,illu/ration ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t ,,no4 #bhf ,,new ,,york1 ,,june #be1 #ahha ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #bhf4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$ #ahde ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1 #e a ye>4 ,sci5tific ,am]ican & ,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,i4 ,,eng9e]+ ,,& ,,me*anics4--,"o ,?\s& ,horse ,p[] ,corliss ,eng9e4 #e figures1 to scale1 illu/rat+ ! con/ruction ( ! new "o ?\s& horse p[] ,corliss eng9e1 by ,hit*1 ,h>greaves ,co4 ,op5+ ( ! ,new ,work%op ( ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,spee* ( ,pr(4 ,r4,w4 ,raymond1 spee* ( ,mr4 ,horatio ,all54 ,light ,/eam ,eng9e = ,a]onautical ,purposes4 ,con/ruct$ = ,capt4 ,mojoisky1 ( ! ,russian ,navy4 ,complete ,prev5tion ( ,incru/ation 9 ,boil]s4 ,arrangem5t = purify+ boil] wat] ) lime & c>bonate ( soda4--,! purification ( ! wat]4--,exam9ation ( ! purifi$ wat]4--,results ( wat] purification4 ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se4 ,progress ( ! "w4 ,roll+ ,mill = ,mak+ ,corrugat$ ,iron4 #a figure4 ,! new mill ( ,s*ultz1 ,knaudt ,co41 ( ,ess51 ,g]many4 ,railway ,turntable 9 ! ,"t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 #a figure4 ,pleasure c>4 ,railway & turntable at ,m>y-le-,roy ,*ateau1 ,france1 9 #agad4 ,new ,signal ,wire ,comp5sator4 ,communication f ,a4 ,lyle1 describ+ comp5sators 9 use on ! ,nizam ,/ate ,railway1 ,ea/ ,india4 ,tangye's ,hydraulic ,hoi/4 #b figures4 ,p[] ,loom = ,delicate ,fabrics4 #a figure4 ,h[ ,v5e]+ is ,made4 ,,ii4 ,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,! ,con/itu5t ,p>ts ( ,lea!r4 ,! composition ( diff]5t lea!rs exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exhibition4--,am\nt ( lea!r produc$ by diff]5t tonnages ( #ajj p\nds ( hides4--,p]c5tage ( tann9 absorb$ "u diff]5t me?ods ( tann+4--,am\nts ( gelat9e & tann9 9 lea!r ( diff]5t tonnages1 etc4 ,progress 9 ,am]ican ,pott]y4 ,photographic ,notes4--,mr4 ,w>u]ke's ,new ,discov]y4--,me?od ( conv]t+ negatives directly into positives4--,exp]im5ts ( ,capt4 ,b+ on ! s5sitiv5ess ( coal oil--,bitum5 plates4--,me?od ( topographic engrav+4 ,by ,comm&ant ,,de ,,la ,,noe4--,succ9ate ( ,iron ,develop]4--,me?od ( mak+ friable hydro-cellulose4 ,photo-,trac+s 9 ,black & ,color4 ,dye+ ,r$s ) ,artificial ,aliz>94 ,by ,m4 ,,maurice ,,prud',,homme4 ,,iii4 ,,electricity1 ,,physical ,,sci5ce1 ,,etc4--,on ,faure's ,second>y ,batt]y4 ,physical ,sci5ce 9 ,our ,common ,s*ools4--,an exceptionally /rong argum5t = ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce by ! exp]im5tal me?od 9 elem5t>y s*ools1 ) an outl9e ( ! me?od & ! results ( su* tea*+4 ,on ! ,law ( ,avogadro & ,amp]e4 ,by ,e4 ,,vogel4 ,,iv4 ,,geography1 ,,geology1 ,,etc4--,petroleum & ,coal 9 ,v5ezuela4 ,geographical ,society ( ! ,pacific4 ,! ,behr+'s ,/raits ,curr5ts4--,pro(s ( _! exi/5ce4 ,exp]im5tal ,geology4--,artificial production ( calc>e\s pisolites & oolites4--,on cry/als ( anhydr\s lime4--#d figures4 ,v4 ,,natural ,,hi/ory1 ,,etc4--,coccid4 ,by ,dr4 ,h4 ,,behr4--,an important pap] read be=e ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces4--,! m>vel\s fecundity ( scale bugs4--,_! uses4--,_! ravages4--,me?ods ( de/roy+ !m4 ,agricultural ,items4 ,timb] ,trees4 ,blood ,ra9s4 ,,vi4 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,hygi5e4--,m$ical ,uses ( ,figs4 ,topical ,m$ication 9 ,ph?isis4 ,,vii4 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,etc4--,sugge/ions 9 ,ar*itecture4--,l>ge illu/ration4--,! ,new ,high ,s*ool = ,girls1 ,ox=d1 ,engl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,petroleum ,,& ,,coal ,,9 ,,v5ezuela4 ,,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,,pluma*]1 ,u4 ,s4 ,consul at ,m>acaibo1 s5ds to ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t ! foll[+ in=mation t\*+ ! weal? ( coal & petroleum probable 9 ,v5ezuela3 ,! asphalt m9es & petroleum f\nta9s are mo/ abundant 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,riv] ,zulia & ! ,riv] ,catatumbo1 & ! ,cordill]as4 ,! wond]ful s&-bank is ab\t sev5 kilomet]s f ! conflu5ce ( ! ,riv]s ,t>a & ,s>d9>te4 ,x is t5 met]s high & ?irty met]s long4 ,on its surface c be se5 sev]al r\nd holes1 out ( :i* rises ! petroleum & wat] ) a noise l t made by /eam vessels :5 bl[+ (f /eam1 & above !re asc5ds a column ( vapor4 ,!re is a d5se =e/ ar\nd ?is s&-bank1 & ! place has be5 call$ ,el ,inf]no4 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,mc,gregor visit$ ! s&-bank1 & report$ to ! ,gov]nm5t t by exp]im5t he _h asc]ta9$ t "o ( ! f\nta9s spurt$ petroleum & wat] at ! rate ( #bdj gallons p] h\r4 ,mr4 ,pluma*] says t ! petroleum is ( v good quality1 its d5sity be+ t :i* ! ,briti% m>ket requires 9 petroleum import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! riv]1 up to ! junction ( ! ,t>a & ,s>d9>te1 is navigable dur+ ! entire ye> = flat-bottom$ craft ( =ty or fifty tons4 ,mr4 ,pluma*] has be5 unable to discov] t !re are any deposits ( asphalt or petroleum 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,colon1 beyond ! ,zulia1 b he has be5 told t ! valleys ( ,cucuta & ! t]ritories ( ! ,/ate ( ,ta*ira ab\nd 9 coal m9es4 ,!re are coal m9es ne> ,san ,antonia1 9 a rav9e call$ ,la ,c>bon]a1 & ^! supply coal = ! smi?s' =ges 9 t place4 ,coal & asphalt are also f\nd 9 l>ge quantities 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sucre4 ,mr4 ,pluma*] has se51 :ile resid+ 9 ! ,/ate ( ,zulia1 b "o true specim5 ( lignite1 :i* 0 giv5 to him by a ri* l&-own]1 :o is a ,spani% subject4 ,9 ! section :]e x 0 f\nd !re are sev]al f\nta9s ( a peculi> sub/ance4 ,x is a black liquid1 ( little d5sity1 /rongly impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid :i* x transmits to ! wat] :i* inv>iably accompanies x4 ,deposits ( ?is sub/ance are f\nd at ! foot ( ! spurs ( ! ,cordill]as1 & are believ$ to indicate ! pres5ce ( great deposits ( an?racite4 ,!re are _m petroleum wells ( inf]ior quality betwe5 ,escuque & ,bettijoque1 9 ! t[n ( ,columbia4 ,labor]s ga!r ! petroleum 9 h&k]*iefs4 ,aft] ^! become saturat$1 ! oil is press$ out by wr++4 ,x is burn$ 9 ! h\ses ( ! poor4 ,! p ?\ght1 9 #ahbd1 t x 0 a sub/ance unkn[n else:]e1 & !y call$ x ! oil ( ,columbia4 ,at t "t !y hop$ to e/abli% a valuable indu/ry by work+ x1 & !y s5t to ,engl&1 ,france1 & ?is c\ntry samples :i* attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,b 9 ^? days no me?od ( ref9+ ! crude oil _h be5 discov]$1 & !re=e ^! ef=ts to introduce petroleum to ! _w soon fail$4 ,! pla9s ( ,c5iza ab\nd 9 asphalt & petroleum4 ,!re is a l>ge lake ( ^! sub/ances ab\t twelve kilomet]s ea/ ( ,/4 ,timoteo1 & f x "s asphalt is tak5 to ,m>acaibo4 ,_m deposits ( asphalt are f\nd betwe5 ^! pla9s & ! ,riv] ,m5e4 ,! l>ge/ is t ( ,ci5ega de ,m5e1 :i* is %all[4 ,at ! bottom lies a compact b$ ( asphalt1 :i* is n us$ at pres5t1 except = pa9t+ ! bottoms ( vessels to keep (f ! b>nacles4 ,!re are wells ( petroleum 9 ! ,/ate ( ,falcon4 ,mr4 ,pluma*] says t all ! samples ( coal submitt$ to him 9 ,v5ezuela = exam9ation1 ) ! exception ( ! lignite be=e m5tion$1 71 9 8 op9ion1 asphalt 9 v>i\s degrees ( cond5sation4 ,! sample :i* came f ,tule he ranks ) ! coals ( ! be/ quality4 ,he believes t ! innum]able f\nta9s & deposits ( petroleum1 bitum51 & asphalt t are app>5t on ! surface ( ! region ar\nd ,lake ,m>acaibo are pro( ( ! exi/5ce bel[ ( imm5se deposits ( coal4 ,^! deposits h n be5 uncov]$ because ! t]ritory rema9s = ! mo/ "p z wild z x 0 at ! conque/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"o ,,?\s& ,,horse-,,p[] ,,corliss ,,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,,dia4 ,,( ,,cyl9d] #dj'' ,,/roke #aj ft4 ,,revs #da ,,scale ,,( ,,diagrams #dj ,,lbs #a ,,in* ,,fig4 #b4 ,we illu/rate "o ( ! l>ge/ ,corliss eng9es ev] con/ruct$4 ,x is ( ! s+le cyl9d]1 horizontal1 cond5s+ type1 ) "o cyl9d] #dj in*es diamet]1 & #aj feet /roke1 & makes =ty-five revolutions p] m9ute1 correspond+ to a pi/on spe$ ( #ijj feet p] m9ute4 ,at mid /roke ! velocity ( ! pi/on is #a1djb feet p] m9ute ne>ly1 & its en]gy 9 foot p\nds am\nts to ab\t #h4f times its weight4 ,! cyl9d] is /eam jacket$ on ! body & ends1 & is fitt$ ) ,corliss valves & ,+lis ,sp5c]'s automatic ,corliss valve expansion ge>4 ,ref]r+ to ! g5]al draw+ ( ! eng9e1 x w be se5 t ! cyl9d] is bolt$ directly to ! end ( ! massive ca/ iron frame1 & ! pi/on c\pl$ direct to ! crank by ! /eel pi/on rod & cros%ead & ! connect+ rod4 ,! connect+ rod is #bh feet long c5t] to c5t]1 & #ab in*es diamet] at ! middle4 ,! crank%aft is made ( =g$ ,bolton /eel1 & is #ba in*es diamet] at ! "p :]e ! fly-:eel is c>ri$4 ,! fly driv+ :eel is #ce feet 9 diamet]1 & groov$ = tw5ty-sev5 ropes1 :i* transmit ! p[] direct to ! v>i\s l9e %afts 9 ! mill4 ,! rope grooves are made on ,hick1 ,h>greaves ,co4's /&>d patt]n ( deep groove1 & ! :eel1 :i* is built up1 is con/ruct$ on _! improv$ plan ) sep>ate arms & boss1 & twelve segm5ts 9 ! rim ) jo9ts plan$ to ! true angle by a special ma*9e design$ & made by !mselves4 ,! weight ( ! fly-:eel is ab\t #fj tons4 ,! cond5s+ app>atus is arrang$ bel[1 s t !re is complete dra9age f ! cyl9d] to ! cond5s]4 ,! air pump1 :i* is #cf in*es diamet] & #b feet #f in*es /roke1 is a v]tical pump work$ by wr\ght iron plate lev]s & two side l9ks1 %[n by dott$ l9es1 f ! ma9 cros%ead4 ,! eng9e is f5c$ (f by neat rail+1 & a plat=m ) access f "o side is fitt$ r\nd ! top ( ! cyl9d] = gett+ conv5i5tly to ! valve sp9dles & lubricators4 ,! above engrav+1 :i* is a side elevation ( ! cyl9d]1 %[s ! valve ge> complete4 ,!re are two c5tral disk plates work$ by sep>ate ecc5trics1 :i* give sep>ate motion to ! /eam & exhau/ valves4 ,! ecc5trics are m\nt$ on a small cross %aft1 :i* is driv5 by a l9e %aft & ge> :eels4 ,! pi/on rod passes out at ! back end ( ! cyl9d] & is c>ri$ by a %oe slide & guide b>1 z %[n m fully 9 ! detail$ sectional elevation ?r\gh ! cyl9d]1 %[+ also ! cov]s & jackets 9 section4 ,! cyl9d]1 made 9 f\r pieces1 is built up on ,mr4 ,w4 ,+lis's pat5t arrangem5t1 ) sep>ate l9] & /eam jacket cas+ & sep>ate end valve *amb]s4 ,?is arrangem5t simplifies ! ca/+s & secures good & s\nd ones4 ,! l9] has face jo9ts1 :i* are c>efully scrap$ up to b$ truly to ! end valve *amb]s4 ,! cros%ead slides are ea* #c feet #c in*es long & ,i foot #c in*es wide4 ,! eng9e 0 />t$ la/ ye>1 & has work$ beautifully f ! fir/1 )\t heat+ ( be>+s or tr\ble ( any k9d1 & x gives mo/ uni=m & /eady turn+4 ,x is work$ n[ at =ty-"o revolutions p] m9ute1 or only #hbj feet pi/on spe$1 b w be work$ regul>ly at ! int5d$ #ijj feet pi/on spe$ p] m9ute :5 ! sp9n+ ma*9]y is adapt$ = ! increase :i* ! f\r extra revolutions p] m9ute ( ! eng9e w give2 ! load driv5 is ov] #a1jjj horsep[]1 ! /eam pressure be+ #ej lb4 to #ee lb41 :i*1 h[ev]1 w be increas$ :5 ! exi/+ boil]s1 :i* are old1 come to be replac$ by new4 ,indicator diagrams f ! eng9es are giv5 on page #cji4 ,! eng9e is v economical 9 /eam consumption1 b no special trials or te/s h be5 made ) x4 ,an exactly simil> eng9e1 b ( small] size1 ) a cyl9d] #cj in*es diamet] & #h feet /roke1 work+ at =ty-five revolutions p] m9ute1 made by ,messrs4 ,hick1 ,h>greaves ,co4 = ,sir ,titus ,salt1 ,sons ,co4's mill at ,saltaire1 0 te/$ ab\t two ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,flet*]1 *ief eng9e] ( ! ,man*e/] ,/eam ,us]s' ,association1 & ! results :i* are giv5 bel[ pretty fairly repres5t ! results obta9$ f ?is class ( eng9e4 ,messrs4 ,hick1 ,h>greaves ,co4 are n[ con/ruct+ a s+le eng9e ( ! same type = #a1hjj indicat$ horse-p[] = a cotton mill at ,bolton2 & !y h an ord] = a pair ( horizontal comp\nd ,corliss eng9es int5d$ to indicate #c1jjj horse-p[]4 ,^! eng9es w be ! l>ge/ cotton mill eng9es 9 ! _w4--,! ,eng9e]4 ,illu/ration3 #ajjj ,,horse ,,p[] ,,corliss ,,eng9e4--,,by ,,hick4 ,,h>greaves ,,co4 ,result ( ,trials ) ,saltaire ,horizontal ,eng9e on ,febru>y #ad? & #ae?1 #ahgh4 ,trials made by ,mr4 ,l4,e4 ,flet*]1 ,*ief ,eng9e] ,/eam ,us]s' ,association1 ,man*e/]4 ,eng9e s+le-cyl9d]1 ) ,corliss valves4 ,+lis & ,sp5c]'s valve ge>4 ,diamet] ( cyl9d]4 #cj;942 /roke1 #h;ft42 #de revolutions p] m9ute4 ,no4 ( trials ,total #a4;,h4,p4 ,,mb ,mean boil] pressure4 ,,mp ,mean pressure on pi/on at beg9n+ ( /roke4 ,,ml ,mean loss betwe5 boil] pressure & cyl9d]4 ,,ma ,mean av]age pressure on pi/on4 ,w ,wat] ,p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r4 ,c ,coal p] ,i4,h4,p4 p] h\r4 ,no4 ( trials ,total ,,mb ,,mp ,,ml ,,ma ,w ,c ,i4,h4,p4 lb lb lb lb lb lb ,trial ,no4 #a4 #cja4hi #df4f #dd4aa #b4ec #ba4bc #ah4cgc #b4fii ,trial ,no4 #b4 #cji4ff #dg4fc #dd4de #c4ah #ba4fg #ag4eii #b4efa ,means4 #cje4gge #dg4aae #dd4bh #b4hee #ba4de #ag4ihf #b4fcj ,illu/ration3 #ajjj ,,horse ,,p[] ,,corliss ,,eng9e4--,,by ,,hick1 ,,h>greaves ,,co4 ,illu/ration3 #ajjj ,,horse ,,p[] ,,corliss ,,eng9e4--,,by ,,hick1 ,,h>greaves ,,co4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,work%op ,,( ,,! ,,/ev5s ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology4 ,9 our ,,supplem5t ,no4 #bhc we gave reports ( "s ( ! addresses ( ! di/+ui%$ speak]s1 & we n[ pres5t ! rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,raymond & ,horatio ,all51 ,esq43 ,,spee* ,,( ,,pr(4 ,r4 ,w4 ,,raymond4 ,a few ye>s ago1 at "o ( ! meet+s ( our ,society ( ,civil ,eng9e]s we sp5t a day or s 9 discuss+ ! prop] mode ( educat+ "y m5 s z to fit !m = t pr(ession4 ,x is a "q t is reop5$ = u z soon z we arrive at ! age :5 we beg9 to consid] :at c>e] to lay out = our sons4 ,:5 we 7 "y1 ! only "q ) p>5ts 9 ! bett] walks ( life 01 :e!r _! sons %\ld be lawy]s1 physicians1 or m9i/]s4 ,any?+ less ?an a pr(essional c>e] 0 look$ ^u z a loss ( ca/e1 a l[]+ 9 ! social scale4 ,^! ?+s h *ang$1 n[ t we eng9e]s are beg9n+ to hold up our heads1 z we h e reason to d2 = ! prosp]ity & well-be+ ( ! great nations ( ! _w are attributable1 p]haps1 m to our ef=ts ?an to ^? ( any o!r class4 ,:51 9 ! pa/1 ! man ( lett]s1 ! poet1 ! orator1 succe$$1 by "s fit expression1 by "s w+$ ^w1 to engage ! att5tion ( ! _w conc]n+ "s subject he _h at he>t1 ! highe/ praise 8 fell[ man c\ld be/[ 0 to cry out to him1 ,well said1 well said6 ,b n[1 :51 by our a*ievem5ts1 comm]ce & indu/ry are increas$ to gigantic proportions1 :5 ! remote/ peoples are br\ght 9 ev] clos] communication ) u1 :5 ! progress ( ! human race has become a mighty torr5t1 ru%+ onw>d ) ev] accel]at+ spe$1 we glory 9 ! yet high] praise1 ,well done1 well done6 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ! "q h[ a "y man is be/ fitt$ = our pr(ession has become "o ( increas+ importance1 & ?ree me?ods h be5 propos$ = its solution4 ,=m]ly ! only po9t 9 debate 0 :e!r ! c&idate %\ld g fir/ to ! s*ools & !n to ! work%op1 or fir/ to ! %op & !n to ! s*ools4 ,x 0 difficult to arrive at any decision2 = ( ! _m :o _h ris5 to em95ce z eng9e]s1 "s _h adopt$ "o ord] & "s ! o!r4 ,!re rema9$ a ?ird c\rse1 t ( comb9+ ! s*ool & ! %op & ( pursu+ simultane\sly ! /udy ( !ory & ! ex]cise ( practical manipulation4 ,un=ese5 difficulties arose1 h[ev]1 9 ! attempt to c>ry out ?is1 ! mo/ promis+ me?od4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ! %op prov$ a heavy exp5se1 :i* x 0 f\nd c\ld n be less5$ by ! manufacture ( salable articles1 because ! "w ( /ud5ts c\ld n compete ) t ( exp]t me*anics4 ,x w\ld require m "t ?an c\ld be allott$1 moreov]1 to conv]t /ud5ts into skill$ workm54 ,v>i\s modifications ( ?is comb9ation ( !ory & practice1 includ+ m or less ( ! ,russian sy/em ( in/ruction 9 %op-"w1 h be5 tri$ 9 diff]5t s*ools ( eng9e]+1 b nev] "u s favorable conditions z ! pres5t4 ,) *>act]i/ic caution & good judgm5t1 ,presid5t ,morton has /udi$ ! op]ation ( ! s*eme ( in/ruction adopt$ 9 ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute1 &1 not+ its defici5cies1 has n[ suppli$ !m ) munific5t lib]ality1 giv+ to x a complet5ess t leaves seem+ly no?+ t c\ld be improv$ ^u1 ev5 9 a pray] or a dream4 ,/ill1 no "o w be m ready to admit ?an he :o has done all ?is1 t x is n en\gh to fit up a ma*9e %op1 be x nev] s complete1 & light x ) an electric lamp4 ,! decision z to its effici5cy mu/ come f ! /ud5ts t are s =tunate z to be admitt$ to x4 ,if su* "y m51 e>ne/1 en?usia/ic1 ) e inc5tive to ex]tion & e advantage = improvem5t1 "h1 :]e !y c feel ! ?robb+ ( ! great he>t ( ent]prise1 )9 sight ( bridges ^u :i* _! s]vices w be ne$$1 )9 he>+ ( ! :i/les ( a score ( railroads1 & ! bells ( c\ntless manufactories :i* w want !m2 if su* z ^!1 tra9$ "u su* in/ructors & amid su* surr\nd+s1 prove to be n fitt$ = ! positions wait+ = !m to fill1 x w h be5 def9itely demon/rat$ t ! p]fect s*eme is yet unkn[n4 ,,spee* ,,( ,,mr4 ,,horatio ,,all54 ,impress$ ) ! v great /ep 9 advance :i* has be5 inaugurat$ "h ?is ev5+1 ,i feel cr[d+ ^u me s _m ?\ghts t ,i _c make sure t1 9 select+ f !m1 ,i may n leave unsaid mu* t ,i %\ld say1 & say "s ?+s t ,i _h bett] omit4 ,"s ye>s ago1 :5 ask$ by a weal?y g5tleman to :at ma*9e-%op he _h be/ s5d 8 son1 :o 0 to become a me*anical eng9e]1 ,i advis$ him n to s5d him to any1 b to fit up a %op = him :]e he c\ld g & "w at :at he pleas$ )\t ! drudg]y ( appr5tice%ip1 to put him 9 ! way ( receiv+ su* in=mation z he ne$$1 & especially to let him g :]e he c\ld see ?+s break4 ,great1 inde$1 are ! advantages ( ^? :o h ! opportunity ( see+ ?+s break1 ( witness+ failures & pr(it+ by !m4 ,:5 m5 h enum]at$ ! a*ievem5ts ( ^? mo/ em95t 9 our pr(ession ! ?\ght has (t5 /ruck me1 ,ah6 if we c\ld only see t man's scrap heap4 ,!re are _m :o are able to con/ruct a ma*9e = a giv5 purpose s t x w "w1 b to d ?is s t x w n co/ too mu* is an entirely diff]5t problem4 ,to "k :at to omit is a r>e tal5t4 ,i once f\nd a "y man :o c\ld tell /ud5ts :at to /ore up 9 _! m9ds = imm$iate use1 & :at to skim ov] or omit2 b ,i c\ld n keep him long1 = m lucrative positions are always wait+ = su* m54 ,! advice ,i gave my weal?y fri5d 0 giv5 be=e ! ,/ev5s ,in/itute _h develop$ 9 ! direction x has n[4 ,! f\ndation ( ?is advice1 namely1 to comb9e a c]ta9 am\nt ( judici\s practice ) !ory1 is n[ 9 a fair way to be c>ri$ out1 & al?\gh ?