,illu/ration     ,,sci5tific ,,am]ican  
,,supplem5t ,,no4 #cjc     ,,new ,,york1
 ,,octob] #bb1 #ahha  ,sci5tific        
,am]ican ,supplem5t4 ,vol4 ,,xii1 ,no4  
#cjc4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican e/abli%$     
#ahde  ,sci5tific ,am]ican ,supplem5t1  
#e a ye>4  ,sci5tific ,am]ican &        
,supplem5t1 #g a ye>4          99       
99       99       99       99           
,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts  ,i4   ,,eng9e]+  
,,& ,,me*anics4--,new ,eighty-ton ,/eam 
,hamm] at ! ,sa9t      ,*amond ,works1  
,france4--#g figures4--,elevation (     
hamm]4--,pr(ile--      ,transv]se       
section4--,pr(ile view ( f\ndation1     
etc4--,plan (      plant4--,g5]al plan (
 ! =g+ mill4--,details ( truss &        
support = ! cranes4       ,great        
,/eam]s4--,comp>ative details ( !       
,s]via1 ! ,city ( ,rome1      ! ,alaska1
 & ! ,great ,ea/]n4       ,improv$ ,road
 ,locomotive4--#b figures4--,side & end 
views       ,am]ican ,mill+ ,me?ods4 ,by
 ,,alb]t ,,hopp94--,t5 ye>s'            
progress4--,l[      mill+4--,half high  

mill+4--,high mill+4--,important pap]   
read      be=e ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate     
,mill]s' ,association4       ,ma*9e =   
,dott+ ,tulles & o!r ,light             
,fabrics4--#c figures4  ,,ii4           
,,te*nology ,,& ,,*emi/ry4--,!          
,reproduction & ,multiplication (       
,negatives4 ,by ,,erne/ ,,edw>ds4       
,a ,new ,me?od ( ,mak+ ,gelat9e         
,emulsion4 ,by ,w4 ,k4 ,,burton4        
,! ,pott]y & ,porcela9 ,indu/ries (     
,japan4       ,cry/allization ,table4   
,! ,pr9ciples ( ,hop ,analysis4 ,by ,dr4
 ,g4 ,o4 ,,ce*4       ,wat] ,gas4--,a   
description ( app>atus = produc+ *eap   
gas1 &      "s notes on ! economical    
effects ( us+ su* gas ) gas      motors1
 etc4--,by ,j4 ,,em]son ,,d[son4        
,on ! ,fluid ,d5sity ( ,c]ta9 ,metals4  
,by ,pr(essors ,,*&l] ,,rob]ts      &   
,t4 ,,wrigleson4  ,,iii4 ,,physics1     
,,electricity1 ,,etc4--,electric        
,p[]4--,! nature & uses (               
electricity4--,electricity vs4 /eam4    
,on ! ,me?od ( ,obta9+ & ,measur+ ,v    

,high ,vacua ) a      ,modifi$ ,=m (    
,spr5gel ,pump4 ,by ,pr( ,,ogd5 ,n4     
,,rood4--#d figures4--      ,app>atus = 
obta9+ vacua ( "o f\r hundr$-million? ( 
an                                      
atmosph]e--,con/ruction4--,manipulation4
--,calculations4--,results  ,,iv4       
,,art1 ,,ar*itecture1 ,,etc4--,old      
,wr\ght ,iron ,gates1 ,guildhall4       
,worce/]1 ,engl&4 #a figure4       ,!   
,fr5* ,cry/al ,palace1 ,p>k ( ,/4 ,cl\d1
 ,p>is4 #a full page      illu/ration4  
,sugge/ions 9 ,ar*itecture4 ,a          
,ca/ellat$ ,*ateau4 ,p]spective &       
plan4 ,*ateau 9 ! gean ,sea4  ,v4       
,,hygi5e ,,& ,,m$ic9e4--,hydrophobia    
,prev5t$ by ,vacc9ation4       ,on      
,dipt]a z ,spread]s ( ,disease4 ,by ,j4 
,w4 ,,slat]4       ,on ! ,relations (   
,m9ute ,organisms to ,c]ta9 ,specific   
,diseases4  ,,vi4  ,,a/ronomy--,!       
,c5t5>y ( ! ,discov]y ( ,uranus4 ,by ,f4
 ,w4 ,,d5n+4      #b figures4           
,approximate place ( ,uranus among ! />s
 at its      discov]y1 ,m>* l#c1        

#ahga4--,orbits ( ! ,uranian            
,satellites4  ,,vii4 ,,biology1         
,,etc4--,! ,v>y+ ,susceptibility (      
,plants & ,animals to      ,poisons &   
,disease4       ,k9d ,treatm5t (        
,horses4         99       99       99   
99       99     ,,new ,,eighty ,,ton    
,,/eam ,,hamm] ,,at ,,! ,,sa9t ,,*amond 
,,works   ,ev] s9ce ! improvem5ts t h   
be5 introduc$ into ! manufacture ( /eel1
 & especially into ! erection ( works = 
its production1 h made x possible to    
obta9 ?is metal 9 v l>ge masses1 x has  
necess>ily be5 pref]r$ to iron = all    
pieces ( l>ge dim5sions1 inasmu* z x    
possesses 9 ! highe/ degree t           
homog5e\sness & resi/ance :i* are s     
difficult to obta9 9 ! latt] metal4 ,x  
has consequ5tly be5 f\nd necess>y to    
con/ruct eng9es suffici5tly p[]ful to   
effect ! =g+ ( enorm\s +ots1 z well z   
special furnaces = heat+ !m & app>atus =
 manipulat+ & transport+ !m4  ,! greate/
 ef=ts 9 ?is direction h be5 made ) a   
view to supply+ ! wants ( heavy artill]y

 & ( naval con/ructions2 & to ^! ef=ts  
is metallurgy indebt$ = ! creation (    
e/abli%m5ts on a scale t no "o w\ld h   
d>$ a few ye>s ago to ?9k (4 ,! =g+ mill
 :i* we are ab\t to describe is "o ( ^? 
creations :i* is de/9$ to rema9 = a long
 "t yet v r>e2 & "o :i* is fully able to
 respond1 n only to all pres5t          
exig5cies1 b also1 z f> z c be =ese51 to
 all ^? t may arise = a long p]iod to   
come4 ,! mill is con/ruct$ z a portion (
 ! va/ works t ! ,compagnie des ,=ges et
 ,aciries de la ,m>9e own at ,sa9t      
,*amond1 & :i* embrace likewise a p[]ful
 /eel works t furni%es1 especially1 l>ge
 +ots exce$+ #ajj tons 9 weight4  ,!    
mill consi/s1 altoge!r1 ( ?ree hamm]s1  
locat$ 9 ! same room1 & be+ ( unequal   
p[]s 9 ord] to respond to diff]5t       
requirem5ts4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! hamm]s is (  
#hj tons weight1 & ! o!r two weigh      
respectively #ce & #bh tons4 ,ea* ( !m  
has a correspond+ furnace = heat+ by    
gas1 z well z cranes = maneuv]+ ! +ots &
 ! diff]5t eng9es4 ,! g5]al plan view 9 

,fig4 #d %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! hamm]s1   
cranes1 & furnaces 9 ! millh\se4        
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 ,a4--,,elevation   
,,( ,a ,,hamm]4 ,,fig4 ,b4--,,pr(ile    
,,view  ,! gas g5]ators :i* supply !    
gas-furnaces are locat$ out ( doors1 z  
are ! /eam-g5]ators4 ,! +ots are br\ght 
f ! /eel factory1 & ! =g$ pieces are    
tak5 away1 by special trucks runn+ on a 
sy/em ( rails4 ,we %all n[ give ! mo/   
important details 9 reg>d to ! diff]5t  
p>ts ( ! works4  ,! ,mill-,h\se--,?is   
consi/s ( a c5tral room1 #bfb feet long1
 #ih feet wide1 & #fh feet 9 height1 )  
two lean-to annexes ( #af feet ea*1 mak+
 ! total wid? #ajj feet4 ,! /ructure is 
:olly ( metal1 & is s arrang$ z to p]mit
 ( advantage be+ tak5 ( e foot ( space  
"u cov]4 ,= ?is purpose ! sy/em (       
con/ruction )\t tie-beams1 kn[n z ! ,de 
,dion type1 has be5 adopt$4 ,fig4 #a    
gives a g5]al view ( "o ( ! trusses1 &  
,fig4 #e %[s "s fur!r details4 ,!       
b9d+-raft]s consi/ ( f\r angle-irons    
connect$ by cross-b>s ( flat iron4 ,!   

cov]+ ( corrugat$ galvaniz$ iron re/s   
directly ^u ! b9d+-raft]s1 ! upp] p>ts (
 :i* are cov]$ ) wood = ! atta*m5t ( !  
corrugat$ metal4 ,! spac+ ( ^! raft]s is
 calculat$ accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! %eets (
 corrugat$ iron1 ?us disp5s+ ) ! use (  
ord9>y raft]s1 & mak+ a ro( :i* is at   
once v light & v durable1 & consequ5tly 
v economical4 ,ra9 fall+ on ! ro( fl[s  
into lead5 gutt]s1 f :5ce x is c>ri$ by 
lead]s into a subt]ranean dra94 ,!      
v]tical walls ( ! /ructure are likewise 
( corrugat$ iron1 & ! g5]al aspect ( !  
build+ is v orig9al & v satisfactory4   
,! #hj ,ton ,hamm]--,! ?ree hamm]s1     
not)/&+ _! diff]5ce 9 p[]1 pres5t simil>
 arrangem5ts1 & sc>cely v>y except 9    
dim5sions4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves "h 
to a description ( ! #hj ton app>atus4  
,?is consi/s1 9 addition to ! hamm]1    
prop]ly s call$1 ( ?ree cranes ( #abj   
tons ea*1 s]v+ to maneuv] ! pieces to be
 =g$1 & ( a f\r? ( #ge tons = maneuv]+ !
 work+ implem5ts4 ,^! f\r cranes are    
arrang$ symmetrically ar\nd ! hamm]1 &  

are support$ at _! upp] extremity by    
metallic /ays4 ,besides ! =ego+ !re are 
?ree gas furnaces = heat+ ! +ots4 ,figs4
 #a1 #b1 & #c %[ ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! 
app>atus4  ,f\ndations ( ! ,hamm] &     
,composition ( ! ,anvil-,b$--,to obta9 a
 f\ndation = ! hamm] an excavation 0    
made to a dep? ( #bf feet until a b$ (  
solid rock 0 rea*$1 & ^u ?is !re 0 !n   
spread a ?ick lay] ( beton1 & ^u ?is    
aga9 !re 0 plac$ a b$ ( dress$ /ones 9 !
 "p t 0 to receive ! anvil-/ock & hamm]4
  ,on ?is base ( dress$ /ones !re 0     
plac$ a b$ =m$ ( logs ( he>twood ( oak  
squ>+ #af in*es by #c feet 9 height1 /&+
 upright1 jo9$ toge!r v p]fectly1 & kept
 9 close juxtaposition by a d\ble b& (  
iron /raps jo9$ by bolts4 ,! object (   
?is wood5 b$ 0 to dead51 9 a great      
measure1 ! effect ( ! %ock transmitt$ by
 ! anvil-/ock4  ,,new ,,eighty-,,ton    
,,/eam ,,hamm] ,,at ,,! ,,/ ,,*amond    
,,works4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4          
#a4--,,transv]se ,,section4             
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plan4       

,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,pr(ile      
,,view4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#d4--;,,g5]al ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,=g+      
,,mill4  ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4           
#e4--;,,details ,,( ,,! ,,truss&        
,,support ,,= ,,! ,,crane4  ,!          
,anvil-,/ock4--,! anvil-/ock1 :i* is    
pyramidal 9 %ape1 & ! total weight ( :i*
 am\nts to #ejj tons1 is compos$ (      
sup]pos$ c\rses1 ea* =m$ ( "o or two    
blocks ( ca/ iron4 ,ea* c\rse & e       
contact 0 v c>efully plan$ 9 ord] to    
make sure ( a p]fect fitt+ ( ! p>ts2 &  
all ! diff]5t blocks 7 connect$ by means
 ( mortises1 by hot b&ag+1 & by jo9ts ) 
key-pieces1 9 su* a way z to effect a   
p]fect solidity ( ! p>ts & to make !    
:ole compact & impossible to get out (  
%ape4  ,! anvil-/ock 0 aft]w>ds surr\nd$
 by a fill+-9 ( masonry compos$ (       
rag-/ones & a mort> made ( cem5t &      
hydraulic lime4 ,?is masonry also =ms ! 
f\ndation = ! /&>ds ( ! hamm]1 & is     
capp$ ) dress$ /one to receive !        
b$-plates4  ,! ,p[]-,hamm] 7,figs4 ,a & 

,b74--,! p[]-hamm]1 prop]ly s-call$1    
consi/s1 9 addition to ! hamm]-head1 (  
two /&>ds to ^: inn] sides are bolt$    
guides ^u :i* slides ! mov+ mass4 ,!    
b$-plates ( ca/ iron are #bh in*es ?ick1
 & are indep5d5t ( ! anvil-/ock4 ,!y are
 set into ! b$ ( dress$ /one capp+ !    
f\ndation1 & are connect$ toge!r by b>s 
( iron & affix$ to ! masonry by         
f\ndation bolts4 ,to ^! b$plates are    
affix$ ! /&>ds by means ( bolts & keys4 
,! two /&>ds are connect$ toge!r by iron
 plates f\r in*es 9 ?ickness1 :i* are   
set into ! metal & bolt$ to x s z to    
secure ! utmo/ /r5g? & solidity4 ,!     
plat=m :i* connects ! upp] extremities (
 ! /&>ds supports ! /eam cyl9d] & !     
app>atus = di/ribut+ ! /eam4 ,! latt]   
consi/s ( a ?rottle valve1 twelve in*es 
9 diamet]1 & an eduction valve eighte5  
in*es 9 diamet]1 ! maneuv]+ ( :i* is    
done by means ( rods ext5d+ d[n to a    
plat=m ^u :i* ! eng9eman /&s4 ,?is      
plat=m is s situat$ t all ord]s c be    
di/9ctly he>d by ! eng9eman1 & s t he   

%all be protect$ f ! heat radiat$ by !  
/eel t is be+ =g$4 ,all ! maneuv]s ( !  
hamm]s are effect$ ) mo/ wond]ful       
facility & ) ! greate/ precision4  ,!   
pi/on is ( ca/-/eel1 & ! rod is ( iron1 
#ab in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! wa/e /eam is    
c>ri$ out ( ! mill by a pipe1 &1 be=e   
be+ all[$ to escape into ! atmosph]e1 is
 direct$ into an expansion pipe :i* x   
p5etrates f bottom to top4 ,"h a portion
 ( ! wat] cond5ses & fl[s (f1 & ! /eam  
!n escapes into ! op5 air ) a greatly   
dim9i%$ pressure4 ,! object ( ?is       
arrangem5t is to dim9i% to a consid]able
 ext5t ! %ocks & disagreeable noise t   
w\ld be produc$ by ! direct escape ( !  
/eam at q a high pressure & also to     
avoid ! fall ( cond5s$ wat]4  ,! foll[+ 
are a few details reg>d+ ! con/ruction (
 ! hamm]3    ,total height (            
f\ndations44444444444 #bf    ft4   ,f ! 
gr\nd to ! plat=m 444444 #bh            
,plat=m 444444444444444444444444444444  
#c4be     ,height (                     
cyl9d]44444444444444444444 #ba          

,total height4444444444444444444444     
#gh4be ft4    ,weight (                 
anvil-/ock4444444444444444 #ejj tons4   
,weight ( b$-plates44444444444444444    
#abb     ,weight (                      
/&>ds444444444444444444 #bgj     ,weight
 ( plat=m & cyl9d]444444 #adh           
,pi/on1 valves1 eng9eman's plat=m1      
hamm]1 etc444444444444444444444444 #afj 
,total weight4444444444444444444 #a1bjj 
tons4    ,weight ( !                    
hamm]444444444444444444 #hj tons4       
,maximum fall44444444444444444444444444 
#be4ge ft4   ,di/ance ap>t ( !          
/&>ds4444444 #ba4f      ,wid? (         
hamm]44444444444444444444444  #f        
,pressure ( /eam444444444444444444444   
#af lb4   ,effective pressure to lift   
#hj tons4444  #g   ,description (       
,figures4--,a1 ! #hj-ton hamm]2 ,b1     
,b#a1 ,b#b1 cranes2 ,c1 ,c#a1 ,c#b1     
supports ( cranes2 ,d1 ,d#a1 ,d#b1 gas  
furnaces2 ,a#a1 ! #ce-ton hamm]2 ,a#b1 !
 #bh-ton hamm]2 ,,ee1 railways2 ,f1     
eng9eman's plat=m2 ,g1 lev] = maneuv]+ !

 ?rottle valve2 ,h1 an +ot be+ =g$4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,,great ,,/eam]s4   ,! ,brooklyn ,eagle 
gives a v int]e/+ description ( ! ?ree  
new /eam%ips n[ almo/ complet$ & %ortly 
to be plac$ 9 ! ,new ,york & ,liv]pool  
trade by ! ,cun>d1 ,inman1 & ,williams &
 ,guion l9es4 ,! writ] has prep>$ a     
table comp>+ ! ?ree vessels ) ea* o!r & 
) ! ,great ,ea/]n1 ! only %ip ( great]  
dim5sions ev] built4 ,we give z mu* ( ! 
article z our space w all[1 & regret t  
we h n ! room to give x entire3         
,l9e4         ,cun>d4       ,inman4     
,guion4    ,admiralty4     ,vessel4     
,s]via     ,city ( ,rome4    ,alaska4   
,great#a    ,l5g?        #ecj feet4     
#edf feet4     #ebj feet4     #fgi feet4
   ,bread?        #eb feet4      #eb ft4
 #c 94  #ej ft4 #f 94  #hb feet4   ,dep?
          #dd ft4 #i 94  #cg feet4      
#ch feet4      #fj feet4   ,gross ton'ge
     #h1ejj         #h1cjj              
#h1jjj      #ac1cddb   ,horse p['r      
#aj1ejj        #aj1jjj        #aa1jjj   

#b1fjj   ,spe$          #ag knots4      
#ah knots4     #ah knots4    #ad knots4 
,sal'n pas-                             
#cbj & #eb     s5g]s4       #dej        
#cjj          #b;d class   ,/e]age      
#fjj         #a1ejj         #a1jjj      
,:]e          ,clydeb'nk     ,b>r[ 9    
,clyde1     built4        ,?omson       
,furness       ,eld]   ,date (          
sail+4     ,octob] #bb    ,octob] #ac   
,novemb] #e  ,footnote #a3 ,to be sold  
at auction soon4  ,footnote #b3 ,net    
regi/]4  ,9 #ahgj ! total tonnage (     
,briti% /eam %ipp+ 0 #a1aaa1cge2 !      
returns = ! ye> #ahgf %[$ an increase to
 #b1aej1cjb tons1 & f t "t to ! pres5t x
 has be5 increas+ /ill m rapidly4 ,b1 z 
c be se5 f ! above table1 n only has !  
total tonnage increas$ to ?is enorm\s   
ext5t1 b an imm5se advance has be5 made 
9 increas+ ! size ( vessels4 ,! reason =
 ?is is1 t x has be5 f\nd t :]e spe$ is 
requir$1 along ) l>ge c>go & pass5g]    
accommodation1 a vessel ( l>ge dim5sions
 is necess>y1 & w give :at is requir$ ) 

! lea/ proportionate fir/ co/ z well z  
work+ co/4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! ,inman  
l9e possess$1 9 ! ,city ( ,b]l91 (      
#e1dia tons1 ! vessel ( l>ge/ tonnage 9 
exi/5ce4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ! ,b]l9 is surpass$
 by ! ,city ( ,rome by ne>ly #c1jjj     
tons1 & ! latt] is less1 by #bjj tons1  
?an ! ,s]via1 ( ! ,cun>d l9e4 ,x w be   
obs]v$1 too1 t :ile !re is n mu*        
diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree vessels 9 po9t ( 
l5g?1 ! dep? ( ! ,alaska & ! ,city (    
,rome1 respectively1 is only #ch feet & 
#cg feet1 t ( ! ,s]via is ne>ly #de feet
 z comp>$ ) t ( ! ,great ,ea/]n ( #fj   
feet4 ,?is makes ! ,s]via1              
proportionately1 ! deepe/ %ip ( all4    
,all ?ree vessels are built ( /eel4 ,?is
 metal 0 *os5 n only because ( its      
great] /r5g? z aga9/ iron1 b also       
because x is m ductile & ! advantage (  
less weight is ga9$1 z w be se5 :5 x is 
m5tion$ t ! ,s]via1 if built ( iron1    
w\ld h weigh$ #fbj tons m ?an %e does ( 
/eel1 & w\ld h entail$ ! drawback ( a   
correspond+ increase 9 draught ( wat]4  

,z reg>ds rig1 ! ?ree vessels h ea* a   
diff]5t /yle4 ,! ,cun>d ,company h adh]$
 to _! special rig--?ree ma/s1 b>k      
rigg$--believ+ x to be m %ip %ape ?an ! 
practice ( fitt+ up ma/s accord+ to !   
l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,on ^! ma/s !re is a good 
spread ( canvas to assi/ 9 propell+ !   
%ip4 ,! ,city ( ,rome is rigg$ ) f\r    
ma/s2 & "h ! h&some full-%ip rig ( !    
,inman l9e has be5 adh]$ to1 ) !        
addition ( ! =e & aft rigg$ jigg] ma/1  
r5d]$ necess>y by ! enorm\s l5g? ( !    
vessel4 ,x w be se5 t ! di/9ctive type (
 ! ,inman l9e has n be5 dep>t$ f 9      
respect to ! old fa%ion$ b /ill h&some  
pr(ile1 ) clipp] b[1 figurehead1 &      
b[sprit--:i* latt] makes ! ,rome's l5g? 
ov] all #fjj feet4 ,= ! figurehead has  
be5 *os5 a full l5g? figure ( "o ( !    
,roman ,cs>s1 9 ! imp]ial purple4       
,altoge!r1 ! ,city ( ,rome is ! mo/     
impos+ & beautiful sight t c be se5 on !
 wat]4 ,! ,alaska has also f\r ma/s1 b  
only two cross$4  ,! l5g? ( ! ,city (   
,rome1 z comp>$ ) bread?1 insures long &

 easy l9es = ! high spe$ requir$2 & !   
dep? ( hold be+ only #cg feet1 z comp>$ 
) ! beam ( #eb feet1 insures great      
/ability & ! consequ5t com=t ( !        
pass5g]s4 ,a po9t call+ = special notice
 is ! l>ge numb] ( sep>ate comp>tm5ts   
=m$ by wat] tight bulkheads1 ea* ext5d+ 
to ! ma9 deck4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! comp>tm5ts 
is only ab\t #fj feet long2 &1 suppos+ t
 f collision or "s o!r cause1 "o ( ^! 0 
fill$ ) wat]1 ! trim ( ! vessel w\ld n  
be mat]ially affect$4 ,) a view to giv+ 
/ill fur!r safety 9 ! ev5t ( collision  
or /r&+1 ! boil]s are arrang$ 9 two     
boil] rooms1 entirely sep>at$ f ea* o!r 
by means ( a wat] tight iron bulkhead4  
,?is r$uces :at1 9 ne>ly all full-p[]$  
/eam%ips1 is a va/ s+le comp>tm5t1 into 
two ( mod]ate size1 #fj feet 9 l5g?2 & 9
 ! ev5t ( ei!r boil] room be+ flood$1 x 
/ill leaves ! vessel ) half h] boil] p[]
 available1 giv+ a spe$ ( f ?irte5 to   
f\rte5 knots p] h\r4 ,! vessel's decks  
are ( iron1 cov]$ ) teak plank+2 :ile ! 
:ole ( ! deck h\ses1 ) turtle decks &   

o!r erections on ! upp] deck1 are (     
iron1 to /& ! /ra9s ( an ,atlantic w9t]4
 ,/eam is suppli$ by eight cyl9drical   
tubul> boil]s1 fir$ f bo? ends1 ea* ( ! 
boil]s be+ #ai feet long & hav+ #ad feet
 mean diamet]4 ,!re are 9 all =ty eight 
furnaces4 ,! int]nal arrangem5ts are ( !
 f9e/ description4 ,!re are two smok+   
rooms1 & 9 ! aft] deckh\se is a deck    
saloon = ladies1 :i* is fitt$ up 9 ! mo/
 elegant mann]1 & w prev5t ! necessity (
 go+ bel[ 9 %[]y wea!r4 ,at ! sides ( ! 
hurricane deck are c>ri$ twelve life    
boats1 "o ( :i* is fitt$ z a /eam laun*4
 ,! upp] saloon or draw+-room is #ajj   
feet long1 ! height betwe5 decks be+ #i 
feet4 ,! gr& d9+-saloon is #eb feet     
long1 #eb feet wide1 & #i feet high1 or 
#ag feet 9 ! way ( ! l>ge op5+ to !     
draw+-room above4 ,?is op5+ is surm\nt$ 
by a skylight1 & =ms a v effective &    
elegant relief to ! o!rwise flat & heavy
 ceil+4 ,!re are ?ree l>ge & f\rte5     
small d9+ tables1 ! l>ge tables be+     
arrang$ longitud9ally 9 ! c5tral "p ( ! 

saloon1 & ! small tables at "r angles on
 ! sides4 ,ea* d9] has 8 own revolv+ arm
 *air1 & accommodation is provid$ = #bej
 p]sons at once4 ,a l>ge ,am]ican organ 
is fix$ at ! =e end ( ! room1 & op5+ (f 
?r\gh d\ble spr+ doors at ! foot ( ! gr&
 /aircase is a h&some ,am]ican lun*eon  
b>1 ) ! usual fitt+s4 ,on ea* side ( !  
vessel1 f ! saloon to ! aft] end ( !    
eng9e room1 are plac$ /at]ooms provid+ =
 #cjj pass5g]s4 ,! arrangem5ts = /e]age 
pass5g]s are ( a sup]ior description4 ,!
 b]?s are arrang$ 9 s+le ti]s or half   
rooms1 n d\ble1 z is usually ! cu/om1   
ea* be+ sep>at$ by a passage1 & hav+ a  
l>ge side light1 ?us add+ greatly to !  
light1 v5tilation1 & com=t ( ! /e]age   
pass5g]s1 & necessitat+ ! advantage ( a 
small] numb] ( p]sons 9 ea* room4 ,!    
,city ( ,rome is ! fir/ ( ! two due "h2 
%e sails f ,liv]pool on ,octob] #ac4  ,9
 ! ,s]via ! ma*9]y consi/s ( ?ree cyl9d]
 comp\nd surface cond5s+ eng9es1 "o     
cyl9d] be+ #gb in*es1 & two #ajj in*es 9
 diamet]1 ) a /roke ( pi/on ( #f feet #f

 in*es4 ,!re are sev5 boil]s & ?irty-n9e
 furnaces4 ,practically ! ,s]via is a   
five deck]1 z %e is built ) f\r decks--(
 /eel1 cov]$ ) yell[ p9e--& a prom5ade  
res]v$ = pass5g]s4 ,!re is a music room 
on ! upp] deck1 :i* is #ej feet by #bb  
feet1 & :i* is h&somely fitt$ up )      
poli%$ wood panel+s4 ,= ! conv5i5ce ( ! 
pass5g]s !re are no less ?an f\r diff]5t
 entrances f ! upp] deck to ! cab9s4 ,! 
saloon is #gd feet by #di feet1 ) sitt+ 
accommodations = #cej p]sons1 :ile !    
cle> height "u ! beams is #h feet #f    
in*es4 ,! sides are all 9 fancy woods1 )
 beautifully poli%$ inlaid panels1 & all
 ! uphol/]y ( ! saloon is ( morocco     
lea!r4 ,= two-?irds ( its entire l5g? ! 
l[] deck is fitt$ up ) fir/ class       
/at]ooms4 ,! %ip is divid$ into n9e     
wat]-tight bulkheads1 & %e is built     
accord+ to ! ,admiralty requirem5ts = w>
 purposes4 ,!re are 9 all twelve boats  
equipp$ z life-boats4 ,! ,s]via         
possesses a peculi>ity :i* w add to h]  
safety1 namely1 a d\ble bottom1 or inn] 

sk94 ,?us1 7 %e to gr\nd on rocks1 %e   
w\ld be p]fectly safe1 s long z ! inn]  
sk9 rema9$ intact4 ,/eam is us$ = heat+ 
! cab9s & saloons1 & by ?is means !     
temp]ature c be prop]ly adju/$ 9 all    
wea!rs4 ,9 e "p ( ! vessel ! mo/ advanc$
 sci5tific improvem5ts h be5 adopt$4 ,! 
,s]via leaves ,liv]pool on ,octob] #bb4 
,! ,alaska1 ^: own]s1 x is und]/ood1 are
 det]m9$ to make h] beat all afloat 9   
spe$1 does n sail until ,novemb] #e1 &  
!re=e x is premature to say any?+ ab\t  
h] int]ior equipm5ts4 ,%e is ! si/] ( ! 
celebrat$ ,arizona1 & 0 built by !      
well-kn[n firm ( ,eld]  ,co41 on !      
,clyde4         99       99       99    
99       99     ,,improv$ ,,road        
,,locomotive4   ,sev]al attempts h be5  
made to connect ! lead+ :eels ( a       
traction eng9e ) ! driv+ :eels1 s z to  
make driv]s ( all ( !m1 & ?us increase !
 tractive p[] ( ! eng9e1 & to af=d      
great] facilities = gett+ along s(t     
gr\nd or out ( holes4 ,! :eels )        
cont9u\s railway & ,india-rubb] tires h 

be5 employ$ to ga9 ! requir$ adhesion1 b
 ^! :eels h be5 too co/ly1 & ! attempts 
to c\ple driv+ & lead+ :eels h fail$4 ,!
 arrangem5t = mak+ ! lead+ :eels into   
driv]s1 illu/rat$ on page #dhbe1 has be5
 rec5tly br\ght out by ! ,durham & ,nor?
 ,york%ire ,/eam ,cultivation ,company1 
,ripon1 ! design be+ by ,messrs4        
,johnson & ,phillips4 ,! inv5tion       
consi/s 9 m\nt+ ! lead+ axle 9 a ball & 
long socket1 ! socket be+ rotat$ 9 fix$ 
be>+s4 ,! ball hav+ b limit$ range (    
motion 9 ! socket1 is driv5 r\nd ) x1 b 
is free to move 9 azimu? = /e]+4  ,?is  
eng9e has n[ be5 9 use m ?an twelve     
mon?s 9 traction & ?ra%+ "w1 &1 we are  
in=m$1 ) complete success4 ,!           
illu/rations repres5t a #g-;horse p[]1 )
 a cyl9d] #h 94 diamet] by #ab 94 /roke1
 & /eam jacket$4 ,! %afts & axles are ( 
,b[l+ iron4 ,! boil] conta9s #adj ft4 ( 
heat+ surface1 & is made entirely (     
,b[l+ iron1 ) ! longitud9al seams weld$4
 ,! ge>+ is fitt$ ) two spe$s arrang$ to
 travel at #a & #c miles p] h\r1 & !    

front or h9d road :eels c be put out (  
ge> :5 n requir$4 ,! h9d driv+ :eels are
 #e ft4 #f 94 diamet]1 & ! front :eels  
#e ft42 weight ( eng9e #h tons4--,!     
,eng9e]4  ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$ ,,road
 ,,locomotive  ,illu/ration3 ,,improv$  
,,road ,,locomotive         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,am]ican      
,,mill+ ,,me?ods4  ,footnote #a3 ,a pap]
 read be=e ! meet+ ( ! ,p5nsylvania     
,/ate ,mill]s ,association at           
,pittsburgh1 ,pa41 by ,alb]t ,hopp91    
,editor ( ! ,nor?we/]n ,mill]4  ,by     
,,alb]t ,,hopp94   ,to speak ( !        
wond]ful /rides :i* ! art ( mill+ has   
tak5 dur+ ! pa/ decade has become       
exce$+ly trite4 ,?is progress1 pat5t to 
! mo/ casual obs]v]1 is a m>k$ example (
 ! p[] inh]5t 9 man to ov]come natural  
ob/acles4 ,_h ! climatic conditions ( ! 
,nor?we/ all[$ ! rais+ ( z good w9t]    
:eat z t rais$ 9 w9t] :eat sections     
g5]ally1 ,i d\bt if we %\ld he> s mu*   
to-day ( new processes & gradual        
r$uction sy/ems4 ,s long z ! great bulk 

( our supply ( bread/uffs came f ! w9t] 
:eat fields1 progress 0 v sl[2 ! mills (
 #ahfj1 & ,i may ev5 say ( #ahgj1 be+ b 
little 9 advance1 s f> z processes 7    
conc]n$1 ( ^? built half a c5tury e>li]4
 ,! reason = ?is lack ( progress may be 
f\nd 9 ! ease ) :i* w9t] :eat c\ld be   
made into good1 :ite1 m]*antable fl\r4  
,t ?is fl\r 0 inf]ior to ! fl\r turn$   
out by w9t] :eat mills n[ is prov5 by ! 
old recipe = tell+ good fl\r f t :i* 0  
bad1 viz43 ,to ?r[ a h&ful aga9/ ! side 
( ! b>rel1 if x /uck !re x 0 good1 !    
color be+ ( a yell[i% ca/4 ,:at good    
w9t] :eat pat5t to-day w d ?is8 ,/ill ! 
old "t w9t] :eat fl\r 0 ! be/ !re 01 & x
 _h no competitor4 ,! settl+ up ( !     
,nor?we/ :i* c\ld n produce w9t] :eat at
 all1 b :i* did produce a mo/ sup]ior   
article ( h>d spr+ :eat1 0 a new factor 
9 ! mill+ problem4 ,! fir/ mills built 9
 ! spr+ :eat ,/ates tri$ to make fl\r on
 ! old sy/em & made a mo/ lam5table     
failure ( x4 ,i c rememb] :5 ! f>m] 9   
,wiscons91 :o lik$ a good loaf ( bread1 

?\ght x necess>y to raise a little pat* 
( w9t] :eat = 8 own use4 ,he (t5] fail$ 
?an succe$$1 & mo/ frequ5tly gave x up z
 a bad job4 ,spr+ :eat 0 h>d1 ) a v     
t5d]1 brittle bran4 ,if gr\nd f9e en\gh 
to make a good yield a good %>e ( ! bran
 w5t into ! fl\r1 mak+ x d>k & specky4  
,if n s f9ely gr\nd ! fl\r 0 :it]1 b !  
l>ge p]c5tage ( middl+s made ! yield p] 
bu%el ru9\sly small4 ,^! middl+s conta9$
 ! *oice/ "p ( ! fl\r produc+ "p ( !    
b]ry1 b ow+ to ! dirt1 g]m1 & o!r       
impurities mix$ ) !m1 x 0 impossible to 
regr9d !m except = a l[ grade fl\r4     
,m]*ant mill+ ( spr+ :eat 0 impossible  
:]ev] ! fl\r came 9 competition ) w9t]  
:eat fl\rs4 ,at ,m9neapolis1 :]e !      
mill]s _h an almo/ unlimit$ wat] p[]1 & 
:eat at ! l[e/ price1 m]*ant mill+ 0    
almo/ giv5 up z impracticable4 ,x 0     
c]ta9ly unpr(itable4 ,to ! app>5tly     
insurm\ntable ob/acles 9 ! way ( mill+  
spr+ :eat successfully1 we may ascribe !
 progress ( mod]n mill+4 ,_h x be5 z    
easy to raise good w9t] :eat 9 ,wiscons9

