,,! ,,m9d ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ ,! ,relation ( ,intellig5ce to ,social ,re=m ,by ,,james ,,h>vey ,,rob9son ,au?or ( ,,petr>*1 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,s*ol> ,,m$iaeval ,,& ,,mod]n ,,times ,,! ,,new ,,hi/ory1 ,,etc4 ,,cont5ts ,i ,,preface #a4 ,,on ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,?is ,,volume #b4 ,,?ree ,,disappo9t$ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,re=m ,,ii #c4 ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,?9k+ #d4 ,,rationaliz+ #e4 ,,h[ ,,creative ,,?\ght ,,trans=ms ,,! ,,_w ,,iii #f4 ,,our ,,animal ,,h]itage4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,civilization #g4 ,,our ,,savage ,,m9d ,,iv #h4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,critical ,,?9k+ #i4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle ,v #aj4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,m$iaeval ,,civilization #aa4 ,,our ,,m$iaeval ,,intellectual ,,inh]itance ,,vi #ab4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,revolution #ac4 ,,h[ ,,sci5tific ,,k ,,has ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,,vii #ad4 ,,! ,,sickness ,,( ,,an ,,acquisitive ,,society #ae4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,safety ,,& ,,sanity ,,viii #af4 ,,"s ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,repression #ag4 ,,:at ,,( ,,x8 ,,app5dix 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,,preface ,?is is an essay--n a treatise--on ! mo/ important ( all matt]s ( human conc]n4 ,al?\gh x has co/ its au?or a great deal m ?\ght & labor ?an w be app>5t1 x falls1 9 8 e/imation1 f> bel[ ! dem&s ( its implacably urg5t !me4 ,ea* page c\ld readily be exp&$ into a volume4 ,x sugge/s b ! beg9n+ ( ! beg9n+ n[ be+ made to raise m5's ?9k+ onto a pla9 :i* may p]haps enable !m to f5d (f or r$uce "s ( ! dang]s :i* lurk on e h&4 ,j4 ,h4 ,r4 ,,new ,,s*ool ,,= ,,social ,,rese>*1 ,,new ,,york ,,city1 ,augu/1 #aiba4 ,,! ,,m9d ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+ #a4 ,,on ,,! ,,purpose ,,( ,,?is ,,volume ,if "s magical trans=mation c\ld be produc$ 9 m5's ways ( look+ at !mselves & _! fell[s1 no inconsid]able "p ( ! evils :i* n[ afflict society w\ld vani% away or rem$y !mselves automatically4 ,if ! majority ( influ5tial p]sons held ! op9ions & occupi$ ! po9t ( view t a few r un9flu5tial p n[ d1 !re w\ld1 = in/ance1 be no likelihood ( ano!r great w>2 ! :ole problem ( labor & capital w\ld be trans=m$ & att5uat$2 national arrogance1 race animosity1 political corruption1 & ineffici5cy w\ld all be r$uc$ bel[ ! dang] po9t4 ,z an old ,/oic prov]b has x1 m5 are torm5t$ by ! op9ions !y h ( ?+s1 r ?an by ! ?+s !mselves4 ,?is is em95tly true ( _m ( our wor/ problems to-day4 ,we h available k & +5uity & mat]ial res\rces to make a f> fair] _w ?an t 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 b v>i\s ob/acles prev5t our intellig5tly avail+ ourselves ( !m4 ,! object ( ?is book is to sub/antiate ?is proposition1 to exhibit ) entire frankness ! trem5d\s difficulties t /& 9 ! way ( su* a b5efic5t *ange ( m9d1 & to po9t out z cle>ly z may be "s ( ! measures to be tak5 9 ord] to ov]come !m4 ,:5 we contemplate ! %ock+ d]angem5t ( human affairs :i* n[ prevails 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries1 includ+ our own1 ev5 ! be/ m9ds are puzzl$ & unc]ta9 9 _! attempts to grasp ! situation4 ,! _w seems to dem& a moral & economic reg5]ation :i* x is dang]\s to po/pone1 b z yet impossible to imag9e1 let alone direct4 ,! prelim9>y intellectual reg5]ation :i* w\ld put our lead]s 9 a position to det]m9e & control ! c\rse ( affairs has n tak5 place4 ,we h unprec$5t$ conditions to deal ) & novel adju/m5ts to make--!re c be no d\bt ( t4 ,we also h a great /ock ( sci5tific k unkn[n to our gr&fa!rs ) :i* to op]ate4 ,s novel are ! conditions1 s copi\s ! k1 t we mu/ und]take ! ardu\s task ( reconsid]+ a great "p ( ! op9ions ab\t man & 8 relations to 8 fell[-m5 :i* h be5 h&$ d[n to u by previ\s g5]ations :o liv$ 9 f> o!r conditions & possess$ f> less in=mation ab\t ! _w & !mselves4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 fir/ to create an unprec$5t$ attitude ( m9d to cope ) unprec$5t$ conditions1 & to utilize unprec$5t$ k ,?is is ! prelim9>y1 & mo/ difficult1 /ep to be tak5--f> m difficult ?an "o w\ld suspect :o fails to realize t 9 ord] to take x we mu/ ov]come invet]ate natural t5d5cies & artificial habits ( long /&+4 ,h[ are we to put ourselves 9 a position to come to ?9k ( ?+s t we n only nev] ?\ght ( be=e1 b are mo/ reluctant to "q8 ,9 %ort1 h[ are we to rid ourselves ( our fond prejudices & op5 our m9ds8 ,z a hi/orical /ud5t :o = a good _m ye>s has be5 especially engag$ 9 inquir+ h[ man happ5s to h ! ideas & convictions ab\t himself & human relations :i* n[ prevail1 ! writ] has rea*$ ! conclusion t hi/ory c at lea/ %$ a great deal ( light on our pres5t pr$icam5ts & confusion4 ,i d n mean by hi/ory t conv5tional *ronicle ( remote & irrelevant ev5ts :i* embitt]$ ! y\?ful ye>s ( _m ( u1 b r a /udy ( h[ man has come to be z he is & to believe z he does4 ,no hi/orian has s f> be5 able to make ! :ole /ory v pla9 or popul>1 b a numb] ( consid]ations are obvi\s en\gh1 & x ought n to be impossible "s day to popul>ize !m4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t if c]ta9 seem+ly indisputable hi/orical facts 7 g5]ally kn[n & accept$ & p]mitt$ to play a daily "p 9 our ?\ght1 ! _w w\ld =?) become a v diff]5t place f :at x n[ is4 ,we c\ld !n nei!r delude ourselves 9 ! simple-m9d$ way we n[ d1 nor c\ld we take advantage ( ! primitive ignorance ( o!rs4 ,all our discussions ( social1 indu/rial1 & political re=m w\ld be rais$ to a high] plane ( insight & fruitfulness4 ,9 "o ( ^? brilliant divagations ) :i* ,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,wells is wont to enri* 8 novels he says3 ,:5 ! intellectual hi/ory ( ?is "t comes to be writt51 no?+1 ,i ?9k1 w /& out m /rik+ly ?an ! empty gulf 9 quality betwe5 ! sup]b & ri*ly fruitful sci5tific inve/igations t are go+ on1 & ! g5]al ?\ght ( o!r educat$ sections ( ! community4 ,i d n mean t sci5tific m5 are1 z a :ole1 a class ( sup]m51 deal+ ) & ?9k+ ab\t ev]y?+ 9 a way altoge!r bett] ?an ! common run ( humanity1 b 9 _! field !y ?9k & "w ) an int5sity1 an integrity1 a bread?1 boldness1 pati5ce1 ?or\ghness1 & fai?fulness--except+ only a few arti/s--:i* puts _! "w out ( all comp>ison ) any o!r human activity4444 ,9 ^! p>ticul> directions ! human m9d has a*iev$ a new & high] quality ( attitude & ge/ure1 a v]acity1 a self-deta*m5t1 & self-abnegat+ vigor ( criticism t t5d to spread out & mu/ ultimately spread out to e o!r human affair4 ,no "o :o is ev5 mo/ sup]ficially acqua9t$ ) ! a*ievem5ts ( /ud5ts ( nature dur+ ! pa/ few c5turies c fail to see t _! ?\ght has be5 a/\nd+ly effective 9 con/antly add+ to our k ( ! univ]se1 f ! huge/ nebula to ! t9ie/ atom2 moreov]1 ?is k has be5 s appli$ z to well-nigh revolutionize human affairs1 & bo? ! k & its applications appe> to be no m ?an hopeful beg9n+s1 ) indef9ite revelations ahead1 if only ! same k9d ( ?\ght be cont9u$ 9 ! same pati5t & scrupul\s mann]4 ,b ! k ( man1 ( ! spr+s ( 8 conduct1 ( 8 relation to 8 fell[-m5 s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 & ! felicit\s regulation ( human int]c\rse 9 ! int]e/ ( h>mony & fairness1 h made no su* advance4 ,ari/otle's treatises on a/ronomy & physics1 & 8 notions ( g5]ation & decay & ( *emical processes1 h long gone by ! bo>d1 b 8 politics & e?ics are /ill rev]$4 ,does ?is mean t 8 p5etration 9 ! sci5ces ( man exce$$ s greatly 8 grasp ( natural sci5ce1 or does x mean t ! progress ( mank9d 9 ! sci5tific k & regulation ( human affairs has rema9$ almo/ /ation>y = ov] two ?\s& ye>s8 ,i ?9k t we may safely conclude t ! latt] is ! case4 ,x has requir$ ?ree c5turies ( sci5tific ?\ght & ( subtle inv5tions = its promotion to enable a mod]n *emi/ or physici/ to c5t] 8 att5tion on electrons & _! relation to ! my/]i\s nucleus ( ! atom1 or to p]mit an embryologi/ to /udy ! e>ly /irr+s ( ! f]tiliz$ egg4 ,z yet relatively little ( ! same k9d ( ?\ght has be5 br\ght to be> on human affairs4 ,:5 we comp>e ! discussions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ate 9 reg>d to ! ,league ( ,nations ) ! consid]ation ( a brok5-d[n c> 9 a roadside g>age ! contra/ is %ock+4 ,! rural me*anic ?9ks sci5tifically2 8 only aim is to avail himself ( 8 k ( ! nature & work+s ( ! c>1 ) a view to mak+ x run once m4 ,! ,s5ator1 on ! o!r h&1 appe>s too (t5 to h little idea ( ! nature & work+s ( nations1 & he relies on rhetoric & appeals to vague fe>s & hopes or m]e p>tisan animosity4 ,! sci5ti/s h be5 busy = a c5tury 9 revolutioniz+ ! practical relation ( nations4 ,! ocean is no long] a b>ri]1 z x 0 9 ,wa%+ton's day1 b to all int5ts & purposes a smoo? av5ue closely connect+1 r ?an safely sep>at+1 ! ea/]n & we/]n cont95ts4 ,! ,s5ator w nev]!less unblu%+ly appeal to policies ( a c5tury back1 suitable1 mayhap1 9 _! day1 b n[ become a w>n+ r ?an a guide4 ,! g>age man1 on ! contr>y1 takes 8 me*anism z he f9ds x1 & does n all[ any my/ic respect = ! e>li] =ms ( ! gas eng9e to int]f]e ) ! ne$$ adju/m5ts4 ,^? :o h dealt ) natural ph5om5a1 z di/+ui%$ f purely human conc]ns1 did n1 h[ev]1 quickly or easily ga9 popul> approbation & respect4 ,! process ( emancipat+ natural sci5ce f curr5t prejudices1 bo? ( ! le>n$ & ( ! unle>n$1 has be5 long & pa9ful1 & is n :olly complet$ yet4 ,if we g back to ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury we f9d ?ree m5 ^: bus9ess x 01 above all1 to pres5t & def5d common s5se 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,! mo/ eloqu5t & v>i$ly p]suasive ( ^! 0 ,"l ,bacon4 ,!n !re 0 ! "y ,desc>tes try+ to %ake himself loose f 8 tra9+ 9 a ,jesuit sem9>y by go+ into ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 & />t+ 8 intellectual life all ov] by giv+ up = ! mom5t all he _h be5 taught4 ,galileo _h committ$ an (f5se ( a grave "* by discuss+ 9 ! "m tongue ! problems ( physics4 ,9 8 old age he 0 imprison$ & s5t5c$ to repeat ! sev5 p5it5tial psalms = diff]+ f ,ari/otle & ,moses & ! tea*+s ( ! !ologians4 ,on he>+ ,galileo's fate4 ,desc>tes burn$ a book he _h writt51 ,on ,! ,_w1 le/ he1 too1 get into tr\ble4 ,f t "t d[n to ! days ( ,huxley & ,john ,fiske ! /ruggle has cont9u$1 & /ill cont9ues--! ,?ree ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> = intellectual fre$om 9 deal+ ) natural ph5om5a4 ,x has be5 a conflict aga9/ ignorance1 tradition1 & ve/$ int]e/s 9 *ur* & univ]sity1 ) all t prepo/]\s invective & cruel misrepres5tation :i* *>act]ize ! fight aga9/ new & critical ideas4 ,^? :o cri$ out aga9/ sci5tific discov]ies did s 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ( man's dignity1 & ( holy religion & morality4 ,f9ally1 h[ev]1 x has come ab\t t our in/ruction 9 ! natural sci5ces is tol]ably free2 al?\gh !re are /ill l>ge bodies ( organiz$ religi\s believ]s :o are hotly oppos$ to "s ( ! m fundam5tal f9d+s ( biology4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( read]s c be f\nd = ,pa/or ,russell's exegesis ( ,ezekiel & ! ,apocalypse to hundr$s :o read ,conkl9's ,h]$ity & ,environm5t or ,slosson's ,creative ,*emi/ry4 ,no publi%] w\ld accept a hi/orical textbook bas$ on an explicit /atem5t ( ! k we n[ h ( man's animal ance/ry4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 our sci5tific m5 c>ry on _! "w & report _! results ) little or no effective ho/ility on ! "p ( ! cl]gy or ! s*ools4 ,! social body has become tol]ant ( _! virus4 ,?is is n ! case1 h[ev]1 ) ! social sci5ces4 ,"o _c b feel a little queasy :5 he uses ! expression social sci5ce1 because x seems z if we _h n z yet got any:]e ne> a real sci5ce ( man4 ,i mean by social sci5ce our feeble ef=ts to /udy man1 8 natural equipm5t & impulses1 & 8 relations to 8 fell[s 9 ! light ( 8 orig9 & ! hi/ory ( ! race4 ,?is ent]prise has hi!rto be5 oppos$ by a l>ge numb] ( ob/acles ess5tially m hamp]+ & f> m num]\s ?an ^? :i* = ?ree hundr$ ye>s h9d]$ ! advance ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,human affairs are 9 !mselves f> m intricate & p]plex+ ?an molecules & *romosomes4 ,b ?is is only ! m reason = br++ to be> on human affairs t critical type ( ?\ght & calculation = :i* ! remun]ative ?\ght ab\t molecules & *romosomes has prep>$ ! way4 ,i d n = a mom5t sugge/ t we c use precisely ! same k9d ( ?9k+ 9 deal+ ) ! qu&>ies ( mank9d t we use 9 problems ( *emical reaction & me*anical adju/m5t4 ,exact sci5tific results1 su* z might be =mulat$ 9 me*anics1 are1 ( c\rse1 out ( ! "q4 ,x w\ld be unsci5tific to expect to apply !m4 ,i am n advocat+ any p>ticul> me?od ( treat+ human affairs1 b r su* a g5]al frame ( m9d1 su* a critical op5-m9d$ attitude1 z has hi!rto be5 b sp>sely develop$ among ^? :o aspire to be m5's guides1 :e!r religi\s1 political1 economic1 or academic4 ,mo/ human progress has be51 z ,wells expresses x1 a m]e muddl+ ?r\gh4 ,x has be5 man's wont to expla9 & sanctify 8 ways1 ) little reg>d to _! fundam5tal & p]man5t exp$i5cy4 ,an arre/+ example ( :at ?is muddl+ may mean we h se5 dur+ ^! rec5t ye>s 9 ! slay+ or maim+ ( fifte5 million ( our "y m51 result+ 9 incalculable loss1 cont9u$ disord]1 & bewild]m5t4 ,yet m5 seem bl9dly driv5 to def5d & p]petuate ! conditions :i* produc$ ! la/ disa/]4 ,unless we wi% to see a recurr5ce ( ?is or "s simil> calamity1 we mu/1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 create a new & unprec$5t$ attitude ( m9d to meet ! new & unprec$5t$ conditions :i* confront u4 ,we %\ld proce$ to ! ?or\gh recon/ruction ( our m9d1 ) a view to und]/&+ actual human conduct & organization4 ,we mu/ exam9e ! facts fre%ly1 critically1 & dispassionately1 & !n all[ our philosophy to =mulate itself z a result ( ?is exam9ation1 in/ead ( p]mitt+ our obs]vations to be di/ort$ by ar*aic philosophy1 political economy1 & e?ics4 ,z x is1 we are taught our philosophy fir/1 & 9 its light we try to ju/ify ! facts4 ,we mu/ rev]se ?is process1 z did ^? :o began ! great "w 9 exp]im5tal sci5ce2 we mu/ fir/ face ! facts1 & pati5tly await ! em]g5ce ( a new philosophy4 ,a will+ness to exam9e ! v f\ndations ( society does n mean a desire to enc\rage or engage 9 any ha/y readju/m5t1 b c]ta9ly no wise or ne$$ readju/m5t c be made unless su* an exam9ation is und]tak54 ,i come back1 !n1 to my orig9al po9t t 9 ?is exam9ation ( exi/+ facts hi/ory1 by reveal+ ! orig9 ( _m ( our curr5t fundam5tal beliefs1 w t5d to free our m9ds s z to p]mit hone/ ?9k+4 ,also1 t ! hi/orical facts :i* ,i propose to recall w\ld1 if p]mitt$ to play a con/ant "p 9 our ?9k+1 automatically elim9ate a v consid]able portion ( ! gross /upidity & bl9dness :i* *>act]ize our pres5t ?\ght & conduct 9 public affairs1 & w\ld contribute greatly to develop+ ! ne$$ sci5tific attitude t[>d human conc]ns--9 o!r words1 to br++ ! m9d up to date4 #b4 ,,?ree ,,disappo9t$ ,,me?ods ,,( ,,re=m ,plans = social bett]m5t & ! cure ( public ills h 9 ! pa/ tak5 ?ree g5]al =ms3 7,i7 *anges 9 ! rules ( ! game1 7,,ii7 spiritual exhortation1 & 7,,iii7 education4 ,_h all ^! n l>gely fail$1 ! _w w\ld n be 9 ! plight 9 :i* x n[ confess$ly is4 ,i4 ,_m re=m]s conc$e t !y are suspici\s ( :at !y call ideas4 ,!y are confid5t t our tr\bles result f defective organization1 :i* %\ld be rem$i$ by m exp$i5t legislation & wise ord9ances4 ,abuses %\ld be aboli%$ or *eck$ by =bidd+ !m1 or by "s +5i\s reord]+ ( proc$ure4 ,responsibility %\ld be conc5trat$ or disp]s$4 ,! t]m ( (fice ( gov]nm5t (ficials %\ld be l5g!n$ or %ort5$2 ! numb] ( memb]s 9 gov]n+ bodies %\ld be increas$ or decreas$2 !re %\ld be direct prim>ies1 ref]5dum1 recall1 gov]nm5t by commission2 p[]s %\ld be %ift$ "h & !re ) a hope ( meet+ obvi\s mis*ances all too famili> 9 ! pa/4 ,9 indu/ry & education adm9i/rative re=m is con/antly go+ on1 ) ! hope ( r$uc+ friction & increas+ effici5cy4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons n long ago came to new t]ms ) ! pe]s4 ,! ,league ( ,nations has already _h to adju/ ! functions & influ5ce ( ! ,c\ncil & ! ,assembly1 respectively4 ,no "o w "q t organization is absolutely ess5tial 9 human affairs1 b reorganization1 :ile x sometimes produces assignable b5efit1 (t5 fails to meet exi/+ evils1 & n uncommonly eng5d]s new & unexpect$ ones4 ,our confid5ce 9 re/riction & regim5tation is exagg]at$4 ,:at we usually ne$ is a *ange ( attitude1 & )\t ?is our new regulations (t5 leave ! old situation unalt]$4 ,s long z we all[ our gov]nm5t to be run by politicians & bus9ess lobbies x makes little diff]5ce h[ _m ald]m5 or assemblym5 we h or h[ long ! mayor or gov]nor holds (fice4 ,9 a univ]sity ! fundam5tal drift ( affairs _c be greatly modifi$ by creat+ a new dean1 or a univ]sity c\ncil1 or by enhanc+ or decreas+ ! nom9al au?ority ( ! presid5t or faculty4 ,we n[ turn to ! second sanctifi$ me?od ( re=m1 moral uplift4 ,,ii4 ,^? :o are impati5t ) m]e adm9i/rative re=m1 or :o lack fai? 9 x1 decl>e t :at we ne$ is bro!rly love4 ,?\s&s ( pulpits admoni% u to rememb] t we are all *ildr5 ( "o ,heav5ly ,fa!r & t we %\ld be> "o ano!r's burd5s ) frat]nal pati5ce4 ,capital is too selfi%2 ,labor is b5t on its own n>r[ int]e/s reg>dless ( ! risks ,capital takes4 ,we are all dep5d5t on "o ano!r1 & a recognition ( ?is %\ld beget mutual =be>ance & glad co-op]ation4 ,let u =get ourselves 9 o!rs4 ,little *ildr51 love "o ano!r4 ,! fa!rhood ( ,god has be5 prea*$ by ,*ri/ians = ov] eighte5 c5turies1 & ! bro!rhood ( man by ! ,/oics long be=e !m4 ,! doctr9e has prov$ compatible ) slav]y & s]fdom1 ) w>s bless$1 & n infrequ5tly in/igat$1 by religi\s lead]s1 & ) indu/rial oppression :i* x requires a brave cl]gyman or tea*] to d5\nce to-day4 ,true1 we sometimes h mom5ts ( sympa?y :5 our fell[-creatures become objects ( t5d] solicitude4 ,"s r>e s\ls may hone/ly flatt] !mselves t !y love mank9d 9 g5]al1 b x w\ld surely be a v r>e s\l inde$ :o d>$ pr(ess t he lov$ 8 p]sonal enemies--mu* less ! enemies ( 8 c\ntry or in/itutions4 ,we /ill wor%ip a tribal god1 & ! foe is n to be reckon$ among 8 *ildr54 ,suspicion & hate are mu* m cong5ial to our natures ?an love1 = v obvi\s reasons 9 ?is _w ( rivalry & common failure4 ,!re is1 beyond d\bt1 a natural k9dl9ess 9 mank9d :i* w %[ itself "u favorable auspices4 ,b exp]i5ce w\ld seem to tea* t x is little promot$ by moral exhortation4 ,?is is ! only po9t t ne$ be urg$ "h4 ,:e!r !re is ano!r way ( =w>d+ ! bro!rhood ( man w be consid]$ 9 ! sequel4 ,,iii4 ,"o disappo9t$ 9 ! effects ( m]e reorganization1 & di/ru/+ ! p[] ( moral exhortation1 w urge t :at we ne$ above all is education4 ,x is q true t :at we ne$ is education1 b some?+ s diff]5t f :at n[ passes z su* t x ne$s a new "n4 ,education has m v>i\s aims ?an we usually recognize1 & %\ld ( c\rse be judg$ 9 relation to ! importance ( its sev]al int5tions1 & ( its success 9 ga9+ !m4 ,! arts ( read+ & writ+ & figur+ all w\ld conc$e are basal 9 a _w ( newspap]s & bus9ess4 ,!n !re is te*nical in=mation & ! tra9+ t prep>es "o to e>n a livelihood 9 "s m or less /&>diz$ guild or pr(ession4 ,bo? ^! aims are rea*$ fairly well by our pres5t educational sy/em1 subject to v>i\s economies & improvem5ts 9 detail4 ,!n !re are ! /udies :i* x is assum$ contribute to g5]al culture & to tra9+ ! m9d1 ) ! hope ( cultivat+ our ta/es1 /imulat+ ! imag9ation1 & mayhap improv+ our reason+ p[]s4 ,?is bran* ( education is reg>d$ by ! few z v preci\s & indisp5sable2 by ! _m z at be/ an am5ity :i* has little relation to ! real purposes & success ( life4 ,x is highly traditional & retrospective 9 ! ma91 conc]n$ ) anci5t tongues1 old & rev]$ books1 high] ma!matics1 some:at ar*aic philosophy & hi/ory1 & ! fruitless =m ( logic :i* has until rec5tly be5 priz$ z man's be/ guide 9 ! fa/nesses ( error4 ,to ^! has be5 add$ 9 rec5t decades a *oice ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( natural sci5ce4 ,! results1 h[ev]1 ( our pres5t s*eme ( lib]al education are disappo9t+4 ,"o :o1 l myself1 firmly agrees ) its objects & is p]sonally s addict$ to old books1 s pleas$ ) su* k z he has ( ! anci5t & mod]n languages1 s envi\s ( ^? :o c ?9k ma!matically1 & s int]e/$ 9 natural sci5ce--su* a p]son mu/ res5t ! fact t ^? :o h _h a lib]al education r>ely c>e = old books1 r>ely read = pleasure any =eign language1 ?9k ma!matically1 love philosophy or hi/ory1 or c>e = ! bea/s1 birds1 plants1 & rocks ) any intellig5t insight1 or ev5 real curiosity4 ,?is ar\ses ! suspicion t our s-call$ lib]al education misc>ries & does n atta9 its o/5sible aims4 ,! ?ree educational aims enum]at$ above h "o ?+ 9 common4 ,!y are all direct$ t[>d an enhancem5t ( ! *ances ( p]sonal worldly success1 or to ! increase ( our p]sonal culture & intellectual & lit]>y enjoym5t4 ,_! purpose is n prim>ily to fit u to play a "p 9 social or political bett]m5t4 ,b ( late a f\r? elem5t has be5 add$ to ! old] ambitions1 namely ! hope ( prep>+ boys & girls to become intellig5t vot]s4 ,?is ne$ has be5 =c$ ^u u by ! com+ ( political democracy1 :i* makes "o p]son's vote exactly z good z ano!r's4 ,n[ education = citiz5%ip w\ld seem to consi/ 9 ga9+ a k ( ! actual work+s ( our social organization1 ) "s illum9at+ notions ( its orig91 toge!r ) a full realization ( its defects & _! app>5t s\rces4 ,b "h we enc\nt] an ob/acle t is unimportant 9 ! old] types ( education1 b :i* may prove altoge!r fatal to any good results 9 our ef=ts to make bett] citiz5s4 ,subjects ( in/ruction l read+ & writ+1 ma!matics1 ,lat9 & ,greek1 *emi/ry & physics1 m$ic9e & ! law are fairly well /&>diz$ & retrospective4 ,d\btless !re is a good deal ( int]nal *ange 9 me?od & cont5t go+ on1 b ?is takes place unobtrusively & does n attract ! att5tion ( outside critics4 ,political & social que/ions1 on ! o!r h&1 & matt]s relat+ to prevail+ bus9ess me?ods1 race animosities1 public elections1 & gov]nm5tal policy are1 if !y are vital1 necess>ily controv]sial4 ,s*ool bo>ds & sup]9t5d5ts1 tru/ees & presid5ts ( colleges & univ]sities1 are s5sitive to ?is fact4 ,!y eag]ly deprecate 9 _! public manife/os any suspicion t pupils & /ud5ts are be+ awak5$ 9 any way to ! tru? t our in/itutions c possibly be fundam5tally defective1 or t ! pres5t g5]ation ( citiz5s has n conduct$ our affairs ) exempl>y success1 guid$ by ! immutable pr9ciples ( ju/ice4 ,h[ inde$ c a tea*] be expect$ to expla9 to ! sons & daught]s ( bus9essm51 politicians1 doctors1 lawy]s1 & cl]gym5--all pl$g$ to ! ma9t5ance ( ! s\rces ( _! livelihood--! actual nature ( bus9ess ent]prise z n[ practic$1 ! prevail+ me?ods ( legislative bodies & c\rts1 & ! conduct ( =eign affairs8 ,?9k ( a tea*] 9 ! public s*ools rec\nt+ ! m illum9at+ facts ab\t ! municipal gov]nm5t "u :i* he lives1 ) due att5tion to graft & jobs6 ,s1 c\rses 9 gov]nm5t1 political economy1 sociology1 & e?ics conf9e !mselves to in(f5sive g5]alizations1 h>mless details ( organization1 & ! commonplaces ( r\t9e morality1 = only 9 t way c !y escape be+ controv]sial4 ,tea*]s are r>ely able or incl9$ to expla9 our social life & its presuppositions ) suffici5t insight & hone/y to produce any v important results4 ,ev5 if !y are tempt$ to tell ! ess5tial facts !y d>e n d s1 = fe> ( los+ _! places1 amid ! applause ( all ! righte\sly m9d$4 ,h[ev] we may feel on ?is important matt]1 we mu/ all agree t ! aim ( education = citiz5%ip z n[ conceiv$ is a prep>ation = ! same old citiz5%ip :i* has s f> fail$ to elim9ate ! %ock+ haz>ds & cry+ inju/ices ( our social & political life4 ,= we s$ul\sly inculcate 9 ! com+ g5]ation exactly ! same illusions & ! same ill-plac$ confid5ce 9 exi/+ in/itutions & prevail+ notions t h br\ght ! _w to ! pass 9 :i* we f9d x4 ,s9ce we d all we c to corroborate ! b5efic5ce ( :at we h1 we c h>dly hope to raise up a m intellig5t g5]ation b5t on a*iev+ :at we h n4 ,we all "k ?is to be true2 x has be5 =cibly impress$ on our m9ds ( late4 ,mo/ ( u agree t x is "r & be/ t x %\ld be s2 "s ( u d n l to ?9k ab\t x at all1 b a few w be glad to sp5d a little "t weigh+ c]ta9 sugge/ions 9 ?is volume :i* may indicate a way out ( ?is impasse4#a ,we h n[ consid]$ briefly ! ?ree ma9 hopes t h be5 hi!rto ent]ta9$ ( bett]+ ?+s 7,i7 by *ang+ ! rules ( ! game1 7,,ii7 by urg+ m5 to be good1 & to love _! neighbor z !mselves1 & 7,,iii7 by education = citiz5%ip4 ,x may be t ^! hopes are n :olly unf\nd$1 b x mu/ be admitt$ t s f> !y h be5 griev\sly disappo9t$4 ,d\btless !y w cont9ue to be *]i%$ on acc\nt ( _! assur$ respectability4 ,m]e lack ( success does n discr$it a me?od1 = !re are _m ?+s t det]m9e & p]petuate our sanctifi$ ways ( do+ ?+s besides _! success 9 rea*+ _! propos$ ends4 ,_h ?is n always be5 s1 our life to-day w\ld be f> less /upidly conduct$ ?an x is4 ,b let u agree to assume = ! mom5t t ! approv$ s*emes ( re=m enum]at$ above h1 to say ! lea/1 %[n !mselves inadequate to meet ! crisis 9 :i* civiliz$ society n[ f9ds itself4 ,h we any o!r hope8 ,yes1 !re is ,intellig5ce4 ,t is z yet an unte/$ hope 9 its application to ! regulation ( human relations4 ,x is n discr$it$ because x has n be5 tri$ on any l>ge scale outside ! realm ( natural sci5ce4 ,!re1 ev]yone w confess1 x has produc$ m>vel\s results4 ,employ$ 9 reg>d to />s1 rocks1 plants1 & animals1 & 9 ! inve/igation ( me*anical & *emical processes1 x has completely revolutioniz$ m5's notions ( ! _w 9 :i* !y live1 & ( its inhabitants1 ) ! notable exception ( man himself4 ,^! discov]ies h be5 us$ to *ange our habits & to supply u ) ev]yday necessities :i* a hundr$ ye>s ago 7 n dream$ ( z luxuries accessible ev5 to k+s & millionaires4 ,b mo/ ( u "k too little ( ! pa/ to realize ! p5alty t _h to be paid = ?is application ( intellig5ce4 ,9 ord] t ^! discov]ies %\ld be made & +5i\sly appli$ to ! conv5i5ces ( life1 x 0 necess>y to disc>d practically all ! consecrat$ notions ( ! _w & its work+s :i* _h be5 held by ! be/ & wise/ & pure/ ( mank9d d[n to ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago--inde$1 until mu* m rec5tly4 ,intellig5ce1 9 a creature ( r\t9e l man & 9 a univ]se s ill und]/ood z ours1 mu/ (t5 break valiantly ) ! pa/ 9 ord] to get ahead4 ,x w\ld be pleasant to assume t all we _h to d 0 to build on well-design$ f\ndations1 firmly laid by ! wisdom ( ! ages4 ,b ^? :o h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( natural sci5ce w\ld agree t ,bacon1 ,galileo1 & ,desc>tes f\nd no su* f\ndation1 b _h to beg9 _! con/ruction f ! gr\nd up4 ,! sev]al hopes ( re=m m5tion$ above all assume t ! n[ g5]ally accept$ notions ( righte\s human conduct are n to be que/ion$4 ,our *ur*es & univ]sities def5d ?is assumption4 ,our editors & lawy]s & ! m vocal ( our bus9ess m5 adh]e to x4 ,ev5 ^? :o pret5d to /udy society & its orig9 seem (t5 to believe t our pres5t ideals & /&>ds ( prop]ty1 ! /ate1 indu/rial organization1 ! relations ( ! sexes1 & education are practically f9al & mu/ necess>ily be ! basis ( any possible bett]m5t 9 detail4 ,b if ?is be s ,intellig5ce has already done its p]fect "w1 & we c only lam5t t ! outcome 9 ! way ( peace1 dec5cy1 & fairness1 judg$ ev5 by exi/+ /&>ds1 has be5 s disappo9t+4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 a few "h & !re :o suspect & ev5 repudiate curr5t ideals & /&>ds4 ,b at pres5t _! res5tm5t aga9/ exi/+ evils takes ! =m ( m or less dogmatic plans ( recon/ruction1 l ^? ( ! sociali/s & communi/s1 or exhau/s itself 9 ! vague prote/ & faultf9d+ ( ! av]age ,intellectual4 ,nei!r ! sociali/ nor ! common run ( ,intellectual appe>s to me to be on ! "r track4 ,! =m] is m precise 9 8 doctr9es & confid5t 9 8 prophecies ?an a sci5tific exam9ation ( mank9d & its ways w\ld at all ju/ify2 ! o!r1 m indef9ite ?an he ne$ be4 ,if ,intellig5ce is to h ! fre$om ( action necess>y to accumulate new & valuable k ab\t man's nature & possibilities :i* may ultimately be appli$ to re=m+ our ways1 x mu/ loose itself f ! bonds t n[ conf9e x4 ,! primeval curse /ill holds3 ,( e tree 9 ! g>d5 ?\ maye/ freely eat2 b ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil1 ?\ %alt n eat ( x2 = 9 ! day t ?\ eate/ !re( ?\ %alt surely die4 ,few p confess t !y are afraid ( k1 b ! univ]sity presid5ts1 m9i/]s1 & editors :o mo/ (t5 & publicly laud :at !y are wont to call ! fe>less pursuit ( tru?1 feel compell$1 9 ! int]e/ ( public morals & ord]1 to disc\rage any reckless indulg5ce 9 ! fruit ( ! =bidd5 tree1 = ! inexp]i5c$ may select an unripe apple & suff] f ! colic 9 consequ5ce4 ,j look at ,russia6 ,bett] always1 in/ead ( tak+ ! risk on :at ! *ur* calls sci5ce falsely s call$1 fall back on ignorance rightly s call$4 ,no "o d5ies t ,intellig5ce is ! light ( ! _w & ! *ief glory ( man1 b1 z ,b]tr& ,russell says1 we dread its indiff]5ce to respectable op9ions & :at we deem ! well-tri$ wisdom ( ! ages4 ,x is1 z he truly says1 fe> t holds m5 back2 fe> t _! *]i%$ beliefs %\ld prove h>mful1 fe> le/ !y !mselves %\ld prove less wor?y ( respect ?an !y h suppos$ !mselves to be4 ',%\ld ! work+man ?9k freely ab\t prop]ty8 ,:at !n w become ( u1 ! ri*8 ,%\ld "y m5 & wom5 ?9k freely ab\t sex8 ,:at !n w become ( morality8 ,%\ld soldi]s ?9k freely ab\t w>8 ,:at !n w become ( milit>y discipl9e8' ,?is fe> is natural & inevitable1 b x is none ! less dang]\s & discr$itable4 ,human arrangem5ts are no long] s foolpro( z !y may once h be5 :5 ! _w mov$ f> m sl[ly ?an x n[ does4 ,x %\ld !re=e be a good de$ to remove or light5 any ( ! v>i\s re/ra9ts on ?