 g>rison$ ) ,fr5* troops2 all 
! ,engli% goods ly+ 9 ?is h>bor1 to !   
value ( twelve million p\nds1 7         
confiscat$4 ,! /rongly =tifi$ city (    
,mantua1 def5d$ by ! ,au/rians "u _!    
gallant lead]1 ,canto d',irles1 0       
besieg$ by ,bonap>te4 ,a fre% body (    
,au/rian troops "u ,wurms] cross$ !     
m\nta9s to _! relief2 b ,wurms]1 in/ead 
( advanc+ ) 8 :ole =ce1 incauti\sly     
press$ =w>d ) ?irty-two ?\s& m5 ?r\gh ! 
valley ( ! ,adige1 :ile ,quosdan[i* l$  
eighte5 ?\s& along ! we/]n %ore ( !     
,lake ( ,g>da4 ,bonap>te in/antly       
p]ceiv$ 8 advantage1 &1 attack+ ! latt]1
 defeat$ him on ! #c;d ( ,augu/1 at     

,lonato4 ,wurms] _h ent]$ ,mantua       
unoppos$ on ! #a/1 b1 sett+ out 9 se>* (
 ! enemy1 0 unexpect$ly attack$1 on !   
#e? ( ,augu/1 by ! :ole ( ,bonap>te's   
=ces at ,ca/iglione1 & compell$1 l      
,quosdan[i*1 to seek %elt] 9 ! ,tyrol4  
,?is s5seless mode ( attack _h be5      
plann$ by ,weirott]1 a colonel belong+  
to ! g5]al /aff4 ,wurms] n[ receiv$     
re9=cem5ts1 & ,lan]1 ! g5]al ( !        
eng9e]s1 0 intru/$ ) ! projection ( a   
bett] plan4 ,he aga9 weak5$ ! army by   
divid+ 8 =ces4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 
,david[i* p5etrat$ ) tw5ty ?\s& m5 ?r\gh
 ! valley ( ! ,adige & 0 defeat$ at     
,rov]$o1 & ,wurms]1 :o _h1 mean:ile1    
advanc$ ) an army ( tw5ty-six ?\s& m5   
?r\gh ! valley ( ! ,br5ta1 met ) a      
simil> fate at ,bassano4 ,he1 nev]!less1
 escap$ ! pursuit ( ! victori\s ,fr5* by
 mak+ a circuit1 & ?rew himself by a =c$
 m>* into ,mantua1 :]e he 01 h[ev]1     
unable to make a l5g?y resi/ance1 ! city
 be+ ov]-populat$ & provisions sc>ce4 ,a
 fre% army ( tw5ty-eight ?\s& m51 "u    

,alv9zi1 s5t to 8 relief#a ?r\gh !      
valley ( ! ,br5ta1 0 attack$ 9 a /rong  
position at ,arcole1 on ! riv] ,alpon4  
,two dams protect$ ! bank & a n>r[      
bridge1 :i* 01 on ! #ae? ( ,novemb]1    
va9ly /orm$ by ! ,fr5*1 al?\gh ,g5]al   
,aug]eau & ,bonap>te1 ) ! colors 9 8 h&1
 l$ ! attack4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 ,alv9zi 
fooli%ly cross$ ! bridge & took up an   
expos$ position1 9 :i* he 0 beat51 &1 on
 ! ?ird day1 he retreat$4 ,david[i*1    
mean:ile1 aga9 advanc$ f ! ,tyrol & ga9$
 an advantage at ,rivoli1 b 0 also =c$  
to retreat be=e ,bonap>te4 ,wurms]1 :5  
too late1 made a sally1 :i* 01          
consequ5tly1 useless4 ,! campaign 01    
nev]!less1 = ! fif? "t1 r5ew$4 ,alv9zi  
collect$ re9=cem5ts & aga9 pu%$ =w>d    
into ! valley ( ! ,adige1 b spe$ily lo/ 
c\rage & suff]$ a fe>ful defeat1 9 :i*  
tw5ty ?\s& ( 8 m5 7 tak5 prison]s1 on ! 
#ad? & #ae? ( ,janu>y1 ,a4,d4 #agig1 at 
,rivoli4 ,prov]a1 on :om he _h reli$ =  
assi/ance f ,padua1 0 cut (f & tak5     
prison] ) 8 entire corps4 ,wurms]       

capitulat$ at ,mantua ) tw5ty-"o ?\s&   
m54  ,! spr+ ( #agig _h sc>cely comm5c$ 
:5 ,bonap>te 0 already pu%+ across !    
,alps t[>d ,vi5na4 ,ho*e1 at ! same "t1 
aga9 attack$ ! ,l[] & ,moreau ! ,upp]   
,rh9e4 ,bonap>te1 ! ne>e/ & mo/ dang]\s 
foe1 0 oppos$ by ! ar*duke1 ^: army1    
compos$ ( ! rema9s ( ,alv9zi's disb&$ & 
disc\rag$ troops1 call$ =? ! obs]vation 
f ,bonap>te1 ,hi!rto ,i h defeat$ armies
 )\t g5]als1 n[ ,i am ab\t to attack a  
g5]al )\t an army6 ,a battle took place 
at ,t>vis1 amid ! highe/ m\nta9s1 :5ce x
 0 aft]w>d kn[n z ! battle above !      
cl\ds4 ,! ar*duke1 ) a h&ful ( ,hung>ian
 huss>s1 valiantly def5d$ ! pass aga9/  
sixte5 ?\s& ,fr5* "u ,mass5a1 nor turn$ 
to fly until eight only ( 8 m5 rema9$4  
,g5]als ,bayali* & ,ocskay1 in/ead (    
support+ him1 _h yield$4 ,! ar*duke aga9
 collect$ five ?\s& m5 ar\nd him at     
,glogau & oppos$ ! advance ( ! imm5sely 
sup]ior ,fr5* =ce until two hundr$ &    
fifty ( 8 m5 alone rema9$4 ,! conqu]or (
 ,italy rapidly advanc$ ?r\gh ,/yria ^u 

,vi5na4 ,ano!r ,fr5* corps "u ,j\b]t _h 
p5etrat$ into ! ,tyrol1 b _h be5 s      
vigor\sly assail$ at ,sp+es by ! brave  
peasantry#b z to be =c$ to retire ^u    
,bonap>te's ma9 body1 ) :i* he came up  
at ,villa*1 aft] los+ betwe5 six & eight
 ?\s& m5 dur+ 8 retreat ?r\gh !         
,pu/]?al4 ,! ra%ness ) :i* ,bonap>te1   
leav+ ! ,alps to 8 re> & reg>dless ( 8  
di/ance f ,france1 p5etrat$ into !      
enemy's c\ntry1 _h plac$ him 9 a        
position af=d+ e facility = ! ,au/rians1
 by a bold & vigor\s /roke1 to cut him  
(f & take him prison]4 ,!y _h g>rison$  
,trie/e & ,fiume on ! ,adriatic & =m$ an
 alliance ) ! republic ( ,v5ice1 at t "t
 well suppli$ ) m51 arms1 & gold4 ,a    
great insurrection ( ! peasantry1       
infuriat$ by ! pillage ( ! ,fr5* troops1
 _h brok5 out at ,b]gamo4 ,! gallant    
,tyrolese1 head$ by ,c\nt ,lehrba*1 & ! 
,hung>ians1 _h ris5 en masse4 ,!        
victori\s troops ( ! ,ar*duke ,*>les 7  
en r\te f ! ,rh9e1 & ,mack _h arm$ !    
,vi5nese & ! inhabitants ( !            

?ickly-populat$ neighborhood ( !        
metropolis4 ,bonap>te 0 lo/ %\ld !      
ar*duke's plan ( op]ations meet ) !     
approbation ( ! ,vi5nese cab9et1 &1     
p]fectly aw>e ( ! fact1 he made         
proposals ( peace "u pret5ce ( sp>+     
unnecess>y blood%$4 ,! imp]ial c\rt1    
/upefi$ by ! late discomfiture 9 ,italy1
 in/ead ( reg>d+ ! proposals ( ! wily   
,fr5*man z a confession ( emb>rassm5t1 &
 ( assail+ him ) r$\bl$ vigor1 acc$$ to 
!m1 &1 on ! #ah? ( ,april1 ,c\nt        
,cob5zl1 ,?ugut's successor1 conclud$ ! 
prelim9>ies ( peace at ,leob51 by :i* ! 
,fr5*1 besides be+ lib]at$ f _! dang]\s 
position1 7 recogniz$ z victors4 ,!     
negotiations ( peace 7 cont9u$ at !     
*ateau ( ,campo ,=mio1 :]e ! ,au/rians  
some:at rega9$ c\rage1 & ,c\nt ,cob5zl#c
 ev5 v5tur$ to refuse "s ( ! articles   
propos$4 ,bonap>te1 irritat$ by         
opposition1 da%$ a valuable cup1 ! gift 
( ! ,russian empress1 viol5tly to !     
gr\nd1 exclaim+1 ,y wi% = w>8 ,well6 y  
%all h x1 & y\r mon>*y %all be %att]$ l 

t cup4 ,! armi/ice 0 n int]rupt$4       
,ho/ilities 7 ev5 susp5d$ on ! ,rh9e4 ,!
 ar*duke _h1 be=e quitt+ t riv]1 ga9$ ! 
ttes de pont ( ,/rasburg 7,kehl7 & (    
,hun+51 besides completely cle>+ ! "r   
bank ( ! ,rh9e ( ! enemy4 ,! :ole ( ^!  
advantages 7 aga9 lo/ on 8 recall to    
take ! field aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,! ,saxon 
troops1 :i* _h1 up to ?is p]iod1 /eadily
 sid$ ) ,au/ria1 7 recall$ by ! elector4
 ,swabia1 ,franconia1 & ,bav>ia 7 int5t 
^u mak+ peace ) ,france4 ,b>on von      
,fahn5b]g1 ! imp]ial envoy at ,ratisbon1
 bitt]ly reproa*$ ! ,prote/ant e/ates = 
_! evid5t incl9ation to foll[ ! example 
( ,prussia by sid+ ) ! ,fr5* & betray+  
_! fa!rl& to _! common foe1 b1 on apply+
 m p>ticul>ly = aid to ! spiritual      
pr9ces1 :o 7 expos$ to ! greate/ dang]1 
he f\nd !m equally lukew>m4 ,ea* & all  
refus$ to furni% troops or to pay a w>  
tax4 ,! imp]ial troops 71 consequ5tly1  
compell$ to en=ce _! ma9t5ance1 &       
naturally became ! objects ( popul>     
hatr$4 ,9 ?is wret*$ mann] 0 ! empire   

def5d$6 ,! petty imp]ial corps on !     
,rh9e 71 mean:ile1 compell$ to retreat  
be=e an enemy va/ly _! sup]ior 9 numb]4 
,w]nek1 attempt+ ) m]ely tw5ty-two ?\s& 
m5 to ob/ruct ! advance ( an army (     
sixty-five ?\s& ,fr5* "u ,ho*e1 0       
defeat$ at ,neuwi$ & depriv$ ( 8        
comm&4#d ,szt>ray1 :o *>g$ sev5 times at
 ! head ( 8 m51 0 also beat5 by ,moreau 
at ,kehl & ,di]%eim4 ,at ?is            
conjuncture1 ! armi/ice ( ,leob5 0      
publi%$4  ,a peace1 bas$ on ! t]ms      
propos$ at ,leob51 0 =mally conclud$ at 
,campo ,=mio1 ,octob] #ag1 #agig4 ,!    
triumph ( ! ,fr5* republic 0 confirm$1 &
 anci5t ,europe receiv$ a new =m4 ,!    
object = :i* ! sov]eigns ( ,france _h = 
c5turies va9ly /riv5 0 won by !         
mon>*less nation2 ,france ga9$ !        
prepond]ance 9 ,europe4 ,italy & ! :ole 
( ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e 7 ab&on$ to h]  
arbitr>y rule1 & ?is fe>ful loss1 f> f  
act+ z a w>n+ to ,g]many & promot+ h]   
unity1 m]ely increas$ h] int]nal        
diss5sions & (f]$ to ! ,fr5* republic an

 opportunity = int]v5tion1 ( :i* x took 
advantage = purposes ( ga9 & pillage4   
,! pr9cipal object ( ! policy (         
,bonap>te & ( ! ,fr5* ,directory1 at t  
p]iod1 01 by r\s+ ! anci5t feel+s (     
enmity betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia1 to    
et]nalize ! disunion betwe5 ^? two      
mon>*ies4 ,bonap>te1 aft] effectuat+ !  
peace by means ( t]ror1 load$ ,au/ria ) 
flatt]y4 ,he flatt]$ h] religi\s feel+s 
by ! mod]ation ( 8 conduct 9 ,italy t[>d
 ! pope1 not)/&+ ! disapprobation       
manife/$ by ! g5u9e ,fr5* republicans1 &
 h] int]e/s by ! (f] ( ,v5ice 9         
comp5sation = ! loss ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 &1   
mak+ a slight side-movem5t aga9/ t once 
p[]ful & /ill weal?y republic1 r$uc$ x  
at ! fir/ bl[1 nay1 by m]e ?reats1 to   
submission2 s deeply 0 ! anci5t         
ari/ocracy "h also fall54 ,! cession (  
,v5ice to ! emp]or 0 displeas+ to !     
,fr5* republicans4 ,!y 71 h[ev]1 pacifi$
 by ! deliv]y ( ,lafayette1 :o _h be5   
/ill deta9$ a prison] 9 ,au/ria aft] !  
treaty ( ,basel4 ,napoleon said 9       

v9dication ( 8 policy1 ,i h m]ely l5t   
,v5ice to ! emp]or1 he w n keep h] long4
 ,he1 moreov]1 gratifi$ ,au/ria by !    
ext5sion ( h] we/]n fronti]1 s long !   
object ( h] ambition1 by ! possession ( 
! ar*bi%opric ( ,salzburg & ( a "p (    
,bav>ia ) ! t[n ( ,wass]burg4#e ,! sole 
object ( ^! concessions 0 provisionally 
to dispose ,au/ria 9 favor ( ,france1#f 
& to r5d] ,prussia's anci5t jeal\sy (   
,au/ria implacable4#g ,h5ce ! secret    
articles ( peace by :i* ,france &       
,au/ria b\nd !mselves n to grant any    
comp5sation to ,prussia4 ,prussia 0 on  
h] "p1 h[ev]1 resolv$ n to be ! los]1 &1
 9 ! summ] ( #agig1 took =cible         
possession ( ! imp]ial free t[n (       
,nuremb]g1 not)/&+ h] decl>ation made j 
?ree ye>s previ\sly ?r\gh ,c\nt ,sod5 to
 ! ,franconian circle1 t ! k+ _h nev]   
h>bor$ ! design ( seek+ a comp5sation at
 ! exp5se ( ! empire1 ^: con/itution _h 
ev] be5 sacr$ 9 8 eyes6 & to ! empire1  
,he deem$ x b5ea? 8 dignity to refute ! 
reports conc]n+ ,prussia's s*emes (     

aggr&izem5t1 oppression1 &              
secul>ization4 ,prussia also ext5d$ h]  
possessions 9 ,franconia#h & ,we/phalia1
 & ,hesse-,cassel imitat$ h] example by 
! seizure ( a "p ( ,s*aumburg-,lippe4 ,!
 diet en]getically remon/rat$1 b 9 va94 
,pamphlets spoke ( ! ,prussian reunion- 
*amb]s op5$ by ,h>d5b]g 9 ,franconia4   
,an attempt 01 h[ev]1 made to console ! 
circle ( ,franconia by depictur+ ! f>   
worse suff]+s ( t ( ,swabia "u ! imp]ial
 contributions4 ,! petty ,e/ates ( !    
empire /umbl$1 "u ^! circum/ances1 ^u ! 
un=tunate idea t ! int]cession ( !      
,russian c\rt %\ld be reque/$ = !       
ma9t5ance ( ! integrity ( ! ,g]man      
empire & = t ( h] con/itution2 !        
int]cession ( ! ,russian c\rt1 :i* _h s 
lately annihilat$ ,pol&6  ,%ortly aft]  
?is1 ,a4,d4 #agig1 ,fr$]ick ,william    
,,ii41 :o _h1 on 8 accession to ! ?rone1
 f\nd sev5ty-two millions ( doll>s 9 !  
treasury1 expir$1 leav+ tw5ty-eight     
millions ( debts4 ,8 son1 ,fr$]ick      
,william ,,iii41 plac$ ! ,c\ntess       

,li*t5au "u arre/1 bani%$ ,wolln]1 &    
aboli%$ ! unpopul> monopoly 9 tobacco1 b
 reta9$ 8 fa!r's m9i/]s & cont9u$ !     
alliance1 s pregnant ) mis*ief1 )       
,france4--,?is mon>*1 well-mean+ & de/9$
 to ! sev]e/ trials1 educat$ by a peevi%
 valetud9>ian & ignorant ( affairs1 0   
fir/ taught by bitt] exp]i5ce ! utt]    
incapacity ( ! m5 at t "t at ! head ( ! 
gov]nm5t1 & aft]1 z w be se51 completely
 re=m+ ! c\rt1 ! gov]nm5t1 & ! army1    
surr\nd$ himself ) m51 :o glori\sly     
deliv]$ ,prussia & ,g]many f all !      
mis]ies & av5g$ all ! disgrace1 :i* x is
 ! hi/orian's sad (fice to record4      
,au/ria1 z ,prussia _h already done by !
 treaty ( ,basel1 also sacrific$1 by !  
peace ( ,campo ,=mio1 ! :ole ( ! left   
bank ( ! ,rh9e & ab&on$ x to ,france1 ! 
loss !reby suff]$ by ! ,e/ates ( !      
empire be+ indemnifi$ by ! secul>ization
 ( ! ecclesia/ical prop]ty 9 ! int]ior (
 ,g]many & by ! prospect ( ! seizure ( !
 imp]ial free t[ns4 ,may5ce 0 c$$ )\t a 
bl[ to ,france4 ,holl& 0 =gott54 ,!     

,engli%1 "u pretext ( oppos+ ,france1   
de/roy$1 ,a4,d4 #agig1 ! la/ ,dut*      
fleet1 9 ! ,texel1 ?\gh n )\t a h]oic & 
det]m9$ resi/ance on ! "p ( ! admirals  
de ,w9t] & ,re9tjes1 bo? ( :om 7 sev]ely
 w\nd$1 & ! latt] di$ 9 captivity 9     
,engl&4 ,holl& 0 =m$ into a ,batavian1  
,g5oa into a ,ligurian1 ,milan ) !      
,valtell9e 7f :i* ! ,grisons 0 sev]$7   
into a ,cisalp9e1 republic4 ,intrigues  
71 moreov]1 set on foot = ! =mation ( a 
,roman & ,neapolitan republic 9 ,italy &
 ( a ,rh5i% & ,swabian "o 9 ,g]many1 all
 ( :i* 7 to be subord9ate to ! "m       
republic 9 ,france4 ,! proclamation ( a 
/ill-born ,cisrh5i% republic 7x n hav+ z
 yet be5 con/itut$ :5 x 0 swall[$ up 9 !
 great ,fr5* republic71 9 ! ma/]less    
,l[] ,rh5i% prov9ces 9 ! t]ritory (     
,treves1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 & ,cologne1  
"u ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,jacob9s &      
soldi]y1 01 h[ev]1 all t c\ld at fir/ be
 done op5ly4  ,! hauteur ) :i*          
,bonap>te1 back$ by 8 devot$ soldi]y1 _h
 treat$ ! republicans1 & ! contempt     

manife/$ by him t[>d ! citiz5s1 _h n    
fail$ to r\se ! jeal\s suspicions ( !   
,directory1 ! envy ( ! less successful  
g5]als1 & ! hatr$ ( ! old fri5ds (      
lib]ty1 by :om he 0 already designat$ z 
a tyrant4 ,! republican p>ty 0 /ill     
possess$ ( consid]able p[]1 & ! majority
 ( ! ,fr5* troops "u ,moreau1 ,j\rdan1  
,b]nadotte1 etc41 7 /ill ready to %$ _! 
blood 9 ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,bonap>te1    
compell$ to veil 8 ambiti\s projects1   
judg$ x m politic1 aft] s[+ ! se$ (     
discord at ,campo ,=mio1 to )draw a     
:ile1 9 ord] to await ! rip5+ ( ! plot &
 to return to reap ! result4 ,he1       
accord+ly1 w5t meantime1 ,a4,d4 #agih1 )
 a small b well-pick$ army to ,egypt1 = 
! o/5sible purpose ( op5+ a r\te ov]l&  
to ,india1 ! sea-passage hav+ be5 clos$ 
aga9/ ,france by ! ,briti%1 b1 9        
reality1 = ! purpose ( await+ !re a turn
 9 cont95tal affairs1 &1 moreov]1 by 8  
victories ov] ! ,turks 9 ! anci5t l& (  
fable to add to ! wond] x 0 ev] 8 object
 to inspire4 ,on 8 way ?i!r he seiz$ !  

isl& ( ,malta & compell$ ,b>on ,hompes*1
 ! gr&-ma/] ( ! ord] ( ! ,knights (     
,malta1 to resign 8 dignity1 ! =tress   
be+ betray$ into 8 h&s by ! ,fr5*       
knights4  ,at ,ra/adt1 ne> ,bad51 :]e ! 
comp5sation m5tion$ 9 ! treaty ( ,campo 
,=mio 0 to be tak5 into consid]ation1 ! 
t]rifi$ ,e/ates ( ! empire assembl$ = ! 
purpose ( su+ ! ,fr5* ambassadors = !   
l5ity !y _h n met ) at ! h&s ( ,au/ria &
 ,prussia4--,! ev5ts t took place at    
,ra/adt are ( a description little      
calculat$ to flatt] ! patriotic feel+s (
 ! ,g]man hi/orian4 ,! s\l ( ! congress 
0 ,*>les ,maurice ,talleyr&-,p]igord1 at
 "o "t a bi%op1 at ! pres5t p]iod m9i/] 
( ! ,fr5* republic4 ,8 colloquy ) !     
,g]man ambassadors resembl$ t ( ! fox ) 
! geese1 & he attun$ _! discords ) truly
 diabolical art4 ,:ile hold+ ,au/ria &  
,prussia ap>t1 in/igat+ !m "o aga9/ !   
o!r1 flatt]+ bo? ) ! fri5d%ip ( !       
republic & ) ! prospect ( a ri* booty by
 ! secul>ization ( ! ecclesia/ical l&s1 
he enc\rag$ "s ( ! petty /ates ) ! hope 

( aggr&izem5t by an alliance )          
,france1#i &1 ) cruel contempt1 all[$   
o!rs a :ile to gasp = life be=e consign+
 !m to de/ruction4 ,! petty pr9ces1     
moreov]1 :o _h be5 depriv$ ( _! t]ritory
 on ! o!r side ( ! ,rh9e1 dem&$ l&s on  
?is side 9 comp5sation2 all ! petty     
pr9ces on ?is side consequ5tly trembl$  
le/ !y %\ld be call$ ^u to make         
comp5sation1 & ea* endeavor$1 by brib+ !
 memb]s ( ! congress1 ,talleyr& 9       
p>ticul>1 to r5d] himself an exception4 
,! ,fr5* m9i/] 0 brib$ n by gold alone2 
a consid]able numb] ( ladies ga9$ great 
notoriety by _! liaison ) ! insol5t     
republican1 f :om !y receiv$ no?+1 !    
object = :i* !y su$ be+ sold by him     
sometimes ev5 two or ?ree times4 ,momus1
 a satirical production ( ?is p]iod1    
relates num]\s in/ances ( crime & folly 
t are p]fectly incr$ible4 ,! av>ice     
manife/$ by ! ,fr5* ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( !  
negotiations 0 only surpass$ by !       
brutality ( _! language & behavior4     
,rob]jot1 ,bonni]1 & ,jean de ,bry1 !   

dregs ( ! ,fr5* nation1 treat$ ! :ole ( 
! ,g]man empire on ?is occasion en      
canaille1 &1 :ile pick+ ! pockets ( !   
,g]mans1 7 /udi\sly co>se & brutal2 /ill
 ! trifl+ opposition !y enc\nt]$1 & !   
total want ( _s 9 ! repres5tatives ( !  
great ,g]man empire1 :om x mu/1 9 fact1 
h /ruck !m z ridicul\s to see ?us humbl$
 at _! feet1 =ms an ample excuse = _!   
demeanor4  ,gu/avus ,adolphus ,,iv41 :o 
m\nt$ ! ?rone ( ,sw$5 9 #agif1 di/+ui%$ 
himself at t "t among ! ,e/ates ( !     
empire1 :5 ,duke ( ,pom]ania & ,pr9ce ( 
,rug51 by 8 solemn prote/ aga9/ !       
depr$ations committ$ by ,france1 & by 8 
summons to e memb] ( ! ,g]man empire to 
take ! field aga9/ _! common foe4       
,hesse-,cassel 0 also rem>kable = !     
w>like demeanor & decid$ly anti-,gallic 
feel+ ( h] population2 & ,wurtemb]g1 =  
be+ ! fir/ ( ! ,g]man /ates t gave !    
example ( mak+ concessions m 9          
accordance ) ! _s ( ! times4 ,by !      
abolition ( anci5t abuses alone c\ld !  
pr9ces meet ! ?reats us$ on e occasion  

by ! ,fr5* at ,ra/adt to revolutionize !
 p unless _! dem&s 7 fully compli$ )4 ,9
 ,wurtemb]g1 ! duke1 ,*>les1 _h be5     
succe$$1 ,a4,d4 #agic1 by 8 bro!r1 ,l\is
 ,eugne1 :o bani%$ lic5se f 8 c\rt1 b1 a
 foe to enlight5m5t1 clos$ ! ,*>les     
college1 plac$ monks ar\nd 8 p]son1 0   
extremely bigot$1 & a zeal\s b impot5t  
fri5d to ,france4 ,he expir$1 ,a4,d4    
#agie1 & 0 succe$$ by ! ?ird bro!r1     
,fr$]ick ,eugne1 :o _h be5 dur+ 8 y\? a 
canon at ,salzburg1 b aft]w>d became a  
g5]al 9 ! ,prussian s]vice1 m>ri$ a     
pr9cess ( ,br&5burg1 & educat$ 8 *ildr5 
9 ! ,prote/ant fai? 9 ord] to assimilate
 ! religion ( ! reign+ family ) t ( ! p4
 ,8 mild gov]nm5t t]m9at$ 9 #agig4      
,fr$]ick1 8 tal5t$ son & successor1     
ma9ly fru/rat$ ! project$ e/abli%m5t ( a
 ,swabian republic1 :i* 0 /rongly       
support$ by ! ,fr5*1 by 8 treatm5t ( !  
prov9cial ,e/ates1 ! modification ( !   
rights ( *ase1 etc41 on :i* occasion he 
took ! foll[+ oa?3 ,i repeat ! solemn   
v[1 ev] to hold ! con/itution ( ?is     

c\ntry sacr$ & to make ! weal ( my      
subjects ! aim ( my life4 ,he nev]!less 
appe>s1 by ! magnific5t fetes1          
masqu]ades1 & pa/oral fe/ivals giv5 by  
him1 z if 9 a "t ( ! deepe/ peace1 at   
,hoh5heim1 to h tru/$ m to 8 connection 
) ,engl&1 by 8 m>riage ) ! pr9cess      
royal1 ,matilda1#aj ) ,russia1 & )      
,au/ria 7! emp]or ,paul1 ,ca!r9e's      
successor1 hav+ m>ri$ ! pr9cess ,m>ia ( 
,wurtemb]g1 & ! emp]or ,francis ,,ii41  
h] si/] ,elisabe?71 ?an to !            
con/itution1 :i* he aft]w>d annihilat$4 
,! weakness display$ by ! empire & !    
increas+ disunion betwe5 ,au/ria &      
,prussia enc\rag$ ! ,fr5* to fur!r      
insol5ce4 ,n satisfi$ ) g>rison+ e      
=tification on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 !y
 boldly attack$1 />v$ to submission1 &  
raz$ to ! gr\nd1 dur+ peace "t1 ! once  
impregnable =tress ( ,ehr5breit/e91 on !
 "r bank ( ! ,rh9e1 opposite            
,cobl5tz4#aa ,n cont5t ) lay+ ! ,ne!rl&s
 & ,holl& completely wa/e1 !y compell$ !
 ,hanse t[ns to grant !m a loan (       

eighte5 million livres4 ,lubeck refus$1 
b ,hamburg & ,brem51 m ne>ly ?reat5$ &  
hopeless ( aid f ,prussia1 7 con/ra9$ to
 satisfy ! dem&s ( ! ,fr5* brig&s4 ,9 ! 
,ne!rl&s1 ! ,g]man faction once m rose 9
 op5 insurrection2 9 #agih1 ! "y m51    
infuriat$ by ! conscription & by _!     
enrolm5t into ,fr5* regim5ts1 flew to   
arms1 & torr5ts ( blood 7 %$ 9 !        
/ruggle1 9 :i* !y 7 unaid$ by _! ,g]man 
bre?r51 be=e !y 7 aga9 r$uc$ to         
submission4 ,! ,engli% also l&$ at      
,o/5d1 b = ! sole purpose ( de/roy+ !   
sluices ( ! canal at ,bruges4  ,! ,fr5* 
divid$ ! beautiful ,rh5i% prov9ces1     
yield$ to !m almo/ )\t a bl[ by ,g]many1
 into f\r dep>tm5ts3 ,fir/1 ,ro]1       
capital ,aix-la-,*apelle2 besides       
,cologne & ,cleves4 ,secondly1          
,donn]sb]g1 capital ,may5ce2 besides    
,spires & ,zweibruck54 ,?irdly1 ,sa>1   
capital ,treves4 ,f\r?ly1 ,rh9e &       
,moselle1 capital ,cobl5tz2 besides     
,bonn4 ,ea* dep>tm5t 0 subdivid$ into   
cantons1 ea* canton into communes4 ,!   

dep>tm5t 0 gov]n$ by a p]fect1 ! canton 
by a sub-prefect1 ! commune by a mayor4 
,all di/9ction ( rank1 nobility1 & all  
feudal rights 7 aboli%$4 ,ea* individual
 0 a citiz51 free & equal4 ,all         
ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5ts 7 ab&on$ to   
plund]1 ! *ur*es alone except$1 !y be+  
/ill grant$ z places ( wor%ip to        
believ]s1 not)/&+ ! contempt & ridicule 
into :i* ! cl]gy _h fall54 ,! mona/]ies 
7 clos$4 ,! peasantry1 m p>ticul>ly 9   
,treves1 nev]!less1 /ill manife/$ great 
atta*m5t to ,pop]y4 ,guilds &           
corporations 7 also aboli%$4 ,!         
introduction ( ! anci5t ,g]man oral law 
=m]ly 9 use ?r\gh\t ! empire1 !         
in/itution ( trial by jury1 :i*1 to !   
disgrace ( ,g]many1 ! ,rh5i% pr9ces1    
aft] ! lapse ( a ?\s& ye>s1 le>n$ f _!  
,gallic foe1 0 a great & signal b5efit4 
,lib]ty1 equality1 & ju/ice 71 at t     
p]iod1 9 all o!r respects1 m]e fictions4
 ,! mo/ arbitr>y rule 9 reality exi/$1 &
 ! new prov9ces 7 sy/ematically dra9$ by
 taxes ( e description1 z1 = in/ance1   

regi/]1 /amp1 pat5t1 w9d[1 door1 & l&   
taxes3 !re 0 also a tax ^u furniture &  
^u luxuries ( e sort2 a poll-tax1 a     
p]c5tage on ! :ole assessm5t1 etc42     
besides extortion1 confiscation1 & =c$  
sales4 ,& woe to ! new citiz5 ( ! great 
,fr5* republic if he fail$ 9 pay+ m     
s]vile homage to its (fic]s1 f ! prefect
 d[n to ! l[e/ und]l+1 ?an _h ev] be5   
exact$ by ! pr9ces6#ab ,su* 0 ! lib]ty  
be/[$ by republican ,france6 ,?us 7 h]  
promises fulfill$6 ,! ,g]man ,illum9ati 
7 fe>fully undeceiv$1 p>ticul>ly on     
p]ceiv+ h[ completely _! hopes (        
univ]sally revolutioniz+ ,g]many 7      
fru/rat$ by ! treaty ( ,basel4 ,! ,fr5*1
 :o _h proclaim$ lib]ty to all ! nations
 ( ! e>?1 n[ (f]$ x = sale4 ,! ,fr5* "* 
0 9 e respect ! same z dur+ ! reign (   
,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! only pr9ciple to :i* !y 
rema9$ ev] fai?ful 0 t (                
robb]y4--,switz]l& 0 n[1 9 h] turn1     
attack$1 & v5geance ?us ov]took e       
prov9ce t _h sev]$ itself f ! empire1 & 
e "p ( ! once magnific5t empire (       

,g]many 0 mis]ably puni%$ = its want (  
unity4   ,footnote #a3 ,clausewitz      
dem&s1 ) great ju/ice1 :y ! ,au/rians s 
greatly divid$ _! =ces on ?is occasion =
 ! sake ( sav+ ,italy1 z !y _h only to  
foll[ up _! successes vigor\sly on !    
,rh9e 9 ord] to ga91 9 t qu>t]1 f> m ?an
 !y c\ld lose on ! ,po4  ,footnote #b3  
,at ,absom1 9 ! valley ( ! ,inn1 a      
peasant girl _h1 at t "t1 discov]$ a    
figure ( ! ,virg9 9 "o ( ! panes ( glass
 9 h] *amb] w9d[4 ,?is appe>ance be+    
deem$ miracul\s by ! simple peasantry1 !
 au?orities ( ! place inve/igat$ !      
matt]1 _h ! glass clean$ & scrap$1 etc41
 & at l5g? pron\nc$ ! indelible figure  
to be simply ! outl9e ( an old color$   
pa9t+4 ,! peasantry1 h[ev]1 excit$ by ! 
appe>ance ( ! infidel ,fr5*1 p]si/$ 9   
giv+ cr$5ce to ! miracle & set up !     
piece ( glass 9 a *ur*1 :i* 0 aft]w>d   
annually visit$ by ?\s&s ( pilgrims4 ,9 
#adjg1 ! celebrat$ pilgrimage to        
,waldra/1 9 ! ,tyrol1 _h be5 f\nd$ 9 a  
simil> mann] by ! discov]y ( a portrait 

( ! ,virg9 :i* _h be5 gr[n up 9 a tree1 
by two %eph]d lads4  ,footnote #c3      
,cob5zl 0 a favorite ( ,kaunitz & a     
?or\gh c\rti]4 ,at an e>li] p]iod1 :5   
ambassador at ,pet]sburg1 he wrote ,fr5*
 com$ies1 :i* 7 p]=m$ at ! ,h]mitage 9 !
 pres5ce ( ! empress ,ca!r9e4 ,! arrival
 ( an unpleasant despat* be+ ev] foll[$ 
by ! production ( "s amus+ piece z an   
antidote to c>e1 ! empress je/+ly       
obs]v$1 t he 0 no d\bt keep+ 8 be/ piece
 until ! news arriv$ ( ! ,fr5* be+ 9    
,vi5na4 ,he expir$ 9 ! ,febru>y ( #ahji1
 a ye> pregnant ) fate = ,au/ria4       
,footnote #d3 ,he indignantly refus$ !  
/ip5d (f]$ to him on ?is occasion &     
prote/$ aga9/ ! inju/ice ( 8            
condemnation4  ,footnote #e3 ,bav>ia    
reg>d$ ^! =c$ concessions z a bad rew>d 
= h] fidelity to ,au/ria4 ,napoleon     
appe>s to h calculat$ ^u relight+ by ?is
 means ! flames ( discord1 :5ce he well 
knew h[ to draw an advantage1 betwe5    
,bav>ia & ,au/ria4  ,footnote #f3 ,?us !
 emp]or also n[ ab&on$ ! empire by m]ely

 b>ga9+ ) ! enemy to quit 8 t]ritories1 
& leav+ ! wret*$ prov9ces ( ! empire a  
prey to w> & pillage4 ,& if ! assurances
 ( fri5d%ip1 ( confid5ce1 & ( affection 
betwe5 ,au/ria & ,v5ice are b recall$ to
 m9d1 ! contra/ 0 inde$ laughable :5 !  
emp]or 0 pleas$ to all[ t loyal city to 
be c$$ to him4 ,! be/ fri5d 0 9 ?is case
 ! clo? f :i* ! emp]or cut himself an   
equival5t4--,hu]gelm]4  ,footnote #g3 ,a
 curi\s private memoir ( ,talleyr& says3
 ,j'ai la c]titude que ,b]l9 e/ le lieu1
 o le trait du #bf ,v5dmiaire 7!        
reconciliation ( ,au/ria ) ,france at   
,campo ,=mio71 aura jett le plus        
d'etonnem5t1 d'emb>ras et de ora9te4 ,he
 !n expla9s t1 n[ t ! ,ne!rl&s no long] 
belong to ,au/ria1 & t ,au/ria & ,france
 no long] come into collision1 bo? p[]s 
w\ld be trans=m$ f natural foes into    
natural fri5ds & w\ld h an equal int]e/ 
9 weak5+ ,prussia4 ,%\ld ,russia /ir1 ! 
,poles c\ld be r\s$ to insurrection1    
etc4  ,footnote #h3 ,exactly at ?is     
p]iod1 :5 ! empire's common foe 0       

plund]+ ! ,franconian circle1 :5 de$s ( 
blood & horror1 :5 mis]y & want _h rea*$
 a fe>ful height1 ! troops ( ! ,elector 
( ,br&5burg ov]ran ! cities & villages4 
,! inhabitants 7 con/ra9$ to take ! oa? 
( fealty1 ! public (fic]s1 :o refus$1 7 
dragg$ away captive1 etc4 ,ell+51       
,/opf5heim1 ,absp]g1 ,es*5ba*1 ,nremb]g1
 ,po/baur1 ,virnsp]g1 ,oett+51          
,d9kelsphl1 ,ritz5haus51 ,gel*%eim1 7   
sc5es ( brutal outrage4--,! ,hi/ory ( ! 
,usurpation ( ,br&5burg1 ,a4,d4 #agig1 )
 ! orig9al ,docum5ts1 publi%$ by !      
,teutonic ,ord]4  ,footnote #i3 ,8      
secret memoirs1 ev5 at t p]iod1         
designate ,bad51 ,wrtemb]g1 & ,d>m/adt z
 /ates securely )9 ! grasp ( ,france4   
,footnote #aj3 ,he fl$ on ,moreau's     
invasion to ,engl&1 :]e he =m$ ?is      
alliance4 ,!re 0 at "o "t a project (   
creat+ him elector ( ,hanov] & (        
p>tition+ ,wrtemb]g betwe5 ,bav>ia &    
,bad54  ,footnote #aa3 ,! comm&ant1     
,fab]1 def5d$ ! place = f\rte5 mon?s ) a
 g>rison ( #b1jjj m54 ,dur+ ! siege1 !  

badly-discipl9$ ,fr5* soldi]y secretly  
sold provisions at an exorbitant price  
to ! />v+ g>rison4  ,footnote #ab3      
,klebe gave an extremely detail$ acc\nt 
( ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t3 ,x is1 = in/ance1   
well kn[n t a pa/ry cook 0 nom9at$ "l   
high w>d5 ( ! =e/6 ov] a :ole dep>tm5t1 
& a jewell] 0 rais$ to ! same (fice 9   
ano!r4--,! docum5ts prov+ ! *eat+ &     
und]sell+ c>ri$ on by ,pioc1 ! "l high  
w>d5 ( ! =e/s1 & by 8 assi/ant1 ,gau?i]1
 9 all ! =e/s 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,rh9e &  
,moselle1 are detail$ at full l5g? 9    
',rbezahl1' a sort ( mon?ly magaz9e4 ,x 
is a/oni%+ to see ) :at b\ndless        
impud5ce ^! p h robb$ ! c\ntry4--,/ill  
great] rascalities 7 c>ri$ on on ! "r   
bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,gau?i] robb$ f ,cobl5tz
 d[n to ! ,prussian fronti]s4 ,^!       
allegations are confirm$ by ,grres 9 a  
pamphlet1 ,results ( my ,mission to     
,p>is1 9 :i* he says1 ,! ,directory _h  
treat$ ! f\r dep>tm5ts l s _m           
,pas*alics1 :i* x ab&on$ to its         
,janiss>ies & coloniz$ ) its favorites4 

,e petition s5t by ! inhabitants 0 ?r[n 
aside ) revolt+ contempt2 ev]y?+ 0 done 
t c\ld mo/ deeply w\nd _! feel+s 9 reg>d
 to !mselves or to _! c\ntry4 ,! secret 
hi/ory ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry betwe5 ! 
,rh9e & ! ,moselle1 sums up z foll[s3   
,all *eat$1 all ?iev$1 all robb$4 ,!    
*eat+1 ?iev+1 & robb+ 7 p]fectly        
t]rible1 & n "o ( ! *eats1 ?ieves1 or   
robb]s seem$ to h an idea t ?is c\ntry  
=m$1 by ! decree ( union1 a "p (        
,france4 ,a nave confession6 ,! ,fr5*1  
at all ev5ts1 act$ z if consci\s t ! l& 
0 n !irs4 ,! ,rh5i% ,jews1 :o1 z e>ly z 
! times ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 _h aid$ ! ,fr5* 
9 plund]+ ,g]many1 aga9 act$ z _!       
bloodh\nds1 &1 by accept+ bills 9       
ex*ange = _! real or suppos$ loans1 at  
d\ble ! am\nt1 on weal?y proprietors1   
spe$ily plac$ !mselves 9 possession ( ! 
f9e/ e/ates4 ,vide ,rei*>dt's ,lett]s f 
,p>is4    ,,ccli4 ,! ,pillage (         
,switz]l&   ,peace _h reign$ ?r\gh\t    
,switz]l& s9ce ! battle ( ,villm]g51    
,a4,d4 #agab1 :i* _h giv5 to ,zuri* &   

,b]ne ! asc5d5cy 9 ! conf$]ation4 ,!    
popul> discont5t caus$ by ! increas+    
despotism ( ! ari/ocracy _h m]ely       
display$ itself 9 petty conspiracies1 z1
 = in/ance1 t ( ,h5zi1 9 #agdi1 & 9     
p>tial insurrections4 ,9 all ! cantons1 
ev5 9 ^? 9 :i* ! democratic _s 0 mo/    
preval5t1 ! *ief au?ority _h be5 seiz$  
by ! weal?i] & m anci5t families4 ,all !
 (fices 7 9 _! h&s1 ! high] po/s 9 !    
,swiss regim5ts rais$ = ! s]vice (      
,france 7 monopoliz$ by ! y\ng] sons ( !
 m p[]ful families1 :o introduc$ !      
social vices ( ,france into _! own      
c\ntry1 :]e !y =m$ a /range m$ley 9     
conjunction ) ! p$antry ( ! anci5t      
olig>*ical =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,9 ! great    
canton ( ,b]ne1 ! c\ncil ( two hundr$1  
:i* _h unlimit$ sway1 0 solely compos$ (
 sev5ty-six reign+ families4 ,9 ,zuri*1 
! "o ?\s& n9e hundr$ t[nsm5 _h unlimit$ 
p[] ov] ! c\ntry4 ,= "o hundr$ & fifty  
ye>s no citiz5 _h be5 enroll$ among !m1 
& no son ( a peasant _h be5 all[$ to    
/udy =1 or be5 nom9at$ to1 any (fice1   

ev5 to t ( prea*]4 ,9 ,solo?urn1 b      
"o-half ( ! eight hundr$ t[nsm5 7 able  
to c>ry on ! gov]nm5t4 ,luc]ne 0 gov]n$ 
by a c\ncil ( "o hundr$1 s completely   
monopoliz$ by ! m p[]ful families t boys
 ( tw5ty succe$$ _! fa!rs z c\ncillors4 
,basel 0 gov]n$ by a c\ncil ( two hundr$
 & eighty1 :i* 0 entirely =m$ out (     
sev5ty weal?y m]cantile families4       
,sev5ty-"o families _h usurp$ ! au?ority
 at ,freiburg3 simil> olig>*ical        
gov]nm5t prevail$ at ,/4 ,gall &        
,s*affhaus54 ,! ,junk]1 9 ! latt] place1
 r5d]$ !mselves especially ridicul\s by 
! innum]able (fices & *amb]s 9 :i* !y   
transact$ _! useless & prolix affairs4  
,9 all ^! ari/ocratic cantons1 !        
peasantry 7 cruelly h>ass$1 oppress$1 &1
 9 "s p>ts1 kept 9 s]vitude1 by !       
prov9cial gov]nors4 ,! weal?y prov9cial 
gov]nm5ts 7 monopoliz$ by ! great       
ari/ocratic families4#a ,ev5 9 ! pure   
democracies1 ! prov9cial communes 7     
gov]n$ by p[]ful peasant families1 z1 = 
in/ance1 9 ,gl>us1 & ! tyranny ex]cis$  

by ^! peasants ov] ! t]ritory b5ea? _!  
sway f> exce$$ t ( ! ari/ocratic        
burgesses 9 _! prov9cial gov]nm5ts4 ,!  
,italian valleys groan$ b5ea? ! yoke ( !
 orig9al cantons1 p>ticul>ly "u t (     
,uri1#b ! sev5 prov9cial gov]nm5ts 9    
,unt]wallis "u t ( ,ob]wallis1 ! c\nt%ip
 ( ,w]d5b]g "u t ( ! ,gl>n]1 !          
,valtell9e "u t ( ! ,grisons4#c ,!      
pr9cely abbot ( ,/4 ,gall 0 unlimit$    
sov]eign ov] 8 t]ritory4 ,sep>ate       
mona/]ies1 = in/ance1 ,engelb]g1 _h     
feudal sway ov] _! vassals4             
,enlight5m5t & lib]al op9ions spread    
also gradually ov] ,switz]l&1 & tw5ty   
ye>s aft] ,h5zi's melan*oly dea?1 a     
disposition 0 aga9 %[n to oppose !      
tyranny ( ! olig>*ies4 ,9 #agib1 ,lavat]
 & ,fuszli 7 bani%$ ,zuri* = v5tur+ to  
compla9 ( ! arbitr>y conduct ( "o ( !   
prov9cial gov]nors2#d 9 #aggi1 a curate 
nam$ ,was]1 a man ( tal5t & a foe to !  
ari/ocracy1 0 behead$ on a false *>ge ( 
falsify+ ! ar*ives2#e 9 #agid1 !        
oppress$ peasantry ( ,luc]ne revolt$    

aga9/ ! ari/ocracy2 9 ! same ye>1 !     
peasantry 9 ,s*wyz1 r\s$ by ! insol5ce (
 ! ,fr5* recruit+ (fic]s1 revolt$1 &1 9 
! public prov9cial assembly1 en=c$ !    
recall ( all ! p ( ,s*wyz 9 ! ,fr5*     
s]vice1 besides impos+ a heavy f9e ^u   
,g5]al ,r$+ on 8 return4 ,9 #agha1 a    
revolt ( ! ,freiburg peasantry1         
occasion$ by ! tyranny ( ! ari/ocracy1 0
 quell$ ) ! aid ( ,b]ne2 9 #aghd1 ,sut]1
 ! noble-spirit$ ,l&ammann ( ,app5zell1 
fell a sacrifice to envy4 ,8 m5tal &    
moral sup]iority to ! re/ ( 8 c\ntrym5  
inspir$ 8 rival1 ,geig]1 ) ! mo/ deadly 
hatr$1 & he p]secut$ him ) ! utmo/      
rancor4 ,he 0 accus$ ( be+ a free?9k]2  
docum5ts & protocols 7 falsifi$2 ! /upid
 populace 0 excit$ aga9/ him1 &1 aft]   
hav+ be5 expos$ on ! pillory1 publicly  
:ipp$1 & tortur$ on ! rack1 he 0        
behead$1 & all int]cession on 8 behalf 0
 prohibit$ "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,solo?urn1 on 
! o!r h&1 0 fre$ f feudal s]vitude 9    
#aghe4 ,! popul> feel+ at t "t preval5t 
?r\gh\t ,switz]l& 01 h[ev]1 ( f> great] 

import ?an ^! petty ev5ts4 ,! olig>*ies 
_h ev]y:]e suppress$ public op9ion2 !   
long peace _h slack5$ ! m>tial ardor ( !
 p2 ! ridicul\s affectation ( anci5t    
h]oic language br\ght into vogue by     
,john ,mull] r5d]$ ! contra/ yet m      
/rik+1 &1 on ! outbur/ ( ! ,fr5*        
,revolution1 ! tyranniz$ ,swiss         
peasantry naturally ?rew !mselves into !
 arms ( ! ,fr5*1 ! ari/ocracy into ^? ( 
! ,au/rians4  ,! oppress$ peasantry     
revolt$ z e>ly z #agij aga9/ ! rul+     
cities1 ! vassal aga9/ ! ari/ocrat1 9   
,s*affhaus51 on acc\nt ( ! ti!s2 9 ,l[] 
,valais1 on acc\nt ( ! tyranny ( "o ( ! 
prov9cial gov]nors4 ,^! petty outbreaks 
& an attempt made by ,lah>pe to r5d] !  
,vaud indep5d5t ( ,b]ne#f 7 suppress$1  
,a4,d4 #agia4 ,! p rema9$1 nev]!less1 9 
a high /ate ( f]m5tation4 ,! new ,fr5*  
republic at fir/ qu>rell$ ) ! anci5t    
conf$]ation = hav+1 unm9dful ( _! orig91
 desc5d$ to s]vility4 ,! ,swiss gu>d _h1
 on ! #af? ( ,augu/1 #agib1 c\rage\sly  
def5d$ ! palace ( ! un=tunate ,fr5* k+ &

 be5 cut to pieces by ! ,p>isian mob4   
,at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,au/rians _h seiz$ !
 ambassadors ( ! ,fr5* republic1        
,semonville & ,m>et1 9 ! ,valtell9e1 9 !
 t]ritory ( ! ,grisons4 ,! ,swiss       
patriots1 z !y 7 call$1 h[ev]1 gradually
 fom5t$ an insurrection aga9/ !         
ari/ocrats & call$ ! ,fr5* to _! aid4 ,9
 #agic1 ! vassals ( ! bi%op ( ,basel at 
,pruntrut _h already plant$ trees (     
lib]ty & plac$ ! bi%opric1 "u ! "n ( a  
,rauracian republic1 "u ! protection (  
,france1 *iefly at ! in/igation (       
,gobel1 :o 01 9 rew>d1 appo9t$ bi%op (  
,p>is1 & ^: nephew1 ,r5gg]1 %ortly      
aft]w>d became a memb] ( ! revolution>y 
gov]nm5t 9 ,b]ne4 ,9 ,g5eva1 dur+ !     
prec$+ ye>1 ! ,fr5* faction _h ga9$ !   
upp] h&4 ,! fickl5ess ( ! w> kept ! re/ 
( ! patriots 9 a /ate ( susp5se1 b1 on !
 seizure ( ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e by !   
,fr5*1 ! movem5ts 9 ,switz]l& assum$ a m
 s]i\s "*4 ,! abbot1 ,b$a1 ( ,/4 ,gall1 
#agie1 pacifi$ 8 subjects by            
concessions1 :i* 8 successor1 ,pancras1 

refus+ to recognize1 he 01 9 consequ5ce1
 expell$4 ,! unrel5t+ ari/ocracy (      
,zuri*1 ^u ?is1 took ! field aga9/ !    
re/less peasantry1 surr\nd$ ! patriots 9
 ,/fa1 ?rew ! v5]able ,bodm] & a numb] (
 8 adh]5ts into prison1 & inflict$ ^u !m
 heavy f9es or sev]e corporeal          
*a/isem5t4  ,! campaign ( #agif _h fully
 disclos$ to ,bonap>te ! advantage (    
occupy+ ,switz]l& ) 8 troops1 ^: passage
 to ,italy or ,g]many w\ld be !reby     
facilitat$1 :ile ! l9e ( communication  
w\ld be secur$1 & ! dang] to :i* he &   
,moreau _h be5 expos$ ?r\gh want (      
co-op]ation w\ld at once be rem$i$4 ,he 
fir/ ( all took advantage ( ! diss5sions
 9 ! ,grisons to deprive t republic ( ! 
beautiful ,valtell9e1#g &1 ev5 at t "t1 
dem&$ p]mission f ! p ( ,valais to build
 ! road across ! ,simplon1 :i* he 01    
h[ev]1 only able to execute at a lat]   
p]iod4 ,on 8 return to ,p>is f !        
,italian exp$ition1 he pass$ ?r\gh      
,basel1#h :]e he 0 met by ,talleyr&4    
,pet] ,o*s1 ! *ief ma/] ( ! corporation1

 01 on ?is occasion1 z he himself       
relates 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,basel1 won ov]1 z
 ! ackn[l$g$ *ief ( ! patriots1 to      
revolutionize ,switz]l& & to ent] into a
 close alliance ) ,france4 ,! base      
*>act]s1 at t "t ! tools ( ! ,fr5*      
,directory1 m]ely acc$$ to ! political  
plans ( ,bonap>te & ,talleyr& 9 ! hope (
 reap+ a ri* h>ve/ by ! plund] ( ! f$]al
 cantons1 & ! ,swiss exp$ition 01       
consequ5tly1 det]m9$ ^u4 ,! p ( ,valais1
 ^: /ate ( oppression s]v$ z a pretext =
 int]f]5ce1 revolt$1 "u ,lah>pe1 aga9/  
,b]ne1 #agih1 & dem&$ ! int]v5tion ( !  
,fr5* republic1 z heir to ! dukes (     
,savoy1 on ! /r5g? ( an anci5t treaty1  
:i* _h1 = t purpose1 be5 rak$ up f !    
a%es ( ! pa/4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ !        
mis]able conduct ( ! diet at t          
conjuncture4 ,aft] hav+ already conc$$  
to ,france h] dem& = ! expulsion ( !    
emigrants & hav+ expos$ its weakness by 
?is op5 violation ( ! rights (          
hospitality1 x discuss$ ! numb] ( troops
 to be furni%$ by ea* ( ! cantons1 :5 ! 

enemy 0 already 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ev5 !    
once haughty ,b]nese1 :o _h set an army1
 ?irty ?\s& /rong1 on foot1 )drew1 "u   
,g5]al ,wysz1 f ,valais to _!           
metropolis1 :]e !y await$ ! attack ( !  
enemy4 ,!re 0 nei!r plan#i nor ord]2 !  
patriots rose 9 e qu>t] & /ruck t]ror   
into ! ari/ocrats1 mo/ ( :om 7 n[ r     
incl9$ to yield & imp$$ by _! indecision
 ! measures ( ! m spirit$ p>ty4 ,9      
,basel1 ,o*s depos$ ! olig>*y2 9 ,zuri*1
 ! gov]nm5t 0 induc$1 by intimidation1  
to re/ore ,bodm] & 8 fell[-prison]s to  
lib]ty4 ,9 ,freiburg1 ,luc]ne1          
,s*affhaus51 & ,/4 ,gall ! olig>*ies    
resign$ _! au?ority2 ,con/ance ass]t$   
its indep5d5ce4  ,)9 ,b]ne itself1      
tranquillity 0 ) difficulty pres]v$ by  
,/eig]1 ! v5]able mayor1 a man ( extreme
 firmness ( "*4 ,a ,fr5* =ce "u ,brune  
_h already ov]run ,vaud1 :i*1 "u pretext
 ( be+ deliv]$ f oppression1 0 laid "u a
 heavy contribution2 ! anci5t *>nel-h\se
 at ,murt5 0 also de/roy$1 because !    
,fr5* _h =m]ly be5 beat5 on ?is spot by 

! ,g]mans4 ,b few ( ! ,swiss m>*$ to !  
aid ( ,b]ne2 two hundr$ ( ! p ( ,uri1   
array$ 9 ! armor ( _! ance/ors1 "s ( !  
peasantry ( ,gl>us1 ,/4 ,gall1 &        
,freiburg4#aj ,a second ,fr5* =ce "u    
,s*au5burg ent]$ ,switz]l& by ,basel1   
defeat$ ! small troops ( ,b]nese s5t to 
oppose x at ,dorna* & ,langnau1 & took  
,solo?urn1 :]e x lib]at$ "o hundr$ &    
eighty self-/yl$ patriots imprison$ 9 t 
place4 ,! patriots1 at ?is conjuncture1 
also rose 9 op5 insurrection 9 ,b]ne1   
?rew ev]y?+ into confusion1 depos$ ! old
 c\ncil1 =m$ a provisional gov]nm5t1 &  
*eck$ all ! prep>ations = def5ce4 ,!    
brave peasantry1 basely betray$ by !    
cities1 7 r\s$ to fury4 ,colonels       
,ryh9]1 ,/ettl]1 ,crusy1 & ,g\mores 7   
murd]$ by !m ^u m]e suspicion 7_!       
innoc5ce 0 aft]w>d prov$71 & boldly     
foll[+ _! lead]1 ,graf5ri$1 aga9/ !     
,fr5*1 !y defeat$ & repuls$ ! :ole (    
,brune's army & captur$ eighte5 guns at 
! bridge ( ,neu5egg4 ,b a small] ,b]nese
 corps1 :i*1 "u ,/eig]1 ! mayor1 oppos$ 

! army ( ,s*au5burg 9 ! ,grau5 ,holz1 0 
r\t$ aft] a bloody /ruggle1 &1 be=e     
,erla*1 ! newly- nom9at$ g5]alissimo1   
c\ld hurry back to ,b]ne ) ! victors (  
,neu5egg1 ! patriots1 :o _h long be5 9 !
 pay ( ,france1 ?rew wide ! gates to    
,s*au5burg4 ,all 0 n[ lo/4 ,erla* fl$ to
 ,?un1 9 ord] to place himself at ! head
 ( ! p ( ! ,ob]l&1 :o desc5d$ 9 ?ick    
masses f ! m\nta9s2 b1 on 8 address+ !  
brave ,s5n peasantry 9 ,fr5*1 accord+ to
 ! malpractice ( ! ,b]nese1 !y mi/ook   
him = a ,fr5* spy & /ruck him dead 9 8  
c>riage4 ,! loss ( ,b]ne greatly        
dispirit$ !m & !y desi/$ f fur!r &      
futile opposition4 ,/eig] escap$4       
,hotze1 a gallant ,au/rian g5]al1 :o1   
m9dful ( 8 ,swiss orig91 _h attempt$ to 
place himself at ! head ( 8 c\ntrym51 0 
compell$ to retrace 8 /eps4 ,9 ,b]ne1 ! 
,fr5* mean:ile pillag$ ! treasures ( !  
republic4#aa ,besides ! treasury & !    
ars5al1 e/imat$ at tw5ty-n9e million    
livres1 !y levi$ a contribution ( sixte5
 million4 ,bruno plant$ a tree ( lib]ty1

 & ,fris*+1 ! presid5t ( ! provisional  
gov]nm5t1 _h ! folly to say1 ,"h x /&s6 
may x be> good fruit6 ,am56  ,fur!r     
blood%$ 0 prev5t$ by ! int]v5tion ( !   
patriots4 ,! :ole ( ,switz]l&1 ,s*wyz1  
,upp] ,valais1 & ,unt]wald5 alone       
except$1 submitt$1 &1 on ! #ab? (       
,april1 ! f$]al diet at ,a>au e/abli%$1 
9 ! /ead ( ! anci5t f$]ative &          
olig>*ical gov]nm5t1 a s+le &           
indivisible ,helvetian republic1 9 a    
/rictly democratic =m1 ) five directors1
 on ! ,fr5* model4 ,f\r new cantons1    
,a>gau1 ,leman 7,vaud71 ! ,b]nese       
,ob]l&1 & ,con/ance1 7 annex$ to !      
anci5t ones4 ,s*wyz1 ,uri1 ,unt]wald51 &
 ,zug 71 on ! o!r h&1 to =m b "o canton4
 ,rap9at1 a bold bad man1 ,rewbel's     
bro!r-9-law1 :o 0 at t "t absolute 9    
,switz]l&1 seiz$ ev]y?+ t _h escap$ !   
pillage ( ! soldi]y 9 ,b]ne & ,zuri*1   
sack$ ,solo?urn1 ,luc]ne1 ,freiburg1    
etc41 & hunt$ out ! hidd5 treasures ( ! 
conf$]ation1 :i* he s5t to ,france4 ,!  
prote/ations ( ! directors1 ,bay &      

,pfyff]1 7 unhe$$2 ,rap9at depos$ !m by 
virtue ( a ,fr5* w>rant & nom9at$ ,o*s &
 ,dold] 9 _! /ead4 ,! patriotic feel+s (
 ! ,swiss revolt$ at ?is tyranny2 ,s*wyz
 rose 9 op5 insurrection2 ! peasantry1  
head$ by ,aloys ,r$+1 seiz$ & g>rison$  
,luc]ne & call$ ! :ole c\ntry to arms   
aga9/ ! ,fr5* invad]4 ,! peasantry ( !  
free cantons also m>*$ aga9/ ,a>au1 b 7 
defeat$ by ,s*au5burg at ,hckl+52 two   
hundr$ ( _! numb] fell1 among o!rs a    
prie/ be>+ ! colors4 ,s*au5burg !n      
attack$ ! p ( ,s*wyz at ,ri*t5s*wyl1    
:]e1 aft] a desp]ate combat t la/$ a    
:ole day1 he at l5g? compell$ !m to give
 way4 ,!y1 nev]!less1 spe$ily ralli$1 & 
two engagem5ts ( equal ob/9acy took     
place on ! ,s*9deleggy & on ! m\nta9 (  
,etzel4 ,! flight ( ,h]zog1 ! pa/or (   
,e9si$eln1 0 ! sole cause ( !           
discomfiture ( ! ,swiss4 ,r$+1 h[ev]1   
reassembl+ 8 =ces at ! ,r$ ,t[]1 9 !    
vic9ity ( ! old battlefield ( ,morg>t51 
! ,fr5*1 unable to )/& _! fury1 7       
repuls$ ) imm5se loss4 ,!y also suff]$ a

 second defeat at ,ar?1 at ! foot ( !   
,rigi4 ,! ,swiss1 on _! "p1 on numb]+ _!
 =ces aft] ! battle1 f\nd _! /r5g? s    
t]ribly r$uc$ t1 al?\gh victors1 !y 7   
unable to cont9ue ! conte/1 & volunt>ily
 recogniz$ ! ,helvetian republic4 ,! ri*
 mona/]y ( ,e9si$eln 0 plund]$ & burn$2 
! miracul\s picture ( ! ,virg9 01 h[ev]1
 pres]v$4 ,upp] ,valais also submitt$1  
aft] ,sion & ! :ole ( ! valley _h be5   
plund]$ & laid wa/e4 ,! peasantry def5d$
 !mselves "h = sev]al weeks at !        
precipice ( ! ,dala4 ,unt]wald5 (f]$ !  
mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance4 ,! peasantry (   
?is canton 7 head$ by ,lssi4 ,! ,fr5*   
invad$ ! c\ntry simultane\sly on diff]5t
 sides1 by wat]1 across ! lake ( ! f\r  
cantons1 & across ! ,brnig f !          
,hasli?al2 9 ! ,k]nwald !y 7 victori\s  
ov] ! masses ( peasantry1 b a body (    
?ree or f\r ?\s& ,fr5*1 :i* _h p5etrat$ 
fur!r d[n ! vale1 0 pick$ (f by !       
peasantry conceal$ 9 ! woods & beh9d !  
rocks4 ,a rifleman1 /ation$ ^u a        
project+ rock1 %ot m ?an a hundr$ ( !   

enemy "o aft] ano!r1 8 wife & *ildr51   
mean:ile1 load+ 8 guns4 ,bo? ( ! ,fr5*  
corps coalesc$ at ,/anz1 b met ) su*    
ob/9ate resi/ance f ! old m51 wom5 &    
girls left !re1 t1 aft] but*]+ f\r      
hundr$ ( !m1 !y set ! place 9 flames4#ab
 ,! /urdy m\nta9e]s1 al?\gh num]ically  
weak1 prov$ !mselves wor?y ( _! anci5t  
fame4--,! f\r ,wald/tte 7 ?r[n into "o  
canton1 ,wald/tt52 ,gl>us & ,togg5burg  
into ano!r1 ,l9?2 ,app5zell & ,/4 ,gall 
into t ( ,sntis4 ,! old ,italian        
prefectures1 ) ! exception ( !          
,valtell9e1 7 =m$ into two cantons1     
,lugano & ,bell9zona 7aft]w>d ! canton (
 ,tess974 ,! canton ( ,vaud also f9ally 
acc$$ to ?is arrangem5t1 b 0 %ortly     
aft]w>d1 z well z ! =m] bi%opric (      
,basel1 ,pruntrut1#ac & ! city &        
republic ( ,g5oa1 incorporat$ ) ,france4
  ,! levy ( eighte5 ?\s& m5 7!          
,helvetl]s1 ,gallos*wyz]s or eighte5    
batzm57 = ! s]vice ( ! ,helvetian       
republic occasion$ fre% di/urbances 9 ! 
beg9n+ ( #agii4 ,! opposition 0 s great 

t ! recruits 7 c>ri$ 9 *a9s to ,b]ne4 ,!
 ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 ! peasantry ( ,basel1  
,solo?urn1 ,togg5burg1 ,app5zell1 &     
,gl>us rose 9 op5 insurrection1 b 7 aga9
 r$uc$ to submission by ! milit>y4 ,! _s
 ( ! m\nta9e]s 01 h[ev]1 less easily    
tam$4 ,9 ,april1 #agii1 ! p ( ,s*wyz    
took f\r hundr$ ,fr5* prison]s2 ^? (    
,uri1 "u _! lead]1 ,v9c5z ,s*mid1 /orm$ 
& burn$ ,altorf1 ! seat ( ! ,fr5* & _!  
adh]5ts2 ^? ( ,valais1 "u ! y\?ful ,c\nt
 ,c\rt51 drove ! ,fr5* f _! valleys1 &  
^? ( ! ,grisons surpris$ & cut to pieces
 a ,fr5* squadron at ,diss5tis4 ,g5]al  
,s\lt took ! field ) a /rong =ce aga9/  
!m 9 ,may & r$uc$ !m "o aft] ! o!r1 b ) 
great loss on 8 side1 to submission4    
,twelve hundr$ ,fr5* fell 9 ,valais1 :i*
 0 completely laid wa/e by fire & sword2
 9 ,uri1 /ones & rocks 7 hurl$ ^u !m by 
! infuriat$ peasantry z !y defil$ ?r\gh 
! n>r[ gorges2 ,s*mid 01 h[ev]1 tak5 &  
%ot2 ,s*wyz 0 also r$uc$ to ob$i5ce2 9 !
 ,grisons1 upw>d ( a ?\s& ,fr5* fell 9 a
 bloody engagem5t at ,coire1 & !        

magnific5t mona/]y ( ,diss5tis 01 9     
rev5ge1 burn$ to ! gr\nd4 ,! beautiful  
,b]gl& 0 r$uc$ to an indescribable /ate 
( mis]y4 ,! villages lay 9 a%es2 ! p1 :o
 _h escap$ ! g5]al massacre1 fell       
victims to fam9e4 ,9 ?is extremity1     
,zs*okke1 at t "t ,helvetic gov]nor ( ! 
,wald/atte1 propos$ ! complete expulsion
 ( ! anci5t inhabitants & ! settlem5t ( 
,fr5* coloni/s 9 ! fa!rl& ( ,william    
,tell4#ad  ,! imp]ial free t[n (        
,muhlhaus5 9 ! ,suntgau1 ! anci5t ally (
 ,switz]l&1 fell1 l h]1 into ! h&s ( !  
,fr5*4 ,unable to pres]ve h] indep5d5ce1
 %e committ$ a s+ul> political suicide4 
,! :ole ( ! t[n prop]ty 0 divid$ among !
 citiz5s4 ,a girl1 attir$ 9 ! anci5t    
,swiss co/ume1 deliv]$ ! t[n keys to !  
,fr5* commission]2 ! city bann] & arms 7
 buri$ ) great solemnity4#ae  ,! ,fr5*  
_h also %[n z little l5ity 9 _! treatm5t
 ( ,italy4 ,rome 0 ent]$ & g>rison$ )   
,fr5* troops2 ! h&some & n[ v5]able     
puppet1 ,pope ,pius ,,vi41 0 seiz$1     
robb$1 & p]sonally maltreat$ 78 r+ 0 ev5

 torn f 8 h&71 & dragg$ a prison] to    
,france1 :]e he expir$ 9 ! ,augu/ (     
#agii4   ,footnote #a3 ,! peasant1 :5   
summon$ into ! pres5ce ( a gov]nor1 "l (
 ! c\ncil1 head ( a guild1 or prea*]1   
/ood !re1 n z a free ,swiss1 b z a      
crim9al trembl+ be=e 8 judge4--,lehmann 
on ! imag9>y ,fre$om ( ! ,swiss4 #agii4 
,footnote #b3 ,! important (fice (      
prov9cial secret>y 01 9 ?is mann]1      
h]$it>y 9 ! family ( ! ,b]old+5 (       
,uri4--,lehmann4  ,footnote #c3 ,9 !    
,grisons1 ! con/itution 0 extremely     
complicat$4 ,! lord%ips ( ,mey5feld &   
,asp]mont 71 = in/ance1 subject to !    
?ree conf$]at$ cantons & "u ! control ( 
! prov9cial gov]nors nom9at$ by !m2 !y 7
 at ! same "t memb]s ( ! :ole free /ate1
 &1 z su*1 _h a "r ( lord%ip ov] !      
subject prov9ces1 ov] :i*1 !y1 9 _!     
turn1 appo9t$ a gov]nor4--,mey] von     
,knonau's ,geography4  ,footnote #d3 ,! 
be/ in=mation conc]n+ ! au?ority held by
 ! prov9cial gov]nors1 :o enjoy$ almo/  
unlimit$ sway ov] _! di/ricts1 is to be 

met ) 9 ! excell5t biography ( ,solomon 
,l&olt1 ! prov9cial gov]nor ( ,zuri*1 by
 ,david ,hesz4 ,l&olt 0 ! model ( an    
able b extremely tyrannical gov]nor 7he 
rul$ ov] ,greis5see & ,eglisau7 & ga9$  
great note by 8 salomonic judgm5ts & by 
8 qua9t humor4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,swiss rifle 
clubs & introduc$ t national weapon into
 mod]n w>f>e4 ,he 0 also a pa9t] & _h ! 
:im1 not)/&+ ! con/ant triumph ( !      
,fr5*1 ev] to repres5t !m 9 8 pictures z
 ! vanqui%$ p>ty4  ,footnote #e3 ,hirzel
 wrote at t "t1 9 8 ,glimpses into !    
,hi/ory ( ! ,conf$]ation1 t ,capta9     
,h5zl _h be5 depriv$ ( 8 head because he
 0 ! only man 9 ! c\ntry :o _h "o4      
,zimm]man says 9 8 ,national ,pride1 ,a 
=eign philosoph] visit$ ,switz]l& = !   
purpose ( settl+ 9 a c\ntry :]e ?\ght 0 
free2 he rema9$ t5 days at ,zuri* & !n  
w5t to--,portugal4 ,9 #aggd1 ! clocks at
 ,basel1 :i*1 s9ce ! siege ( ,rudolph ( 
,habsburg1 _h rema9$ "o h\r beh9dh&1 71 
aft] imm5se opposition1 regulat$ l ^? 9 
! re/ ( ! _w4 ,two factions sprang up on

 ?is occasion1 t ( ! ,spieszburgh]s or  
,lalleburgh]s 7! anci5t "o71 & t ( !    
,francem5 or new-modell]s 7! mod]n "o74 
,footnote #f3 ,lah>pe 0 at ! same "t a  
demagogue 9 ! ,vaud & tutor to ! emp]or 
,alex&] at ,pet]sburg4  ,footnote #g3   
,valtell9e ) ,*iav5na & ,bormio 7,cleves
 & ,worms7 7 ill-treat$ by ! p ( !      
,grisons4 ,(fices & ju/ice 7 regul>ly   
jobb$ & sold to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,! p (  
,valtell9e ha/ily ent]$ into alliance ) 
,france1 :ile ! oppress$ peasantry 9 !  
,grisons rebell$ aga9/ ! rul+ family (  
,salis1 :i* _h long be5 9 ! pay ( !     
,fr5* k+s1 & _h1 s9ce ! revolution1 sid$
 ) ,au/ria4 ,john ,mll] appe>$ at ,basel
 z ,?ugut's ag5t = ! purpose ( incit+ ! 
conf$]ation aga9/ ,france4--,o*s's      
,hi/ory ( ,basel4  ,footnote #h3 ,:ile  
"h1 he gave ,fes*1 ! pa/ry-cook1 ^:     
bro!r1 a ,swiss lieut5ant1 0 ! second   
husb& ( ,bonap>te's mat]nal gr&mo!r1 a v
 fri5dly reception4 ,! (fspr+ ( ?is     
second m>riage 0 ! future ,c>d9al ,fes*1
 ,letitia's half-bro!r & ,napoleon's    

uncle1 :om ,napoleon attempt$ to create 
primate ( ,g]many & to raise to !       
pontifical ?rone4  ,footnote #i3 ,"s ( !
 cantons imag9$ t ,france m]ely aspir$  
to ! possession ( ,valais1 &1 jeal\s ( !
 prosp]ity & p[] ( ,b]ne1 will+ly       
p]mitt$ h] to suff] ?is                 
humiliation4-,mey] von ,knonau4         
,footnote #aj3 ,two ,b]nese1 condemn$ to
 "w 9 ! tr5*es at ,yf]t51 on be+ lib]at$
 by ! ,fr5*1 return$ volunt>ily to      
,b]ne1 9 ord] to aid 9 ! def5se ( !     
city4 ,a r>e trait1 9 ^? times1 ( anci5t
 ,swiss fidelity4  ,footnote #aa3 ,a    
good deal ( x 0 sp5t by ,bonap>te dur+ 8
 exp$ition into ,egypt1 &1 ev5 at !     
pres5t day1 ! ,b]nese be> is to be se5  
on co9s /ill 9 circulation on ! banks ( 
! ,nile4--,mey] von ,knonau4  ,footnote 
#ab3 ,! v5]able ,pe/alozzi assembl$ !   
orphans & f\nd$ 8 celebrat$ model       
academy at ,/anz4 ,sev5ty-n9e wom5 &    
girls 7 f\nd among ! sla94 ,a /ory is   
told ( a girl :o1 be+ attack$1 9 a      
lonely h\se1 by two ,fr5*m51 knock$ _!  

heads toge!r ) su* =ce t !y dropp$ d[n  
dead4  ,footnote #ac3 ,n f> f ,pruntrut 
is ! hill ( ,t]ri1 said to h be5 =m]ly  
occupi$ by "o ( ,cs>'s camps4 ,! ,fr5*  
nam$ x ,mont ,t]rible & creat$ a        
dep>tm5t du ,mont ,t]rible4 ,vide ,mey] 
von ,knonau's ,geography4  ,footnote    
#ad3 ,9 8 ,political ,rem>ks t\*+ !     
,canton ( ,wald/att51 dat$ ! #bc;d (    
,june1 #agii1 he says3 ,let u imitate ! 
political maxims ( ! conqu]ors ( old1 :o
 drove ! inhabitants mo/ inimical to !m 
into =eign c\ntries & e/abli%$ colonies1
 compos$ ( families ( _! own k91 9 !    
he>t ( ! conqu]$ prov9ces4 ,8 proposal  
rema9+ unsecond$1 he s\ght to oblit]ate 
! bad impression x _h made1 by publi%+ a
 proclamation1 call+ ^u ! *>itably      
incl9$ to raise a subscription = !      
un=tunate inhabitants ( ! ,wald/atte4   
,footnote #ae3 ,vide ,graf's ,hi/ory (  
,muhlhaus54    ,,cclii4 ,! ,second      
,coalition   ,prussia look$ calmly on1 )
 a view ( increas+ h] p[] by peace :ile 
o!r /ates ru9$ !mselves by w>1 & ( (f]+ 

h] arbitration at a mom5t :5 %e c\ld    
turn _! mutual losses to advantage4     
,au/ria1 expos$ to imm$iate dang] by !  
occupation ( ,switz]l& by ! ,fr5*1      
rema9$ less tranquil & ha/ily =m$ a fre%
 coalition ) ,engl& & ,russia4 ,ca!r9e  
,,ii4 _h expir$1 #agif4 ,h] son1 ,paul  
,i41 *]i%$ ! mo/ ambiti\s views4 ,8     
election z gr&-ma/] ( ! ,maltese ord]   
disp]s$ by ,napoleon _h furni%$ him ) a 
sort ( "r ( int]f]5ce 9 ! affairs ( !   
,levant & ( ,italy4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,m>*1   
#agii1 ! ,ionian ,isl&s1 ,corfu1 etc41 7
 occupi$ by ,russian troops1 & a        
,russian army1 "u ! t]rible ,suw>[1     
mov$1 9 conjunction ) ! troops (        
,au/ria1 ^u ,italy4 ,! project ( !      
,russian cz> 01 by secur+ 8 foot+ on !  
,m$it]ranean & at ! same "t encircl+    
,turkey1 to attack ,con/ant9ople on bo? 
sides1 on ! e>lie/ opportunity4 ,au/ria 
0 m]ely to s]ve z a bl9d tool = !       
atta9m5t ( 8 s*emes4 ,mack 0 despat*$ to
 ,naples = ! purpose ( br++ ab\t a g5]al
 ris+ 9 ,s\!rn ,italy aga9/ ! ,fr5*1 &  

,engl& lavi%$ gold4 ,! abs5ce (         
,bonap>te probably inspir$ sev]al ( !   
alli$ g5]als ) great] c\rage1 n ! ,fr5*1
 b he1 be+ ! object ( _! dread4 ,!      
conduct ( ! ,fr5* at ,ra/adt _h revolt$ 
e ,g]man & _h ju/ly rais$ _! mo/        
implacable hatr$1 :i* bur/ =? dur+ a    
popul> tumult at ,vi5na1 :5 ! tricolor1 
float+ f ! palace ( ,g5]al ,b]nadotte1 !
 ,fr5* ambassador1 0 torn d[n & burn$4  
,! infam\s assass9ation ( ! ,fr5*       
ambassadors at ,ra/adt also took place  
dur+ ?is agitat$ p]iod4 ,bonni]1        
,rob]jot1 & ,jean de ,bry quitt$ ,ra/adt
 on ! break+ out ( w>1 & 7 attack$ & cut
 to pieces by "s ,au/rian huss>s 9 a    
wood close to ! city gate4 ,jean de ,bry
 alone escap$1 al?\gh dang]\sly w\nd$1 )
 8 life4 ,?is atroci\s act 0 g5]ally    
believ$ to h be5 committ$ ?r\gh private 
rev5ge1 or1 :at is f> m probable1 = !   
purpose ( discov]+ by ! pap]s ( !       
ambassadors ! tru? ( ! reports at t "t 9
 circulation conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a      
conspiracy & projects = ! e/abli%m5t (  

republics ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,! real      
motive 01 h[ev]1 n long ago1#a unveil$4 
,au/ria _h reviv$ h] anci5t projects    
aga9/ ,bav>ia1 &1 z e>ly z #agih1 _h    
treat$ ) ! ,fr5* ,directory = !         
possession ( t electorate 9 return = h] 
tol]ation ( ! occupatign ( ,switz]l& by 
! troops ( ! republic4 ,! v5]able       
elector1 ,*>les ,!odore1 :o _h be5      
already p]suad$ to c$e ,bav>ia & to     
cont5t himself ) ,franconia1 dy+ sudd5ly
 ( apoplexy :ile at ! c>d-table1 0      
succe$$ by 8 c\s91 ,maximilian ,joseph (
 ,pfalz-,zweibruck51 f :om1 on acc\nt ( 
8 num]\s family1 no volunt>y cession 0  
to be expect$ ei!r = ! pres5t or future4
 ,?ugut & ,lehr-ba*1 ! rul]s ( !        
,vi5nese cab9et1 9 ! hope ( compromis+ &
 exclud+ him1 z a traitor to ! empire1 f
 ! ,bav>ian succession1 by ! production 
( pro(s ( 8 be+ ! secret ally ( ,france1
 ha/ily resolv$ ^u ! assass9ation ( !   
,fr5* ambassadors at ,ra/adt1 on ! b>e  
supposition ( _! hav+ 9 _! possession   
docum5ts 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! elector4 ,none 

71 h[ev]1 discov]$1 ! ,fr5* envoys hav+ 
ei!r tak5 ! precaution ( de/roy+ !m or (
 committ+ !m to ! safe-keep+ ( !        
,prussian ambassador4 ,?is crime 01 z   
,hormayr obs]ves1 at ! same "t1 a       
political blund]4 ,?is horrible act 0   
p]petrat$ on ! #bh? ( ,april1 #agii4  ,!
 campaign _h1 a mon? ant]ior to ?is     
ev5t1 be5 op5$ by ! ,fr5*1 :o _h attack$
 ! ,au/rians 9 _! /ill scatt]$          
positions4 ,disunion prevail$ z usual 9 
! ,au/rian milit>y c\ncil4 ,! ,ar*duke  
,*>les propos$ ! invasion ( ,france f ! 
side ( ,swabia4 ,! occupation (         
,switz]l& by ! troops ( ,au/ria 01      
nev]!less1 resolv$ ^u1 & ,g5]al         
,auff5b]g1 accord+ly1 ent]$ ! ,grisons4 
,! ,fr5* in/antly p]ceiv$ & ha/5$ to    
anticipate ! designs ( ! ,au/rian       
cab9et4 ,auff5b]g 0 defeat$ by ,mass5a  
on ! ,/4 ,luci5/eig & expell$ !         
,grisons1 :ile ,hotze on ! ,vor>lb]g &  
,belleg>de 9 ! ,tyrol look$ calmly on at
 ! head ( fifte5 ?\s& m54 ,! simultane\s
 invasion ( ,swabia by ,j\rdan n[ induc$

 ! milit>y c\ncil at ,vi5na to acc$e to 
! proposal =m]ly made by ! ,ar*duke     
,*>les1 :o 0 despat*$ ) ! ma9 body ( !  
army to ,swabia1 :]e1 on ! #be? ( ,m>*1 
#agii1 he ga9$ a complete victory ov]   
,j\rdan at ,o/ra* & ,/ocka*4#b ,!       
,grisons 7 retak5 9 ,may by ,hotze1 &1 9
 ,june1 ! ar*duke jo9+ him1 ,mass5a 0   
defeat$ at ,zuri*1 & ! /eep passes (    
,mont ,/4 ,go?>d 7 occupi$ by ,haddik4  
,mass5a 01 h[ev]1 not)/&+ ! imm5se      
num]ical sup]iority ( ! ar*duke's =ces1 
:i* c\ld easily h driv5 him f> into     
,france1 all[$ to rema9 undi/urb$ at    
,bremg>t54 ,! ,fr5*1 "u ,s*]]1 9 ,italy1
 _h1 mean:ile1 be5 defeat$1 9 ,april1 by
 ,kray1 at ,magnano4 ,?is success 0     
foll[$ by ! arrival ( ,melas f ,vi5na1 (
 ,belleg>de f ! ,tyrol1 & la/ly1 by t ( 
! ,russian vangu>d "u ,suw>[1 :o took ! 
*ief comm& & beat ! :ole ( ! ,fr5* =ces 
9 ,italy2 ,moreau1 at ,cassano & ,m>5go1
 9 ,may2 ,macdonald1 on 8 advance f ,l[]
 ,italy1 on ! ,trebbia1 9 ,june2 &      
f9ally1 ,j\b]t1 9 ! great battle (      

,novi1 9 :i* ,j\b]t 0 kill$1 ,augu/ !   
#ae?1 #agii4 ,diss5sions n[ broke out   
among ! victors4 ,a f\r? ( ! =ces 9     
,italy belong$ to ,au/ria1 m]ely "o-fif?
 to ,russia2 ! ,au/rians1 consequ5tly1  
imag9$ t ! w> 0 m]ely c>ri$ on on _!    
acc\nt4 ,! ,au/rian =ces 71 aga9/       
,suw>['s advice1 divid$1 = ! purpose (  
r$uc+ ,mantua & ,aless&ria & ( occupy+  
,tuscany4 ,! k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 :om ,suw>[   
desir$ to re/ore to 8 ?rone1 0 =bidd5 to
 ent] 8 /ates by ! ,au/rians1 :o int5d$ 
to reta9 possession ( !m = "s "t long]4 
,! :ole ( ,italy1 z f> z ,ancona &      
,g5oa1 0 n[ fre$ f ! ,fr5*1 :om !       
,italians1 embitt]$ by _! pr$atory      
habits1 _h aid$ to expel1 & ,suw>[      
receiv$ ord]s to jo9 8 =ces ) ^? "u     
,korsak[1 :o 0 !n on ! ,upp] ,rh9e )    
?irty ?\s& m54 ,! ar*duke might1 ev5 )\t
 ?is fre% re9=cem5t1 h already          
annihilat$ ,mass5a _h he n rema9$ dur+  
?ree mon?s1 f ,june to ,augu/1 9 a /ate 
( complete inactivity2 at ! v mom5t (   
,suw>['s expect$ arrival he all[$ !     

important passes ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d to be   
aga9 c>ri$ by a c\p de ma9 by ! ,fr5* "u
 ,g5]al ,lec\rbe1 :o drove ! ,au/rians f
 ! ,simplon1 ! ,furca1 ! ,grimsel1 & !  
,devil's bridge4 ,! ar*duke1 aft] an    
unsuccessful attempt to pu% across ! ,a>
 at ,dett+51 sudd5ly quitt$ ! sc5e ( w> 
& advanc$ d[n ! ,rh9e = ! purpose (     
support+ ! ,engli% exp$ition "u ! ,duke 
( ,york aga9/ ,holl&4 ,?is unexpect$    
turn 9 affairs proce$$ f ,vi5na4 ,!     
,vi5nese cab9et 0 jeal\s ( ,russia4     
,suw>[ play$ ! ma/] 9 ,italy1 favor$    
,s>d9ia at ! exp5se ( ! h\se (          
,habsburg1 & depriv$ ! ,au/rians ( !    
laurels & ( ! advantages !y _h won4 ,!  
ar*duke1 accord+ly1 receiv$ ord]s to    
rema9 inactive1 to ab&on ! ,russians1 & 
f9ally to )draw to ! nor?2 by ?is       
movem5t ,suw>['s triumphant progress 0  
*eck$1 he 0 compell$ to cross ! ,alps to
 ! aid ( ,korsak[1 & to involve himself 
9 a m\nta9 w>f>e ill-suit$ to ! habits (
 8 soldi]y4#c ,korsak[1 :om ,bav>ia _h  
be5 brib$ ) ,russian gold to furni% ) a 

corps "o ?\s& /rong1 0 solely support$  
by ,kray & ,hotze ) tw5ty ?\s& m54      
,mass5a1 tak+ advantage ( ! dep>ture ( !
 ar*duke & ! non-arrival ( ,suw>[1      
cross$ ! ,limmat at ,dietikon & %ut     
,korsak[1 :o _h imprud5tly /ation$      
himself ) 8 :ole army 9 ,zuri*1 s       
closely 91 t1 aft] an engagem5t t la/$  
two days1 f ! #ae? to ! #ag? (          
,septemb]1 ! ,russian g5]al 0 compell$  
to ab&on 8 artill]y & to =ce 8 way ?r\gh
 ! enemy4 ,t5 ?\s& m5 7 all t escap$4#d 
,hotze1 :o _h advanc$ f ! ,grisons to   
,s*wyz to ,suw>['s r5c\nt]1 01 at ! same
 "t1 defeat$ & kill$ at ,s*annis4       
,suw>[1 al?\gh aw>e t ! road across !   
,/4 ,go?>d 0 block$ by ! lake ( ! f\r   
cantons1 on :i* !re 7 no boats1 _h !    
folly to attempt ! passage4 ,9 ,airolo1 
he 0 ob/9ately oppos$ by ! ,fr5* "u     
,lec\rbe1 &1 al?\gh ,s*weik[ski contriv$
 to turn ?is /rong position by scal+ !  
pa?less rocks1 numb]s ( ! m5 71 ow+ to  
,suw>['s impati5ce1 sacrific$ be=e x4   
,on ! #bd? ( ,septemb]1 #agii1 he at    

l5g? climb$ ! ,/4 ,go?>d1 & a bloody    
engagem5t1 9 :i* ! ,fr5* 7 wor/$1 took  
place on ! ,ob]alpsee4 ,lec\rbe blew up 
! ,devil's bridge1 b1 leav+ ! ,urn]lo*  
op51 ! ,russians pu%$ ?r\gh t rocky     
gorge1 &1 da%+ ?r\gh ! foam+ ,reuss1    
scal$ ! opposite rocks & drove ! ,fr5* f
 _! position beh9d ! ,devil's bridge4   
,altorf on ! lake 0 rea*$ 9 safety by ! 
,russian g5]al1 :o 0 compell$1 ow+ to ! 
want ( boats1 to seek 8 way ?r\gh !     
valleys ( ,%a*5 & ,muotta1 across !     
almo/ impassable rocks1 to ,s*wyz4 ,!   
heavy ra9s r5d]$ ! und]tak+ /ill m      
ardu\s2 ! ,russians1 ow+ to ! badness ( 
! road1 spe$ily became b>efoot2 !       
provisions 7 also exhau/$4 ,9 ?is wret*$
 /ate !y rea*$ ,muotta on ! #bi? (      
,septemb] & le>n$ ! disc\rag+ news (    
,korsak['s defeat4 ,mass5a _h already   
set (f 9 ! hope ( cutt+ (f ,suw>[1 b _h 
miss$ 8 way4 ,he rea*$ ,altorf1 :]e he  
jo9$ ,lec\rbe on ! #bi?1 :5 ,suw>[ 0    
already at ,muotta1 :5ce ,mass5a f\nd on
 8 arrival he _h aga9 retir$ across !   

,bragelb]g1 ?r\gh ! ,klon?al4 ,he 0     
oppos$ on ! lake ( ,klon?al by ,molitor1
 :o 01 h[ev]1 =c$ to retire by          
,auff5b]g1 :o _h jo9$ ,suw>[ at ,altorf 
& =m$ 8 advanc$ gu>d1 ,ros51 at ! same  
"t1 beat+ (f ,mass5a ) ! re>-gu>d1 tak+ 
five cannons & "o ?\s& ( 8 m5 prison]s4 
,on ! #a/ ( ,octob]1 ,suw>[ ent]$       
,gl>us1 :]e he re/$ until ! #d?1 :5 he  
cross$ ! ,panix] m\nta9s ?r\gh sn[ two  
feet deep to ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 :i* he 
rea*$ on ! #aj?1 aft] los+ ! :ole ( 8   
bea/s ( burd5 & two hundr$ ( 8 m5 d[n ! 
precipices2 & "h end$ 8 extraord9>y m>*1
 :i* _h co/ him ! :ole ( 8 artill]y1    
almo/ all 8 horses1 & a ?ird ( 8 m54  ,!
 ar*duke _h1 mean:ile1 t>ri$ on ! ,rh9e1
 :]e he _h tak5 ,philippsburg &         
,mannheim1 b _h be5 unable to prev5t !  
defeat ( ! ,engli% exp$ition "u ! ,duke 
( ,york by ,g5]al ,brune at ,b]g51 on ! 
#ai? ( ,septemb]4 ,! ar*duke n[1 = !    
fir/ "t1 made a retrograde movem5t1 &   
approa*$ ,korsak[ & ,suw>[4 ,! diff]5t  
lead]s1 h[ev]1 m]ely reproa*$ ea* o!r1 &

 ! cz>1 p]ceiv+ 8 project fru/rat$1     
sudd5ly recall$ 8 troops & ! campaign   
came to a close4 ,! ar*duke's re>gu>d 0 
defeat$ 9 a succession ( petty skirmi%es
 at ,heidelb]g & on ! ,neck> by ! ,fr5*1
 :o aga9 press$ =w>d4#e ,^! disa/]s 7   
c\nt]balanc$ by ! spl5did victory ga9$  
by ,melas 9 ,italy1 at ,savigliano1 ov] 
,*ampionnet1 :o attempt$ to save ,g5oa4 
,au/ria 0 no soon] depriv$ 9 ,suw>[ ( ! 
mo/ effici5t ( h] allies ?an %e 0       
attack$ by h] mo/ dang]\s foe4 ,bonap>te
 return$ f ,egypt4 ,! news ( ! great    
disa/]s ( ! ,fr5* 9 ,italy no soon]     
arriv$1 ?an he ab&on$ 8 army & ha/5$1   
completely unatt5d$1 to ,france1 ?r\gh !
 mid/ ( ! ,engli% fleet1 !n /ation$ 9 ! 
,m$it]ranean4 ,8 arrival 9 ,p>is 0      
in/antly foll[$ by 8 public nom9ation z 
g5]alissimo4 ,he alone _h ! p[] ( re/or+
 victory to ! /&>d ( ! republic4 ,! ill 
success ( 8 rivals _h greatly increas$ 8
 popul>ity2 he _h become indisp5sable to
 8 c\ntrym54 ,8 p[] 0 alone obnoxi\s to 
! weak gov]nm5t1 :i*1 aid$ by ! soldi]y1

 he dissolv$ on ! #i? ( ,novemb] 7! #ah?
 ,brumaire1 by ! mod]n ,fr5* cal5d>72 he
 !n be/[$ a new con/itution ^u ,france &
 plac$ himself1 "u ! title ( ,fir/      
,consul1 at ! head ( ! republic4  ,9 !  
foll[+ ye>1 #ahjj1 ,bonap>te made       
prep>ations = a fre% campaign aga9/     
,au/ria1 "u circum/ances simil> to ^? ( 
! fir/4 ,b ?is "t he 0 m rapid 9 8      
movem5ts & p]=m$ m a/oni%+ feats4       
,sudd5ly cross+ ! ,/4 ,b]n>d1 he fell ^u
 ! ,au/rian flank4 ,g5oa1 g>rison$ by   
,mass5a1 _h j be5 =c$ by fam9e to       
capitulate4 ,t5 days aft]w>d1 on ! #ad? 
( ,june1 ,bonap>te ga9$ su* a decisive  
victory ov] ,melas1 ! ,au/rian g5]al1 at
 ,m>5go1#f t he & ! rema9d] ( 8 army    
capitulat$ on ! ensu+ day4 ,! :ole (    
,italy fell once m into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*4
 ,moreau _h1 at ! same "t1 invad$       
,g]many & defeat$ ! ,au/rians "u ,kray 9
 sev]al engagem5ts1 pr9cipally at       
,/ocka* & ,moskir*1#g & aga9 at ,bib]a* 
& ,ho*/adt1 laid ,swabia & ,bav>ia "u   
contribution1 & tak5 ,ratisbon1 ! seat (

 ! diet4 ,an armi/ice1 negotiat$ by     
,kray1 0 n recogniz$ by ! emp]or1 & he 0
 replac$ 9 8 comm& by ! ,ar*duke ,john  
7n ,*>les71 :o 01 on ! #c;d ( ,decemb]1 
totally r\t$ by ,moreau's manoeuvres    
dur+ a viol5t sn[/orm1 at ,hoh5l9d54 ,a 
second ,au/rian army1 despat*$ into     
,italy1 0 also defeat$ by ,brune on !   
,m9cio4 ,^! disa/]s once m incl9$       
,au/ria to peace1 :i* 0 conclud$ at     
,luneville1 on ! #i? ( ,febru>y1 #ahja4 
,! ,ar*duke ,*>les seiz$ ?is opportunity
 to propose ! mo/ b5eficial re=ms 9 ! w>
 adm9i/ration1 b 0 aga9 treat$ )        
contempt4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye>1 #ahjb1 ,engl& 
also conclud$ peace at ,ami5s4  ,! :ole 
( ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e 01 on ?is       
occasion1 c$$ to ! ,fr5* republic4 ,!   
petty republics1 =m]ly e/abli%$ by      
,france 9 ,italy1 ,switz]l&1 & ,holl&1 7
 also r5ew$ & 7 recogniz$ by ! alli$    
p[]s4 ,! ,cisalp9e republic 0 enl>g$ by 
! possessions ( ! gr&duke ( ,tuscany & (
 ! duke ( ,mod5a1 to :om comp5sation 9  
,g]many 0 gu>ante$4 ,suw>['s victories  

_h1 9 ! autumn ( #agii1 r5d]$ a         
conclave1 on ! dea? ( ! captive pope1   
,pius ,,vi41 9 ,france1 possible1 = !   
purpose ( elect+ 8 successor1 ,pius     
,,vii41 :o 0 ackn[l$g$ z su* by         
,bonap>te1 ^: favor he pur*as$ by       
express+ 8 approbation ( ! seizure ( !  
prop]ty ( ! *ur* dur+ ! ,fr5*           
,revolution1 & by decl>+ 8 read9ess to  
agree to ! secul>ization ( *ur* prop]ty1
 already det]m9$ ^u1 9 ,g]many4  ,!     
,helvetian ,directory fell1 l t (       
,france1 & 0 replac$ by an adm9i/rative 
c\ncil1 compos$ ( sev5 memb]s1 9 #ahjj4 
,! uphold]s ( anci5t cantonal lib]ty1 n[
 kn[n "u ! d5om9ation ( ,f$]ali/s1 ga9$ 
! upp] h&1 & ,aloys ,r$+1 :o _h1 %ortly 
be=e1 be5 d5\nc$ z a rebel1 became      
,l&ammann ( ,switz]l&4 ,bonap>te ev5    
invit$ him to ,p>is 9 ord] to settle )  
him ! future fate ( ,switz]l&4 ,r$+1    
h[ev]1 %[+ an unexpect$ degree (        
firmness1 &1 unmov$ by ei!r promises or 
?reats1 ob/9ately refus+ to p]mit !     
annexation ( ,valais to ,france1        

,bonap>te )drew 8 support & aga9 favor$ 
! ,helvetl]s4 ,dold] & ,sav>i1 :o _h    
long be5 ! creatures ( ,france1 fail+ 9 
_! election1 7 seat$ by ,v]n9ac1 ! ,fr5*
 ambassador1 9 ! s5ate ( ! ,helvetian   
republic1 & ,r$+1 :o 0 at t mom5t abs5t1
 0 dive/$ ( 8 (fice z ,l&ammann4 ,r$+   
prote/$ aga9/ ?is arbitr>y conduct &    
convok$ a f$]al diet to ,s*wyz4         
,&]matt1 g5]al ( ! ,helvetian republic1 
attempt$ to seize ,zuri*1 :i* _h jo9$ ! 
f$]ali/s1 b 0 compell$ to )draw1 cov]$ )
 disgrace4 ,an army ( f$]ali/s "u ,g5]al
 ,ba*mann repuls$ ! ,helvetl]s 9 e      
direction & drove !m1 toge!r ) ! ,fr5*  
envoys1 across ! fronti]4 ,bonap>te1 ^u 
?is1 s5t a body ( ?irty to =ty ?\s& m51 
"u ,ney1 into ,switz]l&1 :i* met ) no   
opposition1 ! f$]ali/s be+ desir\s (    
avoid+ useless blood%$ & be+ already    
acqua9t$ ) ,bonap>te's secret projects4 
,he w\ld n tol]ate opposition on _! "p1 
l t ( ,r$+3 he _h resolv$ ^u gett+      
possession ( ,valais at any price1 on   
acc\nt ( ! road across ! ,simplon1 s    

important to him z af=d+ ! ne>e/        
communication betwe5 ,p>is & ,milan3 9  
all o!r po9ts1 he p]fectly co9cid$ ) !  
f$]ali/s & 0 will+ to grant its anci5t  
indep5d5ce to e canton 9 ,switz]l&1 :]e 
disunion & petty feuds plac$ ! c\ntry ! 
m securely 9 8 h&s4 ,) feign$           
commis]ation = ! ineptitude ( ! ,swiss  
to settle _! own disputes1 he invit$    
deputies belong+ to ! v>i\s factions &  
cantons to ,p>is1 lectur$ !m l          
s*oolboys1 & compell$ !m by ! ,act (    
,m$iation1 "u 8 int]v5tion1 to give a   
new con/itution to ,switz]l&4 ,valais 0 
annex$ to ,france 9 ex*ange = ! ,au/rian
 ,frick?al4 ,n9ete5 cantons 7 creat$4#h 
,ea* canton aga9 adm9i/]$ its int]nal   
affairs4 ,bonap>te 0 nev] we>y ( pa9t+ !
 happy lot ( petty /ates & ! delights ( 
petty citiz5%ip4 ,b ye are too weak1 too
 helpless1 to def5d y\rselves2 ca/      
y\rselves !re=e into ! arms ( ,france1  
ready to protect y :ile1 free f         
taxation1 & f ! burd5some ma9t5ance ( an
 army1 ye dwell free & indep5d5t 9 y\r  

native vales4 ,! ,swiss1 al?\gh no long]
 to h a national army1 71 nev]!less1    
compell$ to furni% a cont+5t ( eighte5  
?\s& m5 to t ( ,france1 &1 :ile delud$  
by ! idea ( _! fre$om f taxation1 !     
fifte5 millions ( ,fr5* bons giv5 9     
ex*ange = ! num]\s ,swiss loans 7 ca%i]$
 by ,bonap>te1 "u pretext ( ! ,swiss    
hav+ be5 already suffici5tly paid by _! 
deliv]ance f _! enemies by ! ,fr5*4#i ,!
 real ,swiss patriots implor$ ! ,g]man  
p[]s to protect _! c\ntry1 ! bulw>k (   
,g]many aga9/ ,france2 b ,au/ria 0 too  
mu* weak5$ by h] own losses1 & ,prussia 
h&$ ! lett]s address$ to h] f ,switz]l& 
ov] to ! ,fir/ ,consul4  ,! melan*oly   
bus9ess1 comm5c$ by ! empire at !       
congress ( ,ra/adt1 & :i* _h be5 brok5  
(f by ! outbreak ( w>1 _h n[ to be      
recomm5c$4 ,fre% comp5sations _h be5    
r5d]$ necess>y by ! robb]ies committ$ ^u
 ! ,italian pr9ces4 ,! *ur* prop]ty no  
long] suffic$ to satisfy all dem&s1 &   
fre% seizures _h become requisite4 ,a   
committee ( ! diet 0 intru/$ ) !        

settlem5t ( ! "q ( comp5sation1 :i* 0   
decid$ on ! #be? ( ,febru>y1 #ahjc1 by a
 decree ( ! imp]ial diet4 ,all ! great  
p[]s ( ,g]many _h n suff]$2 all _h n1   
consequ5tly1 a "r to dem& comp5sation1  
b1 9 ord] to appease _! jeal\sy1 all 7  
to receive a portion ( ! booty4 ,! ?ree 
spiritual electorates1 ,may5ce1 ,treves1
 & ,cologne1 7 aboli%$1 _! position on !
 o!r side ( ! ,rh9e includ+ !m )9 !     
,fr5* t]ritory4 ,! ar*bi%op ( ,may5ce   
alone reta9$ 8 dignity1 & 0 transf]r$ to
 ,ratisbon4 ,! :ole ( ! imp]ial free    
cities 7 moreov] depriv$ ( _!           
privileges1 six alone except$1 ,lubeck1 
,hamburg1#aj ,brem51 ,frank=t1          
,augsburg1 & ,nuremb]g4 ,! unsecul>iz$  
bi%oprics & abbeys 7 aboli%$4 ,! petty  
pr9ces1 c\nts & b>ons1 & ! ,teutonic    
ord]1 7 /ill all[$ to exi/1 9 ord] ere  
long to be includ$ 9 ! g5]al ru94       
,prussia reta9$ ! bi%oprics ( ,hilde%eim
 & ,pad]born1 a "p ( ,mun/]1 num]\s     
abbeys & imp]ial free t[ns 9 ,we/phalia 
& ,?ur+ia1 m p>ticul>ly ,erfurt4 ,bav>ia

 _h ev] suff]$ on ! conclusion ( peace  
betwe5 ,france & ,au/ria2 9 #agig1 %e _h
 c$$ ! ,rh5i% ,pfalz to ,france & a     
prov9ce on ! ,inn to ,au/ria2 by !      
treaty ( ,luneville %e _h be51 moreov]1 
compell$ to raze ! =tress ( ,+ol/adt4#aa
 ,! incl9ation = ,fr5* innovations      
display$ by ! reign+ duke1 ,maximilian  
,joseph1 :o surr\nd$ himself ) ! old    
,illum9ati1 caus$ h]1 on ?is occasion1  
by ,bonap>te's aid1 to be ri*ly         
comp5sat$ by ! annexation ( ! bi%oprics 
( ,bamb]g1 ,wurzburg1 ,augsburg1 &      
,freis+51 ) sev]al small t[ns1 etc42 all
 ! mona/]ies 7 aboli%$4 ,bav>ia _h =m]ly
 support$ ! in/itutions ( ! anci5t *ur* 
( ,rome m firmly ?an ,au/ria1 :]e re=ms 
_h already be5 begun 9 ! *ur* by ,joseph
 ,,ii4 ,hanov] receiv$ ,osnabruck2      
,bad51 ! portion ( ! ,pfalz on ?is side 
! ,rh9e1 ! greate/ "p ( ! bi%oprics (   
,con/ance1 ,basel1 ,/rasburg1 & ,spires1
 also on ?is side ! ,rh9e2 ,wurtemb]g1  
bo? ,hesses 7,cassel & ,d>m/adt72 &     
,nassau1 all ! l&s 9 ! vic9ity =m]ly    

belong+ to ! bi%opric ( ,may5ce1 to     
imp]ial free t[ns & petty lord%ips4     
,f]d9&1 gr&duke ( ,tuscany1 y\ng] bro!r 
to ! emp]or ,francis ,,ii41 0 compell$  
to rel9qui% 8 h]$it>y possessions 9     
,italy1#ab & receiv$ 9 ex*ange          
,salzburg1 ,ei*/dt1 & ,passau4 ,f]d9&1  
duke ( ,mod5a1 uncle to ! emp]or        
,francis ,,ii4 & y\ng] bro!r to !       
emp]ors ,leopold ,,ii4 & ,joseph ,,ii41 
also resign$ 8 du*y1#ac = :i* he receiv$
 ! ,breisgau 9 ex*ange4 ,william ,v41   
h]$it>y /ad?old] ( ,holl&1 :o _h be5    
expell$ 8 /ates1 also receiv$1 on ?is   
occasion1 9 comp5sation = 8 son ( l "n  
7he 0 himself already f> advanc$ 9      
ye>s71 ! ri* abbey ( ,fulda1 :i* 0      
creat$ ! pr9cipality (                  
,orange-,fulda4#ad ,! electoral dignity 
0 at ! same "t be/[$ ^u ! ,ar*duke      
,f]d9&1 ! ,l&grave ( ,hesse-,cassel1 !  
duke ( ,wurtemb]g1 & ! ,m>grave ( ,bad54
  ,submission1 al?\gh pa9ful1 produc$ no
 opposition4 ,! p[] ( ! imp]ial free    
cities _h long pass$ away1#ae & !       

spiritual pr9ces no long] wield$ !      
sword4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! (fic]s ( !      
pr9ces took possession1 ! insol5ce ) :i*
 !y treat$ ! subject p1 ! fraud &       
embezzlem5t t 7 op5ly practic$1 are     
m]ely excusable on acc\nt ( ! fact t    
,g]many 01 not)/&+ ! peace1 /ill 9 a    
/ate ( w>4 ,! decree ( ! imp]ial diet c 
sc>cely be reg>d$ z ! ignom9i\s close ( 
a good old "t1 b r z a viol5t b         
b5eficial incisure 9 an old & rankl+    
sore4 ,) ! petty /ates1 a mass ( vanity 
& p$antry disappe>$ on ! "o side1       
pusillanimity & s]vility on ! o!r2 !    
ideas ( ! subjects ( a l>ge /ate h      
naturally a wid] range2 ! mona/]ies1 ^? 
d5s ( sup]/ition1 ! petty pr9cely       
resid5ces1 ^? hotb$s ( ,fr5* vice &     
deg5]acy1 ! imp]ial free t[ns1 ^? abodes
 ( petty burgh] prejudice1 no long]     
exi/$4 ,! ext5sion ( ! limits ( ! /ates 
r5d]$ ! gradual introduction ( a bett]  
adm9i/ration1 ! lay+ ( roads1 !         
f\ndation ( public in/itutions ( e      
description1 & social improvem5t1       

possible4 ,! example ( ,france1 !       
ev]-r5ew$ w>f>e1 & ! conscriptions1     
creat$1 moreov]1 a m>tial _s among ! p1 
:i*1 al?\gh f> remov$ f patriotism1     
might /ill1 :5 comp>$ ) ! _s =m]ly      
p]vad+ ! imp]ial army1 be reg>d$ z a    
fir/ /ep f effem9acy1 c[>dice1 & slo?1  
t[>d true1 unfl9*+1 manly c\rage4       
,footnote #a3 ,sc5es dur+ ! ,w> (       
,lib]ation4  ,footnote #b3 ,j\rdan might
 easily h be5 annihilat$ dur+ 8 retreat 
by ! imp]ial cavalry1 tw5ty-sev5 ?\s&   
/rong1 _h 8 /r5g? & position be5 bett]  
kn[n to 8 pursu]s4  ,footnote #c3 ,sc5es
 dur+ ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation4  ,footnote #d3
 ,! celebrat$ ,lavat] 01 on ?is         
occasion1 mortally w\nd$ by a ,fr5*     
soldi]4 ,! p ( ,zuri* 7 heavily mulct$  
by ,mass5a = hav+ aid$ ! ,au/rians to ! 
utmo/ 9 _! p[]4 ,zs*okke1 :o 0 at t "t 9
 ! pay ( ,france1 wrote aga9/ !         
,imp]ialism ( ! ,swiss4 ,vide ,hall] &  
,l&olt's ,life by ,hess4  ,footnote #e3 
,conc]n+ ! wret*$ provision = ! ,au/rian
 army1 ! embezzlem5t ( ! supplies1 ! bad

 managem5t ( ! magaz9es & hospitals1 see
 ,repres5tation ( ! ,causes ( ! ,disa/]s
 suff]$ by ! ,au/rians1 etc4 #ahjb4     
,footnote #f3 ,! conte/ la/$ ! :ole day3
 ! ,fr5* already gave way on e side1 :5 
,desaix l$ ! ,fr5* c5tre ) su* fury to !
 *>ge t ! ,au/rians1 surpris$ by !      
sudd5ness ( ! movem5t1 7 driv5 back &   
?r[n into confusion1 & ! ,fr5*1 rally+  
at t mom5t1 made ano!r furi\s onset &   
tore ! victory f _! grasp4  ,footnote   
#g3 ,! impregnable =tress ( ,hoh5twiel1 
=m]ly s gallantly def5d$ by ,wid]hold1 0
 surr5d]$ )\t a bl[ by ! c[>dly         
comm&ant1 ,bilf+]4 ,rot5burg on !       
,taub]1 on ! contr>y1 wip$ (f ! disgrace
 ) :i* %e _h cov]$ h]self dur+ ! ?irty  
ye>s' w>4 ,a small ,fr5* skirmi%+ p>ty  
dem&$ a contribution f ?is city2 !      
c\ncil yield$1 b ! citiz5s drove (f !   
enemy ) pit*=ks4  ,footnote #h3 ,!      
anci5t ones1 ,b]ne1 ,zuri*1 ,basel1     
,solo?urn1 ,freiburg1 ,luc]ne1          
,s*affhaus52 ! re-e/abli%$ ones1 ,uri1  
,s*wyz1 ,unt]wald51 ,zug1 ,gl>us1       

,app5zell1 ,/4 ,gall 7in/ead (          
,wald/tt51 ,l9?1 & ,sntis71 ,valais     
7in/ead ( ,leman71 ,a>gau1 ,con/ance1   
,grisons1 ,tess9 7in/ead ( ,lugano &    
,bell9zona74 ,! ,b]nese ,ob]l& aga9 fell
 to ,b]ne4 ,! ambassador1 attempt+ to   
pres]ve its indep5d5ce1 0 ask$ by       
,napoleon3 ,:]e d y take y\r cattle1 y\r
 *eese1 etc48  ,b]ne1 0 ! reply4 ,:5ce d
 y get y\r gra91 clo?1 iron1 etc48 ,de  
,b]ne4 ,well1 cont9u$ ,napoleon1 de     
,b]ne1  ,b]ne1 y consequ5tly belong to  
,b]ne4--,! ,b]nese 7 highly delight$ at 
! re/oration ( _! indep5d5ce1 & !       
re-erection ( ! anci5t arms ( ,b]ne     
became a joy\s fte4 ,a gigantic black   
be> t 0 pa9t$ on ! broad walls ( ! ca/le
 ( ,tra*selwald 0 visible f> d[n !      
valley4  ,footnote #i3 ,murald1 9 8 life
 ( ,re9h>d1 records an in/ance (        
%ameless fraud1 ! attempt made dur+ a   
f>ewell banquet at ,p>is to coz5 !      
,swiss deputies out ( a million4 ,aft]  
ply+ !m well ) w9e1 an alt]$ docum5t 0  
(f]$ !m = signature2 ,re9h>d1 ! only "o 

:o p]ceiv$ ! fraud1 fru/rat$ ! s*eme4   
,footnote #aj3 ,hamburg 01 h[ev]1       
compell$ to pay to ! ,fr5* #a1gjj1jjj   
m>cs banco1 & to all[ ,rumbold1 !       
,engli% ag5t1 to be arre/$ by !m )9 !   
city walls4  ,footnote #aa3 ,! univ]sity
 _h be5 remov$1 9 #ahjj1 to ,l&%ut4     
,footnote #ab3 ,bonap>te trans=m$ !m    
into a k+dom ( ,etruria1 :i* he be/[$ ^u
 a ,spani% pr9ce1 ,l\is ( ,p>ma1 :o     
%ortly aft]w>d di$ & 8 k+dom 0 annex$ to
 ,france4  ,footnote #ac3 ,he 0         
son-9-law to ,h]cules1 ! la/ duke (     
,mod5a1 :o /ill liv$1 b _h resign$ 8    
claims 9 8 favor4 ,?is duke expir$ 9    
#ahje4  ,footnote #ad3 ,:i* he spe$ily  
lo/ by rejo9+ ,napoleon's adv]s>ies4    
,adalb]t von ,h>/all1 ! la/ pr9cely     
abbot ( ,fulda1 0 an extremely noble "*2
 he is almo/ ! only "o among ! pr9ces :o
 rema9$ firmly by 8 subjects :5 all !   
re/ fl$ & ab&on$ !irs to ! ,fr5*4 ,aft] 
! edict ( secul>ization he rema9$ firmly
 at 8 po/ until compell$ to resign x by 
! ,prussian soldi]y4  ,footnote #ae3 ,! 

citiz5s ( ,esal+5 7 %ortly be=e at law )
 _! magi/rate on acc\nt ( 8 nepotism &  
tyranny )\t be+ able to get a decision f
 ! supreme c\rt ( judicature4--         
,qu$l9burg _h also n long be=e s5t      
envoys to ,vi5na ) heavy compla9ts ( !  
insol5ce ( ! magi/rate1 & ! envoys _h   
be5 s5t home )\t a reply be+ v\*saf$ & 7
 ?reat5$ ) ! h\se ( correction 9 case !y
 v5tur$ to return4 ,vide ,hess's ,flight
 ?r\gh ,g]many1 #agic4--,wimpf5 also    
c>ri$ on a suit aga9/ its magi/rate4 ,9 
#aghd1 imp]ial decrees 7 issu$ aga9/ !  
ari/ocracy ( ,ulm4 ,9 #aghf1 ! p (      
,aix-la-,*apelle rose aga9/ _!          
magi/rate4 ,nuremb]g repeat$ly dem&$ !  
production ( ! public acc\nts f !       
ari/ocratic t[n-c\ncil4 ,! p (          
,hilde%eim also revolt$ aga9/ _! c\ncil4
 ,vide ,s*lz]1 ,/ate ,ar*ives4          
,,ccliii4 ,fall ( ! ,holy               
,roman-,g]manic ,empire   ,a great *ange
 _h1 mean:ile1 tak5 place 9 ,france4 ,! 
republic exi/$ m]ely 9 "n4 ,! fir/      
consul1 ,bonap>te1 already possess$     

regal p[]4 ,! _w beheld ) a/oni%m5t a   
nation t _h s lately & s virul5tly      
p]secut$ royalty1 s de>ly b\ght & s     
/rictly en=c$ its boa/$ lib]ty1 sudd5ly 
=get its triumph & re/ore mon>*y4       
,lib]ty _h ceas$ to be 9 vogue1 & _h    
yield$ to a g5]al desire = ! acquisition
 ( fame4 ,! equality en=c$ by lib]ty 0  
(f5sive to individual vanity1 & ! love (
 ga9 & luxury oppos$ republican pov]ty4 
,fame & weal? 7 alone to be procur$ by  
w> & conque/4 ,france 0 to be enri*$ by 
! plund] ( h] neighbors4 ,bonap>te1     
moreov]1 promot$ ! prosp]ity & dignity (
 ! c\ntry by ! e/abli%m5t (             
manufactures1 public in/itutions1 &     
excell5t laws4 ,! awe ) :i* he inspir$ 8
 subjects insur$ _! ob$i5ce2 he 0       
univ]sally fe>$ & rev]5c$4 ,9 :atev] age
 ?is extraord9>y man _h liv$1 he mu/ h  
tak5 ! lead & h r$uc$ nations to        
submission4 ,ev5 8 adv]s>ies1 ev5 ^? he 
mo/ deeply injur$1 own$ 8 influ5ce4 ,8  
pres5ce conv]t$ ! wisdom ( ! /atesman1 !
 k ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ g5]al1 into folly & 

ignorance2 ! brave/ armies fl$          
panic-/ruck be=e 8 eagles2 ! pr\de/     
sov]eigns ( ,europe b[$ _! cr[n$ heads  
be=e ! little hat ( ! ,corsican4 ,he 0  
long reg>d$ z a new savior1 s5t to imp>t
 happ9ess to 8 p1 &1 z ?\gh by magic1   
b5t ! bl9d & pliant mass to 8 w4 ,b     
philan?ropy1 ,*ri/ian wisdom1 ! virtues 
( ! ,pr9ce ( peace1 7 n 84 ,if he be/[$ 
excell5t laws ^u 8 p1 x 0 m]ely ) ! view
 ( increas+ ! p[] ( ! /ate = milit>y    
purposes4 ,he 0 ev] possess$ & torm5t$  
by ! demon ( w>4  ,on ! #ah? ( ,may1    
#ahjd1 ,bonap>te aboli%$ ! ,fr5*        
republic & 0 elect$ h]$it>y emp]or (    
,france4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,decemb]1 he 0    
solemnly ano9t$ & cr[n$ by ! pope1 ,pius
 ,,vii41 :o visit$ ,p>is = t purpose4 ,!
 c]emonies us$ at ! coronation (        
,*>lemagne 7 reviv$ on ?is occasion4 ,on
 ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #ahje1 he aboli%$ !     
,ligurian & ,cisalp9e republics1 & set !
 anci5t iron cr[n ( ,lomb>dy on 8 head1 
) 8 own h&1 z k+ ( ,italy4 ,he made a   
di/9ction betwe5 la ,france & l'empire1 

! latt] ( :i* 01 by conque/1 to be      
gradually ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 &
 to be rais$ by him above t ( ,g]many1 9
 ! same mann] t ! we/]n ,roman-,g]manic 
empire _h =m]ly be5 rais$ by ,*>lemagne 
above ! ea/]n ,byzant9e "o4  ,! erection
 ( ,france into an empire 0 view$ )     
di/ru/ by ,au/ria1 ^: displeasure _h    
be51 moreov]1 r\s$ by ! arbitr>y conduct
 ( ,napoleon 9 ,italy4 ,fre% disputes _h
 also aris5 betwe5 him & ,engl&2 he _h  
occupi$ ! :ole ( ,hanov]1 :i*           
,wallmod5's#a army _h be5 p[]less to    
def5d1 ) 8 troops1 & violat$ ! ,bad5    
t]ritory by ! seizure ( ! un=tunate ,duc
 d',enghi51 a pr9ce ( ! h\se ( ,b\rbon1 
:o 0 c>ri$ into ,france & !re %ot4      
,prussia (f]$ no int]f]5ce1 9 ! hope (  
receiv+ ,hanov] 9 rew>d = h]            
neutrality4#b ,au/ria1 on h] "p1 =m$ a  
?ird coalition ) ,engl&1 ,russia1 &     
,sw$54#c ,au/ria act$1 und5iably1 on ?is
 occasion1 ) impolitic ha/e2 %e ought r 
to h wait$ until ,prussia & public      
op9ion ?r\gh\t ,g]many _h be5 rang$ on  

h] side1 z soon] or lat] mu/ h be5 !    
case1 by ! brutal encroa*m5ts (         
,napoleon4 ,au/ria1 unaid$ by ,prussia1 
c\ld sc>cely dream ( success4#d ,b      
,engl&1 at t "t fe>ful ( ,napoleon's l&+
 on h] coa/1 lavi%$ h] all-p]suasive    
gold4  ,! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& 0 plac$ at !  
head ( ! ,au/rian troops 9 ,g]many2 !   
,ar*duke ,*>les1 ( ^? 9 ,italy4 ,f]d9&  
comm&$ ! ma9 body & 0 guid$ by ,mack1   
:o1 )\t await+ ! arrival ( ! ,russians1 
advanc$ z f> z ,ulm1 pu%$ a corps1 "u   
,jella*i*1 =w>d to ,l9dau1 & left ! :ole
 ( 8 "r flank expos$4 ,he1 nev]!less1   
look$ ^u ,napoleon's defeat & ! invasion
 ( ,france by 8 troops z close at h&4   
,he 0 9 ill-heal? & highly irritable4   
,napoleon1 9 ord] to move ) great]      
cel]ity1 s5t a "p ( 8 troops by c>riage 
?r\gh ,/rasburg1 decl>$ to ! ,m>grave ( 
,bad51 ! duke ( ,wurtemb]g1 & ! elector 
( ,bav>ia1 8 int5tion n to recognize !m 
z neutral p[]s1 t !y mu/ be ei!r aga9/  
him or ) him1 & made !m su* brilliant   
promises 7!y 71 moreov]1 actuat$ by     

di/ru/ ( ,au/ria71 t !y rang$ !mselves  
on 8 side4 ,napoleon in/antly s5t ord]s 
to ,g5]al ,b]nadotte1 :o 0 at t "t      
/ation$ 9 ,hanov]1 to cross ! neutral   
,prussian t]ritory ( ,anspa*1#e )\t     
dem&+ ! p]mission ( ,prussia1 to ,mack's
 re>1 9 ord] to =m a junction ) !       
,bav>ian troops4 ,o!r corps 7 at ! same 
"t direct$ by circuit\s r\tes ^u !      
flanks ( ! ,au/rian army1 :i* 0 attack$ 
at ,memm+5 by ,s\lt1 & 0 cut (f to !    
nor? by ,ney1 :o c>ri$ ! bridge (       
,el*+5#f by /orm4 ,mack _h drawn 8      
troops toge!r1 b _h1 not)/&+ !          
entreaties ( 8 g5]als1 refus$ to attack 
! sep>ate ,fr5* corps be=e !y c\ld unite
 & surr\nd him4 ,! ,ar*duke ,f]d9& alone
 succe$$ 9 fight+ 8 way ) a "p ( !      
cavalry ?r\gh ! enemy4#g ,mack lo/ 8    
s5ses & capitulat$ on ! #ag? ( ,octob]1 
#ahje4 ,) him fell sixty ?\s& ,au/rians1
 ! elite ( ! army1 into ! h&s ( ! enemy4
 ,napoleon c\ld sc>cely sp>e a suffici5t
 numb] ( m5 to escort ?is enorm\s cr[d (
 prison]s to ,france4 ,w]nek's corps1   

