,,moral ,,philosophy3 ,,e?ics1 ,,deontology ,,& ,,natural ,,law4 ,,by ,,joseph ,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4 ,nihil ,ob/at3 ,,josephus ,,keat+1 ,s4,j4 ,c5sor deputatus ,imprimi pote/3 ,,joannes ,h4 ,,wright1 ,s4,j4 ,prp4 ,prov4 ,angli ,nihil ,ob/at3 ,c4 ,,s*ut1 ,d4,d4 ,c5sor deputatus ,imprimatur3 ,,edm4 ,,c4 ,,surmont ,vie4 ,g54 ,,preface 7#aije74 ,= fifte5 ye>s ?is ,manual has enjoy$ all ! popul>ity t its au?or c\ld desire4 ,) t popul>ity ! au?or is ! la/ p]son to wi% to int]f]e4 ,!re=e1 n to ?r[ previ\s copies out ( use1 ?is edition makes no alt]ation ei!r 9 ! pag9ation or ! text already pr9t$4 ,at ! same "t ! au?or might well be argu$ to h laps$ into /range sup95ess & indiff]5ce to moral sci5ce1 if 9 fifte5 ye>s he _h le>nt no?+ new1 & f\nd no?+ 9 8 "w :i* he wi%$ to improve4 ,:oev] w be at ! exp5se ( pur*as+ my ,political & ,moral ,essays 7,b5zig]1 #aijb1 #fs47 w f9d 9 ! fir/ essay on ! ,orig9 & ,ext5t ( ,civil ,au?ority an advantage\s sub/itute = ! *apt] on ! ,/ate 9 ?is "w4 ,! essay is a diss]tation writt5 = ! degree ( ,b4 ,sc4 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d2 & repres5ts1 ,i hope1 tol]ably well ! be/ contempor>y tea*+ on ! subject4 ,if ! pres5t "w _h to be rewritt51 ,i %\ld make a triple division ( ,moral ,philosophy1 into ,e?ics1 ,deontology 7! sci5ce ( ,greek3 to deon1 i4e41 ( :at ought to be done71 & ,natural ,law4 ,= if ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ,e?ics is to det]m9e :at moral obligation is 7p4 #b71 !n ! classical "w on ! subject1 ! ,nicoma*ean ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 is z ! play ( ,hamlet ) ! "* ( ,hamlet left out3 = 9 t "w !re is no analysis ( moral obligation1 no attempt to fix ! compreh5sion ( ! idea ,i ought 7ib474 ,! sy/em !re expos$ is a sy/em ( ,eudaemonism1 n ( ,deontology4 ,x is n a treatise on ,duty1 b on ,happ9ess3 x tells u :at ,happ9ess1 or rational well-be+1 is1 & :at conduct is conducive to rational well-be+4 ,x may be f\nd conv5i5t to foll[ ,ari/otle1 & av[ t ! bus9ess ( ,e?ics is n ,duty1 n ,obligation1 n ,law1 n ,sanction1 b ,happ9ess4 ,t fi]y little ^w ought goes unexpla9$ 9 ,e?ics1 except 9 an hypo!tical s5se1 t a man ought to d ?is1 & avoid t1 if he means to be a happy man3 cf4 p4 #aae4 ,any man :o decl>es t he does n c>e ab\t e?ical or rational happ9ess1 /&s to ,e?ics z t man /&s to ,music :o ha? no e> = concord ( sweet s\nds4 ,all t ,e?ics or ,music c d = su* a ,phili/9e is to s5d him away to ano!r city1 p\r+ o9tm5t on 8 head1 & cr[n+ him ) wool1 z ,plato w\ld dismiss ! trag$ian 7,republic ,,iii4 #cih74 ,! au?or ( ! ,magna ,moralia well says 7,i4 i4 #ac73 ,no sci5ce or faculty ev] argues ! goodness ( ! end :i* x proposes to itself3 x belongs to "s o!r faculty to consid] t4 ,nei!r ! physician says t heal? is a good ?+1 nor ! build] t a h\se is a good ?+3 b ! "o ann\nces t he produces heal? & h[ he produces x1 & ! build] 9 l mann] a h\se4 ,! pr(essor ( ,e?ics inde$1 f ! v nature ( 8 subject-matt]1 says 9 po9t+ out happ9ess t x is ! rational sov]eign good ( man3 b to any "o unmov$ by t demon/ration ,e?ics c h no m to say4 ,e?ics w n ?reat51 nor talk ( duty1 law1 or puni%m5t4 ,e?ics1 ?us /rictly consid]$ on an ,ari/otelian basis1 are antec$5t to ,natural ,!ology4 ,!y belong r to ,natural ,an?ropology3 !y are a /udy ( human nature4 ,b z human nature po9ts to ,god1 s ,e?ics are n :olly irrespective ( ,god1 consid]+ ,him z ! object ( human happ9ess & wor%ip1--! ,supreme ,be+ )\t :om all ! aspirations ( humanity are at fault 7pp4 #ac-bf1 #aia-aig74 ,e?ics d n ref] to ! comm&m5ts ( ,god1 = ?is simple reason1 t !y h no?+ to say to comm&m5ts1 or laws1 or obligation1 or au?ority4 ,!y are simply a sy/em ( moral hygi5e1 :i* a man may adopt or n3 only1 l any o!r physician1 ! pr(essor ( ,e?ics utt]s a fri5dly w>n+ t mis]y mu/ ensue ^u ! neglect ( :at makes = heal?4 ,deontology1 n ,e?ics1 exp\nds & v9dicates ! idea1 ,i ought4 ,x is ! sci5ce ( ,duty4 ,x c>ries ! mild suasions ( ,e?ics into laws1 & out ( moral prud5ce x creates consci5ce4 ,& :]eas ,e?ics d n deal ) s91 except "u ! aspect ( :at is call$ philosophical s9 7p4 #aai1 #f71 ,deontology def9es s9 9 its prop] !ological s5se1 z an (f5ce aga9/ ,god1 or any ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$ aga9/ ! law ( ,god4 ,deontology !re=e presupposes & is consequ5t ^u ,natural ,!ology4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ,e?ics indicate a valuable pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god z ! requisite ,object ( ,happ9ess1 ,deontology af=ds a pro( ( ,him z ! requisite ,lawgiv]4 ,)\t ,god1 man's rational desire is fru/rate1 & man's consci5ce a misrepres5tation ( fact4 ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,?is is ,c>d9al ,newman's pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ,god f ,consci5ce3 see pp4 #abd1 #abe1 & ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 pp4 #ajd-aaa1 ed4 #ahie4 ,) ,newman's1 ,consci5ce has bo? a critical & a judicial (fice1 comp>e ,plato1 ,politicus1 #bfj ,b1 ,greek3 sumpasaes taes gno/ikaes to m5 epitaktikon m]os1 to de kritikon4 ,! critical (fice belongs to ,e?ics3 ! judicial1 or preceptive (fice ,greek3 to epitaktikon to ,deontology2 & ?is latt] po9ts to a ,p]son :o comm&s & judges1 t is1 to ,god4 ,9 ?is volume1 pp4 #a-ajh make up ! treatise on ,e?ics3 pp4 #aji-agf t on ,deontology4 ,ari/otle writes3 ,he t acts by intellig5ce & cultivates und]/&+1 is likely to be be/ dispos$ & de>e/ to ,god4 ,= if1 z is ?\ght1 !re is any c>e ( human ?+s on ! "p ( ! heav5ly p[]s1 we may reasonably expect !m to delight 9 t :i* is be/ & mo/ ak9 to !mselves1 t is1 9 intellig5ce1 & to make a return ( good to su* z supremely love & hon\r intellig5ce1 z cultivat+ ! ?+ de>e/ to ,heav51 & s behav+ rightly & well4 ,su*1 pla9ly1 is ! behavi\r ( ! wise4 ,! wise man !re=e is ! de>e/ to ,god 7,nic4 ,e?4 ,x4 ix4 #ac74 ,b ,ari/otle does n "w out ! connexion betwe5 ,god & ,8 law on ! "o h& & human consci5ce & duty on ! o!r4 ,9 t direction ! ,/oics1 & aft] !m ! ,roman ,juri/s1 w5t fur!r ?an ,ari/otle4 ,by reason ( ?is defici5cy1 ,ari/otle1 pe]less z he is 9 ,e?ics1 rema9s an imp]fect ,moral ,philosoph]4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition 7#aiah7 #a4 ,i h alt]$ ! op5+ pages 9 accordance ) ! ,preface to ! edition ( #aije4 #b4 ,i h add$ a p>agraph on ,syndicalism 7pp4 #bia-b74 #c4 ,also a new ,table ( ,add5da et ,corrig5da1 & a new ,index4 ,! quotations f ,/4 ,?omas may be read 9 ,engli%1 ne>ly all ( !m1 9 ! ,au?or's ,aqu9as ,e?icus1 #b vols42 #abs4 7,burns & ,oates47 ,,cont5ts4 ,,"p ,i4--,,e?ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,( ,,! ,,object-,,matt] ,,& ,,p>tition ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,( ,,happ9ess4 ,section ,i4--,( ,ends4 ,section ,,ii4--,def9ition ( ,happ9ess4 ,section ,,iii4--,happ9ess op5 to ,man4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ! ,object ( ,p]fect ,happ9ess4 ,section ,v4--,( ! use ( ! pres5t life4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,( ,,human ,,acts4 ,section ,i4--,:at makes a human act less volunt>y4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! det]m9ants ( ,morality 9 any giv5 action4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,( ,,passions4 ,section ,i4--,( ,passions 9 g5]al4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ,desire4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ,delight4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ,ang]4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,( ,,habits ,,& ,,virtues4 ,section ,i4--,( ,habit4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ,virtues 9 g5]al4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,virtues1 ,intellectual & ,moral4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ! ,mean 9 ,moral ,virtue4 ,section ,v4--,( ,c>d9al ,virtues4 ,section ,,vi4--,( ,prud5ce4 ,section ,,vii4--,( ,temp]ance4 ,section ,,viii4--,( ,=titude4 ,section ,,ix4--,( ,ju/ice4 ,,"p ,,ii4--,,deontology4 ,,*apt] ,i4 7,,vi47--,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,moral ,,obligation4 ,section ,i4--,( ! natural diff]5ce betwe5 ,good & ,evil4 ,section ,,ii4--,h[ ,good becomes b\nd5 ,duty1 & ,evil is advanc$ to s94 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 7,,vii47--,,( ,,! ,,et]nal ,,law4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 7,,viii47--,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,law ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,section ,i4--,( ! ,orig9 ( ,prim>y ,moral ,judgm5ts4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! inv>iability ( ,prim>y ,moral ,judgm5ts4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! immutability ( ! ,natural ,law4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ,probabilism4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 7,,ix47--,,( ,,! ,,sanction ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,law4 ,section ,i4--,( a ,tw(old ,sanction1 ,natural & ,div9e4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! ,f9ality ( ! a=esaid ,sanction4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ,puni%m5t1 ,retrospective & ,retributive4 ,,*apt] ,v4 7,x47--,,( ,,utilit>ianism4 ,,"p ,,iii4--,,natural ,,law4 ,,*apt] ,i4--,,( ,,duties ,,to ,,god4 ,section ,i4--,( ! ,wor%ip ( ,god4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ,sup]/iti\s ,practices4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! duty ( kn[+ ,god4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4--,,( ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,life4 ,section ,i4--,( ,kill+1 ,direct & ,indirect4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ,kill+ done ,indirectly 9 ,self-def5ce4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ,suicide4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ,duell+4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4--,,( ,,speak+ ,,! ,,tru?4 ,section ,i4--,( ! def9ition ( a ,lie4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! ,evil ( ,ly+4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! keep+ ( ,secrets )\t ,ly+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4--,,( ,,*>ity4 ,,*apt] ,v4--,,( ,,rights4 ,section ,i4--,( ! def9ition & division ( ,rights4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! s-call$ ,rights ( ,animals4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! "r to ,hon\r & ,reputation4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ,contracts4 ,section ,v4--,( ,usury4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4--,,( ,,m>riage4 ,section ,i4--,( ! ,in/itution ( ,m>riage4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! ,unity ( ,m>riage4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! ,indissolubility ( ,m>riage4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4--,,( ,,prop]ty4 ,section ,i4--,( ,private ,prop]ty4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ,private ,capital4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ,l&$ ,prop]ty4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4--,,( ,,! ,,/ate4 ,section ,i4--,( ! ,mon/rosities call$ ,levia?an & ,social ,contract4 ,section ,,ii4--,( ! !ory t ,civil ,p[] is an aggregate =m$ by subscription ( ! p[]s ( individuals4 ,section ,,iii4--,( ! true /ate ( ,nature1 :i* is ! /ate ( civil society1 & consequ5tly ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,p[]4 ,section ,,iv4--,( ! v>iety ( ,polities4 ,section ,v4--,( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s & ! ,inali5able ,sov]eignty ( ! ,p4 ,section ,,vi4--,( ! ,elem5t>y & ,orig9al ,polity4 ,section ,,vii4--,( ,resi/ance to ,civil ,p[]4 ,section ,,viii4--,( ! ,"r ( ! ,sword4 ,section ,,ix4--,( ,w>4 ,section ,x4--,( ! ,scope & ,aim ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t4 ,section ,,xi4--,( ,law & ,lib]ty4 ,section ,,xii4--,( ,lib]ty ( ,op9ion4 ,,add5da ,,et ,,corrig5da p4 #ca4 ,ari/otle calls ! end ,greek3 to telos2 ! means1 ,greek3 ta pros to telos 7,/4 ,?omas1 ea quae sunt ad f9em72 ! circum/ances1 ,greek3 ta e9 ois hae praxis4 ,obs]ve1 bo? end & means are will$ directly1 b ! circum/ances indirectly4 ,! end is int5d$1 ,greek3 b\laeton2 ! means are *os51 ,greek3 proaireton2 ! circum/ances are simply p]mitt$1 ,greek3 anekton1 rightly or wrongly4 ,! int5tion ( ! end is call$ by ,engli% philosoph]s ! motive2 :ile ! *oice ( means !y call ! int5tion1 an un=tunate t]m9ology4 p4 #db1 4 #c4 ,z ! wax takes all %apes1 & yet is wax /ill at ! bottom2 ! ,greek3 spokeim5on /ill is wax2 s ! s\l transport$ 9 s _m sev]al passions ( joy1 fe>1 hope1 sorr[1 ang]1 & ! re/1 has = its g5]al gr\ndwork ( all ?is1 ,love4 7,h5ry ,m1 quot$ 9 ,c>ey's ,dante1 ,purgatorio1 c4 xviii47 ,h5ce1 says ,c>ey1 ,love does n figure 9 ,coll9s's ,ode on ! ,passions4 p4 #dc4 ,= d>+ read recklessness4 p4 #dd4 ,plato is a ?or\gh ,/oic :5 he says 7,pha$o #hc7 t e pleasure & pa9 comes ) a nail to p9 d[n ! s\l to ! body & make x corporeal4 ,8 ,/oicism appe>s 9 8 d5unciation ( ! drama 7,republic1 x4 #fjd74 p4 #dg1 4 #h4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,mill's ,autobiography1 pp4 #dh-ec1 #acc-adi1 supplies an in/ance4 p4 #di1 4 ,i1 #a4 #b1 = physical read psy*ical4 ,p4 #eb4 4 #e4 ,?is s]v+1 9 ,greek3 d\leue91 ,/4 ,ignatius calls inord9ate atta*m5t1 ! mod]n =m ( idolatry4 ,cf4 ,romans vi4 #af-bb4 p4 #gi4 ,= spoil$ read spoilt4 p4 #hd1 foot4 ,= ways read way4 p4 #he1 #a4 #f f foot4 ,sub/itute3 7,greek3 b7 to re/ra9 ! said appetite 9 its irascible "p f %r9k+ f dang]4 p4 #id1 middle4 ,= o!rs read o!r4 p4 #ie4 ,= ,d>+ read ,recklessness4 p4 #ajc1 middle4 ,sub/itute1 nei!r ev5+ /> nor morn+ /> is s wond]ful4 p4 #ajf1 4 #f4 ,ari/otle speaks ( corrective1 n ( commutative ju/ice4 ,on ! ,ari/otelian division ( ju/ice see ,political & ,moral ,essays 7,p4 ,m4 ,e471 pp4 #bhe-f4 p4 #aaa1 4 #d4 ,! /atic equival5t ( ! dynamic idea1 ( ord]ly developm5t is t ! et]nal h>monies & fitnesses ( ?+s1 by obs]vance or neglect :]e( a man comes to be 9 or out ( h>mony ) himself1 ) 8 fell[s1 ) ,god4 p4 #acc4 ,to ! ,read+s add ,plato ,laws1 ix1 #hge1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d4 p4 #aea4 ,rewrite ! ,note ?us3 ,! au?or has se5 reason some:at to modify ?is view1 z appe>s by ! ,app5dix4 ,see ,p4,m4,e4 pp4 #ahe-i3 ,f[l]'s ,progressive ,morality1 or ,f[l] & ,wilson's ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 pp4 #bbg-bdh4 p4 #aha1 #a4 ii f top4 ,add1 ,?is is ! law ( our nature1 t function is prim>y1 & pleasure only att5dant 7,/ew>t1 ,notes on ,nicoma!an ,e?ics1 ,,ii4 #dah74 p4 #bah1 l9es #ac-af f top1 cancel ! s5t5ce1 ,to ?is qu]y1 etc41 & sub/itute3 ,! reply is1 t ,god is nev] will+ t man %\ld d an inord9ate act2 b suicide is an inord9ate act1 z has be5 %[n2 capital puni%m5t is n 7c4 viii4 s4 viii4 n4 #g1 p4 #cdi74 p4 #bcg4 ,= ,! ,mon? = ,m>*1 #ahhc1 read ,p4,m4,e41 pp4 #bae-bcc4 p4 #bea4 ,to ! ,read+ add ,p4,m4,e41 pp4 #bfg-bhc4 p4 #big1 l4#f f foot4 ,aft] simply evil add3 ,hobbes all[s t human reason lays d[n c]ta9 good rules1 laws ( nature :i* h[ev] x _c get kept4 ,= ,hobbes & ,r\sseau see fur!r ,p4,m4,e41 pp4 #ha-ij4 p4 #cai1 middle4 ,cancel ! words3 b ! sum total ( civil p[] is a con/ant quantity1 ! same = all ,/ates4 pp4 #cbb-c4 ,cancel 4 #g = reasons alleg$ 9 ,p4,m4,e41 pp4 #ej-gb4 ,sub/itute3 ,/ates are liv+ organizations & gr[1 & _! p[]s v>y ) ! /age ( _! developm5t4 p4 #cbc1 #h4 ,= ,?is seems at v>iance )1 read ,?is br+s u to consid]4 p4 #cch4 ,to ! ,read+s add ,p4,m4,e41 pp4 #ajb-aac4 p4 #cdg1 middle4 ,cancel f "o ( ^! pr]ogatives to ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,sub/itute3 ( e polity ev5 9 ! mo/ infant9e condition4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,moral ,,philosophy4 ,,"p ,i4 ,,e?ics4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,object-,,matt] ,,& ,,p>tition ,,( ,,moral ,,philosophy4 #a4 ,moral ,philosophy is ! sci5ce ( human acts 9 _! be>+ on human happ9ess & human duty4 #b4 ,^? acts alone are prop]ly call$ human1 :i* a man is ma/] ( to d or n to d4 ,a human act1 !n1 is an act volunt>y & free4 ,a man is :at 8 human acts make him4 #c4 ,a volunt>y act is an act t proce$s f ! w ) a k ( ! end to :i* ! act t5ds4 #d4 ,a free act is an act :i* s proce$s f ! w t "u ! same antec$5t conditions x might h n proce$$4 ,an act may be m or less volunt>y1 & m or less free4 #e4 ,moral ,philosophy is divid$ into ,e?ics1 ,deontology1 & ,natural ,law4 ,e?ics consid] human acts 9 _! be>+ on human happ9ess2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 9 _! agreem5t or disagreem5t ) man's rational nature1 & _! mak+ = or aga9/ 8 la/ end4 ,deontology is ! /udy ( moral obligation1 or ! fix+ ( :at logicians call ! compreh5sion ( ! idea ,i ought4 ,e?ics deal ) ,greek3 to prepon1 ! becom+2 ,deontology ) ,greek3 to deon1 ! obligatory4 ,deontology is ! sci5ce ( ,duty1 z su*4 ,natural ,law 7antec$5t to ,positive ,law1 :e!r div9e or human1 civil or ecclesia/ical1 national or int]national7 det]m9es duties 9 detail1--! ext5sion ( ! idea ,i ought1--& ?us is ! f\ndation ( ,casui/ry4 #f4 ,9 ! ord] ( sci5ces1 ,e?ics are antec$5t to ,natural ,!ology2 ,deontology1 consequ5t ^u x4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 9 ,e?41 ,i41 lect4 #a1 init42 ib41 #a;a #b1 q4 #a1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #a1 9 corp4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,happ9ess4 ,,section ,i4--,( ,ends4 #a4 ,e human act is done = "s end or purpose4 ,! end is always reg>d$ by ! ag5t 9 ! light ( some?+ good4 ,if evil be done1 x is done z lead+ to good1 or z b\nd up ) good1 or z itself be+ good = ! do] "u ! circum/ances2 no man ev] does evil = %e] evil's sake4 ,yet evil may be ! object ( ! w1 n by itself1 nor prim>ily1 b 9 a second>y way1 z b\nd up ) ! good t is will$ 9 ! fir/ place4 #b4 ,_m ?+s will$ are nei!r good nor evil 9 !mselves4 ,!re is no motive = do+ !m except 9 s f> z !y lead to "s good beyond !mselves1 or to deliv]ance f "s evil1 :i* deliv]ance c\nts z a good4 ,a ?+ is will$1 !n1 ei!r z be+ good 9 itself & an end by itself1 or z lead+ to "s good end4 ,once a ?+ n good & desirable by itself has be5 tak5 up by ! w z lead+ to good1 x may be tak5 up aga9 & aga9 )\t ref]5ce to its t5d5cy4 ,b su* a ?+ 0 n orig9ally tak5 up except 9 view ( good to come ( x4 ,we may w "o ?+ z lead+ to ano!r1 & t to a ?ird1 & s on2 ?us "o wills /udy = le>n+1 le>n+ = exam9ation purposes1 exam9ation = a commission 9 ! army1 & ! commission = glory4 ,t end 9 :i* ! w re/s1 will+ x = itself )\t ref]5ce to any?+ beyond1 is call$ ! la/ end4 #c4 ,an end is ei!r objective or subjective4 ,! objective end is ! ?+ wi%$ =1 z x exi/s di/9ct f ! p]son :o wi%es x4 ,! subjective end is ! possession ( ! objective end4 ,t possession is a fact ( ! wi%]'s own be+4 ,?us money may be an objective end3 ! correspond+ subjective end is be+ weal?y4 #d4 ,is !re "o subjective la/ end to all ! human acts ( a giv5 individual8 ,is !re "o supreme motive = all t ?is or t man delib]ately does8 ,at fir/ sight x seems t !re is n4 ,! same individual w act n[ = glory1 n[ = lucre1 n[ = love4 ,b all ^! diff]5t ends are r$ucible to "o1 t x may be well ) him & 84 ,& :at is true ( "o man "h1 is true ( all4 ,all ! human acts ( all m5 are done = ! "o 7subjective7 la/ end j indicat$4 ,?is end is call$ happ9ess4 #e4 ,m5 place _! happ9ess 9 mo/ diff]5t ?+s2 "s 9 eat+ & dr9k+1 "s 9 ! heap+ up ( money1 "s 9 gambl+1 "s 9 political p[]1 "s 9 ! gratification ( affection1 "s 9 reputation ( "o sort or ano!r4 ,b ea* "o seeks 8 own speciality because he ?9ks t he %all be happy1 t x w be well ) him1 :5 he has atta9$ t4 ,all m51 !n1 d all ?+s = happ9ess1 ?\gh n all place _! happ9ess 9 ! same ?+4 #f4 ,j z :5 "o goes on a j\rney1 he ne$ n ?9k ( 8 de/9ation at e /ep ( 8 way1 & yet all 8 /eps are direct$ t[>ds 8 de/9ation3 s m5 d n ?9k ( happ9ess 9 all !y d1 & yet all !y d is ref]r$ to happ9ess4 ,tell a travell] t ?is is ! wrong way to 8 de/9ation1 he w avoid x2 conv9ce a man t ?is act w n be well = him1 w n fur!r 8 happ9ess1 &1 :ile he keeps t conviction pr9cipally be=e 8 eyes1 he w n d ! act4 ,b z a man :o began to travel on bus9ess1 may come to make travell+ itself a bus9ess1 & travel = ! sake ( go+ ab\t2 s 9 all cases !re is a t5d5cy to elevate into an end t :i* 01 to />t )1 only valu$ z a means to an end4 ,s ! means ( happ9ess1 by be+ habitually pursu$1 come to be a "p ( happ9ess4 ,habit is a second nature1 & we indulge a habit z we gratify nature4 ,?is t5d5cy works itself to an evil extreme 9 cases :]e m5 are become ! slaves ( habit1 & d a ?+ because !y are got into ! way ( do+ x1 ?\gh !y all[ t x is a sad & sorry way1 & leads !m wide ( true happ9ess4 ,^! in/ances %[ p]v]sion ( ! normal op]ation ( ! w4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #a1 art4 #d1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #a1 art4 #f1 #g2 ib41 q4 #e1 art4 #h2 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,i41 vii41 #d1 #e4 ,,section ,,ii4--,def9ition ( ,happ9ess4 #a4 ,?\gh all m5 d all ?+s1 9 ! la/ resort1 t x may be well ) !m & !irs1 t is1 = happ9ess vaguely appreh5d$1 yet :5 !y come to specify :at happ9ess is1 answ]s s v>i\s are giv5 & act$ ^u1 t we might be tempt$ to conclude t ea* man is ! measure ( 8 own happ9ess1 & t no /&>d ( happ9ess = all c be def9$4 ,b x is n s4 ,man is n ! measure ( 8 own happ9ess1 any m ?an ( 8 own heal?4 ,! diet t he takes to be heal?y1 may prove 8 poison2 & :]e he looks = happ9ess1 he may f9d ! extreme ( wret*$ness & woe4 ,= man mu/ live up to 8 nature1 to 8 bodily con/itution1 to be a heal?y man2 & to 8 :ole nature1 b especially to 8 m5tal & moral con/itution1 if he is to be a happy man4 ,& nature1 ?\gh x admits ( individual peculi>ities1 is specifically ! same = all4 ,!re w1 !n1 be "o def9ition ( happ9ess = all m51 specifically z su*4 #b4 ,happ9ess is an act1 n a /ate4 ,t is to say1 ! happ9ess ( man does n lie 9 8 hav+ some?+ done to him1 nor 9 8 be+ habitually able to d some?+1 b 9 8 actually do+ some?+4 ,to be up & do+1 t is happ9ess1--,greek3 en to za5 kai en]ge94 7,ar41 ,e?41 ,,ix41 ix41 #e47 ,?is is prov$ f ! consid]ation t happ9ess is ! cr[n & p]fection ( human nature2 b ! p]fection ( a ?+ lies 9 its ultimate act1 or second act1 t is1 9 its n m]ely be+ able to act1 b act+4 ,b action is ( two sorts4 ,"o proce$s f ! ag5t to "s outw>d matt]1 z cutt+ & burn+4 ,?is action _c be happ9ess1 = x does n p]fect ! ag5t1 b r ! pati5t4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( act imman5t 9 ! ag5t himself1 z feel+1 und]/&+1 & will+3 ^! p]fect ! ag5t4 ,happ9ess w be f\nd to be "o ( ^! imman5t acts4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is action full ( movem5t & *ange1 & !re is an act done 9 /illness & re/4 ,! latt]1 z w pres5tly appe>1 is happ9ess2 & p>tly = ?is reason1 & p>tly to d5ote ! exclusion ( c>e & tr\ble1 happ9ess is (t5 spok5 ( z a re/4 ,x is also call$ a /ate1 because "o ( ! elem5ts ( happ9ess is p]man5ce4 ,h[ ! act ( happ9ess c be p]man5t1 w appe> h]eaft]4 #c4 ,happ9ess is an act 9 dis*>ge ( ! function prop] to man1 z man4 ,!re is a function prop] to ! eye1 to ! e>1 to ! v>i\s organs ( ! human body3 !re mu/ be a function prop] to man z su*4 ,t c be none ( ! functions ( ! vegetative life1 nor ( ! m]e animal life )9 him4 ,man is n happy by do+ :at a rose-bu% c d1 dige/ & assimilate its food3 nor by do+ :at a horse does1 hav+ s5sations pleasurable & pa9ful1 & muscul> feel+s4 ,man is happy by do+ :at man alone c d 9 ?is _w1 t is1 act+ by reason & und]/&+4 ,n[ ! human w act+ by reason may d ?ree ?+s4 ,x may regulate ! passions1 notably desire & fe>3 ! outcome w be ! moral virtues ( temp]ance & =titude4 ,x may direct ! und]/&+1 & ultimately ! memb]s ( ! body1 9 ord] to ! production ( "s practical result 9 ! ext]nal _w1 z a bridge4 ,la/ly1 x may direct ! und]/&+ to speculate & ?9k1 contemplate & consid]1 = m]e contemplation's sake4 ,happ9ess mu/ take "o or o!r ( ^! ?ree lanes4 #d4 ,fir/1 !n1 happ9ess is n ! practice ( ! moral virtues ( temp]ance & =titude4 ,temp]ance makes a man /rong aga9/ ! temptations to irrationality & sw9i%ness t come ( ! bodily appetites4 ,b happ9ess lies1 n 9 deliv]ance f :at w\ld degrade man to ! level ( ! brutes1 b 9 some?+ :i* %all raise man to ! highe/ level ( human nature4 ,=titude1 aga91 is n ex]cis$ except 9 ! h\r ( dang]2 b happ9ess lies 9 an environm5t ( security1 n ( dang]4 ,& 9 g5]al1 ! moral virtues c be ex]cis$ only ^u occasions1 z !y come & g2 b happ9ess is ! light ( ! s\l1 t mu/ burn ) /eady flame & un9t]rupt$ act1 & n be dep5d5t on *ance occurr5ces4 #e4 ,secondly1 happ9ess is n ! use ( ! practical und]/&+ ) a view to production4 ,happ9ess is an end 9 itself1 a t]m9us beyond :i* ! act ( ! w c g no fur!r2 b ?is use ( ! und]/&+ is 9 view ( an ult]ior end1 ! ?+ to be produc$4 ,t product is ei!r useful or arti/ic2 if useful1 x m9i/]s to "s fur!r end /ill2 if arti/ic1 x m9i/]s to contemplation4 ,happ9ess1 inde$1 is no ex]cise ( ! practical und]/&+ :atev]4 ,! noble/ ex]cises ( practical und]/&+ are = milit>y purposes & = /atesman%ip4 ,b w> surely is n an end 9 itself to any "r-m9d$ man4 ,/atecraft1 too1 has an end be=e x1 ! happ9ess ( ! p4 ,x is a lab\r 9 view ( happ9ess4 ,we mu/ foll[ d[n ! ?ird lane1 & say3 #f4 ,happ9ess is ! act ( ! speculative und]/&+ contemplat+ = contemplation's sake4 ,?is act has all ! m>ks ( happ9ess4 ,x is ! highe/ act ( man's highe/ p[]4 ,x is ! mo/ capable ( cont9uance4 ,x is fraught ) pleasure1 pure/ & highe/ 9 quality4 ,x is ( all acts ! mo/ self-suffici5t & indep5d5t ( environm5t1 provid$ ! object be to ! m9d's eye visible4 ,x is welcome = its own sake1 n z lead+ to any fur!r good4 ,x is a life ( ease & leisure3 man is busy t he may come to ease4 #g4 ,ari/otle says ( ?is life ( cont9u$ active contemplation3 ,su* a life w be too good = man2 = n z he is man w he s live1 b inasmu* z !re is a div9e elem5t 9 8 composition4 ,z mu* z ?is elem5t excels ! comp\nd into :i* x ent]s1 s mu* does ! act ( ! said elem5t excel any act 9 any o!r l9e ( virtue4 ,if1 !n1 ! und]/&+ is div9e 9 comp>ison ) man1 ! life ( ! und]/&+ is div9e 9 comp>ison ) human life4 ,we mu/ n take ! advice ( ^? :o tell u1 t be+ man1 "o %\ld *]i% ! ?\ghts ( a man1 or be+ mortal1 ! ?\ghts ( a mortal1 b s f> z 9 u lies1 we mu/ play ! immortal ,greek3 a?anatize91 & d all 9 our p[] to live by ! be/ elem5t 9 our nature3 = ?\gh t elem5t be slight 9 quantity1 9 p[] & 9 value x f> outweighs all ! re/ ( our be+4 ,a man may well be reckon$ to be t :i* is ! rul+ p[] & ! bett] "p 9 him4 4 4 4 ,:at is prop] to ea* creature by nature1 is be/ & sweete/ = ea*3 su*1 !n1 is = man ! life ( ! und]/&+1 if ! und]/&+ preem95tly is man4 7,ar41 ,e?41 ,x41 vii41 #h1 #i47 #h4 ,b if happ9ess is an act 9 dis*>ge ( ! function prop] to man z man 7n4 #c71 h[ c x be happ9ess to lead a life :i* ,ari/otle says is too good = man8 ,! solution ( ?is p>adox is p>tly conta9$ 9 ! conclud+ words ( ,ari/otle above quot$1 & w /ill fur!r appe> pres5tly 7s4 iv41 n4 ,i1 p4 #ba71 :]e we %all argue t human life is a /ate ( transition 9 prep>ation = a high] life ( ! s\l1 to be liv$1 accord+ to ! natural ord]1 :5 ! comp\nd ( s\l & body w\ld no long] exi/4 #i4 ,! act ( contemplation1 9 :i* happ9ess consi/s1 mu/ re/ ^u a habit ( contemplation1 :i* is intellectual virtue4 ,an act1 to be p]fection & happ9ess1 mu/ be done easily1 sweetly1 & con/antly4 ,b no act ( ! intellect c be s done1 unless x re/s ^u a correspond+ habit4 ,if ! habit has n be5 acquir$1 ! act w be done fitfully1 at r&om1 & aga9/ ! gra91 l ! music ( an untra9$ s+]1 or ! composition ( a s*oolboy4 ,pa9ful /udy is n happ9ess1 nor is any /udi$ act4 ,happ9ess is ! play ( a m9d t is1 if n ma/] (1 yet at home ) its subject4 ,z ! intellect is man's be/ & noble/ p[]1 s is intellectual virtue1 absolutely speak+1 ! be/ virtue ( man4 #aj4 ,! use ( ! speculative und]/&+ is disc]nible 9 _m ?+s to :i* ev5 ! common cr[d turn = happ9ess1 z news ( t :i* is ( little or no practical conc]n to self1 sight-see+1 !atre-go+1 novels1 poetry1 art1 sc5]y1 z well z speculative sci5ce & high lit]ature4 ,a c]ta9 speculative int]e/ is mix$ up ) all practical "w3 ! m9d l+]s on ! speculation ap>t f ! end 9 view4 #aa4 ,! act ( contemplation _c be /eadily c>ri$ on1 z is necess>y to happ9ess1 except 9 ! mid/ ( easy surr\nd+s4 ,human nature is n self-suffici5t = ! "w ( contemplation4 ,!re is ne$ ( heal? & vig\r1 & ! means ( ma9ta9+ x1 food1 w>m?1 int]e/+ objects ar\nd y1 leisure1 abs5ce ( di/ract+ c>e or pa94 ,none w\ld call a man happy ^u ! rack1 except by way ( ma9ta9+ a !sis4 ,! happ9ess ( a disembodi$ _s is ( c\rse indep5d5t ( bodily conditions1 b x w\ld appe> t !re are conditions ( environm5t requisite = ev5 a _s's contemplation4 #ab4 ,happ9ess mu/ endure to l5g? ( days4 ,happ9ess is ! p]fect good ( man4 ,b no good is p]fect t w n la/4 ,"o swall[ does n make a summ]1 nor does "o f9e day3 nei!r is man made bless$ & happy by "o day1 nor by a brief "t4 ,! human m9d light+ ^u good soon asks ! "q1 ,w ?is la/8 ,if ! answ] is negative1 ! good is n a complete good & !re is no complete happ9ess com+ ( x4 ,if ! answ] is affirmative & false1 once m t is n a p]fect happ9ess t re/s on a delusion4 ,! supreme good ( a rational be+ is n f\nd 9 a fool's p>adise4 ,we want an answ] affirmative & true3 ,?is happ9ess %all la/4 #ac4 ,we n[ sum up & =mulate ! def9ition ( happ9ess z foll[s3 ,happ9ess is a br++ ( ! s\l to act accord+ to ! habit ( ! be/ & mo/ p]fect virtue1 t is1 ! virtue ( ! speculative intellect1 borne out by easy surr\nd+s1 & endur+ to l5g? ( days--,greek3 en]geia psy*aes kat areta5 ta5 ari/a5 kai teleiotata5 en biph teleio4 7,ar41 ,e?41 ,i41 vii41 #ae1 #af47 #ad4 ,man is made = society4 ,8 happ9ess mu/ be 9 society1 a social happ9ess1 no lonely contemplation4 ,he mu/ be happy 9 ! consci\sness ( 8 own intellectual act1 & happy 9 ! disc]nm5t ( ! good t is 9 ^? ar\nd him1 :om he loves4 ,fri5ds & de> ones are no small "p ( ^? easy surr\nd+s t are ! condition ( happ9ess4 #ae4 ,happ9ess--f9al1 p]fect happ9ess--is n 9 fight+ & /ruggl+1 9 s f> z a /ruggle supposes evil pres5t & imm95t2 nor 9 b5evol5ce1 s f> z t is f\nd$ ^u mis]y ne$+ relief4 ,we fight = ! conque/ & suppression ( evil2 we are b5evol5t = ! heal+ ( mis]y4 ,b x w be happ9ess1 9 ! limit1 z ma!maticians speak1 to wi% well to all 9 a society :]e x is well ) all1 & to /ruggle ) tru? = its own sake1 ev] grasp+1 nev] ma/]+1 z ,jacob wre/l$ ) ,god4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,i41 vii4 viii41 #e to end2 ,i41 x41 #h to end2 ,i41 v41 #f2 ,,vii41 xiii41 #c2 ,,ix41 ix42 ,x41 vii42 ,x41 viii41 #a-aj2 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iv4 7al4 ,,vii471 i41 #c-aj2 ,,iv41 iii41 #g1 #h2 ,/4 ,?os41 la #b;ae1 q4 #c1 art4 #b2 ib41 q4 #c1 art4 #e4 9 corp41 ad #c2 ib41 q4 #b1 art4 #f4 ,,section ,,iii4--,happ9ess op5 to man4 ,& n[ z he look$ & saw ! :ole ,hellespont cov]$ ) ! vessels ( 8 fleet1 & all ! %ore & e pla9 ab\t ,abydos z full z possible ( m51 ,x]xes congratulat$ himself on 8 good =tune2 b aft] a little :ile1 he wept4 ,!n ,artabanus1 ! ,k+'s uncle1 :5 he he>d t ,x]xes 0 9 te>s1 w5t to him1 & said3 ',h[ diff]5t1 sire1 is :at ?\ art n[ do+ f :at ?\ did/ a little :ile ago6 ,!n ?\ did/ congratulate ?yself2 & n[1 behold6 ?\ weepe/4' ',!re came ^u me1' repli$ he1 'a sudd5 pity1 :5 ,i ?\ght ( ! %ortness ( man's life1 & consid]$ t ( all ?is ho/1 s num]\s z x is1 n "o w be alive :5 a hundr$ ye>s are gone by4' ',& yet !re are sadd] ?+s 9 life ?an t1' return$ ! o!r4 ',%ort z our "t is1 !re is no man1 :e!r x be among ?is multitude or else:]e1 :o is s happy1 z n to h felt ! wi%--,i w n say once1 b full _m a "t--t he 7 dead r ?an alive4 ,calamities fall ^u u1 sicknesses vex & h>ass u1 & make life1 %ort ?\gh x be1 to appe> long4 ,s dea?1 ?r\gh ! wret*$ness ( our life1 is a mo/ sweet refuge to our race2 & ,god1 :o gives u ! ta/es t we enjoy ( pleasant times1 is se51 9 8 v gift1 to be envi\s4' 7,h]odotus1 vii41 #de1 #df47 #a4 ,x ne$s no argum5t to %[ t happ9ess1 z def9$ 9 ! la/ section1 c nev] be p]fectly realiz$ 9 ?is life4 ,ari/otle took 8 def9ition to repres5t an ideal to be approximat$ to1 n atta9$4 ,he calls 8 sages happy z m5 7,e?41 ,i41 x41 #af71 t is1 imp]fectly1 z all ?+s human are imp]fect4 ,has ,ari/otle1 !n1 said ! la/ ^w on happ9ess8 ,is p]fect happ9ess out ( ! rea* ( ! p]son :om 9 ?is mortal life we call man8 ,h[ev] t may be1 x is pla9 t man desires p]fect happ9ess4 ,e man desires t x may be p]fectly well ) him & 81 al?\gh _m h mi/ak5 notions ( :at _! own well-be+ consi/s 91 & few c def9e x philosophically4 ,/ill !y all desire x4 ,! high] a man /&s 9 intellect1 ! l(ti] & va/] 8 conception ( happ9ess1 & ! /rong] 8 ye>n+ aft] x4 ,?is argues t ! desire ( happ9ess is natural to man3 n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* eat+ & dr9k+ are natural1 z be+ requirem5ts ( 8 animal nature1 b 9 ! same way t x is natural to him to ?9k & conv]se1 8 rational nature s requir+4 ,x is a natural desire1 z spr++ f t :i* is ! specific *>act]i/ic ( human nature1 di/+ui%+ x f m]e animal nature1 namely reason4 ,x is a natural desire 9 ! be/ & highe/ s5se ( ! ^w4 #b4 ,cont5tm5t is n happ9ess4 ,a man is cont5t ) little1 b x takes an imm5sity ( good to satisfy all 8 desire1 & r5d] him p]fectly happy4 ,:5 we say we are cont5t1 we signify t we %\ld naturally desire m1 b acquiesce 9 our pres5t portion1 see+ t m is n to be _h4 ,cont5t1 says ,dr4 ,ba91 is n ! natural frame ( any m9d1 b is ! result ( compromise4 #c4 ,b is n ?is desire ( unmix$ happ9ess unreasonable8 ,are we n taught to set b\nds to our desire8 ,is n mod]ation a virtue1 & cont5tm5t wisdom8 ,yes1 mod]ation is a virtue1 b x conc]ns only ! use ( means1 n ! appreh5sion ( ends4 ,! pati5t1 n to say ! physician1 desires m$ic9es 9 mod]ation1 s mu* z w d him good & no m2 b1 s f> z 8 end is heal?1 he desires all possible heal?1 p]fect heal?4 ,! la/ end1 !n1 is to be desir$ z a ?+ to possess )\t end or measure1 fully & )\t defect4 #d4 ,we h !n ^! facts to philosophise on3 t all m5 desire p]fect happ9ess3 t ?is desire is natural1 spr++ f ! rational s\l :i* sets man above ! brute3 t on e>? man may atta9 to cont5tm5t1 & to "s happ9ess1 b n to p]fect happ9ess3 t consequ5tly nature has plant$ 9 man a desire = :i* on e>? %e has provid$ no adequate satisfaction4 #e4 ,if ! c\rse ( ev5ts 7 fitful & wayw>d1 s t effects />t$ up )\t causes1 & l causes "u l conditions produc$ unlike effects1 & any?+ might come ( any?+1 !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z t :i* we call nature4 ,:5 we speak ( nature1 we imply a regul> & def9ite fl[ ( t5d5cies1 ?is ?+ spr++ f t & lead+ to t o!r2 no?+ f no?+1 & no?+ lead+ n[h]e2 no r&om1 aimless proce$+s2 b def9ite results l$ up to by a regul> succession ( /eps1 & surely ensu+ unless some?+ occurs on ! way to ?w>t ! process4 ,h[ ?is is reconcil$ ) ,creation & ,freewill1 x is n our prov9ce to enquire3 suffice x to say t a natural ag5t is oppos$ to a free "o1 & creation is ! />t+-po9t ( nature4 ,b to return4 ,ev]y:]e we say1 ?is is = t1 :]ev] !re appe>s an end & consummation to :i* ! process leads1 provid$ x g on unimp$$4 ,n[ e ev5t t happ5s is a "p ( "s process or o!r4 ,e act is "p ( a t5d5cy4 ,!re are no loose facts 9 nature1 no ?+s t happ51 or are1 o!rwise ?an 9 consequ5ce ( some?+ t has happ5$1 or be51 be=e1 & 9 view ( some?+ else t is to happ51 or be1 h]eaft]4 ,! t5d5cies ( nature (t5 run c\nt] to "o ano!r1 s t ! result to :i* ?is or t 0 t5d+ is fru/rat$4 ,b a t5d5cy is a t5d5cy1 al?\gh defeat$2 ?is 0 = t1 al?\gh t = :i* x 0 has got p]v]t$ to some?+ else4 ,!re is no t5d5cy :i* ( itself fails & comes to naught1 ap>t f int]f]5ce4 ,su* a univ]sal & absolute break-d[n is unkn[n to nature4 #f4 ,all ?is appe>s mo/ cle>ly 9 organic be+s1 plants & animals4 ,organisms1 except ! v l[e/1 are comp\nds ( a numb] ( diff]5t p>ts1 ea* fulfill+ a special function = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,!re is no idle con/itu5t 9 an organic body1 none )\t its function4 ,:at are call$ rudim5t>y organs1 ev5 if !y s]ve no purpose 9 ! individual1 h _! use 9 ! species1 or 9 "s high] g5us4 ,9 ! animal !re is no idle natural crav+1 or appetite4 ,true1 9 ! individual1 :e!r plant or animal1 !re are _m pot5tialities fru/rate & made void4 ,t is nei!r "h nor !re 9 philosophy4 ,philosophy deals n ) individuals b ) species1 n ) ,bucephalus or ,alex&]1 b ) horse1 man4 ,x is no?+ to philosophy t ( a ?\s& se$s !re g]m9ate p]haps n t54 ,en\gh t "o se$ ev] g]m9ates1 & t all normal specim5s are apt to d ! l1 meet+ ) prop] environm5t4 ,t alone %[s t se$ is n an idle product 9 ?is or t class ( liv+ be+s4 #g4 ,b1 x w be said1 n ev]y?+ conta9$ 9 an organism m9i/]s to its good4 ,!re is refuse mat]ial1 only good to get rid (3 !re are morbid gr[?s2 !re is t t5d5cy to decay1 by :i* soon] or lat] ! organism w p]i%4 ,fir/1 !n1 a ^w on diseases4 ,diseases are ! diseases ( ! individual2 n ( ! race4 ,! race1 z su*1 & t is :at ! philosoph] /udies1 is heal?y3 all t c be imput$ to ! race is liability to disease4 ,t liability1 & ! t5d5cy to decay & die1 are f\nd 9 liv+ ?+s1 because _! ess5ce is ( f9ite p]fection2 !re _c be a plant or animal1 t has n ^! drawbacks 9 itself1 z su*4 ,!y repres5t1 n ! "w ( nature1 b ! failure ( nature1 & ! po9t beyond :i* nature c no fur!r g4 #h4 ,on ! prec$+ obs]vations ,ari/otle =mulat$ ! great maxim--call$ by ,dr4 ,?omas ,br[ne1 ,religio ,m$ici1 p4 i41 sect4 #ae1 ! only indisputable axiom 9 philosophy1--,nature does no?+ 9 va94 7,ar41 ,pol41 ,i41 viii41 #ab2 ,de ,anima1 ,,iii41 ix41 #f2 ,de "p4 animal41 ,i4 i41 p4 #fda1 ed4 ,bekk]47 #i4 ,! desire ( happ9ess1 ample & complete1 beyond :at ?is _w c af=d1 is n plant$ 9 man by defect ( 8 nature1 b by ! p]fection ( 8 nature1 & 9 view ( 8 fur!r p]fection4 ,?is desire has n ! "* ( a drawback1 a ?+ t _c be help$1 a weakness & decay ( nature1 & loss ( p[]1 l t :i* sets 9 ) advanc+ ye>s4 ,a locomotive draw+ a tra9 w>ms ! air ab\t x3 x is a pity t x %\ld d s1 = t radiation ( heat is a loss ( p[]3 b x _c be help$1 z locomotives are & mu/ be con/ruct$4 ,n su* is ! desire ( p]fect happ9ess 9 ! human brea/4 ,x is n a disease1 = x is no peculi>ity ( individuals1 b a prop]ty ( ! race4 ,x is n a decay1 = x gr[s ) ! gr[+ m9d1 be+ feeble/ 9 *ildhood1 :5 desires are simple/ & mo/ easily satisfi$1 & /ronge/ :]e m5tal life is ! mo/ vigor\s4 ,x is an attribute ( great m9ds 9 proportion to _! greatness4 ,to be )\t x1 w\ld be to live a m9or 9 po9t ( intellect1 n mu* remov$ f imbecility4 ,x is n a wa/e ( en]gy1 r x furni%es ! motive-p[] to all human volition4 ,x comes ( ! natural work+ ( ! und]/&+ t disc]ns good1 & o!r good above t1 & s /ill high] & high] good )\t limit2 & ( ! natural work+ ( ! w1 foll[+ up & fa/5+ ^u :at ! und]/&+ disc]ns z good4 ,! desire 9 "q1 !n1 is by no means a necess>y evil1 or natural flaw1 9 ! human con/itution4 #aj4 ,x foll[s t ! desire ( p]fect happ9ess is 9 man by ! normal gr[? ( 8 nature1 & = ! bett]4 ,b x w\ld be a va9 desire1 & objectless1 if x 7 ess5tially incapable ( satisfaction3 & man w\ld be a made & abid+ piece ( imp]fection1 if !re 7 no good accessible to 8 intellectual nature suffici5t to meet its prop] exig5ce ( p]fect happ9ess4 ,b no su* p]fect happ9ess is atta9able 9 ?is _w4 ,!re=e !re mu/ be a _w to come1 9 :i* he :o 0 man1 n[ a disembodi$ _s1 b /ill ! same p]son1 %all "u due conditions f9d a p]fect good1 ! adequate object ( 8 natural desire4 ,else is ! deepe/ crav+ ( human nature 9 va91 & man himself is vanity ( vanities4 #aa4 ,x may be object$ t !re is no ne$ to g beyond ?is _w to expla9 h[ ! desire ( p]fect happ9ess is n 9 va94 ,x works l ! desire ( ! philosoph]'s /one among ! old al*emi/s4 ,! ?+ !y 7 9 se>* ( 0 a *im]a1 b 9 look+ = x !y f\nd a real good1 mod]n *emi/ry4 ,9 l mann]1 x is cont5d$1 ?\gh p]fect happ9ess is n to be _h any:]e1 yet ! desire ( x keeps m5 f sitt+ d[n on ! pa? ( progress2 & ?us to t desire we owe all our mod]n civilization1 & all our hope & prospect ( high] civilization to come4 ,)\t que/ion+ ! alleg$ fact ab\t ! al*emi/s1 we may reply t mod]n *emi/ry has dissipat$ ! desire ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 b mod]n civilization has n dissipat$ ! desire ( p]fect happ9ess3 x has deep5$ x1 & p]haps r obscur$ ! prospect ( its fulfilm5t4 ,a desire t gr[s ) progress c]ta9ly _c be satisfi$ by progress+4 ,b if x is nev] to be satisfi$1 :at is x8 ,a goad ?ru/ into ! side ( man1 t %all keep him c\rs+ along f c5tury to c5tury1 l ,io "u ! gadfly1 only to f9d himself 9 ! la/ c5tury z f> f ! m>k z 9 ! fir/4 ,ap>t f ! hope ( ! _w to come1 is ! ,italy ( to-day happi] ?an ! ,italy ( ,anton9us ,pius8 ,"h is a mod]n ,italian's conclusion3 ,i h /udi$ man1 ,i h exam9$ nature1 ,i h pass$ :ole nights obs]v+ ! />ry heav5s4 ,& :at is ! result ( ^! long inve/igations8 ,simply ?is1 t ! life ( man is no?+2 t man himself is no?+2 t he w nev] p5etrate ! my/]y :i* surr\nds ! univ]se4 ,) ?is com=tless conviction ,i desc5d into ! grave1 & console myself ) ! hope ( spe$y annihilation4 ,! lamp goes out2 & no?+1 no?+ c rek9dle x4 ,s1 ,nature1 ,i return to !e1 to be unit$ ) !e = ev]4 ,nev] wilt ?\ h receiv$ into ?y bosom a m unhappy be+4 7,la ,nullit della ,vita4 ,by ,g4 ,p41 #ahhb47 ,?is is an extreme case1 b mu* ( mod]n progress t5ds ?is way4 ,civilization is n happ9ess1 nor is ! desire = happ9ess o!r ?an va91 if x m]ely leads to increas$ civilization4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?omas1 ,c4 ,g41 iii41 #dh2 ,newman's ,hi/orical ,sket*es--,conv]sion ( ,augu/9e2 ,mill's ,autobiography1 pp4 #acc-adi4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ! ,object ( ,p]fect ,happ9ess4 #a4 ,z happ9ess is an act ( ! speculative intellect contemplat+ 7s4 ii41 n4 #f1 p4 #i71 s ! ?+ ?us contemplat$ is ! object ( happ9ess4 ,z happ9ess is ! subjective la/ end1 s w ?is object1 inasmu* z ! contemplation ( x yields p]fect happ9ess1 be ! objective la/ end ( man4 7s4 i41 nn4 #c1 #d1 p4 #d47 ,z p]fect happ9ess is possible1 & int5d$ by nature1 s is ?is objective la/ end atta9able1 & %\ld be atta9$4 ,b atta9$ by man8 ,aye1 !re's ! rub4 ,x _c be atta9$ 9 ?is life1 & aft] dea? man is no m3 a s\l out ( ! body is n man4 ,ab\t ! resurrection ( ! body philosophy kn[s no?+4 ,nature c make out no title to resurrection4 ,t is a gratuit\s gift ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,:5 x takes effect1 /upebit natura4 ,philosophy deals only ) ! natural ord]1 ) man z man1 leav+ ! sup]natural ord]1 or ! privileges & /atus ( man z a *ild ( ,god1 to ! high] sci5ce ( ,s*ola/ic ,!ology4 ,_h ,god s will$ x1 !re might h be5 no sup]natural at all4 ,philosophy %[s ! _w z x w\ld h be5 on t hypo!sis4 ,9 t case1 !n1 man w\ld h be51 z ,ari/otle repres5ts him1 a be+ incapable ( p]fect happ9ess2 b he :o is man c\ld h become p]fectly happy 9 a /ate o!r ?an human1 t is1 z a disembodi$ _s4 ,pet] is man3 ! s\l ( ,pet]1 aft] sep>ation1 is man no long]2 b ,pet] is n "o p]son1 & ,pet]'s s\l out ( ! body ano!r p]son2 !re is b "o p]son !re1 ) "o p]sonal hi/ory & liabilities4 ,! s\l ( ,pet] is ,pet] /ill3 !re=e ! p]son ,pet]1 or he :o is ,pet]1 atta9s to happ9ess1 b n ! man ,pet]1 z man1 ap>t f ! sup]natural privilege ( ! resurrection4 ,h5ce ,ari/otle well said1 ?\gh he fail$ to see ! significance ( 8 own say+1 t man %\ld aim at a life ( happ9ess too good = man4 7s4 ii41 nn4 #g1 #h1 p4 #i47 #b4 ,! object ( happ9ess1--! objective la/ end ( man1--w be t :i* ! s\l contemplat+ 9 ! life to come w be p]fectly happy by s do+4 ,! s\l w contemplate all intellectual beauty t %e f9ds ab\t h]1 all heights ( tru?1 all ! expanse ( goodness & my/]y ( love4 ,%e w see h]self3 a va/ & curi\s sight is "o pure _s3 b t w n be en\gh = h]1 h] eye travels beyond4 ,%e mu/ be 9 company1 live ) myriads ( pure spirits l h]self1--see !m1 /udy !m1 & admire !m1 & conv]se ) !m 9 close/ intimacy4 ,toge!r !y mu/ explore ! secrets ( all creation ev5 to ! mo/ di/ant />3 !y mu/ read ! laws ( ! univ]se1 :i* sci5ce labori\sly spells out "h bel[3 !y mu/ range f sci5ce to art1 & f facts to possibilities1 till ev5 _! pure intellect is baffl$ by ! va/ intricacy ( ?+s t might be & are n3 b yet !y are n satisfi$4 ,a po9t ( conv]g5cy is want$ = all ^! vi/as ( be+1 :5ce !y may g =?1 & :i!r !y may return & meet3 o!rwise ! s\l is di/ract$ & lo/ 9 a maze ( incoh]5t w&]+1 cry+ out1 ,:5ce all ?is8 & :at is x =8 & above all1 ^: is x8 ,^! are ! que/ions t ! human m9d asks 9 h] pres5t condition3 mu* m w %e ask !m !n1 :5 wond]s are multipli$ be=e h] gaze3 = x is ! same s\l !re & "h4 ,"h m5 are torm5t$ 9 m9d1 if !y f9d no answ] to ^! que/ions4 ,sci5tific m5 _c leave !ology alone4 ,!y w n be happy !re )\t an answ]4 ,_! contemplation w /ill desid]ate some?+ beyond all f9ite be+1 actual or possible4 ,is t ,god8 ,x is no?+ else4 ,b ,god dwells 9 light inaccessible1 :]e no creature1 z su*1 c come ne> ,him nor see ,him4 ,! beauties ( creation1 z s _m /reams ( t5d5cy1 meet at ! foot ( ,8 ,?rone1 & !re are lo/4 ,_! c\rse is t[>ds ,him1 & is1 s f> z x goes1 an indication ( ,him3 b ,he is inf9itely1 unspeakably above !m4 ,no intellig5ce creat$1 or creatable1 c arrive by its own natural p]ception to see ,him z ,he is3 = m9d c only disc]n :at is proportionate to itself3 & ,god is out ( proportion ) all ! be+ ( all possible creatures4 ,x is only by analogy t ! ^w be+1 or any o!r ^w :atev] c be appli$ to ,him4 ,z ,plato says1 ! ,fir/ ,good is n ,be+1 b ov] & beyond ,be+ 9 dignity & p[]4 7,rep4 #eji1 ,b47 #c4 ,to see ,god face to face1 :i* is call$ ! beatific vision1 is n ! natural de/9y ( man1 nor ( any possible creature4 ,su* happ9ess is n ! happ9ess ( man1 nor ( angel1 b ( ,god ,himself1 & ( any creature :om ,he may deign by an act ( gratuit\s condesc5sion to invite to sit z gue/ at ,8 own royal table4 ,t ,god has s invit$ m5 & angels1 revelation in=ms u4 ,s*ola/ic !ology enl>ges ^u t revelation1 b x is beyond philosophy4 ,l ! resurrection ( ! body1 & mu* m ev5 ?an t1 ! ,beatific ,vision mu/ be relegat$ to ! realm ( ! ,sup]natural4 #d4 ,b ev5 9 ! natural ord] ! object ( p]fect happ9ess is ,god4 ,! natural & sup]natural h ! same object1 b diff] 9 ! mode ( atta9m5t4 ,by sup]natural grace1 be>+ p]fect fruit1 man sees ,god ) ! eyes ( 8 s\l1 z we see ! faces ( our fri5ds on e>?4 ,9 p]fect happ9ess ( ! natural ord]1 creatures alone are directly appreh5d$1 or se51 & f ! creature is ga!r$ ! excell5ce ( ! unse5 ,god4 ,! process is an asc5t1 z describ$ by ,plato1 f ! individual to ! univ]sal1 & f bodily to moral & intellectual beauty1 till we rea* a ,beauty et]nal1 immutable1 absolute1 sub/antial1 & self-exi/5t1 on :i* all o!r beauties dep5d = _! be+1 :ile x is indep5d5t ( !m4 7,plato1 ,symposium1 #baj1 #baa47 ,unless ! asc5t be prosecut$ ?us f>1 ! contemplation is inadequate1 ! happ9ess incomplete4 ,! m9d ne$s to travel to ! beg9n+ & end ( ?+s1 to ! ,alpha & ,omega ( all4 ,! m9d ne$s to rea* "s p]fect good3 "s object1 :i* ?\gh x is beyond ! compreh5sion1 is nev]!less und]/ood to be ! v good ( goods1 unalloy$ ) any admixture ( defect or imp]fection4 ,! m9d ne$s an inf9ite object to re/ ^u1 ?\gh x _c grasp t object positively 9 its inf9ity4 ,if ?is is ! case ev5 ) ! human m9d1 /ill we>+ ?is muddy ve/ure ( decay1 h[ mu* m ard5t ! long+1 z h[ mu* ke5] ! gaze1 ( ! pure _s aft] ,him :o is ! c5tre & re/ ( all intellectual nature8 #e4 ,creatures to contemplate & see ,god 91 are conditions & second>y objects ( natural happ9ess4 ,!y d n af=d happ9ess f9ally ( !mselves1 b z manife/+ ,god1 ev5 z a mirror w\ld be ( little int]e/ except = its p[] ( reflection4 #f4 ,9 say+ t ,god is ! object ( happ9ess1 we mu/ rememb] t ,he is no cold1 imp]sonal ,beauty1 b a liv+ & lov+ ,god1 n inde$ 9 ! ord] ( nature our ,fa!r & ,fri5d1 b /ill our k9d ,ma/] & v good ,"l1 :o speaks to ,8 s]vants f beh9d ! cl\ds t hide ,8 face1 & assures !m ( ,8 abid+ fav\r & approv+ love4 ,m ?an t1 nature _c look =3 su* aspiration 7 unnatural1 unreasonable1 m]e madness3 x is en\gh = ! creature1 z a creature1 9 its highe/ e/ate to /& be=e ,god1 he>+ ,8 voice1 b see+ n ,8 c\nt5ance1 :om1 )\t ,8 free grace1 none c look ^u & live4 ,read+4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #b1 art4 #h4 ,,section ,v4--,( ! use ( ! pres5t life4 #a4 ,s9ce p]fect happ9ess is n to be _h 9 ?is mortal life1 & is to be _h h]eaft]2 s9ce moreov] man has free w & ! control ( 8 own acts2 x is evid5tly mo/ important = man 9 ?is life s to control & rule himself "h z to dispose himself = happ9ess !re4 ,happ9ess re/s ^u a habit ( contemplation 7s4 ii41 n4 #i1 p4 #aj71 ris+ to ,god4 7s4 iv41 n4 #d1 p4 #bd47 ,b a habit1 z w be se51 is n =m$ except by frequ5t acts1 & may be m>r$ & brok5 by contr>y acts4 ,x is1 !n1 important = man 9 ?is life s to act z to acquire a habit ( lift+ 8 m9d to ,god4 ,!re are two ?+s "h1 to lift ! m9d1 & to lift x to ,god4 ,! m9d is n lift$1 if ! man lives n an intellectual life1 b ! life ( a sw9e wall[+ 9 s5sual indulg5ces2 or a frivol\s life1 tak+ ! outside ( ?+s z !y /rike ! s5ses1 & flitt+ f image to image ?\ghtlessly2 or a qu>relsome life1 :]e reason is swall[$ up 9 ang] & hatr$4 ,aga91 h[ev] sublime ! speculation & h[ev] active ! intellect1 if ,god is n con/antly ref]r$ to1 ! m9d is lift$ inde$1 b n to ,god4 ,x is wisdom1 !n1 9 man dur+ ?is life to look to ,god ev]y:]e1 & ev] to seek ,8 face2 to avoid idl5ess1 ang]1 intemp]ance1 & pride ( intellect4 ,= ! m9d w n so> to ,god :5 ! he>t is f> f ,him4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,human ,,acts4 ,,section ,i4--,:at makes a human act less volunt>y4 #a4 ,see c4 i41 nn4 #b1 #c1 #d4 #b4 ,an act is m or less volunt>y1 z x is done ) m or less k1 & proce$s m or less fully & purely f ! w prop]ly s call$4 ,:atev] dim9i%es k1 or p>tially supplants ! w1 takes (f f ! volunt>9ess ( ! act4 ,an act is r5d]$ less volunt>y by ignorance1 by passionate desire1 & by fe>4 #c4 ,if a man has done some?+ 9 ignorance ei!r ( ! law or ( ! facts ( ! case1 & w\ld be sorry = x1 7 he to f9d out :at he has done1 t act is involunt>y1 s f> z x is traceable to ignorance alone4 ,ev5 if he w\ld n be sorry1 /ill ! act mu/ be pron\nc$ n volunt>y1 "u ! same res]vation4 ,ignorance1 %e] ignorance1 takes :atev] is done "u x out ( ! region ( volition4 ,no?+ is will$ b :at is kn[n4 ,an ignorant man is z excusable z a drunk5 "o1 z su*1--no m & no less4 ,! diff]5ce is1 t drunk5ness g5]ally is volunt>y2 ignorance (t5 is n4 ,b ignorance may be volunt>y1 q z volunt>y z drunk5ness4 ,x is a capital folly ( our age to d5y ! possibility ( volunt>y intellectual error4 ,error is (t5 volunt>y1 & 7:]e ! matt] is "o t ! p]son (ficially or o!rwise is requir$ to "k7 immoral too4 ,a /range ?+ x is to say t x is z unmean+ to speak ( ! immorality ( an intellectual mi/ake z x w\ld be to talk ( ! col\r ( a s\nd4 7,lecky1 ,european ,morals1 ii41 #bjb47 #d4 ,!re is an ignorance t is s\ght on purpose1 call$ affect$ ignorance 79 ! ,%akspe>ian s5se ( ! ^w affect71 z :5 a man w n read begg+-lett]s1 t he may n give any?+ away4 ,su* ignorance does n h9d] volunt>9ess4 ,x indicates a /rong w ( do+ or omitt+1 come :at may4 ,!re is yet ano!r ignorance call$ crass1 :i* is :5 a man1 )\t absolutely decl9+ k1 yet takes no pa9s to acquire x 9 a matt] :]e he is aw>e t tru? is important to him4 ,:atev] election is made 9 consequ5ce ( su* ignorance1 is less volunt>y1 inde$1 ?an if x 7 made 9 ! full light1 /ill x is to "s ext5t volunt>y4 ,x is volunt>y 9 its cause1 t is1 9 ! volunt>y ignorance t l$ to x4 ,suppose a man sets up z a surgeon1 hav+ made a v imp]fect /udy ( 8 art4 ,he is aw>e1 t = want ( k & skill1 he %all endang] _m lives3 /ill he neglects opportunities ( mak+ himself compet5t1 & goes audaci\sly to "w4 ,if any h>m comes ( 8 bungl+1 he c plead intellectual error1 an error ( judgm5t = ! "t be+2 he did 8 be/ z well z he knew x4 ,d\btless he did1 & 9 t he is unlike ! malici\s mak] ( mis*ief3 /ill he has *os5 lightly & recklessly to haz>d a great evil4 ,to t ext5t 8 w is b\nd to ! evil3 he has *os5 x1 z x 71 at "o remove4 #e4 ,ano!r in/ance4 ,a man is a long way on to see+1 ?\gh he does n q see1 ! claims ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome on 8 allegiance & submission4 ,he suspects t a little m pray] & se>*1 & he %all be a ,roman ,ca?olic4 ,to escape ?is1 he resolves to g travell+ & give up pray]4 ,?is is affect$ ignorance4 ,ano!r has no su* p]ception ( ! claims ( ,ca?olicism4 ,he has no religion t satisfies him4 ,he is aw>e speculatively ( ! importance ( ! religi\s "q2 b 8 he>t is n 9 religion at all4 ,) ,demas1 he loves ! ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,v attractive & int]e/+ does he f9d ?is life2 & = ! life to come he is cont5t to *ance x4 ,?is is crass ignorance ( religi\s tru?4 ,su* a man is n a =mal h]etic1 = he is n altoge!r wilful & contumaci\s 9 8 error4 ,/ill nei!r is x :olly involunt>y1 nor he :olly guiltless4 #f4 ,passionate desire is n an affection ( ! w1 b ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,! w may coop]ate1 b ! passion is n 9 ! w4 ,! w may neglect to *eck ! passion1 :5 x might3 x may abet & inflame x3 9 ^! ways an act done 9 passion is a volunt>y act4 ,/ill x becomes volunt>y only by ! influx ( ! w1 positively p]mitt+ or /imulat+3 x is n volunt>y precisely z x proce$s f passion3 = volunt>y is t :i* is ( ! w4 ,x belongs to passion to br+ on a mom5t>y d>kness 9 ! und]/&+3 :]e su* d>kness is1 !re is s mu* ! less ( a human act4 ,b passion 9 an adult ( sane m9d is h>dly /rong en\gh1 ( itself & :olly )\t ! w1 to execute any consid]able outw>d action1 involv+ ! volunt>y muscles4 ,?+s are (t5 said & done1 & put d[n to passion3 b t is n ! :ole acc\nt ( ! matt]4 ,! w has be5 = a long "t ei!r fe$+ ! passions1 or lett+ !m range un*eck$3 t is ! reason ( _! pres5t outbur/1 :i* is volunt>y at lea/ 9 its cause4 ,once ?is evil prepond]ance has be5 br\ght ab\t1 x is to be exam9$ :e!r ! w1 9 calm moods1 is mak+ any ef=ts to r$ress ! evil4 ,su* ef=ts1 if made1 g t[>ds mak+ ! effects ( passion1 :5 !y come1 involunt>y1 & gradually prev5t+ !m altoge!r4 #g4 ,:at a man does f fe>1 he is said to d "u compulsion1 especially if ! fe> be appli$ to him by "s o!r p]son 9 ord] to ga9 a purpose4 ,su* compulsory action is di/+ui%$ 9 ord9>y p>lance f volunt>y action4 ,& x is c]ta9ly less volunt>y1 inasmu* z ! w is h$g$ 9 to make its *oice betwe5 two evils1 & *ooses "o or o!r only z be+ ! less evil ( ! two1 n = any lik+ to ! ?+ 9 itself4 ,/ill1 all ?+s consid]$1 ! ?+ is *os51 & ! action is s f> volunt>y4 ,we may call x volunt>y 9 ! concrete1 & involunt>y 9 ! ab/ract4 ,! ?+ is will$ z matt]s /&1 b 9 itself & ap>t f exi/+ ne$ x is n lik$ at all4 ,b z acts mu/ be judg$ z !y /&1 by :at ! man wills n[1 n by :at he w\ld w1 an act done "u fe> is on ! :ole volunt>y4 ,at ! same "t1 fe> sometimes excuses f ! obs]vance ( a law1 or ( a contract1 :i* f ! way 9 :i* x 0 made 0 nev] meant to b9d 9 s h>d a case4 ,n all contracts1 h[ev]1 are ( ?is accommodat+ nature2 & /ill less1 all laws4 ,b ev5 :]e ! law b9ds1 ! p5alty ( ! law is sometimes n incurr$1 :5 ! law 0 brok5 ?r\gh fe>4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii1 i42 ,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #f1 art4 #c2 ib41 q4 #f1 art4 #f1 #h2 ib41 q4 #gg1 art4 #f4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! det]m9ants ( morality 9 any giv5 action4 #a4 ,! morality ( any giv5 action is det]m9$ by ?ree elem5ts1 ! end 9 view1 ! means tak51 & ! circum/ances t accompany ! tak+ ( ! said means4 ,:oev] kn[s ?is pr9ciple1 does n !reby "k ! "r & wrong ( e action1 b he kn[s h[ to g ab\t ! enquiry4 ,x is a rule ( diagnosis4 #b4 ,9 ord] to "k :e!r :at a man does befits him z a man to d1 ! fir/ ?+ to exam9e is t :i* he ma9ly desires & wills 9 8 action4 ,n[ ! end is m will$ & desir$ ?an ! means4 ,he :o /eals to commit adult]y1 says ,ari/otle1 is m ( an adult]] ?an a ?ief4 ,! end 9 view is :at lies ne>e/ to a man's he>t z he acts4 ,on t 8 m9d is *iefly b5t2 on t 8 ma9 purpose is fix$4 ,?\gh ! end is la/ 9 ! ord] ( execution1 x is fir/ & =emo/ 9 ! ord] ( int5tion4 ,!re=e ! end 9 view ent]s into morality m deeply ?an any o!r elem5t ( ! action4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ obvi\s det]m9ant1 because x is ! la/ po9t to be ga9$2 & because1 :ile ! means are tak5 op5ly1 ! end is (t5 a secret lock$ up 9 ! he>t ( ! do]1 ! same means lead+ to _m ends1 z ! road to a city leads to _m homes & re/+-places4 ,conv]sely1 "o end may be prosecut$ by _m means1 z !re are _m roads conv]g+ ^u "o goal4 #c4 ,if morality 7 det]m9$ by ! end 9 view1 & by t alone1 ! doctr9e w\ld hold t ! end ju/ifies ! means4 ,t doctr9e is false1 because ! moral "* ( a human act dep5ds on ! ?+ will$1 or object ( volition1 accord+ z x is or is n a fit object4 ,n[ ! object ( volition is n only ! end 9 view1 b likewise ! means *os54 ,besides ! end1 ! means are likewise will$4 ,inde$1 ! means are will$ m imm$iately ev5 ?an ! end1 z !y h to be tak5 fir/4 #d4 ,a good action1 l any o!r good ?+1 mu/ possess a c]ta9 requisite fulness ( be+1 prop] to itself4 ,z x is n en\gh = ! physical excell5ce ( a man to h ! b>e ess5tials1 a body ) a s\l animat+ x1 b !re is ne$$ a c]ta9 grace ( =m1 col\r1 agility1 & _m accid5tal qualities besides2 s = a good act x is n en\gh t prop] means be tak5 to a prop] end1 b !y mu/ be tak5 by a prop] p]son1 at a prop] place & "t1 9 a prop] mann]1 & ) manifold o!r circum/ances ( propriety4 #e4 ,! end 9 view may be ei!r s+le1 z :5 y =give an injury solely = ! love ( ,*ri/3 or multiple co-ord9ate1 z :5 y =give bo? = ! love ( ,*ri/ & = ! m$iation ( a fri5d1 & are dispos$ to =give on ei!r gr\nd sep>ately2 or multiple subord9ate1 z :5 y w\ld n h =giv5 on ! latt] gr\nd alone1 b =give ! m easily = its addition1 hav+ be5 ready1 h[ev]1 to =give on ! =m] alone2 or cumulative1 z :5 y =give on a numb] ( gr\nds collectively1 on no "o ( :i* w\ld y h =giv5 ap>t f ! re/4 #f4 ,:]e !re is no outw>d action1 b only an int]nal act1 & ! object ( t act is "s good t is will$ = its own sake1 !re c be no "q ( means tak51 z ! end 9 view is imm$iately atta9$4 #g4 ,! means tak5 & ! circum/ances ( ^? means ent] into ! morality ( ! act1 =mally z !y are se5 by ! intellect1 mat]ially z !y are 9 !mselves4 7,see :at is said ( ignorance1 c4 iii41 s4 i41 nn4 #c-e1 p4 #bg47 ,?is expla9s ! diff]5ce betwe5 =mal & mat]ial s94 ,a mat]ial s9 w\ld be =mal also1 did ! ag5t "k :at he 0 do+4 ,no s9 is culpable t is n =mal4 ,b1 z has be5 said1 !re may be a culpable p]v]sion ( ! intellect1 s t ! man is ! au?or ( 8 own obliquity or defect ( vision4 ,:5 ,saul p]secut$ ! ,*ri/ians1 he probably s9n$ mat]ially1 n =mally4 ,:5 ,caiphas spoke ! tru? )\t kn[+ x1 he said well mat]ially1 b ill =mally4 #h4 ,9 look+ at ! means tak5 & ! circum/ances t accompany ^? means1 x is important to h a ready rule = pron\nc+ :at p>ticul> belongs to ! means & :at to ! circum/ances4 ,?us ,clytemne/ra deals h] husb& ,agamemnon a deadly /roke ) an axe1 p>tly = rev5ge1 p>tly t %e may take to h]self ano!r consort2 is ! deadl9ess ( ! bl[ "p ( ! means tak5 or only an accompany+ circum/ance8 ,x is "p ( ! means tak54 ,! means tak5 include e p>ticul> t is will$ & *os5 z mak+ = ! end 9 view4 ,! fatal "* ( ! bl[ does make to t end2 if ,agamemnon does n die1 ! rev5ge w n be complete1 & life ) ,aegi/hus w be impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ,clytemne/ra is ! wife ( ! man :om %e murd]s1 is n a po9t t h] w re/s ^u z fur!r+ h] purpose at all2 x is an accompany+ circum/ance4 ,?is me?od ( di/+ui%+ means f circum/ance is ( great value 9 casui/ry4 #i4 ,x is cle> t n e att5dant circum/ance affects ! morality ( ! means tak54 ,?us ! bl[ "u :i* ,agamemnon sank 0 nei!r m nor less guiltily /ruck because x 0 dealt ) an axe1 because x 0 "u pret5ce ( giv+ him a ba?1 or because 8 feet 7 entangl$ 9 a long robe4 ,^! circum/ances are all irrelevant4 ,^? only are relevant :i* atta* "s special reasonabl5ess or unreasonabl5ess to ! ?+ done ,?us ! provocation t ,clytemne/ra _h f h] husb&'s introduction ( ,cass&ra into h] h\se made h] act ( v5geance less unreasonable3 on ! o!r h& x 0 r5d]$ m unreasonable by ! circum/ance ( ! de> & holy tie t b9ds wife to husb&4 ,! provocation & ! relation%ip 7 two relevant circum/ances 9 t case4 #aj4 ,b x happ5s sometimes t a circum/ance only affects ! reasonabl5ess ( an action on ! supposition ( "s previ\s circum/ance s affect+ x4 ,?us to c>ry (f a ?+ 9 l>ge or small quantities does n affect ! reasonabl5ess ( ! c>ry+1 unless !re be already "s o!r circum/ance atta*$ t r5d]s ! act good or evil2 z = in/ance1 if ! goods t are be+ remov$ are /ol5 prop]ty4 ,circum/ances ( ?is sort are call$ aggravat+--or1 z ! case may be1 ext5uat+--circum/ances4 ,circum/ances t ( !mselves1 & ap>t f any previ\s supposition1 make ! ?+ done peculi>ly reasonable or unreasonable1 are call$ specify+ circum/ances4 ,!y are s call$1 because !y place ! action 9 "s species ( virtue or vice2 :]eas aggravat+ or ext5uat+ circum/ances add to1 or take (f f1 ! good or evil ( ! action 9 t species ( virtue or vice to :i* x already belongs4 #aa4 ,a v>iety ( specify+ circum/ances may place "o & ! same action 9 _m v>i\s species ( virtue or vice4 ,?us a religi\s robb+ 8 p>5ts w\ld s9 at once aga9/ ju/ice1 piety1 & religion4 ,a nun pref]r+ dea? to di%on\r practises ?ree virtues1 *a/ity1 =titude1 & religion4 #ab4 ,! means *os5 may be ( f\r sev]al *>act]s3-- 7a7 ,a ?+ evil ( itself & inexcusable "u all conceivable circum/ances2 = in/ance1 blasphemy1 idolatry1 ly+4 7b7 ,ne$+ excuse1 z ! kill+ ( a man1 ! look+ at an indec5t object4 ,su* ?+s are n to be done except "u c]ta9 circum/ances & ) a grave reason4 ,?us indec5t sights may be met 9 ! dis*>ge ( pr(essional duty4 ,9 t case inde$ !y cease to be indec5t4 ,!y are !n only indec5t :5 !y are view$ )\t cause4 ,! abs5ce ( a good motive 9 a case l ?is commonly implies ! pres5ce ( a bad "o4 7c7 ,indiff]5t1 z walk+ or sitt+ d[n4 7d7 ,good ( itself1 b liable to be vitiat$ by circum/ances1 z pray] & almsgiv+2 ! good ( su* actions may be de/roy$ :olly or 9 "p by _! be+ done out ( a va9 motive1 or unseasonably1 or indiscreetly4 #ac4 ,x is said1 ,if ?y eye be s+le1 ?y :ole body %all be lightsome4 7,/4 ,matt41 vi41 #bb47 ,! eye is ! int5tion contemplat+ ! end 9 view4 ,:oev] has plac$ a good end be=e him1 & reg>ds x /eadily ) a well-ord]$ love1 nev] sw]v+ 9 8 affection f ! way t reason w\ld h him love1 mu/ ne$s take t[>ds 8 end ^? means1 & ^? only1 :i* are 9 !mselves reasonable & j3 z x is writt53 ,?\ %alt foll[ ju/ly aft] t :i* is j4 7,deut4 xvi41 #bj47 ,?us ,i am build+ a *ur* to ! glory ( ,god2 money runs %ort3 ,i p]ceive t by sign+ a c]ta9 contract t mu/ mean griev\s oppression ( ! poor1 ,i %all save consid]able exp5se1 :]eas1 if ,i refuse1 ! works w h to be ab&on$ = want ( funds4 ,if ,i h purely ! glory ( ,god be=e my eyes1 ,i c]ta9ly %all n sign t contract3 = inju/ice ,i "k c be> no fruit ( ,div9e glory4 ,b if ,i am b5t ^u hav+ ! build+ up 9 any case1 ( c\rse ,i %all sign3 b !n my love = ! end 9 view is no long] pure & regulat$ by reason3 x is n ,god b myself t ,i am seek+ 9 ! "w4 ,?us an end entirely j1 holy1 & pure1 purifies & sanctifies ! means1 n =mally1 by inve/+ ) a "* ( ju/ice means 9 !mselves unju/1 = t is impossible1--! leop>d _c *ange 8 spots1--b by way ( elim9ation1 remov+ unju/ means z ineligible to my purpose1 & leav+ me only ^? means to *oose f :i* are 9 !mselves j4 #ad4 ,) means 9 !mselves indiff]5t1 ! case is o!rwise4 ,a holy & pi\s end does =mally sanctify ^? means1 :ile a wick$ end vitiates !m4 ,i beg ! read] to obs]ve :at sort ( means are "h 9 "q4 ,!re is no "q ( means 9 !mselves or 9 _! circum/ances unju/1 z !ft1 ly+1 murd]1 b ( su* indiff]5t ?+s z read+1 writ+1 pa9t+1 s++1 travell+4 ,:oev] travels to commit s9 at ! end ( 8 j\rney1 8 v travell+1 s f> z x is ref]r$ to t end1 is "p ( 8 s93 x is a wick$ j\rney t he takes4 ,& he :o travels to wor%ip at "s %r9e or place ( pilgrimage1 includes 8 j\rney 9 8 devotion4 ,! end 9 view !re sanctifies means 9 !mselves indiff]5t4 #ae4 ,z a great "p ( ! ?+s t we d are indiff]5t z well 9 !mselves z 9 ! circum/ances ( ! do+ ( !m1 ! moral "* ( our lives dep5ds l>gely on ! ends t we habitually propose to ourselves4 ,"o man's great ?\ght is h[ to make money2 :at he reads1 writes1 says1 :]e he goes1 :]e he elects to reside1 8 v eat+1 dr9k+ & p]sonal exp5diture1 all turns on :at he calls mak+ 8 =tune4 ,x is all to ga9 money--quocunque modo rem4 ,ano!r is active = bett]+ ! condition ( ! lab\r+ classes3 a ?ird = ! suppression ( vice4 ,^! ?ree m5 g "s way toge!r 9 a common orbit ( small actions1 alike to ! eye1 b morally unlike1 because ( ! v>i\s guid+ purposes = :i* !y are done4 ,h5ce1 :5 we consid] su* pregnant f9al ends z ! s]vice ( ,god & ! glory ( a _w to come1 x appe>s h[ va/ is ! alt]ation 9 ! moral l9e & col\r+ ( a man's life1 accord+ to 8 practical tak+ up or sett+ aside ( ^! great ends4 #af4 ,we mu/ bew>e h[ev] ( an exagg]ation "h4 ,! f9al end ( action is (t5 lat5t1 n explicitly consid]$4 ,a f]v5t wor%ipp] ( ,god wi%es to ref] 8 :ole self ) all t he does to ! ,div9e glory & s]vice4 ,yet su* a "o w eat1 dr9k1 & be m]ry ) 8 fri5ds1 n ?9k+ ( ,god at ! "t4 ,/ill1 suppos+ him to keep )9 ! b\nds ( temp]ance1 he is s]v+ ,god & do+ good actions4 ,b :at ( a man :o has entirely brok5 away f ,god1 :at ( 8 eat+1 dr9k+1 & o!r actions t are ( _! k9d indiff]5t8 ,we _c call !m s9s3 !re is no?+ wrong ab\t !m1 nei!r 9 ! ?+ done1 nor 9 ! circum/ances ( ! do+1 nor 9 ! int5tion4 ,pius ,v4 condemn$ ! proposition3 ,all ! works ( infidels are s9s4 ,nei!r mu/ we call su* actions indiff]5t 9 ! individual :o does !m1 suppos+ !m to be true human acts1 accord+ to ! def9ition1 & n done m]ely me*anically4 ,!y are n indiff]5t1 because !y receive a c]ta9 measure ( natural goodness f ! good natural purpose :i* !y s]ve1 namely1 ! cons]vation & well-be+ ( ! ag5t4 ,e human act is ei!r good or evil 9 him :o does x4 ,i speak ( natural goodness only4 #ag4 ,! effect consequ5t ^u an action is di/+ui%able f ! action itself1 f :i* x is n unfrequ5tly sep>at$ by a consid]able int]val ( "t1 z ! dea? ( a man f poison adm9i/]$ a mon? be=e4 ,! effect consequ5t ent]s into morality only 9 s f> z x is ei!r *os5 z a means or int5d$ z an end 7nn4 #b1 #c1 p4 #ca71 or is annex$ z a relevant circum/ance to ! means *os5 7n4 #i1 p4 #cd474 ,once ! act is done1 x matt]s no?