,,! ,,national ,,be+ ,"s ,?\ghts on an ,iri% ,polity ,by ,a4,e4 ,george ,william ,russell ,to ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,horace ,plunkett ,a good _m ye>s ago y graft$ a slip ( poetry on y\r economic tree4 ,i d n "k if y expect$ a hybrid4 ,?is essay may n be economics 9 y\r s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x c]ta9ly is n poetry 9 my s5se4 ,! ,m>riage ( ,heav5 & ,e>? 0 =etold by ! anci5t prophets4 ,i h se5 no signs ( t union tak+ place1 b ,i h be5 l$ to speculate h[ !y might be br\ght )9 hail+ di/ance ( ea* o!r4 ,9 my philosophy ( life1 we are all responsible = ! results ( our actions & _! effects on o!rs4 ,?is book is a consequ5ce ( y\r graft+ op]ation1 & s ,i d$icate x to y4--,a4,e4 ,i4 ,9 ! ye> n9ete5 hundr$ & f\rte5 ,anno ,dom9i1 amid a _w conflict1 ! bir? ( ! infant ,/ate ( ,irel& 0 ann\nc$4 ,almo/ unnotic$ ?is bir?1 :i* 9 o!r times _h be5 cri$ ov] ! e>? ) rejoic+s or ang]4 ,m>s1 ! r$ planet ( w>1 0 9 ! asc5dant :5 x 0 born4 ,l o!r bir?s fam\s 9 hi/ory1 ! *ild _h to be hidd5 away = a "t1 & c\ld n ) pride be %[n to ! p z royal *ildr5 7 wont to be %[n4 ,its enemies 7 un=giv+1 & its fri5ds 7 di/ract$ ) mighty happ5+s 9 ! _w4 ,h>dly did !y "k :e!r x w\ld n be de=m$ if x surviv$3 :e!r ?is 0 ! ,promis$1 or ano!r *ild yet to be conceiv$ 9 ! womb ( ! ,"m ( ,p>liam5ts4 ,battles 7 ?reat5$ betwe5 two ho/s1 secul> *ampions ( two spiritual traditions1 to decide its fate4 ,t su* a conflict ?reat5$ %[$ inde$ t !re 0 some?+ ( iron fibre 9 ! infant1 )\t :i* 9 _! make-up individuals or nations d no?+ wor?y ( remembrance4 ,h]cules wre/l$ ) tw9 s]p5ts 9 8 cradle1 & !re 7 tw9 s]p5ts ( sect>ianism ready to /rangle ?is infant ,/ate ( ours if its gu>dians 7 n wat*ful1 or if ! infant 0 n itself /rong en\gh to de/roy !m4 ,x is ab\t ! ,/ate ( ,irel&1 its "* & future1 ,i h "h writt5 "s k9d ( imag9ative m$itation4 ,! ,/ate is a physical body prep>$ = ! inc>nation ( ! s\l ( a race4 ,! body ( ! national s\l may be spiritual or secul>1 ari/ocratic or democratic1 civil or milit>i/ pr$om9antly4 ,"o or o!r w be mo/ p[]ful1 & ! body ( ! race w by reflex action affect its s\l1 ev5 z ?r\gh h]$ity ! inh]it$ t5d5cies & passions ( ! fle% affect ! indwell+ _s4 ,our brood+ ov] ! infant ,/ate mu/ be dual1 conc]n$ n only ) ! body b ! s\l4 ,:5 we essay self-gov]nm5t 9 ,irel& our fir/ ideas w1 9 all probability1 be borr[$ f ! ,"m ( ,p>liam5ts1 j z *ildr5 be=e !y gr[ to h a "* ( _! own repeat ! s5tim5ts ( _! p>5ts4 ,aft] a "t1 if !re is any?+ 9 ! !ory ( ,iri% nationality1 we w apply orig9al pr9ciples z !y are f "t to "t discov]$ to be fundam5tal 9 ,iri% "*4 ,a *ild 9 ! same way makes discov]ies ab\t itself4 ,! mood evok$ by picture or poem reveals a love ( beauty2 ! h>% treatm5t ( an animal provokes an outbur/ ( pity2 "s curiosity ( nature draws =? ! _s ( sci5tific inquiry1 & s1 z ! incid5ts ( life reveal ! innate aff9ities ( a *ild to itself1 d ! adv5tures ( a nation gradually reveal to x its own "* & ! w :i* is 9 x4 ,= all our passionate discussions ov] self-gov]nm5t we h _h little speculation ov] our own "* or ! nature ( ! civilization we wi%$ to create = ourselves4 ,nations r>ely1 if ev]1 />t ) a complete ideal4 ,c]ta9ly we h no national ideals1 no pr9ciples ( progress peculi> to ourselves 9 ,irel&1 :i* are a common possession ( our p4 ,national ideals are ! possession ( a few p only4 ,yet we mu/ spread !m 9 wide commonalty ov] ,irel& if we are to create a civilization wor?y ( our hopes & our ages ( /ruggle & sacrifice to atta9 ! p[] to build4 ,we mu/ spread !m 9 wide commonalty because x is c]ta9 t democracy w prevail 9 ,irel&4 ,! ari/ocratic classes ) traditions ( gov]nm5t1 ! manufactur+ classes ) economic exp]i5ce1 w alike be second>y 9 ,irel& to ! small f>m]s & ! wage-e>n]s 9 ! t[ns4 ,we mu/ rely on ! ideas common among our p1 & on _! p[] to disc]n among _! c\ntrym5 ! ari/ocracy ( "* & intellect4 ,civilizations are ext]nalizations ( ! s\l & "* ( races4 ,!y are maje/ic or mean accord+ to ! treasure ( beauty1 imag9ation1 w1 & ?\ght laid up 9 ! s\l ( ! p4 ,t great mid-,european ,/ate1 :i* :ile ,i write is at bay surr\nd$ by enemies1 did n arrive at t pit* ( p[] :i* made x dom9ant 9 ,europe simply by milit>ism4 ,t milit>y p[] dep5d$ on & 0 f$ by a vigor\s intellectual life1 & ! mo/ g5]ally diffus$ education & sci5ce exi/+ p]haps 9 ! _w4 ,! national be+ _h be5 enri*$ by a long succession ( mighty ?9k]s4 ,a great subjective life & c5turies ( dream prec$$ a great objective manife/ation ( p[] & weal?4 ,! /ir 9 ! ,g]man ,empire :i* has agitat$ ,europe 01 at its root1 ! necessity laid on a p[]ful s\l to surr\nd itself ) equal ext]nal circum/ance4 ,t necessity is laid on all nations1 on all individuals1 to make _! ext]nal life correspond 9 "s measure to _! int]nal dream4 ,a lov] ( beauty w nev] cont5t$ly live 9 a h\se :]e all ?+s are devoid ( ta/e4 ,an intellectual man w loa! a disord]$ society4 ,we may say ) c]ta9ty t ! ext]nal circum/ances ( p are a measure ( _! inn] life4 ,our mean & disord]$ little c\ntry t[ns 9 ,irel&1 ) _! dr9k-%ops1 _! disreg>d ( cleanl9ess or beauty1 accord ) ! "* ( ! civilians :o inhabit !m4 ,:5ev] we develop an intellectual life ^! ?+s w be alt]$1 b n 9 priority to ! spiritual mood4 ,h\se by h\se1 village by village1 ! "* ( a civilization *anges z ! "* ( ! individuals *ange4 ,:5 we beg9 to build up a l(ty _w )9 ! national s\l1 soon ! c\ntry becomes beautiful & wor?y ( respect 9 its ext]nals4 ,t build+ up ( ! inn] _w we h neglect$4 ,our excit$ political controv]sies1 our play+ at milit>ism1 h t5d$ to br+ m5's ?\ghts f c5tral dep?s to surfaces4 ,life is drawn to its fronti]s away f its spiritual base1 & beh9d ! surfaces we h little to fall back on4 ,few ( our notorieties c\ld be tru/$ to ?9k out any economic or social problem ?or\ghly & effici5tly4 ,!y h be5 engag$ 9 passionate attempts at ! readju/m5t ( ! sup]ficies ( ?+s4 ,:at we require m ?an m5 ( action at pres5t are s*ol>s1 economi/s1 sci5ti/s1 ?9k]s1 educationali/s1 & litt]ateurs1 :o w populate ! des]t dep?s ( national consci\sness ) real ?\ght & turn ! void into a fullness4 ,we h few res]ves ( intellectual life to draw ^u :5 we come to ! mighty labor ( nation-build+4 ,x w be indignantly d5i$1 b ,i ?9k x is true to say t ! va/ majority ( p 9 ,irel& d n "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & bad ?9k+1 betwe5 ! ess5tial dep?s & ! %all[s 9 humanity4 ,h[ c\ld p1 :o nev] read any?+ b ! newspap]s1 h any g5u9e k ( any subject on e>? or mu* imag9ation ( any?+ beautiful 9 ! heav5s8 ,:at too _m p 9 ,irel& mi/ake = ?\ghts are feel+s4 ,x is en\gh to !m to v5t l or dislike1 inh]it$ prejudices or passions1 & !y ?9k :5 !y h express$ feel+ !y h giv5 utt]ance to ?\ght4 ,! nature ( our political controv]sies provok$ passion1 & passion has become dom9ant 9 our politics4 ,passion truly is a p[] 9 humanity1 b x %\ld nev] ent] into national policy4 ,x is a dang]\s elem5t 9 human life1 ?\gh x is an ess5tial "p ( our /rangely comp\nd$ nature4 ,b 9 national life x is ! mo/ dang]\s ( all guides4 ,!re are spr+s ( p[] 9 ourselves :i* 9 passion we draw on & are amaz$ at _! dep? & int5sity1 yet we d n make ^! ! ma/] light ( our be+1 b r ^? div9e laws :i* we h appreh5d$ & brood$ ^u1 & :i* %9e ) cle> & /eady light 9 our s\ls4 ,z creatures rise 9 ! scale ( be+ ! dom9ant factor 9 life *anges4 ,9 vegetation x may be appetite2 in/9ct 9 bird & bea/ = man a life at once passionate & intellectual2 b ! great] be+s1 ! />s & planets1 mu/ :eel 9 ! heav5s "u ! guidance ( inexorable & inflexible law4 ,n[ ! ,/ate is high] 9 ! scale ( be+ ?an ! individual1 & x %\ld be dom9at$ solely by moral & intellectual pr9ciples4 ,^! are n ! outcome ( passion or prejudice1 b ( ardu\s ?\ght4 ,national ideals mu/ be built up ) ! same consci\s delib]ation ( purpose z ! ar*itect ( ! ,p>!non conceiv$ its l(ty h>mony ( %9+ m>ble l9es1 or z ! ar*itect ( ,rheims ,ca!dral design$ its intricate magnific5ce & my/]y4 ,nations :i* =m _! ideals & m>ry !m 9 ! hurry ( passion are likely to rep5t )\t leisure1 & !y w n be able to divorce ^? ideals )\t prolong$ dome/ic squabbles & public cleans+ ( dirty l954 ,if we are to build a body = ! s\l ( ,irel& x ought n to be a matt] ( reckless e/imates or j]ry-build+4 ,we h be5 told1 dur+ my lifetime at lea/1 n to criticize lead]s1 to tru/ lead]s1 & s intellectual discussion ceas$ & ! high pr9ciples on :i* national action %\ld be bas$ became less & less und]/ood1 less & less common possessions4 ,! nation 0 n conceiv$ ( z a democracy freely discuss+ its laws b z a secret society ) political *iefs meet+ 9 ! d>k & issu+ ord]s4 ,no d\bt our political *iefta9s lov$ _! c\ntry1 b love has _m degrees ( expression f ! base/ to ! highe/4 ,! base/ love w wreck ev]y?+1 ev5 ! life ( ! belov$1 to gratify ignoble desires4 ,! highe/ love conspires ) ! imag9ative reason to br+ ab\t e beautiful circum/ance ar\nd ! belov$ :i* w p]mit ( ! highe/ developm5t ( its life4 ,!re is no real love ap>t f ?is intellectual brood+4 ,m5 :o love ,irel& ignobly brawl ab\t h] 9 _! cups1 qu>rel ab\t h] ) _! neighbor1 all[ no fre$om ( ?\ght ( h] or s]vice ( h] o!r ?an _! own1 take to ! cudgel & ! rifle1 & jo9 sect>ian ord]s or lodges to ensure t ,irel& w be made 9 _! own ignoble image4 ,^? :o love ,irel& nobly desire = h] ! highe/ ( human de/9ies4 ,!y w\ld ransack ! ages & accumulate wisdom to make ,iri% life seem z noble 9 m5's eyes z any ! _w has kn[n4 ,! bett] m9ds 9 e race1 elim9at+ passion & prejudice1 by ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ative reason h reveal$ to _! c\ntrym5 ideals :i* !y recogniz$ 7 implicit 9 national "*4 ,x is su* discov]ies we h yet to make ab\t ourselves to unite u to fulfill our de/9y4 ,we h to discov] :at is fundam5tal 9 ,iri% "*1 ! affections1 lean+s1 t5d5cies t[>ds "o or m ( ! et]nal pr9ciples :i* h gov]n$ & inspir$ all great human ef=t1 all great civilizations f ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,a nation is b a ho/ ( m5 unit$ by "s ,god-begott5 mood1 "s hope ( lib]ty or dream ( p[] or beauty or ju/ice or bro!rhood1 & until t ma/] idea is manife/$ to u !re is no %9+ /> to guide ! %ip ( our de/9ies4 ,our civilization mu/ dep5d on ! quality ( ?\ght eng5d]$ 9 ! national be+4 ,we h to d = ,irel&--?\gh we hope ) less arrogance--:at ! long & illu/ri\s l9e ( ,g]man ?9k]s1 sci5ti/s1 poets1 philosoph]s1 & hi/orians did = ,g]many1 or :at ! poets & arti/s ( ,greece did = ! ,a!nians3 & t is1 to create national ideals1 :i* w dom9ate ! policy ( /atesm51 ! actions ( citiz5s1 ! univ]sities1 ! social organizations1 ! adm9i/ration ( ,/ate dep>tm5ts1 & unite 9 "o _s urban & rural life4 ,unless ?is is done ,irel& w be l ,portugal1 or any ( ! corrupt little p5ny-dreadful nationalities :i* s cont9ually di/urb ! peace ( ! _w ) int]nal revolutions & ext]nal brawl+s1 & we %all only h a*iev$ ! me*anism ( nationality1 b ! _s w h elud$ u4 ,:at ,i h writt5 h]eaft] on ! national be+1 my ?\ghts on an ,iri% polity1 are n to be tak5 z an attempt to deal ) m ?an a few ess5tials4 ,i (f] x to my c\ntrym51 to />t ?\ght & discussion ^u ! pr9ciples :i* %\ld prevail 9 an ,iri% civilization4 ,if to read]s 9 o!r c\ntries ! ?\ght appe>s primitive or elem5t>y1 ,i w\ld l !m to rememb] t we are at ! beg9n+ ( our activity z a nation1 & we h yet to settle fundam5tals4 ,races ho>y ) political wisdom may look ) disda9 on ! attempts at political ?9k+ by a new self-gov]n+ nationality1 or ! !ories ( civilization discuss$ ab\t ! cradle ( an infant ,/ate4 ,to *ildhood may be =giv5 ! elem5tal "* ( its ?\ght & its ideali/ic imag9ations4 ,!y may n p]si/ 9 develop$ manhood2 b if y\? has nev] drawn heav5 & e>? toge!r 9 its imag9ations1 manhood w ev] be undi/+ui%$4 ,?is book only beg9s a m$itation 9 :i*1 ,i hope1 nobl] imag9ations & f9] intellects ?an m9e w jo9 h]eaft]1 & help to raise ! s\l ( ,irel& nigh] to ! ideal & its body nigh] to its s\l4 ,,ii4 ,! build+ up ( a civilization is at once ! noble/ & ! mo/ practical ( all ent]prises1 9 :i* human faculties are exalt$ to _! highe/1 & beauties & maje/ies are manife/$ 9 multitude z !y are nev] by solit>y man or by disunit$ peoples4 ,9 ! highe/ civilizations ! individual citiz5 is rais$ above himself & made "p ( a great] life1 :i* we may call ! ,national ,be+4 ,he ent]s into x1 & x becomes 9 ov]s\l to him1 & gives to all 8 works a "* & gr&eur & a relation to ! works ( 8 fell[-citiz5s1 s t all he does conspires ) ! labors ( o!rs = unity & magnific5ce ( effect4 ,s anci5t ,egypt1 ) its temples1 sph9xes1 pyramids1 & symbolic decorations1 seems to u z if x _h be5 creat$ by "o gr&iose imag9ation2 = ev5 ! less] craftsm51 work+ on ! mummy case = ! tomb1 _h mu* ( ! my/]y & solemnity 9 _! "w :i* is manife/ 9 temple & pyramid4 ,s ! city ,/ates 9 anci5t ,greece 9 _! day 7 unit$ by ideals to a h>mony ( art & ar*itecture & lit]ature4 ,among ! ,a!nians at _! highe/ ! ideal ( ! ,/ate s wr\ght ^u ! individual t its s]vice became ! ov]ma/]+ passion ( life1 & 9 t great oration ( ,p]icles1 :]e he told h[ ! ,a!nian ideal inspir$ ! citiz5s s t !y gave _! bodies = ! commonweal?1 x seems to h be5 conceiv$ ( z a k9d ( ov]s\l1 a be+ made up ( immortal de$s & h]oic spirits1 influ5c+ ! liv+1 a life )9 _! life1 mold+ _! spirits to its lik5ess4 ,x appe>s almo/ z if 9 "s ( ^! anci5t fam\s communities ! national ideal became a k9d ( tribal deity1 t began fir/ ) "s great h]o :o di$ & 0 immortaliz$ by ! poets1 & ^: "*1 cont9ually glorifi$ by !m1 grew at la/ s great 9 song t he c\ld n be reg>d$ z less ?an a demi-god4 ,we c see 9 anci5t ,irel& t ,cu*ula91 ! d>k sad man ( ! e>li] tales1 0 rapidly becom+ a div9ity1 a be+ :o summ$ up 9 himself all t ! b>ds ?\ght noble/ 9 ! _s ( _! race2 & if ,irel& _h a happi] hi/ory no d\bt "o g5]ation ( b>dic *ronicl]s aft] ano!r w\ld h mold$ t half-my?ical figure into ! ,iri% ideal ( all t 0 *ivalr\s1 t5d]1 h]oic1 & magnanim\s1 & x w\ld h be5 a /> to y\?1 & ! ?\ght ( x a /aff to ! v noble/4 ,ev5 z ,cu*ula9 alone at ! =d held x aga9/ a ho/1 s ! ideal w\ld h upheld ! national s\l 9 its d>ke/ h\rs1 & /ood 9 _m a lonely place 9 ! he>t4 ,! national s\l 9 a !ocratic ,/ate is a god2 9 an ari/ocratic age x assumes ! "* ( a h]o2 & 9 a democracy x becomes a multitud9\s be+1 def9ite 9 "* if ! democracy is a real social organism4 ,b :]e ! democracy is only loosely held toge!r by ! social ord]1 ! national be+ is vague 9 "*1 is a mood too feeble to inspire l>ge masses ( m5 to high policies 9 times ( peace1 & 9 times ( w> x communicates fr5zy1 panic1 & delirium4 ,none ( our mod]n ,/ates create 9 u su* an impression ( be+ spiritually ov]s\l$ by an ideal z ! great ,/ates ( ! anci5t _w4 ,! lead]s ( nations too h lo/ t div9e air t _m lead]s ( m5 wore 9 ! pa/1 & :i* made ! populace rumor !m z div9e inc>nations4 ,x is difficult to "k to :at to attribute ?is deg5]ation4 ,p]haps ! arti/s :o create ideals are to blame4 ,9 anci5t ,irel&1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ,india1 ! poets wrote ab\t great k+s & h]oes1 enl>g+ on _! =titude ( _s1 _! *ivalry & g5]osity1 creat+ 9 ! popul> m9d an ideal ( :at a great man 0 l2 & m5 7 influ5c$ by ! ideal creat$1 & /rove to w9 ! praise ( ! b>ds & to be recr[n$ by !m a second "t 9 great poetry4 ,s we _h ,cu*ula9 & ,osc> 9 ,irel&2 ,hector ( ,troy1 ,!seus 9 ,greece2 ,yudi/hira1 ,rama1 & ,arjuna 9 ,india1 all b>d-creat$ h]oes mold+ ! m9ds ( m5 to _! image4 ,x is ! great defect ( our mod]n lit]ature t x creates few su* types4 ,h[ h>dly c\ld "o ( our mod]n public m5 be made ! h]o ( an epic4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d "o :o c\ld be ! subject ( a g5u9e lyric4 ,:itman1 himself ! mo/ democratic poet ( ! mod]n _w1 felt ?is defici5cy 9 ! lit]ature ( ! lat] democracies1 & lam5t$ ! abs5ce ( great h]oic figures4 ,! poets h dropp$ out ( ! div9e procession1 & s+ a solit>y song4 ,!y inspire nobody to be great1 & fail+ any f+]-po/ 9 lit]ature po9t+ to true greatness our democracies too (t5 take ! huck/] f 8 /all1 ! drunk>d f 8 pot1 ! lawy] f 8 c\rt1 & ! company promot] f ! director's *air1 & elect !m z repres5tative m54 ,we c]ta9ly d ?is 9 ,irel&4 ,x is--h[ _m hundr$ ye>s s9ce greatness guid$ u8 ,9 ,irel& our hi/ory beg9s ) ! mo/ anci5t ( any 9 a my?ical era :5 e>? m+l$ ) heav54 ,! gods dep>t$1 ! half-gods also1 h]o & sa9t aft] t1 & we h dw9dl$ d[n to a petty peasant nationality1 rural & urban life alike mean 9 _! ext]nals4 ,yet ! cavalcade1 = all its tatt]$ habilim5ts1 has n lo/ spiritual dignity4 ,!re is /ill "s incorruptible spiritual atom 9 our p4 ,we are /ill 9 "s relation to ! div9e ord]2 & :ile t uncorrupt$ spiritual atom /ill rema9s all ?+s are possible if by "s inspiration !re c\ld be reveal$ to u a way back or =w>d to greatness1 an ,iri% polity 9 accord ) national "*4 ,,iii4 ,9 =mulat+ an ,iri% polity we h to take into acc\nt ! *ange 9 _w conditions4 ,a !ocratic ,/ate we %all h no m4 ,e nation1 & our own along ) !m1 is n[ made up ( v>i$ sects1 & ! practical dom9ance ( "o religi\s idea w\ld let loose illimitable passions1 ! mo/ int5se ! human _s c feel4 ,! way out ( ! !ocratic ,/ate 0 by ! drawn sword & 0 lit by ! m>tyr's fires4 ,! way back is un?9kable = all ,prote/ant fe>s or ,ca?olic aspirations4 ,ari/ocracies1 too1 become impossible z rul]s4 ,! ari/ocracy ( "* & intellect we may hope %all f9ally lead u1 b no ari/ocracy s by bir? w r5ew its au?ority ov] u4 ,! "* ( great hi/oric p]sonages is gradually reflect$ 9 ! mass4 ,! div9e "r ( k+s is foll[$ by ! idea ( ! div9e "r ( ! p1 & democracies f9ally become ungov]nable save by !mselves4 ,!y h se5 & he>d too mu* ( pride & greatness n to h become1 9 "s measure1 pr\d & defiant ( all au?ority except _! own4 ,x may be said ! hi/ory ( democracies is n "o to fill u ) confid5ce1 b ! tru? is ! _w has yet to see ! democratic ,/ate1 & ( ! yet untri$ we may ?9k ) hope4 ,b5ea? ! ,a!nian & o!r anci5t democratic ,/ates lay a sub/ratum ( humanity 9 slav]y1 & ! culture1 beauty1 & brav]y ( ^! extraord9>y peoples 7 made possible by ! work]s 9 an und]world :o _h no "p 9 ! bright civic life4 ,we h no m a real democracy 9 ! _w today4 ,democracy 9 politics has 9 no c\ntry l$ to democracy 9 its economic life4 ,we /ill h autocracy 9 indu/ry z firmly seat$ on its ?rone z !ocratic k+ rul+ 9 ! "n ( a god1 or ari/ocracy rul+ by milit>y p[]2 & ! =ces repres5t$ by ^! twa91 sup]s$$ by ! autocrats ( indu/ry1 h become ! allies ( ! p[] :i* took _! place ( pride4 ,religion & rank1 :e!r cont5t or n ) ! subsidi>y place !y n[ occupy1 are mo/ (t5 c\rti]s ( ,mammon & support him on 8 ?rone4 ,= all ! talk ab\t democracy our social ord] is truly little m democratic ?an ,rome 0 "u ! ,caes>s1 & our new rul]s h n1 ) all _! weal?1 creat$ a beauty :i* we c\ld imag9e aft]-g5]ations brood+ ov] ) uplift$ he>t4 ,! p 9 !ocratic ,/ates l ,egypt or ,*aldea1 rul$ 9 ! "n ( gods1 saw ris+ out ( ! pla9s 9 :i* !y liv$ an ar*itecture s my/]i\s & awe-inspir+ t !y might well believe ! ma/]-m9ds :o design$ ! temples 7 inspir$ f ! ,ov]s\l4 ,! ari/ocratic ,/ates reflect$ ! love ( beauty :i* is associat$ ) ari/ocracies4 ,! olig>*ies ( weal? 9 our "t1 :o h no div9e sanction to give dignity to _! rule nor traditions ( lordly life l ! ari/ocracies1 h n 9 our day creat$ beauty 9 ! _w4 ,b :atev] ( wor? ! anci5t sy/ems produc$ 0 n good en\gh to make p]man5t _! social ord]4 ,_! civilizations1 l ours1 7 built on ! un/able basis ( a va/ work+-class ) no real %>e 9 ! weal? & gr&eur x help$ to create4 ,! "* ( 8 k+dom 0 reveal$ 9 dream to ,nebu*adnezz> by an image ) a gold5 head & feet ( clay1 & t image might /& z symbol ( ! empires ! _w has kn[n4 ,!re is 9 all a va/ population liv+ 9 an und]world ( labor ^: fre$om to vote conf]s on !m no real p[]1 & :o are mo/ (t5 scorn$ & neglect$ by ^? :o pr(it by _! labors4 ,indiff]5ce turns to fe> & hatr$ if labor organizes & ga!rs p[]1 or makes "o motion ( its myriad h&s t[>ds ! sceptre held by ! autocrats ( indu/ry4 ,:5 ?is class is madd5$ & revolts1 civilization %akes & tott]s l cities :5 ! e>?quake /irs b5ea? _! f\ndations4 ,c we ma/] ^! arcane human =ces8 ,c we1 by any device1 draw ?is subm]g$ humanity into ! light & make !m real p>tn]s 9 ! social ord]1 n p>tn]s m]ely 9 ! political life ( ! nation1 b1 :at is ( m importance1 9 its economic life8 ,if we build our civilization )\t integrat+ labor into its economic /ructure1 x w wreck t civilization1 & x w d t m swiftly today ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 because !re is no long] ! disp>ity ( culture betwe5 high & l[ :i* exi/$ 9 pa/ c5turies4 ,! son ( ! artisan1 if he c>es to read1 may become almo/ z fully ma/] ( ! wisdom ( ,plato or ,ari/otle z if he _h be5 at a univ]sity4 ,em]son w speak to him ( 8 div9ity2 ,:itman1 drunk5 ) ! sun1 w *ant to him ( 8 inh]itance ( ! e>?4 ,he is elevat$ by ! poets & in/ruct$ by ! economi/s4 ,b !re are n ?rones en\gh = all :o are made wise 9 our social ord]1 & fail+ ev5 to s]ve 9 ! social heav5 ^! m5 w spread revolt & reign 9 ! social hell4 ,!y are becom+ too _m = high] places to be f\nd = !m 9 ! national economy4 ,!y are increas+ to a multitude :i* mu/ be consid]$1 & ! fram]s ( a national polity mu/ devise a life = !m :]e _! new-f\nd dignity ( _s w n be abas$4 ,m5 no m w be cont5t "u rul]s ( indu/ry !y d n elect !mselves ?an !y 7 "u political rul]s claim+ _! ob$i5ce 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,!y w n = long labor 9 indu/ries :]e !y h no p[] to fix ! conditions ( _! employm5t1 z !y 7 n cont5t ) a political sy/em :i* all[$ !m no p[] to control legislation4 ,irel& mu/ beg9 its imag9ative recon/ruction ( a civilization by fir/ consid]+ t type :i*1 9 ! e>li] civilizations ( ! _w1 has be5 slave1 s]f1 or s]vile1 work+ ei!r on l& or at indu/ry1 & mu/ con/ruct ) ref]5ce to x4 ,^! work]s mu/ be ! c5tral figures1 & h[ _! mat]ial1 intellectual1 & spiritual ne$s are met mu/ be ! te/ ( value ( ! social ord] we evolve4 ,,iv4 ,9 ,irel& we beg9 naturally our consid]ation ( ?is problem ) ! folk ( ! c\ntry1 pond]+ all ! "t ^u our ideal--! l9k+ up ( individuals ) ea* o!r & ) ! nation4 ,s9ce ! de/ruction ( ! anci5t clans 9 ,irel& almo/ e economic factor 9 rural life has t5d$ to sep>ate ! f>m]s f ea* o!r & f ! nation1 & to br+ ab\t an isolation ( action2 & t 0 s until ! movem5t = ! organization ( agriculture 0 initiat$ by ,sir ,horace ,plunkett & 8 colleagues 9 t patriotic association1 ! ,iri% ,agricultural ,organization ,society4 ,?\gh its actual a*ievem5t is great2 ?\gh x may be said to be ! pivot r\nd :i* ,irel& has begun to sw+ back to its traditional & natural communism 9 "w1 we /ill h ov] ! l>g] "p ( ,irel& conditions prevail+ :i* t5d to isolate ! individual f ! community4 ,:5 we exam9e rural ,irel&1 outside ?is new movem5t1 we f9d ev]y:]e isolat$ & individuali/ic agricultural production1 s]v$ ) reg>d to pur*ase & sale by private trad]s & deal]s1 :o are indep5d5t ( economic control f ! consum]s or produc]s1 or ! ,/ate4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ! mod]n _w to conduct indu/ry 9 ! gr& mann] is n obs]vable "h4 ,! fir/ ?+ :i* /rikes "o :o travels ?r\gh rural ,irel& is ! imm5se numb] ( little %ops4 ,!y are scatt]$ along ! highways & at ! crossroads2 & :]e !re are a few families toge!r 9 :at is call$ a village1 ! numb] ( little %ops cr[d$ r\nd ^! consum]s is almo/ incr$ible4 ,:at are all ^! little %ops do+8 ,!y are supply+ ! f>m]s ) dome/ic requirem5ts3 ) tea1 sug>1 fl\r1 oil1 implem5ts1 vessels1 clo?+1 & g5]ally ) dr9k4 ,e "o ( !m almo/ is a little univ]sal provid]4 ,e "o ( !m has its own bus9ess organization1 its relations ) :olesale h\ses 9 ! great] t[ns4 ,all ( !m procure sep>ately f o!rs _! bags ( fl\r1 _! b>rels ( port]1 _! /ocks ( tea1 sug>1 rais9s1 pots1 pans1 nails1 tw9e1 f]tiliz]s1 & :at n1 & all ^! ?+s come to !m pay+ high rates to ! c>ri]s = little loads4 ,! trad]'s c>t meets !m at ! /ation1 & at great exp5se ! necess>ies ( life are br\ght toge!r4 ,9 ! _w-wide amalgamation ( %oe-mak]s into boot factories1 & smi?ies into ironworks1 :i* is go+ on 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 ^! little %ops h be5 ov]look$4 ,nobody has tri$ to amalgamate !m1 or to economize human ef=t or *eap5 ! di/ribution ( ! necess>ies ( life4 ,?is "w ( di/ribution is c>ri$ on by all k9ds ( little trad]s compet+ ) ea* o!r1 pull+ ! devil by ! tail2 do+ ! "w economically1 s f> z !y !mselves are conc]n$1 because !y mu/1 b do+ x exp5sively = ! di/rict because !y _c help x4 ,!y d n s]ve ,irel& well4 ,! g5ius ( amalgamation & organization _c af=d to pass by ^! %ops1 :i* spr+ up 9 haphaz>d fa%ion1 n because ! c\ntry ne$s !m1 b because f>m]s or trad]s h *ildr5 to be provid$ =4 ,to ! ignorant ?is is ! easie/ =m ( trade1 & s _m are />t$ 9 life 9 "o ( ^! little %ops aft] an appr5tice%ip 9 ano!r l x4 ,^! num]\s competitors ( ea* o!r d n keep d[n prices4 ,!y increase !m r by ! unavoidable multiplication ( exp5ses2 & _m ( !m1 tak+ advantage ( ! c\ntryman's irregul>ity ( income & 8 ne$ = cr$it1 all[ cr$it to a po9t :]e ! small f>m] becomes a ti$ cu/om]1 :o _c pay all he owes1 & :o !re=e d>es n deal else:]e4 ,^! ag5cies = di/ribution d n by _! nature enl>ge ! f>m]'s economic k4 ,8 vision beyond !m to _! s\rces ( supply is block$1 & 9 ?is respect he is deb>r$ f any unity ) national produc]s o!r ?an 8 own class4 ,let u n[ = a little consid] ! small f>m] ar\nd :om h ga!r$ ^! multitud9\s little ag5cies ( di/ribution4 ,:at k9d ( a be+ is he8 ,we mu/ deal ) av]ages1 & ! small f>m] is ! typical ,iri% c\ntryman4 ,! av]age area ( an ,iri% f>m is tw5ty-five acres or !reab\ts4 ,!re are hundr$s ( ?