+s w probably n be p]mitt$ to break "h1 ! /ud5ts w d\btless h opportunities = look+ ar\nd !m & supplem5t+ _! sy/ematic in/ruction "h by obs]vation abroad4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,light ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,= ,,balloons4 ,we "h illu/rate "o ( a c\ple ( comp\nd eng9es design$ & con/ruct$ by ,messrs4 ,ahrbeck]1 ,son ,hamk5s1 ( ,/am=d ,/reet1 ,s4,e41 = ,capta9 ,mojaisky1 ( ! ,russian ,imp]ial ,navy1 :o int5ds to use !m = a]onautical purposes4 ,! l>g] ( ^! eng9es has cyl9d]s #c 94 & #g 94 9 diamet] & #e 94 /roke1 & :5 mak+ #cjj revolutions p] m9ute x develops #bj actual horse p[]1 :ile its weight is b #aje lbs4 ,! small] eng9e--! "o illu/rat$--has cyl9d]s #b 94 & #e 94 9 diamet]1 & #c 94 /roke1 & weighs #fc lbs41 :ile :5 mak+ #dej revolutions x develops #aj actual horse p[]4 ,! two eng9es are id5tical 9 design1 & are con/ruct$ ( =g$ /eel ) ! exception ( ! be>+s1 connect+-rods1 cros%eads1 slide valves & pumps1 :i* are ( phosphor-bronze4 ,! cyl9d]s1 ) ! /eam passages1 etc41 are %ap$ out ( ! solid4 ,! /&>ds1 z w be se51 are ( v light ,t /eel1 ! crank%afts & p9s are holl[1 z are also ! cros%ead bolts & pi/on rods4 ,! small eng9e drives a s+le-act+ air pump ( ! ord9>y type by a crank1 n %[n 9 ! draw+4 ,! cond5s] is =m$ ( a s]ies ( holl[ grat+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,light ,,/eam ,,eng9e ,,= ,,a]onautical ,,purposes ,/eam is suppli$ to ! two eng9es by "o boil] ( ! ,h]re%(f /eam g5]ator type1 ) c]ta9 modifications1 introduc$ by ! design]s1 to insure ! utmo/ c]ta9ty 9 work+4 ,x is ( /eel1 ! outside dim5sions be+ #bb 94 9 diamet]1 #be 94 high1 & weighs #adb lb4 ,! fuel us$ is petroleum1 & ! work+ pressure #aij lb4 p] squ>e in*4 ,! con/ructors consid] ! p[] develop$ by ^! eng9es v mod]ate1 on acc\nt ( ! l[ pi/on spe$ specifi$ 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,9 "s small & light eng9es by ! same mak]s ! pi/on spe$ is z high z #ajjj ft4 p] m9ute4 ,! eng9es n[ illu/rat$ =m an int]e/+ example ( special design+1 & ,messrs4 ,ahrbeck]1 ,son1 & ,hamk5s des]ve mu* cr$it = ! mann] 9 :i* ! "w has be5 turn$ out1 ! con/ruction ( su* light eng9es involv+ _m practical difficulties1--,eng9e]+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m\nt ,bak]1 ,wa%+ton ,t]ritory1 has %[n slight symptoms ( volcanic activity = sev]al ye>s4 ,an unmi/akable eruption is n[ 9 progress4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,complete ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,incru/ation ,,9 ,,boil]s4 ,! *emical factory1 ,eis5buettel1 ne> ,brauns*weig1 di/ributes ! foll[+ circul>3 ,! pr9cipal g5]ators ( incru/ation 9 boil]s are gypsum & ! s-call$ bic>bonates ( calcium & magnesium4 ,if ^! c be tak5 put ( ! wat]1 be=e x ent]s ! boil]1 ! =mation ( incru/ation is made impossible2 all di/urbances & tr\bles1 d]iv$ f ^! incru/ations1 are done away )1 & besides ?is1 a consid]able sav+ ( fuel is possible1 z cle> iron w conduct heat quick] ?an t :i* is cov]$ ) incru/ation4 ,j4 ,kolb1 accord+ to ,d+l]'s ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 says3 ,a boil] ) cle> sides yield$ ) #a kil4 coal #g4e kil4 /eam1 aft] two mon?s only #f4d kil4 /eam1 or a decrease ( #ag p] c5t4 ,at ! same "t ! boil] _h suff]$ by cont9ual work+4 ,suppose a boil] free f inside cru/ w\ld yield a sav+ ( only #e p] c5t4 9 fuel 7& ?is figure is tak5 v l[ comp>$ ) practical exp]im5ts7 x w\ld be at ! same "t a sav+ ( #c;c4 p] cubic met] wat]4 ,if ! clean+ ( "o cubic met] wat] !re=e co/s less ?an #c;c41 ?is alone w\ld be an advantage4 ,already1 = a long "t1 ef=ts h be5 made to f9d "s means = ?is purpose1 & we h rea*$ good results ) lime & *loride ( b>ium1 z well z ) magnesia prep>ations4 ,b ^! prep>ations h _m disadvantages4 ,corrosion ( ! boil]-iron & muriatic acid gas h be5 detect$4 7,acc\nts ( ! ,magdeburg ,association = boil] managem5t47 ,*loride ( calcium1 :i* is =m$ by us+ *loride ( b>ium1 increases ! boil+ po9t consid]ably1 & dim9i%es ! ela/icity ( /eam2 :ile ! sulphate ( soda1 result+ f ! use ( c>bonate ( soda1 is completely ineffectual aga9/ ! boil] iron4 ,x increases ! boil+ po9t ( wat] less ?an all o!r salts1 & dim9i%es likewise ! ela/icity ( /eam 7,wulln]74 ,9 us+ magnesia prep>ation1 ! precipitation is only v sl[ly & incompletely effect$--"o "p ( ! magnesia w be cov]$ by ! mire & ! =m$ c>bonate ( magnesia 9 su* a way1 t x c no m dissolve 9 wat] & h any effect 7,d+l]'s ,polyt4 ,j\rnal1 #ahgg-gh74 ,! use ( c>bonate ( soda is also *eap] ?an all o!r above m5tion$ sub/ances4 ,"o milligramme equival5t sulphate ( lime1 9 #a lit]1 #fh grammes sulphate ( lime 9 #a cubic met]1 requir+ = decomposition3 #abj gr4 7#hf-hh p] c5t47 *loride ( b>ium ( comm]ce--at #e4jj #j4f;c4 ,or1 #ej gr4 magnesia prep>ation--at #aj4jj #j4e;c4 ,or1 #ee gr4 7#if-ih p] c5t47 c>bonate ( soda--at #g4ej #j4da;c4 ,! proportions ( co/ by us+ *loride ( b>ium1 magnesia prep>ation1 c>bonate ( soda1 w be #f 3 #e 3 #d4 ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,purify+ ,,boil]-,,wat] ,,) ,,lime ,,& ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,soda4 ,we ne$ = c>ry+ out ^! manipulations1 accord+ to ! size ( ! e/abli%m5t1 "o or m res]voirs = precipitat+ ! impurities ( ! wat]1 & "o pure wat] res]voir1 to take up ! purifi$ wat]2 f ! latt] res]voir ! boil]s are f$4 ,! mo/ practical idea w\ld be to arrange ! precipitat+ res]voir 9 su* mann] t ! purifi$ wat] c fl[ directly into ! fe$+ res]voir4 ,! wat] 9 ! precipitat+ res]voir is heat$ ei!r by add+ boil+ wat] or lett+ 9 /eam up to #fj ,c4 at lea/4 ,! precipitat+ res]voirs 7squ>e iron vessels or horizontal cyl9d]s--old boil]s7 ( no m ?an #d or #d feet1 hav+ a faucet #f in*es above ! bottom1 ?r\gh :i* ! purifi$ wat] is drawn (f1 & ano!r "o at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 to let ! precipitate (f & all[ ( a p]fect clean+4 ,9 a factory ) six or sev5 boil]s ( ! usual size1 mak+ toge!r #djj squ>e met]s heat+ surface1 two precipitat+ res]voirs1 ( t5 cubic met]s ea*1 & "o pure wat] res]voir ( t5 or fifte5 cubic met] capacity1 are us$4 ,9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ab\t #bdj cubic met]s ( wat] are evaporat$2 we h1 !re=e1 to purify tw5ty-f\r precipitat+ res]voirs at t5 cubic met]s ea* day1 or t5 cubic met]s ea* h\r4 ,x is pr(itable to surr\nd ! res]voirs ) inf]ior conductors ( heat1 to avoid losses4 ,! cont5ts ( ! precipitat+ res]voirs h to be /irr$ up v well1 & = ?is purpose we c ei!r arrange a me*anical /irr] or d x by h&1 or ! be/ w\ld be a ,kort+ /eam /irr+ & bl[+ app>atus4 ,9 us+ ! latt] we only h to op5 ! valve1 :]eby 9 a v %ort "t ! air driv5 ?r\gh ! wat] /irs ?is up & mixes x ?or\ghly ) ! precipitat+ +r$i5ts4 ,9 a factory :]e boil]s ( only #ae to #ajj squ>e met]s heat+ surface are1 "o precipitat+ res]voir ( two to t5 cubic met]s & "o pure wat] res]voir ( ?ree to t5 cubic met]s capacity are requir$4 ,= locomobiles1 two wood5 tubs or b>rels are suffici5t4 ,,! ,,purification ,,( ,,! ,,wat]4 ,aft] ! requir$ quantity ( lime & c>bonate ( soda :i* is necess>y = a total precipitation has be5 figur$ out f ! analysis ( ! wat]1 respectively v]ifi$ by practical exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory1 ! heat$ wat] 9 ! res]voir is mix$ ) ! lime1 9 =m ( ?9 milk ( lime1 & /irr$ up2 we h to add s mu* lime1 t slightly r$d5$ litmus pap] gives1 aft] m9ute's contact ) ?is mixture1 an alkal9e reaction1 i4e41 turns blue2 n[ ! solution ( c>bonate ( soda is add$ & aga9 /irr$ well4 ,aft] tw5ty or ?irty m9utes 7! hott] ! wat]1 ! quick] ! precipitation7 ! precipitate has settl$ 9 l>ge flocks at ! bottom1 & ! cle> wat] is drawn (f into ! pure wat] res]voir4 ,! precipitat+ & settl+ ( ! impurities c also take place 9 cold wat]2 x w require1 h[ev]1 a pretty long "t4 ,9 ord] to avoid ! weigh+ & slak+ ( ! lime1 :i* is necess>y = ea* precipitation1 we use an op5 b>rel1 9 :i* a kn[n quantity ( slak$ lime is mix$ ) ?ree & a half or f\r times its weight ( wat]1 & !n dilut$ to a ?9 pa/e1 s t "o kilogramme slak$ lime is dilut$ to tw5ty-five lit]s milk ( lime4 ,example4--,if we use = t5 cubic met]s wat]1 "o kilogramme lime1 or 9 "o day 79 tw5ty-f\r h\rs71 #bdj cubic met]s #bd kg4 lime1 a vessel f\r or five feet high & ab\t #gjj lit]s capacity1 9 :i* daily #bd kg4 lime ) ab\t #ajj lit]s wat] are slak$ & !n dilut$ to ! m>k #fjj1 con/antly /irr+1 #be lit]s ( ?is mixture conta9 exactly #a kg4 slak$ lime4 ,be=e us+1 ?is milk ( lime has to be /irr$ up & all[$ to settle = a few seconds2 & !n we draw (f ! requir$ quantity ( milk ( lime 79 our case #be lit]s7 ?r\gh a faucet ab\t #h in*es above ! bottom1 or we c dip x (f ) a pail4 ,= ! fir/ precipitate we always ne$ ! exact am\nt ( milk ( lime1 :i* we h figur$ out1 or r "s m1 b = ! next precipitates we d n want ! :ole quantity1 b always less1 z t "p ( ! lime1 :i* does n settle ) ! precipitate1 w be good = use 9 fur!r precipitations4 ,x is !re=e important to control ! addition ( milk ( lime by ! use ( litmus pap]4 ,if we d n add en\gh lime1 x prev5ts ! =mation ( ! flocky precipitate1 &1 besides1 m c>bonate ( soda is us$4 ,by add+ too mu* lime1 we also use m c>bonate ( soda 9 ord] to precipitate ! excess ( lime4 ,we c !re=e add s mu* lime1 t !re is only a v small excess ( hydr\s lime 9 ! wat]1 & t aft] well /irr+1 a r$ litmus pap] be+ plac$ 9 ! wat] = tw5ty seconds1 appe>s only slightly blue4 ,aft] a %ort "t ( practice1 an att5tive p]son c always get ! exact am\nt ( lime :i* ought to be add$4 ,on add+ ! milk ( lime1 we h to dissolve ! requir$ am\nt ( pure c>bonate ( soda 9 an iron kettle1 9 ab\t six or eight p>ts hot wat] ) ! assi/ance ( /eam2 add ?is to ! o!r liquid 9 ! precipitat+ res]voirs & /ir up well4 ,! wat] w get cle> aft] tw5ty-five or ?irty m9utes1 & is !n drawn (f into ! pure wat] res]voir4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,wat] ,,:i* ,,has ,,be5 ,,purifi$ ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,milk ,,( ,,lime ,,& ,,c>bonate ,,( ,,soda4 ,9 ord] to be conv9c$ t ! purification ( ! wat] has be5 prop]ly conduct$1 we try ! wat] 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,take a sample ( ! purifi$ wat] into a small tumbl]1 & add a few drops ( a solution ( oxalate ( ammonia2 ?is addition mu/ nei!r imm$iately nor aft] "s m9utes cause a milky appe>ance ( ! wat]1 b rema9 bright & cle>4 ,a :ite precipitate w\ld indicate t n en\gh c>bonate ( soda _h be5 add$4 ,a new sample is tak5 ( ! purifi$ wat] & a solution ( *loride ( calcium add$2 a milky appe>ance1 especially aft] heat+1 w\ld %[ t too mu* c>bonate ( soda _h be5 add$4 ,,results ,,( ,,?is ,,wat] ,,purification4 #a4 ,! boil]s d n ne$ to be clean$ dur+ a :ole season1 z !y rema9 entirely free f incru/ation2 x is only requir$ to avoid a collection ( soluble salts 9 ! boil]1 & !re=e x is p>tly drawn (f twice a week4 #b4 ,! iron is n t\*$ by ?is purifi$ wat]4 ,! wat] does n fro? & does n /op up valves4 ,! fill+s 9 ! jo9ts ( pipes1 etc41 d n suff] s mu*1 & !re=e keep long]4 #c4 ,! /eam is entirely free f s\r gases4 #d4 ,! production ( /eam is easi] & bett]4 #e4 ,a consid]able sav+ ( fuel c soon be p]ceiv$4 #f4 ,! co/ ( clean+ boil]s f incru/ation1 & loss ( "t caus$ by clean+1 is entirely done )4 ,old incru/ations1 :i* c\ld n be clean$ out be=e1 get decompos$ & break (f 9 s(t pieces4 #g4 ,! co/ ( ?is purification is cov]$ suffici5tly by ! above advantages1 & besides ?is1 ! me?od is *eap] & sur] ?an any o!r4 ,! *emical factory1 ,eis5buettel1 furni%es pure c>bonate ( soda 9 s+le packages1 :i* exactly correspond ) ! quantity1 /at$ by ! analysis1 ( t5 cubic met]s ( a c]ta9 wat]4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! quantities ( lime & c>bonate ( soda necess>y = a c]ta9 k9d ( wat]1 aft] s5d+ 9 a sample1 w be done )\t extra *>ge4--,neue ,zeitung fur ,rueb5zuck] ,indu/rie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,eddy/one ,,ligh?\se4 ,! ext]ior "w on ! new ,eddy/one ,ligh?\se is ab\t two ?irds done4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,april fifty-?ree c\rses ( granite masonry1 ris+ to ! height ( sev5ty feet above high wat]1 _h be5 laid1 & ?irty-six c\rses rema9$ to be set4 ,! old ligh?\se _h be5 already ov]topp$4 ,z ! "w advances t[>d completion ! "q arises3 ,:at %all be done ) ,john ,smeaton's fam\s t[]1 :i* has done su* admirable s]vice = #abj ye>s8 ,"o proposition is to take x d[n to ! level ( ! top ( ! solid portion1 & leave ! re/ z a p]petual memorial ( ! great "w :i* ,smeaton accompli%$ 9 ! face ( ob/acles va/ly great] ?an ^? :i* confront ! mod]n ar*itect4 ,! ,london ,news says3 ,7 ,smeaton's beautiful t[] to be lit]ally consign$ to ! waves1 we %\ld reg>d ! act z a national calamity1 n to say sc&al2 &1 if public funds are n available = its cons]vation1 we tru/ t private zeal & munific5ce may be reli$ on to save f de/ruction s int]e/+ a relic4 ,x c]ta9ly c\ld n co/ mu* to convey ! build+ 9 sections to ! ma9l&1 & !re1 on "s suitable spot1 to re-erect x z a national tribute to ! g5ius ( its great ar*itect4 ,:5 ! pres5t ligh?\se 0 built "o ( ! *ief difficulties 0 9 gett+ ! build+ mat]ials to ! spot4 ,!y 7 convey$ f ,millbay 9 small sail+ vessels1 :i* (t5 beat ab\t = days be=e !y c\ld effect a l&+ at ! ,eddy/one rocks1 s t ea* arrival call$ out ! special gratitude ( ,smeaton4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,roll+-,,mill ,,= ,,mak+ ,,corrugat$ ,,iron4 ,,messrs4 ,,s*ulz1 ,,knaudt ,co41 ( ,ess51 :o are mak+ an application ( corrugat$ iron 9 ! con/ruction ( ! int]ior flues ( /eam boil]s1 h devis$ a new mill = ! manufacture ( ?is =m ( iron plates1 & :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! accompany+ cut1 tak5 f ! ,deuts*e ,indu/rie ,zeitung4 ,! supports ( ! two accessory cyl9d]s1 ,f ,f1 re/ on two slides1 ,g ,g1 :i* move along ! oblique guides1 ,h ,h4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is arrangem5t1 :5 ! cyl9d]s1 ,f ,f1 are caus$ to approa* ! cyl9d]1 ,d1 bo? are rais$ at ! same in/ant4 ,:5 ! cyl9d]s1 ,f1 occupy ! position repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+ by unbrok5 l9es1 ! flat plate1 ,o1 is simply submitt$ to pressure betwe5 ! cyl9d]s1 ,d & ,p1 ! cyl9d]s1 ,f ,f1 !n m]ely act+ z guides4 ,b :51 :ile ! plate is be+ ?us flatt5$ betwe5 ! pr9cipal cyl9d]s1 ! accessory cyl9d]s are caus$ to rise1 ! plate is curv$ z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 ,o' ,o'4 ,to obta9 a uni=mity 9 ! position ( ! two cyl9d]s1 ,f ,f1 ! foll[+ me*anism is employ$3 ,ea* cyl9d] has an axle1 to :i* is affix$ a crank1 ,q1 connect$ by means ( a rod1 ,r1 ) ! slide1 ,g4 ,^! axles are also provid$ ) too!d sectors1 ,l ,l1 :i* ge> ) two screws1 ,l ,l1 ^: ?reads run 9 opposite directions4 ,^! screws are m\nt$ on a %aft1 ,n1 :i* may be revolv$ by any suitable arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,roll+ ,,mill ,,= ,,mak+ ,,corrugat$ ,,iron 99 99 99 99 99 ,,railway ,,turn-,,table ,,9 ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,! small engrav+ :i* we reproduce h]e) f ,la ,nature is deposit$ at ! ,ar*ives at ,p>is4 ,x is catalogu$ 9 ! docum5ts relat+ to ,old ,m>ly1 #agad1 "u numb] #aa1cci1 ,vol4 #a4 ,! design repres5ts a div]sion call$ ! ,jeu de la ,r\lette :i* 0 indulg$ 9 by ! royal family at ! sumptu\s & magnific5t *ateau ( ,m>y-le-,roi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pleasure ,,c>2 ,,railway ,,& ,,turn-,,table ,,( ,,! ,,"t ,,( ,,l\is ,,xiv4 ,accord+ to ,alex4 ,guillaumot ! app>atus consi/$ ( a sort ( railway on :i* ! c> 0 mov$ by manual labor4 ,9 ! c>1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) ! royal colors1 are se5 seat$ ! ladies & *ildr5 ( ! k+'s h\sehold1 :ile ! k+ himself /&s 9 ! re> & seems to be direct+ op]ations4 ,! rem>kable peculi>ity to :i* we w\ld direct ! att5tion ( ! read] is t ?is docum5t %[s t ! c> ran on rails v ne>ly l ^? us$ on ! railways ( ! pres5t "t1 & t a turn-table s]v$ = *ang+ ! direction to a "r angle 9 ord] to place ! c> "u ! %elt] ( a small build+4 ,! picture :i* we reproduce1 & ! au!nticity ( :i* is c]ta91 proves !n t 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 our pres5t railway turn-tables _h be5 ?\ght ( & con/ruct$--:i* is a hi/oric fact wor?y ( be+ not$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! use ( railways 9 m9es is ( v anci5t date1 b we d n believe t !re are on record any docum5ts z precise z t ( ! ,jeu de la ,r\lette z to ! exi/5ce ( turn-tables 9 =m] ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,signal ,,wire ,,comp5sator4 ,to ! ,editor ( ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,i s5d y a plate ( my new railway signal wire comp5sator4 ,"h 9 ,india signal wires give m tr\ble1 p]haps1 ?an 9 ,am]ica or else:]e1 by expansion & contraction4 ,:at makes ! difficulty m "h is ! ignorance & indol5ce ( ! po9t & signalm51 :o are all natives4 ,!re h be5 num]\s collisions1 ow+ to signals fall+ (f by contraction4 ,_m devices & sy/ems h be5 tri$1 b none h giv5 ! desir$ result4 ,y w obs]ve ! signal wire m>k$ ,d is entirely sep>at$ & indep5d5t ( ! wire1 ,e1 lead+ to lev]4 ,on ! ,great ,indian & ,p59sula ,railway ,i "w "o ( ^! comp5sators1 #a1afj y>ds f signal1 :i* /&s on a summit ! grade ( :i* is #a 9 #aej2 & on ! ,nizam ,/ate ,railway ,i h "o work+ on a signal #hjj y>ds4 ,?is signal _h previ\sly giv5 s mu* tr\ble t x 0 decid$ to d away ) x altoge!r4 ,x /&s on top ( a high cutt+ & on a #a1fjj foot curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,railway ,signal ,wire ,com5sator ,i h not$ on ! comp5sator fix$ at #a1afj y>ds1 #ac in*es contraction & expansion4 ,! comp5sator is v simple & n at all likely to get out ( ord]4 ,on new wire1 :5 ,i fix my comp5sator1 ,i usually h an adju/+ screw on ! lead to lev]4 ,?is ,i remove :5 ! wire has be5 /ret*$ to its full t5sion4 ,i h ev]y?+ remov$ f lev]1 s !re c be no m$dl+ or alt]+4 ,:5 once ! wire is /ret*$ s t no slack rema9s betwe5 lev] & trigg]1 no fur!r adju/m5t is necess>y4 ,a4 ,,lyle1 ,*ief ,ma9t5ance ,inspector1 ,p]man5t ,way1 ,h4,h4 ,nizam ,/ate ,railway1 ,e4 ,india4 ,secund]abad1 ,india1 #ahha4 ,,tangye',s ,,hydraulic ,,hoi/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tangye',s ,,hydraulic ,,hoi/4 ,! great m]its ( hydraulic hoi/s g5]ally z reg>ds safety & read9ess ( control are too well kn[n to ne$ po9t+ out "h4 ,we may1 !re=e1 at once proce$ to introduce to our read]s ! app>atus ( ?is class illu/rat$ 9 ! above engrav+s4 ,?is is a hoi/ 7,*]ry's pat5t7 manufactur$ by ,messrs4 ,tangye ,bro!rs1 ( ,london & ,birm+ham1 & :i* exp]i5ce has prov$ to be a mo/ useful adjunct 9 w>eh\ses1 railway /ations1 hotels1 & ! l4 ,fig4 #a ( our engrav+ %[s a p]spective view ( ! hoi/1 ,fig4 #b be+ a longitud9al section4 ,x w be se5 t ?is app>atus is ( v simple con/ruction1 ! motion ( ! pi/on be+ transmitt$ directly to ! w9d+-drum %aft by means ( a flexible /eel rack4 ,ref]r+ to ,fig4 #b1 ,f is a pi/on work+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 ,g2 ,e is ! flexible /eel rack connect$ to ! pi/on1 ,f1 & ge>+ ) a too!d :eel1 ,b1 :i* is inclos$ 9 a wat]tight cas+ hav+ cov]1 ,d1 = conv5i5t access4 ,! :eel1 ,b1 is key$ on a /eel %aft1 ,c1 :i* passes ?r\gh /uff+-boxes 9 ! cas+1 & has ! w9d+ b>rel1 ,a1 key$ on x outside ! cas+4 ,h is a rectangul> tube1 :i* guides ! free end ( ! flexible /eel rack1 ,e4 ,! hoi/ is fitt$ ) a /opp+ & />t+ valve1 by means ( :i* wat] "u pressure f any conv5i5t s\rce ( supply may be admitt$ or exhau/$ f ! cyl9d]4 ,! action 9 lift+ is z foll[s3 ,! wat] pressure =ces ! pi/on t[>d ! end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,! pi/on1 by means ( ! flexible /eel rack1 causes ! too!d :eel to revolve4 ,! w9d+ b>rel1 be+ key$ on ! same %aft z ! too!d :eel1 also revolves1 & w9ds up ! weight by means ( ! lift+ *a94 ,two special advantages are obta9$ by ?is simple me?od ( con/ruction4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 twice ! l5g? ( /roke c be obta9$ 9 ! same space z comp>$ ) ! old] types ( hydraulic hoi/2 &1 f ! directness ( ! action1 ! friction is r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,?is simple me?od ( con/ruction r5d]s ! hoi/ v compact & easily fix$2 &1 f ! directness ) :i* ! p[] is convey$ f ! pi/on to ! w9d+ drum1 & ! frictionless nature ( ! me*anism1 a small] pi/on suffices ?an 9 ! ord9>y hydraulic hoi/s1 & a small] quantity ( wat] is requir$ to "w !m4--,iron4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,p[] ,,loom ,,= ,,delicate ,,fabrics4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! %uttle is ?r[n 9 an ord9>y p[] loom mov+ ) a c]ta9 spe$ is always consid]able1 &1 z a consequ5ce ( ! /ra9 ex]t$ on ! ?read1 x is frequ5tly necess>y to use a wo( /rong] ?an is desirable1 9 ord] t x may h suffici5t resi/ance4 ,on ano!r h&1 :5 ! wo( mu/ be v f9e & delicate ! fabric is (t5 advantage\sly wov5 on a h& loom4 ,9 ord] to facilitate ! manufacture ( l tissues on ! p[] loom ! celebrat$ ,swiss manufactur]1 ,hanneg]1 has inv5t$ an app>atus 9 :i* ! %uttle is n ?r[n1 b pass$ f "o side to ! o!r by means ( hooks1 by a process analog\s to weav+ silk by h&4 ,a loom built on ?is pr9ciple 0 %[n at "w weav+ silk at ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahgh4 ,?is app>atus1 repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ figure1 conta9s "s arrangem5ts :i* are new & int]e/+4 ,on ea* side ( ! wo( 9 ! h$dle !re is a c>ri]1 ,b4 ,^! c>ri]s are provid$ ) hooks1 ,a ,a'1 hav+ app5dages1 a a'1 :i* are fitt$ 9 ! %uttle1 ,o4 ,! latt] is ( peculi> con/ruction4 ,! upp] ends ( ! hooks h f+]s1 d d'1 :i* holds ! %uttle 9 position z long z ! action ( ! spr+s1 e e'1 cont9ues4 ,! di/ance t ! %uttle has to travel includes ! bread? ( ! h$dle1 ! l5g? ( ! %uttle1 & ab\t f\r in*es 9 addition4 ,! motion ( ! two c>ri]s1 :i* approa* ea* o!r & rec$e simultane\sly1 is effect$ by ! lev]s1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 & ,c'1 ,d'1 ,e'4 ,! lev]s1 ,e1 ,e'1 are actuat$ by a piece1 ,f1 :i* receives its motion f ! ma9 %aft1 ,h1 ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a crank & a connect+ rod1 ,g1 & makes a little m ?an a qu>t] revolution4 ,! lev]s1 ,e1 ,e'1 are articulat$ 9 su* a way t ! motion transmitt$ by !m is slack5$ t[>d ! out] end & quick5$ t[>d ! middle ( ! loom4 ,:ile ! c>ri]s1 ,b ,b'1 are receiv+ _! alt]nate backw>d & =w>d motion1 ! %aft1 ,i 7:i* revolves only half z fa/ z ! ma9 %aft71 causes a lev]1 ,f ,f'1 to sw+1 ?r\gh ! aid ( a crank1 ,j1 & rod1 ,k4 ,^u ! two c>ri]s1 ,b ,b'1 are firmly atta*$ two hooks1 ,m ,m'1 :i* move ) !m4 ,:5 ! hook1 ,m1 approa*es ! extremity ( ! lev]1 ,f1 ! latt] raises x1 pu%es aga9/ ! spr+1 ,e1 & sets free ! %uttle1 :i*1 at ! same mom5t1 meets ! opposite hook1 a'1 &1 be+ caught by x1 is c>ri$ ov] to ! o!r side4 ,! same ?