\ght4 ,i believe t !re is an easy & relatively pa9less way 9 :i* our respect = ! pa/ c be less5$ s t we %all no long] feel compell$ to take ! wisdom ( ! ages z ! basis ( our re=ms4 ,my own confid5ce 9 :at ,presid5t ,butl] calls ! f9d+s ( mank9d is gone1 & ! process by :i* x 0 lo/ w become obvi\s z we proce$4 ,i h no re=ms to recomm5d1 except ! lib]ation ( ,intellig5ce1 :i* is ! fir/ & mo/ ess5tial "o4 ,i propose to review by way ( introduction "s ( ! new ideas :i* h be5 em]g+ dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s 9 reg>d to our m9ds & _! op]ations4 ,!n we %all proce$ to ! ma9 !me ( ! book1 a sket* ( ! mann] 9 :i* our human intellig5ce appe>s to h come ab\t4 ,if anyone w foll[ ! /ory ) a fair degree ( sympa?y & pati5ce he may1 by m]ely putt+ toge!r well-sub/antiat$ facts1 _m ( :i* he d\btless kn[s 9 o!r connections1 hope bett] to und]/& ! p]il\s qu&>y 9 :i* mank9d is n[ plac$ & ! ways ( escape t (f] !mselves4 ,,notes4 #a ,george ,b]n>d ,%aw rea*es a simil> conclusion :5 he contemplates education 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,we mu/ tea* citiz5%ip & political sci5ce at s*ool4 ,b mu/ we8 ,!re is no mu/ ab\t x1 ! h>d fact be+ t we mu/ n tea* political sci5ce or citiz5%ip at s*ool4 ,! s*oolma/] :o attempt$ x w\ld soon f9d himself p5niless 9 ! /reets )\t pupils1 if n 9 ! dock plead+ to a pomp\sly word$ indictm5t = s$ition aga9/ ! exploit]s4 ,our s*ools tea* ! morality ( feudalism corrupt$ by comm]cialism1 & hold up ! milit>y conqu]or1 ! robb] b>on1 & ! pr(ite]1 z models ( ! illu/ri\s & successful4--,back to ,me?uselah1 xii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ii ,good s5se is1 ( all ?+s among m51 ! mo/ equally di/ribut$2 = ev]yone ?9ks himself s abundantly provid$ ) x t ^? ev5 :o are ! mo/ difficult to satisfy 9 ev]y?+ else d n usually desire a l>g] measure ( ?is quality ?an !y already possess4--,,desc>tes4 ,we see man to-day1 in/ead ( ! frank & c\rage\s recognition ( 8 /atus1 ! docile att5tion to 8 biological hi/ory1 ! det]m9ation to let no?+ /& 9 ! way ( ! security & p]man5ce ( 8 future1 :i* alone c e/abli% ! safety & happ9ess ( ! race1 sub/itut+ bl9d confid5ce 9 8 de/9y1 uncl\d$ fai? 9 ! ess5tially respectful attitude ( ! univ]se t[>d 8 moral code1 & a belief no less firm t 8 traditions & laws & in/itutions necess>ily conta9 p]man5t qualities ( reality4--,,william ,,trott]4 #c4 ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,k9ds ,,( ,,?9k+ ,! true/ & mo/ pr(\nd obs]vations on ,intellig5ce h 9 ! pa/ be5 made by ! poets &1 9 rec5t times1 by /ory-writ]s4 ,!y h be5 ke5 obs]v]s & record]s & reckon$ freely ) ! emotions & s5tim5ts4 ,mo/ philosoph]s1 on ! o!r h&1 h exhibit$ a grotesque ignorance ( man's life & h built up sy/ems t are elaborate & impos+1 b q unrelat$ to actual human affairs4 ,!y h almo/ consi/5tly neglect$ ! actual process ( ?\ght & h set ! m9d (f z some?+ ap>t to be /udi$ by itself4 ,b no su* m9d1 exempt f bodily processes1 animal impulses1 savage traditions1 infantile impressions1 conv5tional reactions1 & traditional k1 ev] exi/$1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ ab/ract ( metaphysicians4 ,kant entitl$ 8 great "w ,a ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,b to ! mod]n /ud5t ( m9d pure reason seems z my?ical z ! pure gold1 transp>5t z glass1 ) :i* ! cele/ial city is pav$4 ,=m]ly philosoph]s ?\ght ( m9d z hav+ to d exclusively ) consci\s ?\ght4 ,x 0 t )9 man :i* p]ceiv$1 rememb]$1 judg$1 reason$1 und]/ood1 believ$1 will$4 ,b ( late x has be5 %[n t we are unaw>e ( a great "p ( :at we p]ceive1 rememb]1 w1 & inf]2 & t a great "p ( ! ?9k+ ( :i* we are aw>e is det]m9$ by t ( :i* we are n consci\s4 ,x has inde$ be5 demon/rat$ t our unconsci\s psy*ic life f> outruns our consci\s4 ,?is seems p]fectly natural to anyone :o consid]s ! foll[+ facts3 ,! %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! m9d & ! body is1 z we %all f9d1 a v anci5t & spontane\s uncritical savage prepossession4 ,:at we ?9k ( z m9d is s intimately associat$ ) :at we call body t we are com+ to realize t ! "o _c be und]/ood )\t ! o!r4 ,e ?\ght rev]b]ates ?r\gh ! body1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 alt]ations 9 our physical condition affect our :ole attitude ( m9d4 ,! insuffici5t elim9ation ( ! f\l & decay+ products ( dige/ion may plunge u into deep melan*oly1 :]eas a few :iffs ( nitr\s monoxide may exalt u to ! sev5? heav5 ( sup]nal k & godlike complac5cy4 ,& vice v]sa1 a sudd5 ^w or ?\ght may cause our he>t to jump1 *eck our brea?+1 or make our knees z wat]4 ,!re is a :ole new lit]ature gr[+ up :i* /udies ! effects ( our bodily secretions & our muscul> t5sions & _! relation to our emotions & our ?9k+4 ,!n !re are hidd5 impulses & desires & secret long+s ( :i* we c only ) ! greate/ difficulty take acc\nt4 ,!y influ5ce our consci\s ?\ght 9 ! mo/ bewild]+ fa%ion4 ,_m ( ^! unconsci\s influ5ces appe> to orig9ate 9 our v e>ly ye>s4 ,! old] philosoph]s seem to h =gott5 t ev5 !y 7 infants & *ildr5 at _! mo/ impressionable age & nev] c\ld by any possibility get ov] x4 ,! t]m unconsci\s1 n[ s famili> to all read]s ( mod]n works on psy*ology1 gives (f5se to "s adh]5ts ( ! pa/4 ,!re %\ld1 h[ev]1 be no special my/]y ab\t x4 ,x is n a new animi/ic ab/raction1 b simply a collective ^w to include all ! physiological *anges :i* escape our notice1 all ! =gott5 exp]i5ces & impressions ( ! pa/ :i* cont9ue to influ5ce our desires & reflections & conduct1 ev5 if we _c rememb] !m4 ,:at we c rememb] at any "t is inde$ an inf9itesimal "p ( :at has happ5$ to u4 ,we c\ld n rememb] any?+ unless we =got almo/ ev]y?+4 ,z ,b]gson says1 ! bra9 is ! organ ( =getfulness z well z ( memory4 ,moreov]1 we t5d1 ( c\rse1 to become oblivi\s to ?+s to :i* we are ?or\ghly accu/om$1 = habit bl9ds u to _! exi/5ce4 ,s ! =gott5 & ! habitual make up a great "p ( ! s-call$ unconsci\s4 ,if we are ev] to und]/& man1 8 conduct & reason+1 & if we aspire to le>n to guide 8 life & 8 relations ) 8 fell[s m happily ?an h]et(ore1 we _c neglect ! great discov]ies briefly not$ above4 ,we mu/ reconcile ourselves to novel & revolution>y conceptions ( ! m9d1 = x is cle> t ! old] philosoph]s1 ^: works /ill det]m9e our curr5t views1 _h a v sup]ficial notion ( ! subject ) :i* !y dealt4 ,b = our purposes1 ) due reg>d to :at has j be5 said & to mu* t has necess>ily be5 left unsaid 7& ) ! indulg5ce ( ^? :o w at fir/ be incl9$ to diss5t71 we %all consid] m9d *iefly z consci\s k & intellig5ce1 z :at we "k & our attitude t[>d x--our disposition to increase our in=mation1 classify x1 criticize x & apply x4 ,we d n ?9k en\gh ab\t ?9k+1 & mu* ( our confusion is ! result ( curr5t illusions 9 reg>d to x4 ,let u =get = ! mom5t any impressions we may h d]iv$ f ! philosoph]s1 & see :at seems to happ5 9 ourselves4 ,! fir/ ?+ t we notice is t our ?\ght moves ) su* incr$ible rapidity t x is almo/ impossible to arre/ any specim5 ( x long en\gh to h a look at x4 ,:5 we are (f]$ a p5ny = our ?\ghts we always f9d t we h rec5tly _h s _m ?+s 9 m9d t we c easily make a selection :i* w n compromise u too nak$ly4 ,on inspection we %all f9d t ev5 if we are n d[nright a%am$ ( a great "p ( our spontane\s ?9k+ x is f> too intimate1 p]sonal1 ignoble or trivial to p]mit u to reveal m ?an a small "p ( x4 ,i believe ?is mu/ be true ( ev]yone4 ,we d n1 ( c\rse1 "k :at goes on 9 o!r p's heads4 ,!y tell u v little & we tell !m v little4 ,! spigot ( spee*1 r>ely fully op5$1 c\ld nev] emit m ?an driblets ( ! ev] r5ew$ hog%ead ( ?\ght--no* grss] wie's ,heidelb]g] ,fass4 ,we f9d x h>d to believe t o!r p's ?\ghts are z silly z our own1 b !y probably are4 ,we all appe> to ourselves to be ?9k+ all ! "t dur+ our wak+ h\rs1 & mo/ ( u are aw>e t we g on ?9k+ :ile we are asleep1 ev5 m fooli%ly ?an :5 awake4 ,:5 un9t]rupt$ by "s practical issue we are engag$ 9 :at is n[ kn[n z a rev]ie4 ,?is is our spontane\s & favorite k9d ( ?9k+4 ,we all[ our ideas to take _! own c\rse & ?is c\rse is det]m9$ by our hopes & fe>s1 our spontane\s desires1 _! fulfillm5t or fru/ration2 by our likes & dislikes1 our loves & hates & res5tm5ts4 ,!re is no?+ else any?+ l s int]e/+ to ourselves z ourselves4 ,all ?\ght t is n m or less labori\sly controll$ & direct$ w inevitably circle ab\t ! belov$ ,ego4 ,x is amus+ & pa!tic to obs]ve ?is t5d5cy 9 ourselves & 9 o!rs4 ,we le>n politely & g5]\sly to ov]look ?is tru?1 b if we d>e to ?9k ( x1 x blazes =? l ! noontide sun4 ,! rev]ie or free association ( ideas has ( late become ! subject ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,:ile inve/igators are n yet agre$ on ! results1 or at lea/ on ! prop] int]pretation to be giv5 to !m1 !re c be no d\bt t our rev]ies =m ! *ief index to our fundam5tal "*4 ,!y are a reflection ( our nature z modifi$ by (t5 hidd5 & =gott5 exp]i5ces4 ,we ne$ n g into ! matt] fur!r "h1 = x is only necess>y to obs]ve t ! rev]ie is at all times a pot5t & 9 _m cases an omnipot5t rival to e o!r k9d ( ?9k+4 ,x d\btless influ5ces all our speculations 9 its p]si/5t t5d5cy to self-magnification & self-ju/ification1 :i* are its *ief preoccupations1 b x is ! la/ ?+ to make directly or indirectly = hone/ increase ( k4#b ,philosoph]s usually talk z if su* ?9k+ did n exi/ or 7 9 "s way negligible4 ,?is is :at makes _! speculations s unreal & (t5 wor?less4 ,! rev]ie1 z any ( u c see = himself1 is frequ5tly brok5 & int]rupt$ by ! necessity ( a second k9d ( ?9k+4 ,we h to make practical decisions4 ,%all we write a lett] or no8 ,%all we take ! subway or a bus8 ,%all we h d9n] at sev5 or half pa/8 ,%all we buy ,u4 ,s4 ,rubb] or a ,lib]ty ,bond8 ,decisions are easily di/+ui%able f ! free fl[ ( ! rev]ie4 ,sometimes !y dem& a good deal ( c>eful pond]+ & ! recollection ( p]t95t facts2 (t51 h[ev]1 !y are made impulsively4 ,!y are a m difficult & labori\s ?+ ?an ! rev]ie1 & we res5t hav+ to make up our m9d :5 we are tir$1 or absorb$ 9 a cong5ial rev]ie4 ,weigh+ a decision1 x %\ld be not$1 does n necess>ily add any?+ to our k1 al?\gh we may1 ( c\rse1 seek fur!r in=mation be=e mak+ x4 #d4 ,,rationaliz+ ,a ?ird k9d ( ?9k+ is /imulat$ :5 anyone que/ions our belief & op9ions4 ,we sometimes f9d ourselves *ang+ our m9ds )\t any resi/ance or heavy emotion1 b if we are told t we are wrong we res5t ! imputation & h>d5 our he>ts4 ,we are incr$ibly he$less 9 ! =mation ( our beliefs1 b f9d ourselves fill$ ) an illicit passion = !m :5 anyone proposes to rob u ( _! companion%ip4 ,x is obvi\sly n ! ideas !mselves t are de> to u1 b our self-e/eem1 :i* is ?reat5$4 ,we are by nature /ubbornly pl$g$ to def5d our own f attack1 :e!r x be our p]son1 our family1 our prop]ty1 or our op9ion4 ,a ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator once rem>k$ to a fri5d ( m9e t ,god ,almighty c\ld n make him *ange 8 m9d on our ,lat9-,am]ica policy4 ,we may surr5d]1 b r>ely confess ourselves vanqui%$4 ,9 ! intellectual _w at lea/ peace is )\t victory4 ,few ( u take ! pa9s to /udy ! orig9 ( our *]i%$ convictions2 inde$1 we h a natural repugnance to s do+4 ,we l to cont9ue to believe :at we h be5 accu/om$ to accept z true1 & ! res5tm5t ar\s$ :5 d\bt is ca/ ^u any ( our assumptions leads u to seek e mann] ( excuse = cl++ to !m4 ,! result is t mo/ ( our s-call$ reason+ consi/s 9 f9d+ argum5ts = go+ on believ+ z we already d4 ,i rememb] ye>s ago att5d+ a public d9n] to :i* ! ,gov]nor ( ! /ate 0 bidd54 ,! *airman expla9$ t ,8 ,excell5cy c\ld n be pres5t = c]ta9 good reasons2 :at ! real reasons 7 ! presid+ (fic] said he w\ld leave u to conjecture4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 good & real reasons is "o ( ! mo/ cl>ify+ & ess5tial 9 ! :ole realm ( ?\ght4 ,we c readily give :at seem to u good reasons = be+ a ,ca?olic or a ,mason1 a ,republican or a ,democrat1 an adh]5t or oppon5t ( ! ,league ( ,nations4 ,b ! real reasons are usually on q a diff]5t plane4 ,( c\rse ! importance ( ?is di/9ction is popul>ly1 if some:at obscurely1 recogniz$4 ,! ,bapti/ mission>y is ready en\gh to see t ! ,buddhi/ is n su* because 8 doctr9es w\ld be> c>eful inspection1 b because he happ5$ to be born 9 a ,buddhi/ family 9 ,tokio4 ,b x w\ld be treason to 8 fai? to ackn[l$ge t 8 own p>tiality = c]ta9 doctr9es is due to ! fact t 8 "m 0 a memb] ( ! ,fir/ ,bapti/ *ur* ( ,oak ,ridge4 ,a savage c give all sorts ( reasons = 8 belief t x is dang]\s to /ep on a man's %ad[1 & a newspap] editor c advance pl5ty ( argum5ts aga9/ ! ,bol%eviki4 ,b nei!r ( !m may realize :y he happ5s to be def5d+ 8 p>ticul> op9ion4 ,! real reasons = our beliefs are conceal$ f ourselves z well z f o!rs4 ,z we gr[ up we simply adopt ! ideas pres5t$ to u 9 reg>d to su* matt]s z religion1 family relations1 prop]ty1 bus9ess1 our c\ntry1 & ! /ate4 ,we unconsci\sly absorb !m f our environm5t4 ,!y are p]si/5tly :isp]$ 9 our e> by ! gr\p 9 :i* we happ5 to live4 ,moreov]1 z ,mr4 ,trott] has po9t$ out1 ^! judgm5ts1 be+ ! product ( sugge/ion & n ( reason+1 h ! quality ( p]fect obvi\sness1 s t to "q !m 444 is to ! believ] to c>ry skepticism to an insane degree1 & w be met by contempt1 disapproval1 or condemnation1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! belief 9 "q4 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d ourselves ent]ta9+ an op9ion ab\t ! basis ( :i* !re is a quality ( feel+ :i* tells u t to inquire into x w\ld be absurd1 obvi\sly unnecess>y1 unpr(itable1 undesirable1 bad =m1 or wick$1 we may "k t t op9ion is a nonrational "o1 & probably1 !re=e1 f\nd$ ^u inadequate evid5ce4#c ,op9ions1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* are ! result ( exp]i5ce or ( hone/ reason+ d n h ?is quality ( prim>y c]titude4 ,i rememb] :5 z a y\? ,i he>d a gr\p ( bus9ess m5 discuss+ ! "q ( ! immortality ( ! s\l1 ,i 0 outrag$ by ! s5tim5t ( d\bt express$ by "o ( ! p>ty4 ,z ,i look back n[ ,i see t ,i _h at ! "t no int]e/ 9 ! matt]1 & c]ta9ly no lea/ argum5t to urge 9 favor ( ! belief 9 :i* ,i _h be5 re>$4 ,b nei!r my p]sonal indiff]5ce to ! issue1 nor ! fact t ,i _h previ\sly giv5 x no att5tion1 s]v$ to prev5t an angry res5tm5t :5 ,i he>d my ideas que/ion$4 ,?is spontane\s & loyal support ( our preconceptions--?is process ( f9d+ good reasons to ju/ify our r\t9e beliefs--is kn[n to mod]n psy*ologi/s z rationaliz+--cle>ly only a new "n = a v anci5t ?+4 ,our good reasons ord9>ily h no value 9 promot+ hone/ enlight5m5t1 because1 no matt] h[ solemnly !y may be m>%al$1 !y are at bottom ! result ( p]sonal pref]5ce or prejudice1 & n ( an hone/ desire to seek or accept new k4 ,9 our rev]ies we are frequ5tly engag$ 9 self-ju/ification1 = we _c be> to ?9k ourselves wrong1 & yet h con/ant illu/rations ( our weaknesses & mi/akes4 ,s we sp5d mu* "t f9d+ fault ) circum/ances & ! conduct ( o!rs1 & %ift+ on to !m ) great +5uity ! on u ( our own failures & disappo9tm5ts4 ,rationaliz+ is ! self-exculpation :i* occurs :5 we feel ourselves1 or our gr\p1 accus$ ( misappreh5sion or error4 ,! little ^w my is ! mo/ important "o 9 all human affairs1 & prop]ly to reckon ) x is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,x has ! same =ce :e!r x is my d9n]1 my dog1 & my h\se1 or my fai?1 my c\ntry1 & my ,god4 ,we n only res5t ! imputation t our wat* is wrong1 or our c> %abby1 b t our conception ( ! canals ( ,m>s1 ( ! pronunciation ( ,epictetus1 ( ! m$ic9al value ( salic9e1 or ! date ( ,s>gon ,i1 are subject to revision4 ,philosoph]s1 s*ol>s1 & m5 ( sci5ce exhibit a common s5sitiv5ess 9 all decisions 9 :i* _! am\r propre is involv$4 ,?\s&s ( argum5tative works h be5 writt5 to v5t a grudge4 ,h[ev] /ately _! reason+1 x may be no?+ b rationaliz+1 /imulat$ by ! mo/ commonplace ( all motives4 ,a hi/ory ( philosophy & !ology c\ld be writt5 9 t]ms ( gr\*es1 w\nd$ pride1 & av]sions1 & x w\ld be f> m in/ructive ?an ! usual treatm5ts ( ^! !mes4 ,sometimes1 "u ,provid5ce1 ! l[ly impulse ( res5tm5t leads to great a*ievem5ts4 ,milton wrote 8 treatise on divorce z a result ( 8 tr\bles ) 8 sev5te5-ye>-old wife1 & :5 he 0 accus$ ( be+ ! lead+ _s 9 a new sect1 ! ,divorc]s1 he wrote 8 noble ,areopagitica to prove 8 "r to say :at he ?\ght fit1 & incid5tally to e/abli% ! advantage ( a free press 9 ! promotion ( ,tru?4 ,all mank9d1 high & l[1 ?9ks 9 all ! ways :i* h be5 describ$4 ,! rev]ie goes on all ! "t n only 9 ! m9d ( ! mill h& & ! ,broadway flapp]1 b equally 9 weighty judges & godly bi%ops4 ,x has gone on 9 all ! philosoph]s1 sci5ti/s1 poets1 & !ologians t h ev] liv$4 ,ari/otle's mo/ ab/ruse speculations 7 d\btless temp]$ by highly irrelevant reflections4 ,he is report$ to h _h v ?9 legs & small eyes1 = :i* he d\btless _h to f9d excuses1 & he 0 wont to indulge 9 v conspicu\s dress & r+s & 0 accu/om$ to arrange 8 hair c>efully4#d ,diog5es ! ,cynic exhibit$ ! impud5ce ( a t\*y s\l4 ,8 tub 0 8 di/9ction4 ,t5nyson 9 beg9n+ 8 ,maud c\ld n =get 8 *agr9 ov] los+ 8 patrimony ye>s be=e z ! result ( an unhappy inve/m5t 9 ! ,pat5t ,decorative ,c>v+ ,company4 ,^! facts are n recall$ "h z a gratuit\s disp>agem5t ( ! truly great1 b to insure a full realization ( ! trem5d\s competition :i* all really exact+ ?\ght has to face1 ev5 9 ! m9ds ( ! mo/ highly end[$ mortals4 ,& n[ ! a/oni%+ & p]turb+ suspicion em]ges t p]haps almo/ all t _h pass$ = social sci5ce1 political economy1 politics1 & e?ics 9 ! pa/ may be bru%$ aside by future g5]ations z ma9ly rationaliz+4 ,john ,dewey has already rea*$ ?is conclusion 9 reg>d to philosophy4#e ,vebl5#f & o!r writ]s h reveal$ ! v>i\s unp]ceiv$ presuppositions ( ! traditional political economy1 & n[ comes an ,italian sociologi/1 ,vilfr$o ,p>eto1 :o1 9 8 huge treatise on g5]al sociology1 devotes hundr$s ( pages to sub/antiat+ a simil> !sis affect+ all ! social sci5ces4#g ,?is conclusion may be rank$ by /ud5ts ( a hundr$ ye>s h5ce z "o ( ! sev]al great discov]ies ( our age4 ,x is by no means fully work$ out1 & x is s oppos$ to nature t x w be v sl[ly accept$ by ! great mass ( ^? :o consid] !mselves ?\ghtful4 ,z a hi/orical /ud5t ,i am p]sonally fully reconcil$ to ?is new] view4 ,inde$1 x seems to me inevitable t j z ! v>i\s sci5ces ( nature 71 be=e ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 l>gely masses ( rationalizations to suit ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( ! p]iod1 s ! social sci5ces h cont9u$ ev5 to our own day to be rationalizations ( uncritically accept$ beliefs & cu/oms4 ,x w become app>5t z we proce$ t ! fact t an idea is anci5t & t x has be5 widely receiv$ is no argum5t 9 its favor1 b %\ld imm$iately sugge/ ! necessity ( c>efully te/+ x z a probable in/ance ( rationalization4 #e4 ,,h[ ,,creative ,,?\ght ,,trans=ms ,,! ,,_w ,?is br+s u to ano!r k9d ( ?\ght :i* c fairly easily be di/+ui%$ f ! ?ree k9ds describ$ above4 ,x has n ! usual qualities ( ! rev]ie1 = x does n hov] ab\t our p]sonal complac5cies & humiliations4 ,x is n made up ( ! homely decisions =c$ ^u u by ev]yday ne$s1 :5 we review our little /ock ( exi/+ in=mation1 consult our conv5tional pref]5ces & obligations1 & make a *oice ( action4 ,x is n ! def5se ( our own *]i%$ beliefs & prejudices j because !y are our own--m]e plausible excuses = rema9+ ( ! same m9d4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is t peculi> species ( ?\ght :i* leads u to *ange our m9d4 ,x is ?is k9d ( ?\ght t has rais$ man f 8 pri/9e1 subsavage ignorance & squalor to ! degree ( k & com=t :i* he n[ possesses4 ,on 8 capacity to cont9ue & greatly ext5d ?is k9d ( ?9k+ dep5ds 8 *ance ( grop+ 8 way out ( ! plight 9 :i* ! mo/ highly civiliz$ peoples ( ! _w n[ f9d !mselves4 ,9 ! pa/ ?is type ( ?9k+ has be5 call$ ,reason4 ,b s _m misappreh5sions h gr[n up ar\nd ! ^w t "s ( u h become v suspici\s ( x4 ,i sugge/1 !re=e1 t we sub/itute a rec5t "n & speak ( creative ?\ght r ?an ( ,reason4 ,= ?is k9d ( m$itation begets k1 & k is really creative inasmu* z x makes ?+s look diff]5t f :at !y seem$ be=e & may inde$ "w = _! recon/ruction4 ,9 c]ta9 moods "s ( u realize t we are obs]v+ ?+s or mak+ reflections ) a seem+ disreg>d ( our p]sonal preoccupations4 ,we are n pre5+ or def5d+ ourselves2 we are n fac$ by ! necessity ( any practical decision1 nor are we apologiz+ = believ+ ?is or t4 ,we are j wond]+ & look+ & mayhap see+ :at we nev] p]ceiv$ be=e4 ,curiosity is z cle> & def9ite z any ( our urges4 ,we wond] :at is 9 a seal$ telegram or 9 a lett] 9 :i* "s "o else is absorb$1 or :at is be+ said 9 ! telephone boo? or 9 l[ conv]sation4 ,?is inquisitiv5ess is va/ly /imulat$ by jeal\sy1 suspicion1 or any h9t t we ourselves are directly or indirectly involv$4 ,b !re appe>s to be a fair am\nt ( p]sonal int]e/ 9 o!r p's affairs ev5 :5 !y d n conc]n u except z a my/]y to be unravel$ or a tale to be told4 ,! reports ( a divorce suit w h news value = _m weeks4 ,!y con/itute a /ory1 l a novel or play or mov+ picture4 ,?is is n an example ( pure curiosity1 h[ev]1 s9ce we readily id5tify ourselves ) o!rs1 & _! joys & despair !n become our own4 ,we also take note (1 or obs]ve1 z ,%]lock ,holmes says1 ?+s :i* h no?+ to d ) our p]sonal int]e/s & make no p]sonal appeal ei!r direct or by way ( sympa?y4 ,?is is :at ,vebl5 s well calls idle curiosity4 ,& x is usually idle en\gh4 ,"s ( u :5 we face ! l9e ( p opposite u 9 a subway tra9 impulsively consid] !m 9 detail & engage 9 rapid inf]5ces & =m !ories 9 reg>d to !m4 ,on ent]+ a room !re are ^? :o w p]ceive at a glance ! degree ( preci\sness ( ! rugs1 ! "* ( ! pictures1 & ! p]sonality reveal$ by ! books4 ,b !re are _m1 x w\ld seem1 :o are s absorb$ 9 _! p]sonal rev]ie or 9 "s def9ite purpose t !y h no bright-ey$ en]gy = idle curiosity4 ,! t5d5cy to miscellane\s obs]vation we come by hone/ly en\gh1 = we note x 9 _m ( our animal relatives4 ,vebl51 h[ev]1 uses ! t]m idle curiosity some:at ironically1 z is 8 wont4 ,x is idle only to ^? :o fail to realize t x may be a v r>e & indisp5sable ?+ f :i* almo/ all di/+ui%$ human a*ievem5t proce$s4 ,s9ce x may lead to sy/ematic exam9ation & seek+ = ?+s hi!rto undiscov]$4 ,= rese>* is b dilig5t se>* :i* enjoys ! high flavor ( primitive hunt+4 ,occasionally & fitfully idle curiosity ?us leads to creative ?\ght1 :i* alt]s & broad5s our own views & aspirations & may 9 turn1 "u highly favorable circum/ances1 affect ! views & lives ( o!rs1 ev5 = g5]ations to foll[4 ,an example or two w make ?is unique human process cle>4 ,galileo 0 a ?\ghtful y\? & d\btless c>ri$ on a ri* & v>i$ rev]ie4 ,he _h arti/ic ability & might h turn$ out to be a musician or pa9t]4 ,:5 he _h dwelt among ! monks at ,valambrosa he _h be5 tempt$ to lead ! life ( a religi\s4 ,z a boy he busi$ himself ) toy ma*9es & he inh]it$ a fondness = ma!matics4 ,all ^! facts are ( record4 ,we may safely assume also t1 along ) _m o!r subjects ( contemplation1 ! ,pisan maid5s f\nd a vivid place 9 8 ?\ghts4 ,"o day :5 sev5te5 ye>s old he w&]$ into ! ca!dral ( 8 native t[n4 ,9 ! mid/ ( 8 rev]ie he look$ up at ! lamps hang+ by long *a9s f ! high ceil+ ( ! *ur*4 ,!n some?+ v difficult to expla9 occurr$4 ,he f\nd himself no long] ?9k+ ( ! build+1 wor%ip]s1 or ! s]vices2 ( 8 arti/ic or religi\s int]e/s2 ( 8 reluctance to become a physician z 8 fa!r wi%$4 ,he =got ! "q ( a c>e] & ev5 ! graziosissime donne4 ,z he wat*$ ! sw++ lamps he 0 sudd5ly wond]+ if mayhap _! oscillations1 :e!r long or %ort1 did n occupy ! same "t4 ,!n he te/$ ?is hypo!sis by c\nt+ 8 pulse1 = t 0 ! only timepiece he _h ) him4 ,?is obs]vation1 h[ev] rem>kable 9 itself1 0 n en\gh to produce a really creative ?\ght4 ,o!rs may h notic$ ! same ?+ & yet no?+ came ( x4 ,mo/ ( our obs]vations h no assignable results4 ,galileo may h se5 t ! w>ts on a peasant's face =m$ a p]fect isosceles triangle1 or he may h notic$ ) boyi% glee t j z ! (ficiat+ prie/ 0 utt]+ ! solemn words1 ecce agnus ,dei1 a fly lit on ! end ( 8 nose4 ,to be really creative1 ideas h to be work$ up & !n put ov]1 s t !y become a "p ( man's social h]itage4 ,! highly accurate p5dulum clock 0 "o ( ! lat] results ( ,galileo's discov]y4 ,he himself 0 l$ to reconsid] & successfully to refute ! old notions ( fall+ bodies4 ,x rema9$ = ,newton to prove t ! moon 0 fall+1 & presumably all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?is q upset all ! consecrat$ views ( ! heav5s z manag$ by angelic eng9e]s4 ,! univ]sality ( ! laws ( gravitation /imulat$ ! attempt to seek o!r & equally important natural laws & ca/ grave d\bts on ! miracles 9 :i* mank9d _h hi!rto believ$4 ,9 %ort1 ^? :o d>$ to include 9 _! ?\ght ! discov]ies ( ,galileo & 8 successors f\nd !mselves 9 a new e>? surr\nd$ by new heav5s4 ,on ! #bh? ( ,octob]1 #ahca1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty ye>s aft] ,galileo _h notic$ ! iso*ron\s vibrations ( ! lamps1 creative ?\ght & its curr5cy _h s f> increas$ t ,f>aday 0 wond]+ :at w\ld happ5 if he m\nt$ a disk ( copp] betwe5 ! poles ( a horse%oe magnet4 ,z ! disk revolv$ an electric curr5t 0 produc$4 ,?is w\ld d\btless h seem$ ! idle/ k9d ( an exp]im5t to ! /an* bus9ess m5 ( ! "t1 :o1 x happ5$1 7 j !n d5\nc+ ! *ild-labor bills 9 _! anxiety to avail !mselves to ! full ( ! results ( e>li] idle curiosity4 ,b %\ld ! dynamos & motors :i* h come into be+ z ! outcome ( ,f>aday's exp]im5t be /opp$ ?is ev5+1 ! bus9ess man ( to-day1 agitat$ ov] labor tr\bles1 might1 z he trudg$ home pa/ l9es ( dead c>s1 ?r\gh d>k /reets to an unlight$ h\se1 engage 9 a little creative ?\ght ( 8 own & p]ceive t he & 8 labor]s w\ld h no mod]n factories & m9es to qu>rel ab\t _h x n be5 = ! /range practical effects ( ! idle curiosity ( sci5ti/s1 inv5tors1 & eng9e]s4 ,! examples ( creative intellig5ce giv5 above belong to ! realm ( mod]n sci5tific a*ievem5t1 :i* furni%es ! mo/ /rik+ in/ances ( ! effects ( scrupul\s1 objective ?9k+4 ,b !re are1 ( c\rse1 o!r great realms 9 :i* ! record+ & embodim5t ( acute obs]vation & insight h wr\ght !mselves into ! high] life ( man4 ,! great poets & dramati/s & our mod]n /ory-tell]s h f\nd !mselves engag$ 9 productive rev]ies1 not+ & arti/ically pres5t+ _! discov]ies = ! delight & in/ruction ( ^? :o h ! ability to appreciate !m4 ,! process by :i* a fre% & orig9al poem or drama comes into be+ is d\btless analog\s to t :i* orig9ates & elaborates s-call$ sci5tific discov]ies2 b !re is cle>ly a temp]am5tal diff]5ce4 ,! g5esis & advance ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 & music (f] /ill o!r problems4 ,we really z yet "k %ock+ly little ab\t ^! matt]s1 & inde$ v few p h ! lea/ curiosity ab\t !m4#h ,nev]!less1 creative intellig5ce 9 its v>i\s =ms & activities is :at makes man4 ,7 x n = its sl[1 pa9ful1 & con/antly disc\rag$ op]ations ?r\gh ! ages man w\ld be no m ?an a species ( primate liv+ on se$s1 fruit1 roots1 & uncook$ fle%1 & w&]+ nak$ ?r\gh ! woods & ov] ! pla9s l a *impanzee4 ,! orig9 & progress & future promotion ( civilization are ill und]/ood & misconceiv$4 ,^! %\ld be made ! *ief !me ( education1 b mu* h>d "w is necess>y be=e we c recon/ruct our ideas ( man & 8 capacities & free ourselves f innum]able p]si/5t misappreh5sions4 ,!re h be5 ob/ructioni/s 9 all times1 n m]ely ! le?>gic masses1 b ! morali/s1 ! rationaliz+ !ologians1 & mo/ ( ! philosoph]s1 all busily if unconsci\sly engag$ 9 ratify+ exi/+ ignorance & mi/akes & disc\rag+ creative ?\ght4 ,naturally1 ^? :o reassure u seem wor?y ( honor & respect4 ,equally naturally ^? :o puzzle u ) di/urb+ criticisms & invite u to *ange our ways are objects ( suspicion & readily discr$it$4 ,our p]sonal discont5t does n ord9>ily ext5d to any critical que/ion+ ( ! g5]al situation 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,9 e age ! prevail+ conditions ( civilization h appe>$ q natural & inevitable to ^? :o grew up 9 !m4 ,! c[ asks no que/ions z to h[ x happ5s to h a dry /all & a supply ( hay4 ,! kitt5 laps its w>m milk f a *9a sauc]1 )\t kn[+ any?+ ab\t porcela92 ! dog ne/les 9 ! corn] ( a divan ) no s5se ( obligation to ! inv5tors ( uphol/]y & ! manufactur]s ( d[n pill[s4 ,s we humans accept our breakfa/s1 our tra9s & telephones & or*e/ras & movies1 our national ,con/itution1 or moral code & /&>ds ( mann]s1 ) ! simplicity & innoc5ce ( a pet rabbit4 ,we h absolutely inexhau/ible capacities = appropriat+ :at o!rs d = u ) no ?\ght ( a ?ank y4 ,we d n feel call$ ^u to make any lea/ contribution to ! m]ry game ourselves4 ,inde$1 we are usually q unaw>e t a game is be+ play$ at all4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ! v>i\s classes ( ?9k+ :i* we c readily obs]ve 9 ourselves & :i* we h pl5ty ( reasons to believe g on1 & always h be5 go+ on1 9 our fell[-m54 ,we c sometimes get q pure & sp>kl+ examples ( all f\r k9ds1 b commonly !y are s confus$ & int]m+l$ 9 our rev]ie z n to be readily di/+ui%able4 ,! rev]ie is a reflection ( our long+s1 exultations1 & complac5cies1 our fe>s1 suspicions1 & disappo9tm5ts4 ,we are *iefly engag$ 9 /ruggl+ to ma9ta9 our self-respect & 9 ass]t+ t supremacy :i* we all crave & :i* seems to u our natural pr]ogative4 ,x is n /range1 b r q inevitable1 t our beliefs ab\t :at is true & false1 good & bad1 "r & wrong1 %\ld be mix$ up ) ! rev]ie & be influ5c$ by ! same consid]ations :i* det]m9e its "* & c\rse4 ,we res5t criticisms ( our views exactly z we d ( any?+ else connect$ ) ourselves4 ,our notions ( life & its ideals seem to u to be our own & z su* necess>ily true & "r1 to be def5d$ at all co/s4 ,we v r>ely consid]1 h[ev]1 ! process by :i* we ga9$ our convictions4 ,if we did s1 we c\ld h>dly fail to see t !re 0 usually little gr\nd = our confid5ce 9 !m4 ,"h & !re1 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( k or t1 "s "o ( u might make a fair claim to h tak5 "s tr\ble to get correct ideas (1 let u say1 ! situation 9 ,russia1 ! s\rces ( our food supply1 ! orig9 ( ! ,con/itution1 ! revision ( ! t>iff1 ! policy ( ! ,holy ,roman ,apo/olic ,*ur*1 mod]n bus9ess organization1 trade unions1 bir? control1 socialism1 ! ,league ( ,nations1 ! excess-pr(its tax1 prep>$ness1 adv]tis+ 9 its social be>+s2 b only a v exceptional p]son w\ld be entitl$ to op9ions on all ( ev5 ^! few matt]s4 ,& yet mo/ ( u h op9ions on all ^!1 & on _m o!r que/ions ( equal importance1 ( :i* we may "k ev5 less4 ,we feel compell$1 z self-respect+ p]sons1 to take sides :5 !y come up = discussion4 ,we ev5 surprise ourselves by our omnisci5ce4 ,)\t tak+ ?\ght we see 9 a fla% t x is mo/ righte\s & exp$i5t to disc\rage bir? control by legislative enactm5t1 or t "o :o decries int]v5tion 9 ,mexico is cle>ly wrong1 or t big adv]tis+ is ess5tial to big bus9ess & t big bus9ess is ! pride ( ! l&4 ,z godlike be+s :y %\ld we n rejoice 9 our omnisci5ce8 ,x is cle>1 9 any case1 t our convictions on important matt]s are n ! result ( k or critical ?