,,hom] ,,& ,,8 ,,age ,by ,&rew ,lang ,illu/ration3 ,,algonqu9s ,,"u ,,%ield ,frontispiece ,to ,r4 ,w4 ,,rap] ,,9 ,,all ,,gratitude ,etext ,editor's note3 ,due to uncle> typesett+ ( ! orig9al "w1 :i* conta9s unid5tifiable *>act]s & blank spaces1 x has n be5 possible to capture ?is text completely4 ,:]e we h be5 unable to recov] ! mean+ ( ! text1 ?is has be5 indicat$ by ! annotation sic or blank space4 ,we hope t 9 ! future a complete edition c be f\nd & ^! gaps c be fill$4 ,,preface ,9 ,hom] & ! ,epic1 t5 or twelve ye>s ago1 ,i exam9$ ! lit]>y objections to ,hom]ic unity4 ,^! objections are *iefly bas$ on alleg$ discrepancies 9 ! n>rative1 ( :i* no "o poet1 x is suppos$1 c\ld h be5 guilty4 ,! critics repose1 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 ma9ly on a fallacy4 ,we may /yle x ! fallacy ( ! analytical read]4 ,! poet is expect$ to satisfy a m9utely critical read]1 a p]sonage :om he c\ld n =esee1 & :om he did n address4 ,nor are contradictory in/ances exam9$--t is1 z ,blass has rec5tly rem9d$ 8 c\ntrym51 ,hom] is put to a te/ :i* ,goe! c\ld n endure4 ,no long fictiti\s n>rative c satisfy ! analytical read]4 ,! fallacy is t ( disreg>d+ ! ,hom]ic poet's audi5ce4 ,he did n s+ = ,ari/otle or = ,ari/>*us1 or = mod]n m9ute & reflective inquir]s1 b = w>riors & ladies4 ,he c]ta9ly satisfi$ !m2 b if he does n satisfy microscopic pr(essors1 he is describ$ z a syndicate ( _m m9/rels1 liv+ 9 _m ages4 ,9 ! pres5t volume little is said 9 def5ce ( ! poet's consi/5cy4 ,sev]al *apt]s on t po9t h be5 excis$4 ,! way ( liv+ :i* ,hom] describes is exam9$1 & an ef=t is made to prove t he depicts ! life ( a s+le brief age ( culture4 ,! inve/igation is compell$ to a t$i\s m9ut5ess1 because ! po9ts ( attack--! alleg$ discrepancies 9 descriptions ( ! v>i\s details ( exi/5ce--are s m9ute z to be all b invisible4 ,! unity ( ! ,epics is n s important a topic z ! me?ods ( criticism4 ,!y ought to be sob]1 logical1 & self-consi/5t4 ,:5 ^! qualities are abs5t1 ,hom]ic criticism may be describ$1 9 ! rec5t words ( ,blass1 z a swamp haunt$ by w&]+ fires1 w o' ! wisps4 ,9 our c\ntry _m ( ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s are no believ]s 9 sep>ati/ criticism4 ,ju/ly admir+ ! indu/ry & erudition ( ! sep>ati/s1 !y are unmov$ by _! argum5ts1 to :i* !y d n reply1 be+ conv9c$ 9 _! own m9ds4 ,b ! numb] & p]sev]ance ( ! sep>ati/s make on ! g5]al read] ! impression t ,hom]ic unity is *ose jugee1 t sci5tia locuta e/1 & has condemn$ ,hom]4 ,?is is f> f be+ ! case3 ! "q is /ill op52 sci5ce h]self is subject to criticism2 & new mat]ials1 accru+ ye>ly1 =bid a tame acquiesc5ce 9 ha/y !ories4 ,may ,i say a ^w to ! lov]s ( poetry :o1 9 read+ ,hom]1 feel no m d\bt ?an 9 read+ ,milton t1 on ! :ole1 !y are /udy+ a "w ( "o age1 by "o au?or8 ,d n let !m be driv5 f _! natural impression by ! /atem5t t ,sci5ce has decid$ aga9/ !m4 ,! c]ta9ties ( ! exact sci5ces are "o ?+3 ! op9ions ( ,hom]ic comm5tators are o!r & v diff]5t ?+s4 ,among all ! bran*es ( k :i* ! ,hom]ic critic %\ld h at 8 comm&1 only philology1 ar*aeology1 & an?ropology c be call$ sci5ces2 & !y are n exact sci5ces3 !y are b skirmi%+ advances t[>ds ! true solution ( problems prehi/oric & proto-hi/oric4 ,our k %ifts f day to day2 on e h&1 9 reg>d to almo/ e topic discuss$1 we f9d conflict ( op9ions4 ,!re is no c]ta9 sci5tific decision1 b !re is ! possibility ( work+ 9 ! sci5tific _s1 ) bread? ( comp>ison2 consi/5cy ( logic2 economy ( conjecture2 ab/95ce f ! pil+ ( hypo!sis on hypo!sis4 ,no?+ c be m hurtful to sci5ce ?an ! dogmatic assumption t ! hypo!sis mo/ 9 fa%ion is sci5tific4 ,tw5ty ye>s ago1 ! philological !ory ( ! ,sol> ,my? 0 prea*$ z sci5tific 9 ! books1 prim]s1 & lectures ( popul> sci5ce4 ,to-day its place kn[s x no m4 ,! sep>ati/ !ories ( ! ,hom]ic poems are n m secure ?an ! ,sol> ,my?1 l a wave %all !y pass & be pass$4 ,:5 writ+ on ,! ,hom]ic ,h\se 7,*apt] ,x47 ,i 0 unacqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,p]cy ,g>dn]'s essay1 ,! ,palaces ( ,hom] 7,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bfd-bhb74 ,mr4 ,g>dn] says t ,das5t's plan ( ! ,sc&9avian ,hall (f]s 9 mo/ respects n lik5ess1 b a /rik+ contra/ to ! e>ly ,greek hall4 ,mr4 ,monro1 :o 0 n aw>e ( ! p>allel :i* ,i _h drawn betwe5 ! ,hom]ic & ,icel&ic h\ses1 accept$ x on evid5ce m rec5t ?an t ( ,sir ,george ,das5t4 ,cf4 8 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dij-did4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,rap]1 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d1 has read ! pro( %eets ( ?is "w ) 8 habitual k9dness1 b is 9 no way responsible = ! argum5ts4 ,mr4 ,walt] ,leaf has also oblig$ me by m5tion+ "s po9ts z to :i* ,i _h n completely und]/ood 8 position1 & ,i h tri$ z f> z possible to repres5t 8 ideas correctly4 ,i h also receiv$ assi/ance f ! wide & m9ute ,hom]ic lore ( ,mr4 ,a4 ,%ewan1 ( ,/4 ,&rews1 & h be5 all[$ to consult o!r s*ol>s on v>i\s po9ts4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! *apt] on ,bronze & ,iron appe>$ 9 ! ,revue ,ar*eologique = ,april #aije1 & ! editor1 ,monsieur ,salomon ,re9a*1 oblig$ me ) a note on ! bad iron swords ( ! ,celts z describ$ by ,polybius4 ,! design ( m5 9 ?ree %ields ( diff]5t %apes1 f a ,dipylon vase1 is reproduc$1 ) p]mission1 f ! ,briti% ,museum ,guide to ! ,antiquities ( ! ,iron ,age2 & ! %ield$ *essm5 f ,catalogue ( ,scotti% ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,?anks = ! two %ips ) m5 "u %ield are (f]$ to ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,br[ne1 ,s4,j41 au?or ( ,h&book ( ,hom]ic ,/udies 7,longmans74 ,= ! ,myc5aean gold corslet ,i ?ank ,mr4 ,john ,murray 7,s*liemann's ,myc5ae & ,tiryns71 & = all ! o!r ,myc5aean illu/rations ,messrs4 ,macmillan & ,mr4 ,leaf1 publi%]s & au?or ( ,mr4 ,leaf's edition ( ! ,iliad4 ,,cont5ts3 ,,*apt] ,i3 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age ,,*apt] ,,ii3 ,,hypo!ses ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,epics ,,*apt] ,,iii3 ,,hypo!ses ,,( ,,epic ,,composition ,,*apt] ,,iv3 ,,loose ,,feudalism3 ,,! ,,ov]-,,"l ,,9 ,,iliad1 ,,books ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,,*apt] ,v3 ,,agamemnon ,,9 ,,! ,,lat] ,,iliad ,,*apt] ,,vi3 ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,! ,,iliad--,,burial ,,& ,,cremation ,,*apt] ,,vii3 ,,hom]ic ,,arm\r ,,*apt] ,,viii3 ,,! ,,brea/plate ,,*apt] ,,ix3 ,,bronze ,,& ,,iron ,,*apt] ,x3 ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,h\se ,,*apt] ,,xi3 ,,notes ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,odyssey ,,*apt] ,,xii3 ,,l+ui/ic ,,pro(s ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,dates ,,*apt] ,,xiii3 ,,! ,,doloneia--,,iliad1 ,,book ,x4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv3 ,,! ,,int]polations ,,( ,,ne/or ,,*apt] ,,xv3 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,e>ly ,,epics ,,*apt] ,,xvi3 ,,hom] ,,& ,,! ,,fr5* ,,m$iaeval ,,epics ,,*apt] ,,xvii3 ,,conclusion ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations3 ,,algonqu9s ,,"u ,,%ield ,,! ,,vase ,,( ,,ari/ono?os ,,dagg] ,,) ,,lion-,,hunt]s ,,r+s3 ,,swords ,,& ,,%ields ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,w>rior ,,vase ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,siege ,,vase ,,algonqu9 ,,corslet ,,gold ,,corslet ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,age ,! aim ( ?is book is to prove t ! ,hom]ic ,epics1 z :oles1 & ap>t f passages gravely suspect$ 9 antiquity1 pres5t a p]fectly h>moni\s picture ( ! entire life & civilisation ( "o s+le age4 ,! fa9t v>iations 9 ! design are n great] ?an su* z m>k e mom5t ( culture1 = 9 all !re is "s movem5t2 9 all1 cases are modifi$ by circum/ances4 ,if our cont5tion be true1 x w foll[ t ! poems !mselves1 z :oles1 are ! product ( a s+le age1 n a mosaic ( ! "w ( sev]al *angeful c5turies4 ,?is mu/ be ! case--if ! life drawn is h>moni\s1 ! picture mu/ be ! "w ( a s+le epo*--= x is n 9 ! nature ( e>ly uncritical times t lat] poets %\ld adh]e1 or ev5 try to adh]e1 to ! m9ute details ( law1 cu/om1 op9ion1 dress1 weapons1 h\ses1 & s on1 z pres5t$ 9 e>li] lays or sagas on ! same set ( subjects4 ,ev5 less are poets 9 uncritical times incl9$ to ar*aise1 ei!r by attempt+ to draw fancy pictures ( ! mann]s ( ! pa/1 or by mak+ rese>*es 9 graves1 or among old votive (f]+s 9 temples1 = ! purpose ( pres]v+ local col\r4 ,! idea ( su* ar*ais+ is peculi> to mod]n times4 ,to take an in/ance mu* to ! po9t1 ,virgil 0 a le>n$ poet1 fam\s = 8 antiqu>ian erudition1 & pr(ess$ly imitat+ & borr[+ f ,hom]4 ,n[1 _h ,virgil work$ z a man ( to-day w\ld "w on a poem ( ,trojan times1 he w\ld h repres5t$ 8 h]oes z us+ weapons ( bronze4 ,footnote3 ,look+ back at my own poem1 ,hel5 ( ,troy 7#ahhc71 ,i f9d t :5 ! metal ( a weapon is m5tion$ ! metal is bronze4 ,no su* idea ( ar*ais+ occurr$ to ! le>n$ ,virgil4 ,x is ! iron t pi]ces ! head ( ,remulus 7,a5eid1 ,,ix4 #fcc72 x is ! iron t waxes w>m 9 ! brea/ ( ,antiphates 7,,ix4 #gja74 ,virgil's m51 aga91 d n we> ! great ,hom]ic %ield1 susp5d$ by a baldric3 ,a,eneas holds up 8 buckl] 7clipeus71 borne on 8 left arm 7,x4 #bf i74 ,hom]1 famili> ) no buckl] worn on ! left arm1 has no su* description4 ,:5 ! ho/ile ranks are to be brok51 9 ! ,a5eid x is ) ! iron 7,x4 #cgb71 & s ?r\gh\t4 ,! mo/ erudite anci5t poet1 9 a critical age ( iron1 does n ar*aise 9 our mod]n fa%ion4 ,he does n foll[ 8 model1 ,hom]1 9 8 descriptions ( %ields1 swords1 & spe>s4 ,b1 accord+ to mo/ ,hom]ic critics1 ! lat] cont9uators ( ! ,greek ,epics1 ab\t #hjj-edj ,b4,c41 are m5 liv+ 9 an age ( iron weapons1 & ( r\nd buckl]s worn on ! left arm4 ,yet1 unlike ,virgil1 !y always give _! h]oes arms ( bronze1 &1 unlike ,virgil 7z we %all see71 !y d n introduce ! buckl] worn on ! left arm4 ,!y adh]e consci5ti\sly to ! use ( ! va/ ,myc5aean %ield1 9 _! "t obsolete4 ,yet1 by ! !ory1 9 _m o!r respects !y innovate at w1 introduc+ corslets & greaves1 said to be unkn[n to ! beg9n]s ( ! ,greek ,epics1 j z ,virgil innovates 9 buckl]s & iron weapons4 ,all ?is !ory seems inconsi/5t1 & no anci5t poet1 n ev5 ,virgil1 is an ar*ais] ( ! mod]n sort4 ,all attempts to prove t ! ,hom]ic poems are ! "w ( sev]al c5turies appe> to re/ on a d\ble hypo!sis3 fir/1 t ! lat] contributors to ! ,,iliad kept a /eady eye on ! traditions ( ! remote ,a*aean age ( bronze2 next1 t !y innovat$ z mu* z !y pleas$4 ,poets ( an uncritical age d n ar*aise4 ,?is rule is ov]look$ by ! critics :o repres5t ! ,hom]ic poems z a complex ( ! "w ( _m s+]s 9 _m ages4 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,p]cy ,g>dn]1 9 8 v int]e/+ ,new *apt]s 9 ,greek ,hi/ory 7#ahib71 c>ries neglect ( ! rule s f> z to suppose t ! late ,hom]ic poets1 be+ aw>e t ! anci5t h]oes c\ld n ride1 or write1 or eat boil$ meat1 consci\sly & purposefully repres5t$ !m z do+ none ( ^! ?+s4 ,?is !y did on ! same pr9ciple on :i* a writ] ( pa/oral idylls 9 our own day w\ld avoid ! m5tion ( ! telegraph or telephone4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #adb4 ,a writ] ( our own day1--!re is ! p]vad+ fallacy6 ,x is only writ]s ( ! la/ c5tury :o practise ?is ar*aeological ref9em5t4 ,! au?ors ( ,be[ulf & ! ,nibelung5li$1 ( ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e & ( ! ,ar?urian romances1 always describe _! antique h]oes & ! details ( _! life 9 con=mity ) ! cu/oms1 co/ume1 & arm\r ( _! own mu* lat] ages4 ,b ,mr4 ,leaf1 to take ano!r in/ance1 rem>ks z to ! lack ( ! metal lead 9 ! ,epics1 t x is m5tion$ 9 similes only1 z ?\gh ! poet 7 aw>e ! metal 0 unkn[n 9 ! h]oic age4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,note on1 xi4 #bcg4 ,"h ! poet is assum$ to be a c>eful b ill-in=m$ ar*aeologi/1 :o wi%es to give an accurate repres5tation ( ! pa/4 ,lead1 9 fact1 0 p]fectly famili> to ! ,myc5aean prime4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 p4 #gc4 ,! critical usage ( suppos+ t ! anci5ts 7 l ! mo/ rec5t mod]ns--9 _! ar*aeological preoccupations--is a survival ( ! uncritical habit :i* inv>iably beset old poets & arti/s4 ,anci5t poets1 ( ! uncritical ages1 nev] work$ on ! same pr9ciple z a writ] 9 our day1 z reg>ds ar*aeological precision2 at lea/ we are acqua9t$ ) no example ( su* accuracy4 ,let u take ano!r in/ance ( ! critical fallacy4 ,! age ( ! ,a*aean w>riors1 :o dwelt 9 ! glori\s halls ( ,myc5ae1 0 foll[$1 at an int]val1 by ! age repres5t$ 9 ! relics f\nd 9 ! old] tombs outside ! ,dipylon gate ( ,a!ns1 an age beg9n+1 probably1 ab\t #ijj-hej ,b4,c4 ,! culture ( ?is ,dipylon age1 a "t ( geometrical ornam5ts on vases1 & ( human figures drawn 9 geometrical =ms1 l9es1 & triangles1 0 q unlike t ( ! ,a*aean age 9 _m ways1 = example1 9 mode ( burial & 9 ! use ( iron = weapons4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,r4 ,hall1 9 8 le>n$ book1 ,! ,olde/ ,civilisation ( ,greece 7#aija71 supposes ! culture describ$ 9 ! ,hom]ic poems to be contempor>y 9 ,asia ) t ( ?is ,dipylon p]iod 9 ,greece4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #di1 #bbb4 ,he says1 ,! ,hom]ic culture is evid5tly ! culture ( ! poet's own days2 !re is no attempt to ar*aise "h4444 ,!y d n ar*aise z to ! details ( life1 b ! ,hom]ic poets consci\sly & consi/5tly ar*ais$1 9 reg>d to ! political conditions ( cont95tal ,greece1 9 ! ,a*aean times4 ,!y give 9 all probability a pretty accurate description ( ! loose feudalism ( ,myc5aean ,greece4 ,footnote3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bbc1 #bbe4 ,we %all lat] %[ t ?is ,hom]ic picture ( a pa/ political & social condition ( ,greece is ( vivid & delicate accuracy1 t x is drawn f ! life1 n con/ruct$ out ( hi/orical mat]ials4 ,mr4 ,hall expla9s ! fact by ! consci\s & consi/5t ar*aeological precision ( ! ,asiatic poets ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,n[ to any "o :o kn[s e>ly national poetry1 e>ly uncritical art ( any k9d1 ?is !ory seems n easily t5able4 ,! difficulty ( ! !ory is increas$1 if we suppose t ! ,a*aeans 7 ! rec5t conqu]ors ( ! ,myc5aeans4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! ,a*aeans z ,celts1 ) ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 victors ov] an ,aryan p1 ! ,pelasgic ,myc5aeans2 or :e!r1 ) ,mr4 ,hall1 we ?9k t ! ,a*aeans 7 ! ,aryan conqu]ors ( a non-,aryan p1 ! mak]s ( ! ,myc5aean civilisation2 9 ! /ress ( a conque/1 foll[$ at no long int]val by an expulsion at ! h&s ( ,dorian invad]s1 !re w\ld be little ?\ght ( ar*ais+ among ,a*aean poets4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,hall in=ms me t he no long] holds ! op9ion t ! poets ar*ais$4 ,a di/9ction has be5 made1 x is true1 betwe5 ! poet & o!r arti/s 9 ?is respect4 ,monsieur ,p]rot says1 ,! vase-pa9t] reproduces :at he sees2 :ile ! epic poets endeav\r$ to repres5t a di/ant pa/4 ,if ,hom] gives swords ( bronze to 8 h]oes ( times gone by1 x is because he kn[s t su* 7 ! weapons ( ^! h]oes ( long ago4 ,9 arm+ !m ) bronze he makes use1 9 8 way1 ( :at we call 'local col\r4444' ,?us ! ,hom]ic poet is a m consci5ti\s hi/orian ?an ,virgil6 ,footnote3 ,la ,grete de l',epopee1 ,p]rot et ,*ipiez1 p4 #bcj4 ,n[ we cont5d t old uncritical poets no m s\ght = antique local col\r ?an any o!r arti/s did4 ,m4 ,p]rot himself says ) tru?1 ! ,,*anson ,,de ,,rol&1 & all ! ,ge/es ( ! same cycle expla9 = u ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey4 ,footnote3 op4 cit41 p4 #e4 ,b ! poet ( ! ,,*anson ,,de ,,rol& acc\tres 8 h]oes ( old "t 9 ! co/ume & arm\r ( 8 own age1 & ! lat] poets ( ! same cycle introduce ! innovations ( _! "t2 !y d n hunt = local col\r 9 ! ,,*anson ,,de ,,rol&4 ,! v words local col\r are a mod]n phrase = an idea t nev] occurr$ to ! arti/s ( anci5t uncritical ages4 ,! ,hom]ic poets1 l ! pa9t]s ( ! ,dipylon p]iod1 describe ! details ( life z !y see !m ) _! own eyes4 ,su* poets & arti/s nev] h ! fe> ( ana*ronisms be=e !m4 ,?is1 inde$1 is pla9 to ! critics !mselves1 = !y1 detect ana*ronisms z to l& t5ure1 burial1 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 m>riage cu/oms1 weapons1 & arm\r 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,^! suppos$ ana*ronisms we exam9e lat]3 if !y really exi/ !y %[ t ! poets 7 indiff]5t to local col\r & ar*aeological precision1 or 7 incapable ( atta9+ to ar*aeological accuracy4 ,9 fact1 su* arti/ic revival ( ! pa/ 9 its habit z x liv$ is a purely mod]n ideal4 ,we are to %[1 !n1 t ! ,epics1 be+1 z :oles1 free f su* inevitable modifications 9 ! picture ( *ang+ details ( life z uncritical au?ors always introduce1 are ! "w ( ! "o age :i* !y repres5t4 ,?is is ! rev]se ( :at has long be51 & /ill is1 ! curr5t !ory ( ,hom]ic criticism1 accord+ to :i* ! ,hom]ic poems are1 & be> manife/ m>ks ( be+1 a mosaic ( ! poetry ( sev]al ages ( *ange4 ,till ,wolf publi%$ 8 ,prolegom5a to blank space 7#agie7 !re 0 little opposition to ! old belief t ! ,,iliad & ,odyssey 71 all[+ = int]polations1 ! "w ( "o1 or at mo/ ( two1 poets4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ,wolfs celebrat$ book1 ,hom]ic critics h ma9ta9$1 g5]ally speak+1 t ! ,,iliad is ei!r a collection ( %ort lays dispos$ 9 sequ5ce 9 a late age1 or t x conta9s an anci5t orig9al k]nel r\nd :i* expansions1 made ?r\gh\t "s c5turies ( *angeful life1 h accru$1 & h be5 at la/ arrang$ by a lit]>y r$actor or editor4 ,! latt] !ory is n[ dom9ant4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ! ,iliad is a "w ( at lea/ f\r c5turies4 ,"s ( ! objections to ?is !ory 7 obvi\s to ,wolf himself--m obvi\s to him ?an to 8 foll[]s4 ,he 0 aw>e1 & "s ( !m are n1 ( ! di/9ction betwe5 read+ ! ,,iliad z all poetic lit]ature is naturally read1 & by all au?ors is meant to be read1 = human pleasure1 & /udy+ x 9 ! _s ( ! analytical read]4 ,z (t5 z he read = pleasure1 he says1 disreg>d+ ! purely fanciful hi/orical conditions :i* he inv5t$ = ,hom]2 z (t5 z he yield$ himself to t runn+ /ream ( action & n>ration2 z (t5 z he consid]$ ! h>mony ( col\r & ( *>act]s 9 ! ,epic1 no man c\ld be m angry ) 8 own de/ructive criticism ?an himself4 ,wolf ceas$ to be a ,wolfian :5ev] he plac$ himself at ! po9t ( view ( ! read] or ! li/5]1 to :om alone e poet makes 8 appeal4 ,b he deem$ x 8 duty to place himself at ano!r po9t ( view1 t ( ! sci5tific lit]>y hi/orian1 ! hi/orian ( a p]iod conc]n+ ^: hi/ory he c\ld "k no?+4 ,h[ c\ld ! ?+ be possible8 he ask$ himself4 ,h[ c\ld a long poem l ! ,iliad come into exi/5ce 9 ! hi/orical circum/ances8 ,footnote1 exact place 9 p>agraph unkn[n3 ,preface to ,hom]1 p1 xxii41 #agid44 ,wolf 0 unaw>e t he did n "k :at ! hi/orical circum/ances 74 ,we "k h[ little we "k1 b we d "k m ?an ,wolf4 ,he inv5t$ ! hi/orical circum/ances ( ! suppos$ poet4 ,!y 71 he said1 l ^? ( a man :o %\ld build a l>ge %ip 9 an inl& place1 ) no sea to laun* x ^u4 ,! ,iliad 0 ! l>ge %ip2 ! sea 0 ! public4 ,hom] c\ld h no read]s1 ,wolf said1 9 an age t1 l ! old h]mit ( ,prague1 nev] saw p5 & ink1 _h no k ( lett]s2 or1 if lett]s 7 dimly kn[n1 _h nev] appli$ !m to lit]ature4 ,9 su* circum/ances no man c\ld h a motive = compos+ a long poem4 ,footnote3 ,prolegom5a to ! ,iliad1 p4 xxvi4 ,yet if ! orig9al poet1 ,hom]1 c\ld make ! great] "p ( ! songs1 z ,wolf admitt$1 :at physical impossibility /ood 9 ! way ( 8 mak+ ! :ole8 ,mean:ile1 ! hi/orical circum/ances1 z conceiv$ ( by ,wolf1 7 imag9>y4 ,he did n take ! circum/ances ( ! poet z describ$ 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,"h a k+ or pr9ce has a m9/rel1 hon\r$ z 7 ! m9/rels describ$ 9 ! anci5t ,iri% books ( law4 ,8 duty is to ent]ta9 ! pr9ce & 8 family & gue/s by s++ epic *ants aft] supp]1 & !re is no reason :y 8 poetic n>ratives %\ld be brief1 b r he has an opportunity t nev] occurr$ aga9 till ! lit]>y age ( ,greece = produc+ a long poem1 cont9u$ f night to night4 ,9 ! lat] age1 9 ! ,asiatic colonies & 9 ,greece1 ! rhapsodi/s1 compet+ = prizes at fea/s1 or recit+ to a civic cr[d1 7 limit$ 9 "t & gave b snat*es ( poetry4 ,x is 9 ?is lat] civic age t a poet )\t read]s w\ld h little motive = build+ ,wolfs great %ip ( song1 & scant *ance ( laun*+ x to any pr(itable purpose4 ,to ?is po9t we return2 b :5 once critics1 foll[+ ,wolf1 _h conv9c$ !mselves t a long e>ly poem 0 impossible1 !y soon f\nd abundant evid5ce t x _h nev] exi/$4 ,!y h discov]$ discrepancies ( :i*1 !y say1 no "o sane poet c\ld h be5 guilty4 ,!y h also discov]$ t ! poems _h n1 z ,wolf decl>$1 "o 'h>mony ( col\r 7unus color74 ,ea* age1 !y say1 dur+ :i* ! poems 7 cont9u$1 l5t its own col\r4 ,! poets1 by _! !ory1 n[ pres]v$ ! g5u9e tradition ( ?+s old2 cremation1 cairn & urn burial2 ! use ( ! *>iot 9 w>2 ! use ( bronze = weapons2 a peculi> /age ( cu/om>y law2 a peculi> =m ( semi-feudal society2 a peculi> k9d ( h\se4 ,b aga91 by a *ange 9 ! !ory1 ! poets introduc$ lat] novelties2 lat] =ms ( def5sive arm\r2 lat] modes ( burial2 lat] religi\s & speculative beliefs2 a lat] /yle ( h\se2 an advanc$ /age ( law2 mod]nisms 9 gramm> & language4 ,! usual position ( critics 9 ?is matt] is /at$ by ,helbig2 & we are to cont5d t ! !ory is contradict$ by all exp]i5ce ( anci5t lit]atures1 & is 9 itself ! rev]se ( consi/5t4 ,! arti/s ( antiquity1 says ,helbig1 ) p]fect tru?1 _h no idea ( ar*aeological /udies4444 ,!y repres5t$ leg5d>y sc5es 9 con=mity ) ! _s ( _! own age1 & reproduc$ ! arms & implem5ts & co/ume t !y saw ar\nd !m4 ,footnote3 ,l',epopee ,hom]ique1 p4 #e2 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 p4 #d4 ,n[ a poet is an arti/1 l ano!r1 & he1 too--no less ?an ! vase pa9t] or engrav] ( gems--9 deal+ ) leg5ds ( times pa/1 repres5ts 79 an uncritical age7 ! arms1 ut5sils1 co/ume1 & ! religi\s1 geographical1 legal1 social1 & political ideas ( 8 own p]iod4 ,we %all lat] prove t ?is is true by examples f ! e>ly m$iaeval epic poetry ( ,europe4 ,x foll[s t if ! ,iliad is absolutely consi/5t & h>moni\s 9 its picture ( life1 & ( all ! accessories ( life1 ! ,iliad is ! "w ( a s+le age1 ( a s+le /age ( culture1 ! poet describ+ 8 own environm5t4 ,b ,helbig1 on ! o!r h&1 cit+ ,wilam[itz ,moell5dorff1 decl>es t ! ,iliad--! "w ( f\r c5turies1 he says--ma9ta9s its unity ( col\r by virtue ( an un9t]rupt$ poetical tradition4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,unt]su*ung51 p4 #bib2 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 p4 ,i4 ,if s1 ! poets mu/ h ar*aeologis$1 mu/ h kept ask+ !mselves1 ,is ?is or t detail true to ! pa/8 :i* arti/s 9 uncritical ages nev] d1 z we h be5 told by ,helbig4 ,!y mu/ h c>efully pond]$ ! surviv+ old ,a*aean lays1 :i* 7 born :5 ! h]oes c\ld n read1 or boil fle%1 or back a /e$4 ,by c>efully obs]v+ ! e>lie/ lays ! late poets1 9 times ( *ang$ mann]s1 c\ld avoid ana*ronisms by ! aid ( tradition1 :i* gave !m a v exact idea ( ! epic h]oes4 ,su* is ! op9ion ( ,wilam[itz ,moell5dorff4 ,he appe>s to reg>d ! tradition z keep+ ! lat] poets 9 ! old way automatically1 n consci\sly1 b ?is1 we also le>n f ,helbig1 did n occur4 ,! poets (t5 w&]$ f ! way4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 pp4 #b1 #c4 ,?us old ,myc5aean lays1 if any exi/$1 w\ld describe ! old ,myc5aean mode ( burial4 ,! ,hom]ic poet describes some?+ radically diff]5t4 ,we va9ly ask = pro( t 9 any e>ly national lit]ature kn[n to u poets h be5 true to ! col\r & mann]s ( ! remote times 9 :i* _! h]oes mov$1 & ( :i* old m9/rels sang4 ,! ?+ is )\t example3 ( ?is pro(s %all be (f]$ 9 abundance4 ,mean:ile1 ! :ole !ory :i* reg>ds ! ,iliad z ! "w ( f\r or five c5turies re/s on ! po/ulate t poets ?r\gh\t ^! c5turies did :at su* poets nev] d1 kept true to ! details ( a life remote f _! own1 & also did n4 ,= ,helbig does n1 aft] all1 cleave to 8 op9ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he says t ! lat] poets ( ! ,iliad did n cl+ to tradition4 ,!y all[$ !mselves to be influ5c$ by _! own environm5t3 ?is influ5ce betrays ,,itself ,,9 ,,! descriptions ( ,,details4444 ,! rhapsodi/s1 7recit]s1 suppos$ to h alt]$ ! poems at w71 did n fail to int]polate relatively rec5t elem5ts into ! olde/ p>ts ( ! ,epic4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 p4 #b4 ,at ?is po9t comes 9 a complex inconsi/5cy4 ,! ,t5? ,book ( ! ,iliad1 ?9ks ,helbig--9 common ) almo/ all critics--is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t lays ( ! ,iliad4 ,b 9 ?is rec5t lay 7say ( ! eigh? or sev5? c5tury7 ! poet describes ! ,?racians z on a level ( civilisation ) ! ,a*aeans1 &1 inde$1 z ev5 m luxuri\s1 weal?y1 & ref9$ 9 ! matt] ( good horses1 glori\s arm\r1 & spl5did *>iots4 ,b1 by ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 says ,helbig1 ! ,?racians 7 reg>d$ by ! ,greeks z rude b>b>ians1 & _! milit>y equipm5t 0 totally un-,greek4 ,!y did n we> helmets1 b caps ( fox-sk94 ,!y _h no body arm\r2 _! %ields 7 small r\nd buckl]s2 _! weapons 7 b[s & dagg]s4 ,^! cu/oms c\ld n1 at ! "t ( ! ,p]sian w>s1 be rec5t innovations 9 ,?race4 ,footnote3 ,h]odotus1 vii4 #ge4 ,_h ! poet ( ,,iliad1 ,book ,x41 kn[n ! ,?racians 9 ?is condition1 says ,helbig1 z he 0 fond ( details ( co/ume & arms1 he w\ld h c]ta9ly describ$ _! fox-sk9 caps1 b[s1 buckl]s1 & s =?4 ,he w\ld n "h h foll[$ ! ,epic tradition1 :i* repres5t$ ! ,?racians z mak]s ( great swords & z spl5didly arm$ *>iote]s4 ,8 audi5ce _h met ! ,?racians 9 peace & w>1 & w\ld contradict ! poet's description ( !m z heavily arm$ *>iote]s4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! late/ poets1 su* z ! au?or ( ,book ,x41 did n introduce rec5t details1 ^? ( _! own "t1 b we h j previ\sly be5 told t to d s 0 _! cu/om 9 ! description ( details4 ,n[ ,/udniczka ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 pp4 #g-aa1 cf4 ,note ,i2 ,zeits*rift fur die ,oe/]n ,gymnasi51 #ahhf1 p4 #aie4 expla9s ! picture ( ! ,?racians 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 on ,helbig's o!r pr9ciple1 namely1 t ! v late au?or ( ! ,t5? ,book m]ely con=ms to ! conv5tional tradition ( ! ,epic1 adh]es to ! model set 9 anci5t ,a*aean1 or r anci5t ,ionian times1 & scrupul\sly pres]v$ by ! late/ poets--t is1 :5 ! late/ poets d n br+ 9 ! new details ( _! own age4 ,b ,helbig w n accept 8 own !ory 9 ?is case1 :5ce does x foll[ t ! au?or ( ! ,t5? ,book mu/1 9 8 op9ion1 h liv$ 9 ,a*aean times1 & describ$ ! ,?racians z !y !n 71 *>iote]s1 heavily arm$1 n light-clad ar*]s8 ,if ?is is s1 we ask h[ ,helbig c av] t ! ,t5? ,book is "o ( ! late/ p>ts ( ! ,iliad8 ,9 /udy+ ! critics :o hold t ! ,iliad is ! gr[? ( f\r c5turies--say f ! elev5? to ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4--no consi/5cy is to be discov]$2 ! e>? is nev] solid b5ea? our feet4 ,we f9d n[ t ! poets are true to tradition 9 ! details ( anci5t life--n[ t ! poets introduce :atev] mod]n details !y please4 ,! late poets h n[ a v exact k ( ! pa/2 n[1 ! late poets "k no?+ ab\t ! pa/1 or1 aga91 "s ( ! poets are fond ( actual & v m9ute ar*aeological rese>*6 ,! !ory %ifts its position z may suit ! po9t to be made at ! mom5t by ! critic4 ,all is arbitr>y1 & x is c]ta9 t logic dem&s a v diff]5t me?od ( inquiry4 ,if ,helbig & o!r critics ( 8 way ( ?9k+ mean t 9 ! ,iliad 7#a7 !re are p>ts ( g5u9e antiquity2 o!r p>ts 7#b7 by poets :o1 ) /]n accuracy1 copi$ ! old modes2 o!r p>ts 7#c7 by poets :o tri$ to copy b fail$2 ) passages 7#d7 by poets :o delib]ately innovat$2 & passages 7#e7 by poets :o drew fanciful pictures ( ! pa/ f _! inn] consci\sness1 :ile1 f9ally 7#f71 "s poets made m9ute antiqu>ian rese>*es2 & if ! argum5t be t ! critics c detect ^! six elem5ts1 !n we are ask$ to repose unlimit$ confid5ce 9 critical p[]s ( discrim9ation4 ,! critical /&>d becomes arbitr>y & subjective4 ,x is our ef=t1 !n1 9 ! foll[+ pages to %[ t ! unus color ( ,wolf does p]vade ! ,epics1 t rec5t details are n (t51 if ev]1 int]polat$1 t ! poems h>moni\sly repres5t "o age1 & t a brief age1 ( culture2 t ?is effect _c1 9 a ?or\ghly uncritical p]iod1 h be5 delib]ately aim$ at & produc$ by ar*aeological le>n+1 or by s$ul\s copy+ ( poetic tradition1 or by ! sci5tific lab\rs ( an editor ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we %all endeav\r to prove1 :at we h already indicat$1 t ! hypo!ses ( expansion are n self-consi/5t1 or 9 accordance ) :at is kn[n ( ! evolution ( e>ly national poetry4 ,! /ronge/ "p1 p]haps1 ( our argum5t is to re/ on our int]pretation ( ar*aeological evid5ce1 ?\gh we %all n neglect ! m disputable or less conv9c+ cont5tions ( lit]>y criticism4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,hypo!ses ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,! ,,epics ,a !ori/ :o believes t ! ,hom]ic poems are ! gr[? ( f\r *angeful c5turies1 mu/ pres5t a def9ite work+ hypo!sis z to h[ !y escap$ f c]ta9 influ5ces ( ! late age 9 :i* mu* ( !m is said to h be5 compos$4 ,we mu/ fir/ ask to :at mann] ( audi5ces did ! poets s+1 9 ! alleg$ f\r c5turies ( ! evolution ( ! ,epics4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 z a *ampion ( ! !ory ( ages ( expansion1 answ]s t ! ,iliad & ,odyssey are ess5tially1 & above all1 ,c\rt poems4 ,!y 7 compos$ to be sung 9 ! palaces ( a rul+ ari/ocracy 444 ! poems are ari/ocratic & c\rtly1 n popul>4 ,footnote3 ,companion to ! ,iliad1 pp4 #b1h4 #ahib4 ,!y are n ,volkspoesie2 !y are n ballads4 ,x is n[ g5]ally recognis$ t ?is conception is radically false4 ,^! op9ions1 9 :i* we he>tily agree--!re nev] 0 su* a ?+ z a popul> ,epic--7 publi%$ f\rte5 ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 h[ev]1 w\ld n express !m ) reg>d to our ,iliad & ,odyssey1 because1 9 8 view1 a consid]able "p ( ! ,iliad1 z x /&s1 0 made1 n by ,c\rt b>ds 9 ! ,a*aean c\rts ( ,europe1 n = an audi5ce ( noble w>riors & dames1 b by w&]+ m9/rels 9 ! lat] ,ionian colonies ( ,asia4 ,!y did n *ant = a milit>y ari/ocracy1 b = ! enjoym5t ( t[n & c\ntry folk at popul> fe/ivals4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xvi4 #aijj4 ,! poems 7 begun1 inde$1 he ?9ks1 = a weal?y ari/ocracy liv+ on ! product ( _! l&s1 9 ,european ,greece2 7 begun by contempor>y c\rt m9/rels1 b 7 cont9u$1 va/ly exp&$1 & alt]$ to ta/e by w&]+ s+]s & recit+ rhapsodi/s1 :o amus$ ! holidays ( a comm]cial1 expansive1 & bu/l+ ,ionian democracy4 ,footnote3 ,companion to ! ,iliad1 p4 ,,ii4 ,we mu/ suppose t1 on ?is !ory1 ! lat] poets pleas$ a comm]cial democracy by keep+ up ! tone t _h delight$ an old l&-own+ milit>y ari/ocracy4 ,x is n difficult1 h[ev]1 to admit ?is z possible1 = ! poems cont9u$ to be admir$ 9 all ages ( ,greece & "u e =m ( society4 ,! real "q is1 w\ld ! mod]n poets be ! m5 to keep up a tone "s f\r or five c5turies old1 & to be true1 if !y 7 true1 to ! details ( ! h]oic age8 ,x is n beyond ! b\nds ( possibility t "s "p ( ! mo/ primitive ,iliad may h be5 actually sung by ! c\rt m9/rel 9 ! palace ^: ru9s c /ill be se5 9 ,myc5ae4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xv4 ,b1 by ! expansioni/ !ory1 ev5 ! olde/ p>ts ( our ,iliad are n[ full ( :at we may call q rec5t ,ionian additions1 full ( late ret\*es1 & full1 s to speak1 ( omissions ( old p>ts4 ,?r\gh f\r or five c5turies1 by ! hypo!sis1 e s+] :o c\ld f9d an audi5ce 0 treat+ z mu* z he knew ( a va/ body ( anci5t lays exactly z he pleas$1 add+ "h1 lopp+ !re1 alt]+ ev]y:]e4 ,moreov]1 ^! 7 c5turies full ( *ange4 ,! anci5t ,a*aean palaces 7 becom+ ! ru9s :i* we /ill behold4 ,! old art _h fad$1 & !n fall5 "u ! disa/] ( ! ,dorian conque/4 ,a new art1 or a recrudesc5ce ( e>li] art1 v crude & b>b>ic1 _h succe$$1 & 0 beg9n+ to acquire =m & vitality4 ,! v sc5e ( life 0 alt]$3 ! new s+]s & li/5]s dwelt on ! ,ea/]n side ( ! ,aegean4 ,knights no long]1 z 9 ,europe1 f\ght f *>iots3 w> 0 conduct$ by infantry1 = ! mo/ "p1 ) m\nt$ auxili>ies4 ,) ! disappe>ance ( ! w> *>iot ! huge ,myc5aean %ields _h vani%$ or 7 v r>ely us$4 ,! e>ly vase pa9t]s d n1 to my k1 repres5t h]oes z fight+ f w> *>iots4 ,!y _h lo/ t\* ) t me?od4 ,fight+ m5 n[ c>ri$ relatively small r\nd buckl]s1 & iron 0 ! metal *iefly employ$ = swords1 spe>s1 & arr[ po9ts4 ,w\ld ! new poets1 9 def]5ce to tradition1 ab/a9 f m5tion+ cavalry1 or small buckl]s1 or iron swords & spe>s8 or w\ld !y avoid puzzl+ _! he>]s by speak+ ( obsolete & unfamili> =ms ( tactics & ( milit>y equipm5t8 ,w\ld !y !re=e s+ ( ?+s famili>--( iron weapons1 small r\nd %ields1 hoplites1 & cavalry8 ,we %all see t confus$ & self-contradictory answ]s are giv5 by criticism to all ^! que/ions by s*ol>s :o hold t ! ,epics are n ! product ( "o1 b ( _m ages4 ,!re 7 o!r *anges betwe5 ! ages ( ! orig9al m9/rel & ( ! late successors :o are said to h busi$ !mselves 9 add+ to1 mutilat+1 & alt]+ 8 old poem4 ,k+s & c\rts _h pass$ away2 old ,ionian my?s & religi\s usages1 unkn[n to ! ,hom]ic poets1 _h come out into ! light2 comm]ce & pleasure & e>ly philosophies 7 ! *ief conc]ns ( life4 ,yet ! poems cont9u$ to be ari/ocratic 9 mann]s2 &1 9 religion & ritual1 to be pure f recrudesc5ces ( savage poetry & sup]/ition1 ?\gh ! ,ionians did n drop ! m primitive phases ( belief :i* _h clung to !m2 ^! rose to ! surface ) ! re/ ( ! m>vell\s ,ionic g5ius1 & _m an anci5t survival 0 en%r9$ 9 ! lit]ature or my?ology ( ,a!ns :i* _h long pass$ out ( all remembrance at ,myc5as4 ,footnote3 ,companion to ! ,iliad1 p4 #g4 ,amaz+ to say1 none ( ^! m primitive phases ( belief1 none ( ! recrudesc5t savage magic1 0 intrud$ by ! late ,ionian poets into ! ,iliad :i* !y cont9u$1 by ! !ory4 ,su* phases ( belief 71 inde$1 by _! "t popul>1 & frequ5tly appe>$ 9 ! ,cyclic poems on ! ,trojan w>2 cont9uations ( ! ,,iliad1 :i* 7 compos$ by ,ionian au?ors at ! same "t z mu* ( ! ,,iliad itself 7by ! !ory7 0 compos$4 ,! au?ors ( ^! ,cyclic poems--au?ors contempor>y ) ! mak]s ( mu* ( ! ,,iliad--7 em95tly un-,hom]ic 9 _m respects4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,monro1 ,! ,cyclic ,poets2 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii1 pp4 #cdb-chd4 ,!y _h ideas v diff]5t f ^? ( ! au?ors ( ! ,iliad & ,,odyssey1 z ^! ideas h rea*$ u4 ,helbig /ates ?is curi\s fact1 t ! ,hom]ic poems are free f _m rec5t or recrudesc5t ideas common 9 o!r ,epics compos$ dur+ ! lat] c5turies ( ! suppos$ f\r hundr$ ye>s ( ,epic gr[?4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 p4 #c4 ,?us a signet r+ 0 m5tion$ 9 ! ,ilias ,puma1 & !re are no r+s 9 ,iliad or ,odyssey4 ,b ,helbig does n p]ceive ! insup]able difficulty :i* "h enc\nt]s 8 hypo!sis4 ,he rem>ks3 ,9 c]ta9 poems :i* 7 gr\p+ !mselves ar\nd ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 we meet data absolutely oppos$ to ! conv5tional /yle ( ! ,epic4 ,he gives ?ree or f\r examples ( p]fectly un-,hom]ic ideas occurr+ 9 ,epics ( ! eigh? to sev5? c5turies1 ,b4,c41 & a l>ge supply ( su* cases c be adduc$4 ,b ,helbig does n ask h[ x happ5$ t1 if poets ( ^! c5turies _h lo/ t\* ) ! ,epic tradition1 & _h w&]$ into a new region ( ?\ght1 z !y _h1 examples ( _! notions d n occur 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,by 8 !ory ^! poems 7 be+ add$ to & alt]$1 ev5 9 _! olde/ portions1 at ! v p]iod :5 /range fre%1 or old & newly reviv$ fancies 7 fl\ri%+4 ,if s1 h[ 7 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 unlike ! ,cyclic poems1 kept uncontam9at$1 z !y confess$ly 71 by ! new romantic ideas8 ,"h is ! real difficulty4 ,cyclic poets ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies _h c]ta9ly lo/ t\* ) ! ,epic tradition2 _! poems make t an admitt$ fact4 ,yet poets ( ! eigh? to sev5? c5turies 71 by ! !ory1 busily add+ to & alt]+ ! anci5t lays ( ! ,iliad4 ,h[ did !y ab/a9 f ! new or reviv$ ideas1 & f ! new g5re ( romance8 ,are we to believe t "o set ( late ,ionian poets--!y :o add$ to & alt]$ ! ,iliad--7 true to tradition1 :ile ano!r contempor>y set ( ,ionian poets1 ! ,cyclics--au?ors ( new ,epics on ,hom]ic !mes--are kn[n to h q lo/ t\* ) ! ,hom]ic ta/e1 religion1 & ritual8 ,! reply w p]haps be a ,cyclic poet said1 ,"h ,i am go+ to compose q a new poem ab\t ! old h]oes4 ,i %all make !m d & ?9k & believe z ,i please1 )\t ref]5ce to ! evid5ce ( ! old poems4 ,b1 x w h to be add$1 ! rhapsodi/s ( #hjj-edj ,b4,c41 & ! g5]al editor ( ! latt] date1 ?\ght1 we are cont9u+ an old set ( lays1 & we mu/ be v c>eful 9 adh]+ to mann]s1 cu/oms1 & beliefs z describ$ by our pr$ecessors4 ,= in/ance1 ! old h]oes _h only bronze1 no iron1--& !n ! rhapsodi/s =got1 & made iron a common commodity 9 ! ,iliad4 ,aga91 ! rhapsodi/s knew t ! anci5t h]oes _h no corslets--! old lays1 we le>n1 nev] spoke ( corslets--b !y made !m we> corslets ( mu* spl5d\r4 ,footnote3 ,! read] mu/ rememb] t ! view ( ! late poets z c>eful adh]5ts ( tradition 9 usages & ideas only obta9s sometimes2 at o!rs ! critics decl>e t ar*aeological precision is n pres]v$1 & t ! ,ionic cont9uators introduc$1 = example1 ! milit>y ge> ( _! own p]iod into a poem :i* repres5ts mu* old] weapons & equipm5ts4 ,?is !ory does n help u4 ,9 an uncritical age poets c\ld n disc]n t _! g5re ( romance & religion 0 ali5 f t ( ,hom]4 ,to return to ! puzzle ab\t ! c>eful & precise cont9uators ( ! ,iliad1 z contra/$ ) _! he$less contempor>ies1 ! au?ors ( ! ,cyclic poems4 ,h[ non-,hom]ic ! au?ors ( ^! ,cyclic poems 71 be=e & aft] #ffj ,b4,c41 we illu/rate f examples ( _! left h& backslid+s & "r h& fall+s (f4 ,!y introduc$ 7#a7 ,! ,apo!osis ( ! ,dioscuri1 :o 9 ,hom] 7,iliad1 ,,iii4 #bdc7 are m]ely dead m5 7,cypria74 7#b7 ,/ory ( ,iphig5ia ,cypria4 7#c7 ,/ory ( ,palam$es1 :o is kill$ :5 angl+ by ,odysseus & ,diom$e 7,cypria74 ,hom]'s h]oes nev] fi%1 except 9 /ress ( dire necessity1 9 ! ,odyssey1 & ,hom]'s own ,diom$e & ,odysseus w\ld nev] /oop to assass9ate a companion :5 engag$ 9 ! contemplative man's recreation4 ,we "h see ! h]oes 9 late degrad$ =m z on ! ,attic /age4 7#d7 ,! ,cyclics introduce ,hel5 z daught] ( ,nemesis1 & describe ! flight ( ,nemesis f ,zeus 9 v>i\s animal =ms1 a ,ma]*5 ( a sort n popul> ) ,hom]2 an ,ionic ,ma]*51 ,mr4 ,leaf w\ld say4 ,!re is no?+ l ?is 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 7#e7 ,!y call ! son ( ,a*illes1 n ,neoptolemus1 z ,hom] does1 b ,pyrrhus4 7#f7 ,!y repres5t ! ,a*aean army z obta9+ supplies ?r\gh ?ree magically gift$ maid5s1 :o produce corn1 w9e1 & oil at w1 z 9 fairy tales4 ,ano!r ,ionic non-,a*aean ,ma]*56 ,!y br+ 9 gho/s ( h]oes dead & buri$4 ,su* gho/s1 9 ,hom]'s op9ion1 7 impossible if ! dead _h be5 cremat$4 ,all ^! non-,hom]ic absurdities1 save ! la/1 are f ! ,cypria1 dat$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb ab\t #ggf ,b4,c41 long be=e ! ,odyssey 0 put into %ape1 namely1 aft] #ffj ,b4 ,c4 9 8 op9ion4 ,yet ! alleg$ late compil] ( ! ,odyssey1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 nev] w&]s ?us f ! ,hom]ic /&>d 9 ta/e4 ,:at a skill$ ar*aeologi/ he mu/ h be56 ,! au?or ( ! ,cypria knew ! ,iliad1 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ced4 b 8 k c\ld n keep him true to tradition4 7#g7 ,9 ! ,a,ethiopis 7ab\t #ggf ,b4,c47 m5 are made immortal aft] dea?1 & are wor%ipp$ z h]oes1 an idea =eign to ,iliad & ,odyssey4 7#h7 ,!re is a savage ritual ( purification f blood %$ by a homicide 7comp>e ,eum5ides1 l9e #bgc74 ,?is is unhe>d ( 9 ,iliad & ,odyssey1 ?\gh famili> to ,aes*ylus4 7#i7 ,a*illes1 aft] dea?1 is c>ri$ to ! isle ( ,leuke4 7#aj7 ,! fate ( ,ilium1 9 ! ,cyclic ,little ,iliad1 hangs on ! ,palladium1 ( :i* no?+ is kn[n 9 ,iliad or ,odyssey4 ,! ,little ,iliad is dat$ ab\t #gjj ,b4,c4 7#aa7 ,! ,no/oi m5tions ,molossians1 n nam$ by ,hom] 7:i* is a trifle72 x also m5tions ! ,asiatic city ( ,colophon1 an ,ionian colony1 :i* is n a trivial self-betrayal on ! "p ( ! poet4 ,he is dat$ ab\t #gej ,b4,c4 ,?us1 m ?an a c5tury be=e ! ,odyssey receiv$ its f9al =m1 aft] #ffj ,b4,c41 f ! h&s ( "o man 7accord+ to ! !ory71 ! o!r ,ionian poets :o attempt$ ,epic 7 betray+ !mselves z non-,hom]ic on e h&4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cdg-chc4 ,our examples are b a few d]iv$ f ! brief notices ( ! ,cyclic poets' works1 z m5tion$ 9 anci5t lit]ature2 ^! poets probably1 9 fact1 betray$ !mselves con/antly4 ,b _! contempor>ies1 ! mak]s ( late additions to ! ,odyssey1 & ! lat] mosaic work] :o put x toge!r1 nev] betray$ !mselves to any?+ l ! fatal ext5t ( ana*ronism exhibit$ by ! ,cyclic poets4 ,h[1 if ! true anci5t tone1 ta/e1 mann]s1 & religion 7 lo/1 z ! ,cyclic poets %[ t !y 71 did ! contempor>y ,ionian poets or rhapsodi/s "k & pres]ve ! old mann]8 ,! be/ face we c put on ! matt] is to say t all ! ,cyclic poets 7 recklessly indep5d5t ( tradition1 :ile all m5 :o bot*$ at ! ,iliad 7 v le>n$1 & v c>eful to ma9ta9 h>mony 9 _! pictures ( life & mann]s1 except :5 !y introduc$ *anges 9 burial1 bride-price1 h\ses1 iron1 greaves1 & corslets1 all ( !m ?+s1 by ! !ory1 mod]n1 & :5 !y sang 9 mod]n gramm>4 ,yet despite ?is consci5ti\sness ( !irs1 mo/ ( ! _m au?ors ( our ,iliad & ,odyssey 71 by ! !ory1 /roll+ irresponsible rhapsodi/s1 l ! lat] jongleurs ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies 9 m$iaeval ,france4 ,h[ c\ld ^! /roll]s keep _! mod]n ,ionian ideas1 or _! primitive1 recrudesc5t phases ( belief1 out ( _! lays1 z f> z !y did keep !m out1 :ile ! contempor>y au?ors ( ! ,cypria1 ,! ,sack ( ,ilios1 & o!r ,cyclic poets 7 full ( new ideas1 leg5ds1 & beliefs1 or primitive notions reviv$1 &1 save :5 reviv$1 q obvi\sly late & q un-,hom]ic 9 any case8 ,! difficulty is ! great] if ! ,cyclic poems 7 long poems1 ) "o au?or to ea* ,epic4 ,su* au?ors 7 obvi\sly m5 ( ambition2 !y produc$ s]i\s works de longue hale9e4 ,x is f !m t we %\ld naturally expect cons]vative & /udi\s adhesion to ! traditional models4 ,f casual /roll]s l ! rhapsodi/s & *ant]s at fe/ivals1 we look = no?+ ( ! sort4 ,!y might be expect$ to introduce great feats done by s]geants & privates1 s to speak--m5 ( ! nameless ,greek3 laos1 ! ho/1 ! foot m5--:o 9 ,hom] are occasionally said to p]i% ( disease or to fall "u ! ra9 ( arr[s1 b are nev] di/+ui%$ by "n4 ,! /roll]s1 x might be ?\ght1 w\ld also be ! v m5 to introduce fairy tales1 freaks ( primitive ,ionian my?1 discr$itable anecdotes ( ! pr9cely h]oes1 & ref]5ces to ! ,ionian colonies4 ,b x is n s2 ! s]i\s1 labori\s au?ors ( ! long ,cyclic poems d su* un-,hom]ic ?+s z ^!2 ! gay1 irresponsible /roll+ s+]s ( a lay "h & a lay !re--lays n[ incorporat$ 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey--scrupul\sly avoid su* faults4 ,!y nev] ev5 introduce a signet r+4 ,^! are difficulties 9 ! !ory ( ! ,iliad z a pat*work by _m h&s1 9 _m ages1 :i* nobody expla9s2 :i*1 inde$1 nobody seems to f9d difficult4 ,yet ! difficulty is insup]able4 ,ev5 if we take refuge ) ,wilam[itz 9 ! idea t ! ,cyclic & ,hom]ic poems 7 at fir/ m]e protoplasm ( lays ( _m ages1 & t !y 7 all compil$1 say 9 ! six? c5tury1 into s _m n>ratives1 we come no ne>] to expla9+ :y ! tone1 ta/e1 & ideas ( two su* n>ratives--,illiad & ,odyssey--are confess$ly di/9ct f ! tone1 ta/e1 & ideas ( all ! o!rs4 ,! ,cyclic poems are c]ta9ly ! production ( a late & *ang$ age8 ,footnote3 ,= :at mann] ( audi5ce1 if n = read]s1 ! ,cyclic poems 7 compos$ is a my/]i\s "q4 ,! ,iliad is n 9 any degree--save p]haps 9 a few int]polat$ passages--t\*$ by ! influ5ces ( t late age4 ,x is n a complex ( ! "w ( f\r incompatible c5turies1 z f> z ?is po9t is conc]n$--! po9t ( leg5d1 religion1 ritual1 & conception ( h]oic "*4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,hypo!ses ,,( ,,epic ,,composition ,:osoev] holds t ! ,hom]ic poems 7 evolv$ out ( ! lays ( _m m51 9 _m places1 dur+ _m p]iods ( culture1 mu/ pres5t a consi/5t & logical hypo!sis z to h[ !y atta9$ _! pres5t plots & =ms4 ,^! c\ld n come by accid5t1 ev5 if ! plots are n good--z all ! _w held t !y 71 till aft] ,wolf's day--b v bad1 z "s critics n[ ass]t4 ,/ill plot & =m1 beyond ! p[] ( *ance to produce1 ! poems d possess4 ,nobody goes s f> z to d5y t2 & critics make hypo!ses explanatory ( ! fact t a s+le anci5t k]nel ( "s #bejj l9es1 a k]nel alt]$ at w by any "o :o pleas$ dur+ f\r c5turies1 became a con/ructive :ole4 ,if ! hypo!ses fail to acc\nt = ! fact1 we h ! m reason to believe t ! poems are ! "w ( "o age1 &1 ma9ly1 ( "o man4 ,9 criticis+ ,hom]ic criticism z x is to-day1 we _c d bett] ?an beg9 by exam9+ ! !ories ( ,mr4 ,leaf :i* are (f]$ by him m]ely z a work+ hypo!sis4 ,8 mo/ erudite "w is bas$ on a wide k ( ,g]man ,hom]ic speculation1 ( ! exact sci5ce ( ,gramm>1 ( ar*aeological discov]ies1 & ( manuscripts4 ,footnote3 ,! ,iliad4 ,macmillan ,co4 #aijj1 #aijb4 ,8 volumes are1 ,i d\bt n1 z !y c]ta9ly des]ve to be1 on ! %elves ( e ,hom]ic /ud5t1 old or "y1 & d\btless _! cont5ts rea* ! high] =ms 9 s*ools1 ?\gh !re is reason to suppose t1 ab\t ! unity ( ,hom]1 s*oolboys rema9 cons]vative4 ,9 ?is book ( m ?an #abjj pages ,mr4 ,leaf's space is ma9ly devot$ to textual criticism1 philology1 & pure s*ol>%ip1 b 8 ,introductions1 ,notes1 & ,app5dices also set =? 8 mature ideas ab\t ! ,hom]ic problem 9 g5]al4 ,he has alt]$ "s ( 8 op9ions s9ce ! publication ( 8 ,companion to ! ,iliad7#ahib71 b ! ma9 l9es ( 8 old sy/em are1 except on "o crucial po9t1 un*ang$4 ,8 !ory we %all try to /ate & criticise2 9 g5]al outl9e x is ! curr5t !ory ( sep>ati/ critics1 & x may fairly be treat$ z a good example ( su* !ories4 ,! sy/em is to ! foll[+ effect3 ,greek tradition1 9 ! classical p]iod1 reg>d$ ! ,iliad & ,odyssey z ! "w ( "o man1 ,hom]1 a native ( "o or o!r ( ! ,ionian colonies ( ,asia ,m9or4 ,b ! poems %[ few obvi\s signs ( orig9 9 ,asia4 ,!y deal ) dwell]s1 be=e ! ,dorian invasion 7:i* ! poet nev] alludes to71 on ! cont95t ( ,europe & 9 ,crete4 ,footnote3 ,if ! poet sang aft] ! tempe/ ( w> t came d[n ) ! ,dorians f ! nor?1 he w\ld probably h s\ght a topic 9 ! ,a*aean exploits & sorr[s ( t p]iod4 ,! ,dorians1 n ! ,trojans1 w\ld h be5 ! foes4 ,! epics ( ,france ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies dwell1 n on ! real victories ( ! remote ,*>lemagne s mu* z on ! disa/]s ( ,aliscans & ,roncesvaux--defeats at ,s>ac5 h&s1 ,s>ac5s be+ ! enemies ( ! twelf?