+ to morality :e!r ! effect consequ5t actually ensues or n1 provid$ no new act be elicit$ !reupon1 :e!r ( commission or ( culpable omission to prev5t4 ,x matt]s n to morality1 b x does matt] to ! ag5t's claim to rew>d or liability to puni%m5t at ! h&s ( human legislators civil & ecclesia/ical4 #ah4 ,z s\l & body make "o man1 s ! inw>d & outw>d act--z ! w to /rike & ! actual bl[ /ruck--are "o human act4 ,! outw>d act gives a c]ta9 physical complet5ess to ! inw>d4 ,moreov] ! inw>d act is no ?or\gh-go+ ?+1 if x /ops %ort ( outw>d action :]e ! opportunity (f]s4 ,o!rwise1 ! inw>d act may be z good or z bad morally z inw>d & outw>d act toge!r4 ,! m]e wi% to kill1 :]e ! de$ is impossible1 may be z wick$ z wi% & de$ conjo9$4 ,x may be1 b commonly x w n1 = ?is reason1 t ! outw>d execution ( ! de$ reacts ^u ! w & calls x =? ) great] int5sity2 ! w z x 7 exp&s :]e x f9ds outw>d v5t4 ,!re is no "o :o has n felt ! relative mildness ( inw>d feel+s ( impati5ce or indignation1 comp>$ ) ^? eng5d]$ by speak+ out "o's m9d4 ,(t5 also ! outw>d act entails a long c\rse ( prep>ation1 all dur+ :i* ! inw>d w is su/a9$ & frequ5tly r5ew$1 z 9 a c>efully plann$ burgl>y4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b;ae1 q4 #ah1 art4 #a2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #b1 9 corp41 ad #a2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #c1 9 corp41 ad #b2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #d-f2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #h1 9 corp41 ad #b1 #c2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #i1 9 corp41 ad #c2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #aj1 #c2 ib41 q4 #ah1 art4 #aa1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #bj1 art4 #d1 9 corp4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,passions4 ,,section ,i4--,( ,passions 9 ,g5]al4 #a4 ,a passion is def9$ to be3 ,a movem5t ( ! irrational "p ( ! s\l1 att5d$ by a notable alt]ation ( ! body1 on ! appreh5sion ( good or evil4 ,! s\l is made up ( intellect1 w1 & s5sible appetite4 ,! fir/ two are rational1 ! ?ird irrational3 ! ?ird is ! seat ( ! passions4 ,9 a disembodi$ _s1 or an angel1 !re are no s5ses1 no s5sible appetite1 no passions4 ,! angel1 or ! dep>t$ s\l1 c love & hate1 fe> & desire1 rejoice & grieve1 b ^! are n passions 9 ! pure _s1 !y are acts ( intellect & w alone4 ,s man also (t5 loves & hates1 & does o!r acts t are synonym\s ) correspond+ passions1 & yet no passion is !re4 ,! man is work+ ) 8 calm reason3 8 irrational s\l is n /irr$4 ,to an au?or1 :5 he is 9 ! hum\r = x1 x is a delight to be writ+1 b n a passionate delight4 ,! w f9ds satisfaction 9 ! act3 ! irrational s\l is n affect$ by x4 ,or a p5it5t is sorry = 8 s93 he s9c]ely regrets x be=e ,god3 8 w is he>tily turn$ away1 & wi%es t t s9 _h nev] be53 at ! same "t 8 eye is dry1 8 features unmov$1 n a sigh does he utt]1 & yet he is truly sorry4 ,x is important to be> ^! facts 9 m9d3 else we %all be cont9ually mi/ak+ = passions :at are pure acts ( w1 or vice v]sa1 misl$ by ! id5tity ( "n4 #b4 ,! great m>k ( a passion is its s5sible work+ ( itself out ^u ! body1--:at ,dr4 ,ba9 calls ! diffusive wave ( emotion4 ,)\t ?is m>k !re is no passion1 b ) x are o!r m5tal /ates besides passions1 z we def9e !m4 ,all /rong emotion affects ! body s5sibly1 b n all emotions are passions4 ,!re are emotions t arise f & app]ta9 to ! rational portion ( ! s\l4 ,su* are ,surprise1 ,laught]1 ,%ame4 ,!re is no s5se ( hum\r 9 any b rational be+s2 & ?\gh dogs look a%am$ & horses betray curiosity1 t is only inasmu* z 9 ^! high] animals !re is some?+ analog\s to :at is reason 9 man4 ,moreov] passions are conv]sant ) good & evil affect+ s5se1 b ! objects ( su* emotions z ^? j m5tion$ are n good & evil z su*1 common p>lance not)/&+1 :]eby we are said to laugh at a bon mot1 or a good ?+4 #c4 ,love is a g5]ic passion1 hav+ = its species desire & delight1 ! contr>ies ( :i* are abhorr5ce & pa94 ,desire is ( abs5t good2 abhorr5ce is ( abs5t evil2 delight is 9 pres5t good2 pa9 is at pres5t evil4 ,! good & ! evil :i* is ! object ( any passion mu/ be appreh5d$ by s5se1 or by imag9ation 9 a s5sible way1 :e!r itself be a ?+ ( s5se or n4 #d4 ,desire & abhorr5ce1 delight & pa91 are conv]sant ) good & evil simply4 ,b good is (t5 atta9able only by an ef=t1 & evil avoidable by an ef=t4 ,! ef=t t good co/s to atta9 ca/s a %ade ( evil or undesirabl5ess ov] x3 we may %r9k f ! ef=t :ile covet+ ! good4 ,aga91 ! fact ( evil be+ at all avoidable is a good ?+ ab\t su* evil4 ,if we call evil black1 & good :ite1 avoidable evil w be black j silv]+ into grey3 & ardu\s good w be :ite ) a cl\d on x4 ,& if ! :ite attracts1 & ! black repels ! appetite1 x appe>s t ardu\s good is some:at di/a/eful1 to wit1 to ! fa9t-he>t$2 & avoidable1 or v9cible1 evil has its attraction = ! man ( _s4 ,ab\t ^! two objects1 good h>d ( gett+ & evil h>d ( avoidance1 arise f\r o!r passions1 hope & despair ab\t ! =m]1 fe> & d>+ ab\t ! latt]4 ,hope goes out t[>ds a difficult good3 despair flies f x1 ! difficulty "h be+ m repell5t ?an ! good is attractive4 ,fe> flies f a ?reat5+ evil3 :ile d>+ goes up to ! same1 drawn by ! likelihood ( vanqui%+ x4 ,desire & abhorr5ce1 delight & pa91 hope & despair1 fe> & d>+1 ) ang] & hatr$ 7( :i* pres5tly71 complete our li/ ( passions4 #e4 ,ari/otle & 8 s*ool ( old1 call$ ,p]ipatetics1 recomm5d$ ! mod]ation ( ! passions1 n _! extirpation4 ,! ,/oics on ! o!r h& cont5d$ t ! model man1 ! sage1 %\ld be totally devoid ( passions4 ,?is celebrat$ dispute turn$ l>gely on ! two s*ools n und]/&+ ! same ?+ by ! ^w passion4 ,yet n entirely s4 ,!re 0 a residue ( real diff]5ce1 & x came to ?is4 ,if ! s5sitive appetite /irs at all1 x mu/ /ir 9 "o or o!r ( n9e ways correspond+ to ! n9e passions :i* we h enum]at$4 ,su* an emotion z ,laught] affects ! imag9ation & ! s5sitive "p ( man1 & ( c\rse ! body visibly1 b x does n /ir ! s5sitive appetite1 s9ce x does n prompt to action4 ,to say !n t a man has no passions1 means t ! s5sitive appetite nev] /irs )9 him1 b is :olly dead4 ,b ?is is impossible1 z ! ,/oic philosoph] 0 fa9 to confess :5 he got fright5$ 9 a /orm at sea4 ,hav+ no passions _c 9 any practical s5se mean hav+ no movem5ts ( ! s5sitive appetite1 = t w be afoot ( its own prop] motion indep5d5t ( reason3 b x may mean *]i%+ no passions1 all[+ none to arise unresi/$1 b suppress+ _! e movem5t to ! utmo/ t ! w c4 ,9 t s5se x is a v intelligible & practical piece ( advice1 t ! wise man %\ld lab\r to h no passions4 ,x is ! advice embodi$ 9 ,horace's ,nil admir>i1 ,talleyr&'s ,no zeal1 ,beaconsfield's ,bew>e ( en?usiasm4 ,x w\ld h man to "w l a sci5tific in/rum5t1 calm z a *ronomet]1 regulat$ by reason alone4 ,?is 0 ! ,/oic tea*+1 ?is ! p]fection t !y inculcat$1 q a possible goal to make =1 if n to atta94 ,& x is wor? a wise man's :ile to consid]1 :e!r he %\ld b5d 8 ef=ts 9 ?is direction or n4 ,! det]m9ation "h tak5 & act$ ^u w elaborate q a diff]5t "* ( man "o way or ! o!r4 ,! ef=t made z ! ,/oics direct1 w\ld mean no yield+ to excitem5t1 no poetry1 no high-/rung devotion1 no rapture1 no ec/asy1 no ard\r ( love1 no e>ne/ rhetoric spok5 or li/5$ to1 no m\rn+1 no rejoic+ o!r ?an ! mo/ conv5tional1 to ! p]si/5t smo!r+ ( :atev] is natural & really felt1 no te> ( pity freely let fl[1 no t\* ( noble ang] respond$ to1 no scudd+ be=e ! breeze ( indignation1--all ?is1 t reason may keep on ! ev5 t5\r ( h] way undi/urb$4 #f4 ,! fault 9 ?is picture is t x is n ! picture ( a man1 b ( a _s4 ,he :o be+ man %\ld try to realize x 9 himself1 w\ld fall %ort ( human p]fection4 ,= ?\gh ! s5sitive appetite is di/+ui%$ f ! w1 & ! two may cla% & come 9 conflict1 yet !y are n two :olly indep5d5t p[]s1 b ! "o man is bo? w & s5sitive appetite1 & he r>ely op]ates accord+ to "o p[] )\t ! o!r be+ br\ght into correspond+ play4 ,!re is a simil> concomitance ( ! op]ations ( intellect & imag9ation4 ,:at attracts ! s5sitive appetite1 commonly allures also ! affective w1 ?\gh on adv]t5ce ! elective w may reject x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a /rong affection & election ( ! w _c be )\t ! s5sitive appetite be+ /irr$1 & t s /rongly t ! motion is notable 9 ! body1--9 o!r words1 is a passion4 ,passion is ! natural & 9 a c]ta9 degree ! insep>able adjunct ( /rong volition4 ,to *eck "o is to *eck ! o!r4 ,n only is ! passion repress$ by repress+ ! volition1 b ! repression ( ! passion is also ! repression ( ! volition4 ,a man !n :o did 8 be/ to repress all movem5ts ( passion indiscrim9ately1 w\ld lay fett]s on 8 w1 lam5table & cruel & impolitic fett]s1 :]e 8 w 0 b5t on any object good & hon\rable & well-judg$4 #g4 ,aga91 man's w is rea*$ by two *annels1 f above d[nw>ds & f bel[ upw>ds3 x is rea*$ ?r\gh ! reason & ?r\gh ! imag9ation & s5ses4 ,by ! latt] *annel x (t5 receives evil impressions1 und\bt$ly1 b n unfrequ5tly by ! =m] also4 ,reason may be inconsid]ate1 va91 haughty1 mut9\s1 unduly sceptical4 ,! abuse is no ju/ification = clos+ ei!r *annel4 ,n[ ! *annel ( ! s5ses & ( ! imag9ation is ! wid]1 & 9 _m cases af=ds ! bett] passage ( ! two4 ,! w t is h>dly rea*$ by reason1 is approa*$ & won by a pa!tic sight1 a cry ( en?usiasm1 a ?reat t s5ds a tremor ?r\gh ! limbs4 ,r ,i %\ld say ! affective w is approa*$ 9 ?is way3 = x rema9s ) ! elective w1 on adv]t5ce & consultation ) reason1 to decide :e!r or n x %all be won to cons5t4 ,b 7 x n = ! *annel ( passion1 ?is w c\ld nev] h be5 approa*$ at all ev5 by reasons ! mo/ cog5t4 ,rhetoric (t5 succe$s1 :]e m]e dry logic w\ld h be5 ?r[n away4 ,god help va/ numb]s ( ! human race1 if _! wills 7 approa*able only ?r\gh _! reasons6 ,!y w\ld inde$ be fixtures4 #h4 ,ano!r fact to notice is ! liability ( reason's gaze to become morbid & z x 7 inflam$ by unremitt+ ex]cise4 ,i d n "h allude to h>d /udy1 b to ov]curi\s scann+ ( ! realities ( ?is life1 & ! /ill great] realities & m mom5t\s possibilities ( ! _w to come4 ,!re is a s5se ( ! surr\nd+s be+ too mu* = u1 an al>m & a gidd9ess1 t comes ( sob] matt]-(-fact ?\ght ov]-mu* prolong$4 ,!n x happ5s t "o or m und5iable tru?s are laid hold (1 & consid]$ 9 /rong relief & 9 isolation f ! re/3 ! result is a di/ort$ & p>tial view ( tru? z a :ole1 & !re) ! m9d is tr\bl$4 ,"h ! k9dli] passions1 judici\sly all[$ to play1 come 9 to soo! ! w\nd & sor5ess ( pure intellect1 too ke5 9 its work+s = "o :o is n yet a pure _s4 #i4 ,moral good & evil are pr$icable only ( human acts1 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ! t]m4 7c4 i41 nn4 #b--d1 p4 #da47 ,z ! passions by def9ition 7c4 iv41 s4 i41 n4 #a1 p4 #da7 are n human acts1 !y c nev] be morally evil ( !mselves4 ,b !y are an occasion ( moral evil 9 ?is way4 ,!y (t5 s]ve to wake up ! slumb]+ ,reason4 ,to t end x is necess>y t !y %\ld />t up ( !mselves )\t ! call ( ,reason4 ,?is w\ld be no inconv5i5ce1 if ! in/ant ,reason awoke1 & adv]t$ to ! tumult & /ir ( ,passion1 %e c\ld take comm& ( x1 & :]e %e saw fit1 quell x4 ,b ,reason has no su* comm&1 except 9 cases :]e %e has acquir$ x by ye>s ( h>d fight+4 ,passion once afoot holds on h] c\rse aga9/ ! dictate ( ,reason4 ,true1 s long z x rema9s m]e ,passion1 & ,reason is n dragg$ away by x1 no cons5t ( ! w giv51 no volunt>y act elicit$1 /ill less c>ri$ into outw>d effect1--s long z ?+s rema9 ?us1 h[ev] ,passion may rage1 !re is no moral evil done4 ,b !re is a great temptation1 & 9 great temptation _m m5 fall4 ,! evil is ! act ( free w1 b ! pressure on ! w is ! pressure ( ,passion4 ,b ,passion happily is a "y colt am5able to discipl9e4 ,:]e ! assaults ( ,passion are resolutely & pi\sly )/ood1 & ! inc5tives !reto avoid$--unnatural & unnecess>y inc5tives ,i mean--,passion itself acquires a c]ta9 habit ( ob$i5ce to ,reason1 :i* habit is moral virtue4 ,( t pres5tly4 #aj4 ,9 a man ( confirm$ habits ( moral virtue1 ,passion />ts up inde$ indep5d5tly ( ,reason1 b !n ,reason ord9>ily f9ds little difficulty 9 regulat+ ! ,passion s ar\s$4 ,9 a c]ta9 high & extraord9>y condition ( human nature1 n only has ,reason entire ma/]y ov] ,passion :]ev] %e f9ds x a/ir1 b ,passion _c /ir 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 )\t ,reason call+ ^u x to d s4 ,9 ?is case ! torpor ( ! w deprecat$ above 7n4 #g7 is n to be fe>$1 because ,reason is s vigor\s & s ma/]ful z to be adequate to range ev]y:]e & meet all em]g5cies )\t ! goad ( ,passion4 ,?is /ate is call$ by div9es ! /ate ( integrity4 ,9 x ,adam 0 be=e he s9n$4 ,x 0 lo/ at ! ,fall1 & has n be5 re/or$ by ! ,r$emption4 ,x is n a ?+ 9 any way due to human nature3 no?+ truly natural to man 0 =feit$ by ,adam's s94 ,x is no po9t ( hol9ess1 no gu]don ( victory1 ?is /ate ( integrity1 b r a be+ borne on angel's w+s above ! battle4 ,b "o :o has no battle 9 8 own brea/ aga9/ ,passion1 may yet suff] & ble$ & die "u ext]ior p]secution3 nay1 he may1 if he wills1 let 9 ,passion ^u himself1 to fe> & grieve1 :5 he ne$ n4 ,s did ! ,second ,adam 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ge?semane4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a1 q4 #ha1 art4 #b1 9 corp42 id41 #a;a #b1 q4 #bc1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #bc1 art4 #b1 9 corp42 ,cic]o1 ,tusc4 ,disp41 iv41 cc4 #ag-bf2 ,/4 ,aug41 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ix41 cc4 #d1 #e2 ,ar1 ,e?41 ,,iii41 v41 #c1 #d2 ib41 ,i41 xiii41 #ae-ag2 ,/4 ,?os41 #c;a1 q4 #ae1 art4 #d2 id41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ei1 art4 #e2 ,plato1 ,timaeus1 #fi1 ,b1 ,e3 #gj1 ,a4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ,desire4 #a4 ,desires are ei!r physical crav+s1 by mod]ns call$ appetites2 or physical desires or ta/es1 call$ desires prop]4 ,! appetites h _! beg9n+ 9 bodily uneas9ess4 ,!y are felt ne$s ( some?+ requir$ = ! animal ma9t5ance ( ! individual or ( ! race4 ,! objects ( ! sev]al appetites are ,meat & ,dr9k1 ,w>m? or ,coolness1 ,ex]cise & ,repose1 ,sleep1 ,sex4 ,! object ( m]e appetite is m>k$ by quantity only1 n by quality4 ,t is to say1 ! ?+ is s\ght = 9 ! vague1 9 a c]ta9 am\nt suffici5t to supply ! want1 b n ?is or t v>iety ( ! ?+4 ,! cry ( a hungry man is1 ,give me to eat1 if v hungry1 ,give me mu*3 b s f> z he is "u ! m]e dom9ion ( appetite he does n crave any p>ticul> article ( food1 vegetable or animal3 he wants quantity m]ely4 ,s ( ?ir/1 s ( all ! appetites1 :]e !re is no?+ else b appetite pres5t4 #b4 ,b if a ?ir/y man cries = *ampagne1 or a hungry man fancies a v5ison pa/y1 !re is ano!r elem5t beyond appetite 9 t dem&4 ,on ! matt] ( ! physical crav+ !re is /amp$ ! =m ( a psy*ical desire4 ,! psy*ical elem5t prescribes a quality ( ! objects s\ght4 ,! ?ir/y man ?us prompt$ no long] wants dr9k b w9e3 ! man mew$ up )9 doors no long] calls = ex]cise1 b = a horse or a bicycle4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 man ! appetites g5]ally pass into ! fur!r %ape ( psy*ical desire4 ,x is :5 ! appetite is vehem5t1 or ! man is "o :o makes slight /udy ( 8 animal wants1 t pure appetite1 %e] physical crav+1 is be/ %[n4 ,d>ius fly+ be=e 8 conqu]or is ready to dr9k at any s\rce1 muddy or cle>1 a dr9k is all t he wants3 x is all t is want$ by ,/4 ,paul ! fir/ ,h]mit4 ,b y\r mod]n l\ng] at ! clubs1 :at v>iety ( liquors are excogitat$ to please 8 palate6 #c4 ,n all psy*ical desires are on ! matt] ( appetite2 !y may be fix$ on any good :atsoev] ( body or ( m9d4 ,_m psy*ical desires are n passions at all1 b reside exclusively 9 ! sup]ior "p ( ! s\l1 9 ! w prompt$ by ! und]/&+1 & d n affect ! body 9 any s5sible way4 ,su* = in/ance is ! great desire ( happ9ess4 ,^? desires t are passions are prompt$1 n by ! und]/&+1 b by ! imag9ation or fancy1 imag+ to itself "s p>ticul> good1 n good 9 g5]al1 = t ! und]/&+ contemplates4 ,fancy pa9ts ! picture2 or if s5se pres5ts x1 fancy appropriates & embelli%es x3 ! s5sitive appetite fa/5s ^u ! repres5tation3 ! bodily organs s5sibly respond2 & !re is ! passion ( psy*ical desire4 #d4 ,physical crav+s1 or appetites1 h limit$ objects3 ! objects ( psy*ical desires may be unlimit$4 ,a ?ir/y man ?ir/s n = an ocean1 b = dr9k quantum sufficit3 give him t & ! appetite is gone4 ,b ! mis] covets all ! money t he c get3 ! voluptu>y ranges l& & sea 9 se>* ( a new pleasure3 ! philosoph] ev] longs = a high] k3 ! sa9t is indefatigable 9 do+ good4 ,:atev] a man takes to be an end 9 itself1 n simply a means1 t he desires )\t end or measure4 ,:at he desires z a means1 he desires "u a limitation1 s f> =? z x makes = ! end1 s mu* & no m4 ,z ,ari/otle says ( ! processes ( art1 ! end 9 view is ! limit1 ,greek3 p]as to telos 7cf4 c4 ii41 s4 iii41 n4 #c1 p4 #ae7 ,:atev] is desir$ z an end 9 itself1 is tak5 to be a "p ( happ9ess1 or to repres5t happ9ess4 ,happ9ess & ! object t gives happ9ess is ! "o ?+ t man desires = itself1 & desires )\t end or measure4 ,un=tunately he is (t5 mi/ak5 9 ! *oice ( ?is object4 ,he (t5 takes = an end :at is prop]ly only a means4 ,!y ^: god is _! belly1 h made ?is mi/ake 9 reg>d ( ! gratification ( appetite4 ,x is n appetite prop] t has l$ to ?is p]v]sion1 b psy*ical desire1 or appetite inflam$ by ! artificial /imulus ( imag9ation4 ,= "o :o w\ld be temp]ate1 x is m important to control 8 imag9ation ?an to tr\ble ab\t 8 appetite4 ,appetite exhau/s itself1 sometimes )9 ! b\nds ( :at is good = ! subject1 sometimes beyond !m1 b /ill )9 "s b\nds2 b !re is no limit to ! crav+s br$ ( imag9ation4 #e4 ,by ?is canon a man may try himself to discov] :e!r or n a fav\rite amusem5t is ga9+ too mu* ^u him4 ,an amusem5t is prop]ly a means to ! end1 t a man may come away f x bett] fitt$ to d ! s]i\s "w ( 8 life4 ,pu%$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 ! amusem5t ceases to m9i/] to ?is end4 ,! wise man drops x at t po9t4 ,b if "o kn[s n :]e to /op3 or if :5 /opp$ 9 spite ( himself1 he is re/less till he beg9 aga91 & nev] will+ly c =ego any measure ( ! div]sion t comes )9 8 rea*1 ! means 9 t case has pass$ into an end3 he is enslav$ to t amusem5t1 inasmu* z he w d any?+ & ev]y?+ = ! sake ( x4 ,?us "s m5 s]ve pleasure1 & o!r m5 money4 #f4 ,h5ce is app>5t ! folly ( suppos+ t crimes aga9/ prop]ty are prev5tible simply by plac+ x )9 ! p[] ( all memb]s ( ! community easily to e>n an hone/ livelihood1 & !re) ! satisfaction ( all _! natural ne$s4 ,x is n m]ely to escape cold & hung] t m5 turn to burgl>y or fraudul5t deal+3 x is m = ! gratification ( a fancy1 ! satisfaction ( an inord9ate desire4 ,great crimes are n committ$ to keep ! wolf f ! door1 b because ( ! wolf 9 ! he>t1 ! ov]gr[n psy*ical desire1 :i* is br$ 9 _m a well-n\ri%$1 w>mly clad1 com=tably h\s$1 highly educat$ citiz54 ,!re is a s9 born ( fulness ( bread4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #cj1 art4 #c1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #cj1 art4 #d1 9 corp42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii41 xi41 #a-d3 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,i41 ix41 #ac2 ib41 ,,ii41 vii41 #aa-ac4 ,n4,b4--,! division ( desires into physical & psy*ical is fir/ sugge/$ by ,plato1 :o 7,rep4 #eeh ,d to #eei ,c7 divides !m z necess>y & unnecess>y4 ,unnecess>y desires he treats z evil4 ,:at ,plato calls a necess>y1 ,ari/otle calls a physical1 & ,/4 ,?omas a natural desire4 ,un=tunately1 ,ari/otle & ,/4 ,?omas _h b "o ^w = our ,engli% two1 physical & natural4 ,desires t are n physical1 n natural nor necess>y to man 9 8 animal capacity1 may be highly natural & becom+ to man z he is a reasonable be+1 or !y may be highly unbecom+4 ,^! psy*ical desires1 call$ by ,/4 ,?omas n natural1 take 9 at once ! noble/ & ! base/ aspirations ( humanity4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ,delight4 #a4 ,delight l desire may be ei!r physical or psy*ical4 ,all t has be5 said above ( desire "u ?is division applies also to delight1 :i* is ! realization ( desire4 ,?is division does n altoge!r fall 9 ) t into s5sual delights & intellectual delights4 ,a pr(essional w9e-ta/] c\ld h>dly be said to f9d intellectual delight 9 a bottle ( good ,*ampagne1 real ,veuve-,clicquot3 yet c]ta9ly 8 is a psy*ical delight1 no m]e unsophi/icat$ gratification ( appetite4 ,s5sual delights !n are ^? delights :i* are f\nd$ on ! gratification ( appetite1 :e!r simple--9 :i* case ! delight is physical--or /udi$ & fancy-wr\ght appetite1 ! gratification ( :i* is psy*ical delight4 ,intellectual delights on ! o!r h& are ^? t come ( ! ex]cise ( intellect1 n unsupport$ by imag9ation1 b :]e appetite ent]s n at all1 or only z a remote adjunct1 albeit ! delight may turn ^u "s sight or s\nd1 z ( music1 or ( a f9e range ( hills4 ,or ! object may be a ?+ ( intellect1 pure & remov$ f s5se z f> z an object ( human contemplation c be1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ elem5ts ( matt]1 freewill1 ! imm5sity ( ,god4 ,! /udy ( su* objects yields a pur] intellectual delight ?an t ( ! prec$+4 ,b ?is is a high gr\nd & a ke5 upp] air1 :]e few c tread & brea!4 #b4 ,a man has m complac5cy 9 himself ^u atta9+ to "s intellectual delight ?an ^u a s5sual satisfaction3 he is pr\d] to h solv$ a problem ?an to h enjoy$ 8 d9n]4 ,also1 he w\ld r =ego ! capacity ( s5sual enjoym5t ?an t ( intellectual pleasure2 r lose 8 s5se ( ta/e ?an 8 sci5ce or 8 s*ol>%ip1 if he has any notable am\nt ( ei!r4 ,aga91 put s5sual delight 9 "o scale1 & 9 ! o!r ! intellectual delight ( hon\r1 no wor?y specim5 ( a man w pur*ase ! pleasure at ! price ( hon\r4 ,! disgrace atta*+ to c]ta9 modes ( enjoym5t is suffici5t to make m5 %un !m1 v pleasant ?\gh !y be to s5se4 ,aga91 s5sual delight is a pass+ ?+1 wax+ & wan+3 b intellectual delight is /eady1 grasp$ & held firmly z a :ole4 ,b s5sual delight comes m welcome ( ! two 9 ?is t x removes a pre-exi/+ uneas9ess1 z hung]1 we>9ess1 n]v\s pro/ration1 ?us do+ a m$ic9al (fice3 :]eas no su* (fice atta*es 9 ! ess5tial nature ( ?+s to intellectual delight1 z t does n presuppose any uneas9ess2 & ?\gh x may remove uneas9ess1 ! removal is difficult1 because ! uneas9ess itself is an ob/acle to ! intellectual ef=t t mu/ be made to d]ive any intellectual delight4 ,s5sual enjoym5t is ! *eap] physician1 & ail+ mortals mo/ly resort to t door4 #c4 ,i w omit mu* usual declamation on ! dignity & capacity ( our nature3 ! sup]iority ( ! s\l to ! body1 ( ! rational to ! animal "p ( our con/itution2 ^u ! wor?9ess1 ref9em5t1 & delicacy ( "s satisfactions1 or ! meanness1 grossness1 & s5suality ( o!rs3 because ,i hold t pleasures diff] 9 no?+ b 9 cont9uance & int5sity4 7,paley1 ,moral ,philosophy1 bk4 i41 c4 vi47 ,9 opposition to ! above x is "h laid d[n t delights d n diff] 9 cont9uance & int5sity1 t is1 9 quantity1 alone1 b likewise 9 quality1 t is1 "s are nobl]1 bett]1 & m becom+ a man ?an o!rs1 & !re=e pref]able on o!r gr\nds ?an ^? ( m]e cont9uance & int5sity4 ,i wi% to %[ t ! m pleasant pleasure is n always ! bett] pleasure2 t ev5 ! pleasure :i* is m durable1 & !reby m pleasant 9 ! long run1 is n ! bett] ( ! two simply z c>ry+ ! great] cumulus ( pleasure4 ,if ?is is %[n1 x w foll[ t pleasure is n id5tical ) good2 or t pleasure is n happ9ess1 n ! la/ end ( man4 #d4 ,delight comes ( activity1 n necess>ily ( *ange1 except s f> z activity itself involves *ange1 z x always does 9 mortal man4 ,delight sits ^u activity1 z ! bloom ^u y\?4 ,bloom is ! natural sign ( maturity2 & ! delight t we come to take 9 do+ a ?+ %[s t we are at lea/ beg9n+ to d x well3 our activity is approa*+ p]fection4 ,9 ?is s5se x is said t delight p]fects activity4 ,z ! activity1 s w be ! delight4 ,b ! activity w be z ! p[] ( :i* x is an ex]cise4 ,p[]s l 9 k9d w supply l activities1 & ^! aga9 w yield delights alike 9 k9d4 ,!re is no diff]5ce ( quality 9 su* delights1 !y diff] 9 quantity alone4 ,?us ta/e & smell are two s5ses3 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m c h>dly be call$ "o ( k9d3 !re=e ! delights ( smell+ & ( ta/+ fall "u "o category4 ,we may ex*ange s mu* smell = an equal am\nt ( ta/e3 x is a m]e matt] ( quantity4 ,b betwe5 sight & he>+ on ! "o h&1 & ta/e & smell & t\* on ! o!r1 !re is a wid] diff]5ce1 due to ! fact t intellect allies itself m readily to ! op]ation ( ! two =m] s5ses4 #e4 ,wide/ ( all diff]5ces is t betwe5 s5se & intellect4 ,to expla9 ?is diff]5ce 9 full belongs to ,psy*ology4 ,en\gh to say "h t ! object ( s5se is always p>ticul>1 b\nd up 9 circum/ances ( pres5t "t & place1 z ?is horse3 :ile ! object ( intellect is univ]sal1 z horse simply4 ,! human intellect nev] works )\t ! concurr5ce ei!r ( s5se or ( imag9ation1 :i* is z x 7 s5se at second h&4 ,z pure intellectual op]ation is nev] f\nd 9 man1 s nei!r is pure intellectual delight1 l t ( an angel4 ,/ill1 z ev5 9 man s5se & intellect are two p[]s diff]+ 9 k9d1 s mu/ _! op]ations diff] 9 k9d1 & ! delights consequ5t ^u ^? op]ations4 ,!re=e1 unless ,paley w\ld h be5 will+ to all[ t ! rational & animal p>ts ( our nature diff] only z m & less--:i* is tantam\nt to av[+ t man is b a magnifi$ brute--he ought n to h p5n$ 8 celebrat$ utt]ance1 t pleasures diff] only 9 cont9uance & int5sity3 he %\ld h admitt$ t !y diff] likewise 9 k9d2 or 9 o!r words1 t pleasures diff] 9 quality z well z 9 quantity4 ,! goodness ( a pleasure1 !n1 is n ! m]e am\nt ( x4 ,to repeat ,/4 ,augu/9e's reflection on ! drunk5 ,milanese3 ,x makes a diff]5ce :at s\rce a man draws 8 delight f4 ,footnote #b ,z 9 man reason is nobl] ?an s5se1 pref]able1 & a bett] good to its possessor--= reason x is t makes him man & raises him above ! brute--s ! use ( ! reason & ! delight t comes !re( is nobl]1 pref]able1 & a bett] good to him ?an ! pleasure t is ( ! m]e op]ation ( 8 animal nature4 ,a little ( ! nobl] delight outweighs a va/ volume ( ! bas]3 n t ! nobl] is ! pleasant]1 b because x is ! nobl]4 ,nor c x be pret5d$ t ! nobl] prevails z be+ ! m durable1 & !reby likely to prove ! pleasant] 9 ! long run4 ,! nobl] is bett] at ! "t & 9 itself1 because x is ! m human delight & *>act]i/ic ( ! high] species4 ,i h b to add t :at is bett] 9 itself is n bett] "u all circum/ances4 ,! be/ life ( man c only be liv$ at int]vals4 ,! l[] op]ations & ! delights t g ) !m h a m$ic9al p[] to re/ore ! vig\r t has become enfeebl$ by a l5g!n$ ex]cise ( ! high] faculties4 ,at ^? dead po9ts food & fiddl+ are bett] ?an philosophy4 ,footnote #b3 ,int]e/ unde quis gaudeat4 7,s4 ,aug41 ,confess41 vi41 #f47 #f4 ,?is m$ic9al or re/orative virtue ( delight is a fact to be> 9 m9d 9 debat+ ! "q h[ f> x is "r to act = ! pleasure t ! action gives4 ,x is c]ta9ly wrong to act = m]e animal gratification4 ,su* gratification is a /imulus to u to d t :i* makes = ! well-be+ ( our nature3 to fl+ away all int5tion ( any good o!r ?an ! delight ( ! action1 is to mi/ake ! inc5tive = ! end propos$4 ,b ?is is a doctr9e easily misund]/ood4 ,an example may save x f be+ con/ru$ too rigidly4 ,suppose a man has a v9]y1 & be+ fond ( fruit he goes !re occasionally1 & eats1 n = hung]1 b z he says1 because he likes grapes4 ,he seems to act = m]e pleasure3 yet :o %all be /]n en\gh to condemn him1 s t he exce$ n 9 quantity8 ,if he returns f ! v9]y 9 a m amiable & *>itable mood1 m satisfi$ ) ,provid5ce1 m apt to conv]se ) m5 & d 8 "w 9 ! commonweal?1 :o c d5y t 9 act+ 9 view ( ^! ends1 at lea/ implicitly1 he has tak5 lawful means to a prop] purpose8 ,he has n be5 f$1 b recreat$3 he has n tak5 n\ri%m5t1 b m$ic9e1 prev5tive or rem$ial1 to a m9d diseas$4 ,x is no d\bt a sweet & agreeable m$ic9e3 ?is v agreeabl5ess makes its m$ical virtue4 ,x is a sweet antidote to ! bitt]ness ( life4 ,b ?\gh a man may live by m$ic9e1 he does n live = x4 ,s no man by rights lives = pleasure4 ,! pleasure t a man f9ds 9 8 "w enc\rages him to g on ) x4 ,! pleasure t a man f9ds by turn+ aside to :at is n "w1 picks him up1 re/s & r5ovates him1 t he may g =? z f a wayside inn1 or div]ticulum1 refre%$ to resume ! road ( lab\r4 ,h5ce we ga!r ! solution ( ! "q z to ! lawfulness ( act+ = pleasure4 ,if a man does a ?+ because x is pleasant1 & takes ! pleasure z an inc5tive to c>ry on 8 lab\r1 or z a rem$y to enable him to resume x1 he acts = pleasure rightly4 ,= ?is x is n necess>y t he %\ld expressly ?9k ( ! pleasure z be+ helpful to lab\r3 x is en\gh t he accepts ! subord9ation ( pleasure to "w z nature has orda9$ x2 & ?is ord9ance he does accept1 if he puts =? no positive volition ! o!r way1 :e!r expressly1 z none b a wrong-head$ !ologian is likely to d1 or virtually1 by tak+ 8 pleasure ) su* gre$9ess t ! motion ( 8 w is all sp5t !re9 z 9 its la/ end & t]m9us1 s t ! pleasure ceases to be ref]able to aught beyond itself1 a case ( mu* easi] occurr5ce4 ,or la/ly1 ! natural subord9ation ( pleasure to "w may be set aside1 defeat$1 & r5d]$ impossible by ! :ole t5\r ( an individual's life1 if he be "o ( ^? giddy butt]flies :o flit f pleasure to pleasure & d no "w at all4 ,till late 9 ! morn+ he sleeps1 !n breakfa/s1 !n he %oots1 lun*es1 rides1 ba!s1 d9es1 li/5s to music1 smokes1 & reads fiction till late at night1 !n sleeps aga92 & ?is1 or ! l ( ?is is 8 day1 "s ?ree hundr$ days at lea/ 9 ! ye>4 ,?is is n m]e act+ = pleasure1 x is liv+ = pleasure1 or act+ = pleasure s cont9u\sly z to leave no scope = any fur!r end ( life4 ,x may be h>d to indicate ! precise h\r 9 :i* ?is man's pleasure-seek+ passes into s93 /ill ?is is cle>1 8 life is n innoc5t4 ,cle> him ( gluttony & lu/1 !re rema9s ^u him ! s9 ( slo? & ( a wa/$ exi/5ce4 #g4 ,ev5 ! v highe/ ( delights1 ! delight ( contemplation1 is n ! highe/ ( goods1 b a concomitant ( ! highe/ good4 ,! highe/ good is ! f9al object ( ! w3 b ! object ( ! w is n ! w's own act3 we d n w will+1 z nei!r d we und]/& und]/&+1 n at lea/ )\t a reflex ef=t4 ,:at we w 9 contemplat+ is1 n to be delight$1 b to see4 ,?is is ! subjective end & happ9ess ( man1 to see1 to contemplate4 ,delight is n any?+ objective3 nei!r is x ! subjective la/ end ( humanity4 ,9 no s5se !n is delight1 or pleasure1 ! highe/ good4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,x41 iv41 #h2 ib41 ,x41 iii41 #h-ac1 ib41 ,x41 v41 #a-e2 ,plato1 ,gorgias1 pp4 #did1 #die2 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 #bnd4 edit41 pp4 #aa-l#f2 ,/4 ,?os41 la #b1 q4 #ca1 art4 #e2 id41 ,contra ,g5tiles1 iii41 #bf1 nn4 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ,ang]4 #a4 ,ang] is a comp\nd passion1 made up ( displeasure1 desire1 & hope3 displeasure at a slight receiv$1 desire ( rev5ge & satisfaction1 & hope ( gett+ ! same1 ! gett+ ( x be+ a matt] ( "s difficulty & call+ = "s ex]tion1 = we are n angry ) "o :o lies :olly 9 our p[]1 or :om we despise4 ,ang] !n is conv]sant at once ) ! good ( v5geance & ) ! evil ( a slight receiv$3 ! good be+ some:at difficult to compass1 & ! evil n altoge!r easy to wipe out4 7,cf4 s4i41 n4#d1 p4 #dc47 #b4 ,ang] is def9$3 ,a desire ( op5 v5geance = an op5 slight1 att5d$ ) displeasure at ! same1 ! slight be+ put ^u self1 or ^u "s de> "o1 unbefitt+ly4 ,! v5geance t ! angry man craves is a v5geance t all %all see4 ,no1 ye unnatural hags1 cries ,le> 9 8 fury1 ,i w d su* ?+s1--:at !y %all be yet ,i "k n1 b !y %all be ! t]ror ( ! e>?4 ,:5 we are angry1 we talk ( mak+ an example ( ! (f5d]4 ,! idea is t1 z all ! _w has se5 u slight$ & set at naught1 s all ! _w1 witness+ ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d+ p>ty1 may take to he>t ! lesson :i* we are en=c+ ^u him1 namely1 t we are m5 ( might & importance :om none %\ld despise4 ,:oev] is angry1 is angry at be+ despis$1 fl\t$ to 8 face & set at naught1 ei!r 9 8 own p]son1 or 9 ! p]son ( "o :om he v5]ates & loves1 or 9 "s cause t lies ne> to 8 he>t4 ,ang] is ess5tially a crav+ = v5geance on acc\nt ( a wrong done4 ,if !n we h suff]$1 b ?9k we des]ve to suff]1 we are n angry4 ,if we h suff]$ wrong1 b ! wrong seems to h be5 done 9 ignorance1 or 9 ! heat ( passion1 we are n angry1 or we are n s v angry4 ,if he _h kn[n :at he 0 ab\t1 we say1 or1 if he _h be5 9 8 "r m9d1 he c\ld n h br\ght himself to treat me s4 ,b :5 "o has done u cool & delib]ate wrong1 !n we are angry1 because ! slight is mo/ consid]able4 ,!re is an appe>ance ( our claims to consid]ations hav+ be5 weigh$1 & f\nd want+4 ,we call x1 a cool piece ( imp]t95ce1 spiteful malevol5ce1 & ! l4 ,any o!r motive to :i* ! wrong is traceable on ! "p ( ! wrong-do]1 less5s our ang] aga9/ him3 b ! motive ( contempt1 & t alone1 if we seem to discov] x 9 him1 inv>iably increases x4 ,to ?is all o!r po9ts are r$ucible t move our ang]1 z =getfulness1 rudely deliv]$ tid+s ( mis=tune1 a face ( mir? look+ on at our di/ress1 or gett+ 9 ! way & ?w>t+ our purpose4 #c4 ,ang] diff]s f hatr$4 ,hatr$ is a *ronic affection1 ang] an acute "o4 ,hatr$ wi%es evil to a man z x is evil1 ang] z x is j4 ,ang] wi%es evil to fall on its object 9 ! sight ( all m51 & ) ! full consci\sness ( ! suff]]3 hatr$ is satisfi$ ) ev5 a secret mis*ief1 &1 s t ! evil be a griev\s "o1 does n mu* m9d :e!r ! suff]] be consci\s ( x or no4 ,?us an angry man may wi% to see him :o has (f5d$ br\ght to public confession & %ame3 b a hat] is well cont5t to see 8 enemy sp5d+ 8 =tune fooli%ly1 or dead drunk 9 a dit* on a lonely wayside4 ,! man 9 ang] feels grief & annoyance1 n s ! hat]4 ,at a c]ta9 po9t ( suff]+ ang] /ops1 & is appeas$ :5 full satisfaction seems to h be5 made3 b an enemy is implacable & insatiate 9 8 desire ( y\r h>m4 ,/4 ,augu/9e 9 8 ,rule to 8 bre?r5 says3 ,= qu>rels1 ei!r h !m n1 or end !m ) all spe$1 le/ ang] gr[ to hatr$1 & ( a mote make a beam4 #d4 ,ang]1 l v5geance1 is !n only a safe c\rse to ent] on1 :5 x proce$s n ^u p]sonal b ^u public gr\nds4 ,& ev5 by ?is maxim _m deceive !mselves4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,rhet41 ii41 #b2 ib41 #d1 ad f942 ,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #df1 art4 #b1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #df1 art4 #c1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #df1 art4 #f2 ib41 q4 #dg1 art4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,habits ,,& ,,virtues4 ,,section ,i4--,( ,habit4 #a4 ,a habit is a quality difficult to *ange1 :]eby an ag5t ^: nature x 0 to "w "o way or ano!r indet]m9ately1 is dispos$ easily & readily at w to foll[ ?is or t p>ticul> l9e ( action4 ,habit diff]s f disposition1 z disposition is a quality easily *ang$4 ,?us "o 9 a good hum\r is 9 a disposition to be k9d4 ,habit is a "p ( "*3 disposition is a pass+ fit4 ,aga91 habit diff]s f faculty1 or p[]3 z p[] enables "o to act2 b habit1 presuppos+ p[]1 r5d]s action easy & exp$iti\s1 & reliable to come at call4 ,we h a p[] to move our limbs1 b a habit to walk or ride or swim4 ,habit !n is ! det]m9ant ( p[]4 ,"o & ! same p[] works well or ill1 b n "o & ! same habit4 #b4 ,a p[] t has only "o way ( work+1 set & fix$1 is n susceptible ( habit4 ,su* p[]s are ! =ces ( inanimate nature1 z gravitation & electricity4 ,a ?+ does n gravitate bett] = gravitat+ (t54 ,! moon does n obey ! e>? m readily to-day ?an %e did 9 ! days ( ,ptolemy1 or ( ! ,*aldean sages4 ,"s speci\s claim to habit might be set up on behalf ( electricity & magnetism4 ,a glass rod rubb$ at frequ5t int]vals = six mon?s1 is a diff]5t in/rum5t f :at x w\ld h be51 if left all t "t idle 9 a draw]4 ,!n !re are su* cases z ! gradual magnetis+ ( an iron b>4 ,/ill we _c speak ( electrical habits1 or magnetic habits1 n at lea/ 9 ?+s )\t life1 because !re is no w !re to control ! ex]cise ( ! quality4 ,z well might we speak ( a tumbl$[n habit 9 a r[ ( h\ses1 br\ght on by locomotives runn+ und]nea? _! f\ndations4 ,x is b a case ( an accumulation ( small effects1 induc+ gradually a new molecul> arrangem5t1 s t ! old p[]s act "u new mat]ial conditions4 ,b habit is a ?+ ( life1 an appurt5ance ( w1 n ( c\rse indep5d5t ( mat]ial conditions & /ructural alt]ations1 9 s f> =? z a liv+ & volitional is also a mat]ial ag5t1 b ess5tially usable at w1 & br\ght into play & controll$ 9 its op]ation by free *oice4 ,!re=e a habit t works almo/ automatically has less ( ! "* ( a true habit1 & passes r out ( morality into ! region ( physics4 ,aga91 bad habits1 vices to :i* a man is become a slave aga9/ 8 bett] judgm5t1 are less prop]ly call$ habits ?an virtues are2 = su* evil habits d n s mu* att5d on volition 7albeit volition has creat$ !m7 z drag ! w 9 _! wake4 ,= ! l reason1 habit is less prop]ly pr$icable ( brute animals ?an ( m53 = brutes h no intellig5t w to gov]n _! habits4 ,! highe/ brutes are mo/ susceptible ( habit4 ,!y are mo/ l m5 9 be+ mo/ educable4 ,&1 ( human prog5y1 "s take up habits1 9 ! be/ & complete/ s5se ( ! t]m1 m readily ?an o!rs4 ,!y are bett] subjects = education3 education be+ no?+ else ?an ! =mation ( habits4 #c4 ,k consi/s ( intellectual habits4 ,b ! habits ( mo/ consequ5ce to ! morali/ lie 9 ! w1 & 9 ! s5sitive appetite z am5able to ! control ( ! w4 ,9 ?is category come ! virtues1 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( t "n1 & second>ily ! vices4 #d4 ,a habit is acquir$ by acts4 ,:]eupon ?is difficulty has be5 />t$3--,if ! habit1 say ( m5tal application1 comes f acts ( /udy1 & aga9 ! acts f ! habit1 h[ ev] is ! habit orig9ally acquir$8 ,we answ] t !re are two ways 9 :i* "o ?+ may come f ano!r4 ,x may come 9 po9t ( its v exi/5ce1 z *ild f p>5t2 or 9 po9t ( "s mode ( exi/5ce1 z s*ol> f ma/]4 ,a habit has its v exi/5ce f acts prec$+3 b ^? acts h _! exi/5ce indep5d5t ( ! habit4 ,! acts :i* are elicit$ aft] ! habit is =m$1 owe to ! habit1 n _! exi/5ce1 b ! mode ( _! exi/5ce3 t is to say1 because ( ! habit ! acts are n[ =m$ readily1 reliably1 & arti/ically1 or virtu\sly4 ,! primitive acts :i* gradually eng5d]$ ! habit1 7 done ) difficulty1 fitfully1 & ) _m failures1--m by good luck ?an good managem5t1 if x 0 a matt] ( skill1 & by a special ef=t r ?an z a ?+ ( c\rse1 :]e x 0 "q ( moral well-do+4 7,see c4ii41 s4ii41 n4#i1 p4 #aj47 #e4 ,a habit is a liv+ ?+3 x gr[s & mu/ be f$4 ,x gr[s on acts1 & acts are ! food t su/a9 x4 ,unex]cis$1 a habit p9es away3 corruption sets 9 & dis9tegration4 ,a man1 we w say1 has a habit ( ?9k+ ( ,god dur+ 8 "w4 ,he gives ov] do+ s4 ,t means t he ei!r takes to ?9k+ ( ev]y?+ & no?+1 or he takes up "s def9ite l9e ( ?\ght to ! exclusion ( ,god4 ,ei!r way !re is a new =mation to ! gradual ru9 ( ! old habit4 #f4 ,habit & cu/om may be di/+ui%$ 9 philosophical language4 ,we may say t cu/om makes ! habit4 ,cu/om does n imply any skill or special facility4 ,a habit is a *annel :]eby ! en]gies fl[1 z o!rwise !y w\ld n h fl[$1 freely & readily 9 "s p>ticul> direction4 ,a habit1 !n1 is a det]m9ation ( a faculty = good or = evil4 ,x is some?+ intr9sic 9 a man1 a real modification ( 8 be+1 abid+ 9 him 9 ! int]vals betwe5 "o occasion = its ex]cise & ano!r3 :]eas cu/om is a m]e d5om9ation1 expressive ( frequ5t action & no m4 ,?us x w\ld be m philosophical to speak ( a cu/om ( e>ly ris+1 & ( a cu/om ( smok+1 r ?an ( a habit ( smok+1 except s f> z1 by ! use ( ! ^w habit1 y may wi% to po9t to a c]ta9 acquir$ skill ( ! respiratory & facial muscles1 & a c]ta9 acquir$ temp] ( ! /oma*1 enabl+ "o to inhale tobacco fumes ) impunity4 #g4 ,habits are acquir$1 b x is obvi\s t ! rate ( acquisition v>ies 9 diff]5t p]sons4 ,?is comes f "o p]son be+ m pr$ispos$ by nature ?an ano!r to ! acquir+ ( ?is or t habit4 ,by nature1 t is by ! native temp] & con=mation ( 8 body :]e) he 0 born1 ?is *ild is m prone to lit]>y le>n+1 t to me*anics1 ?is "o to ob/9acy & cont5ti\sness1 t to s5suality1 & s ( ! re/4 ,= ?\gh x is by ! s\l t a man le>ns1 & by ! act ( 8 w & spiritual p[]s he becomes a glutton or a zealot1 nev]!less ! bodily organs concur & act jo9tly t[>ds ^! ends4 ,! native dispositions ( ! *ild's body = ! acquisition ( habits dep5d to an unasc]ta9$ ext5t ^u ! habits ( 8 ance/ors4 ,?is is ! fact ( h]$ity4 #h4 ,man is said to be a creature ( habits4 ,! =mation ( habits 9 ! w saves ! necessity ( cont9ually mak+ up ! m9d anew4 ,a man w act z he has become habituat$1 except "u "s special motive f )\t1 or "s special ef=t f )94 ,9 ! case ( evil habits1 t ef=t is att5d$ ) imm5se difficulty4 ,! habit is inde$ ! man's own creation1 ! outcome ( 8 free acts4 ,b he is become ! bondslave ( 8 creature1 s mu* s t :5 ! occasion arrives1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! act is already done1 by ! =ce ( ! habit alone1 be=e 8 w is awak5$1 or dr[sily moves 9 its sleep4 ,! only way = ! w to free itself "h is n to wait = ! occasion to come1 b be a/ir betimes1 keep ! occasion at arm's l5g?1 & regi/] _m a det]m9ation & firm prote/ & f]v5t pray] aga9/ ! habit4 ,he :o neglects to d ?is 9 ! int]val has himself to blame = be+ ov]come e "t t he falls ^u ! occasion :i* br+s into play ! evil habit4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #di1 art4 #d1 ad #a1 #b2 ib41 q4 #ej1 art4 #c1 9 corp41 ad4 #a1 #b2 ib41 q4 #ea1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ec1 art4 #c1 9 corp42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,ii41 i42 ib41 ,,iii41 v41 #aj-ad2 ib41 ,,ii41 iv41 #a1 #b1 #d4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ,virtues 9 ,g5]al4 #a4 ,virtue 9 its mo/ transc5d5tal s5se means ! excell5ce ( a ?+ accord+ to its k9d4 ,?us x is ! virtue ( ! eye to see1 & ( a horse to be fleet ( foot4 ,vice is a flaw 9 ! make ( a ?+1 go+ to r5d] x useless = ! purpose to :i* x 0 orda9$4 ,f ! e?ical /&po9t1 virtue is a habit t a man has got ( do+ moral good1 or do+ t :i* x befits 8 rational nature to d3 & vice is a habit ( do+ moral evil4 7,see c4 i41 n4 #e47 ,x is important to obs]ve t virtue & vice are n acts b habits4 ,vices d n make a man guilty1 nor d virtues make him innoc5t4 ,a man is guilty or innoc5t accord+ to 8 acts1 n accord+ to 8 habits4 ,a man may d a wick$ ?+ & n be vici\s1 or a good action & n be virtu\s4 ,b no man is vici\s :o has n done "o1 two1 aye1 _m wick$ ?+s3 & to be virtu\s1 a man mu/ h p]=m$ _m acts ( virtue4 ,*ildr5 d "r & wrong1 b !y h nei!r virtues nor vices except 9 a nasc5t /ate3 !re has n yet be5 "t 9 !m = ! habits to be =m$4 ,:5 s9 is tak5 away by ,god & p>don$1 ! vice1 t is1 ! evil habit1 if any su* exi/$ be=e1 /ill rema9s1 & con/itutes a dang] = ! future4 ,! habit c only be ov]come by wat*fulness & a long cont9uance ( contr>y acts4 ,b vice is n s91 nor is s9 vice1 nor a good de$ a virtue4 #b4 ,! "n ( virtue is giv5 to c]ta9 habits resid+ 9 ! intellect1 z intuition or insight 7into self-evid5t tru?s71 wisdom 7reg>d+ conclusions ( ma9 application71 sci5ce 7( conclusions 9 special dep>tm5ts71 & art4 ,^! are call$ intellectual virtues4 ,x 0 a peculi>ity ( ,socrates' tea*+1 l>gely %>$ by ,plato1 to make all virtue intellectual1 a doctr9e express$ 9 ! =mula1 ,virtue is k2 :i* is tantam\nt to ?is o!r1 ,vice is ignorance1 or an errone\s view4 ,f :5ce ! conclusion is inevitable3 ,no evil de$ is wilfully done2 & !re=e1 ,no man is to blame = be+ wick$4 #c4 ,und\bt$ly !re is a c]ta9 elem5t ( ignorance 9 all vice1 & a c]ta9 abs5ce ( w ab\t e vici\s act4 ,!re is likewise an intellectual side to all virtue4 ,^! positions we will+ly conc$e to ! ,socratics4 ,e morally evil act is borne ( "s volunt>y inconsid]at5ess4 ,! ag5t is look+ ! wrong way 9 ! in/ant at :i* he does wrong4 ,ei!r he is reg>d+ only ! solicitations ( 8 inf]ior nature to ! neglect ( ! sup]ior1 or he is consid]+ "s rational good inde$1 b a rational good :i*1 if he w\ld look /eadily ^u x1 he w\ld p]ceive to be unbefitt+ = him to *oose4 ,no man c d evil 9 ! v in/ant 9 :i* 8 und]/&+ is consid]+1 above all ?+s else1 t :i* x behoves him specially to consid] 9 ! case4 ,aga91 9 e wrong act1 x is n ! %e] evil t is will$1 b ! good ?r\gh or ) ! evil4 ,good1 real or suppos$1 is s\ght =3 evil is accept$ z lead+ to good 9 ! way ( means1 or annex$ !reto z a circum/ance4 ,moreov]1 no act is virtu\s t is elicit$ q me*anically1 or at ! bl9d in/ance ( passion4 ,to be virtu\s1 ! ?+ mu/ be done on pr9ciple1 t is1 at ! dictate ( reason & by ! light ( intellect4 #d4 ,/ill1 virtue is n k4 ,!re are o!r ?an intellectual habits ne$$ to complete ! "* ( a virtu\s man4 ,i see ! bett] c\rse & approve x1 & foll[ ! worse1 said ! ,roman poet4 ,footnote #c ,! evil :i* ,i w n1 t ,i d1 said ! ,apo/le4 ,x is n en\gh to h an intellectual disc]nm5t ( & pref]5ce = :at is "r3 b ! w mu/ be habituat$ to embrace x1 & ! passions too mu/ be habituat$ to submit & squ>e !mselves to "r be+ done4 ,9 o!r words1 a virtu\s man is made up by ! union ( enlight5$ intellect ) ! moral virtues4 ,! addition is necess>y = sev]al reasons4 ,footnote #c3 ,video meliora proboque1_/,det]iora sequor4 7,ovid1 ,metamorph41 vii41 #ba47 7a7 ,ord9>ily1 ! intellect does n necessitate ! w4 ,! w1 !n1 ne$s to be clamp$ & set by habit to *oose ! "r ?+ z ! intellect proposes x4 7b7 ,intellect1 or ,reason1 is n absolute 9 ! human con/itution4 ,z ,ari/otle 7,pol41 ,i41 v41 #f7 says3 ,! s\l rules ! body ) a despotic comm&3 b reason rules appetite ) a comm& con/itutional & k+ly3 t is to say1 z ,ari/otle else:]e 7,e?41 ,i41 xiii41 #ae1 #af7 expla9s1 passion (t5 fights & resi/s reason1 opposes & contradicts3 x has !re=e to be b\nd by ord9ances & in/itutions to foll[ reason's lead3 ^! in/itutions are good habits1 moral virtues1 resid5t !re :]e passion itself is resid5t1 9 ! inf]ior appetite4 ,x is n en\gh t ! rid] is compet5t1 b ! horse too mu/ be brok5 94 7c7 ,x is a say+1 t no mortal is always wise4 ,!re are times :5 reason's utt]ance is fa9t f we>9ess & vexation4 ,!n1 unless a man has acquir$ an almo/ me*anical habit ( obey+ reason 9 ! conduct ( 8 w & passions1 he w 9 su* a conjuncture act inconsid]ately & d wrong4 ,t habit is moral virtue4 ,moral virtue is z ! fly-:eel ( an eng9e1 a res]voir ( =ce to c>ry ! ma*9e pa/ ! dead po9ts 9 its work+4 ,or aga91 moral virtue is z discipl9e to troops sudd5ly attack$1 or h>d press$ 9 ! fight4 #e4 ,!re=e1 besides ! habits 9 ! intellect t be> ! "n ( intellectual virtues1 ! virtu\s man mu/ possess o!r habits1 z well 9 ! w1 t ?is p[] may readily embrace :at ! und]/&+ po9ts out to be good1 z 9 ! s5sitive appetite 9 bo? its p>ts1 concupiscible & irascible1 s f> =? z appetite is am5able to ! control ( ! w1 t x may be s controll$ & promptly obey ! bett] guidance4 ,^! habits 9 ! w & 9 ! s5sitive appetite are call$ moral virtues1 & to !m ! "n ( virtue is usually conf9$4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ga1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #b2 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #c1 9 corp41 ad #c2 ib41 q4 #ef1 art4 #d1 9 corp41 ad #a-c4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,virtues1 ,intellectual & ,moral4 #a4 ,/4 ,?omas 7#a;a #b1 q4 #ef1 art4 #c1 9 corp47 ,footnote #d draws ?is diff]5ce1 t an intellectual virtue gives "o a facility 9 do+ a good act2 b a moral virtue n only gives facility1 b makes "o put ! facility 9 use4 ,?us a habit ( gramm> he says1 enables "o readily to speak correctly1 b does n ensure t "o always %all speak correctly1 = a gramm>ian may make solecisms on purpose3 :]eas a habit ( ju/ice n only makes a man prompt & ready to d j de$s1 b makes him actually d !m4 ,n t any habit necessitates volition4 ,habits d n necessitate1 b !y facilitate ! act ( ! w4 7s4 i41 nn4 #a1 #b1 #h1 pp4 #fd1 #fh47 ,footnote #d3 ,by do+ good ,/4 ,?omas means ! det]m9ation ( ! appetite1 rational or s5sitive1 to good4 ,he says t intellectual virtue does n prompt ?is det]m9ation ( ! appetite4 ,( c\rse x does n3 x prompts only ! act ( ! p[] :]e9 x resides3 n[ x resides 9 ! intellect1 n 9 ! appetite2 & x prompts ! act ( ! intellect1 :i* h[ev] is cot always foll[$ by an act ( appetite 9 accordance ) x4 #b4 ,ano!r di/9ction may be ga!r$ f ,/4 ,?omas 7#a;a #b1 q4 #ba1 art4 #b1 ad #b71 t ! special intellectual habit call$ art disposes a man to act correctly t[>ds "s p>ticul> end1 b a moral habit t[>ds ! common end1 scope & purpose ( all human life4 ,?us m$ical skill m9i/]s to ! p>ticul> end ( heal+3 :ile ! moral habit ( temp]ance s]ves ! g5]al end1 :i* is f9al happ9ess & p]fection4 ,s to give a wrong prescription ?r\gh %e] antec$5t ignorance1 is to fail z a doctor3 b to get drunk witt+ly & kn[+ly is to fail z a man4 #c4 ,! gr& di/9ction betwe5 intellectual & moral habits seems to be ?is1 t moral habits reside 9 p[]s :i* may act aga9/ ! dictate ( ! und]/&+1--! error ( ,socrates1 notic$ above 7c4 v41 s4 ii41 n4 #b1 p4 #gj71 lay 9 suppos+ t !y c\ld n s act3 :]eas ! p[] :i* is ! seat ( ! intellectual habits1 ! und]/&+1 _c possibly act aga9/ itself4 ,habits dispose ! subject to elicit acts ( ! p[] :]e9 !y reside4 ,moral habits induce acts ( w & s5sitive appetite3 intellectual habits1 acts ( intellect4 ,w & appetite may act aga9/ :at ! ag5t kn[s to be be/3 b intellect _c contradict intellect4 ,x _c judge t to be true & beautiful :i* x kn[s to be false & f\l4 ,if a musician /rikes discords on purpose1 or a gramm>ian makes solecisms wilfully1 he is n !re9 contradict+ ! intellectual habit )9 him1 = x is ! (fice ( su* a habit to aid ! intellect to judge correctly1 & ! intellect "h does correctly judge ! effect produc$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! musician or gramm>ian blund]s1 ! intellect )9 him has n be5 contradict$1 see+ t he knew no bett]3 ! habit ( gramm> or music has n be5 violat$1 b has fail$ to cov] ! case4 ,!re=e ! intellectual habit is n a safegu>d to keep a man f go+ aga9/ 8 intellig5t self4 ,no su* safegu>d is ne$$3 ! ?+ is impossible1 9 ! region ( pure intellect4 ,9 a region :]e no temptation c\ld ent]1 intellectual habits w\ld suffice alone ( !mselves to make a p]fectly virtu\s man4 ,to avoid evil & *oose good1 x w\ld be en\gh to "k ! "o & ! o!r4 ,b 9 ?is _w s$uctive reason+s sway ! w1 & fits ( passion ! s5sitive appetite1 prompt+ ! "o & ! o!r to rise up & break away f :at ! intellect kn[s all along to be ! true good ( man4 ,unless moral virtue be !re to hold ^! p[]s to _! allegiance1 !y w frequ5tly disobey ! und]/&+4 ,su* disob$i5ce is m irrational ?an any m]e intellectual error4 ,9 an error purely intellectual1 :]e ! w has no "p1 ! objective tru? inde$ is miss$1 b ! intellig5ce t dwells )9 ! man is n fl\t$ & ga9-say$4 ,x takes two to make a contradiction z to make a qu>rel4 ,b an intellectual error has only "o side4 ,! intellect utt]s "s false pron\ncem5t1 & !re is no?+ )9 ! man t says o!rwise4 ,9 ! moral error !re is a contradiction )91 an inte/9e qu>rel4 ,! intellect pron\nces a ?+ n good1 n to be tak51 & ! s5sitive appetite w ?r[ a veil ov] ! face ( intellect1 & seize ^u ! ?+4 ,t am\nts to a contradiction ( a man's own intellig5t self4 #d4 ,x appe>s t1 absolutely speak+1 intellectual virtue is ! great] p]fection ( a man3 inde$ 9 ! act ( t virtue1 z we h se51 8 cr[n+ p]fection & happ9ess lies4 ,b moral virtue is ! great] safegu>d4 ,! brea* ( moral virtue is ! dir] evil4 ,s9 is worse ?an ignorance1 & m aga9/ reason1 because x is aga9/ ! do]'s own reason4 ,moral virtue !n is m necess>y ?an intellectual 9 a _w :]e evil is rife1 z x is a m vital ?+ to escape griev\s disease ?an to atta9 ! highe/ developm5t ( /r5g? & beauty4 ,& z disease spoils /r5g? & beauty1 n inde$ always tak+ !m away1 b r5d]+ !m valueless1 s evil moral habits subv]t intellectual virtue1 & turn x aside 9 a wrong direction4 ,! vici\s w keeps ! intellect f contemplat+ ! objects :i* are ! be/ good ( man3 s ! contemplation is ?r[n away on inf]ior ?+s1 (t5 on base ?+s1 & an ov]gr[? ( folly ensues on ^? po9ts :]eupon x mo/ imports a man to be wise4 ,to sum up all 9 a s5t5ce1 n exclusive b deal+ ) *>act]i/ics3 ! moral virtues are ! virtues = ?is _w1 intellectual virtue is ! virtue ( ! life to come4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #eh1 art4 #b1 9 corp42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,i41 xiii41 #ae-ai2 ,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ff1 art4 #c4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ! ,mean 9 ,moral ,virtue4 #a4 ,moral virtue is a habit ( do+ ! "r ?+ 9 ! conduct ( ! w & ! gov]nm5t ( ! passions4 ,do+ "r is oppos$ to ov]do+ ! ?+1 & to und]do+ x4 ,do+ "r is tak+ :at x suits a rational nature to desire1 & es*ew+ :at is unsuitable "u ! circum/ances4 7c4 i41 n4 #e47 ,b a ?+ may be unsuitable 9 two ways1 by excess1 & by defect3 ! rational *oice is 9 ! mean betwe5 ^! two4 ,! moral ord] "h is illu/rat$ f ! physical4 ,too mu* ex]cise & too little alike impair ! /r5g?2 s ( meat & dr9k 9 reg>d to heal?2 b diet & ex]cise 9 mod]ation1 & 9 proportion to ! subject1 create1 increase1 & pres]ve bo? heal? & /r5g?4 ,s x is ) temp]ance1 & =titude1 & all v>ieties ( moral virtue4 ,he :o fights %y ( ev]y?+1 & nev] /&s 8 gr\nd1 becomes a c[>d2 :ile he :o nev] fe>s at all1 b walks boldly up to all dang]1 turns out ra%4 ,! enjoy] ( e pleasure1 :o kn[s n :at x is to d5y himself aught1 is a lib]t9e & loose liv]2 :ile to ?r[ ov] all ! graces & delici\s ?+s ( life1 n z ,/4 ,paul did1 :o c\nt$ all ?+s dross1 t he might ga9 ,*ri/1 b absolutely1 z ?\gh su* ?+s 7 ( !mselves devoid ( attraction1 is boori%ness & ins5sibility4 ,?us ! virtues ( temp]ance & =titude p]i% 9 excess & defect1 & live 9 ! mean4 ,x is to be notic$ 9 ?is illu/ration t ! mean ( heal? is n necess>ily ! mean ( virtue4 ,:at is too little food1 & too mu* ex]cise1 = ! animal well-be+ ( a man1 may be ! "r am\nt ( bo? = him 9 "s high] relation1 inasmu* z he is m ?an a m]e animal2 z = a soldi] 9 a h>d campaign1 :]e a suffici5cy ( food & re/ is incompatible ) 8 s]v+ 8 c\ntry's ne$4 #b4 ,! tak+ ( means to an end implies ! tak+ !m 9 mod]ation1 n 9 excess1 or we %all ov]%oot ! m>k1 nor aga9 s feebly & inadequately z to fall %ort ( x4 ,no m]e in/rum5t admits ( an unlimit$ use2 b ! end to be ga9$ fixes limits to ! use ( ! in/rum5t1 ?us f>1 no m1 & no less4 ,:]ev] !n reason requires an end to be ga9$1 x requires a use ( means proportionate to ! end1 n com+ %ort ( x1 nor go+ s f> beyond z to defeat ! purpose 9 view4 ,! v>iety ( good t is call$ ! ,useful lies )9 def9ite limits1 betwe5 two wild]nesses1 s to speak1 /ret*+ out undef9$ into ! di/ance1 wild]ness ( ,excess on ! "o side1 & wild]ness ( ,defect on ! o!r4 #c4 ,a true "w ( art _c be add$ to or tak5 f )\t spoil+ x4 ,a p]fect *ur* w\ld be spoil$ by a l5g!n+ ( ! *ancel or rais+ ! t[]1 albeit !re are build+s1 secul> & ecclesia/ical1 t might be drawn out two miles long & n look any worse4 ,! col\r+ ( a picture mu/ n be too viol5t & positive2 b arti/ic col\r+ mu/ be *a/e1 & arti/ic utt]ance g5tle1 & arti/ic action calm & indicative ( self-comm&4 ,n t voice & action %\ld n be impassion$ = a great em]g5cy1 b ! v passion %\ld be> ! m>k ( control3 9 ! great ma/]'s phrase1 y mu/ n te> a passion to tatt]s4 ,x is by mod]ation sitt+ ^u p[] t works ( art truly mascul9e & mighty are produc$2 & by ?is sign !y are m>k$ (f f ! l[] ho/ ( ?+s1 gorge\s & r$undant1 & /ill m f ! ord] ( ! loose1 ! lawless1 ! exagg]at$1 ! insol5t1 & ! pr(ane4 #d4 ,on ^! consid]ations ,ari/otle fram$ 8 celebrat$ def9ition ( moral virtue3 ! habit ( fix+ ! *oice 9 ! gold5 mean 9 relation to ourselves1 def9$ by reason1 z a prud5t man w\ld def9e x4 ,all virtue is a habit1 z we h se5--a habit ( do+ t :i* is ! prop] act ( ! p[] :]e9 ! habit resides4 ,"o class ( moral virtues is resid5t 9 ! w1 ! act ( :i* p[] is prop]ly call$ *oice4 ,! re/ ( ! moral virtues reside 9 ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* also may be said to *oose t object on :i* x fa/5s4 ,?us moral virtue is a habit ( fix+ ! *oice4 ,! gold5 mean betwe5 two extremes ( excess & defect respectively has be5 already expla9$1 & may be fur!r %[n by a review ( ! virtues4 ,besides =titude & temp]ance1 already describ$1 lib]ality is a mean betwe5 prodigality & /+9ess2 magnific5ce betwe5 vulg> display & pett9ess3 magnanimity betwe5 va+lory & pusillanimity2 tru?fulness betwe5 exagg]ation & dissimulation2 fri5d%ip betwe5 complaisance1 or flatt]y1 & fr[>dness1--& s ( ! re/4 ,! gold5 mean mu/ be tak5 9 relation to ourselves1 because 9 _m matt]s ( behavi\r & ! managem5t ( ! passions ! "r am\nt = "o p]son w\ld be excessive = ano!r1 accord+ to v>ieties ( age1 sex1 /ation1 & disposition4 ,?us ang] t might become a layman might be unbefitt+ 9 a *ur*man2 & a man might be ?\ght loquaci\s if he talk$ z mu* z a discreet matron4 ,footnote #e ,! gold5 mean1 !n1 mu/ be def9$ by reason accord+ to ! p>ticul> circum/ances ( ea* case4 ,b z ,reason h]self is to seek :]e %e is n guid$ by ,prud5ce1 ! mean ( virtue mu/ be def9$1 n by ! reason ( ! buffoon ,pantolabus1 or ( ,nom5tanus ! sp5d?rift1 b z a prud5t man w\ld def9e x1 giv5 an insight into ! case4 ,footnote #e3 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 iv41 #ag1 says j ! conv]se1 :i* m>ks ! alt]$ position ( woman 9 mod]n society4 #e4 ,! gold5 mean1 z ,horace nam$ x 7,od41 ii41 #aj71 obta9s pr9cipally1 if n solely1 9 liv+ ?+s1 & 9 :at app]ta9s to liv+ ?+s1 & 9 objects ( art4 ,a lake1 z su*1 has no natural dim5sions3 x may be t5 miles long1 x may be a hundr$2 b an elephant or an oak-tree _c g beyond a c]ta9 gr[?4 ,!re is a va/ range betwe5 ! temp]ature ( a bla/-furnace & ! temp]ature ( ! ice-pack on ! ,pol> ,sea1 b v limit$ is ! range possible 9 ! blood ( a liv+ man4 ,view$ arti/ically1 a hill may be too l[1 or a lake want wid?1 = man's eye to re/ ^u x ) p]fect satisfaction4 ,! gold5 mean1 !n1 is an arti/ic conception1 & :at ,i may call an an?ropological conception3 x suits man1 & is requir$ by man1 ?\gh ,nature may spurn & ov]-ride x4 ,! e>?quake1 ! hurricane1 & ! angry ocean are n 9 ! gold5 mean1 n at lea/ f a human po9t ( view4 ,if man *ooses to p]sonify & body =? ! p[]s ( nature1 he creates "s mon/r\s unc\? figure1 l ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian idols2 b if man makes a /udy ( man1 & br+s g5ius & pati5t elaboration to be> on 8 "w1 !re em]ges ! symmetry & p]fect proportion ( ! ,greek /atue4 ,no p ev] made s mu* ( ! beauty ( ! human =m z ! anci5t ,greeks3 !y made x ! object ( a passion t m>k$ _! religion1 _! in/itutions1 _! lit]ature1 & _! art4 ,_! virtues & _! vices turn$ ^u x4 ,h5ce ! gold5 mean is em95tly a ,greek conception1 a lead+ idea ( ! ,hell5ic race4 ,! ,greek hat$ a ?+ ov]done1 a gaudy ornam5t1 a pr\d title1 a fulsome complim5t1 a high-fl[n spee*1 a wordy p]oration4 ,no?+ too mu* 0 ! inscription ov] ! l9tel ( ! national sanctu>y at ,delphi4 ,x is ! surpass+ grace ( ,greek art ( ! be/ p]iod1 t 9 x !re %9es out ! highe/ p[]1 ) no?+ too mu* ( /ra9+ aft] effect4 ,! /udy ( ,greek lit]>y models op]ates z a corrective to r$undancy1 & to :at ill-condition$ m9ds take to be f9e writ+4 ,! ,greek arti/ knew j h[ f> to g1 & :5 to /op4 ,t po9t he call$1 9 8 own unsurpass$ tongue1 ! ,greek3 kairos4 ,! "r measure 7kairos7 is at ! head ( all1 says ,p9d>4 ,booby1 n to h und]/ood by h[ mu* ! half is m ?an ! :ole1 is ! qua9t cry ( ,hesiod4 ,aes*ylus puts ^! v]ses 9 ! m\? ( 8 ,furies2 ,! gold5 mean is ,god's delight3 ,extremes are hateful 9 ,8 sight4 ,hold by ! mean1 & glorify ,nor an>*y nor slav]y4 ,*>act]i/ic ( ,socrates 0 8 irony1 or way ( und]/at+ himself1 9 prote/ aga9/ ! extravagant pr(essions ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,9 ! reckon+ ( ! ,py?agoreans1 ! ,inf9ite1 ! ,unlimit$1 or ,un*eck$1 0 m>k$ z evil1 9 opposition to good1 :i* 0 ! ,limit$4 ,f !nce1 ,plato1 tak+ up 8 p>able1 writes3 ,! goddess ( ! ,limit1 my fair ,philebus1 see+ insol5ce & all mann] ( wick$ness break+ loose f all limit 9 po9t ( gratification & glutton\s gre$1 e/abli%$ a law & ord] ( limit$ be+2 & y say ?is re/ra9t 0 ! dea? ( pleasure2 ,i say x 0 ! sav+ ( x4 ,go+ ^u ! tradition ( 8 c\ntrym51 ^u _! art & philosophy1 _! poetry1 eloqu5ce1 politics1 & inmo/ s5tim5t1 ,ari/otle =mulat$ ! law ( moral virtue1 to hold by ! gold5 mean1 z disc]n$ by ! prud5t 9 view ( ! pres5t circum/ances1 betwe5 ! two extremes ( excess & defect4 #f4 ,!re is only "o object on :i* man may ?r[ himself )\t res]ve1 8 la/ end1 ! adequate object ( 8 happ9ess1 ,god4 ,god is approa*$ by fai?1 hope1 & *>ity2 b x belongs n to philosophy to speak ( ^! sup]natural virtues4 ,!re rema9s to ! philosoph] ! natural virtue ( religion1 :i* is a "p ( ju/ice4 ,religion has to d ) ! inw>d act ( v5]ation & ) its outw>d expression4 ,to ! latt] ! rule ( ! mean at once applies4 ,mod]ation 9 religion is necess>y1 s f> z ext]nals are conc]n$4 ,n t any outw>d assiduity1 pomp1 spl5d\r1 or co/l9ess1 c be too mu* 9 itself1 or any?+ l en\gh1 to wor%ip ,god )1 b x may be too mu* = our limit$ means1 :i* 9 ?is _w are drawn on by o!r calls4 ,b our inw>d v5]ation = ,god & desire to d ,him hon\r1 c nev] be too int5se3 ,bless+ ! ,"l1 exalt ,him z mu* z y c3 = ,he is above all praise4 7,ecclus4 xliii4 #cc47 #g4 ,! rule ( ! mean1 !n1 is a human rule1 = deal+ ) m51 & ) human goods consid]$ z means4 ,x is a ,greek rule3 = ! ,greeks 7 ( all nations ! fonde/ admir]s ( man & ! ?+s ( man4 ,b :5 we asc5d to ,god1 we are out among ! imm5sities & et]nities4 ,! va/ness ( creation1 ! inf9ity ( ! ,creator1--!re is no mode or measure !re4 ,9 ^? heights ! ,hebrew ,psalmi/ lov$ to so>4 ,*ri/ianity1 ) its c5tral dogma ( ! ,inc>nation1 is ! meet+ ( ,hebrew & ,greek4 ,t my/]y clo!s ! ,"l ,god ( ho/s ) ! measur$ beauty1 grace1 & tru?1 t man c ent] into4 ,b en\gh ( ?is4 ,en\gh to %[ t ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! mean is a highly sugge/ive & wide-rea*+ doctr9e beyond ! sph]e ( ,morals4 ,x ?r[s out "o great bran* into ,art1 ano!r into ,!ology4 #h4 ,! vici\s extremes1 on ?is side & on t ( a virtue1 are n always cont]m9\s ) ! virtue itself1 b sometimes ano!r & m excell5t virtue int]v5es2 z 9 giv+ we may pass f ju/ice to lib]ality1 & only ?r\gh pass+ ! b\nds ( lib]ality1 d we arrive at ! vici\s extreme ( prodigality4 ,s p5it5tial fa/+ int]v5es betwe5 temp]ance 9 food & undue neglect ( su/5ance4 ,b x is to be not$ t ! c5tral virtue1 s to speak1 z ju/ice1 sobriety1 *a/ity1 is = all p]sons on all occasions3 ! m excell5t side-virtue1 z lib]ality1 or total ab/95ce1 is = special occasions & special classes ( p]sons4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,,ii41 ii41 #f1 #g2 ib41 ,,ii41 cc4 #f-i2 ,hor41 ,odes1 ,,ii41 #aj2 ,rusk91 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 p4 #c1 s4 i41 c4 x4 ,,section ,v4--,( ,c>d9al ,virtues4 #a4 ,! enum]ation ( c>d9al virtues is a piece ( ,greek philosophy t has f\nd its ways into ! cate*ism4 ,prud5ce1 ju/ice1 =titude1 & temp]ance are m5tion$ by ,plato z recognis$ heads ( virtue4 ,!y are recognis$1 ?\gh less cle>ly1 by ,x5ophon1 report+ ! conv]sations ( ,socrates4 ,x does n look z ?\gh ,socrates inv5t$ ! division3 he seems to h receiv$ x f an e>li] s\rce1 possibly ,py?agoras4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ,holy ,scripture 7,wisdom viii41 #g1 :i* is h[ev] a ,greek book71 & ,prov]bs viii41 #ad4 ,!y make no figure 9 ! philosophies ( ,india & ,*9a4 #b4 ,! c>d9al virtues are ?us made out4--,virtue is a habit t gives a man read9ess 9 behav+ accord+ to ! reason t is 9 him4 ,su* a habit may be f\rfold4 7a7 ,x may reside 9 ! reason1 or intellect itself1 enabl+ x readily to disc]n ! reasonable ?