:i* _h already be5 cut (f1 0 also       
compell$ to yield itself prison] at     
,tro*telf+51 n f> f ,heid5heim4         
,napoleon1 :ile foll[+ up 8 success ) 8 
cu/om>y rapidity & advanc+ ) 8 ma9 body 
/raight ^u ,vi5na1 despat*$ ,ney into ! 
,tyrol1 :]e ! peasantry1 head$ by !     
,ar*duke ,john1 made a h]oic def5ce4 ,! 
advanc$ gu>d ( ! ,fr5*1 compos$ ( !     
,bav>ians "u ,d]oy1 7 defeat$ at ! ,/rub
 pass1 b1 not)/&+ ?is disa/]1 ,ney c>ri$
 ! ,s*a>nitz by /orm & rea*$ ,innsbruck4
 ,! ,ar*duke ,john 0 compell$ to retire 
into ,c>9?ia 9 ord] to =m a junction ) 8
 bro!r ,*>les1 :o1 aft] beat+ ,mass5a at
 ,caldi]o1 _h be5 necessitat$ by ,mack's
 defeat to ha/5 f ,italy = ! purpose (  
cov]+ ,au/ria4 ,two corps1 left 9 !     
hurry ( retreat too f> we/w>d1 7 cut (f 
& tak5 prison]1 t "u ,pr9ce ,rohan at   
,ca/ellfranco1 aft] hav+ f\nd its way f 
,m]an into ! ,v5etian t]ritory1 & t "u  
,jella*i* on ! ,lake ( ,con/ance2       
,k9sky's & ,w>t5leb5's cavalry ?rew     
!mselves boldly into ,swabia &          

,franconia1 seiz$ ! c\ri]s & convoys to 
! ,fr5* re>1 & escap$ unhurt to         
,bohemia4  ,dav\/ _h1 9 ! mean:ile1     
invad$ ,/yria & defeat$ a corps "u      
,me]veldt at ,m>iazell4 ,9 ,novemb]1    
,napoleon _h rea*$ ,vi5na1 nei!r ,l9z   
nor any o!r po9t hav+ be5 =tifi$ by !   
,au/rians4 ,! great ,russian army "u    
,kutus[ appe>$ at ?is conjuncture 9     
,moravia4 ,! cz>1 ,alex&] ,i41          
accompani$ x 9 p]son1 & ! emp]or1       
,francis ,,ii41 jo9$ him ) 8 rema9+     
=ces4 ,a bloody engagem5t took place    
betwe5 ,kutus[ & ! ,fr5* at ,durr5/e9 on
 ! ,danube1 b1 on ! loss ( ,vi5na1 !    
,russians retir$ to ,moravia4 ,!        
sov]eigns ( ,au/ria & ,russia l\dly     
call$ ^u ,prussia to r5\nce h] alliance 
) ,france1 &1 9 ?is decisive mom5t1 to  
aid 9 ! annihilation ( a foe1 = ^: false
 fri5d%ip %e w\ld "o day de>ly pay4 ,!  
violation ( ! ,prussian t]ritory by     
,b]nadotte _h furni%$ ! ,prussian k+ ) a
 pretext = sudd5ly decl>+ aga9/         
,napoleon4 ,! ,prussian army 0 also 9   

full =ce4 ,! ,briti% & ! ,hanov]ian     
legion _h l&$ at ,brem5 & tw5ty ?\s&    
,russians on ,rug52 t5 ?\s& ,sw$es ent]$
 ,hanov]2 electoral ,hesse 0 also ready 
= action4 ,! k+ ( ,prussia1 nev]!less1  
m]ely conf9$ himself to ?reats1 9 ! hope
 ( sell+ 8 neutrality to ,napoleon =    
,hanov]1 & deceiv$ ! coalition4#h ,!    
emp]or ,alex&] visit$ ,b]l9 9 p]son = ! 
purpose ( r\s+ ,prussia to w>1 b _h no  
soon] return$ to ,au/ria 9 ord] to rejo9
 8 army ?an ,c\nt ,haugwitz1 ! ,prussian
 m9i/]1 0 despat*$ to ,napoleon's camp )
 express in/ructions n to decl>e w>4 ,! 
fam\s battle1 9 :i* ! ?ree emp]ors (    
,*ri/5dom 7 pres5t1 took place1         
mean:ile1 at ,au/]litz1 n f> f ,brunn1  
on ! #b;d ( ,decemb]1 #ahje1 & t]m9at$ 9
 "o ( ,napoleon's mo/ glori\s           
victories4#i ,?is battle decid$ ! policy
 ( ,prussia1 & ,haugwitz confirm$ h]    
alliance ) ,france by a treaty1 by :i*  
,prussia c$$ ,cleves1 ,anspa*1 &        
,neuf*tel to ,france 9 ex*ange =        
,hanov]4#aj ,?is treaty 0 publi%$ ) a   

precipitation equall+ t ) :i* x _h be5  
conclud$1 & sev5 hundr$ ,prussian       
vessels1 ^: capta9s 7 ignorant ( ! ev5t1
 7 seiz$ by ! enrag$ ,engli% ei!r 9     
,briti% h>bors or on ! sea4 ,! peace    
conclud$ by ,au/ria1 on ! #bf? (        
,decemb]1 at ,presburg1 0 pur*as$ by h] 
at an enorm\s sacrifice4 ,napoleon _h1 9
 ! op5+ ( ! campaign1 :5 press+ onw>d   
t[>d ,au/ria1 compell$ ,*>les ,fr$]ick1 
elector ( ,bad51#aa ,fr$]ick1 elector ( 
,wurtemb]g1 & ,maximilian ,joseph1      
elector ( ,bav>ia 79 ^: m9d ! memory ( !
 assass9ation ( ! ambassadors at        
,ra/adt1 ! loss ( ,wass]burg1 !         
demolition ( ,+ol/adt1 etc41 /ill       
rankl$71 to ent] into 8 alliance2 to :i*
 !y rema9$ zeal\sly true on acc\nt ( !  
imm5se private advantages !reby ga9$ by 
!m1 & ( ! dread ( be+ depriv$ by !      
haughty victor ( ! :ole ( _! possessions
 on ! fir/ symptom ( opposition on _!   
"p4 ,napoleon1 ) a view ( b9d+ !m /ill m
 closely to 8 int]e/s by motives (      
gratitude1 gave !m on ! pres5t occasion 

an ample %>e 9 ! booty4 ,bav>ia 0 erect$
 into a k+dom1#ab & receiv$1 f ,prussia1
 ,anspa* & ,baireu?2 f ,au/ria1 ! :ole (
 ! ,tyrol1 ,vor>lb]g & ,l9dau1 !        
,m>graviate ( ,burgau1 ! dioceses (     
,passau1 ,ei*/dt1 ,tr5t1 & ,brix51      
besides sev]al petty lord%ips4          
,wurtemb]g 0 rais$ to a mon>*y & enri*$ 
) ! bord]+ ,au/rian lord%ips 9 ,swabia4 
,bad5 0 rew>d$ ) ! ,breisgau1 ! ,ort5au1
 ,con/ance1 & ! title ( gr&duke4 ,v5ice 
0 includ$ by ,napoleon 9 8 k+dom (      
,italy1 &1 = all ^! losses1 ,au/ria 0   
m]ely indemnifi$ by ! possession (      
,salzburg4 ,f]d9&1 elector ( ,salzburg1 
! =m] gr&duke ( ,tuscany1 0 transf]r$ to
 ,wurzburg4 ,f]d9& ( ,mod5a lo/ ! :ole (
 8 possessions4  ,! imp]ial cr[n1 s well
 ma9ta9$ by ,napoleon1 n[ %one ) r$\bl$ 
lu/re4 ,! petty republics & ! prov9ces  
dep5d5t ^u ! ,fr5* empire 7 erect$ into 
k+doms & pr9cipalities & be/[$ ^u 8     
relatives & favorites4 ,8 bro!r ,joseph 
0 creat$ k+ ( ,naples2 8 bro!r ,l\is1 k+
 ( ,holl&2 8 /epson ,eug5e ,beauh>nais1 

vic]oy ( ,italy2 8 bro!r-9-law ,murat1  
=m]ly a common horse-soldi]1 n[ 8 be/   
g5]al ( cavalry1 gr&duke ( ,b]g2 8 fir/ 
adjutant1 ,b]?i]1 pr9ce ( ,neuf*tel2 8  
uncle1 ,c>d9al ,fes*1 0 nom9at$         
successor to ! elector ( ,may5ce1 !n    
resid5t at ,ratisbon4 ,9 ord] to remove 
! /igma atta*$ to him z a p>v5u1        
,napoleon also began to =m matrimonial  
alliances betwe5 8 family & ! mo/ anci5t
 h\ses ( ,europe4 ,8 h&some /epson1     
,eug5e1 m>ri$ ! ,pr9cess ,augu/a1       
daught] to ! k+ ( ,bav>ia2 8 bro!r      
,j]ome1 ,ca!r9e1 daught] to ! k+ (      
,wurtemb]g2 & 8 niece1 ,/ephanie1       
,*>les1 h]$it>y pr9ce ( ,bad54 ,all !   
new pr9ces 7 vassals ( ! emp]or         
,napoleon1 &1 by a family decree1       
subject to 8 supremacy4 ,all belong$ to 
! great empire4 ,switz]l& 0 also        
includ$1 & b "o /ep m 0 want+ to        
complete ! incorporation ( half ! ,g]man
 empire ) t ( ,france4  ,on ! #ab? (    
,july1 #ahjf1 sixte5 pr9ces ( ,we/]n    
,g]many conclud$1 "u ,napoleon's        

direction1 a treaty1 accord+ to :i* !y  
sep>at$ !mselves f ! ,g]man empire &    
f\nd$ ! s-call$ ,rh5i% ,alliance1 :i* x 
0 _! int5tion to r5d] subject to !      
supremacy ( ! emp]or ( ! ,fr5*4#ac ,on !
 #a/ ( ,augu/1 ,napoleon decl>$ t he no 
long] recogniz$ ! empire ( ,g]many6 ,no 
"o v5tur$ to oppose 8 omnipot5t voice4  
,on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #ahjf1 ! emp]or1    
,francis ,,ii41 abdicat$ ! imp]ial cr[n 
( ,g]many & ann\nc$ ! dissolution ( !   
empire 9 a t\*+ address1 full ( calm    
dignity & sorr[4 ,! la/ ( ! ,g]man      
emp]ors _h %[n himself1 ?r\gh\t !       
conte/1 wor?y ( 8 great ance/ors1 & _h1 
almo/ alone1 sacrific$ all 9 ord] to    
pres]ve ! honor ( ,g]many1 until1 ab&on$
 by ! great] "p ( ! ,g]man pr9ces1 he 0 
compell$ to yield to a p[] sup]ior to 84
 ,! fall ( ! empire t _h /ood ! /orms ( 
a ?\s& ye>s1 01 h[ev]1 n )\t dignity4 ,a
 mean] h& might h levell$ ! decay$      
fabric ) ! du/1 b fate1 t seem$ to honor
 ev5 ! fad$ maje/y ( ! anci5t ,caes>s1  
select$ ,napoleon z ! execution] ( h]   

decrees4 ,! /&>d ( ,*>lemagne1 ! greate/
 h]o ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian age1 0 to be     
pr(an$ by no h& save t ( ! greate/ h]o (
 mod]n times4  ,anci5t names1 long      
v5]at$1 n[ disappe>$4 ,! holy           
,roman-,g]man emp]or 0 conv]t$ into an  
emp]or ( ,au/ria1 ! electors into k+s or
 gr&dukes1 all ( :om enjoy$ unlimit$    
sov]eign p[] & 7 free f subjection to ! 
supremacy ( ! emp]or4 ,e bond ( union 0 
dissolv$ ) ! diet ( ! empire & ) !      
imp]ial *amb]4 ,! b>ons & c\nts ( !     
empire & ! petty pr9ces 7 m$iatiz$2 !   
pr9ces ( ,hoh5lohe1 ,oett+51 ,s*w>z5b]g1
 ,?urn & ,taxis1 ! ,tru*sess von        
,waldburg1 ,fur/5b]g1 ,fugg]1 ,le9+51   
,l[5/e91 ,solms1 ,hesse-,homburg1       
,wi$-,runkel1 & ,orange-,fulda became   
subject to ! neighbor+ ,rh5i% conf$]at$ 
pr9ces4 ,( ! rema9+ six imp]ial free    
cities1 ,augsburg & ,nuremb]g fell to   
,bav>ia2 ,frank=t1 "u ! title ( gr&du*y1
 to ! anci5t elector ( ,may5ce1 :o 0    
aga9 transf]r$ ?i!r f ,ratisbon4 ,!     
anci5t ,hanse t[ns1 ,hamburg1 ,lubeck & 

,brem51 alone reta9$ _! fre$om4  ,!     
,rh5i% conf$]ation n[ began its wret*$  
exi/5ce4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ on ! basis ( !   
,helvetian republic4 ,! sixte5 conf$]at$
 pr9ces 7 to be completely indep5d5t &  
to ex]cise sov]eign p[] ov] ! int]nal   
affairs ( _! /ates1 l ! ,swiss cantons1 
b 71 9 all =eign affairs1 dep5d5t ^u    
,napoleon z _! protector4#ad ,! :ole    
,rh5i% conf$]ation became a "p ( ! ,fr5*
 empire4 ,! f$]al assembly 0 to sit at  
,frank=t1 & ,dalb]g1 ! =m] elector (    
,may5ce1 n[ gr&duke ( ,frank=t1 0       
nom9at$ by ,napoleon1 "u ! title (      
,pr9ce ,primate1 presid5t4 ,napoleon's  
uncle1 & aft]w>d 8 /epson1 ,eug5e       
,beauh>nais1 7 8 de/9$ successors1 by   
:i* means ! control 0 plac$ entirely 9 !
 h&s ( ,france4 ,to ?is conf$]ation !re 
belong$ two k+s1 ^? ( ,bav>ia &         
,wurtemb]g1 five gr&dukes1 ^? (         
,frank=t1 ,wurzburg1 ,bad51 ,d>m/adt1 & 
,b]g1 & t5 pr9ces1 two ( ,nassau1 two ( 
,hoh5zoll]n1 two ( ,salm1 besides ^? (  
,aremb]g1 ,is5burg1 ,li*t5/e9 & ,ley54  

,e trace ( ! anci5t free con/itution (  
,g]many1 h] prov9cial ,e/ates1 0        
/udi\sly annihilat$4 ,! ,wurtemb]g      
,e/ates1 ) a _s wor?y ( _! anci5t fame1 
alone made an en]getic prote/1 by :i* !y
 m]ely succe$$ 9 sav+ _! honor1 ! k+1   
,fr$]ick1 dissolv+ !m by =ce & clos+ _! 
*amb]4#ae ,an absolute1 despotic =m (   
gov]nm5t1 simil> to t exi/+ 9 ,france "u
 ,napoleon1 0 e/abli%$ 9 all ! conf$]at$
 /ates4 ,! murd] ( ! un=tunate          
booksell]1 ,palm ( ,nuremb]g1 :o 01 on !
 #be? ( ,augu/1 #ahjf1 %ot by           
,napoleon's ord]1 at ,braunau1 = nobly  
refus+ to give up ! au?or ( a patriotic 
"w publi%$ by him1 direct$ aga9/ ! rule 
( ,france1 & entitl$1 ,g]many 9 h]      
deepe/ ,degradation1 furni%$ conv9c+    
pro(1 7 any want+1 ( ,napoleon's        
supremacy4   ,footnote #a3 ,he          
capitulat$ at ,suhl+5 on honorable t]ms1
 b 0 deceiv$ by ,morti]1 ! ,fr5* g5]al1 
& ,napoleon took advantage ( a clause n 
to recognize all ! t]ms ( capitulation4 
,! ,hanov]ian troops1 :om x 0 int5d$ to 

=ce to an unconditional surr5d] to !    
,fr5*1 sail$ secretly & 9 sep>ate       
divisions to ,engl&1 :]e !y 7 =m$ into !
 ,g]man ,legion4  ,footnote #b3 ,engl&  
(f]$ ! ,ne!rl&s in/ead ( ,hanov] to     
,prussia2 to ?is ,russia1 h[ev]1 refus$ 
to acc$e4 ,prussia li/5$ to bo? sides1 &
 act$ ) su* duplicity t ,au/ria 0 l$1 by
 ! false hope ( be+ second$ by h]1 to a 
too e>ly decl>ation ( w>4--,sc5es dur+ !
 ,w> ( lib]ation4  ,footnote #c3        
,gu/avus ,adolphus ,,iv4 ( ,sw$51 :o _h 
w$d$ a pr9cess ( ,bad51 0 at ,c>lsruhe  
at ! v mom5t t ! ,duc d',enghi5 0 seiz$ 
z x 7 be=e 8 eyes4 ,?is circum/ance & ! 
ridicule heap$ ^u him by ,napoleon1 :o  
mock+ly t]m$ him ! ,quixote ( ! ,nor?1  
r\s$ 8 bitt] hatr$4  ,footnote #d3 ,bul[
 wrote 9 8 rem>kable criticism ^u ?is   
w>3 ,! hot coalition p>ty--t ( !        
ladies--( ! empress & ! que5 (          
,naples--remov$ ,pr9ce ,*>les f ! army &
 call$ ,mack f oblivion to daylight2    
,mack1 ^: "n 9 ! books ( ! prophets 9 ! 
,hebrew tongue signifies defeat4        

,footnote #e3 ,napoleon ga9$ almo/ all 8
 victories ei!r by skilfully sep>at+ 8  
oppon5ts & defeat+ !m s+ly ) =ces va/ly 
sup]ior 9 numb]1 or by creep+ r\nd !    
conc5trat$ =ces ( ! enemy & plac+ !m    
betwe5 two fires4  ,footnote #f3 ,ney 01
 = ?is action1 creat$ ,duke ( ,el*+54   
,footnote #g3 ,kle91 ! ,fr5* g5]al1 also
 a ,g]man1 all[$ himself to be kept 9   
conv]sation by ,pr9ce1 aft]w>d          
field-m>%al ,s*w>z5b]g1 :o _h be5 s5t to
 negotiate t]ms ) him1 until ! ,au/rians
 _h rea*$ a place ( safety4--,prokes*4  
,s*w>z]ib]g's ,memorabilia4  ,footnote  
#h3 ,prussia made use ( ! (f]s made by  
,engl& 7& ,russia7 to /ipulate t]ms )   
,france exactly subv]sive ( ! object ( !
 negotiations ( ,engl& 7& ,russia74--,! 
,manife/ ( ,engl& aga9/ ,prussia4       
,attgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,no4 #acb4         
,footnote #i3 ,on ! #d? ( ,decemb]1     
,napoleon met ! emp]or ,francis 9 ! op5 
/reet 9 ! village ( ,nah$l[itz4 ,t !    
impression made by ! =m] ^u ! latt] 0 f>
 f favorable is prov$ by ! emp]or's     

obs]vation1 ,n[ t ,i h se5 him1 ,i %all 
nev] be able to endure him6 ,on ! #e? ( 
,decemb]1 ! ,bav>ians "u ,wr$e 7        
signally defeat$ at ,iglau by ! ,ar*duke
 ,f]d9&4  ,footnote #aj3 ,aft] !        
commission ( su* num]\s mi/akes1 ,i mu/ 
nev]!less praise ! m9i/]1 ,von          
,haugwitz1 = hav+1 9 ! fir/ place1 evad$
 a w> unskilfully manag$1 &1 9 ! second1
 = hav+ annex$ ,hanov] to ,prussia1     
al?\gh its possession1 x mu/ be         
confess$1 is some:at prec>i\s4 ,"h1     
h[ev]1 ,i he> x said t ! commission ( a 
robb]y at ano!r's sugge/ion is1 9 ! fir/
 place1 ! deepe/ ( degradations1 &1 9 ! 
second place1 unp>allel$ 9 hi/ory4--,von
 ,bul[1 ,! ,campaign ( #ahje4 ,x has be5
 ass]t$ t ,haugwitz _h1 prior to !      
battle ( ,au/]litz1 be5 in/ruct$ to     
decl>e w> aga9/ ,napoleon 9 case !      
int]v5tion ( ,prussia %\ld be reject$ by
 him4 ,/ill1 _h ,haugwitz ov]/epp$      
in/ructions ( su* imm5se importance1 he 
w\ld n imm$iately aft]w>d1 on ! #ab? (  
,janu>y1 #ahjf1 h receiv$1 z 0 actually 

! case1 fre% in/ructions1 9 pro( t he _h
 9 no degree abus$ ! confid5ce ( 8      
sov]eign4 ,haugwitz1 by n decl>+ w>1    
husb&$ ! /r5g? ( ,prussia & ga9$        
,hanov]2 &1 by s do+1 he fulfill$ 8     
in/ructions1 :i* 7 to ga9 ,hanov] )\t   
mak+ any sacrifice4 ,8 success ga9$ =   
him ! applause ( 8 sov]eign1 :o intru/$ 
him1 on acc\nt ( 8 skill z a diplomati/1
 ) ! managem5t ( o!r negotiations4      
,prussia at t "t /ill pursu$ ! sy/em ( !
 treaty ( ,basel1 0 unwill+ to break )  
,france1 & 0 simply b5t ^u sell+ h]     
neutrality to ! be/ advantage4 ,in/ead1 
h[ev]1 ( be+ able to prescribe t]ms to  
,napoleon1 %e 0 compell$ to acc$e to 84 
,napoleon said to ,haugwitz1 ,jamais on 
n'obti5dra de moi ce qui p\rrait bless] 
ma gloire4 ,haugwitz _h be5 in/ruct$    
?r\gh ! duke ( ,brunswick3 ,p\r le cas  
que vos so9s p\r rtablir la paix *\5t1  
p\r le cas o l'app>ition de la ,prusse  
sur le ?tre de la gu]re soit juge       
9vitable1 mettez t\s vos so9s p\r       
cons]v]  la ,prusse l'pe dans le f\rreau

 jusqu'au #bb ,dcembre1 et s'il se peut 
jusqu' un t]me plus recul               
encore4--,extract f ! ,memoirs ( ! ,c\nt
 von ,haugwitz4  ,footnote #aa3 ,he     
m>ri$ a ,mademoiselle von ,gey]4 ,8     
*ildr5 _h m]ely ! title ( ,c\nts von    
,ho*b]g1 b came1 9 #ahcj1 on ! ext9ction
 ( ! ,agnati1 to ! gov]nm5t4  ,footnote 
#ab3 ,on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahjf2 !      
,bav>ian /ate newspap] ann\nc$ x at ,new
 ,ye> ) ! words1 ,long live ,napoleon1 !
 re/or] ( ! k+dom ( ,bav>ia6 ,bav>ian   
au?ors1 m p>ticul>ly ,pallhaus51        
attempt$ to prove t ! ,bav>ians _h      
orig9ally be5 a ,gallic tribe "u !      
,gallic k+s4 ,x 0 consid]$ a di%onor to 
belong to ,g]many4  ,footnote #ac3 ,9   
#agig1 ! anonym\s /atesman1 9 !         
d$ication to ! congress ( ,ra/adt1      
=etold ! =mation ( ! ,rh5i% alliance z a
 necess>y result ( ! treaty ( ,basel4 ,!
 electors ( ,br&5burg1 ,hanov]1         
,hesse-,cassel1 & all ! pr9ces1 :o      
def5d$ !mselves beh9d ! l9e ( dem>cation
 aga9/ _! obligations to ! empire1 &    

tranquilly await$ ! issue ( ! conte/    
betwe5 ,france & t "p ( ! empire t _h   
tak5 up arms2 all ^? pr9ces to :om _!   
private int]e/s 7 de>] ?an ^? ( !       
empire1 :o1 devoid ( patriotism1 =m$ a  
sep>ate p>ty aga9/ ,au/ria & ,s\!rn     
,g]many1 f :i* !y sev]$ & isolat$       
!mselves1 c\ld1 none ( !m1 arrogate to  
!mselves a voice 9 ! matt]1 if ,s\!rn   
,g]many1 ab&on$ by !m1 conclud$ treaties
 = h]self z h] pres5t & future int]e/s  
dem&$4  ,footnote #ad3 ,old5burg af=ds a
 gl>+ pro( ( ! insecurity & meanness    
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,rh5i% alliance4 ,!      
relation ev5 ) ,bav>ia 0 n always !     
pure/1 & ,i h sometimes caught a ne>    
glimpse ( ! claws4--,gag]n's ,%>e 9     
,politics4  ,footnote #ae3 ,no diet _h1 
s9ce #aggj1 be5 held 9 ,wurtemb]g1 only 
! committee _h cont9u$ to treat secretly
 ) ! duke4 ,9 #agig1 ,fr$]ick convok$ a 
fre% diet & swore to hold ! con/itution 
sacr$4 ,"s mod]n elem5ts appe>$ 9 ?is   
diet2 ! old opposition 0 /r5g!n$ by m5 (
 ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,disputes1 consequ5tly1 

ere long arose betwe5 x & ! duke1 a man 
( an extremely arbitr>y disposition4 ,! 
,e/ates discov]$ little zeal = ! w> )   
,france1 attempt$ to economize 9 !      
prep>ations1 etc41 :ile ! duke made     
great %[ ( patriotism z a pr9ce ( !     
,g]man empire1 nor gave ! slighte/      
symptom ( 8 "o day becom+ an enemy to 8 
c\ntry1 a memb] ( ! ,rh5i% alliance1 & !
 mo/ zeal\s p>tisan ( ,france4 ,moreau1 
h[ev]1 no soon] cross$ ! ,rh9e ?an !    
duke fl$1 ab&on$ 8 /ates1 & aft]w>d n   
only refus$ to be> ! smalle/ %>e ( !    
contributions levi$ ^u ! c\ntry by !    
,fr5*1 b also seiz$ ! subsidies furni%$ 
by ,engl&4 ,! duke1 %ortly aft] ?is1    
qu>rell+ ) 8 elde/ son1 ,william1 !     
,e/ates sid$ ) ! latt] & suppli$ him )  
funds1 at ! same "t refus+ to grant any 
( ! sums dem&$ by ! duke1 :o1 on 8 "p1  
omitt$ ! confirmation ( ! new committee 
& ord]$ ,grosz1 ! c\ncillor1 ,/ockmai]1 
! secret>y ( ! diet1 & sev]al o!rs1     
besides ,batz1 ! ag5t ( ! diet at       
,vi5na1 to be plac$ "u arre/1 _! pap]s  

to be seiz$1 & a sum ( money to be rais$
 f ! *ur* prop]ty1 #ahje4 ,n long aft]  
?is1 r5d]$ insol5t by ! protection ( !  
great despot ( ,france1 he utt]ly       
annihilat$ ! anci5t con/itution (       
,wurtemb]g4    ,,ccliv4 ,prussia's      
,decl>ation ( ,w> & ,defeat   ,prussia1 
by a timely decl>ation ( w> aga9/       
,france be=e ! battle ( ,au/]litz1 might
 h turn$ ! tide aga9/ ,napoleon1 & e>n$ 
= h]self ! glory & ! ga91 in/ead ( be+1 
by a false policy1 compell$1 at a lat]  
p]iod1 to make t decl>ation "u          
circum/ances ( extreme disadvantage4 ,h]
 m>itime comm]ce suff]$ extreme injury f
 ! attacks ( ! ,engli% & ,sw$es4 ,w> 0  
unavoidable1 ei!r = or aga9/ ,france4 ,!
 decision 0 replete ) difficulty4       
,prussia1 by cont9u+ to side ) ,france1 
0 expos$ to ! attacks ( ,engl&1 ,sw$51 &
 probably ,russia2 x 01 moreov]1 to be  
fe>$ t ,napoleon1 :o _h m 9 view !      
dim9ution ( ! p[] ( ,prussia ?an t (    
,au/ria1 might delay 8 aid4 ,dur+ ! late
 campaign1 ! ,prussian t]ritory _h be5  

violat$ & ! =tress ( ,wesel seiz$ by    
,napoleon1 :o _h also promis$ !         
re/oration ( ,hanov] to ,engl& z a      
condition ( peace4 ,he _h invit$        
,prussia to f\nd1 besides ! ,rh5i%1 a   
nor!rn conf$]ation1 & _h1 at ! same "t1 
brib$ ,saxony ) a promise ( ! royal     
dignity1 & ,hesse ) t ( ! annexation (  
,fulda1 n to ent] into alliance )       
,prussia4 ,prussia saw h]self scorn$ &  
betray$ by ,france4 ,a decl>ation ( w> )
 ,france 01 h[ev]1 surr\nd$ ) t5fold    
dang]4 ,! p[] ( ,france1 unweak5$ by    
opposition1 _h rea*$ an almo/           
irresi/ible height4 ,au/ria1 ab&on$ 9 e 
=m] campaign & hurri$ to ru9 by         
,prussia1 c\ld no long] be reckon$ on = 
aid4 ,! :ole ( ,g]many1 once 9 favor (  
,prussia1 n[ sid$ ) ! foe4 ,honor at    
l5g? decid$4 ,prussia c\ld no long]     
endure ! scorn ( ! insol5t ,fr5*man1 8  
desecration ( ! memory ( ! great        
,fr$]ick1 or1 ) an army impati5t =      
action1 tamely submit to ! insults ( bo?
 fri5d & foe4 ,! pres5ce ( ! ,russian   

cz>1 ,alex&]1 at ,b]l91 8 visit to !    
tomb ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 r5d]$ /ill m  
popul> by an engrav+1 _h a p[]ful effect
 ^u public op9ion4 ,l\isa1 ! beautiful  
que5 ( ,prussia & pr9cess ( ,meckl5burg1
 animat$ ! p ) h] words & r\s$ a _s (   
*ivalry 9 ! army1 :i* /ill deem$ itself 
inv9cible4 ,! y\ng] (fic]s 7 n sp>+ ( _!
 vaunts1 & ,pr9ce ,l\is v5t$ 8 passion  
by break+ ! w9d[s ( ! m9i/] ,haugwitz4  
,john ,mull]1 :o1 on ! ov]?r[ ( ,au/ria1
 _h quitt$ ,vi5na & _h be5 appo9t$      
,prussian hi/oriograph] at ,b]l91 call$ 
^u ! p1 9 ! preface to ! ,trumpet ( !   
,holy ,w>1 to take up arms aga9/        
,france4  ,w> 0 inde$ decl>$1 b ) too   
great precipitation4 ,in/ead ( await+ ! 
arrival ( ! troops promis$ by ,russia or
 until ,au/ria _h be5 ga9$1 in/ead (    
mann+ ! =tresses & tak+ precaution>y    
measures1 ! ,prussian army1 9           
conjunction ) t ( ,saxony1 :i* l5t b    
compulsory aid1 & ) ^? ( ,meckl5burg &  
,brunswick1 its volunt>y allies1 took ! 
field )\t any settl$ plan1 & sudd5ly    

rema9$ /ation>y 9 ! ,?ur+ian =e/1 l     
,mack two ye>s e>li] at ,ulm1 wait+ = ! 
appe>ance ( ,napoleon1 #ahjf4 ,! k+ & ! 
que5 accompani$ ! army1 :i* 0 comm&$ by 
,f]d9&1 duke ( ,brunswick1 a vet]an (   
sev5ty- two1 & by 8 subord9ate 9 comm&1 
,fr$]ick ,l\is1 pr9ce (                 
,hoh5lohe-,+elf+51 :o con/antly oppos$ 8
 measures4 ,9 ! g5]al /aff ! *ief "p 0  
enact$ by ,colonel ,mass5ba*1 a second  
,mack1 ^: c\nsels 7 r>ely foll[$4 ,all !
 high] (fic]s 9 ! army 7 old m51        
promotion dep5d+ n ^u m]it b ^u l5g? (  
s]vice4 ,! y\ng] (fic]s 7 radically bad1
 ow+ to _! airs ( nobility & lic5ti\s   
g>rison life2 _! mann]s & pr9ciples 7   
equally vulg>4 ,wom51 horses1 dogs1 &   
gambl+ =m$ ! /aple ( _! conv]sation2 !y 
despis$ all solid le>n+1 &1 :5 decorat$ 
on p>ade1 9 _! enorm\s cock$ hats &     
plumes1 p[d]$ wigs & queues1 tight lea!r
 bree*es & great boots1 !y swore at &   
cudgell$ ! m51 & /rutt$ ab\t ) consci\s 
h]oism4 ,! arms us$ by ! soldi]y 7 heavy
 & apt to hang fire1 _! tight uni=m 0   

inconv5i5t = action & useless z a       
protection aga9/ ! wea!r1 & _! food1 bad
 ( its k9d1 0 /9t$ by ! av>ice ( !      
colonels1 :i* 0 c>ri$ to su* an ext5t t 
soldi]s 7 to be se51 :o1 in/ead ( a     
wai/coat1 _h a small bit ( clo? sewn on 
to ! l[] "p ( ! uni=m :]e ! wai/coat 0  
usually visible4 ,wor/ ( all1 h[ev]1 0 !
 bad _s t p]vad$ ! army1 ! en]vation    
consequ5t ^u immorality4 ,ev5 be=e !    
op5+ ( ! w>1 ,lieut5ant ,h5ry von ,bul[1
 a retir$ (fic]1 ! greate/ milit>y g5ius
 at t p]iod 9 ,g]many1 &1 on t acc\nt1  
misund]/ood1 =etold ! inevitable defeat 
( ,prussia1 &1 al?\gh f> f be+ a        
devotee1 decl>$1 ,! cause ( ! national  
ignorance lies *iefly 9 ! a!ism &       
demoralization produc$ by ! gov]nm5t (  
,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,! enlight5m5t1 s highly 
prais$ 9 ! ,prussian /ates1 simply      
consi/s 9 a loss ( en]gy & p[]4  ,! ma9 
body ( ! ,prussian army 0 /ation$ ar\nd 
,weim> & ,j5a1 a small corps "u ,g5]al  
,tau5zi5 0 pu%$ =w>d to cov] ! ri*      
magaz9es at ,h(1 & a res]ve ( sev5te5   

?\s& m5 "u ,eug5e1 duke ( ,wurtemb]g1   
lay to ! re> at ,halle4 ,x 0 rem>k$ t   
?is position1 9 case ( an attack be+    
made by ,napoleon1 0 extremely dang]\s1 
! only alt]natives left = ! ,prussian   
army be+ ei!r to advance1 =m a junction 
) ! gallant ,hessians & r5d] ! ,rh9e !  
seat ( w>1 or to fall back ^u ! res]ve &
 haz>d a decisive battle on ! pla9s (   
,leipzig4 ,t intrigu+ impo/or1          
,luc*es9i1 ! oracle ( ! camp1 h[ev]1    
purposely decl>$ t he knew ,napoleon1 t 
,napoleon w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly n attempt to 
make an attack4 ,a few days aft]w>d     
,napoleon1 nev]!less1 appe>$1 f\nd !    
pass at ,kos5 op51 cut (f ! ,prussian   
army f ! "r bank ( ! ,saal1 f its       
magaz9es at ,h( & ,naumburg1 :i* he also
 seiz$1 f ! res]ve corps /ation$ at     
,halle1 & f ,prussia4 ,utt]ly a/\nd$ at 
! neglig5ce ( ! duke ( ,brunswick1 he   
exclaim$1 :ile comp>+ him ) ,mack1 ,les 
,prussi5s sont encore plus /upides que  
les ,autri*i5s6 ,on be+ in=m$ by "s     
prison]s t ! ,prussians expect$ him f   

,erfurt :5 he 0 already at ,naumburg1 he
 said1 ,ils se tromp]ont furieusem5t1   
ces p]ruques4 ,he w\ld1 nev]!less1 h be5
 on 8 "p expos$ to great p]il _h !      
,prussians sudd5ly attack$ him ) _! :ole
 =ce f ,weim>1 ,j5a1 & ,halle1 or _h !y 
in/antly retir$ into ,franconia & fall5 
^u 8 re>2 b ! idea nev] ent]$ ! heads ( 
! ,prussian g5]als1 :o tranquilly wait$ 
to be beat5 by him "o aft] ! o!r4  ,aft]
 ,tau5zi5's repulse1 a second corps "u  
,pr9ce ,l\is ( ,prussia1 :i* _h be5 pu%$
 =w>d to ,saalfeld1 imprud5tly attempt+ 
to ma9ta9 its position 9 ! n>r[ valley1 
0 surr\nd$ & cut to pieces4 ,! pr9ce    
refus$ to yield1 &1 aft] a furi\s       
def5ce1 0 kill$ by a ,fr5* horse-soldi]4
 ,! news ( ?is disa/] spe$ily rea*$ !   
ma9 body ( ! ,prussians4 ,! duke (      
,brunswick1 at t "t hold+ a milit>y     
c\ncil 9 ! ca/le ( ,weim>1 s entirely   
lo/ 8 pres5ce ( m9d z to ask 9 ! he>+ ( 
sev]al "y (fic]s1 & ) emb>rassm5t       
depict$ on 8 c\nt5ance1 ,:at are we to  
d8 ,?is vet]an duke w\ld ) pa9ful       

sl[ness write d[n 9 ! neate/ h& ! names 
( ! villages 9 :i* ! v>i\s regim5ts 7 to
 be qu>t]$1 not)/&+ :i*1 x sometimes    
happ5$ t1 ow+ to 8 topographical        
ignorance1 sev]al regim5ts belong+ to   
diff]5t corps d'armee 7 billet$ 9 ! same
 village & _h to dispute its possession4
 ,he w\ld hesitate = an h\r :e!r he     
ought to write ! "n ( a village         
,mun*5holz5 or ,mun*holz54  ,! ,prussian
 army 0 comp>$ to a %ip ) all sail      
spread ly+ at an*or4 ,! duke 0 po/$ ) ! 
ma9 body n f> f ,weim>1 ! ,saxons at !  
,s*necke on ! road betwe5 ,weim> & ,j5a1
 ! pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe at ,j5a4 ,mack _h  
isolat$ & expos$ 8 diff]5t corps d'armee
 9 an exactly simil> mann] at ,ulm4     
,hoh5lohe aga9 subdivid$ 8 corps &      
scatt]$ !m 9 front ( ! conc5trat$ =ces (
 ! enemy4 ,/ill1 all 0 n yet lo/1 !     
,prussians be+ advantage\sly po/$ 9 !   
upp] valley1 :ile ! ,fr5* 7 advanc+     
along ! deep valleys ( ! ,saal & its    
tribut>ies4 ,b1 on ! #ac? ( ,octob]1    
,tau5zi5 retir$ f ! vale1 leav+ ! /eeps 

( ,j5a1 :i* a hundr$ /ud5ts _h be5 able 
to def5d simply by roll+ d[n ! /ones !re
 pil$ 9 heaps1 op51 &1 dur+ ! same      
night1 ,napoleon s5t 8 artill]y up &    
po/$ himself on ! ,l&graf5b]g4 ,!re1    
nev]!less1 /ill rema9$ a *ance2 !       
,dornb]g1 by :i* ! ,l&graf5b]g 0 comm&$1
 0 /ill occupi$ by ,tau5zi51 & !        
,w9dknoll51 a /ill /eep] asc5t1 :5ce    
,hoh5lohe1 _h he n sp5t ! night 9       
undi/urb$ slumb]s at ,capell5dorf1 might
 utt]ly h annihilat$ ! ,fr5* army1      
rema9$ unoccupi$4 ,! ?und] ( ! ,fr5*    
artill]y fir/ r\s$ ,hoh5lohe f 8 c\*1 &1
 :ile he 0 /ill "u ! h&s ( 8 b>b]1      
,tau5zi5 0 driv5 f ! ,dornb]g4 ,! duties
 ( ! toilet at l5g? conclud$1 ,hoh5lohe 
l$ 8 troops up ! hillside ) a view (    
retak+ ! position he _h s fooli%ly lo/2 
b 8 s]ri$ columns 7 expos$ to !         
de/ructive fire ( a body ( ,fr5*        
tirailleurs po/$ above1 & 7 repuls$ )   
imm5se loss4 ,g5]al ,ru*el arriv$1 ) 8  
corps t _h be5 uselessly deta*$1 too    
late to prev5t ! flight ( ! ,hoh5lohe   

corps1 &1 mak+ a brave b s5seless       
attack1 0 w\nd$ & defeat$4 ,a simil>    
fate befell ! un=tunate ,saxons at !    
,s*necke & ! duke ( ,brunswick at       
,au]/dt4 ,! latt]1 al?\gh at ! head ( ! 
/ronge/ division ( ! ,prussian army1    
succumb$ to ! weake/ division ( ! ,fr5* 
army1 t comm&$ by ,dav\/1 :o h5ce=w>d   
bore ! title ( duke ( ,au]/dt1 & 0 s    
sudd5ly put to ! r\t t a body ( tw5ty   
?\s& ,prussians "u ,kalkreu? nev] came  
into action4 ,! duke 0 %ot 9 bo? eyes4  
,?is incid5t 01 by 8 enemies1 t]m$      
=tune's rev5ge1 z he nev] w\ld see :5 he
 _h 8 eyes op54#a  ,napoleon foll[$ up 8
 victory ) consummate skill4 ,! junction
 ( ! retreat+ corps d'armee & _! flight 
by ! %orte/ r\te into ,prussia 7 equally
 prev5t$4 ,! defeat$ ,prussian army 0 9 
a /ate ( indescribable confusion4 ,an   
imm5sely circuit\s m>* lay be=e x ere   
,prussia c\ld be re-ent]$4 ,a numb] ( ! 
regim5ts disb&$1 p>ticul>ly ^? ^: (fic]s
 _h be5 ! fir/ to take to flight or _h  
crept = %elt] beh9d h$ges & walls4 ,an  

imm5se numb] ( (fic]s' equipages1       
provid$ ) mi/resses1 articles belong+ to
 ! toilet1 & epicurean delicacies1 fell 
into ,napoleon's h&s4 ,wagons lad5 )    
p\ltry1 complete kit*5s on :eels1 w9e   
casks1 etc41 _h foll[$ ?is luxuri\s     
army4 ,! sc5e pres5t$ by ! battlefield (
 ,j5a widely contra/$ ) t ( ,rossba*1 ^:
 monum5t 0 s5t by ,napoleon to ,p>is z !
 mo/ glori\s "p ( ! booty ga9$ by 8     
pres5t easy victory4#b  ,! =tifi$ city (
 ,erfurt 0 g>rison$ ) f\rte5 ?\s&       
,prussians "u ,moll5dorf1 :o1 on ! fir/ 
summons1 capitulat$ to ,murat1 ! g5]al (
 ! ,fr5* cavalry4 ,! h]$it>y ,pr9ce (   
,orange 0 also tak5 prison] on ?is      
occasion4 ,von ,hellwig1 a lieut5ant ( !
 ,prussian huss>s1 boldly *>g$ ! ,fr5*  
gu>d escort+ ! f\rte5 ?\s& ,prussian    
prison]s ( w> f ,erfurt1 at ! head ( 8  
squadron1 at ,ei*5rodt 9 ! vic9ity (    
,eis5a*1 & succe$$ 9 re/or+ !m to       
lib]ty4 ,! lib]at$ soldi]s1 h[ev]1      
in/ead ( jo9+ ! ma9 body1 disp]s$4      
,eug5e1 duke ( ,wurtemb]g1 0 also       

defeat$ at ,halle1 &1 ?r[+ up 8 comm&1  
)drew to 8 /ates4 ,hi/ory has1          
nev]!less1 record$ "o trait (           
magnanimity1 t ( a ,prussian ensign     
fifte5 ye>s ( age1 :o1 be+ pursu$ by "s 
,fr5* cavalry n f> f ,halle1 sprang ) ! 
colors into ! ,saal & 0 cru%$ to dea? by
 a mill-:eel4  ,kalkreu?'s corps1 t _h n
 be5 br\ght into action & 0 ! only "o t 
rema9$ entire1 be+ plac$ "u ! comm& ( ! 
pr9ce ( ,hoh5lohe1 its gallant comm&]1  
enrag$ at ! indignity1 quitt$ ! army4   
,hoh5lohe's dem&1 on rea*+ ,magdeburg1 =
 a supply ( ammunition & =age1 0 refus$ 
by ! comm&ant1 ,von ,klei/1 & he ha/5$  
helplessly =w>d 9 ! hope ( rea*+ ,b]l91 
b ! r\te 0 already block$ by ! enemy1 & 
he 0 compell$ to make a fatigu+ &       
circuit\s m>* to ! we/ ?r\gh ! s&y ,m>*4
 ,magdeburg1 al?\gh g>rison$ ) tw5ty-two
 ?\s& ,prussians1 def5d$ by eight hundr$
 pieces ( artill]y & almo/ impregnable  
=tifications1 capitulat$ on ! #aa? (    
,novemb] to ,ney1 on 8 appe>ance b5ea? !
 walls ) m]ely t5 ?\s& m5 & a light     

field-batt]y4 ,klei/1 9 exculpation ( 8 
conduct1 alleg$ 8 expectation ( an      
insurrection ( ! citiz5s 9 case ( a     
bomb>dm5t4 ,magdeburg conta9$ at t "t   
?ree ?\s& un>m$ citiz5s4 ,x is n kn[n   
:e!r ,klei/ _h be5 brib$1 or :e!r he 0  
simply infect$ ) ! c[>dice & /upidity by
 :i* ! eld] g5]als ( t p]iod 7 di/+ui%$2
 x is1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t among ! num]\s    
y\ng] (fic]s s]v+ "u 8 comm& n "o rais$ 
! slighte/ opposition to ?is disgraceful
 capitulation4#c  ,! ,hoh5lohe corps1   
:i* consi/$ almo/ exclusively (         
infantry1 0 accompani$ 9 its flight by  
,blu*]1 ! gallant g5]al ( ! huss>s1 ) ! 
elite ( ! rema9+ cavalry4 ,blu*] _h1    
h[ev]1 long borne a grudge aga9/ 8      
p$antic companion1 &1 mi/ru/+ 8         
guidance1 soon quitt$ him4 ,be+ surr\nd$
 by a greatly sup]ior ,fr5* =ce "u      
,kle91#d he contriv$ to escape by ass]t+
 ) great e>ne/ness to t g5]al t an      
armi/ice _h j be5 conclud$4 ,:5 aft]w>d 
urg5tly entreat$ by ,hoh5lohe to jo9 him
 ) 8 troops1 he procra/9at$ too long1 x 

may be ow+ to 8 desire to br+ ,hoh5lohe1
 :o1 by et]nally retreat+1 completely   
di%e>t5$ 8 troops1 to a /&1 or ow+ to ! 
impossibility ( com+ up ) great]        
cel]ity4#e ,he _h1 indubitably1 !       
int5tion to jo9 ,hoh5lohe at ,pr5zl[1 b 
un=tunately arriv$ a day too late1 !    
pr9ce1 ^: ammunition & provisions 7     
completely sp5t1 & :o1 ow+ to ! /upidity
 ( ,mass5ba*1 :o rode up & d[n ! ,uck]  
)\t be+ able to discov] :e!r he 0 on !  
"r or left bank1 _h miss$ ! only r\te by
 :i* he c\ld retreat1 hav+ already      
fall51 ) twelve ?\s& m51 into ! enemy's 
h&s4 ,?is disa/] 0 %ortly aft]w>d foll[$
 by ! capture ( ,g5]al ,hag5 ) six ?\s& 
m5 at ,pasewalk & t ( ,bila ) ano!r     
small ,prussian corps n f> f ,/ett94    
,blu*]1 /r5g!n$ by ! corps ( ! duke (   
,weim> & by num]\s fugitives1 /ill kept 
! field1 b 0 at l5g? driv5 back to      
,lubeck1 :]e he 0 defeat$1 &1 aft] a    
bloody battle 9 ! v he>t ( !            
t]ror-/rick5 city1 f\r ?\s& ( 8 m5 7    
made prison]s4 ,he fl$ ) t5 ?\s& to     

,radkan1 :]e1 f9d+ no %ips to transport 
him across ! ,baltic1 he 0 =c$ to       
capitulate4  ,! luckless duke (         
,brunswick 0 c>ri$ on a bi] f ! field ( 
,j5a to 8 palace at ,brunswick1 :i* he  
f\nd des]t$4 ,all belong+ to him _h fl$4
 ,9 8 di/ress he exclaim$1 ,i am n[ ab\t
 to quit all & am ab&on$ by all6 ,8     
e>ne/ petition to ,napoleon = protection
 = himself & 8 petty t]ritory 0 /]nly   
refus$ by ! implacable victor1 :o repli$
 t he knew ( no reign+ duke (           
,brunswick1 b only ( a ,prussian g5]al (
 t "n1 :o _h1 9 ! infam\s manife/ (     
#agib1 decl>$ 8 int5tion to de/roy ,p>is
 & 0 undes]v+ ( m]cy4 ,! bl9d old man   
fl$ to ,ott5s51 9 ! ,dani% t]ritory1 :]e
 he expir$4  ,napoleon1 aft] confiscat+ 
sixty millions wor? ( ,engli% goods on 8
 way ?r\gh ,leipzig1 ent]$ ,b]l9 on !   
#ag? ( ,octob]1 #ahjf4 ,! def5ce ( !    
city _h n be5 ev5 dream$ (2 nay1 ! great
 ars5al1 conta9+ five hundr$ pieces (   
artill]y & imm5se /ores1 ! sword (      
,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & ! private          

correspond5ce ( ! reign+ k+ & que51 7   
all ab&on$ to ! victor4#f ,al?\gh !     
citiz5s 7 by no means m>tially dispos$1 
! au?orities deem$ x necess>y to issue  
proclamations to ! p1 inculcatory ( !   
axiom1 ,tranquillity is ! fir/ duty ( ! 
citiz54 ,napoleon1 on 8 entry into      
,b]l91 0 receiv$1 n1 z at ,vi5na1 ) mute
 rage1 b ) l\d demon/rations ( delight4 
,individuals belong+ to ! highe/ class  
/ation$ !mselves beh9d ! cr[d &         
exclaim$1 ,= ,god's sake1 give a he>ty  
hurrah6 ,cry ,vive l'emp]eur6 or we are 
all lo/4 ,on a dem&1 c\*$ 9 ! polite/   
t]ms1 = ! peaceable deliv]y ( ! arms ( !
 civic gu>d1 be+ made by ,hul91 ! new   
,fr5* comm&ant1 to ! magi/rate1 ! latt]1
 on 8 own accord1 ord]$ ! citiz5s to    
give up _! arms "u pa9 ( dea?4 ,num]\s  
individuals betray$ ! public money &    
/ores1 t /ill rema9$ conceal$1 to !     
,fr5*4 ,hul9 repli$ to a p]son :o _h    
discov]$ a l>ge /ore ( wood1 ,leave !   
wood unt\*$2 y\r k+ w want a good deal  
to make gall[s = traitor\s rogues4      

,napoleon's reception /ruck him ) su*   
a/oni%m5t t he decl>$1 ,i "k n :e!r to  
rejoice or to feel a%am$4 ,at ! head ( 8
 g5]al /aff1 9 full uni=m & ) b>$ head1 
he visit$ ! ap>tm5t occupi$ by ,fr$]ick 
! ,great at ,sans ,s\ci1 & 8 tomb4 ,he  
took possession ( ,fr$]ick's sword &    
decl>$ 9 ! army bullet91 ,i w\ld n "p ) 
?is weapon = tw5ty millions4 ,fr$]ick's 
tomb af=d$ him an opportunity = giv+ v5t
 to ! mo/ unbecom+ expressions (        
contempt aga9/ 8 un=tunate desc5dant4   
,he publicly asp]s$ ! fame ( ! beautiful
 & noble-he>t$ ,prussian que51 9 ord] to
 dead5 ! en?usiasm %e s\ght to raise4 ,b
 he deceiv$ himself4 ,calumny b increas$
 ! e/eem & exalt$ ! en?usiasm ) :i* ! p 
beheld _! que5 & k9dl$ a feel+ ( rev5ge 
9 _! bosoms4 ,napoleon behav$1          
nev]!less1 ) g5]osity to ano!r lady (   
rank4 ,pr9ce ,hatzfeld1 ! civil gov]nor 
( ,b]l91 n hav+ quitt$ t city on ! entry
 ( ,napoleon1 _h be5 discov]$ by ! spies
 & be5 condemn$ to dea? by a            
c\rt-m>tial4 ,8 wife1 :o 0 at t "t      

ence9te1 ?rew h]self at ,napoleon's     
feet4 ,) a smile1 he h&$ to h] ! pap]   
conta9+ ! pro( ( h] husb&'s guilt1 :i*  
%e in/antly burn$1 & h] husb& 0 re/or$  
to lib]ty4 ,john ,mull] 0 among ! m     
rem>kable ( ! s]vants ( ! /ate :o _h    
rema9$ at ,b]l94 ,?is s5tim5tal p>asite1
 ! mo/ despicable ( !m all1 ^: pa?os    
sublimely gloss$ ov] ea* fre% treason1 0
 s5t = by ,napoleon1 :o plac$ him ab\t 8
 p]son4 ,among o!r ?+s1 he ask$ him1 ,is
 x n true ! ,g]mans are some:at         
?ick-bra9$8 to :i* ! fawn+ pr(essor     
repli$ ) a smile4 ,9 return = ! b5efits 
he _h receiv$ f ! royal family (        
,prussia1 he deliv]$1 be=e quitt+ ,b]l91
 an academical lecture ^u ,fr$]ick !    
,great1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,fr5* g5]al     
(fic]s1 9 :i* he artfully 7! lecture 0 (
 c\rse deliv]$ 9 ! ,fr5* language7      
contriv$ to flatt] ,napoleon at ! exp5se
 ( t mon>*4#g ,pr9ce ,*>les ( ,is5b]g   
rais$1 9 ! v he>t ( ,b]l91 a regim5t1   
compos$ ( ,prussian des]t]s1 = ! s]vice 
( ,france4#h  ,! ,prussian =tresses     

fell1 mean:ile1 "o aft] ! o!r1 dur+ !   
end ( autumn & dur+ ! w9t]1 "s f utt]   
inability1 on acc\nt ( _! neglect$ /ate1
 to ma9ta9 !mselves1 b ! great] "p ow+  
to _! be+ comm&$ by old villa9s1        
trea*]\s & c[>dly z ! comm&ant (        
,magdeburg4 ,! /rong =tress ( ,hameln 0 
9 ?is mann] yield$ by a ,b>on von ,s*l]1
 ,plass5burg by a ,b>on von ,beck]1     
,nimburg on ! ,wes] by a ,b>on von      
,dress]1 ,sp&au by a ,c\nt von          
,b5k5dorf4 ,! citadel ( ,b]l9 capitulat$
 )\t a bl[1 & ,/ett91 al?\gh well       
provid$ ) all ! mat]iel ( w>1 0 deliv]$ 
up by a ,b>on von ,romb]g4 ,cu/r91 "o ( 
! /ronge/ =tifi$ places1 0 comm&$ by a  
,c\nt von ,+]sleb54 ,! k+ visit$ ! place
 dur+ 8 flight & e>ne/ly recomm5d$ him  
to def5d x to ! la/4 ,?is place1 soon]  
?an yield1 _h1 dur+ ! sev5 ye>s' w>1    
all[$ itself to be r$uc$ to a heap (    
ru9s4 ,:5 /&+ on "o ( ! ba/ions1 ! k+   
inquir$ its "n4 ,! comm&ant 0 ignorant (
 x4 ,sc>cely _h ! k+ quitt$ ! place1 ?an
 a body ( ,fr5* huzz>s appe>$ be=e !    

gates1 & ,+]sleb5 in/antly capitulat$4  
,silesia1 al?\gh less demoraliz$ ?an    
,b]l91 view$ ^! political *anges ) ev5  
great] apa?y4 ,?is f9e prov9ce _h1 dur+ 
! reign ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 be5 plac$  
"u ! gov]nm5t ( ! m9i/]1 ,c\nt ,hoym1 ^:
 easy disposition _h1 l insidi\s poison1
 utt]ly en]vat$ ! p4 ,! gov]nm5t (fic]s1
 z if p]suad$ ( ! reality ( ! antiqu>ian
 :im :i* d$uc$ ! "n ( ,silesia f        
,elysium1 dwelt 9 placid self-cont5t1   
unmov$ by ! cata/rophes ( ,au/]litz or  
,j5a4 ,no measures 71 consequ5tly1 tak5 
= ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry1 & a fly+ corps ( 
,bav>ians1 ,wurtemb]g]s1 & "s ,fr5* "u  
,v&amme1 spe$ily ov]ran ! :ole prov9ce1 
not)/&+ ! numb] ( its =tresses4 ,at     
,glogau1 ! comm&ant1 ,von ,re9h>dt1     
unhesitat+ly decl>$ 8 read9ess to       
capitulate & exclud$ ! gallant ,major   
von ,putlitz1 :o insi/$ ^u mak+ an      
ob/9ate def5ce1 z a revolutioni/1 f !   
milit>y c\ncil4 ,be+ advis$ by "o ( !   
citiz5s to fire ^u ! enemy1 he rudely   
repli$1 ,sir1 y d n "k :at "o %ot co/s !

 k+4 ,9 ,breslau1 ! ,c\nts von ,?iele & 
,l9dn] made a t]rible fracas1 burn$ d[n 
! f9e faub\rgs1 & blew up !             
p[d]-magaz9e1 m]ely 9 ord] to veil !    
disgrace ( a ha/y capitulation1 :i*     
enrag$ ! soldi]y to su* a pit* t1 %att]+
 _! muskets1 !y heap$ imprecations on _!
 da/>d comm&]s1 &1 9 rev5ge1 plund]$ !  
royal /ores4 ,brieg 0 c$$ aft] a two    
days' siege1 by ! ,b>on von ,corn]ut4 ,!
 def5ce ( ! /rong =tress ( ,s*weidnitz1 
( su* celebrat$ importance dur+ ! sev5  
ye>s' w>1 _h be5 intru/$ to ,c\nt von   
,haa?1 a man ^: c\nt5ance ev5 betok5$   
imbecility4 ,he yield$ ! =tress )\t a   
bl[1 &1 on ! w9d[s ( ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* he 
lodg$ 9 ! neighbor+ t[n ( ,jau] be+     
brok5 by ! patriotic citiz5s1 he w5t d[n
 to ! l&lord1 to :om he said1 ,my good  
sir1 y mu/ h "s enemies6 ,! rema9+      
=tresses made a bett] def5ce4 ,glatz 0  
tak5 by surprise1 ! city by /orm4 ,!    
=tress 0 def5d$ by ! comm&ant1 ,c\nt    
,gotz51 until ammunition suffici5t =    
twelve days long] alone rema9$4 ,neisse 

capitulat$ f fam9e2 ,kosel 0 gallantly  
def5d$ by ! comm&ant1 ,neumann2 &       
,silb]b]g1 situat$ on an impregnable    
rock1 refus$ to surr5d]4  ,! troops ( ! 
,rh5i% conf$]ation1 enc\rag$ by ! bad   
example set by ,v&amme & by sev]al ( !  
sup]ior (fic]s1 committ$ dreadful havoc1
 plund]$ ! c\ntry1 robb$ & b>b>\sly     
treat$ ! inhabitants4 ,x 0 q a common   
cu/om among ! (fic]s1 on ! conclusion ( 
a meal1 to c>ry away ) !m ! :ole ( _!   
ho/'s table-s]vice4 ,! fil?y habits ( ! 
,fr5* (fic]s 7 notori\s4 ,_! conduct is 
said to h be5 n only c\nt5anc$ b comm&$ 
by ,napoleon1 z a sure means ( /rik+ !  
en]vat$ population ) ! pr(\nde/ t]ror2 &
 ! panic 9 fact almo/ am\nt$ to         
absurdity1 ! inhabitants ( ?is          
?ickly-populat$ prov9ce n[h]e v5tur+ to 
rise aga9/ ! h&ful ( robb]s by :om !y 7 
s cruelly p]secut$4 ,a ,b>on von ,puckl]
 (f]$ an individual exception3 8        
endeavors to r\se ! in]t masses met ) no
 success1 &1 r5d]$ desp]ate by 8        
failure1 he blew out 8 bra9s4 ,:5 too   

late a pr9ce ( ,anhalt-,pless assembl$  
an arm$ =ce 9 ,upp] ,silesia & attempt$ 
to relieve ,breslau1 b ,?iele neglect+  
to make a sally at ! decisive mom5t1 !  
,poles 9 ,pr9ce ( ,pless's small army   
took to flight1 & ! :ole plan misc>ri$4 
,a small ,prussian corps1 am\nt+ to ab\t
 five hundr$ m51 comm&$ by ,lo/h91      
aft]w>d infe/$ ,silesia1 surpris$ !     
,fr5* "u ,lefebvre at ,kan? & put !m to 
! r\t1 b 7 a few days aft] ?is exploit  
tak5 prison]s by a sup]ior ,fr5* =ce4   
,attempts at re=ms suit$ to ! _s ( ! age
 _h1 ev5 be=e ! outbreak ( w>1 be5 made 
9 ,prussia by m5 ( high] intellig5ce2   
,m5k51 = in/ance1 _h labor$ to effect ! 
emancipation ( ! peasantry1 b _h be5    
remov$ f (fice by ! ari/ocratic p>ty4   
,dur+ ! w>1 ! corruption p]vad+ e       
dep>tm5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 :e!r civil or    
milit>y1 0 fully expos$1 & ,fr$]ick     
,william ,,iii4 0 taught by bitt]       
exp]i5ce to pursue a bett] sy/em1 to act
 ) decision & pati5t det]m9ation4 ,!    
,b>on von ,/e91 a man ( und\bt$ tal5t1 a

 native ( ,nassau1 0 plac$ at ! head ( !
 gov]nm5t2 two ( ! mo/ able comm&]s ( ! 
day1 ,gneis5au & ,s*>nhor/1 und]took !  
reorganization ( ! army4 ,on ! #a/ (    
,decemb]1 #ahjf1 ! k+ ca%i]$ e comm&ant 
:o _h neglect$ to def5d ! =tress intru/$
 to 8 c>e & e (fic] guilty ( des]tion or
 c[>dly flight1 & ! long li/ ( names    
gave disgraceful pro( ( ! ext5t to :i* !
 nobility 7 compromis$4 ,"o ( ! fir/    
measures tak5 by ! k+ 01 consequ5tly1 to
 ?r[ op5 e po/ ( di/9ction 9 ! army to !
 citiz5s4 ,! old inconv5i5t uni=m &     
fire>ms 7 at ! same "t improv$1 ! queue 
0 cut (f1 ! cane ab&on$4 ,! royal army 0
 inde$ scanty 9 numb]1 b x conta9$ )9   
itself g]ms ( honor & patriotism t gave 
promise ( future glory4  ,! re=m1 h[ev]1
 b sl[ly progress$4 ,f]d9& von ,s*ill1 a
 ,prussian lieut5ant1 :o _h be5 w\nd$ at
 ,j5a1 =m$1 9 ,pom]ania1 a gu]illa troop
 ( disb&$ soldi]y & "y m51 :o1 al?\gh   
indiff]5tly provid$ ) arms1 /opp$ !     
,fr5* convoys & c\ri]s4 ,8 success 0 s  
extraord9>y t he 0 sometimes enabl$ to  

s5d sums ( money1 tak5 f ! enemy1 to !  
k+4 ,among o!r exploits1 he took prison]
 ,m>%al ,victor1 :o 0 ex*ang$ = ,blu*]4 
,blu*] assembl$ a fre% body ( troops on 
! isl& ( ,rug54 ,s*ill1 be+ aft]w>d     
compell$ to take refuge f ! pursuit ( ! 
,fr5* 9 ! =tress ( ,colb]g1 ! comm&ant1 
,l\cad\1 plac$ him "u arre/ = v5tur+ to 
criticise ! bad def5ce ( ! place4  ,! k+
 ( ,sw$51 ,gu/avus ,adolphus ,,iv41     
might ) p]fect ju/ice h bitt]ly reproa*$
 ,prussia & ,au/ria = ! folly ) :i* !y  
_h1 by _! disunion1 contribut$ to !     
aggr&izem5t ( ! p[] ( ,france4 ,he act$ 
nobly by af=d+ a place ( refuge to !    
,prussians at ,/ralsund & ,rug54        
,colb]g 01 on ,l\cad\'s dismissal1      
glori\sly def5d$ by ,gneis5au & by !    
resolute citiz5s1 among :om ,nettelbek1 
a man sev5ty ye>s ( age1 *iefly di/+ui%$
 himself4 ,c\rbi]e act$ ) equal         
gallantry at ,graud5a4 ,on be+ told by !
 ,fr5* t ,prussia 0 9 _! h&s & t no k+ (
 ,prussia 0 any long] 9 exi/5ce1 he     
repli$1 ,well1 be x s6 b ,i am k+ at    

,graud5z4 ,pillau 0 also successfully   
def5d$ by ,h]rmann4#i ,poli% ,prussia   
naturally fell (f on ! advance ( !      
,fr5*4 ,calis* rose 9 op5 insurrection2 
! ,prussian au?orities 7 ev]y:]e        
compell$ to save !mselves by flight f ! 
v5geance ( ! p4 ,pol& _h be5 t]m$ !     
,botany ,bay ( ,prussia1 gov]nm5t (fic]s
 9 disgrace = bad conduct be+ g5]ally   
s5t !re by way ( puni%m5t4 ,no "o       
volunt>ily accept$ an appo9tm5t condemn+
 him to dwell amid a population inspir$ 
by ! mo/ in]adicable national hatr$1    
gl[+ ) rev5ge1 & unable to appreciate ! 
b5efits be/[$ ^u !m 9 _! ignorance &    
pov]ty by ! weal?i] & m civiliz$        
,prussians4  ,! k+ _h )drawn ) ! rema9d]
 ( 8 troops1 :i* 7 comm&$ by ! gallant  
,l',e/oc1 to ,ko5igsb]g1 :]e he =m$ a   
junction ) ! ,russian army1 :i* 0 l$ by 
a ,hanov]ian1 ! cauti\s ,b5nigs51 &     
accompani$ by ! emp]or ,alex&] 9 p]son4 
,napoleon expect$ t an opportunity w\ld 
be af=d$ = ! repetition ( 8 old         
manoeuvre ( sep>at+ & fall+ s+ly ^u 8   

oppon5ts1 b ,b5nigs5 kept 8 =ces toge!r 
& (f]$ him battle at ,eylau1 9 !        
neighborhood ( ,ko5igsb]g2 victory /ill 
wav]$1 :5 ! ,prussian troops "u ,l',e/oc
 fell furi\sly ^u ,m>%al ,ney's flank1  
:ile t g5]al 0 endeavor+ to surr\nd !   
,russians1 & decid$ ! day4 ,x 0 ! #h? ( 
,febru>y1 & ! sn[-clad gr\nd 0 /a9$ )   
gore4 ,napoleon1 aft] ?is cata/rophe1   
rema9$ inactive1 await+ ! op5+ ( spr+ & 
! arrival ( re9=cem5ts4 ,dantzig1 expos$
 by ! des]tion ( ! ,poles1 fell1 al?\gh 
def5d$ by ,kalkreu?1 into 8 h&s1 &1 on !
 #ad? ( ,june1 #ahjg1 ! anniv]s>y1 s    
pregnant ) important ev5ts1 ( ! battle (
 ,m>5go1 he ga9$ a brilliant victory at 
,fri$l&1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ,g5]al ,ru*el's
 ab&onm5t ( ,ko5igsb]g ) all its /ores4 
,! road to ,li?uania n[ lay op5 to !    
,fr5*1 & ! emp]or ,alex&] deem$ x       
advisable to conclude peace4 ,a conf]5ce
 0 held at ,tilsit on ! ,riem5 betwe5 ! 
sov]eigns ( ,france1 ,russia1 &         
,prussia1 & a peace1 highly detrim5tal  
to ,g]many1 0 conclud$ on ! #i? ( ,july1

 #ahjg4 ,prussia lo/ half ( h] t]ritory1
 0 re/rict$ to ! ma9t5ance ( an army    
m]ely am\nt+ to =ty-two ?\s& m51 0      
compell$ to pay a contribution ( "o     
hundr$ & =ty millions ( francs to       
,france1 & to leave h] mo/ important    
=tresses z security = paym5t 9 ! h&s ( !
 ,fr5*4 ,^! griev\s t]ms 7 m]ely acc$$  
to by ,napoleon out ( e/eem = 8 ,maje/y 
! emp]or ( ,russia1 :o1 on 8 "p1 depriv$
 8 late ally ( a piece ( ,prussian-,pol&
 7,bialy/ock7 & divid$ ! spoil (        
,prussia ) ,napoleon4#aj ,nay1 he w5t1  
"s mon?s lat]1 s f> 9 8 g5]osity1 z1 on 
an und]/&+ ) ,napoleon & )\t deign+ any 
explanation to ,prussia1 arbitr>ily to  
cancel an article ( ! peace ( ,tilsit1  
by :i* ,prussia 0 indemnifi$ = ! loss ( 
,hanov] ) a t]ritory conta9+ f\r hundr$ 
?\s& s\ls4  ,! ,prussian possessions on 
! left bank ( ! ,elbe1 ,hanov]1         
,brunswick1 & ,hesse-,cassel1#aa 7      
conv]t$ by ,napoleon into ! new k+dom ( 
,we/phalia1 :i* he be/[$ ^u 8 bro!r     
,j]ome & includ$ 9 ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation4

 ,ea/ ,friesl& 0 annex$ to ,holl&4 ,pol&
 0 n re/or$1 b a petty gr&du*y ( ,w>saw 
0 erect$1 :i* ,fr$]ick ,augu/us1 elector
 ( ,saxony1 receiv$1 toge!r ) ! royal   
dignity4 ,prussia1 already greatly      
dim9i%$ 9 ext5t1 0 to be /ill fur!r     
encroa*$ ^u & wat*$ by ^! new /ates4 ,! 
example ( electoral ,saxony 0 imitat$ by
 ! petty ,saxon pr9ces1 & ,anhalt1      
,lippe1 ,s*w>zburg1 ,reuss1 ,meckl5burg 
& ,ald5burg jo9$ ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation4  
,dantzig became a nom9al free t[n ) a   
,fr5* g>rison4#ab  ,! brave ,hessians   
resi/$ ?is fre% act ( despotism4 ,!     
,hessian troops revolt$1 b 7 put d[n by 
=ce1 & _! lead]1 a s]geant1 ru%$        
frantically into ! enemy's fire4 ,!     
,hessian peasantry also rose 9 sev]al   
places4 ,! ,hanse t[ns1 on ! contr>y1   
meekly all[$ !mselves to be pillag$ & to
 be robb$ ( _! /ores ( ,engli% goods4   
,gu/avus ,adolphus ,,iv4 ( ,sw$51 :o _h 
neglect$ to s5d troops at an e>li] p]iod
 to ! aid ( ,prussia1 n[ (f]$ ! /urdie/ 
resi/ance & /eadily refus$ to negotiate 

t]ms ( peace or to recognize ,napoleon z
 emp]or4 ,8 g5]als1 ,armfeldt#ac &      
,ess51 made "s successful inroads f     
,/ralsund1 &1 9 unison ) ! ,engli%1     
might h effect$ a /rong div]sion to     
,napoleon's re>1 _h _! movem5ts be5 m   
rapid & comb9$4 ,on ! conclusion ( !    
peace ( ,tilsit1 a ,fr5* =ce "u ,morti] 
appe>$1 drove ! ,sw$es back ^u          
,/ralsund1 & compell$ ! k+1 9 ! ,augu/ (
 #ahjg1 to ab&on t city1 :i* ! new sy/em
 ( w>f>e r5d]$ no long] t5able4         
,footnote #a3 ,on ! #ad? ( ,octob]4 ,on 
?is unlucky day1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great _h1 9
 #ageh1 be5 surpris$ at ,ho*kir*1 &     
,mack1 9 #ahje1 at ,ulm4 ,on ?is day1 ! 
peace ( ,we/phalia 01 ,a4,d4 #afdh1     
conclud$ at ,osnabrck1 &1 9 #ahji1 t (  
,vi5na4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 on ?is day t !     
siege ( ,vi5na 01 9 #aebi1 rais$1 & t1 9
 #ahac1 ,napoleon 0 %ut up at ,leipzig4 
,footnote #b3 ,! :ole ( ^! disa/]s _h   
be5 pr$ict$ by ,h5ry von ,bl[1 ^:       
prophecies _h br\ght him into a prison4 
,on le>n+ ! cata/rophe ( ,j5a1 he       

exclaim$1 ,t is ! consequ5ce ( ?r[+     
g5]als into prison & ( plac+ idiots at !
 head ( ! army6  ,footnote #c3 ,! "y    
vons1 on ! contr>y1 capitulat$ ) extreme
 read9ess1 9 ord] to return to _!       
pleasurable habits4 ,sev]al ( !m set a  
great %ield ov] _! doors1 ) !           
inscription1 ,h]r von ,n4 or ,m41       
prison] ( w> on p>ole4 ,9 all !         
capitulations1 ! comm&ants & (fic]s     
m]ely took c>e ( _! own p]sons &        
equipages & sacrific$ ! soldi]y4        
,napoleon1 :o 0 well aw>e ( ?is little  
weakness1 always (f]$ !m ! mo/ flatt]+  
p]sonal t]ms4  ,footnote #d3 ,! same man
 :o _h be5 impos$ ^u by a simil> ruse at
 ,ulm by ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9&4 ,napoleon   
dismiss$ him ! s]vice4  ,footnote #e3   
,mass5ba* publi%$ an anonym\s *>ge aga9/
 ,bl*]1 :i* t g5]al publicly refut$4    
,footnote #f3 ,:ile ! un=tunate ,h5ry   
von ,bl[1 ^: wise c\nsels _h be5        
despis$1 0 torn f 8 prison to be deliv]$
 to ! ,russians1 ^: behavior at         
,au/]litz he _h blam$4 ,on 8 r\te he 0  

malici\sly repres5t$ z a fri5d to !     
,fr5* & expos$ to ! insults ( ! rabble1 
:o bespatt]$ him ) mud1 & to su* brutal 
treatm5t f ! ,cossacks t he di$ ( 8     
w\nds at ,riga4 ,nev] _h a prophet a m  
ungrateful c\ntry4 ,he 0 deliv]$ by 8   
fell[-citiz5s to an ignom9i\s dea? =    
attempt+ _! salvation1 = po9t+ out !    
means by :i* alone _! safety c\ld be    
insur$1 & = expos+ ! wret*es by :om !y 7
 betray$4  ,footnote #g3 ,9 ! ,trumpet (
 ! ,holy ,w>1 he _h summon$ ! nation to 
take up arms aga9/ ! hea!ns 7! ,fr5*74  
,he brea!d w> & flames4 ,9 8 address to 
! k+1 he said1 ,! idle p>ade ( ! rul]   
dur+ a long peace has nev] ma9ta9$ a    
/ate6 ,he excit$ ! hatr$ ( ! p aga9/ !  
,fr5*1 tell+ !m to h>bor su* hatr$ aga9/
 ! enemy1 l m5 :o knew h[ to hate6 ,aft]
 ?us aid+ to k9dle ! flames ( w>1 he w5t
 ov] to ! ,fr5* & wrote ! lett] to      
,bignon :i* t au?or has ins]t$ 9 8      
,hi/ory ( ,france3 ,l ,ganym$e to ! seat
 ( ! gods1 h ,i be5 borne by ! eagle to 
,fonta9ebleau1 !re to s]ve a god4       

,footnote #h3 ,! conduct ( ^! des]t]s1  
h[1 decorat$ ) ! ,fr5* cockade1 !y      
treat$ ! ,g]man population ) unhe>d-(   
insol5ce1 is giv5 9 detail by ,seume4   
,footnote #i3 ,c\rbi]e1 ,h]rmann1 &     
,neumann ( ,cosel 7 b\rgeois3 !         
comm&ants ( ! o!r =tresses1 s           
disgracefully c$$1 71 )\t exception1    
nobles4  ,footnote #aj3 ,bignon rem>ks t
 ! que51 ,l\isa1 :o left no means untri$
 9 ord] to save z mu* z possible (      
,prussia1 came some:at too late1 :5     
,napoleon _h already ent]$ into an      
agreem5t ) ,russia4 ,h5ce ,napoleon's   
inflexibility1 :i* 0 ! m insult+ ow+ to 
! app>5tly yield+ sil5ce ) :i*1 f a     
feel+ ( polit5ess1 he sometimes receiv$ 
! p]sonal petitions ( ! que51 to :i* he 
w\ld aft]w>d s5d a writt5 refusal4 ,! "p
 play$ 9 ?is affair by ,alex&] 0 f> f   
honorable1 & ,bignon says ) great       
ju/ice1 ,! emp]or ( ,russia mu/ at t "t 
h _h b little judgem5t1 if he imag9$ t  
tak+ ,prussia 9 su* a mann] "u 8        
protection w\ld be honorable to !       

protector4 ,) a view ( appeas+ public   
op9ion 9 ,g]many & influ5c+ x 9 favor ( 
! alliance betwe5 ,france & ,russia1    
,zs*okke1 :o 0 at t "t 9 ,napoleon's    
pay1 publi%$ a mean-spirit$ pamphlet1   
entitl$1 ,w ! human race ga9 by ! pres5t
 political *anges8  ,footnote #aa3 ,!   
elector1 ,william1 :o _h solicit$       
p]mission to rema9 neutral1 hav+ made   
great milit>y prep>ations & receiv$ !   
,prussians ) op5 arms1 01 9 ,napoleon's 
tw5ty-sev5? bullet91 depos$ )           
expressions ( ! deepe/ contempt4 ,! h\se
 ( ,hesse-,cassel has = _m ye>s pa/ sold
 its subjects to ,engl&1 & by ?is means 
has ! elector collect$ 8 imm5se weal?4  
,may ?is mean & av>ici\s conduct prove !
 ru9 ( 8 h\se4--,l\is1 ,l&grave (       
,hesse-,d>m/adt1 0 ?reat5$ ) simil>     
dang] = incl9+ on ! side ( ,prussia1 b  
p]ceiv$ 8 p]il 9 "t to save himself f   
de/ruction4  ,footnote #ab3 ,m>%al      
,lefebvre1 :o _h tak5 ! city1 0 creat$  
duke ( ,dantzig4 ,! city1 h[ev]1 did n  
belong to him1 b became a republic2     

not)/&+ :i* x 0 at fir/ compell$ to pay 
a contribution1 am\nt+ to tw5ty million 
francs1 to ,napoleon1 to ma9ta9 a /rong 
,fr5* g>rison at its exp5se1 & 0 fleec$ 
9 e imag9able way4 ,a /op 0 consequ5tly 
put to trade1 ! weal?ie/ m]*ants became 
bankrupt1 & ,napoleon's satraps e/abli%$
 _! h>ems & celebrat$ _! orgies 9 _!    
magnific5t h\ses & g>d5s1 &1 by _!      
unbridl$ lic5se1 demoraliz$ to an almo/ 
incr$ible degree ! /aid mann]s ( !      
quondam pi\s ,lu!ran citiz5s4 ,vide     
,ble*1 ,! ,mis]ies ( ,dantzig1 #ahae4   
,footnote #ac3 ,"o ( ! h&some/ m5 ( 8 "t
 & ! ,adonis ( _m a pr9cely dame4       
,,cclv4 ,! ,rh5i% ,conf$]ation   ,! :ole
 ( we/]n ,europe b5t 9 l[ly submission  
be=e ! g5ius ( ,napoleon2 ,russia 0 b\nd
 by ! silk5 *a9s ( flatt]y2 ,engl&1     
,turkey1 ,sw$51 & ,portugal1 alone bade 
him defiance4 ,engl&1 ^: fleets rul$ !  
,european seas1 :o l5t h] aid to 8      
enemies1 & in/igat$ _! opposition1 0 8  
mo/ dang]\s foe4 ,by a gigantic measure1
 kn[n z ! cont95tal sy/em1 he s\ght to  

und]m9e h] p[]4 ,! :ole ( ! cont95t (   
,europe1 z f> z 8 influ5ce 0 felt1 01 by
 an edict1 publi%$ at ,b]l9 on ! #ba/ ( 
,novemb]1 #ahjf1 clos$ aga9/ ,briti%    
trade2 nay1 he w5t s f> z to lay an     
emb>go on all ,engli% goods ly+ 9 /ore &
 to make prison]s ( w> ( all ! ,engli%  
at t "t on ! cont95t4 ,all int]c\rse    
betwe5 ,engl& & ! re/ ( ,europe 0       
prohibit$4 ,b ,napoleon's attempt to ru9
 ! comm]ce ( ,engl& 0 m]ely productive (
 injury to himself2 ! promotion ( e     
bran* ( indu/ry on ! cont95t c\ld n     
replace ! loss ( its =eign trade2 !     
products ( ,europe no long] f\nd _! way 
to ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! globe1 to be     
ex*ang$ = colonial luxuries1 :i*1 ) !   
great majority ( ! p1 m p>ticul>ly ) !  
bett] classes1 _h become necess>ies1 &  
numb]s :o _h b lately laud$ ,napoleon to
 ! skies reg>d$ him ) bitt] rage on be+ 
compell$ to rel9qui% _! wont$ c(fee &   
sug>4  ,napoleon1 mean:ile1 undet]r$ by 
opposition1 en=c$ 8 cont95tal sy/em4    
,russia1 actuat$ by jeal\sy ( ,engl& &  

flatt]$ by ! idea1 ) :i* ,napoleon _h1  
at ,tilsit1 inspir$ ! emp]or ,alex&]1 ( 
%>+ ) him ! empire ( a _w1 aid$ 8       
projects4 ,! fir/ /ep 0 to secure to    
!mselves possession ( ! ,baltic2 ! k+ ( 
,sw$51 ,napoleon's mo/ implacable foe1 0
 to be de?ron$1 & ,sw$5 to be promis$ to
 ,fr$]ick1 pr9ce-reg5t ( ,d5m>k1 9 ord] 
to draw him into ! int]e/s ( ! alli$    
p[]s ( ,france & ,russia4 ,! s*eme1     
h[ev]1 transpir$ 9 "t to be fru/rat$4   
,an ,engli% fleet1 ) an army1 among :i* 
0 ! ,g]man ,legion1 compos$ ( ,hanov]ian
 refugees1 on bo>d1 attack$1 &1 aft] a  
fe>ful bomb>dm5t1 took ,cop5hag51 & ei!r
 de/roy$ or c>ri$ (f ! :ole ( ! ,dani%  
fleet1 ,septemb]1 #ahjg4a ,! ,briti%    
fleet1 on its triumphant return ?r\gh ! 
,s\nd1 0 salut$ at ,hels+=s by ! k+ (   
,sw$51 :o invit$ ! admirals to breakfa/4
 ,! isl& ( ,heligol&1 :i* belong$ to    
,hol/e9 & consequ5tly =m$ "p ( !        
possessions ( ,d5m>k1 & :i* c>ri$ on a  
great smuggl+ trade betwe5 t c\ntry & ! 
cont95t1 0 at t "t also seiz$ by !      

,briti%4  ,napoleon rev5g$ himself by a 
bold /roke 9 ,spa94 ,he propos$ !       
p>tition ( ,portugal to t p[]1 &1 "u t  
pretext1 s5t troops across ! ,pyr5ees4  
,! lic5ti\s que5 ( ,spa91 ,m>ia ,l\isa  
,!resa ( ,p>ma1 & h] p>am\r1 ,godoy1 :o 
_h1 on acc\nt ( ! treaty betwe5 ,france 
& ,spa91 receiv$ ! title ( ,pr9ce (     
,peace1 reign$ at t "t 9 ! "n ( !       
imbecile k+1 ,*>les ,,iv4 ,8 son1       
,f]d9&1 plac$ himself at ! head ( !     
democratic faction1 by :i* ,godoy 0     
reg>d$ ) ! mo/ deadly hatr$4 ,bo?       
p>ties1 h[ev]1 consci\s ( _! want ( p[]1
 s\ght aid f ,napoleon1 :o flatt]$ ea* 9
 turn1 ) a view ( r5d]+ ! "o a tool = ! 
de/ruction ( ! o!r4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,peace 0
 ov]?r[n by a popul> tumult2 ,f]d9&     
,,vii4 0 proclaim$ k+1 & 8 fa!r1 ,*>les 
,,iv41 0 compell$ to abdicate4 ,^! ev5ts
 7 app>5tly c\nt5anc$ by ,napoleon1 :o  
invit$ ! y\?ful sov]eign to an int]view2
 ,f]d9&1 accord+ly1 w5t to ,bayonne &   
0--tak5 prison]4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,peace1 on 
! eve ( fly+ f ,spa91 :]e 8 life 0 no   

long] safe1 ) 8 treasures & ) ! que51   
p]suad$ ! old k+1 ,*>les1 also to g to  
,bayonne1 :]e 8 p]son 0 in/antly seiz$4 
,bo? he & 8 son 7 compell$ to r5\nce _! 
"r to ! ?rone ( ,spa9 & to abdicate 9   
favor ( ,joseph1 ,napoleon's bro!r1 !   
#e? ( ,may1 #ahjh4 ,! elevation (       
,joseph to ! ,spani% ?rone 0 foll[$ by t
 ( ,murat to ! ?rone ( ,naples4 ,!      
haughty ,spani>d1 h[ev]1 refus$ to be   
trampl$ "u foot1 & 8 pr\d _s disda9$ to 
accept a k+ impos$ ^u him by su*        
unp>allel$ trea*]y4 ,napoleon's         
victori\s troops 71 = ! fir/ "t1 r\t$ by
 peasants1 an entire army 0 tak5 prison]
 at ,bayl51 & ano!r1 9 ,portugal1 0     
compell$ to retreat4 ,napoleon's vet]ans
 7 scatt]$ by monks & peasants1 a pro(1 
to ! et]nal disgrace ( e subject p1 t ! 
inv9cibility ( a nation dep5ds b ^u its 
w4  ,napoleon did n conduct ! w> 9 ,spa9
 9 p]son dur+ ! fir/ campaign2 !        
tranquillity ( ! ,nor? _h fir/ to be    
secur$4 ,= ?is purpose1 he held a       
p]sonal conf]5ce1 9 ,octob]1 #ahjh1 ) ! 

emp]or ,alex&] at ,erfurt1 :i!r ! pr9ces
 ( ,g]many ha/5$ to pay _! devoirs1     
humbly z _! ance/ors ( yore to conqu]+  
,attila4 ,! company ( actors br\ght 9   
,napoleon's tra9 f ,p>is boa/$ ( ga9+ ! 
plaudits ( a royal p>t]re1 & a ,fr5*    
s5t9el happ5+ to call to ! wat* to      
pres5t arms to "o ( ! k+s !re danc+     
att5dance 0 reprov$ by 8 (fic] ) !      
obs]vation1 ,ce n'e/ qu un roi4#b ,bo?  
emp]ors1 = ! purpose ( (f]+ a m>k$      
insult to ,prussia1 att5d$ a great      
h>ehunt on ! battlefield ( ,j5a4 ,x 0   
dur+ ?is conf]5ce t ,napoleon & ,alex&] 
divid$ betwe5 !mselves ! sov]eignty (   
,europe1 ,russia und]tak+ ! subjugation 
( ,sw$5 & ! seizure ( ,f9l&1 ,france !  
conque/ ( ,spa9 & ,portugal4  ,! p]iod  
imm$iately subsequ5t to ! fall ( !      
anci5t empire =ms ! blacke/ page 9 !    
hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,! :ole ( ! left bank 
( ! ,rh9e 0 annex$ to ,france4 ,! p1    
not)/&+ ! improvem5t t took place 9 !   
adm9i/ration "u ,bon ,jean ,/4 ,&r1     
groan$ b5ea? ! exorbitant taxes & !     

conscription4 ,! comm]ce on ! ,rh9e _h  
almo/ entirely ceas$4#c--,! gr&du*y (   
,b]g 01 until #ahjh1 gov]n$ ) great     
mildness by ,av>1 ! ,fr5* m9i/]4--,holl&
 _h1 s9ce #ahja1 rema9$ "u !            
adm9i/ration ( h] b5evol5t gov]nor1     
,s*immelp5n9ck1 b _h be5 cont9ually     
dra9$ by ! imposition ( additional      
income taxes1 :i*1 9 #ahjd1 am\nt$ to   
six p] c5t on ! capital 9 ! c\ntry4     
,comm]ce _h entirely ceas$1 smuggl+     
alone except$4 ,9 #ahjf1 ! ,dut* 7      
comm&$ to entreat ,napoleon to grant !m 
a k+ 9 ! p]son ( 8 bro!r ,l\is1 :o fix$ 
8 resid5ce 9 ! v5]able c\ncil-h\se at   
,am/]dam1 &1 x mu/ be confess$1         
endeavor$ to promote ! real int]e/s ( 8 
new subjects4#d  ,! ,swiss1 ) *>act]i/ic
 s]vility1 te/ifi$ ! greate/ zeal on e  
occasion = ! emp]or ,napoleon1 celebrat$
 8 fete-day1 & boa/$ ( 8 protection1#e &
 ( ! fre$om !y 7 /ill p]mitt$ to enjoy4 
,fre$om ( ?\ght 0 expressly prohibit$4  
,sycophants1 9 ! pay ( ! =eign rul]1 z1 
= in/ance1 ,zs*okke1 alone guid$ public 

op9ion4 ,9 ,zug1 any p]son :o v5tur$ to 
speak disp>ag+ly ( ! ,swiss 9 ! s]vice (
 ,france 0 decl>$ an enemy to 8 c\ntry &
 expos$ to sev]e puni%m5t4#f ,! ,swiss  
%$ _! blood 9 ea* & all ( ,napoleon's   
campaigns1 & aid$ him to r$uce _! k9dr$ 
nations to abject slav]y4#g  ,! ,rh5i%  
conf$]ation %>$ ! advantages ( ,fr5*    
influ5ce to ! same degree 9 :i* x1 9    
common ) ! old /ates on ! left bank ( ! 
,rh9e1 0 subject to ecclesia/ical       
corruption or to ! up/>t vanity         
incid5tal to petty /ates4 ,:]ev]        
enlight5m5t & lib]ty _h =m]ly exi/$1 z 9
 ,prote/ant & con/itutional ,wrtemb]g1 !
 violation ( ! anci5t rights ( ! p 0    
deeply felt1 & ! new ari/ocracy1 modell$
 on t ( ,france1 appe>$ z unbe>able to !
 old] inhabitants ( ,wrtemb]g z did !   
loss ( _! anci5t indep5d5ce to !        
m$iatiz$ pr9ces & lordl+s4 ,k+ ,fr$]ick1
 not)/&+ 8 refusal to s5d troops into   
,spa91 0 compell$ to furni% an enorm\s  
cont+5t = ! w>s 9 ea/]n ,europe2 !      
conscription & taxes 7 heavily felt1 & !

 peasant 0 vex$ by ! great hunts1       
celebrat$ by ,mat?isson1 ! c\rt-poet1 z 
fe/ivals ( ,diana4#h ,9 ,bav>ia1 !      
adm9i/ration ( ,maximilian ,joseph & ( 8
 m9i/]1 ,montgelas1 al?\gh arbitr>y 9   
its measures1 promot$1 l t ( ,fr$]ick   
,,ii4 & ,joseph ,,ii41 ! advance (      
enlight5m5t & true lib]ty4 ,! mona/]ies 
7 clos$1 ! puni%m5t ( ! rack 0 aboli%$1 
unity 0 introduc$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( !  
/ate2 ! s*ools1 ! police1 & ! roads 7   
improv$1 tol]ation 0 e/abli%$2 9 a ^w1 !
 dreams ( ! ,illum9ati1 ?irty ye>s be=e 
?is p]iod1 71 9 almo/ e respect1        
realiz$4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 patriotism 0  
"h m unkn[n ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,g]many4 
,*ri/oph] von ,aret9 set himself up z an
 app>itor to ! ,fr5* police1 &1 9 #ahaj1
 publi%$ a "w aga9/ ! few ,g]man        
patriots /ill rema9+1 :om he d5\nc$1 9 !
 f\rte5? numb] ( ! ,lit]>y ,gazette (   
,upp] ,g]many1 z ,prea*]s ( ,g]manism1  
crim9als & traitors1 by :om ! ,rh5i%    
conf$]ation 0 pollut$4 ,! cr[n pr9ce (  
,bav>ia1 :o deeply lam5t$ ! rule (      

,france & ! mis]ies ( ,g]many1 (f]s a   
contr>y example4 ,a con/itution1        
naturally a m]e tool 9 ! h& ( ! m9i/ry1 
0 be/[$1 9 #ahjh1 ^u ,bav>ia4  ,!       
gov]nm5t ( ,*>les von ,dalb]g1 ! pr9ce  
primate & gr&duke ( ,frank=t1 0 "o ( !  
mo/ despicable ( ^? compos+ ! ,rh5i%    
conf$]ation4 ,equally ins5sible to !    
duties atta*$ to 8 high "n & /ation1#i  
he flatt]$ ! =eign tyrant to an ext5t   
unsurpass$ by any ( ! o!r base          
sycophants at t "t ab\nd+ 9 ! empire2 ) 
fold$ h&s w\ld he at all times invoke ! 
bless+ ( ! ,mo/ ,high on ! head ( !     
almighty rul] ( ! e>?1 & celebrate ea* (
 8 victories ) hymns ( gratitude & joy1 
:ile 8 m9i/]s misrul$ & tyranniz$ ov] ! 
c\ntry1#aj ^: fre$om !y l\dly           
vaunt$4#aa--;,9 ,wrzburg1 ! ,fr5*       
ambassador reign$ ) ! despotism ( an    
,ea/]n satrap4#ab ,saxe-,coburg#ac &    
,anhalt-,go?a1#ad :]e ! native tyrant 0 
%elt]$ b5ea? ! w+ ( ,napoleon1 7 9 ! mo/
 lam5table /ate4--,9 ,saxony1 ! gov]nm5t
 rema9$ unalt]$4 ,fr$]ick ,augu/us1     

fill$ ) gratitude = ! l5ity ) :i* he _h 
be5 treat$ aft] ! w> & = ! grant ( !    
royal dignity1 rema9$ /eadily fai?ful to
 ,napoleon1 b introduc$ no int]nal      
innovations into ! gov]nm5t4 ,! adhesion
 ( ,saxe-,weim> to ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation 
0 ( deplorable consequ5ce to ,g]many1 ! 
great poets assembl$ !re by ! deceas$   
,du*ess ,amalia also scatt]+ inc5se     
ar\nd ,napoleon4  ,! k+dom ( ,we/phalia 
0 doom$ to ta/e to ! dregs ! bitt] cup (
 humiliation4 ,! new k+1 ,j]ome1 :o     
decl>$1 ,je veux qu'on respecte la      
dignite de l'homme et du citoy51 be/[$1 
x is true1 _m & great b5efits ^u 8      
subjects2 ! sy/em ( flogg+1 s degrad+ to
 ! soldi]1 0 aboli%$1 ! judicature 0    
improv$1 ! adm9i/ration simplifi$1 & !  
,g]man 9 au?ority1 not)/&+ 8 tradition>y
 gruffness1 became rem>kable = urbanity 
t[>d ! citiz5s & peasants4 ,b           
,napoleon's despotic rule ev] dem&$ fre%
 sacrifices ( m5 & money & increas$     
sev]ity on ! "p ( ! police1 9 ord] to   
quell ! _s ( revolt4 ,j]ome1 consci\s ( 

be+ m]ely 8 bro!r's repres5tative1      
consol$ himself = 8 want ( indep5d5ce 9 
8 gay c\rt at ,cassel4#ae ,he _h receiv$
 b a middl+ education1 & _h1 at "o      
p]iod1 held a situation 9 ! m>9e at     
,baltimore 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:ile /ill  
extremely "y1 plac$ unexpect$ly ^u a    
?rone1 m z a spl5did puppet ?an z an    
indep5d5t sov]eign1 he gave way to      
excesses1 natural1 &1 "u ! circum/ances1
 almo/ excusable4 ,x w\ld be ung5]\s to 
repeat ! s>casms %[]$ ^u him on 8       
expulsion4 ,! execrations heap$1 at a   
lat] p]iod1 ^u 8 head1 ought ) f> great]
 ju/ice to h fall5 ^u ^? ( ! ,g]mans    
!mselves1 & m p>ticul>ly ^u ^? ( t      
portion ( ! ari/ocracy t vi$ ) ! ,fr5* 9
 enri*+ ! *ronique sc&aleuse ( ,cassel1 
& ^u ^? ( ! citiz5s :o1 "u ,bong>s1 !   
head ( ! ,fr5* police1 act$ ! "p ( spies
 ^u & secret in=m]s aga9/ _! wret*$     
c\ntrym54--,! f>cical donation ( a free 
con/itution to ! p put a climax to _!   
degradation4 ,on ! #b;d ( ,july1 #ahjh1 
,j]ome summon$ ! ,we/phalian ,e/ates to 

,cassel & op5$ ! s]vile assembly1 ?us   
arbitr>ily convok$1 ) extreme pomp4 ,!  
un=tunate deputies1 :o _h1 on !         
conclusion ( ! l5g?y c]emonial1 receiv$ 
an invitation assi/] au rpas at ! palace
 & _h repair$ ?i!r1 _! imag9ations1     
:ett$ by hung]1 revell+ 9 visions (     
ga/ronomic delight1 7 sorely discomfit$ 
on discov]+ t !y 7 simply expect$ to    
look on :ile ! sov]eign fea/$4 ,! result
 ( ?is assembly 01 naturally1 a unanim\s
 tribute ( admiration & an invocation ( 
bless+s on ! head ( ! =eign rul]1 !     
pr9cipal "p 9 :i* 0 play$ by ,john      
,mll]1 :o attempt$ to conv9ce 8 fell[   
c\ntrym5 t by means ( ! ,fr5* usurpation
 !y _h fir/ receiv$ ! boon ( true       
lib]ty4 ,?is *eaply-b\ght apo/ate said1 
9 8 usual hyp]bolical /yle1 ,x is a m>k$
 peculi>ity ( ! nor!rn nations1 m       
especially ( ^? ( ,g]man desc5t1 t1     
:5ev] ,god has1 9 ,8 wisdom1 resolv$ to 
be/[ ^u !m a new k9d or a high] degree (
 civilization1 ! impulse has ev] be5    
giv5 f )\t4 ,?is impulse 0 giv5 to u by 

,napoleon1 by him be=e :om ! e>? is     
sil5t1 ,god hav+ giv5 ! :ole _w into 8  
h&1 nor c ,g]many at ! pres5t p]iod h a 
wi% ungratifi$1 ,napoleon hav+          
reorganiz$ h] z ! nurs]y ( ,european    
civilization4 ,too sublime to condesc5d 
to e-day polity1 he has giv5 durability 
to ,g]many6 ,happy nation6 :at an       
int]m9able vi/a ( glory op5s to ?y view6
 ,?us spoke ,john ,mll]4 ,?\s&s (       
,g]mans _h be5 conv]t$ into abject      
slaves1 b none o!r ?an he 0 !re ev]     
f\nd1 ) s5tim5tal phrases to gild ! *a9s
 ( 8 c\ntrym51 to vaunt s]vility z      
lib]ty & di%onor z glory4#af ,john      
,mll]'s unpr9cipl$ address =m$1 z x 71 !
 turn+-po9t ( ,g]man affairs4           
,self-degradation c\ld g no fur!r4 ,! _s
 ( ! sons ( ,g]many h5ce=w>d rose1 &1 ) 
manly c\rage1 !y s\ght1 by _! future    
actions1 to wipe (f ! deep /a9 ( _! =m] 
guilt & di%onor4   ,footnote #a3 ,see   
acc\nts ( ?is affair 9 ! ,recollections 
( a ,legion>y1 ,hanov]1 #ahbf1 & 9      
,beamis*'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,legion4         

,footnote #b3 ,a graphic description (  
^! times is to be met ) 9 ,joanna       
,s*op5hau]'s ,t\r on ! ,l[] ,rh9e4 ,!   
k+s ( ,bav>ia1 ,wurtemb]g1 ,we/phalia1  
,saxony1 ! pr9ce primate1 ! h]$it>y     
pr9ce ( ,bad5 & ( ,meckl5burg-,/relitz1 
! duke ( ,weim>1 ! pr9ces ( ,hob5zoll]n1
 ,hesse-,rot5burg1 &                    
,hesse-,philipp/hal1 7 pres5t4 ,no "o   
belong+ to ! h\se ( ,au/ria 0 !re3 ( t (
 ,prussia !re 0 ,pr9ce ,william1 ! k+'s 
bro!r4 ,! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( t day   
wrote3 ,! fact ( ,napoleon's s5d+ = !   
privy-c\ncillor1 ,von ,goe!1 into 8     
cab9et1 & conv]s+ ) him = upw>d ( an    
h\r1 appe>s to u well wor?y ( m5tion4   
,:at ,g]man w\ld n rejoice t ! great    
emp]or %\ld h ent]$ into su* deep       
conv]sation ) su* a fitt+ repres5tative 
( our noble/1 & n[1 alas1 sole rema9+   
national possession1 our art & le>n+1 by
 ^: pres]vation alone c our nationality 
be sav$ f utt] annihilation4 ,not)/&+   
:i* ! company ( actors belong+ to !     
!atre at ,weim>1 :i* 0 close at h& & _h 

be5 "u ,goe!'s in/ruction1 0 n once     
all[$ to p]=m on ! ,erfurt /age1 :i*    
,napoleon _h suppli$ ) actors f ,p>is4  
,wiel& 0 also compell$ to rema9 /&+ = an
 h\r 9 ,napoleon's pres5ce1 & :51 at    
l5g?1 unable1 ow+ to ! weakness ( old   
age1 to cont9ue 9 t position1 he v5tur$ 
to ask p]mission to retire1 ,napoleon is
 said to h consid]$ ! reque/ an         
unw>rantable lib]ty4 ,! lit]>y h]oes (  
,weim> took no int]e/ 9 ! c\ntry f :i*  
!y _h receiv$ s deep a tribute (        
admiration4 ,n a patriotic s5tim5t      
escap$ _! lips4 ,at ! "t :5 ! deepe/    
w\nd 0 inflict$ on ! ,tyrol1 ,goe! gave 
to ! _w 8 frivol\s ,wahlv]w&s*aft51 :i* 
0 foll[$ by a poem 9 praise ( ,napoleon1
 ( :om he says3    ,d\bts1 t h baffl$   
?\s&s1 he has solv$2    ,ideas1 o'er :i*
 c5turies h brood$1    ,8 giant m9d     
intuitively compass$4  ,footnote #c3 ,! 
great & dang]\s robb] b&s ( ! notori\s  
,damian ,hessel1 & ( ,s*9d]hannes1 af=d 
abundant pro( ( ! demoraliz$ condition (
 ! p4  ,footnote #d3 ,on ! #ab? (       

,janu>y1 #ahjg1 a %ip lad5 ) f\r hundr$ 
qu9tals ( gunp[d] blew up 9 ! middle ( !
 city ( ,leyd51 "p ( :i* 0 !reby r$uc$  
to ru9s1 & "o hundr$ & fifty p]sons1    
among o!rs ! celebrat$ pr(essors ,luzac 
& ,kleit1 7 kill$4  ,footnote #e3 ,on ! 
op5+ ( ! f$]al diet 9 #ahjf1 ! ,l&ammann
 laud$ ! omnipot5t b5evol5ce ( ! graci\s
 m$iator4 ,9 e>li] times1 ! ,swiss w\ld1
 on ! contr>y1 h boa/$ ( _! af=d+       
protection to1 n ( receiv+ protection f1
 ,france4  ,footnote #f3 ,9 ord] to     
prove ( :at importance !y consid]$ !    
b5evol5t protection ( ,napoleon !       
,great4--,attgeme9e ,zeitung ( #ahaj1   
,no4 #ij4  ,footnote #g3 ,_! g5]al1 ,von
 d] ,wi$1 :o 0 tak5 prison] at ,talav]a 
9 ,spa9 & di$ %ortly aft]w>d ( a        
pe/il5tial disease1 _h done signal      
s]vice to ,france1 9 #agih 9 ,switz]l&1 
9 #agib 9 ,italy1 9 #ahje 9 ,au/ria1 9  
#ahjf 9 ,prussia1 & f9ally 9            
,spa94--,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( #ahaa1    
,no4 #df4  ,footnote #h3 ,p]sonal fre$om
 0 re/rict$ by innum]able decrees4      

,fre$om ( spee*1 =m]ly great 9          
,wrtemb]g1 0 /rictly repress$2 all      
social confid5ce 0 annihilat$4 ,a sw>m (
 in=m]s ensn>$ ^? :om ! secret police 7 
unable to entrap4 ,! secrecy ( lett]s 0 
violat$4 ,trials 9 crim9al cases 7 no   
long] all[$ to be public4 ,! s5t5ce     
pass$ ^u ! accus$ 01 p>ticul>ly 9 cases 
( ! highe/ import1 n deliv]$ by ! judge 
z dictat$ by ! law1 b by ! despot's     
caprice4--,! conscription 0 en=c$ )     
increas$ sev]ity & tyranny4--,! natural 
"r ( emigration 0 aboli%$4--,! p 7      
dis>m$1 & n ev5 ! inhabitants ( solit>y 
f>ms & hamlets 7 all[$ to possess arms 9
 ord] to def5d !mselves aga9/ wolves &  
robb]s4 ,a man 0 puni%$ = kill+ a mad   
dog1 because ! gun us$ = t purpose _h   
be5 illegally secret$4 ,pass-tickets 7  
giv5 to & return$ by all desir\s ( pass+
 ! gates ( ! pettie/ t[n4 ,! memb]s ( ! 
high] ari/ocracy 7 compell$1 "u pa9 (   
be+ depriv$ ( ! ?ird ( _! income1 to    
sp5d ?ree mon?s 9 ! ye> at c\rt4--,!    
citiz5 0 oppress$ by a v>iety ( fre%    

taxes1 by ! newly-creat$ monopolies (   
tobacco1 salt1 etc41 & colonial impo/s1 
by ! t5fold rise ( ! excise & cu/om-h\se
 dues1 etc4 ,vide ,zahn 9 ! ,wrtemb]g   
,annual4 ,zs*okke1 mean:ile1 9 8        
pamphlet already m5tion$1 ,w ! human    
race ga91 etc41 advocat$ republican     
equality & lib]ty "u a mon>*ical        
con/itution4  ,footnote #i3 ,! ,von     
,dalb]gs ( ,franconia 7 ! fir/ h]$it>y  
b>ons ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & "o (  
_! race 0 dubb$ knight at ea* imp]ial   
coronation4 ,h5ce ! dem& ( ! imp]ial    
h]ald1 ,is no ,dalb]g "h8 ,& a ,dalb]g x
 01 :o1 9 ,napoleon's "n1 decl>$ to !   
,g]man emp]or t he no long] recogniz$ an
 emp]or ( ,g]many4--,9 #agig1 ,dalb]g   
_h1 at ! diet1 & aga9 9 #ahje1 express$ 
himself ) great zeal aga9/ ,france2 on !
 pres5t occasion he 0 ,napoleon's fir/  
satrap4  ,footnote #aj3 ,!y sold !      
demesnes ( ,hanau & ,fulda & receiv$ !  
sums produc$ by ! sale 9 gift f !       
gr&duke4--,grres's ,rh5i% ,m]cury1      
,a4,d4 #ahad1 ,no4 #afh4  ,footnote #aa3

 ,!y 7 b>efac$ en\gh to be/[ a          
con/itution1 &1 9 #ahaj1 to op5 a diet  
at ,hanau1 al?\gh all ! newspap]s _h1   
five days previ\sly1 be5 suppress$1 &   
ord]s _h be5 issu$ t ! editor ( ! only  
newspap] p]mitt$ = ! future 0 to be     
appo9t$ by ! police4--,allgeme9e        
,zeitung1 ,no4 #bid4  ,footnote #ab3    
,c\nt ,mon?olon-,semonville sold ju/ice 
& m]cy4 ,vide ,brockhaus's ,deuts*e     
,bltt]1 #ahad1 ,no4 #aja4  ,footnote    
#ac3 ,! duke1 ,francis1 all[$ ! c\ntry  
to be m]cilessly dra9$ & impov]i%$ by ! 
m9i/]1 ,von ,krets*mann4 ,he liv$ on    
extremely bad t]ms ) 8 uncle1 ,fr$]ick  
,josias1 duke ( ,coburg1 ! celebrat$    
,au/rian g5]al4 ,francis di$ 9 #ahjf4   
,erne/1 8 son & successor1 deliv]$ !    
c\ntry1 9 #ahji1 f ,krets*mann's        
tyranny1 &1 9 #ahaa1 be/[$ ^u x a       
con/itution1 :i* 01 nev]!less1 m]ely an 
imitation ( t ( ,we/phalia4  ,footnote  
#ad3 ,! pr9ce1 ,augu/us ,*ri/ian        
,fr$]ick1 contract$ debts to an enorm\s 
am\nt1 completely dra9$ 8 petty         

t]ritory1 & ev5 seiz$ bail-money4       
,milit>y amusem5ts1 drunk5ness & o!r    
gross excesses1 ! pres]vation ( enorm\s 
h]ds ( de] :i* de/roy$ ! fields ( !     
peasantry1 =m$ ! pleasures ( ?is        
pr9ce4--,/5zel's ,hi/ory ( ,anhalt4     
,footnote #ae3 ,napoleon nicknam$ him   
roi de c\lisses1 & gave him a gu>dian 9 
8 ambassador1 ,re9h>d1 a p]son (        
celebrity dur+ ! ,revolution4 ,j]ome's  
fir/ m9i/]s 7 fri5ds ( 8 y\?2 ! ,creole1
 ,le ,camus1 :o 0 creat$ ,c\nt ,pr/5/e91
 & ,mal*us1 ^: (fice x 0 to fill a      
bottomless treasury4 ,vide ,hormayr1    
,ar*ive #e1 #deh1 & ! ,secret ,hi/ory ( 
! ,c\rt ( ,we/phalia1 #ahad4  ,footnote 
#af3 ,vide ,/rombeck's ,life & !        
,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( ,septemb]1 #ahjh4 
,besides ,john ,mll] & ,aret91 m5tion   
may1 ) equal ju/ice1 be made ( ,orome ( 
,geiss5 & ,zs*okke1 a native (          
,magdeburg naturaliz$ 9 ,switz]l&1 :o1 9
 #ahjg1 v5tur$ to decl>e 9 public t     
,napoleon _h done m = ,swiss indep5d5ce 
?an ,william ,tell five hundr$ ye>s ago2

 :o1 paid by ,napoleon1 defam$ !        
noble-spirit$ ,spani>ds & ,tyrolese 9   
#ahae1 decri$ ! en?usia/ic _s animat+   
,g]many1 & aft]w>d :itewa%$ himself by 8
 lib]al tirades4 ,) ^! may also be      
associat$ ,murh>d1 ! publi%] ( !        
,moniteur ,we/phali51 ,k4,j4 ,s*tz1 !   
au?or ( a "w ^u ,napoleon1 ! ,b]l9ese   
,jew1 ,saul ,a%]1 ! au?or ( a sc&al\s   
"w1 entitl$ ,g]manomanie1 & ( a sl&]\s  
article 9 ,zs*okke's ,miscellanies aga9/
 ,prussia1 ,koseg>t5 ! poet1 :o1 9      
#ahji1 deliv]$ a spee* 9 eulogy (       
,napoleon1 f> surpass+ all 9 bomba/ &   
mean adulation4 ,b5tur9i1 at t "t1 also 
t]m$ ,napoleon ! emanation ( ! univ]sal 
,_s1 a second inc>nation ( ! ,deity1 a  
second savior ( ! _w4 ,9 ,posselt's     
,european ,annals ( #ahjg1 a "w by a    
c]ta9 ,w4 ^u ! political int]e/s (      
,g]many appe>$1 & conclud$ z foll[s3    
,let u raise to him 7,napoleon7 a       
national monum5t1 wor?y ( ! fir/ & only 
b5efactor ( ! nations ( ,g]many4 ,let 8 
"n be engrav$ 9 gigantic lett]s ( %9+   

gold on ,g]many's highe/ & /eepe/       
p9nacle1 :5ce1 light$ by ! effulg5t rays
 ( morn1 x may be visible f> ov] ! pla9s
 on :i* he be/[$ a happi] futurity6 ,?is
 writ] also drew a comp>ison betwe5     
,napoleon & ,*>lemagne1 9 :i* he        
designat$ ! latt] a b>b>\s despot & !   
=m] ! new savior ( ! _w4 ,he says1      
,napoleon fir/ solv$ ! enigma ( equality
 & lib]ty--8 *ief aim 0 ! prev5tion (   
despotism--8 *ief desire1 to et]nalize !
 dom9ion ( virtue4 ,9 ! c\rse ( #ahjh1 x
 0 said 9 ! essay1 ,on ! ,reg5]ation (  
,g]many1 t ! ,g]mans 7 /ill *ildr5 :om x
 0 solely possible = ! ,fr5* to educate3
 ,our language is also n logical l      
,fr5*--if we int5d to atta9 unity1 we   
mu/ adh]e ) he>t & s\l to him :o has    
smoo!d ! pa? to x1 to him1 our secure/  
support1 to him1 ^: "n out%9es t (      
,*>lemagne--=eign pr9ces 9 ,g]man       
c\ntries are no pro( ( subjection1 !y1  
on ! contr>y1 mo/ surely w>rant our     
cont9u$ exi/5ce z a nation4 ,9 ,france  
sixty au?ors d$icat$ _! works1 )9 !     

space ( a ye>1 to ! emp]or ,napoleon--9 
,g]many1 n9ety4    ,,cclvi4             
,resuscitation ( ,patriotism ,?r\gh\t   
,g]many--,au/ria's ,demon/ration   ,!   
g5]al slav]y1 al?\gh mo/ sev]ely felt 9 
,ea/]n ,g]many1 bore !re a less         
disgraceful "*4 ,au/ria & ,prussia _h   
be5 conqu]$1 pillag$1 r$uc$ 9 /r5g? &   
political importance1 :ile ! ,rh5i%     
/ates1 =getful t x is ev] less          
disgraceful to yield to an ov]p[]+ enemy
 ?an volunt>ily to l5d him aid1 _h %>$ 9
 & pr(it$ by ! triumph ( ! empire's foe4
 ,au/ria & ,prussia suff]$ to a great]  
ext5t ?an ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation1 b !y    
pres]v$ a high] degree ( indep5d5ce4    
,prussia1 al?\gh almo/ annihilat$ by h] 
late disa/]s1#a /ill dream$ ( future    
lib]ation4 ,au/ria _h1 not)/&+ h]       
successive & num]\s defeats1 reta9$ !   
great] %>e ( indep5d5ce1 b h]           
subjection1 al?\gh to a less] degree1 0 
! m disgraceful on acc\nt ( h] =m]      
milit>y glory & h] prepond]ance z a     
political p[] 9 ,g]many4 ,) /eady       

p]sev]ance & unfalt]+ c\rage %e oppos$ !
 attacks ( ! =eign tyrant aga9/ !       
empire1 &1 ,france's fir/ & la/         
antagoni/1 ! mo/ fai?ful *ampion ( !    
honor ( ,g]many1 %e rose1 ) r$\bl$      
vigor1 aft] ea* successive defeat1 to   
r5ew ! unequal /ruggle4  ,prussia _h be5
 ov]come1 because1 in/ead ( unit+ ) !   
o!r /ates ( ,g]many1 %e _h fir/ ab&on$  
!m to be aft]w>d des]t$ by !m 9 h] turn1
 & because1 in/ead ( arm+ h] w>like p   
aga9/ e =eign foe1 %e _h habituat$ h]   
citiz5s to un>m$ effem9acy & _h re/$ h] 
sole support on a m]c5>y army1 an       
artificial & spiritless automaton1      
sep>at$ f & unsympa?iz+ ) ! p4 ,! idea t
 ! salvation ( ,prussia c\ld n[ alone be
 f\nd 9 h] reconciliation ) ! neighbor+ 
p[]s ( ,g]many1 9 a g5]al conf$]ation1 9
 ! patriotism ( h] arm$ citiz5s1 _h     
already aris54 ,b1 9 ord] to inspire !  
citiz5 ) en?usiasm1 he mu/ fir/1 by !   
secure & free possession ( 8 rights & by
 8 p>ticipation 9 ! public weal1 be     
deeply imbu$ ) a consci\sness ( fre$om4 

,! slave has no c\ntry2 ! freeman alone 
w lay d[n 8 life 9 its def5ce4 ,9 ^?    
times ( ,g]many's deepe/ degradation &  
suff]+1 m5 = ! fir/ "t aga9 he>d speak (
 a great & common fa!rl&1 ( national    
fame & honor2 & lib]ty1 t glori\s "n1 0 
utt]$ n only by ^? :o groan$ b5ea? !    
rule ( ! despotic =eign]1 b ev5 by ^? :o
 deplor$ ! loss ( ! int]nal lib]ty ( _! 
c\ntry1 ! gradual subjection ( ! pr\d & 
free-spirit$ ,g]man to native tyranny4  
,! k+ ( ,prussia1 n cont5t ) morally    
reorganiz+ 8 army1 also be/[$ wise laws1
 :i* re/or$ ! citiz5 & ! peasant to _!  
rights1 to _! dignity z m51 ( :i* !y _h 
= s long be5 depriv$ by ! nobility1 !   
monopoliz]s ( e privilege4 ,!           
emancipation ( ! peasant ess5tially     
consi/$ 9 ! abolition ( feudal s]vitude 
& =c$ labor2 t ( ! citiz51 9 ! donation 
( a free municipal con/itution1 (       
self-adm9i/ration1 & fre$om ( election4 
,! nobility 71 at ! same "t1 despoil$ ( 
! exclusive appo9tm5t to ! high] civil &
 milit>y po/s & ( ! exclusive possession

 ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,ea* citiz5 possess$ !  
"r1 hi!rto /rictly prohibit$1 ( pur*as+ 
b>onial e/ates1 & ! nobility 71 on _!   
"p1 p]mitt$ to ex]cise trades1 :i* a    
mis]able prejudice _h hi!rto deem$      
incompatible ) noble bir?4 ,^! new      
in/itutions date f #ahjh & are due to ! 
en]gy ( ! m9i/]1 ,/e94  ,?is            
noble-spirit$ ,g]man 0 ! f\nd] ( a      
secret society1 ! ,tug5dbund1 by :i* a  
g5]al insurrection aga9/ ,napoleon 0    
sil5tly prep>$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,among  
its memb]s 7 num]\s /atesm51 (fic]s1 &  
lit]ati4 ,among ! latt]1 ,arndt ga9$    
great note by 8 popul> /yle1 ,jahn by 8 
influ5ce ov] ! ris+ g5]ation4 ,jahn     
re9troduc$ gymna/ics1 s long neglect$1  
into education1 z a means ( height5+    
moral c\rage by ! increase ( physical   
/r5g?4#b ,s*>nhor/1 mean:ile1 al?\gh    
re/rict$ to ! prescrib$ numb] ( troops1 
creat$ a new army by cont9ually ex*ang+ 
tra9$ soldi]s = raw recruits1 & secretly
 pur*as$ an imm5se quantity ( arms1 s t 
a consid]able =ce c\ld1 9 case (        

necessity1 be spe$ily assembl$4 ,he also
 _h all ! brass batt]y guns secretly    
conv]t$ into field-pieces & replac$ by  
iron guns4 ,napoleon's spies1 h[ev]1    
came ^u ! trace ( ! ,tug5dbund4 ,/e91   
expos$ by an int]cept$ lett]1 0         
outlaw$#c by ,napoleon & compell$ to    
quit ,prussia4 ,he 0 succe$$ by         
,h>d5b]g1 by :om ! treaty ( ,basel _h   
=m]ly be5 conclud$ & ^: nom9ation 0     
publicly approv$ ( by ,napoleon4        
,s*>nhor/ & ,julius ,grun]1 ! head ( !  
,b]l9 police1 7 also depriv$ ( _!       
(fices4 ,! ,b]l9 univ]sity1 nev]!less1  
cont9u$ to give evid5ce ( a bett] _s4   
,enlight5m5t & le>n+1 on _! decrease at 
,frank=t on ! ,od]1 "h f\nd _!          
headqu>t]s4 ,halle _h become            
,we/phalian1 & ! univ]sities ( ,r9teln &
 ,helm/dt _h1 f a simil> cause1 be5     
clos$4  ,au/ria also felt h] humiliation
 too deeply n to be inspir$1 l ,prussia1
 ) an in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,!     
imp]ial dignity & ca?olicism 7 "h       
closely associat$ ) ! memory ( ! ,middle

 ,ages1 ^: magnific5ce & gr&eur 7 once m
 disclos$ to ! p 9 ! ma/]ly productions 
( ! writ]s ( ! day4 ,h5ce ! unison      
creat$ by ,fr$]ick ,s*legel betwe5 !    
romantic poets & antiqu>ians ( ,g]many &
 ,vi5nese policy4 ,! pr$ilection =      
anci5t ,g]man art & poetry _h1 9 !      
lit]>y _w1 be5 m]ely produc$ by !       
reaction ( ,g]man intellig5ce aga9/     
=eign imitation2 ?is lit]>y reaction1   
h[ev]1 happ5$ co9cid5tly ) & aid$ t 9 ! 
political _w4 ,! ,nibelung51 !          
,m9nes+]s1 ! anci5t *ronicles1 became a 
popul> /udy4 ,! same en?usiasm inspir$ !
 lib]al-spirit$ poets1 ,tieck1 ,arnim1 &
 ,br5tano2 ,f\qu *>m$ ! ris+ g5]ation & 
! multitude ) 8 extravagant descriptions
 ( ! age ( *ivalry2 ! le>n$ rese>*es (  
,grimm1 ,hag51 ,bus*+1 ,grt]1 etc41 into
 ,g]man antiquity1 at t "t1 excit$ g5]al
 int]e/1 b ! gl[+ colors 9 :i* ,joseph  
,gorres1 himself a =m] ,jacob91 & amid !
 half ,galliciz$ inhabitants ( ,cobl5tz1
 reviv$1 z if by magic1 ! ,middle ,age  
on ! ru9-/rew$ banks ( ! ,rh9e caus$ !  

deepe/ delight4 ,two m51 ,/e91 n[ a     
refugee 9 ,au/ria1 & ,c\nt ,mun/]1 fir/ 
( all ,hanov]ian m9i/] & aft]w>d ,engli%
 ambassador at ,pet]sburg1 :o kept up a 
con/ant correspond5ce ) ,/e9 & conduct$ 
! secret negotiations 9 ! "n ( ,great   
,brita91 7 unwe>i$ 9 _! endeavors to =ge
 arms aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,9 ,au/ria1 ,c\nt
 ,john ,philip von ,/adion1 :o _h1 s9ce 
! ,decemb] ( #ahje1 be5 plac$ at ! head 
( ! m9i/ry1 _h bo? ! p[] & ! w to repair
 ! blund]s committ$ by ,?ugut & ,cob5zl4
  ,! ,russo-gallic alliance 0 view$ )   
t]ror by ,au/ria4 ,europe _h1 to a c]ta9
 degree1 be5 p>tition$ at ,erfurt1 by   
,napoleon & ,alex&]4 ,fre% sacrifices 7 
evid5tly on ! eve ( be+ extort$ f       
,g]many4 ,russia _h resolv$ at any price
 to ga9 possession ( ei!r ! :ole or a "p
 ( ,turkey1 & (f]$ to confirm ,napoleon 
9 t ( ,bohemia1 on condition ( be+      
p]mitt$ to seize ,moldavia &            
,walla*ia4#d ,! dang] 0 urg5t4 ,au/ria1 
sold by ,russia to ,france1 c\ld alone  
def5d h]self aga9/ bo? h] oppon5ts by an

 imm5se ex]tion ( ! national p[] (      
,g]many4 ,! old & faulty sy/em _h be5   
fe>fully rev5g$4 ,! disunion ( ! ,g]man 
pr9ces1 ! despotism ( ! ari/ocratic     
adm9i/rations1 ! e/rangem5t ( ! p f all 
public affairs1 _h all conduc$ to !     
pres5t degradation ( ,g]many4 ,necessity
 n[ induc$ an alt]ation 9 ! sy/em (     
gov]nm5t & an appeal to ! ,g]man p1 ^:  
voice _h hi!rto be5 va9ly rais$4 ,!     
example set by ,spa9 0 to be foll[$4    
,/e91 :o 0 at t "t at ,vi5na1 k9dl$ !   
gl[+ emb]s to a flame4 ,! milit>y re=ms 
begun at an e>li] p]iod by ! ,ar*duke   
,*>les 7 c>ri$ out on a wid] basis4 ,a  
completely new in/itution1 t ( ! ,l&wehr
 or arm$ citiz5s1 9 contradi/9ction ) ! 
m]c5>y soldi]y1 0 set on foot4          
,en?usiasm & patriotism 7 n want+4 ,!   
circum/ance ( ! pope's imprisonm5t 9    
,rome by ,napoleon suffic$ to r\se !    
,ca?olics4 ,ev]y?+ 0 hop$ = f a g5]al   
ris+ ?r\gh\t ,g]many aga9/ ! ,fr5*4     
,precipitation1 h[ev]1 ru9$ all4        
,prussia 0 /ill too mu* weak5$1 h]      

=tresses 7 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*1 &    
,au/ria inspir$ b little confid5ce1 :ile
 ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation solely aim$ at    
aggr&iz+ itself by fre% w>s at ! exp5se 
( t empire1 &1 not)/&+ ! incl9ation to  
revolt ev9c$ by ! p 9 diff]5t p>ts (    
,g]many1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,we/phalia1 !   
t]ror inspir$ by ,napoleon kept !m1 z   
?\gh spellb\nd1 b5ea? _! gall+ yoke4    
,:ile ,napoleon 0 engag$ 9 ! ,p59sula1  
,au/ria levi$ almo/ ! :ole ( h]         
able-bodi$ m5 & equipp$ an army1 f\r    
hundr$ ?\s& /rong1 at ! head ( :i* no   
long] =eign g5]als1 b ! pr9ces ( ! h\se 
( ,habsburg1 7 plac$4 ,! ,ar*duke       
,*>les#e set (f1 9 #ahji1 = ! ,rh9e1    
,john = ,italy1 ,f]d9& = ,pol&4 ,! fir/ 
proclamation1 sign$ by ,pr9ce ,ros5b]g &
 address$ to ! ,bav>ians1 0 z foll[s3 ,y
 are n[ beg9n+ to p]ceive t we are      
,g]mans l y\rselves1 t ! g5]al int]e/ ( 
,g]many t\*es y m ne>ly ?an t ( a nation
 ( robb]s1 & t ! ,g]man nation c alone  
be re/or$ to its =m] glory by act+ 9    
unison4 ,become once m :at y once 71    

brave ,g]mans6 ,or h y1 ,bav>ian        
peasants & citiz5s1 ga9$ aught by y\r   
pr9ce be+ made into a k+8 by ! ext5sion 
( 8 au?ority ov] a few additional squ>e 
miles8 ,h y\r taxes be5 !reby decreas$8 
,d y enjoy great] security 9 y\r p]sons 
& prop]ty8 ,! proclamation ( ! ,ar*duke 
,*>les to ! ,g]man nation1 decl>$3 ,we h
 tak5 up arms to re/ore indep5d5ce &    
national honor to ,g]many4 ,our cause is
 ! cause ( ,g]many4 ,%[ y\rselves des]v+
 ( our e/eem6 ,! ,g]man1 =getful ( :at  
is due to himself & to 8 c\ntry1 is our 
only foe4 ,an anonym\s b well-kn[n      
proclamation also decl>$3 ,au/ria       
beheld--a sight t drew te>s ( blood f ! 
he>t ( e true-born ,g]man--y1 ,o nations
 ( ,g]many6 s deeply debas$ z to be     
compell$ to submit to ! legislation ( ! 
=eign] & to all[ y\r sons1 ! y\? (      
,g]many1 to be l$ to w> aga9/ _! /ill   
unsubdu$ bre?r54 ,! %ameful subjection (
 millions ( once free-born ,g]mans w ere
 long be complet$4 ,au/ria exhorts y to 
raise y\r humbl$ necks1 to bur/ y\r     

slavi% *a9s6 ,& 9 ano!r address 0 said3 
,h[ long %all ,h]mann m\rn ov] 8        
deg5]ate *ildr58 ,0 x = ?is t ! ,*]usci 
f\ght 9 ! ,teutoburg =e/8 ,is e sp>k (  
,g]man c\rage ext9ct8 ,does ! s\nd ( y\r
 clank+ *a9s /rike l music on y\r e>s8  
,g]mans1 awake6 %ake (f y\r dea?-l      
slumb] 9 ! arms ( infamy6 ,g]mans6 %all 
y\r "n become ! d]ision ( aft] ages8  ,!
 ,au/rian army1 in/ead ( vigor\sly      
attack+ & dis>m+ ,bav>ia1 b sl[ly       
advanc$1 & p]mitt$ ! ,bav>ians to )draw 
unh>ass$ = ! purpose ( =m+ a junction ) 
! o!r troops ( ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation "u  
,napoleon1 :o _h ha/5$ f ,spa9 on ! fir/
 news ( ! movem5ts ( ,au/ria4 ,! hopes (
 ! ,g]man patriots c\ld n h be5 m       
fe>fully disappo9t$ or ! ,g]man "n m    
deeply humiliat$ ?an by ! scorn ) :i*   
,napoleon1 on ?is occasion1 plac$       
himself at ! head ( ! nations ( we/]n   
,g]many1 by ^: arms alone1 = he _h b a  
h&ful ( ,fr5* ) him1 he ov]came _! ea/]n
 bre?r5 at a mom5t 9 :i* ! ,g]man "n &  
,g]man honor 7 m l\dly invok$4 ,i h n   

come among y1 said ,napoleon smil+ly to 
! ,bav>ians1 ,wurtemb]g]s1 etc41 by :om 
he 0 surr\nd$1 ,i am n come among y z ! 
emp]or ( ,france1 b z ! protector ( y\r 
c\ntry & ( ! ,g]man conf$]ation4 ,no    
,fr5*man is among y2 y alone %all beat !
 ,au/rians4#f ,! ext5t ( ! bl9dness ( ! 
,rh5i% conf$]ation#g is visible 9 _!    
proclamations4 ,! k+ ( ,saxony ev5 call$
 ,heav5 to 8 aid1 & said to 8 soldi]s1  
,draw y\r swords aga9/ ,au/ria ) full   
tru/ 9 ! aid ( ,div9e provid5ce6#h  ,9 !
 ,april ( #ahji1 ,napoleon l$ ! ,rh5i%  
conf$]at$ troops1 among :i* ! ,bav>ians 
"u ,g5]al ,wr$e *iefly di/+ui%$         
!mselves1 aga9/ ! ,au/rians1 :o _h b    
sl[ly advanc$1 & defeat$ !m 9 five      
battles1 on five successive days1 ! mo/ 
glori\s triumph ( 8 surpass+ tactics1 at
 ,pfaff5h(51 ,?ann1 ,ab5sb]g1 ,l&%ut1   
,eckmuhl1 & ,ratisbon4 ,! ,ar*duke      
,*>les retir$ into ,bohemia 9 ord] to   
collect re9=cem5ts1 b ,g5]al ,hill] 01  
on acc\nt ( ! delay 9 repair+ !         
=tifications ( ,l9z1 unable to ma9ta9 t 

place1 ! possession ( :i* 0 important on
 acc\nt ( its =m+ a connect+ po9t betwe5
 ,bohemia & ! ,au/rian ,ob]l&4 ,hill]1  
h[ev]1 at lea/ sav$ 8 honor by pu%+ =w>d
 to ! ,traun1 &1 9 a fe>fully bloody    
enc\nt] at ,ebelsb]g1 captur+ ?ree ,fr5*
 eagles1 "o ( 8 colors alone fall+ into 
! enemy's h&s4 ,he 01 nev]!less1        
compell$ to retire be=e ! sup]ior =ces (
 ! ,fr5*1 & ,napoleon ent]$ ,vi5na      
unoppos$4 ,a few balls f ! walls ( !    
inn] city 7 direct$ aga9/ ! faub\rg 9 8 
possession1 b he no soon] began to      
bomb>d ! palace ?an ! inn] city yield$4 
,! ,ar*duke ,*>les arriv$1 :5 too late1 
f ,bohemia4 ,bo? armies1 sep>at$ by !   
,danube1 /ood oppos$ to "o ano!r 9 !    
vic9ity ( ! imp]ial city4 ,napoleon1 9  
ord] to br+ ! enemy to a decisive       
engagem5t1 cross$ ! riv] close to !     
great isl& ( ,lobau4 ,he 0 receiv$ on ! 
opposite bank ne> ,asp]n & ,essl+5 by ! 
,ar*duke ,*>les1 &1 aft] a dreadful     
battle1 t 0 c>ri$ on ) unwe>i$ animosity
 = two days1 ! #ba/ & #bb;d ( ,may1     

#ahji1 0 = ! fir/ "t completely beat5#i 
& compell$ to fly = refuge to ! isl& (  
,lobau4 ,! ris+ /ream _h1 mean:ile1     
c>ri$ away ! bridge1 ,napoleon's sole   
*ance ( escape to ! opposite bank4 ,=   
two days he rema9$ on ! isl& ) 8 defeat$
 troops1 )\t provisions1 & 9 h\rly      
expectation ( be+ cut to pieces2 !      
,au/rians1 h[ev]1 neglect$ to turn !    
opportunity to advantage & all[$ ! ,fr5*
 leisure to rebuild ! bridge1 a "w (    
extreme difficulty4 ,dur+ six weeks     
aft]w>d ! two armies cont9u$ to occupy  
_! =m] positions "u ! walls ( ,vi5na on 
! "r & left banks ( ! ,danube1 n>r[ly   
wat*+ ea* o!r's movem5ts & prep>+ = a   
f9al /ruggle4  ,! ,ar*duke ,john _h     
successfully p5etrat$ into ,italy1 :]e  
he _h defeat$ ! vic]oy1 ,eug5e1 at      
,salice & ,fontana fr$da4 ,favor$ by !  
simultane\s revolt ( ! ,tyrolese1 8     
success appe>$ c]ta91 :5 ! news ( 8     
bro!r's disa/] compell$ him to retreat4 
,he )drew into ,hung>y1#aj :i!r he 0    
pursu$ by ,eug5e1 by :om he 01 on ! #ad?