-c5tury poets4 ,no ,s>ac5s1 9 fact1 f\ght at ,roncesvaux4 ,! lays are conc]n$ ) good old times2 presumably betwe5 #aejj & #aajj ,b4,c4 ,_! pictures ( ! details ( life h>monise m ) :at we "k ( ! society ( t p]iod f ! evid5ce ( build+s & rec5t excavations1 ?an ) :at we "k ( ! life & ! mu* m rude & b>b>ic art ( ! s-call$ ,dipylon p]iod ( geometrical ornam5t consid]ably lat]4 ,9 ! ,dipylon age ?\gh ! use ( iron1 ev5 = swords 7made on ! l9es ( ! old bronze sword71 0 famili>1 art 0 on a mo/ b>b>ic level1 n mu* above ! ,b$ ,indian type1 z f>1 at lea/1 z pa9t$ vases be> witness4 ,! human figure is design$ z 9 ,tommy ,traddles's skeletons2 !re is1 h[ev]1 "s crude b promis+ idea ( composition4 ,! picture ( life 9 ! ,hom]ic poems1 !n1 is m l t (1 say1 #aejj-aajj ,b4,c4 ?an (1 say1 #ajjj-hej ,b4,c4 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ion4 ,c]ta9ly ,hom] describes a weal?y ari/ocracy1 subject to an ,ov]-,"l1 :o rules1 by "r div9e1 f gold5 ,myc5ae4 ,we he> ( no su* pot5tate 9 ,ionia4 ,hom]'s acc\nts ( contempor>y art seem to be inspir$ by ! ri* art g5]ally dat$ ab\t #aejj-abjj4 ,yet !re are _m traces ( app>5t ana*ronism1 ( div]g5ce f ! m antique picture ( life4 ,9 ^! div]g5ces are we to recognise ! picture ( a lat] developm5t ( ! anci5t exi/5ce ( #aejj-abjj ,b4,c48 ,or h elem5ts ( ! life ( a mu* lat] age ( ,greece 7say1 #hjj-eej ,b4,c47 be5 consci\sly or unconsci\sly introduc$ by ! late poets8 ,"h ,mr4 ,leaf recognises a po9t on :i* we h insi/$1 & mu/ keep insi/+1 = x is ( ! fir/ importance4 ,x is a priori ! mo/ probable supposition t1 9 an uncritical age1 poets d n reproduce ! circum/ances ( ! old "t1 b only clo! ! old tale 9 ! g>b ( _! own days4 ,poets 9 an uncritical age always1 9 our exp]i5ce1 clo! old tales ) ! g>b ( _! own "t1 b ,mr4 ,leaf ?9ks t1 9 ! case ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 ?is idea is n :olly borne out by ! facts4 ,9 fact1 ,mr4 ,leaf's hypo!sis1 l ,helbig's1 exhibits a come-&-g betwe5 ! !ory t 8 late poets clung close to tradition & s kept true to anci5t details ( life1 & ! !ory t !y did q ! rev]se 9 _m cases4 ,( ?is frequ5t examples w occur4 ,he writes1 ,! ,hom]ic p]iod is c]ta9ly lat] ?an ! %aft tombs 7discov]$ at ,myc5ae by ,dr4 ,s*liemann71 b x does n necess>ily foll[ t x is po/-,myc5aean4 ,x is q possible t c]ta9 notable diff]5ces betwe5 ! poems & ! monum5ts 7( ,myc5ae7 9 burial1 = in/ance1 & 9 wom5's dress may be due to *anges :i* arose )9 ! ,myc5aean age itself1 9 t lat] "p ( x ( :i* our k is defective--almo/ z defective z x is ( ! subsequ5t ',dipylon' p]iod4 ,on ! :ole1 ! resemblance to ! typical ,myc5aean culture is m /rik+ ?an ! diff]5ce4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 pp4 xiii4-xv4 #aijj4 ,s f> ,mr4 ,leaf /ates precisely ! op9ion = :i* we argue4 ,! ,hom]ic poems describe an age lat] ?an t ( ! fam\s tombs--s ri* 9 relics--( ! ,myc5aean acropolis1 & e>li] ?an ! tombs ( ! ,dipylon ( ,a!ns4 ,! poems ?us spr+ out ( an age ( :i*1 except f ! poems !mselves1 we "k little or no?+1 because1 z is %[n lat]1 no cairn burials answ]+ to ! frequ5t ,hom]ic descriptions h ev] be5 discov]$--s relics corroborat+ ,hom]ic descriptions are to seek4 ,b ! age atta*es itself 9 _m ways to ! age ( ! ,myc5aean tombs1 :ile1 9 our op9ion1 x /&s q ap>t f ! po/-,dorian culture4 ,:]e we diff] f ,mr4 ,leaf is 9 believ+ t ! poems1 z :oles1 7 compos$ 9 t late ,myc5aean p]iod ( :i*1 f mat]ial rema9s1 we "k v little2 t mu* new 0 n add$1 z he ?9ks1 9 ! ,ionian developm5t :i* la/$ p]haps f ! n9? c5tury ,b4,c4 to ! sev5?4 ,we _c agree ) ,mr4 ,leaf1 :5 he1 l ,helbig1 ?9ks t mu* ( ! detail ( ! anci5t life 9 ! poems _h e>ly become s /]eotyp$ t no cont9uator1 h[ev] late1 d>$ int5tionally to sap ! type1 ?\gh he slipp$ f "t to "t into involunt>y ana*ronism4 ,"s poets are also ass]t$ to indulge 9 volunt>y ana*ronism :51 z ,mr4 ,leaf supposes1 !y equip ! anci5t w>riors ) corslets & greaves & o!r body arm\r ( bronze su* z1 9 8 op9ion1 ! old h]oes nev] knew1 su* z nev] 7 m5tion$ 9 ! olde/ p>ts or k]nel ( ! poems4 ,?us ! traditional details ( ,myc5aean life sometimes are reg>d$ z /]eotyp$ 9 poetic tradition2 sometimes z subject to mod]n alt]ations ( a sweep+ & revolution>y k9d4 ,z to delib]ate adh]5ce to tradition by ! poets1 we h prov$ t ! ,cyclic epic poets ( #hjj-ffj ,b4,c4 w&]$ widely f ! anci5t models4 ,if1 !n1 e m9/rel or rhapsodi/ :o1 any:]e1 add$ at w to ! old k]nel ( ! ,a*illes 01 s f> z he 0 able1 z consci5ti\sly precise 9 8 /]eotyp$ ar*aeological details z ,mr4 ,leaf sometimes supposes1 ! fact is contr>y to g5]al cu/om 9 su* cases4 ,:5 lat] poets 9 an uncritical age take up & reh&le ! poetic !mes ( _! pr$ecessors1 !y always give to ! /ories a new co/ume1 z ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is rem>ks 9 ref]5ce to ?irte5? c5tury deal+s ) ,fr5* epics ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,b1 9 ! critics' op9ion1 ! late reh&l]s ( old ,a*aean lays pres]v$ ! ar*aic modes ( life1 w>1 co/ume1 weapons1 & s =?1 ) consci5ti\s c>e1 except 9 c]ta9 matt]s to be consid]$ lat]1 :5 !y delib]ately did ! v rev]se4 ,sometimes ! late poets dev\tly foll[ tradition4 ,sometimes !y delib]ately innovate4 ,sometimes !y p$antically ar*aise1 br++ 9 g5u9e1 b by _! "t =gott51 ,myc5aean ?+s1 & criticism c detect _! do+s 9 ea* case4 ,?\gh ! late cont9uators ( ! ,iliad 7 able1 despite c]ta9 inadv]t5cies1 to keep up = "s f\r c5turies 9 ,asia ! h>moni\s picture ( anci5t ,a*aean life & society 9 ,europe1 critics c di/+ui% f\r sep>ate /rata1 ! "w ( _m diff]5t ages1 9 ! ,iliad4 ,( ! fir/ /ratum compos$ 9 ,europe1 say ab\t #acjj-aaej ,b4,c4 7,i give a conjectural date "u all res]ves71 ! topic 0 ,,! ,wra? ( ,,a*illes4 ,( ?is poem1 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ion1 7a7 ! ,fir/ ,book & fifty l9es ( ! ,second ,book rema9 intact or1 p]haps1 are a bl5d ( two v]sions4 7b7 ,! ,val\r ( ,agamemnon & ,defeat ( ,,! ,a*aeans4 ,( ?is !re are portions 9 ,book ,,xi41 b !y 7 m$dl$ )1 alt]$1 & g5]ally doctor$1 d[n to ! late/ p]iod1 namely1 ! age ( ,pisi/ratus 9 ,a!ns1 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 7c7 ,! fight 9 :i*1 aft] _! defeat1 ! ,a*aeans try to save ! %ips f ! tor* ( ,hector1 & ! ,val\r ( ,patroclus 7b "s critics d n accept ?is71 ) 8 dea? 7,,xv41 ,,xvi4 9 p>ts74 7d7 ,"s eighty l9es on ! ,,arm+ ,,( ,,a*illes 7,,xix474 7e7 ,p]haps an incid5t or two 9 ,books ,,xx41 ,,xxi4 7f7 ,! ,slay+ ,,hector by ,a*illes1 9 ,books ,,xxi41 ,,xxii4 7b "s ( ! le>n$ w n admit ?is1 & we %all1 unhappily1 h to prove t1 if ,mr4 ,leaf's pr9ciples be correct1 we really "k no?+ ab\t ! ,,slay+ ,,( ,,hector 9 its orig9al =m74 ,( ^! six elem5ts only did ! orig9al poem consi/1 ,mr4 ,leaf ?9ks2 a rigid critic w reject z orig9al ev5 ! ,val\r ( ,patroclus & ! ,,dea? ,,( ,,hector1 b ,mr4 ,leaf refuses to g s f> z t4 ,! orig9al poem1 z detect$ by him1 is really ! "w ( a s+le poet1 p]haps ! greate/ 9 all ! _w's hi/ory4 ,if ! orig9al poet did no m ?an is "h allott$ to him1 especially if he left out ! purpose ( ,zeus & ! p]son ( ,!tis 9 ,book ,i41 we d n q und]/& 8 unapproa*able greatness4 ,he mu/ c]ta9ly h drawn a r commonplace ,a*illes1 z we %all see1 & we confess to pref]r+ ! ,iliad z x /&s4 ,! brief n>rative cut out ( ! mass by ,mr4 ,leaf1 !n1 0 ! g5u9e old orig9al poem or k]nel4 ,:at we commonly call ! ,,iliad1 on ! o!r h&1 is1 by 8 !ory1 a ?+ ( %r$s & pat*es1 comb9$ 9 a mann] to be lat] describ$4 ,! bl5d1 we le>n1 has none ( ! ma/]ly unity ( ! old orig9al poem4 ,mean:ile1 z criticism ( lit]>y composition is a purely lit]>y "q1 critics :o diff] f ,mr4 ,leaf h a "r to hold t ! ,iliad z x /&s conta9s1 & always did conta91 a plot ( ma/]ly p]fection4 ,we ne$ n att5d "h s closely to ,mr4 ,leaf's !ory 9 ! matt] ( ! ,fir/ ,expansions1 7#b7 & ! ,second ,expansions1 7#c7 b ! late/ ,expansions 7#d7 give ! acc\nt ( ,! ,,embassy to ,a*illes ) 8 refusal ( ,agamemnon's ,,apology7,book ,,ix471 ! blank space 7,book ,,xxiv471 ! ,,reconciliation ,,( ,,a*illes ,,& ,agamemnon1 ,,& ! ,,fun]al ,games ( ,patroclus 7,,xxiii474 ,9 all ^! p>ts ( ! poem !re are1 we le>n1 c\ntless alt]ations1 additions1 & expansions1 )1 la/ ( all1 _m transitional passages1 ! "w ( ! editor inspir$ by ! /atesman1 t is1 ( an hypo!tical editor :o really by ! !ory made our ,,iliad1 be+ employ$ to t end by ,pi/ratus ab\t #edj ,b4,c4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 pp4 x41 xiv4 #aijj44 ,mr4 ,leaf & critics :o take 8 g5]al view are enabl$ to detect ! pat*es & tatt]s ( _m ages by v>i\s te/s1 = example1 by discov]+ discrepancies 9 ! n>rative1 su* z 9 _! op9ion no "o sane poet c\ld make4 ,o!r pro(s ( multiplex au?or%ip are discov]$ by ! critic's private s5se ( :at ! poem ought to be1 by 8 in/9ctive k ( /yle1 by detection ( ! poet's suppos$ errors 9 geography1 by mod]nisms & false ar*aisms 9 words & gramm>1 & by ! pres5ce ( _m objects1 especially weapons & arm\r1 :i* ! critic believes to h be5 unkn[n to ! orig9al m9/rel4 ,?us criticism c pick out ! ?+s old1 fairly old1 late1 & q rec5t1 f ! mass1 evolv$ ?r\gh _m c5turies1 :i* is call$ ! ,iliad4 ,if ! exi/+ ,,iliad is a mass ( expansions1 add$ at all sorts ( dates1 9 any numb] ( places1 dur+ v diff]5t /ages ( culture1 to a s+le %ort old poem ( ! ,myc5aean age1 sci5ce ne$s an hypo!sis :i* w acc\nt = ! ,,iliad z x /&s4 ,ev]ybody sees ! ne$ ( ! hypo!sis1 ,h[ 0 ! m$ley ( new songs by _m g5]ations ( irresponsible h&s codifi$ into a plot :i* us$ to be reckon$ f9e8 ,h[ 7 ! mann]s1 cu/oms1 & *>act]s1 unus color1 pres]v$ 9 a fairly coh]5t & uni=m aspect8 ,h[ 0 ! :ole ,greek _w1 ?r\gh\t :i* all mann] ( discrepant v]sions & incongru\s lays mu/1 by ! !ory1 h be5 curr5t1 induc$ to accept ! v]sion :i* has be5 bequea!d to u8 ,:y1 & = :at audi5ce or :at read]s1 did somebody1 9 a late age ( brief lyrics & ( philosophic poems1 take ! tr\ble to h>monise ! body ( discrepant w&]+ lays1 & codify !m 9 ! ,iliad8 ,an hypo!sis :i* w answ] all ^! que/ions is ! fir/ ?+ ne$ful1 & hypo!ses are produc$4 ,believ]s l ,mr4 ,leaf 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,iliad ?r\gh ! *ang+ revolution>y c5turies1 betwe5 say #abjj & #fjj ,b4,c41 consci\sly /& 9 ne$ ( a work+ hypo!sis :i* w acc\nt1 above all1 = two facts3 fir/1 ! relatively correct pres]vation ( ! h>mony ( ! picture ( life1 ( ideas political & religi\s1 ( ! *>act]s ( ! h]oes1 ( ! cu/om>y law 7su* z ! bride-price 9 m>riage71 & ( ! details z to weapons1 implem5ts1 dress1 art1 h\ses1 & s =?1 :5 ^! are n 7accord+ to ! !ory7 delib]ately alt]$ by late poets4 ,next1 ! hypo!sis mu/ expla91 9 ,mr4 ,leafs own words1 h[ a s+le v]sion ( ! ,iliad came to be accept$1 :]e _m rival v]sions mu/1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 h once exi/$ side by side4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xviii4 #aijj4 ,?ree hypo!ses h1 9 fact1 be5 imag9$3 ! fir/ sugge/s ! pres]vation ( ! orig9al poems 9 v e>ly writt5 texts2 n1 ( c\rse1 9 ,hom]'s autograph4 ,?is view ,mr4 ,leaf1 we %all see1 disc>ds4 ,! second pres5ts ! notion ( "o old sacr$ college = ! ma9t5ance ( poetic uni=mity4 ,mr4 ,leaf rejects ?is !ory1 :ile suppos+ t !re 7 s*ools = pr(essional recit]s4 ,la/1 !re is ! old hypo!sis ( ,wolf3 ,pisi/ratus 7ab\t #edj ,b4,c47 0 ! fir/ :o _h ! ,hom]ic poems committ$ to writ+1 & br\ght into t ord] 9 :i* we n[ possess !m4 ,?is hypo!sis1 n[ m ?an a c5tury old1 w\ld1 if x re/$ on good evid5ce1 expla9 h[ a s+le v]sion ( ! v>i\s lays came to be accept$ & receiv$ z au?oris$4 ,! ,greek _w1 by ! !ory1 _h only 9 v>i\s places v>i\s sets ( incoh]5t *ants orally curr5t on ! ,wra? ( ,! public 0 ev]y:]e a public ( li/5]s1 :o he>d ! lays sung on r>e occasions at fea/s & fairs1 or :5ev] a /roll+ rhapsodi/ took up 8 pit*1 = a day or two1 at a /reet corn]4 ,!re 01 by ! !ory1 no read+ public = ! ,hom]ic poetry4 ,b1 by ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus1 a read+ public 0 com+ into exi/5ce4 ,! tyrant _h ! poems collect$1 edit$1 arrang$ into a cont9u\s n>rative1 prim>ily = ! purpose ( regulat+ ! recitals at ! ,pana!naic fe/ival4 ,:5 once !y 7 writt51 copies 7 made1 & ! re/ ( ,hellas adopt$ ^! = _! public purposes4 ,on a small scale we h a case analog\s4 ,! old songs ( ,scotl& exi/$1 ) ! airs1 p>tly 9 human memory1 p>tly 9 scatt]$ broad%eets4 ,! airs 7 good1 b ! words 7 (t5 silly1 m (t5 !y 7 ,fesc5n9e--m dirt ?an wit4 ,burns rewrote ! words1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 h&some volumes1 ) ! old airs1 or ) ^! airs alt]$1 & 8 became ! au?oris$ v]sions1 :ile ! anci5t anonym\s *ants 7 almo/ entirely =gott54 ,! p>allel is fairly close1 b !re are po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,burns 0 a great lyric poet1 :]eas we he> ( no great epic poet 9 ! age ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,! old words :i* ,burns's songs sup]s$$ 7 wret*$ dogg]el2 n su* 7 ! anci5t ,greek h]oic lays4 ,! old ,scotti% songs _h no sacr$ hi/oric "*2 !y did n conta9 ! hi/ory ( ! v>i\s t[ns & di/ricts ( ,scotl&4 ,! h]oic lays ( ,greece 7 believ$1 on ! o!r h&1 to be a k9d ( ,domesday book ( anci5t pr9cipalities1 & cities1 & wor%ipp$ h]oes4 ,?us x 0 mu* easi] = a great poet l ,burns to sup]s$e ) 8 songs a mass ( unconsid]$ sculdud]y old lays1 9 :i* no man or set ( m5 _h any int]e/1 ?an = a m]e editor1 9 ! age ( ,pisi/ratus1 to sup]s$e a set ( lays *]i%$1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 by e ,/ate 9 ,greece4 ,?is holds good1 ev5 if1 prior to ,pisi/ratus1 !re exi/$ 9 ,greece no writt5 texts ( ,hom]1 & no read+ public1 a po9t :i* we %all %[ reasons = decl9+ to conc$e4 ,! !ory ( ! edition ( ,pisi/ratus1 if x re/$ on valid evid5ce1 w\ld expla9 h[ a s+le v]sion ( ! poems came to be accept$1 namely1 because ! poem 0 n[ writt5 = ! fir/ "t1 & oral v]sions fell out ( memory4 ,b x w\ld n1 ( c\rse1 expla9 h[1 be=e ,pisi/ratus1 dur+ f\r or five c5turies ( *ange1 ! new poets & recit]s1 ?r\gh\t ! ,greek _w1 ea* add+ su* fre% v]ses z he pleas$1 & (t5 introduc+ su* mod]n details ( life z he pleas$1 kept up ! h>mony ( ! ,hom]ic picture ( life1 & "*1 & law1 z f> z x confess$ly exi/s4 ,to take a s+le in/ance3 ! poems nev] allude to ! p]sonal armorial be>+s ( ! h]oes4 ,!y are unkn[n to or unnam$ by ,hom]1 b are v famili> on ! %ields 9 sev5? c5tury & six? c5tury vases1 & ,a,eschylus introduces !m ) great poetic effect 9 blank space4 ,h[ did late cont9uators1 famili> ) ! s]p5ts1 lions1 bulls' heads1 crabs1 doves1 & s =?1 on ! contempor>y %ields1 keep su* picturesque & attractive details out ( _! new rhapsodies8 ,9 m$iaeval ,france1 we %all %[1 ! epics 7elev5? to ?irte5? c5turies7 deal ) ,*>lemagne & 8 pe]s ( ! eigh? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b !y provide ^! h]oes ) ! armorial be>+s :i* came 9 dur+ ! elev5? to twelf? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,! late ,hom]ic rhapsodi/s avoid$ su* tempt+ ana*ronisms4 ,wolf's !ory1 !n1 expla9s h[ a s+le v]sion came to be accept$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ ,,writt5 v]sion2 ! o!rs di$ out1 l ! old ,scots orally repeat$ songs1 :5 ,burns publi%$ new words to ! airs4 ,b ,wolf's !ory does n expla9 ! h>mony ( ! picture ( life1 ! abs5ce ( po/-,hom]ic ideas & ways ( liv+1 9 ! fir/ writt5 v]sion1 :i*1 practically1 is our own v]sion4 ,9 #ahib 7,,companion ,,to ,,! ,iliad7 ,mr4 ,leaf adopt$ a diff]5t !ory1 ! hypo!sis ( a ,hom]ic s*ool :i* busi$ itself ) ! tradition ( ! ,hom]ic poetry1 = !re mu/ h be5 "s c5tral au?ority to pres]ve ! text intact :5 x c\ld n be pres]v$ 9 writ+4 ,7 !re no su* body to ma9ta9 a fix$ /&>d1 ! poems mu/ h end$ by v>y+ indef9itely1 accord+ to ! caprice ( _! v>i\s recit]s4 ,?is is p]fectly obvi\s4 ,su* a s*ool c\ld keep an eye on ana*ronisms & excise !m2 9 fact1 ! ,maori prie/s1 9 an inf9itely m b>b>\s /ate ( society1 _h su* s*ools = ! pres]vation ( _! anci5t hymns 9 purity4 ,! old] prie/s insi/$ on a critical & v]batim rehe>sal ( all ! anci5t lore4 ,proce$+s 7 sanction$ by human sacrifices & _m my/ic rites4 ,we are n told t new poems 7 produc$ & criticis$2 x does n appe> t ?is 0 ! case4 ,pupils att5d$ f ?ree to five ye>s1 & !n qualifi$ z prie/s or tohunga ,footnote3 ,:ite1 ,,! ,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,maori1 ,,vol4 i4 pp4 #h-ac44 ,suppose t ! ,asiatic ,greeks1 l ! ,maoris & ,zunis1 _h ,poetic ,colleges ( a sacr$ k9d1 admitt+ new poets1 & keep+ !m up to ! antique /&>d 9 all respects4 ,if ?is 7 s1 ! relative r>ity ( ana*ronisms & ( mod]nisms 9 language 9 ! ,hom]ic poems is expla9$4 ,b ,mr4 ,leaf has n[ entirely & ) a light he>t ab&on$ 8 !ory ( a s*ool1 :i* is unsupport$ by evid5ce1 he says4' ,! great problem1 he writes1 = ^? :o ma9ta9 ! gradual gr[? ( ! poems by a process ( cry/allisation has be5 to und]/& h[ a s+le v]sion came to be accept$1 :]e _m rival v]sions mu/1 f ! necessity ( ! case1 h once exi/$ side by side4 ,! assumption ( a s*ool or guild ( s+]s has be5 made1 & ,mr4 ,leaf1 9 #ahib1 made ! assumption himself3 z "s su* hypo!sis we are b\nd to make 9 ord] to expla9 ! possibility ( any !ory 7#ahib74 ,footnote3 ,,companion ,,to ,,! ,iliad1 pp4 #bj1 #ba4 ,b n[ 7#aijj7 he says1 aft] m5tion+ ! assumption ( a s*ool or guild ( s+]s1 t ! r>e m5tion ( ,greek3 ,hom]idai 9 ,*ios gives no support to ?is hypo!sis1 :i* lacks any o!r confirmation4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 xviii4 p4 xix4 ,he !re=e n[ adopts ! ,wolfian hypo!sis t an (ficial copy ( ,hom] 0 made 9 ,a!ns at ! "t ( ,solon or ,pisi/ratus1 f ! rhapsodies exi/+ 9 ! memory ( recit]s4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xix4 ,b ,mr4 ,leaf _h previ\sly said ,footnote3 ,,companion ,,to ,,! ,iliad1 p4 #aij4 t ! leg5d :i* connects 8 7,pisi/ratus's7 "n ) ! ,hom]ic poems is itself probably only conjectural1 & ( late date4 ,n[ ! evid5ce = ,pisi/ratus :i*1 9 #ahib1 he ?\ght conjectural & ( late date1 seems to him a suffici5t basis = an hypo!sis ( a ,pisi/ratean editor ( ! ,iliad1 :ile ! evid5ce = an ,hom]ic s*ool :i* appe>$ to him good en\gh = an hypo!sis 9 #ahib is reject$ z wor?less1 ?\gh1 9 ea* case1 ! evid5ce itself rema9s j :at x us$ to be4 ,?is is n v satisfactory1 & ! ,pisi/ratean hypo!sis is mu* less useful to a !ori/ ?an ! =m] hypo!sis ( an ,hom]ic s*ool1 = ! ,pisi/ratean hypo!sis _c expla9 ! h>mony ( ! *>act]s & ! details 9 ! ,iliad1 nor ! abs5ce ( su* gl>+ ana*ronisms z ! ,cyclic poets made1 nor ! g5]al pre-,odyssean "* ( ! language & gramm>4 ,by ! ,pisi/ratean hypo!sis !re 0 n1 :at ,mr4 ,leaf 9 #ahib ju/ly deem$ ess5tial1 a s*ool to ma9ta9 a fix$ /&>d1 ?r\gh\t ! *anges ( f\r c5turies1 & aga9/ ! caprice ( _m g5]ations ( fre% recit]s & irresponsible poets4 ,! hypo!sis ( a s*ool 0 really t :i*1 ( ! two1 be/ expla9$ ! facts1 & !re is no m valid evid5ce = ! fir/ mak+ & writ+ out ( our ,iliad "u ,pisi/ratus ?an = ! exi/5ce ( a ,hom]ic s*ool4 ,! evid5ce = ! ,iliad edit$ = ,pisi/ratus is exam9$ 9 a ,note at ! close ( ?is *apt]4 ,mean:ile ,mr4 ,leaf n[ revives ,wolf's old !ory to acc\nt = ! fact t someh[ a s+le v]sion 7( ! ,hom]ic poems7 came to be accept$4 ,8 pres5t !ory1 if admitt$1 does acc\nt = ! acceptation ( a s+le v]sion ( ! poems1 ! fir/ /&>d writt5 v]sion1 b fails to expla9 h[ ! caprice ( ! diff]5t recit]s 7z he says7 did n w&] into e v>iety ( ana*ronism 9 detail & 9 diction1 ?us produc+ a *aos :i* no editor ( ab\t #edj ,a4,d4 c\ld =ce into its pres5t uni=mity4 ,su* an editor is n[ po/ulat$ by ,mr4 ,leaf4 ,if 8 editor's edition1 z be+ writt51 0 accept$ by ,greece1 !n we und]/& h[ a s+le v]sion came to be accept$4 ,b we d n und]/& h[ ! editor c\ld possibly introduce a h>mony :i* c\ld only h *>act]is$ 8 mat]ials1 z ,mr4 ,leaf has ju/ly rem>k$1 if !re 0 an ,hom]ic s*ool to ma9ta9 a fix$ /&>d4 ,b n[ su* h>mony 9 ! picture ( life z exi/s 9 ! poems is left )\t any explanation4 ,we h n[1 by ! !ory1 a cr[d ( rhapsodi/s1 _m g5]ations ( uncontroll$ w&]+ m51 :o1 = sev]al c5turies1 ,rave1 recite1 & madd5 ?r\gh ! l&1 ) no writt5 texts1 & ) no fix$ body to ma9ta9 a /&>d4 ,su* m5 w\ld c]ta9ly n adh]e /rictly to a /]eotyp$ e>ly tradition3 t we _c expect f !m4 ,aga91 no editor ( ab\t #edj ,b4,c4 c\ld possibly br+ h>mony ( mann]s1 cu/oms1 & diction into su* ( _! recitals z he took d[n 9 writ+4 ,let u ?9k out ! suppos$ editor's situation4 ,dur+ ?ree c5turies n9e g5]ations ( /roll]s h work$ _! w on "o anci5t %ort poem1 ,! ,wra? ( ,a*illes4 ,?is is1 9 itself1 an unexampl$ fact4 ,poets turn to new topics2 !y d n1 z a rule1 = c5turies embroid] "o s+le situation out ( ! myriads :i* h]oic leg5d af=ds4 ,/roll+ recit]s are ! lea/ c>eful ( m51 ea* w\ld recite 9 ! language & gramm> ( 8 day1 & introduce ! newly evolv$ words & idioms1 ! new & fa%ionable mann]s1 co/ume1 & weapons ( 8 "t4 ,:5 w> *>iots became obsolete1 he w\ld br+ 9 cavalry2 :5 !re 0 no ,ov]-,"l1 he w\ld n tr\ble himself to ma9ta9 correctly ! "* & situation ( ,agamemnon4 ,he w\ld speak ( co9$ money1 9 cases ( buy+ & sell+2 8 ,european geography w\ld (t5 be wrong2 he w\ld n ignore ! ,ionian cities ( ,asia2 mo/ weapons w\ld be ( iron1 n bronze1 9 8 lays4 ,ionian religi\s ideas c\ld n possibly be exclud$1 nor *anges 9 cu/om>y law1 civil & crim9al4 ,yet1 we ?9k1 none ( ^! ?+s occurs 9 ,hom]4 ,! editor ( ! !ory _h to correct all ^! ana*ronisms & discrepancies4 ,:at a task 9 an uncritical age6 ,! editor's mat]ials w\ld be ! lays kn[n to su* /roll]s z happ5$ to be ga!r$1 9 ,a!ns1 p]haps at ! ,pana!naic fe/ival4 ,! rep]toire ( ea* /roll] w\ld v>y indef9itely f ^? ( all ! o!rs4 ,"o man knew ?is *ant1 z modifi$ or made by himself2 o!r m5 knew o!rs1 equally unsatisfactory4 ,! editor mu/ fir/ h writt5 d[n f recitation all ! passages t he c\ld collect4 ,!n he 0 oblig$ to con/ruct a n>rative sequ5ce conta9+ a plot1 :i* he fa%ion$ by a process ( selection & rejection2 & !n he _h to comb9e passages1 alt] !m1 add z mu* z he ?\ght fit1 remove ana*ronisms1 remove discrepancies1 accid5tally br+ 9 fre% discrepancies 7z always happ5s71 weave transitional passages1 look ) an antiqu>ian eye aft] ! too manife/ mod]nisms 9 language & mann]s1 & s produce ! blank space4 ,t1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 any man und]took su* a task1 & succe$$ s well z to impose on ,ari/otle & all ! lat] ,greek critics1 appe>s to be a !ory t c\ld only occur to a mod]n man ( lett]s1 :o is ?9k+ ( ! lit]>y conditions ( 8 own "t4 ,! editor 0 do+1 & do+ inf9itely bett]1 :at ,lo5nrot1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 tri$ 9 va9 to a*ieve = ! ,f9ni% ,kalewala4 ,footnote3 ,see ,comp>etti1 ,! ,kalewala4 ,c5turies lat] ?an ,pisi/ratus1 9 a critical age1 ,apollonius ,rhodius set ab\t writ+ an epic ( ! ,hom]ic times4 ,we "k h[ entirely he fail$1 on all h&s1 to re/ore ! mann] ( ,hom]4 ,! editor ( #edj ,b4,c4 0 a m sci5tific man4 ,c any "o :o sets be=e himself ! nature ( ! editor's task believe 9 him & x8 ,to ! ma/]-less float+ jellyfi% ( old poems & new1 ,mr4 ,leaf supposes t b small & unimportant additions 7 made aft] ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury or !reab\ts1 especially z ! creative & imag9ative =ces ( ! ,ionian race turn$ to o!r =ms ( expression1 to lyrics & to philosophic poems4 ,b ! able ,pisi/ratean editor1 aft] all1 we f9d1 introduc$ quantities ( new matt] into ! poems--9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury2 t k9d ( indu/ry1 !n1 did n cease t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 z we h be5 told4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we %all le>n1 ! editor contribut$ to ! ,iliad1 among o!r ?+s1 ,ne/or's descriptions ( 8 y\?ful adv5tures1 = ! purpose ( flatt]+ ,ne/or's desc5dant1 ! tyrant ,pisi/ratus ( ,a!ns4 ,"o hypo!sis1 ! !ory ( an ,hom]ic s*ool--:i* w\ld answ] our "q1 ,h[ 0 ! h>mony ( ! picture ( life 9 remote ages pres]v$ 9 poems compos$ 9 sev]al succe$+ ages1 & 9 totally alt]$ conditions ( life8--,mr4 ,leaf1 z we "k1 rejects4 ,we might sugge/1 aga91 t !re 7 writt5 texts h&$ d[n f an e>ly p]iod1 & pres]v$ 9 new copies f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,mr4 ,leaf /ates 8 d\bt t !re 7 any su* texts4 ,! poems 7 all ?is "t h&$ d[n orally only by tradition among ! s+]s 7sic71 :o us$ to w&] ov] ,greece recit+ !m at popul> fe/ivals4 ,writ+ 0 inde$ kn[n ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( epic developm5t 7"s f\r c5turies at lea/71 b x is 9 ! highe/ degree unlikely t x 0 ev] employ$ to =m a /&>d text ( ! ,epic or ,,any "p ( x4 ,!re c h>dly h be5 any /&>d text2 at be/ !re 0 a cont9u\s tradition ( ^? p>ts ( ! poems :i* 7 especially popul>1 & ! k ( :i* 0 a valuable asset to ! pr(essional recit]4 ,n[ we w\ld n cont5d = ! exi/5ce ( any blank space text mu* be=e #fjj ,b4,c41 & ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,leaf n to d5y1 n[1 t !re may h be5 texts ( ! ,,odyssey & ,iliad be=e1 say1 #fjj-edj ,b4,c4 ,if cities & recit]s _h any anci5t texts1 !n texts exi/$1 ?\gh n /&>d texts3 & by ?is means ! h>mony ( ?\ght1 "*1 & detail 9 ! poems might be pres]v$4 ,we d n ?9k t x is 9 ! highe/ degree unlikely t !re 7 no texts4 ,is ?is "o ( ! _m po9ts on :i* e savant mu/ rely on 8 own s5se ( :at is likely8 ,to ?is ess5tial po9t1 ! almo/ c]ta9 exi/5ce ( writt5 texts1 we return 9 our conclusion4 ,:at we h to acc\nt = is n only ! relative lack ( ana*ronisms 9 poems suppos$ to h be5 made ?r\gh a p]iod ( at lea/ f\r hundr$ ye>s1 b also ! h>mony ( ! ,,*>act]s 9 subtle details4 ,"s ( ! *>act]s w be dealt ) lat]2 mean:ile x is pla9 t ,mr4 ,leaf1 :5 he rejects bo? ! idea ( writt5 texts prior to #fjj-edj ,b4,c41 & also ! idea ( a s*ool *>g$ ) ! duty ( ma9ta9+ a fix$ /&>d1 leaves a t]rible task to 8 suppos$ editor ( orally transmitt$ poems :i*1 he says--if unpres]v$ by text or s*ool--mu/ h end$ by v>y+ inf9itely accord+ to ! caprice ( _! v>i\s recit]s4 ,footnote3 ,companion to ! ,iliad1 p4 #ba4 ,on t head !re c be no d\bt2 9 ! suppos$ circum/ances no h>mony1 no unus color1 c\ld h surviv$ 9 ! poems till ! days ( ! six? c5tury editor4 ,"h1 !n1 is ano!r difficulty 9 ! pa? ( ! !ory t ! ,iliad is ! "w ( f\r c5turies4 ,if x 01 we are n enabl$ to und]/& h[ x came to be :at x is4 ,no editor c\ld possibly t9k] x into ! :ole :i* we possess2 none c\ld /e] cle> ( _m absurd ana*ronisms4 ,^! are f\nd by critics1 b x is our hope to prove t !y d n exi/4 ,,note ,,! ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,! ,,iliad ,,"u ,,pisi/ratos ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! text t 9 #ahib ,mr4 ,leaf ?\ght ! /ory ab\t ! mak+ ( ! ,iliad "u ,pisi/ratus1 a leg5d )\t au?ority1 :ile he reg>d$ ! traditions conc]n+ an ,hom]ic s*ool z suffici5t basis = an hypo!sis1 :i* we are b\nd to make 9 ord] to expla9 ! possibility ( any !ory4 ,9 #aijj he entirely rev]s$ 8 position1 ! s*ool 0 ab&on$1 & ! /ory ( ,pisi/ratus 0 accept$4 ,"o objection to accept+ any ( ! v>i\s leg5ds ab\t ! compos+ & writ+ out1 = ! fir/ "t1 ( ! ,iliad1 9 ! six? c5tury1 ! age ( ,pisi/ratus1 0 ! sil5ce ( ,ari/>*us on ! subject4 ,he discuss$ ! au!nticity ( l9es 9 ! ,iliad :i*1 accord+ to ! leg5d1 7 int]polat$ = a political purpose by ,solon or ,pisi/ratus1 b1 z f> z 8 comm5ts h rea*$ u 9 ! s*olia1 he nev] said a ^w ab\t ! tradition ( ,a!nian int]polation4 ,n[ ,ari/>*us mu/1 at lea/1 h kn[n ! tradition ( ! political use ( a disput$ l9e1 = ,ari/otle writes 7,rhetoric1 i4 #ae7 t ! ,a!nians1 e>ly 9 ! six? c5tury1 quot$ ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #eeh1 to prove _! "r to ,salamis4 ,ari/>*us also discuss$ ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #eec1 #eee1 to :i* ! ,sp>tans appeal$ on ! "q ( supreme comm& aga9/ ,p]sia 7,h]odotus1 vii4 #aei74 ,aga9 ,ari/>*us said no?+1 or no?+ t has rea*$ u1 ab\t ,a!nian int]polation4 ,once m1 ,odyssey1 ,,ii4 #fca1 0 said by ,h]eas1 a ,meg>ian writ]1 to h be5 int]polat$ by ,pisi/ratus 7,plut>*47 ,b ! s*olia t repres5t ! tea*+ ( ,ari/>*us nev] make any ref]5ce to ! alleg$ deal+s ( ,pisi/ratus ) ! ,iliad4 ,! sil5ce ( ,ari/>*us1 h[ev]1 af=ds no safe gr\nd ( argum5t to believ]s or disbeliev]s 9 ! orig9al edition writt5 out by ord] ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,x c nev] be prov$ t ! s*olia/s did n omit :at ,ari/>*us said1 ?\gh we d n "k :y !y %\ld h done s2 & x c nev] be prov$ t ,ari/>*us 0 ignorant ( ! traditions ab\t ,pisi/ratus1 or t he ?\ght !m unwor?y ( notice4 ,all is matt] ( conjecture on ^! po9ts4 ,mr4 ,leaf's conv]sion to belief 9 ! /ory t our ,iliad 0 practically edit$ & fir/ committ$ to writ+ "u ,pisi/ratus appe>s to be due to ! probability t ,ari/>*us mu/ h kn[n ! tradition4 ,b if he did1 !re is no pro( t he accept$ x z hi/orically au!ntic4 ,!re is n1 9 fact1 any pro( ev5 t ,ari/>*us mu/ h kn[n ! tradition4 ,he _h probably read ,dieu*idas ( ,meg>a1 = ,wilam[itz has %[n t ,dieu*idas wrote 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xix4 ,b1 unluckily1 we d n "k t ,dieu*idas /at$ t ! ,iliad 0 made & fir/ committ$ to writ+ 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,no mortal kn[s :at ,dieu*idas said3 &1 aga91 :at ,dieu*idas said is n evid5ce4 ,he wrote z a p>tisan 9 a hi/orical dispute4 ,! /ory ab\t ,pisi/ratus & 8 editor1 ! practical mak] ( ! ,iliad1 is int]wov5 ) a leg5d ab\t an e>ly appeal1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 to ,hom] z an hi/orical au?ority4 ,! ,a!nians & ,meg>ians1 cont5d+ = ! possession ( ! isl& ( ,salamis1 ! home ( ! h]o ,aias1 are said to h laid _! diff]5ces be=e ! ,sp>tans 7cir4 #fjj-ehj ,b4,c474 ,ea* p>ty quot$ ,hom] z evid5ce4 ,ari/otle1 :o1 z we saw1 m5tions ! tale 7,rhetoric1 i4 #ae71 m]ely says t ! ,a!nians cit$ ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #eeh3 ,aias l$ & /ation$ 8 m5 :]e ! phalanxes ( ! ,a!nians 7 po/$4 ,ari/>*us condemn$ ?is l9e1 n 7z f> z evid5ce goes7 because !re 0 a tradition t ! ,a!nians _h int]polat$ x to prove _! po9t1 b because he ?\ght x inconsi/5t ) ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #bcj2 ,,iv4 #bea1 :i*1 if ,i may diff] f s great a critic1 x is n2 ^! two passages deal1 n ) ! position ( ! camps1 b ( ! m5 9 ! field on a c]ta9 occasion4 ,b if ,ari/>*us _h ?\ght ! tradition ( ,a!nian int]polation ( ,,ii4 #eeh wor?y ( notice1 he might h m5tion$ x 9 support ( 8 op9ion4 ,p]haps he did4 ,no ref]5ce to 8 notice has rea*$ u4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,mr4 ,leaf ma9ly bases 8 fai? 9 ! ,pisi/ratean editor 7app>5tly1 we %all see1 an ,asiatic ,greek1 resid+ 9 ,a!ns71 on a fragm5t>y passage ( ,diog5es ,la]tius 7?ird c5tury ,a4,d471 conc]n$ ) ! tale ( ,hom]'s be+ cit$ ab\t #fjj-ehj ,b4,c4 z an au?ority = ! e>ly own]%ip ( ,salamis4 ,9 ?is text ,diog5es quotes ,dieu*idas z say+ some?+ ab\t ,pisi/ratus 9 relation to ! ,hom]ic poems1 b :at ,dieu*idas really said is unkn[n1 = a "p has dropp$ out ( ! text4 ,! text ( ,diog5es ,la]tius runs ?us 7,solon1 i4 #eg73 ,he 7,solon7 decre$ t ! ,hom]ic poems %\ld be recit$ by rhapsodi/s ,greek text3 ex hypobolaes 7words ( disput$ s5se71 s t :]e ! fir/ recit] left (f !nce %\ld beg9 8 successor4 ,x 0 r ,solon1 !n1 ?an ,pisi/ratus :o br\ght ,hom] to light 7,greek text3 ephotis571 z ,diog5es says 9 ! ,fif? ,book ( 8 ,meg>ica4 ,& ! l9es 7 especially ^!3 ,!y :o held ,a!ns1 c4 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #edf-eeh71 ! passage on :i* ! ,a!nians re/$ 9 _! dispute ) ! ,meg>ians4 ,& :at l9es 7 especially ^!8 ,mr4 ,leaf fills up ! gap 9 ! s5se1 aft] ,pisi/ratus ?us1 = x 0 he 7,solon7 :o int]polat$ l9es 9 ! ,catalogue1 & n ,pisi/ratus4 ,he says3 ,! natural s5se ( ! passage z x /&s 79 ,diog5es ,la]tius7 is ?is3 ,x 0 n ,peisi/ratos1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 b ,solon :o collect$ ! scatt]$ ,hom] ( 8 day1 = he x 0 :o int]polat$ ! l9es 9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,%ips4444 ,b ,diog5es nei!r says = himself nor quotes f ,dieu*idas any?+ ab\t collect+ ! scatt]$ ,hom] ( 8 day4 ,t ,pisi/ratus did s is ,mr4 ,leafs !ory1 b !re is n a h9t ab\t anybody collect+ any?+ 9 ! ,greek4 ,rits*l1 inde$1 conjecturally supply+ ! gap 9 ! text ( ,diog5es1 inv5t$ ! words1 ,:o collect$ ! ,hom]ic poems1 & ins]t$ "s ?+s to please ! ,a!nians4 ,b ,mr4 ,leaf rejects t conjecture z cle>ly wrong4 ,!n :y does he adopt1 z ! natural s5se ( ! passage1 x 0 n ,peisi/ratos b ,solon :o collect$ ! scatt]$ ,hom] ( 8 day8 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xviii4 ,! te/imony ( ,dieu*idas1 z f> z we c see 9 ! /ate ( ! text1 ref]s1 z ,mr4 ,monro says1 to ! int]polation t has j be5 m5tion$1 & ne$ n ext5d fur!r back4 ,int]polation is a process t po/ulates a text 9 :i* ! additional v]ses c be ins]t$1 :]eas1 if ,i und]/& ,mr4 ,leaf1 ! v fir/ text1 9 8 op9ion1 0 t compil$ by ! editor = ,pisi/ratus4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #djj #daj1 especially pp4 #djh-dji4 ,mr4 ,leaf himself dismisses ! /ory ( ! ,a!nian appeal to ,hom] = pro( ( _! claim z a fiction4 ,if1 s1 x does n appe> t anci5t comm5t>ies on a fiction are ( any value z pro( t ,pisi/ratus produc$ ! e>lie/ edition ( ! ,iliad4 ,footnote3 ,mr4 ,leaf adds t1 except 9 "o disput$ l9e 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #eeh7 ,aias is n1 9 ! ,iliad1 encamp$ next ! ,a!nians4 ,8 pro(s ( ?is odd ov]sight ( ! fraudul5t int]polator1 :o %\ld h alt]$ ! l9e1 are ,iliad1 ,,iv4 #cbg ff1 & ,,xii4 #fha ff4 ,9 ! =m] passage we f9d ,odysseus /ation$ next to ! ,a!nians4 ,b ,odysseus w\ld h neighb\rs on ei!r h&4 ,9 ! second passage we f9d ! ,a!nians /ation$ next to ! ,boeotians & ,ionians1 b ! ,a!nians1 too1 _h neighb\rs on ei!r side4 ,! arrangem5t 01 on ! ,a*aean extreme left1 ,protesilaus's comm& 7he 0 dead71 & t ( ,aias2 !n ! ,boeotians & ,ionians1 ) ! pick$ m5 ( ! ,a!nians2 & !n ,odysseus1 on ! ,boeotolono-,a!nian "r2 or s ! ,a!nians w\ld read ! passage4 ,! texts mu/ h seem$ fav\rable to ! fraudul5t ,a!nian int]polator d5\nc$ by ! ,meg>ians1 or he w\ld h alt]$ !m4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 h[ev]1 argues t l9e #eeh ( ,book ,,ii4 _c be orig9al1 z is pat5t f ! fact t ,aias 9 ! re/ ( ! ,iliad is n encamp$ next ! ,a!nians 7see ,,iv4 #cbg2 ,,xiii4 #fha74 ,! ,meg>ians d n seem to h se5 x1 or !y w\ld h cit$ ^! passages4 ,b :y argue at all ab\t ! ,meg>ian /ory if x be a fiction8 ,mr4 ,leaf takes ! brief bald m5tion ( ,aias 9 ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #eeh z a mock+ cry f ,a!ns ov] ! conque/ ( ! isl& ( ! ,aiakidai4 ,b z1 9 ?is same ,catalogue1 ,aias is /yl$ by f> ! be/ ( w>riors aft] ,a*illes 7,,ii4 #gfh71 :ile !re is no m hon\rable m5tion made ( ,diom$e ?an t he _h a l\d w> cry 7,,ii4 #efh71 or ( ,m5elaus b t he 0 also sonor\s1 & :ile ,ne/or1 ! ance/or ( ,pisi/ratus1 receives n ev5 t am\nt ( praise 7l9e #fja71 ! mock+ cry f ,a!ns appe>s a va9 imag9ation4 ,! l9es disput$ by ! ,meg>ians occur 9 ! ,catalogue1 &1 z to ! date & orig9al purpose ( ! ,catalogue1 ! mo/ v>i\s op9ions prevail4 ,9 ,mr4 ,leaf's e>li] edition ( ! ,iliad 7vol4 i4 p4 #cg71 he says t no?+ conv9c+ has be5 urg$ to %[ t ! ,catalogue is ( late orig94 ,we "k1 f ! /ory ( ,solon & ! ,meg>ians1 t ! ,catalogue 0 consid]$ a classical "w--! ,domesday ,book ( ,greece1 at a v e>ly date--say #fjj-ehj ,b4,c4 ,x agrees ) ! poems 9 be+ pre-,dorian 7except 9 l9es #fec-fgj74 ,!re seems !re=e to be no valid reason = d\bt+ t x1 l ! bulk ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 0 compos$ 9 ,a*aean times1 & c>ri$ ) ! emigrants to ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or4444 ,9 8 new edition 7vol4 ii4 p4 #hf71 ,mr4 ,leaf concludes t ! ,catalogue orig9ally =m$ an introduction to ! :ole ,cycle1 ! compil+ ( ! :ole ,cycle be+ ( unc]ta9 date1 b v late inde$1 on any !ory4 ,! au?or /udi\sly pres]ves an ante-,dorian /&po9t4 ,x is admitt$ t !re c be little d\bt t "s ( ! mat]ial1 at lea/1 is old4 ,^! op9ions are v diff]5t f ^? express$ by ,mr4 ,leaf 9 #ahhf4 ,he _c n[ give ev5 an approximate date = ! composition ( ! ,catalogue :i*1 we conceive1 mu/ be ! late/ ?+ 9 ,hom]1 if x 0 compos$ = t portion ( ! :ole ,cycle :i*1 z work$ up 9 a sep>ate poem1 0 call$ ! ,kypria = ! ,kypria is obvi\sly a v late p]=mance1 done z a prelude to ! ,iliad4 ,i am unable to imag9e h[ ?is mutilat$ passage ( ,diog5es1 ev5 if rightly re/or$1 proves t ,dieu*idas1 a writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c41 alleg$ t ,pisi/ratus made a collection ( scatt]$ ,hom]ic poems--9 fact1 made a /&>d text4 ,! ,pisi/ratean hypo!sis 0 n s long ago unfa%ionable1 b 9 ! la/ few ye>s a cle> reaction has set 91 says ,mr4 ,leaf4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 i4 p4 ,,xix4 ,! reaction has n affect$ t celebrat$ s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,blass1 :o1 ) ,teutonic frankness1 calls ! ,pisi/ratean edition an absurd leg5d4 ,footnote3 ,blass1 ,die ,int]polation5 9 d] ,odyssee1 pp4 ,i1 #b4 ,halle1 #aijd4 ,mey] says t ! ,alex&rians reject$ ! ,pisi/ratean /ory z a wor?less fable1 diff]+ "h f ,mr4 ,leaf & ,wilam[itz2 & he spurns ! leg5d1 say+ t x is incr$ible t ! :ole ,greek _w w\ld all[ ! tyrants ( ,a!ns to palm (f a ,hom] on !m4 ,footnote3 ,mey]1 ,ges*i*te des ,alt]?ums1 ii4 #cij1 #cia4 #ahic4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,all51 an em95t textual s*ol>1 treats ! ,pisi/ratean editor ) no high] respect4 ,9 an ,egyptian papyrus conta9+ a fragm5t ( ,julius ,africanus1 a ,*ri/ian *ronolog]1 ,mr4 ,all5 f9ds him talk+ confid5tly ( ! ,pisi/ratidae4 ,!y /it*$ toge!r ! re/ ( ! epic1 b excis$ "s magical =mulae :i* ,julius ,africanus pres]ves4 ,mr4 ,all5 rem>ks3 ,! /atem5ts ab\t ,pisi/ratus belong to a well-e/abli%$ category1 t ( ,hom]ic my?ology4444 ,! anecdotes ab\t ,pisi/ratus & ! poet himself are on a p> ) ,d>es1 :o 'wrote ! ,iliad be=e ,hom]4' ,footnote3 ,classical ,review xviii4 #adh4 ,! editor ( ,pisi/ratus is h>dly 9 fa%ion1 ?\gh t is ( no importance4 ,( importance is ! want ( evid5ce = ! editor1 &1 z we h %[n1 ! impossible "* ( ! task allott$ to him by ! !ory4 ,z ,i suppose ,mr4 ,leaf to ins9uate1 fa%ion has really no?+ to d ) ! "q4 ,p :o disbelieve 9 writt5 texts mu/1 & d1 oscillate betwe5 ! !ory ( an ,hom]ic s*ool & ! ,wolfian !ory t ,pisi/ratus1 or ,solon1 or somebody procur$ ! mak+ ( ! fir/ writt5 text at ,a!ns 9 ! six? c5tury--a !ory :i* fails to acc\nt = ! h>mony ( ! picture ( life 9 ! poems1 &1 z ,mr4 ,monro1 ,grote1 ,nutzhorn1 & _m o!rs argue1 lacks evid5ce4 ,z ,mr4 ,monro reasons1 & z ,blass /ates ! case bluntly1 ,solon1 or ,pisi/ratus1 or :oev] x 01 put a /op1 at lea/ z f> z ,a!ns 0 conc]n$1 to ! mangl+ ( ,hom] by ! rhapsodi/s or recit]s1 ea* anxi\s to *oose a pet passage1 & n go+ ?r\gh ! :ole ,iliad 9 due sequ5ce4 ,b ! unity exi/$ be=e ! mangl+4 ,t ?is has be5 s long & s /ubbornly misund]/ood is no cr$it to ,g]man s*ol>%ip3 bl9d uncritical cr$ulity on "o side1 limitless & arbitr>y !oris+ on ! o!r6 ,we are n solit>y sceptics :5 we decl9e to accept ! !ory ( ,mr4 ,leaf4 ,x is nei!r bottom$ on evid5ce nor does x acc\nt = ! facts 9 ! case4 ,t is to say1 ! evid5ce appeals to ,mr4 ,leaf z valid1 b is ?\ght worse ?an inadequate by o!r great s*ol>s1 su* z ,monro & ,blass2 :ile ! fact ( ! h>mony ( ! picture ( life1 pres]v$ ?r\gh f\r or five c5turies1 appe>s to be left )\t explanation4 ,mr4 ,leaf holds t1 9 ord] to organise recitations 9 due sequ5ce1 ! mak+ ( a text1 pres5t+1 = ! fir/ "t1 a due sequ5ce1 0 necess>y4 ,8 oppon5ts hold t ! sequ5ce already exi/$1 b 0 endang]$ by ! desultory habits ( ! rhapsodi/s4 ,we mu/ "h judge ea* = himself2 !re is no c\rt ( f9al appeal4 ,i confess to feel+ "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ! correctness ( my /atem5t ( ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ions4 ,he & ,i bo? ?9k an e>ly ,attic rec5sion probable1 or almo/ c]ta94 ,b 7see' ,conclusion7 ,i reg>d su* rec5sion z di/9ct f ! traditional edition ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 ,i le>n1 does n reg>d ! edition z hav+ made ! ,iliad2 yet 8 descriptions ( ! processes & me?ods ( 8 ,pisi/ratean editor correspond to my idea ( ! mak+ ( our ,iliad z x /&s4 ,see1 = example1 ,mr4 ,leaf's ,introduction to ,iliad1 ,book ,,ii4 ,he w n ev5 insi/ on ! e>ly ,attic z ! fir/ writt5 text2 if x 0 n1 its g5]al acceptance seems to rema9 a puzzle4 ,he disc>ds ! idea ( "o ,hom]ic s*ool ( p>am\nt au?ority1 b presumes t1 z recitation 0 a pr(ession1 !re mu/ h be5 s*ools4 ,we d n he> ( !m or "k ! nature ( _! tea*+4 ,! ,beauvais s*ool ( jongleurs 9 ,l5t 7f\rte5? c5tury ,a4,d47 seems to h be5 a holiday conf]5ce ( /roll]s4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,loose ,,feudalism3 ,,! ,,ov]-,,"l ,,9 ,,iliad1 ,,books ,i4 ,,& ,,ii4 ,we n[ try to %[ t ! ,epics pres5t an hi/orical unity1 a complete & h>moni\s picture ( an age1 9 its political1 social1 legal1 & religi\s aspects2 9 its cu/oms1 & 9 its milit>y equipm5t4 ,a long epic c only pres5t an unity ( hi/orical ideas if x be ! "w ( "o age4 ,w&]+ m9/rels1 liv+ ?r\gh a succession ( incompatible ages1 civic1 comm]cial1 democratic1 c\ld n pres]ve1 )\t flaw or failure1 ! attitude1 9 ! fir/ place1 ( ! poet ( feudal pr9ces t[>ds an ,ov]-,"l :o rules !m by undisput$ "r div9e1 b rules weakly1 viol5tly1 unju/ly1 be+ subject to gu/s ( arrogance1 & av>ice1 & rep5tance4 ,late poets n liv+ 9 feudal society1 & unfamili> alike ) its cu/om>y law1 its jeal\sy ( ! ,ov]-,"l1 its cons]vative respect = 8 consecrat$ function1 w\ld inevitably miss ! prop] tone1 & fail 9 "s ( ! _m blank space ( ! feudal situation4 ,?is is all ! m c]ta91 if we accept ,mr4 ,leaf's !ory t ea* poet-rhapsodi/'s rep]toire v>i$ f ! rep]toires ( ! re/4 ,!re c\ld be no unity ( treatm5t 9 _! h&l+ ( ! "* & position ( ! ,ov]-,"l & ( ! cu/om>y law t regulates 8 relations ) 8 pe]s4 ,aga91 no editor ( #edj ,b4,c4 c\ld con/ruct an h>moni\s picture ( ! ,ov]-,"l 9 relation to ! pr9ces out ( ! fragm5t>y rep]toires ( /roll+ rhapsodi/s1 :i* n[ lay be=e him 9 writt5 v]sions4 ,if ! editor c\ld d ?is1 he 0 a man ( ,%akespe>ian g5ius1 & _h m9ute k ( a dead society4 ,?is becomes evid5t :51 9 place ( exam9+ ! ,iliad ?r\gh microscopes1 look+ out = discrepancies1 we /udy x 9 its l>ge l9es z a lit]>y :ole4 ,! "q be+1 ,is ! ,iliad a lit]>y :ole or a m]e lit]>y mosaic8 we mu/ ask ,:at1 tak+ x provisionally z a lit]>y :ole1 are ! qualities ( ! poet z a pa9t] ( :at we may call feudal society8 ,*oos+ ! "p ( ! ,ov]-,"l ,agamemnon1 we mu/ n =get t he is "o ( sev]al analog\s figures 9 ! national poetry & romance ( o!r feudal ages4 ,( t great analog\s figure1 ,*>lemagne1 & ( 8 relations ) 8 pe]s 9 ! e>li] & lat] ,fr5* m$iaeval epics we %all lat] speak4 ,ano!r example is ,ar?ur1 9 "s romances ! blameless k+1 9 o!rs un roi fa9eant4 ,! p>allel ,iri% case is f\nd 9 ! ,iri% saga ( ,di>maid & ,gra9ne4 ,we read ,mr4 ,o',grady's introduction on ! position ( ,eionn ,mac ,cumhail1 ! leg5d>y ,ov]-,"l ( ,irel&1 ! ,agamemnon ( ! ,celts4 ,fionn1 l _m m5 9 p[]1 is v>iable2 he is at times magnanim\s1 at o!r times tyrannical & petty4 ,di>maid1 ,ois91 ,osc>1 & ,caoilte ,mac ,roha9 are ev]y:]e ! ,greek3 kaloi ka*otoi ( ! ,f5ians2 ( !m we nev] he> any?+ bad4 ,footnote3 ,transactions ( ! ,ossianic ,society1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ci4 ,human nature et]nally repeats itself 9 simil> conditions ( society1 ,fr5*1 ,norse1 ,celtic1 & ,a*aean4 ,we nev] he> any?+ bad ( ,diom$e1 ,odysseus1 or ,aias1 & ! evil 9 ,a*illes's res5tm5t up to a c]ta9 po9t is legal1 & n beyond :at ! poet ?9ks natural & p>donable 9 8 circum/ances4 ,! poet's view ( ,agamemnon is express$ 9 ! spee*es & conduct ( ! pe]s4 ,9 ,book ,i4 we see ! bully+ trucul5ce ( ,agamemnon1 wreak$ fir/ on ! prie/ ( ,apollo1 ,*ryses1 !n 9 ?reats aga9/ ! prophet ,*alcas1 !n 9 m5aces aga9/ any pr9ce on :om he *ooses to av5ge 8 loss ( fair ,*ryseis1 &1 f9ally1 9 ! ,seizure ( ,briseis f ,a*illes4 ,?is "p ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,iliad is confess$ly orig9al1 & !re is no v>y+1 ?r\gh\t ! ,epic1 f ! /rong & delicate draw+ ( an hi/orical situation1 & ( a complex "*4 ,agamemnon is trucul5t1 & eag] to ass]t 8 au?ority1 b he is also possess$ ( a heavy s5se ( 8 responsibilities1 :i* (t5 unmans him4 ,he has a legal "r to a sep>ate prize ( hon\r 7g]as7 aft] ea* capture ( spoil4 ,consid]+ ! wra? ( ,apollo = ! wrong done 9 refus+ 8 prie/'s (f]$ ransom = 8 daught]1 ,agamemnon w give h] back1 if t is bett]2 r w\ld ,i see my folks :ole ?an p]i%+4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,i4 #aae-aag4 ,"h we note po9ts ( feudal law & ( k+ly "*4 ,! giv+ & tak+ ( ransom exi/s z x did 9 ! ,middle ,ages2 ransom is refus$1 dea? is dealt1 z ! w> becomes m fi]ce t[>ds its close4 ,agamemnon has s5se en\gh to waive 8 "r to ! girli% prize1 = ! sake ( 8 p1 b is n s g5]\s z to dem& no comp5sation4 ,b !re are no fre% spoils to apportion1 & ! ,ov]-,"l ?reat5s to take ! prize ( "o ( 8 pe]s1 ev5 ( ,a*illes4 ,!reon ,a*illes does :at 0 frequ5tly done 9 ! feudal age ( we/]n ,europe1 he r5\nces 8 fealty1 & w return to ,ph?ia4 ,he adds insult1 ?