,,buddhism ,,& ,,buddhi/s ,,9 ,,*9a by ,,lewis ,,hod\s1 ,d4,d4 ,cont5ts ,,preface ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,entrance ,,( ,,buddhism ,,into ,,*9a ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,buddhism ,,z ,,! ,,pr$om9at+ ,,religion ,,( ,,*9a #a4 ,! ,_w ( ,invisible ,spirits #b4 ,! ,univ]sal ,s5se ( ,ance/or ,control #c4 ,deg5]ate ,taoism #d4 ,! ,organiz+ ,value ( ,confucianism #e4 ,buddhism an ,inclusive ,religion ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,buddhism ,,& ,,! ,,peasant #a4 ,! ,mona/]y ( ,ku%an #b4 ,mona/]ies ,control ,fng-%ui #c4 ,pray] = ,ra9 7a7 ,! alt> 7b7 ,! pray] s]vice 7c7 ,its ,mean+ #d4 ,mona/]ies are ,support$ because ,!y ,control ,fng-%ui ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,buddhism ,,& ,,! ,,family #a4 ,kuan ,y91 ! ,giv] ( ,*ildr5 & ,protector ( ,wom5 #b4 ,kuan ,y91 ! ,model ( ,local ,"m-,goddesses #c4 ,exhortations on ,family ,virtues #d4 ,s]vices = ! ,dead ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,buddhism ,,& ,,social ,,life #a4 ,h[ ! ,laity is ,tra9$ 9 ,buddhi/ ,ideas #b4 ,effect ( ,ideals ( ,m]cy & ,univ]sal ,love #c4 ,relation to ,confucian ,ideal #d4 ,! ,embodim5t ( ,buddhi/ ,ideals 9 ! ,veget>ian ,sects #e4 ,pilgrimages ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,buddhism ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,life #a4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,purgatory #b4 ,its ,social ,value #c4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,heav5 #d4 ,! ,h>monization ( ,^! ,ideas ) ,ance/or ,wor%ip ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,spiritual ,,values ,,emphasiz$ ,,by ,,buddhism ,,9 ,,*9a #a4 ,! ,?reefold ,classification ( ,m5 "u ,buddhism #b4 ,salvation = ! ,common ,man #c4 ,! ,place ( ,fai? #d4 ,salvation ( ! ,second ,class #e4 ,salvation = ! ,highe/ ,class #f4 ,heav5 & ,purgatory #g4 ,s9 #h4 ,nirvana #i4 ,! ,philosophical ,backgr\nd #aj4 ,:at ,buddhism ,has to ,give ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,pres5t-,,day ,,buddhism #a4 ,p]iods ( ,buddhi/ ,hi/ory #b4 ,! ,progress ( ! ,la/ ,tw5ty-five ,ye>s #c4 ,pres5t ,activities 7a7 ,! recon/ruction ( mona/]ies 7b7 ,accessions 7c7 ,publications 7d7 ,lectures 7e7 ,buddhi/ societies 7f7 ,signs ( social ambition #d4 ,! ,attitude ( ,tibetan ,lamas #e4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,_w ,v]sus ! ,*ri/ian ,_w ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,approa* ,,to ,,buddhi/s #a4 ,que/ions :i* ,buddhi/s ,ask #b4 ,k & ,sympa?y #c4 ,emphasis on ! /hetic 9 ,*ri/ianity #d4 ,emphasis on ! ,my/ical 9 ,*ri/ianity #e4 ,emphasis on ! ,social ,elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity #f4 ,emphasis on ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7a7 ,z a ,hi/orical ,"* 7b7 ,z ! ,reveal] 7c7 ,z ! ,savi\r 7d7 ,z ! ,et]nal ,son ( ,god #g4 ,h[ ,*ri/ianity ,expresses ,itself 9 ,buddhi/ ,m9ds #h4 ,*ri/ianity's ,con/ructive ,values ,,app5dix ,,"o1 ,h9ts = ! ,prelim9>y ,/udy ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a ,,app5dix ,,two1 ,a ,brief ,bibliography ,,preface ,?is volume is ! ?ird to be publi%$ ( a s]ies on 8,! ,_w's ,liv+ ,religions10 project$ 9 #aibj by ! ,bo>d ( ,mission>y ,prep>ation ( ! ,=eign ,missions ,conf]5ce ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! s]ies seeks to introduce ,we/]n read]s to ! real religi\s life ( ea* great national area ( ! non-,*ri/ian _w4 ,buddhism is a religion :i* mu/ be view$ f _m angles4 ,its orig9al =m1 z prea*$ by ,gautama 9 ,india & develop$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s succe$+1 & z embodi$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( e>ly ,buddhism1 is n repres5tative ( ! actual ,buddhism ( any l& today4 ,! fai?ful /ud5t ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature w\ld be z f> remov$ f und]/&+ ! work+ activities ( a busy c5t] ( ,buddhism 9 ,burmah1 ,tibet or ,*9a today z a /ud5t ( patri/ic lit]ature w\ld be f appreciat+ ! ,*ri/ian life ( ,london or ,new ,york ,city4 ,moreov] ,buddhism1 l ,*ri/ianity1 has be5 affect$ by national conditions4 ,x has develop$ at lea/ ?ree m>k$ly diff]5t types1 requir+1 !re=e1 z _m di/9ct volumes ( ?is s]ies = its fair int]pretation & pres5tation4 ,! volume on ! ,buddhism ( ,s\!rn ,asia by ,pr(essor ,k5ne? ,j4 ,saund]s 0 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #aibc2 ?is volume on ! ,buddhism ( ,*9a by ,pr(essor ,hod\s w be ! second to appe>2 a ?ird on ! ,buddhism ( ,japan1 to be writt5 by ,dr4 ,r4 ,c4 ,arm/rong1 w be publi%$ 9 #aibd4 ,ea* ( ^! is ne$$ 9 ord] t ! w\ld be /ud5t ( ,buddhism z practic$ 9 ^? c\ntries %\ld be giv5 a true1 impressive & fri5dly picture ( :at he w meet4 ,a mission>y no less ?an a pr(essional /ud5t ( ,buddhism ne$s to approa* t religion ) a real appreciation ( :at x aims to d = its p & does d4 ,no "o c come into contact ) ! be/ t ,buddhism (f]s )\t be+ impress$ by its s]5ity1 assurance & p[]4 ,pr(essor ,hod\s has writt5 ?is volume on ,buddhism 9 ,*9a out ( ! ripe exp]i5ce & cont9u+ /udies ( sixte5 ye>s ( mission>y s]vice 9 ,foo*[1 ! *ief city ( ,fuki5 ,prov9ce1 ,*9a1 "o ( ! important c5t]s ( ,buddhism4 ,8 local /udies 7 supplem5t$ by ! results ( broad] rese>* & /udy 9 nor!rn ,*9a4 ,no o!r available writ] on ! subject has gone s f> z he 9 reproduc+ ! actual ?9k+ ( a tra9$ ,buddhi/ m9d 9 reg>d to ! fundam5tals ( religion4 ,at ! same "t he has tak5 pa9s to exhibit & to int]pret ! religi\s life ( ! peasant z affect$ by ,buddhism4 ,he has s\ght to be absolutely fair to ,buddhism1 b /ill to express 8 own conviction t ! be/ t is 9 ,buddhism is giv5 f> m adequate expression 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! purpose ( ea* volume 9 ?is s]ies is impressioni/ic r ?an def9itely educational4 ,!y are n textbooks = ! =mal /udy ( ,buddhism1 b introductions to its /udy4 ,!y aim to k9dle int]e/ & to direct ! activity ( ! awak5$ /ud5t along s\nd l9es4 ,= fur!r /udy ea* volume amply provides ?r\gh directions & lit]ature 9 ! app5dices4 ,x seeks to help ! /ud5t to discrim9ate1 to ?9k 9 t]ms ( a devotee ( ,buddhism :5 he comp>es t religion ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,x assumes1 h[ev]1 t ,*ri/ianity is ! broad] & deep] revelation ( ,god & ! _w ( today4 ,buddhism 9 ,*9a und\bt$ly includes among its adh]5ts _m high-m9d$1 dev\t1 & e>ne/ s\ls :o live an ideali/ic life4 ,*ri/ianity ought to make a /rong appeal to su* m9ds1 tak+ f !m none ( ! joy or assurance or devotion :i* !y possess1 b promot+ a deep]1 bett] balanc$ int]pretation ( ! active _w1 a nobl] conception ( ,god1 a /rong] s5se ( s9fulness & ne$1 & a tru] idea ( ! full mean+ ( inc>nation & revelation4 ,x is our hope t ?is fre% contribution to ! und]/&+ ( ,buddhism z x is today may be f\nd helpful to read]s ev]y:]e4 ,! ,editors4 ,new ,york city1 ,decemb]1 #aibc4 ,! ,committee ( ,ref]5ce & ,c\nsel ( ! ,=eign ,missions ,conf]5ce ( ,nor? ,am]ica has au?oriz$ ! publication ( ?is s]ies4 ,! au?or ( ea* volume is alone responsible = ! op9ions express$1 unless o!rwise /at$4 ,,buddhism ,,& ,,buddhi/s ,,9 ,,*9a ,i ,,introductory ,a well kn[n mission>y ( ,pek+1 ,*9a1 0 invit$ "o day by a ,buddhi/ acqua9tance to att5d ! c]emony ( initiation = a class ( "o hundr$ & eighty prie/s & "s tw5ty laity :o _h be5 und]go+ prep>atory in/ruction at ! /ately & important ,buddhi/ mona/]y4 ,! beautiful c\rts ( ! temple 7 fill$ by a ?rong ( invit$ gue/s & spectators1 wait+ to wat* ! impressive procession ( c&idates1 acolytes1 att5dants & high (ficials1 all 9 _! appropriate ve/m5ts4 ,no outsid] 0 privileg$ to witness ! solemn tak+ by ea* c&idate = ! prie/hood ( ! v[ to 8keep ! ,t5 ,laws10 foll[$ by ! indelible br&+ ( 8 scalp1 truly a 8baptism ( fire40 ,less private 0 ! initiation ( ! lay bre?r5 & si/]s1 m lightly br&$ on ! "r wri/1 :ile all ab\t inton$ 8,na ,mah ,p5 ,%ih ,%ih ,*ia ,m\ ,ni ,fo40 7,i put my tru/ 9 my orig9al ,tea*]1 ,skyamuni1 ,buddha47 ,! mission>y 0 deeply impress$ by ! s]5ity & devotion ( ! wor%ip]s & by ! dignity & solemnity ( ! s]vice4 ,! la/ c&idate to rise & receive ! baptism ( br&+ 0 a "y m>ri$ woman ( ref9$ appe>ance1 att5d$ by an eld]ly lady1 evid5tly h] "m1 :o wat*$ ) an expression ( m+l$ devotion1 insight & pride h] daught]'s initiation & welcom$ h] at ! end ( ! process ) radiant face1 z a daught]1 n[1 9 a spiritual z well z a physical s5se4 ,at t mom5t an att5dant1 not+ ! ke5 int]e/ ( ! mission>y1 said to him r flippantly1 8,w\ld y n l to h y\r arm br&$1 too80 8,i might10 he repli$1 8j out ( curiosity1 b ,i c\ld n receive ! br&+ z a believ] 9 ! ,buddha4 ,i am a ,*ri/ian believ]4 ,to be br&$ )\t inw>d fai? w\ld be an insult to y\r religion z well z trea*]y to my own1 w\ld x n8 ,is n real religion a matt] ( ! he>t80 ,! old lady1 :o _h ov]he>d ) evid5t disapproval ! rem>k ( ! att5dant1 turn$ to ! mission>y at once & said1 8,is t ! way y ,we/]n]s1 y ,*ri/ians1 speak ( y\r fai?8 ,is ! reality ( religion = y also an inw>d exp]i5ce ( ! he>t80 ,& ) t began an int]e/+ int]*ange ( conv]sation1 ea* p>ty discov]+ t 9 ! he>t ( ! o!r 0 a g5u9e long+ = ,god t ov]:elm$ all ! artificial1 mat]ial di/9ctions & ! human devices ?r\gh :i* m5 h limit$ to p>ticul> & exclusive pa?s _! way ( se>*1 & drew ^! two pilgrims on ! way t[>d ,god into a common & v real fell[%ip ( ! _s4 ,a ,buddhi/ monk 0 pass+ by a mission build+ 9 ano!r city' ( ,*9a :5 8 att5tion 0 sudd5ly drawn to ! ,sva/ika & o!r ,buddhi/ symbols :i* ! ar*itect _h skilfully us$ 9 decorat+ ! build+4 ,8 face bright5$ z he said to 8 companion3 8,i did n "k t ,*ri/ians _h any appreciation ( beauty 9 _! religion40 ,^! incid5ts reveal aspects ( ! al*emy ( ! s\l by :i* ! real devotee ( "o religion p]ceives values :i* are de> to him 9 ano!r religion4 ,! good :i* he has atta9$ 9 8 old religion enables him to appropriate ! bett] 9 ! new religion4 ,a conv]t$ monk1 expla9+ 8 acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity1 said3 8,i f\nd 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ ! great ,bodhisattva1 my ,savi\r1 :o br+s to fruition ! aspirations awak5$ 9 me by ,buddhism40 ,j z x has be5 said t !y d n "k ,engl& :o "k ,engl& only1 s x may be said ) equal tru? t !y d n "k ,*ri/ianity :o "k x & no o!r fai?4 ,!re are _m 9 ,*9a l ! old lady at ! temple1 :o h f\nd 9 ,buddhism some?+ ( t spiritual satisfaction & /imulus :i* true ,*ri/ianity af=ds1 9 full] measure4 ,! recognition ( su* religi\s values by ! /ud5t or ! mission>y furni%es a s\nd f\ndation = ! build+ ( a tru] spirituality among su* devotees4 ,z w be se5 9 :at foll[s1 religion 9 ,*9a is at fir/ sight a mix$ affair4 ,f ! /&po9t ( crud] h\sehold sup]/itions an av]age ,*9ese family may be reg>d$ z ,taoi/s2 ! pr9ciples by :i* its memb]s seek to guide _! lives individually & socially may be call$ ,confucian2 _! attitude ( wor%ip & _! hopes = ! future make !m ,buddhi/s4 ,! /ud5t w\ld n be f> afield :5 he cr$its ! religi\s aspirations ( ! ,*9ese today to ,buddhism1 reg>d+ ,confucianism z furni%+ ! e?ical sy/em to :i* !y submit & ,taoism z responsible = _m sup]/iti\s practices4 ,b ! ,buddhism f\nd 9 ,*9a diff]s radically f t ( ,s\!rn ,asia1 z w be made cle> by ! foll[+ sket* ( its introduction into ! ,fl[]y ,k+dom & its subsequ5t hi/ory4 ,,ii ,,! ,,entrance ,,( ,,buddhism ,,into ,,*9a ,buddhism 0 n an indig5\s religion ( ,*9a4 ,its f\nd] 0 ,gautama ( ,india 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"s c5turies lat] x f\nd its way into ,*9a by way ( c5tral ,asia4 ,!re is a tradition t z e>ly z #adb ,b4,c4 ,*ang ,*'i51 an ambassador ( ! ,*9ese emp]or1 ,wu ,ti1 visit$ ! c\ntries ( c5tral ,asia1 :]e he fir/ le>n$ ab\t ! new religion :i* 0 mak+ su* headway & report$ conc]n+ x to 8 ma/]4 ,a few ye>s lat] ! g5]als ( ,wu ,ti captur$ a gold image ( ! ,buddha :i* ! emp]or set up 9 8 palace & wor%ip$1 b he took no fur!r /eps4 ,accord+ to ,*9ese hi/orians ,buddhism 0 (ficially recogniz$ 9 ,*9a ab\t #fg ,a4,d4 ,a few ye>s be=e t date1 ! emp]or1 ,m+-,ti1 saw 9 a dream a l>ge gold5 image ) a halo hov]+ above 8 palace4 ,8 advis]s1 "s ( :om 7 no d\bt already favorable to ! new religion1 int]pret$ ! image ( ! dream to be t ( ,buddha1 ! great sage ( ,india1 :o 0 invit+ 8 adhesion4 ,foll[+ _! advice ! emp]or s5t an embassy to /udy into ,buddhism4 ,x br\ght back two ,indian monks & a quantity ( ,buddhi/ classics4 ,^! 7 c>ri$ on a :ite horse & s ! mona/]y :i* ! emp]or built = ! monks & ^? :o came aft] !m 0 call$ ! ,:ite ,horse ,mona/]y4 ,its tablet is said to h surviv$ to ?is day4 ,?is dream /ory is wor? repeat+ because x goes to %[ t ,buddhism 0 n only kn[n at an e>ly date1 b 0 favor$ at ! c\rt ( ,*9a4 ,9 fact1 ! same hi/ory :i* relates ! dream conta9s ! biography ( an (ficial :o became an adh]5t ( ,buddhism a few ye>s be=e ! dream took place4 ,?is is n at all surpris+1 because an acqua9tance ) ,buddhism 0 ! inevitable concomitant ( ! milit>y campaign+1 ! _m embassies & ! wide-rang+ trade ( ^? c5turies4 ,b ! introduction ( ,buddhism into ,*9a 0 especially promot$ by reason ( ! curr5t policy ( ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t ( mov+ conqu]$ populations 9 c\ntries we/ ( ,*9a into ,*9a prop]1 ,! vanqui%$ peoples br\ght _! own religion along ) !m4 ,at "o "t :at is n[ ! prov9ce ( ,%ansi 0 populat$ 9 ?is way by ! ,hsiung-nu1 _m ( :om 7 ,buddhi/s4 ,! introduction & spread ( ,buddhism 7 ha/5$ by ! decl9e ( ,confucianism & ,taoism4 ,! ,han dyna/y 7#bjf ,b4 ,c4-#bba ,a4 ,d47 e/abli%$ a gov]nm5t f\nd$ on ,confucianism4 ,x reproduc$ ! classics de/roy$ 9 ! previ\s dyna/y & enc\rag$ _! /udy2 x e/abli%$ ! /ate wor%ip ( ,confucius2 x bas$ its laws & regulations ^u ! ideals & pr9ciples advocat$ by ,confucius4 ,! great increase ( weal? & p[] "u ?is dyna/y l$ to a gradual det]ioration 9 ! "* ( ! rul]s & (ficials4 ,! rigid ,confucian regulations became burd5some to ! p :o ceas$ to respect _! lead]s4 ,confucianism lo/ its hold z ! complete solution ( ! problems ( life4 ,at ! same "t ,taoism _h become a v]itable jumble ( mean+less & sup]/iti\s rites :i* s]v$ to support a horde ( ignorant1 selfi% prie/s4 ,! high religi\s ideals ( ! e>li] ,taoi/ my/ics 7 ab&on$ = a se>* aft] ! elixir ( life dur+ fruitless j\rneys to ! isles ( ! ,immortals :i* 7 suppos$ to be 9 ! ,ea/]n ,sea4 ,at ?is juncture !re arose 9 ,nor? ,*9a a sect ( m5 call$ ! ,puri/s :o advocat$ a return f ! vag>ies ( ,taoism & ! irritat+ rules ( ,confucianism to ! simple life practis$ by ! ,taoi/ my/ics4 ,:5 ^! ?\ghtful & e>ne/ m9d$ m5 came into contact ) ,buddhism !y 7 captivat$ by x4 ,x _h all !y 7 claim+ = ,taoi/ my/icism & m4 ,!y devot$ _! lit]>y ability & religi\s f]vor to ! spread+ ( ! new religion & its success 0 9 no small measure due to _! ef=ts4 ,z a result ( ?is e>ly association ! t5ets ( ! two religions seem$ s mu* alike t v>i\s emp]ors call$ assemblies ( ,buddhi/s & ,taoi/s ) ! int5tion ( effect+ a union ( ! two religions into "o4 ,if ! emp]or 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism he tri$ to =ce all ,taoi/s to become ,buddhi/s4 ,if he 0 favorable to ,taoism he tri$ to make all ,buddhi/s become ,taoi/s4 ,b su* m&ates 7 z unsuccessful z o!r simil> s*emes h be54 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury ,a4 ,d4 aft] ! ,han dyna/y _h end$1 ,*9a 0 brok5 up into sev]al small k+doms :i* cont5d$ = supremacy1 s t = ab\t f\r hundr$ ye>s ! :ole c\ntry 0 9 a /ate ( disunion4 ,"o ( ! /rong dyna/ies ( ?is p]iod1 ! ,nor!rn ,wei 7#chf-ece ,a4 ,d471 0 di/9ctly loyal to ,buddhism4 ,dur+ its cont9uance ,buddhism prosp]$ greatly4 ,al?\gh ,*9ese 7 n p]mitt$ to become monks until #cce ,a4 ,d41 /ill ,buddhism made rapid advances & 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 :5 t re/riction 0 remov$1 ab\t n9e-t5?s ( ! p ( nor?we/]n ,*9a _h become ,buddhi/s4 ,s9ce !n ,buddhism has be5 an e/abli%$ factor 9 ,*9ese life4 ,,iii ,,! ,,e/abli%m5t ,,( ,,buddhism ,,z ,,! ,,pr$om9at+ ,,religion ,,( ,,*9a ,ev5 ! hi/orical influ5ces not$ above d n acc\nt entirely = ! spread ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is & ! place :i* ,buddhism occupies1 we ne$ to review briefly ! diff]5t =ms :i* religion takes 9 ,*9a & to note h[ ,buddhism has relat$ itself to !m4 #a4 ,! ,_w ( ,invisible ,spirits ,! ,*9ese believe 9 a surr\nd+-_w ( spirits1 ^: orig9 is exce$+ly v>i\s4 ,!y t\* life at e po9t4 ,!re are spirits :i* are gu>dians ( ! soil1 tree spirits1 m\nta9 demons1 fire gods1 ! spirits ( animals1 ( m\nta9s1 ( riv]s1 seas & />s1 ( ! heav5ly bodies & ( _m =ms ( active life4 ,^! spirits to ! ,*9ese m9d1 ( today are a projection1 a sort ( spiritual c\nt]p>t1 ( ! _m sid$ int]e/s1 practical or o!rwise1 ( ! gr\ps & communities by :om !y are wor%ipp$4 ,!re are o!r spirits :i* mirror ! ideals ( ! gr\ps by :i* !y are wor%ipp$4 ,"s ( !m may h be5 inc>nat$ 9 ! lives ( great lead]s4 ,!re are spirits :i* are m]e animations1 occasional spirits1 associat$ ) objects cross+ ! int]e/s ( m51 b n con/ant en\gh to atta9 a def9ite1 indep5d5t life z spiritual be+s4 ,?us surr\nd+ ! av]age ,*9ese peasant !re is a d5sely populat$ _s _w affect+ 9 all k9ds ( ways 81 daily exi/5ce4 ,?is o!r _w is ! backgr\nd :i* mu/ be kept 9 m9d by "o :o w\ld und]/& or attempt to guide ,*9ese religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,x is ! basis on :i* all organiz$ =ms ( religi\s activity are built4 ,! ne>e/ ( ^! to 8 he>t is ! prop] reg>d = 8 ance/ors4 #b4 ,! ,univ]sal ,s5se ( ,ance/or ,control ,! ance/ral control ( family life occupies s l>ge & important a place 9 ,*9ese ?