\ght1 nor1 x may be add$1 are !y (t5 dictat$ by suppos$ self-int]e/4 ,mo/ ( !m are pure prejudices 9 ! prop] s5se ( t ^w4 ,we d n =m !m ourselves4 ,!y are ! :isp]+s ( ! voice ( ! h]d4 ,we h 9 ! la/ analysis no responsibility = !m & ne$ assume none4 ,!y are n really our own ideas1 b ^? ( o!rs no m well in=m$ or inspir$ ?an ourselves1 :o h got !m 9 ! same c>eless & humiliat+ mann] z we4 ,x %\ld be our pride to revise our ideas & n to adh]e to :at passes = respectable op9ion1 = su* op9ion c frequ5tly be %[n to be n respectable at all4 ,we %\ld1 9 view ( ! consid]ations t h be5 m5tion$1 res5t our sup9e cr$ulity4 ,z an ,engli% writ] has rem>k$3 ,if we fe>$ ! ent]ta9+ ( an unv]ifiable op9ion ) ! w>m? ) :i* we fe> us+ ! wrong implem5t at ! d9n] table1 if ! ?\ght ( hold+ a prejudice disgu/$ u z does a f\l disease1 !n ! dang]s ( man's sugge/ibility w\ld be turn$ into advantages4#i ,! purpose ( ?is essay is to set =? briefly ! way 9 :i* ! notions ( ! h]d h be5 accumulat$4 ,?is seems to me ! be/1 easie/1 & lea/ invidi\s educational device = cultivat+ a prop] di/ru/ = ! old] notions on :i* we /ill cont9ue to rely4 ,! real reasons1 :i* expla9 h[ x is we happ5 to hold a p>ticul> belief1 are *iefly hi/orical4 ,our mo/ important op9ions--^?1 = example1 hav+ to d ) traditional1 religi\s1 & moral convictions1 prop]ty rights1 patriotism1 national honor1 ! /ate1 & inde$ all ! assum$ f\ndations ( society--are1 z ,i h already sugge/$1 r>ely ! result ( reason$ consid]ation1 b ( un?9k+ absorption f ! social environm5t 9 :i* we live4 ,consequ5tly1 !y h ab\t !m a quality ( elem5tal c]titude1 & we especially res5t d\bt or criticism ca/ ^u !m4 ,s long1 h[ev]1 z we rev]e ! :isp]+s ( ! h]d1 we are obvi\sly unable to exam9e !m dispassionately & to consid] to :at ext5t !y are suit$ to ! novel conditions & social exig5cies 9 :i* we f9d ourselves to-day4 ,! real reasons = our beliefs1 by mak+ cle> _! orig9s & hi/ory1 c d mu* to dissipate ?is emotional blockade & rid u ( our prejudices & preconceptions4 ,once ?is is done & we come critically to exam9e our traditional beliefs1 we may well f9d "s ( !m su/a9$ by exp]i5ce & hone/ reason+1 :ile o!rs mu/ be revis$ to meet new conditions & our m ext5d$ k4 ,b only aft] we h und]tak5 su* a critical exam9ation 9 ! light ( exp]i5ce & mod]n k1 fre$ f any feel+ ( prim>y c]titude1 c we claim t ! good are also ! real reasons = our op9ions4 ,i d n flatt] myself t ?is g5]al %[-up ( man's ?\ght ?r\gh ! ages w cure myself or o!rs ( c>elessness 9 adopt+ ideas1 or ( unseemly heat 9 def5d+ !m j because we h adopt$ !m4 ,b if ! consid]ations :i* ,i propose to recall are really incorporat$ into our ?9k+ & are p]mitt$ to e/abli% our g5]al outlook on human affairs1 !y w d mu* to relieve ! imag9>y obligation we feel 9 reg>d to traditional s5tim5ts & ideals4 ,few ( u are capable ( engag+ 9 creative ?\ght1 b "s ( u c at lea/ come to di/+ui% x f o!r & inf]ior k9ds ( ?\ght & accord to x ! e/eem t x m]its z ! greate/ treasure ( ! pa/ & ! only hope ( ! future4 ,,notes4 #b ,! poet-cl]gyman1 ,john ,donne1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,james ,i1 has giv5 a beautifully hone/ picture ( ! do+s ( a sa9t's m9d3 ,i ?r[ myself d[n 9 my *amb] & call 9 & invite ,god & ,8 angels ?i!r1 & :5 !y are !re ,i neglect ,god & ,8 angels = ! noise ( a fly1 = ! rattl+ ( a coa*1 = ! :9+ ( a door4 ,i talk on 9 ! same po/ure ( pray+1 eyes lift$ up1 knees b[$ d[n1 z ?\gh ,i pray$ to ,god1 & if ,god or ,8 angels %\ld ask me :5 ,i ?\ght la/ ( ,god 9 t pray] ,i _c tell4 ,sometimes ,i f9d t ,i _h =got :at ,i 0 ab\t1 b :5 ,i began to =get x ,i _c tell4 ,a memory ( ye/]day's pleasures1 a fe> ( to-morr['s dang]s1 a /raw "u my knee1 a noise 9 m9e e>1 a light 9 m9e eye1 an any?+1 a no?+1 a fancy1 a *im]a 9 my bra9 tr\bles me 9 my pray]4--,quot$ by ,,rob]t ,,lynd1 ,! ,art ( ,lett]s1 pp4 #df-dg4 #c ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d1 p4 #dd4 #d ,diog5es ,la]tius1 book v4 #e ,recon/ruction 9 ,philosophy4 #f ,! ,place ( ,sci5ce 9 ,mod]n ,civilization4 #g ,trait de ,sociologie ,gnrale1 passim4 ,! au?or's t]m d]ivations seems to be 8 precise way ( express+ :at we h call$ ! good reasons1 & 8 residus correspond to ! real reasons4 ,he well says1 ,l'homme pr\ve le beso9 de raisonn]1 et en outre d't5dre un voile sur ses in/9cts et sur ses s5tim5ts--h5ce1 rationalization4 7,p4 #ghh47 ,8 aim is to r$uce sociology to ! real reasons4 7,p4 #gia47 #h ,rec5tly a re-exam9ation ( creative ?\ght has begun z a result ( new k :i* discr$its _m ( ! notions =m]ly held ab\t reason4 ,see1 = example1 ,creative ,intellig5ce1 by a gr\p ( ,am]ican philosophic ?9k]s2 ,john ,dewey1 ,essays 9 ,exp]im5tal ,logic 7bo? pretty h>d books72 & ,vebl51 ,! ,place ( ,sci5ce 9 ,mod]n ,civilization4 ,easi] ?an ^! & v /imulat+ are ,dewey1 ,recon/ruction 9 ,philosophy1 & ,woodwor?1 ,dynamic ,psy*ology4 #i ,trott]1 op4 cit41 p4 #de4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is little volume is excell5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iii ,n\s tions dj si vieux qu& n\s sommes ns4--,,anatole ,,france4 ,simia quam similis1 turpissima be/ia1 nobis8--,,ennius4 ,t\s les hom9es se ressembl5t si =t qu'il n'y a po9t de peuple dont les sottises ne n\s doiv5t faire trembl]4--,,font5elle4 ,! savage is v close to u inde$1 bo? 9 8 physical & m5tal make-up & 9 ! =ms ( 8 social life4 ,tribal society is virtually delay$ civilization1 & ! savages are a sort ( contemporane\s ance/ry4--,,william ,i4 ,,?omas4 #f4 ,,our ,,animal ,,h]itage4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,civilization ,!re are f\r hi/orical lay]s und]ly+ ! m9ds ( civiliz$ m5--! animal m9d1 ! *ild m9d1 ! savage m9d1 & ! traditional civiliz$ m9d4 ,we are all animals & nev] c cease to be2 we 7 all *ildr5 at our mo/ impressionable age & c nev] get ov] ! effects ( t2 our human ance/ors h liv$ 9 savag]y dur+ practically ! :ole exi/5ce ( ! race1 say five hundr$ ?\s& or a million ye>s1 & ! primitive human m9d is ev] ) u2 f9ally1 we are all born into an elaborate civilization1 ! con/ant pressure ( :i* we c by no means escape4 ,ea* ( ^! und]ly+ m9ds has its special sci5ces & appropriate lit]atures4 ,! new discipl9e ( animal or comp>ative psy*ology deals ) ! fir/2 g5etic & analytical psy*ology ) ! second2#aj an?ropology1 e?nology1 & comp>ative religion ) ! ?ird2 & ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 sci5ce1 !ology1 & lit]ature ) ! f\r?4 ,we may gr[ beyond ^! und]ly+ m9ds & 9 ! light ( new k we may criticize _! f9d+s & ev5 p]suade ourselves t we h successfully transc5d$ !m4 ,b if we are fair ) ourselves we %all f9d t _! hold on u is really inexorable4 ,we c only transc5d !m artificially & prec>i\sly & 9 c]ta9 highly favorable conditions4 ,depression1 ang]1 fe>1 or ord9>y irritation w spe$ily prove ! insecurity ( any /ructure t we manage to re> on our f\rfold f\ndation4 ,su* fundam5tal & vital preoccupations z religion1 love1 w>1 & ! *ase /ir impulses t lie f> back 9 human hi/ory & :i* effectually repudiate ! cavil+s ( ratioc9ation4 ,9 all our rev]ies & speculations1 ev5 ! mo/ exact+1 sophi/icat$1 & disillusion$1 we h ?ree unsympa!tic companions /ick+ clos] ?an a bro!r & look+ on ) jeal\s impati5ce--our wild api% prog5itor1 a playful or peevi% baby1 & a savage4 ,we may at any mom5t f9d ourselves ov]tak5 ) a w>m s5se ( cam>ad]ie = any or all ( ^! anci5t pals ( ours1 & exp]i5ce inf9ite relief 9 once m disport+ ourselves ) !m z ( yore4 ,"s ( u h 9 addition a ,greek philosoph] or man ( lett]s 9 u2 "s a neoplatonic my/ic1 "s a m$iaeval monk1 all ( :om h le>n$ to make t]ms ) _! old] playfell[s4 ,be=e retrac+ ! way 9 :i* ! m9d z we n[ f9d x 9 s-call$ intellig5t p has be5 accumulat$1 we may take "t to try to see :at civilization is & :y man alone c become civiliz$4 ,= ! m9d has exp&$ p>i passu ) civilization1 & )\t civilization !re w\ld1 ,i v5ture to conjecture1 h be5 no human m9d 9 ! commonly accept$ s5se ( t t]m4 ,x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ by all :o h /udi$ ! v>i$ evid5ce & h fre$ !mselves f anci5t prejudice t1 if we trac$ back our human l9eage f> en\gh we %\ld come to a po9t :]e our human ance/ors _h no civilization & liv$ a spee*less1 nak$1 h\seless1 fireless1 & toolless life1 simil> to t ( ! exi/+ primates ) :i* we are zoologically closely connect$4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ fully sub/antiat$ ( hi/orical facts & "o :i* we c nev] neglect 9 our attempts to expla9 man z he n[ is4 ,we are all desc5d$ f ! l[] animals4 ,we are fur!rmore /ill animals ) n only an animal body1 b ) an animal m9d4 ,& ?is animal body & animal m9d are ! orig9al f\ndations on :i* ev5 ! mo/ subtle & ref9$ intellectual life mu/ p]=ce re/4 ,we are ready to classify c]ta9 ( our mo/ ess5tial desires z bruti%--hung] & ?ir/1 ! urg5ce ( sleep1 & especially sexual long+4 ,we "k ( bl9d animal rage1 ( /rik+1 bit+1 scrat*+1 h[l+1 & sn>l+1 ( irrational fe>s & ignom9i\s flight4 ,we %>e our s5ses ) ! high] animals1 h eyes & e>s1 noses & tongues mu* l !irs2 he>t1 lungs1 & o!r visc]a1 & f\r limbs4 ,!y h bra9s :i* /& !m 9 good /ead1 al?\gh _! heads are n s good z ours4 ,b :5 "o speaks ( ! animal m9d he %\ld ?9k ( /ill o!r resemblances betwe5 ! brute & man4 ,all animals le>n--ev5 ! mo/ humble among !m may ga9 some?+ f exp]i5ce4 ,all ! high] animals exhibit curiosity "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 & x is ?is impulse :i* und]lies all human sci5ce4 ,moreov]1 "s ( ! high] animals1 especially ! apes & monkeys1 are mu* giv5 to fumbl+ & grop+4 ,!y are re/less1 easily bor$1 & spontane\sly exp]im5tal4 ,!y !re=e make discov]ies q unconsci\sly1 & =m new & sometimes pr(itable habits ( action4 ,if1 by m]e fumbl+1 a monkey1 cat1 or dog happ5s on a way to secure food1 ?is remun]ative l9e ( conduct w occur to ! creature :5 he feels hungry4 ,?is is :at ,?orndike has nam$ le>n+ by trial & error4 ,x might bett] be call$ fumbl+ & success1 = x is ! success t e/abli%es ! association4 ,! innate curiosity :i* man %>es ) 8 unciviliz$ zoological relatives is ! native impulse t leads to sci5tific & philosophical speculation1 & ! orig9al fumbl+ ( a re/less ape has become ! ord]$ exp]im5tal inve/igation ( mod]n times4 ,a creature :i* lack$ curiosity & _h no t5d5cy to fumble c\ld nev] h develop$ civilization & human intellig5ce4l#j ,b :y did man alone ( all ! animals become civiliz$8 ,! reason is n f> to seek1 al?\gh x has (t5 escap$ writ]s#aa on ! subject4 ,all animals ga9 a c]ta9 wisdom ) age & exp]i5ce1 b ! exp]i5ce ( "o ape does n pr(it ano!r4 ,le>n+ among animals bel[ man is individual1 n co-op]ative & cumulative4 ,"o dog does n seem to le>n f ano!r1 nor "o ape f ano!r1 9 spite ( ! widespread misappreh5sion 9 ?is reg>d4 ,_m exp]im5ts h be5 pati5tly tri$ 9 rec5t ye>s & x seems to be pretty well e/abli%$ t ! monkey le>ns by monkey+1 b t he r>ely or nev] appe>s to ape4 ,he does n le>n by imitation1 because he does n imitate4 ,!re may be m9or exceptions1 b ! fact t apes nev]1 9 spite ( a bodily equipm5t ne>ly human1 become 9 ! lea/ degree civiliz$1 w\ld seem to %[ t ! accumulation ( k or dext]ity ?r\gh imitation is impossible = !m4 ,man has ! v>i\s s5se organs ( ! apes & _! extraord9>y p[] ( manipulation4 ,to ^! ess5tials he adds a bra9 suffici5tly m elaborate ?an t ( ! *impanzee to enable him to d some?+ t ! ape _c d--namely1 see ?+s cle>ly en\gh to =m associations ?r\gh imitation4#ab ,we c imag9e ! mann] 9 :i* man unwitt+ly took "o ( 8 mom5t\s & unprec$5t$ fir/ /eps 9 civilization4 ,"s re/less primeval savage might f9d himself scrap+ ! b>k (f a /ick ) ! edge ( a /one or %ell & f9ally cutt+ into ! wood & br++ ! ?+ to a po9t4 ,he might !n spy an animal &1 q )\t reason+1 impulsively make a ?ru/ ) ! /ick & discov] t x pi]c$ ! creature4 ,if he c\ld hold ^! v>i\s elem5ts 9 ! situation1 %>p5+ ! /ick & us+ x1 he w\ld h made an inv5tion--a rude spe>4 ,a p>ticul>ly acute by/&] might compreh5d & imitate ! process4 ,if o!rs did s & ! habit 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! tribe s t x became traditional & 0 transmitt$ to foll[+ g5]ations1 ! process ( civilization w\ld h begun--also ! process ( human le>n+1 :i* is notic+ di/9ctions & analyz+ situations4 ,?is simple process ( %>p5+ a /ick w\ld involve ! concepts1 z ! philosoph]s say1 ( a tool & b>k & a po9t & an artificial weapon4 ,b ages & ages 7 to elapse be=e ! botani/ w\ld di/+ui% ! v>i\s lay]s :i* con/itute ! b>k1 or successive exp]im5t]s come ^u ! idea ( a bayonet to take ! place ( ! spe>4 ,( late1 consid]able att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! "q ( man's orig9al1 un$ucat$1 animal nature2 :at res\rces has he z a m]e creature indep5d5t ( any tra9+ t results f be+ br\ght up 9 "s sort ( civiliz$ community8 ,! "q is difficult to =mulate satisfactorily & /ill m difficult to answ]4 ,b )\t attempt+ to li/ man's suppos$ natural in/9cts we mu/ assume t civilization is built up on 8 orig9al prop5sities & impulses1 :atev] !y may be4 ,^! probably rema9 ne>ly ! same f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,! idea =m]ly held t ! civilization ( our ance/ors affects our orig9al nature is almo/ completely surr5d]$4 ,we are all born :olly unciviliz$4 ,if a gr\p ( infants f ! be/ families ( to-day c\ld be re>$ by apes !y w\ld f9d !mselves ) no civilization4 ,h[ long x w\ld take !m & _! *ildr5 to ga9 :at n[ passes = ev5 a l[ savage culture x is impossible to say4 ,! :ole ardu\s task w\ld h to be p]=m$ anew & x might n take place at all1 unless conditions 7 favorable1 = man is n naturally a progressive animal4 ,he %>es ! t5d5cy ( all o!r animal tribes j to pull ?r\gh & reproduce 8 k9d4 ,mo/ ( u d n /op to ?9k ( ! conditions ( an animal exi/5ce4 ,:5 we read ! descriptions ( our nature z giv5 by ,william ,james1 ,mc,dougall1 or ev5 ,?orndike1 ) all 8 res]vations1 we get a r impressive idea ( our possibilities1 n a picture ( unciviliz$ life4 ,:5 we g camp+ we ?9k t we are des]t+ civilization1 =gett+ ! sophi/icat$ guides1 & ! pack horses lad5 ) ! mo/ artificial luxuries1 _m ( :i* w\ld n h be5 available ev5 a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,we lead ! simple life ) ,sw$i% mat*es1 ,brazilian c(fee1 ,canadian bacon1 ,cali=nia cann$ pea*es1 magaz9e rifles1 jo9t$ fi%+ rods1 & electric fla%lights4 ,we are elaborately clo!d & c discuss ,b]gson's views or ,d4 ,h4 ,lawr5ce's la/ /ory4 ,we navely imag9e we are return+ to primitive conditions because we are liv+ out ( doors or %elt]$ 9 a less solid abode ?an usual1 & h to g to ! brook = wat]4 ,b man's orig9al e/ate 01 z ,hobbes reflect$1 poor1 na/y1 bruti%1 & %ort4 ,to live l an animal is to rely ^u "o's own q nak$ equipm5t & ef=ts1 & n to m9d gett+ wet or cold or scrat*+ "o's b>e legs 9 ! und]bru%4 ,"o w\ld h to eat 8 roots & se$s q raw1 & gnaw a bird z a cat does4 ,to get ! feel ( unciviliz$ life1 let u recall h[ savages ) ! comp>atively advanc$ degree ( culture rea*$ by our native ,indian tribes may fall to :5 really hungry4 ,9 ! j\rnal ( ! ,lewis & ,cl>k exp$ition !re is an acc\nt ( ! kill+ ( a de] by ! :ite m54 ,he>+ ( ?is1 ! ,%o%ones rac$ wildly to ! spot :]e ! w>m & bloody entrails _h be5 ?r[n out 444 & ran tumbl+ ov] "o ano!r l fami%$ dogs4 ,ea* tore away :atev] "p he c\ld1 & in/antly began to eat x2 "s _h ! liv]1 "s ! kidneys1 &1 9 %ort1 no "p on :i* we are accu/om$ to look ) disgu/ escap$ !m4 ,"o ( !m :o _h seiz$ ab\t n9e feet ( ! entrails 0 *ew+ at "o end1 :ile ) 8 h& he 0 dilig5tly cle>+ 8 way by dis*>g+ ! cont5ts at ! o!r4 ,ano!r /rik+ example ( simple animal proc$ure is giv5 9 ! same j\rnal3 ,"o ( ! wom51 :o _h be5 lead+ two ( our pack horses1 halt$ at a rivulet ab\t a mile beh9d & s5t on ! two horses by a female fri5d4 ,on inquir+ ( ,cameahwait ! cause ( h] det5tion1 he answ]$1 ) great app>5t unconc]n1 t %e _h j /opp$ to lie 91 b w\ld soon ov]take u4 ,9 fact1 we 7 a/oni%$ to see h] 9 ab\t an h\r's "t come on ) h] new-born infant1 & pass u on h] way to ! camp1 seem+ly 9 p]fect heal?4 ,?is is ! simple life & x 0 ! life ( our ance/ors be=e civilization began4 ,x _h be5 ! be/ k9d ( life possible 9 all ! prec$+ aeons ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,)\t civilization x w\ld be ! exi/5ce to :i* all human be+s n[ on ! e>? w\ld =?) rev]t4 ,x is man's />t+ po9t4#ac ,b :at ab\t ! m9d8 ,:at 0 go+ on 9 ! heads ( our untutor$ =be>s8 ,we are apt to fall into ! error ( suppos+ t because !y _h human bra9s !y mu/ h _h some:at ! same k9ds ( ideas & made ! same k9d ( judgm5ts t we d4 ,ev5 di/+ui%$ philosoph]s l ,desc>tes & ,r\sseau made ?is mi/ake4 ,?is assumption w n /& inspection4 ,to rea* back 9 imag9ation to ! really primitive m9d we %\ld ( c\rse h to d$uct at ! />t all ! k & all ! discrim9ations & classifications t h gr[n up z a result ( our education & our imm]sion f infancy 9 a highly artificial environm5t4 ,!n we mu/ recollect t our primitive ance/or _h no words ) :i* to "n & tell ab\t ?+s4 ,he 0 spee*less4 ,8 fell[s knew no m ?an he did4 ,ea* "o le>n$ dur+ 8 lifetime accord+ to 8 capacity1 b no in/ruction 9 our s5se ( ! ^w 0 possible4 ,:at he saw & he>d 0 n :at we %\ld h call$ see+ & he>+4 ,he respond$ to situations 9 a bl9d & impulsive mann]1 ) no cle> idea ( !m4 ,9 %ort1 he mu/ h ?\ght mu* z a wolf or be> does1 j z he liv$ mu* l !m4 ,we mu/ be on our gu>d aga9/ accept+ ! preval5t notions ( ev5 ! animal intellect4 ,an owl may look q z wise z a judge4 ,a monkey1 can>y1 or collie has bright eyes & seems f> m al]t ?an mo/ ( ! p we see on ! /reet c>4 ,a squirrel 9 ! p>k appe>s to be look+ at u mu* z we look at him4 ,b he _c be see+ ! same ?+s t we d4 ,we c be sc>cely m to him ?an a vague sugge/ion ( peanuts4 ,& ev5 ! peanut has little ( ! mean+ = him t x has = u4 ,a dog p]ceives a motor-c> & may be induc$ to ride 9 x1 b 8 idea ( x w\ld n diff] f t ( an anci5t c>ryall1 except1 mayhap1 9 an appreciative di/9ction betwe5 ! odor ( gasol9e & t ( ! /able4 ,only 9 times ( sickness1 drunk5ness1 or great excitem5t c we get "s h9t 9 ourselves ( ! impulsive responses 9 animals free f human sophi/ication & analysis4 ,locke ?\ght t we fir/ got simple ideas & !n comb9$ !m into m complex conceptions & f9ally into g5]alizations or ab/ract ideas4 ,b ?is is n ! way t man's k arose4 ,he />t$ ) m]e impressions ( g5]al situations1 & gradually by 8 ability to h&le ?+s he came ^u di/9ctions1 :i* 9 "t he made cle>] by atta*+ names to !m4 ,we keep repeat+ ?is process :5 we le>n ab\t any?+4 ,! typewrit] is at fir/ a m]e mass impression1 & only gradually & imp]fectly d mo/ ( u di/+ui% c]ta9 ( its p>ts2 only ! m5 :o made x are likely to realize its full complexity by not+ & assign+ names to all ! lev]s1 :eels1 ge>s1 be>+s1 controls1 & adju/m5ts4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill ?\ght t ! *ief function ( ! m9d 0 mak+ inf]5ces4 ,b mak+ di/9ctions is equally fundam5tal--see+ t !re are really _m ?+s :]e only "o 0 at fir/ app>5t4 ,?is process ( analysis has be5 man's supreme accompli%m5t4 ,?is is :at has made 8 m9d gr[4 ,! human m9d has !n be5 built up ?r\gh hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s by gradual accretions & labori\s accumulations4 ,man />t$ at a cultural z]o & _h to f9d out ev]y?+ = himself2 or r a v small numb] ( peculi>ly re/less & adv5tur\s spirits did ! "w4 ,! great mass ( humanity has nev] _h any?+ to d ) ! increase ( intellig5ce except to act z its m$ium ( transfusion & p]petuation4 ,creative intellig5ce is conf9$ to ! v few1 b ! _m c ?\ghtlessly avail !mselves ( ! m obvi\s a*ievem5ts ( ^? :o are exceptionally highly end[$4 ,ev5 an ape w fit himself into a civiliz$ environm5t4 ,a *impanzee c be taught to reli% bicycles1 roll] skates1 & cig>ettes :i* he c\ld nev] h devis$1 _c und]/&1 & c\ld n reproduce4 ,ev5 s ) mank9d4 ,mo/ ( u c\ld n h devis$1 d n und]/&1 & consequ5tly c\ld n reproduce any ( ! ev]yday conv5i5ces & luxuries :i* surr\nd u4 ,few ( u c\ld make an electric light1 or write a good novel to read by x1 or pa9t a picture = x to %9e ^u4 ,pr(essor ,gidd+s has rec5tly ask$ ! "q1 ,:y has !re be5 any hi/ory8#ad ,:y1 inde$1 consid]+ t ! good & respectable is usually synonym\s ) ! anci5t r\t9e1 & ! old h always be5 !re to repress ! "y8 ,su* heavy words ( approval z v5]able1 sanctifi$1 & rev]$ all sugge/ great age r ?an fre% discov]ies4 ,z x 0 9 ! beg9n+1 is n[ & ev] %all be1 is our prote/ aga9/ be+ di/urb$1 =c$ to ?9k or to *ange our habits4 ,s hi/ory1 namely *ange1 has be5 ma9ly due to a small numb] ( se]s1--really grop]s & monkey]s--^: native curiosity outran t ( _! fell[s & l$ !m to escape "h & !re f ! sanctifi$ bl9dness ( _! "t4 ,! se] is simply an example ( a v>iation biologically1 su* z occurs 9 all species ( liv+ ?+s1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,b ! unusually l>ge roses 9 our g>d5s1 ! swift] horses ( ! h]d1 & ! clev]] wolf 9 ! pack h no means ( influ5c+ _! fell[s z a result ( _! peculi> sup]iority4 ,_! (fspr+ has "s *ance ( %>+ to "s degree ?is pre-em95ce1 b o!rwise ?+s w g on z be=e4 ,:]eas ! s+ul> v>iation repres5t$ by a ,/4 ,francis1 a ,dante1 a ,voltaire1 or a ,d>w9 may p]man5tly1 & = ages to foll[ *ange some:at ! "* & ambitions ( innum]able inf]ior memb]s ( ! species :o c\ld by no possibility h orig9at$ any?+ = !mselves1 b :o c1 nev]!less1 suff] "s modification z a result ( ! tea*+s ( o!rs4 ,?is illu/rates ! magical & unique work+s ( culture & creative intellig5ce 9 mank9d4#ae ,we h no means ( kn[+ :5 or :]e ! fir/ contribution to civilization 0 made1 & ) x a />t on ! ardu\s build+ ( ! m9d4 ,!re is "s reason to ?9k t ! m5 :o fir/ transc5d$ ! animal m9d 7 ( inf]ior m5tal capacity to our own1 b ev5 if man1 em]g+ f 8 animal e/ate1 _h _h on ! av]age q z good a bra9 z ^? ) :i* we are n[ famili>1 ,i suspect t ! extraord9>ily sl[ & haz>d\s process ( accumulat+ mod]n civilization w\ld n h be5 greatly %ort5$4 ,mank9d is le?>gic1 easily pl$g$ to r\t9e1 timid1 suspici\s ( innovation4 ,t is 8 nature4 ,he is only artificially1 p>tially1 & v rec5tly progressive4 ,he has sp5t almo/ 8 :ole exi/5ce z a savage hunt]1 & 9 t /ate ( ignorance he illu/rat$ on a magnific5t scale all ! inh]5t weaknesses ( ! human m9d4 #g4 ,,our ,,savage ,,m9d ,%\ld we arrange our pres5t beliefs & op9ions on ! basis ( _! age1 we %\ld f9d t "s ( !m 7 v1 v old1 go+ back to primitive man2 o!rs 7 d]iv$ f ! ,greeks2 _m m ( !m w\ld prove to come directly f ! ,middle ,ages2 :ile c]ta9 o!rs 9 our /ock 7 unkn[n until natural sci5ce began to develop 9 a new =m ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! idea t man has a s\l or d\ble :i* survives ! dea? ( ! body is v anci5t inde$ & is accept$ by mo/ savages4 ,su* confid5ce z we h 9 ! lib]al arts1 metaphysics1 & =mal logic goes back to ! ,greek ?9k]s2 our religi\s ideas & our /&>ds ( sexual conduct are pr$om9antly m$iaeval 9 _! presuppositions2 our notions ( electricity & disease g]ms are1 ( c\rse1 rec5t 9 orig91 ! result ( pa9ful & prolong$ rese>* :i* involv$ ! rejection ( a va/ numb] ( old] notions sanction$ by immemorial acceptance4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? ideas :i* are /ill almo/ univ]sally accept$ 9 reg>d to man's nature1 8 prop] conduct1 & 8 relations to ,god & 8 fell[s are f> m anci5t & f> less critical ?an ^? :i* h to d ) ! movem5t ( ! />s1 ! /ratification ( ! rocks & ! life ( plants & animals4 ,no?+ is m ess5tial 9 our attempt to escape f ! bondage ( consecrat$ ideas ?an to get a vivid notion ( human a*ievem5t 9 its prop] hi/orical p]spective4 ,9 ord] to d ?is let u imag9e ! :ole gradual & labori\s atta9m5ts ( mank9d compress$ into ! compass ( a s+le lifetime4 ,let u assume t a s+le g5]ation ( m5 h 9 fifty ye>s manag$ to accumulate all t n[ passes = civilization4 ,!y w\ld h to />t1 z all individuals d1 absolutely unciviliz$1 & _! task w\ld be to recapitulate :at has occupi$ ! race =1 let u guess1 at lea/ five hundr$ ?\s& ye>s4 ,ea* ye> 9 ! life ( a g5]ation w\ld !re=e correspond to t5 ?\s& ye>s 9 ! progress ( ! race4 ,on ?is scale x w\ld require =ty-n9e ye>s to rea* a po9t ( intellig5ce :i* w\ld enable our self-taught g5]ation to give up _! anci5t & invet]ate habits ( w&]+ hunt]s & settle d[n "h & !re to till ! gr\nd1 h>ve/ _! crops1 dome/icate animals1 & weave _! r\gh g>m5ts4 ,six mon?s lat]1 or half ?r\gh ! fiftie? ye>1 "s ( !m1 9 a p>ticul>ly favorable situation1 w\ld h inv5t$ writ+ & ?us e/abli%$ a new & wond]ful means ( spread+ & p]petuat+ civilization4 ,?ree mon?s lat] ano!r gr\p w\ld h c>ri$ lit]ature1 art1 & philosophy to a high degree ( ref9em5t & set /&>ds = ! succe$+ weeks4 ,= two mon?s our g5]ation w\ld h be5 liv+ "u ! bless+s ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! pr9t+ press w\ld be b a =tnight old & !y w\ld n h _h ! /eam eng9e = q a week4 ,= two or ?ree days !y w\ld h be5 ha/5+ ab\t ! globe 9 /eam%ips & railroad tra9s1 & only ye/]day w\ld !y h come ^u ! magical possibilities ( electricity4 ,)9 ! la/ few h\rs !y w\ld h le>n$ to sail 9 ! air & b5ea? ! wat]s1 & h =?) appli$ _! newe/ discov]ies to ! prosecution ( a magnific5t w> on ! scale befitt+ _! high ideals & new res\rces4 ,?is is n s /range1 = only a week ago !y 7 burn+ & bury+ alive ^? :o diff]$ f ! rul+ p>ty 9 reg>d to salvation1 evisc]at+ 9 public ^? :o _h new ideas ( gov]nm5t1 & hang+ old wom5 :o 7 accus$ ( traffic ) ! devil4 ,all ( !m _h be5 no bett] ?an vagrant savages a ye> be=e4 ,_! full] k 0 altoge!r too rec5t to h gone v deep1 & !y _h _m in/itutions & _m lead]s d$icat$ to ! p]petuation ( outworn notions :i* w\ld o!rwise h disappe>$4 ,until rec5tly *anges _h tak5 place s sl[ly & s ins5sibly t only a v few p]sons c\ld be expect$ to realize t n a few ( ! beliefs t 7 accept$ z et]nal v]ities 7 due to ! inevitable misund]/&+s ( a savage4 ,9 speak+ ( ! savage or primitive m9d1 we are1 ( c\rse1 us+ a v clumsy expression4 ,we %all employ ! t]m1 nev]!less1 to indicate ! *>act]i/ics ( ! human m9d :5 !re 0 z yet no writ+1 no organiz$ indu/ry or me*anical arts1 no money1 no important specialization ( function except betwe5 ! sexes1 no settl$ life 9 l>ge communities4 ,! p]iod s describ$ cov]s all b ab\t five or six ?\s& ( ! half million to a million ye>s t man has exi/$ on ! e>?4 ,!re are no *ronicles to tell u ! /ory ( ^? long c5turies4 ,"s inf]5ces c be made f ! increas+ artfulness & v>iety ( ! fl9t weapons & tools :i* we f9d4 ,b ! /one weapons :i* h come d[n to u1 ev5 9 _! crude/ =ms 7eoli?s71 are v f> f repres5t+ ! e>lie/ a*ievem5ts ( man 9 ! accumulation ( culture4 ,^? dim1 remote cycles mu/ h be5 full ( great1 b inconspicu\s1 orig9ators :o laid ! f\ndations ( civilization 9 discov]ies & a*ievem5ts s long tak5 = grant$ t we d n realize t !y ev] _h to be made at all4 ,s9ce man is desc5d$ f less highly end[$ animals1 !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 ! man-animal 0 9 a /ate ( animal ignorance4 ,he />t$ ) no m ?an an ape is able to "k4 ,he _h to le>n ev]y?+ = himself1 z he _h no "o to tea* him ! tricks t apes & *ildr5 c be taught by sophi/icat$ human be+s4 ,he 0 necess>ily self-taught1 & began1 z we h se51 9 a /ate ( ignorance beyond any?+ we c readily conceive4 ,he liv$ nak$ & spee*less 9 ! woods1 or w&]$ ov] ! pla9s )\t artificial %elt] or any way ( cook+ 8 food4 ,he subsi/$ on raw fruit1 b]ries1 roots1 insects1 & su* animals z he c\ld /rike d[n or pick up dead4 ,8 m9d mu/ h correspond$ ) 8 bruti% /ate4 ,he mu/ at ! fir/ h le>n$ j z 8 animal relatives le>n--by fumbl+ & by =m+ accid5tal associations4 ,he _h impulses & su* sagacity z he individually d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 b no h]itage ( k accumulat$ by ! gr\p & transmitt$ by education4 ,?is h]itage _h to be con/ruct$ on man's pot5tialities4 ,( mank9d 9 ?is extremely primitive condition we h no traces4 ,!re c\ld inde$ be no traces4 ,all savages ( ! pres5t day or ( :om we h any record repres5t a relatively highly develop$ traditional culture1 ) elaborate languages1 my?s1 & well-e/abli%$ artificial cu/oms1 :i* x probably took hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s to accumulate4 ,man 9 a /ate ( nature is only a presupposition1 b a presupposition :i* is =c$ ^u u by compell+ evid5ce1 conjectural & inf]5tial ?\gh x is4 ,on a geological "t scale we are /ill close to savag]y1 & x is inevitable t ! ideas & cu/oms & s5tim5ts ( savag]y %\ld h become s +ra9$ t !y may h actually affect$ man's nature by natural selection ?r\gh ! survival ( ^? :o mo/ completely adju/$ !mselves to ! uncritical culture :i* prevail$4 ,b 9 any case x is c]ta91 z _m an?ropologi/s h po9t$ out1 t cu/oms1 savage ideas1 & primitive s5tim5ts h cont9u$ to =m an important "p ( our own culture d[n ev5 to ! pres5t day4 ,we are met ?us ) ! necessity ( reckon+ ) ?is invet]ate elem5t 9 our pres5t ?\ght & cu/oms4 ,mu* ( ! data t we h reg>d+ primitive man has be5 accumulat$ 9 rec5t times1 = ! mo/ "p z a result ( ! /udy ( simple peoples4 ,^! diff] greatly 9 _! habits & my?s1 b "s sali5t common traits em]ge :i* ca/ light on ! spontane\s work+s ( ! human m9d :5 unaffect$ by ! sophi/ications ( a highly elaborate civilization4 ,at ! />t man _h to di/+ui% himself f ! gr\p to :i* he belong$ & say1 ,i am ,i4 ,?is is n an idea giv5 by nature4#af ,!re are evid5ces t ! e>li] religi\s notions 7 n bas$ on individuality1 b r on ! virtue :i* objects _h--t is1 _! pot5cy to d ?+s4 ,only lat] did ! animi/ic belief 9 ! p]sonalities ( m51 animals1 & ! =ces ( nature appe>4 ,:5 man discov]$ 8 own individuality he spontane\sly ascrib$ ! same type ( individuality & purpose to animals & plants1 to ! w9d & ! ?und]4 ,?is exhibits "o ( ! mo/ noxi\s t5d5cies ( ! m9d--namely1 p]sonification4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ virul5t enemies ( cle> ?9k+4 ,we speak ( ! ,_s ( ! ,re=mation or ! ,_s ( ,revolt or ! ,_s ( ,disord] & ,an>*y4 ,! pap]s tell u t1 ,b]l9 says1 ,london says1 ,uncle ,sam s decides1 ,john ,bull is disgruntl$4 ,n[1 :e!r or no !re are su* ?