\ dog-face6 ,! :ole situation1 we %all %[1 recurs aga9 & aga9 9 ! epics ( feudal ,france1 ! lat] epics ( feudal discont5t4 ,agamemnon replies t ,a*illes may d z he pleases4 ,i h o!rs by my side t %all d me hon\r1 &1 above all1 ,zeus1 ,"l ( ,c\nsel 7,i4 #age74 ,he rules1 lit]ally1 by div9e "r1 & we %all see t1 9 ! ,fr5* feudal epics1 z 9 ,hom]1 ?is claim ( div9e "r is grant$1 ev5 9 ! case ( an insol5t & c[>dly ,ov]-,"l4 ,a*illes half draws 8 great sword1 "o ( ! long1 pond]\s cut-&-?ru/ bronze swords ( :i* we h actual examples f ,myc5ae & else:]e4 ,he is re/ra9$ by ,a!ne1 visible only to him4 ,) words1 inde$1 %e says1 revile him 4444 h]eaft] %all goodly gifts come to !e1 yea1 9 ?reefold measure4444 ,gifts ( atonem5t = surqu$ry1 l t ( ,agamemnon1 are giv5 & receiv$ 9 ! ,fr5* epics1 = example1 9 ! blank space4 ,! ,iliad ?r\gh\t exhibits mu* int]e/ 9 su* gifts1 & 9 ! cu/om>y law z to _! acceptance1 & o!r ritual or etiquette ( reconciliation4 ,?is fact1 x w be %[n1 acc\nts = a passage :i* critics reject1 & :i* is t$i\s to our ta/e1 z x probably 0 t$i\s to ! age ( ! suppos$ late poets !mselves4 7,book ,,xix474 ,b ! ta/e ( a feudal audi5ce1 z ( ! audi5ce ( ! ,saga m51 delight$ 9 reali/ic descriptions ( _! own cu/oms & cu/om>y law1 z 9 descriptions ( co/ume & arm\r4 ,?is is =tunate = /ud5ts ( cu/om>y law & co/ume1 b we>ies he>]s & read]s :o desire ! action to advance4 ,passages ( ?is k9d w\ld nev] be ins]t$ by late poets1 :o _h nei!r ! k (1 nor any int]e/ 91 ! subjects4 ,to return to ,a*illes1 he is n[ )9 8 "r2 ! moral goddess assures him ( t1 & he is all[$ to give ! re9s to 8 tongue1 z he does 9 passages to :i* ! m$iaeval epics (f] _m p>allels4 ,9 ! m$iaeval epics1 z 9 ,hom]1 !re is no idea ( rec\rse to a duel betwe5 ! ,ov]-,"l & 8 pe]4 ,a*illes accuses ,agamemnon ( drunk5ness1 gre$1 & poltroon]y4 ,he does n return home1 b swe>s by ! sceptre t ,agamemnon %all rue 8 outrecuidance :5 ,hector slays ! ho/4 ,by ! law ( ! age ,a*illes rema9s )9 8 "r4 ,8 viol5t words are n res5t$ by ! o!r pe]s4 ,!y tacitly admit1 z ,a!ne admits1 t ,a*illes has ! "r1 be+ s griev\sly injur$1 to r5\nce 8 fealty1 till ,agamemnon makes apology & gives gifts ( atonem5t4 ,su*1 pla9ly1 is ! unwritt5 feudal law1 :i* gives to ! ,ov]-,"l ! lion's %>e ( booty1 ! initiative 9 w> & c\ncil1 & ! "r to comm&2 b limits him by ! privilege ( ! pe]s to r5\nce _! fealty "u insuff]able provocation4 ,9 no ,book is ,agamemnon s direfully insult$ z 9 ! ,fir/1 :i* is admitt$ to be ( ! orig9al k]nel4 ,else:]e ! sympa?y ( ! poet occasionally enables him to feel ! elem5ts ( pa?os 9 ! position ( ! ov]-task$ ,k+ ( ,m54 ,z conc]ns ! apology & ! gifts ( atonem5t1 ! poet has feudal cu/om>y law & usage cle>ly be=e 8 eyes4 ,he kn[s exactly :at is due1 & ! limits ( ! rights ( ,ov]-,"l & pr9ce1 matt]s ab\t :i* ! late ,ionian poets c\ld only pick up in=mation by a c\rse ( /udy 9 con/itutional hi/ory--! la/ ?+ !y 7 likely to attempt--unless we suppose t !y all kept _! eyes on ! k]nel1 & t /eadily1 ?r\gh c5turies1 g5]ations ( /roll]s work$ on ! l9es laid d[n 9 t brief poem4 ,?us ! poet ( ,book ,,ix4--"o ( ! late/ expansions1--?or\ghly und]/&s ! legal & con/itutional situation1 z betwe5 ,agamemnon & ,a*illes4 ,or r all ! poets :o collaborat$ 9 ,book ,,ix41 :i* _h gr[n by a process ( accretion1 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #cga4 und]/ood ! legal situation4 ,return+ to ! poet's conception ( ,agamemnon1 we f9d 9 ! "* ( ,agamemnon himself ! key to ! difficulties :i* critics discov] 9 ! ,second ,book4 ,! difficulty is t :5 ,zeus1 won ov] to ! cause ( ,a*illes by ,!tis1 s5ds a false ,dream to ,agamemnon1 ! ,dream tells ! pr9ce t he %all at once take ,troy1 & bids him summon ! ho/ to arms4 ,b ,agamemnon1 f> f do+ t1 summons ! ho/ to a peaceful assembly1 ) ! well-kn[n results ( demoralisation4 ,mr4 ,leaf expla9s ! circum/ances on 8 own !ory ( expansions compil$ into a confus$ :ole by a late editor4 ,he ?9ks t probably !re 7 two v>y+ v]sions ev5 ( ?is e>lie/ ,book ( ! poem4 ,9 "o 7,a71 ! /ory w5t on f ! qu>rel betwe5 ,agamemnon & ,a*illes1 to ! hold+ ( a g5]al assembly to consid] ! alt]$ /ate ( affairs4 ,?is is ! ,assembly ( ,book ,h1 b debate1 9 v]sion ,a1 0 op5$ by ,!rsites1 n by ,agamemnon1 & ,!rsites propos$ in/ant flight6 ,t 0 probably ! e>li] v]sion4 ,9 ! o!r e>ly v]sion 7,b71 aft] ! qu>rel betwe5 ! *iefs1 ! /ory did n1 z 9 ,a1 g on /raight to ! ,assembly1 b ,a*illes appeal$ to 8 "m1 ! fair sea-goddess1 z 9 our ,iliad1 & %e obta9$ f ,zeus1 z 9 ! actual ,iliad1 8 promise to hon\r ,a*illes by giv+ victory1 9 8 abs5ce1 to ! ,trojans4 ,! poet ( v]sion ,b1 9 fact1 creat$ ! beautiful figure ( ,!tis1 s ess5tial to ! developm5t ( ! t5d]ness t und]lies ! f]ocity ( ,a*illes4 ,! o!r & e>lie/ poet1 :o treat$ ( ! ,wra? ( ! au?or ( v]sion ,a1 neglect$ t opportunity ) all t x involv$1 & omitt$ ! purpose ( ,zeus1 :i* is m5tion$ 9 ! fif? l9e ( ! ,epic4 ,! editor ( #edj ,b4,c41 see+ good 9 bo? v]sions1 ,a & ,b1 comb9$ 8 in=mation1 & produc$ ,books ,i4 & ,,ii4 ( ! ,,iliad z !y /&4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg4 ,mr4 ,leaf sugge/s t !re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ t ! olde/ v]sion ( ! ,wra? ( ,a*illes did n conta9 ! promise ( ,zeus to ,!tis2 x 0 a tale play$ exclusively on ! e>?ly /age4 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 vol4 i4 p4 xxiii4 ,9 t case ! au?or ( ! olde/ =m 7,a7 mu/ h be5 a poet v inf]ior inde$ to ! lat] au?or ( ,b :o took up & alt]$ 8 "w4 ,9 8 v]sion1 ,book ,i4 does n end ) ! qu>rel ( ! pr9ces1 b ,a*illes receives1 ) all ! c\rtesy ( 8 "*1 ! unwelcome h]alds ( ,agamemnon1 & s5ds ,briseis ) !m to ! ,ov]-,"l4 ,he !n ) te>s appeals to 8 goddess-"m1 ,!tis ( ! ,sea1 :o rose f ! grey m]e l a mi/1 leav+ ! sea deeps :]e %e dwelt beside h] fa!r1 ! anci5t "o ( ! wat]s4 ,!n sat %e face to face ) h] son z he let ! te>s d[n fall1 & c>ess$ him1 say+1 ,*ild1 :]e=e weepe/ ?\1 = :at sorr[ ( he>t8 ,hide x n1 tell x to me2 t ,i may "k x z well z ?\4 ,"h ! poet /rikes ! keynote ( ! "* ( ,a*illes1 ! deadly 9 w>1 ! fi]ce 9 c\ncil1 :o weeps = 8 lo/ lady & 8 w\nd$ hon\r1 & cries = help to 8 "m1 z little *ildr5 cry4 ,su* is ! ,a*illes ( ! ,iliad ?r\gh\t & consi/5tly1 b su* he 0 n to ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,leaf's probably eld] poet1 ! au?or ( v]sion ,a4 ,!tis1 9 v]sion ,b1 promises to p]suade ,zeus to hon\r ,a*illes by mak+ ,agamemnon rue 8 abs5ce1 &1 twelve days aft] ! qu>rel1 w9s ! god's cons5t4 ,9 ,book ,,ii4 ,zeus reflects on 8 promise1 & s5ds a false ,dream to beguile ,agamemnon1 promis+ t n[ he %all take ,troy4 ,agamemnon1 :ile asleep1 is full ( hope2 b :5 he wak5s he dresses 9 mufti1 9 a s(t d\blet1 a cloak1 & s&als2 takes 8 sword 7swords 7 !n worn z "p ( civil co/ume71 & ! ance/ral sceptre1 :i* he wields 9 peaceful assemblies4 ,day dawns1 & he bids ! h]alds4444 ,a break "h occurs1 accord+ to ! !ory4 ,"h 7,iliad1 ,book ,,ii41 l9e #ej7 ! k]nel ceases1 ,mr4 ,leaf says1 & ! editor ( #edj ,b4,c4 plays 8 pranks = a :ile4 ,! k]nel 7or "o ( ! two k]nels71 we are to take up aga9 at ,book ,,ii41 #ddc-dhc1 & !nce skip to ,,xi4 #ef1 & n[ we h a n>rative ma/]ly 9 conception & smoo? 9 execution1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #dg4 says ,mr4 ,leaf4 ,?is k]nel is k]nel ,b1 probably ! lat] k]nel ( ! pair1 t 9 :i* ,a*illes appeals to 8 lady "m1 :o w9s f ,zeus ! promise to cause ,a*aean defeat1 till ,a*illes is duly hon\r$4 ,! :ole ,epic turns on ?is promise ( ,zeus1 z ann\nc$ 9 ! fif?1 six?1 & sev5? l9es ( ! v fir/ ,book4 ,if k]nel ,a is ! fir/ k]nel1 ! poet left out ! ess5ce ( ! plot he _h ann\nc$4 ,h[ev]1 let u fir/ exam9e probable k]nel ,b1 read+1 z advis$1 ,book ,,ii4 #a-ej1 blank space2 ,,xi4 #ef ff4 ,we left ,agamemnon 7?\gh ! ,dream bade him summon ! ho/ to arms7 dress$ 9 civil co/ume4 ,8 ance/ral sceptre 9 8 h&1 he is go+ to hold a delib]ative assembly ( ! un>m$ ho/4 ,8 attire proves t fact 7,greek3 prepodaes de ae /olae to epi ,b\la5 exionti1 says ! s*olia/74 ,!n if we skip1 z advis$1 to ,,ii4 #ddc-dhc he bids ! h]alds call ! ho/ n to peaceful c\ncil1 = :i* 8 co/ume is appropriate1 b to w>6 ,! ho/ ga!rs1 & 9 _! mid/ ! "l ,agamemnon1--/ill 9 civil co/ume1 ) 8 sceptre 7he has n *ang$ 8 attire z f> z we are told7--9 face & eyes l ,zeus2 9 wai/ l ,ares 7god ( w>72 9 brea/ l ,poseidon1--yet1 = all t we are told1 entirely un>m$6 ,! ho/1 h[ev]1 7 dress$ 9 innum]able bronze1 w> 0 sweet] to !m ?an to dep>t 9 _! %ips to _! de> native l&1--s mu* did ,a!ne enc\rage !m4 ,b nobody _h be5 speak+ ( flight1 9 ,,! ,,k]nel ,b3 ,,t proposal 0 orig9ally made by ,!rsites1 9 k]nel ,a1 & 0 attribut$ to ,agamemnon 9 ! "p ( ,book ,,ii4 :]e ! editor bl5ds ,a & ,b4 ,?is "p1 at pres5t1 ,mr4 ,leaf ?r[s aside z a v late piece ( compilation4 ,turn+ next1 z direct$1 to ,,xi4 #ef1 we f9d ! ,trojans deploy+ 9 arms1 & ! ho/s enc\nt] ) fury--,agamemnon /ill1 = all t appe>s1 9 ! raim5t ( peace1 & ) ! sceptre ( con/itutional mon>*y4 ,9 he ru%$1 fir/ ( all1 & slew ,bi5or1 & _m o!r g5tlem5 ( ,troy1 n ) 8 sceptre6 ,cle>ly all ?is is ! rev]se ( a n>rative ma/]ly 9 conception & smoo? 9 execution3 x is an impossible n>rative4 ,mr4 ,leaf has attempt$ to dis5gage "o ( two =ms ( ! old orig9al poem f ! p>asitic lat] gr[?s2 he has promis$ to %[ u a smoo? & ma/]ly n>rative1 & ! result is a n>rative on :i* no ,a*asan poet c\ld h v5tur$4 ,9 ,,ii4 #ej ! h]alds are bidd5 ,greek3 kurusse91 t is to summon ! ho/--to :at8 ,to a peaceful assembly1 z ,agamemnon's co/ume proves1 says ! next l9e 7,,ii4 #ea71 b t is excis$ by ,mr4 ,leaf1 & we g on to ,,ii4 #ddc1 & ! reunit$ passage n[ reads1 ,agamemnon bade ! l\d h]alds 7,,ii4 #ej7 call ! ,a*aeans to battle 7,,ii4 #ddc71 & !y came1 9 h>ness1 b _! lead]--:5 did he ex*ange *iton1 cloak1 & sceptre = helmet1 %ield1 & spe>8 ,a ho/ appe>s 9 arms2 a k+ :o set out ) sceptre & d\blet is f\nd ) a spe>1 9 bronze arm\r3 & n ano!r ^w is said ab\t ! ,dream ( ,agamemnon4 ,x is p]fectly obvi\s & c]ta9 t ! two pieces ( ! brok5 k]nel ,b d n fit toge!r at all4 ,nor is ?is /range1 if ! k]nel 0 really brok5 & endur$ ! ins]tion ( matt] en\gh to fill n9e ,books 7,,il-,,xl74 ,if k]nel ,b really conta9$ ,book ,,ii41 l9e #ej1 z ,mr4 ,leaf av]s1 if ,agamemnon1 z 9 t l9e 7#ej7 bade ! cle>-voic$ h]alds d4444 some?+--:at he bade !m d 01 necess>ily1 z 8 peaceful co/ume proves1 to summon ! peaceful assembly :i* he 0 to mod]ate ) 8 sceptre4 ,at su* an assembly1 or at a prelim9>y c\ncil ( ,*iefs1 he w\ld assur$ly speak ( 8 ,dream1 z he does 9 ! "p excis$4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 if he w n h a peaceful assembly z "p ( k]nel ,b1 mu/ beg9 8 excision at ! middle ( l9e #db1 9 ,,ii41 :]e ,agamemnon wak5s2 & mu/ make him dress n 9 mufti b 9 arm\r1 & call ! ho/ ( ! ,a*aeans to arm1 z ! ,dream bade him d1 & z he does 9 ,,ii4 #ddc4 ,p]haps we %\ld !n excise ,,ii4 #de #b1 #de #c1 ) ! ref]5ce to ! plan ( retreat1 = ,,t is "p ( k]nel ,a :]e !re 0 no promise ( ,zeus1 & no ,dream s5t to ,agamemnon4 ,!n f ,,ii4 #dhc1 ! description ( ! glori\s arm$ aspect ( ,agamemnon1 ,mr4 ,leaf may pass to ,,xi4 #ef1 ! acc\nt ( ! ,trojans "u ,hector1 ( ! battle1 ( ! pr[ess ( ,agamemnon1 inspir$ by ! ,dream :i* he1 contr>y to ,hom]ic & ,fr5* epic cu/om1 has v wisely m5tion$ to nobody--t is1 9 ! "p n excis$4 ,?is appe>s to be ! only me?od by :i* ,mr4 ,leaf c re/ore ! cont9uity ( 8 k]nel ,b4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,leaf has fail$ to fit ,book ,,xi4 to any po9t 9 ,book ,,ii41 ( c\rse x does n foll[ t ,book ,,xi4 _c be a cont9uation ( ! orig9al ,wra? ( ,a*illes 7v]sion ,b74 ,if s1 we und]/& :y ,agamemnon plucks up he>t1 9 ,book ,,xi41 & is ! *ief cause ( a tempor>y ,trojan rev]se4 ,he relies on ! ,dream s5t f ,zeus 9 ! op5+ l9es ( ,book ,,ii41 ! ,dream :i* 0 n 9 k]nel ,a2 ! ,dream :i* he communicat$ to nobody2 ! ,dream convey+ ! promise t he %\ld at once take ,troy4 ,?is is p]haps a t5able !ory1 ?\gh ,agamemnon _h mu* reason to d\bt :e!r ! ho/ w\ld obey 8 comm& to arm1 b an alt]native !ory ( :y & :]e=e ,agamemnon does great feats ( val\r1 9 ,book ,,xi41 w lat] be prop\nd$4 ,note t ! ev5ts ( ,books ,,xl4-,,xviii41 by ,mr4 ,leaf's !ory1 all occur on ! v day aft] ,!tis 7accord+ to k]nel ,b7' #gi obta9s f ,zeus 8 promise to hon\r ,a*illes by ! discomfiture ( ! ,a*aeans2 !y h suff]$ no?+ till t mom5t1 z f> z we le>n1 f ! abs5ce ( ,a*illes & 8 #bejj m53 all[+ = casualties1 say #bjjj4 ,s f> we h trac$--f ,books ,i4 & ,,ii4 to ,book ,,xi4--! =tunes ( k]nel ,b1 ( ! suppos$ lat] ( two v]sions ( ! op5+ ( ! ,iliad4 ,b !re may h be5 a v]sion 7,a7 probably e>li]1 we h be5 told1 9 :i* ,a*illes did n appeal to 8 "m1 nor %e to ,zeus1 & ,zeus did n promise victory to ! ,trojans1 & s5t no false ,dream ( success to ,agamemnon4 ,:at 7 ! =tunes ( t olde/ ( all old k]nels8 ,9 ?is v]sion 7,a7 ,agamemnon1 hav+ _h no ,dream1 summon$ a peaceful assembly to discuss ! awkw>dness caus$ by ! mut9y ( ,a*illes4 ,! ho/ met 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #hg-ii74 ,"h we pass f l9e #ii to #bab-bdb3 ,!rsites x is :o op5s ! debate1 79 v]sion ,a7 insults ,agamemnon1 & advises flight4 ,! army ru%$ (f to laun* ! %ips1 z 9 ,,ii4 #adb-baj1 & 7 br\ght back by ,odysseus1 :o made a /irr+ spee*1 & 0 well back$ by ,agamemnon1 urg+ to battle4 ,v]sion ,a appe>s to u to h be5 a v]sion t no h]oic audi5ce w\ld endure4 ,a l[ p]son l ,!rsites op5s a debate 9 an assembly call$ by ! ,ov]-,"l2 ?is c\ld n possibly pass un*all5g$ among li/5]s liv+ 9 ! feudal age4 ,:5 a pr9ce call$ an assembly1 he himself op5$ ! debate1 z ,a*illes does 9 ,book ,i4 #ed-fg4 ,t a lewd fell[1 ! buffoon & grumbl] ( ! ho/1 ( ! p1 nameless & sil5t ?r\gh\t ! ,epic1 %\ld ru% 9 & op5 debate 9 an assembly convok$ by ! ,ov]-,"l1 w\ld h be5 reg>d$ by feudal he>]s1 or by any he>]s ) feudal traditions1 z an intol]able poetical lic5se4 ,!rsites w\ld h be5 at once pull$ d[n & beat52 ! ho/ w\ld n h ru%$ to ! %ips on 8 motion4 ,any feudal audi5ce w\ld "k bett] ?an to endure su* an impossibility2 !y w\ld h ask$1 ,h[ c\ld ,!rsites speak--)\t ! sceptre8 ,z ! poem /&s1 & ought to /&1 nobody less ?an ! ,ov]-,"l1 act+ )9 8 "r1 7,greek3 ae !mis e/i ,,ii4 #gc71 c\ld sugge/ ! flight ( ! ho/1 & be obey$4 ,x is ! absolute demoralisation ( ! ho/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! /range te/ ( _! ,"l1 ,agamemnon1 mak+ a feign$ proposal to fly1 & x is _! confus$1 bewild]$ return to ! assembly "u ! p]suasions ( ,odysseus1 urg$ by ,a!ne1 t alone1 9 ! poem1 give ,!rsites 8 unique opportunity to h>angue4 ,:5 ! ,ov]-,"l _h call$ an assembly ! fir/ ^w1 ( c\rse1 0 = to speak1 z he does 9 ! poem z x /&s4 ,t ,!rsifes %\ld rise 9 ! arrogance br$ by ! rec5t disord]ly & demoralis$ proce$+s is "o ?+2 t he %\ld op5 ! debate :5 excitem5t 0 eag] to he> ,agamemnon1 & be=e demoralisation set 91 is q ano!r4 ,we nev] he> aga9 ( ,!rsites1 or ( any "o ( ! commonalty1 d>+ to op5 8 m\? 9 an assembly4 ,!rsites sees 8 "o *ance1 ! *ance ( a life "t1 & takes x2 because ,agamemnon1 by means ( ! te/--a proposal to flee homew>ds--:i* succe$$1 x is said1 9 ! case ( ,cortes1--has r$uc$ ! ho/1 already discont5t$1 to a mob4 ,be=e ,agamemnon ?us display$ 8 ineptitude1 z he (t5 does lat]1 ,!rsites _h no *ance4 ,all ?is appe>s suffici5tly obvi\s1 if we put ourselves at ! po9t ( view ( ! orig9al li/5]s4 ,!rsites m]ely cont9ues1 9 full assembly1 ! mut9\s babble :i* he has be5 p\r+ out to 8 neighb\rs dur+ ! confus$ ru% to laun* ! %ips & dur+ ! return produc$ by ! influ5ce ( ,odysseus4 ,! poet says s himself 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #bab74 ,! re/ sat d[n 444 only ,!rsites /ill *att]$ on4 ,no orig9al poet c\ld manage ! situation 9 any o!r way4 ,we h n[ exam9$ ,mr4 ,leaf's two suppos$ e>lie/ v]sions ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,iliad4 ,8 presum$ e>li] v]sion 7,a71 ) no ,!tis1 no promise ( ,zeus1 & no ,dream1 & ) ,!rsites op5+ debate1 is jejune1 unpoetical1 & omits ! g5tl] & mo/ w9n+ aspect ( ! "* ( ,a*illes1 :ile x c\ld n possibly h be5 accept$ by a feudal audi5ce = ! reasons already giv54 ,8 presum$ lat] v]sion 7,b71 ) ,!tis1 ,zeus1 & ! false ,dream1 _c be1 or c]ta9ly has n be51 br\ght by ,mr4 ,leaf into congru\s connection ) ,book ,,xi41 & x results 9 ! fight+ ( ! un>m$ ,agamemnon1 :i* no poet c\ld h be5 s c>eless z to inv5t4 ,agamemnon c\ld n g into battle )\t helmet1 %ield1 & spe>s 7! o!r arm\r we ne$ n dwell ^u "h71 & ,!rsites c\ld n h op5$ a debate :5 ! ,ov]-,"l _h call$ ! ,assembly1 nor c\ld he h mov$ ! *iefs to prep>e = flight1 unless1 z 9 ! actual ,iliad1 !y _h already be5 demoralis$ by ! result ( ! feign$ proposal ( flight by ,agamemnon1 & its effect ^u ! ho/4 ,probably e read] :o und]/&s h]oic society1 temp]1 & mann]s w1 s f>1 agree ) u4 ,our own op9ion is t ! difficulties 9 ! poem are caus$ p>tly by ! poet's conception ( ! viol5t1 wav]+1 excitable1 & un/able "* ( ,agamemnon2 p>tly by "s accid5t1 n[ indiscov]able1 save by conjecture1 :i* has happ5$ to ! text4 ,! /ory 9 ! actual ,iliad is t ,zeus1 plann+ disa/] = ! ,a*aeans1 9 accordance ) 8 promise to ,!tis1 s5ds a false ,dream1 to tell ,agamemnon t he w take ,troy in/antly4 ,he is bidd5 by ! ,dream to summon ! ho/ to arms4 ,agamemnon1 /ill asleep1 has 9 8 m9d ?+s n to be fulfill$3 ,him seeme? t he %all take ,priam's t[n t v day 7,,ii4 #cf1 #cg74 ,!n he awoke 7,,ii4 #da71 &1 obvi\sly1 0 no long] s sangu9e1 once awake6 ,be+ a man cru%$ by 8 responsibility1 &1 z comm&]-9-*ief1 extremely timid1 ?\gh p]sonally brave1 he disobeys ! ,dream1 dresses 9 civil co/ume1 & summons ! ho/ to a peaceful assembly1 n to w>1 z ! ,dream bade him d4 ,probably he ?\ght t ! ho/ 0 disaffect$1 & want$ to argue ) !m1 9 place ( comm&+4 ,"h x is t ! difficulty comes 91 & our p]plexity is increas$ by our ignorance ( ! regul> proc$ure 9 ,hom]ic times4 ,0 ! ho/ n 9 arms & fight+ e day1 :5 !re 0 no truce8 ,!re seems to h be5 no armi/ice aft] ! mut9y ( ,a*illes1 = we are told t1 9 ! p]iod betwe5 8 mut9y & ! day ( ! ,dream ( ,agamemnon1 ,a*illes 0 nei!r go+ to ! ,assembly1 nor into battle1 b wa/$ 8 he>t1 abid+ !re1 long+ = w> & ! slogan 7,i4 #dhi1 #dib74 ,?us x seems t w> w5t on1 & t assemblies 7 be+ held1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,a*illes4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! fight+ 0 m]e skirmi%+ & raid+1 no g5]al onslaught 0 attempt$2 & f ,book ,,ii4 #gc1 #hc x seems to h be5 a matt] ( d\bt1 ) ,agamemnon & ,ne/or1 :e!r ! army w\ld v5ture a pit*$ battle4 ,x also appe>s1 f ! passage cit$ 7,i4 #dhi1 #dib7 t assemblies 7 be+ regul>ly held2 we are told t ,a*illes did n att5d !m4 ,yet1 :5 we come to ! assembly 7,,ii4 #hf-ajj7 x seems to h be5 a special & excit+ affair1 to judge by ! brilliant picture ( ! cr[ds1 ! confusion1 & ! cries4 ,no?+ ( ! sort is indicat$ 9 ! meet+ ( ! assembly 9 ,i4 #ed-e #h4 ,:y is !re s mu* excitem5t at ! assembly ( ,book ,,ii48 ,p>tly because x 0 summon$ at dawn1 :]eas ! usual ?+ 0 = ! ho/ to meet 9 arms be=e fight+ on ! pla9 or go+ on raids2 assemblies 7 held :5 ! day's "w 0 ov]4 ,! ho/1 !re=e1 :5 summon$ to an assembly at dawn1 expects to he> ( some?+ out ( ! common--z ! mut9y ( ,a*illes sugge/s--& is excit$4 ,we mu/ ask1 !n1 :y does ,agamemnon1 aft] ! ,dream has told him m]ely to summon ! ho/ to arm--a ?+ ( daily r\t9e--call a delib]ative morn+ assembly1 a ?+ cle>ly n ( r\t9e8 ,if ,agamemnon is really full ( confid5ce1 inspir$ by ! ,dream1 :y does he det]m9e1 n to d :at is cu/om>y1 call ! m5 to arms1 b z ,jeanne d',arc said to ! ,dauph91 to hold su* long & we>y c\ncils8 ,mr4 ,jevons speaks ( ,agamemnon's confid5ce 9 ! delusive dream z at v>iance ) 8 proce$+s1 & w\ld excise ,,ii4 #ce-da1 ! only l9es :i* repres5t ,agamemnon z confid5tly believ+ 9 ! ,dream4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,b ! poet nev] once says t ,agamemnon1 awake1 did believe confid5tly 9 ! ,dream6 ,agamemnon dwelt ) hope :ile asleep2 :5 he wak5$--he w5t & call$ a peaceful morn+ assembly1 ?\gh ! ,dream bade him call to arms4 ,he did n d>e to risk 8 au?ority4 ,?is 0 exactly 9 keep+ ) 8 "*4 ,! poet %\ld h said1 ,:5 he woke1 ! ,dream appe>$ to him r poor security = success 7say+ s 9 poetic language1 ( c\rse71 & !n !re w\ld be no difficulty 9 ! summon+ ( an assembly at dawn4 ,b ei!r ! poet expect$ u to und]/& ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hopes ( ,agamemnon sleep+1 & ! d\bts ( ,agamemnon wak+ to *ill realities--an exp]i5ce common to all ( u :o dream--or "s explanatory l9es h be5 dropp$ out--"o or two w\ld h cle>$ up ! matt]4 ,if ,i am "r1 ! poet has n be5 und]/ood4 ,p h n obs]v$ t ,agamemnon hopes :ile asleep1 & d\bts1 & acts on 8 d\bt1 :5 awake4 ,?us ,mr4 ,leaf writes3 ,elat$ by ! dream1 z we are l$ to suppose1 ,agamemnon summons ! army--to lead !m into battle8 ,no?+ ( ! sort2 he calls !m to assembly4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #df4 ,b we ought n to h be5 l$ to suppose t ! wak+ ,agamemnon 0 s elat$ z ! sleep+ ,agamemnon4 ,he 0 disillusion$ on wak+2 8 conduct proves x2 he did n "k :at to ?9k ab\t ! ,dream2 he did n "k h[ ! ho/ w\ld take ! ,dream2 he d\bt$ :e!r !y w\ld fight at 8 comm&1 s he call$ an assembly4 ,mr4 ,jevons v ju/ly cites a p>allel case4 ,grote has rem>k$ t 9 ,book ,,vii4 ( ,h]odotus1 ,! dream s5t by ! ,gods to fright5 ,x]xes :5 ab\t to rec$e f 8 project1 has a m>k$ p>allel 9 ! ,iliad4 ,?us ,x]xes1 aft] ! defection ( ,artabanus1 0 despond5t1 l ,agamemnon aft] ! mut9y ( ,a*illes1 & 0 ab\t to rec$e f 8 project4 ,to bo? a delusive dream is s5t urg+ !m to proce$4 ,x]xes calls an assembly1 h[ev]1 & says t he w n proce$4 ,:y8 ,because1 says ,h]odotus1 :5 day came1 he ?\ght no?+ ( 8 dream4 ,agamemnon1 once awake1 ?\ght d\btfully ( 8 dream2 he call$ a ,privy ,c\ncil1 told ! pr9ces ab\t 8 dream--( :i* ,ne/or _h a v dubi\s op9ion--& said t he w\ld try ! temp] ( ! army by propos+ in/ant flight3 ! *iefs %\ld re/ra9 ! m5 if !y 7 eag] to run away4 ,n[ ! epic prose n>rative ( ,h]odotus is "h cle>ly bas$ on ,iliad1 ,,ii41 :i* ,h]odotus mu/ h und]/ood z ,i d4 ,b 9 ,hom] !re is no l9e to say--& "o l9e or two w\ld h be5 en\gh--t ,agamemnon1 :5 awake1 d\bt$1 l ,x]xes1 ?\gh ,agamemnon1 :5 asleep1 _h be5 confid5t4 ,! necess>y l9e1 = all t we "k1 /ill exi/$ 9 ! text us$ by ,h]odotus4 ,hom] may lose a l9e z well z ,dieu*idas ( ,meg>a1 or r ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,juv5al lo/ a :ole passage1 re-discov]$ by ,mr4 ,w9/$t 9 a ,bodleian manuscript4 ,if ,hom] expect$ mod]n critics to note ! delicate di/9ction betwe5 ,agamemnon asleep & ,agamemnon awake1 or to und]/& ,agamemnon's "*1 he expect$ too mu*4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,jevons1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,! poet !n treats ! situation on ^! l9es3 ,agamemnon1 awake & free f illusion1 does n obey ! dream1 does n call ! army to w>2 he takes a middle c\rse4 ,9 ! :ole passage ! poet's ma9 motive1 z ,mr4 ,monro rem>ks ) obvi\s tru?1 is to let 8 audi5ce become acqua9t$ ) ! temp] & _s ( ! army z x 0 affect$ by ! long siege 444 & by ! ev5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,book4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfa4 ,! poet c\ld n obta9 8 object if ,agamemnon m]ely gave ! summons to battle2 & he ?9ks ,agamemnon precisely ! k9d ( wav]] :o w call1 fir/ ! ,privy ,c\ncil ( ! ,*iefs1 & !n an assembly4 ,h]e9 ! homesick ho/ w display its hum\rs1 z x does ) a v5geance4 ,agamemnon next tells 8 ,dream to ! *iefs 7if he _h a dream ( ?is k9d he w\ld mo/ c]ta9ly tell x71 & adds 7z has be5 already /at$7 t he w fir/ te/ ! _s ( ! army by a feign$ proposal ( return to ,greece1 :ile ! *iefs are to re/ra9 !m if !y ru% to laun* ! %ips4 ,ne/or h9ts t !re is n mu* good 9 att5d+ to dreams2 h[ev]1 ?is is ! dream ( ! ,ov]-,"l1 :o is ! fav\r$ ( ,zeus4 ,agamemnon next1 address+ ! assembly1 says t po/]ity w ?9k x a %ameful ?+ t ! ,a*aeans rais$ ! siege ( a t[n ) a population mu* small] ?an _! own army2 b allies f _m cities help ! ,trojans1 & are too /rong = him1 :e!r po/]ity und]/&s t or n4 ,let u flee ) our %ips6 ,on ?is ! ho/ break up1 9 a spl5did passage ( poetry1 & ru% to laun* ! %ips1 ! passion ( no/algie c>ry+ away ev5 ! *iefs1 x appe>s--a ?+ mo/ natural 9 ! circum/ances4 ,b ,a!ne f9ds ,odysseus 9 grief3 nei!r laid he any h& ^u 8 %ip1 z ! o!rs did1 & %e enc\rag$ him to /op ! flight4 ,?is he does1 tak+ ! sceptre ( ,agamemnon f 8 unn]v$ h&4 ,he goes ab\t rem9d+ ! pr9ces h we n he>d ,agamemnon's real int5tion 9 c\ncil8 7,,ii4 #ahh-aig71 & rat+ ! common sort4 ,! assembly meets aga9 9 great confusion2 ,!rsites seizes ! *ance to be insol5t1 & is beat5 by ,odysseus4 ,! ho/ !n arms = battle4 ,! poet has ?us %[n ,agamemnon 9 ! col\rs :i* he we>s consi/5tly all ?r\gh ! ,iliad4 ,he has1 z usual1 contra/$ ) him ,odysseus1 ! type ( a wise & resolute man4 ,?is contra/ ! poet ma9ta9s )\t fail ?r\gh\t4 ,he has %[n u ! temp] ( ! we>y1 home-sick army1 & he has p]suad$ u t he kn[s h[ subtle1 dang]\s1 & contagi\s a ?+ is milit>y panic4 ,?us1 at lea/1 ,i v5ture to read ! passage1 :i*1 ?us read1 is p]fectly intelligible4 ,agamemnon is no p]sonal c[>d1 b ! burd5 ( ! safety ( ! ho/ ov]comes him lat]1 & he keeps sugge/+ flight 9 ! %ips1 z we %all see4 ,suppose1 !n1 we read on f ,,ii4 #dj ?us3 ,! ,dream left him ?9k+ ( ?+s n to be1 ev5 t on ?is day he %all take ! t[n ( ,priam4444 ,b he awoke f sleep ) ! div9e voice r++ 9 8 e>s4 7,!n x seem$ him t "s dreams are true & "s false1 = all d n come ?r\gh ! ,gate ( ,horn47 ,s he arose & sat up & did on 8 s(t tunic1 & 8 great cloak1 & grasp$ 8 ance/ral sceptre 444 & bade ! cle>-voic$ h]alds summon ! ,a*aeans ( ! long locks to ! delib]ative assembly4 ,he !n1 z 9 ,,ii4 #ec-ge told 8 ,dream to ! prelim9>y c\ncil1 & propos$ t he %\ld try ! temp] ( ! ho/ by propos+ flight--:i*1 if x began1 ! *iefs 7 to re/ra9--be=e giv+ ord]s to arm4 ,! te/ ( ! temp] ( ! ho/ act$ z x might be expect$ to act2 all ru%$ to laun* ! %ips1 & ! pr9ces 7 swept away 9 ! tide ( flight1 ,agamemnon himself m]ely look+ on helpless4 ,! panic 0 contagi\s2 only ,odysseus escap$ its influ5ce1 & r$eem$ ! hon\r ( ! ,a*aeans1 z he did aga9 on a lat] day4 ,! passage c]ta9ly has its difficulties4 ,b ,erh>dt expresses ! prop] /ate ( ! case1 aft] giv+ 8 analysis4 ,! he>]'s imag9ation is s captur$1 fir/ by ! dream1 !n by ! brawl+ assembly1 by ! ru% to ! %ips1 by ! int]v5tion ( ,odysseus1 by ! puni%m5t ( ,!rsites--all ^! liv+ pictures foll[ ea* o!r s fleetly be=e ! eyes t we h sc>cely "t to make objections4 ,footnote3 ,die ,en/ehung d] ,hom]is*e ,g$i*te1 p4 #bi44 ,! poet aim$ at no m & no less effect ?an he has produc$1 & no m %\ld be requir$ by any "o1 except by t ana*ronism--! analytical read]4 ,he has "t to make objections3 ! poet's audi5ce _h none2 & he mu/ be criticis$ f _! po9t ( view4 ,hom] did n s+ = analytical read]s1 = ! mod]n pr(essor2 he c\ld n possibly conceive t ,"t w\ld br+ su* a be+ into exi/5ce4 ,to return to ! "* ( ,agamemnon4 ,9 mom5ts ( enc\ragem5t ,agamemnon is a valiant fight]1 few bett] spe>m51 yet he atta9s n to ! fir/ ,?ree1 ,a*illes1 ,aias1 ,diom$e4 ,b ,agamemnon is un/able z wat]2 aga9 & aga91 z 9 ,book ,,ii41 ! lives & hon\r ( ! ,a*aeans are sav$ 9 ! ,ov]-,"l's despite by "o or o!r ( ! pe]s4 ,! :ole ,iliad1 ) consi/5t uni=mity1 pursues ! s*eme ( "* & conduct laid d[n 9 ! two fir/ ,books4 ,x is guid$ at once by feudal allegiance & feudal jeal\sy1 l ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e & ! e>ly sagas or romances ( ,irel&4 ,a measure ( respect = ,agamemnon1 ev5 ( sympa?y1 is pres]v$2 he is n degrad$ z ! k+s & pr9ces are (t5 degrad$ on ! ,attic /age1 & ev5 9 ! ,cyclic poems4 ,w\ld w&]+ ,ionian recit]s at fairs h ma9ta9$ ?is uni=mity8 ,w\ld ! tyrant ,pisi/ratus h made 8 lit]>y man take ?is view8 ,,*apt] ,v ,,agamemnon ,,9 ,,! ,,lat] ,,iliad ,9 ! ,?ird ,book1 ,agamemnon receives ! complim5ts due to 8 supremacy1 aspect1 & val\r f ! lips ( ,hel5 & ,priam4 ,!re are o!r w>riors tall] by a head1 & ,odysseus 0 %ort] ?an he by a head1 s ,agamemnon 0 a man ( middle /ature4 ,he is beautiful & royal ( aspect2 a good k+ & a mighty spe>man1 says ,hel54 ,! int]rupt$ duel betwe5 ,m5elaus & ,p>is foll[s1 & !n ! trea*]\s w\nd+ ( ,m5elaus by ,p&>us4 ,"o ( ,agamemnon's mo/ sympa!tic *>act]i/ics is 8 int5se love ( 8 bro!r1 = ^: sake he has made ! w>4 ,he %udd]s on see+ ! arr[ w\nd1 b consoles ,m5elaus by ! c]ta9ty t ,troy w fall1 = ! ,trojans h brok5 ! solemn oa? ( truce4 ,zeus do? fulfil at la/1 & m5 make de> am5ds4 ,b ) *>act]i/ic inconsi/5cy he disc\rages ,m5elaus by a picture ( _m a pr\d ,trojan leap+ on 8 tomb1 :ile ! ho/ w return home-an idea con/antly pres5t to ,agamemnon's m9d4 ,he is always ! fir/ to propose flight1 ?\gh he w return ) %ame to ,myc5ae4 ,m5elaus is ( mu* bett] *e]3 ,be ( good c\rage1 blank space ,,all ,,! ,,ho/ ,,( ,,! mispr9t--a ?+ :i* ,agamemnon does habitually1 ?\gh he is n a p]sonal poltroon4 ,z ,m5elaus has only a slight fle% w\nd aft] all1 & z ! ,trojans are doom$ m51 ,agamemnon is n[ eag] = glori\s battle4 ,he enc\rages ! pr9ces1 b1 ( all m51 rebukes ,odysseus z la/ at a fray & fir/ at a fea/3 su* is 8 insol5ce1 = :i* m5 dete/ him4 ,?is is highly *>act]i/ic 9 ,agamemnon1 :o has j be5 r$eem$ f ru9 by ,odysseus4 ,rebuk$ by ,odysseus1 he takes back 8 ^w z usual1 & goes on to *ide ,diom$e z bett] at mak+ spee*es ?an at fight+6 ,b ,diom$e made no answ]1 hav+ respect to ! *id+ ( ! rev]$ ,k+4 ,he ev5 rebukes ! son ( ,capaneus = answ]+ ,agamemnon haughtily4 ,diom$e1 h[ev]1 does n =get2 he bides 8 "t4 ,he n[ does ! great de$s ( 8 day ( val\r 7,book ,v474 ,agamemnon mean:ile enc\rages ! ho/4 ,dur+ ,books ,v41 ,,vi4 ,agamemnon's bus9ess is to bid ! re/ keep fight+4 ,:5 ,hector1 9 ,book ,,vii41 *all5ges any ,a*aean1 nobody volunte]s except ,m5elaus1 :o has a /rong s5se ( hon\r4 ,agamemnon re/ra9s him1 & lots are ca/3 ! ho/ pray t ! lot may fall on ,aias1 ,diom$e1 or ,agamemnon 7,,vii4 #agi-ahj74 ,?us ! ,ov]-,"l is ackn[l$g$ to be a man ( 8 h&s1 especially good at hurl+ ! spe>1 z we see aga9 9 ,book ,,xxiii4 ,a truce is propos$ = ! burial ( ! dead1 & ,p>is (f]s to give up ! weal? t he br\ght to ,troy1 & m1 if ! ,a*aeans w g home1 b ,hel5 he w n give up4 ,we expect ,agamemnon to answ] z becomes him4 ,b no6 ,all are sil5t1 till ,diom$e rises4 ,!y w n return1 he says1 ev5 if ,hel5 be re/or$1 = ev5 a fool kn[s t ,troy is doom$1 because ( ! brok5 oa?4 ,! re/ %\t acquiesc5ce1 & ,agamemnon refuses ! compromise4 ,app>5tly he w\ld n h disda9$ x1 b = ,diom$e's reply4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! ,trojans h ! bett] 9 ! battle1 & ,agamemnon has no he>t to /&1 nor h "s ( 8 pe]s4 ,b ,diom$e has m c\rage1 & f9ally ,agamemnon beg9s to call to ! ho/ to fight1 b breaks d[n1 weeps1 & prays to ,zeus t we ourselves at lea/ flee & escape2 he is n an enc\rag+ comm&]-9-*ief6 ,zeus1 9 pity1 s5ds a fav\rable om52 ,aias fights well2 night falls1 & ! ,trojans camp on ! op5 pla94 ,agamemnon1 9 floods ( te>s1 calls an assembly1 & proposes to return to ,argos ) di%on\r4 ,let u flee ) our %ips to our de> native l&1 = n[ %all we nev] take wide-way$ ,troy1 ,all are sil5t1 till ,diom$e rises & rem9ds ,agamemnon t ?\ said/ ,i 0 no man ( w>1 b a c[>d4 7,9 ,book ,v42 we are n[ 9 ,book ,,ix47 ,zeus gave !e ! hon\r ( ! sceptre above all m51 b val\r he gave !e n4444 ,g ?y way2 ?y way is be=e !e1 & ?y %ips /& beside ! sea4 ,b all ! o!r fl[+-hair$ ,a*aeans w t>ry "h until we wa/e ,troy4 ,ne/or advises ,agamemnon to set an advanc$ gu>d1 :i* t m>tiali/ _h nev] ?\ght ( do+1 & to discuss matt]s ov] supp]4 ,a =ce ( #gjj m51 "u ,m]iones & ! son ( ,ne/or1 0 po/$ betwe5 ! foss & ! wall r\nd ! camp2 ! c\ncil met1 & ,ne/or advis$ ,agamemnon to approa* ,a*illes ) g5tle words & gifts ( atonem5t4 ,agamemnon1 full ( rep5tance1 ackn[l$ges 8 folly & (f]s enorm\s atonem5t4 ,h]alds & ?ree ambassadors are s5t2 & h[ ,a*illes receiv$ !m1 ) p]fect c\rtesy1 b ) absolute di/ru/ ( ,agamemnon & refusal ( 8 gifts1 s5d+ ! message t he w fight only :5 fire comes to 8 own %ips1 we "k4 ,a*illes is n[ entirely 9 ! wrong1 & ! ,ov]-,"l is once m )9 8 "r4 ,he has done all1 or m ?an all1 t cu/om>y law dem&s4 ,9 ,book ,,ix4 ,pho5ix /ates ! case pla9ly4 ,if ,agamemnon br\ght !e n gifts1 & promis$ !e m h]eaft]1 444 !n 7 ,i n he t %\ld bid !e ca/ aside ?9e ang]1 & save ! ,argives4444 7,,ix4 #eae-eag74 ,! case s /&s t1 if ,a*illes lat] rel5ts & fights1 ! gifts ( atonem5t w no long] be due to him1 & he w n be held 9 l hon\r 7,,ix4 #fjd74 ,! poet kn[s intimately1 &1 l 8 audi5ce1 is ke5ly int]e/$ 9 ! details ( ! cu/om>y law4 ,we _c easily suppose ?is frame ( m9d & ?is k 9 a late poet address+ a late ,ionian audi5ce4 ,! ambassadors return to ,agamemnon2 _! evil tid+s are receiv$ 9 despair+ sil5ce4 ,b ,diom$e bids ,agamemnon take he>t & fight next day1 ) 8 ho/ array$ be=e ! %ips 7,,ix4 #gjh74 ,?is appe>s to c\nsel def5sive w>2 b1 9 fact1 & = reasons1 :5 x comes to fight+ !y d battle 9 ! op54 ,! next ,book 7,x47 is almo/ univ]sally ?\ght a late int]polation2 an op9ion else:]e discuss$ 7see blank space74 ,let u1 !n1 say ) ,mr4 ,leaf t ! ,book beg9s ) exagg]at$ despond5cy & ends ) ha/y exultation1 9 consequ5ce ( a brilliant camisade1 :]e9 ,odysseus & ,diom$e massacre a ,?racian cont+5t4 ,our po9t is t ! poet c>efully 7see ,! ,doloneia7 cont9ues ! /udy ( ,agamemnon 9 despond5cy1 & lat]1 by 8 ha/y exultation1 preludes to ! val\r :i* ! ,ov]-,"l displays 9 ,book ,,xi4 ,! poet kn[s t some?+ 9 ! way ( p]sonal val\r is due to ,agamemnon's position2 he fights brilliantly1 receives a fle% w\nd1 retires1 & is soon propos+ a g5]al flight 9 8 accu/om$ way4 ,:5 ! ,trojans1 9 ,book ,,xiv41 are attack+ ! %ips1 ,agamemnon rem>ks t he fe>s ! disaffection ( 8 :ole army 7,,xiv4 #di1 #ea71 &1 z = ! com+ defeat1 t he knew x1 ev5 :5 ,zeus help$ ! ,greeks4 ,!y are all to p]i% f> f ,argos4 ,let !m drag ! %ips to ! sea1 moor !m ) /ones1 & fly1 ,= !re is no %ame 9 flee+ f ru91 ev5 9 ! night4 ,bett] do? he f>e :o flees f tr\ble ?an he t is ov]tak54 ,x is n[ ! turn ( ,odysseus aga9 to save ! hon\r ( ! army4 ,be sil5t1 le/ "s o!r ( ! ,a*aeans he> ?is ^w1 t no man %\ld s mu* z suff] to pass ?r\gh 8 m\?4444 ,& n[ ,i :olly scorn ?y ?\ghts1 su* a ^w ha/ ?\ utt]$4 ,on ?is ,agamemnon in/antly rep5ts4 ,"r %>ply ha/ ?\ t\*$ my he>t ) ?y /]n repro(3 he has n ev5 ! c\rage ( 8 n]v\sness4 ,! combat is n[ 9 ! h&s ( ,aias & ,patroclus1 :o is sla94 ,agamemnon1 :o is w\nd$1 does n reappe> till ,book ,,xix41 :5 ,a*illes1 anxi\s to fight & av5ge ,patroclus at once1 )\t =malities ( reconciliation1 pr(esses 8 desire to let bygones be bygones4 ,agamemnon excuses 8 insol5ce to ,a*illes z an inspiration ( ,ate3 a pr$e/9$ fault--,n ,i am ! cause1 b ,zeus & ,de/9y4 ,odysseus1 to cl9* ! reunion & fulfil cu/om>y law1 advises ,agamemnon to br+ out ! gifts ( atonem5t 7! gifts prep>$ 9 ,book ,,ix471 aft] :i* ! "r ?+ is = him to give a fea/ ( reconciliation1 t ,a*illes may h no?+ lack+ ( 8 "r4 ,footnote3 ,book ,,xix4 #agi1 #ahj4 ,! case is "o :i* has be5 provid$ = by cu/om>y law 9 e detail4 ,mr4 ,leaf argues t all ?is "p mu/ be late1 because ( ! allusion to ! gifts (f]$ 9 ,book ,,ix4 ,b we reply1 ) ,mr4 ,monro1 t ! ,n9? ,book is almo/ necess>y to any ,a*illeis4 ,! "q is1 w\ld a late editor or poet "k all ! details ( cu/om>y law 9 su* a case z a qu>rel betwe5 ,ov]-,"l & pe]8 w\ld a feudal audi5ce h be5 satisfi$ ) a poem :i* did n w9d ! qu>rel up 9 accordance ) usage8 & w\ld a late poet1 9 a society no long] feudal1 "k h[ to w9d x up8 ,w\ld he f9d any dem& on ! "p ( 8 audi5ce = a long s]ies ( /atem5ts1 :i* to a mod]n seem to int]rupt ! /ory8 ,to ourselves x appe>s t a feudal audi5ce desir$ ! cu/om>y details2 to su* an audi5ce !y 7 mo/ int]e/+4 ,?is is a ta/e :i*1 z has be5 said1 we f9d 9 all e>ly poetry & 9 ! sagas2 h5ce ! long runs ( ! ,celtic sagas1 m9utely repeat$ descriptions ( cu/om>y ?+s4 ,! ,icel&ic saga-m5 nev] we>y1 ?\gh mod]n read]s d1 ( legal details4 ,= ^! reasons we reckon ! passages 9 ,book ,,xix4 ab\t ! reconciliation z orig9al1 & ?9k !y c be no?+ else4 ,x is q natural t1 9 a feudal society ( m5 :o 7 /ickl]s = cu/om1 ! he>]s %\ld insi/ on hav+ all ?+s done duly & 9 ord]--! giv+ ( ! gifts & ! fea/ ( reconciliation--?\gh ! passionate ,a*illes himself desires to fight at once4 ,odysseus insi/s t :at we may call ! regul> r\t9e %all be gone ?r\gh4 ,x is t$i\s to ! mod]n read]1 b x is surely mu* m probable t a feudal poet ?us gratifi$ 8 peculi> audi5ce 7he look$ = no o!r7 ?an t a late poet1 ) a diff]5t k9d ( audi5ce1 ?ru/ ! ,reconciliation 9 z an aft]-?\ght4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cag4 ,! "r ?+ mu/ be done1 ,odysseus assures ,a*illes1 = ,i 0 born fir/1 & "k m ?+s4 ,x is n ! "r ?+ to fight at once1 unf$1 & be=e ! solemn sacrifice by ! ,ov]-,"l1 ! pray]1 ! ,oa? ( ,agamemnon1 & ! reception ( ! gifts by ,a*illes2 only aft] ^! =malities1 & aft] ! army has f$1 c ! ho/ g =?4 ,i "k m ?an y d2 y are a y\ng] man1 says ,odysseus1 speak+ 9 accordance ) feudal "*1 at ! risk ( we>y+ lat] un=ese5 g5]ations4 ,?is is n criticism inspir$ by m]e lit]>y feel+1 = lit]>y feel+ is on ! side ( ,a*illes1 & wi%es ! /ory to hurry to 8 rev5ge4 ,b ours is blank space criticism2 we mu/ ?9k ( ! poet 9 relation to 8 audi5ce & ( _! dem&s1 :i* we c e/imate by simil> dem&s1 v\*$ = by ! supply1 9 ! e>ly national poetry ( o!r peoples & 9 ! ,icel&ic sagas4 ,we he> no m ( ,agamemnon till1 9 ,book ,,xxiii1 #ce-ch1 aft] ! slay+ ( ,hector1 ,a*illes 0 br\ght to noble ,agamemnon 7= t1 z ,odysseus said1 0 ! regul> proc$ure7 by ! ,a*aean *iefs1 h>dly p]suad+ him !reto1 = 8 he>t 0 wro? = 8 comrade4 ,"h !y fea/1 ,a*illes /ill full ( grief & res5tm5t4 ,he m]ely goes ?r\gh ! set =ms1 mu* aga9/ 8 w4 ,x does appe> to u t ! lat] ! poet ! less he w\ld h kn[n or c>$ ab\t ! =ms4 ,an e>ly society is always mu* int]e/$ 9 =ms & 9 fun]als & fun]al games1 s ! poet indulges _! ta/e ) ! la/ rites ( ,patroclus4 ,! la/ view ( ,agamemnon is giv5 :51 at ! end ( ! games1 ,a*illes c\rte\sly pres5ts him ) ! fl[]$ lebes1 ! prize = hurl+ ! spe>1 )\t ask+ him to compete1 s9ce 8 sup]ior skill is notori\s4 ,?is act ( c\rtesy is ! real reconciliation2 previ\sly ,a*illes _h b gone reluctantly ?r\gh ! set =ms 9 su* cases provid$4 ,ev5 :5 ,agamemnon (f]$ ! gifts ( atonem5t1 ,a*illes said1 ,give !m1 z is cu/om>y1 or keep !m1 z y please 7,,xix4 #adf1 #adh74 ,a*illes1 "y & passionate1 c>es no?+ = ! feudal proc$ure4 ,?is rapid survey seems to ju/ify ! conclusion t ! poet pres5ts an uni=m & hi/orically correct picture ( ! ,ov]-,"l & ( 8 relations ) 8 pe]s1 a picture :i* no late editor c\ld h piec$ toge!r out ( ! widely v>y+ rep]toires ( late /roll+ recit]s4 ,su* recit]s w\ld gladly h =gott51 & su* an editor w\ld gladly h cut ! bus9ess ( ! reconciliation4 ,!y w\ld also1 9 a democratic _s1 h degrad$ ! ,ov]-,"l into ! tyrant1 b ?r\gh\t1 h[ev] l[ ,agamemnon may fall1 ! poet is guid$ by ! k t 8 "r to rule is jure div9o1 t he has qualities1 t 8 responsibilities are cru%+1 ,i1 :om among all m5 ,zeus ha? plant$ = ev] among lab\rs1 :ile my brea? abides )9 me1 & my limbs move1 says ! ,ov]-,"l 7,x4 ,sg1 g4sic74 ,9 %ort1 ! poet's conception ( ! ,ov]-,"l is ?r\gh\t h>moni\s1 is a contempor>y conception ent]ta9$ by a s+] :o lives among pe]s t own1 & are jeal\s (1 & obey an ,ov]-,"l4 ,! "* & situation ( ,agamemnon are a poetic "w ( "o age1 "o mom5t ( culture4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,! ,,iliad4 ,,burial ,,& ,,cremation ,9 ar*aeological discov]ies we f9d ! mo/ conv9c+ pro(s t ! ,iliad1 on ! :ole1 is ! production ( a s+le age1 n ! pat*work ( sev]al *angeful c5turies4 ,?is may seem an audaci\s /atem5t1 z ar*aeology has be5 int]pret$ ( late 9 su* a mann] z to dem& precisely ! opposite v]dict4 ,b if we c %[1 z we ?9k we c1 t _m rec5t int]pretations ( ! ar*aeological evid5ce are n valid1 because !y are n consi/5t1 our cont5tion1 ?\gh unexpect$1 w be possible4 ,x is t ! comb9$ te/imony ( ar*aeology & ( ! ,epic proves ! ,iliad to repres5t1 z reg>ds cu/oms1 weapons1 & arm\r1 a def9ite mom5t ( evolution2 a p]iod betwe5 ! age record$ 9 ! art ( ! ,myc5aean %aft graves & ! age ( e>ly iron swords & ! ,dipylon p]iod4 ,be=e ! discov]ies ( ! mat]ial rema9s ( ! ,myc5zean times1 ! evid5ce ( ar*aeology 0 seldom appropriately invok$ 9 discussions ( ! ,hom]ic "q4 ,b 9 ! ?irty ye>s s9ce ,s*liemann explor$ ! buri$ relics ( ! ,myc5zean ,acropolis1 8 ,grave ( ,agamemnon1 a s]ies ( excavations has laid b>e ! int]m5ts1 ! works ( art1 & ! weapons & ornam5ts ( ye>s long prior to ! revolution commonly associat$ ) ! ,dorian ,invasion ( ab\t #aajj-ajjj ,b4,c4 ,! objects ( all sorts :i* h be5 f\nd 9 _m sites ( ,greece & ! isles1 especially ( ,cyprus & ,crete1 9 "s respects tally closely ) ,hom]ic descriptions1 9 o!rs v>y f !m widely4 ,no?+ c be less surpris+1 if ! h]oes ^: leg5d>y feats inspir$ ! poet liv$ c5turies be=e 8 "t1 z ,*>lemagne & 8 ,palad9s liv$ "s ?ree c5turies be=e ! composition ( ! e>lie/ extant ,*ansons de ,ge/e on _! adv5tures4 ,!re 01 9 su* a case1 "t = mu* *ange 9 ! details ( life1 art1 weapons & implem5ts4 ,tak+ ! relics 9 ! graves ( ! ,myc5aean ,acropolis z a />t+-po9t1 "s ?+s w\ld endure into ! age ( ! poet1 "s w\ld be modifi$1 "s w\ld disappe>4 ,we _c tell h[ long previ\s to 8 own date ! poet supposes ! ,a*aean h]oes to h exi/$4 ,he frequ5tly ascribes to !m feats ( /r5g? :i* no man ( su* z n[ are c\ld p]=m4 ,?is gives no def9ite p]iod = ! int]val2 he might be speak+ ( ! great gr&fa!rs ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,b :5 he reg>ds ! h]oes z closely connect$ by desc5t ( "o or two g5]ations ) ! gods1 & z 9 frequ5t & famili> int]c\rse ) gods & goddesses1 we mu/ suppose t he did n ?9k _! p]iod rec5t4 ,! s+]s ( ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e knew t angels' visits 7 few & f> betwe5 at ! p]iod1 say1 ( ! ,norman ,conque/2 b !y all[$ angels to appe> 9 epics deal+ ) ! e>li] "t1 almo/ z freely z gods int]v5e 9 ,hom]4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,hom]ic poet und5iably treats ! age ( 8 h]oes z hav+ already1 9 ! phrase ( ,?ucydides1 won its way to ! my?ical1 & !re=e z indef9itely remote4 ,x is impossible "h to discuss 9 detail ! complex problems ( ,myc5aean *ronology4 ,if we place ! ,myc5aean bloom-"t f ! sev5te5? or sixte5? to ! twelf? c5tury ,b4,c41 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 p4 #cbb4 x is pla9 t !re is space to sp>e1 betwe5 ! poet's age & t ( 8 h]oes1 = ! rise ( *anges 9 w>1 weapons1 & co/ume4 ,inde$1 !re are traces en\gh ( *ange ev5 9 ! objects & art discov]$ 9 ! bloom-"t1 z repres5t$ by ! ,myc5aean acropolis itself & by o!r ,myc5aean sites4 ,! art ( ! fragm5t ( a silv] vase 9 a grave1 on :i* a siege is repres5t$1 is n ! art1 ! co/umes are n ! co/umes1 ( ! inlaid bronze dagg]-blade4 ,! m5 %[n on ! vase & ! lion-hunt]s on ! dagg] bo? h _! hair close cropp$1 b on ! vase !y are nak$1 on ! dagg] !y we> %ort draw]s4 ,on ! ,vaphio cups1 f\nd 9 a ?olos *amb]-tomb ne> ,amyclae1 ! m5 are long-hair$ ,a*aeans1 ) heavy1 p5d5t locks1 l ! man on a pyxis f ,knossos1 publi%$ by ,mr4 ,evans2 !y are ( ano!r p]iod ?an ! close-cropp$ m5 ( ! vase & dagg]4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #ajb4 ,two ( ! m5 on ! silv] vase are cov]$ ei!r ) %ields ( a %ape & size else:]e unkn[n 9 ,myc5aean art1 or ) cloaks ( an unexampl$ =m4 ,! masonry ( ! city wall1 %[n on ! vase 9 ! ,myc5aean grave1 is n ! ord9>y masonry ( ,myc5ae itself4 ,on ! vase ! wall is isodomic1 built ( cut /ones 9 regul> lay]s4 ,mo/ ( ! ,myc5aean walls1 on ! o!r h&1 are ( ,cyclopean /yle1 9 l>ge irregul> blocks4 ,art1 good & v bad1 exi/s 9 _m v>i\s /ages 9 ,myc5aean relics4 ,! draw+ ( a god1 ) a typical ,myc5aean %ield 9 ! =m ( a figure #h1 on a pa9t$ s>cophagus f ,milato 9 ,crete1 is m crude & savage ?an _m productions ( ! ,au/ralian aborig9als1 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xvi4 p4 #agd1 fig4 #ej4 ,grosse4 ,les ,debuts de l',art1 pp4 #abd-agf4 ! ?+ is on ! level ( ,r$ ,indian "w4 ,mean:ile at ,vaphio1 ,enkomi1 ,knossos1 & else:]e ! art is (t5 excell5t4 ,9 "o ess5tial po9t ! poet describes a cu/om )\t p>allel among ! discov]$ relics ( ! ,myc5aean age--namely1 ! disposal ( ! bodies ( ! dead4 ,!y are nei!r buri$ ) _! arms1 9 /ately ?olos tombs nor 9 %aft graves1 z at ,myc5ae3 :e!r !y be pr9ces or simple o>sm51 !y are cremat$4 ,a pyre ( wood is built2 on ?is ! w>rior's body is laid1 ! pyre is light$1 ! body is r$uc$ to a%es1 ! a%es are plac$ 9 a vessel or box ( gold1 wrapp$ r\nd ) preci\s clo?s 7no arms are buri$1 z a g5]al rule71 & a m\nd1 h[e1 b>r[1 or tumulus is rais$ ov] all4 ,usually a /ele or pill> cr[ns ! edifice4 ,?is me?od is almo/ uni=m1 &1 z f> z cremation & ! cairn g1 is univ]sal 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey :5ev] a burial is describ$4 ,n[ ?is mode ( int]m5t mu/ be ! mode ( a s+le age 9 ,greek civilisation4 ,x is confess$ly n ! me?od ( ! ,myc5aeans ( ! %aft grave1 or ( ! latt] ?olos or /one beehive-%ap$ grave2 aga91 ! ,myc5aeans did n burn ! dead2 !y buri$4 ,once m1 ! ,hom]ic me?od is n t ( ! ,dipylon p]iod 7say #ijj-gej ,b4,c47 repres5t$ by ! tombs outside ! ,dipylon gate ( ,a!ns4 ,! p ( t age n[ buri$1 n[ burn$1 _! dead1 & did n build cairns ov] !m4 ,?us ! ,hom]ic cu/om comes betwe5 ! %aft graves & ! latt] ?olos graves1 on ! "o h&1 & ! ,dipylon cu/om ( burn+ or bury+1 ) sunk or rock-hewn graves1 on ! o!r4 ,! ,hom]ic poets describe ! me?od ( _! own p]iod4 ,!y assur$ly d n adh]e to an old] epic tradition ( %aft graves or ?olos graves1 ?