\ght & practice t ance/or wor%ip has be5 call$ ! orig9al religion ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! e>lie/ ,confucian records recognize ance/or wor%ip2 b d\btless x ant$at$ !m1 gr[+ up out ( ! g5]al religi\s consci\sness ( ! p4 ,! discussion ( t orig9 9 detail _c be tak5 up "h4 ,x may be foll[$ 9 ! lit]ature not$ 9 ! app5dix or 9 ! volume ( ?is s]ies entitl$ 8,pres5t-,day ,confucianism40 ,ance/or wor%ip is active today1 h[ev]1 because ! ,*9ese z a p believe t ^! ance/ors control 9 a v real way ! good or evil =tunes ( _! desc5dants1 because ?is recognition ( ance/ors furni%es a pot5t means ( promot+ family unity & social e?ics1 &1 mo/ ( all1 because a happy future life is suppos$ to be dep5d5t ^u desc5dants :o w fai?fully m9i/] to ! dead4 ,s9ce ea* "o desires su* a future he is fai?ful 9 promot+ ! obs]vance ( ! obligation4 ,consequ5tly1 ance/or wor%ip1 l ! previ\sly m5tion$ belief 9 ! invisible spiritual _w1 und]lies all o!r religi\s developm5ts4 ,no family is s obscure or poor t x does n submit to ! ritual or discipl9e :i* is suppos$ to ensure ! favor ( ! spirits belong+ to ! community4 ,likewise1 e su* family is loyal to ! suppos$ ne$s ( its deceas$ ance/ors4 ,9 a v intimate way ^! beliefs are int]wov5 ) ! private & social morality ( e family or gr\p 9 ,*9ese society1 & mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt by any "o :o seeks to br+ a religi\s message to ! ,*9ese p4 #c4 ,deg5]ate ,taoism ,taoism is t sy/em ( ,*9ese religi\s ?\ght & practice1 beg9n+ ab\t ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 :i* 0 orig9ally bas$ on ! tea*+s ( ,lao ,tzu & develop$ 9 ! writ+s ( ,lieh ,tzu & ,*uang ,tzu & f\nd 9 ! ,tao ,t ,*+4 ,x is really 9 ?is orig9al =m a philosophy ( "s m]it4 ,accord+ to its tea*+ ! ,tao is ! great imp]sonal backgr\nd ( ! _w f :i* all ?+s proce$ z beams f ! sun1 & to :i* all be+s return4 ,9 contra/ to ! pres5t1 transi5t1 *ang+ _w ! ,tao is un*angeable & quiet4 ,orig9ally ! ,taoi/s emphasiz$ quiesc5ce1 a life 9 accordance ) nature1 z a means ( assimilat+ !mselves to ! ,tao1 believ+ t 9 ?is way !y w\ld obta9 l5g? ( days1 et]nal life & especially ! p[] to become sup]ior to natural conditions4 ,!re is a movem5t today among ,*9ese s*ol>s 9 favor ( a return to ?is orig9al highe/ =m ( ,taoism4 ,x appeals to !m z a philosophy ( life2 an answ] to its riddles4 ,among ! masses ( ! p1 h[ev]1 ,taoism manife/s itself 9 a ritual ( extreme sup]/ition4 ,x recomm5ds magic tricks & curi\s sup]/itions z a means ( prolong+ life4 ,x expresses itself v l>gely 9 ^! degrad+ practices :i* few ,*9ese w def5d1 b :i* are yet v commonly practic$4 #d4 ,! ,organiz+ ,value ( ,confucianism ,confucianism br\ght organization into ^! hazy conceptions ( life & duty4 ,x took = grant$ ?is spiritual-unspiritual backgr\nd ( animism1 ance/or-wor%ip & ,taoism1 b re%ap$ & adapt$ x z a :ole s t x might fit into t prop] organization ( ! /ate & nation :i* 0 "o ( its great objectives4 ,j z ,confucianism relat$ ! family to ! village1 ! village to ! di/rict1 & ! di/rict to ! /ate1 s x organiz$ ! spiritual _w into a hi]>*y ) ,%ang ,ti z its head4 ,?is hi]>*y 0 develop$ along ! l9es ( ! organization m5tion$ above4 ,"u ,%ang ,ti 7 ! five cosmic emp]ors1 "o = ea* ( ! f\r qu>t]s & "o = heav5 above1 "u :om 7 ! gods ( ! soil1 ! m\nta9s1 riv]s1 seas1 />s1 ! sun & moon1 ! ance/ors & ! gods ( special gr\ps4 ,ea* ( ! deities 9 ! v>i\s ranks _h duties to ^? above & rights ) ref]5ce to ^? bel[4 ,^! duties & rights1 z !y affect$ ! individual1 7 n only express$ 9 law b 7 embodi$ 9 c]emony & music1 9 daily religi\s life & practice 9 su* a way t ea* individual _h reason to feel t he 0 a function+ ag5t 9 ?is gr& ,confucian univ]se4 ,if any "o fail$ to d 8 "p1 ! :ole univ]se w\ld suff]4 ,s ?or\ghly has ?is idea be5 adopt$ by ! ,*9ese p t e "o jo9s 9 =c+ an individual1 h[ev] reluctant or c>eless1 to p]=m 8 "p ( ea* c]emony z x has be5 ord]$ f high antiquity4 ,! emp]or alone wor%ipp$ ! supreme deity1 ,%ang ,ti2 ! great (fic]s ( /ate1 accord+ to ! dignity ( _! (fice1 7 relat$ to subord9ate gods & requir$ to %[ !m adequate respect & rev]5ce4 ,confucius & a long l9e ( not$ m5 foll[+ him 7 semi-deifi$ ,footnote3 ,confucius 0 by imp]ial decree deifi$ 9 #aijh4 & highly rev]5c$ by ! lit]ati1 ! class f :i* ! (fic]s ( /ate 7 z a rule obta9$1 9 connection ) _! duties1 & z an expression ( _! ideals4 ,to ! common p 7 left ! ord9>y local deities1 :ile all classes1 ( c\rse1 ea* 9 its own fa%ion rev]5c$1 *]i%$ & obey$ _! ance/ors4 ,x %\ld be rem>k$ at ?is po9t t ,confucianism ( ?is (ficial "* has brok5 d[n1 n only "u ! impact ( mod]n ideas1 b "u ! long+ ( ! ,*9ese = a univ]sal deity4 ,! p turn to ,heav5 & to ! ,pe>ly ,emp]or1 ! popul> c\nt]p>t ( ,%ang ,ti4 ,view$ f ano!r angle1 ,confucianism is an elaborate sy/em ( e?ics4 ,9 writ+s :i* are virtually ! scriptures ( ! ,*9ese p ,confucius & 8 successors h set =? ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld gov]n ! life ( a p :o recognize ?is spiritual univ]se & sy/em4 ,^! e?ics h gr[n out ( a long &1 9 "s respects1 a s\nd exp]i5ce4 ,mu* c be said 9 _! favor4 ,! ess5tial weaknesses ( ! ,confucian sy/em ( e?ics lie 9 its sectional & p]sonal loyalties & its mon>*ical basis4 ,! _s ( democracy is a deadly foe to ,confucianism4 ,ano!r elem5t ( weakness is its excessive dep5d5ce ^u ! pa/4 ,confucius rea*$ ultimate wisdom by ! /udy ( ! be/ t _h be5 atta9$ be=e 8 day4 ,he look$ backw>d r ?an =w>d4 ,consequ5tly a mod]n1 broadly educat$ ,confuciani/ f9ds himself 9 an anomal\s position4 ,he does n ne$ absolutely to reject ! wisdom :i* ,confucianism embodies1 b he c no long] accept x z a s\nd1 reliable & indisputable s*eme ( ?\ght & action4 ,yet its simple e?ical pr9ciples & its social relation%ips are basal 9 ! lives ( ! va/ masses ( ! ,*9ese4 #e4 ,buddhism an ,inclusive ,religion4 ,^u ?is1 confus$ jumble ( spiritism1 sup]/ition1 loyalty to ance/ors & submission to a div9e hi]>*y ,buddhism 0 sup]impos$4 ,x quickly dom9at$ all because ( its sup]ior excell5ce4 ,! =m ( ,buddhism :i* became e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a 0 n1 to be sure1 l ! ,buddhism prea*$ by ,gautama & 8 disciples1 or l t =m ( ,buddhism :i* _h tak5 root 9 ,burma or ,ceylon4 ,except 9 "n1 ! ,buddhism ( ,s\!rn ,asia & ! ,buddhism :i* develop$ 9 ,*9a 7 virtually two di/9ct types ( religion4 ,! ,buddhism ( ,burma & ,ceylon 0 ( ! cons]vative ,hnayna 78,little ,vehicle0 ( salvation7 s*ool1 :ile t ( ,*9a 0 ( ! progressive ,mahyna 78,great ,vehicle0 ( salvation7 s*ool4 ,_! diff]5ces are s m>k$ z to be wor?y ( a c>eful /atem5t4 ,! ,h9ayana1 :i* is today ! type ( ,buddhism 9 ,ceylon1 ,burma & ,siam1 has always clung closely to tradition z express$ 9 ! orig9al ,buddhi/ scriptures4 ,its basic ideas 7 t life is on ! :ole a "t ( suff]+1 t ! cause ( ?is sorr[ is desire or ignorance1 & t !re is a possible deliv]ance f x4 ,?is deliv]ance or salvation is to be atta9$ by foll[+ ! eightfold pa?1 namely1 "r k1 aspiration1 spee*1 conduct1 means ( livelihood1 endeavor1 m9dfulness & m$itation4 ,to ! beatific /ate to be ultimately atta9$ ,gautama gave ! "n ,nirvana1 expla9$ by 8 foll[]s v>i\sly ei!r z an utt] ext9ction ( p]sonality or z a passionless peace1 a g5]al /ate ( well-be+ free f all evil desire or cl++ to life & releas$ f ! *a9 ( transmigration4 ,h9ayana ,buddhism appeals to ! individual z af=d+ a way ( escape f evil desire & its consequ5ces by acquir+ k1 by con/ant discipl9e1 & by a devot$ness ( ! life to religi\s ends ?r\gh memb]%ip 9 ! mona/ic ord] :i* ,buddha e/abli%$4 ,x enc\rages1 h[ev]1 a p]sonal salvation work$ out by ! individual alone4 ,! ,mahyna s*ool ( ,buddhi/s accept ! g5]al ideas ( ! ,h9ayana reg>d+ life & salvation1 b s *ange ! _s & objectives z to make ,buddhism into :at is virtually ano!r religion4 ,x does n conf9e salvation to ! few :o c retire f ! _w & give !mselves :olly to good works1 b op5s ,buddhahood to all4 ,! 8sa9t0 ( ,h9ayana ,buddhism is ! arhat :o is int5t on sav+ himself4 ,! sa9t ( ,mahyna ,buddhism is ! c&idate = ,buddhahood 7,bodhisattva7 :o def]s 8 entrance into ! bliss ( deliv]ance 9 ord] to save o!rs4 ,mahyna ,buddhism is progressive4 ,x enc\rages mission>y ent]prise & 0 a secret ( ! rem>kable spread ( ,buddhism ov] ,asia4 ,moreov]1 :ile ! ,hnayna s*ool recognizes no god or be+ to :om wor%ip is giv51 ! ,mahyan came to reg>d ,gautama himself z a god & salvation z life 9 a heav5ly _w ( pure s\ls4 ,?us ! ,mahyna type ( ?9k+ con/itutes a bridge betwe5 ,hnayna ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 fact1 a rec5t writ] has decl>$ t ,hnayna ,buddhi/s are v]g+ t[>d ^! m spiritual conceptions4 ,footnote3 ,see ,saund]s1 ,buddhism & ,buddhi/s 9 ,s\!rn ,asia1 pp4 #aj1 #bj4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,skyamuni ,footnote3 ,skyamuni is ! "n by :i* ,gautama1 ! ,buddha1 is famili>ly kn[n 9 ,*9a4 ,buddhism broke up into a numb] ( sects usually said to be eighte5 9 numb]4 ,:5 ,buddhism came to ,*9a "s ( ^! sects 7 introduc$1 b !y assum$ new =ms 9 _! ,*9ese environm5t4 ,besides ! sects br\ght1 f ,india ! ,*9ese develop$ sev]al /rong sects ( _! own4 ,usually !y speak ( t5 sects al?\gh ! numb] is f> l>g]1 if ! v>i\s subdivisions are includ$4 ,to indicate ! manifold diff]5ces betwe5 ^! gr\ps 9 ,buddhism w\ld take u f> afield & w\ld n be pr(itable4 ,x w be ( int]e/1 h[ev]1 to consid] "s ( ! *ief sects4 ,"o ( ! sects introduc$ f ,india is ! ,pure ,l& or ! ,*+ ,t'u :i* holds be=e ! believ] ! 8,we/]n ,p>adise0 ga9$ ?r\gh fai? 9 ,amitbha4 ,any "o1 no matt] :at 8 life may h be51 may ent] ! ,we/]n ,p>adise by repeat+ ! "n ( ,amitbha4 ,?is sect is widespread 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ,japan !re are two bran*es ( x kn[n z ! ,ni%i-,hongwanji & ! ,higa%i-,hongwanji ) _! head mona/]ies 9 ,kyoto4 ,!y are ! mo/ progressive sects 9 ,japan & are c>ry+ on mission>y "w 9 ,*9a1 ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ano!r /rong sect is ! ,m$itative sect or ! ,*'an ,m5 7,z5 9 ,japan74 ,?is 0 introduc$ by ,bodhidh>ma1 or ,tamo1 :o arriv$ 9 ! capital ( ,*9a 9 ! ye> #ebj ,a4,d4 ,on 8 arrival ! emp]or ,wu ,ti tri$ to impress ! sage ) 8 greatness say+3 8,we h built temples1 multipli$ ! ,scriptures1 enc\rag$ _m to jo9 ! ,ord]3 is n !re mu* m]it 9 all ?is80 8,none10 0 ! blunt reply4 8,b :at say ! holy books8 ,d !y n promise rew>ds = su* de$s80 8,!re is no?+ holy40 8,b y1 y\rself1 are y n "o ( ! holy ones80 8,i don't "k40 8,:o are y80 8,i don't "k40 ,?us introduc$1 ! great man proce$$ to op5 8 mission>y-labors by sitt+ d[n opposite a wall arid gaz+ at x = ! next n9e ye>s4 ,f ?is he has be5 call$ ! 8wall-gaz]40 ,he & 8 successors promulgat$ ! doctr9e t nei!r ! scriptures1 ! ritual nor ! organization1 9 fact no?+ outw>d _h any value 9 ! atta9m5t ( enlight5m5t4 ,!y held t ! he>t ( ! univ]se is ,buddha & t ap>t f ! he>t or ! ?\ght all is unreal4 ,!y ?\ght !mselves back into ! univ]sal ,buddha & !n f\nd ! ,buddha he>t 9 all nature4 ,?us !y awak5$ ! _s :i* p]meat$ nature1 art & lit]ature & made ! :ole _w k9 ) ! _s ( ! ,buddha4 8,! gold5 light ^u ! sunki/ peaks1 ,! wat] murmur+ 9 ! pebbly creeks1 ,are ,buddha4 ,9 ! /illness1 h>k1 he speaks60 ,footnote3 ,k4 ,j4 ,saund]s 9 ,epo*s ( ,buddhi/ ,hi/ory4 ,su* pan!ism & quietism (t5 lead to a confusion 9 moral relations1 b ^! my/ics 7 q correct 9 _! morals because !y *eck$ up _! my/icism ) ! moral sy/em ( ! ,buddha4 ,/ill ano!r important sect orig9at$ 9 ! six? c5tury ,a4 ,d4 on ,*9ese soil1 namely1 ! ,t'i5 ,t'ai 7,japanese ,t5dai71 s call$ because x />t$ 9 a mona/]y situat$ on ! beautiful ,t'i5 ,t'ai m\nta9s s\? ( ,n+po4 ,*ih ,k'ai1 ! f\nd]1 realiz$ t ,buddhism conta9$ a great mass ( contradictory tea*+s & practice1 all attribut$ to ! ,buddha4 ,he s\ght = a h>moniz+ pr9ciple & f\nd x 9 ! arbitr>y !ory t ^! tea*+s 7 giv5 to diff]5t p on five diff]5t occasions & h5ce ! discrepancies4 ,! practical message ( ?is sect has be5 t all be+s h ! ,buddha he>t & t ! ,buddha loves all be+s1 s t all be+s may atta9 salvation1 :i* consi/s 9 ! full realization ( ! ,buddha he>t lat5t 9 !m4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ^! sects 7 v active & fl\ri%+ 9 ,*9a4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! v>i\s t5d5cies = :i* !y /ood h be5 adopt$ by ,buddhism z a :ole & ! v>i\s sect>ies1 ?\gh /ill keep+ ! "n ( ! sect1 live peacefully 9 ! same mona/]y4 ,all ! mona/]ies practice m$itation1 believe 9 ! p>adise ( ,amitbha1 & are enjoy+ ! ironic calm advocat$ by ! ,t'i5 ,t'ai4 ,:ile ! /ruggle among ! sects ( ,*9a has be5 foll[$ by a calm :i* resembles /agnation1 ^? 9 ,japan are v active & ! read] is ref]r$ to ! volume ( ?is s]ies on ,japanese ,buddhism = fur!r treatm5t ( ! subject4 ,:5 ,buddhism ent]$ ,*9a x br\ght ) x a new _w4 ,x 0 new practical & new spiritually4 ,x br\ght a k unkn[n be=e reg>d+ ! heav5ly bodies1 reg>d+ nature & reg>d+ m$ic9e1 & a practice va/ly above ! realm ( magical arts4 ,9 addition to ^! practical b5efits1 ,buddhism proclaim$ a new spiritual univ]se f> m real & ext5sive ?an any ( :i* ! ,*9ese _h dream$1 & peopl$ ) spiritual be+s hav+ *>act]i/ics entirely novel4 ,9 comp>ison ) ?is new univ]se or s]ies ( univ]ses :i* ,indian imag9ation _h creat$1 ! ,*9ese univ]se 0 wood5 & geometric4 ,s9ce x 0 an organiz$ sy/em & a great] r ?an a diff]5t "o1 ! ,*9ese p readily accept$ x & made x _! own4 ,buddhism n only enl>g$ ! univ]se & gave ! individual a range ( opportunity hi!rto unsuspect$1 b x introduc$ a s*eme ( religi\s practice1 or r sev]al ( !m1 enabl+ ! individual devotee to atta9 a place 9 ?is spiritual univ]se ?r\gh 8 own ef=ts4 ,^! 8ways0 ( salvation 7 q 9 h>mony ) ,*9ese ideas4 ,!y resembl$ :at _h already be5 a "p ( ! national practice & s 7 readily adopt$ & adapt$ by ! ,*9ese4 ,buddhism r5d]$ a great s]vice to ! ,*9ese ?r\gh its new e/imate ( ! individual4 ,anci5t ,*9a sc>cely recogniz$ ! individual4 ,he 0 m]g$ 9 ! family & ! clan4 ,taoi/s1 to be sure1 talk$ ( 8immortals0 & ,confucianism exhibit$ its typical p]sonality1 or 8pr9cely man10 b ^! 7 ?\ght ( z sup]m51 z ideals4 ,! classics ( ,*9a _h v little to say ab\t ! common p4 ,! great common cr[d 0 subm]g$4 ,buddhism1 on ! o!r h&1 gave e individual a di/9ct place 9 ! great :eel dh>ma1 ! law1 & made x possible = him to rea* ! v highe/ goal ( salvation4 ,?is introduc$ a g5u9ely new elem5t into ! social & family life ( ! ,*9ese p4 ,buddhism 0 s m>k$ly sup]ior to any "o ( ! f\r o!r me?ods ( express+ ! religi\s life1 t x quickly won practical recognition z ! real religion ( ,*9a4 ,confucianism may be call$ ! doctr9e ( ! le>n$ classes4 ,x =mulates _! pr9ciples ( life1 b x is 9 no /rict s5se a popul> religion4 ,x is r a /ate ritual1 or a s*eme ( p]sonal & social e?ics4 ,taoism recognizes ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ! _s _w1 b x m9i/]s only to local ideals & ne$s4 ,9 ! usages ( family & community life1 ance/or wor%ip has a def9ite place1 b an occasional "o4 ,buddhism 0 able to leave unt\*$ ea* ( ^! expressions ( ,*9ese p]sonal & social life1 & yet x w5t f> beyond !m 9 m9i/]+ to religi\s developm5t4 ,its ideas ( be+1 ( moral responsibility & ( religi\s relation%ips furni%$ a new psy*ology :i* ) all its imp]fections f> surpass$ t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,buddhism's organization 0 s satisfy+ & adaptable t n only 0 x tak5 ov] readily by ! ,*9ese1 b x has also p]si/$ 9 ,*9a )\t m>k$ *anges s9ce its introduction4 ,mo/ ( all x /ress$ p]sonal salvation & promis$ an escape f ! imp]sonal _w ( di/ress & hung] :i* surr\nds ! av]age ,*9ese into a heav5 rul$ by ,amitbha ,footnote3 ,amitbha1 mean+ 8inf9ite light10 is ! ,sanskrit "n ( "o ( ! ,buddhas moat highly rev]$ 9 ,*9a4 ,! usual ,*9ese equival5t is ,omi-,to-,fo4 ! ,m]ciful4 ,! obligations ( ,buddhism are v def9ite & univ]sally recogniz$4 ,x en=ces high /&>ds ( liv+1 b has add$ significance because x draws ea* devotee into a sort ( fell[%ip ) ! div9e1 & mates n ?is life alone1 b ?is life plus a future life1 ! end ( human activity4 ,buddhism1 !re=e1 really expresses ! deepe/ religi\s life ( ! p ( ,*9a4 ,x w be wor? :ile to note "s illu/rations ( ! conviction ( ! ,*9ese p t !re are ?ree religions to :i* !y owe allegiance & yet t ^! are ess5tially "o4 ,!y (t5 say1 8,! ?ree tea*+s are ! :ole tea*+40 ,an old s*ol> is report$ to h rem>k$1 8,! ?ree roads are diff]5t1 b !y lead to ! same s\rce40 ,a common /ory reports t ,confucius 0 ask$ 9 ! o!r _w ab\t dr9k+ w9e1 :i* ,buddhi/s =bid b ,taoi/s p]mit4 ,confucius repli$3 8,if ,i d n dr9k ,i become a ,buddha4 ,if ,i dr9k ,i become an ,immortal4 ,well1 if !re is w9e1 ,i %all dr9k2 if !re is none1 ,i %all ab/a940 ,?is expresses *>act]i/ically ! ,*9ese habit ( adaptation4 ,su* a decision s\nds q up to date4 ,! ,e?ical ,culture ,society ( ,pek+1 rec5tly organiz$1 has ^u its walls pictures ( ,buddha1 ,lao ,tzu1 ,confucius & ,*ri/4 ,its memb]s claim to wor%ip ,%ang ,ti z ! god ( all religions4 ,an (f%oot ( ?is society1 ! ,t'ung ,%an ,%e1 associates ! ?ree f\nd]s v closely ) ,*ri/4 ,x claims to h a deep] revelation ( ,*ri/ ?an ! ,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,a new organization1 ! ,tao ,yuan1 plans to h>monize ! ?ree old religions ) ,mohamm$anism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,buddhism has consi/5tly & cont9ually /riv5 to br+ ab\t a unity ( religion 9 ,*9a by int]p5etrat+ ,confucianism & ,taoism4 ,q e>ly ! ,buddhi/s inv5t$ ! /ory t ! ,bodhisattva ,ju ,t'ung 0 really ,confucius inc>nate4 ,!re 0 at "o "t a ,buddhi/ temple to ,confucius 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%antung4 ,! ,buddhi/s also gave out ! /ory t ,bodhisattva ,kas'yapa 0 ! inc>nation ( ,lao ,tzu1 ! f\nd] ( ,taoism4 ,an arti/ pa9t$ ,lao ,tzu trans=m$ into a ,buddha1 seat$ 9 a lotus bud ) a halo ab\t 8 head4 ,9 front ( ! ,buddha 0 ,confucius do+ rev]5ce4 ,a ,*9ese s*ol>1 ask$ = 8 op9ion ab\t ! picture1 said3 8,buddha %\ld be seat$2 ,lao ,tzu %\ld be /&+ at ! side look+ askance at ,buddha2 & ,confucius %\ld be grovell+ on ! floor40 ,a monum5t dat+ f #edc ,a4 ,d41 illu/rates ?is t5d5cy ( ,buddhism to repres5t its own sup]iority 9 ,*9ese religi\s life4 ,at ! top ( ! monum5t is ,brahma1 l[] d[n is ,skyamuni ) 8 disciples1 ,an&a & ,kas'yapa on "o face1 & on ! o!r ,skyamuni aga91 conv]s+ ) ,buddha ,prabhut>atna & wor%ipp$ by monks & ,bodhisattvas4 ,on ! p$e/al are ,confucian & ,taoi/ deities1 t5 9 numb]4 ,?us ,buddhism s\ght to rank itself cle>ly above ! o!r two religions4 ,f ! e>ly days ,buddhism reg>d$ itself z _! sup]ior & began ! processes ( int]p5etration & absorption4 ,9 consequ5ce ! values orig9ally inh]5t 9 ,buddhism h come to be reg>d$ z ! natural possession ( ! ,*9ese4 ,x does express _! religi\s life1 especially 9 ,s\? ,*9a1 :]e outw>d manife/ations ( religion are p]haps m m>k$ ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,,iv ,,buddhism ,,& ,,! ,,peasant ,9 ord] t1 "o may realize ! place t ,buddhism holds 9 ! religi\s life ( ! ,*9ese p z a :ole1 he mu/ turn to ! organizations ?r\gh :i* x functions4 ,x is sometimes difficult to e/imate ! place ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 because x s int]p5etrates ! :ole cultural & social life ( ! p4 ,x becomes _! 