 ( ,june1 defeat$ at ,raab4 ,! ,ar*duke 
,f]d9&1 :o _h advanc$ z f> z ,w>saw1 _h 
be5 driv5 back by ! ,poles "u           
,poniat[ski & by a ,russian =ce s5t by !
 emp]or ,alex&] to _! aid1 :i*1 on ?is  
success1 invad$ ,galicia4 ,napoleon     
rew>d$ ! ,poles = _! aid by all[+       
,russia to seize ,walla*ia & ,moldavia4 
,! fate ( ,au/ria n[ dep5d$ on ! issue (
 ! /ruggle ab\t to take place on !      
,danube4 ,! ar*duke's troops 7 /ill     
elat$ ) rec5t victory1 b ,napoleon _h   
be5 /rongly re9=c$ & aga9 began ! attack
 at ,wagram1 n f> f ! battlegr\nd (     
,asp]n4 ,! conte/ la/$ two days1 ! #e? &
 #f? ( ,july4 ,! ,au/rians f\ght ) great
 p]sonal gallantry1 lo/ "o ( _! colors1 
b captur$ twelve gold5 eagles & /&>ds ( 
! enemy2 b ! res]ve body1 int5d$ to     
protect _! left w+1 fail+ to make its   
appe>ance on ! field1 !y 7 outflank$ by 
,napoleon & driv5 back ^u ,moravia4 ,e  
means ( conveyance 9 ,vi5na 0 put into  
requisition = ! transport ( ! =ty-five  
?\s& m51 w\nd$ on ?is occasion1 to !    

hospitals1 & ?is he>tr5d+ sc5e          
indubitably contribut$ to /r5g!n ! g5]al
 desire = peace4 ,an armi/ice 01 on !   
#ab? ( ,july1 conclud$ at ,znaym1 &1    
aft] long negotiation1 0 foll[$1 on !   
#aj? ( ,octob]1 by ! treaty ( ,vi5na4   
,au/ria 0 compell$ to c$e ,c>niola1     
,trie/e1 ,croatia & ,dalmatia to        
,napoleon1 ,salzburg1 ,b]*toldsgad51 !  
,innvi]tel1 & ! ,hausruckvi]tel to      
,bav>ia1 a "p ( ,galicia to ,w>saw &    
ano!r "p to ,russia4 ,c\nt ,/adion lo/  
(fice & 0 succe$$ by ,clem5t1 ,c\nt von 
,mett]ni*4--,fr$]ick ,/abs1 ! son ( a   
prea*] ( ,nuamburg on ! ,saal1 =m$ a    
resolution to poni>d ,napoleon at       
,s*nbrunn1 ! imp]ial palace 9 !         
neighborhood ( ,vi5na4 ,rapp's          
suspicions became r\s$1 & ! "y man 0    
arre/$ be=e 8 purpose c\ld be effect$4  
,he c&idly av[$ 8 int5tion4 ,& if ,i    
grant y y\r life8 ask$ ,napoleon4 ,i    
w\ld m]ely make use ( ! gift to rob y1  
on ! fir/ opportunity1 ( y\rs1 0 !      
undaunt$ reply4 ,f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs       

aft]w>d ! "y man 0 %ot4#aa ,! anci5t    
,g]man race ( ,gots*e] 9 ,c>niola & ! p 
( ,i/ria rose 9 op5 insurrection aga9/ !
 ,fr5* & 7 only put d[n by =ce4  ,al?\gh
 ,prussia _h left ,au/ria unsuccor$ dur+
 ?is w>1 _m ( h] subjects 7 animat$ ) a 
desire to aid _! ,au/rian bre?r54       
,s*ill1 unable to re/ra9 8 impetuosity1 
quitt$ ,b]l9 on ! #bh? ( ,april1 = t    
purpose1 ) 8 regim5t ( huss>s4 ,8       
conduct1 al?\gh condemn$ by a s5t5ce ( !
 c\rt-m>tial1 0 univ]sally applaud$4    
,dornb]g1 an (fic] ( ,j]ome's gu>d1     
revolt$ simultane\sly 9 ,hesse1 b 0     
betray$ by a false fri5d at ! mom5t 9   
:i* ,j]ome's p]son 0 to h be5 seiz$1 & 0
 compell$ to fly = 8 life4 ,s*ill m]ely 
advanc$ z f> z ,witt5b]g & ,halb]/adt1 0
 aga9 driv5 nor?w>d to ,wism>1 & f9ally 
to ,/ralsund1 by ! sup]ior =ces (       
,we/phalia & ,holl&4 ,9 a bloody        
/reet-fight at ,/ralsund he split ,g5]al
 ,c>t]et's1 ! ,dut* g5]al's head1 & 0   
himself kill$ by a cannon-ball4 ,?us    
fell ?is "y h]o1 true to 8 motto1 ,bett]

 a t]rible end ?an endless t]ror4 ,!    
,dut* cut (f 8 head1 pres]v$ x 9 spirits
 ( w9e1 & plac$ x publicly 9 ! ,leyd5   
libr>y1 :]e x rema9$ until #ahcg1 :5 x 0
 buri$ at ,brunswick 9 ! grave ( 8      
fai?ful foll[]s4 ,five hundr$ ( 8 m51 "u
 ,lieut5ant ,brun[1 escap$ by =c+ _! way
 ?r\gh ! enemy4 ,( ! prison]s tak5 on   
?is occasion1 elev5 (fic]s 71 by        
,napoleon's comm&1 %ot at ,wesel1 f\rte5
 subalt]ns & soldi]s at ,brunswick1 !   
re/1 ab\t six hundr$ 9 numb]1 7 s5t 9   
*a9s to ,t\lon & condemn$ to !          
galleys4#ab ,drnb]g fl$ to ,engl&4      
,katt1 ano!r patriot1 assembl$ a numb] (
 vet]ans at ,/5dal & advanc$ z f> z     
,magdeburg1 b 0 compell$ to flee to !   
,brunswick]s 9 ,bohemia4 ,:at might n h 
be5 ! result _h ! plan ( ! ,ar*duke     
,*>les to m>* rapidly ?r\gh ,franconia  
be5 foll[$ on ! op5+ ( ! campaign8      
,william1 duke ( ,brunswick1 ! son ( !  
hapless ,duke ,f]d9&1 _h quitt$ ,oels1 8
 sole possession1 = ,bohemia1 :]e he _h 
collect$ a =ce two ?\s& /rong1 kn[n z ! 

black ,brunswick]s on acc\nt ( ! color (
 _! uni=m & ! dea?'s head on _! helmets1
 ) :i* he resolv$ to av5ge 8 fa!r's     
dea?4 ,victori\s 9 petty engagem5ts ov] 
! ,saxons at ,zittau & ov] ! ,fr5* "u   
,junot at ,b]neck1 he refus$ to         
recognize ! armi/ice betwe5 ,au/ria &   
,france1 &1 fight+ 8 way ?r\gh ! enemy1 
surpris$ ,leipzig by night & !re provid$
 himself ) ammunition & /ores4 ,he 0    
await$ at ,halb]/adt by ! ,we/phalians  
"u ,well+]ode1 :om1 not)/&+ _! num]ical 
sup]iority1 he completely defeat$ dur+ !
 night ( ! #cj? ( ,july4 ,two days lat] 
he 0 attack$ 9 ,brunswick1 9 8 fa!r's   
home1 by an enemy ?ree times 8 sup]ior1 
by ! ,we/phalians "u ,rewbel1 :o advanc$
 f ,celle :ile ! ,saxons & ,dut* pursu$ 
him f ,erfurt4 ,aid$ by 8 brave citiz5s1
 _m ( :om foll[$ 8 =tunes1 he 0 aga9    
victori\s & 0 enabl$ by a spe$y retreat1
 9 :i* he broke d[n all ! bridges to 8  
re>1 to escape to ,elsfle?1 :5ce he     
sail$ to ,engl&4  ,9 ,augu/1 an ,engli% 
army1 =ty ?\s& /rong1 l&$ on ! isl& (   

,wal*]5 & attempt$ to create a div]sion 
9 ,holl&1 b its ranks 7 spe$ily ?9n$ by 
disease1 x did n v5ture up ! c\ntry &   
f9ally return$ to ,engl&4 ,! ,engli%1   
nev]!less1 display$ h5ce=w>d imm5se     
activity 9 ! ,p59sula1 :]e1 aid$ by !   
brave & high-spirit$ population1#ac !y  
did great detrim5t to ! ,fr5*4 ,9 !     
,engli% army 9 ! ,p59sula 7 sev]al ?\s& 
,g]mans1 pr9cipally ,hanov]ian refugees4
 ,!re 7 also num]\s des]t]s f ! ,rh5i%  
conf$]at$ troops1 s5t by ,napoleon into 
,spa94  ,dur+ ! w> 9 ,june1 ! k+ (      
,wurtemb]g took possession ( ,m]g5!im1 !
 *ief seat ( ! ,teutonic ord]1 :i* _h1  
up to ! pres5t p]iod1 rema9$            
unsecul>iz$4 ,! surpris$ inhabitants    
receiv$ ! new ,prote/ant au?orities )   
demon/rations ( rage & revolt$4 ,!y 7 ! 
la/ & ! only ones among all ! secul>iz$ 
or m$iatiz$ e/ates ( ! ,empire t boldly 
attempt$ opposition4 ,!y 7 naturally    
ov]p[]$ )\t mu* difficulty & 7 cruelly  
puni%$4 ,ab\t ?irty ( !m 7 %ot by !     
soldi]y2 six 7 execut$2 sev]al weal?y   

burgesses & peasants 7 condemn$ z       
crim9als to "w 9 *a9s 9 ! new royal     
g>d5s at ,/uttg>d4 ,?us mis]ably t]m9at$
 ! celebrat$ ,teutonic ord]4   ,footnote
 #a3 ,! :ole ( ! rev5ues ( ,prussia 7   
confiscat$ by ! ,fr5* until #ahjh4 ,!   
contribution ( "o hundr$ & =ty millions 
01 nev]!less1 to be paid1 & ! ,fr5*     
g>risons 9 ! ,prussian =tresses (       
,glogau1 ,k/r91 & ,/ett9 7 to be ma9ta9$
 at ! exp5se ( ,prussia4 ,! suppression 
( ! mona/]ies 9 ,silesia 0 f> f         
lucrative1 ! commission]s1 :o 7         
irresponsible1 c>ry+ on a sy/em (       
pillage1 & l&$ prop]ty hav+ greatly     
fall5 9 value4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y impo/s
 ( e description 7 resort$ to = !       
purpose ( rais+ a rev5ue1 among o!r     
means1 a ?ird ( all ! gold & silv] 9 !  
c\ntry 0 call$ 94 ,a co9age1 /ill m     
debas$1 0 issu$1 & "o m inf]ior /ill 0  
smuggl$ into ! c\ntry by ,engli% co9]s4 
,9 #ahjh1 silv] money fell two-?irds (  
its curr5t value & 0 ev5 refus$         
acceptance at t price4--,! ,fr5*1       

moreov]1 lord$ ov] ! c\ntry ) r$\bl$    
insol5ce1 broke e treaty1 increas$ _!   
g>risons1 & occasionally laid ! mo/     
inopportune comm&s1 9 ! =m ( a reque/1  
^u ! k+2 z1 = in/ance1 to lay "u emb>go 
& deliv] up to !m a numb] ( ,engli%     
m]*antm5 t _h be5 driv5 into ! ,prussian
 h>bors by a dreadful /orm4 ,bl*]1 at t 
"t gov]nor ( ,pom]ania1 re/ra9$ 8 fi]y  
nature & pati5tly endur$ _! insol5ce1   
:ile sil5tly brood+ ov] deep &          
implacable rev5ge4  ,footnote #b3 ,:5   
m>*+ ) 8 pupils out ( ,b]l91 he w\ld ask
 ! fre% ones z he pass$ b5ea? !         
,brad5burg gate1 ,:at are y ?9k+ ( n[8  
,if ! boy did n "k :at to answ]1 he w\ld
 give him a box on ! e>1 say+ z he did  
s1 ,y %\ld ?9k ( ?is1 h[ y c br+ back ! 
f\r f9e /atues ( horses t once /ood ov] 
?is gate & 7 c>ri$ by ! ,fr5* to ,p>is4 
,footnote #c3 ,decree ( #af? ,decemb]1  
#ahjh3 ,a c]ta9 ,/e91 :o is attempt+ to 
create di/urbances1 is h]e) decl>$ !    
enemy ( ,france2 8 prop]ty %all be plac$
 "u seque/ration1 & 8 p]son %all be     

secur$4 ,! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung w>ns1 at 
! same "t1 9 its #ccj? numb]1 all ,g]man
 savants n to give way to patriotic     
en?usiasm & to foll[ 9 ,john ,mll]'s    
foot/eps4  ,footnote #d3 ,bignon's      
,hi/ory ( ,france4  ,footnote #e3 ,he   
und]took ! *ief comm& ) extreme         
unwill+ness & _h long advis$ aga9/ ! w>1
 ! "t n hav+ yet arriv$1 ,prussia be+   
/ill adv]se1 ,g]many n z yet re/or$ to  
h] s5ses1 & exp]i5ce hav+ already prov$ 
to him h[ little he c\ld act z 8 judgm5t
 direct$4 ,h[ (t5 _h he n be5 made use (
 & !n sudd5ly neglect$1 be5 re/ra9$1 9 !
 mid/ ( 8 op]ations1 by secret ord]s1   
be5 p]mitt$ to conduct ! fir/ or only ! 
second "p ( a campaign1 be5 plac$ 9 a   
subalt]n position :5 ! *ief comm& 0     
rightfully 81 or be5 =c$ to accept ( x  
:5 all 0 irrem$iably lo/4 ,ev5 on ?is   
occasion ! fir/ measure advis$ by him1 t
 ( pu%+ rapidly ?r\gh ,bohemia &        
,franconia1 met ) opposition4 ,on !     
,ma9e & on ! ,wes] alone 0 !re a hope ( 
inspir+ ! p ) en?usiasm1 n 9 ,bav>ia1   

:]e ! hatr$ ( ! ,au/rians 0 irradicably 
root$4 ,x1 nev]!less1 pleas$ ! milit>y  
advis]s ( ! emp]or at ,vi5na to ord] !  
army to advance sl[ly ?r\gh ,bav>ia4    
,footnote #f3 ,none ( my soldi]s        
accompany me4 ,y w "k h[ to value ?is   
m>k ( confid5ce4--,napoleon's ,address  
to ! ,bav>ians4 ,bld]ndorf's ,bav>ian   
,campaigns4 ,i am alone among y & h n a 
,fr5*man ar\nd my p]son4 ,?is is an     
unp>allel$ honor paid by me to          
y4--,napoleon's ,address to ! ,wrtemb]g 
troops4 ,arndt wrote at t "t3    ,by    
idle words & da/>d wiles      ,ha? he ! 
ma/]y ga9$2    ,he holds our sacr$      
fa!rl&      ,9 slav]y en*a9$4    ,fe>   
ha? r5d]$ tru? discreet1    ,& ,honor   
cr\*e? at 8 feet4     ,is ?is 8 "w8 ah  
no6 'tis ?9e6      ,?is ?\ alone ha/    
done4    ,= him ?y bann] wav$1 = him    
,?y sword ! battle won     ,by ?y       
disputes he ga9e? /r5g?1      ,by ?y    
disgrace full honor1    ,& 'nea? !      
,g]man h]o's arm      ,8 weakness do? he
 cov]3    ,glitt]+ ere:ile 9 borr[$ %[1 

,! ,gallic cock do? pr\dly cr[4         
,footnote #g3 ,! /ates ( ,wrtemb]g      
imp>t$1 among o!r ?+s1 ! foll[+ piece ( 
in=mation to ! h\se ( ,habsburg3 ,t !   
heads ( a democratical gov]nm5t %\ld    
spread pr9ciples de/ructive to ord]     
among its neighbors 0 easily explicable1
 b t ,au/ria %\ld take advantage ( ! w> 
to d]ange ! int]nal me*anism ( neighbor+
 /ates 0 inexcusable4--,allgeme9e       
,zeitung1 ,no4 #aac4 ,! ,bav>ian        
proclamation 7,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,no4 
#ace7 says1 ,pr9ces ( ! blood royal     
unblu%+ly subscrib$ to proclamations    
plac+ !m on an equality ) ! m5 ( !      
,revolution ( #agic4 ,! ,moniteur1      
,napoleon's ,p>isian organ1 said 9      
,augu/1 #ahji1 aft] ! conclusion ( ! w>1
 ,! mighty h& ( ,napoleon has snat*$    
,g]many f ! revolution>y abyss ab\t to  
engulf h]4  ,footnote #h3 ,posselt's    
,political ,annals at t "t conta9$ an   
essay1 9 :i* ! attempt made by !        
,au/rian cab9et to call ! ,g]mans to    
arms 0 designat$ z a crime aga9/ !      

sov]eigns among :om ,g]many 0 at t p]iod
 p>tition$1 & 9 ^: he>+ x 0 bo? fooli% &
 dang]\s to speak ( ,g]many4 ,d]ision   
has seldom be5 c>ri$ to su* a pit*4     
,footnote #i3 ,! f9e/ feat ( arms 0 t   
p]=m$ by ! ,au/rian infantry1 :o repuls$
 twelve ,fr5* regim5ts ( cuirassi]s4    
,?is pick$ body ( cavalry 0 m\nt$ on !  
be/ & /ronge/ horses ( ,hol/e9 &        
,meckl5burg 7= ,napoleon ov]came ,g]many
 pr9cipally by means ( ,g]many71 & bore 
an extremely impos+ appe>ance4 ,!       
,au/rian infantry coolly /ood _! *>ge & 
all[$ !m to come close ^u !m be=e fir+ a
 %ot1 :51 tak+ delib]ate aim at !       
horses1 !y & _! rid]s 7 roll$ 9 confus$ 
heaps on ! gr\nd4 ,?ree ?\s& cuirasses 7
 pick$ up by ! victors aft] ! battle4   
,footnote #aj3 ,napoleon proclaim$      
indep5d5ce to ! ,hung>ians1 b 0 unable  
to ga9 a s+le adh]5t among !m4          
,footnote #aa3 ,aret9 ab\t ?is "t       
publi%$ a ,repres5tation ( ! ,patriots (
 ,au/ria to ,napoleon ! ,great1 9 :i* t 
great sov]eign 0 entreat$ to be/[ a new 

gov]nm5t ^u ,au/ria & to make t c\ntry1 
l ! new k+dom ( ,we/phalia1 a memb] ( 8 
family ( /ates4 ,a fitt+ p5dant to ,john
 ,mll]'s /ate spee*1 & s mu* ! m        
uncall$-= z x 0 exactly ! ,au/rians :o1 
dur+ ?is disa/r\s p]iod1 _h1 less ?an   
any ( ! o!r races ( ,g]many1 lo/ _!     
national pride4  ,footnote #ab3 ,!y 7   
aft]w>d condemn$ to h>d labor 9 ! ,hi]es
 ,isles1 nor 0 x until #ahad t !        
survivors1 "o hundr$ & tw5ty 9 numb]1 7 
re/or$ to _! homes4--,allgeme9e         
,zeitung1 #ahad4 ,app5dix #ia4          
,footnote #ac3 ,vide ,napi]'s ,p59sul>  
,w> = an acc\nt ( ! milit>y a*ievem5ts (
 ! ,spani>ds4--,trans4    ,,cclvii4     
,revolt ( ! ,tyrolese   ,! ,alps ( !    
,tyrol _h = c5turies be5 ! asylum (     
lib]ty4 ,! anci5t ,g]man communal sy/em 
_h !re cont9u$ to exi/ ev5 9 feudal     
times4 ,exactly at ! "t :5 ! h\se (     
,habsburg lo/ its mo/ valuable          
possessions 9 ,switz]l&1 at ! "t ( !    
c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 ,duke ,fr$]ick1     
surnam$ ,fri$el ) ! empty purse1 0      

compell$ by necessity & = ! sake (      
reta9+ ! affection ( ! ,tyrolese1 to    
confirm !m by oa? 9 ! possession ( great
 privileges1 :i* 8 successors1 ow+ to a 
:olesome dread ( excit+ ! ang] ( ! /urdy
 m\nta9e]s1 prud5tly refra9$ f violat+4 
,! ,tyrol 0 ext]nally indep5d5t & 0     
gov]n$ by h] own diet4 ,no recruits 7   
levi$ 9 t c\ntry by ! emp]or1 except+ ^?
 = ! rifle corps1 :i* elect$ its own    
comm&]s & wore ! ,tyrolean g>b4 ,!      
impo/s 7 few & trifl+ 9 am\nt1 !        
adm9i/ration 0 simple4 ,! free-born     
peasant enjoy$ 8 rights 9 common ) !    
patri>*al nobility & cl]gy1 :o dwelt 9  
h>mony ) ! p2 9 sev]al ( ! valleys !    
public affairs 7 adm9i/]$ by simple     
peasants2 ea* commune _h its peculi>    
laws & cu/oms4  ,! fir/ invasion ( !    
,tyrol1 9 #agjc1 by ! ,bav>ians1 0      
successfully resi/$4 ,! ,bav>ians 7     
driv51 ) great loss on _! side1 out ( ! 
c\ntry4 ,a some:at simil> _s animat$ !  
,tyrolese 9 #ahje1 & _! ang] 0 solely   
appeas$ by ! express remon/rances ( !   

,ar*duke ,john1 :om ! inhabitants ( !   
,au/rian ,tyrol treat$ ) ! v5]ation due 
to a fa!r4 ,!y n[ fell "u ! dom9ion (   
,bav>ia1 ^: b5evol5t sov]eign1          
,maximilian ,joseph1 promis$1 "u ! act  
dat$ ! #ad? ( ,janu>y1 #ahjf1 n only    
/rongly to uphold ! con/itution ( !     
c\ntry & ! well-e>n$ rights & privileges
 ( ! p1 b also to promote _! welf>e3 b1 
l$ a/ray by 81 c]ta9ly noble1 en?usiasm 
= ! rescue ( 8 ,bav>ian subjects f      
,jesuit obscurantism1 he imag9$ t simil>
 measures might also be advantage\sly   
tak5 9 ! ,tyrol1 :]e ! m\nta9e]s1 true  
to _! anci5t simplicity1 7 revolt$ by ! 
sev]ity ( ! cure1 attempt$ too by a     
physician ( ^: int5tions !y 7 mi/ru/ful4
 ,bav>ia 0 ov]run ) ri* mona/]ies2 !    
,tyrol1 less f]tile1 possess$ m]ely a   
patri>*al cl]gy1 less num]\s1 m moral & 
active4 ,!re 0 no motive = int]f]5ce4 ,!
 conscription t1 by conv]t+ ! idle y\? (
 ,bav>ia into discipl9$ soldi]y1 0 a    
bless+ to ! m>tial-spirit$ & improvid5t 
population1 0 impracticable amid !      

well-tra9$ ,tyrolese1 &1 al?\gh !       
control ex]cis$ by a well-regulat$      
bureaucracy might be b5eficial :5 view$ 
9 contradi/9ction ) ! anci5t complicat$ 
sy/em ( gov]nm5t & adm9i/ration ( ju/ice
 dur+ ! exi/5ce ( ! division into petty 
/ates & ! manifold contradictory        
privileges1 x 0 utt]ly uncall$ = 9 !    
simple adm9i/ration ( ! ,tyrol4 ,= :at  
purpose 7 m]e presumptive ameliorations 
to be impos$ ^u a p ?or\ghly cont5t$ ) !
 laws & cu/oms bequea!d by _! ance/ors8 
,! attempt 0 nev]!less made1 & anci5t   
,bav>ian (ficial insol5ce leagu$ ) ,fr5*
 frivolity ( ! s*ool ( ,montgelas to vex
 ! ,tyrolese & to violate _! mo/ sacr$  
privileges4 ,! num]\s *apels erect$ =   
devotional purposes 7 ?r[n d[n amid m>ks
 ( ridicule & scorn2 ! ignorance &      
sup]/ition ( ! old *ur* 0 at "o bl[ to  
yield to mod]n enlight5m5t4#a ,! p      
%udd]+ly beheld ! crucifixes & images ( 
sa9ts1 s long ! objects ( _! deepe/     
v5]ation1 sold to ,jews4 ,not)/&+ ! late
 assurances ( ! ,bav>ian k+1 ! ,tyrolean

 diet 01 moreov]1 n only dissolv$1 b !  
c\ntry 0 depriv$ ( its anci5t "n &      
designat$ ,s\!rn ,bav>ia1 & ! ca/le ( ! 
,tyrol1 t _h defi$ ! /orms ( ages1 & ^: 
possessor1 accord+ to a sacr$ popul>    
leg5d1 _h alone a "r to claim ! homage (
 ! c\ntry1 0 sold by auction4 ,!        
national pride ( ! ,tyrolese 0 deeply & 
bitt]ly w\nd$1 _! anci5t rights & cu/oms
 7 arbitr>ily infr+$1 &1 in/ead ( !     
great b5efits s rec5tly promis$1 eight  
new taxes 7 levi$1 & ! tax-ga!r]s n     
infrequ5tly r5d]$ !mselves /ill m       
obnoxi\s by _! brutality4 ,colonel      
,dittfurt1 :o1 dur+ ! w9t] ( #ahji1 act$
 ) extreme inhumanity 9 ! ,fleims]?al1  
:]e ! conscription _h excit$ great      
opposition1 & :o publicly boa/$ t ) 8   
regim5t alone he w\ld keep ! :ole ( !   
begg>ly m\nta9e]s 9 subjection1 drew ^u 
himself ! greate/ %>e ( ! popul>        
animosity4  ,au/ria1 :5 prep>+ = w> 9   
#ahji1 c\ld !re=e confid5tly reckon ^u a
 g5]al ris+ 9 ! ,tyrol4 ,&rew ,h(]1 !   
ho/ ( ! ,s& at ,passeyr 7! ,s&wir?71 w5t

 to ,vi5na1 :]e ! revolt 0 conc]t$4#b ,a
 conspiracy 0 ent]$ into by ! :ole ( !  
,tyrolese peasantry4 ,sixty ?\s& m51 on 
a mod]ate calculation1 7 intru/$ ) !    
secret1 :i* 0 sacr$ly kept1 n a s+le    
t[nsman be+ all[$ to p>ticipate 9 x4    
,k9kel1 ! ,bav>ian g5]al1 :o 0 /ation$  
at ,innsbruck & n>r[ly wat*$ ! ,tyrol1  
rema9$ p]fectly unconsci\s ( ! m9e b5ea?
 8 feet4 ,colonel ,wr$e1 8 inf]ior 9    
comm&1 _h be5 direct$ to bl[ up !       
important bridges 9 ! ,pu/]?al at ,/4   
,lor5zo1 9 ord] to *eck ! advance ( !   
,au/rians1 9 case ( an invasion4 ,sev]al
 ?\s& ,fr5* 7 expect$ to pass ?r\gh !   
,tyrol on _! r\te f ,italy to jo9 ! army
 "u ,napoleon4 ,no suspicion ( ! approa*
 ( a popul> outbreak exi/$4 ,on ! #i? ( 
,april1 ! signal 0 sudd5ly giv52 planks 
be>+ little r$ flags float$ d[n ! ,inn2 
on ! #aj?1 ! /orm bur/4 ,sev]al ( !     
,bav>ian sapp]s s5t at daybreak to bl[  
up ! bridges ( ,/4 ,lor5zo be+ kill$ by 
! bullets ( an invisible foe1 ! re/ took
 to flight4 ,wr$e1 enrag$ at ! incid5t1 

ha/5$ to ! spot at ! head ( two         
battalions1 support$ by a body ( cavalry
 & "s field-pieces4 ,! :ole ( ! ,pu/]?al
 _h1 h[ev]1 already ris5 at ! summons ( 
,pet] ,kemnat]1 ! ho/ ( ,s*abs1#c 9     
def5ce ( ! bridges4 ,wr$e's artill]y 0  
captur$ by ! enrag$ peasantry & ca/1    
toge!r ) ! artill]ym51 into ! riv]4     
,wr$e1 aft] suff]+ a t]rible loss1 ow+  
to ! skill ( ! ,tyrolean riflem51 :o    
nev] miss$ _! aim1 0 completely put to  
r\t1 &1 al?\gh he fell 9 ) a body ( ?ree
 ?\s& ,fr5* "u ,brisson on _! r\te f    
,italy1 resolv$1 in/ead ( return+ to !  
,pu/]?al1 to )draw ) ! ,fr5* to         
,innsbruck4 ,! passage ?r\gh ! valley ( 
! ,eisack _h1 h[ev]1 be5 already clos$  
aga9/ !m by ! ho/ ( ,le*n]1 & ! f9e old 
,roman bridge at ,ladits* be5 bl[n up4  
,9 ! pass ( ! ,brix51 :]e ! valley      
closes1 ! ,fr5* & ,bav>ians suff]$      
imm5se loss2 rocks & trees 7 roll$ on ! 
heads ( ! appall$ soldi]y1 numb]s ( :om 
7 also pick$ (f by ! un]r+ rifles ( !   
unse5 peasantry4 ,favor$ by ! op5 gr\nd 

at ! bridge ( ,ladits*1 !y con/ruct$ a  
tempor>y bridge1 across :i* !y succe$$ 9
 =c+ _! way on ! #aa? ( ,april4 ,h(] _h1
 mean:ile1 plac$ himself1 e>ly on !     
#aj?1 at ! head ( ! brave peasantry (   
,passeyr1 ,algund1 & ,m]an1 & _h ?r[n   
himself on ! same road1 some:at to !    
nor?1 ne> ,/]z+1 :]e a ,bav>ian         
battalion 0 /ation$ "u ! comm& (        
,colonel ,brnklau1 :o1 on be+ attack$ by
 him1 on ! #aa?1 retreat$ to ! ,/]z+]   
,moos1 a piece ( tablel&1 :]e1 drawn up 
9 squ>e1 he successfully repuls$ e      
attempt made to dislodge him until ,h(] 
ord]$ a wagon1 load$ ) hay & guid$ by a 
girl1#d to be pu%$ =w>d z a scre51 beh9d
 :i* ! ,tyrolese advanc+1 ! squ>e 0     
spe$ily brok5 & ! :ole ( ,brnklau's     
troop 0 ei!r kill$ or tak5 prison]4  ,! 
:ole ( ! l[] valley ( ! ,inn _h1 on !   
self-same day1 be5 rais$ by ,joseph     
,speckba*]1 a weal?y peasant ( ,r9n1 !  
greate/ h]o call$ into exi/5ce by ?is   
fe>ful peasant w>4 ,! al>m-bell peal$ f 
e *ur* t[] ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,a ,bav>ian

 troop1 at t "t engag$ 9 levy+          
contributions at ,axoms z a puni%m5t =  
disob$i5ce1 ha/ily fl$4 ,! city ( ,hall 
01 on ! ensu+ night1 tak5 by ,speckba*]1
 :o1 aft] light+ ab\t a hundr$          
wat*-fires 9 a c]ta9 qu>t]1 z if ab\t to
 make an attack on t side1 crept1 "u    
cov] ( ! d>kness1 to ! gate on !        
opposite side1 :]e1 z a common pass5g]1 
he dem&$ p]mission to ent]1 took        
possession ( ! op5$ gate1 & seiz$ ! f\r 
hundr$ ,bav>ians /ation$ 9 ! city4 ,on !
 #ab?1 he appe>$ be=e ,innsbruck4 ,k9kel
 0 a/\nd$ at ! audacity ( ! peasants1   
:om ,dittfurt gl[$ ) impati5ce to puni%4
 ,b ! p1 %\t+ ,vivat ,franzl6 ,d[n ) !  
,bav>ians6 aga9 ru%$ ^u ! guns & turn$  
!m ^u ! ,bav>ians1 :o 71 moreov]1 expos$
 to a murd]\s fire p\r$ ^u !m f ! w9d[s 
& t[]s by ! citiz5s1 :o _h ris5 9 favor 
( ! peasantry4 ,! p ( ! upp] valley ( ! 
,inn1 head$ by ,major ,teim]1 also p\r$ 
to ! sc5e ( c>nage4 ,dittfurt p]=m$     
prodigies ( valor1 b e ef=t 0 va94      
,scornfully refus+ to yield to !        

canaille1 he cont9u$1 al?\gh /ruck by   
two bullets1 to fight ) undaunt$ c\rage1
 :5 a ?ird /ret*$ him on ! gr\nd2 aga9  
he />t$ up & furi\sly def5d$ himself    
until a f\r? /ruck him 9 ! head4 ,he di$
 f\r days aft]w>d 9 a /ate ( wild       
delirium1 curs+ & swe>+4 ,k9kel & ! :ole
 ( ! ,bav>ian infantry yield$ !mselves  
prison]s4 ,! cavalry attempt$ to escape1
 b 7 dism\nt$ ) pit*=ks by ! peasantry1 
& ! rema9d] 7 tak5 prison]s be=e ,hall4 
,wr$e & ,brisson1 mean:ile1 cross$ !    
,br5n]4 ,at ,/]z+1 e trace ( ! rec5t    
conflict _h be5 c>efully oblit]at$1 &   
,wr$e va9ly inquir$ ! fate ( ,brnklau4  
,he ent]$ ! n>r[ pass1 & ,h(]'s riflem5 
spread dea? & confusion among 8 ranks4  
,! /r5g? ( ! alli$ column1 nev]!less1   
enabl$ x to =ce its way ?r\gh1 & x rea*$
 ,innsbruck1 :]e1 completely surr\nd$ by
 ! ,tyrolese1 x1 9 a few m9utes1 lo/    
sev]al hundr$ m51 &1 9 ord] to escape   
utt] de/ruction1 laid d[n its arms4 ,!  
,tyrolese ent]$ ,innsbruck 9 triumph1   
prec$$ by ! milit>y b& belong+ to !     

enemy1 :i* 0 compell$ to play1 foll[$ by
 ,teim] & ,brisson 9 an op5 c>riage1 & )
 ! re/ ( _! prison]s gu>d$ betwe5 _!    
ranks4 ,_! captives consi/$ ( two       
g5]als1 t5 /aff-(fic]s1 above a hundr$  
o!r (fic]s1 eight ?\s& infantry1 & a    
?\s& cavalry4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,tyrol1 ! arms 
( ,bav>ia 7 ca/ to ! gr\nd & all !      
,bav>ian au?orities 7 remov$ f (fice4 ,!
 prison]s 71 nev]!less1 treat$ ) !      
greate/ humanity1 ! only in/ance to !   
contr>y be+ t ( a tax-ga!r]1 :o1 hav+   
once boa/$ t he w\ld gr9d ! ,tyrolese   
d[n until !y gladly ate hay1 01 9       
rev5ge1 compell$ to swall[ a bu%el ( hay
 = 8 d9n]4  ,x 0 n until aft] ^!        
brilliant a*ievem5ts on ! "p ( !        
,tyrolese t ,lieut5ant ,field-,m>%al von
 ,*a/el]1 a ,dut*man1 & ! ,b>on von     
,hormayr1 ! imp]ial civil int5dant1     
ent]$ ,innsbruck ) sev]al ?\s&          
,au/rians1 & t ,hormayr assum$ ! re9s ( 
gov]nm5t4 ,two ?\s& ,fr5*1 "u ,g5]al    
,lemo9e1 attempt$ to make an inroad f   
,tr5t1 b 7 repuls$ by ,h(] & 8 ally1    

,colonel ,c\nt ,le9+51 :o _h be5 s5t to 
8 aid by ,*a/el]4 ,! advance ( a /ill   
/rong] =ce ( ! enemy "u ,b>aguay        
d',hilli]s a second "t aga9/ ,botz5     
call$ ,*a/el] 9 p]son into ! field1 & ! 
,fr5*1 aft] a sm>t engagem5t ne>        
,volano1 :]e ! ,h]culean ,passeyr]s     
c>ri$ ! artill]y on _! %\ld]s1 7 =c$ to 
retreat4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion t ,le9+51 
:o _h ha/ily pu%$ too f> =w>d1 0 rescu$ 
f captivity by ,h(]4#e ,! ,vor>lb]g _h1 
mean:ile1 also be5 rais$ by ,teim]4 ,a  
,dr4 ,s*neid] plac$ himself at ! head ( 
! insurg5ts1 ^: =ces already ext5d$ 9   
?is direction z f> z ,l9dau1 ,kempt51 & 
,memm+54  ,napoleon's success1 at ?is   
conjuncture1 at ,ratisbon1 enabl$ him to
 despat* a division ( 8 army into !     
,tyrol to quell ! insurrection t _h     
brok5 out to 8 re>4 ,wr$e1 :o _h be5    
quickly ex*ang$ & set at lib]ty1 spe$ily
 f\nd himself at ! head ( a small       
,bav>ian =ce1 & succe$$ 9 driv+ !       
,au/rians "u ,jella*i*1 aft] an ob/9ate 
& bloody resi/ance1 out ( ,salzburg1 on 

! #bi? ( ,april4 ,jella*i* )drew to !   
pass ( ,lueg = ! purpose ( plac+ himself
 9 communication ) ! ,ar*duke ,john1 :o 
0 on 8 way f ,italy4 ,an attack made ^u 
?is position by ! ,bav>ians be+ repuls$1
 ,napoleon despat*$ ,m>%al ,lefebvre1   
duke ( ,dantzig1 f ,salzburg ) a        
consid]able =ce to _! assi/ance4        
,lefebvre spoke ,g]man1 0 a r\gh soldi]1
 treat$ ! peasants z robb]s in/ead (    
legitimate foes1 %ot e lead] :o fell    
into 8 h&s1 & gave 8 soldi]y lic5se to  
commit e description ( outrage on !     
villag]s4 ,! great] "p ( ! ,tyrolese    
occupy+ ! pass ( ,/rub hav+ quitt$ _!   
po/ on ,asc5sion ,day 9 ord] to att5d   
div9e s]vice1 ! re/ 71 aft] a gallant   
resi/ance1 ov]p[]$ & m]cilessly but*]$4 
,*a/el]1 anxi\s to repair 8 late        
neglig5ce1 advanc$ aga9/ ! ,bav>ians 9 !
 op5 valley ( ! ,inn & 0 ov]:elm$ by    
sup]ior numb]s at ,wrgl4 ,speckba*]1    
foll[$ by 8 peasantry1 aga9 made head   
aga9/ ! enemy1 :om1 not)/&+ ! de/ruction
 caus$ 9 8 ranks by _! rapid &          

well-direct$ fire1 he twice drove out ( 
,s*watz4 ,! ,bav>ians1 nev]!less1       
succe$$ 9 =c+ an entrance into ! t[n1   
:i* !y set on fire aft] but*]+ all !    
inhabitants1 hundr$s ( :om 7 hang$ to ! 
trees or _h _! h&s nail$ to _! heads4   
,^! cruelties 7 n1 ev5 9 a s+le in/ance1
 imitat$ by ! ,tyrolese4 ,! proposal to 
s5d _! num]\s ,bav>ian prison]s home    
maim$ ( "o e>1 z a mode ( recognition 9 
case !y %\ld aga9 s]ve aga9/ ! ,tyrol1 0
 reject$ by ,h(]4 ,! unrel5t+ rage ( !  
,bav>ians 0 solely r\s$ by ! unsp>+     
ridicule ( ! ,tyrolese1 by :om !y 7     
nicknam$1 on acc\nt ( ! g5]al burl9ess (
 _! figures & _! fondness = be]1        
,bav>ian hogs1 & :o1 ! mom5t !y came )9 
he>+1 w\ld call out to !m1 z to a h]d ( 
pigs1 ,ts*u1 ,ts*u1 ,ts*u--,nats*1      
,nats*4 ,! ,bav>ians1 intoxicat$ )      
success1 advanc$ fur!r up ! c\ntry1     
surr\nd$ ! village ( ,vomp1 set x on    
fire amid ! s\nd ( kettl$rums &         
hautboys1 & %ot ! inhabitants z !y      
attempt$ to escape f ! burn+ h\ses4     

,*a/el] & ,hormayr 71 dur+ ?is          
robb]-campaign1 z x 0 t]m$ by ! ,fr5*1  
proscrib$ z *efs de brig&s by ,napoleon4
 ,c\nt ,tann5b]g1 ! desc5dant ( ! olde/ 
( ! b>onial families 9 ! ,tyrol1 a bl9d 
& v5]able man1 :o 0 also tak5 prison] en
 r\te1 repli$ ) dignity to ! c5sure     
heap$ ^u him by ,wr$e1 & at ,muni*      
def5d$ 8 c\ntry's cause be=e ! k+4#f ,! 
(fic]s1 :om he _h treat$ ) extreme      
polit5ess1 rose f 8 hospitable bo>d to  
set fire to 8 ca/le ov] 8 head4 ,!      
,s*>nitz 0 yield$1 & ! ,bav>ians "u     
,arco p5etrat$ also on t side into !    
c\ntry4--,jella*i*1 ^u ?is1 retir$ ^u   
,c>9?ia1 & 0 foll[$ ?r\gh ! ,pu/]?al by 
,*a/el]1 :o dread$ be+ cut (f4 ,!       
peasants1 incr$ul\s ( _! ab&onm5t by    
,au/ria1 implor$1 entreat$ him to rema91
 to :i*1 = ! sake ( free+ himself f _!  
importunities1 he at l5g? cons5t$1 b !y 
_h no soon] disp]s$ 9 ord] to summon ! p
 aga9 to ! conflict ?an he retir$4 ,h(]1
 on return+ to ! spot1 m]ely f9d+ a     
small body ( troops "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al 

,buol1 :o _h receiv$ ord]s to br+ up !  
re>1 ?rew himself 9 despair on a b$4    
,eis5/eck51 8 companion & adjutant1     
h[ev]1 in/antly decl>$ t ! dep>ture ( ! 
soldi]s mu/1 at all haz>ds1 be prev5t$4 
,! (fic]s sign$ a pap] by :i* !y b\nd   
!mselves1 ev5 ?\gh contr>y to ! express 
ord]s ( ! g5]al1 to rema94 ,buol1 ^u    
?is1 yield$ & rema9$1 b1 dur+ ! fe>ful  
battle t ensu$1 rema9$ 9 ! po/-h\se on !
 ,br5n]1 inactively wat*+ ! conflict1   
:i* t]m9at$ 9 ! triumph ( ! peasantry4  
,hormayr completely abscond$ & attempt$ 
to escape into ,switz]l&4  ,innsbruck 0 
surr5d]$ by ,teim] to ! ,fr5*1 on ! #ai?
 ( ,may4 ,napoleon's defeat1 ab\t ?is   
"t1 at ,asp]n hav+ h[ev] compell$       
,lefebvre to return ha/ily to ! ,danube1
 leav+ m]ely a "p ( ! ,bav>ians ) ,g5]al
 ,d]oy 9 ,innsbruck1 ! ,tyrolese        
in/antly seiz$ ! opportunity1 & ,h(]1   
,eis5/eck51 & ! gallant ,speckba*]      
boldly assembl$ ! :ole ( ! peasantry on 
! m\nta9 ( ,isel4 ,pet] ,?algut] l$ !   
brave & gigantic m5 ( ,algund4 ,hasp+]1 

! ,capu*91 nicknam$ ,r$be>d1 appe>$ on  
?is occasion = ! fir/ "t 9 ! guise ( a  
comm&] & display$ consid]able milit>y   
tal5t4 ,an incessant /ruggle 0 c>ri$ on 
f ! #be? to ! #bi? ( ,may4#g ,d]oy1     
repuls$ f ! m\nta9 ( ,isel ) a loss (   
almo/ ?ree ?\s& m51 simulat$ an int5tion
 to capitulate1 & )drew unhe>d dur+ !   
night by muffl+ ! horses' ho(s & ! :eels
 ( ! artill]y c>riages & enjo9+ sil5ce  
"u pa9 ( dea?4 ,speckba*] attempt$ to   
imp$e 8 retreat at ,hall1 b arriv$ too  
late4#h ,teim] 0 accus$ ( hav+ be5      
remiss 9 8 duty ?r\gh jeal\sy ( ! common
 peasant lead]s4 ,arco escap$ by an     
artifice simil> to t ( ,d]oy & ab&on$ ! 
,s*>nitz4 ,! ,vor>lb]g]s aga9 spread z  
f> z ,kempt54 ,hormayr also return$1    
retook ! re9s ( gov]nm5t1 impos$ taxes1 
flood$ ! c\ntry ) useless law-scribbl+1 
&1 at ! same "t1 refus$ to grant !      
popul> dem& = ! convocation ( !         
,tyrolean diet4 ,aft] ! victory (       
,asp]n1 ! emp]or decl>$1 ,my fai?ful    
c\nty ( ,tyrol %all h5ce=w>d ev] rema9  

incorporat$ ) ! ,au/rian empire1 & ,i w 
agree to no treaty ( peace save "o      
indissolubly unit+ ! ,tyrol ) my mon>*y4
 ,dur+ ?is happy int]val1 ,speckba*]    
besieg$ ! =tress ( ,cuff/e91 :]e he     
p]=m$ _m signal acts ( valor4#i  ,!     
disa/] ( ,wagram foll[$1 &1 9 ! ensu+   
armi/ice1 ! ,emp]or ,francis 0 compell$ 
to agree to ! )drawal ( ! :ole ( 8      
troops f ! ,tyrol4 ,! ,ar*duke ,john is 
said to h giv5 a h9t to ,g5]al ,buol to 
rema9 9 ! ,tyrol z if reta9$ !re by =ce 
by ! peasantry1 in/ead ( :i* bo? ,buol &
 ,hormayr hurri$ _! retreat1 aft] issu+ 
a mis]able proclamation1 9 :i* !y       
recomm5d$ ! ,tyrolese to ! c>e ( ! duke 
( ,dantzig4 ,lefebvre actually aga9     
advanc$ at ! head ( ?irty to =ty ?\s&   
,fr5*1 ,bav>ians & ,saxons4 ,! c\rage ( 
! un=tunate peasantry naturally sank4   
,h(] alone rema9$ un%ak51 & said1 on    
bidd+ ,hormayr f>ewell1 ,well1 !n1 ,i w 
und]take ! gov]nm5t1 &1 z long z ,god   
wills1 "n myself ,&rew ,h(]1 ho/ ( ! ,s&
 at ,passeyr1 ,c\nt ( ! ,tyrol4 ,hormayr

 laugh$4--,a g5]al disp]sion took place4
 ,h(] alone rema9$4 ,:51 resolute 9 8   
det]m9ation n to ab&on 8 native soil1 he
 0 on 8 way back to 8 dwell+1 he        
enc\nt]$ ,speckba*] hurry+ away 9 a     
c>riage 9 ! company ( "s ,au/rian       
(fic]s4 ,wilt ?\ also des]t ?y c\ntry8 0
 ,h(]'s sad dem&4 ,buol1 9 ord] to cov] 
8 retreat1 s5t back elev5 guns & n9e    
hundr$ ,bav>ian prison]s to ,g5]al      
,rusca1 :o cont9u$ to ?reat5 ! ,pu/]?al4
  ,9 ! m\nta9s all 0 tranquil1 & !      
advance ( ! ,fr5* columns 0 totally     
unoppos$4 ,h(]1 conceal$ 9 a cav]n amid 
! /eep rocks ov]hang+ 8 native vale1    
bes\ght ,heav5 = aid1 &1 by 8 en?usia/ic
 entreaties1 succe$$ 9 p]suad+ ! brave  
,capu*91 ,joa*im ,hasp+]1 once m to quit
 ! mona/]y ( ,seeb51 :i!r he _h retir$4 
,a conf]5ce 0 held at ,brix5 betwe5     
,hasp+]1 ,m>t9 ,s*5k1 ! ho/ ( ! ,krug1 a
 jovial man ( p[]ful frame1 ,kemnat]1 & 
a ?ird p]son ( simil> call+1 ,pet]      
,may]1 ho/ ( ! ,m>e1 :o b\nd !mselves   
aga9 to take up arms 9 ! ,ea/]n ,tyrol1 

:ile ,h(]1 9 p]son1 rais$ ! ,we/]n      
,tyrol4 ,speckba*]1 to ! delight ( !    
?ree conf$]ates1 unexpect$ly made 8     
appe>ance at ?is conjuncture4 ,deeply   
w\nd$ by ! reproa* conta9$ 9 ! few words
 address$ to him by ,h(]1 he _h1 not)/&+
 ! urg5t entreaties ( 8 companions1     
quitt$ !m on arriv+ at ! ne>e/ /ation & 
ha/5$ to retake 8 po/ 9 def5ce ( 8      
c\ntry4  ,lefebvre _h already ent]$     
,innsbruck1 &1 accord+ to 8 brutal      
cu/om1 _h plund]$ ! villages & r$uc$ !m 
to a%es2 he _h also publi%$ a           
proscription-li/#aj in/ead ( ! amne/y4  
,a desp]ate resi/ance n[ comm5c$4 ,!    
:ole ( ! ,tyrol aga9 flew to arms2 ! "y 
m5 plac$ 9 _! gre5 hats ! bun* ( rosem>y
 ga!r$ by ! girl ( _! he>t1 ! m ag$ a   
peacock's plume1 ! symbol ( ! h\se (    
,habsburg1 all c>ri$ ! rifle1 s murd]\s 
9 _! h&s2 !y made cannons ( l>*-wood1   
b\nd ) iron r+s1 :i* did good s]vice2 !y
 rais$ abatis1 blew up rooks1 pil$      
imm5se masses ( /one on ! extreme edges 
( ! precipit\s rocks comm&+ ! n>r[      

vales1 9 ord] to hurl !m ^u ! advanc+   
foe1 & direct$ ! timb]-slides 9 !       
=e/-gr[n m\nta9s1 or ^? =m$ ( logs by   
means ( :i* ! timb] = build+ 0 usually  
run into ! valleys1 9 su* a mann] ^u !  
mo/ important passes & bridges1 z to    
enable !m to %oot enorm\s trees d[n ^u  
!m ) trem5d\s velocity4  ,lefebvre      
resolv$ to advance ) ! ma9 body ( 8 =ces
 across ! ,br5n] to ,botz51 :i!r ano!r  
corps "u ,burs*eidt also direct$ its way
 ?r\gh ! upp] valley ( ! ,inn1 !        
,f9/]munz1 & ,m]an1 :ile a ?ird "u      
,rusca came f ,c>9?ia ?r\gh ! ,pu/]?al1 
& a f\r? "u ,peyry 0 on ! m>* f ,v]ona  
?r\gh ! vale ( ! ,adige4 ,^! v>i\s corps
 d'arme1 by :i* ! ,tyrol 0 ?us attack$  
simultane\sly on e po9t1 7 to conc5trate
 9 ! he>t ( ! c\ntry4 ,lefebvre f\nd !  
,br5n] op54 ,! ,tyrolese1 head$ by      
,hasp+]1 _h burn$ ! bridges on ! ,ob]au 
& await$ ! approa* ( ! enemy on !       
heights comm&+ ! n>r[ valley ( ,eisa*4  
,! ,saxons "u ,r\y] 7 s5t 9 advance by  
,lefebvre to %$ _! blood = a =eign      

despot4 ,rocks & trees hurl$ by !       
,tyrolese into ! valley cru%$ numb]s (  
!m to dea?4 ,r\y]1 aft] be+ slightly    
hurt by a roll+ mass ( rock1 retreat$   
aft] leav+ ord]s to ! ,saxon regim5t1   
compos$ ( cont+5ts f ,weim>1 ,go?a1     
,coburg1 ,hildburghaus51 ,alt5burg1 &   
,me9+51 comm&$ by ,colonel ,egl(f/e91 to
 reta9 its position 9 ! ,ob]au4 ,?is    
action took place on ! #d? ( ,augu/4 ,! 
,saxons1 worn out by ! fatigue & dang]  
to :i* !y 7 expos$1 7 compell$1 on !    
ensu+ day1 to make head 9 ! n>r[ vale   
aga9/ ov]:elm+ numb]s ( ! ,tyrolese1 ^: 
incessant attacks r5d]$ a mom5t's repose
 impossible4 ,al?\gh fa9t ) hung] & ) ! 
int5sity ( ! heat1 a "p ( ! troops "u   
,colonel ,egl(f/e9 succe$$ 9 =c+ _! way 
?r\gh1 ?\gh at an imm5se sacrifice (    
life1#aa & fell back ^u ,r\y]1 :o _h    
tak5 up a position at ,/]z+ )\t fight+ a
 /roke 9 _! aid1 & :o express$ 8        
a/oni%m5t at _! escape4 ,! re/ ( !      
,saxon troops 7 tak5 prison]s1 aft] a   
desp]ate resi/ance1 9 ! dwell+-h\ses (  

,ob]au4#ab ,!y _h lo/ ne>ly a ?\s& m54  
,! o!r corps d'arme met ) no bett] fate4
 ,burs*eidt m]ely advanc$ up ! valley ( 
! ,inn z f> z ! bridges ( ,pruz1 :5ce1  
be+ repuls$ by ! ,tyrolese & dread+     
de/ruction1 he retreat$ dur+ ! d>k night
 ( ! #h? ( ,augu/4 ,8 infantry crept1   
sil5t & unhe>d1 across ! bridge (       
,pontlaz1 ( su* fatal celebrity 9 #agjc1
 :i* 0 /rictly wat*$ by ! ,tyrolese4 ,! 
cavalry cauti\sly foll[$1 b 7 betray$ by
 ! s\nd ( "o ( ! horses' feet4 ,rocks & 
trees 7 9 an in/ant hurl$ ^u ! bridge1  
cru%+ m5 & horses & block+ up ! way4 ,! 
d>kness t veil$ ! sc5e b add$ to its    
horrors4 ,! :ole ( ! troops %ut up      
beyond ! bridge 7 ei!r kill$ or tak5    
prison]4 ,burs*eidt rea*$ ,innsbruck )  
m]ely a h&ful ( m51 completely worn out 
by ! incessant pursuit4 ,rusca 0 also   
repuls$1 betwe5 ! #f? & ! #aa? ( ,augu/ 
7p>ticul>ly at ! bridge ( ,li5z71 9 !   
,pu/]?al1 by brave ,antony ,/eg]4 ,rusca
 _h set two hundr$ f>ms on fire4 ,twelve
 hundr$ ( 8 m5 7 kill$1 & 8 retreat 0   

accel]at$ by ,/eg]'s ?reat to roa/ him1 
9 case he fell into 8 h&s1 l a scorpion1
 )9 a fi]y circle4 ,peyry did n v5ture  
into ! c\ntry4  ,lefebvre1 :o _h foll[$ 
to ! re> ( ! ,saxon troops f ,innsbruck1
 bitt]ly reproa*$ !m ) _! defeat1 b1    
al?\gh he plac$ himself 9 advance1 did n
 succe$ 9 p5etrat+ z f> z !y _h up !    
c\ntry4 ,at ,mauls1 8 cavalry 7 torn f  
_! saddles & kill$ ) clubs1 & he escap$1
 ) great difficulty1 aft] los+ 8 cock$  
hat4 ,8 corps1 not)/&+ its num]ical     
/r5g?1 0 unable to advance a /ep fur!r4 
,! ,capu*9 h>ass$ 8 advanc$ gu>d f      
,mauls & 0 second$ by ,speckba*] f      
,/ilfs1 :ile ,c\nt ,arco 0 attack$ to 8 
re> at ,s*onb]g by multitudes (         
,tyrolese4 ,! conte/ 0 c>ri$ on )\t     
int]mission f ! #e? to ! #aj? ( ,augu/4 
,lefebvre 0 f9ally compell$ to retreat )
 8 ?9n$ & we>y troops4#ac ,on ! #aa?1   
,d]oy po/$ himself ) ! re>gu>d on !     
m\nta9 ( ,isel4 ,! ,capu*91 aft] read+  
mass "u ! op5 sky to 8 foll[]s1 aga9    
attack$ him on ! #ac?4 ,a horrible      

slaught] ensu$4 ,f\r hundr$ ,bav>ians1  
:o _h fall5 b5ea? ! clubs ( _! infuriat$
 antagoni/s1 lay 9 a confus$ heap4 ,!   
enemy evacuat$ ,innsbruck & ! :ole ( !  
,tyrol4#ad ,c\nt ,arco 0 "o ( ! la/     
victims ( ?is bloody campaign4  ,!      
,s&wir?1 plac$ himself at ! head ( !    
gov]nm5t at ,innsbruck4 ,al?\gh a simple
 peasant & ev] fai?ful to ! habits ( 8  
/ation1#ae he laid d[n "s admirable     
rules1 convok$ a national assembly1 &   
rais$ ! confid5ce ( ! p ( ,c>9?ia1 to   
:om he address$ a proclamation rem>kable
 = dignity4 ,he hop$1 at t "t1 by       
summon+ ! :ole ( ! m\nta9 tribes to arms
 & lead+ !m to ,vi5na1 to compel ! enemy
 to acc$e to m favorable t]ms ( peace4  
,speckba*] p5etrat$ into ! di/rict (    
,salzburg1 defeat$ ! ,bav>ians at ,l(]s 
& ,unk51 took "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$       
prison]s1 & advanc$ z f> z ,rei*5hall & 
,melek4 ,! ,capu*9 propos$1 9 8 zeal1 to
 /orm ,salzburg & invade ,c>9?ia1 b 0   
)held by ,speckba*]1 :o saw ! haz>d     
atta*$ to ! project1 z well z ! p]il t  

w\ld att5d ! dep>ture ( ! ,tyrolese f _!
 c\ntry4 ,8 plan m]ely consi/$ 9 cov]+ !
 ea/]n fronti]4 ,8 son1 ,&]le1 :o _h    
escap$ f 8 seclud$ ,alp1 unexpect$ly    
jo9$ him & f\ght at 8 side4 ,speckba*] 0
 /ation$ at ,melek1 :]e he drove ,major 
,rummele ) 8 ,bav>ian battalion into !  
,salza*1 b 0 %ortly aft]w>d surpris$ by 
trea*]y4 ,he _h already be5 depriv$ ( 8 
arms1 ?r[n to ! gr\nd1 & s]i\sly injur$ 
) bl[s dealt ) a club1 :51 furi\sly     
spr++ to 8 feet1 he /ruck 8 oppon5ts to 
! e>? & escap$ ) a hundr$ ( 8 m5 across 
a wall ( rock unscalable save by ! foot 
( ! exp]t & h>dy m\nta9e]4 ,8 "y son 0  
torn f 8 side & tak5 captive4 ,! k+1    
,maximilian ,joseph1 t\*$ by 8 c\rage & 
beauty1 s5t = him & _h him well         
educat$4--,! ,capu*91 :o _h rea*$       
,muhrau 9 ,/yria1 0 also compell$ to    
retire4  ,! peace ( ,vi5na1 9 :i* !     
,tyrolese 7 n ev5 m5tion$1 0 mean:ile   
conclud$4 ,! re/oration ( ! ,tyrol to   
,bav>ia 0 tacitly und]/ood1 &1 9 ord] to
 r$uce ! c\ntry to ob$i5ce1 ?ree fre%   

armies aga9 approa*$ ! fronti]s1 !      
,italian1 ,peyry1 f ! s\? ?r\gh ! valley
 ( ! ,adige1 & ,b>aguay d',hilli]s f !  
we/ ?r\gh ! ,pu/]?al2 ! =m] suff]$ a    
disa/r\s defeat above ,tr5t1 b 0 rescu$ 
f utt] de/ruction by ,g5]al ,vial1 :o _h
 foll[$ to 8 re>1 & :o1 z well z        
,b>aguay1 advanc$ z f> z ,brix54#af     
,dr\et d',erlon1 ) ! ma9 body ( !       
,bav>ians1 came f ! nor? across ! ,/rub 
& ! ,l(]pass1 & ga9$ =cible possession (
 ! ,engpass4 ,h(] _h be5 p]suad$ by !   
prie/1 ,donay1 to rel9qui% ! ant]ior    
passes into ! c\ntry & ,innsbruck1 & to 
take up a /rong position on ! =tifi$    
m\nta9 ( ,isel4 ,speckba*] arriv$ too   
late to def5d ,innsbruck1 &1 enrag$ at !
 ill-laid plan ( def5ce1 ?rew a body ( 8
 m5 into ! ,zill]?al 9 ord] to prev5t ! 
,bav>ians f fall+ ^u ,h(]'s re>4 ,he 0  
aga9 twice w\nd$ at ! /orm+ ( !         
,kemmb]g1 :i* _h already be5 =tifi$ by !
 ,bav>ians4 ,on ! #be? ( ,octob]1 !     
,bav>ians ent]$ ,innsbruck & summon$    
,h(] to capitulate4 ,dur+ ! night ( !   

#cj?1 ,b>on ,li*t5?urm appe>$ 9 !       
,tyrolese camp1 ann\nc$ ! conclusion (  
peace1 & deliv]$ a lett] f ! ,ar*duke   
,john1 9 :i* ! ,tyrolese 7 comm&$       
peaceably to disp]se & no long] to (f]  
_! lives a useless sacrifice4 ,!re 0 no 
w>rant = ! future1 n a memory ( an e>li]
 pl$ge4 ,! comm&s ( _! belov$ ma/] 7    
obey$ by ! ,tyrolese ) feel+s ( bitt]   
regret1 & a complete disp]sion took     
place4 ,speckba*] alone ma9ta9$ 8 gr\nd1
 & repuls$ ! enemy on ! #b;d & #c;d (   
,novemb]1 b1 be+ told1 9 a lett]1 by    
,h(]1 ,i ann\nce to y t ,au/ria has made
 peace ) ,france & has =gott5 ! ,tyrol1 
he gave up all fur!r opposition1 & ,may]
 & ,kemnat]1 :o _h gallantly made head  
aga9/ ,g5]al ,rusca at ! ,muhlba*]      
,klause1 foll[$ 8 example4  ,! trag$y   
drew to a close4 ,h(] return$ to 8      
native vale1 :]e ! p ( ,passeyr &       
,algund1 resolv$ at all haz>ds n to     
submit to ! depr$ations ( ! ,italian    
brig&s "u ,rusca1 flock$ ar\nd him &    
compell$ him to place himself at _! head

 = a la/ & desp]ate /ruggle4 ,above     
,m]an1 ! ,fr5* 7 ?r[n 9 su* numb]s f !  
,franzos5buhl1 :i* /ill reta9s its "n1 t
 !y fell l a %[] ( autumnal leaves into 
! city4 ,! horses belong+ to a division 
( cavalry int5d$ to surr\nd ! insurg5t  
peasantry 7 all t return$2 _! rid]s _h  
be5 %ot to a man4 ,rusca lo/ five hundr$
 dead & "o ?\s& sev5 hundr$ prison]s4 ,!
 ,capu*9 0 also pres5t1 & g5]\sly sav$ !
 captive ,major ,doreille1 ^: m5 _h     
=m]ly set fire to a village1 f ! h&s ( !
 infuriat$ peasantry4 ,b a traitor guid$
 ! enemy to ! re> ( ! brave b& (        
patriots2 ,pet] ,?algut] fell1 & ,h(]   
took refuge amid ! highe/ ,alps4--,kolb1
 :o 0 by "s suppos$ to be an ,engli%    
ag5t1 b :o 0 simply an en?usia/1 aga9   
summon$ ! peasantry ar\nd ,brix5 to     
arms4 ,! peasantry /ill reta9$ su* a    
degree ( c\rage1 z to set up an enorm\s 
b>n-door z a t>get = ! ,fr5* artill]y1 &
 at e %ot up jump$ a ludicr\s figure4   
,resi/ance _h1 h[ev]1 ceas$ to be g5]al2
 ! ,fr5* press$ 9 ev]-increas+ numb]s   

?r\gh ! valleys1 dis>m$ ! p1 ! majority 
( :om1 ob$i5t to ,h(]'s fir/ m&ate1 no  
long] attempt$ opposition1 & took _!    
lead]s captive4 ,pet] ,may] 0 %ot at    
,botz54 ,8 life 0 (f]$ to him on        
condition ( 8 d5y+ all p>ticipation 9 ! 
patriotic /ruggles ( 8 c\ntrym51 b he   
disda9$ a lie & boldly fac$ dea?4 ,^?   
among ! peasantry mo/ di/+ui%$ =        
gallantry 7 ei!r %ot or hang$4 ,baur1 a 
,bav>ian au?or1 :o _h f\ght aga9/ !     
,tyrolese1 & is consequ5tly a tru/y     
witness1 rem>ks t all ! ,tyroleso       
patriots1 )\t exception1 ev9c$ ! greate/
 contempt ( dea?4 ,! /ruggle recomm5c$ 9
 ! w9t]1 b 0 m]ely conf9$ to ! ,pu/]?al4
 ,a ,fr5* division "u ,br\ssi] 0 cut (f 
on ! sn[$-up roads & %ot to a man by !  
peasantry4  ,h(] at fir/ took refuge ) 8
 wife & *ild 9 a n>r[ rocky holl[ 9 !   
,kell]lag]1 aft]w>d 9 ! highe/ ,alp9e   
hut1 ne> ! ,oetz?al] ,firn] 9 ! w9try   
des]t4 ,va9ly 0 he implor$ to quit !    
c\ntry2 8 resolution to live or to die  
on 8 native soil 0 un*angeable4 ,a      

peasant nam$ ,raffel1 un=tunately       
descry+ ! smoke f ! di/ant hut1 discov]$
 8 place ( concealm5t1 & boa/$ 9 diff]5t
 places ( 8 possession ( ! secret ( 8   
hid+-place4 ,?is came to ! e>s ( ,fa!r  
,donay1 a traitor 9 ! pay ( ,france2#ag 
,raffel 0 arre/$1 &1 9 ! night ( ! #bg? 
( ,janu>y1 #ahaj1 guid$ "o ?\s& six     
hundr$ ,fr5* & ,italian troops to !     
m\nta91 :ile two ?\s& ,fr5* 7 qu>t]$ 9 !
 circumjac5t c\ntry4 ,h(] yield$ himself
 prison] ) calm dignity4 ,! ,italians   
abus$ him p]sonally1 tore out 8 be>d1 & 
dragg$ him p9ion$1 half nak$ & b>efoot1 
9 8 night-dress1 ov] ice & sn[ to !     
valley4 ,he 0 !n put into a c>riage &   
c>ri$ into ,italy to ! =tress ( ,mantua4
 ,no "o int]c$$ 9 8 behalf4 ,napoleon   
s5t ord]s by ! ,p>is telegraph to %oot  
him )9 f\r-&-tw5ty h\rs4 ,he prep>$     
*e]fully = dea?4#ah ,on be+ l$ pa/ ! o!r
 ,tyrolese prison]s1 !y embrac$ 8 knees1
 weep+4 ,he gave !m 8 bless+4 ,8        
execution]s halt$ n f> f ! ,porta       
,*iesa1 :]e1 plac+ himself opposite !   

twelve riflem5 select$ = ! dreadful     
(fice1 he refus$ ei!r to all[ himself to
 be bl9dfold$ or to kneel4 ,i /& be=e my
 ,creator1 he exclaim$ ) a firm voice1 &
 /&+ w ,i re/ore to ,him ! _s ,he gave6 
,he gave ! signal to fire1 b ! m51 x may
 be1 too deeply mov$ by ! sc5e1 miss$ _!
 aim4 ,! fir/ fire br\ght him on 8      
knees1 ! second /ret*$ him on ! gr\nd1 &
 a corporal1 advanc+1 t]m9at$ 8 mis]y by
 %oot+ him ?r\gh ! head1 ,febru>y #bi1  
#ahaj4--;,at a lat] p]iod1 :5 ,mantua   
aga9 became ,au/rian1 ! ,tyrolese bore 8
 rema9s back to 8 native ,alps4 ,a      
h&some monum5t ( :ite m>ble 0 erect$ to 
8 memory 9 ! *ur* at ,innsbruck2 8      
family 0 ennobl$4 ,c\nt ,alex&] (       
,wurtemb]g has poetically describ$ !    
re/oration ( 8 rema9s to ! ,tyrol1 = :i*
 he s nobly f\ght & di$4    ,h[ 0 !     
gallant hunt]'s brea/     ,) m+l$ feel+s
 torn1   ,z sl[ly w9d+ 'mid ! ,alps1    
,8 h]o's corpse 0 borne6    ,! anci5t   
,glet*]1 gl[+ r$1     ,?\gh cold _!     
wont$ mi51   ,bright radiance %$ o'er   

,h(]'s head1     ,l\d ?und]$ ! lav9e6   
,hasp+]1 ! brave ,capu*91 escap$ unhurt 
to ,vi5na1 9 :i* ,joseph ,speckba*]1 !  
greate/ h]o ( ?is w>1 also succe$$1 aft]
 unhe>d-( suff]+ & p]il4--,! ,bav>ians 9
 pursuit ( him se>*$ ! m\nta9s 9 troops1
 & v[$ to cut 8 sk9 into boot-/raps1 if 
!y caught him4 ,speckba*] attempt$ to   
escape into ,au/ria1 b 0 unable to g    
beyond ,dux1 ! roads be+ block$ up )    
sn[4 ,at ,dux1 ! ,bav>ians came ^u 8    
trace1 & attack+ ! h\se 9 :i* he _h tak5
 refuge1 he escap$ by leap+ ?r\gh ! ro(1
 b aga9 w\nd$ himself4 ,dur+ ! ensu+    
tw5ty-sev5 days1 he w&]$ ab\t ! sn[-clad
 =e/s1 expos$ to ! bitt] cold & 9 dang] 
( />vation4 ,dur+ f\r consecutive days  
he did n ta/e food4 ,he at l5g? f\nd an 
asylum 9 a hut 9 a high & expos$        
situation at ,bold]b]g1 :]e he by *ance 
fell 9 ) 8 wife & *ildr51 :o _h also    
tak5 refuge !re4 ,! wat*ful ,bav>ians   
pursu$ him ev5 "h1 & he m]ely ow$ 8     
escape to ! pres5ce ( m9d ) :i*1 tak+ a 
sl$ge ^u 8 %\ld]s1 he advanc$ t[>d !m z 

if he _h be5 ! s]vant ( ! h\se4 ,no     
long] safe 9 ?is retreat1 he hid himself
 9 a cave on ! ,gem%ak51 :5ce he 01 9 ! 
beg9n+ ( spr+1 c>ri$ by a sn[-rav9e a   
mile & a half into ! valley4 ,he        
contriv$ to dis5gage himself f ! sn[1 b 
"o ( 8 legs _h be5 dislocat$ & r5d]$ x  
impossible = him to rega9 8 cave4       
,suff]+ unspeakable angui%1 he crept to 
! ne>e/ hut1 :]e he f\nd two m51 :o     
c>ri$ him to 8 own h\se at ,r9n1 :i!r 8 
wife _h return$4 ,b ,bav>ians 7 qu>t]$ 9
 ! h\se1 & 8 only place ( refuge 0 !    
c[-%$1 :]e ,zoppel1 8 fai?ful s]vant1   
dug = him a hole b5ea? ! b$ ( "o ( !    
c[s1 & daily br\ght him food4 ,! dang] (
 discov]y 0 s great t 8 wife 0 n made   
acqua9t$ ) 8 arrival4 ,he rema9$ 9 ?is  
half-buri$ /ate = sev5 weeks1 until re/ 
_h s f> invigorat$ 8 frame z to enable  
him to escape across ! high m\nta9      
passes1 n[ fre$ by ! ,may sun f ! sn[4  
,he accord+ly rose f 8 grave & bade     
adieu to 8 sorr[+ wife4 ,he rea*$ ,vi5na
 )\t enc\nt]+ fur!r mi%ap1 b ga9$ no    

?anks = 8 h]oism4 ,he 0 compell$ to give
 up a small e/ate t he _h pur*as$ ) !   
rema9s ( 8 prop]ty1 ! pur*ase-money     
prov+ insuffici5t1 & he mu/ h be5       
consign$ to begg>y1 _h n ,h(]'s son1 :o 
_h receiv$ a f9e e/ate f ! emp]or1      
engag$ him z 8 /ew>d4   ,footnote #a3   
,)\t any attempt be+ made on ! "p ( !   
gov]nm5t to prep>e ! m9ds ( ! p by prop]
 in/ruction1 ! *ildr5 7 tak5 away by =ce
 9 ord] to be inoculat$ = ! smallpox4 ,!
 mo!rs1 "u an idea t _! infants 7 be+   
bewit*$ or poison$1 trembl$ ) rage &    
fe>1 :ile ! ,bav>ian au?orities & _!    
s]vants mock$ _! dismay4  ,footnote #b3 
,h(] 01 9 #agij1 z ! deputy ( !         
,passeyr?al1 a memb] ( ! diet at        
,innsbruck :i* s zeal\sly oppos$ ! re=ms
 attempt$ by ,joseph ,,ii42 he _h f\ght1
 z capta9 ( a rifle corps1 aga9/ ! ,fr5*
 9 #agif1 &1 9 #ahje1 :5 bidd+ f>ewell  
to ! ,ar*duke ,john on ! en=c$ cession (
 ! ,tyrol by ,au/ria to ,bav>ia1 _h     
receiv$ a significant %ake ( ! h& ) an  
express$ hope ( see+ him aga9 9 bett]   

times4 ,h(] trad$ 9 w9e1 corn & horses1 
0 well kn[n & highly e/eem$ z f> z !    
,italian fronti]4 ,he _h a ,h]culean =m 
& 0 rem>kably good-look+4 ,he wore a    
l[-cr[n$1 broad-brimm$ black ,tyrolean  
hat1 ornam5t$ ) gre5 ribbons & ! fea!rs 
( ! cap]calzie4 ,8 broad *e/ 0 cov]$ ) a
 r$ wai/coat1 across :i* gre5 braces1 a 
h& 9 bread?1 7 fa/5$ to black           
*amois-lea!r knee-bree*es4 ,8 knees 7   
b>e1 b 8 well-develop$ calves 7 cov]$ ) 
r$ /ock+s4 ,a broad black lea!rn girdle 
clasp$ 8 muscul> =m4 ,ov] all 0 ?r[n a  
%ort gre5 coat )\t buttons4 ,8 long     
d>k-br[n be>d1 t fell 9 ri* curls ^u 8  
*e/1 add$ dignity to 8 appe>ance4 ,8    
full1 broad c\nt5ance 0 expressive (    
good-humor & hone/y4 ,8 small1 p5etrat+ 
eyes sp>kl$ ) vivacity4  ,footnote #c3  
,a y\? ( two-&-tw5ty1 slight 9 p]son &  
extremely h&some1 at t "t a bridegroom1 
& inspir$ by ! deepe/ hatr$ ( !         
,bav>ians1 by ^: (fic]s he _h be5       
p]sonally insult$4  ,footnote #d3 ,!    
daught] ( a tailor1 nam$ ,camp]4 ,z !   

balls flew ar\nd h]1 %e %\t$1 ,on ) ye6 
:o c>es = ,bav>ian dumpl+s6  ,footnote  
#e3 ,! ,au/rian g5]al1 ,m>s*all1 :o _h  
be5 s5t to gu>d ! ,s\!rn ,tyrol1 0      
remov$ = decl>+ t he deem$ x an insult =
 ! milit>y to make common cause )       
peasants & = compla9+ ( 8 be+ compell$  
to sit d[n to table ) ,h(]4  ,footnote  
#f3 ,proclamation ( ! emp]or ,francis to
 ! ,tyrolese3 ,will+ly d ,i anticipate  
y\r wi% to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ fai?ful    
subjects ( ! ,au/rian empire4 ,nev] aga9
 %all ! sad fate ( be+ torn f my he>t   
befall y4  ,footnote #g3 ,! ,c\nt von   
,/a*elburg f ,m]an1 :o f\ght z a        
volunte] among ! peasantry1 fell at t   
"t4 ,he 0 ! la/ ( 8 race4  ,footnote #h3
 ,he 0 jo9$ "h by 8 son ,&]l1 a *ild t5 
ye>s ( age1 :o collect$ ! enemy's balls 
9 8 hat1 & s ob/9ately refus$ to quit ! 
field ( battle t 8 fa!r 0 compell$ to h 
him c>ri$ by =ce to a di/ant alp4       
,footnote #i3 ,he paid a visit1 9       
disguise1 to ! comm&ant )9 ! =tress1    
ext+ui%$ a gr5ade ) 8 hat1 crept        

undiscov]$ into ! =tress & spoil$ !     
fire-eng9es1 cut loose ! %ips moor$     
b5ea? ! walls1 etc4 ,joseph ,speckba*] (
 ! ,inn?al 0 an op5-he>t$1 f9e-spirit$  
fell[1 end[$ ) a giant's /r5g?1 & ! be/ 
m>ksman 9 ! c\ntry4 ,8 cle> bright eye  
c\ld1 at ! di/ance ( half a mile1       
di/+ui% ! bells on ! necks ( ! cattle4  
,9 8 y\?1 he 0 addict$ to poa*+1 & be+1 
on "o occasion1 :5 9 ! act ( roa/+ a    
*amois1 surpris$ by f\r ,bav>ian ,jg]1  
he unhesitat+ly da%$ ! melt$ fat ( !    
animal into _! faces1 &1 quick z        
lightn+1 dealt ea* ( !m a dea?bl[ ) !   
butt-end ( 8 rifle4  ,footnote #aj3 ,he 
cit$ ! foll[+ names immortal 9 ! ,tyrol3
 ,a4 ,h(]1 ,/raub ( ,hall1 ,reid] (     
,botz51 ,bomb>di1 po/ma/] ( ,salurn1    
,mor&el ( ,kalt]n1 ,resz ( ,fleims1     
,ts*ll ( ,m]an1 ,fris*mann ( ,s*l&]s1   
,s5n1 %]iff ( ,naud]s1 ,fis*]1 actu>y ( 
,l&ek1 ,/rehle1 burgoma/] ( ,imb/1      
,plaw51 gov]nor ( ,reutti1 ,major       
,dietri* ( ,l]mos1 ,as*5ba*]1 gov]nor ( 
! ,a*5?al1 ,sieb]] ( ,cuff/e91          

,w9t]/ell] ( ,kisb*l1 ,kolb ( ,li5z1    
,c\nt ,s>n!im1 ,pe]1 c\nsellor to ! c\rt
 ( appeal4 ,c\nt ,s>n!im 0 tak5 prison] 
& c>ri$ into ,bav>ia1 toge!r ) ! h]oic  
,b>oness ( ,/]nba*1 :o1 m\nt$ on        
horseback & arm$ ) pi/ols1 accompani$ ! 
patriot =ce & aid$ 9 ! comm&4 ,%e 0     
seiz$ 9 h] ca/le ( ,mhlan1 imprison$ 9 a
 h\se ( correction at ,muni*1 & aft]w>d 
c>ri$ to ,/rasburg1 0 depriv$ ( ! :ole (
 h] prop]ty1 ignom9i\sly treat$1 &      
?reat5$ ) dea?1 b nev] lo/              
c\rage4--,b$a1 ,wat]'s ,tyrol4          
,w9t]/ell] 0 a desc5dant ( ! brave ho/ (
 ! same "n :o1 9 #agjc1 adorn$ 8 h\se1  
:i* 0 aft]w>d occupi$ by ,w9t]/ell]1 ) !
 trophies won f ! ,bav>ians4  ,footnote 
#aa3 ,:5 incessantly pursu$ & ready to  
drop ) fatigue1 !y f\nd a cask ( w9e1 & 
a drumm]1 knock+ (f its head1 /oop$ d[n 
to dr9k1 :5 he 0 pi]c$ ) a bullet1 & 8  
blood m+l$ ) ! liquor1 :i* 01 nev]!less1
 gre$ily swall[$ by ! fami%+            
soldi]y4--,jacob's ,campaign ( !        
,go?a-,alt5burg]s4  ,footnote #ab3 ,!   

,tyrolese aim$ at ! w9d[s & %ot e "o :o 
look$ out4 ,z soon z ! h\ses 71 by ?is  
means1 fill$ ) ! dead & w\nd$1 !y /orm$ 
!m & took ! survivors prison]4 ,two     
hundr$ & ?irty m5 ( ,weim> & ,coburg1   
comm&$ by ,major ,g]m>1 def5d$ !mselves 
to ! la/2 ! h\se 9 :i* !y 7 be+ at l5g? 
completely surr\nd$ & set on fire by !  
,tyrolese1 !y surr5d]$4 ,?is spot 0     
aft]w>d kn[n z ! ,sa*s5klemme4 ,sev5    
hundr$ ,saxon prison]s escap$ f _! gu>ds
 & took refuge on ! ,krimm] ,tau]n1 :]e 
!y 7 recaptur$ by ! arm$ wom5 & girls4  
,footnote #ac3 ,b>?oldy relates t       
,lefebvre1 disguis$ z a common soldi]1  
m+l$ ) ! cavalry 9 ord] to escape !     
balls ( ! ,tyrolese %>p%oot]s4 ,a man ( 
,passeyr is said to h captur$ a         
?ree-p\nd] & to h c>ri$ x on 8 %\ld]s   
across ! m\nta94 ,! ,tyrolese w\ld ev5  
c>ry _! w\nd$ enemies c>efully on _!    
%\ld]s to _! villages4 ,a ,c\nt ,mohr   
greatly di/+ui%$ himself among ! p (    
,v9ts*gau4 ,! _s %[n by an old man above
 eighty ye>s ( age1 :o1 aft] %oot+ a    

numb] ( ! enemy f a rock on :i* he _h   
po/$ himself1 ?rew himself1 exclaim+    
,juhhe6 9 ,god's "n6 d[n ! precipice1 ) 
a ,saxon soldi]1 by :om he _h be5 seiz$1
 is wor?y ( record4  ,footnote #ad3 ,von
 ,seeba*1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,ducal ,saxon 
,regim5t1 graphically describes !       
flight4 ,dur+ ! night "t1 all ! m\nta9s 
ar\nd ! beautiful valley ( ,innsbruck 7 
light$ up ) wat*-fires4 ,lefebvre ord]$ 
8 to be kept brightly burn+ :ile 8      
troops sil5tly )drew4  ,footnote #ae3   
,he did n set himself above 8 equals &  
foll[$ 8 =m] simple mode ( life4 ,!     
emp]or ( ,au/ria s5t him a gold5 *a9 &  
?ree ?\s& ducats1 ! fir/ money receiv$  
by ! ,tyrol f ,au/ria2 b ,h(]'s pride 0 
n rais$ by ?is m>k ( favor1 & ! naivete 
( 8 reply on ?is occasion has (t5 be5 a 
subject ( ridicule3 ,sirs1 ,i ?ank y4 ,i
 h no news = y to-day4 ,i h1 x is true1 
?ree c\ri]s on ! road1 !                
,wats*]-,hiesele1 ! ,sixt5-,seppele1 & !
 ,memmele-,franz1 & ! ,s*wanz ought long
 to h be5 "h2 ,i expect ! rascal e h\r4 

,! hone/ fell[ p]mitt$ no pillage1 no   
disord]ly conduct2 he ev5 gu>d$ ! public
 morals ) su* /rictness z to publi% !   
foll[+ ord]s aga9/ ! half-nak$ mode1    
import$ by ! ,fr5*1 at t "t foll[$ by ! 
wom53 ,_m ( my good fell[-soldi]s &     
def5d]s ( _! c\ntry h compla9$ t ! wom5 
( all ranks cov] _! bosoms & arms too   
little1 or ) transp>5t dresses1 & by ^! 
means raise s9ful desires highly        
displeas+ to ,god & to all              
pi\sly-dispos$ p]sons4 ,x is hop$ t !y  
w1 by bett] behavior1 pres]ve !mselves f
 ! puni%m5t ( ,god1 &1 9 case ( !       
contr>y1 mu/ solely blame !mselves %\ld 
!y f9d !mselves disagreeably cov]$4 ,&re
 ,h(]1 *ief 9 comm& 9 ! ,tyrol4         
,footnote #af3 ,dur+ ! pillage ( !      
mona/]y ( ,seeb5 by ! ,fr5*1 a nun1 9   
ord] to escape f _! h&s1 ca/ h]self f ! 
summit ( ! rock into ! valley4          
,footnote #ag3 ,donay _h devot$ himself 
to ! s]vice ( ! *ur*1 b hav+ committ$ a 
!ft1 _h be5 refus$ ord9ation4 ,napoleon 
rew>d$ him = 8 trea*]y ) ord9ation & !  

appo9tm5t ( *apla9 9 ! ,santa ,casa at  
,loretto4  ,footnote #ah3 ,f\r h\rs be=e
 8 execution he wrote to 8 bro!r-9-law1 
,phl]1 ,my belov$1 ! ho/ess1 is to h    
mass read = my s\l at ,/4 ,m>9 by !     
rosy-color$ blood4 ,%e is to h pray]s   
read 9 bo? p>i%es1 & is to let !        
sub-l&lord give my fri5ds s\p1 meat1 &  
half a bottle ( w9e ea*4 ,! money ,i _h 
) me ,i h di/ribut$ to ! poor2 z = !    
re/1 settle my acc\nts ) ! p z ju/ly z y
 c4 ,all 9 ! _w adieu1 until we all meet
 9 heav5 et]nally to praise ,god4 ,dea? 
appe>s to me s easy t my eyes h n once  
be5 wet on t acc\nt4 ,writt5 at five    
o'clock 9 ! morn+1 & at n9e o'clock ,i  
set (f ) ! aid ( all ! sa9ts on my      
j\rney to ,god4    ,,cclviii4           
,napoleon's ,supremacy   ,napoleon _h1  
dur+ ! great w> 9 ,au/ria1 dur+ !       
int]m$iate "t betwe5 ! battles ( ,asp]n 
& ,wagram1 caus$ ! p]son ( ! pope1 ,pius
 ,,vii41 to be seiz$1 & _h incorporat$ !
 /ate ( ! *ur* ) 8 ,italian k+dom4 ,!   
v5]able pope1 ^: en]gies 7 call$ =? by  

mis=tune1 a/oni%$ ,*ri/5dom by 8 bold   
opposition to ! rul] ov] ! de/9ies (    
,europe1 be=e :om he _h =m]ly b5t 9     
humble submission1 & = ^: coronation he 
_h condesc5d$ to visit ,p>is 9 p]son4 ,!
 ree/abli%m5t ( ,ca?olicism 9 ,france by
 ,napoleon _h r5d]$ ! pope deeply 8     
debtor1 b ,napoleon's attempt to deprive
 him ( all temporal p[]1 & to r5d] him1 
z ! fir/ bi%op ( 8 realm1 subord9ate to 
himself1 call$ =? a /urdy opposition4   
,napoleon no soon] spoke ! language (   
,*>lemagne ?an ! pope respond$ 9 ! words
 ( ,gregory ,,vii4 & ( ,innoc5t ,,iv43  
,"t has produc$ no *ange 9 ! au?ority ( 
! pope2 n[ z ev] does ! pope reign      
supreme ov] ! emp]ors & k+s ( ! e>?4 ,! 
diplomatic dispute 0 c>ri$ on = "s "t1  
ow+ to ,napoleon's expectation ( ! f9al 
compliance ( ! pope4#a ,b on 8 cont9u$  
refusal to submit1 ! p]il ) :i*         
,napoleon's ,italian possessions 7      
?reat5$ by ! l&+ ( a ,briti% =ce 9      
,italy & by ! w> ) ,au/ria1 induc$ him1 
fir/ ( all1 to ?r[ a g>rison into       

,ancona1 & aft]w>d to take possession ( 
,rome1 &1 z ! pope /ill cont9u$ ob/9ate1
 f9ally to seize 8 p]son1 to c>ry him (f
 to ,france1 & to annex ! ,roman        
t]ritory to 8 great empire4 ,! ana!ma   
hurl$ by ! pope ^u ,napoleon's head _h  
at lea/ ! effect ( creat+ a w>m] int]e/ 
9 behalf ( ! pontiff 9 ! he>ts ( !      
,ca?olic population & ( increas+ _!     
secret antipa?y t[>d 8 antagoni/4  ,9   
#ahaj1 ,napoleon annex$ ,holl& & ,ea/   
,friesl& z alluvial l&s to ,france4 ,8  
bro!r ,l\is1 :o _h va9ly labor$ = !     
welf>e ( ,holl&1 select$ a =eign        
resid5ce & scornfully refus$ to accept !
 p5sion settl$ ^u him by ,napoleon4 ,!  
fir/ act ( ! new sov]eign ( ,holl& 0 !  
imposition ( an income tax ( fifty p]   
c5t4 ,in/ruction 9 ! ,fr5* language 0   
en=c$ 9 all ! s*ools1 & all public      
proclamations & docum5ts 7 drawn up 9   
bo? ,dut* & ,fr5*4#b ,holl& 0 =m$ into  
two dep>tm5ts1 :i* 7 vex$ by two        
prefects1 ! ,conte de ,celles & ,b>on   
,/aff>t1 ,belgian r5egades & bl9d tools 

( ! ,fr5* despot1 & 01 moreov]1 h>ass$  
by ! tyrannical & cruel espionage1 "u   
,duvilli]es1 ,dut]rage1 & ,m>ivaux1 :i*1
 9 #ahab1 occasion$ sev]al ineffectual  
attempts to ?r[ (f ! yoke4#c ,9 #ahaa1  
,holl& 0 also depriv$ ( ,batavia1 h]    
sole rema9+ colony1 by ! ,briti%4  ,l[] 
,saxony1 z f> z ! ,baltic1 !            
pr9cipalities ( ,old5burg1 ,salm1 &     
,aremb]g1 ! ,hanse t[ns1 ,hamburg1      
,brem51 & ,lubeck1 71 toge!r ) a portion
 ( ! k+dom ( ,we/phalia1 at ! same "t   
also incorporat$ by ,napoleon ) ,france1
 "u pretext ( putt+ a /op to ! contrab& 
trade c>ri$ on on ^? coa/s1 m p>ticul>ly
 f ! isl& ( ,heligol&4 ,he op5ly aim$ at
 conv]t+ ! ,g]mans1 & !y c]ta9ly        
discov]$ little dis9cl9ation to !       
metamorphosis1 into ,fr5*4 ,he pursu$ ! 
same policy t[>d ! ,italians1 &1 _h he  
cont9u$ to reign1 w\ld h foll[$ a simil>
 sy/em t[>d ! ,poles4 ,! subjection ( ! 
:ole ( ,italy1 ,g]many1 & ,pol& lay )9 8
 p[]1 b1 to ! nations inhabit+ ^?       
c\ntries he mu/1 not)/&+ _!             

incorporation ) 8 univ]sal empire1 h    
gu>ante$ ! ma9t5ance ( _! integrity1 a  
po9t he _h resolv$ at all haz>ds n to   
conc$e4 ,he1 consequ5tly1 pref]r$ divid+
 ^! nations & all[+ "o-half to be gov]n$
 by pr9ces inimical to him1 b ^: p[] he 
despis$4 ,8 sole dread 0 patriotism1 !  
popul> love ( lib]ty4 ,_h he plac$      
himself1 z 0 possible 9 #ahji1 on !     
imp]ial ?rone ( ,g]many1 ! consequ5t    
unity ( t empire mu/1 ev5 "u =eign sway1
 h endang]$ ! rul]3 he pref]r$ gradually
 to gallicize ,g]many z %e _h be5 =m]ly 
romaniz$ by h] anci5t conqu]ors4 ,8     
int5tion to sev] ! ,rh5i% prov9ces &    
,l[] ,saxony entirely f ,g]many 0 cle> z
 day4 ,!y receiv$ ,fr5* laws1 ,fr5*     
gov]nors1 no ,g]man book 0 all[$ to     
cross _! fronti]s )\t previ\s p]mission 
f ! police1 & 9 ea* dep>tm5t b "o       
newspap]1 & t subject to ! revision ( ! 
prefect1 0 all[$ to be publi%$4--,9     
,hamburg1 "o ,baumhau] 0 arre/$ = an    
anti-gallic expression & ?r[n into !    
subt]ranean dungeons ( ,magdeburg1 :]e  

he p9$ to dea?4 ,! same tyranny 0       
ex]cis$ ev5 on ! ,g]man t]ritory belong+
 to ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation4 ,beck]1       
privy-c\ncillor ( ! duke ( ,go?a1 0     
transport$ beyond ! seas = hav+ publi%$ 
a pamphlet aga9/ ,france4 ,sev]al au?ors
 7 compell$ to retire into ,sw$5 &      
,russia2 sev]al booksell]s 7 arre/$1    
num]\s books 7 confiscat$4 ,n ! mo/     
trifl+ publication 0 p]mitt$ )9 ! ,rh5i%
 conf$]at$ /ates t ev5 remotely oppos$ !
 int]e/s ( ,france4 ,! :ole ( ! pr9ces (
 ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation 71 consequ5tly1 "u
 ! surveillance ( ,fr5* c5sors & ( !    
lit]>y spies ( ,g]many 9 ! pay (        
,france4 ,hormayr's ,ar*ives conta9 a   
pamphlet well wor?y ( p]usal1 9 :i* an  
acc\nt is giv5 ( all ! arre/s &         
p]secutions t took place on acc\nt (    
matt]s connect$ ) ! press4--,madame de  
,/al 0 exil$ = hav+ spok5 favorably ( ! 
,g]man "* 9 h] "w de l',allemagne1 & !  
"w itself 0 suppress$2 ,napoleon1 on    
giv+ ^! ord]s1 m]ely said1 ,ce livre    
n'e/ pas ,franais1  ,8 treatm5t (       

,switz]l& 0 equally un9dulg5t4 ,!       
,valais1 :i*1 al?\gh n =m+ "p (         
,switz]l&1 /ill reta9$ a sort ( nom9al  
indep5d5ce1 0 =mally incorporat$ )      
,france2 ! canton ( ,tess9 01 z         
arbitr>ily1 occupi$ by ,fr5* troops1 an 
imm5se quantity ( ,briti% goods 0       
confiscat$1 ! press 0 plac$ "u ! /ricte/
 c5sor%ip1 ! ,erzhl] ( ,mull]-          
,fri$eb]g1 ! only rema9+ ,swiss newspap]
 ( lib]al t5d5cy1 0 suppress$1 :ile     
,zs*okke unwe>i$ly laud$ ,napoleon to ! 
skies z ! reg5]ator ( ! lib]ties (      
,switz]l& & z ! savior ( ! _w4 ,a humble
 entreaty ( ! ,swiss = m]cy 0 scornfully
 refus$ by ,napoleon4 ,in/ead ( li/5+ to
 _! compla9ts1 he reproa*$ _! envoys1 :o
 7 head$ by ,re9h>d ( ,zuri*1 9 ! mo/   
viol5t t]ms1 *>g$ ! ,swiss ) conspiracy1
 & said t a c]ta9 ,sydl] _h v5tur$ to   
speak aga9/ him 9 ! f$]al diet1 etc42   
nor c\ld 8 assum$ ang] be pacifi$ save  
by ! in/ant dissolution ( ! f$]al diet1 
by ! ext5sion ( ! levy ( ,swiss recruits
 = ! s]vice ( ,france1 & by ! ?reat ( a 

t]rible puni%m5t to all ,swiss :o v5tur$
 to ent] ! s]vice ( ,engl& & ,spa94 ,!  
,swiss m]ely b\nd _! *a9s /ill clos] )\t
 receiv+ ! slighte/ alleviation to _!   
suff]+s4 ,re9h>d wrote 9 #ahaa1 ! "t (  
?is ill-successful attempt on ! "p ( !  
,swiss1 a petty nation possesses no     
means ( procur+ ju/ice4 ,:y !n did !    
great ,g]man nation sev] itself into s  
_m petty tribes8  ,! m>riage ( ,napoleon
 on ! #b;d ( ,april1 #ahaj1 ) ,m>ia     
,l\isa1 ! daught] ( ! emp]or ( ,au/ria1 
surr\nd$ 8 ?rone ) additional spl5dor4  
,?is m>riage _h a d\ble object2 t (     
rais+ an heir to 8 broad empire1 8 fir/ 
wife1 ,joseph9e ,beauh>nais1 :om he     
divorc$1 hav+ br\ght him no *ildr51 & t 
( legitimat+ 8 au?ority & ( oblit]at+ ! 
/a9 ( l[ bir? by int]m+l+ 8 blood ) t ( 
! anci5t race ( ,habsburg4 ,/range z x  
mu/ appe> = ! *ild ( revolution to d5y !
 v pr9ciples to :i* he ow$ 8 be+ & to   
embrace ! ari/ocratic ideas ( a bygone  
age1 = ! pr\d conqu]or ( all ! sov]eigns
 ( ,europe anxi\sly to solicit _!       

recognition ( him z _! equal 9 bir?1 ^! 
app>5t contradictions are easily expla9$
 by ! fact t m5 ( lib]al ideas 7 !      
objects ( ,napoleon's greate/ dread &   
hatr$1 & t he 0 consequ5tly driv5 to    
favor ! anci5t ari/ocracy1 z he _h =m]ly
 favor$ ! anci5t *ur*1 & to use !m z 8  
tools4 ,"y & ris+ nations1 n ! anci5t   
families ( ,europe1 ?reat5$ 8 p[]1 & he 
!re=e s\ght to confirm x by an alliance 
aga9/ ! =m] ) ! anci5t dyna/ies4#d ,!   
nuptials 7 solemniz$ ) extraord9>y pomp 
at ,p>is4 ,! conflagration ( ! ,au/rian 
ambassador's1 ,pr9ce von ,s*w>z5b]g's1  
h\se dur+ a spl5did fete giv5 by him to 
! newly-w$d$ pair1 & :i* caus$ ! dea? ( 
sev]al p]sons1 among o!rs1 ( ! ,pr9cess 
,paul9e ,s*w>z5b]g1 ! ambassador's      
si/]-9-law1 :o ru%$ into ! flam+ build+ 
to h] daught]'s rescue1 cl\d$ !         
fe/ivities ) om9\s gloom4 ,9 ! ensu+    
ye>1 #ahaa1 ! y\?ful empress gave bir?  
to a pr9ce1 ,napoleon ,francis1 :o 0    
laid 9 a silv] cradle1 & provisionally  
entitl$ ,k+ ( ,rome1 9 notification ( 8 

future de/9y to succe$ 8 fa!r on ! ?rone
 ( ! ,roman empire4#e  ,au/ria (f]$ a   
melan*oly contra/ to ! magnific5ce (    
,france4 ,exhau/$ by h] cont9ual        
ex]tions = ! ma9t5ance ( ! w>1 ! /ate   
c\ld no long] meet its obligations1 &1  
on ! #ae? ( ,m>*1 #ahaa1 ,c\nt ,wallis1 
! m9i/] ( f9ance1 l[]$ ! value ( "o ?\s&
 & sixty millions ( bank pap] to two    
hundr$ & twelve millions1 & ! int]e/ ^u 
! :ole ( ! /ate debts to half ! new pap]
 issue4 ,?is fe>ful /ate bankruptcy 0   
accompani$ by ! fall ( innum]able       
private firms2 trade 0 completely at a  
/&/ill1 & ! contributions dem&$ by      
,napoleon am\nt$ to a sum almo/         
impossible to realize4 ,prussia1        
especially1 suff]$ f ! dra9 ^u h]       
res\rces4 ,! beautiful & high-s\l$ que51
 ,l\isa1 de/9$ n to see ! day ( v5geance
 & ( victory1 di$1 9 #ahaj1 ( a brok5   
he>t4#f  ,:ile ,g]many lay ?us exhau/$ &
 ble$+ 9 h] *a9s1 ,napoleon & ,alex&]   
put ! plans1 agre$ to betwe5 !m at      
,erfurt1 into execution4 ,napoleon ?rew 

himself ) r$\bl$ viol5ce on luckless    
,spa91 & ! ,russians invad$ ,sw$54  ,!  
,g]mans act$ a prom95t "p 9 ! bloody w>s
 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,f\r ,swiss regim5ts1 t  
_h at an e>li] p]iod be5 9 ! ,spani%    
s]vice1 & ! ,g]man ,legion1 compos$ (   
,hanov]ian refugees to ,engl&1 upheld ! 
,spani% cause1 :ile all sorts ( troops (
 ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation1 ^? ( ,bav>ia &   
,wurtemb]g except$1 sev]al ,dut* & f\r  
,swiss regim5ts1 f\ght = ,napoleon4  ,! 
troops ( ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation =m$ two   
corps4 ,! fate ( "o ( !m has be5        
describ$ by ,capta9 ,rigel ( ,bad54 ,!  
,bad5 regim5t 01 9 #ahjh1 s5t to ,biscay
 & unit$ "u ,lefebvre ) o!r cont+5ts ( !
 ,rh5i% conf$]ation1 = in/ance1 ) !     
,nassau]s "u ! gallant ,von ,s*f]1 !    
,dut* "u ,g5]al ,*asse1 ! ,hessians1 !  
,primates 7,frank=t]s71 & ,poles4 ,z    
e>ly z ,octob]1 !y f\ght aga9/ !        
,spani>ds at ,zornoza1 & at ! pillage ( 
,portugalete fir/ became acqua9t$ ) !   
b>b>\s cu/oms ( ?is t]rible civil w>4 ,!
 mo/ implacable hatr$1 m]ciless rage1 ! 

assass9ation ( prison]s1 plund]1        
de/ruction1 & inc5di>ism1 equally       
di/+ui%$ bo? sides4 ,! ,g]mans g>rison$ 
,bilboa1 ga9$ "s successes at ,mol9> &  
,valmas$a1 7 aft]w>d plac$ "u ! comm& ( 
,g5]al ,victor1 :o arriv$ ) a fre% army1
 7 aga9 victori\s at ,esp9osa & ,burgos1
 =m$ a junction ) ,s\lt & f9ally )      
,napoleon1 &1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahjh1 ent]$  
,madrid 9 triumph4--,9 ,janu>y1 #ahji1 !
 ,g]man troops "u ,victor aga9 advanc$  
^u ! ,tagus1 &1 aft] a desp]ate         
conflict1 took ! celebrat$ bridge (     
,alm>az by /orm4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by !     
horrid sack+ ( ! little t[n ( ,ar5as1   
dur+ :i* a ,nassau] nam$ ,hornung1 n    
only1 l a second ,scipio1 g5]\sly       
releas$ a beautiful girl :o _h fall5    
into 8 h&s1 b sword 9 h& def5d$ h] f 8  
fell[-soldi]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,m>*1 !      
,g]mans 7 aga9 br\ght into action1 at   
,mesa de ,ibor1 :]e ,s*f]'s ,nassau]s   
drove ! enemy f _! position1 "u a fe>ful
 fire1 :i* cut d[n ?ree hundr$ ( _!     
numb]2 & at ,m$el91 :]e !y 7 aga9       

victori\s & massacr$ numb]s ( ! arm$    
,spani% peasantry4 ,f\r hundr$ prison]s 
71 aft] ! battle1 %ot by ord] ( ,m>%al  
,victor4 ,among ! w\nd$ on ! field (    
battle !re lay1 side by side1 ,preuss]1 
! ,nassau]1 & a ,spani% corporal1 bo? ( 
:om _h sev]ely suff]$4 ,a dispute arose 
betwe5 !m1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y discov]$ t 
!y 7 bro!rs4 ,"o _h ent]$ ! ,fr5*1 ! o!r
 ! ,spani% s]vice4--,a ,dut* battalion  
"u ,/orm de ,grave1 ab&on$ at ,m]ida to 
! v5geance ( ! enrag$ p1 0 furi\sly     
assail$1 b made a gallant def5ce & f\ght
 its way ?r\gh ! enemy4  ,9 ! comm5cem5t
 ( #ahji1 ,napoleon _h aga9 quitt$ ,spa9
 9 ord] to conduct ! w> on ! ,danube 9  
p]son4 ,8 m>%als1 left by him 9 diff]5t 
p>ts ( ! ,p59sula1 took ,s>agossa1 drove
 ! ,briti% "u ,sir ,john ,moore out ( ! 
c\ntry1 & p5etrat$ into ,portugal1 b 7  
ere long aga9 attack$ by a fre% ,engli% 
army "u ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,?is r5d]$ 
! junction ( ! ,g]man troops ) ! ma9    
body ( ! ,fr5* army necess>y1 & !y      
consequ5tly %>$ 9 ! defeats ( ,talav]a &

 ,almoncid4 ,_! losses1 m p>ticul>ly 9 !
 latt] engagem5t1 7 v consid]able1      
am\nt+ 9 all to two ?\s& six hundr$ m52 
among o!rs1 ,g5]al ,porbeck ( ,bad51 an 
(fic] ( not$ tal5t1 fell3 five hundr$ ( 
_! w\nd$ 7 but*]$ aft] ! battle by !    
infuriat$ ,spani>ds4 ,b ,well+ton       
sudd5ly /opp$ %ort 9 8 victori\s c>e]4  
,x 0 9 ,decemb]1 #ahji1 :5 ! news ( !   
fre% peace conclud$ by ,napoleon )      
,au/ria arriv$4 ,on ! ,spani>ds haz>d+ a
 fre% engagem5t1 ,well+ton left !m      
totally unassi/$1 &1 on ! #ai? (        
,novemb]1 !y suff]$ a dreadful defeat at
 ,ocasia1 :]e !y lo/ tw5ty-five ?\s& m54
 ,! ,rh5i% conf$]at$ troops 71 9 rew>d =
 ! gallantry display$ by !m on ?is      
occasion1 *>g$ ) ! transport ( !        
prison]s into ,france1 & 7 expos$ to !  
:ole rigor ( ! climate & to e sort (    
deprivation :ile ! ,fr5* )drew into w9t]
 qu>t]s4 ,! fatigues ( ?is s]vice       
greatly ?9n$ _! ranks4 ,! o!r ,g]man    
regim5ts 7 s5t into ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 :]e
 !y 7 kept ev] on ! al]t gu>d+ t key to 

,spa91 :ile ! ,fr5* "u ,s\lt advanc$ z  
f> z ,cadiz1 ^? "u ,mass5a into         
,portugal2 b ,s\lt be+ unable to take   
,cadiz1 & ,mass5a be+ =c$ by ! ,duke (  
,well+ton to retire1 ! ,g]man troops 7  
also driv5 f _! position1 &1 9 #ahab1   
)drew to ,val5cia1 b1 9 ! ,octob] ( !   
same ye>1 aga9 advanc$ ) ,s\lt ^u       
,madrid4  ,! second corps ( ! ,rh5i%    
conf$]at$ troops 0 /ation$ 9 ,catalonia1
 :]e !y 7 fully occupi$4 ,_! fate has   
be5 describ$ by two ,saxon (fic]s1      
,jacobs & ,von ,seeba*4 ,9 ! comm5cem5t 
( #ahji1 ,r$+ ! ,swiss1 :o _h1 9 #ahjh1 
*iefly contribut$ to ! capture ( ! ,fr5*
 army at ,bayl51 comm&$ ! :ole ( !      
,spani% =ces 9 ,catalonia1 consi/+ ( =ty
 ?\s& ,spani>ds & sev]al ?\s& ,swiss2 b 
^! gu]illa troops1 almo/ inv9cible 9    
petty w>f>e1 7 totally unable to /& 9   
op5 battle aga9/ ! vet]ans ( ! ,fr5*    
emp]or1 & ,r$+ 0 completely r\t$ by ,/4 
,cyr at ,t>agona4 ,9 ,/4 ,cyr's army 7  
eight ?\s& ,we/phalians "u ,g5]al       
,morio1 ?ree ?\s& ,b]gl&]s1 fifte5      

hundr$ ,wurzburg]s1 f eight to n9e      
hundr$ m5 ( ,s*w>zburg1 ,lippe1         
,waldeck1 & ,reuss1 all ( :om 7 employ$ 
9 ! we>isome siege ( ,g]ona1 :i* 0      
def5d$ by ,don ,alv>ez1 "o ( ,spa9's    
greate/ h]oes4 ,! popul> en?usiasm 0 s  
int5se t ev5 ! wom5 took up arms 79 !   
company ( ,/4 ,b>b>a7 & aid$ 9 ! def5ce 
( ! walls4 ,! ,g]mans1 ev] de/9$ to head
 ! assault1 suff]$ imm5se losses on ea* 
attempt to c>ry ! place by /orm4 ,9 "o  
attack alone1 on ! #c;d ( ,july1 9 :i*  
!y met ) a sev]e repulse1 !y lo/ two    
?\s& ( _! m54 ,_! dem& ( a truce = !    
purpose ( c>ry+ _! w\nd$ (f ! field (   
battle 0 answ]$ by a ,spani>d1 ,colonel 
,blas das ,furnas1 ,a qu>t] ( an h\r    
h5ce n "o ( !m w be alive6 & ! :ole ( ! 
w\nd$ m5 71 9 fact1 murd]$ 9 cold blood 
by ! ,spani>ds4 ,dur+ a second assault  
on ! #ai? ( ,septemb]1 sixte5 hundr$ (  
_! numb] & ! gallant ,colonel ,neuff1 an
 ,alsatian1 :o _h s]v$ 9 ,egypt1 fell4  
,g]ona 0 f9ally driv5 by fam9e to       
capitulate1 aft] a sacrifice ( twelve   