 & ,m9nesota z 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio1  
or z easy to make :ite fl\r f spr+ z f  
w9t] :eat1 we %\ld n h he>d ( purifi]s &
 roll] mills = ye>s to come4  ,! fir/   
/ep 9 advance 0 ! introduction ( a ma*9e
 to purify middl+s4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! fl\r  
made f ^! purifi$ middl+s 0 :it] ?an !  
fl\r f ! fir/ gr9d+ & br\ght a bett]    
price ?an ev5 w9t] :eat fl\rs4 ,!n ! aim
 0 to make z _m middl+s z possible4 ,to 
d ?is & /ill clean ! bran s z to make a 
reasonable yield ! dress ( ! burrs 0 m  
c>efully att5d$ to1 ! old fa%ion$ cracks
 7 left out1 ! faces & furr[s made      
smoo?1 true1 & uni=m1 self-adju/+ driv]s
 introduc$1 & ! driv+ ge> bett] fitt$4  
,spr+ :eat pat5ts rapidly rose to ! fir/
 place 9 ! m>ket1 & w9t] :eat mill]s    
wak$ up to f9d _! vantage gr\nd occupi$ 
by _! hi!rto contemn$ rivals4 ,to _!    
cr$it x may be said t !y h n be5 sl[ 9  
tak+ up ! gauntlet1 & ?r\gh !           
competition ( ! mill]s ( ! two          
climatically divid$ sections ( ?is      
c\ntry ) ea* o!r & among !mselves !     

onw>d m>* ( mill+ progress has be5      
con/antly accel]at$4 ,:]e x w end no man
 c tell1 & ! *ief anxiety ( e           
progressive mill]1 :e!r he lives 9      
,p5nsylvania or ,m9nesota1 is n to be   
left beh9d 9 ! race4  ,! mill]s ( ! m   
,ea/]n w9t] :eat ,/ates h a two-fold "q 
to solve4 ,fir/1 h[ to make a fl\r z    
good z c be f\nd 9 ! m>ket1 & second1 h[
 to meet ,we/]n competition1 :i*1 ?r\gh 
*eap raw mat]ial & discrim9at+ freight  
rates1 is mak+ s]i\s inroads ^u ! local 
m>kets4 ,:e!r ! latt] tr\ble c be rem$i$
 by legislature1 ei!r ,/ate or national1
 or n1 rema9s to be prov5 by actual     
trial4 ,t y c solve ! fir/ "p ( !       
problem satisfactorily to y\rselves     
dep5ds ^u y\r read9ess to adopt new     
ideas & ! means y h at h& to c>ry !m    
out4 ,x is manife/ly impossible to make 
z good a fl\r out ( s(t />*y :eat z out 
( t :i* is h>d] & m glut9\s4 ,x is      
equally impossible = ! small mill poorly
 provid$ ) ma*9]y to cope successfully )
 ! l>ge m]*ant mill fully equipp$ ) e   

appliance t ,am]ican +5uity c sugge/ &  
money c buy4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t a mill
 ( mod]ate size c make fl\r equally z   
good z ! l>ge mill1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 n z   
economically 9 reg>d to yield & co/ (   
manufacture4  ,! diff]5t me?ods ( mill+ 
at pres5t 9 use may be g5]ally divid$   
into ?ree di/9ct processes1 :i*1 = want 
( any bett] names1 ,i w di/+ui% z old   
/yle1 new process1 & gradual r$uction4  
,p]haps ! ,g]man division ( l[ mill+1   
half high mill+1 & high mill+ is bett]4 
,old /yle mill+ 0 t 9 g5]al use 9 ?is   
c\ntry up to #ahgj1 & :i* is /ill foll[$
 9 ! great majority ( small cu/om or    
gri/ mills4 ,x is v simple1 consi/+ (   
gr9d+ ! :eat z f9e z possible at ! fir/ 
gr9d+1 & sep>at+ ! meal into fl\r1      
sup]f9e or extra1 middl+s1 %orts1 &     
bran4 ,giv5 a pair ( mill/ones & reel   
long en\gh1 & ! :eat c\ld be made into  
fl\r by pass+ ?r\gh ! two4 ,because spr+
 :eat 0 s poorly adapt$ to ?is crude    
process1 x _h to be improv$ & elaborat$1
 result+ 9 ! new process4  ,at fir/ ?is 

m]ely consi/$ ( purify+ & regr9d+ !     
middl+s made 9 ! old way4 ,9 its p]fect$
 /ate x may be said to be halfway betwe5
 ! old /yle & gradual r$uction1 & is 9  
use n[ 9 _m mills4 ,9 x mill /ones are  
us$ to make ! r$uctions :i* are only two
 9 numb]1 9 ! fir/ ( :i* ! aim ( ! mill]
 is to make z _m middl+s z he c :ile    
clean+ ! bran reasonably well1 & 9 !    
second to make ! purifi$ middl+s into   
fl\r4 ,9 ! mo/ advanc$ mills :i* use !  
new process1 ! bran is regr\nd & !      
tail+s f ! co>se middl+s1 conta9+ g]m & 
l>ge middl+s ) pieces ( bran atta*$1 are
 cru%$ betwe5 two rolls4 ,^! c h>dly be 
c\nt$ z r$uctions1 z !y are simply !    
f9i%+ t\*es1 put on to aid 9 work+ !    
/uff up clean & to p]mit ( a little     
high] gr9d+ at fir/4 ,reg>d+ bo? old    
/yle & new process mill+1 y are already 
po/$4 ,gradual r$uction is new]1 mu* m  
ext5sive1 & m]its a mu* m ?or\gh        
explanation4 ,be=e ent]+ ^u ?is ,i w    
call y\r att5tion to "o or two po9ts :i*
 e mill] %\ld und]/&4  ,! two ess5tial  

qualities ( a good m>ketable fl\r are   
color & /r5g?4 ,x %\ld be %>ply granul> 
& n feel flat & s(t to ! t\*4 ,a :eat   
:i* has an abundance ( />*1 b is poor 9 
glut51 _c make a /rong fl\r4 ,?is is !  
tr\ble ) all s(t :eats1 bo? w9t] & spr+4
 ,a :eat :i* is ri* 9 glut5 is h>d1 & 9 
! case ( our h>d ,m9nesota :eat has a v 
t5d] bran4 ,x is comp>atively easy to   
make a /rong fl\r1 b x requires v c>eful
 mill+ to make a fl\r ( good color f x4 
,probably ! :eat :i* comb9es ! mo/      
desirable qualities = fl\r-mak+ purposes
 is ! r$ ,m$it]ranean1 :i* has pl5ty (  
glut5 & a t\gh bran1 ?\gh claim$ by "s  
to h a little too mu* color+ matt]1 :ile
 ! body ( ! b]ry is :ite4 ,by poor mill+
 a good :eat c be made into fl\r        
defici5t bo? 9 /r5g? & color1 & by      
c>eful mill+ a :eat naturally defici5t 9
 /r5g? may be made into fl\r hav+ all ! 
/r5g? !re 0 9 ! :eat orig9ally & ( good 
color4 ,good mill+ is indisp5sable1 no  
matt] :at ! quality ( ! :eat may be4  ,!
 idea ( gradual r$uction mill+ 0 borr[$ 

by our mill]s f ! ,hung>ian mills4 ,!re 
is1 h[ev]1 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 !        
,hung>ian sy/em & gradual r$uction1 z   
appli$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 t 9 ! =m]1 :5 fully
 c>ri$ out1 ! products ( ! diff]5t      
breaks are kept sep>ate to ! end1 & a   
l>ge numb] ( diff]5t grades ( fl\r made1
 :ile 9 ! sy/em1 z appli$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 
! sep>ations are comb9$ at diff]5t /ages
 & usually only ?ree diff]5t grades (   
fl\r made1 viz43 pat5t1 bak]'s1 or z x  
is t]m$ 9 ,m9nesota1 cle> fl\r1 & l[    
grade or r$ dog4 ,9 ! l>ge/ mills !     
pat5t is (t5 subdivid$ into fir/ &      
second1 & !y may make diff]5t grades (  
bak]'s fl\r1 ^! mills approa*+ mu* ne>] 
to ! ,hung>ian sy/em1 ?\gh modify+ x to 
,am]ican me?ods & ma*9]y4 ,9 mills ( f  
?ree to five hundr$ b>rels daily        
capacity1 x is h>dly possible or        
pr(itable to g to ?is subdivision (     
grades1 ow+ to ! excessive am\nt (      
ma*9]y necess>y to h&l+ ! /uff 9 its    
diff]5t /ages ( completion4 ,! ,hung>ian
 sy/em has1 !re=e1 be5 greatly modifi$  

by ,am]ican mill]s & mill+ eng9e]s to   
adapt x to ! requirem5ts ( mills (      
av]age capacity4 ,?is modifi$ ,hung>ian 
sy/em we call gradual r$uction4 ,x c be 
pr(itably employ$ 9 any mill l>ge en\gh 
to run at all on m]*ant "w4 ,s f> x has 
n be5 f\nd practicable to use x 9 mills 
( less ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-five to "o 
hundr$ & fifty b>rels capacity 9        
tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & x is bett] to h ! mill
 ( at lea/ d\ble ?is capacity4  ,gradual
 r$uction1 z its "n implies1 consi/s 9  
r$uc+ ! :eat to fl\r1 %orts1 & bran1 by 
sev]al successive op]ations or r$uctions
 te*nically call$ breaks1 ! process go+ 
on gradually1 ea* break leav+ ! mat]ial 
a little f9] ?an ! prec$+ "o4 ,usually  
five r$uctions or breaks are made1 ?\gh 
six or sev5 may be us$4 ,! l>g] ! numb] 
( breaks ! m complicat$ ! sy/em becomes1
 & x is pref]able to keep x z simple z  
possible1 = ev5 at its simple/ x        
requires a good1 wide-awake ?9k+ mill]  
to h&le x successfully4 ,:5 x is        
?or\ghly & sy/ematically c>ri$ out 9 !  

mill x is )\t "q z mu* 9 advance ( ! new
 process z t is ahead ( ! old /yle (    
mill+4  ,9 ord] t ,i may convey to y z  
cle> an idea ( gradual mill+ r$uction z 
possible1 ,i w give z fully z possible !
 programme ( a mill ( "o hundr$ & fifty 
b>rels maximum daily capacity design$ to
 "w on mix$ h>d & s(t spr+ :eat1 & :i*  
probably w come mu* ne>] to meet+ !     
conditions "u :i* y h to mill ?an any   
o!r ,i h f\nd readily obta9able4 ,i h   
*os5 a mill ( ?is size1 fir/1 because   
foll[+ out ! programme ( a l>g] "o w\ld 
require too mu* "t & too great a        
repetition ( details & n give y any     
cle>] idea ( ! ma9 pr9ciples involv$1 & 
secondly1 because ,i ?\ght x w\ld come  
ne>] meet+ ! av]age requirem5ts ( !     
memb]s ( y\r association4 ,y\r wor?y    
secret>y caution$ me t ,i mu/ rememb] t 
,i 0 go+ to talk to w9t] :eat mill]s4 ,!
 ma9 pr9ciples & me?ods ( gradual       
r$uction are ! same1 :e!r appli$ to spr+
 or w9t] :eat2 ! details may h to be    
v>i$ to suit ! v>y+ conditions "u :i*   

diff]5t mills are op]at$4 ,= ?is        
programme ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,james  
,pye1 ( ,m9neapolis1 :o is rapidly ga9+ 
an enviable & well des]v$ reputation z a
 mill+ eng9e]1 & "o :o has giv5 mu* /udy
 to ! practical plann+ & work+ ( gradual
 r$uction mills4  ,& "r "h let me say t 
no mill] %\ld und]take to build a       
gradual r$uction mill1 or to *ange ov] 8
 mill to ! gradual r$uction sy/em1 until
 he has consult$ ) "s good mill+ eng9e] 
7! t]m millwright means v little        
n[adays71 & obta9$ f him a programme :i*
 %all fit ! size ( ! mill1 ! /ock ^u :i*
 x has to "w1 & ! grade ( fl\r :i* x is 
to make4 ,?is programme is to ! mill]   
:at a *>t is to ! sailor4 ,x %[s him !  
c\rse he mu/ pursue1 h[ ! /uff mu/ be   
h&l$1 & :]e x mu/ g4 ,)\t x he w be go+ 
x bl9d1 or at be/ only feel+ 8 way 9 !  
d>k4 ,a gradual r$uction mill1 to be    
successful1 mu/ h a well-def9$ sy/em1 & 
to h ?is sy/em1 ! mill] mu/ h a def9ite 
plan to "w by4 ,b to g on ) my          
programme4  ,! :eat is fir/ clean$ z    

?or\ghly z possible to remove all       
extrane\s impurities4 ,9 ! clean+       
op]ations c>e %\ld be tak5 to scrat* or 
abrade ! bran z little z possible1 = ?is
 reason3 ,! out] coat+ ( ! bran is h>d &
 m or less friable4 ,:]ev] x is scrat*$ 
a portion is liable to become f9ely     
comm9ut$ 9 ! subsequ5t r$uctions1 s     
f9ely t x is impossible to sep>ate x f !
 fl\r by bolt+1 & consequ5tly ! grade ( 
! latt] is l[]$4 ,! ultimate purpose ( !
 mill] be+ to sep>ate ! fl\r portion ( !
 b]ry f dirt1 g]m1 & bran x is important
 t he does n at any /age ( ! process get
 any dirt or f9e bran speck or du/ mix$ 
9 ) 8 fl\r1 = if he does he _c get rid (
 x aga94 ,s x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t at   
all /ages ( fl\r+1 any abrasion or      
comm9ution ( ! bran is to be avoid$ z f>
 z possible4  ,aft] ! :eat is clean$1 x 
is by ! fir/ break or r$uction split or 
cut op51 9 ord] to lib]ate ! g]m &      
crease impurities4 ,z :atev] ( dirt is  
lib]at$ by ?is break becomes mix$ 9 ) ! 
fl\r1 x is desirable to keep ! am\nt ( !

 latt] z small z possible4 ,inde$1 9 all
 ! r$uctions ! object is to make z      
little fl\r & z _m middl+s z possible1 =
 ! reason t ! latt] c be purifi$1 :ile !
 =m] _c1 at lea/ by any means at pres5t 
9 use4 ,aft] ! fir/ break ! crack$ :eat 
goes to a scalp+ reel cov]$ ) ,no4 #bb  
wire clo?4 ,! fl\r1 middl+s1 etc41 g    
?r\gh ! clo?1 & ! crack$ :eat goes ov] !
 tail ( ! reel to ! second ma*9e1 :i*   
breaks x /ill f9]4 ,aft] ?is break !    
fl\r & middl+s are scalp$ out on a reel 
cov]$ ) ,no4 #bb wire clo?4 ,! tail+s g 
to ! ?ird ma*9e1 & are /ill fur!r r$uc$1
 !n ?r\gh a reel cov]$ ) ,no4 #bd wire  
clo?4 ,! tail+s g to ! f\r? ma*9e1 :i*  
makes !m /ill f9]1 !n ?r\gh a f\r?      
scalp+ reel ! same z ! ?ird4 ,! tail+s f
 ?is reel are mo/ly bran ) "s middl+s   
adh]+1 & g to ! fif? ma*9e1 :i* cleans !
 bran4 ,f ?is break ! mat]ial passes to 
a reel cov]$ ) bolt+ clo? v>y+ 9 f95ess 
f ,no4 #aj at ! head to ,no4 #jj at !   
tail4 ,:at goes ov] ! tail ( ?is reel is
 s5t to ! bran b91 & t :i* goes ?r\gh   

next to ! tail ( ! reel1 goes to ! %orts
 b94 ,! middl+s f ?is reel g to a       
middl+s purifi]1 :i* ,i w call ,no4 #a1 
or bran middl+s purifi]4 ,! fl\r :i*    
comes f ?is reel is s5t to ! *op reel   
cov]$ at ! head ) say ,no4 #i1 ) ab\t   
,no4 #e 9 ! middle & ,no #j at ! tail4  
,y w rememb] t aft] ea* r$uction ! fl\r 
& middl+s 7 tak5 out by ! scalp+ reels4 
,?is *op1 z x is n[ call$1 also goes to 
! same reel ,i h j m5tion$4 ,! co>se    
middl+s :i* g ov] ! tail ( ?is reel g to
 a middl+s purifi]1 :i* ,i w designate z
 ,no4 #b4 ,^! g ?r\gh ! ,no4 #j clo? at 
! tail ( ! reel purifi] ,no4 #c2 ^? :i* 
g ?r\gh ,no4 #e clo? got to purifi] ,no4
 #d2 :ile all t goes ?r\gh ! ,no4 #i    
clo? at ! head ( ! reel is dropp$ to a  
second reel clo!d ) ,nos4 #ac to #ae    
clo? ) two feet ( ,no4 #aj at ! tail4 ,!
 fl\r f ?is reel goes to ! bak]'s fl\r  
pack]2 t :i* drops ?r\gh ! ,no4 #aj is  
s5t to ! middl+s /one1 :ile t :i* goes  
ov] ! tail ( ! reel goes to purifi] ,no4
 #d4 ,we h n[ dispos$ ( all ! imm$iate  

products ( ! fir/ five breaks1 trac+ !m 
successively to ! bran & %orts b9s1 to !
 bak]'s fl\r pack] & to ! middl+s       
purifi]s1 a v small portion go+ to !    
middl+s /one )\t go+ ?r\gh ! purifi]s4  
,! middl+s are h&l$ z foll[s 9 !        
purifi]s4 ,f ! ,no4 #a ma*9e1 :i* takes 
! middl+s f ! fif? break1 ! tail+s g to 
! %orts b91 ! middl+s :i* are           
suffici5tly well purifi$ g to ! middl+s 
/one1 :ile ^? f ne> ! tail ( ! ma*9e :i*
 conta9 a little g]m & bran specks g to 
! second g]m rolls1 ^! be+ a pair (     
smoo? rolls :i* flatt5 out ! g]m & cru% 
! middl+s1 loos5+ adh]+ p>ticles f !    
bran specks4 ,f ! second g]m rolls !    
mat]ial goes to a reel1 :]e x is sep>at$
 into fl\r :i* goes into ! bak]'s grade1
 f9e middl+s :i* are return$ to ! second
 g]m rolls at once1 "s /ill co>s] :i* g 
to a pair ( f9ely corrugat$ iron rolls =
 r$ dog1 & :at goes ov] ! tail ( ! reel 
goes to ! %orts b94 ,! ,no4 #b purifi]  
takes ! co>se middl+s f ! tail ( ! fir/ 
or *op reel z already /at$4 ,! tail+s f 

?is ma*9e g to ! %orts b91 "s few       
middl+s f next ! tail ( ! ma*9e are     
return$ to ! head ( ! same ma*9e1 :ile !
 rema9d] are s5t to ! fir/ g]m rolls4 ,!
 reason = return+ is m to enable ! mill]
 to keep a regul> fe$ on ! purifi]s ?an 
o!rwise4 ,! ,no4 #c purifi] takes !     
middl+s f ! #j clo? on ! *op reel4 ,f   
purifi] ,no4 #c !y drop to purifi] ,no4 
#e4 ,a small portion t are n suffici5tly
 well purifi$ are return$ to ! head (   
,no4 #c1 :ile ^? f ! head ( ! ma*9e1 :i*
 are well purifi$1 are s5t to ! middl+s 
/ones4 ,! rema9d]1 :i* conta9 a great   
deal ( ! g]m1 are tak5 to ! fir/ g]m    
rolls1 9 pass+ :i* !y are cru%$ lightly 
to flatt5 ! g]m )\t mak+ any m fl\r ?an 
necess>y4 ,! ,no4 #d purifi] takes !    
middl+s f ,no4 #b & also f ,no4 #e clo? 
on ! *op reel & f ! ,no4 #aj on ! tail (
 ! bak]'s reel4 ,! middl+s f ! head (   
?is ma*9e g to ! middl+s /ones1 & !     
rema9d] to purifi] ,no4 #f4 ,! tail+s f 
,nos4 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f g to ! r$ dog    
rolls4 ,a small portion n suffici5tly   

well purifi$ are return$ f ,no4 #f to ! 
head ( ,no4 #d1 :ile ! clean$ middl+s g 
to ! middl+s /ones4  ,! portions ( !    
mat]ial :i* h n be5 trac$ ei!r to !     
bak]'s fl\r or ! bran & %orts b9s are ! 
middl+s :i* h gone to ! middl+s /ones1 !
 g]my middl+s :i* h gone to ! fir/ g]m  
rolls1 & ! tail+s f purifi]s ,nos4 #c1  
#d1 #e1 & #f1 & "s little /uff n q poor 
en\gh = %orts f ! reel foll[+ ! second  
g]m rolls4 ,tak+ ^! s]iatim3 ! middl+s  
aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! middl+s /ones1 g to !
 fir/ pat5t reel cov]$ ) elev5 feet (   
,no4 #ac & f\r feet ( ,no4 #h4 ,! fl\r f
 ! head ( ! reel goes to ! pat5t pack]1 
t f ! rema9d] ( ! reel is dropp$ to     
ano!r reel1 :ile ! tail+s g to ! ,no4 #d
 purifi]4 ,! l[] pat5t reel is clo!d )  
,no4 #ad & two feet ( ,no4 #aj clo?2 f !
 head ( ! reel ! fl\r goes to ! pat5t   
pack]1 ! rema9d] t passes ?r\gh ! ,no4  
#aj clo? :i* w n d to g into ! pat5t1   
be+ return$ to ! middl+s /ones1 :ile !  
tail+s are s5t to ! ,no4 #d purifi]4  ,!
 g]m middl+s1 aft] be+ slightly cru%$ z 

be=e /at$1 are s5t to a reel cov]$ )    
five feet ( ,no4 #ac clo?1 five feet (  
,no4 #ad1 & ! balance ) clo? v>y+ 9     
co>s5ess f ,no4 #g to ,no4 #jj4 ,! fl\r 
f ?is reel goes into ! pat5t1 ! tail+s  
to ! r$ dog rolls1 ! middl+s f next !   
tail ( ! reel :i* /ill conta9 "s g]m to 
! second g]m rolls1 :ile ! middl+s :i*  
are free f g]m g to ! middl+s /ones4  ,!
 tail+s f purifi]s #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f1 !  
mat]ial f ! reel foll[+ ! second g]m    
rolls1 :i* is too good = %orts1 b n good
 en\gh to be return$ into middl+s aga91 
& ! tail+s f ! reel foll[+ ! fir/ g]m   
rolls are s5t to ! r$ dog rolls1 :i*1 z 
,i h /at$1 are f9ely corrugat$4 ,foll[+ 
^! rolls is ! r$ dog reel4 ,! fl\r goes 
to ! r$ dog b91 ! tail+s to ! %orts b91 
:ile "s /uff int]m$iate betwe5 ! two1 n 
f9e en\gh = ! fl\r b too good = %orts1  
is return$ to ! r$ dog rolls4  ,?is     
f9i%es ! programme4 ,i h n giv5 x z "o  
:i* is exactly suit$ to w9t] :eat mill+4
 ,h[ev]1 z ,i said be=e1 ! g5]al        
pr9ciples are ! same 9 ei!r w9t] or :eat

 gradual r$uction mills1 & ! v>i\s      
sy/ems ( gradual r$uction1 al?\gh !y    
diff] 9 _m po9ts1 & al?\gh !re are      
probably no two eng9e]s :o w\ld agree z 
to all ! details ( a programme1 ! ma9   
ideas are ess5tially ! same4 ,! sy/em   
has be5 well describ$ z "o ( gradual &  
cont9u$ purification4 ,9 ! programme    
above giv5 ! idea 0 to fit up a mill :i*
 %\ld d a maximum am\nt ( "w ( good     
quality ) a m9imum am\nt ( exp5diture & 
ma*9]y4 ,9 a l>g] mill or ev5 9 a mill (
 ! same capacity :]e money 0 n an       
object1 ! v>i\s sep>ations w\ld probably
 be h&l$ a little diff]5tly1 ! fl\r &   
middl+s f ! fir/ & fif? breaks be+ h&l$ 
toge!r1 & ^? f ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r?   
breaks be+ also h&l$ toge!r4 ,! reason =
 ?is sep>ation be+ t ! fl\r f ! fir/ &  
fif? breaks conta91 ! fir/ a great deal 
( crease dirt1 & ! fif? m bran du/ ?an t
 f ! o!r breaks1 ! result be+ a l[]     
grade ( fl\r4 ,! object all along be+ to
 keep ! am\nt ( fl\r ) :i* dirt c get   
mix$ z small z possible1 & n to l[] !   

grade ( any "p ( ! product by mix+ x ) t
 :i* is inf]ior1 always be>+ 9 m9d t !  
aim is to make z _m middl+s z possible1 
= !y c be purifi$ :ile ! fl\r c n1 & t  
:5ev] any dirt is once elim9at$ x %\ld  
be kept out aft]w>ds4 ,?is leads me to  
say t if a mill] ?9ks ! adoption ( rolls
 or r$uction ma*9es is all !re is ( !   
sy/em1 he is v mu* mi/ak54 ,if any?+1 m 
( ! success ( ! mill dep5ds ^u ! c>eful 
h&l+ ( ! /uff aft] ! breaks are made1 & 
"h ! mill] :o is 9 e>ne/ to ma/] !      
gradual r$uction sy/em w f9d 8 greate/  
opportunities = /udy & improvem5t4 ,a   
few ye>s back x 0 an axiom ( ! trade t !
 condition ( ! mill/one 0 ! key to      
successful mill+4 ,?is 0 true because ! 
subsequ5t process ( bolt+ 0 comp>atively
 simple4 ,n[ ! m]e mak+ ( ! breaks is a 
small matt] comp>$ ) ! complex          
sep>ations :i* come aft]4 ,9 ! =ego+    
programme we _h five breaks or          
successive r$uctions4 ,al?\gh ?is is    
bett] ?an a small] numb]1 ,i w "h say t 
x is n absolutely ess5tial1 = v good "w 

is done ) f\r breaks4 ,! mill = :i* ?is 
programme 0 made1 includ+ ! build+1 co/ 
ab\t #ae1jjj1 & is design$ to make ab\t 
sixty p] c5t4 ( pat5t1 ?irty-five p]    
c5t4 ( bak]'s1 & five p] c5t4 ( l[      
grade1 results :i* are 9 advance ( _m   
l>g] & m pret5ti\s mills4  ,"o          
difficulty 9 ! way ( adapt+ ! gradual   
r$uction sy/em to mills ( v small       
capacity is t ! v>i\s ma*9es require to 
be load$ to a c]ta9 degree 9 ord] to "w 
at _! be/4 ,x is only a matt] ( %ort "t 
:5 our mill+ inv5tors w design ma*9]y   
especially = small mills2 9 fact !y are 
n[ do+ x1 & e day br+s x m )9 ! p[] ( ! 
small mill] to improve 8 mann] ( mill+4 
,to %[ :at c be done 9 ?is direction ,i 
w briefly describe a mill ( ab\t n9ety  
b>rels maximum capacity p] tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs1 :i* is z small z c be pr(itably   
work$4 ,i w premise ?is description by  
say+ x is design$ ) a view to ! greate/ 
economy ( co/1 ! be/ trade ( "w1 & to   
r$uce ! am\nt ( ma*9]y & ! h&l+ ( ! /uff
 z mu* z possible4 ,?is latt] po9t is ( 

mu* importance 9 any mill1 ei!r l>ge or 
small1 no matt] ^u :at sy/em x is       
op]at$1 = x takes p[] to run elevators &
 conveyors1 & especially 9 elevat+ &    
convey+ middl+s1 especially ^? made f   
w9t] :eat1 _! quality is inur$ & a loss 
incurr$1 by ! unavoidable am\nt ( fl\r  
made by ! friction ( ! p>ticles aga9/   
ea* o!r4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t 9 "o (  
our l>ge/ mills x is deem$ pref]able to 
move ! middl+s f "o end ( ! mill to !   
o!r by means ( a hopp] b9 on a c> :i*   
runs on a track spik$ to ! floor1 r ?an 
to employ a conveyor4 ,a mill built z ,i
 am go+ to describe w\ld require f fifty
 to sixty horse-p[] to run x1 & includ+ 
/eam p[] & build+ w\ld co/ f #aj1jjj to 
#ab1jjj1 accord+ to location4 ,i give x 
z ( int]e/ to ^? among y\r numb] :o own 
small mills & may contemplate improv+   
!m4  ,! build+ is f\r /ories high1      
includ+ basem5t1 & ?irty-two feet squ>e4
 ,x w\ld be "s bett] to h x l>g]1 b x is
 made ?is small to %[ h[ small a space a
 mill ( ?is size c be made to occupy4   

,no /ory is less ?an twelve feet high4  
,! ma*9]y ,is v conv5i5tly arrang$1 &   
!re is pl5ty ( room all ar\nd4 ,! sy/em 
is a modification ( ! gradual r$uction  
sy/em1 ! middl+s be+ work$ ^u mill/ones4
 ,! fir/ break is on "o pair ( #i x #ah 
in* corrugat$ iron rolls1 eight         
corrugations to ! in*1 ! corrugations   
runn+ p>allel ) ! axis ( ! rolls4 ,!    
second break on rolls hav+ twelve       
corrugations to ! in*1 ! ?ird sixte51 & 
! f\r? tw5ty to ! in*1 :ile ! fif?      
break1 :]e ! bran is f9ally clean$1 has 
tw5ty-f\r corrugations to ! in*4 ,!     
basem5t conta9s ! l9e %aft & pulleys =  
driv+ rolls1 /ones1 cockle ma*9e1 &     
sep>ator4 ,! only o!r ma*9]y 9 ! basem5t
 is ! cockle ma*9e4 ,! l9e %aft runs    
directly ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! basem5t1 ! p[]
 be+ f eng9e or wat] :eel outside !     
build+4 ,! fir/ floor has ! roll] mills 
9 a l9e ne>ly ov] ! l9e %aft bel[1 !    
middl+s /ones1 two 9 numb]1 at "o side  
opposite ! entrance to ! mill1 ! receiv+
 b9 at "o side ( ! entrance 9 ! corn] ( 

! mill1 & ! two fl\r pack]s = ! bak]'s &
 pat5t fl\r 9 ! o!r corn]4 ,?is         
arrangem5t leaves ov] half ( ! floor    
area = receiv+ & pack+ purposes4 ,!     
bolt+ *e/s1 "o ) six reel & ! o!r ) ?ree
 reel beg9 on ! second floor & rea* up  
into ! attic4 ,an upright %aft f ! l9e  
%aft 9 ! basem5t ge>$ to a horizontal   
%aft runn+ ?r\gh ! attic p>allel ) ! l9e
 %aft bel[1 comprise ab\t all ! %aft+   
!re is 9 ! mill4 ,!re is a %ort %aft on 
! second floor f :i* ! two purifi]s on  
?is floor & ! two 9 ! attic are driv51 &
 ano!r %ort %aft on ! fir/ floor to     
drive ! pack]s4 ,!re are f\r purifi]s1  
two on ! second floor1 & two m directly 
ov] !m 9 ! attic4 ,! elevator heads are 
all directly ^u ! attic l9e %aft1 & !   
bolt+ *e/s are driv5 by uprights dropp$ 
f ?is %aft4 ,! comb9$ smutt] & bru%     
ma*9e is on ! ?ird floor at "o end ( !  
bolt+ *e/s & directly ov] ! /ock hopp]s4
 ,?is comprises all ! ma*9]y 9 ! mill4  
,! programme is ab\t z foll[s3  ,! break
 reels are clo!d z foll[s3 ,fir/ break  

,no4 #bj1 wire clo?1 second break ,no4  
#bb1 ?ird break ,no4 #bd1 & f\r? break  
,no4 #bd4 ,! mat]ial pass+ ?r\gh ^!     
scalp+ reels1 n[ call$ *op1 goes to a   
s]ies ( reels1 ! fir/ clo!d ) ,nos4 #f1 
#d1 & #j4 ,! mat]ial pass+ ov] ! tail is
 s5t to ! g]m purifi]1 t pass+ ?r\gh    
,nos4 #d & #j1 to ! co>se middl+s       
purifi]1 & t ?r\gh ! ,no4 #f goes to !  
reel bel[ clo!d ) ,nos4 #ab & #ac4 ,"s  
nice granul> fl\r is tak5 (f f ?is reel2
 ! rema9d]1 :i* passes ov] ! tail &     
?r\gh ! cut(fs1 goes to ! next reel bel[
 clo!d ) ,nos4 #ad1 #ae1 & #i4 ,"s good 
fl\r comes f ! #ad & #ae2 t :i* passes  
?r\gh ! #i goes at once to ! /ones )\t  
purify+1 :ile t :i* passes ov] ! tail is
 s5t to ! f9e middl+s purifi]s4  ,aft] !
 purification1 ! middl+s are gr\nd on   
/ones & bolt$ on ,nos4 #ac & #ad clo?1  
aft] hav+ be5 scalp$ on ,no #h4 ,! g]m  
middl+s are cru%$ on smoo? rolls & bolt$
 on ,nos4 #ab & #ac4 ,:at is n cru%$ f9e
 en\gh goes ) poor tail+s to ! second   
g]m rolls1 & f ^! to a reel by !mselves 

or to ! fif? r$uction or bran reel4 ,a  
mill ( ?is k9d c\ld be made mu* m p]fect
 by an exp5diture ( two or ?ree ?\s&s   
doll>s m4 ,i h in/anc$ x to %[ :at c be 
done ) gradual r$uction 9 a v small way4
  ,9 mills ( f ?ree hundr$ to five      
hundr$ b>rels capacity & /ill l>g]1 !   
programme diff]s consid]ably f t ,i h   
sket*$1 ! middl+s be+ grad$ & h&l$ )    
little1 if any1 return+1 & are siz$ d[n 
on ! smoo? rolls1 a mu* l>g] p]c5tage ( 
! "w ( fl\r+ be+ done on mill/ones4 ,= a
 ?ree hundr$ b>rel roll] mill1 ! foll[+ 
plant is requisite3 five d\ble corrugat$
 roll] mills1 five d\ble smoo? roll]    
mills1 ?ree pairs ( f\r foot burrs      
sixte5 purifi]s1 f\r wire scalp+ reels1 
six feet long1 "o reel = ! fif? break1  
"o reel = l[ grade fl\r1 eight *op      
reels1 sev5 reels = fl\r f smoo? rolls1 
?ree reels = ! /one fl\r1 two grad+     
reels1 ?ree fl\r pack]s1 & necess>y     
clean+ ma*9]y4 ,! reels are eighte5 feet
 ?irty-two in*es4 ,! programme is       
necess>ily m complicat$4  ,:5 x comes to