+s z spirits1 ,b]l9 & ,london h no s\ls1 & ,uncle ,sam is z my?ical z ! great god ,pan4 ,sometimes ?is regression to ! savage is h>mless1 b :5 a newspap] /ates t ,g]many is z milit>i/ic z ev]1 on ! gr\nd t "s insol5t ,prussian lieut5ant says t ,g]man armies w occupy ,p>is )9 five ye>s1 we h an example ( animism :i* 9 a society f>!r remov$ f savag]y ?an ours might be deem$ a high crime & misdemeanor4 ,*emi/s & physicians h giv5 up talk+ ( spirits1 b 9 discuss+ social & economic que/ions we are /ill victimiz$ by ! primitive animi/ic t5d5cies ( ! m9d4 ,! dream has _h a great influ5ce 9 ! build+ up ( ! m9d4 ,our ideas1 especially our religi\s beliefs1 w\ld h _h q ano!r hi/ory _h m5 be5 dreamless4 ,= x 0 n m]ely 8 %ad[ & 8 reflection 9 ! wat] t l$ man to imag9e s\ls & d\bles1 b pre-em95tly ! visions ( ! night4 ,z 8 body lay quiet 9 sleep he f\nd himself w&]+ 9 di/ant places4 ,sometimes he 0 visit$ by ! dead4 ,s x 0 cle> t ! body _h an inhabitant :o 0 n necess>ily b\nd to x1 :o c\ld des]t x f "t to "t dur+ life1 & :o cont9u$ to exi/ & int]e/ itself 9 human affairs aft] dea?4 ,:ole civilizations & religions & va/ !ological speculations h be5 dom9at$ by ?is savage inf]5ce4 ,x is true t 9 v rec5t times1 s9ce ,plato1 let u say1 o!r reasons h be5 urg$ = believ+ 9 ! s\l & its immortality1 b ! idea appe>s to h got its firm foot+ 9 savage logic4 ,x is a primitive inf]5ce1 h[ev] x may lat] h be5 revis$1 rationaliz$1 & ennobl$4 ,! taboo--! =bidd5 ?+--( savage life is ano!r ?+ v elem5t>y 9 man's make-up4 ,he _h t5d5cies to fall into habits & e/abli% inhibitions = reasons t he ei!r did n discov] or easily =got4 ,^! became fix$ & sacr$ to him & any dep>ture f !m fill$ him ) dread4 ,sometimes ! prohibition might h "s reasonable ju/ification1 sometimes x might seem :olly absurd & ev5 a great nuisance1 b t made no diff]5ce 9 its b9d+ =ce4 ,= example1 pork 0 taboo among ! anci5t ,hebrews--no "o c say :y1 b none ( ! mod]n ju/ifications = ab/a9+ f t p>ticul> k9d ( meat w\ld h c\nt$ 9 e>ly ,jewi% times4 ,x is n improbable t x 0 ! orig9al v5]ation = ! bo> & n an abhorr5ce ( him t l$ to ! prohibition4 ,! mod]n pr9ciple is too (t5 only a new =m ( ! anci5t taboo1 r ?an an enlight5$ rule ( conduct4 ,! p]son :o ju/ifies himself by say+ t he holds c]ta9 beliefs1 or acts 9 a c]ta9 mann] on pr9ciple1 & yet refuses to exam9e ! basis & exp$i5cy ( 8 pr9ciple1 introduces into 8 ?9k+ & conduct an irrational1 my/ical elem5t simil> to t :i* *>act]iz$ savage prohibitions4 ,pr9ciples un9tellig5tly urg$ make a great deal ( tr\ble 9 ! free consid]ation ( social readju/m5t1 = !y are frequ5tly z recalcitrant & obscuranti/ z ! primitive taboo1 & are really sc>cely m ?an an excuse = refus+ to reconsid] "o's convictions & conduct4 ,! psy*ological conditions ly+ back ( bo? taboo & ?is sort ( pr9ciple are ess5tially ! same4 ,we f9d 9 savage ?\ght a sort ( int5sifi$ & g5]aliz$ taboo 9 ! classification ( ?+s z clean & unclean & 9 ! conceptions ( ! sacr$4 ,^! are really expressions ( pr(\nd & p]si/5t traits 9 ! uncritical m9d & c only be ov]come by c>efully cultivat$ criticism4 ,!y are ! result ( our natural timidity & ! con/ant dread le/ we f9d ourselves tread+ on holy 7i4 e41 dang]\s7 gr\nd4#ag ,:5 !y are intr5*$ 9 ! m9d we _c expect to ?9k freely & fairly1 = !y effectually /op argum5t4 ,if a ?+ is held to be sacr$ x is ! c5t] ( :at may be call$ a def5se complex1 & a reasonable consid]ation ( ! m]its ( ! case w n be tol]at$4 ,:5 an issue is decl>$ to be a moral "o--= example1 ! prohibition ( /rong dr9k--an emotional /ate is impli$ :i* makes reasonable compromise & adju/m5t impossible2 = moral is a ^w on some:at ! same plane z sacr$1 & has mu* ! same qualities & simil> effects on ?9k+4 ,9 deal+ ) ! relations ( ! sexes ! t]ms pure & impure introduce my/ic & irrational moods ali5 to cle> analysis & reasonable readju/m5ts4 ,^? :o h /udi$ ! *>act]i/ics ( savage life are always /ruck by its deadly cons]vatism1 its ne$less re/ra9ts on ! fre$om ( ! individual1 & its hopeless r\t9e4 ,man1 l plants & animals 9 g5]al1 t5ds to g on f g5]ation to g5]ation1 liv+ z ne>ly z may be ! life ( 8 =be>s4 ,*anges h to be =c$ ^u him by h>d exp]i5ce1 & he is ev] prone to f9d excuses = slipp+ back into old] habits1 = ^! are likely to be simpl]1 less critical1 m spontane\s--m closely ak91 9 %ort1 to 8 animal & primitive prompt+s4 ,"o :o prides himself to-day on 8 cons]vatism1 on ! gr\nd t man is naturally an an>*ic & disord]ly creature :o is held 9 *eck by ! f>-see+ ,tory1 is almo/ exactly rev]s+ ! tru?4 ,mank9d is cons]vative by nature & readily g5]ates re/ra9ts on himself & ob/acles to *ange :i* h s]v$ to keep him 9 a /ate ( savag]y dur+ almo/ 8 :ole exi/5ce on ! e>?1 & :i* /ill p]petuate all sorts ( primitive b>b>ism 9 mod]n society4 ,! cons]vative on pr9ciple is !re=e a mo/ unmi/akably primitive p]son 9 8 attitude4 ,8 only advance beyond ! savage mood lies 9 ! speci\s reasons he is able to advance = rema9+ ( ! same m9d4 ,:at we vaguely call a radical is a v rec5t product due to altoge!r exceptional & unprec$5t$ circum/ances4 ,,notes4 #aj ,x is impossible to discuss "h ! results :i* a really hone/ /udy ( *ild psy*ology promises4 ,! relations ( ! *ild to 8 p>5ts & eld]s 9 g5]al & to ! highly artificial sy/em ( c5sor%ip & re/ra9ts :i* !y impose 9 _! own int]e/s on 8 natural impulses mu/ surely h a p]man5t influ5ce on ! notions he cont9ues to h z an adult 9 reg>d to 8 sup]iors & ! in/itutions & mores "u :i* he is call$ to live4 ,attempts 9 lat] life to ga9 intellectual fre$om c only be successful if "o comes to ?9k ( ! *ildi% orig9 ( a great "p ( 8 real reasons4 #aa ,cl>5ce ,day 9 ,our ,simian ,_w discusses ) delightful humor ! effects ( our und]ly+ simian temp]am5t on ! conduct ( life4 #ab ,! ^w imitation is commonly us$ v loosely4 ,! real "q is does an animal1 or ev5 man himself1 t5d to make movem5ts or s\nds made by _! fell[-creatures 9 _! pres5ce ,x seems to be made out n[ t ev5 monkeys are n imitative 9 t s5se & t man himself has no g5]al incl9ation to d ov] :at he sees be+ done4 ,pray1 if y d\bt ?is1 note h[ _m ?+s y see o!rs do+ t y h no incl9ation to imitate6 ,= an admirable summ>y see ,?orndike1 ,e4 ,l41 ,! ,orig9al ,nature ( ,man1 #aiac1 pp4 #ajh ff4 #ac ,if ! e>? 7 /ruck by "o ( ,mr4 ,wells's comets1 & if1 9 consequ5ce1 e human be+ n[ alive 7 to lose all ! k & habits :i* he _h acquir$ f prec$+ g5]ations 7?\gh reta9+ un*ang$ all 8 own p[]s ( inv5tion & memory & habituation7 n9e t5?s ( ! inhabitants ( ,london or ,new ,york w\ld be dead 9 a mon?1 & #ii p] c5t ( ! rema9+ t5? w\ld be dead 9 six mon?s4 ,!y w\ld h no language to express _! ?\ghts1 & no ?\ghts b vague rev]ie4 ,!y c\ld n read notices1 or drive motors or horses4 ,!y w\ld w&] ab\t1 l$ by ! in>ticulate cries ( a few naturally dom9ant individuals1 dr[n+ !mselves1 z ?ir/ came on1 9 hundr$s at ! riv]side l&+ places1 loot+ ^? %ops :]e ! smell ( decay+ food attract$ !m1 & p]haps at ! end /umbl+ on ! exp$i5t ( cannibalism4 ,ev5 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts m5 c\ld n inv5t1 9 "t to pres]ve _! lives1 me?ods ( gr[+ food1 or tam+ animals1 or mak+ fire1 or s clo?+ !mselves z to endure a ,nor!rn w9t]4--,,graham ,,wallas1 ,our ,social ,h]itage1 p4 #af4 ,only ! v l[e/ ( savages might possibly pull ?r\gh if culture %\ld disappe>4 #ad ,a ,!ory ( ,hi/ory1 ,political ,sci5ce ,qu>t]ly1 ,decemb]1 #aibj4 ,he attributes hi/ory to ! adv5tur]s4 #ae ,c\nt ,korzybski 9 8 ,manhood ( ,humanity is s impress$ by ! uniqu5ess & undream$ possibilities ( human civilization & man's "t-b9d+ capacity t he decl>es t x is a gross & mislead+ error to reg>d man z an animal at all4 ,yet he is =c$ sadly to confess t man cont9ues all too (t5 to op]ate on an animal or space-b9d+ plan ( life4 ,8 aim & outlook are1 h[ev]1 ess5tially ! same z ^? ( ! pres5t writ]4 ,8 me?od ( approa* w appeal especially to ^? :o are wont to deal ) affairs 9 ! _s ( ! ma!matician & eng9e]4 ,he is q "r 9 ?9k+ t man has hi!rto _h little conception ( 8 peculi> pr]ogatives & unlimit$ opportunities = bett]m5t4 #af ,9 ! beg9n+1 too1 man did n "k h[ *ildr5 came ab\t1 = x 0 n easy to connect a common impulsive act ) ! ev5t ( bir? s f> remov$ 9 "t4 ,! tales told to *ildr5 /ill are rem9isc5ces ( ! my?ical explanations :i* our savage ance/ors advanc$ to expla9 ! arrival ( ! infant4 ,consequ5tly1 all popul> !ories ( ! orig9 ( m>riage & ! family bas$ on ! assumption ( consci\s pat]nity are outlaw$4 #ag ,lucretius w>ns ! read] n to be det]r$ f consid]+ ! evils wr\ght by religion by ! fe> ( tread+ on ! unholy gr\nds ( reason & 9 ! pa? ( s94--,de ,r]4 ,nat4 i1 #hj ff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,iv ,!reupon "o ( ! ,egyptian prie/s1 :o 0 ( a v great age1 said3 ,o ,solon1 ,solon1 y ,hell5es are b *ildr51 & !re 0 nev] an old man :o 0 a ,hell5e4 ,solon 9 return ask$ him :at he meant4 ,i mean to say1 he repli$1 t 9 m9d y are all "y2 !re is no old op9ion h&$ d[n among y by anci5t tradition2 nor any sci5ce :i* is ho>y ) age4 --,,plato',s ,timaeus1 #bb 7,j[ett's translation74 ,! tru? is t we are f> m likely to und]rate ! orig9ality ( ! ,greeks ?an to exagg]ate x1 & we d n always rememb] ! v %ort "t !y took to lay d[n ! l9es sci5tific inquiry has foll[$ ev] s9ce4--,,john ,,burnet4 #h4 ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,critical ,,?9k+ ,! ,egyptians 7 ! fir/ p1 s f> z we "k1 :o inv5t$ a highly artificial me?od ( writ+1 ab\t five ?\s& ye>s ago1 & began to devise new arts beyond ^? ( _! b>b>\s pr$ecessors4 ,!y develop$ pa9t+ & ar*itecture1 navigation1 & v>i\s +5i\s indu/ries2 !y work$ 9 glass & enamels & began ! use ( copp]1 & s introduc$ metal into human affairs4 ,b 9 spite ( _! extraord9>y advance 9 practical1 matt]-(-fact k !y rema9$ v primitive 9 _! beliefs4 ,! same may be said ( ! peoples ( ,mesopotamia & ( ! we/]n ,asiatic nations 9 g5]al--j z 9 our own day ! practical arts h got a long />t comp>$ ) ! revision ( beliefs 9 reg>d to man & ! gods4 ,! peculi> op9ions ( ! ,egyptians d n ent] directly into our intellectual h]itage1 b "s ( ! fundam5tal religi\s ideas :i* develop$ 9 we/]n ,asia h1 ?r\gh ! v5]ation = ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 become "p & p>cel ( our ways ( ?9k+4 ,to ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 we are intellectually "u heavy obligation4 ,! lit]ature ( ! ,greeks1 9 su* fragm5ts z escap$ de/ruction1 0 de/9$1 along ) ! ,hebrew ,scriptures1 to ex]cise an incalculable influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( our mod]n civiliz$ m9ds4 ,^! two dom9at+ lit]>y h]itages orig9at$ ab\t ! same "t--day be=e ye/]day--view$ 9 ! p]spective ( our race's hi/ory4 ,previ\s to ! ,greek civilization books _h play$ no great "p 9 ! developm5t1 dissem9ation1 & transmission ( culture f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,n[ !y 7 to become a c>d9al =ce 9 advanc+ & ret>d+ ! m9d's expansion4 ,x requir$ ab\t a ?\s& ye>s = ! ,greek %eph]ds f ! pa/ures ( ! ,danube to assimilate ! culture ( ! highly civiliz$ regions 9 :i* !y fir/ appe>$ z b>b>ian de/roy]s4 ,!y accept$ ! indu/rial arts ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 adopt$ ! ,pho5ician alphabet1 & emulat$ ! ,pho5ician m]*ant4 ,by ! sev5? c5tury be=e our era !y _h t[ns1 colonies1 & comm]ce1 ) mu* /imulat+ runn+ hi!r & ?i!r4 ,we get our fir/ traces ( new intellectual ent]prise 9 ! ,ionian cities1 especially ,miletus1 & 9 ! ,italian colonies ( ! ,greeks4 ,only lat] did ,a!ns become ! unrival$ c5t] 9 a m>vel\s outfl[]+ ( ! human intellig5ce4 ,x is a delicate task to summ>ize :at we owe to ! ,greeks4 ,leav+ aside _! supreme a*ievem5ts 9 lit]ature & art1 we c consid] only v briefly ! g5]al scope & nature ( _! ?9k+ z x relates mo/ closely to our !me4 ,! *ief /r5g? ( ! ,greeks lay 9 _! fre$om f hamp]+ intellectual tradition4 ,!y _h no v5]at$ classics1 no holy books1 no dead languages to ma/]1 no au?orities to *eck _! free speculation4 ,z ,"l ,bacon rem9ds u1 !y _h no antiquity ( k & no k ( antiquity4 ,a mod]n classici/ w\ld h be5 a =lorn outl&] 9 anci5t ,a!ns1 ) no books 9 a =gott5 tongue1 no obsolete inflections to impose ^u reluctant y\?4 ,he w\ld h _h to use ! ev]yday spee* ( ! s&al-mak] & full]4 ,= a long "t no te*nical words 7 inv5t$ to give alo(ness & seem+ precision to philosophic & sci5tific discussion4 ,ari/otle 0 ! fir/ to use words incompreh5sible to ! av]age citiz54 ,x 0 9 ^! conditions t ! possibilities ( human criticism fir/ %[$ !mselves4 ,! primitive notions ( man1 ( ! gods1 & ( ! work+s ( natural =ces began to be ov]haul$ on an entirely new scale4 ,intellig5ce develop$ rapidly z exceptionally bold individuals came to h _! suspicions ( simple1 spontane\s1 & anci5t ways ( look+ at ?+s4 ,ultimately !re came m5 :o pr(ess$ to d\bt ev]y?+4 ,z ,abel>d long aft] put x1 ,by d\bt+ we come to "q1 & by seek+ we may come ^u ! tru?4 ,b man is by nature cr$ul\s4 ,he is victimiz$ by fir/ impressions1 f :i* he c only escape ) great difficulty4 ,he res5ts criticism ( accept$ & famili> ideas z he res5ts any unwelcome di/urbance ( r\t9e4 ,s criticism is aga9/ nature1 = x conflicts ) ! smoo? work+s ( our m primitive m9ds1 ^? ( ! *ild & ! savage4 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ! ,greek p 7 no exception 9 ?is matt]4 ,anaxagoras & ,ari/otle 7 bani%$ = ?9k+ z !y did2 ,euripides 0 an object ( abhorr5ce to ! cons]vative ( 8 day1 & ,socrates 0 actually execut$ = 8 godless tea*+s4 ,! ,greek ?9k]s furni% ! fir/ in/ance ( intellectual fre$om1 ( ! self-deta*m5t & self-abnegat+ vigor ( criticism :i* is mo/ t\*+ly illu/rat$ 9 ! hone/ "k-no?+ism ( ,socrates4 ,!y discov]$ skepticism 9 ! high] & prop] significance ( ! ^w1 & ?is 0 _! supreme contribution to human ?\ght4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ examples ( e>ly ,greek skepticism 0 ! discov]y ( ,x5ophanes t man creat$ ! gods 9 8 own image4 ,he look$ ab\t him1 obs]v$ ! curr5t conceptions ( ! gods1 comp>$ ^? ( diff]5t peoples1 & rea*$ ! conclusion t ! way 9 :i* a tribe pictur$ its gods 0 n ! outcome ( any k ( h[ !y really look$ & :e!r !y _h black eyes or blue1 b 0 a reflection ( ! famili>ly human4 ,if ! lions _h gods !y w\ld h ! %ape ( _! wor%ip]s4 ,no m fundam5tally %ock+ revelation 0 ev] made ?an ?is1 = x %ook ! v f\ndations ( religi\s belief4 ,! home life on ,olympus z describ$ 9 ,hom] 0 too sc&al\s to escape ! att5tion ( ! ?\ghtful1 & no lat] ,*ri/ian c\ld h d5\nc$ ! demoraliz+ influ5ce ( ! curr5t religi\s beliefs 9 hott] indignation ?an did ,plato4 ,to judge f ! reflection ( ,greek ?\ght :i* we f9d 9 ,lucretius & ,cic]o1 none ( ! primitive religi\s beliefs escap$ mordant criticism4 ,! second great discov]y ( ! ,greek ?9k]s 0 metaphysics4 ,!y did n h ! "n1 :i* orig9at$ long aft] 9 q an absurd fa%ion1#ah b !y revel$ 9 ! ?+4 ,n[adays metaphysics is rev]$ by "s z our noble/ ef=t to rea* ! highe/ tru?1 & scorn$ by o!rs z ! sillie/ ( wild-goose *ases4 ,i am incl9$ to rate x1 l smok+1 z a highly gratify+ indulg5ce to ^? :o l x1 &1 z indulg5ces g1 relatively innoc5t4 ,! ,greeks f\nd t ! m9d c\ld c>ry on an absorb+ game ) itself4 ,we all engage 9 rev]ies & fantasies ( a homely1 ev]yday type1 conc]n$ ) our desires or res5tm5ts1 b ! fantasy ( ! metaphysician busies itself ) conceptions1 ab/ractions1 di/9ctions1 hypo!ses1 po/ulates1 & logical inf]5ces4 ,hav+ made c]ta9 po/ulates or hypo!ses1 he f9ds new conclusions1 :i* he foll[s 9 a seem+ly conv9c+ mann]4 ,?is gives him ! delightful emotion ( pursu+ ,tru?1 some?+ z ! simple man pursues a maid54 ,only ,tru? is m elusive ?an ! maid5 & may cont9ue to beckon h] foll[] = long ye>s1 no matt] h[ gray & dodd]+ he may become4 ,let me give two examples ( metaphysical reason+4#ai ,we h an idea ( an omnipot5t1 all-good1 & p]fect be+4 ,we are incapable1 kn[+ z we d only imp]fect ?+s1 ( fram+ su* an idea = ourselves1 s x mu/ h be5 giv5 u by ! be+ himself4 ,& p]fection mu/ include exi/5ce1 s ,god mu/ exi/4 ,?is 0 good en\gh = ,anselm & = ,desc>tes1 :o w5t on to build a :ole closely concat5at$ philosophical sy/em on ?is f\ndation4 ,to !m ! logic seem$ irrefragable2 to ! mod]n /ud5t ( comp>ative religion1 ev5 to ,kant1 himself a metaphysician1 !re 0 no?+ :atsoev] 9 x b an illu/ration ( ! native op]ations ( a m9d t has made a :olly gratuit\s hypo!sis & is victimiz$ by an ord]ly s]ies ( spontane\s associations4 ,a second example ( metaphysics may be f\nd 9 ! doctr9es ( ! ,eleatic philosoph]s1 :o e>ly appe>$ 9 ! ,greek colonies on ! coa/ ( ,italy1 & ?\ght h>d ab\t space & motion4 ,empty space seem$ z good z no?+1 &1 z no?+ c\ld n be said to exi/1 space mu/ be an illusion2 & z motion impli$ space 9 :i* to take place1 !re c\ld be no motion4 ,s all ?+s 7 really p]fectly compact & at re/1 & all our impressions ( *ange 7 ! illusions ( ! ?\ghtless & ! simple-m9d$4 ,s9ce "o ( ! *ief satisfactions ( ! metaphysicians is to get away f ! welt] ( our mutable _w into a realm ( assurance1 ?is doctr9e ex]cis$ a great fasc9ation ov] _m m9ds4 ,! ,eleatic conviction ( un*ang+ /ability receiv$ a new =m 9 ,plato's doctr9e ( et]nal ideas1 & lat] develop$ into ! com=t+ conception ( ! ,absolute1 9 :i* logical & _w-we>y s\ls h s\ght refuge f ! times ( ,plot9us to ^? ( ,josiah ,royce4 ,b !re 0 "o gr\p ( ,greek ?9k]s ^: g5]al notions ( natural op]ations correspond 9 a /rik+ mann] to ! conclusions ( ! mo/ rec5t sci5ce4 ,^! 7 ! ,epicureans4 ,democritus 0 9 no way a mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ti/1 b he met ! ,eleatic metaphysics ) ano!r set ( speculative consid]ations :i* happ5$ to be ne>] :at is n[ reg>d$ z ! tru? ?an !irs4 ,he reject$ ! ,eleatic decisions aga9/ ! reality ( space & motion on ! gr\nd t1 s9ce motion obvi\sly took place1 ! void mu/ be a reality1 ev5 if ! metaphysician c\ld n conceive x4 ,he hit ^u ! notion t all ?+s 7 compos$ ( m9ute1 inde/ructible p>ticles 7or atoms7 ( fix$ k9ds4 ,giv5 motion & suffici5t "t1 ^! might by =tuit\s conc\rse make all possible comb9ations4 ,& x 0 "o ( ^! comb9ations :i* we call ! _w z we f9d x4 ,= ! atoms ( v>i\s %apes 7 inh]5tly capable ( mak+ up all mat]ial ?+s1 ev5 ! s\l ( man & ! gods !mselves4 ,!re 0 no p]man5ce any:]e2 all 0 no m ?an ! %ift+ accid5tal & fleet+ comb9ations ( ! p]man5t atoms ( :i* ! cosmos 0 compos$4 ,?is doctr9e 0 accept$ by ! noble ,epicurus & 8 s*ool & is deliv]$ to u 9 ! immortal poem ( ,lucretius ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s4 ,! ,epicureans believ$ ! gods to exi/ because1 l ,anselm & ,desc>tes1 !y ?\ght we _h an innate idea ( !m4 ,b ! div9e be+s l$ a life ( elegant ease & took no acc\nt ( man2 nei!r 8 supplications1 nor 8 sweet-smell+ sacrifices1 nor 8 blasphemies1 ev] di/urb$ _! calm4 ,moreov]1 ! human s\l 0 dissipat$ at dea?4 ,s ! ,epicureans flatt]$ !mselves t !y _h deliv]$ man f 8 two *ief appreh5sions1 ! fe> ( ! gods & ! fe> ( dea?4 ,=1 z ,lucretius says1 he :o und]/&s ! real nature ( ?+s w see t bo? are ! illusions ( ignorance4 ,?us "o s*ool ( ,greek ?9k]s atta9$ to a complete rejection ( religi\s beliefs 9 ! "n ( natural sci5ce4 #i4 ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,plato ,,& ,,ari/otle ,9 ,plato we h at once ! skepticism & ! metaphysics ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,he has _h 8 foll[]s d[n ?r\gh ! ages1 "s ( :om c>ri$ 8 skepticism to its utmo/ b\nds1 :ile o!rs avail$ !mselves ( 8 metaphysics to re> a sy/em ( arrogant my/ical dogmatism4 ,he put 8 speculations 9 ! =m ( dialogues --o/5sible discussions 9 ! m>ket place or ! h\ses ( philosophic ,a!nians4 ,! ,greek ^w = logic is dialectic1 :i* really means discussion4 argum5tation 9 ! int]e/ ( full] analysis1 ) ! hope ( m critical conclusions4 ,! dialogues are ! drama ( 8 day1 employ$ 9 ,plato's magical h& z a vehicle ( discursive reason4 ,( late we h 9 ,ibs51 ,%aw1 ,brieux1 & ,galswor?y ! old exp$i5t appli$ to ! consid]ation ( social p]plexities & contradictions4 ,! dialogue is indecisive 9 its outcome4 ,x does n l5d itself to dogmatic conclusions & sy/ematic pres5tation1 b exposes ! intricacy ( all important que/ions & ! inevitable conflict ( views1 :i* may seem altoge!r irreconcilable4 ,we mu* ne$ to enc\rage & elaborate opportunities = pr(itable discussion to-day4 ,we %\ld rev]t to ! dialectic ( ! ,a!nian agora & make x a *os5 in/rum5t = cl>ify+1 co-ord9at+ & direct+ our co-op]ative ?9k+4 ,plato's indecision & urbane fair-m9d$ness is call$ irony4 ,n[ irony is s]i\sness )\t solemnity4 ,x assumes t man is a s]io-comic animal1 & t no treatm5t ( 8 affairs c be appropriate :i* gives him a consi/5cy & dignity :i* he does n possess4 ,he is always a *ild & a savage4 ,he is ! victim ( conflict+ desires & hidd5 ye>n+s4 ,he may talk l a s5tim5tal ideali/ & act l a brute4 ,! same p]son w devote anxi\s ye>s to ! inv5tion ( high explosives & !n give 8 =tune to ! promotion ( peace4 ,we devise ! mo/ exquisite ma*9]y = bl[+ our neighbors to pieces & !n display our highe/ skill & organization 9 try+ to pat* toge!r su* z (f] hope ( be+ m5d$4 ,our nature =bids u to make a def9ite *oice betwe5 ! ma*9e gun & ! ,r$ ,cross nurse4 ,s we use ! "o to keep ! o!r busy4 ,human ?\ght & conduct c only be treat$ broadly & truly 9 a mood ( tol]ant irony4 ,x belies ! logical precision ( ! long-fac$1 humorless writ] on politics & e?ics1 ^: works r>ely deal ) man at all1 b are a /upid =m ( metaphysics4 ,plato made t]ms ) ! welt] ( ?+s1 b s\ght relief 9 ! conception ( sup]nal models1 et]nal 9 ! heav5s1 aft] :i* all ?+s 7 imp]fectly fa%ion$4 ,he confess$ t he c\ld n be> to accept a _w :i* 0 l a leaky pot or a man runn+ at ! nose4 ,9 %ort1 he ascrib$ ! highe/ =m ( exi/5ce to ideals & ab/ractions4 ,?is 0 a new & sophi/icat$ republication ( savage animism4 ,x invit$ less] m9ds ?an 8 to indulge 9 all sorts ( noble vagu5ess & imp]t95t j>gon :i* cont9ue to curse our popul> discussions ( human affairs4 ,he consecrat$ "o ( ! *ief foibles ( ! human m9d & elevat$ x to a religion4 ,ev] s9ce 8 "t m5 h discuss$ ! import ( names4 ,are !re su* ?+s z love1 fri5d%ip1 & honor1 or are !re only lovely ?+s1 fri5dly emotions 9 ?is individual & t1 de$s :i* we may1 accord+ to our /&>ds1 pron\nce honorable or di%onorable8 ,if y believe 9 beauty1 tru?1 & love z su* y are a ,platoni/4 ,if y believe t !re are only individual in/ances & illu/rations ( v>i\s classifi$ emotions & desires & acts1 & t ab/ractions are only ! inevitable categories ( ?\ght1 y w\ld 9 ! ,middle ,ages h be5 call$ a nom9ali/4 ,?is matt] m]its a long discussion1 b "o c te/ any book or newspap] editorial at 8 leisure & see :e!r ! writ] puts y (f ) ab/ractions--,am]icanism1 ,bol%evism1 public welf>e1 lib]ty1 national honor1 religion1 morality1 good ta/e1 rights ( man1 sci5ce1 reason1 error--or1 on ! o!r h&1 ca/s "s light on actual human complications4 ,i d n mean1 ( c\rse1 t we c get along )\t ! use ( ab/ract & g5]al t]ms 9 our ?9k+ & speak+1 b we %\ld be on our con/ant gu>d aga9/ view+ !m z =ces & attribut+ to !m ! vigor ( p]sonality4 ,animism is1 z already expla9$1 a pitfall :i* is always yawn+ be=e u & into :i* we are sure to plunge unless we are ev] wat*ful4 ,platonism is its mo/ amiable & complete disguise4 ,previ\s to ,ari/otle1 ,greek ?\ght _h be5 wond]fully free & ela/ic4 ,x _h n settl$ into comp>tm5ts or assum$ an educational =m :i* w\ld secure its unrevis$ transmission f tea*] to /ud5t4 ,x 0 n ga!r$ toge!r 9 sy/ematic treatises4 ,ari/otle comb9$ ! supreme p[]s ( an orig9al & creative ?9k] ) ! impulses ( a textbook writ]4 ,he lov$ ord] & classification4 ,he suppli$ manuals ( ,e?ics1 ,politics1 ,logic1 ,psy*ology1 ,physics1 ,metaphysics1 ,economics1 ,poetics1 ,zology1 ,meteorology1 ,con/itutional ,law1 & ,god only kn[s :at n1 = we d n h by any means all ! ?+s he wrote4 ,& he 0 equally int]e/$1 & p]haps equally capable1 9 all ! widely scatt]$ fields 9 :i* he labor$4 ,& "s ( 8 manuals 7 s ov]:elm+ 9 ! conclusiv5ess ( _! reason+1 s all-embrac+ 9 _! scope1 t ! m$iaeval univ]sities may be =giv5 = hav+ made !m ! sole basis ( a lib]al education & = impos+ f9es on ^? :o v5tur$ to diff] f ,! ,philosoph]4 ,he seem$ to "k ev]y?+ t c\ld be kn[n & to h ord]$ all e>?ly k 9 an inspir$ codification :i* w\ld /& ! pr(essors 9 good /ead d[n to ! day ( judgm5t4 ,ari/otle comb9$ an ess5tially metaphysical ta/e ) a pret]natural p[] ( obs]vation 9 deal+ ) ! work+s ( nature4 ,9 spite ( 8 inevitable mi/akes1 :i* became ! curse ( lat] docile g5]ations1 no o!r ?9k] ( :om we h record c really comp>e ) him 9 ! di/9ction & v>iety ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,x is n 8 fault t po/]ity us$ 8 works to hamp] fur!r progress & cl>ification4 ,he is ! fa!r ( book k & ! gr&fa!r ( ! comm5tator4 ,aft] two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( talk+ 9 ! m>ket place & ( philosophic discussions prolong$ until morn+1 su* ( ! ,greeks z 7 pr$ispos$ to speculation _h ?\ght all ! ?\ghts & utt]$ all ! criticisms ( commonly accept$ beliefs & ( "o ano!r t c\ld by any possibility occur to ^? :o _h little incl9ation to f>e =? & ext5d _! k ( ! s-call$ realities ( nature by pa9ful & specializ$ rese>* & exam9ation4 ,?is is to me ! *ief reason :y1 except = "s advances 9 ma!matics1 a/ronomy1 geography1 & ! ref9em5ts ( s*ol>%ip1 ! glori\s p]iod ( ! ,greek m9d is commonly & rightfully assum$ to h come to an end ab\t ! "t ( ,ari/otle's dea?4 ,:y did ! ,greeks n g on1 z mod]n sci5ti/s h gone on1 ) vi/as ( ! una*iev$ /ill ahead ( !m8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,greek civilization 0 f\nd$ on slav]y & a fix$ condition ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,! philosoph] & s*ol> 0 e/opp$ f fumbl+ ) ^? ev]yday processes t 7 associat$ ) ! mean life ( ! slave & s]vant4 ,consequ5tly !re 0 no "o to devise ! practical app>atus by :i* alone pr(\nd & ev]-increas+ k ( natural op]ations is possible4 ,! me*anical inv5tiv5ess ( ! ,greeks 0 slight1 & h5ce !y nev] came ^u ! l5s2 !y _h no microscope to reveal ! m9ute1 no telescope to attract ! remote2 !y nev] devis$ a me*anical timepiece1 a !rmomet]1 nor a b>omet]1 to say no?+ ( cam]as & spectroscopes4 ,ar*im$es1 x is report$1 disda9$ to make any record ( 8 +5i\s devices1 = !y 7 unwor?y ! noble pr(ession ( a philosoph]4 ,su* inv5tions z 7 made 7 usually ei!r toys or ( a heavy practical "*4 ,s ! next great /ep =w>d 9 ! ext5sion ( ! human m9d await$ ! disappe>ance ( slav]y & ! sl[ly dawn+ suspicion1 & f9al repudiation1 ( ! old] metaphysics1 :i* fir/ became m>k$ "s ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,,notes4 #ah ,:5 9 ! "t ( ,cic]o ! long-hidd5 works ( ,ari/otle 7 recov]$ & put into ! h&s ( ,&ronicus ( ,rhodes to edit1 he f\nd c]ta9 fragm5ts ( highly ab/ruse speculation :i* he did n "k :at to d )4 ,s he call$ !m add5da to ! ,physics--,ta meta ta physica4 ,^! fragm5ts1 "u ! caption ,metaphysica1 became ! mo/ rev]$ ( ,ari/otle's productions1 8 ,fir/ ,philosophy1 z ! ,s*ola/ics 7 wont to call x4 #ai ,john ,dewey d$uces metaphysics f man's orig9al rev]ie & !n %[s h[ 9 "t x became a solemn =m ( rationaliz+ curr5t habits & /&>ds4 ,recon/ruction 9 ,philosophy1 lectures i-ii4 ,x is c]ta9ly surpris+ h[ few philosophical writ]s h ev] rea*$ o!r ?an p]fectly commonplace conclusions 9 reg>d to practical morality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,v ,& ,god made ! two great lights2 ! great] light to rule ! day1 & ! less] light to rule ! night2 he made ! />s also4 ,& ,god set !m 9 ! firmam5t ( heav5 to give light ^u ! e>?4 ,& ,god said1 ,let ! e>? br+ =? ! liv+ creature aft] its k9d1 cattle & creep+ ?+1 & bea/ ( ! e>? aft] its k9d3 & x 0 s4 ,& ,god said1 ,let u make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess3 & let !m h dom9ion ov] ! fi% ( ! sea1 & ov] ! f[l ( ! air1 & ov] ! cattle1 & ov] all ! e>?1 & ov] e creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?4--,g54 i4 ,ibi vacabimus et videbimus1 videbimus et amabimus1 amabimus et laudabimus4 ,ecce quod erit 9 f9e s9e f9e4 ,nam quis alius no/] e/ f9is nisi p]v5ire ad regnum1 cuius nullus e/ f9is8--,,augu/9e4 #aj4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,civilization ,9 ! =mation ( :at we may call our hi/orical m9d--namely1 t modification ( our animal & primitive outlook :i* has be5 produc$ by m5 ( exceptional intellectual v5turesom5ess--! ,greeks play$ a great "p4 ,we h se5 h[ ! ,greek ?9k]s introduc$ = ! fir/ "t highly subtle & critical ways ( scrut9iz+ old beliefs1 &1 h[ !y disabus$ _! m9ds ( _m an anci5t & nave mi/ake4 ,b our curr5t ways ( ?9k+ are n d]iv$ directly f ! ,greeks2 we are sep>at$ f !m by ! ,roman ,empire & ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ,a!ns we ?9k ( ! ,p>!non & its frieze1 ( ,sophocles & ,euripides1 ( ,socrates & ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ( urbanity & cl>ity & mod]ation 9 all ?+s4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! ,middle ,ages we f9d ourselves 9 a _w ( monks1 m>tyrs1 & miracles1 ( popes & emp]ors1 ( knights & ladies2 we rememb] ,gregory ! ,great1 ,abl>d1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as --& v little d ^! rem9isc5ces h 9 common ) ^? ( ,hellas4 ,x 0 inde$ a diff]5t _w1 ) q diff]5t fundam5tal presuppositions4 ,m>vel\s z 7 ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,greeks 9 art & lit]ature1 & +5i\s z !y 7 9 new & v>i$ comb9ations ( ideas1 !y paid too little att5tion to ! common ?+s ( ! _w to devise ! necess>y means ( p5etrat+ its my/]ies4 ,!y fail$ to come ^u ! lynx-ey$ l5s1 or o!r in/rum5ts ( mod]n inve/igation1 & ?us nev] ga9$ a godlike vision ( ! remote & ! m9ute4 ,_! critical ?\ght 0 consequ5tly n gr\nd$ 9 exp]im5tal or appli$ sci5ce1 & )\t t ! we/]n _w 0 unable to advance or ev5 long ma9ta9 _! high /&>ds ( criticism4 ,aft] ! ,hell5es 7 absorb$ into ! va/ ,roman ,empire critical ?\ght & creative intellig5ce--r>e & prec>i\s ?+s at be/--began to decl9e1 at fir/ sl[ly & !n ) fatal rapidity & complet5ess4 ,moreov]1 new & highly uncritical beliefs & modes ( ?\ght became popul>4 ,!y came f ! ,ne> ,ea/ --,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 & ,asia ,m9or--& l>gely supplant$ ! critical traditions ( ! great s*ools ( ,greek philosophy4 ,! ,/oic & ,epicurean dogmas _h lo/ _! fre%ness4 ,! ,greek ?9k]s _h all agre$ 9 look+ = salvation ?r\gh intellig5ce & k4 ,b eloqu5t lead]s arose to reveal a new salvation1 & ov] ! portal ( tru? !y eras$ ! ^w ,reason & wrote ,fai? 9 its /ead2 & ! p li/5$ gladly to ! new prophets1 = x 0 necess>y only to believe to be sav$1 & believ+ is f> easi] ?an ?9k+4 ,x 0 religi\s & my/ical ?