?\s& m51 pr9cipally ,g]mans1 be=e h]    
walls4 ,( ! eight ?\s& ,we/phalians b "o
 battalion rema9$4 ,/4 ,cyr 01 9 #ahaj1 
replac$ by ,m>%al ,aug]eau1 b ! troops 7
 few 9 numb] & worn out ) fatigue2 a    
l>ge convoy 0 lo/ 9 an unlucky          
engagem5t1 9 :i* numb]s ( ! ,g]mans     
des]t$ to ! ,spani%1 & ,aug]eau retir$  
to ,b>celona1 ! metropolis ( ,catalonia1
 9 ord] to await ! arrival ( re9=cem5ts1
 among :i* 0 a ,nassau regim5t1 "o (    
,anhalt1 & ! id5tical ,saxon corps t _h 
s dreadfully suff]$ 9 ! ,tyrol4#g ,!    
,saxon & ,nassau troops1 two ?\s& two   
hundr$ /rong1 "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al       
,s*w>z1 an ,alsatian1 advanc$ f         
,b>celona t[>d ! celebrat$ m\nta9 (     
,monts]rat1 ^: h]mitages1 pil$ up "o    
above ano!r en amphi!atre1 excite !     
travell]'s wond]4 ,close 9 its vic9ity  
lay ! city ( ,manresa1 ! focus ( !      
,catalonian insurrection4 ,! ,g]man     
troops advanc$ 9 close column1 al?\gh   
surr\nd$ by infuriat$ multitudes1 by :om
 e /raggl] 0 m]cilessly but*]$4 ,! two  

regim5ts1 nev]!less1 succe$$ 9 mak+     
!mselves ma/]s ( ,manresa1 :]e !y 7     
in/antly %ut 91 furi\sly assail$1 &     
?reat5$ ) mom5t>y de/ruction4 ,! ,anhalt
 troops & a ,fr5* corps1 despat*$ by    
,aug]eau to _! relief1 7 repuls$ )      
consid]able loss4 ,s*w>z n[ boldly      
salli$ =?1 f\ght 8 way ?r\gh !          
,spani>ds1 &1 aft] los+ a ?\s& m51      
succe$$ 9 rea*+ ,b>celona1 b 0 %ortly   
aft]w>d1 aft] assi/+ at ! tak+ (        
,ho/alri*1 surpris$ at ,la ,bisbal &    
tak5 prison] ) almo/ all ! ,saxon       
troops4 ,! few t rema9$ fell victims to 
disease4#h ,! fate ( ! prison]s 0 inde$ 
melan*oly4 ,sev]al ?\s& ( !m di$ on !   
,bale>ic ,isl&s1 *iefly on ! isl& (     
,cabr]a1 :]e1 nak$ & h\seless1 !y dug = 
!mselves holes 9 ! s& & di$ 9 great     
numb]s ( />vation4 ,!y (t5 also fell    
victims to ! fury ( ! inhabitants4 ,!   
,swiss engag$ 9 ! ,spani% s]vice1       
sometimes sav$ _! lives at ! haz>d ( _! 
own4  ,oppos$ to !m 0 ! ,g]man ,legion1 
compos$ ( ! brave ,hanov]ians1 :o _h    

pref]r$ exile 9 ,brita9 to submission to
 ,j]ome1 & _h be5 s5t 9 ,briti% m5-(-w> 
to ,portugal1 :5ce !y _h1 9 conjunction 
) ! troops ( ,engl& & ,spa91 p5etrat$1 9
 #ahjh1 into ! int]ior ( ,spa94#i ,at   
,b5av5te1 !y made a furi\s *>ge ^u !    
,fr5* & took _! long-delay$ rev5ge4     
,l9s+5's cavalry cut d[n all be=e !m2   
arms 7 sev]$ at a bl[1 heads 7 split 9  
two2 "o head 0 f\nd cut 9 two across f  
"o e> to ! o!r4 ,a "y ,hanov]ian soldi] 
took ,g5]al ,lefebvre prison]1 b all[$  
himself to be depriv$ ( 8 valuable      
captive by an ,engli%man4--,!           
,hanov]ians s]v$ fir/ "u ,sir ,john     
,moore4 ,on ! dea? ( t comm&] at        
,corunna1 ! troops "u 8 comm& return$ to
 ,engl&3 a %ip ( ! l9e1 ) two ,hanov]ian
 battalions on bo>d1 0 lo/ dur+ !       
passage4 ,! ,g]man ,legion aft]w>d s]v$ 
"u ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 & %>$ ! dang]s &
 ! glory ( ! w> 9 ! ,p59sula4 ,!        
admirable accuracy & rapidity ( ! ,g]man
 artill]y "u ,major ,h>tmann greatly    
contribut$ to ! victory ( ,talav]a1 &   

receiv$ ! p]sonal encomiums ( ! ,duke4  
,langw]?'s brigade ga9$ equal glory4 ,! 
,g]man ,legion 01 h[ev]1 nev] 9 full =ce
 9 ,spa94 ,a division 01 9 #ahji1 s5t to
 ! isl& ( ,wal*]51 b %>$ ! ill-success  
att5d+ all ! attempts made 9 ! ,nor?    
,sea dur+ ,napoleon's reign4 ,! conque/ 
& demolition ( ,vliess+5 9 ,augu/ 0 !   
only result4 ,a pe/il5ce broke out among
 ! troops1 &1 on ,napoleon's successes 9
 ,au/ria1 x 0 compell$ to return to     
,engl&4 ,a ?ird division1 consi/+ (     
sev]al ,hanov]ian regim5ts1 0 s5t to    
,sicily1 accompani$ ! exp$ition to      
,naples 9 #ahji1 & aft]w>d gu>d$ ! rocks
 ( ,sicily4 ,! ,hanov]ians 9 ,spa9 7    
also sep>at$ into v>i\s divisions1 ea* (
 :i* ga9$ great di/9ction1 m p>ticul>ly 
s1 ! corps ( ,g5]al ,alt5 9 ! /orm+ (   
,ciudad-,rodrigo4 ,9 #ahab1 ! ,hanov]ian
 cavalry broke ?ree ,fr5* squ>es at     
,g>cia ,h]n&ez4  ,! ,russians _h1       
mean:ile1 invad$ ,sw$54 ,gu/avus        
,adolphus1 hi!rto ,russia's firme/ ally1
 0 sudd5ly & trea*]\sly attack$4 ,g5]al 

,buxhovd5 ov]ran ,f9l&1 incit+ ! p1 z he
 advanc$1 to revolt aga9/ _! lawful     
sov]eign4 ,b ! brave ,f9l&]s /\tly      
resi/$ ! attempt$ imposition ( ! yoke ( 
! b>b>\s ,russ1 &1 al?\gh ill-support$  
by ,sw$51 p]=m$ prodigies ( valor4      
,gu/avus ,adolphus 0 devoid ( milit>y k1
 & wat*$1 z if sunk 9 torpor1 !         
ill-plann$ op]ations ( 8 g5]als4 ,:ile !
 fl[] ( ! ,sw$i% troops 0 uselessly     
employ$ aga9/ ,d5m>k & ,norway1 ,f9l& 0 
all[$ to fall into ! grasp ( ,russia4#aj
 ,! ,russians 7 already expect$ to l& 9 
,sw$51 :5 a conspiracy broke out among !
 nobility & (fic]s ( ! army1 :i* t]m9at$
 9 ! seizure ( ! k+'s p]son & 8         
deposition1 ,m>*1 #ahji4 ,8 son1        
,gu/avus ,vasa1 ! pres5t ex-k+ ( ,sw$51 
0 exclud$ f ! succession1 & 8 uncle     
,*>les1 ! imbecile & unwor?y duke (     
,sud]mania1#aa 0 proclaim$ k+ "u ! title
 ( ,*>les ,,xiii4 ,he 0 put up z a      
sc>ecr[ by ! conspirators4 ,gu/avus     
,adolphus ,,iv4 _h1 at all ev5ts1 %[n   
himself incapable ( sav+ ,sw$54 ,b !    

conspirators 7 no patriots1 nor 0 _!    
object ! pres]vation ( _! c\ntry2 !y 7  
m]ely brib$ traitors1 weak & incapable z
 ! mon>* !y _h de?ron$4 ,!y 7 compos$ ( 
a p>ty among ! anci5t nobility1 impati5t
 ( ! re/rictions ( a mon>*y1 & ( ! y\ng]
 (fic]s 9 ! army1 :o 7 fill$ ) en?usiasm
 = ,napoleon4 ,! rejoic+s on ! occasion 
( ! abdication ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus 7   
height5$ by ! news ( ! victory ga9$ by  
,napoleon at ,ratisbon1 :i*1 at ! same  
"t1 rea*$ ,/ockholm4 ,! new & wret*$    
,sw$i% gov]nm5t in/antly def]r$ ev]y?+  
to ,napoleon & humbly solicit$ 8 favor2 
b ,napoleon1 to :om ! fri5d%ip ( ,russia
 01 at t "t1 ( high] importance ?an !   
submission ( a h&ful ( intriguants 9    
,sw$51 receiv$ _! homage ) m>k$         
coldness4 ,f9l&1 %amefully ab&on$ 9 h]  
h\r ( ne$1 0 imm$iately c$$ to ,russia1 
9 consid]ation ( :i*1 ,napoleon         
graci\sly re/or$ ,rug5 &                
,sw$i%-,pom]ania to ,sw$54 ,*>les       
,,xiii4 adopt$1 z 8 son & successor1    
,*ri/ian ,augu/us1 pr9ce (              

,hol/e9-,augu/5burg1 :o1 fall+ dead (f 8
 horse at a review1#ab ! ag$ & *ildless 
mon>* 0 compell$ to make a second *oice1
 :i* fell ^u ! ,fr5* g5]al1 ,b]nadotte1 
:o _h1 at "o "t1 be5 a furi\s ,jacob9 & 
_h aft]w>d act$ z ,napoleon's g5]al &   
comm&ant 9 ,sw$i%-,pom]ania1 :]e he _h1 
by 8 mildness1 ga9$ great popul>ity4 ,! 
majority 9 ,sw$5 deem$ him m]ely a      
creature ( ,napoleon1 ^: favor !y hop$  
to ga9 by ?is flatt]+ *oice2 o!rs1 x may
 be1 already beheld 9 him ,napoleon's   
future foe1 & knew ! value ( ! sagacity 
& wisdom ) :i* he 0 end[$1 & ( :i* !    
want 0 s deeply felt 9 ,sw$5 at a p]iod 
:5 intrigue & cunn+ _h succe$$ to       
viol5ce4 ,! ,freemasons1 ) :om he _h    
plac$ himself 9 close communication1    
appe> to h greatly influ5c$ 8           
election4#ac ,! un=tunate k+1 ,gu/avus  
,adolphus1 aft] be+ long kept a close   
prison] 9 ! ca/le ( ,grip%olm1 :]e 8    
/rong religi\s bias _h be5 /r5g!n$ by   
app>itions1#ad 0 p]mitt$ to retire into 
,g]many2 he disda9fully refus$ to accept

 ( a p5sion1 sep>at$ himself f 8        
consort1 a pr9cess ( ,bad51 & liv$ 9    
pr\d pov]ty1 "u ! "n ( ,colonel         
,gu/avson1 9 ,switz]l&4-- ,b]nadotte1 ! 
newly adopt$ pr9ce1 took ! title (      
,*>les ,john1 cr[n pr9ce ( ,sw$54       
,napoleon1 :o 0 9 ignorance ( ?is       
intrigue1 0 tak5 by surprise1 b1 9 !    
hope ( ,b]nadotte's cont9u$ fidelity1   
pres5t$ him ) a million en cadeau2      
,b]nadotte _h1 h[ev]1 be5 long jeal\s ( 
,napoleon's =tune1 &1 solely int5t ^u   
ga9+ ! he>ts ( 8 future subjects1       
deceiv$ him & secretly p]mitt$ ! ,briti%
 to trade ) ,sw$51 al?\gh publicly a    
p>ty 9 ! cont95tal sy/em4  ,?is sy/em 0 
at ?is p]iod en=c$ ) exagg]at$ sev]ity  
by ,napoleon4 ,he n only prohibit$ !    
importation ( all ,briti% goods1 b seiz$
 all already s5t to ! cont95t & condemn$
 !m to be publicly burn$4 ,millions     
evaporat$ 9 smoke1 pr9cipally at        
,am/]dam1 ,hamburg1 ,frank=t1 &         
,leipzig4 ,! weal?ie/ m]cantile         
e/abli%m5ts 7 made bankrupt4  ,9        

addition to ! o!r bl[s at t "t zeal\sly 
be/[$ ^u ! dead ,g]man lion1 ! k+ (     
,d5m>k attempt$ to extirpate ! ,g]man   
language 9 ,s*leswig1 b ! edict to t    
effect1 publi%$ on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y1    
#ahaa1 0 fru/rat$ by ! c\rage ( ! cl]gy1
 s*oolma/]s1 & peasantry1 :o ob/9ately  
refus$ to le>n ,dani%4#ae   ,footnote   
#a3 ,! pope1 among o!r ?+s1 long refus$ 
8 cons5t to ! second m>riage ( ! k+ (   
,we/phalia1 al?\gh t pr9ce's fir/ wife 0
 m]ely a ,prote/ant & an ,am]ican       
citiz54  ,footnote #b3 ,bild]dyk1 :om ! 
,dut* consid] z _! greate/ poet1 01     
nev]!less1 at t "t1 ,napoleon's base/   
flatt]]1 & ev] express$ a hypo*ondriacal
 & s5seless antipa?y to ,g]many4        
,footnote #c3 ,at ,am/]dam1 9 #ahaa2 9 !
 di/rict ar\nd ,leyd51 9 #ahab4         
,insurrections ( a simil> "* 7 suppress$
 9 ,april1 #ahaa1 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd      
,liege2 9 ,decemb]1 #ahab1 at ,aix-la-  
,*apelle2 ! ,ea/ ,friesl&]s also rebell$
 aga9/ ! conscription4  ,footnote #d3 ,x
 0 dur+ ?is ye> t ,napoleon caus$ !     

seamless coat ( ! ,savi\r1 :i* _h1 dur+ 
! ,revolution1 tak5 refuge at ,augsburg1
 to be borne 9 a magnific5t procession  
to ,treves & to be expos$ = eighte5 days
 to public view4 ,! pilgrims am\nt$ to  
two hundr$ & fifty ?\s&4--,hormayr1 :o  
_h1 dur+ ! =ego+ ye>1 summon$ !         
,tyrolese to arms aga9/ ,napoleon1 said 
9 8 ,annual = #ahaa1 ,by ! m>riage ( !  
emp]or ,napoleon ) ,m>ia ,l\isa1 !      
,revolution may be consid]$ z completely
 t]m9at$ & peace durably settl$ ?r\gh\t 
,europe4  ,footnote #e3 ,8 bir? 0       
celebrat$ by num]\s ,g]man poets & by   
g5]al public rejoic+s1 b ) ! base/      
adulation 9 ,switz]l&4 ,mey] ( ,knonau  
relates1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,switz]l&1 t ! k+
 ( ,rome 0 at "o ( ! fe/ivals t]m$ !    
bless$ infant4 ,goe!'s poem 9 praise (  
,napoleon appe>$ at ?is "t4 ,! cl]gy    
also emulat$ ea* o!r 9 s]vility4        
,footnote #f3 ,at t "t ! noble-he>t$    
poet1 ,seume1 :o _h =m]ly be5 a victim (
 native tyranny1 di$ ( sorr[ & disgu/ at
 ! rule ( ! =eign] 9 ,g]many1 at        

,toeplitz1 #ahaj4  ,footnote #g3 ,?is   
regim5t 0 m]ely rew>d$ by ,napoleon =   
its gallantry ) #ae gros 7#as4          
#f-a_/d;d47 p] man1 9 ord] to dr9k to 8 
heal? on 8 bir?day4--,von ,seeba*4      
,footnote #h3 ,:at ! feel+ among !      
,g]mans 0 is pla9ly %[n by ! *>ge aga9/ 
,g5]al ,beurmann = g5]al ill-treatm5t ( 
8 c\ntrym51 :om he 0 accus$ ( hav+ all[$
 to p]i% 9 ! hospitals1 9 ord] to save !
 exp5se ( _! return home4 ,out ( sev5ty 
(fic]s & two ?\s& f\r hundr$ &          
tw5ty-?ree privates belong+ to ! ,saxon 
regim5t1 b ?irty-n9e (fic]s & ?ree      
hundr$ & n9ete5 privates return$ to _!  
native c\ntry4 ,vide ,jacob's ,campaigns
 ( ! ,go?a-,alt5burg]s & ,von ,seeba*'s 
,hi/ory ( ! ,campaigns ( ! ,saxony      
,infantry4 ,von ,seeba*1 :o 0 tak5      
prison] on 8 return f ,manresa1 has giv5
 a p>ticul>ly detail$ & graphic acc\nt (
 ! campaign4  ,footnote #i3 ,beami% has 
rec\nt$ _! exploits 9 detail4 ,!        
,recollections ( a ,legion>y1 ,hanov]1  
#ahbf1 is also wor?y ( p]usal4          

,footnote #aj3 ,! gallant acts ( !      
,f9l&]s & ! brutality ( ! ,russians are 
br\ght =w>d 9 ,arndt's ,sw$i% ,hi/ories4
  ,footnote #aa3 ,:5 reg5t1 on ! dea? ( 
,gu/avus ,,iii41 he _h sp>$ 8 murd]]s & 
releas$ ^? crim9at$ 9 ! conspiracy4 ,on 
! pres5t occasion1 he yield$ 9 ev]y?+ to
 ! ari/ocracy1 & vot$ = ! de?ronem5t ( 8
 own h\se1 :i*1 z he _h no *ildr51      
infallibly ensu$ on ! exclusion ( !     
y\?ful ,gu/avus4  ,footnote #ab3 ,an    
extremely suspici\s accid5t1 :i* gave   
rise to _m reports4  ,footnote #ac3     
,vide ,posselt's ,six? ,annual4         
,footnote #ad3 ,?is ca/le 0 haunt$ by ! 
gho/ ( ,k+ ,eric ,,xiv41 :o _h long p9$ 
"h 9 close imprisonm5t1 & :o _h once    
be=e1 dur+ a sumptu\s ent]ta9m5t giv5 by
 ,gu/avus ,adolphus ,,iv4 to 8          
bro!r-9-law1 ! ,m>grave ( ,bad51 /ruck !
 :ole c\rt ) t]ror by 8 %rieks & groans4
  ,footnote #ae3 ,wimpf51 ,hi/ory (     
,s*leswig4    ,,cclix4 ,! ,russian      
,campaign   ,an enorm\s comet t1 dur+ ! 
:ole ( ! hot summ] ( #ahaa1 hung ?reat5+

 9 ! heav5s1 appe>$ z ! h>b+] ( great & 
important vicissitudes to ! enslav$     
inhabitants ( ! e>?1 & x 0 9 tru? by an 
act ( ,div9e provid5ce t a dispute arose
 betwe5 ! two giant p[]s int5t ^u !     
p>tition ( ,europe4  ,napoleon 0        
ov]-rea*$ by ,russia1 ^: av>ice1 f> f   
be+ glutt$ by ! possession ( ,f9l&1     
great "p ( ,prussian & ,au/rian ,pol&1  
,moldavia1 & ,walla*ia1 /ill crav$ = m1 
& :o built h] hopes ( ,napoleon's       
compliance ) h] dem&s on 8 value = h]   
fri5d%ip4 ,belgrade 0 seiz$1 ,s]via     
dem&$1 & ! :ole ( ,turkey 9 ,europe     
op5ly grasp$ at4 ,napoleon 01 h[ev]1    
little incl9$ to c$e ! ,m$it]ranean to 8
 ,russian ally1 to ^: empire he gave !  
,danube z a b\nd>y4 ,russia next dem&$  
possession ( ! du*y ( ,w>saw1 :i* 0     
refus$ by ,napoleon4 ,! ,au/rian m>riage
 0 mean:ile conclud$4 ,napoleon1 prior  
to 8 dem& = ! h& ( ! ar*du*ess ,m>ia    
,l\isa1 _h su$ = t ( ! gr&du*ess ,anna1 
si/] to ! emp]or ,alex&]1 :o 0 !n 9 h]  
sixte5? ye>1 b1 be+ refus$ by h] "m1 !  

empress ,m>ia1 a pr9cess ( ,wurtemb]g1 &
 ,alex&] delay+ a decisive answ]1 he =m$
 an alliance ) ! ,habsburg4 ,?is ev5t   
naturally l$ ,russia to conclude t %e   
w\ld no long] be p]mitt$ to aggr&ize    
h]self at ! exp5se ( ,au/ria1 & ,alex&] 
consequ5tly assum$ a ?reat5+ po/ure &   
condesc5d$ to li/5 to ! compla9ts1      
hi!rto condemn$ to sil5ce1 ( !          
agricultural & m]cantile classes4 ,no   
,russian vessel dur/ v5ture out to sea1 
& a ,russian fleet _h be5 seiz$ by !    
,briti% 9 ! h>bors ( ,lisbon4 ,at ,riga 
lay imm5se /ores ( gra9 9 want ( a =eign
 m>ket4 ,on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb]1 #ahaj1   
,alex&] publi%$ a fre% t>iff p]mitt+ !  
importation ( colonial products "u a    
neutral flag 7sev]al hundr$ ,engli% %ips
 arriv$ "u ! ,am]ican flag71 & prohibit+
 ! importation ( ,fr5* manufactur$      
goods4 ,n _m weeks previ\sly1 on ! #ac? 
( ,decemb]1 ,napoleon _h annex$         
,old5burg to ,france4 ,! duke1 ,pet]1 0 
ne>ly relat$ to ! emp]or ( ,russia1 &   
,napoleon1 not)/&+ 8 decl>$ read9ess to 

grant a comp5sation1 refus$ to all[ x to
 consi/ ( ! gr&du*y ( ,w>saw1 & propos$ 
a du*y ( ,erfurt1 z yet uncreat$1 :i*   
,russia scornfully reject$4  ,! alliance
 betwe5 ,russia1 ,sw$51 & ,engl& 0 n[   
spe$ily conclud$4 ,sw$51 :o _h va9ly    
dem&$ f ,napoleon ! possession ( ,norway
 & a l>ge supply ( money1 assum$ a tone 
( indignation1 ?rew op5 h] h>bors to !  
,briti% m]*antm51 & s op5ly c>ri$ on a  
contrab& trade 9 ,pom]ania t ,napoleon1 
9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! cont95tal sy/em1 0   
con/ra9$ to g>rison ,sw$i%-,pom]ania &  
,rug51 & to dis>m ! ,sw$i% inhabitants4 
,b]nadotte1 ^u ?is1 rang$ himself       
entirely on ! side ( 8 oppon5ts1 )\t1   
h[ev]1 com+ to an op5 rupture1 = :i* he 
await$ a decl>ation on ! "p ( ,russia4  
,! expressions made use ( by ,napoleon  
on ! bir? ( ! k+ ( ,rome at l5g? fill$  
up ! measure ( provocation4 ,intoxicat$ 
) success1 he boa/$1 9 an address to !  
m]cantile classes1 t he w\ld 9 despite (
 ,russia ma9ta9 ! cont95tal sy/em1 = he 
0 "l ov] ! :ole ( cont95tal ,europe2 t  

if ,alex&] _h n conclud$ a treaty ) him 
at ,tilsit he w\ld h compell$ him to d s
 at ,pet]sburg4--,! pride ( ! haughty   
,russian 0 deeply w\nd$1 & a rupture 0  
nigh at h&4  ,two secret sy/ems 7 at ?is
 p]iod und]m9+ ea* o!r 9 ,prussia1 t ( !
 ,tug5dbund f\nd$ by ,/e9 & ,s*>nhor/1  
^: object be+ ! lib]ation ( ,g]many at  
all haz>ds f ! yoke ( ,napoleon1        
consequ5tly1 favor$ ,russia1 & t (      
,h>d5b]g1 :i* aim$ at a close union )   
,france4 ,h>d5b]g1 ^: position z        
*ancellor ( /ate gave him ! upp] h&1 _h 
compromis$ ,prussia by ! s]vility ) :i* 
he su$ = an alliance long scornfully    
refus$ & at l5g? conc$$ on ! mo/        
humiliat+ t]ms by ,napoleon4#a  ,russia 
_h1 mean:ile1 made prep>ations = a w>   
unanticipat$ by ,napoleon4 ,z e>ly z    
#ahaa1 a great ,russian army /ood ready 
= ! invasion ( ,pol&1 & might1 z !re 7  
at t "t b few ,fr5* troops 9 ,g]many1   
easily h advanc$ z f> z ! ,elbe4 ,x     
rema9$1 nev]!less1 9 a /ate (           
inactivity4#b ,napoleon in/antly prep>$ 

= w> & =tifi$ ,dantzig4 ,8 cont9ual     
proposals ( peace1 ev] unsatisfactory to
 ! ambition ( ! cz>1 rema9+ at l5g?     
unansw]$1 he decl>$ w>4 ,! ,rh5i%       
conf$]ation foll[$ z usual 9 8 tra91 &  
,au/ria1 f an int]e/$ motive1 ! hope (  
rega9+ 9 ! ,ea/ by ,napoleon's assi/ance
 all %e _h lo/ by oppos+ him 9 ! ,we/1  
or t ( rega9+ h] /ation z ! ?ird        
,european p[] :5 ! res\rces ( ! two rul+
 p[]s1 ^: coalition _h ?reat5$ h]       
exi/5ce1 _h be5 exhau/$ by w>4 ,prussia 
also foll[$ ! eagles ( ,napoleon3 !     
,h>d5b]g p>ty1 ) a view ( conciliat+    
him1 &1 l ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation1 f       
motives ( ga93 ! ,tug5dbund1 :i*        
pr$om9at$ 9 ! army1 ) sil5t b implacable
 hate4  ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahab1 ,napoleon1   
aft] leav+ a suffici5t =ce to prosecute 
! w> ) activity 9 ,spa9 & to gu>d       
,france1 ,italy1 & ,g]many1#c l$ half a 
million m5 to ! ,russian fronti]s4 ,be=e
 tak+ ! field1 he convok$ all ! pr9ces (
 ,g]many to ,dresd51 :]e he treat$ !m ) 
su* extreme insol5ce z ev5 to revolt 8  

mo/ favor$ & w>me/ p>tisans4 ,te>s 7 se5
 to />t 9 ladies' eyes1 :ile m5 bit _!  
lips ) rage at ! petty humiliations &   
affronts heap$ on !m by _! p[]ful b     
mom5t>y "l4 ,! empress ( ,au/ria#d & !  
k+ ( ,prussia#e appe>1 on ?is occasion1 
to h felt ?is mo/ acutely4  ,= ! fir/   
"t--an ev5t unkn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w--! 
:ole ( ,g]many 0 r$uc$ to submission4   
,napoleon1 great] ?an conqu]+ ,attila1  
:o took ! field at ! head ( "o-half (   
,g]many aga9/ ! o!r1 dragg$ ! :ole (    
,g]many 9 8 tra94 ,! army l$ by him to !
 /eppes ( ,russia 0 pr9cipally compos$ (
 ,g]man troops1 :o 7 s skilfully mix$ up
 ) ! ,fr5* z n to be !mselves aw>e ( _! 
num]ical sup]iority4 ,! "r w+1 compos$ (
 ?irty ?\s& ,au/rians "u ,s*w>z5b]g1 0  
de/9$ = ! invasion ( ,volhynia2 :ile !  
left w+1 consi/+ ( tw5ty ?\s& ,prussians
 "u ,york & sev]al ?\s& ,fr5*1 "u !     
comm& ( ,m>%al ,macdonald1 0 ord]$ to   
advance ^u ! coa/s ( ! ,baltic & )\t    
loss ( "t to besiege ,riga4 ,! c5tre or 
ma9 body consi/$ ( ! troops ( ! ,rh5i%  

conf$]ation1 m or less mix$ up ) ,fr5*2 
( ?irty-eight ?\s& ,bav>ians "u ,wr$e & 
comm&$ by ,/4 ,cyr2 ( sixte5 ?\s&       
,wurtemb]g]s "u ,s*eel]1 ov] :om ,m>%al 
,ney 0 allott$ ! *ief comm&2 s+le       
regim5ts1 pr9cipally cavalry1 7 drawn (f
 9 ord] m ?or\ghly to int]mix ! ,g]mans 
) ! ,fr5*2 ( sev5te5 ?\s& ,saxons "u    
,reyni]2 ( eighte5 ?\s& ,we/phalians "u 
,v&amme2 also ( ,hessians1 ,bad5]s1     
,frank=t]s1 ,wurzburg]s1 ,nassau]s1 9   
%ort1 ( cont+5ts furni%$ by ea* ( !     
conf$]at$ /ates4 ,! ,swiss 7 mo/ly      
conc5trat$ "u ,oud9ot4 ,! ,dut*1        
,hanseatic1 ,flemi%1 9 f9e1 all !       
,g]mans on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 7 at t
 "t cramm$ among ! ,fr5* troops4 ,upw>d 
( two hundr$ ?\s& ,g]mans1 at ! l[e/    
computation1 m>*$ aga9/ ,russia1 a numb]
 f> sup]ior to t ( ! ,fr5* 9 ! army1 !  
rema9d] ( :i* 0 made up by sev]al ?\s&  
,italians1 ,portuguese1 & ,spani>ds1 :o 
_h be5 press$ into ! s]vice4#f  ,!      
,prussians f\nd !mselves 9 ! mo/ degrad$
 position4 ,_! army1 weak z x 0 9       

numb]s1 0 plac$ "u ! comm& ( a ,fr5*    
g5]al4 ,! ,prussian =tresses1 ) !       
exception ( ,colb]g1 ,graud5z1          
,s*weidnitz1 ,neisse1 & ,glatz1 7       
already g>rison$ ) ,fr5* troops1 or1 l  
,pillau ne> ,ko5igsb]g1 newly occupi$ by
 !m4 ,9 ,b]l91 ! ,fr5* _h unlimit$ sway4
 ,m>%al ,aug]eau 0 /ation$ ) sixty ?\s& 
m5 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many = ! purpose ( keep+
 t "p ( ! c\ntry1 & m p>ticul>ly        
,prussia1 9 *eck to ,napoleon's re>2 !  
,dani% =ces also /ood 9 read9ess to     
support him 9 case ( necessity4         
,napoleon's entire army moreov] m>*$    
?r\gh ,prussia & completely dra9$ t     
c\ntry ( its la/ res\rces4 ,napoleon    
deem$ x unnecess>y to take measures     
equal 9 sev]ity t[>d ,au/ria1 :]e !     
favor ( ! c\rt seem$ to be secur$ by 8  
m>riage1 & ! allegiance ( ! army by !   
pres5ce ( ,s*w>z5b]g1 :o nei!r reject$  
nor return$ 8 confid5ce4 ,a ri*         
comp5sation 01 by a secret compact1     
secur$ to ,au/ria 9 case ! cession (    
,galicia %\ld be necessitat$ by !       

expect$ re/oration ( ! k+dom ( ,pol&1 ) 
:i* ,napoleon _h long flatt]$ ! ,poles1 
:o1 misl$ by 8 promises1 s]v$ him ) !   
greate/ en?usiasm4 ,b1 not)/&+ ! removal
 ( ! only ob/acle1 ! jeal\sy ( ,au/ria 9
 reg>d to ,galicia1 by ?is secret       
compact1 8 promises rema9$ unfulfill$1 &
 he took possession ( ! :ole ( ,pol& )\t
 re/or+ h] anci5t indep5d5ce4 ,!        
petitions address$ to him on ?is subject
 by ! ,poles receiv$ dubi\s replies1 &  
he pursu$ t[>d 8 un=tunate dupes 8      
anci5t sy/em ( dismemb]+ & int]m+l+     
nations1 ( tol]at+ no national unity4   
,napoleon's pr9cipal motive1 h[ev]1 0 8 
expectation ( compell+ ! emp]or by a    
well-aim$ bl[ to conclude peace1 & ( =m+
 ) him an alliance ^u /ill m favorable  
t]ms aga9/ ! re/ ( ! ,european p[]s4 ,! 
fri5d%ip ( ,russia 0 ( f> m import to   
him ?an all ! en?usiasm ( ! ,poles4  ,! 
deep conviction h>bor$ by ,napoleon ( 8 
irresi/ible p[] l$ him to repay e s]vice
 & to reg>d e antagoni/ ) contempt4     
,confid5t ( victory1 he deviat$ f !     

/rict milit>y discipl9e he _h at "o "t  
en=c$ & ( :i* he _h giv5 an example 9 8 
own p]son1 dragg$ 9 8 tra9 a multitude (
 useless att5dants fitt$ b = pomp &     
luxury1 p]mitt$ 8 m>%als & g5]als to d !
 same1 & an incr$ible numb] ( private   
c>riages1 s]vants1 wom51 etc41 to foll[ 
9 ! re> ( ! army1 to hamp] its movem5ts1
 create confusion1 & aid 9 consum+ !    
army /ores1 :i* be+1 moreov]1 m]ely     
provid$ = a %ort campaign1 spe$ily      
became insuffici5t = ! ma9t5ance ( !    
enorm\s mass4 ,ev5 9 ,ea/]n ,prussia1   
numb]s ( ! soldi]y 7 con/ra9$ by want to
 plund] ! villages4--,on ! #bd? ( ,june1
 #ahab1 ,napoleon cross$ ! ,niem51 !    
,russian fronti]1 n f> f ,k[no4 ,!      
season 0 already too f> advanc$4 ,x may 
be t1 deceiv$ by ! mildness ( ! w9t] (  
#ahjf to #ahjg1 he imag9$ x possible to 
protract ! campaign )\t p]il to himself 
until ! w9t] mon?s4 ,no enemy appe>$ to 
oppose 8 progress4 ,b>clay de ,tolly1#g 
! ,russian comm&]-9-*ief1 pursu$ ! sy/em
 foll[$ by ! ,scy?ians aga9/ ,d>ius1 &1 

p]petually retir+ be=e ! enemy1         
gradually drew him deep into ! dre>y &  
des]t$ /eppes4 ,?is plan orig9at$ )     
,s*>nhor/1 by :om ,g5]al ,liev5 0 advis$
 n to haz>d an engagem5t until ! w9t]1 &
 to turn a deaf e> to e proposal (      
peace4#h ,g5]al ,liev51 on rea*+        
,b>clay's headqu>t]s1 took ,colonel     
,toll1 a ,g]man1 ,b>clay's "r h&1 &     
,lieut5ant-,colonel ,clausewitz1 also a 
,g]man1 aft]w>d not$ = 8 /rategical     
works1 into 8 confid5ce4 ,g5]al ,pfull1 
ano!r ,g]man1 at t "t high 9 ! emp]or's 
confid5ce1 & almo/ all ! ,russian g5]als
 oppos$ ,s*>nhor/'s plan & cont9u$ to   
advance ) a view ( giv+ battle2 b1 on   
,napoleon's appe>ance at ! head ( an    
army greatly _! sup]ior 9 numb] be=e !  
,russians _h be5 able to conc5trate _!  
=ces1 !y 7 naturally compell$ to retire 
be=e him1 &1 on ! prev5tion1 = "s weeks1
 ( ! junction ( a newly-levi$ ,russian  
army "u ,pr9ce ,bragation ) ! =ces "u   
,b>clay1 ow+ to ! rapidity ( ,napoleon's
 advance1 ,s*>nhor/'s plan 0 adopt$ z ! 

only "o feasible4  ,napoleon1 9 ! hope (
 ov]tak+ ! ,russians & ( compell+ !m to 
give battle1 pu%$ onw>d by =c$ m>*es2 ! 
supplies 7 unable to foll[1 & numb]s ( !
 m5 & horses sank f exhau/ion ow+ to    
ov]-fatigue1 heat1 & hung]4#i ,on !     
arrival ( ,napoleon 9 ,witeb/1 (        
,s*w>z5b]g 9 ,volhynia1 ( ! ,prussians  
be=e ,riga1 ! army might h halt$1       
reconqu]$ ,pol& h be5 organiz$1 ! m5 put
 into w9t] qu>t]s1 ! army h aga9 tak5 ! 
field e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & ! conque/ (      
,russia h be5 sl[ly b surely complet$4  
,b ,napoleon _h resolv$ ^u t]m9at+ ! w> 
9 "o rapid campaign1 ^u defeat+ !       
,russians1 seiz+ _! metropolis1 &       
dictat+ t]ms ( peace1 & incessantly     
pursu$ 8 retreat+ oppon5t1 ^: foot/eps 7
 m>k$ by ! flames ( ! cities & villages 
& by ! deva/at$ c\ntry to _! re>4 ,!    
fir/ s]i\s opposition 0 made at         
,smol5sko1#aj :5ce ! ,russians1 h[ev]1  
spe$ily retreat$ aft] sett+ ! city on   
fire4 ,on ! same day1 ! ,bav>ians1 :o _h
 div]g$ to "o side dur+ _! advance1 _h a

 furi\s enc\nt]--9 :i* ,g5]al ,d]oy1    
=m]ly di/+ui%$ = 8 s]vices 9 ! ,tyrol1 0
 kill$--at ,poloczk ) a body ( ,russian 
troops "u ,wittg5/e94 ,! ,bav>ians      
rema9$ /ation>y 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry = ! 
purpose ( wat*+ ! movem5ts ( t g5]al1   
:ile ,napoleon1 c>eless ( ! p]il ) :i*  
he 0 ?reat5$ by ! approa* ( w9t] & by ! 
multitude ( enemies ga!r+ to 8 re>1     
advanc$ ) ! ma9 body ( ! gr& army f     
,smol5sko across ! wa/$ c\ntry ^u       
,mosc[1 ! anci5t metropolis ( ! ,russian
 empire4  ,russia1 at t "t engag$ 9 a w>
 ) ,turkey1 ^: fronti]s 7 wat*$ by an   
imm5se army "u ,kutus[1 us$ h] utmo/    
ef=ts1 9 :i* %e 0 aid$ by ,engl&1 to    
conciliate ! ,porte 9 ord] to turn !    
:ole ( h] =ces aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,by a   
ma/]-/roke ( political intrigue1#aa !   
,porte1 besides conclud+ peace at       
,bu*>e/ on ! #bh? ( ,may1 c$$ ! prov9ce 
( ,bess>abia 7n ,moldavia & ,walla*ia7  
to ,russia4 ,a ,russian army "u         
,ts*its*ak[ 0 n[ enabl$ to drive !      
,au/rians out ( ,volhynia1 :ile a       

consid]able =ce "u ,kutus[ jo9$ ,b>clay4
 ,_h ! ,russians at ?is "t haz>d$ an    
engagem5t1 _! defeat 0 c]ta94 ,mosc[    
c\ld n h be5 sav$4 ,b>clay consequ5tly  
resolv$ n to come to an engagem5t1 b to 
husb& 8 =ces & to attack ! ,fr5* dur+ ! 
w9t]4 ,! int5d$ surr5d] ( ,mosc[ )\t a  
bl[ 01 nev]!less1 deeply res5t$ z a     
national disgrace2 ! army & ! p#ab rais$
 a clamor1 ! v5]able ,kutus[ 0 nom9at$  
comm&]-9-*ief1 &1 tak+ up a position on 
! little riv] ,moskwa ne> ,borod9o1 ab\t
 two days' j\rney f ,mosc[1 a bloody    
engagem5t took place !re on ! #g? (     
,septemb]1 9 :i* ,napoleon1 9 ord] to   
sp>e 8 gu>ds1 neglect$ to foll[ up 8    
advantage ) 8 usual en]gy & all[$ !     
defeat$ ,russians1 :om he might h       
totally annihilat$1 to escape4 ,napoleon
 triumph$2 b at :at a price6 ,aft] a    
fe>ful /ruggle1 9 :i* he lo/ =ty ?\s& m5
 9 kill$ & w\nd$1#ac ! latt] ( :om p]i%$
 almo/ to a man1 ow+ to want &          
neglect4#ad  ,mosc[ 0 n[ bo? def5celess 
& void ( inhabitants4 ,napoleon trav]s$ 

?is enorm\s city1 conta9+ two hundr$ &  
n9ety-five *ur*es & fifte5 hundr$       
palaces ris+ f amid a sea ( inf]ior     
dwell+s1 & took possession ( ! resid5ce 
( ! cz>s1 ! #ad? ( ,novemb]1 #ahab4 ,!  
:ole city 01 h[ev]1 des]t$1 & sc>cely _h
 ! ,fr5* army tak5 up its qu>t]s 9 x ?an
 flames bur/ f ! empty & closely %ut-up 
h\ses1 &1 ere long1 ! :ole ( ! imm5se   
city became a sea ( fire & 0 r$uc$1 be=e
 ,napoleon's eyes1 to a%es4 ,e attempt  
to ext+ui% ! flames prov$ unavail+4     
,ro/op*91 ! comm&ant ( ,mosc[1 _h1      
previ\sly to 8 retreat1 put combu/ible  
mat]ials1 :i* 7 ignit$ on ! entrance ( !
 ,fr5* by m5 secret$ = t purpose1 into !
 h\ses4#ae ,a viol5t w9d aid$ ! "w (    
de/ruction4 ,! patriotic sacrifice 0    
p]=m$1 nor fail$ 9 its object4          
,napoleon1 in/ead ( peace & pl5ty1 m]ely
 f\nd a%es 9 ,mosc[4  ,in/ead ( pursu+ !
 defeat$ ,russians to ,kaluga1 :]e1 9   
pursuance ( ,toll's fir/ laid-d[n plan1 
!y took up a position close ^u ! flank (
 ! ,fr5* & ?reat5$ to imp$e _! retreat2 

in/ead ( tak+ up 8 w9t] qu>t]s 9 !      
f]tile ,s\? or ( quickly turn+ & fix+   
himself 9 ,li?uania 9 ord] to collect   
re9=cem5ts = ! ensu+ ye>1 ,napoleon     
rema9$ 9 a /ate ( inaction at ,mosc[    
until ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 9 expectation ( 
proposals ( peace f ,alex&]4 ,! t]ms (  
peace (f]$ by him on 8 "p to ! ,russians
 did n ev5 elicit a reply4 ,8 cavalry1  
already r$uc$ to a great /ate (         
exhau/ion1 71 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]1     
surpris$ be=e ! city ( ,t>ut9o & repuls$
 ) consid]able loss4 ,?is at l5g? decid$
 ,napoleon ^u m>*+ ^u ,kaluga1 b ! mom5t
 = success _h already pass$4 ,! re9=c$ &
 inspirit$ ,russians made su* a desp]ate
 resi/ance at ,malo-,j>oslawez t he     
resolv$ to retire by ! ne>e/ r\te1 t by 
:i* he _h p5etrat$ up ! c\ntry1 m>k$ by 
a%es & pe/il5tial corpses1 into         
,li?uania4 ,w9t] _h n yet set 91 & 8    
ranks 7 already ?9n$ by fam9e4#af       
,kutus[1 ) ! ma9 body ( ! ,russian army1
 pursu$ ! retreat+ ,fr5* & aga9 ov]took 
!m at ,wiazma1 ! #c;d ,novemb]4         

,napoleon's hopes n[ re/$ on ! sep>ate  
corps d'arme left to 8 re> on 8 advance 
^u ,mosc[1 b !y 71 not)/&+ ! defeat (   
,wittg5/e9's corps by ! ,bav>ians "u    
,wr$e1 kept 9 *eck by fre% ,russian     
armies & expos$ to all ! horrors (      
w9t]4#ag ,9 ,volhynia1 ,s*w>z5b]g _h    
zeal\sly endeavor$ to sp>e 8 troops1#ah 
& _h1 by 8 retreat t[>d ! gr&du*y (     
,w>saw1 left ,ts*its*ak[ at lib]ty to   
turn 8 arms aga9/ ,napoleon1 aga9/ :om  
,wittg5/e9 also advanc$ 9 ! design (    
block+ up 8 r\te1 :ile ,kutus[          
incessantly assail$ 8 flank & re>4 ,on !
 #f? ( ,novemb]1 ! fro/ sudd5ly set 94  
,! horses di$ by ?\s&s 9 a s+le night2 !
 great] "p ( ! cavalry 0 consequ5tly    
dism\nt$1 & x 0 f\nd necess>y to ab&on  
"p ( ! booty & artill]y4 ,a deep sn[    
%ortly aft]w>d fell & ob/ruct$ ! pa? ( !
 fugitive army4 ,! fro/ became m & m    
rigor\s2 b few ( ! m5 _h suffici5t /r5g?
 left to cont9ue to c>ry _! arms & to   
cov] ! flight ( ! re/4 ,mo/ ( ! soldi]s 
?rew away _! arms & m]ely endeavor$ to  

pres]ve life4 ,napoleon's gr& army 0    
scatt]$ ov] ! b\ndless sn[-cov]$ /eppes1
 ^: dre>y monotony 0 solely brok5 by "s 
desolate half-burn$ village4 ,gaunt =ms 
( fam9e1 wan1 holl[-ey$1 wrapp$ 9 /range
 g>m5ts ( mis]y1 sk9s1 wom5's clo!s1    
etc41 & ) long-gr[n be>ds1 dragg$ _!    
fa9t & we>y limbs along1 f\ght = a dead 
horse ^: fle% 0 gre$ily torn f ! c>cass1
 murd]$ ea* o!r = a morsel ( bread1 &   
fell "o aft] ! o!r 9 ! deep sn[1 nev]   
aga9 to rise4 ,bones ( froz5 corpses lay
 ea* morn ar\nd ! dead a%es ( ! night   
fires4#ai ,numb]s 7 se5 to spr+1 ) a    
horrid cry ( mad exultation1 into !     
flam+ h\ses4 ,numb]s fell into ! h&s ( !
 ,russian boors1 :o /ripp$ !m nak$ &    
*as$ !m ?r\gh ! sn[4 ,smol5sko 0 at l5g?
 rea*$1 b ! loss ( ! great] "p ( !      
cannon1 ! want ( ammunition &           
provisions1 r5d]$ _! /ay 9 t des]t$ &   
half-consum$ city impossible4 ,! flight 
0 cont9u$1 ! ,russians incessantly      
pursu+ & h>ass+ ! worn-out troops1 ^:   
retreat 0 cov]$ by ,ney ) all ! m5 /ill 

"u arms4 ,cut (f at ,smol5sko1 he escap$
 almo/ by miracle1 by creep+ dur+ !     
night along ! banks ( ! ,dniep] &       
successively repuls+ ! sev]al ,russian  
corps t ?rew !mselves 9 8 way4#bj ,a ?aw
 n[ took place1 & ! ,b]es9a1 :i* x 0    
necess>y to cross1 0 full ( drift-ice1  
its banks 7 slipp]y & impassable1 &     
moreov] comm&$ by ,ts*its*ak['s         
artill]y1 :ile ! ro> ( cannon to ! re>  
ann\nc$ ,wittg5/e9's approa*4 ,kutus[ _h
 ?is "t fail$ to advance ) suffici5t    
rapidity1 & ,napoleon1 ! riv] to 8 front
 & enclos$ betwe5 ! ,russian armies1 ow$
 8 escape to ! mo/ extraord9>y good     
luck4 ,! corps d'arme "u ,oud9ot &      
,victor1 t _h be5 left beh9d on 8       
advance ^u ,mosc[1 came at ! mom5t ( ne$
 ) fre% troops to 8 aid4 ,ts*its*ak[    
quitt$ ! bank at ! spot :]e ,napoleon   
int5d$ to make ! passage ( ! ,b]es9a "u 
an idea ( ! attempt be+ made at ano!r   
po9t4 ,napoleon in/antly ?rew two       
bridges across ! /ream1 & all !         
able-bodi$ m5 cross$ 9 safety4 ,at !    

mom5t :5 ! bridges1 t _h sev]al times   
giv5 way1 7 *ok$ up by ! c\ntless ?rong 
br++ up ! re>1 ,wittg5/e9 appe>$ &      
direct$ 8 heavy artill]y ^u ! motionless
 & un>m$ cr[d4 ,"s regim5ts1 =m+ !      
re>gu>d1 fell1 toge!r ) all /ill rema9+ 
on ! o!r side ( ! riv]1 into ! h&s ( !  
,russians4  ,! fugitive army 01 aft] ?is
 fe>ful day1 reliev$1 b ! temp]ature    
aga9 fell to tw5ty-sev5 degrees bel[    
z]o1 & ! /\te/ he>ts & frames sank4 ,on 
! #e? ( ,decemb]1 ,napoleon1 plac+      
himself 9 a sl$ge1 hurri$ 9 advance ( 8 
army1 nay1 prec$$ ! news ( 8 disa/]1 9  
ord] at all ev5ts to insure 8 p]sonal   
safety & to pass ?r\gh ,g]many be=e     
measures c\ld be tak5 = 8 capture4#ba ,8
 fugitive army %ortly aft]w>d rea*$     
,wilna1 b 0 too exhau/$ to ma9ta9 t     
position4 ,enorm\s magaz9es1 sev]al     
prison]s1 & ! re/ ( ! booty1 besides six
 million francs 9 silv] money1 fell "h  
into ! h&s ( ! ,russians4 ,"p ( !       
fugitives escap$ to ,dantzig1 b few     
cross$ ! ,od]2 ! ,saxons "u ,reyni] 7   

r\t$ & disp]s$ 9 a la/ engagem5t at     
,calis*2 ,poniat[sky & ! ,poles retir$  
to ,crac[ on ! ,au/rian fronti]1 z x 71 
protect$ by ,s*w>z5b]g1 :o rema9$       
unassail$ by ! ,russians1 & ^:          
neutrality 01 n long aft]w>d1 =mally    
recogniz$4  ,! ,prussians1 :o _h be51   
mean:ile1 occupi$ ) ! unsuccessful siege
 ( ,riga1 & :o1 l ! ,au/rians1 _h       
comp>atively husb&$ _! /r5g?1#bb 7 n[ ! 
only hope ( ! fugitive ,fr5*4 ,! troops 
"u ,macdonald1 accord+ly1 receiv$ ord]s 
to cov] ! retreat ( ! gr& army1 b ,york1
 in/ead ( obey+1 conclud$ a neutral     
treaty ) ! ,russians comm&$ by ,diebits*
 ( ,silesia & rema9$ /ation>y 9 ,ea/]n  
,prussia4 ,! k+ ( ,prussia1 at t "t /ill
 at ,b]l9 & 9 ! p[] ( ! ,fr5*1          
publicly#bc disapprov$ ( ! /ep tak5 by 8
 g5]al1#bd :o 01 on ! evacuation ( ,b]l9
 by ! ,fr5*1 z publicly rew>d$4  ,!     
imm5se army ( ! conqu]or ( ! _w 0       
totally annihilat$4 ,( ^? :o ent]$      
,mosc[ sc>cely tw5ty ?\s&1 ( ! half     
million ( m5 :o cross$ ! ,russian       

fronti] b eighty ?\s&1 return$4         
,footnote #a3 ,vide ,bignon4  ,footnote 
#b3 ,f a lett] ( ,c\nt ,m9i/] 9         
,hormayr's ,sket*es ( ,life1 x appe>s t 
,russia /ill *]i%$ ! hope ( great       
concessions be+ made by ,napoleon 9 ord]
 to avoid w> & 0 !re=e /ill res]v$ 9 h] 
relations ) ,engl& & ! ,prussian        
patriots4  ,footnote #c3 ,fr5* troops   
g>rison$ ,g]man =tresses & p]petually   
pass$ along ! pr9cipal roads1 :i* 7 = t 
purpose ess5tially improv$ by ,napoleon4
 ,9 #ahaj1 a great "p ( ! t[n ( ,eis5a* 
0 de/roy$ by ! bur/+ ( "s ,fr5*         
p[d]-c>ts t 7 c>elessly br\ght ?r\gh1 & 
by :i* great numb]s ( p 7 kill$4        
,footnote #d3 ,:o 0 f> surpass$ 9       
spl5dor by h] /epdaught] ( ,france4     
,footnote #e3 ,segur relates t he 0     
receiv$ politely b ) di/ant coolness by 
,napoleon4 ,!re is said to h be5 "q     
betwe5 !m conc]n+ ! m>riage ( ! cr[n    
pr9ce ( ,prussia ) "o ( ,napoleon's     
nieces1 & ( an incorporation ( ! /ill   
unconqu]$ ,russian prov9ces on !        

,baltic1 ,livonia1 ,c\rl&1 & ,e/honia1 )
 ,prussia4 ,all 01 h[ev]1 empty %[4     
,napoleon hop$ by ! rapidity ( 8        
successes to con/ra9 ! emp]or ( ,russia 
to conclude n only peace1 b a /ill clos]
 alliance ) ,france1 9 :i* case x 0 z f>
 f 8 int5tion to conc$e ! above-m5tion$ 
prov9ces to ,prussia z to emancipate !  
,poles4  ,footnote #f3 ,napoleon said at
 t "t to a ,russian1 ,si v\s p]dez c9q  
,russes1 ne p]ds qu un ,francais et     
quatre co*ons4  ,footnote #g3 ,?is      
g5]al1 on ! op5+ ( ! w>1 publi%$ a      
proclamation to ! ,g]mans1 summon+ !m to
 ?r[ (f ! yoke ( ,napoleon4--,allgeme9e 
,zeitung1 ,no4 #cbg4 ,napoleon repli$ )1
 ,:om are y address+8 ,!re are no       
,g]mans1 !re are only ,au/rians1        
,prussians1 ,bav>ians1 etc4--,all4      
,zeitung1 ,no4 #bbh4  ,footnote #h3     
,vide ,clausewitz's ,works4  ,footnote  
#i3 ,at ea* encampm5t ! m5 7 left 9 su* 
numb]s 9 ha/ily erect$ hospitals t1 (   
?irty-eight ?\s& ,bav>ians1 = in/ance1 b
 t5 ?\s&1 ( sixte5 ?\s& ,wrtemb]g]s1 b  

?irte5 hundr$1 rea*$ ,smol5sko4         
,footnote #aj3 ,! ,wrtemb]g]s di/+ui%$  
!mselves "h by /orm+ ! faub\rgs & !     
bridges across ! ,dniep]4  ,footnote    
#aa3 ,! ,greek pr9ce1 ,moruzi1 :o at t  
"t conduct$ ,turki% diplomacy1 accept$ a
 bribe1 & conclud$ peace 9 ! expectation
 ( becom+ ,pr9ce ( ,moldavia &          
,walla*ia4 ,sultan ,mahmud refus+ to    
ratify ?is disgraceful treaty1 gold 0   
%[]$ ^u ! ,turki% army1 :i* sudd5ly     
disp]s$1 & ! des]t$ sultan 0 compell$ to
 yield4 ,moruzi 0 depriv$ ( 8 head1 b ! 
,russians _h ga9$ _! object4 ,x mu/1    
moreov]1 be consid]$ t ,napoleon 0      
reg>d$ ) di/ru/ by ! ,porte1 aga9/ :i*  
he _h f\ght 9 ,egypt1 :i* he _h aft]w>d 
entic$ into a w> ) ,russia1 & _h1 by !  
alliance =m$ at ,erfurt ) t p[]1 ab&on$4
  ,footnote #ab3 ,colonel ,toll 0       
insult$ dur+ ! discussion by ,pr9ce     
,bragation = ! firmness ) :i* he upheld 
,s*>nhor/'s plan1 & avoid$ haz>d+ a     
useless engagem5t4 ,pr9ce ,bragation 0  
kill$ 9 ! battle4  ,footnote #ac3 ,a    

,russian r$\bt1 ! key ( ! field (       
battle1 0 tak5 & aga9 lo/4 ,a ,wrtemb]g 
regim5t in/antly pu%$ ?r\gh ! fugitive  
,fr5*1 retook ! r$\bt & reta9$          
possession ( x4 ,x also1 on ?is         
occasion1 sav$ ! life ( ! k+ ( ,naples &
 deliv]$ him out ( ! h&s ( ! ,russians1 
:o _h already tak5 him prison]4--,t5    
,campaigns ( ! ,wurtemb]g]s4  ,footnote 
#ad3 ,ev]y?+ 0 want+1 l9t1 l951 ev5     
necess>y food4 ,! w\nd$ m5 lay = days & 
weeks "u ! op5 sky & f$ ^u ! c>casses ( 
horses4  ,footnote #ae3 ,?is combu/ible 
matt] _h be5 prep>$ by ,s*mid1 !        
,dut*man1 "u pretext ( prep>+ an enorm\s
 balloon f :i* fire 0 to be scatt]$ ^u !
 ,fr5* army4  ,footnote #af3 ,z e>ly z !
 #b;d ( ,novemb] ! rema9d] ( !          
,wrtemb]g]s tore (f _! colors & conceal$
 !m 9 _! knapsacks4--,roos's            
,memorabilia ( #ahab4  ,footnote #ag3   
,on ! #ah? ( ,octob]1 ! ,bav>ians1 :o 7 
int]mix$ ) ,swiss1 p]=m$ prodigies (    
valor1 b 7 s r$uc$ by suff]+s ( e       
description z to be unable to ma9ta9    

,poloczk4 ,segur says 9 8 ,hi/ory ( !   
,w> t ,/4 ,cyr left ,wr$e's gallant     
conduct unm5tion$ 9 ! milit>y despat*es1
 & t :51 on ,/4 ,cyr's be+ disabl$ by 8 
w\nds1 ,wr$e appli$ = ! *ief comm&1 :i* 
naturally rev]t$ to him1 ! army be+     
almo/ entirely compos$ ( ,bav>ians1     
,napoleon refus$ 8 reque/4 ,vld]ndorf   
says 9 8 ,bav>ian ,campaigns t ,/4 ,cyr 
fai?lessly ab&on$ ! ,bav>ians 9 _! utmo/
 extremity1 & :5 all p]il 0 ov] return$ 
to ,pol& 9 ord] to retake ! comm&4 ,dur+
 ! retreat f ,poloczk he _h ord]$ !     
bridges to be pull$ d[n1 leav+ on ! o!r 
side a ,bav>ian p>k ( artill]y ) ! army 
*e/ & two-&-tw5ty ensigns1 :i* = bett]  
security _h be5 pack$ ^u a c>riage4 ,!  
:ole ( ^! trophies fell1 ow+ to ,/4     
,cyr's neglig5ce or ill-w1 into ! h&s ( 
! ,russians4 ,! ,bav>ians ) difficulty  
conceal$ _! antipa?y t[>d ! ,fr5*4 ,on  
,/4 ,cyr's flight1 ,wr$e kept ! rema9d] 
( ! ,bav>ians toge!r1 cov]$ ,napoleon's 
retreat1 &1 9 conjunction ) !           
,we/phalians & ,hessians1 /ood ano!r    

enc\nt] ) ! ,russians at ,wilna4 ,mis]y 
& want at l5g? scatt]$ 8 =ces2 he1      
nev]!less1 reassembl$ !m 9 ,pol& & 0    
able to place f\r ?\s& m51 on ,/4 ,cyr's
 return1 "u 8 comm&4 ,he return$ home to
 ,bav>ia sick4 ,( ^! f\r ?\s& ,bav>ians 
b "o ?\s& & fifty 7 l$ by ,c\nt ,re*b]g 
back to _! native soil4 ,a great numb] (
 ,bav>ians1 h[ev]1 rema9$ "u ,g5]al     
,zoll] to g>rison ,?orn1 & ab\t fifte5  
hundr$ ( !m return$ home4--,at ! passage
 ( ! ,b]es9a1 ! ,wrtemb]g]s _h /ill ab\t
 eighty m5 "u arms1 & 9 ,pol& ab\t ?ree 
hundr$ assembl$1 ! only ones :o return$ 
free4 ,"s 7 aft]w>d lib]at$ f           
imprisonm5t 9 ,russia4  ,footnote #ah3  
,?is 0 ,au/ria's natural policy4 ,9 !   
,fr5* despat*es1 ,s*w>z5b]g 0 *>g$ )    
hav+ all[$ ,ts*its*ak[ to escape 9 ord] 
to pursue ! inconsid]able =ce "u ,sack54
  ,footnote #ai3 ,! foll[+ anecdote is  
relat$ ( ! ,hessians comm&$ by ,pr9ce   
,emilius ( ,d>m/adt4 ,! pr9ce _h fall5  
asleep 9 ! sn[1 & f\r ,hessian dragoons1
 9 ord] to scre5 him f ! nor? w9d1 held 

_! cloaks z a wall ar\nd him & 7 f\nd   
next morn+ 9 ! same position--froz5 to  
dea?4 ,dead bodies 7 se5 froz5 into !   
mo/ extraord9>y positions1 gnaw+ _! own 
h&s1 gnaw+ ! torn corpses ( _! comrades4
 ,! dead 7 (t5 cov]$ ) sn[1 & ! numb] ( 
little heaps ly+ ar\nd alone told t ( ! 
victims ( a s+le night4  ,footnote #bj3 
,napoleon said1 ,!re are two hundr$     
millions ly+ 9 ! cell>s ( ! ,tuil]ies2  
h[ will+ly w\ld ,i give !m to save ,ney6
  ,footnote #ba3 ,he pass$ ) extreme    
rapidity1 incognito1 ?r\gh ,g]many4 ,9  
,dresd5 he _h a %ort int]view ) ! k+ (  
,saxony1 :o1 _h he %ut him up 9         
,knig/e91 w\ld h sav$ ,europe a good    
deal ( tr\ble4--,napoleon no soon] rea*$
 ,p>is 9 safety ?an1 9 8 tw5ty-n9?      
bullet91 he1 = ! fir/ "t1 acqua9t$ !    
a/oni%$ _w1 hi!rto deceiv$ by 8 false   
acc\nts ( victory1 ) ! disa/r\s         
t]m9ation ( ! campaign4 ,?is bullet9 0  
also replete ) falsehood & insol5ce4 ,9 
8 contempt ( humanity he ev5 said1      
,m]ely ! c[>ds 9 ! army 7 depress$ 9 _s 

& dream$ ( mis=tune1 ! brave 7 ev]      
*e]ful4 ,?us wrote ! man :o _h bo? se5 &
 caus$ all ?is immeasurable mis]y6 ,!   
bullet9 conclud$ )1 ,8 ,imp]ial ,maje/y 
nev] enjoy$ bett] heal?4  ,footnote #bb3
 ,9 ! ,fr5* despat*es1 ,g5]al ,hn]be9 0 
accus$ ( n hav+ pursu$ ! ,russians "u   
,g5]al ,lewis4  ,footnote #bc3 ,! secret
 hi/ory ( ^? days is /ill n suffici5tly 
br\ght to light4 ,bagnon speaks ( fre%  
treaties betwe5 ,h>d5b]g & ,napoleon1 9 
:i* he is corroborat$ by ,fa94 ,^! two  
,fr5*m51 ! =m] ( :om 0 a diplomati/1 !  
o!r "o ( ,napoleon's private secret>ies1
 admit t ,prussia's object at t "t 0 to 
take advantage ( ,napoleon's emb>rassm5t
 & to (f] him aid on c]ta9 important    
consid]ations4 ,prussian hi/orians are  
sil5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,9 ,von ,raus*nik's  
biographical acc\nt ( ,bl*]1 ! great    
int]nal s*ism at t "t caus$ 9 ,prussia  
by ! ,h>d5b]g p>ty & t ( ! ,tug5dbund is
 m]ely slightly h9t$ at2 ! =m] /ill     
manag$ diplomatic affairs1 :ile ,york1 a
 memb] ( ! latt]1 _h already act$ on 8  

own responsibility4 ,%ortly aft]w>d     
affairs took a diff]5t aspect1 z if     
,h>d5b]g's diplomacy _h m]ely be5 a     
mask1 & he plac$ himself at ! head ( !  
movem5t aga9/ ,france4 ,9 a memorial (  
#ahaa1 giv5 by ,hormayr 9 ! ,sket*es f !
 ,w> ( ,lib]ation1 ,h>d5b]g decl>$      
decisively 9 favor ( ! alliance )       
,russia aga9/ ,france4  ,footnote #bd3  
,hans ,l\is ,david von ,york1 a native (
 ,pom]ania1 hav+ v5tur$1 :5 a lieut5ant 
9 ! ,prussian s]vice1 indignantly to    
blame ! base conduct ( "o ( 8 sup]iors 9
 comm&1 became implicat$ 9 a duel1 0    
conf9$ 9 a =tress1 ab&on$ 8 c\ntry1     
ent]$ ! ,dut* s]vice1 visit$ ! ,cape &  
,ceylon1 f\ght aga9/ ! ,mahrattas1 0    
w\nd$1 return$ home & re-ent]$ !        
,prussian s]vice 9 #agid4    ,,cclx4 ,! 
,spr+ ( #ahac   ,! k+ ( ,prussia _h     
sudd5ly ab&on$ ,b]l91 :i* 0 /ill 9 ! h&s
 ( ! ,fr5*1 = ,breslau1 :5ce he decl>$  
w> aga9/ ,france4 ,a conf]5ce also took 
place betwe5 him & ! emp]or ,alex&] at  
,calis*1 &1 on ! #bh? ( ,febru>y1 #ahac1

 an (f5sive & def5sive alliance 0       
conclud$ betwe5 !m4 ,! h\r = v5geance _h
 at l5g? arriv$4 ,! :ole ,prussian      
nation1 eag] to ?r[ (f ! hat$ yoke ( !  
=eign]1 to oblit]ate _! disgrace 9      
#ahjf1 to rega9 _! anci5t "n1 *e]fully  
ha/5$ to place _! lives & prop]ty at !  
s]vice ( ! impov]i%$ gov]nm5t4 ,! :ole (
 ! able-bodi$ population 0 put "u arms4 
,! /&+ army 0 increas$3 to ea* regim5t 7
 app5d$ troops ( volunte]s1 ,joeg]s1    
compos$ ( "y m5 belong+ to ! high]      
classes1 :o furni%$ _! own equipm5ts3 a 
num]\s ,l&wehr1 a sort ( militia1 01 z 9
 ,au/ria1 rais$ besides ! /&+ army1 &   
measures 7 ev5 tak5 to call out1 9 case 
( necessity1 ! heads ( families & eld]ly
 m5 rema9+ at home1 "u ! "n ( !         
,l&/urm4#a ,! en?usia/ic p1 besides     
furni%+ ! cu/om>y supplies & pay+ !     
taxes1 contribut$ to ! full ext5t ( _!  
means t[>d defray+ ! imm5se exp5se ( ?is
 g5]al arm+4 ,e he>t ?robb$ high ) pride
 & hope4 ,:o w\ld n wi% to h liv$ at su*
 a p]iod1 :5 man's noble/ & highe/      

en]gies 7 ?us call$ =?6 ,m l\dly ?an ev5
 9 #ahji 9 ,au/ria 0 ! ,g]man cause n[  
discuss$1 ! great "n ( ! ,g]man empire  
n[ invok$ 9 ,prussia1 = 9 t "n alone    
c\ld all ! races ( ,g]many be unit$     
aga9/ _! h]$it>y foe4 ,! foll[+         
celebrat$ proclamation1 promis+ ext]nal 
& int]nal lib]ty to ,g]many1 01 ) ?is   
view1 publi%$ at ,calis*1 by ,prussia & 
,russia1 on ! #be? ( ,m>*1 #ahac4 ,x 0  
sign$ by ,pr9ce ,kutus[ & drawn up by   
,b>on ,rehdig] ( ,silesia4  ,! victori\s
 troops ( ,russia1 toge!r ) ^? ( 8      
,maje/y ! k+ ( ,prussia1 hav+ set foot  
on ,g]man soil1 ! emp]or ( ,russia & 8  
,maje/y ! k+ ( ,prussia ann\nce         
simultane\sly ! return ( lib]ty &       
indep5d5ce to ! pr9ces & nations (      
,g]many4 ,!y come ) ! sole & sacr$      
purpose ( aid+ !m to rega9 ! h]$it>y &  
inali5able national rights ( :i* !y h   
be5 depriv$1 to af=d pot5t protection & 
to secure durability to a newly-re/or$  
empire4 ,?is great object1 free f e     
int]e/$ motive & !re=e alone wor?y ( _! 

,maje/ies1 has solely induc$ ! advance &
 solely guides ! movem5ts ( _!          
armies4--,^! armies1 l$ by g5]als "u !  
eyes ( bo? mon>*s1 tru/ 9 an omnipot5t1 
j ,god1 & hope to free ! :ole _w &      
,g]many irrevocably f ! disgraceful yoke
 !y h s glori\sly ?r[n (f4 ,!y press    
=w>d animat$ by en?usiasm4 ,_! wat*word 
is ',honor & ,lib]ty4' ,may e ,g]man1   
desir\s ( prov+ himself wor?y ( ! "n1   
spe$ily & spirit$ly jo9 _! ranks4 ,may e
 individual1 :e!r pr9ce1 noble1 or      
citiz51 aid ! plans ( lib]ation1 =m$ by 
,russia & ,prussia1 ) he>t & s\l1 )     
p]son & prop]ty1 to ! la/ drop ( 8      
blood6--,! expectation *]i%$ by _!      
,maje/ies ( meet+ ) ^! s5tim5ts1 ?is    
zeal1 9 e ,g]man he>t1 !y deem w>rant$  
by ! _s s cle>ly betok5$ by ! victories 
ga9$ by ,russia ov] ! enslav] ( !       
_w4--,!y !re=e dem& fai?ful coop]ation1 
m especially f e ,g]man pr9ce1 & will+ly
 presuppose t none among !m w be f\nd1  
:o1 by be+ & rema9+ apo/ate to ! ,g]man 
cause1 w prove himself des]v+ (         

annihilation by ! p[] ( public op9ion & 
( j arms4 ,! ,rh5i% alliance1 t         
deceitful *a9 lately ca/ by ! bre$] (   
univ]sal discord ar\nd ru9$ ,g]many to !
 de/ruction ( h] anci5t "n1 c1 z !      
effect ( =eign tyranny & ! tool ( =eign 
influ5ce1 be no long] tol]at$4 ,_!      
,maje/ies believe t ! decl>ation ( !    
dissolution ( ?is alliance be+ _! fix$  
int5tion w meet ! long-h>bor$ & univ]sal
 desire ) difficulty reta9$ )9 ! sorr[+ 
he>ts ( ! p4--,! relation 9 :i* x is !  
int5tion ( 8 ,maje/y1 ! emp]or ( all !  
,russias1 to /& t[>d ,g]many & t[>d h]  
con/itution is1 at ! same "t1 "h decl>$4
 ,f 8 desire to see ! influ5ce ( !      
=eign] de/roy$1 x c be no o!r ?an t (   
plac+ a protect+ h& on a "w ^: =m is    
committ$ to ! free1 unbias$ w ( ! pr9ces
 & p ( ,g]many4 ,! m closely ?is "w1 9  
pr9ciple1 features & outl9e1 co9cides ) 
! once di/9ct "* ( ! ,g]man nation1 ! m 
surely w unit$ ,g]many retake h] place )
 r5ovat$ & r$\bl$ vigor among ! empires 
( ,europe4--,8 ,maje/y & 8 ally1 betwe5 

:om !re reigns a p]fect accordance 9 !  
s5tim5ts & views h]eby expla9$1 are at  
all times ready to ex]t _! utmo/ p[] 9  
pursuance ( _! sacr$ aim1 ! lib]ation ( 
,g]many f a =eign yoke4--,may ,france1  
/rong & beaute\s 9 h]self1 h5ce=w>d seek
 to consolidate h] int]nal prosp]ity6   
,no ext]nal p[] w di/urb h] int]nal     
peace1 no enemy w encroa* ^u h] rightful
 fronti]s4--,b may ,france also le>n t !
 o!r p[]s ( ,europe aspire to ! atta9m5t
 ( durable repose = _! subjects1 & w n  
lay d[n _! arms until ! indep5d5ce ( e  
/ate 9 ,europe %all h be5 firmly secur$4
  ,nor 0 ! appeal va94 ,x f\nd an e*o 9 
e ,g]man he>t1 & su* pla9 demon/rations 
( ! /ate ( ! popul> feel+ on ?is side ! 
,rh9e 7 made t ,dav\/ s5t s]i\s w>n+ to 
,napoleon1 :o contemptu\sly repli$1     
,pah6 ,g]mans nev] c become ,spani>ds6  
,) 8 cu/om>y rapidity1 he levi$ 9       
,france a fre% army ?ree hundr$ ?\s&    
/rong1 ) :i* he s completely aw$ !      
,rh5i% conf$]ation z to compel x once m 
to take ! field ) ?\s&s ( ,g]mans aga9/ 

_! bro!r ,g]mans4 ,! troops1 h[ev]1     
reluctantly obey$1 & ev5 ! traitors 7 b 
lukew>m1 = !y d\bt$ ( success4          
,meckl5burg alone sid$ ) ,prussia4      
,au/ria rema9$ neutral4  ,a ,russian    
corps "u ,g5]al ,tett5born _h prec$$ !  
re/ ( ! troops & rea*$ ! coa/s ( !      
,baltic4 ,z e>ly z ! #bd? ( ,m>*1 #ahac1
 x appe>$ 9 ,hamburg & expell$ ! ,fr5*  
au?orities f ! city4 ,! heavily oppress$
 p ( ,hamburg1#b ^: comm]ce _h be5      
totally annihilat$ by ! cont95tal sy/em1
 gave way to ! utmo/ demon/rations (    
delight1 receiv$ _! deliv]]s ) op5 arms1
 reviv$ _! anci5t rights1 & imm$iately  
rais$ a ,hanseatic corps1 de/9$ to take 
! field aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,dornb]g1 !    
anci5t foe to ,france1 ) ano!r fly+     
squadron took ! ,fr5* division "u ,mor& 
prison]1 & ! ,prussian1 ,major ,hellwig 
7! same :o1 9 #ahjf1 lib]at$ ! g>rison (
 ,erfurt71 disp]s$1 ) m]ely "o hundr$ & 
tw5ty huss>s1 a ,bav>ian regim5t "o ?\s&
 ?ree hundr$ /rong & captur$ five pieces
 ( artill]y4 ,9 ,janu>y1 ! peasantry ( !

 upp] c\ntry _h already revolt$ aga9/ ! 
conscription1#c &1 9 ,febru>y1 patriotic
 proclamations _h be5 dissem9at$ ?r\gh\t
 ,we/phalia "u ! signature ( ! ,b>on von
 ,/e94 ,9 ?is mon?1 also1 ,capta9 ,maas 
& two o!r patriots1 :o _h attempt$ to   
raise a rebellion1 7 execut$4 ,z ! army 
advanc$1 ,/e9 0 nom9at$ *ief ( !        
provisional gov]nm5t ( ! /ill unconqu]$ 
prov9ces ( ,we/]n ,g]many4  ,! fir/     
,russian army1 sev5te5 ?\s& /rong1 "u   
,wittg5/e91 pu%$ =w>d to ,magdeburg1 &1 
at ,mok]n1 repuls$ =ty ?\s& ,fr5*1 :o 7 
advanc+ ^u ,b]l94 ,! ,prussians1 "u _!  
vet]an g5]al1 ,blu*]1 ent]$ ,saxony &   
g>rison$ ,dresd51 on ! #bg? ( ,m>*1     
#ahac2 an ar* ( ! f9e bridge across !   
,elbe hav+ be5 uselessly bl[n up by !   
,fr5*4 ,blu*]1 ^: gallantry 9 ! =m] w>s 
_h ga9$ = him ! g5]al e/eem1 & ^: k9d & 
g5]\s disposition _h won ! affection ( !
 soldi]y1 0 nom9at$ g5]alissimo ( !     
,prussian =ces1 b subord9ate 9 comm& to 
,wittg5/e91 :o replac$ ,kutus[#d z      
g5]alissimo ( ! unit$ =ces ( ,russia &  

,prussia4 ,! emp]or ( ,russia & ! k+ (  
,prussia accompani$ ! army & 7 receiv$ )
 l\d acclamations by ! p ( ,dresd5 &    
,leipzig4 ,! alli$ army 0 m]ely sev5ty  
?\s& /rong1 & ,blu*] _h n =m$ a junction
 ) ,wittg5/e9 :5 ,napoleon invad$ !     
c\ntry by ,erfurt & ,m]seburg at ! head 
( "o hundr$ & sixty ?\s& m54 ,ney       
attack$1 ) =ty ?\s& m51 ! ,russian      
vangu>d "u ,w9z+]ode1 :i*1 aft]         
gallantly def5d+ a defile ne>           
,weiss5fels1 made an ord]ly retreat be=e
 =ces f> _! sup]ior 9 numb]4 ,! ,fr5*1  
on ?is occasion1 lo/ ,m>%al ,bessi]es4  
,napoleon1 incr$ul\s ( attack1 m>*$ 9   
long columns ^u ,leipzig1 & ,wittg5/e91 
fall+ ^u 8 "r flank1 committ$ great     
havoc among ! =ty ?\s& m5 "u ,ney1 :i*  
he _h fir/ ( all enc\nt]$1 at           
,gross-,gors*54 ,?is place 0 alt]nately 
lo/ & rega9$ ow+ to 8 ill-judg$ plan (  
attack by s+le brigades1 in/ead ( break+
 ,napoleon's l9es by *>g+ !m at once ) !
 :ole ( 8 =ces4 ,! "y ,prussian         
volunte]s "h measur$ _! /r5g? 9 a       

murd]\s conflict1 h& to h&1 ) ! "y ,fr5*
 conscripts1 & excit$ by _! m>tial _s ! 
a/oni%m5t ( ! vet]ans4 ,wittg5/e9's     
delay & ,blu*]'s too late arrival on !  
field#e gave ,napoleon "t to :eel 8 long
 l9es r\nd & to encircle ! alli$ =ces1  
:i* imm$iately retir$4 ,on ! eve ( !    
bloody engagem5t ( ! #b;d ( ,may1 !     
alli$ cavalry attempt$ a g5]al attack 9 
! d>k1 :i* 0 also unsuccessful on acc\nt
 ( ! sup]iority ( ! enemy's =ces4 ,!    
allies _h1 nev]!less1 captur$ "s        
cannons1 ! ,fr5*1 none4 ,! mo/ pa9ful   
loss 0 t ( ! noble ,s*>nhor/1 :o 0      
mortally w\nd$4 ,bul[ _h1 on ! same day1
 /orm$ ,halle ) a ,prussian corps1 b 0  
n[ compell$ to resolve ^u a retreat1 :i*
 0 conduct$ 9 ! mo/ ord]ly mann] by !   
allies4 ,at ,koldiz1 ! ,prussian re>gu>d
 repuls$ ! ,fr5* van 9 a bloody         
engagem5t on ! #e? ( ,may4 ,! allies    
m>*$ ?r\gh ,dresd5#f & took up a firm   
position 9 & ab\t ,bautz51 aft] be+ jo9$
 by a re9=cem5t ( eighty ?\s& ,bav>ians4
 ,napoleon 0 also re9=c$ by a numb] (   

,fr5*1 ,bav>ian1 ,wurtemb]g1 & ,saxon   
troops1#g & despat*$ ,lauri/on & ,ney   
t[>d ,b]l92 b ! =m] enc\nt]+ ! ,russians
 "u ,b>clay de ,tolly at ,konigsw>?a1 & 
! latt] ! ,prussians "u ,york at        
,weissig1 bo? 7 con/ra9$ to retreat4    
,napoleon attack$ ! position at ,bautz5 
f ! #ai? to ! #ba/ ( ,may1 b 0 glori\sly
 repuls$ by ! ,prussians "u ,klei/1 :ile
 ,bl*]1 :o 0 9 dang] ( be+ completely   
surr\nd$1 undaunt$ly def5d$ himself on  
?ree sides4 ,! allies lo/ n a cannon1 n 
a s+le prison]1 al?\gh aga9 compell$ to 
retire be=e ! sup]ior =ces ( ! enemy4 ,!
 ,fr5* _h suff]$ an imm5se loss2 eighte5
 ?\s& ( _! w\nd$ 7 s5t to ,dresd54      
,napoleon's favorite1 ,m>%al ,duroc1 &  
,g5]al ,kir*n]1 a native ( ,alsace1 7   
kill$1 close to 8 side1 by a cannon     
ball4 ,! alli$ troops1 =c$ to retire    
aft] an ob/9ate enc\nt]1 nei!r fl$ nor  
disp]s$1 b )drew 9 close column &       
repell+ ea* successive attack4#h ,!     
,fr5* avant-g>de "u ,maison 01 :5 9     
close pursuit ( ! alli$ =ce1 almo/      

entirely cut to pieces by ! ,prussian   
cavalry1 :i* unexpect$ly fell ^u x at   
,he9au4 ,! ma9 body ( ! ,russo-,prussian
 army1 on ent]+ ,silesia1 took a slant+ 
direction t[>d ! ,ries5gebirge & retir$ 
beh9d ! =tress ( ,s*weidnitz4 ,9 ?is    
/rong position !y 7 at once p>tially    
secure f attack1 &1 by _! vic9ity to !  
,bohemian fronti]1 enabl$ to keep up a  
communication1 &1 if necess>y1 to =m a  
junction ) ! ,au/rian =ces4 ,! :ole ( ! 
l[l&s ( ,silesia lay op5 to ! ,fr5*1 :o 
ent]$ ,breslau on ! #a/ ( ,june4#i ,b]l9
 0 also m]ely cov]$ by a comp>atively   
weak army "u ,g5]al ,bul[1#aj :o1       
not)/&+ ! *eck giv5 by him to ,m>%al    
,oud9ot 9 ! battles ( ,hoy]sw]da &      
,luckau1 0 n 9 suffici5t =ce to (f]     
assi/ance to ! ma9 body ( ! ,fr5* 9 case
 ,napoleon *ose to pass ?r\gh ,b]l9 on 8
 way to ,pol&4 ,napoleon1 h[ev]1 did n z
 yet v5ture to make use ( 8 advantage4  
,by ! seizure ( ,prussia & ,pol&1 bo? ( 
:i* lay op5 to him1 ! ma9 body ( ! alli$
 army & ! ,au/rians1 :o _h n yet decl>$ 

!mselves1 w\ld h be5 left to ! re> ( 8  
"r flank & c\ld easily h cut (f 8       
retreat4 ,8 troops1 pr9cipally "y       
conscripts1 7 moreov] worn out )        
fatigue1 nor _h ! :ole ( 8 re9=cem5ts   
arriv$4 ,to 8 re> 0 a multitude ( bold  
p>tisans1 ,tett5born1 ! ,hanseatic      
legion1 ,cz]nits*eff1 :o1 at ,halb]/adt1
 captur$ ,g5]al ,o*s toge!r ) ! :ole ( !
 ,we/phalian corps & f\rte5 pieces (    
artill]y1 ,colomb1 ! ,h]culean capta9 ( 
horse1 :o took a convoy & tw5ty-f\r guns
 at ,zwickau1 & ! ,black ,prussian      
squadron "u ,lutz[4 ,napoleon           
consequ5tly rema9$ /ation>y1 &1 ) a view
 ( complet+ 8 prep>ations & ( await+ !  
decision ( ,au/ria1 dem&$ an armi/ice1  
to :i* ! allies1 ^: =ce 0 /ill          
incomplete & to :om ! decision ( ,au/ria
 0 ( equal importance1 gladly ass5t$4   
,on ?is celebrat$ armi/ice1 conclud$ on 
! #d? ( ,june1 #ahac1 at ! village (    
,pleisswitz1 ! fate ( ,europe 0 to      
dep5d4 ,to ! side t c\ld raise ! mo/    
p[]ful =ce1 t on :i* ,au/ria rang$      

h]self1 num]ical sup]iority insur$      
success4 ,napoleon's p[] 0 /ill t]rible2
 fre% victory _h oblit]at$ ! disgrace ( 
8 flight f ,russia2 he /ood once m an   
inv9cible lead] on ,g]man soil4 ,! ,fr5*
 7 animat$ by success & bl9dly devot$ to
 _! emp]or4 ,italy & ,d5m>k 7 pro/rate  
at 8 feet4 ,! ,rh5i% conf$]ation 0 also 
fai?ful to 8 /&>d4 ,c\ncillor ,crome    
publi%$ at ,giess51 9 ob$i5ce to        
,napoleon's m&ate & ) ! k ( ! gov]nm5t  
at ,d>m/adt1 a pamphlet entitl$         
,g]many's ,crisis & ,salvation1 9 :i* he
 decl>$ t ,g]many 0 sav$ by ! fre%      
victories ( ,napoleon1 & promis$ m\nta9s
 ( gold to ! ,g]mans if !y rema9$ true  
to him4#aa ,crome 0 at t "t graci\sly   
?ank$ 9 autograph lett]s by ! sov]eigns 
( ,bav>ia & ,wurtemb]g4 ,lutz['s        
volunte] corps 01 dur+ ! armi/ice1      
surpris$ at ,kitz5 by a sup]ior corps ( 
,wurtemb]g]s "u ,normann & cut to       
pieces4 ,g]mans at t p]iod oppos$       
,g]mans )\t any feel+ = _! common       
fa!rl&4#ab ,! k+ ( ,saxony1 :o _h       

already repair$ to ,prague "u !         
protection ( ,au/ria1 also return$ !nce1
 0 receiv$ at ,dresd5 ) extreme         
magnific5ce by ,napoleon1 &1 9 fre% tok5
 ( amity1 c$$ ! =tress ( ,torgau to !   
,fr5*4#ac ,^! occurr5ces caus$ ! ,saxon 
m9i/]1 ,s5fft von ,pilsa*1 & ! ,saxon   
g5]al1 ,?ielmann1 :o _h already devot$  
!mselves to ! ,g]man cause1 to resign   
(fice4 ,! ,poli% army "u ,pr9ce         
,poniat[sky 7vassal to ! k+ ( ,saxony1  
:o 0 also gr&duke ( ,w>saw7 receiv$     
p]mission 7x _h at an e>li] p]iod fall5 
back ^u ,s*w>z5b]g7 to m>*1 un>m$1 ?r\gh
 ! ,au/rian t]ritory to ,dresd51 9 ord] 
to jo9 ! ma9 body ( ! ,fr5* "u          
,napoleon4 ,! decl>ation ( ! emp]or (   
,au/ria 9 favor ( 8 son-9-law1 :o1      
moreov]1 0 lavi% ( 8 promises1 &1 among 
o!r ?+s1 (f]$ to re/ore ,silesia1 01    
consequ5tly1 at ! op5+ ( ! armi/ice1    
deem$ c]ta94  ,! armi/ice 01 mean:ile1  
/ill m b5eficial to ! allies4 ,!        
,russians _h "t to conc5trate _! scatt]$
 troops1 ! ,prussians complet$ !        

equipm5t ( _! num]\s ,l&wehr51 & !      
,sw$es also took ! field4 ,b]nadotte l&$
 on ! #ah? ( ,may 9 ,pom]ania1 & advanc$
 ) 8 troops into ,br&5burg = ! purpose1 
9 conjunction ) ,bul[1 ( cov]+ ,b]l94 ,a
 ,g]man auxili>y corps1 9 ! pay (       
,engl&1 0 also =m$1 "u ,wallmod51 on !  
,baltic4 ,! def5ce ( ,hamburg 0         
extremely easy2 b ! base intrigues (    
=eign]s1 :o1 z dur+ ! "t ( ! ?irty ye>s'
 w>1 paid !mselves = _! aid by ! seizure
 ( ,g]man prov9ces & t[ns1 deliv]$ t    
spl5did city into ! h&s ( ! ,fr5*4      
,b]nadotte _h sold himself to ,russia = 
! price ( ,norway1 :i* ,d5m>k refus$ to 
c$e unless ,hamburg & ,lubeck 7 giv5 9  
ex*ange4 ,?is agreem5t _h already be5   
made by ,pr9ce ,dolgorucki 9 ! "n ( !   
emp]or ,alex&]1 & ,tett5born yield$     
,hamburg to ! ,danes1 :o m>*$ 9 "u      
pretext ( protect+ ! city & 7 receiv$ ) 
delight by ! unsuspect+ citiz5s4 ,!     
non-advance ( ! ,sw$es proce$$ f ! same 
cause4 ,! increase ( ! ,dani% m>9e by   
means ( ! ,hanse t[ns1 h[ev]1 prov$     

displeas+ to ,engl&2 ! :ole ( ! comm]ce 
0 brok5 up1 & ! ,danes1 ha/ily resolv+  
to ma9ta9 fai? ) ,napoleon1 deliv]$     
luckless ,hamburg to ! ,fr5*1 :o        
in/antly took a mo/ t]rible rev5ge4     
,dav\/1 z he himself boa/$1 m]ely s5t   
twelve ,g]man patriots to execution1#ad 
b expell$ tw5ty-five ?\s& ( !           
inhabitants f ! city1 :ile he pull$ d[n 
_! h\ses & conv]t$ !m into =tifications1
 at :i* ! pr9cipal citiz5s 7 compell$ to
 "w 9 p]son4 ,dissatisfi$1 moreov]1 ) a 
contribution ( eighte5 millions1 he     
robb$ ! great ,hamburg bank1 tread+     
und]foot e private & national "r1 all1 z
 he1 mis]able slave z he 01#ae decl>$1 9
 ob$i5ce to ! m&ate ( 8 "l4  ,au/ria1 at
 fir/1 in/ead ( aid+ ! allies1 all[$ !  
,poles#af to range !mselves b5ea? ! /&>d
 ( ,napoleon1 :om %e ov]:elm$ )         
prote/ations ( fri5d%ip1 :i* s]v$ to    
mask h] real int5tions1 & mean:ile gave 
h] "t to arm h]self to ! tee? & to make 
! allies s5sible ( ! fact ( _! utt]     
impot5cy aga9/ ,napoleon unless aid$ by 

h]4 ,! int]e/s ( ,au/ria favor$ h]      
alliance ) ,france1 b ,napoleon1 in/ead 
( confid5ce1 inspir$ mi/ru/4 ,au/ria1   
not)/&+ ! m>riage betwe5 him & ,m>ia    
,l\isa1 01 z _h be5 %[n at ! congress ( 
,dresd51 m]ely treat$ z a tribut>y to   
,france1 & ,napoleon's ambition (f]$ no 
gu>antee to ! anci5t imp]ial dyna/y4    
,!re 0 no security t ! prov9ces be/[$ 9 
mom5t>y rew>d = h] alliance mu/ n1 on ! 
fir/ occasion1 be re/or$4 ,nor 0 public 
op9ion entirely )\t weight4#ag          
,napoleon's /> 0 on ! wane1 :ole nations
 /ood l to a d>k & om9\s cl\d ?reat5+ on
 ! horizon1 & ,c\nt ,mett]ni* prud5tly  
*ose r to attempt to guide ! /orm ere x 
bur/ ?an tru/ to a fall+ />4 ,au/ria _h1
 z e>ly z ! #bg? ( ,june1 #ahac1 sign$ a
 treaty1 at ,rei*5ba* 9 ,silesia1 )     
,russia & ,prussia1 by :i* %e b\nd      
h]self to decl>e w> aga9/ ,france1 9    
case ,napoleon _h n1 be=e ! #bj? (      
,july1 accept$ ! t]ms ( peace ab\t to be
 propos$ to him4 ,already _h ! sov]eigns
 & g5]als ( ,russia & ,prussia sket*$1  

dur+ a conf]5ce held ) ! cr[n pr9ce (   
,sw$51 ! #aa? ,july1 at ,tra*5b]g1 !    
plan = ! approa*+ campaign1 &1 ) !      
p]mission ( ,au/ria1 assign$ to h] ! "p 
%e 0 to take z "o ( ! allies aga9/      
,napoleon1 :5 ,mett]ni* aga9 visit$     
,dresd5 9 p]son = ! purpose ( repeat+ 8 
assurances ( amity1 = ! armi/ice _h b j 
comm5c$1 to ,napoleon4 ,! ,fr5* emp]or  
_h an indi/9ct idea ( ! transactions !n 
pass+1 & bluntly said to ! ,c\nt1 ,z y  
wi% to m$iate1 y are no long] on my     
side4 ,he hop$ p>tly to w9 ,au/ria ov]  
by r$\bl+ 8 promises1 p>tly to t]rify h]
 by ! dread ( ! future asc5d5cy (       
,russia1 b1 p]ceiv+ h[ ,mett]ni* evad$  
him by 8 artful diplomacy1 he sudd5ly   
ask$ him1 ,well1 ,mett]ni*1 h[ mu* has  
,engl& giv5 y 9 ord] to engage y to play
 ?is "p t[>d me8 ,?is trait ( insol5ce  
t[>d an antagoni/ ( ^: sup]iority he    
felt consci\s1 & ( ! mo/ deadly hatr$   
mask$ by contempt1 0 peculi>ly          
*>act]i/ic ( ! ,corsican1 :o1 besides ! 
qualities ( ! lion1 fully possess$ ^? ( 

! cat4 ,napoleon let 8 hat drop 9 ord]  
to see :e!r ,mett]ni* w\ld raise x4 ,he 
did n1 & w> 0 resolv$ ^u4 ,a pret5d$    
congress = ! conclusion ( peace 0 aga9  
arrang$ by bo? sides2 by ,napoleon1 9   
ord] to elude ! reproa* ca/ ^u him ( an 
insurm\ntable & et]nal desire = w>1 & by
 ! allies1 9 ord] to prove to ! :ole _w 
_! desire = peace4 ,ea* side 01 h[ev]1  
fully aw>e t ! palm ( peace 0 alone to  
be f\nd on ! o!r side ( ! battle-field4 
,napoleon 0 g5]\s 9 8 concessions1 b    
delay$ grant+ full p[]s to 8 envoy1 an  
opportune circum/ance = ! allies1 :o 7  
by ?is means able to *>ge him ) ! :ole  
blame ( procra/9ation4 ,napoleon1 9 all 
8 concessions1 m]ely includ$ ,russia &  
,au/ria to ! exclusion ( ,prussia4#ah ,b
 nei!r ,russia nor ,au/ria tru/$ to 8   
promises1 & ! negotiations 7 brok5 (f on
 ! t]m9ation ( ! armi/ice1 :5 ,napoleon 
s5t full p[]s to 8 pl5ipot5ti>y4 ,n[1 0 
x said1 x is too late4 ,! art ) :i*     
,mett]ni* pass$ f ! alliance ) ,napoleon
 to neutrality1 to m$iation1 & f9ally to

 ! coalition aga9/ him1 w1 9 e age1 be  
ackn[l$g$ a ma/]-piece ( diplomacy4     
,au/ria1 :ile coalesc+ ) ,russia &      
,prussia1 9 a c]ta9 degree assum$ a rank
 conv5tionally sup]ior to bo?4 ,! :ole (
 ! alli$ armies 0 plac$ "u ! comm& ( an 
,au/rian g5]al1 ,pr9ce von ,s*w>z5b]g1 &
 if ! proclamation publi%$ at ,calis* _h
 m]ely summon$ ! p ( ,g]many to ass]t _!
 indep5d5ce1 ! manife/o ( ,c\nt         
,mett]ni* spoke already 9 ! tone ( !    
future regulator ( ! affairs (          
,europe4#ai ,au/ria decl>$ h]self on !  
#ab? ( ,augu/1 #ahac1 two days aft] !   
t]m9ation ( ! armi/ice4   ,footnote #a3 
,lit]ally1 ! g5]al levy ( ! p4--,trans4 
,footnote #b3 ,! exasp]ation ( ! p _h   
ris5 to ! utmo/ pit*4 ,! ,fr5* rascals 9
 (fice1 especially ! cu/om-h\se (fic]s1 
set no b\nds to _! tyranny & lic5se4 ,no
 woman ( :atev] rank 0 all[$ to pass !  
gates )\t be+ subject$ to ! mo/ indec5t 
inquisition4 ,goods t _h long be5 r$eem$
 7 cont9ually tak5 f ! tradesm5's %ops &
 confiscat$4 ,! arbitr>y enrolm5t ( a   

numb] ( "y m5 z conscripts at l5g?      
produc$ an insurrection1 9 :i* !        
gu>d-h\ses1 etc41 7 de/roy$4 ,x 01      
h[ev]1 quell$ by ,g5]al ,/4 ,cyr1 & six 
( ! citiz5s 7 execut$4 ,on ! approa* ( !
 ,russians1 ,/4 ,cyr fl$ ) ! :ole ( 8   
troops4 ,! booksell] ,p]!s1 ,prell1 &   
von ,hess1 =m$ a civic gu>d4--,von      
,hess's ,agonies4  ,footnote #c3 ,! p   
rose en masse at ,ronsdorf1 ,sol+51 &   
,b>m51 & m>*$ tumultu\sly to ,elb]feld1 
! great manufactur+ t[n1 b 7 disp]s$ by 
! ,fr5* troops4 ,! ,fr5* au?orities     
aft]w>d decl>$ t ! sole object ( !      
revolt 0 to smuggle 9 ,engli% goods1 &1 
"u ?is pretext1 seiz$ all ! =eign goods 
9 ,elb]feld4  ,footnote #d3 ,kutus[ _h1 
j at t conjuncture1 expir$ at ,bautz54  
,footnote #e3 ,! nature ( ! gr\nd r5d]$ 
a night m>* impossible4 ,! ,russian1    
,mi*ael(ski ,danilefski1 h[ev]1 ?r[s !  
blame ^u an (fic] 9 ,blu*]'s headqu>t]s1
 :o laid ! important ord]s committ$ to 8
 *>ge "u 8 pill[ & ov]slept himself4    
,footnote #f3 ,x may "h be m5tion$ z a  

rem>kable *>act]i/ic ( ^? times t ,goe!1
 ,erne/ ,maurice ,arndt1 & ,!odore ,krn]
 at t p]iod met at ,dresd54 ,! y\?ful   
,krn]1 a volunte] ,jg]1 0 ! ,tyrtu ( ^? 
days3 8 milit>y songs 7 univ]sally sung3
 8 fa!r also express$ great en?usiasm4  
,goe! said almo/ angrily1 ,well1 well1  
%ake y\r *a9s1 ! man 7,napoleon7 is too 
/rong = y1 y w n break !m6--,e4 ,m4     
,arndt's ,rem9isc5ces4  ,footnote #g3   
,un=tunately !re 7 ,g]man pr9ces :o1 ev5
 ?is "t1 aga9 s5t _! troops to swell !  
ranks ( ! oppressor2 ,au/ria _h1        
un=tunately1 n yet conclud$ h]          
prep>ations2 consequ5tly1 x 0 only      
possible to clog ! advance ( ! conqu]or 
by a gallant resi/ance4--,clausewitz4 ,!
 ,bav>ians /ood "u ,ragl[i*1 !          
,wrtemb]g]s "u ,franquemont1 ! ,saxons  
"u ,reyni]4 ,!re 0 also a cont+5t (     
,we/phalians & ,bad5]s4  ,footnote #h3  
,bl*] exclaim$ on ?is occasion3 ,he's a 
rascally fell[ t d>es to say we fly4    
,ev5 ,fa91 ! ,fr5*man1 confesses 9 8    
manuscript ( #ahac1 9 :i* he c]ta9ly    

does n favor ! ,g]mans3 ,! be/ ,m>%als1 
z x 71 kill$ by sp5t balls4 ,great      
victories )\t trophies4 ,all ! villages 
on our r\te 9 flames :i* ob/ruct$ our   
advance4 ',:at a w>6 ,we %all all fall  
victims to x6' are ! disgraceful        
expressions utt]$ by _m1 = ! iron he>ts 
( ! w>riors ( ,france are ru/-gr[n4     
,napoleon exclaim$ aft] ! battle1 ,h[6  
no result aft] su* a massacre8 ,no      
prison]s8 ,!y leave me n ev5 a nail6    
,duroc's dea? add$ to ! cata/rophe4     
,napoleon 0 s /ruck t = ! fir/ "t 9 8   
life he c\ld give no ord]s1 b def]r$    
ev]y?+ until ! morr[4  ,footnote #i3 ,b 
!y m]ely encamp$ 9 ! /reets1 %[$        
!mselves m anxi\s ?an ?reat5+1 & 7 seiz$
 ) a t]rible panic on a sudd5           
conflagration break+ out dur+ ! night1  
:i* !y mi/ook = a signal to br+ !       
,l&/urm ^u !m4 ,& yet !re 7 ?irty ?\s&  
,fr5* 9 ! city4 ,h[ diff]5t to _! _s 9  
#ahjg6  ,footnote #aj3 ,bro!r to !      
un=tunate ,h5ry von ,bul[4  ,footnote   
#aa3 ,crome 0 aft]w>d b>efac$ en\gh to  

boa/ ( ?is "w 9 8 ,autobiography1       
publi%$ 9 #ahcc4 ,napoleon dictat$ !    
fundam5tal ideas ( ?is "w to him f 8    
headqu>t]s4 ,8 object 0 to pacify !     
,g]mans4 ,he promis$ !m h5ce=w>d to     
desi/ f en=c+ 8 cont95tal sy/em1 to     
re/ore lib]ty to comm]ce1 no long] to   
=ce ! laws & language ( ,france ^u      
,g]many4 ,l'emp]eur se f]a aim] des     
,allem&s4 ,! ,g]mans 71 on ! o!r h&1    
w>n$ t ! allies _h no int5tion to r5d]  
,g]many free & indep5d5t1 !y be+ mu* m  
int]e/$ 9 reta9+ ,g]many 9 a /ate (     
division & subjection4 ,! unity (       
,g]many1 x 0 also decl>$1 0 alone       
possible "u ,napoleon1 etc4  ,footnote  
#ab3 ,?is arose f hatr$ to ! p>ty t d>$ 
to uphold ! ,g]man cause in/ead ( a     
,prussian1 ,saxon1 etc41 "o1 & by no    
means by *ance1 b1 z ,manso rem>ks1     
int5tionally1 ?r\gh l[ cunn+ & inju/ice4
  ,footnote #ac3 ,! k+ ( ,saxony 01 9   
return1 insult$ by ,napoleon1 9 an      
address to ! m9i/]s 0 t]m$ une veille   
hte1 & compell$ to c\nt5ance immoral    

!atrical p]=mances by 8 pres5ce1 a s9 = 
:i* he ea* ev5+ receiv$ absolution f 8  
confessor4 ,vide ,/e9's ,lett] to ,mn/] 
9 ! ,sket*es ( ! ,w> ( ,lib]ation4      
,footnote #ad3 ,he also said1 l 8 ma/]1 
,i "k ( no ,g]mans1 ,i only "k (        
,bav>ians1 ,wrtemb]g]s1 ,we/phalians1   
etc4  ,footnote #ae3 ,8 writt5 def5ce1 9
 :i* he s ly+ly1 s humbly & m\rnfully   
exculpates himself t "o really          
compassionates ! devil1 is a sort (     
satisfaction = ! ,g]mans4  ,footnote    
#af3 ,poniat[sky's dismissal ) ! ,poli% 
army f ,pol& 0 app>5tly a s]vice r5d]$  
to ,napoleon1 b 0 9 reality done ) a    
view ( dis>m+ ,pol&4 ,poniat[sky might h
 organiz$ an insurrection to ! re> ( !  
allies1 & w\ld 9 t case h be5 f> m      
dang]\s to !m ?an :5 rang$ b5ea? ! /&>d 
( ,napoleon4  ,footnote #ag3 ,! p 9     
,au/ria fully sympa?iz$ ) pass+ ev5ts4  
,h[ c\ld ^? be apa!tic :o _h su* a burd5
 ( disgrace to r$eem1 su* deep rev5ge to
 satisfy8 ,an extremely popul> song     
conta9$ ! foll[+ l9es3    ,awake1       

,franciscus6 ,h>k6 ?y p call6   ,awake6 
ackn[l$ge ! av5g]'s h&6   ,/ill groans  
b5ea? ! =eign c\rs]'s ho(   ,! soil (   
,g]many1 our fa!rl&4    ,to arms6 s long
 z sacr$ ,g]many   ,feels b a f+] (     
,napoleon4   ,franciscus6 up6 ,ca/ (f   
ea* private tie6   ,! patriot has no    
k9dr$1 has no son4  ,all ! able-bodi$   
m51 z 9 ,prussia1 cr[d$ b5ea? ! imp]ial 
/&>d & ! :ole empire made ! mo/         
patriotic sacrifices4 ,hung>y summon$ ! 
:ole ( h] male population1 !            
insurrection1 z x 0 t]m$1 to ! field4   
,footnote #ah3 ,russia 0 to receive !   
:ole ( ,pol&1 ! gr&du*y ( ,w>saw 0 to be
 annihilat$4 ,su* 0 ,napoleon's         
gratitude t[>d ! ,poles6--,illyria 0 to 
be re/or$ to ,au/ria4 ,prussia1 h[ev]1 0
 n only to be exclud$ f all p>ticipation
 9 ! spoil1 b ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation 0 to 
be ext5d$ z f> z ! ,od]4 ,prussia w\ld h
 be5 compell$ to pay ! exp5ses ( !      
alliance betwe5 ,france1 ,russia1 &     
,au/ria4  ,footnote #ai3 ,ev]y:]e1 said 
?is manife/o1 d ! impati5t wi%es ( ! p  

anticipate ! regul> proce$+s ( !        
gov]nm5t4 ,on all sides1 ! desire =     
indep5d5ce "u sep>ate laws1 ! feel+ (   
insult$ nationality1 rage aga9/ ! heavy 
abuses inflict$ by a =eign tyrant1 bur/ 
simultane\sly =?4 ,8 ,maje/y ! emp]or1  
too cle>-sight$ n to view ?is turn 9    
affairs z ! natural & necess>y result ( 
a prec$+ & viol5t /ate ( exagg]ation1 & 
too j to view x ) displeasure1 _h r5d]$ 
x 8 pr9cipal object to turn x to ! g5]al
 advantage1 &1 by well-weigh$ &         
well-comb9$ measures1 to promote ! true 
& la/+ int]e/s ( ! :ole commonweal? (   
,europe4    ,,cclxi4 ,! ,battle (       
,leipzig   ,imm$iately aft] ?is--= all  
_h be5 previ\sly arrang$--! mon>*s (    
,russia & ,prussia pass$ ! ,ries5gebirge
 ) a division ( _! =ces into ,bohemia1 &
 jo9$ ! emp]or ,francis & ! great       
,au/rian army at ,prague4 ,! celebrat$  
g5]al1 ,moreau1 :o _h return$ f ,am]ica1
 :]e he _h hi!rto dwelt incognito1 9    
ord] to take up arms aga9/ ,napoleon1 0 
9 ! tra9 ( ! cz>4 ,8 example1 x 0 hop$1 

w\ld induce _m ( 8 c\ntrym5 to ab&on    
,napoleon4 ,! plan ( ! allies 0 to      
advance1 ) _! ma9 body "u ,s*w>z5b]g1   
consi/+ ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&        
,au/rians & sev5ty ?\s& ,russians &     
,prussians1 ?r\gh ! ,erzgebirge to      
,napoleon's re>4 ,a less] ,prussian =ce1
 pr9cipally ,silesian ,l&wehr1 "u       
,blu*]1 eighty ?\s& /rong1 besides a    
small ,russian corps1 01 mean:ile1 to   
cov] ,silesia1 or1 9 case ( an attack by
 ,napoleon's ma9 body1 to retire be=e x 
& draw x fur!r ea/w>d4 ,a ?ird division1
 "u ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,sw$51 pr9cipally    
,sw$es1 ) "s ,prussian troops1 mo/ly    
,pom]anian & ,br&5burg ,l&wehr "u ,bul[1
 & "s ,russians1 9 all n9ety ?\s& m51 0 
de/9$ to cov] ,b]l91 & 9 case ( a       
victory to =m a junction to ,napoleon's 
re> ) ! ma9 body ( ! alli$ army4 ,a /ill
 less] & equally mix$ division "u       
,wallmod51 ?irty ?\s& /rong1 0 de/9$ to 
wat* ,dav\/ 9 ,hamburg1 :ile an ,au/rian
 corps ( tw5ty-five ?\s& m5 "u ,pr9ce   
,reuss wat*$ ! movem5ts ( ! ,bav>ians1 &

 ano!r ,au/rian =ce ( =ty ?\s&1 "u      
,hill]1 ^? ( ! vic]oy ,eug5e 9 ,italy4  
,napoleon _h conc5trat$ 8 ma9 body1 t   
/ill consi/$ ( two hundr$ & fifty ?\s&  
m51 9 & ar\nd ,dresd54 ,dav\/ receiv$   
ord]s to advance ) ?irty ?\s& m5 f      
,hamburg ^u ,b]l92 9 ,bav>ia1 !re 7     
?irty ?\s& m5 "u ,wr$e2 9 ,italy1 =ty   
?\s& "u ,eug5e4 ,! ,g]man =tresses 71   
moreov]1 /rongly g>rison$ ) ,fr5*       
troops4 ,napoleon _h x 9 8 p[] to ?r[   
himself ) 8 ma9 body1 :i* nei!r ,blu*]  
nor ! ,sw$es c\ld h )/ood1 into ,pol&1  
to levy ! p en masse & r5d] t c\ntry !  
!atre ( w>1 b ! dread ( ! defection ( ! 
,rh5i% conf$]ation & ( a "p ( ! ,fr5*   
!mselves1 7 ! c\ntry to 8 re> to be left
 op5 to ! allies & to ,moreau1 c\pl$ ) 8
 dis9cl9ation to decl>e ! indep5d5ce (  
,pol&1 ow+ to a l+]+ hope ( be+ /ill    
able to br+ ab\t a reconciliation )     
,russia & ,au/ria by ! sacrifice ( t    
c\ntry & ( ,prussia1 caus$ t idea to be 
r5\nc$1 & he accord+ly took up a        
def5sive position ) 8 ma9 body at       

,dresd51 :5ce he c\ld wat* ! proce$+s & 
take advantage ( any indiscretion on !  
"p ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,a body ( n9ety ?\s& m5
 "u ,oud9ot meantime act$ on ! (f5sive1 
be+ direct$ to advance1 simultane\sly ) 
,dav\/ f ,hamburg & ) ,gir>d f          
,magdeburg1 ^u ,b]l91 & to take         
possession ( t metropolis4 ,napoleon    
hop$1 :5 ma/] ( ! anci5t ,prussian      
prov9ces1 to be able to suppress ,g]man 
en?usiasm at its s\rce & to induce      
,russia & ,au/ria to conclude a sep>ate 
peace at ! exp5se ( ,prussia4  ,9       
,augu/1 #ahac1 ! tempe/ ( w> broke loose
 on e side1 & all ,europe prep>$ = a    
decisive /ruggle4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 ! :ole (
 ,nor!rn ,g]many 0 visit$ = "s weeks1 z 
0 ! case on ! defeat ( ,v>us 9 !        
,teutoburg =e/1 ) heavy ra9s & viol5t   
/orms4 ,! elem5ts seem$ to comb9e1 z 9  
,russia1 _! ef=ts ) ^? ( man aga9/      
,napoleon4 ,!re 8 soldi]s fell victims  
to fro/ & sn[1 "h !y sank into ! boggy  
soil & 7 c>ri$ away by ! swoll5 riv]s4  
,9 ! mid/ ( ! upro> ( ! elem5ts1 bloody 

engagem5ts cont9ually took place1 9 :i* 
! bayonet & ! butt-end ( ! firelock 7   
almo/ alone us$1 ! muskets be+ r5d]$    
uns]viceable by ! wet4 ,! fir/ engagem5t
 ( importance 0 t ( ! #ba/ ( ,augu/     
betwe5 ,wallmod5 & ,dav\/ at ,vellahn4  
,a few days aft]w>d1 ,!odore ,korn]1 !  
y\?ful poet & h]o1 fell 9 a skirmi%     
betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ,wallmod5's outpo/ at  
,gadebus*4--,oud9ot advanc$ close ^u    
,b]l91 :i* 0 protect$ by ! cr[n pr9ce ( 
,sw$54 ,a murd]\s conflict took place1  
on ! #bc;d ( ,augu/1 at ,gross-,be]5    
betwe5 ! ,prussian division "u ,g5]al   
von ,bul[ & ! ,fr5*4 ,! ,sw$es1 a troop 
( horse artill]y alone except$1 7 n     
br\ght into action1 & ! ,prussians1     
unaid$1 repuls$ ! greatly sup]ior =ces (
 ! ,fr5*4 ,! almo/ untra9$ peasantry    
compris+ ! ,l&wehr ( ! ,m>k & (         
,pom]ania ru%$ ^u ! enemy1 &1           
unhabituat$ to ! use ( ! bayonet &      
firelock1 beat d[n entire battalions ( !
 ,fr5* ) ! butt-end ( _! muskets4 ,aft] 
a frightful massacre1 ! ,fr5* 7 utt]ly  

r\t$ & fl$ 9 wild disord]1 b ! gallant  
,prussians va9ly expect$ ! ,sw$es to aid
 9 ! pursuit4 ,! cr[n pr9ce1 p>tly f a  
desire to sp>e 8 troops & p>tly f a     
feel+ ( %ame--he 0 also a               
,fr5*man--rema9$ motionless4 ,oud9ot1   
nev]!less1 lo/ two ?\s& f\r hundr$      
prison]s4 ,dav\/1 f ?is disa/]1 return$ 
once m to ,hamburg4 ,gir>d1 :o _h       
advanc$ ) eight ?\s& m5 f ,magdeburg1 01
 on ! #bg?1 put to flight by ! ,prussian
 ,l&wehr "u ,g5]al ,hirs*feld4          
,napoleon's plan ( attack aga9/ ,prussia
 _h completely fail$1 & 8 sole          
alt]native 0 to act on ! def5sive4 ,b on
 p]ceiv+ t ! ma9 body ( ! alli$ =ces "u 
,s*w>z5b]g 0 advanc+ to 8 re>1 :ile     
,blu*] 0 /ation$ ) m]ely a weak division
 9 ,silesia1 he took ! field ) imm5sely 
sup]ior =ces aga9/ ! latt]1 "u an idea (
 be+ able easily to vanqui% 8 weak      
antagoni/ & to fall back aga9 9 "t ^u   
,dresd54 ,blu*] cauti\sly retir$1 b1    
unable to re/ra9 ! m>tial _s ( !        
soldi]y1 :o ob/9ately def5d$ e position 

:5ce !y 7 driv51 lo/ two ?\s& ( 8 m5 on 
! #ba/ ( ,augu/4 ,! news ( ,napoleon's  
advance ^u ,silesia & ( ! num]ical      
weakness ( ! g>rison left at ,dresd5    
rea*$ ,s*w>z5b]g j z he _h cross$ !     
,erzgebirge1 & induc$ him & ! alli$     
sov]eigns assembl$ )9 8 camp to *ange _!
 plan ( op]ations & to m>* /raight ^u ! 
,saxon capital4 ,napoleon1 :o _h pursu$ 
,blu*] z f> z ! ,katzba* ne> ,goldb]g1  
in/antly return$ & boldly resolv$ to    
cross ! ,elbe above ,dresd51 to seize ! 
passes ( ! ,bohemian m\nta9s1 & to fall 
^u ! re> ( ! ma9 body ( ! alli$ army4   
,v&amme's corps d'armee _h already set  
=w>d ) ?is design1 :5 ,napoleon le>n$ t 
,dresd5 c\ld no long] hold out unless he
 return$ ?i!r ) a division ( 8 army1 &1 
9 ord] to pres]ve t city & ! c5tre ( 8  
position1 he ha/ily return$ ?i!r 9 !    
hope ( defeat+ ! alli$ army & ( br++ x  
betwe5 two fires1 z ,v&amme mu/ mean:ile
 h occupi$ ! n>r[ outlets ( !           
,erzgebirge ) ?irty ?\s& m5 & by t means
 h cut (f ! retreat ( ! alli$ army4 ,!  

plan 0 on a gr& scale1 &1 z f> z relat$ 
to ,napoleon 9 p]son1 0 execut$1 to !   
extreme discomfiture ( ! allies1 ) 8    
usual success4 ,s*w>z5b]g _h1 ) true    
,au/rian procra/9ation1 all[$ ! #be? (  
,augu/1 :51 z ! ,fr5* !mselves confess1 
,dresd51 9 h] !n ill-def5d$ /ate1 might 
h be5 tak5 almo/ )\t a /roke1 to pass 9 
inaction1 &1 :5 he attempt$ to /orm !   
city on ! #bf?1 ,napoleon1 :o _h        
mean:ile arriv$1 calmly await$ ! onset (
 ! ?ick masses ( ! enemy 9 ord] to op5 a
 murd]\s dis*>ge ( grape ^u !m on e     
side4 ,!y 7 repuls$ aft] suff]+ a       
frightful loss4 ,on ! foll[+ day1 de/9$ 
to end 9 /ill m t]rible blood%$1        
,napoleon assum$ ! (f5sive1 sep>at$ !   
retir+ alli$ army by well-comb9$        
sallies1 cut (f its left w+1 & made an  
imm5se numb] ( prison]s1 *iefly         
,au/rians4 ,! un=tunate ,moreau _h bo? 8
 legs %ot (f 9 ! v fir/ enc\nt]4 ,8 dea?
 0 an act ( ju/ice1 = he _h tak5 up arms
 aga9/ 8 fell[- c\ntrym51 & 0 moreov] a 
ga9 = ! ,g]mans1 ! ,russians m]ely mak+ 

use ( him 9 ord] to obscure ! fame ( !  
,g]man lead]s1 &1 x may be1 ) a view (  
plac+ ! future de/9ies ( ,france 9 8    
h&s4 ,! ma9 body ( ! alli$ army retreat$
 on e side2 "p ( ! troops disb&$1 ! re/ 
7 expos$ to extreme h>d%ip ow+ to !     
torr5ts ( ra9 t fell )\t int]mission & !
 sc>city ( provisions4 ,_! annihilation 
mu/ h inevitably foll[$ _h ,v&amme      
execut$ ,napoleon's comm&s & block$ up !
 m\nta9 passes1 9 :i* he 0 unsuccessful1
 ow+ to ! gallantry ) :i* he 0 held 9   
*eck at ,culm by eight ?\s& ,russian    
gu>ds1 head$ by ,o/]mann1#a :o1 al?\gh  
m]ely am\nt+ 9 numb] to a f\r? ( 8 army1
 f\ght dur+ a :ole day )\t rec$+ a /ep1 
?\gh almo/ ! :ole ( !m 7 cut to pieces &
 ,o/]mann 0 depriv$ ( an arm1 until !   
fir/ corps ( ! ma9 body1 9 full retreat1
 rea*$ ! m\nta9s4 ,v&amme 0 n[ 9 turn   
ov]:elm$ by sup]ior numb]s4 ,"o way (   
escape1 a /ill unoccupi$ height1 on :i* 
he ha/5$ to po/ himself1 alone rema9$1 b
 ,klei/'s corps1 also 9 full retreat1   
unexpect$ly b opportunely appe>$ above 8

 head & took him & ! :ole ( 8 corps     
prison]s1 ! #bi? ( ,augu/1 #ahac4b  ,at 
! same "t1 ! #bf? ( ,augu/1 a mo/       
glori\s victory 0 ga9$ by ,blu*] 9      
,silesia4 ,aft] hav+ drawn ,macdonald   
across ! ,katzba* & ! foam+ ,neisse1 he 
drove him1 aft] a desp]ate & bloody     
engagem5t1 into ^? riv]s1 :i* 7 greatly 
swoll5 by ! incessant ra9s4 ,! muskets (
 ! soldi]y _h be5 r5d]$ uns]viceable by 
! wet1 & ,blu*]1 draw+ 8 sabre f b5ea? 8
 cloak1 da%$ =w>d exclaim+1 ,=w>d6      
,sev]al ?\s& ( ! ,fr5* 7 dr[n$ or fell  
by ! bayonet1 or b5ea? ! heavy bl[s     
dealt by ! ,l&wehr ) ! butt-end ( _!    
firelocks4 ,x 0 on ?is battlefield t !  
,silesians _h =m]ly oppos$ ! ,t>t>s1 & !
 mona/]y ( ,wahl/att1 erect$ 9 memory ( 
t h]oic day1#c 0 /ill /&+4 ,blu*] 0     
rew>d$ ) ! title ( ,pr9ce von d]        
,wahl/att1 b 8 soldi]s surnam$ him      
,m>%al ,vorw>ts4 ,on ! decl9e ( !       
floods1 ! banks ( ! riv]s 7 /rewn )     
corpses /ick+ 9 horrid di/ortion out ( !
 mud4 ,a "p ( ! ,fr5* fl$ = a c\ple (   

days 9 t]rible disord] along ! "r bank &
 7 !n tak5 prison] toge!r ) _! g5]al1   
,pu?od4#d ,! ,fr5* lo/ "o hundr$ & ?ree 
guns1 eighte5 ?\s& prison]s1 & a /ill   
great] numb] 9 kill$2 ! loss on ! side (
 ! ,prussians m]ely am\nt$ to "o ?\s&   
m54 ,macdonald return$ almo/ totally    
unatt5d$ to ,dresd5 & br\ght ! melan*oly
 intellig5ce to ,napoleon1 ,votre arm du
 ,bobre n'exi/e plus4  ,! cr[n pr9ce (  
,sw$5 & ,bul[ _h mean:ile pursu$        
,oud9ot's retreat+ corps 9 ! direction (
 ! ,elbe4 ,napoleon despat*$ ,ney aga9/ 
!m1 b he met ) ! fate ( 8 pr$ecessor1 at
 ,d5newitz1 on ! #f? ( ,septemb]4 ,!    
,prussians1 on ?is occasion1 aga9       
triumph$1 unaid$ by _! conf$]ates4#e    
,bul[ & ,tau5zi51 ) tw5ty ?\s& m51      
defeat$ ! ,fr5* army1 sev5ty ?\s& /rong4
 ,! cr[n pr9ce ( ,sw$5 n only rema9$ to 
! re> ) ! :ole ( 8 troops1 b gave       
p]fectly useless ord]s to ! advanc+     
,prussian squadron "u ,g5]al ,bor/el1   
:o1 )\t att5d+ to !m1 hurri$ on to      
,bul['s assi/ance1 & ! ,fr5* 71 not)/&+ 

_! num]ical sup]iority1 completely driv5
 (f ! field1 :i* ! cr[n pr9ce rea*$ j 9 
"t to witness ! disp]sion ( 8 c\ntrym54 
,! ,fr5* lo/ eighte5 ?\s& m5 & eighty   
guns4 ,! r\t 0 complete4 ,! re>gu>d1    
consi/+ ( ! ,wurtemb]g]s "u             
,franquemont1 0 aga9 ov]tak5 at ! head (
 ! bridge at ,zwettau1 &1 aft] a        
frightful c>nage1 driv5 9 wild confusion
 across ! dam to ,torgau4 ,! ,bav>ians  
"u ,ragl[i*1 :o1 probably ow+ to secret 
ord]s1 _h rema9$1 dur+ ! battle1 almo/ 9
 a /ate ( inactivity1 )drew 9 ano!r     
direction & escap$4#f ,dav\/ also aga9  
retir$ ^u ,hamburg1 & 8 re>gu>d "u      
,pe*eux 0 attack$ by ,wallmod51 on !    
#af? ( ,septemb]1 on ! ,gorde1 & suff]$ 
a trifl+ loss4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1  
eight ?\s& ,fr5* 7 also defeat$ by      
,plat[1 ! ,hetman ( ! ,cossacks1 at     
,zeitz3 on ! #cj?1 ,cz]nits*eff p5etrat$
 into ,cassel & expell$ ,j]ome4         
,?ielemann1 ! ,saxon g5]al1 also infe/$ 
! c\ntry to ,napoleon's re>1 int]cept$ 8
 convoys at ,leipzig1 & at ,weiss5fels  

took "o ?\s& two hundr$1 at ,m]seburg   
two ?\s&1 ,fr5* prison]s2 he 01 h[ev]1  
depriv$ ( 8 booty by a /rong =ce "u     
,lefebvre-,desn\ettes1 by :om he 0      
incessantly h>ass$ until ,plat['s       
arrival ) ! ,cossacks1 :o1 9 conjunction
 ) ,?ielemann1 repuls$ ,lefebvre ) great
 slaught] at ,alt5burg4 ,on ?is         
occasion1 a ,bad5 battalion1 t _h be5   
drawn up ap>t f ! ,fr5*1 turn$ _! fire  
^u _! unnatural conf$]ates & aid$ 9 _!  
disp]sion4#g  ,napoleon's g5]als _h be5 
?r[n back 9 e qu>t]1 ) imm5se loss1 ^u  
,dresd51 t[>d :i* ! allies n[ advanc$1  
?reat5+ to enclose x on e side4         
,napoleon manoeuvr$ until ! beg9n+ (    
,octob] ) ! view ( execut+ a c\p de ma9 
aga9/ ,s*w>z5b]g & ,blu*]2 ! allies 71  
h[ev]1 on _! gu>d1 & he 0 con/antly     
r$uc$ to ! necessity ( recall+ 8 troops1
 s5t = t purpose into ! field1 to       
,dresd54 ,! dang] 9 :i* he n[ /ood ( be+
 completely surr\nd$ & cut (f f ! ,rh9e 
at l5g? r5d]$ retreat 8 sole alt]native4
 ,blu*] _h already cross$ ! ,elbe on !  