+ to d1 accord+ to p>ticul> circum/ances z !y occur4 ,t habit is ! virtue ( prud5ce4 7b7 ,x may reside 9 ! rational appetite1 o!rwise call$ ! w1 dispos+ a man to act fairly & reasonably 9 8 deal+s ) o!r m54 ,t is ju/ice4 7c7 ,x may reside 9 ! irrational1 or s5sitive1 appetite1 & t to a tw(old purpose2 7a7 to re/ra9 ! said appetite 9 its concupiscible "p f a wanton & immod]ate eag]ness aft] pleasure2 t is temp]ance3 7b7 to incite ! said appetite 9 its irascible "p n to %r9k f dang]1 :]e !re is reason = go+ on 9 spite ( dang]2 t is =titude4 #c4 ,plato comp>es ! rational s\l 9 man to a *>iote]1 driv+ two horses3 "o horse repres5t+ ! concupiscible1 ! o!r ! irascible "p ( ! s5sitive appetite4 ,he draws a vivid picture ( ! resi/ance ( ! concupiscible "p aga9/ reason1 h[ madly x ru%es aft] lawless pleasure1 & h[ x is only kept 9 re/ra9t by ma9 =ce aga9 & aga9 appli$1 till gradually x gr[s submissive4 ,?is submissiv5ess1 gradually acquir$1 is ! virtue ( temp]ance4 ,cle>ly ! habit dwells 9 ! appetite1 n 9 reason3 9 ! horse1 n 9 ! *>iote]4 ,x is t habitual /ate1 :i* 9 a horse we call be+ brok5 94 ,! concupiscible appetite is brok5 9 to reason by temp]ance resid+ )9 x4 ,plato lavi%es all evil names on ! /e$ t repres5ts ! concupiscible "p4 ,b ! irascible "p1 ! o!r /e$1 has its own fault1 & t fault tw(old1 sometimes ( ov]-v5turesom5ess1 sometimes ( %y+ & turn+ tail4 ,! habit eng5d]$1 9 ! irascible "p1 ( be+ nei!r ov]-v5turesome nor ov]-timor\s1 b go+ by reason1 is t]m$ =titude4 ,footnote #f ,footnote #f3 ,x w help an ,engli%man to und]/& ,plato's comp>ison1 if in/ead ( concupiscible "p & irascible "p1 we call ! "o /e$ ,passion & ! o!r ,pluck4 ,pluck fails1 & ,passion runs to excess1 till ,pluck is =m$ to =titude1 & ,passion to temp]ance4 #d4 ,z ! w is ! rational appetite1 ! prop] object ( :i* is rational good1 x does n ne$ to be prompt$ by any habit to embrace rational good 9 :at conc]ns only ! inw>d adm9i/ration ( ! ag5t's own self4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 t dep>tm5t1 provid$ ! s5sitive appetite be kept 9 h& by =titude & temp]ance4 ,b :]e !re is "q ( ext]nal relations ) o!r m51 x is n en\gh t ! s5sitive appetite be regulat$1 b a ?ird virtue is necess>y1 ! habit ( ju/ice1 to be plant$ 9 ! w1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be too weak to att5d /eadily to po9ts1 n ( ! ag5t's own good m]ely1 b ( ! good ( o!r m54 #e4 ,?us we h ! f\r c>d9al virtues3 prud5ce1 a habit ( ! intellect2 temp]ance1 a habit ( ! concupiscible appetite2 =titude1 a habit ( ! irascible appetite2 & ju/ice1 a habit ( ! w4 ,temp]ance & ,=titude 9 ! ,home ,dep>tm5t2 ,ju/ice = ,=eign ,affairs2 ) ,prud5ce = ,premi]4 ,or1 to use ano!r comp>ison1 borr[$ f ,plato1 prud5ce is ! heal? ( ! s\l1 temp]ance its beauty1 =titude its /r5g?1 & ju/ice its weal?4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #fa1 art4 #b1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ef1 art4 #d1 9 corp41 ad #a-c2 ib41 q4 #ef1 art4 #f1 9 corp41 ad #a1 #c2 ib41 q4 #ei1 art4 #d1 9 corp41 ad #b2 ,plato1 ,laws1 #fca ,b1 ,c4 ,,section ,,vi4--,( ,prud5ce4 #a4 ,prud5ce is "r reason appli$ to practice1 or m fully x may be def9$1 ! habit ( intellectual disc]nm5t t enables "o to hit ^u ! gold5 mean ( moral virtue & ! way to secure t mean4 ,?us prud5ce tells "o :at am\nt ( puni%m5t is prop] = a p>ticul> del9qu5t1 & h[ to secure 8 gett+ x4 ,x is to be obs]v$ t prud5ce does n w ! gold5 mean 9 "q1 b simply indicates x4 ,to w & desire ! mean is ! "w ( ! moral virtue conc]n$ !re)3 z 9 ! case giv5 x is ! "w ( v9dictive ju/ice4 #b4 ,f ! def9ition ( moral virtue above giv5 7c4 v41 s4 iv41 n4 #d1 p4 #gi71 x is cle> t no moral virtue c come into act )\t prud5ce3 = x is ! judgm5t ( ! prud5t man t mu/ def9e 9 ea* case ! gold5 mean 9 relation to ourselves1 :i* e moral virtue aims at4 ,?us1 )\t prud5ce1 =titude passes into ra%ness1 v9dictive ju/ice into h>%ness1 clem5cy into weakness1 religion into sup]/ition4 #c4 ,b may n "o ) no prud5ce to guide him hit ^u ! gold5 mean by "s happy impulse1 & ?us d an act ( virtue8 ,we answ]1 he may d a good act1 & if y w1 a virtu\s act1 b n an act ( virtue1 n an act proce$+ f a pre-exi/5t habit 9 ! do]4 ,! act is l a good /roke made by *ance1 n by skill2 & l su* a /roke1 x _c be readily repeat$ at ! ag5t's pleasure4 7,see c4 v41 s4 i41 n4 #d1 p4 #ff2 & ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,ii41 iv41 #b47 #d4 ,prud5ce 9 its ess5ce is an intellectual virtue1 be+ a habit resid5t 9 ! und]/&+3 b x deals ) ! subject-matt] ( ! moral virtues1 po9t+ out ! measure ( temp]ance1 ! b\nds ( =titude1 or ! pa? ( ju/ice4 ,x is ! habit ( intellectual disc]nm5t t mu/ enlight5 e moral virtue 9 its action4 ,!re is no virtue t goes blund]+ & /umbl+ 9 ! d>k4 #e4 ,he is a prud5t man1 t c give c\nsel to o!rs & to himself 9 ord] to ! atta9m5t ( ends t are wor?y ( human endeav\r4 ,if unwor?y ends are int5d$1 h[ev] sagaci\sly !y are pursu$1 t is n prud5ce4 ,we may call x sagacity1 or %rewdness1 be+ a habit ( ready disc]nm5t & application ( means to ends4 ,napoleon ,i4 0 conspicu\s = ?is sagacity4 ,x is ! key to success 9 ?is _w4 ,b prud5ce discov]s wor?y ends only1 & to !m only does x provide means4 ,! intellect is (t5 bl9d$ by passion1 by desire & by fe>1 s z n to disc]n ! prop] end & t]m to make = 9 a p>ticul> in/ance & a practical case4 ,! g5]al rules ( conduct rema9 9 ! m9d1 z t1 ,9 ang] be m9dful ( m]cy3 b ! propriety ( m]cy "u ! pres5t provocation drops out ( sight4 ,! intellect does n disc]n ! gold5 mean ( ju/ice & m]cy 9 relation to ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! ag5t n[ f9ds himself4 ,9 o!r words1 ! habit ( prud5ce has fail$2 & x has fail$ because ( ! excess ( passion4 ,?us prud5ce is dep5d5t on ! pres5ce ( ! virtues t re/ra9 passion1 namely1 =titude & temp]ance4 ,a l argum5t w\ld hold = ! virtue ( ju/ice1 t rectifies inord9ate action 9 deal+ ) ano!r4 ,! conclusion is1 t z ! moral virtues _c exi/ )\t prud5ce1 s nei!r c prud5ce exi/ )\t !m3 = vice corrupts ! judgm5t ( prud5ce4 #f4 ,h5ce we arrive at a settlem5t ( ! "q1 :e!r ! virtues c be sep>at$1 or :e!r to possess "o is to possess all4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! rudim5t>y =ms ( virtue & ! p]fect habit4 ,! rudim5t>y =ms c]ta9ly c exi/ sep>ate3 !y are a matt] ( temp]am5t & inh]it$ con/itution3 & ! man :om nature has k9dly pr$ispos$ to b5evol5ce1 %e has p]haps v imp]fectly prep>$ = prud5ce1 =titude1 or sobriety4 ,b "o p]fect habit ( any "o ( ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 acquir$ by repeat$ acts1 & available at ! call ( reason1 involves ! pres5ce1 9 a matur$ /ate1 ( ! o!r ?ree habits also4 ,a man :o acts irrationally ^u "o gr\nd1 w behave irrationally on o!r gr\nds also3 or if 8 conduct be rational !re1 x w n be f reg>d = reason1 b f impulse1 temp]am5t1 or f "s o!r motive ?an ! prop] motive ( ! virtue :i* he seems to be ex]cis+4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ed1 art4 #d2 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #e1 9 corp42 ib41 #b;a #b1 q4 #dg1 art4 #g1 #ab1 #ac2 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,vi41 v42 ib41 ,,vi41 xii41 #i1 #aj2 ib41 ,,vi41 xiii41 #f2 ,/4 ,francis ( ,sales1 ,( ! ,love ( ,god1 bk4 xi41 c4 vii4 ,,section ,,vii4--,( ,temp]ance4 #a4 ,temp]ance is a virtue :i* regulates by ! judgm5t ( reason ^? desires & delights :i* att5d ^u ! op]ations :]eby human nature is pres]v$ 9 ! individual & propagat$ 9 ! species4 ,temp]ance is ! virtue contr>y to ! two deadly s9s ( ,gluttony & ,lu/4 ,z aga9/ ! =m]1 x repres5ts ,ab/95ce1 or mod]ation 9 solid food1 & ,sobriety1 :i* is mod]ation 9 dr9k4 ,z aga9/ ! latt]1 x is ! great virtue ( ,*a/ity4 ,! /ud5t mu/ be> 9 m9d t1 to a philosoph]1 ,temp]ance does n mean ,total ,ab/95ce1 & ,ab/95ce is q indep5d5t ( ,fridays & fle%-meat4 ,temp]ance !n is made up ( ,ab/95ce1 ,sobriety1 & ,*a/ity4 ,ari/otle writes3 ,cases ( fall+ %ort 9 ! tak+ ( pleasure1 & ( p enjoy+ !mselves less ?an !y ought1 are n apt to occur3 = su* ins5sibility is n human3 b if !re be any "o to :om no?+ is pleasant1 & all comes alike 9 ! matt] ( ta/e1 he mu/ be f> f ! /ate & condition ( humanity3 su* a be+ has no "n1 because he is n[h]e met )4 ,?is is true1 because :]e !re is "q ( a virtue1 su* z ,temp]ance1 resid5t 9 ! concupiscible appetite1 we are n conc]n$ ) any sull5ness or moros5ess ( w1 nor ) any scrupulosity or imbecility ( judgm5t1 refus+ to gratify ! reasonable crav+s ( appetite1 b ) ! habitual lean+ & lie ( ! appetite itself4 ,n[ ! concupiscible appetite 9 e man1 ( its own nature1 leans to its prop] object ( delectable good4 ,no virtue is requisite to secure x f too little incl9ation t way3 b to re/ra9 ! appetite f go+ out excessively to delight is ! function1 & ! sole function1 ( ,temp]ance4 ,! measure ( re/ra9t is relative1 z ! gold5 mean is relative1 & v>ies ) diff]5t p]sons & 9 view ( diff]5t ends4 ,! tra9+ ( ! a?lete is n ! tra9+ ( ! sa9t4 #c4 ,besides ! prim>y virtue ( ,temp]ance1 & its subord9ate species 7enum]at$ above1 n4 #a71 c]ta9 o!r virtues are br\ght "u ,temp]ance 9 a second>y s5se1 z obs]v+ 9 easi] matt]s t mod]ation & self-re/ra9t :i* ! prim>y virtue keeps 9 ! matt] t is mo/ difficult ( all4 ,/4 ,?omas calls ^! pot5tial p>ts ( ,temp]ance4 ,!re is "q "h ( :at is mo/ difficult to man z an animal1 n ( :at is mo/ difficult to him z a rational be+4 ,to rational man1 z su*1 ambition is h>d] to re/ra9 ?an s5suality3 :i* is prov$ by ! fact t few] m51 :o h any ambition 9 !m1 d re/ra9 t passion ?an ^? :o re/ra9 ! animal prop5sities t are common to all4 ,b to man z an animal 7& va/ numb]s ( ! human race rise little above ! animal /ate71 x is h>de/ ( all ?+s to re/ra9 ^? appetites t g ) ! ma9t5ance & propagation ( fle% & blood4 ,^! !n are ! prop] matt] ( ,temp]ance3 o!r virtues1 pot5tial p>ts ( ,temp]ance1 re/ra9 o!r crav+s :i* are less animal4 ,( ^! virtues ! mo/ noticeable are humility1 meekness1 & mode/y4 ,footnote #g ,footnote #g3 ,?is is ,/4 ,?omas's arrangem5t1 plac+ ,humility "u ,temp]ance4 ,! connection ( ,humility ) ,magnanimity1 & !reby ) ,=titude1 is indicat$ pp4 #ajj1 #aja4 #d4 ,!re is a ?ir/ aft] hon\r & preem95ce1 aris+ f self-e/eem1 & preval5t especially :]e !re is little ?\ght ( ,god1 & scant rev]5ce = ! pres5t maje/y ( heav54 ,a man :o ?9ks little ( 8 ,mak] is great 9 8 own eyes1 z our gre5 ,engli% hills are m\nta9s to "o :o has n se5 ! ,alp9e heights & sn[s4 ,ap>t f ! consid]ation ( ,god !re is no humility2 & ?is is :y ,ari/otle1 :o treats ( virtues z !y m9i/] to ! deal+s ( man ) man1 makes no m5tion ( ?is virtue4 ,!re are c]ta9 outw>d manife/ations 9 words1 acts1 & ge/ures1 ! demean\r ( a humble man1 :i* is l>gely id5tifi$ ) mode/y & ) submission to o!rs z repres5t+ ,god4 #e4 ,mode/y is t outw>d comportm5t1 /yle ( dress1 conv]sation1 & c>riage1 :i* indicates ! pres5ce ( ,temp]ance1 set up on holy p$e/al 7,plato1 ,pha$r41 #bed ,b7 9 ! he>t )94 #f4 ,meekness is mod]ation 9 ang]1 & is or %\ld be ! virtue ( all m54 ,clem5cy is mod]ation 9 puni%m5t1 & is ! virtue ( m5 9 (fice1 :o be> ! sword or ! rod4 #g4 ,z reg>ds ! vices opposite to ,temp]ance1 an important di/9ction is to be drawn betwe5 him :o s9s by outbur/ ( passion & him ^: v pr9ciples are corrupt4 ,footnote #h ,! =m] 9 do+ evil ackn[l$ges x to be evil1 & is prone to rep5t ( x aft]w>ds3 ! latt] has lo/ 8 belief 9 virtue1 & 8 admiration = x3 he dr9ks 9 iniquity l wat]1 ) no aft]-qualms2 he glories 9 8 %ame4 ,! =m] is reclaimable1 ! latt] is reprobate3 8 intellect z well z 8 he>t is vitiat$ & gone bad4 ,if !re 7 no miracles1 he w\ld be a lo/ man3 b ,god c "w miracles 9 ! moral z 9 ! physical ord]3 9 t !re is hope = him4 ,footnote #h3 ,see ! note 9 ,aqu9as ,e?icus1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #agj1 #aga4 #h4 ,a nation ne$ n be virtu\s 9 ! great bulk ( h] citiz5s1 to be great 9 w> & 9 dom9ion1 9 laws1 9 arts1 & 9 lit]ature3 b ! bulk ( ! p mu/ possess at lea/ ! s5se & appreciation ( virtue 9 ord] to su* national greatness4 ,:5 t s5se is lo/1 ! nation is undone & become impot5t1 = art no less ?an = empire4 ,?us ! ,greece ( ,p]icles & ( ,phidias fell1 to be liv+ ,greece no m4 #i4 ,z 9 o!r moral matt]s1 no h>d & fa/ l9e ( division exi/s betwe5 s9n+ f passion & s9n+ on pr9ciple1 b cases ( ! "o %ade into cases ( ! o!rs1 & by frequ5t indulg5ce ( passion pr9ciple is br\ght gradually to decay4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii41 x42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #ada1 art4 #b2 ib41 q4 #ada1 art4 #c1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #adb1 art4 #a2 ib41 q4 #adc1 art4 #a1 9 corp41 ad #b1 #c2 ib41 q4 #afa1 art4 #a1 ad #e2 ib41 q4 #afa1 art4 #b1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #afa1 art4 #f1 9 corp41 ad #a2 ib41 q4 #aeg1 art4 #a1 9 corp41 ad #c2 ib1 q4 #aef1 art4 #c2 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,vii41 viii4 ,,section ,,viii4--,( ,=titude4 #a4 ,z ,temp]ance is a curb1 re/ra9+ animal nature 9 ! pursuit ( ! good to :i* x goes out mo/ eag]ly1 namely1 life & ! means ( its cont9uance1 s ,=titude also is a curb1 )hold+ t nature f irrational flight f ! evil :i* x mo/ dreads4 ,ari/otle tells u :at t evil is3 ,mo/ dreadful ( all ?+s is dea?1 = x is ! limit1 & = ! dead man !re appe>s to be no fur!r good nor evil left4 7,e?41 ,,iii1 vi41 b47 ,dea? is truly ! limit to human exi/5ce3 =1 ?\gh ! s\l be immortal1 ! be+ ( fle% & blood1 t we call man1 is dissolv$ 9 dea?1 &1 ap>t f sup]natural hope ( ! resurrection1 ext9ct = ev]4 ,dea? !re=e is ! dire/ ( all evils 9 ! animal economy2 & z su*1 is supremely abhorr$ by ! s5sitive appetite1 :i* is ! animal "p ( man4 ,=titude mod]ates ?is abhorr5ce & fe> by ! dictate ( reason4 ,reason %[s t !re are bett] ?+s ?an life1 & ?+s worse ?an dea?1 = man 9 8 spiritual capacity z an intellectual & immortal be+4 #b4 ,=titude is a mean betwe5 ,c[>dice & ,ra%ness1 to :i* opposite extremes we are c>ri$ by ! contr>y passions ( ,fe> & ,d>+ respectively4 ,=titude ?us is a two-sid$ virtue1 mod]at+ two opposite t5d5cies3 :ile ,temp]ance is "o-sid$1 mod]at+ ,desire alone4 ,life1 rationally consid]$1 be>s und\bt$ly a high value1 & is n to be lightly ?r[n away1 or risk$ ^u trivial or ignoble objects4 ,! brave man is circumspect 9 8 v5tures1 & mod]ate 9 8 fe>s1 :i* implies t he does fe> some:at4 ,he w fe> sup]human visitations1 z ! judgm5ts ( ,god4 ,he w dread disgrace1 & /ill m1 s94 ,he w fe> dea? 9 an unwor?y cause4 ,& ev5 9 a good cause1 x has well be5 said3 ,! truly brave man is n he :o fe>s no dang]1 b ! man ^: m9d subdues ! fe>1 & braves ! dang] t nature %r9ks f4 ,! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh is said to h quak$ 9 ! saddle z he rode into action1 say+3 ,?is poor body trembles at :at ! m9d )9 is ab\t to d4 ,=titude !n is ! virtue t re/ra9s fe> & regulates v5turesom5ess by ! judgm5t ( reason1 9 dang] especially ( a gr& & glori\s dea?4 #c4 ,to ! anci5ts1 !re 0 no gr&] object ( devotion ?an ! ,/ate1 _! native city3 no dir] mis=tune ?an its dissolution1 or ! loss ( its self-gov]nm5t3 no nobl] dea? ?an to die 9 arms 9 its def5ce4 ,z old ,tyrtu sang3 ,a noble ?+ x is to lie dead1 fall5 9 ! front ranks1 ,a brave man 9 battle = 8 c\ntry4 ,footnote #i ,footnote #i3 ,greek3 te?nam5ai g> kalon1 eni proma*oisi pesonta1 &r' aga?on p]i hae patridi m>nam5on4 7,greek3 ,tyrtaeus apud ,lycurg7 ,su* a dea? 0 tak5 to be ! seal & /amp ( ! highe/ =titude4 ,nor has ,*ri/ianity dimm$ ! glory t inve/s a soldi]'s dea?4 ,only x po9ts to a bright] glory1 & a dea? 9 a /ill nobl] cause1 ! dea? ( ! m>tyr :o dies = ! fai?1 & becomes valiant 9 battle = :at is m to him ?an any e>?ly city1 ! ,*ur*1 ! ,city ( ,god4 ,nor mu/ ! m>tyr ( *>ity1 :o dies 9 succ\r+ 8 neighb\r1 g )\t ! praise ( =titude3 nor1 9 %ort1 any "o :o braves dea?1 or o!r heavy affliction1 9 ! dis*>ge ( duty1 or :5 =w>d+ a good cause4 #d4 ,a man may brave dea? 9 a good cause1 & n be do+ an act ( =titude4 ,s he may subscribe a l>ge sum to a *>itable purpose )\t any ex]cise ( ! virtue ( *>ity4 ,a virtue is !n only ex]cis$1 :5 its outw>d act is p]=m$ f ! prop] motive ( ! virtue1 & n f any l[] motive4 ,?us ! prop] motive ( ,=titude is ! conviction t dea? is an evil1 ! risk ( :i* is to be left out ( c\nt z a circum/ance relatively inconsid]able1 :5 !re is "q ( ! def5ce ( c]ta9 int]e/s de>] to a good man ?an life4 ,an improp] motive w\ld be ang]1 :i*1 h[ev] useful z an accessory1 by itself is n an intellectual motive at all1 & !re=e no motive ( virtue4 ,! recklessness ( an angry man is n ,=titude4 ,x is n ,=titude to be brave f ignorance or /upidity1 n appreciat+ ! dang]3 nor aga9 f exp]i5ce1 kn[+ t ! app>5t dang] is n real1 at lea/ to y\rself4 ,! brave man looks a real dang] 9 ! face1 & kn[s x1 & goes on 9 spite ( x1 because s x is meet & j1 ) ! cause t he has1 to g on4 #e4 ,we may notice z pot5tial p>ts ( ,=titude 7s4 vii41 n4 #c1 p4 #ib71 ! ?ree virtues ( ,magnific5ce1 ,magnanimity1 & ,pati5ce4 ,x is ! "p ( ,pati5ce1 philosophically to endure all suff]+s %ort ( dea?4 ,x is ! "p ( ! =m] two1 to d>e wisely1 n 9 a matt] ( life & dea?1 b 9 ! matt] ( exp5se1 = ,magnific5ce1 & ( hon\r1 = ,magnanimity4 ,magnific5ce1 te*nically und]/ood1 obs]ves ! "r measure 9 ! exp5diture ( l>ge sums ( money4 ,z be+ conv]sant ) l>ge sums1 x diff]s f ,lib]ality4 ,a poor man may be lib]al out ( 8 little /ore1 b nev] magnific5t4 ,x is a virtue 9 ! ri*1 n to be afraid ( sp5d+ l>gely & lavi%ly on a great occasion1 or a gr& purpose4 ,! exp5se may be c>ri$ beyond :at ! occasion w>rants3 t is "o vici\s extreme4 ,! o!r extreme w\ld be to m> a co/ly "w by sordid p>simony on a po9t ( detail4 ,x is n easy to be magnific5t3 9 ! fir/ place1 because n _m are ri*2 & !n because ri*es are seldom unit$ ) greatness ( s\l & good judgm5t4 ,some?+ analog\s to ! virtue ( ,magnific5ce is %[n 9 ! g5]\s use ( great abilities1 or1 9 ! sup]natural ord]1 ( great graces4 ,! de/9ies ( ! _w lie ) ^? m5 :o h x 9 _! p[] to be magnific5t4 #f4 ,we are come to ,magnanimity & ! ,magnanim\s ,man1 ! great creation ( ,ari/otle4 ,z ,magnanimity ranks "u ,=titude1 !re mu/ be "s fe> to :i* ! ,magnanim\s ,man rises sup]ior1 z ! brave man rises sup]ior to ! fe> ( dea?4 ,:at ,magnanimity ov]comes is ! fe> ( undes]v$ di%on\r4 ,! ,magnanim\s ,man is he :o rates himself z wor?y ( great hon\rs1 & is s wor?y inde$4 ,:5 hon\r is paid to su* a "o1 he makes no great acc\nt ( x1 feel+ t x is b 8 due1 or ev5 less ?an 8 due4 ,if he is di%on\r$ & insult$1 he despises ! insult z an absurdity1 (f]$ to a man ( 8 des]ts4 ,he is too consci\s ( 8 real wor? to be mu* affect$ by ! expression ( 8 neighb\r's view ( him4 ,= a man is mo/ elat$1 :5 complim5t$ on an excell5ce :i* he 0 n v sure ( possess+3 & mo/ s5sibly griev$ at an insult1 :]e he half suspects himself ( really mak+ a poor figure1 :]eas he w\ld l to make a good "o4 ,x is d\btless ! s]5e & settl$ conviction t ,engli%m5 g5]ally ent]ta9 ( ! greatness ( _! c\ntry1 t enables !m to li/5 ) equanimity to abase ( ,engl&1 su* z no o!r p 9 ,europe w\ld endure levell$ at !mselves4 #g4 ,pr\d is an epi!t pretty freely appli$ to ,engli%m5 abroad1 & x seems to fit ! "* ( ! ,magnanim\s ,man4 ,he seems a ,ph>isee1 & worse ?an a ,ph>isee4 ,! ,ph>isee's pride 0 to "s ext5t mitigat$ by break+ out into t disease ( *ildr5 & silly p]sons1 vanity3 he did all 8 works to be se5 ( m54 ,b "h ! disease is all driv5 inw>ds1 & !re=e m malignant4 ,! ,magnanim\s ,man is s mu* 9 conceit ) himself z to h become a scorn] ( 8 fell[s4 ,he is self-suffici5t1 a deity to himself1 ! v type ( ,satanic pride4 ,^! are ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ him4 #h4 ,to purify & rectify ! "* ( ! ,magnanim\s ,man1 we ne$ to take a leaf out ( ! book ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,n t !re is any?+ ess5tially ,*ri/ian & sup]natural 9 :at we are ab\t to allege3 o!rwise x w\ld n belong to philosophy3 x is a tru? ( reason1 b a tru? g5]ally ov]look$1 till x f\nd its expon5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian prea*]1 & its developm5t 9 ! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! tru? is ?is4 ,!re is 9 e human be+ :at !ologians h call$ man & man3 man z he is ( himself1 man aga9 z he is by ! gift & graci\s m]cy ( ,god4 ,! reasonably ,magnanim\s ,man is sav$ f pride by ?is di/9ction4 ,( himself1 he kn[s t he is no?+ b no?+ness1 meanness1 s9fulness1 & a walk+ sore ( multitud9\s actual s9s4 ,i "k t !re dwelle? n 9 me1 t is1 9 my fle%1 any good4 7,rom4 vii4 #ah47 ,if he is insult$1 he takes x z 8 due1 n any que/ionable due1 = !n he w\ld res5t ! insult1 b z be+ und\bt$ly :at he des]ves4 ,if he is hon\r$1 he smiles at ! absurdity ( ! complim5ts paid to him4 ,x is z if an old g5tleman1 a prey to g\t & rheumatism1 7 laud$ = 8 fleetness ( foot4 ,he is !n truly magnanim\s on ?is side ( 8 "* by a k9d ( obv]se magnanimity1 t be>s insults h&somely1 z des]v$1 & hon\rs mode/ly1 z undes]v$4 #i4 ,b let u g r\nd to ! o!r side ( ! reasonably ,magnanim\s ,man4 ,he 0 def9$ to be1 "o t deems himself wor?y ( great hon\rs1 & is s wor?y inde$4 ,n[1 no?+ is truly wor?y ( hon\r b virtue4 ,he mu/ !n be a good man1 full ( all virtues2 & all ?is goodness t he has1 he recognises z be+ 9 him ( ,god4 ,he has receiv$ ,god's ,_s--or some?+ analog\s 9 ! natural ord] to ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/--t he may "k ! ?+s t are giv5 him ( ,god4 7#b ,cor4 ii4 #ab47 ,x is told ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 ! humble/ ( m51 t on "o occasion :5 he & 8 companions receiv$ f "s p]sons extraord9>y m>ks ( v5]ation1 he1 contr>y to 8 usual wont1 took x n at all amiss3 & said to 8 companions1 :o wond]$ at 8 behavi\r1 ,let !m alone3 !y _c too mu* hon\r ! "w ( ,god 9 u4 ,?is magnanimity be>s hon\rs gracefully1 & insult unfl9*+ly1 f a consci\sness ( int]nal wor?1 :i* int]nal wor? & goodness h[ev] x takes n = its own native excell5ce1 b holds z receiv$ f ,god1 & unto ,god x ref]s all ! glory4 #aj4 ,?us ! g5u9e ,magnanim\s ,man is a p>adox & a prodigy4 ,he despises an insult z undes]v$1 & he takes x z 8 due4 ,he is consci\s ( ! va/ good t is 9 him2 & he kn[s t !re is no good 9 him4 ,highly hon\r$1 he ?9ks t he gets b 8 due1 :ile he believes t vials ( scorn & ignom9y may ju/ly be p\r$ ^u him4 ,he w be> ! scorn1 because he des]ves x1 & aga91 because x is :olly undes]v$4 ,! ,magnanim\s ,man is ! humble man4 ,! secret ( 8 m>vell\s virtue is 8 habit ( practical disc]nm5t betwe5 ! abyss ( mis]y t he has )9 himself1 z ( himself1 & ! high gifts1 also )9 him1 :i* come ( ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,ari/otle well says1 ,magnanimity is a sort ( robe ( hon\r to ! re/ ( ! virtues3 x bo? makes !m great] & /&s n )\t !m3 !re=e x is h>d to be truly magnanim\s1 = t _c be )\t p]fect virtue4 ,we may add1 t 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ,provid5ce none c be magnanim\s )\t sup]natural aid1 & sup]natural consid]ations ( ! life ( ,*ri/1 :i* h[ev] are n 9 place "h4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii41 vii42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #abc1 art #c1 9 corp42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii41 viii42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #abc1 art4 i1 ad #b2 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii41 vi42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #abc1 art4 #d1 #e4 ,= ! ,magnific5t & ,magnanim\s ,man1 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iv41 ii41 iii42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #abi1 art4 #c1 ad #d1 #e4 ,,section ,,ix4--,( ,ju/ice4 #a4 ,ju/ice is a habit resid+ 9 ! w1 prompt+ t p[] con/antly to r5d] unto ev]yone 8 own4 ,! fundam5tal notion ( ,ju/ice is "s sort ( equality4 ,equality supposes two t]ms1 physically di/9ct1 or capable ( exi/+ sep>ately1 "o f ! o!r4 ,betwe5 su* t]ms alone c equality be prop]ly pr$icat$4 ,any less di/9ction ?an ?is leaves room only = equality improp]ly s call$1 & !re=e no room = :at is prop]ly t]m$ ,ju/ice4 ,:5 !re=e ,plato1 go+ ab\t to f9d a def9ition ( ,ju/ice1 :i* is a ma9 object 9 8 ,republic1 acquiesces 9 ?is position1 t ,ju/ice consi/s 9 e "p ( ! s\l1 rational1 irascible1 & concupiscible1 fulfill+ its own prop] function1 & n tak+ up ! function ( ano!r1 he fails = ?is reason1 t all ,ju/ice is relative to ano!r1 b ! diff]5t p>ts ( "o s\l are n prop]ly o!r & o!r1 s9ce all g to make up "o man3 !re=e1 h[ev] mu* ,ju/ice may be id5tical ) do+ y\r own bus9ess1 & leav+ y\r neighb\r free to d 81 yet ?is relation obta9+ among ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! s\l _c prop]ly be call$ ,ju/ice4 ,:at ,plato def9es is ! beauty1 good ord]1 & moral comel9ess ( ! s\l1 b n ,ju/ice 9 any s5se1 inasmu* z x is n ref]r$ to any be+ human or div9e1 collective or individual1 outside ( ! man himself4 #b4 ,go+ ^u ! pr9ciple t all ,ju/ice is ( ! nature ( equality1 & is !re=e relative to ano!r1 we arrive at ! def9ition ( g5]al ju/ice1 :i* is all virtue :atsoev]1 inasmu* z x be>s ^u ano!r p]son ?an him :o practises x4 ,?is ,ju/ice is p]fect social virtue1 ! cr[n & p]fection ( all virtue f a /atesman's po9t ( view2 & 9 t aspect1 z ,ari/otle says1 nei!r morn+ /> nor ev5+ /> is s beautiful4 ,:oev] has ?is virtue behaves well1 n by himself m]ely1 b t[>ds o!rs--a great addition4 ,_m a "o :o has done well en\gh z an individual1 has done badly 9 a public capacity3 :5ce ! prov]b1 t (fice %[s ! man4 ,?is ,ju/ice may well be call$ ano!r man's good3 ?\gh n 9 ! s5se ( ! sophi/s ( old1 & ! altrui/s ( our "t1 t virtue is a v good ?+ = ev]yone else ?an its possessor4 ,virtue1 l heal?1 may be b5eficial to neighb\rs1 b ! fir/ b5efit ( x fl[s 9 ^u ! s\l to :om x belongs3 = virtue is ! heal? ( ! s\l4 #c4 ,ano!r elem5t>y notion ( ,ju/ice connects x ) ,law1 tak+ ,ju/ice to be con=mity to ,law4 ,?is notion exhibits legal ju/ice1 :i* is ! same ?+1 "u ano!r aspect1 z ! g5]al ju/ice m5tion$ above1 inasmu* z g5]al ju/ice includes ! ex]cise ( all virtues 9 s f> z !y be> ^u ! good ( o!rs3 & ! law1 to :i* legal ju/ice con=ms a man1 enjo9s acts ( all virtues = ! common good4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh !re is no natural virtue ( :i* ! law ( man may n prescribe "s ex]cise1 /ill no human law enjo9s all acts ( all virtues1 n ev5 all obligatory acts4 ,a man may fail 9 8 duty ?\gh he has kept all ! laws ( man4 ,9 ord] !n t legal ju/ice may include ! :ole duty ( man1 x mu/ be ref]r$ to t natural & et]nal law ( ,god1 reveal$ or unreveal$1 ( :i* we %all speak h]eaft]4 ,by be+ con=m$ to ?is div9e law a man is a j man1 a righte\s man4 ,x is ?is s5se ( ,ju/ice t appe>s 9 ! !ological t]m1 ju/ification4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,za*>y & ,elizabe? 7 bo? j be=e ,god1 walk+ 9 all ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l )\t blame4 7,/4 ,luke i4 #f47 #d4 ,g5]al1 or legal1 ju/ice is n ! c>d9al virtue s call$1 b is 9 "o po9t ( view id5tical ) all virtue4 ,di/+ui%$ f ! o!r ?ree c>d9al virtues is p>ticul> ju/ice1 :i* is divid$ into di/ributive & commutative ju/ice4 ,di/ributive ju/ice is ex]cis$ by ! community ?r\gh its head t[>ds its individual memb]s1 s t !re be a fair di/ribution ( ! common goods1 9 v>y+ am\nt & mann]1 accord+ to ! v>i\s m]its & des]ts ( ! sev]al recipi5ts4 ,! matt]s di/ribut$ are public emolum5ts & hon\rs1 public burd5s1 rew>ds1 & also puni%m5ts4 ,di/ributive ju/ice is ! virtue ( ! k+ & ( ! /atesman1 ( ! comm&]-9-*ief1 ( ! judge1 & ( ! public function>y g5]ally4 ,x is violat$ by fav\ritism1 p>tiality1 & jobb]y4 ,di/ributive ju/ice is ! ,ju/ice t we adore 9 ! great ,gov]nor ( ! ,univ]se1 say+ t ,he is j 9 all ,8 works1 ev5 ?\gh we und]/& !m n4 ,:5 x takes ! =m ( puni%+1 x is call$ v9dictive ju/ice4 ,?is is :at ! multitudes clam\r$ =1 t fill$ ! prec9cts ( ! ,palace ( ,:itehall 9 ! days ( ,*>les ,i4 ) cries ( ,ju/ice1 ,ju/ice1 = ! head ( ,/raf=d4 #e4 ,nei!r legal nor di/ributive ju/ice fully answ]s to ! def9ition ( t virtue4 ,ju/ice disposes u to give to ano!r 8 own4 ,! p>ty t[>ds :om ,ju/ice is practis$ mu/ be :olly o!r & diff]5t f him :o practises x4 ,b x is cle> t ! memb] ( a civil community is n :olly o!r & diff]5t f ! ,/ate3 he is p>tially id5tifi$ ) ! civil community to :i* he belongs4 ,!re=e nei!r ! tribute ( legal ju/ice paid by ! individual to ! ,/ate1 nor ! grant ( di/ributive ju/ice f ! ,/ate to ! individual1 is an ex]cise ( ,ju/ice 9 ! /ricte/ s5se4 ,aga91 :at ! individual pays to ! ,/ate because he is legally b\nd to pay x1 does n become ! ,/ate's own until aft] paym5t4 ,if he )hold x1 ?\gh he d wrong1 yet he is n said to be keep+ any portion ( ! public prop]ty 9 8 private h&s3 he only fails to make "s ( 8 private prop]ty public1 :i* ! law bids him abdicate & make ov]4 ,if ?is be true ( money & goods1 x is /ill m evid5tly true ( hon\r & s]vices4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! matt] ( di/ributive ju/ice1 ! emolum5ts :i* a subject has a claim to1 ! rew>ds :i* he has m]it$ ( ! ,/ate1 does n become 8 till he actually gets !m into 8 h&s4 ,x may be unfair & immoral t !y are )held f him1 & 9 t case1 s long z ! circum/ances rema9 ! same1 ! obligation re/ ) & presses ^u ! ,/ate1 & ^? :o repres5t x1 to satisfy 8 claim3 /ill ! ,/ate is n keep+ ! individual f t :i* is z yet 8 own4 ,9 ! language ( ! ,roman lawy]s1 he has at be/ a jus ad rem1 a "r t ! ?+ be made 81 b n a jus 9 re2 t is1 ! ?+ is n prop]ly 8 be=e he actually gets x4 #f4 ,commutative ju/ice alone is ,ju/ice /rictly s call$3 = !re9 alone ! p>ties to ! act are p]fectly o!r & o!r1 & ! matt] t passes betwe5 !m1 if )held by "o ( ! p>ties1 w\ld make a case ( keep+ ! o!r out ( t :i* he c\ld /ill prop]ly call by "r 8 own4 ,commutative ju/ice runs betwe5 two individuals1 or two indep5d5t ,/ates1 or betwe5 ! ,/ate & an individual inasmu* z ! latt] is an indep5d5t p]son1 hav+ rights ( 8 own aga9/ ! =m]4 ,?is ju/ice is call$ commutative1 f be+ conc]n$ ) ex*anges1 or contracts1 volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,! idea ( volunt>y contract1 l t betwe5 buy] & sell]1 is famili> en\gh4 ,b ! notion ( an involunt>y contract is te*nical1 & requires explanation4 ,:oev]1 !n1 wrongfully takes t :i* belongs to ano!r1 ent]s into an involunt>y contract1 or makes an involunt>y ex*ange1 ) ! p>ty4 ,?is he may d by tak+ away 8 prop]ty1 hon\r1 reputation1 lib]ty1 or bodily ease & com=t4 ,?is is an involunt>y transaction1 aga9/ ! w ( ! p>ty t suff]s4 ,x is a contract1 because ! p>ty t does ! damage takes ^u himself1 :e!r he w or no1 by ! v act ( do+ x1 ! obligation ( mak+ ! damage good1 & ( re/or+ :at he has tak5 away4 ,?is is ! obligation ( re/itution1 :i* atta*es to brea*es ( commutative ju/ice1 &1 /rictly speak+1 to !m alone4 ,?us1 if a m9i/] has n promot$ a des]v+ (fic] 9 face ( a cle> obligation ( di/ributive ju/ice1 ! obligation inde$ rema9s z t ( a duty unfulfill$1 s long z he rema9s m9i/] ) ! patronage 9 8 h&s3 b ! promotion1 if he f9ally makes x1 is n an act ( re/itution3 x is giv+ to ! (fic] t :i* 0 n 8 be=e4 ,& if ! opportunity has pass$1 he owes ! (fic] no?+ 9 comp5sation4 ,b if he has insult$ ! (fic]1 he owes him an apology = all "t to come3 he mu/ give back t hon\r :i* belong$ to ! (fic]1 & ( :i* he has robb$ him4 ,?is is re/itution4 ,9 a ?\s& practical cases x is important1 & (t5 a v nice "q to decide1 :e!r a p>ticul> (f5ce1 su* z failure to pay taxes1 be a s9 aga9/ commutative ju/ice or only aga9/ "s m g5]al =m ( ! virtue4 ,if ! =m]1 re/itution is due3 if ! latt]1 rep5tance only & purpose ( bett] ?+s 9 future1 b n rep>ation ( ! pa/4 #g4 ,! old notion1 t ,ju/ice is m9d+ y\r own bus9ess1 & leav+ y\r neighb\r to m9d 81 furni%es a good r\gh /atem5t ( ! obligations ( commutative ju/ice4 ,!y are ma9ly negative1 to leave y\r neighb\r alone 9 8 "r ( life & limb1 ( lib]ty & prop]ty1 ( hon\r & reputation4 ,b 9 two ways y\r neighb\r's bus9ess may become y\rs 9 ju/ice4 ,! fir/ way is1 if y h any contract ) him1 :e!r a =mal contract1 z t betwe5 a railway company & its pass5g]s1 or a virtual contract1 by reason ( "s (fice t y be>1 z ! (fice ( a bi%op & pa/or 9 relation to ! s\ls ( 8 flock4 ,! second way 9 :i* commutative ju/ice b9ds y to positive action1 is :5 undue damage is likely to occur to ano!r f "s activity ( y\rs4 ,if1 pass+ by1 ,i see my neighb\r's h\se on fire1 n hav+ contract$ to wat* x = him1 & n hav+ caus$ ! fire myself1 ,i am n b\nd 9 /rict ju/ice to w>n him ( 8 dang]4 ,i am b\nd inde$ by *>ity1 b t is n ! po9t "h4 ,b if ! fire has brok5 out f my c>eless use ( fire1 commutative ju/ice b9ds me to raise ! al>m4 #h4 ,! mo/ notable pot5tial p>ts ( ,ju/ice--,religion1 ,ob$i5ce1 ,tru?fulness--ent] into ! treatise ( ,natural ,law4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,v41 i42 ,plato1 ,rep41 #dcc ,a2 ib41 #ddc ,c1 ,d1 ,e2 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #eh1 art4 #b1 9 corp2 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #e2 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #f1 9 corp2 ib41 q4 #eh1 art4 #g2 ib41 q4 #eh1 art #i1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #fa1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #fa1 art4 #c1 9 corp42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,v41 ii41 #ab1 #ac2 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #fb1 art4 #a1 9 corp41 ad #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii4 ,,deontology4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,moral ,,obligation4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! natural diff]5ce betwe5 ,good & ,evil4 #a4 ,a granite b\ld] ly+ on an upl& moor /&s indiff]5tly ! ,augu/ sun & ! ,janu>y fro/1 flood & dr\ght4 ,x nei!r blooms 9 spr+1 nor fades 9 autumn4 ,x is all "o to ! b\ld] :e!r x rema9 9 ! picturesque solitude :]e ! glaci] dropp$ x1 or be laid 9 ! gutt] ( a busy /reet4 ,x has no gr[? nor developm5t3 x is n a subject ( evolution3 !re is no goal ( p]fection to :i* x is t5d+ by d9t ( inw>d g]m9al capacity second$ by fav\rable environm5t4 ,!re=e x does n matt] :at y d ) x3 all ?+s come alike to t lump ( rock4 #b4 ,b 9 a cranny or cleft ( ! same !re is a little fl[] gr[+4 ,y _c d :at y w ) t fl[]4 ,x has its exig5cies & requirem5ts4 ,_h x a voice1 x c\ld say1 :at ! /one nev] c\ld3 ,i mu/ h ?is or t3 ,i mu/ h light1 ,i mu/ h moi/ure1 a c]ta9 heat1 "s soil to gr[ 94 ,!re is a c\rse to be run by ?is fl[] & ! plant t be>s x1 a developm5t to be wr\ght out1 a p]fection to be a*iev$4 ,= ?is end c]ta9 conditions are necess>y1 or helpful3 c]ta9 o!rs prejudicial1 or altoge!r intol]able4 ,9 fact1 t plant has a progressive nature1 & !re) is a subject ( good & evil4 ,good = t plant is :at fav\rs its natural progress1 & evil is all t imp$es x4 #c4 ,all organic natures are progressive3 t is1 ea* individual ( !m is apt to make a c]ta9 progress1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 f bir? to maturity4 ,b man alone has 8 progress 9 any degree 9 8 own h&s1 to make or to m>4 ,man alone1 9 ! graphic phrase ( ,appius ,claudius1 is fab] =tun su1 ! %ap] ( 8 own de/9y4 ,any o!r plant or animal1 o!r ?an man1 h[ev] mis]able a specim5 ( its k9d x f9ally prove to be1 has always done ! be/ = itself "u ! circum/ances3 x has atta9$ ! limit fix$ = x by its primitive g]m9al capacity1 z modifi$ by ! ev5ts ( its subsequ5t environm5t4 ,! mis]able animal t h[ls "u y\r w9d[ at night1 is ! f9e/ dog t c\ld possibly h come ( 8 blood & bre$+1 nurture & education4 ,b !re is no man n[ on e>? t has done all = himself t he might h done4 ,we all fall %ort 9 _m ?+s ( ! p]fection t is )9 our rea*4 ,man !re=e ne$s to /ir himself1 & to be en]getic ) a free1 self-det]m9$ en]gy to come up to ! /&>d ( humanity4 ,x is only 8 free acts t are consid]$ by ! morali/4 ,su* is ! def9ition ( ,moral ,sci5ce1 t x deals ) human acts2 acts1 t is1 :]e( man is ma/] to d or n to d4 7c4 i41 nn4 #a1 #b47 #d4 ,we h x1 !n1 t a morally good act is an act t makes t[>ds ! progress ( human nature 9 him :o does x1 & :i* is freely done4 ,simil>ly1 a morally evil act is a b> to progress1 or a div]sion ( x f ! "r l9e1 be+ also a free act4 ,n[1 t act only c make = ! progress ( human nature1 :i* befits & suits human nature1 & suits x 9 its be/ & mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ic4 ,:at is be/ 9 man1 :at *>act]ises & makes man1 :at ! old s*oolm5 call$ ! =m ( man1 is 8 reason4 ,to be up to reason is to be up to ! /&>d ( humanity4 ,human progress is progress on ! l9es ( reason4 ,to make = t progress1 & !reby to be morally good1 an act mu/ be done1 n bl9dly1 bruti%ly1 sotti%ly1 or on any impulse ( passion1 h[ev] b5eficial 9 its effects1 b delib]ately1 & 9 consci\s accordance ) ! reasonable nature ( ! do]4 #e4 ,:atev] be man's end & highe/ good1 he mu/ g ab\t to compass x reasonably4 ,he mu/ plan1 & be sy/ematic1 & act on pr9ciple4 ,= in/ance1 if ! public heal? be ! highe/ good1 ! laws :i* gov]n x mu/ be inve/igat$1 & _! requirem5ts c>ri$ out1 )\t reg>d to s5tim5t4 ,if pleasure be ! good1 we mu/ be arti/s ( pleasure4 ,if1 h[ev]1 z has be5 se5 7c4 ii47 ! highe/ good ( man is ! highe/ play ( reason h]self 9 a life ( contemplation1 to be prep>$ =1 ?\gh x _c be adequately & wor?ily liv$1 9 ?is _w1 !n x is ?r\gh foll[+ reason1 ?r\gh subject+ appetite to reason by temp]ance1 & ! w to reason by ju/ice1 & reason h]self by a reasonable s]vice to ,god1 t ?is end & consummation mu/ be wr\ght out4 ,?us1 9 ,plato's phrase 7,rep41 #ehi ,b71 ! moral man acts s t ! inn] man )9 him1 ! rational "p ( 8 nature1 %all be /ronge/2 :ile he wat*es ) a husb&man's c>e ov] ! _m-head$ bea/ ( appetite1 re>+ & tra9+ ! creature's tame heads1 & n lett+ ! wild ones gr[2 = ?is purpose mak+ an ally ( ! lion1 ! irascible "p ( 8 nature1 & c>+ = all ! p>ts 9 common1 mak+ !m fri5ds to "o ano!r & to himself4 ,9 ?is way he w meet ! true exig5cy ( 8 nature z a :ole1 ) due reg>d to ! prop] ord] & subord9ation ( ! p>ts4 ,he :o lives o!rwise1 acts 9 contradiction to 8 rational self4 7c4 v41 s4 iii41 n4 #c1 p4 #gd74 #f4 ,! result ( ! above reason+1 if result x has1 %\ld be to expla9 & ju/ify ! ,/oic rule1 naturae conv5i5t] viv]e1 to live accord+ to nature4 ,b "s "o w say3 ,t is ! v ideal ( wick$ness3 all good 9 man comes ( ov]com+ nature1 & do+ viol5ce to natural crav+s3 live accord+ to nature1 & y w g /raight to ! devil4 ,i answ]3 ,live accord+ to a "p ( y\r nature1 & t ! bas] & l[]1 ?\gh also ! m impetu\s & clamor\s "p1 & y w c]ta9ly g :]e y say3 b live up to ! :ole ( y\r nature1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 & y w be a man inde$1 & w rea* ! goal ( human happ9ess4 ,b aga9 x may be object$1 t our v reason1 to :i* ! re/ ( our nature is naturally subord9ate1 frequ5tly prompts u to d amiss4 ,! objection is a j "o1 9 s f> z x goes ^u a repudiation ( ! old ,platonic position1 t all moral evil comes ( ! body1 :]e9 ! s\l is imprison$1 & ( ! desires :i* ! body fa/5s ^u ! s\l4 ,7 t s1 all s9s w\ld be s9s ( s5suality4 ,b !re are spiritual s9s1 n prompt$ by any lu/ or weakness ( ! body1 z pride & mut9y1 self-op9ionat$ness1 rejection ( ,div9e revelation4 ,! objection turns on s9s su* z ^!4 ,! answ] is1 t spiritual s9s d n arise f any exig5cy ( reason1 b f a defici5cy ( reason2 n f t faculty call+ ^u u1 z we are reasonable m51 to take a c]ta9 c\rse1 9 accordance ) a j & full view ( ! facts ( ! case1 b f reason fail+ to look facts fully 9 ! face1 & consid]+ only "s ( !m to ! neglect ( o!rs1 ! consid]ation ( :i* w\ld alt] ! decision4 ,?us a c]ta9 pr\d creature m5tion$ 9 ,scripture ?\ght ( ! magnific5ce ( ! ?rone above ! />s ( ,god1 on ! m\nta9 ( ! cov5ant1 on ! sides ( ! nor?3 he did n ?9k h[ su* a pre-em95ce w\ld become him z a creature4 ,he _h 9 view a rational good c]ta9ly1 b n a rational good = him4 ,p>tial reason1 l a little k1 is a dang]\s ?+4 #g4 ,z x is n 9 ! p[] ( ,god to br+ x ab\t1 t ! angles ( a triangle tak5 toge!r %all am\nt to any?+ else ?an two "r angles1 s x is n )9 ! compass ( ,div9e omnipot5ce to create a man = :om x %all be a good & prop] ?+1 & befitt+ 8 nature1 to blaspheme1 to p]jure himself1 to ab&on himself recklessly to lu/1 or ang]1 or any o!r passion4 ,god ne$ n h creat$ man at all1 b ,he c\ld n h creat$ him ) o!r ?an human exig5cies4 ,! reason is1 because ,god c only create ^u ! patt]n ( ,8 own ess5ce1 :i* is imitable1 outside ( ,god1 9 c]ta9 def9ite l9es ( possibility4 ,^! possibilities1 f\nd$ ^u ! ,div9e ess5ce & disc]n$ by ! ,div9e intellig5ce1 are ! ,ar*etype ,ideas1 among :i* ! ,div9e w has to *oose1 :5 x proce$s to create4 ,! d5ial ( ?is doctr9e 9 ! ,nom9ali/ & ,c>tesian ,s*ools1 & _! ref]5ce to ! arbitr>y w ( ,god ( ! et]nal1 immutable1 & absolutely necess>y relations ( possible ?+s1 is ! subv]sion ( all sci5ce & philosophy4 #h4 ,/ill less are moral di/9ctions betwe5 good & evil to be set d[n to ! law ( ! ,/ate1 or ! fa%ion ( society4 ,human conv5tion c no m con/itute moral good ?an x c physical good1 or ma!matical or logical tru?4 ,x is only 9 cases :]e two or m c\rses are tol]able1 & "o ( !m ne$s to be *os5 & adh]$ to = ! sake ( social ord]1 t human au?ority /eps 9 to elect & prescribe "o ( ^? ways ( action1 & br& ! o!rs z illegitimate1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be lawful4 ,?is is call$ ! mak+ ( a positive law4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ah1 art4 #e1 9 corp42 #a;a #b1 q4 #ga1 art4 #b2 ,plato1 ,rep41 #ehh ,b to end ( bk4 ix42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,ix41 iv41 nn4 #d-aj2 ,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,ii41 vi41 nn4 #d1 #aa2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,legibus1 i41 cc4 #ae-ag4 ,,section ,,ii4--,h[ ,good becomes b\nd5 ,duty1 & ,evil is advanc$ to ,s94 #a4 ,! great problem ( ,moral ,philosophy is ! explanation ( ! idea1 ,i ought1 7c4 i41 n4 #f74 ,we are n[ come close up to ! solution ( t problem4 ,! ^w ought d5otes ! necess>y be>+ ( means ^u end4 ,to e ought !re is a p5d5t if4 ,! means ought to be tak51 if ! end is to be secur$4 ,?us we say3 ,y ought to />t betimes1 if y are to cat* y\r tra94 ,y ought to /udy h>d]1 if y are to pass y\r exam9ation4 ,! p]son spok5 to might reply3 ,b :at if ,i d miss my tra91 & fail 9 my exam9ation8 ,he might be met ) ano!r ought3 ,y ought n to miss ! "o1 if y are to keep y\r appo9tm5t3 or to fail 9 ! o!r1 if y are to get into a pr(ession4 ,?us ! tra9 ( oughts & ifs ext5ds1 until we come f9ally to a concat5ation l ! foll[+3 ,y ought n to break y\r ^w1 or to give ne$less pa9 to y\r p>5ts1 if y don't want to d viol5ce to t nature :i* is y\rs z a reasonable be+1 or to ?w>t y\r own moral developm5t1--& s on 9 a v>iety ( phrases descriptive ( ! argum5t ( ! la/ section4 ,"h x seems ! *a9 is made fa/ to a /aple 9 ! wall4 ,if a p]son goes on to ask1 ,well1 :at if ,i d contradict my rational self8 we c only tell him t he is a fool = 8 "q4 ,! oughts1 su* z ^? :]e) our illu/ration comm5c$1 ,kant calls ! hypo!tical imp]ative1 ! =m be+1 ,y mu/1 unless3 b ! ought :]e9 x t]m9at$1 he calls ! categorical imp]ative1 ! alt]native be+ su* z no rational man c accept1 & !re=e no alt]native at all4 #b4 ,?is doctr9e ( ! ,categorical ,imp]ative is correct & valuable s f> z x goes4 ,b !n x does n g f> en\gh4 ,! full notion ( :at a man ought1 is :at he mu/ d "u pa9 ( s94 ,s9 is m ?an folly1 m ?an a brea* ( reason4 ,x is mild reproa* to a great crim9al to tell him t he is a v fooli% p]son1 a walk+ unreasonabl5ess4 ,if he *ooses to contradict 8 rational self1 is n t 8 own affair8 ,is he n 8 own ma/]1 & may he n play ! fool if he likes8 ,! answ] is1 ,no1 he is n 8 own ma/]2 he is "u law1 & 8 folly & self-abuse becomes crim9al & s9ful1 by be+ 9 contrav5tion ( ! law t =bids him to ?r[ himself away ?us wantonly4 #c4 ,kant readily takes up ?is idea1 %ap+ x aft] 8 own fa%ion4 ,he cont5ds1--& h]e9 8 doctr9e is n m]ely defici5t1 b positively 9 error1--t ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 utt]$ by a man's own reason1 has ! =ce ( a law1 made by t same reason2 s t ! legislative au?ority is )9 ! brea/ ( ! do]1 :o owes x ob$i5ce4 ,?is he calls ! autonomy ( reason4 ,x is also call$ ,indep5d5t ,morality1 inasmu* z x e/abli%es "r & wrong )\t reg>d to ext]nal au?ority1 or to ! consequ5ces ( actions1 or to rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! doctr9e is errone\s1 inasmu* z x und]takes to settle ! matt] ( "r & wrong )\t ref]5ce to ext]nal au?ority2 & inasmu* z x makes ! reason )9 a man1 n ! promulgator ( ! law to him1 b 8 own legislator4 ,= a law is a precept1 a comm&3 n[ no "o issues precepts1 or gives comm&s1 to himself4 ,to comm& is an act ( jurisdiction2 & jurisdiction1 l ju/ice 7see c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #a1 p4 #ajb7 requires a di/9ction ( p]sons1 "o rul]1 & ano!r subject4 ,b ! reason 9 a man is n a di/9ct subject f ! w1 appetites1 or o!r faculties )9 him1 to :i* reason dictates3 !y are all "o nature1 "o p]son1 "o man2 consequ5tly1 no "o ( !m c /rictly be said to comm& ! re/2 & ! dictate ( reason1 z emanat+ f )9 oneself1 is n a law4 ,b )\t a law1 !re is no /rict obligation4 ,!re=e ! :ole !ory ( obligation is n lock$ up 9 ! ,categorical ,imp]ative1 z ,kant =mulat$ x4 #d4 ,! above argum5tation ev9ces t ,god is n "u any law2 = !re is no o!r ,god above ,him to comm& ,him4 ,z = ! ideas ( :at is meet & j 9 ! ,div9e intellig5ce1 ?\gh ! ,div9e w1 be+ a p]fect w1 is n liable to act aga9/ !m1 yet are ^? ideas improp]ly call$ a law to ! ,div9e w1 because intellect & w are id5tifi$ 9 "o ,god4 ,kant's doctr9e makes u all gods4 ,x is a deification ( ! human intellect1 & id5tification ( t intellect ) ! supreme & univ]sal ,reason2 & at ! same "t a release ( ! human w f all au?ority extrane\s to ! individual4 ,?is am\nts to a putt+ (f ( all au?ority prop]ly s call$1 & makes ea* man z sov]eign & unacc\ntable z 8 ,mak]4 ,?y he>t is lift$ up1 & ?\ ha/ said3 ,i am ,god1 & sit 9 ! *air ( ,god3 & ha/ set ?y he>t z if x 7 ! he>t ( ,god3 :]eas ?\ art a man & n ,god4 7,eze*4 xxviii4 #b47 ,kant is ?us ! fa!r ( ! pan!i/ic s*ool ( ,fi*te1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel4 #e4 ,b x has be5 cont5d$ t ?is phrase ab\t a man :o does wrong break+ a law1 is only a metaphor & figure ( spee*1 unless x be us$ ) ref]5ce to ! enactm5t ( "s civil community4 ,?us ,john ,au/9 says t a natural law is a law :i* is n1 b :i* he :o uses ! expression ?9ks ought to be made4 ,at ?is rate s9 is n a transgression ( any law1 except s f> z x happ5s to be1 9 ! lawy]'s s5se ( ! ^w1 a crime1 or some?+ puni%able 9 a human c\rt ( ju/ice4 ,!re w !n be no law b man's law4 ,h[ !n am ,i oblig$ to obey man's law8 ,dr4 ,ba9 answ]s3 ,because1 if y disobey1 y w be puni%$4 ,b t puni%m5t w be ei!r j or unju/3 if unju/1 x orig9ates no obligation3 if j1 x presupposes an obligation1 z x presupposes a crime & s91 t is1 an obligation violat$4 ,!re seems to be no?+ left = ,john ,au/9 b to fall back ^u ,kant & 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative1 & say t :oev] rebels aga9/ ! duly con/itut$ au?ority ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* he lives1 is a rebel aga9/ ! reason t dwells )9 8 own brea/1 & :i* requires him to behave l a citiz54 ,s t ultimately x is n ! ,/ate1 b 8 own reason t he has (f5d$2 & ! ,/ate has no au?ority ov] him except :at 8 own reason gives4 #f4 ,if ?is 7 true1 !re w\ld be no s9 any:]e except :at is call$ philosophical s91 t is1 a brea* ( ! dignity ( man's rational nature2 & ! h>de/ ?+ t c\ld be said 9 reprobation ( a wrongdo]1 w\ld be t he _h gone aga9/ himself1 & aga9/ 8 fell[-m51 by outrag+ reason1 ! common attribute ( ! race4 #g4 ,f> worse ?an t has ! s9n] done4 ,he has (f5d$ aga9/ 8 own reason1 & !reby aga9/ a high] ,reason1 sub/antially di/9ct f 81 /&+ to x 9 ! relation ( ,ar*etype to type1 a ,liv+ ,reason1 ,greek3 hepsy*os logos 7cf4 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,v41 iv41 #g71 purely & supremely rational4 ,! ,ar*etype is outrag$ by ! violation ( ! type4 ,moreov]1 z ! two are sub/antially di/9ct1 ! "o be+ ,god1 ! o!r a faculty ( man1 !re is room = a comm&1 = law4 ,a man may transgress & s91 9 m ?an ! philosophical s5se ( ! ^w3 he may be prop]ly a law-break]1 by (f5d+ aga9/ ?is supreme ,reason1 high] & o!r ?an 8 own4 #h4 ,"h we mu/ pause & m$itate a p>able4--,!re 0 a c]ta9 mona/]y :]e ! monks liv$ 9 cont9ual violation ( mona/ic obs]vance4 ,_! ,abbot 0 a holy man1 a model ( :at a monk ought to be4 ,b ?\gh p]fectly cognisant ( ! del9qu5cies ( 8 community1 he 0 cont5t to display to 8 subjects ! edify+ example ( 8 own life1 & to let x appe> t he 0 aw>e ( _! do+s & pa9$ at !m4 ,he w\ld croon s(tly z he w5t ab\t ! h\se old ,hell's words3 ,n s1 my sons1 n s3 :y d ye ^! k9d ( ?+s1 v wick$ ?+s8 ,b ! monks took no notice ( him4 ,x happ5$ 9 c\rse ( "t t ! ,abbot w5t away = ab\t t5 days4 ,:at he did 9 t "t1 nev] transpir$3 ?\gh !re 0 "s :isp] ( c]ta9 spiritual ex]cises1 :i* he 0 said to h be5 engag$ 94 ,c]ta9 x is1 t he return$ to 8 mona/]y1 z he left x1 a monk dev\t & regul>3 ! monk 0 ! same1 b ! ,abbot 0 mightily alt]$4 ,! morn+ aft] 8 arrival1 a ,*apt] 0 held2 ! ,abbot _h ! ,rule read f cov] to cov]1 & ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( en=c+ ! same4 ,& he 0 z good z 8 ^w4 ,transgressions ( c\rse ab\nd$3 b ! monks discov]$ t to transgress 0 q a diff]5t ?+ n[ f :at x _h be54 ,see+ ! law proclaim$1 & ! ,abbot 9 e>ne/ to en=ce x1 !y too re=m$ !mselves3 ! few :o w\ld n re=m _h to leave4 ,! subsequ5t holy lives ( ^? monks d n ent] into ?is hi/ory4 #i4 ,n[1 we might fancy ,god our ,"l l ! ,abbot ( t mona/]y 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 rule4 ,we might fancy ! ,supreme ,reason1 displeas$ inde$1 z ,reason mu/ be1 at ! excesses & follies ( mank9d1 b n o!rwise comm&+ m5 to avoid ^? evil c\rses4 ,7 ,god to be ?us quiesc5t1 :at we h call$ 7n4 #f7 philosophical s91 w\ld inde$ c>ry ?is additional malice1 beyond :at 0 !re set d[n1 ( be+ an (f5ce aga9/ ,god1 b x w\ld n be a griev\s (f5ce3 = x w\ld n be a s9 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m1 n be+ a transgression ( ! law ( ,god1 inasmu* z ,god1 by ! supposition1 w\ld h giv5 no law4 ,b ! supposition itself is absurd4 ,god c\ld n s )hold ,8 comm&4 ,he is free inde$ n to comm&1 b t only by n creat+4 ,if ,he wills to h creatures1 ,he mu/ likewise w to b9d !m to c]ta9 l9es ( action3 :i* w to b9d 9 ,god is a law to ! creature4 #aj4 ,?is ass]tion1 t ,god _c b w to b9d ,8 creatures to c]ta9 l9es ( action1 mu/ be prov$1 ?\gh 9 ! asc5t we h to m\nt to high regions1 & brea! ^? subtle airs t are waft$ r\nd ! ?rone ( ! ,et]nal4 ,z ,god is ! "o s\rce ( all reality & ( all p[]1 n only c !re be no be+ :i* ,he has n creat$ & does n /ill pres]ve1 b no action ei!r c take place )\t ,8 concurr5ce4 ,god mu/ g ) ,8 e creature 9 its e act3 o!rwise1 on ! creature's "p1 no?+ c\ld be done4 ,n[1 ,god _c be indiff]5t :at mann] ( act ,he %all concur unto4 ,a s]vant or a subject may be indiff]5t :at comm& he receives3 he may w simply to obey1--to g "h or !re1 z he is bid1 or to be left )\t ord]s :]e he is4 ,t is because he leaves ! entire direction & managem5t ( ! h\sehold to 8 ma/]4 ,b = ,god to be ?us indiff]5t :at action ,he %\ld l5d ,8 concurr5ce to1 w\ld be to =ego all design & purpose ( ,8 own z to ! use & de/9y ( ! creatures :i* ,he has made & cont9ually pres]ves4 ,?is ,god _c d1 = ,he _c act aimlessly4 ,x w\ld be r5\nc+ ! direction ( ,8 own "w1 & mak+ ! creature ,8 sup]ior4 ,god is incapable ( su* r5unciation & subs]vi5ce4 ,he mu/1 !n1 w ! coop]ation :i* ,he l5ds1 & ! concurr5t action ( ! creature1 to take a c]ta9 c\rse1 regulat$ & prescrib$ by ,himself3 :i* is our proposition1 t ,god _c b w to b9d ,8 creatures to c]ta9 l9es ( action4 ,if ,8 free creatures *oose to /ray f ^! l9es1 ,god inde$ /ill coop]ates1 & to ,8 coop]ation is to be ascrib$ ! physical goodness ( ! action1 n its moral inord9at5ess & inopportun5ess4 ,/ill1 z ! action is morally inord9ate1 ,god may be said to coop]ate1 9 a mann]1 :]e ,he w\ld n3 :5ce we ga!r "s conception ( ! enormity ( s94 7,see c4 vii41 nn4 #e1 #f1 pp4 #acj1 #aca47 #aa4 ,! l9es ( action laid d[n & prescrib$ by ,god are n arbitr>y & irrespective ( ! subject ( ! comm&4 ,!y are det]m9$ 9 ea* case by ! nature ( ! subject4 ,! ,au?or ( ,nature is n apt to subv]t t ord] :i* proce$s f ,himself4 ,he bids e creature act up to t nature :]e9 ,he has creat$ x4 ,8 comm&s foll[ ! l9e ( natural exig5cy4 ,:at ?is natural exig5cy am\nts to 9 man 9 reg>d to 8 human acts1 we h already se51 7c4 vi41 s4 i41 p4 #aji47 #ab4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a necess>y & a free ag5t is1 t ! =m] is det]m9$ by its nature to act 9 a c]ta9 way1 & _c act o!rwise3 ! latt] may act 9 m ways ?an "o4 ,/ill1 z we h se51 ! nature ev5 ( a free ag5t is n indiff]5t to all mann] ( action4 ,x requires1 ?\gh x does n con/ra91 ! ag5t to act 9 c]ta9 def9ite ways1 ! ways ( moral goodness4 ,act+ o!rwise1 z he may d1 ! free ag5t ga9says 8 own nature1 tak5 z a :ole1 a ?+ t a necess>y ag5t c n[ise d4 ,god !re=e :o1 z we h %[n1 wills & comm&s all creatures :atsoev] to act on ! l9es ( _! nature1 has especial reason to give ?is comm& to ,8 rational creatures1 ) :om alone re/s ! mom5t\s fre$om to disobey4 #ac4 ,we are n[ abrea/ ( ! "q1 ( su* burn+ int]e/ 9 ^! days1 z to ! connection ( ,e?ics ) ,!ology1 or ( ,morality ) ,religion4 ,i w n enquire :e!r ! dogmatic a!i/ is logically consi/5t 9 ma9ta9+ any di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong3 happily1 dogmatic a!i/s d n ab\nd4 ,b !re are _m :o hold t1 :e!r !re be a ,god or no1 ! fact ought n to be import$ into ,moral ,sci5ce3 t a ,pr(essor ( ,e?ics1 z su*1 has no bus9ess ) ! "n ( ! ,almighty on 8 lips1 any m ?an a lectur] on ,*emi/ry or ,=tification4 ,?is /atem5t mu/ be at once qualifi$ by an important proviso4 ,if we h any duties ( wor%ip & praise t[>ds our ,mak]3 if !re is su* a virtue z religion1 & su* a s9 z blasphemy3 surely a ,pr(essor ( ,morals mu/ po9t t out4 ,he _c 9 t case suppress all ref]5ce to ,god1 = ! same reason t he _c help go+ into ! duties ( a man to 8 wife1 or ( an individual to ! ,/ate1 if m>riage & civil gov]nm5t are natural in/itutions4 ,if !re is a ,god to be wor%ipp$1 any book on ,moral ,sci5ce is incomplete )\t a *apt] on ,religion4 ,b ! "q rema9s1 :e!r ! "n ( ,god %\ld ent] into ! o!r *apt]s1 & ,8 be+ & au?ority into ! v f\ndations ( ! sci5ce4 ,i d n mean ! metaphysical f\ndations2 = ,metaphysics are l a two-edg$ sword1 t cleaves d[n to ! v m>r[ ( ?+s1 & mu/ !re=e reveal & discov] ,god4 ,b ,morality1 l ,ma!matics1 takes c]ta9 metaphysical f\ndations = grant$1 )\t enquir+ into !m4 ,on ^! f\ndations we re> ! walls1 s to speak1 ( ! sci5ce ( ,e?ics )\t ref]5ce to ,god1 b we _c put ! ro( & cr[n ^u ! erection1 unless we speak ( ,him & ( ,8 law4 ,moral di/9ctions1 z we saw 7c4 vi41 s4 i4 n4 #g1 p4 #aac71 are antec$5t to ! ,div9e comm& to obs]ve !m3 & ?\gh !y re/ ultimately on ! ,div9e nature1 t ultimate gr\nd belongs to ,metaphysics1 n to ,e?ics4 ,e?ics beg9s ) human nature1 po9t+ out t !re are c]ta9 human acts t d become a man1 & o!rs t d n4 7c4 vi41 s4 i41 p4 #aji47 ,to see ?is1 x is n necess>y to look up above man4 ,?us we %all prove ly+1 suicide1 & murd] to be wrong1 & good fell[%ip a duty1 )\t ne$+ to m5tion ! ,div9e ,be+1 ?\gh by consid]+ ,him ! pro( ga9s 9 cog5cy4 ,or r1 ap>t f ,god we %all prove c]ta9 acts wrong1 & o!r acts obligatory z duties1 philosophically speak+1 ) an initial & fundam5tal wrongness & obligation4 ,9 ! pres5t section we h prov$ once = all1 t :at is wrong philosophically1 or is philosophically a duty1 is ! same also !ologically4 ,?us ! initial & fundam5tal obligation is trans=m$ into an obligation =mal & complete4 ,!re=e1 h]eaft] we %all be cont5t to h e/abli%$ ! philosophical obligation1 kn[+ t ! !ological side is inv>iably conjo9$ !re)4 ,z ,/4 ,?omas says 7#a;a #b1 q4 #ga1 art4 #f1 ad #e73 ,by !ologians s9 is consid]$ pr9cipally z x is an (f5ce aga9/ ,god3 b by ! moral philosoph]1 inasmu* z x is contr>y to reason4 ,b :at is contr>y to reason (f5ds ,god1 & is =bidd5 by ,div9e law1 & ?us becomes a s94 ,no ,god1 no s94 ,away f ,god1 !re is indec5cy & impropriety1 unreasonabl5ess1 abom9ation1 & brutality1 all ?is 9 view ( outrag$ humanity3 !re is likewise crime aga9/ ! ,/ate3 b ! =mal elem5t ( s9 is want+4 ,) s91 ( c\rse1 disappe>s also ! puni%m5t ( s9 z su*4 ,?us to leave ,god :olly out ( ,e?ics & ,natural ,law1 is to rob moral evil ( half its t]rors1 & ( t v half :i* is m easily und]/&$ ( ! p4 ,a consid]ation = s*ool-manag]s4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a1 q4 #bb1 art4 #b1 9 corp4 7aga9/ ,lucretius1 ii4 #fdf-fea72 ,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,ii41 vi41 nn4 #c1 #e-i1 #ac1 #ad1 #ag1 #bj-bd4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,! ,,et]nal ,,law4 #a4 ,a law is def9$ to be3 ,a precept j & abid+1 giv5 = promulgation to a p]fect community4 ,a law is prim>ily a rule ( action4 ,! fir/ attribute ( a law is t x be j3 j to ! subject on :om x is impos$1 z be+ no h>mful abridgm5t ( 8 rights3 j also to o!r m51 z n mov+ him to inju/ice aga9/ !m4 ,an unju/ law is no law at all1 = x is n a rule ( action4 ,/ill1 we may sometimes be b\nd1 :5 only our own rights are infr+$1 to submit to su* an imposition1 n z a law1 = x is none1 b on ! score ( prud5ce1 to escape dir] evils4 ,a law is no fleet+1 occasional rule ( conduct1 suit$ to meet "s pass+ em]g5cy or sup]ficial di/urbance4 ,! reason ( a law lies deep d[n1 la/+ & widespread 9 ! nature ( ! gov]n$4 ,a law1 !n1 has ^! two fur!r attributes ( p]man5ce 9 duration & amplitude 9 area4 ,e law is made = all "t1 & lives on ) ! life ( ! community = :om x is enact$1 = ev]1 unless x be ei!r expressly or implicitly repeal$4 ,a law 9 a community is l a habit 9 an individual1 an accretion to nature1 :i* abides z "p ( ! natural be+1 & guides h5ce=? ! c\rse ( natural action4 ,?is analogy holds especially ( ^? laws1 :i* are n enact$ all ( a sudd5--& su* are r>ely ! be/ laws--b gr[ ^u ! p ) gradual gr[? unm>k$1 l a habit by ! repetition ( acts1 9 ! way ( immemorial cu/om4 ,i h said t a law is = a community1 t x requires amplitude & l>ge area4 ,a law is n laid d[n = an individual1 except s f> z 8 action is ( importance to ! community4 ,! private conc]ns ( "o man d n af=d scope & room en\gh = a law4 ,nei!r d ! dome/ic affairs ( "o family4 ,a fa!r is n a legislator4 ,a law aims at a deep1 f>-rea*+1 prim>y good4 ,b ! private good ( an individual1 & ! dome/ic good ( a family1 are n prim>y goods1 inasmu* z ! individual & ! family are n prim>y b subord9ate be+s3 n complete & indep5d5t1 b dep5d5t & p>tial2 n :oles b p>ts4 ,! individual is "p ( ! family1 & ! family is "p ( a high] community4 ,x is only :5 we are come to "s community :i* is n "p ( any high]1 t we h f\nd ! be+1 ! good ( :i* is prim>y good1 ! aim ( law4 ,su* a community1 n be+ "p ( any high] community 9 ! same ord]1 is 9 its own ord] a p]fect community4 ,?us1 9 ! temporal ord]1 ! individual is "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! ,/ate is a p]fect community2 & ! good ( ! ,/ate is ( m consequ5ce ?an ! temporal well-be+ ( any individual citiz54 ,! temporal good ( ! individual1 !n1 is matt] ( law1 9 s f> z x is subs]vi5t to ! good ( ! ,/ate4 ,we h1 !n1 to hold t a law is giv5 to ! memb]s ( a p]fect community = ! good ( ! :ole4 ,n e precept1 !re=e1 is a law3 nor e sup]ior a lawgiv]3 = x is n e sup]ior t has *>ge ( ! good ( a p]fect community4 ,_m a precept is giv5 to an individual1 ei!r = 8 private good1 z :5 a fa!r comm&s 8 *ild1 or = ! private good ( him t issues ! precept1 z :5 a ma/] comm&s a s]vant4 ,b e law is a precept3 = a law is an imp]ative rule ( action1 9 view ( a good t is necess>y1 at lea/ ) ! necessity ( conv5i5ce4 ,to e law !re are c\nsels atta*$4 ,a law may be said to be a nucleus ( precept1 hav+ an envelope ( c\nsel4 ,e law has also a p5d5t call$ puni%m5t = ^? :o break x3 ?is is call$ ! sanction ( ! law4 ,a law is also = promulgation1 z a bir* rod = application4 ,! promulgation1 or application1 br+s ! law home to ! subject1 b is n "p ( ! law itself4 ,s mu* = ! def9ition ( ,law4 #b4 ,we h to le>n to look ^u ! :ole creat$ univ]se1 & ! fulness !re(1 angels1 m51 e>?1 sun1 planets1 fix$ />s1 all ?+s visible & invisible1 z "o great & p]fect community1 ^: ,k+ & ,lawgiv] is ,god4 ,he is ,k+1 because ,he is ,creator & ,"l4 ,b lord%ip & k+%ip are diff]5t ?+s1 ev5 9 ,god4 ,x is "o ?+ to be "l & ma/]1 own] & proprietor ( a *attel1 prop]ty & doma93 x is ano!r ?+ to be k+ & gov]nor1 lawgiv] & judge ( political subjects4 ,! =m] is call$ p[] ( dom9ion1 or "r ( own]%ip1 ! latt] is p[] ( jurisdiction4 ,p[] ( dom9ion is = ! good ( him :o wields x3 b p[] ( jurisdiction is = ! good ( ! gov]n$4 ,z ,god is ,"l ( ! univ]se1 ,he directs all its op]ations to ,8 own glory4 ,z ,he is ,k+1 ,he gov]ns z a k+ %\ld gov]n1 = ! good ( ,8 subjects4 ,9 intellectual creatures1 ^: w is n set 9 opposition to ,god1 ! subject's good & ! glory ( ! ,"l f9ally co9cide4 ,god's p[] ( dom9ion is ! conc]n ( !ologians3 ! morali/ is tak5 up ) ,8 p[] ( jurisdiction1 f :5ce emanates ! moral law4 #c4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] 7s4 ii41 nn4 #i1 #aj1 pp4 #abj1 #aba71 we /at$ ! moral law 9 ^! t]ms1 t ,god wills to b9d ,8 creatures to c]ta9 l9es ( action1 n arbitr>y l9es1 z we saw1 b ! natural l9es ( ea* creature's be+4 ,! law ?us /at$ takes 9 manife/ly a wid] field ?an t ( moral action4 ,!re is 9 fact no action ( creat$ ?+s t is n compreh5d$ "u ?is /atem5t4 ,x comprises ! laws ( physical nature & ! action ( physical causes1 no less ?an ! moral law & human acts4 ,x is ! "o primeval law ( ! univ]se1 antec$5t to all actual creation1 & co-et]nal ) ,god4 ,& yet n necess>y z ,god3 = _h ,god n decre$ f all et]nity to create--& ,he ne$ n h decre$ x--nei!r w\ld ,he h pass$ 9 ,8 own ,div9e ,m9d ?is second decree1 necess>ily consequ5t z x is ^u ! decree ( creation1 namely1 t e creature %\ld act 9 ! mode ( action prop] ( its k9d4 ,?is decree1 sup]v5+ f et]nity ^u ! creative decree1 is call$ ! ,et]nal ,law4 #d4 ,?is law does n gov]n ! acts ( ,god ,himself4 ,god ev] does :at is wise & good1 n because ,he b9ds ,himself by ! decree ( ,8 own w s to act1 b because ( ,8 all-p]fect nature4 ,8 own decrees h n = ,him ! =ce ( a precept3 t is impossible 9 any case3 yet ,he _c act aga9/ !m1 z ,8 nature all[s n ( irresolution1 *ange ( m9d1 & inconsi/5cy4 #e4 ,emanat+ f ! w ( ,god1 & re/+ ^u ! nature ( ! creature1 x w\ld seem t ! ,et]nal ,law mu/ be irresi/ible4 ,:o resi/e? ,8 w8 asks ! ,apo/le4 7,rom4 ix4 #ai47 ,! /reams ( sacr$ riv]s are fl[+ upw>ds1 & ju/ice & ! univ]sal ord] is wr5*$ back4 7,euripides1 ,m$ea1 #dii47 ,x is only ! p]v]sion spok5 ( by ! poet1 t c anywise supply ! in/ance ask$ = by ! ,apo/le4 ,! ?+ is impossible 9 ! physical ord]4 ,! riv]s _c fl[ upw>ds1 "u ! conditions "u :i* riv]s usually fl[3 b ju/ice & purity1 tru? & religion may be wr5*$ back1 9 violation ( nature & ( ! law et]nal4 ,! "o ?+ t breaks ?is law is s94 ,s9 alone is prop]ly unnatural4 ,! _w is full ( physical evils1 pa91 fam9e1 bl9dness1 disease1 decay & dea?4 ,b h]e9 is no?+ aga9/ nature3 ! sev]al ag5ts act up to _! nature1 s f> z x goes3 x is ! defect ( nature t makes ! evil4 ,b s9 is no m]e %ortcom+3 x is a turn+ r\nd & go+ aga9/ nature1 z ?\gh ! ,july sun %\ld freeze a man1 or ! summ] air suffocate him4 ,physical evil comes by ! defect ( nature1 & by p]mission ( ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,b ! moral evil ( s9 is a brea* ( t law4 #f4 ,a great po9t ) mod]n ?9k]s is ! inviolability ( ! laws ( physical nature1 e4g41 ( gravitation or ( electrical induction4 ,if ^! laws are repres5t$1 z ,j4 ,s4 ,mill said !y %\ld be1 z t5d5cies only1 !y are truly inviolable4 ,! law ( gravitation is equally fulfill$ 9 a fall+ body1 9 a body susp5d$ by a /r+1 & 9 a body borne up by ! m9i/ry ( an angel4 ,!re is no law ( nature to ! effect t a sup]natural =ce %all nev] int]v5e4 ,ev5 if1 z may be done p]haps 9 ! greate/ miracles1 ,god susp5ds ,8 concurr5ce1 s t ! creature acts n at all1 ev5 t w\ld be no violation ( ! physical law ( ! creature's action3 = all t su* a law provides is1 t ! creature1 if x acts at all1 %all act 9 a c]ta9 way1 n t ,god %all always give ! concurr5ce :i* is ! necess>y condition ( its act+ at all4 ,! laws ( physical nature !n are1 /rictly speak+1 nev] violat$1 al?\gh ! c\rse ( nature is occasionally alt]$ by sup]natural int]f]5ce1 & cont9ually by free human volition4 ,b ! laws ( physical nature1 9 ! highe/ g5]ality1 are id5tifi$ ) ! moral law4 ,! "o ,et]nal ,law embraces all ! laws ( creation4 ,x has a physical & a moral side4 ,on ! =m] x effects1 on ! latt] x obliges1 b on bo? sides x is imp]ative2 & ?\gh 9 moral matt]s x be tempor>ily defeat$ by s91 /ill ! moral behe/ mu/ 9 ! end be fulfill$ z surely z ! physical behe/4 ,! defeat ( ! law mu/ be made good1 ! s9 mu/ be puni%$4 ,( ! ,et]nal ,law work+ itself out 9 ! =m ( puni%m5t1 we %all speak pres5tly4 #g4 ,x is important to hold ?is conception ( ! ,et]nal ,law z embrac+ physical nature along ) rational ag5ts4 ,to conf9e ! law1 z mod]n writ]s d1 to rational ag5ts alone1 is sadly to abridge ! view ( its b9d+ =ce4 ,! rigid application ( physical laws is br\ght home to u daily by sci5ce & by exp]i5ce3 x is a po9t ga9$1 to come to und]/& t ! moral law1 be+ ultimately "o ) ^? physical laws1 is no less absolute & indefeasible1 ?\gh 9 a diff]5t mann]1 ?an !y4 ,x is h>d = u to conceive ( laws be+ giv5 to s5seless ?+s4 ,we _c ourselves prescribe to iron or to sulphur ! mann] ( its action4 ,z ,bacon says 7,novum ,organum1 i41 ,aphorism #d73 ,man c only put natural bodies toge!r or asund]3 nature does ! re/ )94 ,t is1 man _c make ! laws ( nature3 he c only arrange collocations ( mat]ials s z to avail himself ( ^? laws4 ,b ,god makes ! law1 issu+ ,8 comm&1 ! w>rant )\t :i* no creature c\ld d any?+1 t e creature1 rational & irrational1 %all act ea* accord+ to its k9d or nature4 ,su* is ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,read+s4--,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,i41 xii42 ,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ij1 art4 #b-d2 ib41 q4 #ia1 art4 #a1 9 corp41 ad #a2 ib41 q4 #ic1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ic1 art4 #d1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ic1 art4 #e1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ic1 art4 #f1 9 corp42 ,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,ii41 vi42 ,cic]o1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,ii41 iv42 id41 ,de ,republica1 iii4 #bb4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,law ,,( ,,consci5ce4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! ,orig9 ( ,prim>y ,moral ,judgm5ts4 #a4 ,x is an axiom ( ! s*ools1 t :atev] is receiv$1 is receiv$ accord+ to ! mann] ( ! recipi5t4 ,we h spok5 ( ! law t gov]ns ! _w1 z t law has exi/$ f et]nity 9 ! m9d ( ,god4 ,we h n[ to consid] t law z x is receiv$ 9 creatures1 & becomes ! inw>d det]m9ant ( _! action4 ,action is ei!r necess>y or free4 ,! great multitude ( creatures are :olly necess>y ag5ts4 ,ev5 9 free ag5ts1 mo/ ( :at is 9 !m1 & mu* t proce$s f !m1 is ( necessity1 & beyond ! control ( _! w4 ,( necess>y action1 :e!r mat]ial or m5tal1 we %all h no?+ fur!r to say4 ,x is gov]n$ by ! ,et]nal ,law1 b x is n matt] ( moral philosophy4 ,h5ce=? we h to d ) t law1 only z x is receiv$ 9 free ag5ts1 z su*1 to be ! rule ( _! conduct4 ,! ag5ts be+ free1 ! law mu/ be receiv$ 9 a mann] consonant ) _! fre$om4 ,x is prop] to a free & rational be+ to guide itself1 n to be dragg$ or pu%$1 b to g its own way1 yet n arbitr>ily1 b accord+ to law4 ,! law = su* a creature mu/ be1 n a physical det]m9ant ( its action1 b a law op]at+ 9 ! mann] ( a motive to ! w1 oblig+ & b9d+1 yet n con/ra9+ x3 a law writt5 9 ! intellect aft] ! mann] ( k3 a law )9 ! m9d & consci\sness ( ! creature1 :]eby x %all measure & regulate its own behavi\r4 ,?is is ! natural law ( consci5ce4 ,x is ! ,et]nal ,law1 z made kn[n to ! rational creature1 :]eby to measure its own free acts4 ,! ,et]nal ,law is 9 ! ,m9d ( ,god3 ! ,natural ,law 9 ! m9ds ( m5 & angels4 ,! ,et]nal ,law adju/s all ! op]ations ( creatures3 ! ,natural ,law1 only ! free acts ( intellectual creatures4 ,& yet1 = b9d+ =ce1 ! ,natural ,law is "o ) ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,on a summ] ev5+ "o obs]ves ! sunset on ! we/ coa/2 ! heav5s are all agl[ ) ! sun %9+ !re1 & ! wat]s are agl[ too1 reflect+ ! sun's rays4 ,! ,et]nal ,law is z ! sun !re 9 ! heav5s1 ! ,natural ,law is l ! reflection 9 ! sea4 ,b x is "o light4 #b4 ,x is call$ ! ,natural ,law1 fir/1 because x is f\nd1 m or less p]fectly express$1 9 all rational be+s3 n[ :atev] is f\nd 9 all ! individuals ( a k9d1 is tak5 to belong to ! specific nature1 or type ( t k9d4 ,aga9 x is call$ ! ,natural ,law1 because x is a ?