+ happ5s :5 ! c>ri]1 ,b'1 is on its return travel1 & ! hook1 ,m'1 m\nts ! lev]1 ,f'1 :i* is !n rais$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,p[] ,,loom ,,= ,,delicate ,,fabrics4 ,z w be se5 f ?is description1 ! wo( does n und]go ! lea/ /ra91 & may be drawn v g5tly f ! %uttle4 ,nei!r does ?is latt] ex]t any friction on ! *a91 s9ce x does n move on x z 9 ord9>y looms4 ,9 ?is app>atus1 !re=e1 !re may be employ$ = ! *a9 v delicate ?reads1 :i*1 9 o!r looms1 w\ld be injur$ by ! %uttle pass+ ov] !m4 ,looms con/ruct$ on ?is plan h = "s "t be5 9 v successful use 9 ,switz]l&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h[ ,,v5e]+ ,,is ,,made4 ,! process ( manufacture is v int]e/+4 ,! logs are deliv]$ 9 ! mill y>d 9 any suitable l5g?s z = ord9>y lumb]4 ,a /eam drag saw cuts !m into su* l5g?s z may be requir$ by ! ord] 9 h&2 ^? be+ cut at ! "t ( our visit 7 f\r feet long4 ,aft] cutt+1 ! logs are plac$ 9 a l>ge /eam box1 #ae feet wide1 #bb feet long1 & six feet high1 built sep>ate f ! ma9 build+4 ,?is box is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts4 ,:5 "o is fill$ entirely full1 ! doors are clos$1 & ! /eam1 suppli$ by ! eng9e 9 ! ma9 build+1 is turn$ on4 ,! logs rema9 9 ?is box f ?ree to f\r h\rs1 :5 !y are ready = use4 ,?is /eam+ n only removes ! b>k1 b moi/5s & s(t5s ! entire log4 ,f ! /eam box ! log goes to ! v5e] la!4 ,x is "h rais$1 grasp$ at ea* end by ! la! c5t]s1 & firmly held 9 position1 beg9n+ to sl[ly revolve4 ,e turn br+s x 9 contact ) ! knife1 :i* is gaug$ to a requir$ ?ickness4 ,z ! log revolves ! inequalities ( its surface ( c\rse fir/ come 9 contact ) ! ke5-edg$ knife1 & disappe> 9 ! %ape ( wa/e v5e]1 :i* is pass$ to ! eng9e room to be us$ z fuel4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! unev5ness ( ! log disappe>s1 & ! n[ p]fect v5e] comes f b5ea? ! knife 9 a cont9u\s %eet1 & is receiv$ & pass$ on to ! cutt+ table4 ,?is cont9ues until ! log is r$uc$ to ab\t a sev5 in* core1 :i* is useless = ! purpose4 ,! v5e] z x comes roll+ (f ! log pres5ts all ! div]sity ( colors & ! beautiful gra9 & ri* m>k+ t h p]haps = c5turies be5 gr[+ to p]fection 9 ! sil5t dep?s ( our great =e/s4 ,f ! la!1 ! v5e] is pass$ to ! cutt+ table1 :]e x is cut to l5g?s & wid?s z desir$4 ,x is !n convey$ to ! second /ory1 :]e x is plac$ 9 l>ge dry rooms1 air tight1 except z ! air rea*es !m ?r\gh ! prop] *annels4 ,! v5e] is "h plac$ 9 crates1 ea* piece sep>ate & /&+ on edge4 ,! hot air is !n turn$ on4 ,?is comes f ! %eet iron furnace atta*$ to ! boil] 9 ! eng9e room bel[1 & is convey$ ?r\gh l>ge pipes regulat$ by damp]s = putt+ on or tak+ (f ! heat4 ,!re is also a bl[] atta*$ :i* keeps ! hot air 9 ! dry rooms 9 con/ant motion1 ! air z x cools pass+ (f ?r\gh an escape pipe 9 ! ro(1 :ile ! fre%ly heat$ air takes its place f bel[4 ,^! rooms are also provid$ ) a net-"w ( hot air pipes ne> ! floor4 ,! temp]ature is kept at ab\t #afe1 & s rapid is ! dry+ process t 9 ! %ort space ( f\r h\rs ! gre5 log f ! /eam box is %av$1 cut1 dri$1 pack$1 & ready = %ipm5t4 ,aft] leav+ ! dry rooms x is assort$1 c\nt$1 & put up 9 packages ( "o hundr$ ea*1 & ti$ ) cords l la?1 :5 x is ready = %ipm5t4 ,bird's-eye maple v5e] is mu* m valuable & requires m c>e ?an almo/ any o!r1 & ?is is pack$ 9 cases in/ead ( ti$ 9 bundles4 ,! dry+ process is usually a sl[ "o1 & conduct$ 9 op5 %$s simply expos$ to ! air4 ,mr4 ,d5smore's inv5tion w revolutionize ?is process1 & already gives 8 mill a mo/ decid$ advantage4 ,! mill w cut ab\t #cj1jjj feet ( v5e] 9 a day1 & ?is cut c be increas$ to #dj1jjj if necess>y4 ,mr4 ,d5smore has already receiv$ sev]al l>ge ord]s1 & ! rapidly increas+ dem& = ?is mat]ial is likely to give ! mill all ! "w x c d4 ,! timb] us$ is pr9cipally curl$ & bird's-eye maple1 bee*1 bir*1 *]ry1 a%1 & oak4 ,^! all gr[ 9 abundance 9 ?is vic9ity1 & ! beautifully m>k$ & gra9$ timb] ( our =e/s w f9d fitt+ places 9 ! ornam5tal uses ^! v5e]s w be put to4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,con/itu5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,lea!r4 ,! con/itu5t p>ts ( lea!r seem to be b little und]/ood4 ,! op9ions ( ^? engag$ 9 ! manufacture ( lea!r diff] widely on ?is "q4 ,"s ?9k t tann9 assimilates itself ) ! hide & becomes fix$ !re by reason ( a special aff9ity4 ,o!rs reg>d ! hide z a *emical comb9ation ( gelat9e & tann94 ,we "k t ! hide conta9s "s matt]s :i* are n in]adicable1 b only ne$ a slight wa%+ to deta* !m4 ,we deem x advisable1 9 ord] to exam9e ! hide prop]ly s-call$1 to disp5se ) ^? eradicable sub/ances :i* may be reg>d$1 to "s ext5t1 z n g]ma9 to x1 & conf9e our att5tion to ! raw /ock1 fre$ f ^! imp]fections4 ,x is well kn[n t a l>ge numb] ( vegetable sub/ances are employ$ z tann+ ag5ts4 ,our rese>*es h be5 direct$ to lea!r tann$ by means ( ! mo/ important ( ^! ag5ts4 ,_m que/ions pres5t !mselves 9 ! c\rse ( su* an exam9ation4 ,among o!rs1 t mo/ important "o1 f a practical po9t ( view1 ( ! weight ! tann+ ag5t gives to ! hide1 t is to say1 ! result 9 lea!r ( weight giv5 to ! raw mat]ial4 ,! degree ( tannage is also to be consid]$2 ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! tann+ ag5t is to be left ) ! hide2 9 %ort1 ! influ5ce ^u ! lea!r ( ! sub/ances us$ 9 its production4 ,t is :y we h made ! complete/ possible analysis ( diff]5t lea!rs4 ,besides ord9>y oak b>k !re are us$ at pres5t v diff]5t sub/ances1 su* z laurel1 *e/nut1 hemlock1 quebra*o & p9e b>k1 sumac1 etc4 ,wat] is an elem5t t exi/s 9 all hides1 & x is necess>y to take x into consid]ation 9 ! analysis4 ,x is pres5t 9 p]ceptible quantity ev5 9 dry hides4 ,?is wat] _c be entirely eradicat$ )\t injur+ ! lea!r1 :i* w lose 9 suppl5ess & appe>ance4 ,wat] %\ld !n be consid]$ z "o ( ! elem5ts ( lea!r1 b x mu/ be und]/ood t if x exce$s c]ta9 limits1 say #ab to #ad p] c5t41 x becomes useless & ev5 injuri\s4 ,moreov]1 if !re is any excess ov] ! normal quantity1 x becomes deceptive & di%one/1 z 9 su* a case "o sells = hides t :i* is no?+ b wat]4 ,suppos+ t a hide1 in/ead ( only #ad p] c5t41 conta9$ #ah p] c5t4 ( wat]1 x is evid5t t 9 buy+ #ajj p\nds ( su* a hide "o w\ld pay = f\r p\nds ( wat] at ! rate = :i* he pur*as$ ! hide4 ,!re are1 also1 "s matt]s soluble 9 air1 :i* are =m$ to a l>ge ext5t f fat aris+ z mu* f ! hide z f tann+ sub/ances4 ,! air dissolves at ! same "t a c]ta9 am\nt ( organic acid & res9\s products :i* ! hide has absorb$4 ,aft] treat+ ) air1 alcohol is us$1 :i* dissolves pr9cipally ! color+ matt]s1 tann9 :i* has n become assimilat$1 bodies analog\s to res91 & "s extractive sub/ances4 ,t :i* rema9s aft] ^! me?ods h be5 pursu$ ought to be reg>d$ z ! hide prop]1 t is to say1 z ! animal tissue saturat$ ) tannic acid4 ,9 ?is rema9d] "o is able to e/imate ) close precision t :i* belongs to ! hide4 ,! hide be+ an elem5t>y tissue ( un*angeable =m1 x is easy1 9 det]m9+ ! elem5t>y portion1 to f9d ! am\nt ( real hide rema9+ 9 ! product4 ,) ^! elem5ts "o c arrive at a solution ( "s ( ! que/ions we are discuss+4 ,we give bel[1 accord+ to ?is me?od1 a table %[+ ! composition ( ! diff]5t lea!rs exhibit$ at ! ,p>is ,exposition ( #ahgh4 ,!y are ! results ( c>eful rese>*1 & we h bas$ our "w ^u !m3 ,matt] ,soluble ,fix$ 9 ,air ,tann9 ,matt] ,solu- ble 9 ,alcohol ,moi/ure ,gelat9e ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ,/e] hide1 hemlock tann$ 7heavy lea!r7 #aj4ie #d4ae #ai4gg #ci4a #bf4jc ,%eepsk9s1 sumac 7,hung>ian7 #aj4h #aj4c #ab4a #dj4c #bf4e ,f9i%$ calf1 p9e b>k tann$ 7,hung>ian7 #aa4b #a4g #g4d #da4f #ch4a ,/e] hide1 quebra*o tann$ 7heavy lea!r7 #aa4g #a4f #aa4b #dc4a #cb4d *e/nut #ac4e #j4bi #a4ii #de4df #ch4gf ,f9i%$ calfsk9s1 oak tann$ 7,*ateau ,r5ault7 #ab4d #j4cc #c4ei #df4gd #cf4id ,/e] hide1 laurel tann$ 7heavy lea!r7 #ab4d #a4je #g4ie #dg4dg #ca4ac oak tann$ aft] ?ree ye>s 9 ! vats 7heavy lea!r7 #aa4de #j4cg #c4ca #di4he #ce4jb ,! foll[+ table %[s ! am\nt ( lea!r produc$ by diff]5t tannages ( #ajj p\nds ( hides3 ,p\nds4 ,hemlock #bee4g ,sumac #bdh4a ,p9e #bdj4c ,quebra*o #bcb ,*e/nut #bai4i ,oak #bac4i ,laurel #baj4f ,oak1 la/+ ?ree ye>s #bjf ,x is important to m5tion "h ! l>ge proportion ( res9\s matt] hemlock-tann$ lea!r conta9s4 ,?is res9 is a v beautiful r$ sub/ance1 :i* communicates its peculi> color to ! lea!r4 ,we %\ld m5tion "h t 9 ^! calculations we assume t ! hide is 9 a p]fectly dry /ate1 wat] be+ a *angeable elem5t :i* does n all[ "o to arrive at a precise result4 ,^! figures %[ ! enorm\s diff]5ces result+ f div]se me?ods ( tann+4 ,hemlock1 :i* ?reat5s to flood ! m>kets ( ,europe1 di/+ui%es itself above all4 ,! high results attributable to ! l>ge proportion ( res9 t ! hide assimilates1 expla9 9 "p ! l[ness ( its price1 :i* r5d]s x s =midable a competitor4 ,"o is also surpris$ at ! l>ge return f sumac-tann$ hides :5 x is rememb]$ 9 h[ %ort a "t ! tann+ 0 accompli%$1 :i*1 9 ! pres5t case1 only occupi$ half an h\r4 ,! figures %[ u t ! greate/ return is obta9$ by means ( ^? tann+ sub/ances :i* are ri*e/ 9 res94 ,9 %ort1 hemlock1 sumac1 & p9e1 :i* give ! greate/ return1 are ^? conta9+ ! l>ge/ am\nt ( res94 ,?us1 hemlock b>k gives #aj4eh p] c5t4 ( x1 & sumac leaves #bb4g p] c5t41 besides ! tann9 :i* !y conta94 ,we "k also t p9e b>k is v ri* 9 res94 ,!re is1 !n1 advantage to ! tann]1 s f> z ! "q ( result is conc]n$1 9 us+ ^! mat]ials4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r side to ! "q1 z ! lea!r ?us sur*>g$ ) res9 is ( inf]ior quality1 g5]ally has a l[] comm]cial value1 & is (t5 ( a color b little e/eem$4 ,! p]c5tage ( tann9 absorb$ by ! diff]5t me?ods ( tannages appe>s 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,hemlock #fd4b ,sumac #fa4d ,p9e #ij4h ,quebra*o #ge4c ,*e/nut #he4b ,oak #gf4i ,laurel #fd4h ,oak1 ?ree ye>s 9 ! vat #gj4b ,! subjo9$ is a /atem5t ( ! gelat9e & tann9 9 lea!r ( diff]5t tannages1 & also %[s ! am\nt ( azote or elem5t>y matt] conta9$ 9 ea*3 ,gelat9e4 ,tann94 ,azote4 ,hemlock #fj4d #ci4f #aj4hh ,sumac #fj4d #ci4f #aa ,p9e b>k #eb4e #dg4e #i4ef ,quebra*o #eg4a #db4i #aj4d ,*e/nut #ec4ig #df4jc #i4gi ,oak #ee4hg #dd4ac #aj4bd ,laurel #fj4d #ci4f #aj4id ,oak1 #c ye>s 9 vat #eh4ge #da4be #aj4fe ,x is n pret5d$ t ^! figures are absolutely correct1 z !y (t5 v>y 9 c]ta9 limits ev5 = simil> products4 ,!y =m1 h[ev]1 a fair basis ( calculation4 ,z to :e!r lea!r is a v]itable comb9ation1 x seems to u t ?is "q %\ld be answ]$ affirmatively4 ,9 fact1 ! resi/ance ( lea!r prop]ly s-call$ to neutral dissolv5ts1 argues 9 favor ( ?is op9ion4 ,fur!rmore1 ! p]ceptible proportion ( tann9 rema9+ absorb$ by a l am\nt ( hide is ano!r p[]ful argum5t4 ,x rema9s = u to say "h t ! diff]5ces obs]vable 9 ! quantity ( fix$ tann9 ought to arise *iefly f ! diff]5t natures ( ^! tann9s1 :i* h prop]ties diff]+ z d ^? ( "o plant f ano!r1 & :i* really h b "o prop]ty 9 common1 t ( assimilat+ !mselves ) animal tissues & r5d]+ !m imputrescible4 ,9 conclusion1 ^! rese>*es det]m9e ! functions ( res9\s matt]s :i* frequ5tly accompany tann92 !y %[ a v simple me?od = e/imat+ ! results ( "o's "w1 z well z ! degree ( tannage4--,muntz ,s*o51 9 ,la ,halle aux ,cuirs4--,%oe ,lea!r ,report]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,new ,,high ,,s*ool ,,= ,,girls1 ,,ox=d4 ,! new ,high ,s*ool = ,girls at ,ox=d1 built by ,mr4 ,t4,g4 ,jackson1 = ! ,girls' ,public ,day ,s*ool ,company1 ,limit$1 0 op5$ ,septemb] #bc1 #ahhj1 :5 ! s*ool 0 transf]r$ f ! tempor>y premises x _h occupi$ 9 ,/4 ,giles's4 ,! new build+ /&s 9 ,/4 ,giles's road1 ,ea/1 to ! nor? ( ,ox=d1 on l& leas$ f ,univ]sity ,college1 & conta9s accommodation = ab\t #bgj pupils 9 #aa class-rooms1 "s ( :i* communicate by slid+ doors1 besides a resid5ce = ! mi/ress1 an (fice & wait+-room1 a room = ! tea*]s1 cloak rooms1 kit*5s1 & o!r necess>y (fices1 & a l>ge hall1 #ej ft4 by #cj ft41 = ! g5]al assembl+ ( ! s*ool toge!r & = use on spee*-days & o!r public occasions4 ,! pr9cipal front faces ,/4 ,giles's road1 & is %[n 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration4 ,! great hall occupies ! :ole ( ! upp] /ory ( ! front build+1 ) ! (fice & cloak-rooms bel[ x1 & ! pr9cipal entrance 9 ! c5t]4 ,! class-rooms are all plac$ 9 ! re> ( ! build+1 to secure quiet1 & op5 on ea* floor into a corridor surr\nd+ ! ma9 /aircase :i* occupies ! c5t] ( ! build+4 ,! walls are built ( ,head+ton /one 9 rubble "w1 ) dress+s ( brick1 betwe5 :i* ! wall+ is pla/]$1 & ! front is enri*$ ) cornices & pila/]s1 & a hood ov] ! entrance door1 all ( t]ra cotta4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! build+ is kept /udi\sly simple & pla9 on acc\nt ( exp5se4 ,beh9d ! s*ool is a l>ge playgr\nd1 :i* is provid$ ) an asphalt t5nis-c\rt1 & is picturesquely %ad$ ) apple-trees1 ! survivors ( an old or*>d4 ,! build]s 7 ,messrs4 ,symm ,co41 ( ,ox=d2 & ! t]ra cotta 0 made by ,messrs4 ,d\lton1 ( ,lambe?4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,long 0 cl]k ( works4--,build+ ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,ar*itecture--,,new ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,ox=d 99 99 99 99 99 ,,progress ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,pott]y4 ,no advance 9 any indu/ry has be5 m sure ?an 9 t ( pott]y & *9aw>e1 "u ! ,am]ican t>iff1 or m rapid 9 ! pa/ f\r or five ye>s4 ,x took ,europe ?ree c5turies & ! jeal\s precautions ( royal pott]y proprietors to build up ! great protectorates t made _! di/9ctive trade-m>ks ( su* value4 ,! e>li] lu/]s ( ! ,italian fai5ce 7 guild privacies or individual secrets1 z 0 almo/ all ! craft ( ! e>li] art-work]4 ,royal patronage 9 ,engl& 0 equival5t to a protective t>iff = ,josiah ,w$gwood2 & ev]y:]e ! importance ( gu>d+ ! *9a nurs]ies has be5 und]/ood4 ,we h 9 ?is c\ntry broadca/ & 9 abundance e type ( mat]ial ne$$ = ! f9e/ *9a w>e1 & = ! f9] glasses & enamels4 ,! royal manufactories 9 ,europe 7 h>d put to x sometimes = want ( discov]+ kaol9 b$s 9 _! dom9ions1 b ! res\rces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ^! p>ticul>s ne$$ some?+ m ?an to be br\ght to light4 ,! manipulation & wa%+ ( ! clays to r5d] !m imm$iately useful to ! pott]ies dep5ds entirely ^u ! reliance ( ^! e/abli%m5ts ^u home mat]ials4 ,! ,miss\ri pott]ies h _! supplies ne> home1 b ^! supplies mu/ be put ^u ! m>ket = o!r cities 9 condition to compete ) ! clays ( ,europe4 ,!re are f9e kaol9 b$s 9 ,*e/] & ,delaw>e c\nties 9 ?is ,/ate2 !re are clay b$s 9 ,new ,j]sey1 & ! rec5t ne$s ( ,ohio pott]ies h uncov]$ f9e clay 9 t ,/ate4 ,?is %[s t n only = ! manufacture itself1 b = ! developm5t ( mat]ial "h1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! /imulus t protection gives4 ,ohio *9a & ,c9c9nati pott]y are kn[n all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,! ,*elsea ,works1 ne> ,bo/on1 h[ev]1 are z di/+ui%$ = _! clays & fai5ce1 & = lu/r\s tiles especially 7to be us$ 9 h\sehold decoration7 c rival ! ri* %[ t ! ,d\lton w>e made at ! ,c5t5nial4 ,o!r ,new ,engl& pott]ies are em95t = t]ra cotta & granite w>es4 ,on ,long ,isl& & 9 ,new ,york city !re are porcela9 & t]ra cotta factories ( e/abli%$ fame1 & ! fir/ porcela9 "w to succe$ 9 home m>kets 0 made at ! /ill busy factories ( ,gre5po9t4 ,new ,j]sey pott]ies take ! broad gr\nd ( ! useful1 fir/ ( all1 9 _! manufacture ( excell5t granite & cream-color$ w>e = dome/ic use1 b e ye> turn out m beautiful =ms & m arti/ic "w4 ,! ,etruria ,company especially h succe$$ 9 giv+ ! w>m fle% t9ts to ! ,p>ian = bu/s & /atuettes1 n[ to be se5 9 _m %op w9d[s4 ,^! goods ought always to be label$ & kn[n z ,am]ican--x adds to _! value ) any true connoisseur4 ,"s ( ^! e/abli%m5ts1 m ?an o!rs1 h ! ent]prise to exp]im5t 9 native clays1 = :i* ! :ole trade owes _! ackn[l$gm5ts4 ,! dem& all ?r\gh ! c\ntry by skillful decorators = ! pott]y =ms to "w ^u1 po9ts to /ill great] ext5sions 9 ?is bus9ess ( mak+ our own *9a1 & to ! employm5t & good pay ( m ?\s&s ?an are n[ employ$ 9 x4 ,a collection ( ,am]ican *9a1 t]ra cotta1 etc41 begun at ?is "t & add$ to f ye> to ye>1 w soon be a mo/ int]e/+ cab9et4 ,bo? 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n manufactories +5i\s work]s are r$iscov]+ & exp]im5t+ 9 pa/es & glazes & colors1 simply because !re is a l>ge dem& = all su*1 & !y c be suppli$ at prices )9 ! rea* ( mo/ buy]s4 ,x ne$s only to po9t out ?is fl\ri%+ /ate ( ?+s1 ?r\gh ! let-alone pr9ciple1 :i* protection insures to ?is indu/ry1 to exhibit ! ?reat5$ damage ( ! attempt1 "u cov] ( e>!nw>e duties1 to get a little free trade ?r\gh at ?is session4--,philadelphia ,public ,l$g]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photographic ,,notes4 ,mr4 ,w>n]ke's ,new ,discov]y4--,v happily = our art1 we are at ! pres5t mom5t ent]+ ^u a /age ( improvem5t :i* %[s t photography is advanc+ ) va/ /rides t[>d a position t has ! possibility ( a m>vel\s future4 ,9 ,engl&1 especially1 great advances are be+ made4 ,! rec5t exp]im5ts ( our accompli%$ colleague1 ,mr4 ,w>n]ke1 on gelat9e r5d]$ insoluble by light1 aft] x has be5 s5sitiz$ by silv] bromide & develop$ by pyrogallic acid1 h reveal$ to u a numb] ( new facts ^: valuable results x is impossible at pres5t to =etell4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 t we %all ?us be able to accompli% v ne>ly ! same effects z ^? obta9$ by bi*romatiz$ gelat9e1 b ) ! additional advantage ( a mu* great] rapidity 9 all ! op]ations4 ,9 my own exp]im5ts ) ! new process ( phototypie1 ,i hit ^u ! plan ( plung+ ! c>bon image1 f :i* all soluble gelat9e _h be5 remov$1 into a ba? ( pyrogallic acid1 9 ord] to /ill fur!r r5d] imp]meable ! sub/ance =m+ ! pr9t+ surface4 ,i also conceiv$ ! idea ( aft]w>d saturat+ ?is c>bon image ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & ( subsequ5tly treat+ x ) pyrogallic acid1 9 ord] to /ill fur!r r5d] imp]meable ! sub/ance =m+ ! pr9t+ surface4 ,b ! process describ$ by ,mr4 ,w>n]ke is q diff]5t2 by means ( x we %all be able to fix ! image tak5 9 ! cam]a1 9 ! same way z we develop c>bon pictures1 & aft]w>d to employ !m 9 any mann] t may be desirable4 ,?us ! positive process ( c>bon pr9t+ w\ld be modifi$ 9 su* a mann] t ! mixtures conta9+ ! p]man5t pigm5t %\ld be s5sitiz$ ) silv] bromide 9 place ( potassium bi*romate4 ,9 ?is way impressions c\ld be v rapidly tak5 ( positive pro(s1 & enl>gem5ts made1 :i* might be develop$ 9 hot wat]1 j z 9 ! ord9>y c>bon process1 & at lea/ we %\ld h p]man5t images4 ,mr4 ,w>n]ke's highly int]e/+ exp]im5ts w no d\bt op5 ! way to _m valuable applications1 & w realize a m>k$ progress 9 ! art ( photography4 ,me?od = ,conv]t+ ,negatives ,directly into ,positives4--,capta9 ,b+1 :o is employ$ 9 ! topographic /udios ( ! ,m9i/ry ( ,w>1 has devis$ a process = ! direct conv]sion ( negatives into positives4 ,! idea is n a new "o2 b sev]al exp]im5t]s1 & notably ! late ,?omas ,sutton1 h po9t$ out ! means ( effect+ ?is conv]sion2 x has nev]1 h[ev]1 s f> z ,i "k1 be5 introduc$ into actual practice1 z is n[ ! case4 ,! process :i* ,i am ab\t to describe is n[ work$ 9 ! /udios ( ! ,topographic ,s]vice4 ,! negative image is develop$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 b ! developm5t is c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an if x 7 to be us$ z an ord9>y negative4 ,aft] develop+ & ?or\ghly wa%+1 ! negative is plac$ on a black clo? ) ! collodion side d[nw>d1 & expos$ to diffuse light = a "t1 :i* v>ies f a few seconds to two or ?ree m9utes1 accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! plate4 ,aft]w>d ! conv]sion is effect$ by moi/5+ ! plate afre%1 & !n plung+ x into a ba? :i* is ?us compos$3 ,wat] #gjj cub4 c5ts4 ,potassium bi*romate #cj grams4 ,pure nitric acid #cjj cub4 c5ts4 ,9 a few m9utes ?is solution w dissolve all ! r$uc$ silv] =m+ ! negative2 ! negative image is !re=e entirely de/roy$2 b x has