8way40 ,to see h[ x t\*es ! life ( ! av]age man or woman 9 v>i\s ways w1 !re=e1 be illum9at+4 ,! mo/ out/&+ evid5ce ( devotion are ! _m mona/]ies :i* dot ! l& 9 all ,buddhi/ c\ntries4 ,*9a is less dom9at$ by !m ?an o!r l&s1 yet !y =m a v important reason = ! p]si/5ce & /r5g? ( ,buddhism !re4 ,"o ( ! fam\s old %r9es w repres5t !m z a class & give evid5ce ( _! importance4 #a4 ,! ,mona/]y ( ,ku%an ,ku%an ,mona/]y1 locat$ ab\t f\r h\rs' ride by s$an-*air f ,foo*[1 is a fam\s %r9e ( ,s\? ,*9a4 ,x occupies a l>ge amphi!at] ab\t fifte5 hundr$ feet above ! pla91 "p way up ,ku%an1 ! 8,drum ,m\nta910 "s ?ree ?\s& feet high4 ,f ! top ( ! m\nta9 on cle> days ) ! help ( a glass ! blue %ores ( ,=mosa may be se5 on ! ea/]n horizon4 ,! spaci\s mona/]y build+s are surr\nd$ by a grove ( noble trees1 9 :i* squirrels1 pheasants1 *ipmunks & snakes enjoy an undi/urb$ life4 ,! asc5t to ! mona/]y beg9s on ! bank ( ! ,m9 ,riv]4 ,at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 9 a l>ge temple ! travel] may obta9 m\nta9 *airs c>ri$ by two or m coolies4 ,! road1 pav$ ) granite slabs cut f ! m\nta9 side1 consi/s ( a s]ies ( /one /airs1 :i* zig-zag up ! m\nta9 "u ! %ad[ ( anci5t p9e trees4 ,e turn br+s to view a bit ( l&scape c>pet$ ) rice1 or a di/ant view :]e m\nta9s & sky meet4 ,a brook ru%es by ! side ( ! road4 ,"h x breaks into a beautiful wat]fall4 ,!re x gurgles' 9 a deep rav9e4 ,! sides ( ! road are cov]$ ) l>ge granite blocks :i*1 loos5$ f ! m\nta9 side by e>?quakes1 h dispos$ !mselves promiscu\sly4 ,_! black5$1 wea!r-beat5 sides are incis$ ) ,*9ese *>act]s4 ,"o ( !m be>s ! words3 8,we put our tru/ 9 ,amitbha40 ,ano!r immortalizes ! s5tim5ts ( "s great (ficial :o has made ! pilgrimage to ! m\nta94 ,ne> ! mona/]y /& ! sombre dagobas :]e repose ! a%es ( =m] abbots & mona/]y (ficials4 ,n f> away on ! o!r side ( ! road1 hidd5 by trees1 is ! crematory :]e ! la/ rema9s ( ! bre?r5 are consum$ by ! flames4 ,z "o approa*es ! mona/]y he he>s ! regul> s\nds ( a bell toll$ by a wat]-:eel1 rem9d+ ! fai?ful ( ,buddha's law4 ,he sees monks /roll+ leisurely ab\t & lay bre?r5 c>ry+ wood1 cultivat+ ! g>d5s1 or t5d+ ! animals releas$ by pi\s devotees to heap up m]it = !mselves 9 ! next _w4 ,j inside ! ma9 gate is a l>ge fi% pond1 :]e goldfi% ( great size /ruggle ) "o ano!r1 & ) ! lazy turtles1 = ! r\nd h>d cakes pur*as$ f ! monks by ! m]it-seek+ devotee4 ,! mona/]y itself consi/s ( a l>ge gr\p ( build+s erect$ ab\t /one-pav$ c\rts1 ris+ 9 t]races on ! m\nta9 side4 ,! l>ge c\rt at ! entrance leads to ! 8,hall ( ! ,f\r ,k+s40 ,z "o ent]s ! spaci\s door1 he is fac$ by a jolly1 almo/ nak$ image ( ! 8,laugh+ ,buddha40 ,?is is ,maitrya1 ! ,mea siah ( ! ,buddhi/s1 :o w return to ! _w five ?\s& ye>s aft] ! dep>ture ( ,skyamuni4 ,9 ! nor!rn mona/]ies ,maitrya is (t5 repres5t$ z rea*+ a height :5 /&+ ( sev5ty feet or m1 :i* indicates ! /ature to :i* man w atta9 :5 he returns to e>?4 ,on ea* side ( ! visitor are two imm5se images ( ! ,deva k+s4 ,9 ,brahman cosmogony !y 7 ! gu>dians ( ! _w4 ,9 ?is entrance hall ( ! ,buddhi/ mona/]y !y /& z gu>dians ( ! ,buddhi/ fai?4 ,9 ! same hall look+ t[>d ! op5 c\rt beyond is ,wei ,to1 ano!r gu>dian deity ( ,buddhism4 ,some:]e ne> by is ,kuan ,ti1 ! god wor%ipp$ by ! soldi]s & m]*ants4 ,al?\gh a ,confucian god1 he 0 e>ly adopt$ by ,buddhi/ monks into _! pan!on & made ! gu>dian ( _! ,ord]4 ,beyond ?is entrance hall is a l>ge /one-pav$ c\rt4 ,on ! "r side is a bell-t[] ^: bell is toll$ by a monk :o has kept ! v[ ( sil5ce = f\rte5 ye>s4 ,on ! left is a drum-t[]4 ,on ! "r "o f9ds a s]ies ( small %r9es4 ,a passage way leads to ! libr>y :]e num]\s ,buddhi/ writ+s repose 9 lacqu]$ cases1 "s ( !m writt5 9 _! own blood by dev\t monks4 ,on ! same side are gue/ halls1 ! d9+ room = ?ree hundr$ monks1 & ! spaci\s1 well equipp$ kit*5 ) runn+ wat] pip$ f a res]voir 9 ! hills above4 ,a /ore :]e books1 images & ! simple requirem5ts ( ! monks c be obta9$ is j above ! d9+ room4 ,on ! left side ( ! c\rt are l>ge build+s us$ z dormitories f> ! monks1 /or]ooms1 & = h\s+ ! great pr9t+ e/abli%m5t ) its ?\s&s ( wood5 blocks on :i* are c>v$ passages f ! ,buddhi/ scriptures4 ,"h also are kept ! c(f9s 9 :i* ! monks are to be burn$4 ,on a t]race above ! nor? side ( ! c\rt rises ! ma9 hall1 call$ ! 8,hall ( ! ,triratna10 ! ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity1 :]e ?ree gild$ images are seat$ on a lotus fl[] ) halos cov]+ _! backs & heads4 ,! c5t] image is t ( ,skyamuni1 ! ,buddha4 ,on 8 "r is ,yao ,%ih1 ! ,buddha ( m$ic9e1 & on ! left1 ,amitbha4 ,q (t5 ^! images are said to repres5t ! ,buddha1 ! ,law & ! ,community ( ,monks4 ,on ! alt> are c&le/icks & a f9e inc5se burn] f :i* curls ( smoke arise4 ,an imm5se lamp hangs f ! ceil+4 ,9 ! re> are bann]s ) praises to ,buddha giv5 by pi\s devotees4 ,! floor is til$ & cov]$ ) r\nd mats made ( palm fib] on :i* ! monks kneel dur+ wor%ip4 ,be=e ! mats are l[ /&s = books4 ,on ea* side ( ?is ma9 hall are ! images ( n9e ,buddhi/ sa9ts 7arhats71 eighte5 9 all4 ,beh9d ?is l>ge temple op5s ano!r c\rt & on a t]race above x /&s ! hall ( ! ,law ) ! images ( ,kuan ,y91 ! goddess ( ,m]cy1 & ! tw5ty-f\r devas4 ,"h also are small images ( vic]oys & patrons ( ! mona/]y4 ,! hillsides are dott$ ) num]\s temples & %r9es4 ,!re is "o to ,*u-,hsi1 ! great philosoph] ( ! ,sung dyna/y1 :o 0 born 9 ,fuki54 ,9 x are pres]v$ a few *>act]s indit$ by 8 h&4 ,on ! we/ side ( ! mona/]y are l>ge build+s = ! h\s+ ( animals releas$ by m]it-seek+ devotees4 ,"h c[s1 hogs1 goats1 *ick5s1 geese & ducks sp5d _! old age )\t fe> ( beg9n+ _! transmigration by =m+ ! ma9 portion ( a ,*9ese fea/4 ,! mona/]y is gov]n$ by an abbot1 usually a man ( good bus9ess ability1 elect$ by ! monks4 ,"u him are ! (fic]s ( ! two w+s or gr\ps ( att5dants4 ,"o set looks aft] ! spiritual int]e/s1 ( ! monks2 !-o!r takes c>e ( _! mat]ial ne$s3 ,! monks h wor%ip ab\t two o'clock 9 ! morn+ & aga9 at ab\t f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! re/ ( ! long day !y sp5d 9 m$itation1 or /udy1 9 /roll+ ab\t ! m\nta9 side or 9 sleep4 ,_! life is sep>at$ f all /irr+ contact ) ! life ( ! _w4 #b4 ,mona/]ies ,control ,fng-%ui ,?is mona/]y ) its appo9tm5ts is a good type ( ! mona/]ies all ov] ,*9a4 ,x 0 f\nd$ at ! reque/ ( ! inhabitants ( ! neighborhood1 because ! dragons ( ! region us$ to cause mu* damage to ! crops 9 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,a holy monk came1 f\nd$ ! mona/]y1 & by 8 good influ5ce s curb$ ! dragons t ! c\ntry-side has enjoy$ peace ev] s9ce & ! mona/]y has prosp]$4 ,s9ce ! f\r? c5tury ( our era records %[ t by ! build+ ( mona/]ies 9 /rategic place's holy monks br\ght ra9s & prosp]ity to v>i\s regions1 or prev5t$ floods & calamities f damag+ ! villages4 ,9 o!r words ! mona/]ies are reg>d$ z ! controll]s ( fng-%ui 7w9d & wat]74 ,accord+ to ! ,*9ese philosophy w9ds & wat] are spiritual =ces & may be s controll$ by o!r spiritual =ces t in/ead ( br++ h>m !y w conf] b5efit ^u ! p4 ,floods & dry seasons are s frequ5t 9 ,*9a t any in/itution hold+ out ! promise ( regulat+ !m w\ld become firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! affection ( ! p4 ,! mona/]ies h tak5 ?is place4 ,"o ( ! picturesque features ( a ,*9ese l&scape is ! pagoda4 ,^! /ructures 7 introduc$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ,buddhism to en%r9e ! relics ( ,buddha4 ,x 0 said t ,buddha's body consi/$ ( eighty ?\s& p>ts1 h5ce num]\s pagodas 7 erect$ to %elt] ^! relics4 ,inasmu* z a pagoda conta9$ ! relics ( ,buddha1 x possess$ magic p[] & s came to play a great "p 9 ! control ( ! w9ds & ! ra9s4 ,! pagoda 9 ,*9a has an odd numb] ( /ories v>y+ f ?ree to ?irte54 ,! odd numb]s belong to ! positive pr9ciple 9 nature :i* is sup]ior to ! negative pr9ciple4 ,! pagoda plays q a "p 9 ! fe/ivals ( ! p4 ,on c]ta9 occasions ! /ories are hung ) lant]ns & ! pagodas are visit$ by num]\s ?rongs4 #c4 ,pray] = ,ra9 ,pray]s = ra9 af=d su* a common illu/ration ( ! relation ( ,buddhism to ! life ( ! peasant t a detail$ pres5tation ( su* a s]vice may be ( seal value4 ,dur+ a prolong$ dr\ght 9 "s di/rict ( ,*9a1 :5 ! heat op5s gap+ cracks 9 ! fields & ! gra9 is dry+ up1 ! populace may visit _! highe/ (ficial & apprise him ( ! dire situation4 ,he (t5 =bids ! slaught] ( all animals = ?ree days &1 9 case ra9 has n !reby come1 he goes 9 p]son or s5ds a deputy to ! ne>e/ mona/]y to direct ! monks to pray = ra94 7a7 ,! ,alt>4--,on su* an occasion ! great hall ( ! ,law may be us$ = ! c]emony4 ,q (t5 a special alt> is erect$ 9 an enclosure ne> ! mona/]y on a plat=m "o foot high & tw5ty-five feet on ea* side1 ov]spread by a t5t ( gre5 clo?4 ,9 ! c5t] seats are arrang$ = ! presid+ monk & 8 assi/ants4 ,on ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! alt> is plac$ an image ( ! ,dragon ,k+ :o is suppos$ to control ! ra94 ,if an image is n obta9able a piece ( pap] inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! dragon may be us$4 ,fl[]s1 fruits & inc5se are spread be=e ! images4 ,on ! doors ( ! t5t are pa9t$ dragons ) cl\ds4 ,! t5t & alt> are gre5 & ! monks we> gre5 g>m5ts1 because gre5 belongs to ! spr+ & sugge/s ra94 ,= ?is c]emony ! monks prep>e !mselves by ab/95ce & cleans+4 ,! presid+ monk is "o ( high moral "* & religi\s f]vor4 ,:ile "s monks recite appropriate sutras1 two o!rs look aft] ! (f]+s1 ! inc5se1 & ! spr9kl+ ( wat] dur+ ! c]emony to sugge/ ! com+ ( ra94 ,! s]vices cont9ue day & night1 be+ conduct$ by gr\ps ( monks 9 succession4 7b7 ,! ,pray] ,s]vice4--,! c]emonial is op5$ by a *ant z foll[s3 8,pe>ly dew ( ! jade heav5s1 gold5 waves ( ,buddha's ocean1 scatt] ! lotus fl[]s on a ?\s& ?\s& worlds ( suff]+1 t ! he>t ( m]cy may wa% away great calamity1 t a drop may become a flood1 t a drop may purify m\nta9s & riv]s4 8,we put our tru/ 9 ! ,bodhisattvas & ,mahsattvas t purify ! e>?40 ,! *ant end$1 a monk takes a b[l ( wat] & repeats ?rice3 8,we put our tru/ 9 ! great m]ciful ,kuan ,y9 ,bodhisattva40 ,!n foll[s ! *ant3 8,! ,bodhisattva's sweet dew ( ! will[ is able to make "o drop spread ov] ! t5 directions4 ,x wa%es away ! rank odors & dirt4 ,x keeps ! alt>s clean & pure4 ,! my/]i\s words ( ! doctr9e w be rev]5tly repeat$40 ,?is *ant end$1 ! monks intone incantations ( ,kuan ,y91 q un9telligible ev5 to !m1 b ( magical value4 ,:ile ^! are be+ utt]$1 ! presid+ monk & 8 att5dants walk ar\nd ! alt>1 :ile "o ( !m ) a bran* spr9kles wat] on ! floor4 ,?is symbolizes ! cleans+ ( ! alt> & ( ! monks f all impurities :i* might r5d] ! ritual ineffective4 ,:5 ! p]ambulat+ monks h return$ to _! place1 :ile ! spr9kl] cont9ues 8 duties1 ! monks repeat ! words3 8,we put our tru/ 9 ! sweet dew k+s1 ,bodhisattvas & ,mahsattvas40 ,! ,bodhisattvas h n[ come to ! purifi$ alt> & :ile ! abbot (f]s inc5se to !m1 ! monks repeat ! words3 8,! fields are de/roy$ s t !y resemble ! back ( a tortoise4 ,! demons ( dr\ght produce calamity4 ,! d>k p ,footnote3 ,a t]m d5ot+ ! ,*9ese4 pray e>ne/ly :ile crops are be+ de/roy$4 ,we pray t abundant1 limpid liquid may desc5d to purify & refre% ! :ole _w4 ,! cl\ds ( inc5se rise40 ,?is pla9t is repeat$ ?rice & is foll[$ by an invocation3 8,:olehe>t$ly we ca/ ourselves to ! e>?1 ,o ,triratna1 :o do/ exi/ et]nally 9 ! realm ( dh>ma ( ! t5 directions40 ,! lead] rema9s quiet a long "t ) 8 eyes clos$1 visualiz+ ! ,buddhas1 ! ,bodhisattvas1 ! dragon k+s1 & ! sa9ts1 all ) _! heav5ly eyes & e>s kn[+ t ?is region is afflict$ ) dr\ght1 t an alt> has be5 con/ruct$ & t all h come to make petition4 ,?is m$itation is reg>d$ z ( *ief importance4 ,x is foll[$ by an ann\ncem5t to ! effect t ! sutra pray+ = ra9 0 giv5 by ! ,buddha1 t a dr\ght is afflict+ ! l&1 t ! alt> has be5 erect$ 9 accordance ) ! regulations & t pray] is be+ made = ra94 ,b fe>+ t some?+ may h be5 ov]look$1 ! magic =mula ( 8! k+ ( light :o turns ! :eel0 is read sev5 times s z to rem$y su* ov]sight4 ,! alt> hav+ ?us be5 cleans$ ( all impurities1 ! ra9 sutra is op5$ & ! "o hundr$ & eighty-eight dragon k+s are urg$ by "n 9 gr\ps ( t5 to take action4 ,! =mula is z foll[s3 8,we ) our :ole he>t invite su* & su* dragon k+s to come4 ,we desire t ! he>t & wisdom :i* kn[s o!rs intuitively w move ! spirits above to obey ! ,buddha1 to take pity on ! p bel[ & to come to our prov9ce & s5d d[n sweet ra940 ,:5 ! dragons h all be5 duly invit$1 ! monks *ant suitable magical =mulas1 :ile ! lead] sits 9 m$itation visualiz+ ^! dragon k+s & _! t5d] solicitude = ! p 9 di/ress4 ,! mona/]y bell is s\nd$ & ! wood5 fi% is beat51 :ile drums & cymbals add _! effect4 ,! :ole is int5d$ to draw ! att5tion ( ! dragon k+s to ! dr\ght4 ,!n ! fifty-f\r ,buddhas are invit$ 9 a simil> mann] 9 gr\ps ( t51 ! six? gr\p consi/+ ( f\r4 ,a simil> =m ( address is us$ & simil> magical =mulas are recit$ ) ! noisy accompanim5t4 ,! c]emony concludes by ! expression ( ! hope t ! ?ree jewels 7,buddha1 ! ,law & ! ,community ( ,monks7 & ! dragon k+s w grant ! ra94 ,^u ! alt> are f\r copies ( an ann\ncem5t to ! dragon k+s & ,buddhas4 ,on ! fir/ day ?ree copies are s5t to !m ?r\gh ! flames1 "o to ! ,buddhas1 "o to ! dragon k+s & "o to ! devas4 ,"o copy is read daily & !n s5t up at ! ?anksgiv+ c]emony4 ,! ann\ncem5t is z foll[s3 8,we put our tru/ 9 ! limitless1 rev]5t ocean cl\ds1 ! dragons ( augu/ virtue & all _! ho/1 all dragon k+s & holy sa9ts4 ,_! augu/ virtue is difficult to measure4 ,9 accord ) ! comm& ( ,buddha !y s5d liquid ra94 ,may _! quiet m]cy desc5d to ! alt>2 may !y s5d d[n purity & fre%ness1 spread+ ov] ! t5 directions4 ,we put our tru/ 9 ! company ( dragon k+s ( ! cl\ds1 ! sa9ts & ! ,bodhisattvas40 ,! (f]+s are made only 9 ! morn+ inasmu* z ! ,buddhas1 foll[+ anci5t cu/om1 are n suppos$ to eat aft] ! noonday meal4 ,great c>e is tak5 t ! alt> %all n be desecrat$ by any "o :o eats meat or dr9ks w9e4 ,! magic =mulas ( great m]cy are utt]$ or ! "n ( ,kuan ,y9 is repeat$ a ?\s& times4 ,! monks1 take turn 9 ^! s]vices :i* cont9ue day & night until ra9 comes4 7c7 ,its ,mean+4--,9 ! religi\s consci\sness ( ! p is ! idea t ! dr\ght is a puni%m5t = s94 ,! alt> is made pure & acceptable & s9 is remov$ 9 v>i\s symbolic ways4 ,?is fits 9 ) ! idea t man is an intimate "p ( ! _w ord]4 ,8 s9 di/urbs ! ord] ( nature4 ,heav5 manife/s displeasures by s5d+ d[n calamities ^u m54 ,m5 %\ld cease _! wrongdo+ :i* di/urbs ! natural ord] & %\ld also wa% away ! effects ( _! s9s4 ,! s]vices = ra9 ) _! magic =mulas help to cle> away ! consequ5ces ( s9 & to pr$ispose ,heav5 to grant its bless+s aga94 #d4 ,mona/]ies ,are ,support$ ,because ,!y ,control ,fng-%ui ,! pray]s = ra9 are an important "p ( ! ,*9ese peasant's _w ord]4 ,dr\ght is ! manife/ation ( ,heav5's displeasure at ! infraction ( ,heav5's laws4 ,x calls = self-exam9ation & rep5tance4 ,?us ! mona/]y op5s up ! w9d[s ( ! univ]sal ord] z ?is t\*es ! humble till] ( ! soil4 ,! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies n only hold s]vices 9 "t ( dr\ght1 b also 9 "t ( flood & at times :5 plagues ( gras%opp]s afflict ! l&1 or :5 diseases afflict human be+s4 ,_! adoption ( ,*9ese cu/oms l$ !m to h special c]emonies at ! eclipse ( ! sun & moon1 al?\gh !y knew ! cause ( ! eclipse4 ,peasants & (ficials support ! mona/]y because ( ^! s]vices regulat+ ! w9d & wat] influ5ces & ?r\gh !m br++ ! p into h>moni\s relation ) ! great _w ( spirits4 ,v ,,buddhism ,,& ,,! ,,family ,"o ( ! criticisms ( ! ,*9ese aga9/ ,buddhism is t x is oppos$ to filial piety4 ,accord+ to ,m5cius ! greate/ unfilial act is to leave no prog5y4 ,9 spite ( ?is *>ge ,buddhism has done mu* = ! family4 ,x has tak5 ov] ! e?ics ( ! family1 filial piety1 ob$i5ce & respect = eld]s1 & has made !m a "p ( its sy/em4 ,transgression ( ^! fundam5tal duties is visit$ by dire puni%m5ts 9 ! next _w4 ,! fai?ful obs]vance is foll[$ n only by ! rew>ds ( ! ,confucian sy/em1 b results 9 ! greate/ rew>ds 9 ! future life4 #a4 ,kuan ,y91 ! ,giv] ( ,*ildr5 & ,protector ( ,wom5 ,buddhism has done m4 ,out ( its atmosph]e ( love & m]cy t[>d all be+s has develop$ ,kuan ,y91 ! ideal ( ,*9ese womanhood1 ! goddess ( ,m]cy1 :o embodies ! ,*9ese ideal ( beauty1 filial piety & compassion t[>d ! weak & suff]+4 ,%e is especially ! goddess ( wom51 be+ int]e/$ 9 all _! affairs4 ,h] image is f\nd 9 almo/ e h\sehold & h] temples h a place 9 e "p ( ,*9a4 ,a brief hi/ory ( ?is deity w enable u to und]/& ! significance ( ! cult4 ,kuan ,y9 />t$ z a male god 9 ,india1 call$ ,avalkitsv>a1 :o 0 wor%ipp$ f ! ?ird to ! sev5? c5tury ( our era4 ,he 0 ! protector ( sailors & p 9 dang]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ei!r 9 ,*9a or 9 ,india1 ! god became a goddess4 ,"s ?9k t ?is 0 due to ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ,*9a bo? =ms survive1 ?