+ :i* any rational nature mu/ necess>ily compass & conta9 )9 itself 9 ord] to arrive at its own prop] p]fection & maturity4 ,?us ?is inn] law is natural1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* walk+1 spee*1 civilization are natural to man4 ,a man :o has x n1 is bel[ ! /&>d ( 8 species4 ,x w be se5 t danc+1 s++--at lea/ to a pit* ( pr(essional excell5ce--& a k ( ,greek1 are n1 9 ?is s5se1 natural4 ,! ,natural ,law is n natural1 9 ! s5se ( com+ natural1 z prov9cial p say1 or com+ to be 9 man q irrespectively ( tra9+ & education1 z comes ! p[] ( brea?+4 ,x 0 absurd ( ,paley 7,mor4 ,phil41 bk4 i41 c4 v47 to look to ! wild boy ( ,hanov]1 :o _h gr[n up 9 ! woods by himself1 to display 9 8 p]son ei!r ! ,natural ,law or any o!r attribute prop] to a rational creature4 #c4 ,we call ?is ! natural law ( consci5ce1 because e individual's consci5ce applies ?is law1 z he und]/&s x1 to 8 own p>ticul> human acts1 & judges ( _! morality accord+ly4 ,:at !n is consci5ce8 ,x is n a faculty1 n a habit1 x is an act4 ,x is a practical judgm5t ( ! und]/&+4 ,x is virtually ! conclusion ( a syllogism1 ! major premiss ( :i* w\ld be "s g5]al pr9ciple ( comm& or c\nsel 9 moral matt]s2 ! m9or1 a /atem5t ( fact br++ "s p>ticul> case ( y\r own conduct "u t law2 & ! conclusion1 :i* is consci5ce1 a decision ( ! case = y\rself accord+ to t pr9ciple3 e4g41 ,!re is no obligation ( go+ to *ur* on 7:at ,ca?olics call7 a day ( devotion3 ?is day ,i am n[ liv+ is only a day ( devotion2 !re=e ,i am n b\nd to g to *ur* to-day4 ,su* is ! tra9 ( ?\ght1 n always s explicitly & =mally develop$1 t passes ?r\gh ! m9d1 :5 consci5ce works4 ,x is important to rememb] t consci5ce is an act ( intellect1 a judgm5t1 n on a matt] ( g5]al pr9ciple1 n ab\t o!r p's conduct1 b ab\t my own action 9 "s p>ticul> case1 & ! am\nt ( moral praise or blame t ,i des]ve1 or %\ld des]ve1 = x4 ,z reg>ds action already done1 or n done1 consci5ce te/ifies1 accus+ or excus+4 ,z reg>ds action contemplat$1 consci5ce re/ra9s or prompts1 9 ! way ( ei!r obligation or c\nsel4 #d4 ,consci5ce is n infallible3 x may err1 l any o!r human judgm5t4 ,a man may be bl9d1 if n exactly to 8 own action1 at lea/ to ! motives & circum/ances ( 8 action4 ,he may h got hold ( a wrong g5]al pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,he may be 9 error z to ! application ( 8 pr9ciple to ! actual facts4 ,9 all ^! ways1 :at we may call ! consci5ti\s syllogism may be at fault1 l any o!r syllogism4 ,x may be a bad syllogism1 ei!r 9 logical =m1 or 9 ! matt] ( fact ass]t$ 9 ! premisses4 ,?is is an errone\s consci5ce4 ,b1 = action contemplat$1 ev5 an errone\s consci5ce is an au?oritative decision4 ,if x po9ts to an obligation1 h[ev] mi/ak5ly1 we are b\nd ei!r to act ^u ! judgm5t or get x rev]s$4 ,we mu/ n contradict our own reason3 su* contradiction is moral evil1 7c4 v41 s4 iii41 n4 #c1 p4 #gd47 ,if consci5ce by mi/ake sets u free ( :at is objectively our b\nd5 duty1 we are n !re & !n b\nd to t duty3 b we may be b\nd at once to get t v]dict ( consci5ce ov]haul$ & reconsid]$4 ,consci5ce 9 ?is case has proce$$ 9 ignorance1 :i* ignorance w be ei!r v9cible or inv9cible1 & mu/ be treat$ accord+ to ! rules provid$ 9 ! matt] ( ignorance1 7c4 iii41 s4 i41 nn4 #c-e1 p4 #bg74 ,an obligation1 neglect$ 9 inv9cible ignorance1 makes a m]ely mat]ial s94 7c4 iii41 s4 ii41 n4 #g1 p4 #cc47 #e4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t ( m9d1 (t5 conf\nd$ "u "o "n ) consci5ce1 b di/9ct f x1 z a habit f an act1 & z pr9ciples f _! application4 ,?is elem5t ! s*oolm5 call$ synd]esis4 ,footnote #aj ,footnote #aj3 ,on ! d]ivation ( ?is ^w1 :e!r f ,greek3 syn$aesis or ,greek3 synta]esis1 see ,a!num1 #ahgg1 vol4 i41 pp4 #gch1 #gih1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #af1 #dh4 ,synd]esis is an habitual hold ^u prim>y moral judgm5ts1 z1 t we mu/ d good1 avoid evil1 requite b5efactors1 hon\r sup]iors1 puni% evil-do]s4 ,!re is a hot controv]sy z to h[ ^! prim>y moral judgm5ts arise 9 ! m9d4 ,! coals ( dispute are k9dl$ by ! assumption1 t ^! moral judgm5ts mu/ ne$s h a totally o!r orig9 & bir? 9 ! m9d ?an speculative fir/ pr9ciples1 z1 t ! :ole is great] ?an ! "p1 t two & two are f\r1 t ?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r4 ,! assumption is speci\s1 b unf\nd$4 ,x looks plausible because ( ?is diff]5ce1 t moral judgm5ts h emotions to wait ^u !m1 speculative judgm5ts h n4 ,speculative judgm5ts pass l ! philosoph]s t write !m d[n1 unhe$$ 9 ! quiet ( _! /udies4 ,b moral judgm5ts are rul]s ( ! commonweal?3 !y are ris5 to z !y g by1 ) maje/y prec$+ & c>es com+ aft]4 ,_! pres5ce awak5s 9 u c]ta9 emotions1 conflicts ( passion1 z we ?9k ( ! good t we %\ld d1 b h n done1 or ( ! evil t goes unrem$i$ & unaton$ =4 ,commonly a man _c contemplate 8 duty1 a difficult or an unfulfill$ duty especially1 )\t a c]ta9 emotion1 v o!rwise ?an z he views ! axioms ( ma!matics4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce emotionally1 b intellectually ! two sets ( pr9ciples1 speculative & moral1 are held alike z necess>y tru?s1 tru?s t n only are1 b mu/ be1 & _c be o!rwise3 tru?s 9 :i* ! pr$icate ( ! proposition t /ates !m is conta9$ "u ! subject4 ,su* are call$ self-evid5t propositions2 & ! tru?s t !y express1 necess>y tru?s4 ,! enquiry into ! orig9 ( our prim>y moral judgm5ts is ?us m]g$ 9 ! "q1 h[ we atta9 to necess>y tru?4 #f4 ,! "q belongs to ,psy*ology1 n to ,e?ics3 b we w treat x briefly = e?ical purposes4 ,& fir/ = a cle> notion ( ! k9d ( judgm5ts t we are inve/igat+4 ,! prim>y precepts ( ! law ( nature /& to ! practical reason z ! fir/ pr9ciples ( sci5tific demon/ration d to ! speculative reason3 = bo? sets ( pr9ciples are self-evid5t4 ,a ?+ is said to be self-evid5t 9 two ways1 ei!r 9 itself1 or 9 ref]5ce to u4 ,9 itself e proposition1 ! pr$icate ( :i* c be got f consid]ation ( ! subject is said to be self-evid5t4 ,b x happ5s t to "o :o is ignorant ( ! def9ition ( ! subject1 su* a proposition w n be self-evid5t3 z ?is proposition1 ,man is a rational be+1 is self-evid5t 9 its own nature1 because to "n man is to "n some?+ rational2 & yet1 to "o ignorant :at man is1 ?is proposition is n self-evid5t4 ,& h5ce x is t1 z ,boe?ius says3 !re are "s axioms self-evid5t to all alike4 ,( ?is nature are all ^? propositions ^: t]ms are kn[n to all1 z1 ,e :ole is great] ?an its "p2 &1 ,?+s :i* are equal to ! same ?+ are equal to "o ano!r4 ,"s propositions aga9 are self-evid5t only to ! wise1 :o und]/& ! mean+ ( ! t]ms3 z1 to "o :o und]/&s t an angel is n a body1 x is self-evid5t t an angel is n 9 a place by way ( circumscription2 ,footnote #aa :i* is n manife/ to o!rs1 :o d n und]/& ! t]m4 7,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b q4 #id1 art4 #b1 9 corp47 ,footnote #aa3 ,circumscriptive1 :i* ^w is expla9$ by ,/4 ,?os41 #a;a1 q4 #eb4 art4 #a4 ,"o m extract4 ,f ! v nature ( an intellectual s\l x is prop] to man t1 z soon z he kn[s :at a :ole is1 & :at a "p is1 he kn[s t e :ole is great] ?an its "p2 & s ( ! re/4 ,b :at is a :ole1 & :at a "p1 t he _c "k except ?r\gh s5sory impressions4 ,& !re=e ,ari/otle %[s t ! k ( pr9ciples comes to u ?r\gh ! s5ses4 7,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ea1 art4 #a1 9 corp47 #g4 ,?us ! propositions t "r is to be done1 b5efactors to be requit$1 are self-evid5t1 necess>y tru?s1 to any *ild :o has le>n$ by exp]i5ce ! mean+ ( "r1 ( k9dness1 & ( a return ( k9dness4 ,yes1 b--"s "o w say--h[ ev] does he get to "k :at "r & wrong are8 ,surely s5sory exp]i5ce _c tea* him t4 ,we answ]1 man's ?\ghts beg9 9 s5se1 & are p]fect$ by reflection4 ,let u take ! idea ( wrong1 ! key to all o!r elem5t>y moral ideas4 ,! /eps by :i* a *ild comes to ! fulness ( ! idea ( wrong may be ^!4 ,fir/1 ! ?+ is =bidd53 !n "o gets puni%$ = x4 ,puni%m5t & prohibition ent] 9 by eye & e> & o!r s5ses besides4 ,!n ! ?+ is (f5sive to ^? we love & rev]e4 ,!n x is bad = u4 ,!n x is %ameful1 %abby1 unfair1 unk9d1 selfi%1 hateful to ,god4 ,all ^! po9ts ( ! idea ( wrong are grasp$ by ! intellect1 beg9n+ ) s5sory pres5tations ( :at is se5 & felt & he>d said4 ,aga9 ) ! idea ( ought4 ,?is idea is sometimes said to defy analysis4 ,b we h gone ab\t 7c4 vi47 to analyse x into two elem5ts1 nature requir+1 nature's ,k+ comm&+4 ,! idea ( wrong we analys$ into a brea* ( ?is natural requirem5t1 & ?is ,div9e comm& or law4 ,prim>y moral ideas1 !n1 yield to intellectual analysis4 ,!y are ( ?is /yle3 to be done1 z ,i wi% to be rational & please ,god3 n to be done1 unless ,i wi% to spoil myself & disobey my ,mak]4 ,b prim>y moral ideas1 comp>$ toge!r1 make prim>y moral judgm5ts4 ,prim>y moral judgm5ts1 !re=e1 arise 9 ! intellect1 by ! same process z o!r beliefs arise !re 9 matt]s ( necess>y tru?4 #h4 ,?us1 apply+ ! pr9ciple kn[n z ,oc*am's razor1 t entities are n to be multipli$ )\t reason1 we refuse to ackn[l$ge any ,moral ,s5se1 di/9ct f ,intellect4 ,we "k ( no peculi> faculty1 specially made to receive ideas1 pleasures & pa9s 9 ! moral ord]4 7,mack9to%1 ,e?ics1 p4 #bjf47 ,mo/ ( all1 we emphatically prote/ aga9/ any bl9d p[] be+ accr$it$ z ! organ ( morality4 ,we _c accept = our !ory ( morals1 t ev]y?+ is "r :i* w>ms ! brea/ ) a gl[ ( en?usiasm1 & all ^? actions wrong1 at :i* emotional p are prone to cry out1 dreadful1 %ock+4 ,we _c accept emotions = arbitrators1 :]e x mo/ conc]ns reasonable be+s to h :at ! ,apo/le calls enlight5$ eyes ( ! he>t 7,ephes4 i4 #ah71 t we may "k to refuse ! evil & to *oose ! good4 7,isaias vii4 #ae47 ,a judge may h 8 emotions1 b 8 *>ge to ! jury mu/ be dictat$1 n by 8 he>t1 b by 8 k ( ! law4 ,& ! voice ( consci5ce1 :atev] feel+s x may /ir1 mu/ be an intellectual utt]ance1 &1 to be wor? any?+ 9 a case ( difficulty1 a reason$ conclusion1 bas$ on obs]vation ( facts1 & application ( pr9ciples1 & consultation ) moral !ologians & casui/s4 ,a subjective & emotional /&>d ( "r & wrong is z trea*]\s & untru/wor?y z ! emotional ju/ification ( ^? good p1 :o come ( a sudd5 to feel conv]t$4 #i4 ,x w\ld be unnecess>y1 except = ! wrong-head$ness ( philosoph]s1 to obs]ve t consci5ce requires educat+4 ,z moral virtue is a habit ( appetite1 rational or irrational1 a =mation result+ f frequ5t acts2 & z ! *ild ne$s to be aid$ & assi/$ f )\t t[>ds ! p]=mance ( su* acts1 9 ord] to ov]come ! frequ5t resi/ance ( appetite to reason 7c4 v41 s4 ii41 n4 #d1 p4 #ga73 s ! spr+s ( consci5ce are c]ta9 intellectual habits1 :]eby ! subject is cognisant ( ! pr9ciples ( natural law1 & ( _! be>+ on 8 own conduct1 habits :i*1 l ! habits ( moral virtue1 require to be =m$ by acts f )9 & succ\r f )\t1 s9ce m]ely ! rudim5ts ( ! habit are suppli$ by nature4 ,ev5 ! fir/ pr9ciples ( morality want =mulat+ & po9t+ out to *ildr51 l ! axioms ( geometry4 ,! "m tells h] little "o3 ,erne/1 or ,frank1 be a good boy3 :ile ! s*oolma/] expla9s to ,ma/] ,erne/ t two /raight l9es _c possibly enclose a space4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! boy's m9d t goes along ) & be>s out bo? ! tea*+ ( 8 ma/] & 8 "m's exhortation3 some?+ t says )9 him3 ,to be sure1 ^? l9es c't enclose a space3 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i ought to be good4 ,x is n m]ely on au?ority t he accepts ^! propositions4 ,8 own und]/&+ welcomes & approves !m3 s mu* s1 t once he has und]/ood !m1 he w\ld n believe ! contr>y = be+ told x4 ,y w\ld n p]suade a *ild t x 0 "r to pull "m's hair2 or t half an orange 0 lit]ally1 z ,hesiod says1 m ?an ! :ole4 ,he w\ld answ] t x c\ld n be1 t he knew bett]4 #aj4 ,on "o gr\nd !re is great] ne$ ( education = ! consci5ce ?an = any o!r intellectual =mation3 t is because ( ! p[] ( evil to fasc9ate & bl9d on practical issues ( duty4 ,cic]o well puts x3 ,we are amaz$ & p]plex$ by v>iety ( op9ions & /rife ( au?orities2 & because !re is n ! same div]g5ce ^u matt]s ( s5se1 we fancy t ! s5ses af=d natural c]ta9ty1 :ile1 = moral matt]s1 because "s m5 take "o view1 "s ano!r1 & ! same m5 diff]5t views at diff]5t times1 we consid] t any settlem5t t c be arriv$ at is m]ely conv5tional1 :i* is a huge mi/ake4 ,! fact is1 !re is no p>5t1 nor nurse1 nor s*oolma/]1 nor poet1 nor /age play1 to corrupt ! judgm5ts ( s5se1 nor cons5t ( ! multitude to wr5* !m away f ! tru?4 ,x is = m9ds & consci5ces t all ! sn>es are set1 z well by ! ag5cy ( ^? :om ,i h j m5tion$1 :o take u 9 our t5d] & inexp]i5c$ age1 & +ra9 & fa%ion u z !y w1 z also by t c\nt]feit pres5tm5t ( good1 :i* lurks 9 ! folds ( e s5se1 ! "m ( all evil1 pleasure1 "u ^: s$uctive bl&i%m5ts m5 fail to recognise ! moral good t nature (f]s1 because x is unaccompani$ by ?is it*+ desire & satisfaction4 7,cic]o1 ,de ,legibus1 i1 #ag47 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a1 q4 #gi1 art4 #aa-ac2 ,plato1 ,protagoras1 #cbe1 #cbf2 ,john ,grote1 ,exam9ation ( ,utilit>ian ,philosophy1 pp4 #afi1 #bjg1 #bjh2 ,c>d9al ,newman1 ,gramm> ( ,ass5t1 pp4 l#jb-aab4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! inv>iability ( ,prim>y ,moral ,judgm5ts4 #a4 ,! foll[+ n>rative is tak5 f ,grote's ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 c4 #ha43 ,x 0 a pr\d day = ! ,c>?ag9ian g5]al ,footnote #ab :5 he /ood z ma/] on ! gr\nd ( ,him]a2 enabl$ to fulfil ! duty1 & satisfy ! exig5cies1 ( rev5ge = 8 sla9 gr&fa!r4 ,tragical inde$ 0 ! consummation ( ?is long-*]i%$ purpose4444 ,all ! male captives1 #c1jjj 9 numb]1 7 convey$ to ! precise spot :]e ,hamilk> _h be5 sla91 & !re put to dea? ) indignity1 z an expiatory satisfaction to 8 lo/ hon\r4 ,no man c read ! acc\nt ( ?is :olesale massacre )\t horror & repugnance4 ,yet we _c d\bt1 t among all ! acts ( ,hannibal's life1 ?is 0 ! "o 9 :i* he mo/ glori$2 t x realiz$ 9 ! mo/ complete & emphatic mann]1 8 concurr5t aspirations ( filial s5tim5t1 religi\s obligation1 & hon\r z a patriot2 ,footnote #ac t to %[ m]cy w\ld h be5 reg>d$ z a mean d]eliction ( ^! e/eem$ impulses4444 ,d\btless1 ! feel+s ( ,hannibal 7 cordially %>$1 & ! pl5itude ( 8 rev5ge envi$1 by ! army ar\nd him4 ,s diff]5t1 sometimes s totally contr>y1 is ! tone & direction ( ! moral s5tim5ts1 among diff]5t ages & nations4 ,footnote #ab3 ,hannibal1 ,b4,c4 #dji1 !re=e n ! victor ( ,cannae4 ,footnote #ac3 ,italics m9e4 ,we may supplem5t ?is /ory by ano!r f ,h]odotus 7iii41 #ch73 ,d>ius1 aft] he _h got ! k+dom1 call$ into 8 pres5ce c]ta9 ,greeks :o 7 at h&1 & ask$1 ',:at he %\ld pay !m to eat ! bodies ( _! fa!rs :5 !y di$4' ,to :i* !y answ]$1 t !re 0 no sum t w\ld tempt !m to d su* a ?+4 ,he !n s5t = c]ta9 ,indians1 ( ! race call$ ,callatians1 m5 :o eat _! fa!rs1 & ask$ !m1 :ile ! ,greeks 7 /&+ by1 & knew by ! aid ( an int]pret] all t 0 said--',:at he %\ld give !m to burn ! bodies ( _! fa!rs1 at _! decease8' ,! ,indians exclaim$ al\d1 & bade him =be> su* language4 ,su* is ! way ( m52 & ,p9d> 0 "r 9 my judgm5t1 :5 he said1 ',conv5tion is k+ ov] all4' #b4 ,if any "o held t ! natural law ( consci5ce 0 natural 9 ! same way z ! s5se ( temp]ature3 if "o held to ! exi/5ce ( a ,moral ,s5se 9 all m51 settl+ que/ions ( "r & wrong1 z surely z all m5 "k sweet ?+s f bitt] by ta/+ !m3 ^! /ories1 & !y c\ld be multipli$ by hundr$s1 abundantly suffice to confute ! error4 ,!re is no au!ntic copy ( ! moral law1 pr9t$1 fram$1 & hung up by ! h& ( ,nature1 9 ! inn] sanctu>y ( e human he>t4 ,man has to le>n 8 duties z he le>ns ! pr9ciples ( heal?1 ! laws ( me*anics1 ! con/ruction & navigation ( vessels1 ! !orems ( geometry1 or any o!r art or sci5ce4 ,& he is j z likely to g wrong1 & has gone wrong z griev\sly1 9 8 judgm5ts on moral matt]s z on any o!r subject ( human k4 ,! k ( duties is natural 7z expla9$ 9 ! previ\s section1 n4 #b71 n because x comes spontane\sly1 b because x is necess>y to our nature = ! developm5t & p]fection ( ! same4 ,?us a man ought1 s f> z he c1 to le>n 8 duties3 b we _c say ( a man1 z su*1 t he ought to le>n geometry or navigation4 ,if a man does n "k 8 duties1 he is excus$ by ignorance1 accord+ to ! rules "u :i* ignorance excuses 7c4 iii41 s4 i41 nn4 #c-e1 p4 #bg74 ,if a man does n "k navigation1 !re is no "q ( excuse = :at he 0 n b\nd to le>n1 b he may suff] loss by 8 want ( k4 #c4 ,x 0 fur!rmore obs]v$ above 7l4c471 t ! natural law 0 s call$ z be+ f\nd express$ m or less p]fectly 9 ! m9ds ( all m51 & !re=e be+ a prop] elem5t ( human nature4 ,x rema9s to see h[ mu* ?is univ]sal natural expression am\nts to4 ,t is at once app>5t f our previ\s explanation ( synd]esis4 7s4 i41 nn4 #e1 seq41 p4 #aci47 ,n a complete & accurate k ( ! natural law is f\nd 9 all m9ds1 f> f x2 b synd]esis is f\nd 9 all4 ,?is is app>5t f ,mr4 ,grote's own phrases1 aspirations ( filial s5tim5t1 religi\s obligation1 hon\r z a patriot1 ,p>5ts are to be hon\r$1 we mu/ d our duty to ,god & to our c\ntry3 !re ,hannibal 0 at "o ) ! mo/ approv$ tea*]s ( morality4 ,callatian & ,greek agre$ 9 ! recognition ( ! comm&m5t1 ,hon\r ?y fa!r & ?y "m4 ,t 0 ! major premiss ( !m bo?1 9 ! moral syllogism 7s4 i41 n4 #c1 p4 #ace71 :i* rul$ _! respective consci5ces4 ,_! diff]5ce 0 ^u ! apply+ m9or1 z x is call$2 ! ,greek reg>d+ ! dissolution ( ! body into its elem5ts by fire1 & s sav+ x f corruption1 z ! be/ means ( hon\r+ ! dead3 ! ,callatians pref]r+ to raise _! p>5ts z x 7 to life aga91 by mak+ !m ! food ( _! liv+ *ildr54 ,hannibal1 aga91 _h be=e 8 m9d ! gr& pr9ciple ( retribution1 t wrongdo+ mu/ be expiat$ by suff]+4 ,b he _h n he>d ! words ,v5geance is ,m9e2 & mi/ak5ly suppos$ x to re/ ) himself to appo9t & c>ry out 8 own measure ( rev5ge4 ,:e!r he 0 q s inv9cibly ignorant on ?is po9t1 z ,grote repres5ts1 is op5 to d\bt4 ,at any rate he 0 correct 9 ! prim>y moral judgm5t on :i* he proce$$4 ,read+4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #id1 art4 #f4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! immutability ( ! ,natural ,law4 #a4 ,besides pr9t+1 _m me?ods are n[ 9 vogue = multiply+ copies ( a docum5t4 ,commonly ! docum5t is writt5 out ) special ink on special pap]3 ! copy ?us us$ is call$ a /5cil2 & f x o!r copies are /ruck (f4 ,we w suppose ! /5cil to be t page ( ! ,et]nal ,law writt5 9 ! ,m9d ( ,god1 :i* regulates human acts1 te*nically s call$4 ,! copies /ruck (f f t /5cil w be ! ,natural ,law 9 ! m9d ( ?is man & ( t4 ,n[1 z all :o are famili> ) copy+ processes "k too well1 x happ5s at times t a copy comes out v fa9t1 & 9 p>ts n at all4 ,^! fa9t & p>tial copies repres5t ! ,natural ,law z x is imp]fectly develop$ 9 ! m9ds ( _m m54 ,9 ?is s5se1 & z we may say subjectively1 ! ,natural ,law is mutable1 v mutable inde$4 ,/ill1 z no "o w\ld say t ! docum5t _h be5 alt]$1 because "s copies ( x 7 bad1 s x is n /rictly correct to say t ! ,natural ,law v>ies ) ^! subjective v>ieties4 ,appeal w\ld be made to a full & p]fectly pr9t$ impression ( ! docum5t1 "o t r5d]$ ! /5cil exactly4 ,! ,natural ,law mu/ be view$ 9 l mann]1 z x w\ld exi/ 9 a m9d p]fectly enlight5$ conc]n+ ! :ole duty ( man1 & exactly reproduc+ 9 itself t portion ( ! ,et]nal ,law :i* orda9s su* duty4 ,7 su* a m9d to disc]n a natural obligation to lie diff]5tly at two diff]5t times1 all ! relevant circum/ances be+ alike 9 bo? cases1 & ! moral solution diff]5t1 !n only c\ld ! ,natural ,law be held to h *ang$4 #b4 ,b ?is is cle>ly impossible4 ,! conclusion ( a geometrical !orem is a tru? = all "t4 ,!re is no diff]5ce "h betwe5 a complicat$ !orem1 hav+ _m conditions1 & a simpl] !orem ) few]4 ,x is inde$ easi] = a few ?an = _m conditions to be all pres5t toge!r3 b ! enunciation ( ! conclusion supposes all ! conditions1 :atev] _! numb]4 ,! same 9 a practical mann]1 z 9 ! /ability ( a bridge4 ,! bridge t w\ld /& 9 ,engl&1 w\ld /& 9 ,ceylon4 ,if x w\ld n1 !re mu/ h occurr$ "s *ange 9 ! conditions1 z ! heat ( ! tropical sun ^u ! gird]s4 ,a po9t ( casui/ry also1 h[ev] knotty1 once det]m9$1 is det]m9$ = ev] & aye1 = ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 det]m9$4 ,! ,natural ,law 9 ?is s5se is absolutely immutable1 no less 9 ea* p>ticul> application ?an 9 ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples4 ,we mu/ uni=mly pass ! same judgm5t on ! same case4 ,:at is once "r & reasonable1 is always "r & reasonable1 9 ! same matt]4 ,:]e to-day !re is only "o "r c\rse1 !re _c to-morr[ be two1 unless circum/ances h alt]$4 ,! ,natural ,law is ?us f> immutable1 e jot & tittle4 #c4 ,no p[] 9 heav5 above nor on e>? b5ea? c disp5se f any portion ( ! ,natural ,law4 ,= ! matt] ( ! negative precepts ( t law is1 z we h se51 some?+ bad 9 itself & repugnant to human nature1 & accord+ly =bidd5 by ,god3 :ile ! matt] ( ! positive precepts is some?+ good & necess>y to man1 comm&$ by ,god4 ,if ,god 7 to take (f ,8 comm&1 or prohibition1 ! intr9sic exig5cy1 or intol]abl5ess1 ( ! ?+ to man w\ld /ill rema91 be+ z insep>able f humanity z c]ta9 ma!matical prop]ties f a triangle4 ,pride is n made = man1 nor =nication1 nor ly+1 nor polygamy ,footnote #ad3 human nature w\ld cry out aga9/ !m1 ev5 7 ! ,almighty 9 a p>ticul> in/ance to )draw ,8 prohibition4 ,:at w\ld be ! use1 !n1 ( any su* )drawal8 ,x w\ld n make ! evil ?+ good4 ,an evil ?+ x w\ld /ill rema91 unnatural1 irrational1 & z su*1 displeas+ to ,god1 ! ,supreme ,reason4 ,! man w\ld n be free to d ! ?+1 ev5 ?\gh ,god did n =bid x4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! ,div9e prohibition1 & simil>ly ! ,div9e comm&1 :i* we h prov$ 7c4 vi41 s4 ii41 nn4 #aj1 #aa1 p4 #aba7 to be necess>ily impos$ 9 matt]s ( natural evil & ( naturally imp]ative good1 is impos$ z a h>d & fa/ l9e1 s long z ! intr9sic good or evil rema9s ! same4 ,footnote #ad3 ,!re is a !ological difficulty ab\t ! polygamy ( ! patri>*s1 :i* w be t\*$ on 9 ,natural ,law1 c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #d4 p4 #bgb4 #d4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no room = ,evolution 9 ,e?ics & ,natural ,law any m ?an 9 ,geometry4 ,"o v>iety ( geometrical con/ruction1 or ( moral action1 may succe$ ano!r2 b ! tru?s ( ! sci5ce1 by :i* ^? v>ieties are judg$1 *ange n4 ,!re is inde$ ?is peculi>ity ab\t morality1 di/+ui%+ x f art1 t if a man errs inv9cibly1 ! evil t he takes = good is n =mally evil1 or evil z he wills x1 & ! good t he takes = evil is =mally evil to him4 7c4 iii41 s4 ii41 n4 #g1 p4 #cc47 ,s !re is v>iation & possible ,evolution 9 b>e =mal good & b>e =mal evil1 z ignorance gradually *anges into k2 & likewise ,rev]sion1 z k decl9es into ignorance4 ,ev5 ?is ,evolution & ,rev]sion h _! limits3 !y _c occur 9 ! prim>y pr9ciples ( morality1 z we saw 9 ! la/ section4 ,b morality mat]ial & objective1--complete morality1 :]e ! =mal & mat]ial elem5ts agree1 :]e real wrong is se5 to be wrong1 & real "r is kn[n = "r--9 ?is morality !re is no ,evolution4 ,if ,hannibal (f]$ human sacrifices to 8 gr&fa!r because he knew no bett]1 & c\ld n h kn[n bett]1 ?an to ?9k himself b\nd s to d1 he is to be excus$1 & ev5 prais$ = 8 piety3 /ill x 0 a mi/ak5 piety2 & ! act1 ap>t f ! light 9 :i* ! do] view$ x1 0 a hide\s crime4 ,an incorrupt tea*] ( morals w\ld h taught ! ,c>?ag9ian1 n t he 0 do+ some?+ p]fectly "r = 8 age & c\ntry1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w\ld be wrong 9 ,g]many "s c5turies lat]1 b t he 0 do+ an act !re & !n evil & =bidd5 ( ,god1 f :i* he 0 b\nd1 ^u admonition1 in/antly to desi/4 ,footnote #ae ,footnote #ae3 ,! au?or has se5 reason some:at to modify ?is view1 z appe>s by ! ,app5dix4 7,note to ,?ird ,edition47 #e4 ,!re are ,evolution & ,rev]sion 9 ar*itecture1 b n 9 ! laws ( /ability ( /ructure1 nor 9 ! pr9ciples ( beauty z realiz$ 9 build+4 ,a comb9ation1 ugly n[1 0 n beautiful 9 ! days ( ,d>ius4 ,ta/es diff]1 b n "r ta/es2 & moral notions1 b n "r moral notions4 ,x is true t que/ions ( "r & wrong occur 9 "o /ate ( society1 t _h no relevance 9 an e>li] /ate1 ! conditions ( ! case n hav+ aris54 ,b s x is 9 ar*itecture2 !re are no ar*es 9 ! ,p>!non4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! ar*1 h[ev]1 held 9 ! age ( ,p]icles1 ?\gh n appli$4 #f4 ,! progress ( ,moral ,sci5ce is ! m & m p]fect developm5t ( ! ,natural ,law 9 ! he>t ( man1 a psy*ological1 n an ontological developm5t4 ,& ,moral ,sci5ce does progress4 ,no man c be a dilig5t /ud5t ( morality = ye>s1 )\t com+ to ! und]/&+ ( _m ?+s1 = :i* "o w\ld look 9 va9 9 ,ari/otle's ,e?ics & ,politics1 or 9 ,cic]o1 ,de ,(ficiis1 or ev5 9 ! ,summa ( ,/4 ,?omas1 or p]haps 9 any book ev] writt54 ,new moral que/ions come = discussion z civilization advances4 ,! comm]cial sy/em ( mod]n times w\ld furni% a !me = ano!r ,de ,lugo4 ,& /ill on ?is pa? ( e?ical discov]y1 to quote ! text t ,bacon lov$1 ,_m %all pass ov]1 & k %all be multipli$4 7,daniel xii4 #d47 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 ,supplem5t1 q4 #fe1 art4 #a1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #fe1 art4 #b1 9 corp41 & ad #a2 ,hughes1 ,sup]natural ,morals1 pp4 #fg1 #fh1 review$ 9 ,! ,mon? = ,augu/1 #ahia1 pp4 #edb1 #edc4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ,probabilism4 #a4 ,sometimes consci5ce returns a cle>1 positive answ] z to ! morality ( an act contemplat$4 ,true or false ! answ] may be1 b ! r+ ( x has no unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,at o!r times consci5ce is p]plex$1 & h] answ] is1 p]haps1 & p]haps n4 ,:5 ! woman hid ,a*imaas & ,jona?an 9 ! well1 & said to ,absalom's s]vants1 ,!y pass$ on 9 ha/e 7#b ,k+s xvii4 #ag-ba71 did %e d "r 9 speak+ ?us to save _! lives8 ,a po9t t has p]plex$ consci5ces = c5turies4 ,a man's hesitation is sometimes subjective & peculi> to himself4 ,x turns on a matt] ( fact1 :i* o!rs "k full well1 ?\gh he d\bts2 or on a po9t ( law1 d>k to him1 b cle>ly rul$ by ! cons5t ( ! le>n$4 ,9 su* cases x is 8 duty to seek in=mation f p ab\t him1 tak+ s mu* tr\ble to procure x z ! importance ( ! matt] w>rants1 n consult+ t5 doctors z to ! own]%ip ( "o h54 ,b x may be t all due enquiries fail4 ,! fact rema9s obscure2 or ab\t ! law1 doctors diff]1 & argum5ts conflict indecisively4 ,:at is ! man to d8 ,take ! safe c\rse3 suppose !re is an obligation1 & act accord+ly8 ,?is pr9ciple1 put z a comm&1 w\ld make human life intol]able4 ,x is1 moreov]1 false1 :5 s put1 z we %all pres5tly prove4 ,take ! easy c\rse1 & leave ! obligation out ( c\nt8 ,?is pr9ciple is m ne>ly correct ?an ! o!r3 b x ne$s int]pretation1 else x may prove dang]\sly lax4 #b4 ,to return to ,a*imaas & ,jona?an & _! ho/ess4 ,"s su* reckon+ z ?is may h pass$ ?r\gh h] m9d3 ,ly+ lips are an abom9ation to ! ,"l3 b is x a lie to put murd]]s (f ! sc5t ( blood8 ,to t "q f9d+ no answ]1 %e may h made up h] m9d 9 ?is way3 ,well1 ,i don't "k1 b ,i'll risk x4 ,if t 7 h] proc$ure1 %e did n walk by ! sci5tific l9es ( ,probabilism4 ,! probabili/ runs no risk1 ent]s ^u no unc]ta9ty1 & yet he by no means always foll[s :at is te*nically t]m$ ! safe c\rse1 t is1 ! c\rse :i* supposes ! obligation1 e4g41 9 ! case 9 po9t1 to h said simply :]e ! m5 74 ,h[ !n does ! probabili/ contrive to extract c]ta9ty out ( a case ( insoluble d\bt8 ,by aid ( :at is call$ a reflex pr9ciple4 ,a reflex is oppos$ to a direct pr9ciple4 ,a direct pr9ciple lays d[n an obligation1 z x w\ld b9d "o :o _h a p]fect disc]nm5t ( ! law & ( ! facts ( ! case1 & ( ! application ( ! "o to ! o!r1 & :o 0 p]fectly able to keep ! law4 ,by a reflex pr9ciple1 a man judges ( 8 own act1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! imp]fection ( 8 k & ! limitations ( 8 p[]4 ,probabilism /eps 91 only :]e a case is practically insoluble to an ag5t ^u direct pr9ciples4 ,! probabili/ !reupon leaves ! direct speculative d\bt unsolv$4 ,he rel9qui%es ! attempt ( det]m9+ :at a man %\ld d 9 ! case 9 "q1 :o _h a ?or\gh insight into ! lie ( ! law4 ,he leaves t aside1 & consid]s :at is 8 duty1 or n 8 duty1 9 ! defici5cy ( 8 k4 ,!n he /rikes ^u ! pr9ciple1 :i* is ! root ( ,probabilism1 t a d\btful law has no b9d+ p[]4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is a reflex pr9ciple4 ,= objectively no?+ is d\btful1 b ev]y?+ is or is n 9 po9t ( fact4 ,to a m9d t _h a full grasp ( ! objective ord] ( ?+s1 !re w\ld be no d\btful law3 su* a m9d w\ld disc]n ! law 9 e case z hold+ or n hold+4 ,b no human m9d is s p]fect4 ,e man has to take acc\nt ( 8 own limitations ( vision 9 judg+ ( 8 duty4 ,! "q = me is1 n ! law absolutely1 b ! law z f> z ,i c make x out4 ,our proposition1 !n1 /ates t :5 an individual1 us+ su* moral dilig5ce ( enquiry z ! gravity ( ! matt] calls =1 /ill rema9s 9 a /ate ( hone/ d\bt z to :e!r ! law b9ds1 9 t m5tal condition x does n b9d him4 #c4 ,:at ! law does n =bid1 x leaves op54 ,ari/otle inde$ 7,e?41 ,v41 xi41 #a7 says ! contr>y1 t :at ! law does n comm& 7he in/ances suicide71 x =bids4 ,all t he seems to mean is1 t if !re be an act :i* at times might appe> advantage\s1 & yet is nev] comm&$1 !re is a presumption ( ! legislator be+ av]se to t act4 ,aga91 !re are special occasions1 9 view ( :i* ! legislator und]takes to regulate ! :ole outw>d conduct ( a man by positive enactm5t1 z ) a soldi] on p>ade3 :at is n !re comm&$1 is =bidd54 ,b ^! in/ances d n d]ogate f our g5]al proposition1 :i* is prov$ 9 ?is way4 ,! (fice ( law is n to loose1 b to b9d4 ,x decl>es1 n :at ! subject may d1 b :at he mu/ or mu/ n4 ,x does n br+ lib]ty1 b re/riction4 ,!re=e1 if any "o wi%es to ass]t a re/riction1 he mu/ g to a law to prove x4 ,if he c f9d none1 lib]ty rema9s4 ,! law is laid on lib]ty4 ,lib]ty is n ! outcome ( law1 b prior to x4 ,lib]ty is 9 possession4 ,! burd5 ( pro( re/s ) ^? :o w\ld abridge lib]ty & impose an obligation4 ,x is an axiom ( law itself1 a natural1 n an arbitr>y axiom1 t bett] is ! condition ( ! possessor3 :i* am\nts 9 ?is matt] to ano!r /atem5t1 also axiomatic1 t a law b9ds n till x is promulgat$4 ,b a law ( :i* ,i h s]i\s out/&+ d\bts :e!r x exi/s at all1 or1 if exi/5t1 :e!r x rea*es my case1 is = ?is occasion a law n duly promulgat$ to me4 ,!re=e x b9ds me n1 & my lib]ty rema9s4 #d4 ,x rema9s to consid] :at con/itutes a s]i\s out/&+ d\bt4 ,! ^w out/&+ has be5 already expla9$4 ,x means t we h s\ght = c]ta9 in=mation1 & _c procure x4 ,n[ :at is a s]i\s d\bt8 ,x is a d\bt f\nd$ on a positive op9ion aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ! law1 or its applicability to ! case 9 po9t1 an op9ion fraught ) probability1 solid1 comp>ative1 practical probability4 ,! d\bt mu/ n be m]e negative d\bt1 or ignorance t _c tell :y x d\bts2 n a vague suspicion1 or s5tim5tal impression t defies all intellectual analysis2 n a m]e subjective inability to make up "o's m9d1 b "s c\nt]-reason t admits ( positive /atem5t1 z we say1 9 black & :ite4 ,x is true t _m m9ds _c def9e _! gr\nds ( d\bt1 ev5 :5 ^! are real4 ,su* m9ds are unfit to apply ! doctr9e ( ,probabilism to !mselves1 b mu/ seek its application f o!rs4 ,! op9ion aga9/ ! law1 :5 explicitly drawn out1 mu/ be f\nd to possess a solid probability4 ,x may be ei!r an intr9sic argum5t f reason & ! nature ( ! case1 or an extr9sic argum5t f ! ^w ( "s au?ority3 b ! reason or ! au?ority mu/ be grave4 ,! op9ion is ?us said to be intr9sically or extr9sically probable4 ,! probability mu/ also be comp>ative4 ,!re is _m an argum5t1 9 itself a v good "o1 t p]i%es :5 we come to consid] ! cru%+ weight ( evid5ce on ! o!r side4 ,an op9ion is comp>atively probable1 :5 aft] he>+ all ! reasons & all ! au?orities on ! o!r side1 ! said op9ion /ill rema9s n unlikely1 :i* is all t we mean to say ( an op9ion "h1 :5 we call x probable4 ,9 ord9>y ,engli%1 ! ^w probable means m likely ?an o!rwise1 :i* is n ! signification ( ! ,lat9 op9io probabilis4 ,la/ly1 ! probability mu/ be practical3 x mu/ take acc\nt ( all ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,practical probability is oppos$ to speculative1 :i* leaves out ( c\nt c]ta9 circum/ances1 :i* are pretty sure to be pres5t1 & to make all ! diff]5ce 9 ! issue4 ,?us x is speculatively probable t a ,ca?olic might )\t s9 rema9 ye>s )\t confession1 nev] hav+ any griev\s s9s to confess1 griev\s s9 alone be+ necess>y matt] = t sacram5t4 ,!re is no d[nright cog5t reason :y a man might n d s4 ,& yet1 if he neglect$ su* ord9>y means ( grace z confession ( v5ial s91 hav+ x )9 rea*1 mon? aft] mon?1 no "o1 consid]+ ! s9 :i* surr\nds u1 w\ld expect t man to g )\t griev\s sca!4 ,9 me*anics1 !re are _m ma*9es t "w prettily en\gh 9 speculation & on pap]1 :]e ! inv5tors d n consid] ! difficulties ( imp]fect mat]ial1 c>eless h&l+1 climate1 & o!r influ5ces1 t r5d] ! inv5tion ( no practical avail4 #e4 ,! safe/ use ( ,probabilism is 9 ! field ( prop]ty transactions & ( positive law4 ,!re is greate/ risk ( us+ x amiss 9 rema9+ 9 a false religion4 ,all turns ^u ! v>y+ am\nt ( tr\ble involv$ 9 moral dilig5ce ( enquiry1 accord+ z ! matt] at issue is a po9t ( m]e obs]vance or ( vital int]e/4 #f4 ,! po9t on :i* ! probability turns mu/ be ! lawfulness or unlawfulness ( ! action1 n any o!r issue1 z t ( ! physical consequ5ces4 ,be=e roll+ b\ld]-/ones d[n a hill to amuse myself1 x is n en\gh to h =m$ a probable op9ion t !re is no "o com+ up4 ,t w\ld be ,probabilism misappli$4 ,! correct enquiry is3 ,does any intr9sic reason or extr9sic au?ority make ! op9ion probable1 t x is lawful = m]e amusem5t to roll d[n rocks ) any belief %ort ( c]ta9ty t no "o w be cru%$ !reby8 ,! probability1 ?us turn$ on to ! lawfulness ( ! action1 breaks d[n altoge!r4 ,?is explanation1 borne 9 m9d1 w save mu* misappreh5sion4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,( ,,! ,,sanction ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,law4 ,,section ,i4--,( a ,tw(old ,sanction1 ,natural & ,div9e4 #a4 ,! sanction ( a law is ! puni%m5t = break+ x4 ,! puni%m5t = f9al1 p]si/5t brea* ( ! natural law is failure to atta9 ! p]fect /ate & la/ end ( ! human s\l1 :i* is happ9ess4 ,if exi/5ce be prolong$ "u ?is failure1 x mu/ be 9 ! contr>y /ate ( mis]y4 ,?is failure & mis]y is at once a natural result & a div9e infliction4 ,x is ! natural result ( repeat$ flagrant acts ( moral evil1 :]eby a man has made 8 nature hide\s1 corrupt$ & ov]?r[n x4 7c4 vi41 s4 i41 nn4 #d1 #e1 p4 #aaa47 ,= an end is ga9$ by tak+ ! means1 & lo/ by neglect ( ! means !reto4 ,n[1 z we h se51 happ9ess is an intellectual act1 ! p]fection ( an intellectual or rational nature 7c4 ii41 s4 ii41 p4 #f72 & ! means to x are liv+ rationally3 = a reasonable be+1 to d well & f>e well1 mu/ live by t reason1 :i* is ! =m ( 8 be+4 7c4 vi41 s4 i41 n4 #d1 p4 #aaa47 ,:oev] !re=e goes ab\t contradict+ ! reason t is )9 him 7c4 v41 s4 iii41 n4 #c1 p4 #gd7 is n 9 ! way to atta9 to happ9ess4 ,happ9ess ! end ( man1 ! creature ( all o!rs ! mo/ complex1 is n to be /umbl$ ^u by *ance4 ,y may make two /ones lean upright "o aga9/ ! o!r by *ance1 b o!rwise ?an by a me?odical application ( means to ! end y c\ld n support ! spire ( ,salisbury ,ca!dral4 #b4 ,man's is a progressive nature 7c4 vi41 s4 i41 nn4 #b1c1 p4 #aji71 himself be+ ! director ( 8 own progress4 ,o!r progressive natures may be spoilt by _! requirem5ts be+ d5i$1 & contr>y ?+s done to !m4 ,man has 8 requirem5ts4 ,x dep5ds ma9ly on himself :e!r he acts up to !m or aga9/ !m4 ,if he acts aga9/ !m1 he s f> spoils himself2 & once he is ?or\ghly spoilt by 8 own do+1 ! f9al p]fection ( humanity is gone f him = ev]4 ,x is ! natural result4 #c4 ,i h spok5 7n4 #a7 ( repeat$ flagrant acts3 n t ,i w\ld ignore ! evil set ( ! w t results f "o gross & delib]ate evil de$ 7see c4 ix41 s4 ii41 n4 #f1 p4 #afh73 b because ! case is cle>] :]e ! acts h be5 multipli$4 ,h[ev] we mu/ n omit to obs]ve1 t x is n any vice1 or evil habit1 t =mally unfits a man = 8 f9al happ9ess1 b an actual evil set ( ! w1 com+ ( actual s9 unrep5t$ (1 :i* set is m decid$1 :5 t uncancell$ s9 is ! la/ ( _m su*1 & ! outcome ( a habit4 ,b suppos+ an habitual s9n] to h rep5t$1 & 8 rep5tance to h be5 ratifi$ by ,god1 & t he dies1 n actually 9 s91 b be=e ! habit ( s9 has be5 eradicat$ 7c4 v41 s4 ii41 n4 #a1 p4 #fi71--we may say ( him1 t 8 foot is set 9 ! "r way1 t is1 8 w is actually "r1 & ! ob/acle to happ9ess is remov$4 ,! evil habit 9 him is n an actual adhesion ( 8 w to evil1 b a pron5ess to relapse into t /ate4 ,x is only remotely & pot5tially evil4 ,x is a se$ ( evil1 :i* h[ev] w n g]m9ate 9 ! good & blissful surr\nd+s to :i* ! s\l has be5 transplant$1 b rema9 = ev] /]ile1 or r1 w spe$ily decay4 #d4 ,if we leave ,god out ( morality1 & take acc\nt only ( ! philosophical aspect ( s9 7c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #f1 p4 #aai71 we h no?+ fur!r to say ( ! sanction ?an ?is1 :i* has be5 said3 ,act aga9/ nature1 & y w end by ru9+ y\r nature1 & fail ( y\r f9al p]fection & happ9ess4 ,b n[ ,god comes 91 ! giv] ( ! law ( nature2 & ! failure1 already a natural result1 mu/ h5ce=? be view$ also z a ,div9e *a/isem5t4 ,!re is no law )\t a sanction4 ,!re is no law1 ! giv] ( :i* c all[ x to be brok5 ) impunity4 ,a legislator :o disp5s$ ) all sanction1 w\ld rightly be tak5 by "y & old n to be 9 e>ne/ 9 8 comm&4 ,if !n ,god mu/ give a law to man :om ,he has creat$ 7c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #i1 p4 #abj71 ,he mu/ atta* a sanction to t law2 & if ! law is accord+ to ! exig5cy ( human nature 7c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #aa1 p4 #abb71 s w ! sanction also be ! natural outcome ( t exig5cy set at naught & t law brok54 #e4 ,our position ga9s by ! consid]ation1 t ! object1 9 ! contemplation ( :i* man's s\l is to be f9ally & p]fectly bless$ 9 ! natural ord]1 is ! ,creator se5 ?r\gh ! veils ( ,8 works4 7c4ii41 s4iv41 p4 #ba47 ,?is m$iate vision ( ,god1 albeit x is to be ! "w ( a future exi/5ce1 ne$s practice & prep>ation 9 ?is life4 ,god w n be disc]n$ by ! man :o has n be5 accu/om$ to look = ,him4 ,he w n be se5 by ! sw9e1 :o ) head to e>? has eat5 8 fill ( s5sual pleasures1 & has c>$ = no?+ bett]4 ,he w n be se5 by ! covet\s man & ! oppressor1 :o nev] id5tifi$ ,8 image hidd5 away "u ! lab\r-/a9$ dress ( ! poor4 ,he w n be se5 by ! man1 :o nev] look$ up into ,8 face 9 pray] "h bel[4 ,he w n be se5 by ! e>?-lad5 _s1 t c>$ no?+ at all = ,god1 t hat$ ! m5tion ( ,8 "n1 t proclaim$ ,him1 or at lea/ wi%$ ,him1 n to be at all4 #f4 ,x w be said t ?is argum5tation supposes ! habits ( vice1 contract$ on e>?1 to rema9 9 ! s\l aft] dep>ture3 b !re is no pro( ( t3 nay ( "s vices--^? t h m to d ) ! body1 z drunk5ness--! habits _c possibly rema91 see+ t ! appetite :]e9 !y 7 resid5t has p]i%$ ) ! body4 ,fir/1 z reg>ds ! in/ance cit$1 ,i reply t we may consid] drunk5ness 9 two ways1 on ! "o h& z a turn+ to ! creature1 on ! o!r z a turn+ away f reason & ! ,creator4 ,! crav+ = liquor _c rema9 9 ! s\l aft] dea? exactly z x 0 be=e1 ?\gh x probably cont9ues 9 "s analog\s =m1 z a ?ir/ = wild & irregul> excitem5t3 b ! loa?+ & horror ( ! ways ( reason & ( ,god1 eng5d]$ by frequ5t volunt>y intoxication1 /ill cont9ues 9 ! s\l4 ,& f ?is obs]vation we draw ! g5]al answ]1 t :]eas 9 e s91 :e!r s5sual or spiritual1 ! mo/ important "p is play$ by ! w1 & ! w is a spiritual1 n an organic faculty1 a faculty :i* is a ma9 elem5t ( ! s\l :e!r 9 or out ( ! body1--!re=e ! evil b5t & incl9ation ( ! w1 :i* s9 involves1 mu/ rema9 ev5 9 ! dep>t$ _s4 ,la/ly1 we may ask3 ,to :at purpose is our free-w giv5 u1 if all s\ls1 good & bad alike1 us]s & abus]s ( ! lib]ty !y _h on e>?1 ent] into _! long home all ( "o uni=m & spotless hue8 #g4 ,?us !n x comes to be1 by ord] ( nature & good consequ5ce1 t ! man :o has ab&on$ ,god1 goes )\t ,god2 & he :o has %unn$ 8 la/ end & f9al good1 arrives n unto x2 & he :o w\ld n g1 :5 invit$1 to ! fea/1 eats n ( ! same3 & :oso has )drawn f ,god1 f him ,god )draws4 ,a curse he lov$1 & x %all come ^u him2 & he w\ld n h a bless+1 & x %all be f> f him4 ,he put on ! curse l a g>m5t1 & x has gone 9 l wat] into 8 entrails1 & l oil into 8 bones1--l a g>m5t :i* cov]e? him1 & l a girdle :]e) he is gird$ cont9ually4 7,psalm cviii4 #ah1 #ai47 #h4 ,conv]sely1 we might argue ! f9al happ9ess :i* atta*es to ! obs]vance ( ! law ( nature4 7c4 ii41 s4 v41 p4 #bf47 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 ,cont4 ,g5t41 iii41 cc4 #adj1 #ada1 #adc1 #ade4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! ,f9ality ( ! a=esaid ,sanction4 #a4 ,by a f9al1 z di/+ui%$ f an et]nal /ate1 is "h meant ! la/ /ate ( exi/5ce 9 a creature1 :e!r t /ate g on = ev]1 9 :i* case x is f9al & et]nal1 or :e!r x t]m9ate 9 ! cessation ( t creature's be+1 :i* is a case ( a /ate f9al1 b n et]nal4 ,:e!r ! unhappy s\ls ( m51 :o h incurr$ ! la/ s5t5ce ( ! natural law1 %all exi/ = et]nity1 is n a "q = philosophy to decide ) c]ta9ty4 ,! philosoph] rules ev]y?+ a priori1 %[+ :at mu/ be1 if some?+ else is4 ,( ! action ( ,god 9 ! _w1 he c only =etell t am\nt :i* is ?us hypo!tically necess>y4 ,"s div9e action !re is1 ( :i* ! congruity only1 n ! necessity1 is app>5t to human eyes3 !re ! philosoph] c tell ) probability1 b n ) c]ta9ty1 :at ,god w d4 ,o!r actions ( ,god are :olly beyond our e/imate ( ! reasons ( !m3 we call !m simply & entirely free4 ,9 t sph]e philosophy has no in=mation to r5d] ( h] own2 %e mu/ wait to he> f revelation :at ,god has done1 or means to d4 ,philosoph]s h giv5 reasons ( congru5ce1 z !y call !m1 = ! reprobate s9n] n be+ annihilat$1 & !re=e = 8 f9al puni%m5t be+ et]nal4 ,^? reasons g to ev9ce ! probability ( et]nal puni%m5t1 a probability :i* is deep5$ into c]ta9ty by revelation4 ,we %all n ent] into !m "h1 b %all be cont5t to argue t a t]m is set to ! c>e] ( ! transgressor1 arriv$ at :i* he mu/ leave hope beh9d ( ev] w9n+ 8 way to happ9ess1 or ev] lead+ any o!r exi/5ce ?an "o ( mis]y4 #b4 ,! previ\s "q has %[n t "s puni%m5t mu/ att5d ^u violation ( ! natural law4 ,suppose a trangressor has suff]$ accord+ly = a c]ta9 "t aft] dea?1 :at %all be done ) him 9 ! end8 ,if he does n cont9ue to suff] z long z he cont9ues to be1 !n "o ( ?ree ?+s3 he mu/ ei!r pass into happ9ess1 or into a new /ate ( probation1 or 8 v puni%m5t mu/ be a probation1 :]e9 if he behaves well1 he %all be rew>d$ ) happ9ess at la/1 or if ill1 he %all cont9ue 9 mis]y until he am5d4 ,all ?is speculation1 be x und]/ood1 lies ap>t f revelation4 ,if !n ! suff]] pass$ out ( ?is _w1 sub/antially & 9 ! ma9 a good man1 x is n unreasonable t1 aft] a p]iod ( expiatory suff]+ = m9or del9qu5cies1 he %\ld rea* t happ9ess :i* is ! j rew>d ( 8 sub/antial righte\sness4 ,b :at ( him :o clos$ 8 c>e] 9 wick$ness exce$+ great8 ,m]e suff]+ w nev] make ( him a good man1 or a fit subject = happ9ess4 ,b ! suff]+ may be probation>y1 & he may am5d himself "u ! trial4 ,aga9/ t hypo!sis philosoph]s h br\ght a priori argum5ts to %[ t ! p]iod ( probation mu/ end ) ! sep>ation ( ! s\l f ! body4 ,b waiv+ all su* argum5ts1 let u suppose t !re might be probation aft] probation ev5 9 ! _w to come4 ,b "s human s\ls w\ld cont9ue ob/9ately & unrep5t+ly set 9 wick$ness1 age aft] age1 & probation aft] probation3 = ! possible malice ( ! w is va/ly great4 ,:at is to become ( su* ob/9ate *>act]s8 ,x seems aga9/ ! idea ( probation1 t p]iods ( trial %\ld succe$ "o ano!r 9 an endless s]ies4 ,x w\ld be a reasonable rule 9 a univ]sity1 t an und]graduate :o _h be5 pluck$ tw5ty-five times1 %\ld become ineligible = 8 degree4 ,com+ aft] s _m failures1 nei!r w\ld ! degree be any ornam5t to him1 nor he to ! univ]sity4 ,a s\l _c look = seasons )\t end ( possible grace & p>don to %9e ^u x4 ,! s]ies ( probations mu/ end some:]e4 ,& !n8 ,we are come r\nd to :]e we began4 ,:5 all ! probation is ov]1 ! s\l is f\nd ei!r 9 con=mity ) ! natural law1 :i* means ultimate happ9ess1 or at v>iance ) ! law1 & becomes mis]able ) a mis]y t %all nev] t]m9ate1 unless ! s\l itself ceases to be4 #c4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ mu* con=mity to ! natural law is requisite & suffici5t1 to exempt a p]son at ! end ( 8 trial f a f9al doom ( mis]y1 or to ensure 8 la/+ happ9ess8 ,! "q resolves itself into ?ree3--h[ d s9s diff] 9 po9t ( gravity8 is grave s9 ev] =giv58 is ! f9al aw>d to be giv5 ^u ! p]son's :ole life1 a balance be+ /ruck betwe5 8 good & evil de$s1 or is x to be simply ^u 8 moral /ate at ! la/ mom5t ( 8 c>e] ( trial8 #d4 ,x 0 a p>adox ( ! ,/oics1 t all (f5ces are equal1 ! tread+ d[n ( y\r neighb\r's cabbage z he9\s a crime z sacrilege4 7,horace1 ,satires1 i41 #c1 #aae-aai47 ,b x is obvi\s t !re is a va/ diff]5ce1 z well objectively 9 ! matt] ( ! (f5ce1 e4g41 9 ! in/ance j quot$ f ,horace1 z also subjectively 9 ! degree ( k1 adv]t5ce1 & w1 :]e) ! (f5d] ?rew himself into ! s94 ,?us (f5ces come to be di/+ui%$ z grave & light3 ! latt] be+ su* z ) a human ma/] w\ld involve a reprim&1 ! =m]1 in/ant dismissal4 ,f9al mis]y is n incurr$ except by grave (f5d+4 #e4 ,! second "q1 :e!r grave s9 is ev] =giv51 _c be answ]$ by philosophy4 ,( c\rse ! s9n] may see by ! light ( reason 8 folly & 8 error1 & !reby conceive "s sort ( sorr[ = x1 & retract1 & to "s ext5t )draw 8 w f x on natural gr\nds4 ,?is am5dm5t ( s9 on its moral & philosophical side may des]ve & e>n p>don at human h&s4 ,b ! (f5ce aga9/ ,god rema9s to be reckon$ = ) ,god4 ,n[ ,god is n b\nd to =give )\t receiv+ satisfaction2 & ,he nev] c receive due satisfaction f man = ! contempt t a delib]ate1 grave1 & flagrant violation ( ! moral law puts ^u ! ,inf9ite ,maje/y ( ! ,lawgiv]4 ,! fir/ ?+ t revelation has to tea* u is :e!r1 & on :at t]ms1 ,god is ready to p>don griev\s s94 #f4 ,! balance betwe5 de$s good & evil is n /ruck m]ely at ! in/ant ( dea?4 ,x is be+ /ruck cont9ually2 & man's f9al de/9y turns on h[ t balance /&s at ! close ( 8 "t ( probation4 ,s long z he keeps ! sub/ance ( ! moral law1 ! balance is 9 8 fav\r4 ,b "o d[nright wilful & griev\s transgression outweighs ) ,god all 8 =m] good de$s4 ,x is a defiance ( ! ,deity1 a great] insult ?an all 8 previ\s life 0 a s]vice & homage4 ,x is z ?\gh a loyal regim5t _h mut9i$1 or a hi!rto dec5t & ord]ly citiz5 7 tak5 r$-h&$ 9 murd]4 ,if h[ev] ,god deigns to draw ! (f5d] to rep5tance1 & to p>don him1 ! balance is re/or$4 ,?us ev]y?+ f9ally dep5ds on man be+ free f guilt ( griev\s transgression at ! in/ant ( dea?1 or at ! end ( 8 p]iod ( probation1 :5ev] & :]ev] t end may come4 ,read+4--,lessius1 ,de p]fectionibus div9is1 #a4xiii41 c4 xxvi41 nn4 #ahc1 seq4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ,puni%m5t ,retrospective & ,retributive4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( ! la/ section might /& ev5 9 ! m9d ( "o :o held t all puni%m5t is probational1 & de/9$ = ! am5dm5t ( him :o und]goes x1 to humble him1 to awak5 8 s5se ( guilt1 & to make him fe> to transgress aga94 ,on ?is !ory ( puni%m5t1 ! man :o 9 8 la/ probational suff]+ refuses to am5d1 mu/ be let drop out ( exi/5ce z incorrigible1 & s cle>ly 8 f9al /ate is "o ( mis]y4 ,! !ory is n inconsi/5t ) f9al puni%m5t1 b ) et]nal puni%m5t1 unless inde$ we c suppose a creature = all et]nity to refuse1 & t "u /ress ( torm5t1 a /&+ invitation to rep5tance4 ,x is h[ev] a peculi> !ory1 & opposite to ! common tradition ( mank9d1 :i* has ev] be5 to put gross (f5d]s to dea?1 n z incorrigible1 n simply z refuse to be got rid (1 b t _! fate may be a det]r5t to o!rs4 ,puni%m5t1 9 ?is view1 is m$ic9al to ! individual1 & det]r5t to ! community4 ,et]nal puni%m5t has be5 def5d$ on ! score ( its det]r5t =ce4 ,bo? ^! functions ( puni%m5t1 ! m$ic9al & ! det]r5t function1 are prospective4 ,b !re is ass]t$ a ?ird function1 :i* is retrospective3 puni%m5t is said to be retributive4 ,x is on ?is gr\nd t ! ju/ification ( et]nal puni%m5t ma9ly re/s4 ,we are h[ev] "h conc]n$1 n ) t et]nity1 b 9 an endeav\r to give a full & adequate view ( puni%m5t 9 all its functions4 #b4 ,if puni%m5t is nev] retributive1 ! human race 9 all c\ntries & ages has be5 ! sport ( a /range illusion4 ,ev]yone kn[s :at v5geance means4 ,x is a desire to puni% "s "o1 or to see him puni%$1 n prospectively & ) an eye to ! future1 = 8 improvem5t1 or z a w>n+ to o!rs1 b retrospectively & look+ to ! pa/1 t he may suff] = :at he has done4 ,is !n ! idea ( v5geance no?+ b an unclean phantom8 ,is !re no su* ?+ z v5geance to a "r-m9d$ man8 ,!n is !re an evil elem5t1 an elem5t ess5tially & positively evil1 9 human nature4 ,no "o w d5y t ! idea1 & to "s ext5t ! desire1 ( v5geance1 ( retaliation1 ( retrospective infliction ( suff]+ 9 retribution = evil done1 ( :at we le>n to call 9 ! nurs]y tit = tat1 is natural to mank9d4 ,x is f\nd 9 all m54 ,we all respond to ! s5tim5t3 ,mighty ,fates1 by ,heav5's decree accompli%1 ,accord+ z "r passes f ?is side to t4 ,= hateful spee* let spee* ( hate be paid back3 ,ju/ice exact+ h] due cries ?is al\d3 ,= murd]\s bl[ dealt let ! murd]] pay ,by /roke ( murd] felt4 ,d & x %all be done unto !e3 ,old is ?is say+ & old & old aga94 ,footnote #af3 s*ylus1 ,*oephori1 #caf1 seq4 ,^! l9es embody ! idea on :i* ! dramas ( ! ,%akespe>e ( ,greece are pr9cipally f\nd$4 ,b :5 0 a "w ( ! highe/ art bas$ ^u an idea uns\nd1 irrational & vici\s8 ,nor mu/ we be l$ away by ,mill 7,utilit>ianism1 c4v47 into conf\nd+ retaliation1 or v5geance1 ) self-def5ce4 ,self-def5ce is a natural idea also1 b n ! same z retaliation4 ,we def5d ourselves aga9/ a mad dog1 we d n retaliate on him4 ,h5ce we mu/ n argue t1 because self-def5ce is prospective1 !re=e s is v5geance4 #c4 ,a ?+ is ess5tially evil1 :5 !re is no possible use ( x :i* is n an abuse4 ,n f> diff]5t is ! conception ( a ?+ positively evil1 evil1 t is1 n by reason ( any defici5cy1 or by :at x is n1 b evil by :at x is 9 itself4 ,su* an ess5tial1 positive evil 9 human nature w\ld v5geance be1 a natural ?+ = :i* !re 0 no natural use1 unless puni%m5t may 9 "s measure be retributive4 ,we _c admit su* a flaw 9 nature4 ,all heal?y philosophy goes on ! pr9ciple1 t :at is natural is s f> =? good4 ,o!rwise we lapse into ,mani*eism1 pessimism1 scepticism1 abysses beyond ! rea* ( argum5t4 ,v5geance und\bt$ly prompts to _m crimes1 b s does ! passion ( love4 ,bo? are natural impulses4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be an exagg]ation to set d[n "o ?ird ( human transgressions to love1 & ano!r ?ird to rev5ge3 yet x is ! abuse 9 ea* case1 n ! use1 t leads to s94 ,if ! matrimonial union 7 wick$ & dete/able1 z ! ,mani*eans taught1 !n w\ld ! passion ( love be an abom9ation connatural to man4 ,su* ano!r enormity w\ld be ! affection ( v5geance1 if puni%m5t c\ld nev] rightly be retributive4 #d4 ,ari/otle1 ,rhetoric1 ,i41 x41 #ag1 di/+ui%es two functions ( puni%m5t ?us3 ,*a/isem5t is = ! b5efit ( him t suff]s x1 b v5geance is = him t wreaks x1 t he may h satisfaction4 ,add to ?is ! w>n+ giv5 to ! commonweal? by ! example t is made ( ! (f5d]1 & we h ! ?ree functions ( puni%m5t1 m$ic9al1 det]r5t1 & retributive4 ,z x is m$ic9al1 x s]ves ! (f5d]3 z x is det]r5t1 x s]ves ! commonweal?3 z x is retributive1 x s]ves ! (f5d$ p>ty1 be+ a rep>ation (f]$ to him4 ,n[1 :o is ! (f5d$ p>ty 9 any evil de$8 ,s f> z x is a s9 aga9/ ju/ice1 an infr+em5t ( any man's "r1 he is ! (f5d$ p>ty4 ,he is (f5d$1 h[ev]1 n simply & precisely by y\r violation ( ! moral law1 b by y\r hav+1 9 violation ( t law1 tak5 away some?+ t belong$ to him4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 y make re/itution & give him back :at y took away1 ) comp5sation = ! temporal deprival ( x1 he is satisfi$1 & ! (f5ce aga9/ him is repair$4 ,if y h malici\sly burnt 8 h\se d[n1 y br+ him ! price ( ! h\se & furniture1 toge!r ) fur!r paym5t = ! fright & = ! inconv5i5ce ( be+1 = ! pres5t1 h\seless4 ,y may d all t1 & yet ! moral guilt ( ! conflagration may rema9 ^u y\r s\l4 ,b t is no affair ( 83 he is n ! cu/odian ( ! moral law3 he is n (f5d$ by y\r s91 =mally view$ z s93 nor has he any function ( puni%+ y1 tak+ v5geance ^u y1 or exact+ f y retribution = t4 ,b :at if 8 wife & *ildr5 h p]i%$1 & y meant !m s to p]i%1 9 ! fire8 ,y\r debt ( re/itution /ill lies 9 ! matt] :i* y took away4 ,( c\rse x is a debt t _c be paid4 ,y _c give back 8 pretty *ick5s & _! dam :ole & alive aga94 ,/ill y\r inability to pay "o debt does n make y liable to t cr$itor = ano!r debt1 :i* is "p ( a :olly diff]5t acc\nt4 ,he is n (f5d$ by1 nor are y answ]able to him =1 y\r s9 9 ?is case any m ?an 9 ! =m]4 #e4 ,we may d an injury to an individual1 commit a crime aga9/ ! ,/ate1 & s9 aga9/ ,god4 ,! injury to ! individual is repair$ by re/itution1 n by puni%m5t1 & !re=e n by v5geance1 :i* is a function ( puni%m5t4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z v5geance = a private wrong1 & !re=e we h ! precept to =give our enemies1 & n to av5ge ourselves1 9 :i* phrase ! emphasis falls on ! ^w ourselves4 ,! cle> idea & /rong desire ( v5geance1 :i* nature af=ds1 %[s t !re is su* a ?+ z v5geance to be tak5 by "s "o3 x does n w>rant e =m ( v5geance1 or all[ x to be tak5 by ea* man = himself4 ,x consecrates ! pr9ciple ( retribution1 n e application ( ! pr9ciple4 ,x is a po9t ( synd]esis1 n ( p>ticul> conduct4 ,! read] %\ld recall :at 0 said ( ! v5geance ( ,hannibal at ,him]a4 7c4 viii41 s4 ii41 p4 #add47 #f4 ,x belongs to ! ,/ate to puni% political s91 or crime1 & to ,god to puni% !ological s91 :i* is s9 prop]ly s call$1 a brea* ( ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,! man :o has burnt 8 neighb\r's h\se d[n1 ?\gh he has comp5sat$ ! individual own]1 may yet be puni%$ by ! ,/ate4 ,! own]1 act+ 9 8 capacity z citiz51 ev5 :5 he has be5 comp5sat$ z an individual1 may /ill h& him ov] to ! ,/ate = puni%m5t4 ,! arson 0 a violation1 n only ( commutative1 b ( legal ju/ice 7c4 v41 s4 ix41 nn4 #c1 #f1 pp4 #ajc1 #ajf71 a di/urbance ( ! public peace & social ord]1 an outrage ^u ! maje/y ( ! law4 ,= ?is he may be puni%$ by ! ,/ate1 :i* is ! gu>dian ( all ^! ?+s1 & :i* has jurisdiction ov] him to make laws = him1 & to en=ce _! sanction aga9/ him4 ,civil puni%m5t1 besides be+ det]r5t1 is retributive = ! brea* ( social ord]4 ,x is ! v5geance ( ! commonweal? ^u ! di/urb] ( ! public peace4 ,:e!r ! ,/ate c puni% on pure gr\nds ( retribution1 away f all hope or ne$ ( det]r+ possible imitators ( ! crime1 is a "q irrelevant to our pres5t enquiry4 ,probably a negative answ] %\ld be return$4 #g4 ,we come n[ to ! puni%m5t ( s9 by ,god1 ! ,liv+ ,reasonabl5ess1 ! ,head ( ! ,commonweal? ( ,creation1 ! ,legislator ( ! ,et]nal ,law1 ! ,f\nta9 ( all ,jurisdiction1 ,him 9 ^: h&s re/s ! pl5itude ( ! p[] to puni%4 ,an evil de$ may be no wrong to any individual man1 no crime aga9/ ! ,/ate1 b x mu/ ev] be an (f5ce aga9/ ,god4 ,x is a dep>ture f ! ord] ( man's progress z a reasonable be+ 7c4 v41 s4 iii41 n4 #c1 p4 #gd3 c4 vi41 s4 i41 nn4 #a-e1 p4 #aji71 :i* is f\nd$ on ! nature ( ,god ,himself 7c4 vi41 s4 i41 n4 #g1 p4 #aac71 ( :i* ord] ,god is ! (ficial gu>dian 7c4 vi41 s4 ii41 nn4 #h-aj1 p4 #aai71 & :i* is enjo9$ by ,god's ,et]nal ,law4 7c4 vii41 n4 #c1 p4 #abi47 ,?is law ext5ds to all creation1 rational & irrational1 animate & inanimate4 ,x bids e creature "w accord+ to 8 or its own nature & circum/ances4 ,giv5 to irrational be+s1 ! law is simply irresi/ible & unfail+3 su* are ! physical laws ( nature1 s _m v>i\s emanations ( ! "o ,et]nal ,law4 ,giv5 to rational creatures1 ! law may be resi/$ & brok53 s9 is ! "o ?+ 9 ! univ]se t does break x4 7c4 vii41 nn4 #e-g1 p4 #acj47 ,a man may act 9 disreg>d ( ! ,et]nal ,law on "o or o!r ( its physical sides1 & s mu* ! worse = him1 ?\gh he has n brok5 ! law1 b m]ely ignor$ its op]ation1 z :5 "o eats :at is un:olesome4 ,mu* m %all he suff] = hav+ brok5 ! law1 9 ! only possible way t x c be brok51 by s94 ,?is peculi> violation draws aft] x a peculi> consequ5ce ( suff]+1 p5al & retributive4 ,if a man gets typhoid fev] 9 8 h\se1 we sometimes say x is a puni%m5t on him = neglect+ 8 dra9s1 ev5 :5 ! neglect 0 a m]e piece ( ignorance or inadv]t5ce4 ,x is an evil consequ5ce c]ta9ly1--! law1 :i* he ?\ght n (1 work+ itself out 9 ! =m ( disease4 ,b x is n prop]ly puni%m5t3 no natural law has be5 really brok53 !re has be5 no guilt1 & ! suff]+ is n retributive & comp5satory4 ,x does n g to re/ore ! balance ( ! neglect4 ,x is a lam5table consequ5ce1 n a repaym5t4 ,z1 :5 man wrongs 8 fell[-man1 he makes ) him an involunt>y contract 7c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #f1 p4 #ajf71 to re/ore :at he takes away3 s 9 s9n+ aga9/ ,god1 man makes ano!r involunt>y contract1 to pay back 9 suff]+ aga9/ 8 w :at he unduly takes 9 do+ 8 own w aga9/ ! w ( ! ,legislator4 ,z ,/4 ,augu/9e says ( ,judas 7,s]m4 #abe1 n4 #e73 ,he did :at he lik$1 b he suff]$ :at he lik$ n4 ,9 8 do+ :at he lik$1 8 s9 is f\nd3 9 8 suff]+ :at he lik$ n1 ,god's ord9ance is prais$4 ,?us x is impossible = ! ,et]nal ,law1 :i* be>s d[n all s irresi/ibly 9 irrational nature1 f9ally to fail ( its effect ev5 ^u ! mo/ head/rong & contumaci\s ( rational creatures2 b1 z ,/4 ,?omas says 7#a;a #b1 q4 #ic1 art4 #f1 9 corp471 ,! defect ( do+ is made up by suff]+1 inasmu* z !y suff] :at ! ,et]nal ,law prescribes = !m to ! ext5t to :i* !y fail to d :at accords ) ! ,et]nal ,law4 ,& ,/4 ,anselm 7,cur ,deus homo1 nn4 #ad1 #ae73 ,god _c possibly lose ,8 hon\r3 = ei!r ! s9n] spontane\sly pays :at he owes1 or ,god exacts x ( him aga9/ 8 w4 ,?us if a man *ooses to fly f "u ! w ( ,god comm&+1 he falls "u ! same w puni%+4 ,puni%m5t is call$ by ,hegel1 ! o!r half ( s94 ,la/ly1 !y are ,god's own spok5 words 7,deut4 xxxii4 #ce73 ,v5geance is ,m9e1 ,i w repay4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 ,cont4 ,g5t41 iii4 #adj1 n4 #e1 ,amplius2 ib41 iii41 #add1 nn4 #h1 ,p] hoc1 & #i1 ,e/ autem4 ,= ,plato's views on puni%m5t see ,protag4 #cbd ,a1 ,b2 ,gorgias1 #ebe2 ,rep4 #chj ,b1 #fae2 ,pha$o1 #aac ,e2 ,laws1 #hed ,d2 #hfb ,d1 ,e2 #icd ,a2 #ieg ,e4 ,plato recognizes only ! m$ic9al & ! det]r5t functions ( puni%m5t1 & ignores ! retributive4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at 9 "o :o wrote3 ,no "o is wick$ volunt>ily2 b x is an evil habit ( body & a faulty education t is ! cause ( e case ( wick$ness 7,timaeus1 #hf ,e2 cf4 ,laws1 #gca ,c1 ,d71 :i* error receives a ma/]ly confutation 9 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,,iii1 v4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,( ,,utilit>ianism4 #a4 ,?\gh ! "n utilit>ian is an ,engli% gr[? ( ?is c5tury1 ! philosophy s call$ probably takes its orig9 f ! days :5 man fir/ began to speculate on moral matt]s4 ,b5?am & ! two ,mills1 ,au/91 & ,george ,grote1 h repeat$ 9 ,engl& ! sub/ance ( :at ,protagoras & ,epicurus taught 9 ,greece1 two ?\s& ye>s be=e4 ,x is ! sy/em ( ,e?ics to :i* all mu/ incl9e1 :o ignore ! spiritual side ( man's nature & 8 hopes ( a bett] _w4 ,x is a morality ( ! e>?1 e>?y4 #b4 ,utilit>ianism has n be5 =mulat$ l ! ,a?anasian ,cre$4 ,x is impossible to /ate x & combat x 9 a =m to :i* all ,utilit>ians w subscribe4 ,inde$1 x is an amiable weakness ( !irs1 :5 confront$ ) ! gross] consequ5ces t fl[ f _! !ories1 to run (f to "s explanation1 true en\gh1 b q out ( keep+ ) ! prim>y t5ets ( _! s*ool4 ,we w take :at may be call$ a mean read+ ( ! indications :i* v>i\s ,utilit>ian ?9k]s af=d ( _! m9d & philosophy4 ,^! au?orities1 !n1 tea* two ma9 heads ( doctr9e3-- 7#a7 ,t ! la/ end & f9al good ( man lies 9 ?is _w1 & consi/s 9 ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] ( mank9d1 happ9ess be+ tak5 to mean pleasure z well ( ! s5ses z ( ! und]/&+1 su* pleasure z c be _h 9 ?is _w1 along ) immunity f pa94 7,mill's ,utilit>ianism1 #bnd ,ed41 pp4 #i1 seq47 7#b7 ,t human acts are "r or wrong1 accord+ z !y are useful or hurtful1 t is1 accord+ z _! consequ5ces make = or aga9/ ! above-m5tion$ end ( social happ9ess4 #c4 ,consequ5ces1 z ,utilit>ians v prop]ly po9t out1 are ei!r g5]al or p>ticul>4 ,!y add t1 9 pron\nc+ an action to be good or evil accord+ to its consequ5ces1 !y mean ! g5]al & n ! p>ticul> consequ5ces4 ,9 o!r words1 !y bid u consid]1 n ! imm$iate results ( ?is action1 b :at w\ld be ! result to society1 if ?is sort ( action 7 g5]ally all[$4 ,?is po9t is well put by ,paley 7,moral ,philosophy1 bk4 ii41 c4 vii43 all ?ree *apt]s1 vi41 vii41 viii41 %\ld be read1 z ! be/ explanation ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,g5]al ,consequ5ces73 ,y _c p]mit "o action & =bid ano!r1 )\t %[+ a diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,consequ5tly ! same sort ( actions mu/ be g5]ally p]mitt$ or g5]ally =bidd54 ,:]e1 !re=e1 ! g5]al p]mission ( !m w\ld be p]nici\s1 x becomes necess>y to lay d[n & support ! rule :i* g5]ally =bids !m4444 ,! assass9 knock$ ! ri* villa9 on ! head1 because he ?\ght him bett] out ( ! way ?an 9 x4 ,if y all[ ?is excuse 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 y mu/ all[ x to all :o act 9 ! same mann]1 & f ! same motive2 t is1 y mu/ all[ e man to kill any "o he meets1 :om he ?9ks noxi\s or useless3 444 a disposition ( affairs :i* w\ld soon fill ! _w ) mis]y & confusion1 & ere long put an end to human society4 ,my cont5tion is1 n ) ! ,pr9ciple ( ,g5]al ,consequ5ces1 :i* has a c]ta9 value 9 ,e?ics1 & is us$ by _m writ]s o!r ?an ,utilit>ian1 b ) ! two /at$ above1 n4 #b1 :i* are call$ ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple & ! ,pr9ciple ( ,utility4 #d4 ,aga9/ ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple ,i h ^! compla9ts3 7#a7 ,utilit>ians f ,paley to ,john ,/u>t ,mill av] t _! tea*+ is no b> to any man hop+ = & /riv+ aft] ! happ9ess ( ! _w to come4 ,!y say t su* happ9ess _c be bett] atta9$ ?an by mak+ x y\r pr9cipal aim to improve all temporal goods & dissipate all temporal evil4 ,_! maxim 9 fact is3 ,take c>e ( ! ?+s ( e>?1 & ! ?+s ( heav5 w take c>e ( !mselves4 ,:]eas x 0 ! v contr>y tea*+ ( ,him1 :om mod]ns1 :o see 9 ,him no high] "*1 /ill love to call ! greate/ ( moral tea*]s3 ,t :i* fell among ?orns are !y :o h he>d1 & go+ _! way1 are *ok$ ) ! c>es & ri*es & pleasures ( ?is life1 & yield no fruit4 7,/4 ,luke viii4 #ad47 7#b7 ,x w be said t ^! ?orns gr[ ( selfi%ness1 & t ^! c>es are ! c>es ( individual int]e/1 :]eas ! ,utilit>ian's delight & glory is to live1 n = himself1 b = ! commonweal?4 ,b h[ c a man1 :o takes pleasure to be 8 highe/ good & happ9ess1 live o!rwise ?an = himself8 ,"h we come ^u ! unobs]v$ fault & flaw1 :i* entirely vitiates ! ,utilit>ian /ructure4 ,x is an union ( two opposite & incompatible elem5ts4 ,an old poet has said3 ,v9eg> & oil 9 "o same vessel p\r1 ,!y /& ap>t1 unfri5dly1 all ! m4 7,aes*ylus1 ,agam41 #ccj1 #cca47 ,utilit>ianism consi/s ( a /ill m unfri5dly & un:olesome mixture ( two elem5ts1 bo? ( !m bad1 & unable to /& toge!r1 ,h$onism & ,altruism4 ,h$onism is ! doctr9e t ! ma9 object & end ( life is pleasure3 :i* is ! position laid d[n 9 s _m words by ,mill 7#a4 c471 t actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote happ9ess2 & by happ9ess is int5d$ pleasure & ! abs5ce ( pa94 ,if ,h$onism 7 s\nd doctr9e1 ! ,pleasant & ! ,good w\ld be id5tical1 & ! mo/ pleasant pleasure w\ld ev] be ! be/ pleasure4 ,t w\ld take away all di/9ction ( k9d or quality among pleasures1 & diff]5tiate !m only by int5sity & duration4 ,?is 0 ,paley's doctr9e1 a fundam5tal po9t ( ,h$onism1 & !re=e also ( ! ,utilit>ian philosophy4 ,john ,mill1 v hon\rably to himself1 b v fatally to ! sy/em t he 0 writ+ to def5d1 p>t$ company ) ,paley4 ,we h argu$ aga9/ ,paley 7c4 iv41 s4 iii41 nn4 #c-e1 p4 #ee71 t !re is a bett] & a worse 9 pleasures1 q di/9ct f ! m or less pleasurable1 ev5 if t m be tak5 9 ! long run 9 ?is _w4 ,aga9 x may be consid]$ t pleasure1 ev5 ! be/ & highe/1 is a sort ( effloresc5ce f activity1 & is = activity1 n activity = x2 & bett] is ! activity1 :atev] x be1 ?an ! pleasure :i* comes !re(2 :]e=e no pleasure1 z pleasure1 c be ! highe/ good & happ9ess ( man4 ,h$onism !n is an error4 ,b errors may be oppos$ to "o ano!r z well z to ! tru?4 ,h$onism is oppos$ to ,altruism 9 ?is way4 ,a man may take pleasure 9 see+ o!r p enjoy !mselves4 ,no?+ is m common1 except ! pleasure tak5 9 enjoy+ "o's own self4 ,b if a man only fe$s ! hungry t he may h ! satisfaction ( see+ !m eat1 is x ! hungry or himself t he f9ally seeks to gratify8 ,cle>ly1 himself4 ,t is ! behavi\r ( ! ,h$oni/1 he acts = 8 own pleasure ev5 9 8 b5evol5ce4 ,! ,altrui/1 on ! contr>y1 pr(esses nev] to act = self1 b = society4 ,s t society fl\ri%1 he is ready to be cru%$ & ru9$1 n 9 ! matt] ( 8 pleasure only1 b ev5 9 t ( 8 own good4 ,selfi%ness1 by :i* he means all mann] ( reg>d to self1 is1 ^u 8 consci5ce1 ! un=giv5 s94 ,b ,h$onism is selfi%ness 9 ! grosse/ =m1 be+ ! m]e pursuit 9 all ?+s ( pleasurable feel+--feel+ be+ always p>ticul> & limit$ to self1 9 contradi/9ction to good1 :i* is univ]sal & diffuses itself all r\nd4 ,! ,h$oni/ seeks 8 own pleasure1 :]e ! ,altrui/ =bids him to take ?\ght1 let alone = 8 gratification1 b ev5 = 8 good4 ,?us an ,h$oni/ _c be ,altrui/ to boot2 &1 try+ to comb9e ! two *>act]s1 ! ,utilit>ian is committ$ to a self-contradiction4 ,if he rel9qui%es ,h$onism1 & holds to ,altruism1 pure & simple1 8 position is n mu* improv$4 ,altruism ov]looks ! fact1 t man1 z comp>$ ) o!r m51 is a p]son1 ! c5tre ( 8 own acts1 n a ?+1 to be entirely ref]r$ to o!rs4 ,he is 9 relation ) o!rs1 z *ild1 fa!r1 husb&1 ma/]1 citiz52 b ^! relations d n take up ! :ole man4 ,!re is a residue )91--an inn] be+ & life1 :i* is n ref]able to any creature outside himself1 b only to ! ,creator4 ,= ?is inn] be+1 man is responsible to ,god alone4 ,! good ( ?is1 ! inn] man ( ! he>t1 is ea* individual's prop] & prim>y c>e4 ,altruism1 & ,utilit>ianism ) x1 ignore ! int]ior life ( ! s\l1 & sub/itute human society1 t is1 ultimately1 ! democratic ,/ate1 9 place ( ,god4 7#c7 ,ano!r confusion t ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple involves1 is ! mi/ak+ ! political = ! e?ical end ( life4 ,! political end1 :i* x is ! /atesman's bus9ess to aim at1 & ! citiz5's duty to subs]ve1 is ! natural happ9ess ( ! commonweal?1 & ( individuals z memb]s ( ! commonweal?1 t !y may live 9 x 9 peace & ju/ice1 & ) a suffici5cy ( goods = ! pres]vation & com=t ( bodily life1 & ) t am\nt ( moral rectitude :i* is necess>y = ?is outw>d peace & pres]vation ( ! commonweal?1 & ! p]petuity ( ! human race4 7,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,iii41 xi41 #g47 ,?is is all ! good t ! ,utilit>ian contemplates4 ,he is satisfi$ to make a good citiz51 a good husb&1 a good fa!r1 = ! transactions ( ?is life4 ,he has no conc]n to make a good man up to ! e?ical /&>d1 :i* supposes ! obs]vance ( ! :ole natural law1 duties to ,god1 & duties )9 himself1 z well z duties to human society1 & by ?is obs]vance ! compass+ ( ! ev]la/+ happ9ess ( ! man's own individual s\l4 ,aga9/ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,utility ,i f9d ^! *>ges3 7#a7 ,x takes ! sign & indication ( moral evil = ! evil itself1 z if ! physician %\ld take ! symptom = ! disease4 ,x places ! wick$ness ( an act 9 ! physical mis]y & suff]+ t are its consequ5ces4 ,?is is1 ,i say1 a tak+ ( ! indication = ! ?