#e? ( ,octob]1 &1 9 conjunction ) ! cr[n
 pr9ce ( ,sw$51 _h approa*$ ! head ( !  
ma9 body ( ! alli$ army "u ,s*w>z5b]g1  
:i* 0 advanc+ f ! ,erzgebirge4 ,on ! #g?
 ( ,octob]1 ,napoleon quitt$ ,dresd51   
leav+ a g>rison ( ?irty ?\s& ,fr5* "u   
,/4 ,cyr1 & remov$ 8 headqu>t]s to      
,dub51 on ! road lead+ f ,leipzig to    
,b]l91 9 ! hope ( draw+ ,blu*] & !      
,sw$es once m on ! "r side ( ! ,elbe1 9 
:i* case he int5d$ to turn unexpect$ly  
^u ! ,au/rians2 ,blu*]1 h[ev]1 elud$    
him1 )\t quitt+ ! left bank4 ,napoleon's
 plan 0 to take advantage ( ! abs5ce (  
,blu*] & ( ! ,sw$es f ,b]l9 9 ord] to   
ha/5 across ! def5celess c\ntry1 = !    
purpose ( inflict+ puni%m5t ^u ,prussia1
 ( rais+ ,pol&1 etc4 ,b 8 plan met )    
opposition 9 8 own milit>y c\ncil4 ,8   
ill success _h caus$ ^? :o _h hi!rto    
foll[$ 8 =tunes to wav]4 ,! k+ ( ,bav>ia
 decl>$ aga9/ him on ! #h? ( ,octob]1#h 
& ! ,bav>ian army "u ,wr$e unit$ )      
in/ead ( oppos+ ! ,au/rian army & 0 s5t 
to ! ,ma9e 9 ord] to cut (f ,napoleon's 

retreat4 ,! news ( ?is defection spe$ily
 rea*$ ! ,fr5* camp & caus$ ! re/ ( !   
troops ( ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation to wav] 9 
_! allegiance2 :ile ! ,fr5*1 we>i$ )    
useless manoeuvres1 beat5 9 e qu>t]1    
oppos$ by an enemy greatly _! sup]ior 9 
numb] & gl[+ ) rev5ge1 despair$ ( ! ev5t
 & sigh$ = peace & _! quiet homes4 ,all 
refus$ to m>* ^u ,b]l91 nay1 ! v idea ( 
remov+ fur!r f ,p>is almo/ produc$ a    
mut9y 9 ! camp4#i ,f\r days1 f ! #aa? to
 ! #ad? ( ,octob]1 7 pass$ by ,napoleon 
9 a /ate ( melan*oly irresolution1 :5 he
 appe>$ z if sudd5ly inspir$ by ! idea (
 !re /ill be+ "t to execute a c\p de ma9
 ^u ! ma9 body ( ! alli$ army "u        
,s*w>z5b]g be=e its junction ) ,blu*] & 
! ,sw$es4 ,s*w>z5b]g 0 sl[ly advanc+ f  
,bohemia & _h already all[$ himself to  
be defeat$ be=e ,dresd54 ,napoleon      
int5d$ to fall ^u him on 8 arrival 9 !  
vic9ity ( ,leipzig1 b x 0 already too   
late4--,blu*] 0 at h&4 ,on ! #ad? (     
,octob]1#aj ! fl[] ( ! ,fr5* cavalry1   
head$ by ! k+ ( ,naples1 enc\nt]$       

,blu*]'s & ,wittg5/e9's cavalry at      
,wa*au1 n f> f ,leipzig4 ,! conte/ 0    
brok5 (f1 bo? sides be+ desir\s ( husb&+
 _! /r5g?1 b t]m9at$ to ! disadvantage (
 ! ,fr5*1 not)/&+ _! num]ical           
sup]iority1 besides prov+ ! vic9ity ( ! 
,prussians4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ important      
cavalry fight t took place dur+ ?is w>4 
,on ! #af? ( ,octob]1 :ile ,napoleon 0  
m]ely await+ ! arrival ( ,macdonald's   
corps1 t _h rema9$ beh9d1 be=e proce$+  
to attack ,s*w>z5b]g's ,bohemian army1  
he 0 unexpect$ly attack$ on ! "r bank ( 
! ,pleisse1 at ,lieb]t-wolkwitz1 by !   
,au/rians1 :o 71 h[ev]1 compell$ to     
retire be=e a sup]ior =ce4 ,! ,fr5*     
cavalry "u ,lat\r-,maub\rg press$ s     
closely ^u ! emp]or ( ,russia & ! k+ (  
,prussia t !y m]ely ow$ _! escape to !  
gallantry ( ! ,russian1 ,orl[ ,d5is[1 & 
to ,lat\r's fall4 ,napoleon _h already  
ord]$ all ! bells 9 ,leipzig to be rung1
 _h s5t ! news ( 8 victory to ,p>is1 &  
seems to h expect$ a complete triumph :5
 joyfully exclaim+1 ,le monde t\rne p\r 

n\s6 ,b 8 victory _h be5 only p>tial1 & 
he _h be5 unable to foll[ up 8          
advantage1 ano!r division ( ! ,au/rian  
army1 "u ,g5]al ,me]veldt1 hav+         
simultane\sly occupi$ him & compell$ him
 to cross ! ,pleisse at ,dolnitz2 &1    
al?\gh ,me]veldt _h be5 9 8 turn repuls$
 ) sev]e loss & be5 himself tak5        
prison]1 ! div]sion prov$ ( s]vice to ! 
,au/rians by keep+ ,napoleon 9 *eck     
until ! arrival ( ,bl*]1 :o ?rew himself
 ^u ! division ( ! ,fr5* army oppos$ to 
him at ,mck]n by ,m>%al ,m>mont4        
,napoleon1 :ile ?us occupi$ ) !         
,au/rians1 0 unable to meet ! attack ( !
 ,prussians ) suffici5t =ce4 ,m>mont1   
aft] a massacre ( "s h\rs' duration 9 & 
ar\nd ,mck]n1 0 compell$ to retire ) a  
loss ( =ty guns4 ,! second ,prussian    
brigade lo/1 ei!r 9 kill$ or w\nd$1 all 
its (fic]s except "o4  ,! battle _h1 on 
! #af? ( ,octob]1 rag$ ar\nd ,leipzig2  
,napoleon _h triumph$ ov] ! ,au/rians1  
:om he _h solely int5d$ to attack1 b _h1
 at ! same "t1 be5 attack$ & defeat$ by 

! ,prussians1 & n[ f\nd himself oppos$ &
 almo/ surr\nd$--"o road = retreat alone
 rema9+ op5--by ! :ole alli$ =ce4 ,he   
in/antly gave ord]s to ,g5]al ,b]tr& to 
occupy ,weiss5fels dur+ ! night1 9 ord] 
to secure 8 retreat ?r\gh ,?ur+ia2 b1   
dur+ ! foll[+ day1 ! #ag? ( ,octob]1    
nei!r seiz$ t opportunity 9 ord] to     
effect a retreat or to make a la/ &     
en]getic attack ^u ! allies1 ^: =ces 7 n
 yet completely conc5trat$1 ere ! circle
 _h be5 fully drawn ar\nd him4 ,!       
,sw$es1 ! ,russians "u ,b5nigs51 & a    
l>ge ,au/rian division "u ,collor$o1 _h 
n yet arriv$4 ,napoleon might )         
advantage h aga9 attack$ ! defeat$      
,au/rians "u ,s*w>z5b]g or h ?r[n       
himself ) ! :ole ( 8 =ces ^u ,bl*]4 ,he 
_h /ill an opportunity ( mak+ an ord]ly 
retreat )\t any great exposure to dang]4
 ,b he did nei!r4 ,he rema9$ motionless 
dur+ ! :ole day1 :i* 0 also pass$ 9     
tranquillity by ! allies1 :o ?us ga9$ "t
 to receive fre% re9=cem5ts4 ,napoleon's
 inactivity 0 caus$ by 8 hav+ s5t 8     

prison]1 ,g5]al ,me]veldt1 to ! emp]or (
 ,au/ria1 :om he /ill hop$ to induce1 by
 means ( great assurances1 to sec$e f ! 
coalition & to make peace4 ,n ev5 a     
reply 0 v\*saf$4 ,on ! v day1 ?us       
futilely lo/ by ,napoleon1 ! alli$ army 
0 re9tegrat$ by ! arrival ( ! masses    
comm&$ by ! cr[n pr9ce1 by ,b5nigs5 &   
,collor$o1 & 0 consequ5tly rais$ to     
d\ble ! /r5g? ( t ( ,france1 :i* n[     
m]ely am\nt$ to "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s&  
m54 ,on ! #ah?1 a murd]\s conflict began
 on bo? sides4 ,napoleon long &         
skilfully oppos$ ! fi]ce onset ( ! alli$
 troops1 b 0 at l5g? driv5 (f ! field by
 _! sup]ior weight & p]sev]+ ef=ts4 ,!  
,au/rians1 /ation$ on ! left w+ ( !     
alli$ army1 7 oppos$ by ,oud9ot1        
,aug]eau1 & ,poniat[sky2 ! ,prussians1  
/ation$ on ! "r w+1 by ,m>mont & ,ney2 !
 ,russians & ,sw$es 9 ! c5tre1 by ,murat
 & ,regni]4 ,9 ! hotte/ ( ! battle1 two 
,saxon cavalry regim5ts w5t ov] to      
,bl*]1 & ,g5]al ,normann1 :5 ab\t to be 
*>g$ at ,tau*a by ! ,prussian cavalry "u

 ,bill[1 also des]t$ to him ) two       
,wrtemb]g cavalry regim5ts1 9 ord] to   
avoid an unpleasant rem9isc5ce ( !      
trea*]\s ill-treatm5t ( ,ltz['s corps4  
,! :ole ( ! ,saxon infantry1 comm&$ by  
,regni]1 %ortly aft]w>d w5t1 )          
?irty-eight guns1 ov] to ! ,sw$es1 five 
hundr$ m5 & ,g5]al ,zes*au alone rema9+ 
true to ,napoleon4 ,! ,saxons /ation$   
!mselves beh9d ! l9es ( ! allies1 b _!  
guns 7 in/antly turn$ ^u ! enemy4#aa  ,9
 ! ev5+ ( ?is t]rible day1 ! ,fr5* 7    
driv5 back close ^u ! walls (           
,leipzig4#ab ,on ! c]ta9ty ( victory be+
 ann\nc$ by ,s*w>z5b]g to ! ?ree mon>*s1
 :o _h wat*$ ! progress ( ! battle1 !y  
knelt on ! op5 field & return$ ?anks to 
,god4 ,napoleon1 be=e nightfall1 gave   
ord]s = full retreat2 b1 on ! morn+ ( ! 
#ai?1 recomm5c$ ! battle & sacrific$ "s 
( 8 corps d'armee 9 ord] to save !      
rema9d]4 ,he _h1 h[ev]1 fooli%ly left b 
"o bridge across ! ,el/] op51 & !       
retreat 0 consequ5tly ret>d$4 ,leipzig 0
 /orm$ by ! ,prussians1 &1 :ile ! ,fr5* 

re>gu>d 0 /ill battl+ on t side ( !     
bridge1 ,napoleon fl$1 & _h no soon]    
cross$ ! bridge ?an x 0 bl[n up ) a     
trem5d\s explosion1 ow+ to ! inadv]t5ce 
( a subalt]n1 :o is said to h fir$ !    
tra9 too ha/ily4 ,! troops engag$ on !  
opposite bank 7 irrem$iably lo/4 ,pr9ce 
,poniat[sky plung$ on horseback into !  
,el/] 9 ord] to swim across1 b sank 9 ! 
deep mud4 ,! k+ ( ,saxony1 :o to ! la/  
_h rema9$ true to ,napoleon1 0 among !  
prison]s4 ,! loss dur+ ?is battle1 :i*  
rag$ = f\r days1 & 9 :i* almo/ e nation 
9 ,europe /ood oppos$ to ea* o!r1 0     
imm5se on bo? sides4 ,! total loss 9    
dead 0 comput$ at eighty ?\s&4 ,! ,fr5* 
lo/1 moreov]1 ?ree hundr$ guns & a      
multitude ( prison]s2 9 ! city (        
,leipzig alone tw5ty-?ree ?\s& sick1 )\t
 reckon+ ! innum]able w\nd$4 ,numb]s (  
^! un=tunates lay ble$+ & />v+ to dea?  
dur+ ! cold ,octob] nights on ! field ( 
battle1 x be+ f\nd impossible to erect a
 suffici5t numb] ( laz>etti = _!        
accommodation4 ,napoleon made a ha/y &  

disord]ly retreat ) ! rema9d] ( 8       
troops1 b 0 ov]tak5 at ,freiburg on !   
,un/rutt1 :]e ! bridge broke1 & a       
repetition ( ! disa/r\s passage ( !     
,b]es9a occurr$4 ,! fugitives collect$  
into a d5se mass1 ^u :i* ! ,prussian    
artill]y play$ ) murd]\s effect4 ,!     
,fr5* lo/ =ty ( _! guns4 ,at ,hanau1    
,wr$e1 ,napoleon's =m] favorite1 aft]   
tak+ ,wrzburg1 wat*$ ! movem5ts ( 8     
anci5t patron1 &1 _h he occupi$ ! pass  
at ,gelnhaus51 might h annihilat$ him4  
,napoleon1 h[ev]1 furi\sly *>g$ 8 flank1
 &1 on ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 succe$$ 9 =c+ a
 passage & 9 s5d+ sev5ty ?\s& m5 across 
! ,rh9e4 ,wr$e 0 dang]\sly w\nd$4#ac ,on
 ! #i? ( ,novemb]1 ! la/ ,fr5* corps 0  
defeat$ at ,ho*heim & driv5 back ^u     
,may5ce4  ,9 ! ,novemb] ( ?is ev]       
memorable ye>1 #ahac1 ,g]many1 z f> z ! 
,rh9e1 0 completely fre$ f ! ,fr5*4#ad  
,above a hundr$ ?\s& ,fr5* troops1 /ill 
%ut up 9 ! =tresses & cut (f f all      
communication ) ,france1 gradually      
surr5d]$4 ,9 ,octob]1 ! allies took     

,brem52 9 ,novemb]1 ,/ett91 ,zamosk1    
,modl91 & ^? two important po9ts1       
,dresd5 & ,dantzig4 ,9 ,dresd51 ,g\vion 
,/4 ,cyr capitulat$ to ,c\nt ,kl5au1 :o 
grant$ him free egress on condition ( ! 
deliv]y ( ! :ole ( ! army /ores4 ,/4    
,cyr1 h[ev]1 infr+$ ! t]ms (            
capitulation by de/roy+ sev]al ( ! guns 
& s9k+ ! gunp[d] 9 ! ,elbe2 consequ5tly1
 on ! non-recognition ( ! capitulation  
by ! g5]alissimo1 ,s*w>z5b]g1 he f\nd   
himself )\t means ( def5ce & 0 compell$ 
to surr5d] at discretion ) a g>rison    
?irty-five ?\s& /rong4 ,rapp1 !         
,alsatian1 comm&$ 9 ,dantzig4 ,?is city 
_h already fe>fully suff]$ f ! comm]cial
 int]diction1 f ! exactions & ! sc&al\s 
lic5se ( its ,fr5* protectors1 :om !    
ravages ( fam9e & pe/il5ce f9ally       
compell$ to yield4#ae ,lubeck & ,torgau 
fell 9 ,decemb]2 ! typhus1 :i* _h nev]  
ceas$ to accompany ! armies1 rag$ !re 9 
! cr[d$ hospitals1 c>ry+ (f ?\s&s1 &    
great] numb]s fell victims to ?is       
pe/il5tial disease ?an to ! w>1 n only  

among ! troops1 b 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry     
?r\gh :i* !y pass$4 ,witt5b]g1 ^:       
inhabitants _h be5 %amefully abus$ by ! 
,fr5* "u ,lapoype1 ,cu/r91 ,glogau1     
,wesel1 ,erfurt1 fell 9 ! beg9n+ (      
#ahad2 ,magdeburg & ,brem51 aft] !      
conclusion ( ! w>4  ,! ,rh5i%           
conf$]ation 0 dissolv$1 ea* ( ! pr9ces  
secur+ 8 h]$it>y possessions by a timely
 secession4 ,! k+s ( ,we/phalia &       
,saxony1 ,dalb]g1 gr&-duke ( ,frank=t1 &
 ! pr9ces ( ,is5burg & von d] ,ley51 :o 
_h too heavily s9n$ aga9/ ,g]many1 7    
alone exclud$ f p>don4 ,! k+ ( ,saxony 0
 at fir/ c>ri$ prison] to ,b]l91 &      
aft]w>d1 "u ! protection ( ,au/ria1 to  
,prague4 ,d5m>k also conclud$ peace at  
,kiel & c$$ ,norway to ,sw$51 ^u :i* !  
,sw$es1 quasi re b5e ge/a1 return$      
home4#af   ,footnote #a3 ,?is g5]al     
belong$ to a ,g]man family long         
naturaliz$ 9 ,russia4  ,footnote #b3 ,he
 0 l$ ?r\gh ,silesia1 :i* he _h once s  
%amefully plund]$1 &1 al?\gh no physical
 puni%m5t 0 inflict$ ^u him1 he 0 (t5   

compell$ to he> ! voice ( public op9ion1
 & 0 expos$ to ! view ( ! p to :om he _h
 once said1 ,no?+ %all be left to y     
except y\r eyes1 t y may be able to weep
 ov] y\r wret*$ness4--,manso's ,hi/ory (
 ,prussia4  ,footnote #c3 ,an anci5t    
battle-axe ( s]p5t9e /one 0 f\nd on !   
site fix$ ^u = ! erection ( a fre%      
monum5t 9 honor ( ! pres5t              
victory4--,allgem5ie ,zeitung1 #ahag4   
,footnote #d3 ,?is piece ( good =tune   
befell ,lang]on1 ! ,russian g5]al1 :o   
belong$ to ! diplomatic p>ty at t "t    
attempt+ to sp>e ! =ces ( ,russia1      
,au/ria1 & ,sw$5 at ! exp5se ( ,prussia1
 &1 at ! same "t1 to deprive ,prussia ( 
h] well-won laurels4 ,lang]on _h n obey$
 ,blu*]'s ord]s1 _h rema9$ beh9d on 8   
own responsibility1 & ! scatt]$ ,fr5*   
troops fell into 8 h&s4  ,footnote #e3  
,! pr\d armies ( ,russia & ,sw$5        
7=ty-six battalions1 =ty squadrons1 & "o
 hundr$ & fifty guns7 foll[$ to ! re> ( 
! ,prussians )\t fir+ a %ot & rema9$    
inactive spectators ( ! action4--,plo?o4

  ,footnote #f3 ,9 ord] to avoid be+    
c>ri$ along by ! fugitive ,fr5*1 !y fir$
 ^u !m :5ev] _! confus$ masses came too 
close ^u !m4--,bld]ndorf4  ,footnote #g3
 ,vide ,wagn]'s ,*ronicle ( ,alt5burg4  
,footnote #h3 ,maximilian ,joseph decl>$
 9 an op5 manife/o2 ,bav>ia 0 compell$  
to furni% ?irty-eight ?\s& m5 = !       
,russian campaign1 &1 on h] express+ a  
hope t su* an imm5se sacrifice w\ld n be
 reque/$1 ,france in/antly decl>$ !     
pr9ces ( ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation h]        
vassals1 :o 7 comm&$ "u puni%m5t (      
felony unconditionally to obey ea* (    
,napoleon's dem&s4 ,! allies w\ld1 on ! 
contr>y1 h acc$$ to all ! desires (     
,bav>ia & h gu>ante$ t k+dom4 ,ev5 !    
,au/rian troops1 t /ood oppos$ to       
,bav>ia1 7 plac$ "u ,wr$e's             
comm&4--,ragl[i* receiv$ p]mission f    
,napoleon1 be=e ! battle ( ,leipzig1 to 
return to ,bav>ia2 b 8 corps 0 reta9$ 9 
! vic9ity ( ,leipzig )\t tak+ "p 9 !    
action1 & retir$1 9 ! g5]al confusion1  
"u ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,maillot1 ^u        

,torgau1 :5ce x return$                 
home4--,bold]ndorf4 ,9 ! ,tyrol1 ! brave
 m\nta9e]s 7 on ! eve ( revolt4 ,z e>ly 
z ,septemb]1 ,speckba*]1 sick & wa/$ f 8
 w\nds1 b endu$ ) all 8 =m] fire &      
en]gy1 reappe>$ 9 ! ,tyrol1 :]e he 0    
commission$ by ,au/ria to organize a    
revolt4 ,an unexpect$ reconciliation1   
h[ev]1 tak+ place betwe5 ,bav>ia &      
,au/ria1 c\nt] ord]s arriv$1 &          
,speckba*] furi\sly da%$ 8 bullet- worn 
hat to ! gr\nd4--,brockhaus1 #ahad4 ,!  
re/oration ( ! ,tyrol to ,au/ria be+    
delay$1 a multitude ( ,tyrolese =c$ _!  
way into ,innsbruck & depos$ ! ,bav>ian 
au?orities2 _! lead]1 ,kluib5sp$el1 01  
h[ev]1 p]suad$ by ,au/ria to submit4    
,speckba*] 01 9 #ahaf1 rais$ by ! emp]or
 ,francis to ! rank ( major2 he di$ 9   
#ahbj1 & 0 buri$ at ,hall by ! s\? wall 
( ! p>i% *ur*4 ,8 son1 ,&re1 :o grew up 
a f9e1 h&some man1 di$ 9 #ahce1 at      
,j5ba* 7n ,z5ba*1 z ,m]cy has x 9 8     
attacks ^u ! ,tyrol71 9 ! ,tyrol1 :]e he
 0 employ$ z sup]9t5d5t ( ! m9es4       

,m]cy's ,travels & 8 acc\nt ( ,speckba*]
 9 ! ,milan ,revi/a ,buropea1 #ahch1 are
 replete ) falsehood4  ,footnote #i3    
,accord+ to ,fa9 & ,c\la9c\rt4          
,footnote #aj3 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! #ad? (    
,octob] 7! anniv]s>y ( ! battle ( ,j5a71
 a hurricane rag$ 9 ! neighborhood (    
,leipzig1 :]e ! ,fr5* lay1 c>ri$ away   
ro(s & uproot$ trees1 :ile1 dur+ ! :ole 
night1 ! ra9 fell 9 viol5t floods4      
,footnote #aa3 ,n s ! ,bad5]s &         
,hessians4 ,! ,bad5 corps 0 captur$     
almo/ to a man2 among o!rs1 ,pr9ce      
,emilius ( ,d>m/adt4 ,bad5 _h be5       
gov]n$1 s9ce ! dea? ( ! popul> gr&duke1 
,*>les ,fr$]ick1 9 #ahaa1 by 8 gr&son1  
,*>les4--,franquemont1 ) ! ,wrtemb]g    
infantry1 eight to n9e ?\s& /rong1 act$ 
indep5d5tly ( ,normann's cavalry4 ,b "o 
?\s& ( _! numb] rema9$ aft] ! battle (  
,leipzig1 &1 )\t go+ ov] to ! allies1   
return$ to ,wrtemb]g4 ,normann 0 puni%$ 
by 8 sov]eign4  ,footnote #ab3 ,! city 0
 9 a /ate ( utt] confusion4 ,! noise    
caus$ by ! passage ( ! cavalry1         

c>riages1 etc41 by ! cries ( ! fugitives
 ?r\gh ! /reets1 exce$$ t ( ! mo/       
t]rific /orm4 ,! e>? %ook1 ! w9d[s      
clatt]$ ) ! ?und] ( artill]y1 etc4--,!  
,t]rors ( ,leipzig1 #ahac4  ,footnote   
#ac3 ,! k+ ( ,wrtemb]g1 :o _h fifte5    
hundr$ m5 close at h&1 did n s5d !m to !
 aid ( ! ,bav>ians1 nor did he g ov] to 
! allies until ! #b;d ( ,novemb]4       
,footnote #ad3 ,9 ,novemb]1 "o hundr$ & 
=ty ?\s& ,fr5* prison]s & sev5 hundr$ & 
n9ety-"o guns 7 9 ! h&s ( ! allies4     
,footnote #ae3 ,dantzig _h =m]ly sixty  
?\s& inhabitants1 ! population 0 n[     
r$uc$ to ?irte5 ?\s&4 ,numb]s di$ (     
hung]1 ,rapp hav+ m]ely /or$ ! magaz9es 
= 8 troops4 ,fifte5 ?\s& ( ! ,fr5*      
g>rison di$1 & yet f\rte5 g5]als1 upw>d 
( a ?\s& (fic]s1 & ab\t z _m comptroll]s
 belong+ to ! gr& army1 :o _h tak5      
refuge 9 t city1 71 on ! capitulation ( 
! =tress1 made prison]s ( w>4  ,footnote
 #af3 ,! inju/ice ?us favor$ by ! fir/  
peace 0 l\dly compla9$ (4--,manso4      
,,cclxii4 ,napoleon's ,fall   ,napoleon 

0 no soon] driv5 across ! ,rh9e1 ?an !  
defection ( ! :ole ( ! ,rh5i%           
conf$]ation1 ( ,holl&1 ,switz]l&1 &     
,italy ensu$4 ,! :ole ( ! conf$]at$     
,g]man pr9ces foll[$ ! example ( ,bav>ia
 & unit$ _! troops ) ^? ( ! allies4     
,j]ome _h fl$2 ! k+dom ( ,we/phalia _h  
ceas$ to exi/1 & ! exil$ pr9ces (       
,hesse1 ,brunswick1 & ,old5burg return$ 
to _! respective t]ritories4 ,! ,rh5i%  
prov9ces 7 in/antly occupi$ by ,prussian
 troops & plac$ "u ! patriotic          
adm9i/ration ( ,ju/us ,grun]1 :o 0 jo9$ 
by ,grres ( ,cobl5tz1 ^: ,rh5i% ,m]cury 
s p[]fully influ5c$ public op9ion t     
,napoleon t]m$ him ! fif? great         
,european p[]4#a ,! ,dut* revolt$ & took
 ! few ,fr5* /ill rema9+ 9 ! c\ntry     
prison]4 ,hog5dorp 0 plac$ at ! head ( a
 provisional gov]nm5t 9 ! "n ( ,william 
( ,orange4#b ,! ,prussians "u ,bul[     
ent]$ ! c\ntry & 7 receiv$ ) great      
acclamation4 ,! :ole ( ! ,dut* =tresses 
surr5d]$1 ! ,fr5* g>risons fly+         
panic-/rick54  ,! ,swiss rema9$ fai?ful 

to ,napoleon until ! arrival (          
,s*w>z5b]g ) ! alli$ army on _!         
fronti]s4#c ,napoleon w\ld gladly h     
beheld ! ,swiss sacrifice !mselves = him
 = ! purpose ( keep+ ! allies 9 *eck1 b 
,re9h>d ( ,zuri*1 :o 0 at t "t          
,l&ammnann1 prud5tly resolv$ n to       
p]sev]e 9 ! dem& = neutrality1 to lay   
aside e manife/ation ( opposition1 & to 
p]mit1 x be+ impossible to prev5t1 !    
entrance ( ! troops into ! c\ntry1 by   
:i* he1 moreov]1 +ratiat$ himself ) !   
allies4 ,! majority ( 8 c\ntrym5 ?ank$  
,heav5 = _! deliv]ance f ,fr5*          
oppression1 & if1 9 _! anci5t _s (      
egotism1 !y neglect$ to aid ! great     
popul> movem5t ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 !y1 at  
all ev5ts1 sympa?iz$ 9 ! g5]al hatr$    
t[>d ,france4#d ,! anci5t ari/ocrats n[ 
naturally reappe>$ & attempt$ to        
re-e/abli% ! olig>*ical gov]nm5ts ( !   
=ego+ c5tury4 ,a ,c\nt ,s5fft von       
,pilsa*1 a pret5d$ ,au/rian envoy1 :o 0 
spe$ily disav[$1 assum$ ! au?ority at   
,b]ne ) s mu* assurance z to succe$ 9   

depos+ ! exi/+ gov]nm5t & re9/at+ !     
anci5t olig>*y4 ,9 ,zuri*1 ! con/itution
 0 also revis$ & ! citiz5s reassum$ _!  
au?ority ov] ! peasantry4 ,! :ole (     
,switz]l& 0 9 a /ate ( f]m5t4 ,anci5t   
claims ( ! mo/ v>i$ description 7       
ass]t$4 ,! p ( ! ,grisons took up arms &
 invad$ ! ,valtell9e 9 ord] to retake _!
 anci5t possession4 ,pancratius1 abbot (
 ,/4 ,gall1 dem&$ ! re/oration ( 8      
pr9cely abbey4--,italy1 also1 des]t$    
,napoleon4 ,murat1 k+ ( ,naples1 9 ord] 
n to lose 8 cr[n1 jo9$ ! allies4 ,eug5e 
,beauh>nais1 vic]oy ( ,italy1 alone     
rema9$ true to 8 imp]ial /epfa!r &      
gallantly oppos$ ! ,au/rians "u ,hill]1 
:o1 nev]!less1 rapidly r$uc$ ! :ole (   
,upp] ,italy to submission4  ,! allies1 
:5 on ! po9t ( ent]+ ! ,fr5* t]ritory1  
solemnly decl>$ t _! enmity 0 direct$ n 
aga9/ ! ,fr5* nation1 b solely aga9/    
,napoleon4 ,by ?is g5]osity !y hop$ at  
once to prove ! b5efic5ce ( _! int5tions
 to e nation ( ,europe & to prejudice ! 
,fr5*1 m p>ticul>ly1 aga9/ _! tyrant2 b 

t p1 not)/&+ _! imm5se mis=tunes1 /ill  
rema9$ true to ,napoleon nor hesitat$ to
 sacrifice !mselves = ! man :o _h rais$ 
!m to ! highe/ rank among ! nations ( ! 
e>?1 & ?\s&s flock$ anew b5ea? ! imp]ial
 eagle = ! def5ce ( _! native soil4  ,! 
allies invad$ ,france simultane\sly on  
f\r sides1 ,bul[ f ,holl&1 ,blu*]1 on   
,new ,ye>'s eve1 #ahad1 f ,cobl5tz1 & ! 
ma9 body ( ! alli$ army "u ,s*w>z5b]g1  
:i* 0 also accompani$ by ! alli$        
sov]eigns4 ,a f\r? army1 consi/+ (      
,engli% & ,spani>ds1 _h already cross$ !
 ,pyr5ees & m>*$ up ! c\ntry4 ,! great  
w>s 9 ,russia & ,g]many hav+ compell$   
,napoleon to draw (f a consid]able numb]
 ( 8 =ces f ,spa91 ,s\lt _h be5         
consequ5tly unable to keep ! field aga9/
 ,well+ton1 ^: army _h be5 gradually    
increas$4 ,k+ ,joseph fl$ f ,madrid4 ,! 
,fr5* haz>d$ a la/ engagem5t at         
,vittoria1 9 ,june1 #ahac1 b suff]$ a   
t]rible defeat4 ,"o ( ! two ,nassau     
regim5ts "u ,colonel ,kruse & ! ,frank=t
 battalion des]t$ ) _! arms & baggage to

 ! ,engli%4 ,! o!r ,nassau regim5t & t (
 ,bad5 7 dis>m$ by ! ,fr5* & dragg$ 9   
*a9s to ,france 9 rew>d = _! long &     
sev]e s]vice4#e ,! ,hanov]ians 9        
,well+ton's army 7! ,g]man ,legion71    
p>ticul>ly ! corps ( ,victor von ,alt5  
7,*>les's bro!r71 brilliantly di/+ui%$  
!mselves at ,vittoria & aga9 at         
,bayonne1 b 7 =gott5 9 ! despat*es1 an  
omission t 0 l\dly compla9$ ( by _!     
g5]al1 ,h9ub]4 ,o!r divisions (         
,hanov]ians1 up to ?is p]iod /ation$ 9  
,sicily1 _h be5 s5t to g>rison ,leghorn 
& ,g5oa4#f--,! cr[n pr9ce ( ,sw$5 foll[$
 ! ,prussian nor!rn army1 b m]ely w5t z 
f> z ,liege1 :5ce he turn$ back 9 ord]  
to devote 8 :ole att5tion to ! conque/ (
 ,norway4  ,9 ! mid/ ( ! conte/ a fre%  
congress 0 assembl$ at ,*atillon1 = !   
purpose ( devis+ measures = ! conclusion
 ( ! w> )\t fur!r blood%$4 ,! :ole (    
anci5t ,france 0 (f]$ to ,napoleon on   
condition ( 8 re/ra9+ 8 ambition )9 h]  
limits & ( keep+ peace1 b he refus$ to  
c$e a foot ( l&1 & resolv$ to lose all  

or no?+4 ,?is congress 0 9 s f>         
disadvantage\s on acc\nt ( ! rapid      
movem5ts ( ! armies be+ *eck$ by its    
fluctuat+ diplomacy4 ,s*w>z5b]g1 =      
in/ance1 pursu$ a sy/em ( procra/9ation1
 sep>at$ 8 corps d'armee at long        
int]vals1 advanc$ ) extreme sl[ness1 or 
rema9$ entirely /ation>y4 ,napoleon took
 advantage ( ?is dilator9ess on ! "p ( 8
 oppon5ts to make an unexpect$ attack on
 ,blu*]'s corps at ,bri5ne on ! #bi? (  
,janu>y1 9 :i* ,blu*] n>r[ly escap$ be+ 
made prison]4 ,! flames ( ! city1 9 :i* 
,napoleon _h receiv$ 8 fir/ milit>y     
lessons1 facilitat$ ,blu*]'s retreat4   
,napoleon1 h[ev]1 neglect+ to pursue him
 on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y1 ,blu*]1 re9=c$ by 
! cr[n pr9ce ( ,wurtemb]g & by ,wr$e1   
attack$ him at ,la ,ro?ire ) su* sup]ior
 =ces z to put him completely to ! r\t4 
,! ,fr5* left sev5ty-?ree guns /ick+ 9 !
 mud4 ,s*w>z5b]g1 nev]!less1 in/ead (   
pursu+ ! retreat+ enemy ) ! :ole ( 8    
=ces1 aga9 delay$ 8 advance & divid$ !  
troops4 ,blu*]1 :o _h mean:ile rapidly  

pu%$ =w>d ^u ,p>is1 0 aga9 unexpect$ly  
attack$ by ! ma9 body ( ! ,fr5* army1 & 
! :ole ( 8 corps 71 z !y sep>ately      
advanc$1 repuls$ ) consid]able loss1 !  
,russians "u ,olsufief at ,*ampeaub]t1  
^? "u ,sack5 at ,montmirail1 !          
,prussians "u ,york at ,*teau-,?i]ry1 &1
 f9ally1 ,blu*] himself at ,beaux-*amp1 
betwe5 ! #aj? & #ad? ( ,febru>y4 ,)     
*>act]i/ic rapidity1 ,napoleon in/antly 
fell ^u ! scatt]$ corps ( ! alli$ army &
 inflict$ a sev]e puni%m5t ^u           
,s*w>z5b]g1 = ! folly ( 8 sy/em4 ,he    
successively repuls$ ! ,russians "u     
,pahl5 at ,mormant1 ,wr$e at ,vill5euve 
le ,comte1 ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,wurtemb]g1 :o
 (f]$ ! mo/ ob/9ate resi/ance1 at       
,mont]eau1 on ! #ag? & #ah? (           
,febru>y4#g ,aug]eau _h meantime1 ) an  
army levi$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 driv5 !   
,au/rians1 "u ,bubna1 into ,switz]l&2 &1
 al?\gh ! decisive mom5t _h arriv$1 &   
,s*w>z5b]g _h simply to =m a junction ) 
,blu*] 9 ord] to br+ an ov]:elm+ =ce    
aga9/ ,napoleon1 ! alli$ sov]eigns &    

,s*w>z5b]g resolv$1 9 a c\ncil ( w> held
 at ,troyes1 ^u a g5]al retreat4        
,blu*]1 ^u ?is1 magnanim\sly resolv$ to 
obviate at all haz>ds ! disa/r\s        
consequ5ces ( ! retreat ( ! alli$ army1 
&1 9 defiance ( all comm&s1 pu%$ =w>d   
alone4#h ,?is movem5t1 f> f be+ ra%1 0  
coolly calculat$1 ,blu*] be+ suffici5tly
 re9=c$ on ! ,m>ne by ,w9z+]ode & ,bul[1
 by ^: aid he1 on ! #i? ,m>*1 defeat$ ! 
emp]or ,napoleon at ,laon4 ,! victory 0 
/ill undecid$ at fall ( night4 ,napoleon
 all[$ 8 troops to re/1 b ,blu*] rema9$ 
"u arms & s5t ,york to surprise him dur+
 ! night4 ,! ,fr5* 7 completely disp]s$ 
& lo/ =ty-six guns4 ,napoleon1 aft] ?is 
mis]able defeat1 aga9 tri$ 8 =tune aga9/
 ,s*w>z5b]g 7:o1 put to %ame by ,blu*]'s
 brilliant success1 _h aga9 halt$71 &1  
on ! #bj? ( ,m>*1 ma9ta9$ 8 position at 
,arcis sur ,aube1 al?\gh ! cr[n pr9ce ( 
,wurtemb]g gallantly l$ 8 troops five   
times to ! assault4 ,nei!r side 0       
victori\s4  ,napoleon n[ resort$ to a   
bold ruse de gu]re4 ,! peasantry1 m     

p>ticul>ly 9 ,lorra9e1 exasp]at$ by !   
deva/ation unavoidable dur+ w> "t1 & by 
! v5geance "h & !re tak5 by ! =eign     
soldi]y1 _h ris5 to ! re> ( ! alli$     
army4 ,un=tunately1 no "o _h dream$ (   
treat+ ! ,g]man ,alsatians & ,lo?r+ians 
z bro!r ,g]mans4 ,!y 7 treat$ z ,fr5*4  
,long unaccu/om$ to invasion & to !     
calamities incid5tal to w>1 !y made a   
spirit$ b ineffectual resi/ance to !    
rap9e ( ! soldi]y4 ,:ole villages 7     
burn$ d[n4 ,! peasantry ga!r$ into      
troops & massacr$ ! =eign soldi]y :5 n 9
 suffici5t numb]s to keep !m 9 *eck4    
,napoleon confid5tly expect$ t 8 dim9i%$
 armies w\ld be support$ by a g5]al ris+
 en masse1 & t ,aug]eau1 :o 0 at t "t   
gu>d+ ,lyons1 w\ld =m a junction ) him2 
&1 9 ?is expectation1 ?rew himself to ! 
re> ( ! alli$ =ces & took up a position 
at ,troyes ) a view ( cutt+ !m (f1      
p]haps ( surr\nd+ !m by means ( ! g5]al 
ris+1 or1 at all ev5ts1 ( draw+ !m back 
to ! ,rh9e4 ,b1 on ! self-same day1 !   
#ai? ( ,m>*1 ,lyons _h fall5 & ,aug]eau 

_h retreat$ s\?w>d4 ,! p did n rise en  
masse1 & ! allies took advantage (      
,napoleon's abs5ce to =m a gr& junction1
 &1 ) fly+ bann]s1 to m>* unoppos$ ^u   
,p>is1 conv9c$ t ! possession ( !       
capital ( ! ,fr5* empire mu/ inevitably 
br+ ! w> to a favorable conclusion4 ,9  
,p>is1 !re 7 num]\s individuals :o      
already reg>d$ ,napoleon's fall z un    
fait accompli1 & :o1 ambiti\s ( influ5c+
 ! future prospects ( ,france1 7 ready  
to (f] _! s]vices to ! victors4 ,bo?    
p>ties spe$ily came to an und]/&+4 ,!   
corps d'armee "u ,m>%als ,morti] &      
,m>mont1 :i* 7 enc\nt]$ midway1 7       
repuls$1 & t "u ,g5]als ,pac?od & ,amey 
captur$1 toge!r ) sev5ty pieces (       
artill]y1 at ,la ,fre ,ohamp5oise4 ,on !
 #bi? ( ,m>*1 ! d>k columns ( ! alli$   
army defil$ )9 sight ( ,p>is4 ,on !     
#cj?1 !y met ) a spirit$ resi/ance on ! 
heights ( ,belleville & ,montm>tre2 b ! 
city1 9 ord] to escape bomb>dm5t1       
capitulat$ dur+ ! night1 &1 on ! #ca/1 !
 alli$ sov]eigns made a peaceful entry4 

,! empress1 accompani$ by ! k+ ( ,rome1 
by ,joseph1 ex-k+ ( ,spa91 & by         
innum]able wagons1 lad5 ) ! spoil (     
,europe1 _h already fl$ to ! s\? (      
,france4  ,napoleon1 completely deceiv$ 
by ,w9z+]ode & ,tett5born1 :o _h rema9$ 
beh9d ) m]ely a weak re>gu>d1 fir/ le>n$
 ! advance ( ! ma9 body ^u ,p>is :5 too 
late to ov]take x4 ,aft] almo/          
annihilat+ 8 weak oppon5ts at ,/4       
,dizi]1 he rea*$ ,fonta9ebleau1 :]e he  
le>n$ ! capitulation ( ,p>is1 &1 giv+   
way to ! :ole fury ( 8 ,corsican        
temp]am5t1 (f]$ to yield ! city = two   
days to ! lic5se ( 8 soldi]y w\ld !y b  
foll[ him to ! assault4 ,b 8 own m>%als1
 ev5 8 h]o1 ,ney1 des]t$ him1 &1 on !   
#aj? ( ,april1 he 0 compell$ to resign !
 imp]ial cr[n ( ,france & to )draw to ! 
isl& ( ,elba on ! coa/ ( ,italy1 :i* 0  
plac$ b5ea? 8 sov]eignty & assign$ to   
him z a resid5ce4 ,! k+dom ( ,france 0  
re-e/abli%$ on its =m] foot+2 &1 on !   
#d? ( ,may1 ,l\is ,,xviii4 ent]$ ,p>is &
 m\nt$ ! ?rone ( 8 ance/ors4  ,dav\/ 0 !

 la/ to (f] resi/ance4 ,! ,russians "u  
,b5nigs5 besieg$ him 9 ,hamburg1 &1 on 8
 f9al surr5d]1 treat$ him ) ! greate/   
mod]ation4#i  ,on ! #cj? ( ,may1 #ahad1 
peace 0 conclud$ at ,p>is4#aj ,france 0 
r$uc$ to h] limits z 9 #agib1 &         
consequ5tly reta9$ ! prov9ces ( ,alsace 
& ,lorra9e1 ( :i* %e _h1 at an e>li]    
p]iod1 depriv$ ,g]many4 ,n a f>?+ 0 paid
 by way ( comp5sation = ! ravages suff]$
 by ,g]many1 nay1 ! ,fr5* prison]s ( w> 
71 on _! release1 ma9ta9$ on _! way home
 at ! exp5se ( ! ,g]man population4     
,none ( ! *efs-d'oeuvres ( :i* ,europe  
_h be5 plund]$ 7 re/or$1 ) ! sole       
exception ( ! gr\p ( horses1 tak5 by    
,napoleon f ! ,br&5burg gate at ,b]l94  
,! alli$ troops in/antly evacuat$ !     
c\ntry4 ,france 0 all[$ to regulate h]  
int]nal affairs )\t ! int]f]5ce ( any ( 
! =eign p[]s1 :ile p>agraphs conc]n+ !  
int]nal economy ( ,g]many 7 n only      
admitt$ into ! treaty ( ,p>is1 & ,france
 0 on t acc\nt n only call$ ^u to       
gu>antee & to p>ticipate 9 ! int]nal    

affairs ( ,g]many1 b also aft]w>d s5t to
 ! great ,congress ( ,vi5na an          
ambassador de/9$ to play an important "p
 9 ! def9itive settlem5t ( ! affairs (  
,europe1 &1 m p>ticul>ly1 ( ^? (        
,g]many4  ,! patriots1 ( :om ! gov]nm5ts
 _h made use bo? be=e & aft] ! w>1      
unable to compreh5d t ! result ( su*    
imm5se ex]tions & ( su* a complete      
triumph %\ld be to br+ great] pr(it &   
glory to ,france ?an to ,g]many1 & t _! 
patriotism 01 on ! conclusion ( ! w>1 to
 be r5\nc$1 7 l\d 9 _! compla9ts4#aa ,b 
! revival ( ! ,g]man empire1 ) :i* !    
individual int]e/s ( s _m pr9cely h\ses 
7 pla9ly incompatible1 0 f> f ent]+ into
 ! plans ( ! alli$ p[]s4 ,an attempt    
made by any "o among ! pr9ces to place  
himself at ! head ( ! :ole ( ,g]many    
w\ld h be5 fru/rat$ by ! re/4 ,! policy 
( ! =eign allies 0 moreov] antipa!tic to
 su* a s*eme4 ,engl& oppos$ & s\ght to  
h9d] unity 9 ,g]many1 n only = ! sake ( 
reta9+ possession ( ,hanov] & ( ex]cis+ 
an influ5ce ov] ! disunit$ ,g]man pr9ces

 simil> to t ex]cis$ by h] ov] ! pr9ces 
( ,india1 b m p>ticul>ly = t ( rul+ !   
comm]ce ( ,g]many4 ,russia rev]t$ to h] 
,erfurt policy4 ,h] int]e/s1 l ^? (     
,france1 l$ h] to promote disunion among
 ! ,g]man p[]s1 ^: weakness1 ! result ( 
want ( comb9ation1 plac$ !m at ! m]cy ( 
,france1 & left ,pol&1 ,sw$51 & ! ,ea/  
op5 to ! ambition ( ,russia4 ,a close   
alliance 0 9 consequ5ce in/antly =m$    
betwe5 ! emp]or ,alex&] & ,l\is         
,,xviii41 ! =m] negotiat+1 z ! fir/     
condition ( peace1 ! cont9uance (       
,lorra9e & ,alsace b5ea? ! sov]eignty ( 
,france4  ,au/ria ass5t$ on condition ( 
,italy be+ plac$ exclusively b5ea? h]   
control4 ,au/ria unit$ too _m & too     
div]se nations b5ea? h] sceptre to be   
able to pursue a policy pre-em95tly     
,g]man1 & f\nd x m conv5i5t to r\nd (f  
h] t]ritories by ! annexation ( ,upp]   
,italy ?an by t ( di/ant ,lorra9e1 at   
all times a possession difficult to     
ma9ta94 ,prussia 0 too closely connect$ 
) ,russia1 & ,h>d5b]g1 unlike ,blu*] at 

! head ( ! ,prussian army1 0 p[]less at 
! head ( ,prussian diplomacy4 ,! less]  
/ates also ex]cis$ no influ5ce ^u       
,g]many z a :ole1 & 7 m]ely int5t ^u    
pres]v+ _! individual integrity or ^u   
ga9+ "s petty advantage4 ,! ,g]mans1 "s 
few discont5t$ patriots alone except$1 7
 m ?an ev] devot$ to _! anci5t pr9ces1  
bo? to ^? :o _h reta9$ _! /ation & to ^?
 :o return$ to _! respective t]ritories 
on ! fall ( ,napoleon2 & ! victori\s    
soldi]y1 adorn$ ) ribbons1 m$als1 &     
ord]s 7! ,prussians1 = in/ance1 ) ! iron
 cross71 ev9c$ ! same unres]v$ atta*m5t 
to _! pr9ce & zeal = 8 individual       
int]e/4 ,?is complication ( circum/ances
 c alone expla9 ! fact ( ,g]many1 al?\gh
 triumphant1 hav+ made great]           
concessions to ,france by ! treaty (    
,p>is ?an1 :5 humbl$1 by t ( ,we/phalia4
   ,footnote #a3 ,8 pr9cipal !sis       
consi/$ ( ,we are n ,prussians1         
,we/phalians1 ,saxons1 etc41 b ,g]mans4 
,footnote #b3 ,?is pr9ce took ! title n 
( /ad?old]1 b ( k+1 to :i* he _h no     

claim1 b 9 :i* he 0 support$ by ,engl& &
 ,russia1 :o unwill+ly beheld ,prussia  
aggr&iz$ by ! possession ( ,holl&4      
,footnote #c3 ,ev5 9 ! ,may ( #ahac1 an 
ode giv5 9 ,no4 #bgj ( ! ,allgeme9e     
,zeitung1 appe>$ 9 ,switz]l&1 9 :i* x 0 
said1 ,! brave w>riors ( ,switz]l& ha/5 
to reap fre% laurels4 ,) _! h]oic blood 
h !y dy$ ! di/ant %ores ( b>b>\s ,haiti1
 ! wat]s ( ! ,i/] & ,tagus1 etc4 ,!     
des]ts ( ,s>matia h witness$ ! m>tial   
glories ( ! ,helvetic legion4  ,footnote
 #d3 ,%ortly be=e ?is1 a report _h be5  
spread ( ! nom9ation ( ,m>%al ,b]?i]1   
pr9ce ( ,neuf*atel1 z p]petual ,l&ammann
 ( ,switz]l&4--,muralt's ,re9h>d4       
,footnote #e3 ,out ( two ?\s& six hundr$
 & fifty-f\r ,bad5]s b five hundr$ & six
 return$ f ,spa94  ,footnote #f3        
,beamis*1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,legion4          
,footnote #g3 ,sev]al regim5ts sacrific$
 !mselves 9 ord] to cov] ! retreat ( !  
re/4 ,napoleon ord]$ a twelve-p\nd] to  
be load$ & twice direct$ ! gun ) 8 own  
h& ^u ! cr[n pr9ce4--,campaigns ( !     

,wrt]rib]g]s4  ,footnote #h3 ,bl*]'s    
conduct simply proce$$ f 8 impati5ce to 
obta9 by =ce ( arms ! mo/ honorable t]ms
 ( peace = ,prussia1 :ile ! o!r alli$   
p[]s1 :o 7 f> m indulg5tly dispos$ t[>d 
,france & :o began to view ! victories  
ga9$ by ,prussia ) an appreh5sion :i* 0 
fur!r /r5g!n$ by ! increas+ popul>ity ( 
t p[] ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 7 m incl9$ to    
diplomatize ?an to fight4 ,bl*] 0 well  
aw>e ( ^! reasons = diplomacy & m ?an   
once cut ! negotiations %ort ) 8 sabre4 
,a well-kn[n diplomati/ attempt+ on "o  
occasion to prove to him t ,napoleon    
mu/1 ev5 )\t ! w> be+ cont9u$1 desc5d f 
8 ?rone1 a league hav+ be5 =m$ )9       
,france h]self = ! re/oration ( !       
,b\rbons--he answ]$ him to 8 face1 ,!   
rascality ( ! ,fr5* is no rev5ge = u4 ,x
 is we :o mu/ pull him d[n--we4 ,y w no 
d\bt d wond]s 9 y\r wisdom6--,pati5ce6  
,y w be l$ z usual by ! nose1 & w /ill g
 on fawn+ & diplomatiz+ until we h !    
nation aga9 ^u u1 & ! /orm bur/s ov] our
 heads4 ,he w5t s f> z to set !         

diplomati/s actually at defiance4 ,on   
be+1 to ,napoleon's extreme delight1    
ord]$ to retreat1 he treat$ ! ord] )    
contempt & in/antly                     
advanc$4--,raus*nick's ,life ( ,bl*]4   
,?is second disjunction on ,bl*]'s "p1  
obs]ves ,clausewitz1 ! ,prussian g5]al1 
! be/ comm5tator on ?is w>1 0 ( inf9ite 
consequ5ce1 = x *eck$ & gave a fre% turn
 to ! :ole c\rse ( political affairs4   
,footnote #i3 ,grres said 9 ! ,rh5i%    
,m]cury1 ,x is easy to see h[ all are   
incl9$ to conceal b5ea? ! wide mantle ( 
love ! horrors !re p]petrat$4 ,! ,g]mans
 h f "t immemorial be5 subject$ to ?is  
sort ( treatm5t1 because ev] ready to   
=give & =get ! pa/4 ,dav\/ 0 arre/$     
m]ely = =m's sake & !n honorably        
releas$4 ,he 0 all[$ to reta9 ! booty he
 _h seiz$4 ,! citiz5s ( ,hamburg va9ly  
implor$ ! re-e/abli%m5t ( _! bank4      
,footnote #aj3 ,bl*] took no "p 9 ^!    
affairs4 ,i h1 said he to ! diplomati/s1
 done my duty1 n[ d y\rs6 ,y w be       
responsible bo? to ,god & man %\ld y\r  

"w be done 9 va9 & h to be done ov]     
aga94 ,i h no?+ fur!r to d ) !          
bus9ess6--,exp]i5ce _h1 h[ev]1 taught   
him n to expect mu* good f quill-driv]s4
  ,footnote #aa3 ,! ,rh5i% ,m]cury m ?an
 all4 ,x 0 oppos$ by ! ,mess5g] ( !     
,tyrol1 :i* decl>$ t ! victory 0 ga9$1 n
 by ! p1 z !y 7 t]m$1 b by ! pr9ces & _!
 armies4--,july1 #ahad4    ,,cclxiii4 ,!
 ,congress ( ,vi5na--,napoleon's ,return
 & ,end   ,f ,p>is ! sov]eigns (        
,prussia#a & ,russia & ! victori\s      
field-m>%als proce$$1 9 ,june1 to       
,london1 :]e !y1 ,blu*] mo/ p>ticul>ly1 
7 receiv$ ) e demon/ration ( delight &  
respect by ! ,engli%1 _! olde/ & mo/    
fai?ful allies4#b ,t[>d autumn1 a great 
,european congress1 to :i* ! settlem5t (
 e po9t 9 dispute & ! re/oration ( ord] 
?r\gh\t ,europe 7 to be committ$1 0     
convok$ at ,vi5na4 ,at ?is congress1    
:i*1 9 ! ,novemb] ( #ahad1 0 op5$ at    
,vi5na1 ! emp]ors ( ,au/ria & ,russia1 !
 k+s ( ,prussia1 ,d5m>k1 ,bav>ia1       
,wurtemb]g1 & ! great] "p ( ! petty     

pr9ces ( ,g]many1 7 pres5t 9 p]son2 !   
o!r p[]s 7 repres5t$ by ambassadors     
extraord9>y4 ,! greate/ /atesm5 ( t     
p]iod 7 "h assembl$2 among o!rs1        
,mett]ni*1 ! ,au/rian m9i/]1 ,h>d5b]g & 
,humboldt1 ! ,prussian m9i/]s1          
,ca/l]eagh1 ! ,engli% pl5ipot5ti>y1     
,nesselrode1 ! ,russian envoy1 ,talleyr&
 & ,dalb]g1 ,gag]n1 ,b]n/orff1 & ,wr$e1 
! ambassadors ( ,france1 ,holl&1 ,d5m>k1
 & ,bav>ia1 etc4 ,! negotiations 7 ( !  
utmo/ importance1 =1 al?\gh "o ( ! mo/  
difficult po9ts1 ! new regulation (     
affairs 9 ,france1 0 already settl$1 _m 
extremely difficult que/ions /ill rema9$
 to be solv$4 ,talleyr&1 :o _h s]v$ "u e
 gov]nm5t1 "u ! republic1 "u ! usurp]1  
,napoleon2 :o _h retak5 (fice "u !      
,b\rbons & ! ,jesuits :o _h return$ 9 _!
 tra91 & :o1 on ?is occasion1 0 !       
repres5tative ( ! crim9al & humbl$ ,fr5*
 nation1 v5tur$1 nev]!less1 to (f] 8    
p]fidi\s advice to ! victors1 &1 )      
diabolical art1 to s[ ! se$ ( discord   
among !m4 ,?is conduct 0 ! m /rik+ on   

acc\nt ( its gl>+ incongruity ) !       
proclamation ( ,calis*1 :i* expressly   
decl>$ t ! int]nal affairs ( ,g]many 7  
:olly & solely to be arrang$ by ! pr9ces
 & nations ( ,g]many1 )\t =eign1 &      
naturally1 lea/ ( all1 )\t ,fr5*        
int]f]5ce4#c ,talleyr&'s fir/ object 0  
to suppress ! popul> _s ( lib]ty ?r\gh\t
 ,g]many1 & to r\se aga9/ x ! jeal\s    
appreh5sions ( ! pr9ces4 ,he !re=e said1
 ,y wi% = con/itutions2 gu>d aga9/ !m4  
,9 ,france1 desire = a con/itution      
produc$ a revolution1 & ! same w happ5  
to y4 ,he x 0 :o gave to ! congress t   
cat*word1 legitimacy4 ,! object ( ! pa/ 
/ruggle 0 n ! re/oration ( ! lib]ties ( 
! p b t ( ! anci5t legitimate dyna/ies &
 _! absolute sov]eignty4 ,! w> _h be5   
direct$1 n aga9/ ,napoleon1 b aga9/ !   
,revolution1 aga9/ ! usurpation ( ! p4  
,by means ( ?is legitimacy ! k+ (       
,saxony 0 to be re-e/abli%$ on 8 ?rone1 
& ,prussia 0 on no acc\nt to be p]mitt$ 
to incorporate ,saxony ) h] dom9ions4   
,prussia appeal$ to h] s]vices t[>d     

,g]many1 to h] enorm\s sacrifices1 to ! 
support giv5 to h] by public op9ion2 b !
 p[] ( public op9ion 0 itself que/ion$4 
,! se$s ( discord quickly sprang up1 &1 
on ! #c;d ( ,janu>y1 #ahae1 a secret    
league aga9/ ,prussia 0 already =m$ = ! 
purpose ( aga9 humbl+ ! /ate t _h       
sacrific$ all = ! honor ( ,g]many1 (    
fru/rat+ h] s*emes ( aggr&izem5t1 & (   
qu5*+ ! patriotic _s ( ,g]man ideali/s &
 en?usia/s4#d  ,! want ( unanimity amid 
! memb]s ( ! congress _h at ! same "t a 
bad effect ^u ! anci5t ,rh5i% conf$]at$ 
/ates4 ,9 ,nassau1 ! ,l&wehr 01 on its  
return home aft] ! campaign1 receiv$ )  
m>ks ( dissatisfaction4 ,9 ,bad5 &      
,hesse1 _m ( ! (fic]s belong+ to ! army 
op5ly esp\s$ ,napoleon's cause4 ,9      
,bad51 ! volunte] corps 0 depriv$ ( its 
horses & s5t home on foot4#e ,9         
,wurtemb]g1 ,k+ ,fr$]ick refus$ to all[ 
! =eign troops & convoys a passage along
 ! highroad ?r\gh ,cann/adt &           
,ludwigsburg1 & =bade ! att5dance (     
civil surgeons ^u ! w\nd$ belong+ to !  

alli$ army4 ,9 ,wurtemb]g & ,bav>ia1 !  
,rh5i% ,m]cury 0 suppress$ on acc\nt (  
its patriotic & ,g]man t5d5cy4 ,at      
,/uttg>d1 ! fe/ival 9 commemoration ( ! 
battle ( ,leipzig 0 disall[$2 & 9       
,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 ! editor ( a ,fr5* 
j\rnal v5tur$1 unreprim&$1 to turn ?is  
fe/ival into ridicule4  ,switz]l& 0 9 a 
high /ate ( f]m5t4 ,! p ( ! ,grisons1 :o
 _h tak5 possession ( ! ,valtell9e1 & ! 
p ( ,uri1 :o _h seiz$ ! ,liv95?al1 _h   
be5 respectively driv5 out ( ^?         
t]ritories by ! ,au/rians4 ,! ,valais1  
,g5eva1 ,neuf*atel1 & ,pruntrut 71 on ! 
o!r h&1 desir\s ( jo9+ ! conf$]ation4 ,!
 democratic peasantry 7 almo/ ev]y:]e at
 w> ) ! ari/ocratic burgh]s4 ,b]ne      
reviv$ h] claim ^u ,vaud & ,a>gau1 :i*  
arm$ 9 self-def5ce4#f ,re9h>d ( ,zuri*1 
! ,swiss ,l&ammann1 w5t1 mean:ile1 at ! 
head ( an embassy to ,vi5na1 = ! purpose
 ( settl+ 9 ! congress ! future de/9ies 
( ,switz]l& by means ( ! int]v5tion ( ! 
great p[]s4 ,talleyr&1 ) unp>allel$     
impud5ce1 also int]f]$ 9 ?is affair1    

?reat5$ to refuse 8 recognition to e    
measure pass$ )\t 8 concurr5ce1 &       
compell$ ! ,swiss to entreat him to     
honor ! delib]ations ) 8 pres5ce4 ,on   
,au/ria's dem&+ a "r ( conscription 9 ! 
,grisons alone1 ,france hav+ enjoy$ t "r
 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ,switz]l& at an e>li] 
p]iod1 ,talleyr& advis$ ! ,swiss to make
 a mo/ viol5t opposition aga9/ an       
attempt t plac$ _! indep5d5ce at /ake4  
,cry out1 he exclaim$1 cry out1 z l\d z 
y c6#g  ,! disputes 9 ! congress rais$  
,napoleon's hopes4 ,9 ,france1 8 p>ty 0 
/ill p[]ful1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! population
 be+ bl9dly devot$ to him1 & an ext5sive
 conspiracy = 8 re/oration to ! imp]ial 
?rone 0 secretly set on foot4 ,sev]al   
?\s&s ( 8 vet]an soldi]y _h be5 releas$ 
f =eign durance2 ! :ole ( ! milit>y     
/ores1 ! spoil ( ,europe1 /ill rema9$ 9 
! possession ( ,france2 ! =tresses 7    
solely g>rison$ ) ,fr5* troops2 ,elba 0 
close at h&1 & ! emp]or 0 gu>d$ )       
crim9al neglig5ce4 ,heavy1 inde$1 is !  
responsibility ( ^? :o1 by ?us neglect+ 

_! *>ge1 once m let loose ?is sc\rge ^u 
! e>?6#h ,napoleon quitt$ 8 isl&1 &1 on 
! #a/ ( ,m>*1 #ahae1 aga9 set foot on ! 
coa/ ( ,france4 ,he 0 m]ely accompani$  
by "o ?\s& five hundr$ m51 b ! :ole ( ! 
troops s5t aga9/ him by ,l\is ,,xviii4  
rang$ !mselves b5ea? 8 eagle4 ,he pass$1
 z if 9 triumph1 ?r\gh 8 =m] empire4 ,! 
:ole nation receiv$ him ) acclamations (
 delight4 ,n a s+le ,fr5*man %$ a drop (
 blood = ! ,b\rbon1 :o fl$ ha/ily to    
,gh5t2 &1 on ! #bj? ( ,m>*1 ,napoleon   
ent]$ ,p>is unoppos$4 ,8 bro!r-9-law1   
,murat1 at ! same "t revolt$ at ,naples 
& advanc$ into ,upp] ,italy aga9/ !     
,au/rians4 ,b all ! re/ ( ,napoleon's   
anci5t allies1 p]suad$ t he mu/ aga9    
fall1 ei!r rema9$ tranquil or =m$ a     
close alliance ) ! comb9$ p[]s4 ,!      
,swiss1 9 p>ticul>1 %[$ excessive zeal  
on ?is occasion1 & took up arms aga9/   
,france1 9 ! hope ( r5d]+ ! alli$       
sov]eigns favorable to _! new           
con/itution1 ,! ,swiss regim5ts1 :i* _h 
pass$ f ,napoleon's s]vice to t ( ,l\is 

,,xviii41 also rema9$ unmov$ by         
,napoleon's bl&i%m5ts1 7 depriv$ ( _!   
arms & return$ sep>ately to ,switz]l&4  
,! alli$ sov]eigns 7 /ill assembl$ at   
,vi5na1 & at once all[$ e dispute to    
drop 9 ord] to =m a fre% & clos]        
coalition4 ,!y decl>$ ,napoleon an      
outlaw1 a robb]1 proscrib$ by all       
,europe1 & b\nd !mselves to br+ a =ce m 
?an a million /rong into ! field aga9/  
him4 ,all ,napoleon's cunn+ attempts to 
bribe & set !m at v>iance 7 treat$ )    
scorn1 & ! comb9$ p[]s spe$ily came to  
an und]/&+ on ! po9ts hi!rto s /rongly  
conte/$4 ,saxony 0 p>tition$ betwe5 h]  
anci5t sov]eign & ,prussia1 & a revolt t
 broke out 9 ,liege among ! ,saxon      
troops1 :o 7 by comm& ( ,prussia to be  
divid$ be=e !y _h be5 releas$ f _! oa? (
 allegiance to _! k+1 is easily expla9$ 
by ! hurry & pressure ( ! times1 :i*    
caus$ all m9or consid]ations to be      
=gott54#i ,napoleon exclusively occupi$ 
! m9d ( e diplomati/1 & all agre$ 9 !   
necessity1 at all haz>ds1 ( 8 utt]      

annihilation4 ,! lion1 ?us driv5 at bay1
 turn$ ^u 8 pursu]s = a la/ & desp]ate  
/ruggle4 ,! ,fr5* 7 /ill fai?ful to     
,napoleon1 :o1 ) a view ( re9spir+ !m ) 
! en?usia/ic _s t _h r5d]$ !m inv9cible 
9 ! fir/ days ( ! republic1 aga9 call$  
=? ! old republicans1 nom9at$ !m to !   
highe/ appo9tm5ts1 re-e/abli%$ sev]al   
republican in/itutions1 &1 on ! #a/ (   
,june1 pres5t$ to 8 dazzl$ subjects !   
magnific5t spectacle ( a field ( ,may1 z
 9 ! times ( ,*>lemagne & 9 ! comm5cem5t
 ( ! ,revolution1 & !n l$ a num]\s &    
spirit$ army to ! ,dut* fronti]s aga9/ !
 enemy4  ,"h /ood a ,prussian army "u   
,blu*]1 & an ,anglo-,g]man "o "u        
,well+ton1 compreh5d+ ! ,dut* "u !      
,pr9ce ( ,orange1 ! ,brunswick]s "u _!  
duke1 ! recruit$ ,hanov]ian ,legion "u  
,wallmod54 ,^! corps d'arme mo/ imm95tly
 ?reat5$ ,p>is4 ,! ma9 body ( ! alli$   
army1 "u ,s*w>z5b]g1 !n advanc+ f ! s\?1
 0 /ill di/ant4 ,napoleon consequ5tly   
direct$ 8 fir/ attack aga9/ ! two =m]4  
,8 army _h ga9$ imm5sely 9 /r5g? & _s by

 ! return ( 8 vet]an troops f =eign     
imprisonm5t4 ,well+ton1 ignorant at :at 
po9t ,napoleon might cross ! fronti]1 _h
 foll[$ ! old & ill-judg$ plan ( divid+ 
8 =ces2 an incr$ible error1 ! allies    
hav+ simply to unite _! =ces & to take  
up a firm position 9 ord] to draw       
,napoleon to any giv5 spot4 ,well+ton1  
moreov]1 nev] imag9$ t ,napoleon 0 s ne>
 at h&1 & 0 amus+ himself at a ball at  
,brussels1 :5 ,blu*]1 :o 0 /ation$ 9 &  
ar\nd ,namur1 0 attack$ on ! #ad? (     
,june1 #ahae4aj ,napoleon aft]w>d obs]v$
 9 8 memoirs t he _h attack$ ,blu*] fir/
 because he well knew t ,blu*] w\ld n be
 support$ by ! ov]-prud5t & egoti/ical  
,engli% comm&]1 b t ,well+ton1 _h he be5
 fir/ attack$1 w\ld h receiv$ e aid f 8 
high-spirit$ & fai?ful ally4 ,well+ton1 
aft] be+ repeat$ly urg$ by ,blu*]1      
collect$ 8 scatt]$ corps1 b nei!r       
completely nor ) suffici5t rapidity2 &  
on ,blu*]'s ann\ncem5t ( ,napoleon's    
arrival1 ex]t$ himself on ! foll[+ morn+
 s f> z to make a reconnaissance4 ,!    

duke ( ,brunswick1 ) impati5ce equall+ t
 ( ,blu*]1 0 ! only "o :o _h quitt$ !   
ball dur+ ! night & _h hurri$ =w>d aga9/
 ! enemy4 ,napoleon1 ow+ to ,well+ton's 
neglig5ce1 ga9$ "t to ?r[ himself betwe5
 him & ,blu*] & to prev5t _! junction2 =
 he knew ! _s ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,he         
consequ5tly oppos$ m]ely a small        
division ( 8 army "u ,ney to ! ,engli% &
 turn$ ) ! :ole ( 8 ma9 body aga9/ !    
,prussians4 ,! vet]an ,blu*] p]ceiv$ 8  
int5tions#aa & 9 consequ5ce urg5tly     
dem&$ aid f ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 :o     
promis$ to s5d him a re9=cem5t ( tw5ty  
?\s& m5 by f\r o'clock on ! #af?4 ,b ?is
 aid nev] arriv$1 ,well+ton1 al?\gh ,ney
 0 too weak to ob/ruct ! movem5t1 mak+  
no attempt to p]=m 8 promise4 ,well+ton 
retir$ ) sup]ior =ces be=e ,ney at      
,quatre ,bras1 & all[$ ! gallant &      
un=tunate ,duke ,william ( ,brunswick to
 fall a futile sacrifice4 ,blu*]        
mean:ile yield$ to ! ov]:elm+ =ce br\ght
 aga9/ him by ,napoleon at ,ligny1 also 
on ! #af? ( ,june4 ,va9ly did !         

,prussians ru% to ! attack b5ea? !      
murd]\s fire ( ! ,fr5*1 va9ly did ,blu*]
 9 p]son head ! assault & = five h\rs   
cont9ue ! combat h& to h& 9 ! village ( 
,ligny4 ,numb]s prevail$1 & ,well+ton   
s5t no relief4 ,! infantry be+ at l5g?  
driv5 back1 ,blu*] l$ ! cavalry once m  
to ! *>ge1 b 0 repuls$ & fell s5seless  
b5ea? 8 horse1 :i* 0 %ot dead4 ,8       
adjutant1 ,c\nt ,no/itz1 alone rema9$ at
 8 side4 ,! ,fr5* cavalry pass$ close by
 )\t p]ceiv+ !m1 twilight & a mi/y ra9  
hav+ begun to fall4 ,! ,prussians       
=tunately miss$ _! lead]1 repuls$ !     
,fr5* cavalry1 :i* aga9 gallop$ pa/ him 
z he lay on ! gr\nd1 & he 0 at l5g?     
drawn f b5ea? 8 horse4 ,he /ill liv$1 b 
only to behold ! complete defeat ( 8    
army4  ,blu*]1 al?\gh a vet]an (        
sev5ty-?ree1 & w\nd$ & %att]$ by 8 fall1
 0 n = a mom5t disc\rag$4#ab ,ev]       
vigilant1 he assembl$ 8 scatt]$ troops )
 wond]ful rapidity1 inspirit$ !m by 8   
*e]ful words1 & _h ! g5]osity to promise
 aid1 by ! aft]noon ( ! #ah? ( ,june1 to

 ,well+ton1 :o 0 n[ 9 8 turn attack$ by 
! ma9 body ( ! ,fr5* "u ,napoleon4 ,:at 
,well+ton on ! #af?1 ) a fre% army1 c\ld
 n p]=m1 ,blu*] n[ effect$ ) troops     
deject$ by defeat1 & put ! ,engli% lead]
 to ! deepe/ %ame by--keep+ 8 ^w4#ac ,he
 consequ5tly fell back ^u ,wavre 9 ord] 
to rema9 z close z possible 9           
,well+ton's vic9ity1 & also s5t ord]s to
 ,bul['s corps1 t 0 !n on ! advance1 to 
jo9 ! ,engli% army1 :ile ,napoleon1 9 ! 
idea t ,blu*] 0 fall+ back ^u ! ,meuse1 
s5t ,gr\*y 9 pursuit ) a body (         
?irty-five ?\s& m54#ad  ,napoleon1 f> f 
imag9+ t ! ,prussians1 aft] hav+ be51 z 
he suppos$1 completely annihilat$ or    
panic-/rick5 by ,gr\*y1 c\ld aid !      
,briti%1 wa/$ ! preci\s mom5ts1 &1      
in/ead ( ha/ily attack+ ,well+ton1 sp5t 
! :ole ( ! morn+ ( ! #ah? 9 uselessly   
p>ad+ 8 troops1 possibly ) a view (     
intimidat+ 8 oppon5ts & ( induc+ !m to  
retreat )\t haz>d+ an engagem5t4 ,8     
well-dress$ l9es glitt]$ 9 ! sunbeams2 !
 infantry rais$ _! ts*akos on _! bayonet

 po9ts1 ! cavalry _! helmets on _!      
sabres1 & gave a g5]al *e] = _! emp]or4 
,! ,engli%1 h[ev]1 pres]v$ an undaunt$  
aspect4 ,at l5g?1 ab\t midday1 ,napoleon
 gave ord]s = ! attack1 &1 furi\sly *>g+
 ! ,briti% left w+1 drove x f ! village 
( ,h\gumont4 ,he !n s5t ord]s to ,ney to
 *>ge ! ,briti% c5tre4 ,at t mom5t a d>k
 spot 0 se5 9 ! direction ( ,/4 ,lamb]t4
 ,0 x ,gr\*y8 ,a reconnoitr+ p>ty 0     
despat*$ & return$ ) ! news ( its be+ ! 
,prussians "u ,bul[4 ,! attack ^u !     
,briti% c5tre 0 consequ5tly rem&$1 &    
,ney 0 despat*$ ) a consid]able portion 
( 8 troops aga9/ ,bul[4 ,well+ton n[    
v5tur$ to *>ge ! enemy ) 8 "r w+1 b 0   
repuls$ & lo/ ! f>m ( ,la ,haye ,sa9te1 
:i* comm&$ 8 position on ?is side z     
,h\gumont did on 8 "r4 ,8 c5tre1 h[ev]1 
rema9$ unattack$1 ! ,fr5* ex]t+ _! utmo/
 /r5g? to keep ,bul['s gallant troops   
back at ! village ( ,plan*5oit1 :]e !   
battle rag$ ) ! greate/ fury1 & a       
dreadful conflict ( "s h\rs' duration   
ensu$ h& to h&4 ,b ab\t five o'clock1 ! 

left w+ ( ! ,briti% be+ completely ?r[n 
into confusion by a fre% attack on !    
enemy's side1 ! :ole ( ! ,fr5* cavalry1 
twelve ?\s& /rong1 made a furi\s *>ge ^u
 ! ,briti% c5tre1 bore d[n all be=e !m1 
& took a great numb] ( guns4 ,! ,pr9ce (
 ,orange 0 w\nd$4 ,! road to ,brussels 0
 already ?rong$ ) ! fugitive ,engli%    
troops1 & ,well+ton1 sc>cely able to    
keep 8 weak5$ l9es toge!r1#ae 0 app>5tly
 on ! br9k ( de/ruction1 :5 ! ?und] (   
artill]y 0 sudd5ly he>d 9 ! direction ( 
,wavre4 ,x is ,gr\*y6 joyfully exclaim$ 
,napoleon1 :o _h repeat$ly s5t ord]s to 
t g5]al to pu% =w>d ) all possible spe$4
 ,b x 0 n ,gr\*y1 x 0 ,blu*]4  ,!       
fai?ful troops ( ! vet]an m>%al 7! old  
,silesian army7 7 completely worn out by
 ! battle1 by _! retreat 9 ! heavy ra9  
ov] deep roads1 & by ! want ( food4 ,!  
di/ance f ,wavre1 :5ce !y _h be5 driv51 
to ,wat]loo1 :]e ,well+ton 0 !n 9       
action1 0 n great1 b 0 r5d]$ ardu\s ow+ 
to ^! circum/ances4 ,! m5 sometimes fell
 d[n f extreme we>9ess1 & ! guns /uck   

fa/ 9 ! deep mud4 ,b ,blu*] 0 ev]y:]e   
pres5t1 & not)/&+ 8 bodily pa9 ev] *e]$ 
8 m5 =w>d1 ) indescribable pa?os1 say+  
to 8 di%e>t5$ soldi]s1 ,my *ildr51 we   
mu/ advance2 ,i h promis$ x1 d n cause  
me to break my ^w6 ,:ile /ill di/ant f !
 sc5e ( action1 he ord]$ ! guns to be   
fir$ 9 ord] to keep up ! c\rage ( !     
,engli%1 & at l5g?1 betwe5 six & sev5 9 
! ev5+1 ! fir/ ,prussian corps 9        
advance1 t ( ,zie!n1 fell furi\sly ^u ! 
enemy3 ,bravo6 cri$ ,blu*]1 ,i "k y1 my 
,silesians2 to-day we %all see ! backs (
 ^! ,fr5* rascals6 ,zie!n fill$ up !    
space /ill int]v5+ betwe5 ,well+ton &   
,bul[4 ,exactly at t mom5t1 ,napoleon _h
 s5t 8 old gu>d =w>d 9 f\r massive      
squ>es 9 ord] to make a la/ attempt to  
break ! ,briti% l9es1 :5 ,zie!n fell ^u 
_! flank & dealt fe>ful havoc among _!  
close masses ) 8 artill]y4 ,bul['s      
troops1 inspirit$ by ?is success1 n[    
press$ gallantly =w>d & f9ally rega9$ ! 
long-conte/$ village ( ,plan*5oit f !   
enemy4 ,! :ole ( ! ,prussian army1      

advanc+ at ! d\ble & ) drums beat+1 _h  
already driv5 back ! "r w+ ( ! ,fr5*1 :5
 ! ,engli%1 rega9+ c\rage1 advanc$1     
,napoleon 0 surr\nd$ on two sides1 & !  
:ole ( 8 troops1 ! old gu>d "u ,g5]al   
,cambronne alone except$1 7 totally     
disp]s$ & fl$ 9 complete disord]4 ,! old
 gu>d1 surr\nd$ by ,bul['s cavalry1     
nobly repli$1 :5 *all5g$ to surr5d]1 ,la
 g>de ne se r5d pas2 & 9 a few m9utes ! 
vet]an conqu]ors ( ,europe fell b5ea? ! 
righte\s & av5g+ bl[s ( _! antagoni/s4  
,at ! f>m ( ,la ,belle ,alliance1 ,blu*]
 (f]$ 8 h& to ,well+ton4 ,i w sleep     
to-night 9 ,bonap>te's la/ night's      
qu>t]s1 said ,well+ton4 ,& ,i w drive   
him out ( 8 pres5t ones6 repli$ ,blu*]4 
,! ,prussians1 fir$ by en?usiasm1 =got !
 fatigue !y _h = f\r days endur$1 &1    
favor$ by a moonlight night1 s zeal\sly 
pursu$ ! ,fr5* t an imm5se numb] (      
prison]s & a va/ am\nt ( booty fell into
 _! h&s & ,napoleon n>r[ly escap$ be+   
tak5 prison]4 ,at ,g5appe1 :]e ! bridge 
0 block$ by fugitives1 ! pursuit 0 s    

close t he 0 compell$ to ab&on 8 c>riage
 leav+ 8 sword & hat beh9d him4 ,blu*]1 
:o rea*$ ! spot a mom5t aft]w>d1 took   
possession ( ! booty1 s5t ,napoleon's   
hat1 sword1 & /> to ! k+ ( ,prussia1    
reta9$ 8 cloak1 telescope1 & c>riage = 8
 own use1 & gave up ev]y?+ else1 includ+
 a quantity ( ! mo/ valuable jewelry1   
gold1 & money1 to 8 brave soldi]y4 ,!   
:ole ( ! army /ores1 two hundr$ & =ty   
guns1 & an innum]able quantity ( arms   
?r[n away by ! fugitives1 fell into 8   
h&s4  ,! ,prussian g5]al1 ,?ielemann1   
:o1 ) a few troops1 _h rema9$ beh9d at  
,wavre 9 ord]1 at great haz>d1 to       
deceive ,gr\*y into ! belief t he 0 /ill
 oppos$ by ,blu*]'s entire =ce1 act$ a  
less]1 b equally honorable "p on ?is    
great day4 ,he fulfill$ 8 commission )  
great skill1 & s completely deceiv$     
,gr\*y z to h9d] 8 mak+ a s+le attempt  
to ?r[ himself 9 ! way ( ! ,prussians on
 ! ,p>is road4  ,blu*] pu%$ =w>d )\t a  
mom5t's delay1 &1 on ! #bi? ( ,june1    
/ood be=e ,p>is4 ,napoleon _h1 mean:ile1

 a second "t abdicat$1 & _h fl$ f ,p>is 
9 ! hope ( escap+ across ! seas4 ,dav\/1
 ! anci5t in/rum5t ( 8 tyranny1 :o      
comm&$ 9 ,p>is1 attempt+ to make t]ms ( 
capitulation ) ,blu*]1 0 %>ply answ]$1  
,y want to make a def5ce8 ,take c>e :at 
y d4 ,y well "k :at lic5se ! irritat$   
soldi]y w take if y\r city mu/ be tak5  
by /orm4 ,d y wi% to add ! sack ( ,p>is 
to t ( ,hamburg1 already load+ y\r      
consci5ce8#af ,p>is surr5d]$ aft] a     
sev]e engagem5t at ,issy1 & ,muffl+1 !  
,prussian g5]al1 0 plac$ 9 comm& ( !    
city1 ,july ! #g?1 #ahae4 ,x 0 on !     
occasion ( a gr& banquet giv5 by        
,well+ton %ortly aft] ! occupation (    
,p>is by ! alli$ troops t ,blu*] gave ! 
celebrat$ toa/1 ,may ! p5s ( diplomati/s
 n aga9 spoil all t ! swords ( our      
gallant armies h s nobly won6           
,s*w>z5b]g _h 9 ! int]im also p5etrat$  
into ,france1 & ! cr[n pr9ce (          
,wurtemb]g _h defeat$ ,g5]al ,rapp at   
,/rasburg & _h surr\nd$ t =tress4 ,!    
,swiss1 "u ,g5]al ,ba*mann1 :o _h1      

al?\gh fully equipp$ = ! field1 hi!rto  
prud5tly wat*$ ! turn ( ev5ts1 invad$   
,france imm$iately aft] ! battle (      
,wat]loo1 pillag$ ,burgundy1 besieg$ &  
took ! =tress ( ,hun+51 :i*1 ) !        
p]mission ( ! allies1 !y ju/ly raz$ to !
 gr\nd1 ! insol5t ,fr5* hav+ !nce fir$  
^u ! bridges ( ,basel :i* lay close 9   
its vic9ity4 ,a fre% ,au/rian army "u   
,frimont advanc$ f ,italy z f> z ,lyons4
 ,on ! #ag? ( ,july1 ,napoleon surr5d]$ 
himself 9 ! bay ( ,ro*e=t to ! ,engli%1 
^: %ips prev5t$ 8 escape2 he moreov]    
pref]r$ fall+ into _! h&s ?an into ^? ( 
! ,prussians4 ,! :ole ( ,france submitt$
 to ! triumphant allies1 & ,l\is        
,,xviii4 0 re9/at$ on 8 ?rone4 ,murat _h
 also be5 simultane\sly defeat$ at      
,tol5t9o 9 ,italy by ! ,au/rians "u     
,bian*i1 & ,f]d9& ,,iv4 _h be5 re/or$ to
 ! ?rone ( ,naples4 ,murat fl$ to       
,corsica1 b 8 retreat to ,france 0      
prev5t$ by ! success ( ! allies1 & 9 8  
despair he1 ) native ra%ness1 yield$ to 
! advice ( secret intriguants & return$ 

to ,italy ) a design ( rais+ a popul>   
insurrection1 b 0 seiz$ on l&+ & %ot on 
! #ac? ( ,octob]4#ag  ,blu*] 0 greatly  
incl9$ to give full v5t to 8 ju/ly r\s$ 
rage aga9/ ,p>is4 ,! bridge ( ,j5a1 "o (
 ! num]\s bridges across ! ,se9e1 !     
pr9cipal object ( 8 displeasure1 01     
curi\sly en\gh1 sav$ f de/ruction 7he _h
 already attempt$ to bl[ x up7 by !     
arrival ( ! k+ ( ,prussia4#ah ,8        
proposal to puni% ,france by p>tition+ !
 c\ntry & ?us plac+ x on a p> ) ,g]many1
 0 f> m practical 9 its t5d5cy4  ,?is   
hone/ vet]an _h 9 fact a deep] insight  
into affairs ?an ! mo/ w>y              
diplomati/s4#ai ,9 #ahae1 ! same p]sons1
 z 9 #ahad1 met 9 ,p>is1 & simil>       
int]e/s 7 agitat$4 ,=eign jeal\sy aga9  
effect$ ! conclusion ( ?is peace at !   
exp5se ( ,g]many & 9 favor ( ,france4   
,blu*]'s influ5ce at fir/ reign$        
supreme4 ,! k+ ( ,prussia1 :o1 toge!r ) 
! emp]ors ( ,russia & ,au/ria1 revisit$ 
,p>is1 took ,/e9 & ,grun] into 8 c\ncil4
 ,! cr[n pr9ce ( ,wurtemb]g also        

zeal\sly ex]t$ himself 9 favor ( !      
reunion ( ,lorra9e & ,alsace )          
,g]many4#bj ,b ,russia & ,engl& behold+ 
! re9tegration ( ,g]many ) displeasure1 
,au/ria1#ba & f9ally ,prussia1 aga9/ ^: 
patriots all 7 9 league1 yield$4#bb ,!  
future de/9ies ( ,europe 7 settl$ on !  
side ( ,engl& by ,well+ton & ,ca/l]eagh2
 on t ( ,russia by ,pr9ce ,john         
,razum[sky1 ,nesselrode1 & ,capo        
d',i/ria2 on t ( ,au/ria by ,mett]ni* & 
,wess5b]g2 on t ( ,prussia by ,h>d5b]g &
 ,william von ,humboldt4 ,! ,g]man      
patriots 7 exclud$ f ! discussion1#bc & 
a result extremely unfavorable to       
,g]many naturally foll[$3#bd ,alsace &  
,lorra9e rema9$ annex$ to ,france4 ,by !
 second treaty ( ,p>is1 :i* 0           
def9itively conclud$ on ! #bj? (        
,novemb]1 #ahae1 ,france 0 m]ely        
compell$ to give up ! =tresses (        
,philippeville1 ,m>i5burg1 ,s>l\is1 &   
,l&au1 to demoli% ,hun+51 & to all[     
eighte5 o!r =tresses on ! ,g]man fronti]
 to be occupi$ by ! allies until ! new  

gov]nm5t _h tak5 firm foot+ 9 ,france4  
,until !n1 "o hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ( !   
alli$ troops 7 also to rema9 )9 ! ,fr5* 
t]ritory & to be ma9ta9$ at ! exp5se ( !
 p4 ,france 01 moreov]1 condemn$ to pay 
sev5 hundr$ millions ( francs t[>d !    
exp5ses ( ! w> & to re/ore ! *ef        
d'oeuvres ( :i* %e _h depriv$ e capital 
9 ,europe4 ,! sword ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great 
0 n ref\nd3 ,m>%al ,s]ruri] decl>$ t he 
_h burn$ x4#be ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1     
almo/ all ! fam\s old ,g]man            
manuscripts1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 c>ri$ f   
,heidelb]g to ,rome1 & !nce by ,napoleon
 to ,p>is1 7 s5t back to ,heidelb]g4 ,"o
 ( ! mo/ valuable1 ! ,manessian ,code ( 
! ,swabian ,m9nes+]s1 0 left 9 ,p>is1   
:]e x _h be5 conceal$4 ,blu*] expir$1 9 
#ahai1 on 8 e/ate 9 ,silesia4#bf  ,!    
,fr5* 7 n[ suffici5tly humbl$ to rema9 9
 tranquillity1 & design$ly display$ su* 
submission t ! alli$ sov]eigns resolv$1 
at a congress held at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 
9 ! autumn ( #ahah1 to )draw _! troops4 
,napoleon 01 ) ! concurr5ce ( ! assembl$

 p[]s1 tak5 to ! isl& ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 :]e1
 surr\nd$ by ! dre>y ocean1 sev]al      
hundr$ miles f any inhabit$ spot1 &     
gu>d$ ) petty sev]ity by ! ,engli%1 he 0
 at l5g? depriv$ ( e means ( di/urb+ !  
peace ( ,europe4 ,inactivity & !        
unheal?9ess ( ! climate spe$ily dissolv$
 ! e>?ly abode ( ?is giant _s4 ,he      
expir$ on ! #e? ( ,may1 #ahba4 ,8       
consort1 ,m>ia ,l\isa1 0 creat$ ,du*ess 
( ,p>ma2 & 8 son liv$1 "u ! title (     
,duke ( ,rei*/adt1 ) 8 imp]ial gr&fa!r  
at ,vi5na1 until 8 dea? 9 #ahcb4        
,napoleon's /epson1 ,eug5e ,beauh>nais1 
! =m] vic]oy ( ,italy1 ! son-9-law to ! 
k+ ( ,bav>ia1 receiv$ ! newly-creat$    
m$iatiz$ pr9cipality ( ,ei*/adt1 :i* 0  
dep5d5t ^u ,bav>ia1 & ! title ( ,duke ( 
,leu*t5b]g4 ,j]ome1 ! =m] k+ (          
,we/phalia1 became ,c\nt de ,mont=t2#bg 
,l\is1 ex-k+ ( ,holl&1 ,c\nt de ,/4     
,leu4   ,footnote #a3 ,f ,london1       
,fr$]ick ,william w5t to ,switz]l& &    
took possession ( 8 anci5t h]$it>y      
t]ritory1 ,wls*-,neu5burg or ,neuf*tel1 

visit$ ! beautiful ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 & !n 
return$ to ,b]l91 :]e1 on ! #g? (       
,augu/1 he pass$ 9 triumph ?r\gh !      
,br&5burg gate1 :i* 0 aga9 adorn$ ) ! c>
 ( victory & ! f9e gr\p ( horses1 & rode
 ?r\gh ! lime trees to an alt>1 ar\nd   
:i* ! cl]gy belong+ to e religi\s sect 7
 assembl$4 ,"h public ?anks 7 giv5 & !  
:ole ( ! citiz5s pres5t fell ^u _!      
knees4--,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 #bfb4 ,on !
 #ag? ( ,septemb]1 ! prep>ation ( a new 
liturgy 0 ann\nc$ 9 a m9i/]ial          
proclamation1 by :i* ! solemnity ( !    
*ur* s]vice 0 to be increas$1 ! pres5t  
"o be+ too little calculat$ to excite or
 /rike ! imag9ation4  ,footnote #b3     
,ox=d conf]r$ a doctor's degree ^u      
,bl*]1 :o1 ^u receiv+ ?is /range honor1 
said1 ,make ,gneis5au apo!c>y1 = he x 0 
:o prep>$ my pills4 ,on 8 fir/ reception
 at ,c>lton ,h\se1 ! populace pu%$ _!   
way ?r\gh ! gu>ds & doors z f> z !      
ap>tm5ts ( ! pr9ce-reg5t1 :o1 tak+ 8    
gray-head$ gue/ by ! h&1 pres5t$ him to 
!m1 & publicly hung 8 portrait set 9    

brilliants ar\nd 8 neck4 ,on 8 pass+    
?r\gh ! /reets1 ! horses 7 tak5 f 8     
c>riage1 & he 0 drawn 9 triumph by !    
%\t+ cr[d4 ,"o fte succe$$ ano!r4 ,dur+ 
! great races at ,ascot1 ! cr[d break+  
?r\gh ! b>ri]s & insi/+ ^u ,bl*]'s %[+  
himself1 ! pr9ce-reg5t came =w>d1 &1    
politely tell+ !m t he _h n yet arriv$1 
l$ =w>d ! emp]or ,alex&]1 :o 0 l\dly    
*e]$1 b ,bl*]'s arrival 0 greet$ )      
?und]s ( applause f> surpass+ ^? be/[$  
^u ! sov]eigns1 a circum/ance t 0       
aft]w>d blam$ by ! ,engli% pap]s4 ,9 !  
,freemasons' ,lodge1 ,bl*] 0 receiv$ by 
numb]s ( ladies1 on ea* ( :om he be/[$ a
 salute4 ,at ,portsm\?1 he drank to !   
heal? ( ! ,engli% 9 ! pres5ce ( an      
imm5se conc\rse ( p assembl$ b5ea? 8    
w9d[s4--,! g5]al rejoic+ 0 solely cl\d$ 
by ! dome/ic circum/ances ( ! royal     
family1 by ! insanity ( ! ag$ & bl9d k+ 
& by ! disunion reign+ betwe5 !         
pr9ce-reg5t & 8 ?\ghtless consort1      
,c>ol9e ( ,brunswick4--,al?\gh ! :ole ( 
! alli$ sov]eigns1 "s ( :om 7 unable to 

speak ,engli%1 und]/ood ,g]man1 ,fr5* 0 
adopt$ z ! m$ium ( conv]sation4--       
,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 #agd4  ,footnote   
#c3 ,!re are mom5ts 9 ! life ( nations  
on :i* ! :ole ( _! future de/9y dep5ds4 
,! *ildr5 are de/9$ to expiate _! fa!rs'
 errors ) _! blood4 ,g]many has ev]y?+  
to fe> f ! =eign]1 & yet %e _c arrange  
h] own affairs )\t call+ ! =eign] to h] 
aid4--,:o1 9 ! congress1 *iefly oppose e
 well-laid plan8 ,:o1 ) ! dagg]'s po9t  
pick out & reop5 all our w\nds1 & rub !m
 ) salt & poison8 ,:o promote confusion1
 provoke1 ins9uate1 & attempt to creep  
into e committee1 to int]f]e 9 e        
discussion8 :o b ^? s5t ?i!r by         
,france8--,! ,rh5i% ,m]cury4  ,footnote 
#d3 ,fate will$ t ,/e9 %\ld n be call$  
^u to act ) firmness1 b ,h>d5b]g to make
 concessions4 ,/e9 disappe>$ f ! !atre (
 ev5ts & 0 degrad$ to a l[] sph]e4      
,h>d5b]g 0 creat$ pr9ce4  ,footnote #e3 
,napoleon _h su* good fri5ds among !    
,rh5i% conf$]at$ pr9ces t ,augu/us1 duke
 ( ,go?a1 = in/ance1 ev5 aft] ! second  

occupation ( ,p>is1 on ! return ( 8     
troops 9 ! ,novemb] ( #ahae1 prohibit$  
any demon/rations ( triumph & ev5       
depriv$ ! ,l&wehr ( _! uni=ms1 s t !    
poor fell[s _h to return 9 _!           
%irt-sleeves to _! native villages dur+ 
! h>d w9t]4--,jacob's ,campaigns4       
,footnote #f3 ,an attack ^u ,b]ne _h    
already be5 conc]t$4 ,colonel ,br m>*$ )
 ! p ( ,a>gau 9 ! night "t ^u ,a>burg1 b
 8 conf$]ates fail+ to make _!          
appe>ance1 he caus$ ! ne>e/ ,b]nese     
gov]nor to be al>m$ & ha/ily retrac$ 8  
/eps4 ,! ,b]nese in/antly s5t an arm$   
=ce to ! fronti]1 :]e1 f9d+ all         
tranquil1 ! *>ge ( aggression 0 ?r[n ^u 
_! %\ld]s4  ,footnote #g3 ,vide         
,muralt's ,life ( ,re9h>d4  ,footnote   
#h3 ,bl*] 0 at ,b]l9 at ! mom5t :5 !    
news ( ,napoleon's escape arriv$4 ,he   
in/antly r\s$ ! ,engli% ambassador f 8  
sleep by %\t+ 9 8 e>1 ,h ! ,engli% a    
fleet 9 ! ,m$it]ranean8  ,footnote #i3  
,! blame 0 entirely ^u ! ,prussian side4
 ,! ,saxons1 z good soldi]s1 naturally  

revolt$ at ! idea t !y w\ld at once be  
fai?less to _! oa? & mut9i$4 ,g5]al     
,mffl+ 0 insult$ = hav+ spok5 ( ,saxon  
h\nds4 ,bl*] ev5 0 compell$ secretly to 
take 8 dep>ture4 ,! ,saxon troops 71    
h[ev]1 r$uc$ to ob$i5ce by sup]ior      
numb]s ( ,prussians1 & _! colors 7      
burn$4 ,! :ole corps 0 ab\t to be       
decimat$1 :5 ,colonel ,rom] came =w>d & 
dem&$ t ! s5t5ce ( dea? %\ld be fir/    
execut$ on him4 ,mild] measures 7 9     
consequ5ce rev]t$ to1 & a few ( ! m5 7  
condemn$ to dea? by draw+ lots4 ,kanitz1
 ! drumm]1 a y\? ( sixte51 h[ev]1 ?rew  
away ! dice1 exclaim+1 ,x is ,i :o beat 
! summons = revolt1 & ,i w be ! fir/ to 
die4 ,he & six o!rs 7 %ot4 ,bor/el1 !   
,prussian g5]al1 ! h]o ( ,d5newitz1 :o  
_h /eadily refus$ to burn ! ,saxon      
colors1 0 compell$ to quit ! s]vice4    
,footnote #aj3 ,= a refutation (        
,m5zel's absurdly p]v]t$ relation ( ^!  
great ev5ts1 ! read] is ref]r$ n only to
 ! ,duke ( ,well+ton's despat*es & to   
,colonel ,siborne's well-e/abli%$ acc\nt

 ( ! battles ( ,ligny1 ,wavre1 ,quatre  
,bras1 & ,wat]loo1 b also to ^? ( 8     
c\ntrym51 ,muffl+1 ! ,prussian g5]al1 & 
,wagn]4--,trans4  ,footnote #aa3 ,%ortly
 be=e ! battle1 ,b\rmont1 ! ,fr5* g5]al1
 set up ! :ite cockade 7! symbol (      
,b\rbon7 & des]t$ to ,blu*]1 :o m]ely   
said1 ,x is all "o :at symbol ! fell[s  
set up1 rascals are ev] rascals6        
,footnote #ab3 ,! surgeon1 :5 ab\t to   
rub him ) "s liquid1 0 ask$ by him :at x
 01 & be+ told t x 0 spirits1 ,ah1 said 
he1 ! ?+ is ( no use ext]nally6 & snat*+
 ! glass f ! h& ( 8 att5dant1 he drank x
 (f4  ,footnote #ac3 ,aga9/ all         
expectation to aid an ally :o on !      
previ\s day _h aga9/ all expectation be5
 unable to give him aid1 ev9c$ at once  
magnanimity1 s5se1 & good               
feel+4--,clausewitz4  ,footnote #ad3 ,a 
,prussian batt]y1 t on its way f ,namur 
turn$ back on receiv+ news ( ?is disa/] 
& 0 tak5 by ! ,fr5*1 is said to h *iefly
 l$ to ! commission ( ?is imm5se blund] 
by ,napoleon4  ,footnote #ae3 ,!        

,hanov]ian legion aga9 cov]$ itself )   
glory by ! /ead9ess ) :i* x oppos$ !    
enemy4 ,x lo/ ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ m51 
! ,dut* eight ?\s&2 ! ,g]man troops     
consequ5tly lo/ collectively z _m z !   
,engli%1 ^: loss 0 comput$ at elev5 or  
twelve ?\s& m54 ,! ,prussians1 ^: loss  
at ,ligny & ,wat]loo exce$$ t ( _!      
allies1 behav$ ) ev5 great] gallantry4  
,footnote #af3 ,! ,fr5* 7 extremely     
affront$ on acc\nt ( ?is communication  
be+ made 9 ,g]man in/ead ( ,fr5*1 & ev5 
at ! pres5t day ,g]man hi/orians are    
g5]ally /ruck ) deep] a/oni%m5t at ?is  
sample ( ,bl*]'s bold _s ?an at any o!r4
  ,footnote #ag3 ,ney1 ! brave/ ( !     
brave1 :o di%onor$ 8 brav]y by ! base/  
trea*]y1 met ) an equally melan*oly     
fate4 ,imm$iately aft] hav+1 = in/ance1 
kiss$ ! g\ty f+]s ( ,l\is ,,xviii4 &    
boa/+ t he w\ld imprison ,napoleon )9 an
 iron cage1 he w5t ov] to ! latt]4 ,he 0
 s5t5c$ to dea? & %ot1 aft] va9ly       
implor+ ! alli$ mon>*s & p]sonally      
petition+ ,well+ton = m]cy4--,alex&]    

,b]?i]1 pr9ce ( ,neuf*atel1 ,napoleon's 
*ief confidant1 _h1 ev5 be=e ! outbreak 
( w>1 ?r[n himself out ( a w9d[ 9 a fit 
( hypo*ondriasis & be5 kill$4  ,footnote
 #ah3 ,talleyr& begg$ ,c\nt von d]      
,goltz to use 8 influ5ce = its          
pres]vation ) ,bl*]1 :o repli$ to 8     
entreaties1 ,i w bl[ up ! bridge1 & %\ld
 v mu* l to h ,talleyr& sitt+ ^u x at ! 
"t6 ,an attempt to bl[ x up 0 actually  
made1 b fail$4  ,footnote #ai3 ,_m ( :om
 7 9 fact wilfully bl9d4 ,h>d5b]g1 by   
:om ! noble-spirit$ ,/e9 0 s ill        
replac$1 & :o1 ) all possible dec5cy1   
ev] succe$$ 9 los+ 9 ! cab9et !         
advantages ga9$ by ,bl*] 9 ! field1 !   
diplomatic bird ( ill om5 by :om ! peace
 ( ,basel _h =m]ly be5 conclud$1 0 ?us  
address$ by ,bl*]3 ,i %\ld l y g5tlem5 (
 ! quill to be = once 9 a way expos$ to 
a sm>t platoon fire1 j to tea* y :at    
p]ils we soldi]s h to run 9 ord] to     
repair ! blund]s y s ?\ghtlessly commit4
 ,an in/ructive comm5t>y ^u ^! ev5ts is 
to be met ) 9 ,/e9's lett]s to ,gag]n4  

,! light 9 :i* ,/e9 view$ ! ,saxons may 
be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ passages 9 8 lett]s3
 ,my desire = ! aggr&izem5t ( ,prussia  
proce$$ n f a bl9d p>tiality to t /ate1 
b f ! conviction t ,g]many is weak5$ by 
a sy/em ( p>tition ru9\s alike to h]    
national le>n+ & national feel+s4--,x is
 n = ,prussia b = ,g]many t ,i desire a 
clos]1 a firm] int]nal comb9ation1 a wi%
 t w accompany me to ! grave3 ! division
 ( our national /r5g? may be gratify+ to
 o!rs1 x nev] c be s to me4 ,?is truly  
,g]man policy ma9ly di/+ui%$ ,/e9 f     
,h>d5b]g1 :o1 ?or\ghly ,prussian 9 8    
ideas1 0 incapable ( p]ceiv+ t          
,prussia's be/-und]/ood policy ev] w be 
to id5tify h]self ) ,g]many4  ,footnote 
#bj3 ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,no4 #bhe4    
,footnote #ba3 ,x 0 propos$ t ,lorra9e &
 ,alsace %\ld be be/[$ ^u ! ,ar*duke    
,*>les1 :o at t p]iod w$d$ ! ,pr9cess   
,h5rietta ( ,nassau4 ,! proposition1    
h[ev]1 quickly fell to ! gr\nd4         
,footnote #bb3 ,ev5 9 ,july1 _! organ1  
,grres's ,rh5i% ,m]cury1 0 plac$ b5ea? !

 c5sor4 ,9 ,augu/1 x 0 said t ! m51     
desir\s ( giv+ a con/itution to         
,prussia1 _h fall5 into                 
disgrace4--,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,no4    
#bdi4 ,9 ,septemb]1 ,s*malz1 9 ,b]l91   
unveil$ ! presum$ revolution>y intrigues
 ( ! ,tug5dbund & decl>$ ! unity (      
,g]many is some?+ to :i* ! _s ( e nation
 9 ,g]many has ev] be5 antipa!tic4 ,he  
receiv$ a ,prussian & a ,wurtemb]g ord]1
 besides an extremely graci\s autograph 
lett] f ! k+ ( ,prussia1 al?\gh 8 base  
calumnies aga9/ ! fri5ds ( 8 c\ntry 7   
?r[n back ^u him by ! hi/orians ,niebuhr
 & ,runs1 :o 7 !n 9 a high position1 by 
,s*lei]ma*]1 ! !ologian1 & by o!rs4 ,!  
nobility also began to /ir1 attempt$ to 
rega9 _! anci5t privileges 9 ,prussia1 &
 intrigu$ aga9/ ! m5 :o1 dur+ ! "t (    
ne$1 _h made concessions to !           
citiz5s4--,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 ,no4     
#bgf4  ,footnote #bc3 ,! ,allgeme9e     
,zeitung1 ,no4 #cdi1 laughs at ! report 
( _! hav+ )drawn f ! discussion1 & says 
t !y 7 no long] invit$ to take "p 9 x4  

,footnote #bd3 ,on ! l\d compla9ts ( !  
,rh5i% ,m]cury1 ( ! gazettes ( ,brem5 & 
,hanau1 & ev5 ( ! ,allgeme9e ,zeitung1 !
 ,au/rian ,obs]v]1 edit$ by ,g5tz1      
decl>$ t to dem& a bett] peace w\ld be  
to dem& ! ru9 ( ,france4--,allgeme9e    
,zeitung1 ,nos4 #cde1 #cfe4 ,on ,grres's
 repeat$ dem& = ! reannexation ( ,alsace
 & ,lorra9e1 ( :i* ,g]many _h be5 s     
unw>rantably depriv$1 ! ,au/rian ,obs]v]
 decl>$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahaf1 :o w\ld     
believe t ,grres w\ld l5d 8 p5 to su*   
mis]able argum5ts4 ,alsace & ,lorra9e   
are gu>ante$ to ,france4 ,to dem& _!    
re/oration w\ld be contr>y to e notion (
 honor & ju/ice4 ,9 ?is mann] 0 ,g]many 
a second "t robb$ ( ^! prov9ces4        
,wa%+ton ,pa9e d5om9at$ ,/rasburg1 a    
melan*oly s5try1 ( :i* unw>y ,g]many has
 all[$ h]self to be depriv$1 & :i* n[1  
acc\tr$ 9 an incongru\s uni=m1 does duty
 aga9/ 8 own c\ntry4  ,footnote #be3 ,! 
,invalids _h 9 ! same _s ca/ ! triumphal
 monum5t ( ! field ( ,rossba* into !    
,se9e1 9 ord] to prev5t its re/oration4 

,! al>um =m]ly belong+ to ,fr$]ick !    
,great 0 also miss+4 ,napoleon _h x on 8
 p]son dur+ 8 flight & made use ( x at  
,/4 ,hel5a1 :]e x /ruck 8 dea?-h\r4     
,footnote #bf3 ,he 0 desc5d$ f a noble  
race1 :i* at a v e>ly p]iod enjoy$ high 
repute 9 ,meckl5burg & ,pom]ania4 ,9    
#abga1 an ,ulric von ,bl*] 0 bi%op (    
,batzeburg4 ,a leg5d relates t1 dur+ a  
"t ( de>?1 an empty b>n 01 on 8         
petition+ ,heav51 in/antly fill$ ) corn4
 ,9 #acef1 ,wip]tus von ,bl*] also      
became bi%op ( ,ratzeburg1 &1 on !      
pope's refusal to confirm him 9 8       
diocese on acc\nt ( 8 y\?1 8 hair turn$ 
gray 9 "o night4 ,vide ,klw]'s          
,description ( ,meckl5burg1 #agbh4      
,footnote #bg3 ,8 wife1 ,ca!r9e (       
,wrtemb]g1 0 9 #ahad1 attack$ dur+ h]   
flight1 on h] way ?r\gh ,france & robb$ 
( h] jewels4--,allgeme9e ,zettung1 ,no4 
#acj4          99       99       99     
99       99  ,,"p ,,xxiii  ,,! ,,late/  
,,times  ,,cclxiv4 ,! ,g]man            
,conf$]ation   ,?us t]m9at$ ! t]rible   

/orms t1 n )\t b5efit1 _h convuls$      
,europe4 ,e description ( political     
crime _h be5 fe>fully av5g$ &           
presumption _h be5 *a/is$ by ! un]r+ h& 
( ,provid5ce4 ,at t solemn p]iod1 !     
sov]eigns ( ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,prussia
 conclud$ a treaty by :i* !y b\nd       
!mselves to foll[1 n ! ru9\s policy !y  
_h hi!rto pursu$1 b ! und\bt$ w ( ! ,k+ 
( k+s1 &1 z ! vic]oys ( ,god ^u ! e>?1  
to ma9ta9 peace1 to uphold virtue &     
ju/ice4 ,?is ,holy ,alliance 0 conclud$ 
on ! #bf? ( ,septemb]1 #ahae4 ,all !    
,european p[]s took "p 9 x2 ,engl&1 :o  
excus$ h]self1 ! pope1 & ! sultan1 ^:   
accession 0 n dem&$1 alone except$4  ,! 
new p>tition ( ,europe1 nev]!less1      
reta9$ almo/ all ! unnatural conditions 
introduc$ by ! m anci5t & godless policy
 ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ( ,ca!r9e ,,ii4       
,g]many1 ,pol&1 & ,italy rema9$         
p>tition$ among rul]s p>tly =eign4      
,ev]y:]e 7 c\ntries ex*ang$ or fre%ly   
p>tition$ & r5d]$ subject to =eign rule4
 ,engl& reta9$ possession ( ,hanov]1 :i*

 0 elevat$ into a ,g]man k+dom1 ( !     
,ionian isl&s1 & ( ,malta 9 !           
,m$it]ranean4 ,russia receiv$ ! gr&du*y 
( ,w>saw1 :i* 0 rais$ to a k+dom (      
,pol&1 b 0 n unit$ ) ,li?uania1         
,volhynia1 ,podolia1 & ! ,ukra9e1 !     
anci5t prov9ces ( ,pol& /&+ b5ea? !     
sov]eignty ( ,russia1 & ,f9l&1 = :i*    
,sw$5 receiv$ 9 ex*ange ,norway1 ( :i*  
,d5m>k 0 =cibly dispossess$4 ,holl& 0   
annex$ to ! old ,au/rian ,ne!rl&s &     
elevat$ to a k+dom "u ,william (        
,orange4#a ,switz]l& rema9$ a           
conf$]ation ( tw5ty-two cantons1#b      
ext]nally indep5d5t & neutral1 int]nally
 some:at ari/ocratic 9 t5d5cy1 ! anci5t 
olig>*y ev]y:]e rega9+ _! p[]4 ,!       
,jesuits 7 re9/at$ by ! pope4 ,9 ,spa91 
,portugal1 & ,naples1 ! =m ( gov]nm5t   
prior to ! ,revolution 0 ree/abli%$ by !
 anci5t sov]eigns on _! re/oration to _!
 ?rones4  ,alsace & ,lorra9e1 ,switz]l& 
& ! new k+dom ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 ! prov9ces (
 ,luxemburg except$1 7 no long] reg>d$ z
 =m+ "p ( ,g]many4 ,au/ria receiv$      

,milan & ,v5ice "u ! title ( a          
,lomb>do-,v5etian k+dom1 ! ,illyrian    
prov9ces also z a k+dom1 ,v5etian       
,dalmatia1 ! ,tyrol1#c ,vor>lb]g1       
,salzburg1 ! ,inn1 & ,hausruckvi]tel1 & 
! "p ( ,galicia c$$ by h] at an e>li]   
p]iod4 ,! gr&du*y ( ,tuscany & ! du*ies 
( ,mod5a1 ,p>ma1 & ,plac5tia 71 moreov]1
 re/or$ to ! collat]al bran*es ( ! h\se 
( ,habsburg4#d--,prussia receiv$ half ( 
,saxony1 ! gr&-du*y ( ,pos51            
,sw$i%-,pom]ania1#e a great portion (   
,we/phalia1 & almo/ ! :ole ( ! ,l[]     
,rh9e f ,may5ce z f> z                  
,aix-la-,*apelle4#f ,s9ce ?is p]iod     
,prussia is t "o :i*1 among all ! /ates 
( ,g]many1 possesses ! greate/ numb] (  
,g]man subjects1 ,au/ria1 al?\gh m      
consid]able 9 ext5t1 conta9+ a          
population ( :i* by f> ! great]         
proportion is n ,g]man4 ,bav>ia1 9      
ex*ange = ! prov9ces aga9 c$$ by h] to  
,au/ria1 receiv$ ! prov9ce ( ,wurzburg  
toge!r ) ,as*aff5burg & ! ,upp] ,rh5i%  
,pfalz "u ! title ( ,rh5i%-,bav>ia4     

,hanov] receiv$ ,ea/ ,friesl&1 :i* _h   
hi!rto be5 dep5d5t ^u ,prussia4 ,out (  
?is important prov9ce1 :i* op5$ ! ,nor? 
,sea to ,prussia1 0 ,h>d5b]g cajol$ by !
 wily ,engli%4 ,! electorates ( ,hesse1 
,brunswick1 & ,old5burg 7 re/or$4       
,ev]y?+ else 0 all[$ to subsi/ z at ! "t
 ( ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation4 ,all ! petty   
pr9ces & c\nts1 !n m$iatiz$1 cont9u$ to 
be s4  ,! anci5t empire1 in/ead ( be+   
re-e/abli%$1 01 on ! #h? ( ,june1 #ahae1
 replac$ by a ,g]man conf$]ation1       
compos$ ( ! ?irty-n9e ,g]man /ates t _h 
escap$ ! g5]al ru92 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1  
,bav>ia1 ,saxony1 ,hanov]1 ,wurtemb]g1  
,bad51 electoral ,hesse1 ,d>m/adt1      
,d5m>k on acc\nt ( ,hol/e91#g ! ,ne!rl&s
 on acc\nt ( ,luxemburg1 ,brunswick1    
,meckl5burg-,s*w]91 ,nassau1            
,saxe-,weim>1 ,saxe-,go?a 7:]e ! reign+ 
dyna/y became ext9ct1 & ! du*y 0        
p>tition$ among ! o!r ,saxon h\ses ( !  
,erne/9e l9e71 ,saxe-,coburg1           
,saxe-,me9+51 ,saxe-,hildburghaus51     
,meckl5burg-,/relitz1 ,hol/e9-,old5burg1

 ,anhalt-,dessau1 ,anhalt- ,b]nburg1    
,anhalt-,ko!n1 ,s*w>zburg-,sond]%aus51  
,s*w>zburg- ,rudol/adt1                 
,hoh5zoll]n-,he*+51 ,li*t5/e91          
,hoh5zoll]n- ,sigm>+51 ,waldeck1 ,reuss 
! eld]1 & ,reuss ! y\ng] bran*1#h       
,s*aumburg-,lippe1 ,lippe-,detmold1     
,hesse-,homburg3 f9ally1 ! free t[ns1   
,lubeck1 ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e1 ,brem51 & 
,hamburg4#i ,at ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e a   
p]man5t diet1 consi/+ ( pl5ipot5ti>ies f
 ! ?irty-n9e /ates1 0 to hold its       
session4 ,! votes 71 h[ev]1 s regulat$ t
 ! elev5 /ates ( fir/ rank alone held a 
full vote1 ! second>y /ates m]ely hold+ 
a half or a f\r? "p ( a vote1 z1 =      
in/ance1 all ! ,saxon du*ies            
collectively1 "o vote2 ,brunswick &     
,nassau1 "o2 ! two ,meckl5burgs1 "o2    
,old5burg1 ,anhalt1 & ,s*w>zburg1 "o2 ! 
petty pr9ces ( ,hoh5zoll]n1 ,li*t5/e91  
,reuss1 ,lippe1 & ,waldeck1 "o2 all !   
free t[ns1 "o2 =m+ altoge!r 9 ! diet    
sev5te5 votes4 ,9 con/itutional que/ions
 relat+ to regulations ( ! conf$]ation !

 pl5um 0 to be all[$1 t is1 ! six /ates 
( ! highe/ rank 7 to h ea* f\r votes1 ! 
next five /ates ea* ?ree1 ,brunswick1   
,s*w]91 & ,nassau1 ea* two1 & all !     
rema9+ pr9ces )\t di/9ction1 ea* "o     
vote4#aj--;,au/ria held ! p]man5t       
presid5cy4 ,9 all resolutions relat+ to 
! fundam5tal laws1 ! organic regulations
 ( ! conf$]ation1 ! jura s+ulorum &     
matt]s ( religion1 unanimity 0 requir$4 
,all ! memb]s ( ! conf$]ation b\nd      
!mselves nei!r to ent] into w> nor into 
any =eign alliance aga9/ ! conf$]ation  
or any ( its memb]s4 ,! ?irte5? article 
decl>$1 ,ea* ( ! conf$]at$ /ates w grant
 a con/itution to ! p4 ,! sixte5? plac$ 
all ,*ri/ian sects ?r\gh\t ! ,g]man     
conf$]ation on an equality4 ,! eighte5? 
grant$ fre$om ( settlem5t )9 ! limits ( 
! conf$]ation1 & promis$ uni=mity (     
regulation conc]n+ ! lib]ty ( ! press4  
,! =tresses ( ,luxemburg1 ,may5ce1 &    
,l&au 7 decl>$ ! common prop]ty ( !     
conf$]ation & occupi$ 9 common by _!    
troops4 ,a f\r? =tress 0 to h be5 rais$ 

on ! ,upp] ,rh9e ) tw5ty millions ( !   
,fr5* contribution money4 ,x has n yet  
be5 erect$4  ,?is 0 ! new con/itution   
giv5 to ,g]many4 ,accord+ to ! treaty ( 
,p>is x c\ld n be o!rwise modell$1 & x  
is expla9$ by ! =eign influ5ce t !n     
prevail$4 ,! diet assembl$ at ,frank=t  
on ! ,ma9e1 & 0 op5$ by ,c\nt           
,buol-,s*au5/e9 ) a solemn address1 :i* 
excit$ no en?usiasm4 ,an orator 9 !     
,am]ican assembly at t "t obs]v$1 ,!    
non-developm5t ( ! se$ conta9$ 9 ,g]many
 appe>s to be ! common aim ( a resolute 
policy4  ,all n[ unit$ = ! complete     
suppression ( ! ,g]man patriotic p>ty4  
,9 ! =m] ,rh5i% conf$]at$ /ates1 x _h   
be5 treat$ ) op5 contempt#aa ev] s9ce   
,g5tz _h giv5 ! signal = p]secution 9   
,au/ria4 ,prussia1 h[ev]1 also drove all
 ^? :o _h mo/ fai?fully s]v$ h] 9 h] h\r
 ( ne$ f h] bosom4 ,/e9 0 compell$ to   
)draw to ,kapp5b]g1 8 c\ntry e/ate4     
,grun] 0 remov$ f (fice & s5t z         
ambassador to ,switz]l&1 :]e he di$4 ,! 
,rh5i% ,m]cury1 t _h p]=m$ su* great    

s]vices to ,prussia1 0 prohibit$1 &     
,gorres 0 ?reat5$ ) ! h\se (            
correction4#ab ,all o!r pap]s ( a       
patriotic t5d5cy 7 also suppress$4 ,9   
,j5a1 ,ok5 & ,lud51 9 ,weim>1 ,wiel& !  
y\ng]1 alone v5tur$ = "s "t to give     
utt]ance to _! lib]al op9ions1 :i* 7    
f9ally also r$uc$ to sil5ce4  ,patriotic
 en?usiasm 01 h[ev]1 n s spe$ily        
suppress$ amid ! y\?ful /ud5ts 9 !      
academies & univ]sities4 ,jahn's        
gymna/ic s*ools 7,turns*ul571 ! memb]s (
 :i* 7 di/+ui%$ by ! ,g]man co/ume1 a   
%ort black frock coat1 a black cap1 l95 
tr\s]s1 a b>e neck ) turn$-ov]          
%irt-coll>1 ext5d$ f> & wide & 7 9 close
 connection ) ! ,burs*5s*aft5 ( !       
univ]sities4 ,! prescrib$ object ( ^!   
,turns*ul5 0 ! promotion ( ,*ri/ian1    
moral1 ,g]man mann]s1 ! univ]sal        
frat]nization ( all ,g]man /ud5ts1 !    
complete eradication ( ! prov9cialism & 
lic5se inh]5t 9 ! v>i\s associations =m$
 at ! univ]sities4 ,!y wore ,jahn's     
,g]man co/ume & always act$ publicly1   

until _! suppression1 :5 ! rema9+ memb]s
 =m$ secret associations4 ,on ! #ah? (  
,octob]1 #ahag1 ! /ud5ts ( ,j5a1 ,halle1
 & ,leipzig1 & ^? ( "s ( ! m di/ant     
univ]sities1 assembl$ 9 ord] to         
solemnize ! jubilee on ! ?ree hundr$?   
anniv]s>y ( ! ,re=mation1 on ! ,w>tburg1
 :]e1 9 imitation ( ,lu!r1 !y committ$ a
 numb] ( s]vile works1 inimical to !    
,g]man cause1 to ! flames1 z ,grres at t
 "t said1 fill$ ) ang] t ! same         
re=mation requir$ ( ! *ur* by ,lu!r %\ld
 be sanction$1 b at ! same "t refus$1 by
 ! /ate4 ,! black1 r$1 & yell[ tricolor 
0 hoi/$ = ! fir/ "t on ?is occasion4 ,^!
 7 9 reality ! anci5t colors ( ! empire 
& 7 reg>d$ z su* by ! patriotic /ud5ts1 
b 7 purposely look$ ^u by ! ,fr5* & _!  
adh]5ts 9 ,g]many z an imitation ( !    
tricolor$ flag ( ! ,fr5* republic4 ,!   
fe/ival solemniz$ on ! ,w>tburg 0       
spe$ily succe$$ by o!rs4 ,! ,turn]1 m   
p>ticul>ly at ,b]l9 & ,breslau1 r5d]$   
!mselves conspicu\s n only by _! dress b
 by _! insol5ce1 boys ev5 ( ! t5d]e/    

ye>s putt+ !mselves =w>d z re=m]s ( !   
gov]nm5t & ( society1 & s++ ! mo/       
blood?ir/y songs ( lib]ty4 ,! ,prussian 
gov]nm5t int]f]$1 & ! gymna/ic ex]cises1
 s well suit$ to ! subjects ( a w>like  
/ate1 7 once m prohibit$4  ,at !        
congress ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,/\rdza1 ! 
,russian c\ncillor ( /ate1 a ,walla*ian 
by bir?1 pres5t$ a memorial 9 :i* ! _s (
 ! ,g]man univ]sities 0 describ$ z      
revolution>y4 ,! ,burs*5s*aft ( ,j5a s5t
 him a *all5ge4 ,kotzebue1 ! ,russian   
c\ncillor ( /ate & celebrat$ dramati/1  
at l5g? publi%$ a weekly pap] 9 :i* he  
turn$ e indication ( ,g]man patriotism  
to ridicule1 & ex]cis$ 8 wit ^u !       
individual ecc5tricities ( ! /ud5ts     
affect+ ! old ,g]man co/ume1 ( precoci\s
 boys & dot+ pr(essors4 ,! rage ( !     
gall$ univ]sities rose to a /ill high]  
pit* on ! discov]y1 made & inconte/ably 
prov$ by ,lud51 t ,kotzebue s5t secret  
bullet9s1 fill$ ) invective & suspicion1
 to ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,to execrate        
,kotzebue _h become s habitual at !     