s]v$ to impress on ! s5sitive film b5ea? x a positive image1 :i* is /ill 9 a lat5t condition4 ,x mu/1 !re=e1 be develop$1 & to d ?is1 ! film is treat$ ) a solution (-- ,wat] #a1jjj grams ,pyrogallic acid #be ,citric acid #bj ,alcohol ( #cf #ej cub4 c5ts4 ,! process is c>ri$ on exactly z if develop+ an ord9>y negative2 b ! action ( ! develop] is /opp$ at ! precise mom5t :5 ! positive has acquir$ int5sity suffici5t = ! purpose = :i* x is to be us$4 ,fix+1 v>ni%+1 etc41 are !n c>ri$ on ! usual way4 ,! great advantage ( ?is process consi/s 9 ! fact ( its r5d]+ positives ( mu* great] delicacy ?an ^? t are tak5 by contact2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 by means ( x we are able to avoid two di/9ct op]ations1 :5 = c]ta9 k9ds ( "w we require positive plates :]e a negative w\ld be ( no s]vice4 ,m4 ,v4 ,rau1 ! assi/ant :o has c>ri$ out ?is process "u ! direction ( ,capta9 ,b+1 has describ$ x 9 a "w :i* has j be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,gau?i]-,vill>s4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,capta9 ,b+ on ! ,s5sitiv5ess ( ,coal ,oil4--,! same ,capta9 ( ,eng9e]s has und]tak5 a s]ies ( v int]e/+ exp]im5ts on ! s5sitiv5ess to light ( "o or two sub/ances to :i* bitum5 probably owes its s5sitiv5ess1 b :i*1 contr>y to :at takes place ) bitum51 are capable ( r5d]+ v beautiful half tones1 bo? on poli%$ z9c & on album5iz$ pap]4 ,^! s5sitive sub/ances are extract$ by dissolv+ m>9e glue or coal-t> 9 b5z9e4 ,by exposure to light1 bo? m>9e-glue & coal-t> turn ( a sepia color1 &1 9 a pr9t+-frame1 !y r5d] a visible image1 :i* is n ! case ) bitum52 _! solv5ts are 9 ! ord] ( _! en]gy2 *lor(orm1 e!r1 b5z9e1 turp5t9e1 petroleum _s1 & alcohol4 ,( ^! solv5ts1 b5z9e is ! be/ adapt$ = r$uc+ ! sub/ances to a fluid /ate1 s z to enable !m to fl[ ov] ! z9c4 ,! images obta9$1 :i* are p]man5t1 & :i* are v mu* l ^? ( ! ,dagu]reotype1 are fix$ by means ( ! turp5t9e & petroleum _s4 ,!y are wa%$ ) wat]1 & !n c>efully dri$4 ,x is possible to obta9 pr9ts ) half-tones 9 fatty ink by means ( plates ( z9c coat$ ) m>9e-glue4 ,"s attempts 9 ?is direction 7 %[n to me1 :i* promis$ v well 9 ?is respect4 ,we are1 !re=e1 9 ! "r road1 n only = economically produc+ p]man5t pr9ts on pap]1 b also = mak+ z9c plates 9 :i* ! phototype film ( bi*romatiz$ gelat9e is replac$ by a solution ( m>9e-glue & b5z9e4 ,! sub/ance kn[n 9 comm]ce "u ! "n ( pit* or coal-t> w produce ! same results4 ,bitum5 ,plates4--,a new me?od ( mak+ bitum5 plates by contact has also be5 introduc$ into ! topographical /udios4 ,! plan1 or ! orig9al draw+1 is plac$ aga9/ a glass plate1 coat$ ) a mixture ( bitum5 & ( m>9e-glue dissolv$ 9 b5z9e4 ,! m>9e-glue gives ! bitum5 great] pliancy1 & prev5ts x f scal+ (f :5 rubb$1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! plate is ret\*$ ) a dry po9t4 ,^! bitum5 plates are s ?or\ghly opaque to ! p5etration ( ! act9ic rays1 t ! pr9t+-frame may be left = any "t 9 full sunlight )\t any fe> ( fog be+ produc$ on ! z9c plate f :i* ! pr9ts are to be tak54 ,me?od = ,topographic ,engrav+ by ,comm&ant de la ,no4--,be=e leav+ ! int]e/+ /udios ( :i* ,i h be5 speak+1 ,i ought to m5tion a v +5i\s application :i* has be5 made ( a process call$ topogravure1 inv5t$ by ,comm&ant de la ,no1 :o is ! director ( ?is important dep>tm5t4 ,a plate ( poli%$ z9c is coat$ ) bitum5 9 ! usual way1 & !n expos$ directly to ! light "u an orig9al draw+1 or ev5 "u a pr9t$ plan4 ,s soon z ! light has suffici5tly act$1 :i* may be se5 by means ( photometric b&s equally transp>5t at ! plate1 all ! bitum5 n act$ ^u is dissolv$4 ,z x is a positive :i* has act$ z matrix1 ! uncov]$ z9c indicates ! design1 & ! gr\nd rema9s coat$ ) insoluble bitum54 ,! plate is !n et*$ ) a weak solution ( nitric acid 9 wat]1 & ! l9es ( ! design are ?us slightly engrav$2 ! surface is !n re-coat$ ) ano!r lay] ( bitum51 :i* fills up all ! holl[s1 & is !n rubb$ d[n ) *>coal4 ,all ! surface is ?us clean$ (f1 & ! only bitum5 :i* rema9s is t 9 ! l9es1 :i*1 ?\gh n deep1 are suffici5tly s to protect ! sub/ance f ! rubb+ ( ! *>coal4 ,:5 ?is is done we h an engrav$ plate :i* c be pr9t$ f1 l a li?ographic /one2 x is gumm$ & wett$ 9 ! usual way1 & x gives pr9ts ( mu* great] delicacy & purity ?an ^? tak5 directly f ! bitum54 ,! ink is reta9$ by ! slight projection ( ! surface beyond ! l9e1 s t x _c spread1 & a k9d ( copp] plate engrav+ is tak5 by li?ographic pr9t+4 ,besides1 9 arriv+ at ?is result1 !re is ! advantage ( be+ able to use directly ! orig9al plans & draw+s1 )\t be+ oblig$ to h rec\rse to a plate tak5 9 ! cam]a2 ! latt] is indisp5sable = pr9t+ 9 ! usual way on bitum5 :]e ! impression on ! s5sitive film is obta9$ by means ( a negative4 ,x w be se5 t ?is process is exce$+ly +5i\s1 & n only is its application v easy1 b all its details are ess5tially practical4 ,succ9ate ( ,iron ,develop]4--,i h receiv$ a lett] f ,m4 ,borl9etto1 9 :i* he /ates t he has be5 induc$ by ! analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 oxalic & succ9ic acids to try :e!r succ9ate ( iron c be sub/itut$ = oxalate ( iron z a develop]4 ,to prove ?is he prep>$ "s proto-succ9ate ( iron f ! succ9ate ( potassium & proto-sulphate ( iron1 foll[+ ! me?od giv5 by ,dr4 ,ed] = ! prep>ation ( 8 f]r\s oxalate develop]4 ,he c>ri$ out ! developm5t 9 ! same way z is done by ! oxalate1 & he f\nd t ! succ9ate ( iron is ev5 m en]getic ?an ! oxalate4 ,! plate develops regul>ly ) mu* delicacy1 & gives a peculi> tone4 ,x is necess>y to take "s fre% solution at e op]ation1 on acc\nt ( ! proto-succ9ate ( iron be+ rapidly conv]t$ into p]-succ9ate by contact ) ! air4 ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,friable ,hydro-,cellulose4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,photographic ,society ( ,france1 ,m4 ,gir>d %[$ 8 me?od ( prep>+ cellulose 9 a /ate ( p[d]1 specially adapt$ = ! production ( pyroxyl9e = mak+ collodion4 ,c>d$ cotton-wool is plac$ 9 wat]1 acidulat$ ) #c p] c5t4 ( sulphuric or nitric acid1 & is left !re f five to fifte5 seconds2 x is !n tak5 out & laid on a l95 clo?1 :i* is !n wrung s z to extract mo/ ( ! liquid4 ,9 ?is condition !re /ill rema9s f #cj to #dj p] c5t4 ( acidulat$ wat]2 ! cotton is divid$ into p>cels & all[$ to dry 9 ! op5 air until x feels dry to ! t\*1 ?\gh 9 ?is condition x /ill conta9s #bj p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,x is next inclos$ 9 a cov]$ j>1 :i* is heat$ to a temp]ature ( #fe ,c42 ! desiccation !re=e takes place 9 ! clos$ space1 & ! conv]sion ( ! mat]ial is complet$ 9 ab\t two or ?ree h\rs4 ,9 ?is way a v p]fect hydro-cellulose is obta9$1 & 9 ! be/ =m = produc+ excell5t pyroxyl9e4--,corresp4 ,photo ,mews4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,photo ,,trac+s ,,9 ,,black ,,& ,,color4 ,two new processes = tak+ photo trac+s 9 black & color h rec5tly be5 publi%$--,nigrography & ,an?rakotype--bo? ( :i* repres5t a real advance 9 photographic art4 ,by ^! two processes we are enabl$ = ! fir/ "t to accompli% ! rapid production ( positive copies 9 black ( plans & o!r l9e draw+s4 ,ea* ( ^! new me?ods has its own sph]e ( action2 bo?1 !re=e1 %\ld des]ve equally descriptive notices4 ,= l>ge plans1 drawn ) l9es ( ev5 bread?1 & %[+ no gradat$ l9es1 or su* z %ade into gray1 ! process /yl$ nigrography1 inv5t$ by ,itt]beim1 ( ,vi5na1 & pat5t$ bo? 9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1 w be f\nd be/ adapt$4 ,! base ( ?is process is a solution ( gum1 ) :i* l>ge %eets ( pap] c be m readily coat$ ?an ) "o ( gelat9e2 x is1 !re=e1 v suitable = ! prep>ation ( trac+s ( ! l>ge/ size4 ,! pap] us$ mu/ be ! be/ draw+ pap]1 ?or\ghly siz$1 & on ?is ! solution1 consi/+ ( #be p>ts ( gum arabic dissolv$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 to :i* are add$ #g p>ts ( potassium bi*romate & ,i "p ( alcohol1 is spread ) a broad1 flat bru%4 ,x is !n dri$1 & if plac$ 9 a cool1 d>k place w keep good = a long "t4 ,:5 us$1 x is plac$ "u ! plan to be reproduc$1 & expos$ to diffus$ light = f five to t5 m9utes--t is to say1 to ab\t #ad ( ,vogel's photomet]2 x is !n remov$ & plac$ = tw5ty m9utes 9 cold wat]1 9 ord] to wa% out all ! *romat$ gum :i* has n be5 affect$ by light4 ,by press+ betwe5 two %eets ( blott+-pap] ! wat] is !n got rid (1 & if ! exposure has be5 correctly judg$ ! draw+ w appe> z dull l9es on a %9y gr\nd4 ,aft] ! pap] has be5 completely dri$ x is ready = ! black color4 ,?is consi/s ( #e p>ts ( %ellac1 #ajj p>ts ( alcohol1 & #ae p>ts ( f9ely-p[d]$ v9e-black4 ,a sponge is us$ to di/ribute ! color ov] ! pap]1 & ! latt] is !n laid 9 a #b to #c p] c5t4 ba? ( sulphuric acid1 :]e x mu/ rema9 until ! black color c be easily remov$ by means ( a /iff bru%4 ,all ! l9es ( ! draw+ w !n appe> 9 black on a :ite gr\nd4 ,^! nigrographic trac+s are v f9e1 b !y only appe> 9 complete p]fection :5 ! orig9al draw+s are p]fectly opaque4 ,half-tone l9es1 or ! m>ks ( a r$ p5cil on ! orig9al1 are n reproduc$ 9 ! nigrographic copy4 ,an?rakotype is a k9d ( du/+-on process4 ,x 0 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,sobac*i1 9 ! ye> #ahgi1 & has be5 lately m fully describ$ by ,capta9 ,pizzighelli4 ,?is process--call$ also ,photan?rakography--is f\nd$ on ! prop]ty ( *romat$ gelat9e :i* has n be5 act$ on by light to swell up 9 lukew>m wat]1 & to become tacky1 s t 9 ?is condition x c reta9 p[d]$ color :i* _h be5 du/$ on x4 ,:]ev]1 h[ev]1 ! *romat$ gelat9e has be5 act$ on by light1 ! surface becomes horny1 und]goes no *ange 9 w>m wat]1 & loses all sign ( tack9ess4 ,9 ?is process absolute opacity 9 ! l9es ( ! orig9al draw+ is by no means necess>y1 = x reproduces gray1 half-tone l9es j z well z x does black ones4 ,p5cil draw+s c also be copi$1 & 9 ?is lies "o great advantage ( ! process ov] o!r photo-trac+ me?ods1 =1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ev5 half-tones c be produc$4 ,= ! pap] = an?rakotype an ord9>y /rong1 well-siz$ pap] mu/ be select$4 ,?is mu/ be coat$ ) a gelat9e solution 7gelat9e #a1 wat] #cj p>ts71 ei!r by float+ ! pap] on ! solution1 or by fl[+ ! solution ov] ! pap]4 ,9 ! latt] case ! pap] is s(t5$ by soak+ 9 wat]1 is !n press$ on to a glass plate plac$ 9 a horizontal position1 ! edges are turn$ up1 & ! gelat9e solution is p\r$ into ! tr\gh ?us =m$4 ,to s5sitize ! pap]1 x is dipp$ = a c\ple ( m9utes 9 a solution ( potassium bi*romate 7#a 9 #be71 !n tak5 out & dri$ 9 ! d>k4 ,! pap] is n[ plac$ b5ea? ! draw+ 9 a copy+-frame1 & expos$ = sev]al m9utes to ! light2 x is aft]w>d laid 9 cold wat] 9 ord] to remove all excess ( *romate4 ,a copy ( ! orig9al draw+ n[ exi/s 9 relief on ! swoll5 gelat9e1 &1 9 ord] to make ?is relief /icky1 ! pap] is next dipp$ = a %ort "t 9 wat]1 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bh or #cj ,c4 ,x is !n laid on a smoo? glass plate1 sup]ficially dri$ by means ( blott+-pap]1 & lamp-black or soot ev5ly du/$ on ov] ! :ole surface by means ( a f9e sieve4 ,al?\gh lamp-black is s inexp5sive & s easily obta9$1 z mat]ial x answ]s ! pres5t purpose bett] ?an any o!r black color+ sub/ance4 ,if n[ ! color be ev5ly di/ribut$ ) a broad bru%1 ! :ole surface ( ! pap] w appe> to be ?or\ghly black4 ,9 ord] to fix ! color on ! tacky p>ts ( ! gelat9e1 ! pap] mu/ next be dri$ by artificial heat--say1 by plac+ x ne> a /ove--& ?is has ! advantage ( /ill fur!r increas+ ! /ick9ess ( ! gelat9e 9 ! p>ts :i* h n be5 act$ ^u by light1 s t ! color+ matt] adh]es ev5 m firmly to ! gelat9e4 ,:5 ! pap] is ?or\ghly dry1 place x 9 wat]1 & let x be play$ on by a /rong jet2 ?is removes all ! color f ! p>ts :i* h be5 expos$ to ! light1 & s develops ! picture4 ,by a little g5tle friction ) a wet sponge1 ! developm5t w be mat]ially promot$4 ,a highly int]e/+ peculi>ity ( ?is an?rakotype process is ! fact t a copy1 ?\gh x may h be5 incorrectly expos$1 c /ill be sav$4 ,= in/ance1 if ! image does n seem to be vigor\s en\gh1 x c be int5sifi$ 9 ! simple/ way2 x is only necess>y to soak ! pap] afre%1 !n du/ on m color1 etc42 9 %ort1 repeat ! develop+ process z above describ$4 ,9 difficult cases ! du/+-on may be repeat$ five or six times1 till at la/ ! desir$ int5sity is obta9$4 ,by ?is process1 !re=e1 we get a positive copy ( a positive orig9al 9 black l9es on a :ite gr\nd4 ,( c\rse1 any o!r color+ mat]ial 9 a /ate ( p[d] may be us$ in/ead ( soot1 & !n a color$ draw+ on a :ite gr\nd is obta9$4 ,v pretty v>iations ( ! process may be made by us+ gold or silv] pap]1 & du/+-on ) diff]5t colors2 or a picture may be tak5 9 gold bronze p[d] on a :ite gr\nd4 ,9 ?is way color$ draw+s may be tak5 on a gold or a silv] gr\nd1 & v bright photo trac+s w be ! result4 ,"s examples ( ?is k9d1 t h be5 s5t u f ,vi5na1 are exce$+ly beautiful4 ,summ+ up ! respective advantages ( ! two processes we h above describ$1 we may say t nigrography is be/ adapt$ = copy+ draw+s ( a l>ge size2 ! copies c ) difficulty be di/+ui%$ f good autographs1 & !y d n possess ! bad quality ( gelat9e pap]s--! t5d5cy to roll up & crack4 ,draw+s1 h[ev]1 :i* h %ad[ or gradat$ l9es _c be well produc$ by ?is process2 9 su* cases x is bett] to adopt an?rakotype1 ) :i* good results w be obta9$4--,photographic ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,m4 ,c4 ,,faure',s ,,second>y ,,batt]y4 ,! rese>*es ( ,m4 ,ga/on ,plant on ! pol>ization ( voltamet]s l$ to 8 inv5tion ( ! second>y cell1 compos$ ( two /rips ( lead imm]s$ 9 acidulat$ wat]4 ,^! cells accumulate1 &1 s to speak1 /ore up ! electricity pass$ into !m f "s outside g5]ator4 ,:5 ! two electrodes are connect$ ) any s\rce ( electricity ! surfaces ( ! two /rips ( lead und]go c]ta9 modifications4 ,?us1 ! positive pole reta9s oxyg5 & becomes cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( p]oxide ( lead1 :ile ! negative pole becomes r$uc$ to a clean metallic /ate4 ,n[1 if ! second>y cell is sep>at$ f ! prim>y "o1 we h a v]itable voltaic batt]y1 = ! symmetry ( ! poles is upset1 & "o is ready to give up oxyg5 & ! o!r eag] to receive x4 ,:5 ! poles are connect$1 an int5se electric curr5t is obta9$1 b x is ( %ort duration4 ,su* a cell1 hav+ half a squ>e met] ( surface1 c /ore up en\gh electricity to keep a plat9um wire #a millim4 9 diamet] & #h c5tims4 long1 r$-hot = t5 m9utes4 ,m4 ,plant has succe$$ 9 increas+ ! duration ( ! curr5t by alt]nately *>g+ & dis*>g+ ! cell1 s z alt]nately to =m lay]s ( r$uc$ metal & p]oxide ( lead on ! surface ( ! /rip4 ,x 0 se5 t ?is cell w\ld af=d an excell5t means = ! conveyance ( electricity f place to place1 ! great drawback1 h[ev]1 be+ t ! /or+ capacity 0 n suffici5t z comp>$ ) ! weight & size ( ! cell4 ,?is difficulty has n[ be5 ov]come by ,m4 ,faure2 ! cell z he has improv$ x is made 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! two /rips ( lead are sep>ately cov]$ ) m9ium or "s o!r insoluble oxide ( lead1 !n cov]$ ) an envelope ( felt1 firmly atta*$ by rivets ( lead4 ,^! two electrodes are !n plac$ ne> ea* o!r 9 wat] acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 z 9 ! ,plant cell4 ,! cell is !n atta*$ to a batt]y s z to all[ a curr5t ( electricity to pass ?r\gh x1 & ! m9ium is !reby r$uc$ to metallic spongy lead on ! negative pole1 & oxidiz$ to p]oxide ( lead on ! positive pole2 :5 ! cell is dis*>g$ ! r$uc$ lead becomes oxidiz$1 & ! p]oxide ( lead is r$uc$ until ! cell becomes in]t4 ,! improvem5t consi/s1 z w be se51 9 sub/itut+ = /rips ( lead masses ( spongy lead2 =1 9 ! ,plant cell1 ! action is re/rict$ to ! surface1 :ile 9 ,faure's modification ! action is almo/ unlimit$4 ,a batt]y compos$ ( ,faure's cells1 & weigh+ #aej lb41 is capable ( /or+ up a quantity ( electricity equival5t to "o horsep[] dur+ "o h\r1 & calculations bas$ on facts 9 !rmal *emi/ry %[ t ?is weight c\ld be greatly decreas$4 ,a batt]y ( #bd cells1 ea* weigh+ #ad lb41 w keep a /rip ( plat9um five-eigh?s ( an in* wide1 "o-?irty-second ( an in* ?ick1 & #i ft4 #aj 94 long1 r$-hot = a long "t4 ,! loss result+ f ! *>g+ & dis*>g+ ( ?is batt]y is n great2 = example1 if a c]ta9 quantity ( en]gy is exp5d$ 9 *>g+ ! cells1 #hj p] c5t4 ( t en]gy c be reproduc$ by ! electricity result+ f ! dis*>ge ( ! cells2 moreov]1 ! batt]y c be c>ri$ f "o place to ano!r )\t injury4 ,a batt]y 0 lately *>g$ 9 ,p>is1 !n tak5 to ,brussels1 :]e x 0 us$ ! next day )\t re*>g+4 ,! co/ is also said to be v l[4 ,a quantity ( electricity equal to "o horse p[] dur+ an h\r c be produc$1 /or$1 & deliv]$ at any di/ance )9 #c miles ( ! works = #a;d4 ,!re=e ^! batt]ies may become useful 9 produc+ ! electric light 9 private h\ses4 ,a #a1bej horsep[] eng9e1 work+ dynamo-ma*9es giv+ a cont9u\s curr5t1 w 9 "o h\r produce #a1jjj horse-p[] ( effective electricity1 t is to say #hj p] c5t4 ( ! initial =ce4 ,! co/ ( ! ma*9es1 e/abli%m5t1 & con/ruction w n be m ?an #dj1jjj1 & ! quantity ( coal burnt w be #b lb4 p] h\r p] effective horse-p[]1 :i* w co/ 7say7 d4 ,! app>atus necess>y to /ore up ! =ce ( #a1jjj horses = tw5ty-f\r h\rs w co/ #dh1jjj1 & w weigh #a1ejj tons4 ,?is price & ^! weights may become mu* less aft] a "t4 ,! exp5se = wages & repairs w be less ?an d4 p] h\r p] horse-p[]1 :i* w\ld be #bd a day1 or #h1hjj a ye>2 ?us ! total co/ ( "o horse-p[] = an h\r /or$ up at ! works is d4 ,all[+ t ! c>riage w co/ z mu* z ! production & /or+1 we h :at is /at$ above1 viz41 t ! total co/ )9 #c miles ( ! works is #a;d4 p] horse-p[] p] h\r4 ,?is quantity ( electricity w produce a light1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( division1 equival5t to f #e to #cj gas burn]s1 :i* is mu* *eap] ?an gas4--,*emical ,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,physical ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,our ,,common ,,s*ools4 ,footnote3 ,read be=e ! ,/ate ,normal ,in/itute at ,w9ona1 ,m9nesota1 ,april #bh1 #ahha1 by ,cl>5ce ,m4 ,b\telle1 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,physical ,sci5ce 9 ! ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool4 ,v little1 p]haps1 :i* is new c be said reg>d+ ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,special s*ools = sci5tific education1 ) l>ge & co/ly laboratories1 are by no means few nor poorly att5d$2 sci5tific books & p]iodicals are widely read2 sci5tific lectures are popul>4 ,b1 :ile 9 _m s*ools ( advanc$ grade1 sci5ce is taught 9 a sci5tific way1 9 _m o!rs ! "w is conf9$ to ! m]e /udy ( books1 & 9 only a few ( our common di/rict s*ools is x taught at all4 ,i %all advocate1 & ,i believe ) good reason1 ! use ( app>atus & exp]im5ts to supplem5t ! k ga9$ f books 9 s*ools :]e books are us$1 ! giv+ ( lessons to y\ng] *ildr5 :o d n use books1 & ! giv+ ( ^! lessons to "s ext5t 9 all our s*ools4 ,& ! facts :i* ,i h ga!r$ toge!r reg>d+ ! tea*+ ( sci5ce w be us$ ) all ^! ends 9 view4 ,physics--us+ ! t]m 9 its broade/ s5se--has be5 def9$ z ! sci5ce :i* has = its object ! /udy ( ! mat]ial _w1 ! ph5om5a :i* x pres5ts to u1 ! laws :i* gov]n 7or acc\nt =7 ^! ph5om5a1 & ! applications :i* c be made ( ei!r classes ( relat$ ph5om5a1 or ( laws1 to ! wants ( man4 ,?us broadly def9$1 physics w\ld be "o ( two great subjects cov]+ ! :ole doma9 ( k4 ,! entire _w ( matt]1 z di/+ui%$ f ! _w ( m9d1 w\ld be pres5t$ to u 9 a compreh5sive /udy ( physics4 ,i %all consid] 9 ?is discussion only a limit$ "p ( ?is great subject4 ,ph5om5a modifi$ by ! action ( ! vital =ce1 ei!r 9 plants or 9 animals1 w be exclud$2 ,i %all n1 !re=e1 consid] su* subjects z botany or zology4 ,geology & relat$ bran*es w also be omitt$ by re/rict+ our /udy to ph5om5a :i* take place 9 %ort1 def9ite1 measurable p]iods ( "t4 ,& la/ly1 ^? subjects 9 :i*1 z 9 a/ronomy1 ! ph5om5a take place beyond ! control ( /ud5t & tea*]1 & 9 :i* _! repetition at pleasure is impossible1 w n be consid]$4 ,natural philosophy1 or physics1 z ?is t]m is g5]ally us$1 & *emi/ry1 w1 !re=e1 be ! subjects :i* we w consid] z s\rces f :i* to draw matt] = lessons = ! *ildr5 9 our s*ools4 ,! *ild's m9d has ! receptive side1 ! s5sibility1 ! mo/ prom95t4 ,8 s5ses are al]t4 ,he h&les & exam9es objects ab\t him4 ,he sees m1 & he le>ns m f ! see+1 ?an he w 9 lat] ye>s unless 8 p]ceptive p[]s are def9itely tra9$ & obs]vation made a habit4 ,8 judgm5t & 8 w are weak4 ,he reasons imp]fectly4 ,he *ooses )\t appropriate motives4 ,he ne$s ! build+ up & developm5t giv5 by educational tra9+4 ,nature po9ts out ! me?od4 ,s5sibility be+ ! *>act]i/ic ( 8 m9d1 we mu/ appeal to him ?r\gh 8 s5ses4 ,we mu/ use ! concrete2 ?r\gh x we mu/ act ^u 8 weak w & immature judgm5t4 ,f 8 natural curiosity we mu/ develop att5tion4 ,8 naturally /rong p]ceptive p[]s mu/ be made yet /rong]2 !y mu/ be l$ 9 prop] directions & fix$ ^u appropriate objects4 ,he mu/ be l$ to appreciate ! relation betwe5 cause & effects--to associate toge!r relat$ facts--& to /ate :at he kn[s 9 a def9ite1 cle>1 & =cible mann]4 ,object lessons1 conv]sational lessons1 lessons on animals1 lessons bas$ on pictures & o!r devices1 h be5 us$ to meet ?is dem& ( ! *ild's m5tal make up4 ,good 9 _m respects1 & va/ly bett] ?an m]e book "w1 !y h faults :i* ,i %all po9t out 9 connection ) ! correspond+ advantages ( easy lessons 9 ! elem5ts ( sci5ce4 ,i %all n quibble ov] def9itions4 ,object lessons may1 p]haps1 prop]ly be said to include lessons su* z x seems to me %\ld be giv5--lessons drawn f natural philosophy or *emi/ry--b ,i use ! t]m "h 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is (t5 us$1 z mean+ lessons bas$ ^u "s object4 ,a ?imble1 a knife1 a wat*1 = in/ance1 ea* ( ^! be+ a favorite ) a c]ta9 class ( object tea*]s1 may be tak54 ,! objections are3 #a4 ,little new k c be giv5 :i* is simple & appropriate4 ,mo/ *ildr5 already "k ! names ( su* objects z are *os51 ! names ( ! mo/ prom95t p>ts1 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$ & _! uses4 ,mu* t is (t5 giv5 %\ld be omitt$ altoge!r if we fairly reg>d ! economy ( ! *ild's "t & m5tal /r5g?4 ,x doesn't pay to tea* *ildr5 t :i* isn't wor? rememb]+1 & :i* we don't c>e to h !m rememb]4 #b4 ,/udy ( ! qualities ( mat]ials is a prom95t "p ( lessons on objects4 ,su* /udy is really ! /udy ( physical sci5ce1 b ) objects su* z are usually select$ is a v difficult "p to give to "y *ildr54 ,ask ! /ud5t :o has tak5 a c\rse 9 *emi/ry :e!r ! /udy ( ! qualities ( metals & _! alloys is easy "w4 ,ask him h[ mu* c readily be %[n1 & h[ mu* mu/ be tak5 on au?ority4 ,h him tell y h[ mu* or h[ little ! ?