+ indicat$4 ,an act is bad 9 itself & by itself1 z be+ a violation ( ! rational nature ( ! do] 7c4 vi41 s4 i471 & be+ bad1 x bre$s bad consequ5ces4 ,b ! badness ( ! act is moral2 ! badness ( ! consequ5ces1 physical4 ,!re is an evid5t intr9sic irrationality1 & !reby moral evil1 9 su* s9s z intemp]ance1 peevi%ness1 & vanity4 ,b let u take an in/ance ( an act1 app>5tly h>mless 9 itself1 & evil solely because ( ! consequ5ces4 ,suppos+ "o insi/s ^u play+ ! piano = 8 own amusem5t1 to ! di/urbance ( an invalid :o is ly+ 9 a critical /ate 9 ! next room4 ,d ! m]e consequ5ces make ?is o!rwise innoc5t amusem5t evil8 ,yes1 if y consid] ! amusem5t 9 ! ab/ract3 b if y take x z ?is human act1 ! act is inord9ate & evil 9 itself1 or z x is elicit$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ag5t4 ,! volition am\nts to ?is3 ,i pref] my amusem5t to my neighb\r's recov]y1 :i* is an act unseemly & unreasonable 9 ! m9d ( a social be+4 ,utilit>ians fall into ! capital error ( ignor+ ! intr9sic value ( an act1 & e/imat+ x :olly by extr9sic results1 because !y commonly foll[ ! ph5om5ali/ philosophy1 :i* breaks away f all su* ideas z sub/ance & nature1 & reg>ds no?+ b sequ5ces & coexi/5ces ( ph5om5a4 ,to a ph5om5ali/ ! precept1 ,live up to ?y nature1 c h no mean+4 7#b7 ,ari/otle 7,e?ics1 ,,ii41 iv41 #c7 draws ?is di/9ction betwe5 virtue & art1 t ! products ( art h _! excell5ce 9 !mselves3 x suffices !re=e t !y are ( ?is or t quality3 b acts ( virtue are n done virtu\sly accord+ to ! quality ( ! ?+ done1 b accord+ to ! /ate ( m9d ( ! do]2 fir/1 accord+ to 8 k ( :at he 0 ab\t2 !n1 accord+ to 8 volition1 z t 0 guid$ or n guid$ by ! prop] motives ( ! virtue2 ?irdly1 accord+ to ! /ead9ess & fix$ness ( 8 w2 :]eas all ^! consid]ations are ( no acc\nt 9 a "w ( art1 except ! s+le "o ( ! arti/ be+ aw>e ( :at he 0 ab\t4 ,else:]e 7,e?ics1 ,,vi41 iv41 #b71 he says t virtue is di/+ui%$ f art z be+ action1 n production4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,utility conf\nds virtue ) art1 or p]haps ,i %\ld say1 ) manufactures4 ,x judges conduct1 z "o w\ld %oemak+1 by trial ( ! product1 or net result4 ,s f> f be+ solicit\s1 ) ,ari/otle1 t volition %\ld be guid$ by ! prop] motives ( ! virtue :i* !re is "q ( practis+ 7c4 v41 s4 viii41 n4 #d1 p4 #if3 ,ar4 ,e?41 ,,iii41 viii471 ,mill 7,utilit>ianism1 p4 #bf7 tells u t utilit>ian morali/s h gone beyond almo/ all o!rs 9 affirm+ t ! motive has no?+ to d ) ! morality ( ! action4 ,by motive he und]/&s :at we h call$ ! end 9 view4 7c4 iii41 s4 ii41 n4 #b1 p4 #ca47 ,s t1 if "o man waits on ! sick = ! love ( ,god1 & ano!r 9 hope ( a legacy1 ! morality ( ^! two acts is ! same1 j z x makes no diff]5ce to ! usefulness ( a pair ( boots1 :at motive x 0 t set ! %oemak] to "w4 ,true1 ,mill admits t ! motive has mu* to d ) ! wor? ( ! ag5t3 b t1 he ha/5s to expla91 is inasmu* z x indicates 444 a b5t ( "* f :i* useful1 or f :i* hurtful actions are likely to arise4 ,ev5 s1--! %oemak] :o works to e>n money = a c>\sal1 is n likely to g on produc+ useful articles s long z ano!r1 :o lab\rs to support 8 family4 ,su* is ! moral diff]5ce t ,mill places betwe5 ! two m52 "o in/rum5t ( production is long] available ?an ! o!r4 7#c7 ,ano!r well e/abli%$ di/9ction is t betwe5 h>m & injury1 injury be+ wilful & unju/ h>m4 ,! h\semaid1 :o 9 arrang+ ! room has burn$ y\r manuscript ( sug>$ sonnets1 has done y no injury1 = %e meant none1 b h[ va/ ! h>m to ! au?or & to mank9d6 ,h>m is visible 9 ! effects3 b injury only ^u exam9ation ( ! m9d ( ! ag5t4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ! ,utilit>ian ?9ks3 h>m be+ equal1 he c make no diff]5ce betwe5 a tyrant & a man-eat+ tig]4 ,?us ,george ,grote says ( a c]ta9 murd]\s usurp] ( ! k+dom ( ,mac$on3 ,y discov] no?+ :ile y\r eye is fix$ on ,ar*elaus himself4444 ,b :5 y turn to ! p]sons :om he has kill$1 bani%$1 or ru9$--to ! mass ( suff]+ t he has inflict$--& to ! widespread insecurity :i* su* acts ( iniquity spread ?r\gh all societies :]e !y become kn[n--!re is no lack ( argum5t :i* prompts a reflect+ spectator to br& him z a mo/ dang]\s & de/ructive animal1 no a disgraceful man4 7,grote's ,plato1 ii41 p4 #ajh47 ,:y ,ar*elaus is describ$ 9 t]ms ( ! tig]1 & !n br&$ z a disgraceful man1 we are at a loss to conceive1 except 9 ?is way1 t ! writ]'s philosophy =sook him at ! end ( ! s5t5ce1 & he rev]t$ to ! common s5se ( mank9d4 ,b he %\ld h ei!r end$ ! s5t5ce z sugge/$ 9 ! p>5!sis1 or h be5 will+ to call ! man-eat] ( ! ,indian jungle1 :o has le>n$ to make wid[s1 & to lay wa/e _! cities1 a disgraceful tig]2 or la/ly1 he %\ld h look$ back1 :]e he decl>$ x 0 va9 to look1 ^u ,ar*elaus himself1 & disc]n$ 9 him t moral de=mity1 & contradiction ( reason1 :]e( a brute bea/ is incapable1 b :i* is a disgrace & a /a9 ^u humanity4 ,a lat] writ]1 :o presses ,utilit>ianism into ! s]vice ( ,socialism1 is pla9]-spok5 ?an ,grote1 & says bluntly3 ,to be hone/ly mi/ak5 avails no?+4 ,?us ,h]b]t ,sp5c]--:o is "u ! delusion t we h come into ?is _w ea* = ! sake ( himself1 & :o opposes1 z f> z he c1 ! evolution ( society--is v]ily an immoral man4444 ,"r is e conduct :i* t5ds to ! welf>e ( society2 wrong1 :at ob/ructs t welf>e4 7,gronlund1 ,co-op]ative ,commonweal?1 pp4 #bbf1 #bbg47 ,?us is ov]laid ! diff]5ce betwe5 h>m & injury1 betwe5 physical & moral evil3 ?us is ! mean+ ( a human act ignor$3 9 ?is abyss ( *aos & confusion1 :i* ,utilit>ianism has op5$ out1 ,moral ,philosophy f9ds h] grave4 7#d7 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,utility sees 9 virtue a habit ( self-sacrifice1 useful to ! community1 b n naturally pleasant1 & !re=e n naturally good & desirable1 to him t practises x1 b made pleasurable & good & desirable to him by practice4 7,mill1 pp4 #ec-eg47 ,9 ?is way virtue becomes naturally a v good ?+ = e "o else b its possessor1 b to him x is a natural evil1 inasmu* z x deprives him ( pleasure1 :i* natural evil by habit is gradually conv]t$ into a factiti\s & artificial good1 ! man becom+ accu/om$ to x1 z ! prov]b says1 l eels to sk9n+4 ,?is !ory is ! resuscitation ( "o curr5t among ! ,sophi/s at ,a!ns1 & describ$ by ,plato ?us4--,! natural good ( man is to af=d himself e indulg5ce1 ev5 at ! exp5se ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,he foll[s 8 natural good accord+ly3 s d 8 neighb\rs foll[ !irs1 & try to gratify !mselves at 8 exp5se4 ,fights ensue1 till mank9d1 worri$ & we>i$ ) fight+1 make a compact1 ea* to give up s mu* ( 8 natural good z int]f]es ) t ( 8 neighb\r4 ,human society1 =m$ on ?is und]/&+1 en=ces ! compact 9 ! int]e/ ( society4 ,?us ! int]e/ ( society is oppos$ to ! int]e/ ( ! individual1 9 ?is t x keeps him out ( 8 be/ natural good1 :i* is to d z 8 appetite ( pleasure bids him 9 all ?+s1 ?\gh x comp5sates him ) a second-class good1 by prev5t+ 8 neighb\rs f pleasure-hunt+ at 8 exp5se4 ,if !n 8 neighb\rs c\ld be re/ra9$1 & he left free to gratify himself1 t w\ld be p]fect bliss4 ,b only a despot "h or !re has atta9$ to x4 ,! ord9>y man mu/ pay 8 tax ( virtue to ! community1 a loss to him1 b a ga9 to all ! re/3 :ile he is comp5sat$ by ! losses :i* _! virtue entails ^u !m4 ,su* 0 ! old ,a!nian !ory1 :i* ,john ,mill1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,utility 9 8 h&1 completes by say+ t by-&-bye1 & little by little 7z ! prison] ( ,*illon came to love 8 dungeon71 ! hamp]$ individual comes to love1 & to f9d an artificial happ9ess 91 ^? re/rictions ( 8 lib]ty1 :i* are call$ ,virtue4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is !ory t ,plato wrote 8 ,republic1 &1 to comp>e a little ?+ to a great1 ! :ole acc\nt ( moral good be+ 9 consonance ) nature1 & ( moral obligation ris+ out ( ! nature ( ! individual man1 z has be5 set =? 9 ?is brief ,text-book1 may s]ve = a refutation ( ! p]v]se doctr9e ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,read+s4--,plato1 ,republic1 pp4 #cch ,e1 #cci ,a1 #cdc ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 #cdd ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 #ceh ,e1 #cei ,a1 ,b1 #ehj ,b1 ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iii4 ,,natural ,,law4 ,we assume 9 ,natural ,law ! prec$+ treatise on ,e?ics1 & also ! pr9cipal tru?s ( ,natural ,!ology4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,( ,,duties ,,( ,,god4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! ,wor%ip ( ,god4 #a4 ,wor%ip is divid$ into pray] & praise4 ,to pray1 & pres5t our petitions to ! ,mo/ ,high1 is a privilege2 a privilege1 h[ev]1 :i* we are b\nd to use at times1 z ! necess>y means = ov]com+ temptations & incl9ations to evil4 ,we praise & adore ,god = ,8 sov]eign excell5ce1 :i* excell5ce1 nev]!less1 w\ld f\nd 9 u no positive duty if we /ood free ( all dep5d5ce ^u ,god4 ,9 su* an hypo!sis we %\ld lie simply "u ! negative duty ( n ?9k+ ( ,god1 speak+ ( ,him1 or act+ t[>ds ,him o!rwise ?an ) all rev]5ce4 ,s we %\ld behave to ! ,great ,/rang]1 ) civility1 ) admiration ev5 & awe1 b n ) cordiality1 n ) loyalty1 n ) homage1 n ) love4 ,v diff]5t are our relations & our duties to ,god our ,"l1 9 :om we live1 move1 & h our be+4 ,!re is no?+ 9 u or ab\t u1 no positive p]fection ( ours :atsoev]1 t is n ,8 gift1 & a gift t ,he is n giv+ cont9ually1 else x w\ld be lo/ to u4 ,we are !re=e b\nd 9 ,8 reg>d1 n m]ely to ab/5tion b to act4 ,& fir/1 = inw>d acts1 we mu/ habitually feel1 & at notable int]vals we mu/ actually elicit1 s5tim5ts ( adoration & praise1 ( ?anksgiv+1 ( submission1 ( loyalty & love1 z creatures to _! ,creator1 & z vassals to _! v good ,"l1 = ,he is our ,creator & ,"l 9 ! natural ord]1 n to say any?+ "h ( ! sup]natural filiation1 by :i*1 z ! ,*ur* says1 we d>e to call ,god ,our ,fa!r4 #b4 ,we mu/ also express ^! s5tim5ts by outw>d act4 ,all ! signs ( rev]5ce1 :i* man pays to 8 human sup]ior1 mu/ be paid to ,god ) advantages3 b[+ passes into pro/ration1 uncov]+ ! head into kneel+1 kiss+ ! h& into (f]+ ( inc5se3 n t ^! p>ticul> developm5ts are necess>y1 b "s su* developm5t mu/ take place4 ,we %all n be cont5t to ?9k rev]5tial ?\ghts1 b we %all say1 or ev5 s+1 great ?+s ( ,god's greatness & our indebt$ness & duty3 su* a vocal ex]cise is psalmody4 ,we %all repres5t 9 symbolic action our dep5d5ce on ! ,"l ( life & dea?1 & also our s9fulness1 = :i* ,he might ju/ly /rike u dead3 su* a repres5tation is sacrifice4 #c4 ,all ?is we mu/ d1 fir/1 = ! sake ( our own s\ls1 m9ds & he>ts1 to quick5 ! inw>d s5tim5t ( adoration & praise4 ,wor%ip1 mo/ly ( ! sil5t sort1 wor%ip1 t f9ds no expression 9 ^w or ge/ure1--wor%ip away f peal+ organs & *ants ( praise1 or ! simpl] music ( ! human voice1 :]e no h&s are uplift$1 nor tongues loos5$1 nor po/ure ( rev]5ce assum$1 becomes ) mo/ mortals a vague1 aimless rev]ie1 a c\rse ( di/raction1 dream9ess1 & vacancy ( m9d1 no m wor? ?an ! m$itations ( ! ,lanca%ire /one-break]1 :o 0 ask$ :at he ?\ght ( dur+ 8 "w1--,mo/ly n[t4 #d4 ,aga91 :at ! body is to ! s\l1 t is ext]ior devotion to int]ior4 ,f ! s\l int]ior devotion spr+s1 & ?r\gh ! body x manife/s itself4 ,ext]ior devotion1 )\t ! inw>d _s t quick5s x1 is wor%ip unpr(itable & dead3 x t5ds at once to corruption1 l ! body :5 ! s\l has left x4 ,int]ior devotion1 on ! o!r h&1 c exi/1 ?\gh n ) its full complem5t1 )\t ! ext]ior4 ,s t x is only 9 ! union ( ! two toge!r t p]fect wor%ip is giv5 to ,god by m5 z m54 ,^u :i* ,/4 ,?omas has ?is nave rem>k1 t !y :o blame bodily obs]vances be+ paid to ,god1 evid5tly fail to rememb] t !y !mselves are m54 ,?us we pay ti! to ,god = s\l & body1 by acts ( religion int]ior & ext]ior4 ,b man is1 "u ,god1 ! "l ( ?is e>? & ( ! fulness !re(4 ,he mu/ pay ti! = t too by devot+ "s portion ( x to ! direct s]vice ( ,god1 to :om x all prim>ily belongs4 ,= m9e is ! gold & m9e ! silv]4 7,aggeus ii4 #i47 ,su* are ! words t ,god spoke ?r\gh ,8 prophet to incite ,8 p to re/ore 8 sanctu>y4 #f4 ,x is !re=e n true to say t ! sole reason ( outw>d wor%ip is to move ! wor%ipp] to int]ior devotion4 ,x is n true t ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 & ,cologne ,ca!dral1 & ! ,duomo ( ,milan1 ) all _! weal? & elaborate c]emonial1 exi/ & are kept up solely because1 ?+s ( e>? z we are1 we _c be dep5d$ ^u to praise ,god lov+ly )9 ! :ite-wa%$ walls ( a conv5ticle1 or accord+ to ! simple ritual ( ! ,society ( ,fri5ds4 ,we w\ld n1 ev5 if we c\ld1 pray habitually among su* surr\nd+s1 :]e we c\ld af=d to bett] !m4 ,we h be=e u ! pr9ciple ( ,/4 ,?omas 7#a;a #b1 q4 #bd1 art4 #c1 9 corp473 ,s9ce man's good consi/s 9 reason z 9 its root1 ! m actions prop] to man are p]=m$ "u ! direction ( reason1 ! m p]fect w man's good be4 ,h5ce no "o d\bts t x belongs to ! p]fection ( moral good1 t ! actions ( our bodily memb]s %\ld be direct$ by ! law ( reason1 444 z also t ! passions ( ! s\l %\ld be regulat$ by reason4 ,?is means1 n m]ely t if ! bodily memb]s or ! passions /ir at all1 x is a good & desirable ?+ = !m to be rul$ by reason2 b fur!r t x is a positive addition to human p]fection t !y %\ld /ir & be active1 provid$ reason guide !m4 7,e?ics1 c4 iv41 s4 i41 n4 #f1 p4 #de47 ,x c]ta9ly is an action prop] to man to express 9 ge/ure1 9 voice1 9 conc]t & company ) 8 fell[-m51 & by employm5t ( :atev] is be/ & faire/ & brighte/ "u 8 comm& 9 ! mat]ial creation1 8 inw>d affections ( loyalty1 ( homage & devotion1 ( awe & rev]5ce1 ( gratitude & love to 8 ,creator4 ,good z ^! affections are 9 ! he>t ( ! wor%ipp]1 !y receive an ext]nal complem5t ( goodness & p]fection by be+ blazon$ =? 9 vocal utt]ance1 s++1 b5d+ ( knees1--by ! erection & embelli%m5t ( temples1 & (f]+s ( gold1 silv]1 preci\s /ones1 & inc5se1--& by m5 ?rong+ ^? temples 9 multitudes = social wor%ip1--provid$ always t ! inw>d devotion ( ! he>t be !re1 to put a s\l into ^! outw>d demon/rations & (f]+s4 #g4 ,conc]n+ ^! religi\s obs]vances int]ior & ext]ior1 x is z idle to pret5d t !y are useful to ,almighty ,god z x is irrelevant to object t !y are useless to ,him4 ,( c\rse !y are useless to ,him4 ,all creation is useless to ,god4 ,a ,be+ :o c nev] receive any pr(it1 increm5t1 or ga91 dwells n )9 ! region ( utilities4 ,!ologians inde$ di/+ui% betwe5 intr9sic & extr9sic glory1 t is1 betwe5 ! glory :i* ,god gives ,himself by ,8 own contemplation ( ,8 own ess5ce1 & ! glory :i* ,8 creatures give ,him4 ,!y say t ,god is ?us capable ( extr9sic increm5t1 to :i* increm5t ! praise & wor%ip ( ,8 creatures is useful4 ,b1 aft] all1 !y are fa9 to av[ t ! :ole ( ?is extr9sic increm5t & glory is no real ga9 to ,god1 giv+ ,him no?+ b :at ,he _h be=e 9 an inf9itely m excell5t mode & mann] f & ( ,himself4 ,?us x appe>s t ! extr9sic glory ( ,god1 to :i* ! wor%ip paid ,him by man contributes1 is valu$1 n because x is prop]ly useful to ,him1 b because ,he is mo/ prop]ly & highly wor?y ( x4 ,?\ art wor?y1 ,o ,"l our ,god1 to receive glory & hon\r & p[]3 because ?\ ha/ creat$ all ?+s1 & = ?y w !y 71 & h be5 creat$4 7,apoc4 iv4 ,,ii47 ,& be+ wor?y ( ?is glory1 ,he wills to h x1 & does mo/ /rictly exact x1 = :i* reason ,he is call$ 9 ! ,scripture a jeal\s ,god4 ,s ^? :o reflect "s sp>kle ( ,god's ,maje/y1 & "u "s aspect repres5t ,8 p]son ^u ! e>?1 z d pr9ces1 lay & ecclesia/ical1 h _m obs]vances ( hon\r & respect paid to !m1 :i* are n useful z supply+ a ne$--= :o ne$s a salute ( tw5ty-"o guns8 nev]!less _! dignity is wor?y ( !m1 & !y require !m accord+ly4 #h4 ,:at man feels /rongly1 he expresses 9 ^w & action4 ,:at all m5 feel /rongly1 !y express by meet+ toge!r = ! purpose4 ,s t1 if /rong religi\s feel+ is an elem5t 9 e good & reasonable man's "*1 x is b\nd to f9d expression1 & t a social expression4 ,m5 mu/ wor%ip toge!r accord+ to "s ext]nal =m & ritual4 ,god may reveal :at ,he wills t ritual to be4 ,9 fact ,he did give su* a revelation & prescription to ! ,jews4 ,to ,*ri/ians ,he has spok5 9 ,8 ,son1 & /ill speaks 9 ,8 ,*ur*4 ,any o!r ?an ! "o sacrifice t ,he has in/itut$1 or any o!r public religi\s ritual ?an is approv$ by ! religi\s au?ority :i* ,he has e/abli%$1 is to ,him ( itself1 & ap>t f ! inv9cibly errone\s devotion ( !m t pay x1 an abom9ation3 = ,he has n *os5 x4 ,/ill we _c say t1 9 e possible /ate ( ?+s1 ,god is b\nd to reveal ! ritual t ,he desires1 or is b\nd ,himself to designate ! au?ority t %all fix ! ritual :i* alone ,he w accept & all[ (4 ,if ! w ( ,god is n ?us express$1 a ritual mu/ /ill be drawn up4 ,9 a matt] t excites ! m9d1 z religion does1 & :]e a l>ge field is op5 = halluc9ation & ecc5tricity1 x w n d to h individuals p>ad+ me?ods ( wor%ip ( _! own inv5tion4 ,"h ! ,greek maxim comes 91 ,greek3 tima ?o daimonion ka?a ?a patria1 hon\r ! ,deity aft] ! fa%ion ( ?y c\ntry4 ,religi\s au?orities mu/ be set up1 9 ! same way t ! civil p[] is set up4 ,^! au?orities w det]m9e1 n ! object1 b ! outw>d mann] ( wor%ip4 ,e great nation1 or important memb] ( ! human family1 w\ld come probably to h its own *>act]i/ic rite2 & )9 ea* rite !re w\ld be local v>ieties4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 ,contra ,g5tiles1 iii41 #aai2 #b;a #b1 q4 #ha1 art4 #d1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ha1 art4 #g ib41 q4 #hd1 art4 #b3 ib41 q4 #he1 art4 #a1 9 corp41 ad #a1 #c2 ib41 q4 #ia4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ,sup]/iti\s ,practices4 #a4 ,sup]/ition is ! abuse ( religion4 ,x is sup]/ition1 ei!r to wor%ip false gods1 or to wor%ip ! true ,god ) unau?oriz$ rites1 or to h deal+s ) wick$ spirits1 :e!r ^? spirits h once animat$ human bodies or n4 ,( ! fir/ head1 ! only av[$ in/ance )9 our civilization is ! ,positivi/ wor%ip ( ! ,great ,be+1 t is1 ( ! collective ,wor?ies ( ,humanity1 if inde$ x am\nts to wor%ip4 ,! second head might h be5 m$itat$ by ,ar*bi%op ,cranm] ) advantage1 :5 he 0 draw+ up ! ,edw>d9e ,ord9al4 ,"u ! ?ird head comes ,spiritualism1 :i* we %all "h n discuss 9 detail1 b m]ely indicate c]ta9 pr9ciples ^u :i* x mu/ be judg$4 #b4 ,!re is no?+ sup]/iti\s or unlawful 9 simply apply+ natural ag5cies to ! production ( c]ta9 effects1 ( :i* !y are suppos$ to be naturally capable4444 ,we mu/ consid] :e!r !re is a fair appe>ance ( ! cause be+ able to produce ! effect naturally4 ,if !re is1 ! exp]im5t w n be unlawful3 = x is lawful to use natural causes 9 ord] to _! prop] effects4 7#b;a #b1 q4 #if1 art4 #b1 9 corp41 ad #a47 ,b ?is we mu/ und]/& "u two provisos4 ,fir/1 t ! fair appe>ance spok5 ( be n oppos$ by a consid]able =ce ( evid5ce1 :e!r ( au?ority or ( reason1 t5d+ ! o!r way3 = 9 ?is matt]1 :i* is n a m]e matt] ( legality1 x is n p]missible to run risks ( becom+ famili> ) ,god's enemies4 ,secondly1 t ! cause1 ?\gh natural1 be n morally prejudicial4 ,n ev5 a natural cause1 br&y = in/ance1 may be us$ to all its effects4 ,?us = ! mesm]ic sleep1 ?\gh t %\ld be prov$ to be purely natural1 yet ! weak5+ ( ! w !nce ensu+1 & ! almo/ irresi/ible dom9ion acquir$ by ! op]ator ov] 8 pati5t1 r5d] x imp]ative t su* a rem$y %\ld n be appli$ )\t grave necessity1 & "u an op]ator ( assur$ moral "*4 #c4 ,/4 ,?omas cont9ues 9 ! place la/ quot$3 ,:]e=e1 if !re is no fair appe>ance ( ! causes employ$ be+ able to produce su* effects1 x ne$s mu/ be t !y are n employ$ to ! causation ( ^! effects z causes1 b only z signs1 & ?us !y come "u ! category ( preconc]t$ signals arrang$ ) evil spirits4 ,! mod]n ,spirituali/ is only too =w>d to av[ 8 und]/&+ ) ! unse5 p[]s2 b he w h x t ! spirits t he deals ) are good & h>mless4 ,we mu/ prove ! spirits by ! g5]al effects ( _! communications--:e!r !y be 9 accordance ) ! kn[n laws ( morality1 & ! assur$ tea*+s ( religion1 natural & reveal$4 ,also we mu/ consid]1 f :at we "k f approv$ s\rces conc]n+ ,god1 & ,8 holy angels1 & ! spirits ( ! j1 ei!r already made p]fect1 or /ill suff]+ = a "t1 :e!r !y are likely to respond to su* signs z ,spirituali/s commonly employ4 ,also we mu/ n ignore1 :at revelation tells u1 ( an enemy1 a fa!r ( lies1 :o *anges himself into an angel ( light1 & :o is ev] ready1 s f> z x is p]mitt$ him1 to eke out curiosity1 folly1 & cr$ulity1 su* z he f\nd 9 ,eve4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #ic2 ib41 q4 #ie1 art4 #d1 9 corp4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! duty ( kn[+ ,god4 #a4 ,religi\s wor%ip is b\nd to its object1 & _c possibly be fix$ 9 ! he>ts ( m5 & ! in/itutions ( society1 if ! object be d\btful & fluctuat+4 ,false religion has (t5 be5 set (f ) elaborate & gorge\s c]emonial1 :i* has be5 kept up ev5 aft] ! p]=m]s _h come to see 9 all t light & lu/re a m]e va9 & unsub/antial %[4 ,su* 7 ! rites ( ,roman poly!ism1 z enact$ by augurs & pontiffs1 ! colleagues ( ,cic]o & ,cs>4 ,b ?\gh t wor%ip 0 ma9ta9$1 & ev5 augm5t$1 = political purposes1 )\t a cre$1 yet nev] c\ld x h aris5 )\t "s cre$1 h[ev] mi/ak51 e>ne/ly held ( old4 ,a firm int]ior conviction is ! />t+-po9t ( all outw>d wor%ip4 ,b if ! mod]n liv+ wor%ipp] is )\t cre$ & conviction2 if he be a sc(f] at he>t1 or at lea/ a d\bt]2 :at a holl[1 horrid skeleton ?+ is 8 religion1--all ! m horrid1 ! gr&] its dress6 ,t is n wor%ip1 b mumm]y4 #b4 ,if !n to wor%ip ,god is a duty1 z we h prov$1 x is a duty likewise to "k ,god4 ,?is supposes t ,god is kn[able1 a fact :i* x does n lie )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w to prove4 ,to an unkn[n ,god1 all ! wor%ip we c\ld r5d] w\ld be to build ,him an alt>1 )\t prie/1 pray]1 or sacrifice1 & s leave ,him 9 ,8 solitude4 ,god is kn[able by ! manife/ation ( ,8 works 7,rom4 i4 #ai72 & :]e ,he is pleas$ to speak1 by ! revelation ( ,8 ^w4 ,ap>t f revelation--&1 "u a c]ta9 ord] ( ,provid5ce1 ,god might h left u )\t revelation--we %\ld /udy our ,creator z ,he is made manife/ 9 ! _w ar\nd u1 9 ! exi/5ce ( p]i%able ?+s1 9 ! ord] ( ! univ]se1 9 ! region ( ?+s et]nally possible & kn[able1 9 moral tru?s1 9 ! m5tal life & consci5ce ( man4 ,philosophy w\ld be our guide 9 ! se>* aft] ,god4 ,m5 ) less leisure or ability = speculation w\ld acquiesce 9 ! pron\ncem5ts ( philosoph]s on ?+s div9e2 &1 9 ! hypo!sis :i* we are contemplat+1 ,provid5ce w\ld d\btless arrange = ! bett] agreem5t & h>mony ( philosoph]s among !mselves4 ,_! trumpet w\ld n s5d =? s unc]ta9 a bla/1 7 t ! in/rum5t1 9 ! c\nsels ( ,god1 :]eby ! :ole duty ( religion 0 to be regulat$4 ,z x is1 we "k bett] ?an philosophy c\ld tea* u3 = ,god ha? spok5 9 ,8 ,son4 ,read+s4--,c4 ,g5t41 i41 #d2 #a;a #b1 q4 #ia1 art4 #d1 9 corp4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,,life4 ,,section ,i4--,( ,kill+1 ,direct & ,indirect4 #a4 ,9 a hilly c\ntry1 two or ?ree /eps sometimes measure all ! int]val betwe5 ! bas9s ( two riv]s1 ^: m\?s are miles ap>t4 ,9 ! crisis ( an illness ! m]e/ trifle w turn ! scale betwe5 dea? & recov]y4 ,9 a nice po9t ( law & intricate proc$ure1 ! lawy] is aw>e t sc>cely m ?an ! ?ickness ( ! pap] on :i* he writes lies betwe5 ! case go+ = 8 cli5t or = ! opposite p>ty4 ,to rail at ^! f9e te*nicalities argues a lay m9d1 unpr(essional & undisc]n+4 ,hair-splitt+1 s f> z x is a t]m ( real reproa*1 means splitt+ ! wrong hairs4 ,! exp]t 9 any pr(ession kn[s :at ?+s to divide & di/+ui% f9ely1 & :at ?+s to take 9 ! gross4 ,moral ,sci5ce 9 _m respects gives its demon/rations1 & c give !m1 only 9 ! way ( r\gh draw+1 z ,ari/otle says4 7,greek3 pa*ulos kai tupo1 ,e?ics1 ,i41 iii41 #d47 ,b !re are l9es ( division exce$+ f9e & nice 9 natural morality no less ?an 9 positive law4 ,! /ud5t mu/ n take sc&al at ! f9e l9es & subtle di/9ctions t we %all be oblig$ to draw 9 m>k+ (f lawful f unlawful action t\*+ human life4 #b4 ,x is nev] lawful directly to kill an innoc5t man4 ,und]/& innoc5t 9 ! social & political s5se1 ( a man :o has n1 by any human act 7,e?ics1 c4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #a7 ( 8 own1 done any h>m to society s griev\s z to comp>e ) loss ( life4 ,to kill1 or "w any o!r effect1 directly1 is to br+ ab\t t dea?1 or o!r effect1 will+ ! same1 ei!r z an end desirable 9 itself1 z :5 a man slays 8 enemy1 ^: dea? ( its own %e] sake is to him a satisfaction & a joy1 or z a means to an end1 z ,ri*>d ,,iii4 murd]$ 8 nephews to op5 8 own way to ! ?rone4 ,we mu/ !n 9 no case compass ! dea? ( ! innoc5t1 ei!r int5d+ x z an end1 or *oos+ x z a means4 ,! ass]tion is prov$ by ^! consid]ations4 ,to kill a man is to de/roy ! human nature )9 him3 =1 ?\gh ! s\l survives1 he is man no m :5 he is dead4 ,n[ to de/roy a ?+ is to subord9ate t ?+ entirely to y\r self & y\r own purposes3 = t individual ?+ c nev] s]ve any o!r purpose1 once x is de/roy$4 ,! man t is kill$ is !n subord9at$ to ! slay]1 :olly giv5 up1 & z we say1 sacrific$1 to ! aims & purposes ( him :o slays him4 ,b t ought n to be1 = man is a p]son4 ,body & s\l 9 him make "o p]son1 "o p]sonal nature1 :i* human p]sonality is de/roy$ 9 dea?4 ,n[ x is ! prop]ty ( a p]son to be :at we may call autoc5tric1 ref]r+ its own op]ations to itself z to a c5tre4 ,e p]son--& e intellig5t nature is a p]son ,footnote #ag--;exi/s & acts prim>ily = himself4 ,a ?+ is m>k$ (f f a p]son by ! aptitude ( be+ ano!r's & = ano!r4 ,we may v5ture to designate x by ! t]m het]oc5tric4 ,a p]son !re=e may de/roy a ?+1 entirely consume & use x up = 8 own b5efit4 ,b he may n treat a p]son z a ?+1 & de/roy t1 ei!r = any end ( pleasure t he f9ds 9 de/roy+ x1 or 9 view ( any ga9 or good1 :]eunto t de/ruction s]ves him z a means4 ,footnote #ag3 ,! exception app>5t 9 ! ,inc>nation is n relevant "h4 #c4 ,9 ! above argum5tation acc\nt has n be5 tak5 ( ,god1 to :om = ,8 sov]eign dom9ion all creat$ p]sonalities /& 9 ! light ( ?+s1 & may be de/roy$ at ,8 pleasure4 ,b acc\nt has be5 tak5 ( ! ,/ate1 to :i* ! individual is subord9ate z a citiz51 b n z a man & a p]son4 ,x is p]mitt$ no m to ! ,/ate ?an to ! individual ev] to de/roy ! innoc5t directly4 #d4 ,an effect is br\ght ab\t indirectly1 :5 x is nei!r int5d$ z an end = its own sake1 nor *os5 z a means mak+ t[>ds an end1 b atta*es z a circum/ance concomitant ei!r to ! end int5d$ or to ! means *os54 ,! case ( a circum/ance s atta*+ to ! means *os5 is ! only case t we ne$ consid] "h 9 speak+ ( indirect1 concomitant1 or incid5tal effects4 ,! /udy ( ^! incid5ts is ( va/ importance to ! morali/4 ,mo/ cases ( practical difficulty to decide betwe5 "r & wrong1 arise out ( !m4 ,!y are be/ illu/rat$ 9 ! mann] ( kill+4 ,t "o matt]1 well work$ out1 becomes a patt]n = o!r matt]s 9 :i* !y occur4 7,e?ics1 c4 iii41 s4 ii41 p4 #ca47 #e4 ,a man is kill$ indirectly1 or incid5tally1 :5 he p]i%es 9 consequ5ce ( c]ta9 means employ$ t[>ds a c]ta9 end1 )\t 8 dea? be+ will$ by ! employ] ( ^? means1 or 9 any way s]v+ t ag5t to ! fur!rance ( ! end t he has 9 view4 ,if a visitor to a qu>ry 7 /&+ on a piece ( rock1 :i* a qu>ryman _h occasion to bla/1 & ! man fir$ ! tra9 reg>dless ( ! visitor1 ! latt] w\ld be incid5tally kill$4 ,n[ incid5tal kill+1 ev5 ( ! innoc5t1 is n "u all circum/ances unlawful4 ,:]e ! end 9 view is 9 ! highe/ degree important1 ! means may be tak5 !reto1 provid$ always t su* an issue z ! %$d+ ( innoc5t blood be n itself ! means disc]n$ & elect$ z fur!r+ ! end3 = no end h[ev] urg5t c ju/ify ! employm5t ( any evil means4 7,e?ics1 c4 iii41 s4 ii41 nn4 #c1 #ac1 pp4 #cb1 #cf47 ,suppose 9 ! in/ance j giv5 ! qu>ryman saw t1 unless t piece ( rock :]e ! visitor /ood 7 bl[n up in/antly1 a cata/rophe w\ld happ5 else:]e1 :i* w\ld be ! dea? ( _m m51 & !re 7 no "t to w>n ! visitor to cle> (f1 :o c\ld blame him if he appli$ ! explosive8 ,! means ( av]t+ ! cata/rophe w\ld be1 n t visitor's dea?1 b ! bl[+ up ( ! rock4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! visitor1 8 dea? or escape1 is all "o to ! end int5d$3 x has no be>+ !reon at all4 #f4 ,we mu/ !n di/+ui% betwe5 means & circum/ances4 ,! means help to ! end1 ! circum/ances ( ! means d n4 ,:5 ! end is ( extreme urg5cy1 circum/ances may be disreg>d$3 ! means become morally dive/$ ( !m4 ,s ,i h se5 an isl& 9 a riv]1 a nucleus ( rock ) an environm5t ( alluvial soil4 ,:ile ! /ream 0 fl[+ placidly 9 its usual c\rse1 ! isl& rema9$ intact1 bo? rock & e>?4 ,b :5 ! wat] came ru%+ 9 a flood1 :i* 0 z ?\gh ! isl& itself _h gone spe$+ up ! riv]1 ! loose matt] at its sides 0 c>ri$ away1 & only ! c5tral rock rema9$4 ,! ord9>y fl[ ( ! riv] pa/ ! isl&1 or ! g5tle motion ( ! isl& up-/ream1 keep+ all its bulk1 repres5ts a man act+ = an end to :i* reason atta*es no great importance4 ,he mu/ !n take a dilig5t review ( all ! circum/ances t h any close connection ) 8 action1 to see if !re is any t x w\ld be wrong = him to w directly4 ,& if !re is1 he mu/ ab/a9 f will+ x ev5 indirectly3 t is1 he mu/ ab/a9 f do+ ! action1 :i* _c be done )\t t objectionable circum/ance att5d+ x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! float+ isl& be+ t[$ rapidly up-/ream1 ) its loose sides fall+ away1 portrays ! condition ( "o act+ = a purpose ( imp]ative urg5cy3 he consid]s ! means to t end1 & if !y are good1 he conc5trates 8 w ^u !m & uses !m1 disreg>d+1 or ev5 deplor+1 b n[ise will+ or be+ responsible =1 ! evil concomitants :i* g ) ^? means1 b d n make = 8 end4 ,?us x is1 t a circum/ance :i* 9 ord9>y cases goes to make ! adoption ( c]ta9 means reasonable or unreasonable1 comes1 9 a case ( great urg5cy1 to weigh = no?+ 9 ! balance ( reason1 ow+ to ! extreme & cry+ reasonabl5ess ( ! end 9 view4 ,nor is ?is ! end ju/ify+ ! means1 = t unhappy circum/ance is nev] a means to ! end4 7,e?ics1 c4 iii41 s4 ii41 n4 #h1 p4 #cd47 #g4 ,to illu/rate by a diagram3 ,illu/ration3 ,c 7 7 ,u ,a-----------------------------------,e7 7,v ,a1 ! ag5t1 a bead on a wire1 c move only on ! l9e ,,ae1 t alone be+ ! l9e ( means to ! end4 ,,ev1 reasonabl5ess ( end 9 view1 attract+ ,a4 ,,uc1 ! am\nt ( moral evil :i* ! unt[>d circum/ance w\ld involve1 if x 7 will$ directly4 ,?is ,,uc repels ,a1 t5d+ to jam x on ! l9e ,,ae1 :i* is absolutely rigid4 ,,ae1 remot5ess1 difficulty1 & unc]ta9ty ( ! end 9 view4 ,,au1 remot5ess ( unt[>d circum/ance f means *os51 :i* ,a is j 9 ! act ( tak+4 ,!n1 = lawful action1 ! reasonabl5ess requir$ 9 ! end 9 view is repres5t$ by ! v>iation-- ,illu/ration3 ,,uc 4 ,,ae ,,ev 99v>ies99 ------- ,,au ,we obs]ve t :5 ,,au is z]o1 :ile ,,uc 4 ,,ae rema9s a f9ite quantity 7repres5t+ an appreciable evil71 !n ,,ev becomes inf9ite3 t is to say1 :5 ! di/ance1 diff]5ce1 or di/9ction betwe5 ! evil circum/ance & ! means comes d[n to no?+ at all1 & ! evil ?+ actually is ! v means tak51 !n an inf9ite urg5cy ( end 9 view w\ld be requisite to ju/ify ! us+ ( t means3 9 o!r words1 no end possible to man c ev] ju/ify an evil means4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4#fd1 art4 #f2 ,c>d9al de ,lugo1 ,de ,ju/itia et ,jure1 disp4 #aj1 n4 #abe4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ,kill+ done ,indirectly 9 ,self-def5ce4 #a4 ,on ! "q1 :e!r x is lawful = "o man to kill ano!r 9 self-def5ce1 ,/4 ,?omas writes 7#b;a #b1 q4 #fd1 art4 #g73 ,!re is no?+ to h9d] "o act hav+ two effects1 ( :i* "o only is )9 ! int5tion & election ( ! do]1 :ile ! o!r is beside 8 int5tion & election1 t is1 is nei!r int5d$ z an end nor elect$ z a means4444 ,f ! act !re=e ( "o def5d+ himself a tw(old effect may foll[1 "o ! pres]vation ( 8 own life1 ! o!r ! kill+ ( ! aggressor4 ,n[ su* an act1 9 s f> z ! pres]vation ( ! do]'s own life is int5d$1 has no ta9t ( evil ab\t x1 see+ t x is natural to ev]y?+ to pres]ve itself 9 be+ z mu* z x c4 ,nev]!less1 an act com+ ( a good int5tion may be r5d]$ unlawful1 if x be n 9 proportion to ! end 9 view4 ,& !re=e1 if any "o uses great] viol5ce ?an is necess>y = ! def5ce ( 8 life1 x w be unlawful4 ,b if he repels ! viol5ce 9 a mod]ate way1 x w be a lawful def5ce3 = accord+ to ! ,civil & ,canon ,laws x is all[able to repel =ce by =ce ) ! mod]ation ( a blameless def5ce4 ,nor is x necess>y to salvation = a man to omit ! act ( mod]ate def5ce 9 ord] to avoid ! kill+ ( ano!r2 because man is m b\nd to take ?\ght = 8 own life ?an = ! life ( 8 neighb\r4 ,b because to kill a man is n all[able except by act ( public au?ority = ! common good1 x is unlawful = a man to int5d t is1 elect & *oose z a means to kill ano!r man 9 ord] to def5d himself1 unless he be "o :o has public au?ority1 :o int5d+ elect+ to kill a man 9 ord] to 8 own def5ce1 ref]s ?is to ! public good4 #b4 ,! "r !n ( self-def5ce ev5 to ! %$d+ ( blood involves a m]e ex]cise ( indirect kill+ = a proportionably grave cause4 ,! cause 9 "q is ! def5ce ( y\r own life1 or y\r fri5d's1 or ( "s o!r good or possession t c weigh ) life1 z ! hon\r & inviolability ( y\r p]son1 or a l>ge sum ( money4 ,?is mu/ be 9 pres5t dang] ( be+ tak5 away o!rwise ?an 9 due c\rse ( ju/ice4 ,! dang] mu/ be pres5t1 & ev5 imm95t1 n prospective4 ,! "r ( self-def5ce ev5 to ! griev\s h>m+ ( ! aggressor1 endures only :ile ! dang] f him is imm95t1 n :5 x is pa/1 or ! evil is already done4 ,! "r supposes no moral obliquity1 no =mal inju/ice on ! "p ( ! aggressor3 he may be a madman mak+ = y ) a drawn sword4 ,nay fur!r1 n ev5 mat]ial inju/ice--t is1 ! quality ( an act :i* w\ld be =mally unju/1 if only ! ag5t knew :at he 0 ab\t--is requir$4 ,all t is requisite is t y\r life1 or some?+ equival5t to life1 be ?reat5$1 n 9 due c\rse ( law4 #c4 ,! ess5tial idea ( self-def5ce is t ( /opp+ a trespass]1 "o :o1 h[ev] innoc5tly1 is go+ ab\t to tr5* on t good :i* y h a "r to ma9ta9 & res]ve to y\rself4 ,x is !n no act ( au?ority t y p]=m1 b ! deal+ ( "o private p]son ) ano!r4 ,inde$1 ! p>ty /opp$ is h>dly reg>d$ z a p]son3 no acc\nt is tak5 ( 8 dem]its3 he is reg>d$ simply z an abridg] & dim9i%] ( :at y h a "r to pres]ve intact4 ,y /op a man z y /op a horse1 only ) m reg>d to ! mod]ation ( a blameless self-def5ce1 n us+ m viol5ce ?an is necess>y "h & n[ to pres]ve :at y h to pres]ve4 #d4 ,! /opp+1 un=tunately1 has (t5 to be done 9 a hurry3 !re is no "t to wait3 = ! next mom5t1 unless y act promptly1 x w be all too late1 or all to no purpose1 to act at all4 ,be+ done 9 a hurry1 x has to be done 9 a r\gh-&-ready way1 ) su* in/rum5ts z are to h&3 y _c af=d to be nice ab\t ! means1 c>efully purify+ !m1 & %ak+ (f ! du/ ( objectionable circum/ances4 ,n[ to /op a man 9 mid c>e] all on a sudd51 to r5d] him p[]less :]e he 0 ab\t to /rike1 motionless 9 ! direction :i!r he 0 ab\t to g1 & t 9 an in/ant1 is ( common necessity a rude treatm5t1 v dang]\s to him :o exp]i5ces x1 & "u "s conceivable circum/ances hopelessly fatal4 ,/ill ! fatality--9 pla9 words1 ! dea? ( ! aggressor--is n directly will$4 ,x is nei!r int5d$ z an end1 nor *os5 z a means to an end4 ,x is n welcom$ z an end & desirable consummation3 on ! contr>y1 x is put up ) mo/ reluctantly z com+ f y\r act3 = y1 a private individual1 h no "r to w & effect ! dea? ( any man1 h[ev] guilty1 z w be prov$ h]eaft]4 ,x is n *os5 z a means3 =1 =mally z 8 dea?1 x is no means to y\r end1 :i* 0 ! av]t+ ( all pres5t dang] to y\r "r4 ,= t x 0 en\gh to /op ! trespass]2 & y *ose ! means z a /opp+ means1 n z a kill+ means4 ,true1 9 /opp+ him y kill$ him1 b y did n kill him to /op him4 ,y /ruck him to /op him3 t y\r bl[ 0 a mortal bl[1 0 a circum/ance :i* y did n *oose & c\ld n help4 ,all kill+ !n 9 self-def5ce is indirect4 #e4 ,by ?is explanation1 re/+ on ,/4 ,?omas--9 opposition to ,c>d9al de ,lugo 7,de ,j4 et ,jure4 #aj1 #adi7 & o!rs1 :o all[ kill+ 9 self-def5ce to be ! actual means *os51 & !re=e directly will$--we save f\r gr& positions 9 ,moral ,sci5ce3 7a7 ,! axiom1 t x is nev] lawful directly to take ! life ( an innoc5t man4 ,= ! p]son :o p]i%es by occasion ( y\r def5d+ y\rself1 may be innoc5t =mally1 & ev5 mat]ially also4 7b7 ,likewise ! axiom1 t x is nev] lawful = a private individual to kill any "o :atev]4 ,we say1 f a te*nical /&po9t1 t he does n kill b arre/s ! onset ( ! aggressor4 7c7 ,we are 9 he>ty accord ) ! positive law ( all civiliz$ c\ntries1 :i* views ) extreme suspicion all dea?s said to be done 9 self-def5ce1 ! law be+ jeal\s ( ! blood ( its citiz5s1 & res]v+ ! %$d+ !re( to itself4 ,we tea* t only by process ( law c a man ev] be directly sla91 8 dea? made a means (1 & ! p]son1 :o /rikes him1 really will+ & seek+1 exactly speak+1 to kill him4 7d7 ,! initial error is reveal$ ( a !ory t we %all h to combat at l5g? h]eaft]1 ! !ory ( ,hobbes & ,locke1 t ! p[] ( ! ,/ate is ! m]e agglom]ation ( ! p[]s ( ! individuals :o compose x4 ,x appe>s by our explanation t ! individual has no p[] /rictly to take life 9 any case1 or ev] to kill directly1 z ! ,/ate does :5 x executes a crim9al4 ,z a fif? po9t ga9$1 we may m5tion ! efficaci\s argum5t af=d$1 z w pres5tly be %[n1 aga9/ ! acceptance ( a duel "u any conceivable circum/ances1 a !sis o!rwise n easy to e/abli% by reason4 #f4 ,9 view ( ! "q ( ! orig9 ( civil gov]nm5t1 we mu/ c>efully collect ! diff]5ces betwe5 self-def5ce & puni%m5t4 ,dea? occasion$ 9 self-def5ce is indirect3 dea? inflict$ z puni%m5t is direct4 ,puni%m5t is an act ( au?ority1 ( di/ributive ju/ice1 :i* lies f rul] to subject 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #d1 p4 #ajd73 self-def5ce is ( equal aga9/ equal4 ,puni%m5t is m$ic9al to him :o suff]s x1 or det]r5t on behalf ( ! community1 or retributive 9 ! way ( v5geance4 7,e?ics1 c4 ix41 s4 iii41 n4 #d47 ,self-def5ce is n on behalf ( ! community1 /ill less = ! good ( ! aggressor1 b = ! good ( him :o practises x & = ! pres]vation ( 8 "r3 nei!r is x retributive & retrospective1 z v5geance is1 b simply prospective & prev5tive ( a h>m imm$iately imm95t4 ,f9ally1 ! "r to puni% abides day & night3 b ! "r ( self-def5ce holds only :ile in/ant aggression is ?reat5$4 #g4 ,^! two div]se ideas ( self-def5ce & v5geance 7 conf\nd$ by ! ,greeks "u ! "o v]b ,greek3 amune/hai4 ,!y are conf\nd$ by ,mill1 ,on ,utility1 9 ! fif? *apt] :]e he speaks 7p4 #gg7 ( ! in/9ct ( self-def5ce1 :i* n9e l9es bel[ he conv]ts into ! natural feel+ ( retaliation or v5geance4 ,x is a common b a grave mi/ake1 & ! p>5t ( mu* bad philosophy4 ,read+4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #fd1 art4 #g4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ,suicide4 #a4 ,by suicide we %all "h und]/& ! direct compass+ ( "o's own dea?1 :i* is an act nev] lawful4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 see+ ! unlawfulness ( suicide = ord9>y cases4 ,! _w c\ld n g on1 if m5 7 to kill !mselves ^u e slight disappo9tm5t4 ,b nei!r are !y likely s to d4 ,x is ! h>d cases1 :]e m5 are apt to lay viol5t h&s on !mselves1 t put ! morali/ on 8 mettle to re/ra9 !m by reasons4 ,:y %\ld n ! solit>y invalid de/roy himself1 he ^: life has become a hopeless torture1 & ^: dea? none w\ld m\rn8 ,:y %\ld n a volunt>y dea? be s\ght z an escape f temptation & f imm95t s98 ,:y %\ld n ! fir/ victims ( a dire contagion acquiesce 9 be+ slaught]$ l cattle8 ,or if x be deem$ p]il\s to commit ! dep>ture f life to ea* "o's private :im & fancy1 :y n h ! ?+ lic5s$ "u c]tificate ( ?ree cl]gym5 & f\r doctors1 :o c\ld te/ify t x is done on good gr\nds8 #b4 ,to all ^! que/ions !re is "o good answ] return$ by ,paley on ! pr9ciple ( ,g5]al ,consequ5ces4 7,e?ics1 c4 x41 n4 #c1 p4 #agh47 ,! true "q ( ?is argum5t is no o!r ?an ?is3 ,may e man :o *ooses to de/roy 8 life1 innoc5tly d s8 ,limit & di/+ui% ! subject z y c1 x w come at la/ to ?is "q4 ,=1 %all we say t we are !n at lib]ty to commit suicide1 :5 we f9d our cont9uance 9 life becomes useless to mank9d8 ,any "o :o pleases1 may make himself useless2 & melan*oly m9ds are prone to ?9k !mselves useless :5 !y really are n s4444 ,9 l mann]1 :atev] o!r rule y assign1 x w ultimately br+ u to an indiscrim9ate tol]ation ( suicide1 9 all cases 9 :i* !re is dang] ( its be+ committ$4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to enquire :at w\ld be ! effect ( su* a tol]ation3 evid5tly1 ! loss ( _m lives to ! community1 ( :i* "s might be useful or important2 ! affliction ( _m families1 & ! con/]nation ( all3 = mank9d mu/ live 9 cont9ual al>m = ! fate ( _! fri5ds1 :5 e disgu/ :i* is p[]ful en\gh to tempt m5 to suicide1 %all be deem$ suffici5t to ju/ify x4 7,moral ,philosophy1 bk4 iv41 c4 iii47 ,a ^w 9 confirmation ( ,paley on ! plan ( ! m$ico-cl]ical c]tificate4 ,!re w\ld be doctors1 & ,i fe> cl]gym5 too1 :o w\ld get a "n = giv+ ^! c]tificates easily3 "u _! h& _m a pati5t might be smo!r$ by 8 att5dants ) or )\t 8 own cons5t4 ,_m ano!r wret* w\ld consid]1 t if ! le>n$ & rev]5d g5tlem5 emp[]$ to lic5se 8 dep>ture f life only felt :at he _h to endure1 !re w\ld be no difficulty ab\t ! c]tificate3 s he w\ld dep>t on presum$ leave4 ,! :ole effect w\ld be to make m5 less t5d] ( _! own lives1 & by consequ5ce ( ^? ( o!rs1 to ! va/ unsettl+ ( society4 #c4 ,an argum5t f g5]al consequ5ces1 h[ev]1 does n g d[n into ! dep?s ( ?+s4 ,!re is always some?+ morally crook$ & inord9ate 9 an action itself1 ! g5]al consequ5ces :]e( are bad4 ,x rema9s to po9t out ! moral crook$ness1 inord9ation1 & unreasonabl5ess1 t is intr9sic to ! act ( suicide1 ap>t f its consequ5ces4 ,we f9d ! inord9ation 9 ?is1 t suicide is an act fall+ ^u undue matt]1 be+ an act de/ructive ( t :i* ! ag5t has p[] ov] only to pres]ve4 ,x is natural to e be+1 animate & inanimate1 to ! full ext5t ( its entity & p[]1 to ma9ta9 itself1 & to resi/ de/ruction z long z x c4 ,?is is ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 "o ( ! prim>y laws ( nature4 ,man has intellig5ce & p[] ov] himself1 t he may conduct 8 own /ruggle well & wisely4 ,he may /ruggle m or less1 z he sees exp$i5t1 look+ to high] goods ev5 ?an self-pres]vation 9 ?is mortal life3 b he may n take t p[] ( manag+ himself1 :i* nature inve/s him ) = 8 pres]vation1 & use x to 8 own de/ruction4 ,%\ld he d s1 he p]v]ts ! natural ord] ( 8 own be+1 & !reby s9s4 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 i41 nn4 #a-e1 p4 #aji47 #d4 ,x may be object$1 t man is only b\nd to self-pres]vation s long z life is a bless+2 t1 :5 ! scale ( dea? f> outweighs t ( life 9 desirabl5ess1 x is cruelty to himself to pres]ve 8 life any long]1 & a k9dness to himself to de/roy x2 t 9 su* a plight1 accord+ly1 x is n unnatural = a man to put himself1 n s mu* out ( life z out ( mis]y4 ,to ?is argum5t x is sometimes answ]$ t1 :]eas dea? is ! greate/ ( evils1 x is fooli% & wick$ to resort to dy+ z a refuge aga9/ any o!r calamity4 ,b ?is answ] proves too mu*4 ,x w\ld %[ t x is nev] lawful ev5 to wi% = dea?3 :]eas "u _m conditions1 su* z ^? n[ "u consid]ation1 dea? is a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$1 & may be mo/ pi\sly desir$1 z a ga9 & by comp>ison a good3 z ,ecclesia/icus says 7xxx4 #ag73 ,bett] is dea? ?an a bitt] life1 & ev]la/+ re/ ?an cont9ual sickness4 ,! tru? seems to be1 t !re are _m ?+s highly good & desirable 9 !mselves1 :i* become evil :5 compass$ 9 a p>ticul> way4 ,! dea? ( a great tyrant or p]secutor may be a bless+ to ! univ]se1 b 8 dea? by ! h& ( an assass9 is an intol]able evil4 ,s is dea?1 z ! s*oolm5 say1 9 facto esse1 & ev]la/+ re/1 bett] ?an a bitt] life1 b n dea? 9 fi]i1 :5 t means dy+ by y\r own h&4 ,!re ! unnaturalness comes 9 & ! irrationality4 ,a "m1 wat*+ ! dea? agony ( h] son1 may pi\sly wi% x ov]3 b x 7 an unmo!rly act to lay h] own h& on 8 m\? & smo!r him4 ,to lay viol5t h&s on oneself is abid+ly cruel & unnatural1 m s ?an if ! suicide's own "m slew him4 #e4 ,b ?\gh a man may n use actual viol5ce aga9/ 8 own p]son1 may he n p]haps cease to pres]ve himself1 ab/a9 f food1 z ! ,roman noble did1 9 ! tortures ( ! g\t1 & by ab/a9+ end !m8 ,i answ]1 a man's tak+ food p]iodically is z mu* "p ( 8 life z ! c\rs+ ( ! blood 9 8 ve9s4 ,x is do+ himself no less viol5ce to refuse food ready to h&1 :5 he is />v+1 on purpose t he may />ve1 ?an to op5 a ve9 on purpose to ble$ to dea?4 ,?is1 :5 ! food is readily accessible3 ! case is o!rwise :5 x is n procurable except by extraord9>y means4 #f4 ,ano!r consid]ation4 ,to de/roy a ?+ is ! exclusive "r ( ! own] & ma/] ( ! same4 ,if !re=e man is 8 own ma/]1 9 ! s5se t no "o else c claim dom9ion ov] him1 may he n accord+ly de/roy himself8 ,! metaphysician w po9t out t ma/] d5otes a relation1 t e relation has two t]ms1 t consequ5tly a man _c be 8 own ma/] any m ?an he c be 8 own fa!r2 & t1 n own+ himself1 he may n de/roy himself4 ,b1 leav+ ?is metaphysical argum5t = :at x is wor?1 we obs]ve t man has a ,ma/]1 ,own]1 ,proprietor1 & ,sov]eign ,"l1 ,god ,almighty4 ,to take y\r own life is to usurp ! dom9ion ( ,god4 ,x is wrong+ ! ,"l ( life & dea?4 ,b none is wrong$ aga9/ 8 w3 ,god is will+ t murd]]s %\ld be hung1 may ,he n also be will+ t m5 9 mis]y %\ld hang !mselves8 ,to ?is qu]y suffice x = ! pres5t to reply1 t ,god gov]ns u = our good2 & t capital puni%m5t makes = ! good ( ! community1 b nev] suicide4 7c4 viii41 s4 viii41 n4 #g1 p4 #cdi47 #g4 ,x 0 ! doctr9e ( ,ari/otle & ! ,greeks1 t ! citiz5 belongs to ! ,/ate1 & t !re=e suicide 0 robb+ ! ,/ate & do+ x a =mal injury4 ,b no mod]n ,/ate takes ?is view ( its subjects4 ,no mod]n m9d w\ld place suicide 9 ! same category ( crime ) robb+ ! ,ex*equ]4 #h4 ,! great det]r5t aga9/ suicide1 9 cases :]e mis]y meets ) recklessness1 is ! ?\ght1 ,9 t sleep ( dea? :at dreams may come6-- above all1 ! fe> ( be+ confront$ ) an angry ,god4 ,away f belief 9 ,god's judgm5ts & a future /ate1 our argum5ts aga9/ suicide may be good logic1 b !y make poor rhetoric = ^? :o ne$ !m mo/4 ,m5 are wond]fully imitative 9 kill+ !mselves4 ,once ! practice is come 9 vogue1 x becomes a rage1 an epidemic4 ,a!ism & ,mat]ialism =m ! be/ nidus = ! contagion ( suicide4 ,x is a %rewd rem>k ( ,madame de ,/ael3 ,?\gh !re are crimes ( a d>k] hue ?an suicide1 yet !re is none o!r by :i* man seems s entirely to r5\nce ! protection ( ,god4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iii41 vii41 #ac2 ib41 ,v41 xi41 nn4 #a-c2 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #fd1 art4 #e2 ,/4 ,aug41 ,de ,civitate ,dei1 i41 cc4 #bf1 #bg2 ,paley1 ,mor4 ,phil41 bk4 iv41 c4 iii4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ,duell+4 #a4 ,a duel may be def9$3 ,a meet+ ( two p>ties by private agreem5t to fight ) weapons 9 !mselves deadly4 ,! meet+ mu/ be by agreem5t3 a *ance meet+ ( ,montagues & ,capulets1 :]e ! p>ties improvise a fight on ! spot is n a duel4 ,! agreem5t mu/ be private2 any?+ arrang$ by public au?ority1 z ! enc\nt] ( ,david ) ,golia?1 t 9 ! leg5d ( ! ,horatii & ,curiatii1 or ! wag] ( battle 9 ! ,middle ,ages is n a duel4 ,x is en\gh t ! weapons be 9 !mselves deadly1 z swords or pi/ols1 ?\gh !re be an express /ipulation n to kill3 b a pre-arrang$ enc\nt] ) fi/s1 ) foils ) buttons on1 or ev5 p]haps ) crab-/icks1 is n a duel4 #b4 ,! h>d case 9 duell+ is ! case ( him :o receives ! *all5ge4 ,let u make ! case z h>d z possible4 ,9 a c]ta9 army1 e *all5ge s5t to an (fic] is report$ to a ,c\rt ( ,hon\r4 ,if ! ,c\rt decide t x ought to be accept$1 accept ! (fic] mu/1 or lose 8 commission & all hope ( milit>y di/9ction4 ,9 ?is army1 say1 !re is an (fic] ( high promise :o is believ$ to object to duels on consci5ti\s gr\nds4 ,an enemy pret5ds to h be5 insult$1 & *all5ges him1 on purpose to see him refuse & h to g d[n into ! ranks1 8 c>e] spoilt4 ,! ,c\rt ( ,hon\r rules t ! duel mu/ come (f4 ,( ?is v case1 ,reiff5/uel1 a canoni/ ( repute1 ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 writes3 ,! answ] is1 444 t !y :o 9 su* cases are s necessitat$ & con/ra9$ to (f]1 or accept1 a duel1 z t unless !y (f]$1 or accept$ x1 !y w\ld be held c[>dly1 crav51 mean1 & unfit to be> (fice 9 ! army1 & consequ5tly w\ld be depriv$ ( ! (fice t !y actually enjoy1 & support !mselves & _! family by1 or w\ld = ev] =feit all hope ( promotion1 o!rwise _! due & des]t1--^! ,i say 9 su* a case are free f all fault & p5alty1 :e!r !y (f] or accept a duel4 7,9 lib4 v4 decret41 tit4 #ad1 nn4 #cj1 #ca47 ,! au?or prote/s 9 8 ,preface t he wi%es 8 op9ions all & ea* to be subject to ! judgm5t1 c5sure1 & correction ( ! ,holy ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! op9ion above quot$ 0 condemn$1 ^w = ^w z x 0 utt]$1 by ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 9 #ageb4 ,n[ = ,reiff5/uel's reason4 ,! reason1 he says1 is1 because 9 su* a case z is suppos$ ! acceptance & (f]+ ( a duel is an absolutely necess>y1 & !reby a j & lawful1 def5ce ( y\r reputation1 or goods ( =tune1 &1 by equival5ce1 ev5 ( y\r life1 aga9/ an unju/ aggressor1 :o we suppose does y an injury1 & !reby gives y no *oice b to call him out1 or calls y out1 & accord+ly assails y 9 words1 c4 ,h5ce1 z = ! ne$ful def5ce ( reputation1 or ( goods ( =tune ( great consequ5ce1 x is lawful1 ) ! mod]ation ( a blameless def5ce1 to kill an unju/ aggressor1 s x w be also lawful to (f] & accept a duel1 & !re9 slay ! o!r p>ty4 ,reiff5/uel "h evid5tly supposes t kill+ done 9 self-def5ce is direct4 ,^? :o agree ) him on t po9t1 proce$ to draw diff]5ces betwe5 self-def5ce & accept+ a *all5ge4 ,( c\rse ! two are n ! same4 ,! true difficulty = !m lies 9 mak+ out h[ ! reasons :i* ju/ify self-def5ce 9 _! view ( x1 d n also ju/ify ! acceptance ( a duel3 h[1 if ,i may make ano!r man's dea? a means to ! pres]vation ( my vital "r1 ,i may n z well make ano!r man's risk ( dea? & my own1 :i* is all t a duel am\nts to1 also a means1 none o!r be+ at h&1 to ! pres]v+ ( my no less vital "r4 ,?is grave objection does n t\* u4 ,we h d5i$ t kill+ 9 self-def5ce is direct4 ,on ! l9es ( t d5ial we meet ,reiff5/uel's argum5t simply z foll[s4 #c4 ,9 self-def5ce1 ! aggressor is sla9 indirectly4 ,9 a duel1 n inde$ ! dea? itself1 or mutual slaught] ( ! combatants1 is directly will$1 b ! risk ( mutual slaught] is directly will$4 ,b we may n directly w ! risk ( t :i* we may n directly d4 ,& ! combatants may n directly d !mselves or "o ano!r to dea?4 ,!re=e !y may n directly risk ea* 8 own & 8 antagoni/'s life4 ,b ?is risk is ( ! ess5ce ( a duel4 ,!re=e duell+ is ess5tially unlawful4 #d4 ,su* is ! cl5*$ fi/1 s to speak1 ( our argum5t4 ,n[ to op5 x out1 & prove 9 detail ! sev]al memb]s4 ,9 self-def5ce1 nei!r ! dea? ( ! aggressor nor ! risk ( 8 dea? is directly will$1 :]eas ! risk ( dea? is directly will$ 9 a duel1 :i* diff]5ce entirely b>s ! argum5t f self-def5ce to duell+4 ,= a duel is a means ( recov]+ & pres]v+ hon\r1 :i* is effect$ by a display ( =titude1 :i* aga9 consi/s 9 expos+ y\rself to ! risk ( be+ kill$1 &1 z "p ( ! b>ga91 ( kill+ ! o!r man4 ,! risk to life is ( ! ess5ce ( a duel3 x only atta9s its end--( e/abli%+ a man's "* = c\rage--by be+ dang]\s to life4 ,=titude ess5tially consi/s 9 brav+ dea?4 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 viii41 n4 #a1 p4 #id47 ,deadly weapons1 *os5 because !y are deadly & involve a risk ( life 9 fight+ ) su* arms1 are ! apt & express means = %[+ read9ess to brave dea?4 ,if ! weapons 7 n deadly1 !re w\ld be no po9t 9 ! duel4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 :]e our def9ition ( duel is v]ifi$1 & weapons 9 !mselves deadly are us$1 ! enc\nt] _c be o!r ?an dang]\s1 especially betwe5 foes & :]e ! blood is up4 ,9 ! ,fr5* army1 :]e ! regim5tal f5c+-ma/] /&s by1 sword 9 h&1 ready to p>ry any too dang]\s ?ru/1 s]i\s results /ill h occurr$4 ,if any man w h x t %ort smoo?-bore pi/ols at =ty paces 9 a fog are n to be c\nt$ dang]\s weapons1 all we c say is t ,,mm4 ,gambetta & ,de ,f\rton1 ! "o be+ ne>ly bl9d1 & ! o!r hav+ lo/ an eye1 did n fight a duel4 ,9 a duel !n ! dang] ( be+ kill$ & ( kill+ is directly will$2 x is ! precise means *os5 to ! end 9 view4 #e4 ,we h prov$ already t x is n lawful directly to procure "o's own dea?1 nor ! dea? ( ano!r innoc5t man4 ,if any "o cont5ds t 8 antagoni/ is n innoc5t1 n ev5 9 a political s5se 7c4 ii41 s4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #bjc71 we mu/ "h assume aga9/ him1 :at we %all aft]w>ds prove1 t ! guilty are n to be directly put to dea? except by public au?ority4 ,b :at we may n directly br+ ab\t1 we may n directly risk ! occurr5ce (4 ,z ,i may n ?r[ myself d[n a cliff1 s nei!r may ,i walk along ! edge precisely = ! *ance ( a fall4 ,i may (t5 walk !re ) ! *ance ( fall+1 b n because ( ! *ance4 ,x w be said t ! ,engli% love ( fox-hunt+ & ,alp9e climb+ is l>gely ow+ to ! elem5t ( dang] pres5t 9 ^? amusem5ts4 ,b x is n ! dang] pure & simple1 t is *os5 = amusem5t3 x is ! prospect ( ov]com+ dang] by skill4 ,! same may be said ( ,blond9 on ! tight-rope3 x 0 8 skill1 n 8 m]e risk1 t 0 admir$4 ,!re are "s risks t no skill c obviate1 z ^? ( ,alp9e avalan*es4 ,we may face a m\nta9 slope :]e avalan*es occur1 b we mu/ n hang ab\t !re because ( ! avalan*es1 mak+ our amusem5t or bravado ( ! *ance ( be+ kill$4 ,t w\ld be will+ ! risk ( dea? directly1 z x is will$ 9 duell+4 ,read+s4--,paley1 ,mor4 ,phil41 bk4 iii41 p4 #b1 c4 ix42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #gb1 art4 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,speak+ ,,! ,,tru?4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! ,def9ition ( a ,lie4 #a4 ,let none d\bt1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 t he lies1 :o utt]s :at is false = ! purpose ( deceiv+4 ,:]e=e ! utt]ance ( :at is false ) a w to deceive is unque/ionably a lie4 ,! only "q is1 :e!r ?is def9ition does n conta9 m ?an is necess>y to ! ?+ def9$4 ,! objective fals5ess ( :at is said makes a mat]ial falsehood3 ! w to utt] :at is false makes a =mal falsehood 7,e?ics1 c4 iii41 s4 ii41 n4 #g1 p4 #cc73 ! w to create a false impression reg>ds1 n ! falsehood itself1 b ! effect to foll[ f x4 ,if a p]son says :at is n true1 b :at he takes to be ! tru?1 he tells inde$ a mat]ial lie1 b at ! same "t he puts =? no human act 7,e?ics1 c4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #a7 ( ly+4 ,if on ! o!r h& he says :at he believes to be false1 ?\gh x turns out true1 he tells a =mal lie1 ?\gh n a mat]ial "o1 & moreov]1 he does a human act ( ly+4 ,b human acts are ! subject-matt] ( morality4 ,! morali/ !re=e is cont5t to def9e ! =mal lie3 ! mat]ial aspect ( ! lie is irrelevant to 8 enquiry4 ,a =mal lie is say+ :at "o believes n to be true1 or promis+ :at "o int5ds n to p]=m3 briefly1 x is speak+ aga9/ "o's m9d4 #b4 ,we %all %[ pres5tly t to speak aga9/ "o's m9d is intr9sically1 necess>ily1 & always evil4 ,b :5 a ?+ is ?us evil 9 itself1 !re is no ne$ to br+ into ! def9ition ( ! act1 f a moral po9t ( view1 ! int5tion ) :i* x is done4 ,!re is no use 9 pry+ into ends1 :5 ! means tak5 is an unlawful means = any end4 ,if a p]son blasphemes1 we d n ask :y he blasphemes3 ! int5tion is n "p ( ! blasphemy3 ! utt]ance is a s9 by itself4 ,b if a p]son /rikes1 we ask :y he /rikes1 to heal or to slay1 9 self-def5ce or 9 rev5ge4 ,s1 if speak+ aga9/ "o's m9d is a ?+ indiff]5t & col\rless 9 po9t ( morality1 & all dep5ds on ! int5tion ) :i* we d x1 s t we may speak aga9/ our m9ds to put ano!r (f1 b n to deceive him1 !n c]ta9ly ! int5tion to deceive mu/ be import$ into ! def9ition ( ly+4 ,b if1 z we %all prove pres5tly1 ! act ( s speak+ is by no means indiff]5t & col\rless1 b is fraught ) an inord9at5ess all its own1 !n ! int5tion may be left out ( ! "q1 ! act is to be *>act]is$ on its own m]its1 & spee* aga9/ "o's m9d is ! def9ition ( a lie4 #c4 ,!n1 "s "o w say1 x w\ld be a lie = a prison] 9 solit>y conf9em5t to break ! sil5ce ( 8 cell ) ! exclamation1 ,que5 ,anne is n dead4 ,! answ] is simple3 x takes two to make a spee*4 ,a man does n prop]ly speak to himself1 nor qu>rel ) himself1 nor deal ju/ly by himself4 ,n t x w\ld be a lie to d5y ! dea? ( ,que5 ,anne ev5 9 public3 = spee* is an outw>d affirmation1 ! appe>ance ( a s]i\s w to apply pr$icate to subject3 b 9 ?is case !re is no appe>ance ( a s]i\s w3 on ! contr>y1 f ! manife/ absurdity ( ! ass]tion1 x is pla9 t y are jok+ & d n mean to affirm any?+4 ,?is p]haps is z f> z we c g 9 p]mission ( :at are call$ lies 9 je/4 ,read+s4--,/ ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #aaj1 art4 #a4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! ,evil ( ,ly+4 #a4 ,human society _c g on1 if m5 are to be all[$ indiscrim9ately to lie to "o ano!r4 ,?ucydides 7iii41 #hc7 gives z ! reason ( ! extravagant l5g? to :i* faction ran 9 ,greece 9 8 "t3 ,= !re 0 no p[] to reconcile ! p>ties1 no plight$ ^w reliable1 no oa? held 9 awe4 ,ev5 9 trifles no "o likes to be li$ to1 & we are n to d to our neighb\r :at we w\ld n h done to ourselves4 ,! laws ( good fell[%ip require t we %\ld put away ly+1 & speak ! tru? e man ) 8 neighb\r3 = we are memb]s "o ( ano!r4 7,ephesians iv4 #be47 ,?is at lea/ 9 ord9>y circum/ances4 ,! same good fell[%ip requires t 9 ord9>y circum/ances we %\ld respect ! lives & prop]ty ( our fell[-m54 #b4 ,b x is lawful to take life 9 pursuance ( ! j judgm5t ( au?ority3 x is lawful to seize ^u prop]ty 9 self-pres]vation4 ,^! exceptions /& v h>moni\sly ) ! well-be+ ( society1 or r are requir$ by x1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,! law aga9/ ly+1 s f> z x is f\nd$ on ! g5]al prejudice done to society by ! %ock ( social confid5ce1 & on ! p>ticul> annoyance ( ! p>ty li$ to1 may seem to admit ( simil> exceptions4 ,:oev] has no reasonable objection to hav+ life & prop]ty tak5 f him 9 c]ta9 cont+5cies1 c he reasonably compla9 ( any hurt or inconv5i5ce t he may suff] f a lie be+ told him at times8 #c4 ,i put =w>d ?is difficulty1 n z ?\gh x 7 )\t its answ] 9 ! pr9ciple ( ,g5]al ,consequ5ces3 /ill x is a difficulty4 ,besides1 if ! :ole h>m ( ly+ is 9 ! unpleasant effect wr\ght ^u ! deceiv$ he>]1 & ! sc&al & bad consequ5ces to society at l>ge1 x is a long way to g r\nd to %[ t ly+ is impossible to ,god4 ,he 9 ^: dom9ion are all ! rights & claims ( man1 is n to be re/ra9$ by ! m]e reluctance ( ,8 creatures to be deceiv$1 or by ! g5]al bad effects ( a lie ^u ! edifice ( human cr$it4 ,z ,ma/] ,he might impose ?is annoyance ^u ! individual1 ^! bad consequ5ces ^u society3 or by ,8 ,provid5ce ,he might prev5t _! occurr+1 :5ev] ,he will$ 9 ,8 utt]ances to sw]ve f ! tru?4 ,! only help = ! argum5t = ! ,div9e v]acity on ^! gr\nds1 is to urge ) ,plato t none ( ! motives :i* lead m5 to lie c ev] f9d place 9 ! m9d ( ,god3 t a lie is a subt]fuge1 an economy1 a device resort$ to "u /ress ( circum/ances1 su* z c nev] s]ve ! turn ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,b ?\gh ,god be inaccessible to human reasons = dep>t+ f ! tru?1 may ,he n h high] reasons1 my/]i\s1 & unse>*able1 = su* a deviation8 ,x is long argu+ out ?is po9t4 ,bett] br+ ! discussion %>p r\nd ) ! "q3 ,is !re n "s elem5t 9 ! ,div9e ,nature itself1 :i* makes x impossible = ,god to speak false8 #d4 ,und\bt$ly !re is su* an elem5t1 deep d[n1 ev5 at ! root ( ! sanctity ( ,god4 ,god is holy 9 t1 be+ by ess5ce ! fulness ( all be+ & all goodness1 ,he is ev] true to ,himself 9 e act ( ,8 und]/&+1 ( ,8 w1 & ( ,8 p[]4 ,by ,8 und]/&+ ,he abid+ly cov]s1 grasps1 & compreh5ds ,8 :ole ,be+4 ,) ,8 w ,he loves ,himself supremely4 ,8 p[] is ex]cis$ entirely = ,8 glory--entirely1 b n exclusively1 = ,god's la/ & be/ ext]nal glory is 9 ! consummat$ happ9ess ( ,8 creatures4 ,:atev] ,god makes1 ,he makes 9 ,8 own lik5ess1 m or less s accord+ to ! degree ( be+ :i* ,he imp>ts to ! creature4 ,& z :atev] ,god does is l ,him1 & :atev] ,god makes is l ,him1 s :atev] ,god says is l ,him3 ,8 spok5 ^w answ]s to ,8 inw>d ^w & ?\ght4 ,x holds ( ,god z ( e be+ :o has a ?\ght to ?9k & a ^w to utt]3 ,to ?9e own self be true1 ,& x mu/ foll[ z ! night ! day1 ,?\ can/ n !n be false to any man4 #e4 ,god's sanctity is 9 ,8 be+ true to ,himself4 ,8 v]acity is "p ( ,8 sanctity4 ,he _c 9 ,8 spee*1 or revelation ( ,himself1 contradict :at ,he really has 9 ,8 m9d1 )\t ceas+ to be holy & be+ no long] ,god4 ,b ! sanctity ( intellectual creatures mu/ be1 l _! e o!r pure p]fection1 modell$ on ! correspond+ p]fection ( _! ,mak]4 ,hol9ess mu/ mean tru?fulness 9 man1 = x means tru?fulness 9 ,god4 ,god's words _c be at v>iance ) ,8 ?\ght1 = ,god is ess5tial hol9ess4 ,nor c man speak o!rwise ?an z he ?9ks )\t m>r+ ! attribute ( hol9ess 9 himself1 t is1 )\t do+ wrong4 #f4 ,to speak aga9/ "o's m9d is an act fall+ ^u undue matt]4 ,words are naturally signs ( ?\ghts4 ,n t ! words ( any giv5 language1 z ,engli% or ,g]man1 h any natural connection ) ! ?\ghts t !y express2 b x is natural to m51 natural to e intellectual be+1 to h "s mode ( express+ 8 ?\ghts by outw>d signs2 & once a sign is recogniz$ z ! sign ( a c]ta9 ?\ght1 s long z ! conv5tion rema9s unrepeal$1 :oev] uses t sign1 n hav+ 9 8 m9d at ! "t ! ?\ght :i* t sign signifies1 b ! contradictory to x1 is do+ viol5ce to ! natural bond betwe5 sign & ?+ signifi$1 by putt+ =w>d ! =m] :]e ! latt] is n beh9d x4 ,& s9ce ! due & prop] matt] = ! sign to be put ^u is ! pres5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! ?\ght signifi$1 to make t sign :]e ! opposite ?\ght is pres5t1 is1 z ,/4 ,?omas says1 an act fall+ ^u undue matt]4 ,! peculi> spiritual & moral inviolability ( ! connection betwe5 ^w & ?\ght1 appe>s f ! consid]ation :i* we h urg$ ( ! ar*etype hol9ess ( ,god4 ,?is !n is ! real1 intr9sic1 prim>y1 & insep>able reason1 :y ly+1 or spee* 9 contradiction ) ! ?\ght ( ! speak]1 is ev]y:]e & always wrong4 #g4 ,grotius 7,de ,jure ,belli et ,pacis1 ,i4 iii41 c4 i41 nn4 #aa1 seq47 argues a lie to be wrong solely inasmu* z x is 9 conflict ) ! exi/+ & abid+ "r ( ! p]son spok5 to4 ,if "r "h means some?+ b9d+ 9 commutative ju/ice 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #f1 p4 #ajf71 we d5y t any su* "r is violat$ by :at is call$ a simple lie1 t is1 an untru? n 9 ! matt] ( religion1 & n affect+ ! "*1 prop]ty1 or p]sonal well-be+ ( our neighb\r4 ,= if a simple lie is a violation ( commutative ju/ice1 x c>ries ! obligation ( re/itution 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #f1 p4 #ajg72 t is1 we are b\nd to tell ! tru? aft]w>ds to ! p]son t we h li$ to1 ev5 9 a matt] ( no practical consequ5ce1--q a new burd5 on ! consci5ces ( m54 ,aga91 if ! b> to ly+ 7 ! he>]'s "r1 :oev] _h dom9ion ov] ano!r's "r might lie to him2 ! p>5t might lie to ! *ild1 ! ,/ate to ! citiz51 & ,god to man1 a doctr9e :i*1 away f its application to ,god1 ,grotius accepts4 ,la/ly s9ce vol5ti non fit injuria1 ! presum$ will+ness ( ! li/5] w\ld lic5se all mann] ( (fici\s & jocose lies1 z ! au?ority ( ! speak] w\ld sanction (ficial fabrications4 ,?us1 :at ) (ficial1 & :at ) (fici\s spee*es1 x w\ld be v h>d to believe anybody4 #h4 ,by our rejection ( ,grotius' !ory we are enabl$ to answ] ,milton's "q3 ,if all kill+ be n murd]1 nor all tak+ f ano!r1 /eal+ :y mu/ all untru?s be lies8 ,because1 we say1 kill+ & tak+ away ( goods deal ) rights :i* are n absolute & unlimit$1 b become 9 c]ta9 situations void2 :]eas an untru? turns1 n on ano!r's "r1 b on ! exig5cy ( ! speak]'s own rational nature call+ = ! concord ( ! ^w signify+ ) ! ?\ght signifi$1 & ?is exig5cy nev] v>ies4 ,untru? & falsehood are b polite names = a lie4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #aaj1 art4 #c1 9 corp41 ad4 #d2 ib41 q4 #aji1 art4 #b1 #c1 9 corp42 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,,iv41 vii42 ,plato1 ,rep41 #chb1 #chi ,b1 ,c4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! keep+ ( ,secrets )\t ,ly+4 #a4 ,!re are natural secrets1 secrets ( promise1 & secrets ( tru/4 ,a natural secret is all a man's own private hi/ory1 :i* he w\ld n h made public1 z also all t he discov]s by 8 own obs]vation ( ! simil> private hi/ory ( 8 neighb\rs4 ,if a man f9ds out some?+ ab\t 8 neighb\r1 &1 aft] he has f\nd x out = himself1 ! neighb\r gets him to promise n to publi% x1 t is a secret ( promise4 ,la/ly1 if "o man comes to ano!r1 z to a lawy]1 or a surgeon1 = pr(essional advice1 or simply to a fri5d = moral c\nsel1 & 9 ord] !reto imp>ts to him "s ( 8 natural secrets1 ^? secrets1 z !y are receiv$ & held by ! p]son consult$1 are call$ secrets ( tru/4 ,?is latt] k9d ( secret is privileg$ above ! o!r two4 ,a natural secret1 & also a secret ( promise1 mu/ be deliv]$ up on ! dem& ( an au?ority compet5t to inquire 9 ! dep>tm5t :]e ! secret lies4 ,b a secret ( tru/ is to be giv5 up to no inquir]1 b to be kept aga9/ all :o endeav\r to come by x1 except :]e ! matt] bodes mis*ief & wrong to a ?ird p>ty1 or to ! community1 & :]e at ! same "t ! own] ( ! secret _c be p]suad$ to desi/ f ! wrong4 ,?is proviso does n hold = ! seal ( confession1 :i* is absolutely inviolable4 #b4 ,! ma9 art ( keep+ a secret is1 n to talk ab\t x4 ,if a man is ask$ an awkw>d "q1 & sees no alt]native b to let out or lie1 x is usually 8 own fault = hav+ introduc$ ! subject1 or enc\rag$ ! que/ion] up to t po9t4 ,a wise man lets drop 9 "t topics :i* he is unwill+ to h press$4 ,b !re are unconscionable p :o w n be put (f1 & :o1 ei!r out ( malice or out ( /upidity1 ply y ) que/ions aga9/ all rules ( good bre$+4 ,?is direct assault may sometimes be retaliat$1 & a rude "q met by a curt answ]4 ,b su* a reply is n always prud5t or *>itable1 & w\ld n unfrequ5tly convey ! v in=mation requir$4 ,sil5ce w\ld s]ve no bett]1 = sil5ce gives cons5t1 & is eloqu5t at times4 ,!re is no?+ left = x 9 su* cases b to lock y\r secret up1 z x 71 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t ( y\r brea/1 & answ] accord+ to ! rema9d] ( y\r in=mation1 :i* is n secret1 private1 & confid5tial4 ,?is looks v mu* l ly+1 b x is n ly+1 x is speak+ ! tru? "u a broad m5tal res]vation4 #c4 ,m5tal res]vation is an act ( ! m9d1 limit+ ! spok5 phrase s t x may n be> ! full s5se :i* at fir/ he>+ x seems to be>4 ,! res]vation1 or limitation ( ! spok5 s5se1 is said to be broad or pure1 accord+ z x is1 or is n1 indicat$ ext]nally4 ,a pure m5tal res]vation1 :]e ! speak] uses words 9 a limit$ mean+1 )\t giv+ any outw>d clue to ! limitation1 is 9 no?