univ]sities t a "y man1 ,s& f ,wunsi$el1
 a !ological /ud5t ( ,j5a1 not$ = piety 
& indu/ry1 took ! fanatical resolution  
to free1 or at lea/ to wipe (f a blot f 
8 c\ntry1 by ! assass9ation ( an enemy  
^: importance he1 9 ! delusion ( hatr$1 
va/ly ov]rat$2 & he accord+ly w5t1 9    
#ahai1 to ,mannheim1 plung$ 8 dagg] into
 ,kotzebue's he>t1 & !n attempt$ 8 own  
life1 b only succe$$ 9 inflict+ a slight
 w\nd4 ,he 0 behead$ 9 ! ensu+ ye>4     
,lon+1 ! apo!c>y1 probably excit$ by    
,s&'s example1 also attempt$ ! life ( ! 
presid5t ( ,nassau1 ,ibell1 :o1 h[ev]1  
seiz$ him1 & he committ$ suicide 9      
prison4 ,^! ev5ts occasion$ a congress  
at ,c>lsbad 9 #ahai1 :i* took ! /ate (  
,g]many into delib]ation1 plac$ ea* ( ! 
univ]sities "u ! sup]vision ( a gov]nm5t
 (fic]1 suppress$ ! ,burs*5s*aft1       
prohibit$ _! colors1 & fix$ a c5tral    
bo>d ( scrut9y at ,may5ce1#ac :i* act$  
on ! presupposition ( ! exi/5ce ( a     
secret & g5]al conspiracy = ! purposes (
 assass9ation & revolution1 & ( ,s&'s   

hav+ act$ n f p]sonal fanaticism &      
religi\s ab]ration1 b z ! ag5t ( "s     
unkn[n sup]iors 9 "s new & my/]i\s      
tribunal4 ,?is inquisition 0 c>ri$ on = 
ye>s & a cr[d ( /ud5ts peopl$ ! prisons2
 conspiracies p]il\s to ! /ate 71 h[ev]1
 n[h]e discov]$1 b simply a great deal (
 ideal en?usiasm4 ,! eld] m5 9 !        
univ]sities1 :o1 ei!r 9 _! capacity z   
tutors or au?ors1 _h f$ ! en?usiasm ( ! 
y\?ful /ud5ts1 7 also remov$ f _!       
situations4 ,jahn 0 arre/$1 ,arndt 0    
susp5d$ at ,bonn & ,fries at ,j5a2      
,gorres1 :o _h p]sev]+ly publi%$ ! mo/  
viol5t pamphlets1 0 compell$ to take    
refuge 9 ,switz]l&1 :i* also (f]$ an    
asylum to ,dewette1 ! ,b]l9 pr(essor (  
!ology1 :o _h be5 depriv$ ( 8 *air on   
acc\nt ( a lett] address$ by him to     
,s&'s "m4 ,ok51 ! great naturali/1 :o   
refus$ to give up ,isis1 a p]iodical    
publication1 also )drew to ,switz]l&4   
,numb]s ( ! y\ng] pr(essors w5t to      
,am]ica4#ad ,! solemnization ( ! ,octob]
 fe/ival 0 also prohibit$1 & ! triumphal

 monum5t on ! field ( ,leipzig 0        
demoli%$4   ,footnote #a3 ,william ,v41 
! expell$ h]$it>y /ad?old]1 di$ 9       
obscurity at ,brunswick 9 #ahjf4 ,8 son1
 ,william1 _h1 9 #ahjb1 receiv$ ,fulda 9
 comp5sation1 b aft]w>d s]v$ ,prussia1  
01 9 #ahjf1 tak5 prison] ) ,mll5dorf at 
,erfurt & aft]w>d set at lib]ty1 s]v$   
aga91 9 #ahji1 "u ,au/ria1 & !n retir$  
to ,engl&1 :5ce he return$ on !         
expulsion ( ! ,fr5* to receive a cr[n1  
:i* he accept$ ) a good deal (          
assurance1 compla9+1 at ! same "t1 ( !  
loss ( 8 =m] possession1 ,fulda1 a      
circum/ance /rongly comm5t$ ^u by ,/e9 9
 8 lett]s to ,gag]n4 ,william1 9 return 
= 8 elevation to a ?rone by ! arms (    
,g]many1 clos$ ! m\?s ( ! ,rh9e aga9/   
h]4  ,footnote #b3 ,zuri*1 ,b]ne1       
,luc]ne1 ,uri1 ,s*wyz1 ,unt]wald51      
,gl>us1 ,zug1 ,freiburg1 ,solo?urn1     
,basel1 ,s*affhaus51 ,app5zell1 ,/4     
,gall1 ! ,grisons1 ,a>gau1 ,con/ance1   
,tess91 ! ,vaud1 ,valais1 ,neu5burg     
7,neuf*atel71 ,g5eva4 ,! n9ete5 cantons 

( #ahje rema9$ 9 /atu quo1 only ^? (    
,valais1 ,neuf*atel1 & ,g5eva 7         
conf$]at$ ) !m1 & ,pruntrut ) ! anci5t  
bi%opric ( ,basel 7 re/or$ to ,b]ne4    
,footnote #c3 ,! de$ ( possession ( !   
#bf? ,june1 #ahad1 runs z foll[s3 ,n by 
an arbitr>y1 despotic encroa*m5t ^u !   
ord] ( ?+s1 b by ! h&s ( ! ,provid5ce t 
bless$ ! arms ( y\r emp]or & ( ! alli$  
pr9ces & by a holy alliance are y re/or$
 to ! h\se ( ,au/ria4  ,footnote #d3    
,tuscany fell to ,f]d9&1 ! =m] gr&duke (
 ,wurzburg2 ,mod5a to ,francis1 son ( ! 
deceas$ duke1 ,f]d9&2 ,p>ms & ,placantia
 to ,m>ia ,l\isa1 ! wife & wid[ (       
,napoleon4  ,footnote #e3 ,n long be=e1 
9 ! treaty ( ,kiel1 !re _h be5 "q (     
be/[+ ,sw$i%-,pom]ania ^u ,d5m>k2 to ?is
 ,prussia refus$ to acc$e & ,d5m>k agre$
 to take #b1fjj1jjj doll>s 9            
comp5sation4 ,prussia 0 also compell$ to
 pay #c1ejj1ejj doll>s to ,sw$54        
,footnote #f3 ,rehfues1 ! director ( !  
circle1 a ,wurtemb]g ,prote/ant1 publi%$
 a circul> at ,bonn1 9 :i* he promis$   

full religi\s security to ! ,ca?olic    
inhabitants1 :om he rem9d$ ( ,prussia's 
hav+ be5 ! la/ support] ( ! ord] (      
,jesus4--,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( #ahad1   
,no4 #bcd4  ,footnote #g3 ,hol/e9 alone1
 n ,s*leswig1 0 enum]at$ z belong+ to ! 
,g]man conf$]ation1 al?\gh bo? du*ies 7 
long ago closely unit$ by ! nexus       
socialis1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! repres5tation
 at ! diet4  ,footnote #h3 ,! ,reusses1 
=m]ly imp]ial gov]nors ( ,plau51 div]g$ 
into s _m bran*es t1 z e>ly z #affd1 !y 
agre$ to di/+ui% !mselves by numb]s1 :i*
 at fir/ am\nt$ to ?irty1 b at a lat]   
p]iod to a hundr$1 aft]w>d recomm5c+ at 
numb] "o4 ,! family took ! "n ( ,reuss f
 ! ,russian wife ( its f\nd]1 9 ! beg9n+
 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4  ,footnote #i3     
,hamburg _h va9ly petition$ = !         
re/itution ( h] bank1 ( :i* %e _h be5   
depriv$ by ,dav\/4 ,%e receiv$ m]ely a  
small portion ( ! g5]al w> tax levi$ ^u 
,france4  ,footnote #aj3 ,au/ria &      
,prussia conta9 =ty-two million         
inhabitants2 ! re/ ( ,g]many m]ely      

twelve million2 ! p[] ( ! two =m] /&s   
consequ5tly 9 proportion to t ( ! re/ ( 
,g]many z =ty-two to twelve or sev5 to  
two1 :ile _! votes 9 ! diet /ood n      
contr>iwise1 z two to sev51 b z two to  
sev5te5 9 ! pl5>y assembly1 & z two to  
fifte5 9 ! less] "o4  ,footnote #aa3    
,aret91 :o1 at ! "t ( ! ,rh5i%          
conf$]ation1 insol5tly mock$ & _h d5\nc$
 e indication ( ,g]man patriotism1      
v5tur$ to say 9 8 ,alemannia1 9 ! beg9n+
 ( #ahag1 ',! patriotic colors1' '!     
voice ( ! p1' 'nationality1' '!         
extirpation ( =eign influ5ce1' are words
 n[ =gott51 magic s\nds t h lo/ _! p[]4 
,footnote #ab3 ,by ,sack1 ! gov]nm5t    
commiss>y1 :o ev5 confiscat$ ! ,rh5i%   
,m]cury1 an e>li] & unprohibit$ pap]1 & 
arre/$ ! pr9t]1 aga9/ :i* ,grres        
viol5tly prote/$ 9 a lett] address$ to  
,sack4 ,grres made a triumphant def5ce  
be=e ! tribunal at ,treves1 & obs]v$1   
,/range t ! mo/ viol5t enemy to ,france 
%\ld seek ! protection ( ,fr5* c\rts6   
,footnote #ac3 ,! names ( ^! inquisitors

 7 ,s*w>z1 ,grano1 ,hrmann1 ,b>1 ,pfi/]1
 ,preuss*51 ,m\ssel4  ,footnote #ad3    
,*>les ,foll51 bro!r to ! poet ,l\is    
,adolphus ,foll51 private tea*] ( law at
 ,j5a1 a "y man ( great _s & tal5t1 :o  
at t p]iod ex]cis$ great influ5ce ov] ! 
y\? ( ,g]many1 0 wreck$1 9 #ahdj1 9 a   
/eam] 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & dr[n$4          
,,cclxv4 ,! ,new ,con/itutions   ,g]many
 _h1 not)/&+ h] triumph1 rega9$ nei!r h]
 anci5t unity nor h] =m] p[]1 b /ill    
cont9u$ to be m]ely a conf$]ation (     
/ates1 b\nd toge!r by no firm tie &     
reg>d$ ) contempt by _! m p[]ful        
neighbors4 ,! ,g]man conf$]ation did n  
ev5 include ! :ole ( ! prov9ces ^:      
population 0 di/+ui%$ z ,g]man by ! use 
( ! ,g]man language4 ,sev]al ( !        
prov9ces ( ,g]many 7 /ill b5ea? a =eign 
sceptre2 ,switz]l& & ! ,ne!rl&s _h      
decl>$ !mselves di/9ct f ! re/ (        
,g]many1 :i*1 hi!rto submissive to      
,france1 0 9 dang] ( fall+ b5ea? !      
influ5ce ( ,russia1 :o ceaselessly s\ght
 to entangle h] by diplomatic wiles4    

,!re 7 /ill1 h[ev]1 m5 exi/+ 9 ,g]many  
:o hop$ to comp5sate ! loss ( ! ext]nal 
p[] ( _! c\ntry by ! int]nal fre$om t _h
 be5 s lavi%ly promis$ to ! p on ! g5]al
 summons to ! field4 ,! proclamation (  
,calis* & ! ,g]man f$]ative act gu>ante$
 ! grant ( con/itutions4 ,! =m] ,rh5i%  
conf$]at$ pr9ces1 nev]!less1 alone f\nd 
x to _! int]e/ to c>ry ?is promise into 
effect1 &1 9 a mann]1 =m$ a second      
alliance ) ,france by _! imitation ( !  
newly introduc$ ,fr5* code & by !       
e/abli%m5t1 9 _! own t]ritories1 ( two  
*amb]s1 "o ( pe]s1 ! o!r ( deputies1    
simil> to ^? ( ,france2 measures by :i*1
 at t p]iod ( popul> excitem5t1 !y also 
rega9$ ! popul>ity des]v$ly lo/ by !m at
 an e>li] p]iod ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( ,g]many1
 ! m s1 ! less ! incl9ation manife/$ by 
,au/ria & ,prussia to grant ! promis$   
con/itutions4 ,enslav$ ,illum9atism     
*>act]izes ?is new zeal 9 favor (       
int]nal lib]ty & con/itutional          
gov]nm5ts1 to d5ote :i* ! novel t]m (   
,lib]alism 0 borr[$ f ,france4 ,lib]ty 0

 ev] on ! tongues--( ! mo/ devot$       
s]vants ( ! /ate4 ,! anci5t *ur* & !    
nobility 7 attack$ ) incr$ible mettle--9
 ord] to suit ! purposes ( m9i/]ial     
caprice4 ,prussia & ,au/ria 7 l\dly     
blam$ = n keep+ pace ) ! times--) !     
int5t ( favorably contra/+ ! anci5t     
policy ( ! ,rh5i% conf$]ation4 ,none1 at
 t p]iod1 surpass$ ! m9i/]s belong+ to !
 old s*ool ( ,illum9atism & ,napoleonism
 9 lib]alism1 b no soon] did ! deputies 
( ! p attempt to realize _! lib]al ideas
 ?an !y />t$ back 9 dismay4  ,! fir/    
example ( ?is k9d 0 giv5 by ,fr$]ick    
,augu/us1 duke ( ,nassau1 z e>ly z !    
,septemb] ( #ahad4 ,ibell1 ! presid5t1  
:o reign$ ) unlimit$ p[] ov] ,nassau1   
drew up a con/itution :i* has be5 t]m$ a
 model ( despotism "u a con/itutional   
=m4 ,! :ole ( ! prop]ty ( ! /ate /ill   
cont9u+ to be ! private prop]ty ( !     
duke1 & 8 "r arbitr>ily to increase !   
numb] ( memb]s belong+ to ! fir/ *amb]1 
& by _! votes to annul e resolution     
pass$ by ! second *amb]1 r5d]$ ! :ole   

con/itution illusory4 ,trombetta1 "o ( !
 deputies1 volunt>ily r5\nc$ 8 seat1 an 
example t 0 foll[$ by sev]al o!rs4--,!  
second con/itution grant$ 0 t be/[$ ^u !
 ,ne!rl&s 9 #ahae1 by ,k+ ,william1 :o  
e/abli%$ su* an unequal repres5tation 9 
! *amb]s betwe5 ! ,belgians & ,dut* z to
 create great dissatisfaction among !   
=m]1 :o1 9 rev5ge1 aga9 affect$ ! ,fr5* 
p>ty4 ,?is 0 succe$$1 9 #ahaf1 by !     
petty con/itutions ( ,waldeck1 ,weim>1 &
 ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e4-- ,maximilian1 k+ 
( ,bav>ia1 seem$1 9 #ahag1 to ann\nce   
ano!r sy/em by ! dismissal ( 8 m9i/]1   
,montgelas1 &1 9 #ahah1 be/[$ a new     
con/itution ^u ,bav>ia2 b ! old abuses 9
 ! adm9i/ration rema9$ un]adicat$2 a    
civil & milit>y /ate unproportion$ to ! 
rev5ue1 ! petty despotism ( gov]nm5t    
(fic]s & heavy impo/s1 /ill weigh$ ^u ! 
p1 & ! con/itution itself 0 quickly     
prov$ illusory1 ! veto ( ! fir/ *amb]   
annull+ ! fir/ resolution pass$ by !    
second *amb]4 ,pr(essor ,behr (         
,wurzburg1 ^u ?is1 en]getically prote/$ 

aga9/ ! fir/ *amb]1 &1 on ! refusal ( ! 
second *amb] to vote = ! ma9t5ance ( !  
army on s high a foot+1 unless ! soldi]y
 7 oblig$ to take ! oa? on !            
con/itution1 x 0 spe$ily dissolv$4--,9  
,bad51 ! ,gr&duke ,*>les expir$1 9      
#ahah1 aft] hav+ caus$ a con/itution to 
be drawn up1 :i* ,l\is1 8 uncle &       
successor1 c>ri$ into effect4 ,l\is     
hav+1 h[ev]1 previ\sly1 & )\t ! cons5t (
 ! p1 ent]$ into a /ipulation ) !       
nobility1 to :om he _h grant$ an edict  
extremely favorable to _! int]e/s1      
,w9t]1 ! ,heidelb]g booksell]1 a memb] (
 ! second *amb]1 dem&$ its abrogation4  
,! answ] 01 ! dissolution ( ! *amb]1    
p]sonal inquisition & intimidation1 & ! 
publication ( an extremely sev]e edict (
 c5sure1 aga9/ :i*1 9 #ahbj1 ,pr(essor  
von ,rotteck ( ,freiburg1 support$ by ! 
poet ,hebel & by ! ,freih]r von         
,wess5b]g1 adm9i/rator ( ! bi%opric (   
,con/ance1 prote/$1 b 9 va94--,at ! same
 "t1 t is1 9 #ahah1 ,hildburghaus51 &   
ev5 ! petty pr9cipality ( ,li*t5/e91 :i*

 m]ely conta9s two squ>e miles & a      
population am\nt+ to five ?\s& s\ls1    
also receiv$ a con/itution1 :i* n a     
little contribut$ to turn ! :ole affair 
into ridicule4--,to ^! succe$$1 9 #ahai1
 ! con/itutions ( ,hanov] &             
,lippe-,detmold1 ! =m] z ari/ocratic z  
possible1 completely 9 ! _s ( old5      
times1 solely dictat$ & c>ri$ into      
effect by ! nobility & gov]nm5t (fic]s4 
,! sitt+s ( ! *amb]s1 consequ5tly1      
cont9u$ to be held 9 secret4--,! dukes (
 ,meckl5burg aboli%$ feudal s]vitude1   
:i* exi/$ 9 no o!r "p ( ,g]many1 9      
#ahbj4--;,9 ,d>m/adt1 ! con/itution 0   
grant$ by ! good-natur$1 v5]able        
,gr&duke ,l\is 7^: att5tion 0 *iefly    
devot$ to ! op]a71 aft] ! impati5t      
advocates1 :o _h collect$ subscriptions 
9 ! ,od5wald to petitions pray+ = !     
spe$y be/[al ( ! promis$ con/itution1 _h
 be5 arre/$1 & an insurrection t        
consequ5tly ensu$ among ! peasantry _h  
be5 quell$ by =ce4--,petty con/itutions 
71 moreov]1 grant$1 9 #ahba1 to ,coburg1

 &1 9 #ahbi1 to ,me9+54 ,!              
,go?a-,alt5burg bran* ( ! ducal h\se (  
,saxony became ext9ct 9 #ahbe 9 ! p]son 
( ,fr$]ick1 ! la/ duke1 ! bro!r ( ,duke 
,augu/us ,emilius1 a great patron ( !   
arts & sci5ces1 deceas$ #ahbb4 ,go?a1   
consequ5tly1 laps$ to ,coburg1 ,alt5burg
 to ,hildburghaus51 & ,hildburghaus5 to 
,me9+54  ,9 ,wurtemb]g1 !               
dissatisfaction produc$ by ! anci5t     
despotism ( ! gov]nm5t 0 also to be     
spe$ily appeas$ by ! grant ( a          
con/itutional *>t]4 ,! k+1 ,fr$]ick1    
convok$ ! ,e/ates1 to :om he1 on ! #ae? 
( ,m>*1 #ahae1 solemnly deliv]$ ! newly 
enact$ con/itution4 ,b "h1 z else:]e1 0 
! gov]nm5t incl9$ to grant a m]e        
illusory boon4 ,! ,e/ates reject$ !     
con/itution1 )\t ref]5ce to its cont5ts1
 simply ow+ to ! =mal reason ( its be+  
be/[$ by ! pr9ce & be+ consequ5tly b9d+ 
on "o side alone1 in/ead ( be+ a        
/ipulation betwe5 ! pr9ce & ! p1 &      
moreov] because ! anci5t con/itution (  
,wurtemb]g1 :i* _h be5 abrogat$ by =ce &

 9 direct opposition to ! w ( ! ,e/ates1
 0 /ill 9 legal =ce4 ,! old ,wurtemb]g  
p>ty alone c\ld naturally take _! foot+ 
^u _! anci5t rights1 b ! new ,wurtemb]g 
p>ty1 ! m$iatiz$ pr9ces ( ! empire1 !   
c\nts & b>ons ( ! empire1 & ! imp]ial   
free t[ns1 nay1 ev5 ! ,agnati ( ! reign+
 h\se1#a all ( :om _h suff]$ m or less  
"u ,napoleon's iron rule1 rang$ !mselves
 on _! side4 ,! deputy1 ,zahn ( ,calw1  
drew a ma/]ly picture ( ! /ate ( affairs
 at t p]iod1 9 :i* he pitilessly        
disclos$ e reign+ abuse4 ,! k+1 ?us     
vigor\sly & unanim\sly oppos$1 0        
con/ra9$ to yield1 & ! mo/ prolix       
negotiations1 9 :i* ! citiz5 deputies1  
head$ by ! advocate1 ,weis%a>1 7        
support$ by ! nobility aga9/ ! gov]nm5t1
 comm5c$4  ,! affair 01 x may be        
design$ly1 dragg$ on ad inf9itum until !
 dea? ( ! k+ 9 #ahaf1 :5 8 son &        
successor1 ,william1 :o _h ga9$ a high  
reputation z a milit>y comm&] & _h r5d]$
 himself extremely popul>1 zeal\sly     
began ! "w ( conciliation4 ,he n only   

in/antly aboli%$ ! abuses ( ! =m]       
gov]nm5t1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! game law1#b 
b1 9 #ahag1 deliv]$ a new con/itution to
 ! ,e/ates4 ,article #ccg 0 some:at     
artfully drawn up1 b 9 e po9t !         
con/itution 0 z lib]al z a con/itutional
 *>t] c\ld possibly be4 ,b ! ,e/ates    
refus$ to accept ( lib]ty z a boon1 &   
reject$ ?is con/itution on ! same =mal  
gr\nds ^u :i* !y _h reject$ ! prec$+ "o4
 ,! ,e/ates 7 aga9 upheld by a grateful 
public1 & ! few deputies1 m p>ticul>ly  
,cotta & ,gries+]1 :o _h def5d$ ! new   
con/itution on acc\nt ( its lib]ality & 
:o reg>d$ =m z immat]ial1 became !      
objects ( public animadv]sion4 ,!       
populace broke ! w9d[s ( ! h\se inhabit$
 by ! lib]al-m9d$ m9i/]1 von ,wang5heim4
 ,! poet ,uhl& greatly di/+ui%$ himself 
z a w>m uphold] ( ! anci5t rights ( !   
p4#c ,! k+ in/antly dissolv$ ! ,e/ates1 
b at ! same "t decl>$ 8 int5tion to     
gu>antee to ! p1 )\t a con/itution1 !   
rights he _h int5d$ con/itutionally to  
conf] ^u !m2 to e/abli% an equal sy/em (

 taxation1 & to eradicate bureaucracy1 t
 curse ^u ! c\ntry4 ,! good-w display$  
on bo? sides l$ to fre% negotiations1 & 
a ?ird con/itution 0 at l5g? drawn up by
 a committee1 compos$ p>tly ( memb]s ( !
 gov]nm5t1 p>tly ( memb]s belong+ to !  
,e/ates1 &1 9 #ahai1 0 tak5 into        
delib]ation & pass$ by ! reassembl$     
,e/ates4 ,?is con/itution1 nev]!less1   
fell f> bel[ ! m>k to :i* x _h be5 rais$
 by public expectation1 p>tly on acc\nt 
( ! ret5tion1 ow+ to anci5t prejudice1 (
 ! p]man5t committee & its olig>*ical   
influ5ce1 p>ty on acc\nt ( ! too great &
 p]man5t concessions made to ! nobility 
9 return = _! mom5t>y aid1#d p>tly on   
acc\nt ( ! extreme ha/e t m>k$ !        
conclud+ delib]ations ( ! ,e/ates1      
occasion$ by _! p>tly unf\nd$ dread (   
int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! congress !n       
assembl$ at ,c>lsbad4  ,9 ,wurtemb]g1   
h[ev]1 z else:]e1 ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t 
0 deeply imbu$ ) ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( !
 "t4 ,not)/&+ ! con/itution1 not)/&+ !  
gu>antee giv5 by ! f$]ative act1 lib]ty 

( ! press did n exi/4 ,li/1 ! deputy f  
,reutl+51 01 = hav+ v5tur$ to collect   
subscriptions to petitions1 br\ght be=e 
! crim9al c\rt1 expell$ ! *amb] by 8    
intimidat$ bro!r deputies1 took refuge 9
 ,switz]l&1 :5ce he return$ to be       
imprison$ = "s "t 9 ! =tress ( ,asb]g1 &
 0 f9ally p]mitt$ to emigrate to ,nor?  
,am]ica1 :5ce he return$ at a lat]      
p]iod1 #ahbe1 9 ! capacity ( consul4    
,lies*+1 ! editor ( ! ,g]man ,gu>dian1  
^: lib]ty ( spee* 0 sil5c$ by comm& ( ! 
,g]man conf$]ation1 also became an      
inmate ( ! =tress ( ,asb]g4  ,9 ,hesse &
 ,brunswick1 all ! old abuses practic$ 9
 ! petty c\rts 9 ! eighte5? c5tury 7    
reviv$4 ,william ( ,hesse-,cassel       
return$1 on ! fall ( ,napoleon1 to 8    
doma9s4 ,true to 8 :imsical say+1 ,i h  
slept dur+ ! la/ sev5 ye>s1 he insi/$ ^u
 replac+ ev]y?+ 9 ,hesse exactly on its 
=m] foot+4 ,9 "o p>ticul> alone 0 8     
vanity inconsi/5t3 not)/&+ 8 hatr$ t[>d 
,napoleon1 he reta9$ ! title ( ,pr9ce   
,elector1 be/[$ ^u him by ,napoleon's   

favor1 al?\gh x _h lo/ all significance1
 !re be+ no long] any emp]or to elect4#e
 ,he turn$ ! h& ( "t back sev5 ye>s1    
degrad$ ! c\ncillors rais$ to t dignity 
by ,j]ome to _! =m] /ation z cl]ks1     
capta9s to lieut5ants1 etc41 all1 9     
fact1 to ! /ation !y _h =m]ly occupi$1  
ev5 re9troduc$ into ! army ! fa%ion (   
we>+ p[d] & queues1 prohibit$ all ^? n  
be>+ an (ficial title to be address$ z  
,h]r1 & re-e/abli%$ ! socage dues       
aboli%$ by ,j]ome4 ,?is atta*m5t to old 
abuses 0 associat$ ) ! mo/ insatiable   
av>ice4 ,he r$uc$ ! gov]nm5t bonds to   
"o-?ird1 retook possession ( ! l&s sold 
dur+ ,j]ome's reign1 )\t grant+ any     
comp5sation to ! hold]s1 compell$ !     
c\ntry to pay 8 son's debts to ! am\nt (
 two hundr$ ?\s& rix-doll>s1 l[]$ !     
am\nt ( pay to su* a degree t a         
lieut5ant receiv$ b five rix-doll>s p]  
m5sem1 & (f]$ to sell a new con/itution 
to ! ,e/ates at ! l[ price ( f\r million
 rix-doll>s1 :i* he aft]w>d l[]$ to two 
millions & a tax = t5 ye>s ^u liquors4  

,?is %ameful b>ga9 be+ reject$ by !     
,e/ates1 ! con/itution fell to ! gr\nd1 
& ! pr9ce elector practic$ ! mo/        
unlimit$ despotism4 ,discont5t 0 /ifl$  
by imprisonm5t4 ,two (fic]s1 ,hu? &     
,rotsmann1 :o _h got up a petition 9    
favor ( _! class1 & ! ,h]r von ,gohr1 :o
 by *ance gave a private fete :ile !    
pr9ce 0 suff]+ f a sudd5 attack (       
illness1 7 among ! victims4 ,! pur*as]s 
( ! cr[n l&s va9ly appeal$ to ! f$]ative
 assembly = r$ress1 = ! pr9ce elector   
refus$ ! m$iation ( ! f$]ative assembly 
until x _h be5 au?oriz$ by an organic   
law drawn up ) ! co-op]ation ( ! pr9ce  
elector himself4--,?is pr9ce expir$ 9   
#ahba1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,william   
,,ii41 :o aboli%$ ! use ( hair-p[d] &   
queues1 b none ( ! exi/+ abuses1 &      
demon/rat$ no incl9ation to grant a     
con/itution4 ,he 01 moreov]1 ! slave ( 8
 mi/ress1 ,c\ntess ,rei*5ba*1 & on ill  
t]ms ) 8 consort1 a si/] ( ! k+ (       
,prussia1 & ) 8 son4 ,anonym\s & ?reat5+
 lett]s be+ address$ to ?is pr9ce ) a   

view ( induc+ him to favor ! designs ( !
 writ]1 he _h rec\rse to ! sev]e/       
measures = ! discov]y ( ! guilty p>ty2  
numb]s ( p]sons 7 arre/$1 & travell]s   
in/9ctively avoid$ ,cassel4 ,x 0 at l5g?
 discov]$ t ,mang]1 ! head ( ! police1 a
 c\rt favorite1 0 ! au?or ( ! lett]s4   
,simil> abuses 7 reviv$ by ! h\se (     
,brunswick4 ,x is unhappily impossible  
to leave unm5tion$ ! conduct ( ,c>ol9e1 
pr9cess ( ,brunswick1 consort to !      
,pr9ce ( ,wales1 aft]w>d ,george ,,iv41 
k+ ( ,engl&4 ,al?\gh ?is ,g]man pr9cess 
_h ! good =tune to be protect$ by ! ,:ig
 p>ty & by ! p aga9/ ! k+ & ! ,tory     
m9i/ry1 %e prov$ a disgrace to h]       
support]s by ! sc&al\s famili>ity 9 :i* 
%e liv$ 9 ,italy ) h] *amb]la91 !       
,italian1 ,p]gami4 ,! sympa?y ) :i* %e 0
 treat$ at ! "t ( ! congress 0 design$ly
 exagg]at$ by ! ,:igs = ! purpose ( giv+
 ! greate/ possible publicity to !      
errors ( ! mon>*4 ,c>ol9e ( ,brunswick 0
 decl>$ innoc5t & expir$ %ortly aft] h] 
trial1 9 #ahba4  ,*>les1 ! h]$it>y duke 

( ,brunswick1 son to ! duke :o _h s     
gallantly fall5 at ,quatrebras1 0 "u !  
gu>dian%ip ( ! k+ ( ,engl&4 ,a          
con/itution 0 be/[$ 9 #ahbj ^u ?is petty
 t]ritory1 :i* 0 gov]n$ by ! m9i/]1 ,von
 ,s*midt-,phiseldek4 ,! y\?ful duke took
 ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 9 8 n9ete5? ye>4 ,( a
 ra% & viol5t disposition & misl$ by    
evil associates1 he imag9$ t he _h be5  
too long re/rict$ f assum+ ! gov]nm5t1  
accus$ 8 well-des]v+ m9i/] ( hav+       
attempt$ to prolong 8 m9ority1 po/$     
h&bills = 8 appreh5sion z a common      
del9qu5t1 d5i$ all 8 good (fices1 &     
subv]t$ ! con/itution4 ,he 0 surr\nd$ by
 base intrigu]s 9 ! p]son ( ,bosse1 !   
c\ncillor ( /ate1 =m]ly ! s]vile tool ( 
,napoleon's despotism1 ( ,frike1 !      
,aulic c\ncillor1 ^: pliant quill 0     
equal to any task :5 inju/ice _h to be  
gloss$ ov]1 ( ! adv5tur]1 ,kl9dwor?1 & (
 ,bitt]1 ! head ( ! *anc]y1 :o conduct$ 
! f9ancial speculations4 ,frike1 9      
contempt ( ju/ice1 tore up ! judgm5t    
pass$ by ! c\rt ( ju/ice 9 favor ( !    

v5]able ,h]r von ,si]/orff1 :om he _h   
accus$ ( high treason4 ,h]r von ,cramm1 
by :om ,frike 01 9 ! "n ( ! ,e/ates1    
accus$ ( ?is misdemeanor be=e ! f$]ative
 assembly1 0 bani%$1 a surgeon1 :o      
att5d$ him1 0 put ^u 8 def5ce1 & an     
acc\*eur1 nam$ ,grimm1 :o _h basely     
refus$ to att5d ^u ,cramm's wife1 0     
pres5t$ ) a hundr$ doll>s4 ,hb]l91 !    
noveli/1 :o _h be5 ju/ly condemn$ to    
tw5ty ye>s' imprisonm5t ) h>d labor = 8 
civil misdemeanors1 01 on ! o!r h&1     
lib]at$ = publi%+ some?+ 9 ! duke's     
favor4 ,bitt] conduct$ himself ) ! mo/  
op5 pr(ligacy1 sold all ! demesnes1     
appropriat$ ! sum de/9$ = ! r$emption ( 
! public debt1 & at ! same "t levi$ !   
heavy impo/s ) unrel5t+ sev]ity4 ,!     
f$]ative assembly pass$ judgm5t aga9/ ! 
duke solely 9 ref]5ce to 8 attacks ^u ! 
k+ ( ,engl&4   ,footnote #a3 ,! k+      
bitt]ly reproa*$ 8 bro!r ,h5ry1 to :om  
he said1 ,y h accus$ me to my           
peasantry4--,pfi/] ,hi/ory ( !          
,con/itution ( ,wrtemb]g4  ,footnote #b3

 ,pfi/] m5tions 9 8 ,hi/ory ( !         
,con/itution ( ,wurtemb]g t m]ely 9 !   
sup]ior bailiwick ( ,heid5heim ! game   
duties am\nt$1 9 #ahad1 to tw5ty ?\s&   
flor9s1 & five ?\s& two hundr$ &        
n9ety-?ree acres ( tax$ gr\nd lay       
uncultivat$ on acc\nt ( ! damage done by
 ! game1 & t 9 ,m>*1 #ahae1 "o bailiwick
 0 oblig$ to furni% tw5ty-"o ?\s& five  
hundr$ & eighty-f\r m5 & ?ree ?\s& two  
hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 horses = a s+le     
hunt4  ,footnote #c3 ,colonel von       
,mass5ba*1 ( ! ,prussian s]vice1 :o has 
s mis]ably describ$ ! battle ( ,j5a & ! 
surr5d] ( ,pr5tzl[ 9 :i* he act$ s      
mis]able a "p1 & :o _h 9 8 native       
,wrtemb]g embrac$ ! ari/ocratic p>ty1 0 
deliv]$ by ! free t[n ( ,frank=t1 )9 ^: 
walls he resid$1 up to ! ,prussian      
gov]nm5t1 :i* he ?reat5$ to compromise  
by ! publication ( "s lett]s4 ,he di$ )9
 ! =tress ( ,c/r94  ,footnote #d3 ,!    
m$iatiz$ pr9ces & c\nts ( ! empire sat 9
 ! fir/ *amb]1 ! b>ons ( ! empire 9 !   
second4 ,! prelates1 once s p[]ful1 lo/1

 on ! o!r h&1 toge!r ) ! *ur* prop]ty1 9
 ! possession ( :i* !y 7 n re9/at$1 also
 mo/ ( _! influ5ce4 ,in/ead ( ! f\rte5  
ari/ocratic & indep5d5t prelates1 six   
only 7 appo9t$ by ! mon>* to seats 9 !  
second *amb]4 ,gov]nm5t (fic]s 7 also   
eligible 9 ?is *amb]1 :i* ere long fell 
entirely "u _! influ5ce4  ,footnote #e3 
,he endeavor$1 b 9 va91 to p]suade !    
alli$ p[]s to be/[ ^u him ! royal       
dignity4    ,,cclxvi4 ,! ,european      
,congress--,! ,g]man ,cu/oms' ,union    
,! great political drama enact+ 9       
,europe excit$ at ?is "t ! deepe/       
att5tion ?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,9 almo/ e    
c\ntry a /ruggle comm5c$ betwe5         
lib]alism & ! measures introduc$ on !   
fall ( ,napoleon4 ,9 ,france m          
p>ticul>ly x sy/ematically & gradually  
und]m9$ ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,b\rbons1 & ! cry
 ( lib]ty t res\nd$ ?r\gh\t ,france once
 m f\nd an e*o 9 ,g]many4  ,! t]rible w>
 0 =gott54 ,! ,fr5* aga9 became !       
objects ( ! admiration & sympa?y ( !    
radical p>ty 9 ,g]many1 & ! _s (        

opposition1 "h & !re demon/rat$ 9 !     
,g]man *amb]s1 gave rise1 not)/&+ its   
impot5ce1 to precaution>y measures on ! 
"p ( ! f$]ative gov]nm5ts4 ,9 ! w9t] (  
#ahai1 a ,g]man f$]ative congress1 ( :i*
 ,pr9ce ,mett]ni* 0 ! gr& motor1        
assembl$ at ,vi5na = ! purpose1 aft] !  
utt] annihilation ( ! patriots1 ( f9ally
 *eck+ ! future movem5ts ( ! lib]als1   
pr9cipally 9 ! prov9cial diets4 ,!      
,vi5nese ,act ( #ahbj conta9s clos]     
def9itions ( ! ,f$]ative ,act1 ( :i* ! m
 ess5tial object 0 ! exclusion ( ! v>i\s
 prov9cial diets f all positive         
int]f]5ce 9 ! g5]al affairs ( ,g]many1 &
 ! increase ( ! p[] ( ! diff]5t pr9ces  
vis--vis to _! prov9cial diets by a     
gu>antee ( aid on ! "p ( ! conf$]ates4  
,dur+ ! sitt+ ( ?is congress1 on ,new   
,ye>'s ,day1 #ahbj1 ! lib]al p>ty 9     
,spa9 revolt$ aga9/ _! ungrateful       
sov]eign1 ,f]d9& ,,vii41 :o ex]cis$ !   
mo/ fe>ful tyranny ov] ! nation t _h s  
unhesitat+ly %$ its blood 9 def5ce ( 8  
?rone4 ,?is example 0 %ortly aft]w>d    

foll[$ by ! ,neapolitans1 :o 7 also     
dissatisfi$ ) ! conduct ( _! sov]eign4  
,pr9ce ,mett]ni* in/antly br\ght ab\t a 
congress at ,troppau4 ,! cz>1 ,alex&]1  
:o _h views ^u ! ,ea/ & 0 no /rang] to !
 het]>*ical p>ty :i*1 "u ! guidance (   
,pr9ce ,ypsilanti1 prep>$ a revolution 9
 ,greece 7:i* actually broke out7 aga9/ 
! ,turks1 0 at fir/ unwill+ to give 8   
ass5t unconditionally to ! int]f]5ce (  
,au/ria1 b on be+1 9 #ahba1 to 8 great  
surprise1 in=m$ by ,pr9ce ,mett]ni* ( ! 
exi/5ce ( a revolution>y _s 9 "o ( !    
regim5ts ( ! ,russian gu>d1 freely      
ass5t$ to all ! measures propos$ by t   
m9i/]4#a ,! new congress held at        
,laiba*1 9 #ahba1 0 foll[$ by ! entrance
 ( ! ,au/rians "u ,frimont into ,italy4 
,! c[>dly ,neapolitans fl$ )\t fir+ a   
%ot1 & ! ,pi$montese1 :o unexpect$ly    
revolt$ to ,frimont's re>1 71 aft] a    
%ort enc\nt] ) ! ,au/rians "u ,bubna at 
,nov>a1 defeat$ & r$uc$ to submission4  
,! ,greeks1 :om ,russia n[ no long]     
v5tur$ op5ly to uphold1 _h1 9 !         

meantime1 also ris5 9 op5 insurrection4 
,! affairs ( ,spa9 7 /ill 9 an unsettl$ 
/ate4 ,! new congress held at ,v]ona1 9 
#ahbb1 h[ev]1 decid$ ! fate ( bo? ^!    
c\ntries4 ,pr9ce ,h>d5b]g1 ! ,prussian  
m9i/]1 expir$ at ,g5oa on 8 return home1
 & ,"l ,ca/l]eagh1 ! ,engli% ambassador1
 cut 8 ?roat ) 8 p5knife1 9 a fit (     
fr5zy1 suppos$ to h be5 induc$ by ! s5se
 ( 8 heavy responsibility4 ,at ?is      
congress ! pr9ciple ( legitimacy 0      
ma9ta9$ ) su* /rictness t ev5 ! revolt (
 ! ,greeks aga9/ ! long & cruel tyranny 
( ! ,turks 01 not)/&+ ! ,*ri/ian _s ( ! 
,holy ,alliance & ! political advantage 
secur$ to ,russia & ,au/ria by !        
subv]sion ( ! ,turki% empire1 treat$ z  
rebellion aga9/ ! legitimate au?ority ( 
! ,porte & /rongly disc\rag$4 ,a ,fr5*  
army 01 on ! same gr\nds1 despat*$ ) !  
cons5t ( ! ,b\rbon into ,spa91 & ,f]d9& 
0 re9/at$ 9 8 legitimate tyranny 9      
#ahbc4 ,russia1 9 a note address$ to !  
:ole ( ! conf$]at$ /ates ( ,g]many1     
dem&$ at ! same "t a decl>ation on _!   

p>ts to ! effect t ! late proce$+s ( !  
great ,european p[]s at ,v]ona 7 9      
accordance ) ! well-und]/ood int]e/s ( !
 p4 ,e memb] ( ! f$]ative assembly at   
,frank=t gave 8 ass5t1 ) ! exception ( !
 ,freih]r von ,wang5heim1 ! envoy f     
,wurtemb]g1 :o decl>+ t 8 in/ructions   
did n w>rant 8 vot+ ^u ! "q1 !          
ambassadors f ! two ,hesses made a      
simil> decl>ation4 ,?is occasion$ !     
dismissal ( ! ,freih]r von ,wang5heim2 &
 ! illegal publication ( a ,wurtemb]g   
despat*1 9 :i* ! non-p>ticipation ( !   
,g]man conf$]ation 9 ! resolutions pass$
 by ! congresses1 to :i* _! ass5t 0     
aft]w>d dem&$1 0 treat$ (1 occasion$ a  
second dismissal1 t ( ,c\nt ,w9z+]ode1 !
 ,wurtemb]g m9i/]4 ,9 ! ,july ( #ahbd1 !
 f$]al diet resolv$ to give its support 
to ! mon>*ical pr9ciple 9 !             
con/itutional /ates1 & to ma9ta9 !      
,c>lsbad resolutions ref]r+ to c5sor%ip 
& to ! univ]sities4 ,! ,may5ce committee
 rema9$ sitt+ until #ahbh4  ,on ! sudd5 
decease ( ,alex&]1 ! cz> ( all !        

,russias1 amid ! s\!rn /eppes1 a        
revolution induc$ by ! nobility broke   
out at ,pet]sburg1 b 0 suppress$ by     
,alex&]'s bro!r & successor1 ! emp]or   
,ni*olas ,i4 ,ni*olas _h w$d$ ,*>lotte1 
! elde/ daught] ( ! k+ ( ,prussia4 ,?is 
en]getic sov]eign in/antly invad$ ,p]sia
 & r5d]$ t c\ntry dep5d5t ^u 8 empire   
)\t any attempt be+ made by ! ,tory p>ty
 9 ,engl& & ,au/ria to h9d] !           
aggr&izem5t ( ,russia1 e attack direct$ 
aga9/ h] be+ reg>d$ z an enc\ragem5t to 
lib]alism4 ,russia consequ5tly seiz$ ?is
 opportunity to turn h] arms aga9/      
,turkey1 &1 9 ! ensu+ ye>1 a ,russian   
=ce "u ,c\nt ,diebits*1 a ,silesian1    
cross$ ! ,balkan 7,haemus7 & p5etrat$ z 
f> z ,adrianople2 :ile ano!r corps      
d'arme "u ,c\nt ,paskiewicz1 advanc$ f !
 ,caucasus into ,asia ,m9or & took      
,erz]um4 ,! fall ( ,con/ant9ople seem$  
ne> at h&1 :5 ,au/ria & ,engl& = ! fir/ 
"t int]v5$ & decl>$ t1 not)/&+ _!       
sympa?y ) ! absolute pr9ciples on :i*   
,russia re/$1 !y w\ld n p]mit ! seizure 

( ,con/ant9ople4 ,france express$ h]    
read9ess to unite ) ,russia & to fall ^u
 ! ,au/rian re> 9 case troops 7 s5t     
aga9/ ! ,russians4#b ,prussia1 h[ev]1   
int]v5$1 & ,g5]al ,muffl+ 0 dispat*$ to 
,adrianople1 :]e1 9 #ahbi1 a treaty 0   
conclud$1 by :i* ,russia1 al?\gh = ! "t 
compell$ to re/ore ! booty already      
accumulat$1 ga9$ sev]al consid]able     
advantages1 be+ grant$ possession ( !   
mo/ important m\nta9 /rongholds & passes
 ( ,asia ,m9or1 a "r to occupy & =tify !
 m\?s ( ! ,danube s important to        
,au/ria1 & to ext5d h] aegis ov]        
,moldavia & ,walla*ia4  ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is 
wret*$ p]iod1 :i* br\ght fame to ,russia
 & deep di%onor ^u ,g]many1 !re /ill    
gleam$ "o ray ( hope2 ! ,cu/oms' ,union 
0 propos$ by "s ( ! ,g]man pr9ces = ! m 
intimate union ( ,g]man int]e/s4        
,maximilian ( ,bav>ia1 a pr9ce ^:       
amiable mann]s & "* r5d]$ him univ]sally
 belov$1 expir$ 9 #ahbe4 ,8 son1 ,l\is1 
! foe to ,fr5* despotism1 a ,g]man      
patriot & a zeal\s patron ( ! arts1     

decl>$ himself1 on 8 coronation1 ! w>m &
 s9c]e uphold] ( ! con/itutional        
pr9ciple & excit$ g5]al en?usiasm4 ,8   
fir/ measures on assum+ ! gov]nm5t 7 !  
r$uction ( ! royal h\sehold & ( ! army )
 a view to ! relief ( ! c\ntry f ! heavy
 impo/s1 ! removal ( ! univ]sity (      
,l&%ut to ,muni*1 & ! enri*m5t on an    
ext5sive scale ( ! in/itutions ( art4 ,!
 union ( ! gall]ies ( ,dsseldorf &      
,mannheim ) t ( ,muni*1 ! collection (  
valuable antiques & pictures1 = in/ance1
 t ( ! old ,g]man pa9t+s collect$ by !  
bro!rs ,boiss]e 9 ,cologne dur+ ! ,fr5* 
usurpation1 ! academy ( pa9t+ "u !      
direction ( ! celebrat$ ,cornelius1 !   
new public build+s rais$ by ,kl5ze1     
among :i* ! ,glypto!k1 ! ,p9ako!k1 !    
great ,knigsbau or royal resid5ce1 !    
,ludwigs*ur*1 ! ,au]*ur*1 ! ,arcades1   
etc41 may be m p>ticul>ly designat$1    
r5d]$ ,muni* ! c5tre ( ,g]man art4 ,?is 
sov]eign also f\nd$ at ,ratisbon !      
,walhalla1 a build+ de/9$ = ! reception 
( ! bu/s ( all ! celebrat$ m5 to :om    

,g]many has giv5 bir?4 ,! pr$ilection ( 
?is royal amateur = classic antiquity   
excit$ )9 8 bosom ! w>me/ sympa?y ) !   
fate ( ! mod]n ,greeks1 !n 9 op5        
insurrection aga9/ _! ,turki%           
oppressors1 & :om he alone1 among all ! 
pr9ces ( ,g]many1 aid$ 9 ! h\r ( _!     
extreme/ ne$4--,) ! same _s t dictat$ 8 
poems1 9 :i* he s repeat$ly lam5t$ !    
want ( unity 9 ,g]many1 he 0 ! fir/ to  
propose ! union ( h] mat]ial int]e/s4   
,g]many unhappily resembl$1 & inde$     
imm$iately aft] ! w> ( lib]ation1 z ,de 
,pradt1 ! ,fr5* writ]1 malici\sly       
obs]v$1 ev5 9 a m]cantile po9t ( view1 a
 m5ag]ie ^: inhabitants wat*$ ea* o!r   
?r\gh a grat+4 ,va9ly _h ! comm]cial    
class ( ,frank=t on ! ,ma9e pres5t$ a   
petition1 9 #ahai1 to ! conf$]ation1    
pray+ = free trade1 = ! fulfilm5t ( !   
n9ete5? article ( ! f$]al act4 ,_!      
well-gr\nd$ compla9t rema9$ unhe>d4 ,!  
non-fulfilm5t ( ! treaty relat+ to !    
free navigation ( ! ,rh9e to ! sea 0 mo/
 deeply felt4 ,9 ! fir/ treaty conclud$ 

at ,p>is1 ! royal dignity & ! ext5sion (
 ! ,dut* t]ritory _h be5 g5]\sly grant$ 
to ! k+ ( ! ,ne!rl&s "u ! express       
proviso ( ! free navigation ( ! ,rh9e to
 ! sea4 ,! pap]s relat+ to ?is          
transaction _h be5 drawn up 9 ,fr5*1 & !
 ungrateful ,dut* p]fidi\sly gave !     
words jusqu'  la m] _! mo/ lit]al       
con/ruction1 m]ely z f> z ! sea1 & z !  
,fr5*1 moreov]1 possess$ a voice 9 !    
matt] on acc\nt ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e1 & !    
,g]man f$]al /ates 7 unable to give a   
unanim\s v]dict1 innum]able committees 7
 held & acts 7 drawn up )\t produc+ any 
result favorable to ! trade ( ,g]many4  
,affairs /ood ?us1 :51 %ortly aft]      
,l\is's accession to ! ?rone ( ,bav>ia1 
negotiations hav+ = object ! settlem5t (
 a comm]cial treaty took place betwe5   
him & ,william1 k+ ( ,wurtemb]g4 ,?is   
example 0 imitat$ by ,prussia1 :i* at   
fir/ m]ely =m$ a union ) ,d>m/adt2      
aft]w>d by ,hesse1 ,hanov]1 ,saxony1    
etc41 by :i* a c5tral ,g]man union 0    
project$4 ,?is union 01 h[ev]1 unable to

 /& betwe5 t ( ,wurtemb]g & ,bav>ia1 & t
 ( ,prussia & ,d>m/adt4 ,! ,g]man       
,cu/oms' ,union 0 c>ri$ into effect 9   
#ahhh4 ,an annual meet+ ( ,g]man        
naturali/s _h at t "t be5 arrang$ "u !  
auspices ( ,ok51 ! great naturali/1 & at
 ! meet+ held at ,b]l91 9 #ahhh1 !      
,freih]r von ,cotta1 by :om ! moral &   
mat]ial int]e/s ( ,g]many h be5 greatly 
promot$1 drew up ! fir/ plan = a        
junction ( ! comm]cial union ( ,s\!rn   
,g]many ) t ( ! ,nor?1 z ! fir/ /ep to !
 future lib]ation ( ,g]many f all       
int]nal comm]cial re/rictions4 ,! zeal )
 :i* he c>ri$ ?is great plan into effect
 ga9$ ! confid5ce ( ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1
 & he n only succe$$ 9 comb9+ ! two old]
 unions1 b also 9 gradually embody+ ) !m
 ! re/ ( ! ,g]man /ates4  ,! atta*m5t ( 
,k+ ,l\is to anci5t ,ca?olicism 0       
extremely rem>kable4 ,he began to re/ore
 "s ( ! mona/]ies1 & sev]al pr(essors   
incl9$ to ,ultramontanism & to ,ca?olic 
my/icism1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ among :om 0    
,grres1 ! ,prussian exile1 assembl$ at !

 new univ]sity at ,muni*4 ,"h & !re     
appe>$ a pi\s en?usia/4 ,%ortly aft] !  
re/oration1 a peasant f ! ,pfalz nam$   
,adam ,mll] began to prophesy1 & ,madame
 von ,krud5]1 a ,hanov]ian1 to prea* !  
necessity ( public p5ance2 bo? ^! p]sons
 ga9$ ! e> ( exalt$ p]sonages1 & ,madame
 von ,krud5] m p>ticul>ly is said n a   
little to h conduc$ to ! piety display$ 
by ! emp]or ,alex&] dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 
8 life4 ,at ,bamb]g1 ,pr9ce ,alex&] von 
,hoh5lohe1 !n a "y man1 _h ! folly to   
attempt ! p]=mance ( miracles1 until !  
police int]f]$1 & he receiv$ a high     
ecclesia/ical (fice 9 ,hung>y4 ,9       
,au/ria1 ! ,ligorians1 foll[]s 9 !      
foot/eps ( ! ,jesuits1 haunt$ ! vic9ity 
( ! ?rone4 ,! conv]sion ( ,c\nt ,/olb]g 
& ( ! ,swiss1 ,von ,hall]1 to ! ,ca?olic
 *ur*1 creat$ ! greate/ s5sation4 ,!    
=m]1 a celebrat$ poet1 simple & amiable1
 9 no way m]it$ ! %ameless outbur/s (   
rage ( 8 old fri5d1 ,voss2 ,hall]1 on ! 
o!r h&1 br\ght =w>d 9 8 ,re/oration (   
,political ,sci5ce su* a decid$ !ory 9  

favor ( secession z to inspire a s5tim5t
 ( dread at 8 consi/5cy4 ,! conv]sion ( 
,f]d9&1 pr9ce ( ,anhalt-,k!n1 to !      
,ca?olic *ur*1 9 #ahbe1 excit$ f> less  
att5tion4  ,9 ,france1 :]e ! ,b\rbons 7 
completely guid$ by ! ,jesuits1 by ^:   
aid !y c\ld alone hope to suppress !    
revolution>y _s ( _! subjects1 !        
reaction 9 favor ( ,ca?olicism _h assum$
 a m decid$ "* ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,l\is     
,,xviii4 0 succe$$ by 8 bro!r1 ! ,c\nt  
d',artois1 "u ! "n ( ,*>les ,x41 a      
v5]able man sev5ty ye>s ( age1 :o1      
not)/&+ 8 great rev]ses1 _h nei!r le>n$ 
nor =gott5 any?+4 ,polignac1 8 incapable
 & imp]i\s m9i/]1 ! tool ( ! ,jesuits1  
_h1 s9ce #ahbi1 impugn$ e national "r1  
&1 at l5g?1 v5tur$ by ! ord9ances ( !   
#be? ,july1 #ahcj1 to subv]t !          
con/itution4 ,dur+ ?ree days1 f ! #bg?  
to ! #cj? ( ,july1 ! greate/ confusion  
reign$ 9 ,p>is2 ! p rose 9 ?\s&s2       
murd]\s conflicts took place 9 ! /reets 
betwe5 !m & ! royal troops1 :o 7 driv5 f
 e qu>t]1 & ! k+ 0 expell$4 ,! *amb]s   

met1 decl>$ ! eld] bran* ( ! h\se (     
,b\rbon 7,*>les ,x41 8 son1 ! ,dauph91  
,duke d',ang\leme1 & 8 gr&son1 ! y\?ful 
,duke de ,bordeaux1 ! son ( ! murd]$    
,duke de ,b]ri7 to h =feit$ ! ?rone1 b  
at ! same "t all[$ !m unoppos$ to seek  
an asylum 9 ,engl&1 & elect$ ,l\is      
,philippe1 ,duke ( ,orleans1 ! son ( !  
notori\s ,jacob91 ! head ( ! y\ng] l9e (
 ! h\se ( ,b\rbon & ! gr&-ma/] ( !      
society ( ,freemasons1 k+ ( ! ,fr5*4 ,! 
rights ( ! *amb]s & ( ! p 7 also ext5d$ 
by an app5dix to ! *>ta sign$ by ,l\is  
,,xviii4  ,! revolution ( ,july 0 !     
signal = all discont5t$ subjects ?r\gh\t
 ,europe to ga91 ei!r by =ce or by legal
 opposition1 _! lo/ or sigh$-= rights4  
,9 ,octob]1 ! con/itutional p>ty 9 ,spa9
 attempt$ to ov]turn ! despotic rule (  
,f]d9& ,,vii4 ,9 ,novemb]1 ! prime m9i/]
 ( ,engl&1 ! r5[n$ ,duke ( ,well+ton1 0 
compell$ by ! p to yield 8 seat to ,e>l 
,grey1 a man ( m lib]al pr9ciples1 :o   
comm5c$ ! great "w ( re=m 9 !           
con/itution & adm9i/ration ( ,great     

,brita94 ,dur+ ?is mon?1 a g5]al        
insurrection took place 9 ,pol&3 !      
gr&duke1 ,con/ant9e1 0 driv5 out (      
,w>saw1 & ,pol& decl>$ h]self indep5d5t4
 ,a great "p ( ,g]many 0 also convuls$3 
& a "p ( ! ill-rais$ fabric1 erect$ by !
 /atesm5 ( #ahae1 fell tott]+ to !      
gr\nd4   ,footnote #a3 ,vide ,b9d]'s    
,pr9ce ,mett]ni*4  ,footnote #b3        
,(ficial report ( ! ,russian ambassador1
 ,c\nt ,pozzo di ,borgo1 f ,p>is1 ( !   
#ad? ( ,decemb]1 #ahbh4    ,,cclxvii4 ,!
 ,belgian ,revolution   ,a nation's     
self-=getfulness is ev] productive (    
national disgrace4 ,! ,ne!rl&s 7 torn f 
! empire & plac$ p>tly b5ea? ! tyranny (
 ,spa91 p>tly b5ea? ! aegis ( ,france2 !
 dom9ion ( ,au/ria1 at a lat] p]iod1    
m]ely s]v$ to r\se _! prov9cial _s1 &1  
dur+ _! subsequ5t annexation to ,france1
 ! ,fr5* elem5t decid$ly ga9$ ! asc5d5cy
 among ! population4 ,:51 9 #ahae1 ^!   
prov9ces fell "u ! rule ( ,holl&1 x 0   
hop$ t ! ,g]man elem5t w\ld aga9 rise4  
,b ,holl& is n ,g]many4 ,e/rang$        

prov9ces are alone to be rega9$ by means
 ( _! incorporation ) an empire imbu$ ) 
"o di/9ct national _s2 ! subord9ation ( 
"o prov9ce to ano!r b increases national
 antipa?y & e/rangem5t4 ,holl&1 by an   
ungrateful1 inimical policy1 un=tunately
 /rove to sep>ate h]self f ,g]many4#a ,&
 yet ,holl& owes h] :ole prosp]ity to   
,g]many4 ,!re is h] m>ket2 !nce does %e 
draw h] imm5se weal?2 ! loss ( t m>ket =
 h] colonial productions w\ld prove h]  
irr$eemable ru94 ,h] sov]eign1 driv5    
into di/ant exile1 0 re/or$ to h] by !  
arms ( ,g]many & g5]\sly end[$ )        
royalty4 ,holl&1 9 return = all ^!      
b5efits1 deceitfully depriv$ ,g]many ( !
 free navigation ( ! ,rh9e to ! sea     
gu>ante$ to h] by ! f$]al act & assum$ !
 "r ( fix+ ! price ( all goods1 :e!r    
import$ to or export$ f ,g]many4 ,! :ole
 ( ,g]many 01 9 ?is unprec$5t$ mann]1   
r5d]$ d\bly tribut>y to ! petty /ate (  
,holl&4  ,belgium1 annex$ to ?is        
second>y /ate in/ead ( be+ incorporat$ )
 great & lib]al ,g]many1 necess>ily     

rema9$ a /rang] to any influ5ce         
calculat$ to excite h] sympa?y ) ! g5]al
 int]e/s ( ,g]many4 ,cut (f1 z h]et(ore1
 f ,g]man influ5ce1 %e reta9$1 9        
opposition to ! ,dut*1 a prepond]ance ( 
! old ,spani% & mod]n ,fr5* elem5t 9 h] 
population4 ,prie/s & lib]als1 belong+  
to ! ,fr5* s*ool1 =m$ an opposition p>ty
 aga9/ ! k+1 :o1 on 8 side1 re/$ 8 sole 
support ^u ! ,dut*1 :om he favor$ 9 e   
respect4 ,c\nt ,broglio1 ar*bi%op (     
,gh5t1 fir/ began ! conte/ by refus+ to 
take ! oa? on ! con/itution4 ,viol5ce 0 
resort$ to & he fl$ ! c\ntry4 ,!        
impolicy ( ! gov]nm5t 9 affix+ 8 "n to !
 pillory m]ely s]v$ to increase !       
exasp]ation ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,h5ce _!     
acquiesc5ce ) ! designs ( ! ,jesuits1 _!
 opposition to ! f\ndation ( a          
philosophical academy1 indep5d5t ( !    
cl]gy1 at ,l\va94 ,! fact ( ! population
 ( ,belgium be+ to t ( ,holl& z ?ree to 
two & ! numb] ( its repres5tatives 9 !  
/ates-g5]al be+ z f\r to sev51 ( few1 if
 any1 ,belgians be+ all[$ to ent] !     

s]vice ( ! /ate1 ! army1 or ! navy1 /ill
 fur!r add$ to ! popul> discont5t4 ,!   
gross mann]s ( ! m9i/]1 ,van ,maan51    
also increas$ ! evil4 ,z e>ly z ,janu>y1
 #ahcj1 eight lib]al ,belgian deputies 7
 depriv$ ( _! (fices1 & ,de ,pott]1 ) "s
 o!rs1 :o _h v5tur$ to def5d !m by means
 ( ! press1 7 bani%$ ! k+dom "u a *>ge (
 high treason4  ,! ,dut* majority 9 !   
/ates-g5]al1 not)/&+ its devotion to !  
k+1 reject$ ! t5 ye>s' budget on ! gr\nd
 ( its af=d+ too long a respite to      
m9i/]ial responsibility1 & prote/$ aga9/
 ! levy ( ,swiss troops4 ,slave-trade 9 
! colonies 0 also aboli%$ 9 #ahah4  ,!  
position ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 :i*1 ,luxemburg  
except$1 did n app]ta9 to ! ,g]man      
conf$]ation1 cont9ually expos$ h]1 on   
acc\nt ( ,belgium1 to be attack$ on ! l&
 side by ,france1 on t ( ! sea by h]    
anci5t comm]cial foe1 ,engl&1 & _h      
induc$ ! k+ to =m a close alliance )    
,russia4 ,8 son1 ,william ( ,orange1    
m>ri$ a si/] ( ! emp]or ,alex&]4  ,!    
colonies did n rega9 _! =m] prosp]ity4  

,! ,dut* settlem5t at ,batavia )        
difficulty def5d$ itself aga9/ !        
rebelli\s natives ( ,sumatra & ,java4   
,! revolution 9 ,p>is _h an electric    
effect ^u ! irritat$ ,belgians4 ,on !   
#be? ( ,augu/1 #ahcj1 ,aub]'s op]a1 ,!  
,dumb ,girl ( ,portici1 ! revolt (      
,masaniello 9 ,naples1 0 p]=m$ at !     
,brussels !atre & inflam$ ! passions ( !
 audi5ce to su* a degree1 t1 on quitt+ !
 !atre1 !y proce$$ to ! h\se ( ,libry1 !
 s]vile newspap] editor1 & entirely     
de/roy$ x3 ! palace ( ! m9i/]1 ,van     
,maan51 %>$ ! same fate4 ,! citiz5s     
plac$ !mselves "u arms1 & s5t a         
deputation to ,! ,hague to lay _!       
grievances be=e ! k+4 ,! entire         
population mean:ile rose 9 op5          
insurrection1 & ! :ole ( ! =tresses1    
,mae/ri*t & ! citadel ( ,antw]p alone   
except$1 fell into _! h&s4 ,william (   
,orange1 ! cr[n pr9ce1 v5tur$ unatt5d$  
among ! insurg5ts at ,brussels &        
propos$1 z a m$ium ( peace1 ! sep>ation 
( ,belgium f ,holl& 9 a legislative &   

adm9i/rative s5se4 ,! k+ also made an   
app>5t concession to ! wi%es ( ! p by ! 
dismissal ( ,van ,maan51 b %ortly       
aft]w>d decl>$ 8 int5tion n to yield1   
disav[$ ! /ep tak5 by 8 son1 & all[$ "s 
,belgian deputies to be insult$ at ,!   
,hague4 ,a fanatical commotion in/antly 
took place at ,brussels2 ! mod]ate p>ty 
9 ! civic gu>d 0 dis>m$1 & ! populace   
made prep>ations = desp]ate resi/ance4  
,on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick1
 second son to ! k+ ( ,holl&1 ent]$     
,brussels ) a l>ge body ( troops1 b     
enc\nt]$ b>ricades & a heavy fire 9 !   
,p>k1 ! ,place ,royal1 & along !        
,b\lev>ds4 ,an imm5se cr[d1 *iefly      
compos$ ( ! p ( ,liege & ( peasants     
dress$ 9 ! blue smock ( ! c\ntry1 _h    
assembl$ = ! purpose ( aid+ 9 ! def5ce (
 ! city4 ,! conte/1 accompani$ by       
de/ruction ( ! dwell+-h\ses & by        
pillage1 la/$ five days4 ,! ,dut* 7     
accus$ ( practic+ ! mo/ horrid cruelties
 ^u ! def5celess inhabitants & ( !reby  
height5+ ! popul> exasp]ation4 ,at l5g?1

 on ! #bg? ( ,septemb]1 ! pr9ce 0       
compell$ to ab&on ! city4 ,on ! #e? (   
,octob]1 ,belgium decl>$ h]self         
indep5d5t4 ,de ,pott] return$ & plac$   
himself at ! head ( ! provisional       
gov]nm5t4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,orange recogniz$ 
! absolute sep>ation ( ,belgium f ,holl&
 9 a proclamation publi%$ at ,antw]p1 b 
01 nev]!less1 con/ra9$ to quit ! c\ntry4
 ,antw]p fell into ! h&s ( ! insurg5ts2 
! citadel1 h[ev]1 refus$ to surr5d]1 &  
,*ass1 ! ,dut* comm&ant1 caus$ !        
magnific5t city to be bomb>d$1 & !      
well-/or$ entrepot1 ! ars5al1 & ab\t    
sixty or sev5ty h\ses1 to be set on     
fire1 dur+ ! night ( ! #bg? ( ,octob]1  
#ahcj4b ,! cruelties p]petrat$ by !     
,dut* 7 bitt]ly retaliat$ ^u !m by !    
,belgian populace4 ,on ! #aj? (         
,novemb]1 h[ev]1 a national ,belgian    
congress met1 9 :i* ! mod]ate p>ty ga9$ 
! upp] h&1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! influ5ce 
( ! cl]gy4 ,de ,pott]'s plan = ! =mation
 ( a ,belgian commonweal? fell to !     
gr\nd4 ,! congress decid$ 9 favor ( !   

ma9t5ance ( ! k+dom1 drew up a new      
con/itution1 & (f]$ ! cr[n to ! ,pr9ce  
de ,nem\rs1 second son ( ! k+ ( ! ,fr5*4
 ,x 01 h[ev]1 refus$ by ,l\is ,philippe 
9 ! "n ( 8 son1 9 ord] to avoid w> ) !  
o!r great ,european p[]s4 ,surlet de    
,*oki]1 ! lead] ( ! lib]al p>ty1 h]eupon
 und]took ! provisional gov]nm5t ( !    
c\ntry1 & negotiations 7 ent]$ into )   
,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,coburg4  ,on ! #d? ( 
,novemb]1 a congress1 compos$ ( ! m9i/]s
 ( ,engl&1 ,russia1 ,au/ria1 & ,prussia1
 met at ,london = ! purpose ( settl+ !  
,belgian "q )\t di/urb+ ! peace (       
,europe1 & x 0 decid$ t ,pr9ce ,leopold 
( ,coburg1 ! wid[] ( ! pr9cess royal (  
,engl&1 a man entirely "u ,briti%       
influ5ce1 & :o _h refus$ ! ?rone (      
,greece1 %\ld accept t ( ,belgium4      
,eighte5 articles favorable to ,belgium 
7 grant$ to him by ! ,london congress4  
,sc>cely1 h[ev]1 _h he rea*$ ,brussels1 
on ! #ca/ ,july1 #ahca1 ?an ! fetes giv5
 ^u t occasion 7 di/urb$ by ! unexpect$ 
invasion ( ,belgium by a num]\s & p[]ful

 ,dut* =ce4 ,at ,hasselt1 ! ,pr9ce (    
,orange defeat$ ! ,belgians "u ,g5]al   
,da9e1 &1 imm$iately advanc+ aga9/      
,leopold1 utt]ly r\t$ him at ,tirlemont1
 on ! #ab? ,augu/4 ,! ?reats ( ,france &
 ,engl&1 & ! appe>ance ( a ,fr5* army 9 
,belgium1 sav$ ,brussels & compell$ !   
,dut* to )draw4 ,! eighte5 articles 9   
favor ( ,belgium 71 on ! o!r h&1 replac$
 by tw5ty-f\r o!rs1 m favorable to !    
,dut*1 :i* ,leopold 0 compell$ to       
accept4 ,! k+ ( ,holl&1 h[ev]1 refus+ to
 accept ^! tw5ty-f\r articles1 ) :i*1   
not)/&+ ! concessions !re9 conta9$1 he 0
 dissatisfi$1 ! ,belgian gov]nm5t took  
advantage ( ! undecid$ /ate ( ! "q n to 
und]take1 = ! "t be+1 half ( ! public   
debt ( ,holl&1 :i*1 by ! tw5ty-f\r      
articles1 0 laid ^u ,belgium4           
,negotiations dragg$ on _! we>y l5g?1 & 
protocol aft] protocol foll[$ 9 endless 
succession f ,london4 ,9 #ahcb1 ,leopold
 esp\s$ ,l\isa1 "o ( ! daught]s ( ! k+ (
 ! ,fr5*1 & 0 n only f9ally recogniz$ by
 ! nor!rn p[]s1 b1 by means ( !         

int]v5tion ( ,engl&1 be+ back$ by a     
fleet1 & by means ( t ( ,france1 be+    
back$ by an army1 compell$ ,holl& to    
accept ( t]ms ( peace4 ,! ,fr5* troops  
"u ,g]>d1 unassi/$ by ! ,belgians &     
wat*$ by a ,prussian army /ation$ on !  
,meuse1 regul>ly besieg$ & took !       
citadel ( ,antw]p1 on ,*ri/mas eve1     
#ahcb1 gave x up to ! ,belgians z p]ta9+
 to _! t]ritory1 & evacuat$ ! c\ntry4   
,k+ ,william1 h[ev]1 aga9 reject+ !     
tw5ty-f\r articles1 all ! o!r po9ts1 !  
division ( ! public debt1 ! navigation (
 ! ,s*eldt1 &1 m ?an all1 ! future de/9y
 ( ! prov9ce ( ,luxemburg1 :i* =m$ "p ( 
! conf$]at$ /ates ( ,g]many1 _h be5     
decl>$ h]$it>y 9 ! h\se (               
,nassau-,orange1 & :i*1 by its          
geographical position & ! "* ( its      
inhabitants1 0 m ne>ly connect$ )       
,belgium1 rema9$ = ! pres5t unsettl$4 ,9
 #ahci1 ,holl& 0 induc$ by a fre%       
demon/ration on ! "p ( ! great p[]s to  
accept ! tw5ty-f\r articles1 aga9/ :i*  
,belgium 9 h] turn prote/$ on ! gr\nd ( 

! procra/9ation on ! "p ( ,holl& hav+   
r5d]$ h] e>li] accession to ^! t]ms null
 & void4 ,belgium 01 h[ev]1 also        
compell$ to yield4 ,by ?is fre% agreem5t
 x 0 settl$ t ! we/]n "p ( ,luxemburg1  
:i* _h 9 ! int]im fall5 away f ! ,g]man 
conf$]ation1 %\ld be annex$ to ,belgium1
 & t ,holl& 7& ! ,g]man conf$]ation7    
%\ld receive ! ea/]n "p ( ,limburg 9    
indemnity2 & t ,belgium1 in/ead ( tak+  
^u h]self "o-half ( ! public debt ( !   
,ne!rl&s1 %\ld annually pay ! sum ( five
 million ,dut* guld5s t[>d defray+ !    
int]e/ ( t debt4  ,! p]iod ( !          
indep5d5ce ( ,belgium1 brief z x 01 0   
made use (1 p>ticul>ly "u ! ,no?omb     
m9i/ry1 = ! developm5t ( great indu/rial
 activity1 &1 m especially1 = ! creation
 ( a sy/em ( railroads1 until n[ )\t its
 p>allel on ! cont95t4 ,un=tunately b   
little 0 done 9 favor ( ! int]e/s (     
,g]many4 ,! ,fr5* language _h already   
become s preval5t ?r\gh\t ,belgium t1 9 
#ahdj1 ! prov9cial c\ncillors ( ,gh5t 7 
con/ra9$ to pass a resolution to !      

effect t ! (fices dep5d5t ^u !m %\ld1 at
 all ev5ts1 solely be intru/$ to p]sons 
acqua9t$ ) ! ,flemi% dialect1 & t _!    
rescripts %\ld be drawn up 9 t          
language4--,holl& imm5sely increas$ h]  
public debt 9 consequ5ce ( h]           
extraord9>y ex]tions4 ,9 #ahda1 ! k+1   
,william ,i41 volunt>ily abdicat$ !     
?rone & retir$ into private life1 9 !   
enjoym5t ( an enorm\s rev5ue1 ) a       
,ca?olic c\ntess :om he _h w$d$4 ,he 0  
succe$$ by 8 son1 ,william ,,ii4        
,footnote #a3 ,! ,ne!rl&s =m$1          
nev]!less1 b a weak bulw>k to ,g]many4  
,int]nal disunion1 sup]flu\s =tresses1 a
 weak army4 ,on ! "o side1 a witless1   
weal?y1 haughty ari/ocracy1 an          
influ5tial & ignorant cl]gy2 on ! o!r1  
civic pride1 capelocratic pett9ess1     
,calv9i/ic brusqu]ie4 ,! policy pursu$  
by ! k+ 0 inimical to ,g]many4--,/e9's  
,lett]s4  ,footnote #b3 ,s bitt] 0 !    
enmity exi/+ betwe5 ! ,belgians & !     
,dut* t ! ,dut* lieut5ant1 ,van ,speyk1 
:5 driv5 by a /orm be=e ,antw]p1 blew up

 8 gunboat 9 ! middle ( ! ,s*eldt r ?an 
all[ x to fall into ! h&s ( ! ,belgians4
    ,,cclxviii4 ,! ,swiss ,revolution   
,! re/oration ( #ahad _h replac$ !      
anci5t ari/ocracy m or less on _! =m]   
foot+ ?r\gh\t ,switz]l&4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !
 greate/ tranquillity prevail$2 !       
oppression ( ! ari/ocracy 0 felt1 b n s 
heavily z to be insupportable4 ,_m      
b5efits1 z1 = in/ance1 ! dra9+ ( !      
swampy ,l9??al by ,es*] ( ,zuri*1 71    
moreov]1 conf]r$ ^u ! c\ntry4 ,m]c5>ies 
7 also cont9ually furni%$ to ! k+ (     
,france1 to ! pope1 &1 = "s "t1 to ! k+ 
( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,france1 nev]!less1 impos$
 su* heavy comm]cial duties t sev]al ( !
 cantons leagu$ toge!r = ! purpose (    
tak+ reprisals4 ,?is misund]/&+ betwe5  
,switz]l& & ,france un=tunately did n   
tea* wisdom to ! /ates belong+ to !     
,g]man conf$]ation1 & ! ,rh9e 0 also    
b>ricad$ ) cu/om-h\ses1 ^? graves (     
comm]ce4 ,! ,jesuits settl$ at ,freiburg
 9 ! ,ue*tl&1 :]e !y f\nd$ a l>ge sem9>y
 & :5ce !y f9ally succe$$ 9 expell+     

,pet] ,gir>d1 a man ( high m]it1 not$ = 
! lib]ality ( 8 views on education4#a   
,! ,p>is revolution ( ,july also gave   
rise to a democratic reaction ?r\gh\t   
,switz]l&4 ,b]ne1 by a circul>1 publi%$ 
,septemb] #bb1 #ahcj1 call$ ^u ! o!r    
,swiss gov]nm5ts to suppress !          
revolution>y _s by =ce1 &1 by s do+1    
fir$ ! tra94 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,zuri* wisely
 oppos$ ! circul> & made a volunt>y     
re=m4 ,9 all ! o!r cantons popul>       
societies sprang up1 &1 ei!r by viol5ce 
or by ?reats1 subv]t$ ! anci5t          
gov]nm5ts4 ,new con/itutions 7 ev]y:]e  
grant$4 ,! imm5se majority ( ! p 0 9    
favor ( re=m1 & ! ari/ocracy (f]$ b fa9t
 resi/ance4 ,little t[ns or villages    
became ! c5tre ( ! movem5ts aga9/ !     
capitals4 ,fis*]1 an innkeep] f         
,m]is*w&51 seiz$ ! city ( ,a>au2 !      
village ( ,burgdorf revolutioniz$ !     
canton ( ,b]ne1 ! village ( ,murt5 !    
canton ( ,freiburg1 ! village (         
,we9feld5 ! canton ( ,con/ance2 ?is     
example 0 foll[$ by ! peasantry (       

,solo?urn & ,vaud2 ! gov]nm5t ( ,/4     
,gall imitat$ t ( ,zuri*4  ,basel 0 also
 attempt$ to be revolutioniz$ by        
,lie/al1 b ! weal?y & haughty citiz5s1  
pr9cipally at ! in/igation ( ! family ( 
,wiel&1 made head aga9/ ! peasantry1 :o 
7 l$ by "o ,gutzwyl]4 ,! conte/ t _h    
tak5 place 9 ,belgium 0 "h react$ on a  
small] scale4 ,a dispute conc]n+        
privileges comm5c+ betwe5 ! citiz5s & ! 
peasantry1 bloody excesses ensu$ & a    
complete sep>ation 0 ! result4 ,!       
peasantry1 sup]ior 9 numb]1 ass]t$ _! "r
 to s5d a great] numb] ( deputies to !  
great c\ncil ?an ! cities1 & ! latt]1   
dread+ ! dang] to :i* _! civic int]e/s  
w\ld be !reby expos$1 ob/9ately refus$  
to comply4 ,p>ty rage ran high2 !       
,baselese insult$ "s ( ! deputies s5t by
 ! peasantry1 & ! latt]1 9 retaliation1 
began to blockade ! t[n4 ,colonel ,wiel&
 made "s sallies2 ! f$]al diet int]f]$1 
& ! peasantry1 be+ disp]s$ by ! f$]al   
troops1 rev5g$ !mselves dur+ _! retreat 
by plund]+ ! vale ( ,reigoldswyl]1 :i*  

_h rema9$ true to ,basel4 ,9 ,s*wyz1 !  
,old-,s*wyz]s & ! inhabitants ( ! out]  
circles1 :o1 al?\gh = c5turies 9        
possession ( ! rights ( citiz5%ip1 7    
/ill reg>d$ by ! =m] z _! vassals1 also 
fell at v>iance1 & ! latt] dem&$ equal  
rights or complete sep>ation4 ,9        
,neuf*atel1 ,b\rgu9 attempt$ a          
revolution aga9/ ! ,prussian p>ty & took
 ! city1 b succumb$ to ! vigor\s        
measures adopt$ by ,g5]al ,pfuel1 #ahca4
  ,! conduct ( ! f$]al diet1 :i* foll[$ 
9 ! foot/eps ( ,european policy1 & :i*1 
by w9k+ at ! oppos+ p>ty & *eck+ t 9    
favor ( progression1 s\ght to pres]ve ! 
balance1 b s]v$ to increase p>ty _s4 ,9 
,septemb]1 #ahca1 ! ,radicals f\nd$ at  
,lang5?al1 ! ,s*utzv]e9 or protective   
union1 :i* embrac$ all ! lib]al clubs   
?r\gh\t ,switz]l& & 0 int5d$ to c\nt]act
 ! imp5d+ ari/ocratic c\nt]revolution4  
,m5 l ,s*nell ( ,b]ne1 ,troxl] !        
philosoph]1 etc41 /ood at its head4 ,!y 
dem&$ ! abolition ( ! con/itution (     
#ahae z too ari/ocratic & f$]al1 & !    

f\ndation ( a new "o 9 a democratic &   
indep5d5t s5se = ! increase ( ! ext]nal 
p[] & unity ( ,switz]l&1 & = h] int]nal 
security f petty ari/ocratic & local    
views & intrigues4 ,9 ,m>*1 #ahcb1      
,luc]ne1 ,zuri*1 ,b]ne1 ,solo?urn1 ,/4  
,gall1 ,a>gau1 & ,con/ance =m$ a        
,concordat = ! mutual ma9t5ance ( _!    
democratic con/itutions until !         
completion ( ! revisal ( ! conf$]ation4 
,! ari/ocratic p>ty1 ,s*wyz1 ,uri1      
,unt]wald5 7actuat$ by anci5t pride & l$
 by ! cl]gy71 ,basel1 & ,neuf*atel      
mean:ile =m$ ! ,s>n] conf$]ation4 ,9    
,augu/1 ! depos$ ,b]nese ari/ocracy1    
head$ by ,major ,fis*]1 made a futile   
attempt to produce a c\nt]-revolution4  
,9 ! f$]al diet1 ! envoys ( ! ,concordat
 & ! ?reat5+ language ( ! clubs compell$
 ! memb]s to br+ a new f$]al con/itution
 "u delib]ation1 b op9ions 7 too divid$1
 & ! con/itution project$ 9 #ahcc fell  
to ! gr\nd = want ( suffici5t support4  
,at ! mom5t ( ?is defeat ( ! lib]al     
p>ty1 ,alt-,s*wyz1 l$ by ,abyb]g1 took  

up arms1 took possession ( ,kssna*t1 &  
?reat5$ ! ,concordat1 ! ,baselese at !  
same "t tak+ ! field ) "o ?\s& two      
hundr$ m5 & f\rte5 pieces ( ordnance4 ,!
 p 71 h[ev]1 inimical to _! cause2      
,abyb]g fl$2 ! ,baselese 7 enc\nt]$ by !
 peasantry 9 ! ,h>twald & repuls$ )     
consid]able loss4 ,! f$]al diet         
demon/rat$ ! greate/ en]gy 9 ord] to    
prev5t ! ,concordat & ! ,s*utzv]e9 f    
act+ 9 its /ead4 ,s*wyz & ,basel 7      
occupi$ ) soldi]y2 ! =m] 0 compell$ to  
accept a new con/itution drawn up ) a   
view ( pacify+ bo? p>ties1 ! latt] to   
acc$e to a complete sep>ation betwe5 !  
t[n & c\ntry4 ,! ,s>n] conf$]ation 0    
dissolv$1 & all discont5t$ cantons 7    
compell$1 "u pa9 ( ! infliction ( m>tial
 law1 to s5d envoys to ! f$]al diet4    
,intrigues1 hav+ = object ! ali5ation ( 
! city ( ,basel1 ( ,neuf*atel1 & ,valais
 f ! conf$]ation1 7 discov]$ & fru/rat$ 
by ! diet1 n )\t ! approbation (        
,france1 ! ,valais & ! road ov] !       
,simplon be+ !reby prev5t$ f fall+ b5ea?

 ! influ5ce ( ,au/ria4  ,9 #ahcc1 five  
hundr$ ,poli% refugees1 suspect$ (      
support+ ! ,frank=t attempt 9 ,g]many1  
quitt$ ,france = ,switz]l&1 & soon      
aft]w>d unsuccessfully invad$ ,savoy 9  
conjunction ) "s ,italian refugees4     
,cr[ds ( refugees f e qu>t] jo9$ !m &   
=m$ a c5tral association1 ,"y ,europe1  
:5ce bran*$ o!rs1 ,"y ,france1 ,"y      
,pol&1 ,"y ,g]many1 & ,"y ,italy4 ,!    
pr9cipal object ( ?is association 0 to  
draw ! ,g]man j\rneym5 appr5tices       
7,h&w]ks-burs*e7 into its int]e/s1 & =  
?is purpose a banquet 0 giv5 by x to ^! 
appr5tices 9 ! ,/e9brlzle ne> ,b]ne4 ,^!
 intrigues produc$ s]i\s ?reats on !    
side ( ! great p[]s1 & ,switz]l& yield$4
 ,! great] "p ( ! refugees 7 compell$ to
 emigrate ?r\gh ,france to ,engl& &     
,am]ica4 ,napoleon's nephew 01 at a lat]
 p]iod1 also expell$ ,switz]l&4 ,8 "m1  
,que5 ,hort5se1 consort to ,l\is1 ex-k+ 
( ,holl&1 daught] to ,joseph9e          
,beauh>nais1 consequ5tly bo? /epdaught] 
& si/]-9-law to ,napoleon1 possess$ !   

beautiful e/ate ( ,ar55b]g on ! ,lake ( 
,con/ance4 ,on h] dea? x 0 inh]it$ by h]
 son1 ,l\is1 :o1 dur+ 8 resid5ce !re1   
occupi$ himself ) intrigues direct$     
aga9/ ! ?rone ( ,l\is ,philippe4 ,9     
conc]t ) a c\ple ( milit>y madm51 he    
introduc$ himself into ,/rasburg1 :]e1 )
 a little hat1 9 imitation ( t worn by  
,napoleon1 on 8 head1 he proclaim$      
himself emp]or 9 ! op5 /reets4 ,he 0    
easily arre/$4 ,?is act 0 g5]\sly view$ 
by ,l\is ,philippe z t ( a s5seless boy1
 & he 0 re/or$ to lib]ty ^u condition ( 
emigrat+ to ,am]ica4 ,no soon]1 h[ev]1 0
 he once m free1 ?an1 return+ to        
,switz]l&1 he set fre% intrigues on     
foot4 ,l\is ,philippe1 ^u ?is1 dem&$ 8  
expulsion4 ,con/ance w\ld will+ly h     
ext5d$ to him ! protection due to "o (  
h] citiz5s1 b h[ 7 ! claims ( a ,swiss  
citiz5 to be r5d]$ compatible ) ^? ( a  
pret5d] to ! ?rone ( ,france8 ,fr5*     
troops already ?reat5$ ! fronti]s (     
,switz]l&1 :]e1 z 9 #agic1 ! p1 in/ead (
 mak+ prep>ations = def5ce1 7 at /rife  

among !mselves4 ,l\is at l5g? volunt>ily
 ab&on$ ! c\ntry 9 #ahch4  ,9 ! beg9n+ (
 #ahci1 ,dr4 ,/rauss1 :o1 9 #ahce1 _h1 9
 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,life ( ,jesus1 decl>$ 
! ,gospels a clev]ly devis$ fable1 & _h1
 at great pa9s1 s\ght to refute !       
hi/orical pro(s ( ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 
01 on t acc\nt1 appo9t$1 by ! c\ncil (  
education & ( gov]nm5t at ,zuri*1       
pr(essor ( div9ity to ! new ,zuri*      
academy4 ,burgoma/] ,hirzel 7nicknam$ ! 
tree ( lib]ty on acc\nt ( 8 uncommon    
height7 /ood at ! head ( ! en?usia/ic   
gov]nm5t p>ty by :i* ?is extraord9>y    
appo9tm5t _h be5 effect$2 ! p1 h[ev]1   
rose en masse1 ! great c\ncil 0 compell$
 to meet1 & ! anti-,*ri/ian p>ty suff]$ 
a mo/ disgraceful defeat4 ,/rauss1 :o _h
 n v5tur$ to appe> 9 p]son on ! sc5e (  
action1 0 (f]$ & accept$ a p5sion4 ,!   
,*ri/ian p>ty1 conc5trat$ into a        
committee ( fai?1 "u ! presid5cy (      
,hurliman1 behav$ ) extreme mod]ation1  
al?\gh greatly sup]ior 9 numb] to _!    
oppon5ts4 ,! radical gov]nm5t1 a%am$ &  

p]plex$1 committ$ blund] aft] blund]1 & 
at l5g? ?reat5$ viol5ce4 ,^u ?is1       
,hirzel1 ! y\?ful prie/ ( ,pfffikon1    
rang ! al>m f 8 p>i% *ur*1 &1 on ! #f? (
 ,septemb]1 #ahci1 l$ 8 p>i%ion]s into !
 city ( ,zuri*4 ,?is example 0 imitat$  
by ano!r cr[d ( peasantry1 head$ by a   
physician nam$ ,rahn4 ,! gov]nm5t troops
 attack$ ! p & kill$ n9e m54 ,on ! fall 
( ! t5?1 ,hegets*wil]1 ! c\ncillor (    
/ate1 a di/+ui%$ savant & physician1    
:ile attempt+ to re/ore h>mony betwe5 ! 
cont5d+ p>ties1 ! civic gu>d turn$ aga9/
 ! troops & disp]s$ !m4 ,! radical      
gov]nm5t & ! ,/rauss faction also fl$4  
,imm5se masses ( peasantry f ar\nd !    
lake ent]$ ! city4 ,a provisional       
gov]nm5t1 head$ by ,hiesz & ,muralt1 & a
 fre% election1 insur$ tranquillity4  ,9
 ! canton ( ,s*wyz1 a l5g?y dispute1    
simil> to t betwe5 ! ,vettkop] & ,s*i]+]
 9 ,friesl&1 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! ,horn &
 ,ho(-m5 7! weal?y 9 possession ( cattle
 & ! poor :o only possess$ a c[ or two7 
conc]n+ _! privileges4 ,9 #ahci1 a      

viol5t opposition1 simil> 9 nature1 0   
made by ! p ( ,vaud aga9/ ! olig>*ical  
p[] assum$ by a few families4  ,! clos+ 
( ! mona/]ies 9 ! ,a>gau 9 #ahdj gave   
rise to a dispute ( su* importance z to 
di/urb ! :ole ( ! conf$]ation4 ,9 !     
,a>gau ! *ur* & /ate _h long & /r5u\sly 
battl$1 :5 ! mona/]y ( ,muri 0 sudd5ly  
inve/$ z ! seat ( a conspiracy1 &1 on   
symptoms ( uneas9ess becom+ p]ceptible  
among ! ,ca?olic population1 ! :ole     
c\ntry 0 flood$ ) tw5ty ?\s& militia    
rais$ on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 & ! clos+ ( !
 mona/]y ( ,muri & ( all ! mona/]ies 9 !
 ,a>gau 0 proclaim$ & c>ri$ into        
execution4 ,! re/ ( ! ,ca?olic cantons &
 ,rome vehem5tly prote/$ aga9/ ?is      
measure1 & ev5 "s ( ! ,re=m$ cantons1 = 
! sake ( peace1 vot$ at ! diet = !      
ma9t5ance ( ! mona/]ies3 ! ,a>gau1      
nev]!less1 /eadily refus$ compliance4   
,footnote #a3 ,9 ,luc]ne1 ! disord]ly   
trial ( a num]\s b& ( robb]s1 :i* _h be5
 head$ by an extremely beautiful &      
tal5t$ girl1 nam$ ,cl>a ,w5del1 made ! m

 noise on acc\nt ( its br++ ! b&it-l    
murd] ( ,kell]1 ! ag$ mayor1 &          
intrigues1 9 :i* ! "n ( ! nuncio 0 mix$ 
up1 be=e ! public4 #ahbe4    ,,cclxix4  
,! ,revolution 9 ,brunswick1 ,saxony1   
,hesse1 ,etc4   ,! ,belgian revolution  
spread into ,g]many4 ,liege infect$ h]  
neighbor1 ,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e1 on !   
#cj? ( ,augu/1 #ahcj1 ! workm5 belong+  
to ! manufactories rais$ a s5seless     
tumult :i* 0 a few days aft]w>d repeat$ 
by _! fell[-workm5 at ,elb]feld1        
,wetzl>1 & ev5 by ! populace ( ,b]l9 &  
,breslau1 b :i* solely took a s]i\s "* 9
 ,brunswick1 ,saxony1 ,hanov]1 & ,hesse4
  ,*>les1 duke ( ,brunswick1 0 at ,p>is1
 squ&]+ ! rev5ue d]iv$ f 8 t]ritories1  
on ! outbur/ ( ! ,july revolution1 :i*  
drove him back to 8 native c\ntry1 :]e  
he behav$ ) increas$ insol5ce4 ,8       
ob/9ate refusal to aboli% ! heavy taxes1
 to refra9 f disgraceful sales1 to      
recomm5ce ! erection ( public build+s1 &
 to recognize ! prov9cial ,e/ates1 add$ 
to 8 ?reat to fire ^u ! p & 8 boa/ t he 

knew h[ to def5d 8 ?rone bett] ?an      
,*>les ,x4 ( ,france1 s madd5$ !        
excitable blood ( 8 subjects t1 aft]    
?r[+ /ones at ! duke's c>riage & at an  
actress on :om he publicly be/[$ 8      
favors1 !y /orm$ 8 palace & set fire to 
x ov] 8 head1 ,septemb] #g1 #ahcj4      
,*>les escap$ ?r\gh ! g>d54 ,8 bro!r1   
,william1 support$ by ,hanov] &         
,prussia1 replac$ him1 recogniz$ !      
prov9cial ,e/ates1 grant$ a new         
con/itution1 built a new palace1 &      
re-e/abli%$ tranquillity4 ,! conduct ( !
 expell$ duke1 :o1 f 8 asylum 9 !       
,h>zgebirge1 made a futile attempt to   
rega9 possession ( ,brunswick by means (
 popul> agitation & by ! proclamation ( 
democratical op9ions1 add$ to ! contempt
 ) :i* he treat$ ! admonitions ( 8      
sup]iors1 induc$ ! f$]al diet to        
recognize 8 bro!r's au?ority4 ,! ex-duke
 has1 s9ce ?is p]iod1 w&]$ ov] ,engl&1  
,france1 & ,spa91 sometimes engag$ 9    
intrigues ) ,c>li/s1 at o!rs )          
republicans4 ,9 #ahcf1 he accompani$ a  

celebrat$ female a]onaut 9 "o ( h]      
excursions f ,london4 ,! balloon        
accid5tally upset & ! duke & 8 companion
 fell to ! gr\nd4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 z 9 8   
o!r adv5tures1 m fright5$ ?an hurt4  ,9 
,saxony1 ! progress ( enlight5m5t _h    
long r5d]$ ! p s5sible ( ! errors       
committ$ by ! old & etiquetti%          
ari/ocracy ( ! c\rt & diet4 ,z e>ly z   
#ahbi1 all ! grievances _h be5          
recapitulat$ 9 an anonym\s pr9t$        
address1 &1 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahcj1 on !    
v5]able k+1 ,antony 7bro!r to ,fr$]ick  
,augu/us1 deceas$ #ahbg71 decl>+ invalid
 ! settlem5t ( 8 affairs by ! ,e/ates1  
:i* ev9c$ a m lib]al _s ?an !y _h hi!rto
 done1 & on ! prohibition ( ! fe/ivities
 on ! #be? ( ,june1 ! anniv]s>y ( !     
,augsburg ,confession1 by ! t[n c\ncil (
 ,dresd5 & by ! gov]nm5t commission] ( !
 univ]sity ( ,leipzig f devotion to !   
,ca?olic c\rt1 a popul> tumult ensu$ 9  
bo? cities1 :i* 0 quell$ b to be1 a few 
weeks lat]1 aft] ! revolution ( ,july1 m
 disa/r\sly r5ew$4 ,! tumult comm5c$ at 

,leipzig on ! #b;d ( ,septemb] & la/$   
sev]al days1 &1 dur+ ! night ( ! #i?1   
,dresd5 0 /orm$ f )\t by two imm5se     
cr[ds ( populace1 by :om ! police       
build+s & ! t[n-h\se 7 ransack$ & set on
 fire4 ,di/urbances ( a simil> nature   
broke out at ,*emnitz & ,bautz54 ,! k+1 
^u ?is1 nom9at$ 8 nephew1 ,pr9ce        
,fr$]ick1 :o 0 greatly belov$ by ! p1   
co-reg5t2 ! civic gu>d re/or$           
tranquillity1 ! mo/ cry+ abuses1        
p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! city adm9i/ration1 7  
aboli%$1 & ! con/itution 0 revis$4 ,!   
popul> m9i/]1 ,l9d5an1 replac$ ,e9si$el1
 :o _h excit$ univ]sal dete/ation4  ,9 !
 electorate ( ,hesse1 ! p]iod ( t]ror   
occasion$ by ! ?reat5+ lett]s address$  
to ! elector 0 succe$$ by ! agitation   
*>act]i/ic ( ! times4 ,on ! #f? (       
,septemb]1 #ahcj1 a tumultu\s ris+ took 
place at ,cassel2 on ! #bd?1 ! p (      
,hanau de/roy$ e cu/om-h\se /ation$ on !
 fronti]4 ,! public 0 s unanim\s &      
decid$ 9 op9ion t ! elector n only agre$
 to aboli% ! abuses1 to convoke !       

,e/ates1 & to grant a new con/itution1 b
 ev5 plac$ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t            
provisionally 9 ! h&s ( 8 son1 ,pr9ce   
,william1 9 ord] to foll[ ! ,c\ntess    
,rei*5ba*1 :o _h be5 driv5 f ,cassel by 
! insults ( ! populace4 ,pr9ce ,william 
01 h[ev]1 z little z 8 fa!r incl9$ to   
make concessions2 & viol5t collisions   
spe$ily ensu$4 ,he w$d$ ,madame         
,lehmann1 ! wife ( a ,prussian (fic]1 "u
 ! "n ( ! ,c\ntess von ,s*aumburg1 &    
clos$ ! !atre aga9/ 8 "m1 ! electress1 =
 refus+ to place h]self at h] side 9    
public4 ,! citiz5s sid$ ) ! electress1 &
 :51 aft] "s "t _h elaps$1 %e aga9      
v5tur$ to visit ! !atre1 ! doors 7 no   
long] clos$ aga9/ h]1 &1 on h] entrance1
 %e f\nd ! h\se completely fill$4 ,on ! 
close ( ! ev5+'s ent]ta9m5t1 h[ev]1 :ile
 ! audi5ce 7 peaceably disp]s+1 !y 7    
*>g$ by a troop ( cavalry1 :o cut d[n ! 
def5celess multitude )\t di/9ction ( age
 or sex1 ,decemb] #g1 #ahcj4 ,! ,e/ates1
 head$ by ,pr(essor ,jordan1 va9ly dem&$
 r$ress2 ,giesl]1 ! head ( ! police1 0  

alone designat$ z ! crim9al2 ! scrut9y 0
 drawn to an int]m9able l5g? & produc$  
no o!r result ?an ,giesl]'s decoration )
 an ord] by ! pr9ce4  ,9                
,hesse-,d>m/adt1 :]e ! poll-tax am\nt$  
to #f;fls4 #abkrs4 7#ajs4 #d;d47 a head1
 ! ,e/ates v5tur$1 ev5 prior to !       
revolution ( ,july1 to refuse to vote   
#b1jjj1jjj;fls4 7#aff1fff #acs4 #d;d47  
to ! new gr&duke1 ,l\is ,,ii4 7:o _h j  
succe$$ 8 ag$ fa!r1 ! patron ( ! arts71 
= ! defraym5t ( debts contract$ by him  
be=e 8 accession to ! ducal *air4 ,9    
,septemb]1 ! peasantry ( ,upp] ,hesse   
rose en masse on acc\nt ( ! imposition (
 ! sum ( #ajj1jjj;fls4 7#h1ccc #fs4     
#h;d47 ^u ! pov]ty-/rick5 communes 9    
ord] to meet ! outlay occasion$ by !    
fe/ivities giv5 9 ! gr&duke's honor on 8
 r\te ?r\gh ! c\ntry2 ! burd5s laid ^u !
 peasantry 9 ! m$iatiz$ pr9cipalities1 m
 p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,ys5burg1 _h also     
become unbe>able4 ,! insurg5ts took     
,bud+5 by /orm & 7 guilty ( "s excesses 
t[>d ! public (fic]s & ! =e/]s1 b       

depriv$ no "o ( life4 ,ere long conv9c$ 
( _! utt] impot5ce1 !y disp]s$ be=e !   
arrival ( ,pr9ce ,emilius at ! head ( a 
body ( milit>y1 :o1 bl9d$ by rage1      
un=tunately kill$ a numb] ( p]sons 9 !  
village ( ,sdel1 :om !y mi/ook =        
insurg5ts ow+ to ! circum/ance ( _! be+ 
arm$1 b :o _h 9 reality be5 assembl$ by 
a =e/] = ! purpose ( keep+ ! insurg5ts 9
 *eck4  ,9 ?is mon?1 ,septemb]1 #ahcj1  
popul> di/urbances1 b ( m9or import1    
broke out also at ,j5a & ,kahla1        
,alt5burg1 & ,g]a4  ,9 ,hanov]1 ! fir/  
symptoms ( revolution appe>$ 9 ,janu>y1 
#ahca4 ,dr4 ,knig 0 at t "t at ! head ( 
! univ]sity ( ,o/]ode1 ,dr4 ,raus*5platt
 ( t ( ,gtt+54#a ,! abolition ( ! gl>+  
anci5t abuses & ! removal ( ! m9i/]1    
,c\nt ,mun/]1 ! sole object ( ^: policy 
appe>$ to be ! et]nalization ( e        
adm9i/rative & juridical antiquity 9 !  
/ate1 7 dem&$4 ,! petty insurrections 7 
quell$ by ! milit>y4 ,knig 0 tak5       
prison]2 mo/ ( ! o!r demagogues escap$  
to ,france4 ,! ,duke ( ,cambridge1 !    

k+'s bro!r1 m$iat$4 ,c\nt ,mun/] 0      
dismiss$1 & ,hanov] receiv$ a new & m   
lib]al con/itution4  ,:ile ^! ev5ts 7   
pass+ 9 ,g]many1 ! ,poles c>ri$ on a    
conte/ aga9/ ! :ole p[] ( ,russia z     
glori\s & z un=tunate z _! =m] "o "u _! 
lead]1 ,kosciuszko4 ,l\is ,philippe1 k+ 
( ! ,fr5*1 9 ! hope ( ga9+ favor ) !    
nor!rn p[]s by ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,poli%    
cause1 dealt n a /roke 9 _! aid4        
,au/ria1 not)/&+ h] natural rivalry to  
,russia1 beheld ! ,poli% revolution     
m]ely ?r\gh ! veil ( legitimacy & refus$
 h] aid to rebels4 ,a ,hung>ian address 
9 favor ( ,pol& produc$ no result4      
,prussia 0 closely unit$ by family ties 
to ,russia4 ,! ,poles 7 consequ5tly left
 )\t ext]nal aid1 & _! _s 0 int]nally   
damp$ by diplomatic arts4 ,aid 0 promis$
 by ,france1 if !y w\ld wait4 ,!y       
accord+ly wait$3 & 9 ! int]im1 aft] !   
failure ( ,diebits*'s attempt ^u ,w>saw 
& 8 sudd5 dea?1 ,paskewit*1 ! ,russian  
g5]al1 unexpect$ly cross$ ! ,vi/ula     
close to ! ,prussian =tress ( ,?orn &   

seiz$ ! city ( ,w>saw :ile ea* p>ty 0   
/ill 9 a /ate ( indecision4 ,imm5se     
masses ( fugitive ,poli% soldi]y s\ght  
%elt] 9 ,au/ria & ,prussia4 ,! (fic]s & 
a few ?\s& private soldi]s 7 p]mitt$ to 
pass onw>d to ,france3 !y f\nd a w>m    
welcome 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many1 :5ce !y _h    
dur+ ! campaign be5 suppli$ ) surgeons &
 e necess>y = ! supply ( ! hospitals4 ,!
 re/ 7 compell$ to return to ,russia4   
,! ,russian troops drawn f ! di/ant     
prov9ces1 ! same t _h be5 employ$ 9 ! w>
 ) ,p]sia1 ov]ran ,pol& z f> z !        
,prussian fronti]1 br++ ) !m a fe>ful   
pe/il5ce1 ,asiatic *ol]a4 ,?is dire     
malady1 :i* _h1 s9ce #ahag1 crept       
/eadily onw>d f ! banks ( ! ,ganges1    
rea*$ ,russia 9 #ahcj1 &1 9 ! autumn (  
#ahca1 spread across ! fronti]s (       
,g]many4 ,x *iefly visit$ popul\s cities
 & g5]ally sp>$ di/ricts less d5sely    
populat$1 pass+ f "o great city to ano!r
 :i!r infection c\ld n h be5            
communicat$4 ,cordons de sant & qu>ant9e
 regulations 7 ( no avail4 ,! pe/il5ce  

appe>$ to spread l miasma ?r\gh ! air & 
to k9dle l gas :]ev] ! assemblage (     
numb]s dispos$ ! atmosph]e to its       
reception4 ,! pati5ts 7 seiz$ ) vomit+ &
 di>rhoea1 accompani$ ) viol5t          
convulsions1 & (t5 expir$ in/antane\sly 
or aft] an agony ( a few h\rs' duration4
 ,m$ic9al art 0 p[]less aga9/ ?is       
disease1 &1 z 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 !        
ignorant populace ascrib$ its preval5ce 
to poison4 ,suspicion fell ?is "t ^u !  
physicians & ! public au?orities &      
spread 9 ! mo/ incr$ible mann] f ,/4    
,pet]sburg to ,p>is4 ,! idea t !        
physicians _h be5 *>g$ to poison ! p en 
masse occasion$ dreadful tumults1 9 :i* 
numb]s ( physicians fell victims & e    
drug us$ 9 m$ic9e 0 de/roy$ z poison\s4 
,simil> sc5es occurr$ 9 ,russia & 9     
,hung>y4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry a great      
insurrection ( ! peasants took place1 9 
,augu/1 #ahca1 9 :i* n only !           
physicians1 b also numb]s ( ! nobility &
 public (fic]s :o _h provid$ !mselves ) 
drugs fell victims1 & ! mo/ inhuman     

atrocities 7 p]petrat$4 ,9 ,vi5na1 :]e !
 *ol]a rag$ ) extreme virul5ce1 ! p     
behav$ m reasonably4  ,9 ,prussia1 !    
*ol]a occasion$ sev]al di/urbances at   
,ko5igsb]g1 ,/ett91 & ,breslau4 ,at     
,ko5igsb]g ! movem5t 0 n occasion$ by ! 
disease be+ attribut$ to poison4 ,!     
/rict qu>ant9e regulations en=c$ by !   
gov]nm5t _h produc$ a complete comm]cial
 /agnation1 not)/&+ :i* p]mission _h be5
 giv5 to ! ,russian troops1 :5 h>d pu%$ 
by ! insurg5t ,poles1 to provide        
!mselves ) provisions & ammunition f    
,prussia1 s t n only ,russian ag5ts &   
commiss>ies1 b :ole convoys f ,russia   
cross$ ! ,prussian fronti]4 ,! appe>ance
 ( *ol]a 0 ascrib$ to ?is circum/ance1 &
 ! public discont5t 0 ev9c$ bo? by a    
popul> outbreak & 9 an address f ! *ief 
magi/rate ( ,ko5igsb]g to ! ?rone4 ,!   
,prussian army1 "u ! comm& (            
,field-,m>%al ,gneis5au1 /ation$ 9 ,pos5
 = ! purpose ( wat*+ ! movem5ts ( !     
,poles1 0 also attack$ by ! *ol]a1 to   
:i* ! field-m>%al fell victim4 ,x       

spe$ily rea*$ ,b]l91 spread ?r\gh ! nor?
 ( ,g]many to ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,nor?  
,am]ica1 return$ !nce to ! s\? (        
,europe1 &1 9 #ahcf1 crept /eadily on f 
,italy ?r\gh ! ,tyrol to ,bav>ia4  ,!   
veil _h be5 torn f _m an old &          
deep-root$ evil by ! di/urbances (      
#ahcj4 ,! press n[ emulat$ ! prov9cial  
diets & "s ( ! gov]nm5ts t s\ght to meet
 ! dem&s ( ! age 9 expos+ to public view
 all ! political wants ( ,g]many4 ,p>ty 
_s1 h[ev]1 /ill ran too high1 & !       
mod]ate con/itutionali/s1 :o aim$ at !  
gradual introduction ( re=ms by legal   
means1 f\nd !mselves ere long outflank$ 
by two extreme p>ties4 ,:ile ,g5tz at   
,vi5na1 ,j>cke at ,b]l91 etc41 refus$ to
 make ! slighte/ concession & 9 t _s    
conduct$ ! press1 ,rotteck's petty      
con/itutional re=ms 9 ,bad5 7 treat$ )  
contempt by ,wir? & ,sieb5pfeiff]1 by   
:om a ,g]man republic 0 ) tol]able      
publicity proclaim$ 9 ,rh5i% ,bav>ia4   
,nor 7 attempts at m$iation want+4 ,9   
,d>m/adt1 ,s*ulz propos$ ! ret5tion ( ! 

pres5t di/ribution ( ! /ates ( ,g]many &
 ! association ( a second *amb]1 compos$
 ( deputies elect$ by ! p f e "p ( !    
,g]man conf$]ation1 ) ! f$]al assembly  
at ,frank=t4  ,! ,tribune1 edit$ by ,dr4
 ,wir?1 & ! ,we/bot51 edit$ by ,dr4     
,sieb5pfeiff]1 7 prohibit$ by ! f$]al   
diet1 ,m>* #b1 #ahcb4 ,s*ul]1 ,savoie1 &
 ,geib oppos$ ?is measure by ! f\ndation
 ( a club 9 ,rh5i% ,bav>ia = ! promotion
 ( lib]ty ( ! press1 ramifications ( :i*
 7 int5d$ by ! f\nd]s to be ext5d$      
?r\gh\t ,g]many4 ,! approa*+ celebration
 ( ! fe/ival 9 commemoration ( !        
,bav>ian con/itution af=d$ ! malcont5ts 
a long-wi%$-= opportunity = !           
convocation ( a mon/] meet+ at ! anci5t 
ca/le ( ,hamba*1 on ! #bg? ( ,may4      
,al?\gh ! black1 r$ & gold flag wav$ on 
?is occasion high above ! re/1 ! t5d5cy 
to ,fr5* lib]alism pr$om9at$ ov] t to   
,g]man patriotism4 ,numb]s ( ,fr5* be+  
also pres5t1 ,dr4 ,wir? deem$ himself   
call$ ^u to obs]ve t ! fe/ival !y _h met
 to celebrate 0 intr9sically ,g]man1 t  

he despis$ lib]ty z a ,fr5* boon1 & t ! 
patriot's fir/ ?\ghts 7 = 8 c\ntry1 8   
second = lib]ty4 ,^! obs]vations greatly
 displeas$ ! num]\s advocates = ,fr5*   
republicanism among 8 audi5ce1 & "o     
,rey1 a ,/rasburg citiz51 read him a    
sev]e lecture 9 ! ,may5ce /yle ( #agic4b
 ,!re 7 also a numb] ( ,poles pres5t1   
t[>d :om no demon/rations ( jeal\sy 7   
ev9c$4 ,?is meet+ peaceably dissolv$1 b 
no means 7 = ! future neglect$ = !      
purpose ( cru%+ ! _s manife/$ by x4     
,m>%al ,wr$e occupi$ ,spires1 ,l&au1    
,neu/adt1 etc41 ) ,bav>ian troops2 !    
clubs = ! promotion ( lib]ty ( ! press 7
 /rictly prohibit$1 _! orig9al f\nd]s1 z
 well z ! orators ( ,hamba* & ! bolde/ (
 ! newspap] editors1 7 ei!r arre/$ or   
compell$ to quit ! c\ntry4 ,sieb5pfeiff]
 took refuge 9 ,switz]l&2 ,wir? might h 
effect$ 8 escape1 b refus$4 ,"s         
provocations 9 ,neu/adt1 on ! anniv]s>y 
( ! ,hamba* fe/ival 9 #ahcc1 7 br\ght by
 ! milit>y to a tragical close4 ,"s     
newspap] editors1 pr9t]s1 etc41 7 also  

arre/$ at ,muni*1 ,wurzburg1 ,augsburg1 
etc4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ among ! accus$ 0  
,pr(essor ,behr1 c\rt-c\ncillor (       
,wurzburg1 ! burgoma/] & =m] deputy ( t 
city1 :o at ! "t ( ! meet+ at ,hamba*   
made a public spee* at ,gaiba*4 ,on     
acc\nt ( ! revolution>y t5d5cy manife/$ 
9 x he 0 arre/$1 &1 9 #ahhf1 s5t5c$ to  
ask p>don on 8 knees be=e ! k+'s        
portrait & to imprisonm5t1 a puni%m5t to
 :i* ! great] "p ( ! political (f5d]s 7 
condemn$4  ,! f$]al diet _h = "s "t be5 
occupi$ ) measures = ! int]nal          
tranquillity ( ,g]many4 ,! ,hamba*      
fe/ival bo? br\ght !m to a conclusion & 
increas$ _! sev]ity4 ,"u ! date ( ! #bh?
 ( ,june1 #ahcb1 ! resolutions ( ! f$]al
 assembly1 by :i* fir/ ( all ! prov9cial
 ,e/ates1 !n ! popul> clubs1 & f9ally ! 
press1 7 to be depriv$ ( e means (      
oppos+ 9 any ! slighte/ degree ! jo9t w 
( ! pr9ces1 7 publi%$4 ,! gov]nm5ts 7   
b\nd n to tol]ate )9 _! jurisdiction    
aught contr>y to ! resolutions pass$ by 
! f$]al assembly1 & to call ! :ole p[] (

 ! conf$]ation to _! aid if unable to   
en=ce ob$i5ce2 nay1 9 cases ( urg5cy1 ! 
conf$]ation res]v$ to itself ! "r ( arm$
 int]v5tion1 undem&$ by ! gov]nm5ts4    
,taxes1 to meet ! exp5ses ( !           
conf$]ation1 7 to be vot$ submissively  
by ! prov9cial ,e/ates4 ,f9ally1 all    
popul> associations & assemblies 7 also 
prohibit$1 & all newspap]s1 /ill rema9+1
 ( a lib]al t5d5cy1 7 suppress$4  ,!    
y\?ful revolutioni/s1 pr9cipally /ud5ts1
 assembl$ secretly at ,frank=t on !     
,ma9e1 dur+ ! night ( ! #c;d ( ,april1  
#ahcc1 attack$ ! t[n-wat* = ! purpose ( 
lib]at+ "s political prison]s1 &        
possibly int5d$ to h c>ri$ ! f$]al      
assembly by a c\p-de-ma9 _h !y n be5    
disp]s$4 ,^! excesses _h m]ely ! effect 
( increas+ ! sev]ity ( ! scrut9y & (    
cr[d+ ! prisons ) suspect$ p]sons4      
,footnote #a3 ,also ! un=tunate ,dr4    
,pla?1 to :om sci5ce is indebt$ = an    
excell5t hi/orical "w ^u ,*9a4 ,he      
became implicat$ 9 ?is affair & rema9$ 9
 conf9em5t until #ahcf1 :5 he 0 s5t5c$  

to fifte5 ye>s' fur!r imprisonm5t4      
,footnote #b3 ,all national di/9ctions  
mu/ cease & be fus$ 9 univ]sal lib]ty & 
equality2 ?is 0 ! sole aim ( ! noble    
,fr5* p1 & = ?is cause %\ld we meet !m )
 a frat]nal embrace1 etc4 ,paul ,pfiz]  
well obs]v$ 9 a pamphlet on ,g]man      
lib]alism1 publi%$ at t p]iod1 ,:at     
epi!t w\ld ! majority ( ! ,fr5* p be/[  
^u a lib]ty :i* a "p ( _! nation w\ld   
pur*ase by plac+ !mselves b5ea? !       
protection ( a =eign & sup]ior p[]1     
call$ to _! aid aga9/ _! fell[-citiz5s8 
,if ! cause ( ,g]man lib]alism is to    
rema9 pure & unspott$1 we mu/ n1 l      
,coriolanus1 arm ! =eign foe aga9/ our  
c\ntry4 ,! egoti/ical t5d5cy ( ! age is1
 unhappily1 too mu* incl9$ 7by a        
coalition ) ,france7 to pref] p]sonal   
lib]ty & indep5d5ce to ! lib]ty &       
indep5d5ce 7!reby infallibly =feit$7 ( !
 :ole community4 ,! suppos$ fell[%ip )  
,france w\ld be subjection to h]4       
,france w support ! ,g]man lib]als z    
,ri*eli5 did ! ,g]man ,prote/ants4      

,,cclxx4 ,! ,/ruggles ( ! ,prov9cial    
,diets   ,! ,e/ates ( ! diff]5t         
con/itutional /ates s\ght =             
con/itutional re=m by legal means &     
sep>at$ !mselves f ! revolutioni/s4 ,b1 
dur+ p]iods ( great political agitation1
 x is difficult to draw a di/9ctive l9e1
 & any opposition1 h[ev] mod]ate1 appe>s
 z dang]\s z ! mo/ intemp]ate rebellion4
 ,x 01 consequ5tly1 impossible = !      
gov]nm5ts & ! ,e/ates to come to an     
und]/&+ dur+ ^! /ormy times4 ,! result (
 ! delib]ations1 :5ev] ! opposition 0 9 
! majority1 0 prote/ations on bo? sides 
9 def5ce ( "r2 &1 :5ev] ! opposition 0  
or fell 9 ! m9ority1 ! *amb]s 7 ! m]e   
e*o ( ! m9i/]4  ,9 ,bav>ia1 9 #ahca1 !  
second *amb] rais$ a viol5t /orm aga9/ !
 m9i/]1 von ,s*5k1 pr9cipally on acc\nt 
( ! re/oration ( "s mona/]ies & ( !     
enorm\s exp5se att5d+ ! erection ( !    
spl5did public build+s at ,muni*4 ,a law
 ( c5sor%ip _h1 moreov]1 be5 publi%$1 & 
a numb] ( civil (fic]s elect$ by ! p be5
 refus$ p]mission to take _! seats 9 !  