\gh ^! mu/ h be5 describ$ 9 lays ( ! p]iod :5 su* me?ods ( disposal ( ! dead 7 9 vogue4 ,! alt> above ! %aft-graves 9 ,myc5ae proves ! cult ( ance/ors 9 ,myc5ae2 ( ?is cult 9 ! ,iliad !re is no trace1 or only a dim trace ( survival 9 ! slaught] ( animals at ! fun]al4 ,! ,hom]ic way ( ?9k+ ab\t ! /ate ( ! dead1 weak1 %ad[y ?+s beyond ! riv] ,oceanus1 did n p]mit !m to be wor%ipp$ z pot5t be+s4 ,only 9 a passage1 possibly int]polat$1 ( ! ,odyssey1 d we he> t ,ca/or & ,polydeuces1 bro!rs ( ,hel51 & sons ( ,tynd>eus1 ?r\gh ! fav\r ( ,zeus h immortality1 & receive div9e hon\rs4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,xi4 #bih-cjd4 ,^! facts are s famili> t we are apt to ov]look ! /rang5ess ( !m 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s evolution4 ,! cult ( ance/ral spirits beg9s 9 ! l[e/ b>b>ism1 j above ! level ( ! ,au/ralian tribes1 :o1 among ! ,di]i1 %[ "s traces ( ! practice1 at lea/1 ( gho/ fe$+4 ,footnote3 ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/]n ,au/ralia1 p4 #ddh4 ,!re are also traces ( propitiation 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia 7,,ms4 ( ,mrs4 ,bates74 ,sometimes1 z 9 _m ,african tribes1 ance/or wor%ip is almo/ ! :ole ( practical cult4 ,usually x accompanies poly!ism1 exi/+ beside x on a l[] plane4 ,x 0 preval5t 9 ! ,myc5ae ( ! %aft graves2 9 ,attica x 0 un9t]rupt$2 x is conspicu\s 9 ,greece f ! n9? c5tury onw>ds4 ,b x is unkn[n to or ignor$ by ! ,hom]ic poets1 ?\gh x c h>dly h di$ out ( folk cu/om4 ,consequ5tly1 ! poems are ( "o age1 an age ( cremation & ( burial 9 b>r[s1 ) no gho/ wor%ip4 ,app>5tly "s revolution z reg>ds burial occurr$ betwe5 ! age ( ! graves ( ! ,myc5aean acropolis & ! age ( ,hom]4 ,t age1 com+ ) its =m ( burn+ & its abs5ce ( ! cult ( ! dead1 betwe5 two epo*s ( inhumation1 ance/or wor%ip1 & abs5ce ( cairns1 is z c]ta9ly & def9itely an age ap>t1 a peculi> p]iod1 z any epo* c be4 ,cremation1 ) cairn burial ( ! a%es1 is1 !n1 ! only =m ( burial m5tion$ by ,hom]1 &1 z f> z ! poet tells u1 ! p]iod 0 n "o 9 :i* iron 0 us$ = swords & spe>s4 ,at ,ass>lik 7,asia ,m9or7 & 9 ,!ra e>ly graves1 prove ! use ( cremation1 b also1 unlike ,hom]1 ( iron weapons4 ,footnote3 ,paton1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 viii4 #fd;ff4 ,= o!r ref]5ces1 cf4 ,p\ls51 ,die ,dipylongraeb51 p4 #b1 ,notes4 ,leipzig #aije4 ,9 ^! graves ! a%es are inurn$4 ,!re are examples ( ! same usage 9 ,salamis1 )\t iron4 ,9 ,crete1 9 graves ( ! p]iod ( geometrical ornam5t 7,dipylon71 burn+ is m common ?an inhumation4 ,cremation is atte/$ 9 a ?olos or beehive-%ap$ grave 9 ,argos1 :]e ! vases 7 late ,myc5aean4 ,bel[ ?is /ratum 0 an old] %aft grave1 z is usual 9 ?olos int]m5ts2 x _h be5 plund]$8 ,footnote3 ,p\ls51 p4#b4 ,! cause ( ! m>k$ *ange f ,myc5aean inhumation to ,hom]ic cremation is matt] ( conjecture4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t burn+ 0 introduc$ dur+ ! migrations aft] ! ,dorian invasion4 ,m5 c\ld c>ry ! a%es ( _! fri5ds to ! place :]e !y f9ally settl$4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 p4#hc ,! "q may1 p]haps1 be elucidat$ by excavation1 especially 9 ,asia ,m9or1 on ! sites ( ! e>lie/ ,greek colonies4 ,at ,colophon are _m cairns unexplor$ by sci5ce4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 z is well kn[n1 attributes ! introduction ( cremation to a conqu]+ nor!rn p1 ! ,a*aeans1 8 ,celts4 ,x is c]ta9 t cremation & urn burial ( ! a%es prevail$ 9 ,brita9 dur+ ! ,age ( ,bronze1 & co-exi/$ ) inhumation 9 ! great cemet]y ( ,hall/att1 surviv+ into ! ,age ( ,iron4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,guide to ,antiquities ( ,e>ly ,iron ,age1 ,briti% ,museum1 #aije1 by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,a4 ,smi?1 "u direction ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,h4 ,read1 = a brief acc\nt ( ,hall/att culture4 ,o!rs suppose a *ange 9 ,a*aean ideas ab\t ! s\l2 x 0 no long] believ$ to haunt ! grave & grave goods & be capable ( haunt+ ! liv+1 b to be :olly set free by burn+1 & to dep>t = ev] to ! ,h\se ( ,hades1 p[]less & incapable ( haunt+s4 ,x is nev] easy to decide z to :e!r a giv5 mode ( burial is ! result ( a def9ite op9ion ab\t ! condition ( ! dead1 or :e!r ! explanation (f]$ by ^? :o practise ! me?od is an aft]?\ght4 ,9 ,tasmania among ! l[e/ savages1 n[ ext9ct1 7 f\nd monum5ts ov] cremat$ human rema9s1 accompani$ ) *>act]s crudely m>k$1 simil> to ^? :i* ! aborig9es tattoo$ on _! =e>ms4 ,9 "o su* grave 0 a spe>1 = ! dead man to fight ) :5 he is asleep1 z a native expla9$4 ,"s ,tasmanian tribes burn$ ! dead & c>ri$ ! a%es ab\t 9 amulets2 o!rs buri$ 9 holl[ trees2 o!rs simply inhum$4 ,"s plac$ ! dead 9 a holl[ tree1 & cremat$ ! body aft] lapse ( "t4 ,"s ti$ ! dead up tightly 7a common practice ) inhumation71 & !n burn$ him4 ,"s buri$ ! dead 9 an erect 'po/ure4 ,! common explanation ( burn+ 0 t x prev5t$ ! dead f return+1 ?us x has always be5 usual to burn ! bodies ( vampires4 ,did a race s backw>d hit on an idea unkn[n to ! ,myc5aean ,greeks8 ,footnote3 ,l+ ,ro?41 ,! ,tasmanians1 pp4 #abh-acd4 ,reports ( ,e>ly ,discov]]s4 ,if ! usual explanation be correct--burn+ prev5ts ! return ( ! dead--h[ did ! ,hom]ic ,greeks come to sub/itute burn+ = ! wor%ip & fe$+ ( ! dead1 :i* _h c]ta9ly prevail$8 ,h[ did ! anci5t me?od return1 ov]lapp+ & bl5t ) ! me?od ( cremation1 z 9 ! e>ly ,dipylon int]m5ts8 ,we c only say t ! ,hom]ic cu/om is def9ite & isolat$1 & t b slight v>iations occur 9 ! me?ods ( ,hom]ic burial4 7#a7;,9 ,iliad1 ,,vi1 #d ,i #f ff1 ,&roma*e ,,says t ,a*illes slew h] fa!r1 yet he despoil$ him n1 = 8 s\l _h %ame ( t2 b he burnt him 9 8 inlaid arm\r1 & rais$ a b>r[ ov] him4 ,we are n told t ! arm\r 0 int]r$ ) ! a%es ( ,eetion4 ,?is is a peculi> case4 ,we always he> 9 ! t ! dead are burn$1 & ! a%es ( pr9ces are plac$ 9 a vessel ( gold )9 an artificial hillock2 b we d n he>1 except 9 ?is passage1 t !y are burn$ 9 _! arm\r1 or t x is burn$1 or t x is buri$ ) ! a%es ( ! dead4 ,! inv>iable practice is = ! victor1 if he c1 to despoil ! body ( ! fall5 foe2 b ,a*illes = "s reason sp>$ t indignity 9 ! case ( ,eetion4 ,footnote3 ,g]man examples ( burn+ ! amis ( ! cremat$ dead & !n bury+ !m are giv5 by ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dih1 #dii4 7#b7 ,,iliad1 ,,vii4 #he4 ,hector1 9 8 *all5ge to a s+le combat1 makes ! conditions t ! victor %all keep ! arms & arm\r ( ! vanqui%$1 b %all re/ore 8 body to 8 fri5ds4 ,! ,trojans w burn him1 if he falls2 if ! ,a*aean falls1 ! o!rs w d some?+ express$ by ! ^w ,greek3 t>*u*osi probably a ^w surviv+ f an age ( embalm5t4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 pp4 #ee1 #ef4 ,x has come to mean1 g5]ally1 to d ! fun]al rites4 ,! h]o is to h a b>r[ or artificial h[e or hillock built ov] him1 beside wide ,hellespont1 a memorial ( him1 & ( ,hector's val\r4 ,on ! ,riv] ,helmsdale1 ne> ,kildonan1 on ! left bank1 !re is su* a hillock :i* has nev]1 x is believ$1 be5 excavat$4 ,x pres]ves ! memory ( its occupant1 an e>ly ,celtic sa9t2 :e!r he 0 cremat$ or n x is impossible to say4 ,b 8 memory is n lo/1 & ! h[e1 cairn1 or hillock1 9 ,hom] is desir$ by ! h]oes z a ,,memorial4 ,on ! t]ms propos$ by ,hector ! arms ( ! dead c\ld n be ei!r burn$ or buri$ ) him4 7#c7 ,iliad1 ,,ix4 #edf4 ,pho5ix says t ! ,calydonian bo> br\ght _m to ! m\rnful pyre4 ,all 7 cremat$4 7#d7 ,iliad1 ,,xxii #ej-ee4 ,&roma*e 9 h] dirge 7! regret ( ! ,fr5* m$iaeval epics7 says t ,hector lies unburi$ by ! %ips & nak$1 b %e w burn raim5t ( 81 delicate & fair1 ! "w ( wom5 444 to !e no pr(it1 s9ce ?\ wilt nev] lie !re91 yet ?is %all be hon\r to !e f ! m5 & wom5 ( ,troy4 ,h] mean+ is n v cle>1 b %e seems to imply t if ,hector's body 7 9 ,troy x w\ld be clad 9 g>m5ts be=e cremation4 ,helbig appe>s to ?9k t to clo! ! dead 9 g>m5ts 0 an ,ionian1 n an anci5t epic cu/om4 ,b 9 ,hom] ! dead always we> at lea/ "o g>m5t1 ! ,greek3 ph>os1 a l>ge mantle1 ei!r :ite or purple1 su* z ,agamemnon we>s 9 peace 7,iliad1 ,,ii #dc71 except :51 l ,eetion & ,elp5or 9 ! ,odyssey1 !y are burn$ 9 _! arm\r4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #fi ff41 ! %ad[ ( ! dead unburn$ ,patroclus appe>s to ,a*illes 9 8 sleep ask+ = 8 dues ( fire4 ,! :ole passage1 ) ! acc\nt ( ! fun]al ( ,patroclus1 mu/ be read c>efully1 & comp>$ ) ! fun]al rites ( ,hector at ! end ( ,book ,,xxiv4 ,helbig1 9 an essay ( great erudition1 ?\gh p]haps r fanta/ic 9 its g5]alisations1 has contra/$ ! burials ( ! two h]oes4 ,patroclus is buri$1 he says1 9 a true portion ( ! old ,aeolic epic 7,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb ?\ght ! :ole passage ,ionic71 ?\gh ev5 into ?is ! late ,ionian be>beit] 7a spectral figure71 has introduc$ 8 ,ionian notions4 ,b ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,book itself is late & ,ionian1 ,helbig says1 n g5u9e e>ly ,aeolian epic poetry4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,zu d5 ,hom]is*5 ,be/attungsgebraue*54 ,aus d5 ,sitzungsb]i*t5 d] philos4 philol4 und hi/or4 ,classe d] ,kgl4 bay]4 ,academie d] ,wiss5s*aft54 #aijj4 ,heft4 ii4 pp4 #aii-bii4 ,! burial ( ,patroclus1 !n1 save = ,ionian late int]polations1 easily detect$ by ,helbig1 is1 he assures u1 g5u9e k]nel1 ,footnote3 #b ,op4 laud41 p4 #bjh4 :ile ,hector's burial is p>tly ,ionian1 & describes ! de/9y ( ! dead h]oes o!rwise ?an z 9 ! old ,aeolic epos4 ,"h ,helbig uses t "o ( 8 two alt]nate !ories accord+ to :i* ! late ,ionian poets d n cl+ to old epic tradition1 b br+ 9 details ( ! life ( _! own date4 ,by ,helbig's o!r alt]nate !ory1 ! late poets cl+ to ! model set 9 old epic tradition 9 _! pictures ( details ( life4 ,dis9tegrationi/s diff]3 f> f ?9k+ t ! late ,ionian poet :o buri$ ,hector v>i$ f ! ,a,eolic m9/rel :o buri$ ,patroclus 79 ,book ,,xxiii471 ,mr4 ,leaf says t ,hector's burial is almo/ an ab/ract ( t ( ,patroclus4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 ,,xxii ,note to #gia4 ,he adds t ,helbig's attempts to di/+ui% ! old] ,a,eolic f ! new] & m sceptical ',ionic' fai? seem to me vision>y4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fai4 ,note #b ,vision>y1 inde$1 !y d seem1 b !y are examples ( ! ef=ts made to prove t ! ,iliad be>s m>ks ( composition cont9u$ ?r\gh sev]al c5turies4 ,we mu/ rememb] t1 accord+ to ,helbig1 ! ,ionians1 coloni/s 9 a new c\ntry1 _h no use = gho/s4 ,a fre% colony does n produce gho/s4 ,!re is h>dly an ,engli% or ,scotti% ca/le )\t its spook 7spuck74 ,on ! o!r h&1 y look 9 va9 = su* a ?+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--spiritualism ap>t4 ,footnote3 ,op4 laud41 p4 #bjd4 ,?is is a ha/y g5]alisation6 ,helbig w1 if he looks1 f9d gho/s en\gh 9 ! lit]ature ( ,nor? ,am]ica :ile /ill colonial1 & 9 ,au/ralia1 a /ill m newly settl$ c\ntry1 sixty ye>s ago ,fi%]'s gho/ gave evid5ce ( ,fi%]'s murd]1 evid5ce :i*1 z 9 ano!r ,au/ralian case1 s]v$ ! ends ( ju/ice4 ,footnote3 ,see1 9 ,! ,valet's ,trag$y 7,a4 ,l473 ,fi%]'s ,gho/4 ,m rec5t ,au/ralian gho/s are famili> to psy*ical rese>*4 ,?is colonial !ory is "o ( ,helbig's too v5tur\s g5]alisations4 ,he /udies ! gho/1 or r dream-app>ition1 ( ,patroclus aft] exam9+ ! fun]al ( ,hector2 b we %all beg9 ) ,patroclus4 ,a*illes 7,,xxiii4 #d-af7 fir/ hails 8 fri5d ev5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,hades 7s he believes t spirits are 9 ,hades71 & says t he has br\ght ,hector raw = dogs to dev\r1 & twelve ,trojans ( good family to slaught] be=e ?y pyre4 ,t night1 :5 ,a*illes is asleep 7,,xxiii4 #fe7 ! _s 7,greek3 psy*e7 ( ,patroclus appe>s to him1 says t he is =gott51 & begs to be burn$ at once1 t he may pass ! gates ( ,hades1 = ! o!r spirits drive him (f & w n let him associate ) !m beyond ! ,riv]1 & he w&]s vaguely along ! wide-gat$ dwell+ ( ,hades4 ,give me ?y h&1 = nev] m aga9 %all ,i come back f ,hades1 :5 ye h giv5 me my due ( fire4 ,patroclus1 be+ newly disc>nate1 does n yet "k t a _s _c take a liv+ man's h&1 ?\gh1 9 fact1 tactile halluc9ations are n uncommon 9 ! pres5ce ( phantasms ( ! dead4 ,lay n my bones ap>t f ?9e 444 let "o c(f] 7,greek3 soros7 hide our bones4 ,greek3 ,soros1 l l>nax1 is a c(f9 7,s>g71 or :at ! ,am]icans call a casket1 9 ! op9ion ( ,helbig3 ,footnote3 ,,op4 laud41 p4#bag4 x is an oblong receptacle ( ! bones & du/4 ,hector 0 buri$ 9 a l>nax2 ,,s w ,a*illes & ,patroclus be :5 ,a*illes falls1 b ! du/ ( ,patroclus is kept1 mean:ile1 9 a gold5 cov]$ cup 7phialae7 9 ! qu>t]s ( ,a*illes2 x is n laid 9 h[e aft] 8 cremation 7,,xxiii4 #bdc74 ,a*illes tries to embrace ,patroclus1 b fails1 l ,odysseus ) ! %ade ( 8 "m 9 ,hades1 9 ! ,,odyssey4 ,he exclaims t !re rema9e? !n ev5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,hades a _s & phantom ( ! dead1 albeit ! life 7or ! wits7 be n anywise !re91 = all night ha? ! _s ( hapless ,patroclus /ood ov] me4444 ,9 ?is spee* ,helbig detects ! h& ( ! late ,ionian poet4 ,:at goes be=e is "p ( ! g5u9e old ,epic1 ! k]nel1 done at a "t :5 m5 believ$ t spooks c\ld take "p 9 ! affairs ( ! upp] _w4 ,a*illes !re=e 79 8 dream71 ?\ght t he c\ld embrace 8 fri5d4 ,x 0 ! sceptical ,ionian1 9 a fre% & spookless colony1 :o knew t he c\ld n2 he ?9ks ! gho/ a m]e dream1 & introduces 8 scepticism 9 ,,xxiii4 #ii-ajg4 ,he br\ght 9 ! rul+ ideas ( 8 own p]iod4 ,! gho/1 says ! ,ionian be>beit]1 is intangible1 ?\gh 9 ! g5u9e old epic ! gho/ himself ?\ght o!rwise--he be+ new to ! situation & )\t exp]i5ce4 ,?is is ! fir/ sample ( ! critical ,ionian _s1 lat] s rem>kable 9 philosophy & natural sci5ce1 says ,helbig4 ,footnote3 ,op4 laud41 pp4 #bcc1bcd4 ,we ne$ n discuss ?is acute critical !ory4 ,! natural int]pretation ( ! words ( ,a*illes is obvi\s2 z ,mr4 ,leaf rem>ks1 ! words are ! cry ( sudd5 p]sonal conviction 9 a matt] :i* has hi!rto be5 lazily accept$ z an or?odox dogma4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbj4 ,already1 z we h se51 ,a*illes has made promises to ,patroclus 9 ! ,h\se ( ,hades1 n[ he exclaims !re really is some?+ 9 ! doctr9e ( a feeble future life4 ,x is va9 to try to discrim9ate betwe5 an old epic belief 9 able-bodi$ gho/s & an ,ionian belief 9 m]e futile %ades1 9 ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,ev]y:]e ! dead are too feeble to be wor? wor%ipp+ aft] !y are burn$2 b1 z ,mr4 ,leaf says ) obvi\s tru?1 & ) mod]n in/ances1 m5 are nev] s inconsi/5t z 9 _! beliefs ab\t ! o!r _w4 ,we ourselves hold v>i\s beliefs simultane\sly4 ,! natives ( ,au/ralia & ( ,tasmania practise1 or did practise1 e conceivable way ( dispos+ ( ! dead--bury+1 burn+1 exposure 9 trees1 c>ry+ ab\t ! bodies or p>ts ( !m1 eat+ ! bodies1 & s =?4 ,if ea* su* practice correspond$1 z ar*aeologi/s believe1 to a diff]5t op9ion ab\t ! s\l1 !n all beliefs 7 held toge!r at once1 & ?is1 9 fact1 is ! case4 ,!re is n n[ "o & n[ ano!r h>d & fa/ or?odoxy ( belief ab\t ! dead1 ?\gh n[ we f9d ance/or wor%ip prom95t & n[ 9 ! %ade4 ,aft] gifts ( hair & ! sett+ up ( j>s full ( oil & honey1 ,a*illes has ! body laid on ! top ( ! pyre 9 ! c5tre4 ,bodies ( %eep & ox51 two dogs & f\r horses1 are /rew$ ar\nd3 :y1 we "k n1 = ! dead is n suppos$ to ne$ food3 ! rite may be a survival1 = !re 7 sacrifices at ! burials ( ! ,myc5aean %aft graves4 ,a*illes slays also ! twelve ,trojans1 because ( m9e ang] at ?y slay+1 he says 7,,xxiii4 #bc74 ,?is 0 8 reason1 z f> z he consci\sly _h any reason1 n t 8 fri5d might h twelve ?ralls 9 ,hades4 ,aft] ! pyre is alit ,a*illes dr5*es x all night ) w9e1 &1 :5 ! flame dies d[n1 ! dead h]o's bones are collect$ & plac$ 9 ! cov]$ cup ( gold4 ,! circle ( ! b>r[ is !n m>k$ out1 /ones are set up r\nd x 7we see !m r\nd ,highl& tumuli71 & e>? is heap$ up2 no m is done2 ! tomb is empty2 ! cov]$ cup hold+ ! a%es is 9 ! hut ( ,a*illes4 ,we mu/ note ano!r trait4 ,aft] ! body ( ,patroclus 0 recov]$1 x 0 wa%$1 ano9t$1 laid on a bi]1 & cov]$ f head to foot ,greek3 heano liti1 translat$ by ,helbig1 ) a l95 %eet 7cf4 ,,xxiii4 #bed74 ,! gold5 cup ) ! a%es is next wrapp$ ,greek3 heano liti2 "h ,mr4 ,my]s r5d]s ! words ) a l95 veil4 ,scotti% cremation burials ( ! ,bronze ,age reta9 traces ( l95 wrapp+s ( ! urn4 ,footnote3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,scotti% society ( ,antiqu>ies1 #aije1 p4 #eeb4 ,= o!r cases1 cf4 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 ,,xxiv4 #gif4 ,note4 ,ov] all a :ite ,greek3 ph>os 7mantle7 0 spread4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiv4 #bca1 twelve ,greek3 ph>ea ) *itons1 s+le cloaks1 & o!r articles ( dress1 are tak5 to ,a*illes by ,priam z "p ( ! ransom ( ,hector's body4 ,su* is ! dea?-g>b ( ,patroclus2 b ,helbig1 look+ = ,ionian innovations 9 ,book ,,xxiv41 f9ds t ! dea?-g>b ( ,hector is n ! same z t ( ,patroclus 9 ,book ,,xxiii4 ,"o diff]5ce is t :5 ! squires ( ,a*illes took ! ransom ( ,hector f ! waggon ( ,priam1 !y left 9 x two ,greek3 ph>ea & a well-spun *iton4 ,! wom5 wa%$ & ano9t$ ,hector's body2 !y clad him 9 ! *iton1 & ?rew "o ,greek3 ph>os ov] x2 we are n told :at !y did ) ! o!r4 ,p]haps1 z ,mr4 ,leaf says1 x 0 us$ z a cov] = ! bi]1 p]haps x 0 n1 b 0 laid "u ! body 7,helbig74 ,all we "k is t ,hector's body 0 re/or$ to ,priam 9 a *iton & a ,greek3 ph>os1 :i* d n seem to h be5 remov$ be=e he 0 burn$2 :ile ,patroclus _h no *iton 9 dea?1 b a ,greek3 ph>os &1 app>5tly1 a l95 %eet4 ,to ! ord9>y read] ?is does n seem1 9 ! circum/ances1 a /rong m>k ( diff]5t ages & diff]5t burial cu/oms4 ,priam did n br+ any l95 %eet--or :atev] ,greek3 heanos lis may be--9 ! waggon z "p ( ,hector's ransom2 & x nei!r became ,a*illes to give nor ,priam to receive any ( ,a*illes's /uff z dea?-g>b = ,hector4 ,! squires1 !re=e1 gave back to ,priam1 to clo! 8 dead son1 "p ( :at he _h br\ght2 no?+ c be m natural1 & !re1 we may say1 is an end on't4 ,!y did :at !y c\ld 9 ! circum/ances4 ,b ,helbig has obs]v$ t1 9 a ,cean inscription ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c41 !re is a sumptu>y law1 =bidd+ a corpse to we> m ?an ?ree :ite g>m5ts1 a %eet "u him1 a *iton1 & a mantle ca/ ov] him4 ,footnote3 op4 laud41 p4 #bji4 ,he supposes t ,hector wore ! *iton1 & _h "o ,greek3 ph>os ov] him & ! o!r "u him1 ?\gh ,hom] does n say t4 ,! ,laws ( ,solon also conf9$ ! dead man to ?ree articles ( dress4 ,footnote3 ,plut>*1 ,solon1 #ba4 ,9 do+ s ,solon sanction$ an old cu/om1 & t ,ionian cu/om1 describ$ by ! au?or ( ,book ,,xxiv41 bewrays him1 says ,helbig1 = a late ,ionian be>beit]1 des]t+ true epic usages & ins]t+ ^? ( 8 own day4 ,b 9 "s ,attic ,dipylon vases1 9 ! pictures ( fun]als1 we see no g>m5ts or %eets ov] ! corpses4 ,p5elope also wove a ,greek3 *>os aga9/ ! burial ( old ,la]tes1 b surely %e ought to h wov5 = him2 on ,helbig's %[+ ,hector _h two1 ,patroclus _h only "o2 ,patroclus is 9 ! old epic1 ,hector & ,la]tes are 9 ! ,ionian epics2 !re=e1 ,la]tes %\ld h _h two ,greek3 *>ea b we only he> ( "o4 ,p5elope _h to f9i% ! ,greek3 *>os & %[ x2 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,xxiv4 #adg4 n[ if %e want$ to delay h] m>riage1 %e %\ld h begun ! second ,greek3 *>os j z necess>y z ! fir/1 if ,hector1 ) a pair ( ,greek3 *>ea repres5ts ,ionian usage4 ,b ,p5elope nev] ?\ght ( :at1 _h %e read ,helbig1 %e w\ld h se5 to be s obvi\s4 ,%e ?\ght ( no fun]al g>m5ts = ! old man b "o %r\d ,greek3 speiron 7,odyssey1 ,,ii4 #ajb2 ,,xix4 #adg72 yet1 be+1 by ! !ory1 a "* ( late ,ionian1 n ( g5u9e old ,a,eolic epic1 %e %\ld h kn[n bett]4 ,x is manife/ t if ev5 ! acut5ess & va/ erudition ( ,helbig c only f9d su* invisible diff]5ces z ^! betwe5 ! mann]s ( ! g5u9e old epic & ! late ,ionian innovations1 !re is really no diff]5ce1 beyond su* trifles z div]sify cu/om 9 any age4 ,hector1 :5 burn$ & :5 8 a%es h be5 plac$ 9 ! casket1 is laid 9 a ,greek3 kapetos1 a dit* or tr5* 7,iliad1 ,,xv4 #cef2 ,,xviii4 #efd72 b "h 7,,xxiv4 #gig7 ,greek3 kapetos is a *amb] cov]$ ) great /ones1 )9 ! h[e1 ! casket be+ swa!d ) purple robes1 & ?is 0 ! end4 ,! gho/ ( ,hector w\ld n revisit ! sun1 z gho/s d freely 9 ! ,cyclic poems1 a pro( t ! ,cyclics are lat] ?an ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 op4 laud41 pp4 #bdj1 #bda4 ,if ! burn+ ( ! weapons ( ,eetion & ,elp5or are traces ( ano!r ?an ! old ,a,eolic epic fai?1 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #bec4 !y are also traces ( ano!r ?an ! late ,ionic epic fai?1 = no weapons are burn$ ) ,hector4 ,9 ! ,odyssey ! weapons ( ,a*illes are n burn$2 9 ! ,iliad ! arm\r ( ,patroclus is n burn$4 ,no victims ( any k9d are burn$ ) ,hector3 possibly ! poet 0 n anxi\s to repeat :at he _h j describ$ 78 la/ book is already a v long book72 possibly ! ,trojans did n slay victims at ! burn+4 ,! h[es or b>r[s built ov] ! ,hom]ic dead 7 hillocks high en\gh to be good po9ts ( outlook = sc\ts1 z 9 ! case ( ! b>r[ ( ,a,esyetes 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #gic7 & ! /eep m\nd1 ! h[e ( li! ,myr9e 7,,ii4 #had74 ,we d n "k t wom5 7 usually buri$ 9 h[e1 b ,myr9e 0 a w>rior maid5 ( ! ,amazons4 ,we "k1 !n1 m9utely :at ! ,hom]ic mode ( burial 01 ) su* v>iations z h be5 not$4 ,we h burn+ & h[e ev5 9 ! case ( an obscure o>sman l ,elp5or4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t e peaceful me*anic _h a h[e all to himself2 he may h _h a small family cairn2 he may n h _h an exp5sive cremation4 ,! int]e/+ fact is t no b>r[ burial precisely ( ! ,hom]ic k9d has ev] be5 discov]$ 9 ,greek sites4 ,! old ,myc5aeans buri$ ei!r 9 %aft graves or 9 a /ately ?olos2 & 9 rock *amb]s1 lat]1 9 ! t[n cemet]y3 !y did n burn ! bodies4 ,! p ( ! ,dipylon p]iod sometimes cremat$1 sometimes inhum$1 b !y built no b>r[ ov] ! dead4 ,footnote3 ,annal4 de l',in/41 #ahgb1 pp4 #ace1 #adg1 #afg4 ,plaus51 ut supra4 ,! ,dipylon 0 a p]iod ( e>ly iron swords1 made on ! l9es ( n ! be/ type ( bronze sword4 ,n[1 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ion1 our ,hom]ic acc\nts ( burial are all late2 ! olde/ p>ts ( ! poems tell u no?+4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fai4 ,note #b4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,leaf says t ! olde/ p>ts ( ! poems tell u no?+ ( burial1 he accepts ,,xxii4 #cdb1 #cdc z ( ! olde/ "p4 ,^! l9es describe cremation1 & ,mr4 ,leaf does n ?9k !m borr[$ f ! lat] ,,vii4 #gi1 #hj1 b t ,,vii4 #gi1 #hj are p]haps borr[$ f ,,xxii4 #cdb1 #cdc4 ,x foll[s t ! olde/ p>ts ( ! poems d tell u ( cremation4 ,we %all %[1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,leaf's k]nel alludes to cremation4 ,:at is late8 ,9 ?is case x is n ! ,dipylon p]iod1 say #ijj-gej ,b4,c4 ,x is n any lat] p]iod2 "o or two late b>r[ burials d n answ] to ! ,hom]ic descriptions4 ,! late p>ts ( ! poems1 !re=e1 deal+ ) burials1 9 ,books ,,vi41 ,,vii41 ,,xix41 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv41 & ! ,odyssey1 are ( an age n 9 ! ,myc5aean prime1 n 9 ! ,dipylon p]iod1 n 9 any lat] p]iod1 say ! sev5? or six? c5turies ,b4,c41 &1 necess>ily1 n ( any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,yet nobody dreams ( say+ t ! poets describe a purely fanciful =m ( int]m5t4 ,!y speak ( :at !y "k 9 daily life4 ,if x be argu$ t ! late poets pres]ve1 by %e] =ce ( epic tradition1 a =m ( burial unkn[n 9 _! own age1 we ask1 ,:y did epic tradition n pres]ve ! burial me?ods ( ! ,myc5aean prime1 ! %aft grave1 or ! ?olos1 )\t cremation8 ,mr4 ,leaf's own conclusion is t ! p ( ,myc5ae 7 _s wor%ipp]s1 practis+ inhumation1 & p>tial mummification2 ! second fact is dubi\s4 ,9 ! po/-,myc5aean ',dipylon' p]iod1 we f9d cremation & sepulture practis$ side by side4 ,9 ! int]val1 !re=e1 two beliefs h come into conflict4 ,footnote3 ,all conceivable beliefs1 we h said1 ab\t ! dead are apt to coexi/4 ,= e conceivable & "s r inconceivable contempor>y ,au/ralian modes ( deal+ ) ! dead1 see ,h[itt1 ,native ,tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia4 ,x seems t ! ,hom]ic poems m>k ?is int]m$iate po9t4444 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbb4 ,9 t case ! ,hom]ic poems are ( "o age1 or1 at lea/1 all ( !m save ! orig9al k]nel are ( "o age1 namely1 a p]iod subsequ5t to ! ,myc5aean prime1 b consid]ably prior to ! ,dipylon p]iod1 :i* exhibits a mixture ( cu/om2 cremation & inhumation coexi/+1 )\t b>r[s or h[es4 ,we welcome ?is conclusion1 & note t 7:atev] may be ! case ) ! olde/ p>ts ( ! poems :i* say no?+ ab\t fun]als7 ! late/ expansions mu/ be ( ab\t #aajj-ajjj ,b4,c4 7874 ,! poem is s e>ly t x is prior to h]o wor%ip & ance/or wor%ip2 or x might be m judici\s to say t ! poem is ( an age t did n1 (ficially1 practise ance/or wor%ip1 :atev] may h occurr$ 9 folk-cu/om4 ,! ,hom]ic age is "o :i* _h outgr[n ance/or & h]o wor%ip1 & _h n1 l ! age ( ! ,cyclics1 relaps$ into x4 ,enf91 unless we agree ) ,helbig z to ess5tial v>iations ( cu/om1 ! poems are ! "w ( "o age1 & t a brief age1 & an age ( peculi> cu/oms1 cremation & b>r[ burial2 & ( a religion t /ood1 )\t _s wor%ip1 betwe5 ! ,myc5zean p]iod & ! n9? c5tury4 ,t seems z c]ta9 z any?+ 9 prehi/oric times c be1 unless we are to say1 t aft] ! age ( %aft graves & _s wor%ip came an age ( cremation & ( no _s wor%ip2 & t late poets consci\sly & consci5ti\sly pres]v$ ! tradition ( ?is p]iod into _! own ages ( h]o wor%ip & inhumation1 ?\gh !y did n pres]ve ! tradition ( ! %aft-grave p]iod4 ,we _c accept ?is !ory ( adh]5ce to /]eotyp$ poetical descriptions1 nor c any "o consi/5tly adopt x 9 ?is case4 ,! reason is obvi\s4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 ) _m o!r critics1 di/+ui%es sev]al successive p]iods ( expansion4 ,9 ! fir/ /ratum we h ! rema9s ( ! orig9al k]nel4 ,among ^! rema9s is ,! ,slay+ ( ,hector 7,,xxii4 #a-djd71 ) b slight additions4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 xi4 ,9 ! ,slay+ ( ,hector t h]o indicates cremation z ! mode ( burial4 ,give !m my body back aga91 t ! ,trojans & ,trojans' wives grant me my due ( fire aft] my dea?4 ,p]haps ?is allusion to cremation1 9 ! orig9al k]nel 9 ! ,slay+ ( ,hector1 may be dismiss$ z a late borr[+ f ,book ,,vii4 #gi1 #hj1 :]e ,hector makes conditions t ! fall5 h]o %all be re/or$ to 8 fri5ds :5 he *all5ges ! ,a*aeans to a duel4 ,b :oev] kn[s ! curi\s economy by way ( repetition t m>ks e>ly national epics has a "r to reg>d ! allusion to cremation 7,,xxii1 #cdb1cdc7 z an example ( ?is practice4 ,comp>e ,la ,*ancun de ,williame1 l9es #ajda-ajeh ) l9es #aadj-aacd4 ,9 bo? ! d9n] ( a knight :o has be5 long depriv$ ( food is describ$ 9 passages conta9+ _m id5tical l9es4 ,! poet1 hav+ f\nd 8 =mula1 uses x :5ev] occasion s]ves4 ,!re are sev]al o!r examples 9 ! same epic4 ,footnote3 ,romania1 xxxiv4 ,,pp4 #bde1 #bdf4 ,repetitions 9 ,hom] ne$ n indicate late additions2 ! artifice is "p ( ! epic z x is ( ! ballad mann]4 ,if we are "r1 cremation is ! mode ( burial ev5 9 ! orig9al k]nel4 ,hector1 moreov]1 9 ! k]nel 7,,xxii4 #bef-bei7 makes1 be=e 8 f9al fight ) ,a*illes1 ! same proposal z he makes 9 8 *all5ge to a duel 7,,vii4 #he et seqq474 ,! victor %all give back ! body ( ! vanqui%$ to 8 fri5ds1 b h[ ! fri5ds are to bury x ,hector does n say--9 ?is place4 ,:5 dy+1 he does say 7,,xxii4 #cdb1 #cdc74 ,9 ! k]nel & all p]iods ( expansion1 fun]al rites are describ$1 & 9 all ! me?od is cremation1 ) a h[e or a b>r[4 ,?us ! me?od ( cremation _h come 9 z e>ly z ! k]nel1 ,! ,slay+ ( ,hector1 & z e>ly z ! fir/ expansions1 & x la/$ till ! p]iod ( ! late/ expansions1 su* z ,books ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv4 ,b :at is ! approximate date ( ! v>i\s expansions ( ! orig9al poem8 ,on t po9t ,mr4 ,leaf gives 8 op9ion4 ,! ,mak+ ( ! ,arms ( ,a*illes 7,books ,,xviii41 ,,xix4 #a-ci7 is1 ) ! ,fun]al ( ,patroclus 7,,xxiii4 #a-bef71 9 ! second set ( expansions1 & is ?us two removes lat] ?an ! orig9al k]nel4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 xii4 ,n[ ?is is ! p]iod--! ,mak+ ( ! ,%ield = ,a*illes is1 at lea/1 9 t\* ) ! p]iod--( ! em95tly free & naturali/ic treatm5t :i* we f9d 9 ! be/ ,myc5aean "w1 9 ! dagg] blades1 9 ! siege fragm5t1 & notably 9 ! ,vaphio cups1 7:i* %[ long-hair$ m51 n m5 close-cropp$1 z 9 ! dagg]s & siege fragm5t74 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p1 #fjf4 ,! poet ( ! age ( ! second expansions1 !n1' is at lea/ 9 t\* ) ! "w ( ! %aft grave & ages4 ,he ne$ n be contempor>y ) t epo*1 b may well h _h 9 8 m9d ! "w ( arti/s old] ?an himself4 ,x is vaguely possible t he may h se5 an anci5t %ield ( ! ,myc5aean prime1 & may be inspir$ by t4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 pp4 #fjf1 #fjg4 ,moreov]1 & /ill m rem>kable1 ! ord9>y ,hom]ic =m ( cremation & h[e-burial is ev5 old] ?an ! p]iod :i*1 if n contempor>y )1 is cle>ly rem9isc5t (1 ! art ( ! %aft graves4 ,=1 9 ! p]iod ( ! fir/ expansions 7,,vii4 #a-c ,i #b71 ! =m ( burial is cremation1 ) a b>r[ or tumulus4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 xi4 & pp4 #fjf1 #fjg4 ,?us ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ion might lead u to ! conclusion t ! usual ,hom]ic =m ( burial occurs 9 a p]iod ,,prior to an age 9 :i* ! poet is app>5tly rem9isc5t ( ! "w ( two e>ly epo*s--! epo* ( %aft graves & t ( ,,?olos graves4 ,if ?is be s1 cremation & urn burial 9 cairns may be ne>ly z old z ! ,myc5aean %aft graves1 or z old z ! ,,?olos graves1 & !y endure into ! age ( ! late/ expansions4 ,we mu/ n press1 h[ev]1 op9ions f\nd$ on ! app>5t te*nical resemblance ( ! free /yle & col\r$ metal "w on ! %ield ( ,a*illes1 to ! col\r$ metal "w & free design on ! dagg]s ( ! ,myc5aean %aft graves4 ,x is en\gh = u to note t ! passages conc]n+ burial1 f ! k]nel itself1 & also f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ expansions1 are all p]fectly h>moni\s1 & ( a s+le age--unless we are conv9c$ by ,helbig's objections4 ,t age mu/ h be5 brief1 inde$1 =1 be=e x arrives1 ! p]iod ( ?olos graves1 z at ,vaphio1 mu/ expire1 on "o h&1 :ile ! bl5d+ ( cremation ) inhumation1 9 ! ,dipylon age1 mu/ h be5 evolv$ aft] ! cremation age pass$1 on ! o!r4 ,t brief int]v5+ age1 h[ev]1 0 ! age ( ! ,,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,?is conclusion c only be avoid$ by alleg+ t late poets1 h[ev] rec5t & revolution>y1 c>efully copi$ ! olde/ epic model ( burial1 :ile !y innovat$ 9 almo/ e o!r po9t1 s we are told4 ,we c g no fur!r till we f9d an unrifl$ cairn burial answ]+ to ,hom]ic descriptions4 ,we h1 inde$1 9 ,!ssaly1 a l>ge tumulus :i* conta9$ a silv] urn ) burn$ rema9s4 ,b ! accompany+ pott]y dat$ x 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ,footnote3 ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ,( ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #dia2 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xx4 pp4 #bj-be4 ,x is possible en\gh t all tumuli ( ! ,hom]ic p]iod h be5 robb$ by grave plund]]s 9 ! c\rse ( ! ages1 z ! ,vik+s are said to h robb$ ! cairns ( ,su!rl&%ire1 9 :i* !y 7 n likely to f9d a ri* rew>d = _! lab\rs4 ,a conspicu\s h[e invites robb]y--! h]oes ( ! ,saga1 l ,grettir1 occasionally rob a h[e--& ! fact is unlucky = ! ,hom]ic ar*aeologi/4 ,we h n[ tri$ to %[ t1 z reg>ds 7#a7 to ! abs5ce f ,hom] ( new religi\s & ritual ideas1 or ( v old ideas reviv$ 9 ,ionia1 7#b7 z conc]ns ! cle> conception ( a loose =m ( feudalism1 ) an ,ov]-,"l1 & 7#c7 9 ! matt] ( burial1 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey are self-consi/5t1 & be> ! impress ( a s+le & peculi> mom5t ( culture4 ,! fact1 if accept$1 is incompatible ) ! !ory t ! poets bo? introduc$ ! peculi> conditions ( _! own lat] ages & also1 on o!r occasions1 consci\sly & consi/5tly ar*ais$4 ,n only is su* ar*ais+ inconsi/5t ) ! art ( an uncritical age1 b a c>eful ar*ais]1 ) all ! res\rces ( ,alex&rian criticism at 8 comm&1 c\ld n ar*aise successfully4 ,we ref] to ,qu9tus ,smyrnaeus1 au?or ( ! ,po/ ,hom]ica1 9 f\rte5 books4 ,qu9tus does 8 be/2 b we nev] obs]ve 9 him t naif delight 9 describ+ weapons & works ( art1 & details ( law & cu/om :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ,hom] & 9 o!r e>ly poets4 ,he does give u ,p5!silea's great sword1 ) a hilt ( ivory & silv]2 b ( :at metal 0 ! blade8 ,we are n told1 & ! read] ( ,qu9tus w obs]ve t1 ?\gh he kn[s ,greek3 *alkos1 bronze1 z a synonym = weapons1 he sc>cely ev]1 if ev]1 says t a sword or spe> or arr[-head 0 ( bronze--a po9t on :i* ,hom] con/antly insi/s4 ,:5 he names ! milit>y metal ,qu9tus usually speaks ( iron4 ,he has no int]e/ 9 ! con/itutional & legal sides ( h]oic life1 s attractive to ,hom]4 ,yet ,qu9tus consci\sly ar*aises1 9 a critical age1 ) ,hom] z 8 model4 ,any "o :o believes t 9 an uncritical age rhapsodi/s ar*ais$1 ) su* success z ! presum$ late poets ( ! ,,iliad mu/ h done1 may try 8 h& 9 our critical age1 at a ballad 9 ! /yle ( ! ,bord] ballads4 ,if he succe$s 9 produc+ no?+ t w at once m>k 8 "w z mod]n1 he w be m successful ?an any poet :o has made ! exp]im5t1 & m successful ?an ! mo/ +5i\s mod]n =g]s ( gems1 jewels1 & t]ra-cottas4 ,!y seldom deceive exp]ts1 &1 :5 !y d1 o!r exp]ts detect ! deceit4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,hom]ic ,,arm\r ,te/$ by _! ideas1 _! picture ( political society1 & _! descriptions ( burial rites1 ! presum$ au?ors ( ! alleg$ expansions ( ! ,iliad all liv$ 9 "o & ! same p]iod ( culture4 ,b1 accord+ to ! preval5t critical !ory1 we read 9 ! ,iliad n only l>ge expansions ( _m dates1 b also brief] int]polations ins]t$ by ! /roll+ recit]s or rhapsodi/s4 ,until ! f9al lit]>y r$action _h come1 says ,mr4 ,leaf--t is ab\t #edj ,b4,c4--we _c feel sure t any details1 ev5 ( ! olde/ "w1 7 secure f ! t\* ( ! late/ poet4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 ix4 ,"h we are f> f ,mr4 ,leaf's own op9ion t ! :ole sc5]y ( ! poems1 ! details ( arm\r1 palaces1 dress1 decoration 444 _h become /]eotyp$1 & =m$ a f\ndation :i* ! ,epic poet d>$ n int5tionally sap4444 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 xv4 ,we n[ f9d ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 ix4 t ! late/ poet saps z mu* z he pleases d[n to ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,moreov]1 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! suppos$ editor employ$ by ,hsi/ratus made con/ant additions ( transitional passages1 & add$ _m spee*es by ,ne/or1 an ance/or ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,did ^! v late int]lop]s1 d[n to ! six? c5tury1 introduce mod]n details into ! picture ( life8 did !y blur ! unus color8 ,we hope to prove t1 if !y did s at all1 x 0 b slightly4 ,t ! poems1 h[ev]1 ) a ,myc5aean or sub-,myc5aean basis ( actual cu/om & usage1 conta9 num]\s contam9ations f ! usage ( c5turies z late z ! sev5?1 is ! view ( ,mr4 ,leaf1 & ,rei*el & 8 foll[]s4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,waff54 ,von ,wolfgang ,rei*el4 ,wi51 #aija4 ,rei*el's hypo!sis is t ! h]oes ( ! orig9al poet _h no def5sive arm\r except ! great ,myc5aean %ields2 t ! pond]\s %ield made ! use ( *>iots imp]atively necess>y2 t1 aft] ! ,myc5aean age1 a small buckl] & a corslet sup]s$$ ! unwieldy %ield2 t *>iots 7 no long] us$2 t1 by ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 a w>rior c\ld n be ?\ght ( )\t a brea/plate2 & t new poets ?ru/ corslets & greaves into songs bo? new & old4 ,h[ ! new poets c\ld conceive ( w>riors z always 9 *>iots1 :]eas 9 practice !y knew no w> *>iots1 & yet c\ld n conceive ( !m )\t corslets :i* ! orig9al poet nev] saw1 is ,rei*el's secret4 ,! new poets _h 9 ! old lays a pla9 example to foll[4 ,!y did foll[ x z to *>iots & %ields2 z to corslets & greaves !y rev]s$ x4 ,su* is ! ,rei*elian !ory4 ,,! ,,%ield ,z reg>ds arm\r1 controv]sy is wag$ ov] ! %ield1 corslet1 & bronze greaves4 ,9 ,hom] ! %ield is ( lea!r1 plat$ ) bronze1 & ( bronze is ! corslet4 ,no %ields ( bronze plat+ & no bronze corslets h be5 f\nd 9 ,myc5aean excavations4 ,we h to ask1 d ! ,hom]ic descriptions ( %ields tally ) ! repres5tations ( %ields 9 works ( art1 discov]$ 9 ! graves ( ,myc5ae1 ,spata 9 ,attica1 ,vaphio 9 ,sp>ta1 & else:]e8 ,if ! descriptions 9 ,hom] v>y f ^! relics1 to :at ext5t d !y v>y8 & d ! diff]5ces arise f ! fact t ! poet describes consi/5tly :at he sees 9 8 own age1 or are ! v>iations caus$ by late rhapsodi/s 9 ! ,iron ,age1 :o keep ! great obsolete %ields & bronze weapons1 yet introduce ! o!r milit>y ge> ( _! day1 say #hjj-fjj ,b4,c4--ge> unkn[n to ! e>ly s+]s8 ,x may be be/ to inquire1 fir/1 :at does ! poet1 or :at d ! poets1 say ab\t %ields8 &1 next1 to exam9e ! evid5ce ( repres5tations ( %ields 9 ,myc5aean art2 always rememb]+ t ! poet does n pret5d to live1 & beyond all d\bt does n live1 9 ! ,myc5aean prime1 & t ! te/imony ( ! tombs is liable to be alt]$ by fre% discov]ies4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #chh1 ! %ield 7aspis7 is spok5 ( z cov]+ a man ab\t 7,greek3 amphibrotae71 :ile1 9 ! heat ( battle1 ! baldric 7telamon71 or belt ( ! %ield1 %all be wet ) sweat4 ,! %ield1 !n1 is n an ,ionian buckl] worn on ! left arm1 b is susp5d$ by a belt1 & cov]s a man1 or mo/ ( him1 j z ,myc5aean %ields are susp5d$ by belts %[n 9 works ( art1 & cov] ! body & legs4 ,?is 7,,ii4 #chh7 is a g5]al description apply+ to ! %ields ( all m5 :o fight f *>iots4 ,_! great %ield answ]s to ! great m$iaeval %ield ( ! knights ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! d\ble t>ge1 worn susp5d$ f ! neck by a belt4 ,su* a %ield cov]s a m\nt$ knight's body f m\? to /irrup 9 an ivory *essman ( ! elev5? to twelf? c5tury ,a4,d41 ,footnote3 ,catalogue ( ,scotti% ,national ,antiquities1 p4 #cge4 s also 9 ! ,bayeux tape/ry1 ,footnote3 ,gauti]1 ,*anson de ,rol&4 ,sev5? edition1 pp4 #cic1 #cid4 & on seals4 ,dism\nt$ m5 h ! same %ield 7p4 #acb74 ,! %ield ( ,m5elaus 7,,iii4 #cdh7 is equal 9 all directions1 :i* we might conceive to mean1 ma!matically circul>1 z ! words d mean t4 ,a %ield is said to h circles1 & a spe> :i* grazes a %ield--a %ield :i* 0 ,greek3 panton eesae1 e way equal--r5ds bo? circles1 ! out] circle ( bronze1 & ! inn] circle ( lea!r 7,iliad1 ,,xx4 #bgc-bha74 ,b ! passage is n unju/ly believ$ to be late2 & we _c rely on x z pro( t ,hom] knew circul> %ields among o!rs4 ,! epi!t ,greek3 eukuklykos1 ( good circle1 is commonly giv5 to ! %ields1 b does n mean t ! %ield 0 circul>1 we are told1 b m]ely t x 0 made ( circul> plates4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #egc4 ,z = ! %ield ( ,m5elaus1 & o!r %ields describ$ 9 ! same words1 e way equal1 ! epi!t is n n[ all[$ to mean circul>4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 annotat+ ,iliad1 ,i4 #cjf1 says t ?is s5se is intol]ably ma!matical & prosaic1 & translates ,greek3 panton eesae z well balanc$ on e side4 ,helbig r5d]s ! epi!ts 9 ! natural s5se1 z circul>4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,hom]is*e ,epos1 p4 #cae2 cf41 on ! o!r h&1 p4 #cag1 ,note ,i4 ,to ! r5d]+ circul> x is object$ t a circul> %ield (1 say1 f\r feet & a half 9 diamet]1 w\ld be intol]ably heavy & sup]flu\sly wide1 :ile ! %ields repres5t$ 9 ,myc5aean art are n circles1 b r resemble a figure ( eight1 9 "s cases1 or a section ( a cyl9d]1 9 o!rs1 or1 aga91 a door 7,fig4 #e1 p4 #acj74 ,:at ,hom] really meant by su* epi!ts z equal e way1 v circul>1 ( a good circle1 _c be asc]ta9$1 s9ce ,hom]ic epi!ts ( ! %ield1 :i* 7 previ\sly r5d]$ circul>1 ( good circle1 & s on1 are n[ translat$ 9 q o!r s5ses1 9 ord] t ,hom]ic descriptions may be made to tally ) ,myc5aean repres5tations ( %ields1 :i* are nev] circul> z repres5t$ 9 works ( art4 ,9 ?is position ( affairs we are unable to det]m9e ! %ape1 or %apes1 ( ! %ields kn[n to ,hom]4 ,a s*ol>'s r5d]+ ( ,hom]'s epi!ts appli$ to ! %ield is oblig$ to v>y ) ! v>iations ( 8 !ory ab\t ! %ield4 ,?us1 9 #ahhc1 ,mr4 ,leaf wrote1 ,! poet (t5 calls ! %ield by names :i* seem to imply t x 0 r\nd1 & yet indicates t x 0 l>ge en\gh to cov] ! :ole body ( a man4444 ,9 descriptions ! r\nd %ape is always impli$4 ,! words :i* indicat$ t ! %ield 7or "o %ield7 really look$ l a t[]1 & really rea*$ f neck to ankles 79 two or ?ree cases71 7 receiv$ by ! poet f ! e>li] ,a*aean lays4 ,b to ,hom] ! w>riors appe>$ z us+ ! lat] small r\nd %ield4 ,8 belief 9 ! h]oic /r5g? ( ! m5 ( old "t made x q natural to speak ( !m z be>+ a %ield :i* at once comb9$ ! lat] circul> %ape & ! old h]oic expanse4444 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 iv4 pp4 #bhc-bhe4 ,"h ! ,hom]ic words :i* naturally mean circul> or r\nd are accept$ z mean+ r\nd or circul>4 ,hom]1 x is suppos$1 9 practice only kn[s ! r\nd %ields ( ! lat] age1 #gjj ,b4,c41 s he calls %ields r\nd1 b1 ob$i5t to tradition1 he conceives ( !m z v l>ge4 ,b1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ,rei*el's speculations1 ! ,hom]ic words = r\nd & circul> h be5 expla9$ z mean+ some?+ else1 & ,mr4 ,leaf1 9 place ( ma9ta9+ t ,hom] knew no %ields b r\nd %ields1 n[ writes 7#aijj71 ,! small circul> %ield ( lat] times444is equally unkn[n to ,hom]1 ) a v few curi\s exceptions1 :i* ,rei*el discov]$--errone\sly1 z we %all lat] try to %[4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ege4 ,?us does sci5ce fluctuate6 ,n[ ,hom] kn[s 9 practice none b light r\nd buckl]s1 dat+ f ab\t #gjj ,b4,c42 aga91 he does n "k !m at all1 ?\gh !y 7 habitually us$ 9 ! p]iod at :i* ! lat] p>ts ( 8 ,epic 7 compos$4 ,we %all h to ask1 h[ did small r\nd buckl]s come to be unkn[n to late poets :o saw !m con/antly8 ,"s s*ol>s1 !n1 believe t ! old orig9al poet always describ$ ,myc5aean %ields1 :i* are ( v>i\s %apes1 b nev] circul> 9 ,myc5aean art4 ,if !re are any circul> %ields 9 ! poems1 ^!1 !y say1 mu/ h be5 introduc$ by poets accu/om$1 9 a mu* lat] age1 to see+ circul> buckl]s4 ,!re=e ,hom]ic words1 hi!rto und]/ood z mean+ circul>1 mu/ n[ mean some?+ else--ev5 if ! reason+ seems circul>4 ,o!r s*ol>s believe t ! poet 9 real life saw v>i\s types ( %ields 9 use1 & t "s ( !m 7 survivals ( ! ,myc5aean %ields1 semi-cyl9drical1 or %ap$ l figures ( #h1 or l a door2 o!rs 7 circul>2 & ^! s*ol>s presume t ,hom] meant circul> :5 he said circul>4 ,nei!r s*ool w conv]t ! o!r1 & we _c decide betwe5 !m4 ,we d n pret5d to be c]ta9 z to :e!r ! orig9al poet saw %ields ( v>i\s types1 includ+ ! r\nd %ape1 9 use1 ?\gh t is possible1 or :e!r he saw only ! ,myc5aean types4 ,z reg>ds size1 ,hom] c]ta9ly describes1 9 sev]al cases1 %ields v mu* l>g] ?an mo/ :i* we "k = c]ta9 to h be5 common aft]1 say1 #gjj ,b4,c4 ,he speaks ( %ields rea*+ f neck to ankles1 & cov]+ ! body ( a man ab\t4 ,:e!r he 0 also famili> ) small] %ields ( v>i\s types is unc]ta92 he does n explicitly say t any small buckl]s 7 us$ by ! *iefs1 nor does he explicitly say t all %ields 7 ( ! l>ge/ type4 ,x is possible t at ! "t :5 ! ,epic 0 compos$ v>i\s types ( %ield 7 be+ tri$1 :ile ! va/ anci5t %ield 0 f> f obsolete4 ,to return to ! size ( ! %ield4 ,9 a feign$ tale ( ,odysseus 7,odyssey1 ,,xiv4 #dgd-dgg71 m5 9 a w9try ambu% place _! %ields ov] _! %\ld]s1 z !y lie on ! gr\nd1 to be a protection aga9/ sn[4 ,b any sort ( %ield1 l>ge or small1 w\ld protect ! %\ld]s ( m5 9 a recumb5t position4 ,q a l>ge %ield may seem to be indicat$ 9 ,iliad1 ,,xiii4 #djj-dje1 :]e ,idom5eus curls up 8 :ole p]son beh9d 8 %ield2 he 0 hidd5 by x4 ,yet1 z any "o c see by exp]im5t1 a man :o cr\*$ l[ w\ld be protect$ entirely by a ,highl& t>ge ( less ?an ?irty in*es 9 diamet]1 s no?