\s&s :o h m or less4 ,b we c imag9e to ourselves an ,iri% f>m] ) tw5ty-five acres to till1 "l ( a h]d ( f\r or five c[s1 a drift ( %eep1 a litt] ( pigs1 p]haps a m>e & foal3 call him ,patrick ,maloney & accept him z symbol ( 8 class4 ,we w view him outside ! op]ation ( ! new co-op]ative policy1 try+ to obey ! comm& to be fruitful & repl5i% ! e>?4 ,he is fruitful en\gh4 ,!re is no race suicide 9 ,irel&4 ,8 agriculture is l>gely traditional4 ,x v>i$ little 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury f ! eighte5?1 & ! beg9n+s ( ! tw5tie? c5tury %[ little *ange 9 spite ( a huge dep>tm5t ( agriculture4 ,8 butt]1 8 eggs1 8 cattle1 horses1 pigs1 & %eep are sold to local deal]s4 ,he r>ely kn[s :]e 8 produce goes to--:e!r x is dev\r$ 9 ! next c\nty or is s5t across ! ,*annel4 ,x might be pit*$ into ! void = all he kn[s ab\t its de/9y4 ,he might be describ$ almo/ z ! primitive economic cave-man1 ! d>kness ( 8 cave unillum9$ by any ray ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,z he is ob/ruct$ by ! trad]s 9 a g5]al vision ( production o!r ?an 8 own1 s he is ob/ruct$ by ^! deal]s 9 a g5]al vision ( ! f9al m>kets = 8 produce4 ,8 read+ is limit$ to ! local pap]s1 & ^!1 foll[+ ! example ( ! mod]n press1 c>efully elim9ate s]i\s ?\ght z likely to deprive !m ( read]s4 ,b ,patrick1 = all 8 economic backw>dness1 has a s\l4 ,! culture ( ! ,gaelic poets & /ory-tell]s1 :ile n (t5 actually rememb]$1 /ill l+]s l a fragrance ab\t 8 m9d4 ,he lives & moves & has 8 be+ 9 ! lovelie/ nature1 ! skies ov] him ev] cl\dy l an opal2 & ! m\nta9s fl[ across 8 horizon 9 wave on wave ( ame?y/ & pe>l4 ,he has ! unconsci\s dep? ( "* ( all :o live & labor mu* 9 ! op5 air1 9 con/ant fell[%ip ) ! great companions--) ! e>? & ! sky & ! fire 9 ! sky4 ,we pond] ov] ,patrick1 8 race & 8 c\ntry1 brood+ :e!r !re is ! se$ ( a ,p]icles 9 ,patrick's lo9s4 ,c\ld we c>ve an ,attica out ( ,irel&8 ,be=e ,patrick c become ! fa!r ( a ,p]icles1 be=e ,irel& c become an ,attica1 ,patrick mu/ be l$ out ( 8 economic cave3 8 l[ cunn+ 9 b>t] mu/ be exp&$ into a k ( economic law--8 fanatical conc5tration on 8 family--begott5 by ! isolation & individualism ( 8 life--be sublim$ into national affections2 8 unconsci\s dep?s be s\nd$1 8 feel+ = beauty be awak5$ by contact ) "s ( ! great lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,8 m9d is virg9 soil1 & we may hope t1 l all virg9 soil1 x w be imm5sely fruitful :5 x is cultivat$4 ,h[ does ! policy ( co-work+ make ,patrick pass away f 8 old self8 ,we c imag9e him z a memb] ( a committee gett+ h9ts ( a /range doctr9e call$ sci5ce f 8 cream]y manag]4 ,he he>s ab\t bact]ia1 & ^! d>k invisibles replace1 z ! cause ( bad butt]-mak+1 ! wick$ fairies ( 8 *ildhood4 ,wat*+ ?is manag] ( 8 society he le>ns a new respect = ! man ( special or exp]t k4 ,discuss+ ! bus9ess ( 8 association ) o!r memb]s he becomes some?+ ( a practical economi/4 ,he kn[s n[ :]e 8 produce goes4 ,he le>ns t he has to compete ) ,am]icans1 ,europeans1 & ,colonials--inde$ ) ! f>m]s ( ! _w1 hi!rto conceal$ f 8 view by a m\nta9\s mass ( middle-m54 ,he beg9s to be int]e/$ 9 ^! c\ntries & reads ab\t !m4 ,he becomes a citiz5 ( ! _w4 ,8 horizon is no long] b\nd$ by ! wave ( blue hills beyond 8 village4 ,! ro> ( ! planet beg9s to s\nd 9 8 e>s4 ,:at is m important is t he is becom+ a bett] citiz5 ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,he meets on 8 committee 8 religi\s & political oppon5ts1 n n[ discuss+ diff]5ces out id5tities ( int]e/4 ,he also meets ! delegates f o!r societies 9 di/rict conf]5ces or g5]al congresses1 & ^? :o meet ?us f9d _! int]e/s are common1 & a new fri5dl9ess spr+s up betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?1 & local co-op]ation leads on to national co-op]ation4 ,! be/ intellects1 ! be/ bus9ess m5 9 ! societies1 meet 9 ! big c5tres z directors ( f$]ations & :olesales1 & !y get an all-,irel& view ( _! indu/ry4 ,!y see ! p>i% f ! po9t ( view ( ! nation1 & ?is vision does n des]t !m :5 !y g back to ! p>i%4 ,!y realize t _! int]e/s are b\nd up ) national int]e/s1 & !y discuss legislation & adm9i/ration ) practical k4 ,eyes gett+ ke5] e ye>1 m9ds gett+ m in/ruct$1 beg9 to conc5trate on ,iri% public m54 ,pres5tly ,patrick w beg9 to seek = m5 ( special k & adm9i/rative ability to manage ,iri% affairs4 ,irel& has hi!rto be5 to ,patrick a leg5d1 a be+ m5tion$ 9 romantic poetry1 a little d>k ,rose1 a my/ic maid51 a vague b v simple creature ( te>s & aspirations & revolts4 ,he n[ kn[s :at a multitud9\s be+ a nation is1 & 9 contact ) its complexities ,patrick's politics take on a new gravity1 ?\ghtfulness1 & intellectual "*4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ^! associations & ! ideas p]vad+ !m our typical ,iri% f>m] gets drawn out ( 8 agricultural sleep ( ! ages1 develop+ rapidly z mummy-:eat br\ght out ( ! tomb & expos$ to ! et]nal =ces :i* /imulate & br+ to life4 ,i h tak5 an individual z a type1 & describ$ ! orig9al circum/ance & illu/rat$ ! play+ ( ! new =ces on 8 m9d4 ,x is ! only way we c create a social ord] :i* w fit our "* z ! glove fits ! h&4 ,reason+ solely f ab/ract pr9ciples ab\t ju/ice1 democracy1 ! rights ( man & ! l1 (t5 leads u into futilities1 if n into dang]\s political exp]im5ts4 ,we h to see our typical citiz5 9 cle> light1 realize 8 defici5cies1 ignorance1 & incapacity1 & 8 possibilities ( developm5t1 be=e we c wisely enl>ge 8 b\nd>ies4 ,! c5tre ( ! citiz5 is ! home4 ,8 circumf]5ce ought to be ! nation4 ,! va/ majority ( ,iri% citiz5s r>ely dep>t f _! c5tre1 or e/abli% ^? vital relations ) _! circumf]5ce :i* alone entitle !m to ! privileges ( citiz5%ip1 & enable !m to act ) political wisdom4 ,an emotional relation%ip is n en\gh4 ,our poets sang ( a unit$ ,irel&1 b ! unity !y sang ( 0 only a metaphor4 ,x ma9ly meant sep>ation f ano!r c\ntry4 ,9 t imag9>y unity m5 7 really sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,individualism1 fanatically c5t]+ itself on its family & family int]e/s1 int]f]$ on public bo>ds to d jobs 9 ! int]e/s ( its ki? & k94 ,! co-op]ative movem5t connects ) liv+ l9ks ! home1 ! c5tre ( ,patrick's be+1 to ! nation1 ! circumf]5ce ( 8 be+4 ,x connects him ) ! nation ?r\gh memb]%ip ( a national movem5t1 n = ! political purposes :i* call on him = a vote once e few ye>s1 b = economic purposes :i* affect him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 daily occupations4 ,?is organization ( ! mo/ num]\s section ( ! ,iri% democracy into co-op]ative associations1 z x develops & embraces ! majority1 w t5d to make ! nation "o & indivisible & consci\s ( its unity4 ,! individual1 h[ev] meagre 8 natural end[m5t ( altruism1 w be l$ to ?9k ( 8 community z himself2 because 8 income1 8 social pleasures ev51 dep5d on ! success ( ! local & national organizations ) :i* he is connect$4 ,! small f>m]s ( =m] times pursu$ a petty bus9ess ( b>t] & haggle1 fight+ = _! own h& aga9/ half ! _w ab\t !m4 ,! f>m]s ( ! new g5]ation w gr[ up 9 a social ord]1 :]e all ! transactions :i* n>r[$ _! fa!rs' he>ts w be communal & national ent]prises4 ,h[ mu* t w mean 9 a *ange ( national "* we c h>dly realize1 we :o 7 born 9 an ,irel& :]e petty individualism 0 rampant1 & :]e e *ild _h x borne 9 ^u him t x _h to fight its own corn] 9 ! _w1 :]e ! :ole atmosph]e ab\t x t5d$ to ! h>d5+ ( ! p]sonality4 ,we may hope & believe t ?is trans=mation ( ! social ord] w make m5 truly citiz5s ?9k+ 9 t]ms ( ! nation1 id5tify+ national ) p]sonal int]e/s4 ,= ^? :o believe !re is a div9e se$ 9 humanity1 ?is atmosph]e1 if any1 !y may hope w promote ! swift blossom+ ( ! div9e se$ :i* 9 ! pa/1 9 favorable airs1 has made beauty or gr&eur or spirituality ! *>act]i/ics ( anci5t civilizations 9 ,greece1 9 ,egypt1 & 9 ,india4 ,no "o c "w = 8 race )\t ! hope t ! highe/1 or m ?an ! highe/1 humanity has rea*$ w be )9 rea* ( 8 race also4 ,we are all lay+ f\ndations 9 d>k places1 putt+ ! r\gh-hewn /ones toge!r 9 our civilizations1 hop+ = ! l(ty edifice :i* w arise lat] & make all ! "w glori\s4 ,& 9 ,irel&1 = all its melan*oly hi/ory1 we may1 kn[+ t we are human1 dream t !re is ! se$ ( a ,p]icles 9 ,patrick's lo9s1 & t we might c>ve an ,attica out ( ,irel&4 ,v4 ,9 ,irel& we mu/ ( necessity give special ?\ght to ! ne$s ( ! c\ntryman1 because our ma9 indu/ry is agriculture4 ,we h few big cities4 ,our great cities are almo/ all outside our own bord]s4 ,!y are across ! ,atlantic4 ,! surplus population ( ! c\ntryside d n g to our own t[ns b emigrate4 ,! exodus does n enri* ,lim]ick or ,galway1 b ,new ,york4 ,! absorption ( life 9 great cities is really ! dang] :i* mo/ ?reat5s ! mod]n ,/ate ) a decad5ce ( its humanity4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ev5 9 ,canada1 h>dly has ! pione] made a home 9 ! wild]ness :5 8 sons & 8 daught]s are allur$ by ! di/ant gleam ( cities beyond ! pla9s4 ,9 ,engl& ! c\ntryside has almo/ ceas$ to be ! "m ( m5--at lea/ a fruitful "m4 ,we are face to face 9 ,irel& ) ?is problem1 ) no cr[d$ & t[]+ cities to disguise ! empt9ess ( ! fields4 ,x is n a problem :i* l5ds itself to legislative solution4 ,:e!r !re be fair r5ts or no r5ts at all1 ! *ild ( ! peasant1 ye>n+ = a full] life1 goes :]e life is at its fulle/4 ,we all desire life1 & t we might h x m abundantly1--! peasant z mu* z ! my/ic ?ir/+ = inf9ite be+1--& 9 rural ,irel& ! ne$s ( life h be5 neglect$4 ,! *ief problem ( ,irel&--! problem :i* e nation 9 great] or less] measure w h to solve--is h[ to enable ! c\ntry-man1 )\t j\rney+1 to satisfy to ! full 8 economic1 social1 intellectual1 & spiritual ne$s4 ,we h made "s t5tative ef=ts4 ,! long w> ov] ! l&1 :i* result$ 9 ! transf]5ce ( ! l& f l&lord to cultivator1 has advanc$ u "p ( ! way1 b ! ,l& ,acts (f]$ no complete solution4 ,we 7 assur$ by hot en?usia/s ( ! magic ( proprietor%ip1 b ,irel& has n till$ a s+le acre m s9ce ! ,l& ,acts 7 pass$4 ,our rural exodus cont9u$ )\t any ,moses to lead u to ,j]usalems ( our own4 ,at e /ation boys & girls bade f>ewell to _! fri5ds2 & h>dly _h ! tra9 /eam$ out :5 ! natural exultation ( adv5ture made ! faces ( ! emigrants gl[ because ! _w lay be=e !m1 & human appetites ! c\ntry c\ld n satisfy 7 to be appeas$ at ! end ( ! j\rney4 ,h[ c we make ! c\ntryside 9 ,irel& a place :i* nobody w\ld will+ly emigrate f8 ,:5 we beg9 to discuss ?is problem we soon make ! discov]y t nei!r 9 ! new _w nor ! old has !re be5 mu* fir/-class ?9k+ on ! life ( ! c\ntryman4 ,?is w be app>5t if we comp>e ! quality ( ?\ght :i* has be5 devot$ to ! problems ( ! city ,/ate1 or ! con/itution ( widespread dom9ions1 f ! days ( ,solon & ,ari/otle d[n to ! "t ( ,alex&] ,hamilton1 & comp>e x ) ! quality ( ?\ght :i* has be5 br\ght to be> on ! problems ( ! rural community4 ,on ! labors ( ! c\ntryman dep5d ! :ole /r5g? & heal?1 nay1 ! v exi/5ce ( society1 yet1 9 almo/ e c\ntry1 politics1 economics1 & social re=m are urban products1 & ! c\ntryman gets only ! crumbs :i* fall f ! political table4 ,x seems to be s 9 ,canada & ! ,/ates ev51 c\ntries :i* we 9 ,europe = long reg>d$ z ma9ly agricultural4 ,x seems only ye/]day to ! imag9ation t !y 7 coloniz$1 & yet we f9d ! ,m9i/] ( ,agriculture 9 ,canada ann\nc+ a decl9e 9 ! rural population 9 ,ea/]n ,canada4 ,z *ildr5 sprung f ! lo9s ( diseas$ p>5ts manife/ at an e>ly age ! same defects 9 _! con/itution1 s ,canada & ! ,/ates1 ?\gh 9 _! national *ildhood1 seem already ?reat5$ by ! same disease f :i* classic ,italy p]i%$1 & ^: ravages today make ,great ,brita9 seem to ! acute diagnos] ( political heal? to be l a fruit--ruddy )\t1 b eat5 away )9 & rott5 at ! core4 ,"o expects disease 9 old age1 b n 9 y\?4 ,we expect "y c\ntries to s[ _! wild oats1 to h a few revolutions be=e !y settle d[n to national h\sekeep+2 b we are n mov$ by ^! tr\bles--! result ( excessive en]gy--z we are by symptoms ( premature decay4 ,no nation c be reg>d$ z unheal?y :5 a virile peasantry1 cont5t$ ) rural employm5ts1 h[ev] discont5t$ ) o!r ?+s1 exi/s on its soil4 ,! disease :i* has attack$ our great populations "h & 9 ,am]ica is a discont5t ) rural life4 ,no?+ :i* has be5 done hi!rto seems able to promote cont5t4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t sci5ce has gone out into ! fields1 b ! labors ( ! *emi/1 ! bact]iologi/1 & ! me*anical eng9e] are n en\gh to ensure heal?4 ,:at is requir$ is ! art ( ! political ?9k]1 ! imag9ation :i* creates a social ord] & adju/s x to human ne$s4 ,! physician :o und]/&s ! g5]al laws ( human heal? is ( m importance to u "h ?an ! speciali/4 ,! g5ius ( rural life has n yet appe>$4 ,we h no fundam5tal philosophy conc]n+ x1 b we h treasures ( political wisdom deal+ ) humanity z a social organism 9 ! city ,/ates or z great nationalities4 ,x might be wor? :ile inquir+ to :at ext5t ! wisdom ( a ,solon1 an ,ari/otle1 a ,r\sseau1 or an ,alex&] ,hamilton might be appli$ to ! problem ( ! rural community4 ,aft] all1 m5 are n s completely *ang$ 9 "* by _! rural environm5t t _! social ne$s d n1 to a l>ge ext5t1 co9cide ) ! ne$s ( ! t[nsman4 ,!y _c be consid]$ z creatures ( a diff]5t species4 ,yet /atesm5 :o h devot$ s mu* ?\ght to ! con/itution ( empires & ! organization ( great cities1 :o h /udi$ _! psy*ology1 h almo/ always treat$ ! rural problem purely z an economic problem1 z if agriculture 0 a bus9ess only & n a life4 ,our great nations & widespread empires arose 9 a haphaz>d fa%ion out ( city ,/ates & scatt]$ tribal communities4 ,! fusion ( ^! into l>g] entities1 :i* c\ld act jo9tly = (f5ce or def5se1 s mu* occupi$ ! ?\ghts ( _! rul]s t ev]y?+ else 0 subord9at$ to x4 ,z a result1 ! details ( our mod]n civilizations are all wrong4 ,!re is an int5sive life at a few great political or indu/rial c5tres1 & wide areas :]e !re is /agnation & decay4 ,/agnation is mo/ obvi\s 9 rural di/ricts4 ,x is s g5]al t x has be5 (t5 assum$ t !re 0 some?+ inh]5t 9 rural life :i* made ! c\ntryman sl[ 9 m9d z 8 own cattle4 ,b ?is is n s1 z ,i ?9k c be %[n4 ,!re is no reason :y z int5se1 intellectual1 & progressive a life %\ld n be possible 9 ! c\ntry z 9 ! t[ns4 ,! real reason = ! /agnation is t ! c\ntry population is n organiz$4 ,we (t5 he> ! expression1 ! rural community1 b :]e d we f9d rural communities8 ,!re are rural populations1 b t is altoge!r a diff]5t ?+4 ,! ^w community implies an association ( p hav+ common int]e/s & common possessions1 b\nd toge!r by laws & regulations :i* express ^! common int]e/s & ideals1 & def9e ! relation ( ! individual to ! community4 ,our rural populations are no m closely connect$1 = ! mo/ "p1 ?an ! %ift+ s&s on ! sea%ore4 ,_! life is almo/ entirely individuali/ic4 ,!re are p]sonal fri5d%ips1 ( c\rse1 b few economic or social p>tn]%ips4 ,ev]ybody pursues 8 own occupation )\t reg>d to ! occupation ( 8 neighbors4 ,if a man emigrates x does n affect ! occupation ( ^? :o f>m ! l& all ab\t him4 ,!y g on pl\gh+ & digg+1 buy+ & sell+1 j z be=e4 ,!y suff] no p]ceptible economic loss by ! dep>ture ( half-a-doz5 m5 f ! di/rict4 ,a true community w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be affect$ by ! loss ( its memb]s4 ,a co-op]ative society1 if x loses a doz5 memb]s1 ! milk ( _! c[s1 _! ord]s = f]tiliz]s1 se$s1 & fe$+-/uffs1 receives s]i\s injury to its prosp]ity4 ,!re is a m9imum ( trade bel[ :i* its bus9ess _c fall )\t br++ ab\t a complete /oppage ( its "w & an inability to pay its employees4 ,t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a community & an unorganiz$ population4 ,9 ! fir/ ! int]e/s ( ! community make a consci\s & direct appeal to ! individual1 & ! community1 9 its turn1 rapidly develops an int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ! memb]4 ,9 ! second1 ! int]e/ ( ! individual 9 ! community is only s5tim5tal1 & z !re is no organization ! community lets its units slip away or disappe> )\t comm5t or action4 ,we _h true rural communities 9 anci5t ,irel&1 ?\gh ! organization 0 r milit>y ?an economic4 ,b ! memb]s ( a clan _h common int]e/s4 ,!y own$ ! l& 9 common4 ,x 0 a common int]e/ to pres]ve x intact4 ,x 0 to _! int]e/ to h a num]\s memb]%ip ( ! clan1 because x made x less liable to attack4 ,m5 7 drawn by ! social ord] out ( m]ely p]sonal int]e/s into a l>g] life4 ,9 _! organizations !y 7 unconsci\sly grop+1 z all human organizations are1 t[>ds ! f9al solid>ity ( humanity--! f$]ation ( ! _w4 ,well1 ^! old rural communities disappe>$4 ,! great] organizations ( nation or empire reg>d$ ! small] communities jeal\sly 9 ! pa/1 & broke !m up & ga!r$ all ! /r+s ( p[] into capital cities4 ,! result 0 a gr[? ( ! ,/ate1 ) a local decay ( civic1 patriotic1 or public feel+1 end+ 9 bureaucracies & ,/ate dep>tm5ts1 :]e paid (ficials1 devoid ( intimacy ) local ne$s1 replac$ ! s]vices naturally & volunt>ily r5d]$ 9 an e>li] p]iod4 ,! rural population1 no long] exi/+ z a rural community1 sank into /agnation4 ,!re 0 no long] a common int]e/1 a social ord] turn+ _! m9ds to l>g] ?an individual ends4 ,:]e feudalism 0 pres]v$1 ! feudal *ief1 if ! feel+ ( noblesse oblige 0 /rong1 might act z a c5tre ( progress1 b :]e ?is 0 lack+ social decay set 94 ,! difficulty ( mov+ ! c\ntryman1 :i* has become traditional1 is n due to ! fact t he lives 9 ! c\ntry1 b to ! fact t he lives 9 an unorganiz$ society4 ,if 9 a city p want an art gall]y or public ba?s or recreation gr\nds1 !re is a ma*9]y :i* c be set 9 motion2 !re are corporations & urban c\ncils :i* c be approa*$4 ,if public op9ion is evid5t--& x is easy to organize public op9ion 9 a t[n--! city repres5tatives w consid] ! s*eme1 & if !y approve & x is )9 _! p[] z a c\ncil1 !y are able to levy rates to f9ance ! art gall]y1 recreation gr\nds1 public g>d5s1 or :atev] else4 ,n[ let u g to a c\ntry di/rict :]e !re is no organization4 ,x may be obvi\s to "o or two p t ! place is p]i%+ & ! intellig5ce ( its humanity is decay+1 lack+ "s c5tre ( life4 ,!y want a village hall1 b h[ is x to be obta9$8 ,!y beg9 talk+ ab\t x to ?is p]son or t4 ,!y ask ^! p to talk to _! fri5ds1 & ! ripples g out weak5+ & wid5+ = mon?s1 p]haps = ye>s4 ,i "k ( di/ricts :]e ?is has happ5$4 ,!re are hundr$s ( p>i%es 9 ,irel& :]e "o or two m5 want co-op]ative societies or village halls or rural libr>ies4 ,!y discuss ! matt] ) _! neighbors1 b f9d a complete ignorance on ! subject1 & consequ5t le?>gy4 ,!re is no social organism ) a c5tral life to /ir4 ,be=e en?usiasm c be k9dl$ !re mu/ be "s k4 ,! c\ntryman reads little1 & x is a long & t$i\s bus9ess be=e en\gh p are excit$ to br+ !m to ! po9t ( appeal+ to "s exp]t to come 9 & advise4 ,m *anges (t5 take place )9 a doz5 ye>s aft] a co-op]ative society is fir/ />t$ ?an h tak5 place = a c5tury previ\s4 ,i am famili> ) a di/rict--9 ! nor?we/ ( ,irel&4 ,x 0 a mo/ wret*$ly poor di/rict4 ,! f>m]s 7 at ! m]cy ( ! gombe5 trad]s & ! agricultural middlem54 ,!n a doz5 ye>s ago a co-op]ative society 0 =m$4 ,i am sure t ! olde/ inhabitant w\ld agree ) me t m *anges = ! bett] = f>m]s h tak5 place s9ce ! co-op]ative society 0 />t$ ?an he c\ld rememb] 9 all 8 previ\s life4 ,! reign ( ! gombe5 man is ov]4 ,! f>m]s control _! own buy+ & sell+4 ,_! organization m>kets = !m ! eggs & p\ltry4 ,x procures se$s1 f]tiliz]s1 & dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,x turns ! memb]s' pigs into bacon4 ,!y h a village hall & a woman's organization4 ,!y sell ! products ( ! wom5's indu/ry4 ,!y h a co-op]ative b&1 social ga!r+s1 & conc]ts4 ,!y h spread out into half-a-doz5 p>i%es1 go+ s\?w>d & we/w>d ) _! propag&a1 & 9 half-a-doz5 ye>s1 9 all t di/rict1 previ\sly )\t organization1 !re w be well-organiz$ f>m]s' guilds1 conc5trat+ 9 !mselves ! trade ( _! di/rict1 hav+ meet+-places :]e ! op9ion ( ! memb]s c be tak51 hav+ a ma*9]y1 committees1 & executive (fic]s to c>ry out :atev] may be decid$ on3 & hav+ funds1 or pr(its1 ! jo9t prop]ty ( ! community1 :i* c be drawn ^u to f9ance _! und]tak+s4 ,x ought to be evid5t :at a trem5d\s advantage x is to f>m]s 9 a di/rict to h su* organizations1 :at a lev] !y c pull & control4 ,i h tri$ to indicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 a rural population & a rural community1 betwe5 a p loosely knit toge!r by ! vague ties ( a common latitude & longitude1 & p :o are closely knit toge!r 9 an association & :o =m a true social organism1 a true rural community1 :]e ! g5]al w c f9d expression & society is malleable to ! g5]al w4 ,i ass]t t !re nev] c be any progress 9 rural di/ricts or any real prosp]ity )\t su* f>m]s' organizations or guilds4 ,:]ev] rural prosp]ity is report$ ( any c\ntry inquire into x1 & x w be f\nd t x dep5ds on rural organization4 ,:]ev] !re is rural decay1 if x is inquir$ into1 x w be f\nd t !re 0 a rural population b no rural community1 no organization1 no guild to promote common int]e/s & unite ! c\ntrym5 9 def5se ( !m4 ,,vi4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! rural re=m] to create ! rural community4 ,x is ! antec$5t to ! creation ( a rural civilization4 ,we h to organize ! community s t x c act z "o body4 ,x is n en\gh to organize f>m]s 9 a di/rict = "o purpose only--9 a cr$it society1 a dairy society1 a fruit society1 a bacon factory1 or 9 a co-op]ative /ore4 ,all ^! may be & mu/ be beg9n+s2 b if !y d n develop & absorb all rural bus9ess into _! organization !y w h little effect on "*4 ,no true social organism w h be5 creat$4 ,if p unite z consum]s to buy toge!r !y only come into contact on ?is "o po9t2 !re is no g5]al id5tity ( int]e/4 ,if co-op]ative societies are specializ$ = ?is purpose or t--z 9 ,great ,brita9 or on ! ,cont95t--to a l>ge ext5t ! limitation ( objects prev5ts a true social organism f be+ =m$4 ,! latt] has a trem5d\s effect on human "*4 ,! specializ$ society only develops economic effici5cy4 ,! evolution ( humanity beyond its pres5t level dep5ds absolutely on its p[] to unite & create true social organisms4 ,life 9 its high] =ms is only possible because ( ! union ( myriads ( t9y lives to =m a l>g] be+1 :i* manife/s w1 intellig5ce1 affection1 & ! spiritual p[]s4 ,! life ( ! amoeba or any o!r unicellul> organism is l[ comp>$ ) ! life 9 m complex organisms1 l ! ant or bee4 ,man is ! mo/ highly develop$ liv+ organism on ! globe2 yet 8 body is built up ( innum]able cells1 ea* ( :i* might be describ$ z a t9y life 9 itself4 ,b !y are built up 9 man into su* a close association t :at affects "o "p ( ! body affects all4 ,! pa9 :i* ! :ole be+ feels if a "p is w\nd$1 if "o cell 9 ! human body is hurt1 %\ld prove t to ! lea/ intellig5t4 ,! n]v\s sy/em b9ds all ! t9y cells toge!r1 & !y =m 9 ?is totality a be+ inf9itely high]1 m p[]ful1 ?an ! cells :i* compose x4 ,!y are able to act toge!r & a*ieve ?+s impossible to ! sep>at$ cells4 ,n[ humanity today is1 to "s ext5t1 l ! individual cells4 ,x is try+ to unite toge!r to =m a real organism1 :i* w manife/ high] qualities ( life ?an ! individual c manife/4 ,b v few ( ! organisms creat$ by society enable ! individual to d ?is4 ,! jo9t-/ock companies or capitali/ conc]ns :i* br+ m5 toge!r at ?is "w or t d n yet make !m feel _! unity4 ,exi/5ce "u a common gov]nm5t effects ?is /ill less4 ,our mod]n /ates h n yet succe$$ 9 build+ up t true national life :]e all feel ! id5tity ( int]e/2 :]e ! true civic or social feel+ is eng5d]$ & ! individual b5ds all 8 ef=ts to ! success ( ! community on :i* 8 own dep5ds2 :]e1 9 fact1 ! anci5t ,greek conception ( citiz5%ip is realiz$1 & individuals are creat$ :o are ev] consci\s ( ! id5tity ( int]e/ betwe5 !mselves & _! race4 ,9 ! old ,greek civilizations ?is 0 possible because _! ,/ates 7 small1 inde$ _! ideal ,/ate conta9$ no m citiz5s ?an c\ld be affect$ by ! voice ( a s+le orator4 ,su* small ,/ates1 ?\gh !y produc$ ! highe/ quality ( life )9 !mselves1 are no long] possible z political entities4 ,we h to see :e!r we c\ld n1 )9 our widespread nationalities1 create communities by economic means1 :]e some?+ ( ! same s5se ( solid>ity ( int]e/ might be eng5d]$ & ! same quality ( life ma9ta9$4 ,i am greatly ambiti\s = ! rural community4 ,b x is no use hav+ mean ambitions4 ,unless p believe ! result ( _! labors w result 9 _! equal+ or surpass+ ! be/ t has be5 done else:]e1 !y w nev] get v f>4 ,we 9 ,irel& are 9 que/ ( a civilization4 ,x is a great adv5ture1 ! build+ up ( a civilization--! noble/ :i* c\ld be und]tak5 by any p]sons4 ,x is at once ! noble/ & ! mo/ practical ( all ent]prises1 & ,i c conceive ( no great] exaltation = ! _s ( man ?an ! feel+ t 8 race is act+ nobly2 & t all toge!r are p]=m+ a s]vice1 n only to ea* o!r1 b to humanity & ^? :o come aft] !m1 & t _! de$s w be rememb]$4 ,x may seem a grotesque juxtaposition ( ?+s ess5tially diff]5t 9 "*1 to talk ( national idealism & !n ( f>m+1 b x is n s4 ,!y are insep>able4 ,! national idealism :i* w n g out into ! fields & deal ) ! =tunes ( ! work+ f>m]s is false dealism4 ,our conception ( a civilization mu/ include1 nay1 mu/ beg9 ) ! life ( ! humble/1 ! life ( ! av]age man or manual work]1 = if we neglect !m we w build 9 s&4 ,! neglect$ classes w wreck our civilization4 ,! pione]s ( a new social ord] mu/ ?9k fir/ ( ! av]age man 9 field or factory1 & s unite ^! & s inspire !m t ! noble/ life w be possible ?r\gh _! companion%ip4 ,if y w n (f] p ! noble/ & be/ !y w g 9 se>* ( x4 ,unless ! c\ntryside c (f] to "y m5 & wom5 "s satisfactory food = s\l z well z body1 x w fail to attract or hold its population1 & !y w g to ! already ov]cr[d$ t[ns2 & ! less5+ ( rural production w affect production 9 ! cities & factories1 & ! problem ( ! unemploy$ w get /ill ke5]4 ,! problem is n only an economic problem4 ,x is a human "o4 ,man does n live by ca% alone1 b by e gift ( fell[%ip & bro!rly feel+ society (f]s him4 ,! f9al urg+s ( m5 & wom5 are t[>ds humanity4 ,_! desires are = ! p]fect+ ( _! own life1 & z ,:itman says1 :]e ! be/ m5 & wom5 are !re ! great city /&s1 ?\gh x is only a village4 ,x is "o ( ! illusions ( mod]n mat]iali/ic ?