*amb]4 ,s*w9del1 von ,clos51 ,cullmann1 
,seyff]t1 etc41 7 ! lead]s ( !          
opposition4 ,s*5k resign$ (fice2 ! law (
 c5sor%ip 0 repeal$1 & ! ,e/ates /ruck  
two millions f ! civil li/4 ,! fir/     
*amb]1 h[ev]1 refus$ its ass5t to ^!    
resolutions1 ! law ( c5sor%ip 0 reta9$1 
& ! sav+ 9 ! exp5diture ( ! cr[n 0 r$uc$
 to an extremely insignificant am\nt4 ,9
 ! autumn ( #ahcb1 ,pr9ce ,otto1 ! k+'s 
second son1 01 ) ! cons5t ( ! sultan1   
elect$ k+ ( ,greece by ! great m>itime  
p[]s intru/$ ) ! decision ( ! ,greek "q1
 & ,c\nt ,armansp]g1 =m]ly m9i/] (      
,bav>ia1 0 plac$ at ! head ( ! reg5cy   
dur+ ! m9ority ( ! y\?ful mon>*4 ,/eps  
hav+ to be tak5 = ! levy ( troops = !   
,greek s]vice1 "s regim5ts 7 s5t into   
,greece 9 ord] to c>ry ! new regulations
 into effect4 ,! ,bav>ian *amb]s 7 at a 
lat] p]iod almo/ entirely purg$ f !     
opposition & grant$ e dem& made by !    
gov]nm5t4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,bav>ians 9  
anci5t ,greece =ms "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+   
episodes 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,! jeal\sy ( ! 

great p[]s expla9s ! election ( a       
sov]eign indep5d5t ( !m all3 ! noble    
sympa?y display$ = ! ,grecian cause by  
,k+ ,l\is1 :o1 %ortly aft] ! congress ( 
,v]ona1 s5t consid]able sums ( money &  
,colonel von ,heideck to ! aid ( !      
,greeks1 &1 x may be1 also ! wi% to br+ 
! fir/ among ! second-rate p[]s (       
,g]many into clos] connection ) ! common
 int]e/s ( ! fir/-rate p[]s1 m          
p>ticul>ly expla9s t ( ! y\?ful ,otto4#a
 ,! task ( organiz+ a nation1 noble1    
inde$1 b debas$ by long slav]y & /ill   
reek+ ) ! blood ( late rebellion1 "u !  
influ5ce ( a p[]ful & mutually jeal\s   
diplomacy1 on a ,european & ,g]man      
foot+1 01 h[ev]1 extremely difficult4   
,h5ce ! opposite views ent]ta9$ by !    
reg5cy1 ! resignation ( ! c\ncillors (  
/ate1 von ,maur] & von ,abel1 :o 7 m    
incl9$ to adm9i/rate1 & ! ret5tion (    
(fice by ,c\nt ,armansp]g1 :o 0 m incl9$
 to diplomatize4 ,h5ce ! ceaseless      
intrigues ( p>ty1 ! daily increas+      
contumacy1 & ! revolts1 sometimes qu5*$ 

9 blood1 ( ! wild m\nta9 tribes & anci5t
 robb]-*iefs1 to :om ,european          
in/itutions 7 /ill an insupportable     
yoke4 ,k+ ,otto receiv$1 on 8 accession 
to ! ?rone1 9 #ahce1 a visit f 8 royal  
p>5t2 &1 9 ! ensu+ ye>1 conduct$ !      
,pr9cess ( ,old5burg to ,a!ns z 8 bride4
  ,9 ,wurtemb]g1 ! *amb]s fir/ met 9    
#ahcc1 & 71 two mon?s lat]1 aga9        
dissolv$ on acc\nt ( ! refusal ( !      
second *amb] to reject ) indignation    
,pfiz]'s prote/ation aga9/ ! resolutions
 ( ! conf$]ation4 ,9 ! newly-elect$     
second *amb]1 ! opposition1 at ^: head  
/ood ! celebrat$ poet1 ,uhl&1 br\ght    
=w>d num]\s propositions = re=m1 b      
rema9$ 9 ! m9ority1 & x 0 n until ! new 
diet1 held 9 #ahcf1 t ! ari/ocratic fir/
 *amb] 0 induc$ to dim9i% socage s]vice 
& o!r feudal dues tw5ty-two & "o-half p]
 c5t 9 am\nt4 ,! lit]>y piracy t _h     
hi!rto cont9u$ to exi/ solely 9         
,wurtemb]g 0 also provisionally aboli%$1
 ! sy/em ( national education 0 improv$1
 & sev]al o!r useful projects 7 c>ri$   

into execution or prep>$4 ,a new crim9al
 code1 publi%$ 9 #ahch1 aga9 bore traces
 ( political caution4 ,! old opposition 
lo/ p[]4  ,9 ,bad51 ! v5]able gr&duke1  
,l\is1 expir$ 9 #ahcj1 & 0 succe$$ by   
,leopold1 a desc5dant ( ! collat]al     
bran* ( ! c\nts ( ,ho*b]g4 ,bav>ia _h1  
at an e>li] p]iod1 /ipulat$1 9 case ( ! 
ext9ction ( ! eld] & legitimate l9e1 = !
 re/oration ( ! ,pfalz 7,heidelb]g &    
,mannheim71 :i* _h1 9 #ahaf1 be5 secur$ 
to h] by a treaty ) ,au/ria4 ,! gr&duke1
 ,l\is1 _h prote/$ aga9/ ?is measure &  
_h1 9 #ahag1 decl>$ ,bad5 indivisible4  
,bav>ia f9ally rel9qui%$ h] claims on ! 
paym5t ( two million flor9s 7#aff1fff   
#acs4 #d;d47 & ! cession ( ! bailiwick (
 ,/e9feld1 to :i* ,au/ria moreov] add$ !
 c\nty ( ,g]oldseck4 ,! new gr&duke1 :o 
0 surnam$ ! citiz5's fri5d1 behav$ )    
extreme lib]ality & consequ5tly w5t h& 9
 h& ) ! fir/ *amb]1 ( :i* ,wess5b]g &   
,pr9ce von ,fur/5b]g 7 active memb]s1 & 
) ! second1 at ! head ( :i* /ood        
,pr(essors ,rotteck1 ,welck]1 & von     

,itz/e94 ,rotteck propos$ & c>ri$ ?r\gh 
! abolition ( capital puni%m5t z alone  
wor?y ( feudal times1 &1 on ,welck]'s   
motion1 c5sor%ip 0 aboli%$ & a law = !  
press 0 pass$4 ,! f$]al assembly1 h[ev]1
 spe$ily *eck$ ^! re=ms4 ,! gr&duke 0   
compell$ to repeal ! law = ! press1 !   
,freiburg univ]sity 0 = "s "t clos$1    
,pr(essors ,rotteck & ,welck] 7 susp5d$1
 & _! newspap]1 ! ,freis9nige or lib]al1
 0 suppress$ 9 #ahcb4 ,rotteck 01       
not)/&+1 at feud ) ! ,hamba*]s1 & _h    
rais$ ! ,bad5 flag above t ( ,g]many at 
a national fete at ,bad5weil]4 ,?is     
extremely popul> deputy1 :o _h be5      
pres5t$ ) ?irte5 silv] cups 9 te/imony (
 ! affection ) :i* he 0 reg>d$ by ! p1  
aft]w>d prote/$ aga9/ ! resolutions ( ! 
conf$]ation1 b 8 motion 0 viol5tly      
suppress$ by ! m9i/]1 ,w9t]4 ,! ,bad5   
*amb]1 nev]!less1 /ill reta9$ a good    
deal ( en]gy1 &1 aft] ! dea? ( ,rotteck1
 9 #ahda1 a viol5t conte/ 0 c>ri$ on    
conc]n+ ! rights ( election4  ,9        
,hesse-,d>m/adt1 ! ,e/ates aga9 met 9   

#ahcb2 ! lib]al majority 9 ! second     
*amb]1 l$ by von ,gag]n1 ,e4 ,e4        
,h(fmann1 ,hallwa*s1 etc41 prote/$ aga9/
 ! resolutions ( ! conf$]ation1 & !     
*amb] 0 dissolv$4 ,a fre% election took 
place1 not)/&+ :i* ! *amb] 0 aga9       
dissolv$ 9 #ahcd1 on acc\nt ( ! gov]nm5t
 be+ *>g$ ) p>ty _s by von ,gag]n & !   
refusal ( ! *amb] to call him to ord]4  
,! p aft]w>d elect$ a majority (        
submissive memb]s4  ,9 ,hesse-,cassel ! 
popul> demon/rations 7 in/antly foll[$  
by ! convocation ( ! ,e/ates & !        
proposal ( a new & /ipulat$ con/itution1
 :i* receiv$ ! sanction ( ! *amb]s z    
e>ly z ,janu>y1 #ahca2 b1 amid !        
cont9ual di/urbances1 & on acc\nt ( !   
dis9cl9ation ( ! pr9ce co-reg5t to !    
lib]al re=ms1 ! *amb]1 ( :i* ! tal5t$   
pr(essor1 ,jordan ( ,m>burg1 0 ! mo/    
di/+ui%$ memb]1 yield$1 not)/&+ its     
p]sev]ance1 aft] two rapidly successive 
dissolutions1 9 #ahcb & #ahcc1 to !     
influ5ce ( ! 7once lib]al7 m9i/]1       
,hass5pflug1 & ,jordan quitt$ ! sc5e (  

conte/4 ,hass5pflug's tyrannical        
behavior & ! lapse ( ,hesse-,rot5burg 7!
 m$iatiz$ collat]al l9e1 :i* became     
ext9ct ) ! ,l&grave ,victor 9 #ahcd71 ! 
rev5ues ( :i* 7 appropriat$ z p]sonal   
prop]ty by ! pr9ce elector in/ead ( be+ 
decl>$ /ate prop]ty1 f$ ! opposition 9 !
 *amb]s1 :i* 01 not)/&+ ! m5aces ( !    
pr9ce elector1 c>ri$ on until #ahch4    
,hass5pflug ?rew up (fice4  ,9 ,nassau1 
! duke1 ,william1 fell into a viol5t    
dispute ) ! ,e/ates4 ,! second *amb]1   
aft] va9ly solicit+ ! re/itution ( ! ri*
 demesnes1 appropriat$ by ! duke z      
private prop]ty1 on ! gr\nd ( _! be+    
/ate prop]ty1 & ! application ( _!      
rev5ue to ! paym5t ( ! /ate debts1      
refus$1 9 ! autumn ( #ahca1 to vote !   
taxes4 ,! fir/ *amb]1 9 :i* ! duke _h ! 
p[] ( rais+ at w a majority 9 8 favor by
 ! creation ( fre% memb]s1 prote/$ aga9/
 ! conduct ( ! second1 :i* 9 return     
prote/$ aga9/ t ( ! fir/ & susp5d$ its  
proce$+s until _! con/itutional rights  
%\ld h receiv$ full recognition2 five ( 

! deputies1 h[ev]1 aga9 prote/$ aga9/ ! 
susp5sion ( ! proce$+s ( ! *amb] & vot$ 
! taxes dur+ ! abs5ce ( ! majority4 ,!  
majority aga9 prote/$1 b became entangl$
 9 a political lawsuit1 & ,h]b]1 !      
gray-head$ presid5t1 0 conf9$ 9 ! =tress
 ( ,m>xburg4  ,9 ,brunswick1 a good     
und]/&+ prevail$ betwe5 ,william ! new  
duke1 & ! ,e/ates1 :i* 71 h[ev]1 accus$ 
( hav+ an ari/ocratic t5d5cy by !       
democratic p>ty4 ,_! sitt+s cont9u$ to  
be held 9 secret4  ,9 ,saxony1 !        
long-wi%$-= re=ms1 above all1 ! grant ( 
a new con/itution1 7 realiz$1 ow+ to !  
influ5ce ( ! popul> co-reg5t1 add$ to t 
( ,l9d5au1 ! highly-e/eem$ m9i/]1 & ( ! 
newly-elect$ ,e/ates1 9 #ahca4 ,! law ( 
c5sor%ip1 nev]!less1 cont9u$ to be en=c$
 ) extreme sev]ity1 :i* also m>k$ !     
treatm5t ( ! political prison]s4 ,c\nt  
,hoh5?al & ,b>on ,watzdorf1 :o seiz$ e  
opportunity to put 9 prote/ations1 ev5  
aga9/ ! resolutions ( ! conf$]ation1    
ev9c$ ! mo/ lib]al _s4 ,on ! demise ( ! 
ag$ k+1 ,antony1 9 #ahce1 & ! accession 

( ! co-reg5t1 ,fr$]ick1 to ! ?rone1 !   
political movem5ts totally ceas$4       
,hol/e9 & ,s*leswig _h also1 z e>ly z   
#ahbc1 solicit$ ! re/itution ( _! anci5t
 con/itutional rights1 :i* ! k+1        
,fr$]ick ,,iv41 delay$ to grant4        
,lorns51 ! c\ncillor ( *anc]y1 0 arre/$ 
9 #ahcj1 = attempt+ to agitate ! p4     
,sep>ate prov9cial diets 71 not)/&+1    
decre$1 9 #ahca1 = ,hol/e9 & ,s*leswig1 
al?\gh bo? prov9ces urg5tly dem&$ _!    
union4 ,fr$]ick ,,iv4 expir$ 9 #ahci & 0
 succe$$ by 8 c\s91 ,*ri/ian4           
,imm$iately aft] ! revolution ( ,july1 !
 pr9ces ( ,old5burg1 ,alt5burg1 ,coburg1
 ,me9+51 & ,s*w>zburg-,sond]%aus5 made a
 public appeal to ! confid5ce ( _!      
subjects1 :om !y call$ ^u to lay be=e !m
 _! grievances1 etc4 ,augu/us1 duke (   
,old5burg1 :o _h assum$ ! title (       
gr&duke1 proclaim$ a con/itution1 b     
%ortly aft]w>d )drew 8 promise & /rictly
 =bade 8 subjects to annoy him by       
recall+ x to 8 remembrance4 ,! pr9ce von
 ,sond]%aus5 also refus$ ! hop$-=       

con/itution4 ,9 ,sigm>+51 ,alt5burg1 &  
,me9+5 ! con/itutional movem5t 01 on !  
contr>y1 c\nt5anc$ & enc\rag$ by !      
pr9ces4 ,paul9e1 ! lib]al-m9d$ pr9cess (
 ,lippe-,detmold1 _h already drawn up a 
con/itution = h] petty t]ritory ) h] own
 h&1 :5 ! nobility rose aga9/ x1 &1 aid$
 by ! f$]al assembly1 compell$ h] to    
)draw x4  ,9 ! autumn ( #ahcc1 ! emp]or 
( ,russia held a conf]5ce ) ! k+ (      
,prussia at ,mun*5-,gratz1 :i!r ! emp]or
 ( ,au/ria also repair$4 ,a ,g]man      
m9i/]ial congress assembl$ imm$iately   
aft]w>d at ,vi5na1 & ! fir/ ( its       
resolutions 0 made public late 9 !      
autumn ( #ahcd4 ,x ann\nc$ ! e/abli%m5t 
( a c\rt ( arbitration1 emp[]$1 z !     
highe/ c\rt ( appeal1 to decide all     
disputes betwe5 ! gov]nm5ts & _!        
prov9cial ,e/ates4 ,! :ole ( ! memb]s ( 
?is c\rt 7 to be nom9at$ by ! gov]nm5ts1
 b ! disput+ p>ties 7 free to select _! 
arbitrators f among ! numb]4  ,a fre% & 
viol5t con/itutional battle 01 not)/&+  
^! precautions1 f\ght 9 ,hanov]1 :]e    

,adolphus ,fr$]ick1 duke ( ,cambridge1  
_h1 9 ! "n ( 8 bro!r1 ,william ,,iv41 k+
 ( ,engl&1 e/abli%$ a new con/itution1  
:i* _h receiv$ _m ameliorations not)/&+ 
! ineffici5cy ( ! lib]als1 ,*ri/iani1   
,luntzel1 etc41 to c\nt]act ! ov]p[]+   
influ5ce ( ! mon>*ical & ari/ocratic    
p>ty4 ,william ,,iv41 k+ ( ,engl& &     
,hanov]1 expir$ 9 #ahcg1 & 0 succe$$ on 
! ?rone ( ,great ,brita9 by ,victoria   
,alex&r9a1 ! daught] ( 8 y\ng] & deceas$
 bro!r1 ,edw>d1 duke ( ,k5t1 & ( !      
,pr9cess ,victoria ( ,saxe-,coburg2 & on
 t ( ,hanov]1 :i* 0 solely h]itable 9 ! 
male l9e1 by 8 second bro!r1 ,erne/1    
duke ( ,cumb]l&1 ! lead] ( ! ,tory p>ty 
9 ,engl&4 ,no soon] _h ?is new sov]eign 
set 8 foot on ,g]man soil#b ?an he      
repeal$ ! con/itution grant$ to ,hanov] 
9 #ahcc & orda9$ ! re/oration ( ! =m] "o
 ( #ahai1 drawn up 9 a less lib]al b m  
mon>*ical & ari/ocratic _s4 ,among !    
prote/ations made aga9/ ?is c\p d'tat1 t
 ( ! sev5 ,gtt+5 pr(essors1 ! two       
bro!rs1 ,grimm1 to :om ! ,g]man language

 & antiqu>ian rese>* are s deeply       
indebt$1 ,dahlmann1 ,g]v9us1 ,ewald1    
,web]1 & ,albre*t1 is mo/ wor?y (       
record4 ,_! in/ant dismission produc$ an
 insurrection among ! /ud5ts1 :i* 01    
aft] a good deal ( blood%$1 quell$ by ! 
milit>y4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahch1 ! ,e/ates 
7 convok$ accord+ to ! articles ( !     
con/itution ( #ahai = ! purpose ( tak+ a
 con/itution1 drawn up "u ! dictation ( 
! k+1 "u delib]ation4 ,_m ( ! t[ns      
refus$ to elect deputies1 & "s ( ^?     
elect$ 7 n p]mitt$ to take _! seats4 ,! 
city ( ,osnabruck prote/$ 9 ! f$]al     
assembly4 ,not)/&+ ?is1 ! ,e/ates       
mean:ile assembl$1 b decl>$ !mselves    
incompet5t1 reg>d+ !mselves simply 9 !  
light ( an arbitrative committee1 &1 z  
su*1 ?rew out ! con/itution pres5t$ by !
 k+1 ,june1 #ahch4 ,! f$]al assembly    
rema9$ passive4#c ,9 #ahci1 ,s*ele1 !   
m9i/]1 f9ally succe$$1 by means ( m5aces
 & brib]y1 & by arbitr>ily call+ into ! 
*amb] ! m9i/]ial c&idates :o _h receiv$ 
! m9ority ( votes dur+ ! elections1 9   

collect+ s _m deputies devot$ to 8 p>ty 
z 7 requisite 9 ord] to =m ! *amb] & to 
pass resolutions4 ,! city ( ,hanov]     
h]eupon br\ght be=e ! f$]al assembly a  
petition = r$ress & a li/ ( grievances 9
 :i* ,s*ele's *amb] 0 describ$ z unwor?y
 ( ! "n ( a con/itutional repres5tative 
assembly1 void ( confid5ce1 unpossess$ (
 ! public e/eem1 & unrecogniz$ by !     
c\ntry4 ,! k+ in/antly dive/$ ,rumann1 !
 city director1 ( 8 (fice1 b s f> yield$
 to ! magi/rate1 to :om he gave audi5ce 
9 ! palace & :o 0 foll[$ by cr[ds ( !   
populace1 z to revoke ! nom9ation1      
already decl>$ illegal1 ( ,rumann's     
successor1 & to promise t ! matt] at    
issue %\ld be br\ght be=e ! common      
tribunal in/ead ( ! c\ncil ( /ate1 ,july
 #ag?4 ,num]\s o!r cities1 corporations 
( l&$ proprietors1 etc41 also foll[$ !  
example set by ,hanov] & laid _!        
compla9ts be=e ! f$]al assembly1 :i*    
h]eupon decl>$ t1 accord+ to ! laws ( ! 
conf$]ation1 x f\nd no cause =          
int]f]5ce1 b at ! same "t advis$ ! k+ to

 come to an und]/&+ consi/5t ) ! rights 
( ! cr[n & ( ! ,e/ates1 ) ! pres5t      
,e/ates 7unrecogniz$ by ! democratic    
p>ty71 conc]n+ ! =m ( ! con/itution4 ,9 
! f$]al assembly1 ,wurtemb]g & ,bav>ia1 
mo/ p>ticul>ly1 vot$ 9 favor ( !        
,hanov]ians4 ,pr(essor ,ewald 0 appo9t$ 
to ! univ]sity ( ,tub+52 ,albre*t1 at a 
lat] p]iod1 to t ( ,leipzig2 ! bro!rs   
,grimm1 to t ( ,b]l92 ,dahlmann1 to t ( 
,bonn4 ,among ! assembl$ ,e/ates1 ^? (  
,bad51 ,wurtemb]g1 & ,saxony mo/ w>mly  
esp\s$ ! cause ( ! p ( ,hanov]1 b1 z 0  
natural1 )\t result4#d  ,9 #ahdj1 ! k+  
convok$ a fre% diet4 ,! p refus$ to     
elect memb]s1 & x 0 solely by means (   
intrigue t a small numb] ( deputies 7n  
half ! numb] fix$ by law7 7 assembl$1   
creatures ( ! m9i/]1 ,s*ele1 :o 7 dis[n$
 by ! p 9 addresses c\*$ 9 ! mo/        
en]getic t]ms 7! address pres5t$ by !   
citiz5s ( ,osnabruck 0 ! mo/ rem>kable7 
& _! proce$+s 7 prote/$ aga9/4 ,?is     
petty assembly1 nev]!less1 took "u      
delib]ation & pass$ a new con/itution1  

aga9/ :i* ! cities & ! c\ntry aga9      
prote/$4 ,! k+ also decl>$ 8 only son1  
,george1 :o 0 afflict$ ) bl9dness1      
capable ( gov]n+ & ( succe$+ to ! ?rone4
   ,footnote #a3 ,?i]s*1 ! ,bav>ian     
c\rt-c\ncillor1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$     
connoisseurs ( ,grecian antiquity1 :o   
visit$ ,greece %ortly aft] ,heideck &   
be=e ! arrival ( ! k+1 0 receiv$ by !   
mod]n ,greeks ) t\*+ demon/rations (    
delight4 ,no nation has s deeply /udi$1 
s deeply become imbu$ ) ,grecian lore1 z
 t ( ,g]many1 & ! close connection =m$1 
on ! accession ( ! ,bav>ian ,otto to !  
?rone ( ,greece1 betwe5 h] sons & !     
*ildr5 ( t classic l&1 ju/ifies ! pr\de/
 expectations4  ,footnote #b3 ,he did n 
re/ore ! :ole ( ! cr[n prop]ty t _h1 at 
an e>li] p]iod1 be5 c>ri$ away to       
,engl&4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! cr[n 
jewels _h be5 tak5 away by ,george ,i41 
& :51 9 #ahjb1 ! ,fr5* occupi$ ,hanov]1 
! :ole ( ! movable cr[n prop]ty1 ev5 !  
great /ud1 0 s5t to ,engl&4 ,on ! demise
 ( ,george ,,iii41 ! cr[n jewels 7      

divid$ among ! pr9ces ( ! ,engli%       
h\se4--,copi$ f ! ,c\ri] ( ,augu/1      
#ahch4  ,footnote #c3 ,! ,d>m/adt       
gov]nm5t decl>$ to ! second *amb]1 on   
its br++ =w>d a motion = ! int]cession (
 ,d>m/adt ) ! f$]al assembly 9 favor ( !
 legality ( ! anci5t con/itution !n 9   
=ce 9 ,hanov]1 t ! gr&duke w\ld nev]    
tol]ate any coop]ation on ! "p ( !      
,e/ates ) 8 vote 9 ! f$]al assembly4    
,footnote #d3 ,?is defeat is1 h[ev]1 n  
to be lam5t$3 ! battle = ! sep>ate      
con/itutions has n be5 f\ght 9 va9 if   
,g]man nationality spr+ f ! wreck (     
,g]man sep>atism1 if we are taught t )\t
 a lib]al f$]al con/itution lib]al      
prov9cial con/itutions are impossible 9 
,g]many4--,pfiz]4    ,,cclxxi4 ,au/ria &
 ,pr9ce ,mett5i*   ,au/ria might1 on !  
fall ( ,napoleon1 h ma9ta9$ ,alsace1    
,lorra9e1 ! ,breisgau1 & ! :ole ( !     
t]ritory ( ! ,upp] ,rh9e 9 ! same mann] 
9 :i* ,prussia _h ma9ta9$ t ( ! ,l[]    
,rh9e1 _h %e n pref]r$ ! pres]vation (  
h] rule 9 ,italy & r5d]$ h] position 9  

,g]many subord9ate to h] /ation z a     
,european p[]4 ,?is policy is expla9$ by
 ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! ,au/rian    
/ate1 :i* _h = c5turies compris$ )9     
itself nations ( ! mo/ di/9ct "*1 & !   
population ( ^: prov9ces 7 by f> !      
great] "p ,slavonian1 ,hung>ian1 &      
,italian1 ! great m9ority ,g]man4 ,by   
?is policy %e lo/1 z ! ,prussian        
,cu/oms' ,union has also aga9 prov$1 mu*
 ( h] influ5ce ov] ,g]many1 :ile1 on !  
o!r h&1 %e secur$ x ! m firmly 9 ,s\!rn 
& ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,au/ria has long made 
a gradual & almo/ unp]ceiv$ advance f ! 
nor?we/ 9 a s\!a/]ly direction4 ,9      
,g]many %e has cont9ually lo/ gr\nd4    
,switz]l&1 ! ,ne!rl&s1 ,alsace1         
,lorra9e1 ! ,swabian c\nties1 ,lusatia1 
,silesia1 h "o by "o be5 sev]$ f h]1    
:ile h] non-,g]man possessions h z      
cont9ually be5 increas$1 by ! addition (
 ,hung>y1 ,transylvania1 ,galicia1      
,dalmatia1 & ,upp] ,italy4  ,! conte/   
c>ri$ on betwe5 ,au/ria1 ! ,fr5*        
,revolution1 & ,napoleon1 has at all    

ev5ts left deep & /ill visible traces2 !
 *>act]s ( ! emp]or ,francis & ( 8      
*ancellor ( /ate1 ,pr9ce ,mett]ni*1 t   
p]fect repres5tative ( ! ari/ocracy (   
,europe1 sympa?ize also z closely ) !   
,au/rian sy/em z ! "* ( ! emp]or ,joseph
 0 antipa!tical to x4 ,?is sy/em dates1 
h[ev]1 e>li] ?an ^? revolution>y        
/ruggles1 & has already outliv$ at lea/ 
"o ( its support]s4  ,au/ria is ! only  
great /ate 9 ,europe t comprises s _m   
div]se b well-pois$ nationalities )9 its
 bosom2 9 all ! o!r great /ates1 "o     
nation be>s ! prepond]ance4 ,to ?is     
circum/ance may be ascrib$ h] peaceful  
policy1 e great w> ?reat5+ h] ) ! revolt
 ( "s "o ( ! =eign nations subord9ate to
 h] sceptre4 ,to ?is may1 moreov]1 be   
ascrib$ ! t5acity ) :i* %e upholds !    
pr9ciple ( legitimacy4 ,! hi/orical     
h]$it>y "r ( ! reign+ dyna/y =ms ! sole 
b ideal tie by :i* ! div]se & naturally 
inimical nations b5ea? h] rule are l9k$ 
toge!r4 ,= ! same reason1 ! conc5tration
 ( tal5t 9 ! gov]nm5t contra/s1 9       

,au/ria1 m viol5tly ) ! obscurantism ( !
 prov9ces ?an 9 any o!r /ate4 ,n only   
does ! ov]p[]+ intellig5ce ( ! *anc]y ( 
/ate awe ! nations b5ea? its rule1 b !  
prov]bial good nature & patri>*al       
cordiality ( ! imp]ial family w9 e he>t4
 ,! army is a m]e ma*9e 9 ! h&s ( !     
gov]nm5t2 a /&+ army1 9 :i* ! soldi]    
s]ves = life or = ! p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 
dur+ :i* he necess>ily loses all sympa?y
 ) 8 fell[-citiz5s1 & :i* is solely     
re9tegrat$ f militia :om ?is privilege  
r5d]s /ill m devot$ to ! gov]nm5t4 ,!   
pretorian _s usually preval5t 9 /&+     
armies has be5 gu>d$ aga9/ 9 ,au/ria by 
!re be+ no gu>ds1 & all sympa?y betwe5 !
 milit>y & ! citiz5s ( ! v>i\s prov9ces 
:5ce !y 7 drawn is at once prev5t$ by ! 
,hung>ian troops be+ s5t into ,italy1 ! 
,italian troops into ,galicia1 etc41    
etc4 ,! nationality ( ! private soldi]  
is *eck$ by ! ,g]manism ( ! subalt]ns & 
by ! ,au/rianism ( ! /aff4 ,besides !   
p[] ?us ev]y:]e visible1 !re exi/s ano!r
 p>tially invisible1 t ( ! police1 9    

connection ) a c5sor%ip ( ! sev]e/      
description1 :i* keeps a gu>d ov] !     
inadv]t5cies ( ! tongue z well z ov] ^? 
( ! press4 ,! p are1 on ! o!r h&1       
closely b\nd up ) ! gov]nm5t & int]e/$ 9
 ! ma9t5ance ( ! exi/+ /ate ( affairs by
 ! pap] curr5cy1 on ! value ( :i* !     
welf>e ( e subject 9 ! /ate dep5ds4  ,to
 a gov]nm5t ?us /rong 9 conc5trat$ p[] &
 intellig5ce /&s oppos$ ! mass ( nations
 subject to ! ,au/rian sceptre ^:       
natural antipa?ies h be5 artfully fo/]$ 
& /r5g!n$4 ,9 ,au/ria ! di/9ctions (    
class1 *>act]i/ic ( ! ,middle ,ages1 are
 /ill pres]v$4 ,! ari/ocracy & ! cl]gy  
possess an influ5ce almo/ unkn[n 9      
,g]many1 b solely ov] ! p1 n ov] !      
gov]nm5t4 ,z corporative bodies !y /ill 
are1 z 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,,vi41 convok$ 
= ! purpose ( hold+ po/ulate diets1 ^:  
p[]1 ) ! exception ( t ( ! ,hung>ian    
diet1 is m]ely nom9al4 ,! nobility1 ev5 
9 ,hung>y1 z ev]y:]e else ?r\gh\t !     
,au/rian /ates 7m p>ticul>ly s9ce !     
,spani% sy/em adopt$ by ,f]d9& ,,ii471  

is split into two inimical classes1 ^? (
 ! high] & l[] ari/ocracy4 ,ev5 9       
,galicia1 :]e ! ,poli% nobility =m$1 at 
an e>li] p]iod & accord+ to e>li] usage1
 b "o body1 ! di/9ction ( a high] & l[] 
class has be5 introduc$ s9ce !          
occupation ( t c\ntry by ,au/ria4 ,!    
high ari/ocracy are ei!r b\nd by favors1
 co9cid5t ) _! orig91 to ! c\rt1 ! great
 majority among !m consi/+ ( families on
 :om nobility 0 conf]r$ by ,f]d9& ,,ii41
 or !y are1 if families belong+ to ! m  
p[]ful & m anci5t national ari/ocracy1  
z1 = in/ance1 t ( ,e/]hazy 9 ,hung>y1   
br\ght by ! be/[al ( fre% favors into   
clos] aff9ity ) ! c\rt & drawn )9 its   
sph]e4 ,! great] proportion ( !         
ari/ocracy consequ5tly reside at ,vi5na4
 ,! l[] nobility make _! way *iefly by  
tal5t & p]sev]ance 9 ! army & ! civil   
(fices1 & are !re=e naturally devot$ to 
! gov]nm5t1 on :i* all _! hopes 9 life  
dep5d4 ,! cl]gy1 al?\gh p]mitt$ to reta9
 ! :ole ( _! anci5t pomp & _! influ5ce  
ov] ! m9ds ( ! p1 h be5 r5d]$ dep5d5t ^u

 ! gov]nm5t1 a po9t easily ga9$1 ! pope 
be+ pr9cipally protect$ by ,au/ria4  ,! 
c>e ( ! gov]nm5t = ! mat]ial welf>e ( ! 
p _c be d5i$2 x is1 h[ev]1 fru/rat$ by  
two ob/acles rais$ by its own sy/em4 ,! 
ma9t5ance ( ! high ari/ocracy is1 =     
in/ance1 antipa!tic to ! welf>e ( !     
subject1 &1 al?\gh com=t & pl5ty ab\nd 9
 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,vi5na1 !         
population on ! enorm\s e/ates ( !      
magnates 9 ! prov9ces (t5 pres5t a      
lam5table contra/4 ,! ,au/rian gov]nm5t 
moreov] prohibits all free int]c\rse )  
=eign p>ts1 & ! old- fa%ion$ sy/em (    
taxation1 s5seless z _m o!r exi/+       
regulations1 entirely puts a /op to all 
free trade betwe5 ,hung>y & ,au/ria4    
,consequ5tly1 ! new & gr& modes (       
communication1 ! ,franz5 ,canal1 t      
unites ! ,danube & ! ,?iess1 !          
,l\is5/rasse1 betwe5 ,c>l/adt & ,fiume1 
! magnific5t road to ,trie/e1 !         
admirable road across ! rocks ( !       
,/ilfs] ,jock1 &1 m ?an all1 ! /eam     
navigation z f> z ! m\?s ( ! ,danube & !

 railroads1 w be unavail+ to scatt] !   
bless+s ( comm]ce & indu/ry s long z ^! 
wret*$ prohibitions cont9ue to be en=c$4
  ,au/ria has1 9 reg>d to h] =eign      
policy1 left ! increas+ influ5ce (      
,russia 9 ,pol&1 ,p]sia1 & ,turkey      
unoppos$1 & ev5 all[$ ! m\?s ( ! ,danube
 to be gu>d$ by ,russian =tresses1 :ile 
%e has1 on ! o!r h&1 en]getically       
repell$ ! int]f]5ce ( ,france 9 !       
affairs ( ,italy4 ,! ,july revolution   
induc$ a popul> insurrection 9 !        
dom9ions ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! ,fr5* ?rew a    
g>rison into ! citadel ( ,ancona2 !     
,au/rians1 h[ev]1 in/antly ent]$ !      
c\ntry & en=c$ ! re/oration ( ! ani5    
rgime4 ,9 ,lomb>dy1 _m ameliorations 7  
introduc$ & ! prosp]ity ( ! c\ntry      
promot$ by ! ,au/rian adm9i/ration1     
not)/&+ ! national jeal\sy ( !          
inhabitants4 ,v5ice1 ) h] *ok$-up h>bor1
 c\ld1 x is true1 no long] compete )    
,trie/e4 ,! ,g]man elem5t has ga9$ gr\nd
 9 ,galicia by means ( ! public         
au?orities & ! immigration (            

agriculturi/s & artific]s4 ,! ,hung>ians
 endeavor$ to r5d] _! language ! common 
m$ium ?r\gh\t ,hung>y1 & to expel !     
,g]man elem5t1 b _! appreh5sion ( !     
num]\s ,slavonian population ( ,hung>y1 
:om religi\s sympa?y r5d]s subject to   
,russian influ5ce1 has spe$ily reconcil$
 !m ) ! ,g]mans4 ,slavonism has1 on !   
o!r h&1 also ga9$ gr\nd 9 ,bohemia4  ,! 
emp]or1 ,francis ,i41 expir$ 9 #ahce1 & 
0 succe$$ by 8 son1 ,f]d9& ,i41 )\t a   
*ange tak+ place 9 ! sy/em ( ! gov]nm5t1
 ( :i* ,pr9ce ,mett]ni* cont9u$ to be ! 
direct+ pr9ciple4  ,! decease ( "s ( !  
heads ( =eign royal families & !        
m>riages ( _! successors aga9 plac$     
sev]al ,g]man pr9ces on =eign ?rones4 ,!
 la/ ( ! ,guelphs on ! ?rone ( ,great   
,brita9 expir$ ) ,william ,,iv41 ^:     
niece & successor1 ,victoria ,alex&r9a1 
w$d$1 #ahdj1 ,alb]t ( ,saxe-,coburg1    
second son ( ,erne/1 ! reign+ duke4 ,t !
 desc5dant ( ! /eadfa/ elector %\ld1    
aft] su* adv]se =tune1 be ?us de/9$ to  
occupy ! highe/ position 9 ! re=m$ _w1  

is ( itself rem>kable4 ,"o ( ?is pr9ce's
 uncles1 ,leopold1 is seat$ on ! ?rone (
 ,belgium1 & "o ( 8 c\s9s1 ,f]d9&1 on t 
( ,portugal1 9 "r ( 8 consort1 ,donna   
,m>ia da ,gloria1 ! daught] ( ,dom      
,p$ro1 k+ ( ,portugal & emp]or ( !      
,brazils1 to :om1 on ! expulsion ( !    
usurp]1 ,dom ,miguel1 he 0 w$d$ 9 #ahce4
 ,^! pr9ces ( ,coburg are rem>kable =   
manly beauty4  ,! antipa?y ) :i* ! new  
dyna/y on ! ?rone ( ,france 0 g5]ally   
view$ r5d]$ ,f]d9&1 ,duke ( ,orleans1   
,l\is ,philippe's elde/ son1 = "s "t an 
unsuccessful suitor = ! h& ( a ,g]man   
pr9cess2 he at l5g? conduct$ ,hel5a1    
pr9cess ( ,meckl5burg-,s*w]91 al?\gh    
aga9/ ! cons5t ( h] /epfa!r1 ,paul      
,fr$]ick1 ! reign+ duke1 to ,p>is 9     
#ahcg1 z future que5 ( ! ,fr5*4 ,he 0   
kill$ 9 #ahdb1 by a fall f 8 c>riage1 & 
left two infant sons1 ! ,c\nt ( ,p>is & 
! ,duke ( ,*>tres4 ,! ,cz>[itz1 ,alex&]1
 esp\s$ ,m>ia1 ,pr9cess ( ,d>m/adt4  ,! 
,fr5* *amb]s & j\rnals h reassum$ t[>d  
,g]many ! tone =m]ly affect$ by         

,napoleon1 &1 ) incessant cries = w>1 9 
:i*1 9 #ahdj1 ! voice ( ! prime m9i/]   
,?i]s jo9$1 dem& ! re/oration ( ! left  
bank ( ! ,rh9e4 ,?i]s 01 h[ev]1 compell$
 to resign (fice1 & ! close alliance    
betwe5 ,au/ria1 ,prussia1 & ! :ole ( !  
conf$]at$ pr9ces1 z well z ! feel+      
univ]sally display$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1    
demon/rat$ ! en]gy ) :i* an attack on ! 
side ( ,france w\ld be repell$4 ,!      
erection ( ! long-=gott5 f$]al =tresses 
on ! ,upp] ,rh9e 0 also tak5 at l5g? "u 
consid]ation1 & x 0 resolv$ to =tify bo?
 ,ra/adt & ,ulm )\t fur!r delay4  ,nor h
 ! /atesm5 ( ,france fail$ to ?reat5    
,g]many ) a ,russo-,gallic alliance 9 ! 
_s ( ! ,erfurt congress ( #ahjh2 :ile   
,russia p]sev]es 9 ! prohibitory sy/em s
 prejudicial to ,g]man comm]ce1 attempts
 to suppress e sp>k ( ,g]man nationality
 9 ,livonia1 ,c\rl&1 & ,e/honia1 & fo/]s
 ,panslavism1 or ! union ( all !        
,slavonic nations = ! subjection ( ! _w1
 among ! ,slavonian subjects ( ,au/ria 9
 ,hung>ia & ,bohemia4 ,! ext5sion ( !   

,greek *ur* is also connect$ ) ?is idea4
 ,! ,european ,p5t>*y1 a "w t attract$  
mu* att5tion 9 #ahci1 insol5tly boa/s h[
 ,russia1 9 defiance ( ,au/ria1 has     
seiz$ ! m\?s ( ! ,danube1 has w$g$      
h]self1 z x 71 by means ( ,pol&1 betwe5 
,au/ria & ,prussia1 9 a position equally
 ?reat5+ to bo?1 recomm5ds ! m9or /ates 
( ,g]many to seek ! protection (        
,russia1 & d>kly h9ts at ! alliance     
betwe5 t p[] & ,france4  ,nor are !     
prospects ( ,g]many alone ?reat5$ by    
,france & ,russia2 di/urbances1 l a     
fanta/ic r5ewal ( ! horrors ( ! ,middle 
,age1 are ready to bur/ =? on ! o!r side
 ( ! ,alps1 z ?\gh1 accord+ to ! anci5t 
saga ( ,g]many1 ! dead 7 ab\t to rise 9 
ord] to m+le 9 ! la/ great conte/ betwe5
 ! gods & mank9d4    ,,cclxxii4 ,prussia
 & ,rome   ,:ile ,au/ria rema9s         
/ation>y1 ,prussia progresses4 ,:ile    
,au/ria relies = support ^u ! ari/ocracy
 ( ! ,e/ates1 ,prussia relies = h]s ^u !
 p1 t is to say1 ^u ! public (fic]s tak5
 f ! mass ( ! population1 ^u ! citiz5s  

emancipat$ by ! city regulation1 ^u !   
peasantry emancipat$ by ! abolition (   
s]vitude1 ( all ! o!r agricultural      
impo/s1 & by ! division ( prop]ty1 & ^u 
! enrolm5t ( bo? classes 9 ! ,l&wehr4   
,:ile ,au/ria1 9 f9e1 r5d]s h] ,g]man   
policy subord9ate to h] ,european       
diplomacy1 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by        
,prussia ^u ,europe dep5ds1 on !        
contr>y1 solely ^u t possess$ by h] 9   
,g]many4  ,prussia's lead+ pr9ciple     
appe>s to be1 ,all = ! p1 no?+ ?r\gh !  
p6 ,h5ce ! greate/ solicitude = !       
in/ruction ( ! p1 :e!r 9 ! meane/ s*ools
 or ! univ]sities1 b "u /rict political 
control1 "u ! sev]e/ c5sor%ip2 h5ce !   
emancipation ( ! peasantry1 civic self- 
adm9i/ration1 fre$om ( trade1 ! g5]al   
arm+ ( ! p1 &1 ) all ^!1 m]e nameless   
prov9cial diets1 ! mo/ complete popul>  
lib]ty on ! wide/ basis )\t a           
repres5tation wor?y ( ! "n2 h5ce1       
f9ally1 ! greate/ solicitude = !        
promotion ( trade on a gr& scale1 = !   
revival ( ! comm]ce ( ,g]many1 :i* has  

la9 pro/rate s9ce ! great w>s ( !       
,re=mation1 = ! m]cantile unity (       
,g]many1 :ile x is exactly 9 ,prussia t 
political ,unit>ians are ! mo/ sev]ely  
puni%$4  ,! great measures 7 comm5c$ 9  
,prussia imm$iately aft] ! disa/] (     
#ahjf3 fir/1 ! reorganization ( ! army &
 ! abolition ( ! privileges ( !         
ari/ocracy 9 respect to appo9tm5ts & !  
possession ( l&$ prop]ty2 ^! 71 9 #ahjh1
 succe$$ by ! celebrat$ civic regulation
 :i* plac$ ! civic adm9i/ration 9 ! h&s 
( ! city deputies freely elect$ by !    
citiz5s2 9 #ahaj1 by fre$om ( trade & by
 ! f\ndation ( ! new univ]sities ( ,b]l9
 7in/ead ( ,halle71 ( ,breslau 7in/ead (
 ,frank=t on ! ,od]71 &1 9 #ahai1 (     
,bonn1 by :i* means ! libr>ies1 museums1
 & sci5tific in/itutions ( e description
 7 c5traliz$2 9 #ahad1 by ! common duty 
impos$ ^u e individual ( e class1 )\t   
exception1 to be> arms & to d s]vice 9 !
 ,l&wehr up to 8 ?irty-n9? ye>2 9 #ahba1
 by ! regulation = ! division (         
communes2 &1 9 #ahbb1 by ! extra po/4   

,9 respect to ! popul> repres5tation    
gu>ante$ by ! f$]al act1 ,prussia       
ann\nc$1 on ! #bb;d ( ,may1 #ahae1 h]   
int5tion to =m prov9cial diets1 f among 
^: memb]s ! g5]al repres5tation or      
imp]ial diet1 :i* 0 to be held at ,b]l91
 0 to be elect$4 ,:5 ! ,rh5i% prov9ces  
urg$ ! fulfilm5t ( ?is promise 9 !      
,cobl5tz address ( #ahag1 ! reply 01 ,^?
 :o admoni% ! k+ are guilty ( d\bt+ !   
inviolability ( 8 ^w4 ,prussia aft]w>d  
decl>$ t ! new regulations w\ld be 9    
read9ess by ! ,febru>y ( #ahai4 ,on !   
#bj? ( ,janu>y1 #ahbj1 an edict 0       
publi%$ by ! gov]nm5t1 ! fir/ p>agraph (
 :i* fix$ ! public debt at              
#ahj1jia1gbj1a & ! second "o r5d]$ !    
contraction ( e fre% debt dep5d5t ^u ! w
 ( ! future imp]ial diet4#b ,! def9itive
 regulations 9 respect to ! prov9cial   
,e/ates 7 f9ally publi%$ on ! #e? (     
,june1 #ahbc1 b ! convocation ( a g5]al 
diet 0 pass$ ov] 9 sil5ce4  ,! prosp]ity
 ( ! nations ( ,g]many1 wreck$ by !     
great w>s ( ! ,re=mation1 mu/ & w       

gradually return4 ,prussia has inh]it$  
all ! claims ^u1 & consequ5tly all !    
duties ow+ to ,g]many4 ,/ill ! g5]al    
position ( ,g]many is n suffici5tly     
favorable to r5d] ! r5ovation ( h]      
anci5t ,hanseatic comm]ce possible4#c ,x
 is to be deplor$ t ! atta*m5t ( !      
,prussian cab9et to ,russian policy has 
n at all ev5ts modifi$ ! comm]cial      
re/rictions along ! :ole ( ! ea/]n      
fronti] ( ,prussia1#d & t ,prussia has n
 be5 able to effect m ) ,holl& 9 reg>d  
to ! "q conc]n+ ! free navigation ( !   
,rh9e4#e ,prussia has1 on ! o!r h&1     
des]v$ ! gratitude ( ,g]many = ! zeal ) 
:i* %e promot$ ! settlem5t ( ! ,cu/oms' 
,union1 :i* has1 at lea/ 9 ! int]ior (  
,g]many1 remov$ ! great] "p ( !         
re/rictions ^u comm]cial int]c\rse1 &   
has a t5d5cy to spread /ill fur!r4      
,?r\gh\t ! la/ transactions1 p>tly ( !  
,cu/oms' ,union1 p>tly ( ,prussia alone1
 ) ,engl& & ,holl&1 a va9 /ruggle aga9/ 
^? m>itime p[]s is p]ceptible4 ,engl&   
trades ) ,g]many f e h>bor & 9 e k9d (  

commodity1 :ile ,g]man vessels are      
re/rict$ to home produce & are only free
 to trade ) ,engl& f _! own ports4      
,holl& f9ds a m>ket = h] colonial w>es 9
 ,g]many1 &1 in/ead ( tak+ ,g]man       
manufactur$ goods 9 ex*ange1 provides   
h]self f ,engl&1 ?r[s ,engli% goods into
 ,g]many1 &1 9 lieu ( be+1 z %e ought to
 be1 ! great emporium ( ,g]many1 is     
cont5t to rema9 a m]e huge ,engli%      
factory4 ,! ,hanse t[ns h also be5      
conv]t$ into m]cantile depots = ,engli% 
goods on ,g]man soil4  ,! mis]y         
consequ5t on ! great w>s1 & ! p[]ful    
reaction aga9/ ,gallicism ?r\gh\t       
,g]many1 once m caus$ despis$ religion  
to be rev]5c$ 9 ! age ( philosophy4     
,prussia deem$ h]self call$ ^u1 z !     
inh]itor ( ! ,re=mation br\ght ab\t by  
,lu!r1 z ! pr9cipal ,prote/ant p[] (    
,g]many1 to assume a prom95t position 9 
! religi\s movem5t ( ! "t4 ,fr$]ick     
,william ,,iii41 a sov]eign di/+ui%$ =  
piety1 appe>s1 imm$iately aft] ! great  
w>s1 to h deem$ ! conciliation ( ! v>i\s

 sects ( ,*ri/ians )9 8 k+dom feasible4 
,he1 nev]!less1 m]ely succe$$ 9 effect+ 
a union betwe5 ! ,lu!rans & ,calv9i/s4  
,he also be/[$ a new liturgy ^u ?is     
unit$ *ur*1 :i* 0 c5sur$ z p>tial1 z    
proce$+ too directly f ! cab9et )\t be+ 
sanction$ by ! concurr5ce ( ! assembl$  
cl]gy & ( ! p4 ,"s ,lu!rans1 :o refus$  
compliance1 7 treat$ ) extreme sev]ity &
 compell$ to emigrate2 ! utility ( a    
union :i*1 two c5turies e>li]1 w\ld h   
sav$ ,g]many f ru91 01 h[ev]1 g5]ally   
ackn[l$g$4 ,x nev]!less 0 n productive (
 unity 9 ! ,prote/ant _w4 ,9 !          
univ]sities & among ! cl]gy1 two p>ties1
 ! ,rationali/s & ! ,sup]naturali/s1    
/ood oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,! =m]1 !      
disciples ( ! old ,neologians1 /ill     
foll[$ ! philosophy ( ,kant1 m]ely      
reg>d$ ,*ri/ianity z a code ( moral     
philosophy1 d5om9at$ ,*ri/ a wise tea*]1
 & expla9$ away 8 miracles by means (   
physics4 ,! latt]1 ! foll[]s ( ! old    
or?odox ,lu!rans1 s\ght to confirm !    
tru?s ( ! gospel also by philosophical  

means1 & 7 d5om9at$ ,sup]naturali/s1 z  
believ]s 9 a my/]y surpass+ ! reason+   
p[]s ( man4 ,! celebrat$ ,s*lei]ma*] (  
,b]l9 m$iat$ = "s "t betwe5 bo? p>ties4 
,b x 0 9 ,prussia m p>ticul>ly t bo?    
p>ties /ood m rigidly oppos$ to "o ano!r
 & fell into ! greate/ extremes4  ,!    
,rationali/s 7 supplant$ by ! ,pan!i/s1 
! disciples ( ,hegel1 ! ,b]l9           
philosoph]1 :o at l5g? =mally decl>$ w> 
aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2 ! ,sup]naturali/s 7  
"h & !re outdone by ! ,pieti/s1 ^:      
en?usiasm deg5]at$ into lic5ti\sness4#f 
,! k+ _h1 not)/&+ 8 piety1 be5 l$ to    
believe t ,hegel m]ely taught ! /ud5ts  
unconditional ob$i5ce to ! /ate1 & t    
,pan!i/ 0 consequ5tly p]mitt$ to spread1
 "u ! protection ( ,prussia1 8 s5seless 
doctr9e ( deifi$ humanity1 ! same =m]ly 
proclaim$ by ,ana*>sis ,cloote 9 ! ,fr5*
 ,conv5tion4 ,:5 too late1 ! gross      
deception practic$ by ?is sophi/ 0      
p]ceiv$3 8 disciples ?rew (f _!         
tr\blesome mask1 ) ,dr4 ,/rauss1 :o _h  
be5 implicat$ 9 ! ,zuri* di/urbances1 at

 _! head1 op5ly r5\nc$ ,*ri/ianity1 &1  
at ,halle1 l$ by ,ruge1 ! j\rnali/1     
embrac$ ! social revolution>y ideas (   
,"y ,france1 to :i* almo/ ! :ole ( !    
y\ng] j\rnali/s ( lit]>y ,"y ,g]many    
acc$$2 nor 0 ?is ,gallic reaction1 ?is  
retrogression t[>d ! philosophical ideas
 ( ! =ego+ c5tury1 )\t its cause1 ,g]man
 patriotism1 :i*1 f #ahae to #ahai1 _h  
pr$om9at$ 9 e univ]sity ?r\gh\t         
,prussia1 hav+ be5 =cibly suppress$4    
,hegel1 on 8 appe>ance 9 ,b]l91 0       
g5]ally reg>d$ z ! man on :om ! task (  
div]t+ ! en?usiasm ( ! ris+ g5]ation =  
,g]many into ano!r *annel devolv$4#g    
,ev]y?+ ,g]man _h be5 treat$ )          
ridicule4#h ,fr5* fa%ions & ,fr5* ideas 
_h once m come into vogue4  ,:ile       
,prote/ant ,g]many 0 ?us torn1 weak5$1 &
 degrad$ by s*ism1 ! religi\s movem5t   
?r\gh\t ,ca?olic ,g]many ins5sibly      
increas$ 9 /r5g? & unity4 ,! adv]se fate
 ( ! pope _h1 on 8 deliv]ance f ! h&s ( 
,napoleon1 excit$ a feel+ ( sympa?y &   
rev]5ce s univ]sal z to be p>ticipat$ 9 

by ev5 ! ,prote/ant p[]s ( ,europe4 ,he 
_h1 z e>ly z #ahad1 re9/at$ ! ,jesuits  
)\t a remon/rance on ! "p ( ! sov]eigns 
by :om !y _h =m]ly be5 condemn$4 ,!     
anci5t _s ( ! ,romi% *ur* _h reviv$4 ,a 
new edifice 0 to be rais$ on !          
?ick-/rewn ru9s ( ! pa/4 ,9 #ahag1      
,bav>ia conclud$ a concordat ) ! pope = 
! f\ndation ( ! ar*bi%opric ( ,muni* ) !
 ?ree bi%oprics ( ,augsburg1 ,passau1 & 
,ratisbon1 & ( ! ar*bi%opric ( ,bamb]g )
 ! ?ree bi%oprics ( ,wurzburg1 ,ei*/adt1
 & ,spires4 ,! k+ reta9$ ! "r (         
pres5tation4 ,9 #ahba1 ,prussia conclud$
 a treaty by :i* ! ar*bi%opric (        
,cologne ) ! ?ree bi%oprics ( ,treves1  
,mun/]1 & ,pad]born1 ! ar*bi%opric (    
,pos5 ) ,culm1 & two indep5d5t bi%oprics
 9 ,breslau & ,ermel& 7 e/abli%$4 ,!    
bi%oprics ( ,hilde%eim & ,osnabruck 7   
re-e/abli%$ 9 #ahbd by ! concordat )    
,hanov]4 ,9 s\?we/]n ,g]many1 !         
ar*bi%opric ( ,freiburg 9 ! ,breisgau ) 
! bi%oprics ( ,rot5burg on ! ,neck>1    
,limburg on ! ,lahn1 ,may5ce1 & ,fulda  

arose4 ,9 ,switz]l& !re rema9$ f\r      
bi%oprics1 ,freiburg 9 ! ,ue*tl&1       
,solo?urn1 ,coire1 & ,/4 ,gall2 9       
,alsace1 ,/rasburg & ,colm>4 ,9 !       
,ne!rl&s1 ! ar*bi%opric ( ,mal9es ) !   
bi%oprics ( ,gh5t1 ,liege1 & ,namur4 ,9 
,holl&1 ?ree ,jans5i/ bi%oprics1        
,utre*t1 ,dev5t]1 & ,ha>lem1 are        
rem>kable = hav+ reta9$ _! indep5d5ce ( 
,rome4  ,! r5ovat$ body ( ! *ur* 0      
inspir$ ) fre% en]gy4 ,on ! fall ( !    
,jesuits1 ! o!r extreme1 ,illum9atism1  
_h rais$ its head1 b _h be5 compell$ to 
yield be=e a high] p[] & be=e ! moral   
=ce ( ,g]many4 ,! majority ( ! ,g]man   
,ca?olics n[ clung to ! idea t !        
reg5]ation ( ! abus$ & despis$ *ur* 0   
be/ to be atta9$ by ! practice (        
evangelical simplicity & morality1 t    
,jesuitism & ,illum9atism 71            
consequ5tly1 to be equally avoid$1 & !  
bett] dispos$ among ! ,prote/ants to be 
imitat$4 ,sail]1 ! great tea*] ( !      
,g]man cl]gy1 & ,wess5b]g1 :om ,rome on 
?is acc\nt refus$ to raise to ! bi%opric

 ( ,con/ance1 act$ ^u ?is idea4 ,9      
,silesia1 a numb] ( y\?ful prie/s1 head$
 by ,!im]1 impati5t = ! realization ( ! 
union1 app>5tly approa*+1 ( ?is mod]ate 
p>ty ) ! equally mod]ately dispos$ p>ty 
among ! ,prote/ants into "o great ,g]man
 *ur*1 took1 9 #ahbe1 ! bold /ep (      
r5\nc+ celibacy4 ,?is p>ty 0 h[ev]      
in/antly suppress$ by =ce by ! k+ (     
,prussia4 ,!im]1 9 rev5ge1 turn$ ,jesuit
 & wrote aga9/ ,prussia4 ,pr(essors     
incl9$ to ,ultramontanism 71 mean:ile1  
in/all$ 9 ! univ]sities1 m p>ticul>ly at
 ,bonn1 ,mun/] & ,tub+51 by ! ,prote/ant
 z well z ! ,ca?olic gov]nm5ts2 by !m ! 
cl]ical /ud5ts 7 indu/ri\sly taught t !y
 7 n ,g]mans b subjects ( ,rome1 & 7    
flatt]$ ) ! hope ( "o day p>ticipat+ 9 !
 supremacy ab\t to be rega9$ by !       
pontiff4 ,e prie/ inspir$ ) patriotic   
s5tim5ts1 or ev9c+ any degree ( tol]ance
 t[>d 8 ,prote/ant fell[ citiz5s1 0     
reg>d$ z guilty ( betray+ ! int]e/s ( ! 
*ur* to ! /ate & ! t5ets ( ! only true  
*ur* to h]etics4 ,gorres1 once ,g]many's

 mo/ spirit$ *ampion aga9/ ,france1 n[  
appe>$ z ! *ampion ( ,rome 9 ,g]many4 ,!
 sc&al\s s*isms 9 ! ,prote/ant *ur* & ! 
no less sc&al\s controv]sies c>ri$ on 9 
! ,prote/ant lit]>y _w r5d]$ bo?        
contemptible1 &1 z 9 ! comm5cem5t ( !   
sev5te5? c5tury1 appe>$ to (f] a        
favorable opportunity = an attack on !  
"p ( ! ,ca?olics4  ,a long-=gott5 po9t 9
 dispute 0 sudd5ly reviv$4 ,m>riages    
betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants _h hi!rto
 be5 unhesitat+ly sanction$ by !        
,ca?olic prie/hood4 ,! ,prussian        
ord9ance ( #ahjc1 by :i* ! fa!r 0 emp[]$
 to decide ! fai? 9 :i* ! *ildr5 7 to be
 br\ght up1 _h1 on acc\nt ( its con=mity
 ) nature & reason1 nev] be5 disput$4   
,numb]less mix$ m>riages _h tak5 place  
among all classes f ! highe/ to ! l[e/  
)\t ! slighte/ suspicion ( wrong atta*+ 
!reto4 ,a papal brief ( #ahcj n[ call$  
to m9d t ! *ur* tol]at$1 x 0 true1      
al?\gh %e disapprov$ ( mix$ m>riages1   
:i* %e p]mitt$ to take place solely on  
condition ( ! *ildr5 be+ br\ght up 9 !  

,ca?olic fai?4 ,prussia _h act$ ) little
 =esight4 ,in/ead (1 9 #ahad1 on tak+   
possession ( ! ,rh5i% prov9ces & (      
,we/phalia1 conclud+ a treaty ) ! !n    
newly-re/or$ pope1 ,h>d5b]g _h1 z late z
 #ahbj1 dur+ a visit to ,borne1 m]ely   
ent]$ ^u a transi5t agreem5t1 by :i*    
,rome 0 b\nd to no concessions4 ,! w>   
op5ly decl>$ by ,rome 0 n[ attempt$ to  
be turn$ aside by means ( petty & secret
 artifices4 ,sev]al bi%ops1 9 imitation 
( ! prec$5t giv5 by ,c\nt von ,spiegel1 
! peace-lov+ ar*bi%op ( ,cologne1       
secretly b\nd !mselves to int]pret !    
brief 9 ! s5se ( ! gov]nm5t & to adh]e  
to ! ord9ance ( #ahjc4 ,on ,spiegel's   
decease 9 #ahce1 8 successor1 ! ,b>on   
,clem5t ,augu/us ,dro/e1 promis$ at     
,vis*]+1 prior to 8 pres5tation1 /rictly
 to adh]e to ?is secret compact2 b1     
sc>cely _h he m\nt$ ! ar*iepiscopal     
seat1 ?an 8 consci5ce =bade ! fulfilm5t 
( 8 oa?2 ,god 0 to be obey$ r ?an man6  
,he prohibit$ ! solemnization ( mix$    
m>riages )9 8 diocese )\t ! prim>y      

assurance ( ! education ( ! *ildr5 9 !  
,ca?olic fai?1 compell$ 8 cl]gy /rictly 
to obey ! comm&s ( ,rome 9 po9ts "u     
dispute1 & suppress$ ! ,h]mesian doctr9e
 9 ! univ]sity ( ,bonn4 ,! w>n+s        
secretly giv5 by ! gov]nm5t prov$       
unavail+1 & he 01 9 consequ5ce1         
unexpect$ly depriv$ ( 8 (fice 9 !       
,novemb] ( #ahcg1 arre/$1 & imprison$ 9 
! =tress ( ,m9d54 ,?is arbitr>y measure 
caus$ great excitem5t among ! ,ca?olic  
population2 & ! anci5t dislike ( !      
,rh5i% prov9ces to ! rule ( ,prussia1 & 
! discont5t ( ! ,we/phalian nobility on 
acc\nt ( ! emancipation ( ! peasantry1  
aga9 broke =? on ?is occasion4 ,gorres1 
9 ,muni*1 indu/ri\sly f$ ! flame by     
means ( 8 pamphlet1 ,a?anasius4 ,dun91  
ar*bi%op ( ,gnes5 & bi%op ( ,?orn1      
foll[$ ! example ( 8 bro!r ( ,cologne1 0
 op5ly upheld by ,prussian ,pol&1 0 cit$
 to ,b]l91 fl$ !nce1 0 recaptur$ &      
deta9$ = "s "t )9 ! =tress ( ,colb]g1 9 
#ahci4--,! pope1 ,gregory ,,xvi41       
solemnly decl>$ 8 approbation ( !       

conduct ( ^! ar*bi%ops & reject$ e (f] (
 negotiation until _! re9/allation 9 _! 
dioceses4 ,a cr[d ( ha/ily e/abli%$     
j\rnals1 m especially 9 ,bav>ia1 ma9ta9$
 _! cause1 & 7 oppos$ by numb]less      
,prote/ant publications1 :i* g5]ally    
prov$ injuri\s to ! cause !y /rove to   
uphold1 be+ *iefly rem>kable = base     
s]vility1 frivolity1 & infidelity4  ,on 
! demise ( ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii41 on 
! #g? ( ,june1 #ahdj1 & ! succession ( 8
 son1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iv41 ! *ur* "q
 0 mom5t>ily ca/ into ! %ade by t relat+
 to ! con/itution4 ,con/itutional       
,g]many dem&$ f ! new sov]eign !        
convocation ( ! imp]ial diet promis$ by 
8 fa!r4 ,! ,ca?olic p>ty1 h[ev]1        
consci\s t x w\ld m]ely =m ! m9ority 9 !
 diet1 did n p>ticipate 9 ! dem&4#i ,!  
con/itution 0 solely dem&$ by ,prote/ant
 ,ea/]n ,prussia2 b ! k+ decl>$1 dur+ ! 
c]emony ( fealty at ,ko5igsb]g1 t he    
w\ld nev] d homage to ! idea ( a g5]al  
popul> repres5tation & w\ld pursue a    
c\rse bas$ ^u hi/orical progression1    

suitable to ,g]man nationality4 ,!      
prov9cial ,e/ates 7 %ortly aft]w>d      
in/itut$1 & sep>ate diets 7 op5$ 9 ea* (
 ! prov9ces4 ,?is attract$ little       
att5tion1 & ! dispute ) ! *ur* once m   
became ! sole subject ( int]e/4 ,x      
t]m9at$ 9 ! complete triumph ( !        
,ca?olic p>ty4 ,9 consequ5ce ( an       
agreem5t ) ! pope1 ! brief ( #ahbj      
rema9$ 9 =ce1 ,dun9 0 re9/at$1 ,dro/e   
receiv$ p]sonal satisfaction by a public
 royal lett] & a repres5tative 9        
,cologne 9 von ,geissel1 hi!rto bi%op ( 
,spires4 ,! disput$ election ( ! bi%op (
 ,treves 0 also decid$ 9 favor (        
,arnoldi1 ! ultramontane c&idate4  ,late
 9 ! autumn ( #ahdb1 ! k+ ( ,prussia = !
 fir/ "t convok$ ! deputies select$ f ! 
prov9cial diets to ,b]l94 ,he _h1 b a   
%ort "t be=e1 laid ! f\ndation-/one to !
 completion ( ! ,cologne ca!dral1 & on t
 occasion1 moreov]1 spok5 words ( deep  
import to ! p1 admonitory ( unity to !  
:ole ( ,g]many4   ,footnote #a3         
#bf1bfc1cge #afs4 #h;d4  ,footnote #b3  

,! ,m>itime ,comm]cial ,company1        
mean:ile1 ent]$ into a contract4        
,footnote #c3 ,we h long s9ce lo/ all   
our m>itime p[]4 ,! only guns n[ fir$ by
 u at sea are z signals ( di/ress4 ,:o  
n[ rememb]s t x 0 ! ,g]man ,hansa t fir/
 made use ( cannons at sea1 t x 0 f     
,g]mans t ! ,engli% le>n$ to build      
m5-(-w>8--,john's ,nationality4         
,footnote #d3 ,prussia1 ( late1 greatly 
contribut$ t[>d ! aggr&izem5t ( ! p[] ( 
,russia by solemnly decl>+ 9 #ahbh1 :5  
,russia ext5d$ h] influ5ce ov] ,turkey1 
t %e w\ld n on t acc\nt prev5t ,russia f
 ass]t+ h] j claims1 a decl>ation t     
elicit$ bitt] compla9ts f ! ,briti%     
gov]nm5t2 & aga9 9 #ahca1 by c\nt5anc+ !
 entry ( ! ,russians into ,pol&1 at t "t
 9 a /ate ( insurrection4  ,footnote #e3
 ,! reason ( ! backw>dness display$ f ! 
comm5cem5t by ,prussia to act z ! bulw>k
 ( ,g]many on ! ,l[] ,rh9e is expla9$ by
 ,/e9 9 8 lett]s3 ,hanov]ian jeal\sy1 by
 :i* ! n>r[-m9d$ ,ca/l]eagh 0 guid$1 &1 
g5]ally speak+1 jeal\sy ( ! ,g]man      

m9i/]ial clauses1 z if ! exi/5ce ( a    
,meckl5burg 7 ( great] importance to    
,g]many ?an t ( a p[]ful w>like         
population1 alike fam\s 9 "t ( peace or 
w>1 presid$ ov] ! settlem5t ( ! relation
 9 :i* ,belgium 0 to /& to ,prussia4    
,footnote #f3 ,at ,knigsb]g1 9 ,prussia1
 a secret society 0 discov]$ :i* 0 p>tly
 compos$ ( p ( rank1 :o1 "u pret5ce (   
meet+ = ! ex]cise ( religi\s duties1    
gave way to ! mo/ wanton lic5se4        
,footnote #g3 ,! police1 :ile attempt+  
to lead sci5ce1 0 unwitt+ly l$ by x4 ,! 
/ud5ts 7 driv5 9 cr[ds into ,hegel's    
colleges1 8 pupils 7 pref]r$ to all     
appo9tm5ts1 etc41 & e measure 0 tak5 to 
r5d] t o!rwise almo/ unnot$ sophi/ z    
dang]\s z possible4  ,footnote #h3 ,9   
?is ! ,jews ess5tially aid$3 ,borne m 9 
an anti-,g]man1 ,he9e m 9 an            
anti-,*ri/ian1 _s1 & 7 highly applaud$  
by ! simple & infatuat$ ,g]man y\?4     
,footnote #i3 ,grres ev5 advis$ aga9/ x1
 al?\gh1 9 #ahag1 he _h act$ ! pr9cipal 
"p on ! pres5tation ( ! ,cologne        

address4    ,,cclxxiii4 ,! ,progress (  
,sci5ce1 ,art1 & ,practical ,k 9 ,g]many
   ,9 ! mid/ ( ! mis]y entail$ by w> &  
amid ! passions r\s$ by p>ty /rife !    
sci5ces _h atta9$ to a height hi!rto    
unkn[n4 ,! s*ools _h nev] be5 neglect$1 
& imm5se improvem5ts1 equally affect+ ! 
l[e/ ( ! popul> s*ools & ! colleges1 _h 
be5 con/antly introduc$4 ,pe/alozzi     
*iefly enc\rag$ ! prop] education ( !   
l[] classes & improv$ ! me?od (         
in/ruction4 ,! humanism ( ! le>n$       
academies 7! /udy ( ! dead languages7   
w5t h& 9 h& ) ! realism ( ! pr(essional 
in/itutions4 ,! univ]sities1 al?\gh (t5 
subject$ to an ov]rigid sy/em (         
surveillance & compell$ to adopt a      
p>tial1 s]vile bias1 71 nev]!less1      
g5]ally free f a political t5d5cy &     
incr$ibly promot$ ! /udy ( all !        
sci5ces4 ,! mass ( celebrat$ savants & (
 _! works is too great to p]mit ( m ?an 
a sket* ( ! pr9cipal features ( mod]n   
,g]man sci5ce4  ,! /udy ( ! classics1   
pr$om9ant s9ce ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 has 

be5 ca/ into ! %ade by ! ,g]man /udies1 
by ! deep] inve/igation ( ! language1 ! 
law1 ! hi/ory ( our =efa!rs & ( !       
romantic ,middle ,age1 by ! great       
,ca?olic reaction1 &1 at ! same "t1 by !
 imm5se advance made 9 natural hi/ory1  
geography1 & univ]sal hi/ory4 ,! human  
m9d1 hi!rto enclos$ )9 a n>r[ sph]e1 has
 bur/ its trammels to revel 9           
immeasurable space4 ,! philosophy &     
empty speculations ( ! =ego+ c5tury h   
also disappe>$ be=e ! mass ( practical  
k1 & arrogant man1 conv9c$ by sci5ce1   
once m b5ds 8 reason+ faculties 9 humble
 adoration ( _! ,creator4  ,! ari/ocracy
 ( tal5t & le>n$ pr(essional pride h be5
 ov]balanc$ by a democratic press4 ,!   
:ole nation writes1 & ! individual writ]
 is ei!r swall[$ up 9 ! mass or ga9s b  
ephem]al fame4 ,e writ]1 almo/ )\t      
exception1 affects a popul> /yle4 ,b1 9 
?is ri* lit]>y field1 all spr+s up      
freely )\t connection or guidance4 ,no  
p>ty is conc5trat$ or repres5t$ by any  
reign+ j\rnal1 b ea* individual writes =

 himself1 & ! imm5se numb] ( j\rnals    
publi%$ de/roy ea* o!r's effici5cy4 ,_m 
que/ions ( p>am\nt importance are       
consequ5tly lo/ 9 heaps ( pap]1 & !     
int]e/ !y at fir/ excit$ spe$ily becomes
 weak5$ by endless recurr5ce4  ,!ology  
%>$ 9 ! movem5t above m5tion$ 9 ! *ur*4 
,! ,rationali/s 7 mo/ pr(use 9 _!       
publications1 ,paulus at ,heidelb]g1 &1 
m p>ticul>ly1 ! ,saxon au?ors1 ,ts*irn]1
 ,brets*neid]1 etc4 ,anci5t ,lu!ran     
vigor deg5]at$ to %all[ subtleties & a  
sort ( coquetti% tattl+ ^u morality1 9  
:i* ,zs*okke's ,h\rs ( ,devotion c>ri$  
away ! palm4 ,ne&]1 ,giesel]1 ,gfrr] &  
o!rs greatly promot$ ! /udy ( ! hi/ory (
 ! *ur*4 ,! prop\nd]s ( ! ,gospels1     
h[ev]1 snat*$ !m1 aft] a lam5table      
fa%ion1 out ( ea* o!r's h&s1 n[ d\bt+ ! 
au!nticity ( ! :ole1 n[ t ( mo/ or ( "s 
( ! *apt]s1 & 7 unable to agree ^u !    
numb] t ought to be reta9$4 ,!y1 at !   
same "t1 outvi$ "o ano!r 9 political    
s]vility1 :ile ! ,lu!rans :o1 true to _!
 anci5t fai?1 prote/$ aga9/ ! ,prussian 

liturgy1 7 too few 9 numb] = rem>k4 ,?is
 frivol\s class ( !ologians at l5g?     
entirely reject$ ! ,gospels1 embrac$ !  
doctr9e ( ,hegel & ,judaism1 & r5\nc$   
,*ri/ianity4 ,/ill1 al?\gh !            
,sup]naturali/s1 ! or?odox p>ty1 & !    
,pieti/s triumphantly repell$ ^!        
attacks1 & ! majority ( ! eld]          
,rationali/s timidly sec$$ f !          
anti-*ri/ian p>ty1 ! ,prote/ant lit]>y  
_w 0 r$uc$ to a /ate ( en]vation &      
confusion1 af=d+ b too good occasion =  
an en]getic demon/ration on ! "p ( !    
,ca?olics4  ,philosophy also assum$ ! "*
 ( ! age4 ,fi*te ( ,b]l9 /ill upheld1 9 
#ahad1 ! passion = lib]ty & "r 9 _!     
nobl] s5se t _h be5 r\s$ by ! ,fr5*     
,revolution1 b1 z he w5t yet fur!r ?an  
,kant 9 sett+ limits to ! s\rces (      
p]ception & d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( consci5ce1 
8 sy/em prov$ m]ely ( %ort duration4 ,to
 him succe$$ ,s*ell+1 ) :om ! return (  
philosophy to religion & t ( ab/ract    
/udies to nature & hi/ory comm5c$1 & 9  
:om ! r5ovat$ _s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury     

became manife/4 ,8 pupils 7 p>tly       
natural philosoph]s1 :o1 l ,ok51 s\ght  
to compreh5d all nature1 h] brea?+      
unity1 h] hidd5 my/]ies1 9 religion2    
p>tly my/ics1 :o1 l ,es*5mai]1 ,s*ub]t1 
,/eff5s1 9 a ,prote/ant _s1 or1 l       
,gorres & ,baad]1 9 a ,ca?olic "o1 s\ght
 also to compreh5d ev]y?+ be>+ ref]5ce  
to bo? nature & hi/ory 9 religion4 ,x 0 
a revival ( ! anci5t my/icism ( ,hugo de
 ,/4 ,victoire1 ( ,honorius1 & ( ,rup]t 
9 ano!r & a sci5tific age2 nor 0 x      
unoppos$3 9 ! place ( ! =eign           
s*ola/icism =m]ly s repugnant to its    
doctr9es1 ^? ( ,s*ell+ 7 oppos$ by a    
reaction ( ! sup]ficial mock-enlight5m5t
 & sophi/ical scepticism pr$om9ant 9 !  
=ego+ c5tury1 m p>ticul>ly ( ! sympa?y )
 ,france1 :i* _h be5 r5d]$ m ?an ev]    
p[]ful 9 ,g]many by ! =cible suppression
 ( patriotism4 ,ab/ract philosophy1     
despis+ nature & hi/ory1 mock+          
,*ri/ianity1 once m reviv$ & set itself 
up z an absolute pr9ciple 9 ,hegel4     
,none ( ! o!r philosoph]s atta9$ !      

notoriety ga9$ by ,s*ell+ & ,hegel1 !   
repres5tatives ( ! anti!ses ( ! age4    
,an incr$ible advance1 ( :i* we %all    
m]ely record ! mo/ important facts1 took
 place 9 ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces4   
,?ree new planets 7 discov]$1 ,pallas1 9
 #ahjb1 & ,ve/a1 9 #ahjg1 by ,gib]s2    
,juno1 9 #ahbd1 by ,h>d+4 ,enke & ,biela
 fir/ fix$ ! regul> return & brief      
revolution ( ! two comets nam$ aft] !m4 
,s*rt] & ,mdl] m9utely exam9$ ! moon &  
planets2 ,/ruve1 ! fix$ />s4 ,fraunh(]  
improv$ ! telescope4 ,*ladni fir/       
inve/igat$ ! nature ( fi]y meteors &    
br\ght ! /udy ( ac\/ics to p]fection4   
,alex&] von ,humboldt imm5sely promot$ !
 obs]vation ( ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e & !
 g5]al k ( ! nature ( ! e>?4 ,w]n] &    
,leopold von ,bu* also di/+ui%$ !mselves
 among ! inve/igators ( ! con/ruction ( 
! e>? & m\nta9s4 ,s*eele1 ,gmel91       
,liebig1 etc41 7 not$ *emi/s4 ,ok51 ^u !
 :ole1 *iefly promot$ ! /udy ( natural  
hi/ory1 & numb]less rese>*es 7 made     
sep>ately 9 m9]alogy1 ! /udy ( fossils1 

botany1 & zoology by ! mo/ celebrat$    
sci5tific m5 ( ! day4 ,:ile travell]s   
visit$ e qu>t] ( ! globe 9 se>* ( plants
 & animals z yet unkn[n & regulat$ !m by
 classes1 o!r m5 ( sci5ce 7 engag$ at   
home 9 ! inve/igation ( _! int]nal      
con/ruction1 _! uses & habits1 9 :i* !y 
7 greatly assi/$ by ! improv$           
microscope1 by means ( :i* ,ehr5b]g     
discov]$ a completely new class (       
animalculae4 ,! discov]ies ( sci5ce 7   
also zeal\sly appli$ = practical uses4  
,agriculture1 cattle-bre$+1 manufactures
 receiv$ a fre% impulse & imm5se        
improvem5ts z k advanc$4 ,comm]ce by    
wat] & by l& exp]i5c$ a ?or\gh          
revolution on ! discov]y ( ! prop]ties (
 /eam1 by ! use ( /eam]s & railroads4   
,m$ical sci5ce also progress$1 not)/&+ !
 numb] ( contradictory & extravagant    
!ories4 ,! m$ical practition]s ( ,g]many
 took prec$5ce ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,animal 
magnetism 0 practic$ by ,es*5mai]1      
,kies]1 & ,ju/9 ,k]n]1 by means ( ^:    
female se]1 von ,prevor/1 ! see+ (      

visions & ! belief 9 gho/s 7 once m     
br\ght =w>d4 ,hahnemann excit$ ! greate/
 opposition by 8 sy/em ( homoeopa?y1 :i*
 cur$ diseases by ! adm9i/ration (      
homog5e\s sub/ances 9 ! m9ute/ doses4   
,he 0 sup]s$$ by ! cold-wat] cure4 ,dur+
 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! naturali/s & m$ical 
m5 ( ,g]many h held an annual meet+ 9 "o
 or o!r ( _! native cities4  ,!         
philologi/s & savants h = "s ye>s pa/   
also be5 9 ! habit ( hold+ a simil>     
meet+4 ,! classics no long] =m !        
pr$om9ant /udy among philologi/s4 ,ev5  
lit]ati1 ^: ta/es1 l t ( ,creuz]1 are   
decid$ly classic1 h ackn[l$g$ t ! k ( ! 
,ori5tal tongues is requisite = !       
atta9m5t ( a ?or\gh acqua9tance )       
classic antiquity4 ,a great s*ool = !   
/udy ( ! ,ea/]n languages has be5       
especially e/abli%$ "u ! prec$5ce ( !   
bro!rs ,s*legel1 ,bopp1 & o!rs4 ,! /udy 
( ! anci5t language ( ,g]many & ( h]    
v5]able monum5ts has1 f9ally1 be5       
promot$ by ,jacob ,grimm & by 8 widely  
diffus$ s*ool4  ,! /udy ( hi/ory became 

m pr(\nd & 0 ext5d$ ov] a wid] field4 ,a
 mass ( ar*ives hi!rto secret 7 r5d]$   
public & spread new light on _m ( !     
rem>kable *>act]s & ev5ts 9 ! hi/ory (  
,g]many4 ,hi/orians also le>n$ to       
compile ) less p>ty _s & on m solid     
gr\nds4 ,hi/ory1 at fir/ compil$ 9 a    
,prote/ant _s1 aft]w>d incl9$ z p>tially
 to ,ca?olicism1 & ! majority ( ! high] 
ord] ( hi/orical writ]s 7 consequ5tly   
r5d]$ ! m c>eful 9 _! se>* aft] tru?4   
,among ! univ]sal hi/orians1 ,rotteck   
ga9$ ! greate/ popul>ity on acc\nt ( !  
extreme lib]ality ( 8 op9ions1 & ,he]5 &
 ,s*loss] acquir$ great note = dep? (   
le>n+4 ,von ,hamm]1 :o r5d]$ u acqua9t$ 
) ! hi/ory ( ! ,mahometan ,ea/1 takes   
prec$5ce among ! hi/orical writ]s ^u    
=eign nations4 ,niebuhr's ,roman        
,hi/ory1 ,wilk5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,crusades1
 ,leo's ,hi/ory ( ,italy1 ,ranke's      
,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 etc41 h atta9$      
well-m]it$ fame4--,! hi/ory ( ,g]many z 
a :ole1 :i* ,g]many nei!r 0 nor is1 0   
little /udi$1 b an imm5se mass ( facts  

connect$ ) or ref]r+ to ,g]many 0       
furni%$ by ! numb]less & excell5t s+le  
hi/ories & biographies t p\r$ ?r\gh !   
press4 ,all ! m anci5t collections (    
script4 r]um 71 accord+ to ! plan (     
,/e91 ! celebrat$ ,prussian m9i/]1 to be
 surpass$ by a critical "w on ! s\rces (
 ,g]man hi/ory1 conduct$ by ,p]tz1 :i*  
c\ld1 h[ev]1 be b sl[ly c>ri$ out4      
,grimm1 ,mone1 & ,b>? ?rew imm5se light 
^u ,g]man hea!n antiquity1 ,zeusz ^u !  
g5ealogy ( nations4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( !   
,o/rogo?s 0 writt5 by ,manso1 ( !       
,visigo?s by ,as*ba*1 ( ! ,anglo-,saxons
 by ,lapp5b]g1 ( ! m anci5t ,franks by  
,mann]t1 ,p]tz1 & ,lbell1 ( ,*>lemagne  
by ,diebold & ,idel]1 ( ,l\is ! ,pi\s by
 ,funk1 ( ! ,saxon emp]ors by ,ranke & 8
 fri5ds1 ,wa*t] & ,leuts*1 ( ! ,salic   
emp]ors by ,/5zel1 ( ! ,g]man popes ( ^?
 times by ,hfl]1 ( ! ,hoh5/auf5 by      
,raum]1 ,kortum1 & ,hurt]1 ( ! emp]or   
,ri*>d by ,gebau]1 ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 (     
,luxemburg by ,b>?old1 ( ,k+ ,john by   
,l5z1 ( ,*>les ,,iv4 by ,pelzel &       

,s*ottky1 ( ,w5zel by ,pelzel1 (        
,sigismund by ,as*ba*1 ( ! ,habsburgs by
 ,kurz1 ,pr9ce ,li*n[sky1 & ,hormayr1 ( 
,l\is ! ,bav>ian by ,mann]t1 ( ,f]d9&   
,i4 by ,bu*holz1 ( ! ,re=mation by ,c4  
,a4 ,m5zel & ,ranke1 ( ! ,peasant ,w> by
 ,s>torius1 ,oe*sle1 & ,b5s51 ( ! ,?irty
 ,ye>s' ,w> by ,b>?old1 ( ,gu/avus      
,adolphus by ,gfrr]1 ( ,wall5/e9 by     
,fr/]1 ( ,b]nh>d ( ,weim> by ,rse1 (    
,george ( ,lneburg by von d] ,deck54 ,( 
! ensu+ p]iod by ,fr/] & ,guhrau]1 ( !  
,eighte5? ,c5tury by ,s*loss]1 ( ! ,w>s 
) ,france by ,clausewitz1 ( ,mod]n      
,times by ,hormayr4  ,coxe1 ,s*nell]1   
,mail?1 ,*mel1 & ,g]vay also wrote      
hi/ories ( ,au/ria1 ,s*ottky & ,palacky 
( ,bohemia1 ,b$a1 ,web]1 & ,hormayr ( ! 
,tyrol1 ,voigt ( ! ,teutonic ,ord]1     
,manso1 ,/5zel1 ,fr/]1 ,dolum1          
,mass5ba*1 ,clln1 ,preusz1 etc41 ( !    
,k+dom ( ,prussia1 ,/5zel ( ,anhalt1    
,kobbe ( ,lau5burg1 ,ltz[ ( ,meckl5burg1
 ,b>?old ( ,pom]ania1 ,kobbe ( ,hol/e91 
,wimpf5 ( ,s*leswig1 ,s>torius &        

,lapp5b]g ( ! ,hansa1 ,hanss5 ( !       
,ditm>ses1 ,spittl]1 ,havemann1 &       
,/rombeck ( ,brunswick & ,hanov]1 van   
,kamp5 ( ,holl&1 ,w>nknig ( ,fl&]s1     
,rommel ( ,hesse1 ,lang ( ,ea/]n        
,franconia1 ,wa*t] & ,lang5n ( ,?ur+ia &
 ,saxony1 ,lang1 ,wolf1 ,mann]t1        
,zs*okke1 ,vld]ndorf ( ,bav>ia1 ,pfi/]1 
,pfaff1 & ,/l9 ( ,swabia1               
,glutz-,blotzheim1 ,hott+]1 ,mey] von   
,knonau1 ,zs*okke1 ,hall]1 ,s*ul]1 etc41
 ( ,switz]l&4 ,! mo/ rem>kable among !  
hi/ories ( celebrat$ cities are ^? ( ,/4
 ,gall by ,arx1 ( ,vi5na by ,maila?1 (  
,frank=t on ! ,ma9e by ,kir*n]1 ( ,ulm &
 ,heilbronn by ,jg]1 ( ,rot5burg on !   
,taub] by ,b5s51 etc4  ,ritt]1 &1 next  
to him1 ,b]ghaus1 greatly ext5d$ ! k (  
geography4 ,maps 7 drawn out on a       
greatly improv$ scale4 ,alex&] von      
,humboldt1 :o rul$ ! _w ) 8 sci5tific z 
,napoleon ) 8 eagle glance1 atta9$ !    
highe/ repute among travell]s ( e       
nation4 ,krus5/]n1 ,langsdorf1 &        
,kotzebue1 ,g]mans 9 ! s]vice ( ,russia1

 circumnavigat$ ! globe4 ,mey51 ! not$  
botani/1 did ! same 9 a ,prussian %ip4  
,b>on von ,hgel explor$ ,india4 ,gtzlaff
 act$ z a mission>y 9 ,*9a4 ,ermann &   
,l$ebur explor$ ,sib]ia2 ,klapro?1      
,kupf]1 ,p>rot1 & ,ei*wald1 ! ,caucasian
 prov9ces2 ,burckh>dt1 ,rppell1         
,ehr5b]g1 & ,russegg]1 ,syria & ,egypt2 
! ,pr9ce von ,neuwi$ & ,paul ,william1  
duke ( ,wrtemb]g1 ,nor? ,am]ica2 ,be*]1 
,mexico2 ,s*omburg1 ,guiana2 ! ,pr9ce   
von ,neuwi$ & ,m>tius1 ! ,brazils2      
,pppig1 ! banks ( ! ,amazon2 ,r5gg]1    
,p>aguay4 ,! ,mission>y ,society = !    
conv]sion ( ! hea!n 9 di/ant p>ts & t = 
! propagation ( ! gospel1 f\nd$ at      
,basel1 #ahaf1 h ga9$ well-m]it$ repute4
  ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1   
amid ! /orms ( w>1 ,g]man ta/e took a   
fre% bias4 ,fr5* frivolity _h increas$  
immorality to a degree hi!rto unkn[n4   
,lic5ti\sness reign$ unre/ra9$ on ! /age
 & p]vad$ ! light] productions ( ! day4 
,if ,iffl& _h1 n unsuccessfully1        
repres5t$ ! hone/ citiz5s & peasantry ( 

,g]many /ruggl+ aga9/ ! unnatural cu/oms
 ( mod]n public life1 ,augu/us von      
,kotzebue1 :o1 aft] him1 rul$ ! ,g]man  
/age1 s\ght1 on ! contr>y1 to r5d] honor
 despicable & to enc\rage ! lic5se ( !  
day4 ,9 ! num]\s romances1 a tone ( lewd
 s5tim5tality took ! place ( ! /rict    
propriety = :i* !y _h =m]ly be5         
rem>kable1 & ! g5]al diffusion ( ^!     
immoral productions1 among :i* !        
romances ( ,lafonta9e may be m          
p>ticul>ly m5tion$1 contribut$ 9 no     
slight degree to ! moral p]v]sion ( !   
age4  ,jean ,paul ,fri$ri* ,ri*t] /&s   
completely alone4 ,he %>$ ! weaknesses (
 8 times1 :i*1 l ,goe! & ,kotzebue1 he  
bo? admir$ & ridicul$1 pass+ )          
extraord9>y v]satility1 almo/ 9 ! same  
brea?1 f ! mo/ mov+ pa?os to ! bitt]e/  
satire4 ,8 clev] b too deeply           
metaphysical romances are n only full ( 
dome/ic s5tim5tality & dome/ic sc5es1 b 
!y also imitate ! ov]-ref9em5t &        
effem9acy ( ,goe!1 & yet 8 s\nd und]/&+ 
& w>m patriotic feel+s l$ him to condemn

 all ! artificial follies ( fa%ion1 all 
t 0 unnatural z well z all t 0 unju/4   
,mod]n philosophy _h no soon] triumph$  
ov] anci5t religion & ,france ov]       
,g]many ?an an extraord9>y reaction1    
inaptly t]m$ ! romantic1 took place 9   
poetry4 ,al?\gh ,ultramontanism might be
 trac$ ev5 9 ,fri$ri* ,s*legel1 ?is     
s*ool ( poetry nev]!less solely owes its
 imm5se importance to its resuscitation 
( ! old] poetry ( ,g]many1 & to !       
success ) :i* x oppos$ ,g]manism to     
,gallicism4 ,ludwig ,tieck exclusively  
devot$ himself to ! ,g]man & romantic   
,middle ,ages1 to ! ,m9nes+]s1 to       
,%akespe>e1 ,c]vantes1 & ,cald]on1 &    
modell$ 8 own on _! immortal works4 ,!  
eyes ( 8 contempor>ies 7 by him fir/    
completely op5$ to ! long-misund]/ood   
beauties ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,8 k9dr$ _s1
 ,novalis 7,h>d5b]g71 de/9$ to a too    
brief c>e]1 gave pro(s ( signal tal5t4  
,he9ri* von ,klei/1 :o committ$ suicide1
 left ! f9e/-spirit$ & mo/ delightful   
dramas4 ,ludwig ,a*im von ,arnim1 l     

,tieck1 cultivat$ ! old] ,g]man ,saga2 8
 only fault 0 t1 l$ away by ! ri*ness ( 
8 imag9ation1 he ov]color$ 8            
descriptions4 ,aid$ by ,br5tano1 he     
collect$ ! f9e/ ( ! popul> ballads (    
,g]many 9 des ,enab5 ,wund]horn4 ,at    
,b]l91 ,f\que1 ) true old ,g]man ta/e1  
reviv$ ! romances ( *ivalry &1 %ortly   
be=e #ahac1 met ! milit>y _s once m ris+
 9 ,prussia ) a numb] ( romances 9 :i*  
figur$ battle-/e$s & coats ( mail1      
,g]man fai? & brav]y1 valiant knights & 
*a/e dames1 int]mix$1 x mu/ be confess$1
 ) a good deal ( affectation4 ,on !     
discov]y be+ made t _m ( ! anci5t ,g]man
 ballads 7 /ill pres]v$ among ! l[]     
classes1 *iefly among ! m\nta9e]s1 !y 7 
also s\ght =1 & "s poets tun$ _! lyres  
on ! naive popul> tone1 etc41 fir/1     
,hebel1 9 ! p>tly extremely natural1    
p>tly extremely affect$1 ,alemannic     
songs1 :i* h f\nd frequ5t imitators4    
,za*>ia ,w]n] & ,h(fiman1 on ! o!r h&1  
exclusively devot$ !mselves to ! d>k]   
side ( days ( yore1 to _! magic &       

sup]/ition1 & fill$ ! _w1 already       
t]ror-/rick5 by ! w>1 ) sup]natural     
/ories4 ,/ill1 ?r\gh\t "o & all ( ^!    
productions1 curi\sly z !y contra/$1 !  
same incl9ation to return to & to revive
 a purely ,g]man /yle 0 evid5t4 ,at t   
mom5t ! great crisis sudd5ly took place4
 ,be=e ev5 ! poets c\ld pr$ict ! ev5t1  
,g]many ca/ (f ! yoke ( ,napoleon1 & !  
,g]man ,/urm & ,freiheitsli$] ( ,!odor  
,krn]1 ,arndt1 ,s*5k5dorf1 etc41 *im$ 9 
l a fe>fully beautiful ,allegro ) !     
,adagio ( _! pr$ecessors4  ,?is 0 9 a   
mann] also ! f9ale ( ! ,g]man notes t s 
/rangely res\nd$ 9 t ,gallic "t2 !      
re/oration suppress$ e fur!r outbur/ (  
patriotism1 & ! patriotic _s t _h begun 
to brea! =? 9 v]se once m gave place to 
cosmopolitism & ,gallicism4 ,! lyric    
s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,ludwig ,uhl&1 alone    
pres]v$ a ,g]man _s & a connection ) !  
anci5t ,m9neli$] ( ,swabia4  ,! new     
cosmopolitic t5d5cy ( ! poetry ( ^!     
times is *iefly due to ! influ5ce       
ex]cis$ by ,goe!4 ,! quick compreh5sion 

& ready adoption ( e novelty is a       
faculty (1 n a fault 91 ! ,g]man "*1 &  
alone becomes repreh5sible :5 ! ,g]man1 
=getful ( himself & ( 8 own peculi>     
*>act]i/ics1 adopts a m$ley ( =eign     
incongruities & falsifies :atev] ought  
to be pres]v$ special & true4 ,goe! & 8 
s*ool1 h[ev]1 n cont5t ) imitat+ s+ly ! 
/yle ( e nation & ( e p]iod1 h int]wov5 
! mo/ div]se /ra9s1 antique & romantic1 
old ,g]man & mod]n ,fr5*1 ,grecian &    
,*9ese1 9 "o & ! same poem4 ,?is        
unnatural /yle1 itself de/ructive ( ! v 
peculi>ity at :i* x aims1 has infect$   
bo? mod]n poetry & mod]n art2 ! ar*itect
 int]mixes ! ,grecian & ! ,go?ic 9 8    
creations1 :ile ! pa9t] seeks to unite !
 /yles ( ! ,flemi% & ,italian s*ools 9 8
 productions1 & ! poet ^? ( ,p]sia1     
,sc&9avia1 & ,spa91 9 8 /ra9s4--,^? are 
inde$ des]v+ ( gratitude :o h compreh5d$
 & pres]v$ ! "* peculi> to ! productions
 ( =eign art1 9 :i* ! bro!rs ,fri$ri* & 
,augu/ ,wilhelm ,s*legel h be5 s em95tly
 successful4 ,hamm] &1 aft] him1 ,ruck]t

 h also op5$ ! ,ea/]n _w to our view4   
,c\nt ,plat51 on ! o!r h&1 hung         
fluctuat+ betwe5 ! antique ,p]sian &    
,g]man4--,cosmopolitism 0 greatly       
/r5g!n$ by ! hi/orical romances 9 vogue 
9 ,engl&1 descriptive ( old5 "t1 & :i*  
f\nd innum]able imitators 9 ,g]many4 ,!y
 71 at all ev5ts1 ?us f> b5eficial2 !y  
l$ u f ! p>lor into ! _w4  ,b no soon] 0
 g5u9e ,g]man ta/e neglect$ = t ( =eign 
nations ?an ,gallomania reviv$2 all 7   
compell$ to pay homage to ! _s & ! tone 
preval5t ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,! witty      
ari/ocratic mdisance & grim _s (        
rebellion emulat+ ea* o!r 9 ,france1 71 
9 ,g]many1 repres5t$ by ,pr9ce ,pii*l]1 
! mo/ spirituel draw+-room satiri/1 & by
 ! ,jew1 ,brne1 ! mo/ spirit$ ,jacob9 ( 
! day4 ,! op5 infidelity aga9 demon/rat$
 9 ,france1 also l$ to its introduction 
into ,g]many by ! ,jew1 ,he9e1 :ile !   
immoral romances ) :i* t c\ntry 0 delug$
 spe$ily became kn[n to u ?r\gh ! m$ium 
( ! translations & imitations ( ,"y     
,g]many1 & 7 incr$ibly increas$ by our  

lit]>y indu/ry2 all ! ly+ memoirs1 9 :i*
 ! ,fr5* falsify hi/ory1 view ,napoleon 
z a demigod1 & treat ! en?usiasm ) :i* !
 ,g]mans 7 animat$ 9 #ahac ) d]ision1 7 
also dilig5tly translat$4 ,?is t5d5cy to
 view ev]y?+ ,g]man ) ,fr5* eyes & to   
ridicule ,g]man honor & ,g]man mann]s 0 
especially promot$ by ! light lit]ature1
 & num]\s j\rnals ( ! day1 & 01 9 !     
univ]sities1 9 close connection ) !     
anti-*ri/ian t5d5cy ( ! s*ool (         
,hegel4--,! late ,ca?olic reaction1 too 
exclusively political1 has z yet ex]cis$
 no influ5ce ov] ! lit]>y _w1 & w\ld    
sc>cely succe$ 9 ga9+ any1 be+ less     
,g]man ?an ,roman4  ,:ile ,g]man poetry 
foll[s s false a c\rse1 x naturally     
foll[s t art also mu/ be depriv$ ( its  
natural "*4 ,ar*itecture has1 x is true1
 ab&on$ ! p]iwig /yle ( ,france1 b !    
pur] antique or ,byzant9e ta/e to :i* x 
has return$ is g5]ally insipidly simple1
 :ile ! attempts at ,go?ic & ,moori% are
 truly mis]able4 ,a m elevat$ feel+ ?an 
! pres5t g5]ation 7:i*1 9 ,goe!'s mann]1

 delights 9 trifl+ alt]nately ) e /yle1 
or is completely enslav$ by ! modes     
impos$ by ,france7 is fitt$ to          
compreh5d1 is requisite = ! revival (   
,g]man or ,go?ic ar*itecture4 ,/ill x   
may be1 z is hop$1 t ! int5tion to      
complete ! build+ ( ! ,cologne ca!dral w
 n be entirely )\t a b5eficial influ5ce4
  ,! art ( pa9t+ aspires f> m           
en]getically t[>d national emancipation4
 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ! mod]n ,fr5* /yle 
affect+ ! antique pres5t$ a complete    
contra/ ) ! ,g]man romantic s*ool1 :i*1 
9 h>mony ) ! simultane\s romantic       
reaction 9 ! poetical _w1 return$ to !  
sacr$ simplicity ( ! anci5t ,g]man &    
,italian ma/]s4 ,ov]beck 0 9 ?is our    
greate/ ma/]4 ,s9ce ?is p]iod1 ! two    
great s*ools at ,muni* & ,dusseldorf1   
f\nd$ by ,pet] ,cornelius1 & ^: greate/ 
ma/]s are ,pet] ,hesz1 ,b5demann1       
,less+1 ,kaulba*1 etc41 h s\ght a middle
 pa?1 & ) e>ne/ zeal well & skilfully   
oppos$ ! too n>r[ imitation (1 & ! m$ley
 ( /yle produc$ by ! /udy (1 ! num]\s   

old ma/]s on ! "o h&1 &1 on ! o!r1 !    
se>* = effect1 t ,gallic innovation s   
g5]ally 9 vogue4 ,7 ! *ur* aga9 to      
require pictures1 or ! /ate to employ ! 
p5cil ( ! patriot arti/ 9 record+ !     
great de$s ( pa/ or pres5t times or 9 ! 
adornm5t ( public edifices1 pa9t+ w\ld  
be elevat$ to its prop] sph]e4--,g]many 
has also produc$ _m celebrat$ engrav]s1 
among :om ,mull] holds prec$5ce4        
,li?ography1 n[ an art ( s mu*          
importance1 0 inv5t$ by ! ,bav>ian1     
,s5efeld]4 ,! art ( pa9t+ on glass has  
also be5 reviv$4  ,9 music1 ! ,g]mans h 
reta9$ _! anci5t fame4 ,aft] ,moz>t1    
,bee?ov51 ,web]1 etc41 h ga9$ imm5se    
celebrity z compos]s4 ,/ill1 mu* t is   
unnatural1 affect$1 biz>re & lic5ti\s   
has crept into ! compositions ( ! ,g]man
 ma/]s1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! op]as1 ow+ to !
 imitation ( ! mod]n ,italian & ,fr5*   
compos]s4 ,a popul> reaction has1 h[ev]1
 aga9 tak5 place1 &1 z be=e1 9 *oral    
music1 by means ( ! s++ clubs1 :i*      
become m & m g5]al among ! p4  ,! /age  

has mo/ deeply deg5]at$4 ,at !          
comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 its mimic 
sc5es af=d$ a species ( consolation = ! 
sad realities ( life1 & =m$ ! ,le! 9 ^: 
wat]s oblivion 0 gladly s\ght4 ,! public
 aft]w>d became s practical 9 its ta/es1
 s sob] 9 its desires1 t nei!r ! _s ( ! 
actor nor ! coquetry ( ! actress _h p[] 
to attract an audi5ce4 ,! ta/e & love = 
art 7 sup]s$$ by criticism & l[         
intrigues1 ! !atre became a m]e         
political eng9e1 int5d$ to div]t !      
?\ghts ( ! population1 ( ! great cities 
f ! discussion ( topics dang]\s to !    
/ate by ! all-engross+ *>ms ( actresses 
& ballet-danc]s4  ,! ,g]mans1 al?\gh mu*
 m practical 9 ! pres5t ?an 9 ! pa/     
c5tury1 are /ill f> f hav+ fre$ !mselves
 f ! unju/1 unfitt+1 & inconv5i5t       
situation into :i* !y h fall5 z "t &    
ev5ts roll$ on4  ,a mutual und]/&+ 9    
reg>d to ! ext]nal position ( ! ,g]man 9
 ref]5ce to ! ,slavonian nation has     
sc>cely begun to dawn ^u u4 ,sc>cely h  
we become s5sible to ! ignom9i\s        

re/rictions impos$ ^u ,g]man comm]ce by 
! prohibitory regulations ( ,russia1 by 
! cu/oms levi$ 9 ! ,s\nd1 on ! ,elbe1 & 
,rh9e4 ,sc>cely has ! policy t made su* 
imm5se concessions to ,russian          
diplomacy1 & sc>cely has ! p>ty _s t    
look$ = salvation = ,g]many f ,france1  
yield$ to a m elevat$ feel+ (           
self-respect4 ,& yet1 :oev] %\ld say to 
! p ( ,alsace1 ,switz]l&1 & ,holl&1 ,ye 
are ,g]mans1 w\ld reap b d]ision &      
insult4 ,g]many is on ! po9t ( be+ once 
m divid$ into ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant     
,g]many1 & no "o c expla9 h[ ! ,g]man   
,cu/oms' ,union is to ext5d to ! ,g]man 
,ocean1 on acc\nt ( ! re/rictions       
mutually impos$ by ! ,g]mans4 ,c\ld we b
 view ourselves z ! great nation we 9   
reality are1 atta9 to a consci\sness ( !
 immeasurable /r5g? we 9 reality        
possess1 & make use ( x 9 ord] to       
satisfy our wants1 ! ,g]mans w\ld be    
?or\ghly a practical nation1 in/ead (   
ly+ l a dead lion among ! nations (     
,europe1 & unresi/+ly suff]+ !m to mock1

 tread und]foot1 nay1 deprive him ( 8   
limbs1 z ?\gh he 7 a mis]able1 helpless 
worm4  ,m1 f> m has be5 done = ! bett]  
regulation ( ! int]nal economy ( ,g]many
 ?an = h] ext]nal protection & p[]4 ,!  
re=ms suit$ to ! age1 comm5c$ by !      
philosophical pr9ces & m9i/]s ( ! pa/   
c5tury1 h be5 c>ri$ on by ,prussia 9 h] 
h\r ( ne$1 by con/itutional ,g]many by  
con/itutional means4 ,ev]y:]e h ! public
 adm9i/ration be5 bett] regulat$1       
despotism be5 re/ra9$ by laws1 f9ancial 
affairs be5 settl$ ev5 "u ! heavy       
pressure ( ! national debts4 ,comm]ce1  
manufactural indu/ry1 & agriculture h   
be5 greatly promot$ by ! ,cu/oms'       
,union1 by gov]nm5t aid & model         
in/itutions1 by ! improvem5ts 9 !       
po/-(fices1 by ! lay+ ( roads &         
railways4 ,! public burd5s & public     
debts1 nev]!less1 /ill rema9            
disproportionately heavy on acc\nt ( !  
enorm\s milit>y =ce :i* ! great /ates   
are compell$ to ma9ta9 = ! pres]vation (
 _! au?ority1 & on acc\nt ( ! poly>*ical

 /ate ( ,g]many1 :i* r5d]s ! ma9t5ance (
 an enorm\s numb] ( c\rts1 gov]nm5ts1   
g5]al /affs & *amb]s necess>y4  ,!      
popul> s5se ( ju/ice & legality1 nev]   
entirely suppress$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many1 also
 gave fre% pro( ( its exi/5ce "u ! new  
/ate ( affairs1 p>tly 9 ! endlessly     
drawn-out proce$+s 9 ! *amb]s1 p>tly 9 !
 incr$ible numb] ( new laws &           
regulations 9 ! diff]5t /ates4 ,/ill1   
indu/ri\sly z ^! laws h be5 compil$1 no 
real1 ess5tial1 ,g]man law1 nei!r public
 nor private1 has be5 discov]$4 ,!      
,roman & ,fr5* codes battl$ ) ea* o!r & 
left no room = ! e/abli%m5t ( a code    
fundam5tally & ?or\ghly ,g]man4 ,! mo/  
di/+ui%$ *ampions ( ! common rights ( ! 
p aga9/ cab9et-ju/ice1 ! tyranny ( !    
police & ( ! c5sor1 7 pr9cipally        
advocates & savants4 ,! ,e/ates1 z      
corporations1 7 sc>cely any long]       
repres5t$4 ,! majority ( gov]nm5ts1 rul$
 by ! pr9ciple ( absolute mon>*y & !    
*amb]s1 rul$ by t ( democracy1 _h1 s9ce 
! age ( philosophy1 be5 unanim\s 9 sett+

 ! anci5t ,e/ates aside4 ,! nobility    
alone pres]v$ c]ta9 privileges1 & !     
,ca?olic cl]gy alone rega9$ "s ( ^? !y  
_h =m]ly enjoy$2 all ! ,e/ates 71 9 e   
o!r respect1 plac$ on a level4 ,! anci5t
 & national legal rights ( ! p 7        
consequ5tly widely tr5*$ ^u4  ,!        
emancipation ( ! peasant f ! oppressive 
feudal dues1 & ! abolition ( ! re/ra9t  
impos$ by ! laws ( ! city corporations1 
:i* _h s flagrantly be5 abus$1 7        
indubitably well int5d$1 b1 in/ead (    
/opp+ !re1 good old cu/oms1 t ought only
 to h be5 fre$ f ! we$s ) :i* !y _h be5 
ov]gr[n1 7 totally eradicat$4 ,! peasant
 receiv$ a freehold1 b 01 by means ( 8  
enfran*isem5t1 g5]ally lad5 ) debts1 &1 
:ile pride :isp]$ 9 8 e> t he 0 n[ a "l 
( ! soil & might assume ! co/ume ( 8    
sup]iors1 ! l&1 :5ce he _h to d]ive 8   
su/5ance1 0 gradually dim9i%$ 9 ext5t by
 ! sy/ematic division ( prop]ty4 ,8     
pret5sions increas$ exactly 9 ! ratio 9 
:i* ! means = satisfy+ !m decreas$2 & ! 
necessity ( rais+ money plac$ him 9 !   

h&s ( ,jews4 ,! small] ! prop]ty by     
reason ( subdivision1 ! m frequ5tly is  
l& put up = sale1 ! deep] is ! mis]y ( !
 homeless outca/4 ,! re/oration ( !     
inali5able1 indivisible allod & ( !     
f$]al rights ( ! peasant1 z 9 old5      
times1 w\ld h be5 f> m to !             
purpose4--,pr(essional lib]ty & !       
introduction ( me*anism & manufactural  
indu/ry h annihilat$ e w>rant =m]ly     
af=d$ by ! artific] z ma/] & memb] ( a  
city corporation1 &1 at ! same "t1 e    
w>rant af=d$ to him by ! community ( 8  
be+ able to subsi/ by means ( 8 indu/ry4
 ,manufactures on an ext5sive scale t   
export _! produce mu/ at all ev5ts be   
left unre/rict$1 b ! small trades c>ri$ 
on )9 a petty community1 _! only m>ket1 
excite1 :5 free1 a degree ( competition 
:i* is necess>ily productive bo? ( bad  
workman%ip & pov]ty1 & ! sup]flu\s      
artific]s1 unaid$ by _! pr(essional     
fre$om1 fall bankrupt & become slaves 9 
! e/abli%m5ts ( _! weal?i]#a            
competitors4 ,! re/oration ( ! city     

guilds "u re/rictions suitable to !     
times w\ld h be5 f> m judici\s4  ,!     
ma9t5ance ( a heal?y1 cont5t$ class (   
citiz5s & peasants ought to be "o ( !   
pr9cipal aims ( e ,g]man /atesman4 ,!   
fusion ( ^! anci5t & p[]ful classes into
 "o common mass :5ce b a few weal?y     
individuals rise to em95ce w\ld be fatal
 to progression 9 ,g]many4 ,by f> !     
great] "p ( ! p h already lo/ ! means ( 
subsi/5ce =m]ly secur$ to all1 nay1 ev5 
to ! s]f1 by ! privileges ( 8 class4 ,! 
insecure possession1 ! endless division 
& ali5ation ( prop]ty1 an anxi\s dread (
 loss1 & a rapaci\s love ( ga91 h become
 univ]sal4 ,c>e = ! means ( daily       
exi/5ce1 l creep+ poison1 unn]ves !     
population4 ,! anxi\s solicitude to :i* 
?is gives rise has a deeply demoraliz+  
effect4 ,ev5 (fices "u gov]nm5t are less
 s\ght = f motives ( ambition ?an z a   
means ( subsi/5ce2 ! arts & sci5ces h   
be5 degrad$ to m]e s\rces ( pr(it1      
envi\s trade decides que/ions ( ! highe/
 importance1 ! tor* ( ,hym5 is lit by   

,plutus1 n at ! %r9e ( ,love2 & 9 !     
bosom ( ! c>eworn fa!r ( a family1 ^:   
scanty subsi/5ce dep5ds ^u a patron's   
smile1 ! words fa!rl& & glory f9d no    
responsive e*o4  ,among ! educat$       
classes ?is /ate ( pov]ty is alli$ ) !  
mo/ inconsi/5t luxury4 ,ea* & all1 h[ev]
 poor1 are anxi\s to pres]ve an         
appe>ance ( weal? or to raise cr$it by t
 means4 ,all1 h[ev] ne$y1 mu/ be        
fa%ionable4 ,! petty tradesman & !      
peasant ape _! sup]iors 9 rank1 & !     
old-fa%ion$ b com=table & picturesque   
national co/ume is be+ gradually ?r[n   
aside = ! ev]-v>y+ modes prescrib$ by   
,p>is to ! _w4 ,! inord9ate love (      
amusem5ts 9 :i* ! l[] classes & !       
prolet>iat1 ev] increas+ 9 numb]1 seek m
 p>ticul>ly to dr[n ! s5se ( mis]y1 is  
ano!r & a /ill great] s\rce ( public    
demoralization4 ,! g5]al habit ( indulg+
 9 ! use ( spiritu\s liquors has be5    
rightfully designat$ ! br&y pe/1 ow+ to 
its lam5table moral & physical effect ^u
 ! population4 ,?is pe/ 0 enc\rag$ n    

alone by private individuals1 :o ga9 _! 
livelihood by dissem9at+ x among ! p1 b 
also by gov]nm5ts1 :i* rais$ a l>ge     
rev5ue by its means2 & ! temp]ance      
societies1 lately f\nd$1 b slightly /em 
! evil4  ,! public au?orities ?r\gh\t   
,g]many h1 x mu/ be confess$1 display$  
extraord9>y solicitude = ! poor by !    
f\ndation ( *>itable in/itutions ( e    
description1 b !y h cont5t$ !mselves )  
m]ely alleviat+ mis]y in/ead ( remov+   
its causes2 & ! b5evol5ce t rais$ h\ses 
( correction1 poor-h\ses1 & hospitals1  
is r5d]$ null by ! laxity ( !           
legislation4 ,no measures are tak5 by ! 
gov]nm5ts to provide means = emigration1
 to secure to ! peasant 8 freehold1 to !
 artific] ! gu>antee he ought to receive
 & to give1 & ! ma9t5ance ( ! public    
morals4 ,! puni%m5t aw>d$ = immorality &
 !ft is s mild z to deprive !m ( ! "* ( 
crime1 pamphlets & works ( ! mo/ immoral
 description are disp]s$ by means ( !   
circulat+ libr>ies among all classes1 & 
! bold infidelity prea*$ ev5 f !        

univ]sities is left un*eck$4 ,b--is n ! 
?ief taught morality 9 ! h\se (         
correction8 & are n diseases1 ! result (
 lic5se1 cur$ 9 ! hospitals ) unhe>d-(  
humanity8  ,private morality1 s long    
pres]v$ free f contam9ation1 al?\gh all 
has = s long conspir$ aga9/ ! lib]ty &  
unity ( ,g]many1 is greatly endang]$4   
,mu* may1 h[ev]1 be hop$ = f ! s\nd     
national s5se4 ,! memory ( ! /r5g?      
display$ by ,g]many 9 #ahac has be5     
eradicat$ nei!r by ! contempt ( ,france 
or ,russia1 by any reaction>y measure )9
 ,g]many h]self1 by social & lit]>y     
corruption1 nor by ! late conte/ betwe5 
*ur* & /ate4 ,! ,cu/oms' ,union has1    
not)/&+ ! diff]5ce 9 political pr9ciple1
 br\ght despotic ,prussia &             
con/itutional ,g]many "o /ep ne>]4 ,!   
influ5ce ( ,russia on ! "o h&1 ( t (    
,france on ! o!r1 has s5sibly decreas$4 
,! irreligi\s & immoral t5d5cies n[     
visible w1 z has ev] be5 ! case 9       
,g]many1 produce a reaction1 &1 :5 !    
necessity is m urg5tly felt1 fitt+      

measures w be adopt$ = ! prev5tion (    
paup]ism4 ,! dang]s ) :i* ,g]many is    
ext]nally ?reat5$ w also compel         
gov]nm5ts1 h[ev] egoti/ical & indiff]5t1
 to seek _! safety 9 unity1 & ev5 %\ld !
 long neglect ( ?is tru? be productive (
 fre% calamity & draw ^u ,g]many a fre% 
attack f abroad1 t v circum/ance w b    
/r5g!n our union & accel]ate !          
reg5]ation ( our great fa!rl&1 already  
anticipat$ by ! p on ! fall ( !         
,hoh5/auf54   ,footnote #a3 ,because m  
skilful4--,trans4    ,,cclxxiv4 ,g]man  
,emigrants   ,! ov]plus population (    
,g]many has ev] emigrat$2 9 anci5t      
times1 = ! purpose ( conqu]+ =eign p[]s2
 9 mod]n times1 = t ( s]v+ "u !m4 ,9 !  
days ( ,g]man h]oism1 our conqu]+ hordes
 spread t[>d ! we/ & s\?1 ov] ,italy1   
,gaul1 ,spa91 ,africa1 ,engl&1 & ,icel&2
 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 our mail-clad    
w>riors took an ea/]ly direction &      
ov]ran ! ,slavonian c\ntries1 besides   
,prussia1 ,transylvania1 & ,pale/9e2 9  
mod]n times1 our religi\s & political   

refugees h emigrat$ 9 sc>cely less      
consid]able numb]s to c\ntries f> m     
di/ant1 b 9 ! humble g>b ( artific]s &  
begg>s1 ! ,p>iahs ( ! _w4 ,our anci5t   
w>riors ga9$ undy+ fame & long ma9ta9$ !
 influ5ce & ! rule ( ,g]many 9 =eign    
l&s4 ,our mod]n emigrants h1 unnot$1    
quitt$ _! native c\ntry1 &1 z e>ly z !  
second g5]ation1 int]mix$ ) ! p among   
:om !y settl$4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s (       
,g]mans h 9 ?is mann] aid$ to aggr&ize !
 ,briti% colonies1 & ,g]many has d]iv$  
no b5efit f ! emigration ( h] sons4  ,! 
fir/ great mass ( religi\s refugees ?rew
 itself into ,holl& & into ! ,dut*      
colonies1 ! great] "p ( :i* h s9ce pass$
 into ! h&s ( ! ,briti%4 ,! illib]ality 
( ! ,dut* caus$ ! second great mass to  
b5d its /eps to ,briti% ,nor? ,am]ica1  
)9 ^: wilds e sect f\nd an asylum4      
,william ,p5n1 ! celebrat$ ,quak]1      
visit$ ,g]many1 &1 9 #afhc1 gave        
p]mission to "s ,g]mans to settle 9 !   
prov9ce nam$1 aft] him1 ,p5nsylvania1   
:]e !y f\nd$ ! city ( ,g]man t[n4#a ,^! 

=tunate emigrants 7 annually foll[$ by  
?\s&s ( exil$ ,prote/ants1 pr9cipally f 
,alsace & ! ,palat9ate4 ,! indu/ry &    
hone/y = :i* ! ,g]man workm5 7 rem>kable
 caus$ "s ,engli%m5 to ent] into a      
speculation to procure _! s]vices z :ite
 slaves4 ,! greate/ enc\ragem5t 0       
accord+ly giv5 by !m to emigration f    
,g]many1 b ! promises s ri*ly lavi%$ 7  
)drawn on ! unexpect$ emigration (      
?irty-?ree ?\s& ( ! inhabitants ( !     
,palat9ate1 compris+ entire communes    
head$ by _! prea*]s1 evid5tly an unlook$
 & unwi%$ = multitude4 ,^! emigrants    
rea*$ ,london ab&on$ by _! patrons &    
disav[$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,a fe>ful fate   
await$ !m4 ,aft] los+ consid]able numb]s
 f />vation 9 ,engl&1 ! great] "p ( !   
survivors 7 compell$ to "w l slaves 9 ! 
m9es & 9 ! cultivation ( un9habit$      
isl&s2 ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ ( !m 7 s5t  
ov] to ,irel&1 :]e !y swell$ ! numb] (  
begg>s2 numb]s 7 lo/ at sea1 & sev5 ?\s&
 ( !m return$ 9 despair1 9 a /ate ( utt]
 de/itution1 to _! native c\ntry4 ,a    

small numb] ( !m1 h[ev]1 actually sail$ 
= ,new ,york1 :]e !y 7 allott$ portions 
( ! primitive =e/s1 :i* !y cle>$ &      
cultivat$2 b !y _h no soon] rais$       
fl\ri%+ villages 9 ! mid/ ( ri*         
cornfields & g>d5s1 ?an !y 7 in=m$ t !  
gr\nd belong$ to ! /ate & 7 driv5 f !   
home !y _h s lately f\nd4 ,p5nsylvania  
op5$ a place ( refuge to ! w&]]s4#b  ,! 
religi\s p]secution & ! increas+        
despotism ( ! gov]nm5ts 9 ,g]many       
mean:ile incessantly drove fre%         
emigrants to ,am]ica1 :]e1 z !y 7       
g5]ally s5t to ! extreme v]ge ( !       
prov9ces 9 ord] to cle> ! gr\nd & drive 
away ! aborig9es1 numb]s ( !m 7 murd]$  
by ! ,indians4 ,switz]l& also s5t =? _m 
emigrants1 :o settl$ pr9cipally 9 ,nor? 
,c>ol9a4 ,! p ( ,salzburg1 ^: expulsion 
has be5 detail$ above1 coloniz$ ,georgia
 9 #agcb4 ,9 #agdb1 !re 7 no few] ?an a 
hundr$ ?\s& ,g]mans 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 &1 
s9ce t p]iod1 _! numb] has be5          
cont9ually on ! increase4 ,?\s&s        
annually arriv$2 = in/ance1 9 ! ye>s    

#agdi & #agej1 sev5 ?\s&2 9 #aged1 z _m 
z tw5ty-two ?\s&2 9 #agig1 six ?\s&     
,swabians4 ,! fam9e ( #aggj1 !          
p>ticipation ( ,g]man m]c5>ies 9 ! w>s (
 ! ,briti% 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 at fir/     
aga9/ ! ,fr5* colonies1 aft]w>d aga9/ ! 
,engli% coloni/s 7! ,g]man prison]s     
g5]ally settl$ 9 ! c\ntry71 induc$ !    
,g]mans to emigrate 9 su* great numb]s  
t1 f #aggj to #agia1 tw5ty-f\r emigrant 
%ips on an av]age arriv$ annually at    
,philadelphia1 )\t reckon+ ^? t l&$ 9 ! 
o!r h>bors4#c  ,! passage by sea to !   
we/ be+ cont9ually clos$ dur+ ! great   
w>s ) ,france1 ! /ream ( emigration took
 an ea/]ly direction ov]l&4 ,russia _h  
ext5d$ h] conque/s t[>d ,p]sia &        
,turkey4 ,! necessity ( fix+ colonies 9 
! broad /eppes z 9 ! primitive =e/s (   
,am]ica1 to s]ve z a b>ri] aga9/ ! wild 
fronti] tribes1 0 pla9ly p]ceiv$ by !   
,russian gov]nm5t1 & ,g]mans 7 once m   
made use ( = ?is purpose4 ,ext5sive     
colonies1 :i* at ! pres5t date conta9   
hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ,g]man inhabitants1 b 

^: hi/ory is z yet unkn[n1 7 accord+ly  
=m$ nor?w>d ( ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas4
 ,swabian villages 7 also built on ! mo/
 s\!rn fronti] ( ,russia t[>d ,p]sia1 & 
9 #ahbf suff]$ sev]ely f an inroad ( !  
,p]sians4  ,! fall ( ,napoleon _h no    
soon] reop5$ ! passage by sea ?an ! tide
 ( emigration aga9 turn$ t[>d ,nor?     
,am]ica4 ,^! emigrants1 ! majority ( :om
 consi/$ ( political malcont5ts1 pref]r$
 ! l& ( lib]ty to ! /eppes ( ,russia1   
:i!r sect>ians & ^? :om ! demoralization
 & irreligion ( ! ,gallomanic p]iod _h  
fill$ ) disgu/ _h *iefly resort$4 ,!    
,russo-,teuto colonies are prov]bial =  
purity & /rictness ( morals4 ,"o        
,wurtemb]g sect>ian alone1 ! celebrat$  
,rapp1 succe$$ dur+ ! p]iod ( ! triumph 
( ,france 9 emigrat+ to ,p5nsylvania1   
:]e he f\nd$ ! ,h>mony1 a petty religi\s
 community4 ,an inconsid]able numb] (   
,swiss1 dissatisfi$ ) ,napoleon's       
supremacy1 also emigrat$ 9 #ahje & built
 ,new ,vevay4 ,b x 0 n until aft] ! w>s1
 m p>ticul>ly dur+ ! fam9e 9 #ahaf &    

#ahag1 t emigration across ! sea 0 aga9 
c>ri$ on to a consid]able ext5t4 ,9     
#ahag1 ?irty ?\s& ,swiss1 ,wurtemb]g]s1 
,hessians1 & inhabitants ( ! ,palat9ate 
emigrat$1 & ab\t an equal numb] 7       
compell$ to retrace _! /eps f ! seacoa/ 
9 a /ate ( extreme de/itution on acc\nt 
( _! inability to pay _! passage & ( !  
complete want ( int]e/ 9 _! behalf      
display$ by ! gov]nm5ts4 ,political     
discont5t increas$ 9 #ahah & #ahai1 &   
ea* succe$+ spr+ ?irty ?\s& ,g]mans     
sail$ d[n ! ,rh9e to ! l& ( lib]ty 9 !  
f> we/4 ,9 #ahbj1 a society 0 set on    
foot at ,b]ne = ! protection ( ! ,swiss 
emigrants f ! frauds practic$ ^u !      
unw>y4 ,! union ( ! ,ar*du*ess          
,leopold9e1 daught] to ! emp]or         
,francis1 ) ,dom ,p$ro1 ! emp]or ( !    
,brazils1 _h1 s9ce #ahag1 attract$      
public att5tion to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,dom   
,p$ro took ,g]man m]c5>ies into 8 s]vice
 = ! purpose ( keep+ 8 wild subjects )9 
b\nds1 & ! fruitful l& (f]$ inf9ite     
advantages to ! ,g]man agriculturi/2 b  

colonization 0 r5d]$ impracticable by ! 
revolution>y disord]s & by ! ill-w ( !  
natives t[>d ! settl]s1 & ! ,g]mans :o  
_h be5 induc$ to emigrate ei!r enli/$ z 
soldi]s or p]i%$4 ,sev]al among !m1 :o h
 publi%$ _! adv5tures 9 ! ,brazils1     
bitt]ly compla9$ ( ! conduct ( ,major   
,s*f]1 :o _h be5 engag$ 9 collect+      
recruits at ,hamburg = ! ,brazils4 ,!y  
ev5 accus$ him ( hav+ all[$ numb]s ( _! 
fell[-c\ntrym5 to />ve to dea? f motives
 ( ga91 s mu* a head be+ paid to him on 
8 arrival 9 ! ,brazils = ! m5 %ipp$ f   
,europe :e!r !y arriv$ dead or alive4 ,!
 publication ( ^! circum/ances          
completely *eck$ ! emigration to !      
,brazils1 & ,nor? ,am]ica 0 aga9        
annually1 p>ticul>ly 9 #ahbg & aft] !   
,july revolution1 ov]run ) ,g]mans1 & !y
 h ev5 begun to take "p 9 ! polity ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! peasants1 :o h be5    
settl$ = a consid]able p]iod1 & :o h    
ins5sibly acquir$ great weal? & h reta9$
 ! language & cu/oms ( _! native c\ntry1
 =m ! fl[] ( ! ,g]man coloni/s 9 !      