 ! ma*9]y to be employ$ 9 mak+ !        
r$uctions or breaks1 ! mill] has sev]al 
/yles f :i* to *oose4 ,:i* is be/ comes 
"u ! head ( :at ,i don't "k1 & moreov]1 
( t :i* ,i h f\nd no "o else :o does "k4
 ,ea* ma*9e has its good po9ts1 & ! mill
 own] mu/ make 8 own decision z to :i*  
is be/ suit$ to 8 purpose4 ,! ma9       
pr9ciples involv$ are to abrade ! bran z
 little z possible :ile clean+ x        
?or\ghly1 & to make z little break fl\r1
 & z _m middl+s z possible1 ! latt] to  
be made 9 su* %ape z to be ! mo/ easily 
purifi$4 ,reg>d+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 spr+ 
& w9t] :eat = gradual r$uction mill+1 x 
may be /at$ some?+ aft] ?is mann]3 ,spr+
 :eat has a ?9n] & m t5d] bran1 makes m 
middl+s because x is h>d]1 & = ! same   
reason ! fl\r is m incl9$ to be co>se & 
granul>4 ,9 mill+ ) w9t] :eat1          
especially ! bett] v>ieties1 !re w be m 
break fl\r made1 ! middl+s w be f9] )   
few] bran specks1 & ! bran m easily     
clean$1 because x w /& h>%] treatm5t4   
,w9t] :eat1 moreov]1 requires m c>eful  

h&l+ 9 mak+ ! breaks1 n because ( !     
bran1 b to avoid break+ d[n ! middl+s1 &
 mak+ too mu* & too f9e & s(t break     
fl\r4 ,9 ord] to keep ! fl\r %>p &      
granul>1 co>s] clo?s are us$ 9 bolt+1 & 
because ! middl+s are f9] ! bolt+ is n s
 free & a l>g] bolt+ surface is requir$4
 ,9 mill+ ei!r spr+ or w9t] :eat !re    
%\ld be ample purify+ capacity1 x be+ v 
unwise to limit ! numb] ( ma*9es1 s t   
any ( !m w be ov]tax$4 ,! day has gone  
by :5 "o purifi] w take c>e ( all !     
middl+s 9 ! mill4  ,!re is "o po9t :i*  
is ( mu* int]e/ to mill own]s :o wi% to 
*ange _! mills ov] to ! gradual r$uction
 process1 t is1 h[ f> !y c utilize _!   
pres5t plan ( mill+ ma*9]y 9 mak+ !     
*ange4 ,( c\rse ! clean+ ma*9]y is !    
same ,9 bo? cases1 s are ! elevators1   
conveyors1 bolt+ *e/s1 etc4 ,b to use ! 
mill/one is a debatable "q4 ,aft]       
c>efully consid]+ ! matt] ,i h come to !
 conclusion t x has its place1 & an     
important "o at t1 "u ! new regime1     
viz41 t ( r$uc+ ! f9] purifi$ middl+s to

 fl\r4 ,! reason = ?is lies 9 ! peculi> 
con/ruction ( ! :eat b]ry4 ,if ! int]ior
 ( ! b]ry 7 "o solid mass ( fl\r1 ne$+  
only to be brok5 up to ! requisite      
f95ess1 x c\ld be done z well on !      
rolls4 ,b in/ead ( ?is1 z is well kn[n1 
! fl\r "p ( ! b]ry is made up ( a l>ge  
numb] ( granules or cells1 ! walls ( :i*
 are cellul> tissue1 diff]5t f ! bran 9 
t x is s(t & :ite in/ead ( h>d & d>k    
color$4 ,x is also fibr\s to a c]ta9    
ext5t1 & :5 ! f9e middl+s are pass$     
betwe5 ! rolls in/ead ( break+ d[n &    
becom+ f9]1 x has a t5d5cy to cake up & 
flatt5 out1 r5d]+ ! fl\r s(t & flaky4 ,x
 does n hurt ! color1 b x does hurt !   
/r5g?4 ,:5 ! mill/one is us$ 9 place ( !
 roll ! fl\r is ( equally good color1 & 
m r\nd & granul>4 ,i "k t 9 ?is !       
advocates ( smoo? rolls w diff] f my    
conclusions1 b ,i believe t ! f9al      
outcome w be ! use ( mill/ones on ! f9] 
middl+s1 & 9 fact on all ! middl+s t are
 ?or\ghly fre$ f ! g]m4  ,x has be5 said
 t t :i* a man gives ! mo/ freely &     

receives ) ! wor/ grace is advice4 ,i w1
 h[ev]1 close ) a little ( ! article :i*
 may n be :olly put ( place4 ,if y h a  
mill d n imag9e t ! addition ( a few    
pairs ( rolls1 a purifi] or two1 & a    
little ov]haul+ ( bolt+-*e/s1 is go+ to 
make x a full-fl$g$ ,hung>ian roll]     
mill4 ,if y are go+ to *ange an old mill
 or build a new "o1 d n take ! c\nsel or
 foll[ ! plans ( e it9]ant mill] or     
millwright :o claims to "k all ab\t     
gradual r$uction4 ,no matt] :at k9d ( a 
mill y want to build1 g to "s mill+     
eng9e] :o has a reputation = good "w1   
tell him h[ l>ge a mill y want1 %[ him  
samples ( ! :eat x mu/ use & ! grades ( 
fl\r x mu/ make1 & h him make a         
programme = ! mill & plan ! ma*9]y to   
fit x4 ,!n h ! mill built to fit !      
ma*9]y4 ,:5 x />ts foll[ ! programme1   
:e!r x agrees ) y\r preconceiv$ notions 
or n1 & ! mill w1 9 n9ety-n9e cases out 
( "o hundr$1 d good "w4         99      
99       99       99       99   ,,ma*9e 
,,= ,,dott+ ,,tulles ,,& ,,o!r ,,light  

,,fabrics4  ,dott$ or *5ill$ tulles are 
fabrics ext5sively us$ 9 ! toilet (     
ladies1 & ! ornam5tation ( :i* has      
hi!rto be5 done by ! application to !   
tissue1 by h&1 ei!r ( *5ille or ( small 
circles previ\sly cut out ( velvet4 ,?is
 "w1 :i* naturally takes consid]able "t1
 greatly increases ! co/ price ( !      
article4  ,a few trials at do+ ! "w     
me*anically h be5 made1 b )\t any       
practical outcome4 ,! workwom5 :o d !   
dott+ are paid at ,lyons at ! rate ( #hj
 c5times p] #ajj dots2 s t if we take   
tulle ) dots c\nt]-simpl$ #j4jd ( an    
in*1 :i* is ! smalle/ qu9cunx us$1 &    
suppose t ! tissue is #ca in*es wide & t
 ! daily maximum production is "o y>d1  
we f9d t #djj dots at #hj c5times p]    
#ajj  #c francs & #bj c5times 7ab\t #fc 
c5ts71 ! co/ ( dott+ p] y>d4 ,x is true 
t ! workwoman furni%es ! velvet h]self4 
,mr4 ,c4 ,ricanet1 ( ,lyons1 has rec5tly
 inv5t$ a ma*9e ) :i* he effects        
me*anically ! diff]5t op]ations ( dott+1
 n only on tulles b also ^u gauzes or   

any o!r light tissues :atev]1 su* z ^? (
 cotton1 silk1 wool1 etc4 ,aid$ by a    
tal5t$ me*anic1 ,mr4 ,ricanet has       
succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ "o ( ^? ma/]pieces (
 wond]fully accurate me*anism ( :i* !   
textile indu/ry appe>s to h !           
monopoly--at lea/ x is p]missible to    
judge s f ! rem>kable inv5tions (       
,vaucanson1 ,jacqu>d1 ,philippe de      
,gir>d1 ,heilmann1 & o!rs4  ,! object ( 
?is new ma*9e1 !n1 :i* has be5 do+ its  
wond]ful "w = a few days only1 is to    
reproduce artificially *5ille embroid]$ 
on light tissues1 by me*anically cutt+  
out & glu+ small circles ( velvet ^u ^! 
fabrics4  ,= ?is purpose all k9ds (     
velvet may be employ$1 &1 9 ord] to     
facilitate ! cutt+1 !y are previ\sly    
coat$ on ! rev]se side ) any glue or gum
 :atev]1 :i* gives ! velvet a /iffness  
favorable to ! action ( ! pun*4 ,to     
effect ! object desir$ ! app>atus has   
?ree successive op]ations to p]=m3 fir/1
 cutt+ ! circles2 second1 moi/5+2 &     
?ird1 fa/5+ d[n ! dots ^u ! tissue      

accord+ to a def9ite ord] & spac+4 ,!   
ma*9e may be con/ruct$ ^u any scale     
:atev]1 al?\gh at pres5t x is only made 
= op]at+ on pieces #ca in*es wide1 t be+
 ! normal wid? ( dott$ tulles4 ,!       
qu9cuncial arrangem5t ( ! dots is       
effect$ by ! pun*+1 moi/5+1 & fa/5+ d[n 
( odd & ev5 dots1 comb9$ ) ! =w>d       
movem5t ( ! tissue to be *5ill$4  ,!    
pr9cipal "p ( ! ma*9e is ! cam-%aft1 ,a 
7,figs4 #a1 #b1 & #c71 :i* revolves 9 ! 
direction ( ! arr[s & passes 9 ! c5t] ( 
#hj cam-:eels1 #dj ( :i* are odd & #dj  
ev51 alt]nately oppos$ to ea* o!r4 ,?is 
%aft actuates1 ?r\gh its two            
extremities1 ! diff]5t comb9$ motions 9 
view ( ! f9al object to be atta9$1 &    
also c>ries ! motive pulleys1 ,,pp'4    
,figs4 #a & #b %[ ! pr(ile ( two ( ^!   
oppos$ cam-:eels--! arrangem5t by means 
( :i* two r[s ( dots 7odd & ev57 are    
laid d[n ^u ! tissue dur+ "o revolution 
( ! %aft or drum1 ,a4 ,ea* ( ! :eels    
c>ries ?ree cams 7,figs4 #a & #c71 !    
fir/1 7a71 correspond+ to ! pun*+2 !    

second1 7a'71 to ! moi/5+1 & ! ?ird1    
7a''71 to ! glu+ d[n ( ! dots4  ,!      
annex$ figure1 "o-qu>t] actual size1 %[s
 9 section ! details ( ! cutt+ me*anism4
 ,to ea* cam-:eel !re corresponds "o    
pun*1 & ! eighty pun*es are arrang$ side
 by side & p>allel ^u a %aft1 ,b1 a     
spr+1 b1 hold+ !m con/antly aga9/ !     
circumf]5ce ( ! cam-:eels4 ,9 ,fig4 #b  
only "o ( ^! details is %[n4 ,! pun*+   
arrangem5t consi/s ( an ord9>y pun*1 c1 
( v>iable diamet]1 screw$ to ! extremity
 ( a tube1 d1 :i* is itself susp5d$ f ! 
end ( ! lev]1 p1 b :i* c receive f x at 
! desir$ mom5t ! pressure necess>y to   
effect ! cutt+4 ,! v]tical position ( ^!
 multiple tubes is insur$ by a guide1 e1
 :i* is ?or\ghly indisp5sable4 ,?r\gh   
ea* ( ! tubes1 d1 !re passes a plung]   
design$ = expell+ f ! pun* ! piece t has
 be5 cut out ( ! velvet1 & = glu+ x d[n 
to ! fabric4 ,! two small spr+s1 b' &   
b''1 t5d cont9ually to lift ! tubes z   
well z ! plung]4 ,! :ole me*anism is    
affix$ to solid ca/-iron frames1 & !    

ma*9e itself may be m\nt$ on wood5      
supports or a metal frame4  ,! pun*+ is 
effect$ on a bronze /raight-edge1 ,c1   
:i* slides 9 a ca/-iron *annel1 ,d4 ,?is
 pres5ts alt]nately1 9 its movem5t1     
entire & punctur$ spaces1 ! =m] =       
receiv+ ! bl[ ( ! pun* & ! latt] = all[+
 passage at ! desir$ mom5t to ! plung] z
 x goes to fa/5 ! dots ^u ! tulle :i* is
 pass+ along und]nea? ! *annel1 ,d4 ,!  
pun*+ is done prim>ily & pr9cipally by  
pressure1 b1 9 ord] to facilitate !     
complete deta*m5t ( filam5ts :i* might  
reta9 ! pun*$-out piece1 ! pun* is      
likewise giv5 at ! same "t a slight     
rot>y motion1 ?us imitat+ me*anically   
:at is p]=m$ by h& 9 ! maneuv] ( all    
pun*es4 ,?is rot>y motion is communicat$
 to ! pun*es by means ( lev]s actuat$ by
 an ecc5tric1 ,e1 & :i* move ! frame1 h1
 ^: b>s engage ) ! horizontal lev]1 g1  
sold]$ to ! tube1 d1 ?us caus+ ! latt]  
at ! v mom5t ! pun* desc5ds to revolve f
 "r to left4 ,! =ty pun*es 9 op]ation   
cause ! frame to return to its initial  

position ?r\gh ! action ( ! spr+s1 b'4  
,we say =ty1 s9ce ! inv5tor1 9 pr9ciple1
 has admitt$ #hj pun*es1 op]at+ #dj z   
odd & #dj z ev52 obta9+ 9 ?is way a     
dott+ 9 a regul> qu9cunx ( "o y>d1 t is 
to say1 #hj dots arrang$ 9 two r[s on a 
fabric #ca in*es wide4 ,b x is evid5t t 
a mu* l>g] qu9cunx may be _h by putt+ 9 
play only a half1 a ?ird1 or a f\r? ( ! 
pun*es1 & caus+ ! tulle & velvet to     
advance proportionally4 ,= ?is purpose x
 is only necess>y to unscrew ! pun*es   
:i* are n to act1 & to sub/itute = !    
rat*et :eel :i* controls ! unroll+ ( !  
,i tulle1 ano!r hav+ a numb] ( tee?     
proportion$ to ! desir$ spac+ ( ! dots4 
,! pun*+ hav+ be5 execut$1 & ! drum1 ,a1
 cont9u+ to revolve1 ! pun*es rise a    
little ow+ to ! con=mation ( ! cam-:eel1
 & ?r\gh ! action ( ! spr+s1 b1 & all[ !
 moi/5] to move =w>d to damp5 ! little  
circles :i* rema9 at ! orifice ( !      
pun*es4 ,! moi/5] or damp5] is a sort ( 
pad equal 9 l5g? to ! field ( action ( !
 pun*es1 & is affix$ to a cross-b>1 ,f1 

:i* is connect$ at its two extremities )
 ! lev]s1 ,g1 t are actuat$ by !        
cam-:eels1 ,h4 ,^! cam-:eels1 or        
ecc5trics1 ,h1 :i* are m\nt$ on ! %aft (
 ! drum1 ,a1 cause ! moi/5] to move =w>d
 z soon z ! pun*es rise aft] op]at+1 &1 
:5 x arrives b5ea? ! pun*es1 ! l>g]     
cams1 a1 ( ! cam-:eels1 ,a1 press !     
latt] ^u ! pad & ?us effect ! damp5+ ( !
 circles ( velvet4  ,imm$iately         
aft]w>ds1 ! same ecc5trics1 ,h1 act+ on 
a lev]1 ,i1 uncov] ! holes 9 !          
/raight-edge1 ,c1 & ! *annel1 ,d4 ,!    
l>ge cams1 a1 ( ! :eel1 ,a1 !n act+ v   
p[]fully ^u ! respective pun*es1 cause  
^! latt] to pass ?r\gh ! orifices s t ! 
extremity ( ea* pun* comes )9 ab\t "o   
tw5ty-fif? ( an in* ( ! fabric to be    
dott$4 ,9 ?is passage ( ! tube1 d1 a    
small rod1 i1 connect$ by a lev] ) !    
plung]1 f1 is made to abut aga9/ !      
guide1 e1 ?us caus+ ! desc5t ( ! plung] 
to a suffici5t degree to pu% ! velvet   
dot out ( ! tube & to glue x ^u !       
fabric4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! op]ations are 

p]=m$ be+ n[ well en\gh und]/ood1 let u 
= a mom5t exam9e ! motions ( ! fabrics  
to be cut & dott$--! fir/ be+ velvet or 
any o!r mat]ial1 ev5 metal 7goldleaf1 = 
example71 & ! second1 ! tulle4  ,! latt]
 has b "o motion1 & t is 9 ! direction (
 its l5g?1 :ile ! velvet has1 9 addition
 to ?is same motion1 ano!r slight "o f  
"r to left 9 ! direction ( its wid? 9   
ord] to dim9i% wa/e z mu* z possible4   
,! tulle to be dott$ is fir/ w\nd ar\nd 
a roll]1 ,r1 f :5ce x passes ov] ! glass
 guide-roll]1 ,r'1 & betwe5 ! *annel1   
,d1 & ! table1 ,t1 to ! roll]1 ,r1 :i*  
is heat$ by /eam4  ,! hot air :i* is    
radiat$ dries ! dots1 & f !nce ! fabric 
is tak5 up by o!r roll]s or by any o!r  
me?od4 ,! /eam roll]1 ,r1 c>ries at "o (
 its extremities a rat*et :eel ^: tee?  
v>y 9 numb] accord+ to ! great] or less 
rapidity ) :i* ! tulle is unroll$4 ,x is
 actuat$ by a lev] :i* receives its     
motion f ! ecc5tric1 ,k4  ,illu/ration3 
,,improv$ ,,ma*9e ,,= ,,dott+ ,,tull&   
,,o!r ,,light ,,fabrics4  ,9 ! table1   

,t1 !re is a rectangul> receptacle1 t1  
conta9+ rasp$ or p[d]$ velvet = !       
purpose ( =m+ a rev]se ( ! dot4 ,?is    
p[d] atta*es itself to ! gum & imitates 
on ! wrong side ( ! fabric a dot simil> 
to t on ! upp] or "r side4 ,! velvet is 
w\nd ^u ! roll]1 r1 & f !nce passes "u !
 guid+ roll]1 r'1 ! pun*es1 & ! second  
roll]1 r4 ,^! two latt] roll]s are      
solidly connect$ by a /raight-edge fix$ 
at ! extremity ( ! lev]1 ,l1 ^: o!r end 
is 9 cont9u\s correlation ) ! ecc5tric1 
,m1 :i* controls ! lat]al displacem5ts2 
:ile ! ecc5tric1 ,o1 actuates1 by means 
( ! screw1 ,q1 & ! rat*et-:eel1 ,s1 !   
longitud9al advance ( ! velvet4 ,!      
ecc5tric1 ,m1 is fix$ ^u an axle1 ,a'1  
:i* c>ries a :eel1 ,u1 hav+ tee? incl9$ 
) respect to its axis1 & :i* d]ives its 
motion f ! ,ar*im$ean screw1 ,n1 fix$ at
 "o ( ! extremities ( ! cam-%aft1 ,a4   
,we h /at$ above t ! maximum daily h&   
production ( tulle dott$ 9 qu9cunxes (  
#j4jd ( an in* is ab\t "o y>d4 ,at !    
rate ( #cj revolutions p] m9ute1 & = !  

same article z t j m5tion$1 ?is dott+   
ma*9e is capable ( produc+1 !oretically1
 #cfj y>ds p] #aj h\rs2 b practically   
?is production is r$uc$ to ab\t #bej    
y>ds1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is suffici5tly        
satisfactory4         99       99       
99       99       99     ,,!            
,,reproduction ,,& ,,multiplication ,,( 
,,negatives4  ,by ,,erne/ ,,edw>ds1     
,b4,a4   ,a "q1 relative to ! subject ( 
reproduc+ negatives1 :i* 0 put at a     
meet+ ( "o ( y\r ,new ,york societies1  
prompts me to make a few rem>ks on !    
subject4  ,among ! num]\s & widely      
div]sifi$ ramifications ( our bus9ess 7!
 ,heliotype ,pr9t+ ,company7 we h v (t5 
to reproduce & multiply negatives 9 bo? 
a direct & rev]s$ =m4 ,v>i\s me?ods =   
do+ ?is h be5 tri$1 & ,i may "h say t ,i
 am q well aw>e ( all ! me?ods t h      
hi!rto be5 sugge/$ = ! purpose1 b t :i* 
,i am to describe is ! "o to :i*        
pref]5ce has be5 giv51 & :i* is t kn[n z
 ! c>bon process4  ,a %eet ( c>boniz$   
pap] or tissue1 hav+ be5 s5sitiz$ by    

imm]sion 9 a ba? ( bi*romate ( pota%1 is
 dri$ 9 ! d>k & plac$ away = future use1
 al?\gh x is undesirable t x be kept = m
 ?an f\r or five days4 ,?is is plac$ 9 a
 pr9t+ frame 9 contact ) ! negative &   
expos$ = a few m9utes1 aft] :i* x is    
imm]s$ 9 wat]1 squeege$ d[n ^u a glass  
plate1 & develop$ ) w>m wat] 9 ! way s  
well kn[n to c>bon pr9t]s4 ,! result is 
a transp>5cy :i*1 ow+ to hav+ receiv$ a 
suffici5t exposure1 %\ld %[ e detail ( !
 negative4 ,! nature ( ! tissue employ$ 
= su* a purpose mu/ be su* z to give no 
/rong contra/s1 b ev]y?+ reproduc$ ) s(t
 & f9e gradation ( tone4  ,! transp>5cy 
?us obta9$ =ms ! cli* by :i* ! negatives
 are subsequ5tly made2 & a negative (   
any size may be obta9$ by ! cam]a on wet
 or dry plates4 ,! transp>5cy mu/1 (    
c\rse1 be po9t$ to ! sky & ! light      
transmitt$ ?r\gh x1 no o!r light be+    
all[$ to rea* ! l5s except t :i* passes 
?r\gh ! c>bon transp>5cy4 ,c>e mu/ also 
be tak5 t ! transp>5cy is uni=mly       
light$4 ,if x is n possible to obta9 a  

nor!rn light1 :i* is be/1 a reflector ( 
:ite pap] or c>d may be us$ :i* mu/ be  
suffici5tly l>ge & plac$ at an angle (  
ab\t =ty-five degrees to ! transp>5cy4  
,if ! repeat$ negative is to be ( ! same
 size z ! orig9al x may be readily      
produc$ by repeat+ ! op]ation ( pr9t+ on
 c>bon tissue1 us+ ! transp>5cy 9 place 
( ! negative1 or us+ a dry plate 9 place
 ( ! tissue4 ,b on ! :ole ,i h satisfi$ 
myself t ! be/ results are to be obta9$ 
by ! fir/ me?od4 ,!re is a great]       
s(tness 9 ! latt] me?od1 b a great] "* &
 simil>ity to ! orig9al 9 ! =m] me?od4  
,!re is no d\bt t ! use ( ! c>bon       
transp>5cy removes ! h>dness &          
riffidness ( ! outl9es peculi> to ! old]
 me?od ( a collodion transp>5cy1 :ile ) 
c>bon z ! m$ium x is difficult = any b !
 mo/ exp]i5c$ eye to di/+ui% ! copy f ! 
orig9al4--,photo ,times4         99     
99       99       99       99     ,a    
,,new ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,gelat9e      
,,emulsion4   ,s9ce gelat9e emulsion    
fir/ came into use "o ( ! greate/       

tr\bles 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( x
 has be5 t ( wa%+4 ,accord+ to ! fir/   
me?ods ! "t tak5 = ?is "p ( ! process 01
 ,i believe1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x 0 v
 mu* r$uc$ & ! ease ( manufacture       
greatly facilitat$ by ! me?ods n[ mo/   
g5]ally us$1 & :i* 71 ,i believe1 fir/  
communicat$ by ,messrs4 ,wratt5 &       
,wa9right4 ,i ref] to ^? ( precipitat+ )
 alcohol & ( /ra9+ ! emulsion1 :5 set1  
?r\gh canvas1 s z to divide x v f9ely4  
,:5 ! latt] me?od is resort$ to a       
comp>atively %ort "t is suffici5t to wa%
 x4 ,?is me?od1 al?\gh a great          
improvem5t ^u ! old] ones1 yet leaves   
mu* to be desir$1 especially = ^? :o are
 n 9 ! habit ( mak+ emulsion regul>ly1 b
 only an occasional bat*4 ,:5 ! wea!r is
 at all w>m x takes a long "t = !       
emulsion to set1 unless ice be us$1 & :5
 once x is set ! wa%+ process is an     
exce$+ly messy "o unless ! wat] be cool$
 ) ice2 & ! am\nt ( wat] tak5 up dur+   
wa%+ is (t5 s great t !re is consid]able
 difficulty 9 gett+ ! emulsion to set on

 ! plates4 ,9 fact1 ev5 9 cold wea!r1 x 
is n an easy process to conduct 9 !     
necess>y ne> approa* to total d>kness4  
,consid]able suspicion has ( late be5   
?r[n ^u ! ?or\ghness ( ! alcohol me?od1 
unless ! emulsion has1 previ\s to       
precipitation1 be5 fre$ ( ! great] "p ( 
! soluble salts by wa%+2 t is to say1 x 
is d\btful :e!r ! :ole ( ! soluble salts
 c be elim9at$ by ! process1 &1 !re=e1  
unless 9 exceptionally hot wea!r1 x w\ld
 seem be/ n to tru/ to x1 except z a    
fur!r security aga9/ soluble bromide &  
nitrate aft] wa%+4 ,besides ?is1 !      
consumption ( alcohol is v l>ge4 ,almo/ 
?ree times ! am\nt ( ! emulsion         
precipitat$ is requir$1 & ?is1 ev5 :5   
me?ylat$ _s is us$1 adds consid]ably to 
! exp5se4 ,) a view ( do+ away ) ! wa%+ 
altoge!r1 or1 r1 ( wa%+ ( ! silv]       
bromide :5 n incorporat$ ) ! gelat9e1   
sev]al processes h be5 inv5t$4 ,by ^!   
silv] bromide is obta9$ 9 a v f9e /ate (
 division1 ready to mix ) gelat9e & wat]
 9 any proportion4  ,! be/ kn[n ( !m is 

,capta9 ,abney's v +5i\s glyc]9e me?od1 
:i* seems to h be5 ?or\ghly successful 9
 8 h&s1 al?\gh x has n be5 9 e "o's4 ,! 
silv] bromide obta9$ by 8 process is n  
highly s5sitive1 & requires boil+ )     
gelat9e be=e x is 9 a fit /ate to make a
 rapid plate4  ,we h lately _h describ$ 
9 ^! columns a me?od ( obta9+ bromide 9 
a highly-s5sitive /ate by means ( ! use 
( an acid1 :]eby1 aft] emulsify+ &      
boil+1 ! viscosity ( ! gelat9e 0        
de/roy$1 & ! bromide 9 "t deposit$      
itself4 ,dur+ ! late hot wea!r1 :5 wa%+ 
became almo/ impossible1 ,i 0 l$ to ca/ 
ab\t = "s me?od ( elim9at+ ! soluble    
salts less t$i\s & sloppy ?an t ( wa%+1 
m c]ta9 & less exp5sive ?an t (         
precipitat+ ! :ole ( gelat9e ) alcohol1 
& :i* w\ld take less "t ?an ! me?od (   
obta9+ ! bromide 9 a pure =m4  ,my fir/ 
idea 0 to make up ! solutions us$ 9     
emulsify+ 9 a v conc5trat$ =m1 &1 aft]  
emulsify+1 boil+1 & all[+ to cool1 to   
add to ! ?9 emulsion ?us obta9$ gelat9e 
to ! am\nt ( tw5ty gra9s to ! ounce1 &  

to precipitate ?is ) alcohol1 ! re/ ( ! 
gelat9e requir$ to make up ! bulk be+   
aft]w>ds add$1 & ! :ole ?or\ghly        
incorporat$ by w>m+ & %ak+4 ,i 0 ?us    
successful 9 r$uc+ ! am\nt ( alcohol    
requir$ to "o-?ird ( :at w\ld be        
necess>y if ! :ole ( ! emulsion 7       
precipitat$2 b /ill ,i f\nd t1 if a     
reliable emulsion 7 requir$1 ! pellicle 
z =m$ _h to be wa%$ to free x f ! la/   
trace ( soluble salts4  ,x n[ /ruck me t
 x might be possible to precipitate !   
bromide ( silv] direct f a v weak       
solution ( gelat9e1 & obta9 x 9 su* a =m
 t x might be filt]$1 wa%$1 & 9 e way   
treat$ z an ord9>y precipitate4 ,i tri$ 
! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,i took--      #a4   
,silv] nitrate44444444444444444444444   
#bjj  gra9s                             
,wat]4444444444444444444444444444444    
#a ounce4     #b4 ,ammonia              
bromide4444444444444444444444 #abj      
gra9s4                                  
,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444   
#a ounce4                               

,gelat9e44444444444444444444444444444   
#ab  gra9s4  ,i emulsifi$ ! two toge!r 9
 ! usual way1 all[$ ! :ole to cool1 & !n
 p\r$ ! ?9 emulsion into ab\t t5 ounces 
( alcohol1 /irr+ ! :ile4 ,z ,i _h       
anticipat$1 a floccul5t precipitate 0   
=m$1 :i* settl$ to ! bottom ( ! vessel 9
 a few m9utes4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 s5sitive 
bromide ( silv] mix$ ) a v small        
quantity ( gelat9e 7ab\t five p] c5t471 
& c\ld1 ,i f\nd1 be treat$ 9 ! same     
mann] z a bromide precipitate f an      
aque\s solution2 x might be wa%$1 ei!r  
by decantation or by filtration1 easily 
dri$1 & d\btless c\ld1 :5 dry1 be kept =
 an indef9ite "t1 & be at any "t us$ by 
mix+ ) gelat9e & wat] 9 any proportion  
?\ght fit4  ,i f\nd t a less am\nt (    
gelat9e ?an f\r gra9s to ! ounce 0      
suffici5t to c>ry ! bromide d[n1 :ile   
five gra9s to ! ounce c>ri$ x d[n 9     
some?+ :i* ,i consid]$ too ne> an       
approa* to a pla/ic mass4  ,x w be      
notic$ t 9 ! exp]im5ts :i* ,i h describ$
 ! emulsion _h n be5 boil$1 s t !       

s5sitiv5ess ( ! bromide 0 probably n    
great4 ,z ! exp]im5t 0 done 9 daylight x
 0 ( no practical use = mak+ emulsion2 b
 ,i h s9ce made sev]al bat*es 9 ?is     
mann] & h f\nd !m mo/ satisfactory4  ,:5
 s5sitiv5ess is s\ght by boil+ ,i r9d x 
necess>y to add a small quantity (      
gelat9e aft] boil+ & be=e precipitat+1 z
 t :i* has be5 kept = "s "t at a high   
temp]ature seems to h lo/ ! viscosity   
necess>y to c>ry d[n ! silv] bromide 9  
su* a =m t x c he easily sep>at$ f !    
alcohol & wat]4  ,! practical mann] (   
mak+ an emulsion by ?is me?od may be z  
foll[s4 ,make up ! foll[+ mixtures3     
,i4   ,silv]                            
nitrate444444444444444444444444444444444
4444444444#djj gra9s4                   
,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444
444444444444444444 #c ounces4    ,,ii4  
,ammonia                                
bromide444444444444444444444444444444444
444444444#bdj gra9s4                    
,gelat9e44444444444444444444444444444444
444444444444444444#bd gra9s             

,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444
444444444444444444 #c ounces4           
,hydro*loric acid en\gh to slightly     
acidify ! solution4    ,,iii4           
,gelat9e44444444444444444444444444444444
44444444444444444 #bj gra9s4            
,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444
44444444444444444   ounce4   ,,iv4      
,h>d gelat9e 7say ,nelson's ,x opaque1  
or ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4                         
,h5d]son's744444444444444444444444444444
444#bdj gra9s4   ,s(t gelat9e 7,nelson's
 ,no4#a7444444444444444444444444444 #bdj
 gra9s4                                 
,wat]44444444444444444444444444444444444
444444444444444444#bd ounces4  ,nos4    
,,ii41 ,,iii41 & ,,iv4 are all[$ to /&  
until ! gelat9e is s(t5$4 ,no4 ,i is !n 
w>m$ 9 a hock bottle until ! gelat9e is 
j melt$1 :5 ,no4 ,,ii4 is p\r$ into x1 a
 little at a "t1 ) vigor\s %ak+1 until !
 :ole is emulsifi$4 ,x is !n transf]r$  
to an ord9>y jelly c1 :i* is plac$ 9 a  
saucepan half full ( wat] ov] a r+      
,buns5 burn] 9 ! d>k room1 & boil$ =    

half an h\r4 ,x is !n all[$ to cool to  
ab\t #ajj ,fahr41 :5 ,no4 ,,iii4 is     
add$4 ,! :ole is !n all[$ to get q cool1
 :5 x is p\r$1 ) /irr+1 into ab\t "o p9t
 ( me?ylat$ _s4 ,if x be wi%$ !         
precipitate may n[ be filt]$ out & wa%$ 
at once l an ord9>y filtrate1 b ,i pref]
 to all[ x to settle1 :i* x w d 9 ab\t  
five m9utes4 ,! sup]natant fluid is !n  
g5tly p\r$ (f4  ,?is fluid w h !        
appe>ance ( /ill conta9+ a consid]able  
am\nt ( ! silv] bromide2 b if x be kept 
& filt]$ x w be se5 t ! quantity is     
really s small t x may be disreg>d$4 ,we
 all "k :at an al>m+ quantity ( silv]   
seems to be go+ d[n ! s9k :5 we wa%     
vessels to :i* a v small quantity (     
emulsion is adh]+4 ,if filt]+ be resort$
 to ! liquid :i* comes ?r\gh w be q     
cle>4 ,?is 0 some:at unexpect$ by me1 z1
 if an emulsion conta9+ ! :ole ( !      
gelat9e be precipitat$ into alcohol 9 ! 
usual way1 ! alcohol becomes milky ) a  
sub/ance :i* c\ld n1 ,i imag9e1 be      
filt]$ f x4  ,two or ?ree ounces (      

me?ylat$ _s are n[ add$ to ! vessel     
conta9+ ! silv] bromide1 & ! latt] well 
mix$ ) x4 ,?is makes ! precipitate      
firm]--if su* an expression be          
all[able--& ?is "t x w s9k to ! bottom  
almo/ imm$iately aft] ! /irr+ has ceas$1
 & ! alcohol may be p\r$ (f4  ,i consid]
 t ! bromide 9 ?is /ate is practically  
free f soluble salts1 b x may be wa%$ ) 
"o or two *anges ( wat] if desir$4  ,no4
 ,,iv4 is n[ g5tly heat$ till ! gelat9e 
is melt$ & ! precipitate mix$ ) x4 ,x   
mu/ be kept w>m = "s "t1 & %ak5         
vigor\sly until all granul>ity has      
disappe>$1 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 asc]ta9$ by
 plac+ a drop ( ! emulsion on a piece ( 
glass1 & exam9+ x4 ,if x be wi%$ to keep
 ! bromide ( silv] = future use x may be
 plac$ on a piece ( musl9 /ret*$ 9 !    
dry+-box1 :5 x w dry 9 a v %ort "t2 &1  
al?\gh ,i _c speak f exp]i5ce on ?is    
po9t1 x w1 ,i h no d\bt1 keep = an      
indef9ite "t s long z light is kept f x4
  ,if x be desir$ ! ammonio-nitrate     
me?od may be us$ in/ead ( ! boil+ "o1   

al?\gh 9 my h&s x does n give su*       
s5sitiv5ess4 ,if x be desir$ to use ?is 
me?od1 solution ,nos4 ,i1 ,,ii41 & ,,iv4
 are made up exactly z = ! boil+ me?od1 
except t ,no4 ,,ii4 is n acidifi$4      
,liquid ammonia is !n p\r$ ) /irr+ into 
! silv] solution1 until x black5s & aga9
 cle>s4 ,emulsification is p]=m$ exactly
 z describ$ above1 b in/ead ( boil+1 !  
emulsion is kept at a temp]ature ( ab\t 
#ajj ,fahr4 = half an h\r1 :5 x is p\r$ 
into ! alcohol1 no addition ( gelat9e   
be+ previ\sly made4  ,i ?9k ,i may claim
 = ! me?od :i* ,i h j describ$ t x is   
less tr\blesome & m c]ta9 ?an ei!r !    
ord9>y wa%+ me?od or ! usual "o (       
precipitat+ ) alcohol1 :ile x af=ds an  
easy me?od ( mak+ s5sitive silv] bromide
 9 su* a =m t x c be m easily /or$ &    
aft]w>ds manipulat$ ?an if x 7 9 ! =m ( 
pellicle4 ,! :ole ( ! soluble salts are 
elim9at$1 & also any gelat9e :i* may h  
be5 de/roy$ 9 ! cook+4 ,! am\nt (       
alcohol us$ is comp>atively small2 9    
fact1 to prep>e silv] bromide = a p9t ( 

emulsion v little m ?an a p9t ( me?ylat$
 _s is requir$4 ,besides ?is ,i d n ?9k 
t ,i w\ld be wrong 9 say+ t ! *ance (   
gre5 fog is r$uc$ to a m9imum4  ,let me 
take ?is opportunity ( ?ank+ ,capta9    
,abney = 8 prompt reply to my "q ab\t ! 
connection betwe5 ! proportion ( bromide
 to gelat9e 9 emulsions1 & ! d5sity (   
result+ images4--,w4 ,k4 ,burton1 9     
,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,illu/ration3 ,old ,wr\ght ,iron ,gates1
 ,guildhall4         99       99        
99       99       99     ,,! ,,pott]y   
,,& ,,porcela9 ,,indu/ries ,,( ,,japan4 
,japanese *ronicles claim t ! fir/      
pott]y 0 made 9 ! ye> #ffj ,b4,c42 x 0  
n1 h[ev]1 until ! ,*ri/ian era t ! art  
made any consid]able advances4 ,9 ! ye> 
#abbc ,a4,d41 great improvem5ts 7 made 9
 manufacture & decoration ( ! w>e4 ,f t 
date to ! sixte5? c5tury ! great        
pott]ies ( ,ow>i1 ,hiz51 ,m9o1 ,kioto1  
,kaga1 & ,satsuma 7 e/abli%$4 ,!        
,rahn-,yaki1 or crackl$ w>e1 0 fir/ made

 at ,kioto1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! sixte5? 
c5tury4 ,! be/ old ,hiz5 w>e1 t :i* is  
/ill ! mo/ admir$1 0 made at ,arita     
,hiz51 9 #aehj to #aehe2 ! old ,satsuma 
dates f #aeib4 ,consul-,g5]al ,van ,bur5
 /ates t porcela9 clays are f\nd 9 ne>ly
 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & ! diff]5t k9ds  
are usually f\nd 9 close proximity1 &   
close to canals & riv]s1 :i* is (       
consid]able advantage1 z af=d+ a means (
 transport4 ,9 all cases e v>iety ( clay
 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pott]y is f\nd 9 
a natural /ate2 !re is no necessity to  
manufacture ! qu>tzose or fusible clays 
z is done 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & :i* adds 
consid]ably to ! co/ ( ! w>e4 ,"o ( !   
peculi>ities 9 ! clay f\nd 9 ,japan is t
 x conta9s bo? ! fusible & infusible    
mat]ials 9 su* proportions z to make a  
light1 beautiful1 transluc5t1 & durable 
porcela94 ,at ,arita1 9 ,hiz51 !re is a 
clay f\nd :i* conta9s #ghc_/d p] c5t1 ( 
silica1 & l#gc_/d p] c5t1 ( alum9a2 f   
?is clay is made ! delicate1 transluc5t 
egg%ell w>e1 )\t ! addition ( any o!r   

matt]4 ,f an adjo9+ bluff a clay is tak5
 :i* has #ej p] c5t1 ( silica1 & #ch p] 
c5t1 ( alum9a2 f ?is ! common porcela9  
is made4  ,pott]'s clay is f\nd 9 v l>ge
 quantities 9 ! prov9ces ( ,yama%iro1   
,hoki1 ,turoo ,iyo1 ,hiz51 ,higo1 ,ow>i1
 ,mika]a1 ,idyn1 ,musa%i1 & ,m9o4 ,9 !  
:ole ( ,japan !re are #bhc localities   
:]e ! clay is deposit$2 _m ( ^! only    
furni% inf]ior clays1 b !y are all fitt$
 = use 9 "s ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( pott]y4 ,^!
 clays are ?or\ghly p[d]$ by means ( :at
 is call$ balance p\nd]s1 work$ 9 "s    
localities by wat]-p[]1 b ! "w is (t5   
done by h&4 ,! p[d] is !n dri$1 & /or$  
on bo>ds or 9 flat boxes4 ,?is d\gh does
 n g ?r\gh ! process ( f]m5tation4 ,!   
%ap+ is almo/ exclusively done on !     
pott]'s :eel1 :i* is set on a pivot     
work+ 9 a porcela9 eye4 ,z a rule1 !    
:eel is turn$ by ! pott] himself1 b 9   
,hiz5 x is kept 9 motion by means ( a b&
 connect$ ) its pivot & ano!r :eel turn$
 by a boy4 ,9 mak+ di%es ( o!r %ape ?an 
r\nd1 a crude m\ld is sometimes us$4    