\ght to suppose t z high a quality ( life is n possible 9 a village z 9 a great city1 & x ought to be "o ( ! aims ( rural re=m]s to dissipate ?is fallacy1 & to %[ t x is possible--n inde$ to conc5trate weal? 9 c\ntry communities z 9 ! cities--b t x is possible to br+ com=t en\gh to satisfy any reasonable p]son1 & to create a society :]e !re w be intellectual life & human int]e/s4 ,we w he> little !n ( ! rural exodus4 ,! c\ntry w reta9 & increase its population & productiv5ess4 ,l attracts l4 ,life draws life to itself4 ,intellect awak5s intellect1 & ! c\ntry w hold its own tug = tug ) ! t[ns4 ,n[ x may be said ,i h talk$ a long :ile r\nd & r\nd ! rural community1 b ,i h n sugge/$ h[ x is to be creat$4 ,i am com+ to t4 ,x really _c be creat$4 ,x is a natural gr[? :5 ! "r se$ is plant$4 ,co-op]ation is ! se$4 ,let u consid] ,irel&4 ,tw5ty-five ye>s ago !re 0 n a s+le co-op]ative society 9 ! c\ntry4 ,individualism 0 ! mode ( life4 ,e f>m] manufactur$ & sold z seem$ be/ 9 8 eyes4 ,x 0 g5]ally ! wor/ possible way he c\ld h *os54 ,!n came ,sir ,horace ,plunkett & 8 colleagues1 prea*+ co-op]ation4 ,a cream]y 0 e/abli%$ "h1 an agricultural society !re1 & hav+ plant$ ! ideas x 0 "s "t be=e ! economic exp]t c\ld decide :e!r !y 7 plant$ 9 f]tile soil4 ,b t "q 0 decid$ _m ye>s ago4 ,! co-op]ative society1 />t$ = :atev] purpose orig9ally1 is an omnivor\s fe$]1 & x ex]cises a magnetic influ5ce on all agricultural activities2 s t we n[ h societies :i* buy milk1 manufacture & sell butt]1 deal 9 p\ltry & eggs1 cure bacon1 provide f]tiliz]s1 fe$+-/uffs1 se$s1 & ma*9]y = _! memb]s1 & ev5 cat] = e requirem5t ( ! f>m]'s h\sehold4 ,?is magnetic p[] ( attract+ & absorb+ to !mselves ! v>i\s rural activities :i* ! prop]ly con/itut$ co-op]ative societies h1 makes !m develop rapidly1 until 9 ! c\rse ( a decade or a g5]ation !re is creat$ a real social organism1 :]e ! memb]s buy toge!r1 manufacture toge!r1 m>ket toge!r1 :]e f9ally _! entire int]e/s are b\nd up ) ! int]e/s ( ! community4 ,i believe 9 half a c5tury ! :ole bus9ess ( rural ,irel& w be done co-op]atively4 ,?is is n a wild surmise1 = we see exactly ! same process go+ on 9 ,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & e c\ntry :]e ! co-op]ative se$ 0 plant$4 ,let u suppose t 9 a g5]ation all ! rural indu/ries are organiz$ on co-op]ative l9es1 :at k9d ( a community %\ld we expect to f9d z ! result8 ,h[ w\ld its memb]s live8 ,:at w\ld be _! relations to "o ano!r & _! community8 ,! agricultural sci5ti/ is mak+ great discov]ies4 ,! me*anical eng9e] goes f "o triumph to ano!r4 ,! *emi/ already c\ld "w wond]s 9 our fields if !re 0 a ma*9]y = him to "w ?r\gh4 ,we _c =etell ! developm5ts 9 ea* bran*1 b we c see cle>ly t ! organiz$ community c lay hold ( discov]ies & inv5tions :i* ! individual f>m] _c4 ,x is little = ! co-op]ative society to buy exp5sive ?re%+ sets & let its memb]s h ! use ( !m1 b ! individual f>m] w\ld h to save a long "t be=e he c\ld raise sev]al hundr$ p\nds4 ,! society is a bett] buy] ?an ! individual4 ,x c buy ?+s ! individual _c buy4 ,x is a bett] produc] also4 ,! plant = a cream]y is beyond ! individual f>m]2 b our organiz$ f>m]s 9 ,irel&1 small ?\gh !y are1 f9d x no tr\ble to erect & equip a cream]y ) plant co/+ two ?\s& p\nds4 ,! organiz$ rural community ( ! future w g5]ate its own electricity at its c5tral build+s1 & run n only its factories & o!r ent]prises by ?is p[]1 b w supply light to ! h\ses ( its memb]s & also me*anical p[] to run ma*9]y on ! f>m4 ,"o ( our ,iri% societies already supplies electric light = ! t[n x works 94 ,9 ! organiz$ rural community ! eggs1 milk1 p\ltry1 pigs1 cattle1 gra91 & :eat produc$ on ! f>m & n consum$1 or requir$ = fur!r agricultural production1 w automatically be deliv]$ to ! co-op]ative bus9ess c5tre ( ! di/rict1 :]e ! manag] ( ! dairy w turn ! milk into butt] or *eese1 & ! skim milk w be return$ to fe$ ! community's pigs4 ,! p\ltry & egg dep>tm5t w pack & dispat* ! f[l & eggs to m>ket4 ,! mill w gr9d ! corn & return x gr\nd to ! memb]1 or !re may be a co-op]ative bak]y to :i* "s ( x may g4 ,! pigs w be dealt ) 9 ! abattoir1 s5t z fre% pork to ! m>ket or be turn$ into bacon to fe$ ! memb]s4 ,we may be c]ta9 t any intellig5t rural community w try to fe$ itself fir/1 & w only sell ! surplus4 ,x w realize t x w be unable to buy any food half z good z ! food x produces4 ,! community w hold 9 common all ! be/ ma*9]y too exp5sive = ! memb]s to buy individually4 ,! agricultural labor]s w gradually become skill$ me*anics1 able to direct ?re%]s1 b9d]s1 digg]s1 cultivators1 & new implem5ts we h no conception ( n[4 ,!y w be memb]s ( ! society1 %>+ 9 its pr(its 9 proportion to _! wages1 ev5 z ! f>m] w 9 proportion to 8 trade4 ,! co-op]ative community w h its own c>p5t]s1 smi?s1 me*anics1 employ$ 9 its work%op at repairs or 9 mak+ ^? ?+s :i* c pr(itably be made locally4 ,!re may be a laundry :]e ! wa%+--a heavy burd5 = ! wom5--w be done3 = we may be sure t e scrap ( p[] g5]at$ w be utiliz$4 ,"o happy inv5tion aft] ano!r w come to light5 ! labor ( life4 ,!re w be1 ( c\rse1 a village hall ) a libr>y & gymnasium1 :]e ! boys & girls w be made /raight1 a?letic1 & graceful4 ,9 ! ev5+s1 :5 ! "w ( ! day is done1 if we w5t into ! village hall we w\ld f9d a dance go+ on or p]haps a conc]t4 ,!re might be a village *oir or b&4 ,!re w\ld be a committee-room :]e ! c\ncil ( ! community w\ld meet once a week2 = _! ent]prises w\ld h gr[n1 & ! bus9ess ( su* a p>i% community might easily be ov] "o hundr$ ?\s& p\nds1 & w\ld require con/ant ?\ght4 ,!re w\ld be no slackness on ! "p ( ! c\ncil 9 att5d+1 because _! =tunes w\ld dep5d on _! communal ent]prises1 & !y w\ld h to consid] reports f ! manag]s & (ficials ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts4 ,! co-op]ative community w\ld be a busy place4 ,9 ye>s :5 ! society 0 exceptionally prosp]\s1 & e>n$ l>g] pr(its ?an usual on its trade1 we %\ld expect to f9d discussions 9 :i* all ! memb]s w\ld jo9 z to ! use to be made ( ^! pr(its3 :e!r !y %\ld be altoge!r divid$ or :at portion ( !m %\ld be devot$ to "s public purpose4 ,we may be c]ta9 t !re w\ld be animat$ discussions1 because a real solid>ity ( feel+ w\ld h aris5 & a pride 9 ! "w ( ! community eng5d]$1 & !y w\ld l to be able to outdo ! good "w done by ! neighbor+ communities4 ,"o might l to end[ ! village s*ool ) a *emical laboratory1 ano!r might want to decorate ! village hall ) reproductions ( fam\s pictures1 ano!r might sugge/ remov+ all ! h$ges & plant+ ! roadsides & lanes ) gooseb]ry bu%es1 currant bu%es1 & fruit trees1 z !y d 9 "s ,g]man communes today4 ,!re w\ld be eloqu5t plead+s = ?is or t1 = an intellectual heat w\ld be eng5d]$ 9 ?is human hive1 & !re w\ld be no m illit]ates or ignoramuses4 ,! tea*+ 9 ! village s*ool w\ld be alt]$ to suit ! new social ord]1 & ! *ildr5 ( ! community w\ld1 we may be c]ta91 be in/ruct$ 9 ev]y?+ necess>y = ! intellig5t conduct ( ! communal bus9ess4 ,! _s ( rivalry betwe5 "o community & ano!r1 :i* exi/s today betwe5 neighbor+ cream]ies1 w\ld excite ! imag9ation ( ! memb]s1 & ! organiz$ community w\ld be z swift to act z ! unorganiz$ community is sl[ to act4 ,intellig5ce w\ld be organiz$ z well z bus9ess4 ,! wom5 w\ld h _! own associations1 to promote dome/ic economy1 c>e ( ! sick & ! *ildr54 ,! girls w\ld h _! own indu/ries ( embroid]y1 cro*et1 lace1 dress-mak+1 weav+1 sp9n+1 or :atev] new indu/ries ! awak5$ intellig5ce ( wom5 may devise & lay hold ( z ! peculi> labor ( _! sex4 ,! bus9ess ( di/ribution ( ! produce & indu/ries ( ! community w\ld be c>ri$ on by great f$]ations1 :i* w\ld att5d to export & sale ( ! products ( ?\s&s ( societies4 ,su* communities w\ld be real social organisms4 ,! individual w\ld be free to d z he will$1 b he w\ld f9d t communal activity w\ld be inf9itely m pr(itable ?an individual activity4 ,we w\ld !n h a real democracy c>ry+ on its own bus9ess1 & br++ ab\t re=ms )\t plead+ to1 or begg+ (1 ! ,/ate1 or intrigu+ ) or implor+ ! aid ( political middlem5 to get ?is1 t1 or ! o!r done = !m4 ,!y w\ld be self-respect+1 because !y w\ld be self-help+ above all ?+s4 ,! national c\ncils & meet+s ( national f$]ations w\ld f9ally become ! real ,p>liam5t ( ! nation2 = :]ev] all ! economic p[] is c5t]$1 !re also is c5t]$ all ! political p[]4 ,& no politician w\ld d>e to int]f]e ) ! organiz$ indu/ry ( a nation4 ,!re is no?+ to prev5t su* communities be+ =m$4 ,!y w\ld be a natural gr[? once ! se$ 0 plant$4 ,we see su* communities naturally gr[+ up 9 ,irel&1 ) p]haps a little /imulus f outside f rural re=m]s & social en?usia/s4 ,if ?is ideal ( ! organiz$ rural community is accept$ !re w be difficulties1 ( c\rse1 & enemies to be enc\nt]$4 ,! agricultural middleman is a p[]ful p]son4 ,he w rage furi\sly4 ,he w organize all 8 =ces to keep ! f>m]s 9 subjection1 & to reta9 8 peculi> functions ( fleec+ ! f>m] z produc] & ! g5]al public z consum]4 ,b unless we are det]m9$ to elim9ate ! middleman 9 agriculture we w fall to effect any?+ wor? :ile attempt+4 ,i w\ld lay d[n c]ta9 fundam5tal propositions :i*1 ,i ?9k1 %\ld be accept$ )\t res]ve z a basis ( re=m4 ,fir/1 t ! f>m]s mu/ be organiz$ to h complete control ov] all ! bus9ess connect$ ) _! indu/ry4 ,dual control is intol]able4 ,agriculture w nev] be 9 a satisfactory condition if ! f>m] is relegat$ to ! position ( a manual work] on 8 l&2 if he is d5i$ ! "r ( a manufactur] to buy ! raw mat]ials ( 8 indu/ry on trade t]ms2 if o!r p are to deal ) 8 raw mat]ials1 8 milk1 cream1 fruit1 vegetables1 live /ock1 gra91 & o!r produce2 & if ^! capitali/ middle ag5cies are to manufacture ! f>m]s' raw mat]ial into butt]1 bacon1 or :atev] else are to d all ! m>ket+ & export1 pay+ f>m]s :at !y please on ! "o h&1 & *>g+ ! public z mu* z !y c on ! o!r h&4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! middle ag5cies is responsible = a l>ge proportion ( ! increas$ co/ ( liv+1 :i* is ! mo/ acute dome/ic problem ( mod]n indu/rial communities4 ,!y h too mu* p[] ov] ! f>m]1 & are too exp5sive a luxury = ! consum]4 ,x w\ld be v unbus9esslike = any c\ntry to contemplate ! p]man5ce 9 national life ( a class ^: p]sonal int]e/s are always lead+ !m to fleece bo? produc] & consum] alike4 ,s ! fir/ fundam5tal idea = re=m]s to get into _! m9ds is t f>m]s1 ?r\gh _! own co-op]ative organizations1 mu/ control ! entire bus9ess connect$ ) agriculture4 ,!re w n be s mu* objection to co-op]ative sale z to co-op]ative pur*ase by ! f>m]s4 ,b "o is z necess>y z ! o!r4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d1 :at is too (t5 =gott51 t f>m]s are manufactur]s1 & z su* are entitl$ to buy ! raw mat]ials = _! indu/ry at :olesale prices4 ,e o!r k9d ( manufactur] 9 ! _w gets trade t]ms :5 he buys4 ,^? :o buy--n to consume1 b to manufacture & sell aga9--get _! requirem5ts at :olesale t]ms 9 e c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,if a publi%] ( books is approa*$ by a booksell] he gives t booksell] trade t]ms1 because he buys to sell aga94 ,if ,i1 z a private individual1 want "o ( ^? books ,i mu/ pay ! full retail price4 ,ev5 ! cobbl]1 ! c>p5t]1 ! solit>y arti/1 get trade t]ms4 ,! f>m]1 :o is z mu* a manufactur] z ! %ipbuild]1 or ! factory proprietor1 is z mu* entitl$ to trade t]ms :5 he buys ! raw mat]ials = 8 indu/ry4 ,8 se$s1 f]tiliz]s1 pl\ghs1 implem5ts1 cake1 fe$+-/uffs are ! raw mat]ials ( 8 indu/ry1 :i* he uses to produce :eat1 beef1 mutton1 pork1 or :atev] else2 &1 9 my op9ion1 !re %\ld be no diff]5tiation betwe5 ! f>m] :5 he buys & any o!r k9d ( manufactur]4 ,is x any wond] t agriculture decays 9 c\ntries :]e ! f>m]s are expect$ to buy at retail prices & sell at :olesale prices8 ,we mu/ n1 to save any friction1 sell ! rights ( f>m]s4 ,! second proposition ,i lay d[n is t ?is necess>y organization "w among ! f>m]s mu/ be c>ri$ on by an organiz+ body :i* is entirely controll$ by ^? int]e/$ 9 agriculture--f>m]s & _! fri5ds4 ,to ask ! ,/ate or a ,/ate ,dep>tm5t to und]take ?is "w is to ask a body influ5c$ & (t5 controll$ by p[]ful capitali/s1 & middle ag5cies :i* x %\ld be ! aim ( ! organization to elim9ate4 ,! ,/ate c1 )\t ob/ruction f any qu>t]1 give f>m]s a te*nical education 9 ! sci5ce ( f>m+2 b let x once int]f]e ) bus9ess1 & a horde ( angry int]e/s set to "w to hamp] & limit by e possible means & compromises on matt]s ( pr9ciple1 :]e no compromise ought to be p]mitt$1 are almo/ inevitable4 ,a volunt>y organiz+ body l ! ,iri% ,agricultural ,organization ,society1 :i* 0 ! fir/ to attempt ! co-op]ative organization ( f>m]s 9 ^! isl&s1 is ! only k9d ( body :i* c pursue its "w fe>lessly1 unhamp]$ by ali5 int]e/s4 ,! mom5t su* a body decl>es its aims1 its decl>ation automatically sep>ates ! %eep f ! goats1 & its enemies are outside & n inside4 ,! organiz+ body %\ld be ! he>t & c5tre ( ! f>m]s' movem5t1 & if ! he>t has its allegiance divid$1 its "w w be poor & ineffectual1 & v soon ! f>m]s w fall away f x to foll[ m s+le-he>t$ lead]s4 ,no trades union w\ld admit repres5tatives ( capitali/ employ]s on its committee1 & no organization ( f>m]s %\ld all[ ali5 or oppos+ int]e/ on _! c\ncils to clog ! ma*9e or betray ! cause4 ,?is is ! be/ advice ,i c give re=m]s4 ,x is ! result ( _m ye>s' exp]i5ce 9 ?is "w4 ,an indu/ry mu/ h ! same fre$om ( movem5t z an individual 9 possession ( all 8 p[]s4 ,an indu/ry divid$ aga9/ itself c no m prosp] ?an a h\sehold divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,by ! means ,i h indicat$ ! f>m]s c become ! ma/]s ( _! own de/9ies1 j z ! urban work]s c1 ,i ?9k1 by /eadfa/ly apply+ ! same pr9ciples1 emancipate !mselves4 ,x is a battle 9 :i*1 z 9 all o!r battles1 numb]s & moral sup]iority unit$ are irresi/ible2 & 9 ! ,iri% /ruggle to create a true democracy numb]s & ! p[] ( moral ideas are ) ! insurg5ts4 ,,vii4 ,x w\ld be a bitt] reproa* on ! h\sehold ( our nation if !re 7 any unconsid]$1 :o 7 left 9 pov]ty & )\t hope & outside our bro!rhood4 ,we h n yet consid]$ ! agricultural labor]--! prolet>ian ( ! c\ntryside4 ,8 is1 9 a s5se1 ! mo/ difficult problem ( any4 ,! basis ( economic indep5d5ce 9 8 indu/ry is ! possession ( l&1 & t is n readily to be obta9$ 9 ,irel&4 ,! e>? does n upheave itself f b5ea? ! sea & add new l& to t already above wat] 9 response to our ne$ = x4 ,yet ,i w\ld n pass away f ! rural labor] )\t1 h[ev] inadequately1 indicat+ "s curves 9 8 future evolution4 ,^! labor]s are n 9 ,irel& half s num]\s z f>m]s1 = x is a c\ntry ( small hold+s1 :]e ! f>m] & 8 family are !mselves labor]s4 ,labor is badly paid1 &1 ow+ to ! lack ( cont9u\s cropp+ ( ! l&1 x is (t5 left )\t employm5t at seasons :5 employm5t is mo/ ne$$4 ,no class :i* is tak5 up today & dropp$ tomorr[ w 9 mod]n times rema9 long 9 a c\ntry4 ,employ]s (t5 act z if !y ?\ght labor c\ld be tak5 up & laid d[n aga9 l a pipe & tobacco4 ,none h contribut$ s to ?ick5 ! horde ( ,iri% exiles z ! rural labor]s4 ,?ree hundr$ ?\s& ( !m 9 less ?an my lifetime h left ! fields ( ,irel& = ! factories ( ! new _w4 ,yet ,i c only rejoice if ,iri%m51 :o are badly dealt ) 9 _! mo!rl&1 f9d an ampl] life & a m prosp]\s c>e] 9 ano!r l&4 ,a wage ( t5 or elev5 %ill+s a week w b9d none b ! unaspir+ l\t to 8 c\ntry4 ,b ,i w\ld l to make ,irel& a l& :i*1 because ( ! human k9dness 9 x1 few w\ld will+ly leave4 ,! agricultural prolet>ian1 l all o!r labor1 %\ld be organiz$ 9 a national union4 ,t is b\nd to come4 ,b ! agricultural labor] %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 no m ?an labor 9 ! cities1 make ! rais+ ( wages 8 ma9 or only object4 ,he %\ld r /rive to make himself economically indep5d5t2 or1 9 ! alt]native1 seek = /atus by integration into ! co-op]ative communities ( f>m]s by becom+ a memb]1 & by press+ = p]man5t employm5t by ! community r ?an casual employm5t by ! individual4 ,agricultural labor und\bt$ly w h to /ruggle = bett] remun]ation4 ,yet x has to be rememb]$ t agriculture is a protean indu/ry4 ,x is n l m9+1 :]e ! colli]y produces coal & no?+ b coal1 & :]e ! m9]s h a practical monopoly ( supply4 ,if m9]s are dissatisfi$ ) wages & are well organiz$ !y c en=ce _! t]ms1 & ! colli]y own]s may almo/ be indiff]5t1 because !y c *>ge ! increas$ co/ ( work+ to ! public4 ,b agriculture1 z ,i said1 is protean & *anges its =ms p]petually4 ,if tillage does n pay ?is ye>1 next ye> ! f>m] may h 8 l& 9 grass4 ,he rev]ts to ! *eape/ me?ods ( f>m+ :5 prices are l[1 or labor asks a wage :i* ! f>m] believes x w\ld be unpr(itable to pay4 ,9 ?is way pressure on ! f>m] = extra wages might result 9 two m5 be+ employ$ to h]d c[s :]e a doz5 m5 7 previ\sly employ$ at tillage4 ,! f>m] _c easily--z ! m9e-own]--unload 8 burd5 on ! g5]al public by ! increase ( prices4 ,!re are _m difficulties1 :i* seem almo/ insoluble1 if we propose to ourselves to integrate ! rural labor] into ! g5]al economic life ( ! c\ntry by mak+ him a p>tn] 9 ! indu/ry he works on4 ,b :at ,i hope = mo/ is fir/ t ! natural evolution ( ! rural community1 & ! conc5tration ( individual manufacture1 pur*ase & sale1 into communal ent]prises1 w lead to a v l>ge co-op]ative own]%ip ( exp5sive ma*9]y1 :i* w necessitate ! communal employm5t ( labor4 ,if ?is takes place1 z ,i hope x w1 ! rural labor]1 in/ead ( be+ a manual work] us+ primitive implem5ts1 w h ! /atus ( a skill$ me*anic employ$ p]man5tly by a coop]ative community4 ,he %\ld be a memb] ( ! society :i* employs him1 & 9 ! division ( pr(its receive 9 proportion to 8 wage1 z ! f>m]s 9 proportion to _! trade4 ,a second policy op5 to agricultural labor :5 x becomes organiz$ is ! policy ( collective f>m+4 ,?is ,i believe w & ought to receive att5tion 9 ! future4 ,co-op]ative societies ( agricultural labor]s 9 ,italy1 ,r\mania1 & else:]e h r5t$ l& f l&[n]s4 ,!y !n reallott$ ! l& among !mselves = individual cultivation1 or else work$ x z a true co-op]ative ent]prise ) labor1 pur*ase & sale all communal ent]prises1 ) consid]able b5efit to ! memb]s4 ,we c well und]/& a l&[n] n lik+ to divide 8 l& into small hold+s1 ) all ! att5dant tr\bles :i* 9 ,irel& beset a l&lord ) small f>m]s on 8 e/ate4 ,b ,i ?9k l&[n]s 9 ,irel& c\ld be f\nd :o w\ld r5t l& to a co-op]ative society ( skill$ labor]s :o approa*$ ! own] ) a well-?\ght-out s*eme4 ,! success ( "o colony w\ld lead to o!rs be+ />t$1 z happ5$ 9 ,italy4 ,?is solution ( ! problem ( agricultural labor w be =c$ on u = _m reasons4 ,! economic effects ( ! great ,european ,w>1 ! burd5 ( debt pil$ on ! p>ticipat+ nations1 w make ,m9i/]s %un s*emes ( re=m involv+ a l>ge use ( national cr$it1 or :i* w\ld increase ! sum ( national obligations4 ,l& pur*ase on ! old t]m ,i believe _c be cont9u$4 ,yet we w dem& ! int5sive cultivation ( ! national e/ate1 & increas$ production ( weal?1 especially ( food-/uffs4 ,! l>ge area ( agricultural l& laid d[n = pa/ure is n s productive z till$ l&1 does n su/a9 s l>ge a population1 & !re w be m reasons 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pa/ = *ang+ ! "* ( f>m+ 9 ^! areas4 ,! policy ( collective f>m+ (f]s a solution1 & :atev] ,gov]nm5t is 9 p[] %\ld facilitate ! settlem5t ( m5 9 coop]ative colonies & provide exp]t in/ructors z manag]s = ! fir/ ye> or two if necess>y4 ,su* a policy w\ld n be s exp5sive z l& pur*ase1 & ) fair r5t fix$1 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p c\ld be plant$ com=tably on ! l& 9 ,irel& & produce m weal? f x ?an c\ld ev] be produc$ f graz+ l&s1 & agricultural work]s & ! sons ( f>m]s :o n[ emigrate c\ld become economically indep5d5t4 ,i hope1 also1 t f>m]s1 becom+ m bro!rly z _! own ent]prises fl\ri%1 w welcome labor]s into _! co-op]ative /ores1 cr$it banks1 p\ltry & bee-keep+ societies1 & all[ !m ! b5efits ( *eap pur*ase1 *eap cr$it1 & ( effici5t m>ket+ ( :atev] ! labor] may produce on 8 allotm5t4 ,! gr[? ( national consci5ce & ! _s ( human bro!rhood1 & a feel+ ( %ame t any %\ld be poor & neglect$ 9 ! national h\sehold1 w be ne$$ to br+ ! rural labor] into ! circle ( national life1 & make him a will+ work] 9 ! g5]al s*eme4 ,if f>m]s w n1 on _! "p1 advance t[>ds _! labor]s & br+ !m into ! co-op]ative community1 !n labor w be organiz$ outside _! community & w be ho/ile1 & w be always brood+ & s*em+ to /rike a bl[ :5 ! f>m] c lea/ be> x1--:5 ! gr\nd mu/ be till$ or ! h>ve/ ga!r$4 ,& ?is1 if peace _c be made1 w result 9 a /ill great] decl9e ( tillage & ! cont9u$ flight ( ! rural labor]s1 & ! increase ( ! area 9 grass1 & ! impov]i%+ ( human life & national well-be+4 ,"s policy to br+ cont5tm5t to small hold]s & rural work]s mu/ be =mulat$ & act$ ^u4 ,agriculture is ( m importance to ! nation ?an indu/ry4 ,our task is to truly democratize civilization & its ag5cies2 to spread 9 wide/ commonalty culture1 com=t1 intellig5ce1 & happ9ess1 & to give to ! av]age man ^? ?+s :i* 9 an e>li] age 7 ! privileges ( a few4 ,! c\ntry is ! f\nta9 ( ! life & heal? ( a race4 ,& ?is organization ( ! c\ntry p into co-op]ative communities w educate !m & make !m citiz5s 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 t is1 p cont9ually consci\s ( _! id5tity ( int]e/ ) ^? ab\t !m4 ,x is by ?is consci\s s5se ( solid>ity ( int]e/1 :i* only ! organiz$ co-op]ative community c eng5d] 9 mod]n times1 t ! high] a*ievem5ts ( humanity become possible4 ,religion has creat$ ?is _s at times--witness ! maje/ic ca!drals ! ,middle ,ages rais$ to manife/ _! fai?4 ,political organization eng5d]$ ! passion ( citiz5%ip 9 ! ,greek ,/ates1 & ! ,p>!non & a ho/ ( lordly build+s cr[n$ ! hills & uplift$ & fill$ ) pride ! he>t ( ! citiz54 ,our big c\ntries1 our big empires1 & republics1 = all _! milit>y /r5g? & sci5ce1 & ! weal? :i* sci5ce has made x possible = man to w91 d n create citiz5%ip because ( ! loose organization ( society2 because individualism is rampant1 & m51 fail+ to und]/& ! intricacies ( ! va/ & complex life ( _! c\ntry1 fall back on private life & private ambitions1 & leave ! honor ( _! c\ntry & ! mak+ ( laws & ! application ( ! national rev5ues to a class ( pr(essional politicians1 9 _! turn 9 s]vitude to ! int]e/s :i* supply p>ty funds1 & s we f9d corruption 9 high places & cynicism 9 ! p4 ,x is necess>y = ! creation ( citiz5s1 = ! build+ up ( a noble national life1 t ! social ord] %\ld be s organiz$ t ?is s5se ( int]dep5d5ce w be con/antly felt4 ,x is also necess>y = ! pres]vation ( ! physical heal? & beauty ( our race t our p %\ld live m 9 ! c\ntry & less 9 ! cities4 ,i believe x w\ld be an excell5t ?+ = humanity if its civilization c\ld be bas$ on rural indu/ry ma9ly & n on urban indu/ry4 ,m & m m5 & wom5 9 our mod]n civilization drift out ( ,nature1 out ( sweet air1 heal?1 /r5g?1 beauty1 into ! cities1 :]e 9 ! ?ird g5]ation !re is a rickety population1 mean 9 /ature1 vulg> or deprav$ 9 "*1 ) ! image ( ! devil 9 m9d & matt] m ?an ! image ( ,deity4 ,^? :o g l x at fir/2 b city life is l ! roll spok5 ( by ! prophet1 :i* 0 sweet 9 ! m\? b bitt] 9 ! belly4 ,! fir/ g5]ation are intoxicat$ by ! new life1 b 9 ! ?ird g5]ation ! cord is cut :i* connect$ !m ) ,nature1 ! ,great ,"m1 & life %rivels up1 sund]$ f ! s\rce ( life4 ,is !re any prophet1 any /atesman1 any lead]1 :o w--z ,moses once l$ ! ,israelites out ( ! ,egyptian bondage--excite ! human imag9ation & lead humanity back to ,nature1 to sunlight1 />light1 e>?-brea?1 sweet air1 beauty1 gaiety1 & heal?8 ,is x impossible n[ to move humanity by great ideas1 z ,mahomet fir$ 8 d>k ho/s to =getfulness ( life2 or z ,pet] ! ,h]mit awak5$ ,europe to a fr5zy1 s t x hurri$ its hot *ivalry across a cont95t to ! ,holy ,l&8 ,is n ! e>? "m ( u all8 ,are n our spirits clo!d r\nd ) ! sub/ance ( e>?8 ,is x n f ,nature we draw life8 ,d we n p]i% )\t sunlight & fre% air8 ,let u h no brea? ( air & 9 five m9utes life is ext9ct4 ,yet 9 ! cities !re is a sl[ poison+ ( life go+ on day by day4 ,! lov] ( beauty may walk ! /reets ( ,london or any big city & may look into t5 ?\s& faces & see none t is lovely4 ,is n ! return ( man to a natural life on ! e>? a great en\gh idea to inspire humanity8 ,is n ! idea ( a civilization amid ! gre5 trees & fields "u ! smokeless sky allur+8 ,yes1 b m5 say !re is no intellectual life work+ on ! l&4 ,no intellectual life :5 man is surr\nd$ by my/]y & miracle6 ,:5 ! my/]i\s =ces :i* br+ to bir? & life are yet undiscov]$2 :5 ! e>? is teem+ ) life1 & ! dumb br[n lips ( ! ridges are brea?+ my/]y6 ,is n ! gr[? ( a tree f a t9y cell hidd5 9 ! e>? z provocative ( ?\ght z ! ?+s m5 le>n at ! s*ools8 ,is n ?\ght on ^! ?+s m int]e/+ ?an ! sophi/ries ( ! newspap]s8 ,x is only 9 ,nature1 & by ?\ght on ! problems ( ,nature1 t our intellect gr[s to any real tru? & draws ne> to ! ,mighty ,m9d :i* laid ! f\ndations ( ! _w4 ,our civilizations are a nightm>e1 a bad dream4 ,!y h no long] ! gr&eur ( ,babylon or ,n9eveh4 ,!y gr[ mean] & mean] z !y gr[ m urbaniz$4 ,:at c\ld be m depress+ ?an ! miles ( pov]ty-/rick5 /reets ar\nd ! he>t ( our mod]n cities8 ,! memory lies on "o heavy z fro/ & deep almo/ z life4 ,x is t]rible to ?9k ( ! *ildr5 play+ on ! pavem5ts2 ! depletion ( vitality1 ) artificial /imulus suppli$ f ! fl>+ dr9k-%ops4 ,! _s gr[s heavy z if dea? lay on x :ile x moves amid su* ?+s4 ,& outside ^! places ! cl\ds are fly+ ov]head sn[y & spiritual z ( old1 ! sun is %9+1 ! w9ds are bl[+1 ! fields are gre51 ! =e/s are murmur+ leaf to leaf1 b ! magic t ,god made is unkn[n to ^! poor folk4 ,! creation ( a rural civilization is ! greate/ ne$ ( our "t4 ,x may n come 9 our days1 b we c lay ! f\ndations ( x1 prep>+ ! way = ! true prophet :5 he w come4 ,! fight n[ is n to br+ p back to ! l&1 b to keep ^? :o are on ! l& cont5t$1 happy1 & prosp]\s4 ,& we mu/ beg9 by organiz+ !m to def5d :at is left to !m2 to take back1 indu/ry by indu/ry1 :at 0 /ol5 f !m4 ,we mu/ organize ! c\ntry p into communities1 = )\t "s k9d ( communal life m5 hold no m toge!r ?an ! drift+ s&s by ! sea%ore4 ,!re is a natural ord] 9 :i* m5 h in/9ctively gr\p$ !mselves f ! dawn ( "t4 ,x is z natural to !m to d s z x is = bees to build _! hexagonal cells4 ,if we read ! hi/ory ( civilization we w f9d p 9 e l& =m+ little clans co-op]at+ toge!r4 ,!n ! ambition ( rul]s or w>riors breaks !m up2 ! gre$ ( p[]ful m5 puts an end to !m4 ,b1 :e!r brok5 or n1 ! mom5t ! rural dwell] is left to himself he beg9s aga91 ) nature prompt+ him1 to =m little clans--or nations r--) 8 fell[s1 & x is !re life has be5 happie/4 ,we did ?is 9 anci5t ,irel&4 ,! b>onies ^: names are on ,iri% l& today & ! c\nties are survivals ( ^! old co-op]ative colonies1 :]e ! m5 own$ ! l& toge!r & elect$ _! own lead]s1 & =m$ _! own social ord] & eng5d]$ passionate loyalties & affections4 ,x 0 s 9 e l& "u ! sun4 ,x 0 s 9 anci5t ,india & 9 anci5t ,p]u4 ,! ,european f>m]s1 & we 9 ,irel& along ) !m1 are beg9n+ aga9 ! et]nal task ( build+ up a civilization 9 nature--! task s (t5 di/urb$1 ! labor s (t5 de/roy$4 ,& x is ) ! hope t we 9 ,irel& w build truly & nobly t ,i h put toge!r ^! ?