+ diff]5t f a lie1 & is wrong z a lie is always wrong4 ,a good in/ance is ,ar*bi%op ,cranm]'s oa? ( fealty to ! ,pope1 he hav+ previ\sly prote/$--( c\rse out ( he>+ ( ! ,pope or ! ,pope's repres5tative--t he meant t oa? 9 no way to preclude him f lab\r+ at ! re=mation ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,engl&1 t is1 do+ all ! evil "w :i* ,h5ry ,,viii4 _h m>k$ out = him 9 ! tee? ( ! ,roman ,bi%op4 ,footnote #ah ,ev5 broad m5tal res]vation is p]missible only z a la/ res\rce1 :5 no o!r means are available = ! pres]vation ( "s secret :i* "o has a duty to o!rs1 or grave reason ( "o's own1 to keep4 ,footnote #ah3 ,/rype's ,cranm]1 i41 pp #bg1 #bh2 ib41 ii41 ,app5dices #e1 #f2 ed4 ,oxon41 #ahab4 #d4 ,! po9t to make out is t no lie is told4 ,to speak "u a res]vation is a lie1 if x is spee* aga9/ ! m9d ( ! speak]4 ,b h[ c x be aught else ?an spee* aga9/ ! m9d1 :5 ! he>t ?9ks yea1 & ! tongue says nay8 ,we answ] t1 9 ! case contemplat$1 ! ?\ght ( ! he>t is1 secrets ap>t1 nay2 & ?\gh ! ^w on ! lips is nay simply1 yet we mu/ n take t ^w z ! :ole locution1 b z a m]e text1 to :i* ! situation ( ! speak] & ! matt] spok5 ( =m a comm5t>y1 legible to any obs]vant eye4 ,! ^w is an annotat$ text2 nay 9 ! body ( ! page1 ) secrets ap>t inscrib$ 9 ! m>g94 ,! adequate utt]ance is ! :ole page1 text & gloss toge!r2 t spee* answ]s to ! ?\ght 9 ! speak]'s m9d2 !re=e x is no lie4 #e4 ,! ess5tial requisite is t ! gloss1 secrets ap>t1 be n writt5 9 ! speak]'s private m9d1 b be outw>dly & publicly manife/ 9 ! matt] spok5 (1 :i* mu/ be "o t cle>ly admits ( secrets1 & 9 ! circum/ances ( ! speak]1 :o is driv5 into a corn]1 & oblig$ to answ] some?+1 & yet _c by any prud5t man be expect$ to answ] out ( ! fulness ( all ! k t he may possibly possess4 #f4 ,nor let x be said t all confid5ce 9 ! replies giv5 to our que/ions is h]eby de/roy$4 ,= mo/ que/ions are 9 matt]s t d n admit ( a secret4 ,!re ! qualification1 secrets ap>t1 :i* may be said to atta* to all answ]s1 has no value & mean+3 x is ma!matically equal to z]o2 & we may take ! answ] 9 full assurance j z x rea*es our e>4 ,aga91 :5 a p]son volunte]s a /atem5t unask$1 he _c be suppos$ to be res]v+ secrets4 ,b :5 delicate subjects are t\*$ on1 & inquiry is pu%$ to extremity by an unau?oriz$ que/ion]1 secrets ap>t is ! h&writ+ on ! wall4 #g4 ,b :y is n ?is qualification spok5 out ) ! tongue8 ,sometimes x safely may be1 & !n x %\ld be s add$4 ,b1 z ! addition is unusual1 our tak+ ! tr\ble to express x w\ld (t5 c]tify to ! inquir] t 8 suspicions 7 correct1 ?\gh we ought n to tell him s4 ,our aim !n mu/ be to give su* an oral answ] z we %\ld return1 7 ! suspicion q unf\nd$4 ,our que/ion]1 if he is a prud5t man1 w piece out our phrase ) ! addition1 secrets ap>t2 & he w und]/& t he c get no?+ out ( u ei!r way1 :i* is exactly :at we wi% him to und]/&4 ,8 unau?oriz$ int]rogatory has be5 met by spee* t am\nts to sil5ce1 argu+ inde$ our prud5ce1 b leav+ him z wise z be=e on ! =bidd5 topic4 ,if he is a ?\ghtless man1 he is deceiv$1 n by any int5tion or election ( ours1 b indirectly s f> z we are conc]n$1 an incid5tal deception :i* he has br\ght on himself4 #h4 ,?is !n is a conv5tion t obta9s1 n ( positive in/itution1 b dictat$ by nature h]self1 t on a matt] :i* admits ( be+ secret1 any answ] elicit$ "u /ress ( necessity mu/ be s con/ru$1 z t any grave secret t may be t\*$1 n be+ morally 9 ! p[] ( ! respond5t to reveal1 %all be tak5 to rema9 res]v$4 #i4 ,we may !re=e sometimes avoid seem+ to "k :at we "k1 or to be :at we are4 ,b we may nev] ( our own prop] motion /ep =w>d & c\rt obs]vation z be+ :at we are n1 or kn[+ :at is aga9/ or beyond our k4 ,we may dissemble occasionally1 b n simulate4 ,! dissembl] ( a secret wi%es = obscurity & sil5ce3 he wants to h ! eyes ( m5 turn$ away f him & _! curiosity unr\s$4 ,:atev] he says or does is to dive/ ! idea ( !re be+ any?+ p>ticul>ly int]e/+ ab\t him4 ,b he :o simulates--call him pret5d]1 impo/or1 or quack--is no?+1 if n tak5 notice (4 ,! public gaze is 8 sun%9e3 obscurity gives him a deadly *ill4 ,8 ambition is to appe> out ( ! ord9>y1 be+ really q )9 common l9es3 ! dissembl] is 9 "s respect beyond ! ord9>y1 b wi%es n to %[ himself o!rwise ?an z an ord9>y mortal ) ord9>y k4 ,! pret5d] is on ! (f5sive1 *all5g+ att5tion3 ! dissembl] is on 8 def5ce aga9/ notice4 ,simulation1 says ,bol+broke1 is a /iletto1 n only an (f5sive b an unlawful weapon1 & ! use ( x may be r>ely1 v r>ely1 excus$1 b nev] ju/ifi$4 ,dissimulation is a %ield1 z secrecy is arm\r3 & x is no m possible to pres]ve secrecy 9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs )\t dissimulation ?an x is to succe$ 9 x )\t secrecy4 7,idea ( a ,patriot ,k+47 ,read+s4--,de ,lugo1 ,de ,j4 et ,jure1 #ad1 nn4 #ace1 #ada1 #adb2 ,! ,mon? = ,m>*1 #ahhc2 ,lockh>t's ,life ( ,scott1 v41 #bf4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,*>ity4 #a4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 s5sible appreh5sion & intellectual k1 t ! =m] seizes ^u a p>ticul> object & x only1 z ?is sweet3 ! latt] takes its object z ! type ( a class ( simil>s1 ?is & ! l ( ?is1 ?is sweet z "o ( ! class ( sweet ?+s4 ,9 l mann] ! love ( passion1 :i* is ! love ( s5se1 reg>ds "o sole object4 ,titius is 9 love ) ,b]?a alone1 n ) woman 9 g5]al4 ,b an intellectual love is ! love ( a type ( beauty or goodness1 ( ?is object & ( o!rs z !y approa* 9 lik5ess to x4 ,:oev] loves ,william f an intellectual appreciation ( 8 patriotism1 9 lov+ him loves all patriots4 ,e animal loves itself ) a brute1 s5sible love1 n a love to f9d fault )1 nor yet a noble & exalt$ s5tim5t--a love purely self-reg>d+1 q ap>t f ! good t is 9 self1 b embrac+ self simply z self1 & self alone4 ,?is is ! fir/ love ( self ev5 9 man4 ,b ov] & above ?is animal & s5sible love1 :i* no man lacks1 !re is 9 all m5 wor?y ( ! "n a second self-reg>d+ affection ( an intellectual ca/1 :]eby a man loves himself z disc]n+ ) ! eye ( 8 s\l ! excell5ce ( 8 own nature--h[ noble 9 reason1 h[ inf9ite 9 faculty1 9 =m & mov+ h[ express & admirable1 9 action h[ l an angel1 9 appreh5sion h[ l a god1 ! beauty ( ! _w1 ! p>agon ( animals4 ,intellectual self-complac5ce ov]fl[s f self to simil>s4 ,x is n self-love1 x is love ( ! race1 ! milk ( human k9dness1 philan?ropy4 #b4 ,b man is a disappo9t+ creature1 aft] all a m]e qu9tess5ce ( du/1 unless he c rise above himself by relation ) "s sup]human be+1 & make 8 f9al =tune 9 "s bett] region ?an ?is _w4 ,reason requires t we love ourselves1 & love our fell[-m51 = & 9 ord] to ! developm5t ( ! highe/ gifts & capacities t are 9 u4 ,^! are gifts & capacities div9e1 prep>+ u to f9d our ev]la/+ happ9ess 9 ,god4 7,e?ics1 c4 ii41 s4 iv41 n4 #b1 p4 #bb47 ,! love t we be> to ourselves & our neighb\r1 9 view ( our com+ f ,god & go+ to ,god1 is call$ ! love ( *>ity4 ,*>ity diff]s f philan?ropy 9 look+ beyond ! pres5t life1 & above creatures4 ,a mat]iali/ & a!i/ may possess philan?ropy1 b n *>ity4 #c4 ,beside ! tw(old love1 animal & intellectual1 :i* we be> ourselves1 we may also & %\ld love ourselves ) ! love ( *>ity1 see+ ,god's gifts 9 u1 & desir+ ! p]fection ( ^? gifts 9 a happy et]nity occupi$ ) ,god4 ,! *>ity :i* we %\ld ?us be> to ourselves is ! model ( t :i* we owe to our neighb\r1 :om we are to love z ourselves1 n ) ! same int5sity1 b ) ! same quality ( love1 wi%+ him ! good1 human & div9e1 temporal & et]nal1 :i* we wi% = ourselves1 ?\gh n s e>ne/ly z we wi% x = ourselves4 ,our love = ourselves is /rong] ?an = our neighb\r3 =1 if love comes ( lik5ess1 mu* m does x come ( id5tity4 ,b by reason ( ! va/ prepond]ance ( ! good t is rational & et]nal ov] t :i* is mat]ial & temporal2 & also by reason ( ! pr9ciple laid d[n by ,/4 ,?omas1 t z to ! %>+ toge!r ( 7et]nal7 happ9ess1 great] is ! union ( our neighb\r's s\l ) our s\l ?an ev5 ( our own body ) our s\l 7#b;a #b1 q4 #bf1 art4 #e1 ad #b71--we are b\nd to love our neighb\r's et]nal good bett] ?an our own temporal good1 & 9 c]ta9 special conjunctures to sacrifice ! latt] to ! =m]4 ,we h no duty & obligation ( lov+ 8 temporal good above our own temporal good4 ,b x is (t5 matt] ( comm5dation & c\nsel to sacrifice our temporal int]e/ to our neighb\r's4 ,?is sacrifice is no brea* ( ! ord] ( *>ity1 beg9n+ at home3 s9ce :at is resign$ ( mat]ial & p]i%able pr(it is ga9$ 9 moral p]fection4 ,especially comm5dable is ! surr5d] ( private good = ! good ( ! community4 ,*>ity1 or philan?ropy1 tak+ ?is =m1 be>s ! "n ( patriotism & public _s4 #d4 ,*>ity1 l mat]ial =ces1 acts 9 a c]ta9 inv]se ratio to ! di/ance ( ! object4 ,o!r consid]ations be+ equal1 ! ne>]1 ! de>]4 ,nay1 ne>ness & lik5ess to ourselves goes fur!r ?an goodness 9 w9n+ our love4 ,?is is natural1 & *>ity presupposes nature1 & foll[s its ord]4 ,z we h m *>ity = ourselves ?an = o!rs :om we ackn[l$ge to be bett] m51 s likewise = our k9sm5 & intimate fri5ds4 ,we may put ! matt] ?us4 ,*>ity consi/s 9 wi%+ & seek+ to procure = a p]son ! good t leads to ,god4 ,"o elem5t is ! int5sity & eag]ness ( ?is wi% & se>*2 ano!r is ! greatness ( ! good wi%$4 ,n[ we wi% ^? :o are bett] ?an ourselves to be rew>d$ accord+ to _! des]ts ) a great] good ?an ourselves3 b ?is wi% is b lukew>m comp>$ to ! int5sity ( our desire t we & our fri5ds ) u may atta9 to all ! good t we are capable (4 #e4 ,! ,*ri/ian precept to love our enemies is m]ely ! en=cem5t ( a natural obligation4 ,! obligation /&s almo/ self-evid5t z soon z x is cle>$ ( misund]/&+4 ,! love ( enemies is n bas$ on ! gr\nd ( _! be+ ho/ile & annoy+ u4 ,x w\ld be highly unnatural to love !m on t score4 ,nor are we 9 duty b\nd to %[ to "o :o hates u special (fices ( fri5d%ip1 except we f9d him 9 extreme ne$1 e4g41 dy+ 9 a dit*1 z ! ,good ,sam>itan f\nd ! ,jew3 o!rwise x is en\gh t we be animat$ t[>ds him ) t common *>ity1 :i* we be> to o!r m5 :o are n fur!r (f f u ?an he is4 ,if ,lucius (f5d ,titius1 !re be+ no o!r tie betwe5 !m ?an ! tie ( fri5d%ip1 ,titius may1 :]e ! (f5ce is v outrage\s1 h5ce=? treat ,lucius z a /rang]4 ,! "q ( sc&al has sometimes to be reg>d$1 b t is an extr9sic circum/ance to our pres5t subject4 ,nor are we conc]n$ to say :at is ! bett] ?+ = ,titius to d1 b to say all t he is b\nd to d4 ,he is b\nd to r5d] himself z void ( wilful malice1 & z full ( ord9>y c\rtesy & good feel+ t[>ds ,lucius1 z he is 9 ! case ( ,sempronius1 a man :om he nev] he>d ( till ?is day4 ,b if !re be "s o!r antec$5t tie betwe5 !m besides ! tie ( fri5d%ip1--= in/ance1 if ,titius & ,lucius are two monks ( ! same conv5t1 two (fic]s 9 ! same regim5t1 two p>tn]s ( "o firm1--,titius is no long] ju/ifi$ 9 treat+ ,lucius z a /rang]4 ,he mu/ reg>d him ) ord9>y *>ity2 n[ ord9>y *>ity betwe5 two bro!r-(fic]s1 or two fell[-monks1 is n ! same z betwe5 m5 :o h no su* tie "o ) ano!r4 ,?is is :y we laid x d[n t we mu/ be animat$ t[>ds him :o has (f5d$ u ) t common *>ity1 :i* we be> to o!r m5 :o are n fur!r (f f u ?an he is4 #f4 ,?is !n be+ ! exact obligation1 ! same is easily e/abli%$4 ,we mu/ love our enemies1 because ! reasons giv5 = lov+ all mank9d 7nn4 #a1 #b7 are n vitiat$ by ?is or t man hav+ treat$ u %amefully4 ,! human nature 9 him /ill rema9s good actually1 & /ill m1 pot5tially2 & if good & hopeful1 to t ext5t also lovable4 ,nor is ?is lovabl5ess a m]e sep>able accid5t4 ,r1 x is ! (f5sive behavi\r ( ! man t is ! sep>able accid5t4 ,at t we may well be disgu/$ & abom9ate x4 ,b ! und]ly+ sub/ance rema9s good1 n incurably ta9t$ ) t vici\s accid5t4 ,we mu/ att5d to ! sub/ance1 :i* is1 r ?an to ! accid5t1 :i* happ5s1 & may be aboli%$4 ,let u endeav\r to aboli% ! accid5t1 /ill s t we respect & reg>d ! sub/ance4 ,let u seek = r$ress "u ! guidance ( prud5ce accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case1 b n = ! ru9 ( our enemy4 ,let u n r5d] evil = evil1 b ev5 9 exact+ a j satisfaction1 make x ( ! nature ( t comp5satory evil1 :i* is by consequ5ce good4 ,let u be angry ) our enemy1 b s9 n by hat+ him4 7,e?ics1 c4 iv41 s4 iv41 n4 #c47 ,we may seek satisfaction = any wrong we h suff]$3 9 grave cases we mu/ h rec\rse to ! ,/ate = t3 b ! s91 if any1 ( our adv]s>y is n our conc]n to puni% or to seek v5geance =4 7,e?ics1 c4 ix41 s4 iii41 n4 #d47 #g4 ,! same reason+ holds good ev5 ( public enemies1 tyrants1 p]secutors1 an>*i/s1 assass9s4 ,we mu/ include !m 9 our pray]s1 wi% = _! conv]sion1 &1 ?\gh _! case appe> hopeless1 we mu/ n damn !m be=e _! "t4 ,if we f\nd "o ( !m dy+ by accid5t ( cold or asphyxia1 we %\ld be b\nd by a grave obligation to use all ord9>y ef=ts to br+ him r\nd & recov] him4 ,/ill we may use our be/ ef=ts to br+ !m to ju/ice1 ev5 to capital puni%m5t1 accord+ to ! proc$ure ( public law e/abli%$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & n o!rwise4 ,we may also ) an inefficaci\s desire1 t is1 a desire t f9ds no v5t 9 action1 desire _! dea? "u an alt]native ?us1 t ei!r liv+ !y may cease to d evil1 or t ,god may call !m away to :]e ! wick$ cease f tr\bl+4 ,b we mu/ n desire1 nor be glad (1 _! dea? by any unlawful means1 = t 7 to sympa?ise ) crime4 #h4 ,real *>ity %[s itself 9 action1 succ\r+ a neighb\r 9 ne$1 :i* is sometimes a c\nsel1 sometimes a duty4 ,x is an axiom1 t *>ity is n b9d+ ) grave inconv5i5ce4 ,! gravity ( ! inconv5i5ce 9 prospect mu/ be measur$ aga9/ ! urg5cy ( ! ne$ to be reliev$4 ,a neighb\r is te*nically said to be 9 extreme ne$1 :5 he is 9 imm95t p]il ( deadly evil to s\l or body1 & is unable to help himself4 ,we are "u sev]e obligation ( *>ity to succ\r any :om we f9d 9 ?is plight4 #i4 ,by *>ity we give ( our own to ano!r3 by ju/ice we r5d] to ano!r t :i* is 84 ,*>ity neglect$ calls = no re/itution1 :5 ! ne$ t requir$ x is pa/ away3 ju/ice violat$ cries = re/itution1 = :at we h tak5 away f our neighb\r rema9s /ill 84 ,! obligations ( ju/ice are negative1 except = ! fulfilm5t ( contracts3 obligations 9 *>ity are l>gely positive4 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #g1 p4 #ajh47 ,read+s4--,c4 ,g5t41 ,,iii41 #aag2 #b;a #b1 q4 #bf1 art4 #d2 ib41 art4 #g2 ib41 art4 #h2 #b;a #b1 q4 #be1 art4 #h2 ib41 art4 #i2 ib41 art4 #f2 ,f]ri]1 ,greek ,philosophy1 ,socrates1 nn4 #ac1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi4 7,rema9s1 vol4 i41 pp4 #bbg1 seq47 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,( ,,rights4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! def9ition & division ( ,rights4 #a4 ,a "r is t 9 virtue ( :i* a p]son calls any?+ 8 own4 ,m elaborately1 a "r is a moral p[] resid+ 9 a p]son1 9 virtue :]e( he ref]s to himself z well 8 own actions z also o!r ?+s1 :i* /& ref]r$ to him 9 pref]5ce to o!r p]sons4 ,a "r is a moral p[]1 z di/+ui%$ f physical =ce or ability4 ,x resides 9 a p]son1 a be+ :om we call autoc5tric1 z di/+ui%$ f a ?+1 :i* is het]oc5tric4 7c4 ii41 s4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #bjc47 ,a p]son is 8 own1 a ?+ is ano!r's4 ,e intellectual nature is a p]son except ! ,humanity ( ,*ri/1 an exception :i* does n conc]n u "h4 ,to ! ,creator all creat$ p]sonalities are z ?+s1 b t aga9 is n our conc]n 9 ?is place1 :]e we treat ( ! relations betwe5 man & man4 ,x w h to be not$ h]eaft] ) great emphasis1 t ! individual man is a p]son1 n a ?+ & *attel1 9 relation to ! ,/ate1 & consequ5tly has rights aga9/ ! ,/ate4 #b4 ,e intellectual be+ has ! attribute ( reflex consci\sness4 ,x may turn its reg>d 9 ^u itself1 & call itself me1 & its p[]s & activities m9e4 ,x c]ta9ly has ! physical ability ( act+ = self1 & us+ its p[]s consci\sly = its own ends4 ,does ?is physical ability repres5t also a moral p[]8 ,is ! ag5t ju/ifi$ 9 ex]cis+ x8 & are 8 fell[s "u a moral obligation ( ju/ice to leave him free to ex]cise x8 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 i41 nn4 #e1 #f1 p4 #aaa47 ,we h se5 t morality consi/s 9 act+ up to "o's own intellectual or rational nature4 ,s9ce !n ! call+ oneself me1 & "o's p[] m9e1 & ! us+ ^? p[]s = purposes :i* "o's reason approves1 is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( an intellectual1 or rational1 & p]sonal be+1 t be+ is morally w>rant$ s to act4 ,he calls himself 8 own1 & 8 p[]s 8 own1 & !y are 8 own by ! v fact ( 8 call+ !m s by a natural act4 ,&1 z ju/ice is to give to ano!r 8 own1 o!rs are b\nd 9 ju/ice to leave him free to dispose ( himself & 8 p[]s1 at lea/ )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,b ?is w\ld be = man a b>r5 fre$om1 7 he n emp[]$ to lay hold ( & make 8 own "s ?+s1 nay _m ?+s1 outside ( himself1 = man is n self-suffici5t1 b has _m natural necessities1 & _m psy*ical crav+s to boot4 ,!re=e man's "r ( pref]5ce ext5ds1 n only to 8 own actions1 b also to ext]nal ?+s1 :i* he may make 8 own to act ^u4 #c4 ,rights are ei!r connatural or acquir$4 ,connatural rights spr+ f ! v be+ ( a man1 z he is a p]son4 ,su* are ! rights to life1 to hon\r1 to p]sonal lib]ty--t is1 fre$om to g :]e y w--to civil lib]ty--t is1 n be+ a slave--also ! rights to m>ry & to acquire prop]ty4 ,acquir$ rights spr+ f "s de$ ( man1 annex+ some?+ to 8 p]sonality4 ,su* are ! rights to prop]ty1 duly ent]$ ^u1 to reputation1 to ! political fran*ise1 & all rights t come by contract4 ,acquir$ rights may desc5d to heirs4 #d4 ,rights aga9 are ali5able & inali5able1 :i* division does n co9cide ) ! prec$+4 ,^? rights are inali5able1 %orn ( :i* a man _c "w out 8 la/ end4 ,"s rights are ?us p]man5tly & univ]sally inali5able1 z ! "r to life3 o!rs are s occasionally & = p>ticul> p]sons4 #e4 ,! correlative ( "r is duty3 s t1 :]ev] "o man has a "r1 8 neighb\rs h a duty 9 ju/ice to leave him free to ex]cise ! same4 ,b ! conv]se is n true1 t :]ev] "o man has a duty t[>ds ano!r1 t o!r has a "r to its p]=mance1 = !re are duties ( *>ity1 :i* d n imp>t a correspond+ "r1 b only a claim4 ,duties t correspond to rights are call$ by ,engli% morali/s p]fect duties4 ,duties answ]+ to claims only !y call imp]fect4 #f4 ,( duties1 "s are positive1 :i* b9d always1 n = always1 z ! duty ( ador+ ,god4 ,we are always b\nd to adore1 we are n b\nd to be always ador+4 ,o!r duties are negative1 & b9d always1 = always1 z ! duties ( sobriety & *a/ity4 ,! =m] class ( duties we may m easily be excus$ f1 because !y c be def]r$1 & x is at times morally impossible to take !m up4 ,b negative duty1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one has f9ely said1 rises ) u 9 ! morn+1 & goes to re/ ) u at night3 x is ! %ad[ t foll[s u :]esoev] we g1 & only leaves u :5 we leave ! light ( life4 #g4 ,only a p]son has rights1 z appe>s by ! def9ition ( a "r4 ,aga91 only p]sons h duties1 = !y only h free w4 ,no "o has duties )\t rights1 & no man has rights )\t duties4 ,infants & idiots1 9 :om ! use ( reason is imp$$1 hav+ not)/&+ rights1 are said to h duties also radically4 ,h5ce x is wrong to make an idiot commit :at is 9 him a mat]ial brea* ( "s negative duty1 z ( temp]ance4 ,positive duties he is excus$ f4 #h4 ,"s h taught t all human rights are consequ5ces ( duties2 a man hav+ fir/ a duty to p]=m1 & !n a "r to ! means necess>y to its p]=mance4 ,b ?is doctr9e appe>s m pi\s ?an probable4 ,=1 fir/1 ! type & example ( sov]eign "r1 ,god1 has no duties4 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #d1 p4 #acj47 ,!n aga91 a man may h a "r conjo9$ ) a duty--n ( ju/ice1 ( c\rse1 b ( "s o!r virtue1 z ( religion--n to use t "r4 ,b if rights 7 consequ5t ^u duties1 ! "r w\ld cease 9 su* a case2 & to pret5d to ex]cise x w\ld be a s9 aga9/ ju/ice1 :i* x is n4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! s-call$ ,rights ( ,animals4 #a4 ,brute bea/s1 n hav+ und]/&+ & !re=e n be+ p]sons1 _c h any rights4 ,! conclusion is cle>4 ,!y are n autoc5tric4 ,!y are ( ! numb] ( ?+s1 :i* are ano!r's3 !y are *attels1 or cattle4 ,we h no duties to !m1--n ( ju/ice1 z is %[n2 n ( religion1 unless we are to wor%ip !m1 l ! ,egyptians ( old2 n ( fidelity1 = !y are incapable ( accept+ a promise4 ,! only "q c be ( *>ity4 ,h we duties ( *>ity to ! l[] animals8 ,*>ity is an ext5sion ( ! love ( ourselves to be+s l ourselves1 9 view ( our common nature & our common de/9y to happ9ess 9 ,god4 7c4 iv41 nn4 #a1 #b1 p4 #bci47 ,x is n = ! pres5t treatise to prove1 b to assume1 t our nature is n common to brute bea/s b immeasurably above !irs1 high] inde$ above !m ?an we are bel[ ! angels4 ,man alone speaks1 man alone hopes to contemplate = ev]1 if n--9 ! natural ord]--! ,face ( 8 ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 at lea/ ! reflect$ brightness ( t ,div9e ,face4 7,e?ics1 c4 ii41 s4 iv41 nn4 #c1 #d47 ,we h !n no duties ( *>ity1 nor duties ( any k9d1 to ! l[] animals1 z nei!r to /ocks & /ones4 #b4 ,/ill we h duties ab\t /ones1 n to fl+ !m ?r\gh our neighb\r's w9d[s2 & we h duties ab\t brute bea/s4 ,we mu/ n h>m !m1 :5 !y are our neighb\r's prop]ty4 ,we mu/ n break out into p>oxysms ( rage & impati5ce 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,x is a mis]able way ( %[+ (f human pre-em95ce1 to torture poor brutes 9 malevol5t glee at _! pa9 & helplessness4 ,su* wanton cruelty is especially deplorable1 because x disposes ! p]petrators to be cruel also to m54 ,z ,/4 ,?omas says 7#a;a #b1 q4 #ajb1 art4 #f1 ad #h73 ,because ! passion ( pity arises f ! afflictions ( o!rs1 & x happ5s ev5 to brute animals to feel pa91 ! affection ( pity may arise 9 man ev5 ab\t ! afflictions ( animals4 ,obvi\sly1 :oev] is practis$ 9 ! affection ( pity t[>ds animals1 is !reby m dispos$ to ! affection ( pity t[>ds m53 :5ce x is said 9 ,prov]bs xii4 #aj3 ',! j reg>de? ! lives ( 8 bea/s1 b ! b[els ( ! wick$ are cruel4' ,& !re=e ! ,"l1 see+ ! ,jewi% p to be cruel1 t ,he might reclaim !m to pity1 wi%$ to tra9 !m to pity ev5 t[>ds brute bea/s1 =bidd+ c]ta9 ?+s to be done to animals :i* seem to t\* ^u cruelty4 ,& !re=e ,he =bade !m to see! ! kid 9 ! "m's milk 7,deut4 xiv4 #ba71 or to muzzle ! tread+ ox 7,deut4 xxv4 #d71 or to kill ! old bird ) ! "y4 7,deut4 xxii4 #f1 #g47 #c4 ,x is wanton cruelty to vex & annoy a brute bea/ = sport4 ,?is is unwor?y ( man1 & disposes him to inhumanity t[>ds 8 own species4 ,yet ! conv]se is n to be reli$ on3 !re h be5 cruel m5 :o h made pets ( ! brute creation4 ,b !re is no %ad[ ( evil re/+ on ! practice ( caus+ pa9 to brutes 9 sport1 :]e ! pa9 is n ! sport itself1 b an incid5tal concomitant ( x4 ,mu* m 9 all t conduces to ! su/5ance ( man may we give pa9 to brutes1 z also 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,nor are we b\nd to any anxi\s c>e to make ?is pa9 z little z may be4 ,brutes are z ?+s 9 our reg>d3 s f> z !y are useful to u1 !y exi/ = u1 n = !mselves2 & we d "r 9 us+ !m unsp>+ly = our ne$ & conv5i5ce1 ?\gh n = our wantonness4 ,if !n any special case ( pa9 to a brute creature be a fact ( consid]able value = obs]vation 9 biological sci5ce or ! m$ical art1 no reason$ consid]ations ( morality c /& 9 ! way ( man mak+ ! exp]im5t1 yet s t ev5 9 ! que/ ( sci5ce he be m9dful ( m]cy4 #d4 ,altoge!r x w be f\nd t a s$ul\s obs]vance ( ! rights & claims ( o!r m51 a ma/]y ov] "o's own passions1 & a rev]5ce = ! ,creator1 give ! be/ assurance ( a wise & humane treatm5t ( ! l[] animals4 ,b to prea* k9dness to brutes z a prim>y obligation1 & capital po9t ( am5dm5t 9 ! conv]sion ( a s9n]1 is to treat ! symptom & leave un*eck$ ! inw>d malady4 ,read+4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #be1 art4 #c4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! "r to ,hon\r & ,reputation4 #a4 ,hon\r is ! atte/ation ( ano!r's excell5ce4 ,reputation is ! op9ion ( _m t\*+ ano!r's life & conduct4 ,hon\r is paid to a man to 8 face1 :]eas 8 reputation is bruit$ beh9d 8 back4 ,hon\r is tak5 away by insult1 reputation by detraction4 ,if ! detraction involve a falsehood1 x is call$ calumny or sl&]4 ,! "n backbit+1 giv5 to detraction1 po9ts to ! abs5ce ( ! p]son spok5 (4 ,b no "o meets ) an insult except :]e he is pres5t1 ei!r 9 p]son or by 8 repres5tative4 #b4 ,bo? hon\r & reputation are goods t a man c call 8 own1 & has a "r to1 b on diff]5t titles4 ,hon\r1 "s hon\r at lea/1 app]ta9s to a man simply = 8 be+ a man3 reputation is won by de$s4 ,hon\r is prim>ily a connatural "r3 reputation is acquir$4 ,an entire /rang] has no reputation1 b a c]ta9 hon\r is 8 due to />t )4 #c4 ,z !re is a "r to hon\r & a "r to reputation1 s insult & detraction are s9s1 n aga9/ *>ity1 b aga9/ commutative ju/ice1 call+ = re/itution4 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #f1 p4 #ajf47 ,we mu/ t5d] an apology = an insult1 & lab\r to re/ore ! good "n t our detract+ tongue has tak5 away4 #d4 ,calumny is a d\ble s91 "o s9 aga9/ tru?1 & ano!r s91 ! heavi] ( ! two1 aga9/ ju/ice4 ,if ! black5+ tale be true1 ! fir/ s9 is abs5t1 b ! second is !re4 ,! tru? ( ! /ory is no ju/ification = our publi%+ x4 ,?\gh x is wrong to lie1 x is n always "r to blurt out ! tru?1 especially :5 we are n ask$ = x4 ,!re are unpr(itable disclosures1 unseasonable1 h>mful1 & wrongful4 ,b1 x w be said1 does n a man =ego 8 "r to reputation by do+ ! evil t belies 8 fair fame8 ,no1 8 "r rema9s1 unless ! evil t he does1 ei!r ( its own prop] work+ or by ! sc&al t x gives1 be subv]sive ( social ord]4 ,if he has committ$ a crime aga9/ society1 he is to be d5\nc$ to ! au?orities :o h *>ge ( society3 !y w judge him1 &1 f9d+ him guilty1 !y w puni% him & br& him ) infamy4 ,if1 aga91 he does evil1 ?\gh n imm$iately aga9/ society1 yet 9 ! face ( society & be=e ! sun2 he %ocks ! public consci5ce & r5ds 8 own reputation4 ,b ! evil private & prop] to himself t any man works 9 secret1 is n society's c>e1 nor affects 8 social /&+1 nor br+s any rightful dim9ution to 8 good "n4 ,if all our secret & p]sonal (f5ces are liable to be made public by any obs]v]1 :i* ( u %all abide x8 ,our "* is our public "*2 & t is n =feit except = "s mann] ( public s94 #e4 ,suppose a vet]an1 long retir$1 has made a "n = milit>y pr[ess by boa/+ ( battles :]e9 he nev] came into dang]1 is ! "o old comrade :o rememb]s him = a skulk] & a runaway1 ju/ifi$ 9 %[+ him up8 ,no1 = t reputation1 h[ev] m5daci\sly got toge!r1 is /ill truly a good possession3 x is n a fruit ( inju/ice1 !re=e x is no matt] ( re/itution3 nor is x any in/rum5t ( inju/ice1 :i* ! hold] is b\nd to drop3 ?us1 z he is n b\nd to =ego x1 n[ t he has got x1 s 8 neighb\r may n rightfully take x f him4 ,read+4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #gc1 art4 #a4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ,contracts4 #a4 ,a contract is a b>ga9 productive ( an obligation ( commutative ju/ice 9 ea* ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,a b>ga9 is a cons5t ( two wills to ! same object4 ,?us a promise1 be=e x is accept$1 is n a b>ga94 ,b ev5 aft] acceptance a promise is n a contract1 = ! promis] may n *oose to b9d himself 9 ju/ice1 b only 9 good fai?1 :ile ! promisee is "u no obligation :atev]4 #b4 ,!re are su* ?+s z implicit contracts1 atta*$ to ! be>+ ( c]ta9 (fices1 :]eby a man becomes 8 bro!r's keep]4 ,! liability contract$ is limit$ by ! nature ( ! (fice3 ?us a physician is (ficially b\nd 9 ju/ice z to 8 pati5t's pulse1 b n (ficially z to 8 purse4 ,:]e !re is no explicit contract1 ! duties :i* ! subjects ( a p]son's (ficial c>e h t[>ds him are n duties ( commutative ju/ice4 ,?us ^! implicit contracts are n /rictly contracts1 z fail+ to c>ry a full reciprocity4 #c4 ,contracts are ei!r cons5sual or real1 accord+ z !y are ei!r complete by ! m]e cons5t ( ! p>ties1 or fur!r require t some?+ %\ld *ange h&s & pass f "o to ! o!r4 ,:at contracts are cons5sual1 & :at real1 dep5ds *iefly on positive law4 ,no natural law c tell :e!r buy+ & sell+1 = in/ance1 be a cons5sual or a real contract4 ,! int]e/ ( ?is p>ticul> case is :5 ! goods are lo/ 9 transmission3 !n :i*ev] ( ! two p>ties at ! "t be det]m9$ to be ! own]1 ap>t f culpable neglig5ce or contr>y agreem5t ( ! s5d]1 he be>s ! loss1 on ! pr9ciple1 res p]it dom9o4 #d4 ,contracts are o!rwise divid$ z on]\s & gratuit\s4 ,9 an on]\s contract ei!r p>ty r5d]s "s advantage 9 return = ! advantage t he receives1 z :5 ,titius hires ! horse ( ,caius4 ,9 a gratuit\s contract all ! advantage is on "o side1 z :5 ,titius does n hire b borr[s a horse4 ,! ,roman lawy]s fur!r di/+ui% contracts1 some:at humor\sly1 into contracts ) names & contracts )\t names1 or nom9ate & innom9ate1 z anatomi/s "n a c]ta9 bone ! innom9ate bone1 & a c]ta9 art]y ! innom9ate art]y4 ,innom9ate contracts are reckon$ f\r3 ,i give on ! t]ms ( y\r giv+1 o!rwise ?an z buy+ & sell+1--to "s =ms ( ?is !re are ,engli% names1 z ex*ange & b>t]3 ,i d on ! t]ms ( y\r do+3 ,i d on ! t]ms ( y\r giv+3 ,i give on ! t]ms ( y\r do+4 ,read+s4--,de ,lugo1 ,de ,j4 et ,jure1 #bb1 nn4 #a1 #b1 #e1 #f1 #i1 #af1 #ag4 ,= buy+ & sell+ & ! frauds incid5t !reto1 ,paley1 ,moral ,philosophy1 bk4 iii41 p4 #a1 c4 vii4 ,,section ,v4--,( ,usury4 #a4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% use value & m>ket value4 ,! use value ( an article ( prop]ty is ! e/eem :i* ! own] has ( x f e o!r po9t ( view except z a ?+ to sell4 ,?us a man values 8 ov]coat on a j\rney z a protection f cold & ra94 ,a book is valu$ t 0 held 9 ! dy+ h& ( a p>5t4 ,?is is use value4 ,! m>ket value ( an article is ! e/imate ( society1 fix+ ! rate ( ex*ange betwe5 t & o!r articles1 s mu* ( "o = s mu* ( ano!r1 e4g41 betwe5 mahogany & c$> wood1 consid]$ z ?+s to sell4 #b4 ,answ]+ to ?is tw(old value is a tw(old ex*ange1 private ex*ange1 :i* reg>ds use value2 & comm]cial ex*ange1 :i* is f\nd$ on m>ket value4 ,if ,i "p ) my wat* to a sailor = c>ry+ me across an arm ( ! sea :]e !re is no public f]ry1 t is private ex*ange4 ,if ,i pay ! ord9>y f>e :]e !re is a public f]ry1 t is comm]cial ex*ange4 #c4 ,private ex*ange beg9s 9 ! ne$ ( at lea/ "o ( ! contract+ p>ties4 ,x is an act ( *>ity 9 ! o!r p>ty to accommodate him by (f]+ ! ?+ ne$$4 ,if ! (f] is made o!rwise ?an z a gift1 & is accept$1 he :o avails himself ( x is b\nd 9 ju/ice to see t ! af=d] ( ! accommodation is comp5sat$ = ! loss t he suff]s 9 af=d+ x4 ,?us f> ! recipi5t is b\nd 9 ju/ice1 & no fur!r 9 t virtue4 ,h[ev] :olesome or pr(itable ! ?+ be to him t gets x1 ! suppli] _c *>ge = t b only = ! loss t he himself suff]s1 or ! ga9 t he =egoes1 9 h&+ ! ?+ ov]1 or ! pa9s t he takes1 or ! h>d%ip t he endures1 or ! risk t he runs1 9 r5d]+ ! s]vice desir$4 ,if all ! lab\r to be und]gone1 or damage incurr$1 or risk enc\nt]$1 by ! sailor :o goes ab\t by private b>ga9 to be my f]ryman1 is fairly met by ! remun]ation ( a ?irty-%ill+ wat*1 he has no "r to /ipulate = any m1 n ?\gh ! passage t he gives me sets me on ! way to a ?rone4 ,! peculi> advantage t ,i h 9 prospect does n come out ( him1 b out ( myself4 ,he mu/ n pret5d to sell :at is n 81 :at atta*es1 n to him1 b to me4 ,he c only sell 8 own loss1 risk1 pa9s & lab\r4 ,at ! same "t1 if ,i h any g5tlemanly or g5]\s feel+ 9 me1 ,i %all be =w>d to be/[ extra remun]ation on "o :o has r5d]$ me s timely a s]vice3 b ?is is matt] ( my gratitude1 n ( 8 "r & claim 9 ju/ice4 ,gratitude mu/ n be put into ! bill4 ,& ?is mu* ( private ex*ange4 #d4 ,comm]cial ex*ange is conduct$ accord+ to m>ket value4 ,ap>t f dire necessity--& "o 9 dire necessity is n fit to ent] into comm]cial ex*anges--! rule is1 t a sell] may always ask ! m>ket value ( 8 article1 h[ev] mu* t may be above :at ! ?+ co/ him1 or ! use value :i* x be>s to him4 ,?us1 if "o f9ds 9 8 g>d5 a r>e ,roman co9--s f> z 8 ta/es g1 a paltry bit ( metal--he may sell x = :atev] price numismati/s w (f]3 :]eas1 if !re 7 no m>ket = co9s1 b only "o individual :o dot$ on su* ?+s1 ! f9d] c\ld make no pr(it out ( t individual1 ! co9 hav+ nei!r m>ket value ) ! community1 nor use value 9 ! eyes ( ! f9d]4 #e4 ,z !re is a tw(old value1 & a tw(old ex*ange1 s a tw(old "* is impress$ on ! great in/rum5t ( ex*ange1 money4 ,money1 9 "o "*1 is an in/rum5t ( private ex*ange3 9 its o!r "*1 to m]cantile m5 m famili>1 x is an in/rum5t ( comm]cial ex*ange4 ,9 ! "o1 x repres5ts use value to ! p>ticul> own]1 m or less to him ?an x w\ld be to "s o!r own]3 9 ! o!r1 x repres5ts m>ket value1 ! same to all at ! same "t4 #f4 ,leo ,x4 9 ! ,fif? ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an1 #aeae1 rul$ t--usury is prop]ly int]pret$ to be ! attempt to draw pr(it & increm5t1 )\t lab\r1 )\t co/1 & )\t risk1 out ( ! use ( a ?+ t does n fructify4 ,9 #agde ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 wrote 9 ! same s5se to ! ,bi%ops ( ,italy3 ,t k9d ( s9 :i* is call$ usury1 & :i* has its prop] seat & place 9 ! contract ( mutuum1 consi/s 9 turn+ t contract1 :i* ( its own nature requires ! am\nt return$ exactly to balance ! am\nt receiv$1 into a gr\nd = dem&+ a return 9 excess ( ! am\nt receiv$4 ,mutuum1 be x obs]v$1 is a loan = a def9ite p]iod1 ( "s article1 ! use ( :i* lies 9 its consumption1 z mat*es1 fuel1 food1 &1 9 "o respect1 money4 ,we %all prove ?is to be prop]ly a gratuit\s contract4 7s4 iv41 n4 #d1 p4 #bed47 #g4 ,usury !n is no m]e tak+ ( exorbitant int]e/4 ,!re is no "q ( m or less1 b x is usury to take any int]e/ at all ^u ! loan ( a piece ( prop]ty1 :i* 7a7 is ( no use except to be us$ up1 sp5t1 consum$3 7b7 is n want$ = ! l5d]'s own consumption )9 ! p]iod ( ! loan3 7c7 is l5t ^u security t obviates risk3 7d7 is s l5t t ! l5d] =egoes no occasion ( lawful ga9 by l5d+ x4 #h4 ,:5 all ^! f\r conditions are fulfill$1 & yet int]e/ is exact$ ^u a loan1 su* int]e/ is usuri\s & unju/4 ,& :y8 ,simply by reason ( ! pr9ciple t we laid d[n be=e1 speak+ ( private ex*ange 7n4 #c71 a pr9ciple t is ?us /at$ by ,/4 ,?omas3 ,if "o p>ty is mu* b5efit$ by ! commodity :i* he receives ( ! o!r1 :ile ! o!r1 ! sell]1 is n a los] by go+ )\t ! article1 no extra price mu/ be put on4 ,! reason is1 because ! b5efit t accrues to "o p>ty is n f ! sell]1 b f ! condition ( ! buy]4 ,n[ no "o ought to sell to ano!r t :i* is n 81 ?\gh he may sell ! loss t he suff]s4 ,he1 h[ev]1 :o is mu* b5efit$ by ! commodity he receives ( ano!r1 may spontane\sly be/[ "s extra recomp5se on ! sell]3 t is ! "p ( "o :o has ! feel+s ( a g5tleman4 7#b;a4 #b1 q4 #gg1 art4 #a1 9 corp47 #i4 ,/4 ,?omas speaks ( sales1 b ! pr9ciple applies equally to loans4 ,x is ^u loans ( money t int]e/ is commonly tak51 & ( money-loans we speak4 ,cle>ly1 accord+ to ! doctr9e /at$1 ! l5d] c claim ! comp5sation ( int]e/1 if he has to p9* himself 9 ord] to l5d1 or l5ds at a notable risk4 ,he is sell+ 8 own loss1--or risk1 :i* is loss once remov$4 ,b suppos+ he has o!r monies 9 h&1 & ! security is good1 & he has en\gh /ill left = all dome/ic ne$s1 & = all luxuries t he c>es to indulge 91--moreov] he has no?+ absolutely to d ) 8 money1 9 ! ev5t ( 8 n l5d+ x1 b to ho>d x up 9 8 /rong box1 & wait long mon?s till he has occasion to use x3 9 t case1 if he l5ds x he w be no worse (f on ! day t he gets x back1 no worse (f 9 ! "t :ile x is away1 ?an if x _h nev] left 8 c(f]s4 ,su* is ! contract ( mutuum1 %orn ( all accid5tal att5dant circum/ances1 a contract1 :i* ( its own nature1 z ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 says1 t is1 ap>t f circum/ances1 requires ! am\nt return$ exactly to balance ! am\nt receiv$4 ,n ?\gh ! borr[] has pr(it$ ( ! loan to ga9 k+doms1 is any fur!r return 9 /rict ju/ice to be exact$ ( him on t precise acc\nt4 #aj4 ,b n[ an alt]$ case4 ,suppose l& is pur*aseable1 & x is propos$ to /ock a f>m ) cattle1 & re> !m1 & convey !m to a l>ge t[n :]e !re is a brisk dem& = meat--! supposition is n always v]ifi$1 nor any supposition l x1 b suppose x v]ifi$ 9 "s "o case--!n1 ?\gh ! l5d] has o!r monies 9 h& = ! ne$s ( 8 h\sehold1 & ! security is good1 yet ! money is n s l5t z t he =egoes no occasion ( lawful ga9 by l5d+ x4 ,he =egoes ! pur*ase ( l& & f>m /ock1 or at lea/ delays x1 & delay is loss :]e pr(it is p]5nial4 ,on t score ( ga9 =feit$ he may exact int]e/ on ! money t he l5ds1 :i* int]e/ w be no usury4 ,! title ( int]e/ "h giv5 is recogniz$ by div9es z lucrum cessans1 int]ruption ( pr(it4 ,! int]e/ is tak51 s f> z x goes ^u a lawful title1 n ^u ! fact ( ! borr[]'s pr(it--t is irrelevant--b ^u ! pr(it t ! l5d] might h made1 _h he kept ! money 9 h&4 #aa4 ,?is latt] case 7n4 #aj7 repres5ts t putt+ ( money out to int]e/1 :i* is an ess5tial feature ( mod]n comm]ce4 ,! =m] case 7n4 #i7 is ! aspect t money-l5d+ commonly bore 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,9 ^? days l& 0 h>d to buy1 agriculture backw>d1 roads bad1 seas unnavigable1 c>ry+-trade prec>i\s1 messages sl[1 raids & m>aud]s frequ5t1 population sp>se1 comm]ce conf9$ to a few c5tres1 m9es unwork$1 manufactures mo/ly dome/ic1 capital yet un=m$4 ,m5 kept _! money 9 _! cell>s1 or deposit$ x = safety 9 religi\s h\ses3 :5ce ! /ories ( treasure-trove belong+ to ^? days4 ,!y took out ! co9 z !y want$ x to sp5d on h\sekeep+1 or on w>1 or fea/+4 ,x 0 v h>d1 next to impossible1 to lay out money s z to make m money by x4 ,money 0 9 ^? days really b>r5--a res\rce = h\sekeep+1 n = trade--a m$ium ( private1 n ( comm]cial ex*ange--a repres5tative ( use value1 n ( m>ket value4 ,ap>t f risk ( non-repaym5t1 to take int]e/ = money t y _h no use = b to ho>d1 0 gett+ a bre$ ( b>r5 metal3 x 0 tak+ up :at y laid n d[n3 x 0 mak+ pr(it out ( y\r neighb\r's ne$1 or y\r neighb\r's ga91 :]e !re 0 no correspond+ ne$ unsatisfi$1 or ga9 =feit$1 on y\r "p3 x 0 t attempt to draw pr(it & increm5t1 )\t lab\r1 )\t co/1 & )\t risk1 out ( ! use ( a ?+ t does n fructify1 :i* ! ,fif? ,lat]an ,c\ncil def9es to be usury4 #ab4 ,9 our "t1 ?anks to /eam & electricity1 ! increase ( population1 & cont9u$ peace1 ! :ole _w has become "o trad+ community1 repres5t+ n[ m1 n[ less abundant opportunities = ! inve/m5t ( money1 & ! conv]sion ( x into o!r lucrative commodities4 ,money consequ5tly ) u is n a m]e m$ium ( private ex*ange = ! purposes ( h\sekeep+3 x is a m$ium ( comm]cial ex*ange4 ,x repres5ts1 n use value1 b m>ket value4 ,to be a ?\s& p\nds out ( pocket = a ye> means an opportunity ( ga9 irretrievably lo/1 ga9 t c\ld h be5 made o!rwise ?an by money-l5d+4 ,:]e ?is is s1 & s f> z x is s1 ! l5d] may )\t violation ( ju/ice po9t to lucrum cessans1 ga9 lo/1 & arrange be=eh& ) ! borr[] = be+ reimburs$ ) int]e/4 #ac4 ,! transition f m$iaeval h\sekeep+1 ) its use values & private ex*ange1 to ! m]cantile society ( mod]n times1 0 n made 9 a day1 nor w5t on ev]y:]e at ! same rate4 ,x 0 a gr[? ( ages4 ,9 great cities comm]ce rapidly rip5$1 & 0 well on t[>ds maturity five c5turies ago4 ,!n ! conditions t r5d] int]e/ lawful1 & m>k x (f f usury1 readily came to obta94 ,b ^? c5tres 7 isolat$4 ,l ! c5tres ( ossification1 :i* appe> "h & !re 9 c>tilage :5 x is be+ conv]t$ into bone1 !y 7 sep>at$ "o f ano!r by l>ge tracts rema9+ 9 ! primitive condition4 ,"h y might h a great city1 ,hamburg or ,g5oa1 an e>ly type ( comm]cial ent]prise1 &1 fifty miles inl&1 society 0 9 its infancy1 & ! great city 0 z "p ( ano!r _w4 ,h5ce ! same transaction1 z describ$ by ! lett] ( ! law1 might mean lawful int]e/ 9 ! city1 & usury out 9 ! c\ntry--! two 7 s disconnect$4 ,9 su* a situation ! legislator has to *oose betwe5 =bidd+ int]e/ "h & all[+ usury !re2 betwe5 re/ra9+ speculation & lic5s+ oppression4 ,! m$iaeval legislator *ose ! =m] alt]native4 ,*ur* & ,/ate toge!r enact$ a numb] ( laws to re/ra9 ! tak+ ( int]e/1 laws t1 l ! clo!s ( infancy1 are n to be scorn$ z absurd re/rictions1 m]ely because !y are inapplicable n[1 & w\ld n fit ! mod]n gr[? ( nations4 ,at ?is day ! ,/ate has repeal$ ^? laws1 & ! ,*ur* has (ficially signifi$ t %e no long] insi/s on !m4 ,/ill %e ma9ta9s dogmatically t !re is su* a s9 z usury1 & :at x is1 z def9$ 9 ! ,fif? ,c\ncil ( ,lat]an4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #gg1 art4 #a2 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,i41 ix42 ,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #gg1 art4 #d2 ,! ,mon? = ,septemb]1 #ahhf2 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury = ,septemb]1 #ahgg1 pp4 #aha1 seq4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,( ,,m>riage4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! ,in/itution ( ,m>riage4 #a4 ,m>riage is def9$ by ! ,canoni/s3 ! union ( male & female1 involv+ _! liv+ toge!r 9 undivid$ int]c\rse4 ,9 ! pres5t ord] ( ,provid5ce1 ! m>riage contract betwe5 baptiz$ p]sons is a sacram5t1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 ! f]tile !me ( canoni/s & !ologians4 ,z philosoph]s1 we deal ) m>riage z x w\ld be1 7 !re no sacram5ts1 no ,*ur*1 & no ,inc>nation1 pres5t or to come4 ,?is is m>riage 9 ! ord] ( pure nature4 #b4 ,x is natural to all animals to propagate _! k9d1 natural !re=e also to man2 & be+ natural1 x is s f> =? also a good ?+1 unless we are to say ) ! ,mani*eans1 t ! :ole ( corporeal nature is an evil creation4 ,nay1 s urg5t is ! natural appetite "h1 t we mu/ argue ! exi/5ce1 n ( a m]e p]mission1 b ( an exig5cy ( nature1 & consequ5t comm& ( ,god 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 ii41 nn4 #aa1 #ab1 p4 #abb71 = ! propagation ( ! human species4 ,besides1 !re is 9 ! individual ! duty ( self-pres]vation1 !re=e likewise 9 ! race4 ,aga91 ! old _c subsi/ at all )\t ! support ( ! "y1 nor lead a *e]ful exi/5ce )\t _! company4 ,imag9e a _w ) no y\? 9 x1 a w9t] )\t a spr+6 #c4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 self-pres]vation & ! pres]vation ( ! race1 t if a man w n eat1 none c eat = him2 b if "o man omit ! propagation ( 8 k9d1 ano!r c take x up4 ,!re are _m ?+s necess>y = ! good ( mank9d1 :i* are n to be done by e individual4 ,n all are to be soldi]s1 nor all build]s1 ?\gh h\ses are ne$ful1 & sometimes w>4 ,nor is x desirable t ! human race %\ld be multipli$ to its utmo/ capacity4 ,x is en\gh "h to m5tion )\t discuss+ ! tea*+ ( ,mal?us1 h[ population presses on ! means ( subsi/5ce1 ! latt] increas+ 9 an ari?metical1 ! =m] 9 a geometrical ratio4 ,)\t go+ ! :ole way ) ,mal?us1 mod]n economical writ]s are commonly a little ,mal?usian1 & %r9k f giv+ to all & ea* ( _! species ! ^w to increase & multiply4 #d4 ,b1 x w be said1 sickly & consumptive subjects1 & /ill m ^? :o h any t5d5cy to madness1 may well be excus$ f hav+ *ildr52 s too may !y be excus$ ^: pov]ty _c keep a family2 excus$ too is ! invet]ate drunk>d1 & all habitual crim9als1 by ! pr9ciple ( h]$ity1 le/ !y transmit to po/]ity an evil bodily pr$isposition2 b ! heal?y & ! virtu\s1 m5 s\nd ( m9d & limb1 ( life unspott$1 & 9 circum/ances easy1 ! fl[] ( ! race1--none ( ^! surely %\ld omit to raise up o!rs to we> 8 l9eam5ts3 we want su* m5 multipli$4 ,i answ]1 on natural gr\nds alone3 ,y may c\nsel1 b y _c compel1 ei!r by positive law or e?ical precept1 any man or woman to seek to h *ildr54 ,y surely w n bre$ m5 by selection1 l cattle1 z ,plato propos$4 ,! union ( ! sexes1 especially ! m>ri$ union1 is an act to be ( all o!rs ! mo/ entirely free1 spontane\s1 uncomm&$1 & uncon/ra9$4 ,x %\ld be a union ( int5se mutual love4 ,b a man may n meet ) any woman t he c love ) passion2 or1 meet+ su*1 he may n be able to w9 h]4 ,nor1 consid]+ ! indet]m9at5ess ( po9ts ( heal?1 capacity1 & "*1 c\ld any c]ta9 li/ be drawn up ( p]sons b\nd to h issue4 ,?us ! utmo/ t c be argu$ is a c\nsel 9 ?is direction1 a c\nsel t mank9d ord9>ily are ready en\gh to comply )4 ,b if any "o ( seem+ aptitude excuses himself on ! score ( f9d+ no p>tn] to 8 lik+1 or ( a desire to travel1 or ( /udy1 or /ill m1 ( devotion--& :y %\ld n a man1 ev] ( natural piety1 g out into solitude1 l ,/4 ,antony1 to hold communion ) 8 ,mak]8--all ^! excuses mu/ be tak54 ,x is lawful !n 9 ! /ate ( m]e nature1 ^u any "o ( _m suffici5t gr\nds1 to /& aside & rel9qui% to y\r neighb\r ! privilege & responsibility ( giv+ increase to ! human family4 #e4 ,b if x is no "o individual's duty to propagate 8 k9d1 h[ is x t we h laid d[n t !re is su* a duty8 ,= ! duty is incumb5t ^u !m t alone c d x1 & x c only be done by individuals4 ,! answ] re/s on a di/9ction betwe5 proximate & remote duty4 ,! propagation ( ! race is ! remote duty ( e individual1 b at pres5t ! proximate1 duty ( none4 ,a remote duty is a duty n n[ press+ b :i* w\ld h to be p]=m$ 9 a c]ta9 cont+5cy1 :i* cont+5cy happ5+1 ! duty becomes proximate4 ,if !re appe>$ a dang] ( our race dy+ out1 ! survivors w\ld be behold51 especially ^? 9 p[]1 to take /eps = its cont9uance4 ,rew>ds might !n be held out1 l ! jus trium lib]orum in/itut$ at ,rome by ,augu/us2 & if necess>y1 p5alties inflict$ on celibacy4 ,9 ?is "o extreme case ! matrimonial union might be made matt] ( legal con/ra9t4 ,b :5 w su* con/ra9t become necess>y8 #f4 ,! cont9uance ( ! human race mu/ be wr\ght out by man & woman /&+ 9 t abid+ & exclusive relation to "o ano!r1 :i* con/itutes ! /ate ( m>riage4 ,nature abhors promiscuity1 or free love4 ,x is ! delight ( writ]s :o use1 p]haps abuse1 ,d>w9's "n1 to picture primitive mank9d z all liv+ 9 ?is infrabe/ial /ate4 ,b ! /ate suppos$ is suicidal1 & in/ead ( all[+ ! expansion ( ! human race1 w\ld h produc$ inf]tility1 & probably disease1 & at be/ only all[$ ! exi/+ numb]s to ma9ta91 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 a prec>i\s exi/5ce4 ,to suppose1 !re=e1 t ! :ole human race = any consid]able "t 7 )\t regul> m>riage1 is physiologically impossible4 ,!y c\ld nev] h surviv$ x4 7,devas1 ,/udies ( ,family ,life1 #aja47 #g4 ,ev5 if ! alleg$ promiscuity ev] did prevail--& x may h obta9$ to "s ext5t 9 c]ta9 degrad$ portions ( humanity--its preval5ce 0 n its ju/ification4 ,! practice _c h be5 befitt+ 9 any /age ( ! evolution ( human society4 ,z 9 all ?+s we suppose our read]s to h und]/&+1 we leave x to !m to ?9k out ?is matt] = !mselves4 ,suffice x "h to put =w>d two gr& advantages ga9$ & ends a*iev$1 :i* are call$ by !ologians ! goods ( m>riage4 #h4 ,! fir/ good ( m>riage is ! (fspr+ t is born ( x4 ,nature wills1 n only ! be+1 b ! well-be+ ( ?is (fspr+1 & t bo? 9 ! physical & 9 ! moral ord]4 ,v important = ! physical heal? ( ! *ild x is1 t x be born ( p>5ts ^: animal prop5sities are "u "s re/ra9t2 su* re/ra9t ! bond ( m>riage implies4 ,!n1 9 ! moral ord]1 ! *ild requires to be educat$ ) love1 a love t %all be guid$ by wisdom1 & support$ by firmness4 ,love1 wisdom1 & firmness1 !y are ! attributes ( bo? p>5ts2 b love is especially look$ = f ! "m1 wisdom & firmness f ! fa!r4 ,&1 :at is important1 bo? h an int]e/ 9 ! *ild su* z no o!r human be+ c take4 ,we are speak+ ( ! normal fa!r or "m1 n ( _m wor?less p>5ts t actually are2 =1 z ,ari/otle (t5 lays x d[n1 we mu/ n judge ( a ?+ f its bad specim5s4 ,no d\bt1 ! ,/ate c\ld e/abli% public nurs]ies & infant s*ools1 & provide a /aff ( nurses & gov]nesses1 m sci5tific educators ?an ev5 ! normal p>5t2 b :o1 t has n be5 mo/ unhappy 9 8 orig91 w\ld wi% 8 own infancy to h be5 re>$ 9 su* a place8 ,:at c]tificat$ /rang] c supply = a "m's love8 #i4 ,! second good ( m>riage is ! mutual fai? ( ! p>tn]s4 ,plato nev] made a great] mi/ake ?an :5 he wrote t ! female sex diff]s f ! male 9 mank9d only 9 ?is1 t ! "o be>s *ildr51 :ile ! o!r begets !m2 & consequ5tly t no occupation ( social life belongs to a woman because %e is a woman1 or to a man because he is a man1 b capacities are equally di/ribut$ 9 bo? sexes1 & woman naturally be>s h] %>e 9 all occupations1 & man 8 %>e1 only t 9 all woman is weak] ?an man4 7,republic1 #ded ,d2 #dee ,d47 ,ov] aga9/ ?is we mu/ set ,ari/otle's correction3 ,cohabitation among human k9d is n = ! m]e rais+ ( *ildr51 b also = ! purposes ( a p>tn]%ip 9 life3 = f ! fir/ ! (fices ( man & woman are di/9ct & diff]5t3 ?us !y mutually supply = "o ano!r1 putt+ _! sev]al advantages into ! common /ock4 7,ar41 ,e?41 ,,viii41 xii4 #g47 ,else:]e he sets =? ^! sev]al (fices 9 detail3 ,! nature ( bo? p>tn]s1 man & woman1 has be5 pre>rang$ by a div9e disp5sation 9 view ( _! p>tn]%ip3 = !y diff] by n hav+ _! faculties available all to ! same effect1 b "s ev5 to opposite effects1 ?\gh comb9+ to a common end3 = ,god made ! "o sex /rong] & ! o!r weak]1 t ! "o = fe> may be ! m c>eful1 & ! o!r = c\rage ! m capable ( self-def5ce2 & t ! "o may =age abroad1 :ile ! o!r keeps h\se3 & = "w ! "o is made compet5t = s$5t>y employm5ts1 b too delicate = an out-door life1 :ile ! o!r makes a poor figure at keep+ /ill1 b is vigor\s & robu/ 9 movem5t2 & t\*+ *ildr51 ! g5]ation is special1 b ! improvem5t ( ! *ildr5 is ! jo9t lab\r ( bo? p>5ts1 = x belongs to ! "o to nurture1 to ! o!r to *a/ise4 7,ar41 ,econ41 i4 #c47 ,^! passages are en\gh to sugge/ m ?an !y actually conta91 ( two ord]s ( qualities arrang$ anti!tically "o ov] aga9/ ano!r 9 man & woman1 s t ! "o exi/5ce becomes complem5t>y to ! o!r1 & ! two conjo9$ =m "o p]fect human life4 ,?is life-communion1 call$ by div9es fides1 or mutual fai?1 is !n ! second good fruit ( m>riage4 ,inde$ x is ! m *>act]i/ically human good1 (fspr+ be+ r relat$ to ! animal side ( our nature4 ,b z animal & rational elem5ts make "o human be+1 s d (fspr+ & mutual fai? con/itute ! adequate good ( t human union ( ! sexes1 :i* we call m>riage4 #aj4 ,:atev] good !re is 9 m>riage1 connections =m$ by ei!r p>ty beyond ! m>riage-b$1 are ag5ts ( confusion to ! undo+ ( all t good & ! practical dissolution ( ! m>riage4 ,read+s4--,contra ,g5tes1 iii41 #abb2 ib41 iii41 #abf2 ib41 iii41 #acf2 ,devas1 ,/udies ( ,family ,life1 #ij-aja1 :]e he disposes ( ! pro( ( primitive promiscuity1 drawn f ! fact t 9 e>ly societies k9%ip is trac$ & prop]ty claim$ only ?r\gh ! "m4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! ,unity ( ,m>riage4 #a4 ,bo? man & woman are by nature incapable ( a second m>riage1 :ile _! =m] m>riage endures4 ,no woman c h two husb&s at ! same "t1 :i* is poly&ry2 & no man c h two wives at ! same "t1 :i* is polygamy4 ,! second m>riage attempt$ is n only illicit1 b invalid3 x is no contract1 no m>riage at all1 & all cohabitation ) ! second p>tn] is %e] adult]y4 ,?is is a great deal m ?an say+ t poly&ry & polygamy are unlawful4 #b4 ,t is by nature no m>riage1 :i* is inconsi/5t ) ! natural ends ( m>riage1 (fspr+ & mutual fai?4 ,b poly&ry is ?us inconsi/5t ) ! good ( (fspr+1 & polygamy ) mutual fai?4 ,x is n meant t poly&ry makes ! bir? ( *ildr5 impossible4 ,b nature is solicit\s1 n = ! m]e bir?1 b = ! re>+ & good e/ate ( ! *ild born4 ,n[ a *ild born fa!rless is 9 an ill plight = its future education4 ,po/hum\s *ildr5 9 lawful w$lock are born fa!rless3 t is a calamity3 b :at %all we ?9k ( an in/itution :i* makes t calamity to ! *ild sure always to occur8 ,su* an in/itution is poly&ry4 ,= 9 x no man c ev] "k 8 own *ild1 except by lik5ess1 & lik5ess 9 a baby face is l>gely z y *oose to fancy x4 ,aga91 is ! poly&r\s wife to be1 or n to be1 ! head ( ! family8 ,if n1 ! family--= x ought to be "o family1 :]e !re is "o "m--w h z _m heads z %e has husb&s1 a pretty specim5 ( a h\se divid$ aga9/ itself4 ,if %e is to be ! head1 t is a p]v]sion ( ! natural ord] ( pr$om9ance betwe5 ! sexes4 ,9 any case1 poly&ry is little bett] ?an promiscuity3 x is fatal to ! family &1 fatal to ! race2 & *ildr5 born ( x are born out ( m>riage4 #c4 ,aga9/ polygamy ! case 9 natural law is n q s /rong z aga9/ poly&ry4 ,/ill x is a /rong case en\gh 9 ! int]e/ ( ! wife4 ,! words spok5 by ! bride to ! bridegroom 9 ! m>riage rite ( anci5t ,rome1 ,ubi tu ,caius1 ego ,caia1 ,:]e y are ma/]1 ,i am mi/ress1 decl>e ! relation ( mutual fai? z x %\ld be1 namely1 a relation ( equality1 ) "s advantage1 pref]5ce1 & pre-em95ce all[$ to ! husb&1 yet n s great advantage z to leave him free :]e %e is /raitly b\nd1 & r$uce h] to ! s]vile level ( "o 9 a r[ ( m9ions to 8 passion & %>]s ( 8 divid$ affections4 ,polygamy 9 all ages has meant ! l[]+ ( womank9d3 ,he w hold !e-- ,some?+ bett] ?an 8 dog1 a little de>] ?an 8 horse ,at its /ronge/1 ! love ( man = woman1 :]e polygamy obta9s1 is a flame ( passion1 t quickly sp5ds itself on "o object1 & !n passes to ano!r2 n a rational1 endur+1 human affection4 ,x is also a fact1 t ! increase ( ! race is n great] 9 polygamy ?an 9 monogamy4 ,?us1 z a practice t runs /rongly c\nt] to "o ( ! great purposes ( m>riage1 & is1 to say ! lea/1 no help to ! o!r1 & c>ries ) x ! humiliation ( ! female sex1 polygamy is ju/ly argu$ to be abhorr5t to nature4 #d4 ,x is beside ! purpose ( ?is "w to ent] into ! que/ions ( morality t arise out ( ,holy ,scripture1 consid]$ z an inspir$ record ( ! actions ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,b ! polygamy ( ! patri>*s ( old s readily occurs to m9d1 t x is wor? :ile to m5tion f\r conceivable explanations1 if only to indicate :i* is & :i* is n reconcilable ) our philosophy4 ,! fir/ explanation w\ld be1 t polygamy is n aga9/ ! natural law1 b only aga9/ ! positive div9e law1 :i* 0 d]ogat$ f 9 ?is in/ance4 ,we h made x out to be aga9/ ! natural law4 ,! second explanation w\ld be t ,god gave ! patri>*s a disp5sation1 /rictly s call$1 f ?is po9t ( ! natural law4 ,we h ma9ta9$ t ,god _c1 /rictly speak+1 disp5se f "o jot or tittle ( natural law4 7,e?ics1 c4 viii41 s4 iii41 nn4 #a-c1 p4 #adg47 ,footnote #ai ,a ?ird explanation w\ld be f\nd$ on ! words ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,a!nians 7,acts xvii4 #cj71 ab\t ,god ov]look+ ! times ( ?is ignorance4 ,?is w\ld suppose t mank9d1 beg9n+ 9 monogamy1 f passion & ignorance laps$ quickly into polygamy3 t ! patri>*s 9 good fai? con=m$ to ! practice ( _! "t2 & t ,god1 9 _! case z ) ! re/ ( mank9d1 await$ ,8 own de/9$ h\r = ! light ( bett] k to break ^u ! e>?4 ,a f\r? explanation w\ld be ?is4 ,god by ,8 supreme dom9ion c dissolve any m>riage4 ,by ! same dom9ative p[] ,he c infr+e & p>tially make void any m>riage contract )\t entirely undo+ x4 ,! m>riage contract1 exi/+ 9 its fulness & integrity1 is a b> to any second simil> contract1 z we h prov$4 ,b :at1 on ?is !ory1 ! ,"l ,god did ) ! m>riages ( ! patri>*s 0 ?is3 ,he p>tially unravell$ & undid ! contract1 s z to leave room = a second contract1 & a ?ird1 ea* hav+ ! b>e ess5tials ( a m>riage1 b none ( !m ! full integrity4 ,footnote #ai3 ,disp5satio is ! ,lat9 = ,greek3 oikonomia1 & 9 ?is case means an economy ( law1 9 ! s5se t ,god did n press ! m>riage law beyond ! capacity ( ! subject 7,matt4 xix4 #g1h74 ,see my ,newman ,index1 s4v4 ,economy4 ,! s*oolm5 miss$ ?is mean+1 & took disp5satio 9 ! canonical s5se4 ,b1 = ! au?or's f9al view1 see ,app5dix4 ,read+s4--,contra ,g5t41 iii41 #abd2 ,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,ii41 xv41 #bh4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! ,indissolubility ( ,m>riage4 #a4 ,?is section is po9t$ n s mu* aga9/ a sep>ation--:i* may take place by mutual cons5t1 or )\t t1 by griev\s infidelity or cruelty ( "o p>ty--z aga9/ a divorce a v9culo1 :i* is a dissolution ( a m>riage 9 ! lifetime ( ! p>ties1 enabl+ ea* ( !m validly & lawfully to contract ) "s o!r4 ,! unity ( m>riage is m ess5tial ?an its indissolubility4 ,nature is m aga9/ polygamy ?an aga9/ divorce4 ,ev5 ,h5ry ,,viii4 /uck at polygamy4 ,9 ! pres5t arrangem5t1 a divorce a v9culo is obta9able 9 ?ree cases4 ,fir/1 :5 ( two unbaptiz$ p]sons1 man & wife1 ! "o is conv]t$1 & ! unconv]t$ p>ty refuses to live peaceably 9 w$lock1 ! conv]t may m>ry aga91 & !reupon also ! o!r p>ty4 ,s ! ,*ur* und]/&s ,/4 ,paul1 ,i ,cor4 vii4 #ac1 #ae4 ,aga91 ! ,pope c grant a divorce a v9culo 9 ! m>riage ( baptiz$ p]sons be=e cohabitation4 ,su* a m>riage 9 t /age is also dissolv$ by ! pr(ession ( "o ( ! p>ties 9 a religi\s ord]4 ,beyond ^! ?ree cases1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* all[s nei!r ! lawfulness nor ! validity ( any divorce a v9culo by :omsoev] giv5 to :atsoev] p>ties4 #b4 ,x is ours to inve/igate ! lie ( ! law ( nature1 hav+ due reg>d to ! po9ts m>k$1 antec$5tly to our se>*1 by ! def9ition ( infallible au?ority4 ,no?+ c be done 9 ! ,*ur* aga9/ ! law ( nature3 s9ce !re=e divorce a v9culo is sometimes recogniz$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 x may be cont5d$ t m>riage is n by nature absolutely indissoluble4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a proposition c5sur$ by ,pius ,,ix4 9 ! ,syllabus1 n4 #fg3 ,by ! law ( nature ! bond ( m>riage is n indissoluble4 ,?us x appe>s we mu/ tea* t m>riage is naturally indissoluble1 /ill n absolutely s1 j z a safe is ju/ly adv]tis$ z fire-pro(1 :5 x w resi/ any conflagration t is likely to occur1 ?\gh x w\ld be consum$ 9 a bla/-furnace or 9 a volcano4 ,s m>riage is indissoluble1 if x holds good = all ord9>y cont+5cies1 = all difficulties t may be fairly reckon$ ) & reg>d$ z n q improbable1 = e po/ure ( affairs t ! contract+ p>ties be=e _! union ne$ at all consid]4 ,or1 if ! ?ree cases ( divorce actually all[$ are to be trac$ to ! dom9ative p[] ( ,god 7,e?ics1 c4 vii41 n4 #b1 p4 #abi71 we may tea* t m>riage is by nature absolutely indissoluble1 & t divorce is z mu* aga9/ ! law ( nature z ! kill+ ( an innoc5t man1 except+ 9 ! case ( ,god's dom9ion be+ employ$ to qua% ! contract or ! "r to life4 ,b aga9/ ?is latt] view is to be set ! consid]ation1 t ,god is manife/ly av]se to us+ ,8 dom9ative p[] to ov]turn natural ord9ances4 ,he does n h& ! innoc5t ov] to dea? except 9 ! due c\rse ( physical nature3 :y !n %\ld ,he ev] put =? ,8 p[] aga9/ ! m>riage-tie1 unless x be t nature h]self 9 c]ta9 cases po/ulates its sev]ance8 ,b if su* is ev] nature's petition1 ! univ]sal & unconditional p]man5ce ( ! m>riage-tie _c be a requisition ( nature1 nor is divorce absolutely exclud$ by natural law4 #c4 ,?omas ,san*ez1 ?an :om !re is no great] au?ority on ?is subject1 records 8 op9ion t a c]ta9 insep>ability is ( ! nature ( m>riage1 b t absolute indissolubility does n atta* to m>riage by ! law ( nature4 ,he adds3 if we consid] m>riage z x is an (fice ( nature = ! propagation ( ! race1 x is h>d to r5d] a reason :y = ! wife's b>r5ness ! husb& %\ld n be all[$ to put h] away1 or m>ry ano!r4 7,de ,matrimonio1 ,i4 ii41 d4 #ac1 n4 #g47 ,we proce$ to prove t a c]ta9 insep>ability is ( ! nature ( m>riage1 s t m>riage may truly be said to be indissoluble by ! law ( nature4 ,:e!r ?is natural indissolubility is absolute1 & holds = e conceivable cont+5cy1 ! /ud5t mu/ judge by ! pro(s4 #d4 ,if a divorce a v9culo 7 a visible object on ! matrimonial horizon1 ! p>ties w\ld be /rongly enc\rag$ !reby to =m illicit connections1 9 ! expectation ( %ortly hav+ any "o ( !m !y *ose ratifi$ & sanctifi$ by m>riage4 ,m>riage w\ld be ent]$ ^u lightly1 z a ?+ easily done & readily undone1 a /ate ( ?+s n v f> 9 advance ( promiscuity4 ,betwe5 m>ri$ p]sons little w\nds w\ld fe/]1 trifl+ sores w\ld be ang]$ into ulc]s3 any petty /rife might lead to a fre% contract1 made 9 ha/e & rep5t$ ( ) spe$3 !n fond1 va9 regrets = ! =m] p>tn]%ip4 ,aff9ity w\ld be a loose bond ( fri5d%ip betwe5 families2 & aft] divorce x w\ld turn to enmity4 ,! fair b weak] sex w\ld suff] ! m by ?is z by all o!r matrimonial p]v]sions3 = ! man has n s mu* difficulty 9 light+ ^u ano!r love1 b ! woman--%e illu/rates ! ,greek prov]b ( a fall5 e/ate3 ,mighty 0 ,miletus 9 ! bygone days ( yore4 ,! divorc$ wife (f]s few] attractions ?an ! wid[4 #e4 ,x is well to be> 9 m9d t1 at lea/ by ! positive ord9ance ( ,god 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ,8 ,provid5ce1 ! m>riage ( baptiz$ p]sons1 aft] cohabitation1 is absolutely indissoluble2 & no m>riage c be dissolv$ except 9 ! ?ree cases specifi$4 7n4 #a47 ,read+s4--,leo ,,xiii41 ,encyclical on ,*ri/ian ,m>riage1 ,arcanum div9a sapi5tia2 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,contra ,g5t41 iii1 #abc4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,( ,,prop]ty4 ,,section ,i4--,( ,private ,prop]ty4 #a4 ,prop]ty 0 call$ by ! ,romans res famili>is1 ! /uff & sub/ance ( ! family4 ,prop]ty may be held by ! individual = himself alone3 b any l>ge accumulation ( x is commonly held by ! head ( a family1 actual or pot5tial1 = ! family2 & he *]i%es x = ! sake ( 8 family z mu* z1 or ev5 m ?an1 = 8 own sake4 ,?is is to be borne 9 m9d1 = _m errors 9 !ory & 9 practice spr+ f a l>ge proprietor figur+ z an individual1 & n z a sort ( corporation sole 9 8 capacity ( pat]familias4 #b4 ,we h se5 7c4 v41 s4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #bde7 h[ man acquires a "r ov] ext]nal goods1 z x 7 sett+ ! seal ( 8 own p]sonality ^u !m4 ,x appe>s ^u fur!r consid]ation1 t ?is "r mu/ ext5d beyond ! m]e mak+ ?+s y\r own = imm$iate use & consumption2 x mu/ ext5d to ! /or+ ( ?+s = future & p]5nial use4 ,o!rwise we h ,communism4 ,communism all[s m5 to hold prop]ty collectively 9 a common /ock1 & all[s ea* memb] ( ! community to take = 8 peculi> own out ( t /ock :atev] = ! mom5t he ne$s2 b x w n p]mit him to appropriate private means ( subsi/5ce aga9/ any notable "t to come4 ,communism is v good 9 a family1 :i* is an imp]fect community1 "p ( a high] community1 ! ,/ate4 ,x is v good 9 a mona/]y1 :i* is l a family3 aga91 v good 9 ! primitive ,*ur* at ,j]usalem1 :i* exi/$ = ! "t on quasi-mona/ic l9es3 v good ev5 9 a p]fect community1 if su* !re be1 ( tropical savages1 = :om nature supplies all ?+s1 bananas to eat & palm-leaves to we>1 )\t any human lab\r ( production2 b v bad & q unworkable ev]y:]e else4 ,/4 ,?omas1 foll[+ ,ari/otle1 puts x pi?ily & suffici5tly3 ,private prop]ty is necess>y to human life = ?ree reasons3 fir/1 because e "o is m c>eful to look aft] :at belongs to himself alone ?an aft] :at is common to all or to _m1 s9ce all m5 %un lab\r & leave to o!rs :at is matt] ( jo9t conc]n1 z happ5s :]e !re are too _m s]vants3 on ano!r gr\nd1 because human affairs are m ord]ly h&l$1 if on ea* individual !re re/s 8 own c>e ( manag+ some?+1 :]eas !re w\ld be no?+ b confusion1 if e "o )\t di/9ction 7 to h ! disposal ( any ?+ he *ose to take 9 h&3 ?irdly1 because by ?is means society is ! r kept at peace1 e memb] be+ cont5t ) 8 own possession1 :5ce we see t among ^? :o hold any ?+ 9 common & undivid$ own]%ip /rifes n unfrequ5tly arise4 7#b;a #b1 q4 #ff1 art4 #b1 9 corp47 #c4 ,if any revolutioni/ yet w h ! h>dihood to say ) ,pr\dhon1 ,prop]ty is !ft1 we %all ask him1 ,f :om8 ,he w answ] ( c\rse1 ,f ! community4 ,b t answ] supposes ! community to h fl\ri%$1 a weal?y corporation1 be=e private prop]ty began4 ,ne$less to say t hi/ory kn[s no?+ ( su* a corporation4 ,! say+1 t 9 ! beg9n+ all ?+s 7 9 common1 is n true 9 ! s5se t !y 7 positively 9 common1 l ! goods ( a corporation1 :i* are collective prop]ty3 b simply t !y 7 negatively 9 common1 t is1 n prop]ty at all1 nei!r ( corporation nor ( individual1 b left 9 ! middle op5 to all com]s1 = ea* to conv]t into prop]ty by 8 occupation1 & by 8 lab\r to enhance & multiply4 ,?is mu/ be modifi$ by ! obs]vation1 t ! fir/ occupants 7 frequ5tly heads ( families1 or ( small clans1 & occupi$ & held = !mselves & _! p4 #d4 ,! say+1 t all ?+s are 9 common by ! law ( nature1 mu/ be receiv$ ) /ill great] res]ve4 ,really ) z mu* tru? x might be said t all m5 are unm>ri$1 or unclad1 or un$ucat$1 by ! law ( nature4 ,nature unaid$ by human volition provides nei!r prop]ty1 nor clo?+1 nor m>riage1 nor education1 = man4 ,b nature bids1 urges & requires man to be/ir 8 volunt>y en]gies = ! secur+ ( all ^! ?+s4 ,! law ( nature does n prescribe ?is or t p>ticul> di/ribution ( goods1 z nei!r does x jo9 ?is man ) t woman 9 m>riage1 nor insi/ on plaids r ?an coats1 nor set all boys to le>n algebra1 nor fix a ritual = div9e wor%ip2 b x insi/s 9 ! vague ^u "s wor%ip1 "s education1 "s clo?+1 "s m>riage1 & "s di/ribution ( goods1 leav+ ! det]m9ation 9 ea* case to *oice1 cu/om1 & positive law1 human & div9e4 #e4 ,all prop]ty t c ev] be imm$iately s]viceable = sav+ human life1 is held "u ?is burd51 t a p]i%+ fell[-creature1 :o _c o!rwise help himself 9 a case ( extreme ne$ 7c4 iv41 n4 #h1 p4 #bdc71 may make su* use ( ! prop]ty ( ano!r z %all suffice to rescue him f p]i%+ (f-h&4 ,if he draws l>gely on ano!r = ?is purpose1 he ought to make comp5sation aft]w>ds1 if he has ! means4 ,?is has be5 tak5 = a piece ( ! primeval rock ( ,communism cropp+ up f und]nea? subsequ5t human =mations1--q a mi/ak5 notion4 ,!re is no ,communism :atev] 9 ! transaction4 ,up to ! in/ant :5 ! ne$y man seizes ! article t he requires to save him f dea?1 t article /ill belongs to ! own] f :om he takes x1 :o is b\nd 9 *>ity to give x to ! ne$y p>ty1 b n 9 ju/ice4 ,extreme ne$ does n conf] own]%ip1 nor dispossess any previ\s own]3 b x conf]s ! "r ( tak+ :at is ano!r's z ?\gh x belong$ to no "o2 & 9 ! tak+1 ! ?+ passes into ! own]%ip ( ! new occupant1 s t = ! previ\s own] =cibly to resume x w\ld be a violation ( ju/ice4 ,engli% law does n recognise ?is "r--prop]ly en\gh1 = ) u x w\ld be made a plea = mu* /eal+--b ref]s ! de/itute to ! p>i%4 ,! law is consid]ately work$ by ! magi/rates4 ,a />v+ man1 :o took a loaf (f a bak]'s tray1 has be5 kn[n to be s5t5c$ to a few h\rs' imprisonm5t ) two good meals4 #f4 ,z ,/4 ,paul says 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #ad71 p>5ts ought to lay up = _! *ildr51 t !y 9 :om _! own exi/5ce is cont9u$1 may n be left unprovid$ = at _! decease4 ,! am\nt laid up necess>y = ?is purpose1 ought n to be div]t$ f x4 ,?us mu* at lea/ ,natural ,law c tell u ( ! "r ( inh]itance4 ,& conc]n+ te/am5t>y "r ^! natural consid]ations are =?com+1 t x adds to ! desirability ( prop]ty1 t x secures def]5ce to ! weal?y 9 _! old age1 & t ! abolition ( x might be fru/rat$ by an app>atus ( confid5tial donationes int] vivos1 t is to say1 mak+ ! prop]ty ov] 9 tru/ be=e dea?4 ,fur!r enl>gem5t ( ! natural basis ( te/am5t>y "r may be effect$ by ! judici\s read]4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,pol41 ,,ii41 v41 nn4 #a-af2 ,de ,lugo1 ,de j4 et jure1 vi41 nn4 #b-f2 ib41 xxi11 nn4 #adc1 #add2 ,locke1 ,( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 c4v42 id41 ,( ,gov]nm5t1 nn4 #hh1 #hi4 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ,private ,capital4 #a4 ,rev]t+ to a =m] section 7c4 v41 s4 v41 nn4 #a-e1 p4 #bee7 we lay d[n ?is di/9ction3 ,goods held = _! use value are consum]'s weal?3 goods held = _! m>ket value are produc]'s weal?1 o!rwise call$ capital4 ,capital !n is t weal? :i* a man holds = ! purpose ( ga9+ fur!r weal? by means ( comm]cial ex*ange4 ,x is repres5t$ by ! razors t are made1 n to m[ ! manly be>d1 or y\?ful m\/a*e1 ( ! mak]1 b1 z ! ,york%ire v5dor put x1 to sell4 #b4 ,^? economi/s :o w\ld all[ no private own]%ip ( capital1 b w\ld h all capital to be ,/ate prop]ty1 are call$ ,sociali/s4 ,!y /& di/9ctly ap>t f ! ,communi/s1 :om we h be5 lab\r+ to refute 9 ! la/ section4 ,! ,communi/ =bids all private prop]ty3 ! ,sociali/ all[s private prop]ty1 b 9 ! %ape ( consum]'s weal? alone4 ,! ,communi/ ignores ! necessity ( lab\r3 ! ,sociali/ s*emes to make all m5 "w4 ,! ,communi/ contemplates a h&-to-m\? disp5sation ( all ?