\ght :i*1 9 contra/ to ! secul> philosophy ( ! ,greeks & ! sci5tific ?\ght ( our own day1 dom9at$ ! intellectual life ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,be=e consid]+ ?is new phase ?r\gh :i* ! human m9d 0 to pass x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ a common misappreh5sion 9 ! use ( ! t]m ,middle ,ages4 ,our hi/orical textbooks usually include 9 t p]iod ! happ5+s betwe5 ! dissolution ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! voyages ( ,columbus or ! op5+ ( ! ,prote/ant revolt4 ,to ! /ud5t ( intellectual hi/ory ?is is un=tunate1 = ! simple reason t almo/ all ! ideas & ev5 in/itutions ( ! ,middle ,ages1 su* z ! *ur* & mona/icism & organiz$ religi\s intol]ance1 really orig9at$ 9 ! late ,roman ,empire4 ,moreov]1 ! intellectual revolution :i* has u%]$ 9 ! ?\ght ( our day did n get well "u way until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,s "o may say t m$ieval ?\ght began long be=e ! accept$ beg9n+ ( ! ,middle ,ages & p]si/$ a c5tury or s aft] !y are ord9>ily e/eem$ to h come to an end4 ,we h to cont9ue to employ ! old expression = conv5i5ce' sake1 b f ! /&po9t ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,european m9d ?ree p]iods %\ld be di/+ui%$1 ly+ betwe5 anci5t ,greek ?\ght z x 0 fl\ri%+ 9 ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1 ,rhodes1 ,rome1 & else:]e at ! op5+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! bir? ( mod]n sci5ce "s sixte5 hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! p]iod ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 culm9at+ 9 ! au?oritative writ+s ( ,augu/9e1 :o di$ 9 #dcj4 ,by ?is "t a great "p ( ! critical ,greek books _h disappe>$ 9 we/]n ,europe4 ,z = pagan writ]s1 "o has difficulty 9 ?9k+ ( a s+le "n 7except t ( ,lucian7 lat] ?an ,juv5al1 :o _h di$ ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e ,augu/9e4 ,worldly k 0 r$uc$ to pitiful comp5diums on :i* ! m$iaeval /ud5ts 7 lat] to place great reliance4 ,sci5tific1 lit]>y1 & hi/orical in=mation 0 sc>cely to be _h4 ,! we/]n _w1 s f> z x ?\ght at all1 devot$ its att5tion to religion & all mann] ( my/ical ideas1 old & new4 ,z ,h>nack has s well said1 ! _w 0 already intellectually bankrupt be=e ! ,g]man invasions & _! accompany+ disord]s plung$ x into /ill deep] ignorance & m5tal obscurity4 ,! second1 or ,d>k ,age1 la/$ ) only slight improvem5t f ,augu/9e to ,abl>d1 ab\t sev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,! prosp]\s villas disappe>$2 t[ns vani%$ or %rivel$ up2 libr>ies 7 burn$ or rott$ away f neglect2 s*ools 7 clos$1 to be reop5$ lat] "h & !re1 aft] ,*>lemagne's educational edict1 9 an especially ent]pris+ mona/]y or by "s exceptional bi%op :o did n sp5d 8 :ole "t 9 fight+4 ,f ab\t ! ye> #aajj conditions began to be m & m favorable to ! revival ( intellectual ambition1 a recov]y ( =gott5 k1 & a gradual accumulation ( new in=mation & inv5tions unkn[n to ! ,greeks1 or inde$ to any previ\s civilization4 ,! ma9 presuppositions ( ?is ?ird p]iod ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages g back1 h[ev]1 to ! ,roman ,empire4 ,!y _h be5 =mulat$ by ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,d>k ,age1 & 7 n[ elaborat$ by ! pr(essors 9 ! newly e/abli%$ univ]sities "u ! influ5ce ( ,ari/otle's recov]$ works & built up into a maje/ic intellectual /ructure kn[n z ,s*ola/icism4 ,on ^! m$iaeval univ]sity pr(essors--! s*oolm5--,"l ,bacon long ago pron\nc$ a judgm5t t may well /& to-day4 ,hav+ %>p & /rong wits1 & abundance ( leisure1 & small v>iety ( read+1 b _! wits be+ %ut up 9 ! cells ( a few au?ors 7*iefly ,ari/otle1 _! dictator71 z _! p]sons 7 %ut up 9 ! cells ( mona/]ies & colleges1 & kn[+ little hi/ory1 ei!r ( nature or "t !y1 did out ( no great quantity ( matt] & inf9ite agitation ( wit sp9 out unto u ^? labori\s webs ( le>n+ :i* are extant 9 _! books4 ,our civilization & ! human m9d1 critical & uncritical1 z we n[ f9d x 9 our we/]n _w1 is a direct & un9t]rupt$ outgr[? ( ! civilization & ?\ght ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages4 ,v gradually only did peculi>ly free & audaci\s individual ?9k]s escape f ?is or t m$iaeval belief1 until 9 our own day "s few h come to reject practically all ! presuppositions on :i* ! ,s*ola/ic sy/em 0 re>$4 ,b ! great mass ( ,*ri/ian believ]s1 :e!r ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant1 /ill pr(ess$ly or implicitly adh]e to ! assumptions ( ! ,middle ,ages1 at lea/ 9 all matt]s 9 :i* religi\s or moral sanctions are conc]n$4 ,x is true t outside ! ,ca?olic cl]gy ! t]m m$iaeval is (t5 us$ 9 a s5se ( disp>agem5t1 b t %\ld n bl9d u to ! fact t m$iaeval presumptions1 :e!r = bett] or worse1 are /ill common4 ,a few ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( ^! presuppositions especially g]mane to our !me may be po9t$ out "h4 #aa4 ,,our ,,m$iaeval ,,intellectual ,,inh]itance ,! ,greeks & ,romans _h v>i\s !ories ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 all vague & admitt$ly conjectural4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians1 rely+ ^u ! inspir$ acc\nt 9 ! ,bible1 built _! !ories on in=mation :i* !y believ$ v\*saf$ to !m by ,god himself4 ,_! :ole conception ( human hi/ory 0 bas$ ^u a f> m fundam5tal & ?or\gh sup]naturalism ?an we f9d among ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,! pagan philosoph]s reckon$ ) ! gods1 to be sure1 b !y nev] assum$ t man's e>?ly life %\ld turn entirely on :at 0 to happ5 aft] dea?4 ,?is 0 9 !ory ! sole preoccupation ( ! m$iaeval ,*ri/ian4 ,life "h bel[ 0 b a brief1 if decisive1 prelim9>y to ! real life to come4 ,! m$iaeval ,*ri/ian 0 ess5tially m poly!i/ic ?an 8 pagan pr$ecessors1 = he pictur$ hi]>*ies ( good & evil spirits :o 7 ev] aid+ him to rea* heav5 or s$uc+ him into ! pa?s ( s9 & error4 ,miracles 7 ( common occurr5ce & might be attribut$ ei!r to ,god or ! devil2 ! direct int]v5tion ( bo? good & evil spirits play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 ! explanation ( daily acts & motives4#bj ,z a di/+ui%$ *ur* hi/orian has said1 ! ,god ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 a ,god ( arbitr>9ess--! m arbitr>y ! m ,godlike4 ,by frequ5t int]f]5ces ) ! regul> c\rse ( ev5ts he made 8 exi/5ce cle>1 reassur$ 8 *ildr5 ( 8 cont9u$ solicitude1 & fru/rat$ ! plots ( ! ,evil ,"o4 ,n until ! eighte5? c5tury did any consid]able numb] ( ?9k]s revolt aga9/ ?is conception ( ! ,deity & come to wor%ip a ,god ( ord]l9ess :o abode by 8 own laws4 ,! m$iaeval ?9k]s all accept$ )\t "q :at ,santayana has /rik+ly describ$ z ! ,*ri/ian ,epic4 ,?is includ$ ! g5]al hi/orical conceptions ( h[ man came ab\t1 & h[1 9 view ( 8 orig9 & 8 pa/1 he %\ld conduct 8 life4 ,! univ]se _h come into be+ 9 less ?an a week1 & man _h orig9ally be5 creat$ 9 a /ate ( p]fection along ) all o!r ?+s--sun1 moon1 & />s1 plants & animals4 ,aft] a "t ! fir/ human pair _h yield$ to temptation1 transgress$ ,god's comm&s1 & be5 driv5 f ! lovely g>d5 9 :i* he _h plac$ !m4 ,s s9 came into ! _w1 & ! (fspr+ ( ! guilty pair 7 !reby contam9at$ & defil$ f ! womb4 ,9 "t ! wick$ness became su* on ! newly creat$ e>? t ,god resolv$ to blot out mank9d1 except+ only ,noah's family1 :i* 0 sp>$ to repeople ! e>? aft] ! ,flood1 b ! unity ( language t man _h =m]ly possess$ 0 lo/4 ,at ! appo9t$ "t1 prec$$ by _m prophetic visions among ! *os5 p1 ,god s5t 8 ,son to live ! life ( m5 on e>? & become _! ,savi\r by submitt+ to dea?4 ,!reaft]1 ) ! spread ( ! gospel1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ! k+dom ( ,god & t ( ! devil became ! supreme conflict ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 to culm9ate 9 ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 :5 ! f9al sep>ation ( good & evil %\ld take place & ! bless$ %\ld asc5d into ! heav5s to dwell ) ,god =ev]1 :ile ! wick$ sank to hell to wri! 9 endless torm5t4 ,?is g5]al acc\nt ( man1 8 orig9 & fate1 embrac$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,epic1 0 notable = its precision1 its div9e au!nticity1 & ! ob/acles :i* its au?ority consequ5tly pres5t$ to any revision 9 ! light ( increas+ k4 ,! fundam5tal tru?s 9 reg>d to man 7 assum$ to be e/abli%$ once & = all4 ,! ,greek ?9k]s _h _h little 9 ! way ( au?ority on :i* to build1 & no inconsid]able numb] ( !m frankly confess$ t !y did n believe t su* a ?+ c\ld exi/ = ! ?or\ghly sophi/icat$ intellig5ce4 ,b m$iaeval philosophy & sci5ce 7 gr\nd$ :olly 9 au?ority4 ,! m$iaeval s*oolm5 turn$ aside f ! h>d pa? ( skepticism1 long se>*+s & inve/igation ( actual ph5om5a1 & confid5tly believ$ t !y c\ld f9d tru? by ! easy way ( revelation & ! elaboration ( unque/ion$ dogmas4 ,?is reliance on au?ority is a fundam5tal primitive trait4 ,we h inh]it$ x n only f our m$iaeval =efa!rs1 b1 l !m & ?r\gh !m1 f long g5]ations ( prehi/oric m54 ,we all h a natural t5d5cy to rely ^u e/abli%$ beliefs & fix$ in/itutions4 ,?is is an expression ( our spontane\s confid5ce 9 ev]y?+ t comes to u 9 an unque/ion$ =m4 ,z *ildr5 we are subject to au?ority & _c escape ! control ( exi/+ op9ion4 ,we unconsci\sly absorb our ideas & views f ! gr\p 9 :i* we happ5 to live4 ,:at we see ab\t u1 :at we are told1 & :at we read has to be receiv$ at its face value s long z !re are no conflicts to ar\se skepticism4 ,we are trem5d\sly sugge/ible4 ,our me*anism is mu* bett] adapt$ to cr$ulity ?an to que/ion+4 ,all ( u believe ne>ly all ! "t4 ,few d\bt1 & only n[ & !n4 ,! pa/ ex]cises an almo/ irresi/ible fasc9ation ov] u4 ,z *ildr5 we le>n to look up to ! old1 & :5 we gr[ up we d n p]mit our poignant realization ( eld]ly incapacity among our contempor>ies to r\se suspicions ( ,moses1 ,isaiah1 ,confucius1 or ,ari/otle4 ,_! say+s come to u unque/ion$2 _! remot5ess makes inquiry into _! compet5ce impossible4 ,we readily assume t !y _h s\rces ( in=mation & wisdom sup]ior to ! prophets ( our own day4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages rev]5ce = au?ority1 & = t p>ticul> =m ( au?ority :i* we may call ! tyranny ( ! pa/1 0 dom9ant1 b probably n m s ?an x _h be5 9 o!r societies & ages--9 anci5t ,egypt1 9 ,*9a & ,india4 ,( ! great s\rces ( m$iaeval au?ority1 ! ,bible & ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 ! ,roman & ,*ur* law1 & ! encyclopa$ic writ+s ( ,ari/otle1 none cont9ues n[adays to hold u 9 its old grip4 ,ev5 ! ,bible1 al?\gh nom9ally unque/ion$ among ,roman ,ca?olics & all ! m or?odox ,prote/ant sects1 is r>ely appeal$ to1 z ( old1 9 p>liam5t>y debate or 9 discussions ( social & economic que/ions4 ,x is /ill a religi\s au?ority1 b x no long] =ms ! basis ( secul> decisions4 ,! f9d+s ( mod]n sci5ce h %ak5 ! hold ( ! s\rces ( m$iaeval au?ority1 b !y h done little z yet to loos5 our invet]ate habit ( rely+ on ! m insidi\s au?ority ( curr5t practice & belief4 ,we /ill assume t receiv$ dogmas repres5t ! secure conclusions ( mank9d1 & t curr5t in/itutions repres5t ! approv$ results ( mu* exp]im5t 9 ! pa/1 :i* x w\ld be worse ?an futile to repeat4 ,"o solemn remembranc] w cite z a w>n+ ! discr$itable exp]i5ce ( ! ,greek cities 9 democracy2 ano!r1 h[ ! decl9e ( morality & ! dis9tegration ( ! family h]ald$ ! fall ( ,rome2 ano!r1 ! con/ant m5ace ( mob rule z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,b to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory ^! alleg$ illu/rations h little be>+ on pres5t conditions4 ,he is /ruck1 moreov]1 ) ! ease ) :i* anci5t misappreh5sions are transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation & ) ! difficulty ( laun*+ a new] & cle>] & tru] idea ( any?+4 ,bacon w>ns u t ! multitude1 or ! wise/ = ! multitude's sake1 is 9 reality ready to give passage r to t :i* is popul> & sup]ficial ?an to t :i* is sub/antial & pr(\nd2 = ! tru? is t "t seeme? to be ( ! nature ( a riv] or /ream1 :i* c>rie? d[n to u t :i* is light & bl[n up1 & s9ke? & dr[ne? t :i* is weighty & solid4 ,x is v pa9ful to mo/ m9ds to admit t ! pa/ does n furni% u ) reliable1 p]man5t /&>ds ( conduct & ( public policy4 ,we res5t ! imputation t ?+s are n go+1 on ! :ole1 pretty well1 & f9d excuses = turn+ our backs on disconc]t+ & puzzl+ facts4 ,we are full ( respectable fe>s & a g5]al timidity 9 ! face ( conditions :i* we vaguely feel are escap+ control 9 spite ( our be/ ef=ts to prev5t any ?or\ghgo+ readju/m5t4 ,we in/9ctively try to %[ t ,mr4 ,keynes mu/ surely be wrong ab\t ! ,treaty ( ,v]sailles2 t ,mr4 ,gibbs mu/ be p]v]sely exagg]at+ ! horrors ( mod]n w>2 t ,mr4 ,hobson c]ta9ly views ! indu/rial crisis ) unju/ifiable pessimism2 t bus9ess z usual _c be t socially p]v]se & incr$ibly inexp$i5t ?+ ,mr4 ,vebl5 %[s x to be2 t ,mr4 ,rob9's picture ( ,l59 c only be expla9$ by a disguis$ sympa?y = ,bol%evism4 ,yet1 ev5 if we c\ld assume t traditional op9ion is a fairly cle> & reliable reflection ( h>d-e>n$ exp]i5ce1 surely x %\ld h less weight 9 our day & g5]ation ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,= *anges h ov]tak5 mank9d :i* h fundam5tally alt]$ ! conditions 9 :i* we live1 & :i* are revolutioniz+ ! relations betwe5 individuals & classes & nations4 ,moreov]1 we mu/ rememb] t k has wid5$ & deep5$1 s t1 c\ld any ( u really cat* up ) ! in=mation ( our own "t1 he w\ld h little temptation to indulge ! m$iaeval habit ( appeal+ to ! au?ority ( ! pa/4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,epic did n h to rely = its p]petuation ei!r on its intellectual plausibility or its traditional au?ority4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !re develop$ a va/ & p[]ful religi\s ,/ate1 ! m$iaeval ,*ur*1 ! real successor1 z ,hobbes po9t$ out1 to ! ,roman ,empire2 & ! ,*ur* ) all its res\rces1 includ+ its control ov] ! secul> arm ( k+s & pr9ces1 0 ready to def5d ! ,*ri/ian beliefs aga9/ "q & revision4 ,to d\bt ! tea*+s ( ! ,*ur* 0 ! supreme crime2 x 0 treason aga9/ ,god himself1 9 comp>ison ) :i*--to judge f m$iaeval exp]ts on h]esy--murd] 0 a m9or (f5se4 ,we d n1 h[ev]1 inh]it our pres5t disposition to intol]ance solely f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,z animals & *ildr5 & savages1 we are naively & unque/ion+ly intol]ant4 ,all div]g5ce f ! cu/om>y is suspici\s & repugnant4 ,x seems p]v]se1 & readily sugge/s evil int5tions4 ,inde$1 s natural & spontane\s is intol]ance t ! "q ( fre$om ( spee* & writ+ sc>cely became a real issue be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,we h se5 t "s ( ! ,greek ?9k]s 7 bani%$1 or ev5 execut$1 = _! new ideas4 ,! ,roman (ficials1 z well z ! populace1 pe/]$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 n s mu* = ! sub/ance ( _! views z because !y 7 puritanical1 refus$ ! r\t9e rev]5ce to ! gods1 & prophesi$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,/ate4 ,b ) ! firm e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity edicts began to be issu$ by ! ,roman emp]ors mak+ or?odox ,*ri/ian belief ! te/ ( good citiz5%ip4 ,"o :o disagre$ ) ! emp]or & 8 religi\s advis]s 9 reg>d to ! relation ( ! ?ree memb]s ( ! ,tr9ity 0 subject to prosecution4 ,h]etical books 7 burn$1 ! h\ses ( h]etics de/roy$4 ,s1 organiz$ m$iaeval religi\s intol]ance 01 l s _m o!r ?+s1 a h]itage ( ! lat] ,roman ,empire1 & 0 duly sanction$ 9 bo? ! ,!odosian & ,ju/9ian ,codes4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 ) ! ,inquisition1 beg9n+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 t ! intol]ance ( ! ,middle ,ages rea*$ its mo/ p]fect organization4 ,h]esy 0 look$ ^u z a contagi\s disease t mu/ be *eck$ at all co/s4 ,x did n matt] t ! h]etic usually l$ a conspicu\sly blameless life1 t he 0 ardu\s1 did n swe>1 0 emaciat$ ) fa/+ & refus$ to p>ticipate 9 ! va9 recreations ( 8 fell[s4 ,he 01 inde$1 ov]s]i\s & took 8 religion too h>d4 ,?is (f5sive p>ad+ z an angel ( light 0 expla9$ z ! devil's cam\flage4 ,no "o tri$ to f9d out :at ! h]etic really ?\ght or :at 7 ! m]its ( 8 div]g5t beliefs4 ,because he insi/$ on express+ 8 conception ( ,god 9 slightly unfamili> t]ms1 ! h]etic 0 (t5 br&$ z an a!i/1 j z to-day ! ,sociali/ is s (t5 accus$ ( be+ oppos$ to all gov]nm5t1 :5 ! real objection to him is t he believes 9 too mu* gov]nm5t4 ,x 0 suffici5t to classify a suspect$ h]etic z an ,albig5sian1 or ,wald5sian1 or a memb] ( "s o!r h]etical sect4 ,!re 0 no use 9 8 try+ to expla9 or ju/ify2 x 0 en\gh t he div]g$4 ,!re h be5 v>i\s explanations ( m$iaeval religi\s intol]ance4 ,lecky1 = example1 ?\ght t x 0 due to ! !ory ( exclusive salvation2 t1 s9ce !re 0 only "o way ( gett+ to heav51 all %\ld obvi\sly be compell$ to adopt x1 = ! sav+ ( _! s\ls f et]nal torm5t4 ,b "o f9ds little solicitude = ! damn$ 9 m$iaeval writ+s4 ,! public at l>ge ?\ght hell none too bad = "o :o revolt$ aga9/ ,god & ,holy ,*ur*4 ,no1 ! h]etics 7 p]secut$ because h]esy 01 accord+ to ! notions ( ! "t1 a mon/r\s & unutt]ably wick$ ?+1 & because _! beliefs ?reat5$ ! ve/$ int]e/s ( t day4 ,we n[ realize m cle>ly ?an did ,lecky t ! ,*ur* 0 really a ,/ate 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ) its own laws & c\rts & prisons & regul> taxation to :i* all 7 subject4 ,x _h all ! int]e/s & all ! t\*9ess ( a ,/ate1 & m4 ,! h]etic 0 a traitor & a rebel4 ,he ?\ght t he c\ld get along )\t ! pope & bi%ops1 & t he c\ld well sp>e ! m9i/rations ( ! or?odox prie/s & escape _! exactions4 ,he 0 ! an>*i/1 ! ,r$ ( 8 "t1 :o 0 und]m9+ e/abli%$ au?ority1 &1 ) ! approval ( all "r-m9d$ citiz5s1 he 0 treat$ accord+ly4 ,= ! m$iaeval citiz5 no m conceiv$ ( a ,/ate 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 n ! dom9at+ au?ority ?an we c conceive ( a society 9 :i* ! pres5t political ,/ate may h be5 sup]s$$ by "s o!r =m ( organization4 ,yet ! inconceivable has come to pass4 ,secul> au?ority has sup]s$$ 9 ne>ly all matt]s ! old ecclesia/ical regime4 ,:at 0 ! supreme issue ( ! ,middle ,ages--! di/9ction betwe5 ! religi\s h]etic & ! or?odox--is ! lea/ ( public que/ions n[4 ,:at1 !n1 we may ask1 has be5 ! outcome ( ! old religi\s p]secutions1 ( ! trials1 tortures1 imprison+s1 burn+s1 & massacres1 culm9at+ ) ! ,revocation ( ! ,edict ( ,nantes8 ,:at did ! ,inquisition & ! c5sor%ip1 bo? s long unque/ion$1 accompli%8 ,did !y succe$ 9 def5d+ ! tru? or safegu>d+ society8 ,at any rate1 con=mity 0 n e/abli%$4 ,nor did ! ,holy ,roman ,*ur* ma9ta9 its monopoly1 al?\gh x has surviv$1 purifi$ & fre$ f _m an anci5t abuse4 ,9 mo/ c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe & 9 our own l& "o may n[ believe z he wi%es1 tea* su* religi\s views z appeal to him1 & jo9 ) o!rs :o %>e 8 sympa?ies4 ,a!ism is /ill a %ock+ *>ge 9 _m e>s1 b ! a!i/ is no long] an outlaw4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$1 9 %ort1 t religi\s dogma c be neglect$ 9 matt]s ( public conc]n & r$uc$ to a "q ( private ta/e & pref]5ce4 ,?is is an incr$ible revolution4 ,b we h _m reasons = suspect+ t 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an t :i* has elaps$ s9ce ! ,inquisition 0 f\nd$1 ! pres5t attempt to elim9ate by =ce ^? :o contemplate a fundam5tal reord]+ ( social & economic relations w seem q z inexp$i5t & hopeless z ! ,inquisition's ef=t to def5d ! monopoly ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur*4 ,we c le>n mu* f ! pa/ 9 reg>d to wrong ways ( deal+ ) new ideas4 ,z yet we h only old-fa%ion$ & highly exp5sive modes ( meet+ ! inevitable *anges :i* are b\nd to take place4 ,repression has n[ & !n enjoy$ "s tempor>y success1 x is true1 b 9 ! ma9 x has fail$ lam5tably & produc$ only suff]+ & confusion4 ,mu* w dep5d on :e!r our purpose is to keep ?+s z !y are or to br+ ab\t readju/m5ts design$ to correct abuses & inju/ice 9 ! pres5t ord]4 ,d we believe1 9 o!r words1 t tru? is f9ally e/abli%$ & t we h only to def5d x1 or t x is /ill 9 ! mak+8 ,d we believe 9 :at is commonly call$ progress1 or d we ?9k ( t z belong+ only to ! pa/8 ,h we1 on ! :ole1 arriv$1 or are we only on ! way1 or mayhap j />t+8 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ev5 9 ! times ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 !re 0 little or no conception ( progress z ! ^w is n[ us$4 ,!re c\ld d\btless be improvem5t 9 detail4 ,m5 c\ld be wis] & bett] or m ignorant & p]v]se4 ,b ! assumption 0 t 9 g5]al ! social1 economic1 & religi\s ord] 0 fairly /&>diz$4 ,?is 0 especially true 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,dur+ ^! c5turies m5's s+le objective 0 ! assurance ( heav5 & escape f hell4 ,life 0 an angry riv] into :i* m5 7 ca/4 ,demons 7 on e h& to drag !m d[n4 ,! only aim c\ld be1 ) ,god's help1 to rea* ! cele/ial %ore4 ,!re 0 no "t to consid] :e!r ! riv] might be made less dang]\s by conc]t$ ef=t1 ?r\gh ! deflection ( its torr5ts & ! removal ( its %>pe/ rocks4 ,no "o ?\ght t human ef=ts %\ld be direct$ to mak+ ! lot ( humanity progressively bett] by intellig5t re=ms 9 ! light ( advanc+ k4 ,! _w 0 a place to escape f on ! be/ t]ms possible4 ,9 our own day ?is m$iaeval idea ( a /atic society yields only grudg+ly1 & ! notion ( inevitable vital *ange is z yet f> f assimilat$4 ,we confess x ) our lips1 b resi/ x 9 our he>ts4 ,we h le>n$ z yet to respect only "o class ( fundam5tal innovators1 ^? d$icat$ to natural sci5ce & its applications4 ,! social innovator is /ill g5]ally suspect4 ,to ! m$iaeval !ologian1 man 0 by nature vile4 ,we h se5 t1 accord+ to ! ,*ri/ian ,epic1 he 0 assoil$ f bir? ) ! primeval s9 ( 8 fir/ p>5ts1 & began to d>k5 8 score ) fre% (f5ses ( 8 own z soon z he became intellig5t en\gh to d s4 ,an elaborate me*anism 0 suppli$ by ! ,*ur* = wa%+ away ! orig9al pollution & secur+ =giv5ess = lat] s9s4 ,inde$1 ?is 0 o/5sibly its ma9 bus9ess4 ,we may /ill well ask1 ,is man by nature bad8 ,& accord+ly z we answ] ! "q we ei!r frame appropriate means = fru/rat+ 8 evil t5d5cies or1 if we see "s promise 9 him1 "w = 8 fre$om & bid him take advantage ( x to make himself & o!rs happy4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,*>ron1 a fri5d ( ,montaigne1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to say a good ^w = man's animal nature1 & a hundr$ ye>s lat] ! amiable ,%aftesbury po9t$ out "s hone/ly g5tlemanly traits 9 ! species4 ,to ! mod]n /ud5t ( biology & an?ropology man is nei!r good nor bad4 ,!re is no long] any my/]y ( evil4 ,b ! m$iaeval notion ( s9--a t]m heavy ) my/icism & des]v+ ( c>eful scrut9y by e ?\ghtful p]son--/ill confuses u4 ,( man's impulses1 ! "o :i* play$ ! greate/ "p 9 m$iaeval ?\ghts ( s9 & 9 ! mona/ic ord]+ ( life 0 ! sexual4 ,! presuppositions ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! matt] ( ! relations ( m5 & wom5 h be5 c>ri$ ov] to our own day4 ,z comp>$ ) _m ( ! ideas :i* we h inh]it$ f ! pa/1 !y are ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,! ,greeks & ,romans 71 on ! :ole1 primitive & uncritical 9 _! view ( sex4 ,! philosoph]s d n seem to h speculat$ on sex1 al?\gh !re 0 evid5tly "s talk 9 ,a!ns ( wom5's rights4 ,! movem5t is satiriz$ by ,ari/ophanes1 & lat] ,plato %[$ a will+ness 9 ,! ,republic to impea* ! curr5t notions ( ! family & wom5's position 9 g5]al4 ,b !re are few traces ( our ideas ( sexual purity 9 ! classical writ]s4 ,to ! ,/oic philosoph]1 & to o!r ?\ghtful eld]ly p1 sexual indulg5ce 0 deem$ a l[ ord] ( pleasure & "o be/ c>efully controll$ 9 ! int]e/s ( peace ( m9d4 ,b ) ! incom+ ( ,*ri/ianity an ess5tially new attitude develop$1 :i* is /ill1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 t ( mo/ p to-day4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o _h l$ a free life z a tea*] ( rhetoric 9 ,c>?age & ,rome1 came 9 8 lat] ye>s to believe1 z he /ruggl$ to ov]come 8 y\?ful temptations1 t sexual desire 0 ! mo/ devili% ( man's enemies & ! *ief sign ( 8 degradation4 ,he c\ld imag9e no su* unruly urg5ce 9 man's p]fect e/ate1 :5 ,adam & ,eve /ill dwelt 9 ,p>adise4 ,b ) man's fall sexual desire appe>$ z ! sign & seal ( human debasem5t4 ,?is !ory is poignantly set =? 9 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god4 ,he furni%$ !re9 a philosophy = ! monks1 & d\btless 8 f\rte5? book 0 well ?umb$ by ^? :o 7 wont to pond] some:at wi/fully on "o ( ! s9s !y _h fl$ ! _w to escape4 ,*ri/ian mona/icism 0 spread+ 9 we/]n ,europe 9 ,augu/9e's "t1 & ! monki/ v[s includ$ *a/ity4 ,!re foll[$ a long /ruggle to =ce ! :ole prie/hood to adopt a celibate life1 & ?is f9ally succe$$ s f> z repeat$ decrees ( ! ,*ur* c\ld effect x4 ,m>riage 0 prop] = ! laity1 b bo? ! mona/ic & secul> cl]gy aspir$ to a sup]ior hol9ess :i* %\ld bani% all ?\ghts ( f]v5t e>?ly love4 ,?us a highly unnatural life 0 accept$ by m5 & wom5 ( ! mo/ v>i$ temp]am5t & (t5 ) slight success4 ,! result ( ,augu/9e's !ories & ( ! ef=ts to fru/rate "o ( man's mo/ vehem5t impulses 0 to give sex a consci\s importance x _h nev] possess$ be=e4 ,! devil 0 ?ru/ out ( ! door only to come 9 at all ! w9d[s4 ,9 due "t ! ,prote/ant sects aboli%$ mona/]ies1 & ! ,ca?olic c\ntries lat] foll[$ _! example4 ,! ,prote/ant cl]gy 7 p]mitt$ to m>ry1 & ! old asceticism has visibly decl9$4 ,b x has done mu* to det]m9e our :ole attitude t[>d sex1 & !re is no class ( que/ions /ill s difficult to discuss ) full hone/y or to deal ) critically & ) an op5 m9d z ^? relat+ to ! intimate relations ( m5 & wom54 ,no "o famili> ) m$iaeval lit]ature w1 h[ev]1 be incl9$ to accuse its au?ors ( prudi%ness4 ,nev]!less1 mod]n prudi%ness1 z x prevails especially 9 ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--our squeami% & %amefac$ reluctance to recognize & deal frankly ) ! facts & problems ( sex--is cle>ly an outgr[? ( ! m$iaeval attitude :i* look$ on sexual impulse z ( evil orig9 & a sign ( man's degradation4 ,mod]n psy*ologi/s h %[n t prudi%ness is n always an indication ( exceptional purity1 b r ! rev]se4 ,x is (t5 a disguise ?r[n ov] repress$ sexual int]e/ & sexual preoccupations4 ,x appe>s to be decreas+ among ! bett] educat$ ( ! y\ng] g5]ation4 ,! /udy ( biology1 & especially ( embryology1 is an easy & simple way ( dis9tegrat+ ! impurity complex4 ,purity 9 ! s5se ( ignorance & suppress$ curiosity is a highly dang]\s /ate ( m9d4 ,& su* purity 9 alliance ) prud]y & def5sive hypocrisy makes any hone/ discussion or ess5tial readju/m5t ( our in/itutions & habits extremely difficult4 ,"o ( ! greate/ contra/s betwe5 m$iaeval ?9k+ & ! m critical ?\ght ( to-day lies 9 ! g5]al conception ( man's relation to ! cosmos4 ,to ! m$ieval philosoph]1 z to ! /upide/ s]f ( ! "t1 ! _w 0 made = man4 ,all ! heav5ly bodies revolv$ ab\t man's abode z _! c5t]4 ,all creatures 7 made to assi/ or to try man4 ,god & ! devil 7 preoccupi$ ) 8 fate1 = _h n ,god made him 9 8 own image = 8 glory1 & 0 n ! devil int5t on populat+ 8 own inf]nal k+dom8 ,x 0 easy = ^? :o _h a poetic turn ( m9d to ?9k ( nature's work+s z symbols = man's edification4 ,! habits ( ! lion or ! eagle yield$ moral lessons or illu/rat$ ! div9e s*eme ( salvation4 ,ev5 ! writt5 ^w 0 to be valu$1 n = :at x seem$ to say1 b = hidd5 allegories depict+ man's /ruggles aga9/ evil & *e]+ him on 8 way4 ,?is is a p]5nially appeal+ conception ( ?+s4 ,x corresponds to primitive & invet]ate t5d5cies 9 humanity & gratifies1 "u ! guise ( humility1 our hung]+ = self-importance4 ,! m$iaeval ?9k]1 h[ev] freely he might ex]cise 8 p[]s ( logical analysis 9 rationaliz+ ! ,*ri/ian ,epic1 nev] p]mitt$ himself to "q its g5]al an?ropoc5tric & my/ical view ( ! _w4 ,! philosophic my/ic assumes ! role ( a docile *ild4 ,he feels t all vital tru? transc5ds 8 p[]s ( discov]y4 ,he looks to ! ,inf9ite & ,et]nal ,m9d to reveal x to him ?r\gh ! prophets ( old1 or 9 mom5ts ( ec/atic communion ) ! ,div9e ,intellig5ce4 ,to ! my/ic all t conc]ns our deep] ne$s transc5ds logic & defies analysis4 ,9 8 e/imate ! human reason is a feeble ru%light :i* c at be/ ca/ a flick]+ & unc]ta9 ray on ! gross] conc]ns ( life1 b :i* only s]ves to int5sify ! d>kness :i* surr\nds ! hidd5 tru? ( ,god4 ,9 ord] t mod]n sci5ce might develop x is cle> t a :olly new & oppos$ set ( fundam5tal convictions _h to be sub/itut$ = ^? ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,man _h to cultivate ano!r k9d ( self-importance & a new & m pr(\nd humility4 ,he _h come to believe 9 8 capacity to discov] important tru? ?r\gh ?\ghtful exam9ation ( ?+s ab\t him1 & he _h to recognize1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! _w did n seem to be made = him1 b t humanity 0 app>5tly a curi\s incid5t 9 ! univ]se1 & its c>e] a rec5t episode 9 cosmic hi/ory4 ,he _h to acquire a ta/e = ! simple/ possible & mo/ ?or\ghgo+ explanation ( ?+s4 ,8 :ole mood _h to *ange & impel him to r$uce ev]y?+ s f> z possible to ! commonplace4 ,?is new view 0 inevitably fi]cely attack$ by ! my/ically dispos$4 ,!y misund]/ood x & b]at$ its adh]5ts & accus$ !m ( robb+ man ( all t 0 mo/ preci\s 9 life4 ,^!1 9 turn1 7 goad$ into bitt]ness & d5\nc$ _! oppon5ts z pig-head$ obscuranti/s4 ,b we mu/1 aft] all1 come to t]ms 9 "s way ) ! emotions und]ly+ my/icism4 ,!y are v de> to u1 & sci5tific k w nev] =m an adequate sub/itute = !m4 ,no "o ne$ fe> t ! supply ( my/]y w ev] give out2 b a great deal dep5ds on our ta/e 9 my/]y2 t c]ta9ly ne$s ref9+4 ,:at di/urbs ! s-call$ rationali/ 9 ! my/ic's attitude is 8 prop5sity to see my/]ies :]e !re are none & to fail to see ^? t we _c possibly escape4 ,9 decl>+ t "o is n a my/ic1 "o makes no claim to be able to expla9 ev]y?+1 nor does he ma9ta9 t all ?+s are explicable 9 sci5tific t]ms4 ,inde$1 no ?\ghtful p]son w be likely to boa/ t he c fully expla9 any?+4 ,we h only to scrape ! surface ( our exp]i5ces to f9d fundam5tal my/]y4 ,& h[1 inde$1 z desc5dants ( an ext9ct race ( primates1 ) a m9d /ill 9 ! e>ly /ages ( accumulation1 %\ld we be 9 ! way ( rea*+ ultimate tru? at any po9t8 ,"o may prop]ly urge1 h[ev]1 t z %>p a di/9ction z possible be made betwe5 fictiti\s my/]ies & ! unavoidable ones :i* surr\nd u on e side4 ,h[ milk turn$ s\r us$ to be a real my/]y1 n[ p>tially solv$ s9ce ! discov]y ( bact]ia2 h[ ! wit* flew up ! *imney 0 a gratuit\s my/]y ) :i* we ne$ no long] tr\ble ourselves4 ,a live wire w\ld once h sugge/$ magic2 n[ x is at lea/ p>tially expla9$ by ! doctr9e ( electrons4 ,x is ! av[$ purpose ( sci5tific ?