\gh ! goddess is bett] kn[n4 ,a ,buddhi/ once said t a ,bodhisattva is nei!r male nor female & appe>s 9 :atev] =m is conv5i5t4 ,kuan ,y9 is a v popul> goddess4 ,h] exp]i5ces 9 ,hades are dramatically pres5t$ by travel+ !atrical companies4 ,h] de$s ( m]cy are portray$ 9 art4 ,h] well kn[n /ory runs z foll[s3 ,kuan ,y9 0 ! daught] ( ! rul] ( a prosp]\s k+dom locat$ some:]e ne> ! isl& ( ,sumatra4 ,h] bir? 0 ann\nc$ to ! que5 by a dream4 ,! little girl ate no meat nor milk4 ,h] disposition 0 v good4 ,h] intellig5ce 0 mo/ extraord9>y4 ,once %e read any?+ %e nev] =got x4 ,at ! age ( sixte5 h] fa!r tri$ to betro? h] to a "y pr9ce4 ,%e refus$ & decid$ to give h]self to a life ( fa/+ & ab/95ce4 ,ang]$ b-v h] ob/9acy ! fa!r ord]$ h] to take (f h] c\rt dress & jewels1 to put on ! g>b ( a s]vant & to c>ry wat] = ! g>d54 ,! g>d5 nev] look$ s beautiful4 ,! daught] also look$ well & %[$ no signs ( we>9ess1 because ! gods assi/$ h] 9 h] "w4 ,rel5t+ a little ! k+ s5t an old] si/] to urge ,kuan ,y9 to accept ! husb& he _h f\nd = h]4 ,:5 %e refus$1 he s5t h] to a mona/]y & *>g$ ! abbess to treat h] h>%ly1 s t %e might be =c$ to return home4 ,expect+ to w9 ! k+'s favor1 ! abbess put ! mo/ unpleasant tasks on ! girl4 ,b aga9 ! gods assi/$ h] & made h] "w light1 s t h] tasks 7 always well done & ! "y woman 0 *e]ful4 ,"o day ! report came to ! k+ t 8 daught] 0 associat+ ) a "y monk discuss+ het]odox doctr9es & t %e _h giv5 bir? to a *ild4 ,?is news s enrag$ ! k+ t he burn$ ! mona/]y1 kill+ _m monks4 ,! pr9cess 0 captur$ & br\ght be=e him4 ,inasmu* z %e 0 obdurate1 ! k+ ord]$ h] to be execut$4 ,! execution]'s sword1 h[ev]1 broke into a ?\s& pieces )\t do+ h] any injury4 ,! k+ !n ord]$ h] to be /rangl$4 ,a gold5 image sixte5 feet high appe>$ on ! spot4 ,! pr9cess laugh$ & cri$3 8,:]e !re 0 no image1 an image appe>$4 ,i see ! real =m4 ,:5 body fle% is /rangl$1 !n appe> ! lights ( t5 ?\s& roads40 ,%e w5t to purgatory & purgatory at once *ang$ into p>adise4 ,yama1 9 ord] to save 8 purgatory1 s5t h] back to ! _w4 ,%e appe>$ at ,puto1 an isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,*ekiang ne> ,n+po4 ,"h %e rescu$ sailors & p]=m$ _m miracles = p 9 di/ress4 ,9 ! meantime ! fa!r1 :o _h committ$ _m s9s1 became sick4 ,8 allott$ "t ( life _h be5 %ort5$ by tw5ty ye>s4 ,moreov]1 an ulc] grew on 8 body = e "o ( ! five hundr$ monks he _h kill$ :5 he burn$ ! mona/]y4 ,a mis]able1 loa?some old man1 he came to an old monk1 :o 0 really ! pr9cess 9 disguise1 & ask$ = help4 ,! monk told him t an eye & an arm ( a blood relative made into m$ic9e 0 ! only cure = 8 tr\ble4 ,! two liv+ daught]s 7 will+ to make su* an (f]+1 b _! husb&s w\ld n p]mit !m to d s4 ,! old monk urg$ ! mon>* to take up a life ( ab/95ce1 to rebuild ! mona/]y he _h burn$1 & to provide money = s]vices to take ! five hundr$ monks :om he _h kill$ ?r\gh purgatory4 ,he also said t a nun 9 ! conv5t w\ld (f] an arm & an eye4 ,:5 ! mon>* ent]$ ! mona/]y1 he f\nd hang+ be=e ! inc5se burn] an arm & an eye4 ,^! 7 boil$1 mix$ ) m$ic9e & rubb$ on ! k+'s body4 ,he soon became well4 ,fur!r inquiry reveal$ t ^! memb]s belong$ to 8 daught]4 ,?is is ! /ory ( ! mo/ popul> goddess 9 ,*9a4 ,%e is wor%ipp$ by h] devotees on ! fir/ & fifte5? ( e mon?1 on ! n9ete5? ( ! six? mon?1 :5 %e became a ,bodhisattva1 & on ! n9ete5? ( ! n9? mon?1 :5 %e put on ! necklace4 ,a mon? aft] m>riage e "y bride is pres5t$ ) an image ( ! ,goddess ( ,m]cy1 an inc5se-burn] & c&le/icks4 ,?is goddess is wor%ipp$ :5ev] tr\ble comes to man or woman4 ,h] names signify h] will+ness to li/5 to all pray]s4 ,%e is ! 8"o :o reg>ds ! voice10 i4e41 pray]2 8"o :o he>s ! pray]s ( ! _w20 8"o :o reg>ds & exi/s by himself z sov]eign20 8! ance/or ( ,buddha :o reg>ds pray]20 8"o :o frees f fe>20 8,buddha ! augu/ k+20 8! great :ite rob$ s*ol>20 8great compassion & m]cy40 #b4 ,kuan ,y91 ! ,model ( ,local ,"m-,goddesses ,?is conception is ! creation ( ! social & religi\s consci\sness ( ! wom5 9 ,*9a4 ,x reveals _! aspirations = m]cy1 compassion1 filial piety & = ! beauty t cr[ns a well develop$ "*4 ,su* an ideal does n mean t ^! h be5 realiz$ 9 all ! num]\s homes ( ! ,*9ese1 b x manife/s _! s5se ( su* an ideal to be realiz$ 9 life & _! ard5t long+ = its realization4 ,"m-goddesses are f\nd all ov] ,*9a & !y h all ( !m be5 influ5c$ by ,kuan ,y94 ,"s ( !m h orig9at$ ) actual wom5 :o 7 deifi$ aft] dea?4 ,"h is ! /ory ( "o ( ^! goddesses :o presides ov] ! c5s] 9 a small temple 9 ,=mosa4 ,%e 0 born 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kuangtung4 ,at ! age ( sev5 %e 0 adopt$ by a family z ! future wife ( _! eighte5-ye>-old son4 ,"o day :ile cross+ a riv] he 0 dr[n$4 ,?is 0 a great bl[ to h]4 ,:5 %e 0 f\rte5 ye>s old ! fa!r ( ! family di$4 ,! two wom51 ?us left alone1 wept bitt]ly day & night4 ,! com=t ( relatives 0 ( little avail4 ,! "m 0 becom+ emaciat$ ) grief4 ,! daught]1 unable to be> ! /ra9 any long]1 wa%$ h]self1 burn$ inc5se be=e ! ance/ral tablet ( h] betro!d1 & !n took ?is v[3 8,i am will+ to rema9 a virg91 to apply myself to c>ry+ wat] & work+ at ! mort> & to s]ve my "m-9-law4 ,if ,i *]i% any o!r purpose & *ange my *a/ity & ob$i5ce1 may ,heav5 slay me & e>? annihilate me40 ,:5 ! "m he>d ?is v[ %e /opp$ h] weep+4 ,inasmu* z !y _h no uncle to look aft] !m1 !y work$ day & night4 ,a relative ( h] future husb& gave h] "o ( 8 sons z an adopt$ son4 ,! *ild di$ aft] a few mon?s4 ,?is 0 a great grief4 ,!n ! "m di$4 ,! daught] sold h] possessions to obta9 money = a prop] burial4 ,%e _h only a co>se m\rn+ clo? = h] dress4 ,aft] a :ile %e adopt$ a *ild z h] son4 ,:5 he grew up %e f\nd him a wife :o s]v$ h] z fai?fully z %e _h s]v$ h] "m-9-law4 ,:5 %e 0 eighty ye>s old1 %e dream$ t ! gold5 maid & jade mess5g] ( ,kuan ,y9 /ood beside h] say+3 8,! c\rt ( ,heav5 has ord]$ y to become a god 7%n740 ,%e di$ soon aft] ?is4 ,%e said ( h]self3 8,%ang ,ti took compassion ^u me dur+ my life1 because ) a firm he>t ,i kept my *a/ity & s]v$ my "m-9-law ) complete ob$i5ce4 ,!re=e he gave me ! (fice ( ,kuan ,p94 ,i h p]=m$ my duties 9 sev]al places4 ,n[ ,i am transf]r$ to ,=mosa40 ,?is /ory & _m o!rs l x mirror ! moral ideals ( ! wom5 ( ,*9a 9 ! mid/ ( _! /ruggles = help & light & guidance4 #c4 ,exhortations on ,family ,virtues ,! ,buddhi/s issue a l>ge numb] ( tracts4 ,^! are v commonly paid = by devotees :o make a v[ t1 if _! p>5t becomes well1 !y w pay = ! pr9t+ ( sev]al hundr$ or ?\s& ( ^! tracts = free di/ribution4 ,9 ^! tracts are usually _m /ories illu/rat+ ! rew>ds ( filial piety4 ,! /ory is told 9 "o ( !m ab\t a ,mrs4 ,*9 ^: fa!r-9-law be+ ill 0 unable to sleep = sixty days4 ,8 condition grew worse4 ,mrs4 ,*9 knelt be=e ,kuan ,y9's alt>1 cut out a piece ( fle% f h] arm & cook$ x ) ! fa!r's food4 ,8 heal? at once improv$ & he liv$ to ! age ( sev5ty-sev54 ,ano!r /ory is told 9 ! same tract ( a woman :o cut out a piece ( h] liv] & gave x z m$ic9e to h] "m-9-law4 ,^! ,buddhi/ tracts take up all ! moral habits :i* make ! family & clan /rong & /able & surr\nd !m by ! highe/ sanctions4 ,a tract pick$ up 9 a ,buddhi/ temple at ,hang*[ purports to be ! revelation ( ! w ( ,buddha4 ,x urges sixte5 virtues4 ,! fir/ is filial piety4 ,! tract says3 8,filial piety is ! *ief ( all virtues4 ,heav5 & ,e>? honor filial piety4 ,!re is no great] s9 ?an to *]i% unfilial ?\ghts4 ,! spirits "k ! beg9n+ ( su* ?\ghts4 ,heav5 op5ly rew>ds a he>t t is filial40 ,! second "o m5tion$ is ano!r important family virtue1 namely1 rev]5ce3 8,! sa9ts1 sages1 immortals & ,buddhas are ! outgr[? ( rev]5ce4 ,! greate/ s9 is to lack rev]5ce = fa!r & "m4 ,:5 bro!rs lack rev]5ce = "o ano!r1 !y h>m ! h&s & feet4 ,:5 husb& & wife lack rev]5ce1 ! h>mony ( ! h\sehold is ru9$4 ,:5 fri5ds d n h rev]5ce1 !y br+ ab\t calamity40 ,!n foll[ simil> exhortations on s9c]ity1 ju/ice1 self-re/ra9t1 =be>ance1 b5evol5ce1 g5]osity1 abs5ce ( pride1 covet\sness1 ly+1 adult]y1 mutual love1 self-d5ial1 hope = ! consolations ( religion & = an undivid$ he>t rul$ by peace4 ,^! are virtues q ess5tial to ! integrity ( ! family4 ,!y are taught1 n 9 ! ab/ract b by ! exhibition ( %9+ examples1 by vivid repres5tations ( ! rew>ds bo? "h & h]eaft]1 & by pictures ( awful puni%m5ts4 ,s by precept & example1 by ?reat ( puni%m5t "h & h]eaft] & by decl>ation ( rew>d 9 ! future ,buddhism has tri$ to ma9ta9 ! family virtues ( ! ,confucian sy/em & has attempt$ to p]meate !m by ! _s ( sacrifice4 ,/ill x has always be5 ! sacrifice ( ! weak = ! /rong1 ( ! "y = ! ag$1 ( ! l[ = ! high1 ( wom5 = m54 #d4 ,s]vices = ! ,dead ,buddhism v e>ly took ov] ! relatively simple s]vices = ! dead & develop$ !m into an elaborate ritual :i* made v vivid ! spiritual univ]se :i* ,buddhism introduc$4 ,9 ! six? c5tury a s]vice 0 held 9 behalf ( ! fa!r-9-law ( ,emp]or ,n+ ,ti 7#eaf-ebh ,a4 ,d47 = sev5 times e sev5 days4 ,he fea/$ a ?\s& monks e day1 & caus$ sev5 p]sons to become monks4 ,on ! hundr$? day aft] ! dea? he fea/$ t5 ?\s& monks & caus$ tw5ty-sev5 p]sons to become monks4 ,s9ce t "t s]vices on e sev5? day aft] ! decease until ! =ty-n9? day1 :5 a gr& f9ale ends ! c]emonies1 h be5 v popul>4 ,! object ( su* s]vices is to conduct ! s\l ( ! dead ?r\gh purgatory1 9 ord] t x may return to life or ent] ! ,we/]n ,p>adise4 ,?is is done by mak+ a pleas+ (f]+ to ! gu>dians & (fic]s ( purgatory1 & to ! gods & ,bodhisattvas ^: m]cy saves p4 ,num]\s missives are consign$ to ! flames1 in=m+ ! rul]s ( ! ne!r _w ab\t ! s\l ( ! dead2 (f]+s ( gold & silv]1 ( v>i\s articles ( app>el1 ( trunks1 h\ses1 & s]vants are made1 all1 h[ev]1 made out ( bamboo frames cov]$ ) pap]4 ,v>i\s p[]ful incantations are recit$ :i* =ce op5 ! gates ( purgatory & let ! s\l out4 ,! s]vices may be cr[d$ into "o day or !y may be held on e sev5? day until ! =ty-n9? day1 i4e41 sev5 sev5s4 ,v>i\s explanations are giv5' = ^! s]vices4 ,dur+ ! fir/ week ! s\l ( ! dead arrives at ! 8,demon ,gate ,b>ri]40 ,"h money is dem&$ by ! demons on ! gr\nd t 9 8 la/ transmigration ! deceas$ borr[$ money4 ,accord+ly l>ge quantities ( silv] %oes ,footnote3 ,! silv] us$ = ?is purpose is mold$1 9 accordance ) anci5t usage1 9 ! %ape ( %oes & c>ri$ ab\t 9 t =m by m]*ants4 mu/ be s5t to ! dead s t he may settle all claims & avoid beat+ & inconv5i5ce4 ,dur+ ! second week ! s\l arrives at a place :]e he is weigh$4 ,if ! evil outweighs ! good1 ! s\l is sawn asund] & gr\nd to p[d]4 ,9 ! ?ird week he comes to ! 8,bad ,dog0 village4 ,"h good p pass unh>m$1 b ! evil are torn by ! fi]ce bea/s until ! blood fl[s4 ,9 ! f\r? week ! s\l is confront$ ) a l>ge mirror 9 :i* he sees 8 evil de$s & _! consequ5ces1 see+ himself degrad$ 9 ! next transmigration to a bea/4 ,9 ! fif? week ! s\l views ! sc5es 9 8 own village4 ,9 ! six? week he rea*es ! bridge :i* spans ! 8,inevitable ,riv]40 ,?is bridge is #ajj1jjj feet high & "o & ?ree-t5?s ( an in* wide4 ,x is cross$ by rid+ a/ride z on a horse4 ,b5ea? ru%es ! :irl-pool fill$ ) s]p5ts d>t+ _! heads to & fro4 ,at ! foot ( ! bridge lictors =ce unwill+ travel]s to asc5d4 ,! good d n cross ?is bridge1 b are l$ by 8gold5 y\?0 to gold & silv] bridges :i* cross ! /ream on ei!r side ( ?is 8,bridge ( ,sighs40 ,9 ! sev5? week ! s\l is tak5 fir/ to ,mrs4 ,wang :o disp5ses a dr9k :i* blots out all memories ( ! e>?ly life4 ,!n ! individual ent]s ! great :eel ( transmigration4 ,?is is divid$ into eighty-"o sections f :i* "o hundr$ & eight ?\s& small & tortu\s pa?s radiate out into ! f\r cont95ts ( ! _w4 ,! s\l is direct$ along "o ( ^! pa?s & is duly reborn 9 ! _w z an animal or z a human be+ or passes on into ! ,we/]n ,p>adise4 ,9 imitation ( ?is bridge a bridge is built ( tables 9 front ( ! home ( ! dead4 ,at ! end ! tables are plac$ upside d[n & a lant]n plac$ on ea* table-leg4 ,at night ?is bridge is illum9at$4 ,a company ( monks repeat _! pray]s & incantations1 :ile o!rs m\nt ^u ! bridge to imp]sonate devils4 ,! pi\s son ) ! tablet ( 8 deceas$ p>5t comes to take 8 fa!r ov] ! bridge4 ,:5 8 way is disput$ by ! demons1 he falls on 8 knees & begs & gives !m money1 negotiat+ ! passage at la/ ) ! aid ( a l>ge quantity ( silv]4 ,ano!r c]emony is ! break+ ?r\gh purgatory4 ,five supplications duly sign$ are address$ to ! prop] au?orities1 f\r be+ susp5d$ at ea* ( ! f\r sides ( ! table & "o at ! c5t]4 ,tiles are !n plac$ ov] ! table or on ! gr\nd4 ,aft] incantations h be5 repeat$ to ! accompanim5t ( ! s\nd+ ( ! bell & ! wood5 fi%1 ! supplications are burn$ & ! tiles are brok5 z a symbol ( break+ ?r\gh purgatory & ( releas+ ! s\l4 ,?us ,buddhism has tak5 ov] ! mo/ important function ( ance/or wor%ip1 has ext5d$ x & made x m significant to ea* individual z well z to ! family4 ,,vi ,,buddhism ,,& ,,social ,,life #a4 ,h[ ! ,laity is ,tra9$ 9 ,buddhi/ ,ideas ,a common way ( emphasiz+ moral ideas among ! p by ,buddhi/ tea*]s is ! use ( tracts purport+ to h a div9e orig94 ,! foll[+ gives ! sub/ance ( su* a tract3 ,n long ago 9 ! prov9ce ( ,%antung1 !re 0 a %>p & sudd5 clap ( ?und]4 ,aft] ! fright5$ p _h collect$ _! wits1 !y discov]$ a small book writt5 9 r$ 9 front ( ! h\se ( a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,li4 ,mr4 ,li pick$ up ! book1 copi$ x & read x rev]5tly4 ,he gave a copy to ,mr4 ,ma1 ! prefect1 b ,mr4 ,ma did n believe 9 ! book4 ,!reupon ,maitrya1 ! ,messiah ( ! ,buddhi/s1 spoke f ! sky z foll[s3 8,^! are ! ye>s ( ! f9al age4 ,! p "u heav5 d n rev]5ce ,heav5 & ,e>?1 !y are n filial to fa!r & "m1 !y d n respect _! sup]iors4 ,!y *eat ! fa!rless1 impose ^u ! wid[1 oppress ! weak2 !y use l>ge weights = !mselves & small measures = o!rs4 ,!y injure ! good4 ,!y covet = _! own pr(it4 ,!y *eat m5 ( money1 use ! five gra9s c>elessly1 kill ! c[ t draws ! pl[4 ,?is volume is s5t = _! special b5efit4 ,if !y recite x !y w avoid tr\ble4 ,if !y disbelieve1 ! ye>s ) ! cyclical "* ,p+ & ,t+ w h fields )\t m5 to plant !m & h\ses )\t m5 to live 9 !m4 ,9 ! fif? mon? ( ^! ye>s evil s]p5ts w infe/ ! :ole c\ntry4 ,9 ! eigh? & n9? mon?s ! bodies ( evil m5 w fill ! l&4 8,^? :o believe ?is book & propagate its tea*+s w n enc\nt] ! t5 sorr[s ( ! age3 w>1 fire1 no peace day & night1 sep>ation ( man & wife1 ! scatt]+ ( ! sons & daught]s1 evil m5 spread ov] ! c\ntry1 dead bones unburi$1 clo?+ ) no "o to we> x1 rice ) no "o to eat x1 & ! difficulty ( ev] see+ a peaceful ye>4 ,skyamuni =esee+ ?is f9al age s5t d[n ?is volume 9 ,%antung4 ,! ,goddess ( ,m]cy saw ! sorr[s ( all liv+ be+s4 ,maitrya comm&$ ! two runn]s ( ,t'ai ,%an1 ! god ( ! ,ea/]n ,m\nta91 to inve/igate ! conduct ( m5 & z a fir/ puni%m5t to increase ! price ( rice1 & !n besides ! t5 sorr[s already m5tion$ above1 to inflict ! puni%m5ts ( flood1 fire1 w9d1 ?und]1 tig]s1 snakes1 sword1 disease1 fam9e & cold4 ,! rule ( ,skyamuni :i* has la/$ twelve ?\s& ye>s is n[ fulfill$1 & ,maitrya succe$s to 8 place40 ,^! sorr[s may be escap$ by recit+ ?is sutra ^: sub/ance we f9d above4 ,if x is repeat$ ?ree times ! p]son w escape ! calamity ( fire & wat]4 ,if "o man passes x on to t5 m5 & t5 m5 pass x on to a hundr$1 !y w escape ! calamities ( sword1 disease & imprisonm5t1 & receive bless+s :i* _c be measur$4 ,he :o 9 addition to repeat+ ! sutra practices ab/95ce w insure peace = himself4 ,he :o pres5ts "o hundr$ copies to o!rs w insure 8 p]sonal peace4 ,he :o pres5ts a ?\s& copies w insure ! peace ( 8 family4 ,he :o is attack$ by disease1 may escape x by tak+ five ca% ( ! reign ( ,%un ,*ih 7#afdd-affa ,a4 ,d471 ! fir/ emp]or ( ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 "o mace ( ! se$ ( cypress1 "o mace ( ! b>k ( mulb]ry1 boil 9 "o b[l ( wat] until only eight-t5?s ( ! wat] rema91 dr9k & he w become well4 ,9 ?is way ! five ,buddhi/ comm&m5ts = ! laity n to kill any liv+ creature1 n to /eal1 n to commit adult]y1 n to lie1 & n to use intoxicat+ liquor are propagat$ & made real to ! common man4 ,! me?od is q effici5t4 ,:ole prov9ces h be5 put into a panic by su* prophecies4 #b4 ,effect ( ,ideals ( ,m]cy & ,univ]sal ,love ,! comm& n to kill any liv+ be+ has _h consid]able influ5ce 9 ,*9a4 ,!re are volumes ( /ories tell+ ( ! puni%m5ts :i* w be visit$ ^u ^? :o disobey & ( ! rew>ds ( ^? :o release liv+ animals4 ,e mona/]y has a special place = animals ?us releas$ by pi\s devotees4 ,!re is a popul> /ory ab\t a fi%mong] ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y :o 0 tak5 sick & dur+ 8 illness dream$ t he 0 tak5 to purgatory4 ,8 body 0 aflame ) fire & pa9$ him z ?\gh he 7 be+ roa/$4 ,fly+ fi]y *>iots ) d>t+ flames swept ar\nd him & burn$ 8 body4 ,t5 ?\s& fi% /rove ) "o ano!r to get a bite ( 8 fle%4 ,! rul] ( ! l[] regions accus$ him ( kill+ _m fi% & h5ce 8 puni%m5t4 ,= a numb] ( days he 0 hang+ betwe5 life & dea?4 ,8 relatives 7 urg$ to p]=m "s works ( p5ance4 ,!y _h 8 fi%+ implem5ts burn$4 ,) rev]5t he>ts !y made two images ( ,kuan ,y91 pres5t$ (f]+s & rep5t$4 ,! :ole family p]=m$ ab/95ce1 /opp$ kill+ liv+ ?+s1 pr9t$ & gave away ov] a hundr$ copies ( ! ,diamond ,sutra1 & f]ri$ ov] a l>ge numb] ( s\ls ?r\gh purgatory4 ,z a result ( _! ef=ts ! sick man became well4 ,! foll[+ comm5t 0 made on ! above /ory by a s*ol>4 ,if its premises are grant$1 ! conclusion is inevitable3 8,if ! fi]y *>iots are seal1 :y does n man see !m8 ,if !y are false1 h[ is x t man feels ! pa98 ,b :]e d ! fi]y *>iots come f8 ,!y come f ! he>t & head ( ! "o :o kills fi%4 ,! fire 9 ! he>t 7he>t belongs to ! elem5t fire7 causes de/ruction4 ,! *>iot fire also causes de/ruction40 ,?is attitude ( m]cy has be5 ext5d$ to human be+s4 ,!re are num]\s tracts aga9/ ! dr[n+ ( little girls 9 ^? regions :]e ?is cu/om is preval5t4 ,"o tells ! foll[+ /ory3 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,kwangtung !re liv$ a ,mrs4 ,*ang :o daily burn$ inc5se & repeat$ ,buddha's "n4 ,"o day %e & h] husb& di$4 ,mu* to _! surprise & con/]nation ,yama 7! pot5tate ( hell7 decid$ t ,mr4 ,*ang mu/ become a pig & ,mrs4 ,*ang a dog4 ,mrs4 ,*ang accord+ly w5t to ,yama & said1 8,dur+ life we honor$ ,buddha & s :y %\ld we become animals aft] dea?80 ,yama said1 8,:at use is x to honor ,buddha8 ,dur+ life y dr[n$ ?ree girls :om ,i s5t into life4 ,p ) ! face ( a man & ! he>t ( a bea/1 %\ld !y n be puni%$80 ,! husb& accord+ly took on a pig's sk9 & ! wife a dog's4 ,!n by a dream !y reveal$ to _! bro!r ,*ang numb] two t1 al?