\ghts on ! rural community4 ,,viii4 ,we may n[ consid] ! prolet>ian 9 our cities4 ,! work] 9 our mod]n _w is ! subject ( innum]able unappli$ doctr9es4 ,! lordlie/ ?+s are pr$icat$ ( him1 :i* d n affect 9 ! lea/ ! relation%ip ) him ( ^? :o employ 8 labor4 ,! anci5t wisdom1 z x is rec\nt$ to him on ,god's day1 assures him ( 8 immortality3 t ! div9e signature is ov] all 8 be+1 t 9 "s way he is co-relat$ ) ! ,et]nal1 t he is fa%ion$ 9 a lik5ess to ,x4 ,he is a symbol ( ,god ,himself4 ,he is ! *ild ( ,deity4 ,8 life is ,its v brea?4 ,! ,habitations ( ,et]nity await 8 com+1 & ! div9e ev5t to :i* he moves is ! dwell+ )9 him ( ! ,div9e ,m9d1 s t ,deity may become 8 v self4 ,s pr\d a tale is told ( him1 & :5 he wak5s on ! morr[ aft] ! day ( ,god he f9ds t none w pay him rev]5ce4 ,he1 ! de/9$ comrade ( ,s]aphim & ,*]ubim1 is h]d$ ) o!r ,*ildr5 ( ! ,k+ 9 fetid slum & murky alleys1 :]e ! devil ha? 8 _m mansions1 :]e light & air1 ! great purifi]s1 are already dimm$ & corrupt$ be=e !y d him s]vice4 ,he is insecure 9 ! labor by :i* he lives4 ,he works today1 & tomorr[ he may be told !re is no fur!r ne$ = him1 & 8 fate & ! fate ( ^? dep5d5t on him are n rememb]$ by ^? :o dismiss$ him4 ,if he dies1 leav+ wife or *ildr51 ! social ord] makes b ! mo/ inhuman provision = !m4 ,h[ gha/ly is ! bro!rhood ( ! ,/ate = its poor ! workh\ses decl>e1 & our social decrees :i* turn lov+-k9dness into (ficial acts & make legal & =mal :at %\ld be natural impulse & ! ov]fl[ ( ! he>t4 ,s great a disp>ity exi/s betwe5 spiritual !ory & ! realities ( ! social ord] t x might almo/ be said t spiritual !ory has no effect at all on our civilization1 & its inhuman cont\rs seem s(t5$ at no po9t :]e we c\ld say1 ,"h ! ,_s has ma/]y4 ,"h ,god possesses ! _w4 ,! imag9ation1 foll[+ ! work] 9 our indu/rial sy/em1 sees him labor+ )\t security 9 8 "w1 9 despair1 lock$ out1 on /rike1 liv+ 9 slums1 r>ely ) en\gh food = heal?1 br++ *ildr5 into ! _w :o suff] f malnutrition f _! e>lie/ ye>s1 a paup] :5 8 days ( /r5g? are pass$4 ,he dies 9 *>itable in/itutions4 ,?\gh 8 labors are necess>y he is yet n integrat$ into ! national economy4 ,he has no %>e ( 8 own 9 ! weal? ( ! nation4 ,he _c claim "w z a "r f ! hold]s ( economic p[]1 & ?is absolute dep5d5ce ^u ! autocrats ( indu/ry = a livelihood is ! greate/ evil ( any1 = x puts a spiritual curse on him & makes him 9 effect a slave4 ,in/9ctively he adopts a s]vile attitude to ^? :o c s5t5ce him & 8 *ildr5 to pov]ty & hung] )\t trial or judgm5t by 8 pe]s4 ,a ha/y ^w1 & he may be told to draw 8 pay & begone4 ,! spiritual wrong done him by ! social ord] is great] ?an ! mat]ial ill1 & t spiritual wrong is no less a wrong because g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( work]s h gr[n up & are habituat$ to x1 & d n realize ! oppression2 because 9 *ildhood circum/ance & ! black art ( education alike conspire to make ! work] humble 9 he>t & to take ! cr[n & sceptre f 8 _s1 & 8 eld]s are already tam$ & obsequi\s4 ,yet ! work]s 9 ! mod]n _w h great qualities4 ,?is class 9 great masses w cont9ually make sacrifices = ! sake ( a pr9ciple4 ,!y h liv$ s long 9 ! dep?s3 _m ( !m h rea*$ ! v end ( all ! pa9 :i* is ! utmo/ life c be> & h 9 _! "* t fe>lessness :i* comes f long endurance & famili>ity ) ! wor/ h>d%ips4 ,i am a lit]>y man1 a lov] ( ideas1 & ,i h f\nd few p 9 my life :o w\ld sacrifice any?+ = a social pr9ciple2 b ,i w nev] =get ! exultation ) :i* ,i realiz$ 9 a great labor tr\ble1 :5 ! ma/]s ( indu/ry issu$ a docum5t ask+ m5 on p]il ( dismissal to swe> nev] to jo9 a trades union1 t !re 7 ?\s&s ( m5 9 my own city :o refus$ to obey1 ?\gh !y _h no memb]%ip or connection ) ! objectionable association4 ,ne>ly all ! real manhood ( ,dubl9 ,i f\nd 0 among ! obscure myriads :o are paid f tw5ty to ?irty %ill+s a week4 ,! m5 :o w sacrifice any?+ = bro!rhood get r>] & r>] above t limit ( weal?4 ,^! m5 w\ld n sign away _! fre$om1 _! "r to *oose _! own h]oes & _! own ideals4 ,mo/ ( !m _h no /rike funds to fall back on4 ,!y _h wives & *ildr5 dep5d+ on !m4 ,quietly & grimly !y took ?r\gh hung] ! pa? to ! ,heav5ly ,city1 yet nobody prais$ !m1 no "o put a cr[n ^u _! br[s4 ,b5ea? _! rags & pov]ty !re 0 9 ^! obscure m5 a nobility ( _s4 ,x is 9 ^! m5 & ! m5 9 ! cab9s 9 ! c\ntry t ! hope ( ,irel& lies4 ,! poor h always help$ ea* o!r1 & x is !y :o li/5 eag]ly to ! prea*]s ( a social ord] bas$ on bro!rhood 9 indu/ry4 ,x is ^! work]s1 always necess>y b nev] yet integrat$ into ! social ord]1 :o mu/ be educat$1 :o mu/ be provid$ =1 :o mu/ be accept$ fully z comrade 9 any s*eme ( life to be devis$ & :i* w\ld call itself ,*ri/ian4 ,t ^w1 express+ ! noble/ & mo/ spiritual conception ( humanity1 has be5 s degrad$ by misuse 9 ! _w t we c\ld almo/ hate x ) ! loa?+ we h = evil1 if we did n "k t ,hell c z disguise put on ! outw>d g>m5ts ( ,heav54 ,yet :at is et]nally true rema9s pure & uncorrupt$1 & ^? :o turn to x f9d x !re--z all f9ally mu/ turn to x to fulfill _! de/9y ( inevitable beauty4 ,,ix4 ,(t5 ) sadness ,i he> p speak ( indu/rial developm5t 9 ,irel&1 = ,i feel !y contemplate no diff]5t sy/em ?an t :i* fills work]s ) despair 9 c\ntries :]e x is m successfully appli$4 ,all ^! en]getic p are conspir+ to build factories & mills & to fill !m ) human labor1 & !y believe ! m !y d ?is ! bett] x w be = ,irel&4 ,!y talk ( ,irel& z if x 0 only admirable z a quantity r ?an a quality4 ,!y express delight at swell+ /ati/ics & increas$ trade1 b :]e d we he> any reflection on ! quality ( life eng5d]$ by ?is indu/rial developm5t8 ,our civilization is to diff] 9 no way f any o!r4 ,no new ideal ( life is sugge/$ to diff]5tiate u4 ,we are to g on exploit+ human labor4 ,our work+ classes are to increase & multiply & e>n pr(its = an employ+ class1 z labor has "o f "t immemorial 9 ,babylon1 9 ,n9eveh1 9 ,rome1 & 9 ,london today4 ,b a *oice yet rema9s to u1 because ! "* ( our civilization is n yet fix$4 ,x is ma9ly g]m9al4 ,x fills ! _s ) we>9ess to ?9k ( ano!r nation foll[+ ! old pa?1 )\t ?\ght or imag9ation ( o!r roads lead+ to new & m beautiful life4 ,e n[ & !n1 :5 ! _w 0 /ill va/ & full ( undiscov]$ wond]s1 "s adv5tur]s w\ld leave ! h>bor1 & /e] _! galleys pa/ ! kn[n coa/ & ! famili> cities & ov] unravel$ seas1 seek+ "s new l& :]e life might be fre] & ampl] ?an t !y _h kn[n4 ,is ! old d>+ gone8 ,are !re n su* spirits among u ready to jo9 9 ! noble/ ( all adv5tures--! build+ up ( a civilization--s t ! human might reflect ! div9e ord]8 ,9 ! div9e ord] !re is bo? fre$om & solid>ity4 ,x is ! virtue ( ! s\l to be free & its nature to love2 & :5 x is free & acts by its own w x is mo/ unit$ ) all o!r life4 ,^? planet>y spirits :o move 9 solemn motion ab\t ! heav5s ,i d n conceive z ! slaves ( ,deity b z its ador]s4 ,b t mat]ial nature 9 :i* ! s\l is embodi$ has ! divid+ quality ( ! prism1 :i* resolves pure light into di/9ct rays2 & s on e>? we get ! pr9ciple ( fre$om & ! virtue ( solid>ity z sep>at$ ideals cont9ually at w>f>e ) ea* o!r1 & ! reconcilem5t on e>? ( ^! pr9ciples 9 man is ! conque/ ( matt] by ! _s4 ,?is dramatic sund]+ on e>? ( virtues 9 unison 9 ! heav5s expla9s ! /ruggle betwe5 ,prote/antism & ,ca?olicism1 betwe5 nationality & imp]ialism1 betwe5 individuali/ & sociali/1 betwe5 dynamic & /atic 9 philosophy4 ,inde$ 9 ! la/ analysis all human conflicts are ! balanc+ on e>? ( ! manife/ation ( div9e pr9ciples :i* are "o 9 ! unmanife/ _s4 ,! civilization we create1 ! social ord] we build up1 mu/ provide = ess5tial fre$om = ! individual & = solid>ity ( ! nation4 ,n[ ess5tial fre$om is d5i$ to m5 if !y are 9 _! condition s]vile4 ,c we contemplate ! p]man5t exi/5ce ( a s]vile class 9 ,irel&8 ,=1 disguise x h[ we w1 our pres5t indu/rial sy/em is practically a =m ( slav]y = ! work]s1 diff]+ 9 ext]nals only f ! ages :5 ! s]f _h a coll> r\nd 8 neck4 ,he has n[ fre$om to *ange f ma/] to ma/]1 & c ev5 seek = a ma/] 9 o!r c\ntries2 b he mu/1 9 any case1 accept ! relation ( s]vant to ma/]4 ,! old slave c\ld be :ipp$4 ,9 ! new ord] ! wage slave c be />v$1 & ! fact t _m ( ! rul]s ( indu/ry use _! p[] b5evol5tly does n make ! exi/+ relation betwe5 employ] & employ$ "r1 or ! social ord] "o ^: p]man5ce c be ju/ifi$4 ,m5 w gladly labor if !y feel t _! labor conspires ) t ( all o!r work]s = ! g5]al good2 b !re is some?+ loa?some to ! _s 9 ! condition ( ! labor m>ket1 :]e labor is reg>d$ z a commodity to be b\ght & sold l soap or c&les4 ,= t truly describes h[ x is ) labor 9 our indu/rial sy/em3 we c buy labor1 :i* means we c buy human life & ?\ght1 a portion ( ,god's be+1 & make a pr(it out ( x4 ,by s sell+ himself ! work] is enslav$ & limit$ 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,! p[] ( dismissal ( "o p]son by ano!r at :im acts aga9/ indep5d5ce ( "*1 or ! free expression or op9ion 9 ?\ght1 9 politics1 & 9 religion4 ,! s\l is /unt$ 9 its gr[?1 & spiritual life made subord9ate to mat]ial int]e/s4 ,to d5y ess5tial fre$om to ! s\l is ! greate/ ( all crimes1 & su* d5ial has 9 all ages evok$ ! deepe/ ang] among m54 ,:5 fre$om has be5 ?reat5$ nations h ris5 up madd5$ & exultant1 & ! clang ( m>tial arms has be5 he>d & ! /ony k+s ( ! pa/ h be5 enc\nt]$ 9 battle4 ,9 ,irel& we %all h our greate/ fight ( all to ga9 ?is fre$om3 n alone mat]ial indep5d5ce = man1 b ! fre$om ( ! s\l1 its "r to *oose its own h]oes & its own ideals )\t let or h9drance by o!r m54 ,we h _m ( ! vices ( a slave race1 & we treat o!rs z we h be5 treat$4 ,our national aspirations 7 ov]borne by mat]ial p[]1 & we 9 turn use cudgel & curse on our c\ntrym5 :5 !y diff] f u 9 op9ion & policy4 ,m51 :5 !y _c mat* _! intellect aga9/ ano!r's1 suppress him & h[l him d[n1 putt+ fai? 9 _! own bra9lessness4 ,i w\ld make ! mo/ passionate plea = fre$om 9 ,irel&3 fre$om = all to say ! tru? !y feel or "k4 ,:at "r h we to ask = ourselves :at we d5y to ano!r8 ,! bludgeon at meet+s is a bl[ /ruck aga9/ heav54 ,^? :o w n argue or reason are recreants aga9/ humanity1 & are pr[l+ back aga9 on all f\rs 9 _! m9ds to ! brute4 ,x matt]s n 9 :at holy "n m5 w> ) viol5ce on fre$om ( ?\ght1 :e!r 9 ! "n ( ,god or nation !y are enemies ( bo?4 ,we are only "r 9 controv]sy :5 we ov]come by a sup]ior beauty or tru?4 ,! fir/ fundam5tal idea inspir+ an ,iri% polity %\ld be ?is idea ( fre$om 9 all sph]es ( ?\ght1 & x is mo/ necess>y to fight = ?is because ! devil & hell h organiz$ _! =ces 9 ?is un=tunate l& 9 sect>ian & secret societies1 ( :i* x might be writt5 !y love d>kness r ?an light = ! old ,god-giv5 reasons4 ,x4 ,:5ev] 9 ,irel& !re has be5 a revolt ( labor x too (t5 f9ds array$ aga9/ x ! press1 ! law1 & ! police4 ,all ! great p[]s are 9 ent5te4 ,! press1 )\t inquiry1 beg9s a dete/able cant ab\t labor agitators mislead+ ignorant m54 ,e wild phrase utt]$ by an exasp]at$ work] is quot$ aga9/ ! cause ( labor1 & its grievances are suppress$4 ,we are told no?+ ab\t h[ ! work] lives3 :at homes1 :at food1 8 wage w provide4 ,! j\rnali/ holds up a moral umbrella1 protect+ society f ! fi]y hail ( consci5ce4 ,! bas] sort ( cl]gyman w take up ! p>able & beg9 advocat+ a s]vile peace1 glibly mis9t]pret+ ! div9e tea*+ ( love to prove t ! lamb %\ld lie d[n inside ! lion1 & only s c x be sav$ s\l & body1 =getful t ! peace :i* 0 ,*ri/'s gift to humanity 0 ! peace ( ,god :i* passes all und]/&+1 & t x 0 a spiritual quietude1 & t on e>?--! und]world--! gospel 9 realization 0 to br+ n peace b a sword4 ,! law1 assur$ ( public op9ion1 !n deals /]nly ) :atev] un=tunate life is driv5 into its p5s4 ,i am putt+ v mildly ! devili% reality1 = society is s con/itut$ t ! public1 kept 9 ignorance ( ! real facts1 believes t x is act+ rightly1 & s ! devil has consci5ce on 8 side & t div9e p[] is turn$ to inf]nal uses4 ,:at c labor oppose to ?is f$]ation ( ,/ate & ,*ur*1 ( press & law1 ( capital & physical =ce to back capital1 :5 x sets ab\t its own lib]ation & to in/itute a new social ord] to replace autocracy 9 indu/ry8 ,its allies are few4 ,a r>e ?9k]1 sci5ti/1 lit]>y man1 arti/ or cl]gyman1 impell$ by hatr$ ( :at is ugly 9 life1 w speak on its behalf1 & may r5d] "s aid & help to te> holes 9 t moral %ield held up by ! press1 & may "h & !re give to t bl9d$ public a vision ( ! ,ho/s ( ! ,"l array$ aga9/ x4 ,b ! only real p[] ! work]s c truly rely on is _! own4 ,no?+ b a spiritual revolution or an economic revolution w br+ o!r classes into comrade%ip ) !m4 ,! ideal labor %\ld set be=e itself is n a transitory improvem5t 9 its wage1 because a wage w> nev] truly or p]man5tly improves ! position ( labor4 ,?is section or t may1 relatively to its own pa/ or ! position ( o!r work]s1 improve itself2 b capital is l a %ip :i*1 h[ev] ! tide rises or falls1 floats ^u x1 & is n sunk5 m deeply 9 ! wat] at high tide ?an at l[ tide4 ,:5ev] any burd5 is plac$ ^u capital x imm$iately sets ab\t unload+ t burd5 on ! public4 ,wages might be d\bl$ by ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! net result w\ld be to d\ble prices1 if n to increase !m /ill m4 ,! m ! autocrats ( indu/ry are f$]at$ ! m easily c !y unload on o!rs any burd5 plac$ on !m4 ,! value ( money is simply :at x w pur*ase at any "t4 ,if ! rul]s ( indu/ry c halve ! pur*as+ p[] ( money :ile d\bl+ wages at ! comm& ( ! ,/ate1 logic leads u to assume t wages bo>ds1 arbitration bo>ds & ! l c only be transitory 9 _! meliorat+ effect2 & to pursue ! attack on ! autocrats ( indu/ry by ! road ( wages alone is to attack !m :]e !y are impregnable1 & :]e1 seem+ to give way1 !y are all ! :ile really los+ no?+1 & are only fix+ ! wage sy/em m p]man5tly on ^? :o attack !m4 ,!re are fi]y spirits among ! prolet>ians :o hope t militant labor w at la/ br+ ab\t ! social revolution1 tak+ ! e>?ly p>adise by viol5ce4 ,!y believe t if e work] dropp$ 8 tools & absolutely refus$ to "w "u ! old sy/em1 x w\ld be impossible to cont9ue x4 ,t is true1 b ^? :o advocate ?is policy slur ov] _m difficulties1 & ! relative p[] ( endurance ( bo? p>ties4 ,!y d n1 ,i ?9k1 take into acc\nt ! imm5se p[] 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o uphold ! pres5t sy/em4 ,^? :o might be expect$ to /rike are n--at lea/ 9 ,irel&--a majority ( ! population4 ,!y w\ld h f> few] mat]ial res\rces to fall back on ?an ^? o!rs ^: int]e/s w\ld lead !m to pres]ve ! pres5t social ord]4 ,x is cle>1 too1 :5 we analyze ! =ces at ! comm& ( labor & capital1 t ! latt] has atta*$ to itself by ! bonds ( self-int]e/ ! sci5tific m5--eng9e]s1 inv5tors1 *emi/s1 bact]iologi/s1 design]s1 organiz]s1 all ! intellect ( indu/ry--)\t :i*1 9 alliance ) itself1 revolt+ labor w\ld be unable to cont9ue production z be=e4 ,labor s revolt+ might inde$ = a "t br+ ! "w ( ! nation to a /&/ill2 b unless x c\ld by "s means attract to itself m5 ( ! class describ$1 x w\ld n be able to take ! helm ( ! %ip ( indu/ry & guide x ) k z ! hold]s ( economic p[] h done 9 ! pa/4 ,a policy ( emancipation %\ld provide labor ) a means ( attract+ to itself t k9d ( k :i* is ga9$ 9 univ]sities1 laboratories1 colleges ( sci5ce1 &1 above all1 9 ! actual guidance ( great indu/rial ent]prises4 ,9 any trial ( endurance ^? :o />t ) ! greate/ intellectual1 moral1 & mat]ial res\rces w w94 ,i d n d5y t ! /rike is a p[]ful weapon 9 ! h& ( labor1 b x is "o ) :i* x is difficult to imag9e labor deal+ a knock-out bl[ to ! pres5t social ord]4 ,i believe 9 an ord]ly evolution ( society1 at lea/ 9 ,irel&1 & d\bt :e!r by revolution p c be rais$ to an intellig5ce1 a humanity1 or a nobility ( nature great] ?an !y =m]ly possess$4 ,nobody c rema9 /&+ on tiptoe4 ,aft] a little "t disord] subsides & "s /rong man leads ! inevitable reaction4 ,9 ,france p revolt$ aga9/ a decad5t mon>*y1 & 9 a doz5 ye>s !y _h a new emp]or4 ,9 ,engl& !y behead$ a k+ z a prote/ aga9/ tyranny1 & !y got a dictator 9 8 place :o took little or no acc\nt ( p>liam5ts2 & f9ally a second ,*>les1 r worse ?an ! fir/1 came to ! ?rone4 ,! ev]la/+ battle betwe5 light & d>kness goes on /ubbornly all ! "t1 & ! ga9 ( ! ,ho/s ( ,light is in* by in*4 ,extraord9>y ef=ts1 impetu\s *>ges1 :i* seem to w9 = a mom5t1 too (t5 leave ! attack+ =ce tir$ & exhau/$1 & ! =ces ( reaction set 9 & ov]:elm !m4 ,i am ! fri5d ( revolt if p _c /& ! conditions !y live "u1 & if !y c see no o!r way4 ,x is bett] to be m5 ?an slaves4 ,! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 a tragic episode 9 hi/ory1 b :5 p suff] intol]ably & are insult$ 9 _! despair x is inevitable blood w be %$4 ,"o c only say ) ,:itman3 ,pale1 sil5t1 /]n1 :at c\ld ,i say to t long-accru$ retribution8 ,c\ld ,i wi% humanity diff]5t ,c\ld ,i wi% ! p made ( wood & /one1 or t !re be no ju/ice 9 de/9y or "t8 ,!re is dang] 9 revolution if ! revolution>y _s is mu* m advanc$ ?an ! intellectual1 & moral qualities :i* alone c secure ! success ( a revolt4 ,^! intellectual & moral qualities--! skill to organize1 ! wisdom to control l>ge und]tak+s1 are n natural gifts b ! results ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y are evolution>y products4 ,! emancipation ( labor1 ,i believe1 w n be ga9$ by revolution b by prolong$ ef=t1 cont9u$ mon? by mon? & ye> by ye>1 9 :i* fir/ ?is ?+ is adv5tur$1 !n t3 ea* ent]prise br+s its own gifts ( wisdom & exp]i5ce1 & !re is no reaction1 because1 in/ead ( ! viol5t use ( c]ta9 p[]s1 ! :ole be+ is brac$3 exp]i5ce1 intellect1 desire1 all /rong & work+ h>moni\sly1 press =w>d & support ea* o!r1 & no ent]prise is und]tak5 :]e ! intellect to c>ry x out is n pres5t toge!r ) ! desire4 ,x requires great intellectual & moral qualities to br+ ab\t a revolution4 ,a rage at pres5t conditions is n en\gh4 ,,xi4 ,our f>m]s are already free4 ,! problem ) !m is n n[ conc]n$ ) fre$om1 b h[ !y may be br\ght into a solid>ity ) ea* o!r & ! nation4 ,to make our prolet>ians free & ma/]s ( _! own en]gies1 9 unison ) ea* o!r & ! national be+1 is ! mo/ press+ labor ( ! _m be=e u4 ,unless !re be economic fre$om !re c be no o!r fre$om4 ,! "r ( no individual to subsi/5ce %\ld be at ! good w ( any o!r individual4 ,m ?an m]e com=t dep5ds on x4 ,!re are et]nal & augu/ rights ( ! s\l to be safegu>d$1 & ! economic position ( m5 %\ld be protect$ by organization & democratic law4 ,i h already discuss$ "s ( ! av5ues ?r\gh :i* work]s 9 our "t h look$ ) hope4 ,i h little belief t ^! roads lead any:]e b back to ! old ,city ( ,slav]y1 h[ev] !y may seem to curve away at ! outset4 ,! /rike1 on :atev] scale1 is no way to fre$om1 ?\gh ! /rike--or ! ?reat ( x--may br+ wages ne>] to subsi/5ce level4 ,! art ( w>f>e is too mu* 9 ! h&s ( speciali/s = tru/ to be plac$ 9 revolution4 ,a ma*9e-gun ) a few exp]ts beh9d x is wor? a ?\s& revolution>y work]s1 h[ev] madd5$ !y may be4 ,does political action1 on :i* s _m rely1 promise m8 ,i d n believe x does4 ,i believe t to appeal to legislatures is to appeal to bodies dom9at$ by ^? int]e/$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! pres5t social ord]1 al?\gh !y may act s z to r$ress ! wor/ evils creat$ by x4 ,9 ,irel&1 = ?is g5]ation at lea/1 x w\ld be impossible to secure 9 a legislative assembly majorities repres5tative ( ! class we wi% to see emancipat$4 ,x may seem z if ,i _h clos$ all ! pa?s out ( ! social labyr9?2 b ! way to emancipation has1 ,i ?9k1 already be5 survey$ by pione]s4 ,a policy ( social recon/ruction is practical1 & ne$s b /eady p]si/5ce = its realization4 ,t policy--,i ref] to co-op]ative action--has be5 adopt$ 9 v>i\s =ms by work]s 9 _m c\ntries2 & :at is ne$$ "h is to /udy & coord9ate ^! applications ( co-work+1 & to =m a g5]al /aff ( labor :o w1 on behalf ( ! work]s1 exam9e ! weapons fa%ion$ by _! class else:]e1 & :o w draw up a plan ( campaign z ! /aff ( an army d previ\s to milit>y op]ations4 ,x w be f\nd t economic action along co-op]ative l9es has1 9 "o c\ntry1 b>ri]s plac$ be=e its expansion :i* c\ld be set aside by supplem5t+ ?is action by me?ods elaborat$ by ! g5ius ( work]s else:]e4 ,x is n my purpose "h to repeat 9 detail me?ods ( organization1 p>tly te*nical1 :i* c be f\nd fully describ$ 9 _m admirable books1 b r to indicate ! ord] ( advance1 ! me?ods ( coord9ation ( ^!1 & _! f9al absorption & trans=mation 9 ! national be+4 ,!re is a great deal ( ignorance ab\t ?+s ess5tial to safe action4 ,:5 m5 are fill$ ) en?usiasm !y are apt to apply _! new pr9ciples ra%ly 9 s*emes :i* are b\nd to fall1 j z ov]-confid5t soldi]s w 9 battle sometimes ru% a position prematurely :i* !y _c hold1 because ! g5]al l9e ( _! army has n advanc$ suffici5tly to support !m4 ,sacrifices are made ) no p]man5t result1 & ! morale ( ! army is injur$4 ,9 ! rural di/ricts ! advance mu/1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 be f production to consumption1 & ) urban work]s inv]sely f a control ov] di/ribution to a ma/]y ov] production4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ ov] ! bl9dness ( work]s 9 t[ns 9 ,irel&1 :o h made s little use 9 ! economic /ruggle ( ! fre$om !y h to sp5d _! wage :]e !y *oose4 ,!y speak ( ?is /ruggle z ! class w>2 b !y c>ry on ! conflict mo/ en]getically :]e x is mo/ difficult = !m to succe$1 & h>dly at all :]e x w\ld be comp>atively easy = !m to weak5 ! res\rces ( _! antagoni/s4 ,9 w>f>e mu* use is made ( flank+ movem5ts1 :i* aim at cutt+ ! enemy's communication ) 8 base ( supply4 ,frontal attacks are dang]\s4 ,x is equally true 9 economic w>f>e4 ,! /rike is a frontal attack1 & ^? !y fight are entr5*$ deeply ) all ! artill]y ( ! ,/ate1 ! press1 sci5ce1 & weal? on _! side4 ,:at w\ld we ?9k ( an army :i*1 at ! close ( ea* week's fight+1 volunt>ily surr5d]$ to ! enemy ! gr\nd1 guns1 ammunition1 & prison]s captur$ ?r\gh ! previ\s six days8 ,yet ?is is :at our work]s d4 ,! p[] oppos$ to !m is ma9ly economic1 ?\gh !re is an intellectual basis = x also4 ,b ! wages ( ! work]s1 little = ! individual1 yet a l>ge "p ( ! national income if tak5 = ! mass1 goes back to /r5g!n ! sy/em !y prote/ aga9/ ?r\gh pur*ases ( dome/ic requirem5ts4 ,! creation ( co-op]ative /ores ought to be ! fir/ con/ructive policy adopt$ by ,iri% labor4 ,x ought to be z mu* a matt] ( class honor ) !m to be memb]s ( /ores z to be 9 ! trade union ( _! craft4 ,! /ore may be reg>d$ z ! commiss>iat dep>tm5t ( ! army ( labor4 ,_m a /rike has fail$ ( its object1 & ! work]s h gone back defeat$1 because _! neglect ( ! commiss>iat made !m unable to hold out = t la/ week :5 bo? sides are desp]ate & at ! end ( _! res\rces4 ,b x is n ma9ly z an aid to ! /rike t ,i advocate democratiz+ ! di/ributive trade1 b because control ov] di/ribution gives a l>ge measure ( control ov] production4 ,! hi/ory ( co-op]ative work%ops indicates t ^! h r>ely be5 successful unless work$ 9 conjunction ) di/ributive /ores4 ,! retail trad] is n sympa!tic ) co-op]ative production4 ,z ! cat is ak9 to ! tig]1 s is ! individual trad]--no matt] on h[ small a scale he op]ates--a k9sman ( ! great autocrats ( indu/ry1 & he w sympa?ize ) 8 economic k9sm5 & w retail _! goods 9 pref]5ce to ^? produc$ 9 co-op]ative work%ops4 ,! control ( ag5cies ( di/ribution by ! work]s at a c]ta9 /age 9 _! developm5t enables !m to />t productive ent]prises ) m safety & less exp5se 9 reg>d to adv]tisem5t ?an ! capitali/ c4 ,9 fact ! co-op]ative /ore1 prop]ly organiz$1 creates a ti$ trade = ! output ( co-op]ative work%ops4 ,x is a s\rce ( f9ancial aid to ^!1 & w inve/ funds 9 !m & assi/ trades unions gradually to trans=m !mselves into co-op]ative guilds ( produc]s :i* %\ld be _! ultimate ideal4 ,z ,i %all %[ lat] on1 ! /ore w enable ! urban work] to ent] into intimate alliance ) ! rural produc]4 ,_! int]e/s are really id5tical4 ,9 e t[n 9 ,irel& ef=ts %\ld be made to democratize ! di/ributive ag5cies1 & ! work]s w h _m allies 9 ?is1 driv5 by ! increas$ co/ ( liv+ to se>* out ! mo/ economical ag5cies ( pur*ase4 ,if ! prolet>ians are n 9 a majority 9 ,irel&--a nation :]e ! f>m]s are ! mo/ num]\s s+le class--!y c]ta9ly =m ! majority 9 ! cities2 & ! co-op]ative /ore1 :ile admitt+ to memb]%ip all :o w apply1 ought to be & w\ld be sympa!tic ) ! ef=ts ( labor to emancipate itself1 & w\ld be a p[]ful lev] 9 its h&s4 ,z ! /ores increase 9 numb]1 an analysis ( _! trade w reveal ye> by ye> 9 :at directions co-op]ative production ( p>ticul> articles may safely be attempt$4 ,m & m by ?is means ! produc+ p[] & ! capital at ! disposal ( ! work] w be plac$ at ! s]vice ( democracy4 ,! fir/ /eps are ! mo/ difficult4 ,9 due "t ! work]s w h educat$ a numb] ( _! memb]s1 & w h atta*$ to !mselves m5 ( prov$ capacity to be ! lead]s 9 fre% ent]prises1 manufactures ( "o k9d or ano!r1 democratic bank+ in/itutions1 all support+ ea* o!r & lean+ on ea* o!r & play+ into ea* o!r's h&s4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is may be c>ri$1 & ! opportunities = mak+ ,irel& a co-op]ative democracy1 ,i %all pres5tly expla94 ,i d n reg>d any ( ^! =ms ( co-op]ative organization z ideal or p]man5t4 ,! co-op]ative movem5t mu/ be reg>d$ r z a great turn+ movem5t on ! "p ( humanity t[>ds ! ideal4 ,! co-op]ative organizations n[ be+ =m$ 9 ,irel& & ov] ! _w w1 ,i am c]ta91 p]si/ & outla/ ?is g5]ation & ! next1 & w gr[ into va/] ?