,we/4#d  ,9 ! ,cape colonies1 ! ,dut*   
peasants1 ! boors1 feel+ !mselves       
oppress$ by ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 emigrat$
 en masse1 9 #ahcg1 to ! nor?1 :]e !y   
settl$ ) ! ,caffres1 &1 "u _! capta91   
,prtorius1 f\nd$ an indep5d5t society1 9
 #ahci1 at ,port ,natal1 :]e !y aga9    
suff]$ a viol5t aggression on ! "p ( !  
,briti%4  ,?us are ,g]mans fruitlessly  
scatt]$ f> & wide ov] ! face ( ! globe1 
:ile on ! v fronti]s ( ,g]many nature   
has designat$ ! ,danube z ! ne> & broad 
pa? = emigration & colonization to h]   
ov]plus population1 :i*1 by settl+ 9 h] 
vic9ity1 w\ld at once increase h]       
ext]nal /r5g? & ext5d h] influ5ce4      
,footnote #a3 ,! abolition ( negro      
slav]y 0 fir/ moot$ by ,g]mans 9 #afhh1 
at ! great ,quak] meet+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4
  ,footnote #b3 ,acc\nt ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates by ,egg]l+4  ,footnote #c3 ,"o ( 
! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,g]mans 9 ,am]ica 0 a    
p]son nam$ ,john ,jacob ,a/or1 ! son ( a
 bailiff at ,walldorf ne> ,heidelb]g1 :o
 0 br\ght up z a furri]1 emigrat$ to    

,am]ica1 :]e he gradually became !      
weal?ie/ ( all furri]s1 f\nd$ at 8 own  
exp5se ! colony ( ,a/oria1 on !         
nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 s       
int]e/+ly describ$ by ,wa%+ton ,irv+1 & 
! ,a/or fund1 int5d$ z a protection to  
,g]man emigrants to ,am]ica f ! frauds  
practic$ on ! unw>y4 ,he resid$ at ,new 
,york4 ,he possess$ an imm5se =tune & 0 
highly & des]v$ly e/eem$ = 8 extraord9>y
 philan?ropy4  ,footnote #d3 ,!         
,allgeme9e ,zeitung ( ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 
reports t !re 7 at t "t "o hundr$ &     
fifty-sev5 ?\s& ,g]mans 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 
:o 7 /ill unnaturaliz$1 consequ5tly _h  
emigrat$ ?i!r )9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s4
 ,9 ,philadelphia alone !re 7           
sev5ty-five ?\s& ,g]mans4 ,grund says 9 
8 "w1 ,! ,am]icans 9 #ahcg1 ,! peaceable
 disposition ( ! ,g]mans prev5ts _!     
int]f]+ ) politics1 al?\gh _! numb] is  
already consid]able en\gh = ! =mation ( 
a p[]ful p>ty4 ,!y possess1 not)/&+1    
great weight 9 ! gov]nm5t (             
,p5nsylvania1 9 :i* ,/ate ! gov]nors h  

s9ce ! revolution always be5 ,g]mans4   
,?is is 9 fact s well und]/ood on all   
sides t ev5 dur+ ! la/ election1 :5 two 
democrats & a ,:ig c&idate cont5d$ = !  
dignity ( gov]nor1 !y 7 all ?ree ,g]mans
 by bir? & no o!r w\ld h _h ! slighte/  
*ance ( success4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio !re 
are at ! pres5t date1 al?\gh t prov9ce 0
 fir/ coloniz$ by ,new-,engli%1 no few] 
?an =ty-five ?\s& ,g]mans possess$ ( !  
"r ( vot+4 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 al?\gh
 orig9ally coloniz$ by ,dut*1 conta9s a 
num]\s ,g]man population 9 sev]al ( its 
prov9ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,columbia1 ! 
bir?place ( ,m>t9 ,van ,bur51 ! pres5t  
,vice-,presid5t & future ,presid5t ( !  
republic4 ,! ,/ate ( ,m>yl& numb]s      
tw5ty-five ?\s& ,g]mans possess$ (      
votes2 almo/ "o-?ird ( ! population (   
,ill9ois is ,g]man1 & ?\s&s ( fre%      
emigrants are settl+ 9 ! valley ( !     
,mississippi4 ,i believe t ! numb] (    
,g]man vot]s or ( vot]s ( ,g]man desc5t 
may1 )\t exagg]ation1 be reckon$ on an  
av]age annually at f\r hundr$ ?\s&1 &   

c]ta9ly 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s h5ce at a 
million4 ,9 ! city ( ,new ,york1 !      
,g]mans greatly influ5ce ! election ( ! 
burgoma/] & o!r city au?orities by hold+
 no few] ?an ?ree ?\s& five hundr$      
votes4 ,^! circum/ances naturally r5d] !
 ,g]man vote an object ( zeal\s         
cont5tion = politicians ( e p>ty1 & !re 
is accord+ly no de>? ( ,g]man newspap]s 
9 any ( ! ,g]man settlem5ts4 ,9         
,p5nsylvania1 upw>d ( ?irty ,g]man      
7pr9cipally weekly7 pap]s are 9         
circulation1 & ab\t an equal numb] are  
pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,ohio4 ,a   
sc>cely l[] numb] are also 9 circulation
 9 ,m>yl&4    ,supplem5t>y ,*apt]  ,f ,!
 ,fall ( ,napoleon to ! ,pres5t ,day    
,! ,conf$]ation ( ! ,rh9e1 w\nd$ to !   
dea? by ! campaign ( #ahab1 0 kill$ by !
 fall ( ,napoleon4 ,f t ev5t to ! pres5t
 "t ! accompany+ pages mu/ be re/rict$  
to a consid]ation ( ^? matt]s :i* h be5 
( capital importance to ! ,g]man p4 ,^! 
matt]s may be summ>iz$ z consi/+ 9 !    
=mation ( ! ,g]man ,conf$]ation1 !      

,dani% w>1 ! ,au/ro-,prussian w>1 !     
,franco-,prussian w>1 & ! ref\nd+ ( !   
empire4  ,z ! fall ( ,s5na*]ib 0 sung by
 ! ,hebrews1 s 0 ! fall ( ,napoleon sung
 by ! ,g]mans4 ,!y _h be5 at 8 m]cy4 ,he
 _h depos$ _! sov]eigns1 dismemb]$ _!   
/ates1 crippl$ _! trade1 & exhau/$ _!   
res\rces4 ,yet 9 #ahad1 by ! ,peace (   
,p>is1 !y _h re/or$ to !m all !y _h     
possess$ 9 #agib1 b z a recon/ruction ( 
! =m] empire 0 impracticable1 ^? /ates  
:i* /ill ma9ta9$ _! sov]eignty coalesc$4
  ,?is 0 9 #ahae4 ,at ! "t !re rema9$ ( 
! ?ree hundr$ /ates into :i* ! empire _h
 orig9ally be5 divid$ b ?irty-n9e1 a    
numb] aft]w>d r$uc$1 ?r\gh ! ext9ction (
 f\r m9or dyna/ies1 to ?irty-five4 ,a   
diet1 recogniz$ z ! legislative &       
executive organ ( ! ,conf$]ation1 0     
in/itut$ at ,frank=t4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( 
satisfy+ ! expectations ( ! nation1 x   
deg5]at$ into a political tool1 :i*     
pr9ces manipulat$1 :i* !y made subs]vi5t
 to _! inh]5t cons]vatism1 & ) :i* !y   
oppress$ _! subjects4 ,! ,fr5*          

revolution ( #ahcj influ5c$ to a c]ta9  
ext5t _! attitude1 & a few ( !m 7 induc$
 to accord con/itutions to _! p1 b !    
effect 0 transi5t4 ,re=ms :i* _h be5    
/ipulat$ !y manag$ to ignore4 ,x took ! 
insurrection>y movem5ts ( #ahdh to %ake 
!m on _! ?rones4 ,=c$ !n to admit !     
ineffici5cy ( ! diet1 & attempt+ by ha/y
 concessions to *eck ! progress (       
republican pr9ciples1 !y cons5t$ to !   
convocation ( a national assembly4 ,ov] 
?is body ! ,ar*duke ,john ( ,au/ria 0   
elect$ to preside4 ,! *oice 0 n happy4  
,measures :i* he fail$ to facilitate he 
succe$$ 9 fru/rat+4 ,z a consequ5ce1    
matt]s w5t f bad to worse1 until1 aft] !
 refusal ( ! k+ ( ,prussia to accept !  
imp]ial cr[n :i* 0 (f]$ to him 9 #ahdi &
 ! election ( a provisional reg5cy :i*  
ensu$1 ! assembly laps$ into a condition
 ( impot5ce :i* t]m9at$ 9 its           
dissolution4  ,mean:ile republican      
demon/rations hav+ be5 =cibly suppress$1
 !re arose betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria a  
feel+ ( jeal\sy1 if n ( ill-w1 :i* m ?an

 once indicat$ w>1 & :i*1 ?\gh result+ 9
 ! re/oration ( ! diet & tempor>ily     
div]t$ by a jo9t attack on ,d5m>k1      
culm9at$ 9 ! battle ( ,sad[a4  ,into !  
details ( ?is attack x is unnecess>y to 
ent]4 ,! casus belli 0 app>5tly an      
entirely virtu\s endeavor to settle !   
respective claims ( ! k+ ( ,d5m>k & !   
duke ( ,augu/5burg to ! sov]eignty (    
,s*leswig-,hol/e94 ,! fa%ion 9 :i* !    
claims 7 settl$ consi/$ 9 wip+ !m out4  
,! direction n m]ely ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e9
 b ( ,lau5b]g 0 assum$ by ,au/ria &     
,prussia1 :o1 by virtue ( a treaty sign$
 ,octob] #cj1 #ahfd1 took ^u !mselves _!
 civil & milit>y adm9i/ration4  ,!      
adm9i/ration :i* !n ensu$ 0 ann\nc$ z   
be+ b a tempor>y tru/ee%ip1 & ?r\gh\t   
,europe 0 g5]ally s reg>d$4 ,b ,prussia 
_h o!r views4 ,9 ! *amb]s ,bism>ck      
decl>$ t ! cr[n _h no int5tion ( resign+
 ! booty1 t1 come :at might1 nev] w\ld x
 give up ,kiel4 ,bism>ck 0 seldom wrong4
 ,9 ?is in/ance he 0 "r4 ,9 ! mon? (    
,augu/ foll[+ ! treaty ! ,emp]or        

,francis ( ,au/ria & ,k+ ,william (     
,prussia met at ,ga/e9 & conclud$ a     
conv5tion by :i* x 0 agre$ t ,s*leswig  
%\ld belong to ,prussia1 ,hol/e9 to     
,au/ria1 ) ,kiel z a free port "u       
,prussian rule4  ,^! proce$+s1 z might h
 be5 expect$1 creat$ ! greate/          
indignation 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & among !
 m9or /ates4 ,e>l ,russell decl>$ t all 
rights1 old & new1 _h be5 trodd5 "u by !
 ,ga/e9 ,conv5tion1 & t viol5ce & =ce _h
 be5 ! only bases on :i* ?is conv5tion  
_h be5 e/abli%$1 :ile utt] disreg>d (   
all public laws _h be5 %[n ?r\gh\t all  
^! transactions4 ,on ! "p ( ,france1 h] 
m9i/] said t ! ,au/rian & ,prussian     
gov]nm5ts 7 guilty 9 ! eyes ( ,europe ( 
divid+ betwe5 !mselves t]ritories !y 7  
b\nd to give up to ! claimants :o seem$ 
to h ! be/ title1 & t mod]n ,europe 0 n 
accu/om$ to de$s fit only = ! d>k ages2 
su* pr9ciples1 he add$1 c only ov]?r[ ! 
pa/ )\t build+ up any?+ new4 ,! ,frank=t
 ,diet decl>$ ! two p[]s to h violat$   
all pr9ciples ( "r1 especially t ( !    

du*ies to direct _! own affairs z !y    
pleas$1 provid$ !y did n int]f]e ) !    
g5]al int]e/s ( ! ,g]man nation4        
,nev]!less1 a ,prussian gov]nor 0       
appo9t$ ov] ,s*leswig1 & an ,au/rian ov]
 ,hol/e91 bo? assum+ ^! du*ies to be    
p>ts ( _! respective empires4  ,e>ly 9  
#ahff1 x 0 evid5t t no real fri5d%ip    
c\ld long cont9ue betwe5 ,prussia &     
,au/ria1 & t ^! two great robb]s w\ld   
surely fall out ov] ! division ( !      
plund]2 mak+ x ! o/5sible cause =       
dispute1 :i* 0 9 reality _! rivalry = ! 
lead]%ip 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,june1 !         
,prussians cross$ ! ,eyd]1 & took       
possession ( ,hol/e91 appo9t$ a supreme 
presid5t ov] ! two du*ies :i* pass$ "u  
,prussian rule1 & settl$1 aft] a summ>y 
fa%ion1 ! vex$ "q4 ,!re 7 also o!r      
causes :i* t5d$ to w>4 ,! weak side (   
,au/ria1 weak] f> ?an ,hung>y1 0 h]     
,italian prov9ce ( ,v5etia1 "o1 inde$1 t
 few c say %e _h any real or natural "r 
to hold1 beyond hav+ acquir$ x by !     
treaty ( #ahac4 ,to recov] ?is f ,g]man 

rule _h be5 ! incessant desire ( ,italy1
 & griev\s 0 h] disappo9tm5t :5 ! emp]or
 ( ! ,fr5* ?\ght fit to /op imm$iately  
aft] ! battle ( ,mag5ta & ,solf]9o1     
in/ead ( pu%+ on1 z x 0 hop$ he w\ld h  
done1 to ! conque/ ( ,v5etia4  ,9 ! spr+
 ( #ahff1 ,italy 0 mak+ active          
prep>ations = w>1 & ,au/ria1 on ! o!r   
h&1 increas$ l>gely ! numb] ( h] troops1
 ,prussia *oos+1 9 defiance ( all fair  
deal+1 to assume t all ^! armam5ts 7    
direct$ aga9/ h]self2 &1 on ?is         
supposition1 s5t a circul> to ! m9or    
/ates to tell !m !y mu/ decide :i* side 
to take 9 ! imp5d+ /ruggle4 ,a secret   
treaty 0 made betwe5 ,prussia & ,italy3 
t ,italy %\ld be ready to take up arms !
 mom5t ,prussia gave ! signal1 & t      
,prussia %\ld g on ) ! w> until ,v5etia 
0 c$$ to ,italy4 ,angry discussions took
 place 9 ! diet betwe5 ,au/ria &        
,prussia1 :i* end$ 9 ,prussia decl>+ !  
,g]manic ,conf$]ation to be brok5 up1 & 
bo? sides prep>+ = w>4  ,au/ria began   
e>ly to arm1 = %e requir$ long] "t to   

mobilize h] army4 ,prussia1 on !        
contr>y1 0 9 read9ess = action4 ,e      
,prussian :o is tw5ty ye>s old1 )\t     
di/9ction ( rank1 has to s]ve 9 ! army1 
?ree ye>s ) ! colors1 five m 9 ! res]ve1
 aft] :i* he is plac$ = elev5 ye>s 9 !  
,l&wehr1 & liable to be call$ out :5    
occasion requires4 ,9 peace ev]y?+ is   
kept ready = ! mobilization ( its army4 
,9 a wond]fully %ort "t ! organization 0
 complete1 & #bfj1jjj m5 br\ght into !  
field 9 ,bohemia4 ,9 arms1 !y _h !      
advantage ( ! ne$le-gun4 ,! ,prussian   
=ces 7 9 ?ree divisions1 ! ,fir/ ,army  
"u ! comm& ( ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,*>les2 !  
,second ,army "u t ( ! cr[n pr9ce2 & !  
,army ( ! ,elbe1 "u ,g5]al ,h]w>?4 ,!   
supreme comm& ( ! ,au/rian army ( ! nor?
 0 giv5 to ,feldzeugmei/] von ,b5$ek1 t 
( ! s\? to ! ,ar*duke ,alb]t4  ,on ,june
 #ad1 ,prussia s5t a telegraphic summons
 to ,hanov]1 ,hesse-,cassel1 & ,saxony1 
dem&+ !m to r$uce _! armies to ! peace  
e/abli%m5t1 & to concur ) ,prussia      
respect+ ! ,g]manic conf$]ation2 & t if 

!y did n s5d _! cons5t )9 twelve h\rs1  
w> w\ld be decl>$4 ,! /ates did n reply1
 ,prussia decl>$ w>1 & on ! #af? invad$ 
_! t]ritories4 ,! occupation & dis>mam5t
 ( ,hanov] & ,hesse 7 necess>y to       
,prussia = a free communication ) h]    
,rh5i% prov9ces1 & %e effect$ h] purpose
 by means ( well-plann$ comb9ations1 s t
 9 ! c\rse ( a few days ^! /ates 7      
ov]run by ,prussian troops1 & _!        
sov]eigns expell$4  ,! rapid progress ( 
ev5ts1 & ! ,prussian decl>ation ( w>1 _h
 tak5 ,hanov] by surprise4 ,h] army 0 n 
yet mobiliz$2 ,au/ria _h evacuat$       
,hol/e91 or %e c\ld h look$ to h] =     
support4 ,to attempt to def5d ! capital 
0 hopeless2 s ,k+ ,george1 suff]+ f     
bl9dness1 mov$ ) 8 army to ,gott+51 ) a 
view ( jo9+ ! ,bav>ians4 ,prussia ent]$ 
by ! nor?1 &1 assi/$ by h] navy on !    
,elbe1 0 by ! #bb;d 9 possession ( !    
:ole ( ,hanov]4 ,clos$ r\nd on all sides
 by ! ,prussians1 unassi/$ by ,pr9ce    
,*>les ( ,bav>ia1 ,go?a hav+ decl>$ =   
,prussia1 ! k+ ( ,hanov]1 ) 8 little    

army1 cross$ ! fronti] ( 8 k+dom1 & at  
,lang5salza1 fifte5 miles nor? ( ,go?a1 
enc\nt]$ ! ,prussians1 & rema9$ ma/] ( !
 battlefield4 ,b victory 0 ( little     
avail2 surr\nd$ by #dj1jjj ,prussians1 !
 k+ 0 =c$ to capitulate4 ,! arms &      
milit>y /ores 7 h&$ ov] to ! enemy1 & ! 
k+ & 8 soldi]s all[$ to dep>t4 ,?us1    
?r\gh ! sup95ess ( ,pr9ce ,*>les (      
,bav>ia1 a :ole army 0 made captive1 &  
,hanov] eras$ f ! roll ( indep5d5t      
/ates4  ,m =tunate ?an 8 neighbor1 !    
elector ( ,hesse-,cassel sav$ 8 army1   
?\gh n 8 t]ritory1 f ! invad]4 ,8 troops
 retir$ t[>d ! ,ma9e1 :]e !y secur$ a   
communication ) ! f$]al army at         
,frank=t4 ,! elector rema9$ 9 ,hesse1 & 
0 s5t a /ate prison] to ! ,prussian     
=tress ( ,/ett91 on ! ,od]4 ,!          
,prussians ov]ran 8 t]ritory1 decl>+ !y 
7 n at w> aga9/ peoples1 b aga9/        
gov]nm5ts4  ,two bodies ( ,prussian     
troops ent]$ ,saxony--! ,fir/ ,army & ! 
,army ( ! ,elbe--& ! ,saxon army retir$ 
into ,bohemia to effect a junction ) !  

,au/rians4 ,on ! #bj?1 ,leipzig 0 seiz$1
 & ! :ole ( ,saxony 0 9 undi/urb$       
possession ( ! ,prussians2 ,pr9ce       
,fr$]ick ,*>les issu+ a mo/ /r+5t ord] t
 private prop]ty %\ld be respect$1 & e  
reg>d %[n to ! com=t ( ! inhabitants4 ,8
 ord] 0 /rictly obs]v$1 & e measure tak5
 to prev5t ! mis]ies att5dant on !      
occupation ( a c\ntry by a =eign army4  
,! invasion ( ,saxony br\ght imm$iately 
op5 w> betwe5 ,prussia & ,au/ria1 & on !
 #bc;d ! ,prussian army cross$ !        
,bohemian fronti]--only a week s9ce x _h
 ent]$ ,saxony4 ,x is ne$less "h to     
detail ! battles :i* imm$iately foll[$2 
suffice x to say1 ! ,prussians 7        
victori\s 9 all--at ,podoll1 :]e !      
ne$le-gun did su* t]rible "w2           
,mun*5gratz1 :i* gave !m ! :ole l9e ( ! 
,is]2 ,traut5an1 ,gits*51 & o!rs4 ,on ! 
#a/ ( ,july1 ! k+ ( ,prussia arriv$ f   
,b]l9 & took ! supreme comm& ( ! army4  
,! foll[+ day br\ght news f ! cr[n pr9ce
 t he 0 ha/5+ f ,silesia ) ! ,second    
,army1 :]eby ! :ole ( ! ,prussian =ces  

w\ld be conc5trat$4 ,on ! #c;d ( ,july 0
 f\ght ! decisive battle ( ,koniggratz1 
or ,sad[a1 z x is sometimes call$1 f !  
village ( t "n1 a clu/] ( p9e-wood      
cottages1 enclos$ by or*>ds1 ) a        
wood-cr[n$ hill at ! back1 :i* 0 fi]cely
 disput$ by ! cont5d+ p>ties4  ,on t    
day1 ,g5]al von ,b5$ek _h tak5 8        
position ) ! ,au/rian army 9 front ( !  
fronti] =tress ( ,koniggratz1 on ! "r   
bank ( ! ,elbe1 ab\t fifty-five miles   
ea/ ( ,prague1 to oppose ! passage ( !  
cr[n pr9ce f ,silesia4 ,9 8 front lay ! 
m>%y /ream ( ,bi/ritz1 ^u :i* ,sad[a & a
 few o!r villages are situat$4 ,at      
half-pa/ sev5 9 ! morn+ ! battle began1 
& cont9u$ ) great slaught] )\t any m>k$ 
advantage on ei!r side till ! arrival ( 
! cr[n pr9ce decid$1 l ! advance ( ,bl*]
 at ,wat]loo1 ! =tune ( ! day4 ,!       
,au/rians 7 completely r\t$1 & fl$      
across ! ,elbe to save ! capital4 ,!y   
lo/ #dj1jjj m5 9 ?is sangu9>y conflict1 
! ,prussians #aj1jjj4 ,! =ces 9 ! field 
7 #bjj1jjj ,au/rians & ,saxons1 &       

#bfj1jjj ,prussians4  ,imm$iately aft]  
h] cru%+ defeat1 ,au/ria surr5d]$       
,v5etia to ,france1 & ! ,emp]or         
,napoleon at once accept$ ! gift & gave 
x ov] to ,victor ,emmanuel4  ,on ,july  
#bf1 prelim9>ies ( peace 7 sign$ at     
,nikolsburg1 & peace 0 f9ally conclud$  
at ,prague1 ,augu/ #bc1 betwe5 ,prussia 
& ,au/ria1 & ab\t ! same "t ) ! ,s\?    
,g]man /ates4 ,! ,prussian ,h\se (      
,deputies vot$ ! annexation ( ! conqu]$ 
/ates1 & 9 ,octob] peace 0 conclud$ )   
,saxony4 ,by ^! arrangem5ts1 ,hanov]1   
,hesse-,cassel1 & ,frank=t became       
prov9ces ( ,prussia1 z well z !         
long-disput$ du*ies ( ,d5m>k4 ,all !    
,g]man /ates nor? ( ! ,ma9e conclud$ a  
treaty1 (f5sive & def5sive1 = !         
ma9t5ance ( ! security ( _! /ates4      
,prussia increas$ h] t]ritory by #cb1jjj
 squ>e miles & h] population #d1jjj1jjj2
 & 9 ,octob]1 #ahff1 ! :ole ( nor!rn    
,g]many 0 unit$ into a ,conf$]ation4    
,?is ,conf$]ation1 kn[n z ! ,nor?       
,g]man1 possess$ a common p>liam5t      

elect$ by univ]sal suffrage1 9 :i* ea*  
/ate 0 repres5t$ accord+ to its         
population4 ,! fir/ or con/itu5t        
p>liam5t met e>ly 9 #ahfg1 & adopt$1 ) a
 few modifications1 ! con/itution       
propos$ by ,c\nt ,bism>ck4 ,! new       
elections !n took place1 & ! fir/ regul>
 ,nor? ,g]man p>liam5t met 9 ,septemb]1 
#ahfg4 ,accord+ to ?is con/itution1 !re 
0 to be a common army & fleet1 "u ! sole
 comm& ( ,prussia2 a common diplomatic  
repres5tation abroad1 ( necessity little
 else ?an ,prussian2 & to ,prussia also 
0 intru/$ ! managem5t ( ! po/s &        
telegraphs 9 ! ,conf$]ation4  ,! ,s\!rn 
,g]man /ates :i* up to ?is po9t _h n    
jo9$ ! ,bund1 7 ,bav>ia1 ,bad51         
,wurtemb]g1 ,hesse-,d>m/adt1 &          
,li*t5/e91 ) a jo9t area ( #dc1iij squ>e
 miles1 & a total population 7#ahff7 (  
#h1ebd1dfj4 ,b1 ?\gh ^! /ates 7 n =mally
 memb]s ( ! ,bund1 !y 7 s practically1 =
 !y 7 b\nd to ,prussia by treaties (    
alliance (f5sive & def5sive1 s t 9 !    
ev5t ( a w> ! k+ ( ,prussia w\ld h at 8 

disposal an arm$ =ce ( upw>d (          
#a1ajj1jjj m54  ,dur+ ! next few ye>s ! 
,nor? ,g]man ,conf$]ation 0 employ$ 9   
consolidat+ & /r5g!n+ itself1 & 9 try+  
to induce ! s\!rn /ates to jo9 ! league4
 ,! ,zollv]e9 0 remodell$ & ext5d$1     
until by ! ye> #ahfh e "p ( ,g]many 0 a 
memb] ( x1 ) ! exception ( ! cities (   
,hamburg & ,brem51 & a small "p ( ,bad54
 ,?is pav$ ! way = ! =mal entrance ( !  
s\!rn /ates into ! conf$]ation2 b !y    
/ill hung back1 ?\gh ! ideal ( a unit$  
,g]many 0 gradually gr[+ 9 =ce & favor4 
,mean:ile ! t]ms ( ! treaty ( ,prague1  
toge!r ) ! complete removal ( ali5 p[]s 
f ,italy1 _h wr\ght a radical *ange 9 ! 
political relations ( ! ,european       
,/ates4 ,exclud$ f ,g]many1 ! dom9ions (
 ,au/ria /ill ext5d$ to ! v]ge ( ,v5etia
 & ! ,lomb>d pla9s1 b h] future lay     
ea/w>d & h] c5tre ( gravity _h be5      
remov$ to ,buda-,pe/h4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,g]man 
c\rts1 no d\bt1 !re 0 a bias t[>d       
,vi5na1 & a dislike ( ,prussia2 yet bo? 
! lean+ & ! repugnance 7 c\nt]balanc$ by

 a deep] dread ( ,france root$ 9 ! p by 
! vivid memories ( repeat$ & cruel      
invasions4 ,russia1 some:at al>m$ by !  
rapid success ( ,k+ ,william1 _h be5    
soo!d by diplomatic reassurances1 ! t5or
 ( :i* is n positively kn[n1 al?\gh a   
s]ies ( subsequ5t ev5ts m ?an ju/ifi$ ! 
inf]5ce made at t "t1 t promises1 be>+  
on ! cz>'s ,ea/]n designs1 7 t5d]$ &    
accept$ z a valuable consid]ation = !   
covet$ boon ( b5evol5t neutrality1 if n 
some?+ m sub/antial4 ,l ,russia1 ,france
 _h lo/ no?+ by ! campaign ( #ahff2 h]  
t]ritories 7 intact2 h] rul] _h m$iat$  
betwe5 ,au/ria & ,prussia2 & he _h !    
honor ( protect+ ! pope1 :o1 z a        
spiritual & temporal pr9ce1 0 /ill 9    
possession ( ,rome & re/rict$ t]ritorial
 doma9s4 ,b ! ,napoleonic c\rt1 & _m :o 
look$ ^u its head z a usurp]1 exp]i5c$1 
on ! morr[ ( ,sad[a1 & 9 a great] degree
 aft] ! preface to a peace _h be5 sign$ 
at ,nikolsburg1 a s5sation ( dim9i%$    
magnitude1 a consci\sness ( less5$      
pre/ige1 & a pa9ful impression t _!     

political1 p]haps ev5 _! milit>y place 9
 ,europe1 z ! heirs ( ,ri*elieu1 ,l\is  
,,xiv41 & ,napoleon1 _h be5 sudd5ly     
occupi$ by a p[] :i* !y _h taught       
!mselves to contemn z an inf]ior4 ,until
 ! summ] ( #ahff ! emp]or ,napoleon     
fanci$ t he 0 /rong en\gh to play )     
,bism>ck a game ( diplomatic *ess4  ,9 t
 he err$ pr(\ndly4 ,z e>ly z ! fir/ week
 9 ,augu/1 #ahff1 ,m4 ,b5$etti1 ! ,fr5* 
ambassador to ! c\rt ( ,b]l91 0 in/ruct$
 to claim ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e z f> z &
 includ+ ,ma9z4 ,bism>ck repli$ t ! true
 int]e/ ( ,france is n to obta9 an      
insignificant increase ( t]ritory1 b to 
aid ,g]many 9 con/itut+ h]self aft] a   
fa%ion :i* w be mo/ favorable to all    
conc]n$4 ,delphos c\ld n h be5 m        
oracul>4 ,b ,napoleon ,,iii4 c\ld n or  
w\ld n he$4 ,a week lat] ,b5$etti 0     
in/ruct$ to submit a regul> scale (     
concessions--! fronti]s ( #ahad & !     
annexation ( ,belgium1 or ,luxemburg &  
,belgium1 ,b5$etti receiv$ ! mo/ c\rte\s
 att5tion & no?+ m4 ,?is 0 irritat+4 ,! 

,fr5* _h be5 accu/om$ = m ?an two hundr$
 ye>s to m$dle directly 9 ,g]many & f9d 
!re allies1 ei!r aga9/ ,au/ria1         
,prussia1 or ,engl&2 & ! habit (        
c5turies _h be5 m ?an confirm$ by !     
colossal raids1 victories1 & annexations
 ( ,napoleon ,i4 ,a ,g]many :i* %\ld    
escape f ,fr5* control & rev]se1 by its 
own en]getic action1 ! policy ( ,h5ry   
,,iv41 ,ri*elieu1 ,l\is ,,xiv41 8       
deg5]ate gr&son1 ,l\is ,,xv41 & ( !     
great ,napoleon himself1 0 an affront to
 ,fr5* pride1 & c\ld n be pati5tly      
endur$4 ,! oppos+ =ces :i* _h gr[n up 7 
s /rong t ! wit ( man 0 unable to keep  
!m asund]2 & all ! control ov] ! issue  
left to k+s & /atesm5 0 re/rict$ to !   
fabrication ( means :]e) to deliv] or   
su/a9 ! %ock1 & ! *oice ( ! h\r1 if su* 
*oice 7 all[$4  ,!n pres5tly !          
opportunity occurr$4 ,on ,july #d1      
#ahgj1 ! ?rone ( ,spa9 0 (f]$ to ,pr9ce 
,leopold ( ,hoh5zoll]n4 ,! fact creat$ !
 greate/ excitem5t 9 ,france4 ,?reat5+  
spee*es 7 made4 ,on ,july #ah ,pr9ce    

,leopold decl9$ ! (f]4 ,on ! morr[      
,b5$etti 0 in/ruct$ to dem& a gu>antee t
 any future (f] ( ! k9d w\ld be refus$4 
,! k+ ( ,prussia w\ld n li/5 to !       
proposition4 ,! ,fr5* m9i/]1 ?r\gh :om !
 dem& _h be5 transmitt$1 !n ask$ = 8    
passports4 ,w> 0 imm95t4  ,at ! prospect
 ,p>is grew mad ) en?usiasm4 ,cr[ds     
assembl$ 9 ! /reets1 %\t+ ,d[n )        
,prussia6 ,long live ,france6 ,to !     
,rh9e6 ,to ,b]l96 ,! pap]s ab\nd$ )     
inflammatory appeals1 &1 aft] !         
impulsive ,fr5* fa%ion1 glorifi$ be=eh& 
! easy triumphs t 7 to be won ov] !     
,prussians4 ,m5 told "o ano!r t !y w\ld 
be across ! ,rh9e 9 a week1 & at ,b]l9 9
 a =tnight4 ,! excitem5t 9 ,prussia 0 n 
less ?an t 9 ,france4 ,! p1 ) sc>cely an
 exception1 decl>$ _! read9ess = w>1 &  
seem$ to f9d a pleasure 9 ! opportunity 
n[ pres5t$ = settl+ old qu>rels4 ,l ! p 
( ,p>is1 ! ,prussians %\t$ ,to ! ,rh9e6 
,! ,fr5* cry ( ,to ,b]l96 _h its        
c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,g]man ejaculation ( ,to   
,p>is6  ,p]haps a s5t5ce spok5 by ,m4   

,guyot ,montpayr\x be/ illu/rates !     
pr$om9ant feel+4 ,prussia1 he said1 has 
=gott5 ! ,france ( ,j5a1 & ! fact mu/ be
 recall$ to h] memory4 ,?us 0 w> decl>$ 
on ! night ( ,july #ae4 ,?i]s1 :o desir$
 a w> ) ,prussia at ! prop] "t1 has left
 on record 8 judgm5t t ! h\r !n select$ 
0 dete/ably ill-*os54 ,yet ev5 he &     
,gambetta 7 bo? anxi\s t satisfaction   
%\ld be obta9$ = ,sad[a2 :ile ! ?\ght   
:i* animat$ ! c\rt is admirably express$
 9 ! phrase imput$ to ! empress :o1     
po9t+ to ! pr9ce imp]ial1 said1 ,?is    
*ild w nev] reign unless we repair !    
mis=tunes ( ,sad[a4 ,su* 0 ! ceaseless  
refra94 ,! ^w haunt$ ,fr5* imag9ations  
incessantly1 & x 0 ! pivot on :i* !     
imp]ial policy revolv$2 x ex]cis$ a     
spell sc>cely less p[]ful & disa/r\s ^u 
mon>*i/s l ,?i]s & republicans l        
,gambetta4 ,long =ese51 ! dread %ock1 l 
all grave calamities1 came nev]!less z a
 surprise1 ev5 ^u reflective m9ds4      
,/atesm5 & soldi]s :o look$ on1 :ile !y 
%>$ 9 ! natural feel+s ar\s$ by s       

trem5d\s a drama1 7 also ! privileg$    
witnesses ( two in/ructive exp]im5ts on 
a gr& scale--! processes :]eby mighty   
armies are br\ght into ! field1 & !     
me?ods by means ( :i* !y are conduct$ to
 defeat or victory4  ,! ,fr5* field     
army1 call$ at ! outset ! ,army ( !     
,rh9e1 consi/$ nom9ally ( #ccf1jjj m5 ) 
#ibd guns4 ,x 0 consid]$ t ( ^!1        
#cjj1jjj w\ld be available = ! initial  
op]ations4 ,! infantry ( ! army 0       
provid$ ) a bree*-load+ weapon1 call$   
aft] its inv5tor ! ,*assepot4 ,!        
,*assepot 0 a weapon 9 all respects     
sup]ior to ! fam\s ne$le-gun1 :i* 0 /ill
 ! weapon ( ! ,prussian army4 ,atta*$   
likewise to ! divisional artill]y 0 a   
ma*9e gun call$ ! ,mitrailleuse1 f :i*  
great ?+s 7 expect$4 ,b ?is gun _h be5  
manufactur$ ) a secrecy :i*1 :ile x     
prev5t$ =eign inspection1 _h )held also 
! k ( its me*anism f ! soldi]s :o 7 to  
"w x4 ,9 ! field1 !re=e1 x prov$ a      
failure4  ,s9ce ! ,crimean & ,au/rian   
w>s1 :ile ! armies ( ! o!r ,european    

/ates _h advanc$ 9 effici5cy1 ! ,fr5*   
army _h det]iorat$4 ,! reason 0 t       
favoritism r ?an m]it _h be5 made ! road
 to c\rt favor4 ,! (fic]s :o _h po9t$ to
 ! tra9+ ( ! ,prussian soldi]s1 z       
indicat+ ! necessity = ! adoption (     
simil> modes = ! ,fr5* army1 _h be5     
laugh$ at & left 9 ! cold4 ,! consequ5ce
 01 t = t5 ye>s prior to ! w> ( #ahgj1 !
 ,fr5* army _h receiv$ in/ruction only (
 ! mo/ sup]ficial "*4 ,x _h be5 consid]$
 suffici5t if ! soldi]s 7 br\ght to !   
po9t ( mak+ a good %[ on ! p>ade gr\nd4 
,little m _h be5 requir$ ( !m4 ,field   
tra9+ & musketry tra9+ _h be5 alike     
neglect$4 ,! (fic]s _h ceas$ to /udy1 & 
! gov]nm5t _h tak5 no pa9s to in/ruct   
!m4 ,:at 0 m vici\s /ill1 ! ali5ation   
betwe5 (fic]s & m51 :i* _h be5 notic$   
ev5 9 ! w> ( #ahei1 _h wid5$4 ,! (fic]s 
g5]ally _h ceas$ to take ! smalle/      
int]e/ 9 ! com=t ( ! m5 9 camp or 9     
qu>t]s4 ,^! matt]s 7 left to !          
non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,ne$less to add1
 !y 7 n always prop]ly att5d$ to4 ,x may

 be add$ t ! sy/em ( drill 0 s devis$ z 
to give no play to ! reason+ p[]s ( !   
(fic]4 ,he 0 a ma*9e & no?+ m4  ,( !    
artill]y ( ! ,fr5* army x has to be     
said1 t x 0 f> inf]ior to t ( ! ,g]mans1
 & kn[n to be s by ! ,fr5* w> dep>tm5t4 
,9 ! matt] ( res]ves1 ,france _h        
comp>atively no?+4  ,f> diff]5t 7 !     
composition & ! /ate ( prep>ation ( !   
,prussian army2 f> diff]5t1 also1 ^? (  
h] ,g]man allies2 f> high] ! qualities (
 _! g5]al (fic]s2 f> sup]ior ! discipl9e
 & morale ( _! troops2 f> m ready1 9 e  
s+le p>ticul>1 to beg9 a w>2 f> m       
?or\ghly provid$ to c>ry t w> to a      
successful issue4  ,! ,g]man infantry _h
 be5 ?or\ghly organiz$ on a sy/em :i*   
gave to e (fic] ! necessity ( ex]cis+   
indep5d5t action1 & to ! m5 ! faculty ( 
und]/&+ ! object ( ! manoeuvre direct$4 
,its cavalry _h be5 specially in/ruct$ 9
 duties ( reconnoissance1 ( insur+      
repose = ! infantry1 ( collect+         
intellig5ce1 ( conceal+ ! m>* ( armies1 
( act+ z a complet] ( victory1 or z a   

%ield 9 case ( defeat4 ,x _h pr(it$     
greatly by ! lessons x _h le>n$ 9 ! w> (
 #ahff4  ,! ,g]man artill]y _h likewise 
be5 greatly improv$ 9 effici5cy (       
manoeuvre s9ce #ahff4 ,x 0 9 all        
respects sup]ior to t ( ! ,fr5*4  ,( !  
,prussian & ,s\? ,g]man lead]s1 ,i w    
only say t we %all meet aga9 ! m5 f :om 
we p>t$ on ! conclusion ( ! armi/ice (  
,nikolsburg4 ,:at 0 _! task & h[ !y     
execut$ x w be describ$ 9 ! pages t     
foll[4 ,9 m]e numb]s1 ! k+ ( ,prussia _h
 a great advantage ov] 8 enemy4 ,=1 :ile
 )\t any assi/ance f ,s\? ,g]many1 &    
aft] all[+ = ?ree army corps :i* might  
be necess>y to wat* ,au/ria & ,d5m>k1 he
 c\ld beg9 ! campaign ) a =ce ( #cej1jjj
 m51 he 0 c]ta9 ( ! assi/ance ( ,s\!rn  
,g]many1 & confid5t t1 unless ! ,fr5*   
%\ld obta9 consid]able successes at !   
outset1 nei!r ,au/ria nor ,d5m>k w\ld   
/ir a h& to aid !m4  ,to c\nt]balance   
?is sup]iority ( numb]s ! ,fr5* emp]or  
_h *]i%$ a vague hope t1 9 a w> aga9/   
,prussia1 he might possibly c\nt ^u !   

anci5t fri5d%ip = ,france ( ,bav>ia &   
,saxony1 & to a /ill great] ext5t ^u    
,au/ria & ,italy4 ,) reg>d to ,bav>ia & 
,saxony he 0 spe$ily undeceiv$4         
,moreov]1 contr>y to expectation1 o!r   
,g]man /ates decid$ to support ,prussia 
& plac$ _! armies1 :i* 7 ev5tually      
comm&$ by ! cr[n pr9ce1 at ! disposal ( 
,k+ ,william4 ,) reg>d to ,au/ria &     
,italy1 ,colonel ,malleson 9 a "w on ?is
 subject1#a to :i* we are mu* indebt$1  
/ates t _! co-op]ation 0 made dep5d5t on
 ! initial successes ( ! ,fr5* troops4  
,colonel ,malleson adds3  ,x 0 n only   
und]/ood1 b 0 actually draft$ 9 a       
treaty--! sign+ ( :i*1 h[ev]1 0 prev5t$ 
by ! rapid c\rse ( ! w>--t if1 on ! #ae?
 ( ,septemb]1 ,france %\ld be hold+ h]  
own 9 ,s\!rn ,g]many1 !n ,au/ria &      
,italy w\ld jo9tly decl>e w> aga9/      
,prussia4  ,^! conditions made x cle> t 
ultimate success 9 ! /ruggle ab\t to    
comm5ce w\ld accrue to ! p[] :i* %\ld   
obta9 ! fir/ advantages4  ,t ,g]many--= 
x 0 ,g]many & n ,prussia only :i* ent]$ 

^u ?is great /ruggle--w\ld obta9 ^!     
initial advantages seem$ almo/ c]ta94   
,c\nt ,moltke _h = "s "t previ\s be5    
engag$ 9 plann+ = a w> ) ,france4 ,s f> 
back z #ahfh all 8 arrangem5ts = !      
=mation ( ! armies to be employ$1 !     
po9ts to be occupi$1 ! nature ( !       
transport1 _h be5 cle>ly laid d[n4 ,^!  
in/ructions _h be5 c>efully /udi$ by !  
sev]al corps comm&]s & _! /aff4 ,n "o   
matt]1 h[ev] app>5tly trivial1 _h be5   
neglect$4 ,:51 !n1 on ! #af? ( ,july1 ! 
k+ ( ,prussia gave ! ord] =             
mobilization1 x requir$ only to ins]t ! 
day & ! h\r on :i* ea* body ( troops    
%\ld m>*4 ,) respect to ! armies ( !    
/ates ( ,s\!rn ,g]many1 ,moltke1        
anticipat+ t ! ,fr5* emp]or w\ld ?r[ 8  
ma9 army z rapidly z possible into      
,s\!rn ,g]many1 _h recomm5d$ t !        
cont+5ts f t "p ( ! c\ntry %\ld m>*     
nor?w>d to jo9 ^? ( ,prussia on ! middle
 ,rh9e1 to assume !re a position :i*    
%\ld m5ace ! flank & re> ( ! invad+     
army4 ,?is position w\ld be ! m         

practical1 z 9 ! ev5t ( ! ,fr5* n invad+
 ,s\!rn ,g]many1 ! comb9$ =ce1 /ret*+ f 
,sa>bruck5 to ,l&au1 w\ld be ready to   
invade ,france1 & sev] ! communications 
) ,p>is ( ! ,fr5* armies on ! fronti]4  
,c\nt ,moltke _h calculat$ t ! ,g]man   
troops int5d$ to cross ! ,fr5* fronti]  
w\ld be 9 a position to make _! =w>d    
movem5t by ! #d? ( ,augu/4 ,p5d+ !      
developm5t ( ! ,fr5* /rategy ) respect  
to ,s\!rn ,g]many1 !re=e1 he ?\ght x    
prud5t to delay ! m>* ( ! s\!rn         
cont+5ts1 9 ord] t no "p ( ! army might 
be sudd5ly ov]:elm$ by a sup]ior =ce4   
,on ! actual fronti] he plac$1 !n1 only 
a few light troops1 = ! purposes (      
reconnoitr+1 & = *eck+ ! fir/ advance ( 
! enemy until supports %\ld arrive4  ,! 
,fr5* emp]or _h1 inde$1 be5 ke5ly alive 
to ! advantages :i* w\ld accrue to      
himself f a prompt invasion ( ,s\!rn    
,g]many4 ,he design$ to conc5trate "o   
hundr$ & fifty ?\s& m5 at ,metz2 "o     
hundr$ ?\s& at ,/rasburg2 to cross into 
,bad5 ) ^! armies2 :ile a ?ird1 assembl+

 at ,*alons1 %\ld protect ! fronti]     
aga9/ ! ,g]man =ces4 ,! plan itself 0 an
 excell5t "o _h he only be5 able to     
execute x1 =1 z we h se51 e>ly success 9
 ,s\!rn ,g]many w\ld h meant ! arm$     
assi/ance ( ,au/ria & ,italy4 ,b ! ,fr5*
 army 0 9 a condition m unready1 "o     
might truly say1 ( great]               
demoralization1 ?us e>ly1 ?an its sev]e/
 critics _h imag9$4 ,consid]able =ces 7 
inde$ mass$ ab\t ,metz & ,/rasburg4 ,b !
 commiss>iat & transport dep>tm5ts 7 9 a
 /ate ( ! mo/ hopeless confusion4 ,!    
army c\ld n move4 ,to rem$y ^! evils "t 
0 want$1 & "t 0 ! commodity ! g5]als    
c\ld n comm&4 ,e day :i* evok$ "s little
 ord] out ( *aos br\ght ! ,g]mans ne>]  
to positions1 ! occupation ( :i* w\ld   
r5d] impossible ! contemplat$ invasion4 
,! emp]or _h quitt$ ,p>is = ,metz1      
accompani$ by ! pr9ce imp]ial1 on ! #bh?
 ( ,july1 & _h arriv$ !re & tak5 !      
supreme comm& ! same day4 ,! day foll[+ 
he met 8 g5]als at ,/4 ,avoid1 & unfold$
 to !m 8 plans4 ,s9ce w> _h be5 decl>$  

he _h lo/ _m illusions4 ,x _h become    
cle> to him t he 0 w>r+ aga9/ !         
conc5trat$ might ( ,g]many2 t he c\ld n 
make ! inroad into ,s\!rn ,g]many       
orig9ally contemplat$ )\t expos+ ,p>is  
to an attack f =ces already occupy+ !   
c\ntry betwe5 ,treves & ,mannheim3 t he 
0 b\nd to hold t l9e4 ,anxi\s1 h[ev]1 to
 assume ! (f5sive1 he dictat$ ! foll[+  
plan to 8 m>%als4 ,baza9e1 ) ! ,second1 
,?ird1 & ,fif? ,army ,corps1 %\ld cross 
! ,sa> at ,sa>brck51 cov]$ on 8 left by 
! ,f\r? ,corps1 :i* %\ld make a %[ (    
advanc+ aga9/ ,sa>l\is1 :ile ,mac,mahon1
 pu%+ =w>d f 8 position ne> ,/rasburg1  
%\ld cov] 8 "r4 ,! emp]or _h "s reason  
to believe t ! ,sa> 0 weakly held4  ,b 8
 own g5]als %[$ him t 8 plan 0          
impossible4 ,!y repres5t$ to him t      
in/ead ( ! ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 :om1 9 ! 
delirium ( ! ,p>is en?usiasm1 he believ$
 he w\ld f9d available = 8 purposes1 he 
_h at ! utmo/ "o hundr$ & eighty-six    
?\s&2 t 9 e requirem5t = mov+ ! army 0  
defici5t2 t !re 0 sc>cely a dep>tm5t :i*

 0 n disorganiz$4 ,he 0 compell$1 !re=e1
 to r5\nce 8 plan = decisive (f5sive    
action4 ,he came to t resolve mo/       
unwill+ly1 = ,p>is 0 beh9d him1 ready to
 rise unless he %\ld make "s %[ (       
advanc+4 ,x 0 to reassure ! excit$      
spirits ( ! capital1 r ?an to effect any
 milit>y result1 t on ! #b;d ( ,augu/1  
he mov$ ) sixty ?\s& m5 9 ! direction ( 
,sa>brck54 ,! g>rison ( t place consi/$ 
( some?+ less ?an f\r ?\s& m5 ) six     
guns4 ,! emp]or attack$ x ) ! corps (   
,fross>d1 eighte5 battalions & f\r      
batt]ies4 ,^! compell$ ! sl5d] ,g]man   
g>rison to evacuate ! place1 b ,fross>d1
 ?\gh ! bridges across ! ,sa> 7 n       
def5d$1 made no attempt to cross t riv]4
 ,! soldi]ly mann] 9 :i* ! ,g]mans _h   
cov]$ _! retreat _h left on 8 m9d !     
impression t !y 7 m num]\s ?an !y 71 & t
 !re 0 a l>g] =ce beh9d !m4  ,/ill1 = ! 
only "t 9 ! w>1 ! emp]or 0 able to s5d a
 reassur+ telegram to ,p>is4 ,! "y      
pr9ce1 ^u :om ! hopes ( ! nation w\ld1  
he hop$1 re/1 _h und]gone ! baptism (   

fire4 ,fr5* troops _h made ! fir/ /ep 9 
advance4  ,soon1 h[ev]1 x became cle> to
 him t ! enemy _h conc5trat$ along ! l9e
 ( ! fronti]1 & 7 ab\t to make _! spr+4 
,moltke1 9 fact1 f 8 headqu>t]s at      
,may5ce1 01 by means ( solit>y horsem5  
employ$ 9 pr(usion1 keep+ himself       
?or\ghly well acqua9t$ n only ) !       
movem5ts ( ! ,fr5*1 b ) _! vacillation1 
_! irresolution1 _! want ( plan4 ,!     
sudd5 appe>ance f unexpect$ qu>t]s ( ^! 
horsem5 convey$ a m>k$ feel+ (          
insecurity to ! m9ds ( ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 
& ^! feel+s 7 soon %>$ by _! *iefs4 ,x 0
 v cle> to !m t an attack might at any  
mom5t come1 ?\gh f :at qu>t] & 9 :at =ce
 !y 7 absolutely ignorant4 ,?is         
ignorance increas$ _! vacillations1 _!  
unc]ta9ties4 ,ord]s & c\nt]-ord]s foll[$
 ea* o!r ) />tl+ rapidity4 ,! soldi]s1  
h>ass$1 began to lose confid5ce2 !      
lead]s became m & m incapable ( adopt+ a
 plan4  ,sudd5ly1 9 ! mid/ ( _!         
vacillations1 ( _! m>*+s & c\nt]-m>*+s1 
! true report rea*$ !m1 on ! ev5+ ( !   

#c;d ( ,augu/1 t a ,fr5* division1 !    
outpo/ ( ,mac,mahon's army1 _h be5      
surpris$ & defeat$ at ,weiss5burg by a  
f> sup]ior =ce4 ,napoleon at once ord]$ 
! ,fif? ,corps to conc5trate at ,bits*e1
 & despat*$ a division ( ! ,?ird to     
,sa>guemnd4 ,^! ord]s 7 foll[$ by o!rs4 
,^? ( ! #e? ( ,augu/ divid$ ! army ( !  
,rh9e into two portions1 ! troops 9     
,alsace be+ plac$ "u ,mac,mahon1 ^? 9   
,lorra9e "u ,baza9e1 ! emp]or reta9+ !  
,gu>d4 ,^? ( ! #g? direct$ ! ,second    
,corps to proce$ to ,bits*e1 ! ,?ird to 
,sa>guemnd1 ! ,f\r? to ,haut-,homburg1 !
 ,gu>d to ,/4 ,avoid4 ,^! in/ructions   
pla9ly signifi$ ! mak+ ( a flank movem5t
 9 front ( a sup]ior enemy4 ,) su* an   
army z ! emp]or _h1 inf]ior 9 numb]s1 _m
 ( ! regim5ts z yet incomplete1 all 8   
res\rces beh9d him1 & ^! becom+ daily m 
unavailable1 8 "o *ance 0 to conc5trate 
9 a position comm&+ ! roads beh9d x1 &  
yet adapt$ = attack if attack %\ld be   
necess>y4 ,z x 01 )\t c]ta9 in=mation z 
to ! movem5ts ( ! ,g]mans1 anxi\s to    

move1 yet dread+ to d s1 until 8        
regim5ts %\ld be complet$1 ! ,fr5*      
emp]or 0 confus$ & helpless4 ,he =got   
ev5 to transmit to ! g5]als on "o flank 
! g5]al directions he _h issu$ to ^? on 
! o!r4 ,baza9e1 = in/ance1 0 left on !  
#e? 9 ignorance ( ! emp]or's int5tions )
 respect to ,mac,mahon2 on ! #f? none ( 
! subord9ate g5]als knew t ! flank m>* 0
 contemplat$4 ,fross>d1 :o _h fall5 back
 to ,spi*]51 consid]$ 8 position s      
insecure t he sugge/$ to ,leboeuf t he  
%\ld be all[$ to retire f ! ,sa>brck5   
ridge4 ,he 0 ord]$ 9 reply to fall back 
on ,=ba*1 b no in/ructions 7 giv5 him z 
to ! c\rse he %\ld pursue 9 ! ev5t ( 8  
be+ attack$1 nor 7 ! contemplat$        
movem5ts ( ! emp]or communicat$ to him4 
,9 e ord] t 0 issu$ !re 0 app>5t !      
confus$ m9d ( ! issu]4  ,turn we n[ to  
,mac,mahon & ! movem5ts ( himself & 8   
g5]als4 ,:5 ! w> broke out ,mac,mahon 0 
9 ! vic9ity ( ,/rasburg ) =ty-five ?\s& 
m52 ,g5]al ,d\ay ) twelve ?\s& m5 at    
,weiss5burg4 ,! same confusion prevail$ 

"h z at ,metz4 ,! ord]s giv5 to         
,mac,mahon 7 ( ! vague/ description3    
,d\ay _h no in/ructions at all4 ,yet1 9 
front ( him1 ! ,g]man ho/s _h be5 ga!r+4
 ,! comm&] ( ! left w+ ( ! ,g]man army1 
! cr[n pr9ce ( ,prussia1 _h1 9 ob$i5ce  
to ! in/ructions he _h receiv$1 cross$ !
 fronti] riv]1 ! ,laut]1 on ! #d? (     
,augu/1 ) an army compos$ ( ! ,second   
,bav>ian & ,fif? ,prussian army1 numb]+ 
ab\t =ty ?\s& m51 & m>*$ on ,weiss5burg4
 ,z 8 advanc$ gu>d approa*$ ! t[n1 x 0  
met by a heavy fire f ! ,fr5* g>rison4  
,! cr[n pr9ce resolv$ at once to /orm ! 
place4 ,d\ay _h plac$ 8 troops 9 a /rong
 position1 a portion ( 8 m5 occupy+ !   
t[n def5d$ by a simple wall2 ! bulk1 =m$
 on ! ,gaisb]g1 a hill two miles to !   
s\? ( x4 ,aga9/ ?is position ! cr[n     
pr9ce direct$ 8 *ief attack4 ,! conte/  
:i* ensu$ 0 mo/ sev]e1 ! assailants & ! 
def5d]s vy+ ) "o ano!r 9 det]m9ation &  
c\rage4 ,b ! odds 9 favor ( ! =m] 7 too 
great to p]mit ,d\ay to hope = ultimate 
success4 ,aft] a resi/ance ( five h\rs' 

duration ! ,g]mans c>ri$ ! ,gaisb]g4    
,d\ay himself 0 kill$2 b 8 surviv+      
troops1 ?\gh beat51 7 n disc\rag$4 ,!y  
successfully foil$ an attempt made by ! 
,g]mans to cut (f _! retreat1 & fell    
back on ! corps ( ,mac,mahon1 :i* lay   
ab\t t5 miles to ! s\? ( ,weiss5burg4   
,! same day on :i* ! cr[n pr9ce _h      
attack$ & c>ri$ ,weiss5burg1 ano!r      
,g]man army corps1 t ( ,bad5-,wrtemb]g1 
a "p ( ! ,?ird ,army1 "u ! comm& ( !    
cr[n pr9ce1 _h advanc$ on & occupi$     
,laut]burg4 ,t ev5+ ! entire ,?ird      
,army1 consi/+ ( "o hundr$ & ?irty ?\s& 
m51 biv\ack$ on ,fr5* gr\nd4 ,mean:ile  
,mac,mahon1 on he>+ ( ,d\ay's defeat1 _h
 m>*$ to ,rei*%(51 receiv$ !re ! %att]$ 
remnants ( ,d\ay's division1 &1 ) !     
emp]or's ord]s "u no circum/ances to    
decl9e a battle1 took up a position on !
 hills ( :i* ,wor?1 ,frs*weil] &        
,elsas%aus5 =m ! c5tral po9ts4 ,he _h ) 
him =ty-sev5 ?\s& m51 b ! ,fif? ,corps1 
comm&$ by ,de ,failly1 0 at ,bits*e1    
sev5te5 miles f ,rei*%(51 & ,mac,mahon  

_h despat*$ ! mo/ press+ in/ructions to 
t (fic] to jo9 him4 ,^! ord]s1 h[ev]1   
,de ,failly did n obey4  ,! gr\nd on :i*
 ,mac,mahon _h retir$ (f]$ _m           
capabilities = def5ce4 ,! c5tral po9t 0 
! village ( ,wor? on ! rivulet ,sau]ba*1
 :i* cov]$ ! entire front ( ! position4 
,to ! "r re> ( ,wor?1 on ! road f       
,gund]%(51 0 ! village ( ,elsas%aus51   
cov]$ on its "r by ! ,ni$]wald1 hav+ !  
village ( ,eb]ba* on its fur!r side1 & !
 extreme "r ( ! position1 ! village (   
,morsbronn1 to its s\!a/4 ,beh9d ,wr?1  
aga91 di/ant a little m ?an two miles on
 ! road to ,rei*%(51 0 ! key to !       
position1 ! village ( ,frs*weil]4 ,f ?is
 po9t ! ,fr5* left 0 ?r[n back to a     
m\nd1 cov]$ by a wood1 9 front (        
,rei*%(54  ,on ! #e? ( ,augu/ ! cr[n    
pr9ce _h set 8 army 9 motion1 & _h re/$ 
= ! night at ,sulz4 ,!re in=mation rea*$
 him reg>d+ ! position tak5 by          
,mac,mahon4 ,he imm$iately issu$ ord]s =
 ! conc5tration ( 8 army1 & = its m>* ! 
foll[+ morn+ t[>d ! ,fr5* position1 !   

village ( ,preus*dorf1 on ! direct road 
to ,wr?1 to be ! c5tral po9t ( !        
movem5t4 ,b ! previ\s ev5+ ,g5]al von   
,wal!r1 ) ! ,fif? ,prussian ,corps1 _h  
rea*$ ,grsdorf1 a po9t :5ce x 0 easy =  
him to cross ! ,sau]ba*1 & take ,wor? 9 
flank4 ,m>*+ at f\r o'clock 9 ! morn+   
,wal!r tri$ ?is manoeuvre1 & at sev5    
o'clock succe$$ 9 driv+ ! ,fr5* f ,wr?4 
,mac,mahon !n *ang$ 8 front1 recov]$    
,wr?1 & repuls$ likewise an attack :i*  
_h 9 ! mean:ile be5 direct$ aga9/       
,frs*weil] by ! ,elev5? ,prussian &     
,fif? ,bav>ian ,corps4  ,= a mom5t x    
seem$ z ?\gh he might hold 8 position4  
,b betwe5 elev5 & twelve ! enemy r5ew$ 8
 attack4 ,:ile "o corps aga9 attack$ &  
c>ri$ ,wr?1 ! ,elev5? ,prussian ,corps1 
aid$ by sixty guns plac$ ^u ! heights ( 
,gun/ett1 assail$ 8 "r4 ,!y met "h a mo/
 /ubborn resi/ance1 ! ,fr5* cuirassi]s  
*>g+ ! advanc+ infantry ) ! greate/     
resolution4 ,s ?or\ghly did !y devote   
!mselves t !y left ?ree-f\r?s ( _! numb]
 dead or dy+ on ! field4 ,b all 0 9 va94

 ,! ,prussians /eadily advanc$1 =c$ _!  
way ?r\gh ! ,ni$]wald1 & ?reat5$        
,elsas%aus54 ,:ile ! ,fr5* 7 ?us        
progress+ badly on _! "r1 !y 7 f>+ /ill 
worse 9 ! c5tre4  ,! ,g]mans1 hav+ seiz$
 ,wr?1 /orm$ ! hilly slopes betwe5 t    
place & ,fros*weil]1 & made a furi\s    
assault ^u ! latt]1 n[ m ?an ev] ! key (
 ! ,fr5* position4 ,= :ile ,fros*weil] 0
 _! objective c5tre1 _! "r 0 ?r[n back  
t[>d ,elsas%aus5 & ! ,ni$]wald1 _! left 
to ,rei*%(54 ,:ile ! ,elev5? ,prussians 
7 p5etrat+ ! ,ni$]wald1 prep>atory to   
attack+ ,elsas%aus5 on ! fur!r side ( x1
 ! ,fif? ,prussian ,corps ) ! ,second   
,bav>ians 7 mov+ aga9/ ,fros*weil]4 ,x 0
 cle> !n to ,mac,mahon t fur!r resi/ance
 0 impossible4 ,/ill hold+ ,fros*weil]1 
he evacuat$ ,elsas%aus51 & drew back 8  
"r to ,rei*%(54 ,! safety ( 8 army      
dep5d$ n[ ^u ! t5acity ) :i* ,fros*weil]
 might be held4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 9    
ju/ice to ! ,fr5*1 t !y held x ) a      
/ubborn valor n surpass$ dur+ ! w>4     
,attack$ by ov]:elm+ numb]s1 !y def5d$ !

 place1 h\se by h\se4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1  
!y 7 ov]p[]$4 ,!n1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! bonds 
( discipl9e loos5$1 & ! ,fr5*1 /ruck by 
panic1 fl$1 9 wild disord]1 9 !         
direction ( ,sav]ne4 ,!y rea*$ t place  
by a m>* across ! hills ! foll[+ ev5+4  
,on _! way !y fell 9 ) "o ( ! divisions 
( ! corps ( de ,failly1 & ?is s]v$ to   
cov] ! retreat4  ,?\gh _! defeat1       
consid]+ ! enorm\s sup]iority ( _!      
assailants1 might be glori\s1 x 0 d\bly 
disa/r\s1 inasmu* t x foll[$ ^?         
p]turbations ( _s allud$ to 9 a previ\s 
page1 :i* _h done s mu* to disc\rage !  
,fr5* soldi]4 ,a victory at ,wor? might 
h done mu* to r$eem pa/ mi/akes4 ,a     
defeat emphasiz$ !m enorm\sly4 ,x 0     
calculat$ t1 inclusive ( ! n9e ?\s&     
prison]s tak5 by ! ,g]mans1 ! ,fr5* lo/ 
tw5ty-f\r ?\s& m54 ,! loss ( ! victors  
am\nt$ to t5 ?\s&4 ,!y captur$          
?irty-?ree guns1 two eagles1 & six      
mitrailleuses4  ,! emp]or 0 deeply pa9$ 
by ! result ( ! battle4 ,to keep up1 if 
possible1 ! spirits ( 8 p>tisans1 he    

wir$ on ! ev5+ ( ! #g? to ,p>is1 ) !    
news ( ! defeat1 ! words1 t\t se peut   
retablir4 ,he 0 mi/ak54 ,:ile ! cr[n    
pr9ce 0 cru%+ ,mac,mahon at ,wr?1 !     
imp]ial troops 7 be+ beat5 at ,spi*]5 z 
well4  ,!reaft] ! ,g]man advance 0 h>dly
 *eck$ = a mom5t1 ?\gh ! losses on bo?  
sides 7 heavy4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ 0    
f\ght ! battle ( ,gravelotte1 9 :i* ,k+ 
,william comm&$ 9 p]son1 & ?\gh 8 troops
 suff]$ imm5se loss1 !y 7 aga9          
victori\s1 & =c$ ,baza9e to %ut himself 
up 9 ,metz1 :i* he subsequ5tly surr5d]$4
 ,9 ?is battle1 "o ( ! mo/ decisive ( ! 
w>1 x is wor? not+ t ! ,g]mans outnumb]$
 ! ,fr5* by m ?an two to "o4 ,! exact   
figures are unc]ta91 b we %all probably 
be correct 9 accept+ #bcj1jjj z ! /r5g? 
( ! ,g]mans1 & 9 e/imat+ ! ,fr5* outside
 ( ,metz at #aaj1jjj4  ,we n[ come to   
,s$an4 ,) ! army ( ,baza9e beleagu]$1   
!re rema9$1 9 ! op9ion ( ! ,g]man       
*iefs--an op9ion n ju/ifi$ by           
ev5ts--only ! army ( ,mac,mahon4 ,to    
remove t army f ! pa? :i* l$ to ,p>is 0 

! task intru/$ to ! cr[n pr9ce4         
,mac,mahon1 mean:ile1 aft] 8 defeat at  
,wr?1 _h fall5 back ) ! disord]$        
remnants ( 8 army on ,*alons1 !re to    
reorganize & /r5g!n x4 ,mu* progress _h 
be5 made 9 bo? respects1 :51 aft] !     
result ( ! battle ( ,gravelotte _h be5  
kn[n 9 ,p>is1 he receiv$ in/ructions f !
 ,c\nt ( ,palikao to m>* ) ! f\r army   
corps at 8 disposal nor?w>d t[>d !      
,meuse1 & to give a h& to ! beleagu]$   
,baza9e4  ,mac,mahon prep>$ to obey4 ,b 
circum/ances ord]$ o!rwise4 ,on ! night 
( ,augu/ #ca/1 accompani$ by !          
emp]or--:o1 hav+ transf]r$ 8 au?ority to
 ! ,empress ,eug5ie & 8 comm& to        
,baza9e1 foll[$ ! army z m]e            
spectator--,mac,mahon rea*$ ,s$an1 & !re
 rang$ 8 troops s z to meet an attack   
:i* he =esaw inevitable1 & fatal too4   
,plac+ 8 /ronge/ =ce to ! ea/1 8 "r w+ 0
 at ,bazeilles & ! left at ,illy4 ,!    
gr\nd 9 front ( 8 ma9 def5ce 0 naturally
 /rong1 ! entire front be+ cov]$ by !   
,givonne rivulet1 & ! slopes to t       

rivulet1 on ! ,fr5* side ( x4  ,!       
possibility t ! ,fr5* m>%al w\ld accept 
battle at ,s$an _h be5 consid]$ at !    
,g]man headqu>t]s on ! night ( ! #ca/1 &
 arrangem5ts _h be5 made to meet 8      
wi%es4 ,! army ( ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,saxony 
7! ,f\r? ,army7 occupi$ ! "r ( ! ,g]man 
=ces1 ! ,bav>ian ,corps =m$ ! c5tre1 & !
 ,prussians ! left w+4 ,! advanc$ troops
 ( ! army 7 rang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]4 ,on !
 "r /ood ! ,twelf? ,corps1 !n ! ,f\r?   
,prussian ,corps1 ! ,prussian ,gu>ds1 & 
f9ally ! ,f\r? ,cavalry ,division1 _!   
backs to ,remilly4 ,f ?is po9t !y 7 l9k$
 to ! ,fir/ & ,second ,bav>ian ,corps1  
opposite ,bazeilles2 !y1 9 turn1 to !   
,elev5? & ,fif? ,corps2 & !y1 at        
,dom-le-,mesnil1 to ! ,wrtemb]g]s4 ,!   
,six? ,prussian ,corps 0 plac$ 9 res]ve 
betwe5 ,attigny & ,le ,*5e4  ,a ^w n[ z 
to ! nature ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! imp5d+   
battle 0 to be f\ght4 ,s$an lies 9 ! mo/
 beautiful "p ( ! valley ( ! ,meuse1    
amid t]rac$ heights1 cov]$ ) trees1 &1  
)9 close di/ance1 ! villages ( ,don*]y1 

,iges1 ,villette1 ,glaire1 ,daigny1     
,bazeilles1 & o!rs4 ,along ! ,meuse1 on 
! left bank1 ran ! ma9 road f ,don*]y   
?r\gh ,fr5ois1 cross+ ! riv] at ! suburb
 ,torcy1 & !re trav]s+ ,s$an4 ,! "* ( ! 
locality may be/ be describ$ z a gr\nd  
cov]$ ) fruit g>d5s & v9ey>ds1 n>r[     
/reets %ut 9 by /one walls1 ! roads     
ov]hung by =e/s1 ! egress f :i* 0 9 _m  
places /eep & abrupt4 ,su* 0 ! gr\nd4   
,"o ^w n[ z to ! troops4  ,! ,g]man army
 be=e ,s$an c\nt$1 all told1 #bdj1jjj   
m52 ! ,fr5* #ahj1jjj4 ,b ! disp>ity 9   
numb]s 0 ! lea/ ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 !  
two armies4 ,! "o 0 flu%$ ) victory1 !  
o!r dispirit$ by defeat4 ,! "o _h       
absolute confid5ce 9 _! g5]als & _!     
(fic]s1 ! o!r _h ! mo/ supreme contempt 
= !irs4 ,! "o _h m>*$ f ,metz on a      
settl$ plan1 to be modifi$ accord+ to   
circum/ances1 ! drift ( :i* 0 app>5t to 
! meane/ soldi]2 ! o!r _h be5 m>*$ hi!r 
& ?i!r1 n[ t[>d ,montm$y1 n[ t[>d ,p>is1
 !n aga9 back t[>d ,montm$y1 los+ mu*   
"t2 ! m5 eag] = a pit*$ battle1 !n      

sudd5ly surpris$ ?r\gh ! c>elessness (  
_! comm&]s1 & compell$ at la/ to take   
refuge 9 a t[n f :i* !re 0 no issue4    
,!re 0 h>dly an (fic] ( rank :o knew    
aught ab\t ! c\ntry 9 :i* he f\nd       
himself4 ,! m5 7 long+ to fight to !    
dea?1 b !y1 "o & all1 di/ru/$ _! lead]s4
 ,x did n t5d1 moreov]1 to ! enc\ragem5t
 ( ! army to see ! n[ phantom emp]or1   
)\t au?ority to comm& ev5 a corporal's  
gu>d1 dragg$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 m z a       
pageant ?an a sov]eign4 ,he1 poor man1 0
 mu* to be piti$4 ,he ke5ly felt 8      
position1 & long$ = ! day :5 he might1 9
 a great battle1 meet ! glori\s dea? :i*
 ,france might accept z an atonem5t = 8 
mis=tunes4  ,! battle began at daybreak 
on ! morn+ ( ! #a/ ( ,septemb]4 ,"u cov]
 ( a brisk artill]y fire1 ! ,bav>ians   
advanc$1 & op5$1 at six o'clock1 a v    
heavy musketry fire on ,bazeilles4 ,!   
masonry build+s ( ?is village 7 all arm$
 & occupi$1 & !y 7 def5d$ v valiantly4  
,! def5d]s drove back ! enemy z !y      
advanc$ & kept !m at bay = two h\rs4 ,!n

 ! ,saxons came up to ! aid ( !         
,bav>ians1 & =c$ ! fir/ position4 ,/ill 
! def5ce cont9u$1 & ! clocks 7 /rik+ t5 
:5 ! ,bav>ians succe$$ 9 ent]+ ! place4 
,ev5 !n a h\se-to-h\se def5ce prolong$ !
 battle1 & x 0 n until e h\se b "o#b _h 
be5 ei!r /orm$ or burn$ t ! ,g]mans c\ld
 call ! village1 or ! ru9s :i* rema9$ ( 
x1 _! own4 ,mean:ile1 on ! o!r po9ts (  
_! def5sive position2 at ,flo+1 ,/4     
,m5ges1 ,fleigneux1 ,illy1 &1 on !      
extreme left1 at ,iges1 :]e a %>p b5d ( 
! ,meuse =ms a p59sula ( ! gr\nd r\nd   
:i* x sl[ly rolls2 ! ,fr5* _h be5 mak+ a
 gallant /ruggle4 ,9 _! ranks1 ev5 9    
advance ( !m1 att5d$ f9ally by a s+le   
aide-de-camp1 all ! o!rs hav+ be5 kill$1
 0 ! emp]or1 cool1 calm1 & full ( sorr[1
 e>ne/ly long+ = ! %ell or ! bullet :i* 
%\ld give a soldi]'s f9i% to 8 c>e]4    
,mac,mahon1 too1 0 !re1 do+ all t a     
g5]al c\ld d to enc\rage 8 m54 ,! enemy 
71 h[ev]1 gradually b surely mak+ way4  
,to h$ge ! ,fr5* )9 ! n>r[e/ compass1 ! 
,fif? & ,elev5? ,corps ( ! ,?ird ,army  

_h cross$ ! ,meuse to ! left ( ,s$an1 & 
7 m>*+ n[ to roll up ! ,fr5* left4 ,b   
be=e _! attack _h be5 felt1 an ev5t _h  
occurr$ full ( significance = ! ,fr5*   
army4  ,e>ly 9 ! day1 :ile yet !        
,bav>ians 7 fight+ to get possession (  
,bazeilles1 ,m>%al ,mac,mahon 0 s       
sev]ely w\nd$ t he _h to be c>ri$ f !   
field into ,s$an4 ,he made ov] ! comm& (
 ! army to ,g5]al ,ducrot4 ,t g5]al _h  
ev5 be=e recogniz$ ! impossibility (    
ma9ta9+ ! position be=e ,s$an aga9/ !   
sup]ior numb]s ( ! ,g]man army1 & _h se5
 t ! "o *ance ( sav+ 8 army 0 to fall   
back on ,mezi]es4 ,he at once1 !n1 on   
assum+ comm&1 issu$ ord]s to t effect4  
,b x 0 already too late4 ,! m>* by !    
defile ( ,/4 ,alb]t _h be5 inde$        
possible at any "t dur+ ! night or 9 ! v
 e>ly morn+4 ,b x 0 n[ no long] s4 ,!   
,g]man troops sw>m$ 9 ! pla9s ( ,don*]y1
 & ! r\te by ,c>ignan c\ld only be ga9$ 
by pass+ ov] ! bodies ( a m num]\s &    
/ill liv+ foe4 ,/ill ,ducrot _h giv5 !  
ord]1 & ! /aff (fic]s did _! utmo/ to   

cause x to be obey$4 ,! cr[d$ /reets (  
,s$an 7 be+ vacat$1 :5 sudd5ly ! ord]s 7
 c\nt]m&$4 ,g5]al ,wimpff5 _h arriv$ f  
,p>is ! previ\s day to replace !        
incapable ,de ,failly 9 comm& ( ! ,fif? 
,corps1 c>ry+ 9 8 pocket an ord] f !    
,m9i/] ( ,w> to assume ! comm&-9-*ief 9 
! ev5t ( any accid5t to ,mac,mahon4 ,!  
emp]or _h no voice 9 ! matt]1 =1 :ile ! 
reg5cy ( ! empress exi/$1 he no long]   
repres5t$ ! gov]nm5t4 ,! two g5]als met1
 &1 aft] a some:at lively discussion1   
,ducrot 0 =c$ to ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( 
! m9i/]4 ,wimpff5 !n assum$ comm&4 ,8   
fir/ act 0 to c\nt]m& ! ord] to retreat 
on ,mezi]es1 & to direct ! troops to    
reassume ! positions !y _h occupi$ :5   
,mac,mahon _h be5 w\nd$4 ,?is ord] 0    
c>ri$ out z f> z 0 possible4  ,mean:ile 
! ,g]mans 7 press+ m & m ^? positions4  
,ab\t midday ! ,gu>ds1 hav+ made _! way 
/ep by /ep1 ea* "o bravely conte/$1 gave
 _! h& to ! left w+ ( ! ,?ird ,army4 ,!n
 ,illy & ,flo+1 :i* _h be5 def5d$ )     
extraord9>y t5acity1 z ! keys ( !       

advanc$ ,fr5* position1 7 /orm$4 ,!     
conque/ ( ^? heights complet$ ! inve/m5t
 ( ,s$an4 ,!re 0 n[ no possible egress =
 ! ,fr5*4 ,_! soldi]s retreat$ into !   
t[n & ! suburbs1 :ile five hundr$ ,g]man
 guns hurl$ _! missiles1 _! r\nd %ot &  
_! %ells1 aga9/ ! walls & ! cr[d$ masses
 beh9d !m4  ,va9ly !n did ,wimpff5      
direct an assembly 9 mass ( 8 m5 to     
break ?r\gh ! s]ri$ columns ( ! enemy4  
,9 ! disord]$ /ate ( ! ,fr5* army ! ?+ 0
 impossible4 ,! emp]or1 :o _h c\rt$ dea?
 9 va91 recogniz$ ! tru?1 &1 desir\s to 
sp>e ! sacrifice ( life produc$ by !    
cont9u$ cannonade1 ord]$1 on 8 own      
responsibility1 ! hoi/+ ( a :ite flag on
 ! highe/ po9t ( ! def5ces1 z a signal (
 surr5d]4 ,b ! fir+ /ill cont9u$1 &     
,wimpff51 /ill b5t on break+ ?r\gh1 w\ld
 n he> ( surr5d]4 ,!n ,napoleon despat*$
 8 *ief aide-de-camp1 ,g5]al ,keille1 ) 
a lett] to ! k+ ( ,prussia4  ,k+        
,william e>ly t day _h tak5 8 /& on an  
em95ce :i* comm&$ an ext5sive view & :i*
 rises a little s\? ( ,fr5ois4 ,!re1 8  

/aff ab\t him1 he wat*$ ! progress ( !  
fight4 ,t[>d ?is em95ce ,reille rode4   
,walk+ 8 horse up ! /eep1 he dism\nt$1 &
 rais+ 8 cap pres5t$ ! lett]4 ,k+       
,william1 break+ ! imp]ial seal1 read ^!
 phrases1 :i*1 if some:at dramatic1 are 
/rik+ 9 _! brevity3#c  ,,monsieur ,,mon 
,,fr,,re--,n'ayant pu m\rir au milieu de
 mes tr\pes1 il ne me re/e qu'  remettre
 mon epe entre les ma9s de ,votre       
,maje/e4  ,je suis de ,votre ,maje/e1 le
 bon ,fr]e1  ,,napol,,on4  ,sdan1 le    
#a;er ,septembre1 #ahgj4  ,only "o half 
h\r e>li]1 writes ,mr4 ,george ,hoop] 9 
8 ,campaign ( ,s$an1 _h ! in=mation be5 
br\ght t ! emp]or 0 9 ,s$an4 ,mr4 ,hoop]
 adds3  ,! k+ conf]r$ ) 8 son1 :o _h be5
 ha/ily summon$1 & ) o!rs ( 8 tru/y     
s]vants1 all deeply mov$ by complex     
emotions at ! gr&eur ( _! victory4 ,:at 
%\ld be done8 ,! emp]or spoke = himself 
only1 & 8 surr5d] w\ld n settle ! great 
issue4 ,x 0 necess>y to obta9 some?+    
def9ite1 & ! result ( a %ort conf]5ce 0 
t ,c\nt ,hatzfeldt1 in/ruct$ by !       

*ancellor1 retir$ to draft a reply4     
',aft] "s m9utes he br\ght x1' writes   
,dr4 ,bus*1 '& ! k+ wrote x out1 sitt+  
on "o *air1 :ile ! seat ( a second 0    
held up by ,major von ,alt51 :o knelt on
 "o knee & support$ ! *air on ! o!r4' ,!
 k+'s lett]1 brief & bus9ess-l1 began & 
end$ ) ! cu/om>y royal =ms1 & ran z     
foll[s3  ',regrett+ ! circum/ances 9 :i*
 we meet1 ,i accept y\r ,maje/y's sword1
 & beg t y w be good en\gh to "n an     
(fic] furni%$ ) full p[]s to treat = !  
capitulation ( ! army :i* has f\ght s   
bravely "u y\r ord]s4 ,on my side ,i h  
designat$ ,g5]al von ,moltke = t        
purpose4'  ,g5]al ,reille return$ to 8  
ma/]1 & z he rode d[n ! hill ! a/\nd+   
purport ( 8 visit flew f lip to lip     
?r\gh ! exult+ army :i* n[ hop$ t1 aft] 
?is colossal success1 ! days ( ceaseless
 m>*+ & fight+ w\ld soon end4 ,z a      
contra/ to ?is natural outbur/ ( joy &  
hope we may note ! provid5t ,moltke1 :o 
0 always resolv$ to 'mak sik]4' ,8 g5]al
 ord]1 issu$ at once1 susp5d+ ho/ilities

 dur+ ! night1 decl>$ t !y w\ld beg9    
aga9 9 ! morn+ %\ld ! negotiations      
produce no result4 ,9 t case1 he said1 !
 signal = battle w\ld be ! reop5+ ( fire
 by ! batt]ies on ! heights ea/ (       
,fr5ois4  ,! signal 0 n giv54 ,late on !
 ev5+ ( ,septemb] #a/ a mom5t\s session 
0 held 9 ,don*]y1 ! little t[n :i*      
comm&s a bridge ov] ! ,meuse bel[ ,s$an4
 ,on "o side ( a squ>e table cov]$ ) r$ 
baize sat ,g5]al von ,moltke1 hav+ on 8 
"r h& ! qu>t]ma/]-g5]al ,von            
,podbielski1 accord+ to "o acc\nt1 &    
,von ,blum5?al accord+ to ano!r1 & beh9d
 !m sev]al (fic]s1 :ile ,c\nt von       
,no/itz /ood ne> ! he>? to take notes4  
,opposite to ,von ,moltke sat ,de       
,wimpff5 alone2 :ile 9 re>1 'almo/ 9 !  
%ade1' 7 ,g5]al ,faure1 ,c\nt ,ca/elnau1
 & o!r ,fr5*m51 among :om 0 a cuirassi]1
 ,capta9 d',orcet1 :o _h obs]vant eyes &
 a ret5tive memory4 ,!n !re ensu$ a     
brief sil5ce1 = ,von ,moltke look$      
/raight be=e him & said no?+1 :ile ,de  
,wimpff51 oppress$ by ! numb] pres5t1   

hesitat$ to engage 9 a debate ') ! two  
m5 admitt$ to be ! mo/ capable ( our    
age1 ea* 9 8 k9d4' ,b he soon pluck$ up 
c\rage1 & frankly accept$ ! conditions (
 ! combat4 ,:at t]ms1 he ask$1 w\ld ! k+
 ( ,prussia grant to a valiant army :i*1
 c\ld he h _h 8 w1 w\ld h cont9u$ to    
fight8 ',!y are v simple1' answ]$ ,von  
,moltke4 ',! entire army1 ) arms &      
baggage1 mu/ surr5d] z prison]s ( w>4'  
',v h>d1' repli$ ! ,fr5*man4 ',we m]it  
bett] treatm5t4 ,c\ld y n be satisfi$ ) 
! =tress & ! artill]y1 & all[ ! army to 
retire ) arms1 flags & baggage1 on      
condition ( s]v+ no m aga9/ ,g]many dur+
 ! w>8' ,no4 ',moltke1' said ,bism>ck1  
rec\nt+ ! int]view1 'coldly p]si/$ 9 8  
dem&1' or z ! att5tive d',orcet puts x1 
',von ,moltke 0 pitiless4' ,!n ,de      
,wimpff5 tri$ to s(t5 8 grim adv]s>y by 
pa9t+ 8 own position4 ,he _h j come f ! 
dep?s ( ! ,african des]t2 he _h an      
irreproa*able milit>y reputation2 he _h 
tak5 comm& 9 ! mid/ ( a battle1 & f\nd  
himself oblig$ to set 8 "n to a disa/r\s

 capitulation4 ',c y n1' he said1       
'sympa?ize ) an (fic] 9 su* a plight1 & 
s(t51 = me1 ! bitt]ness ( my situation  
by grant+ m honorable conditions8' ,he  
pa9t$ 9 mov+ t]ms 8 own sad case1 &     
describ$ :at he might h done2 b see+ t 8
 p]sonal plead+s 7 unhe$$1 he took a    
tone ( defiance1 less likely to prevail4
 ',if y w n give bett] t]ms1' he w5t on1
 ',i %all appeal to ! honor ( ! army1 & 
break out1 or1 at lea/1 def5d ,s$an4'   
,!n ! ,g]man g5]al /ruck 9 ) emphasis1  
',i regret t ,i _c d :at y ask1' he     
said2 'b z to mak+ a sortie1 t is j z   
impossible z ! def5ce ( ,s$an4 ,y h "s  
excell5t troops1 b ! great] "p ( y\r    
infantry is demoraliz$4 ,to-day1 dur+ ! 
battle1 we captur$ m ?an tw5ty ?\s&     
unw\nd$ prison]s4 ,y h only eighty ?\s& 
m5 left4 ,my troops & guns ar\nd ! t[n  
w\ld sma% y\rs be=e !y c\ld make a      
movem5t2 & z to def5d+ ,s$an1 y h n     
provisions = eight-&-=ty h\rs1 nor      
ammunition :i* w\ld suffice = t p]iod4' 
,!n1 says ,de ,wimpff51 he ent]$ into   

details respect+ our situation1 :i*1    
'un=tunately1 7 too true1' & he (f]$ to 
p]mit an (fic] to v]ify 8 /atem5ts1 an  
(f] :i* ! ,fr5*man did n !n accept4     
,beat5 (f ! milit>y gr\nd1 ,de ,wimpff5 
s\ght refuge 9 politics4 ',x is y\r     
int]e/1 f a political /&po9t1 to grant u
 honorable conditions1' he said4        
',france is g5]\s & *ivalric1 responsive
 to g5]osity1 & grateful = consid]ation4
 ,a peace1 bas$ on conditions :i* w\ld  
flatt] ! am\r-propre ( ! army1 & dim9i% 
! bitt]ness ( defeat1 w\ld be durable2  
:]eas rigor\s measures w\ld awak5 bad   
passions1 &1 p]haps1 br+ on an endless  
w> betwe5 ,france & ,prussia4' ,! new   
gr\nd brok5 call$ up ,bism>ck1 'because 
! matt] seem$ to belong to my prov9ce1' 
he obs]v$ :5 tell+ ! /ory2 & he 0 v     
outspok5 z usual4 ',i said to him t we  
might build on ! gratitude ( a pr9ce1 b 
c]ta9ly n on ! gratitude ( a p--lea/ (  
all on ! gratitude ( ! ,fr5*4 ,t 9      
,france nei!r in/itutions nor           
circum/ances 7 endur+2 t gov]nm5ts &    

dyna/ies 7 con/antly *ang+1 & ! "o ne$ n
 c>ry out :at ! o!r _h b\nd itself to d4
 ,t if ! emp]or _h be5 firm on 8 ?rone1 
8 gratitude = our grant+ good conditions
 might h be5 c\nt$ ^u2 b z ?+s /ood x   
w\ld be folly if we did n make full use 
( our success4 ,t ! ,fr5* 7 a nation    
full ( envy & jeal\sy1 t !y _h be5 mu*  
mortifi$ by our success at ,koniggratz1 
& c\ld n =give x1 ?\gh x 9 n[ise damag$ 
!m4 ,h[1 !n1 %\ld any magnanimity on our
 side move !m n to be> u a grudge =     
,s$an4' ,?is ,wimpff5 w\ld n admit4     
',france1' he said1 '_h mu* *ang$       
latt]ly2 x _h le>n$ "u ! empire to ?9k m
 ( ! int]e/s ( peace ?an ( ! glory ( w>4
 ,france 0 ready to proclaim ! frat]nity
 ( nations2' & m ( ! same k9d4 ,capta9  
d',orcet reports t1 9 addition1 ,bism>ck
 d5i$ t ,france _h *ang$1 & t to curb h]
 mania = glory1 to puni% h] pride1 h]   
aggressive & ambiti\s "*1 x 0 imp]ative 
t !re %\ld be a glacis betwe5 ,france & 
,g]many4 ',we mu/ h t]ritory1 =tresses &
 fronti]s :i* w %elt] u =ev] f an attack

 on h] "p4' ,fur!r remon/rances f ,de   
,wimpff5 only drew d[n fre% %[]s ( r\gh 
spee* v try+ to be>1 & :5 ,bism>ck said1
 ',we _c *ange our conditions1' ,de     
,wimpff5 exclaim$1 ',v well2 x is       
equally impossible = me to sign su* a   
capitulation1 & we %all r5ew ! battle4' 
,"h ,c\nt ,ca/elnau int]pos$ meekly to  
say1 on behalf ( ! emp]or1 t he _h      
surr5d]$1 p]sonally1 9 ! hope t 8       
self-sacrifice w\ld induce ! k+ to grant
 ! army honorable t]ms4 ',is t all8'    
,bism>ck inquir$4 ',yes1' said !        
,fr5*man4 ',b :at is ! sword surr5d]$1' 
ask$ ! *ancellor2 'is x 8 own sword1 or 
! sword ( ,france8' ',x is only ! sword 
( ! emp]or1' 0 ,ca/elnau's reply4       
',well1 !re is no use talk+ ab\t o!r    
conditions1' said ,von ,moltke1 %>ply1  
:ile a look ( cont5tm5t & gratification 
pass$ ov] 8 face1 accord+ to ,bism>ck2  
"o 'almo/ joyful1' writes ! ke5 ,capta9 
d',orcet4 ',aft] ! la/ words ( ,von     
,moltke1' he cont9ues1 ',de ,wimpff5    
exclaim$1 ,we %all r5ew ! battle4 ,!    

truce1 retort$ ! ,g]man g5]al1 expires  
to-morr[ morn+ at f\r o'clock4 ,at f\r1 
precisely1 ,i %all op5 fire4 ,we 7 all  
/&+4 ,aft] ,von ,moltke's words no "o   
spoke a syllable4 ,! sil5ce 0 icy4' ,b  
!n ,bism>ck int]v5$ to soo! excit$      
feel+s1 & call$ on 8 soldi]- comrade to 
%[1 once m1 h[ impossible resi/ance _h  
become4 ,! gr\p sat d[n aga9 at ! r$    
baize-cov]$ table1 & ,von ,moltke began 
8 demon/ration afre%4 ',ah1' said ,de   
,wimpff51 'y\r positions are n s /rong z
 y w\ld h u believe !m to be4' ',y d n  
"k ! topography ( ! c\ntry ab\t ,s$an1' 
0 ,von ,moltke's true & cru%+ answ]4    
',"h is a biz>re detail :i* illu/rates !
 presumptu\s & inconsequ5t "* ( y\r p1' 
he w5t on1 n[ ?or\ghly ar\s$4 ',:5 ! w> 
began y suppli$ y\r (fic]s ) maps (     
,g]many at a "t :5 !y c\ld n /udy !     
geography ( _! own c\ntry = want ( ,fr5*
 maps4 ,i tell y t our positions are n  
only v /rong1 !y are inexpugnable4' ,x 0
 !n t ,de ,wimpff51 unable to reply1    
wi%$ to accept ! (f] made b n accept$ at

 an e>li] p]iod1 & to s5d an (fic] to   
v]ify ^! ass]tions4 ',y w s5d nobody1'  
exclaim$ ! iron g5]al4 ',x is useless1 &
 y c believe my ^w4 ,besides1 y h n long
 to reflect4 ,x is n[ midnight2 ! truce 
ends at f\r o'clock1 & ,i w grant no    
delay4' ,driv5 to 8 la/ dit*1 ,de       
,wimpff5 plead$ t he mu/ consult 8      
fell[- g5]als1 & he c\ld n obta9 _!     
op9ions by f\r o'clock4 ,once m !       
diplomatic peacemak] int]v5$1 & ,von    
,moltke agre$ to fix ! f9al limit at    
n9e4 ',he gave way at la/1' says        
,bism>ck1 ':5 ,i %[$ him t x c\ld d no  
h>m4' ,! conf]5ce s dramatic broke up1 &
 ea* "o w5t 8 way2 b1 says ! ,g]man     
(ficial n>rative1 'z x 0 n d\btful t !  
ho/ile army1 completely beat5 & ne>ly   
surr\nd$1 w\ld be oblig$ to submit to ! 
clauses already indicat$1 ! great       
headqu>t] /aff 0 occupi$1 t v night1 9  
draw+ up ! text ( ! capitulation1' a    
significant & practical comm5t1 %[+ :at 
/uff !re 0 beh9d ! sev]e language :i*1  
at ! midnight meet+1 fell f ! ,*ief ( t 

able & sleepless body ( *os5 m54  ,f ?is
 conf]5ce ,g5]al de ,wimpff5 w5t /raight
 to ! we>i$ emp]or1 :o _h gone to b$4 ,b
 he receiv$ 8 visitor1 :o told him t !  
propos$ conditions 7 h>d1 & t ! sole    
*ance ( mitigation lay 9 ! ef=ts ( 8    
,maje/y4 ',g5]al1' said ! emp]or1 ',i   
%all />t at five o'clock = ! ,g]man     
headqu>t]s1 & ,i %all see :e!r ! k+ w be
 m favorable2' = he seems to h become   
possess$ ( an idea t ,k+ ,william w\ld  
p]sonally treat ) him4 ,! emp]or kept 8 
^w4 ,believ+ t he w\ld be p]mitt$ to    
return to ,s$an1 he drove =? )\t bidd+  
f>ewell to any ( 8 troops2 b1 z !       
drawbridge ( ,torcy 0 l[]$ & he pass$   
ov]1 ! ,z\aves on duty %\t$ ',vive      
l',emp]eur6' ,?is cry 0 '! la/ adieu :i*
 fell on 8 e>s' z we read 9 ! n>rative  
giv5 to ! _w on 8 behalf4 ,he drove 9 a 
dro%ki t[>d ,don*]y1 prec$$ by ,g5]al   
,reille1 :o1 be=e six o'clock1 awoke    
,bism>ck f 8 slumb]s1 & w>n$ him t !    
emp]or desir$ to speak ) him4 ',i w5t ) 
him directly1' said ,bism>ck1 9 a       

conv]sation report$ by ,bus*2 '& got on 
my horse1 all du/y & dirty z ,i 01 9 an 
old cap & my great wat]pro( boots1 to   
ride to ,s$an1 :]e ,i suppos$ him to    
be4' ,b he met him on ! highroad ne>    
,fr5ois1 'sitt+ 9 a two-horse c>riage4' 
,beside him 0 ! ,pr9ce de la ,mosk[a1 & 
on horseback ,ca/elnau & ,reille4 ',i   
gave ! milit>y salute1' says ,bism>ck4  
',he took 8 cap (f & ! (fic]s did !     
same2 :]eupon ,i took (f m9e1 al?\gh x 0
 contr>y to rule4 ,he said1 ,c\vrez-v\s1
 done4 ,i behav$ to him j z if 9 ,/4    
,cl\d1 & ask$ 8 comm&s4' ,naturally1 he 
want$ to see ! k+1 b t c\ld n be all[$4 
,!n ,bism>ck plac$ 8 qu>t]s 9 ,don*]y at
 ! emp]or's disposal1 b he decl9$ !     
c\rtesy1 & pref]r$ to re/ 9 a h\se by ! 
wayside4 ,! cottage ( a ,belgian weav]  
unexpect$ly became fam\s2 a "o-/ori$    
h\se1 pa9t$ yell[1 ) :ite %utt]s &      
,v5etian bl9ds4 ,he & ! *ancellor ent]$ 
! h\se1 & w5t up to ! fir/ floor :]e !re
 0 'a little room ) "o w9d[4 ,x 0 ! be/ 
9 ! h\se1 b _h only "o deal table & two 

ru%-bottom$ *airs4' ,9 t l[ly abode !y  
talk$ toge!r ( _m ?+s = ?ree- qu>t]s (  
an h\r1 among o!rs ab\t ! orig9 ( !     
w>--:i*1 x seems1 nei!r desir$--! emp]or
 ass]t+1 ,bism>ck reports1 t 'he _h be5 
driv5 into x by ! pressure ( public     
op9ion1' a v inadequate repres5tation ( 
! curi\s incid5ts :i* prec$$ ! fatal    
decision4 ,b :5 ! emp]or began to ask = 
m favorable t]ms1 he 0 told t1 on a     
milit>y "q1 ,von ,moltke alone c\ld     
speak4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,bism>ck's reque/  
to "k :o n[ _h au?ority to make peace 0 
met by a ref]5ce to '! ,gov]nm5t 9      
,p>is'2 s t no progress 0 made4 ,!n 'we 
mu/ /& to our dem&s ) reg>d to ! ,army (
 ,s$an1' said ,bism>ck4 ,g5]al von      
,moltke 0 summon$1 & ',napoleon ,,iii4  
dem&$ t no?+ %\ld be decid$ be=e he _h  
se5 ! k+1 = he hop$ to obta9 f 8 ,maje/y
 "s favorable concessions = ! army4' ,! 
,g]man (ficial n>rative ( ! w> /ates t !
 emp]or express$ a wi% t ! army might be
 p]mitt$ to ent] ,belgium1 b t1 ( c\rse1
 ! *ief ( ! /aff c\ld n accept !        

proposal4 ,g5]al von ,moltke =?) set out
 = ,v5dresse1 :]e ! k+ 01 to report     
progress4 ,he met 8 ,maje/y on ! road1 &
 !re '! k+ fully approv$ ! propos$      
conditions ( capitulation1 & decl>$ t he
 w\ld n see ! emp]or until ! t]ms       
prescrib$ _h be5 accept$'2 a decision   
:i* gratifi$ ! *ancellor z well z ! *ief
 ( ! /aff4 ',i did n wi% !m to come     
toge!r1' obs]v$ ! c\nt1 'until we _h    
settl$ ! matt] ( ! capitulation'2 sp>+ !
 feel+s ( bo? & leav+ ! bus9ess to ! h>d
 milit>y m54  ,! emp]or l+]$ ab\t 9 !   
g>d5 ( ! weav]'s cottage2 he seems to h 
desir$ fre% air aft] 8 unpleasant talk )
 ! *ancellor4 ,dr4 ,moritz ,bus*1 :o _h 
hurri$ to ! spot1 has left a *>act]i/ic 
description ( ! emp]or4 ,he saw !re 'a  
little ?ick-set man1' we>+ jauntily a r$
 cap ) a gold bord]1 a black palett l9$ 
) r$1 r$ tr\s]s1 & :ite kid gloves4 ',! 
look 9 8 light gray eyes 0 some:at s(t &
 dreamy1 l t ( p :o h liv$ h>d4 ,8 :ole 
appe>ance1' says ! irrev]5t ,bus*1 '0 a 
little unsoldi]like4 ,! man look$ too   

s(t1 ,i might say too %abby1 = ! uni=m  
he wore4' ,:ile "o sc5e 9 ! /up5d\s     
drama 0 p]=m$ at ! weav]'s cottage1     
ano!r 0 act$ or endur$ 9 ,s$an1 :]e ,de 
,wimpff5 _h summon$ ! g5]als to consid] 
! t]ms ( capitulation4 ,he has giv5 8   
own acc\nt ( ! incid5t2 b ! fulle/      
report is suppli$ by ,lebrun4 ,!re 7    
pres5t at ?is c\ncil ( w> m ?an ?irty   
g5]als4 ,) te>ful eyes & a voice brok5  
by sobs1 ! unhappy & mo/ ill-/>r$ ,de   
,wimpff5 describ$ 8 int]view & conflict 
) ,von ,moltke & ,bism>ck1 & its dire   
result--! army to surr5d] z prison]s (  
w>1 ! (fic]s alone to reta9 _! arms1 &  
by way ( mitigat+ ! rigor ( ^!          
conditions1 full p]mission to return    
home w\ld be giv5 to any (fic]1 provid$ 
he w\ld engage 9 writ+ & on honor n to  
s]ve aga9 dur+ ! w>4 ,! g5]als1 save "o 
or two1 & ^! f9ally acquiesc$1 felt t ! 
conditions c\ld n be refus$2 b !y 7     
indignant at ! clause sugge/+ t ! (fic]s
 might escape ! captivity :i* w\ld      
befall _! soldi]s1 provid$ !y w\ld      

engage to become m]e spectators ( !     
invasion ( _! c\ntry4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^!    
m\rnful delib]ations ,capta9 von ,z+l]1 
a mess5g] f ,von ,moltke1 ent]$1 & !    
sc5e became /ill m excit+4 ',i am       
in/ruct$1' he said1 'to rem9d y h[ urg5t
 x is t y %\ld come to a decision4 ,at  
t5 o'clock1 precisely1 if y h n come to 
a resolution1 ! ,g]man batt]ies w fire  
on ,s$an4 ,x is n[ n9e1 & ,i %all h     
b>ely "t to c>ry y\r answ] to           
headqu>t]s4' ,to ?is %>p summons ,de    
,wimpff5 answ]$ t he c\ld n decide until
 he knew ! result ( ! int]view betwe5 ! 
emp]or & ! k+4' ',t int]view1' said !   
/]n capta91 'w n 9 any way affect !     
milit>y op]ations1 :i* c only he det]m9$
 by ! g5]als :o h full p[] to resume or 
/op ! /rife4' ,x 01 inde$1 z ,lebrun    
rem>k$1 useless to argue ) a capta9 *>g$
 to /ate a fact2 & at ! g5]al's         
sugge/ion ,de ,wimpff5 agre$ to         
accompany ,capta9 von ,z+l] to ! ,g]man 
headqu>t]s4  ,^! 71 = ! occasion1 !     
,*teau de ,bellevue1 :]e ! emp]or       

himself _h be5 induc$ to take up 8      
abode1 & ab\t elev5 o'clock1 9 a room "u
 ! imp]ial *amb]1 ,de ,wimpff5 put 8 "n 
at ! foot ( ! docum5t drawn up1 dur+ !  
night1 by ! ,g]man /aff4 ,!n he s\ght   
out ! emp]or1 &1 greatly mov$1 told him 
t 'all 0 f9i%$4' ,8 maje/y1 he writes1  
') te>s 9 8 eyes1 approa*$ me1 press$ my
 h&1 & embrac$ me1' & 'my sad & pa9ful  
duty hav+ be5 accompli%$1 ,i rem\nt$ my 
horse & road back to ,s$an1 'la mort    
dans l'me4'  ,s soon z ! conv5tion 0    
sign$1 ! k+ arriv$1 accompani$ by ! cr[n
 pr9ce4 ,?ree ye>s be=e1 z ! emp]or     
rem9ds u 9 ! writ+ attribut$ to him1 !  
k+ _h be5 8 gue/ 9 ,p>is1 :]e all !     
sov]eigns ( ,europe _h come to behold ! 
m>vels ( ! fam\s ,exhibition4 ',n[1' s  
runs ! lam5tation1 'betray$ by =tune1   
,napoleon ,,iii4 _h lo/ all1 & _h plac$ 
9 ! h&s ( 8 conqu]or ! sole ?+ left     
him--8 lib]ty4' ,& he goes on to say1 9 
g5]al t]ms1 t ! k+ deeply sympa?iz$ ) 8 
mis=tunes1 b nev]!less c\ld n grant     
bett] conditions to ! army4 ',he told ! 

emp]or t ! ca/le ( ,wilhelm%ohe _h be5  
select$ z 8 resid5ce2 ! cr[n pr9ce !n   
ent]$ & cordially %ook h&s ) ,napoleon2 
& at ! end ( a qu>t] ( an h\r ! k+      
)drew4 ,! emp]or 0 p]mitt$ to s5d a     
telegram 9 ciph] to ! empress1 to tell  
h] :at _h happ5$1 & urge h] to negotiate
 a peace4' ,su* is ! bald record ( ?is  
impressive ev5t4 ,! telegram1 :i* rea*$ 
! empress at f\r o'clock on ! aft]noon (
 ! #c;d1 0 9 ^! words3 ',! army is      
defeat$ & captive2 ,i myself am a       
prison]4'  ,= "o day m ! fall5 sov]eign 
re/$ at ,bellevue to m$itate on !       
caprices ( =tune or ! decrees ( fate4 ,b
 t day1 at ! head ( a spl5did company ( 
pr9ces & g5]als1 ,k+ ,william1 cross+ ! 
bridge ( ,don*]y1 rode ?r\gh\t ! :ole   
va/ ext5t ( ! ,g]man l9es1 to greet 8   
h>dy w>riors & be greet$ by !m on ! v   
sc5e ( _! victories4 ,& well !y des]v$  
regal gratitude1 = toge!r ) _! comrades 
:o surr\nd$ ,metz1 by d9t ( long swift  
m>*es & /eadfa/ valor1 !y _h ov]come two
 great armies 9 ?irty days4  ,dur+ !    

battle ( ,s$an1 ! ,g]mans lo/ 9 kill$ & 
w\nd$ #h1ibd (fic]s & m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 
! ,fr5* lo/ #c1jjj kill$1 #ad1jjj w\nd$1
 & #ba1jjj captur$ 9 ! battle4 ,! numb] 
( prison]s by capitulation 0 #hc1jjj1   
:ile #c1jjj 7 dis>m$ 9 ,belgium1 & a few
 hundr$s1 m or less1 made _! way by     
devi\s r\tes ne> & ov] ! fronti]1 to    
,mezires1 ,rocroi1 & o!r places 9       
,france4 ,9 addition1 7 tak5 "o eagle & 
two flags1 #dai field guns &            
mitrailleuses1 #aci g>rison guns1 _m    
wagons1 muskets1 & horses4 ,on ! day    
aft] ! surr5d]1 ! ,fr5* soldi]s1 hav+   
/ack$ _! arms 9 ,s$an1 m>*$ into !      
p59sula =m$ by ! deep loop ( !          
,meuse--'le ,camp de ,misre' z !y call$ 
x--& 7 s5t !nce 9 successive bat*es1    
numb]$ by ?\s&s1 to ,g]many4 ,su* 0 !   
a/oni%+ end ( ! ,army ( ,*alons1 :i* _h 
be5 impell$ to its w(ul doom by ! ,comte
 de ,palikao & ! ,p>is politicians4  ,"h
 closes ! fir/ & mo/ dramatic phase ( ! 
w>4 ,!reaft] ! enemy 0 smitt5 hip &     
?igh4 ,at once hurry ord]s 7 giv5 to op5

 ! l9e :i* l$ f ,nancy to ,p>is4 ,:at   
foll[$ mu/ be briefly told4  ,on ! #e? (
 ,septemb] ! k+ ( ,prussia ent]$        
,rheims4 ,on ! #h? ,laon surr5d]$4 ,on !
 #ae? advanc$ troops halt$ )9 ?ree h\rs 
( ! capital ( ,france1 mak+ a half      
circle r\nd its def5ces4 ,?is inve/m5t  
,ducrot--:o _h escap$ f ,s$an-- attempt$
 to prev5t4 ,8 res\rces consi/$ 9 !     
,?irte5? ,corps "u ,g5]al ,v9oy1 & !    
,f\rte5? "u ,g5]al ,r5ault1 & #ah1jjj   
m>9es1 excell5t soldi]s1 a total (      
#hh1jjj regul> troops4 ,he _h also 9 !  
camps ( ,v9c5nes & ,/4 ,maur #ajj1jjj   
,g>de-,mobiles1 only v imp]fectly       
discipl9$2 #aj1jjj volunte]s f !        
prov9ces1 resolute m51 prep>$ to give _!
 lives = _! c\ntry2 ! ,national ,gu>d1  
compos$ ( sixty old & a hundr$ &        
n9ety-f\r new battalions :i*1 ) o!r     
miscellane\s volunte]s ( ,p>is1 numb]$  
p]haps #bjj1jjj m51 n1 h[ev]1 ?or\ghly  
to be dep5d$ ^u4 ,altoge!r ! def5d]s    
numb]$ ab\t #djj1jjj1 b ( ^! only !     
#hh1jjj regul> troops & ! #aj1jjj       

volunte]s f ! prov9ces c\ld be reckon$ z
 tru/wor?y4  ,nev]!less1 ! ,?ird ,g]man 
,army _h no difficulty 9 e/abli%+ itself
 9 a position embrac+ ! s\!rn & s\!a/]n 
front ( ! city1 f ,svres to ! ,m>ne2 !  
,f\r? ,army fac$ ! nor!a/ & nor!rn      
front1 ! cavalry ! we/ front1 s f> z !  
w9d+s ( ! ,se9e w\ld p]mit x4 ,on ! #e? 
( ,octob] ! cr[n pr9ce took up 8        
headqu>t]s at ,v]sailles1 ^? ( ! k+ be+ 
at ,f]rires1 ! seat ( ! ,p>is           
,ro?s*ilds4 ,"h took place1 on ! #ai?   
,octob]1 ! fam\s int]view betwe5 ! ,fr5*
 =eign m9i/]1 ,jules ,favre1 & ,bism>ck1
 9 :i* ! =m] made 8 decl>ation t ,france
 w\ld surr5d] nei!r "o in* ( h]         
t]ritories nor "o /one ( h] =tresses4 ,!
 int]view rema9$ )\t result4  ,mean:ile 
! =tress ( ,t\l _h surr5d]$4 ,/rasburg1 
aft] a siege ( six weeks1 also surr5d]$1
 &1 on ,octob] #bg1 ,baza9e h&$ ov]     
,metz & an army consi/+ ( ?ree m>%als ( 
,france1 #f1jjj (fic]s1 & #agc1jjj      
soldi]s--an act = :i* aft] ! conclusion 
( ! w> he 0 c\rt-m>tiall$1 decl>$ guilty

 ( treason1 & s5t5c$ to dea? &          
degradation4 ,! !n presid5t ( !         
republic1 ,m>%al ,mac,mahon1 commut$ !  
dea? s5t5ce into "o ( imprisonm5t =     
tw5ty ye>s4 ,conf9$ 9 ! =t ( ! isl& ,/4 
,m>gu]ite1 ne> ,cannes1 ,baza9e escap$1 
& liv$ 9 ,spa9 till 8 dea?4  ,baza9e's  
surr5d] made ! ,g]mans ma/]s ( "o ( !   
/ronge/ =tresses 9 ,europe1 ) #hjj heavy
 guns1 #ajb mitrailleuses1 #cjj1jjj     
,*assepots1 & plac$ at ! disposal ( ! k+
 an entire blockad+ army4  ,x 0 at ?is  
juncture t ,gambetta a/oni%$ ! _w4      
,rea*+ ,t\rs 9 a balloon f ,p>is1 & !re 
assum+ ! m9i/ry ( w>1 he became         
practically dictator ( ,france4 ,!nce he
 issu$ a proclamation to ! p ( ,france1 
urg+ !m to cont9ue _! resi/ance to !    
bitt] end1 & direct$ t all m51 capable (
 be>+ arms1 %\ld l5d _! h&s to ! "w1 &  
%\ld jo9 ! troops ( ! l9e at ,t\rs4 ,9  
?is way he =m$ an ,army ( ! ,nor?1 & an 
,army ( ! ,loire1 &1 lat]1 an ,army ( ! 
,ea/4 ,9 all respects he display$ a     
f]tility ( res\rce :i* a/\nd$4 ,he      

obta9$ arms1 uni=ms1 munitions1 & o!r   
necess>ies f =eign c\ntries1 especially 
f ,engl&4 ,he be/[$ ! greate/ pa9s 9    
select+ z g5]als ( ! new levies m5 :o   
%\ld be real soldi]s4 ,"u 8 inspir+     
influ5ce ! w> 9 ! prov9ces assum$ a v   
s]i\s complexion4 ,france _h respond$   
nobly to ! call he _h made ^u h] p4     
,e>ly rev]ses gave vigor to ! new       
levies1 & !y f\ght ) en]gy aga9/ !      
,bav>ians "u ,von d] ,?an at ,ar!nay &  
,orleans1 & aga9/ ! division ( ,witti*  
at ,*teaudun & ,*>tres4 ,b !y 7 fight+  
aga9/ increas+ odds4 ,e day br\ght      
re9=cem5ts to ! ,g]mans4  ,) ! exception
 ( a mom5t>y gleam ( success on !       
,loire1 ,france met ) no?+ b disa/]4 ,9 
,p>is matt]s 7 critical4 ,e "o ( !      
diff]5t sorties made by h] def5d]s _h   
be5 repuls$2 ! hope by :i* ! spirits (  
h] def5d]s _h be5 buoy$ 0 vani%+ fa/3   
fam9e 0 approa*+ ) giant /rides2 ! /rong
 places outside ! circle ( h] def5ces 7 
fall+ "o aft] ano!r2 ! fire ( ! enemy 01
 by ! ne>] approa* ( _! troops1 becom+ m

 conc5trat$ & m sev]e4 ,peace mu/ be _h4
 ,on ,janu>y #bh?1 !n1 !re 0 conclud$ at
 ,v]sailles an armi/ice = ?ree weeks4   
,!n a national assembly 0 summon$ to    
,bordeaux to consid] h[ peace might be  
re/or$4 ,9 t assembly ,?i]s receiv$ full
 adm9i/rative p[]s1 includ+ ! p[] (     
nom9at+ 8 own m9i/]s4 ,he himself1 )    
,jules ,favre1 und]took ! negotiations )
 ,bism>ck4 ,to insure ! success ( ^?    
negotiations ! armi/ice 0 twice         
prolong$4 ,?is 0 done at ! in/ance (    
,?i]s1 = ! conditions insi/$ ^u by      
,bism>ck 7 h>d1 & ! ,fr5* /atesman      
/ruggl$ ) all 8 en]gies to induce him to
 abate 8 dem&s4 ,especially did he /rive
 to save ,metz1 or1 at lea/1 to receive 
,luxemburg 9 comp5sation4  ,b 8         
endeavors 7 fruitless4 ,! utmo/ t       
,bism>ck w\ld d 0 n to insi/ ^u secur+ !
 /ill unconqu]$ ,bel=t4 ,despair+ ( mov+
 him fur!r1 ,?i]s & ,favre gave way on !
 #bd? ( ,febru>y1 & sign$ ! prelim9>ies 
( peace4 ,!y 71 fir/1 ! transf] to      
,g]many ( ! nor!a/ portion ( ,lorra9e1 )

 ,metz & ,di$5h(51 & ( ,alsace1 ,bel=t  
except$2 second1 ! paym5t to ,g]many by 
,france ( "o milli>d ( francs 9 #ahga1 &
 f\r milli>ds 9 ! ?ree ye>s foll[+2     
?ird1 ! ,g]mans to beg9 to evacuate     
,fr5* t]ritory imm$iately aft] !        
ratification ( ! treaty2 ,p>is & its =ts
 on ! left bank ( ! ,se9e & c]ta9       
dep>tm5ts at once2 ! =ts on ! "r bank   
aft] ! ratification & ! paym5t ( ! fir/ 
half milli>d4 ,aft] ! paym5t ( two      
milli>ds ! ,g]man occupation ( !        
dep>tm5ts ,m>ne1 ,ard5nes1 ,upp] ,m>ne1 
,meuae1 ! ,vosges1 & ,meur!1 & ! =tress 
( ,bel=t %\ld cease4 ,int]e/ at five p] 
c5t to be *>g$ on ! milli>ds rema9+     
unpaid f ! date ( ratification2 f\r?1 ! 
,g]man troops rema9+ 9 ,france to make  
no requisitions on ! dep>tm5ts 9 :i* !y 
7 locat$1 b to be f$ at ! co/ ( ,france2
 fif?1 ! inhabitants ( ! seque/]$       
prov9ces to be all[$ a c]ta9 fix$ "t 9  
:i* to make _! *oice betwe5 ! two       
c\ntries2 six?1 all prison]s to be at   
once re/or$2 sev5?1 a treaty embody+ all

 ^! t]ms to be settl$ at ,brussels4 ,x 0
 fur!r arrang$ t ! ,g]man army %\ld n   
occupy ,p>is1 b %\ld cont5t itself )    
m>*+ ?r\gh ! city4  ,mean:ile1          
negotiations betwe5 ! /atesm5 &         
gov]nm5ts ( ,g]many result$ 9 a proposal
 to ,k+ ,william t1 z head ( !          
conf$]ation1 he %\ld assume ! title (   
,g]man emp]or4 ,a resolution to t effect
 0 pass$ by ! ,nor? ,g]man ,rei*/ag on !
 #i? ( ,decemb]1 & a deputation proce$$ 
to ! royal headqu>t]s at ,v]sailles1    
:]e1 on ! #ah? ( ,decemb]1 ! imp]ial    
cr[n 0 (f]$ to ! bro!r ( ! k+ :o _h once
 refus$ x4 ,deeply t\*$1 ,k+ ,william   
accept$1 & 9 ! palace ( ,l\is ,,xiv41   
surr\nd$ by a brilliant assembly (      
pr9ces1 (fic]s1 & m9i/]s ( /ate1 !      
v5]able mon>* 0 proclaim$ ,deuts*]      
,kais]4  ,!n at la/ 0 ! dream ( c5turies
 realiz$4 ,at la/ 0 ! empire re/or$4 ,n 
! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 n ! empire ( !  
,middle ,ages1 b ! empire z a national  
/ate4  ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,bism>ck1 to :om
 ! re/oration ( ! empire 0 directly due1

 ! new ,rei* began its organization z a 
unit$ f$]ation4 ,among its e>lie/       
difficulties 0 an ecclesia/ical conte/ )
 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,kn[n z !             
,kulturkampf1 ?is /ruggle 0 an ef=t to  
v9dicate ! "r ( ! /ate to int]f]e 9 !   
affairs ( all ,g]man religi\s societies4
 ,ano!r difficulty :i* dem&$ gov]nm5t   
int]f]5ce 0 ! ,jud5hetze1 or p]secution 
( ! ,jews1 :i* rea*$ a climax 9 #ahha4  
,a fur!r difficulty 0 enc\nt]$ 9 ! quick
 gr[? ( socialism4 ,two attempts on !   
life ( ! kais] 7 attribut$ to x1 & a    
plot be+ discov]$1 :i* _h = object !    
elim9ation ( ! emp]or & o!r ,g]man      
rul]s1 repressive measures result$4     
,mean:ile an alliance (f5sive & def5sive
 betwe5 ,g]many & ,au/ria _h be5 =m$1   
into :i* ,italy subsequ5tly ent]$4  ,on 
,m>* #i1 #ahhh1 ! ,emp]or ,william ,i4  
di$4 ,8 son1 ,fr$]ick1 at t "t suff]+ f 
a canc]\s affection ( ! ?roat1 became   
kais]4 ,?ree mon?s lat] he also di$1 &  
,william ,,ii4 succe$$ him4  ,! latt]'s 
fir/ /ep ( any importance 0 to get 9    

front ( half a million bayonets4        
,co9cid5tly he decl>$ t ^? bayonets &   
he--or r he & ^? bayonets--7 born = "o  
ano!r4 ,incid5tally he ann\nc$ t he 0 a 
mon>*1 specially conceiv$1 specially    
creat$1 specially orda9$ by ! ,almighty4
  ,! /ep & ! rem>ks 7 tantam\nt to a    
call to qu>t]s4 ,x w\ld be dramatic to  
/ate t ! circumjac5t t]ritories trembl$1
 b x is exact to affirm t !re 0 a w>    
sc>e at once1 "o :i* by no means dim9i%$
 :5 a little lat] he %[$ ,bism>ck !     
door4  ,z already not$1 ! ref\nd+ ( !   
empire 0 ,bism>ck's "w4 ,to a*ieve 8    
purpose he _h--to aga9 quote ,colonel   
,malleson--defi$ p>liam5ts & p4 ,he _h  
l$ 8 ma/] & 8 c\ntry ov] abysses1 9 !   
trav]s+ ( :i* "o false /ep w\ld h be5   
fatal4 ,aid$ a great deal by ! wret*$   
diplomacy ( ,au/ria1 by ! det]ioration (
 ! p[]s ( ! ,fr5* emp]or1 & by 8 sublime
 audacity1 he _h compell$ to 8 w all !  
moral difficulties ( ! und]tak+4 ,von   
,boon & ,moltke _h done ! re/4 ,no      
long]1 h[ev]1 0 he all[$ to put =? 8 h& 

to su/a9 ! "w :i* he _h creat$4 ,= him x
 _h be5 bett] to die1 l ,von ,boon1 l   
,moltke1 keep+ to ! end ! confid5ce ( 8 
sov]eign1 ?an to feel himself impell$1  
dismiss$ f (fice1 to p\r out 8          
grievances to e pass+ li/5]1 to speak 9 
t]ms n f> remov$ f treason ( ! sov]eign 
:o _h decl9$ to be 8 pupil4 ,0 x = ?is1 
he mu/ h mutt]$1 t ,i =c$ on ! w> :i*   
gave ,prussia ,s*leswig & ,hol/e9 9     
#ahfd2 t ,i compell$ unwill+ ,au/ria to 
decl>e w> 9 #ahff2 t1 by ! free/        
circulation ( exagg]at$ /atem5ts1 ,i    
r\s$ a bitt] feel+ 9 ,g]many aga9/      
,france1 & excit$ ! /atesm51 &1 above   
all1 ! mob1 ( ,p>is 9 #ahgj8--;= ?is1 t1
 ! "w accompli%$1 an empire giv5 to !   
,hoh5zoll]ns1 ,i might be ca/ aside l a 
squeez$-out orange8 ,well might ^! be 8 
?\ghts1 = x 0 he :o made possible ! task
 ( ,g]man unity1 ?\gh 9 a mann] :i* w   
comm5d itself only to ^? :o argue t !   
end ju/ifies ! means4  ,a j\rnali/ wrote
 a pamphlet on ! subject4 ,9 x he comp>$
 ! kais] to ,caligula4 ,= 8 pa9s he 0   

s5t to jail4 ,he might bett] h be5 s5t  
to s*ool4 ,caligula 0 a poet 9 love ) ! 
moon4 ,! kais] is a poseur 9 love )     
himself4 ,"o ( ,caligula's _m div]sions 
0 kill+ 8 p4 ,su* slaught] z ! kais] has
 effect$ consi/s 9 tw5ty-five ?\s& head 
( game4 ,! c>e] ( ,caligula is horrible1
 yet 9 ! horrible is sometimes !        
sublime4 ,! c>e] ( ! kais] has be5      
!atrical1 & 9 ! !atrical is always !    
absurd4 ,! s+le p>allel betwe5 ! two    
lies 9 ! fact t all "y emp]ors /& on a  
peak s l(ty t1 d !y look bel[1 v]tigo   
rises1 :ile f above delirium comes4 ,!re
 is no?+ a/oni%+ 9 t4 ,x w\ld be a/oni%+
 7 x o!rwise4 ,:at does a/oni% is !     
equilibrium :i* ! kais]1 9 spite ( 8    
words1 8 ?reats & actions1 has manag$ to
 ma9ta94 ,reg>d$ z a firebr& & a m5ace  
to ! peace ( ,europe1 ) ! exception (   
two big blund]s--an invitation to ,k+   
,humb]t to prom5ade ) him ?r\gh         
,/rasburg1 & ! message :i* he s5t to    
,presid5t ,krug] ( ! ,transvaal aft] !  
failure ( ! ,jameson raid--) ^!         

exceptions he has exhibit$ a reg>d =    
int]national etiquette entirely         
immaculate1 & n always return$4  ,9     
recomp5se = ov]tures to ,france he has  
be5 snubb$4 ,9 recomp5se = o!rs to      
,russia he has be5 ignor$4 ,nei!r       
,au/ria nor ,italy love him4 ,he has    
weak5$ ! ,triple ,alliance1 ali5at$     
,engl&1 & lo/ 8 place4 ,:5 he asc5d$ !  
?rone ,g]many's position on ! cont95t 0 
prepond]ant4 ,t position is ,russia's   
to-day4  ,_h he _h ! p[]--:i* he has    
always d5i$--to return to ,france ! keys
 ( ,metz & ,/rasburg1 & _h he _h !      
ability--:i* o!rs h d5i$ = him--to      
coalesce ) ,france & ,russia he w\ld h  
be5 w>lord inde$4 ,z x is1 fail+ 9 an   
ef=t to realize ! dream ( ,napoleon ,i41
 he has at pres5t writ+ subsid$ into a  
m>t9et4  ,:at ! future holds = ,g]many &
 = him ! future w tell4 ,b into ! future
 x is n giv5 to any "o1 ev5 to an       
emp]or1 to look4  ,footnote #a3 ,g4 ,b4 
,malleson3 ,! ,ref\nd+ ( ! ,g]man       
,empire4  ,footnote #b3 ,! h\se is call$

 ,a la d]ni]e ,c>t\*e1 & is ! subject ( 
,de ,neuville's spl5did pa9t+4          
,footnote #c3 ,n hav+ be5 able to die 9 
! mid/ ( my troops1 no?+ rema9s = me b  
to place my sword 9 ! h&s ( y\r ,maje/y4
  ,,! ,,end