,aft] ! clay has be5 %ap$ on ! :eel1 x  
is set away = dry+1 & usually 9 two or  
?ree days x is consid]$ suffici5tly dry 
= smoo?+1 :i* is done on ! :eel ) a %>p 
curv$ knife4 ,! mat]ial is n[ made into 
bisque1 or biscuit1 by a prelim9>y bak+ 
9 small ov5s1 :5 x is ready = pa9t+1 if 
x is to be pa9t$ on ! biscuit2 if n1 x  
is ready = ! glaz+4 ,9 ei!r ev5t x w !n 
g to ! l>ge furnace = ! f9al bak+4 ,!   
kilns = ?is purpose are always built on 
hill sides1 & are jo9$ toge!r1 increas+ 
9 size f ! l[] to ! high] ones1 & 9     
numb] f f\r to tw5ty five2 ^! kilns are 
s con/ruct$ t ! draught is f ! l[e/ "o1 
9 addition to :i* ea* kiln has its own  
fir+ place4 ,! result ( ?is con/ruction 
is t ! upp] ones are by f> ! mo/ heat$1 
& ! w>e is arrang$ accord+ly2 t :i*     
requires ! lea/ bak+1 9 ! l[] kiln1 & t 
:i* requires ! greate/ heat1 9 ! upp]4  
,^! connect+ kilns h ! m]it ( be+ heat  
sav+1 b !y are usually small & badly    
con/ruct$1 & ! heat 9 none ( !m is      
uni=m4  ,! glaze is made f ! silici\s   

clay & pota% extract$ f wood a%es4 ,?is 
pota% is n a pure :ite1 & ?is acc\nts = 
! dirty color usually to be obs]v$ 9    
unpa9t$ ,japanese w>e4 ,9 diff]5t       
di/ricts ! pa9t+ v>ies4 ,= in/ance1 9   
,ow>i1 ! great] "p ( ! w>e is pa9t$ a   
cobalt blue--! cobalt ore be+ f\nd 9 !  
bluffs ne> ! clay deposits1 & is us$ =  
pa9t+ ! *eap] w>es1 & = ?is purpose     
,g]man cobalt is also employ$4 ,! pa9t+ 
) cobalt is g5]ally done on ! biscuit   
be=e glaz+4 ,9 sev]al di/ricts a v      
h&some w>e is made1 & pa9t$ on ! glaze4 
,= ?is k9d ( pa9t+ ! colors are mix$ ) a
 silicate ( lead & pota%1 & bak$ ! ?ird 
"t 9 a small furnace at a l[ temp]ature4
 ,! color+ oxides 9 use are ^? ( copp]1 
cobalt1 iron1 antimony1 manganese1 &    
gold4 ,japanese porcela9 pa9t+ may be   
divid$ into two categories1 decorative &
 graphic2 ! fir/ is us$ to improve !    
vessel ^u :i* x is plac$1 & ?is class   
includes all ! w>e except t ( ! prov9ce 
( ,kaga1 :i* w\ld come "u ! head (      
graphic1 z x del9eates all ! trades1    

occupations1 sports1 cu/oms1 & co/umes (
 ! p1 z well z ! sc5]y1 flora1 & fauna (
 ! c\ntry4 ,ow>i w>e is made 9 ! prov9ce
 ( t "n2 x is n z transluc5t1 b /rong] &
 m t5aci\s ?an "s ( ! ,hiz5 manufacture4
  ,! pr9cipal pott]ies are at a village 
call$ ,sto1 twelve miles f ! sea2 9 ?is 
village !re are m ?an #bjj kilns4 ,! w>e
 is mo/ly pa9t$ a cobalt blue1 & is     
m]ely ( a decorative k9d1 consi/+ (     
bran*es ( trees1 grass1 fl[]s1 birds1 & 
insects1 all ^! be+ copi$ by ! arti/ f  
nature4 ,all ! ,ow>i w>e is true h>d    
porcela91 & is /rong & durable4 ,9      
,hiz51 a numb] ( w>es are manufactur$1 !
 be/ kn[n k9d be+ ! ,eur>i1 :i* is made 
at ,arita1 b pa9t$ at ,eur>i4 ,! colors 
9 use are r$1 blue1 gre51 & gold2 ^! are
 comb9$ 9 v>i\s proportions1 b1 z a     
rule1 ! r$ pr$om9ates4 ,g5]ally !       
surface ( ! vessel is divid$ into       
m$allions ( figures1 :i* alt]nately h   
r$1 blue1 or :ite back-gr\nd1 ) figures 
9 gre5 or blue & gold4  ,! egg-%ell     
porcela9 sold at ,nagasaki is made 9 ?is

 prov9ce f ,arita clay1 & ?is is made f 
clay ) no admixture ( fusible matt]     
except t conta9$ by ! clay naturally4 ,!
 prov9ce ( ,satsuma is not$ = crackl$   
w>e4 ,x is only )9 a v few ye>s t l>ge  
vases h be5 manufactur$1 & 9 e>li] days 
! old w>e 0 conf9$ to small vessels4 ,! 
glaze is a silicate ( alum9a & pota%1 & 
! be/ w>e has a complete network ( !    
f9e/ crackles2 ! pa9t+ is ( birds &     
fl[]s1 & not$ = its delicate l9es (     
gre51 r$1 & gold4  ,9 ,kioto1 ! w>e     
manufactur$ is v simil> to t produc$ 9  
,satsuma1 b x is light] & m por\s2 !    
decorations are also ne>ly ! same1 be+ (
 birds & fl[]s4 ,!re is a description ( 
w>e made 9 ,kioto1 call$ ,eraku1 ! :ole 
body ( :i* is cov]$ ) a r$ oxide ( iron1
 & ov] ?is my?ical figures ( gold are   
trac$4 ,t produc$ 9 ,kagja is faence1 & 
9 ! /yle ( pa9t+ is unlike any o!r 9    
,japan1 ! pr$om9at+ color be+ a light   
r$1 us$ ) gre5 & gold4 ,! designs ) :i* 
x is pr(usely decorat$ are trees1       
grasses1 fl[]s1 birds1 & figures ( all  

classes ( p1 ) _! co/umes1 occupations1 
& pa/imes4 ,! ,banko w>e is made at !   
head ( ! ,ow>i ,bay2 x is an unglaz$    
/one-w>e1 v light & durable1 made on    
m\lds 9 irregul> %apes1 & decorat$ )    
figures 9 relief4 ,on ! isl& ( ,awadji1 
a delicate1 creamy1 crackl$1 s(t pa/e   
porcela9 is made4 ,! figures us$ 9      
decoration are birds & fl[]s1 b outl9$  
by heavy1 d>k l9es4  ,consul ,van ,bur5 
is ( op9ion t1 at no di/ant day1 ,japan 
w be "o ( ! =emo/ competitors 9 ! pott]y
 m>kets ( ! _w1 on acc\nt ( ! great     
v>iety & excell5ce ( ! clays1 _!        
proximity to ! sea1 ! *eapness ( labor1 
& ! beauty & orig9ality ( ! decorations4
 ,already ?is important indu/ry has be5 
greatly /imulat$ by ! =eign dem&1 & by !
 success ( ,japanese exhibitors at !    
,exhibitions ( ,vi5na1 ,philadelphia1 & 
,p>is4--,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts4   
99       99       99       99       99  
,pr(essor ,julius ,e4 ,hilg>d1 = tw5ty  
ye>s assi/ant 9 *>ge ( ! (fice1 has be5 
plac$ 9 tempor>y *>ge ( ! ,coa/ &       

,geodetic ,survey4 ,x is und]/ood t he w
 be appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t to succe$ ! late 
,capta9 ,c>lile ,p4 ,patt]son4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,fr5* ,,cry/al ,,palace4   ,! fir/ 
idea ( ! ,fr5* ,cry/al ,palace 0 sugge/$
 by ! ,engli% /ructure ( ! same "n at   
,syd5ham1 ab\t eight miles f ,london4   
,su* a /ructure1 z may be readily       
conceiv$1 requires a site ( va/ ext5t1 &
 "o t %all be easy ( access & possess ! 
mo/ agreeable surr\nd+s4 ,to ! promot] (
 ! project1 ^? portions ( ! p>k ( ,/4   
,cl\d 9 ! vic9age ( ! old *ateau appe>$ 
to comb9e )9 !mselves all ! conditions t
 7 desirable1 & he1 !re=e1 on ! #ae? (  
,decemb]1 #ahgi1 address$ ! ,m9i/]s (   
,public ,works & ( ,f9ances ask+ = !    
necess>y concessions4 ,! ext5sive       
specifications h be5 f9ally complet$ & w
 probably be %ortly submitt$ = !        
approval ( ! p>liam5t4 ,! mom5t has     
arriv$ !n = ! public press to take      
cognizance ( a project :i* conc]ns s    
great int]e/s4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fr5*

 ,,cry/al ,,palace--,,p>k ,,( ,,/       
,,cl\d1 ,,p>is4  ,at pres5t we %all say 
a few words  propos ( ! engrav+ we      
pres5t h]e)4 ,! ,fr5* ,cry/al ,palace w 
consi/ ( "o great nave1 two lat]al      
naves1 two surr\nd+ gall]ies1 & a va/   
rotunda beh9d4 ,! pr9cipal entrance1    
locat$ at ! head ( ! av5ue lead+ f !    
pres5t ru9s 7:i* w1 ere long1 be        
trans=m$ into a mo/ int]e/+ museum71 w  
exhibit a v /rik+ aspect ) its monum5tal
 f\nta9 & ! dome :i* x is propos$ to    
erect ov] ! v entrance itself4 ,! :ole  
/ructure w cov] ab\t n9ete5 acres (     
gr\nd1 ?us be+ two & a half times !     
ext5t ( ! ,palace ( ,indu/ry 9 ! ,*amps 
,elysees4 ,! great nave ( honor w be    
ne>ly #a1fej ft4 9 l5g?1 #gh ft4 9 wid?1
 & #ih ft4 9 height4 ,! dome w measure  
exactly #cbh ft4 9 height1 or #aje ft4 m
 ?an ! t[]s ( ,notre ,dame4 ,! /ructure1
 ) ! exception ( basem5t & f\ndation1 w 
be ( glass & iron4  ,! project :i* we   
publi% to-day has be5 /udi$ & gott5 up1 
accord+ to ! g5]al plans & dim5sions    

sugge/$ by ! promot]1 by ,mr4 ,dum\l91 !
 ar*itect4 ,we are in=m$ t ! build] is  
to be ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,hunnebelle1 a        
contractor well kn[n f ! ext5sive works 
t he has execut$1 & :o is presid5t ( !  
,syndical ,*amb] ( ,contractors ( ,p>is4
  ,among ! annexes ( ?is palace we may  
note a ,palace ( ! ,republic1 to be     
built on ! ru9s & design$ = illu/ri\s or
 di/+ui%$ visitors1 su* z ! ,presid5t ( 
! ,republic1 ! ,m9i/]s1 ! ,municipal    
,c\ncil ( ,p>is1 =eign delegates1 etc42 
a f>m h\se = special exhibitions & a    
field = exp]im5ts2 gall]ies1 cottages1  
etc4  ,z = ! programme1 :i* embraces six
 divisions & num]\s subdivisions1 we are
 unable to give x at pres5t = want (    
space2 we ne$ only say t x satisfies    
p]fectly all ! conditions ( s va/ an    
und]tak+4  ,9 ! h&s ( ! projector1 ,mr4 
,nicole1 :o is well kn[n f 8 long       
exp]i5ce 9 su* matt]s1 ! exhibition w   
und\bt$ly prove a success & be          
in/rum5tal 9 add+ prosp]ity to all ,fr5*
 indu/ries4         99       99       99

       99       99  ,,! ,,great ,,heat  
,,( ,,! ,,sun4--,pr(4 ,s4 ,p4 ,langley  
has made ! foll[+ calculation3 ,a       
sunbeam "o c5timet] 9 section is f\nd 9 
! cle> sky ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s to   
br+ to ! e>? 9 "o m9ute en\gh heat to   
w>m "o gramme ( wat] by #a ,c4 ,x w\ld1 
!re=e1 if conc5trat$ ^u a film ( wat]   
#a_/ejj? ( a millimet] ?ick1 #a         
millimet] wide1 & #aj millimet]s long1  
raise x #hc #a_/c 9 "o second1 provid$  
all ! heat c\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,& s9ce !   
specific heat ( plat9um is only #j4jjcb 
a /rip ( plat9um ( ! same dim5sions     
w\ld1 on a simil> supposition1 be w>m$ 9
 "o second to #b1fjc ,c4--a temp]ature  
suffici5t to melt x6         99       99
       99       99       99     ,,*ateau
 ,,9 ,,! ,,aegean ,,sea4   ,f ! site (  
?is build+1 magnific5t views are obta9$ 
ov] ! isl&-dott$ sea & ! ma9l& ( ,asia  
,m9or3 b1 ?\gh e prospect pleases1 x is 
a l& ( e>?quakes1 & un=tunately1 ! works
 at ! *ateau h be5 susp5d$1 ow+ to !    
dreadful calamity :i* has rec5tly fall5 

^u ! di/rict4 ,! build+ is int5d$ = !   
resid5ce ( an ,engli% lady ( exalt$     
rank4 ,x is to be built ( local :ite    
/one1 ! hall1 /aircase1 etc41 be+ l9$ & 
pav$ ) m>bles4 ,! hall is a l>ge ap>tm5t
 ab\t #be ft4 high1 ) panel$ ceil+1 hav+
 gall]ies on two sides1 giv+ access to !
 rooms surr\nd+ x on fir/ floor1 & to ! 
turret /aircase lead+ to ro(s1 etc4 ,) !
 exception ( sanit>y app>atus1 pa9t$    
w9d[s1 etc4 7:i* w be suppli$ by ,engli%
 firms71 ! :ole ( ! "w w be execut$ by  
native labor4 ,! ar*itect is ,mr4 ,edw9 
,t4 ,hall1 ,london4--,build+ ,news4     
,illu/ration3 ,,sugge/ions ,,9          
,,ar*itecture--,a ,,ca/ellat$ ,,*ateau4 
99       99       99       99       99  
,,electric ,,p[]4   ,j n[ no?+ save     
electricity is talk$ ab\t 9 sci5tific   
circles4 ,dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti%      
,association ! greate/ possible prom95ce
 0 giv5 to electrical que/ions &        
propositions ,! success ( ! electric    
light1 ! introduction ( ! ,faure batt]y 
) a great fl\ri% ( trumpets1 & !        

magnific5t display ( electrical         
in/rum5ts & ma*9]y at ,p>is1 h all      
op]at$ to ! same end4 ,! daily press has
 tak5 ! subject up1 & j\rnals :i* 7 no?+
 hi!rto if n political1 n[ indulge 9    
magnific5t rhapsodies conc]n+ ! future (
 electricity4 ,ev5 em95t eng9e]s1 c>ri$ 
away by ! intoxication ( ! mom5t1 h n   
hesitat$ to say t ! /eam eng9e is doom$1
 & t its place w be tak5 by !           
electricity eng9e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ?is  
noise & clamor & bl[+ ( p]sonal         
trumpets1 x is n easy to keep "o's head 
cle>1 & mi/akes may be made :i* w cause 
disappo9tm5t to _m & ret>d ! progress ( 
electrical sci5ce4 ,we confid5tly expect
 t electricity w prove a pot5t ag5t by &
 by 9 ! h&s ( ! speculator = extract+   
gold f ! pockets ( ! public1 & we write 
n[ to w>n our read]s 9 "t1 & to endeavor
 to cle> ! air ( "s ( ! mi/s ) :i* x is 
obscur$4 ,!re is1 no d\bt1 a great      
future be=e electricity2 b x is equally 
c]ta9 t electricity c nev] d _m ?+s :i* 
! half in=m$ may be readily made to     

believe x w d4 ,we propose "h to say    
en\gh on ?is po9t to enlight5 our       
read]s1 )\t tr\bl+ !m ) p]plex+ problems
 & speculations4  ,no "o at ?is mom5t   
kn[s :at electricity is2 b = our pres5t 
purpose we may reg>d x z a fluid1       
non-ela/ic1 & )\t weight1 & univ]sally  
diffus$ ?r\gh ! univ]se4 ,to judge by   
rec5tly publi%$ /atem5ts1 a l>ge section
 ( ! read+ public are taught t ?is fluid
 is a s\rce ( p[]1 & t x may be made to 
d ! "w ( coal4 ,?is is a delusion4 ,s   
long z electricity rema9s 9 :at we may  
call a normal /ate ( repose1 x is in]t4 
,be=e we c get any "w out ( electricity 
a some:at great] am\nt ( "w mu/ be done 
^u x4 ,if ?is fundam5tal & mo/ important
 tru? be kept 9 view x w n be easy to   
make a grave mi/ake 9 e/imat+ ! value ( 
any ( ! num]\s s*emes = mak+ electricity
 d "w :i* w ere long be br\ght be=e !   
public4 ,to r5d] our mean+ cle>]1 we may
 expla9 t 9 produc+ ! electric light1 = 
in/ance1 a c]ta9 quantity ( electricity 
passes 9 ?r\gh "o wire to ! lamp1 &     

precisely ! same quantity passes out    
?r\gh ! o!r wire1 & on to ! e>? or      
return wire complet+ ! circuit4 ,n only 
is ! quantity ! same1 ! velocity is also
 un*ang$4 ,b 9 go+ ?r\gh ! lamp ! curr5t
 has done some?+4 ,x has ov]come !      
resi/ance ( ! c>bons1 heat$ !m to a     
dazzl+ :ite heat1 & s p]=m$ "w4 ,9 do+  
?is ! curr5t ( electricity has lo/      
some?+4 ,l$ f ! fir/ lamp to a second1 x
 is f\nd p[]less--if ! fir/ lamp be (   
suffici5t size4 ,:at is x t !           
electricity has lo/8 ,x has p>t$ ) :at  
electricians w\ld t]m pot5tial1 or !    
capacity = p]=m+ "w4 ,:at ?is is        
precisely1 or 9 :at way ! pres5ce or    
abs5ce ( pot5tial modifies ! nature ( ! 
electric curr5t1 no "o kn[s2 b x is kn[n
 t ?is pot5tial c only be conf]r$ on    
electricity by do+ "w on ! electricity 9
 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! analogy betwe5      
electricity & a liquid l wat] w n[ be   
recogniz$4 ,s long z ! wat] is at re/1 x
 is in]t4 ,if we pump x up to a height1 
we conf] on x ! equival5t ( pot5tial4   

,we c let ! wat] fall into ! buckets (  
an ov]%ot :eel4 ,its velocity leav+ !   
tail race may be id5tical ) t at :i* x  
left ! supply tr\gh to desc5d on ! :eel4
 ,its quantity w be ! same4 ,x w be 9   
all respects un*ang$1 j z ! curr5t (    
electricity pass+ ?r\gh a lamp is       
un*ang$2 b x has1 nev]!less1 lo/ some?+4
 ,x has p>t$ ) its pot5tial--capacity = 
do+ "w--& x becomes once m in]t4 ,b !   
duty :i* x dis*>g$ 9 turn+ ! mill :eel 0
 some:at less ?an ! precise equival5t ( 
! "w done 9 pump+ x up to a level ) !   
top ( ! :eel4 ,9 ! same way ! electric  
curr5t nev] c d "w equal 9 am\nt to ! "w
 done on x 9 end[+ x ) pot5tial4  ,x w  
?us be se5 t electricity c only be us$ z
 a means ( transmitt+ p[] f "o place to 
ano!r1 or = /or+ p[] up at "o "t to be  
us$ at a subsequ5t p]iod2 b x _c be us$ 
to orig9ate p[] 9 ! way coal c be us$4  
,x possesses no inh]5t pot5tial4 ,x is  
incapable ( p]=m+ "w unless some?+ is   
done to x fir/4 ,we h spok5 ( x z a     
fluid1 b only = ! sake ( illu/ration4 ,z

 we h said1 no "o kn[s :at x is1 b !    
!ory :i* bids fair = acceptance is t x  
is a mode ( motion ( ! all-p]vad+ e!r4  
,v curi\s & in/ructive exp]im5ts are n[ 
be+ c>ri$ out 9 ,p>is by ,dr4 ,bj]kness1
 ( ,*ri/iania1 9 ! ,norwegian section ( 
! electrical exhibition4 ,?is g5tleman  
subm]ges ?9 ela/ic diaphragms 9 wat]1 & 
causes !m to vibrate1 or r pulsate1 by  
compress$ air4 ,he f9ds t if !y pulsate 
syn*ron\sly !y attract ea* o!r4 ,if !   
pulsations are n simultane\s1 ! disks   
repel ea* o!r4 ,f ?is & o!r results he  
has obta9$1 x may be argu$ t ! e!r plays
 ! "p ( ! wat] 9 ,dr4 ,bj]kness' tank1 &
 t :5 special =ms ( vibration are set up
 9 bodies !y become compet5t to attract 
or repel o!r bodies4 ,?is be+ s1 x w be 
se5 t ! p[] ( attraction or repulsion ( 
an electrical body dep5ds 9 ! fir/      
in/ance on ! motion set up 9 ! body     
attract$ or repuls$1 & ?is motion is1 ( 
c\rse1 "s function ( ! "w orig9ally done
 on ! body4 ,we ne$ n pursue ?is argum5t
 fur!r4 ,among ! mo/ sci5tific          

inve/igators ( ! day x is admitt$ t !   
effici5cy ( electricity z a do] ( "w1 or
 a produc] ( action at a di/ance1 mu/   
dep5d = its value on ! p]=mance ( "w 9  
"s "o way or ano!r on ! electricity     
itself 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,x may be wor? 
:ile "h to dispel a popul> delusion4 ,x 
is held v g5]ally t electricity c be    
made1 z1 = in/ance1 by ! galvanic       
batt]y4 ,!re is no reason to believe    
any?+ ( ! k9d2 b :e!r x is or is n true 
t electricity is actually made by !     
combu/ion ( z9c 9 a galvanic tr\gh1 x is
 q c]ta9 t ?is electricity1 unless x    
possesses pot5tial1 c d no "w1 no matt] 
h[ great its quantity4 ,( c\rse1 x is to
 be und]/ood t all electric curr5ts     
possess pot5tial4 ,if !y did n1 _!      
pres5ce w\ld be unkn[n2 b ! pot5tial ( a
 curr5t is 9 all cases ! result ( "w    
done on electricity1 ei!r by ! oxidation
 ( z9c1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,?is is a broad
 pr9ciple1 b x is /rictly consi/5t 9 e  
respect ) ! tru?4 ,electricity1 !n1 is1 
z we h said1 totally diff]5t f coal2 & x

 c nev] become a sub/itute = x alone4   
,wat] p[]1 air p[]1 or :at we may1 =    
want ( a bett] phrase1 call *emical p[]1
 comb9$ ) electricity1 c be us$ z a     
sub/itute = coal2 b electricity _c (    
itself be employ$ to d "w4 ,x is true1  
h[ev]1 t electricity1 on :i* "w has     
already be5 done1 may be f\nd 9 nature4 
,atmosph]ic electricity1 = example1 may 
p]haps yet be utiliz$4 ,x is by no means
 inconceivable t ! electricity conta9$ 9
 a ?und] cl\d might be employ$ to *>ge a
 ,faure batt]y2 b up to ! pres5t no "o  
has contemplat$ ! obta9+ ( p[] f !      
cl\ds1 & :e!r x is or is n practicable  
to utilize a great natural =ce 9 ?is way
 does n affect our /atem5t4 ,! use (    
electricity mu/ be conf9$ to its p[] (  
transmitt+ or /or+ up en]gy1 & ?is tru? 
be+ recogniz$1 x becomes easy to e/imate
 ! future prospects ( electricity at    
some?+ l _! prop] value4  ,x has be5    
prov$ to a c]ta9 ext5t t electricity c  
be us$ to transmit p[] to a di/ance1 & t
 x c be us$ to /ore x up4 ,?us f> ! man 

( pure sci5ce4 ,! eng9e] n[ comes on !  
/age & asks--,c practical difficulties  
be got ov]8 ,c x be made to pay8 ,9 try+
 to answ] ^! que/ions we _c d bett] ?an 
deal ) "o or two def9ite proposals :i* h
 be5 rec5tly made4 ,t ) :i* we %all fir/
 conc]n ourselves is t tra9s %\ld be    
work$ by ,faure batt]ies in/ead ( by    
/eam4 ,x is sugge/$ t ea* c>riage ( a   
tra9 %\ld be provid$ ) a dynamo motor1 &
 t batt]ies en\gh %\ld be c>ri$ by ea*  
to drive ! :eels1 & s propel ! tra94    
,let u see h[ su* a s*eme w\ld comply ) 
work+ conditions4 ,let u take = example 
a tra9 ( fifte5 coa*es on ! ,great      
,nor!rn ,railway1 runn+ )\t a /op to    
,pet]bor\gh 9 "o h\r & =ty m9utes4 ,!   
p[] requir$ w\ld be ab\t #ejj horses    
indicat$4 ,to supply ?is = #ajj m9utes1 
ev5 on ! mo/ absurdly favorable         
hypo!sis1 no less ?an #be tons ( ,faure 
batt]ies w\ld be requir$4 ,add+ to ^! ! 
weight ( ! dynamo motors1 & t           
unavoidably add$ to ! coa*es1 x w be se5
 t a weight equal to t ( an eng9e w\ld  

soon be rea*$4 ,! only possible sav+    
w\ld be "s #bh to #cj tons ( t5d]4 ,9   
return = ?is all ! pass5g]s w\ld h to   
*ange coa*es at ,pet]bor\gh1 z ! tra9   
c\ld n be delay$ to replace ! exp5d$ )  
fre% batt]ies4 ,?is is out ( ! "q4 ,!   
,faure batt]ies mu/ all be c>ri$ on "o  
vehicle or eng9e1 :i* c\ld be *ang$ =   
ano!r1 l a locomotive4 ,ev5 !n no       
advantage w\ld be ga9$4 ,z to co/1 x is 
v unlikely t ! /ation>y eng9es :i* mu/  
be provid$ to drive ! dynamo ma*9es =   
*>g+ ! batt]ies w\ld be m economical ?an
 locomotive eng9es2 & if we all[ t !    
dynamo ma*9e only wa/$ #aj p] c5t4 ( !  
p[] ( ! eng9e1 ! ,faure batt]ies #aj p] 
c5t4 ( ! p[] ( ! dynamo ma*9es1 & !     
dynamo motors #aj p] c5t4 ( ! p[] ( !   
batt]ies--all ridicul\sly favorable     
assumptions--yet ! /ation>y eng9es w\ld 
be h&icapp$ ) a diff]5ce 9 net effici5cy
 betwe5 !mselves & ! locomotive--admitt+
 ! orig9al effici5cy p] p\nd ( coal 9   
bo? to be ! same--( "s #bg p] c5t41 we  
?9k we may relegate ?is s*eme to !      

realms ( oblivion4 ,ano!r idea is t by  
putt+ up turb9es & dynamo ma*9es ! /eam 
eng9e might be sup]s$$ by wat] p[]4 ,n[ 
x s happ5s t if all ! wat] p[] ( ,engl& 
7 quadrupl$ x w\ld n ne>ly suffice = our
 wants4 ,x may be f\nd wor? :ile p]haps 
to con/ruct /eam eng9es close to        
coalpits & s5d out p[] f ^! eng9es by   
wire2 b ! "q w be ask$1 ,:i* is ! *eap] 
( ! two1 to s5d ! coal or to s5d ! p[]8 
,on ! answ] to ?is w dep5d ! decision ( 
! mill own]s4 ,ano!r favorite s*eme is t
 embodi$ 9 ! ,siem5s electrical railway4
 ,we believe t !re is a great future 9  
/ore = electricity z a work] ( tramway  
traffic2 b ! traffic on a great l9e l ! 
,midl& or ,great ,nor!rn ,railway c\ld n
 be c>ri$ on by x4 ,z ,rob]t ,/eph5son  
said ( ! atmosph]ic sy/em1 x is n       
flexible en\gh4 ,! work+ ( po9ts &      
cross+s1 & ! %unt+ ( tra9s & wagons1    
w\ld pres5t unsurm\ntable difficulties4 
,we h cit$ proposals en\gh1 we ?9k1 to  
illu/rate our mean+4 ,sir ,william      
,arm/rong1 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,bramwell1 ,dr4

 ,siem5s1 ,sir ,w4 ,?omson1 & _m o!rs   
may be excus$ if !y are a little        
en?usia/ic4 ,!y are j n[ ov]joy$ )      
success atta9$2 b :5 ! "t comes = sob]  
reflection !y w1 no d\bt1 see good      
reason to mod]ate _! views4 ,no "o c    
say1 ( c\rse1 :at fur!r discov]ies may  
br+ to light2 b rec5t speak]s & writ]s h
 f\nd 9 :at is kn[n already1 mat]ials = 
sket*+ out a romance ( electricity4 ,x  
is b romanc+ to ass]t t ! end ( ! /eam  
eng9e is at h&4 ,wond]ful & my/ical z   
electricity is1 !re are "s v h>d & dry  
facts ab\t x1 & ^! facts are all oppos$ 
to ! !ory t x c become man's s]vant (   
all "w4 ,ariel-l1 electricity may put a 
girdle r\nd ! e>? 9 =ty m9utes2 b x %[s 
no great aptitude = sup]s$+ ! useful old
 giant /eam1 :o has toil$ = ! _w s long 
& to su* good purpose--,! ,eng9e]4      
99       99       99       99       99  
,,on ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,obta9+ ,,&        
,,measur+ ,,v ,,high ,,vacua ,,) ,a     
,,modifi$ ,,=m ,,( ,,spr5gel-,,pump4    
,by ,ogd5 ,n4 ,rood1 ,pr(essor (        

,physics 9 ,columbia ,college4   ,9 !   
,july numb] ( ?is ,j\rnal = #ahhj1 ,i   
gave a %ort acc\nt ( c]ta9 *anges 9 !   
,spr5gel-pump by means ( :i* f> bett]   
vacua c\ld be obta9$ ?an _h be5         
previ\sly possible4 ,= example1 ! highe/
 vacuum at t "t kn[n _h be5 rea*$ by    
,mr4 ,crookes1 & 0 ab\t #a_/ag1jjj1jjj1 
:ile ) my arrangem5t vacua (            
#a_/ajj1jjj1jjj 7 easily rea*$4 ,9 a    
notice t appe>$ 9 ,nature = ,augu/1     
#ahhj1 p4 #cge1 x 0 /at$ t my           
improvem5ts 7 n new1 b _h already be5   
made 9 ,engl& f\r ye>s previ\sly4 ,i h  
be5 unable to obta9 a pr9t$ acc\nt ( !  
,engli% improvem5ts1 & am will+ to      
assume t !y are id5tical ) my own2 b on 
! o!r h&1 z = f\r ye>s no p>ticul>      
result seems to h foll[$ _! introduction
 9 ,engl&1 ,i am reluctantly =c$ to !   
conclusion t _! inv5tor & 8 cu/om]s1 = t
 p]iod ( "t1 h rema9$ q 9 ignorance ( ! 
prop] mode ( utiliz+ !m4 ,s9ce !n ,i h  
pu%$ ! matt] /ill f>!r1 & h succe$$ 9   
obta9+ ) my app>atus vacua z high z     

#a_/cij1jjj1jjj )\t f9d+ t ! limit ( its
 action _h be5 rea*$4 ,! pump is simple 
9 con/ruction1 inexp5sive1 &1 z ,i h    
prov$ by a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts1 c]ta9
 9 action & easy ( use2 /opcocks &      
grease are disp5s$ )1 & :5 ! pres5ce ( a
 /opcock is really desirable its place  
is suppli$ by a movable column ( m]cury4
  ,res]voir4--,an ord9>y inv]t$         
bell-glass ) a diamet] ( #ajj mm4 & a   
total height ( #bje mm4 =ms ! res]voir2 
its m\? is clos$ by a well-fitt+ cork   
?r\gh :i* passes ! glass tube t =ms "o  
t]m9ation ( ! pump4 ,! cork ar\nd tube &
 up to ! edge ( ! =m] is pa9t$ ) a      
flexible cem5t4 ,! tube projects #dj mm4
 into ! m]cury & passes ?r\gh a little  
wat*-glass-%ap$ piece ( %eet-iron1 ,w1  
figure #a1 :i* prev5ts ! small air      
bubbles t creep upw>d along ! tube f    
rea*+ its op5 end2 ! little cup is      
firmly cem5t$ 9 its place4 ,! fl[ ( !   
m]cury is regulat$ by ! /eel rod &      
cyl9d]1 ,,cr1 ,figure #a4 ,! bottom ( ! 
/eel cyl9d] is fill$ out ) a circul>    

piece ( pure ,india-rubb]1 prop]ly      
cem5t$2 ?is soon fits itself to ! use   
requir$ & answ]s admirably4 ,! pressure 
( ! cyl9d] on ! end ( ! tube is regulat$
 by ! lev]1 ,s1 ,figure #a2 ?is is      
atta*$ to a circul> bo>d :i* aga9 is    
firmly fa/5$ ov] ! op5 end ( !          
bell-glass4 ,x w be notic$ t on turn+ ! 
mill$ head1 ,s1 ! motion ( ! /eel cyl9d]
 is n directly v]tical1 b t x t5ds to   
describe a circle ) c z a c5t]2 !       
necess>y play ( ! cyl9d] is1 h[ev]1 s   
small1 t practically ! exp]im5t] does n 
become aw>e ( ?is !oretical defect1 s t 
! arrangem5t really gives entire        
satisfaction1 & aft] x has be5 9 use = a
 few days accurately controls ! fl[ ( ! 
m]cury4 ,! glass cyl9d] is held 9       
position1 b n support$1 by two wood5    
adju/able clamps1 a a1 ,figure #b4 ,!   
weight ( ! cyl9d] & m]cury is support$  
by a %elf1 ,s1 ,figure #b1 on :i* re/s !
 cork ( ! cyl9d]2 9 ?is way all dang] ( 
a v disagreeable accid5t is avoid$4     
,illu/ration3 ,,modifi$ ,,=m ,,(        