+ itself sugge/s1 & h[ mu* mu/ he memoriz$ f ! m]e book /atem5t & ) difficulty4 ,/udy ( mat]ials is good to a c]ta9 ext5t1 b x is (t5 c>ri$ mu* too f>4 ,consid] a conv]sational lesson on "s animal4 ,lessons are sometimes giv5 on cats4 ,z an elem5t 9 a read+ lesson--to ar\se int]e/--to hold ! att5tion--to secure correct emphasis & inflection--to make sure ( ! read+ be+ good3 su* "w is appropriate4 ,b let u see :at ! effect ^u ! pupil is z reg>ds ! k he ga9s ( ! cat1 & ! effect ^u 8 habits ( ?\ght & /udy4 ,! /ud5t gives "s /atem5t z to ! appe>ance--! size--or "s act ( 8 cat4 ,x is usually an imp]fect /atem5t drawn f ! imp]fect memory ( an imp]fect obs]vation4 ,& ! tea*]1 hav+ only a g5]al k ( ! habits ( cats1 c correct 9 only a g5]al way4 ,?us habits ( faulty & incorrect obs]vation & inaccurate memory are fa/5$ ^u ! *ild4 ,x is no less by ! correction ( ! false ?an by ! pres5t+ ( ! true1 t we educate prop]ly4 ,besides ?is !re is ! fact t traits1 habits1 & peculi>ities ( animals are n always manife/$ :5 we wi% !m to be4 ,suppose a tea*] asks a *ild to notice ! way 9 :i* a dog dr9ks1 = example2 ! *ild may h to wait until long aft] all ! associat$ facts1 ! reasons :y ?is ?+ 0 to be obs]v$--! lesson z a :ole ( :i* ?is =m$ a "p--h all gr[n dim 9 ! memory1 be=e ! *ance = ! obs]vation occurs4 ,pictures are less valuable z educational aids ?an objects2 at be/ !y are b p>tially & imp]fectly concrete4 ,! /udy ( pictures t5ds to cultivate ! imag9ation & ta/e1 b obs]vation & judgm5t are b little ex]cis$4 ,a comp>ison ( ! k9d ( k ga9$ 9 ei!r ( ! above ways ) t ga9$ by a /udy ( sci5ce z su*1 w make "s ( ! advantages ( ! latt] evid5t4 ,an act ( complete k consi/s 9 ! id5tify+ ( an attribute ) a subject4 ,attributes ( quality--( condition--( relation1 may be ga9$ f lessons 9 :i* objects or pictures are us$4 ,attributes ( action :i* are unregulat$ by ! obs]v] may be le>n$ f ! /udy ( animals4 ,b v little ( actions & *anges :i* c be made to take place "u specifi$ conditions1 & ) uni=mity ( result1 c be le>n$ until physical sci5ce is drawn ^u4 ,& yet consid] ! importance ( su* /udy4 ,*anges ar\nd him appeal mo/ /rongly to ! *ild4 ,:y does ?is ?+ d z x does8 is m frequ5t ?an ,:y is ?is ?+ z x is8 ,he sees *anges ( place1 ( =m1 ( size1 ( composition1 tak+ place2 8 curiosity is ar\s$2 & he is ready to /udy ) avidity1 & 9 a sy/ematic mann]1 ! *anges :i* 8 tea*] may pres5t to him4 ,consid] ! peculi>ities belong+ to ! /udy ( *anges ( any sort4 ,! int]e/ is held1 = ! m9d is con/antly ga9+ ! new4 ,! att5tion _c be divid$--all p>ts ( ! *ange1 all phases ( ! action1 mu/ be kn[n1 & to be kn[n mu/ be obs]v$2 :ile 9 o!r =ms ( lessons ! att5tion may be div]t$ = a mom5t to return to ! consid]ation ( exactly :at 0 be+ obs]v$ be=e4 ,x goes )\t say+ t 9 "o case quick & accurate obs]vation1 a ret5tive memory1 & ! association ( causes & effects foll[1 & t 9 ! o!r !y d n4 ,i advocate1 !re=e1 ! tea*+ ( physical sci5ce 9 our s*ools--9 all our s*ools4 ,physical sci5ce taught by ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,an exp]im5t has be5 def9$ z a "q put to ,nature1 a "q ask$ 9 ?+s r ?an 9 words1 & s condition$ t no unc]ta9 answ] c be giv54 ,nature says t all matt] gravitates1 n 9 words1 b 9 ! sw+ ( planets ar\nd ! sun1 & 9 ! leap ( ! avalan*e4 ,& m5 h devis$ +5i\s ma*9es ?r\gh :i* ,nature may tell u ! inv>iable laws ( gravitation1 & give "s h9t z to :y x is true4 ,!re are two k9ds ( exp]im5ts1 & two correspond+ k9ds ( inve/igators4 ,i4 ,9 orig9al inve/igation !re are ! foll[+ elem5ts3 #a4 ,! c>eful det]m9ation ( all ! conditions "u :i* ! exp]im5t takes place4 #b4 ,! obs]vation ( exactly :at happ5s1 ) a pa9/ak+ elim9ation ( all previ\s notions z to :at ought to happ54 #c4 ,! *ange ( conditions1 "o at a "t1 ) a comp>ison ( ! results obta9$ ) ! *anges made1 9 ord] to det]m9e t ea* condition has be5 giv5 j its appropriate weight 9 ! exp]im5t4 #d4 ,! classification & explanation ( ! result4 #e4 ,! ext5sion ( ! k ga9$ by turn+ x to inve/igations sugge/$ by :at has already be5 le>n$4 #f4 ,! practical application ( ! k ga9$4 ,,ii4 ,9 ord9>y exp]im5ts = educational purposes ! exp]im5t] foll[s 9 a g5]al way 9 ! foot/eps ( ! orig9al inve/igator4 ,!re are ! foll[+ elem5ts to be consid]$3 #a4 ,! arrangem5t ( conditions 9 g5]al imitation ( ! orig9al inve/igator4 ,?is arrangem5t ne$s only to be g5]al4 ,= example1 if an orig9al inve/igation 7 und]tak5 to det]m9e ! composition ( a metallic oxide1 ! metal & ! oxyg5 w\ld bo? be c>efully sav$ to be measur$ & weigh$ & fully te/$4 ,! ord9>y exp]im5t w\ld be consid]$ successful if oxyg5 & ! metal 7 %[n to result4 #b4 ,! c>eful consid]ation ( :at %\ld happ54 #c ,! det]m9ation t ! expect$ ei!r does or does n happ51 ) exam9ation ( reasons & elim9ation ( di/urb+ causes 9 ! latt] case4 #d4 ,! accept+ z true ( ! classification & explanation already giv54 ,!ories1 explanations1 & laws are ?us accept$ e day by m9ds :i* c\ld nev] h orig9at$ ei!r !m or ! exp]im5ts f :i* !y 7 d]iv$4 ,! me?od ( orig9al inve/igation1 /rictly consid]$1 pres5ts _m difficulties4 ,a long c\rse ( prelim9>y tra9+--a ?or\gh k ( :at has be5 done 9 a giv5 field already--a quick imag9ation--a g5ius = devis+ =ms ( app>atus :i* w enable him to "w well "u p>ticul> conditions 9 ! mo/ simple & effective way--! faculty ( susp5d+ judgm5t1 & ( see+ :at happ5s1 all t happ5s1 & j h[ x happ5s--pati5ce--caution--c\rage--quick judgm5t :5 a complet$ exp]im5t presses = an explanation--^! are "s ( ! *>act]i/ics :i* mu/ belong to ! orig9al work]4 ,7 we all capable ( do+ su* "w !re w\ld be ^! advantages1 among o!rs1 ( /udy+ = ourselves3 #a4 ,:at we f9d out = ourselves we rememb] long] & recall m readily ?an :at we acquire 9 any o!r way4 ,?is advantage holds true :e!r ! facts le>n$ are entirely new or only new to u4 ,almo/ e man ^: life has be5 sp5t 9 /udy has a /ore ( facts :i* he discov]$1 & on :i* he built hopes ( future greatness until he f\nd out lat] t !y 7 old to ! k ( ! _w he liv$ 94 ,& ^! ?+s are among ^? :i* w rema9 longe/ 9 8 memory4 #b4 ,associat$ facts w\ld be le>n$ 9 /udy+ 9 ?is way :i* w\ld rema9 unkn[n o!rwise4 ,b all ! advantages w\ld be associat$ ) disadvantages too4 ,long p]iods ( "t w\ld h to be giv5 = comp>atively small results4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce is full ( in/ances 9 :i* ye>s 7 sp5t 9 ! elaboration ( "s law1 or pr9ciple1 or !ory :i* ! s*ool boy ( to-day le>ns 9 an h\r & recites 9 a brea?4 ,:y does wat] rise 9 a pump8 ,d all bodies1 l>ge & small1 fall equally fa/8 ,! pr9ciples :i* answ] & expla9 su* que/ions c be made s cle> & evid5t to ! m9d ( a pupil t he w\ld almo/ fancy !y mu/ h be5 kn[n f ! fir/ in/ead ( hav+ wait$ = ! h>d1 e>ne/ labor ( intellectual giants4 ,& sci5ce has gone on1 & = u & = our pupils w\ld /ill g on1 only z accompani$ ) num]\s mi/akes & disappo9tm5ts4 ,:at me?od %all we adopt 9 ! tea*+ ( sci5ce8 ,x mu/ diff] accord+ to ! age & capacity ( ! pupils4 ,an excell5t modification ( ! me?od ( orig9al inve/igation may be arrang$ z foll[s3 ,! *ildr5 are put 9 possession ( all facts relat+ to conditions1 ! tea*] expla9+ !m z mu* z may be necess>y4 ,! exp]im5t is p]=m$1 ! pupils be+ requir$ to obs]ve exactly :at takes place1 ! exp]im5ts select$ be+ ( su* a nature t any previ\s judgm5t z to :at ought to occur is z ne>ly impossible z may be4 ,we pr$ict f k1 real or suppos$1 ( facts :i* are associat$ 9 our m9ds ) any new subject "u consid]ation4 ,*ildr5 (t5 "k 9 a g5]al1 vague1 & indef9ite way t :i*1 = ! sake ( a full & sy/ematic k1 we may desire !m to /udy4 ,:at !y "k w unconsci\sly modify _! expectations1 & _! expectations 9 turn may modify _! obs]vations4 ,we are apt to believe t happ5s :i* we expect w happ54 ,!re ought to be no difficulty1 h[ev]1 9 f9d+ simple & appropriate exp]im5ts ) :i* ! *ild is entirely unacqua9t$1 & 9 :i* any?+ beyond ! wilde/ guess "w is1 = him1 impossible4 ,! pr9cipal use :i* c be made ( ?is me?od is 9 ! m]e obs]vation ( :at takes place4 ,no?+ :i* ! *ild notices correctly ne$ be reject$1 no matt] h[ f> remov$ f ! *ief ev5t on ! object ( ! exp]im5t4 ,c>e t ! pupil %all see all1 & sep>ate ! ess5tial f ! accid5tal1 is all t is necess>y4 ,b ! orig9al inve/igator assigns reasons1 & ) c>e ! *ildr5 may be all[$ to attempt t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld n be c>ri$ f>2 incorrect explanations %\ld be criticis$2 & ! class %\ld at l5g? be giv5 all ! elem5ts ( ! correct explanation :i* !y h n det]m9$ = !mselves4 ,lat]1 pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to "n relat$ ph5om5a1 to m5tion ?+s :i* !y h se5 happ5 :i* are due to associat$ causes1 & to sugge/ v>iations = ! exp]im5t & te/s = its explanation4 ,good results may be made to foll[ ?is k9d ( "w ev5 ) v "y pupils4 ,a *ild gr[s 9 m5tal /r5g? by us+ ! p[]s he has1 & mi/akes se5 to be su* are n only /eps t[>d a correct view ( ! subject "u consid]ation1 b are /eps t[>d t habit ( m9d :i* spontane\sly pres5ts correct views at once 9 /udy :i* comes lat] 9 life4 ,ano!r me?od is ?is3 ,! pupil may "k :at is expect$ to happ51 z well z ! conditions giv51 & held responsible = an obs]vation ( :at does happ5 & a comp>ison ( :at he really obs]ves ) :at he expects to obs]ve4 ,explanations are usually giv5 a class1 (t5 9 books ) :i* !y are furni%$1 in/ead ( be+ drawn f !m1 9 :ole or 9 "p1 by que/ion+1 :5 physical sci5ce is /udi$ 9 ?is way4 ,inde$1 ?is me?od is a necessity :5 text books are us$1 unless exp]im5ts f "s outside s\rce are introduc$4 ,:o %all p]=m ! exp]im5ts8 ,) "y pupils ev]y:]e1 & 9 mo/ ( our common1 & ev5 9 _m ( our grad$ s*ools1 ! exp]im5ts mu/ be p]=m$ by ! tea*]4 ,) "y pupils ! "t is too limit$1 & ! responsibility & necess>y c>e too great to p]mit ( any o!r plan be+ practical4 ,9 _m ( our s*ools ! small supply ( app>atus r5d]s ?is necess>y ev5 ) l>g] pupils4 ,add$ to ! reasons already giv5 is ! important "o t 9 no o!r way--by no o!r plan--c ! tea*] be z readily sure t 8 pupils obs]ve & reason fully = !mselves4 ,9 ?is normal s*ool a c\rse 9 physics1 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts are all p]=m$ 9 ! class room by ! tea*]1 is foll[$ by a c\rse 9 *emi/ry1 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! class p]=m ! exp]im5ts = !mselves 9 ! laboratory4 ,&1 not)/&+ ! age1 maturity1 & previ\s obs]vation ( ! pupils1 a great deal mu/ be done bo? 9 ! laboratory & 9 ! recitation room to be sure t all t happ5s is se5--t ! purpose is cle>ly held 9 ! m9d--t ! reason is fully und]/ood4 ,) old] pupils & great] facilities1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5ts %\ld be p]=m$ by ! pupils !mselves4 ,con/ant wat*fulness is necess>y1 x is true1 to insure to ! pupil ! full educational value ( ! exp]im5t4 ,) ?is wat*fulness x c be done1 & ! advantages are num]\s4 ,among !m are3 #a4 ,! le>n+ ( ! use & c>e ( app>atus4 #b4 ,! le>n+ ( me?ods ( actual con/ruction1 f mat]ials at h&1 ( "s ( ! simpl] k9ds ( app>atus4 #c4 ,! le>n+ ( ! importance ( c>eful prep>ation4 ,an exp]im5t may be p]=m$ 9 a few m9utes be=e a class :i* has tak5 an h\r or m ( "t 9 its prep>ation4 ,! pupil fully appreciates its importance1 & is 9 ! be/ condition to rememb] x only :5 he has _h a "p ( ! h>d "w att5d+ t prep>ation4 ,aga91 conditions "u :i* an exp]im5t is successfully p]=m$ are (t5 n appreciat$ :5 m]ely /at$ 9 words4 ,to prep>e hydrog5 gas1 pass a ?i/le tube & a deliv]y tube ?r\gh a cork :i* fit tightly 9 ! neck ( a bottle1 etc41 is simple en\gh4 ,let a pupil try ) a cork :i* does n fit tightly & he w nev] =get t condition4 #d4 ,! le>n+ ( ! importance ( foll[+ directions4 ,*emi/ry1 especially1 is full ( ^? cases :]e ?is means ev]y?+4 ,sometimes1 n (t5 9 exp]im5ts p]=m$ 9 s*ool1 h[ev]1 x may mean ev5 life or dea?4 ,! "t = exp]im5ts %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,:5 p]=m$ by ! tea*] !y %\ld be tak5 up dur+ ! recitation3 #a4 ,if us$ z a f\ndation to build ^u1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! lesson4 #b4 ,if us$ z a summ>y1 at ! close4 #c4 ,!y %\ld be closely connect$ ) ! po9ts :i* !y illu/rate4 #d4 ,:5 v %ort1 or :5 s difficult z to dem& ! :ole att5tion ( ! tea*]1 !y may be giv5 & aft]w>d discuss$4 ,if long or easy1 !y may be discuss$ :ile ! "w is go+ on4 ,*anges :i* take place sl[ly1 z ^? :i* are br\ght ab\t by ! gradual action ( heat1 = in/ance1 are be/ tak5 up 9 ?is latt] way4 #e4 ,exceptions may be necess>y1 z :5 exp]im5ts :i* dem& special prep>ation imm$iately be=e !y are pres5t$ are giv5 :5 ! recitation beg9s1 or cases 9 :i* exp]im5ts are kept until ne> ! close ( a recitation1 :5 ! tea*] f9ds t att5tion flags & ! lesson seems to h lo/ its int]e/ to ! pupils z soon z ! exp]im5ts h be5 giv54 ,:5 p]=m$ by ! pupils !mselves1 exp]im5ts %\ld come be=e ! recitation z a "p ( ! prep>ation = ! "w ( ! class room4 ,ev5 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! tea*] p]=ms ! "w1 opportunity %\ld be giv51 f "t to "t1 = ! p]=m+ ( ! exp]im5t by ! pupils !mselves4 ,?is c be done 9 sev]al ways4 ,dur+ ! c\rse 9 physics "h ,i am 9 ! habit ( leav+ app>atus on ! table 9 my room = at lea/ "o day1 (t5 = a long] "t1 & ( giv+ p]mission to my class to p]=m ! exp]im5ts = !mselves :5 _! "t p]mits & ! nature ( ! exp]im5t makes x an advantage to get a ne>] view ?an 0 possible 9 ! class "w4 ,i leave x to !m to decide :5 to p]=m ! exp]im5ts1 or :e!r x is to _! advantage to take ! "t to p]=m !m at all4 ,i make no attempt to wat* ei!r pupils or app>atus1 al?\gh ,i w\ld (t5 assi/ or expla9 at int]missions or dur+ ! aft]noon4 ,! app>atus 0 l>gely us$1 & ! effect on recitations 0 a good "o4 ,= advanc$ pupils1 & ^? :o c be fully tru/$1 ! plan is a good "o4 ,! only "q is ! safety ( ! app>atus2 ea* tea*] c decide = himself reg>d+ ! advisability ( ! plan = 8 own s*ool4 ,) small] pupils _! own safety may r5d] x be/ to keep app>atus out ( _! h&s1 except "u ! imm$iate direction ( ! tea*]4 ,) all pupils t is1 d\btless1 ! be/ plan :]e *emicals are conc]n$4 ,ano!r me?od is to all[ pupils to assi/ ! tea*] 9 ! prep>ation ( exp]im5ts1 to call occasionally ^u memb]s ( ! class to come =w>d & give ! exp]im5t 9 ! place ( ! tea*]1 & to enc\rage home "w relat+ to exp]im5ts4 ,?is latt] is (t5 spontane\s on ! "p ( old] pupils1 & c be br\ght ab\t ) ! small] ones by ! use ( a little tact2 _m ( ! toys ( ! pres5t day h "s sci5tific pr9ciple at bottom2 let ! tea*] f9d out :at toys 8 "y pupils h1 & enc\rage !m to use !m 9 a sci5tific way4 ,9 :atev] ways exp]im5ts be us$1 ! class %\ld be made to consid] ! foll[+ elem5ts z important 9 e case3 #a4 ,! purpose ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! same exp]im5t may be p]=m$ at "o "t = "o purpose1 at ano!r "t = ano!r4 ,! purpose int5d$ %\ld be made ! prom95t ?+1 all o!rs be+ subord9at$ to x4 ,_m *emical reactions1 = in/ance1 c be made to yield ei!r "o ( two or m sub/ances = /udy or exam9ation1 or use1 :ile x may be ! purpose ( ! exp]im5t to close only "o ( !m4 #b ,! app>atus4 ,all elem5ts %\ld be consid]$4 ,! necess>y %\ld be sep>at$ f t :i* may v>y4 ,9 cases :]e ! v>i\s p>ts mu/ h "s def9ite relation to ! o!rs z reg>ds size or position1 all t %\ld be consid]$ ) c>e4 ,9 complex app>atus ! exact (fice ( ea* "p %\ld be und]/ood4 #c4 ,a cle> und]/&+ ( :at happ5s4 ,to ?is ,i h already ref]r$4 #d4 ,:y x happ5s4 #e4 ,9 :at o!r way x might be made to happ54 ,9 *emi/ry almo/ e sub/ance c be prep>$ 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,! common me?od is 9 mo/ cases made s by "s consid]ation ( conv5i5ce1 *eapness1 or safety4 ,(t5 only "o me?od is consid]$ 9 "o place 9 a text book4 ,9 a review1 h[ev]1 sev]al me?ods c be associat$ toge!r4 ,te/s1 uses1 etc41 w v>y1 too1 & %\ld be /udi$ ) t fact 9 view4 ,9 physics ph5om5a illu/rat+ a giv5 pr9ciple c usually be made to take place 9 sev]al diff]5t ways4 ,(t5 v simple app>atus w d to illu/rate "s fact = :i* complex & co/ly app>atus w\ld be conv5i5t4 ,9 su* case ! /udy ( ! exp]im5t ) t fact 9 view becomes important to u :o ne$ to simplify app>atus z mu* z possible4 #f4 ,special precautions :i* may be necess>y4 ,"s exp]im5ts always "w well1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( ^? n us$ to ! "w4 ,o!rs are successful--sometimes safe1 ev5--only :5 ! greate/ c>e is tak54 ,sub/ances are us$ con/antly 9 "w 9 *emi/ry :i* are deadly poisons1 o!rs :i* are gase\s & w pass ?r\gh ! smalle/ holes4 ,9 physics ! exp]im5ts usually pres5t few] difficulties ( ?is sort4 ,b special c>e is necess>y to complete success "h4 #g4 ,o!r ?+s %[n by ! exp]im5t4 ,:ile ! ma9 object %\ld be kept 9 mo/ prom95t view 9 all exp]im5tal "w1 ! fulle/ educational value w come only :5 all t c be le>n$ by ! use ( an exp]im5t is c>efully consid]$4 ,9 select+ j ! "w to be tak5 up ) a giv5 class ( *ildr51 att5tion mu/ be paid to ! selection ( ! appropriate matt] to be pres5t$ & ! well adapt$ me?od ( pres5t+ x4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be c>efully consid]$3 #a4 ,! matt] mu/ be adapt$ to ! capacity ( ! *ild4 ,?is mu/ be true bo? z reg>ds ! quality & ! quantity4 ,! t5d5cy w be to tea* too mu* :5 ! matt] pres5t$ is entirely new1 b too little 9 _m cases :]e ! pupil already kn[s ! subject 9 a g5]al way4 ,matt] is valuable only :5 giv5 sl[ly en\gh to p]mit ( its be+ fully und]/ood & memoriz$1 :ile on ! o!r h& me?od is valuable only :5 x secures ! developm5t ( att5tion & ! v>i\s faculties ( ! *ild's m9d by pres5t+ a suffici5t am\nt ( ! new4 #b4 ,! "w mu/ be bas$ on :at is already kn[n4 ,?is1 "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! pr9ciples ( tea*+1 is ( at lea/ z great importance 9 physical sci5ce z 9 any o!r dep>tm5t ( k4 ,x seems to me 9 _m cases to be m important "h ?an else:]e4 ,x is n necess>y to rea* ea* po9t by pass+ ov] e o!r po9t usually consid]$4 ,lessons 9 electricity or s\nd1 = in/ance1 c be giv5 to *ildr5 :o h done no?