+ ab\t ! size ( ! %ield is asc]ta9$ 9 ?is passage4 ,on a black-figur$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7,b1 #cbe7 ! entire body ( a cr\*+ w>rior is def5d$ by a l>ge ,boeotian buckl]1 oval1 & ) e*ancrures 9 ! sides4 ,! same rem>k applies to ,zadsic1 ,,xxii4 #bgc-bge4 ,hector wat*es ! spe> ( ,a*illes z x flies2 he cr\*es1 & ! spe> flies ov] him4 ,rob]t takes ?is z an old ,myc5aean dodge--to duck d[n to ! bottom ( ! %ield4 ,footnote3 ,/udi5 zur ,ilias1 p4 #ba4 ,! avoidance by duck+ c be manag$ ) no %ield1 or ) a common ,highl& t>ge1 :i* w\ld cov] a man 9 a cr\*+ po/ure1 z :5 ,gl5bucket's t>ge 0 pepp]$ by bullets at ,clifton 7#gdf71 & ,cluny %\t$ ,:at ! devil is ?is8 ! assailants fir+ unexpect$ly f a dit*4 ,a few mom5ts ( exp]im5t1 we repeat1 prove t a r\nd t>ge c protect a man 9 ,hector's attitude1 & t ! ,hom]ic texts "h ?r[ no light on ! size ( ! %ield4 ,! %ield ( ,hector 0 ( black bull's-hide1 & z l>ge & long z any repres5t$ 9 ,myc5aean art1 s t1 z he walk$1 ! rim knock$ aga9/ 8 neck & ankles4 ,! %ape is n m5tion$4 ,despite its size1 he walk$ "u x f ! pla9 & field ( battle into ,troy 7,iliad1 ,,vi4 #aaf-aah74 ,?is mu/ be rememb]$1 z ,rei*el ,footnote3 ,rei*el1 #ch1 #ci4 ,fa!r ,br[ne 7,h&book1 p4 #bcj7 writes1 ,9 ,odyssey1 ,,xiv #dge1 ,odysseus says he slept )9 ! %ield4 ,he says "u arms 7,odyssey1 ,,xiv4 #dgd1 b cf4 ,,xiv4 #dgi74 ma9ta9s t a man c\ld n walk "u %ield1 or only = a %ort way2 :]e=e ! w> *>iot 0 inv5t$1 he says1 to c>ry ! fight+ man f po9t to po9t 7,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #egc74 ,mr4 ,leaf elaborates ^! po9ts3 ,:y did n ! ,hom]ic h]oes ride8 ,because no man c\ld c>ry su* a %ield on horseback4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #egc4 ,we reply t m5 c\ld & did c>ry su* %ields on horseback1 z we "k on ! evid5ce ( works ( art & poetry ( ! elev5? to twelf? c5turies ,a4,d4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway has expla9$ ! introduction ( *>iots z ! result ( horses too small to c>ry a heavy & heavily-arm$ man z a cavali]4 ,! %ield 7,greek3 aspis71 we are told by foll[]s ( ,rei*el1 0 only worn by pr9ces :o c\ld af=d to keep *>iots1 *>iote]s1 & squires ( ! body to arm & dis>m !m4 ,b ?is c sc>cely be true1 = all ! comrades ( ,diom$e _h ! %ield 7,greek3 aspis1 ,iliad1 ,x4 #aeb71 & ! :ole ho/ ( ,p&>us ( ,troy1 a not$ b[man1 7 %ield-be>]s 7,greek3 aspi/aon laon1 ,iliad1 ,,iv4 #ij71 & "s ( !m held _! %ields 7,greek3 sakae7 9 front ( ,p&>us :5 he took a trea*]\s %ot at ,m5elaus 7,,iv4 #aac74 ,! :ole ho/ c\ld n h *>iots & squires1 we may presume1 s ! *>iot 0 n indisp5sable to ! ecuy] or %ield-be>+ man4 ,! objections to ?is conjecture ( ,rei*el are conspicu\s1 z we n[ prove4 ,no ,myc5aean "w ( art %[s u a %ield$ man 9 a *>iot2 ! m5 ) ! mon/r\s %ields are always depict$ on foot4 ,! only mod]n peoples :o1 to our k1 us$ a lea!r %ield ( ! ,myc5aean size & ev5 ( a ,myc5aean %ape _h no horses & *>iots1 z we %all %[4 ,! anci5t ,ea/]n peoples1 su* z ! ,khita & ,egyptians1 :o f\ght f *>iots1 c>ri$ small %ields ( v>i\s =ms1 z 9 ! well-kn[n picture ( a battle betwe5 ! ,khita1 arm$ ) spe>s1 & ! b[m5 ( ,rameses ,,ii1 :o kill horse & man ) arr[s f _! *>iots1 & c>ry no spe>s2 :ile ! ,khita1 :o h no b[s1 m]ely spe>s1 are %ot d[n z !y advance4 ,footnote3 ,masp]o1 ,hi/4 ,anci5ne1 ii4 p4 #bbe44 ,egyptians & ,khita1 :o fight f *>iots1 use small buckl]s1 :5ce x foll[s t w> *>iots 7 n inv5t$1 or1 at lea/1 7 n reta9$ 9 use1 = ! purpose ( giv+ mobility to m5 we>+ gigantic %ields1 "u :i* !y c\ld n hurry f po9t to po9t4 ,w> *>iots did n cease to be us$ 9 ,egypt1 :5 m5 us$ small %ields4 ,moreov]1 ,hom]ic w>riors c make m>*es "u %ield1 :ile !re is no m5tion ( *>iots to c>ry !m to ! po9t :]e !y are to lie 9 ambu% 7,odyssey1 ,,xiv4 #dgj-eaj74 ,if ! %ield 0 s heavy z to r5d] a *>iot necess>y1 w\ld ,hom] make ,hector trudge a consid]able di/ance "u %ield1 :ile ,a*illes1 "u %ield1 spr9ts ?rice r\nd ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ,troy8 ,helbig notices sev]al o!r cases ( long runs "u %ield4 ,ei!r ,rei*el is wrong1 :5 he said t ! huge %ield made ! use ( ! w> *>iot necess>y1 or ! poet is late2 he is a man :o nev] saw a l>ge %ield l ,hector's1 &1 ?\gh he speaks ( su* %ields1 he ?9ks t m5 c\ld walk & run "u !m4 ,:5 m5 did walk or run "u %ield1 or ride1 if !y ev] rode1 !y w\ld hang x ov] ! left side1 l ! lion-hunt]s on ! fam\s inlaid dagg] ( ,myc5ae1 ,footnote3 ,= ! *>iots1 cf4 ,rei*el1 ,hom]is*e ,waff51 #abj;ff4 ,wi51 #aija4 or ! w>rior on ! *essman ref]r$ to above 7p4 #aaa74 ,aias1 aga91 ! big1 brave1 /upid ,por?os ( ! ,iliad1 has ! l>ge/ %ield ( all1 l a t[] 7?is %ield _c h be5 circul>71 & is recognis$ by 8 %ield4 ,b he nev] ent]s a *>iot1 &1 l ,odysseus1 has none ( 8 own1 because bo? m5 come f rugg$ isl&s1 unfit = *>iot driv+4 ,odysseus has pl5ty ( %ields 9 8 h\se 9 ,i?aca1 z we le>n f ! acc\nt ( ! battle ) ! ,woo]s 9 ! ,odyssey2 yet1 9 ,i?aca1 z at ,troy1 he kept no *>iot4 ,"h1 !n1 we h nations :o fight f *>iots1 yet use small %ields1 & h]oes :o we> enorm\s %ields1 yet nev] own a *>iot4 ,cle>ly1 ! great %ield _c h be5 ! cause ( ! use ( ! w> *>iot1 z 9 ! !ory ( ,rei*el4 ,aias & 8 %ield we meet 9 ,iliad1 ,,vii4 #bjf-bbj4 ,he clo!d himself ^u 8 fle% 9 all 8 arm\r 7,greek3 teu*ea71 to quote ,mr4 ,leaf's translation2 b ! poet only describes 8 %ield3 8 t[]like %ield ( bronze1 ) sev5fold ox-hide1 t ,ty*ius wr\ght him cunn+ly2 ,ty*ius1 ! be/ ( curri]s1 t _h 8 home 9 ,hyle1 :o made = him 8 glanc+ %ield ( sev5fold hides ( /alw>t bulls1 & ov]laid ! sev5 ) bronze4 ,! %ield kn[n to ,hom] !n is1 9 ?is case1 s tall z to resemble a t[]1 & has bronze plat+ ov] bull's hide4 ,by tradition f an age ( lea!r %ields ! ,curri] is /ill ! %ield-mak]1 ?\gh n[ ! %ield has metal plat+4 ,x is fairly cle> t ,greek tradition reg>d$ ! %ield ( ,aias z ( ! k9d :i* cov]$ ! body f *9 to ankles1 & resembl$ a belly+ sail1 or an umbrella unfurl$1 & drawn 9 at ! sides 9 ! middle1 s z to (f] ! semblance ( two bellies1 or ( "o1 p9*$ 9 at or ne> ! c5tre4 ,?is is probable1 because ! co9s ( ,salamis1 :]e ,aias 0 wor%ipp$ z a local h]o ( great influ5ce1 display ?is %ield z ! badge ( ! ,a,eginetan dyna/y1 claim+ desc5t f ,aias4 ,! %ield is boss$1 or belli$ out1 ) two half-moons cut 9 ! c5tre1 repres5t+ ! wai/1 or p9*$--9 "p1 ( ! anci5t ,myc5aean %ield2 ! same device occurs on a ,myc5aean r+ f ,a,egina 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,footnote3 ,evans1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xiii4 #bac-baf4 ,9 a duel ) ,aias ! spe> ( ,hector pi]c$ ! bronze & six lay]s ( hide on 8 %ield1 b /uck 9 ! sev5?4 ,! spe> ( ,aias w5t ?r\gh ! circul> 7or e way balanc$7 huge %ield ( ,hector1 & ?r\gh 8 corslet & *iton1 b ,hector _h d\bl$ himself up lat]ally 7,greek3 ekl9?ae1 ,,vii4 #bed71 & 0 n w\nd$4 ,! next /roke ( ,aias pi]c$ 8 %ield1 & w\nd$ 8 neck2 ,hector repli$ ) a b\ld] t light$ on ! c5tre ( ! %ield ( ,aias1 on ! boss1 :e!r t means a m]e ornam5t or knob1 or :e!r x 0 ! g5u9e boss--:i* is disput$4 ,aias broke 9 ! %ield ( ,hector ) ano!r /one2 & ! g5tle & joy\s passage ( arms 0 /opp$4 ,! %ield ( ,agamemnon 0 ( ! k9d t cov] all ! body ( a man1 & 0 e way equal1 or circul>4 ,x 0 plat$ ) twelve circles ( bronze1 & _h tw5ty ,greek3 omphaloi1 or ornam5tal knobs ( t91 & ! c5tre 0 ( black cyanus 7,,xi4 #ca-cd74 ,!re 0 also a head ( ! ,gorgon1 ) ,fe> & ,panic4 ,! description is n intelligible1 & ,i d n discuss x4 ,a man c\ld be /abb$ 9 ! middle ( ! belly1 "u 8 %ield 7,,xi4 #dbd-dbe71 n an easy ?+ to d1 if %ields cov]$ ! :ole body to ! feet2 b1 :5 a h]o 0 leap+ f 8 *>iot 7z 9 ?is case71 no d\bt a spe> c\ld be pu%$ up "u ! %ield4 ,! anci5t ,iri% romances tell ( a gae bulg1 a spe> held 9 ! w>rior's toes1 & j]k$ up "u ! %ield ( 8 enemy6 ,%ields c\ld be held up on high1 9 an attack on a wall g>rison$ by ar*]s 7,,xii4 #aci71 ! great ,norman %ield1 also1 c\ld be ?us lift$4 ,! ,locrians1 light arm$ infantry1 _h no %ields1 nor bronze helmets1 nor spe>s1 b sl+s & b[s 7,,xiii4 #gad74 ,mr4 ,leaf suspects t ?is is a piece ( false ar*aism1 b we d n ?9k t e>ly poets 9 an uncritical age are ev] ar*aeologi/s1 good or bad4 ,! poet is aw>e t "s m5 h l>g]1 "s small] %ields1 j z "s h long] & "s %ort] spe>s 7,,xiv4 #cgj-cgg72 b ?is does n prove t ! %ields 7 ( diff]5t types4 ,a tall man might inh]it ! %ield ( a %ort fa!r1 or v]sa4 ,a man 9 turn+ to fly might trip on ! rim ( 8 %ield1 :i* proves h[ l>ge x 03 x rea*$ to 8 feet4 ,?is accid5t ( tripp+ occurr$ to ,p]iphetes ( ,myc5ae1 b x might h happ5$ to ,hector1 ^: %ield rea*$ f neck to ankles4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xv4 #fde-fdf4 ,a*illes mu/ h be5 a l>ge man1 = he knew nobody ^: arm\r w\ld fit him :5 he lo/ 8 own 7?\gh 8 arm\r fitt$ ,patroclus71 he c\ld1 h[ev]1 make %ift ) ! t[]-l %ield ( ,aias1 he said4 ,illu/ration #a3 ,,! ,,vase ,,( ,,ari/ono?os ,! evid5ce ( ! ,iliad1 !n1 is ma9ly to ! effect t ! h]oes c>ri$ huge %ields1 susp5d$ by belts1 cov]+ ! body & legs4 ,if ,hom] means1 by ! epi!ts already cit$1 ( good circle & e way equal1 t "s %ields ( ^! va/ dim5sions 7 circul>1 we h "o example 9 e>ly ,greek art :i* corroborates 8 description4 ,?is is ! vase ( ,ari/ono?os1 sign$ by t pa9t]1 & suppos$ to be ( ! sev5? c5tury 7,fig4 #a74 ,on "o side1 ! companions ( ,odysseus are bor+ out ! eye ( ! ,cyclops2 on ! o!r1 a galley is be+ r[$ to ! attack ( a %ip4 ,on ! rais$ deck ( ! galley /& ?ree w>riors1 helmet$ & be>+ spe>s4 ,! arti/ has repres5t$ _! %ields z cov]+ _! "r sides1 probably = ! purpose ( %[+ _! devices or blazons4 ,_! %ields are small r\nd buckl]s4 ,on ! %ip are ?ree w>riors ^: %ields1 ?\gh circul>1 cov] ,,! ,,body f ,,*9 ,,to ,,ankles1 z 9 ,hom]4 ,"o %ield be>s a bull's head2 ! next has ?ree crosses2 ! ?ird blazon is a crab4 ,footnote3 ,mon4 dell4 ,in/41 is4 pl4 #d4 ,su* p]sonal armorial be>+s are nev] m5tion$ by ,hom]4 ,x is n usually safe to argue1 f 8 sil5ce1 t he is ignorant ( any?+4 ,he nev] m5tions seals or signet r+s1 yet !y _c b h be5 famili> to 8 "t4 ,odysseus does n seal ! *e/ ) ! ,phaeacian pres5ts2 he ties x up ) a cunn+ knot2 !re are no r+s nam$ among ! ?+s wr\ght by ,hephae/us1 nor among ! (f]+s ( ! ,woo]s ( ,p5elope4 ,footnote3 ,helbig cit+ ,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #dde-ddh2 ,iliad1 ,,xviii4 #dja2 ,odyssey1 xviii4 #bib-cja4 ,b1 if we are to admit t ,hom] knew n r+s & seals1 :i* la/$ to ! late/ ,myc5aean times1 ?r\gh ! ,dipylon age1 to ! v late ,a,eginetan treasure 7#hjj ,b4,c47 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & appe> aga9 9 ! e>lie/ dawn ( ! classical age & 9 a ,cyclic poem1 x is pla9 t all ! expansioni/s liv$ 9 "o1 & t a mo/ peculi> r+less age4 ,?is view suits our argum5t to a wi%1 b x is n cr$ible t r+s & seals & engrav$ /ones1 s v common 9 ,myc5aean & lat] times1 %\ld h vani%$ :olly 9 ! ,hom]ic "t4 ,! poet nev] m5tions !m1 j z ,%akespe>e nev] m5tions a ?+ s famili> to him z tobacco4 ,h[ (t5 are f+] r+s m5tion$ 9 ! :ole mass ( ,attic tragic poetry8 ,we rememb] no example1 & in/ances are c]ta9ly r>e3 ,liddell & ,scott give none4 ,yet ! trag$ians 71 ( c\rse1 famili> ) r+s & seals4 ,manife/ly1 we _c say t ,hom] knew no seals1 because he m5tions none2 b armorial blazons on %ields c\ld be ignor$ by no poet ( w>1 if !y exi/$4 ,mean:ile1 ! %ields ( ! w>riors on ! vase1 be+ circul> & cov]+ body & legs1 answ] mo/ closely to ,hom]'s descriptions4 ,helbig is r$uc$ to sugge/1 fir/1 t ^! %ields are worn by m5 abo>d %ip1 z if w>riors _h "o sort ( %ield :5 abo>d %ip & ano!r :5 fight+ on l&1 & z if ! m5 9 ! o!r vessel 7 n equally engag$ 9 a sea fight4 ,no evid5ce 9 fav\r ( su* diff]5ce ( practice1 by sea & l&1 is (f]$4 ,aga91 ,helbig does n tru/ ! arti/1 9 ?is case1 ?\gh ! arti/ is usually tru/$ to draw :at he sees2 & :y %\ld he give ! m5 9 ! o!r %ip or boat small buckl]s1 g5u9e1 :ile b$eck+ ! w>riors 9 ! adv]se vessel ) l>ge1 purely imag9>y %ields8 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,das ,hom]is*e ,epos1 ii4 pp4 #cac-cad4 ,x is n 9 ! lea/ probable1 z ,helbig sugge/s1 t ! arti/ is %irk+ ! tr\ble ( draw+ ! figure4 ,rei*el supposes t r\nd buckl]s 7 novelties :5 ! vase 0 pa9t$ 7sev5? c5tury71 & t ! arti/ did n und]/& h[ to depict !m4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,waff51 p4 #dg4 ,b he depict$ !m v well z reg>ds ! m5 9 ! galley1 save t1 = obvi\s ae/hetic reasons1 he *ose to assume t ! m5 9 ! galley 7 left-h&$ & wore _! %ields on _! "r arms1 8 desire be+ to display ! blazons ( bo? p>ties4 ,footnote3 ,see ! same arrangem5t 9 a ,dipylon vase4 ,baumei/]1 ,d5kmal]1 iii4 p4 #aide4 ,we ?us see1 if ! arti/ may be tru/$1 t %ields1 :i* bo? rea*$ to ! feet & 7 circul>1 exi/$ 9 8 "t 7! sev5? c5tury71 s t possibly !y may h exi/$ 9 ,hom]'s "t & surviv$ into ! age ( small buckl]s4 ,tyrtaeus 7late sev5? c5tury71 z ,helbig rem>ks1 speaks ( a wide %ield1 cov]+ ?ighs1 %9s1 brea/1 & %\ld]s4 ,footnote3 ,tyrtaeus1 xi4 #bc2 ,helbig1 ,das ,hom]is*e ,epos1 ii4 p4 #cae1 ,note #b4 ,no?+ c be m l ! l>ge %ields ( ! vase ( ,ari/ono?os4 ,?us ! huge circul> %ield seems to h be5 a practicable %ield 9 actual use4 ,if s1 :5 ,hom] spoke ( l>ge circul> %ields he may h meant l>ge circul> %ields4 ,on ! ,dodwell pyxis ( #fej to #fbj ,b4,c41 a man we>s an oval %ield1 cov]+ him f ! base ( ! neck to ! ankles4 ,he we>s x on 8 left arm4 ,footnote3 ,walt]s1 ,anci5t ,pott]y1 p4 #caf4 ,( %ields c]ta9ly small & light1 worn by ! *iefs1 !re is n a notice 9 ! ,iliad1 unless !re be a h9t to t effect 9 ! acc\nts ( h]oes runn+1 walk+ consid]able di/ances1 & /epp+ lightly "u %ields1 suppos$1 by ! critics1 to be ( cru%+ weight4 ,9 su* passages ! poet may be c>ri$ away by 8 own v]ve1 or ! h]oes ( anci5t times may be deem$ capable ( ex]tions beyond ^? ( ! poet's contempor>ies1 z he (t5 tells u t1 9 fact1 ! old h]oes 74 ,a poet is n a sci5tific milit>y writ]2 & 9 ! epic poetry ( all o!r e>ly races v gross exagg]ation is p]mitt$1 z 9 ! blank space ! old ,celtic romances1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! huge epics ( ,india4 ,9 ,hom] ! skill ( ! poet makes ?+s impossible conv9c+1 ,ari/otle says2 & x is a critical error to insi/ on tak+ ,hom] absolutely & always au pi$ de la lettre4 ,he seems1 und5iably1 to h l>ge body-cov]+ %ields pres5t to 8 m9d z 9 common use4 ,small %ields ( ! ,greek hi/oric p]iod are unkn[n to ,hom]1 ,mr4 ,leaf says1 ) a v few curi\s exceptions1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ege4 detect$ by ,rei*el 9 ,book ,x4 #ae ,footnote3 ,ibid1 vol4 i4 p4 #efi1 fig4 #b41 :]e ,diom$e's m5 sleep ) _! heads re/+ on _! %ields1 :]eas a big-belli$ ,myc5aean %ield rises1 he says1 too high = a pill[4 ,b "s ,myc5zean %ields 7 p]fectly flat2 :ile1 aga91 no?+ c\ld be m com=table1 z a head-re/1 ?an ! holl[ betwe5 ! upp] & l[] bulges ( ! ,myc5zean huge %ield4 ,! ,zulu wood5 head-re/ is ( ! same "*4 ,?us ?is passage 9 ,book ,x4 does n prove t small circul> %ields 7 kn[n to ,hom]1 nor does ,x4 #e #ac4 #ebf-ecj1 an obscure text 9 :i* x is unc]ta9 :e!r ,diom$e & ,odysseus ride or drive ! horses ( ,rhesus4 ,!y c\ld ride1 z e "o mu/ see1 ev5 ?\gh equipp$ ) great body-cov]+ %ields4 ,true1 ! %ield$ h]o c\ld nei!r put 8 %ield at 8 back nor 9 front ( him :5 he rode2 b he c\ld hang x sidewise1 :5 x w\ld cov] 8 left side1 z 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages 7#ajfj-aafj ,a4,d474 ,! tak+ ( ! %ield f a man's %\ld]s 7,,xi4 #cgd7 does n prove ! %ield to be small2 ! %ield hung by ! belt 7telamon7 f ! %\ld]4 ,footnote3 ,on ! o!r side1 see ,rei*el1 ,hom]is*e ,waff51 pp4 #dj-dd4 ,wi51 #aija4 ,we h repli$ to 8 argum5ts above4 ,s f> we h ! results t ,hom] seems mo/ famili> ) va/ body-cov]+ %ields2 t su* %ields 7 susp5d$ by a baldric1 n worn on ! left arm2 t !y 7 made ( lay]s ( hide1 plat$ ) bronze1 & t su* a %ield z ,aias wore mu/ h be5 tall1 d\btless oblong1 l a t[]1 possibly x 0 semi-cyl9drical4 ,:e!r ! epi!ts d5ot+ r\ndness ref] to circul> %ields or to ! d\ble t>ge1 g-%ap$1 ( ,myc5aean times is unc]ta94 ,we ?us come to a puzzle ( unusual magnitude4 ,if ,hom] does n "k small circul> %ields1 b ref]s always to huge %ields1 :]eas1 f ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 onw>ds1 su* %ields 7 n 9 use 7disreg>d+ ,tyrtaeus1 & ! vase ( ,ari/ono?os on :i* !y appe> conspicu\sly1 & ! ,dodwell pyxis71 :]e are we8 ,ei!r we h a h>moni\s picture ( w> f a v anci5t date ( l>ge %ields1 or late poets did n introduce ! light r\nd buckl] ( _! own p]iod4 ,mean:ile !y are accus$ ( introduc+ ! bronze corslets & o!r def5sive arm\r ( _! own p]iod4 ,def5sive arm\r 0 unkn[n1 we are told1 9 ! ,myc5aean prime1 :i*1 if true1 does n affect ! "q4 ,hom] did n live 9 or describe ! ,myc5aean prime1 ) its /one arr[-tips4 ,:y did ! late poets act s inconsi/5tly8 ,:y 7 !y ignorant ( small circul> %ields1 :i* !y saw e day8 ,or :y1 if !y knew !m1 did !y n introduce !m 9 ! poems1 :i*1 we are told1 !y 7 fill+ ) non-,myc5aean greaves & corslets8 ,?is is "o ( ! dilemmas :i* con/antly arise to confront ! advocates ( ! !ory t ! ,iliad is a pat*work ( _m g5]ations4 ,late poets1 if really late1 c]ta9ly 9 e-day life knew small p>ry+ buckl]s worn on ! left arm1 & huge body-cov]+ %ields p]haps !y r>ely saw 9 use4 ,!y also knew1 & ! orig9al poet1 we are told1 did n "k bronze corslets & greaves4 ,! !ory ( critics is t late poets introduc$ ! bronze corslets & greaves ) :i* !y 7 famili> into ! poems1 b scrupul\sly ab/a9$ f allud+ to ! equally famili> small %ields4 ,:y are !y s recklessly ana*roni/ic & up-to-date ) ! corslets & greaves1 & s /aun*ly b inconsi/5tly cons]vative ab\t keep+ ! huge %ields8 ,mr4 ,leaf expla9s ?us3 ,! gr\ndwork ( ! ,epos is ,myc5aean1 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! h\se1 9 ! preval5ce ( copp] 7z comp>$ ) iron71 &1 z ,rei*el has %[n1 9 arm\r4 ,yet 9 _m po9ts ! poems are c]ta9ly lat] ?an ! prime1 at lea/1 ( ! ,myc5aean age--:i* we are ! la/ to d5y4 ,is x t ! poets are delib]ately try+ to pres5t ! conditions ( an age ant]ior to _! own8 or are !y depict+ ! circum/ances by :i* !y are surr\nd$--circum/ances :i* sl[ly *ange dur+ ! p]iod ( ! developm5t ( ! ,epos8 ,cau] decides = ! latt] alt]native1 ! only "o :i* is really conceivable ,footnote3 ,!n h[ is ! alleg$ ar*aeology ( ! poet ( ,book ,x4 conceivable8 9 an age ^: views are 9 _m ways s naive z ! poems !mselves prove !m to h be54 ,footnote3 ,classical ,review1 ix4 pp4 #dfc1 #dfd4 ,"h we entirely side ) ,mr4 ,leaf4 ,no poet1 no pa9t]1 no sculptor1 9 a naif1 uncritical age1 ev] repres5ts 9 art any?+ b :at he sees daily 9 co/ume1 cu/oms1 weapons1 arm\r1 & ways ( life4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 h[ev]1 on ! o!r h&1 occasionally *ides pieces ( delib]ate ar*aeological p$antry 9 ! poets1 9 spite ( 8 op9ion t !y are always depict+ ! circum/ances by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,b z huge man-cov]+ %ields are n among ! circum/ances by :i* ! suppos$ late poets 7 surr\nd$1 :y d !y depict !m8 ,"h ,mr4 ,leaf corrects himself1 & 8 argum5t dep>ts f ! /atem5t t only "o !ory is conceivable1 namely1 t ! poets depict _! own surr\nd+s1 & we are introduc$ to a new proposition4 ,or r we mu/ recognise ev]y:]e a compromise betwe5 two oppos+ pr9ciples3 ! s+]1 on ! "o h&1 has to be cons]vatively t5aci\s ( ! old mat]ial :i* s]ves z ! sub/ance ( 8 song2 on ! o!r h&1 he has to be vivid & actual 9 ! contributions :i* he himself makes to ! common /ock4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ix4 pp4 #dfc1 #dfd4 ,! conduct ( su* s+]s is s weirdly inconsi/5t z n to be easily cr$ible4 ,b probably !y w5t fur!r1 = x is possible t ! allusions to ! corslet may h be5 introduc$ 9 ! c\rse ( successive mod]nisation su* z ! olde/ p>ts ( ! ,iliad seem 9 _m cases to h pass$ ?r\gh4 ,b1 9 fact1 ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #bcd is ! only m5tion ( a corslet 9 any ( ! olde/ /rata1 s f> z we c di/+ui% !m1 & "h ,rei*el translates ?orex '%ield4' ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #egh4 ,mr4 ,leaf's /atem5t we und]/& to mean t1 :5 ! s+] or recit] 0 deliv]+ an ,,anci5t lay he did n introduce any ( ! milit>y ge>--light r\nd buckl]s1 greaves1 & corslets--) :i* 8 audi5ce 7 famili>4 ,b :5 ! s+] deliv]s a new lay1 :i* he himself has add$ to ! k]nel1 !n he is vivid & actual1 & speaks ( greaves & corslets1 ?\gh he /ill cleaves 9 8 new lay to ! obsolete *>iot1 ! enorm\s %ield1 &1 9 an age ( iron1 to weapons ( bronze4 ,he is a sadly inconsi/5t new poet6 ,mean:ile1 sixte5 allusions to ! corslet c be cut out1 z probably "s or all ^! are additions to ! text made at a "t :5 x seem$ absurd to ?9k ( a man 9 full arm\r )\t a corslet4 ,footnote3 ,ibid1 vol4 i4 p4 #egg4 ,?us ! recit]s1 aft] all1 did n sp>e ! old mat]ial 9 ! matt] ( corslets4 ,! late s+]s h ?us be5 cons]vatively t5aci\s 9 cl++ to *>iots1 weapons ( bronze1 & obsolete enorm\s %ields1 :ile !y h also be5 vivid & actual & up to date 9 ! way ( introduc+ ev]y:]e bronze corslets1 greaves1 & o!r arm\r unkn[n1 by ! !ory1 9 ! old mat]ial :i* is ! sub/ance ( _! song4 ,by ! way1 !y h n ev5 sp>$ ! %ield ( ! old mat]ial1 = x 0 ( lea!r or wood 7we h no trace ( metal plat+ on ! old ,myc5aean %ields71 & ! s+]1 :ile reta9+ ! size ( x1 has add$ a plat+ ( bronze1 :i* we h e reason to suppose t ,myc5aean %ields ( ! prime did n pres5t to ! /one-head$ arr[4 ,?is !ory ( s+]s1 :o are at once cons]vatively t5aci\s ( ! old & impud5tly radical 9 pu%+ 9 ! new1 appe>s to u to be logically unt5able4 ,we h1 9 ,*apt] ,i1 obs]v$ ! same inconsi/5cy 9 ,helbig1 & %all h occasion to rem>k aga9 on its pres5ce 9 ! "w ( t great ar*aeologi/4 ,! inconsi/5cy is insep>able f !ories ( expansion ?r\gh sev]al c5turies4 ,_m a me?od1 says ,mr4 ,leaf1 has be5 propos$ :i*1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 seem$ irresi/ible1 b !re has always be5 a residuum :i* return$ to plague ! inv5tor4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 ,x4 ,?is is v true1 & our explanation is t no me?od :i* />ts f ! hypo!sis t ! poems are ! product ( sev]al c5turies w "w4 ,! residuum is ! elem5t :i* _c be fitt$ into any su* hypo!sis4 ,b try ! hypo!sis t ! poems are ! product ( a s+le age1 & all is h>moni\s4 ,!re is no baffl+ residuum4 ,! poet describes ! details ( a def9ite age1 n t ( ! ,myc5aean bloom1 n t ( #ijj-fjj ,a4,d4 ,we _c1 !n1 suppose t _m g5]ations ( irresponsible recit]s at fairs & public fe/ivals cons]vatively adh]$ to ! huge size ( ! %ield1 :ile alt]+ its mat]ial2 & also t ! same m51 = ! sake ( be+ actual & up to date1 dragg$ bronze corslets & greaves n only into new lays1 b into passages ( lays by old poets :o _h nev] he>d ( su* ?+s4 ,consequ5tly1 ! poetic descriptions ( arms & arm\r mu/ be expla9$ on "s o!r !ory4 ,if ! poet1 aga91 z o!rs suppose--,mr4 ,ridgeway = "o--knew su* bronze-cov]$ circul> %ields z are common 9 c5tral & we/]n ,europe ( ! ,bronze ,age1 :y did he sometimes repres5t !m z ext5d+ f neck to ankles1 :]eas ! kn[n bronze circul> %ields are n ( m ?an #b feet #b in*es to #b feet #f in*es 9 diamet]8 ,footnote3 ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i pp4 #dec1 #dga4 ,su* a %ield1 )\t ! wood or lea!r1 weigh$ #e lbs4 #b ozs41 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #dfb4 & a /rong man might walk or run "u x4 ,hom]'s %ields w\ld be twice z heavy1 at lea/1 ?\gh1 ev5 !n1 n too heavy = a ,hector1 or an ,aias1 or ,a*illes4 ,i d n see t ! r\nd bronze %ields ( ,lim]ick1 ,ye?olm1 ,bei?1 ,l9coln%ire1 & ,t>qu9ii1 cit$ by ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 answ] to ,hom]'s descriptions ( huge %ields4 ,!y are too small4 ,b x is p]fectly possible1 or r highly probable1 t 9 ! poet's day %ields ( v>i\s sizes & patt]ns coexi/$4 ,,ar*aeology ,,( ,,! ,,%ields ,turn+ to ar*aeological evid5ce1 we f9d no rema9s 9 ! graves ( ! ,myc5aean prime ( ! bronze :i* cov]$ ! ox-hides ( ,hom]ic %ields1 ?\gh we d f9d gold ornam5ts suppos$ to h be5 atta*$ to %ields4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ! ,myc5aean %ield 0 plat$ ) bronze4 ,b if we judge f _! %ape1 z repres5t$ 9 works ( ,myc5aean art1 "s ( ! ,myc5aean %ields 7 n ( wood1 b ( hide4 ,9 works ( art1 su* z engrav$ r+s & a bronze dagg] 7,fig4 #b7 ) pictures inlaid 9 o!r metals1 ! %ield1 cov]+ ! :ole body1 is ( ! =m ( a belly+ sail1 or a huge umbrella up1 & p9*$ at bo? sides ne> ! c5tre3 or is l a door1 or a section ( a cyl9d]2 only "o sort ( %ield resembles a big-belli$ figure ( #h4 ,ivory models ( %ields indicate ! same figure4 ,footnote3 ,s*u*>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excavations1 p4 #aib4 ,a gold necklet f\nd at ,enkomi1 9 ,cyprus1 consi/s ( a l9e ( models ( ?is ,myc5aean %ield4 ,footnote3 ,excavations 9 ,cyprus1 pl4 vii4 fig4 #fjd4 ,a4 ,s4 ,murray1 #aijj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,,dagg] ,,) ,,lion-,,hunt]s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,!re also exi/s a set ( small ,myc5aean relics call$ ,palladia1 f\nd at ,myc5ae1 ,spata & 9 ! e>lie/ /rata ( ! ,acropolis at ,a!ns4 ,!y resemble two circles jo9$ toge!r s z to int]sect "o ano!r slightly1 or a long oval p9*$ 9 at ! middle4 ,!y v>y 9 size f six in*es to half an in*1 & are ( ivory1 glaz$ w>e1 or glass4 ,sev]al su* %ields are engrav$ on ,myc5aean gems2 "o1 9 gold1 is atta*$ to a silv] vase4 ,! ornam5tation %[n on !m occurs1 too1 on ,myc5aean %ields 9 works ( art2 9 %ort1 ^! little objects are repres5tations 9 m9iature ( ! big d\ble-belli$ ,myc5aean %ield4 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,g>dn] concludes t ^! objects are ! s*ematis$ r$uctions ( an arm$ human figure1 only ! %ield :i* cov]$ ! :ole body is left4 ,!y are talismans symbolis+ an arm$ div9ity1 ,pallas or ano!r4 ,a ,dipylon vase 7,fig4 #c7 %[s a man ) a %ield1 possibly evolv$ out ( ?is k9d1 mu* scoop$ out at ! wai/1 & rea*+ f neck to knees4 ,! %ield cov]s 8 side1 n 8 back or front4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xiii4 pp4 #ba-bd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,"o may guess t ! orig9al p9* at ! wai/ ( ! ,myc5aean %ield 0 evolv$ lat] into ! two deep scoops to enable ! w>rior to use 8 arms m freely1 :ile ! %ield1 hang+ f 8 neck by a belt1 cov]$ ! front ( 8 body4 ,fig4 #d %[s %ields ( #ajfj-aafj ,a4,d4 equally design$ to cov] body & legs4 ,m5 wore %ields1 if we believe ! arti/s ( ,myc5ae1 :5 lion-hunt+1 a sport 9 :i* spe$ ( foot is desirable2 s !y _c h be5 v weighty4 ,! %ield !n 0 hung ov] "o side1 & runn+ 0 n s v difficult z if x hung ov] back or front 7cf4 ,fig4 #e74 ,! %ields sometimes rea* only f ! %\ld]s to ! calf ( ! leg4 ,footnote3 ,rei*el1 p4 #c1 fig4 #e1 ,grave ,,iii4 at ,myc5ae4 ,! we>] ( ! l>ge/ k9d c\ld only be got at by a sword-/ab ov] ! rim into ! ?roat ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #b1 fig4 #b4 7,fig4 #e74 ,"s %ields ( ?is %ape 7 q small1 if an engrav$ rock-cry/al is evid5ce2 "h ! %ield is n half s high z an adjac5t goat1 b x may be a m]e decoration to fill ! field ( ! gem4 ,footnote3 ,rei*el1 p4 #c1 fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,,r+s3 ,,swords ,,& ,,%ields ,o!r %ields1 cov]+ ! body f neck to feet1 7 sections ( cyl9d]s2 sev]al ( ^! are repres5t$ on engrav$ ,myc5aean r+ /ones or on ! gold2 ! we>] 0 protect$ 9 front & flank ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #d1 fig ,,ii1 #ab2 p4 ,i1 fig ,i4 7,fig4 #e74 ,9 a maze ( build+s outside ! prec9cts ( ! graves ( ,myc5ae1 ,dr4 ,s*liemann f\nd fragm5ts ( vases mu* less anci5t ?an ! cont5ts ( ! sepul*res4 ,!re 0 a l>ge amphora1 ! ,w>rior ,vase 7,fig4 #f74 ,! m5 we> app>5tly a close-fitt+ coat ( mail ov] a *iton1 :i* rea*es ) its fr+es half d[n ! ?igh4 ,! %ield is circul>1 ) a half-moon cut out at ! bottom4 ,! art is infantile4 ,o!r w>riors c>ry long oval %ields rea*+1 at lea/1 f neck to %94 ,footnote3 ,s*u*>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excavations1 pp4 #bgi-bhe4 ,!y we> r\nd lea!r caps1 _! enemies h helmets4 ,on a ,myc5aean pa9t$ /ele1 app>5tly ( ! same relatively late p]iod1 ! co/ume is simil>1 & ! %ield--oval--rea*es f neck to knee4 ,footnote3 ,ridgeway1 vol4 i4 p4 #cad4 ,! ,hom]ic %ields d n answ] to ! small] ( ^! late & ugly repres5tations1 :ile1 9 _! bronze plat+1 ,hom]ic %ields seem to diff] f ! lea!r %ields ( ! ,myc5aean prime4 ,f9ally1 at ,enkomi1 ne> ,salamis1 9 ,cyprus1 an ivory c>v+ 79 ! ,briti% ,museum7 %[s a fight+ man ^: p]fectly circul> %ield rea*es f neck to knee2 ?is is "o ( sev]al figures 9 :i* ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans f9ds a mo/ valuable illu/ration ( ! typical ,hom]ic arm\r4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vol4 xxx4 pp4 #bji-bad1 figs4 #e1 #f1 #i4 ,! %ield1 h[ev]1 is n s huge z ^? ( ,aias1 ,hector1 & ,p]iphetes4 ,i c only conclude t ,hom] describes int]m$iate types ( %ield1 z l>ge z ! ,myc5aean b plat$ ) bronze1 = a reason to be giv5 lat]4 ,?is k9d ( %ield1 ! k9d kn[n to ,hom]1 0 n ! inv5tion ( late poets liv+ 9 an age ( circul> buckl]s1 worn on ! left arm1 & ^! suppos$ late poets nev] introduce into ! epics su* buckl]s4 ,:at mann] ( milit>y ne$s prompt$ ! inv5tion ( ! great ,myc5aean %ields :i*1 by ,hom]'s "t1 7 diff]5tiat$ by ! addition ( metal plat+8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,,fragm5ts ,,( ,,w>rior ,,vase ,! process ( evolution ( ! huge ,myc5aean %ields1 & ( ! ,hom]ic %ields cov]+ ! body f *9 to ankles1 c easily be trac$4 ,! nature ( ! attack expect$ may be inf]r$ f ! nature ( ! def5ce employ$4 ,body-cov]+ %ields 71 obvi\sly1 at fir/1 def5ces aga9/ %[]s ( arr[s tipp$ ) /one4 ,9 ! e>li] ,myc5aean times ! arr[-head ( obsidian alone appe>s1 z 9 ,myc5aean ,grave ,,iv4 ,9 ! upp] /rata ( ,myc5ae & 9 ! lat] tombs ! arr[-head is usually ( bronze4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 p4 #bjf4 ,no man go+ into battle nak$1 )\t body arm\r1 l ! ,myc5aeans 7if !y _h none71 c\ld protect himself ) a small %ield1 or ev5 ) a r\nd buckl] ( tw5ty-six in*es 9 diamet]1 aga9/ ! ra9 ( %afts4 ,9 a fight1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e man s+l$ out man1 & spe>s 7 ! missiles1 & :5 ! w>riors _h body arm\r1 or ev5 :5 !y _h n1 a small %ield suffic$2 z we see among ! spe>-?r[+ ,zulus & ! spe>-?r[+ aborig9es ( ,au/ralia 7unacqua9t$ ) b[s & arr[s71 :o ma9ly use %ields sc>cely broad] ?an a bat4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ar*]s ( ! ,algonqu9s 9 _! w>s ) ! ,iroquois1 ab\t #afaj1 us$ clubs & tomahawks b no spe>s1 no missiles b arr[s1 & _! lea!r %ield 0 precisely ! ,greek3 amphibrotae aspis ( ,hom]1 cov]+ ! :ole ( a man4 ,x is curi\s to see1 9 contempor>y draw+s 7#afbj71 ,myc5aean %ields on ,r$ ,indian %\ld]s6 ,9 ,*ampla9's sket*es ( fights betwe5 ,fr5* & ,algonqu9s aga9/ ,iroquois 7#afaj-afbj71 we see ! ,algonqu9s outside ! ,iroquois /ockade1 :i* is def5d$ by ar*]s1 %elt]+ "u huge %ields %ap$ l ! ,myc5aean t[] %ield1 ?\gh less cyl9drical2 9 fact1 m l ! %ield ( ! fall5 hunt] depict$ on ! dagg] ( ,myc5ae4 ,^! ,algonqu9 %ields p>tially cov] ! sides z well z ! front ( ! w>rior1 :o /oops beh9d !m1 re/+ ! l[] rim ( ! %ield on ! gr\nd4 ,! %ields are oblong & r\nd$ at ! top1 mu* l t ( ,a*illes ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii p4 #fje 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's re/oration8 ,! sides curve inw>d4 ,ano!r %ield1 oval 9 %ape & flat1 appe>s to h be5 susp5d$ f ! neck1 & cov]s an ,iroquois brave f *9 to feet4 ,! ,r$ ,indian %ields1 l ^? ( ,myc5ae1 7 made ( lea!r2 usually ( buffalo hide1 ,footnote3 ,les ,voyages de ,sr4 de ,*ampla91 ,p>is1 #afbj1 f4 #bb3 ronda*e de cuir b\ili1 qui e/ d'un animal1 comme le b\fle4 good aga9/ /one-tipp$ arr[s4 ,! braves are nak$1 l ! un%ield$ ar*]s on ! ,myc5aean silv] vase fragm5t repres5t+ a siege 7,fig4 #g74 ,! description ( ! ,algonqu9 %ields by ,*ampla91 :5 comp>$ ) 8 draw+s1 sugge/s t we _c always take arti/ic repres5tations z exact4 ,9 8 designs only a few ,algonqu9s & "o ,iroquois c>ry ! huge %ields2 ! un%ield$ m5 are />k nak$1 z on ! ,myc5aean silv] vase4 ,b 9 8 text ,*ampla9 says t ! ,iroquois1 l ! ,algonqu9s1 c>ri$ arr[-pro( %ields & a sort ( arm\r wov5 ( cotton ?read--,hom]'s ,greek3 l9o?oraex 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #bei1 #hej74 ,^! facts appe> 9 only "o ( ,*ampla9's draw+s ,footnote3 ,dix's ,*ampla91 p4 #aac4 ,appleton1 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,lav]di]e's ,*ampla91 vol4 iv41 plate opposite p4 #he 7#ahgj74 7,fig4 #h74 ,^! ,iroquois & ,algonqu9 %ields are ! arm\r ( m5 expos$1 n to spe>s1 b to a hail ( fl9t-tipp$ arr[s4 ,z spe>s came 9 = missiles 9 ,greek w>f>e1 arr[s did n :olly g out1 b ! noble w>riors pref]r$ spe> & sword4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,ar*ilo*us1 #c4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway errone\sly says t no ,a*aean w>rior employs ! b[ = w>4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 i4 #cja4 ,teuc]1 frequ5tly1 & ,m]iones use ! b[2 l ,p&>us & ,p>is1 on ! ,trojan side1 !y resort to b[ or spe>1 z occasion s]ves4 ,odysseus1 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 is arm$ ) ! b[ & arr[s ( ,m]iones :5 act+ z a spy2 9 ! ,odyssey 8 skill z an ar*] is notori\s1 b he w\ld n pret5d to equal fam\s b[m5 ( an old] g5]ation1 su* z ,h]acles & ,eurytus ( ,o,echalia1 ^: b[ he possess$ b did n take to ,troy4 ,philoctetes is 8 ma/] 9 ar*]y4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #bai-bbb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,,fragm5t ,,( ,,siege ,,vase ,! b[1 h[ev]1 0 little e/eem$ by ,greek w>riors :o desir$ to come to h&/rokes1 j z x 0 despis$1 to _! frequ5t ru91 by ! ,scots 9 ! old w>s ) ,engl&4 ,duppl91 ,falkirk1 ,halidon ,hill & _m ano!r field prov$ ! error4 ,!re 0 mu* ne$ 9 ,hom]ic w>f>e = protection aga9/ heavy %[]s ( arr[s4 ,mr4 ,monro is h>dly correct :5 he says t1 9 ,hom]1 we d n he> ( ,,bodies ( ar*]s1 ( arr[s d>k5+ ! air1 z 9 descriptions ( ori5tal w>f>e4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 #cje4 ,^! precise phrases are n us$ by ,hom]2 b1 nev]!less1 arr[s are fly+ ?ick 9 8 battle pieces4 ,! effects are n (t5 notic$1 because1 9 ,hom]1 helmet1 %ield1 corslet1 zo/]1 & greaves1 z a rule prev5t ! %afts f h>m+ ! well-born1 well-arm$ *iefs2 ! nameless ho/1 h[ev]1 fall frequ5tly4 ,:5 ,hector came =w>d = a p>ley 7,iliad1 ,,iii4 #gi71 ! ,a*a5s kept %oot+ at him ) arr[s1 :i* he took unconc]n$ly4 ,teuc] %oots n9e m5 9 ,iliad1 ,,viii4 #big-cjd4 ,9 ,,xi4 #he ! %afts 7,greek3 belea7 %[]$ & ! common soldi]s fell--mispr9t be+ arr[s z well z ?r[n spe>s4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,iv4 #dfe2 ,,xvi4 #ffh1 #fgh4 ,agamemnon & ,a*illes are z likely1 !y say1 to be hit by arr[ z by spe> 7,,xi4 #aia2 ,,xxi4 #ac74 ,ma*aon is w\nd$ by an arr[4 ,patroclus meets ,eurypylus limp+1 ) an arr[ 9 8 ?igh--ar*] unkn[n4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #hji1 #haj4 ,m]iones1 ?\gh an ,a*aean palad91 s5ds a bronze-head$ arr[ ?r\gh ! body ( ,h>palion 7,,xiii4 #fej74 ,! light-arm$ ,locrians are all b[m5 & sl+]s 7,,xiii4 #gaf74 ,acamas taunts ! ,argives z b[m5 7,,xiv4 #dgi74 ,! w>-cry rose on bo? sides1 & ! arr[s leap$ f ! b[/r+s 7,,xv4 #cac74 ,manife/ly ! arr[s are always on ! w+1 h5ce ! ne$ = ! huge ,hom]ic & ,myc5aean %ields4 ,!re=e1 z ! ,a*aeans 9 ,hom] wore b flimsy corslets 7?is we are go+ to prove71 ! great body-cov]+ %ield ( ! ,myc5aean prime did n g out ( vogue 9 ,hom]'s "t1 :5 bronze _h sup]s$$ /one arr[-heads1 b 0 /r5g!n$ by bronze plat+ ov] ! lea!r4 ,9 a lat] age ! b[ 0 m & m neglect$ 9 ,greek w>f>e1 & consequ5tly l>ge %ields w5t out1 aft] ! close ( ! ,myc5aean age1 & r\nd p>ry+ buckl]s came into use4 ,! ,greeks appe> nev] to h be5 great ar*]s1 = "s vases %[ ev5 ! old h]oes employ+ ! prim>y release1 ! arr[ nock is held betwe5 ! ?umb & =ef+]--an ineffectual release4 ,footnote3 ,c4 ,j4 ,longman1 ,ar*]y4 ,badm9ton ,s]ies4 ,! ar*]s 9 e>ly ,greek art (t5 /oop or kneel1 unlike ! erect ar*]s ( old ,engl&2 ! b[ is usually small--a *ild's weapon2 ! /r+ is (t5 drawn only to ! brea/1 z by ,p&>us 9 ! ,iliad 7,,iv4 i #bc74 ,by #gcj ,b4,c4 ! release ) ?ree f+]s1 our we/]n release1 _h become kn[n4 ,footnote3 ,leaf ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,algonqu9 ,,corslet4 ,f ,lav]di]e1 ,oeuvres de ,*ampla91 vol4 iv4 fol4 #d4 ,quebec1 #ahgj4 ,! c\rse ( evolution seems to be3 7#a7 ! ,myc5aean prime ( mu* ar*]y1 no body arm\r 7872 huge lea!r man-cov]+ %ields are us$1 l ^? ( ! ,algonqu9s2 7#b7 ! same %ields /r5g!n$ ) metal1 light body arm\r-?9 corslets--& ar*]y is frequ5t1 b some:at despis$ 7! ,hom]ic age72 7#c7 ! p>ry+ %ield ( ! late/ ,myc5aean age 7infantry ) body arm\r72 7#d7 ! ,ionian hoplites1 ) body arm\r & small circul> buckl]s4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 t ! mon/r\s ,myc5aean %ield is a survival ( an age :5 b[s & arr[s play$ ! same great "p z !y did 9 ! w>s ( ! ,algonqu9s & ,iroquois4 ,! celebrat$ picture ( a siege on a silv] vase1 ( :i* fragm5ts 7 f\nd 9 ,grave ,,iv41 %[s ar*]s skirmi%+2 !re is an ar*] 9 ! lion hunt on ! dagg] blade2 ?irty-five obsidian arr[-heads 7 discov]$ 9 ,grave ,,iv41 :ile 9 ! upp] /rata ( ,myc5ae & 9 ! lat] tombs ! arr[-head is usually ( bronze1 ?\gh in/ances ( obsidian /ill occur4 ,9 #ahie ,dr4 ,ts\ntas f\nd tw5ty arr[-heads ( bronze1 t5 9 ea* bundle1 9 a ,myc5aean *amb] tomb4 ,messrs4 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt say1 ,9 ! ,acropolis graves at ,myc5ae444 ! spe>-heads 7 b few444 arr[-heads1 on ! contr>y1 are comp>atively abundant4 ,!y inf] t pick$ m5 us$ %ield & spe>2 ! rank & file d\btless f\ght simply ) b[ & sl+4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 zog4 sic4 ,! great ,myc5aean %ield 0 obvi\sly evolv$ z a def5ce aga9/ arr[s & sl+-/ones fly+ too freely to be p>ri$ ) a small buckl]4 ,:at o!r purpose c\ld x h s]v$8 ,b o!r def5sive arm\r 0 ne$$1 & 0 evolv$1 by ,hom]'s m51 z also1 we %all see1 by ! ,algonqu9s & ,iroquois4 ,! ,algonqu9s & ,iroquois ?us prove t m5 :o ?\ght _! huge %ields v effici5t1 yet felt ! desirabl5ess ( ! protection af=d$ by corslets1 = !y wore1 9 addition to _! %ields1 su* corslets z !y 7 able to manufacture1 made ( cotton1 & correspond+ to ! ,hom]ic ,greek3 l9o?oraex4 ,footnote3 ,9 ! int]ior ( "s %ields1 p]haps ( all1 7 two ,greek3 kanones 7,,viii #aic2 ,,xiii4 #djg74 ,^! h be5 und]/ood z mean+ a brace ?r\gh :i* ! left arm w5t1 & ano!r brace :i* ! left h& grasp$4 ,h]odotus says t ! ,c>ians fir/ us$ %ield grips1 & t previ\sly %ields 7 susp5d$ by belts f ! neck & left %\ld] 7,h]odotus1 i4 #aga74 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k h[ he le>n$ ^! facts-p]haps f ,hom]2 b c]ta9ly ! ,hom]ic %ield is (t5 describ$ z susp5d$ by a belt4 ,mr4 ,leaf us$ to expla9 ! ,greek3 kanones 7,,xiii4 #djg7 z s]v+ to atta* ! two ends ( ! baldrick to ! %ield 7,hell5ic ,society's ,j\rnal1 iv4 #bia71 z does ,mr4 ,ridgeway4 ,b n[ he ?9ks t !y 7 two pieces ( wood1 cross+ ea* o!r1 & mak+ ! framework on :i* ! lea!r ( ! %ield 0 /ret*$4 ,! h]o c\ld grasp ! cross-b>1 at ! c5tre ( gravity1 9 8 left h&1 re/ ! l[] rim ( ! %ield on ! gr\nd1 & cr\* beh9d x 7,,xi4 #eic2 ,,xiii #aeg74 ,9 nei!r passage cit$ is any?+ said ab\t re/+ ! l[] rim on ! gr\nd1 & 9 ! second passage ! w>rior is actually advanc+4 ,9 ?is attitude1 h[ev]-gr\nd+ ! l[] rim ( ! great body-cov]+ %ield1 & cr\*+ beh9d x--we see ,algonqu9 w>riors ( ab\t #afaj 9 ,*ampla9's draw+s ( ,r$ ,indian w>f>e4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 inde$1 :5 review+ ,rei*el1 says t ! use ( ! ,myc5aean %ield is inconsi/5t ) t ( ! metal brea/plate2 '! %ield' cov]s ! we>] 9 a way :i* makes a brea/plate an useless encumbrance2 or r1 x is ignorance ( ! brea/plate :i* alone c expla9 ! use ( su* frightfully cumbr\s ge> z ! huge %ield4 ,footnote3 ,classical ,review1 ix4 p4 #ee4 #ahie4 ,b ! ,algonqu9s & ,iroquois wore su* brea/plates z !y c\ld manufacture1 ?\gh !y also us$ %ields ( great size1 susp5d$1 9 ,myc5aean fa%ion1 f ! neck & %\ld] by a telamon or belt4 ,! knights ( ! elev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 9 addition to v l>ge %ields1 wore pond]\s haub]ks or byrnies1 z we %all prove pres5tly4 ,z ?is comb9ation ( great %ield ) corslet 0 common & natural1 we _c agree ) ,mr4 ,leaf :5 he says1 x foll[s t ! ,hom]ic w>riors wore no metal brea/plate1 & t all ! passages :]e ! ,greek3 ?oraes is m5tion$ are ei!r lat] int]polations or ref] to "s o!r sort ( arm\r1 :i*1 ex hypo!si1 w\ld itself be sup]flu\s1 giv5 ! body-cov]+ %ield4 ,%ields nev] make corslets sup]flu\s :5 m5 c manufacture corslets4 ,! facts speak = !mselves3 ! l>ge/ %ields are n exclusive1 s to speak1 ( corslets2 ! ,hom]ic w>riors us$ bo?1 j z did ,r$ ,indians & ! m$iaeval *ivalry ( ,europe4 ,! use ( ! aspis 9 ,hom]1 !re=e1 ?r[s no suspicion on ! concomitant use ( ! corslet4 ,! really surpris+ fact w\ld be if late poets1 :o knew only small r\nd buckl]s1 nev] introduc$ !m into ! poems1 b always spoke ( enorm\s %ields1 :ile !y at ! same "t did introduce corslets1 unkn[n to ! e>ly poems :i* !y cont9u$4 ,cle>ly ,rei*el's !ory is ill inspir$ & inconsi/5t4 ,?is becomes pla9 z soon z we trace ! evolution ( %ields & corslets 9 ages :5 ! b[ play$ a great "p 9 w>4 ,! ,hom]ic bronze-plat$ %ield & bronze corslet are def5ces ( a giv5 mom5t 9 milit>y evolution2 !y are improvem5ts on ! l>ge lea!r %ield ( ,myc5aean art1 b1 z ! arr[s /ill fly 9 cl\ds1 ! "t = ! small p>ry+ buckl] has n yet come4 ,by ! age ( ! ,dipylon vases ) human figures1 ! %ield _h be5 develop$ into =ms unkn[n to ,hom]4 ,9 ,fig4 #c 7p4 #aca7 we see "o w>rior ) a fanta/ic %ield1 slim at ! wai/1 ) horns1 z x 71 above & bel[2 ! great] "p ( ! %ield is exp5d$ uselessly1 cov]+ no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,9 =m ?is t>ge seems to be a burlesque p>ody ( ! figure ( a ,myc5aean %ield4 ,! next man has a %ort oblong %ield1 r broad = its l5g?--p]haps a r$uction ( ! ,myc5aean door-%ap$ %ield4 ,! ?ird w>rior has a r\nd buckl]4 ,all ^! %ields are manife/ly po/-,hom]ic2 ! fir/ type is ! mo/ common 9 ! ,dipylon art2 ! ?ird surviv$ 9 ! eigh?-c5tury buckl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4-;,,gold ,,corslet ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,brea/plate ,no practicable brea/plates1 haub]ks1 corslets1 or any ?+s ( ! k9d h s f> be5 discov]$ 9 graves ( ! ,myc5aean prime4 ,a corpse 9 ,grave ,v4 at ,myc5ae _h1 h[ev]1 a gold5 brea/plate1 ) oval bosses repres5t+ ! nipples & ) prettily int]lac$ spirals all ov] ! rema9d] ( ! gold 7,fig4 #i74 ,ano!r corpse _h a pla9 gold brea/plate ) ! nipples indicat$4 ,footnote3 ,s*u*>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excavations1 pp4 #bed-beg1 fig4 #bef4 ,^! decorative corslets ( gold 7 probably fun]eal symbols ( practicable brea/plates ( bronze1 b no su* pieces ( arm\r are worn by ! fight+-m5 on ! gems & o!r works ( art ( ,myc5ae1 & none are f\nd 9 ,myc5aean graves4 ,b does ?is prove any?+8 ,leg-gu>ds1 broad metal b&s clasp+ ! leg bel[ ! knee1 are f\nd 9 ! ,myc5aean %aft graves1 b are nev] repres5t$ 9 ,myc5aean art4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ege4 ,mean:ile1 bronze corslets are v frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! r>ely allud$ to1 says ,mr4 ,leaf1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #egf4 b ?is mu/ be a slip ( ! p54 ,connect$ ) ! brea/plate or ?orex 7,greek3 ?oraex7 is ! v]b ,greek3 ?oraesso1 ?oraesse?ai1 :i* means to arm1 or equip 9 g5]al4 ,! ,a*aeans are con/antly /yl$ 9 ! ,,iliad & 9 ! ,,odyssey *alko*itones1 ) bronze *itons4 epics h !re=e boldly argu$ t by bronze *itons ! poet pleasantly alludes to %ields4 ,b z ! ,myc5aeans seem sc>cely to h worn any ,,*itons 9 battle1 z f> z we are aw>e f _! art1 & are n kn[n to h _h any bronze %ields1 ! argum5t evaporates1 z ,mr4 ,ridgeway has po9t$ out4 ,no?+ c be less l a *iton or smock1 loose or tight1 ?an ei!r ! d\ble-belli$ huge %ield1 ! t[]-%ap$ cyl9drical %ield1 or ! flat1 doorlike %ield1 cov]+ body & legs 9 ,myc5aean art4 ,! bronze *iton1 says ,helbig1 is only a poetic phrase = ! corslet4 ,rei*el & ,mr4 ,leaf1 h[ev]1 ?9k t bronze *iton$ is probably a picturesque expression444 & ref]s to ! bronze-cov]$ %ield4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 i4 #egh4 ,! brea/plate cov]$ ! upp] "p ( ! *iton1 & s might be call$ a bronze *iton1 above all1 if x _h be5 evolv$1 z corselets usually h be51 out ( a real *iton1 int]wov5 ) small plates or r+s ( bronze4 ,! process ( evolution might be f a padd$ l95 *iton 7,greek3 l9o?ooraes7 worn by ,teuc]1 & on ! ,trojan side by ,amphius 7z by n]v\s ,prote/ants dur+ ,oates's ,popi% ,plot71 to a lea!rn *iton1 /r5g!n$ by r+s1 or /uds1 or scales ( bronze1 & !nce to plates4 ,footnote3 ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cji1 #caj4 ,"h1 9 ?is arm\r$ *iton1 w\ld be an object t a poet might readily call a *iton ( bronze4 ,b t1 if he liv$ 9 ! ,myc5aean age1 :51 s f> z art %[s1 ,,*itons 7 n worn at all1 or v little1 & sc>cely ev] 9 battle1 & :5 we "k no?+ ( bronze-plat+ on %ields1 ! poet %\ld con/antly call a mon/r\s d\ble-belli$ lea!r %ield1 or any o!r ,mycemean type ( %ield1 a bronze *iton1 seems almo/ un?9kable4 ,a lea!r cloak w\ld be a bett] t]m = su* %ields1 if cloaks 7 9 fa%ion4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,myres 7#ahii7 ! /ock l9e 9 ! ,iliad1 ab\t pi]c+ a ,greek3 poludaidalos ?oraex or corslet1 0 ins]t$ to satisfy ! practical criticisms ( a corslet-we>+ age1 ! age ( ! lat] poets1 ! ,age ( ,iron4 ,b :y did n su* practical critics object to ! con/ant pres5ce 9 ! poems ( bronze weapons1 9 _! age out ( date1 if !y object$ to ! abs5ce f ! poems ( ! corslets ) :i* !y 7 famili>8 ,mr4 ,myres supposes t ! l9e ab\t ! ,greek3 poludaidalos corslet 0 already old1 b _h m]ely meant _m-glitt]+ body clo?+--g>m5ts set ) ! gold5 discs & o!r ornam5ts f\nd 9 ,mycemean graves4 ,! bronze corslet1 he says1 w\ld n be _m glitt]+1 b w\ld reflect a s+le /> ( light4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies4 #ahii ,n[1 fir/1 ev5 if ! /> 7 a s+le />1 x w\ld be z _m glitt]+ :5 ! w>rior 0 9 rapid & *angeful motion z ! /> t danc$ :5 ,beatrix 0 born4 ,secondly1 if ! contempor>y corslets ( ! ,iron ,age 7 ,,n _m glitt]+1 practical corslet-we>+ critics w\ld ask ! poet1 :y d y call corslets '_m glitt]+'8 ,?irdly1 ,greek3 poludaidalos may surely be translat$ a ?+ ( mu* art1 & ,greek corslets 7 incis$ ) ornam5tal designs4 ,?us ,messrs4 ,hog>? & ,bosanquet report a v rem>kable ',mycemean' bronze brea/plate f ,crete1 :i* %[s f\r female drap$ figures1 ! two c5tral ones hold+ a wrea? ov] a bird1 bel[ :i* is a sacr$ tree4 ,! two out] figures are app>5tly danc+4 ,x is probably a ritual sc5e1 & may help to elucidate ! nature ( e>ly ,a,egean cults4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xx4 p4 #cbb4 #ahii4 ,"h1 ,greek3 poludaidalos--if t ^w means arti/ically wr\ght4 ,helbig ?9ks ! ,epics sil5t ab\t ! gold spangles on dresses4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 p4 #ga4 ,mr4 ,myres applauds ,rei*el's !ory t blank space fir/ meant a man's *e/4 ,if ?orex means a man's brea/1 !n ,,?orex 9 a second>y s5se1 "o ?9ks1 w\ld mean brea/plate1 z wai/ ( a woman means1 fir/1 h] wai/2 next1 h] bl\se 7,am]ican74 ,b ,mr4 ,myres & ,rei*el say t ! second>y s5se ( ,,?orex is n brea/plate b body clo?