+s3 ! ,sociali/ locks all ?+s up1 wages 9 private c(f]s1 capital 9 gov]nm5t /ores4 ,! ,communi/ is a madman3 ! speculations ( ! ,sociali/ are sometimes deep4 #c4 ,to :at are we to attribute ! rise ( ,socialism1 & its gr[? & propagation s fa/ & vigor\s1 t1 its support]s say ) "s col\r ( evid5ce1 x is a !ory de/9$ )9 a measurable space ( "t to pass into actual practice1 :e!r m5 w or no8 ,! cause is n f> to seek4 ,!re has light$ a plague ^u all civiliz$ c\ntries1 an outbreak fe>ful & sev]e3 only by ! great bless+ ( ,provid5ce1 jo9$ to dra/ic rem$ial measures on our "p1 c we cope ) ! evil4 ,! plague is a canc]\s =mation ( luxury gr[+ out ( a root ( paup]ism4 ,x is a disease old z ! _w1 b ! increase ( comm]ce & int]communication has occasion$ its bur/+ ^u our g5]ation 9 a peculi>ly virul5t =m4 ,& :at is m1 ours be+ a talk+ age1 ! disease is made ! /aple ( spee*es inf9ite1 & ! masses are clam\r+ = a rem$y4 ,! rem$y propos$ is ,socialism4 #d4 ,socialism 9 its ess5ce is an attempt to transf] to ! ,/ate1 gov]n$ by univ]sal suffrage1 ! weal?1 & ) ! weal? ! social duties1 ( :at h hi!rto be5 ! weal?y & gov]n+ classes4 ,x is n en\gh = ! multitude t !y are gett+ ! political p[] out ( ! h&s ( ! l&lord & ! capitali/3 !y envy ! "o 8 broad acres1 & ! o!r 8 inve/m5ts4 ,all mu/ be !irs1 sov]eignty & weal? alike4 ,if weal? has its duties1 ! p collectively ) *e]ful acceptance w und]take ^? duties4 ,x %all be ours1 n only to be k+1 b to be employ]1 patron1 l&lord1 educator4 ,we w assign to ! workman 8 wages1 j & ample & p]5nial3 we w adju/ production to dem&3 we w be ! re/or]s ( agriculture3 we w monopolise ! c>ry+-trade3 we alone w sell :atev] %all be sold3 we w wa% ! workman 9 public ba?s3 8 ta/e %all be elevat$ by our /atues & pictures1 our !atres1 our music-halls1 & our *ur*es2 we w gratify 8 curiosity ) our news-ag5cies1 fe$ 8 ?\ght ) our popul> philosophy1 educate 8 *ildr5 z our own 9 our prim>y & second>y s*ools4 ,fur!rmore1 we w provide ! long desid]at$ c>e] op5 to tal5ts4 ,! /upid boy1 ?\gh 8 fa!r 0 our ,prime ,m9i/]1 %all be made a cab9-boy1 or a scav5g]'s assi/ant1 an awful example to "y g5tlem5 :o fail to pass ! ,gov]nm5t exam9ations3 :ile we w pick up1 n ! gutt] *ild1 = !re %all be no m *ildr5 9 gutt]s1 b ! son ( ! woman at ! mill1 & te/+ him & assign+ 8 c>e]1 fir/ by s*ool exam9ations1 & !n by 8 (ficial p]=mances1 we w make him 9 "t ,poet ,laureate or ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 accord+ to ! b5t ( 8 g5ius4 ,! a/oni%$ workman turns r\nd ^u ! exhibitors ( ?is fairy vision3 ,& pray :o are ,y8 ,oh1 y1 we1 ! p1 all ( u toge!r4 ,come put y\r %\ld] to ! :eel1 & up goes our ent]prise4 ,or r our fir/ motion is d[nw>ds3 d[n ) l&lords & cotton-lords & lords ( p>liam5t1 d[n ) contractors & /ock-jobb]s & all :o live on ! int]e/ ( _! money1 & !n our hon\rable multitude w possess & adm9i/] & gov]n4 #e4 ,if angels are to hold ! collective own]%ip ( capital & ! gov]nm5t ( m5 9 ! ,sociali/ ,commonweal?2 or if e citiz51 reta9+ 9 8 private capacity all ! follies & vices t human fle% is heir to1 %all /ill be ve/$ 9 angelic attributes1 :5ev] he sits z legislator or judge1 or acts on ! executive ( a ,sociali/ commission1--!n ?is new ,commonweal? is likely to prove a bless$ sub/itute = ! rule ( ! high] classes1 :i* 9 "o way or ano!r has hi!rto obta9$ 9 civiliz$ society4 ,b till angelic attributes desc5d on e>?1 we %all n f9d a cure = ! evils ( cities & c\ntries 9 simply d\bl+ ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 & plac+ all sov]eign rights1 & all ! mo/ important ( proprietory rights & duties1 9 ! h&s ( a num]ical majority4 #f4 ,capital1 z we h se51 is a collection ( m>ket or ex*ange values 9 view ( fur!r ex*ange4 ,if we call supply ,s & dem& ,d1 m>ket value is a social e/imate ( ! fraction ,d_/,s4 ,ano!r def9ition has be5 giv53 ,m>ket value is a social e/imate ( ! am\nt ( socially useful lab\r :i* a giv5 article conta9s4 ,?is second def9ition conta9s ?is mu* ( tru? 9 x1 t directly z ! dem& = an article1 & inv]sely z ! supply ( ! same1 is ! am\nt ( lab\r :i* m5 f9d x wor? _! :ile to sp5d ^u t article = comm]cial purposes4 ,o!rwise ! def9ition is unsatisfactory & involv$1 & leads to endless discussion4 ,)\t ent]+ into ^! discussions1 we w rem>k an ambiguity 9 ! t]m on :i* !y all roll1 ! t]m lab\r1 :i* ambiguity is at ! bottom ( ?ree f\r?s ( ! sophi/ries ( popul> ,socialism4 #g4 ,!re 7 two pill>s put at ! entrance ( ,solomon's temple1 "o on ! "r h& & ! o!r on ! left3 t :i* 0 on ! "r h& he call$1 accord+ to ! ,septuag9t1 ,direction1 ,greek3 kator?osis1 & t on ! left h&1 ,/r5g?1 ,greek3 is*us4 7#b ,p>4 iii4 #ag47 ,fur!r we are told t ,solomon set sev5ty ?\s& m5 to c>ry burd5s on _! %\ld]s1 & eighty ?\s& to hew /ones 9 ! m\nta9s1 & ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ to be ov]se]s ( ! "w ( ! p4 7#b ,p>4 ii4 #ah47 ,! hi/ory is manife/4 ,/r5g? & ,direction build ! ,temple3 ,/r5g?1 or ,manual ,lab\r1 repres5t$ by ! hodm5 & qu>rym51 & ! re/ ( ! h&s3 ,direction1 or ,m5tal ,lab\r1 repres5t$ by ! ov]se]s4 ,yet n by !m alone3 surely we mu/ c\nt 9 z do]s ( m5tal lab\r ! design] ( ! ,temple1 or at lea/ ( its decorations1 t mo/ wise & skilful man1 my fa!r ,hiram2 & /ill m ,k+ ,solomon himself & ,david1 ! two royal m9ds t orig9at$ & p]fect$ ! idea2 & ,david's g5]als1 ,joab & ,banaias1 :o secur$ ! peace t 0 necess>y z a condition ( ! build+2 & innum]able o!r m5 ( place & p[] 9 ! nation1 b = ^: ?\ght & prud5ce ! /r5g? ( ! workman w\ld h be5 ?r[n away l a riv] p\r$ out 9 ! ,libyan des]t4 ,f ?is example1 ek$ out ) a little ?\ght ( 8 own1 ! read] may e/imate ! wisdom & cr$it ( ^? :o tell factory h&s t x is _! lab\r :i* produces all ! weal? ( _! employ]1 & t1 9 ! day :5 e man %all receive 8 due1 ! employ] %all be made a workm5 l !mselves1 & 8 weal? %all g to ! increase ( _! common wages4 #h4 ,c]ta9ly1 x w be said1 ! employ] %\ld be paid = 8 m5tal lab\r1 b :y at s enorm\sly high] a rate ?an ! manual lab\r]s8 ,if we say1 because 8 lab\r is m valuable1 "s ,sociali/s w\ld jo9 issue on ! score t lab\r is valuable accord+ to ! "t t x takes1 & ! employ] works %ort] h\rs ?an 8 m54 ,b ?is tak+ acc\nt ( quantity alone 9 lab\r is an ignor+ ( ! di/9ction :i* we h drawn ( two qualities or ord]s ( lab\r1 m5tal & manual2 "o m valuable ?an ! o!r z be+ sc>c] & 9 great] dem&1 s t a %ort "t ( "o may be set aga9/ a long "t ( ano!r1 l a little gold aga9/ a heap ( brass4 ,any man accu/om$ to bo? ord]s ( lab\r mu/ h obs]v$1 t :ile he c "w ) 8 h&s at almo/ any "t :5 he is well1 ! highe/ lab\r ( 8 intellect c be done only at r>e int]vals1 & t 9 "o happy h\r he w sometimes accompli% m ?an 9 a day4 ,z ! same man diff]s f himself at diff]5t times1 s does "o man f ano!r 9 ! av]age value ( 8 m5tal ef=ts3 ?is value is n measur$ by "t4 #i4 ,ab&on+ ?is unt5able position1 ,sociali/s /ill ask3 ,b is ! diff]5ce 9 ! value ( _! lab\r q s va/ z is ! int]val betwe5 ! pr(its ( ! employ] & ! pay ( 8 poor drudges8 ,hone/ly we _c say t x is4 ,we are fa9 to fall back ^u ! consid]ation1 t ! employ] contributes1 n only 8 bra9s to ! "w1 b 8 capital4 ,ah1 t is j x1 is ! ,sociali/s' quick reply3 ,we propose to relieve him ( 8 capital1 & remun]ate 8 bra9work only3 by t means we %all be able to pay suffici5tly h&some wages = managem5t1 accord+ to ! ratio ( m5tal & manual lab\r1 & at ! same "t h a suffici5tly l>ge surplus ov] to raise ! wages ( 8 ne$y comrades1 ^? sev5ty ?\s& hodm5 & eighty ?\s& qu>rym54 #aj4 ,two reasons may be giv5 = turn+ away f ?is s$uctive proposal1 & leav+ capital 7n consum]'s weal? m]ely7 9 private h&s1--& t n only 9 ! h&s ( :at we may call m5tally productive capitali/s1 m5 :o ov]see _! own ent]prises & manage _! own workm51 b ev5 ( unproductive capitali/s1 m5 :o h %>es 9 & reap pr(its out ( a bus9ess :i* !y nev] m$dle )4 ,! fir/ reason is1 because ?is position ( ! productive1 & /ill m t ( ! unproductive capitali/1 is a prize = pa/ indu/ry exp5d$ ^u production4 ,to und]/& ?is1 we mu/ recollect once m t m5 "w1 n z individuals1 b z heads ( families4 ,e work+ man1 f ! sailor to ! %op-boy1 covets = himself two ?+s1 pay & leisure4 ,! same two ?+s d m5tally productive lab\r]s covet4 ,b !y covet !m1 n = !mselves alone1 b = _! families1 & m ev5 = _! families ?an = !mselves4 ,!y we>y _! bra9s1 plann+ & manag+1 t 9 old age !y may retire on a compet5ce1 & h& d[n t same compet5ce1 undim9i%$ by _! hav+ liv$ on x1 to _! *ildr54 ,?us ! "y man works & produces1 t ! old man1 & ! *ild to come1 may h exemption f productive lab\r1 an abid+ exemption1 :i* _c be unless he is all[$ to live on ! int]e/ ( accumulat$ capital4 ,^! positions ( afflu5ce & re/--s9ecures !y are1 s f> z production is conc]n$--are ! prizes aw>d$ to ! be/ productive lab\r4 ,:at !y :o d t lab\r aim at1 is n wages b exemption f toil3 _! wi% is n s mu* to be weal?y & h leisure !mselves z to f\nd a family 9 weal? & leisure1--! "o possible f\ndation ( su* a family be+ a /ore ( private capital4 ,sociali/s ( c\rse w (f] nobl] prizes = ! be/ productive lab\r1--hon\r1 & ! satisfaction ( hav+ s]v$ ! community1 a satisfaction :i* !y w\ld h m5 tra9$ f *ildhood to reli% above all o!r joys4 ,un=tunately1 ?is ta/e is yet un=m$1 & ! /imulus ( ^! nobl] prizes is /ill unprov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,mean:ile m5 d "w h>d1 to ! advantage ( ! community1 = ! ignobl] prize ( family afflu5ce & ease4 ,sociali/s are go+ to take away ! good boy's cake & give him a sunfl[]4 #aa4 ,! second reason = leav+ capital 9 private1 ev5 unproductive h&s1 beg9s f ! consid]ation1 t ! highe/ end ( man on e>? is n production1 j z x is n consumption1 ( ! necess>ies & luxuries ( life4 ,ari/otle bids u1 z mu* z possible 9 ?is life1 to play ! immortal 7,greek3 a?anatize971 & d our utmo/ to live by ! be/ elem5t 9 our nature1 t is1 ! intellect4 7,e?ics1 c4 ii41 s4 ii41 n4 #g1 p4 #i47 ,!re is ! intellectual life ( ! /atesman 9 ! practical ord]3 & 9 ! speculative ord]1 t ( ! poet1 ( ! arti/1 ( ! s*ol>1 ( ! dev\t contemplative--! outcome ( le>n$ & pi\s leisure1 & fre$om f vulg> c>es4 ,"o man asc5d+ into ?is high] & bett] region helps 8 neighb\r to foll[4 ,! neighb\r c foll[1 ev5 ?\gh he be n free f productive c>es1 b ! lead] ought to be free1 if he is to so> a high1 su/a9$ & p[]ful flight1 & guide o!rs al(t4 ,^! unproductive capitali/ families !n =m :at we may call1 by a figure :i* rhetoricians call oxymoron1 some?+ :i* comes v ne> a bull1--we may call !m an end[$ lay-cl]gy3 !y are told (f f ! re/ ( m5 to lead ! way 9 do+1 & caus+ to be done1 ! highe/ "w ( humanity4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,fir/ ,class ( ,work]s w\ld r5d] ! ,sociali/ ,utopia a v vulg> place4 #ab4 ,nature's ideal is3 ,to all1 pl5ty3 to "s1 sup]abundance4 ,! sup]abundance ( "s is n necess>ily incompatible ) all hav+ pl5ty3 nay x is a positive fur!rance ( t & ( /ill high] ends1 z has be5 %[n4 ,b x is a position ( advantage t may be abus$1 & is abus$ mo/ wantonly3 h5ce !re comes to be "q ( ,socialism4 #ac4 ,! ,socialism above describ$ is ( ! old sort1 call$ ,collectivism4 ,a new v>iety has appe>$1 ,syndicalism4 ,syndicalism is oppos$ to nationalisation & c5tralisation ( capital & p[]3 x w\ld conv]t work]s into own]s 9 ea* sep>ate dep>tm5t ( lab\r1--colli]s to own ! coal1 railwaym5 ! l9es & roll+-/ock1 agricultural lab\r]s ! l&1 & s on4 ,collectivism might conceivably be put 9 practice1 giv5 a suffici5tly high /&>d ( social virtue1 a quality :i* ,sociali/s are n 9 ! way to get4 ,z = ,syndicalism 9 practice1 ,i leave t to ! read] to imag9e4 ,syndicalism /igmatises ,collectivism z a gross tyranny4 ,?us divid$ into two irreconcilable factions1 ! ,sociali/s are n a happy family4 ,read+s4--,! ,cre$ ( ,socialism1 by ,joseph ,rickaby 7,anti-sociali/ ,union1 ,victoria ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]74 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ,l&$ ,prop]ty4 #a4 ,l&1 l cotton1 timb]1 or iron-ore1 is a raw mat]ial wr\ght up by man4 ,l&1 l any o!r ?+1 becomes an article ( prop]ty orig9ally by occupation1 & its value is enhanc$ by lab\r4 ,!re is no m reason :y all l&1 or ! r5ts ( all l&1 %\ld belong to ! ,/ate1 ?an :y all h\se prop]ty1 or all h\se r5ts1 %\ld belong to ! ,/ate4 ,if ! p ne$ l& to live on1 s d !y ne$ h\ses to live 91 coals to burn1 & %oes to we>4 ,socialism1 once admitt$1 _c be conf9$ to l& alone4 ,x w ext]m9ate ! "l manufactur] z remorselessly z x ext]m9ates ! l&lord4 #b4 ,e man1 x is cont5d$1 has a "r to live on ! fruits ( ! soil4 ,! proposition is ne$lessly long4 ,x %\ld be put simply3 ,e man has a "r to live4 ,= z to liv+ on ! fruits ( ! soil1 !re is absolutely no?+ else t man c live on4 ,all human nutrim5t :atev] is d]iv$ f :at geologi/s call pulv]is$ rocks1 t is1 soil4 ,b if x is meant t e man has a "r to live on ! fruits ( "s soil or l& ( 8 own1 :]e is ! pro(8 ,s long z ! fruits ( ! e>? d n fail to rea* a man's m\?1 :at matt]s x ^: e>? x is t gr[s !m8 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ z well z ! poore/ memb]s ( ! community are l&less m54 ,confiscate r5t to take ! place ( taxation1 & "s ( ! ri*e/ m5 9 ! community w g tax-free4 #c4 ,! l& on :i* a nation is settl$1 we are told1 belongs to t nation4 ,yes1 x belongs to !m z individuals1 yet n s t a =eign] is exclud$ by natural law f own+ any portion ( x4 ,b ! gov]nm5t h ov] ! l&1 & ov] all ! prop]ty ^u x1 :at is call$ altum dom9ium1 or em95t doma91 :i* is a p[] ( comm&+ private proprietors to "p ) _! prop]ty = public purposes1 ) comp5sation1 :5ev] comp5sation is possible4 ,?us :5 a railway gets its ,act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! own]s ?r\gh ^: e/ates ! project$ l9e is to run are compell$ by an ex]cise ( em95t doma9 to sell to ! company4 ,by ! same p[] ! gov]nm5t 9 a besieg$ city1 :5 h>d press$1 might seize ^u all ! /ores ( food & fuel )9 ! walls1 ev5 )\t comp5sation4 ,altum dom9ium1 :i* is n dom9ion prop]ly s call$1 is suffici5t = all national em]g5cies1 )\t mak+ ! ,/ate ! univ]sal l&lord4 #d4 ,x seems impossible to imag9e an em]g5cy t w\ld ju/ify any gov]nm5t 9 nationaliz+ all ! l& at once )\t comp5sation4 ,none b a weal?y gov]nm5t c\ld af=d ! comp5sation requisite2 & ! em]g5cy w\ld h to be sev]e inde$1 to make x wise ( !m to incur su* an exp5se4 ,we c imag9e a gov]nm5t 9 a newly settl$ c\ntry />t+ on ! und]/&+ t all l& 0 ,/ate l&1 & t all gr\nd r5ts 7 to be paid into ! ,/ate ex*equ]4 ,?is w\ld am\nt to tak+ r5ts = taxes2 & in/ead ( a l&lord 9 e di/rict we %\ld h a tax-ga!r]4 ,probably fur!r taxation w\ld be necess>y3 9 ,engl& at any rate ! annual exp5diture exce$s ! r5tal by "s tw5ty millions4 ,gov]nm5t1 we may suppose1 w\ld grant leases ( l&3 :5 ! lease fell 91 ! r5t w\ld be rais$ = une>n$ increm5t1 & l[]$ = decrem5t1 b n rais$ = improvem5ts effect$ by ! t5ant himself4 ,9 t case ! t5ant 9 two or ?ree g5]ations might be a quasi-proprietor1 8 r5t be+ ridicul\sly small 9 comp>ison ) ! annual value ( ! hold+4 ,! improvem5ts might be ! improvem5ts ( 8 gr&fa!r1 or ev5 ^? ( a complete /rang]1 f :om he _h b\ght ! t5ancy4 ,anyh[ !y might be ! bett] portion ( ! value ( ! l&1 & w\ld n be gov]nm5t prop]ty4 ,or w\ld ! gov]nm5t insi/ on pur*as+ ! improvem5ts1 & look out = a new t5ant pay+ a high] r5t8 ,la/ly1 w\ld ! gov]nm5t !mselves make su* improvem5ts z _m an ,engli% l&lord makes n[1 = love ( ! c\ntry ab\t him & love ( 8 own p8 #e4 ,x w\ld be mo/ difficult to prev5t private prop]ty aris+ 9 l&1 ev5 if x all did belong to ! ,/ate to />t )4 ,suppose #aj paid = a piece ( l& = a ye>1 & suppose ! occupi] said1 ,let me h x = t5 ye>s1 & ,i w give y #bj a ye>1 ought n ! ,/ate to accept ! (f]8 ,!n suppose he said1 ,give x me = ev] & ,i w pay #cj a ye>8 ,aga91 ought n ! ,/ate to agree8 ,he w\ld !n be t hateful creature a l&[n]1 subject to a r5t-*>ge4 ,n[ suppose ! ,/ate want$ to d "w & _h to borr[ money1 & suppose he (f]$ to give = ! r$emption ( ! r5t-*>ge a sum :i* c\ld n be borr[$ = less ?an #dj a ye>4 ,aga91 ought n ! ,/ate to accept 8 (f]8 ,yet 9 t case he w\ld become a hopelessly unmitigat$ l&lord4 7,"l ,bramwell47 #f4 ,:5 !re is an al>m ( fire 9 a !atre1 any "o :o c\ld conv9ce ! audi5ce t !re 0 "t en\gh = !m all to file out 9 sl[ succession by ! door1 w\ld av]t ! greate/ dang] t ?reat5$ !m1 t ( be+ cru%$ & trampl$ on by "o ano!r4 ,mank9d 9 pursuit ( weal? are l a cr[d ru%+ excit$ly ?r\gh a n>r[ place ( exit4 ,:atev] man1 or body ( m51 or in/itution1 or doctr9e1 w mod]ate ?is love ( money 7,greek3 phil>gyria71 :i* ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #aj7 decl>es to be ! root ( all evils1 ! same is a b5efactor to ! human race1 prev5t+ t cruel oppression ( ! poor1 :i* comes ( ru?lessly buy+ l&1 lab\r1 ev]y?+1 9 ! *eape/ m>ket & sell+ x 9 ! de>e/4 ,! l&lord :o always evicts1 if he is n paid ! highe/ competition r5t1--! employ] :o br+s 9 f af> ! h&s t w "w at ! l[e/ />vation wage1--^! vultures are worse enemies to society ?an ,sociali/s1 = !y occasion ,socialism4 #g4 ,socialism1 :e!r 9 l& alone or 9 all capital1 is an endeav\r to accompli% by ,/ate control ! results t ought to be a*iev$ by private virtue4 ,a l&lord1 or an employ]1 :o rememb]s 8 position z be+ :at ,hom] calls a k+ ( m51 ,greek3 anax &ron1--rememb]s too1 ) ,ari/otle1 t a pr9ce exi/s = 8 p1--& :o1 besides a quasi-royal c>e = ! body ( t5antry or workm5 ov] :om he presides1 has some?+ too ( a fa!rly int]e/ 9 e "o ( !m1 _! p]sons & _! families1 hold+ x to be a p]sonal tie ) himself1 to be 9 8 employm5t or settl$ ^u 8 l&1--su* a man & ! multitude ( su* m5 =m ! be/ bulw>k a c\ntry c possess aga9/ ,socialism4 ,su* a l&lord or employ] is a praes5s num5 to 8 workpeople or t5ants4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ?is protective1 p]sonal influ5ce ( ! ri* ov] ! poor2 9 ! disorganization ( society consequ5t ^u ! misconduct ( its subord9ate *iefs2 9 ! /&-(f attitude ( ! high] classes1 & ! defiant indep5d5ce ( ! l[]2 & 9 ! gre$ ( mat]ial goods t is common to !m bo?1 !re lurks a dang] ( unkn[n magnitude to our mod]n civilization4 ,read+4--,leo ,,xiii4 on ! ,condition ( ,lab\r1 ,encyclical ( #ae? ,may1 #ahia4 ,footnote #bj ,footnote #bj3 ,! "r ( prop]ty atta*es to ?+s produc$ by lab\r1 b _c atta* to ?+s creat$ by ,god4 ,s ,h5ry ,george1 ,condition ( ,lab\r1 pp4 #c1 #d4 ,h[ !n d we read 9 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 bk4 #g4 *4 #a3 ,! p5 ) :i* ,i am writ+ is ju/ly m9e1 & t1 9 ! la/ resort1 on acc\nt ( ! rights ( ^? :o dug ! mat]ial f ! gr\nd & conv]t$ x into a p58 ,0 n t mat]ial1 iron-ore1 creat$ by ,god1 equally ) any o!r portion ( ! e>?'s cru/ t we may please to call l&8 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4 ,,section ,i4--,( ! ,mon/rosities call$ ,levia?an & ,social ,contract4 #a4 ,?omas ,hobbes1 ?an :om nev] 0 great] g5ius = rid+ an idea1 "r or wrong1 to ! full l5g? t x w g1 0 born 9 #aehh3 & not)/&+ 8 twelve pipes ( tobacco daily1 8 vigor\s con/itution endur$ to 8 n9ety-second ye>4 ,! fir/ half ( 8 life fell 9 ) ! age ( ! greate/ pr$om9ance ( ,calv9ism4 ,9 religion he 0 sc>cely a ,calv9i/1 inde$ he lab\r$ "u a suspicion ( a!ism3 b 8 philosophy is accurately ca/ 9 ! m\ld ( ! grim !ology ( ,g5eva4 ,we may call x ! philosophy ( ,calv9ism4 ,x has = its c5tral t5et1 t human nature ei!r 0 f ! fir/1 or is become1 bad1 desp]ately wick$1 deprav$1 corrupt1 & utt]ly abom9able1 s t :atev] is natural to man1 9 s f> =? z x is natural1 is simply evil4 ,! rem$y = our evil nature ,hobbes f9ds 9 no imput$ m]its ( a ,r$eem]1 no irresi/ible victori\s grace1 b 9 ! ma/]ful co]cion ( a despotic civil p[]4 ,b1 le/ any "o %\ld suspect t !re 0 at lea/ ?is good 9 man1 a prop5sity to civil society & ob$i5ce to ! rul]s ( cities1 ,hobbes insi/s t man is by nature :olly av]se to society ) 8 k9d3 t ! type ( ! race is an ,i%mael1 a wild man1 8 h& aga9/ all m51 & all m5's h&s aga9/ him3 9 fact t ! /ate ( nature is a /ate ( w> all r\nd4 ,he writes 7,levia?an1 c4 xiii473 ,m5 h no pleasure1 b on ! contr>y a great deal ( grief1 9 keep+ company :]e !re is no p[] able to ov]awe !m all4 ,= e man looke? t 8 companion %\ld value him at ! same rate he sets on himself2 & ^u all signs ( contempt or und]valu+ naturally endeav\rs1 z f> z he d>es 7:i* among !m t h no common p[] to keep !m quiet1 is f> en\gh to make !m de/roy ea* o!r71 to extort a great] value f 8 contemn]s by damage1 & f o!rs by ! example4444 ,h]eby x is manife/1 t dur+ ! "t t m5 live )\t a p[] to keep !m all 9 awe1 !y are 9 t condition :i* is call$ w>1 & su* a w> z is ( e man aga9/ e man4444 ,9 su* condition !re is no place = indu/ry1 because ! fruit !re( is unc]ta91 & consequ5tly no culture ( ! e>?3 no navigation1 nor use ( ! commodities t may be import$ by sea3 no commodi\s build+3 no in/rum5ts ( mov+ & remov+ su* ?+s z require mu* =ce3 no k ( ! face ( ! e>?3 no acc\nt ( "t3 no arts1 no lett]s1 no society2 & :i* is wor/ ( all1 cont9ual fe> & dang] ( viol5t dea?2 & ! life ( man1 solit>y1 poor1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort4444 ,to ?is w> ( e man aga9/ e man ?is also is consequ5t1 t no?+ c be unju/4 ,! notions ( "r & wrong1 ju/ice & inju/ice1 h !re no place4 ,:]e !re is no common p[] !re is no law3 :]e no law1 no inju/ice4444 ,x is consequ5t also to ! same condition1 t !re be no propriety1 no dom9ion1 no m9e & ?9e di/9ct1 b only t to be e man's t he c get1 & = s long z he c keep x4 #b4 ,su* is :at ,hobbes is pleas$ to call ! natural condition ( mank9d1 a condition :i* man w\ld h e natural reason = gett+ out ( ) all spe$1 7 he ev] s unhappy z to fall into x4 ,x is true t1 ap>t f civil gov]nm5t1 viol5ce w\ld reign on e>?4 ,b x is n true t to live ap>t f civil gov]nm5t is ! natural condition ( mank9d4 ,x is n true t ! only motive :i* draws m5 into civil society is ! fe> ( viol5ce1 z ?\gh !re 7 no su* facts & exig5cies ( human nature z sympa?y1 fri5d%ip1 intellectual curiosity1 art1 religion4 ,x is n true t ! "o reason = ! exi/5ce ( ! civil p[] consi/s 9 ?is1 t )\t ! re/ra9+ h& ( ! magi/rate m5 w\ld bite & dev\r "o ano!r4 ,la/ly1 x is n true t all rights1 notably rights ( prop]ty1 are ! creation ( ! ,/ate4 ,a man is a man fir/ & a citiz5 aft]w>ds4 ,z a man1 he has c]ta9 rights actual & pot5tial 7c4 v41 s4 i41 p4 #bdd73 ^! ! ,/ate exi/s1 n to create1 = !y are prior to x 9 ! ord] ( nature1 b to det]m9e !m1 :]e indet]m9ate1 to sanction & to safegu>d !m4 ,natural rights g be=e legal rights1 & are presuppos$ to !m1 z ! law ( nature be=e t law :i* is civil & positive4 ,x is an idol ( ! tribe ( lawy]s to ignore all law b t ^u :i* _! own pr(essional action takes its /&4 #c4 ,9 consid]+ man z he mu/ h come f ! h&s ( nature1 writes ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 ,i behold an animal less /rong ?an "s1 less active ?an o!rs1 b ^u ! :ole 9 organism hav+ ! advantage ( !m all4 ,i behold him appeas+ 8 hung] "u an oak1 slak+ 8 ?ir/ 9 ! fir/ brook1 f9d+ a b$ at ! foot ( ! same tree t furni%$ 8 repa/1 & !re y h all 8 crav+s satisfi$4 7,disc\rs sur l'orig9e de l'9galit 47 ,?is noble savage--q a contra/ to ,hobbes's ruffian primeval1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort-liv$--obs]ves & imitates ! indu/ry1 & gradually raises himself to ! in/9ct1 ( ! bea/s among :om he lives4 ,8 con/itution is robu/1 & almo/ inaccessible to malady4 ,he atta9s to old age1 free f g\t & rheumatism4 ,he surpasses ! fi]ce/ wild bea/s 9 address z mu* z !y surpass him 9 /r5g?1 & s arrives to dwell among !m )\t fe>4 ,yet )al he is di/+ui%$ f brutes by freewill & p]fectibility1 qualities :i* gradually draw him out ( 8 primeval condition ( tranquil innoc5ce1 lead him ?r\gh a long c\rse ( spl5d\rs & errors1 ( vices & virtues1 & end by mak+ him a tyrant at once ov] nature & ov] himself4 #d4 ,r\sseau's life1 #agae-aggh1 0 a cont9ual prote/ aga9/ ! =malism1 affectation1 p$antry & despotism ( ! age ( ! ,b\rbons4 ,8 ideal ( man 0 ! unconv5tional1 uncon/ra9$1 solit>y1 b h>mless & easy-go+ savage4 ,hobbes 0 ! gr[? ( a /]n] & m s]i\s age4 ,! only reality to him 9 heav5 & on e>? 0 =ce3 8 "o idea 9 philosophy 0 co]cion4 ,human nature to him 0 an embodim5t ( brute viol5ce ev] 9 ne$ ( viol5t re/ra9t4 ,r\sseau1 an optimi/1 saw no?+ b good 9 man's orig9al nature3 to ! pessimi/ m9d ( ,hobbes all 0 evil !re4 ,nei!r ( !m saw any natural adaptation to social life 9 ! human con/itution4 ,to live 9 society 01 9 bo? _! views1 an artificial arrangem5t1 an arbitr>y conv5tion4 ,b ,hobbes f\nd 9 ! intol]able evils ( a /ate ( nature an excell5t reason :y m5 %\ld quit x = ! unnatural condition ( citiz5s4 ,r\sseau f\nd no reason except1 z he says1 quelque fune/e has>d4 ,! problem = ,hobbes /ood ?us3 h[ m51 ent]+ society1 might be cribb$1 cab9$1 & conf9$ to ! utmo/ 9 ord] to keep d[n _! native badness4 ,r\sseau's conc]n 01 h[ "o might s become a citiz5 z yet to reta9 to ! full ! delightful lib]ty ( a tropical savage4 ,hobbes's solution is ! ,levia?an1 ,r\sseau's ! ,social ,contract4 ,! prize1 we ?9k1 re/s ) ! ,engli%man3 b ! read] %all judge4 #e4 ,& fir/ ( ! ,social ,contract4 ,r\sseau proposes to f9d a =m ( association :i* %all def5d & protect ) all ! /r5g? ( ! community ! p]son & ! goods ( ea* associate1 & :]eby ea* "o1 unit+ himself to all1 may nev]!less obey none b himself & rema9 z free z be=e4 7,contrat ,social1 i4 #f47 ,?is proposal is hopeless1 x is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,no man c contract & rema9 z free z be=e1 b he b9ds himself ei!r "u a wid] obligation to d or ab/a91 :]e he 0 n b\nd be=e1 or "u a /rong] obligation :]e he 0 b\nd already4 ,nev]!less ,r\sseau f9ds a means ( accompli%+ ! impossible & ! self-contradictory4 ,ea* ( u puts into a common /ock 8 p]son & all 8 p[] "u ! supreme direction ( ! g5]al w2 & we receive 9 our turn ! (f]+ ( ! re/1 ea* memb] z an insep>able "p ( ! :ole4 ,in/antly1 in/ead ( ! private p]son ( ea* contract+ p>ty1 ?is act ( association produces a moral & collective body1 compos$ ( z _m memb]s z ! assembly has voices1 :i* body receives by ?is same act its unity1 its common ,ego1 its life & its w4 7ib47 ,?is awful sign+ away ( all y\r rights1 s t y\r v p]sonality is m]g$ 9 t ( ! community--a self-r5unciation go+ f> beyond t ( pr(ession 9 any religi\s ord]--ought c]ta9ly1 z ,r\sseau says1 to be ! mo/ volunt>y act 9 ! _w2 & he adds ! *>act]i/ic reason3 e man be+ born free & ma/] ( himself1 none c1 "u any pret5ce :atsoev]1 subject him )\t 8 own cons5t4 7,contrat ,social1 iv4 #b47 ,!n y ask3 ,:5 h ,i made ?is l>ge contract by ! mo/ volunt>y act 9 ! _w8 ,r\sseau replies3 ,:5 ! ,/ate is in/itut$1 cons5t is 9 resid+4 7ib47 ,b1 y reply1 my resid5ce is any?+ b ! mo/ volunt>y act 9 ! _w3 x w\ld be awkw>d = me to emigrate2 & if ,i did emigrate1 x w\ld only be to "s o!r ,/ate3 ,i _c possibly camp out & be indep5d5t 9 ! woods1 nor appease my hung] "u an oak4 ,to ?is plea ,r\sseau q gives 91 rem>k+ t family1 goods1 ! want ( an asylum1 necessity1 viol5ce1 may keep an inhabitant 9 ! c\ntry 9 spite ( himself2 & 9 t case 8 m]e soj\rn no long] supposes 8 cons5t to ! contract4 7ib47 ,!n none ( u h made ! contract1 = we h nev] _h ! option ( liv+ any:]e except 9 "s ,/ate4 #f4 ,hobbes1 aft] lay+ d[n ! necessity ( m5 comb9+ = protection aga9/ mutual inju/ice1 obs]ves t a m]e promise or agreem5t n to injure any "o w n suffice3 = ! agreem5t ( m5 is by cov5ant only1 :i* is artificial2 & !re=e no wond] if !re be some?+ else requir$ besides cov5ant to make _! agreem5t con/ant & la/+1 :i* is a common p[] to keep !m 9 awe & to direct _! actions to ! common b5efit4 ,he cont9ues3 ,! only way to erect su* a common p[] 444 is to conf] all _! p[] & /r5g? ^u "o man or ^u "o assembly ( m51 t may r$uce all _! wills by plurality ( voices unto "o w3 :i* is z mu* z to say1 to appo9t "o man or assembly ( m5 to be> _! p]son2 & e "o to own1 & to ackn[l$ge himself to be ! au?or (1 :atsoev] he t s be>e? _! p]son %all act or cause to be act$ 9 ^? ?+s :i* conc]n ! common peace & safety2 & !re9 to submit _! wills e "o to 8 w1 & _! judgm5ts to 8 judgm5t4 ,?is is m ?an cons5t or concord1--x is a real unity ( !m all 9 "o & ! same p]son1 made by cov5ant ( e man ) e man1 9 su* mann] z if e man %\ld say to e man3 ,i au?orise1 & give up my "r ( gov]n+ myself to ?is man or to ?is assembly ( m51 on ?is condition1 t ?\ give up ?y "r to him1 & au?orise all 8 actions 9 l mann]4 ,?is done1 ! multitude s unit$ 9 "o p]son is call$ a commonweal?1 9 ,lat9 civitas4 ,?is is ! g5]ation ( t great ,levia?an1 or r1 to speak m rev]5tly1 ( t mortal god1 to :om we owe "u ! immortal ,god our peace & def5ce4 7,levia?an1 c4 xvii47 ,?is idea ( all ! rights & p]sonalities ( ! individuals :o contract to live socially be+ fus$ & weld$ toge!r into ! "o resultant p]sonality & p[] ( ! ,/ate1 has evid5tly be5 borr[$ by ,r\sseau f ,hobbes4 ,we %all deal ) ! idea pres5tly4 ,mean:ile sev]al po9ts claim our notice4 #g4 ,! hide\s piece ( cynicism :]eby ,r\sseau 7,contrat ,social1 iv4 #b71 aft] promis+ y t1 if y jo9 8 commonweal?1 y %all obey none b y\rself1 !n goes on to tell y t y obey y\rself 9 obey+ ! w ( ! majority1 ev5 :5 x puts y 9 irons or leads y to dea?--because z a citiz5 y h once = all r5\nc$ y\r own w1 & c only wi% :at ! majority wi%es1--has its root 9 ! position ( ,hobbes1 t e subject is au?or ( e act ! sov]eign do?4 7,levia?an1 c4 xxi47 #h4 ,a real & important diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,levia?an & ! ,social ,contract1 is t ,hobbes 7c4 xix47 all[s v>i\s di/ributions ( sov]eign p[]1 b pref]s mon>*y3 ,r\sseau 7l4 ii41 c4 i47 w h x t sov]eignty is ve/$ inali5ably 9 ! p3 ( :i* doctr9e m to foll[4 #i4 ,m5 are by nature equal1 say ,r\sseau & ,hobbes & _m m respectable au?ors4 ,yes1 9 _! specific nature1 t is1 !y are all equally m54 ,simil>ly y h x t all triangles are equal1 if t is a proposition ( any value4 ,b m5 z individuals are n all equal4 ,"o is /rong] 9 body1 ano!r m able 9 m9d3 "o pr$ispos$ to virtue1 ano!r to vice3 "o born 9 afflu5ce & hon\r1 ano!r 9 squalor4 ,n m5 9 ! ab/ract1 b liv+ m51 />t at diff]5t po9ts ( vantage1 & ! di/ance betwe5 !m wid5s z !y run ! race ( life4 ,we may lay x d[n z an axiom1 9 diametric opposition to ,r\sseau1 t inequalities are natural1 equalities artificial4 #aj4 ,man is born free3 s op5s ! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,contrat ,social4 ,if free ( all duties1 !n void ( all rights 7c4 v41 s4 i41 nn4 #e1 #g1 pp4 #bdf1 #bdg73 let him !n be promptly knock$ on ! head z a sacrifice to ,mal?as2 & ) ! mis=m$ *ildr5 born 9 ,plato's ,republic1 !y w bury him 9 a secret & unse5 spot1 z is befitt+4 #aa4 ,hobbes & ,r\sseau g ^u ?is maxim1 :i* has ov]run ! mod]n _w1 t no man c be b\nd to ob$i5ce to ano!r )\t 8 own cons5t4 ,! maxim w\ld be an excell5t "o1 7 m5 fram$ l ! categories ( ,ari/otle--sub/ance1 quantity1 quality1 relation1 & ! re/--ea* pe]+ out ( 8 own pigeon-hole1 an indep5d5t1 self-suffici5t entity4 ,b m5 are dep5d5t1 naturally dep5d5t :e!r !y w or no1 e human be+ on c]ta9 def9ite o!rs1--! *ild on ! p>5t1 ! citiz5 on ! ,/ate ^: protection he enjoys1 & all alike on ,god4 ,^! natural dep5d5ces c>ry ) !m natural uncov5ant$ ob$i5ces1--to p>5ts1 filial duty--to c\ntry1 loyalty--to ,god1 piety3 all :i* are embrac$ 9 ! ,lat9 t]m pietas4 7,see ,/4 ,?omas1 #b;a #b1 q4 #aja1 art4 #a1 9 corp47 ,! fatal maxim be=e u is ! annihilation ( pietas4 ,9 lieu ( loyal submission we get a contract1 a transaction ( reason$ comm]cial selfi%ness betwe5 equal & equal4 ,?is p]v]se sub/itution has call$ =? ,leo ,,xiii4's rem>k on ! m5 ( our "t1 ,no?+ comes s amiss to !m z subjection & ob$i5ce1 ,nihil tam mole/e f]unt quam subesse et p>]e4 7,encyclical on ,*ri/ian ,m>riage47 #ab4 ,! common extravagance ( ! ,levia?an & ! ,social ,contract is ! suppression ( ! individual1 ) 8 rights & 8 v p]sonality1 :i* is all bl5d$ 9 ! ,/ate4 7,see ,r\sseau's words above quot$1 n4 #e1 & ^? ( ,hobbes1 n4 #f47 ,! res]vations 9 fav\r ( ! individual made by ,hobbes1 ,levia?an1 c4 xxi41 & by ,r\sseau1 ,contrat ,social1 l4 ii41 c4 iv41 are ei!r trifles or self-contradictions4 ,b x is n 9 man's p[] by any contract ?us to *ange 8 nature1 s z to become f autoc5tric het]oc5tric 7c4 ii41 s4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #bjc2 c4 v41 s4 i41 n4 #a1 p4 #bdd71 f a p]son a ?+1 f a man a *attel1 void ( rights & consequ5tly ( duties1 & b\nd to s]ve ?is ,collective ,mon/]1 ?is ,aggregat$ ,idol1 ) ! absolute devot$ness t is due to ,god alone4 ,! wor%ip ( ! new ,molo* goes well ) ! d>k misan?ropism ( ,hobbes3 b 9 ,r\sseau1 ! believ] 9 ! p]fect goodness ( unre/ra9$ humanity1 x is ab\t ! mo/ gl>+ ( 8 _m inconsi/5cies4 ,x is ( c\rse eag]ly tak5 up by ! ,sociali/s1 z c>ry+ all _! conclusions4 ,x is ! political aspect ( ,socialism4 ,read+4--,burke1 ,w>r5 ,ha/+s1 ,f\r? ,day1 ! passage beg9n+1 ,he h arbitr>y p[]6 ,,section ,,ii4--,( ! !ory t ,civil ,p[] is an aggregate =m$ by subscription ( ! p[]s ( individuals4 #a4 ,! ,greeks _h a "n ,greek3 eranos1 :i* meant a fea/ :]e ! vi&s 7 suppli$ by ea* gue/ contribut+ 9 k9d4 ,if1 9 a p>ty ( f\r1 "o man br\ght a ham1 ano!r a rabbit1 a ?ird a di% ( truffles1 & a f\r? a salmon1 no "o w\ld expect t1 :5 ! cov] 0 rais$1 !re %\ld appe> a pigeon-pie4 ,t w\ld n be 9 ! nature ( an ,greek3 eranos4 ,n[ n only ,hobbes & ,r\sseau1 b ,locke & a great multitude ( mod]n ,engli%m5 ) him1 hold t ! p[] ( ! ,/ate is an aggregate1 ! algebraic sum ( ! p[]s :]e( ! compon5t memb]s w\ld h /ood possess$1 _h !y liv$ 9 :at is call$1 by a mislead+ phrase1 ! /ate ( nature1 t is1 ! condition ( m5 n subject to civil au?ority4 ,^! p[]s1--ei!r1 z ,hobbes & ,r\sseau virtually say1 all ( !m1 or1 z ,locke & ! common op9ion has x1 only "s ( !m1 --m5 are suppos$ to resign z !y ent] into ! ,/ate4 ,if !re=e !re appe>s 9 ! ,city1 ,nation1 ,/ate1 or ,commonweal?1 a c]ta9 new & peculi> p[]1 :i* belongs to no individual 9 ! /ate ( nature1 or1 z ,i pref] to call x1 ! extra-civil /ate1 !n :at we may designate z ! ,aggregation ,!ory breaks d[n1 & ano!r orig9 mu/ be s\ght ( civil pr9cipality4 ,b !re is su* a p[] 9 ! ,/ate1 new & peculi>1 & n f\nd 9 any ( ! compon5t individuals3 x is ! p[] & au?ority to puni% on civil gr\nds4 ,x is ! "r ( ! rods & axes1 t 7 borne be=e ! ,roman magi/rate4 ,x is1 9 its mo/ crucial =m1 ! "r to puni% ) dea?4 #b4 ,we are n "h conc]n$ ) prov+ ! exi/5ce ( ?is "r4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$3 we assume x accord+ly1 & %all prove x lat] on4 ,nor are we conc]n$ ) dome/ic puni%m5t1 inflict$ by ! head ( a family )9 8 own h\sehold1 = ! good ( t h\sehold1 /opp+ %ort ( any irrep>able h>m to ! suff]]4 7,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #fe1 art4 #b1 ad4 #b47 ,leav+ ?is aside1 we say1 & h prov$ already1 t "o private individual has no "r to puni% ano!r1 nei!r m$ic9ally = ! am5dm5t ( ! del9qu5t1 nor by way ( det]r5t = ! good ( ! community1 nor 9 ! way ( retribution = 8 own satisfaction4 ,he has ! "r ( self-def5ce1 b n ( puni%m5t3 ! two ?+s are q diff]5t4 ,he may also exact re/itution1 :]e re/itution is due3 b t aga9 is n puni%+4 ,if he is 9 ! extra-civil /ate1 he may use =ce1 :]e prud5ce all[s x1 to recov] :at he has lo/4 ,?is "r ( private w> really is surr5d]$ by ! individual1 :5 ! ,/ate is e/abli%$3 b w> & puni%m5t are two totally diff]5t ideas4 ,subjects are puni%$3 w> is levi$ on indep5d5t p[]s4 7,e?ics1 c4 ix41 s4 iii41 nn4 #d-f1 pp4 #aga-agd2 ,natural ,law1 c4 ii41 s4 ii41 n4 #f1 p4 #bab47 #c4 ,opposite is ! op9ion ( ,locke1 :o writes3 ,! execution ( ! law ( nature is 9 t /ate ( nature put into e man's h&s1 :]eby e "o has a "r to puni% ! transgressors ( t law to su* a degree z may h9d] its violation3 = ! law ( nature w\ld1 z all o!r laws t conc]n m5 9 ?is _w1 be 9 va91 if !re 7 nobody t 9 ! /ate ( nature _h a p[] to execute t law4 ,we obs]ve t ! puni%m5t ( (f5d]s aga9/ ! law ( nature1 z su*1 belongs to ! ,legislator1 :o is ,god alone4 ,c]ta9ly x is well1 nay necess>y1 t !re %\ld be human law to be> out ! law ( nature3 b human law is ! creation ( human society 9 its p]fection1 :i* is ! ,/ate4 ,man is puni%$ by man = break+ ! laws ( man1 n--except remotely--= break+ ! laws ( ,god4 ,nor w\ld x be any inconv5i5ce1 if ! law ( nature 7 9 va9 9 a /ate :]e9 nature nev] int5d$ m5 to live1 :]e9 no multitude ( m5 ev] = any notable "t h liv$1 a /ate :i* is nei!r actual fact nor ideal p]fection1 b a m]e prop]ty ( ! philosophic /age1 a brok5 article1 an outworn speculation4 ,su* is ! /ate ( nature1 z id5tifi$ ) ! extra-civil /ate by ,hobbes1 ,locke1 & ,r\sseau4 ,,section ,,iii4--,( ! true /ate ( ,nature1 :i* is ! /ate ( civil society2 & consequ5tly ( ! ,div9e orig9 ( ,p[]4 #a4 ,! ,/ate is deem$ by ,ari/otle 7,politics1 ,,iii41 ix41 #ad73 ! union ( septs & villages 9 a complete & self-suffici5t life4 ,! fir/ & mo/ elem5t>y community is ! family1 ,greek3 oikia4 ,a knot ( families associat+ toge!r1 claim+ blood-relation%ip & desc5t1 real or fictiti\s1 f a common ance/or1 ^: "n !y be>1 con/itute a ,greek3 g5os1 call$ 9 ,irel& a sept1 9 ,scotl& a clan1 nameless 9 ,engl&4 ,:5 ! sept come to clu/] _! habitations1 or encampm5ts1 9 "o or m spots1 & to admit /rang]s 9 blood to dwell among !m1 ^! hamlets1 or camps1 gradually rea* ! magnitude ( a village4 ,:5 a numb] ( ^! villages1 belong+ to diff]5t septs1 come to be contigu\s to "o ano!r1 ?is m]e juxtaposition does n make ( !m a ,/ate4 ,nor does int]*ange ( commodities1 nor int]m>riage1 nor an (f5sive & def5sive alliance3 ^! are ! mutual relations ( a conf$]acy1 ,greek3 xymmaxia1 b all ^! & m are ne$$ = a ,/ate1 ,greek3 polis4 ,to be a ,/ate1 x is requisite t ^! septs & villages %\ld agree to regulate ! conduct ( _! individual memb]s by a common /&>d ( social virtue1 suffici5t = _! well-be+ z "o community4 ,?is common /&>d is fix$ by common cons5t1 or by ! decision ( "s p[] compet5t to act = all & to puni% del9qu5ts4 ,! "n ( ?is common /&>d is law4 7,e?ics1 c4 vii41 n4 #a1 p4 #abf47 ,! community ?us =m$ leads a life complete & self-suffici5t1 n be+ a memb] ( ano!r1 b a body by itself1--n "p ( any ult]ior community1 b complete 9 ! fulness ( social good & social au?ority4 #b4 ,among ! anci5t ,greeks & ,italians1 & to "s ext5t also 9 m$ival ,italy & ,g]many1 ! city or municipality1 ) ! small c\ntry di/rict atta*$1 0 ! ,/ate4 ,) u ! nation is ! ,/ate2 & accord+ly we say my c\ntry :]e ! ,greek said my city4 ,be>+ ?is diff]5ce 9 m9d1 z also ! fact t ! sept is n kn[n among/ u except to antiqu>ians1 & likewise t ! village ) u co9cides ) ! p>i%1 & t !re are t[n z well z c\ntry p>i%es1--^u ^! mod]n data we may am5d ,ari/otle's def9ition ?us3 ,! ,/ate is ! union ( p>i%es & municipalities 9 a p]fect & self-suffici5t community4 #c4 ,! ,city ,/ate is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ n>rative ( ,?ucydides 7ii41 #ae73 ,9 ! "t ( ,cecrops & ! e>ly k+s z f> z ,!seus1 ,attica 0 always divid$ among sev]al indep5d5t cities1 ) _! own t[n-halls & magi/rates2 & :5 !re 0 no al>m ( an enemy1 ! inhabitants did n resort = common delib]ation to ! ,k+1 b sev]ally manag$ _! own affairs & took _! own c\nsel1 & "s ( !m ev5 w5t to w>4 ,b :5 ,!seus came to ! ?rone1 he aboli%$ ! c\ncil-*amb]s & magi/racies ( ! o!r cities1 & c5tralis$ all ! p 9 :at is n[ ! city ( ,a!ns1 :]e he appo9t$ _! "o c\ncil-*amb] & t[n-hall2 & :ile !y cont9u$ to occupy _! own prop]ties z be=e1 he =c$ !m to recognise ?is z _! "o city & ,/ate4 ,attica be=e ,!seus 0 a conf$]acy1 ,greek3 xymmaxia1 n a ,/ate1 ,greek3 polis4 #d4 ,a citiz5 is def9$3 "o :o has access to a %>e 9 delib]ative & judicial functions4 7,ar41 ,pol4 ,,iii41 i41 #ab47 ,x is n necess>y t he actually %\ld %>e ^! functions1 b ! way to !m %\ld lie op5 to him3 he %\ld be a p]son qualifi$ to %>e 9 !m4 ,!re are v>i\s degrees ( citiz5%ip4 ,"u a p>liam5t>y gov]nm5t1 we di/+ui% ! memb] ( p>liam5t1 ! elector1 & him :o w be an elector z soon z he gets a h\se ( 8 own2 & aga91 ! judge1 & him :o is liable to s]ve on juries4 ,9 an absolute mon>*y !re are no citiz5s1 only subjects4 #e4 ,! di/ribution ( p[] 9 ! ,/ate1 & especially ( ! sov]eign p[]1 is call$ ! polity 7,greek3 politeia1 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 vi41 #a71--;a ^w immortalis$ by ! judici\s ,hook]1 & happily recov]$ rec5tly to ! ,engli% language4 ,! polity !n is ! di/ribution ( ! sov]eignty4 ,! p]son1 s+ul> or collective1 9 ^: h&s ! full sov]eignty re/s1 is call$ ! rul]4 ,be x obs]v$ t :at we call ! rul] is nev] "o man1 except 9 absolute mon>*y4 ,by ! !ory ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 ! rul] is ,k+1 ,lords1 & ,commons1 toge!r4 #f4 ,nature requires t m5 g5]ally live 9 society1 dome/ic & civil1 s t ! individual be ( ! family1 & families =m associations1 :i* aga9 conspire to =m "o p]fect community1 :i* is ! ,/ate4 ,! requirem5t ( nature may be ga!r$ f ! univ]sal practice ( mank9d4 ,if x 7! ^w savage7 means p )\t a settl$ =m ( gov]nm5t1 )\t laws & )\t a religion1 !n1 g :]e y l1 y w n f9d su* a race4 7,max ,mll]1 9 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,jan4 #ahhe1 p4 #aad47 ,! same may be ga!r$ f a consid]ation ( :at ! ,/ate is1 & ( ! ends :i* x s]ves4 ,! ,/ate1 z we h se5 7n4 #b71 is a union ( septs & villages1 or ( p>i%es & municipalities4 ,! individual is born & nurtur$ 9 ! family1 & ord9>ily becomes 9 "t ! p>5t ( a new family4 ,families mu/ comb9e to =m septs by blood1 or villages 7or p>i%es7 by locality4 ,municipalities we may leave aside1 = a municipality is a pot5tial ,/ate4 ,b we mu/ consid] ! sept1 village1 or p>i%1 :i* is ! community int]m$iate betwe5 family & ,/ate4 ,among ! cog5t reasons :i* require families to ent] into ?is association1 we may m5tion fri5d%ip1 int]m>riage1 ! int]*ange ( s]vices & commodities1 ! cultivation ( ! arts1 ! pres]vation ( traditions & inv5tions4 #g4 ,b x is fur!r necess>y t ^! septs1 villages1 or p>i%es1 %\ld b& toge!r & comb9e to =m a high] community1 self-suffici5t & p]fect1--= ! det]m9+ ( rights :i* ,natural ,law leaves undet]m9$1--= ! puni%+ ( di/urb]s ( ! peace1 if ne$ be1 ev5 ) dea?1--= def5ce aga9/ a common enemy1--= a union ( c\nsels & res\rces to ! execution ( magnific5t works4 ,?is self-suffici5t & p]fect community1 :i* is n "p ( any high] community1 is ! ,/ate4 #h4 ,we may obs]ve t ! :ole reason = ! be+ ( ! ,/ate is n mutual ne$1 nor ! repression ( viol5ce4 ,ma9 reasons ^! are1 no d\bt1 b n ! :ole ma9 reason4 ,ev5 if m5 _h no ne$ ( "o ano!r = ! supply ( _! animal wants1 !y w\ld /ill desire to conv]se = ! satisfaction ( _! intellectual curiosity & _! social affections4 ,& ev5 if we _h all rema9$ z void ( guile1 & z full ( light & love1 z our fir/ p>5ts 7 at _! creation1 we %\ld /ill h ne$$ ! erection ( ,/ates4 ,9 a ,/ate !re are n only crim9al b civil c\rts1 :]e x is n wick$ m5 alone :o come to be litigants4 ,f sundry passages ( ,scripture x w\ld appe> t ev5 angels may disagree z to :at is be/ & prop]3 angelic m5 c]ta9ly may & d4 ,x is a mi/ake to look ^u civil gov]nm5t1 ) its app>atus ( laws & judgm5ts1 simply z a necess>y evil1 & rem$y ( ! p]v]s5ess ( mank9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 7 all m5 virtu\s1 ,/ates w\ld /ill be =m$1 t[]+ 9 magnific5ce above ! ,/ates kn[n to hi/ory1 z ! c$>s ( ,lebanon above ! scanty gr[?s ( a fell-side 9 our nor? c\ntry4 #i4 ,!re c be no ,/ate )\t a p[] to guide & gov]n x4 ,x has inde$ become ! fa%ion to repeat1 z ! late/ discov]y 9 politics1 t :at a ,/ate ne$s is n gov]nm5t b adm9i/ration4 ,?is say+ comes ( a !ory1 to be exam9$ pres5tly1 t sov]eign p[] abides p]man5tly ) ! p at l>ge1 & t ! sole function ( pr9ces1 cab9ets1 & p>liam5ts1 is to provide means ( giv+ effect to ! popul> w4 ,?is h[ev] is n q a repudiation ( gov]nm5t1 b a peculi> view z to ! seat & c5tre ( gov]nm5t4 ,^? :o hold x1 vigor\sly ma9ta9 ! "r ( ! ,_m to gov]n1 control1 & comm& ! ,few4 ,! ne$ ( "s gov]n+ au?ority 9 a ,/ate c be d5i$ by none b an ,an>*i/1 a g5tleman :o lives two doors beyond ,r\sseau on ! side ( unreason4 #aj4 ,e ,/ate is autonom\s1 self-gov]n+1 indep5d5t4 ,ei!r ! :ole p tak5 collectively mu/ rule ! same :ole tak5 di/ributively1 or a "p mu/ rule ! re/4 ,! rul] is ei!r ! :ole commonweal?1 or m frequ5tly a "p ( ! commonweal?4 ,an autocrat is "p ( ! ,/ate :i* he gov]ns4 ,sov]eignty :ole & entire is intr9sic to ! ,/ate4 ,a community t is to any ext5t gov]n$ f )\t1 l ,briti% ,india or ,london1 is n a ,/ate1 b "p ( a ,/ate1 = x is n a p]fect community4 #aa4 ,we h x !re=e t man is a social animal4 ,naturally he is a memb] ( a family4 ,nature requires t families %\ld coalesce into high] communities1 :i* aga9 naturally conv]ge & culm9ate 9 ! ,/ate4 ,nature fur!r requires t 9 e ,/ate !re %\ld be an au?ority to gov]n4 ,b au?ority to gov]n & duty to obey are correlatives4 ,nature !re=e requires submission to ! gov]n+ au?ority 9 ! ,/ate4 ,9 o!r words1 ,nature abhors an>*y z be+ ! de/ruction ( civil society1 & z cutt+ ! gr\nd f "u ! feet ( civilis$ man4 ,! g5u9e /ate ( nature1 t /ate & condition1 :i* nature all[s & approves z prop] = ! evolution ( ! human faculties1 is ! /ate ( man 9 civil society4 ,t is lo/ :]e !re is no judge 9 ! l&4 #ab4 ,!re are m5 full ( a s5tim5tal def]5ce to au?ority & pr(essions ( ob$i5ce1 :o yet w n obey any ( ! au?orities t actually are ov] !m4 ,^! are disob$i5t m54 ,he is an an>*i/ 9 practice1 :o m$itates treason & rebellion aga9/ ! p[]s t be actually ov] him 9 ! ,/ate :]e9 he lives4 ,to obey no actual p[] is to obey no p[]1 z to we> no actual clo!s is to g nak$4 ,to keep up ! comp>ison1--z a man may *ange 8 clo!s ^u occasion1 & ?us g ?r\gh a brief int]val ( unclo!dness )\t injury to heal? or violation ( dec5cy1 not)/&+ ! requirem5t ( nature to we> clo!s3 s x may be or x may n be consonant ) ! exig5cy ( our nature at times to subv]t by insurrection ! exi/+ gov]nm5t 9 ord] to ! sub/itution ( a new au?ority2 t does n conc]n u "h4 ,we are /at+ ! g5]al rule "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,! submission to civil au?ority1 :i* nature requires ( u1 mu/ be paid 9 ! co9 ( ob$i5ce to ! actual e/abli%$ p[]s t be4 #ac4 ,any "o :o und]/&s h[ morality comes f ,god 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 ii4 nn4 #f-i1 #ac1 pp4 #aai-abe71 c h no difficulty 9 see+ h[ civil p[] is ( ,god also4 ,! "o po9t cov]s ! o!r4 ,we ne$ no m5tion ( ,god to %[ t disob$i5ce1 ly+1 & ! sev5 deadly s9s1 are bad ?+s = human nature1 ?+s to be avoid$ ev5 if !y 7 n =bidd54 ,all ! ?+s t ,god =bids are aga9/ ! good ( man4 ,_! be+ evil is di/+ui%able f _! be+ prohibit$1 & antec$5t to x4 ,n[ z drunk5ness & un*a/ity are evil = man1 s too is an>*y4 ,! "o rem$y = an>*y is civil gov]nm5t4 ,ev5 if !re 7 no ,god1 x w\ld be /ill imp]atively necess>y1 z we h se51 = mank9d to erect political in/itutions1 & to abide by ! laws & ord9ances ( con/itutional p[]4 ,b !re w\ld be no =mal obligation ( submission to ^! laws & ord9ances2 & resi/ance to ?is p[] w\ld be no m ?an philosophic s94 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #f1 p4 #aai47 ,:at makes an>*y truly s9ful & wrong is ! prohibition ( x conta9$ 9 ! ,et]nal ,law1 t law :]eby ,god comm&s e creature1 & p>ticul>ly e man1 to act 9 accordance ) 8 own prop] be+ & nature tak5 z a :ole1 & to avoid :at is repugnant to ! same4 7,e?ics1 c4 vi41 s4 ii41 n4 #i1 p4 #abj47 ,!re=e1 z man is naturally social1 & an>*y is ! dissolution ( society1 ,god =bids an>*y1 & enjo9s ob$i5ce to ! civil p[]1 "u pa9 ( s9 & damnation4 ,!y t resi/1 pur*ase to !mselves damnation 7,rom4 xiii4 #b73 :]e ! !ological /ud5t1 hav+ ! ,greek text be=e him1 w obs]ve t ! same phrase is us$ z 9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #bi ( ! unwor?y communicant1 z ?\gh x 7 ! l s9 to r5d our ,"l's my/ical ,body by civil discord z to pr(ane ,8 natural ,body by sacrilege4 ,b to enjo9 ob$i5ce & to be/[ au?ority are ! obv]se & rev]se ( "o & ! same act4 ,god !re=e gives ! civil rul] p[] & au?ority to comm&4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ t !re is no p[] b f ,god1 & t ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 7,rom4 xiii4 #a47 #ad4 ,! argum5t is summ$ up 9 ^! sev5 consequ5t propositions3 7a7 ,civil society is necess>y to human nature4 7b7 ,civil p[] is necess>y to civil society4 7c7 ,civil p[] is naught )\t civil ob$i5ce4 7d7 ,civil ob$i5ce is necess>y to human nature4 7e7 ,god comm&s :atev] is necess>y to human nature4 7f7 ,god comm&s ob$i5ce to ! civil p[]4 7g7 ,god commissions ! civil p[] to rule4 #ae4 ,if any "o asks h[ ! ,/ate & ! civil p[] is ( ,god any o!rwise ?an ! railway company ) its p[]1 or ev5 ! fev] ) its virul5ce1 a mom5t's reflection w reveal ! answ] 9 ! facts1 t railway communication1 h[ev] conv5i5t1 is n an ess5tial feature ( human life1 z ! ,/ate is3 :ile diseases are n requirem5ts 9 ord] to good1 b incid5tal defects & evils ( nature1 p]mitt$ by ,god4 ,:y ,god leaves man to cope ) su* evils1 is n ! "q "h4 ,read+s4--,ar41 ,pol41 ,i41 ii42 ,,iii41 i42 ,,iii41 ix43 nn4 #e-ae4 ,,section ,,iv4--,( ! ,v>iety ( ,polities4 #a4 ,"o polity alone is aga9/ ! natural law2 t is e polity :i* proves itself unworkable & ineffici5t3 = ! re/1 v>i\s ,/ates exhibit v>i\s polities workable & lawful1 p>tly f ! circum/ances1 p>tly f ! *oice1 ( ! citiz5s3 b ! sum total ( civil p[] is a con/ant quantity1 ! same = all ,/ates4 ,we proce$ to e/abli% ! clauses ( ?is /atem5t 9 succession4 #b4 ,if a wat* be necess>y to a railway gu>d1 & he is b\nd to h "o accord+ly1 x is also necess>y1 & he is b\nd to procure x1 t ! wat* %all g & keep "t4 ,a wat* t w n keep "t is an unlawful article = him to dep5d ^u1 be+ tantam\nt to no wat*1 :]eas he is b\nd to h a wat*4 ,o!rwise1 be 8 wat* l>ge or small1 gold1 silv]1 or p9*beck1 all ?is is indiff]5t1 s long z x be a reliable timekeep]4 ,9 l mann]1 we mu/ h a ,/ate1 we mu/ h a gov]nm5t1 & we mu/ h a gov]nm5t t c gov]n4 ,mon>*y1 ari/ocracy1 p>liam5ts1 wide or n>r[ fran*ise1 c5tralisation1 dec5tralisation1 any "o ( ^! & c\ntless o!r =ms--ap>t f ! means :]eby x is set up--is a lawful gov]nm5t1 :]e x is a workable "o2 unlawful1 & =bidd5 by ,god & nature1 :]e x _c "w4 ,a =m ( gov]nm5t t f its own intr9sic defects c\ld n[h]e "w1 w\ld be ev]y:]e & always unlawful4 #c4 ,y _c argue f ! accompli%$ fact ! lawfulness ( ! means :]eby x 0 accompli%$4 ,nor d we say t e =m ( gov]nm5t1 :i* succe$s 9 gov]n+1 0 orig9ally set up 9 ju/ice2 nor aga9 t ! success ( its rule is necess>ily due to ! use ( j means4 ,! ,committee ( ,public ,safety 9 ,p>is 9 #agid did manage to gov]n1 b x 0 erect$ 9 blood1 & x gov]n$ by an unscrupul\s disreg>d ( ev]ybody's rights4 ,all t we say is1 t no di/ribution ( civil p[] z a di/ribution1 or no polity z a polity 7s4 iii41 n4 #e1 p4 #cab71 is unlawful1 if by x ! gov]nm5t c be c>ri$ on4 ,& ! reason is pla94 ,= all t nature requires is t !re %\ld be an effici5t civil au?ority1 n t ?is man %\ld h x1 or t "o man or o!r %\ld h x all1 or t a c]ta9 class 9 c\ncil assembl$ %\ld engross x1 or t all ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry %\ld p>ticipate 9 x4 ,any "o ( ^! arrangem5ts t w "w1 satisfies ! exig5cy ( nature = civil rule1 & is !re=e 9 itself a lawful polity4 #d4 ,work+1 & !re=e1 z expla9$1 lawful polities are z multitud9\s z ! species ( animals4 ,besides ^? t actually are1 !re is a v>iety )\t end1 z ( animals1 s ( polities1 t might be & are n4 ,we c classify only ! ma9 types4 ,we gr\nd our classification ^u ,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 vii41 mod]nis+ x s z to take 9 =ms ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 :]e( ,ari/otle _h no conception4 7#a7 ,mon>*y1 or ! rule ( ! ,s+le ,p]son1 9 ^: h&s ! :ole p[] ( ! ,/ate is conc5trat$1 e4g41 ,con/ant9e ! ,great4 7#b7 ,ari/ocracy1 or ! rule ( ! ,few1 :i* w be ei!r direct or repres5tative1 accord+ z ei!r !y !mselves by _! own votes at fir/ h&1 or repres5tatives :om !y elect1 make ! laws4 7#c7 ,democracy1 or ! rule ( ! ,_m1 t is1 ( ! :ole community4 ,democracy1 aga91 is ei!r direct 7commonly call$ pure7 or repres5tative4 ,! mo/ fam\s approa* 9 hi/ory to pure democracy is ! gov]nm5t ( ,a!ns1 ,b4,c4 #dch-cch4 7#d7 ,limit$ ,mon>*y4 7a7 ,mon>*y ) ,ari/ocracy1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl& f #afhh to #ahcj4 7b7 ,mon>*y ) ,democracy4 #e4 ,all civil gov]nm5t is = ! gov]n$1 t is1 = ! community at l>ge4 ,! p]v]sion ( a polity is ! los+ sight ( ?is pr9ciple1 & ! conduct+ ( ! polity 9 ! int]e/ ( ! gov]n+ body alone4 ,by su* p]v]sion mon>*y passes into tyranny1 ari/ocracy into olig>*y1 & democracy into o*locracy or mob-rule4 ,x might appe> /range t1 :]e ! p[] re/s ) ! :ole p collectively1 gov]nm5t %\ld ev] be c>ri$ on o!rwise ?an 9 ! int]e/ ( ! entire community1 did we n rememb] t ! majority1 ) :om ! p[] re/s 9 a democracy1 may employ x to trample on & cru% ! m9ority4 ,?us ! ,_m may worry & h>ass ! ,few1 ! mean & poor ! weal?y & noble3 ?\gh commonly p]haps ! worry+ has be5 ! o!r way ab\t4 ,anyh[ x is important to obs]ve t !re is no polity :i* ( itself1 & ap>t f ! _s 9 :i* x is work$1 is an adequate safegu>d & rock ( def5ce aga9/ oppression4 #f4 ,! wide range ( polities t hi/ory pres5ts is n drawn out by ! caprice ( nations4 ,! v fact ( a c]ta9 nation *oos+ a c]ta9 polity1 :]e !y are free to *oose1 is an indication ( ! b5t ( ! national "*1 & "* is n a caprice4 ,no ,nor? ,am]ican population are ev] likely to elect an absolute mon>* to gov]n !m4 ,t polity :i* ?rives on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian1 c /rike no root on ! banks ( ! ,potomac4 ,! *oice ( a polity is limit$ by ! "* ( ! electors & by ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! election is made4 ,n e g5]ation 9 a nation is free to *oose its polity3 b ! *oice & in/itution ( ! fa!rs b9ds ! *ildr54 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t ance/ral settlem5ts mu/ be respect$1 or in/ability ensues1 & an>*y is n f> (f4 ,?us ! _s ( fre$om %\ld always act z ,burke says1 z if 9 ! pres5ce ( canoniz$ =efa!rs4 #g4 ,! smalle/ ,/ate 9 ! _w is ! little republic ( ,&orra 9 ! ,pyr5ees4 ,?\gh x be a p>adox to say x1 !re is z mu* political p[] 9 ,&orra z 9 ,russia1--"o & ! same measure ( x 9 e ,/ate4 ,9 e ,/ate !re is p[] = civil good to ! full height ( ! em]g5cies t may arise4 ,! same em]g5cies may arise ev]y:]e1 & ev]y:]e !re is full p[] to see t ! commonweal? take no h>m by !m4 ,:at a great empire c d = ?is purpose1 e4g41 proclaim m>tial law1 se>* h\ses1 lay an emb>go on ! means ( transport1 impress soldi]s1 ! same c ! t9ie/ commonweal? d 9 ! l ne$4 ,& ! ord9>y functions ( gov]nm5t are ! same 9 bo?4 #h4 ,?is seems at v>iance ) ! !ory ( "s con/itutions1 accord+ to :i* !re are c]ta9 s-call$ fundam5tal laws1 :i* ! legislature _c call 9 "q1 nor deal ) 9 any way1 b mu/ take !m 9 all its delib]ations = positions e/abli%$ & uncontrov]tible4 ,! ,briti% ,con/itution recognizes no fundam5tal laws4 ,!re is no re=m t may n legally be broa*$ 9 ,p>liam5t & enact$ !re4 ,p>liam5t is said to be omnipot5t1 able to d ev]y?+1 except to make a man a woman4 ,b 9 _m legislatures x is n s4 ,at ,a!ns ( old !re 7 c]ta9 measures :i* no "o c\ld introduce = discussion 9 ! ,sov]eign ,assembly )\t r5d]+ himself liable to a prosecution ,greek3 graphae p>anomon4 ,& !re h be5 _m mon>*s t]m$ absolute1 :o yet 7 b\nd by _! coronation-oa?1 or by "s o!r agreem5t ) _! p1 to pres]ve inviolate c]ta9 in/itutions & to ma9ta9 c]ta9 laws4 ,x may be cont5d$ t su* a gov]nm5t z we h 9 ,engl&1 :i* is !oretically compet5t to pass any law )9 ! limits ( ! natural law1 has a great] range ( p[] ?an a gov]nm5t ^: op]ation is limit$ by a b>ri] ( fundam5tal positive law4 ,b ?is cont5tion vani%es :5 we obs]ve t !re mu/ rema9 9 ! ,/ate1 :i* has fundam5tal laws1 a p[] some:]e to rev]se !m4 ,!y c be rev]s$ at lea/ by ! cons5t ( ! :ole p4 ,?us at ,a!ns ! ,greek3 graphae p>anomon c\ld be susp5d$ by a vote ( ! ,assembly4 ,a p c release _! mon>* f 8 coronation-oa? 9 su* portions ( x z are n b9d+ absolutely by div9e law4 ,:]e fundam5tal law obta9s1 a portion ( ! civil p[] becomes lat5t1 & only a dim9i%$ rema9d] is left free 9 ! h&s ( ! p]son or p]sons :o are !re said to rule4 ,su* p]son or p]sons are n ! adequate rul] ( ! ,/ate1 z !y h n ! full p[]1 b ! p1 ) :om re/s ! lat5t au?ority to cancel c]ta9 laws1 are to t ext5t p>tak]s 9 ! sov]eignty4 ,:]e !re is agreem5t ( ! :ole p1 great & small1 no "p ( ! p[] rema9s lat5t1 b all is set free4 ,) u1 x may be obs]v$1 ! omnipot5ce ( p>liam5t has become a m]e lawy]'s !ory4 ,on e great issue1 o!r ?an t on :i* ! sitt+ p>liam5t has be5 elect$1 x is ! practice ( m9i/]s to g to ! c\ntry by a new ,g5]al ,election4 ,?us only a c]ta9 measure ( available au?ority is free at ! disposal ( p>liam5t3 ! re/ rema9+ lat5t 9 ! g5]al body ( ! electorate4 ,su* is our con/itution 9 practice4 #i4 ,if 9 any ,/ate ! :ole p[] 7 free 9 ! h&s ( "o man1 !re we might look to see made good ! dictum ( ! judici\s ,hook] 7,ecclesia/ical ,polity1 bk4 i41 s4 x41 n4 #e73 ,to live by "o man's w became ! cause ( all m5's mis]y4 ,9 a mon>*y untrammell$ by s5ate or popul> assembly1 x 7 well t "s ( ! sov]eign p[] %\ld rema9 lat5t1 & t ,8 ,maje/y %\ld rule 9 accordance ) c]ta9 laws1 n )9 8 royal pleasure to revoke4 #aj4 ,! ,/ate & ! p[] ( ! ,/ate1 ap>t f ! polity1 is ( ,god4 7s4 iii41 n4 #ad1 p4 #cah47 ,! ,/ate "u ?is or t polity & ?is or t rul]1 is also ( ,god4 ,b1 ap>t f ! polity1 ! ,/ate is ( ,god antec$5tly to any det]m9ation ( any human w3 because1 willy nilly1 man mu/ live 9 civil society & ,god comm&s him s to d4 ,b ! ,/ate "u ?is polity & ?is rul] is ( ,god consequ5tly to "s det]m9ation ( human volition4 ,9 ?is consequ5t s5se we write ,victoria ,dei gratia4 #aa4 ,!re is little use 9 ! enquiry1 ,:i* is ! be/ polity8 ,!re is no polity :i* excels all o!r polities z man does ! re/ ( animals4 ,we judge ( polities z ( ! v>i\s types ( locomotives1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry :]e !y are to run4 ,ari/otle tells u t if we meet ) a ,p]icles1 we %all d be/ to make him our k+1 & h& ov] all our affairs to him4 7,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 xiii41 #be3 cf4 ,?ucydides1 ii41 #fe47 ,o!rwise1 = mo/ cities & = mo/ m51 ap>t f exceptional circum/ances1 or a condition ( ideal p]fection1 b hav+ reg>d to :at is ord9>ily possible1 he recomm5ds a mod]ate republic "u middle-class rule4 7,ar41 ,pol41 ,,vi41 xi41 ,ed4 ,congreve47 ,?is he calls p> excell5ce a polity1 ,greek3 politeia4 ,democracy1 ,greek3 deimokratia ) ,ari/otle1 always means t p]v]sion ( democracy1 :i* we call mob-rule4 7,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 vii41 nn4 #c1 #e47 #ab4 ,9 ! ,engli% mon>*y ! :ole maje/y ( ! ,/ate %9es =? 9 ! ,s+le ,p]son :o we>s ! ,cr[n4 ,! ,cr[n is ! c5tre ( loyalty & gives dignity to ! gov]nm5t4 ,! ,cr[n is above all p>ties 9 ! ,/ate1 kn[s _! secrets1 _! purposes :5 9 (fice z well z _! acts1 & is able to m$iate1 :5 p>ty feel+ ?reat5s to br+ gov]nm5t to a /&/ill4 ,! ,briti% ,cr[n has m weight ( influ5ce ?an ( pr]ogative4 ,footnote #ba ,footnote #ba3 ,writt5 9 ! mon? & ye> ( jubilee1 ,june1 #ahhg4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #aje1 art4 #a1 9 corp41 ad #b1 #e2 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 xv42 ib41 ,,iii41 xvi41 nn4 #e-h2 ib41 ,,viii4 7al4 ,v471 xi4 nn4 #a-c4 ,,section ,v4--,( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s & ! ,inali5able ,sov]eignty ( ! ,p4 #a4 ,^? old fanatics ( arbitr>y p[] dogmatiz$ z if h]$it>y mon>*y 7 ! only lawful gov]nm5t 9 ! _w1 j z our new fanatics ( popul> arbitr>y p[] ma9ta9 t a popul> election is ! only lawful s\rce ( au?ority4 7,burke1 ,reflections on ,fr5* ,revolution47 ,we "h /& betwe5 two idols ( ! tribe ( politicians4 ,we may call !m ,gog & ,magog3 ,gog1 ! div9e "r ( k+s2 ,magog1 ! inali5able sov]eignty ( ! p4 #b4 ,! position kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! div9e "r ( k+s may be be/ describ$ z a political pop$om4 ,x is ! belief ( ,ca?olics t our ,div9e ,r$eem]1 in/itut+ ,8 ,*ur* by ,8 own p]sonal act z a p]fect society & spiritual commonweal?1 in/itut$ 9 l mann] ! polity "u :i* ,he will$ x to be gov]n$1 namely1 ! ,papal mon>*y1 begun 9 ,/4 ,pet] & c>ri$ to completion accord+ to our ,"l's design "u ! l9e ( ,popes1 ,pet]'s successors4 ,! mon>*y ?us e/abli%$ is ess5tial to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,we speak n "h ( ! temporal p[] :i* ! ,pope once enjoy$ 9 ! ,roman ,/ates1 b ( 8 spiritual sov]eignty ov] all ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,pope _c validly resign & put out ( 8 own & 8 successors' h&s1 nor c ! ,c>d9als take away f him1 nor ! ,episcopate1 "o jot or tittle ( ?is spiritual pr]ogative4 ,he _c1 = in/ance1 condition 8 infallibility on ! cons5t ( a ,g5]al ,c\ncil1 or surr5d] ! canonization ( sa9ts to ! votes ( ! fai?ful at l>ge4 ,su* are ! inali5able1 ,*ri/-giv5 pr]ogatives ( ! ,papacy4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 feloni\sly set himself up = ,pope )9 ! realm ( ,engl&4 ,bl5d+ toge!r temporal & spiritual jurisdiction1 he made out 8 rights & pr]ogatives z a mon>*1 ev5 9 ! civil ord]1 to be inali5able z 9 ! spiritual4 ,spiritual & civil attributes toge!r =m$ a jewell$ circlet1 "o & indivisible1 immoveably fix$ on ! br[ ( ! ,k+'s ,mo/ ,sacr$ ,maje/y4 ,gr[n & swoll5 by _! union ) ! spirituality1 ! civil attributes ( ! ,cr[n 7 exagg]at$ to ! utmo/1 & likewise decl>$ inali5able4 ,!y 7 exagg]at$ till !y came to embrace all ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,! privileges ( ,p>liam5t1 & ! limitations to ! royal au?ority1 set =? 9 ! ,petition ( ,"r 9 #afbh1 7 reg>d$ z m]e concessions t5able at ! ,k+'s pleasure3 f :i* po9t ( view we und]/& ! read9ess ( s consci5ti\s a mon>* z ,*>les ,i4 to act aga9/ su* privileges aft] he _h all[$ !m4 ,b to ve/ all ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t inali5ably 9 ! ,k+1 s t :oev] else may seem to p>take 9 !m1 %all p>take only by royal suff]ance1 is tantam\nt to decl>+ mon>*y ! sole valid & lawful polity4 ,?is decl>ation ! m9i/]s1 lay & cl]ical1 ( our ,*>leses & ,jameses d n seem to h made 9 express t]ms4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 conta9$ by implication 9 _! celebrat$ phrase ( ! inali5able pr]ogatives ( ! ,cr[n1 z int]pret$ by ! /ret*es ( pr]ogative :i* !y advis$4 ,!y virtually ass]t$ ( "o p>ticul> polity1 or di/ribution ( civil p[] 7c4 viii41 s4 iii41 n4 #e1 p4 #cab71 t :i* is true only ( civil p[] tak5 nak$ly1 ap>t f ! mode ( its di/ribution--!y said ( mon>*y :at is true ( gov]nm5t--t ! sum ( its p[] is a con/ant quantity 7c4 viii41 s4 iv41 n4 #g1 p4 #cbb71 & t x is ( ,god antec$5tly to & irrespectively ( any det]m9ation ( popul> w4 7c4 viii41 s4 iv41 n4 #aj1 p4 #cbe47 #c4 ,su* a position is easily refut$1 negatively1 by its be+ :olly unprov51 unless ! ,engli% ,re=mation1 & ! s]vile _s 9 ,*ur* & ,/ate t promot$ & 0 promot$ by ! ,re=mation1 c pass = a pro(2 & aga9 ! position is positively refut$1 :5 we come to consid] h[ all t nature requires & ,god comm&s1 is gov]nm5t "u "s polity1 n gov]nm5t ev]y:]e "u mon>*y2 !re be+ _m workable polities besides mon>*y4 7s4 iv41 nn4 #a-d1 p4 #cai47 #d4 ,! same argum5t t demoli%es ,gog1 also ov]turns ,magog4 ,! two idols1 oppos$ to "o ano!r1 /& ^u ! same p$e/al1 ! id5tification ( gov]nm5t 9 g5]al ) "o p>ticul> polity1 z ?\gh a polity 7 ! polity4 ,! great ass]tor & wor%ipp] ( ! inali5able sov]eignty ( ! p is ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau4 ,he />ts f po/ulates :i* we h already reject$--t all m5 are equal 7c4 viii41 s4 i41 n4 #i1 p4 #cje7--t man is born free 7ib41 n4 #aj7--t none c be b\nd to obey ano!r )\t 8 own cons5t 7ib41 n4 #aa7--t civil society is =m$ by an arbitr>y conv5tion 7ib41 n4 #d7--:i* conv5tion is ! ,social ,contract4 7ib41 n4 #e47 ,f ^! unreasonable po/ulates ,r\sseau draws ! conclusion1 logically en\gh1 t ! sov]eign w 9 e ,/ate is ! w ( ! majority ( ! citiz5s3 b ! w ( ! majority1 he goes on1 _c be ali5at$ f ! majority3 !re=e nei!r c ! sov]eignty be ali5at$1 b mu/ abide p]man5tly ) ! p rul+ by a majority ( votes4 ,! argum5tation is excell5t1 b ! premisses are all false4 ,! conclusion is va/ly popul>1 few m9ds consid]+ f :at premisses x is drawn4 #e4 ,if sov]eignty re/s inali5ably ) ! p1 ! "o valid polity is pure democracy4 ,?is proposition1 h[ev]1 ,r\sseau 0 n =w>d to =mulate4 ,! ,/u>ts _h %runk f =mulat+ a simil> proposition ab\t mon>*y1 ?\gh !y virtually held & act$ ^u x4 ,!y 7 will+ en\gh to all[ ( a p>liam5t1 ^: privileges & functions %\ld be at ,8 ,maje/y's graci\s pleasure4 ,?us ,r\sseau w all[ y to h y\r s5ate1 k+1 emp]or1 if y w3 only rememb] t he is ! pr9ce1 n ! sov]eign4 7,contrat ,social1 l4 iii41 c4 i47 ,! p collectively are ! sov]eign1 always sov]eign4 ,! pr9ce1 t is1 he or !y to :om ! adm9i/ration is entru/$--s9ce all ! citiz5s _c adm9i/] jo9tly--is ! m]e (ficial & bailiff ( ! ,sov]eign ,p1 b\nd to c>ry out _! m&ate 9 all ?+s1 & removable at _! pleasure4 ,! p mu/ meet p]iodically1 n at ! discretion ( ! pr9ce4 ,^! meet+s mu/ op5 ) two que/ions1 nev] to be omitt$1 & to be vot$ on sep>ately4 ,! fir/ is3 ,:e!r x pleases ! ,sov]eign 7,p7 to cont9ue ! pres5t =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! second is3 ,:e!r x pleases ! ,p to leave ! adm9i/ration to ! p]sons at pres5t actually *>g$ ) x4 7,contrat ,social1 1l4 iv41 c4 xviii47 #f4 ,! claim ( a pure democracy l ?is to sup]s$e all o!r polities _c be e/abli%$ by ab/ract argum5ts4 ,t we h se5 9 exam9+ ! ,social ,contract4 ,! alt]native way ( e/abli%+ su* an exclusive claim w\ld be to prove t ! practical effici5cy ( pure democracy immeasurably transc5ds ! effici5cy ( e o!r possible polity4 ,!re is inde$ yet a ?ird mode ( pro( resort$ to4 ,x is said t pure democracy ev]y:]e is com+ & mu/ come2 & t :at is ?us on ! l9e ( human progress mu/ be "r & be/ = ! "t t x obta9s4 ,a gr& inv5tion ?is ( ,positivi/ g5ius1 ! !ory1 t :atev] is is "r2 & ! practice1 always to swim ) ! /ream6 ,b suppos+ t pure democracy is com+1 h[ long is x likely to la/8 ,! answ] may be ga!r$ f a review ( ! work+ difficulties ( su* a polity4 #g4 ,x is made only = a small ,/ate4 ,railway & telegraph h inde$ dim9i%$ ! difficulty2 & h remov$ ! ne$ ( all ! vot]s meet+ 9 "o place1 z 0 done at ,a!ns4 ,newspap]s e*o & spread ) addition ! eloqu5ce ( popul> orators1 beyond ! e>s t actually li/5 to !m4 ,/ill1 ?9k :at x w\ld be to h a g5]al election1 ^u e bill t passes ?r\gh ,p>liam5t3 = t is :at pure democracy comes to4 ,! plan w\ld sc>cely "w ) a total electorate ( ?irty ?