+ ) o!r p>ts ( sci5ce4 ,b a natural beg9n+ mu/ be made1 & an ord]ly sequ5ce ( lessons adopt$4 ,*ildr5 w n d :at adults w\ld f9d almo/ impossible 9 cov]+ gaps betwe5 lessons4 ,sci5ce may be comp>$ to a great temple4 ,pill>s1 ea* built ( _m curi\sly jo9$ /ones1 /&+ at ! v entrance1 repres5t ! dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce s f> z man has /udi$ !m4 ,we ne$ n dig d[n & /udy ! f\ndations ) ! *ildr52 we ne$ n /udy e pill> nor *oose any p>ticul> "o r ?an "s o!r2 b we mu/ le>n some?+ ( e /one--( ea* great fact--9 ! pill> we select1 be x ev] s little4 ,! orig9al inve/igator climbs to /ones nev] be=e rea*$1 or boldly v5tures away into ! dim recesses beyond ! entrance to br+ back h9ts ( :at may be kn[n & believ$ a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 p]haps4 ,! exact inve/igator measures ea* /one4 ,pati5tly & toilsomely sci5tific m5 exam9e !m ) glass & reag5t4 ,we ne$ n d ?is1 b we mu/ omit none ( ! /ones4 #c4 ,! "w mu/ be cont9u\s4 ,to cont9ue ! figure1 ! /ones mu/ be consid]$ 9 "s regul> ord]4 ,"o lesson 9 electricity1 "o 9 s\nd1 !n "o 9 "s o!r dep>tm5t is injuri\s4 ,we rememb] be/ by associat$ facts1 &1 :ile ) ! *ild ?is is less s ?an ) ! man1 "o great object ( ?is "w is to tea* him to rememb] 9 t way4 #d4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld nev] be p]=m$ = m]e %[4 ,( two exp]im5ts :i* illu/rate a fact equally well x is (t5 be/ to select ! mo/ /rik+ & brilliant "o4 ,! att5tion & int]e/ ( ! *ild w be ga9$ 9 ?is way :5 !y w\ld n be to s great an ext5t 9 any o!r4 ,! po9t ( ! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 %\ld nev] be lo/ sight ( 9 att5tion to ! m]ely wond]ful 9 x4 ,) old] pupils1 & especially ) ^? :o use books = !mselves & p]=m ! exp]im5ts !re consid]$1 ! fact t exp]im5ts dem& "w1 d[nright h>d "w1 ) c>e1 & pati5ce1 & p]sev]ance1 & c\rage1 _c be kept too prom95tly be=e !m4 #e4 ,e lesson %\ld h a def9ite object4 ,n ! g5]al value ( ! exp]im5t1 b "s "o ?+ :i* x %[s %\ld be ! object consid]$4 #f4 ,ea* exp]im5t %\ld be associat$ ) "s tru? express$ 9 words4 ,! exp]im5t %\ld be rememb]$ 9 connection ) a def9ite /atem5t 9 ea* case4 ,! memory ( ei!r ! exp]im5t1 or ! pr9ciple ap>t f ! exp]im5t1 is a species ( half k :i* %\ld be avoid$4 ,an unillu/rat$ pr9ciple mu/1 :5 ! necessity arises1 be /or$ 9 ! memory2 & 9 ! sy/ematic /udy ( books ?is necessity w (t5 come4 ,b we %\ld nev] cr[d ?is ab/ract "w on ! memory unassi/$ by ! sugge/ive concrete1 :5 ! concrete aid is possible4 #g4 ,all t is taught %\ld be true4 ,x is n necess>y to attempt to exhau/ a subject1 nor to attempt to tea* m9ute details reg>d+ x to ! pupils 9 our s*ools1 b x is necess>y t e /atem5t giv5 to ! pupil to be le>n$ & rememb]$ %\ld conta9 no elem5t ( falsehood4 ,! /ud5t 9 ma!matics exp]i5ces a feel+ ( gr[+ /r5g? & p[] :5 he f9ds1 9 algebra1 t ! =mula he us$ 9 ari?metic 9 extract+ a squ>e root has gr[n 9 importance by lead+ indirectly to a !orem ( :i* x is only "o p>ticul> case--a !orem ) a m def9ite pro(1 & a l>g] capability = use ?an he _h ?\ght possible4 ,:5 he f9ds a /ill simpl] pro( = ! b9omial !orem 9 8 /udy ( ! calculus1 8 feel+ ( increas+ p[] & ! desire = /ill great] results deep5s & int5sifies4 ,7 he to f9d1 on ! contr>y1 t f a false notion ( ! means to be us$ 9 mak+ a ?+ simple1 8 tea*] 9 ari?metic _h taught him :at is false1 we %\ld approve 8 feel+ ( disgu/ & disappo9tm5t4 ,e>ly impressions are ! mo/ la/+1 & ! h>de/ "p ( s*ool "w = ! tea*] is ! untea*+ ( false ideas1 & ! correct+ ( imp]fectly =m$ & p>tially und]/ood ideas4 ,i took a case f ma!matics1 ! exact sci5ce1 to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,b ,i mu/ n neglect to notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 t subject & physical sci5ce4 ,! latt] consi/s ( !ories1 hypo!ses1 & s-call$ laws1 support$ by obs]v$ facts4 ,! facts rema91 b "t has ov]?r[n _m ( ! hypo!ses & !ories1 & x w d\btless ov]?r[ m & give u some?+ bett] & tru] 9 _! place4 ,:ile a c>eful di/9ction betwe5 :at is kn[n & :at is believ$ is necess>y1 ,i %\ld always class ! tea*+ ( accept$ !ories & hypo!ses ) ! tea*+ ( ! true4 ,b tea*]s1 ) m ( imag9ation ?an good s5se1 tea* di/9ctions :i* d n exi/1 g5]alizations :i* d n g5]alize1 & d incalculable mis*ief by s do+4 #h4 ,exp]im5tal "w %\ld be ?or\ghly hone/ z to conditions & results4 ,if an exp]im5t is n ! success y expect$ x w\ld be1 say s hone/ly1 & if y "k :y1 expla9 x4 ,! pupil %\ld be taught to "k j :at is1 !ory or expectation to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,discov]ies 9 physical sci5ce h (t5 orig9at$ 9 a se>* = ! reason = "s unexpect$ ?+4 ,! relation ( ! /udy ( sci5ce to books on sci5ce %\ld be consid]$4 ,= ! "w done ) pupils be=e !y are giv5 books to use = !mselves1 any attempt to foll[ a text book is to be deplor$4 ,! /udy ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 = in/ance1 w\ld be a fe>ful & wond]ful ?+ to set a class ( little ones at z a beg9n+ 9 sci5tific "w4 ,j :at matt]1 & =ce1 & molecules1 & atoms are may be well en\gh = ! /ud5t :o is old en\gh to beg9 to use a book1 b !y w\ld be b dry husks to a y\ng] *ild4 ,_m ( ! c>eful classifications & analyses ( topics 9 text books _h f> bett] be us$ z summ>ies ?an 9 any o!r way2 & a def9ition is bett] :5 ! pupil kn[s x is true ?an :5 he is ab\t to f9d out :e!r x is or n4 ,an ideal c\rse 9 sci5ce w\ld be "o 9 :i* no?+ %\ld be le>n$ b t f\nd out by ! obs]vation ( ! pupil himself "u ! guidance ( ! tea*]1 necess>y t]ms be+ giv51 b only :5 ! ?+ to be nam$ _h be5 consid]$1 & ! m9d dem&$ ! t]m because ( a felt ne$4 ,practically su* a me?od is impossible 9 its fulle/ s5se1 b a clos] approa* to x w be an advantage4 ,among ! num]\s good results :i* w foll[ ! /udy ( physical sci5ce are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! cultivation ( all ! faculties ( ! *ild 9 a natural ord]1 ?us mak+ him gr[ into a ready1 quick1 & obs]v+ man4 ,education 9 s*ools is too (t5 %ap$ s z to repress in/ead ( cultivate ! in/9ctive desire = ! k ( ?+s :i* is f\nd 9 e *ild4 #b4 ,! me*anical skill :i* comes f ! prep>ation & use ( app>atus4 #c4 ,! ability to foll[ directions4 #d4 ,! belief 9 /at$ sci5tific facts1 ! und]/&+ ( descriptions1 diagrams1 etc4 #e4 ,! habitual sci5tific use ( ev5ts :i* happ5 ar\nd u4 #f4 ,! /udy ( ! old to f9d ! new4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! telephone1 = in/ance1 is z old z spok5 language4 ,! m]e#a pulses 9 ! air--c>ry+ all ! *>act]i/ics ( :at y say--may set 9 vibration ei!r ! drum ( my e>1 or a disk ( metal4 ,h[ simple--& h[ simple all true sci5ce is--:5 we und]/& x4 ,transcrib]s note #a3 correct$ f 'm' #h4 ,! cultivation ( ! sci5tific judgm5t1 & ! inv5tive p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,"o great orig9al inve/igator1 made su* by ! direction giv5 8 m9d 9 "o ( our common s*ools1 w\ld be *eaply b\ght at ! price ( all t ! /udy ( sci5ce 9 our s*ools w co/ = ! next qu>t] ( a c5tury4 #h4 ,hone/y4 ,if !re is a /udy ^: e t5d5cy is m 9 ! direction ( hone/y & tru?fulness--bo? ) ourselves & ) o!rs--?an is ! /udy ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 ,i d n "k :at x is4 ,physical sci5ce1 !n1 w help 9 mak+ m5 & wom5 out ( our boys & girls4 ,x is wor?y ( a fair1 e>ne/ trial ev]y:]e4 ,a few m9utes ea* day 9 :i* a class or a s*ool /udy sci5ce 9 "s ( ! ways ,i h indicat$ w give a k at ! end ( a t]m or a ye> ( no mean value4 ,! "t ?us sp5t w h re/$ ! pupils f _! books1 to :i* !y w return refre%$1 & in/ead ( be+ "t lo/ f o!r /udy ! "w w h be5 made en\gh m e>ne/ & int5se to make x aga94 ,app>atus = illu/rat+ _m ( ! ord9>y facts ( physics c be devis$ f mat]ials always at h&4 ,_m m c be made by any "o skill$ 9 ! use ( tools4 ,9 *emi/ry1 ! simplicity ( ! app>atus1 & comp>ative *eapness ( ord9>y *emicals1 make ! use ( a l>ge numb] ( beautiful & in/ructive exp]im5ts bo? easy & *eap4 ,a nation is :at its trades & manufactures--its inv5tions & discov]ies--make x2 & ^! dep5d on its tra9$ sci5tific m54 ,boys become m54 ,_! gr[+ m9ds are wait+ = :at ,i urge y to (f]4 ,sci5ce has nev] advanc$ )\t c>ry+ practical civilization ) x--b x has nev] truly advanc$ save by ! use ( ! exp]im5tal me?od4 ,& x nev] w4 ,let u !n look =w>d to ! "t :5 our boys & "y m5--our girls & "y wom5--%all ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( human k by its use1 fitt$ s to d by :at we may h done = !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,geographical ,,society ,,( ,,! ,,pacific4 ,?is society is a rec5t organization1 ! objects ( :i* are to enc\rage geographical exploration & discov]y2 to inve/igate & dissem9ate geographical in=mation by discussion1 lectures1 & publications2 to e/abli% 9 ?is1 ! *ief m>itime city ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates1 = ! b5efit ( comm]ce1 navigation1 & ! indu/rial & mat]ial int]e/s ( ! ,pacific slope1 a place :]e ! means w be af=d$ ( obta9+ accurate in=mation n only ( ! c\ntries bord]+ on ! ,pacific ocean1 b ( e "p ( ! habitable globe2 to accumulate a libr>y ( ! be/ books on geography1 hi/ory1 & /ati/ics2 to make a collection ( ! mo/ rec5t maps & *>ts--especially ^? :i* relate to ! ,pacific coa/1 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ! ,pacific ocean--& to ent] into correspond5ce ) sci5tific & le>n$ societies ^: objects include or sympa?ize ) geography4 ,! society w publi% a bullet9 & an annual j\rnal1 :i* w int]*ange ) geographical & o!r societies4 ,mon?ly meet+s are to be held1 at :i* orig9al pap]s w be read or lectures be giv52 & to :i*1 z well z to ! ent]ta9m5ts to di/+ui%$ travel]s1 to ! conv]sazioni1 & to ! in=mal ev5+s1 ! fell[s ( ! society w h ! privilege ( introduc+ _! fri5ds4 ,! initiation fee to ! society is #aj2 mon?ly dues #a2 life fell[%ip #ajj4 ,at a meet+ held at ! ,palace ,hotel on ! #ab? ,may1 ! foll[+ g5tlem5 7 elect$ = ! ensu+ ye>3 ,presid5t1 ,geo4 ,davidson2 ,vice-,presid5ts1 ,hon4 ,ogd5 ,h(fman1 ,wm4 ,lane ,book]1 ,h4,b4,m4 ,consul1 & ,john ,r4 ,j>boe2 ,=eign ,correspond+ ,sec41 ,francis ,b]ton2 ,home ,cor4 ,sec41 ,james ,p4 ,cox2 ,treas41 ,g54 ,c4 ,i4 ,hut*9son2 ,sec'y1 ,c4 ,mit*ell ,grant1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,! c\ncil is compos$ ( ! foll[+3 ,hon4 ,joseph ,w4 ,w9ans1 ,hon4 ,j4,f4 ,sullivan1 ,ralph ,c4 ,h>rison1 ,a4,s4 ,hallidie1 ,?os4 ,e4 ,/ev91 ,f4,a4,g4,s41 ,w4,w4 ,crane1 ,jr41 ,w4,j4 ,%aw1 ,c4,p4 ,murphy1 ,?os4 ,brice1 ,edw>d ,l4,g4 ,/eele1 ,g]rit ,l4 ,lans+1 ,joseph ,d4 ,r$d+4 ,! ,tru/ees are ,geo4 ,davidson1 ,wm4 ,lane ,book]1 ,hon4 ,jno4 ,s4 ,hag]1 ,geo4 ,*ismore1 ,m4,d41 ,selim ,frankl94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,behr+',s ,,/raits ,,curr5ts4 ,x w be rememb]$ t a %ort "t s9ce we m5tion$ ! fact t ,w4,h4 ,dall1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 :o has pass$ a numb] ( ye>s 9 ,alaskan wat]s1 on ,coa/ ,survey duty1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( any bran* ( ! ,kuro ,%iwo1 or ,japanese w>m /ream1 9 ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,t is1 he fail$ to f9d evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( any su* curr5t1 al?\gh he _h made c>eful obs]vations4 ,at ! isl&s 9 ,behr+'s ,/raits1 8 vessel _h sail$ 9 opposite directions ) ebb & flood tide1 & he ?\ght ! only curr5ts !re 7 tidal 9 _! nature4 ,! exi/5ce or non-exi/5ce ( ?is curr5t is an important po9t 9 ,arctic rese>* on ?is side ( ! cont95t4 ,at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,pr(4 ,davidson1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,coa/ ,survey1 au?or ( ! ,alaska ,coa/ ,pilot1 refut$ ,dr4 ,dall's op9ion ( ! non-exi/5ce ( a bran* ( ! ,kuro ,%iwo1 or ,japanese w>m /ream1 f ! nor? ,pacific into ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,he said t 9 #aheg he gave to ! ,academy 8 own obs]vations1 & rec5tly he _h conf]r$ ) ,capt4 ,c4,l4 ,hoop]1 :o comm&$ ! ,u4 ,s4 /eam] ,?omas ,corw91 employ$ z a rev5ue /eam cruis] 9 ! ,arctic & ar\nd ! coa/ ( ,alaska4 ,capt4 ,hoop] confirms ! op9ions ( all previ\s navigators1 e "o ( :i*1 except ,dr4 ,dall1 say t a bran* ( ?is w>m /ream pass$ nor?w>d into ! ,arctic ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/rait4 ,x is p>tly deflect$ by ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,isl&1 & closely foll[s ! coa/ on ! ,alaskan side1 :ile a cold curr5t comes out s\?1 pa/ ,ea/ ,cape 9 ,sib]ia1 skirt+ ! ,asiatic %ore pa/ ,kams*atka1 & !nce cont9ues d[n ! coa/ ( ,*9a4 ,he said ice (t5 ext5d$ sev]al miles seaw>d1 f ,ea/ ,cape on ! ,asiatic side ( ,behr+ ,/rait1 mak+ :at seam5 call a false cape1 & indicat+ cold wat]1 :ile no su* =mation makes (f on ! ,am]ican side1 :]e ! wat] is #ab degrees w>m] ?an on ! ,asiatic %ore (f ! ,diom$e isl&s1 situat$ 9 ! middle ( ,behr+'s ,/rait1 ! curr5t v>ies 9 int5sity accord+ to ! w9d4 ,frequ5tly x is almo/ no?+ = sev]al days1 :5 aft] a s]ies ( s\!rly w9ds ! %all[ ,arctic bas9 has be5 fill$1 "u a heavy pressure1 ) an unusual volume ( wat]1 & a sudd5 *ange to nor!rly w9ds1 makes ev5 a small curr5t sett+ s\?w>d = a few days1 j z at times ! surface curr5ts set out our ,gold5 ,gate cont9u\sly = #bd & #dh h\rs1 z %[n by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey tide gauges4 ,:al]s report t ! incom+ wat] !n fl[s 91 "u ! tempor>y outfl[+ /ream4 ,old trees1 ( a v>iety kn[n to gr[ 9 tropical ,japan1 are float$ into ! ,arctic bas9 z f> z pa/ ,po9t ,b>r[1 on ! ,am]ican side1 b none are f\nd on ! ,asiatic side1 or ne> ,wrangell ,l&1 :]e a cold /ream exi/s1 & ice rema9s late 9 ! season4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,aleutian isl&s are f\nd cocoanut husks & o!r tropical productions /r&$ along ! bea*es4 ,! ,am]ican coa/ ( ,alaska has a mu* w>m] climate ?an ! ,asiatic coa/ ( ,sib]ia1 & ! ,am]ican timb] l9e ext5ds v f> nor?4 ,! ice op5s e>ly 9 ! season on ! ,am]ican side1 & inv>iably late on ! ,asiatic4 ,capt4 ,c4 ,l4 ,hoop] says t :5 j nor? ( ,behr+'s ,/rait1 (f ! ,am]ican coa/1 9 ! ,arctic bas91 ! ,u4,s4 /eam] ,?omas ,corw91 :5 becalm$ = #bd h\rs1 drift$ #dj miles to ! nor?w>d4 ,f all ^!1 & o!r facts1 & ! unanim\s te/imony ( ,am]ican :alem51 :o h = ye>s sp5t _m mon?s annually 9 ! ,arctic1 & f 8 own obs]vations1 he argu$ t a bran* ( ! ,kuro-,%iwo or ,japanese w>m /ream1 unque/ionably runs nor?w>d ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/rait into ! ,arctic bas9 along ! nor?we/]n coa/ ( ,alaska4 ,pr(4 ,davidson !n call$ to m9d ! te/imony 9 reg>d to ! exi/5ce ( ,plov] ,isl&1 betwe5 ,h]ald ,isl& & ,wrangell ,l&1 :i* he said 0 fir/ made public ?r\gh ?is academy4 ,! evid5ce ( ,capts4 ,williams & ,?omas ,long 7 recit$ & highly prais$4 ,"o ( ! (fic]s ( ,admiral ,rodg]s' exp$ition climb$ to ne> ! top ( ,h]ald ,isl&1 at a "t ( great refraction1 :5 probably a false horizon exi/$1 & h5ce did n see ,plov] ,isl&1 al?\gh ,wrangell ,l& 0 9 sight4 ,pr(4 ,davidson ?9ks all ! au?orities are aga9/ ,dr4 ,dall1 :o attributes ! w>m curr5t he obs]v$ on ! ,am]ican coa/ to wat] f ! ,yukon ,riv] & to ! l>ge expanse ( %all[ wat] expos$ to ! sun's rays4 ,z ,dall's obs]vations only cov]$ a few days ( possibly exceptional wea!r1 & ! :al]s & ,capta9 ,hoop]'s cov] va/ly long] p]iods1 & :al]s all say x is a pretty h>d ?+ to beat s\?w>d ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/rait1 ow+ to ! nor!rly curr5t sett+ into ! ,arctic1 we are =c$ to ! conclusion t ,dr4 ,dall has mi/ak5 ! exception = ! rule1 & 8 conclusions are !re=e errone\s4 ,:51 9 #ahbd1 ,wrangell w5t nor?1 he1 l o!rs1 always f\nd brok5 ice & consid]able op5 wat]4 ,9 #ahfg1 :5 ,capt4 ,?omas ,long made 8 memorable survey ( ! coa/ ( ,wrangell ,l&1 ! season 0 an exceptionally op5 "o1 & 9 ,cali=nia we _h heavy ra9s1 ext5d+ into ,july4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,exp]im5tal ,,geology4 ,,artificial ,,production ,,( ,,calc>e\s ,,pisolites ,,& ,,oolites4 ,mr4 ,/anislas ,meuni] communicates to ,le ,nature an acc\nt ( "s int]e/+ specim5s ( globul> calc>e\s matt]1 resembl+ pisolites or pea/ones bo? 9 appe>ance & /ructure1 :i* 7 accid5tally =m$ z foll[s3 ,! ,nor!rn ,railway ,company1 ,france1 desir+ to purify "s calcif]\s wat] design$ = use 9 /eam boil]s1 hit ^u ! +5i\s exp$i5t ( treat+ x ) lime wat] ^: conc5tration 0 calculat$ exactly f ! am\nt ( lime held 9 ! liquid to be purifi$4 ,! liquids 7 mix$ 9 a va/ res]voir1 to :i* !y 7 l$ by p>allel pipes1 & by :i* !y 7 giv5 a rapid eddy+ motion4 ,! trans=mation ( ! bic>bonate into neutral c>bonate ( lime be+ ?us effect$ ) ! accompanim5t ( a circl+ motion1 ! insoluble salt :i* precipitat$1 in/ead ( be+ deposit$ 9 an amorph\s /ate1 h>d5$ into globules1 ! sizes ( :i* 7 /rictly regulat$ by ! velocity ( ! curr5ts4 ,^? t h be5 =m$ at "o & ! same op]ation are uni=m1 b ^? =m$ at diff]5t times v>y greatly--_! diamet]s v>y+ by at lea/ "o millimet] to "o & a half c5timet]s4 ,! surface ( ! small] globules is smoo?1 b t ( ! l>g] ones is r\gh4 ,ev5 by ! nak$ eye1 x may be se5 t bo? ! l>ge & small globules are =m$ ( regul>ly sup]pos$ conc5tric lay]s4 ,if an extremely ?9 section be made ?r\gh "o ( !m x is f\nd t ! numb] ( lay]s is v great & t !y are rem>kably regul> 7,a74 ,by ! microscope1 x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ea* lay] is ab\t #j4jjg ( a millimet] 9 ?ickness4 ,on obs]v+ x "u pol>iz$ light ! calc>e\s sub/ance is discov]$ to be ev]y:]e cry/alliz$1 & ?is sugge/s ! "q :e!r ! c>bonate has "h tak5 ! =m ( aragonite or ( calcite4 ,exam9ation has %[n x to be ! latt]4 ,! d5sity ( ! globules 7#b4eh7 is simil> to t ( ord9>y v>ieties ( calcite4 ,x is probable t if ! op]ation 7 to take place "u ! influ5ce ( heat1 "u ! conditions above m5tion$1 aragonite w\ld be =m$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to dwell ^u ! possible geological applications ( ?is mode ( =m+ calc>e\s oolites & pisolites4 ,,on ,,cry/als ,,( ,,anhydr\s ,,lime4 ,"s "t ago x 0 discov]$ t "s lime/one1 :i* _h be5 submitt$ = eighte5 mon?s to a heat ( ne>ly #a1jjj degrees 9 ! smelt+ furnaces ( ,l]oy-,descloges 7,france71 _h giv5 rise to p]fectly cry/alliz$ anhydr\s lime4 ,figure ,c %[s ?ree ( ^! cry/als magnifi$ #cjj diamet]s4 ,x w be notic$ t !y h a /rik+ analogy ) gra9s ( common salt4 ,!y are1 9 fact1 cubes 7(t5 imp]fect71 b d n pol>ize light1 z a sub/ance ( ! fir/ cry/all9e sy/em %\ld4 ,h[ev]1 x is r>ely ! case t ! cry/als d n h "s action on light4 ,mo/ usually1 :5 ! two ,nicol prisms are cross$ s z to cause ext9ction1 ! cry/als pres5t ! appe>ance %[n at ,d4 ,t is to say1 :ile ! c5tral portion is totally inactive !re are se5 on ! m>g9s zones :i* greatly bright5 ! light4 ,illu/ration ,a & ,b4--,calc>e\s ,pisolites & ,oolites produc$ artificially4 ,a4--,ext]nal aspect & section ( a ,pisolite4 ,b4--,details ( int]nal /ructure z se5 by ! microscope4 ,c & ,d4--,cry/als ( anhydr\s ,lime obta9$ artificially4 ,c4--,cry/als se5 "u ! microscope 9 ! natural light4 ,d4--,cry/als se5 "u ! microscope 9 pol>iz$ light4 ,! ph5om5on is expla9$ by ! sl[ c>bonization ( ! anhydr\s lime "u ! influ5ce ( ! air2 ! ext]nal lay]s pass+ to ! /ate ( c>bonate ( lime or ,icel& sp>1 :i*1 z well kn[n1 has great influ5ce on pol>iz$ light4 ,?is trans=mation1 :i* takes place )\t di/urb+ ! cry/all9e /ate1 does n lead to any g5]al modification ( ! =m ( ! cry/als1 & ! f9al product ( c>bonization is a cubic =m kn[n 9 m9]alogical language z epig5e4 ,z ! molecule ( sp> is entirely diff]5t 9 =m f ! molecule ( lime1 ! =m ( ! cry/al is n absolutely pres]v$1 & !re are obs]v$ on ! edges ( ! epig5e cry/al c]ta9 grooves :i* correspond ) a loss ( sub/ance4 ,^! grooves are q visible1 = example1 on ! cry/al to ! left 9 ,fig4 ,d4 ,up to ! pres5t "t anhydr\s lime has be5 kn[n only 9 an amorph\s /ate4 ,! exp]im5t :i* has produc$ x 9 ! =m not$ above w\ld d\btless give rise to cry/alliz$ /ates ( o!r e>?y oxides likewise1 & ev5 ( alkal9o-e>?y oxides4 ,,coccid4 ,footnote3 ,a pap] rec5tly read be=e ! ,cali=nia ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,by ,,dr4 ,h4 ,,behr4 ,) ! exception ( ,hym5opt]a !re is no gr\p ( insects t int]f]e 9 s _m ways 9 good & evil ) our own int]e/s1 z t gr\p ( ,homopt]a call$ ,coccid4 ,b :ile ! ,hym5opt]a comm& our respect by an intellect t approa*es ! human1 ! ,coccus tribe possesses only ! l[e/ k9d ( in/9ct1 & its females ev5 pass ! great] "p ( _! lives 9 a m]e vegetation /ate1 )\t ! p[] ( locomotion or p]ception1 l a plant1 exhibit+ only organs ( assimilation & reproduction4 ,b /range to say1 ^! two gr\ps1 o!rwise s v dissimil>1 exhibit aga9 a resemblance 9 _! product4 ,bo? produce honey & wax4 ,x is true1 ! honey ( ?is tribe is almo/ exclusively us$ by ! ants4 ,b ,i h ta/$ ! honey-l secretion ( an ,au/ralian lecanium liv+2 on ! leaves ( ,eucalyptus dumosus2 & ! manna m5tion$ 9 ,scripture is consid]$ ! secretion ( ,coccus mannip>us 7,ehr5b]g7 t fe$s on a tam>ix1 & ^: product is /ill us$ by ! native tribes r\nd ,m\nt ,s9ai4 ,sev]al species ( ,coccides are us$ = ! production ( wax2 _m m1 among :i* ! ,co*5ill1 = dyes4 ,all ^! sub/ances c be obta9$ 9 o!r ways1 ev5 ! ,co*5ill is to a great ext5t sup]s$$ by anil9e dyes1 b 9 reg>d to "o production1 indisp5sable to a great ext5t1 we are entirely dep5d5t on "s insects ( ?is family2 x is ! ,%ellac1 lately also f\nd 9 ! des]t regions ar\nd ! ,gila & ,colorado on ! ,l>rea ,mexicana4 ,y w rememb] t excell5t treatise on ?is v>iety ( ,%ellac1 writt5 by ,pr(essor ,j4,m4 ,/illman at ,b]keley1 on its *emical peculi>ities4 ,b all ^! diff]5t =ms ( utility fall v lightly 9 weight1 & c n ev5 be c\nt$ z an ext5uat+ circum/ance1 :5 we comp>e !m to ! enorm\s evils br\ght on f>m] & g>d5] by ! ho/s ( ^? ,coccides t visit plantations1 ho?