\gh !y repeat$ ,buddha's "n1 !y 7 n p]mitt$ to be reborn z m51 because !y _h dr[n$ little girls4 ,p]haps ! ext5t ( ?is _s1 ( m]cy & its possibilities may be illu/rat$ by ! rev]5ce = ! ox4 ,:ile !re is a great deal ( cruelty 9 ,*9a to animals & m51 x is r>ely t "o sees an ox abus$4 ,up to ! adv5t ( ! =eign] an ox 0 n kill$ = meat4 ,9 _m places 9 ,*9a today ! slaught] ( an ox w\ld br+ ! puni%m5ts ( ! law ^u ! but*]4 ,no d\bt ?is rev]5ce is due to ! great ,indian rev]5ce = ! c[4 ,! law ( k9dness has be5 ext5d$ to o!r animals1 tak+ ! r spectacul> =m ( releas+ a few decrepit animals & all[+ !m to sp5d _! la/ days 9 a mona/]y comp\nd4 ,!re are _m k9dly ?+s done 9 ,*9a4 ,! dead are buri$1 ! sick are provid$ ) m$ic9e4 ,e ye> num]\s wadd$ g>m5ts are giv5 away to poor p4 ,v>i\s gr\ps c>ry+ on a humble m9i/ry ( helpfulness h f\nd a real inspiration 9 ! ideals held be=e !m 9 ,buddhism1 ! rew>ds promis$ & puni%m5ts ?reat5$4 #c4 ,relation to ,confucian ,ideals ,:y h n ^! ideals ex]cis$ a l>g] influ5ce 9 ,*9a8 ,! answ] is q simple4 ,! activities ( ! monks h be5 /r5u\sly oppos$ by ! ,confucian /ate sy/em4 ,! philosoph]1 ,*ang ,nan-hsan1 a contempor>y ( ,*u-,hsi1 /ates concisely = u ! diff]5ces betw5 ,confucianism & ,buddhism 9 8 comm5t on a passage 9 ! ,book ( ,records4 8,/rong dr9k is a ?+ int5d$ to be-us$ 9 (f]+ sacrifices & ent]ta9+ gue/s1--su* employm5t ( x is :at ,heav5 has prescrib$4 ,b m5 by _! abuse ( su* dr9k come to lose _! virtue & de/roy _! p]sons--su* employm5t ( x is :at ,heav5 has annex$ its t]rors to4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 hat+ ! use ( ?+s :]e ,heav5 s5ds d[n its t]rors1 put away z well ! use ( !m :i* ,heav5 has prescrib$4 8,= in/ance1 9 ! use ( meats & dr9ks1 !re is su* a ?+ z wildly abus+ & de/roy+ ! creatures ( ,heav54 ,! ,buddhi/s1 dislik+ ?is1 conf9e !mselves to a vegetable diet1 :ile we only abjure wild abuse & de/ruction4 ,9 ! use ( clo!s1 aga91 !re is su* a ?+ z wa/eful extravagance4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 dislik+ ?is1 w h no clo!s b ^? ( a d>k & sad color1 :ile we only condemn extravagance4 ,!y1 fur!r1 ?r\gh dislike ( crim9al connection betwe5 ! sexes1 w\ld aboli% ! relation betwe5 husb& & wife1 :ile we d5\nce only ! crim9al connection4 8,! ,buddhi/s1 dislik+ ! excesses to :i* ! evil desires ( m5 lead1 w\ld put away1 along ) !m1 ! actions :i* are 9 accordance ) ! ju/ice ( heav5ly pr9ciples1 :ile we1 ! or?odox1 put away ! evil desires ( m51 :]eupon :at are call$ heav5ly pr9ciples are ! m brightly se54 ,suppose ! case ( a /ream ( wat]4 ,! ,buddhi/s1 ?r\gh dislike ( its be+ f\l ) mud1 proce$ to dam x up ) e>?4 ,!y d n consid] t :5 ! e>? has damm$ up ! /ream1 ! supply ( wat] w be cut (f4 ,x is n s ) u1 ! or?odox4 ,we seek only to cleanse away ! mud & s&1 s t ! pure wat] may be available = use4 ,?is is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,buddhi/s & ! ,le>n$ ,s*ool40 ,footnote3 ,%u ,k+1 ,pt4 ,v1 ,bk4 ,x1 p4 #abb4 ,?is /atem5t reveals at once ! opposition ( ! sect ( ! ,le>n$ & ! influ5ce :i* ,buddhism ex]t$ ^u its memb]s4 ,buddhism :ile enjoy+ occasional favor f ! /ate 0 (t5 zeal\sly p]secut$4 ,9 #hai ,han ,y issu$ 8 celebrat$ act ( accusation4 ,9 #hde ! emp]or ,wu ,tsung issu$ 8 decree ( secul>ization4 ,at t "t #dfjj mona/]ies & #dj1jjj small] e/abli%m5ts 7 pull$ d[n & #bfe1jjj monks & nuns 7 s5t back to lay life4 ,_! ri* l&s 7 confiscat$4 ,"u ! ,m+ dyna/y1 z well z "u ! ,*'+ dyna/y1 ,buddhism enjoy$ a prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,:e!r ,buddhism w\ld h improv$ ! moral conditions ( ! ,*9ese2 if x _h be5 giv5 a free h&1 is difficult to affirm4 ,/ill its failure is at lea/ p>tly due to ! opposition ( ,confucian or?odoxy4 #d4 ,! ,embodim5t ( ,buddhi/ ,ideals 9 ! ,veget>ian sects ,! /ate p]secutions ( ,buddhism =c$ x to leave tempor>ily its in/itutional life & tru/ itself to ! p4 ,^! p]secutions 7 usually foll[$ by a revival ( piety & religion among ! p4 ,! ,buddhi/ tea*]s ga!r$ ab\t !mselves a l>ge numb] ( lay devotees :o =m$ societies :i* practice religi\s rites 9 secret4 ,^! sects h pres]v$ ! g5u9e ,buddhi/ piety1 n only 9 times ( p]secution1 b at times :5 ! ,buddhi/ organization "u imp]ial favor 0 dep>t+ f its simplicity4 ,a numb] ( ^! sects h cont9u$ "u diff]5t names = sev]al c5turies4 ,= example1 ! ,tsai ,li1 a society n[ enjoy+ a quiet exi/5ce 9 ,nor? ,*9a1 is successor to ! ,:ite ,lotus society4 ,! latt] />t$ 9 ! fif? c5tury4 ,its memb]s s\ght salvation 9 ! ,pure ,l& ( ,amitabha4 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury x enjoy$ imp]ial favor4 ,dur+ ! ,mongol dyna/y x f\ght aga9/ ! ?rone ) rebels & plac$ "o ( its lead]s1 ,*u ,yan-*ang1 a monk1 on ! ?rone1 :o became ! f\nd] ( ! ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! sect 0 soon proscrib$ & its memb]s p]secut$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,dur+ ! ,*'+ dyna/y x took "p 9 a rebellion & 0 ru?lessly ext]m9at$4 ,at pres5t x goes "u ! "n ( ,tsai ,li1 i4e41 )9 ! ,li or pr9ciples ( ! ?ree religions4 ,x is a m$iator among ! ?ree religions4 ,!re are ?irty-"o organizations ( ?is sect 9 ,pek+ & bran*es ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,*9a4 ,! society =bids ! use ( w9e & opium1 ?\gh x does n =bid ! use ( meat4 ,x usually has a ,buddhi/ image1 ,kuan ,y9 or "s o!r4 ,x uses ,buddhi/ pray]s & incantations4 ,! out/&+ doctr9es held dur+ its long hi/ory h be5 ! hope ( salvation 9 ! ,we/]n ,heav5 ( ,amitbha1 ! e>ly com+ ( ,maitrya1 ! ,buddhi/ ,messiah1 & ! l>ge use ( magic =mulas & incantations4 ,ano!r sect :i* embodies ,buddhi/ ideals is ! ,*9 ,tan1 ! sect ( ! philosoph]'s /one or pill ( immortality4 ,its f\nd] 0 ! writ] ( ! ,ne/orian tablet & s ! sect is relat$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x exalts ! tea*+ ( univ]sal love4 ,?is is "o ( sev]al examples ( a suppos$ contact betwe5 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,^! sects ( :i* ! two above are examples are pres5t 9 all p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,!y obey ! five ,buddhi/ comm&m5ts = laym54 ,! memb]s sp5d mu* "t 9 fa/+ & pray]1 & 9 ! repetition ( ,buddhi/ books4 ,_! lives z a rule are simple & s9c]e4 ,!y are prep>+ = rebir? 9 ! l& ( ,amitbha1 or are expect+ ! e>ly com+ ( ! ,buddhi/ ,messiah to set ?is _w "r4 ,9 ! meantime1 by means ( incantations1 p]sonal regim5 & coop]ative action !y are do+ all !y c to u%] 9 a bett] /ate4 #e4 ,pilgrimages ,pilgrimages are v popul> 9 ,*9a4 ,! fam\s ,buddhi/ %r9es are ,wu ,t'ai ,%an 9 ,%ansi1 ,puto on ! coa/ ( ,*ekiang1 ,*iu ,hua ,%an 9 ,anhwei1 & ,omei ,%an 9 ,sze*uan4 ,^!1 "o on ea* side ( ,*9a1 repres5t ! f\r elem5ts ( ,buddhi/ sci5ce1 w9d1 wat]1 fire & e>?4 ,!y are also ! c5t]s ( ! wor%ip ( ! f\r great ,bodhisattvas1 ,w5%u1 ,kuan ,y91 ,titsang & ,puhsi54 ,besides ^! l>ge c5t]s !re are _m o!rs to :i* pilgrims direct _! foot/eps4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 :5 ! god ( spr+ cov]s ! e>? ) a gre5 mantle1 :5 ! sky & w9ds call1 _m />t on _! pilgrimage4 ,_m g s+ly & labori\sly1 kneel+ & b[+ e few /eps4 ,o!rs g 9 happy companies1 *ap]on$ by a pi\s1 village dame1 :o has organiz$ ! gr\p4 ,"s g because _! turn has come4 ,!y are memb]s ( a guild :i* has a fund devot$ to pilgrimages by its memb]s4 ,"s g = ! p]=mance ( a v[ made to ,kuan ,y91 :5 ! fa!r 0 sick unto dea? & ! goddess prolong$ 8 life4 ,to o!rs x is ! culm9ation ( a pi\s life4 ,all g = ! joy :i* travel 9 ! spr+ gives4 ,puto1 an isl& (f ! coa/ ( ,*ekiang1 is ! goal ( _m pilgrims f all p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,91 ! mona/]ies on ! isl& are ab\t two ?\s& monks4 ,9 ! pilgrim season ?is numb] is increas$ to t5 ?\s& monks & ?\s&s ( lay pilgrims4 ,a gr\p ( pilgrims 0 go+ along m]rily4 ,! sun 0 bright1 light+ up ! :ite caps on ! deep blue sea4 ,spr+ 0 riot+ all ab\t4 ,"o memb] 0 an abbot f ,hang*[4 ,a small1 humble-look+ man ) a few /raggl+ long hairs :]e ! mu/a*e usually gr[s1 0 a lay ,buddhi/ f ,wu*ang4 ,"o 0 a bright "y monk f ,ti5ts94 ,la/1 b almo/ omnipres5t & always bubbl+ ov]1 0 a s]vant ( ! abbot f ,hang*[4 ,he 0 9 ! pres5ce ( div9ity & 8 :ole life 0 height5$ = ! "t be+4 8,:y did y come60 !y 7 ask$4 8,we came to wor%ip ! holy "m1 ,kuan ,y940 ,:5 !y ent]$ a %r9e ea* pur*as$ ?ree /icks1 ( inc5se & two c&les & rev]5tly plac$ !m be=e ! image ( ! goddess1 kneel+ & b[+4 ,!n !y sat & p>took ( ! tea (f]$ by ! att5dant4 ,aft] pay+ a small gratuity1 !y w5t on to ! next %r9e4 ,on ! way a l>ge black snake z ?ick z an arm lazily cross$ ov] ! road4 ,!y /ood1 rev]5t & awe/ruck1 until he disappe>$ 9 ! grass1 rem>k+ t ?is 0 a good om54 ,:5 cross+ a s& dune pil$ up by ! w9ds ! abbot f ,hang*[ rem>k$ t ?is 0 call$ ! fly+ s&1 waft$ !re by ! goddess :o took pity on "s travel]s :o _h be5 compell$ to cross a n>r[ /rait 9 ord] to come to a cave4 ,?is cave1 call$ ,fan ,y9 ,tung1 is "o ( ! rifts made by an e>?quake & wa%$ out by w9d & waves4 ,bel[ x ru%es ! tide2 f above ! sun s5ds d[n a few rays4 ,ea* pilgrim aft] (f]+ inc5se looks into ! d>kness to see :e!r he c behold 9 ! d>k cav]n an image ( "s ,buddha4 ,"o sees ,kuan ,y9 & is acclaim$ z hav+ _h a good vision4 ,ano!r sees ! ,laugh+ ,buddha4 ,all exclaim t he has be5 ! mo/ =tunate ( all1 = ?is ,buddha is ! ,messiah to come & he :o beholds him w be bless$4 ,s f place to place !y w&]1 *att+ & see+ ! sights ( ! isl&4 ,?us ?\s&s are do+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,*9a1 & 9 ?is way /r5g!n+ ! hold ( ,buddhism ^u !mselves & _! communities4 ,,vii ,,buddhism ,,& ,,! ,,future ,,life ,be=e ! adv5t ( ,buddhism ! ,*9ese _h only a vague idea reg>d+ life aft] dea?4 ,! ,l& & ,wat] ,classic m5tions ! ,tu ,%uo m\nta9 9 ! ,ea/]n ,sea1 "u :i* spirits ( ! dead live1 ! entrance gu>d$ by two spirits1 ,%n ,tu & ,y ,lei1 :o are 9 g5]al control ( ! demons4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,*9a ! names or pictures1 ( ^! spirits are plac$ on ! doors ( a h\se to gu>d x4 ,! ,taoi/s e>ly develop$ ! idea ( a we/]n p>adise presid$ ov] by ! ,que5 ( ! ,we/1 locat$ at fir/ 9 ! ,k'un ,lun m\nta9s & lat] 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,ea/]n ,sea4 ,?is heav51 h[ev]1 0 limit$ to ,taoi/ h]mits & my/ics4 ,buddhism made a complete purgatory & heav5 kn[n to e "o 9 ,*9a4 #a4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,purgatory ,?is is really ,buddhism's mo/ notewor?y addition to ,*9a's religi\s equipm5t2 ,buddhism lays mu* /ress ^u ! exp]i5ces ( a s\l imm$iately aft] dea?4 ,its puni%m5ts are well kn[n to e individual4 ,! temple ( ! ,city ,gu>dian f\nd 9 e wall$ city has a replica ( ! c\rt 9 purgatory ov] :i* he presides4 ,9 ! temples ( ,t'ai ,%an !re is an elaborate exhibit ( ! tortures inflict$ on culprits 9 purgatory4 ,e fun]al s]vice conduct$ by ,buddhi/s or ,taoi/s is int5d$ to conduct ! s\l ( ! dead ?r\gh purgatory & pictures vividly ! progressive exp]i5ces f ! fir/ sev5? day to ! sev5? sev5? day4 ,on ! ! sev5? mon?1 on ! fifte5? day ab\t ,augu/ a special s]vice is held = ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 purgatory4 ,fur!rmore1 e community has a g5]al s]vice ab\t ,octob] = ! s\ls ( ^? :o di$ a viol5t dea? or :o h no "o to look aft] !m4 ,dur+ ! w> _m s]vices 7 ?us held = ^? :o di$ on ! battlefields ( ,europe4 ,at su* s]vices ! sc5es 9 purgatory are vividly portray$ by pictures & figures4 ,! temples di/ribute tracts ) pictures ( purgatory s t wom5 may see !m & und]/&4 ,on ! /age are (t5 act$ p[]ful plays ^: sc5es are laid 9 ,hades4 ,?is propag&a is p]haps ! mo/ effici5t ( its k9d4 ,purgatory is depict$ z consi/+ ( t5 c\rts ea* surr\nd$ by small hells1 :]e ! s\l und]goes puni%m5t & cleans+4 ,! fif? c\rt1 :i* may be tak5 z an example ( ! o!r c\rts1 is 9 *>ge ( ,y5 ,lo or ,yama4 ,yama 0 once 9 *>ge ( ! fir/ c\rt1 b 8 t5d] he>t piti$ ! s\ls :o came be=e him & s5t !m back to e>?4 ,because ( ?is l5i5cy he 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( ! fif? c\rt4 ,:5 a s\l has pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/ f\r c\rts & x has be5 discov]$ t !re is no good conduct to its cr$it1 x is l$ to ! fif? c\rt & exam9$ e sev5 days reg>d+ pa/ conduct4 ,9 ord] to get back to ! _w ( m51 x eag]ly promises to complete v>i\s unf9i%$ v[s1 su* z to repair mona/]ies1 s*ools1 bridges1 or roads1 to clean wells1 to deep5 riv]s1 to di/ribute good books1 to release animals1 to take c>e ( ag$ p>5ts1 or to bury !m suitably4 ,b x is pla9ly told t ! gods "k its artifices1 & t n[ ^! unf9i%$ tasks c nev] be complet$4 ,! gods h rea*$ ! unanim\s op9ion t no inju/ice is be+ done4 ,accord+ly !re is no appeal1 b ea* s\l is l$ by att5dants ) bulls' heads & horses' faces to a t[] :5ce !y may see _! native village4 ,its front is 9 ! %ape ( a b[ ) a p]imet] ( tw5ty-sev5 miles2 its height is f\r hundr$ & n9ety feet4 ,x is gu>d$ by walls ( sword trees4 ,good m51 ^: de$s ( omission are balanc$ by ! good !y h done1 return to life4 ,only s\ls judg$ to be evil see _! village f ?is t[]4 ,^! c see _! own families mov+ ab\t1 & c he> _! conv]sation4 ,!y realize h[ !y disobey$ ! tea*+s ( _! eld]s4 ,!y see t ! e>?ly goods = :i* !y h /ruggl$ are ( no value4 ,_! plott+s rise up ) lurid reality4 ,!y see h[ !y plann$ a new m>riage al?\gh already m>ri$1 h[ !y appropriat$ fields1 /ate prop]ty1 & falsifi$ acc\nts1 putt+ ! blame on p]sons :o 7 dead4 ,:ile !y obs]ve _! village !y behold _! er/:ile fri5ds t\* _! c(f9 & inw>dly rejoice4 ,!y he> !mselves call$ selfi% & ins9c]e4 ,b _! puni%m5t does n /op "h4 ,!y behold _! *ildr5 puni%$ by magi/rates1 _! wom5 afflict$ ) /range diseases1 _! daught]s ravi%$1 _! sons l$ a/ray1 _! prop]ty tak5 away1 ! ance/ral h\se burn$ & _! bus9ess ru9$4 ,f ?is t[] all passes be=e !m z a lurid dream & !y are /rick5 9 he>t4 ,ab\t ! fif? c\rt are sixte5 small hells :]e ! s\l is puni%$4 ,9 ea* "o are /akes buri$ 9 ! gr\nd & fi]ce animals4 ,! h&s & feet ( ! guilty "o are b\nd to a /ake1 8 body is op5$ ) small knives1 & 8 he>t & inte/9es quickly dev\r$4 ,9 ea* ( ^! sixte5 hells is a c]ta9 type ( s9n]3 7#a7 ,^? :o d n rev]5ce ! gods & demons & :o d\bt ! exi/5ce ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 7#b7 ^? :o hurt & kill liv+ be+s2 7#c7 ^? :o break _! v[s to d good2 7#d7 ^? :o resort to het]odox practices & va9ly hope to atta9 et]nal life2 7#e7 ^? :o upbraid good m51 fe> ! wick$ & hate m5 because !y d n die spe$ily2 7#f7 ^? :o /rive ) o!r p & !n put ! blame ^u !m2 7#g7 m5 :o =ce wom52 & wom5 :o s$uce "y m51 & all :o h libid9\s desires2 7#h7 ^? :o ga9 pr(it = !mselves by injur+ o!rs2 7#i7 ! /+y & ^? :o absolutely disreg>d o!rs1 :e!r alive or dead1 giv+ !m no help 9 dire ne$1 :5 !y c d s )\t injury to !mselves2 7#aj7 ^? :o /eal & put ! crime ^u o!rs2 7#aa7 ^? :o requite favors ) hate2 7#ab7 ^? ^: he>ts are p]v]se & poison\s1 :o in/igate o!rs to d wrong ev5 if !y may n h c>ri$ out _! sugge/ion2 7#ac7 ^? :o tempt o!rs by deceit2 7#ad7 ^? :o involve o!rs 9 _! squabbles & 9 gambl+ & !n !mselves w9 out2 7#ae7 ^? :o /ubbornly p]si/ 9 _! false ideas1 d n rep5t1 & sl&] o!rs2 7#af7 ^? :o hate good & virtu\s m54 ,besides ^! sixte5 sorts ( s9n]s ! fif? c\rt deals ) o!r types ( wick$ p2 ^? :o d n believe 9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea?1 :o h9d] good causes1 :o burn inc5se )\t a s9c]e he>t1 speak ( ! s9s ( o!rs1 :o burn books t urge m5 to be good & wor%ip ! ,great ,dipp]1 b p]si/ 9 eat+ meat2 ^? :o hate m52 :o repeat sutras & incantations1 & take "p 9 religi\s c]emonies1 b d n fa/ be=eh&2 :o sl&] ! ,buddhi/ & ,taoi/ religions2 :o "k h[ to read1 b refuse to read ! anci5t & mod]n exhortations reg>d+ rew>ds & puni%m5ts2 :o dig into graves & de/roy _! m>ks1 :o purposely set fire to trees & und]bru%1 or are c>eless ) fire 9 _! own h\ses2 :o %oot arr[s at animals ) ! int5t1 to kill2 :o urge & tempt ! sick & weak to ent] into conte/s ( any k9d ) !mselves2 :o ?r[ tiles & /ones ov] neighbor+ walls1 poison fi% 9 ! riv]1 fire guns1 or make nets or traps = birds2 :o s[ salt on ! gr\nd1 :o d n bury dead eats & snakes v deep & ?us cause dea? to ^? :o dig2 :o cause m5 to dig ! froz5 gr\nd 9 w9t] or spr+ 7! vapors ( e>? *ill su* digg]s to dea?72 :o te> d[n adjo9+ walls & compel _! neighbors to move ! kit*5 /ove2 :o appropriate public highways1 l&s1 close wells & /op gutt]s4 ,^? :o h committ$ any ( ! above s9s are tak51 to ! t[] :5ce !y c see _! own village & !n are consign$ to ! great cry+ hell1 ,rurava1 t is1 ! f\r? ( ! ,buddhi/ hot hells4 ,footnote3 ,buddhism di/+ui%es hot & cold hells4 ,9 a c\ntry l ,india sev]e cold is a s]i\s torture4 ,!nce !y g to _! respective small hells4 ,:5 _! "t has expir$1 !y are exam9$ 9 ord] to see :e!r !y h any o!r s9s :i* ne$ puni%m5t4 ,^? :o h committ$ any ( ! above s9s may n only escape puni%m5t1 b may h _! puni%m5t 9 ! six? c\rt less5$1 if !y fa/ regul>ly on ! eigh? day ( ! fir/ mon? & take a v[ n to commit ^! s9s4 ,"s s9s1 h[ev]1 _c be arrang$ = 9 su* a way1 su* z ! kill+ ( liv+ be+s & hurt+ !m2 ! associat+ ) h]etics2 committ+ =nication ) wom5 & !n poison+ !m2 committ+ adult]y1 viol5ce1 envy1 or injur+ ! good "n ( o!rs2 /eal+1 requit+ favors ) hatr$1 & he>+ exhortation b n rep5t+4 ,^! are major s9s4 #b4 ,its ,social ,value ,! social value ( purgatory is q pla9 f ! description ( ! fif? c\rt & ( ! s9n]s :o are puni%$ !re94 ,purgatory is ! social mirror ( ,*9a1 :]e9 ! consequ5ces ( all unsocial acts are pictur$ 9 su* a vivid way z to det] ! individual f committ+ !m4 ,x is effective 9 ,*9a1 n only because ( ! reali/ic pres5tation1 b because ! op9ion ( ! community is aga9/ su* acts & 9 favor ( repress+ !m on e occasion4 #c4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,heav54 ,buddhism br\ght into ,*9a n only a fully develop$ purgatory b also a heav5 :i* all may ent]4 ,! sov]eign ( ! we/]n heav5 is ,amitbha 7or 9 ,*9ese ,o-mi-to-fo71 ) :om ,kuan ,y91 ! goddess ( ,m]cy1 is usually associat$4 ,amitbha is expla9$ z mean+ 8b\ndless age40 ,! orig9al mean+ is 8b\ndless light10 :i* sugge/s a ,p]sian orig9 ) ,manni*ean influ5ces4 ,! translations ( ! ,amitbha sutras 7 :olly made by natives ( c5tral ,asia4 ,amitbha is "o ( ! ?