+s ?an we dream (2 b ! really important *ange !y w br+ ab\t 9 ! m9ds ( m5 w be psy*ological4 ,m5 w become habituat$ to ! ?\ght ( common action = ! common good4 ,to get s f> 9 civil life is a great /ep4 ,today our civil life is a tangle ( petty p]sonal int]e/s & competitions4 ,! co-op]ative movem5t is1 z ,i h said1 a va/ turn+ movem5t ( humanity heav5w>ds1 or1 at lea/1 to br+ !m face r\nd to ! ,delectable ,city4 ,:5 ?is psy*ological *ange takes place ! democratic associations--:i* h gr[n up haphaz>d z ! work]s f\nd x easie/ to create !m--w be *ang$ & remodel$ by m5 :o w h ! mass ( p beh9d !m 9 _! ef=ts to make a m maje/ic /ructure ( society = ! enl>gem5t ( ! lives & spirits ( m54 ,,xii4 ,we h desc5d$ f ! national s\l to ! mat]ial plane1 & we mu/ /ill cont9ue "h = a "t1 because ! doctr9e t a sane m9d c only manife/ ?r\gh a sane body is z true 9 ref]5ce to ! ,/ate z to ! individual1 & necessitates a /udy ( social fabrics4 ,! s\l creates t5d5cies & habits 9 ! body1 & ! body repeats ^! vibrations automatically & infects ! s\l aga9 ) its old desires4 ,our religi\s hatr$s creat$ sect>ian organizations1 & ^! react aga9 9 ! national s\l1 :i* w\ld1 ,i believe1 will+ly pass away f t mood1 b f9ds itself inc>nat$ 9 organizations habituat$ to sect>ian action1 & its en]gies are turn$ into ^! hateful *annels unwill+ly4 ,s a drunk>d :o n[ realizes t intemp]ance is rott+ 8 nature is conqu]$ by ! appetites he set up 9 ! pa/1 & ) 8 s\l 9 rebellion he yet satisfies ! crav+ 9 ! body4 ,! individualism 9 our economic life reacts on ! national be+1 & prev5ts conc]t$ action = ! g5]al good4 ,we h yet to create h>mony ( purpose 9 our economic life1 & to br+ toge!r int]e/s long sep>at$ & unm9dful ( ea* o!r1 & make !m realize t _! int]e/s are id5tical4 ,x is "o ( ! commonplaces ( economics t urban & rural int]e/s are id5tical3 b 9 tru? ! t[nsman & ! c\ntryman h always act$ z if _! int]e/s 7 oppos$1 & !y "k v little ( ea* o!r4 ,i nev] l to let ^! commonplaces ( economics pass my fronti]s unless !y give ! c\nt]sign to ! *all5ge = tru?4 ,p decl>e 9 ! same way t ! int]e/s ( labor & capital are id5tical1 & implore !m n to fight ) "o ano!r4 ,b ! tru? ( t /atem5t seems to me to dep5d l>gely on :e!r capital owns labor or labor owns capital4 ,z an ab/ract proposition x is "o ( ! economic =mulae ,i w\ld leave in/ructions at my fronti]s to h deta9$ until fur!r inquiry z to its antec$5ts4 ,all ^! /atem5ts may be true1 b to make !m op]ative1 to give !m a dynamic r ?an a /atic "*1 we mu/ conv9ce p !y are true by close argum5t & /ill m s by reali/ic illu/ration4 ,to br+ ab\t a high nobility 9 ! national s\l we mu/ make h>mony 9 its economic life1 & ! two ma9 curr5ts ( economic en]gy--! agricultural & urban--mu/ be made to fl[ s t _! action w n defeat ea* o!r4 ,let u take ! f>m] fir/4 ,h[ ought he to wi% to see life 9 ! t[ns develop8 ,%\ld he wi% = ! triumph ( labor or capital3 ! success ( ! co-op]ative movem5t1 ! triumph ( ! multiple %op or ! private trad]1 ( guilds ( work]s or autocrats ( indu/ry8 ,economic desires g5]ally dep5d on ! nature ( ! indu/ry m5 are engag$ 94 ,! jewel] w\ld probably desire ! p]man5ce ( ! social ord] :i* creat$ mo/ weal?y p :o c\ld af=d to buy 8 w>es4 ,! f>m]'s indu/ry1 if we consid] x closely1 is ! mo/ democratic ( any 9 its application to society4 ,! produce ( ! f>m1 9 its f9al di/ribution1 is divid$ into portions m or less equal & condition$ 9 quantity by ! dige/ive p[]s ( an individual4 ,! weal?ie/ millionaire _c eat m bread1 butt]1 meat1 vegetables1 or fruit ?an ! manual labor] w\ld eat if ! latt] c\ld af=d to get su* ?+s4 ,9 fact he w\ld eat r less1 because ! manual work] has a mu* bett] appetite1 inde$ requires m food4 ,x appe>s to be ! int]e/ ( ! f>m] to support any urban movem5t ^: object x is to see t e work] 9 ! t[ns is remun]at$ s t he1 8 wife1 & 8 *ildr5 c procure z mu* food z !y require4 ,any und]paid work] 9 ! t[ns is a wrong to ! f>m]--a will+ cu/om] :o yet _c buy4 ,if !re is1 let u say1 a sum ( fifte5 hundr$ p\nds a week to be paid away 9 a t[n1 x is to ! int]e/ ( f>m]s t t sum %\ld be paid to a ?\s& m5 at ! rate ( ?irty %ill+s a week r ?an to fifty m5 at ?irty p\nds a week4 ,9 ! case ( ! work]s a great] "p ( ! money w be sp5t on food4 ,b if fifty m5 h ?irty p\nds a week ea*1 x w be sp5t to satisfy ! appetites ( a mu* small] numb] ( p4 ,a l>g] proportion w be sp5t on furniture1 pictures1 motor-c>s & :at n4 ,x may be sp5t s z to give "s k9d ( employm5t1 b x w n be a division ( ! money s mu* to ! int]e/s ( ! f>m]4 ,h[ev] we analyze ! problem x appe>s to be to ! f>m]'s int]e/s to support democratic movem5ts 9 ! cities1 c]ta9ly up to ! po9t :]e e work] 9 ! t[ns has a wage :i* enables himself & 8 family to eat all !y require = heal?4 ,x is also to ! int]e/s ( f>m]s to support any sy/em ( di/ribution ( goods :i* elim9ates ! elem5t ( pr(it 9 ! sale4 ,aft] ! f>m] gets 8 price x is to 8 int]e/s t food %\ld be increas$ 9 co/ z little z possible :5 ! article is transf]r$ to ! consum]1 because if f>m produce has to be> too _m pr(its x w be exp5sive = ! consum]1 & !re w be a less5$ dem&4 ,s associations l ! co-op]ative /ores1 :i* aim at ! elim9ation ( ! elem5t ( pr(it 9 di/ribution1 %\ld be approv$ ( by ! f>m]s4 ,n[ we come to ! t[nsman aga94 ,is x 8 int]e/ to support ! f>m]s 9 8 own c\ntry or to reg>d ! _w z 8 f>m8 ,! argum5t on ! economic side is n s cle>1 b x is1 ,i ?9k1 j z s\nd4 ,if agriculture is neglect$ 9 any c\ntry ! rural population p\r into ! t[ns4 ,! c\ntry becomes a f\nta9 ( blackleg labor4 ,rural labor has no traditions ( trade unionism1 & takes any "w at any price4 ,!re are few] p engag$ 9 produc+ food1 & its co/ rises4 ,food mu/ be import$ f abroad2 & !re is national insecurity1 z 9 times ( w> _! is always ! dang] ( ! trade r\tes ov]seas be+ block$ by an enemy1 & ?is aga9 has to be provid$ aga9/ by heavy exp5diture = milit>i/ purposes4 ,! f>!r away an army is f its base ! m insecure is its position1 & ! same ?+ is true 9 ! indu/rial life ( nations4 ,int]national trade !re mu/ always be4 ,x is "o ( ! means by :i* ! l>g] solid>ity ( humanity is to be a*iev$2 b t w nev] come ab\t until !re is a nobl] & m human life )9 ! /ates1 & we mu/ beg9 by p]fect+ national life be=e we consid] empires & _w f$]ations4 ,s 9 ?is essay only ! national be+ is consid]$4 ,i desire to unite c\ntryman & t[nsman 9 "o movem5t1 & to make ! co-op]ative pr9ciple ! basis ( a national civilization4 ,h[ are we to prev5t !m fight+ ! old battle betwe5 produc] & consum]8 ,i ?9k t ?is c be/ be br\ght ab\t by co-op]ative f$]ations1 :i* w act = bo? 9 manufacture1 pur*ase1 & sale1 & ) :i* bo? rural & urban associations w f9d x to _! int]e/ to be affiliat$4 ,n[ ! t[nsman _c to any ext5t supply food = 8 /ores by buy+ f>ms4 ,to control agricultural production 9 t way w\ld necessitate a f9ancial op]ation :i* ! ,/ate w\ld %r9k f1 & :i* x w\ld be impossible = urban coop]ators to f9ance4 ,we _h bett] make up our m9ds to let f>m]s be syndicali/s1 controll+ entirely ! processes ( agricultural production !mselves4 ,!y w d x bett] ?an ! t[nsman c\ld1 m effici5tly & m economically4 ,!y w nev] be able1 ) ! _w 9 competition1 to put up prices artificially4 ,h[ c ! two ma9 divisions ( national life be br\ght toge!r 9 a national solid>ity8 ,we c f9d an answ] if we rememb] t f>m]s are n only produc]s b consum]s4 ,!y d n g ab\t nak$ 9 ! fields4 ,!y require clo!s1 furniture1 tea1 c(fee1 sug>1 oil1 soap1 c&les1 pots & pans--9 fact ! f>m]'s wife ne$s ne>ly all ! ?+s ! t[nsman's wife ne$s1 except t %e pur*ases a little less food4 ,b ev5 "h mod]n conditions are driv+ ! f>m] to buy food 9 ! %ops r ?an to produce x = himself on ! f>m4 ,c\ntry bread is made 9 ! bak]y m & m4 ,butt]1 *eese1 & bacon are made 9 factories1 & ! f>m]'s t5d5cy is to buy :at bread1 bacon1 & butt] he requires1 sell+ ! milk to be made into butt] to a cream]y1 ! gra9 to make ! bread to a mill]1 & ! pigs to a factory4 ,co-op]ative di/ribution w\ld be z advantage\s to ! c\ntry z 9 ! t[n4 ,already 9 ,irel& a consid]able numb] ( f>m]s' societies are enl>g+ _! objects1 & are turn+ :at orig9ally 7 purely agricultural associations into g5]al purposes societies1 :]e ! f>m]'s wife c pur*ase h] dome/ic requirem5ts z well z h] man 8 ma*9]y1 f]tiliz]s1 fe$+-/uffs1 & se$s4 ,x w\ld be to ! int]e/ ( rural societies to deal ) co-op]ative :olesales j z mu* z x is 9 ! int]e/ ( urban /ores to d s4 ,x w\ld be to _! int]e/ to take %>es 9 ^! :olesales & productive f$]ations1 & see t !y cat] = ! f>m]'s int]e/s z mu* z = ! t[nsman's4 ,! urban co-op]ators1 on _! side1 w see ! opportunities = productive co-op]ation ! union ( rural & urban movem5ts w\ld create4 ,!y naturally w desire to employ z _m p z possible 9 co-op]ative production4 ,f>m]s are surr\nd$ by r+s ( all k9ds3 ma*9]y manufactur]s :o w n sell to _! societies1 manure manufactur]s' alliances :o keep up prices4 ,x is a great indu/ry1 ?is ( supply+ ! f>m] ) 8 f]tiliz]s1 fe$+-/uffs1 cake1 ma*9]y4 ,^! rural co-op]ative societies are increas+ 9 numb] ye> by ye>4 ,f>m]s want clo!s1 hats1 & boots3 & ! necess>y ma*9]y = _! indu/ry is almo/ entirely ( urban manufacture--pl\ghs1 b9d]s1 sep>ators1 h>r[s1 & _m o!r implem5ts ( tillage4 ,x is an imm5se indu/ry & yet to be co-op]atively exploit$4 ,9 ! t[ns "s progress has be5 made 9 di/ribution4 ,b a nation dep5ds ^u its weal? produc]s & n ^u its consum]s4 ,co-op]ators might d\ble1 treble1 or quadruple ! di/ributive trade1 & /ill occupy only a v second>y position 9 national life unless !y ent] m l>gely ^u production4 ,we w nev] make ! co-op]ative idea ! fundam5tal "o 9 ! civilization ( ,irel& until we employ a v l>ge "p ( ! population 9 production4 ,n[ we h at pres5t1 ?anks to ! en]gy ( ! pione]s ( agricultural co-op]ation1 a new m>ket op5+ 9 ! c\ntry = ?+s :i* ! t[nsman c produce4 ,does n ?is sugge/ new productive urban ent]prises8 ,does x n favor an evolution ( manufactur+ indu/ry1 s t democratic control may f9ally replace ! autocratic control ( ! capitali/8 ,! trades unions _c d ?is alone by foll[+ up any ( _! traditional policies4 ,!y _c g into trade on _! own acc\nt ) any gu>antee ( success unless !y are associat$ ) ag5cies ( di/ribution4 ,b if co-op]ators--urban & rural--?r\gh _! f$]ations invade m & m ! field ( production !y w draw to !mselves ! he>ts & hopes ( ! work]s & ideali/s 9 ! nation4 ,p are really m conc]n$ ab\t ! mak+ ( an income ?an ab\t ! sp5d+ ( x4 ,x is a necessity ( our policy if x is to br+ ab\t ! co-op]ative commonweal?1 t co-op]ators mu/ adv5ture mu* m l>gely into production ?an !y h hi!rto done4 ,n[ let u see :at we h come to4 ,!re is a c\ntry movem5t :i* is n m]ely "o = agricultural production4 ,x is rapidly tak+ up ! di/ribution ( goods4 ,!re is an urban movem5t n m]ely conc]n$ ) di/ribution b ent]+ ^u production4 ,!y c be br\ght into h>mony if ! same f$]ations act = bo? bran*es ( ! movem5t4 ,! meet+-place ( ! two armies %\ld be !re4 ,if ?is policy is adopt$ !re w gradually gr[-up t unity ( purpose betwe5 c\ntry & urban work]s :i* is ! psy*ological basis & necess>y prec$5t = national action = ! common good4 ,! policy ( id5tity ( int]e/ mu/ be real1 & x c only be real :5 ! id5tity ( int]e/ is obvi\s1 & x c only be made obvi\s :5 ! symbols ( t unity & id5tity are visible day by day 9 build+s & manufactures1 ?+s :i* are h&l$ & se51 & 9 transactions :i* daily br+ t unity to m9d4 ,! old poetic ideal ( a ,unit$ ,irel& 0 & c\ld only be a geographical expression1 & n a human reality1 s long z m5 7 individuali/ 9 economics & 7 compet+ & /ruggl+ ) ea* o!r = ma/]y4 ,by ! co-op]ative commonweal? m is meant ?an a s]ies ( organizations = economic purposes4 ,we hope to create f9ally1 by ! close texture ( our organizations1 t vivid s5se ( ! id5tity ( int]e/ ( ! p 9 ?is isl& :i* is ! basis ( citiz5%ip1 & )\t :i* !re c be no noble national life4 ,our great nation-/ates h gr[n s l>ge1 s myriad are _! populations1 s complicat$ are _! int]e/s1 t mo/ p 9 !m really feel no s5se ( bro!rhood ) ea* o!r4 ,we h yet to create inside our great nation-/ates social & economic organizations1 :i* w make ?is id5tity ( int]e/ real & evid5t1 & n seem m]ely a metaphor1 z x does to mo/ p today4 ,! m ! co-op]ative movem5t does ?is = its memb]s1 ! m po9ts ( contact !y f9d 9 x1 ! m w we t5d to make out ( x & its bran*es real social organisms1 :i* w become z closely knit psy*ically z physically ! cells 9 a human body are knit toge!r4 ,our ,iri% div]sities ( int]e/ h made u _w-fam\s2 b su* indu/rial & agricultural organizations w\ld swall[ up ^! antagonisms1 z ! s]p5ts creat$ by ! black art ( ! ,egyptian magicians 7 swall[$ up by ! rod ,a>on ca/ on ! floor1 & :i* 0 made animate by ! :ite magic ( ! ,"l4 ,,xiii4 ,x w appe> to ! ideali/ :o has contemplat$ ! heav5s m closely ?an ! e>? t ! policy ,i advocate is "o :i* only t>dily c\ld be put into op]ation1 & w\ld be paltry & inadequate z a basis = society4 ,! ideali/ ) ! ,gold5 ,age already 9 8 he>t believes he has only to erect ! ,gold5 ,bann] & display x = multitudes to array !mselves b5ea? its folds2 !re=e he advocates n1 z ,i d1 a way to ! life1 b ! life itself4 ,i am sympa!tic ) ideali/s 9 a hurry1 b ,i d n ?9k ! _w c be *ang$ sudd5ly by "s heav5ly al*emy1 z ,/4 ,paul 0 smitt5 by a light f ! ov]world4 ,su* light f heav5 is v\*saf$ to individuals1 b nev] to nations1 :o progress by an ord]ly evolution 9 society4 ,?\gh ! he>t 9 u cries out cont9ually1 ,oh1 hurry1 hurry to ! ,gold5 ,age1 ?\gh we ?9k ( revolutions1 we "k t ! pati5t m>%all+ ( human =ces is wisdom4 ,we h to devise ways & means & light e /ep cle>ly be=e ! nation w leave its foot+ 9 "s safe if unattractive locality to plant itself else:]e4 ,! individual may be reckless4 ,! race nev] c be s1 = x c>ries too great a burd5 & too high de/9ies1 & x is only :5 ! gods wi% to de/roy or *a/ise a race t !y fir/ make x mad4 ,n by revolutions c humanity be p]fect$4 ,i might quote f an old oracle1 ,! gods are nev] s turn$ away f man z :5 he asc5ds to !m by disord]ly me?ods4 ,our spirits may live 9 ! ,gold5 ,age1 b our bodily life moves on sl[ feet1 & ne$s ! lant]n on ! pa? & ! /aff /ruck c>efully into ! d>kness be=e u to see t ! pa? beyond is n a morass1 & ! light n a w o' ! wisp4 ,o!r critics may say ,i w\ld de/roy ! v>iety ( civilization by ! inflexible application ( a s+le idea4 ,well1 ,i realize t ! net :i* is spread = ,levia?an w n capture all ! creatures ( ! deep2 & ! complexity ( human nature is su* t x is impossible to imag9e a policy1 h[ev] fitt+ 9 c]ta9 sph]es ( human activity1 :i* c\ld be appli$ to ! :ole ( life4 ,:at ,i ?9k we %\ld aim at is mak+ ! co-op]ative idea fundam5tal 9 ,iri% life4 ,b to say fundam5tal is n to say absolute4 ,always !re w be ent] ris+ p]sons--m5 ( creative m9ds--:o w break away f ! mass & :o w insi/1 p]haps rightly1 on an autocratic control ( ! ent]prises !y f\nd1 :i* 7 made possible alone by _! g5ius1 & :i* w\ld n succe$ unless e work] 9 ! ent]prise 0 malleable by _! w4 ,x is unlikely t ,/ate action w cease1 or t any ,gov]nm5t we may h w n respond to ! appeal ( ! p to d ?is1 t1 or ! o!r = !m :i* !y are too indol5t to d = !mselves1 or :i* by ! nature ( ?+s only gov]nm5ts c und]take4 ,= a pr9ciple to be fundam5tal 9 a c\ntry does n mean t x mu/ be absolute4 ,i hope society 9 ,irel& w be organiz$ t ! idea ( democratic control ( its economic life w s p]vade ,iri% ?\ght t x w be 9 ! body politic :at ! sp9al column is to ! body--! pill> on :i* x re/s1 ! /ronge/ s+le factor 9 ! body4 ,ano!r illu/ration may make /ill cle>] my mean+4 ,9 a r$ sunsett+ ! gl[ is s p[]ful t gre5 hills1 :ite h\ses1 & blue wat]s1 t\*$ by its light1 assume a ruddy color1 p>tly a local color1 & p>tly a reflect$ light f ! sun4 ,n[ 9 ! same way1 :at is mo/ p[]ful 9 society multiplies images & %ad[s ( itself1 & produces h>monies ) itself :i* are yet n id5tities4 ,x is by a pr$om9at+ idea t nations a*ieve ! practical unity ( _! citiz5s1 & national progress becomes possible4 ,9 ! future /ructure ( society ,i h no d\bt !re w be elem5ts to :i* ! sociali/1 ! syndicali/1 ! capitali/1 & ! individuali/ w h contribut$4 ,by degrees x w be discov]$ :at ent]prises are be/ direct$ by ! ,/ate1 by municipalities1 by gr\ps1 or by individuals4 ,b if ! idea ( democratic control is pr$om9ant1 ^? ent]prises :i* are o!rwise direct$ w yet meet ! preval5t mood by adopt+ ! ideas ( ! treatm5t ( ! work]s en=c$ 9 democratically controll$ ent]prises1 & w 9 e respect1 except control1 make _! /&>ds equal4 ,all ! ne$les ( be+ po9t to ! c5tres :]e p[] is mo/ manife/$4 ,! effects ( ! ,fr5* revolution--a democratic upheaval--invad$ m5's m9ds ev]y:]e4 ,ev5 ! autocratically rul$ ,/ates1 hi!rto c>eless ab\t ! p 9 _! und]worlds1 _h to make advances to democracy1 & give x "s measure ( ! ju/ice democracy ?reat5$ to deal to itself4 ,)\t dem&+ absolutism ,i d desire a pr$om9ant democratic "* 9 our national ent]prises1 r ?an a confus$ muddle or /ruggle ( int]e/s :]e no?+ really em]ges except ! egoism ( ^? :o /ruggle4 ,x w be notic$ t 9 all t has prec$$ ,i h ref]r$ little to action by gov]nm5t1 ?\gh x is on gov]nm5ts t democracies ov] ! _w are n[ fix+ all _! hopes4 ,!y believe ! ,/ate is ! "r ag5cy to br+ ab\t re=ms & *anges 9 society4 ,& ,i mu/ "h expla9 :y ,i d n %>e _! hopes4 ,my di/ru/ ( ! ,/ate 9 economic re=m is bas$ on ! belief t gov]nm5ts 9 great nation-/ates1 ev5 repres5tative gov]nm5ts1 are n malleable by ! g5]al w4 ,!y are too easily dom9at$ by ! hold]s ( economic p[]1 are1 9 fact1 always dom9at$ by ari/ocracies ) l& or by ! ari/ocracies ( weal?4 ,x is ! h& at ! helm guides ! %ip4 ,! l>g] ! ,/ate is ! m easily d ! hold]s ( economic p[] ga9 political p[]4 ,! !ory ( repres5tative gov]nm5t held good 9 practice1 ,i ?9k1 s long z p>liam5ts 7 engag$ 9 =mulat+ g5]al rights1 ! "r1 = example1 ( ! individual to ?9k or pr(ess any religion he pleas$2 8 "r n to be depriv$ ( lib]ty or life )\t op5 trial by 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,s long z legislatures 7 affirm+ or ma9ta9+ ^! rights1 :i* ri* & poor equally desir$1 !y 7 ju/ifi$4 ,b :5 legislatures began to int]v5e 9 economic matt]s1 9 ! /ruggles betwe5 ri* & poor1 betwe5 capital & labor1 x became at once app>5t ! hold]s ( economic p[] _h also political p[]2 & t ! in/itution :i* op]at$ fairly :]e univ]sal rights 7 consid]$ did n op]ate fairly :5 !re 0 a conflict betwe5 p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! jury ( ! nation 0 f\nd to be pack$4 ,at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( ! population 9 ,great ,brita91 = example1 belong to ! wage-e>n+ class4 ,at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( ! memb]s ( legislatures belong to ! classes possess+ l& or capital4 ,n[1 :y any memb] ( ! wage-e>n+ class %\ld look ) hope to su* assemblies ,i _c und]/&4 ,_! ideal is1 or %\ld be1 economic fre$om1 toge!r ) democratic control ( indu/ries1 an ideal 9 e way oppos$ to ! ideal ( ! majority ( ! memb]s ( ! legislatures4 ,! fiction t repres5tative assemblies w "w = ! g5]al good is proclaim$ ) en?usiasm2 b ! mom5t we exam9e _! actions we see x is n s1 & we discov] ! cause4 ,:]e ! nation is capitali/ & capitalism is ! dom9ant economic factor1 legislatures inv>iably act to uphold x1 & legislation t5ds to fix ! sy/em m securely4 ,we see 9 ,great ,brita9 t wage-e>n]s are n[ op5ly reg>d$ by ! legislatures z a class :o mu/ n be all[$ ! same fre$om 9 life z ! weal?y4 ,!y mu/ be regi/]$1 inspect$1 & controll$ 9 a way :i* ! weal?y w\ld bitt]ly res5t if ! legislation ref]r$ to !mselves4 ,aft] economic inf]iority has be5 en=c$ on !m by capital1 ! /igma ( human inf]iority is atta*$ to ! wage-e>n]s by ! legislature4 ,b ,i mu/ n be l$ away f my !me by ! bitt] reflections :i* arise 9 "o :o lives 9 ! ,iron ,age & kn[s x is ,iron1 :o feels at times l ! lo/ w&]] on trackless fields ( ice1 :i* nev] melt & w n until e>? turns f its axis4 ,i wi% to see society organiz$ s t x %all be malleable to ! g5]al w4 ,b political & economic progress are ob/ruct$ because exi/+ political & economic organizations are almo/ entirely unmalleable by ! g5]al w4 ,public op9ion does n control ! press4 ,! press1 capitali/ically controll$1 creates public op9ion4 ,our legislators h gr[n s secure t !y confess op5ly !y h pass$ measures :i* !y knew w\ld be hateful to ! majority ( citiz5s1 & :i*1 if !y _h be5 vot$ on1 w\ld nev] h be5 pass$4 ,! !ory ( repres5tative gov]nm5t has brok5 d[n4 ,to tell ! tru?1 ! life ( ! nation is s complicat$ t x is difficult = ! private citiz5 to h any intellig5t op9ion ab\t national policies1 & we c h>dly blame ! politician = despis+ ! judgm5t ( ! private citiz54 ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts are /ill less malleable by public op9ion ?an ! legislature4 ,= an individual to attack ! policy ( a ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5t is almo/ z hopeless a proce$+ z if a labor] 7 to take pickaxe & %ovel & det]m9e to level a m\nta9 :i* ob/ruct$ 8 view4 ,yet ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts are suppos$ to be "u popul> control4 ,! ,ca/le 9 ,irel&1 !oretically1 0 "u popul> control1 b x 0 adamant9e 9 policy4 ,if ! cant ab\t popul> control ( legislation & ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts is obvi\sly untrue1 h[ mu* m is x 9 reg>d to public s]vices l railways1 gas works1 m9es1 ! di/ribution ( goods1 manufacture1 pur*ase & sale1 :i* are almo/ entirely "u private control & :]e public int]f]5ce is bitt]ly res5t$ & effectively oppos$4 ,:at *ance has ! individual :o is aggriev$ aga9/ ! great c>ry+ companies8 ,to come l[] d[n1 let u take ! f>m] 9 ! fairs4 ,:at way has he ( influ5c+ ! jobb]s & deal]s to act hone/ly by him--!y :o h =m$ r+s to keep d[n ! prices ( cattle8 ,are !y malleable to public op9ion8 ,! f>m]s :o h wait$ all day ?r\gh a fair "k !y are n4 ,:5 we consid] ! ag5cies ?r\gh :i* p buy we f9d ! same ?+4 ,! increase ( multiple %ops1 comb9es1 & r+s makes ! use ( ! limit$ p[] a man _h to affect a deal] by transf]r+ 8 cu/om to ano!r m]*ant to dw9dle ye>ly4 ,ev]y:]e we turn we f9d ?is adamant9e front pres5t$ by ! legislature1 ! ,/ate dep>tm5ts1 by ! ag5cies ( production1 di/ribution1 or cr$it1 & x is ! undemocratic organization ( society :i* is responsible = n9e-t5?s ( our social tr\bles4 ,all ! ve/$ int]e/s back$ up by economic & political p[] conflict ) ! public welf>e1 & ! g5]al w1 :i* int5ds ! good ( all1 c act no m ?an a p>alyz$ cripple c walk4 ,we w\ld all *oose ! physique ( ! a?lete1 ) 8 swift1 unfett]$1 easy movem5ts1 r ?an ! body ( ! cripple if we c\ld1 & we h ?is *oice be=e u 9 ,irel&4 ,if we conc5trate our ef=ts ma9ly on volunt>y action1 /riv+ to make ! co-op]ative _s pr$om9ant1 ! g5]al w w\ld manife/ itself ?r\gh organizations malleable to t w1 flexible & readily adju/+ !mselves to ! desires ( ! community4 ,to effect re=ms we h n fir/ to labor at ! gigantic task ( affect+ national op9ion & secur+ ! majorities necess>y = national action4 ,9 any di/rict a hundr$ or two hundr$ m5 c at any "t =m co-op]ative societies = production1 pur*ase1 sale1 or cr$it1 & c l9k !mselves by f$]ation ) o!r organizations l _! own to secure great] /r5g? & economic effici5cy4 ,by foll[+ ?is policy /eadily we simplify our economic sy/em1 & r$uce to few] factors ! =ces 9 conflict 9 society4 ,we beget ! pr$om9ance ( "o pr9ciple1 & enable t g5]al w = good1 :i* ,r\sseau !oriz$ ab\t1 to f9d ag5cies ?r\gh :i* x c manife/ freely1 s *ang+ society f ! /atic condition begot by conflict & ob/ruction to a dynamic condition :]e en]gies & desires manife/ freely4 ,! g5]al w1 z ,r\sseau demon/rat$1 always int5ds ! good1 & if p]mitt$ to act w\ld act 9 a l>ge & noble way4 ,! *ange f /atic to dynamic1 f fix$ =ms to fluid =ms1 has be5 com+ swiftly ov] ! _w ow+ to ! lib]ation ( ?\ght1 & ?is 9 spite ( ! ob/ruction ( a society organiz$1 ,i might almo/ say1 ) egomania z ! pr$om9ant psy*ological factor4 ,! anci5t conception ( ,nature z a manife/ation ( _s is inc>nat+ anew 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n ?9k]s1 & ,nature is n conceiv$ ( z mat]ial1 b z =ce & cont9ual motion2 & !y are try+ to id5tify human w ) ?is arcane en]gy1 & let ! =ces ( ,nature h fre] play 9 humanity4 ,we beg9 to cat* glimpses ( civilizations z f> exce$+ ours z ours surpasses society 9 ! ,/one ,age4 ,9 all our democratic movem5ts1 9 ^! ef=ts t[>ds ! h>moni\s fusion ( human =ces1 humanity is obscurely int5t on mighti] collective exploits ?an any?+ conceiv$ ( be=e4 ,! nature ( ^! en]gies manife/+ 9 humanity ,i %all try to indicate lat] on4 ,b to let ! g5]al w h free play ought to be ! aim ( ^? :o wi% to build up national organizations = :atev] purpose2 & to let ! g5]al w h free play we require some?+ bett] ?an ! ,engli% inv5tion ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 :i*1 z x exi/s at pres5t1 is simply a device to enable all k9ds ( compromises to be made on matt]s :]e !re %\ld be no compromise1 z if "r & wrong c\ld come to an agreem5t hone/ly to let ?+s be p>tly "r & p>tly wrong4 ,we are import+ into ,irel& "s political ma*9]y ( ?is antiquat$ patt]n4 ,i h writt5 ! =ego+ because ,i dread ,iri% p becom+ slaves ( ?is ma*9e4 ,i fe> ! import]s ( ?is ma*9]y w desire to make x d ?+s x c only d badly1 & w set x to "w ) ! f]ocity ( ! new broom & w make x an ob/ruction1 s t ! real g5ius ( ! ,iri% p w be unable freely to manife/ itself4 ,! less we rely on ?is ma*9]y at pres5t1 & ! m we desire a ma*9]y ( progress1 at once flexible & effici5t1 ! bett] w x be = u lat] on4 ,:at mu/ be embodi$ 9 ,/ate action is ! national w & ! national s\l1 & until t giant be+ is manife/$ x is dang]\s to let ! pygmies set p[]s 9 motion :i* may en*a9 u = c5turies to come4 ,,xiv4 ,x may seem ,i h spok5 lightly ( t infant ^: bir? ,i ref]r$ to ) m solemnity 9 ! op5+ pages ( ?is book1 & inde$ ,i am a little dubi\s ab\t t infant4 ,! signature ( ! ,iri% m9d is n[h]e pres5t 9 x1 & ,i look ^u x ) some?