+1 z if a man 7 all brea/1 or wore only a brea/ cov]+1 :]eas ,myc5aean art %[s m5 we>+ no?+ on _! brea/s1 m]ely draw]s or lo9-clo?s1 :i* c\ld n be call$ ,,?orex1 z !y cov] ! antipodes ( ! brea/4 ,! v]b ,greek3 ?oraese/ai1 ! !ory runs on1 m]ely meant to put on body clo?+1 :i* ,myc5aeans 9 works ( art1 if correctly repres5t$1 d n usually put on2 !y f\ght nak$ or 9 ba?+ draw]s4 ,surely we might z well argue t a wai/coat might come to mean body clo?+ 9 g5]al1 z t a ^w = ! male brea/ became1 fir/1 a synonym = ! cov]+ ( ! male buttocks & = app>el 9 g5]al1 &1 next1 = a bronze brea/plate4 ,^! argum5ts appe> r unconv9c+1 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xx4 pp4 #adi1 #aej4 nor does ,myc5aean art in/ruct u t m5 w5t into battle dress$ 9 body clo?+ :i* 0 ?ickly set ) _m glitt]+ gold ornam5ts1 & 0 call$ a _m-glitt]+ ?orex4 ,fur!r1 if we foll[ ,rei*el & ,mr4 ,leaf1 ! ,myc5aeans wore *itons & call$ !m *itons4 ,!y also us$ bronze-plat$ %ields1 ?\gh ( ?is we h no evid5ce4 ,tak+ ! bronze-plat$ 787 %ield to /& poetically = ! *iton1 ! poet spoke ( ! bronze-*iton$ ,a*aeans ,b1 if we foll[ ,mr4 ,myres1 ! ,myc5aeans also appli$ ! ^w ?orex to body clo?+ at l>ge1 9 place ( ! ^w *iton2 & :5 a w>rior 0 transfix$ by a spe>1 !y said t 8 _m-glitt]+1 gold-/udd$ ?orex1 t is1 8 body clo?+ 9 g5]al1 0 pi]c$4 ,x does seem simpl] to hold t *iton meant *iton2 t ?orex meant1 fir/1 brea/1 !n brea/plate1 :e!r ( l951 or plait$ lea!r1 or bronze1 & t to pi]ce a man ?r\gh 8 ,greek3 poludaidalos ?oraex meant to pi]ce him ?r\gh 8 h&some corslet4 ,no mortal ev] dreamt t ?is 0 s till ,rei*el tri$ to make out t ! orig9al poet describes no arm\r except ! l>ge ,myc5aean %ield & ! mitre1 & t all corslets 9 ! poems 7 ( mu* lat] introduction4 ,possibly !y 71 b !y _h pl5ty ( "t :]e9 to be evolv$ long be=e ! eigh? c5tury1 ,rei*el's date = corslets4 ,! argum5t is t a man ) a l>ge %ield ne$s no body arm\r1 or uses ! %ield because he has no body arm\r4 ,b ! possession & use ( a l>ge %ield did n 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 or among ! ,iroquois & ,algonqu9s1 make m5 disp5se ) corslets1 ev5 :5 ! %ield 0 worn1 z 9 ,hom]1 slung r\nd ! neck by a telamon 7guige 9 ,old ,fr5*71 belt1 or baldric4 ,we turn to a ,fr5* ,*anson de ,ge/e--,la ,*ancun de ,willem--( ! twelf? c5tury ,a4,d41 to judge by ! h&writ+4 ,"o ( ! h]oes1 ,gir>d1 hav+ fail$ to rescue ,vivi5 9 battle1 ?r[s d[n 8 weapons & arm\r1 blam+ ea* piece = hav+ fail$ him4 ,d[n goes ! heavy lance2 d[n goes ! pond]\s %ield1 susp5d$ by a telamon3 ,ohit>ge grant cume peises al col6 d[n goes ! plat$ byrnie1 ,ohi grant bro9e cum me vas apesant ,footnote3 ,la ,*ancun de ,willame1 l9es #gaf-gbf4 ,! m$iaeval w>rior has a heavy byrnie z well z a great %ield susp5d$ f 8 neck4 ,x w be rem>k$ also t ! ,algonqu9s & ,iroquois ( ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z describ$ by ,*ampla91 give u ! :ole l9e ( ,myc5aean evolution ( arm\r up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,n only _h !y arr[-pro(1 body-cov]+ %ields ( buffalo hide1 b1 :5 ,*ampla9 us$ 8 arquebus aga9/ ! ,iroquois 9 battle1 !y 7 /ruck amaz$ t two ( _! numb] %\ld h be5 kill$ s promptly1 see+ t !y wore a sort ( arm\r1 wov5 ( cotton ?read1 & c>ri$ arr[-pro( %ields4 ,we h already allud$ to ?is passage1 b mu/ add t ,p>kman1 describ+ f ,fr5* ar*ives a battle ( ,ill9ois aga9/ ,iroquois 9 #afhj1 speaks ( corslets ( t\gh twigs int]wov5 ) cordage4 ,footnote3 ,discov]y ( ! ,great ,,iv1 mispr9t #ahfi4 ,gold51 9 8 ,five ,nations1 writes ( ! ,r$ ,indians z we>+ a k9d ( cuirass made ( pieces ( wood jo9$ toge!r4 ,footnote3 ,dix1 ,*amplion mispr9t ,to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t ,i also owe a description ( ! arm\r ( ! ,indian tribes ( nor?-we/ ,am]ica1 f a "w ( 8 own4 ,he says3 ,= protective purposes 9 w>f>e !y employ$ %ields & coat-arm\r4 ,! %ields v>i$ 9 =m & mat]ial f tribe to tribe4 ,among ! ,int]ior ,sali% !y 7 commonly made ( wood1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds cov]$ ) hide4 ,sometimes !y consi/$ ( sev]al ?icknesses ( hide only4 ,! hides mo/ commonly us$ 7 ^? ( ! elk1 buffalo1 or be>4 ,aft] ! adv5t ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,co4 "s ( ! ,indians us$ to beat out ! l>ge copp] kettles !y obta9$ f ! trad]s & make poli%$ circul> %ields ( ^!4 ,9 "s c5tres long rectangul> %ields1 made f a s+le or d\ble hide1 7 employ$4 ,^! 7 (t5 f #d to #e feet 9 l5g? & f #c to #d feet 9 wid?--l>ge en\gh to cov] ! :ole body4 ,among ! ,d5e tribes 7,sikanis7 ! %ield 0 g5]ally made ( closely-wov5 wick]-"w1 & 0 ( an ovaloid =m 7exact size n giv574 ,! coat arm\r 0 ev]y:]e us$1 & v>i$ 9 =m & /yle 9 almo/ e c5tre4 ,!re 7 two ways 9 :i* ?is 0 mo/ commonly made4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! slatt$ cuirass or corslet1 :i* 0 =m$ ( a s]ies ( n>r[ slats ( wood set side by side v]tically & fa/5$ 9 place by int]fac+s ( raw hide4 ,x w5t all r\nd ! body1 be+ hung f ! %\ld]s ) /raps4 ,! o!r 0 a k9d ( %irt ( d\ble or treble elk hide1 fa/5$ at ! side ) ?ongs4 ,ano!r k9d ( arm\r1 less common ?an t j describ$1 0 ! long elk-hide tunic1 :i* rea*$ to & ev5 bel[ ! knees & 0 sleev$ to ! elb[4 ,mr4 ,hill ,t\t's m9ute description1 ) ! o!r facts cit$1 leaves no d\bt t ev5 9 an e>ly /age1 z 9 lat] /ages ( culture1 ! use ( ! great %ield does n exclude ! use ( su* body arm\r z ! means ( ! w>riors enable !m to con/ruct4 ,to take ano!r in/ance1 ,pausanias describes ! corslets ( ! neoli?ic ,s>matae1 :i* he saw d$icat$ 9 ! temple ( ,asclepius at ,a!ns4 ,corslets ^! b[m5 & us]s ( ! lasso possess$1 ?\gh !y did n use ! metals4 ,!y fa%ion$ v elegant corslets out ( horses' ho(s1 cutt+ !m into scales l ^? ( a p9e cone1 & sew+ !m on to clo?4 ,footnote3 ,pausanias1 i4 #baa4 mispr9t #f4 ,c]ta9 small1 ?91 p]=at$ discs ( /one f\nd 9 ,scotl& h be5 +5i\sly expla9$ z plates to be /rung toge!r on a g>m5t ( clo?1 a neoli?ic *iton4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 s9ce ,iroquois & ,algonqu9s & ,d5e _h "s sort ( wov51 or plait$1 or wood51 or buff corslet1 9 addition to _! great %ields1 we may suppose t ! ,a*aeans w\ld n be less inv5tive4 ,!y w\ld pass f ! ,greek3 l9o?oraex 7answ]+ to ! cotton corslet ( ! ,iroquois7 to a sort ( jack or jas]an ) r+s1 scales1 or plates1 & !nce to bronze-plate corslets1 repres5t$ only by ! gold5 brea/plates ( ! ,myc5aean grave4 ,ev5 if ! ,myc5aeans did n evolve ! corslet1 !re is no reason :y1 9 ! ,hom]ic times1 x %\ld n h be5 evolv$4 ,= l95 corslets1 su* z ,hom] m5tions1 9 actual use & repres5t$ 9 works ( art we consult ,mr4 ,leaf on ,! ,arm\r ( ,hom]ic ,h]oes4' ,he f9ds ,memnon 9 a :ite corslet1 on a black-figur$ vase 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!re is ano!r :ite corslet$ ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #hb1 #hc1 #he4 ,memnon figur$ 9 ! ,vases ,pe9ts ( ! ,duc de ,luynes 7plate xii474 ,mr4 ,leaf sugge/s t ! :ite col\r repres5ts a corslet n ( metal b ( l951 & cites ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #ebi1 #e #cj4 ,x5ophon m5tions l95 corslets z be+ worn by ! ,*alybes 7,anabasis1 iv4 #ae74 ,two l95 corslets1 s5t f ,egypt to ,sp>ta by ,k+ ,amasis1 are record$ by ,h]odotus 7ii4 #ahb2 iii4 #dg74 ,! corslets 7 ( l951 embroid]$ 9 cotton & gold4 ,su* a piece ( arm\r or attire might easily develop into ! ,greek3 /reptos *itoon ( ,iliad1 ,v4 #aac1 9 :i* ,ari/>*us appe>s to h recognis$ *a9 or scale arm\r2 b we f9d no su* object repres5t$ 9 ,myc5aean art1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 does n depict ,hom]ic arm\r or co/ume1 & x seems probable t ! bronze corslets m5tion$ by ,hom] 7 plate arm\r4 ,! l95 corslet la/$ into ! e>ly six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 ! poem call$ ,/asiotica1 ,alcaeus 7,no4 #e7 speaks ( 8 helmets1 bronze greaves & corslets ( l95 7,*oorakes te neoi l9oo7 z a def5ce aga9/ arr[s4 ,mean:ile a bronze *iton or corslet w\ld turn sp5t arr[s & sp5t spe>s1 & be v useful to a w>rior ^: %ield left him expos$ to %afts %ot or spe>s ?r[n f a di/ance4 ,aga91 su* a bronze *iton might /op a spe> ( :i* ! impetus 0 sp5t 9 p5etrat+ ! %ield4 ,b ,hom]ic corslets did n1 z a rule1 avail to keep out a spe> driv5 by ! h& at close qu>t]s1 or p[]fully ?r[n f a %ort di/ance4 ,ev5 ! lat] ,greek corslets d n look z if !y c\ld resi/ a heavy spe> wield$ by a /rong h&4 ,i proce$ to %[ t ! ,hom]ic corslet did n avail aga9/ a spe> at close qu>t]s1 b c\ld turn an arr[ po9t 7once71 & c\ld sometimes turn a spe> :i* _h p]=at$ a %ield4 ,s f>1 & n fur!r1 ! ,hom]ic corslet 0 s]viceable4 ,b if a w>rior's brea/ or back 0 n cov]$ by ! %ield1 & receiv$ a ?ru/ at close qu>t]s1 ! corslet 0 pi]c$ m easily ?an ! pad ( pap] :i* 0 said to h be5 us$ z secret arm\r 9 a duel by ! ,ma/] ( ,s9clair 7#agjh74 ,footnote3 ,proce$+s 9 ,c\rt ,m>%al held ^u ,john1 ,ma/] ( ,s9clair4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,roxburghe ,club4 7,date ( ev5t1 #agjh47 ,x is desirable to prove ?is feebl5ess ( ! corslet1 because ! poet (t5 says t a man 0 smitt5 ) ! spe> 9 brea/ or back :5 unprotect$ by ! %ield1 )\t m5tion+ ! corslet1 :5ce x is argu$ by ! critics t corslets 7 n worn :5 ! orig9al lays 7 fa%ion$1 & t !y h only be5 sporadically introduc$1 9 an aft] age :5 ! corslet 0 univ]sal1 by mod]nis+ lat] rhapsodi/s aim+ at ! up-to-date4 ,a weak po9t is ! argum5t t ,hom] says back or brea/ 0 pi]c$1 )\t m5tion+ ! corslet1 :5ce x foll[s t he knew no corslets4 ,qu9tus ,smyrnaeus does ! same ?+4 ,( c\rse1 ,qu9tus knew all ab\t corslets1 yet 7,book ,i4 #bdh1 #bef1 #beg7 he makes 8 h]oes drive spe> or sword ?r\gh brea/ or belly )\t m5tion+ ! resi/ance ( ! corslet1 ev5 :5 7,i4 #add1 #eid7 he has assur$ u t ! victim 0 we>+ a corslet4 ,^! facts are n due to inconsi/5t int]polation ( corslets into ! "w ( ?is po/-,*ri/ian poet ,qu9tus4 ,footnote3 ,i f9d a simil> omission 9 ! ,*anson de ,rol&4 ,corslets1 9 ,hom]1 are flimsy2 t ( ,lycaon1 worn by ,p>is1 is pi]c$ by a spe> :i* has also p]=at$ 8 %ield1 ?\gh ! spe> came only f ! weak h& ( ,m5elaus 7,iliad1 ,,iii4 #ceg1 #ceh74 ,! arr[ ( ,p&>us :i/les ?r\gh ! corslet ( ,m5elaus 7,,iv4 #acf74 ,! same ar*] pi]ces ) an arr[ ! corslet ( ,diom$e 7,v4 #ii1 #ajj74 ,! corslet ( ,diom$e1 h[ev]1 avails to /op a spe> :i* has trav]s$ 8 %ield 7,v4 #bha74 ,! spe> ( ,idom5eus pi]ces ! corslet ( ,o?ryoneus1 & ! spe> ( ,antilo*us p]=ates ! corslet ( a *>iote] 7,,xiii4 #cga1 #cig74 ,a few l9es lat] ,diom$e's spe> rea*es ! midriff ( ,hyps5or4 ,no corslet is "h m5tion$1 b nei!r is ! %ield m5tion$ 7?is con/antly occurs71 & we _c argue t ,hyps5or wore no corslet1 unless we are also to cont5d t he wore no %ield1 or a small %ield4 ,idom5eus drives 8 spe> ?r\gh ! bronze *iton ( ,alca?oeus 7,,xiii4 #dci1 #ddj74 ,mr4 ,leaf reckons ^! l9es probably an int]polation to turn ! l95 *iton1 ! r5d+ ( :i* is ! sign ( triumph1 into a bronze corslet4 ,b we ask :y1 if an editor or rhapsodi/ w5t ?r\gh ! ,iliad introduc+ corslets1 he s (t5 left !m out1 :]e ! critics detect _! abs5ce because !y are n m5tion$8 ,! spe> ( ,idom5eus pi]ces ano!r feeble corslet ov] ! victim's belly 7,,xiii4 #ejf-ejh74 ,x is q a surprise :5 a corslet does = once avail to turn an arr[ 7,,xiii4 #ehf-ehg74 ,b ,aias drives 8 spe> ?r\gh ! corslet ( ,phorcys1 into 8 belly 7,,xvii #caa-cab74 ,?us ! corslet sc>cely ev]1 by itself1 protects a h]o2 x nev] protects him aga9/ an unsp5t spe>2 ev5 :5 8 %ield /&s betwe5 8 corslet & ! spe> bo? are sometimes p]=at$4 ,yet occasionally ! corslet saves a man :5 ! spe> has gone ?r\gh ! %ield4 ,! poet1 !re=e1 sometimes gives u a man pi]c$ 9 a "p :i* ! corslet cov]s1 )\t m5tion+ ! flimsy article t c\ld n keep out a spe>4 ,rei*el himself came to see1 be=e 8 regrett$ dea?1 t he c\ld n expla9 away ! ?orex or corslet1 on 8 orig9al l9es1 z a m]e g5]al "n = a piece ( arm\r2 & he incl9$ to ?9k t jacks1 ) metal plates sewn on1 did exi/ be=e ! ,ionian corslet4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,waff51 pp4 #ic-id4 #aija4 ,! gold brea/plates ( ! ,myc5aean graves po9t$ 9 ?is direction4 ,b 8 g5]al argum5t is t corslets 7 int]polat$ into ! old lays by poets ( a corslet-we>+ age2 & ,mr4 ,leaf holds t corslets may h filt]$ 91 dur+ ! c\rse ( successive mod]nisation1 su* z ! olde/ p>ts ( ! ,iliad seem 9 _m cases to h pass$ ?r\gh1 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 i4 p4 #egh4 ?\gh ! new poets 71 = all t1 cons]vatively t5aci\s ( ! old mat]ial4 ,we h already po9t$ out ! difficulty4 ,! poets :o did n introduce ! new small buckl]s ) :i* !y 7 famili>1 did /uff ! ,iliad full ( corslets unkn[n1 by ! !ory1 to ! orig9al poet1 b famili> to rhapsodi/s liv+ c5turies lat]4 ,:y1 if !y 7 b5t on mod]nis+1 did !y n mod]nise ! %ields8 & h[1 if !y mod]nis$ unconsci\sly1 z all uncritical poets d1 did ! %ield fail to be unconsci\sly br\ght up to date8 ,x seems probable t ,hom] liv$ at a p]iod :5 bo? huge %ield & r feeble corslet 7 9 vogue4 ,we %all n[ exam9e "s ( ! passages 9 :i* ,mr4 ,leaf1 ma9ly foll[+ ,rei*el1 raises difficulties ab\t corslets4 ,we d n "k _! me*anism2 !y 7 compos$ ( ,greek3 guala1 presum$ to be a backplate & a brea/plate4 ,! ^w gualon appe>s to mean a holl[1 or ! conv]se1 some?+ convex4 ,we _c und]/& ! me*anism 7see a "y man putt+ on a corslet1 on an amphora by ,eu?ymides4 ,walt]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #agf72 b1 if late poets1 famili> ) su* corslets1 did n und]/& h[ !y work$1 !y 7 v dull m54 ,:5 _! descriptions puzzle u1 t is m probably because we are n at ! po9t ( view ?an because poets int]polat$ m5tions ( pieces ( arm\r :i* !y did n und]/&1 & !re=e _c h be5 famili> )1 &1 9 t case1 w\ld n introduce4 ,mr4 ,leaf />ts ) a passage 9 ! ,iliad 7,,iii4 #ceg-cfj7--;x recurs 9 ano!r case3 ,?r\gh ! bright %ield w5t ! pond]\s spe>1 & ?r\gh ! inwr\ght 7v artfully wr\ght71 ,greek3 poludaidal\ brea/plate x press$ on1 & /raight beside 8 flank x r5t ! tunic1 b he sw]v$ & escap$ black dea?4 ,mr4 ,leaf says1 ,x is obvi\s t1 aft] a spe> has pass$ ?r\gh a brea/plate1 !re is no long] any possibility = ! we>] to b5d aside & s to avoid ! po9t4444 ,b ,i suppose t ! we>]1 by a motion v natural1 d\bl$ up sideways1 s to speak1 & s ! spe> m]ely graz$ 8 fle%4 ,t is :at ,i suppose ! poet to int5d4 ,! m he knew ( corslets1 ! less w\ld he m5tion an impossible circum/ance 9 connection ) a corslet4 ,aga91 9 _m cases ! late poets1 by ! !ory--?\gh x is !y :o br+ ! corslets 9--leave ! corslets out6 ,a man )\t %ield1 helmet1 & spe> calls himself nak$4 ,:y did n ^! late poets1 x is ask$1 make him take (f 8 corslet1 if he _h "o1 z well z 8 %ield8 ,! case occurs 9 ,,xxii4 #aaa-aac1abd-abe4 ,hector ?9ks ( lay+ aside helmet1 spe>1 & %ield1 & ( p>ley+ ) ,a*illes4 ,b !n he w slay me nak$1 t is1 un>m$4 ,he /ill _h 8 corslet1 ! critics say1 s h[ c\ld he be nak$8 or1 if he _h no corslet1 ?is is a passage uncontam9at$ by ! late poets ( ! corslet age4 ,n[ c]ta9ly ,hector 0 we>+ a corslet1 :i* he _h tak5 f ,patroclus3 t is ! ess5ce ( ! /ory4 ,he w\ld1 h[ev]1 be nak$ or unprotect$ if he laid aside helmet1 spe>1 & %ield1 because ,a*illes c\ld hit him 9 ! head or neck 7z he did71 or lightly drive ! spe> ?r\gh ! corslet1 :i*1 we h prov$1 0 no s\nd def5ce aga9/ a spe> at close qu>t]s1 ?\gh useful aga9/ *ance arr[s1 & occasionally aga9/ spe>s sp5t by trav]s+ ! %ield4 ,we next le>n t no corslet occurs 9 ! ,odyssey1 or 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 call$ v late3 ,mr4 ,leaf sugge/s t x is ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b if ! ,odyssey & ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 are really v late1 _! au?ors & int]polators 7 p]fectly famili> ) ,ionian corslets4 ,:y did !y leave corslets out1 :ile _! pr$ecessors & contempor>ies 7 introduc+ !m all up & d[n ! ,iliad8 ,9 fact1 9 ,book ,x1 no pr9ce is regul>ly equipp$2 !y h be5 call$ up to delib]ate 9 ! dead ( night1 & :5 two g z spies !y we> casual borr[$ ge>4 ,x is m important t no corslet is m5tion$ 9 ,ne/or's arms 9 8 t5t4 ,b are we to expla9 ?is1 & ! abs5ce ( m5tion ( corslets 9 ! ,odyssey 7:]e !re is little ab\t regul> fight+71 on ! gr\nd t ! au?or ( ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 & all ! _m au?ors & editors ( ! ,odyssey happ5$ to be pr(\nd ar*aeologi/s1 &1 unlike _! contempor>ies1 ! lat] poets & int]polators ( ! ,iliad1 _h =m$ ! !ory t corslets 7 n kn[n at ! "t ( ! siege ( ,troy & !re=e mu/ n be m5tion$8 ,?is is q incr$ible4 ,no hypo!sis c be m improbable4 ,we _c imag9e late ,ionian rhapsodi/s li/5+ to ! ,iliad1 & say+1 ,^! poets ( ! ,iliad are all wrong3 at ! date ( ! ,myc5aean prime1 z e educat$ man kn[s1 corslets 7 n yet 9 fa%ion4 ,s we mu/ h no corslets 9 ! ,odyssey8 ,a mod]n critic1 :o ?9ks ?is possible1 is br++ ! practice ( ar*ais+ poets ( ! late n9ete5? c5tury into ! m9ds ( rhapsodi/s ( ! eigh? c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,arti/s ( ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury always depict ,jeanne d',arc 9 ! arm\r & co/ume ( _! own "t1 :olly unlike ^? ( #adcj4 ,?is is ! regul> rule4 ,late rhapsodi/s w\ld n delve 9 ! ar*aeology ( ! ,myc5aean prime4 ,inde$1 "o does n see h[ !y c\ld discov]1 9 ,asia1 t corslets 7 n worn1 five c5turies e>li]1 on ! o!r side ( ! sea4 ,we are told t ,aias & "s o!r h]oes are nev] spok5 ( z we>+ corslets4 ,b ,aias c]ta9ly did put on a set ( pieces ( arm\r1 & did n tru/ to 8 %ield alone1 t[]-l z x 04 ,! description runs ?us3 ,! ,a*aeans h dis>m$1 be=e ! duel ( ,aias & ,hector4 ,aias draws ! lucky lot2 he is to 'meet ,hector1 & bids ! o!rs pray to ,zeus :ile ,i clo! me 9 my arm\r ( battle4 ,:ile !y pray$1 ,aias array$ himself 9 fla%+ bronze4 ,& :5 he _h n[ clo!d ^u 8 fle% all 8 pieces ( arm\r 7,greek3 panta teu*ae7 he w5t =? to fight4 ,if ,aias wore only a %ield1 z on ,mr4 ,leaf's hypo!sis1 he c\ld sl+ x on be=e ! ,a*aeans c\ld brea! a pat] no/]4 ,8 sword he w\ld n h tak5 (f2 swords 7 always worn4 ,:at1 !n1 are all 8 pieces ( arm\r8 7,,vii4 #aic1 #bjf74 ,c>l ,rob]t cites passages 9 :i* ! ,greek3 teu*ea1 tak5 f ! %\ld]s1 include corslets1 & are late & ,ionian1 ) o!r passages :i* are ,myc5aean1 ) no corslet involv$4 ,he adds ab\t tw5ty m passages 9 :i* ,greek3 teu*ea include corslets4 ,among ^! ref]5ces two are f ! ,doloneia 7,x4 #bed1 #bgb71 :]e ,rei*el f9ds no m5tion ( corslets4 ,h[ ,rob]t c tell ,greek3 teu*ea1 :i* mean corslets1 f ,greek3 teu*ea1 :i* exclude corslets1 is n obvi\s4 ,b1 at all ev5ts1 he does see corslets1 z 9 ,,vii4 #abb1 :]e ,rei*el sees none1 ,footnote3 ,rob]t1 ,/udi5 zur ,ilias1 pp4 #bj-ba4 & he is obvi\sly "r4 ,x is a /rong po9t ) ,mr4 ,leaf t we nev] he> ( ! corslet 9 ! case ( ,aias4444 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #egf4 ,rob]t1 h[ev]1 l ourselves1 detects ! corslet among al ! ,greek3 teu*ea :i* ,aias puts on = 8 duel ) ,hector 7,iliad1 ,,vii4 #aic1 #bjf-bjg74 ,9 ! same ,book 7,,vii4 #aja-ajc1 #abb7 ! same difficulty occurs4 ,m5elaus (f]s to fight ,hector1 & says1 ,i w put on my h>ness ,greek3 ?ooraxomai1 & does put on 8 fair pieces ( arm\r ,greek3 teu*ea kala1 ,agamemnon =bids him to fight1 & 8 fri5ds joyfully take 8 pieces ( arm\r ,greek3 teu*ea f 8 %\ld]s 7,iliad1 ,,vii4 #bjf-bjg74 ,!y take (f pieces ( arm\r1 9 ! plural1 & a %ield _c be spok5 ( 9 ! plural2 :ile ! sword w\ld n be tak5 (f--x 0 worn ev5 9 peaceful co/ume4 ,idom5eus is nev] nam$ z we>+ a corslet1 b he rem>ks t he has pl5ty ( corslets 7,,xiii4 #bfd72 & 9 ?is & _m cases oppon5ts ( corslets prove _! case by cutt+ out ! l9es :i* disprove x4 ,any?+ may be demon/rat$ if we may excise :atev] passage does n suit our hypo!sis4 ,x is impossible to argue aga9/ ?is logical device1 especially :5 ! critic1 n satisfi$ ) a clean cut1 supposes t "s late en?usia/ = corslets alt]$ ! pray] ( ,!tis to ,hephae/us = ! v purpose ( dragg+ 9 a corslet4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,note to ,iliad1 xviii4 #dfj1 #dfa4 ,if !re is no objection to a l9e except t a corslet occurs 9 x1 :]e is ! logic 9 excis+ ! l9e because "o happ5s to ?9k t corslets are lat] ?an ! olde/ p>ts ( ! ,iliad8 ,ano!r plan is to ma9ta9 t if ! poet does n 9 any case m5tion a corslet1 !re 0 no corslet4 ,?us 9 ,v4 #ii1 an arr[ /rikes ,diom$e h>d by ! "r %\ld]1 ! plate ( ! corslet4 ,?irte5 l9es lat] 7,v4 #aab1 #aac7 ,/h5elus drew ! swift %aft "r ?r\gh out ( ,diom$e's %\ld]1 & ! blood d>t$ up ?r\gh ! pliant *iton4 ,we d n "k :at ! ^w "h translat$ pliant ,greek3 /reptos means1 & ,ari/>*us seems to h ?\ght x 0 a coat ( mail1 *a91 or scale arm\r4 ,if s1 "h is ! corslet1 b 9 ?is case1 if a corslet or jack ) int]twi/$ small plates or scales or r+s ( bronze be meant1 gualon _c mean a l>ge plate1 z x does4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway says1 ,x seems c]ta9 t ,greek3 /reptos *itoon means1 z ,ari/>*us held1 a %irt ( mail4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 p1 #cjf4 ,mr4 ,leaf says j ! rev]se4 ,z usual1 we come to a deadlock2 a cla% ( le>n$ op9ion4 ,b any "o c see t1 9 ! space ( ?irte5 l9es1 no poet or int]polator :o wrote ,v4 i #ab1 i #ac c\ld =get t ,diom$e 0 said to be we>+ a corslet 9 ,v4 #ii2 & ev5 if ! poet c\ld =get1 :i* is out ( ! "q1 ! editor ( #edj ,b4,c4 0 simply defraud+ 8 employ]1 ,piai/ratus1 if he did n br+ a rem$y = ! /upid fault ( ! poet4 ,:5 ?is or t h]o is n specifically said to be we>+ a corslet1 x is usually because ! poet has no occasion to m5tion x1 ?\gh1 z we h se51 a man is occasionally smitt51 9 ! midriff1 say1 )\t any rem>k on ! flimsy piece ( mail4 ,t corslets are usually tak5 = grant$ z pres5t by ! poet1 ev5 :5 !y are n explicitly nam$1 seems c]ta94 ,he con/antly repres5ts ! h]oes z /ripp+ ! pieces ( mail ,greek3 teu*ea1 :5 !y h "t & opportunity1 f fall5 foes4 ,if only ! %ield is tak51 if !re is no?+ else 9 ! way ( bronze body arm\r to take1 :y h we ! plural1 ,greek3 teu*ea8 ,! corslet1 z well z ! %ield1 mu/ be int5d$4 ,! /ripp+ is usually f ! %\ld]s1 & x is f 8 %\ld]s t ,hector hopes to /rip ! corslet ( ,diom$e 7,iliad1 ,,viii4 #aie7 9 a passage1 to be sure1 :i* ! critics ?9k int]polat$4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! /ripp+ ( ! 7same ,greek *>act]s71 _c be ! m]e seizure ( ! %ield1 b mu/ ref] to o!r pieces ( arm\r3 all ! pieces ( arm\r4 ,s o!r pieces ( def5sive arm\r besides ! %ield are ?r\gh\t tak5 = grant$4 ,if !y 7 n !re !y c\ld n be /ripp$4 ,x is ! *itons t ,agamemnon does some?+ to1 9 ! case ( two fall5 foes 7,iliad1 ,,xi4 #ajj71 & ,ari/>*us ?\ght t ^! *itons 7 corslets4 ,b ! passage is obscure4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #cgc1 :5 ,diom$e /rips helmet f head1 %ield f %\ld]1 corslet f brea/ ( ,aga/rophus1 ,rei*el 0 = excis+ ! corslet1 because x 0 n m5tion$ :5 ! h]o 0 /ruck on ! hip jo9t4 ,i d n see t an ineffici5t corslet w\ld protect ! hip jo9t4 ,to d t1 9 our eighte5? c5tury cavalry arm\r1 0 ! bus9ess ( a zo/]1 z may be se5 9 a portrait ( ! ,*evali] de ,/4 ,george 9 y\?4 ,x is a ?ick ribb$ zo/] t protects ! hip jo9ts ( ! k+4 ,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,evans obs]ves t ! we/]n invad]s ( ,egypt1 "u ,rameses ,,iii1 are arm$1 on ! monum5ts1 ) cuirasses =m$ ( a succession ( plates1 horizontal1 or ris+ 9 a d\ble curve1 :ile ! ,enkomi ivories1 already ref]r$ to1 corroborate ! exi/5ce ( corslet1 zo/]1 & zoma z articles ( def5sive arm\r4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxx4 p4 #bac4 ,rec5t discov]ies1 says ,mr4 ,evans1 ?us supply a d\ble corroboration ( ! ,hom]ic tradition :i* c>ries back ! use ( ! r\nd %ield & ! cuirass or ,greek3 ?oraex to ! e>li] epic p]iod444 ,) su* a repres5tation be=e u1 a s]ies ( ,hom]ic passages on :i* ,dr4 ,rei*el444 has exhau/$ 8 p[]s ( de/ructive criticism1 becomes readily intelligible4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #bad4 ,hom]1 !n1 describes arm\r lat] ?an t ( ! ,myc5aean prime1 :51 z f> z works ( art %[1 only a huge lea!rn %ield 0 c>ri$1 ?\gh ! gold brea/plates ( ! corpses 9 ! grave sugge/ t corslets exi/$4 ,hom]'s m51 on ! o!r h&1 h1 at lea/ 9 c]ta9 cases quot$ above1 l>ge bronze-plat$ %ields & bronze cuirasses ( no great resi/+ p[]1 p]haps 9 v>i\s /ages ( evolution1 f ! byrnie ) scales or small plates ( bronze to ! brea/plate & backplate1 ?\gh ! plates = brea/ & back c]ta9ly appe> to be usually worn4 ,x seems t "s critics _c dive/ !mselves ( ! idea t ! orig9al poet ( ! k]nel 0 contempor>y ) !m :o slept 9 ! %aft graves ( ,myc5ae1 cov]$ ) gold5 ornam5ts1 & t = body arm\r he only knew _! mon/r\s %ields4 ,mr4 ,leaf writes3 ,! arm\r ( ,hom]ic h]oes corresponds closely to t ( ! ,myk5aean age z we le>n x f ! monum5ts4 ,! h]oes wore no brea/plate2 _! only def5sive arm\r 0 ! enorm\s ,myk5aean %ield4444 ,?is is only true if we excise all ! passages :i* contradict ! /atem5t1 & g on ) ,mr4 ,leaf to say1 by ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 or !reab\ts1 ! idea ( a panoply )\t a brea/plate _h become absurd4 ,by t "t ! epic poems _h almo/ ceas$ to gr[2 b !y /ill admitt$ a few m9or episodes 9 :i* ! r\nd %ield 7:]e 787 & corslet play$ a "p1 z well z ! int]polation ( a c]ta9 numb] ( l9es & c\plets 9 :i* ! new armam5t 0 me*anically introduc$ into n>ratives :i* orig9ally knew no?+ ( x4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #efh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,leaf says t ! small circul> %ield ( lat] times is unkn[n to ,hom]1 ) a v few curi\s exceptions1 9 :i* ! %ields are n said to be small or circul>4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p1 #ege4 ,surely ?is is r arbitr>y deal+6 ,we />t f our !ory t ! orig9al poet describ$ ! arm\r ( ! monum5ts ?\gh !y are ( ! prime1 :ile he pr(ess$ly liv$ long aft] ! prime--liv$ 9 an age :5 !re mu/ h be5 *anges 9 milit>y equipm5t4 ,we !n cut out1 z ( ! sev5? c5tury1 :atev] passages d n suit our !ory4 ,anybody c prove any?+ by ?is me?od4 ,we might say t ! siege sc5e on ! ,myc5aean silv] vase repres5ts ! ,myc5aean prime1 & t1 z !re is b "o j]sey among eight m5 o!rwise />k nak$1 we mu/ cut out sev5-eigh?s ( ! *itons 9 ! ,iliad1 ^! hav+ be5 int]polat$ by late poets :o did n run ab\t ) no?+ on4 ,we might call ! :ole poem late1 because ! au?ors "k no?+ ( ! ,myc5aean ba?+-draw]s s common on ! monum5ts4 ,! argum5t compels ,mr4 ,leaf to assume t a %ield c be call$ ,greek3 teu*ea 9 ! plural1 s1 9 ,iliad1 ,,vii4 #abb1 :5 ! squires ( ,m5elaus take ! ,greek3 teu*ea f 8 %\ld]s1 we are assur$ t ! %ield 7aspis7 0 = ! *iefs alone 7we h se5 t all ! ho/ ( ,p&>us wore %ields71 = ^? :o c\ld keep a *>iot to c>ry !m1 & squires to assi/ !m 9 tak+ (f ?is pond]\s def5ce 7see ,,vii #abb74 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ehc4 ,we d see ,,vii4 #abb1 & f9d t n a s+le %ield1 b pieces ( ge> 9 ! plural numb] 7 tak5 (f ,m5elaus4 ,! feeble/ w>rior )\t any assi/ance c\ld /oop 8 head & put x ?r\gh ! belt ( 8 %ield1 z an angl] takes (f 8 fi%+ creel1 & !re he 01 totally dis>m$4 ,no squire 0 ne$$ to dis>m him1 any m ?an to dis>m ,gir>d 9 ! ,*ancun de ,willame4 ,nobody expla9s :y a %ield is spok5 ( z a numb] ( ?+s1 9 ! plural1 & t con/antly1 & 9 l9es :]e1 if ! poet means a %ield1 prosody p]mits him to say a %ield1 ,greek3 !rapontes ap oopoon aspid elonto4 ,x really does appe> t ,rei*el's logic1 8 p[] ( visualis+ simple ?+s & processes1 & 8 k ( ! evolution ( def5sive arm\r ev]y:]e1 7 n equal to 8 indu/ry & classical erudition4 ,hom] seems to describe :at he saw3 %ields1 (t5 ( great size1 made ( lea!r1 plat$ ) bronze1 & susp5d$ by belts2 &1 = body arm\r1 feeble bronze corslets & zo/]s4 ,!re is no?+ inconsi/5t 9 all ?is3 !re 0 no m reason :y an ,hom]ic w>rior %\ld n we> a corslet z well z a %ield ?an !re 0 reason :y a m$iaeval knight :o c>ri$ a t>ge %\ld n also we> a haub]k1 or :y an ,iroquois ) a %ield %\ld n also we> 8 cotton or wick]-"w arm\r4 ,def5sive ge> kept pace ) (f5sive weapons4 ,a big lea!r %ield c\ld keep out /one-tipp$ arr[s2 b z bronze-tipp$ arr[s came 9 & also heavy bronze-po9t$ spe>s1 def5sive arm\r 0 necess>ily /r5g!n$2 ! %ield 0 plat$ ) bronze1 &1 if x did n exi/ be=e1 ! bronze corslet 0 develop$4 ,to keep out /one-tipp$ arr[s 0 ! bus9ess ( ! ,myc5aean wood5 or lea!r %ield4 ,bronze arr[-heads1 s common 9 ! ,iliad1 are nev] f\nd1 says ,s*u*>dt1 speak+ ( ,s*liemann's ,myc5aean excavations4 ,footnote3 ,s*u*>dt1 p4 #bcg4 ,!re 0 ?us1 z f> z arr[s w5t1 no reason :y ,myc5aean %ields %\ld be plat$ ) bronze4 ,if ! piece ( wood 9 ,grave ,v4 0 a %ield1 z seems probable1 :at has become ( its bronze plates1 if x _h any8 ,footnote3 ,s*u*>dt1 p4 #bfi ,gold ornam5ts1 :i* c\ld only belong to %ields1 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #bcg4 7 f\nd1 b bronze %ield plates nev]4 ,! inf]5ce is c]ta94 ,! ,myc5aean %ields ( ! prime 7 orig9ally wood5 or lea!r def5ces aga9/ /one-head$ arr[s4 ,hom]'s %ields are bronze-plat$ %ields to keep out bronze-head$ or ev51 p]haps1 iron-po9t$ arr[s ( primitive con/ruction 7,,iv4 #abc74 ,hom] describes arm\r bas$ on ,myc5aean l9es b develop$ & advanc$ z ! means ( attack improv$4 ,:]e ev]y?+ is s natural x seems fanta/ic to expla9 ! circum/ances by ! !ory t poets 9 a late age sometimes did & sometimes did n int]polate ! milit>y ge> ( f\r c5turies po/]ior to ! ?+s kn[n by ! orig9al s+]4 ,^! rhapsodi/s1 we reit]ate1 are n[ said to be anxi\sly cons]vative ( ,myc5aean detail & ev5 to be deeply le>n$ ar*aeologi/s4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbi4 ,at o!r times !y are said to introduce recklessly "p ( ! milit>y ge> ( _! own age1 ! corslets1 :ile /]nly exclud+ ! buckl]s4 ,all dep5ds on :at ! !ory ( v late developm5ts ( ! ,epic may happ5 to dem& at ?is or t mom5t4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,leaf in=ms u t ! fir/ rhapsodies 7 born 9 ! bronze age1 9 ! day ( ! pond]\s ,myc5aean %ield2 ! la/ 9 ! iron age1 :5 m5 arm$ !mselves ) brea/plate & light r\nd buckl]4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 x4 ,we _c guess h[ he f\nd ^! ?+s out1 = corslets are z common 9 "o rhapsody z 9 ano!r :5 circum/ances call = ! m5tion ( corslets1 & are entirely unnam$ 9 ! ,odyssey 7save t ! ,a*aeans are bronze-*iton$71 :ile ! ,odyssey is alleg$ to be mu* lat] ?an ! ,iliad4 ,z = ! iron age1 no rhapsodi/ introduces s mu* z "o iron spe> po9t4 ,x is argu$ t he speaks ( bronze 9 def]5ce to tradition4 ,!n :y does he sc\t tradition 9 ! matt] ( greaves & corslets1 :ile he sometimes actually goes beh9d tradition to f9d ,myc5aean ?+s unkn[n to ! orig9al poets8 ,^! !ories appe> too /rangely inconsi/5t2 really ^! !ories _c possibly be accept$4 ,! late poets1 ( ! !ory1 are 9 ! iron age1 & are1 ( c\rse1 famili> ) iron weapons2 yet1 9 cons]vative def]5ce to tradition1 !y keep !m absolutely out ( _! rhapsodies4 ,!y are equally famili> ) bronze corslets1 s1 reckless ?is "t ( tradition1 !y ?ru/ !m ev5 into rhapsodies :i* are c5turies old] ?an _! own day4 ,!y are no less famili> ) small buckl]s1 yet !y say no?+ ab\t !m & cl+ to ! traditional body-cov]+ %ield4 ,! s\rce ( ! inconsi/5t !ories :i* we h be5 exam9+ is easily discov]$4 ,! s*ol>s :o hold ^! op9ions see t sev]al ?+s 9 ! ,hom]ic picture ( life are bas$ on ,myc5aean facts2 = example1 ! size ( ! %ields & _! susp5sion by baldrics4 ,b ! s*ol>s also d /eadfa/ly believe1 foll[+ ! ,wolfian tradition1 t !re c\ld be no long epic 9 ! e>ly p]iod4 ,!re=e ! great] "p1 mu* ! great] "p ( ! ,iliad1 mu/ necess>ily1 !y say1 be ! "w ( cont9uators ?r\gh sev]al c5turies4 ,critics are =tifi$ 9 ?is belief by ! discov]y ( inconsi/5cies 9 ! ,epic1 :i*1 !y assume1 c only be expla9$ z ! result ( a compilation ( ! pat*work ( ages4 ,b z1 on ?is !ory1 _m m5 9 _m l&s & ages made ! ,epic1 _! contributions _c b be m>k$ by ! inevitable *anges 9 mann]s1 cu/oms1 beliefs1 implem5ts1 laws1 weapons1 & s on1 :i* c\ld n b arise 9 ! long process ( "t4 ,yet traces ( *ange 9 law1 religion1 mann]s1 & cu/oms are sc>cely1 if at all1 to be detect$2 :5ce x logically foll[s t a doz5 g5]ations ( irresponsible m9/rels & vagrant recit]s 7 le>n$1 consci5ti\s1 & /aun*ly cons]vative ( ! ar*aic tone4 ,_! erudite cons]vatism1 = example1 induc$ !m1 9 def]5ce to ! traditions ( ! bronze age1 to describe all weapons z ( bronze1 ?\gh _m ( ! poets 7 liv+ 9 an age ( weapons ( iron4 ,x also prompt$ !m to describe all %ields z made on ! f>-away old ,myc5aean model1 ?\gh !y 7 !mselves us$ to small circul> buckl]s1 ) a brac] & a grip1 worn on ! left arm4 ,b at ?is po9t ! le>n+ & cons]vatism ( ! late poets des]t$ !m1 & into _! new lays1 also into ! old lays1 !y eag]ly introduc$ _m unw>rantable corslets & greaves--?+s ( ! n9? to sev5? c5turies4 ,we %all f9d ,helbig /at+1 on ! same page1 t 9 ! matt] ( usages ! epic poets %unn$1 z f> z possible1 all t 0 rec5t1 & also t = fe> ( puzzl+ _! milit>y audi5ces !y did ! rev]se3 !y probably kept acc\nt ( ! arms & arm\r ( _! own day4 ,footnote3 ,la ,"q ,myc5i5ne1 p4 #ej4 ,cf4 ,note ,i4 ,n[ ! late poets1 on ?is %[+1 mu/ h puzzl$ w>riors :o us$ iron weapons by always speak+ ( bronze weapons4 ,!y pleas$ ! critical w>riors1 on ! o!r h&1 by introduc+ ! corslets & greaves :i* e milit>y man ( _! late age possess$4 ,b1 aga91 ! poets />tl$ an audi5ce :i* us$ light buckl]s1 worn on ! left arm1 by talk+ ( enorm\s t>ges1 slung r\nd ! neck4 ,all ^! inconsi/5cies ( !ory foll[ f ! assumption t ! ,iliad mu/ be a hot*-pot* ( _m ages4 ,if we assume t1 on ! :ole1 x is ! "w ( "o age1 we see t ! poet describes ! usages :i* obta9$ 9 8 own day4 ,! dead are cremat$1 n1 z 9 ! ,myc5aean prime1 inhum$4 ,! %ield has be5 /r5g!n$ to meet bronze1 n /one-tipp$1 arr[s by bronze plates4 ,corslets & greaves h be5 elaborat$4 ,bronze1 h[ev]1 is /ill ! metal = swords & spe>s1 & ev5 occasionally = tools & implem5ts1 ?\gh ^! are (t5 ( iron4 ,9 %ort1 we h 9 ,hom] a picture ( a transitional age ( culture2 we h n a m$ley ( old & new1 ( obsolete & mod]n4 ,! poets d n describe inhumation1 z !y %\ld d1 if !y are cons]vative ar*aeologi/s4 ,9 t case1 ?\gh !y burn1 !y w\ld h made _! h]oes bury _! dead1 z !y did at ,myc5as4 ,!y d n introduce iron swords & spe>s1 z !y mu/ d1 if1 be+ late poets1 !y keep 9 t\* ) ! armam5t ( _! "t4 ,if !y speak ( huge %ields only because !y are cons]vative ar*aeologi/s1 !n1 on ! o!r h&1 !y speak ( corslets & greaves because !y are also reckless innovators4 ,!y _c be bo? at once4 ,!y are depict+ a s+le age1 a s+le mom5t 9 culture4 ,t age is c]ta9ly sund]$ f ! ,myc5aean prime by ! c5tury or two 9 :i* *ang+ ideas l$ to ! sup]s$+ ( burial by burn+1 or x is sund]$ f ! ,myc5aean prime by a =eign conque/1 a revolution1 & ! ye>s 9 :i* ! =eign conqu]ors acquir$ ! language ( _! subjects4 ,9 ei!r alt]native1 & "o or o!r mu/ be actual1 !re 0 "t en\gh = _m *anges 9 ! culture ( ! ,myc5aean prime to be evolv$4 ,^! *anges1 we say1 are repres5t$ by ! descriptions ( culture 9 ! ,iliad4 ,t hypo!sis expla9s1 simply & readily1 all ! facts4 ,! o!r hypo!sis1 t ! ,iliad 0 begun ne> ! ,myc5aean prime & 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t f\r or five c5turies1 _c1 fir/1 expla9 h[ ! ,iliad 0 compos$1 &1 next1 x w&]s among app>5t contradictories & ?r\gh a maze ( inconsi/5cies4 ,,! ,,zo/]1 ,,zoma1 ,,& ,,mitre ,we are f> f cont5d+ t x is always possible to und]/& ,hom]'s descriptions ( def5sive arm\r4 ,b z we h nev] se5 ! actual objects1 p]haps ! poet's phrases 7 cle> en\gh to 8 audi5ce & are only difficult to u4 ,i d n1 = example1 pr(ess to be sure ( :at happ5$ :5 ,p&>us %ot at ,m5elaus4 ,! arr[ light$ :]e ! gold5 buckles ( ! zo/] 7 clasp$1 & ! d\bl$ brea/plate met !m4 ,s ! bitt] arr[ alight$ ^u ! firm zo/]2 ?r\gh ! wr\ght zo/] x sp$1 & ?r\gh ! curi\sly wr\ght brea/plate x press$ on1 & ?r\gh ! mitre he wore to %ield 8 fle%1 a b>ri] aga9/ d>ts2 & ?is be/ %ield$ him1 yet x pass$ on ev5 ?r\gh ?is1 & graz$ ! h]o's fle% 7,iliad1 ,,iv4 ,i #cb seq474 ,m5elaus next says t ! gli/]+ zo/] 9 front /ay$ ! d>t1 & ! zoma b5ea?1 & ! mitre t ! copp]smi?s fa%ion$ 7,,iv4 #ahe-ahg74 ,!n ! surgeon1 ,ma*aon1 loos$ ! gli/]+ zo/] & ! zoma1 & ! mitre b5ea? t ! copp]smi?s fa%ion$ 7,,iv4 #bae1 #baf74 ,read+ z a m]e /ud5t ( poetry ,i take ?is to mean t ! corslet 0 ( two pieces1 fa/5+ 9 ! middle ( ! back & ! middle ( ! front ( a man 7?\gh ,mr4 ,monro ?9ks t ! plates met & ! zo/] 0 buckl$ at ! side72 t ! zo/]1 a mail$ belt1 buckl$ j above ! place :]e ! plates ( ! corslet met2 t ! arr[ w5t ?r\gh ! meet+-place ( ! belt buckles1 ?r\gh ! place :]e ! plates ( ! corslet met1 & !n ?r\gh ! mitre1 a piece ( bronze arm\r worn "u ! corslet1 ?\gh ! nature ( ?is mitre & ( ! zoma ,i d n "k4 ,0 ! mitre a sep>ate article or a cont9uation ( ! brea/plate1 l[] d[n1 /ruck by a dropp+ arr[8 ,9 #ahhc ,mr4 ,leaf wrote3 ,i take x t ! zoma means ! wai/ ( ! cuirass :i* is cov]$ by ! zo/]1 & has ! upp] edge ( ! mitre or plat$ apron b5ea? x fa/5$ r\nd ! w>rior's body4 444 ,?is view is /rongly support$ by all ! ar*aic vase pa9t+s ,i h be5 able to f9d4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic /udies1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #gd1ge4 ,we see a corslet ) a project+ rim2 t rim is call$ zoma & holds ! zo/]4 ,! hips & upp] "p ( ! ?ighs 7 protect$ ei!r by a belt ( lea!r1 sometimes plat$1 call$ ! mitre1 or else only by ! l[] "p ( ! *iton1 & ?is corresponds exactly ) ,hom]ic description4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 pp4 #gf1 #gg4 ,at ?is "t1 9 days be=e ,rei*el1 ,mr4 ,leaf believ$ 9 bronze corslets1 :e!r ( plates or plat$ jacks2 he also believ$1 we h se51 t ! huge %ields1 z ( ,aias1 7 survivals 9 poetry2 t ,hom] saw small r\nd buckl]s 9 use1 & suppos$ t ! old w>riors 7 muscul> en\gh to we> circul> %ields z great z ^? 9 ! vase ( ,ari/ono?os1 already describ$4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 iv p4 #bhe4 ,on ! corslet1 z we h se51 ,mr4 ,leaf n[ writes z a disciple ( ,rei*el4 ,b z to ! mitre1 he rejects ,helbig's & ,mr4 ,ridgeway's op9ion t x 0 a b& ( metal a foot wide 9 front & v n>r[ beh9d4 ,su* ?+s h be5 f\nd 9 ,euboea & 9 ,italy4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway m5tions examples f ,bologna1 ,corneto1 ,e/e1 ,hall/att1 & ,hung>y4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 p4 #ca ,i4 ,! zo/] is n[1 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ion1 a girdle hold+ up ! wai/-clo? 7zoma71 s *>act]i/ic ( ,myc5aean dress6 ,rei*el's argum5ts aga9/ corslets militate j z /rongly aga9/ ! pres5ce ( su* a mitre1 :i* is1 9 fact1 j ! l[] half ( a corslet4444 ,! conclusion is t ! metallic mitre is j z mu* an intrud] into ! armam5t ( ! ,epos z ! corslet4 ,! process ( evolution 01 ,mr4 ,leaf sugge/s1 fir/1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! huge %ield1 ) ! introduction ( small r\nd buckl]s 9 its place4 ,!n1 second1 a man naturally felt v unprotect$1 & put on ! metallic mitre ( ,helbig 7:i* cov]$ a foot ( him 9 front & ?ree in*es beh9d74 ,only z te*nical skill improv$ c\ld ! f9al /age1 t ( ! elaborate cuirass1 be atta9$4 ,?is appe>s to u an improbable sequ5ce ( processes4 ,:ile arr[s 7 fly+ ?ick1 z !y d fly 9 ! ,iliad1 m5 w\ld n reject body-cov]+ %ields = small buckl]s :ile !y 7 /ill :olly de/itute ( body arm\r4 ,nor w\ld m5 arm only _! /oma*s :51 if !y _h skill en\gh to make a metallic mitre1 !y c\ld n h be5 s unskill$ z to be unable to make corslets ( "s m or less s]viceable type4 ,probably !y began ) huge %ields1 add$ ! l9o?orex 7l ! ,iroquois cotton ?orex71 & next1 z a rule1 sup]s$$ t ) ! bronze ?orex1 :ile reta9+ ! huge %ield1 because ! bronze ?orex 0 s inadequate to its purpose ( def5ce4 ,!n1 :5 ar*]y ceas$ to be ( s mu* importance z com+ to ! %ock ) heavy spe>s1 & z ! bronze ?orex really c\ld sometimes keep out an arr[1 !y r$uc$ ! size ( _! %ields1 & reta9$ surface en\gh = p>ry+ spe>s & meet+ po9t & edge ( ! sword4 ,t appe>s to be a natural set ( sequ5ces1 b ,i _c pret5d to guess h[ ! corslet fa/5$ or :at ! mitre & zo/] really 71 beyond be+ gu>ds ( ! /oma* & l[] "p ( ! trunk4 ,,helmets1 ,,greaves1 ,,spe>s ,no helmets ( metal1 su* z ,hom] m5tions1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,myc5aean graves4 ,a quantity ( bo>s' tee?1 sixty 9 all1 7 discov]$ 9 ,grave ,v4 & may h adorn$ & /r5g!n$ lea!r caps1 n[ m\ld]$ into du/4 ,an ivory head f ,myc5ae %[s a conical cap set ) :at may be bo>s' tusks1 ) a b& ( ! same r\nd ! *91 & an e>piece :i* 0 p]haps ( bronze8 ,spata & ! graves ( ! l[] t[n ( ,myc5ae & ! ,enkomi ivories %[ simil> headge>4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 pp4 #aif1 #aig4 ,?is k9d ( cap set ) bo>s' tusks is describ$ 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 9 ! acc\nt ( ! ha/y array+ ( two spies 9 ! night ( t]ror aft] ! defeat & retreat to ! %ips4 ,! ,trojan spy1 ,dolon1 also we>s a lea!r cap4 ,! ?ree spies put on no corslets1 z f> z we c affirm1 _! object be+ to rema9 inconspicu\s & unburd5$ ) glitt]+ bronze greaves & corslets4 ,! ,trojan camp 0 brilliantly lit up ) fires1 & !re may h be5 a moon1 s ! less bronze ! bett]4 ,9 ^! circum/ances alone ! h]oes ( ! ,iliad are unequipp$1 c]ta9ly1 ) bronze helmets1 corslets1 & bronze greaves4 ,dislocat$ ,footnote3 ,evans1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xxx4 pp4 #bji-bae4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,x4 #bee-bfe4 ,! au?or ( ,book ,x4 is n[ reg>d$ z a precise ar*aeologi/1 :o knew t corslets & bronze helmets 7 n us$ 9 ,agamemnon's "t1 b t lea!r caps ) bo>s' tusks 7 9 fa%ion2 :ile aga91 z we %all see1 he is said to "k no?+ ab\t h]oic co/ume 7cf4 ,! ,doloneia74 ,z a fact1 he has to describe an incid5t :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ,hom]1 ?\gh x may (t5 h occurr$ 9 practice--a hurri$ c\ncil dur+ a demoralis$ night1 & ! ha/y array+ ( two spies1 :o wi% to be lightfoot$ & inconspicu\s4 ,! au?or's evid5ce z to ! lea!r cap & its g>ni%+ ( bo>s' tusks te/ifies to a survival ( su* ge> 9 an age ( bronze battle-helmets1 n to 8 own m9ute antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,,greaves ,bronze greaves are n f\nd1 s f>1 9 ,myc5aean tombs 9 ,greece1 & ,rei*el argu$ t ! orig9al ,hom] knew none4 ,! greaves1 ,greek3 kunmides 7 gait]s ( /uff or lea!r2 ! "o m5tion ( bronze greaves is /uff & nons5se int]polat$ 7,,vii4 #da74 ,b :y did m5 :o 7 int]polat+ bronze corslets freely introduce bronze s seldom1 if at all1 z ! mat]ial ( greaves8 ,bronze greaves1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd 9 a ,cypro-,myc5aean grave at ,enkomi 7,tomb ,,xv471 accompani$ by an e>ly type ( bronze dagg]1 :ile bronze greaves adorn$ ) ,myc5aean ornam5t are discov]$ 9 ! ,balkan p59sula at ,glass9avc4 ,footnote3 ,evans1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 pp4 #bad1 #bae1 figs4 #aj1 #aa4 ,?us all ,hom]'s description ( arms is "h corroborat$ by ar*aeology1 & _c be cut out by :at ,mr4 ,evans calls ! ,procru/ean me?od ( ,dr4 ,rei*el4 ,a curi\s feature ab\t ! spe> may be notic$4 ,9 ,book ,x4 :ile ! m5 ( ,diom$e slept1 _! spe>s 7 driv5 into ! gr\nd erect on ! spikes ( ! butts 7,x4 #aec74 ,ari/otle m5tions t ?is 0 /ill ! usage ( ! ,illyrians 9 8 day4 ,footnote3 ,poctica1 #be4 ,?\gh ! ^w = ! spike 9 ! butt 7saurot]7 does n else:]e occur 9 ! ,iliad1 ! practice ( /ick+ ! spe>s erect 9 ! gr\nd dur+ a truce is m5tion$ 9 ,,iii4 #ace3 ,!y lean ^u _! %ields 7cle>ly l>ge high %ields71 & ! tall spe>s are plant$ by _! sides4 ,no butt-spikes h be5 f\nd 9 graves ( ! ,myc5aean prime4 ,! saurot] 0 /ill us$1 or /ill exi/$1 9 ! days ( ,h]odotus4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 p4 #bje2 ,ridgeway1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cjf1 #cjg4 ,on ! :ole1 ,hom] does n (f] a m$ley ( ! milit>y ge> ( f\r c5turies--t view we hope to h %[n to be a mass ( inconsi/5cies--b describes a /ate ( milit>y equipm5t 9 advance ( t ( ! mo/ fam\s ,myc5aean graves1 b o!r ?an t ( ! late w>rior vase4 ,he is also v famili> ) "s uses ( iron1 ( :i*1 z we %all see1 sc>cely any has be5 f\nd 9 ,myc5aean graves ( ! c5tral p]iod1 save 9 ! %ape ( r+s4 ,hom] nev] m5tions r+s ( any metal4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,bronze ,,& ,,iron ,tak+ ! ,iliad & ,odyssey j z !y h rea*$ u !y give1 ) ! exception ( "o l9e1 an entirely h>moni\s acc\nt ( ! contempor>y uses ( bronze & iron4 ,bronze is employ$ 9 ! mak+ ( weapons & arm\r 7) cups1 ornam5ts1 c472 iron is employ$ 7& bronze is also us$7 9 ! mak+ ( tools & implem5ts1 su* z knives1 axes1 adzes1 axles ( a *>iot 7t ( ,h]a2 mortals use an axle tree ( oak71 & ! v>i\s implem5ts ( agricultural & pa/oral life4 ,mean:ile1 iron is a sub/ance p]fectly famili> to ! poets2 x is f> inde$ f be+ a priceless r>ity 7x is impossible to trace ,hom]ic /ages ( advance 9 k ( iron71 & x yields epi!ts indicat+ /r5g?1 p]man5ce1 & /ubborn endurance4 ,^! epi!ts are m frequ5t 9 ! ,odyssey & ! lat] ,books ( ! ,iliad ?an 9 ! e>li] ,books ( ! ,iliad2 b1 z articles made ( iron1 ! ,odyssey happ5s to m5tion only "o set ( axes1 :i* is spok5 ( t5 times--axes & adzes z a class--& iron bonds1 :]e iron probably means /rong1 n to be brok54 ,footnote3 ,9 ^! circum/ances1 x is curi\s t ,mr4 ,monro %\ld h writt5 ?us3 ,9 ,hom]1 z is well kn[n1 iron is r>ely m5tion$ 9 comp>ison ) bronze1 b ! proportion is great] 9 ! ,odyssey 7#be iron1 #hj bronze7 ?an 9 ! ,iliad 7#bc iron1 #bgi bronze74--,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cci4 ,^! /ati/ics obvi\sly d n prove t1 at ! date ( ! composition ( ! ,odyssey1 ! use ( iron 0 becom+ m common1 or t ! use ( bronze 0 becom+ m r>e1 ?an :5 ! ,iliad 0 put toge!r4 ,bronze is1 9 ! poems1 ! milit>y metal3 ! ,iliad is a milit>y poem1 :ile ! ,odyssey is an epic ( peace2 consequ5tly ! ,iliad is mu* m copi\s 9 ref]5ces to bronze ?an ! ,odyssey has any occasion to be4 ,wives are f> m frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 ! ,odyssey ?an 9 ! ,iliad1 b nobody w argue t !re=e m>riage _h rec5tly come m into vogue4 ,aga91 ! me?od ( c\nt+ up ref]5ces to iron 9 ! ,odyssey is q mislead+1 :5 we rememb] t t5 out ( ! tw5ty ref]5ces are only "o ref]5ce to "o & ! same set ( iron tools-axes4 ,mr4 ,monro also propos$ to leave six ref]5ces to iron 9 ! ,iliad out ( ! reckon+1 z all ( !m are 9 l9es :i* c be omitt$ )\t detrim5t to ! s5se4 ,mo/ ( ! six are 9 a recurr5t epic =mula descriptive ( a weal?y man1 :o possesses iron1 z well z bronze1 gold1 & wom54 ,! exi/5ce ( ! =mula proves famili>ity ) iron1 & to excise x m]ely because x contradicts a !ory is purely arbitr>y4--,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cci44 ,! /atem5t ( facts giv5 "h is mu* ak9 to ,helbig's acc\nt ( ! uses ( bronze & iron 9 ,hom]4 ,footnote3 ,helbig1 ,das ,hom]is*i ,epos1 pp4 #ccj1 #cca4 #ahhg4 ,helbig writes3 ,x is notable t 9 ! ,epic !re is mu* m frequ5t m5tion ( iron implem5ts ?an ( iron weapons ( w>4 ,he !n gives examples1 :i* we produce lat]1 & especially rem>ks on :at ,a*illes says :5 he (f]s a mass ( iron z a prize 9 ! fun]al games ( ,patroclus4 ,! iron1 says ,a*illes1 w s]ve = ! purposes ( ! pl\ghman & %eph]d1 a surpris+ spee* f ! son ( ,peleus1 f :om we r expect an allusion to ! milit>y uses ( ! metal4 ,( c\rse1 if iron weapons 7 n 9 vogue :ile iron 0 ! metal = tools & implem5ts1 ! words ( ,a*illes are appropriate & intelligible4 ,! facts be+ z we & ,helbig agree 9 /at+ !m1 we suppose t ! ,hom]ic poets s+ ( ! usages ( _! own "t4 ,x is an age :5 iron1 ?