\s& ,buddhas2 he is reg>d$ z ! reflex ( ,sakyamuni & is connect$ also 9 8 e>?ly inc>nation ) a monk call$ ,dh>mk>a4 ,?is monk desir$ to become a ,buddha4 ,?is wi% he pres5t$ to ,lks'v>>ja ask+ him to tea* him z to :at a ,buddha & a ,buddha c\ntry ought to be4 ,lks'v>>ja imp>t$ ?is k4 ,!n ! monk aft] m$itation return$ hav+ made =ty-eight v[s t he w\ld n become a ,buddha1 until all liv+ be+s %\ld atta9 salvation 9 8 heav54 ,! eighte5? v[ expresses 8 ideal3 8,o ,bhagavat1 if ^? be+s :o h direct$ _! ?\ght t[>ds ! highe/ p]fect k 9 o!r worlds1 & :o1 aft] hav+ he>d my "n1 :5 ,i h obta9$ ,bodhi 7k71 h m$itat$ on me ) s]5e ?\ghts2 if at ! mom5t ( _! dea?1 aft] hav+ approa*$ !m surr\nd$ by an assembly ( monks1 ,i %\ld n /& be=e !m wor%ipp$ by !m1 t is1 s t _! ?\ghts %\ld n be tr\bl$1 !n may ,i n obta9 ! highe/ p]fect k40 ,a few extracts f ! ,amitbha ,vyha ,stra w illu/rate ! ,buddhi/ idea ( life 9 ?is ,pure ,l&3 8,9 ! we/]n region beyond "o hundr$ ?\s& myriads ( ,buddhi/ l&s !re is a _w4 ,great ,happ9ess by "n4 ,?is l& has a ,buddha call$ ,amitbha4 ,! liv+ be+s !re d n suff] any pa91 b enjoy all happ9ess4 ,!re=e1 x is call$ ! l& ( ,pure ,delight ''' ! l& ( ,pure ,delight has sev5 preci\s f\nta9s full ( wat] conta9+ ! eight virtues4 ,! bottom ( ^! f\nta9s is cov]$ ) gold5 s&4 ,on f\r sides !re are /eps made ( gold1 silv]1 cry/al & glass1 preci\s /ones1 r$ pe>ls1 & highly poli%$ agates4 ,9 ! pools are v>i\sly color$1 light emitt+ lotus fl[]s z l>ge z c>t :eels1 delicate1 admirable1 odor\s & pure'''0 8,! ,buddha ( ?is l& makes heav5ly music4 ,x is cov]$ ) gold4 ,morn+ & ev5+ dur+ six h\rs x ra9s ! wond]ful cele/ial fl[]s 7,ery?r9a ,indica74 ,all ! inhabitants ( ?is l& on cle> morn+s aft] dress+ (f] ^! cele/ial fl[]s to ! hundr$ ?\s& myriads ( ,buddhas ( ! regions :o return to _! c\ntry at meal "t4 ,:5 !y h eat5 !y g away aga940 8,?is c\ntry possesses e k9d ( wond]ful v>icolor$ birds1 ! :ite egret1 ! peacock1 ! p>rot1 ! s'r>ika 7a long legg$ bird71 ! ,kalav+ka 7a sweet voic$ bird7 ''' ,all ^! birds1 morn+ & ev5+ dur+ ! six h\rs1 utt] =? a beautiful h>moni\s s\nd4 ,_! song produces ! five indrya 7roots ( fai?1 en]gy1 memory1 ec/atic m$itation1 wisdom71 ! five bala 7! p[]s ( fai?1 en]gy1 memory1 m$itation & wisdom71 ! sev5 bodhyanga 7! sev5 degrees ( intellig5ce1 memory1 discrim9ation1 en]gy1 tranquillity1 ec/atic contemplation1 indiff]5ce71 & ! eight portions ( ! correct pa? m>ga1 7! possession ( correct views1 decision & purity ( ?\ght & w1 ! ability ( reproduc+ any s\nd utt]$ 9 ! univ]se1 v[ ( pov]ty1 asceticism1 atta9m5t ( m$itative ab/raction ( self-control1 religi\s recollect$ness1 hone/y & virtue71 & su* doctr9es4 ,:5 all be+s ( ?is l& h he>d ! music1 !y decl>e _! fai?fulness to ! ,buddha1 ,dh>ma & ! ,sangha 7! ,buddha1 ! ,law & ! community ( monks740 ,z to ^? :o ent] ?is l& x says3 8,all liv+ be+s :o he> ?is %\ld make a v[ to be born 9 t l&4 ,h[ c !y rea* ! ,pure ,l&8 ,all v good m5 w ga!r 9 t place ''' ,he ^: bless$ness & virtue are great c be born into t c\ntry4 ,if !re is a good man or woman :o1 on he>+ ( ,amitbha1 takes ?is "n & holds x 9 8 m9d "o1 two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 six1 or sev5 days1 & 8 :ole he>t is n di/ract$1 to t man at dea? ,amitbha w appe>4 ,8 he>t w n be di/urb$4 ,he w at once ent] into life 9 ! l& ( ,pure ,delight ( ,amitbha4 ,i see ?is bless+ & h5ce utt] ^! words4 ,^? liv+ be+s :o he> ^! words %\ld make a v[ to be born 9 t l&40 #d4 ,! ,h>monization ( ,^! ,ideas ) ,ance/or ,wor%ip ,! ext5sion ( life beyond ! grave 9 purgatory1 or 9 ! ,pure ,l& & ?r\gh transmigration 0 readily accept$ 9 ,*9a4 ,bo? ! new ideas & ! discipl9es ?r\gh :i* to realize !m 7 eag]ly adopt$1 & h held _! place to ?is day4 ,9 o!r l&s ! creation ( a heav5 & a hades has weak5$ ! grip ( ance/or wor%ip & ultimately displac$ x4 ,9 ,*9a ! opposite result has obta9$1 due1 no d\bt1 to ! fact t ! family sy/em & along ) x ! supreme duty ( filial piety 7 fo/]$ by ! /ate & ,buddhism & its tea*+s 7 p]mitt$ only 9 s f> z !y bol/]$ x up4 ,ano!r reason lies 9 ! agricultural basis ( ,*9a's civilization1 re5=c$ by ! great difficulty ( communication1 :i* t5d$ to make ! family sy/em dom9ant 9 ,*9a4 ,today1 ! improvem5t ( communication & ! introduction ( ! indu/rial sy/em ( ! ,we/ ) ! individual emphasis ( mod]n education are factors :i* are weak5+ ! family sy/em & ) x ance/ral wor%ip4 ,,viii ,,! ,,spiritual ,,values ,,emphasiz$ ,,by ,,buddhism ,,9 ,,*9a ,ne> ! ,h\se ( ,p>liam5t 9 ,pek+ is locat$ a small mona/]y d$icat$ to ! goddess ( ,m]cy1 ,kuan ,y94 ,be=e h] image ! inc5se burn]s s5d =? curl+ cl\ds ( smoke4 ,! walls are decorat$ ) old pa9t+s ( gods & goddesses4 ,! temple ) its c\rty>d has ! appe>ance ( prosp]ity4 ,its neat reception room1 ) its tables1 *airs & clock1 %[s ! influ5ce ( ! mod]n _w4 ,"h a monk 9 ! prime ( life sp5t a few mon?s rec5tly lectur+ on ,buddhism to memb]s ( p>liam5t & to s*ol>s f v>i\s p>ts ( ,*9a4 ,frequ5tly ! writ] us$ to drop 9 ( an aft]noon to discuss ,buddhism & its outlook4 ,usually a simple repa/ conclud$ ^! conv]sations1 ! sub/ance ( :i* =ms ! great] "p ( ?is section4 #a4 ,! ,?reefold ,classification ( ,m5 ,"u ,buddhism 8,:at does ,buddhism d = m580 8,!re are 9 ! _w at lea/ ?ree classes ( m54 ,! l[e/ class live among mat]ial ?+s1 !y are occupi$ ) possessions4 ,_! life is entangl$ 9 ! crude & co>se mat]ials :i* !y reg>d z real4 ,a second1 high] class1 reg>d ideas z realities4 ,!y are n entangl$ 9 ! maze ( ?+s1 b are confus$ by ideas1 ascrib+ reality to !m4 ,! ?ird & highe/ class are ^? :o by m$itation h fre$ !mselves f ! ?raldom ( ideas & c ent] ! sixte5 heav5s40 #b4 ,salvation = ! ,common ,man 8,:at c ,buddhism d = ! l[e/ class80 8,= ?is class ,buddhism has ! t5 prohibitions4 ,e man has 9 him t5 evils1 :i* mu/ be driv5 out4 ,?ree h to d ) evil 9 ! body1 namely1 n to /eal1 n to kill1 n to commit adult]y2 f\r belong to ! m\?1 ly+1 exagg]ation1 abuse1 & ambigu\s talk2 ?ree belong to ! m9d1 covet\sness1 malice1 & unbelief40 8,is n ?is entirely negative80 8,yes1 b x is necess>y1 = dur+ ! process ( elim9at+ ^! evil de$s1 man acquires pati5ce & equanimity4 ,buddhism does n /op ) ! prohibitions4 ,! believ] mu/ practice ! t5 *>itable de$s4 ,n only mu/ he remove ! desire to kill liv+ be+s1 b he mu/ cultivate ! desire to save all be+s4 ,n only mu/ he n /eal1 b he mu/ assi/ m5 ) 8 money4 ,n only mu/ he n give himself to lascivi\sness1 b he mu/ treat all m5 ) propriety4 ,s ea* prohibition involves a positive impulse to virtue1 :i* is q z ess5tial z ! refra9+ f evil40 8,:at en]giz+ p[] does ,buddhism provide80 8,fir/1 is purgatory ) its t]rors4 ,! evil man1 see+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts ^u himself1 becomes afraid to d !m & does t :i* is good4 ,!n !re is transmigration ) ! dang] ( transmigration into bea/s & insects4 ,aga91 !re are ! rew>ds 9 ! p>adise ( ,amitbha4 ,moreov]1 !re is ev5 ! possibility n only ( sav+ "o's self1 b by accumulat$ m]it ( sav+ "o's p>5ts & relatives & %ort5+ _! /ay 9 purgatory40 #c4 ,! ,place ( ,fai? 8,c any man ent] ! we/]n p>adise ( ,amitbha80 8,yes1 x is op5 to all m54 ,! sutra says3 #8,if !re be any "o :o commits evil de$s1 & ev5 completes ! t5 evil actions1 ! five deadly s9s & ! l2 t man1 be+ himself /upid & guilty ( _m crimes1 des]ves to fall into a mis]able pa? ( exi/5ce & suff] endless pa9s dur+ _m long ages4 ,on ! eve ( dea? he may meet a good & le>n$ tea*] :o1 soo?+ & enc\rag+ him 9 v>i\s ways1 w prea* to him ! excell5t ,law & tea* him ! remembrance ( ,buddha1 b be+ h>ass$ by pa9s'1 he w h no "t to ?9k ( ,buddha4'0 8,:at hope has su* a man80 8,ev5 su* a man has hope4 ,! sutra says3 #8,"s good fri5d w say to him3 ,ev5 if ?\ can/ n ex]cise ! remembrance ( ,buddha1 utt] ! "n ( ,buddha ,amitabha4' ,let him d s s]5ely ) 8 voice un9t]rupt$2 let him be 7cont9ually7 ?9k+ ( ,buddha1 until he has complet$ t5 times ! ?\ght1 repeat+ #8,namah ,o-mi-to-fo1' ,i put my tru/ 9 ,buddha6 ,on ! /r5g? ( 78 m]it (7 utt]+ ,buddha's "n he w1 dur+ e repetition expiate ! s9s :i* involve him 9 bir?s & dea?s dur+ eighty millions ( long ages4 ,he w1 :ile dy+1 see a gold5 lotus-fl[]1 l ! disk ( ! sun1 appe>+ be=e 8 eyes2 9 a mom5t he w be born 9 ! _w ( highe/ happ9ess4 ,aft] twelve great] ages ! lotus-fl[] w unfold2 !reupon ! ,bodhisattvas1 ,avalkitsv>as & ,mahasattva's1 rais+ _! voices 9 great compassion1 w prea* to him 9 detail ! real /ate ( all ! elem5ts ( nature & ! law ( ! expiation ( s9s40 8,does fai? save su* a man80 8,yes1 n 8 own fai?1 b ! fai? :i* prompt$ ! v[ ( ,amitabha4 ,amitbha's fai? 9 ! possibility ( 8 salvation gives him supreme confid5ce t he w atta9 salvation4 ,all he ne$s is to h ! desire to be born 9 t p>adise & to repeat ! "n ( ,amitabha40 #d4 ,salvation ( ! ,second ,class 8,h[ d ^? ( ! second class atta9 salvation80 8,! m5 ( ! second class reg>d ideas z realities4 ,!y are n entangl$ 9 ! maze ( ?+s1 b are confus$ by ideas1 reg>d+ !m z real4 ,^! m5 d n ne$ images & outw>d sanctions1 b !y ne$ heav5 & purgatory ?\gh reg>d+ !m z ideas4 ,by p]=m+ ! t5 good de$s !y w obta9 a quiet he>t1 hav+ no fe>1 & become sa9ts & sages4 ,among m51 sa9ts & sages occupy a high rank1 b n s among ,buddhi/s4 ,by m]it ( good works m]ely !y ent] ! planes ( s5su\s desire1 ! six cele/ial worlds locat$ imm$iately above ! e>?40 #e4 ,salvation = ! ,highe/ ,class 8,& ! ?ird class80 8,?is class has _m ranks4 ,!re are ^? :o by ! practice ( m$itation 7f\r dkyanas7 ,footnote3 ,dhyana means contemplation4 ,9 lat] times "u ! influ5ce ( ! idea ( transmigration heav5s 7 imag9$ :i* correspond$ to ! degrees ( contemplation4 c ent] ! sixte5 heav5s condition$ by =m4 ,by ! practice ( ! f\r arpa-dhynas ,footnote3 ,t degree ( ab/ract contemplation f :i* all s5sations are abs5t4 !y ent] ! f\r highe/ heav5s free f all s5su\s desires & n condition$ by =m4 ,^! heav5s are ! ant]oom ( ,nirvana40 8,:at is ! driv+ p[] 9 all ?is80 8,x is vrya or en]gy40 #f4 ,heav5 & ,purgatory 8,d heav5 & purgatory exi/80 8,heav5 & purgatory are 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( m54 ,really heav5 is 9 ! m9d ( ,amitbha & purgatory exi/s 9 ! illusion$ bra9s ( m540 8,does any?+ exi/80 8,ngrjuna says3 #8,!re is no production1 no de/ruction1 no annihilation1 no p]si/5ce1 no unity1 no plurality1 no com+ 9 & no go+ =?4'0 #g4 ,s9 8,does s9 exi/80 8,9 ! m9d ( ! real ,buddhi/ s9 & virtue are diff]5t aspects ( ! all4 ,s9 is illusion2 virtue is illusion1 ,!re is a high] unity 9 :i* !y are reconcil$40 #h4 ,nirvna 8,d y "k ( any "o :o atta9$ ,nirvna80 8,yes1 ,i h exp]i5c$ x4 ,x is n a /ate beyond ! grave4 ,x is a /ate into :i* "o c ent] "h40 8,c y express ?is exp]i5ce 9 words80 8,impossible4 ,i c only indicate ! %ore ( ?is great ocean4 ,at fir/ ,i 0 9 great di/ress & agony1 z ?\gh c>ry+ ! illusions ( ! _w4 ,!n came a great peace & calm1 ineffable1 s]5e1 & surpass+ ! p[] ( language to express40 #i4 ,! ,philosophical ,backgr\nd 8,:at is beh9d ?is univ]se60 8,und]ly+ ?is univ]se ( ph5om5a & *ange !re is a unity4 ,x is ! basis ( all be+4 ,x is )9 all be+ & all be+ re/s 9 x4 ,x is because ( ?is common backgr\nd t m5 are able to appreh5d x4 ,?is univ]sal basis we call dh>ma1 or law4 ,its *>act]i/ics are t ev]y?+ born gr[s old1 is subject to disease & dea?2 t ! tea*+s ( ,buddha purify ! m9d & enable x to obta9 supreme enlight5m5t2 t all ,buddhas by tread+ ! same way ( p]fection w atta9 ! highe/ fre$om40 8,y speak ( ! ,buddhi/ ,tr9ity40 8,yes1 we h ! ,dh>makya4 ,?is is ! ess5ce-body1 ! gr\nd ( all be+1 tak+ _m =ms1 ,buddhas1 ,bodhisattvas1 spirits1 angels1 m5 & ev5 demons4 ,x is imp]sonal1 all-p]vasive4 ,x may be call$ ! fir/ p]son4 ,! second p]son is ! ,sambhogakya1 ! body ( bliss4 ,?is is ! heav5ly manife/ation ( ,buddha4 ,! ?ird p]son is ! ,nirmnakya4 ,?is is ! projection ( ! body ( bliss on e>?40 ,"s id5tify ?is tr9ity ) t ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,:ile !re is a resemblance1 we %\ld note t ! fir/ p]son ( ! ,buddhi/ tr9ity w\ld correspond to ,god z ! absolute or ! imp]sonal backgr\nd ( univ]sal ,be+4 ,! second corresponds to ! glorifi$ ,*ri/ & ! ?ird to ! hi/oric ,jesus4 ,!re is no c\nt]p>t ei!r to ,god ! ,fa!r or to ! ,holy ,_s4 8,d y believe 9 ! salvation ( all be+s80 8,yes1 all h ! ,buddha he>t4 ,all liv+ be+s w f9ally become ,buddhas40 ,!n turn+ to a fri5d ( m9e ! speak] said3 8,:at h y done 9 ,buddhism80 ,! fri5d answ]$3 8,i h writt5 & translat$ _m books40 8,i d n mean t10 he answ]$4 8,:at "w h y done80 ,! fri5d confess$ t he _h n done mu* else4 ,!n he said3 8,e morn+ :5 y awake1 reflect deeply & pr(\ndly ^u y\r /ate be=e y 7 born4 ,?9k back to t /ate :]e y\r s\l 0 m]g$ ) ,buddha4 ,f9d y\rself 9 t /ate & y w f9d ineffable enlight5m5t & joy40 ,! sun 0 sett+ beh9d ! ,we/]n hills4 ,! bl>e ( trumpets s\nd$ on ! city wall4 ,outside ( ! door 0 ! :irl+ s\nd ( ,pek+ return+ home f its mundane tasks & joys4 ,we jo9$ ! ru%+1 re/less cr[d & /ill we felt ! calm ( ano!r _w4 ,has n ,*ri/ianity a message ( balm & peace = ^! sons ( ! ,ea/ :o are s s5sitive to ! t\* ( ! et]nal & sublime8 #aj4 ,:at ,buddhism ,has to ,give ,an important gov]nm5t (ficial oblig$ to deal ) _m vexati\s reque/s & dem&s decl>$3 8,i c\ld n get ?r\gh my day's "w1 if ,i did n sp5d an h\r e day 9 m$itation1 j z ,buddha did :5 he became enlight5$40 ,he 0 ask$ :at he did :5 he m$itat$ or pray$4 8,no?+ at all40 8,well1 ab\t :at d y ?9k80 8,( no?+ at all4 ,i /op ?9k+ :5 ,i engage 9 religi\s m$itation4 ,life makes me ?9k too mu*4 ,i %\ld lose my sanity1 if ,i did n /op ?9k+ & ent] into ! #8void'1 :5ce we all came & into :i* we all are go+ to drop back40 ,8 ,*ri/ian inquir] /ill 0 unsatisfi$ by ! ,buddhi/'s description ( 8 pray] life1 & press$ fur!r = details4 8,:at happ5s :5 y m$itate or pray80 8,no?+ happ5s1 ,i tell y1 except1 t ,i exp]i5ce a peace :i* ! pass+ _w _c give & :i* ! pass+ _w _c altoge!r take away4 ,! secret ( religion is simply to realize t ev]y?+ is pass+ away4 ,:5 y accept t fact1 !n y become really free4 ,! ,*ri/ian _w seem$ to h be5 trem5d\sly impress$ by ! slogan ( ! ,fr5* soldi]s at ,v]dun1 #8,!y %all n pass6' ,p]haps ! ,g]man soldi]s did n pass j !n or !re4 ,b ! ,fr5* soldi]s !mselves are all pass+ away4 ,& ev]y?+ 9 ! _w is pass+ away4 ,:at our ,buddhi/ religion tea*es u is3 #8,let x pass6' ,y _c keep any?+ = v long4 ,& pray] or m$itation is simply to practice y\rself 9 t ?\ght delib]ately4 ,oh1 x is a wond]ful peace :5 y fully believe t gospel1 & ent] into x e day4 ,vanity ( vanities1 ev]y?+ is vanity6 ,:y worry8 ,we d altoge!r too mu* worry+4 ,to pray means simply to quit worry+1 to quit ?9k+1 to ent] into ! indescribably passionless peace ( ,nirvana40 ,"h seem$ to be an ard5t ,buddhi/4 ,:5 ask$ :at he ?\ght z ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,buddhi/ & a ,*ri/ian1 he answ]$ promptly3 8,yes1 !re is my wife4 ,%e is a v good woman4 ,all ! neighbors come to h]1 :5 !re is any "o sick or 9 tr\ble4 ,s ,i say to h]3 #8,wife1 ,i %\ld ?9k y w\ld make a fir/-class ,*ri/ian4' ,b ,i ?9k %e lets h]self be worri$ by altoge!r too _m tr\bles4 ,%e is all ! "t ?9k+ & fuss+ & plann+4 ,to be sure1 x is mo/ly ab\t o!r p1 ,b !n %e does h ! *ildr5 & ! h\se & ! relatives & fri5ds & neighbors to look aft]4 ,p]haps %e really _c be a ,buddhi/4 ,p]haps x is all a matt] ( temp]am5t4 ,oh1 b ,i tell y x is great to be a ,buddhi/1 because x gives y su* a wond]ful peace40 ,,ix ,,pres5t-,,day ,,buddhism3 #a4 ,p]iods ( ,buddhi/ ,hi/ory ,! hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a may be divid$ into f\r p]iods4 ,buddhism ent]$ ,*9a1 z we h se51 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! fir/ p]iod1 t ( ! translation & propagation ( ! fai?1 end$ 9 #dbj ,a4,d4 ,! second p]iod1 t ( int]p5etration1 la/$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t'ang dyna/y1 #fah ,a4,d4 ,! ?ird1 ! p]iod ( e/abli%m5t1 end$ ) ! close ( ! five dyna/ies1 9 #ifj ,a4,d4 ,! f\r? p]iod1 t ( decay1 has ext5d$ to ! pres5t day4 #b4 ,! ,progress ( ! ,la/ ,tw5ty-five ,ye>s ,!re are signs ( a revival ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,:e!r ?is is a tide1 or a wave1 only ! future c reveal4 ,9 #ahic ,dh>mapala1 an ,indian monk1 /opp$ 9 ,%anghai on 8 way back f ! ,congress ( ,religions 9 ,*icago4 ,x 0 8 purpose to make a t\r ( ,*9a1 to ar\se ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s to s5d mission>ies to ,india to re/ore ,buddhism !re1 & !n to />t a propag&a ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,he address$ ! monks ( ,%anghai4 ,dr4 ,edk9s1 ! vet]an mission>y1 act$ z 8 int]pret]4 ,dh>mapala 0 surr\nd$ by a horde ( curi\s monks :o 7 m int]e/$ 9 8 /range appe>ance & 9 ! co/ ( 8 g>m5ts ?an !y 7 9 8 great ideals4 ,!y 7 also feel+ ! iron heel ( ! ,confucian gov]nm5t & at once inquir$ ab\t ! attitude ( ! gov]nm5t t[>d su* an innovation4 ,dh>mapala did n g beyond ,%anghai4 ,japanese ,buddhi/s1 especially ! memb]s ( ! ,hongwanji sect1 h tak5 a deep int]e/ 9 ,*9ese ,buddhi/s4 ,c\nt ,otani once visit$ ! *ief mona/]ies ( ,*9a4 ,num]\s ,japanese ,buddhi/s h made su* visits4 ,9 #aijb1 ! ,empress ,d[ag]1 fir$ by a re=m+ zeal1 decid$ to confiscate ,buddhi/ prop]ty & to use ! proce$s = ! spread ( mod]n education4 ,! ,buddhi/ mona/]ies put !mselves "u ! protection ( ,japanese monks 9 ord] to hold _! prop]ty4 ,:5 by #aijf ! ,empress ,d[ag] saw ! consequ5ces ( h] edict1 %e at once issu$ a new edict1 rev]s+ ! =m] "o1 & ! ,japanese monks took _! dep>ture4 ,! ,japanese ,buddhi/s h be5 fir$ by mission>y zeal = ,*9a4 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge cities ( ,*9a are ! temples ( ! ,hongwanji sect4 ,e/abli%$ prim>ily = ! ,japanese1 ^! temples are int5d$ to s]ve z po9ts ( dep>ture = a nation-wide mission>y "w4 ,! tw5ty-"o dem&s made ^u ,*9a includ$ two significant items 9 ! la/ gr\p :i* ! ,*9ese refus$ to sign3 8,art4 #b3 ,japanese hospitals1 *ur*es & s*ools 9 ! int]ior ( ,*9a %all be grant$ ! "r ( own+ l&40 8,art4 #g3 ,*9a agrees t ,japanese subjects %all h ! "r ( mission>y propag&a 9 ,*9a40 ,"u ,japanese influ5ce !re 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aijg at ,nank+1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,yang1 a lay ,buddhi/ devotee1 a s*ool = ! tra9+ ( ,buddhi/ mission>ies4 ,! /ud5ts 7 to g to ,japan = fur!r tra9+1 & ! m promis+ ones 7 to /udy 9 ,india4 ,?is project 0 discont9u$ aft] ! dea? ( ,yang on acc\nt ( ! lack ( funds4 ,:5 ! republic 0 e/abli%$ ,buddhism felt a wave ( re=m4 ,! mona/]ies e/abli%$ s*ools = monks & *ildr54 ,a magaz9e 0 publi%$ :i* appe>$ irregul>ly = sev]al numb]s & !n /opp$4 ,a national organization 0 =m$ ) headqu>t]s at ,pek+4 ,a survey ( mona/]ies 0 begun4 ,! activities 9 lectur+ & propag&a 7 increas$1 b ,yuan ,%ih-kai issu$ tw5ty-sev5 regulations = ! control ( ,buddhi/ mona/]ies1 :i* m>k$ly damp5$ ! ardor ( ! re=m]s4 ,! _w w> :i* acc5tuat$ ! _s ( nationalism _h ! add$ effect ( /irr+ up ,buddhi/ en?usiasm4 ,!re are at pres5t signs ( new activity among !m 9 ,*9a4 #c4 ,pres5t ,activities ,:ile ,buddhism may be /&+ /ill or ev5 dy+ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,*9a1 x is %[+ signs ( new life 9 ! prov9ces ( ,kiangsu & ,*ekiang & 9 ! l>ge cities4 ,su* revival 9 c5t]s subject to ! influ5ce ( ! mod]n _w %[s t ,buddhism 9 ,*9a z 9 ,japan has suffici5t vitality to adju/ itself to mod]n conditions4 ,let u consid] "s ( ^! activities4 7a7 ,! ,recon/ruction ( ,mona/]ies4--,dur+ ! ,t'ai ,p+ rebellion1 :i* deva/at$ ,*9a 9 #ahej-ahfe1 ! mona/]ies suff]$ ) ! t[ns4 ,n only 7 ! mona/]ies burn$ to ! gr\nd1 b _! means ( support 7 tak5 away & ! monks 7 scatt]$4 ,!re are /ill _m ( ^! ru9$ mona/]ies 9 ! ,yangtze valley & 9 s\!rn & we/]n ,*9a4 ,q a numb] ( !m h be5 rebuilt4 ,p]haps ! mo/ notable example is t at ,*ang*[ :i* 0 de/roy$ dur+ ! rebellion4 ,today x is ! l>ge/ mona/]y 9 ,*9a1 hav+ ab\t two ?