+ ( ! hesitat+ loyalty ! inhabitant ( a new ,balkan ,/ate night feel = 8 import$ pr9ce1 d\btful :e!r t sov]eign w reflect ! w ( 8 new subjects or :e!r 8 policy w n con/ra9 national "* into an ali5 m\ld4 ,! signature ( ! ,iri% m9d is n app>5t any:]e 9 ?is new ma*9]y = self-gov]nm5t4 ,our politicians seem to h be5 unaw>e t !y _h any wisdom to le>n f ! m obvi\s failures ( repres5tative gov]nm5t z !y knew x4 ,s f>1 z ,i h k1 no ,iri%man dur+ ! pa/ c5tury ( ef=t = political fre$om took ! tr\ble to ?9k out a =m ( gov]nm5t befitt+ ,iri% circum/ance & "*4 ,we left x absolutely to ^? :om we decl>$ incapable ( und]/&+ u or gov]n+ u to devise = u a sy/em by :i* we might gov]n ourselves4 ,i d n criticize ^? :o devis$ ! new ma*9]y ( self-gov]nm5t1 b ^? :o did n devise x1 & :o disc\rag$ ! ex]cise ( political imag9ation 9 ,irel&4 ,x is said ( an arti/ t x 0 8 fantasy fir/ to pa9t 8 ideal ( womanly beauty1 &1 :5 ?is 0 done1 to approximate x t\* by t\* to ! sitt]1 & :5 ! sitt] cri$1 ,ah1 n[ x is gr[+ l6 ! arti/ ceas$1 comb9+ ! maximum ( ideal beauty possible ) ! m9imum ( lik5ess4 ,n[ if we _h ?\ght out ! ideal /ructure ( ,iri% gov]nm5t we might h (f]$ x = criticism by ^? 9 ^: p[] x 0 to accept or reject1 & h gradually approximat$ x until a po9t 0 rea*$ :]e ! compromise left at lea/ some?+ ( our mak+ & imag9ation 9 x4 ,!re is no?+ ( u 9 ! ,act :i* is 9 abeyance z ,i write4 ,i am less conc]n$ ) x ?an ) ! creation ( a social ord]1 = ! social ord] 9 a c\ntry is ! /rong & fa/ =tress :]e national "* is creat$ & pres]v$4 ,a legislature may !oretically all[ self-gov]nm5t1 b by its con/itution may op]ate aga9/ national "* & its expression 9 a civilization4 ,we h accept$ ! pr9ciple ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 & t1 ,i readily conc$e1 is ! ideal pr9ciple1 b ! me?od by :i* a repres5tative "* is to be giv5 to ,/ate in/itutions we h n ?\ght out at all4 ,we h committ$ ! error our neighbors h committ$ ( assum+ t ! repres5tative assembly :i* c legislate = g5]al int]e/s c deal equally ) p>ticul> int]e/s2 t ! body ( m5 :o w act unit$ly s z to secure ! lib]ty ( p]son or lib]ty ( ?\ght1 :i* all desire = !mselves1 w also act wisely :]e class problems & ! developm5t ( p>ticul> indu/ries are conc]n$4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( repres5tative assemblies %[s t ! ma*9]y adequate = ! fur!rance & protection ( g5]al int]e/s op]ates unju/ly or /upidly 9 practice aga9/ p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! long neglect ( agriculture & ! actual condition ( ! sweat$ are in/ances4 ,i agree t repres5tative gov]nm5t is ! ideal1 b h[ is x to op]ate 9 ! legislature & /ill m 9 adm9i/ration8 ,are gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts to be controll$ by ,p>liam5t or by ! repres5tatives ( ! p>ticul> class to promote ^: int]e/s special dep>tm5ts 7 creat$4 ,i hold t ! cont9u\s effici5cy ( ,/ate dep>tm5ts c only be ma9ta9$ :5 !y are controll$ 9 respect ( policy1 n by ! casual politician :om ! fluctuations ( popul> emotion places at _! head1 b by ! class or indu/ry ! ,/ate in/itution 0 creat$ to s]ve4 ,a dep>tm5t ( ,/ate c conceivably be pres]v$ f /agnation by a m9i/] ( /rong w1 :o has a m pr(\nd k ( ! problems connect$ ) 8 dep>tm5t ?an ev5 8 p]man5t (ficials4 ,he might vitalize !m f above4 ,b does ! p>ty sy/em yield u su* ,m9i/]s8 ,9 practice is n high position ! rew>d ( s]vice to p>ty8 ,is special k dem&$ ( ! controll] ( a ,bo>d ( ,trade or a ,bo>d ( ,agriculture8 ,d we n all "k t ! va/ majority ( ,m9i/]s are controll$ by ! p]man5t (ficials ( _! dep>tm5t4 ,fail+ great ,m9i/]s1 ! op]ations ( a dep>tm5t may be vitaliz$ by control ov] its policy ex]cis$1 n by a g5]al assembly l ,p>liam5t1 b by a bo>d elect$ f ! class or indu/ry ! dep>tm5t o/5sibly 0 creat$ to s]ve4 ,an agricultural dep>tm5t controll$ by a c\ncil or bo>d compos$ solely ( ^? mak+ _! livelihood out ( agriculture & elect$ solely by _! own class1 w\ld1 we may be c]ta91 be practical 9 its me?ods4 ,x w\ld receive p]petual /imulus f ^? engag$ 9 mak+ _! liv+ by ! indu/ry4 ,p>liam5ts or s5ates %\ld conf9e !mselves to matt]s ( g5]al int]e/1 leav+ p>ticul> or special int]e/s to ^? :o und]/& !m1 to ! speciali/s1 & only int]v5e :5 national int]e/s are involv$ by a cla%+ ( p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,our ,/ate in/itutions w nev] fulfill _! functions effici5tly until !y are subject 9 respect ( policy n to g5]al control1 b ! control ( ! class !y 7 creat$ to s]ve4 ,t ideal c only be realiz$ fully :5 all indu/ries are organiz$4 ,b we %\ld "w t[>ds x4 ,p>liam5t may act z a k9d ( gu>dian ( ! unorganiz$1 b1 once an indu/ry is organiz$1 once x has come ( age1 x mu/ res5t dom9ation by bodies )\t ! special k ( :i* x has ! monopoly )9 itself4 ,x %\ld n tol]ate dom9ation by ! unexp]t outsid]1 :atev] may be 8 repute 9 o!r sph]es4 ,x is only :5 indu/ries are organiz$ t ! democratic sy/em ( election c ju/ify itself by results 9 adm9i/ration4 ,:5 a c\nty1 let u say1 *ooses a memb] ( ,p>liam5t to repres5t e int]e/1 only too (t5 x *ooses a man :o c repres5t few int]e/s except 8 own4 ,! greate/ common d5om9ator ( ! con/itu5ts is z a rule "s flu5t utt]] ( platitudes4 ,b if ! f>m]s 9 a c\nty1 or ! manufactur]s 9 a c\nty1 or ! work]s 9 a c\nty1 _h ea* to *oose a man to repres5t !m1 we may be c]ta9 ! f>m]s w\ld *oose "o :om !y reg>d$ z compet5t to int]pret _! ne$s1 ! manufactur]s a man ( real ability1 & labor w\ld select its be/ intellig5ce4 ,p]sons engag$ 9 special "w r>ely fall to recognize ! be/ m5 9 _! own indu/ry4 ,!n !y judge some:at z exp]ts1 :]eas !y are by no means exp]ts :5 !y are ask$ to select a repres5tative to repres5t ev]ybody 9 e indu/ry4 ,to secure good gov]nm5t ,i conceive we mu/ h two k9ds ( repres5tative assemblies runn+ concurr5tly ) _! sph]es ( influ5ce well def9$4 ,"o1 ! supreme body1 %\ld be elect$ by c\nties or cities to deal ) g5]al int]e/s1 taxation1 ju/ice1 education1 ! duties & rights ( individual citiz5s z citiz5s4 ,! o!r bodies %\ld be elect$ by ! p engag$ 9 p>ticul> occupations to control ! policy ( ! ,/ate in/itutions creat$ to fo/] p>ticul> int]e/s4 ,! av]age man w elect p to 8 m9d ^: delib]ations w be 9 a sph]e :]e ! ideas ( ! av]age man ought to be he>d & mu/ be respect$4 ,! speciali/s 9 _! dep>tm5t ( indu/ry w elect exp]ts to "w 9 a sph]e :]e _! k w be invaluable1 & :]e1 if x is n pres5t1 !re w be muddle4 ,! ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t ought nev] to be complicat$1 & ought to be easily und]/ood by ! citiz5s4 ,9 ,irel&1 :]e we h at pres5t no ?\ght ( =eign policy1 no "q ( army or navy1 dep>tm5ts ( ,/ate %\ld fall naturally into a few divisions conc]n$ ) agriculture1 education1 local gov]nm5t1 ju/ice1 police1 & taxation4 ,! adm9i/ration ( "s ( ^! are matt]s ( national conc]n1 & !y %\ld & mu/ be "u p>liam5t>y control1 & t control %\ld be jeal\sly protect$4 ,o!rs are sectional1 & ^! %\ld be controll$ 9 respect ( policy by p]sons repres5tative ( ^! sections1 & elect$ solely by !m4 ,i ?9k !re %\ld also be a dep>tm5t ( ,labor4 ,i am n sure t ! ma9 "w ( ! ,m9i/] 9 *>ge ought n to be ! organization ( labor 9 its prop] unions or guilds4 ,x is a "w z important to ! ,/ate z ! organization ( agriculture1 & inde$ f a humanit>ian po9t ( view m urg5t4 ,no?+ is m lam5table1 no?+ fills ! he>t m ) despair1 ?an ! multitude ( isolat$ work]s1 sweat$1 unable to fix a price = _! "w1 ignorant ( its true economic value2 connect$ ) no union1 unable to f9d any body to fall back on = help or advice 9 tr\ble1 neglect$ altoge!r by society1 :i* yet has to pay a heavy price 9 disease1 *>ity1 poor rates1 & 9 social disord] = its neglect4 ,0 n ! la/ ,iri% ris+ l>gely compos$ ( ^? :o 7 economically neglect$ & oppress$8 ,society be>s a heavi] burd5 = its indiff]5ce ?an x w\ld be> if x accept$ responsibility = ! organization ( labor 9 its own def5se4 ,! ,/ate 9 ^! isl&s recomm5ds f>m]s to organize = ! protection ( _! int]e/s & assi/s 9 ! organization1 & leaves ! organiz$ f>m]s free to use _! organizations z !y w4 ,z good a case c\ld be made = ! ,/ate aid+ 9 ! organization ( labor = ! protection ( its own int]e/s4 ,a m9i/ry ( labor %\ld seek out all wage-e>n]s2 :]e !re is no trade union "o %\ld be organiz$1 &1 :]e "o exi/s1 all work]s %\ld be press$ to jo9 x4 ,su* a m9i/ry ought to be ! city ( refuge = ! prolet>ian1 & ! ,m9i/] be ! ,fa!r ( ,labor1 fight+ its battles = an entry into humanity & its rightful place 9 civilization4 ,if we consid] ! problem ( repres5tation1 x %\ld n be impossible to devise a sy/em ( :i* ! f\ndation might be ! ,c\nty ,c\ncils1 :]e !re w\ld be z sub-divisions1 committees = local gov]nm5t1 agriculture1 & te*nical in/ruction or trade to deal ) local adm9i/ration 9 ^! matt]s4 ,^! committees %\ld s5d repres5tatives to g5]al c\ncils ( local gov]nm5t1 agriculture1 & trade4 ,! election %\ld n be by ! ,c\nty ,c\ncil z a body1 b by ! committees1 s t trad]s w\ld h no voice 9 *oos+ a repres5tative = f>m]s1 nor f>m]s int]f]e 9 ! *oice ( manufactur]s or trad]s select+ a repres5tative on a g5]al ,c\ncil ( ,trade1 & x %\ld be reg>d$ z ridicul\s any su* int]v5tion z = a ,w> ,(fice to claim x %\ld h a voice along ) ! ,admiralty 9 ! selection ( capta9s & comm&]s ( vessels ( w>4 ,at ^! g5]al c\ncils1 :i* might meet twice a ye> = :atev] numb] ( days may be exp$i5t1 g5]al policies w\ld be decid$ & bo>ds elect$ to ensure ! c>ry+ out by ! (ficials ( ! policies decid$ ^u4 ,by ?is process ( selection m5 :o _h to control ,bo>ds ( ,agriculture1 ,trade1 or ,local ,gov]nm5t w\ld be ?ree times elect$1 ea* "t by a gradually decreas+ electorate1 ) a gradually increas+ special k ( ! matt]s to be dealt )4 ,a really useless p]son may contrive to be *os5 z repres5tative by a ?\s& electors4 ,x requires an able man to conv9ce a committee ( t5 p]sons1 !mselves m or less speciali/s1 t 8 is ! be/ bra9 among !m4 ,:]e national education1 a ?orny subject 9 ,irel&1 is conc]n$1 ,i ?9k ! educationali/s 9 prov9ces might be ask$ to elect repres5tatives f _! own pr(ession on a ,c\ncil ( ,education to act z an advisory body to ! ,m9i/] ( ,education4 ,c\nty ,c\ncil elections are n exactly means by :i* miracles ( culture are discov]$4 ,a man :o came to be memb] ( a bo>d ( control w\ld at lea/ h prov$ 8 ability to o!rs engag$ on "w l 8 own :o h special k ( x & ( 8 capacity to deal ) x4 ,if ?is sy/em 0 accept$1 we w\ld n h trad]s on our ,c\ncil ( ,agriculture prote/+ aga9/ ! f>m]s organiz+ _! indu/ry1 because none b p]sons conc]n$ ) agriculture w\ld be a ow$ to be memb]s ( agricultural committees1 & ?is w\ld1 ( c\rse1 involve ! conc5tration ( m]*ants & manufactur]s ^u ! "w ( a ,bo>d ( ,trade & ! control ( a policy ( te*nical in/ruction suitable = indu/rial work]s1 :]e agricultural advis]s 9 _! turn w\ld be out ( place4 ,control s ex]cis$ ov] ! policy ( ,/ate in/itutions w\ld vitalize !m1 & t5d to make !m ent] m intimately into ! dep>tm5t ( national ef=t !y 7 creat$ to fo/]4 ,! /agnation :i* falls on mo/ ,gov]nm5t dep>tm5ts is due to ?is1 t ! responsible heads r>ely h a k great en\gh to enable !m to inaugurate new me?ods1 t p>liam5t>y control is nev] adequate1 is r>ely ex]cis$ ) k1 & !re is always a p>ty 9 p[] to def5d ! policy ( _! ,m9i/]1 = if "o ,m9i/] is successfully attack$ a :ole p>ty goes out ( p[]4 ,we1 9 ,irel&1 %\ld desire above all ?+s effici5cy 9 our public s]vants4 ,!y w /agnate 9 _! (fices unless !y are cont9ually /imulat$ by intimate connection ) ! class !y "w = & :o h a p[] ( control4 ,?is sy/em w\ld also1 ,i believe1 lead to less jobb]y4 ,m5 9 an assembly1 :]e !oretically e class & int]e/ are repres5t$1 (t5 conspire to make bad appo9tm5ts1 because only a m9ority h k ( :at qualifications ! (ficial ought to h1 & !y are outvot$ by repres5tatives :o d _! fri5ds su* good turns (t5 9 %e] ignorance t !y are betray+ _! con/itu5ts4 ,:]e speciali/s h p[]1 & :]e ! well-be+ ( _! own indu/ry is conc]n$1 !y nev] will+ly appo9t ! ineffici5t4 ,su* an organization ( our ,c\nty ,c\ncil sy/em w\ld op]ate also to break up sect>ian cliques4 ,! feel+ ( organiz$ classes1 f>m]s1 or indu/riali/s1 conc]n$ ab\t _! own well-be+1 w\ld oppose itself to sect>ian s5tim5t :]e its application 0 unfitt+4 ,9 ! sy/em ( repres5tative gov]nm5t ,i h outl9$1 we w\ld h "o supreme or national assembly conc]n$ ) g5]al int]e/s1 ju/ice1 taxation1 education1 ! apportion+ ( rev5ue to its v>i\s uses1 res]v+ to itself direct control ov] ! policy ( ! dep>tm5ts ( treasury1 police1 judici>y1 all t affects ! citiz5s equally2 &1 b5ea? x1 o!r c\ncils1 repres5tative ( classes & special int]e/s1 controll+ ! policy & adm9i/ration ( ! ,/ate dep>tm5ts conc]n$ ) _! "w4 ,:]e ev]ybody 0 conc]n$ ev]ybody w\ld h t measure ( control :i* a vote conf]s2 :]e p>ticul> int]e/s 7 conc]n$ ^! int]e/s w\ld n be hamp]$ 9 _! developm5t by ! int]v5tion ( busybodies f outside4 ,( c\rse on matt]s :]e p>ticul> int]e/s cla%$ ) g5]al int]e/s1 or 7 unable to adju/ !mselves to o!r int]e/s1 ! supreme ,assembly w\ld h to decide4 ,! m sectional int]e/s are remov$ f discussion 9 ! ,national ,assembly1 & ! m x conf9es itself to g5]al int]e/s ! m w x approximate to ! ideal s5se1 be less ! haunt ( gre$1 & m ! vehicle ( ! national w & ! national be+4 ,by ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( repres5tative gov]nm5t n[ 9 =ce1 "o is rem9d$ ( no?+ s mu* z ! palette ( an arti/ :o _h squeez$ out ! prim>y colors & mix$ !m into a greasy drab t9t1 :]e ! purity ( e color 0 lo/1 or ! mo/ p[]ful pigm5t 0 9 dull dom9ation4 ,if ! modification ( ! repres5tative pr9ciple ,i h outl9$ 0 9 op]ation1 ) ea* int]e/ or indu/ry organiz$1 & fre$ f ali5 int]f]5ce1 ! effect might be lik5$ to a disc ) ! sev5 prim>y colors ray+ f a c5tre1 & made to :irl :]e ! motion produc$ r ! effect ( pure light4 ,we mu/ n mix ! colors ( national life until conflict+ int]e/s muddle !mselves into a gray drab ( human futility1 b /rive1 s f> z possible1 to keep !m pure & unmix$1 ea* reta9+ its own peculi> lu/re1 s t 9 _! conjunction ) o!rs !y w h>monize1 z d ! pure prim>y colors1 & 9 _! motion make a light ( true intellig5ce to prevail 9 ! national be+4 ,,xv4 ,no policy c succe$ if x be n 9 accord ) national "*4 ,if ,i h misjudg$ t1 :at is writt5 "h is va94 ,x may be ask$1 c any "o ab/ract f ! *aos :i* is ,iri% hi/ory a prevail+ mood or t5d5cy recurr+ aga9 & aga91 & ass]t ^! are fundam5tal8 ,x is difficult to def9e national "*1 ev5 9 long-e/abli%$ ,/ates ^: hi/ory lies op5 to ! _w2 b x is mo/ difficult 9 ,irel&1 :i* = c5turies has n act$ by its own w f its own c5tre1 :]e national activity 0 ma9ly by way ( prote/ aga9/ ext]nal dom9ation1 or a readju/m5t ( itself to ext]nal p[]4 ,we c no m d$uce ! political "* ( ! ,iri% f ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s ?an we c e/imate ! quality ( g5ius 9 an arti/ :om we h only se5 :5 grappl+ ) a burgl>4 ,! political "* ( a p em]ges only :5 !y are %ap+ 9 fre$om _! own civilization4 ,to get a clue 9 ,irel& we mu/ slip by ^? sev5 c5turies ( /ruggle & /udy national orig9s1 z ! lexicograph]1 to get ! exact mean+ ( a ^w1 traces x to its d]ivation4 ,! greate/ value our e>ly hi/ory & lit]ature has = u is ! value ( a clue to "*1 to be return$ to aga9 & aga9 9 ! maze ( our inf9itely m complicat$ life & era4 ,9 e nation :i* has be5 all[$ free developm5t1 :ile x has ! qualities common to all humanity1 x w be f\nd t "s "o idea 0 pr$om9ant1 & 9 its pr$om9ance regr\p$ ab\t itself o!r ideas4 ,) our neighbors ,i believe ! idea ( p]sonal lib]ty has be5 ! inspir+ motive ( all t is be/ 9 its political developm5t1 :atev] ! reactions & oppressions may h be54 ,9 anci5t ,attica ! idea ( beauty1 proportion1 or h>mony 9 life s p]vad$ ! m9ds ( ! citiz5s t ! surplus rev5ues ( ! ,/ate 7 devot$ to ! beautify+ ( ! city4 ,we f9d t love = beauty 9 its art1 its lit]ature1 its ar*itecture2 & to ,plato1 ! highe/ m9d 9 ! ,a!nian ,/ate1 ,deity itself appe>$ z ,beauty 9 its v ess5ce4 ,t mighty mid-,european ,/ate1 ^: ambitions h upset ! _w1 seems to conceive ( ! ,/ate z p[]4 ,o!r races h _h a passion = ju/ice1 & h left codes ( law :i* h pr(\ndly affect$ ! life ( nations :i* grew up long aft] !y 7 dead4 ,! cry ( anci5t ,israel = righte\sness r+s out above all o!r passions1 & its laws are ess5tially ! laws ( a p :o desir$ t morality %\ld prevail4 ,we h to discov] = ourselves ! ideas :i* lie at ! root ( national "*1 & s inculcate ^! pr9ciples t !y w p]vade ! nation & make x a spiritual solid>ity1 & unite ! be/ m9ds 9 _! s]vice1 & s control ^? passionate & turbul5t elem5ts :i* are ! cause ( ! d[nfall & wreckage ( nations by int]nal diss5sions4 ,i desire z mu* z any "o to pres]ve our national id5tity1 & to make x wor?y ( pres]vation1 & ?is c only be done by ! dom9ation ( "s inspir+ ideal :i* w draw all he>ts to x2 :i* may at fir/ h t elem5t ( /rang5ess 9 x :i* ,b5 ,jonson said 0 9 all excell5t beauty1 & :i* w lat] become--z all high ?+s we love d f9ally become--famili> to u1 & ne>] & clos] to u ?an ! beat+s ( our own he>ts4 ,:5 ideals :i* really lie at ! root ( our be+ are fir/ proclaim$1 all t is ext]nal 9 life prote/s4 ,s 7 _m great re=m]s m>tyr$1 b !y left _! ideals beh9d !m 9 ! air1 & m5 brea!d !m & !y became "p ( _! v be+4 ,nationality is a /ate ( consci\sness1 a mood ( def9ite "* 9 our intellectual be+1 & x is n p]ceiv$ fir/ except 9 pr(\nd m$itation2 x does n become app>5t f sup]ficial activities any m ?an we c\ld1 by look+ at ! _w & ! tragic hi/ory ( mank9d1 discov] t ! ,k+dom ( ,heav5 is )9 u4 ,t k comes to ^? :o g )9 !mselves1 & n to ^? :o seek )\t = ! way1 ! tru?1 & ! life4 ,b1 once proclaim$1 ! incorruptible spiritual elem5t 9 man intuitively recognizes x z tru?1 & x has a pr(\nd effect on human action4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 a p[]ful ,iri% "* :i* has begun to reass]t itself 9 mod]n times1 & ?is "* is 9 ess5tials :at x 0 two ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,we discov] its fir/ manife/ation 9 ! anci5t clans4 ,! clan 0 at once ari/ocratic & democratic4 ,x 0 ari/ocratic 9 lead]%ip & democratic 9 its economic basis4 ,! mo/ p[]ful "* 0 elect$ z *ief1 :ile ! l& 0 ! prop]ty ( ! clan4 ,t social ord] indicates ! true political "* ( ! ,iri%4 ,races :i* la/ = ?\s&s ( ye>s d n *ange 9 ess5tials4 ,!y *ange 9 circum/ance4 ,!y may gr[ bett] or worse1 b ?r\gh\t _! hi/ory ! same fundam5tals appe> & reass]t !mselves4 ,we c see lat] 9 ,iri% lit]ature or politics1 z p[]ful p]sonalities em]g$ & express$ !mselves1 h[ ! anci5t "* p]si/$4 ,swift1 ,goldsmi?1 ,b]keley1 ,o',grady1 ,%aw1 ,wilde1 ,p>nell1 ,davitt1 ,plunkett1 & _m o!rs1 h[ev] !y diff]$ f ea* o!r1 9 s f> z !y betray$ a political "*1 7 int5sely democratic 9 economic !ory1 add+ t to an ari/ocratic fre$om ( ?\ght4 ,t peculi> "*1 ,i believe1 /ill p]si/s among our p 9 ! mass1 & x is by adopt+ a policy :i* w enable x to manife/ once m t we w create an ,iri% civilization1 :i* w fit our "* z ! glove fits ! h&4 ,dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury ( comp>atively peaceful life ! co-op]ative pr9ciple has once m laid hold on ! imag9ation ( ! ,iri% t[nsman & ! ,iri% c\ntryman4 ,! communal "* is /ill pres]v$4 ,x /ill wills to express itself 9 its ext]nal aspects 9 a communal civilization1 9 an economic bro!rhood4 ,t movem5t alone provides 9 ,irel& = ! ari/ocratic & democratic elem5ts 9 ,iri% "*4 ,x br+s into prom95ce ! ari/ocracy ( "* & intellig5ce :i* x is really ! ,iri% nature to love1 & its economic basis is democratic4 ,a l>ge "p ( our failure to a*ieve any?+ memorable 9 ,irel& is due to ! fact t1 influ5c$ by ! example ( our great neighbors1 we rev]s$ ! natural position ( ! ari/ocratic & democratic elem5ts 9 ! national be+4 ,in/ead ( be+ democratic 9 our economic life1 ) ! ari/ocracy ( "* & intellig5ce to lead u1 we became meanly individuali/ic 9 our economics & meanly democratic 9 lead]%ip4 ,t is1 we all[$ individualism--! devili% doctr9e ( e man = himself--to be ! keynote ( our economic life2 :]e1 above all ?+s1 ! g5]al good & n ! enri*m5t ( ! individual %\ld be consid]$4 ,= our lead]s we *ose en]getic1 common-place types1 & made !m repres5t u 9 ! legislature2 ?\gh x is 9 lead]%ip above all t we ne$1 n ! ari/ocracy ( bir?1 b ! ari/ocracy ( "*1 intellect1 & w4 ,we _h n t ari/ocracy to lead u4 ,we *ose in/ead p]sons ^: ideas 7 9 no respect nobl] ?an ! av]age to be our guides1 or r to be guid$ by u4 ,yet :5 ! ari/ocratic "* appe>$1 h[ev] imp]fect1 h[ x 0 ador$6 ,irel& gave to ,p>nell--an ari/ocratic "*--! love :i* spr+s f ! deeps ( its be+1 a love :i* x gave to none o!r 9 our "t4 ,) our great neighbors :at are our national *>act]i/ics 7 rev]s$4 ,!y are an individuali/ic race4 ,?is individualism has express$ itself 9 hi/ory & society 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,be+ individuali/ic 9 economics1 !y 7 naturally democratic 9 politics4 ,!y h a g5ius = *oos+ =cible av]age m5 z lead]s4 ,!y mi/ru/ g5ius 9 high places1 ,int5sely individuali/ic !mselves1 !y fe>$ ! ari/ocratic "* 9 politics4 ,!y desir$ r t g5]al pr9ciples %\ld be ass]t$ to encircle & keep safe _! own national ecc5tricity4 ,!y h gradually infect$ u ) some?+ ( _! ways1 & z !y 7 n truly our ways we nev] made a success ( !m4 ,x is be/ = u to fall back on :at is natural ) u1 :at is innate 9 "*1 :at 0 visible among u 9 ! e>lie/ times1 & :at1 ,i /ill believe1 p]si/s among u--a respect = ! ari/ocratic intellect1 = fre$om ( ?\ght1 ideals1 poetry1 & imag9ation1 z ! qualities to be look$ = 9 lead]s1 & a bias = democracy 9 our economic life4 ,we 7 m ,iri% truly 9 ! h]oic ages4 ,we w\ld n !n h tak51 z we d today1 ! huck/] or ! publican & make !m our repres5tative m51 & all[ !m to corrupt ! national s\l4 ,did n ! :ole vulg> mob ( our politicians lately unite to decl>e to ! _w t ,iri% nationality 0 impossible except x 0 float$ on a sea ( liquor8 ,! image ( ,ka?le5 ni ,h\lihan anci5tly 0 beauty 9 ! he>ts ( poets & dream]s4 ,we (t5 ?\ght h] unwise1 b nev] did we f9d h] ignoble2 nev] 0 %e )\t a flame ( idealism 9 h] eyes1 until ?is ignoble crew decl>$ alcohol to be ! only possible basis ( ,iri% nationality4 ,9 ! remote pa/ we f9d ! national in/9cts ( our p fully manife/$4 ,we f9d 9 ?is e>ly lit]ature a love = ! tru?-tell] & = ! h]o4 ,inde$ !y did n *oose z *iefta9s ( _! clans m5 :om ! b>ds c\ld n s+4 ,!y rev]5c$ wisdom1 :e!r 9 k+1 b>d1 or ollav1 & at ! same "t !re 0 a communal basis = economic life4 ,?is h]oic lit]ature is1 z our ,/&i% ,o',grady decl>$1 r prophecy ?an hi/ory4 ,x reveals :at ! highe/ spirits deem$ ! highe/1 & :at 0 said lay s close to ! he>t ( ! race t x is /ill rememb]$ & read4 ,t lit]ature discloses ! "* ( ! national be+1 /ill to be manife/$ 9 a civilization1 & x mu/ flame out be=e ! tale :i* began among ! gods is clos$4 ,:atev] br+s ?is communal "* into our social ord]1 & at ! same "t desires ! indep5d5t ari/ocratic intellect1 is 9 accord ) ! national tradition4 ,! co-op]ative movem5t is ! mod]n expression ( t mood4 ,x is already mak+ a conque/ ( ! ,iri% m9d1 & 9 its application to life pr$ispos+ our p to respect = ! man ( special atta9m5ts1 indep5d5t "*1 & intellect4 ,a social ord] :i* has made its economics democratic 9 "* ne$s su* m5 above all ?+s4 ,x ne$s ari/ocratic ?9k]s to save ! social ord] f /agnation1 ! disease :i* eats into all h>moni\s life4 ,we %all succe$ or fail 9 ,irel& z we succe$ or fail to make democracy prevail 9 our economic life1 & ari/ocratic ideals to prevail 9 our political & intellectual life4 ,9 all ?+s x is be/ = a p to obey ! law ( _! own be+4 ,! lion c nev] become ! ox1 & "o law = ! lion & ! ox is oppression4 ,n[ t ! hamm] ( ,?or is wreck+ our civilizations1 is de/roy+ ! body ( ,european nationalities1 ! _s is fre] to re%ape ! _w ne>] to ! he>t's desire4 ,necessity w drive u along ) ! re/ to reca/ our social ord] & to fix our ideals4 ,necessity & our own he>ts %\ld lead u to a bro!rhood 9 indu/ry4 ,x %\ld be horrible to u ! ?\ght ( ! gre$y pr(ite]1 ! pursuit ( weal? = oneself r ?an ! union ( =ces = ! good ( all & ! creation ( a bro!rly society4 ,! ef=ts ( individuals to amass = !mselves great p]sonal weal? %\ld be reg>d$ z ignoble by society1 & z contr>y to ! national _s1 z x is inde$ contr>y to all div9e tea*+4 ,our ideal %\ld be economic h>mony & intellectual div]sity4 ,we %\ld reg>d z ali5 to ! national _s all :o w\ld make u ?9k 9 flocks1 & discipl9e u to an un9tellectual commonalty ( belief4 ,! life ( ! s\l is a p]sonal adv5ture1 a que/ = ! way & ! tru? & ! life4 ,x may be we %all f9d ! anci5t ways to be ! true ways1 b if we are l$ to ! tru? bl9dfold$ & )\t p]sonal ef=t1 we are l ^? :om ! ,scripture condemns = ent]+ into ,p>adise1 n by ! /raight gate1 b ov] ! wall1 l ?ieves & robb]s4 ,if we seek x = ourselves & come to x1 we %all be true initiates & ma/]s 9 ! guild4 ,no p seem to h great] natural intellig5ce ?an ! ,iri%4 ,no p h be5 s un=tunately curs$ ) organizations :i* l$ !m to abnegate p]sonal ?\ght1 & ,irel& is an intellectual des]t :]e p read no?+ & ?9k no?+2 :]e n fifty 9 a hundr$ ?\s& c\ld disc]n ! quality ( ?\ght 9 ! ,politics ( ,ari/otle or ! ,republic ( ,plato z be+ 9 any way deep] ?an a lead+ article 9 "o ( _! daily pap]s4 ,& we1 ^: ext]nal life is s mean1 ^: ignorance ( lit]ature is s great1 are yet flatt]$ by ! sugge/ion t we h treasures ( spiritual & intellectual life :i* %\ld n be debas$ by ext]nal influ5ces1 & s x comes ab\t t good lit]ature is a ?