\s&4 ,y say ! p w\ld entru/ a committee ) ! pass+ ( ord9>y measures1 res]v+ to !mselves ! sup]vision4 ,i am n argu+ ! physical impossibility1 b ! moral difficulties ( su* an arrangem5t4 ,= ei!r ! p ?r[ ! re9s ( gov]nm5t on ! neck ( ?is committee1 or !y keep a tight hold ^u ! committee & guide x4 ,9 ! =m] case ! popul> sov]eignty becomes l t ( a mon>* :o leans mu* on fav\rites1 a sov]eignty l>gely p>ticipat$ 9 by o!rs ?an ! nom9al hold] ( ! control4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! p d frequ5tly int]f]e1 & take a lively int]e/ 9 ! do+s ( ! subord9ate assembly1 ! p !mselves mu/ be a small body4 ,an active gov]n+ body ( ?ree hundr$ ?\s& memb]s w\ld be z great a wond] z an active man weigh+ ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,only 9 a small ,/ate is t int5se political life possible1 :i* a pure democracy mu/ live4 ,!re only1 z ,r\sseau requires1 c ! public s]vice be ! pr9cipal affair ( ! citiz5s4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 he says1 ,i d n see h[ x is any long] possible = ! ,sov]eign 7,p7 to pres]ve among/ u ! ex]cise ( 8 rights1 if ! city is n v small4 7,contrat ,social1 l4 iii41 c4 xv47 ,& ! difficulty ( size 9 a democracy is aggravat$1 if1 z ,sociali/s propose1 ! democratic ,/ate is to be sole capitali/ )9 its own limits4 ,! p]fect sov]eignty ( ! p means ! disruption ( empires1 & ! pu%+ to extremity ( :at is v>i\sly describ$ z local gov]nm5t1 home rule1 autonomy1 & dec5tralisation1 till e commune becomes an indep5d5t ,/ate4 ,b = def5ce 9 w> & = comm]ce 9 peace1 ^! little ,/ates mu/ f$]ate2 & f$]ation means c5tralisation1 ext]nal control ov] ! majority at home1 re/rict$ =eign relations1 9 fact ! corruption ( pure democracy4 #h4 ,aga91 ! p]fect sov]eignty ( ! p _c subsi/ except ^u ! supposition t "o man is z mu* a born rul] z ano!r1 :i* means a levell+ d[n ( ! be/ tal5t ( ! community1 = t is ! only way 9 :i* capacities c be equalis$--a v wa/eful & ru9\s exp$i5t1 & "o t ! born lead]s ( ! p w n long endure4 ,!n !re is ! prov]bial fickl5ess ( democracy1 "o day all agl[1 & cool$ d[n ! next1 nev] pursu+ any c\rse /eadily1 9 =eign policy lea/ ( all1 ?\gh !re ! de>e/ int]e/s ( ! ,/ate are (t5 at /ake4 ,z "o :o liv$ "u su* a gov]nm5t once put x3 ,%e] democracy is ( all in/itutions ! mo/ ill-balanc$ & ill put toge!r1 l a wave at sea re/lessly toss+ be=e ! fitful gu/s ( w9d3 politicians come & g1 & n "o ( !m c>es = ! public int]e/1 or gives x a ?\ght4 7,quot$ by ,demo/h5es1 ,spee* on ! ,embassy1 p4 #chc ,a47 ,:at !y d c>e = & ?9k ( s$ul\sly1 is pleas+ ! p & cl++ to (fice4 ,9 t respect !y are ! c\nt]p>ts ( ! fav\rites :o clu/] r\nd ! ?rone ( a despotic mon>*1 & suck up 8 p[] by flatt]+ him4 ,peoples h _! fav\rites z well z k+s4 ,to ^! p]sons1 ! ,cleon or ,grac*us ( ! h\r1 !y bl9dly commit ! managem5t ( _! conc]ns1 z ! roi fa9ant ( old ,franki% times left ev]y?+ to 8 ,mayor ( ! ,palace1 till ! ,mayor came to reign 9 8 ma/]'s /ead2 & s has ! popul> fav\rite ere n[ develop$ into ! milit>y despot4 ,/rong-m9d$ k+s ( c\rse are n rul$ by fav\rites1 nor are highly intellig5t & capable peoples2 b x is z h>d to f9d a p fit to wield ! p[] ( pure democracy z to f9d an individual fit = an absolute mon>*1 especially :]e ! ,/ate is l>ge4 #i4 ,f all ?is we conclude t ! new-fa%ion$ ,magog ( pure democracy1 or ! p]fect sov]eignty ( ! p1 is n to be wor%ipp$ to ! ov]?r[ & repudiation ( all o!r polities1 any m ?an ! old-fa%ion$ ,gog ( pure mon>*y1 idolis$ by ,/u>t c\rti]s "u ! "n ( ! div9e "r ( k+s4 ,nei!r ( ^! is ! polity3 ea* is a polity1 b n "o to be commonly recomm5d$4 ,! /udy ( polities admirably illu/rates ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! ,gold5 ,mean 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 iv41 p4 #gg71 tea*+ u ord9>ily to affect limit$ mon>*y or limit$ democracy4 ,b z ! mean mu/ ev] be *os5 9 relation to ourselves1 a ,con/ant9e or an ,a!nian ,demos may repres5t ! prop] polity 9 place "u extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,read+4--,! ,mon? = ,july1 #ahhf1 pp4 #cch1 seqq4 ,,section ,,vi4--,( ! ,elem5t>y & ,orig9al ,polity4 #a4 ,all ?+s are d\ble1 "o aga9/ ano!r4 7,ecclus4 xlii4 #be47 ,! son ( ,sira* may h _h 9 view ! human body z divisible by a v]tical m$ian l9e into two symmetrical halves4 ,b 9 ea* ( ! halves ?us made1 ! same organ or limb is nev] repeat$ twice 9 exact lik5ess1 nor d any two p>ts r5d] exactly ! same s]vice4 ,?is v>iety ( organs 9 ! bodies ( ! high] animals is call$ diff]5tiation4 ,z we desc5d 9 ! animal s]ies we f9d less & less ( diff]5tiation1 till we rea* ! l[e/ types1 :i* are little m ?an a m]e bag1 :5ce _! "n ( ,ascidians4 ,9 t ,/ate :i* has ,london = its capital city1 we behold "o ( ! highe/ types ( political exi/5ce4 ,sov]eignty is !re divid$1 z usual 9 mod]n ,/ates1 into ?ree bran*es1 ,legislative1 ,judicial1 & ,executive4 ,ea* ( ^! bran*es is %>$ among _m p]sons 9 v>i\s modes & degrees1 s t 9 practice x is n easy to enum]ate & specify ! hold]s ( sov]eignty1 nor to *>act]ize s complex a polity4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale we may repres5t to ourselves #bej squatt]s =m+ an indep5d5t ,/ate 9 ! f> ,we/ ( ,am]ica4 ,!y are a pure democracy1 & ! sov]eignty belongs to !m all jo9tly4 ,is a man to be tri$ = 8 life8 ,! rema9+ #bdi are 8 judges4 ,is a tax to be levi$ on ard5t spirits8 ,! #bej vote x4 ,is !re a call to arms8 ,! #bej m>%al !mselves to w>4 ,t cle>ly is ! condition ( m9imum diff]5tiation1 :]e "o citiz5 is 9 all political po9ts ! exact c\nt]p>t ( all ! re/4 ,( all polities x is ! mo/ simple & elem5t>y possible4 ,& s f> =? z ! natural ord] ( evolution 9 polities1 z 9 all o!r ?+s1 is f simple to comp\nd1 ?is is also ! orig9al polity4 ,x is also ! residu>y polity1 t1 namely1 :i* comes to be1 :5 all o!r gov]nm5t 9 ! ,/ate vani%es4 ,?us1 if ! ,p[d] ,plot _h succe$$1 & ,k+ ,james ,i41 ) ! royal family1 ,lords & ,commons1 ) ! judges & *ief (fic]s ( ! ,executive1 _h all p]i%$ toge!r1 ! sov]eign au?ority 9 ,engl& w\ld h devolv$ ^u ! nation z a :ole4 #b4 ,c]ta9 mon>*ical writ]s %r9k f ! recognition ( pure democracy z ei!r ! fir/ or ! la/ t]m ( ! s]ies ( polities4 ,!y d n recognize x z a polity at all4 ,:5 !re is no gov]n+ body di/9ct f ! mass ( p at l>ge1 a gov]nm5t mu/ be =m$1 !y say1 by popul> suffrage4 ,mean:ile1 accord+ to !m1 ! sov]eign p[] re/s n ) ! body ( electors3 ei!r x is n yet creat$1 or x has laps$3 b z soon z ! election is made1 !y see sov]eignty break+ =? l ! sun ris+1 9 ! p]son1 s+le or composite1 :o is ! object ( ! p's *oice4 ,?is w\ld be ! correct view ( ! matt]1 if no *oice 7 left to ! electors1 b !y 7 oblig$ to acquiesce 9 "s pre>rang$ polity1 z a ,mon>*y1 or a ,c\ncil ( ,t51 & c\ld d no?+ m ?an designate ! ,mon>* or ! ,c\ncil4 ,"u su* a re/riction ! ,c>d9als elect ! ,pope4 ,b our electors c in/itute any polity !y see fit4 ,!y are a ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,!y may fix ^u a mon>*y or a republic1 two or "o legislative *amb]s1 a wide or a n>r[ fran*ise1 home rule or c5tralization3 or !y may erect a ,provisional ,gov]nm5t = five ye>s ) ano!r appeal to ! p at ! end ( t t]m4 ,m ?an t4 ,!y c\ld impose a protective duty ^u corn1 or end[ ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 mak+ su* protection or end[m5t a fundam5tal law 7s4 iv41 n4 #h1 p4 #cbc71 & )hold+ f ! gov]nm5t1 :i* !y proce$ to set up1 ! p[] ( m$dl+ ) t law4 ,!y are !n n only a ,con/itu5t b likewise a ,legislative ,assembly4 ,b ?is p[] ( mak+ laws & m\ld+ ! future con/itution ( ! ,/ate1 :at else is x b sov]eign p[]1 & inde$ ! v highe/ manife/ation ( sov]eignty8 #c4 ,s f> we foll[ ,su>ez 9 8 controv]sy ) ,james ,i4 ,! natural ord] ( evolution c]ta9ly is1 t ! ,/ate %\ld be conceiv$ 9 pure democracy1 & !nce develop into o!r polities4 ,b 9 speak+ z ?\gh ! natural ord] _h always be5 ! actual ord]1 ,su>ez seems to h be5 betray$ by ! ard\r ( controv]sy into ! use ( incorrect expressions4 ,x is true 9 ! ab/ract1 z he says1 t no natural reason c be alleg$ :y sov]eignty %\ld be fix$ ^u "o p]son1 or "o set ( p]sons1 r ?an ^u ano!r1 %ort ( ! :ole community4 ,?is is true1 inasmu* z 9 ! ab/ract we view m5 z m51 9 :i* specific "* !y are all equal4 ,b 9 ! concrete & real life1 ! primeval citiz5s :o />t a commonweal? are r>ely alike & equal1 z ! f\nd]s ( ! ,am]ican ,republic at ! sep>ation f ,great ,brita9 pretty well 71 b "s m51 or "s ord] ( m51 w s mu* excel ! re/ 9 ability1 position1 or possessions1 t ! re/ h really no *oice b to acquiesce 9 ^? gift$ h&s hold+ ! sov]eignty4 ,read+s4--,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,iii41 iii41 #f2 ib41 ,,iii41 iv41 nn4 #b1 #c1 #d2 ,def5sio ,fidei1 ,,iii41 ii41 nn4 #g1 #h1 #i2 ,ar41 ,pol41 ,,iii41 xiv41 #ab2 ib41 ,,viii41 x41 nn4 #g1 #h2 ,! ,mon? = ,july1 #ahhf1 pp4 #cdb-cde4 ,,section ,,vii4--,( ,resi/ance to ,civil ,p[]4 ,:5 !y say ! ,k+ owes 8 cr[n to ! *oice ( 8 p1 !y tell u t !y mean to say no m ?an t "s ( ! ,k+'s pr$ecessors h be5 call$ to ! ?rone by "s sort ( *oice4 ,?us !y hope to r5d] _! proposition safe by r5d]+ x nugatory4 7,burke1 ,reflections on ,fr5* ,revolution47 #a4 ,! great "q ab\t civil p[] is1 n :5ce x fir/ came 9 remote antiquity1 b :5ce x is n[ d]iv$ & fl[s cont9ually z f its s\rce1 :e!r f ! free cons5t ( subjects s long z t la/s1 or :e!r x obta9s indep5d5tly ( _! cons5t4 ,c subjects ov]?r[ ! rul]1 or alt] ! polity itself1 z (t5 z !y h a m9d s to d8 or has ! rul] a "r to 8 position ev5 aga9/ ! w ( 8 p8 ,a p>allel "q is1 c a prov9ce annex$ to an empire sec$e :5 x *ooses1 z ,s\? ,c>ol9a & o!r ,conf$]ates once attempt$ secession f ! ,am]ican ,union8 #b4 ,^! que/ions raise two totally diff]5t issues1 :i* mu/ be fir/ c>efully di/+ui%$ & !n sev]ally answ]$4 ,! fir/ po9t at issue is :e!r subjects may de?rone _! rul]1 a p alt] _! polity1 or a prov9ce sec$e f an empire1 at discretion4 ,! second po9t is1 :e!r ! same may be done "u pressure ( dire inju/ice4 ,"o little matt] ( phraseology mu/ be rectifi$ be=e an answ] is return$ to ?is fir/ po9t4 ,! "q :e!r subjects may de?rone _! rul] at discretion1 f ! t]ms 9 :i* x is drawn1 c lead to none b a negative answ]4 ,f ! fact t !y are subjects1 & ?is man1 or ?is body ( m51 _! rul]1 _! allegiance _c be :olly discretion>y4 ,t sov]eign is a m]e man ( /raw1 !re is no s\l & sub/ance ( sov]eign p[] 9 him1 :o may be knock$ d[n & c>t$ away = rubbi%1 any mom5t 8 s-call$ subjects please4 ,r\sseau is q cle> on ?is po9t4 ,! true debateable =m ( ! "q is1 :e!r ! p1 be+ !mselves sov]eign1 c remove at w ! (ficial p]sons :o actually adm9i/] ! ,/ate2 :e!r !y c *ange ! polity1 & :e!r ! inhabitants ( a prov9ce c sec$e4 ,! answ] n[ is simple3 all dep5ds ^u ! polity ( ! p>ticul> c\ntry :]e ! case comes = discussion4 ,& if s x be t ! con/itution makes no provision "o way or ano!r1 any dispute t may occur mu/ be settl$ by amicable arrangem5t among ! p>ties conc]n$3 if !y _c amicably agree1 !y mu/ fight4 ,to save ?is la/ ev5tuality1 x 7 well t any claim :i* ! p 9 any c\ntry may h to remove pr9ces & /atesm5 f (fice1 to alt] ! polity1 or to divide ! empire1 %\ld be made matt] ( ! cle>e/ und]/&+ & mo/ express & unambigu\s /ipulation4 ,ev5 s1 su* a provision mu/ be g5]ally view$ ) disfav\r by ! political philosoph]1 see+ h[ x t5ds to ! weak5+ & und]m9+ ( gov]nm5t2 :]eas ! same consid]ations t make out gov]nm5t to be at all a boon & a necessity to human nature1 argue incapacity & in/ability 9 ! gov]n+ p[] to be a deplorable evil4 ,we mu/ add1 t :]e ! p keep 9 _! h&s any p[] to alt] ! polity1 or transf] ! adm9i/ration to o!r h&s1 !re !y hold "p at lea/ ( ! sov]eignty2 & ! alt]ation or transf]5ce is effect$ by !m1 n z subjects1 b z p>tial rul]4 #c4 ,! second po9t we rais$ 01 :e!r a de?ronem5t1 or an alt]ation ( polity1 or a secession1 may be br\ght ab\t1 n inde$ at discretion = any cause1 b "u pressure ( dire inju/ice4 ,x comes to ?is3 ,may ! civil p[] be resi/$ :5 x does griev\s wrong8 ,let u beg9 our reply ) ano!r "q3 ,may *ildr5 /rike _! p>5ts8 ,no4 ,n ev5 9 self-def5ce8 :5 ! p>5t is go+ ab\t to d ! *ild "s griev\s bodily hurt8 ,t is an unpleasant "q1 b ! answ] is pla94 ,we c make no exceptions to ! rule ( self-def5ce4 ,self-def5ce 9 extreme cases may raise ! arm ( a *ild aga9/ its p>5t3 9 a simil> extremity x may set a p 9 conflict ) _! civil rul]4 ,/ill we reg>d ) horror ! idea ( /rik+ a p>5t1 & speak ( x g5]ally z a ?+ nev] to be done3 s %\ld we reg>d & speak ( rebellion4 ,we %\ld n p>ade x be=e m5's eyes z a de$ to be contemplat$1 admir$1 & readily put 9 execution4 ,i confess to y1 ,sir1 writes ,burke1 ,i nev] lik$ ?is cont9ual talk ( resi/ance & revolution1 or ! practice ( mak+ ! extreme m$ic9e ( ! con/itution its daily bread4 #d4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! civil au?ority may be )/ood 9 self-def5ce1 are fairly /at$ 9 ! ,dubl9 ,review = ,april1 #ahfe1 p4 #bib4 ,we mu/ premise1 t su* a c\rse ( self-def5ce once publicly ent]$ ^u is l a rock roll$ ov] ! br[ ( a /eep m\nta93 d[n x rolls & reb\nds f po9t to po9t1 ga!r+ mom5tum 9 ! desc5t1 till 9 ! end ! rul]1 once defi$1 has to be de?ron$1 ! polity subv]t$1 ! empire r5t1 or !y :o made ! resi/ance mu/ p]i%4 ,resi/ance is lawful3--7#a7 ,:5 a gov]nm5t has become sub/antially & habitually tyrannical1 & t is :5 x has lo/ sight ( ! common good1 & pursues its own selfi% objects to ! manife/ detrim5t ( its subjects1 especially :]e _! religi\s int]e/s are conc]n$4 7#b7 ,:5 all legal & pacific means h be5 tri$ 9 va9 to recall ! rul] to a s5se ( 8 duty4 7#c7 ,:5 !re is a reasonable probability t resi/ance w be successful1 & n entail great] evils ?an x seeks to remove4 7#d7 ,:5 ! judgm5t =m$ z to ! badness ( ! gov]nm5t1 & ! prud5ce ( resi/ance !reto1 is n ! op9ion only ( private p]sons or ( a m]e p>ty3 b is t ( ! l>g] & bett] portion ( ! p1 s t x may morally be consid]$ z ! judgm5t ( ! community z a :ole4 #e4 ,side by side ) ?is we w set ! tea*+ ( ,leo ,,xiii41 ,encyclical1 ,quod ,apo/olici4 ,if ev] x happ5s t civil p[] is wield$ by rul]s recklessly & beyond all b\nds1 ! doctr9e ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* does n all[ ( insurg5ts ris+ up aga9/ !m by indep5d5t action 7proprio m>te71 le/ ! tranquillity ( ord] be m & m di/urb$1 or society receive great] injury !reby3 & :5 ?+s are come to su* a pass t !re appe>s no o!r ray or hope ( pres]vation1 ! same au?ority tea*es t a rem$y mu/ be s\ght 9 ! m]its ( ,*ri/ian pati5ce & 9 e>ne/ pray]s to ,god4 ,! words we h italiciz$ seem to po9t to conditions 7#d7 & 7#c7 respectively1 z laid d[n by ! writ] 9 ! ,dubl9 ,review4 ,= an in/ance ( a k+ de?ron$1 n proprio m>te1 b ) e appe>ance at lea/ ( an act ( ! :ole nation1 see ! de?ronem5t ( ,edw>d ,,ii41 z relat$ by ,wals+ham1 ,hi/oria ,anglicana1 ,i41 pp4 #ahf1 #ahg1 ,rolls ,s]ies4 #f4 ,we save ourselves ! m virul5t & de/ructive diseases ( revolution1 s$ition1 & civil w>1 by submitt+ to ! mild] type ( a *ange ( m9i/ry4 7,times1 ,april #g1 #ahhj47 #g4 ,x is n mon>*ical gov]nm5ts alone t c ev] be resi/$ lawfully3 b :at is sauce = ! k+'s goose is sauce also = ! p's g&]4 ,!re is no special sanctity atta*+ to democracy4 ,x might seem t1 s9ce resi/ance requires to be ju/ifi$ by ! approval ( ! l>g] & bett] portion ( ! p 7n4 #d1 condition #d7 no j resi/ance c ev] be (f]$ to ! w ( ! democratic majority4 ,b ! said majority may be 9 div]s ways co]c$ & cajol$1 a m]e pack$ majority1 :ile ! malcont5ts may be1 if n ! l>g]1 cle>ly ! bett] portion ( ! community4 7s4 iv41 n4 #e1 p4 #cba47 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 ,de ,regim9e ,pr9cipum1 i41 #f2 #b;a #b1 q4 #db1 art4 #b2 #b;a #b1 q1 #fi1 art4 #d1 9 corp42 ,locke1 ,( ,civil ,gov]nm5t1 nn4 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bjh1 #bji1 #bbc1 #bbd1 #bbe1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,,section ,,viii4--,( ! ,"r ( ! sword4 #a4 ,by ! "r ( ! sword is te*nically meant ! "r ( inflict+ capital puni%m5t1 accord+ to ! ,apo/le's words3 ,b if ?\ d t :i* is evil1 fe>3 = he be>e? n ! sword 9 va94 7,rom4 xiii4 #d47 ,we commonly call x ! p[] ( life & dea?4 #b4 ,t a gov]nm5t may be a work+ gov]nm5t1 z x %\ld be 7s4 iv41 n4 #b1 p4 #cai71 x mu/ n only make laws1 b be> out & en=ce its legislation by ! sanction ( puni%m5t4 ,if talk & argum5tation 7 suffici5t to make m5 well-behav$1 manifold & high %\ld be ! rew>d ( talk]s4444 ,b 9 fact x appe>s t talk+ does v well to incite & /imulate y\?s ( f9e m9d2 & light+ ^u a noble "* & "o ( heal?y ta/es1 x may dispose su* a p]son to take up ! practice ( virtue3 b x is :olly unable to move ! multitude to goodness2 = x is n _! nature to obey consci5ce1 b fe>1 nor to ab/a9 f evil because x is wrong1 b because ( puni%m5ts4 ,! multitude live by feel+3 !y pursue ! pleasures t !y l & ! means !reto1 & %un ! opposite pa9s1 b !y h no idea1 z !y h _h no ta/e1 ( :at is "r & fair & truly sweet4444 ,! man :o lives by feel+ w n li/5 to ! voice ( reason1 nor c he appreciate its w>n+4 ,h[ is x possible to div]t su* a "o f 8 c\rse by argum5t8 ,speak+ g5]ally1 we say t passion yields n to argum5t b to con/ra9t4444 ,! multitude obey on compulsion r ?an on pr9ciple1 & f fe> ( pa9s & p5alties r ?an f a s5se ( "r4 ,^! are gr\nds = believ+ t legislators1 :ile exhort+ to virtue & putt+ c]ta9 c\rses ( conduct =w>d z "r & hon\rable1 9 ! expectation t good m5 w obey ! call1 z _! habits lead !m1 %\ld at ! same "t inflict *a/isem5ts & puni%m5ts ^u ! crossgra9$ & disob$i5t2 & z = ! incurably vici\s1 put !m beyond ! pale altoge!r4 ,! result w be1 t ! dec5t & consci5ti\s citiz5 w li/5 to ! voice ( reason1 :ile ! wor?less vot>y ( pleasure is *a/5$ by pa9 l a bea/ ( burd54444 ,law has a co]cive function1 appeal+ to =ce1 not)/&+ t x is a reason$ conclusion ( practical wisdom & intellig5ce4 ,! int]f]5ce ( p]sons is odi\s1 :5 x /&s out aga9/ ! tide ( passion1 ev5 :]e x is "r & prop] to int]f]e2 b no odium atta*es to /atute law enjo9+ ! prop] c\rse4 7,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,x41 ix47 #c4 ,ari/otle seems h>d ^u ! masses1 lik5+ !m to brutes :o mu/ be gov]n$ by ! :ip4 ,he may be suppos$ to speak f exp]i5ce ( ! m5 ( 8 "t4 ,if humanity has some:at improv$ 9 two & tw5ty c5turies1 yet x _c be cont5d$ t ! :ip is gr[n unnecess>y & beyond ! :ip ! sword4 ,b we mu/ obs]ve a c]ta9 modus op]&i ( puni%m5t :i* ,ari/otle has n not$1 a m human mode ?an ! t]ror ( slavi% fe>4 ,j puni%m5t1 felt z su*1 /imulates ! consci5ce to disc]n & abhor ! crime4 ,m5 w\ld ?9k little ( outrag+ _! own nature by excess1 did !y n "k t ! laws ( ,god & man =bid su* outrage4 ,aga91 !y w\ld ?9k little ev5 ( ^? laws1 7 n ! law borne out by ! sanction ( puni%m5t4 ,a law t may be brok5 ) impunity is tak5 to be ! toy+ ( a legislator n 9 e>ne/4 ,m5 "h are z *ildr54 ,a *ild is caution$ aga9/ ly+4 ,he reckons little ( ! caution3 he tells a lie1 & a flogg+ ensues4 ,!reupon 8 m9d rev]ts to :at he 0 told3 he sees t ! w>n+ 0 meant 9 e>ne/4 ,he reflects t x mu/ h be5 a wick$ ?+1 t lie :i* 8 fa!r1 ! object ( 8 fond rev]5ce1 *a/ises s /]nly4 ,if ! ?+ _h be5 let pass1 he w\ld sc>cely h reg>d$ x z wick$4 ,next "t he is m on 8 gu>d1 n m]ely because he fe>s a beat+1 b because he und]/&s bett] ?an be=e t ly+ is wrong4 ,! awe 9 :i* gr[n-up p /& ( a r$ judge1 is n simple fe>1 l t :i* keeps ! wolf f ! flock gu>d$ by %eph]ds & _! dogs3 b !y are al>m$ into reflection ^u ! evil :i* he is ,god's m9i/] to av5ge1 & !y are mov$ to keep ! law1 n only = wra?1 b = consci5ce sake4 ,f ?is we see t = puni%m5t to be really salut>y1 its ju/ice mu/ be manife/ to ! culprit1 or to ! look]s on1 at lea/ 9 _! cool] mom5ts4 ,a puni%m5t ! ju/ice ( :i* is n disc]nible1 may quell = ! mom5t1 b x does n moralise1 nor abid+ly det]4 ,!re mu/ be an app>5t proportion betwe5 ! (f5ce & ! puni%m5t4 ,a ,draconian code1 visit+ petty (f5ces ) ! sev]ity due to high misdemean\rs1 is m ( an irritant ?an a repress] ( crime1 because x goes beyond m5's consci5ces4 #d4 ,!re is 9 e human brea/ a /rong s5se ( :at ! le>n$ call lex talionis1 & *ildr5 tit = tat4 ,if a man has done to him :at he has done to o!rs1 t is ! /raight c\rse ( ju/ice2 s says ! canon ( ,rhadaman?us1 quot$ by ,ari/otle4 7,e?41 ,v41 v41 #c47 ,we h argu$ ! fundam5tal correctness ( ?is rule4 7,e?ics1 c4 ix41 s4 iii41 n4 #b1 p4 #afi47 ,x appe>s 9 ! div9e direction giv5 to ,nod3 ,:oso %$de? man's blood1 8 blood %all be %$4 7,g54 ix4 #f47 ,x appe>s 9 t popul> s5tim5t1 :i* 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica displays itself 9 ! lyn*+ ( murd]]s1 :o h unduly escap$ ! h&s ( ! law2 & :i*1 "u a simil> p>alysis ( law 9 ,corsica1 broke out 9 blood-feuds1 :]eby ! ne>e/ relative ( ! deceas$ w5t ab\t to slay ! murd]]4 ,su* tak+ ( ju/ice into private h&s is morally unlawful1 z we h prov$4 7,e?ics1 c4 ix41 s4 iii41 n4 #d1 p4 #aga2 ,natural ,law1 c4 viii41 s4 ii41 nn4 #b1 #c1 pp4 #cjh1 #cji47 ,x is a viol5t outbur/ ( a natural & reasonable s5tim5t depriv$ ( its legitimate v5t4 ,unque/ionably !n !re is an app>5t & commonly recogniz$ fairness ( retribution 9 ! infliction ( capital puni%m5t = murd]4 ,?us ! fir/ condition ( appropriate puni%m5t is satisfi$1 t x be manife/ly proportion$ to ! crime4 #e4 ,capital puni%m5t is moreov] exp$i5t1 nay1 necess>y to ! ,/ate4 ,! "r to inflict x is "o ( ! ess5tial pr]ogatives ( gov]nm5t1 "o ( ^? pr]ogatives ! sum ( :i*1 z we h se51 is a con/ant quantity ev]y:]e1 7s4 iv41 n4 #g1 p4 #cbb74 ,no ,gov]nm5t c r5\nce x4 ,! abolition ( capital puni%m5t by law only makes ! p[] ( inflict+ x lat5t 9 ! ,/ate 7s4 iv41 n4 #h1 p4 #cbc72 x does n & _c :olly take ! p[] away4 ,y ask3 ,is !re n hope1 t if humanity goes on improv+ z x has done1 capital puni%m5t w become :olly unnecess>y8 ,i answ] t--waiv+ ! "q ( ! prospect ( improvem5t--9 a ,/ate ma9ly consi/+ ( ,god-fe>+1 consci5ti\s m51 ! infliction ( capital puni%m5t w\ld r>ely be necess>y1 b ! p[] to inflict x c\ld nev] be disp5s$ )4 ,if m5 ev] become s ideally virtu\s1 ! "r ( ! ,/ate to visit gross crime ) dea? _c hurt !m1 & x w /r5g!n _! virtue1 z all human social virtue w ev] ne$ /r5g!n+4 #f4 ,! abid+ necessity ( ?is "r ( ! sword is argu$ f ! /r5g? & frequ5cy ( ! provocations to de$s ( blood%$ & viol5ce t mu/ ev] be enc\nt]$ 9 human society4 ,:at ^! provocations are1 h[ _m & h[ /rong1 may be left to ! reflection ( ! /ud5t :o reads 8 newspap]1 or ev5 8 novel4 ,n ! lea/ appall+ ?+ ab\t crime1 atroci\s crime especially1 is ! example t x gives & ! imitators :om x begets4 ,x is n m]ely t x sets ! p]petrator himself on ! d[nw>d pa?1 s t1 unless detect$ & puni%$1 a man's fir/ de$ ( blood is r>ely 8 la/3 x draws o!rs aft] him by a fatal fasc9ation4 ,l ! images :i* ! ,epicureans suppos$ all visible objects to sl\gh (f & %$ into ! air ar\nd !m1 su* phantoms & images ( guilt float ab\t a great crime1 ent] into ! m9d ( ! spectator & ( ! he>]1 & !re1 ^u slight occasion1 turn to actual repetitions ( ! orig9al de$4 ,! "o prev5tive is to app5d to t de$ a puni%m5t1 ! image ( :i* %all also ent] into ! m9d1 excite horror1 & dis5*ant ! recipi5t4 ,?is is n to be done by m]e bani%m5t ( ! crim9al1 nor by 8 p]petual inc>c]ation4 ,exile & prison--p>ticul>ly 9 view ( ! humanity ( a mod]n p5it5ti>y--d n suffici5tly /rike ! imag9ation4 ,"o sweet h\r ( rev5ge w (t5 appe> *eap at ! price ( t5 ye>s' p5al s]vitude4 ,!re is no?+ goes to ! he>t l dea?4 ,dea? is ! mo/ /rik+ ( t]rors2 x is also ! p5alty t mo/ exactly c\nt]poises 9 ! scales ( ju/ice ! commission ( a murd]\s crime4 ,all ,/ates ne$ ?is dread figure ( ! ,sword-be>] /&+ at ! elb[ ( ! ,sov]eign4 #g4 ,b is n e capital s5t5ce a trespass ^u ! dom9ion ( ,god1 ,"l ( life & dea?8 ,no1 = t same ,god x is :o has end[$ man ) a nature t ne$s to gr[ up 9 civil society1 :i* civil society aga9 ne$s = its ma9t5ance ! p[] to make laws1 to sit 9 judgm5t on transgressors1 & 9 extreme cases1 z we h prov$1 hav+ tri$ !m & f\nd !m guilty1 to take away ev5 _! lives1 to ! common t]ror & horror ( ! crime4 ,god1 :o wills human nature to be1 wills x to be on ! t]ms on :i* alone x c be4 ,to t end ,he has h&$ ov] to ! civil rul] s mu* ( ,8 own div9e p[] ( judgm5t1 z %all enable ,8 human delegate to gov]n ) assurance & effect4 ,t means ! "r ( ! sword4 #h4 ,x may be object$ t to kill any man is to treat him z a ?+1 n a p]son1 z an het]oc5tric1 n an autoc5tric be+1 :i* is a proce$+ ess5tially unnatural & wrong1 7c4 ii41 s4 i41 n4 #b1 p4 #bjc47 ,/4 ,?omas's answ] "h is peculi>ly valuable3 ,man by s9n+ )draws f ! ord] ( reason1 & !reby falls f human dignity1 s f> z t consi/s 9 man be+ naturally free & exi/5t = 8 own sake autoc5tric2 & falls 9 a mann] into ! /ate ( s]vitude prop] to bea/s1 accord+ to t ( ! ,psalm 7xlviii4 #ae73 ,man :5 he 0 9 hon\r did n und]/&3 he ha? mat*$ himself ) s5seless bea/s & become l unto !m2 & ,prov]bs xi4 #bi3 ,! fool %all s]ve ! wise4 ,& !re=e1 ?\gh to kill a man1 :ile he abides 9 8 native dignity1 be a ?+ ( itself evil1 yet to kill a man :o is a s9n] may be good1 z to kill a bea/4 ,= worse is an evil man ?an a bea/1 & m noxi\s1 z ! ,philosoph] says4 7#b;a #b1 q4 #fd1 art4 #b1 ad #c47 ,h5ce obs]ve3--7#a7 ,t a ,utilit>ian :o d5ies free w1 z _m ( t s*ool d1 /&s at "s loss :5ce to %[ cause :y ev5 an innoc5t man may n be done to dea? = reasons ( ,/ate1 e4g41 z a sanit>y precaution4 7#b7 ,t ! ,/ate mu/ come to a conclusion ab\t inw>d dispositions by presumption f ov]t acts1 argu+ s]i\s moral guilt be=e proce$+ to capital puni%m5t4 ,to ?is ext5t ! ,/ate is remotely a judge ( s94 ,b x does n puni% s9 retributively z s91 nor ev5 m$ic9ally4 ,x puni%es ! violation ( its own laws1 to det] future (f5d]s4 7,e?ics1 c4 ix41 s4 iii41 nn4 #d-f1 pp4 #aga-agd47 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #fd1 art4 #b1 #c2 #b;a #b1 q4 #ajh1 art4 #c4 ,,section ,,ix4--,( ,w>4 #a4 ,w>1 a sci5ce by itself1 has no int]e/ = ! philosoph] except z an in/ance on a gr& scale ( self-def5ce4 ,:5 ! !ory ( self-def5ce has be5 ma/]$ 7c4 ii4 s4 ii41 p4 #bjh71 little fur!r rema9s to be said ab\t w>4 ,9 a ,/ate1 ! self-def5ce ( citiz5 aga9/ citiz5 is conf9$ to ! mom5t ( imm$iate physical aggression4 ,b 9 a region :]e ! ,/ate is p[]less & practically non-exi/5t1 self-def5ce assumes a f> great] amplitude4 7,s4 ii41 n1 #b1 p4 #cji47 ,:5 ! ,highl& *ief lift$ ! cattle ( ! ,l[l& f>m]1 & ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& lay unconc]n$ & unable to int]v5e1 fea/+ at ,holyrood1 or fight+ on ! ,engli% bord]1 !n1 if !re 7 a fair hope ( recov]+ ! booty )\t a disproportionate effusion ( blood1 ! f>m] did "r to arm 8 p1 m>* aft] ! robb]1 & fight him = ! /ol5 ox51 z ! gallant ,b>on ( ,bradw>d9e w\ld fa9 h done4 7,wav]ley1 c4 xv47 ,"h is ! "r ( self-def5ce 9 its full developm5t1 includ+ ! "r ( private w>4 ,b 9 a private individual ?is is an undesirable1 rank1 & luxuriant gr[?2 & :5 ! individual comes to live1 z x %\ld be 8 aim to live1 9 a well-organiz$ ,/ate1 ! gr[? is prun$ & cut d[n3 he may !n def5d himself = ! in/ant :5 ! ,/ate _c def5d him2 b aft] ! wrong is done1 he mu/ hold 8 h&1 & quietly apply to ! ,/ate to procure him re/itution & r$ress4 ,b !re is no ,/ate ( ,/ates1 no ,k+ ( ,k+s1 ^u e>?2 !re=e1 :5 ( two indep5d5t ,/ates ! "o has wrong$1 or is ab\t to wrong ! o!r1 & w n desi/ nor make am5ds1 no?+ is left = x2 ,nature has made no o!r provision1 b !y mu/ fight4 ,!y mu/ fall back ^u ! /eel & ! %ott$ gun1 ! ratio ultima regum4 #b4 ,! ,l[l& f>m] above m5tion$ might be spok5 ( z puni%+ ! ,highl& robb]1 *a/is+ 8 insol5ce1 & ! l4 ,?is is popul> phraseology1 b x is n accurate4 ,puni%m5t1 an act ( v9dictive ju/ice1 is f sup]ior to inf]ior4 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #d1 p4 #ajd47 ,w>1 l o!r self-def5ce1 is betwe5 equals4 ,w> is inde$ an act ( au?ority1 ( ! au?ority ( ea* bellig]5t ,/ate ov] its own subjects1 b n ( "o bellig]5t ov] ! o!r4 ,we are n "h consid]+ ! case ( putt+ d[n a rebellion3 rebels are n prop]ly bellig]5ts1 & h no bellig]5t rights4 #c4 ,! /udy ( ,civil & ,canon ,law fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 :ile moral sci5ce1 :i* is ! /udy ( ! ,natural ,law1 0 /ill 9 its infancy4 ,no wond] t ! m$iaeval juri/s occasionally =mulat$ maxims1 :i* c only be squ>$ ) ! pr9ciples ( ,natural ,law by an exce$+ am\nt ( int]pretation1--:i* are 9 fact mu* bett] dropp$1 quot$ ?\gh !y sometimes be by morali/s ( repute4 ,"o su* maxim is ?is1 t a wrong-do] becomes ! subject ( ! injur$ p>ty by reason ( ! (f5ce4 ,admit ?is1 & y c h>dly keep cle> ( ,locke's doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( civil p[]1 7s4 ii41 p] totum1 p4 #cjg2 cf4 ,su>ez1 ,de ,c>itate1 d4 xiii41 s4 iv41 nn4 #e1 #f74 #d4 ,we h only to repeat ab\t w> :at we said ( self-def5ce1 t all ! kill+ t takes place 9 x is incid5tal1 or indirect4 ,! cannon t y see 9 ,woolwi* ,ars5al1 ! p[d] & torp$oes1 h = _! end :at ,/4 ,?omas 7,de ,pot5tia1 q4 #g1 art4 #b1 ad #aj7 decl>es to be ! end & object ( ! soldi]1 to upset ! foe1 to put him hors de combat4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 su* r\gh & ready fa%ion1 z ! bus9ess admits (2 by means att5d$ ) incid5tal results ( extreme/ horror4 ,b no soon] has ! bayonet ?ru/ or ! bullet laid ! soldi] l[1 & conv]t$ him into a non-combatant1 ?an ! ambulance m5 are =w>d to see t he %all n die4 ,if inde$ ev5 9 ! du/ he cont9ues to be aggressive1 l ! w\nd$ ,arabs at ,tel-el-,kebir1 he mu/ be quiet$ & repress$ a second "t4 ,probably he w n escape ) life f a second repression3 /ill1 speak+ ) philosophic precision1 we mu/ say t to quiet1 n to kill him1 is1 or %\ld be1 ! precise & =mal object ( ! w ( 8 slay] 9 w>4 ,/4 ,?omas inde$ 7#b;a #b1 q4 #fd1 art4 #g1 9 corp47 seems to all[ ! soldi] fight+ aga9/ ! enemy to mean to kill 8 man4 ,b by enemy 9 ?is passage we %\ld probably und]/& rebel4 ,! soldi] spok5 ( is ! in/rum5t ( ! feudal "l br++ back to duty 8 rebelli\s vassal4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 till ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! notion ( indep5d5t nations sc>cely f\nd place4 ,9 w>1 z all cases ( self-def5ce1 ! kill+ is indirect4 ,9 capital puni%m5t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! kill+ is direct3 x be+ *os5 z a det]r5t means1 t ! (f5d] be hang$ by ! neck till he is dead1 dead1 dead4 ,?is disposes ( ! error1 t capital puni%m5t is an act ( self-def5ce on ! "p ( ! ,/ate aga9/ evildo]s4 ,we may obs]ve f9ally t by ! "r ( ! sword1 & by t alone1 n 9 self-def5ce1 n 9 w>1 b by ! h& ( public ju/ice rais$ aga9/ a guilty subject1 c human life ev] be tak5 directly4 ,read+4--,/4 ,?os41 #b;a #b1 q4 #dj1 art4 #a4 ,,section ,x4--,( ! ,scope & ,aim ( ,civil ,gov]nm5t4 #a4 ,i besee* ! pi\s read] n to be %ock$ & sc&alis$ by ! conclusions ( ?is section4 ,he w f9d !m 9 ! end a valuable support to !ology4 ,! mo/ religi\s m9d c h no difficulty 9 all[+ t cook]y1 z su*1 is a bus9ess ( ?is _w only3 t y reta9 y\r cook1 n to save y\r s\l1 b to prep>e palatable & :olesome n\ri%m5t = y\r body2 t hone/y1 sobriety1 & good temp] are (ficially requisite qualifications1 simply inasmu* z ! contr>y vices w\ld be ! plague ( y\r kit*5 & ! spoil+ ( y\r d9n]4 ,9 a ,ca?olic h\se ! s\p on a ,friday is made )\t meat4 ,t re/riction is obs]v$1 n z a po9t ( cul9>y art1 b because1 :]eas et]nal salvation is ! ma9 end ( life1 & cook]y a subord9ate end1 ! latt] mu/ be s prosecut$ z n to int]f]e ) ! =m]4 ,%e :o uses +r$i5ts =bidd5 by ! ,*ur*1 is ! worse ,*ri/ian1 b %e may be ! bett] cook4 ,n[1 to comp>e a great ?+ ) a little1 ! ,/ate equally ) ! kit*5 is a creation ( ?is _w1--!re are no nationalities1 nor kit*5-ranges ei!r1 beyond ! grave4 ,civil gov]nm5t is a secul> conc]n4 ,! scope & aim intr9sic to x1 & atta9able by its own prop] =ces1 is a c]ta9 temporal good4 ,su>ez 7,de ,legibus1 ,,iii41 xi41 #g7 sets =? t good to be1--! natural happ9ess ( ! p]fect human community1 :]e( ! civil legislature has ! c>e1 & ! happ9ess ( individuals z !y are memb]s ( su* ( a community1 t !y may live !re9 peaceably & ju/ly1 & ) a suffici5cy ( goods = ! pres]vation & com=t ( _! bodily life1 & ) s mu* moral rectitude z is necess>y = ?is ext]nal peace & happ9ess ( ! commonweal? & ! cont9u$ pres]vation ( human nature4 #b4 ,! intr9sic scope & aim ( civil gov]nm5t is ! good ( ! citiz5s z citiz5s4 ,t1 we h to %[1 is n any good ( ! _w to come2 nor aga9 ! full measure ( good requisite = individual well-be+ 9 ?is _w4 ,! good ( ! citiz5s z su* is t :i* !y enjoy 9 common 9 _! social & political capacity3 namely1 security1 weal?1 lib]ty1 comm]ce1 ! arts ( life1 arms1 glory1 empire1 sanitation1 & ! l1 all :i* goods1 ( _! own nature1 rea* n beyond ?is _w4 ,true1 a c]ta9 measure ( moral rectitude also is ma9ta9$ 9 common1 b only s mu* z is necess>y = ! ext]nal peace & happ9ess ( ! commonweal?1 n t rectitude ( ! :ole man :i* is requir$ 9 view ( ! _w to come4 7,e?ics1 c4 x41 n4 #d #c1 p4 #ahb47 ,! intr9sic aim ( ! ,/ate1 !n1 falls %ort ( ! next life4 ,nei!r does x cov] ! entire good ( ! individual ev5 = ?is life4 ,! good ( ! ,/ate1 & ( ea* citiz5 z a citiz51 :i* x is ! purpose ( civil gov]nm5t to procure1 is a m]e gr& outl9e1 )9 :i* e man has to fill 9 = himself ! little squ>e ( 8 own p]sonal p]fection & happ9ess4 ,happ9ess1 z we h se51 lies ess5tially 9 inw>d acts4 ,! conditions ( ^! acts1 outw>d tranquillity & ord]1 are ! /atesman's c>e3 ! acts !mselves mu/ be elicit$ by ea* individual f 8 own he>t4 ,happ9ess also dep5ds greatly on dome/ic life1 ! details ( :i*1 at lea/ :5 !y /op %ort ( wife-beat+1 come n )9 ! cognisance ( ! civil p[]4 ,x rema9s1 z we h said1 t ! scope & aim ( ! ,/ate1 )9 its own sph]e & ! compass ( its own p[]s1 is ! temporal prosp]ity ( ! body politic1 & ! prosp]ity ( its memb]s z !y are its memb]s & citiz5s1 b n absolutely z !y are m54 ,we _c repeat too (t5 ! say+ ( ,/4 ,?omas3 ,man is n orda9$ to ! political commonweal? to ! full ext5t ( all t he is & has4 7#a;a #b1 q4 #ba1 art4 #d1 ad #c47 #c4 ,f ?is view x appe>s t ! end = :i* ! ,/ate exi/s is inde$ an important & necess>y good1 b x is n all 9 all to man1 n 8 p]fect & f9al happ9ess4 ,to guide man to t is ! (fice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! pres5t ord] ( ,provid5ce4 ,cook & /atesman mu/ s g ab\t ! prop] ends ( _! sev]al (fices1 z n to /& 9 ! way ( ! ,*ur*1 compass+ z %e does t supreme end to :i* all o!r ends are subord9ate4 ,?is limitation !y are b\nd to obs]ve1 n z cook & /atesman1 b z m5 & ,*ri/ians4 ,a p]fectly ,*ri/ian ,/ate1 z ,*ri/ian1 has a tw(old duty4 ,fir/1 x has a positive duty1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,*ur*1 to foll[ up ecclesia/ical laws ) correspond+ civil enactm5ts1 e4g41 laws aga9/ crim9\s cl]ks & excommunicates4 ,on ?is spiritual gr\nd1 be+ beyond its jurisdiction1 ! ,/ate mu/ be c>eful n to =e/all b to second ! precept ( spiritual au?ority4 ,x is no bus9ess ( ! ,/ate1 z su*1 to puni% a purely religi\s (f5ce4 ,! second duty ( a ,*ri/ian ,/ate1 & a m urg5t duty ev5 ?an ! =m]1 is ! negative "o ( mak+ no civil enactm5t to ! prejudice ( ! ,*ur*3 e4g41 n to subject cl]ics to ! law ( conscription4 ,useful z _! arms might be = ! def5ce ( ! c\ntry1 ! ,/ate mu/ =ego t utility = ! sake ( a high] end4 #d4 ,9 ! ord] ( pure nature1 :i* is ! ord] ( philosophy1 !re is ( c\rse no ,*ur*4 ,/ill !re w\ld be1 z we h se5 7c4 i41 s4 i41 n4 #h1 p4 #aig71 erect$ on ! same l9es z ! civil p[]1 & work+ side by side ) x1 a religi\s p[] compet5t to prescribe & conduct div9e wor%ip4 ,?is p[] ! ,/ate w\ld be b\nd to abet & support1 bo? positively & negatively2 some?+ 9 ! same mann]1 b n to ! same degree1 z ! ,*ri/ian ,/ate is b\nd to abet ! ,*ur*4 ,! supreme direction ( ! natural religi\s p[] w\ld conv5i5tly be ve/$ 9 ! p]son ( ! ,civil ,rul]4 ,?us ! ,roman ,emp]or 0 also ,*ief ,pontiff4 #e4 ,h[ 9 ! m]e natural1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,*ri/ian ord]1 ! prov9ces ( m>riage & education %\ld be divid$ betwe5 ! civil & ! religi\s p[]1 is p]haps n a v pr(itable enquiry4 ,! only use ( x is a polemic use 9 argu+ ) m5 ( no ,*ri/ianity4 ,among all m5 ( any religion1 m>riage has ev] be5 reg>d$ z "o ( ^? occasions ( life t br+ man into special relation ) ,god1 & !re=e into "s dep5d5ce on ,god's m9i/]s4 ,education1 aga91 has a religi\s elem5t1 to be sup]9t5d$ by ! religi\s p[]4 ,education has a secul> elem5t also1 ! g5]al sup]9t5d5ce ( :i* _c be d5i$ to ! ,/ate4 ,?\gh *ildr5 are facts ( ! dome/ic ord]1 & ! c>e & =mation ( !m belongs prim>ily to _! p>5ts1 yet if ! p>5ts neglect _! *>ge1 ! ,/ate c claim ! "r ( int]v5tion ab abusu4 ,x c]ta9ly is )9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,/ate to prev5t any p>5t f laun*+ ^u ! _w a brood ( "y b>b>ians1 ready to di/urb ! peace ( civil society4 ,! practical issue is1 :o are b>b>ians & :at is und]/ood by peace4 ,! ,emp]or ,decius probably consid]$ e ,*ri/ian *ild an enemy ( ! ,pax ,romana4 ,b ! misapplication ( a maxim does n d]ogate f its tru?4 ,x also belongs to ! ,/ate to see t no p>5t behaves l a ,cyclops 7,greek3 kyklopikos1 ,ar41 ,e?41 ,x41 ix41 #ac7 9 8 family1 ord]+ 8 *ildr51 n to _! good1 z a fa!r is b\nd to d1 b to 8 own tyrannical caprice4 ,= in/ruction1 z di/+ui%$ f education1 x is ! p>5t's duty to provide 8 *ild ) s mu* ( x z is necess>y1 9 ! /ate ( society :]e9 8 lot is ca/1 to enable ! *ild to make 8 way 9 ! _w accord+ to ! condition ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 _m walks ( life "o might z well be %ort ( a f+] z n "k h[ to read & write4 ,:]e ignorance is su* a disadvantage1 ! p>5t is n all[$ to let 8 *ild gr[ up ignorant4 ,!re1 if he neglects to h him taught1 ! ,/ate may /ep 9 ) compulsory s*ool+4 ,compulsory s*ool+ = all indiscrim9ately1 & t up to a high /&>d1 is q ano!r matt]4 ,read+s4--,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,iii41 xi42 ib41 ,,iv41 ii41 nn4 #c1 #d3 ,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #ic1 art4 #c1 ad #c2 ib41 q4 #if1 art4 #b2 ib41 q4 #ih1 art4 #a1 9 corp42ib41 q4 #ii1 art4 #c1 9 corp42 ib41 q4 #ajj1 art4 #b1 9 corp4 ,,section ,,xi4--,( ,law & ,lib]ty4 #a4 ,! /ud5t ( ,natural ,law does n %>e ! vulg> prejudice aga9/ civil law & lawy]s4 ,he kn[s x = a precept ( ! ,natural ,law1 t !re %\ld be a ,/ate set up1 & t ?is ,/ate %\ld proce$ to positive legislation4 ,?is legislation p>tly co9cides ) ,natural ,law 9 urg+ ! practice ( t limit$ measure ( morality1 :i* is necess>y = ! ,/ate to d its (fice & to be at all4 7s4 x41 n4 #b1 p4 #cee47 ,?is p>tial en=cem5t ( ! ,law ( ,nature is ! ma9 "w ( ! crim9al law ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ,/ate legislation goes beyond ! ,natural ,law1 & 9 ! nature ( ?+s mu/ g beyond x4 ,natural ,law leaves a ?\s& conflict+ rights undet]m9$1 :i* 9 ! int]e/ ( society1 to save qu>rels1 mu/ be det]m9$ "o way or ano!r4 #b4 ,an illu/ration4 ,x is an axiom ( ,natural ,law1 t res p]it dom9o2 t is1 ! own] be>s ! loss4 ,if an article "u sale p]i%es be=e deliv]y1 ! loss falls1 ap>t f contracts to ! contr>y1 ^u :i*ev] ( ! two p>ties is ! own] at ! "t4 ,s f> nature rules4 ,b :o is ! own] at any giv5 "t1 & at :at /age ( ! transaction does ! dom9ion pass8 ,t c only be settl$ by cu/om & ! law ( ! l&4 ,if ,i ord] a pipe ( port f a w9e-m]*ant abroad2 at :at p]iod ! prop]ty passes f ! m]*ant to me2 :e!r ^u deliv]y ( ! w9e at ! m]*ant's w>eh\se2 ^u its be+ put on %ipbo>d at ,oporto2 ^u ! arrival ( ! %ip 9 ,engl& at its de/9$ port2 or n till ! w9e be committ$ to my s]vants1 or deposit$ 9 my cell>2 all are que/ions :i* admit ( no decision b :at cu/om po9ts out4 7,paley1 ,mor4 ,phil41 bk4 iii41 p4 i1 c4 vii47 ,?is leads u to rem>k ^u ! mu* admir$ s5t5ce ( ,tacitus1 9 corruptissima republica plurimae leges1 t n m]ely ! multitude ( transgressions1 b ! v complexity ( a highly develop$ civilization1 requires to be kept 9 ord] by a va/ body ( positive law4 #c4 ,incid5tally we may also rem>k1 t ! law ( ! ,/ate does n create ! "r ( prop]ty2 o!rwise1 aboli%+ its own creation1 ! ,/ate c\ld br+ 9 ,communism1 7c4 vii41 s4 i41 p4 #bgh74 ,b f9d+ ?is "r ( prop]ty unprotect$ & undet]m9$1 ! ,/ate by its crim9al law protects prop]ty aga9/ robb]s1 & by its civil z di/+ui%$ f crim9al law1 x def9es num]\s op5 que/ions betwe5 possessors z to mann] ( acquirem5t & conditions ( t5ure4 #d4 ,all civil laws b9d ! consci5ce3 "s by way ( a categorical imp]ative1 ,d ?is3 o!rs by way ( a disjunctive1 ,d ?is1 or be+ caught act+ o!rwise1 submit to ! p5alty4 ,! latt] are call$ purely p5al laws1 an expression1 by ! way1 :i* has no ref]5ce to ! days ( religi\s p]secution4 ,civil law b9ds ! consci5ce categorically :5ev] ! civil rul] s int5ds4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( express decl>ation1 x mu/ be presum$ t he s int5ds :5ev] 8 law is an en=cem5t ( ! ,natural ,law1 or a det]m9ation ( ! same2 z :5 ! obs]vance is necess>y to ! pres]vation ( ! ,/ate1 or :5 ! rul] det]m9es :at lapse ( "t %all be necess>y = ! acquisition ( prop]ty by prescription4 ,v frequ5tly1 ! p>ties to a contract tacitly accept ! dispositions ( ! civil law z =m+ "p ( _! agreem5t2 & 9 ?is indirect fa%ion ! civil law becomes b9d+ on ! consci5ce4 ,9 ?is way an ,engli%man :o accepts a bill ( ex*ange tacitly b9ds himself to pay int]e/ at five p] c5t41 if ! bill is n met at maturity1 = su* is ! disposition ( ! ,engli% ,law4 ,x may be fur!r obs]v$ t no prud5t legislator w\ld atta* a sev]e p5alty to :at 0 n already wrong4 #e4 ,9 ,roman times x 0 "p ( ! flatt]y ( ! imp]ial juri/s to _! ma/]1 to tell him t he 0 above ! laws1 legibus solutus4 ,9 ! trial ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 ! ,sov]eign ,p1 or !y :o call$ !mselves su*1 disp5s$ ) c]ta9 legal =malities on t same plea4 ,aga9/ ! law at ,a!ns1 ! g5]als :o _h f\ght at ,arg9usae 7 condemn$ by "o collective s5t5ce1 ! ang] ( ! ,sov]eign ,p be+ too impati5t to vote on !m sep>ately1 z ! law requir$4 ,h]eupon we mu/ obs]ve 9 ! fir/ place1 t ! ,supreme ,rul]1 :e!r "o man or a multitude1 c nev] be br\ght to trial 9 8 own c\rt = any legal (f5ce4 ,z all ju/ice requires two t]ms3 no p[] c d ju/ice on itself4 7,e?ics1 c4 v41 s4 ix41 n4 #a1 p4 #ajb47 ,?is tru? is embodi$ 9 ! ,engli% maxim1 t ! k+ c d no wrong4 ,aga91 ! ,sov]eign is ei!r expressly or virtually exempt$ f ! compass ( _m laws1 e4g4 ^? :i* conc]n ! fly+ ( c]ta9 flags or ensigns1 & o!r petty matt]s4 ,?irdly1 we h ! pr9ciple1 t no be+ c give a law to himself4 7,e?ics1 c4 vi4 s4 ii41 n4 #c1 p4 #aag47 ,la/ly1 we mu/ obs]ve t !re is no law s fundam5tal b :at ! ,supreme ,p[]1 tak5 9 its entirety1 c alt] x1 & by consequ5ce disp5se f x4 ,f ^! consid]ations x foll[s t ! ,sov]eign--! complete & absolute ,sov]eign1 be he "o man or _m--lies "u no legal obligation to obey any law ( 8 own mak+ z su*4 ,x does n foll[ t he is p]fectly free to ignore ! laws4 ,he is b\nd 9 consci5ce & be=e ,god to make 8 gov]nm5t effectual2 & effectual x _c be1 if ! laws are despis$2 & despis$ !y w be1 if ! ,sov]eign gives sc&al by ignor+ !m 9 8 own practice4 ,!re=e ! ,sov]eign1 be he ,k+1 ,c\ncil1 or ,assembly1 is b\nd 9 consci5ce & be=e ,god1 ?\gh n legally ( 8 own jurisdiction1 s f> himself to /& to ! obs]vance ( ! law z n to r5d] x nugatory 9 ! eyes & practice ( o!rs4 #f4 ,law & lib]ty are l ! /r+s & me%es ( a net4 ,9 ! "o limit ( m9imum ( me%1 ! net passes into sack-clo?1 :]e no?+ c\ld get ?r\gh4 ,9 ! o!r limit ( maximum ( me%1 ! net vani%es1 & ev]y?+ w\ld get ?r\gh4 ,we _c praise 9 ! ab/ract ei!r a l>ge me% or a small "o3 ! "r size is accord+ to ! purpose = :i* ! net is to be us$ 9 ea* p>ticul> case4 ,s nei!r c law nor lib]ty be prais$1 z ,burke says1 on a simple view ( ! subject1 z x /&s /ripp$ ( e relation1 9 all ! nak$ness & solitude ( metaphysical ab/raction4 ,we c only praise ei!r z x is clo!d 9 circum/ances4 ,commonly we are l$ to praise ! "o by gett+ too mu* ( ! o!r4 ,conf\nd$ 9 a tangle ( fussy1 vexati\s1 p]haps malici\s re/rictions1 m5 cry l\dly = lib]ty4 ,:5 p all ab\t u are do+ ?+s by _! own sweet w1 we are conv]t$ to praise ( regulation & discipl9e & ! :olesome re/ra9t ( law4 ,read+s4--,/4 ,?os41 #a;a #b1 q4 #if1 art4 #e1 ad #c2 ,su>ez1 ,de ,legibus1 ,,iii41 xxxv42 ib41 ,v41 iv42 ,rusk91 ,sev5 ,lamps ( ,ar*itecture1 c4 vii41 ,i1 #b4 ,,section ,,xii4--,( ,lib]ty ( ,op9ion4 #a4 ,we are "h deal+ ) lib]ty only s f> z x means exemption f ,/ate control4 ,s f> z ! ,/ate is conc]n$1 a man has ! fulle/ lib]ty to hold 9 8 he>t ! mo/ s$iti\s op9ions1 & to ?9k ! f\le/ ?\ghts1 s long z !y d n appe> 9 8 public language & conduct4 ,! he>t is free f all m]e human law1 re/+ 9 subjection to ,8 law alone1 & 9 responsibility to ,8 judgm5t1 :o is ! ,se>*] ( ,he>ts4 #b4 ,we are deal+ !n n prop]ly ) op9ion1 b ) ! public expression ( op9ion4 ,we are deal+ ) t expression z controllable by ! ,/ate1 n act+ 9 def]5ce to ! invitation ( any religi\s p[]1 b ( its own initiative & prop] au?ority1 9 view ( its own end1 scope & aim1 :i* is social ord] & public prosp]ity = ?is life4 7s4 x41 nn4 #b1 #c1 p4 #cee47 #c4 ,t !re are doctr9es dang]\s to social ord]1 _c be d5i$1 unless we are to cease to believe 9 any influ5ce ( ?\ght ^u conduct4 ,x is important to ! ,/ate1 t m5 %\ld h ! greate/ possible horror ( crime4 7s4 viii41 nn4 #c1 #f1 pp4 #cde1 #cdh47 ,?is horror is notably impair$ :5 all idea ( s9 is tak5 away4 ,n[ ! idea ( s9 vani%es ) t ( ,god4 7,e?ics1 c1 vi41 s4 ii41 nn4 #f1 #g1 #ac1 pp4 #aai1 #abc47 ,!re=e to pull d[n ! idea ( ,god among a nation ( !i/s1 :e!r by ! wiles ( a c\rtly ,pr(essor at a ,univ]sity1 or by ! tub-?ump+ blasphemy ( an it9]ant lectur]1 is to injure ! ,/ate4 ,! tub-?ump] h[ev] is ! m easily rea*$ by ! civil au?ority1 especially :5 8 disc\rses raise a tumult among ! p4 ,b :]e attacks ^u !ism h become common1 & unbelief is already rampant among ! masses1 = ! ,/ate to int]f]e ) ei!r lead] ( ?\ght1 high or l[1 w\ld be a %utt+ ( ! /able-door aft] ! /e$ 0 /ol54 ,simil>ly we %\ld speak ( ^? :o subv]t ! receiv$ notions t\*+ ! sanctity ( ! m>riage-tie & ! law ( ext]nal purity g5]ally1 ! obligation ( civil allegiance1 ! rights ( prop]ty & ( life4 #d4 ,x w be object$3 ,! doctr9es t y wi% to express z inimical to ! peace ( ! commonweal?1 possibly may be true4 ,did n ! fir/ h]alds ( ,*ri/ianity tr\ble ! peace ( ! ,roman _w8 ,we reply3 ,let ! new tea*]s come to u z ^? apo/olic m5 came1 9 weakness & 9 fe> & 9 mu* trembl+1 & yet )al 9 ! %[+ ( ! _s & p[]1 ) an exhortation n ( uncleanness1 nor ^u an occasion ( covet\sness1 holily & ju/ly & )\t blame 7#a ,cor4 ii4 #c1 #d2 #a ,!ss4 ii4 #c1 #e1 #aj72 & we w receive !m z angels ( ,god1 ev5 to ! pluck+ out ( our own eyes1 if ne$ be1 & giv+ to !m4 7,gal4 iv4 #ae47 ,any ho/ile reception t !y may meet ) at fir/ f a misapplication ( our pr9ciple1 w soon be made up = by welcome & v5]ation4 ,!re is no pr9ciple t may n be mom5t>ily misappli$ 9 all good fai?4 ,b ! mi/ake 9 ?is case w readily be rectifi$4 #e4 ,b1 writes ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 ,on ,lib]ty1 we c nev] be sure t ! op9ion we are endeav\r+ to /ifle is a false op9ion4 ,if we _c1 !n is !re no su* ?+ z c]ta9ty ^u any po9t ( morals1 politics1 or religion4 ,assass9ation ( tyrants1 :e!r 9 public or private life1 may be wick$ness1 or x may be a laudable outbur/ ( public _s1 :o kn[s8 ,:i* ( u is sure t all prop]ty is n !ft8 ,plato's views on m>riage & infanticide may be correct3 ! ,nihili/ may be y\r true politician2 & all our religi\s k dw9dles d[n to ! confession ( ,protagoras3 ,conc]n+ ,gods1 ,i f9d no cle> evid5ce :e!r !y are or are n1 or :at mann] ( be+s !y are4 ,^! are ! sceptical tremors :i* ?is d5ial induces4 ,b ev5 scepticism has its pro(1 :i* ,mill furni%es z foll[s3 ,all sil5c+ ( discussion is an assumption ( infallibility4 ,! v "n infallibility has an effect ^u ! mod]n ,engli%man l t ( ,pop]y ^u 8 =efa!rs4 ,x %akes 8 n]ves1 obscures 8 judgm5t1 & sc>es 8 seat$ reason to leap up f h] ?rone4 ,b aft] we h recov]$ f our fright1 we recollect t1 :]eas infallibility is an all-r\nd attribute1 compass+ an entire subject1 c]ta9ty goes out to "o p>ticul> po9t on ! circumf]5ce2 we may !n be c]ta9 )\t be+ infallible4 ,extremely fallible z ,i am 9 geography1 ,i am nev]!less c]ta9 t ,tunis is 9 ,africa4 ,sil5c+ discussion is an assumption1 n ( infallibility1 b ( c]ta9ty4 ,! man :o nev] d>es assume t he is c]ta9 ( any?+1 s c]ta9 z to close 8 e>s to all fur!r discussion1 comes no?+ %ort ( a univ]sal sceptic4 #f4 ,we are told1 free discussion promotes discov]y4 ,yes1 free discussion 9 philosophical circles1 free discussion among compet5t p]sons4 ,b free discussion ( a subject among ! incompet5t & ! incapable1 & ! passionate & ! prejudic$1 is n good = ! cause ( tru?2 & if ! subject be practical & mom5t\s1 x is n good = ! disputants ei!r1 nor = ! community4 ,if we all[ t ! sci5ce & practice ( morality is n advanc$ by free debate ( e?ical que/ions 9 nurs]ies & bo>d+-s*ools1 we mu/ also be> 9 m9d t a va/ proportion ( ! human family rema9 all _! lives long1 = ! purpose ( su* discussions1 z incompet5t z *ildr54 ,! multitude _c be philosoph]s4 ,!y h nei!r "t1 nor intellig5ce1 nor love ( h>d ?9k+ suffici5t to arrive at ! f9al & adequate :y & :]e=e ( _! e duty4 ,?\gh capable ( do+ "r1 !y are q incapable ( do+ s philosophically4 ,!y d x accord+ z !y are l$ by cu/om & au?ority4 ,_! inh]itance is ! tradition>y wisdom ( mank9d1 :i* !y live ^u z an infant on 8 e/ate1 n und]/&+ :5ce _! support comes4 ,x is dang]\s to batt] !m ) objections aga9/ ! receiv$ moral law4 ,y w ov]?r[ !m1 n confirm !m by ! result ( y\r reason+s3 y w p]plex _! intellect1 y w conf\nd _! good purpose1 y w awak5 _! evil passions4 ,surely x is a m necess>y po9t to secure t "r be done someh[1 ?an t x be philosophically done4 ,! "o is difficult en\gh1 ! o!r q impossible = ! mass ( mank9d4 ,!re=e1 adapt+ to our purpose ! old ,greek oracle3 let u n di/urb ! f\ndations ( popul> morality3 !y are bett] undi/urb$-- ,greek3 ,mae k9ei ,kam>9an ak9aetos g> ame9oon #g4 ,b is x n immoral to int]f]e ) consci5ce1 & to attempt to /ifle s9c]e convictions8 ,! ,/ate1 we repeat1 has no?+ to d ) consci5ce z su*1 nor ) ! inw>d convictions ( any man4 ,b if ! ,/ate is s9c]ely conv9c$1 t ! convictions op5ly pr(ess$ & propagat$ by "s ( its subjects are subv]sive ( social ord] & public morality1 ^: s9c]e conviction is x t mu/ c>ry ! day 9 practice8 ,x is ( ! ess5ce ( gov]nm5t t ! convictions1 s9c]e or o!rwise1 ( ! gov]n$ %all on c]ta9 practical issues be waiv$ 9 ! ext]nal obs]vance 9 fav\r ( ! convictions ( ! rul+ p[]4 ,aft] all1 ?is talk ( consci5ce & s9c]e convictions is b ! cant+ phrase ( ! day1 accord+ to :i* consci5ce means m]e wild hum\r & head/rong self-w4 ,su* tea*+s z ^? :i* we w\ld h ! ,/ate to suppress1 e4g43 ,an oa? is a folly3 ,!re is no law ( purity3 ,!re is no h>m 9 do+ any?+ t does n annoy y\r neighb\r3 are n ! tea*+s ( m5 s9c]ely conv9c$3 !y des]ve no respect1 consid]ation1 or t5d]ness on t score4 ,we d n say1 t ! tea*]s ( ^! mon/rosities are n conv9c$1 b t !y are n hone/ly & consci5ti\sly conv9c$3 !y h bl9d$ !mselves1 & become ! guilty au?ors ( _! own delusion4 ,n all /rong convictions are hone/ly come by or virtu\sly ent]ta9$4 #h4 ,arraign$ = _! utt]ances1 m5 prote/ _! s9c]ity1 z p>ties indict$ = murd] d _! innoc5ce4 ,we c set b small /ore by su* prote/ations4 ,x is a "q ( evid5ce to come f o!r s\rces ?an f ! accus$ p]son's own m\?4 ,a man inde$ mu/ be held to be s9c]e until he is prov$ to be ! contr>y4 ,t is ! g5]al rule4 ,b !re are :at ,roman lawy]s call prsumptiones juris2 circum/ances :i*1 if prov$1 w induce ! c\rt to take a c]ta9 view ( a case1 & give judgm5t accord+ly1 unless by fur!r evid5ce t view is prov$ to be a false "o4 ,n[ :5 a man proclaims "s blatant & atroci\s error 9 a matt] be>+ directly ^u public morals--& x is = ! re/ra9t ( ^! errors alone t we are argu+--!re is a decid$ prsumptio juris1 t ! error 9 him1 h[ev] dogg$ly he ma9ta9s x1 is n a s9c]e1 c&id1 & innoc5tly =m$ conviction4 ,! light ( nature is n s feeble z t1 among civiliz$ m54 ,let ! (f5d] be admoni%$ & giv5 "t to ?9k3 b if1 = all w>n+ to ! contr>y1 ! wilful man w h 8 way1 & /ill propagate 8 error to ! confusion ( society1 he mu/ be treat$ l any o!r virtu\s & well-mean+ crim9al3 he mu/ be re/ra9$ & co]c$ to ! ext5t t ! int]e/s ( society require4 #i4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be confess$ t :5 an error1 h[ev] flagrant & pe/il5tial1 has ceas$ to %ock & sc&alize ! g5]al body ( ! commonweal?2 :5 ! p li/5 to ! doctr9e )\t indignation1 & _! wor/ s5t5ce ^u x pron\nces x m]ely que]1 !re is little hope ( legal re/ra9ts !re endur+ long or effect+ mu*4 ,p5alties = ! expression ( op9ion are available only s f> z !y tally ) ! common feel+ ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 public op9ion ceases to be> !m out1 x is bett] n to en=ce !m3 = t 7 b to provoke res5tm5t & make m>tyrs4 ,no regulations c be ma9ta9$ except 9 a cong5ial atmosph]e4 ,all[ance too mu/ be made = ! dang] ( driv+ ! evil to burr[ und]gr\nd4 #aj4 ,! c5sor%ip ( op9ions ev5 9 a model ,/ate w\ld v>y 9 me?od accord+ to m5 & times4 ,! c5sor%ip ( ! ,press 9 p>ticul> might be ei!r by ,imprimatur requir$ be=e pr9t+1 or by liability to prosecution aft]4 ,! ,imprimatur might be ei!r = all books1 or only = a c]ta9 class4 ,x might be ei!r obligatory1 or m]ely matt] ( c\nsel1 to obta9 x4 ,we are n to adopt promiscu\sly all ! praisewor?y in/itutions ( our =efa!rs4 ,read+s4--,c>d9al ,newman1 ,lett] to ,duke ( ,norfolk1 #e2 ,! ,mon? = ,june1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bjj1 seqq4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,app5dix ,( ! precepts ( ,natural ,law1 "s are m simple & ( wid] ext5sion2 o!rs are d]ivative1 complex1 & ext5d to few] cases4 ,x is a "q ( m & less1 & no h>d & fa/ l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,! =m] h[ev] are call$ prim>y1 ! latt] second>y precepts4 ,aga91 ! nature ( man is ! same 9 all m5 & at all p]iods ( hi/ory = its ess5tial elem5ts1 b admits ( wide1 accid5tal v>iation & decl5sion = ! worse4 ,?irdly1 x is cle> t ,natural ,law is a law good & suitable = human nature to obs]ve4 ,/>t+ f ^! ?ree axioms1 we apply ! reason+ ( ,/4 ,?omas1 #a;a #b1 q4 #if1 art4 #b1 n to human law alone1 ( :i* he is speak+1 b to sundry second>y precepts ( ,natural ,law4 ,^! are 8 words3 ,a law is laid d[n z a rule or measure ( human acts4 ,n[ a measure ought to be homog5e\s ) ! ?+ measur$4 ,h5ce laws also mu/ be impos$ ^u m5 accord+ to _! condition4 ,z ,isidore says3 ',a law ought to be possible bo? accord+ to nature & accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! c\ntry4' ,n[ ! p[] or faculty ( action proce$s f int]ior habit or disposition4 ,! same ?+ is n possible to him :o has no habit ( virtue1 t is possible to a virtu\s man2 z ! same ?+ is n possible to a boy & to a gr[n man1 & !re=e ! same rule is n laid d[n = *ildr5 z = adults4 ,_m ?+s are all[$ to *ildr51 t 9 adults are visit$ ) legal puni%m5t or ) blame1 & 9 l mann] _m ?+s mu/ be all[$ to m5 n p]fect 9 virtue1 :i* w\ld be intol]able 9 virtu\s m54 ,?is reason+ leads u up to a conclusion1 :i* ,/4 ,?omas /ates ?us 7la #b1 q4 #id4 art4 #e73 ,a conceivable way 9 :i* ! ,natural ,law might be *ang$ is ! way ( subtraction1 t some?+ %\ld cease to be ( ! ,natural ,law t 0 ( x be=e4 ,und]/&+ *ange 9 ?is s5se1 ! ,natural ,law is absolutely immutable 9 its fir/ pr9ciples2 b z to second>y precepts1 :i* are c]ta9 detail$ conclusions closely relat$ to ! fir/ pr9ciples1 ! ,natural ,law is n s *ang$ z t its dictate is n "r 9 mo/ cases /eadily to abide by2 x may h[ev] be *ang$ 9 "s p>ticul> case1 & 9 r>e in/ances1 ?r\gh "s special causes imp$+ ! obs]vance ( ^! second>y precepts4 ,! reason = ?is conclusion1 m pregnant1 x may be1 ?an ,/4 ,?omas himself disc]n$1 is giv5 briefly z foll[s 7#b;a #b1 q4 #eg1 art4 #b1 ad #a73 ,human nature is *angeable2 & !re=e :at is natural to man may sometimes fail to hold good4 ,! precepts ( ,natural ,law t fail to be applicable :5 human nature s9ks bel[ p>1 are only second>y precepts1 & few ev5 ( !m4 ,*ri/ianity br+s human nature up to p>1 & fulfils ! ,natural ,law 7,/4 ,matt4 v4 #ag71 enjo9+ ! obs]vance ( x 9 its integrity4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om's say+3 ,( old n su* an ample measure ( virtue 0 propos$ to u2 444 b s9ce ! com+ ( ,*ri/ ! way has be5 made mu* n>r[]4 7,de ,virg9itate1 c4 #dd3 cf4 8 #ag? ,homily on ,/4 ,matt4 v4 #cg2 inde$ ! doctr9e is famili> 9 8 pages47 ,?us ! prohibition ( polygamy1 be+ a second>y precept ( ! natural law1 fail$ 9 its application 9 t age ( laps$ humanity1 :5 a woman 0 bett] "o ( _m wives1 protect$ by "o husb&1 ?an expos$ to promiscu\s viol5ce & lu/4 7,isaias iv4 i47 ,,note ,,on ,,r\sseau4 ,! rul] is ! s]vant ( ! good ( ! p1 n ( ! w ( ! p1 except inasmu* z-- a4 ! w ( ! p is an indication ( _! good1 ( :i* !y are probable judges2 b4 x is usually impossible to d good to ! p aga9/ _! /eady w4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,aggregation !ory ( civil p[]1 ,altruism1 ,altum dom9ium1 ,ang]1 diff]s f hatr$1 ,appetite 9 ! mod]n s5se1 9 ! s*ola/ic s5se1 appetite & desire1 ,ar*etype ,ideas1 ,ari/otle1 imp]fect z a moral philosoph]1 on happ9ess1 on ! passions1 on ! mean ( virtue1 on dea?1 8 ,magnanim\s ,man1 di/+ui%es *a/isem5t f v5geance1 virtue f art1 on prop]ty1 def9es a ,/ate1 a citiz51 a polity1 on ! ,/ate's ne$ to puni%1 ,a!ism1 effects ( social & political1 ,autoc5tric & het]oc5tric1 ,ba91 ,alex&]1 on cont5t1 on puni%ability1 ,beatific vision1 ,capital ,puni%m5t1 n inconsi/5t ) ,god's dom9ion ov] life1 nor ) ! p]sonality 7autoc5tric7 ( man1 p[] ( 7"r ( ! sword71 ! di/+ui%+ m>k ( sov]eignty1 sole in/ance ( rightful direct kill+1 ,*>ity1 to enemies1 obligation (1 h[ diff]+ f ju/ice1 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 elem5t>y philosophy (1 ,circum/ances ( act1 di/+ui%$ f means1 ,civil au?ority1 ( ,god1 b9ds ! consci5ce1 lat5t or free1 v>i\s di/ributions (1 n ti$ to any "o polity1 :5 rightfully resi/$1 ,com=t1 no specific aga9/ crime1 ,communism1 ,consci5ce1 natural law (1 def9$1 errone\s consci5ce1 requires educat+1 ,consci5ce & ! ,/ate1 ,contemplation1 ess5ce ( happ9ess1 ,contracts1 ,delight1 or pleasure1 quality (1 said to p]fect activity1 n happ9ess1 ,democracy1 may be tyrannical1 n ! sole valid polity1 %e] democracy difficult to "w1 orig9al & special sanctity atta*+ to democracy1 ,deontology1 ,desire1 physical & psy*ical1 ,direct & indirect 7or incid5tal7 def9$1 ,divorce1 ,duell+1 ess5tial wrong (1 ,dumb animals1 our relations )1 ,duty1 matt] n ( m]e goodness1 b ( law2 duties ( ju/ice1 correlative ( a "r2 duties negative & positive1 ,education1 ! ,/ate's "p 91 ,end 9 view2 end does n ju/ify means2 itself limitless1 sets a limit to ! means1 ,engli% mon>*y1 ,e?ics1 /rict view (1 ,evil1 none ess5tial & positive 9 human nature1 ,fe>1 z an excuse1 ,food & fiddl+1 :5 bett] ?an philosophy1 ,=titude1 ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,/41 ,g5]al ,consequ5ces1 pr9ciple (1 ,god1 transc5ds creat$ be+1 object ( human happ9ess1 ,god & possibilities1 _c b en=ce morality1 h[ ent]+ into ,moral ,philosophy1 does n disp5se f ! natural law1 puni%es s91 tw(old wor%ip (1 ,god beyond ! sph]e ( utilities1 duty ( kn[+ ,him1 :y ,he _c lie1 no ,god1 no s91 ,greek ta/e1 ,grotius & ,milton1 on ly+1 ,habit1 def9$1 acquir$ by acts1 a liv+ ?+1 ne$s ex]cise1 habit & cu/om1 man a creature ( habits1 habits rema9 9 ! dep>t$ s\l1 ,happ9ess1 def9$1 op5 to man1 f9al 9 contemplation ( ,god1 o!r ?an cont5tm5t1 desir$ )\t limit1 n pleasure1 ,hatr$ & ang]1 ,h$onism1 ,hobbes1 8 ,levia?an1 ,hon\r & reputation1 ,horace1 8 phrase1 aurea m$iocritas1 ,human act1 outw>d & inw>d1 "o1 ,humility1 ,hypnotism1 ,ignorance1 z an excuse1 ,integrity1 /ate (1 ,intellectual error1 sometimes volunt>y1 9 t case n m]e intellectual error1 ,jurisdiction1 diff]s f dom9ion1 ,ju/ice1 always relative to ano!r1 legal 7or g5]al71di/ributive1 commutative 7corrective71 ju/ice & *>ity diff]1 ,kant1 8 ,categorical ,imp]ative1 ,kill+1 direct & indirect1 indirect 9 self-def5ce1 & 9 w>1 direct only 9 capital puni%m5t1 ,k ( ,god1 obligatory1 ,lab\r1 qualitative z well z quantitative1 capital n simply an embodim5t ( lab\r1 ,l&1 a raw mat]ial1 nationalisation (1 ,law1 def9$1 ! ,et]nal ,law1 irresi/ible & yet resi/$1 ext5ds to all ag5ts1 rational & irrational1 co-et]nal )1 yet n necess>y z ,god1 laws ( physical nature1 law ( consci5ce1 fundam5tal laws ( a /ate1 civil law1 necess>y complem5t ( natural law1 civil law1 h[ b9d+ 9 consci5ce1 ! ,k+1 legibus solutus1 h[ f>1 law & lib]ty1 ,lay m9d1 ,lib]ty1 ! me%es ( ! net ( law1 lib]ty ( op9ion & ! press1 ,locke1 on ! /ate ( nature1 ,ly+1 def9ition (1 int5tion to deceive1 no "p ( ! def9ition1 intr9sically & always wrong1 :y ,god _c lie1 n aga9/ commutative ju/ice1 m5tal res]vation n 9 e case a lie1 ,magnanim\s man1 ,magnific5ce1 ,m>riage1 duty ( ! race1 n ( ! individual1 two goods ( m>riage1 unity1 indissolubility1 ,mat]ial & =mal1 ,m>x1 ,k>l1 ,means to end1 truly will$1 f\r sorts (1 h[ f> & h[ n sanctifi$ by ! end1 di/+ui%$ f circum/ances1 limit$ by ! end1 ,meekness & clem5cy1 ,m5tal res]vation1 n 9 e case a lie1 ,mill1 ,john1 conf\nds self-def5ce ) v5geance1 8 ,utilit>ianism1 on ,lib]ty1 ,mode/y1 ,morality1 mean+ (1 det]m9ants (1 ,moral ,philosophy1 def9ition & division1 a progressive sci5ce1 subtlety (1 ,moral ,s5se1 no peculi> faculty di/9ct f ,intellect1 ,money1 anci5t & mod]n use (1 ,nature1 does no?+ 9 va91 liv+ accord+ to nature1 laws ( nature1 inviolable z t5d5cies1 /ate ( nature1 ,natural1 9 contra/ ) sup]natural1 natural & physical conf\nd$ by anci5ts1 does n mean com+ natural1 ,natural law ( consci5ce1 mutable subjectively1 immutable1 situation rema9+ un*ang$1 prim>y & second>y precepts1 "s ( ! latt] fail to hold ev5 objectively1 :]e human nature has sunk bel[ p>1 7not)/&+71 n op5 to disp5sation1 ,nom9alism1 subv]sion ( philosophy1 ,ob$i5ce1 n :olly ( ! nature ( a contract1 ,ought1 or ,obligation1 analysis ( ! idea1 ,passion1 z an excuse1 def9ition (1 species (1 n to be extirpat$1 nev] morally evil by itself1 passion & pr9ciple1 two diff]5t s\rces ( s91 ,p1 !1 all gov]nm5t =1 sov]eignty (1 n philosoph]s1 ,p]son1 autoc5tric1 z di/+ui%$ f a ?+ 7het]o-c5tric71 to h a "r1 y mu/ be a p]son1 ,plato1 on desires1 on ! mean ( virtue1 8 similitude ( ! *>iote]1 8 phrase1 set up on holy p$e/al1 fails to discov] ju/ice 9 8 ,republic1 8 ignor+ ( spiritual s9s1 ignores retributive puni%m5t1 object ( 8 ,republic1 ,pleasure1 or delight1 quality (1 p]fects activity1 h[ f> wrong to act or live = pleasure1 n happ9ess1 ,polity1 def9$1 v>iety ( polities1 no "o polity be/1 univ]sal & exclusive1 elem5t>y & orig9al polity1 ! polity ! /&>d ( ! politically all[able1 ,polygamy2 patri>*al practice1 ,p[]s t be1 orda9$ ( ,god1 ,private w>1 "r r5\nc$ by civilis$ man1 ,probable op9ion1 :at1 h[ a lawful gr\nd ( action1 ,prop]ty1 res famili>is1 ,prud5ce1 ,puni%m5t1 naturally consequ5t ^u s91 also a div9e infliction1 f9al1 et]nal1 m$ic9al1 det]r5t1 retributive1 human puni%m5t p]haps nev] purely retributive1 capital puni%m5t1 puni%m5t a /imulus to consci5ce1 w> n puni%m5t1 ,pyramid ( capacities1 ,reiff5/uel1 on duell+1 ,religion1 h[ connect$ ) morality1 duties ( religion1 natural religi\s p[]1 ! ,/ate & religion1 ,re/itution1 :5 due1 n retribution1 ,resurrection1 ,revolution1 is x ev] "r8 ,"r1 a1 def9$1 connatural1 acquir$1 ali5able1 inali5able1 "o man's "r imports ano!r man's duty1 b n conv]sely1 n all rights consequ5ces ( duties1 n :olly ! creation ( ! ,/ate1 ,ritual1 ne$s regulation1 ,r\sseau1 8 ,social ,contract1 8 inali5able sov]eignty ( ! p1 ,secrets1 ,self-def5ce1 diff]s f puni%m5t & f v5geance1 a wrong maxim ( ! juri/s1 duell+ n self-def5ce1 ,simulation & dissimulation1 ,s91 mat]ial & =mal1 diff]s f vice1 "s by m]e passion1 o!r on pr9ciple1 spiritual s9s1 philosophical s91 s9 alone prop]ly unnatural1 entails puni%m5t1 grave & light1 =giv5ess (1 an unc]ta9ty 9 philosophy1 s9 aga9/ ,god1 crime aga9/ ! ,/ate1 a!ism ! abolition ( s91 ,socialism1 ,collectivism & ,syndicalism1 an endeav\r to sup]s$e private virtue1 ,soldi]'s dea?1 ,spiritualism1 ,/ate1 individual n all bl5d$ 91 def9ition (1 a natural requisite1 m ?an a necessity ( nature1 involves au?ority1 to be obey$1 a p]fect community1 comm&$ & commission$ by ,god1 a secul> conc]n ) a secul> end1 ! ,/ate & virtue1 ,/ate & ,*ur*1 ,/ate & education1 doctr9es dang]\s to ! ,/ate1 ,/ate & ,consci5ce1 remotely a judge ( s91 b does n puni% x z su*1 ,/oics1 w\ld extirpate passion1 _! naturae conv5i5t] viv]e1 a p>adox ( !irs1 ,su>ez1 expla9s ! natural rise ( civil au?ority1 neglects ! hi/orical1 ,suicide1 ,sup]natural1 ,sup]/iti\s practices1 ,synd]esis1 ,temp]ance1 ,te/am5t>y "r1 ,usury1 def9$1 pr9ciple ^u :i* x is wrong1 comm]cial loans n usuri\s1 gradual op5+ = su*1 ,utilit>ianism1 an ill-conc]t$ bl5d ( ,h$onism & ,altruism1 ,value1 use value1 m>ket value1 ,vice & ,virtue1 habits1 n acts1 n 9 *ildr51 vice n s91 ,virtue1 a habit1 n r$ucible to k1 intellectual & moral1 h[ moral & intellectual virtues diff]1 ne$ ( moral virtue1 moral virtue 7n !ological7 obs]ves ! mean1 c>d9al virtues1 are ! virtues sep>able81 pot5tial p>ts ( a virtue1 s5se ( virtue necess>y to national greatness1 virtue n ano!r man's good11 h[ diff]+ f art1 h[ f> ! c>e ( ! ,/ate1 ,virtu\s man1 acts on motives ( virtue1 ,w>1 ! self-def5ce ( nations1 n a punitive op]ation1 direct & prop] object1 n to kill b to put out ( action1 ,wild boy ( ,hanov]1 ,wor%ip1 int]ior & ext]ior1 reasons = ! latt]1 n z useful to ,god1 b because ,he is wor?y ( x1