,,spr5gel ,,pump4  ,vacuum-bulb4--,leav+
 ! res]voir1 ! m]cury ent]s !           
vacuum-bulb1 ,b1 ,figure #b1 :]e x p>ts 
) mo/ ( its air & moi/ure2 ?is bulb also
 s]ves to cat* ! air t creeps into !    
pump f ! res]voir1 ev5 :5 !re is no fl[ 
( m]cury2 its diamet] is #bg mm4 ,! %ape
 & incl9ation ( ! tube atta*$ to ?is    
bulb is by no means a matt] (           
indiff]5ce2 accord+ly ,figure #c is a   
sep>ate draw+ ( x2 ! tube %\ld be s b5t 
t a horizontal l9e drawn f ! prop] level
 ( ! m]cury 9 ! bulb passes ?r\gh !     
po9t1 o1 :]e ! drops ( m]cury break (f4 
,! l5g? ( ! tube1 ,,ec1 %\ld be #aej    
mm41 t ( ! tube1 ,,ed1 #de mm42 ! bore (
 ?is tube is ab\t ! same z t ( !        
fall-tube4  ,fall-tube & b5ds4--,! bore 
( ! fall-tube 9 ! pump n[ us$ by me is  
#a4gh mm42 its l5g? above ! b5ds 7,u1   
,figure #b7 is #caj mm42 bel[ ! b5ds !  
l5g? is #hae mm4 ,! b5ds con/itute a    
fluid valve t prev5ts ! air f return+   
into ! pump2 beside ?is1 ! play ( !     
m]cury 9 !m greatly facilitates !       

passage ( ! air d[nw>d4 ,! top ( !      
m]cury column repres5t+ ! exi/+         
b>ometric pressure %\ld be ab\t #be mm4 
bel[ ! b5ds :5 ! pump is 9 action4 ,?is 
is easily regulat$ by an adju/able %elf1
 :i* is also employ$ to fill ! b5ds )   
m]cury :5 a measurem5t is tak5 or :5 !  
pump is at re/4 ,on ! %elf is a tube1   
#afj mm4 high & #bj mm4 9 diamet]1 into 
:i* ! end ( ! fall-tube dips2 its side  
has a circul> p]=ation into :i* fits a  
small cork ) a little tube b5t at "r    
angles4 ,) ! h>d end ( a file & a few   
drops ( turp5t9e ! p]=ation c be easily 
made & %ap$ 9 a few m9utes4 ,by revolv+ 
! little b5t tube ?r\gh #ahj ! fl[ ( !  
m]cury c be tempor>ily susp5d$ :5 x is  
desirable to *ange ! vessel t cat*es x4 
,gauge4--,= ! purpose ( measur+ ! vacua 
,i h us$ an arrangem5t simil> to        
,mc,leod's gauge1 ,figure #d2 x has1    
h[ev]1 "s peculi>ities4 ,! tube de/9$ to
 conta9 ! compress$ air has a diamet] ( 
#a4ce mm4 z asc]ta9$ by a comp\nd       
microscope2 x is n fus$ at its upp]     

extremity1 b clos$ by a f9e glass rod t 
fits into x z accurately z may be1 ! end
 ( ! rod be+ gr\nd flat & true4 ,?is rod
 is introduc$ into ! tube1 & :ile !     
latt] is g5tly heat$ a v small portion (
 ! cem5t describ$ bel[ is all[$ to ent] 
by capill>y attraction1 b n to ext5d    
beyond ! end ( ! rod1 ! op]ation be+    
wat*$ by a l5s4 ,! rod is us$ = !       
purpose ( obta9+ ! compress$ air 9 ! =m 
( a cyl9d]1 & also to all[ cleans+ ( !  
tube :5 necess>y4 ,! capacity ( !       
gauge-sph]e 0 obta9$ by fill+ x )       
m]cury2 its ext]nal diamet] 0 sixty     
millimet]s2 = measur+ v high vacua ?is  
is some:at small & makes ! probable     
errors r l>ge2 ,i w\ld advise ! use ( a 
gauge-sph]e ( ab\t twice z great        
capacity4 ,! tube1 ,,cb1 ,figure #d1 has
 ! same bore z ! measur+ tube 9 ord] to 
avoid corrections = capill>ity4 ,! tube 
( ! gauge1 ,,cd1 is n connect$ ) an     
,india-rubb] tube1 z is usual1 b dips   
into m]cury conta9$ 9 a cyl9d] #cdj mm4 
high1 #eh mm4 9 diamet]1 :i* c be rais$ 

& l[]$ at pleasure4 ,?is is be/         
accompli%$ by ! use ( a set ( boxes (   
v>i\s ?icknesses1 made = ! purpose &    
supplem5t$ by sev]al %eets ( c>dbo>d &  
ev5 ( writ+-pap]4 ,^! h be5 f\nd to     
answ] well & enable ! exp]im5t] to      
graduate ) a nicety ! pressure to :i* ! 
gas is expos$ dur+ measurem5t4 ,by      
employ+ a cyl9d] fill$ ) m]cury in/ead (
 ! usual ca\t*\c tub+ small bubbles (   
air are prev5t$ f ent]+ ! gauge along ) 
! m]cury4 ,an adju/able brace or support
 is us$ :i* prev5ts accid5t to ! cyl9d] 
:5 ! pump is incl9$ = ! purpose ( pump+ 
out ! vacuum-bulb4 ,! maximum pressure t
 c be employ$ 9 ! gauge us$ by me is    
#ajj mm4  ,all ! tub+ ( ! pump is       
support$ at a di/ance ( ab\t #ee mm4 f !
 wood-"w2 ?is is effect$ by ! use (     
simple adju/able supports & adju/able   
clamps2 ! latt] h prov$ a great         
conv5i5ce4 ,! object is to ga9 ! ability
 to heat ) a ,buns5 burn] all p>ts ( !  
pump )\t burn+ ! wood-"w4 ,:]e glass &  
wood necess>ily come 9 contact ! wood is

 protect$ by metal or simply pa9t$ ) a  
saturat$ solution ( alum4 ,! glass      
portions ( ! pump ,i h contriv$ to      
anneal completely by ! simple means     
m5tion$ bel[4 ,if ! glass is n anneal$ x
 is c]ta9 to crack :5 subject$ to heat1 
?us caus+ vexation & loss ( "t4 ,!      
m]cury 0 purifi$ by ! same me?od t 0 us$
 by ,w4 ,siem5s 7,pogg4 ,annal51 vol4   
ex41 p4 #bj71 t is1 by a little /rong   
sulphuric acid to :i* a few drops (     
nitric acid _h be5 add$2 x 0 dri$ by    
p\r+ x repeat$ly f "o hot dry vessel to 
ano!r1 by filt]+ x :ile q w>m1 ! dry+   
be+ complet$ f9ally by ! action ( ! pump
 itself4 ,all ! measurem5ts 7 made by a 
f9e ca!tomet] :i* 0 con/ruct$ = me by   
,william ,grun[2 see ?is ,j\rnal1 ,jan41
 #ahgd1 p4 #bc4 ,x 0 provid$ ) a        
well-correct$ object-glass hav+ a focal 
l5g? ( #bjj mm4 & z us$ by me gave a    
magnify+ p[] ( #af diamet]s4            
,manipulation4--,! necess>y connections 
are effect$ ) a cem5t made by melt+     
,burgundy pit* ) ?ree or f\r p] c5t (   

gutta p]*a4 ,x is indisp5sable t ! cem5t
 :5 cold %\ld be s h>d z completely to  
resi/ tak+ any impression f ! f+] nail1 
o!rwise x is c]ta9 to yield gradually & 
f9ally to give rise to leaks4 ,!        
connect+ tubes are select$ s z to fit z 
closely z possible1 & aft] be+ put into 
position are heat$ to ! prop] am\nt1 :5 
! edges are t\*$ ) a fragm5t ( cold     
cem5t :i* ent]s by capill>y attraction &
 =ms a transp>5t jo9t t c f "t to "t be 
exam9$ ) a l5s = ! colors ( ?9 plates1  
:i* always prec$e a leak4 ,jo9ts ( ?is  
k9d h be5 9 use by me = two mon?s at a  
"t )\t %[+ a trace ( leakage1 & !       
evid5ce ga!r$ 9 ano!r s]ies ( unf9i%$   
exp]im5ts goes to %[ t no appreciable   
am\nt ( vapor is furni%$ by ! res9\s    
comp\nd1 :i*1 ,i may add1 is nev] us$   
until x has be5 repeat$ly melt$4 ,z dry+
 mat]ial ,i pref] cau/ic pota% t has be5
 9 fusion j be=e its introduction into !
 dry+ tube2 dur+ ! process ( exhau/ion x
 c f "t to "t be heat$ ne>ly to ! melt+ 
po9t3 if actually fus$ 9 ! dry+ tube !  

latt] almo/ inv>iably cracks4 ,! pump 9 
! fir/ in/ance is to be incl9$ at an    
angle ( ab\t #aj degrees1 ! tube ( !    
gauge be+ support$ by a semicircul>     
piece ( ?ick pa/ebo>d fitt$ ) two corks 
into ! top ( ! cyl9d]4 ,?is seem+ly     
awkw>d proce$+ has 9 no case be5 att5d$ 
) ! slighte/ accid5t1 & ow+ to ! pres5ce
 ( ! f\r level+-screws1 ! pump :5 right$
 returns1 z %[n by ! telescope ( !      
ca!tomet]1 almo/ exactly to its orig9al 
place4 ,9 ! incl9$ position ! exhau/ion 
( ! vacuum bulb is accompli%$ along ) t 
( ! re/ ( ! pump4 ,! exhau/ion ( !      
vacuum-bulb :5 once effect$ c be pres]v$
 to a great ext5t = use 9 future "w1    
m]ely by all[+ m]cury f ! res]voir to   
fl[ 9 a rapid /ream at ! "t t air is    
all[$ to re-ent] ! pump4 ,dur+ ! fir/   
process ( exhau/ion ! tube ( ! gauge is 
kept hot by mov+ to & fro a ,buns5      
burn]1 & is 9 ?is way fre$ f ^? portions
 ( air & moi/ure t are n too firmly     
atta*$4 ,aft] a "t ! vacuum-bulb ceases 
to deliv] bubbles ( air2 x & ! atta*$   

tube are n[ to be heat$ ) a mov+ ,buns5 
burn]1 :5 x w be f\nd to furni% = #ae or
 #bj m9utes a l>ge quantity ( bubbles   
ma9ly ( vapor ( wat]4 ,aft] !n          
production ceases ! pump is right$ & !  
exhau/ion c>ri$ f>!r4 ,9 spite ( a c\ple
 ( c>eful exp]im5ts ) ! ca!tomet] ,i h n
 succe$$ 9 measur+ ! vacuum 9 ! vacuum  
bulb1 b judge f indications1 t is ab\t z
 high z t obta9$ 9 an ord9>y ,geissl]   
pump4 ,mean:ile ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! pump c 
be heat$ ) a mov+ ,buns5 burn] to deta* 
air & moi/ure1 ! cem5t be+ protect$ by  
wet lamp-wick+4 ,9 "o exp]im5t ,i       
measur$ ! am\nt ( air t 0 deta*$ f !    
walls ( ! pump by heat+ !m = t5 m9utes  
some:at above l#jj ,c41 & f\nd t x 0    
#a_/a1jjj1jjj ( ! air orig9ally pres5t4 
,i h also notic$ t a /ill l>g] am\nt (  
air is deta*$ by electric dis*>ges4 ,?is
 co9cides ) an obs]vation ( ,e4         
,bessel-,hag5 9 8 int]e/+ article on a  
new =m ( ,tpl]'s m]cury-pump 7,annal5 d]
 ,physik und ,*emie1 #ahha1 vol4 xii474 
,ev5 :5 pota% is us$ a small am\nt (    

moi/ure always collects 9 ! b5ds ( !    
fall tube2 ?is is readily remov$ by a   
,buns5 burn]2 ! t5sion ( ! vapor be+    
greatly increas$1 x passes f> d[n !     
fall-tube 9 l>ge bubbles & is cond5s$4  
,)\t ?is precaution ,i h f\nd x         
impossible to obta9 a vacuum high] ?an  
#a_/be1jjj1jjj2 9 po9t ( fact ! b5ds    
%\ld always be heat$ :5 a high exhau/ion
 is und]tak5 ev5 if ! pump has be5 /&+  
well exhau/$ = a week2 ! heat %\ld (    
c\rse nev] be appli$ at a late /age ( ! 
exhau/ion4 ,conv]sely1 ,i h (t5 by ! aid
 ( heat completely & quickly remov$ q   
l>ge quantities ( ! vapor ( wat] t _h   
be5 purposely introduc$4 ,! exhau/ion ( 
! vacuum-bulb is ( c\rse some:at injur$ 
by ! act ( us+ ! pump & also by /&+ =   
sev]al days1 s t x has be5 usual ) me   
be=e und]tak+ a high exhau/ion to incl9e
 ! pump & re-exhau/ = #bj m9utes2 ,i h1 
h[ev]1 obta9$ v high vacua )\t us+ ?is  
precaution4  ,dur+ ! process ( exhau/ion
 n m ?an "o-half ( ! m]cury 9 ! res]voir
 is all[$ to run out1 o!r wise :5 x is  

return$ bubbles ( air are apt to f9d _! 
way into ! vacuum-bulb4 ,9 ord] to      
secure its quiet entrance x is p\r$ into
 a silk bag provid$ ) sev]al holes4 ,:5 
! res]voir is fir/ fill$ its walls = a  
day or two appe> to furni% air t ent]s !
 vacuum-bulb2 ?is action1 h[ev]1 soon   
s9ks to a m9imum & !n ! leakage rema9s q
 con/ant = mon?s toge!r4  ,measurem5t ( 
! vacuum4--,! cyl9d] into :i* !         
gauge-tube dips is fir/ elevat$ by a box
 suffici5tly ?ick m]ely to close !      
gauge1 aft]w>ds boxes are plac$ "u x    
suffici5t to elevate ! m]cury to ! base 
( ! measur+ tube2 :5 ! m]cury has rea*$ 
?is po9t1 ?9 bo>ds & c>d-bo>ds are add$ 
till a suitable pressure is obta9$4 ,!  
l5g? ( ! inclos$ cyl9d] ( air is !n     
measur$ ) ! ca!tomet]1 also ! height ( !
 m]curial m5iscus1 & ! diff]5ce ( !     
heights ( ! m]curial columns 9 ,a & ,b1 
figure #d4 ,to obta9 a second measure an
 assi/ant removes "s ( ! boxes & !      
cyl9d] is l[]$ by h& ?ree or f\r        
c5timet]s & !n replac$ 9 its orig9al    

position4 ,9 measur+ really high vacua1 
x is well to beg9 ) ?is process ( l[]+ &
 rais+ ! cyl9d]1 & to repeat x five or  
six times be=e tak+ read+s4 ,x seems z  
?\gh ! m]cury 9 ! tube1 ,b1 supplies to 
! glass a coat+ ( air t all[s x to move 
m freely2 at all ev5ts x is c]ta9 t     
ord9>ily ! read+s ( ,b become regul>1   
only aft] ! m]cury has be5 all[$ to play
 up & d[n ! tube a numb] ( times4 ,?is  
applies p>ticul>ly to vacua z high      
#a_/ej1jjj1jjj & to pressures ( five    
millimet]s & "u4 ,x is advantage\s 9    
mak+ measurem5ts to employ l>ge         
pressures & small volumes2 ! correct    
work+ ( ! gauge c f "t to "t be te/$ by 
v>y+ ! relations ( ^! to ea* o!r4 ,?is  
,i did q elaborately1 & prov$ t su*     
con/ant errors z exi/ are small comp>$ )
 inevitable accid5tal errors1 z1 =      
example1 t !re 0 no measurable          
correction = capill>ity1 t ! calculat$  
volume ( ! m5iscus 0 correct1 etc4 ,x is
 ess5tial 9 mak+ a measurem5t t !       
temp]ature ( ! room %\ld *ange z little 

z possible1 & t ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury 
9 ! cyl9d] %\ld be at lea/ ne>ly t ( !  
air ne> ! gauge-sph]e4 ,! computation is
 made z foll[s    n  height ( ! cyl9d]  
inclos+ ! air2   c  a factor :i*1       
multipli$ by n1 conv]ts x into cubic    
millimet]s2   ,s  cubic cont5ts ( !     
m5iscus2   d  diff]5ce ( level betwe5 ,a
 & ,b1 fig4 #d2      ! pressure ! air is
 "u2   ,n  ! cubic cont5ts ( ! gauge 9  
millimet]s2   x  a fraction express+ !  
degree ( exhau/ion obta9$2 !n           
x#a_/7,n 7#gfj_/;d7_/nc - ,s7  ,x w be  
notic$ t ! measurem5ts are indep5d5t ( !
 actual height ( ! b>omet]1 & if sev]al 
read+s are tak5 cont9u\sly1 ! result w n
 be s5sibly affect$ by a simultane\s    
*ange ( ! b>omet]4 ,almo/ all ! read+s 7
 tak5 at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bj ,c41 & 
9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! "w corrections =    
temp]ature may be consid]$ a sup]flu\s  
ref9em5t4  ,gauge correction4--,x is    
necess>y to apply to ! results ?us      
obta9$ a correction :i* becomes v       
important :5 high vacua are measur$4 ,x 

0 f\nd 9 an e>ly /age ( ! exp]im5ts t ! 
m]cury1 9 ! act ( ent]+ ! highly exhau/$
 gauge1 gave out inv>iably a c]ta9 am\nt
 ( air :i* ( c\rse 0 measur$ along ) !  
residuum t prop]ly belong$ !re2 h5ce to 
obta9 ! true vacuum x is necess>y to    
subtract ! volume ( ?is air f nc4 ,by a 
s]ies ( exp]im5ts ,i asc]ta9$ t ! am\nt 
( air introduc$ by ! m]cury 9 ! acts (  
ent]+ & leav+ ! gauge 0 s5sibly con/ant 
= six ( ^! s+le op]ations 7or = ?ree (  
^! d\ble op]ations71 :5 !y foll[$ ea*   
o!r imm$iately4 ,! correction accord+ly 
is made z foll[s3 ! vacuum is fir/      
measur$ z describ$ above1 !n by )draw+  
all ! boxes except ! l[e/1 ! m]cury is  
all[$ to fall s z ne>ly to empty !      
gauge2 x is !n made aga9 to fill !      
gauge1 & ^! op]ations are repeat$ until 
!y am\nt 9 all to six2 f9ally ! volume &
 pressure are a second "t measur$4      
,assum+ ! pressure to rema9 con/ant1 or 
t ! volumes are r$uc$ to ! same         
pressure1    v  ! orig9al volume2  v'  !
 f9al volume2   ,v'  volume ( air       

introduc$ by ! fir/ entry ( ! m]cury2   
,v  correct$ volume2 !n    ,v'          
7v'-v7_/#f   ,v  v - 7v'-v7_/#f  ,x w be
 notic$ t x is assum$ 9 ?is =mula t !   
same am\nt ( air is introduc$ into !    
gauge 9 ! acts ( entry & exit2 9 ! act (
 ent]+ 9 po9t ( fact m fre% m]cury is   
expos$ to ! action ( ! vacuum ?an 9 !   
act exit1 :i* might possibly make ! true
 gauge-correction r l>g] ?an t giv5 by !
 =mula4 ,x has be5 f\nd t :5 ! pump is 9
 con/ant use ! gauge-correction         
gradually dim9i%es f day to day2 9 o!r  
words1 ! air is gradually pump$ out ( ! 
gauge-m]cury4 ,?us on ,decemb] #ba1 !   
am\nt ( air ent]+ ) ! m]cury correspond$
 to an exhau/ion (    #a_/bg1cjh1hje    
4444444,dec4 #ba4    #a_/ch1hjf1fhh     
444444 ,dec4 #bi4    #a_/gh1abe1jjj     
4444444,jan4 #ae4    #a_/hc1ccc1ccc     
4444444,jan4 #bc    #a_/abh1hcd1jfc     
444444,feb4 #a4    #a_/bbf1geg1djj 44444
 ,feb4 #i4    #a_/bcb1hbh1hjj 44444     
,feb4 #ai4    #a_/chh1bjj1jjj 444444,m>*
 #g4  ,t ?is dim9ution is n due to ! air

 be+ gradually )drawn f ! walls ( !     
gauge or f ! gauge-tube1 is %[n by !    
fact t dur+ its progress ! pump 0 sev]al
 times tak5 to pieces1 & ! portions 9 "q
 expos$ to ! atmosph]e )\t affect+ !    
nature or ext5t ( ! *ange t 0 go+ on4 ,i
 also made "o exp]im5t :i* proves t !   
gauge-correction does n increase        
s5sibly1 :5 ! exhau/$ pump & gauge are  
all[$ to /& unus$ = tw5ty days4  ,rate (
 ! pump's "w4--,x is q important to "k !
 rate ( ! pump at diff]5t degrees (     
exhau/ion1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ !       
exp]im5t] to produce a def9ite exhau/ion
 ) facility2 also if its maximum rate is
 kn[n & ! m9imum rate ( leakage1 x      
becomes possible to calculate ! highe/  
vacuum atta9able ) ! in/rum5t4 ,examples
 are giv5 9 ! tables bel[2 ! total      
capacity 0 ab\t #ajj1jjj cubic mm4      
,"t4         ,exhau/ion4         ,ratio4
                  #a_/gh1eaa   #aj      
m9utes              44444444 #a3a_/c4ec 
#a_/bgf1ihj   #aj m9utes                
44444444 #a3a_/f4aj                     

#a_/a1fhg1adj   #aj m9utes              
44444444 #a3a_/d4ae                     
#a_/g1jjb1jjj  ,^u ano!r occasion !     
foll[+ rates & exhau/ions 7 obta9$3     
,"t4         ,exhau/ion4         ,rate4 
#a_/g1hab1ejj   #aj m9utes              
44444444 #a3a_/c4ah                     
#a_/bd1hge1fbj   #aj m9utes             
44444444 #a3a_/b4fi                     
#a_/fg1jbd1jij   #aj m9utes             
44444444 #a3a_/a4bb                     
#a_/ha1gfj1haj   #aj m9utes             
44444444 #a3a4fg                        
#a_/acf1ihf1cjj   #aj m9utes            
44444444 #a3a4bc                        
#a_/agj1fdh1ejj  ,! irregul> v>iations 9
 ! rates are due to ! mode 9 :i* ! fl[ (
 ! m]cury 0 9 ea* case regulat$4        
,leakage4--,we come n[ to "o ( ! mo/    
important elem5ts 9 ! production ( high 
vacua4 ,aft] ! air is deta*$ f ! walls (
 ! pump ! leakage becomes & rema9s ne>ly
 con/ant4 ,i give bel[ a table (        
leakages1 ! pump be+ 9 ea* case 9 a     
condition suitable = ! production ( a v 

high vacuum3    ,duration ( !           
,leakage p] h\r 9      exp]im5t         
cubic mm41 press41                      
#gfj mm4        #ah                     
h\rs4444444444444444444444444444        
#j4jjjhec       #bg                     
h\rs4444444444444444444444444444        
#j4jjaefe       #bf                     
h\rs44444444444444444444444444444#j4jjjg
ia       #bj                            
h\rs44444444444444444444444444444#j4jjjh
db       #ai                            
h\rs44444444444444444444444444444#j4jjji
ea       #ai                            
h\rs44444444444444444444444444444#j4jjah
eg        #g                            
days444444444444444444444444444444#j4jja
gjj        #g                           
days444444444444444444444444444444#j4jja
egd                                     
,av]age44444444444444444444 #j4jjabff   
,i endeavor$ to locate ?is leakage1 &   
prov$ t "o-qu>t] ( x is due to air t    
ent]s ! gauge f ! top ( its column (    
m]cury1 ?us3    ,duration ( !           

,gauge-leakage p] h\r     exp]im5t4     
9 cubic mm41 press4                     
#gfj mm4      #ah                       
h\rs444444444444444444444444444444444#j4
jjjbbii      #g                         
days4444444444444444444444444444444444#j
4jjjdjic      #g                        
days4444444444444444444444444444444444#j
4jjjcdfd                                
,av]age44444444444444444444444#j4jjjcbhe
  ,?is r5d]s x v probable t ! rema9+    
?ree qu>t]s are due to air giv5 (f f !  
m]cury at ,b1 ,fig4 #d1 f t 9 ! b5ds &  
at ! entrance ( ! fall-tube1 o1 ,fig4   
#c4  ,fur!r on "s evid5ce w be giv5 t   
r5d]s x probable t ! leakage ( ! pump :5
 9 action is ab\t f\r times z great z ! 
total leakage 9 a /ate ( re/4  ,! gauge1
 :5 arrang$ = measurem5t (              
gauge-leakage1 really con/itutes a      
b>omet]1 & a calculation %[s t ! leakage
 w\ld am\nt to #b4hgg cubic millimet]s  
p] ye>1 press4 #gfj mm4 ,if ?is air 7   
conta9$ 9 a cyl9d] #ij mm4 long & #ae   
mm4 9 diamet] x w\ld ex]t a pressure (  

#j4ad mm4 ,to ?is ,i may add t 9 "o     
exp]im5t ,i all[$ ! gauge = sev5 days to
 rema9 completely fill$ ) m]cury & !n   
measur$ ! leakage into x4 ,?is 0 su* z  
w\ld 9 a ye> am\nt to #j4dhh cubic      
millimet]1 press4 #gfj mm41 & 9 a cyl9d]
 ( ! above dim5sions w\ld ex]t a        
pressure ( #j4jbcc mm4  ,reliability ( !
 results3 highe/ vacuum4  ,! foll[+ are 
samples ( ! results obta9$4 ,9 "o case  
sixte5 read+s 7 tak5 9 gr\ps ( f\r ) !  
foll[+ result3          ,exhau/ion4     
#a _/ #gd1bai1aci        #a _/          
#gh1ecc1ded        #a _/ #gi1jag1bgb    
#a _/ #fh1ejc1ahb   ,mean #a _/         
#gd1hec1ddi  ,calculat+ ! probable error
 ( ! mean ) ref]5ce to ! above f\r      
results x is f\nd to be #b4bh p] c5t ( !
 quantity involv$4  ,a high] vacuum     
measur$ 9 ! same way gave ! foll[+      
results3    #a _/ #adf1aih1hjj   #a _/  
#age1aca1cjj   #a _/ #bjd1jha1fjj   #a  
_/ #bja1bjg1bjj  ,! mean is #a _/       
#agh1daa1icd1 ) a probable error ( #e4db
 p] c5t ( ! quantity involv$4 ,i give n[

 an extreme case2 only five s+le read+s 
7 tak52 ^! correspond$ to ! foll[+      
exhau/ions3    #a _/ #cgi1bai1ejj   #a  
_/ #cga1jeg1bfe   #a _/ #bej1ida1jdj    
#a _/ #dbd1jhh1bcb   #a _/ #fia1jhb1edj 
,! mean value is #a _/ #cha1ajj1jjj1 ) a
 probable error ( #aj4cf p] c5t ( !     
quantity involv$4 ,^u o!r occasions ,i h
 obta9$ exhau/ions ( #a _/ #cgc1acd1jjj 
& #a _/ #chh1bjj1jjj4 ,( c\rse 9 ^!     
cases a gauge-correction 0 appli$2 !    
highe/ vacuum t ,i h ev] obta9$         
irrespective ( a gauge-correction 0 #a  
_/ #aij1cib1aej4 ,9 ^! cases & 9 g5]al1 
pota% 0 employ$ z ! dry+ mat]ial2 ,i h  
f\nd x practical1 h[ev]1 to atta9 vacua 
z high z #a _/ #ej1jjj1jjj 9 ! total    
abs5ce ( all su* sub/ances4 ,! vapor (  
wat] :i* collects 9 b5ds mu/ be remov$ f
 "t to "t ) a ,buns5 burn] :ile ! pump  
is 9 action4  ,x is evid5t t ! f9al     
condition ( ! pump is rea*$ :5 z mu* air
 leaks 9 p] unit ( "t z c be remov$ 9 ! 
same int]val4 ,! total av]age leakage p]
 t5 m9utes 9 ! pump us$ by me1 :5 at    

re/1 0 #j4jjjbaa cubic millimet] at     
press4 #gfj mm4 ,let u assume t !       
leakage :5 ! pump is 9 action is f\r    
times z great z :5 at re/2 !n 9 ea* t5  
m9utes #j4jjjhdd cubic millimet] press41
 #gfj mm41 w\ld ent]2 ?is corresponds 9 
! pump us$ by me to an exhau/ion ( #a _/
 #abd1jjj1jjj2 if ! rate ( ! pump is su*
 z to remove "o-half ( ! air pres5t 9 t5
 m9utes1 !n ! highe/ atta9able exhau/ion
 w\ld be #a _/ #bdh1jjj1jjj4 ,9 ! same  
way x may be %[n t if six m9utes are    
requir$ = ! removal ( half ! air !      
highe/ vacuum w\ld be #a _/ #dac1jjj1jjj
 ne>ly1 & rates ev5 high] ?an ?is h be5 
obs]v$ 9 my exp]im5ts4 ,an arrangem5t ( 
! vacuum-bulb :]eby ! ent]+ drops (     
m]cury w\ld be expos$ to ! vacuum 9 an  
isolat$ condition = a some:at long] "t  
w\ld d\btless enable ! exp]im5t] to     
obta9 consid]ably high] vacua ?an ^?    
above giv54  ,exhau/ion obta9$ ) a pla9 
,spr5gel ,pump4--,i made a s]ies (      
exp]im5ts ) a pla9 ,spr5gel pump )\t    
/opcocks1 & arrang$1 z f> z possible1 l 

! in/rum5t j describ$4 ,! leakage p] h\r
 0 z foll[s3    ,duration ( !           
,leakage p] h\r 9     exp]im5t4         
cubic mm4 at press4                     
#gfj mm4    #bb h\rs                    
#j4jdefc    #b days                     
#j4jdebj    #b days                     
#j4jibaj    #d days                     
#j4jfdbh                                
-------             ,mean               
#j4jfahj  ,us+ ! same reason+ z above we
 obta9 ! foll[+ table    ,"t necess>y = 
removal     ,greate/ atta9able      (   
half ! air4                exhau/ion4   
#aj m9utes                     #a _/    
#e1jjj1jjj     #g4e m9utes              
#a _/ #g1jjj1jjj     #f4f m9utes        
#a _/ #ab1jjj1jjj  ,9 po9t ( fact !     
highe/ exhau/ion ,i ev] obta9$ ) ?is    
pump 0 #a _/ #e1jjj1jjj2 f :i* ,i inf] t
 ! leakage dur+ action is consid]ably   
great] ?an f\r times t ( ! pump at re/4 
,! g5]al run ( ! exp]im5ts t5ds to %[ t 
! leakage ( a pla9 ,spr5gel pump1 )\t   
/opcocks or grease1 is1 :5 9 action1    

ab\t #hj times z great z 9 ! =m us$ by  
me4  ,note on anneal+ glass tubes4--,x  
is q necess>y to anneal all ^? p>ts ( ! 
pump t are to be expos$ to heat1 o!rwise
 !y soon crack4 ,i f\nd by inclos+ !    
glass 9 heavy iron tubes & expos+ x =   
five h\rs to a temp]ature some:at above 
t ( melt+ z9c1 & !n all[+ an h\r or two 
= ! cool+ process1 t ! /rong pol>ization
 figure :i* x displays 9 a pol>iscope 0 
completely remov$1 & h5ce ! glass       
anneal$4 ,a common gas-combu/ion furnace
 0 us$1 ! b5ds1 etc1 be+ suitably       
inclos$ 9 heavy metal & heat$ ov] a     
common t5-fold ,buns5 burn]4 ,?us f> no 
accid5t has happ5$ to ! anneal$ glass1  
ev5 :5 cold drops ( m]cury /ruck 9 rapid
 succession on portions heat$           
consid]ably above #ajj ,c4  ,i wi%1 9   
conclusion1 to express my ?anks to my   
assi/ant1 ,dr4 ,ihls5g1 = ! labor he has
 exp5d$ 9 mak+ ! l>ge numb] (           
computations necess>ily involv$ 9 "w (  
?is k9d4--,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,sci5ce4        
99       99       99       99       99  

,,cry/allization ,,table4   ,! foll[+   
table1 prep>$ by ,e4 ,f9ot & ,arm4      
,b]tr& = ! ,j\r4 de ,ph4 et de ,*im41   
%[s ! po9t at :i* ! evaporation ( c]ta9 
solutions is to be int]rupt$ 9 ord] to  
procure a good crop ( cry/als on cool+4 
,! d5sity is accord+ to ,baum's scale1 !
 solution w>m3    ,alum9um sulphate     
#be  ,nickel acetate             #cj    
,alum 7amm4 or pot47     #bj            
ammon4 sulphate     #ah   ,ammonium     
acetate        #ad        *loride       
#ej           ars5ate        #e         
sulphate            #dj                 
b5zoate        #e  ,oxalic acid         
#ab           bi*romate     #bh         
,potass4 & sod4 t>trate  #cf            
bromide        #cj  ,potassium ars5ate  
#cf           *loride       #ab         
b5zoate          #b           nitrate   
#bi           bisulphate       #ce      
oxalate         #e           bromide    
#dj           phosphate      #ce        
*lorate         #bb           sulphate  
#bh           *loride         #be       

sulphocyanide  #ah           *romate    
#ch           t>trate       #be         
citrate          #cf   ,b>ium           
e?ylsulphate    #dc                     
f]rocyanide     #ch         =mate       
#cb           iodide           #ag      
hyposulphite     #bd           nitrate  
#bh         nitrate          #ah        
oxalate          #cj         oxide      
#ab           p]manganate     #be       
,bismu? nitrate         #gj             
sulphate         #ae   ,boric acid      
#f           sulphite         #be       
,cadmium bromide         #fe            
sulphocyanide    #ce   ,calcium *loride 
#dj           t>trate         #dh       
e?ylsulphate   #cf  ,soda               
#bh          lactate          #h        
,sodium acetate             #bb         
nitrate         #ee        ammon4 phosp4
       #ag   ,cobalt *loride         #da
        ars5ate            #cf          
nitrate          #ej        borate      
#bd         sulphate         #dj        
bromide             #ee   ,copp] acetate