+ unpur*asable except 9 "s half-doz5 ( ! l>g] t[ns4 ,any sy/em :i* w\ld suppress ! ari/ocratic1 fe>less1 indep5d5t intellect %\ld be reg>d$ z contr>y to ! ,iri% g5ius & inimical to ! national be+4 ,,xvi4 ,among ! _m ways m5 h s\ght to create a national consci\sness1 a f\nta9 ( pride to ! individual citiz51 is to build a /rong body = ! great s\l1 & x w\ld be an error to ov]look--among o!r mod]n upris+s ( anci5t ,iri% "*--! revival ( ! milit>y _s & its possible developm5t 9 relation to ! national be+4 ,national solid>ity may be br\ght ab\t by pressure f )\t1 or by ! fusion ( ! div]se elem5ts 9 a nation by a heat eng5d]$ f )94 ,b to ,create national solid>ity by w> is to atta9 b a tempor>y & unreal unity1 a ga9 l !irs :o climb into ! ,k+dom n by ! /raight gate1 b ov] ! wall l a robb]4 ,:5 "o nation is ?reat5$ by ano!r1 great national sacrifices w be made1 & ! lat5t solid>ity ( its humanity be k9dl$4 ,b :5 ! w> is ov]1 :5 ! circum/ances unit+ ! p = a "t are pa/1 t _s rapidly dies1 & p beg9 _! old antagonisms because ! social ord]1 9 its normal work+1 does n con/antly promote a consci\sness ( id5tity ( int]e/4 ,almo/ all ! great ,european /ates h =tifi$ _! national be+ by milit>ism4 ,ev]y?+ almo/ 9 _! developm5t has be5 subord9at$ to ! necessities ( national def5se1 & h5ce x is only 9 times ( w> !re is any real manife/ation ( national _s4 ,x is only !n t ! citiz5s ( ! ,iron ,age feel a transitory bro!rhood4 ,x is a p>adoxical ph5om5on1 possible only 9 ! ,iron ,age1 t ! highe/ in/ances ( national sacrifice are evok$ by w>f>e--! mo/ b>b>\s ( human ent]prises4 ,to make normal t _s ( unity :i* is n[ only manife/$ 9 abnormal mom5ts 9 hi/ory %\ld be our aim2 & z x is ! ,iron ,age1 & mat]ial =ces are m p[]ful ?an spiritual1 we mu/ consid] h[ ^! fi]ce en]gies c be put 9 relation ) ! national be+ ) lea/ debasem5t ( t be+4 ,if ! body ( ! national s\l is too m>tial 9 "*1 x w by reflex action communicate its "* to ! _s1 & make x h>% & dom9e]+1 & unite aga9/ x 9 hatr$ all o!r nations4 ,we h se5 t 9 ,europe b ye/]day4 ,! pr$om9ance 9 ! body ( milit>i/ practice w f9ally drive out f ! s\l ^? unfa?omable spiritual elem5ts :i* are ! body's la/ s\rce p[] 9 conflict1 & x w 9 ! end defeat its own object1 :i* is p[]4 ,:5 nations at w> call up _! res]ves ( humanity to ! la/ man capable ( be>+ arms1 _! lead]s beg9 also to summon up ^? bodiless moods & national s5tim5ts :i* are ! s\ls ( races1 & _! la/ & mo/ pr(\nd s\rces ( inspiration & dea?less c\rage4 ,! w> !n becomes a conflict ( civilizations & ( spiritual ideals1 ! aspirations & memories :i* con/itute ! fundam5tal basis ( ^? civilizations4 ,)\t ! inspiration ( great memories or ( great hopes1 m5 are incapable ( great sacrifices4 ,!y are rationali/s1 & ! pres]vation ( ! life !y "k gr[s to be a desire great] ?an ! immortality ( ! spiritual life ( _! race4 ,a fam\s ,japanese g5]al once said x 0 ! p[] to hold out = ! la/ desp]ate qu>t] ( an h\r :i* won victories1 & x is !re spiritual /am9a re9=ces physical p[]4 ,x is a mood ak9 to ! ec/asy ( ! m>tyr ?r\gh 8 burn+4 ,?\gh 9 ^! mad mom5ts nei!r spiritual nor mat]ial is consci\sly diff]5tiat$1 ! spiritual is !re 9 a fi]y fusion ) all o!r =ces4 ,if x is abs5t1 ! body unsupport$ may take to its heels or w yield4 ,x has play$ its only c>d1 & has n et]nity to fl+ ^u ! table 9 a la/ gamble = victory4 ,a milit>y organization may /r5g!n ! national be+1 b if x dom9ates x1 x w impov]i% its life4 ,h[ little ,sp>ta has giv5 to ! _w comp>$ ) ,attica4 ,yet :5 national ideals h be5 creat$ !y assume an immeasurably great] dignity :5 ! citiz5s organize !mselves = ! def5se ( _! ideals1 & are prep>$ to yield up life itself z a sacrifice if by ?is ! national be+ may be pres]v$4 ,a cre$ always ga9s respect ?r\gh its m>tyrs4 ,we may grant all ?is1 yet be d\btful :e!r a milit>i/ organization %\ld be ! ma9 support ( ! national be+ 9 ,irel&4 ,! "* ( ! ideal %\ld1 ,i believe1 be o!rwise creat$1 & ,i am n c]ta9 t x c\ld n be z well pres]v$ & def5d$ by a civil organization1 su* z ,i h indicat$1 z by arm$ p[]4 ,our geographical position & ! sl5d] population ( our c\ntry also make x evid5t t ! utmo/ =ce ,irel& c\ld organize w\ld make b a feeble b>ri] aga9/ assault by any ( ! great] ,/ates4 ,we h se5 h[ ,belgium1 a c\ntry ) a population l>g] ?an t ( ,irel&1 0 ?ru/ aside1 cru%$ & ble$+1 by "o /roke f ! paw ( its mighty neighbor499 ,! milit>y & political in/itutions ( a small c\ntry are comp>atively easy to displace1 b x w\ld be a task inf9itely m difficult to de/roy ideals or to ext+ui% a national be+ bas$ on a social ord]1 democratic & co-op]ative 9 "*1 ! s\l ( ! c\ntry be+ cont9ually f$ by in/itutions :i*1 by _! v nature1 w\ld be almo/ impossible to alt] unless de/ruction ( ! :ole humanity ( ! c\ntry 0 aim$ at4 ,national ideals1 bas$ on a co-op]ative social ord]1 w\ld h ! same p[] ( resi/ance almo/ z a religion1 :i* is1 ( all ?+s1 mo/ unconqu]able by physical =ce1 &1 :5 x is itself militant1 ! mo/ p[]ful ally ( milit>y p[]4 ,! aim ( all nations is to pres]ve _! immortality4 ,i d n oppose ! creation ( a national army = ?is purpose4 ,!re are occasions :5 ! manhood ( a nation mu/ be prep>$ to yield life r ?an submit to oppression1 :5 x mu/ p]i% 9 self-contempt or resi/ by =ce :at wrong w\ld be impos$ by =ce4 ,b ,i w\ld l to po9t out t = a c\ntry 9 ! position ( ,irel& ! sure/ means ( pres]v+ ! national be+ by ! sacrifice & devotion ( ! p are economic & spiritual4 99 ,s9ce ?is book 0 writt5 ,irel& has _h a tragic illu/ration ( ! tru? ( :at is urg$ 9 ^! pages4 ,our political life 9 ! pa/ has be5 sordid & un/able because we 7 uncultur$ z a nation4 ,national ideals h be5 ! possession ( ! few 9 ,irel&1 & h n be5 diffus$4 ,t is ! cause ( our comp>ative failure z a nation4 ,if we w\ld create an ,iri% culture1 & spread x widely among our p1 we w\ld h ! same unfa?omable s\rces ( inspiration & sacrifice to draw ^u 9 our acts z a nation z ! individual has :o believes he is immortal1 & t 8 life "h is b a tempor>y =ay into "t out ( et]nity4 ,yet we h mu* to le>n f ! /udy ( milit>y organization4 ,! great problem ( all civilizations is ! creation ( citiz5s3 t is1 ( p :o are dom9at$ by ! ideal ( ! g5]al welf>e1 :o w s9k private desire & "w h>moni\sly ) _! fell[-citiz5s = ! highe/ good ( _! race4 ,:ile we may all agree t w> br+s ab\t an eruption ( ! arcane & elem5tal =ces :i* lie normally 9 ! pit ( human life1 z ! =ces :i* cause e>?quakes lie normally asleep 9 ! womb ( ! _w1 none ! less we mu/ admit t milit>y g5ius has discov]$ & appli$ ) ma/]y a law ( life :i* is ( ! highe/ importance to civilization--f> m important to civil ev5 ?an to milit>y developm5t--& t is ! means by :i* ! individual w =get 8 p]sonal dang] & sacrifice life itself = ! g5]al welf>e4 ,9 no o!r organization w m5 9 great masses s entirely =get !mselves z m5 w 9 battle "u milit>y discipl9e4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is8 ,c we discov] h[ x is done & apply ! law to civil life8 ,! milit>y discipl9e works miracles4 ,! problem be=e ! capta9s ( armies is to take ! body ( man1 ! mo/ naturally egoi/ic ( all ?+s1 :i* hates pa9 & :i* w normally take to its legs 9 dang] & try to save itself1 & to dom9ate x s t ! body & ! s\l inhabit+ x w /& /ill & face all x loa!s4 ,& ! problem is solv$ 9 ! va/ majority ( cases4 ,aft] milit>y tra9+ ! civilians :o =m]ly w\ld fly be=e a few policem5 w manfully & h]oically /&1 n ! bl[s ( a baton1 b a :ole hail ( bullets1 a cannonade la/+ ?r\gh a day2 nay1 !y w = weeks & mon?s1 day by day1 risk & lose life = a cause1 = an idea1 at a ^w ( comm&4 ,!y may n h half z good a cause to lose life = z !y _h z a mob ( angry civilians1 b !y w face dea? n[1 & ! *ances ( mutilation & agony worse ?an dea?4 ,c we inspire civilians ) ! same passionate self-=getfulness 9 ! pursuit ( ! high] ideals ( peace8 ,m5 9 a regim5t h to a l>ge ext5t ! p]sonal int]e/s aboli%$4 ,! organization !y n[ belong to supports !m & becomes _! life4 ,by _! union ) x a new be+ is creat$4 ,ex]cise1 drill1 maneuv]1 acc5tuate t unity1 & esprit de corps arises1 s t !y feel _! highe/ life is ! corporate "o2 & t feel+ is fo/]$ cont9ually1 until at la/ all ! units1 by "s law ( ! s\l1 are z x 7 9 spite ( !mselves1 9 spite ( ! legs :i* want to run1 9 spite ( ! body :i* trembles ) fe>1 con/ra9$ to move 9 ob$i5ce to ! purpose ( ! :ole organism express$ by its controll+ w2 & s we get ^! devot$ masses ( m5 :o advance aga9 & aga9 "u a hail m t]rible ?an ,dante imag9$ fall+ 9 8 vision ( ! fi]y _w4 ,!re is no?+ l x 9 civilian life1 b yet ! aim ( ! high] m9ds 9 all civilizations is to create a simil> devotion to civic ideals1 s t m5 w n only1 z ,p]icles said1 give _! bodies = ! commonweal?1 b w devote m9d1 w1 & imag9ation ) equal assiduity & self-surr5d] to ! creation ( a civilization :i* w be ! inh]itance ( all & a cause ( pride to e "o1 & :i* w br+ to ! individual a great] beauty & ri*ness ( life ?an he c\ld f9ally rea* by ! utmo/ private ef=ts ( :i* he 0 capable4 ,i believe t an organization ( society1 su* z ,i h indicat$1 w\ld evolve gradually a simil> passion = ! g5]al zeal1 hav+1 )\t ! /]n re/ra9t milit>ism imposes on its units1 a l p[] ( turn+ ! ?\ghts to ! g5]al good4 ,i may say also t to create a milit>i/ organization1 be=e ! natural pr9ciples to be safe-gu>d$ are well und]/ood & a common possession ( all ! p 9 ! c\ntry1 w\ld be a dang] ak9 to ! p]il ( all[+ *ildr5 to play ) fire>ms4 ,we may f9d x a bad bus9ess to create natural ideals z !y are requir$1 j z x is a p]il\s bus9ess to try to create an army :5 a c\ntry is 9 a /ate ( w>4 ,if we d n rapidly create a national culture embody+ ! fundam5tal ideas we wi% to see prevail+ 9 society our volunte] armies w be subject to influ5ces f ! bas] sort ( politicians :o w\ld =ce p>ty aims on ! c\ntry4 ,we %all h a wret*$ future unless ! s\l ( ! c\ntry c dom9ate ! physical =ces 9 x1 unless ideals ( national conduct1 lib]ty ( spee* & ?\ght1 ( ju/ice & bro!rhood1 exi/ to inspire & guide x1 & are recogniz$ by all & appeal$ to by all p>ties equally4 ,we are /&+ on ! ?re%old ( nationhood1 & x is problems l ^! we %\ld be sett+ ourselves to solve1 unless we are to be an unimportant prov9ce ( ! _w1 a m]e adm9i/rative area inhabit$ by a q undi/+ui%$ p4 ,,xvii4 ,b !re are o!r me?ods ( devotion to ! national be+ possible to u ?r\gh collective action1 & ,i 0 mov$ to imag9e "o1 hav+ once receiv$ a lett] f a blood?ir/y correspond5t--"o ( t r num]\s class ^: m9ds are always load$ ) ball c>tridge1 ^: f+]s are always on ! trigg]1 & :o are always call+ on ! au?orities n to hesitate to %oot4 ,he wrote to me dur+ a railway /rike1 advocat+ milit>y conscription 9 ord] t railway m5 :o w5t out on /rike c\ld be call$ up by ! milit>y au?orities1 z ! ,fr5* railway /rik]s 71 & :o 7 subject to m>tial law if !y disobey$4 ,i d n ?9k ) ^? :o believe ! v5]able rem$y ( blood-lett+ is ! be/ cure = social maladies2 & ,i w\ld h ?\ght no m ab\t t /]n discipl9>ian1 b my m9d w5t play+ ab\t ! idea ( conscription1 & !re came to me "s ?\ghts :i* ,i wi% to put on record 9 ! hope t our p 9 "s future1 :5 ! social ord] w create public _s & ! passion = ! ,/ate m pl5tifully ?an x does today1 may recur to ! idea & apply x4 ,ne>ly e ,/ate 9 ! _w dem&s f y\? a c\ple ( ye>s' s]vice 9 ! army4 ,!re !y are tra9$ to def5d _! c\ntry--ev51 if necess>y1 to slay _! own c\ntrym54 ,!re is mu* t is abhorr5t to ! imag9ation 9 ! idea ( w>1 & ,i am altoge!r ) t noble body ( m5 :o are try+1 by means ( arbitration treaties1 to solve national diff]5ces by reason r ?an by =ce4 ,b we all recognize some?+ noble 9 ! _s ( ! nation :]e ! community agrees t e man %all give up "s ye>s ( 8 life to ! ,/ate = ! pres]vation ( ! ,/ate1 & may be call$ ^u to surr5d] life absolutely 9 t s]vice4 ,:ile ! manhood ( a race does ?is on ! :ole ) *e]fulness1 !re mu/ be some?+ ( high "* 9 ! manhood ( t nation4 ,a c]ta9 gravity atta*es to national decisions :i* are made1 z x 71 ^u ! slopes ( dea?1 because none are exempt f s]vice1 & !re is no deliri\s mob ready to yell = a w> 9 :i* x does n run ! risk ( hav+ its own dirty sk9 p]=at$ by bullets4 ,9 ,irel& we h nev] _h milit>y conscription1 = reasons :i* are well kn[n to all1 & ^u :i* ,i ne$ n ent]4 ,i am well satisfi$ x %\ld be s1 = x leaves op5 to u ! possibility ( a mu* nobl] s]vice1 "o :i* has nev] yet be5 attempt$ by any mod]n nation1 & t is civil conscription4 ,i ?r[ out ?is sugge/ion1 :i* may hold ! imag9ation ( ^? :o h noble conceptions ( :at national life %\ld be & :at a nation %\ld "w =1 9 ! hope t "s "t x may fructify4 ,!re is a prohibition laid on ! p 9 ?is isl& aga9/ conscription = milit>y purposes4 ,is !re any reason :y we %\ld n h conscription = civil purposes8 ,:y %\ld n e "y man 9 ,irel& give up two ye>s ( 8 life 9 a comrade%ip ( labor ) o!r "y m51 & be employ$ "u skill$ direction 9 great works ( public utility1 9 ! erection ( public build+s1 ! beautify+ ( our cities1 reclamation ( wa/e l&s1 af=e/ation1 & o!r desirable objects8 ,! pr9ciple ( s]vice = ! ,/ate = milit>y purposes is admitt$ 9 e c\ntry1 ev5 at la/ by ! ,engli%-speak+ peoples4 ,x is easy to be se5 h[ ?is pr9ciple ( conscription c\ld be appli$ to inf9itely nobl] ends--to ! build+ up ( a beautiful civilization--& might make ! c\ntry adopt+ x 9 less ?an half a c5tury z beautiful z anci5t ,attica or maje/ic z anci5t ,egypt4 ,:ile o!r nations take "p ( ! life ( "y m5 = in/ruction 9 w>1 :y %\ld n ! ,/ate 9 ,irel&1 m nobly inspir$1 ask ( its "y m5 t !y %\ld give equally ( _! lives to ! ,/ate1 n = ! de/ruction ( life1 b = ! cons]vation ( life8 ,?is s]vice might be ask$ f all--high & l[1 well & humbly born--except f ^? :o c plead ! reasons :i* exempt p abroad f milit>y s]vice4 ,z ?+s /& today1 if ! ,/ate und]takes any public "w1 x does x m exp5sively by f> ?an x w\ld be if und]tak5 by private ent]prise4 ,e p]son puts up prices = ! ,/ate or = municipalities4 ,labor1 l&1 & mat]ials are all *>g$ at ! highe/ possible rates1 :]eas if !re 0 any really high conception ( citiz5%ip & ( ! functions ( ! ,/ate1 ! citiz5s w\ld agree s t works ( public utility1 or ^? :i* conspir$ to add to national dignity1 %\ld be done at lea/ co/ to ! community4 ,:]e !re is no national sacrifice !re is no national pride4 ,because !re is no national pride our mod]n civilizations %[ meanly comp>$ ) ! titanic ar*itecture ( ! cities & maje/ic civilizations ( ! pa/4 ,we "k f ! ru9s ( ^! pr\d cities t he :o walk$ into anci5t ,rome1 ,a!ns1 ,!bes1 ,memphis & ,babylon1 walk$ amid gr&eurs :i* mu/ h exalt$ ! _s4 ,to walk into ,man*e/]1 ,%effield1 or ,liv]pool is to feel a weight ^u ! s\l4 ,!re is no national feel+ = beauty 9 our indu/rial civilizations4 ,let u suppose ,irel& _h ?r\gh indu/rial conscription ab\t fifty ?\s& "y m5 e ye> at its disposal "u a national works dep>tm5t4 ,:at c\ld be done8 ,fir/ ( all x w\ld mean t e "y man 9 ! c\ntry w\ld h receiv$ an indu/rial tra9+ ( "s k9d4 ,! "w ( te*nical in/ruction c\ld be l>gely c>ri$ on 9 connection ) ?is indu/rial army4 ,p talk ( ! b5efit ( discipl9e & ob$i5ce secur$ by milit>y s]vice4 ,?is & mu* m c\ld be secur$ by a labor conscription4 ,e man 9 ! isl& w\ld h got into ! habit ( "w at a p]iod ( life :5 x is mo/ necess>y1 & :5 too _m "y m5 h no s]i\s occupation4 ,p>5ts %\ld welcome ! tra9+ & discipl9e = _! *ildr51 & c]tificates ( "* & intellig5ce giv5 by ! dep>tm5t ( national works %\ld op5 up prospects ( rapid employm5t 9 ! ord9>y indu/rial life ( ! c\ntry :5 ! p]iod ( public s]vice 0 clos$4 ,= ^? engag$ !re w\ld be a true comrade%ip 9 labor1 & ! phrase1 ! dignity ( labor1 ab\t :i* s mu* cant has be5 writt51 w\ld h a real significance :]e "y m5 7 work+ toge!r = ! public b5efit ) ! k t any complet$ "w w\ld add to ! heal?1 beauty1 dignity1 & prosp]ity ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 return = ?is labor ! ,/ate %\ld fe$ & clo! its indu/rial army1 educate !m1 & famili>ize !m ) "s bran* ( employm5t1 & make !m m compet5t aft] ?is p]iod ( s]vice 0 ov] to engage 9 private ent]prise4 ,two ye>s ( su* tra9+ w\ld dissipate all ! slackness1 lack ( precision1 & laz9ess :i* are s (t5 app>5t 9 "y m5 :o h nev] _h any /rict discipl9e 9 _! homes1 & :om p>5tal weakness has r5d]$ unfit = ! h>d bus9ess ( life4 ,! b5efit to ^? und]go+ su* a tra9+ w\ld ( itself ju/ify civil conscription2 b :5 we come to ?9k ( ! nation--:at might n be done by a ,/ate ) a national labor army "u its control8 ,public works might be und]tak5 at a co/ greatly bel[ t :i* w\ld o!rwise be incurr$1 & ! e/imates :i* n[ p>alyze ! ,/ate1 :5 x consid]s ?is really ne$$ s]vice or t1 w\ld assume a diff]5t appe>ance1 z x w\ld be embrac+ 9 "o ent]prise te*nical education & ! accompli%m5t ( b5eficial works4 ,) su* an army "u skill$ control ! big cities c\ld h playgr\nds = ! *ildr5 ( ! cities2 public g>d5s1 ba?s1 gymnasiums1 recreation rooms1 hospitals1 & sanatoriums might be built2 wa/e l& reclaim$ & af=e/$1 & ! roadsides might be plant$ ) fruit trees4 ,national s*ools1 picture-gall]ies1 public halls1 libr>ies1 & a ?\s& ent]prises :i* n[ hang fire because at pres5t labor = public s]vice is ! mo/ exp5sive labor1 all c\ld be und]tak54 ,if ! ,/ate becomes v poor1 z inde$ x is c]ta9 to be1 x may be =c$ into "s su* me?od ( fulfill+ its functions4 ,are we1 ) enorm\s burd5s ( debt1 to hang up e useful public "w because ( ! exp5se1 & sp5d our lives 9 pay+ ,/ate debts :ile ! body = :om we "w is unable1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se1 to d any?+ = u 9 return8 ,if ! ,/ate is to cont9ue its functions we %all h to comm&e] p = its s]vice 9 times ( peace z is done 9 times ( w>4 ,!re is h>dly an argum5t :i* c\ld be us$ to def5d milit>y conscription :i* c\ld n be equal$ ) z p[]ful an argum5t = civil conscription4 ,i am n at all sure t if ! ,/ate 9 ,irel& decid$ to utilize two ye>s ( e "y man's life = ,/ate purposes t we c\ld n disb& mo/ ( our exp5sive con/abul>y & make c]ta9 squads ( our civil recruits responsible = ! keep+ ( public law & ord]1 leav+ only ! (fic]s z p]man5t pr(essionals1 = ( c\rse !re mu/ be exp]t control ( ! conscripts4 ,! po/al s]vice might also be c>ri$ on l>gely by conscript$ civilians4 ,?is may appe> a fanta/ic programme1 b ,i w\ld l to see x argu$ out4 ,x w\ld create a real bro!rhood 9 "w1 j z ! army creates 9 its own way a bro!rhood betwe5 m5 9 ! same regim5ts4 ,! nation adopt+ civil conscription c\ld clean itself up 9 a c\ple ( g5]ations1 s t 9 respect ( public s]vices x w\ld be incomp>able4 ,! alt]native to ?is is to />ve all public s]vices1 to make ! ,/ate simply ! tax-collector1 to pay ! int]e/ on a huge debt1 & s get x hat$ because x c d no?+ except collect money to pay ! int]e/ on a colossal national debt4 ,obvi\sly ! ,/ate z an ag5cy to br+ ab\t civilization _c p]=m bo? s]vices--pay int]e/ on huge public loans1 & cont9ue an exp5sive s]vice4 ,x mu/ f9d out "s way 9 :i* public s]vices c be cont9u$1 & if possible improv$1 & ! op5 way to t is civil conscription & ! ass]tion ( a claim to two or ?ree ye>s ( ! "w ( e citiz5 = civil purposes1 j z x n[ ass]ts a claim on ! s]vices ( citiz5s = ! def5se ( ! ,/ate4 ,z national debts are m & m pil$ up1 x has seem$ to _m t "h mu/ be an end to :at 0 call$ social re=m1 t we 7 ent]+ on a black era1 & no dawn w\ld %[ ov] ,europe = ano!r c5tury4 ,!re is always a way out ( tr\bles if p are imag9ative en\gh & bro!rly en\gh to conceive ( x & bold en\gh to take action :5 !y h f\nd ! way4 ,! real dang] = society is t x may become spiritless & hideb\nd & tam$1 & h none ( ^? high qualities necess>y 9 face ( p]il1 & ! m p get accu/om$ to ?9k+ ( bold s*emes ! bett]4 ,!y w get ov] ! fir/ %ock1 & may be ready :5 ! "t comes to put !m into action4 ,:5 a c\ntry is poor l ,irel& & yet is ambiti\s ( greatness2 :5 ! aspect ( its civilization is mean & :5 x yet aspires to beauty2 :5 its p are liv+ "u unsanit>y conditions & yet ! long+ is !re to give heal? to all2 :5 ,irel& is l ?is1 its public m5 & its citiz5s might d mu* worse ?an brood ov] ! possibilities ( indu/rial conscription1 & ( revis+ ! "* ( ! purposes = :i* nations h hi!rto claim$ s]vice f _! "y citiz5s on behalf ( ! ,/ate4 ,deb>r$ by a fate n altoge!r unk9d f tra9+ e citiz5 9 ! arts ( w> ,irel& might--if ! love ( c\ntry & ! desire = s]vice are really s /rong z we are told--sudd5ly become em95t among ! nations ( ! _w by adopt+ a policy :i* 9 half a c5tury w\ld make our mean cities & our backw>d c\ntryside ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,,xviii4 ,i h n 9 all ?is writt5 any?+ ab\t ! relations ( ,irel& ) o!r c\ntries1 or ev5 ) our neighbors1 9 ^: political h\sehold we h liv$ = s _m c5turies 9 intimate ho/ility4 ,i h consid]$ ?is inde$1 b did n wi%1 nor d ,i n[ wi%1 9 any?+ ,i may write1 to say "o ^w :i* w\ld add to t old ho/ility4 ,race hatr$ is ! *eape/ & base/ ( all national passions1 & x is ! nature ( hatr$1 z x is ! nature ( love1 to *ange u into ! lik5ess ( t :i* we contemplate4 ,we gr[ nobly l :at we adore1 & ignobly l :at we hate2 & no p 9 ,irel& became s angliciz$ 9 intellect & temp]am5t1 & ev5 9 ! mann] ( expression1 z ^? :o hat$ our neighbors mo/4 ,all hatr$s long p]si/$ 9 br+ u to e bas5ess = :i* we hat$ o!rs4 ,! only laws :i* we _c break ) impunity are div9e laws1 & no law is m et]nally sure 9 its work+s ?an t :i* condemns u to be ev5 z t we condemn$4 ,hate is ! high comm&] ( s _m armies t an inquiry into ! orig9 ( ?is passion is at lea/ z ne$ful z hi/ories ( o!r contempor>y notorieties4 ,n emp]ors or p>liam5ts alone raise armies1 b ?is passion also4 ,x w su/a9 nations 9 defeat4 ,:5 ev]y?+ seems lo/ ?is wild capta9 w appe> & ! scatt]$ =ces are reunit$4 ,!y w be z oblivi\s ( dang] z if !y 7 div9ely inspir$1 b if !y w9 _! battle x is to become l ! conqu]$ foe4 ,all great w>s 9 hi/ory1 all conque/s1 all national antagonisms1 result 9 an ex*ange ( *>act]i/ics4 ,x is because ,i wi% ,irel& to be itself1 to act f its own w & its own c5tre1 t ,i deprecate hatr$ z a =ce 9 national life4 ,x is always possible to w9 a cause )\t ! aid ( ?is base help]1 :o betrays u ev] 9 ! h\r ( victory4 ,:5 a man f9ds ! feel+ ( hate = ano!r ris+ vehem5tly 9 himself1 he %\ld take x z a w>n+ t consci5ce is battl+ 9 8 own be+ ) t v ?+ he loa!s4 ,nations hate o!r nations = ! evil :i* is 9 !mselves2 b !y are z little giv5 to self-analysis z individuals1 & :ile !y are "r to ov]come evil1 !y %\ld fir/ try to und]/& ! g5esis ( ! passion 9 _! own nature4 ,if we und]/& ?is1 _m ( ! ironies ( hi/ory w be intelligible4 ,we w und]/& :y x 0 t our c\ntrym5 9 ,ul/] & our c\ntrym5 9 ! re/ ( ,irel&1 :o h d5\nc$ ea* o!r s vehem5tly1 %\ld at la/ appe> to h ex*ang$ *>act]i/ics3 :y 9 ! ,nor?1 hav+ passionately prote/$ aga9/ physical =ce movem5ts1 no-r5t manife/os1 & contempt = ,imp]ial ,p>liam5t1 !y %\ld h come !mselves at la/ to organize a physical =ce movem5t1 %\ld ?reat5 to pay no taxes1 & %\ld refuse ob$i5ce to an ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,we w und]/& also :y x 0 _! oppon5ts came !mselves to address to ,ul/] all ! argum5ts & d5unciations ,ul/] _h address$ to !m4 ,i d n po9t ?is out ) int5t to annoy1 b to illu/rate by late hi/ory a law 9 national z well z human psy*ology4 ,if ?is unpopul> psy*ology ,i h expla9$ 0 adopt$ ev]y:]e z true1 we w\ld nev] he> expressions ( hate4 ,p w\ld realize !y 7 fir/ reveal+ & !n /abb+ _! own *>act]s be=e ! _w4 ,nations act t[>ds o!r nations z _! own citiz5s act t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,:5 slav]y exi/$ 9 a ,/ate1 if t nation attack$ ano!r x 0 ) int5t to enslave4 ,:]e !re is a fi]ce economic competition betwe5 citiz5 & citiz5 !n 9 w> ) ano!r nation1 ! object ( ! w> is to de/roy ! trade ( ! enemy4 ,if ! citiz5s 9 any c\ntry c\ld develop h>moni\s life among !mselves !y w\ld manife/ ! fri5dlie/ feel+s t[>ds ! p ( o!r c\ntries4 ,we f9d t x is j among gr\ps ( p :o aim at h>moni\s life1 co-op]ators & sociali/s1 t ! /ronge/ national impulses to int]national bro!rhood arise2 & w>s ( dom9ation are br\ght ab\t by ! w ( ^? :o )9 a ,/ate are dom9ant ov] ! =tunes ( ! re/4 ,irel&1 a small c\ntry1 c only ma9ta9 its national id5tity by moral & economic =ces4 ,physically x mu/ be ov]ma/]$ by mo/ o!r ,european nations4 ,moral =ces are really m p[]ful ?an physical =ces4 ,"o ,*ri/ *ang$ ! spiritual life ( ,europe2 "o ,buddha affect$ m myriads 9 ,asia4 ,! co-op]ative ideal ( bro!rhood 9 indu/ry has help$ to make /rong] ! ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( humanity1 & no body ( m5 9 any ( ! c\ntries 9 ! great ,w> ( our "t reg>d$ x ) m g5u9e sorr[ ?an ^? :o 7 already beg9n+ to promote s*emes = int]national co-op]ation4 ,x mu/ be ma9ly 9 movem5ts inspir$ ) ! ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 t ! _s w be g5]at$ :i*1 9 ! future1 %all make ! idea ( w> s dete/able t /atesm5 w f9d x is impossible to ?9k ( t solution ( _! disputes z !y w\ld ?9k n[ ( resort+ to private assass9ation ( political oppon5ts4 ,! great trag$y ( ,europe 0 br\ght ab\t1 n by ! ,g]man ,emp]or1 nor by ,sir ,edw>d ,grey1 nor by ! ,cz>1 nor by any ( ! o!r *iefs o/5sibly controll+ =eign policy1 b by ! nations !mselves4 ,^! m5 may h be5 ag5ts1 b _! action w\ld h be5 impossible if !y did n realize t !re 0 a va/ body ( national feel+ beh9d !m n oppos$ to w>4 ,_! citiz5s 7 9 conflict ) ea* o!r already1 g5]at+ ! moods :i* lead on to w>4 ,emp]ors1 =eign secret>ies1 ambassadors1 cab9et m9i/]s are n really p[]ful to move nations aga9/ _! w4 ,on ! :ole1 !y act ) ! w ( ! nations1 :i* !y und]/&4 ,let any "o rul] try1 = example1 to *ange by edict ! religion ( 8 subjects1 & a week w\ld see him b]eft ( place & p[]4 ,!y c\ld n d ?is1 because ! w ( ! nation w\ld be aga9/ x4 ,!y resort to w> & prep>e = x because ! w ( ! nation is ) !m1 & ?is ?r[s u back on ! private citiz5s1 :o f9ally are individually & collectively responsible = ! actions ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! ev]la/+ battle betwe5 good & evil1 private soldi]s are call$ ^u to fight z well z ! capta9s1 & x is only ?r\gh ! int5sive cultivation by individuals & races ( ! high] moral & intellectual qualities1 until 9 int5sity !y outweigh ! mood & passion ( ! re/1 t w> w f9ally become obsolete z ! c\rt ( appeal4 ,:5 !re is a panic ( fire 9 a cr[d$ build+ m5 are sudd5ly te/$ z to "*4 ,"s w become fr5zi$ madm51 fight+ & trampl+ _! way out4 ,o!rs w act nobly1 =gett+ !mselves4 ,!y h no "t to ?9k4 ,:at !y are 9 _! total make up z human be+s1 ov]balanc$ ei!r = good or evil1 appe>s 9 an in/ant4 ,ev5 s1 "s "t 9 ! h]oic future1 "s nation 9 a crisis w be weigh$ & w act nobly r ?an passionately1 & w be prep>$ to risk national ext9ction r ?an cont9ue exi/5ce at ! price ( kill+ myriads ( o!r human be+s1 & x w oppose moral & spiritual =ces to mat]ial =ces1 & x w ov]come ! _w by mak+ g5tl5ess its might1 z all great spiritual tea*]s h done4 ,x comes to ?is1 we _c ov]come hatr$ by hatr$ or w> by w>1 b by ! opposites ( ^!4 ,evil is n ov]come by evil b by good2 & any race l ! ,iri%1 eag] = national life1 ought to le>n ?is tru?