\ght to r$uce ! numb] ( my/]ies1 & its success has be5 m>vel\s1 b x has by no means done its p]fect "w z yet4 ,we h c>ri$ ov] f> too mu* ( m$iaeval my/icism 9 our views ( man & 8 duty t[>d himself & o!rs4 ,we mu/ n[ recall ! me?od adopt$ by /ud5ts ( ! natural sci5ces 9 break+ away f ! /&>ds & limitations ( ! m$iaeval philosoph]s & e/abli%+ new /&>ds ( _! own4 ,!y ?us prep>$ ! way = a revolution 9 human affairs 9 ! mid/ ( :i* we n[ f9d ourselves4 ,z yet _! type ( ?9k+ has n be5 appli$ on any consid]able scale to ! solution ( social problems4 ,by le>n+ to und]/& & appreciate ! sci5tific frame ( m9d z a hi/orical victory won aga9/ extraord9>y odds1 we may be enc\rag$ to cultivate & popul>ize a simil> attitude t[>d ! /udy ( man himself4 ,,notes4 #bj ,/4 ,e!lr$1 return+ f a pi\s visit to ,citeaux 9 ! days ( ,h5ry ,,ii1 enc\nt]$ a great /orm :5 he rea*$ ! ,*annel4 ,he ask$ himself :at he _h done to be ?us delay$1 & sudd5ly ?\ght t he _h fail$ to fulfill a promise to write a poem on ,/4 ,cu?b]t4 ,:5 he _h complet$ ?is1 wond]ful to say1 ! sea ceas$ to rage & became tranquil4--,surtees ,society ,publications1 i1 p4 #agg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vi ,n>rabo igitur primo op]a artis et naturae mir&a4444 ut videatur quod omnis magica pote/as sit inf]ior 8 op]ibus et indigna4 --,,rog] ,,bacon4 ,i d n endeavor ei!r by triumphs ( confutation1 or plead+s ( antiquity1 or assumption ( au?ority1 or ev51 by ! veil ( obscurity1 to inve/ ^! inv5tions ( m9e ) any maje/y4444 ,i h n s\ght nor d ,i seek ei!r to =ce or ensn>e m5's judgm5ts1 b ,i lead !m to ?+s !mselves & ! concordances ( ?+s1 t !y may see = !mselves :at !y h1 :at !y c dispute1 :at !y c add & contribute to ! common /ock4--,,francis ,,bacon 7,preface to ! ,great ,in/auration74 #ab4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,revolution ,at ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a man ( lett]s1 ( suffici5t g5ius to be suspect$ by "s ( hav+ writt5 ! plays ( ,%akespe>e1 direct$ 8 di/+ui%$ lit]>y ability to ! promotion & exaltation ( natural sci5ce4 ,"l ,bacon 0 ! *ief h]ald ( t habit ( sci5tific & critical ?\ght :i* has play$ s novel & all-important a "p 9 ! mak+ ( ! mod]n m9d4 ,:5 b tw5ty-two ye>s old he 0 already sket*+ out a "w :i* he plann$ to call ,temporis ,p>tus ,maximus 7,! ,greate/ ,?+ ,ev]74 ,he felt t he _h discov]$ :y ! human m9d1 enme%$ 9 m$iaeval metaphysics & indiff]5t to natural ph5om5a1 _h hi!rto be5 a /unt$ & ineffective ?+1 & h[ x might be s nurtur$ & guid$ z to ga9 undream$ ( /r5g? & vigor4 ,& nev] has !re be5 a man bett] equipp$ ) lit]>y gifts to prea* a new gospel ?an ,francis ,bacon4 ,he sp5t ye>s 9 devis+ eloqu5t & +5i\s ways ( deliv]+ le>n+ f ! discr$its & disgraces ( ! pa/1 & 9 exhort+ man to explore ! realms ( nature = 8 delight & pr(it4 ,he nev] we>i$ ( trumpet+ =? ! glories ( ! new k :i* w\ld come ) ! /udy ( common ?+s & ! pr(itable uses to :i* x might be put 9 reliev+ man's e/ate4 ,he impea*$ ! m$iaeval s*oolm5 = sp9n+ out endless cobwebs ( le>n+1 rem>kable = _! f95ess1 b ( no sub/ance or _s4 ,he urg$ ! le>n$ to come out ( _! cells1 /udy ! creations ( ,god1 & build ^u :at !y discov]$ a new & true philosophy4 ,ev5 9 8 own day /ud5ts ( natural ph5om5a _h begun to c>ry out ,bacon's g5]al program ) /rik+ effects4 ,:ile he 0 urg+ m5 to cease tumbl+ up & d[n 9 _! own reason & conceits & to spell out1 & s by degrees to le>n to read1 ! volume ( ,god's works1 ,galileo _h already begun ! read+ & _h f\nd out t ! ,ari/otelian physics ran c\nt] to ! facts2 t a body once 9 motion w cont9ue to move =ev] 9 a /raight l9e unless x be /opp$ or deflect$4 ,/udy+ ! sky ?r\gh 8 newly inv5t$ telescope1 he beheld ! sun spots & not$ ! sun's revolution on its axis1 ! phases ( ,v5us1 & ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,^! discov]ies seem$ to confirm ! ideas advanc$ long be=e by ,cop]nicus--! e>? 0 n ! c5t] ( ! univ]se & ! heav5s 7 n p]fect & un*ang+4 ,he d>$ to discuss ^! matt]s 9 ! language ( ! p & 01 z ev]yone kn[s1 condemn$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,?is preoccupation ) natural ph5om5a & ?is refusal to accept ! old1 e/abli%$ !ories until !y _h be5 v]ifi$ by an inve/igation ( common fact 0 a v novel ?+4 ,x introduc$ a fre% & mom5t\s elem5t into our intellectual h]itage4 ,we h recall$ ! my/icism1 sup]naturalism1 & intol]ance ( ! ,middle ,ages1 _! reliance on old books1 & _! indiff]5ce to ev]yday fact except z a sort ( allegory = ! edification ( ! ,*ri/ian pilgrim4 ,9 ! m$iaeval univ]sities ! pr(essors1 or s*oolm51 devot$ !mselves to ! elaborate =mulation ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e & ! int]pretation ( ,ari/otle's works4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( reviv$ ,greek metaphysics1 adapt$ to prevail+ religi\s presuppositions4 ,into ?is fett]$ _w ,bacon1 ,galileo1 ,desc>tes1 & o!rs br\ght a new aspiration to promote inve/igation & hone/1 critical ?9k+ ab\t ev]yday ?+s4 ,^! f\nd]s ( mod]n natural sci5ce realiz$ t !y w\ld h to beg9 afre%4 ,?is 0 a bold resolve1 b n s bold z mu/ be t ( ! /ud5t ( mank9d to-day if he expects to free himself f ! trammels ( ! pa/4 ,bacon po9t$ out t ! old days 7 n ^? ( mature k1 b ( y\?ful human ignorance4 ,^! times are ! anci5t times1 :5 ! _w is anci5t1 & n ^? we c\nt anci5t1 ord9e retrogrado1 by a computation backw>d f ourselves4 ,9 8 ,new ,atlantis he pictures an ideal ,/ate :i* conc5trat$ its res\rces on sy/ematic sci5tific rese>*1 ) a view to apply+ new discov]ies to ! bett]m5t ( man's lot4 ,desc>tes1 :o 0 a "y man :5 ,bacon 0 an old "o1 insi/$ on ! necessity1 if we propos$ to seek ! tru?1 ( que/ion+ ev]y?+ at lea/ once 9 our lives4 ,to all ^! lead]s 9 ! developm5t ( mod]n sci5ce d\bt1 n fai?1 0 ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,!y d\bt$--& ) good reason--:at ! ,greeks 7 suppos$ to h discov]$2 !y d\bt$ all ! old books & all ! univ]sity pr(essors' lecture notes4 ,!y did n v5ture to d\bt ! ,bible1 b !y elud$ x 9 v>i\s ways4 ,!y set to "w to f9d out exactly :at happ5$ "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,!y exp]im5t$ individually & report$ _! discov]ies to ! sci5tific academies :i* began to come into exi/5ce4 ,z "o foll[s ! delib]ations ( ^! bodies x is pa!tic to obs]ve h[ little ! le>n+ ( previ\s c5turies1 9 spite ( its impos+ claims1 _h to contribute to a fruitful k ( common ?+s4 ,x requir$ a c5tury ( h>d "w to e/abli% ! mo/ elem5t>y facts :i* w\ld n[ be f\nd 9 a *ild's book4 ,h[ wat] & air act1 h[ to measure "t & temp]ature & atmosph]ic pressure1 _h to be discov]$4 ,! microscope reveal$ ! complexity ( organic tissues1 ! exi/5ce ( m9ute creatures1 vaguely call$ infusoria1 & ! /range inhabitants ( ! blood1 ! r$ & :ite corpuscles4 ,! telescope put an end to ! flatt]+ assumption t ! cosmos circl$ ar\nd man & ! little ball he lives on4 ,)\t a c]ta9 un-,greek1 practical inv5tive t5d5cy :i*1 = reasons n easily to be discov]$1 fir/ began to manife/ itself 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ?is progress w\ld n h be5 possible4 ,! new ?9k]s desc5d$ f ! magi/]ial *air & pati5tly fuss$ ) l5ses1 tubes1 pulleys1 & :eels1 ?us wean+ !mselves f ! adoration ( man's m9d & und]/&+4 ,!y _h to devise ! ma*9]y ( inve/igation z inve/igation itself progress$4 ,moreov]1 !y did n conf9e !mselves to ! conv5tionally noble & elevat$ subjects ( speculation4 ,!y address$ !mselves to worms & dit* wat] 9 pref]5ce to metaphysical subtleties4 ,!y agre$ ) ,bacon t ! mean & ev5 fil?y ?+s des]ve /udy4 ,all ?is 0 naturally scorn$ by ! univ]sity pr(essors1 & ! univ]sities consequ5tly play$ little or no "p 9 ! advance ( natural sci5ce until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,nor 7 ! moral lead]s ( mank9d beh9d ! intellectual 9 oppos+ ! novel t5d5cies4 ,! cl]gy did all !y c\ld to p]petuate ! squalid belief 9 wit*craft1 b f\nd no place = exp]im5tal sci5ce 9 _! s*eme ( le>n+1 & judg$ x (f5sive to ! ,mak] ( all ?+s4 ,b _! opposition c\ld d no m ?an hamp] ! new sci5tific impulse1 :i* 0 f> too pot5t to be s]i\sly *eck$4 ,s 9 "o dep>tm5t ( human ?\ght--! inve/igation ( natural processes--maje/ic progress has be5 made s9ce ! op5+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ) e promise ( cont9u$ & />tl+ advance4 ,! new me?ods employ$ by /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce h result$ 9 ! accumulation ( a /up5d\s mass ( in=mation 9 reg>d to ! mat]ial /ructure & op]ation ( ?+s1 & ! gradual way 9 :i* ! e>? & all its inhabitants h come into be+4 ,! nature & work+s ( atoms & molecules are be+ cle>$ up1 & _! relation to heat1 light1 & electricity e/abli%$4 ,! sl[ processes :i* h br\ght ab\t ! m\nta9s & valleys1 ! seas & pla9s1 h be5 expos$4 ,! /ructure ( ! elem5t>y cell c be /udi$ "u p[]ful l5ses2 its divisions1 conjunctions1 diff]5tiation1 & multiplication into ! incr$ibly intricate sub/ance ( plants & animals c be trac$4 ,9 %ort1 man is n[ 9 a position1 = ! fir/ "t 9 8 hi/ory1 to h "s really cle> & accurate notion ( ! _w 9 :i* he dwells & ( ! liv+ creatures :i* surr\nd him & ) :i* he mu/ come to t]ms4 ,x w\ld seem obvi\s t ?is fre% k %\ld enable him to direct 8 affairs m intellig5tly ?an 8 ance/ors 7 able to d 9 _! ignorance4 ,he %\ld be 9 a position to accommodate himself m & m successfully to ! exig5cies ( an exi/5ce :i* he c und]/& m fully ?an any prec$+ g5]ation1 & he %\ld aspire to deal m & m sagaci\sly ) himself & 8 fell[-m54 #ac4 ,,h[ ,,sci5tific ,,k ,,has ,,revolutioniz$ ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life ,b :ile our in=mation 9 reg>d to man & ! _w is incalculably great] ?an t available a hundr$1 ev5 fifty ye>s ago1 we mu/ frankly admit t ! k is /ill s novel1 s imp]fectly assimilat$1 s inadequately co-ord9at$1 & s feebly & ineffectively pres5t$ to ! great mass ( m51 t its direct effects ^u human impulses & reason+ & outlook are z yet inconsid]able & disappo9t+4 ,we might ?9k 9 t]ms ( molecules & atoms1 b we r>ely d4 ,few h any m k ( _! own bodily op]ations ?an _h _! gr&p>5ts4 ,! f>m]'s confid5ce 9 ! phases ( ! moon gives way b sl[ly be=e rec5t discov]ies 9 reg>d to ! bact]ia ( ! soil4 ,few :o use ! telephone1 ride on electric c>s1 & c>ry a cam]a h ev5 ! milde/ curiosity 9 reg>d to h[ ^! ?+s "w4 ,x is only indirectly1 ?r\gh inv5tion1 t sci5tific k t\*es our lives on e h&1 modify+ our environm5t1 alt]+ our daily habits1 dislocat+ ! anci5tly e/abli%$ ord]1 & impos+ ! burd5 ( con/ant adaptation on ev5 ! mo/ ignorant & le?>gic4 ,unlike a great "p ( man's e>li] ?\ght1 mod]n sci5tific k & !ory h n rema9$ matt] m]ely = academic disc\rse & le>n$ books1 b h provok$ ! inv5tion ( innum]able practical devices :i* surr\nd u on e h&1 & f :i* we c n[ sc>ce escape by l& or sea4 ,?us :ile sci5tific k has n greatly affect$ ! ?\ghts ( mo/ ( u1 its influ5ce 9 ! promotion ( mod]n inv5tion has s]v$ to place u 9 a new sett+ or environm5t1 ! novel features ( :i* x w\ld be no small task to expla9 to "o's great-great-gr&fa!r1 %\ld he unexpect$ly apply = up-to-date in=mation4 ,s ev5 if mod]n sci5tific k is z yet s imp]fect & ill und]/ood z to make x impossible = u to apply mu* ( x directly & p]sonally 9 our daily conduct1 we nev]!less _c neglect ! urg5t effects ( sci5tific inv5tions1 = !y are con/antly pos+ new problems ( adju/m5t to u1 & sometimes dispos+ ( old ones4 ,let u recall a few /rik+ examples ( ! a/oni%+ way 9 :i* :at seem$ 9 ! beg9n+ to be r trivial inv5tions & devices h1 ) ! improvem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce1 pr(\ndly alt]$ ! conditions ( life4 ,"s c5turies be=e ! "t ( ,bacon & ,galileo f\r discov]ies 7 made :i*1 supplem5t$ & elaborat$ by lat] insight & +5uity1 may be said to und]lie our mod]n civilization4 ,a writ] ( ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl& reports t sailors :5 caught 9 fog or d>kness 7 wont to t\* a ne$le to a bit ( magnetic iron4 ,! ne$le w\ld !n1 x _h be5 f\nd1 :irl ar\nd 9 a circle & come to re/ po9t+ nor?4 ,on ?is t9y index ! va/ ext5sion ( mod]n comm]ce & imp]ialism re/s4 ,t l5til-%ap$ bits ( glass w\ld magnify objects 0 kn[n be=e ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & f t little fact h come microscopes1 telescopes1 spectroscopes1 & cam]as2 & f ^! 9 turn has come a great "p ( our pres5t k ( natural processes 9 m51 animals1 & plants & our compreh5sion ( ! cosmos at l>ge4 ,gunp[d] began to be us$ a few decades aft] ! l5s 0 discov]$2 x & its t]rible desc5dants h *ang$ ! :ole problem ( human w>f>e & ( ! public def5se4 ,! pr9t+ press1 orig9ally a homely s*eme = sav+ ! labor ( ! copyi/1 has n only made mod]n democracy & nationality possible1 b has help$ by ! ext5sion ( education to und]m9e ! anci5t f\ndations ^u :i* human indu/ry has re/$ f ! beg9n+s ( civilization4 ,9 ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! /eam eng9e began to supplant ! muscul> p[] ( m5 & animals1 :i* _h !ret(ore be5 only feebly supplem5t$ by w9dmills & wat] :eels4 ,& n[ we use /eam & gas eng9es & wat] p[] to g5]ate pot5t electric curr5ts :i* d _! "w f> f ! s\rce ( supply4 ,me*anical +5uity has utiliz$ all ?is undream$-( en]gy 9 innum]able novel ways = produc+ old & new commodities 9 trem5d\s quantities & di/ribut+ !m ) incr$ible rapidity ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,va/ factories h sprung up1 ) _! labori\s multitudes engag$ on m9ute contributions to ! f9i%$ article2 ov]gr[n cities sprawl ov] ! neighbor+ gre5 fields & pa/ures2 long freight tra9s ( /eel c>s ?und] across cont95ts2 mon/r\s masses ( weal? pile up1 are re9ve/$1 & appli$ to mak+ ! :ole sy/em m & m inconceivably intricate & int]dep5d5t2 & incid5tally !re is hurry & worry & discont5t & haz>d beyond belief = a creature :o has to grasp x all & control x all ) a m9d re>$ on t ( an animal1 a *ild1 & a savage4 ,z if ^! *anges 7 n a/\nd+ en\gh1 n[ has come ! *emi/ :o devotes himself to mak+ n new commodities 7or old ones 9 new ways71 b new sub/ances4 ,he juggles ) ! atoms ( c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg51 nitrog51 *lor9e1 & ! re/1 & f> outruns ! work+s ( nature4 ,up to date he has be5 able to produce artfully ov] two hundr$ ?\s& comp\nds1 = "s ( :i* mank9d =m]ly dep5d$ on ! al*emy ( animals & plants4 ,he c make food/uffs out ( sewage2 he c entrap ! nitrog5 9 ! air & use x to raise :eat to fe$1 or high explosives to slaught]1 8 fell[s4 ,he no long] relies on plants & animals = dyes & p]fumes4 ,9 %ort1 a *emical discov]y may at any mom5t deva/ate an immemorial indu/ry & leave bo? capital & labor 9 ! lur*4 ,! day may n be f> di/ant :51 %\ld ! *emi/ le>n to control ! incr$ible int]atomic en]gy1 ! /eam eng9e w seem z complete an ana*ronism z ! treadmill4 ,! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? h be5 visit$ by ,europeans1 & comm]ce has br\ght all races ( ! globe into close t\*4 ,we h n[ to reckon ) e nation "u heav51 z 0 %[n 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,at ! same "t /eam & electrical communication h be5 s p]fect$ t space has be5 practically annihilat$ z reg>ds spee*1 & 9 matt]s ( transportation r$uc$ to p]haps a fif?4 ,s all ! peoples ( ! e>? =m economically a loose &1 z yet1 sc>cely ackn[l$g$ f$]ation ( man1 9 :i* ! fate ( any memb] may affect ! affairs ( all ! o!rs1 no matt] h[ remote !y may be geographically4 ,all ^! unprec$5t$ conditions h conspir$ to give bus9ess = bus9ess' sake a fasc9ation & ov]:elm+ importance x has nev] _h be=e4 ,we no long] make ?+s = ! sake ( mak+ !m1 b = money4 ,! *air is n made to sit on1 b = pr(it2 ! soap is no long] prep>$ = purposes ( cleanl9ess1 b to be sold = pr(it4 ,practically no?+ cat*es our eye 9 ! way ( writ+ t 0 writt5 = its own sake & n = money4 ,our magaz9es & newspap]s are our mod]n comm]cial travel]s proclaim+ ! gospel ( bus9ess competition4 ,=m]ly ! labor+ classes work$ because !y 7 slaves1 or because !y 7 def5seless & c\ld n escape f ?raldom--or1 mayhap1 because !y 7 natural artisans2 b n[ !y are com+ into a position :]e !y c comb9e & b>ga9 & ent] into bus9ess competition ) _! employ]s4 ,l _! employ]s1 !y are le>n+ to give z little z possible = z mu* z possible4 ,?is is good bus9ess2 & ! employ] %\ld realize t at la/ he has succe$$ 9 tea*+ 8 employees to be /rictly bus9esslike4 ,:5 h\ses 7 built to live 91 & :eat & cattle gr[n to eat1 ^! ess5tial indu/ries took c>e ( !mselves4 ,b n[ t pr(it is ! motive = build+ h\ses & rais+ gra91 if ! promis$ returns are great] f manufactur+ automobiles or embroid]$ l+]ie1 "o is tempt$ to ask if !re are any long] compell+ reasons = build+ h\ses or rais+ food8 ,along ) ! new inv5tions & discov]ies & our inord9ately p]vasive comm]ce h come two o!r novel elem5ts 9 our environm5t--:at we vaguely call democracy & nationality4 ,^! also are to be trac$ to appli$ sci5ce & me*anical contrivances4 ,! pr9t+ press has made popul> education possible1 & x is our aspiration to h e boy & girl le>n to read & write--an ideal t ! ,we/]n ,_w has gone f> to realize 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s4 ,g5]al education1 introduc$ fir/ among m5 & !n ext5d$ to wom51 has made plausible ! cont5tion t all adults %\ld h a vote1 & !reby ex]cise "s o/5sible influ5ce 9 ! *oice ( public (ficials & 9 ! direction ( ! policy ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,until rec5tly ! mass ( ! p h n be5 invit$ to turn _! att5tion to public affairs1 :i* h be5 left 9 ! control ( ! ri*] classes & _! repres5tatives & ag5ts1 ! /atesm5 or politicians4 ,d\btless our cr[d$ cities h contribut$ to a gr[+ s5se ( ! importance ( ! common man1 = all mu/ n[ %>e ! /reet c>1 ! public p>k1 ! wat] supply1 & contagi\s diseases4 ,b !re is a /ill m fundam5tal discov]y und]ly+ our democratic t5d5cies4 ,?is is ! easily demon/rat$ sci5tific tru? t ne>ly all m5 & wom51 :atev] _! social & economic /atus1 may h mu* great] possibilities ( activity & ?\ght & emotion ?an !y exhibit 9 ! p>ticul> conditions 9 :i* !y happ5 to be plac$2 t 9 all ranks may be f\nd evid5ce ( unrealiz$ capacity2 t we are liv+ on a f> l[] scale ( intellig5t conduct & rational enjoym5t ?an is necess>y4 ,our pres5t notions ( nationality are ( v rec5t orig91 go+ back sc>cely a hundr$ ye>s4 ,=m]ly nations 7 made up ( ! subjects ( ?is or t graci\s maje/y & 7 reg>d$ by _! ,god-giv5 rul]s z bea/s ( burd5 or slaves or1 9 m amiable moods1 z *ildr54 ,! same =ces t h giv5 rise to mod]n democracy h made x possible = va/ gr\ps ( p1 su* z make up ,france or ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to be held toge!r m intimately ?an ev] be=e by ! news :i* rea*es !m daily ( ! ent]prises ( _! gov]nm5t & ! de$s ( _! conspicu\s fell[-c\ntrym54 ,9 ?is way ! inhabitants ( an ext5sive t]ritory embrac+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( squ>e miles are br\ght z close toge!r z ! p ( ,a!ns 9 =m] days4 ,man ,is surely a greg>i\s animal :o dislikes solitude4 ,he is1 moreov]1 giv5 to ! mo/ exagg]at$ e/imate ( 8 tribe2 & on ^! anci5t f\ndations mod]n nationality has be5 built up by means ( ! pr9t+ press1 ! telegraph1 & *eap po/age4 ,s x has fall5 out t j :5 ! _w 0 becom+ effectively cosmopolitan 9 its economic int]dep5d5ce1 its sci5tific rese>*1 & its ex*ange ( books & art1 ! anci5t tribal insol5ce has be5 develop$ on a /up5d\s scale4 ,! mann] 9 :i* man has revolutioniz$ 8 environm5t1 habits ( conduct1 & purposes ( life by inv5tions is p]haps ! mo/ a/oni%+ ?+ 9 human hi/ory4 ,x is an obscure & hi!rto r neglect$ subject4 ,b x is cle> en\gh1 f ! little t has be5 said "h1 t s9ce ! ,middle ,ages1 & especially 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 sci5ce has s ha/5$ ! process ( *ange t x becomes increas+ly difficult = man's common run ( ?9k+ to keep pace ) ! radical alt]ations 9 8 actual practices & conditions ( liv+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vii ,peace sitt+ "u h] olive1 & slurr+ ! days gone by1 ,:5 ! poor are hovell'd & hu/l$ toge!r1 ea* sex1 l sw9e1 ,:5 only ! l$g] lives1 & :5 only n all m5 lie2 ,peace 9 h] v9ey>d--yes6--b a company =ges ! w9e4 --,,t5nyson4 ,c\ld great m5 ?und] ,z ,jove himself does1 ,jove w\ld ne'er be quiet4 ,= e pelt+1 petty (fic] ,w\ld use 8 heav5 = ?und]2 ,no?+ b ?und]6 444 ,man1 pr\d man1 ,dre/ 9 a little brief au?ority1 ,mo/ ignorant ( :at he's mo/ assur$1 ,8 glassy ess5ce1 l an angry ape1 ,plays su* fanta/ic tricks be=e high heav5 ,z make ! angels weep2 :o1 ) our sple5s1 ,w\ld all !mselves laugh mortal4 --,,%akespe>e4 #ad4 ,,! ,,sickness ,,( ,,an ,,acquisitive ,,society ,x is s difficult a task to =m any correct e/imate ( "o's own surr\nd+s1 l>gely on acc\nt ( our v famili>ity ) !m1 t hi/orical /ud5ts h g5]ally evad$ ?is responsibility4 ,!y h (t5 decl>$ t x 0 impossible to d s satisfactorily4 ,& yet no "o w ev] "k m ?an we ab\t :at is go+ on n[4 ,"s secrets may be reveal$ to com+ g5]ations1 b pl5ty ( our circum/ances w be obscure to !m4 ,& x c]ta9ly seems pusillanim\s1 if n haz>d\s1 to depute to ^? yet unborn ! task ( compreh5d+ ! conditions "u :i* we mu/ live & /rive4 ,i h long believ$ t ! only unmi/akable contribution t ! hi/orical /ud5t c make to ! progress ( intellig5ce is to /udy ! pa/ ) an eye con/antly on ! pres5t4 ,= hi/ory n only furni%es u ) ! key to ! pres5t by %[+ h[ our situation came ab\t1 b at ! same "t supplies a basis ( comp>ison & a po9t ( vantage by virtue ( :i* ! sali5t contra/s betwe5 our days & ^? ( old c be detect$4 ,)\t hi/ory ! ess5tial diff]5ces are sure to escape u4 ,our g5]ation1 l all prec$+ g5]ations ( mank9d1 inevitably takes :at x f9ds l>gely = grant$1 & ! great mass ( m5 :o argue ab\t exi/+ conditions assume a fundam5tal lik5ess to pa/ conditions z ! basis ( _! conclusions 9 reg>d to ! pres5t & ! /ill unroll$ future4 ,su* a proc$ure becomes m & m dang]\s1 = al?\gh a cont9uity p]si/s1 !re are m num]\s1 deep] & wid] rea*+ contra/s betwe5 ! _w ( to-day & t ( a hundr$1 or ev5 fifty1 ye>s ago1 ?an h develop$ 9 any correspond+ lapse ( "t s9ce ! beg9n+ ( civilization4 ,?is is n ! place ev5 to sket* ! novelties 9 our k & circum/ances1 our problems & possibilities4 ,no m c be done "h ?an to illu/rate 9 a s+le field ( human int]e/ ! ne$ ( an unprec$5t$ly op5 m9d 9 ord] to avail ourselves ( exi/+ res\rces 9 grasp+ & manipulat+ ! problems =c$ ^u u4 ,few p realize h[ novel is ! almo/ univ]sal preoccupation ) bus9ess :i* we c obs]ve on e h&1 b to :i* we are already s accu/om$ t x easily escapes ! casual obs]v]4 ,b 9 spite ( its va/ness & magnific5t a*ievem5ts1 bus9ess1 bas$ ^u mass production & speculative pr(its1 has produc$ new evils & re9=c$ old ones :i* no ?\ghtful p]son c possibly ov]look4 ,consequ5tly x has become ! great issue ( our "t1 ! *ief subject ( discussion1 to be def5d$ or attack$ accord+ to "o's ta/es1 ev5 z religion & politics =m]ly _h _! day4 ,bus9ess m51 :e!r conspicu\s 9 manufacture1 trade1 or f9ance1 are ! lead+ figures ( our age4 ,!y ex]cise a dom9ant influ5ce 9 dome/ic & =eign policy2 !y subsidize our education & ex]t an unmi/akable control ov] x4 ,9 o!r ages a milit>y or religi\s ca/e enjoy$ a simil> pre-em95ce4 ,b n[ bus9ess directs & equips ! soldi]1 :o is f> m dep5d5t on its support ?an =m]ly4 ,mo/ religi\s in/itutions make easy t]ms ) bus9ess1 &1 f> f int]f]+ ) x or its tea*+s1 on ! :ole cordially support x4 ,bus9ess has its philosophy1 :i* x holds to be bas$ ^u ! immutable traits ( human nature & z id5tical ) morality & patriotism4 ,x is a s5sitive1 intol]ant philosophy1 ( :i* some?+ w be said 9 ! foll[+ section4 ,mod]n bus9ess produc$ a sort ( p>adise = ! lucki] ( mank9d1 :i* endur$ d[n to ! w>1 & :i* _m hope to see re/or$ 9 its =m] *>m1 & p]haps fur!r beautifi$ z ! ye>s g on4 ,x repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ />tl+ ( human a*ievem5ts4 ,no d\bt a great "p ( ! population work$ h>d & liv$ 9 relative squalor1 b ev5 !n !y _h _m com=ts unkn[n to ! toil+ masses ( previ\s c5turies1 & 7 app>5tly fairly cont5t$4 ,b escape 0 possible1 = any man ( capacity or "* at all exce$+ ! av]age1 into ! middle or upp] classes1 = :om life (f]$1 at a l[ co/ & ) ! lea/ tr\ble1 conv5i5cies1 com=ts1 & am5ities beyond ! compass ( ! ri*e/ & mo/ p[]ful mon>*s ( o!r ages4 ,! inhabitant ( ,london c\ld ord] by telephone1 sipp+ 8 morn+ tea 9 b$1 ! v>i\s products ( ! :ole e>?1 9 su* quantity z he might see fit1 & reasonably expect _! e>ly deliv]y ^u 8 door/ep2 he c\ld at ! same mom5t & by ! same means adv5ture 8 weal? 9 ! natural res\rces & new ent]prises ( any qu>t] ( ! _w1 & %>e1 )\t ex]tion or ev5 tr\ble1 9 _! prospective fruits & advantages4444 ,he c\ld secure =?)1 if he wi%$ x1 *eap & com=table means ( transit to any c\ntry or climate )\t passport or o!r =mality1 c\ld dispat* 8 s]vant to ! neighbor+ (fice ( a bank = su* supply ( ! preci\s metals z might seem conv5i5t1 & c\ld !n proce$ abroad to =eign qu>t]s1 )\t k ( _! religion1 language1 or cu/oms1 be>+ co9$ weal? ^u 8 p]son1 & w\ld consid] himself greatly aggriev$ & mu* surpris$ at ! lea/ int]f]5ce4 ,& mo/ important ( all1 he c\ld1 be=e ! w>1 reg>d ?is /ate ( affairs z 444 normal1 c]ta91 & p]man5t1 except 9 ! direction ( fur!r improvem5t1 & any deviation f x z ab]rant1 sc&al\s1 & avoidable4 ,! projects & politics ( milit>ism1 & imp]ialism1 ( racial & cultural rivalries1 ( monopolies1 re/rictions1 & exclusion1 :i* 7 to play ! s]p5t 9 ?is p>adise1 7 little m ?an ! amusem5ts ( 8 daily newspap]1 & appe>$ to ex]cise almo/ no influ5ce at all on ! ord9>y c\rse ( social & economic life1 ! int]nationalization ( :i* 0 ne>ly complete 9 practice4#ba ,?is assumption ( ! p]man5ce & normality ( ! prevail+ bus9ess sy/em 0 mu* di/urb$ by ! outcome ( ! w>1 b less s1 especially 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,x 0 easy to argue t ! t]rible conflict m]ely int]rupt$ ! g5]ally b5efic5t c\rse ( affairs :i* w\ld spe$ily re-e/abli% itself :5 giv5 an opportunity4 ,to ^? :o see ! situation 9 ?is light1 mod]n bus9ess has l>gely solv$ ! age-long problem ( produc+ & di/ribut+ ! mat]ial necessities & am5ities ( life2 & no?+ rema9s except to p]fect ! sy/em 9 detail1 develop its fur!r pot5tialities1 & fight too? & nail ^? :o are l$ by lack ( p]sonal success or a maudl9 sympa?y = ! incompet5t to attack & und]m9e x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 _m be=e ! w>1 n !mselves suff]+ conspicu\sly f ! sy/em1 :o *all5g$ its b5efic5ce & p]man5ce1 9 ! "n ( ju/ice1 economy1 & ! be/ & highe/ int]e/s ( mank9d z a :ole4 ,s9ce ! w> _m m h come to ! conclusion t bus9ess z n[ conduct$ is n m]ely unfair1 exce$+ly wa/eful1 & (t5 highly inexp$i5t f a social /&po9t1 b t f an hi/orical /&po9t x is int5sely unusual1 un/able1 complicat$1 unreliable1 & tempor>y 7,keynes74 ,x may prove to be ! *ief ecc5tricity ( our age2 q z imp]man5t z 0 ! feudal & manorial sy/em or ! role ( ! m$iaeval ,*ur* or ( mon>*s by ! grace ( ,god2 & de/9$ to und]go *anges :i* x is n[ q impossible to =eca/4 ,9 any case1 economic issues are ! *ief & bitt]e/ ( our "t4 ,x is 9 connection ) !m t free ?9k+ is mo/ difficult & mo/ apt to be misund]/ood1 = !y easily become confus$ ) ! traditional rev]5ces & sanctities ( political fidelity1 patriotism1 morality1 & ev5 religion4 ,!re is some?+ humiliat+ ab\t ?is situation1 :i* subord9ates all ! v>i$ possibilities ( life to its mat]ial pr]equisites1 mu* z if we 7 aga9 back 9 a /age ( impot5t savag]y1 scrat*+ = roots & look+ = b]ries & dead animals4 ,"o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( rec5t ,engli% economi/s says ) tru?3 ,! burd5 ( our civilization is n m]ely1 z _m suppose1 t ! product ( indu/ry is ill-di/ribut$1 or its conduct tyrannical1 or its op]ation int]rupt$ by bitt] disagreem5ts4 ,x is t indu/ry itself has come to hold a position ( exclusive pr$om9ance among human int]e/s1 :i* no s+le int]e/1 & lea/ ( all ! provision ( ! mat]ial means ( exi/5ce1 is fit to occupy4 ,l a hypo*ondriac :o is s absorb$ 9 ! processes ( 8 own dige/ion t he goes to ! grave be=e he has begun to live1 indu/rializ$ communities neglect ! v objects = :i* x is wor? :ile to acquire ri*es 9 _! fev]i% preoccupation ) ! means by :i* ri*es c be acquir$4 ,t obsession by economic issues is z local & transitory z x is repulsive & di/urb+4 ,to future g5]ations x w appe> z pitiable z ! obsession ( ! sev5te5? c5tury by religi\s qu>rels appe>s to-day2 inde$1 x is less rational1 s9ce ! object ) :i* x is conc]n$ is less important4 ,& x is a poison :i* inflames e w\nd & turns ea* trivial scrat* into a malignant ulc]4#bb ,:atev] may be ! m]its ( ! conflict+ views ( our bus9ess sy/em1 !re c be no d\bt t x is agitat+ all types ( ?\ghtful m5 & wom54 ,poets1 dramati/s1 & /ory writ]s turn aside f _! old motifs to play ! role ( economi/s4 ,psy*ologi/s1 biologi/s1 *emi/s1 eng9e]s1 are z nev] be=e /riv+ to discov] ! relation betwe5 _! realms ( in=mation & ! g5]al problems ( social & indu/rial organization4 ,& "h is a hi/orical /ud5t all[+ ! du/ to collect on m$iaeval *ronicles1 *ur* hi/ories1 & ev5 sev5te5?-c5tury rationali/s1 once fondly p]us$1 9 ord] to see if he c come to "s t]ms ) ! pr(it sy/em4 ,& :y n8 ,are we n all implicat$8 ,we all buy & _m sell1 & no "o is left unt\*$ by a situation :i* c 9 two or ?ree ye>s halve our incomes1 )\t fault ( ours4 ,b be=e seek+ to e/abli% ! be>+ ( ! previ\s sections ( ?is volume on our attitude t[>d ! puzzles ( our day1 we mu/ consid] m c>efully ! good reasons commonly urg$ 9 def5se ( ! exi/+ sy/em4 #ae4 ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,safety ,,& ,,sanity ,s f> we h be5 ma9ly engag$ 9 recall+ ! process by :i* man has accumulat$ su* a m9d z he n[ has1 & ! effects ( ?is accumulation on 8 mode ( life4 ,"u =m] conditions 7:i* are n[ pass+ away7 & 9 a /ate ( ignorance ab\t highly ess5tial matt]s 7:i* are n[ be+ put 9 q a new light7 he e/abli%$ c]ta9 /&>ds & practices 9 8 political1 social1 & indu/rial life4 ,8 views ( prop]ty1 gov]nm5t1 education1 ! relations ( ! sexes1 & v>i\s o!r matt]s he reaffirms & p]petuates by means ( s*ools1 colleges1 *ur*es1 newspap]s1 & magaz9es1 :i* 9 ord] to be approv$ & succe$ mu/ concur 9 & ratify ^! e/abli%$ /&>ds & practices & ! curr5t notions ( good & evil1 "r & wrong4 ,?is is :at happ5$ 9 ! pa/1 & to ! great majority ( p ?is /ill seems to be ! only means ( safegu>d+ society4 ,be=e subject+ ?is attitude ( m9d to fur!r criticism x w be helpful to see h[ ^? argue :o fail to p]ceive ! vici\s circle involv$4 ,! w> br\ght ) x a bur/ ( unwont$ & v>i$ animation4 ,^? :o _h nev] ext5d$ _! activities beyond ! usual r\t9e ( dome/ic & pr(essional life sudd5ly f\nd !mselves p>ticipat+ 9 a va/ ent]prise 9 :i* !y seem$ to be broad5+ _! k & display+ undream$ ( capacity = co-op]ation ) _! fell[s4 ,expressions ( high idealism exalt$ u above ! petty c>es ( our previ\s exi/5ce1 r\s$ new ambitions1 & op5$ up an exhil>at+ p]spective ( possibility & endeavor4 ,x 0 common talk t :5 ! foe1 ^: crim9al lu/ = p[] _h precipitat$ ! mighty trag$y1 %\ld be vanqui%$1 ?