           #e        *lorate            
#dc         ammon4 sulph4    #ce        
*romate            #de         *loride  
#de        citrate             #cf      
nitrate          #ee        e?ylsulphate
       #cg         sulphate         #cj 
hyposulphite        #bd   ,iron-ammon4  
oxalate     #cj        nitrate          
#dj      ammon4 sulphate     #ca        
phosphate           #bj      sulphate   
#ca        pyrophosphate       #ah      
t>trate            #dj        sulphate  
#cj   ,lead acetate            #db      
tung/ate           #de      nitrate     
#ej  ,/r\tium bromide          #ej      
,magnesium *loride      #ce             
*lorate         #fe            lactate  
#f           *loride         #cd        
nitrate       #de  ,t9 *oride 7/ann\s7  
#ge            sulphate      #dj        
,manganese *loride      #dg  ,z9c       
acetate               #bj               
lactate        #h      ammon4 *loride   
#dc            sulphate      #dd        
nitrate               #ee   ,m]cury     

cyanide         #bj      sulphate       
#de         99       99       99        
99       99     ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,(     
,,hop-,,analysis4  ,by ,dr4 ,g4 ,o4     
,,ce*  ,footnote3 ',zeits*rift fur      
,analyt4 ,*emie1' #ahha4   ,hop fl[]s   
conta9 a great v>iety ( diff]5t         
sub/ances susceptible ( extraction )    
e!r1 alcohol1 & wat]1 & di/+ui%able f "o
 ano!r by te/s ( a m or less complex "*4
 ,! sub/ances are3 ,e!real oil1         
*lorophyl1 hop tann91 phlobaph51 a wax-l
 sub/ance1 ! sulphate1 ammoniate1       
phosphate1 citrate & malates ( pota%1   
arab9e1 a cry/alliz$ :ite & an amorph\s 
br[n res91 & a bitt] pr9ciple4 ,t !     
*>act]i/ic action ( ! hops is due to su*
 ( ^! con/itu5ts only z are ( an organic
 nature is easy to und]/&2 b up to !    
pres5t we are 9 ignorance :e!r x is ^u !
 oil1 ! wax1 ! res91 ! tann91 !         
phlobaph51 or ! bitt] pr9ciple          
individually1 or ^u !m all collectively1
 t ! effect ( ! hops 9 brew+ dep5ds4  ,x
 is ! rule to judge ! /r5g? & goodness (

 hops by ! am\nt ( f>9a--! s-call$      
lupul9e2 & z ?is conta9s ! major portion
 ( ! active con/itu5ts ( ! hop1 !re is  
no d\bt t approximately ! am\nt (       
lupul9e is a useful quantitative te/4 ,b
 "h we are confront$ by ! "q :e!r !     
lupul9e is to be reg>d$ z conta9+ all t 
is ( any value 9 ! hops & ! leaves1 !   
organic pr9ciples 9 :i* pass undetect$  
"u su* a te/1 z sup]]ogatory = brew]s'  
purposes8 ,practical exp]i5ce negatives 
any su* conclusion4 ,consequ5tly1 we are
 ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t ! concurr5t         
developm5t & ! pres5ce ( ! sev]al       
organic pr9ciples--! oil1 ! wax1 !      
bitt]1 ! tann91 ! phlobaph51 9 ! *oic]  
sorts--are subject1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 to 
v>iations dep5d+ on skill$ culture &    
c>eful dry+1 & t ! aggregate ( ^!       
pr9ciples has a c]ta9 atta9able maximum 
9 ! f9] sorts1 "u ! mo/ favorable       
conditions ( culture1 & ano!r1 l[]      
maximum 9 less p]fectly cultivat$ & wild
 sorts4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! proportion (    
active organic sub/ance 9 ea* sort mu/  

be det]m9$ by analysis4 ,!re !n rema9s  
to be discov]$ :i* ( ! a=esaid sub/ances
 plays ! lead+ role 9 brew+1 & also :e!r
 ! pres5ce ( *lorophyl & inorganic salts
 9 ! hop extract influ5ces or alt]s !   
results4  ,t 9 brew+ hops _c be replac$ 
by lupul9e alone1 ev5 :5 ! latt] is     
employ$ 9 relatively l>ge quantities is 
well kn[n1 z also t a consid]able       
portion ( ! bitt] pr9ciple ( ! hop is   
f\nd 9 ! floral leaves4 ,nei!r c !      
lupul9e be reg>d$ z ! only active be]   
ag5t1 z bo? ! hop-tann9 & ! hop-res9    
s]ve to precipitate ! album9\s matt]1 & 
cl>ify & pres]ve ! be]4  ,bo? *emi/s &  
brew]s w\ld gladly welcome "s me?od (   
te/+ hops1 :i* %\ld be exp$iti\s1 & af=d
 reliable results 9 practical h&s4 ,to  
accompli% ?is acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( all !
 active organic con/itu5ts ( ! hops1 :i*
 c be extract$ ei!r ) e!r1 alcohol1 or  
wat] conta9+ soda 7= ! conv]sion ( ! hop
 tann9 9 phlobaph574#a ,x %\ld fur!r be 
asc]ta9$ :e!r ! *lorophyl p]c5tage 9 !  
hop bells1 new & old1 is or is n ! same 

9 cultivat$ & 9 wild hops1 & :e!r !     
aggregate p]c5tages ( organic &         
con/itu5t obs]ve ! same limits4         
,footnote #a3 ,see ,c4 ,etti1 9 ,d+l]'s 
,polyte*4 ,j\rn41 #ahgh1 p4 #ced4  ,z   
wild hops n[adays are frequ5tly         
introduc$ 9 brew+1 ! proportion (       
*lorophyl & organic & inorganic         
con/itu5ts 9 !m %\ld be comp>$ ) ^? (   
cultivat$ sorts1 tak+ ! be/ ,bav>ian or 
,bohemian hops z ! /&>d ( measurem5t4 ,!
 *lorophyl is ( m9or importance1 z x has
 little effect on ! g5]al results4  ,by 
a s]ies ( comp>ative analysis (         
cultivat$ & wild hops1 9 :i* ,i w\ld lay
 especial /ress on p>ity ( conditions 9 
reg>d ( age & vegetation1 ! extreme     
limits ( v>iation ( :i* _! active       
organic pr9ciples are susceptible c\ld  
be det]m9$4  ,!re is e reason to suppose
 t ! *lorophyl & inorganic con/itu5ts d 
n diff] mat]ially 9 ! mo/ widely diff]5t
 sorts ( hops4 ,! m important diff]5ces 
lie 9 ! proportions ( hop res9 & tann94 
,:5 ?is is decid$1 ! proportion ( tann9 

or phlobaph5 9 ! hop extract or ! be] c 
be det]m9$ by analysis 9 ! ord9>y way4  
,b :5ev] "s quick & sure hop te/ %all h 
be5 f\nd1 appe>ance & aroma w /ill be   
mo/ important factors 9 any e/imate ( ! 
value ( hops4 ,"h a "q arises z to :e!r 
hops f a w>m or ev5 a /eppe climate1 l t
 ( ,s\? ,russia1 conta9 ! same          
proportion ( e!real oil--t is1 (        
aroma--z ^? f a cool] climate1 l ,bav>ia
 & ,bohemia1 or l c]ta9 o!r fruit       
species ( s\!rn gr[?1 !y are e>ly 9     
matur+1 prolific1 l>ge 9 size1 & ab\nd+ 
9 f>9a1 b defici5t 9 aroma4  ,! be>+s ( 
c]ta9 exp]im5tal data on ?is po9t ,i    
res]ve = consid]ation ^u a future       
occasion4--,! ,analy/4         99       
99       99       99       99     ,,wat]
 ,,gas4  ,a ,,description ,,( ,,app>atus
 ,,= ,,produc+ ,,*eap ,,gas1 ,,& ,,"s   
,,notes ,,on ,,! ,,economical ,,effect  
,,( ,,us+ ,,su* ,,gas ,,) ,,gas         
,,motors1 ,,etc4  ,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( 
pap] read 9 ,section ,g4 ,briti%        
,association1 ,york  ,by ,,mr4 ,j4      

,,em]son ,,d[son1 ,c4,e41 ( ,london4    
,9 _m c\ntries & = _m ye>s pa/1 inv5tors
 h s\ght "s *eap & easy means (         
decompos+ /eam 9 ! pres5ce ( inc&esc5t  
c>bon 9 ord] to produce a *eap heat+    
gas2 & work+ ) ! same object ! writ] has
 devis$ an app>atus :i* has be5 fitt$ up
 9 ! g>d5 ( ! ,indu/rial ,exhibition1 & 
is !re mak+ gas = a #c horse p[]        
7nom9al7 ,otto gas eng9e4 ,! retort or  
g5]ator consi/s ( a v]tical cyl9drical  
iron cas+ :i* incloses a ?ick l9+ (     
gani/] to prev5t loss ( heat & oxidation
 ( ! metal1 & at ! bottom ( ?is cyl9d]  
is a grate on :i* a fire is built up4   
,"u ! grate is a clos$ *amb]1 & a jet ( 
sup]heat$ /eam plays into ?is & c>ries )
 x by induction a cont9u\s curr5t ( air4
 ,! pressure ( ! /eam =ces ! mixture (  
/eam & air upw>d ?r\gh ! fire1 s t !    
combu/ion ( ! fuel is ma9ta9$ :ile a    
cont9u\s curr5t ( /eam is decompos$1 & 9
 ?is way ! work+ ( ! g5]ator is con/ant1
 & ! gas is produc$ )\t fluctuations 9  
quality4 ,! well-kn[n reactions occur1 !

 /eam is decompos$1 & ! oxyg5 f ! /eam &
 air comb9es ) ! c>bon ( ! fuel to =m   
c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b71 :i* is r$uc$ to 
! monoxide 7,,co7 on asc5d+ ! fuel      
column4 ,9 ?is way ! result+ gases =m a 
mixture ( hydrog51 c>bon1 monoxide1 &   
nitrog51 ) a small p]c5tage ( c>bon     
dioxide :i* usually escapes )\t         
r$uction4 ,! /eam %\ld h a pressure ( #a
 to #b atmosph]es1 & is produc$ &       
sup]heat$ 9 a zigzag coil f$ ) wat] f a 
neighbor+ boil]4 ,! quantity ( wat]     
requir$ is v small1 be+ only ab\t #g    
p9ts = ea* #a1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 &1  
except on ! fir/ occasion :5 ! app>atus 
is />t$1 ! coil is heat$ by "s ( ! gas  
drawn f ! hold]1 s t aft] ! gas is      
light$ "u ! coil ! sup]heat] requires no
 att5tion4  ,= boil] & furnace "w ! gas 
c be us$ direct f ! g5]ator2 b :]e      
uni=mity ( pressure is ess5tial1 z = gas
 eng9es1 gas burn]s1 etc41 ! gas %\ld   
pass into a hold]4 ,! latt] some:at     
ret>ds ! production1 b ! /eam injector  
causes gas to be made s rapidly t a     

hold] is easily fill$ aga9/ a back      
pressure ( #a 94 to #a 94 ( wat]1 & at  
?is pressure ! g5]ator c pass gas       
cont9u\sly into ! hold]1 :ile at ! same 
"t x is be+ drawn (f = consumption4  ,! 
nature ( ! fuel requir$ dep5ds on !     
purpose = :i* ! gas is us$4 ,if = heat+ 
boil]s1 furnaces1 etc1 coke or any k9d (
 coal maybe us$2 b = gas eng9es or any  
application ( ! gas requir+ great       
cleanl9ess & fre$om f sulphur & ammonia 
x is be/ to use an?racite1 z ?is does n 
yield cond5sable vapors1 & is v free f  
impurities4 ,good qualities ( ?is fuel  
conta9 ov] #ij p] c5t ( c>bon & s little
 sulphur t1 = "s purposes1 purification 
is n necess>y4 ,= gas eng9es1 etc41 x   
is1 h[ev]1 bett] to pass ! gas ?r\gh "s 
hydrat$ oxide ( iron to remove !        
sulphuret$ hydrog54 ,! oxide c be us$   
ov] & ov] aga9 aft] exposure to ! air1 &
 ! purify+ is ?us effect$ )\t smell or  
appreciable exp5se4 ,gas made by ?is    
process & ) an?racite coal has no t> &  
no ammonia1 & ! small p]c5tage ( c>bon  

dioxide pres5t does n s5sibly affect !  
heat+ p[]4 ,a fur!r advantage ( ?is gas 
is t x _c burn ) a smoky flame1 & !re is
 no deposition ( soot ev5 :5 ! object to
 be heat$ is plac$ ov] or 9 ! flame1 &  
?is is ( importance = ! cyl9d] & valves 
( a gas eng9e4  ,to produce #a1jjj cubic
 feet only #ab lb4 ( an?racite are      
requir$1 all[+ #h to #aj p] c5t1 =      
impurities & wa/e2 ?us a g5]ator ,a     
size1 :i* produces #a1jjj cubic feet p] 
h\r1 ne$s only #ab lb4 9 t "t1 & ?is c  
be add$ once an h\r or at long]         
int]vals4 ,no skill$ labor is necess>y1 
& 9 practice x is usual to employ a man 
:o has o!r "w to att5d to ne> ! g5]ator1
 & to pay him a small addition to 8     
usual wages4  ,! comp>ative explosive   
=ce ( coal gas & ! ,d[son gas calculat$ 
9 ! usual way is z #c4d3a1 i4 e41 coal  
gas has #c4d times m en]gy ?an ! writ]'s
 gas4 ,messrs4 ,crossley1 ( ,man*e/]1 ! 
mak]s ( ! ,otto gas eng9es1 h made      
sev]al c>eful trials ( ?is gas ) "s ( _!
 #c horse p[] 7nom9al7 eng9es1 & 9 "o   

trial !y took diagrams e half-h\r = n9e 
consecutive days4 ,^! practical trials h
 %[n t )\t alt]+ ! cyl9d] ( ! eng9e x is
 possible to admit en\gh ( ! ,d[son gas 
to give ! same p[] z ) ord9>y coal gas4 
,x has be5 se5 t ! comp>ative explosive 
=ce ( ! two gases is z #c4d3a1 b z x is 
well kn[n ! combu/ion ( c>bon monoxide  
proce$s at a comp>atively sl[ rate1 & = 
?is reason1 & because ( ! dilu5ts pres5t
 9 ! cyl9d] :i* affect ! weak] gas m ?an
 coal gas1 exp]i5ce has %[n t x is be/  
to all[ five volumes ( ! ,d[son gas = "o
 volume ( coal gas1 & !n ! same uni=m   
p[] is obta9$ z ) ! latt]4  ,?is gives v
 important economical results2 = if !   
co/ ( ! ,d[son gas giv5 9 ! tables z    
#d;d41 #c-a_/c;d41 & #b;d4 p] #a1jjj    
cubic feet1 be multipli$ by #e !re w be 
#as4 #i;d41 #as4 #d;d41 & #as4 #b;d41 or
 a mean ( #as4 #e;d4 = ! equival5t (    
#a1jjj cubic feet ( coal gas1 :i*       
usually co/s f #cs4 to #ds41 & ?is      
repres5ts an actual sav+ ( ab\t #ej to  
#fj p] c5t1 9 work+ co/4 ,ano!r         

practical consid]ation is t coal gas    
requires #bbd lb4 to #bej lb4 ( coal p] 
#a1jjj cubic feet ( gas1 b ! writ]      
requires only #ab lb4 p] #a1jjj cubic   
feet1 & multiply+ ?is by #e to give !   
equival5t ( #a1jjj cubic feet ( coal    
gas1 = eng9e "w1 !re are #fj lb4 in/ead 
( #bbd lb4 to #bej lb4 ,?is is only #bd 
to #bg p] c5t1 ( ! weight ( ! coal      
requir$ = coal gas1 & 9 _m outly+       
di/ricts ?is w effect an appreciable    
sav+ 9 ! co/ ( transport4   ,,app5dix4  
,,table ,i4    ,g5]ator ,a ,size        
7produc+ #a1jjj cubic feet p] h\r73     
,an?racite to make gas at ! rate (      
#a1jjj   s4  d4       cubic feet p]     
h\rl#b lb x #i work+       h\rsl#jh lb41
 or say1 #a cwt4 at #bjs4 a             
ton444444444444444444444444444444444444 
#a   #j     ,all[ance = wages (         
att5dant444444444     #a   #j           
,repairs & depreciation ( g5]ator1      
ga%old]1 etc4 7#e p] c5t4 on l#be7      
p] work+ day444444444444444444444444    
#j   #e     ,int]e/ on capital outlay1  

ditto44444444     #j   #e               
,total444444444444444444444444444     #b
  #aj                                   
cub4 ft4      ,gas                      
produc$44444444444444444444444444444    
#i4jjj     ,less gas us$ = g5]at+ &     
sup]heat+ /eam444444444444444444444     
#a1jjj                                  
,total effective gas = #bs4 #aj;d4      
#h1jjj    ,net co/ #d d4 p] #a1jjj cubic
 feet4    ,,table ,,ii4    ,g5]ator ,b  
,size 7produc+ #a1ejj cubic feet p] h\r7
     ,an?racite to make gas at ! rate ( 
#a1ejj   s4  d4       cubic feet p]     
h\r#ah lb4 x #i work+       h\rs#afb    
lb41 or1 say1 #a cwt4 #bjs4       a     
ton4444444444444444444444444444444444   
#a    #f     ,all[ance = wages (        
att5dant444444444     #a    #j          
,repairs & depreciation ( g5]ator1      
ga%old]1 etc4 7#e p] c5t1 on #adj7      
p] work+ day44444444444444444444444     
#j    #e     ,int]e/ on capital outlay1 
ditto44444444     #j    #e              
,total444444444444444444444444444     #c

    #e                                  
cub4 ft4     ,gas                       
produc$44444444444444444444444444444    
#ac1ejj     ,less gas us$ = g5]at+ &    
sup]heat+ /eam444444444444444444444     
#a1bjj                                  
,total effective gas = #cs4 #e;d44      
#ab1cjj    ,net co/ #c #a_/c;d4 p]      
#a1jjj cubic feet4    ,,table ,,iii4    
,g5]ator ,c ,size 7produc+ #b1ejj cubic 
feet p] h\r73     ,an?racite to make gas
 at ! rate ( #b1ejj      s4 d4     cubic
 feet p] h\r#cj lb4 x #i work+          
h\rs#bgj lb4 at #bjs4 a ton444444444444 
#b  #d     ,all[ance = wages (          
att5dant4444444          #a  #f         
,repairs & depreciation ( g5]ator1      
ga%old]1 etc4 7#e p] c5t1 on #afj7      
p] work+ day4444444444444444444444      
#j  #f     ,int]e/ on capital outlay1   
ditto444444          #j  #f             
,total4444444444444444444444444         
#d #aa                                  
cub4 ft4     ,gas                       
produc$444444444444444444444444444      

#bb1ejj     ,less gas us$ = g5]at+ &    
sup]heat+ /eam4444444444444444444       
#a1ejj                                  
,total effective gas = #ds4 #aa;d       
#ba1jjj    ,net co/1 say1 #b d4 p]      
#a1jjj cubic feet4         99       99  
99       99       99     ,,on ,,!       
,,fluid ,,d5sity ,,( ,,c]ta9 ,,metals4  
,footnote3 ,ab/ract ( pap] read be=e    
,section ,c 7,*emical ,sci5ce71 ,briti% 
,association meet+1 ,york4  ,by         
,,pr(essor ,w4 ,,*&l] ,,rob]ts1         
,f4,r4,s41 & ,t4 ,,wrightson4   ,!      
au?ors describ$ _! exp]im5ts on ! fluid 
d5sity ( metals made 9 cont9uation ( ^? 
submitt$ to ,section ,b at ! ,swansea   
meet+ ( ! ,association4 ,"s "t s9ce "o (
 ! au?ors gave an acc\nt ( ! results (  
exp]im5ts made to det]m9e ! d5sity (    
metallic silv]1 & ( c]ta9 alloys ( silv]
 & copp] :5 9 a molt5 /ate4 ,! me?od    
adopt$ 0 t devis$ by ,mr4 ,r4 ,mallet1 &
 ! details 7 z foll[s3 ,a conical vessel
 ( be/ ?9 ,l[moor plate 7#a millimet]   
?ick71 ab\t #af c5timet]s 9 height1 &   

hav+ an int]nal volume ( ab\t #edj cubic
 c5timet]s1 0 weigh$1 fir/ empty1 &     
subsequ5tly :5 fill$ ) di/ill$ wat] at a
 kn[n temp]ature4 ,! necess>y data 7 ?us
 af=d$ = accurately det]m9+ its capacity
 at ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,molt5 silv] 0
 !n p\r$ into x1 ! temp]ature at ! "t ( 
p\r+ be+ asc]ta9$ by ! calorimetric     
me?od4 ,! precautions1 z reg>ds fill+1  
po9t$ out by ,mr4 ,mallet1 7 adopt$2 & z
 soon z ! metal 0 q cold1 ! cone ) its  
cont5ts 0 aga9 weigh$4 ,exp]im5ts 7 also
 made on ! d5sity ( fluid bismu?2 & two 
di/9ctive det]m9ations gave ! foll[+    
results3    #aj4jje 7          7 mean   
#aj4jci4   #aj4jgb 7  ,! inv5tion ( !   
oncosimet]1 :i* 0 describ$ by "o ( !    
au?ors 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,iron & ,/eel    
,in/itute 7,no4 ,,ii41 #ahgi1 p4 #dah71 
appe>$ to af=d an opportunity = resum+ !
 inve/igation on a new basis1 m         
especially z ! delicacy ( ! in/rum5t _h 
already be5 prov$ by exp]im5ts on a     
consid]able scale = det]m9+ ! d5sity (  
fluid ca/ iron4 ,! foll[+ is ! pr9ciple 

on :i* ?is in/rum5t acts3  ,if a        
sph]ical ball ( any metal be plung$ bel[
 ! surface ( a molt5 ba? ( ! same or    
ano!r metal1 ! cold ball w displace its 
own volume ( molt5 metal4 ,if ! d5sities
 ( ! cold & molt5 metal be ! same1 !re w
 be equilibrium1 & no float+ or s9k+    
effect w be exhibit$4 ,if ! d5sity ( !  
cold be great] ?an t ( ! molt5 metal1   
!re w be a s9k+ effect1 & if less a     
float+ effect :5 fir/ imm]s$4 ,z !      
temp]ature ( ! subm]g$ ball rises1 !    
volume ( ! displac$ liquid w increase or
 decrease accord+ z ! ball exp&s or     
contracts4 ,9 ord] to regi/] ^! *anges !
 ball is hung on a spiral spr+1 & !     
slighte/ *ange 9 buoyancy causes an     
elongation or contraction ( ?is spr+ :i*
 c be read (f on a scale ( ounces1 & is 
record$ by a p5cil on a revolv+ drum4 ,a
 diagram is ?us trac$ out1 ! ord9ates ( 
:i* repres5t increm5ts ( volume1 or1 9  
o!r words1 ( weight ( fluid displac$--! 
z]o l9e1 or l9e correspond+ to a ball 9 
a liquid ( equal d5sity1 be+ previ\sly  

trac$ out by revolv+ ! drum )\t atta*+ !
 ball ( metal itself to ! spr+1 b ) all 
o!r auxili>y atta*m5ts4 ,by means ( a   
simple adju/m5t ! ball is kept con/antly
 depress$ to ! same ext5t bel[ ! surface
 ( ! liquid2 & ! ord9ate ( ?is p5cil    
l9e1 measur+ f ! l9e ( equilibrium1 ?us 
gives an exact measure ( ! float+ or    
s9k+ effect at e /age ( temp]ature1 f ! 
cold solid to ! /ate :5 ! ball beg9s to 
melt4  ,if ! weight & specific gravity (
 ! ball be tak5 :5 cold1 !re are obta9$1
 ) ! ord9ate on ! diagram at ! mom5t (  
imm]sion1 suffici5t data = det]m9+ !    
d5sity ( ! fluid metal2 =  ,w _/ ,w#a   
,d _/ ,d#a  ! volumes be+ equal4 ,&     
rememb]+ t  ,w 7weight ( liquid7  ,w#a  
7weight ( ball7  x  7:]e x is always    
measur$ z ve or -ve float+ effect71 !re 
is obta9$ ! equation3         ,d#a  x 7 
,w#a  x7   ,d   --------------- 4       
,w#a  ,,tex3 ,d  frac,d#a times 7,w#a   
x7,w#a  ,! results obta9$ ) metallic    
silv] are p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+1 ma9ly f 
! fact t ! metal melts at a high]       

temp]ature1 :i* 0 det]m9$ ) great c>e by
 ! illu/ri\s physici/ & metallurgi/1 !  
late ,h5ri ,/4 ,claire ,deville1 ^:     
late/ exp]im5ts l$ him to fix ! melt+   
po9t at #idj ,c5t4 ,! au?ors ( ! pap]   
%[$ t ! d5sity ( ! fluid metal 0 #i4ea z
 comp>$ ) #aj4eg1 ! d5sity ( ! solid    
metal4 ,tak+ _! results g5]ally1 x is   
f\nd t ! *ange ( volume ( ! foll[+      
metals 9 pass+ f ! solid to ! liquid    
/ate may be ?us /at$3                   
,specific       ,specific    ,metal4    
,gravity1      ,gravity1      ,p]c5tage 
(                  ,solid4              
,liquid4         ,*ange4    ,bismu?     
#i4hb         #aj4jee     ,decrease (   
volume  #b4c   ,copp]          #h4h     
#h4bag     ,increase           #g4a     
,lead           #aa4d          #aj4cg   
#i4ic   ,t94            #g4e            
#g4jbe                       #f4gf      
,z9c            #g4b           #f4dh    
#aa4aj   ,silv]         #aj4eg          
#i4ea                       #aa4bj      
,iron            #f4ie          #f4hh   

#a4jb         99       99       99      
99       99     ,,hydrophobia ,,prev5t$ 
,,by ,,vacc9ation4   ,m4 ,pa/eur & o!r  
,fr5* savants h lately be5 devot+       
special att5tion to hydrophobia4 ,!     
great au?ority on g]ms has1 9 fact1     
def9itely ann\nc$ t he does n int5d to  
re/ until he has made kn[n ! exact      
nature & life-hi/ory ( ?is t]rible      
disease1 & discov]$ a means ( prev5t+ or
 cur+ x4 ,! mo/ curi\s result yet atta9$
 9 ?is direction1 h[ev]1 has be5 ann\nc$
 by ,pr(essor ,v4 ,galti]1 ( ! ,lyons   
,vet]9>y ,s*ool4 ,?is inquir] has f\nd1 
9 ! fir/ place1 t if ! virus ( rabies be
 inject$ into ! ve9s ( a %eep1 ! animal 
does n subsequ5tly exhibit any symptoms 
( hydrophobia4 ,?is 9 itself w\ld be a  
suffici5tly curi\s result to ju/ify     
att5tion1 ?\gh its importance1 except z 
confirmatory te/imony1 becomes less     
/rik+ :5 x is rememb]$ t ,m4 ,pa/eur has
 lately %[n t ! special nidus ( !       
disease appe>s to be ! n]v\s tissue1 &  
p>ticul>ly ! ganglionic c5t]s4 ,b !re is

 ?is fur!r curi\s consequ5ce3 %eep :o h 
?us be5 treat$ ?r\gh ! blood1 & :o are  
aft]w>ds inoculat$ 9 ! ord9>y way ?r\gh 
! cellul> tissue1 z if by a bite1 are   
pro( aga9/ ! disease4 ,x is z ?\gh !    
injection into ! ve9s act$ z a vacc9e4  
,tw5ty %eep 7 exp]im5t$ ^u2 t5 only 7   
treat$ to ! v5\s injection1 & !n all 7  
inoculat$ ?r\gh ! cellul> tissue4 ,! t5 
:i* _h be5 fir/ vacc9at$ cont9ue alive &
 well2 !y h n ev5 %[n any adv]se        
symptoms4 ,! o!r t5 h all di$ ( rabies4 
,x rema9s to say :y ,m4 ,galti]         
exp]im5t$ ^u %eep1 & n ^u dogs & cats1  
:i* usually communicate ! disease4 ,!   
incubation ( ! disease is mu* m rapid & 
less caprici\s 9 ! %eep ?an 9 ! dog or 9
 man1 & h5ce ,m4 ,galti] 0 able to get 8
 results m c]ta9ly )9 a %ort p]iod4     
,hav+ succe$$ s f>1 he is n[ ju/ifi$ 9  
und]tak+ ! m protract$ s]ies (          
obs]vations :i* exp]im5ts ^u ! can9e    
species w involve2 & ?is he proposes to 
d4 ,exp]im5ts ( ?is nature are n )\t a  
s]i\s risk1 & admiration is almo/       

equally due to ! c\rage & ! intellig5ce 
( ! exp]im5tali/4 ,b :at w !            
anti-vacc9ator say8--,pall ,mall        
,gazette4         99       99       99  
99       99     ,,on ,,dipt]a ,,z       
,,spread]s ,,( ,,disease4  ,by ,j4,w4   
,,slat]4   ,! two-w+$ flies1 9 _!       
behavior to man1 /& 9 a m>k$ contra/ to 
all ! o!r ord]s ( insects4 ,!           
,lepidopt]a1 ! ,coleopt]a1 ! ,neuropt]a1
 ! ,hym5opt]a no d\bt occasion1 9 "s (  
_! =ms at lea/1 mu* damage to our crops4
 ,b none ( !m are p>asitic 9 or ^u our  
bodies2 none ( !m p]si/5tly intrude into
 our dwell+s1 hov] ar\nd u 9 our walks1 
& h>ass u ) noise & con/ant attempts to 
bite1 or at lea/ to crawl ^u u4 ,ev5 !  
ants1 except 9 a few tropical di/ricts1 
r>ely act ^u ! (f5sive4 ,! ,hemipt]a    
conta9 "o semi-p>asitic species :i* has 
atta9$ a _w-wide circulation1 & "o      
degrad$1 purely p>asitic gr\p4 ,b !     
,dipt]a1 among :i* ! fleas are n[       
g5]ally includ$ z a deg5]at$ type1      
comprise m =ms p]sonally annoy+ to man  

?an all ! rema9+ insect ord]s put       
toge!r4 ,^! ho/ile species are1 fur!r1  
incalculably num]\s1 & occur 9 e "p ( ! 
globe4 ,mosquitoes sw>m n m]ely 9 !     
swampy =e/s ( ! ,or9oco or ! ,irrawaddy1
 b 9 ! ,tundras ( ,sib]ia1 en !         
/orm-beat5 rocks ( ! ,l(fod5s1 & are ev5
 enc\nt]$ by voyag]s 9 que/ ( ! ,nor?   
,pole4 ,! common h\se fly 0 probably at 
"o "t peculi> to ! ,ea/]n ,cont95t1 b x 
foll[$ ! foot/eps ( ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs1 &
 is n[ z great a nuisance 9 ! ,unit$    
,slates & ! ,dom9ion z 9 any "p (       
,europe4 ,x is curi\s1 b di/ress+1 to   
note ! t5d5cy ( evils to become         
int]national4 ,we h communicat$ to      
,am]ica ! h\se-fly & ! ,hessian fly1 !  
cabbage-:ite1 ! small pox1 & ! *ol]a4   
,%e1 9 return1 has giv5 u ! ,phyllox]a1 
a few visitations ( yell[ fev]1 !       
,blatta gigantea1 &1 climate all[+1 may 
p]haps ?r[ 9 ! ,colorado beetle z a     
make-weight4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t1 at lea/1  
free trade reigns undisput$4 ,x is a    
s+ul> ?+ t no beautiful1 useful1 or ev5 

h>mless species ( bird or insect seems  
capable ( acclimatiz+ itself z d ^?     
*>act]iz$ by ugl9ess & noisom5ess4  ,b1 
return+ f ?is digression1 we f9d 9 !    
,dipt]a ! habit ( obtrusion & intrusion1
 ( com+ 9 actual contact ) our food &   
our p]sons1 comb9$ ) ano!r prop5sity--t 
( fe$+ ^u c>rion1 excrem5t1 blood1 pus1 
& morbid matt] ( all k9ds4 ,?is is a    
comb9ation f> m s]i\s ?an is g5]ally    
imag9$4 ,if ! fly--:i* may at any mom5t 
settle ^u our lips1 our eyes1 or ^u an  
abrad$ "p ( our sk9--7 cleanly 9 its    
habits1 we ne$ feel little annoyance at 
its visits4 ,or if x 7 ! mo/ eag] c>rion
 dev\r]1 b did n1 aft] hav+ d9$1 ?9k x  
necess>y to seek our company1 we might  
hold x1 z is done too ha/ily by "s      
naturali/s1 a valuable scav5g]4 ,i fe>1 
h[ev]1 t ,i h already made too great a  
concession4 ,s long z v _m p]sons are   
suff]+ f disease--s long z _m diseases  
are capable ( be+ transmitt$ f ! sick to
 ! heal?y--s long mu/ any creature :i*  
is 9 ! habit ( fly+ ab\t1 & t\*+ fir/ "o

 p]son & !n ano!r1 be a possible m$ium (
 infection & dea?4  ,let u take ! foll[+
 case1 by no means imag9>y1 b a         
g5]alization f occurr5ces f> too        
frequ5t3 ,a heal?y man1 sitt+ 9 8 h\se  
or walk+ 9 ! fields1 especially 9       
c\ntries :]e ! insectivor\s birds h be5 
%ot d[n1 sudd5ly feels a %>p prick on 8 
neck or 8 *eek4 ,putt+ 8 h& to ! place  
he p]haps cru%es1 p]haps m]ely bru%es   
away1 a fly :i* has bitt5 him s z to    
draw blood4 ,! man ?9ks little ( s      
trifl+ a hurt1 b ! next morn+ he f9ds ! 
puncture exce$+ly pa9ful4 ,an inflam$   
pimple =ms1 :i* quickly gets worse1 :ile
 con/itutional symptoms ( a fev]i% k9d  
come on4 ,9 al>m he seeks m$ical advice4
 ,! doctor tells him t x is a malignant 
pu/ule1 & takes at once ! mo/ active    
measures4 ,9 spite ( all possible skill 
& c>e ! pati5t too (t5 succumbs to !    
bite ( a m\*e *>bonneuse1 or            
c>buncle-fly4 ,b has any k9d ( fly !    
prop]ty ( produc+ malignant pu/ule by "s
 specific inh]5t p[] ( its own8 ,surely 

n4 ,! antec$5t circum/ances are ^!3 ,a  
%eep or heif] is attack$ ) ! disease    
kn[n 9 ,france z *>bon1 9 ,g]many z     
milz-br&1 & 9 ,engl& z spl5ic fev]4 ,its
 blood on exam9ation w\ld be f\nd       
pl5tifully peopl$ ) bact]ia4 ,if a      
lancet 7 plung$ into ! body ( ! animal1 
& 7 !n us$ to slightly scrat* or cut !  
sk9 ( a man1 he w\ld be inoculat$ )     
*>bon4 ,! bite ( ! fly is precisely     
simil> 9 its action4 ,its ro/rum has be5
 sme>$ ) ! poison$ blood1 an            
inf9itesimal p>ticle ( :i* is suffici5t 
to inclose sev]al ( ! disease g]ms1 & ^!
 are !n transf]r$ to ! blood ( ! next   
man or animal :i* ! fly happ5s to bite4 
,! disease is reproduc$ z simply &      
c]ta9ly z ! spores ( "s species ( f]n   
give rise to _! l if scatt]$ ^u soil    
suitable = _! gr[?4 ,b flies :i* d n    
bite may transf] infection4 ,e "o mu/ "k
 t if blood be spilt ^u ! gr\nd a cr[d (
 flies w settle ^u & eag]ly absorb x4   
,animals suff]+ f spl5ic fev] 9 ! lat]  
/ages ( ! disease sometimes emit bloody 

ur9e4 ,(t5 !y are %ot or slaught]$ by   
way ( /amp+ out ! plague1 & _! c>casses 
are buri$ deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,b "s loss (  
blood is sure to happ51 & ?is w mo/ly be
 left to soak into ! gr\nd4 ,"h aga9 !  
flies w come1 & _! feet & m\? w become  
*>g$ ) ! contagion4 ,su* a fly1 settl+  
^u ano!r animal or a man1 & select+--z x
 w d by pref]5ce1 if su* exi/--a w\nd1  
or a place :]e ! sk9 is brok51 w convey 
! disease4  ,aga91 ,m4 ,pa/eur has      
?\ghtfully po9t$ out t if an animal has 
di$ ( spl5ic fev]1 & has be5 c>efully   
buri$1 ! e>?-worms may br+ up portions (
 infecti\s matt] to ! surface1 s t %eep 
graz+1 or m]ely be+ fold$ ov] ! spot 9  
"q1 may take ! plague & die4 ,h5ce be   
wisely c\nsels t ! bodies ( su* animals 
%\ld be buri$ 9 s&y or calc>e\s soils   
:]e e>?-worms are n num]\s4 ,b x is     
p]fectly legitimate to g a /ep f>!r4 ,if
 su* worm-bor+s reta9 ! slighte/ savor (
 animal matt]1 flies w settle ^u !m & w 
convey ! infecti\s du/ to ! mo/         
unexpect$ places1 giv+ w+s to ! plague4 