--t humanity w act t[>ds _! race z _! race acts t[>ds humanity4 ,! noble & ! base alike beget _! k94 ,empires1 ere !y disappe>1 see _! own mirror$ maje/y arise 9 ! look+-glass ( "t4 ,oppos$ to ! pride & pomp ( ,egypt 7 ! pride & pomp ( ,*aldaea4 ,e*o+ ! beauty ( ! ,greek city /ate 7 _m lovely cities made 9 _! image4 ,c>?age evok$ ,rome4 ,! ,briti% ,empire1 by ! natural balance & opposition ( ?+s1 call$ into be+ ano!r empire ) a civilization ( coal & /eel1 & ) ambitions = colonies & = naval p[]1 & ) t image ( itself x mu/ wre/le = empire4 ,! great armadas t ?rong ! seas1 ! arm$ millions ^u ! e>? betray ! fe> 9 ! m9ds ( races1 nay1 ! inn] spiritual c]titude ! s\l has1 t pride & lu/ ( p[] mu/ yet be humbl$ by _! k9d4 ,!y mu/ at la/ meet _! equals face to face1 call$ to !m z /eel to magnet by "s inn] aff9ity4 ,?is is a law ( life bo? = individuals & races1 &1 :5 ?is is realiz$1 we "k no?+ w put an end to race conflicts except ! equally det]m9$ & h]oic developm5t ( ! spiritual1 moral1 & intellectual =ces :i* disda9 to use ! =ce & fury ( mat]ial p[]s4 ,we may be assur$ t ! div9e law is n mock$1 & x _c be deceiv$4 ,z m5 s[ s d !y reap4 ,! ang] we create w r5d u2 ! love we give w return to u4 ,biologically1 ev]y?+ bre$s true to its type3 moods & ?\ghts j z mu* z birds & bea/s & fi%es4 ,:5 ,i he> p rag+ aga9/ ,engl& or ,g]many or ,russia ,i "k t rage w beget rage1 & g on begett+ x1 & s ! :ole devili% g5]ation ( passions w be cont9u$4 ,!re are no nations to :om ! entire & loyal allegiance ( man's _s c\ld be giv54 ,x c only g out to ! ideal empires & nationalities 9 ! womb ( "t1 = ^: com+ we pray4 ,^? c\ntries ( ! future we mu/ c>ve out ( ! humanity ( today1 & we c beg9 build+ !m up )9 our pres5t empires & nationalities j z we are build+ up ! co-op]ative movem5t 9 a social ord] antagoni/ic to x4 ,! p :o are try+ to create ^! new ideals 9 ! _w are outpo/s1 s5t9els1 & fronti]sm5 ?r[n out be=e ! armies ( ! intellectual & spiritual races yet to come into be+4 ,we c all enli/ 9 ^! armies & be comrades to ! pione]s4 ,i hope _m w enli/ 9 ,irel&4 ,i w\ld cry to our ideali/s to come out ( ?is pres5t-day ,iri% ,babylon1 s fill$ ) sect>ian1 political1 & race hatr$s1 & to "w = ! future4 ,i believe pr(\ndly1 ) ! mo/ extreme ( ,nationali/s1 9 ! future ( ,irel&1 & 9 ! vision ( light se5 by ,bridget :i* %e saw & confess$ betwe5 hopes & te>s to ,patrick1 & t ?is is ! ,isle ( ,de/9y & ! de/9y w be glori\s & n ignoble1 & :5 our h\r is come we w h some?+ to give to ! _w1 & we w be pr\d to give r ?an to grasp4 ,?r\gh\t _! hi/ory ,iri%m5 h always wr\ght bett] = o!rs ?an = !mselves1 & :5 !y unite 9 ,irel& to "w = ea* o!r1 !y w direct into ! "r *annel all t national capacity = devotion to causes = :i* !y are fam$4 ,we ought n only to desire to be at peace ) ea* o!r1 b ) ! :ole _w1 & ?is c only be br\ght ab\t by ! individual citiz5 at all times prote/+ aga9/ sect>ian & national passions1 & tak+ no "p 9 !m1 com+ out ( su* angry p>ties altoge!r1 z ! p ( ! ,"l 7 call$ by ! div9e voice to come out ( ,babylon4 ,x may seem a long way to set ?+s "r1 b x is ! swift way & ! royal road1 & !re is no o!r2 & nobody1 no prophet cry+ be=e 8 "t1 w be li/5$ to until ! p are ready = him4 ,! congregation mu/ ga!r be=e ! prea*] c deliv] :at is 9 him to say4 ,! economic bro!rhood :i* ,i h put =w>d z an ,iri% ideal w\ld1 9 its realization1 make u at peace ) ourselves1 & if we are at peace ) ourselves we w be at peace ) our neighbors & all o!r nations1 & w wi% !m ! goodwill we h among ourselves1 & w receive f !m ! same goodwill4 ,i d n believe 9 legal & =mal solutions ( national antagonisms4 ,:ile we g5]ate animosities among ourselves we w always display !m to o!r nations1 & ,i pref] to se>* out h[ x is national hatr$s are begott51 & to %[ h[ t canc] c be cut out ( ! body politic4 ,,xix4 ,x seems inevitable t ! dom9ation ( ! individual by ! ,/ate mu/ become ev] great]4 ,x is 9 ! evolution>y process4 ,! amalgamation ( individuals into nationalities & empires is z mu* 9 ! cosmic plan z ! developm5t ( highly organiz$ be+s out ( unicellul> organisms4 ,i believe ?is process w cont9ue until humanity itself is s psy*ically knit toge!r t1 z a be+1 x w manife/ "s =m ( cosmic consci\sness 9 :i* ! individual w %>e4 ,our spiritual intuitions & ! great religions ( ! _w alike indicate "s su* goal z t to :i* ?is turbul5t cavalcade ( humanity is w5d+4 ,a k ( ?is mu/ be 9 our subconsci\s be+1 or we w\ld f9d ! sacrifices m5 make = ! ,/ate o!rwise inexplicable4 ,! ,/ate1 ?\gh n[ o/5sibly secul>1 makes m imp]i\s claims on man ?an ! anci5t gods did4 ,x lays hold ( life4 ,x ass]ts its "r to take fa!r1 bro!r1 & son1 & to s5d !m to meet dea? 9 its own def5se4 ,x d5ies !m a *oice or judgm5t z to :e!r its action is "r or wrong4 ,"r or wrong1 ! individual mu/ be prep>$ to give 8 body = ! commonweal?1 & :5 "o gives ! body unresi/+ly1 "o gives ! s\l also4 ,! m>vel\s ?+ ab\t ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate is t x is recogniz$ by ! va/ majority ( citiz5s4 ,dur+ eras ( peace ! citiz5 may be always 9 conflict ) ! policy ( ! ,/ate4 ,he may call x a tyranny1 b yet :5 x is 9 p]il he w die to pres]ve = x an immortal life4 ,! hold ! ,/ate e/abli%es ov] ! _s ( man is ! m wond]ful :5 we look re>w>d on hi/ory1 & see ) :at labor & sacrifice ! ,/ate 0 e/abli%$4 ,b we see also h[ readily1 once ! union has be5 br\ght ab\t1 m5 w die to pres]ve x1 ev5 al?\gh x is a tyranny1 a bad ,/ate4 ,= :at d !y die unless ! _s 9 man has "s inn] c]titude t ! div9e ev5t to :i* humanity t5ds is a unity ( its multitud9\s life1 & t a ,/ate--ev5 a bad ,/ate--mu/ be pres]v$ by its citiz5s1 because x is at lea/ an attempt at organic unity8 ,x is a simulacrum ( ! ideal2 x conta9s ! g]m or possibility ( t to :i* ! _s ( man is travel+4 ,x discipl9es ! individual 9 s]vice to t great] be+ 9 :i* x w f9d its fulfillm5t1 & a bad ,/ate is bett] ?an no ,/ate at all4 ,to be )\t a ,/ate is to pr[l backw>ds f ! div9ity be=e u to ! bea/ beh9d u4 ,! p[] ! ,/ate ex]ts is a spiritual p[]1 act+ on or ?r\gh ! w ( man4 ,! volunte] armies d n really m>* to die ) m read9ess ?an ! conscript armies4 ,! sacrifice is n readily explicable by mat]ial causes4 ,!re is no mat]ial reason :y ! prolet>ian--:o has no prop]ty to def5d1 :o is m or less sure z a skill$ craftsman ( employm5t "u any rul]--%\ld conc]n himself :e!r 8 rul] be ,k+1 ,kais]1 or ,presid5t4 ,b n "o 9 a hundr$ prolet>ians really ?9ks l t4 ,x is n ! hope ( p]sonal pr(it works ^u m5 to risk life4 ,let "s exploit] ( indu/ry desire to employ a ?\s& m5 at dang]\s "w1 ) ! risks ( dea? or disablem5t equal to ^? ( w>2 let x be kn[n t "o 9 six w be kill$ & ano!r be disabl$1 & :at sum w pur*ase ! s]vice ( work]s8 ,!y w risk life = ! ,/ate1 ?\gh giv5 a b>e subsi/5ce or a pay :i* !y w\ld describe z inhuman if (f]$ by "o ( ! autocrats ( indu/ry4 ,m5 work+ = ! ,/ate w make ! mo/ extraord9>y sacrifices2 b !y /& /ubbornly & sull5ly z di/urb]s & block]s ( all indu/ry :i* is run = private pr(it4 ,is x n cle> ( ! two policies = ! ,/ate to adopt1 to promote p]sonal int]e/s among its citiz5s or to unite m5 = ! g5]al good1 t ! fir/ pa? is full ( dang] to ! ,/ate1 :ile ?r\gh ! o!r m5 w m>* *e]fully1 ?\gh x be to dea?1 9 def5se ( ! ,/ate4 ,some?+1 a real life above ! individual1 acts ?r\gh ! national be+1 & w\ld almo/ sugge/ to u t ,heav5 _c fully manife/ its w to humanity ?r\gh ! individual1 b mu/ utt] itself ?r\gh multitudes4 ,!re mu/ be an or*e/ration ( humanity ere x c e*o div9e melodies4 ,9 real tru? we are all seek+ 9 ! maje/ies we create = union ) a great] ,maje/y4 ,i wrote 9 an e>li] page t ! anci5t conception ( ,nature z a manife/ation ( _s 0 inc>nat+ anew 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n ?9k]s2 t ,nature 0 no long] conceiv$ ( z mat]ial or /atic 9 condition1 b z =ce & cont9ual motion2 t !y 7 try+ to id5tify human w ) ?is arcane en]gy1 & let ! =ces ( ,nature manife/ ) m p[] 9 society4 ,! real nature ( ^! en]gies manife/+ 9 humanity ,i d n "k1 b !y h be5 h9t$ at 9 ! ,scriptures1 ! oracles ( ! ,ov]s\l1 :i* speak ( ! :ole creation labor+ upw>ds & ! entry ( humanity into ! ,div9e ,m9d1 & ( ! re-introcession ( ,t ,itself ) all ,its myriad unity into ,deity1 s t ,god might be all 9 all4 ,i believe pr(\ndly t m5 d n hold ! ideas ( lib]ty or solid>ity1 :i* h mov$ !m s p[]fully1 m]ely z phantasies :i* are pleasant to ! s\l or make ease = ! body2 b because1 :e!r !y /ruggle passionately = lib]ty or to a*ieve a solid>ity1 9 work+ = ^! two ideals1 :i* seem 9 conflict1 !y are div9ely support$1 9 unison ) ! div9e nature1 & en]gies z real z ^? ! sci5ti/ /udies--z electricity1 z magnetism1 heat or light--d desc5d into ! s\l & re9=ce x ) elem5tal en]gy4 ,we are "h = ! purposes ( s\l1 & !re c be no purpose 9 individualiz+ ! s\l if ess5tial fre$om is d5i$ to x & !re is only a de/9y4 ,:]ev] ess5tial fre$om1 ! "r ( ! _s to *oose its own h]oes & its own ideals1 is d5i$1 nations rise 9 rebellion4 ,b ! _s 9 man is wr\ght 9 a lik5ess to ,deity1 :i* is t h>mony & unity ( ,be+ :i* upholds ! univ]se2 & by ! v nature ( ! _s1 :ile x ass]ts its fre$om1 its impulses lead x to a h>mony ) all life1 to a solid>ity or bro!rhood ) x4 ,all ^! ideals ( fre$om1 ( bro!rhood1 ( p[]1 ( ju/ice1 ( beauty1 :i* h be5 at "o "t or ano!r ! fundam5tal idea 9 civilizations1 are heav5-born1 & desc5d$ f ! div9e _w1 inc>nat+ fir/ 9 ! highe/ m9ds 9 ea* race1 p]ceiv$ by !m & transmitt$ to _! fell[-citiz5s2 & x is ! em]g5ce or manife/ation ( "o or o!r ( ^! ideals 9 a gr\p :i* is ! beg9n+ ( a nation2 & ! m /rongly ! ideal is held ! m p[]ful becomes ! national be+1 because ! syn*ron\s vibration ( _m m9ds 9 h>mony br+s ab\t almo/ unconsci\sly a psy*ic unity1 a coalesc+ ( ! subconsci\s be+ ( _m4 ,x is t inn] unity :i* con/itutes ! national be+4 ,! idea ( ! national be+ em]g$ at no recognizable po9t 9 our hi/ory 9 ,irel&4 ,x is old] ?an any "n we "k4 ,x is n e>?-born1 b ! syn!sis ( _m h]oic & beautiful mom5ts1 & ^!1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are div9e 9 _! orig94 ,e h]oic de$ is an act ( ! _s1 & e p]ception ( beauty is vision ) ! div9e eye1 & n ) ! mortal s5se4 ,! _s 0 subtly int]m+l$ ) ! %9+ ( old romance1 & x is no m]e phantasy :i* %[s ,irel& at its dawn 9 a mi/y light ?rong$ ) div9e figures1 & b5ea? & ne>] to u demi-gods & h]oes fad+ into recognizable m54 ,! b>ds took cognizance only ( ! mo/ notable p]sonalities :o prec$$ !m1 & ( ^! only ! acts :i* _h a symbolic or spiritual significance2 & ^! grew ?rice ref9$ z g5]ations ( poets 9 enraptur$ mus+s along by ! m\nta9s or 9 ! woods brood$ ^u _! h]itage ( /ory1 until1 z x pass$ f age to age1 ! accumulat$ beauty grew great] ?an ! beauty ( ! h\r4 ,! dream began to ent] into ! *ildr5 ( our race1 & turn _! ?\ghts f e>? to t _w 9 :i* x _h its inception4 ,x 0 a common belief among ! anci5t peoples t ea* _h a national g5ius or deity :o presid$ ov] !m1 9 ^: all-embrac+ m9d !y 7 conta9$1 & :o 0 ! %eph]d ( _! de/9ies4 ,we c conceive ( ! national _s 9 ,irel& z fir/ manife/+ itself ?r\gh individual h]oes or k+s1 & z ! hi/ory ( fam\s w>riors laid hold ( ! p1 ext5d+ its influ5ce until x creat$ !re9 ! g]ms ( a k9dr$ nature4 ,an ari/ocracy ( lordly & *ivalr\s h]oes is b\nd 9 "t to create a great democracy by ! reflection ( _! "* 9 ! mass1 & ! idea ( ! div9e "r ( k+s is succe$$ by ! idea ( ! div9e "r ( ! p4 ,if ?is sequ5ce _c be trac$ 9 any "o respect ) hi/orical regul>ity1 x is because ( ! complexity ( national life1 its v>i$ ne$s1 ! vicissitudes ( hi/ory1 & its inf9ite *anges ( s5tim5t4 ,b ! ?reads are all tak5 up 9 ! end2 & ideals :i* 7 =gott5 & abs5t f ! voices ( m5 w be f\nd1 :5 recurr$ to1 to h gr[n to a r>] & m spiritual beauty 9 _! quiet abode 9 ! he>t4 ,! se$s :i* 7 s[n at ! beg9n+ ( a race be> _! fl[]s & fruits t[>ds its close1 & already antique names beg9 to /ir u aga9 ) _! p[]1 & ! antique ideals to re9c>nate 9 u & r5ew _! dom9ion ov] u4 ,!y may n be recogniz$ at fir/ z a re-em]g5ce ( anci5t moods4 ,! democratic economics ( ! anci5t clans h vani%$ almo/ out ( memory1 b ! mood 9 :i* !y 7 e/abli%$ reappe>s 9 ^? :o w\ld create a communal or co-op]ative life 9 ! nation into :i* ^? anci5t clans long s9ce h melt$4 ,! in/9ct 9 ! clans to waive aside ! weak & to seek = an ari/ocratic & p[]ful "* 9 _! lead]s reappe>s 9 ! ris+ g5]ation1 :o turn f ! utt]] ( platitudes to m5 ( real intellect & /rong w4 ,! object ( democratic organization is to br+ out ! ari/ocratic "* 9 lead]%ip1 ! vivid orig9al p]sonalities :o act & ?9k f _! own w & _! own c5tres1 :o br+ d[n fire f ! heav5 ( _! spirits & quick5 & vivify ! mass1 & make democracies also to be great & fe>less & free4 ,a nation is dead :]e m5 ackn[l$ge only conv5tions4 ,we mu/ f9d out tru? = ourselves1 becom+ fir/ initiates & f9ally ma/]s 9 ! guild ( life4 ,! intellect ( ,irel& is 9 *a9s :]e x ought to be free1 & we h individualism 9 our economics :i* ought to be co-ord9at$ & /]nly discipl9$ out ( ! iniquity ( free pr(ite]+4 ,to quick5 ! intellect & imag9ation ( ,irel&1 to co-ord9ate our economic life = ! g5]al good1 %\ld be ! objects ( national policy1 & w subs]ve ! evolution>y purpose4 ,! free imag9ation & ! aspir+ m9d alone climb into ! high] sph]es & deflect = u ! e!real curr5ts4 ,x is ! multitude ( ari/ocratic ?9k]s :o give glory to a p & make !m ( s]vice to o!r nations1 & x is by ! "* ( ! social ord] & ! quality ( bro!rhood 9 x our civilization w endure4 ,)\t love we are no?+4 ,,xx4 ,i besee* audi5ce f ! *ur*es = ^! ?\ghts on our ,iri% polity1 & w\ld recall to !m _! e>ly hi/ory1 h[ :5 ! fi]y _s ( _! ,"l fir/ manife/$ on e>?1 life1 ne> to ,x1 reflect$ ,x z 9 a gl[+ glass1 & impulses ( true liv+ arose4 ,mat]ial possessions 7 held 9 common4 ,!re 0 no fi]ce talk ( ,?9e & ,m9e4 ,8 anci5t law c\nsel$ pov]ty to ! _s1 le/ ! gates ( ,p>adise %\ld gr[ n>r[ be=e x l ! eye ( a ne$le4 ,i believe ! fad+ hold ! heav5s h ov] ! _w is due to ! neglect ( ! economic basis ( spiritual life4 ,:at pr(\nd spiritual life c !re be :5 ! social ord] almo/ =ces m5 to battle ) ea* o!r = ! means ( exi/5ce8 ,i "k well t no political me*anics1 no?+ :i* is an economic device only1 w ( !mselves be able to affect ! transfiguration ( society & br+ x "u ! dom9ion ( ! _s4 ,= t1 a f> high] quality ( ?\ght & action ?an is "h indicat$ is necess>y4 ,! economi/ c provide ! daily bread1 b t bread ( ! com+ day :i* ,*ri/ wi%$ 8 foll[]s to aspire to mu/ come o!rwise4 ,t %\ld be ! labor ( ! poets1 arti/s1 musicians1 & ( ! h]oic & ari/ocratic *>act]s :o provide by _! life an image to :i* life c be model$4 ,!re=e ,i besee* audi5ce n only ( ! *ur*es1 b ( ! poets1 writ]s1 & ?9k]s ( ,irel& = _! aid 9 ?is labor4 ,!y alone c create 9 wide commonalty ! ideals :i* c dom9ate society4 ,x is ! "w ( ! arti/ to create = u images ( desirable life1 to manife/ to u ! ideal humanity1 & to prefigure t va/] entity :i* ,i h call$ ! national be+4 ,i said 9 an e>li] page t "p ( ! failure ( ,irel& mu/ be laid to ! poets :o _h dropp$ out ( ! div9e procession & sang a solit>y song2 to ! writ]s :o _h turn$ f contemplat+ ! great to ! portrayal ( ! little 9 human nature4 ,i "k h[ difficult x is to con/ra9 ! _s1 & h[ futile x is to ask arti/s or poets to create :at !y are n inspir$ to create4 ,b we c ask all m5--arti/s1 poets1 litt]ateurs1 & sci5ti/s--to be citiz5s1 & if !y realize imag9atively ! spiritual conception ( ! ,/ate1 we may assume t ?is imag9ative realization ( ! ,/ate w influ5ce ! labors ( ! m9d1 & :at is done w1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 h ref]5ce to t collective be+ :i* mu/ dom9ate society m & m1 :i* w dom9ate x z a tyranny if we fail 9 our labors1 or lib]ate & make m maje/ical ! _s ( man if we imag9e rightly4 ,all greatness is br\ght ab\t by a conspiracy ( ! imag9ation & ! w4 ,our lit]ature c]ta9ly manife/s beauty1 b n greatness or maje/y1 = maje/y only arises :]e !re is an or*e/ration ( humanity by "s mighty conductor2 & z a p we %all nev] manife/ ! highe/ qualities 9 lit]ature or life until we are "u ! dom9ion ( "o1 at lea/1 ( ! great fundam5tal ideas :i* h be5 ! inspiration ( races4 ,our feebl5ess arises f our economic individualism4 ,we cont9ually neutralize ea* o!r's ef=ts4 ,yet !re is no less p[] 9 humanity today ?an !re ev] 04 ,we see n[ cle>ly :at untam$ elem5tal fires lay und]nea? ! seem+ placidity ( ! _w4 ,!re 0 a feel+ 9 society t1 j z ! e>? itself _h settl$ d[n to be a habitable globe1 & 0 =gett+ its anci5t f]ocities ( e>?quake t op5$ up gulfs betwe5 l& & l& & r5d$ sea f sea1 s1 too1 humanity 0 los+ ^? wild] en]gies we surmis$ 9 ! cave-dwell] or ! hunt]s ( ma/odon1 mammo?1 & cave-tig]4 ,b x 0 all a dream--a dream1 we suspect1 ab\t ! e>? z well z ab\t humanity4 ,:ile we indulg$ 9 ^! pleas+ speculations on society1 ! sci5ti/s ( our g5]ation 7 plac+ beyond "q or argum5t ! doctr9e ( ! inde/ructibility ( en]gy & matt] & we may be sure t :ile !re is immortal life !re mu/ be immortal en]gies z its companions ?r\gh "t1 & !y w nev] be less p[]ful ?an !y are today or 7 9 ! morn+ ( ! _w4 ,!re w be no weak5+ ( t mighty ,god-begott5 bro!rhood ( elem5tal p[]s2 &1 :ile we _c hope t by ! wa/age ( "t ^! p[]s w be feebl]1 we may hope t by an und]/&+ ( !m we may get ma/]y ov] !m4 ,! wild elephant ( ! woods1 ) a great] /r5g? ?an man's1 has yet be5 tra9$ to be 8 s]vant1 & t arcane p[] we call electricity1 :i*1 if x %oots out ( its *annel1 %rivels up ! body ( man1 is n[ our s]vant4 ,s we may hope1 too1 t ! elem5tal en]gies 9 humanity itself1 :i* break out 9 w>s & ,armag$dons1 w come "u control4 ,we %\ld n hope t man w ev] be a less p[]ful be+4 ,to hope t w\ld be to wi% = 8 degradation4 ,we %\ld wi% him to become ev] m & m p[]ful by und]/&+ himself1 & by ! unity ( ! spiritual faculties & ! elem5tal en]gies 9 him into "o h>moni\s :ole4 ,at pres5t he is feeble because he is1 to use ! scriptural illu/ration1 a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,our feebl5ess is due to ! conflict ( p[]s 9 u & our conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,get ! two mightie/ bulls 9 a h]d1 put !m oppos+ ea* o!r 9 a n>r[ passage1 & !y1 be+ ( equal /r5g?1 w r$uce ea* o!r to feebl5ess4 ,nei!r w make headway4 ,let !m unite toge!r 9 _! *>ge1 & :at w oppose !m8 ,m5 at conflict 9 _! own he>ts1 oppos+ ea* o!r 9 ! _w1 r$uce !mselves & ea* o!r to wret*$ness4 ,! race :i* c\ld elim9ate ! factors :i* promote int]nal conflict 9 society & c\ld organize human en]gies 9 h>mony1 w\ld be p[]ful beyond our wilde/ dreams4 ,e n[ & !n 9 _w-hi/ory we come across in/ances ( :at organiz$ humanity c\ld accompli%4 ,!re are fragm5ts ( an ar*itecture s maje/ic t !y awe u z ! high rocks ( nature d1 & !y seem almo/ l portions ( nature itself1 & truly !y are s1 be+ portions ( nature remade by man1 :o is also a nature en]gy ( div9e orig94 ,europe by its conflicts today is r$uc+ itself to b>b>ism & p[]lessness1 & ^! conflicts arose out ( ! int]nal conflicts 9 society1 = individuals & nations act outside !mselves z !y act inside !mselves4 ,! problem = ,europe is to create a h>moni\s life1 & x is ! problem = u 9 ,irel&1 & we w h to "w ?is out = ourselves4 ,! creation ( a h>moni\s life among a p mu/ come f )94 ,x c nev] come by ! imposition ( an ext]nal law impos$ by ano!r p3 ,nev] did ma/] & slave "w 9 true unison1 no matt] h[ b5evol5t ! ma/] or h[ yield+ ! slave1 = !re is 9 e man1 no matt] :at 8 condition1 a sp>k ( div9e life1 & x w always be ready to /ir him out ( subjection1 z ! fires ( e>?quake lie bel[ ! cultivat$ pla94 ,man is a creature :o has free w1 & x is by self-devis$ & self-*eck$ ef=ts he w atta9 8 full human /ature4 ,s ! problem ( creat+ an organic life 9 ,irel&1 a h>mony ( our p1 a union ( _! ef=ts = ! common good & = ! manife/ation ( :atev] beauty1 maje/y1 & spirituality is 9 u1 mu/ be "o we ourselves mu/ solve = ourselves4 ,to be indiff]5t to ! possibilities ( human life1 to ignore ! problem1 is to turn our back on heav51 :i* fa%ion$ ! _s ( man 9 its image4 ,if ! _s ( man has lik5ess to ,deity1 x means t if x manife/s itself fully 9 ! _w1 ! _w too becomes a %ad[y lik5ess ( ! heav5s1 & our civilizations w make a h>mony ) ! div9] sph]es4 ,we give /ill a s]vice ( lip belief to ! ,scriptures1 yet active fai? we h n4 ,b !y are true1 ye/]day1 today1 & = ev]2 & we h /ill ! root ( ! matt] 9 u1 = :5 any "o utt]s out ( pr(\nd conviction 8 fai?1 !re are always multitudes ready to respond4 ,:at really prev5ts an organic unity 9 ,irel& is ! economic individualism ( our lives4 ,! sci5ce ( economics deals ) ! ef=ts ( m5 to m9e out ( nature ! food1 m9]als1 & mat]ials necess>y to pres]ve life4 ,!re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t :]e m5 "w alone or only ) ! aid ( _! families !y are little high] ?an ! animals4 ,:5 !y t5d to unite civilization beg9s4 ,!n arise ! t[]s1 ! temples1 ! cities1 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ar*itect & eng9e]4 ,! e>? is tapp$ ( its arcane en]gies1 ! v air yields to u its my/]i\s p[]s4 ,we control ! e!ric waves & s5d ! message ( our de$s across ! ocean4 ,yet 9 ! mid/ ( ^! va/ ext]nal manife/ations ( p[]1 multitudes ( m5 & wom5 live 9 squalor1 isolat$ 9 _! labors1 liv+ 9 ! slums ( cities2 & ?is1 if we exam9e x1 comes ab\t because ! organization ( human en]gies into a h>moni\s unity is n complete4 ,!re is really no lack ( food1 clo?+1 build+ mat]ial1 l&4 ,nature has provid$ b\ntifully = m myriads ?an we are likely to see peopl+ ! e>?4 ,b p compete ) ea* o!r & und]sell ea* o!r1 & ^? :o labor are mulct$ ( _! due1 & in/ead ( turn+ to ! e>?--! inexhau/ible "m--& work+ unit$ly = ! common weal1 !y cont9ue t fi]ce competition & /ultify ea* o!r's ef=ts & r$uce ea* o!r to wret*$ness4 ,humanity is a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,^? :o feel ?is to be true mu/ ga!r r\nd any movem5t :i* gives a hope = ! future1 :i* indicates a policy by :i* ! organic unity ( society 9 ,irel& might be atta9$1 & our p "w h>moni\sly to make beauty & heal? prevail 9 our civilization4 ,:at ea* gives up to society 9 ! mak+ ( a civilization he gets back a ?\s&fold4 ,n[1 ! co-op]ative movem5t alone ( all movem5ts 9 ,irel& has aspir$ to make an economic solid>ity 9 ,irel&4 ,:atev] ! aims ( o!r movem5ts may be--& _m ( !m h high ideals & are necess>y = ! spiritual & intellectual developm5t ( our p--!re is none ( !m :i* has = aim ! unity ( economic life4 ,!y all leave unt\*$ ?is problem--h[ are we to organize society s t p w n be 9 conflict ) ea* o!r1 w n nullify ea* o!r's ef=ts1 b all w conspire toge!r = unity1 s t none %all be =gott5 or oppress$ or left out ( our bro!rhood8 ,! policy ,i put =w>d is incomplete & imp]fect1 & x mu/ necess>ily be s1 be+ ma9ly ! "w ( "o m9d1 & to complete x & p]fect x !re mu/ be _m m9ds & _m work]s fir$ by ! ideal4 ,b ,i h indicat$ 9 "s complet5ess h[ ! rural population c\ld be co-op]atively organiz$1 f$]at$ toge!r1 & h[ ! urban population c\ld be organiz$ & br\ght into a h>mony ( economic purpose ) ! folk ( ! c\ntry4 ,)9 ! limits ( object ^! sugge/ions am\nt to a policy = ! nation4 ,if ! tragic condition ( ! _w leaves u un/irr$1 if we draw no lessons f x1 if !re is no fi]y /irr+ ( w 9 ,irel& to make x a bett] place to live 91 !n inde$ we may lose hope = our c\ntry4 ,let u rememb] ! mo/ scornful condemnation 9 ,scripture 0 n giv5 to ! evil b to ! indiff]5t3 ,because ?\ art nei!r hot nor cold ,i w spew !e out ( my m\?4 ,let u n be ! ,laodiceans ( ,europe1 li/less & indiff]5t to human ne$s1 swall[+ our :isky & our port]1 /upefy+ our s\ls1 :ile our poor are sweat$2 lett+ ! *ildr5 ( our cities die ) m c>elessness ab\t life ?an ! p ( any o!r ,european c\ntry1 ) sect>ian organization's crawl+ 9 secrecy l poison\s s]p5ts ?r\gh ! und]gr[? ( swamps & =e/s4 ,! co-op]ative movem5t is at lea/ op5 & ideal 9 its aims & objects4 ,x is national & n sectional4 ,x seeks ! triumph ( no section b ! unity ( our p1 :]e unity alone is possible4 ,our intransig5ts & extremi/s ( all p>ties are n hurt or w\nd$ by _! adhesion to ! co-op]ative ideal4 ,we may make up our m9ds t ! /ubborn ,iri% temp]am5t w nev] be ov]come1 b x may be won1 & ! movem5t :i* invites all p>ties & cre$s into its ranks & gives !m ! l>ge/ opportunities ( work+ toge!r & und]/&+ ea* o!r1 gives also ! l>ge/ hope ( ! gradual melt+ ( old bitt]ness into a common tol]ance :]e :at is be/ ess5tially w9s2 = all true triumphs are triumphs n ( =ce1 b ! conque/ by a sup]ior beauty ( :at is less beautiful4 ,we %\ld aim at a society :]e p w be at h>mony 9 _! economic life1 w readily li/5 to diff]5t op9ions f _! own1 w n turn s\r faces on ^? :o d n ?9k z !y d1 b w1 by reason & sympa?y1 compreh5d ea* o!r & come at la/1 ?r\gh sympa?y & affection1 to a balanc+ ( _! div]sities1 z 9 t multitud9\s div]sity1 :i* is ! univ]se1 p[]s & dom9ions & elem5ts are balanc$1 & are guid$ h>moni\sly by ! ,%eph]d ( ! ,ages4 ,,! ,,end