+s w\ld no long] be ! same4 ,all w\ld !n agree t w> 0 ! abom9ation ( abom9ations1 ! _w w\ld be made safe = "r-m9d$ democracy1 & ! nations w\ld unite 9 smil+ emulation4 ,nev] did bitt]] disappo9tm5t foll[ high hopes4 ,all ! old habits ( nationali/ic policy reass]t$ !mselves at ,v]sailles4 ,a fright5$ & bankrupt _w c\ld inde$ h>dly be expect$ to exhibit great] intellig5ce ?an ! relatively happy & ord]ly "o :i* _h five ye>s e>li] all[$ its sanctifi$ traditions to drag x ov] ! edge ( ! abyss4 ,!n !re em]g$ f ! autocracy ( ! ,ts>s ! dictator%ip ( ! prolet>iat1 & 9 ,hung>y & ,g]many v>i\s />tl+ attempts to revolutionize ha/ily & excessively t anci5t ord] :i* ! ,hapsburg & ,hoh5zoll]n rul]s _h manag$ to p]petuate 9 spite ( all mod]n novelties4 ,! real "* ( ^! movem5ts 0 ill und]/ood 9 our c\ntry1 b x 0 inevitable t ) man's deep-seat$ animi/ic t5d5cies !y %\ld appe> z a sort ( wick$ demon or a deadly contagion :i* might attack ev5 our own l& unless prev5t$ by timely measures4 ,w> _h naturally produc$ its ma*9]y = deal+ ) diss5t]s1 sympa?iz]s ) ! enemy1 & ^? :o deprecat$ or oppos$ w> altoge!r2 & x 0 ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w to ext5d ! repression to ^? :o held exceptional or unpopul> views1 l ! ,sociali/s & memb]s ( ! ,i4,w4,w4 ,x 0 plausible to *>ge ^! associations ) be+ "u ! guidance ( =eign]s1 ) pacificism & a g5]al t5d5cy to disloyalty4 ,b suspicion w5t fur!r s z to embrace memb]s ( a r small1 ?\ghtful class :o1 :ile r>ely sociali/ic1 7 confess$ly skeptical 9 reg>d to ! g5]al b5efic5ce ( exi/+ in/itutions1 & :o fail$ to applaud at j ! "r po9ts to suit ! ta/e ( ! majority ( _! fell[-citiz5s4 ,s ! g5]al impression grew up t !re 0 a sort ( widespread conspiracy to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t by viol5ce or1 at lea/1 a dang]\s t5d5cy to prep>e ! way = su* a disa/]1 or at any rate a culpable indiff]5ce to its possibility4 ,bus9ess depression re9=c$ a natural reaction :i* _h set 9 ) ! sudd5 & some:at unexpect$ close ( ! w>4 ,! unwont$ excitem5t br\ght on a national heada*e1 & a s$ative 9 ! =m ( normalcy 0 pr(f]$ by ! ,republican p>ty & ?ankfully accept$ by ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,"u ^! circum/ances ! philosophy ( safety & sanity 0 =mulat$4 ,x is famili> & reassur+ & puts no disagreeable task ( m5tal & emotional readju/m5t on ^? :o accept x4 ,h5ce its inevitable popul>ity & obvi\s s\ndness4 ,& ^! are its presuppositions3 ,no nation is comp>able to our own 9 its weal? & promise1 9 its fre$om & opportunity = all4 ,x has op5$ its gates to ! peoples ( ! e>?1 :o h flock$ across ! ocean to escape ! pov]ty & oppression ( ,europe4 ,f ! scatt]$ colonies ( ! pre-revolution>y p]iod ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rapidly advanc$ to its _w asc5dancy4 ,:5 ! ,european p[]s _h rea*$ a hopeless /alemate aft] f\r ye>s ( w> ! ,unit$ ,/ates gird$ on ! sword z ! *ampion ( lib]ty & democracy & 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t br\ght ! conflict to a victori\s close be=e %e _h dispat*$ half ! troops %e c\ld easily h sp>$4 ,%e _h n ent]$ ! conflict ) any motives ( aggr&izem5t or ( t]ritorial ext5sion4 ,%e felt h] self-suffici5cy & c\ld well af=d pr\dly to refuse to jo9 ! ,league ( ,nations on ! gr\nd t %e did n wi% to be involv$ 9 ,european wrangles or sacrifice a tittle ( h] rights ( self-det]m9ation4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to be attribut$ l>gely to ! excell5ce ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution & ! s\ndness ( h] democratic in/itutions4 ,class privileges d n exi/1 or at lea/ are n recogniz$4 ,ev]yone has equal opportunity to rise 9 ! _w unhamp]$ by ! %ackles ( ,european ca/e4 ,!re is p]fect fre$om 9 matt]s ( religi\s belief4 ,lib]ty ( spee* & ( ! press is confirm$ by bo? ! ,f$]al ,con/itution & ! con/itutions ( ! v>i\s /ates4 ,if p are n satisfi$ ) _! =m ( gov]nm5t !y may at any "t alt] x by a peaceful ex]cise ( ! suffrage4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry is morality m highly priz$ or /\tly def5d$4 ,woman is held 9 h] prop] e/eem & ! in/itution ( ! family ev]y:]e recogniz$ z fundam5tal4 ,we are s+ul>ly free f ! vices :i* disgrace ! capitals ( ,europe1 n except+ ,london4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry is ! s*oolh\se s assur$ly ackn[l$g$ to be ! corn] /one ( democracy & lib]ty4 ,our high] in/itutions ( le>n+ are unrival$2 our public libr>ies num]\s & accessible4 ,our newspap]s & magaz9es dissem9ate k & rational pleasure ?r\gh\t ! l&4 ,we are an +5i\s p 9 ! realm ( inv5tion & 9 ! boldness ( our bus9ess ent]prise4 ,we h ! /urdy virtues ( ! pione]4 ,we are an hone/ p1 keep+ our contracts & giv+ fair measure4 ,we are a tireless p 9 ! pati5t att5tion to bus9ess & ! laudable resolve to rise 9 ! _w4 ,_m ( our ri*e/ m5 began on ! f>m or z (fice boys4 ,success dep5ds 9 our c\ntry almo/ exclusively on native capacity1 :i* is rew>d$ "h ) a prompt & *e]ful recognition :i* is r>e 9 o!r l&s4 ,we are a progressive p1 always ready = improvem5ts1 :i* inde$ we take = grant$1 s regul>ly d !y make _! appe>ance4 ,no al]t ,am]ican c visit any =eign c\ntry )\t not+ innum]able examples ( /upid adh]5ce to outworn & cumbr\s me?ods 9 indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & transportation4 ,( c\rse no "o is s bl9d z n to see t "h & !re evils develop :i* %\ld be rem$i$1 ei!r by legislation or by ! gradual advance 9 enlight5m5t4 ,_m ( !m w d\btless cure !mselves4 ,our democracy is "r at he>t & y _c fool all ! p all ! "t4 ,we h n escap$ our fair quota ( tr\bles4 ,x w\ld be too mu* to expect t we %\ld4 ,! diff]5ce ( op9ion betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn /ates actually l$ to civil w>1 b ?is only s]v$ to confirm ! natural unity ( ! c\ntry & prep>e ! way = fur!r advance4 ,prote/ants h sometimes dread$ a ,ca?olic dom9ation2 ! ,mormons h be5 a s\rce ( anxiety to timid s\ls4 ,populi/s & advocates ( free silv] h seem$ to ?reat5 s\nd f9ance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,wall ,/reet & ! tru/s h l$ "s to ?9k t corporate bus9ess ent]prise may at times1 if left unhamp]$1 lead to ov]-p[]ful monopolies4 ,b ! evil work+s ( all ^! ?+s _h be=e ! w> be5 peaceful1 if insidi\s4 ,!y might r\se appreh5sion 9 ! m9ds ( f>-sight$ & public-spirit$ obs]v]s1 b !re _h be5 no g5]al fe> t any ( !m w\ld ov]?r[ ! ,republic & lead to a viol5t de/ruction ( society z n[ con/itut$ & mayhap to a rev]sion to b>b>ism4 ,! circum/ances ( our p>ticipation 9 ! ,_w ,w> & ! rise ( ,bol%evism conv9c$ _m = ! fir/ "t t at la/ society & ! ,republic 7 actually ?reat5$4 ,h]et(ore ! sociali/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! communi/s & an>*i/s1 _h attract$ relatively little att5tion 9 our c\ntry4 ,except = ! ,*icago an>*i/ episode & ! tr\bles ) ! ,i4,w4,w41 radical re=m]s _h be5 left to g _! way1 hold _! meet+s1 & publi% _! newspap]s & pamphlets ) no great int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! police or att5tion on ! "p ( lawgiv]s4 ,) ! progress ( ! w> ?is situation *ang$2 police & lawgiv]s began to int]f]e1 & gov]nm5t (ficials & self-appo9t$ gu>dians ( ! public weal began to d5\nce ! r$s & ^? suspect$ ( radical t5d5cies4 ,! report ( ! ,lusk ,committee 9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york is p]haps ! mo/ impos+ monum5t to ?is =m ( patriotic zeal4 ,x is n our bus9ess "h to discuss ! m]its ( ,socialism or ,bol%evism ei!r f ! /&po9t ( _! und]ly+ !ories or _! promise 9 practice4 ,x is only 9 _! effects 9 develop+ & sub/antiat+ ! philosophy ( safety & sanity t !y conc]n u 9 ?is discussion4 ,:e!r ! report ( ! s-call$ ,lusk ,committee#bc has any consid]able influ5ce or no1 x well illu/rates a common & significant frame ( m9d & an habitual me?od ( reason+4 ,! o/5sible aim ( ! report is3 444 to give a cle>1 unbias$ /atem5t & hi/ory ( ! purposes & objects1 tactics & me?ods1 ( ! v>i\s =ces n[ at "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & p>ticul>ly )9 ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 :i* are seek+ to und]m9e & de/roy1 n only ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we live1 b also ! v /ructure ( ,am]ican society4 ,x also seeks to analyze ! v>i\s con/ructive =ces :i* are at "w ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry c\nt]act+ ^! evil influ5ces1 & to pres5t ! _m indu/rial & social problems t ^! con/ructive =ces mu/ meet & are meet+4 ,! plan is execut$ ) labori\s compreh5siv5ess1 & "o unacqua9t$ ) ! va/ & v>i$ range ( s-call$ radical utt]ances w be ov]:elm$ by ! mass br\ght toge!r4 ,b our aim "h is to consid] ! attitude ( m9d & assumptions ( ! editors & _! sympa?iz]s4 ,!y admit ! exi/5ce ( real grievances & natural dem&s ( ! work+ classes = a l>g] %>e 9 ! managem5t & use ( ! common weal?4 ,x is ^! grievances & dem&s :i* ! agitators use z a basis ( _! ma*9ations4 ,^? b5t on a social revolution fall into two classes--sociali/s & an>*i/s4 ,b :ile ! gr\ps diff] 9 detail1 ^! details are n wor? consid]+4 ,anyone :o /udies ! propag&a ( ! v>i\s gr\ps :i* we h nam$ w le>n t ! argum5ts employ$ are ! same2 t ! tactics advocat$ _c be di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r1 & t articles1 or spee*es made on ! "q ( tactics or me?ods by an>*i/s1 c\ld1 ) propriety1 be publi%$ 9 sociali/1 or communi/ newspap]s )\t (f5d+ ! memb]%ip ( ^! organizations4 ,s1 =tunately = ! read]1 x is unnecess>y to make any di/9ctions betwe5 sociali/s1 an>*i/s1 communi/s1 & ,bol%eviki4 ,!y all h ! common purpose ( ov]?r[+ exi/+ society & g5]al /rikes & sabotage are ! direct means advocat$4 ,! object is to drive bus9ess into bankruptcy by r$uc+ production & rais+ co/s4#bd ,b x w\ld be a s]i\s mi/ake to assume t ! dang]s are conf9$ to our indu/rial sy/em4 ,! v fir/ g5]al fact t mu/ be driv5 home to ,am]icans is t ! pacifi/ movem5t 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! gr[? & connections ( :i* are an important "p ( ?is report1 is an absolutely integral & fundam5tal "p ( int]national socialism4 ,european socialism1 f :i* ours is d]iv$1 has _h = "o ( its ma9 purposes ! creation ( an int]national s5tim5t to sup]s$e national patriotism & ef=t1 & ?is int]nationalism 0 bas$ ^u pacificism1 9 ! s5se t x oppos$ all w>s betwe5 nations & develop$ at ! same "t class consci\sness t 0 to culm9ate 9 rel5tless class w>f>e4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 n really peace t 0 ! goal1 b ! abolition ( ! patriotic1 w>like _s ( nationalities4 ,9 view ( ! necessity ( mak+ head aga9/ ?is m5ace ! ,crim9al ,an>*y /atute ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york 0 invok$1 se>* w>rants issu$1 l>ge quantities ( revolution>y1 inc5di>y & s$iti\s writt5 & pr9t$ matt] 7 seiz$4 ,aft] ! refusal ( ,gov]nor ,smi? to sign !m1 ! s-call$ ,lusk educational bills 7 repass$ & sign$ by ! ,republican ,gov]nor ,mill]4 ,no tea*] 9 ! s*ools %all be lic5s$ to tea* :o has advocat$1 ei!r by ^w ( m\? or 9 writ+1 a =m ( gov]nm5t o!r ?an ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( ?is /ate4 ,moreov]1 ,no p]son1 firm1 corporation1 association1 or society %all conduct1 ma9ta91 or op]ate any s*ool1 in/itute1 class1 or c\rse ( in/ruction 9 any subject )\t mak+ application = & be+ grant$ a lic5se f ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york i4 e4 ! ,reg5ts4 ,! ,reg5ts %all h ! "r to s5d inspectors to visit classes & s*ools s lic5s$ & to revoke lic5ses if !y deem t an ov]?r[ ( ! exi/+ gov]nm5t by viol5ce is be+ taught4#be ,b ! safe & sane philosophy by no means /ops ) ! conv5i5t & comp5di\s id5tification ( sociali/s ( all k9ds1 an>*i/s1 pacifici/s & int]nationali/s1 z belong+ to "o ?reat5+ gr\p unit$ 9 a l-m9d$ attempt to ov]?r[ society z we n[ "k x4 ,?is class includes1 x may be obs]v$1 su* seem+ly di/+ui%able p]sonalities z ,trotzky & ,miss ,jane ,addams1 :o are assum$ to be 9 ess5tial h>mony ^u ! great issue4 ,b !re are _m o!rs :o are p]haps ! innoc5t tools ( ! sociali/s4 ,^! include tea*]s1 lectur]s1 writ]s1 cl]gym51 & editors to :om ! ,lusk report devotes a long section on ! spread ( socialism 9 educat$ circles4 ,x is ! purpose ( ?is section 444 to %[ ! use made by memb]s ( ! ,sociali/ ,p>ty ( ,am]ica & o!r extreme radicals & revolution>ies ( pacifi/ s5tim5t among p ( education & culture 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a vehicle = ! promotion ( revolution>y sociali/ic propag&a4 ,! facts "h relat$ are important because !y %[ t ^! sociali/s1 play+ ^u ! pacifi/ s5tim5t 9 a l>ge body ( s9c]e p]sons1 7 able to organize _! en]gies & capitalize _! pre/ige = ! spread ( _! doctr9es4 ,p4 #ifi4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is an article 9 ! ,new ,republic :i*3 444 includes m or less op5 attacks on ,attorney-,g5]al ,palm]1 ,mr4 ,lans+1 ! ,h\se ,immigration ,committee1 ! ,new ,york ,times1 ,s5ator ,fall1 ?is ,committee1 etc4 ,x also quotes ! diss5t+ op9ions 9 ! ,abrams case ( ,ju/ices ,holmes & ,br&eis1 & ends by mak+ light ( ! dang] ( revolution 9 ,am]ica3 444 ,?is belittl+ ( ! v real dang] to ! in/itutions ( ?is c\ntry1 z well z ! attempt$ discr$it+ ( any inve/igat+ gr\p 7or individual71 has become ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( our ,p>lor ,bol%evik or ,intellig5tsia4 ,p4 #aajc4 ,s x comes ab\t1 z might inde$ h be5 =ese5 f ! fir/1 t "o f9ds himself1 if n actually violat+ ! crim9al an>*y /atute1 at lea/ br&$ z a ,bol%evik if he speaks slight+ly ( ! ,new ,york ,times or recalls ! diss5t+ op9ion ( two judges ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,moreov]1 z might h be5 anticipat$1 ! issues prove to be at bottom n s mu* economic z moral & religi\s1 = ,mat]ialism & its =midable sons1 ,an>*y1 ,bol%evism1 & ,unre/1 h ?r[n d[n ! gauge ( battle to all dec5cy4 444 ,:at is ( ! greate/ importance = *ur*m5 to und]/&1 9 ord] t !y may n be l$ a/ray by speci\s argum5ts ( s-call$ ,*ri/ian ,sociali/s & s-call$ lib]als & self-/yl$ p>tisans ( free spee*1 is t socialism z a sy/em1 z well z an>*ism & all its ramifications1 f high-br[ ,bol%evism to ! ,russian ,an>*i/ ,association1 are all ! decl>$ enemies ( religion & all recogniz$ moral /&>ds & re/ra9ts4 ,p4 #aabd4 ,we mu/ n be misl$ by false1 speci\s idealism masqu]ad+ z progress4 ,! fight is "o = ,god z well z c\ntry1 9 :i* all =ms ( radicalism1 mat]ialism1 & an>*y %\ld be fi]cely & promptly /amp$ out4#bf ,,notes4 #ba ,keynes1 ,! ,economic ,consequ5ces ( ! ,peace1 pp4 #aa-ab4 #bb ,tawney1 ,r4 ,h41 ,! ,acquisitive ,society1 pp4 #ahc-ahd4 ,! orig9al title ( ?is admirable little "w1 a ,fabian tract1 01 ,! ,sickness ( an ,acquisitive ,society1 b ! ,am]ican publi%]s evid5tly ?\ght x inexp$i5t to /ress ! cont5tion ( ! au?or t mod]n society has any?+ fundam5tally ! matt] ) x4 #bc ,revolution>y ,radicalism1 ,its ,hi/ory1 ,purpose1 & ,tactics3 ) an exposition & discussion ( ! /eps be+ tak5 & requir$ to curb x1 be+ ! report ( ! ,jo9t ,legislative ,committee inve/igat+ s$iti\s activities1 fil$ ,april #bd1 #aibj1 9 ! ,s5ate ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york4 ,?is comprises f\r /\t volumes 7ov] #d1bjj pages 9 all7 divid$ into two p>ts1 deal+1 respectively1 ) ,revolution>y & ,subv]sive ,movem5ts at ,home & ,abroad & ,con/ructive ,movem5ts & ,measures 9 ,am]ica4 ,albany1 #aibj4 #bd ,:ile ! nature ( ?is inve/igation has l$ ! committee to lay its emphasis ^u ! activities ( subv]sive organizations1 x feels t ?is report w\ld n be complete if x did n /ate emphatically t x believes t ^? p]sons 9 bus9ess & comm]cial ent]prise & c]ta9 own]s ( prop]ty :o seek to take advantage ( ! situation to reap inord9ate ga9 f ! public contribute 9 no small "p to ! social unre/ :i* af=ds ! radical a field ( op]ation :i* o!rwise w\ld be clos$ to him4 7,p4 #aj47 #be ,! g5]al hi/ory ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ^! & simil> measures1 ! int]f]5ce ) public meet+s1 ! trials1 imprisonm5ts1 & c5sor%ip1 are all set =? 9 ,pr(essor ,*affee's ,fre$om ( ,spee*1 #aibj4 #bf ,dur+ ! summ] ( #aiba ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates publi%$ 9 ,! ,del9eator a s]ies ( ?ree articles on ,enemies ( ! ,republic1 9 :i* he consid]s ! "q1 ,are ! 'r$s' /alk+ our college wom58 ,he f9ds "s indications t !y are1 & w>ns 8 read]s t1 ,adh]5ce to radical doctr9es means ! ultimate break+ d[n ( ! old1 /urdy virtues ( manhood & womanhood1 ! insidi\s de/ruction ( "*1 ! weak5+ ( ! moral fib] ( ! individual1 & ! de/ruction ( ! f\ndations ( society4 ,x may seem anomal\s to "s t ! def5d]s ( ! old1 /urdy virtues %\ld s c>elessly br& hone/ & ?\ghtful m5 & wom51 ( ^: op9ions !y c h no real k1 z enemies ( ! ,republic--b !re is no?+ :atev] anomal\s 9 ?is4 ,x has be5 ! habit ( def5d]s ( ! /urdy1 old virtues f "t immemorial to be c>eless ( o!rs' reputations4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,viii ,dans les sci5ces politiques1 il e/ un ordre de vrits qui1 surt\t *ez les peuples libres 444 ne peuv5t tre utiles1 que lorsqu'elles sont gnralem5t connues et av\es4 ,a9si1 l'influ5ce du progrs de ces sci5ces sur la lib]t1 sur la prosprit des nations1 doiv5t en quelque sorts se mesur] sur le nombre de ces vrits qui1 p> l'effet d'une in/ruction lm5taire1 devi5n5t commune t\s les esprits2 a9si les progrs t\j\rs croissants de cette in/ruction lm5taire1 lis eux mmes aux progrs ncessaires de ces sci5ces1 n\s rpond5t d'une amlioration dans les de/9es de l'espce huma9e qui peut tre reg>de comme indf9ie1 puisqu'elle n'a d'autres limites que celles de ces progrs mmes4--,,condorcet4 #af4 ,,"s ,,hi/orical ,,reflections ,,on ,,! ,,philosophy ,,( ,,repression ,( c\rse ! k9d ( reason+ & ! presuppositions describ$ 9 ! previ\s section w appeal to _m read]s z an illu/ration ( excessive & unju/ifiable fe> le/ ! pres5t ord] be di/urb$ --a fr5zi$ impulse to ru% to ! def5se ( our ?reat5$ in/itutions4 ,d\btless ! ,lusk report may q prop]ly be class$ z a m]e episode 9 w> psy*ology4 ,hav+ arm$ to put d[n ! ,g]mans & succe$$ 9 s do+1 ! ardor ( conflict does n imm$iately abate1 b new enemies are s\ght & easily discov]$4 ,! hy/]ia ( repression w probably subside1 b x is n[ a well-recogniz$ fact t 9 disease1 :e!r organic or m5tal1 ! abnormal & excessive are b in/ructive exagg]ations & p]v]sions ( ! usual c\rse ( ?+s4 ,!y d n exi/ by !mselves1 b repres5t ! tempor>y & exagg]at$ function+ ( bodily & m5tal processes4 ,! real "q = u "h is n :e!r ,s5ator ,lusk is too fe>ful & too indiscrim9ate 9 8 d5unciations1 b :e!r he & 8 colleagues d n m]ely furni% an ov]*>g$ & p]haps some:at grotesque in/ance ( man's natural & impulsive way ( deal+ ) social problems4 ,x seems to me t en\gh has already be5 said to lead u to suspect ?is4 ,at ! outset ( ?is volume ! /atem5t 0 haz>d$ t if only m5 c\ld come to look at ?+s diff]5tly f ! way !y n[ g5]ally d1 a numb] ( our mo/ %ock+ evils w\ld ei!r rem$y !mselves or %[ !mselves subject to gradual elim9ation or hopeful r$uction4 ,among ^! evils a v fundam5tal "o is ! def5sive attitude t[>d ! criticism ( our exi/+ ord] & ! nave t5d5cy to class critics z enemies ( society4 ,x 0 argu$ t a full] und]/&+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! race w\ld contribute to t ess5tial fre$om ( m9d :i* w\ld welcome criticism & p]mit fair judgm5ts ( its m]its4 ,hav+ review$ ! argum5ts ( ^? :o w\ld suppress criticism le/ x lead to viol5ce & de/ruction1 we may n[ prop]ly recall 9 ?is connection c]ta9 (t5 neglect$ hi/orical facts :i* s]ve to weak5 if n to discr$it mo/ ( ^! argum5ts4 ,man has nev] be5 able to adapt himself v p]fectly to 8 civilization1 & !re has always be5 a deal ( inju/ice & maladju/m5t :i* might conceivably h be5 greatly decreas$ by intellig5ce4 ,b n[ x w\ld seem t ?is *ronic di/ress has become acute1 & "s c>eful obs]v]s express ! q hone/ conviction t unless ?\ght be rais$ to a f> high] plane ?an hi!rto1 "s great setback to civilization is inevitable4 ,yet in/ead ( subject+ traditional ideas & rules to a ?or\ghgo+ reconsid]ation1 our impulse is1 z we h se51 to ha/5 to ju/ify exi/+ & habitual notions ( human conduct4 ,!re are _m :o flatt] !mselves t by suppress+ s-call$ radical ?\ght & its diffusion1 ! pres5t sy/em c be made to "w satisfactorily on ! basis ( ideas ( a hundr$ or a hundr$ ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,:ile we h p]mitt$ our free ?\ght 9 ! natural sci5ces to trans=m man's old _w1 we all[ our s*ools & ev5 our univ]sities to cont9ue to inculcate beliefs & ideals :i* may or may n h be5 appropriate to ! pa/1 b :i* are cle>ly ana*ronisms n[4 ,=1 ! social sci5ce taught 9 our s*ools is1 x w\ld appe>1 an ord]ly pres5tation ( ! conv5tional proprieties1 r ?an a summons to grapple ) ! novel & disconc]t+ facts t surr\nd u on e side4 ,at ! op5+ ( ! tw5tie? c5tury ! s-call$ sci5ces ( man1 despite "s progress1 are1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 9 mu* ! same position t ! natural sci5ces 7 "s c5turies e>li]4 ,hobbes says ( ! s*ola/ic philosophy t x w5t on "o braz5 leg & "o ( an ass4 ,?is seems to be our plight to-day4 ,our sci5tific leg is lu/y & gr[s 9 /r5g? daily2 its fell[ memb]--our ?\ght ( man & 8 sorry e/ate--is caprici\s & halt+4 ,we h n realiz$ ! hopes ( ! eighte5?-c5tury illum9ation1 :5 confid5t philosoph]s believ$ t humanity 0 %ak+ (f its anci5t *a9s2 t ! cl\ds ( sup]/ition 7 lift+1 & t ) ! new a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce man w\ld boldly & rapidly advance t[>d hi!rto undream$-( concord & happ9ess4 ,we c no long] c\nt5ance ! speci\s precision ( ! ,engli% classical s*ool ( economics1 ^: premises h be5 giv5 ! lie by fur!r ?\ght & exp]i5ce4 ,we h really to />t anew4 ,! /ud5ts ( natural ph5om5a e>ly realiz$ ! ardu\s pa? !y _h to travel4 ,!y _h to escape1 above all ?+s1 f ! pa/4 ,!y p]ceiv$ t !y c\ld look = no help f ^? ^: special bus9ess x 0 to philosophize & moralize 9 t]ms ( ! pa/4 ,!y _h to look = light 9 _! own way & 9 ! directions f :i* !y conjectur$ x might come4 ,_! fir/ object 01 z ,bacon put x1 light1 n fruit4 ,!y _h to le>n be=e !y c\ld und]take *anges1 & ,desc>tes is v c>eful to say t philosophic d\bt 0 n to be c>ri$ ov] to daily conduct4 ,?is %\ld = ! "t be+ con=m to accept$ /&>ds1 un5light5$ z !y might be4 ,su* %\ld be ! frame ( m9d ( "o :o seeks insight into human affairs4 ,8 subject matt] is1 h[ev]1 f> m intricate & unmanageable ?an t ( ! natural sci5ti/4 ,exp]im5t on :i* natural sci5ce has re>$ itself is by no means s readily applicable 9 /udy+ mank9d & its problems4 ,! /ud5t ( humanity has ev5 m invet]ate prejudices to ov]come1 m inh]5t & cultivat$ weaknesses ( ! m9d to gu>d aga9/1 ?an ! /ud5t ( nature4 ,l ! e>ly sci5ti/s1 he has a s*ola/ic tradition to combat4 ,he c look = little help f ! univ]sities z n[ con/itut$4 ,! cl]gy1 al?\gh less s5sitive 9 reg>d to :at !y f9d 9 ! ,bible1 are /ill /\tly oppos$1 on ! :ole1 to any ?or\ghgo+ criticism ( ! /&>ds ( morality to :i* !y are accu/om$4 ,few lawy]s c view _! pr(ession ) any consid]able degree ( deta*m5t4 ,!n !re are ! n[ all-pot5t bus9ess int]e/s1 back$ by ! politicians & 9 g5]al support$ by ! ecclesia/ical1 legal1 & educational classes4 ,_m ( ! newspap]s & magaz9es are "u _! influ5ce1 s9ce !y are become ! bus9ess man's h]alds & live (f 8 b\nty4 ,bus9ess inde$ has almo/ become our religion2 x is def5d$ by ! civil gov]nm5t ev5 z ! lat] ,roman emp]ors & ! m$iaeval pr9ces protect$ ! ,*ur* aga9/ attack4 ,sociali/s & communi/s are ! ,wald5sians & ,albig5sians ( our day1 h]etics to be ca/ out1 suppress$1 & deport$ to ,russia1 if n directly to hell z ( old4 ,! ,secret ,s]vice seems incl9$ to play ! "p ( a mod]n ,inquisition1 :i* protects our new religion4 ,collect$ 9 its innum]able files is ! evid5ce 9 reg>d to suspect$ h]etics :o h d>$ impugn bus9ess z usual1 or :o h dwelt too lov+ly on peace & good w among nations4 ,books & pamphlets1 al?\gh no long] burn$ by ! common hangman1 are =bidd5 ! mails by some:at undisc]n+ (ficials4 ,we h a pi\s vocabul>y ( high res5tm5t & noble condemnation1 ev5 z !y _h 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & "p ( x is g5u9e1 if un9tellig5t1 z x 0 !n4 ,su* are "s ( ! ob/acles :i* ! /ud5t ( human affairs mu/ surm\nt4 ,yet we may hope t x w become increas+ly cle> t ! repression ( criticism 7ev5 if su* criticism becomes fault-f9d+ & takes ! =m ( a d5unciation ( exi/+ habits & in/itutions7 is inexp$i5t & inappropriate to ! situation 9 :i* ! _w f9ds itself4 ,let u assume t su* p z really advocate lawlessness & disord] %\ld be c>efully wat*$ & *eck$ if !y promise to be a cause ( viol5ce & de/ruction4 ,b is x n possible to di/+ui% betwe5 !m & ^? :o "q & ev5 arraign ) "s degree ( heat ! /&>diz$ unfairness & maladju/m5ts ( our times8 ,& !re is ano!r class :o _c by any exagg]ation be consid]$ agitators1 :o h by tak+ ?\ght come to see t our conditions h s alt]$ 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s & our k s increas$ t ! old] ways ( do+ & view+ ?+s are n only unreasonable1 b actually dang]\s4 ,b s greatly has ! hy/]ia ( w> unsettl$ ! public m9d t ev5 ?is latt] class is subject to discr$itable accusations & "s degree ( int]f]5ce4 ,we con/antly he> x *>g$ t ?is or t individual or gr\p advocates ! viol5t ov]?r[ ( gov]nm5t1 is n loyal to ! ,con/itution1 or is op5ly or secretly work+ = ! abolition ( private prop]ty or ! family1 or1 9 g5]al1 is suppos$ to be eag] to ov]turn ev]y?+ )\t hav+ any?+ to put 9 its place4 ,! hi/orical /ud5t may well recomm5d t we be on our gu>d aga9/ su* accusations br\ght aga9/ gr\ps & individuals4 ,= ! /ud5t ( hi/ory f9ds t x has always be5 ! cu/om to *>ge ^? :o happ5$ to be unpopul>1 ) hold+ beliefs & do+ ?+s :i* !y nei!r believ$ nor did4 ,socrates 0 execut$ = corrupt+ y\? & infidelity to ! gods2 ,jesus = propos+ to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t2 ,lu!r 0 to ! (ficials ( 8 "t "o :o taught a loose1 self-will$ life1 sev]$ f all laws & :olly bruti%4 ,^? :o que/ion$ ! popul> delusions 9 reg>d to wit*craft 7 decl>$ by cl]gym51 pr(essors1 & judges ( ! sev5te5? c5tury to be z good z a!i/s1 :o %$ d\bt on ! devil's exi/5ce 9 ord] to lead _! godless lives )\t fe> ( future retribution4 ,h[ is x possible1 9 view ( ?is invet]ate habit ( mank9d1 to accept at its face value :at ! police or ,dep>tm5t ( ,ju/ice1 or self-appo9t$ inve/igators1 *oose to report ( ! tea*+s ( p :o are already condemn$ 9 _! eyes8 ,( c\rse ! criticism ( accept$ ideas is (f5sive & w long rema9 s4 ,aft] all1 talk & writ+ are =ms ( conduct1 &1 l all conduct1 are inevitably disagreeable :5 !y dep>t f ! curr5t /&>ds ( respectable behavior4 ,to talk z if our e/abli%$ notions ( religion1 morality1 & prop]ty1 our ideas ( /eal+ & kill+1 7 defective & 9 ne$ ( revision1 is inde$ m %ock+ ?an to violate ! curr5t rules ( action4 ,= we are accu/om$ to actual crimes1 misdemeanors1 & s9s1 :i* are happ5+ all ! "t1 b we w n tol]ate any suspect$ attempt to palliate !m 9 !ory4 ,x is inevitable t new views %\ld appe> to ! ?\ghtless to be ju/ifications or ext5uations ( evil actions & an enc\ragem5t ( viol5ce & rebellion1 & t !y w accord+ly be bitt]ly d5\nc$4 ,b !re is no reason :y an increase ( intellig5ce %\ld n put a gr[+ numb] ( u on our gu>d aga9/ ?is anci5t pitfall4 ,if we are c\rage\sly to meet & successfully to ov]come ! dang]s ) :i* our civilization is ?reat5$1 x is cle> t we ne$ m m9d ?an ev] be=e4 ,x is also cle> t we c h indef9itely m m9d ?an we already h if we b hone/ly desire x & avail ourselves ( res\rces already at h&4 ,m9d1 z previ\sly def9$1 is our consci\s k & intellig5ce1 :at we "k & our attitude t[>d x--our disposition to increase our in=mation1 classify x1 criticize x1 & apply x4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is s5se ! m9d is a matt] ( accumulation & t x has be5 9 ! mak+ ev] s9ce man took 8 fir/ /ep 9 civilization4 ,i h tri$ to sugge/ ! mann] 9 :i* man's long hi/ory illum9ates our plight & ca/s light on ! pa? to be foll[$4 ,& hi/ory is beg9n+ to take acc\nt ( ! k ( man's nature & orig9 contribut$ by ! biologi/ & ! an?ropologi/ & ! new] psy*ologi/s4 ,few p realize ! hopeful revolution t is already beg9n+ to influ5ce ! aims & me?ods ( all ^! sci5ces ( man4 ,no previ\s g5]ation ( ?9k]s has be5 s humble on ! :ole z is t ( to-day1 s ready to av[ _! ignorance & to recognize ! t5d5cy ( ea* new discov]y to reveal fur!r complexities 9 ! problem4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 feel+ t at la/ we h ! *ance to />t afre%4 ,we are fre] ?an any previ\s age f ! v>i\s prepossessions & prejudices :i* we n[ see hamp]$ ! s-call$ free ?9k+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! /&>ds & mood ( natural sci5ce are hav+ an increas+ influ5ce 9 /imulat+ eag] rese>* into human nature1 beliefs1 & in/itutions4 ,) ,bacon's recomm5dations ( ! /udy ( common ?+s ! human m9d ent]$ a new /age ( developm5t4 ,n[ t hi/oric =ces h br\ght ! common man to ! =e1 we are submitt+ him to sci5tific /udy & ga9+ !reby t elem5t>y k ( 8 nature :i* ne$s to be va/ly increas$ & spread abroad1 s9ce x c =m ! only possible basis = a successful & real democracy4 ,i w\ld n h ! read] inf] t ,i ov]rate ! place ( sci5ce or exact k 9 ! life ( man4 ,sci5ce1 :i* is b ! mo/ accurate in=mation available ab\t ! _w 9 :i* we live & ! nature ( ourselves & ( our fell[ m51 is n ! :ole ( life2 & except to a few peculi> p]sons x c nev] be ! mo/ absorb+ & vivid ( our emotional satisfactions4 ,we are poetic & arti/ic & romantic & my/ical4 ,we res5t ! cold analysis & r$uction ( life to ! commonplace & well sub/antiat$--& ?is is aft] all is said1 ! aim ( sci5tific endeavor4 ,b we h to adju/ ourselves to a *ang+ _w 9 ! light ( con/antly accumulat+ k4 ,x is k t has alt]$ ! _w & we mu/ rely on k & und]/&+ to accommodate ourselves to our new surr\nd+s & e/abli% peace & ord] & security = ! pursuit ( ^? ?