,n[ x is v true t no "o has se5 a fly   
fea/+ ^u ! blood ( a heif] or %eep dy+  
or j dead ( spl5ic fev]1 has !n wat*$ x 
settle ^u & bite "s p]son1 & has trac$ !
 foll[+ /ages ( ! disease4 ,b x is      
positively kn[n t a p]son has be5 bitt5 
by a fly1 & has !n exhibit$ all !       
symptoms ( *>bon1 ! place ( ! bite be+ !
 prim>y seat ( ! infection4 ,we "k also1
 beyond all d\bt1 ! eag]ness ) :i* flies
 w suck up blood1 & we likewise "k !    
/range p]si/5ce ( ! disease g]ms4       
,aga91 ! avidity ( flies = purul5t matt]
 is n a ?+ ( m]e possibility4 ,9 ,egypt1
 :]e oph?almia is common1 & :]e ! plague
 ( flies seems nev] to h be5 remov$1 x  
is report$ z almo/ impossible to keep ^!
 insects away f ! eyes ( ! suff]]s4 ,!  
infection :i* !y ?us take up !y convey  
to ! eyes ( p]sons /ill heal?y1 & ?us ! 
sc\rge is cont9ually multipli$4  ,a ?ird
 case :i* seems e/abli%$ beyond "q is ! 
ag5cy ( mosquitoes 9 spread+            
elephantiasis4 ,^! s-call$ sanit>y ag5ts
 suck f ! blood ( "o p]son ! ,fil>iae1 !

 direct cause ( ! disease1 & transf] !m 
to ano!r4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ?is process is 
effect$ w appe> simple en\gh if we      
reflect t ! mosquito beg9s op]ations by 
inject+ a few drops ( fluid into its    
victim1 s z to dilute ! blood & make x  
easi] to be suck$4  ,s mu* be+ e/abli%$ 
x becomes 9 ! highe/ degree probable t e
 infecti\s disease may be1 & actually   
is1 at times propagat$ by ! ag5cy (     
flies4 ,att5tion turn$ to ?is mu*       
neglect$ qu>t] w v probably g f> to     
expla9 obscure ph5om5a connect$ ) !     
di/ribution ( epidemics & _! sudd5      
outbreaks 9 unexpect$ qu>t]s4 ,i h se5 x
 /at$ t 9 =m] outbreaks ( pe/il5ce flies
 7 rem>kably num]\s1 & al?\gh m$iaeval  
obs]vations on ,entomology are n to be  
tak5 )\t a gra9 ( salt1 ! tradition is  
sugge/ive4 ,p]haps ! ,dipt]a h _!       
seasons ( unusual multiplication &      
emigration4 ,a wave ( ! common flea     
appe>s to h pass$ ov] ,maid/one 9       
,augu/1 #ahhj4  ,we n[ see ! way to "s  
practical conclusions n )\t importance4 

,recogniz+ a v consid]able "p ( ! ord] (
 ,dipt]a1 or two-w+$ flies1 z ag5ts 9   
spread+ disease1 x surely foll[s t man  
%\ld wage w> aga9/ !m 9 a mu* m         
sy/ematic & consi/5t mann] ?an at       
pres5t4 ,! de/ruction ( ! common        
h\se-fly by papi] ,m\re1 by decoctions (
 quassia1 by v>i\s traps1 & by ! s-call$
 cat* 'em alive1 is tri$ "h & !re1 n[ & 
!n1 by "s groc]1 confection]1 or        
h\sewife angry at ! spoliation &        
defilem5t caus$ by ^! little m>aud]s4 ,b
 !re is no conc]t$ cont9u\s action--:i* 
aft] all w\ld be nei!r difficult nor    
exp5sive--& consequ5tly no m>k$ success4
 ,exp]im5ts ) a view ( f9d+ out new     
modes ( fly-kill+ are few & f> betwe54  
,e "o mu/ occasionally h se51 9 autumn1 
flies z if cem5t$ to ! w9d[-pane1 &     
surr\nd$ ) a :iti% halo4 ,t 9 "s seasons
 numb]s ( flies ?us p]i%--t ! ph5om5on  
is due to a k9d ( fungus1 ! spores ( :i*
 readily transf] ! disease f "o fly to  
ano!r--we "k4 ,b "h our k is at fault4  
,we h n le>nt :y ?is fly-epidemic is m  

rife 9 "s seasons ?an o!rs4 ,we are     
ignorant conc]n+ ! me?ods ( multiply+   
?is fungus at w1 & ( laun*+ x aga9/ our 
enemies4 ,we _c tell :e!r x is capable (
 de/roy+ ,/omoxys calcitram1 ! bl[flies1
 gadflies1 gnats1 mosquitoes1 etc4      
,exp]im5t on ^! po9ts is r5d]$ difficult
 by ! circum/ance t ! fungus is r>ely   
procurable except 9 autumn1 :5 "s ( !   
species we mo/ ne$ to de/roy are n to be
 f\nd4 ,ano!r "q is :e!r ! fungus1 if   
l>gely multipli$ & widely spread1 might 
n prove fatal to o!r ?an ,dipt]\s       
insects1 especially to ! ,hym5opt]a1 s  
_m ( :i*1 9 _! "* ( plant-f]tiliz]s1 are
 highly useful1 or r ess5tial to man4   
,ano!r fungus1 ! s-call$ gre5 musc>d9e  
7,is>ia de/ructor71 has be5 f\nd s      
deadly to insects t ,pr(4 ,mets*nik(f1  
:o is exp]im5t+ ^u x1 hopes to extirpate
 ! ,phyllox]a1 ! ,colorado beetle1 etc41
 by its ag5cy4  ,com+ to bett] kn[n &   
/ill und]valu$ fly-de/roy]s1 we h       
int]f]$ mo/ unwisely ) ! balance (      
nature4 ,! sub/itution ( wire & rail+s =

 live f5ces 9 s _m fields has greatly   
less5$ ! cov] bo? = insectivor\s birds &
 = spid]s4 ,! w> wag$ aga9/ ! latt] 9   
our h\ses is pla9ly c>ri$ too f>4       
,:atev] may be ! case at ! ,cape1 9     
,au/ralia1 or ev5 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 no  
,briti% species is v5om\s en\gh to cause
 dang] to human be+s4 ,?\gh cobwebs are 
n ornam5tal1 save to ! eye ( !          
naturali/1 !re are p>ts ( our h\ses :]e 
!y might be judici\sly tol]at$3 _!      
sc>city 9 l>ge t[ns1 ev5 :]e _! prey    
ab\nds1 is some:at rem>kable4  ,b p]haps
 ! mo/ effectual phase ( man's w> aga9/ 
! flies w be negative r ?an positive1   
turn+ n s mu* on putt+ to dea? ! mature 
individuals z 9 de/roy+ ! matt] 9 :i* ! 
l>vae are n\ri%$4 ,or if1 f o!r         
consid]ations1 we _c de/roy all organic 
refuse1 we may & %\ld r5d] x unfit = !  
multiplication ( ^! v]m94 ,we h1 inde$1 
9 mo/ ( our l>ge t[ns & 9 _! suburbs1   
aboli%$ cesspools1 :i* are admirable    
bre$+-places = _m k9ds ( ,dipt]a1 & :i* 
sometimes pres5t$ "o wriggl+ mass (     

l>vae4 ,we h dra9$ _m m>%es1 dit*es1 &  
unclean pools1 ri* 9 decompos+ vegetable
 matt]1 & h ?us notably *eck$ !         
propagation ( gnats & midges4 ,i "k an  
in/ance ( a c\ntry mansion1 situate 9 "o
 ( ! be/ wood$ p>ts ( ! home c\nties1   
:i* tw5ty ye>s ago 0 almo/ un9habitable1
 ow+ to ! sw>ms ( gnats :i* p5etrat$    
into e room4 ,b ! pres5t proprietor1 be+
 ! rev]se ( pa*yd]mat\s1 has sub/itut$  
cov]$ dra9s = /agnant dit*es1 fill$ up a
 numb] ( slimy ponds z nei!r useful nor 
ornam5tal1 & n[ 9 mo/ seasons ! gnats no
 long] occasion any annoyance4  ,b if we
 h to "s ext5t done away ) cesspools &  
dit*es1 & h reap$ v di/9ct b5efit by s  
do+1 !re is /ill a griev\s am\nt (      
organic matt] all[$ to putrefy 9 ! v    
he>t ( our cities4 ,! du/ b9s--a        
necess>y accompanim5t ( ! wat]-c>riage  
sy/em ( dispos+ ( sewage--are           
!oretically suppos$ to be receptacles   
ma9ly = organic refuse1 su* z coal-a%es1
 brok5 crock]y1 & at wor/ ! sweep+s f ! 
floors4 ,9 sob] fact !y are l>gely mix$ 

) ! r9ds1 %ells1 etc41 ( fruits &       
vegetables1 ! bones & heads ( fi%1      
egg-%ells1 ! sweep+s out ( dog-k5nels & 
h5h\ses1 =m+ ?us1 9 %ort1 a mixture (   
evil odor1 & well adapt$ = ! bre$+-place
 ( n a few ,dipt]a4  ,! uses to :i* ?is 
du/ is put :5 ultimately fet*$ away are 
surpris+3 )\t be+ fre$ f its organic    
refuse x is us$ to fill up holl[s 9     
build+-gr\nd1 & ev5 = ! repair ( roads4 
,a few weeks ago ,i pass$ along a road  
:i* 0 be+ treat$ accord+ to ! iniquity (
 ,macadam4 ,ov] ! brok5 /ones _h be5    
%ot1 to consolidate !m1 a complex (     
a%es1 cabbage-leaves1 egg & p]iw9kle    
%ells1 /raw1 potato-p>+s1 a dead kitt5  
7ov] :i* a few c>rion-flies 7 hov]+71 & 
o!r promiscu\s nuisances4 ,! road 9 "q1 
be x rem>k$1 is highly respectable1 if n
 actually fa%ionable4 ,! h\ses fac+ ^u x
 are sev]ely rat$1 & are inhabit$ *iefly
 by c>riage p4 ,:at1 !n1 may n be       
expect$ 9 l[] di/ricts8  ,mu* att5tion  
has lately be5 drawn to ! fi% trade (   
,london4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 come out 9    

evid5ce t ! fi% retail]s1 if !y f9d a   
quantity ( _! p]i%able w>es ent]+ into  
decomposition1 s5d out late 9 ! ev5+ a  
mess5g]1 :o1 wat*+ 8 opportunity1 ?r[s 8
 burd5 d[n 9 "s plot ( build+ l&1 or ov]
 a f5ce4 ,:5 ,i say t ,i h se5 9 "o     
place1 close alongside a public         
?or\ghf>e1 a heap ( ab\t fifty h]r+s1 9 
mo/ active putrefaction & buzz+ ) flies1
 & "s days aft]w>d1 9 ano!r place1 "s   
tw5ty soles1 x w be und]/ood t su*      
nuisances c only be occasion$ by deal]s4
 ,to get rid (1 or at lea/ greatly      
dim9i%1 c>rion-flies1 h\se-flies1 & !   
:ole class ( w+$ travel]s 9 disease1 x w
 be1 be=e all ?+s1 ess5tial to aboli%   
su* loa?some malpractices4 ,! du/b9s mu/
 cease be+ made ! receptacle = putresc5t
 & putrescible matt]1 ! de/ruction ( :i*
 by fire %\ld be insi/$ ^u4  ,! bani%m5t
 ( slaught]-h\ses to "s truly rural     
situation1 :]e ! blood & (fal c\ld be at
 once utiliz$1 w\ld be ano!r /ep t[>d   
depriv+ flies ( _! pabulum 9 ! l>va     
/ate4 ,an equally important movem5t w\ld

 be ! sub/itution ( /eam or electricity 
= horsep[] 9 propell+ tram-c>s & o!r    
pass5g] c>riages1 ) a view to m9imize ! 
numb] ( horses kept )9 great] ,london4  
,e l>ge /able is a focus (              
flies--,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4         99    
99       99       99       99     ,,on  
,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,m9ute ,,organisms 
,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,specific ,,diseases4     
,at ! rec5t ,m$ical ,congress 9 ,london1
 ,pr(essor ,klebs und]took to answ] !   
"q3 ,are !re specific organiz$ causes ( 
disease8  ,a %ort hi/orical review ( !  
v>i\s op9ions ( mank9d z to ! orig9 (   
disease l$1 ! speak] ?\ght1 to !        
presumption t ^! causes 7 specific &    
organiz$4  ,if we n[1 he said1 consid] !
 pres5t /ate ( ?is "q1 ! ?ree foll[+    
po9ts ( view pres5t !mselves z ^? f :i* 
! subject may be reg>d$3  ,i4--,we h to 
inquire :e!r ! l[] organisms1 :i* are   
f\nd 9 ! diseas$ body1 may arise !re    
spontane\sly2 or :e!r ev5 !y may be     
reg>d$ z regul> con/itu5ts ( ! body4    
,,ii4--,! morphological relations ( ^!  

organisms h to be inve/igat$1 & _!      
specific nature 9 ! diff]5t morbid      
processes has to be det]m9$4            
,,iii4--,we h to inquire into _!        
biological relations1 _! developm5t     
inside & outside ! body1 & ! conditions 
"u :i* !y are able to p5etrate into !   
body1 & !re to set up disease4          
,fir/4--,) reg>d to ! fir/ "q1 t ( !    
possibility ( spontane\s g5]ation1 !    
speak] gave a decid$ negative4  ,second 
& ?ird4--,!re is 9 microscopic organisms
 a diff]5ce ( =m correspond+1 z a rule1 
to diff]5ce ( function4 ,! facts reg>d+ 
^! v>i\s l[] =ms are briefly review$4   
,?ree gr\ps ( hyphomycetae1 algae1 &    
s*izomycetae1 h be5 demon/rat$ to occur 
9 ! animal & human organism 9 infective 
diseases4 ,_! significance increases ) !
 increase ( _! capacity = developm5t 9 !
 animal body4 ,?is dep5ds p>tly ^u _!   
natural or ord9>y conditions ( life1 b  
p>tly also1 & t 9 a v high degree1 ^u _!
 p[] ( adaptation1 :i*1 z ,d>w9 has %[n1
 is a prop]ty ( all liv+ ?+s1 & causes !

 production ( new species ) new active  
functions4  #a4 ,! hyphomycetae1 on     
acc\nt ( _! ne$+ an abundant supply (   
oxyg51 give rise to b few morbid        
processes1 & ^! run _! c\rse on !       
surface ( ! body1 & are h5ce relatively 
( less importance4 ,x w be suffici5t "h 
to ref] to ! =ms1 a*orion1 tri*ophyton1 
odium1 asp]gillus1 & ! diseases produc$ 
by !m1 favus1 r+worm1 & ?ru%1 to %[ ?is 
peculi>ity4 ,nev]!less1 we see t ^!     
organisms also 7z 0 prov$ by ! old]     
obs]vations ( ,hannov] & ,z5k]7 may1 "u 
c]ta9 circum/ances1 p5etrate into !     
int]ior ( ! organs4 ,grawitz1 moreov]1  
has rec5tly %[n t _! faculty ( p5etrat+ 
into ! int]ior ( ! organism1 & !re      
und]go+ fur!r developm5t1 dep5ds on _!  
becom+ accu/om$ to nitrog5\s food4  #b4 
,only "o ( ! algae1 viz41 lepto?rix1 has
 z yet acquir$ any importance z a       
produc] ( disease4 ,x gives rise to !   
=mation ( concretions1 & t n only 9 !   
m\?1 b also1 z ,i h %[n1 9 ! saliv>y    
ducts & ur9>y bladd]4  ,ano!r alga1 !   

s>c9a ( ,goodsir1 may inde$ pass ?r\gh !
 organism1 )\t1 h[ev]1 produc+ 9 its    
passage ei!r direct or indirect         
di/urbances4 ,x seems m wor?y ( note t  
_m s*izomycetae1 & especially ! gr\p (  
bacilli1 are evid5tly ne>ly alli$ to !  
algae 9 _! morphological & vegetative   
relations--s z to be assign$ to ?is     
class by sev]al au?ors1 & especially by 
,ci5k[ski4  ,! s*izomycetae furni%1 )\t 
d\bt1 by f> ! mo/ num]\s gr\p (         
infective diseases4 ,we di/+ui% )9 ?is  
gr\p two widely diff]5t s]ies ( =ms1 :i*
 we w speak ( z bacilli & cocco-bact]ia 
respectively4 ,! =m]1 :i* 0 fir/        
exhau/ively describ$ by ,f]d9& ,cohn1 & 
! pa?ological importance ( :i*1         
especially 9 relation to ! spl5ic       
disease ( cattle1 0 fir/ %[n by ,ko*1   
consi/ ( ?reads1 9 ! int]ior ( :i*      
p]man5t or re/+-spores are develop$4 ,^!
 spores becom+ free1 are able1 "u       
suitable conditions ( life1 aga9 to     
develop into ?reads4 ,! :ole developm5t 
( ^! organisms1 & especially ! =mation (

 spores1 is complet$ on ! surface ( !   
fluids1 & "u ! influ5ce ( an abundant   
supply ( oxyg54  ,! numb] ( affections 9
 :i* ^! organisms h be5 f\nd1 & :i* may 
be to a c]ta9 ext5t produc$ artificially
 by ! introduction ( ^! organisms into  
heal?y animal bodies1 has be5 l>gely    
increas$ s9ce ! discov]y ( ,ko*1 t !    
bact]ia ( spl5ic fev] 7an?rax7 belong to
 ?is gr\p4 ,"u ?is head mu/ be plac$ !  
bacillus mal>ise 7,klebs &              
,tommassi-,crudeli71 ! bacillus typhi   
abdom9alis 7,klebs1 ,eb]t71 ! bacillus  
typhi exan!matici 7,klebs1 obs]vations n
 yet publi%$71 ! bacillus ( hog-*ol]a   
7,kle971 &1 f9ally ! bacillus leprosus  
7,neiss]74 ,x w\ld exce$ ! "t appo9t$ 7 
,i to attempt to describe ^! =ms m      
m9utely4 ,?is may1 p]haps1 be bett]     
res]v$ = discussion & demon/ration4     
,alongside ( ^! g5]al infective diseases
 produc$ by bacilli1 local affections   
also occur1 :i* indicate ! pres5ce ( ^! 
organisms at ! po9t :]e disease beg9s4  
,z an example ( ^! processes1 :i*       

probably occur 9 v>i\s organs1 ,i w\ld  
m5tion ga/ritis bacill>is1 ( :i* ,i %all
 %[ y prep>ations4 ,9 ?is1 we c trace ! 
entrance ( ! bacilli into ! peptic gl&s1
 z well z _! fur!r di/ribution 9 ! walls
 ( ! /oma*1 & 9 ! vascul> sy/em4  ,!    
second gr\p ( ! pa?og5etic s*izomycetae 
,i propose to call1 ) ,billro?1         
cocco-bact]ia1 because !y consi/ (      
collections ( micrococci1 :i* are       
capable ( trans=m+ !mselves into %ort   
rods4 ,! =m] usually =m gr\ps unit$ by  
zogloea2 by prolongation ( ! cocci rods 
are =m$1 :i* spr\t out1 break up by     
division into *a9s1 & fur!r lead aga9 to
 ! =mation ( re/+ masses ( cocci4 ,i    
di/+ui%1 fur!r1 9 ?is gr\p1 two g5]a--! 
microspor9a & ! monad9a2 9 ! =m] ( :i* !
 micrococci are collect$ into sph]ical  
lumps1 9 ! latt] into lay]s4 ,! "o class
 is develop$ 9 artificial cultivation   
fluid1 ! o!r on ! surface4 ,! =m]       
requires a m$ium poor 9 oxyg51 ! latt] a
 m$ium ri* 9 oxyg51 = _! developm5t4    
,among ! affections produc$ by          

microspor9a1 ,i reckon especially !     
septic processes1 & also true diph!ria4 
,on ! o!r h&1 to ! processes produc$ by 
monad9a belong especially a l>ge s]ies (
 diseases1 :i* accord+ to _! cl9ical &  
anatomical features1 may be *>act]iz$ z 
inflammatory processes1 acute exan!mata1
 & infective tumors1 or leucocytoses4 ,(
 inflammatory processes1 ^? belong "h   
:i* d n g5]ally lead to suppuration1 su*
 z rheumatic affections1 includ+ ! he>t1
 kidney1 & liv] affections1 :i*         
accompany ?is process1 sequelae :i*1 z  
is well kn[n1 lead m especially to      
=mation ( connective tissue1 & n to     
suppuration4 ,"h1 also1 belong cr\p\s   
pneumonia1 ! alli$ disease erysipelas1  
c]ta9 pu]p]al processes1 & f9ally1      
p>otitis epidemica1 or mumps4  ,among ! 
acute exan!mata1 ! foll[+ may1 up to !  
pres5t "t1 be plac$ 9 ?is gr\p2         
v>iola-vacc9a1 sc>lat9a1 & measles4  ,! 
gr\p ( infective tumors is repres5t$ by 
tub]culosis1 syphilis1 & gl&]s4 ,?r\gh\t
 ! :ole gr\p ( cocco-bact]ia !          

demon/ration ( organisms 9 ! diseas$    
p>ts enc\nt]s difficulties :i* v>y      
consid]ably 9 ! diff]5t k9ds4  ,! speak]
 conclud$ by describ+ ! me?ods 7n[ well 
kn[n7 by :i* ! p[]s ( ! diff]5t         
organisms are te/$4  ,he also ref]r$ to 
,pa/eur's1 ,*auveau's1 & ,t\ssa9t's     
rec5t exp]im5ts4  ,8 conclusion 0 t !   
specific communicable diseases are      
produc$ by specific organisms4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,,! ,,c5t5>y ,,( ,,! ,,discov]y ,,(     
,,uranus4  ,by ,w4 ,f4 ,,d5n+1          
,f4,r4,a4,s4   ,! ye> #agha 0 signaliz$ 
by an a/ronomical discov]y ( great      
importance1 & "o :i* m>k$ ! epo* z      
memorable 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,a       
musician at ,ba?1 ,william ,h]s*el by   
"n1 :o _h be5 con/ruct+ "s excell5t     
telescopes & mak+ a sy/ematic survey ( !
 heav5s1 obs]v$ an object on ! night (  
,m>* #ac ( t ye>1 :i* ultimately prov$  
to be a l>ge planet revolv+ 9 an orbit  
ext]ior to t ( ,saturn4 ,! discov]y 0 z 
unique z x 0 significant4 ,only five    

planets1 9 addition to ! ,e>?1 _h hi!rto
 be5 kn[n2 !y 7 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts1 &  
by ea* succe$+ g5]ation1 b n[ a new     
light bur/ ^u m54 ,! g5ius ( ,h]s*el _h 
s+l$ out f ! ho/ ( />s :i* 8 telescope  
reveal$ an object ! true "* ( :i* _h    
evad$ human p]ception = ?\s&s ( ye>s6   
,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,approximate
 ,,place ,,( ,,uranus ,,among/ ,,! ,,/>s
 ,,at ,,its ,,discov]y ,,on ,,m>* #ac1  
#agha  ,! c5t5>y ( ?is rem>kable advance
 9 k naturally recalls to m9d !         
circum/ances ( ! discov]y1 & makes u    
inquisitive to "k :at new facts h be5   
glean$ ( ,h]s*el's planet1 n[ t a hundr$
 ye>s h pass$ away1 & we are enabl$ to  
look back & review ! va/ am\nt ( labor  
:i* has be5 accompli%$ 9 ?is wide &     
attractive field ( a/ronomical rese>*4  
,we may le>n :at new features h be5     
disc]n$ ( ! new body1 & :at additional  
discov]ies 9 connection ) o!r planets   
unkn[n 9 ,h]s*el's day1 h be5 effect$ by
 aid ( ! p[]ful telescopes :i* h be5    
devot$ to ! "w4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 int5d   

deal+ ) ! g5]al "q ( planet>y discov]y1 
= at a glance we are impress$ ) its     
magnitude4 ,:ile a c5tury ago five      
planets only 7 kn[n1 we n[ h "s two     
hundr$ & ?irty ( ^! bodies1 & ! /ream ( 
discov]y fl[s on )\t abatem5t ?r\gh ea* 
succe$+ ye>4 ,! detection ( ,uranus     
seems1 inde$1 to h be5 ! prelude to _m  
simil> discov]ies1 & to h (f]$ !        
inc5tive to great] dilig5ce & en]gy on !
 "p ( obs]v]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4      
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,,orbits ,,(   
,,! ,,uranian ,,satellites4  ,_m great  
discov]ies h result$ f accid5t2 & !     
lead+ facts att5d+ t ( ,uranus prove t1 
9 a l>ge measure1 ! result 0 br\ght ab\t
 9 a simil> way4 ,h]s*el1 z he unwe>y+ly
 swept ! heav5s night aft] night1 0 9   
que/ ( sid]eal wond]s--su* z d\ble />s &
 nebulae--& he happ5$ to alight ^u ! new
 planet 9 a purely *ance way4 ,he _h no 
expectation ( f9d+ su* a rem>kable      
object1 & inde$1 :5 he _h f\nd x1 :olly 
mi/ook its "*4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t x 
0 a body :olly dissimil> to ! fix$ />s1 

& x 0 equally c]ta9 t x c\ld n be a     
nebula4 ,x _h a p]ceptible disk1 = :5 x 
_h fir/ come "u ! critical eye ( its    
discov]] he _h notic$ imm$iately t its  
appe>ance diff]$ widely f ! multitude ( 
objects :i* cross$ ! field ( 8          
telescope4 ,he _h be5 accu/om$ to see   
ho/s ( />s pass 9 review1 & _! aspect 0 
9 "o respect simil>1 namely1 !y 7       
inv>iably pres5t$ z po9ts ( light       
incapable ( be+ s5sibly magnifi$1 ev5 ) 
! highe/ p[]s4 ,true1 !re 0 a great     
v>iety ( app>5t brightness 9 ^! objects 
& a s+ul> div]sity ( configuration1 b   
!re 0 no exception to ! inv>iable       
feature ref]r$ to4 ,! po9t ( light 0    
con/ant1 & no /rik+ exception 0         
anticipat$ until "o night--,m>* #ac1    
#agha--;,h]s*el be+ int5tly engag$ 9 !  
exam9ation ( "s small />s 9 ! region (  
,gem9i1 br\ght an object "u ! range (1 8
 telescope1 :i* 8 eye at once select$ z 
"o ( anomal\s "*4  ,apply+ a high] p[]1 
he notic$ t x exhibit$ a planet>y disk1 
b 8 in/rum5t fail$ to def9e x )         

suffici5t di/9ctness1 & h5ce he became  
d\btful z to its real nature4 ,! object 
0 f\nd to be 9 motion1 & subsequ5t      
obs]vations l$ him to ! assumption t x  
mu/ be a comet ( r exceptional type4    
,?is appe>$ to be ! be/ explanation ( ! 
/range body1 = hi/ory conta9$ _m records
 ( curi\s comets1 "s ( :i* 7 obs]v$ z   
ne>ly circul> pat*es ( nebul\s light1 & 
probably ( simil> aspect to ! object !n 
visible2 & ap>t f ?is x mu/ be rememb]$ 
t ! idea ( a l>ge planet ext]ior to     
,saturn 0 a fact ( su* mom5t\s import t 
,h]s*el1 ) a due reg>d to t mode/y :i*  
accompanies true g5ius1 refra9$ f atta*+
 su* an int]pretation to 8 obs]vations4 
,he 0 cont5t to direct ! notice (       
a/ronom]s to x z a ph5om5on requir+     
close att5tion1 & sugge/$ t x might be a
 comet 9 consequ5ce ( its motion & !    
fa9t & some:at ill-def9$ "* ( its       
appe>ance4  ,f ! e>lie/ ages five       
planets only 7 kn[n1 & ! discov]y (     
ano!r l>ge planet beyond ! sph]e (      
,saturn mu/ at once revolutionize exi/+ 

ideas z to ! range ( ! sol> sy/em1 &    
imm$iately take rank z a sci5tific ev5t 
( equal int]e/ to ! discov]y ( ! moons (
 ,jupit] or ! r+s ( ,saturn1 :i* ea* 9  
_! day impress$ m5 ) new ideas ( !      
cele/ial me*anism4 ,b ! tru? c\ld n long
 be delay$4 ,! new body be+ wat*$ & its 
orbit rigor\sly comput$ f a s]ies (     
obs]v$ positions reveal$ its true "*1 & 
,h]s*el 0 aw>d$ ! honor due to ! au?or (
 a discov]y ( su* importance4 ,8        
dilig5ce & p]t9acity alone _h enabl$ him
 to se>* out f among ! multitude ( />s  
?ickly /rewn ov] ! firmam5t ?is unkn[n &
 well-nigh invisible planet :i*1 dur+   
all ! prec$+ ye>s ( ! _w's hi/ory1 _h   
elud$ human p]ception4 ,m5 _h be5 all   
unconsci\s ( its exi/5ce z x _h be5     
sl[ly complet+ its circuits ar\nd ! sun1
 ob$i5t to ! same laws z ! o!r planets (
 ! sol> sy/em1 & await+ ! h\r :5 !      
unfail+ eve ( ,h]s*el %\ld introduce x z
 ! fa9t & f>-(f planet gird+ our sy/em  
)9 its expansive folds4  ,z soon z !    
exi/5ce ( ! new orb 0 confirm$ & ! fact 

r5d]$ indisputable1 ! "q naturally arose
 :e!r x _h ev] be5 se5 9 =m] ye>s by !  
au?ors ( /> catalogues1 :o c\ld h>dly h 
ov]look$ an object l ?is ?\gh its       
planet>y nature _h manife/ly escap$     
detection4 ,x 0 j p]ceptible to ! nak$  
eye1 %9+ l a /> ( ! six? magnitude1 &   
ought to h be5 di/+ui%$ by ^? :o _h     
review$ ! heav5s ) ! purpose ( det]m9+ &
 mapp+ ! positions ( ! />s4 ,ref]5ce 01 
!re=e1 made to ! *ief catalogues1 :5 x 0
 f\nd at once t ! planet _h be5         
unque/ionably obs]v$ by ,tobias ,may]1  
,le ,monni]1 ,bradley1 & ,flam/e$4 ,x 0 
sev]al times not$ by ^! obs]v]s3 by ,le 
,monni] no less ?an twelve times1 & by  
,flam/e$ on six occasions2 & x is       
rem>kable t 9 e in/ance its true "*     
escap$ detection4 ,nei!r its special    
appe>ance nor its motion attract$       
att5tion1 s t x 0 m]ely catalogu$ z an  
ord9>y fix$ />4 ,?us ,h]s*el 0 n        
anticipat$ 9 8 discov]y4 ,x rema9$ =    
him1 9 #agha1 to note its exceptional   
aspect1 & to specify x z an object      

requir+ critical inve/igation4 ,b ! e>ly
 obs]vations above allud$ to s]v$ a     
useful purpose 9 te/+ ! accuracy ( !    
comput$ orbit1 = )\t wait+ _m ye>s to   
comp>e ! !oretical & obs]v$ positions1  
a/ronom]s _h 9 ^! old records a reliable
 s]ies ( po9ts ?r\gh :i* ! previ\s c\rse
 ( ! planet c\ld be trac$4  ,!          
calculations %[$ t its mean di/ance f ! 
sun 0 "s #a1gej1jjj1jjj miles1 & t a    
revolution 0 complet$ 9 ab\t eighty-f\r 
ye>s4 ,x 0 also f\nd to be a v l>ge     
planet1 greatly exce$+ ei!r ,m]cury1    
,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 or ,m>s1 ?\gh consid]ably
 inf]ior to ei!r ,jupit] or ,saturn4    
,"h1 !n1 0 a discov]y ( ! utmo/         
importance1 & "o ( ! mo/ sali5t         
additions to our k :i* ! telescope _h   
ev] a*iev$4 ,! new planet 0 n[ def9itely
 assign$ its prop] place 9 ! sol> sy/em1
 & 0 reg>d$ z ( equal significance ) !  
old planets4 ,true1 ! new planet (      
,h]s*el c\ld n be comp>$ z reg>ds its   
visible aspect ) ! o!r previ\sly kn[n   
memb]s ( our sy/em1 b x 0 nev]!less an  

object ( equal weight4 ,its va/ di/ance 
alone r5d]$ x fa9t4 ,x =m$ "o ( !       
con/itu5t p>ts ( ! sol> sy/em1 :i*1 ?\gh
 sep>at$ by imm5se int]vals ( space1 are
 yet coh]5t by ! f>-rea*+ effects (     
gravitation4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a bond (   
h>mony betwe5 ! s]ies ( planet>y orbits1
 :i* exhibit a m>k$ degree ( regul>ity 9
 _! successive di/ances f ! sun2 & ?\gh 
!y are n connect$ by any visible l9ks1  
!y are firmly held toge!r by unse5      
influ5ces1 & _! motions are subject to  
c]ta9 laws :i* h be5 reveal$ by c5turies
 ( obs]vation4  ,! "q ( suitably nam+ ! 
new planet soon came to ! =e4 ,h]s*el   
himself propos$ to designate x !        
,georgium ,sidus1 9 honor ( 8 patron1   
,george ,,iii41 j z ,galileo _h call$ ! 
satellites ( ,jupit] ! ,m$icean />s1    
aft] ,cosmo de' ,m$ici4 ,b ,la ,place   
propos$ t ! planet %\ld be nam$ aft] its
 discov]]2 & ?us x 0 frequ5tly ref]r$ to
 z ,h]s*el1 & sometimes z ,! ,h]s*elian 
planet4 ,a/ronom]s on ! cont95t object$ 
to ?is sy/em ( p]sonal nom5clature1 &   

argu$ t ! new body %\ld receive an      
appellative 9 accordance ) ^? adopt$ = !
 old planets1 :i* _h be5 select$ f !    
hea!n my?ology4 ,sev]al names 7 sugge/$ 
z suitable 7on ! basis ( ?is pr9ciple71 
& ultimately ! "o advanc$ by ,bode      
receiv$ ! mo/ favor1 & ! planet !reaft] 
0 call$ ,uranus4  ,! v>y+ positions ( ! 
new body z obs]v$ on successive nights 7
 det]m9$ by comp>isons ) a gr\p ( six   
small />s1 t]m$ by ,h]s*el ,greek3      
alpha1 beta1 gamma1 delta1 epsilon &    
aft]w>ds =m$ into a con/ellation "u !   
designation ( ,britannia1 ?\gh x does n 
appe> t ?is little a/]ism is ackn[l$g$ z
 "o ( our con/ellations4 ,its position  
is ab\t midway betwe5 ,taurus & ,gem9i1 
& ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal />s comput$ = 
#ahha4j1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,m>?3    ,/>4   
,magnitude4  ,"r ,asc5sion4             
,decl9ation4                       h4 m4
   s4   alpha     #i4j       #e  #db    
#f4jf        #bc #ce'  #f4g ,n4   eta   
#h4g       #e  #dc #ag4hb        #bc    
#bf'  #g4b  ,n4   !ta     #h4h       #e 