\s& monks4 ,9 ,fuki5 sev]al new mona/]ies h be5 built 9 ! la/ few decades4 ,9 ! prov9ces ( ,*ekiang & ,kiangsu1 9 ! l>ge cities & ab\t ,pek+ !re are build+ activities1 %[+ t ! mona/]ies are feel+ a new wave ( prosp]ity4 ,t'ai ,hsu1 "o ( ! lead]s' ( mod]n ,buddhism1 is hold+ up an ideal program = ,buddhism 9 ?is "t ( recon/ruction4 ,he proposes t !re %\ld be #egf c5tral mona/]ies1 #dfjh prea*+ places1 #gb ,buddhi/ hospitals & #gb orphanages4 7b7 ,accessions4--,reg>d+ ! numb] ( monks x is almo/ impossible to obta9 any reliable figures4 ,a cons]vative e/imate1 bas$ ^u p>tial returns1 makes ! numb] ( monks ab\t #djj1jjj & t ( nuns ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,! impression among ! ,buddhi/s is t ! numb] ( monks is increas+4 ,t is q probable 9 view ( ! rebuild+ & repair+ :i* is n[ 9 progress4 ,m significant is ! numb] ( accessions f ! le>n$ class4 ,_m (ficials1 di%e>t5$ by ! pres5t confus$ political situation1 h s\ght refuge 9 ! mona/]ies4 ,"s ( !m are n[ abbots ( mona/]ies & are us+ _! influ5ce to build !m up4 ,all ov] ,*9a !re are ,confucian s*ol>s :o are giv+ !mselves to ! /udy ( ,buddhism & to m$itation4 ,"s ( ! ,*9ese /ud5ts :o h /udi$ 9 ,buddhi/ univ]sities 9 ,japan are propagat+ ,buddhism by lecture & p54 7c7 ,publications4--,q z significant is ! increase 9 ! publication ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( all k9ds4 ,_m ( ! mona/]ies h pr9t+ dep>tm5ts :]e !y publi% ! sutras ne$$ = _! own use4 ,9 addition1 !re are eight or m publi%+ c5t]s :]e ,buddhi/ lit]ature is pr9t$4 ,! mo/ fam\s are ,yang's e/abli%m5t at ,nank+1 ! ,buddhi/ ,press 9 ,yang*[ & t 9 ,pek+4 ,9 ^! e/abli%m5ts ab\t n9e hundr$ diff]5t works are be+ publi%$4 ,! mo/ notewor?y rec5t publication has be5 t ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka 9 ,%anghai4 ,among ^! publications are a few mod]n issues4 ,! ,*ung ,hua ,book ,company has publi%$ sev]al works on ,buddhism4 ,o!r books h be5 issu$ = ! sake ( h>moniz+ ,buddhism ) we/]n sci5ce & philosophy4 ,9 ?is ent]prise ,japanese influ5ce is visible4 ,9 #aiba a ,%anghai press publi%$ a diction>y ( ,buddhi/ t]ms conta9+ #ccjb pages1 bas$ on ! ,japanese ,diction>y ( ,buddhism4 ,o!r works also %[ ! influ5ce ( ,japanese s*ol>%ip4 ,among ! publications h appe>$ two magaz9es4 ,"o publi%$ at ,n+po1 is call$ 8,new ,buddhism40 ,?is is /ruggl+ & may h to succumb4 ,! o!r is kn[n z ! 8,s\nd ( ! ,sea ,tide10 n[ publi%$ 9 ,hank[4 ,moreov]1 9 all ! l>ge cities !re are ,buddhi/ book%ops :]e only ,buddhi/ works are sold4 ,^! all report a good bus9ess4 ,?is lit]>y activity reveals an int]e/ among ! read+ classes ( ,*9a4 ,few su* books are pur*as$ by ! monks4 ,! ,*9ese s*ol>s read !m = _! /yle & = _! deep philosophy1 b also = light & = help 9 ! pres5t di/ract+ political situation ( _! c\ntry4 7d7 ,lectures4--,along ) publication goes ! spread ( ,buddhism by lectures 9 ! mona/]ies & ! cities ( ,*9a4 ,a few ye>s ago ,buddhi/ s]mons1 h[ev] s]i\s1 7 only li/5$ to by monks & by a few pi\s devotees4 ,today su* addresses are adv]tis$ & are usually well att5d$ by ! intellectuals4 ,(t5 _m wom5 are f\nd li/5+4 ,monks l ,t'ai ,hs & ,yuan ,y+ h a national reputation4 ,n only monks1 b laym5 tra9$ 9 ,japan are deliv]+ lectures on ! ,buddhi/ sutras4 ,! favorites are ! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? & ! ,suddh>ma ,pund>ika sutra4 7e7 ,buddhi/ ,societies4--,) ! lectures goes ! organization ( ,buddhi/ societies = all sorts ( purposes4 ,!re is a c5tral society 9 ,pek+ :i* has bran*es 9 e prov9ce4 ,! connection is r loose4 ,buddhism has nev] be5 9 favor ( c5tralization4 ,nor = t matt] w\ld ! gov]nm5t h all[$ x4 ,! *ief ends aim$ at by ^! societies are fell[%ip1 devotion1 /udy1 propagation1 & s]vice4 ,su* societies1 (t5 %ort liv$1 are spr++ up 9 _m qu>t]s4 ,!y meet = lectures on ,buddhism or to conduct a /udy class 9 "s ( ! sutras4 ,occasionally ! m ambiti\s conduct an in/itute = sev]al mon?s4 ,"s sp5d "p ( ! "t 9 m$itation toge!r4 ,sev]al s*ools = *ildr5 are support$ by ^! societies4 ,!y also enc\rage "w ( a religi\s nature among prison]s1 di/ribut+ tracts & hold+ s]vices4 ,su* activities are especially appreciat$ by ^? :o are to suff] ! dea? p5alty4 ,! societies are also do+ publi%+ "w4 ,! two magaz9es are support$ by ! memb]s ( ! l>g] societies4 7f7 ,signs ( ,social ,ambition4--,social "w is a prom95t feature ( "s ( ^! ,buddhi/ societies4 ,!y h rais$ money = fam9e /rick5 regions1 h op5$ orphanages1 & assi/ 9 ,r$ ,cross "w4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ ,*9ese in/itutions = m9i/]+ to p :o are sick & 9 tr\ble is locat$ at ,hank[4 ,ar\nd a c5tral ,buddhi/ temple is a mod]n-built hospital1 an orphanage & sev]al s*ools = poor *ildr54 ,x may n ma9ta9 we/]n /&>ds ( effici5cy1 b x c]ta9ly repres5ts ! outrea* ( mod]n ,buddhism4 ,p]haps _! mo/ f>-rea*+ advance has be5 made because ( ! realization t lead]s are ne$$ & t !y mu/ be tra9$4 ,sev]al s*ools = ?is purpose h sprung into exi/5ce4 ,su* s*ools are necess>ily v primitive & are /ruggl+ ) ! difficulties ( f9d+ an adequate /aff & equipm5t & ( obta9+ ! be/ type ( /ud5ts4 ,ano!r sign ( new life has be5 ! mak+ ( programs = ! future developm5t ( ,buddhism4 ,"o ( ! mo/ compreh5sive appe>$ a %ort "t ago4 ,= ! individual x proposes ! cultivation ( love1 m]cy1 equality1 fre$om1 progressiv5ess1 an e/abli%$ fai?1 pati5ce & endurance4 ,= all m5 x proposes 7#a7 an education accord+ to capacity2 7#b7 a trade suit$ to ability2 7#c7 an opportunity to develop "o's p[]s2 7#d7 a *ance = enlight5m5t = all4 ,= society x urges ! cultivation ( coop]ation1 social s]vice1 sacrifice = ! social weal1 & ! social consci\sness 9 ! individual4 ,on behalf ( ! c\ntry x urges patriotism1 p>ticipation 9 ! gov]nm5t1 & coop]ation 9 int]national movem5ts4 ,= ! _w x advocates univ]sal progress4 ,z to ! univ]se x specifies z a goal ! br++ ( m5 into h>mony ) spiritual realities1 ! enlight5m5t ( all & ! realization ( ! spiritual univ]se4 ,a ,buddhi/ writ] sums up ! aims ( new ,buddhism z foll[s3 8,=m]ly ,buddhism desir$ to escape ! s9ful _w4 ,today ,buddhism n only desires to escape ?is _w ( s91 b longs to trans=m ?is _w ( s9 into a new _w dom9at$ by ! ideals ( ,buddhism4 ,=m]ly ,buddhism 0 occupi$ ) erect+ & p]fect+ its doctr9es & polity z an organization4 ,today x n only hopes to p]fect ! doctr9es & polity1 b desires to spread ! doctr9es & ideals abroad s z to help mank9d to become truly cultur$40 #d4 ,! ,attitude ( ,tibetan ,lamas ,n only ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s1 b ! ,lamas ( ,mongolia & ,tibet are feel+ ! impulses ( ! new age4 ,q rec5tly an exhibition 0 held 9 ! ,lama temple at ,pek+ :i* attract$ ?\s&s ( visitors4 ,its object 0 to obta9 money to repair ! temple1 & ?us to give its "w a fre% impulse4 ,t ^! impulses are n necess>ily ho/ile to ,*ri/ianity is %[n by a lett] writt5 by ! ,kurung ,ts]+ ,lama ( ,kokonor di/rict to ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,sr5s5 ( ,sze*uan3 8,i1 y\r humble s]vant1 h se5 sev]al copies ( ! ,scriptures &1 hav+ read !m c>efully1 !y c]ta9ly made me believe 9 ,*ri/4 ,i und]/& a little ( ! out/&+ pr9ciples & ! doctr9al tea*+ ( ! ,"o ,son1 b z to ! ,holy ,_s's nature & ess5ce1 & z to ! orig9 ( ?is religion1 ,i am n at all cle>1 & x is !re=e important t ! doctr9al pr9ciples ( ?is religion %\ld be fully expla9$1 s z to enlight5 ! un9tellig5t & p ( small m5tal ability4 8,! tea*+ ( ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e & a/rology is also v important4 ,x is !re=e evid5t if we want ?is bless+ op5ly manife/$1 we mu/ believe 9 ! religion ( ! only ,son ( ,god4 ,be+ 9 e>ne/1 ,i !re=e pray y f my he>t n to consid] ?is lett] lightly4 ,) a hundr$ salutations40 ,enclos$ ) ?is lett] 0 a poem writt5 9 mo/ elegant language4 8,o ?\ ,supreme ,god & mo/ preci\s ,fa!r1 ,! tru? above all religions1 ,! ,rul] ( all animate & inanimate worlds6 ,great] ?an wisdom1 sep>at$ f bir? & dea?1 ,is 8 son ,*ri/ ! ,"l %9+ 9 glory among endless be+s4 ,incompreh5sible wond]1 miracul\sly made6 ,9 ?is tea*+ ,i myself also believe--,z y\r _s is ) heav5 unit$1 ,my s\l undivid$ is seek+ ! tru? ,jesus ! ,savior's desire fulfill+1 ,= ! com+ ( ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 ,i am pray+4 ,happ9ess to all40 #e4 ,! ,buddhi/ ,_w ,v]sus ! ,*ri/ian ,_w ,look+ back ov] ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s we see ris+ q di/9ctly a ,buddhi/ _w gr[+ consci\s ( itself1 ( its pa/ hi/ory & ( its mission to ! _w4 ,?is ,buddhi/1 _w has mu* m ( a program ?an x _h tw5ty-five ye>s ago4 ,its object is to unite ! ,mahayna & ! ,hnayna bran*es ( ,buddhism & to spread ,buddhi/ propag&a ov] ! _w4 ,at pres5t ! lead]%ip ( ?is movem5t is 9 ,japan4 ,x is 9 "p a political movem5t4 ,!re is no "q t ,*ri/ianity is n at all pleas+ to ! ,japanese milit>i/s4 ,x is reg>d$ by !m z ! advance po/ ( we/]n indu/rialism & political ambition4 ,q naturally su* lead]s desire to make ! ,buddhi/ _w a unit4 ,x is also a social movem5t4 ,! _s ( ! ,japanese ,buddhi/ has be5 br\ght to consci\sness by ! new position ( ,japan4 ,japan is seek+ to take its place 9 ! _w z a fir/ rate p[]4 ,by ?is n only w ,japan's indu/ry & comm]ce pr(it1 b its spiritual values mu/ also be adapt$ to ! _w4 ,! movem5t !n has its spiritual side4 ,japanese travel]s & p are go+ to all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!y c>ry ) !m ! religi\s ideals :i* h be5 %ap$ by ,buddhism4 ,buddhism 9 ! pa/ 0 "o ( ! great religions ( salvation ) an inspir+ mission>y message4 ,x is aga9 awak5+ to ?is task ( evangelization4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,japanese s*ol>s & religi\s /atesm5 ! ,japanese are seek+ to unite ! ,buddhi/ _w s t x %all become a =ce 9 ! new _w4 ,japan is ?us try+ to give back :at x has receiv$ 9 ! pa/4 ,at pres5t 9 ,buddhi/ c\ntries !re is a /rong =ce work+ aga9/ ?is movem5t4 ,nationalism is a new =ce to be reckon$ )4 ,/ill ev5 ) ! _s ( nationalism p]meat+ e gr\p1 ! ,buddhi/ _w is gett+ toge!r & w /rive to make its contribution to ! life ( ! :ole _w4 ,x ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,approa* ,,to ,,buddhi/s #a4 ,que/ions ,:i* ,buddhi/s ,ask ,buddhi/s are approa*+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 _m places a _s ( inquiry & int]e/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion is met4 ,x is n necess>y t !re %\ld be a ,buddhi/ _w p]man5tly ov] aga9/ a ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! que/ions :i* ,buddhi/s ask a mission>y indicate an int]e/ 9 vital !mes4 ,"s ( !m are z foll[s3 ,we put our tru/ 9 ! ?ree ,preci\s ,ones4 ,9 :at d y tru/8 ,is n y\r ,%ang ,ti 7"n = ,god us$ 9 ,*9a7 a be+ l[] ?an ,buddha & j a little high] ?an a ,bodhisattva8 ,is n ,%ang ,ti ! tribal god ( ! ,jews8 ,d y believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( purgatory8 ,:at suff]+s w ^? endure :o d n live a virtu\s life8 ,d y believe 9 ! reality ( ! ,we/]n ,p>adise8 ,h[ c "o ent] x8 ,!re be+ ?ree k9ds ( m]it1 by :at me?od is ! great m]it accumulat$8 ,h[ is ! middle & ! small m]it accumulat$8 ,:at are ! fruits ( ^! proportions ( m]it & :at are !y l8 ,tell me h[ to believe ,*ri/4 ,:at "w ( m$itation d y p]=m8 ,is n ,buddhism m democratic ?an ,*ri/ianity1 because x holds out ! possibility ( ,buddhahood to all be+s8 ,is n ,buddhism m inclusive1 because x provides = ! salvation ( all be+s8 #b4 ,k & ,sympa?y ,^! que/ions make x pla9 t ! work] :o is to deal ) ,buddhi/s %\ld h a broad backgr\nd ( g5]al culture4 ,he mu/ be ?or\ghly humaniz$4 ,he %\ld h a good k ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy & religion1 includ+ ! "w ( ! mod]n philosoph]s4 ,a k ( ! life ( ,buddha & ( ! doctr9es ( ! ,hnayna or ,s\!rn ,buddhism1 z well z ! t5ets ( ! ,mahayna %\ld be 9 8 possession4 ,! psy*ology ( religion %\ld int]p5etrate 8 hi/orical le>n+2 ! be/ me?ods ( p$agogy %\ld guide 8 approa* to m54 ,( c\rse he mu/ speak ! language ( ! ,buddhi/1 n only ! spiritual language1 b 8 ev]yday patois4 ,he w f9d x an advantage to "k "s ,sanskrit4 ,:ile ?is requirem5t is n v urg5t at pres5t1 x w rapidly become a necessity = do+ ! be/ "w4 ,?is k %\ld be int]p5etrat$ by a g5u9e sympa?y1 t is1 imag9ation t+$ ) emotion4 ,! work] %\ld be able to view doctr9es1 values & actions f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,buddhi/ & 8 pa/ hi/ory4 ,he mu/ h a g5u9e int]e/ 9 & a great capacity = fri5d%ip4 ,! ,buddhi/s are v human1 respond+ to fri5d%ip v quickly4 ,su* fri5d%ip =ms a l9k betwe5 ! man & ! l>g] fri5d%ip ( ,*ri/4 #c4 ,emphasis on ! ,ae/hetic 9 ,*ri/ianity ,a ,*9ese ,*ri/ian lead] describ$ 8 idea ( a *ur* z a place remov$ f ! d9 ( ! /reet1 approa*$ by a walk flank$ ) trees & fl[]s & adorn$ )9 by symbols speak+ to ! he>t ( ! ,*9ese4 ,he long$ = ! my/ic sil5ce & ! beauty ( hol9ess :i* w\ld op5 ! w9d[s ( ! _w ( spiritual reality & ?r[ its light ^u ! problems ( life4 ,he 0 ask$1 8,w\ld y adapt "s ( ! symbols ( ! ,*9ese religions80 ,he said1 8,_m ( ^? symbols are neutral4 ,!y sugge/ religi\s emotion4 ,_! "* dep5ds ^u ! cont5t :i* ! occasion puts into !m4 ,if ! cont5t is ,*ri/ian !n ! symbols & emotions w become ,*ri/ian40 ,*ri/ianity is a religion ( beauty4 ,! beautiful 9 ar*itecture1 symbol & ritual1 express+ ! spiritual univ]se ( ! pa/1 pres5t & future1 makes a /rong appeal to ! ,*9ese he>t4 ,x may well be emphasiz$ 9 ! future z nev] be=e4 #d4 ,emphasis on ! ,my/ical 9 ,*ri/ianity ,n long ago a ,buddhi/ 9 "o ( ! l>ge cities ( ,*9a 0 conv]t$4 ,he f\nd great joy 9 ! exp]i5ce :i* reviv$ him & ga!r$ into unity ! brok5 fragm5ts ( 8 life4 ,he att5d$ *ur* regul>ly & p>ticipat$ 9 ! pray] meet+s4 ,gradually he discov]$ t he 0 n be+ n\ri%$4 ,he felt 8 joy slipp+ away f him & 8 divid$ life re9/at+ itself4 ,he w5t to ,buddhism = consolation4 ,he is n ho/ile to ! *ur*4 ,he appreciates ! help he receiv$1 b he said t he came = consolation & peace & f\nd ! same--h>d or?odoxy & morality s famili> to him 9 ,confucianism4 ,:ile ! case ( ?is man may h individual peculi>ities1 x may be made ! />t+ po9t = a discussion ( ! situation 9 _m *ur*es 9 ,*9a4 ,! e>ly message to ! ,*9ese 0 doctr9al4 ,! false notion ( _m gods _h to be displac$ by ! idea ( ! "o true ,god4 ,) ?is idea ( ! true ,god a few o!r t5ets ( ! ,*ri/ian religion are (t5 held z dogmatic propositions to be repeat$ :5 que/ions are ask$4 ,! great s9 prea*$ is ! wor%ip ( idols4 ,! second "p ( ! ,*ri/ian message is salvation by fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?is salvation is o!r-worldly to a l>ge ext5t4 ,! extreme emphasis ^u x has made ( ! *ur* an insurance society1 memb]%ip 9 :i* insures bliss 9 ! _w beyond4 ,! ?ird "p ( ! message has be5 conc]n$ ) moral acts1 ab/95ce f opium 7liquor & tobacco 9 "s *ur*es71 polygamy1 & ! gross s9s4 ,att5dance ^u *ur* s]vices1 contribution = ! support ( ! *ur*1 & ! refusal to contribute to idolatry h also be5 requir$4 ,! emphasis to a l>ge ext5t 0 doctr9al1 moral & individual4 ,! result has be5 a body ( p free f ! gross s9s1 b also innoc5t ( ! great virtues & individuali/ic 9 _! outlook ^u ?is _w & ! next4 ,?is emphasis is ne$$1 b 9 addition !re %\ld be ! cultivation ( ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! s\l by appropriate means4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ( ,*9a %\ld develop a te*nique ( ! spiritual life suit$ to ! ,ea/4 ,! =mation ( habits ( devotion %\ld be emphasiz$4 ,int]cessory pray] %\ld be giv5 a l>g] place4 ,contemplation & m$itation %\ld be reg>d$ n m]ely z an escape f ! turmoil & /rife ( ! _w1 b z a prep>ation = ! highe/ life ( s]vice & sacrifice4 ,buddhi/ my/icism unit$ ! :ole univ]se & 0 ! great f\ndation ( ,*9ese art1 lit]ature & morality4 ,! spiritual _w ( ,*ri/ianity mu/ likewise seep ?r\gh into ! v ?