+s t to mo/ ( u are m entic+ ?an sci5ce itself4#bg ,no previ\s g5]ation has be5 s p]plex$ z ours1 b none has ev] be5 ju/ifi$ 9 hold+ high] hopes if x c\ld b reconcile itself to mak+ bold & judici\s use ( its gr[+ res\rces1 mat]ial & intellectual4 ,x is fe> t holds u back4 ,& fe> is begott5 ( ignorance & unc]ta9ty4 ,& ^! mutually re9=ce "o ano!r1 = we feebly try to condone our ignorance by our unc]ta9ty & to excuse our unc]ta9ty by our ignorance4 ,our hot def5se ( our ideas & beliefs does n indicate an e/abli%$ confid5ce 9 !m b (t5 half-di/ru/1 :i* we try to hide f ourselves1 j z "o :o suff]s f ba%fulness (fsets 8 s5se ( inf]iority & awkw>dness by rude aggression4 ,if1 = example1 religi\s beliefs _h be5 really firmly e/abli%$ !re w\ld h be5 no ne$ ( aids to fai?2 & s ) our bus9ess sy/em to-day1 our politics & int]national relations4 ,we dread to see ?+s z !y w\ld appe> if we ?\ght ( !m hone/ly1 = x is ! nature ( critical ?\ght to metamorphose our famili> & approv$ _w into some?+ /range & unfamili>4 ,x is und\bt$ly a n]v\s s5se ( ! prec>i\sness ( ! exi/+ social sy/em :i* acc\nts = ! pres5t /r5u\s opposition to a fair & squ>e consid]ation ( its m]its & defects4 ,p>tisan%ip is our great curse4 ,we too readily assume t ev]y?+ has two sides & t x is our duty to be on "o or ! o!r4 ,we mu/ be def5d+ or attack+ some?+2 only ! lily-liv]$ hide _! natural c[>dice by ask+ ! impud5t "q1 ,:at is x all ab\t8 ,! h]oic gird on ! armor ( ! ,"l1 squ>e _! %\ld]s1 & e/abli% a muscul> t5sion :i* s]ves to dispel d\bt & begets ! voluptu\sness ( bigotry & fanaticism4#bh ,9 ?is mood que/ions become issues ( "r & wrong1 n ( exp$i5cy & inexp$i5cy4 ,x has be5 said t ! wor?y p ( ,cambridge are able promptly to r$uce ! mo/ complex social or economic problem to a simple moral issue1 & ?is is a wile ( ! ,fa!r ( ,lies1 to :i* _m ( u yield readily en\gh4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible = ! individual to ov]come ! fe> ( ?\ght4 ,once ,i 0 afraid t m5 might ?9k too mu*2 n[1 ,i only dread le/ !y w ?9k too little & f> too timidly1 = ,i n[ see t real ?9k+ is r>e & difficult & t x ne$s e inc5tive 9 ! face ( innum]able anci5t & inh]5t disc\ragem5ts & imp$im5ts4 ,we mu/ fir/ endeavor manfully to free our own m9ds & !n d :at we c to he>t5 o!rs to free !irs4 ,t\j\rs de l'audace6 ,z memb]s ( a race t has requir$ f five hundr$ ?\s& to a million ye>s to rea* its pres5t /ate ( enlight5m5t1 !re is little reason to ?9k t anyone ( u is likely to cultivate intellig5ce too assidu\sly or 9 h>mful excess4 #ag4 ,,:at ,,( ,,x8 ,our age is "o ( unprec$5t$ responsibility4 ,z ,mr4 ,lippmann has s well said3 ,nev] be=e h we _h to rely s completely on ourselves4 ,no gu>dian to ?9k = u1 no prec$5t to foll[ )\t "q1 no lawmak] above1 only ord9>y m5 set to deal ) he>tbreak+ p]plexity4 ,all weakness comes to ! surface4 ,we are homeless 9 a jungle ( ma*9es & untam$ p[]s t haunt & lure ! imag9ation4 ,( c\rse our culture is confus$1 our ?9k+ spasmodic1 & our emotion out ( kilt]4 ,no m>9] ev] ent]s ^u a m un*>t$ sea ?an does ! av]age human be+ born 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,our ance/ors ?\ght !y knew _! way f bir? ?r\gh all et]nity2 we are puzzl$ ab\t day aft] to-morr[4444 ,x is ) emancipation t real tasks beg91 & lib]ty is a se>*+ *all5ge1 = x takes away ! gu>dian%ip ( ! ma/] & ! com=t ( ! prie/4 ,! iconocla/s did n free u4 ,!y ?rew u into ! wat]1 & n[ we h to swim4#bi ,we mu/ look =w>d to ev] new pr$icam5ts & adv5tures4 ,no?+ is go+ to be settl$ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ?+s 7 once suppos$ to be settl$1 = ! simple reason t k w probably cont9ue to increase & w inevitably alt] ! _w ) :i* we h to make t]ms4 ,! only ?+ t might conceivably rema9 some:at /abiliz$ is an attitude ( m9d & unflagg+ expectancy appropriate to ! t]ms & ! rules accord+ to :i* life's game mu/ h]eaft] be play$4 ,we mu/ promote a new cohesion & co-op]ation on ! basis ( ?is tru?4 ,& ?is means t we h n[ to sub/itute purpose = tradition1 & ?is is a concise /atem5t ( ! great revolution :i* we face4 ,n[1 :5 all human in/itutions s sl[ly & labori\sly evolv$ are impugn$1 e cons5sus *all5g$1 e cre$ fl\t$1 z mu* z & p]haps ev5 m ?an by ! anci5t ,sophi/s1 ! call comes to u 444 to explore1 te/1 &1 if necess>y1 recon/ruct ! v bases ( conviction1 = all op5 que/ions are new opportunities4 ,old beacon lights h %ift$ or gone out4 ,"s ( ! issues we lately ?\ght to be m9or h tak5 on cosmic dim5sions4 ,we are all up aga9/ que/ions too big = u1 s t !re is ev]y:]e a s5se ( insuffici5cy :i* is too deep to be fully deploy$ 9 ! n>r[ field ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce1 !re is a new discont5t ) old lead]s1 /&>ds1 crit]ia1 me?ods1 & values1 & a dem& ev]y:]e = new ones1 a realization t mank9d mu/ n[ reori5t itself & take its be>+s f ! et]nal />s & sail no long] into ! unkn[n future by ! dead reckon+s ( ! pa/4#cj ,life1 9 %ort1 has become a solemn sport+ proposition--solemn en\gh 9 its heavy responsibilities & ! magnitude ( ! /akes to satisfy our deepe/ religi\s long+s2 sporty en\gh to tickle ! fancy ( a baseball fan or an explor] 9 d>ke/ ,borneo4 ,we c play ! game or refuse to play x4 ,at pres5t mo/ ( human organization1 gov]nm5tal1 educational1 social1 & religi\s1 is direct$1 z x always has be51 to hold+ ?+s d[n1 & to p]petuat+ beliefs & policies :i* belong to ! pa/ & h be5 b too g+]ly readju/$ to our new k & new conditions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are v>i\s sci5tific associations :i* are b5t on revis+ & amplify+ our k & are n pl$g$ to keep+ alive any belief or me?od :i* _c /& ! criticism :i* comes ) fur!r in=mation4 ,! t]rible fe> ( fall+ into m]e rationaliz+ is gradually ext5d+ f ! s-call$ natural sci5ces to psy*ology1 an?ropology1 politics1 & political economy4 ,all ?is is a *e]+ response to ! new situation4 ,b1 z has be5 po9t$ out1 really hone/ discussion ( our social1 economic1 & political /&>ds & habits readily takes on ! suspicion ( h]esy & infidelity4 ,j z ! free?9k] :o1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 /rove to discr$it miracles 9 ! "n ( an all-wise & =esee+ ,god 7:o c\ld n be suspect$ ( tamp]+ ) 8 own laws71 0 accus$ ( be+ an a!i/ & ( really believ+ 9 no ,god at all2 s ^? :o w\ld ennoble our ideals ( social organization are describ$ z ,intellectuals or p>lor ,bol%evi/s :o w\ld ov]?r[ society & all ! a*ievem5ts ( ! pa/ 9 ord] to free !mselves f moral & religi\s re/ra9ts & mayhap get some?+ = no?+4 ,! p>allel is v exact inde$4 ,! ,*ur* always argu$ t !re 7 no new h]esies4 ,all w\ld1 on exam9ation1 prove to be old & discr$it$4 ,s ! ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has rec5tly decl>$ t3 ,m5 h exp]im5t$ ) radical !ories 9 great & small ways times )\t numb] & always1 always ) complete failure4 ,!y are n new2 !y are old4 ,ea* failure has demon/rat$ anew t )\t ef=t !re is no success4 ,! race nev] gets some?+ = no?+4#ca ,b is ?is n a complete rev]sal ( ! obvi\s tru?8 ,unless we def9e radical z t :i* nev] does succe$1 h[ c anyone ) ! mo/ elem5t>y notions ( hi/ory fail to see t almo/ all ! ?+s t we prize to-day repres5t revolts aga9/ tradition1 & 7 9 _! beg9n+s :at seem$ to be %ock+ div]g5ces f curr5t beliefs & practices8 ,:at ab\t ,*ri/ianity1 & ,prote/antism1 & con/itutional gov]nm5t1 & ! rejection ( old sup]/itions & ! acceptance ( mod]n sci5tific ideas8 ,! race has always be5 gett+ some?+ = no?+1 = creative ?\ght is1 z we h se51 conf9$ to a v few4 ,& x has be5 ! cu/om to disc\rage or kill ^? :o prosecut$ x too op5ly1 n to rew>d !m accord+ to _! m]its4 ,"o _c b wond] at ?is con/antly recurr+ phrase gett+ some?+ = no?+1 z if x 7 ! peculi> & p]v]se ambition ( di/urb]s ( society4 ,except = our animal outfit1 practically all we h is h&$ to u gratis4 ,c ! mo/ complac5t reaction>y flatt] himself t he inv5t$ ! art ( writ+ or ! pr9t+ press1 or discov]$ 8 religi\s1 economic1 & moral convictions1 or any ( ! devices :i* supply him ) meat & raim5t or any ( ! s\rces ( su* pleasure z he may d]ive f lit]ature or ! f9e arts8 ,9 %ort1 civilization is little else ?an gett+ some?+ = no?+4 ,l o!r ve/$ int]e/s1 x is ! legitimate "r to some?+ = no?+4#cb ,h[ mu* execrable reason+ & h[ _m /upid accusations w\ld fall away if ?is tru? 7 accept$ z a basis ( discussion6 ,( c\rse !re is no m flagrant example ( a sy/ematic endeavor to get some?+ = no?+ ?an ! pres5t bus9ess sy/em bas$ on pr(its1 & abs5tee own]%ip ( /ocks4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & inde$ long be=e1 ^? fe>ful ( *ange h attempt$ to *eck criticism by attack+ books4 ,^! 7 classifi$ z or?odox or het]odox1 moral or immoral1 treasonable or loyal1 accord+ to _! tone4 ,unhappily ?is habit cont9ues & %[s itself 9 ! di/9ction betwe5 s\nd & uns\nd1 radical & cons]vative1 safe & dang]\s4 ,! s5sible "q to ask ab\t a book is obvi\sly :e!r x makes "s contribution to a cle>] und]/&+ ( our situation by add+ or reaffirm+ important consid]ations & ! inf]5ces to be made f ^!4 ,su* books c\ld be set (f aga9/ ^? t 7 b expressions ( vague discont5t or emulation1 or d5unciations ( ?+s because !y are z !y are or are n z !y are n4 ,i h p]sonally little confid5ce 9 ^? :o cry lo "h or lo !re4 ,x is premature to advocate any wide sweep+ recon/ruction ( ! social ord]1 al?\gh exp]im5ts & sugge/ions %\ld n be disc\rag$4 ,:at we ne$ fir/ is a *ange ( he>t & a *a/5$ mood :i* w p]mit an ev] increas+ numb] ( p to see ?+s z !y are1 9 ! light ( :at !y h be5 & :at !y might be4 ,! dogmatic sociali/ ) 8 unhi/orical assumptions ( class /ruggle1 8 exagg]at$ economic int]pretation ( hi/ory1 & 8 notion t labor is ! sole produc] ( capital1 is %$d+ sc>cely m light on ! actual situation ?an is ! ,lusk ,committee & ,mr4 ,coolidge1 ) _! confid5ce 9 ! sacr$ness ( private prop]ty1 z !y conceive x1 9 ! p]5nial rightness & inspiration ( exi/+ au?ority & ! bless$ness ( ! pr(it sy/em4 ,b !re are pl5ty ( writ]s1 to m5tion only a few ( ! m rec5t ones1 l ,vebl51 ,dewey1 ,j4 ,a4 ,hobson1 ,tawney1 ,cole1 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,graham ,wallas1 :o may or may n h 7or ev] h _h7 any confid5ce 9 ! presuppositions & =eca/s ( socialism1 ^: books d make cle>] to any fair-m9d$ read] ! pa9ful exig5cies ( our own times4 ,i (t5 ?9k ( ! economic hi/orians (1 say1 two c5turies h5ce :o may f9d "t to dig up ! ve/iges ( ! economic lit]ature ( to-day4 ,we may 9 imag9ation appeal to _! v]dicts & 9 "s cases v5ture to =eca/ !m4 ,_m ( our writ]s !y w ?r[ aside z dom9at$ by a desire m]ely to save ! ill-und]/ood pres5t at all co/s2 o!rs z attempt+ to realize plans :i* 7 already discr$it$ 9 _! own day4 ,future hi/orians w1 nev]!less1 cle>ly di/+ui% a few :o1 by a sort ( p]si/5t & ard5t deta*m5t1 7 able to see ?+s close at h& m fully & truly ?an _! fell[s & endeavor$ to d :at !y c\ld to lead _! fell[s to p]ceive & reckon ) ! facts :i* s deeply conc]n$ !m4 ,bless$ be ^? :o aspire to w9 ?is glory4 ,on ! monum5t erect$ to ,bruno on ! site :]e he 0 burn$ = see+ m cle>ly ?an ^? 9 au?ority 9 8 days1 is ! simple inscription1 ,rais$ to ,giordano ,bruno by ! g5]ation :i* he =esaw4 ,we are all purbl9d1 b "s are bl9d] ?an o!rs :o use ! v>i\s means available = %>p5+ _! eyesight4 ,z an onlook] x seems to me safe to say t ! l5ses recomm5d$ by bo? ! radicals & _! vivid oppon5ts r t5d to increase ?an dim9i% our natural a/igmatism4 ,^? :o agree1 on ! :ole1 at lea/1 ) ! facts br\ght toge!r 9 ?is essay &1 on ! :ole1 ) ! ma9 inf]5ces sugge/$ ei!r explicitly or implicitly1 w prop]ly beg9 to wond] h[ our educational sy/em & aims are to be s re>rang$ t com+ g5]ations may be bett] prep>$ to und]/& ! condition ( human life & to avail !mselves ( its possibilities m fully & gu>d aga9/ its dang]s m skillfully ?an previ\s g5]ations4 ,!re is n[ widespread discont5t ) our pres5t educational me?ods & _! elaborate futility2 b x seems to me t we are r r>ely will+ to face ! fundam5tal difficulty1 = x is obvi\sly s v h>d to ov]come4 ,we d n d>e to be hone/ en\gh to tell boys & girls & "y m5 & wom5 :at w\ld be mo/ useful to !m 9 an age ( imp]ative social recon/ruction4 ,we h se5 t ! o/5sible aims ( education are v>i\s1#cc & t among !m is n[ includ$ ! av[$ attempt to prep>e ! "y to play _! "p lat] z vot+ citiz5s4 ,if !y are to d bett] ?an prec$+ g5]ations !y mu/ be br\ght up diff]5tly4 ,!y w\ld h to be giv5 a diff]5t g5]al attitude t[>d in/itutions & ideals2 in/ead ( hav+ ^! repres5t$ to !m z /&>diz$ & sacr$ !y %\ld be taught to view !m z repres5t+ half-solv$ problems4 ,b h[ c we ev] expect to cultivate ! judgm5t ( ! "y 9 matt]s ( fundam5tal social1 economic1 & political readju/m5t :5 we consid] ! really dom9at+ =ces 9 education8 ,b ev5 if ^! re/ra9ts 7 weak5$ or remov$1 ! task w\ld rema9 a v delicate "o4 ,ev5 ) tea*]s free & f> bett] in=m$ ?an !y are1 x w\ld be no easy ?+ to cultivate 9 ! "y a ju/ifiable admiration = ! a*ievem5ts & traditional ideals ( mank9d & at ! same "t develop ! requisite k ( ! prevail+ abuses1 culpable /upidity1 common di%one/y1 & empty political buncombe1 :i* too (t5 passes = /atesman%ip4 ,b ! problem has to be tackl$1 & x may be tackl$ directly or indirectly4 ,! direct way w\ld be to describe z reali/ically z might be ! actual conditions & me?ods1 & _! work+s1 good & bad4 ,if !re 7 bett] books ?an are n[ available x w\ld be possible = tea*]s tactfully to %[ n only h[ gov]nm5t is suppos$ to run1 b h[ x actually is run4 ,!re are pl5ty ( reports ( inve/igat+ committees1 ,f$]al & /ate1 :i* furni% au!ntic in=mation 9 reg>d to political corruption1 graft1 wa/e1 & incompet5cy4 ,^! h n hi!rto be5 suppos$ to h any?+ to d ) ! sci5ce ( gov]nm5t1 al?\gh !y are obvi\sly absolutely ess5tial to an und]/&+ ( x4 ,simil> reflections sugge/ !mselves 9 ! matt] ( bus9ess1 int]national relations1 & race animosities4 ,b s long z our s*ools dep5d on appropriations made by politicians1 & colleges & univ]sities are l>gely support$ by bus9ess m5 or by ! /ate1 & are "u ! control ( ^? :o are b5t on pres]v+ ! exi/+ sy/em f criticism1 x is h>d to see any hope ( a k9d ( education :i* w\ld effectively "q ! conv5tional notions ( gov]nm5t & bus9ess4 ,!y _c be discuss$ ) suffici5t hone/y to make _! consid]ation really m$ic9al4 ,we laud ! brave & outspok5 & ^? suppos$ to h ! c\rage ( _! convictions--b only :5 ^! convictions are acceptable or indiff]5t to u4 ,o!rwise1 hone/y & frankness become m]e impud5ce4#cd ,no d\bt politics & economics c\ld be taught1 & are be+ taught1 bett] z "t goes on4 ,nei!r ( !m are s utt]ly unreal & irrelevant to human proce$+s z !y =m]ly 74 ,!re is no reason :y a tea*] ( political economy %\ld n describe ! actual work+s ( ! pr(it sy/em ( indu/ry ) its re/ra9ts on production & its dep5d5ce on ! eng9e]1 & sugge/ ! possibility ( ga!r+ toge!r capital f functionless abs5tee /ockhold]s on ! basis ( ! curr5t rate ( int]e/ r ?an speculative divid5ds4 ,! actual conditions ( ! work]s c\ld be describ$1 _! pres5t prec>i\s /ate1 ! inord9ate & wa/eful preval5ce ( hir+ & fir+2 ! policy ( ! unions1 & _! def5sive & (f5sive tactics4 ,e y\ng/] might be giv5 "s glimm]+ notion t nei!r private prop]ty nor capital is ! real issue 7s9ce few "q _! ess5tiality7 b r ! new problem ( supply+ o!r ?an ! traditional motives = indu/rial ent]prise--namely1 ! slave-l docility & h>d compulsion ( ! great masses ( work]s1 on ! "o h&1 & speculative pr(its1 on ! o!r1 :i* n[ dom9ate 9 our pres5t bus9ess sy/em4 ,= ! exi/+ organization is n only becom+ m & m pat5tly wa/eful1 he>tless1 & unju/1 b is beg9n+1 = v>i\s reasons1 to break d[n4 ,9 %ort1 :atev] ! m]its ( our pres5t ways ( produc+ ! mat]ial necessities & am5ities ( life1 x looks to _m z if !y c\ld n succe$ indef9itely1 ev5 z well z !y h 9 ! pa/1 )\t "s fundam5tal revision4 ,z = political life1 a good deal w\ld be accompli%$ if /ud5ts c\ld be habituat$ to di/+ui% successfully betwe5 ! empty declamations ( politicians & /atem5ts ( facts1 betwe5 vague p>ty programs & concrete recomm5dations & proposals4 ,!y %\ld e>ly le>n t language is n prim>ily a vehicle ( ideas & in=mation1 b an emotional outlet1 correspond+ to v>i\s coo+s1 gr[l+s1 sn>ls1 cr[+s1 & bray+s4 ,_! att5tion c\ld be invit$ to ! rhetoric ( ! bitt]-end]s 9 ! ,s5ate or ! soo?+ utt]ances ( ,mr4 ,h>d+ on accept+ ! nom9ation = ,presid5t3 ,) a ,s5ate advis+ z ! ,con/itution contemplates1 ,i w\ld hopefully approa* ! nations ( ,europe & ( ! e>?1 propos+ t und]/&+ :i* makes u a will+ p>ticipant 9 ! consecration ( nations to a new relation%ip1 to commit ! moral =ces ( ! _w1 ,am]ica includ$1 to peace & int]national ju/ice1 /ill leav+ ,am]ica free1 indep5d5t1 self-reliant1 b (f]+ fri5d%ip to all ! _w4 ,if m5 call = m specific details1 ,i rem9d !m t moral committals are broad & all-inclusive1 & we are contemplat+ peoples 9 ! concord ( humanity's advancem5t4 ,aft] ma/]+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 language us$ to express facts & purposes & t :i* am\nts to no m ?an a pi\s ejaculation1 a suave & deprecat+ ge/ure1 or an inf]5tial accusation direct$ aga9/ ! oppos+ p>ty1 ! y\? %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 ! !ory & practice ( p>ty fidelity & ! effects ( p>tisan%ip on ! conduct ( our gov]nm5tal affairs4 ,9 f9e1 he %\ld get "s notion ( ! motives & me?ods ( ^? :o really run our gov]nm5t1 :e!r he le>n$ any?+ else or n4 ,^! direct attempts to produce a m intellig5tly critical & op5-m9d$ g5]ation are1 h[ev]1 likely to be f> less feasible ?an ! indirect me?ods4 ,p>tly because !y w ar\se /r5u\s opposition f ! self-appo9t$ def5d]s ( society z n[ regulat$1 & p>tly because no imm$iate inspection ( habits & in/itutions is s in/ructive z a /udy ( _! orig9 & progress & a comp>ison ( !m ) o!r =ms ( social adju/m5t4 ,i hope t x has already become cle> t we h great1 & hi!rto only v sup]ficially work$1 res\rces 9 ,hi/ory1 z x is n[ com+ to be conceiv$4 ,we are 9 ! mid/ ( ! greate/ intellectual revolution t has ev] ov]tak5 mank9d4 ,our :ole conception ( m9d is und]go+ a great *ange4 ,we are beg9n+ to und]/& its nature1 & z we f9d out m1 intellig5ce may be rais$ to a recogniz$ dignity & effectiv5ess :i* x has nev] enjoy$ be=e4 ,an enc\rag+ beg9n+ has be5 made 9 ! case ( ! natural sci5ces1 & a simil> success may await ! /udies :i* h to d ) ! critical e/imate ( man's complicat$ nature1 8 fundam5tal impulses & res\rces1 ! ne$less & fatal repressions :i* ^! h suff]$ ?r\gh ! ignorance ( ! pa/1 & ! discov]y ( untri$ ways ( enri*+ our exi/5ce & improv+ our relations ) our fell[ m54 ,!re#ce is a well-kn[n passage 9 ,goe!'s ,fau/ :]e he lik5s ,hi/ory to ! ,book ) ,sev5 ,seals describ$ 9 ,revelation1 :i* no "o 9 heav51 or on ! e>? or "u ! e>?1 0 able to op5 & read !re94 ,all sorts ( guesses h be5 haz>d$ z to its cont5ts by ,augu/9e1 ,orosius1 ,otto ( ,freis+1 ,bossuet1 ,bol+broke1 ,voltaire1 ,h]d]1 ,hegel1 & _m o!rs1 b none ( !m 7 able to break ! seals1 & all ( !m 7 gravely misl$ by _! fragm5t>y k ( ! book's cont5ts4 ,= we n[ see t ! sev5 seals 7 sev5 great ignorances4 ,no "o knew mu* 7#a7 ( man's physical nature1 or 7#b7 ! work+s ( 8 ?\ghts & desires1 or 7#c7 ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 or 7#d7 ( h[ he has come ab\t z a race1 or 7#e7 ( h[ he develops z an individual f a t9y egg1 or 7#f7 h[ deeply & p]man5tly he is affect$ by ! (t5 =gott5 impressions ( infancy & *ildhood1 or 7#g7 h[ 8 ance/ors liv$ = hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! d>k ignorance ( savag]y4 ,! seals are all (f n[4 ,! book at la/ lies op5 be=e ^? :o are capable ( read+ x1 & few !y be z yet2 = mo/ ( u /ill cl+ to ! guesses made 9 reg>d to its cont5ts be=e anyone knew :at 0 9 x4 ,we h become atta*$ to ! famili> old /ories :i* n[ prove to be fictions1 & we f9d x h>d to reconcile ourselves to ! _m h>d say+s :i* ! book proves to conta9--its con/ant /ress on ! /upidity ( good p2 its scorn = ! respectable & normal1 :i* x (t5 r$uces to little m ?an sanctimoni\s r\t9e & indol5ce & pi\s res5tm5t at be+ di/urb$ 9 "o's complac5t assurances4 ,inde$1 mu* ( its tea*+ appe>s d[nright immoral accord+ to exi/+ /&>ds4 ,"o awful ?+ t ! ,book ( ! ,pa/ makes pla9 is t ) our animal h]itage we are s+ul>ly oblivi\s to ! l>ge conc]ns ( life4 ,we are ke5ly s5sitive to little discom=ts1 m9or irritations1 w\nd$ vanity1 & v>i\s dang] signals2 b our compreh5sion is inh]5tly vague & li/less :5 x comes to grasp+ intricate situations & e/abli%+ any?+ l a fair p]spective 9 life's problems & possibilities4 ,our imag9ation is re/ra9$ by our own timidity1 con/antly re9=c$ by ! w>n+s ( our fell[s1 :o are always urg+ u to be safe & sane1 by :i* !y mean conv5i5t = !m1 pr$ictable 9 our conduct & graci\sly am5able to ! prevail+ /&>ds4 ,b x is obvi\s t x is increas+ly dang]\s to yield to ?is invet]ate t5d5cy1 h[ev] com=table & respectable x may seem = ! mom5t4 ,hi/ory1 z ,h4 ,g4 ,wells has s f9ely express$ x1 is com+ m & m to be a race betwe5 education & cata/rophe4 ,our int]nal policies & our economic & social ideas are pr(\ndly vitiat$ at pres5t by wrong & fanta/ic ideas ( ! orig9 & hi/orical relation%ip ( social classes4 ,a s5se ( hi/ory z ! common adv5ture ( all mank9d is z necess>y = peace )9 z x is = peace betwe5 ! nations4 ,!re c be no secure peace n[ b a common peace ( ! :ole _w2 no prosp]ity b a g5]al prosp]ity1 & ?is = ! simple reason t we are all n[ br\ght s ne> toge!r & are s pa!tically & intricately int]dep5d5t1 t ! old notions ( noble ,isolation & national sov]eignty are magnific5tly crim9al4 ,9 ! bottom ( _! he>ts1 or ! dep?s ( _! unconsci\s1 d n ! cons]vatively m9d$ realize t _! :ole attitude t[>d ! _w & its bett]m5t is bas$ on an assumption t f9ds no lea/ support 9 ! ,great ,book ( ! ,pa/8 ,does x n make pla9 t ! cons]vative1 s f> z he is consi/5t & lives up to 8 pr(essions1 is fatally 9 ! wrong8 ,! s-call$ radical is also almo/ always wrong1 = no "o c =esee ! future4 ,b he works on a "r assumption--namely1 t ! future has s f> always prov$ diff]5t f ! pa/ & t x w cont9ue to d s4 ,"s ( u1 inde$1 see t ! future is t5d+ to become m & m rapidly & widely diff]5t f ! pa/4 ,! cons]vative himself furni%es ! only illu/ration ( 8 !ory1 & ev5 t is highly inconclusive4 ,8 g5]al frame ( m9d appe>s to rema9 con/ant1 b he f9ds himself def5d+ & reject+ v diff]5t ?+s4 ,! great issue may1 accord+ to ! p]iod1 be a primeval taboo1 ! utt]ances ( ! ,delphic oracle1 ! ,a?anasian cre$1 ! ,inquisition1 ! geoc5tric !ory1 mon>*y by ! grace ( ,god1 wit*craft1 slav]y1 w>1 capitalism1 private prop]ty1 or noble isolation4 ,all ( ^! t5d to appe> to ! cons]vative "u ! aspect ( et]nity1 b all ( ^! ?+s h come1 _m ( !m h gone1 & ! rema9d] w\ld seem to be subject to undream$-( modifications z "t goes on4 ,?is is ! tea*+ ( ! n[ unseal$ book4 ,,notes4 #bg ,mr4 ,james ,bran* ,cabell has 9 8 ,beyond ,life def5d$ man's romantic long+s & inexorable crav+ to live "p ( ! "t at lea/ 9 a _w f> m sweetly mold$ to 8 fancy ?an t ( natural sci5ce & political economy4 ,!re is no reason :y man %\ld live by bread alone4 ,!re is a "t1 h[ev]1 = natural sci5ce & political economy1 = !y %\ld e/abli% ! conditions 9 :i* we may rejoice 9 our vital lies1 :i* w !n d no h>m & br+ mu* joy4 #bh ,! relation ( our k9e/hesia or muscul> s5se to fanaticism on ! "o h& & fre$om ( m9d on ! o!r is a matt] n[ beg9n+ to be /udi$ ) ! promise ( highly important results4 #bi ,drift & ,ma/]y1 pp4 #aif-aig4 #cj ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 ,! ,message ( ! ,zeitgei/1 9 ,sci5tific ,mon?ly1 ,augu/1 #aiba--;a v wond]ful & eloqu5t appeal by "o ( our olde/ & bolde/ tru? seek]s4 #ca ,del9eator1 ,augu/1 #aiba1 p4 ,,ii4 #cb ,adopt+ ,mr4 ,vebl5's def9ition ( a ve/$ int]e/ :i* caus$ "s sc&al 9 cons]vative circles :5 x 0 fir/ report$4 ,d\btless ! seem+ (f5siv5ess ( ! latt] "p ( ! def9ition obscur$ its reassur+ beg9n+4 #cc ,see ,section #b above4 #cd ,! wise ,goe! has said1 ,zi]et ,/rke d5 ,mann und freies1 mu?iges ,wes51 ,o1 s ziemet ihm fa/ tiefes ,geheimniss no* mehr1 --,rmis*e ,elegi51 xx4 #ce ,! clos+ reflections are borr[$ f ,! ,leaflet1 issu$ by ! /ud5ts ( ! ,new ,s*ool = ,social ,rese>*1 e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #aiai1 ) a view ( enc\rag+ adults to cont9ue _! /udies 9 ! g5]al _s & mood :i* p]meate ?is essay4 ,,app5dix ,,"s ,,sugge/ions ,,9 ,,reg>d ,,to ,,read+ ,x may happ5 t among ! read]s ( ?is essay !re w be "s :o w ask h[ !y c mo/ readily get a cle>] idea ( ! v>i\s new] ways ( look+ at mank9d & ! problems ( ! day4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( titles is furni%$ ) a view ( do+ some?+ to meet ?is dem&4 ,x is n a bibliography 9 ! usual s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x is conf9$ to r %ort & readily und]/&able pres5tations appropriate to ! ov]cr[d$ s*$ule ^u :i* mo/ ( u h to op]ate4 ,all ! writ]s m5tion$ belong1 h[ev]1 to t r small class ^: op9ions are wor? consid]+1 ev5 if "o res]ves ! imprescriptible "r n to agree ) all !y say4 ,!re may well be bett] ref]5ces ?an ^? ) :i* ,i happ5 to be acqua9t$1 & o!rs q z useful2 b ,i c h>dly imag9e anyone1 :atev] 8 degree ( in=mation1 unless he happ5s to be a speciali/ 9 ! p>ticul> field1 fail+ to ga9 some?+ ( value f any "o ( ! volumes m5tion$4 ,= ! a/\nd+ revelations 9 reg>d to ! fundam5tal nature ( matt] & ! ways 9 :i* ! mod]n *emi/ plays ) x1 see ,john ,mills1 ,)9 ! ,atom 7,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,company71 & ,slosson1 ,creative ,*emi/ry 7,! ,c5tury ,company74 ,a g5]al acc\nt ( ! evolution>y process w be f\nd 9 ,crampton1 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,evolution 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,press71 *aps1 i-v4 ,= our developm5t z an individual f ! egg see ,conkl91 ,h]$ity & ,environm5t 7,pr9ceton ,univ]sity ,press74 ,! g5]al scope ( mod]n an?ropology & ! influ5ce ( ?is /udy on our notions ( mank9d z we n[ f9d x c be ga!r$ f ,gold5weis]1 ,e>ly ,civilization1 ,introduction to ,an?ropology 7,knopf74 ,?is %\ld be supplem5t$ by ! rem>kable volume ( essays by ,franz ,boas1 ,! ,m9d ( ,primitive ,man 7,macmillan74 ,( ! m rec5t & easily available books relat+ to ! recon/ruction ( philosophy & ! new] conceptions 9 reg>d to m9d & intellig5ce ! foll[+ may be m5tion$3 ,dewey1 ,recon/ruction 9 ,philosophy & ,human ,nature & ,conduct 7,holt72 ,woodwor?1 ,dynamic ,psy*ology 7,columbia ,univ]sity ,press72 ,trott]1 ,in/9cts ( ! ,h]d 9 ,peace & ,w> 7,macmillan7--especially ! fir/ two sections1 pp4 #a-fe2 ,b]n>d ,h>t1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,insanity 7,putnam71 an admirable little introduction to ! importance ( abnormal m5tal conditions 9 und]/&+ our usual ?\ghts & emotions2 ,mc,dougall1 ,social ,psy*ology 7,j4 ,w4 ,luce72 ,ev]ett ,d4 ,m>t91 ,! ,behavior ( ,cr[ds 7,h>p]s72 ,edman1 ,human ,traits 7,h\ghton-,miffl974 ,= ! s-call$ behaviori/ic int]pretation ( mank9d1 see ,watson1 ,psy*ology f ! ,/&po9t ( a ,behaviori/ 7,lipp9cott74 ,haldane1 ,me*anism1 ,life1 & ,p]sonality 7,dutton71 is a %ort discussion ( "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal elem5ts 9 our mod]n conception ( life itself4 ,:5 x comes to ga9+ an idea ( ,freudianism & all ! ov]:elm+ discov]ies1 !ories1 & sugge/ions due to ^? :o h busi$ !mselves ) ! la/+ effects ( infantile & *ildi% exp]i5ces1 ( hidd5 desires--sexual & o!rwise1 ( ! ,unconsci\s & psy*oanalysis1 :ile !re are _m books1 great & small1 !re w\ld be no unanimity ( op9ion among ^? some:at famili> ) ! subjects z to :at %\ld be recomm5d$4 ,x w\ld be well if ev]yone c\ld read 9 ,havelock ,ellis1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,conflict 7,h\ghton-,miffl971 ! essay 7,,xviii7 on ,freud & 8 influ5ce4 ,wilfr$ ,lay1 ,man's ,unconsci\s ,conflict 7,dodd1 ,mead71 is a popul> exposition ( psy*oanalysis1 & ,tansley1 ,! ,new ,psy*ology 7,dodd1 ,mead71 likewise4 ,h>vey ,o',higg9s1 ,! ,secret ,spr+s 7,h>p]s71 reports1 9 a pleas+ mann]1 "s ( ! actual m$ical exp]i5ces ( ,dr4 ,edw>d ,re$e ( ,wa%+ton4 ,b mu* ( importance rema9s unsaid 9 all ^! little books = :i* "o w\ld h to turn to ,freud himself1 8 pres5t & =m] disciples1 8 enemies1 & ! special contributions ( inve/igators & practition]s 9 ?is new & ess5tial field ( psy*ological rese>* & !rapy4 ,turn+ to ! exi/+ indu/rial sy/em1 its nature1 defects1 & recomm5dations = its re=m1 ,i may say t ,i ?9k t relatively little is to be d]iv$ f ! common run ( economic textbooks4 ,! foll[+ comp5di\s volumes give an analysis ( ! situation & a consid]ation ( ! propos$ rem$ies = exi/+ evils & maladju/m5ts3 ,vebl51 ,! ,ve/$ ,int]e/s & ! ,common ,man1 also 8 ,! ,eng9e]s & ! ,price ,sy/em 7,huebs*72 ,j4 ,a4 ,hobson1 ,democracy aft] ! ,w> 7,macmillan7 & 8 m rec5t ,problems ( a ,new ,_w 7,macmillan72 ,tawney1 ,! ,acquisitive ,society 7,h>c\rt1 ,brace72 ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,:y ,m5 ,fight 7,c5tury7 & 8 ,propos$ ,roads to ,fre$om 7,holt71 9 :i* he describes cle>ly ! hi/ory & aims ( ! v>i\s radical lead]s & p>ties ( rec5t times4 ,z = new] views & criticism ( ! mod]n /ate & political life 9 g5]al1 9 addition to ,mr4 ,hobson's books m5tion$ above1 ! foll[+ are ( importance3 ,graham ,wallas1 ,! ,great ,society 7,macmillan72 ,h>old ,laski1 ,au?ority 9 ! ,mod]n ,/ate & ,problems ( ,sov]eignty 7,yale ,univ]sity ,press72 ,walt] ,lippmann1 ,preface to ,politics & ,drift & ,ma/]y 7,holt74 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,! ,_w's ,food ,res\rces 7,holt71 is a l>g] & m detail$ discussion ?an mo/ ( ^? recomm5d$ above1 b conta9s a numb] ( g5]al facts & comm5t ( fir/-rate importance4 ,"o :o desires a highly ?\ghtful & s*ol>ly review ( ! tr5d ( religi\s ?\ght 9 rec5t times %\ld read ,mc,giffert1 ,! ,rise ( ,mod]n ,religi\s ,ideas 7,macmillan74