\ses1 & or*>ds4 ,to combat successfully aga9/ ^! insect-pe/s we h fir/ to /udy _! habits & !n adapt to !m our rem$ies1 :i* y w see are m effective :5 well adm9i/]$ ?an ^? :i* we possess aga9/ insect pe/s ( o!r classes4 ,i give "h only ! outl9es ( _! natural hi/ory1 peculi>ities t are common to all1 = x w\ld be impossible to g into detail4 ,:]e !re are exceptions ( practical importance ,i w m5tion !m4 ,9 c\ntries ) a well def9$ w9t] ! w+$ males appe> z soon z :ite fro/s are no m usual1 & copulate ) ! unwieldy limbless female1 t looks m l a gall or morbid excresc5ce1 ?an a liv+ animal4 ,%ortly aft] ! "y ones are p]ceptible ne> ! )]$ body ( _! "m1 cov]$ by waxy secretions t look some:at l a fea!ry d[n4 ,^! "y ones are lively en\gh1 !y move ab\t ) agility1 & x is n till high summ] t !y fa/5 !mselves p]man5tly1 & lose feet & ant5nae1 organs ( locomotion & p]ception t are no m ( any use to !m4 7,!re is a slight diff]5ce 9 ?is reg>d betwe5 diff]5t g5]a1 z = in/ance1 ,coccus & ,dor!sia reta9 ^! organs 9 diff]5t degrees ( imp]fection1 ,lecanium & ,aspidiotus los+ e trace ( !m47 ,9 ?is limbless1 s5seless /ate ! females rema9 fall & w9t]4 ,t[>d ! end ( w9t] ^! animat$ galls beg9 to swell1 & ^? conta9+ males ent] ! /ate ( ! *rysalis1 f :i* ! males em]ge at ! beg9n+ ( ! w>m season & fecundate ! gall-l females1 :i* und]go nei!r *rysalis /ate nor any o!r *ange1 b die1 or we may call x dissolve into _! (fspr+1 = !re sc>cely rema9s any?+ ( !m1 except a pru9\s k9d ( d[n1 aft] hav+ giv5 bir? to ! "y ones4 ,n[ we come to ! practical d$uction f ^! facts4 ,x is cle> t ! only "t :5 ! scalebug c emigrate & infe/ a new tree is ! "t :5 x is a l>va1 t is1 :5 x has ! p[] ( locomotion4 ,9 c\ntries ) a pron\nc$ w9t] ?is "t beg9s mu* lat] ?an ) u1 b x ends ab\t ! same "t1 t is1 ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,i h se5 ! male ( ,aspidiotus 9 ,febru>y1 s t ! active l>va may be expect$ 9 ,m>*1 & ! active ,lecanium ,hesp]idum ,i h se5 la/ ye>1 ,june #bg1 at ,colonel ,hoop]'s ran* 9 ,sonoma ,c\nty4 ,we may safely fix ! "t ( ! active scalebug f ,m>* to ,augu/4 ,not)/&+ ! agility ( ! "y scalebug1 ! voyage f "o tree to ano!r1 consid]+ ! m9ute size ( ! travel]1 is an und]tak+ b seldom succe$+1 b "o female bug1 if we take into acc\nt its enorm\s f]tility1 is suffici5t to cov] ) its gr&*ildr5 next ye> a tree ( mod]ate size4 ,besides !re is ano!r & mu* m effective way ( transmigration by ! k9d assi/ance ( ! ant :o colonizes ! scalebug z well = its wax z x colonizes ! ,aphis = its honey4 ,birds on _! fea!rs & ! g>d5] himself on 8 dress contribute to spread !m4 ,b ev5 ! ant c n transplant ! scalebug :5 x is once firmly fix$ by its ro/rum4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! "t = ! application ( insecticides is ! "t :5 all ! scalebugs are fix$1 t is ab\t ! end ( ,july or beg9n+ ( ,augu/4 ,all previ\s application w clean ! tree or plant only = a "t1 & does n prev5t a m or less num]\s immigration f ! neighbor+ vegetation1 especially if an ant-hill is n f> (f4 ,z to ! insecticide1 !re are to be appli$ two v effective ones1 ea* ) its advantages & disadvantages4 #a4 ,petroleum & its diff]5t prep>ations4 #b4 ,lye or soap4 ,! petroleum is ! be/ dis9fectant4 ,x c safely be appli$ to any cutt+ or /em1 z long z x is n plant$1 b is "o ( ! mo/ invidi\s sub/ances :5 appli$ to vegetation 9 ! g>d51 or fields4 ,if effectively appli$1 x c n be prev5t$ f runn+ d[n ! b>k ( ! tree & ent]+ ! gr\nd1 :]e e drop b9ds a c]ta9 am\nt ( e>? to an insoluble sub/ance1 9 :i* /ate x rema9s = ev]4 ,) e application ! quantity ( ^! insoluble comp\nds is augm5t$ & /]ility add$4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 x 0 ne> ,antw]p--at lea/ ,i am c]ta9 x 0 9 ,belgium--:]e ! fir/ exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d is record$4 ,9 ,france1 prep>ations ( coal t> h be5 recomm5d$ & h be5 lately us$ 9 ! =m ( a pa9t4 ,may be t 9 ?is =m ! sub/ance is n s apt to ent] into comb9ations ) ! soil4 ,at any rate1 ! me?od is ( too rec5t a date to p]mit any conclusions ab\t ! f9al result ( ^! applications1 z ! invidi\s nature ( ! sub/ance produces1 by gradual accumulation1 its effects1 :i* are n p]ceiv$ until !y are irrep>able4 #b4 ,lye or soap4 ,! application ( ^! insecticides requires m c>e1 & is !re=e m tr\blesome4 ,b in/ead ( attract+ f]tility f ! soil1 !y add to x4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,europe soap & wat] has be5 = _m ye>s ! rem$y aga9/ ! ,lecanium ,hesp]idum4 ,! me?od appli$ by ! f>m]s 9 ,portugal1 z describ$ to me by ,dr4 ,bleasdale1 is p]haps ! mo/ p]fect "o4 ,! ,portuguese h v well obs]v$ t ! colonization ( scalebugs always beg9s at ! l[e/ end ( ! trunk & pret5d1 !re=e1 t ! scalebug comes out ( ! gr\nd4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is n ! case1 b may _! int]pretation be an error1 !y h be5 practical en\gh 9 utiliz+ _! obs]vation ab\t ! invasion beg9n+ ne> ! roots4 ,!y knead a r+ ( clay r\nd ! tree1 9 :i* r+ ! soap wat] runs :5 !y wa% ! tree1 & besides1 !y fill frequ5tly ! little dit* =m$ by ?is r+4 ,?is arrangem5t ( c\rse is only possible 9 climates ( a ra9y summ]4 ,z x is our object to make our k z available z possible = practical purposes1 ,i repeat = ! b5efit ( cultivators ! advice1 )\t repeat+ ! reason+3 #a4 ,use ! petroleum = dis9fect+ import$ trees & cutt+s3 #b4 ,use soap = clean+ trees plant$ 9 y\r or*>d4 #c4 ,if y mu/ use ! petroleum 9 y\r g>d51 use x 9 ,augu/1 :5 a s+le application is suffici5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,agricultural ,,items4 ,! exportation ( dri$ apples f ?is c\ntry to ,france has greatly increas$ ( late ye>s1 & n[ x is said t a l>ge "p ( ?is useful product comes back 9 ! %ape ( ,norm&y cid] & light cl>et4 ,a4,b4 ,goodsell says 9 ! ,new ,york ,tribune3 ,put y\r h5 fe$ ar\nd ! currants4 ,i did ?is twice a week dur+ ,may & ,june1 & n a currant worm 0 se51 :ile e leaf 0 eat5 (f o!r bu%es #aej feet di/ant1 & n s treat$4 ,buck:eat may be made pr(itable ^u a piece ( r\gh or newly cle>$ gr\nd3 ,no o!r crop is s effective 9 mell[+ r\gh1 cloddy l&4 ,! se$ 9 nor!rn localities %\ld be s[n be=e ,july #ab2 o!rwise e>ly fro/s may cat* ! crops4 ,grass & clov] may sometimes be s[n successfully ) buck:eat4 ,! ,london ,news says3 ,( all p\ltry bre$+1 ! re>+ ( ! goose 9 favorable situations is said to be ! lea/ tr\blesome & mo/ pr(itable4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! trade has ( late ye>s be5 enorm\sly develop$4 ,geese w live1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ?rive on ! co>se/ ( grasses4 ,:5 a c[ has a deprav$ appetite1 & *ews co>se1 indige/ible ?+s1 or licks ! gr\nd1 x indicates indige/ion1 & %e %\ld h "s physic4 ,give "o p9t & a half ( l9se$ oil1 "o p\nd ( ,epsom salts1 & aft]w>d give 9 "s bran "o ounce ( salt & ! same ( gr\nd g+] twice a week4 ,asiatic bre$s ( f[l lay eggs f deep *ocolate ?r\gh e %ade ( c(fee color1 :ile ! ,spani%1 ,hamburg1 & ,italian bre$s are kn[n = ! pure :ite ( ! egg%ell4 ,a cross1 h[ev] remote1 ) ,asiatics1 w cause ev5 ! la/-nam$ bre$s to lay an egg slightly t9t$4 ,9 sett+ out currant bu%es c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ n to place any buds "u gr\nd1 or !y w pu% out z s _m suck]s4 ,currants are great fe$]s1 & %\ld be highly manur$4 ,to de/roy ! worm1 /eep "o table-spoonful ( hellebore 9 a p9t ( wat]1 & spr9kle ! bu%es4 ,two or ?ree spr9kl+s are suffici5t = "o season4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,h>ris1 ( ,ro*e/]1 makes a h&y box = protect+ melons & cucumb]s f insect enemies4 ,take two /rips ( bo>d ( ! requir$ size1 & fa/5 !m toge!r ) a piece ( musl91 s ! musl9 w =m ! top & two sides ( ! box4 ,!n /ret* into box =m by ins]t+ a small /rip ( wood z a brace betwe5 ! two bo>ds4 ,?is makes a good1 s]viceable box1 &1 :5 done ) = ! season1 x c be pack$ into a v small space1 by simply remov+ ! brace & br++ ! two bo>d sides toge!r4 ,z !re is no pat5t on ! contrivance1 anybody c make ! boxes = himself4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,s4 ,read rec5tly said be=e ! ,london ,fann]s' ,club3 ,am]ican agriculturi/s get up e>li]1 are bett] educat$1 bre$ _! /ock m sci5tifically1 use m ma*9]y1 & g5]ally br+ m bra9s to be> ^u _! "w ?an ! ,engli% f>m]4 ,! practical conclusion is1 t if f>m]s 9 ,engl& work$ h>d1 liv$ frugally1 7 clad z meanly z ^? ( ! ,/ates1 7 cont5t to dr9k fil?y tea ?ree times a day1 read m & hunt$ less1 ! majority ( !m may cont9ue to live 9 ! old c\ntry4--,n4 ,e4 ,f>m]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,timb] ,,trees4 ,a pap] 0 read by ,sir ,r4 ,*ri/ison at ! la/ meet+ ( ! ,ed9burgh ,botanical ,society ^u ! ,gr[? ( ,wood 9 #ahhj4 ,9 a =m] pap]1 he said1 he endeavor$ to %[ t1 9 ! unfavorable season ( #ahgi1 ! gr[? ( wood ( all k9ds ( trees 0 mat]ially less ?an 9 ! comp>atively favorable season ( #ahgh4 ,he _h n[ to /ate results ( measurem5ts ( ! same trees = ! rec5t favorable season ( #ahhj4 ,! previ\s autumn 0 unfavorable = ! rip5+ ( "y wood1 & ! trees 9 an unprep>$ condition 7 expos$ dur+ a great "p ( ,decemb]1 #ahgi1 to an asp]ity ( climate unprec$5t$ 9 ?is latitude4 ,?is might h l$ "o to expect a fall+ (f 9 ! gr[? ( wood1 & x appe>$1 f comp>ison ( measurem5ts1 t1 ) v few exceptions1 ! gr[? ( wood la/ ye> 0 ev5 m bel[ ! av]age ( favorable ye>s ?an t ( ! bad ye>1 #ahgi4 ,?us1 9 fifte5 leaf-%$d+ trees ( v>i\s species1 exclusive ( ! oak1 ! av]age gr[? ( trunk gir? 9 ?ree successive ye>s 03 #ahgh1 #h-aj?s2 #ahgi1 #de-ajj?s2 #ahhj1 #c-aj?s & a half4 ,9 f\r specim5s ( ! oak tribe1 ! gr[? 03 #ahgh1 #h-aj?s2 #ahgi1 #gg-ajj?s2 #ahhj1 #ed-ajj?s4 ,9 tw5ty specim5s ( ! ev]gre5 ,p9aceae ! gr[? 03 #ahgh1 #h-aj?s2 #ahgi1 #g-aj?s2 #ahhj1 #f-aj?s & a half4 ,aft] giv+ details 9 reg>d to p>ticul> trees1 ,sir ,rob]t /at$1 z g5]al d$uctions f 8 obs]vations1 t leaf-%$d+ trees1 exclusive ( ! oak1 suff]$ mo/2 t ! ev]gre5 ,p9aceae suff]$ lea/2 & t !re 0 "s p[] ( resi/ance on ! "p ( ! oak tribe :i* 0 rem>kable1 ! p[] ( resi/ance ( ! ,hung>y oak be+ p>ticul>ly des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,9 ano!r communication on ! ext5t ( ! season ( gr[?1 ,sir ,rob]t /at$1 z ! result ( obs]vations on five leaf-%$d+ & five ev]gre5 trees1 t 9 ! case ( ! =m]1 ev5 9 a f9e ye>1 ! gr[? ( wood 0 conf9$ v ne>ly1 if n entirely1 to ! mon?s ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/2 :ile 9 ! case ( ! latt] gr[? comm5c$ a mon? soon]1 t]m9at+1 h[ev]1 ab\t ! same "t4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,bu*an said x 0 propos$ t ! inquiry %\ld be tak5 up m ext5sively ov] ,scotl&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,m$ical ,,uses ,,( ,,figs4--,pr(4 ,b\*ut speaks 7,comptes ,r5dus7 ( "s exp]im5ts he has made1 go+ to %[ t ! milky juice ( ! fig-tree possesses a dige/ive p[]4 ,he also obs]v$ t1 :5 "s ( ?is prep>ation 0 mix$ ) animal tissue1 x pres]v$ x x f decay = a long "t4 ,?is fact1 9 connection ) ,pr(4 ,billro?'s case ( canc] ( ! brea/1 :i* 0 s excessively f\l smell+ t all 8 deodoriz]s fail$1 b :i*1 on apply+ a p\ltice made ( dri$ figs cook$ 9 milk1 ! previ\sly unbe>able odor 0 entirely done away )1 gives an importance to ?is homely rem$y n to be d5i$4--,m$ical ,press & ,circ4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,blood ,,ra94 ,! s5sibilities ( ignorant or sup]/iti\s p h at v>i\s times be5 al>m$ by ! diff]5t ph5om5a ( s-call$ blood1 ink1 or sulphur ra9s4 ,ehr5b]g v pati5tly collect$ records ( ! mo/ prom95t in/ances ( ^!1 & publi%$ !m 9 8 treatise on ! du/ ( trade w9ds4 ,"s1 x is kn[n1 are due to soot2 o!rs1 to poll5 ( conif]s or will[s2 o!rs1 to ! production ( fungi & algae4 ,_m ( ! tales ( ! desc5t ( %[]s ( blood f ! cl\ds :i* are s common 9 old *ronicles1 dep5ds1 says ,mr4 ,b]keley1 ! mycologi/1 ^u ! multitud9\s production ( infusorial insects or "s ( ! l[] algae4 ,to ?is category belongs ! ph5om5on kn[n "u ! "n ( r$ sn[4 ,"o ( ! mo/ peculi> & rem>kable =m1 :i* is app>5tly virul5t only 9 v hot seasons1 is caus$ by ! rapid production ( little blood-r$ spots on cook$ vegetables or decay+ fungi1 s t provisions :i* 7 dress$ only ! previ\s day are cov]$ ) a bright sc>let coat1 :i* sometimes p5etrates deeply into _! sub/ance4 ,?is dep5ds ^u ! gr[? ( a little plant :i* has be5 ref]r$ to ! algae1 "u ! "n ( ,palmellae prodigiosa4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ?is little plant spreads ov] meat & vegetables is q a/oni%+1 mak+ !m appe> precisely z if spott$ ) art]ial blood2 & :at increases ! illusion is1 t !re are little deta*$ specks1 exactly z if !y _h be5 squirt$ f a small art]y4 ,! p>ticles ( :i* ! sub/ance is compos$ h an active molecul> motion1 b ! morphosis ( ! production has n yet be5 prop]ly obs]v$4 ,! color ( ! s-call$ blood ra9 is s beautiful t attempts h be5 made to use x z a dye1 & ) "s success2 & c\ld ! plant be reproduc$ ) any con/ancy1 !re seems little d\bt t ! color w\ld /&4 ,on ! same pa/e ) ! blood-ra9 !re h be5 obs]v$ :ite1 blue1 & yell[ spots1 :i* 7 n di/+ui%able 9 /ructure & "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,topical ,,m$ication ,,9 ,,ph?isis4 ,dr4 ,g4,h4 ,mack5zie reports 9 ! ,lancet an acute case ( ph?isis :i* 0 successfully treat$ by him by caus+ ! pati5t to respire z cont9u\sly z possible1 ?r\gh a respirator devis$ = ! purpose1 an antiseptic atmosph]e4 ,! result obta9$ appe>s to be> out ! exp]im5ts ( ,s*ll] ( ,greifswald1 :o f\nd t animals r5d]$ artificially tub]cul\s 7 cur$ by be+ made to inhale creosote wat] = l5g!n$ p]iods4 ,int]mitt5t spray+ or inhal+ does n produce ! same result4 ,9 ord] to insure success ! application to ! lungs mu/ be made cont9u\sly4 ,= ?is purpose ,dr4 ,mack5zie has us$ v>i\s volatile antiseptics1 su* z creosote1 c>bolic acid1 & ?ymol4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 he has disc>d$ z be+ too irritat+ & ineffici5t4 ,c>bolic acid seems to be absorb$1 = x has be5 detect$ freely 9 ! ur9e aft] x _h be5 inhal$2 b ?is does n happ5 ) creosote4 ,z absorption ( ! p>ticul> drug employ$ is n necess>y1 & !re=e n to be desir$1 ,dr4 ,mack5zie n[ uses creosote only1 ei!r pure or dissolv$ 9 "o to ?ree p>ts ( rectifi$ spirits4 ,:e!r1 says he1 ! success s f> atta9$ is due to ! antidotal action ( creosote & c>bolic acid on a specific tub]cul> neoplasm1 or to _! action z prev5tives ( septic poison+ f ! local c5t] 9 ! lungs1 x is c]ta9 t _! cont9u\s1 /eady use 9 ! mann] j describ$ has a decid$ly curative action 9 acute ph?isis1 & is !re=e1 wor?y ( an ext5d$ trial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,avogadro ,,& ,,amp]e4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t ( ,may #ad1ahha1 conta9s1 "u ?is head1 ,mr4 ,wm4 ,h4 ,gre5e's objections to my demon/ration 79 ,no4 #bgj ( ! same pap]7 ( ! error ( ,avogadro's hypo!sis4 ,! mo/ important "p ( my argum5t is bas$ on ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! comp\nd cyanog52 & ,mr4 ,gre5e1 direct+ 8 att5tion to ?is subject 9 ! fir/ place1 /ates t because cyanog5 comb9es ) hydrog5 or ) *lor9e1 )\t dim9ution ( volumes1 ,i h conclud$ t ! hypo!sis falls to ! gr\nd4 ,?is /atem5t has impress$ me ) ! conviction t ,mr4 ,gre5e has fail$ to p]ceive ! difficulty :i* is at ! bottom ( ! "q1 & ,i w1 !re=e1 pres5t ! subject m fully & compreh5sively4 ,! molecule ( any elem5t>y body is1 on ! gr\nd ( ! hypo!sis1 assum$ to be a comp\nd ( two atoms1 & ! molecule ( c>bon consequ5tly ,c#bbd2 t ( nitrog5 ,n#bbh4 ,comb9ation ( ! two1 accord+ to ! same hypo!sis1 takes place by sub/itution2 ! atoms are suppos$ to be set free & to ex*ange places1 =m+ a new comp\nd diff]5t f ! orig9al only 9 ?is3 t ea* new p>ticle conta9s an atom ( ea* ( ! two diff]5t sub/ances1 :ile ea* orig9al p>ticle consi/s ( two id5tical atoms4 ,! product is1 !re=e1 assum$ to be1 & c1 "u ! circum/ances1 be no o!r ?an p>ticles ( ! composition ,,cn & weight #bf4 ,^! p>ticles are molecules1 accord+ to ! def9ition laid d[n1 j z ,c#b & ,n#b2 b !re is ?is ess5tial diff]5ce1 t ! specific gravity ( cyanog5 gas1 #bf1 co9cides ) ! molecul> weight1 :ile ! assum$ molecul> weight1 ,n#bbh1 is twice z great z ! specific gravity ( ! gas1 ,n#ad4 ,9 us+ ! t]m molecul> weight1 x is to be rememb]$ t x does n express ! weight ( s+le molecules1 b only _! relative weight1 millions ( millions molecules be+ conta9$ 9 ! unit ( volume4 ,b on ! hypo!sis t !re is ! same numb] ( molecules 9 ! same volume ( any gas1 ! specific gravities ( gases c be1 & are1 id5tifi$ ) _! molecul> weights1 &1 on ! gr\nd ( ! hypo!sis aga91 ! unit ( ! numb]s :i* ent] into e *emical reaction & con/itute ! molecul> weight1 is /ipulat$ to be t conta9$ 9 two volumes4 ,! impossibility ( ! correctness ( ! hypo!sis is n[ reveal$ by ! fact j demon/rat$1 t 9 ! case ( nitrog5 ! specific gravity does n co9cide ) ! molecul> weight4 ,if equal volumes conta9 ! same numb] ( molecules1 ! specific gravities & ! molecul> weights mu/ be ! same2 & if ! specific gravities & molecul> weights are n ! same1 equal volumes _c conta9 ! same numb] ( molecules4 ,! assum$ molecul> weight ( nitrog5 is twice z great z ! specific gravity1 b ! molecul> weight & ! specific gravity ( cyanog5 are id5tical2 ! numb] ( molecules conta9$ 9 "o volume ( cyanog5 mu/1 !re=e1 necess>ily be twice z great z ! numb] conta9$ 9 "o ( nitrog51 & ?is is fully & completely borne out by ! *emical facts4 ,9 say+ t :5 cyanog5 comb9es ) *lor9e !re is naturally no cond5sation1 ,mr4 ,gre5e has no idea t ?is natural law is fatal to 8 artificial law ( ,avogadro & ,amp]e2 =1 cont9ues he1 ! !ory is fulfill$ by ! actual reaction4 ,x is n4 ,! !ory requires two vols4 ( cyanog5 & two vols4 ( *lor9e1 t is1 ! unit ( numb]s1 to ent] into reaction & to produce two vols4 ( ! comp\nd4 ,b !y produce f\r vols41 & ! non-cond5sation is !re=e 9 opposition to ! !ory4 ,x is true beyond d\bt t ! molecul> weight ( cyanog5 *loride is conta9$ 9 two volumes1 9 spite ( ! hypo!sis1 n on ! gr\nd ( x2 two vols4 two vols41 produc+ f\r vols42 two vols4 c\ld1 !oretically1 conta9 only half ! unit ( numb]s1 & !re seems to be no escape f ! foll[+ g5]al conclusions3 #a4 ,two vols4 ( ,c,n,cl1 repres5t+ ! unit ( numb]s1 ! con/itu5t weights1 ,c#ab1 ,n#ad1 ,cl#ce4e1 mu/ ea*1 likewise1 repres5t ! same numb]2 ! molecul> weight is1 !re=e1 conta9$ 9 "o vol4 ( ,n or ,cl1 b 9 two ( ,c,n,cl & equal numb]s are n conta9$ 9 equal volumes4 #b4 ,! weights ,n#ad1 ,cl#ce4e occupy 9 ! free /ate "o volume1 b 9 ! comb9ation1 ,c,n,cl1 two volumes2 _! specific gravity is1 !re=e1 by *emical action r$uc$ to "o half4 ,! fact ?us elicit$ ( ! v>iability & v>iation ( ! specific gravity is ( fundam5tal importance & involves ! irrelevancy ( ! ma!matical demon/ration ( ! hypo!sis4 ,9 ?is demon/ration ! specific gravity is assum$ to be con/ant1 & ?is assumption n hold+ good1 & ! numb] ( molecules 9 unit ( volume be+ r$uc$ to "o half :5 ! specific gravity is r$uc$ to ! same ext5t by *emical action1 x is obvi\s t ! ma!matical pro( mu/ fail4 ,mr4 ,gre5e /ates t ,i h proce$$ to demoli% ,c4 ,cl]k ,maxwell's conclusion f ma!matical reason+4 ,?is is incorrect2 ,i h f\nd no fault ) ! conclusion ( ! celebrat$ ma!matician1 & consid] 8 reason+ unimpea*able4 ,i am also ( op9ion t he is entitl$ to great cr$it & respect = ! prom95t "p he has tak5 9 ! developm5t ( ! k9etic !ory1 & fur!r ?9k t x 0 = ! *emi/s to produce ! fact ( ! v>iability ( ! specific gravities1 :i* !y w\ld probably n h fail$ to d b = ! preval5ce ( ,avogadro's hypo!sis1 :i* is virtually ! ass]tion ( ! con/ancy ( ! specific gravities4 #c4 ,! unit ( numb]s be+ repres5t$ by ,cl#ce4e1 x is likewise repres5t$ by ,h#a1 & z ! product ( ! union ( ! two elem5ts is ,h,cl1 #cf4e two vols41 comb9ation takes place by addition & n by sub/itution2 consequ5tly are #d4 ,! elem5t>y molecules n comp\nds ( atoms8 ,& ! di/9ction betwe5 atoms & molecules is an artificial "o1 n ju/ifi$ by ! natural facts4 #e4 ,is ! molecul> weight n 9 e in/ance two volumes8 ,^! conclusions ov]?r[ all ! fundam5tal assumptions on :i* ! hypo!sis re/s1 & leave x1 9 ! full mean+ ( ! t]m1 )\t support4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,gre5e /ates t my argum5ts are bas$ ^u entirely errone\s premises1 he has n ev5 attempt$ to invalidate a s+le "o ( my premises4 ,z he consid]s ! non-cond5sation to be natural 9 ! case ( cyanog5 & *lor9e1 ! cond5sation ( two vols4 ( ,h,cl two vols4 ( ,h#c,n to two vols4 ( ,,nh#d;,cl ought to appe> to him unnatural4 ,he1 h[ev]1 cont5ds = x1 & tries1 on ?is solit>y occasion1 to /r5g!n 8 op9ion by au?ority1 ?