#dd  #j4ii        #bc  #ec' #cj4h  ,n4  
epsilon   #h4h       #e  #de #dj4fh     
#bc  #cd' #df4h  ,n4  ,! />s are !re=e  
m]ely telescopic1 & are conf9$ to a     
small area ( space1 s t ! propriety (   
adopt+ ! gr\p z a di/9ct con/ellation is
 v que/ionable4 ,_! positions close to  
,uranus at ! "t ( its discov]y1 & ! fact
 t ! planet's motion 0 detect$ by means 
( comp>isons ) !m1 has giv5 to ^! />s an
 hi/orical int]e/ :i* 9 future ye>s mu/ 
(t5 attract ! /ud5t to _! reobs]vation4 
,b x w\ld be unwise1 z =m+ a bad        
prec$5t1 to accept a gr\p ( />s ( ?is   
inf]ior type z m]it+ to rank among ! old
 con/ellations1 :5 we h numb]s ( ri*]   
gr\ps1 situat$ on _! conf9es1 :i* fir/  
des]ve su* a di/9ction4 ,h[ev] special  
or unique ! circum/ances connect$ )     
c]ta9 telescopic />s may be1 & h[ev]    
necess>y x may appe> to signalize !m by 
a specific title1 we are incl9$ to "q ! 
adoption ( su* means z likely to ex]cise
 a wrong influ5ce1 inasmu* z x may      
h]eaft] orig9ate fur!r innovations ( a  

simil> "*1 & ultimate complications w be
 c]ta9 to arise4  ,soon aft] ! discov]y 
( ,uranus x 0 suspect$ t ! planet 0     
encircl$1 l ,saturn1 by a lum9\s r+1 b  
on subsequ5t obs]vation ?is 0 n         
confirm$1 & no su* app5dage has ev] be5 
reveal$ 9 ! m p]fect$ in/rum5ts ( our   
own times4 ,inde$1 if ,uranus displays a
 peculi>ity ( con/itution 9 any way     
analog\s to ! r+ sy/em ( ,saturn1 x mu/ 
be ( ! mo/ m9ute "* s z to h ?us evad$  
telescopic scrut9y dur+ a hundr$ ye>s4  
,! discov]y soon attract$ ! notice (    
royalty1 & ! reign+ sov]eign1 ,george   
,,iii41 anxi\s to practically express 8 
appreciation ( ! valuable labors (      
,h]s*el1 aw>d$ him a p5sion ( #bjj a ye>
 & furni%$ him ) a resid5ce at ,sl\gh1  
ne> ,w9dsor1 & ! means to erect a       
gigantic telescope ) :i* he might be    
enabl$ to cont9ue 8 important rese>*es4 
,?is in/rum5t consi/$ ( a reflector on !
 ,front-view con/ruction1 ) a speculum  
#d feet 9 diamet] & ( #dj feet focal    
l5g?4 ,^u its completion1 ,h]s*el       

imm$iately began to obs]ve ! region ( ! 
new planet ) ! idea ( discov]+ any      
satellites :i* might belong to x1 =     
analogy sugge/$ t x 0 surr\nd$ by a     
num]\s ret9ue ( su* bodies4 ,he 0 soon  
successful1 =1 on ! night ( ,janu>y #aa1
 #aghg4 he saw two m9ute objects ne> !  
planet1 :i* r5ew$ obs]vations reveal$ to
 be satellites2 & he detect$ two        
additional ones 9 #agij1 & two o!rs 9   
#agid1 mak+ six 9 all4 ,b ! obs]vations 
7 ( extreme difficulty4 ,! pa? ( !      
planet frequ5tly pass$ ne> m9ute />s1 & 
x became h>d to di/+ui% betwe5 !m & !   
suspect$ satellites4 ,h]s*el1 h[ev]1    
consid]$ he _h obta9$ conclusive evid5ce
 ( ! exi/5ce ( six satellites ) sid]eal 
p]iods rang+ f #e;d4 #ba;h4 #bem4 to    
#ajg;d4 #af;h4 #cim41 & 8 means (       
obs]vation be+ mu* sup]ior to ^?        
possess$ by any ( 8 contempor>ies x 0   
impossible to h corroborative te/imony4 
,! matt] 0 ?us all[$ to re/ until !     
middle ( ! pres5t c5tury1 :5 ,lassell1 9
 ! pure sky at ,malta1 endeavor$ to     

reobs]ve ! satellites ) a two-foot      
reflector4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 consid]$     
sup]ior to ,h]s*el's telescope2 & !     
atmosph]e at ?is /ation be+ decid$ly m  
suitable = su* delicate obs]vations ?an 
9 ,engl&1 x 0 remov$ !re = ! express    
purpose ( deal+ successfully ) objects (
 extreme difficulty4 ,! results 7 v     
important4 ,mr4 ,lassell became conv9c$ 
t ,uranus _h only f\r satellites1 & t if
 any o!rs exi/$ !y rema9$ to be         
discov]$4 ,two ( ^! 7 f\nd to be        
id5tical ) ^? se5 by ,h]s*el 9 #aghg1 & 
n[ call$ ,titania & ,ob]on4 ,! o!r two1 
,ariel & ,umbriel1 c\ld n be id5tifi$ ) 
any ( ^? alleg$ to h be5 previ\sly      
detect$ by ,h]s*el1 s t ! inf]5ce 0 t !y
 7 new bodies1 & t ! priority ( discov]y
 0 due to ,mr4 ,lassell2 :5ce x also    
foll[$ t ! old] obs]vations 7 errone\s1 
& t 9 fact ,h]s*el _h be5 entirely      
mi/ak5 ) reg>d to ! f\r satellites he   
believ$ he _h detect$ subsequ5tly to    
#aghg4  ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahgc1 a f9e       
tw5ty-six-in* object glass1 by ,alvan   

,cl>k1 0 m\nt$ at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,naval      
,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 & x 0 soon     
employ$ ^u ! difficult task ( solv+ !   
problem z to ! exact p]iods ( ! ,uranian
 satellites4 ,?is 0 v satisfactorily    
effect$1 & ) di/9ct & conclusive favor  
to ,mr4 ,lassell1 ^: obs]vations 7 fully
 corroborat$4 ,only f\r satellites c\ld 
be di/+ui%$ by ! ,am]ican obs]v]s1 & _! 
p]iods1 z comput$ f a valuable s]ies (  
measures1 agre$ ) ^? previ\sly d]iv$ at 
,malta4 ,9 ,app5dix ,i4 to ! ,wa%+ton   
,obs]vations = #ahgc1 ,pr(4 ,newcomb    
gave a valuable summ>y ( results--! fir/
 obta9$1 be x not$1 ) t spl5did in/rum5t
 :i* soon aft]w>d1 9 #ahgg1 reveal$ !   
satellites ( ,m>s--:i* includ$ ! elem5ts
 ( ! satellites ( ,uranus z foll[s3     
,mean ,longitude4        ,satellite4    
,epo* #ahga4     ,radius (        ,p]iod
 (                     ,dec4 #ca1       
,w4,m4,t4     ,orbit4      ,revolution 9
 days4     ,i4 ,ariel44444444           
#ba4hc       #ac4gh          #b4ebjch   
,,ii4 ,umbriel44444        #ac4eb       

#ai4bj           #d4addah   ,,iii4      
,titania44444       #bbi4ic             
#ca4dh           #g4gjeij    ,,iv4      
,ob]on444444       #aed4hc        #db4aj
          #ac4dccbg  ,speak+ ( !        
comp>ative brightness ( ! satellites1   
,pr(4 ,newcomb says3  ,! great]         
proximity ( ! inn] satellites to !      
planet makes x difficult to comp>e !m   
photometrically ) ! out] ones1 z actual 
feebl5ess ( light _c be di/+ui%$ f      
difficulty ( see+ aris+ f ! proximity ( 
! planet4 ,h[ev]1 t ,umbriel is         
intr9sically fa9t] ?an ,titania is ev9c$
 by ! fact t1 al?\gh ! lea/ di/ance ( ! 
latt] is some:at less ?an ! greate/     
di/ance ( ! =m]1 !re is nev] any        
difficulty 9 see+ x 9 t position4 ,f _! 
relative aspects 9 ^! respective        
positions ,i judge ,umbriel to be ab\t  
half z bright z ,titania4 ,ariel mu/ be 
bright] ?an ,umbriel1 because ,i h nev] 
se5 ! latt] unless x 0 f>!r f ! planet  
?an ! =m] at its maximum di/ance4444 ,i 
?9k ,i may say ) consid]able c]ta9ty t  

!re is no satellite )9 #b' ( ! planet1 &
 outside ( ,ob]on1 hav+ "o-?ird !       
brilliancy ( ! latt]1 & !re=e t none (  
,sir ,william ,h]s*el's suppos$ out]    
satellites c h any real exi/5ce4 ,!     
di/ances ( ! f\r kn[n satellites        
increase 9 s regul> a way t x c h>dly be
 suppos$ t any o!rs exi/ betwe5 !m4 ,(  
:at may be inside ( ,ariel x is         
impossible to speak ) c]ta9ty1 s9ce 9 ! 
/ate ( atmosph]e :i* prevails dur+ our  
w9t] all ! satellites nam$ disappe> at  
#aj f ! planet4  ,pr(4 ,newcomb m5tions 
t no sy/ematic se>* = new satellites 0  
und]tak5 because x mu/ h int]f]$ ) !    
fullness & accuracy ( ! micromet]       
measures ( ! old satellites1 :i*        
con/itut$ ! ma9 purpose ( ! obs]vations4
 ,"s fa9t objects 7 occasionally glimps$
 ne> ! planet1 & _! relative places     
det]m9$1 b !y 7 nev] f\nd to accompany  
,uranus4 ,! fact1 !re=e1 t no additional
 satellites 7 discov]$ is n to be reg>d$
 z a /rong po9t 9 favor ( ! !ory ( _!   
non-exi/5ce1 because ! great p[] &      

excell5ce ( ! telescope 0 expressly     
direct$ to ! atta9m5t ( o!r ends2 &     
moreov] ! season 9 :i* ! planet came to 
opposition 0 di/9ctly unfavorable = !   
prosecution ( a rigor\s se>* = new      
satellites4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no d\bt t 
! analogies ( ! planet>y sy/ems int]ior 
to ,uranus pla9ly sugge/ t ?is planet is
 att5d$ by sev]al satellites :i* ! p[] (
 our greate/ telescopes has hi!rto fail$
 to reveal2 & t x is 9 ?is direction & t
 ( ,neptune we may anticipate fur!r     
discov]ies 9 future ye>s :5 ! conditions
 are m auspici\s & ! "w is ent]$ ^u )   
special en]gy1 aid$ by in/rum5ts ( ev5  
great] capacity ?an ^? :i* h already s  
f> conduc$ to our k ( ! heav5ly bodies4 
,not)/&+ ! extreme difficulty ) :i* !   
,uranian satellites are obs]v$1 ! two   
bright] ones1 ,titania & ,ob]on1        
discov]$ by ,william ,h]s*el 9 #aghg1 h 
be5 occasionally detect$ 9 telescopes ( 
mod]ate p[]1 & id5tifi$ by means ( an   
ephem]is :i* has %[n t ! comput$        
positions approximately agree ) ^?      

obs]v$4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s ,mr4 ,m>?  
has publi%$ ephem]ides ( ! satellites ( 
bo? ,saturn & ,uranus1 & _m amateurs h  
to ackn[l$ge ! valuable aid r5d]$ by ^! 
tables1 :i* supply a ready means (      
id5tify+ ! satellites1 & ?us act z an   
inc5tive to obs]v]s :o are induc$ to    
pursue su* "w = ! sake ( ! int]e/+      
comp>isons to be made aft]w>d4 ,9 "o    
exceptional in/ance ! two out]          
satellites ( ,uranus appe> to h be5     
glimps$ ) an object glass ( only #dc    
in*es ap]ture1 & ! facts are giv5 9     
detail 9 ! ,mon?ly ,notices ( !         
,r4,a4,s41 ,april #ahgf1 pp4 #bid-f4 ,! 
obs]vations 7 made 9 ,janu>y1 ,febru>y1 
& ,m>*1 #ahgf1 by ,mr4 ,j4,w4 ,w>d1 (   
,belfa/2 & ! positions ( ! satellites1 z
 he e/imat$ !m on sev]al nights1 are    
comp>$ ) ^? comput$1 ! two sets pres5t+ 
tol]ably good agreem5t4 ,inde$ !        
corroborations are su* z to almo/ :olly 
negative any skepticism1 ?\gh su*       
extraord9>y feats %\ld always be receiv$
 ) caution4  ,9 ?is p>ticul> case !     

*ances ( be+ misl$ are manifold2 ev5    
,h]s*el himself fell into error 9 tak+  
m9ute />s to be satellites & actually   
calculat+ _! p]iods2 s t :5 we rememb] !
 difficulties ( ! "q our d\bts are n    
altoge!r dispell$4 ,extreme acut5ess (  
vision w1 9 individual in/ances1 lead to
 success ( abnormal "*1 & c]ta9ly 9 ,mr4
 ,w>d's case ! rem>kable accordances 9 !
 obs]v$ & calculat$ positions appe> to  
be conclusive evid5ce t he 0 n mi/ak54  
,x w be readily inf]r$ t ! great di/ance
 & consequ5t feebl5ess ( ,uranus mu/    
r5d] any m>k+s ^u ! disk ( ! planet     
beyond ! rea* ( our be/ telescopes2 &   
inde$ ?is appe>s to h be5 a matt] (     
common exp]i5ce4 ,?\gh ! surface has be5
 (t5 scann$ = traces ( spots1 we seldom 
f9d m5tion t any h be5 di/+ui%$4        
,consequ5tly ! p]iod ( rotation has yet 
to be det]m9$4 ,x is true t an          
approximate value 0 assign$ by ,mr4     
,t4,h4 ,buffham f obs]vations ) a       
n9e-in* reflector 9 #ahgj & #ahgb4 b !  
mat]ials on :i* ! computation 0 bas$ 7  

sl5d] & necess>ily some:at unc]ta91 s t 
8 p]iod ( ab\t twelve h\rs /&s greatly 9
 ne$ ( confirmation4 ,! bright spots &  
zones se5 on ! disk 9 ! ye>s m5tion$    
appe> to h entirely elud$ o!r obs]v]s1  
?\gh !y are probably ph5om5a ( p]man5t  
"* & )9 rea* ( in/rum5ts ( mod]ate size4
 ,mr4 ,buffham #a ?us describes !m3     
,footnote #a3 ,mon?ly ,notices ,k4 ,a4  
,s41 ,janu>y1 #ahgc4  #ahgj1 ,jan4 #be1 
#aa;h4 to #ab;h4 9 cle> & tol]ably /eady
 air2 p[] #acb %[$ t ! disk 0 n uni=m4  
,) p[]s #bjb & #c4j1 two r\nd1 bright   
spots 7 p]ceiv$1 n q cross+ ! c5t] b a  
little ne>] to ! ea/]n side ( ! planet1 
! position angle ( a l9e pass+ ?r\gh _! 
c5t]s be+ ab\t #bj & #bjj--;ellipticity 
( ,uranus seem$ obvi\s1 ! major axis ly+
 p>allel to ! l9e ( ! spots4  ,jan4 #bg1
 #aj;h4 to #aj;h42 "s fog1 & def9ition n
 good1 b ! appe>ance ( ! spots 0 almo/  
exactly ! same z on ! #be?4  ,on ,m>*   
#ai glimpses 7 obta9$ ( a light /reak & 
two spots4 ,on ,april #a1 #d1 #f1 & #h1 
a lum9\s zone 0 se5 on ! disk1 & 9      

,febru>y & ,m>*1 #ahgb1 :5 obs]vations 7
 resum$1 c]ta9 regions 7 not$ bright]   
?an o!rs1 & und]w5t *anges indicat+ !   
rotation ( ! planet 9 a simil> direction
 to t d]iv$ f ! results obta9$ 9 #ahgj4 
,mr4 ,buffham po9ts out t1 if ?is is    
admitt$1 !n ! plane ( ! planet's equator
 is n co9cid5t ) ! plane ( ! orbits ( ! 
satellites4 ,nor ne$ we be surpris$ at  
?is dep>ture f ! g5]al rule1 :]e su* an 
anomal\s incl9ation exi/s4 ,9 s+ul>     
confirmation ( ?is is ,mr4 ,lassell's   
obs]vation ( #ahfb1 ,jan4 #bi1 :]e he   
says3 ,i receiv$ an impression :i* ,i am
 unable to r5d] c]ta9 ( an equatorial   
d>k belt1 & ( an ellipticity ( =m4  ,"s 
obs]vations made 9 #ahgb-c ) ! great    
six-foot reflector ( ,"l ,rosse may "h  
be briefly ref]r$ to4 ,a numb] (        
measures1 bo? ( position & di/ance1 (   
,ob]on & ,titania1 7 made1 #a & a few ( 
,umbriel & ,ariel1 b ! %ortness ( ! "t  
available 7#dj m9utes7 ea* night = !    
obs]vation ( ! planet ) ! six-foot      
in/rum5t1 ! atmosph]ic di/urbance1 s (t5

 a s\rce ( annoyance 9 us+ s l>ge an    
ap]ture1 & o!r unfavorable circum/ances1
 t5d$ to affect ! value ( ! obs]vations1
 & to make ! two inn] satellites r>ely  
)9 detection4  ,footnote #a3 ,mon?ly    
,notices ,r4 ,a4 ,s41 ,m>*1 #ahge4  ,on 
,feb4 #aj1 #ahgb1 ,"l ,rosse notes t all
 f\r satellites 7 se5 on ! same side ( !
 planet4 ,on ,jan4 #af1 #ahgc1 :5       
def9ition 0 good1 no traces ( any m>k+s 
7 se54 ,diamet] ( ,uranus  #e4bi4 ,p[]  
#dad 0 usually employ$1 ?\gh at times ! 
inn] satellites c\ld be m satisfactorily
 se5 ) #fbe4  ,x may be m5tion$ z an    
int]e/+ po9t t1 "s fifty ye>s aft] !    
fir/ discov]y ( ,uranus by ,h]s*el1 x 0 
accid5tally r$iscov]$ by 8 son1 ,sir    
,john ,h]s*el1 :o recogniz$ x by its    
disk1 & _h no idea z to ! id5tity ( !   
object until an ephem]is 0 ref]r$ to4   
,sir ,john m5tions ! fact z foll[s1 9 a 
lett] to ,admiral ,smy?1 writt5 9 #ahcj1
 ,augu/ #h3  ,i h j complet$ two        
tw5ty-foot reflectors1 & h got "s       
int]e/+ obs]vations ( ! satellites (    

,uranus4 ,! fir/ sweep ,i made ) my new 
mirror ,i re-discov]$ ?is planet by its 
disk1 hav+ blund]$ ^u x by ! m]e/       
accid5t = #ai ,capricorni4  ,9 comm5t+  
^u ! c5t5>y ( an important sci5tific    
discov]y we are naturally attract$ to   
inquire :at progress has be5 made 9 !   
same field dur+ ! comp>atively %ort     
int]val ( "o hundr$ ye>s :i* has elaps$ 
s9ce x occurr$4 ,we h call$ x a %ort    
int]val1 because x _c be consid]$       
o!rwise f an a/ronomical or geological  
po9t ( view1 ?\gh1 z f> z human life is 
conc]n$1 x c only be reg>d$ z a v l5g?y 
p]iod1 includ+ sev]al g5]ations )9 its  
limits4  ,s9ce ,h]s*el1 9 #agha1        
discov]$ ,uranus1 a/ronomy has progress$
 ) great rapidity1 s t x w\ld be        
impossible to enum]ate 9 a brief memoir 
! _m additional discov]ies :i* h result$
 f assidu\s obs]vation4 ,a c5tury ago   
only five planets 7 kn[n 7exclud+ !     
,e>?71 n[ we are acqua9t$ ) ab\t two    
hundr$ & ?irty ( ^! bodies2 & "o ( ^!1  
f\nd 9 #ahdf1 is a l>ge planet ^: orbit 

lies ext]ior to t ( ,uranus4 ,9 fact1 ! 
/ate ( a/ronomical k a c5tury ago has   
und]gone wond]ful *anges4 ,x has be5    
r5d]$ f> m complete & compreh5sive by ! 
dilig5ce ( its adh]5ts & by ! unwe>y+   
en]gy ) :i* bo? 9 !ory & practice x has 
be5 pursu$4 ,a zone ( small planets has 
be5 discov]$ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit] j :]e
 ! analogies ( ! planet>y di/ances      
indicat$ ! probable exi/5ce ( a l>ge    
planet4 ,! f>-(f ,neptune 0 reveal$ 9   
#ahdf by a process ( analytical reason+ 
z unique z x 0 triumphant1 & :i* prov$  
h[ well ! !ory ( planet>y p]turbations 0
 und]/ood4 ,! planet 0 discov]$ by      
calculation1 its position 9 ! heav5s    
assign$1 & ! telescope 0 !n employ$     
m]ely z ! in/rum5t ( its detection4 ,!  
numb] ( satellites :i* a c5tury ago     
numb]$ only t5 has n[ rea*$ tw5ty1 & !  
discov]y 9 #ahgg ( two moons accompany+ 
,m>s %[s t ! "w is be+ cont9u$ ) m>k$   
success4  ,9 o!r dep>tm5ts we also f9d  
simil> evid5ce ( increas+ k4 ,!         
p]iodicity ( ! sun spots1 ! exi/5ce (   

sy/ems ( b9>y />s1 meteor %[]s1 & _!    
aff9ity ) comet>y orbits may be m5tion$ 
z among ! m important1 :ile a ho/ ( new 
comets1 *iefly telescopic1 h be5        
detect$4 ,l>ge numb]s ( nebul & d\ble   
/>s h be5 catalogu$1 & we h evid5ce e   
ye> ( ! activity ) :i* ^! sev]al bran*es
 are be+ foll[$ up4  ,9 f9e1 x matt]s   
little to :at p>ticul> dep>tm5t (       
a/ronomical inve/igation we look =      
traces ( advancem5t dur+ ! pa/ hundr$   
ye>s1 = x is evid5t ?r\gh\t !m all1 &   
suffici5tly proves t ! int]e/ =m]ly tak5
 9 ! sci5ce has n only be5 well su/a9$ b
 has become m g5]al & popul>1 & is      
ext5d+ its attractive features to all   
classes ( ! community4  ,9 ,h]s*el's day
 l>ge telescopes 7 r>e4 ,a man devot+   
himself to ! /udy ( ! heav5ly bodies z a
 means ( intellectual recreation 0      
consid]$ a ph5om5on1 & inde$ t          
appellation might be fitt+ly appli$ to !
 few isolat$ individuals :o really      
occupi$ !mselves 9 su* "w4 ,h[ diff]5t  
is ! case n[ t ! pleasant ways ( sci5ce 

h call$ s _m to h] side & s f> p]fect$  
h] means ( rese>* z to make !m          
accessible to all :o c>e to see &       
inve/igate = !mselves ! unique &        
wond]ful tru?s s easily )9 rea*6 ,l>ge  
telescopes h become common en\gh1 & !re 
is no lack ( h&s & eyes to utilize !m1  
nor ( und]/&+1 ev] ready to appreciate1 
9 s9c]ity & humbl5ess1 ^? objects :i*   
display 9 an em95t degree ! all-wise    
conceptions ( a great ,creator6 ,x is1  
!re=e1 a mo/ gratify+ sign to notice ?is
 rapid developm5t ( a/ronomy1 & to see  
ye> by ye> ! increas+ numb] ( its       
advocates & ! record ( _m new facts     
glean$ by vigor\s obs]vation4  ,! "* (  
rec5t discov]ies di/9ctly intimates t1 9
 future ye>s1 "s dep>tm5ts ( ! sci5ce w 
become v complicat$1 ow+ to ! necessity 
( deal+ ) a l>ge numb] ( m9ute bodies1 =
 ! t5d5cy ( mod]n rese>*es has be5 to   
reveal objects :i* by _! fa9tness _h    
hi!rto elud$ detection4 ,& :5 we consid]
 t ^! bodies are rapidly increas+ ye> by
 ye>1 ! idea is obvi\sly sugge/$ t1     

inasmu* z _! numb]s are comp>atively    
illimitable1 & !re is likely to be no   
imm$iate abatem5t 9 ! en?usiasm (       
obs]v]s1 difficulties w arise 9 id5tify+
 !m ap>t & =m+ !m into catalogues ) _!  
orbital elem5ts atta*$1 s t ! individual
 memb]s may be r$etect$ at any "t4  ,9  
?is connection we allude p>ticul>ly to  
m9or planets1 to telescopic comets1 & to
 meteoric /reams1 :i* sev]ally =m a v   
num]\s gr\p ( bodies ( :i* ! kn[n memb]s
 are accumulat+ to a great ext5t4 ,z    
complications arise1 "s rem$ies mu/ be  
appli$ to _! solution1 & "o probable    
effect w be t a/ronom]s w be induc$ ea* 
"o to h a specialty or bran* to :i* 8   
en]gies are ma9ly direct$4 ,! sci5ce w  
become s wide 9 its application & s     
intricate 9 its details t x w become m  
?an ev] necess>y = obs]v]s to select or 
s+le out def9ite l9es ( inve/igation &  
pursue !m closely1 = success is f> m    
likely to att5d su* ex]tions ?an ^? :i* 
are n devot$ to any special end1 b      
employ$ r 9 a g5]al survey ( ph5om5a4   

,we h already be=e u "s excell5t        
in/ances 9 :i* individual en]gies h be5 
aptly utiliz$ 9 ! prosecution ( orig9al 
"w 9 "s specific bran* ( a/ronomy1 & we 
are /rongly dispos$ to recomm5d su*     
exclusive labors to ^? :o h ! means & ! 
desire to a*ieve some?+ useful4 ,obs]v]s
 :o f9d "o subject monoton\s & !n take  
up ano!r = ! sake ( v>iation are n      
likely to get f> advanc$ 9 ei!r4 ,9 !   
case ( amateurs :o use a telescope m]ely
 = amusem5t1 & indiscrim9ately apply x  
to ne>ly e conspicu\s object 9 !        
firmam5t )\t any p>ticul> purpose o!r   
?an to satisfy _! curiosity1 ! matt] is 
some:at diff]5t1 & our rem>ks are n     
applicable to !m4 ,we ref] m po9t$ly to 
^? :o h a reg>d = ! int]e/s ( ! sci5ce &
 ^: en?usiasm enables !m to "w          
habitually & ) "s p]t9acity4  ,hi/ory   
tells u t ! ,great ,alex&] wept :5 he   
f\nd he _h no o!r worlds to conqu]1 & we
 fe> t "s a/ronom]s w lam5t t !y h      
little prospect ( discov]+ any?+ fre% 9 
a sph]e to :i* our giant telescopes h   

be5 s (t5 direct$1 b ?is is f\nd$ on a  
palpable misconception4 ,c]ta9 objects1 
su* z comets = example1 d n require     
great p[]1 & ! revelation ( new meteor  
%[]s is entirely a "q = ! nak$ eye4 ,9  
fact1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t      
obs]vations und]tak5 ) en]gy & p]si/5cy 
w1 if rightly direct$1 m ?an comp5sate =
 defects ( in/rum5tal p[]4  ,x is true1 
h[ev]1 t 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s we mu/ look to  
l>ge in/rum5ts alone = new discov]ies4  
,x w\ld be useless se>*+ = an           
ultra-,neptunian planet1 or = additional
 satellites to ,uranus or ,neptune1 or =
 ! mat]ials to det]m9e ! rotation p]iods
 ( ^! planets ) a small telescope4 ,e   
obs]v] w f9d objects suit$ to ! capacity
 ( 8 in/rum5t1 & he may n only employ x 
usefully b possibly make a discov]y (   
ne>ly equal import ) t :i* r5d]$ ! "n ( 
,h]s*el fam\s a c5tury ago4--,popul>    
,sci5ce ,review4         99       99    
99       99       99     ,,! ,,v>y+     
,,susceptibility ,,( ,,plants ,,&       
,,animals ,,to ,,poisons ,,& ,,diseases4

   ,mu* att5tion is be+ devot$ to !     
causes :i* det]m9e ! aptitude or        
immunity ) animals = maladies4 ,?is is 9
 a g5]al s5se call$ m$ical geography1 z 
a physician :o has prescrib$ = pati5ts 9
 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & belong+ to diff]5t
 races--! :ite1 yell[1 & black--has be5 
able to note ! div]sities 9 ! same      
disease1 & ! contradictions 9 ! rem$ies 
employ$4  ,! true social p]il1 h>dly    
discov]$ be=e we became aw>e h[ to      
conjure x1 lies 9 ^? legions (          
animalcules or microbes t surr\nd u & 9 
! middle ( :i* we live4 ,m4 ,pa/eur has 
reveal$ !m to u z ! factors 9 infecti\s 
diseases4 ,claude ,b]n>d has demon/rat$ 
! community :i* exi/s betwe5 animals &  
vegetables--ph5om5a ( movem5t1 (        
s5sibility1 ( production ( heat1 (      
respiration1 ( dige/ion ev51 = !re are !
 ,dros]a & k9dr$ c>nivor\s plants4 ,iron
 cures *lorosis 9 vegetables z well z 9 
animals1 & *lor(orm & e!r r5d] bo?      
ins5sible4 ,!re resemblances are m /rik+
 /ill betwe5 animals4 ,aft] ,baudrimont1

 insects are1 9 pres5ce ( alcohols1     
*lor(orm1 & irrespirable gases1 simil>ly
 affect$ z man4 ,_m maladies1 too1 are  
common to man & sev]al species (        
animals2 & ?is organic id5tity is be/   
illu/rat$ 9 ! relation%ip betwe5        
epidemics & epizootias1 canc]1 a/hma1   
ph?isis1 smallpox1 rabies1 gl&]s1 *>bon1
 etc41 afflict alike man & _m species ( 
animals4  ,! diff]5ces betwe5 races are 
n less rem>kable--odor & ta/e1 =        
example4 ,accord+ to an?ropophagy1      
negroes are be/1 & :ite p mo/ dete/able4
 ,broca rem>k$1 t1 9 ! dissect+ room1 ! 
muscles ( ! negro putrefi$ less rapidly 
?an ^? ( :ites4 ,x is p]haps to ^!      
anatomical diff]5ces t ! div]se action (
 ! same poison1 9 ! case ( races or     
species1 may be attribut$4 ,on c]ta9    
rod5tia belladonna ex]cises no influ5ce2
 morph9e = a horse is a viol5t /imulant2
 a snail rema9s ins5sible to digitalis2 
goats eat tobacco ) impunity2 & 9 !     
,t>5t9 ! inhabitants re> only black     
%eep1 because a plant ab\nds :i* is     

noxi\s = :ite %eep4  ,! nature ( ^!     
conditions is a my/]y = sci5ce4 ,!      
,solan tribe ( plants furni% a pr9ciple 
:i*1 z its "n implies1 produces         
consolation or =getfulness1 by act+ on !
 tissues ( ! bra9 :]e resides ! organ ( 
?\ght2 n[1 on ! au?ority ( ,pr(essor    
,b\*>dat1 ^! opiates h ! less ( effect 9
 proportion z ! animals possess ! less (
 intellig5ce4  ,to ! same anatomical    
peculi>ities mu/ be ascrib$ ! *oice t   
disease makes 9 su* or su* a race4      
,gl&]s1 = in/ance1 s virul5t ) ! horse1 
! ass1 & man1 produce 9 ! case ( ! dog  
only a local accid5t2 p]ipneumonia1 s   
contagi\s among horn$ cattle1 is m b5ign
 9 its action on ,dut* ?an o!r bre$s (  
/ock2 ! cattle plague t decimates s _m  
f>ms is communicat$ by cattle to ea* o!r
 f ! slighte/ contact1 :ile ! close/ &  
mo/ con/ant association is necess>y to  
communicate ! disease to %eep1 & ev5 :5 
!y are affect$ its action is n sev]e4   
,fur!r1 t plague only attacks rum9ant   
animals--ox51 goats1 %eep1 zebras1      

gazelles1 etc4 ,t5 ye>s ago ?is plague  
broke out 9 ! ,j>d9 d',acclimatation2 n 
a rum9ant escap$1 & also "o animal n ( t
 class1 a little t5ant ne>ly relat$ to !
 pig--! pecc>i4  ,n[1 ,dr4 ,cond]eau has
 demon/rat$ rec5tly t ! /oma* ( ! pig   
has a rudim5t>y organization recall+ t (
 ! rum9ants4 ,cle>ly1 ! /oma* ( !       
pecc>i1 & p]haps t ( ! pig1 pres5t a    
favorable m$ium = ! p>asitical microbe  
peculi> to ! r9d]pe/4 ,9 ! potato       
disease1 aga91 all ! v>ieties are n     
affect$ ) ! same degree ( viol5ce2 x is 
m m>k$ 9 its action on ! r\nd yell[s ?an
 ! r$s1 & on ! latt] r ?an ! p9k4 ,b !  
symptoms ev5 ( ! same malady diff]1 !   
p>asite's attacks on ! tissues be+      
dissimil>4 ,oak galls are produc$ f !   
prick+s ( insects2 n[ ar\nd ! same l>va 
(t5 f\r v>ieties ( galls are recogniz$4 
,9 ! case ( consumption 9 cattle1 !     
disease m>*es sl[ly2 9 t ( pigs x takes 
! gallop+ =m1 z ) man4  ,ea* p or nation
 has its peculi> pa?ology & also its    
peculi> cures4 ,a negro c take a dose ( 

t>t> t5 times m excessive ?an a :ite2 ! 
same dose ( br&y giv5 to a black1 a     
yell[1 & a :ite1 w n produce on ! ?ree  
m5 ei!r drunk5ness at ! same mom5t1 or  
intoxication at all4 ,mulattoes c su/a9 
m dra/ic ap]i5ts ?an o!r races2 ! negro 
does n suff] f yell[ fev]1 b he readily 
falls to ph?isis2 he w cat* ! *ol]a m   
quickly ?an a :ite4 ,human races1 :]e !y
 may cat* ! same int]mitt5t fev] at !   
id5tical mom5t & 9 ! same swamp1 w n !  
less display diff]5t types ( fev]4 ,dr4 
,crevaux has %[n t a c]ta9 insect ) !   
,nor? ,am]ican ,indian is n ! same z ) !
 negro or ! m>oon1 & bo? diff] f t      
peculi> to ,europeans4  ,m4 ,pa/eur's   
beautiful exp]im5ts h conclusively      
demon/rat$ t f[ls d n cat* ! *>bon2 n[ !
 vital w>m? ( birds is f sev5 to n9e    
degrees high] ?an 9 ! case ( mammif]\s  
animals2 he imag9$ t if ! f[l 0 cool$   
d[n by ba?s to ! l[] temp]ature1 x w\ld 
be liable equally to become affect$2 he 
tri$1 & ! result prov$ he 0 correct4  ,!
 abs5ce1 !n1 ( a c]ta9 temp]ature w\ld  

be ! reason :y birds are exempt4 ,!     
microbes are ! ag5ts ( infecti\s        
disease2 :5 ^! sw>m 9 ! blood ( an      
individual !y seem to leave !re some?+  
p]nici\s = p>asites resembl+ !mselves1  
or to br+ away ) !m some?+ necess>y to !
 life ( _! successors4 ,a glass ( sug> &
 wat]1 :]e leav5 has already f]m5t$ &   
yield$ alcohol1 is incapable ( produc+ a
 second crop ( leav52 simil>ly ! blood (
 an individual1 once contam9at$1 becomes
 un9habitable aft]w>d = l microbes4 ,!  
individual has acquir$ immunity4 ,su* is
 ! pr9ciple ( vacc9ation4--,p>is        
,correspond5t ( ! ,kansas ,city ,review4
         99       99       99       99  
99     ,,k9d ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,horses4   
,x has be5 obs]v$ by exp]i5c$ horse     
tra9]s t naturally vici\s horses are    
r>e1 & t among ^? t are prop]ly tra9$ & 
k9dly treat$ :5 colts !y are !          
exception4  ,x is sup]flu\s to say t a  
g5tle & docile horse is always ! m      
valuable1 o!r qualities be+ equal1 & x  
is almo/ obvi\s t g5tle treatm5t t5ds to

 develop ?is admirable quality 9 ! horse
 z well z 9 ! human species1 :ile h>%   
treatm5t has ! contr>y t5d5cy4 ,horses h
 be5 tra9$ s z to be entirely gov]n$ by 
! words ( 8 driv]1 & !y w obey & p]=m _!
 simple b important duties ) z mu*      
alacrity z ! *ild obeys ! direction ( ! 
p>5t4  ,x is true t all horses are n    
equally intellig5t & tractable1 b x is  
probable t !re is less diff]5ce among !m
 9 ?is reg>d ?an !re is among 8 human   
ma/]s1 s9ce !re are _m incitem5ts &     
ambitions among m5 t d n affect animals4
  ,! horse le>ns to "k & to h confid5ce 
9 a g5tle driv]1 & soon discov]s h[ to  
secure = himself t :i* he desires1 & to 
und]/& 8 surr\nd+s & 8 duties4 ,! tone1 
volume1 & inflection ( 8 ma/]'s voice   
indicate mu*1 p]haps m ?an ! words t are
 spok54 ,soo?+ tones r ?an words calm   
him if excit$ by fe> or ang]1 & angry & 
excit$ tones t5d to excite or ang] him4 
,9 %ort1 bad ma/]s make bad horses4     
99       99       99       99       99  
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