\gh q famili>1 is n yet employ$ = arm\r1 or = swords or spe>s1 :i* mu/ be ( excell5t temp]1 )\t great weight 9 proportion to _! l5g? & size4 ,iron is only employ$ 9 ,hom] = "s knives1 :i* are nev] said to be us$ 9 battle 7n ev5 = deal+ ! f9al /ab1 l ! m$iaeval poni>d1 ! mis]icorde71 = axes1 :i* h a %ort cutt+ edge1 & may be ?ick & weighty beh9d ! edge1 & = ! r\gh implem5ts ( ! %eph]d & pl\ghman1 su* z tips ( pl\gh%>es1 ( goads1 & s =?4 ,z f> z ar*aeological excavations & discov]ies enlight5 u1 ^! relative uses ( bronze & iron did n exi/ 9 ! ages ( ,myc5aean culture :i* are repres5t$ 9 ! ?olos ( ,vaphio & ! graves1 e>li] & lat]1 ( ,myc5ae4 ,ev5 9 ! lat] ,myc5aean graves iron is f\nd only 9 ! =m ( f+] r+s 7iron r+s 7 common 9 late ,greece74 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 pp4 #gb1 #adf1 #afe4 ,iron 0 sc>ce 9 ! ,cypro-,myc5aean graves ( ,enkomi4 ,a small knife ) a c>v$ h&le _h left traces ( an iron blade4 ,a c\ple ( lumps ( iron1 "o ( !m app>5tly ! head ( a club1 7 f\nd 9 ,s*liemann's ,burn$ ,city at ,hiss>lik2 = ! re/1 swords1 spe>-heads1 knives1 & axes are all ( bronze 9 ! age call$ ,myc5aean4 ,b we d n "k :e!r iron implem5ts may n yet be f\nd 9 ! sepul*res ( ,!tes1 & o!r poor & l&less m54 ,! late/ discov]ies 9 ,m9oan graves 9 ,crete exhibit tools ( bronze4 ,iron1 we repeat1 is 9 ! poems a p]fectly famili> metal4 ,own]%ip ( bronze1 gold1 & iron1 :i* requires mu* lab\r 79 ! smi?y+ or smelt+71 appe>s regul>ly 9 ! recurr5t epic =mula = describ+ a man ( weal?4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,vi4 #dh2 ,,ix4 #cfe-cff2 ,x4 #cgi2 ,,xi4 #acc2 ,odyssey1 ,,xiv4 #cbd2 ,,xxi4 #aj4 ,iron1 bronze1 slaves1 & hides are b>t]$ = sea-borne w9e at ! siege ( ,troy8 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,vii4 #dgb-dge4 ,a!ne1 disguis$ z ,m5tes1 is c>ry+ a c>go ( iron to ,temesa 7,tamasus 9 ,cyprus871 to b>t] = copp]4 ,! poets are c]ta9ly n describ+ an age 9 :i* only a man ( weal? might indulge 9 ! r>e & extravagant luxury ( an iron r+3 iron 0 a common commodity1 l cattle1 hides1 slaves1 bronze1 & o!r su* matt]s4 ,common z x 01 ,hom] nev] once m5tions its use = def5sive arm\r1 or = swords & spe>s4 ,only 9 two cases does ,hom] describe any weapon z ( iron4 ,!re is to be sure ! iron1 ! knife ) :i* ,antilo*us fe>s ,a*illes w cut 8 own ?roat4 ,footnote3 ,iliad ,,xviii4 #cd4 ,b no knife is ev] us$ z a weapon ( w>3 knives are employ$ 9 cutt+ ! ?roats ( victims 7see ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #bga & ,,xxiii4 #cj72 ! knife is said to be ( iron1 9 ?is la/ passage2 also ,patroclus uses ! knife to cut ! arr[-head out ( ! fle% ( a w\nd$ fri5d4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #hdd4 ,x is ! knife ( ,a*illes t is call$ ! iron1 & on ! iron p]i% ! cattle 9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #cj4 ,mr4 ,leaf says t by ! usual use1 ! metal 7iron7 is conf9$ to tools ( small size4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 xxiii4 #cj1 ,note4 ,?is is incorrect2 ! ,odyssey speaks ( great axes habitually made ( iron4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,ix4 #cia4 ,b we d f9d a knife ( bronze1 t ( ,agamemnon1 us$ 9 sacrific+ victims2 at lea/ s ,i inf] f ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #bga-bib4 ,! only two specim5s ( weapons nam$ by ,hom] z ( iron are "o arr[-head1 us$ by ,p&>us1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,iv4 #abc4 & "o mace1 borne1 be=e ,ne/or's "t1 by ,arei?oeus4 ,to fight ) an iron mace 0 an amiable & app>5tly unique ecc5tricity ( ,arei?bus1 & caus$ 8 dea?4 ,on acc\nt ( 8 peculi> practice he 0 nam$ ,! ,mace man4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,vii4 #ada4 ,! case is m5tion$ by ,ne/or z curi\s & unusual4 ,mr4 ,leaf gets rid ( ?is solit>y iron casse tete 9 a pleasant way4 ,s9ce he wrote 8 ,companion to ! ,iliad1 #aijb1 he has become conv]t$1 z we saw1 to ! !ory1 demoli%$ by ,mr4 ,monro1 ,nutzhorn1 & ,grote1 & d5\nc$ by ,blass1 t ! orig9 ( our ,hom] is a text edit$ by "s lit]>y reta9] ( ,pisi/ratus ( ,a!ns 7ab\t #efj-edj ,b4,c474 ,! editor arrang$ curr5t lays1 alt]$ freely1 & wrote 9 z mu* z he pleas$4 ,probably he wrote ?is passage 9 :i* ,ne/or describes ! man ( ! iron mace1 = ! tales ( ,ne/or's y\?ful exploits1 all ( :i* be> ! m>k ( late "w1 are introduc$ ) no special applicability to ! context1 b r ) ! int5tion ( glorify+ ! ance/or ( ,pisi/ratus4 ,footnote3 ,iliad 7#aijj71 ,,vii4 #adi1 ,note4 ,if ,pisi/ratus 0 pleas$ ) ! ance/ral portrait1 nobody has a "r to int]f]e1 b we ne$ h>dly l+] ov] ?is hypo!sis 7cf4 pp4 #bha-bhh74 ,iron axes are (f]$ z prizes by ,a*illes1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #hej4 & we h ! iron axes ( ,odysseus1 :o %ot an arr[ ?r\gh ! ap]tures 9 ! blades1 at ! close ( ! ,odyssey4 ,b all ^! axes1 z we %all %[1 7 n weapons1 b peaceful implem5ts4 ,z a matt] ( c]ta9 fact ! swords & spe>s ( ,hom]'s w>riors are inv>iably said by ! poet to be ( bronze1 n ( iron1 9 cases :]e ! metal ( ! weapons is specifi$4 ,except = an arr[-head 7to :i* we %all return7 & ! "o iron mace1 not$ z an ecc5tricity1 no weapon 9 ,hom] is ev] said to be ( iron4 ,! ri*e/ m5 use swords ( bronze4 ,n "o *ooses to indulge 9 a sword said to be ( iron4 ,! god1 ,hephae/us1 makes a bronze sword = ,a*illes1 ^: own bronze sword 0 l5t to ,patroclus1 & lo/ by him to ,hector4 ,footnote3 ,iliad ,,xvi4 #acf2 ,,xix4 #cgb-cgc4 ,?is bronze sword1 at lea/1 ,a*illes uses1 aft] receiv+ ! div9e arm\r ( ! god4 ,! sword ( ,p>is is ( bronze1 z is ! sword ( ,odysseus 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #ccd-cce ,bronze is ! sword :i* he br\ght f ,troy1 & bronze is ! sword pres5t$ to him by ,euryalus 9 ,phaeacia1 & bronze is ! spe> ) :i* he f\ght "u ! walls ( ,ilios4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,x4 #afb1 #bfa-bfb ,!re are o!r examples ( bronze swords1 :ile spe>s are inv>iably said to be ( bronze1 :5 ! metal ( ! spe> is specifi$4 ,"h we are on ! gr\nd ( solid c]ta9ty3 we see t ! ,hom]ic w>rior has regul>ly spe> & sword ( bronze4 ,if any man us$ a spe> or sword ( iron1 ,hom] nev] once m5tions ! fact4 ,if ! poets1 9 an age ( iron weapons1 always spoke ( bronze1 out ( def]5ce to tradition1 !y mu/ h puzzl$ _! iron-us+ milit>y patrons4 ,?us1 z reg>ds weapons1 ! ,hom]ic h]oes are 9 ! age ( bronze1 l !m :o slept 9 ! tombs ( ! ,myc5aean age4 ,:5 ,hom] speaks ( ! use ( cutt+ in/rum5ts ( iron1 he is always conc]n$1 except 9 ! two cases giv51 n ) blank space b ) implem5ts1 :i* really 7 ( iron4 ,! :eelwright fells a tree ) ! iron1 t is1 ) an axe2 ,antilo*us fe>s t ,a*illes w cut 8 own ?roat ) ! iron1 t is1 ) 8 knife1 a ?+ nev] us$ 9 battle2 ! cattle /ruggle :5 sla9 ) ! iron1 t is1 ! but*]'s knife2 & ,odysseus %oots ?r\gh ! iron1 t is1 ?r\gh ! holes 9 ! blade ( ! iron axes4 ,footnote3 ,= ?is peculi> k9d ( ,myc5aean axe ) holes 9 ! blade1 see ! design ( a bronze example f ,vaphio 9 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 ,! ,myc5aean ,age1 p4 #bjg1 fig4 #id4 ,?us ,hom] nev] says t ?is or t 0 done ) ! iron 9 ! case ( any b "o weapon ( w>4 ,p&>us drew ! b[-/r+ to 8 brea/ & to ! b[4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,w4 #abc4 ,:oev] wrote t l9e 0 writ+ 9 an age1 we may ?9k1 :5 arr[-heads 7 commonly ( iron2 b 9 ,hom]1 :5 ! metal ( ! arr[-head is m5tion$1 except1 9 ?is "o case1 x is always bronze4 ,! iron arr[-tip ( ,p&>us 0 ( an e>ly type1 ! %aft did n run into ! socket ( ! arr[-head2 ! tang ( ! arr[-head1 on ! o!r h&1 ent]$ ! %aft1 & 0 :ipp$ on ) s9ew4 ,iliad1 ,,iv4 #aea4 ,pretty primitive ?is me?od1 /ill ! iron is an advance on ! uni=m bronze ( ,hom]4 ,! l9e ab\t ,p&>us & ! iron arr[-head may really be e>ly en\gh1 = ! arr[-head is ( a primitive k9d--socketless--& primitive is ! attitude ( ! ar*]3 he drew ! arr[ to 8 brea/4 ,on ! ,myc5aean silv] b[l1 repres5t+ a siege1 ! ar*]s draw to ! brea/1 9 ! primitive /yle1 z does ! ar*] on ! bronze dagg] ) a repres5tation ( a lion hunt4 ,! ,assyrians & ,khita drew to ! e>1 z ! monum5ts prove1 & s does ! ,cypro-,myc5aean ar*] ( ! ivory draught-box f ,enkomi4 ,footnote3 ,evans1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vol4 xxx4 p4 #baj4 ,9 ^! circum/ances we _c d5y t ! poet may h kn[n iron arr[-heads4 ,we n[ take ! case ( axes4 ,we nev] he> f ,hom] ( ! use ( an iron axe 9 battle1 & w>like use ( an axe only occurs twice4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xv4 #gaa1 9 a battle at & on ! %ips1 !y 7 fight+ ) %>p axes & battle-axes 7,greek text3 ax9ai7 & ) great swords1 & spe>s arm$ at butt & tip4 ,at & on ! %ips1 m5 w\ld set h& to :atev] tool ( cutt+ edge 0 accessible4 ,seil] ?9ks t only ! ,trojans us$ ! battle-axe2 p]haps = damag+ ! %ips3 he foll[s ! s*olia/4 ,greek text3 ,ax9ae1 h[ev]1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xiii4 #faa4 may p]haps be r5d]$ battle-axe1 z a ,trojan1 ,peis&ros1 fights ) an ,greek text3 ,ax9ae1 & ?is is ! only place 9 ! ,iliad1 except ,,xv4 #gaa1 :]e ! ?+ is said to be us$ z a weapon4 ,b x is n an iron axe2 x is ( f9e bronze4 ,only "o bronze battle-axe1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,joseph ,&]son1 is kn[n to h be5 f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 ?\gh !re are _m bronze heads ( axes :i* 7 tools4 ,axes 7,greek text3 pelekeis7 7 implem5ts1 tools ( ! c>p5t]1 woodcutt]1 %ipwright1 & s on2 !y 7 n weapons ( w> ( ! ,a*aeans4 ,z implem5ts !y are1 ) v r>e exceptions1 ( iron4 ,! :eelwright fells trees ) ! gleam+ iron1 iron be+ a synonym = axe & = knife4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,iv4 #dhe ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xiii4 #cia1 ! %ipwrights cut timb] ) axes4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #aad1 woodcutt]s' axes are employ$ 9 tree-fell+1 b ! results are said to be produc$ ,greek text3 tanaaekei *al*o1 by ! long-edg$ bronze1 :]e ! ^w ,greek text3 tanaaekaes is borr[$ f ! usual epi!t ( swords2 ! long edge is q inappropriate to a woodcutt]'s axe4 ,on ,calypso's isle ,calypso gives to ,odysseus a bronze axe = 8 raft-mak+4 ,but*]'s "w is done ) an axe4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xvii4 #ebj2 ,odyssey1 ,,iii4 #ddb-ddi4 ,! axes (f]$ by ,a*illes z a prize = ar*]s & ! axes ?r\gh :i* ,odysseus %ot are implem5ts ( iron4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #hej2 ,odyssey1 ,,xxi4 #c1 #ha1 #ig4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 :5 ! poet describes ! process ( temp]+ iron1 we read1 z :5 a smi? dips a great axe or an adze 9 *ill wat]1 = ?us m5 temp] iron4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,ix4 #cia-cic4 ,he is n us+ iron to make a sword or spe>1 b a tool-adze or axe4 ,! poet is p]fectly consi/5t4 ,!re are also examples bo? ( bronze axes &1 app>5tly1 ( bronze knives4 ,?us1 ?\gh ! woodcutt]'s or c>p5t]'s axe is ( bronze 9 two passages cit$1 iron is ! usual mat]ial ( ! axe or adze4 ,aga9 we saw1 :5 ,a*illes gives a mass ( iron z a prize 9 ! games1 he does n mean ! arm\r] to fa%ion x into sword or spe>1 b says t x w s]ve ! %eph]d or pl\ghman = dome/ic implem5ts1 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad 7#aijb71 ,,xxiii4 l9e #cj1 ,note4 s t ! m5 ne$ n1 on an upl& f>m1 g to ! city = iron implem5ts4 ,9 comm5t+ ^u ?is ,mr4 ,leaf is sc>cely at ! prop] po9t ( view4 ,he says1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #hce1 ,note4 ! idea ( a /ate ( ?+s :5 ! pl\ghman & %eph]d =ge _! own tools f a lump ( raw iron has a suspici\s appe>ance ( a delib]ate attempt to repres5t f ! inn] consci\sness an ar*aic /ate ( civilisation4 ,9 ,hom]ic times ! ,greek3 *alceus is already specialis$ z a work] 9 metals4444 ,h[ev]1 ,hom] does n say t ! pl\ghman & %eph]d =ge _! own tools4 ,a ,hom]ic *ief1 f> f a t[n1 w\ld h 8 own smi?y1 j z ! laird ( ,runraurie 7n[ ,urr>d7 _h 8 smi?y at ! "t ( ! battle ( ,killicrankie 7#afhi74 ,mackay's =ces left _! imp$im5ta at ! laird's smi?y1 says an eye-witness4 ,footnote3 ,napi]'s ,life ,( ,dundee1 iii4 p4 #gbd4 ,! idea ( a late ,hom]ic poet try+ to recon/ruct f 8 fancy a prehi/oric /ate ( civilisation is out ( ! "q4 ,ev5 hi/orical noveli/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,a4,d4 sc>cely attempt$ su* an ef=t4 ,?is 0 ! regul> /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ,highl&s dur+ ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 _m *iefs1 & mo/ ( ! clans1 liv$ f> f any t[n4 ,b ^! rural smi?s did n make sword-blades1 :i* ,pr9ce ,*>les1 z late z #agej1 b\ght on ! ,cont95t4 ,! ,&rea ,f]r>a-m>k$ broadsword blades ( ! clans 7 ( =eign manufacture4 ,! ,highl& smi?s did su* r\gh iron "w z 0 ne$$ = rural purposes4 ,p]haps ! ,hom]ic *ief may h sometimes be5 a craftsman l ! h]oes ( ! ,sagas1 great sword-smi?s4 ,odysseus himself1 notably an excell5t c>p5t]1 may h be5 z good a sword-smi?1 b e h]o 0 n s accompli%$4 ,9 se>*+ ) microscopes = ,hom]ic discrepancies & int]polations1 critics are apt to =get ! ways ( old rural society4 ,! ,hom]ic poems1 :e!r compos$ 9 "o age or ?r\gh\t five c5turies1 are ?us entirely uni=m 9 allott+ bronze z ! mat]ial = all sorts ( w>like ge>1 d[n to ! solit>y battle-axe m5tion$2 & iron z ! usual metal = heavy tools1 knives1 c>p5t]s' axes1 adzes1 & agricultural implem5ts1 ) ! r>e exceptions :i* we h cit$ 9 ! case ( bronze knives & axes4 ,ei!r ?is di/9ction--iron = tools & implem5ts2 bronze = arm\r1 swords1 & spe>s--prevail$ ?r\gh\t ! p]iod ( ! ,hom]ic poets or poet2 or ! poets inv5t$ su* a /age ( culture2 or poets1 "s c5turies lat]1 delib]ately kept bronze = weapons only1 :ile introduc+ iron = implem5ts4 ,9 t case !y 7 %[+ ar*aeological consci5ti\sness 9 foll[+ ! presum$ e>li] poets ( ! bronze age1 ! age ( ! ,myc5aean graves4 ,n[ e>ly poets are nev] /udi\s ar*aeologi/s4 ,exam9+ ! blank space c]ta9ly bas$ on old lays & leg5ds :i* survive 9 ! ,edda1 we f9d t ! poets ( ! ,nibelung5li$ introduce *ivalr\s & ,*ri/ian mann]s4 ,!y d n ar*aeologise4 ,! poets ( ! ,fr5* ,*ansons de ,ge/e 7elev5? to ?irte5? c5turies7 br+ _! own weapons1 & ev5 armorial be>+s1 into ! 'remote age ( ,*>lemagne1 :i* !y "k f leg5ds & cantil5es4 ,aga91 ! lat] remanieurs ( ! e>lie/ ,*ansons de ,ge/e mod]nise ! details ( ^! poems4 ,b1 p] impossibile1 & = ! sake ( argum5t1 suppose t ! lat] int]polators & cont9uators ( ! ,hom]ic lays 7 antiqu>ian precisians1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 delib]ately attempt$ to reproduce f _! inn] consci\sness an ar*aic /ate ( civilisation4 ,suppose t1 ?\gh !y liv$ 9 an age ( iron weapons1 !y knew1 z ,hesiod knew1 t ! old h]oes _h w>like ge> ( bronze1 & pl\gh$ ) bronze1 & !re 0 no black iron4 ,footnote3 ,hesiod1 ,works & ,days1 pp4 #bej1 #bea4 ,9 t case1 :y did ! lat] int]polat+ poets introduce iron z ! special mat]ial ( tools & implem5ts1 knives & axes1 9 an age :5 !y knew t !re 0 no iron8 ,savants su* z1 by ?is !ory1 ! lat] poets ( ! full-bl[n age ( iron 71 !y mu/ h kn[n t ! knives & axes ( ! old h]oes 7 made ( bronze4 ,9 old votive (f]+s 9 temples & 9 any ,myc5aean graves :i* might be op5$1 ! le>n$ poets ( #hjj-fjj ,b4,c4 saw ) _! eyes knives & axes ( bronze4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 i4 #dac-daf4 ,! knife ( ,agamemnon 7,greek3 ma*aira71 :i* hangs f 8 girdle1 beside 8 sword1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #bga2 ,,xix4 #beb4 corresponds to ! knives f\nd 9 ,grave ,,iv4 at ,myc5ae2 ! h&les ( ^! dirks h a r+ = susp5sion4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 p4 #bjd4 ,b ^! knives1 9 ,myc5aean graves1 are ( bronze1 & ( bronze are ! axes 9 ! ,myc5aean deposits & ! dagg] ( ,enkomi4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 pp4 #ade1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bef4 ,evans1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute1 vol xxx4 p1 #bad4 ,:y1 !n1 did ! late poetic int]polators1 :o knew t ! spe>s & swords ( ! old w>riors 7 ( bronze1 & :o describe !m z ( bronze1 n "k t _! knives & axes 7 also ( bronze8 ,:y did !y describe ! old knives & axes z ( iron1 :ile ,hesiod knew1 & c\ld h told !m--did tell !m1 9 fact--t !y 7 ( bronze8 ,cle>ly ! !ory t ,hom]ic poets 7 ar*aeological precisians is impossible4 ,!y describe arms z ( bronze1 tools usually z ( iron1 because !y see !m to be su* 9 practice4 ,! poems1 9 fact1 depict a v extraord9>y condition ( affairs1 su* z no poets c\ld inv5t & adh]e to ) uni=mity4 ,we are accu/om$ 9 ar*aeology to see+ ! bronze sword pass by a gradual transition into ! iron sword2 b1 9 ,hom]1 p ) abundance ( iron nev]1 9 any "o specifi$ case1 use iron sword blades or spe>s4 ,! greate/ *iefs1 m5 said to be ri* 9 gold & iron1 always use swords & spe>s ( bronze 9 ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,! usual process ( transition f bronze to iron swords1 9 a prehi/oric ,european age1 is trac$ by ,mr4 ,ridgeway at ,hall/att1 9 ! he>t ( ! ,au/rian ,alps1 :]e a ?\s& old graves h be5 explor$4 ,! swords pass f bronze to iron ) bronze hilts1 &1 f9ally1 are :olly ( iron4 ,weapons ( bronze are fitt$ ) iron edges4 ,axes ( iron 7 mu* m common ?an axes ( bronze4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 i4 #dac-daf4 ,! axes 7 fa%ion$ 9 ! old %apes ( ! age ( bronze1 7 n ( ! bip5nis ,myc5aean model--! d\ble axe--nor ( ! %ape ( ! lett] ,d1 v ?ick1 ) two r\nd ap]tures 9 ! blade1 l ! bronze axe ( ,vaphio4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 #agf4 ,probably ! axes ?r\gh :i* ,odysseus %ot an arr[ 7 ( ?is k9d1 z ,mr4 ,monro1 &1 mu* e>li]1 ,mr4 ,but*] & ,i h argu$4 ,footnote3 ,ibid4 7#aija71 vol4 ii4 ,book ,,xix4 l9e #egb4 ,note4 ,but*] & ,lang1 ,odyssey1 ,app5dix 7#ahia74 ,at ,hall/att !re 0 ! normal evolution f bronze swords & axes to iron swords & axes4 ,:y1 !n1 _h ,hom]'s m5 9 8 "t n made ?is /ep1 see+ t !y 7 famili> ) ! use ( iron8 ,:y d !y use bronze = swords & spe>s1 iron = tools8 ,! obvi\s answ] is t !y c\ld temp] bronze = milit>y purposes mu* bett] ?an !y c\ld temp] iron4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,ridgeway quotes ,polybius 7ii4 #cj2 ii4 #cc7 = ! truly execrable quality ( ! iron ( ! ,celtic invad]s ( ,italy z late z #bbe ,b4,c4 ,_! swords 7 z bad z1 or worse ?an1 ,briti% bayonets2 !y always d\bl$ up4 ,_! long iron swords 7 easily b5t1 & c\ld only give "o d[nw>d /roke ) any effect2 b aft] ?is ! edges got s turn$ & ! blades s b5t t1 unless !y _h "t to /raight5 !m ) ! foot aga9/ ! gr\nd1 !y c\ld n deliv] a second bl[4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 #djh4 ,if ! h]oes 9 ,hom]'s "t possess$ iron z badly temp]$ z t ( ! ,celts ( #bbe ,b4,c41 !y _h e reason to pref]1 z !y did1 excell5t bronze = all _! milit>y weapons1 :ile res]v+ iron = pacific purposes4 ,a woodcutt]'s axe might h any am\nt ( weight & ?ickness ( iron beh9d ! edge2 n s a sword blade or a spe> po9t4 ,footnote3 ,monsieur ,salomon ,re9a* sugge/s to me t ! /ory ( ,polybius may be a my?4 ,swords & spe>-heads 9 graves are (t5 f\nd d\bl$ up2 possibly !y are ?us made dead1 l ! own]1 & _! spirits are ?us set free to be ( use to 8 _s4 ,f9d+ d\bl$ up iron swords 9 ,celtic graves1 ! ,romans1 ,m4 ,be9a* sugge/s1 may h expla9$ _! useless condition by ! !ory t !y d\bl$ up 9 battle1 leav+ _! own]s easy victims1 & ?is my? 0 accept$ z fact by ,polybius4 ,b he 0 n addict$ to my?1 nor v remote f ! ev5ts :i* he *ronicles4 ,aga91 ?\gh bronze grave-weapons 9 our ,museum are (t5 d\bl$ up1 ! my? is n told ( ! w>riors ( ! age ( bronze4 ,we lat] give examples ( ! d\bl+ up1 9 battle1 ( ,sc&9avian iron swords z late z #ajjj ,a4,d4 ,9 ! ,iliad we he> ( swords break+ at ! hilt 9 deal+ a /roke at %ield or helmet1 a ?+ mo/ incid5t to bronze swords1 especially ( ! e>ly type1 ) a ?9 bronze tang ins]t$ 9 a hilt ( wood1 ivory1 or amb]1 or ) a slight %elf ( ! bronze hilt rivet$ ) ?ree nails on to ! bronze blade4 ,lycaon /ruck ,p5eleos on ! socket ( 8 helmet cre/1 & 8 sword brake at ! hilt4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xvi4 #cci4 ,! sword ( ,m5elaus broke into ?ree or f\r pieces :5 he smote ! helmet ridge ( ,p>is4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #cdi1 #chj4 ,iron ( ! ,celtic sort describ$ by ,polybius w\ld h b5t1 n brok54 ,!re is no d\bt on t head3 if ,polybius is n romanc+1 ! ,celtic sword ( #bbe ,b4,c4 d\bl$ up at e /roke1 l a piece ( hoop iron4 ,b ,mr4 ,leaf tells u t1 by primitive modes ( smelt+1 iron is made h>d & brittle1 l ca/ iron4 ,if s1 x w\ld be ev5 less tru/wor?y = a sword ?an bronze4 ,footnote3 ,iliad 7#aijj71 ,book ,,vi1 l9e #dh1 ,note4 ,p]haps ! ,celts ( #bbe ,b4,c4 did n smelt iron by primitive me?ods1 b discov]$ "s process = mak+ x n h>d & brittle1 b flabby4 ,! swords ( ! ,myc5aean graves1 we "k1 7 all ( bronze1 &1 9 ?ree intaglios on r+s f ! graves1 ! po9t1 n ! edge1 is us$1 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 p4 #aii4 once aga9/ a lion1 once ov] ! rim ( a %ield :i* cov]s ! :ole body ( an enemy1 & once at too close qu>t]s to p]mit ! use ( ! edge4 ,x does n foll[ f ^! ?ree cases 7z critics argue7 t no bronze sword c\ld be us$ = a swa%+ bl[1 & !re are j half z _m ?ru/s z /rokes ) ! bronze sword 9 ! ,iliad4 ,footnote3 ,tw5ty-f\r cuts to elev5 lunges1 9 ! ,iliad4 ,z ! poet con/antly dwells on ! long edge ( ! bronze swords & makes h]oes use bo? po9t & edge1 h[ c we argue t ,hom]ic swords 7 ( iron & ill fitt$ to give po9t8 ,! ,highl&]s at ,clifton 7#agdf7 7 oblig$1 contr>y to _! common practice1 to use ! po9t aga9/ ,cumb]l&'s dragoons4 ,!y1 l ! ,a*aeans1 _h heavy cut & ?ru/ swords1 b !irs 7 ( /eel4 ,if ! ,a*aeans _h ?or\ghly excell5t bronze1 & _h iron z bad z t ( ! ,celts a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 _! pref]5ce = bronze ov] iron = weapons is expla9$4 ,9 ,hom] ! fight]s d n v (t5 come to sword /rokes2 !y fight ma9ly ) ! spe>1 except 9 pursuit1 n[ & !n4 ,b :5 !y d /rike1 !y cleave heads & cut (f arms4 ,!y c\ld n d ?is ) bronze rapi]s1 su* z ^? ) :i* m5 give po9t ov] ! rim ( ! %ield on two ,myc5aean gems4 ,b ,mr4 ,myres writes1 ,f ! %aft graves 7( ,myc5ae7 onw>ds !re are two types ( swords 9 ! ,myc5aean _w--"o an exagg]at$ dagg] rivet$ into ! front end ( ! hilt1 ! o!r ) a flat flang$ tang runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! hilt1 & cov]$ on ei!r face by ornam5tal grip plates rivet$ on4 ,?is sword1 ?\gh /ill ( bronze1 c deal a v effective cut2 &1 z ! ,myc5aeans _h no arm\r = body or head1 787 ! dang] ( break+ or b5d+ ! sword on a cuirass or helmet did n arise4 ,footnote3 ,classical ,review1 xvi4 #gb4 ,! dang] did exi/ 9 ,hom]'s "t1 z we h se54 ,b a bronze sword1 publi%$ by ,ts\ntas & ,manatt 7,myc5aean ,age1 p4 #aii1 fig4 #hh71 is emphatically meant to give bo? po9t & edge1 hav+ a solid h&le--a cont9uation ( ! blade--& a v broad blade1 com+ to a v f9e po9t4 ,ev5 9 ,grave ,v4 at ,myc5ae1 we h a sword blade s massive at ! top t x 0 c]ta9ly capable ( a swa%+ bl[4 ,footnote3 ,s*u*>dt1 ,s*liemann's ,excavations1 p4 #bfe1 fig4 #bfi4 ,! sword ( ! *>iote] on ! /ele ( ,grave ,v4 is equally good = cut & ?ru/4 ,a pleasant] cut & ?ru/ bronze sword ?an ! "o f\nd at ,ialysus no g5tleman c\ld wi% to h&le4 ,footnote3 ,furtwa5gl] und ,loes*ke1 ,myk4 ,va4 ,taf4 ,d4 ,hom]1 9 any case1 says t 8 h]oes us$ bronze swords1 well adapt$ to /rike4 ,if 8 age _h really good bronze1 & iron z bad z t ( ! ,celts ( ,polybius1 a ?\s& ye>s lat]1 _! pref]5ce ( bronze ov] iron = weapons ne$s no explanation4 ,if _! iron 0 n s bad z t ( ! ,celts1 _! milit>y cons]vatism might reta9 bronze = weapons1 :ile 9 civil life !y (t5 us$ iron = implem5ts4 ,! uni=m evid5ce ( ! ,hom]ic poems c only be expla9$ on ! supposition t m5 _h pl5ty ( iron2 b1 :ile !y us$ x = implem5ts1 did n yet1 ) a natural cons]vatism1 tru/ life & victory to iron spe>s & swords4 ,unluckily1 we _c te/ ! temp] ( ! e>lie/ kn[n iron swords f\nd 9 ,greece1 = ru/ ha? consum$ !m1 & ,i "k n t ! temp] ( ! ,myc5aean bronze swords has be5 te/$ aga9/ helmets ( bronze4 ,i c ?us give no evid5ce f exp]im5t4 ,!re is j "o l9e 9 ,hom] :i* disreg>ds ! di/9ction--iron = implem5ts1 bronze = weapons2 x is 9 ,odyssey1 ,,xvi4 #bid2 ,,xix4 #ac4 ,telema*us is told to remove ! w>like h>ness ( ,odysseus f ! hall1 le/ ! woo]s use x 9 ! com+ fray4 ,he is to expla9 ! removal by say+ t x has be5 done1 ,le/ y fall to /rife 9 y\r cups1 & h>m ea* o!r1 & %ame ! fea/1 & ?is woo+2 = iron ( himself drawe? a man to him4 ,! prov]b is manife/ly ( an age :5 iron 0 almo/ univ]sally us$ = weapons1 & ?us 01 z 9 ,?ucydides1 synonym\s ) all w>like ge>2 b ?r\gh\t ! poems no s+le article ( w>like ge> is ( iron except "o ecc5tric mace & "o arr[-head ( primitive type4 ,! l9e 9 ! ,odyssey mu/ !re=e be a v late addition2 x may be remov$ )\t injur+ ! s5se ( ! passage 9 :i* x occurs4 ,footnote3 ,?is fact1 9 itself1 is ( c\rse no pro( ( int]polation4 ,cf4 ,helbig1 op4 cit41 p4 #cca4 ,he ?9ks ! l9e v late4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! l9e be z old z ! olde/ p>ts ( ! poem1 ! au?or = once =gets 8 usual antiqu>ian precision4 ,we are ?us l$ to ! conclusion t ei!r !re 0 9 e>ly ,greece an age :5 weapons 7 all ( bronze :ile implem5ts 7 (t5 ( iron1 or t ! poet1 or cr[d ( poets1 inv5t$ t /ate ( ?+s4 ,n[ e>ly poets nev] inv5t 9 ?is way2 s++ to an audi5ce ( w>riors1 critical on su* a po9t1 !y speak ( :at ! w>riors "k to be actual1 except :51 9 a recognis$ =m ( decorative exagg]ation1 !y introduce ,ma/s ( ! beat5 gold ,& sails ( taffetie4 ,our !ory is1 !n1 t 9 ! age :5 ! ,hom]ic poems 7 compos$1 iron1 ?\gh well kn[n1 0 on its probation4 ,m5 ( ! sword pref]r$ bronze = all _! milit>y purposes1 j z fifte5?-c5tury soldi]s f\nd ! long-b[ & cross-b[ mu* m effective ?an guns1 or z ! ,duke ( ,well+ton =bade ! arm+ ( all our m5 ) rifles 9 place ( muskets 444 = reasons n devoid ( plausibility4 ,sir ,john ,evans supposes t1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 ! ,c>ian & ,ionian invad]s ( ,egypt 7 /ill us+ (f5sive arms ( bronze1 n ( iron4 ,footnote3 ,anci5t ,bronze ,implem5ts1 p4 #h 7#ahha71 cit+ ,h]odotus1 ii4 c4 #aab4 ,sir ,john is n sure t ,a*aean spe>-heads 7 n ( copp]1 = !y twice d\ble up aga9/ a %ield4 ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #cdh2 ,,vii4 #bei2 ,evans1 p4 #ac4 ,sir ,john rem>ks t = a consid]able "t aft] ! ,hom]ic p]iod1 bronze rema9$ 9 use = (f5sive weapons1 especially = spe>s1 lances1 & arr[s4 ,hesiod1 q unlike 8 contempor>ies1 ! lat] poets ( ,iliad & ,odyssey1 gives to ,h]acles an iron helmet & sword4 ,footnote3 ,scutum ,h]culis1 pp4 #abb-ach4 ,hesiod knew bett]1 b 0 n a consi/5t ar*ais]4 ,sir ,john ?9ks t z e>ly z #ejj or ev5 #fjj ,b4,c4 iron & /eel 7 9 common use = weapons 9 ,greece1 b n yet _h !y altoge!r sup]s$$ bronze battle-axes & spe>s4 ,footnote3 ,evans1 p4 #ah4 ,by ,sir ,john's %[+1 iron = (f5sive weapons sup]s$$ bronze v sl[ly inde$ 9 ,greece2 &1 if my argum5t be correct1 x _h n done s :5 ! ,hom]ic poems 7 compos$4 ,iron m]ely s]v$ = ut5sils1 & ! poems reflect t /age ( transition :i* no poet c\ld dream ( inv5t+4 ,^! pages _h be5 writt5 be=e my att5tion 0 direct$ to ,m4 ,b]>d's book1 ,les ,ph5ici5s et l',odyssee 7,p>is1 #aijb74 ,m4 ,b]>d has anticipat$ & r outrun my ideas4 ,i might almo/ say1 he rem>ks1 t iron is ! popul> metal1 native & ru/ic444 ! %eph]d & pl\ghman c extract & "w x )\t go+ to ! t[n4 ,! *ief's smi? c\ld "w iron1 if he _h iron to "w1 & ?is iron ,a*illes gave z a prize4 ,) ru/ic me?ods ( work+ x iron is always impure2 x has '/raws' 9 x1 & is brittle4 ,x may be ! metal = peace & = implem5ts4 ,9 our fields we see ! reap] sit d[n & repair 8 sickle4 ,9 w> is ne$$ a metal less h>d1 p]haps1 b m t\gh & n s easily brok54 ,y _c sit d[n 9 ! field ( battle1 z 9 a field ( b>ley1 to beat y\r sword /raight4444 ,footnote3 ,b]>d1 i4 #dce4 ,s ! ,celts f\nd1 if we believe ,polybius4 ,on ! o!r h&1 iron swords did sup]s$e bronze swords 9 ! long run4 ,app>5tly !y _h n done s 9 ! age ( ! poet1 b iron _h c]ta9ly ceas$ to be a preci\s metal2 knives & woodcutt]s' axes are nev] made ( a metal t is preci\s & r>e4 ,i am ?us l$1 on a g5]al view1 to suppose t ! poems took %ape :5 iron 0 v well kn[n1 b 0 n yet1 z 9 ! ,dipylon p]iod 9 ,crete1 commonly us$ by sword-smi?s4 ,! ideas "h /at$ are n unlike ^? ( ,paul ,cau]4 ,footnote3 ,grundfrag] des ,hom]kritik1 pp4 #ahc-ahg4 ,leipsic1 #ahie4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 f9d ! m5tions ( iron useful z a te/ ( e>ly & late lays1 :i* x is 8 !ory t !y are4 ,?us he says3-- 7#a7 ,iron is (t5 m5tion$ z "p ( a man's p]sonal prop]ty1 :ile we are n told h[ he means to use x4 ,x is nam$ ) bronze1 gold1 & girls4 ,! poet has no def9ite picture be=e 8 eyes2 he is vague ab\t iron4 ,b1 we reply1 8 picture ( iron 9 ^! passages is nei!r m nor less def9ite ?an 8 m5tal picture ( ! o!r commodities4 ,he calls iron h>d to smi?y1 grey1 d>k-hu$2 he kn[s1 9 fact1 all ab\t x4 ,he does n tell u :at ! own] is go+ to d ) ! gold & ! bronze & ! girls1 any m ?an he tells u :at is to be done ) ! iron4 ,su* in=mation 0 r 9 ! nature ( a luxury ?an a necessity4 ,e he>] knew ! uses ( all f\r commodities4 ,?is does n seem to h occurr$ to ,cau]4 7#b7 ,iron is spok5 ( z an emblem ( h>d ?+s1 z1 to take a mod]n example1 9 ,mr4 ,sw9burne's arm$ & iron maid5hood --said ( ,atalanta4 ,he>ts are iron1 /r5g? is iron1 fle% is n iron1 an iron noise goes up to ! heav5 ( bronze4 ,x may n foll[1 ,cau] ?9ks1 f ^! phrases t iron 0 us$ 9 any way4 ,m5 are suppos$ to m>vel at its /range prop]ties2 x 0 new & r>e4 ,i see no gr\nd = ?is inf]5ce4 7#c7 ,we h ! iron gates ( ,t>t>us1 & ! iron bonds 9 :i* ,odysseus 0 possibly ly+2 x does n foll[ t *a9s or gates 7 made ( iron any m ?an t gates 7 ( *rysoprase 9 ! days ( ,/4 ,john4 7#d7 ,next1 we h m5tion ( implem5ts1 n weapons1 ( iron--a rem>kable trait ( culture4 ,greek pl\ghs & axes 7 made ( iron be=e spe>s & swords 7 ( iron4 7#e7 ,we h m5tion ( iron weapons1 namely1 ! unique iron mace ( ,arei?\s & ! solit>y iron arr[-head ( ,p&>us1 & :at ,cau] calls ! iron swords 7m probably knives7 ( ,a*illes & o!rs4 ,x is object$ to ! iron ( ,a*illes t ,antilo*us fe>s he w cut 8 ?roat ) x on he>+ ( ! dea? ( ,patroclus1 :ile !re is no o!r m5tion ( suicide 9 ! ,iliad4 ,x does n foll[ t suicide 0 unhe>d (2 inde$1 ,a*illes may be ?9k+ ( suicide pres5tly1 9 ,,xiii4 #ih1 :5 he says to 8 "m3 ,let me die at once1 s9ce x 0 n my lot to succ\r my comrade4 7#f7 ,we h ! iron-mak+ spok5 ( 9 ,book ,,ix4 #cic ( ! ,odyssey4 ,x does n appe> to u t ! use ( iron z an epi!t bespeaks an age :5 iron 0 a my/]i\s ?+1 kn[n ma9ly by reputation1 a co/ly possession4 ,! epi!ts iron /r5g?1 & s on1 may z readily be us$ 9 our own age or any o!r4 ,if iron 7 at fir/ a preci\s metal1 x is odd t ,hom]ic m5 fir/ us$ x1 z ,cau] sees t !y did1 to make po9ts to pl\gh%>es & tools ( agriculture & h&iwork4 ,!n p took to work+ iron = weapons4 ,j s1 b we _c divide ! ,iliad into e>li] & lat] portions 9 proportion to ! v>i\s m5tions ( iron 9 v>i\s ,books4 ,^! /ati/ics are ( no value = sep>ati/ purposes4 ,x is impossible to believe t m5 :5 !y spoke ( iron /r5g?1 iron he>ts1 grey iron1 iron h>d to smi?y1 did s because iron 01 fir/1 an almo/ unkn[n leg5d>y m9]al1 next1 a preci\s metal1 !n ! metal ( drudg]y1 & f9ally ! metal ( weapons4 ,! real po9t ( int]e/ is1 z ,cau] sees1 t dome/ic prec$$ milit>y uses ( iron among ! ,a*aeans4 ,he seems1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t ! conf9em5t ( ! use ( bronze to weapons is a matt] ( traditional /yle4 ,footnote3 ,nur die ,spra*e d] ,di*t] hielt an dem ,gebrau* d] ,bronze fe/1 die 9 d5 ,jahrhund]t51 waehr5d d]5 d] ,epis*e ,/il erwa*s5 w>1 alle9 geh]rs*t hatte4 ,b1 9 ! e>ly days ( ! wax+ epics1 tools z well z weapons 71 z 9 ,hom] !y occasionally are1 ( bronze4 ,:y1 !n1 d ! suppos$ late cont9uators repres5t tools1 n weapons1 z ( iron8 ,:y d !y n cleave to ! traditional t]m--bronze--9 ! case ( tools1 z ! same m5 d 9 ! case ( weapons8 ,helbig (f]s an app>5tly unt5able explanation ( ?is fact4 ,he has propos$ an int]pretation ( ! uses ( bronze & iron 9 ! poems entirely diff]5t f t :i* ,i (f]4 ,footnote3 ,sur la ,"q ,myc5i5ne4 #ahif4 ,un=tunately1 "o c sc>cely criticise 8 !ory )\t ent]+ aga9 into ! :ole "q ( ! con/ruction ( ! ,epics4 ,he ?9ks t ! orig9 ( ! poems dates f ! ,myc5aean p]iod1 & t ! lat] cont9uators ( ! poems reta9$ ! traditions ( t remote age4 ,?us !y ?rice call ,myc5ae gold51 ?\gh1 9 ! *ang$ economic conditions ( _! own p]iod1 ,myc5ae c\ld no long] be gold52 & ,i presume t1 if possible1 ! city w\ld h issu$ a papyrus curr5cy )\t a metallic basis4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 9 ! description ( cu/oms ! epic poets did _! be/ to avoid ev]y?+ mod]n4 ,"h we h aga9 t unprec$5t$ ph5om5on--e>ly poets :o are ar*aeologically precise4 ,we h fir/ to suppose t ! k]nel ( ! ,iliad orig9at$ 9 ! ,myc5aean age1 ! age ( bronze4 ,we are next to believe t ?is k]nel 0 exp&$ into ! actual ,epic 9 lat] & *ang$ times1 b t ! lat] poets adh]$ 9 _! descriptions to ! ,myc5aean /&>d1 avoid+ ev]y?+ mod]n4 ,t poets ( an uncritical p]iod1 :5 treat+ ( ! !mes ( anci5t leg5d or song1 c>efully avoid ev]y?+ mod]n is an op9ion n w>rant$ by ! usage ( ! au?ors ( ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e1 ( ,be[ulf1 & ( ! ,nibelung5li$4 ,^! poets1 we mu/ repeat1 inv>iably introduce 9 _! *ants conc]n+ anci5t days ! cu/oms1 co/ume1 arm\r1 religion1 & weapons ( _! own "t4 ,dr4 ,helbig supposes t ! late ,greek poets1 h[ev]1 :o add$ to ! ,iliad1 c>efully avoid$ do+ :at o!r poets ( uncritical ages h always done4 ,footnote3 ,la ,"q ,myc5i5ne1 p4 #ej4 ,?is is 8 position 9 8 text 7p4 #ej74 ,9 8 note #a to page #ej1 h[ev]1 he occupies ! precisely contr>y position4 ,! epic poems 7 *ant$1 z a rule1 9 ! h\ses ( m or less w>like *iefs4 ,x is1 !n1 a priori probable t ! lat] poets took into acc\nt ! contempor>y milit>y /ate ( ?+s4 ,_! audi5ce w\ld h be5 mu* p]turb$ 7bi5 *eques7 if !y _h he>d ! poet m5tion no?+ b arms & =ms ( attack & def5ce to :i* !y 7 unaccu/om$4 ,if s1 :5 iron weapons came 9 ! poets w\ld sub/itute iron = bronze1 9 lays new & old1 b !y nev] d4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is ,helbig's op9ion 9 8 note4 ,b 9 8 text he says t ! poets1 c>efully avoid+ ! contempor>y1 ! mod]n1 make ! h]oes fight1 n on horseback1 b f *>iots4 ,_! li/5]s1 accord+ to 8 note1 mu/ h be5 bi5 *eques1 = !re came a "t :5 !y 7 n accu/om$ to w> *>iots4 ,?us ! poets :o1 9 ,dr4 ,helbig's text1 avoid z f> z possible all t is mod]n1 9 8 note1 on ! same page1 take acc\nt ( ! contempor>y /ate ( ?+s1 & are z mod]n z possible :]e weapons are conc]n$4 ,_! audi5ce w\ld be sadly put out 7bi5 *eques7 if !y he>d talk only ( arms 444 to :i* !y 7 unaccu/om$2 talk ( l>ge susp5d$ %ields1 ( uncorslet$ h]oes1 & ( bronze weapons4 ,!y _h to endure x1 :e!r !y lik$ x or n1 te/e ,rei*el4 ,dr4 ,helbig seems to speak correctly 9 8 note2 9 8 text 8 contradictory op9ion appe>s to be wrong4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! poets ( an uncritical age--,%akespe>e1 = example--introduce ! weapons ( _! own p]iod into works deal+ ) remote ages4 ,hamlet uses ! ,elizabe?an rapi]4 ,9 8 argum5t on bronze & iron1 unluckily1 ,dr4 ,helbig des]ts ! judici\s op9ions ( 8 note = ! opposite !ory ( 8 text4 ,8 late poets1 9 ! age ( iron1 always say t ! weapons ( ! h]oes are made ( bronze4 ,footnote3 ,op4 laud41 p4 #ea4 ,!y ?us1 z f> z possible avoid :at is mod]n4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 w>riors ( ! age ( iron1 :5 !y he>d ! poet talk only ( weapons ( bronze1 auri5t ete bi5 *oques 7z ,dr4 ,helbig truly says 9 8 note71 on he>+ ( no?+ b armes auxquels ils n'etai5t pas habitues1--arms always ( bronze4 ,?\gh ,dr4 ,helbig 9 8 text is ( ! opposite op9ion1 ,i mu/ agree entirely ) ! view :i* he /ates s cle>ly 9 8 note4 ,x foll[s t if a poet speaks inv>iably ( weapons ( bronze1 he is liv+ 9 an age :5 weapons are made ( no o!r mat]ial4 ,9 8 text1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,helbig ma9ta9s t ! poets ( lat] ages z f> z possible avoid ev]y?+ mod]n1 &1 !re=e1 m5tion none b bronze weapons4 ,b1 z he has po9t$ out1 !y d m5tion iron tools & implem5ts4 ,:y d !y des]t ! traditional bronze8 ,because x occasionally happ5$ t a poet1 :5 ?9k+ ( an entirely new subject1 :olly emancipat$ himself f traditional =ms1 ,footnote3 ,op4 laud41 pp4 #ea1 #eb ,! examples giv5 9 pro( are ! (f] by ,a*illes ( a lump ( iron z ! prize = ar*]y--! iron1 z we saw1 be+ de/9$ = ! manufacture ( pa/oral & agricultural implem5ts1 9 :i* ,dr4 ,helbig includes ! lances ( %eph]ds & pl\ghm51 ?\gh ! poet nev] says t !y 7 ( iron4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #hbf1 #hce2 ,odyssey1 ,,xiv4 #eca2 ,,xiii4 #bbe4 ,!re are also ! axes ?r\gh :i* ,odysseus %oots 8 arr[4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,xix4 #ehg2 ,,xxi4 #c1 ,x1 #ig1 #aad1 #abg1 #ach2 ,,xxiv4 #afh1 #agg2 cf4 ,,xxi4 #fa4 ,! poet "h treat$ an entirely new subject1 9 ! developm5t ( :i* he _h p]fect lib]ty4 ,s he speaks freely ( iron4 ,b1 we exclaim1 tools & implem5ts1 axes & knives1 are n a p]fectly new subject6 ,!y 7 extremely famili> to ! age ( bronze1 ! ,myc5aean age4 ,examples ( bronze tools1 arr[-heads1 & implem5ts are discov]$ 9 excavations on ,myc5aean sites4 ,!re 0 no?+ new ab\t bronze tools & implem5ts4 ,m5 _h bronze tips to _! pl\gh%>es1 bronze knives1 bronze axes1 bronze arr[-heads be=e !y us$ iron4 ,p]haps we are to und]/& t feats ( ar*]y1 non-milit>y conte/s 9 b[man%ip1 are un sujet a fait n\veau3 a !me s v mod]n t a poet1 9 s++ ( x1 c\ld let himself g1 & d>e to speak ( iron implem5ts4 ,b :]e 0 ! novelty8 ,all peoples :o use ! b[ 9 w> practise ar*]y 9 "t ( peace4 ,! poet1 moreov]1 speaks ( bronze tools1 axes & knives1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,iliad2 nei!r tools nor bronze tools con/itute un sujet t\t a fait n\veau4 ,!re 0 no?+ new 9 %oot+ ) a b[ & no?+ new 9 ! exi/5ce ( axes4 ,b[s & axes 7 z famili> to ! age ( /one & to ! age ( bronze z to ! age ( iron4 ,dr4 ,helbig's explanation1 !re=e1 expla9s no?+1 &1 unless a bett] explanation is (f]$1 we return to ! !ory1 reject$ by ,dr4 ,helbig1 t implem5ts & tools 7 (t51 n always1 ( iron1 :ile weapons 7 ( bronze 9 ! age ( ! poet4 ,dr4 ,helbig rejects ?is op9ion4 ,he writes3 ,we _c 9 any way admit t1 at a p]iod :5 ! socks ( ! pl\gh1 ! lance po9ts ( %eph]ds 7:i* ! poet nev] describes z ( iron71 & axe-heads 7 ( iron1 w>riors /ill us$ weapons ( bronze4 ,footnote3 op4 laud41 p4 #ec4 ,b x is logically possible to admit t ?is 0 ! real /ate ( affairs1 :ile x is logically impossible to admit t b[s & tools 7 new subjects2 & t late poets1 :5 !y sang ( milit>y ge>1 t5ai5t compte de l'armem5t contempora91 c>efully avoid+ ! p]il ( bewild]+ _! he>]s by speak+ ( antiquat$ arms1 &1 at ! same "t1 spoke ( no?+ b antiquat$ arms--weapons ( bronze--& ( w> *>iots1 to fight+ m5 :o did n use w> *>iots & did use weapons ( iron4 ,^! logical contradictions beset all argum5ts 9 :i* x is ma9ta9$ t ! late poets are anxi\s ar*ais]s1 & at ! same "t are eag]ly introduc+ ! arm\r & equipm5t ( _! own age4 ,! critics are 9 ! same qu&>y z to iron & bronze z traps !m 9 ! case ( l>ge %ields1 small buckl]s1 greaves1 & corslets4 ,!y are oblig$ to assign contradictory attitudes to _! late poets4 ,x does n seem possible to admit t a poet1 :o (t5 describes axes z ( iron 9 v>i\s passages1 does s 9 8 acc\nt ( a peaceful conte/ 9 b[man%ip1 because conte/s 9 b[man%ip are ,,un sujet ,,t\t a ,,fait ,,n\veau2 & s he feels at lib]ty to describe axes z ( iron1 :ile he adh]es to bronze z ! metal = weapons4 ,he1 or "o ( ! ,odyssean poets1 _h already ass]t$ 7,odyssey1 ,,ix4 #cia7 t iron 0 ! metal = adzes & axes4 ,dr4 ,helbig's argum5t ,footnote3 ,la ,"q ,myc5i5ne1 p4 #ed4 does n expla9 ! facts4 ,! b[ ( ,eurytus & ! uses to :i* ,odysseus is to put x h be5 9 ! poet's m9d all ?r\gh ! conduct ( 8 plot1 & !re is no?+ to sugge/ t ! exploit ( b[man%ip is a v new lay1 tack$ on to ! ,odyssey4 ,aft] writ+ ?is *apt]1 ,i obs]v$ t my op9ion _h be5 anticipat$ by ,s4 ,h4 ,nab]4 ,footnote3 ,quae/iones ,hom]icae1 p4 #fj4 ,am/]dam4 ,van d] ,po/1 #ahig4 ,quod ,h]odoti dis]to te/imonio novimus1 ,hom]i re/ate f]rum9atio nondum inv5ta erat necdum b5e nov]ant mortales1 uti op9or1 acu]e f]rum4 ,h9c paup]es hom9es ubi possunt1 f]ro utuntur2 s$ 9 pl]isque rebus turn domi turn militiae imprimis coguntur uti a]e4444 ,! !ory ( ,mr4 ,ridgeway z to ! relative uses ( iron & bronze is n1 by myself1 v easily to be und]/ood4 ,! ,hom]ic w>rior 444 has regul>ly1 z we h se51 spe> & sword ( iron4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #cja4 ,z no spe> or sword ( iron is ev] m5tion$ 9 ! ,iliad or ,odyssey1 z bo? weapons are always ( bronze :5 ! metal is specifi$1 ,i h n se5 t !y are regul>ly1 or ev]1 ( iron4 ,9 pro(1 ,mr4 ,ridgeway cites ! axes & knives already m5tion$--:i* are n spe>s or swords1 & are sometimes ( bronze4 ,he also quotes ! l9e 9 ! ,odyssey1 ,iron ( itself do? attract a man4 ,b if ?is l9e is g5u9e & orig9al1 x does n apply to ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! ,iliad1 :ile x contradicts ! :ole ,odyssey1 9 :i* swords & spe>s are ,,always ( bronze :5 _! metal is m5tion$4 ,if ! l9e reveals ! true /ate ( ?+s1 !n ?r\gh\t ! ,odyssey1 if n ?r\gh\t ! ,iliad1 ! poets :5 !y inv>iably speak ( bronze swords & spe>s inv>iably say :at !y d n mean4 ,if !y d ?is1 h[ are we to "k :5 !y mean :at !y say1 & ( :at value c _! evid5ce on po9ts ( culture be reckon$8 ,!y may always be reta9+ traditional t]ms z to usages & cu/oms 9 an age :5 ^! are obsolete4 ,if ! ,a*aeans 71 z 9 ,mr4 ,ridgeway's !ory1 a nor!rn p--,celts--:o conqu]$ ) iron weapons a ,pelasgian bronze-us+ ,myc5aean p1 x is n cr$ible to me t ,a*aean or ,pelasgian poets habitually us$ ! traditional ,pelasgian t]m = ! metal ( weapons1 namely1 bronze1 9 songs *ant$ be=e victors :o _h won _! triumph ) iron4 ,! traditional phrase ( a conqu]$ bronze-us+ race c\ld n ?us survive & fl\ri% 9 ! poetry ( an outl&i% iron-us+ race ( conqu]ors4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway cites ! ,odyssey1 :]e9 we are told t ,euryalus1 ! ,phaeacian1 pres5t$ to ,odysseus a bronze sword1 ?\gh1 z we h se5 7,mr4 ,ridgeway has se571 ! usual mat]ial = all su* weapons is iron4 ,b ! ,phoeacians bo? belong$ to ! old] race & liv$ 9 a remote isl&1 & !re=e swords ( bronze may well h cont9u$ 9 use 9 su* out-(-!-_w places long aft] iron swords 7 9 use ev]y:]e else 9 ,greece4 ,! man :o c\ld n af=d iron _h to be satisfi$ ) bronze4 ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 p4 #cje4 ,"h ! poet is all[$ to mean :at he says4 ,! ,phaeacian sword is really ( bronze1 ) silv] /uds1 probably on ! hilt 7,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #dja-djg71 :i* 0 ( ivory4 ,! out-(-!