\gh ! pro(1 if x c\ld be giv51 t ammonium *loride at ! temp]ature ( volatilization is decompos$ into its two con/itu5ts1 w\ld be insuffici5t to uphold ! !ory4 ,! gr\nd on :i* ,mr4 ,gre5e assumes a p>tial decomposition at #cej ,c4 is ! slight excess ( ! obs]v$ d5sity 7#ad4dc7 ov] t correspond+ to f\r vols4 7#ac4cge74 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a simil> slight excess 9 ! case ( ! vapor ( ammonium cyanide1 ! same values be+ respectively #aa4d & #aa2 & z ?is comp\nd is volatile at #ajj ,c &1 at ! same "t1 is capable to exi/ at a v high temp]ature1 be+ =m$ by ! union ( c>bon ) ammonia1 nobody has ev]1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 ma9ta9$ t x is completely or p>tially decompos$ at volatilization4 ,! excess ( weight n be+ due1 !re=e1 to su* cause 9 ?is case1 x _c be due to x 9 ! o!r4 ,! "q be+ :e!r ! molecul> weight ( ammonium *loride is two vols4 or f\r vols41 an idea ( ! magnitude ( ! assum$ decomposition is convey$ by ! proportion ( ! volume ( ! decompos$ salt to ! volume ( ! non-decompos$1 & ,mr4 ,gre5e's quotation ( ! p]c5tage ( weight is irrelevant & mislead+1 & 8 numb] n ev5 correct4 ,a mixture conta9+ #a4jee vols4 ( spec4 gr4 #bf4ge #bh4bb & #ab4cb #ac4cge #afd4gh ------ ------ #ac4cge #aic has ! spec4 gr4 #aic _/ #ac4cge #ad4dc4 ,! proportion 9 "o vol4 ( ! undecompos$ to ! decompos$ salt is1 !re=e1 z #a to #aa4fh & ! p]c5tage ( volume ( ! =m] #j4jghi1 & t ( weight #bh4bb _/ #aic #j4adf1 & n #j4af4 ,x is n easy to imag9e :y a small fraction ( ! heavy molecules %\ld be volatiliz$ undecompos$1 ! temp]ature be+ suffici5t to decompose ! great bulk4 ,m>ignac assumes1 inde$1 p>tial decomposition1 b ! difficulties :i* he enc\nt]$ 9 mak+ ! exp]im5ts1 on ! results ( :i* 8 op9ion re/s1 7 s great t he himself accords to ! numb]s obta9$ by him only ! value ( a r\gh approximation4 ,! heat absorb$ 9 volatilization w comprise ! heat ( comb9ation z well z ( aggregation1 if decomposition takes place1 & w !re=e be ! same z t set free at comb9ation4 ,favre & ,silb]mann f\nd ?is to be #gdc4e at ord9>y temp]ature1 f :i* ,m>ignac concludes t x w\ld be #gae = ! temp]ature #cej2 he f\nd z ! heat ( volatilization #gjf1 b consid]s ! probable exact value to be betwe5 #fag & #hah4a ,footnote #a3 ,see ,comptes ,r5dus1 t4 lxvii41 p4 #hgg4 ,an unc]ta9ty )9 s wide a range does n ju/ify ! confid5ce ( ,mr4 ,gre5e :i* he expresses 9 ^! words3 ,x is1 !re=e1 extremely probable t ammonium *loride is almo/ entirely dissociat$1 ev5 at ! temp]ature ( volatilization4 ,by ,boett+]'s app>atus a decomposition may possibly h be5 demon/rat$1 b x rema9s to be se5 :e!r x is n due to "s special cause4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,gre5e says t ! relations betwe5 ! physical prop]ties ( solids & liquids & _! molecul> composition c 9 no mann] affect ! laws ( gases1 nobody is likely to diss5t2 b ! conclusion t _! discussion is =eign to ! "q ( ! numb] ( molecules 9 unit ( volume does by no means foll[4 ,if ! specific gravity ( a solid or ! weight ( unit ( volume repres5ts a c]ta9 numb] ( molecules1 & is f\nd to occupy two volumes 9 a comp\nd ( ! solid ) ano!r solid1 ! numb] ( molecules 9 "o volume is r$uc$ to "o half4 ,?is ,i h %[n to be ! case 9 a numb] ( comp\nds1 & ! decrease ( ! specific gravity ) increase ( ! complexity ( composition appe>s to be a g5]al law1 z may be conclud$ f ! v l[ specific gravity ( ! mo/ highly organiz$ comp\nds1 = in/ance ! fatty bodies1 ! molecules ( :i*1 be+ compos$ ( v _m con/itu5ts1 are ( heavy weight2 & likewise ! comp\nds :i* occur 9 comb9ation ) wat] & )\t x1 ! simpl] comp\nd hav+ inv>iably a great] specific gravity ?an ! "o comb9$ ) wat]2 = in/ance3 ,ba,h#b,o#b sp4 gr4 #d4die #h;,h#b,o #a4fef ,s#b;,h#b,o#b #c4fbe #h;,h#b,o #a4cif ,fe,s,o#d #c4ach #g;,h#b,o #a4heg & s 9 e o!r case4 ,?is is n[ a recurr5ce ( :at takes place 9 gases1 & proves ! fallacy ( ! hypo!sis2 = if ^! comp\nds c\ld be volatiliz$ ! vapor d5sities w\ld necess>ily v>y 9 ! inv]se proportion ( ! degree ( composition4 ,! reproa* t ,b]!lot has be5 endeavor+ = ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury to hold back ! progress ( sci5tific *emi/ry1 is a great & unju/ifiable misrepres5tation ( ! di/+ui%$ *emi/ & memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 :o has done s mu* = !rmo-*emi/ry1 & ! m un=tunate z x seems to s]ve only ! purpose ( a prelude to ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 ,b ,mr4 ,vogel _c claim1 z c ,mr4 ,b]!lot1 any real "w or exp]im5t1 h[ev] r\ghly p]=m$1 sugge/$ by ! desire to prove ! tru? ( 8 own views4 ,let him n1 !n1 br+ =? old & long s9ce expla9$ discrepancies1 444 b :5 he w h discov]$ new or ov]look$ facts 444 *emi/s w gladly li/54 444 ,mr4 ,gre5e is "h no long] occupi$ to inve/igate :e!r :at ,i h said conc]n+ ,avogadro's hypo!sis is true or false1 b ) myself he has become p]sonal1 & 9 notic+ 8 rem>ks my sole object is to cont5d aga9/ an error :i* is mu* preval5t4 ,if1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gre5e1 ! real "w ( sci5ce consi/s 9 exp]im5t+1 & conclusions unsupport$ by our own exp]im5ts h no value1 x does n appe> = :at purpose he has publi%$ 8 answ] to my pap]2 an exp]im5t ( 81 settl+ ,m>ignac's unc]ta9 results1 w\ld h ju/ifi$ ! reliance he places on !m4 ,! gr\nd he takes is utt]ly unt5able4 ,exp]im5ts are necess>y to e/abli% facts2 )\t !m !re c\ld be no sci5ce1 & ! highe/ cr$it is due to ^? :o p]=m successfully difficult or co/ly exp]im5ts4 ,exp]im5t+ is1 h[ev]1 n ! aim & object ( sci5ce1 b ! means to arrive at ! tru?2 & discov]ies d]iv$ f accumulat$ & g5]ally accept$ facts are n ! less valuable on acc\nt ( n hav+ be5 d]iv$ f new & special exp]im5t4 ,x is1 fur!r1 f> f true t ! real "w ( sci5ce consi/s 9 exp]im5t+2 m5tal "w is n less requir$1 & ! greate/ results h n be5 obta9$ by exp]im5t]s1 b by ! m5tal labor ( ^? :o h1 f ! /udy ( e/abli%$ facts1 arriv$ at conclusions :i* ! exp]im5t]s _h fail$ to draw4 ,?is is naturally s1 because a great g5]alization mu/ expla9 all ! facts involv$1 & c be d]iv$ only f _! /udy2 b ! att5tion ( ! exp]im5t] is necess>ily absorb$ by ! special "w he und]takes4 ,i ref] to ! ?ree greate/ ev5ts 9 sci5ce3 ! discov]y ( ! ,cop]nican sy/em1 ! ?ree laws ( ,kepl]1 & ,newton's law ( gravitation1 none ( :i* is due to direct & special exp]im5tation4 ,cop]nicus 0 an a/ronom]1 b ! discov]y ( 8 sy/em is due *iefly to 8 /udy ( ! complications ( ! ,ptolemaic sy/em4 ,kepl] is a memorable witness ( :at c be accompli%$ by skillful & p]si/5t m5tal labor4 ,8 discov]ies 7 secrets extort$ f nature by ! mo/ pr(\nd & labori\s rese>*4 ,! discov]y ( 8 ?ird law is said to h occupi$ him sev5te5 ye>s4 ,newton's great discov]y is likewise ! result ( m5tal labor2 he 0 enabl$ to accompli% x by means ( ! laws ( ,kepl]1 ! laws ( fall+ bodies e/abli%$ by ,galileo1 & ,pic>d's exact measurem5t ( a degree ( a m]idian4 ,if1 !n1 m5tal "w is z indisp5sable z exp]im5tal1 x is n less true t !re are m5 m specially fitt$ = ! "o1 o!rs = ! o!r1 & ! be/ int]e/s ( sci5ce w be s]v$ :5 exp]im5ts are made by ^? specially adapt$1 skillful1 & favorably situat$1 & ! possibly greate/ numb] ( m51 able & will+ to d m5tal "w1 engage 9 extract+ f ! accumulat$ treasures ( exp]im5tal sci5ce all ! results :i* !y are capable to yield4 ,any tru? discov]$ by ?is means is cle> ga91 & saves ! wa/e ( "t1 labor1 & money sp5t 9 unnecess>y exp]im5t4 ,mr4 ,gre5e's zeal = exp]im5t & depreciation ( m5tal "w w\ld be 9 ord]1 if ways & means 7 to be f\nd to r5d] ! advancem5t ( sci5ce z difficult & sl[ z possible2 !y are decid$ly n 9 ! int]e/ ( sci5ce1 & c n h be5 inspir$ by a desire = its promotion4 ,z ! evid5ce ( ! specific heats ( ! fallacy ( ,avogadro's hypo!sis involves l5g?y explanations1 ! subject is res]v$ = ano!r pap]4 ,san ,francisco1 ,cal41 ,may1 #ahha4 ,e4 ,,vogel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,dye+ ,,r$s ,,) ,,artificial ,,aliz>94 ,by ,m4 ,,maurice ,,prud',,homme4 ,s9ce sev]al ye>s1 ! me?ods ( madd] dye+ h und]gone a complete revolution1 ! orig9 ( :i* we w seek to po9t out4 ,:5 artificial aliz>91 ?anks to ! beautiful rese>*es ( ,graebe & ,lieb]mann1 made its indu/rial appe>ance 9 #ahfi1 x 0 soon f\nd t ! comm]cial product1 ?\gh yield+ beautiful purples1 0 incapable ( produc+ brilliant r$s 7,c4 ,koe*l974 ,:ile admitt+ t ! new product 0 id5tical ) ! aliz>9 extract$ f madd]1 we 7 l$ to conclude t 9 ord] to produce f9e ,turkey r$s1 ! color+ matt]s :i* accompany aliz>9 mu/ play an important "p4 ,?is 0 ! idea prop\nd$ by ,kuhlmann z f> back z #ahbh 7,soc4 ,ind4 de ,mulh\se1 #di1 p4 #hf74 ,accord+ to ! rese>*es ( ,,mm4 ,s*tz5b]g] & ,s*iff]t1 ! color+ matt]s ( madd] are aliz>91 purpur91 pseudopurpur91 purpuroxan?91 & an orange matt]1 :i* ,m4 ,ros5/iehl consid]s id5tical ) hydrat$ purpur94 ,subsequ5tly1 !re h be5 add$ to ! li/ an orange body1 purpuroxan?o-c>bonic acid ( ,s*unck & ,roem]1 id5tical ) ! munji/9 f\nd by ,/5h\se 9 ! madd] ( ,india4 ,x 0 kn[n t purpuroxan?9 does n dye2 t pseudopurpur9 is v easily trans=m$ into purpur91 & ! unc]ta9ty :i* 0 felt conc]n+ hydrat$ purpur9 left room m]ely = ! hypo!sis t ,turkey-r$ is obta9$ by ! concurr5t action ( aliz>9 & purpur94 ,9 ! meantime1 ! manufacture ( artificial aliz>9 became ext5d$1 & a comp\nd 0 sold z aliz>9 = r$s4 ,x is n[ kn[n1 ?anks to ! rese>*es ( ,p]k91 ,s*unck1 ,roem]1 ,graebe1 & ,lieb]mann1 t 9 ! manufacture ( artificial aliz>9 !re are produc$ ?ree di/9ct color+ matt]s--aliz>91 iso or an?rapurpur91 & flavopurpur91 ! two latt] be+ isom]s ( purpur94 ,we may rem>k t purpur9 has n be5 obta9$ by direct syn!sis4 ,m4 de ,lal&e has produc$ x by ! oxidation ( aliz>94 ,aliz>9 is d]iv$ f monosulphan?raqu9onic acid1 on melt+ ) ! hydrate ( potassa or soda4 ,x is a dioxyan?raqu9one4 ,an?rapurpur9 & flavopurpur9 are obta9$ f two isom]ic disulphan?raqu9onic acids1 improp]ly nam$ isoan?raflavic & an?raflavic acids1 :i* are conv]t$ into an?rapurpur9 & flavopurpur9 by a m pr(\nd action ( potassa4 ,^! two bodies are trioxyan?raqu9ones4 ,we call to m9d t aliz>9 dyes r$s ( a violet tone1 free f yell[2 roses ) a blue ca/ & beautiful purples4 ,an?rapurpur9 & flavopurpur9 diff] little f ea* o!r1 ?\gh ! %ades dy$ ) ! latt] are m yell[4 ,! r$s produc$ ) ^! color+ matt]s h a v bright yell[i% reflection1 b ! roses are too yell[ & ! purples incl9e to a dull gray4 ,exp]i5ce ) ! madd] colors %[s t a mixture ( aliz>9 & purpur9 yields ! mo/ beautiful roses 9 ! /eam /yle1 b x is n ! same 9 dye+1 :]e ! roses got ) fleur de g>ance h nev] be5 equal$4 ,aliz>9s = r$s all conta9 m or less ( aliz>9 prop]ly s-call$1 f #a to #aj p] c5t41 along ) an?rapurpur9 & flavopurpur94 ,?is proportion does n affect ! tone ( ! r$s obta9$ fur!r ?an by prev5t+ !m by hav+ too yell[ a tone4 ,! fir/ use ( ! aliz>9s = r$s 0 = application ( /yles1 t is colors conta9+ at once ! mordant & ! color+ matt] & fix$ ^u ! clo? by ! action ( /eam4 ,good /eam-r$s 7 easily obta9$ by us+ receipts orig9ally design$ = extracts ( madd] 7mixtures ( aliz>9 & purpur974 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fir/ attempts at dye+ r$ gr\nds & r$ pieces 7 n successful4 ,! cu/om ( dye+ up to a br[n ) fleur & !n light5+ ! %ade by a succession ( soap+s & clean+s _h mu* to d ) ?is failure4 ,goods1 mordant$ ) alum9a & dy$ ) aliz>9 = r$s up to saturation1 nev] rea* ! br[n tone giv5 by fleur or g>anc94 ,?is tone is due 9 great "p to ! pres5ce ( fawn color$ matt]s1 :i* ! clean+s & soap+s s]v$ to de/roy or remove4 ,! same op]ations h also ano!r end--to trans=m ! purpur9 into its hydrate1 :i* is bright] & m solid4 ,! %ade1 9 a ^w1 loses 9 dep? & ga9s 9 brightness4 ,) aliz>9s = r$s1 ! case is q diff]5t2 !y conta9 no impurities to remove & no bodies :i* may ga9 brightness 9 consequ5ce ( *emical *anges "u ! influ5ce ( ! cle>+s & soap+s4 ,^! h only "o result1 9 addition to ! =mation ( a lake ( fatty acid1 t is to make ! %ades lose 9 int5sity4 ,! me?od ( subject+ r$s got up ) aliz>9 to ! same treatm5t z madd]-r$s 0 faulty4 ,!re appe>$ next a me?od ( dye+ bases ^u diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,! "w ( ,m4 ,s*tz5b]g] 7#ahfd7 speaks ( ! use ( sulpho-conjugat$ fatty acids = ! fixation ( anil9e colors4 ,9 ,engl&1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 dy$-r$s _h be5 padd$ 9 soap-ba?s & aft]w>ds /eam$ to bright5 ! r$4 ,9 #ahfg1 ,braun & ,cordi]1 ( ,r\51 exhibit$ ,turkey r$s dy$ 9 five days4 ,! pieces 7 pass$ ?r\gh alum9ate ( soda at #ah ,b41 !n ?r\gh ammonium *loride1 wa%$1 dy$ ) g>anc91 tak5 ?r\gh an oil-ba?1 dri$ & /eam$ = an h\r1 & 7 f9ally cle>$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] = ,turkey-r$s4 ,! oil-ba? 0 prep>$ by treat+ olive-oil ) nitric acid4 ,?is prep>ation1 inv5t$ by ,hirn1 0 appli$ s9ce #ahdf by ,braun 7,braun & ,cordi]74 ,s9ce #ahdi1 ,gros1 ,roman1 & ,m>ozeau1 ( ,wess]l+1 pr9t$ f9e furniture /yles by block ^u pieces previ\sly tak5 ?r\gh sulpholeic acid4 ,:5 ! pieces 7 /eam$ & wa%$ ! r$s & roses 7 sup]ior to ! old dy$ r$s & roses produc$ at ! co/ ( _m s\r+s & soap+s4 ,c]ta9 mak]s ( anil9e colors sold mixtures ready prep>$ = pr9t+ :i* 7 kn[n to conta9 sulpholeic acids4 ,!re 0 ?us an idea 9 ! air t sulpholeic acid1 "u ! influ5ce ( /eam1 =m$ brilliant & solid lakes ) color+ matt]s4 ,^! facts detract 9 no?+ f ! m]it ( ,m4 ,horace ,koe*l91 :o comb9$ ^! scatt]$ data into a true discov]y4 ,! orig9al process may be summ$ up "u ! foll[+ heads3 ,pr9t+ or padd+ ) an alum9\s mordant1 :i* is fix$ & clean$ 9 ! usual mann]2 dye+ 9 aliz>9 = r$s ) addition ( calcium acetate2 padd+ 9 sulpholeic acid & dry+2 /eam+ & soap+4 ,! process 0 next introduc$ into ,engl&1 :5ce x return$ ) ! foll[+ modifications2 9 place ( olive-oil or oleic acid1 ca/or oil 0 us$1 z *eap]1 & ! numb] ( op]ations 0 r$uc$4 ,ca/or oil1 modifi$ by sulphuric acid1 c be introduc$ at once into ! dye-beck1 s t ! fixation ( ! color+ matt] z ! lake ( a fatty acid is effect$ 9 a s+le op]ation4 ,! dye+ 0 !n foll[$ by /eam+ & soap+4 ,= r$ on :ite gr\nds & = r$ gr\nds1 a mordant ( r$ liquor at #e to #f ,b4 is pr9t$ on1 ) a little salt ( t9 or nitro-muriate ( t94 ,x is fix$ by oxidation at #cj to #ce ,c41 & dung$ ) c[-dung & *alk4 ,! pieces are !n dy$ ) #a "p aliz>9 = r$s at #aj p] c5t41 to oil = r$s 7conta9+ #ej p] c5t471 #a-f? "p acetate ( lime at #ae ,b41 giv+ an h\r at #gj & half an h\r at ! same heat4 ,wa%1 pad 9 oil 7#ej to #ajj grms4 p] lit] ( wat]71 dry on ! drum1 or bett]1 9 ! hot flue1 & /eam = ?ree-qu>t]s to an h\r & a half4 ,! padd+ 9 oil is ne$less1 if suffici5t oil has be5 us$ 9 dye+1 & ! pieces may be at once dri$ & /eam$4 ,wa% & soap = ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r at #fj4 ,give a second soap+ if necess>y4 ,if !re is no fe> ( soil+ ! :ites1 dye at a boil = ! la/ half-h\r1 :i* is 9 "p equal to /eam+4 ,r$ pieces & y>ns may be dy$ by ! process j giv5 = r$ gr\nds2 or1 prep>e 9 neutral r$ oil1 9 ! proportion ( #aej grms4 p] lit] ( wat] = pieces & #ae kilos = #ajj kilos ( y>ns4 ,= pieces1 pad ) an ord9>y ma*9e ) roll]s cov]$ ) calico4 ,dry ! pieces 9 ! drum1 & ! y>n 9 ! /ove4 ,/eam ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r at #a atmosph]e4 ,mordant 9 pyrolignite ( alum9a at #aj ,b41 & wa% ?or\ghly4 ,dye = an h\r at #gj1 & half an h\r long] at ! same heat1 us+ = #ajj kilos ( clo? or y>n #bj kilos aliz>9 at #aj p] c5t41 #aj kilos acetate ( lime at #ah ,b41 & #e kilos sulpholeic acid4 ,/eam = an h\r4 ,soap = a long] or %ort] "t1 ) or )\t ! addition ( soda cry/als4 ,!re may be add$ to ! alum9\s mordant a little salt ( t9 to raise ! tone4 ,la/ly1 alum9ate ( soda may be us$ z a mordant 9 place ( r$ liquor or sulphate ( alum9a4 ,c]ta9 firms employ a s-call$ cont9u\s process4 ,! pieces are pass$ into a ci/]n #f met]s long & fitt$ ) roll]s4 ,?is dye-ba? conta9s1 f #c to #e grms4 ( aliz>9 p] lit] ( wat]1 & is heat$ to #ih4 ,! pieces take #e m9utes to trav]se ?is ci/]n1 &1 ow+ to ! high temp]ature & ! conc5tration ( ! dye liquor1 !y come out p]fectly dy$4 ,two pieces may ev5 be pass$ ?r\gh at once1 "o above ! o!r4 ,z ! dye-ba? becomes exhau/$1 x mu/ be recruit$ f "t to "t ) fre% quantities ( aliz>94 ,! great advantage ( ?is me?od is t x economizes n m]ely "t b color+ matt]4 ,! quantity ( acetate ( lime to be employ$ 9 dye+ v>ies ) ! composition ( ! mordant & ) t ( ! wat]4 ,s*lumb]g] has %[n t ,turkey-r$ conta9s #d molecules ( alum9a to #c ( lime4 ,ros5/iehl has %[n t alum9a mordants are prop]ly saturat$ if two equival5ts ( lime are us$ = ea* equival5t ( aliz>91 if ! dye+ is done )\t oil4 ,^! figures require to be modifi$ :5 ! oil is put into ! dye beck1 z x precipitates ! lime4 ,acetate ( lime at #ae ,b41 obta9$ by saturat+ acetic acid ) *alk & add+ a slight excess ( acetic acid1 conta9s ab\t mol4 acetate ( lime4--,bullet9 de la ,socit ,*imique de ,p>is4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t4 ,,publi%$ ,,weekly4 ,,t]ms ,,( ,,subscription1 #e ,a ,,ye>4 ,s5t by mail1 po/age prepaid1 to subscrib]s 9 any "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ,canada4 ,six doll>s a ye>1 s5t1 prepaid1 to any =eign c\ntry4 ,all ! back numb]s ( ,,! ,,supplem5t1 f ! comm5cem5t1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahgf1 c be _h4 ,price1 #aj c5ts ea*4 ,all ! back volumes ( ,,! ,,supplem5t c likewise be suppli$4 ,two volumes are issu$ ye>ly4 ,price ( ea* volume1 #b4ej1 /it*$ 9 pap]1 or #c4ej1 b\nd 9 /iff cov]s4 ,,comb9$ ,,rates--,"o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican & "o copy ( ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ,,supplem5t1 "o ye>1 po/paid1 #g4jj4 ,a lib]al disc\nt to booksell]s1 news ag5ts1 & canvass]s4 ,,munn ,,co41 ,,publi%]s1 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york1 ,n4 ,y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pat5ts4 ,9 connection ) ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican1 ,messrs4 ,,munn ,co4 are ,solicitors ( ,am]ican & ,=eign ,pat5ts1 h _h #ce ye>s' exp]i5ce1 & n[ h ! l>ge/ e/abli%m5t 9 ! _w4 ,pat5ts are obta9$ on ! be/ t]ms4 ,a special notice is made 9 ! ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican ( all ,inv5tions pat5t$ ?r\gh ?is ,ag5cy1 ) ! "n & resid5ce ( ! ,pat5tee4 ,by ! imm5se circulation ?us giv51 public att5tion is direct$ to ! m]its ( ! new pat5t1 & sales or introduction (t5 easily effect$4 ,any p]son :o has made a new discov]y or inv5tion c asc]ta91 free ( *>ge1 :e!r a pat5t c probably be obta9$1 by writ+ to ,,munn ,co4 ,we also s5d free our ,h& ,book ab\t ! ,pat5t ,laws1 ,pat5ts1 ,caveats4 ,trade ,m>ks1 _! co/s1 & h[ procur$1 ) h9ts = procur+ advances on inv5tions4 ,address ,,munn ,,co41 #cg ,,p>k ,,r[1 ,,new ,,york4 ,bran* ,(fice1 cor4 ,f & #g? ,/s41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4