\ght ( ,asia & inspire ! new art1 lit]ature & morality :i* w be ! _w expression ( a ,*ri/ian univ]se4 #e4 ,emphasis on ! ,social ,elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity ,to ! ae/hetic & my/ical emphasis mu/ be atta*$ a social emphasis4 ,buddhism is (t5 criticiz$ z n be+ social4 ,x is a highly socializ$ religion4 ,x has _h a l>ge influ5ce ^u social life 9 ! ,ea/4 ,?is social life is diff]5t f ours4 ,we see its wrongs & weaknesses4 ,likewise d ! ,buddhi/s see ! mat]ialism & inju/ice ( our social life4 ,*ri/ianity mu/ relate itself to ! mod]n _w z x is ris+ 9 ,*9a & seek n m]ely to rem$y a few wrongs or heal a few diseases1 b mu/ release ! heal+ /ream into ! social life ( ! ,ea/4 ,?is w be done & is be+ done ?r\gh ! ,*ur* community :i* has become consci\s ( itself1 realiz+ its ne$s & wants1 seek+ 9 an intellig5t & sy/ematic way to rehabilitate itself4 ,x is n s mu* ! ext]nal unrelat$ ef=ts t accompli% ! ?+ ne$$1 b x is r ! community life /irr$ by ideals & fir$ by a new dynamic :i* beg9s ! "w ( re=mation4 #f4 ,emphasis on ! ,p]son ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7a7 ,z a ,hi/orical ,"*4--,! great asset ( ! mission>y among ,buddhi/s is ! hi/orical p]son ( ,*ri/4 ,9 contra/ to _m ( ! ,bodhisattvas1 ! savi\rs ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ,jesus is a hi/orical "*4 ,8 life among m5 0 ! life ( ,god among m54 7b7 ,z ! ,reveal]4--,god is l ,*ri/4 ,*ri/ reveals ,god z ! complete1 ! p]fect p]son4 ,he possess$ ! pure spiritual p]sonality4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]sonality is love4 ,?is love consci\s ( itself f9ds its highe/ joy 9 ! well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,?is love ( ,god produc$ human life :i*1 spr++ f ! l[e/ =m1 broke ?r\gh ! mat]ial elem5ts & is capable ( atta9+ ! highe/ developm5t4 ,*ri/ reveals to man 8 heav5ly relation%ip4 ,man creat$ 9 ! lik5ess ( ,god /&s 9 ! highe/ relation ( "o p]son to ano!r ?r\gh love4 ,he lik5s ?is relation to t ( fa!r & son4 ,he lifts man to ! fell[%ip ) ! div9e4 ,yet su* a fell[%ip t man pres]ves 8 p]sonality4 ,*ri/ reveals man 9 8 relation to m5 z a bro!r & ! =m ( love :i* %all control ! relation ( man to ,god z well z man to man4 ,*ri/ reveal$ & f\nd$ ! ,k+dom1 a society ( ! sav$1 dom9at$ by ! _s ( ! f\nd] & mak+ ?is _s ( love & s]vice ! organiz+ p[] 9 ! _w4 7c7 ,z ! ,savi\r4--,mahayna ,buddhism emphasiz$ savi\rhood4 ,*ri/ is ! savi\r ( m54 ,9 ,buddhism ! /ress is plac$ ^u ! m]it ( ! savi\r & ! sav$4 ,!re is no "q t m]it has "s value4 ,yet ,*ri/ does n save u by m]it1 nor d we help to save "o ano!r by m]it4 ,salvation is a moral & spiritual process4 ,x is conc]n$ ) ! biology ( ! s\l4 ,! salvation t we prea* is n ! salvation by k1 or m$itation1 or m]it1 b by ! int]p5etration ( ,*ri/'s _s 9 ours1 by ! my/ic & moral union ( our life ) 84 ,z ,paul says3 8,t ,i may "k ,him & ! p[] ( ,8 resurrection & ! fell[%ip ( ,8 suff]+40 ,yet ,he is n ! savi\r ( ! individual alone4 ,he saves ! community1 ! *ur*4 ,only z ,8 _s p]meates & dom9ates ! community does he f9d 8 true self & ! real salvation4 7d7 ,z ! ,et]nal ,son1 ( ,god4--,! ,mahayna sy/em does n emphasize ! hi/oricity ( ,amitabha or ( ! ,bodhisattvas4 ,spiritual tru? is ! developm5t ( ! s\l4 ,x is n limit$ by "t & place4 ,likewise ,*ri/ianity mu/ emphasize ! et]nal "* ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 8,! ,logos exi/$ 9 ! v beg9n+1 ! ,logos 0 ) ,god1 ! ,logos 0 ,god40 ,to ! ,mahyni/ ?is spiritual hi/ory is m real ?an any fact condition$ by "t & place4 ,! ,*ri/ian work] mu/ le>n to und]/& ! import ( ! ,gospel ( ,john4 ,he mu/ see 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ 8,! real ,light1 :i* enlight5s e man40 ,he mu/ be able to conv9ce himself t ! ,*ri/ is ! fulfillm5t ( ! highe/ aspirations ( ! ,mahyna sy/em4 #g4 ,h[ ,*ri/ianity ,expresses ,itself 9 ,buddhi/ ,m9ds ,9 #aibj a numb] ( ,buddhi/ monks1 "u ! lead]%ip ( ,rev4 ,k4 ,l4 ,rei*elt =m$ a ,*ri/ian bro!rhood4 ,! memb]s ( ?is small bro!rhood decid$ t !y mu/ subscribe to v[s & !y took ! f\r foll[+3 8,i promise be=e ! ,almighty & ,omnisci5t ,god1 t ,i ) my :ole he>t w surr5d] myself to ! true ,tr9ity1 ,god ! ,fa!r1 ! ,son & ! ,holy ,_s4 ,i w ) my :ole he>t h fai? 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! ,savi\r ( ! _w :o gives completion to ! pr(\nde/ & be/ objects ( ! high] ,buddhism4 ,i w live 9 ?is fai? n[ & ev] aft]4 8,i promise solemnly be=e ,god ) my :ole he>t to devote myself to ! /udy ( ! true doctr9e & break :olly ) ! evil mann]s ( ! _w & %[ =? 9 my public & private life t ,i am truly unit$ ) ,*ri/4 8,i promise t ,i 9 e respect w try s to educate myself t ,i c be ( use 9 ! "w ( ,god on e>?4 ,i w ) undivid$ he>t devote myself to ! great "w2 to lead my bre?r5 9 ! ,buddhi/ ,association =w>d to ! und]/&+ ( ,*ri/ z ! only ,"o1 :o gives completion to ! highe/ & pr(\nde/ ideas ( ,high] ,buddhism4 8,i promise t until my la/ h\r ,i w "w s t out ( our ,*ri/ian ,bro!rhood !re may gr[ =? a /rong *ur* ( ,*ri/ among ,buddhi/s4 ,i w n p]mit any evil ?+ to gr[ 9 my he>t1 :i* c\ld divide ! bro!rhood1 b w always try to promote ! progress ( e memb] 9 ! k ( ! holy obligations laid d[n 9 ^! v[s & our con/itution40 ,su* m5 ought1 to make *oice ,*ri/ians4 #h4 ,*ri/ianity's ,con/ructive ,values ,buddhism 9 ! c\rse ( its long hi/ory develop$ c]ta9 religi\s ideas & values :i* we f9d 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x fac$ ! fact ( s9 & plac$ x 9 ! he>t4 ,x diagnos$ ! fundam5tal in/9cts ( m51 sex-appetite1 w-to-a*ieve1 & pugnacity4 ,^! mu/ be ov]come4 ,x reg>ds !m z delusions :i* mu/ be elim9at$4 ,*ri/ianity also deals ) ^! in/9cts4 ,x is "u no delusion z to _! /r5g?4 ,!re are c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 ,*ri/ianity :i* h tri$ to annihilate !m4 ,! c5tral t5d5cy ( ,*ri/ianity1 h[ev]1 recogniz+ _! p[] = good1 seeks to sublimate !m & make !m s]ve ! individual & society4 ,?is attitude ( ! two religions t[>d ^! in/9cts is fundam5tally diff]5t4 ,! attitude ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 ju/ifi$ ev5 9 ,buddhi/ l&s :]e ! religi\s life ( ! p has foll[$ ! same l9e t ,*ri/ianity advocates4 ,e>ly ,buddhism tri$ to dissolve man's p]sonality4 ,lat] ,buddhism correct$ ?is & p]haps has appeal$ too mu* to ! desire on ! "p ( ! individual to ent] a heav5 :i* is m]ely a replica ( ! e>?4 ,*ri/ianity />ts ) a p]sonal ,god & holds up be=e ! believ] ! goal ( p]fection = 8 own p]sonality4 ,x f9ds man )\t a self & conf]s a real selfhood ^u him4 ,e>ly ,buddhism taught t salvation is accompli%$ by ! individual alone4 ,x d5ies ! possibility & ! necessity ( help f a div9e s\rce4 ,subsequ5t hi/ory has prov$ ?is to h be5 wrong4 ,9 ,india1 ,buddhism has be5 displac$ by ,h9duism1 & 9 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 ! ,mahyna has develop$ ! idea ( salvation ?r\gh ano!r4 ,! great /ream ( ,buddhism has recogniz$ t man by himself is helpless4 ,he mu/ h ! help ( a div9e p[] 9 ord] to obta9 salvation4 ,*ri/ianity ass]ts t salvation is possible only ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ,god4 ,! inc>nation1 ! life1 dea? & resurrection ( ,jesus & 8 "w 9 ! _w ?r\gh ! ,holy ,_s on ! "o h& are ! expression ( ,god's solicitude = man1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 correspond to ! deep ne$ :i* m5 ( all ages h felt1 = a p[] above !mselves4 ,f ! e>ly /ages ( magic to ! highe/ rea*es ( religion we f9d ?is con/ant factor recogniz$ by human gr\ps all ov] ! _w4 ,!y be> witness to a p[] above !mselves to :om !y cont9ually appeal4 ,9 ,*ri/ianity we f9d ?is ma9 t5d5cy enunciat$ mo/ cle>ly4 ,! individual _c save himself4 ,mank9d _c save itself4 ,bo? mu/ rely ^u ! assi/ance ( ! div9e p[] :i* />t$ ?is univ]se on its way & :i* is ! ev] pres5t creative =ce4 ,*ri/ianity1 moreov]1 has e/abli%$ ! community ( believ]s includ+ all classes & conditions ( m54 ,h]e9 ea* "o may realize himself4 ,h]e9 also he may realize ! k9d ( community :i* is fri5dly to 8 highe/ aspirations = himself4 ,h]e9 he has ! opportunity to transmute ! in/9cts above m5tion$ into =ces :i* make = ! l>g] developm5t ( 8 own p]son & ! well-be+ ( ! community4 ,accord+ly1 z ,*ri/ians face ,buddhi/s1 !y c d s ) ! consci\sness t ?is great religion has be5 rea*+ out aft] ! light :i* %9es brightly 9 our ,*ri/ian religion4 ,!y h ! assurance n only t !y h a message :i* br+s fulfilm5t to ! ideas ( ! ,mahyna1 b also t x has prep>$ ! way = ! he>ts ( ! ,*9ese to receive ! highe/ message ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,,app5dix ,i ,,h9ts ,,= ,,! ,,prelim9>y ,,/udy ,,( ,,buddhism ,,9 ,,*9a ,! /ud5t %\ld read & inw>dly dige/ ! booklet ( ,k4 ,j4 ,saund]s4 ,he %\ld foll[ ! directions giv5 9 ,app5dix ,"o ( t book1 ,?is proc$ure is important because ! ,hnayna ,buddhism & ! life ( ,buddha are ! backgr\nd ( ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 ,!n he may take ,hackmann's ,buddhism z a ,religion 7,no4 #ae74 ,?is w give a g5]al ori5tation4 ,?is may be foll[$ ) ,r4 ,f4 ,john/on's ,buddhi/ ,*9a 7,no4 #bj74 ,along ) ?is he may read ,suzuki's ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 7,no4 #cb71 & also 8 ,outl9es ( ,mahyan ,buddhism 7,no4 #cc74 ,mc,govern's ,introduction to ,mahyan ,buddhism 7,no4 #bc7 w illum9ate ! philosophical backgr\nd ( ,buddhism1 & ,eliot's ,h9duism & ,buddhism 7,no4 #ac7 w add hi/orical p]spective4 ,! translation ( ,mahdydna ,sutras by ,beal & 9 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/ w give him "s ( ! s\rces = ! doctr9es held 9 ,*9a4 ,he may beg9 z ! ,buddhi/ mission>ies did ) ! sutra ( ! ,=ty-two sections & !n take up ! ,diamond ,sutra1 & !n complet+ ! sutras 9 ,vol4 #ei & ! ,cat5a ( ,buddhi/ ,scriptures4 ,= ! /udy ( ! e?ical side he w f9d ,de ,groot's ,le ,code du ,mahyna en ,*9e v helpful4 ,= ! /udy ( ! sects ,eliot1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #cjc-cbj ,nor!rn ,buddhism 7,no4 #ad7 w be helpful4 ,9 all 8 /udy he w f9d ,eitel's ,h&book ( ,*9ese ,buddhism 7,no4 #ab7 indisp5sable4 ,he mu/1 h[ev]1 make a ,*9ese index 9 ord] to be able to use ! book4 ,contact ) monks w be helpful & is q necess>y 9 ord] to appreciate ! human problems ( ! "w4 ,,app5dix ,,ii ,a ,,brief ,,bibliography #a4 ,,beal1 ,s4 ,ab/ract ( ,f\r ,lectures ^u ,buddhi/ ,lit]ature 9 ,*9a4 ,london1 ,triibn]1 #ahhb4 ,lecture ,,ii1 on 8,me?od ( ,buddha's ,tea*+ 9 ! ,v9aya ,pitaka10 & ,lecture ,,iv1 on 8,co9cid5ces ,betwe5 ,buddhism & ,o!r ,religions10 especially desirable4 #b4 ---- ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 ,london1 ,s4 ,p4 ,c4 ,k1 #ahhd4 ,! be/ compreh5sive acc\nt ( ,*9ese ,buddhism1 writt5 by an au?ority4 #c4 ---- ,cat5a ( ,buddhi/ ,scriptures1 f ! ,*9ese4 ,london1 ,triibn]1 #ahga4 ,a good introduction to ,*9ese ,buddhism f ! s\rces4 #d4 ---- ,! ,romantic ,leg5d ( ,skya ,buddha4 ,london1 ,triibn]1 #ahge4 ,rec\nts ,buddha's hi/ory f ! beg9n+ to ! conv]sion ( ! ,ksyapas & o!rs4 #e4 ---- ,texts f ! ,buddhi/ ,canon ,commonly ,kn[n z ,d hammapada4 ,london1 ,triibn]1 #ahgh4 ,pocket edition1 #aijb4 ,^! 8,scriptural ,texts10 translat$ f ! ,*9ese & abridg$1 are usually connect$ ) "s ev5t 9 ,buddha's hi/ory4 ,?is translation has ,indian anecdotes1 illu/rat+ ! v]ses4 #f4 ,,c\l+1 ,s41 editor4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,s9ica4 ,%anghai1 ,kelly ,wal%1 #aiag4 ,conta9s1 on pages #fg-ge1 a numb] ( brief articles ^u ,buddhism 9 ,*9a4 #g4 ,,de ,,qroot1 ,j4 ,j4 ,m4 ,religion ( ! ,*9ese4 ,new ,york1 ,macmillan1 #aijj4 ,pages #afd-bbc conta9 a summ>y ( ! ma9 facts ab\t ,*9ese ,buddhism by an au?ority4 #h4 ---- ,sect>ianism & ,religi\s ,p]secution 9 ,*9a4 #b vols4 ,j4 ,mll]1 ,am/]dam1 #aijc-aijd4 ,treats f s\rces ,confucianism's p]secution ( ,buddhism & o!r sects4 ,see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,index1 "u ,buddhism1 p4 #egb4 #i4 ,,dore1 ,,h5ei4 ,rese>*es into ,*9ese ,sup]/itions4 #f vols4 ,tusewei ,press1 #aiad-aibj4 ,a well illu/rat$ miscellany ( sup]/itions ( all ,*9ese religions %[+ indi/9ctly _! int]p5etration by ,buddhism4 ,= ,buddhism prop]1 see ,vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #hi-bcc4 #aj4 ,,edk9s1 ,j4 ,*9ese ,buddhism4 #b;d edition4 ,london1 ,trbn]1 #ahic4 ,a v full acc\nt ( ,buddhism z se5 by a ,s9ologue ( ! la/ g5]ation4 #aa4 ,,eitel1 ,e4 ,j4 ,buddhism3 ,its ,hi/orical1 ,!oretical & ,popul> ,aspects4 ,hongkong1 ,lane1 ,craw=d & ,co41 #ahhd4 ,writt5 by an obs]vant s*ol> & descriptive ( ,buddhism ( ,s\? ,*9a especially4 #ab4 ---- ,h&book ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,presbyt]ian ,mission ,press1 ,%anghai4 ,?is is a ,sanskrit-,*9ese diction>y1 a repr9t ( ! second edition ( #ahhh )\t ! ,*9ese index necess>y = id5tify+ ,*9ese ,buddhi/ t]ms4 #ac4 ,,eliot1 ,,sir ,,*>les4 ,h9duism & ,buddhism1 ,an ,hi/orical ,sket*4 #c vols4 ,edw>d ,arnold & ,co41 #aiba4 ,?is is a valuable contribution to our k ( ,buddhism by an exp]i5c$ /ud5t4 ,! p>ts especially relat$ to ,*9ese ,buddhism are ,vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #c-ajf2 ,vol4 ,ill1 #bbc-cce4 #ad4 ,,jetty1 ,a4 ,gods ( ,nor!rn ,buddhism4 ,ox=d1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #aiad4 ,?is "w is helpful 9 id5tify+ images 9 ! temples1 ?\gh un=tunately few ( ^? giv5 are ,*9ese4 #ae4 ,,hackmann1 ,h4 ,buddhism z a ,religion4 ,london1 ,prob/ha91 #aiaj4 ,gives a g5]al view ( ,buddhism f fir/-h& inve/igation4 ,= ,*9ese ,buddhism see pp4 #bjj-beg4 #af4 ,,ha/+s1 ,,james4 ,! ,encyclop$ia ( ,religion & ,e?ics4 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]s1 #aijh4 ,articles ,asvaghosa1 ,bodhisattva1 ,*9a 7,buddhism 971 ,mahyna ,missions 7,buddhi/74 #ag4 ,,hume1 ,r4 ,e4 ,! ,liv+ ,religions ( ! ,_w4 ,new ,york1 ,scribn]s1 #aibd4 ,a cle> comp>ative /udy ( ^! religions 9 ! light ( ,*ri/ian /&>ds4 #ah4 ,,+lis1 ,j4 ,w4 8,*ri/ian ,elem5t 9 ,*9ese ,buddhism40 ,int]national ,review ( ,missions1 ,vol4 ,v1 #aiaf1 pp4 #ehg-fjb4 ,an excell5t article by a vet]an mission>y & s*ol> ( ,man*uria4 #ai4 ,,johnson1 ,s4 ,ori5tal ,religions ''' ,*9a4 ,bo/on1 ,h\ghton1 ,osgood ,co41 #ahgh4 ,pages #hjj-hcc give a compreh5sive summ>y by a /ud5t ( comp>ative religion4 #bj4 ,,john/on1 ,r4 ,f4 ,buddhi/ ,*9a4 ,new ,york1 ,dutton1 #aiac4 ,a well-writt51 int]e/+ book4 ,! au?or kn[s 8 subject1 & is held 9 high e/eem by ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a4 #ba4 ,,kei?1 ,a4 ,,b]ri$ale4 ,buddhi/ ,philosophy 9 ,india & ,ceylon4 ,ox=d1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #aibc4 ,a /udy ( ! hi/oric developm5t ( ! ,buddhi/ic philosophy 9 ,india & ,ceylon :i* ?r[s mu* light on ! ,mahyna4 #bb4 ,,lodge1 ,j4 ,e4 ,*9ese ,buddhi/ ,art4 ,asia1 ,vol4 ,,xix1 ,june1 #aiai4 ,"s ( ! *oice/ half-tones illu/rat+ its "* accompani$ by int]e/+ descriptions4 #bc4 ,mc,g,o,v,e,r,n1 ,w4 ,m4 ,an ,introduction ( ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,dutton1 #aibb4 ,?\gh writt5 f ! po9t ( view ( ,japanese ,buddhism x gives a good treatm5t ( metaphysical & psy*ological aspects ( ! ,mahyna sy/em4 #bd4 ,m,,ll]1 ,f4 ,,max4 ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/4 ,vol4 ,,xlix1 ,buddhi/1 ,mahyna ,texts4 ,ox=d1 ,cl>5don ,press1 #ahid4 ,a book ( s\rces necess>y = und]/&+ ,nor!rn ,buddhism4 #be4 ,,p>k]1 ,e4 ,h4 ,*9a & ,religion4 ,new ,york1 ,dutton1 #aije4 ,a sket* ( ,buddhism by a s*ol> long resid5t 9 ,*9a is f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 #bf4 ,,paul1 ,c4 ,t4 ,! ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/ianity to ,buddhi/s4 ,new ,york1 ,bo>d ( ,mission>y ,prep>ation1 #aibd4 ,a c>efully prep>$ /udy ( ,buddhism f ! viewpo9t ( mission>ies work+ 9 ,buddhi/ l&s4 #bg4 ,,rei*elt1 ,k4 ,l4 8,special ,"w ,among ,*9ese ,buddhi/s40 ,*9ese ,record]1 ,vol4 ,,li1 #aibj1 ,july issue1 pp4 #dia-dig4 ,an article by a pione] 9 "w among ,buddhi/s1 ( r>e insight & sympa?y4 #bh4 ,,ri*>d1 ,t4 ,! ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 9 ! ,mahyna ,doctr9e4 #b;d edition4 ,%anghai1 #aiah4 ,a loose translation by a v l>ge-he>t$ & sympa!tic /ud5t ) an ir5ic _s4 ,see #cb bel[4 #bi4 ,,ri*>d1 ,t4 ,guide to ,buddhahood2 ,be+ a ,/&>d ,manual ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 ,%anghai41 #aijg4 #cj4 ,,saund]s1 ,k4 ,j4 ,epo*s ( ,buddhi/ ,hi/ory 7,haskell ,lectures71 ,*icago ,univ]sity ,press1 #aibb4 ,a good summ>y ( ! ma9 developm5ts 9 ,buddhism4 #ca4 ,,/auff]1 ,m4 ,t4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,occupation ( ,*9a4 ,%anghai ,cont9uation ,committee1 #aibb4 ,! introductory section conta9s articles ^u ,*9a's religions4 #cb4 ,,suzuki1 ,t4 ,a'svaghosa's ,awak5+ ( ,fai? 9 ! ,mahyna4 ,*icago1 ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 #aijj4 ,a f> m accurate translation ( ?is "w ?an ,no4 #bh above4 #cc4 ---- ,outl9es ( ,mahyna ,buddhism4 ,*icago1 ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 #aijh4 ,:ile writt5 f ! ,japanese po9t ( view x is necess>y to ! und]/&+ ( ,*9ese ,buddhism4 #cd4 ,,watt]s1 ,t4 8,buddhism 9 ,*9a40 ,*9ese ,record]1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 #ahgj1 pp4 #a-g1 #ch-dc1 #fd-fh1 #ha-hh1 #aag-abb1 #ade-aej1 ,%anghai4 ,a valuable s]ies ( articles by an excell5t ,*9ese s*ol>1 discuss+ ! hi/ory1 p]secutions1 & v>i\s ,buddhas ( ,*9a4 #ce4 ,,wei1 ,f4 ,c4 ,m4 8,salvation by ,fai? z ,taught by ! ,pure ,l& ,sect40 ,*9ese ,record]1 ,vol4 ,,li1 #aibj1 pp4 #cie-dja1 #dhe-dia4 ,a good article on ! sect ^: ideas h spread ov] ,*9a & ,japan4 #cf4 ,,wieg]1 ,l4 ,b\ddhisme ,*9ois1 #b vols4 ,ho-,ki5-,f\1 ,roman ,ca?olic ,press1 #aiaj-aiac4 ,?is conta9s ! ,*9ese text & ,fr5* translation ( ! life ( ,buddha z kn[n to ,*9a2 also ! ritual obs]v$ 9 ord9ation4 ,a useful s\rce book4