-_w isl&]s c\ld af=d ivory1 n iron4 ,b :5 ! same poet tells u t ! sword :i* ,odysseus br\ght f ,troy 0 a great silv]-/udd$ bronze sword 7,odyssey1 ,x4 #bfa1 #bfb71 !n ,mr4 ,ridgeway does n all[ ! poet to mean :at he says4 ,! poet is n[ us+ an epic =mula old] ?an ! age ( iron swords4 ,t ,mr4 ,ridgeway adopts ,helbig's !ory--! poet says bronze1 by a survival ( ! diction ( ! bronze age1 :5 he means iron--,i inf] f ! foll[+ passage3 ,*alkos is ! "n = ! old] metal1 ( :i* cutt+ weapons 7 made1 & x ?us l+]$ 9 _m phrases ( ! ,epic dialect2 'to smite ) ! *alkos' 0 equival5t to our phrase 'to smite ) ! /eel4' ,footnote3 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 i4 #bie4 ,b we c]ta9ly d smite ) ! /eel1 :ile ! "q is1 ,,did ,hom]'s m5 smite ) ! iron8 ,hom] says n2 he does n m]ely use an epic phrase to smite ) ! ,,*alkos1 b he c>efully describes swords1 spe>s1 & usually arr[-heads z be+ ( bronze 7,,*alkos71 :ile axes1 adzes1 & knives are frequ5tly describ$ by him z ( iron4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway has an illu/rative argum5t ) "s "o1 :o says3 ,! dress & weapons ( ! ,saxons giv5 9 ! lay ( ,be[ulf fitt$ exactly ! bronze weapons 9 ,engl&1 = !y _h %ields1 & spe>s1 & battle-axes1 & swords4 ,if y po9t$ out to him t ! ,saxon poem spoke ( ^! weapons z made ( iron1 he w\ld say1 ,i admit t x is a difficulty1 b ! resemblances are s _m t ! discrepancies may be jettison$4 ,footnote3 ,ridgeway1 i4 #hc1 #hd4 ,n[1 if ! suppos$ controv]siali/ 7 a ,hom]ic critic1 he w\ld n admit any difficulty4 ,he w\ld say1 ,yes2 9 ,be[ulf ! weapons are said to be ( iron1 b t is ! "w ( ! ,*ri/ian remanieur1 or be>beit]1 :o introduc$ all ! ,*ri/ian morality into ! old hea!n lay1 & :o also1 n to puzzle 8 iron-us+ audi5ce1 *ang$ ! bronze into iron weapons4 ,we may prove any?+ if we argue1 n[ t ! poets reta9 ! tradition ( obsolete ?+s1 n[ t !y mod]nise z mu* z !y please4 ,into ?is me?od ( reason+1 aft] duly consid]+ x1 ,i am unable to come ) en?usiasm1 be+ w$d$ to ! belief t ! poets say :at !y mean4 ,7 x o!rwise1 did !y n mean :at !y say1 _! evid5ce w\ld be ( no value2 !y might be deal+ ?r\gh\t 9 t]ms = ?+s :i* 7 unrepres5t$ 9 _! own age4 ,to prove ?is possible1 x w\ld be necess>y to adduce conv9c+ & suffici5t examples ( e>ly national poets :o habitually use ! t]m9ology ( an age long prior to _! own 9 descriptions ( objects1 cu/oms1 & usages4 ,mean:ile1 x is obvi\s t my :ole argum5t has no ar*aeological support4 ,we may f9d ,myc5aean corslets & greaves1 b !y are n 9 cremation burials4 ,no ,hom]ic cairn ) ,hom]ic cont5ts has ev] be5 discov]$2 & if we did f9d examples ( ,hom]ic cairns1 x appe>s1 f ! poems1 t !y w\ld v seldom conta9 ! arms ( ! dead4 ,n[h]e1 aga91 d we f9d graves conta9+ bronze swords & iron axes & adzes4 ,i "k no?+ ne>] 9 discov]ies to my suppos$ age ( bronze weapons & iron tools ?an a grave ( ! e>ly iron & geometrical ornam5t age ( ,crete--a ?olos tomb1 ) a bronze spe>-head & a set ( iron tools1 among o!rs a d\ble axe & a pick ( iron4 ,b ^! 7 9 company ) iron swords8 ,to myself ! cr[n+ my/]y is1 :at has become ( ! ,hom]ic tumuli ) _! cont5ts8 ,"o c b say t only )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s h we f\nd1 or1 f9d+1 h recognis$ ,myc5aean burial records4 ,z to ! badness ( ! iron ( ! ,nor? = milit>y purposes1 & ! probable badness ( all e>ly iron weapons1 we h te/imony two ?\s& ye>s lat] ?an ,hom] & "s twelve hundr$ ye>s lat] ?an ,polybius4 ,9 ! ,eyrbyggja ,saga 7,morris & ,maguusson1 *ap1 xxiv47 we read t ,/e9?or 0 girt ) a sword t 0 cunn+ly wr\ght2 ! hilts 7 :ite ) silv]1 & ! grip wrapp$ r\nd ) ! same1 b ! /r+s !re( 7 gild$4 ,?is 0 a spl5did sword1 describ$ ) ! ,hom]ic delight 9 su* ?+s2 b ! battle-cry arises1 & !n ! fair-wr\ght sword bit n :5 x smote arm\r1 & ,/e9?or mu/ /raight5 x "u 8 foot4 ,messrs4 ,morris & ,maguusson add 9 a note3 ,?is is a v common exp]i5ce 9 ,sc&9avian weapons1 & = ! fir/ "t he>d ( at ! battle ( ,aquae ,sextiae betwe5 ,m>ius & ! ,teutons4 ,footnote3 ,! ref]5ce is errone\s4 ,9 ! ,nor? weapon-smi?s :o knew h[ to =ge temp]$ or /eel-lam9at$ weapons 71 if n unkn[n1 at lea/ v r>e4 ,:5 su* skill 0 unkn[n or r>e 9 ,hom]'s "t1 no?+ 0 m natural ?an t bronze %\ld hold its own1 z ! metal = swords & spe>s1 aft] iron 0 commonly us$ = axes & pl\gh%>es4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,hom]ic ,,h\se ,if ! ,hom]ic poems be1 z we ma9ta91 ! "w ( a peculi> age1 ! ,hom]ic h\se w also1 9 all likelihood1 be peculi>4 ,x w n be ! ,hell5ic h\se ( classical times4 ,manife/ly ! dwell+ ( a milit>y-pr9ce 9 ! h]oic age w\ld be evolv$ to meet 8 ne$s1 :i* 7 n ! ne$s ( lat] ,hell5ic citiz5s4 ,9 "t ( peace ! lat] ,greeks are weaponless m51 n surr\nd$ by & ent]ta9+ ?rongs ( arm$ reta9]s1 l ! ,hom]ic *ief4 ,! wom5 ( lat] ,greece1 moreov]1 are 9 ! backgr\nd ( life1 dwell+ 9 ! wom5's *amb]s1 beh9d ^? ( ! m51 9 seclusion4 ,! ,hom]ic wom5 also1 at lea/ 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus1 h _! sep>ate *amb]s1 :i* ! m5 seem n to ent] except on invitation1 ?\gh ! ladies freely hon\r by _! pres5ce ! hall ( ! w>riors4 ,! circum/ances1 h[ev]1 7 peculi>--,p5elope be+ unprotect$ 9 ! abs5ce ( h] "l4 ,! :ole dome/ic situation 9 ! ,hom]ic poems--! free equality ( ! wom51 ! milit>y conditions1 ! life ( ! *iefs & reta9]s--closely resembles1 all[+ = diff]5ces ( climate1 t ( ! ri* l&[n]s ( e>ly ,icel& z describ$ 9 ! sagas4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! h\se ( ! ,icel&ic *ief 0 analog\s to ! h\se ( ! ,hom]ic pr9ce4 ,societies rem>kably simil> 9 mode ( life 7 accommodat$ 9 dwell+s simil>ly arrang$4 ,?\gh ! ,icel&]s own$ no ,ov]-,"l1 &1 inde$1 left _! native ,sc&9avia to escape ! sway ( ,h>old ,fairhair1 yet ea* weal?y & p[]ful *ief liv$ 9 ! mann] ( a ,hom]ic k+4 ,8 l&s & ?ralls1 horses & cattle1 occupi$ 8 att5tion :5 he did n *ance to be on ,vik+ adv5ture--be>+ bane to ali5 m54 ,he always c>ri$ sword & spe>1 & (t5 _h occasion to use !m4 ,he ent]ta9$ _m gue/s1 & ne$$ a l>ge hall & ample sleep+ accommodation = /rang]s & s]vants4 ,8 wom5 7 z free & z mu* respect$ z ! ladies 9 ,hom]2 & = a husb& to slap a wife 0 to run ! risk ( h] deadly feud4 ,?us1 f> away 9 ! fro/s ( ! nor?1 ! life ( ! *ief 0 l t ( ! ,hom]ic pr9ce1 & _! h\ses 7 alike4 ,x is our int5tion to use ?is p>allel 9 ! discussion ( ! ,hom]ic h\se4 ,all ,icel&ic *iefs' h\ses 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies 7 n precisely uni=m 9 /ructure & accommodation1 & saga writ]s ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 liv+ m com=tably ?an _! =efa!rs1 sometimes confuse matt]s by introduc+ ! arrangem5ts ( _! own into ! tale ( pa/ times4 ,b1 9 any case1 "o ,icel&ic h\se ( ! t5? or elev5? c5tury might diff] f ano!r 9 c]ta9 details4 ,x is n safe1 !re=e1 to argue t diff]5ce ( detail 9 ,hom]'s acc\nts ( v>i\s h\ses means t ! v>y+ descriptions 7 compos$ 9 diff]5t ages4 ,9 ! ,odyssey ! plot dem&s t ! poet mu/ ent] into dome/ic details mu* m freely ?an he ev] has occasion to d 9 ! ,iliad4 ,he may m5tion upp] *amb]s freely1 = example2 x w n foll[ t 9 ! ,iliad upp] *amb]s d n exi/ because !y are only m5tion$ twice 9 t ,epic4 ,x is ev5 m important to note t 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus we h an unp>allel$ dome/ic situation4 ,! lady ( ! h\se is beset by m ?an a hundr$ woo]s--sorn+ on h]1 9 ! old ,scots legal phrase--mak+ x impossible = h] to inhabit h] own hall1 & desirable to keep ! wom5 z mu* z possible ap>t f ! m54 ,?us ! ,hom]ic h\se ( :i* we "k mo/1 t ( ,odysseus1 is a h\se 9 a mo/ abnormal condition4 ,= ! sake ( brevity we omit ! old !ory t ! ,hom]ic h\se 0 practically t ( hi/orical ,greece1 ) ! m5's hall approa*$ by a door f ! c\rty>d2 :ile a door at ! upp] end ( ! m5's hall yields direct access to ! qu>t]s :]e ! wom5 dwelt ap>t1 at ! re> ( ! m5's hall4 ,t op9ion has n surviv$ ! essay by ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,myres on ! ,plan ( ! ,hom]ic ,h\se4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 ,,xx1 #abh-aej4 ,q ap>t f argum5ts t re/ on ! gr\nd plans ( palaces at ,myc5ae & ,tiryns1 ,mr4 ,myres has prov$1 by an exact read+ ( ! poet's words1 t ! descriptions 9 ! ,odyssey _c be made intelligible on ! !ory t ! poet has 9 8 m9d a h\se ( ! ,hell5ic patt]n4 ,b 9 8 essay he h>dly t\*es on any ,hom]ic h\se except t ( ,odysseus1 9 :i* ! circum/ances 7 unusual4 ,a lat] critic1 ,f]d9& ,noack1 has demon/rat$ t we mu/ take o!r ,hom]ic h\ses into consid]ation4 ,footnote3 ,hom]is*e ,palae/e4 ,teubn]4 ,leipzig1 #aijc4 ,! prae-,myc5aean h\se is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,myres1 on ! :ole ( ! same plan z ! ,hell5ic h\se ( hi/oric days2 betwe5 ^! comes ! ,myc5aean & ,hom]ic h\se2 s t ! ,myc5aean h\se /&s out z an intrusive ph5om5on1 ( comp>atively late arrival & %ort ( duration444 ,footnote3 ,myres1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 xx4 p4 #adi4 ,noack goes fur!r2 he draws a l9e betwe5 ! ,myc5aean h\ses on "o h& & ! h\ses describ$ by ,hom] on ! o!r2 :ile he ?9ks t ! late ,hom]ic h\se1 t ( ! clos+ ,books ( ! ,odyssey1 is widely sund]$ f ! ,hom]ic h\se ( ! ,iliad & f ! h\ses ( ,m5elaus & ,alc9\s 9 e>li] ,books ( ! ,odyssey4 ,footnote3 ,noack1 p4 #gc4 ,9 ?is case ! ,iliadic & e>li] ,odyssean h\ses are ^? ( a s+le def9ite age1 nei!r ,myc5aean ( ! prime1 nor ,hell5ic--a fact :i* entirely suits our argum5t4 ,b x is n s c]ta91 t ! h\se ( ,odysseus is sev]$ f ! o!r ,hom]ic h\ses by ! lat] addition ( an upp] /orey1 z ,noack supposes1 & ( wom5's qu>t]s1 & ( sep>ate sleep+ *amb]s = ! heads ( ! family4 ,! ,iliad1 save 9 two passages1 & e>li] ,books ( ! ,odyssey may n m5tion upp] /oreys because !y h no occasion1 or only r>e occasion1 to d s2 & "s h\ses may h _h upp] sleep+ *amb]s :ile o!rs ( ! same p]iod _h n1 z we %all prove f ! ,icel&ic p>allel4 ,mr4 ,myres's idea ( ! ,hom]ic h\se1 or1 at lea/1 ( ! h\se ( ,odysseus1 is t ! wom5 _h a meguron1 or common hall1 ap>t f t ( ! m51 ) o!r *amb]s4 ,^! did n lie to ! direct re> ( ! m5's hall1 nor 7 !y ent]$ by a door t op5$ 9 ! back wall ( ! m5's hall4 ,p5elope has a *amb]1 9 :i* %e sleeps & does woman's "w1 up/airs2 h] connubial *amb]1 unoccupi$ dur+ h] "l's abs5ce1 is c]ta9ly on ! gr\nd floor4 ,! wom5's rooms are sev]$ f ! m5's hall by a c\rty>d2 9 ! c\rty>d are *amb]s4 ,telema*us has 8 ,greek3 ,?alamos1 or *amb]1 9 ! m5's c\rty>d4 ,all ?is appe>s pla9 f ! poet's words2 & ,mr4 ,myres corroborates1 by ! gr\nd plans ( ! palaces ( ,tiryns & ,myc5ae1 a po9t on :i* ,mr4 ,monro _h d\bts1 z reg>ds ,tiryns1 :ile he accept$ x = ,myc5ae4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 ii4 #dig2 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xx4 #acf4 ,noack ,footnote3 ,noack1 p4 #ci4 does n1 h[ev]1 agree4 ,!re appe>s to be no d\bt t 9 ! c5tre ( ! great halls ( ,tiryns & ( ,myc5ae1 z ( ! h\ses 9 ,hom]1 0 ! he>?1 ) two tall pill>s on ea* side1 support+ a l\vre high] ?an ! re/ ( ! ro(1 & p]mitt+ "s1 at lea/1 ( ! smoke ( ! fire to escape4 ,beside ! fire 7 ! seats ( ! ma/] & mi/ress ( ! h\se1 ( ! m9/rel1 & ( hon\r$ gue/s4 ,! place ( hon\r 0 n on a dais at ! inmo/ end ( ! hall1 l ! high table 9 college halls4 ,mr4 ,myres holds t 9 ! ,hom]ic h\se ! ,greek3 prodomos1 or =eh\se1 0 a *amb]1 & 0 n id5tical ) ! ,greek3 ae?\sa1 or portico1 ?\gh he admits t ! two words are us$ indiff]5tly to describe ! sleep+ place ( a gue/4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 xx4 #add1 #aee4 ,?is 0 ! case at ,tiryns2 & 9 ! h\se ( ! fa!r ( ,pho5ix1 9 ! ,iliad1 ! prodomos1 or =eh\se1 & ! ae?\sa1 or portico1 are c]ta9ly sep>ate ?+s 7,iliad1 ,,ix4 #dgc74 ,noack does n accept ! ,tiryns evid5ce = ! ,hom]ic h\se4 ,on ,mr4 ,myres's %[+1 ! wom5 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus _h di/9ct & sep>ate qu>t]s into :i* no man goes un9vit$4 ,odysseus :5 at home has1 ) 8 wife1 a sep>ate b$room2 & 9 8 abs5ce ,p5elope sleeps up/airs1 :]e !re are sev]al *amb]s = v>i\s purposes4 ,grant+ t all ?is is s1 h[ d ! pictures ( ! h\se giv5 9 ! f9al "p ( ! ,odyssey comp>e ) ^? 9 ! ,blank space & ) ! acc\nts ( ! dwell+s ( ,m5elaus & ,alc9\s 9 ! ,odyssey8 ,noack argues t ! h\se ( ,odysseus is unlike ! o!r ,hom]ic h\ses1 because 9 ^!1 he reasons1 ! wom5 h no sep>ate qu>t]s1 & ! "l & lady ( ! h\se sleep 9 ! great hall1 & h no o!r b$room1 :ile !re are no upp] *amb]s 9 ! h\ses ( ! ,iliad1 except 9 two passages dismiss$ z late4 ,if all ?is be s1 !n ! ,hom]ic p]iod1 z reg>ds h\ses & dome/ic life1 belongs to an age ap>t1 n truly ,myc5aean1 & /ill less lat] ,hell5ic4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,noack reg>ds ! ,odyssey z a composite & 9 p>ts v late mosaic 7a view on :i* ,i h said :at ,i ?9k 9 ,hom] & ! ,epic74 ,accord+ to ?is !ory 7,kir*h(f is ! expon5t ( a popul> =m !re(7 ! fir/ ,book ( ! ,odyssey belongs to ! late/ /ratum1 & is ! copy ( ! g5]al work]-up1 :e!r he 0 ! editor employ$ by ,pisi/ratus or a labori\s amateur4 ,?is !ory is oppos$ by ,sittl1 :o makes 8 po9t by cutt+ out1 z int]polations1 :atev] passages d n suit 8 ideas1 & d suit ,kir*h(f's--?is is ! regul> me?od ( ,hom]ic criticism4 ,! :ole cruise ( ,telema*us 7,book ,,iv47 is also reg>d$ z a late addition3 on ?is po9t ,engli% s*ol>s hi!rto h be5 ( ! opposite op9ion4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 #cac-cag4 ,! me?od ( all p>ties is to reg>d repetitions ( phrases z examples ( borr[+1 except1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( ! e>lie/ poet f :om ! o!rs pilf]1 & 9 o!r cases ( prae-,hom]ic surviv+ epic =mulae4 ,critics !n dispute z to :i* recurr5t passage is ! e>li]1 decid+1 ( c\rse1 z may happ5 to suit _! own g5]al !ory4 ,9 our op9ion ^! passages are traditional =mulae1 z 9 our own old ballads & 9 ! ,*ansons de ,ge/e1 & ,noack also takes ?is view e n[ & !n4 ,!y may well be old]1 9 _m cases1 ?an ,iliad & ,odyssey2 or ! poet1 hav+ f\nd 8 own =mula1 economically us$ x :]ev] simil> circum/ances occurr$4 ,su* passages1 s consid]$1 are no te/s ( e>li] composition 9 "o place1 ( lat] composition 9 ano!r4 ,we n[ look into ,noack's !ory ( ! ,hom]ic h\se4 ,:]e d ! "l & lady sleep8 ,n1 he says1 z ,odysseus & ,p5elope d 7:5 ,odysseus is at home71 9 a sep>ate *amb] 7?alamos7 on ! gr\nd floor1 nor1 l ,gunn> & ,halg]da 7,njal's ,saga71 9 an upp] *amb]4 ,!y sleep mu*o dom\2 t is1 n 9 a sep>ate recess 9 ! h\se1 b 9 a recess ( ! great hall or meg>on4 ,?us1 9 ! hall ( ,alc9\s1 ! :ole space runs f ! ?re%old to ! mu*os1 ! inn]mo/ "p 7,odyssey1 ,,vii4 #hg-if74 ,9 ! hall ( ,odysseus1 ! ,woo]s retreat to ! mu*os1 ! inn]mo/ "p ( ! hall 7,odyssey1 ,,xxii4 #bgj74 ,! mu*os1 9 ,hom]1 nev] d5otes a sep>ate *amb]4 ,footnote3 ,noack1 p4 #de4 ,cf4 ,monro1 ,note to ,odyssey1 ,,xxii4 #bgj4 ,9 ,odyssey1 ,,xi4 #cgc1 ,alc9\s says x is n yet "t to sleep ev meg>o1 9 ! hall4 ,alc9\s & ,arete1 8 wife1 sleep 9 ! recess ( ! l(ty domos1 t is1 9 ! recess ( ! hall1 n ( ! h\se 7,odyssey1 ,,vii4 #cdf74 ,! same words are us$ ( ,hel5 & ,m5elaus 7,odyssey1 ,,iv4 #cjd74 ,b :5 ,m5elaus goes =? next morn+1 he goes ek ?alamoio1 out ( 8 *amb] 7,odyssey1 ,,iv4 #caj74 ,b ?is1 says ,noack1 is a m]e borr[+ ( ,odyssey1 ,,ii #b-e1 :]e ! same words are us$ ( ,telema*us1 leav+ 8 *amb]1 :i* und5iably 0 a sep>ate *amb] 9 ! c\rt3 ,eurycleia light$ him ?i!r at night 7,odyssey1 ,i4 #dbh74 ,9 ,odyssey1 ,,iv4 #aba1 ,hel5 ent]s ! hall f h] fragrant1 l(ty *amb]1 s %e _h a *amb]1 n 9 ! hall4 ,b1 says ,noack1 ?is v]se is n orig9al4 ,! late poet ( ,odyssey1 ,,iv4 has cribb$ x f ! e>ly poet :o compos$ ,odyssey1 ,,xix4 #ec4 ,9 t passage ,p5elope comes f h] *amb]1 l ,artemis or gold5 ,aphrodite4 ,p5elope _h a *amb]--be+ a lone lorn woman1 :o c\ld n sleep 9 a hall :]e ! ,woo]s sat up late dr9k+--& ! late/ poet transf]s ?is *amb] to ,hel54 ,b h[ev] late & l>c5\s he may h be51 ! poet ( ,,iv4 #aba c]ta9ly did n crib ! words ( ! poet ( ,,xix4 #ec1 = he says1 ,hel5 came out ( h] fragrant1 high-ro($ *amb]4 ,! hall 0 n precisely fragrant6 ,h[ev]1 ,noack supposes t ! late poet ( ,book ,,iv4 let ,hel5 h a *amb] ap>t1 to lead up to ! /rik+ sc5e ( h] entry to ! hall :]e h] gue/s are sitt+4 ,may ,hel5 n ev5 h a b\doir8 ,9 ,odyssey1 ,,iv4 #bfc1 ,hel5 speaks remorsefully ( hav+ ab&on$ h] *amb]1 & husb&1 & *ild1 ) ,p>is2 b ! late poet says ?is1 accord+ to ,noack1 because he f9ds t he is 9 = a *amb]1 s to speak1 at all ev5ts1 z a result ( 8 hav+ previ\sly cribb$ ! ^w *amb] f ,odyssey1 ,,xix4 #ec4 ,o!rwise1 we presume ,hel5 w\ld h said t %e regrett$ hav+ left ! recess ( ! l(ty hall :]e %e really did sleep4 ,footnote3 ,noack1 pp4 #dg-dh ,! m]it ( ?is me?od ( argu+ may be left to ! judgm5t ( ! read]1 :o w rem>k t w$d$ pairs are n describ$ z leav+ ! hall :5 !y g to b$2 !y sleep 9 a recess ( ! l(ty h\se1 ! inn]mo/ "p4 ,is ?is ! same z ! recess ( ! hall or is x an inn]mo/ "p ( ! h\se8 ,:o c be c]ta98 ,! bridal *amb]1 built s cunn+ly1 ) ! trunk ( a tree = ! support ( ! b$1 by ,odysseus 7odyssey1 ,,xxiii4 #agg-bjd71 is1 accord+ to ,noack1 an exception1 a solit>y freak ( ,odysseus4 ,b we may reply t ! ?alamos1 ! sep>ate *amb]1 is no freak2 ! freak1 by k ( :i* ,odysseus proves 8 id5tity1 is ! use ( ! tree 9 ! con/ruction ( ! b$4 blank space 0 highly orig9al4 ,t sep>ate *amb]s are ne$$ = gr[n-up *ildr51 ,,because ! p>5ts sleep 9 ! hall1 is no /rong argum5t4 ,if ! p>5ts _h a sep>ate *amb]1 ! "y p1 unless !y slept 9 ! hall1 w\ld /ill ne$ _! own4 ,! girls1 ( c\rse1 c\ld n sleep 9 ! hall2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( bo? ,p5elope & ,odysseus f ! hall1 ev] s9ce ,telema*us 0 a baby1 ,telema*us c\ld h slept !re4 ,b x w be repli$ t ! ,woo]s did n beset ! hall1 & ,p5elope did n retire to a sep>ate *amb]1 till ,telema*us 0 a big boy ( sixte54 ,noack argues t he _h a sep>ate *amb]1 ?\gh ! hall 0 free1 tradition4 ,footnote3 ,noack1 p4 #di4 ,:]e does ,noack ?9k t1 9 a normal ,hom]ic h\se1 ! girls ( ! family slept8 ,!y c\ld n sleep 9 ! hall1 & on ! two occasions :5 ! ,iliad has to m5tion ! *amb]s ( ! "y ladies !y are upp] *amb]s1 z is natural4 ,b z ,noack wants to prove ! h\se ( ,odysseus1 ) its upp] *amb]s1 to be a late peculi> h\se1 he1 ( c\rse1 expunges ! two m5tions ( girls' upp] *amb]s 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,! process is simple & easy4 ,we f9d 7,iliad1 ,,xvii4 #cf7 t a son1 w$d+ 9 8 fa!r's & "m's life-"t1 has a ?alamos built = him1 & a mu*os 9 ! ,,?alamos1 :]e he leaves 8 wife :5 he goes to w>4 ,?is dwell+ ( gr[n-up m>ri$ *ildr51 z 9 ! case ( ! sons ( ,priam1 has a ?alamos1 or doma1 & a c\rty>d--is a h\se1 9 fact 7,iliad1 ,,vi4 #c #af74 ,"h we seem to di/+ui% ! b$-*amb] f ! doma1 :i* is ! hall4 ,noack objects t :5 ,odysseus fumigates 8 h\se1 aft] slay+ ! ,woo]s1 he ?us treats ! meg>on1 ,,& ! doma1 ,,& ! c\rty>d4 ,!re=e1 ,noack argues1 ! meg>on1 or hall1 is "o ?+2 ! doma is ano!r4 ,mr4 ,monro writes1 doma usually means meg>on1 & he supposes a slip f ano!r read+1 ?alamon = meg>on1 :i* is n satisfactory4 ,b if doma "h be n equival5t to meg>on1 :at room c x possibly be8 ,:o 0 kill$ 9 ano!r place8 :at place !re=e ne$$ purification except ! hall & c\rty>d8 ,no o!r places ne$$ purify+2 !re is !re=e cle>ly a defect 9 ! l9es :i* _c be us$ 9 ! argum5t4 ,noack1 9 any case1 ma9ta9s t ,p>is has b "o place to live 9 by day & to sleep 9 by night--8 ,greek3 talamos4 ,!re he sleeps1 eats1 & poli%es 8 weapons & arm\r4 ,!re ,hector f9ds him look+ to 8 ge>2 ,hel5 & ! maids are all !re 7,iliad1 ,,vi4 #cba-cbc74 ,is ?is q c]ta98 ,are ,hel5 & ! maids 9 ! ,greek3 talamos1 :]e ,p>is is poli%+ 8 corslet & look+ to 8 b[1 or 9 an adjac5t room8 ,if n 9 ano!r room1 :y1 :5 ,hector is 9 ! room talk+ to ,p>is1 does ,hel5 ask him to come 98 7,iliad1 ,,vi4 #ced74 ,he is 91 is !re ano!r room :5ce %e c he> him8 ,! m9ut5ess ( ^! inquiries is t$i\s6 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,iii4 #abe1 ,iris f9ds ,hel5 9 ! hall weav+4 ,%e summons h] to come to ,priam on ! gate4 ,hel5 dresses 9 outdoor co/ume1 & goes =? f ! *amb]1 ,greek3 talamos 7,,iii4 #ada-adb74 ,are hall & *amb] ! same room1 or did n ,hel5 dress 9 ! *amb]8 ,9 ! same ,book 7,,iii4 #agd7 %e rep5ts hav+ left ! ,greek3 talamos ( ,m5elaus1 n 8 hall3 ! passage is n a repetition 9 words ( h] spee* 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,! gods1 ( c\rse1 are lodg$ l m54 ,:5 we f9d t ,zeus has really a sep>ate sleep+ *amb]1 built by ,hephae/us1 z ,odysseus has 7,iliad1 ,,xiv4 #aff-afg71 we are told t ?is is a late int]polation4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 :o has a high op9ion ( ?is sc5e1 ! ,beguil+ ( ,zeus1 places x 9 ! second expansions2 he f9ds no late ,odyssean elem5ts 9 ! language4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,i4 #fjh-faa1 ,zeus dep>t$ to 8 c\*2 he seems n to h /ay$ & slept 9 ! hall4 ,"h a qua9t problem occurs4 ,( all late ?+s 9 ! ,odyssey ! late/ is said to be ! song ( ,demodocus ab\t ! loves ( ,ares & ,aphrodite 9 ! h\se ( ,hephae/us4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #bff-cjj4 ,we %all %[ t ?is op9ion is f> f c]ta9ly correct4 ,hephae/us sets a sn>e r\nd ! b$ 9 8 ,greek3 talamos & cat*es ! guilty lov]s4 ,n[1 0 8 ,greek3 talamos or b$room1 also 8 d9+-room8 ,if s1 ! au?or ( ! song1 ?\gh s late1 kn[s :at ,noack kn[s1 & :at ! poets :o assign sleep+ *amb]s to w$d$ folks d n "k1 namely1 t nei!r m>ri$ gods nor m>ri$ m5 h sep>ate b$rooms4 ,?is is pla91 = he makes ,hephae/us /& at ! front door ( 8 h\se1 & %\t to ! gods to come & see ! s9ful lov]s4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ,,vi4 #cjd-cje ,!y all come & look on f ! front door 7,odyssey1 ,,vii4 #cbe71 :i* leads into ! ,greek3 meg>on1 ! hall4 ,if ! lov]s are 9 b$ 9 ! hall1 !n hall & b$room are all "o1 & ! t]ribly late poet :o made ?is lay kn[s x1 ?\gh ! late poets ( ! ,odyssey & ,iliad d n4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! au?or ( ! lay is n late1 z we %all prove 9 ano!r case4 ,noack1 !n1 w n all[ man or god to h a sep>ate w$d+ *amb]1 nor wom51 be=e ! late p>ts ( ! ,odyssey1 to h sep>ate qu>t]s1 except 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus4 ,wom5's *amb]s d n exi/ 9 ! ,hom]ic h\se4 ,footnote3 ,noack1 p4 #ej4 ,if s1 h[ remote is ! true ,hom]ic h\se f ! h\se ( hi/orical ,greece6 ,z = upp] *amb]s1 ^? ( ! daught] ( ! h\se 7,iliad1 ,,ii4 #ead2 ,,xvi4 #ahd71 bo? passages are late1 z we saw 7,noack1 p4blank space74 ,9 ! ,odyssey ,p5elope bo? sleeps & works at ! %r\d 9 an upp] *amb]4 ,b ! :ole arrangem5t ( upp] *amb]s z wom5's ap>tm5ts is z late1 says ,noack1 z ! "t ( ! poets & r$actors 7:oev] !y may h be57 ( ! ,odyssey1 ,,xxi41 ,,xxii41 ,,xxiii4 ,footnote3 ,noack1 p4 #fh4 ,at ! e>lie/ ^! ,books are said to be ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"h ! late poets h _! inn+s at la/1 & d mod]nise ! ,hom]ic h\se4 ,to prove ! abs5ce ( upp] rooms 9 ! ,iliad we h to aboli% ,,ii4 #ead1 :]e ,a/yo*e meets h] div9e lov] 9 h] upp] *amb]1 & ,,xvi4 #ahd1 :]e ,polymele celebrates h] am\r ) ,h]mes 9 ! upp] *amb]s4 ,! places :]e ^! two passages occur1 ,catalogue 7,book ,,ii47 & ! ,catalogue ( ! ,myrmidons 7,book ,,xvi47 are1 inde$1 bo? call$ late1 b ! au?or ( ! latt] kn[s ! e>ly law ( bride-price1 :i* is suppos$ to be unkn[n to ! au?ors ( late passages 9 ! ,odyssey 7,,xvi4 #aij74 ,/at$ briefly1 su* are ! ideas ( ,noack4 ,!y leave u1 at lea/1 ) p]mission to hold t ! :ole ( ! ,epics1 except ,books ,,xxi41 ,,xxii41 & ,,xxiii4 ( ! ,odyssey1 be>1 z reg>ds ! h\se1 ! m>ks ( a di/9ct peculi> age1 com+ betwe5 ! p]iod ( ,myc5ae & ,tiryns on "o h& & ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 on ! o!r4 ,?is is ! po9t = :i* we h cont5d$1 & ?is suits our argum5t v well1 ?\gh we are sorry to see t ,odyssey1 ,books ,,xxi41 ,,xxii41 & ,,xxiii41 are no old] ?an ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,b we h n be5 q conv9c$ t ,hel5 _h n h] sep>ate *amb]1 t ,zeus _h n 8 sep>ate *amb]1 & t ! upp] *amb]s ( ! daught]s ( ! h\se 9 ! ,iliad are late4 ,:]e1 if n 9 upp] *amb]s1 did ! "y pr9cesses repose8 ,aga91 ! m>k$ sep>ation ( ! wom5 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus may be ! result ( ,p5elope's c>e 9 unusual circum/ances1 ?\gh %e c]ta9ly w\ld n build a sep>ate hall = !m4 ,!re are ov] a hundr$ h&some "y sc\ndrels 9 h] h\se all day long & deep into ! night2 %e w\ld1 va9ly1 d h] be/ to keep h] girls ap>t4 ,x /&s to reason t "y girls ( pr9cely families w\ld h b$rooms 9 ! h\se1 n 9 ! c\rty>d-b$rooms out ( ! way ( ent]pris+ "y m54 ,:at saf] place c\ld be f\nd = !m ?an 9 upp] *amb]s1 z 9 ! ,iliad8 ,b1 if _! lov]s 7 gods1 we "k t none c see a god com+ or go+ aga9/ 8 w4 ,! arrangem5ts ( h\ses may & d v>y 9 diff]5t cases 9 ! same age4 ,z examples we turn to ! p>allel af=d$ by ! ,icel&ic sagas & _! pictures ( h\ses ( ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! pres5t au?or long ago po9t$ out ! p>allel ( ! h\ses 9 ! sagas & 9 ,hom]4 ,footnote3 ,! ,h\se4 ,but*] & ,lang4 ,translation ( ! ,odyssey4 ,he took 8 facts f ,das5t's translation ( ! ,njal ,saga 7#ahfa1 vol4 i4 pp4 xcviii41 ciii41 ) diagrams74 ,z f> z he is aw>e1 no critic look$ into ! matt] till ,mr4 ,monro 7#aija71 be+ app>5tly unacqua9t$ ) ,das5t's rese>*es1 f\nd simil> lore 9 works by ,dr4 ,valtyr ,gudmundsson ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dia-die2 cf4 ,gudmundsson1 ,d] ,isl&ske ,bottg i ,fri/ats ,tid51 #ahid2 cf4 ,das5t1 ,ox=d ,essays1 #aheh4 ,! ro( ( ! hall is support$ by f\r r[s ( columns1 ! two inn] r[s are tall]1 & betwe5 !m is ! he>?1 ) seats ( hon\r = ! *ief gue/s & ! "l4 ,! fire 0 9 a k9d ( tr5* d[n ! hall2 & 9 v cold wea!r1 we le>n f ,das5t1 long fires c\ld be lit ?r\gh ! ext5t ( ! hall4 ,! *ief _h a rais$ seat2 ! gue/s sat on b5*es4 ,! high seats 7 at ! c5tre2 n till lat] times on ! dais1 z 9 a college hall4 ,! tables 7 relatively small1 &1 z 9 ,hom]1 c\ld be remov$ aft] a meal4 ,! "p ( ! hall ) ! dais 9 lat] days 0 p>tition$ (f z a /(a or p>l\r4 ,9 e>ly times cook+ 0 done 9 ! hall4 ,dr4 ,gudmundsson1 if ,i und]/& him1 v>ies f ,das5t 9 "s respects4 ,i quote an ab/ract ( 8 /atem5t4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ajjj h\ses g5]ally consi/$ (1 at lea/1 f\r rooms2 (t5 a fif? 0 add$1 ! s-call$ ba?-room4 ,! olde/ =m = h\ses 0 t ( "o long l9e or r[ ( sep>ate rooms unit$ by wood5 or clay corridors or p>titions1 & ea* cov]$ ) a ro(4 ,lat]1 ?is 0 consid]$ unpractical1 & !y began build+ "s ( ! h\ses or rooms beh9d ! o!rs1 :i* facilitat$ ! access f "o to ano!r1 & dim9i%$ ! numb] ( out] doors & corridors4 ,t[>ds ! latt] "p ( ! t5? c5tury ! skaal 0 us$ z common sleep+-room = ! :ole family1 includ+ s]vants & s]fs2 x 0 fitt$ up 9 ! same way z ! hall4 ,l ?is1 x 0 divid$ 9 ?ree naves by r[s ( wood5 pill>s2 ! middle floor 0 l[] ?an t ( ! two side naves4 ,9 ^! 7 plac$ ! s-call$ saet or b$-places1 n runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! blank space f gable to gable1 b sideways1 fill+ ab\t a ?ird "p4 ,ea* saet 0 enclos$ by broad1 /rong planks jo9$ into ! pill>s1 b n nail$ on1 s !y might easily be tak5 out4 ,^! planks1 call$ ,,satte/okke1 c\ld also be turn$ sideways & us$ z b5*es dur+ ! day2 !y 7 (t5 beautifully c>v$1 & consequ5tly highly valu$4 ,:5 settl+ abroad ! p took away ) !m ^! planks1 & put !m up 9 _! new home z a symbol ( dome/ic happ9ess4 ,! saet 0 occupi$ by ! s]vants ( ! f>m z sleep+-rooms2 g5]ally x 0 scre5$ by hang+s & l[ panels1 :i* p>tition$ x (f l huge sep>ate boxes1 us$ z b$s4 ,all b$s 7 fill$ ) hay or /raw2 s]vants & s]fs slept on ?is )\t any b$clo!s1 sometimes a sleep+-bag 0 us$1 or !y cov]$ !mselves ) de]sk9s or a mantle4 ,! family _h b$-clo!s1 b only 9 v weal?y h\ses 7 !y also provid$ = ! s]vants4 ,moveable b$s 7 extremely r>e1 b are sometimes m5tion$4 ,g5]ally two p slept 9 ea* b$4 ,9 ! fur!r end ( ! skaal1 fac+ ! door1 op5$ out "o or sev]al small b$rooms1 de/9$ = ! husb& ) wife & *ildr51 besides o!r memb]s ( ! family1 includ+ gue/s ( a high] /&+4 ,^! small dormitories 7 sep>at$ by p>titions ( planks into b$rooms ) "o or sev]al b$s1 & %ut away f ! out] ,,skaal ei!r by a slid+-door 9 ! wall or by an ord9>y door %utt+ ) a hasp4 ,sometimes only a hang+ cov]$ ! op5+4 ,9 "s f>ms 7 f\nd und]gr\nd passages1 lead+ f ! ma/]'s b$side to an outside h\se1 or ev5 z f> z a wood or ano!r %elt]$ place 9 ! neighb\rhood1 to enable ! inhabitants to save !mselves dur+ a night attack4 ,= ! same reason ea* man _h 8 arms susp5d$ ov] 8 b$4 ,ildhus or fire-h\se 0 ! kit*51 (t5 us$ besides z a sleep+-room :5 ! f>ms 7 v small4 ,?is 0 q aboli%$ aft] ! ye> #ajjj4 ,buret 0 ! provision h\se4 ,! ba?room 0 heat$ f a /one ov52 ! /ones 7 heat$ r$-hot & cold wat] ?r[n ^u !m1 :i* develop$ a quantity ( vap\r4 ,z ! heat & ! /eam m\nt$1 ! p--m5 & wom5--crawl$ up to a %elf "u ! ro( & rema9$ !re z 9 a ,turki% ba?4 ,9 l>ge & weal?y h\ses !re 0 also a wom5's room1 ) a fireplace built l[ d[n 9 ! middle1 z 9 ! hall1 :]e ! wom5 us$ to sit ) _! h&iwork all day4 ,! m5 7 all[$ to come 9 & talk to !m1 also begg>-wom5 & o!r vagabonds1 :o br\ght !m ! news f o!r places4 ,t[>ds ev5+ & = meals all assembl$ toge!r 9 ! hall4 ,on ?is %[+1 p did n sleep 9 cab9s p>tition$ (f ! d9+-hall1 b 9 ! skaale2 & two simil> & simil>ly situat$ rooms1 "o ! common d9+-hall1 ! o!r ! common sleep+-hall1 h be5 confus$ by writ]s on ! sagas4 ,footnote3 ,gudmundsson1 p1 #ad1 ,note ,i4 ,c !re be a simil> confusion 9 ! uses ( meg>on1 doma1 & domos8 ,9 ! ,eyrbyggja ,saga we h descriptions ( ! fire-hall1 skali or eldhus4 ,! fire-hall 0 ! common sleep+-room 9 ,icel&ic home/eads4 ,gue/s & /rang]s slept !re2 n 9 ! portico1 z 9 ,hom]4 ,"h 7 ! lock-b$s4 ,!re 7 butt]ies2 "o ( ^! 0 rea*$ by a ladd]4 ,! walls 7 panell$4 ,footnote3 ,! ,ere ,dwell]s1 p4 #ade4 ,?orgunna _h a b]?1 app>5tly p>tition$ (f1 9 ! hall4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 #acg-adj4 ,z 9 ,hom] ! hall 0 ent]$ f ! c\rty>d1 9 :i* 7 sep>ate rooms = /ores & o!r purposes4 ,9 ! c\rty>d also1 9 ! h\ses ( ,gunn> ( ,li!nd & ,gisli at ,hawkdale1 & d\btless 9 o!r cases1 7 ! dyngfur1 or ladies' *amb]s1 _! b[]s 7,?alamos1 l t ( ,telema*us 9 ! c\rty>d71 :]e !y sat sp9n+ & gossip+4 ,! dyngja 0 orig9ally call$ bur1 our b[]2 ! ballads say 9 b[] & hall4 ,9 ! ballad ( ,,m>g>et1 h] p>5ts are said to put h] 9 ! way ( deadly s9 by build+ h] a b[]1 app>5tly sep>ate f ! ma9 build+2 %e w\ld h be5 saf] 9 an upp] *amb]1 ?\gh1 ev5 !re1 n safe--at lea/1 if a god woo$ h]6 ,x does n appe> t all h\ses _h ^! *amb]s = ladies ap>t f ! ma9 build+4 ,y did n ent] ! ma9 hall 9 ,icel& f ! c\rt directly 9 front1 b by ! man's door at ! we/ side1 :5ce y walk$ ?r\gh ! por* or out] hall 7prodomos1 ai?onsa71 9 ! c5tre ( :i*1 to ! "r1 7 ! doors ( ! hall4 ,! wom5 ent]$ by ! wom5's door1 at ! ea/]n extremity4 ,gue/s did n sleep1 z 9 ,hom]1 9 ! prodomos1 or ! portico--! climate did n p]mit x--b 9 "o or o!r hall4 ,! hall 0 wa9scott$2 ! walls 7 hung ) %ields & weapons1 l ! hall ( ,odysseus4 ,! heads ( ! family usually slept 9 ! aisles1 9 *amb]s ent]$ ?r\gh ! wa9scot ( ! hall4 ,su* a *amb] might be call$ mu*os2 x 0 private f ! hall ?\gh "u ! same ro(4 ,x appe>s n improbable t "s ,hom]ic halls _h sleep+ places ( ?is k9d2 su* a mu*os 9 ,icel& seems to h _h w9d[s4 ,footnote3 ,/ory ( ,burnt ,njal1 i4 #bdb4 ,gunn> himself1 h[ev]1 slept ) 8 wife1 ,haleg]da1 9 an upp] *amb]2 8 "m1 :o liv$ ) him1 also _h a room up/airs4 ,9 ,njal's h\se1 too1 !re 0 an upp] *amb]1 :]e9 ! foes ( ,njal ?rew fire4 ,footnote3,ibid41 ii4 #agc4 ,b ,njal & ,b]g?ora1 8 wife1 :5 all hope 0 end$1 w5t into _! own bride-*amb] 9 ! sep>ate aisle ( ! hall & gave ov] _! s\ls into ,god's h&4 ,"u a hide !y lay2 & :5 m5 rais$ up ! hide1 aft] ! fire _h done its "w1 !y 7 unburnt "u x4 ,all prais$ ,god = t1 & ?\ght x 0 a ,,great tok54 ,9 ?is h\se 0 a weav+ room = ! wom54 ,footnote3,ibid1 ii4 #aie4 ,x ?us appe>s t ,icel&ic h\ses ( ! h]oic age1 z reg>ds /ructural arrangem5ts1 7 practically id5tical ) ! h\se ( ,odysseus1 all[+ = a sep>ate sleep+-hall1 :ile ! diff]5ces betwe5 t & o!r ,hom]ic h\ses may be no m ?an ! diff]5ces betwe5 v>i\s ,icel&ic dwell+s4 ,! p>5ts might sleep 9 b$*amb]s (f ! hall or 9 upp] *amb]s4 ,ladies might h b[]s 9 ! c\rty>d or might h none4 ,! ,greek3 laurae--ea* passage outside ! hall--yield$ sleep+ rooms = s]vants2 & !re 7 /ore-rooms beh9d ! passage at ! top end ( ! hall1 z well z sep>ate *amb]s = /ores 9 ! c\rty>d4 ,mr4 ,leaf judici\sly recon/ructs ! ,hom]ic h\se 9 its public rooms1 ( :i* we he> mo/1 :ile he leaves ! resid5tial portion ) details & limits probably v v>iable4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 pp4 #ehf-ehi1 ) diagram bas$ on ! palace ( ,tiryns4 ,giv5 v>iability1 :i* is natural & to be expect$1 & giv5 ! abs5ce ( detail ab\t ! resid5tial portion ( o!r h\ses ?an t ( ,odysseus 9 ! poems1 x does n seem to u t ?is h\se is conspicu\sly late1 /ill less t x is ! h\se ( hi/orical ,greece4 ,manife/ly1 9 all respects x m resembles ! h\ses ( ,njal & ,gunn> ( ,li!nd 9 ! h]oic age ( ,icel&4 ,9 ! h\se1 z 9 ! uses ( iron & bronze1 ! weapons1 arm\r1 relations ( ! sexes1 cu/om>y laws1 & ev]y?+ else1 ,hom] gives u an h>moni\s picture ( a s+le & peculi> age4 ,we f9d no /rong] m>k ( *ange ?an 9 ! ,odyssean h\se1 if t be *ang$1 :i* we %[ reason to d\bt4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,notes ,,( ,,*ange ,,9 ,,! ,,odyssey ,if ! ,hom]ic descriptions ( details ( life conta9 ana*ronisms1 po9ts ( detail ins]t$ 9 lat] progressive ages1 ^! mu/ be peculi>ly conspicu\s 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,long9us reg>d$ x z ! "w ( ,hom]'s advanc$ life1 ! sunset ( 8 g5ius1 & nobody d5ies t x assumes ! exi/5ce ( ! ,iliad & is po/]ior to t epic4 ,9 ! ,odyssey1 !n1 we are to look1 if any:]e1 = indications ( a *ang$ society4 ,t ! language ( ! ,odyssey1 & ( f\r ,books ( ! ,iliad 7,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv471 exhibits signs ( *ange is a critical commonplace1 b ! language is matt] = a sep>ate discussion2 we are "h conc]n$ ) ! ideas1 mann]s1 cu/om>y laws1 weapons1 implem5ts1 & s =? ( ! ,epics4 ,tak+ z a text ,mr4 ,monro's essay1 ,! ,relation ( ! ,odyssey to ! ,iliad1 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cbd1 seqq4 we exam9e ! notes ( diff]5ce :i* he f9ds betwe5 ! tw9 ,epics4 ,z to ! passages 9 :i* he discov]s borr[+ or close imitation ( passages 9 ! ,iliad by ! poet ( ! ,odyssey1 we %all n dwell on ! matt]1 because we "k s little ab\t ! laws regulat+ ! repetition ( epic =mulae4 ,x is tempt+1 inde$1 to criticise ,mr4 ,monro's li/ ( tw5ty-f\r ,odyssean borr[+s1 & we might arrive at "s curi\s results4 ,= example1 we c\ld %[ t ! ,klo!s1 ! sp9n+ wom5 :o spae ! fate ( ea* new-born *ild1 are n lat]1 b1 z less ab/ract1 are if any?+ e>li] ?an ! simple ,aisa ( ! ,iliad4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,vii4 #aig2 ,iliad1 xx4 #abg4 ,b our pro( w\ld require an excursion into ! beliefs ( savage & b>b>ic peoples :o h _! ,klo!s1 spae-wom5 att5d+ ea* bir?1 b :o are n kn[n to h develop$ ! idea ( ,aisa or ,fate4 ,we might also urge t to s5d a spe> ?r\gh ! back ( a /ag is n1 z ,mr4 ,monro ?\ght1 an improbable feat1 & t a man w\nd$ to dea? z ,leiocritus 0 w\nd$1 w\ld n1 z ,mr4 ,monro argu$1 fall backw>ds4 ,he supposes t ! poet ( ! ,odyssey borr[$ ! =w>d fall f a passage 9 ! ,iliad1 :]e ! fall is 9 keep+4 ,b1 to make good our pro(1 x might be necess>y to spe> a human be+ 9 ! same way z ,leiocritus 0 spe>$4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bci1 #bcj4 ,! repetitions ( ! ,epic1 at all ev5ts1 are n ! result ( ! weakness ( a poet :o _h to /eal 8 expressions l a s*oolboy4 ,!y h "s o!r cause ?an ! indol5ce or ineffici5cy ( a c5to--mak+ und]graduate4 ,inde$1 a poet :o us$ ! _m t]ms 9 ! ,odyssey :i* d n occur 9 ! ,iliad 0 n con/ra9$ to borr[ f any pr$ecessor4 ,x is ne$less to dwell on ! ,odyssean novelties 9 vocabul>y1 :i* 7 naturally employ$ by a poet :o _h to s+ ( peace1 n ( w>1 & ^: epic1 z ,ari/otle says1 is e?ical1 n milit>y4 ,! poet's ri* vocabul>y is appropriate to 8 novel subject1 t is all4 ,com+ to ,religion 7,i7 we f9d ,mr4 ,leaf assign+ to 8 orig9al ,a*illeis--! k]nel--! v same religi\s ideas z ,mr4 ,monro takes to be m>ks ( lat5ess & ( advance :5 he f9ds !m 9 ! ,odyssey6 ,9 ! orig9al olde/ "p ( ! ,iliad1 says ,mr4 ,leaf1 ! gods %[ !mselves j s mu* z to let u "k :at are ! p[]s :i* control mank9d f heav54444 ,_! int]f]5ce is su* z becomes ! rul]s ( ! _w1 n p>tisans 9 ! battle4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 pp4 xii41 xiii4 ,x is ! lat] poets ( ! ,iliad1 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's view1 :o introduce ! m$dlesome1 undignifi$1 & extremely unsportsmanlike gods4 ,! orig9al e>ly poet ( ! ,iliad _h ! nobl] religi\s conceptions4 ,9 t case--! ,odyssey be+ lat] ?an ! orig9al k]nel ( ! ,iliad--! ,odyssey ought to give u gods z undignifi$ & unwor?y z ^? exhibit$ by ! lat] cont9uators ( ! ,iliad4 ,b ! rev]se is ! case4 ,! gods behave fairly well 9 ,book ,,xxiv4 ( ! ,iliad1 :i*1 we are to believe1 is ! late/1 or ne>ly ! late/1 portion4 ,!y are all wro? ) ! abom9able behavi\r ( ,a*illes to dead ,hector 7,,xxiv4 #acd74 ,!y console & protect ,priam4 ,z = ! ,odyssey1 ,mr4 ,monro f9ds t 9 ?is late ,epic ! gods are j :at ,mr4 ,leaf proclaims !m to h be5 9 8 old orig9al k]nel4 ,!re is n[ an ,olympian conc]t t c>ries on some?+ l a moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,x is v diff]5t 9 ! ,iliad4444 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 ii4 #cce4 ,b x 0 n v diff]5t2 x 0 j ! same1 9 ,mr4 ,leaf's g5u9e old orig9al g]m ( ! ,iliad4 ,9 fact1 ! gods are v mu* l y & me4 ,:5 _! i*or is up1 !y misbehave z we d :5 our blood is up1 dur+ ! fury ( w>4 ,:5 ,hector is dead & :5 ! w> is ov]1 ! gods give play to _! high] nature1 z m5 d4 ,!re is no diff]5ce ( religi\s conception to sev] ! ,odyssey f ! lat] b n f ! orig9al p>ts ( ! ,iliad4 ,x is all an affair ( ! circum/ances 9 ea* case4 ,! ,odyssey is calm]1 m reflective1 m religi\s ?an ! ,iliad1 be+ a poem ( peace4 ,! ,iliad1 a poem ( w>1 is m my?ological ?an ! ,odyssey3 ! gods 9 ! ,iliad are excit$1 l ! m51 by ! great w> & behave accord+ly4 ,t nei!r gods nor m5 %[ any real s5se ( ! moral weakness ( ,agamemnon or ,a*illes1 or ( ! moral sup]iority ( ,hector1 is an unacceptable /atem5t4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccf4 ,ev5 ,a*illes & ,agamemnon are judg$ by m5 & by ! poet accord+ to _! own /&>d ( e?ics & ( cu/om>y law4 ,!re is really no d\bt on ?is po9t4 ,too mu* 7#b7 is made ( ! suppos$ diff]5t views ( ,olympus--a m\nta9 9 ,!ssaly 9 ! ,iliad2 a sn[less1 w9dless1 supra-mundane place 9 ,odyssey1 ,v4 #da-dg4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 ii4 #cif4 ,( ! ,odyssean passage ,mr4 ,m]ry ju/ly says1 ! actual description is n irreconcilable ) ! g5]al ,hom]ic picture ( ,olympus4 ,x is an idealis$ m\nta91 & conceptions ( x v>y1 ) ! v>iations :i* are ess5tial to & insep>able f all my?ological ideas4 ,z ,mr4 ,leaf says1 ,footnote3 ,note to ,iliad1 ,v4 #gej4 heav51 ouranos & ,olympus1 if n id5tical1 are at lea/ closely connect$4 ,9 ,v4 #gec1 ! poet reg>d$ ! summit ( ,olympus z a half-way /age betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 ?us dep>t+ f ! olde/ ,hom]ic tradition1 :i* made ! e>?ly m\nta9 ,olympus1 & n any a]ial region1 ! dwell+ ( ! gods4 ,b precisely ! same confusion ( my?ical ideas occurs among a p s backw>d z ! ,au/ralian s\?-ea/]n tribes1 ^: ,all ,fa!r is n[ seat$ on a hill-top & n[ above ! sky4 ,9 ,,iliad1 ,,viii4 #be1 #bf1 ! poet is aga9 said to h entirely lo/ ! real ,epic conception ( ,olympus z a m\nta9 9 ,!ssaly1 & to foll[ ! lat] conception1 :i* remov$ x f e>? to heav54 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #ahd1 f heav5 means f ! summit ( ,olympus1 :i*1 ?\gh ,hom] does n id5tify x ) oupavos1 /ill1 z a m\nta91 rea*$ into heav5 7,leaf74 ,! poet ( ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #ahd1 says pla9ly t ,zeus desc5d$ f heav5 to ,m\nt ,ida4 ,9 fact1 all t is said ( ,olympus1 ( heav51 ( ! home ( ! gods1 is poetical1 is my?ical1 & s is necess>ily subject to ! v>iations ( conception insep>able f my?ology4 ,?is is c]ta9 if !re be any c]ta9ty 9 my?ological sci5ce1 & "h no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 ,,odyssey & ,iliad4 7#c7 ,! next po9t ( diff]5ce is t1 we he> no m ( ,iris z ! mess5g] ( ,zeus2 9 ! ,odyssey1 ! ag5t ( ! w ( ,zeus is n[ ,h]mes1 z 9 ! ,tw5ty-f\r? ,book ( ! ,iliad1 a late ,odyssean ,book4 ,b :at does t matt]1 see+ t ,,iliad1 ,book ,,viii1 is decl>$ to be "o ( ! late/ additions2 yet 9 ,book ,,viii4 ,iris1 n ,h]mes1 is ! mess5g] 7,,viii4 #dji-dbe74 ,if 9 late times ,h]mes1 n ,iris1 is ! mess5g]1 :y1 9 a v late ,book 7,,viii47 is ,iris ! mess5g]1 n ,h]mes8 ,iliad1 ,book ,,xxiii41 is also a late ,odyssean ,book1 b "h ,iris goes on h] messages 7,,xxiii4 #aii7 mov$ m]ely by ! pray]s ( ,a*illes4 ,9 ! late ,odyssean ,book 7,,xxiv47 ( ! ,iliad1 ,iris runs on messages f ,zeus bo? to ,priam & to ,a*illes4 ,if ,iris1 9 ,odyssean times1 _h resign$ (fice & be5 succe$$ by ,h]mes1 :y did ,a*illes pray1 n to ,h]mes1 b to ,iris8 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! argum5t ab\t ,h]mes & ,iris4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! facts b ! v>iability ( my?ical & poetical conceptions4 ,moreov]1 ! conception ( ,iris z ! mess5g] c]ta9ly exi/$ ?r\gh ! age ( ! ,odyssey1 & lat]4 ,9 ! ,odyssey ! begg> man is call$ ,irus1 a male ,iris1 because he c>ries messages2 & ,iris does h] usual duty z mess5g] 9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymns1 z well z 9 ! s-call$ late ,odyssean ,books ( ! ,iliad4 ,! poet ( ! ,odyssey knew all ab\t ,iris2 !re _h aris5 no *ange ( belief2 he m]ely employ$ ,h]mes z mess5g]1 n ( ! "o god1 b ( ! div9e ,assembly4 7#d7 ,ano!r diff]5ce is t 9 ! ,iliad ! wife ( ,hephae/us is "o ( ! ,graces2 9 ! ,odyssey %e is ,aphrodite4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccf4 ,?is is "o ( ! inconsi/5cies :i* are ! ess5ce ( my?ology4 ,mr4 ,leaf po9ts out t :5 ,hephae/us is ab\t ex]cis+ 8 craft1 9 mak+ arms = ,a*illes1 ,*>is is made wife ( ,hephae/us by a m transp>5t allegory ?an we f9d else:]e 9 ,hom]1 :]eas1 :5 ,aphrodite appe>s 9 a comic song by ,demodocus 7,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #bff-cff71 t passage is lat] & un-,hom]ic4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bdf4 ,( ?is we d n accept ! doctr9e t ! lay is un-,hom]ic4 ,! diff]5ce comes to no m ?an t2 ! accu/om$ discrepancy ( my?ology1 ( /ory-tell+ ab\t ! gods4 ,b z to ! lay ( ,demodocus be+ un-,hom]ic & late1 ! poet at lea/ kn[s ! regul> ,hom]ic practice ( ! bride-price1 & its return by ! bride's fa!r to ! husb& ( an adult]\s wife 7,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #cah1 #cai74 ,! poet ( ?is lay1 :i* ,mr4 ,m]ry def5ds z ,hom]ic1 0 intimately famili> ) ,hom]ic cu/om>y law4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,paul ,cau]1 z we %all see1 o!r ,odyssean poets 7 liv+ 9 an age ( *ang$ law1 lat] ?an t ( ! au?or ( ! lay ( ,demodocus4 ,all ^! s-call$ diff]5ces betwe5 ,iliad & ,odyssey d n po9t to ! fact t ! ,odyssey belongs to a late & *ang$ p]iod ( culture1 ( belief & cu/oms4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! evid5ce to prove t cont5tion4 ,!re 7#e7 are two ref]5ces to local oracles 9 ! ,odyssey1 t ( ,dodona 7,,xiv4 #cbg2 ,,xix4 #bif7 & t ( ,py?o 7,,viii4 #hj74 ,?is is ! old "n ( ,delphi4 ,py?o occurs 9 ,iliad1 ,,ix4 #djd1 z a v ri* temple ( ,apollo--! oracle is n nam$1 b ! oracle br\ght 9 ! treasures4 ,a*illes 7,,xvi4 #bcc7 prays to ,pelasgian ,zeus ( ,dodona1 ^: prie/s 7 ?ickly tabu$1 b says no?+ ( ! oracle ( ,dodona4 ,nei!r :5 9 leagu] r\nd ,troy1 nor :5 w&]+ 9 fairy l&s =lorn1 _h ! ,a*aeans or ,odysseus mu* to d ) ! local oracles ( ,greece2 p]haps n1 9 ,hom]'s "t1 s important z !y 7 lat]1 & little inde$ is said ab\t !m 9 ei!r ,epic4 7#f7 ,! geographical k %[n 9 ! ,odyssey goes beyond t ( ! ,iliad 444 especially 9 reg>d to ,egypt & ,sicily4 ,b a poet ( a widely w&]+ h]o ( ,we/]n ,greece has naturally m occasion ?an ! poet ( a fix$ army 9 ,asia to %[ geographical k4 ,egyptian ,!bes is nam$1 9 ,,iliad1 ,,ix41 z a city v ri*1 especially 9 *>iots2 :ile 9 ! ,,odyssey ! poet has occasion to %[ m k ( ! way to ,egypt & ( ,vik+ desc5ts f ,crete on ! coa/ 7,odyssey1 ,,iii4 #cjj2 ,,iv4 #cea2 ,,xiv4 #beg2 ,,xvii4 #dbf74 ,ar*aeology %[s t ! ,myc5aean age 0 9 close comm]cial relation ) ,egypt1 & t ! ,myc5aean civilisation ext5d$ to mo/ ,m$it]ranean l&s & isl&s1 & to ,italy & ,sicily4 ,footnote3 ,ridgeway1 ,e>ly ,age ( ,greece1 i4 #fi4 ,!re is no?+ suspici\s1 z late1 9 ! m5tion ( ,sicily by ,odysseus 9 ,i?aca 7,odyssey1 ,,xx4 #chc2 ,,xxiv4 #cjg74 ,9 ! same way1 if ! poet ( a we/]n poem does n dilate on ! ,troad & ! p ( ,asia ,m9or z ! poet ( ! ,,iliad does1 t is simply because ! sc5e ( ! ,,iliad is 9 ,asia & ! sc5e ( ! ,odyssey is 9 ! we/1 :5 x is n 9 ,no ,man's l&4 ,f ! same cause ! poet ( sea-f>+ has m occasion to speak ( ! ,pho5icians1 great sea-f>]s1 ?an ! poet ( ! ,trojan leagu]4 7#g7 ,we "k s little ab\t l& t5ure 9 ,hom]ic times--&1 inde$1 e>ly l& t5ure is a subject s complex & obscure t x is n easy to prove advance t[>ds sep>ate prop]ty 9 ! ,odyssey--beyond :at 0 ! rule 9 ! "t ( ! ,,iliad4 ,9 ! ,mak+ ( ! ,arms 7,,xviii4 #eda-edi7 we f9d _m m5 pl\gh+ a field1 & ?is may h be5 a common field4 ,b 9 :at s5se8 ,_m pl\ghs 7 at "w at once on a ,scotti% runrig field1 & ea* f>m] _h 8 own /rip on sev]al common fields1 b ea* f>m] held by r5t1 or by r5t & s]vices1 f ! laird4 ,^! common fields 7 n common prop]ty4 ,9 ,,xii4 #dbb we h a common field1 & m5 measur+ a /rip & qu>rell+ ab\t ! m>k+-/ones1 across ! baulk1 b x does n foll[ t !y are own]s2 !y may be t5ants4 ,su* qu>rels 7 common 9 ,scotl& :5 ! runrig sy/em ( common fields1 ea* man ) 8 /rip1 prevail$4 ,footnote3 ,grey ,graham1 ,social ,life 9 ,scotl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 i4 #aeg4 ,a man _h a ,greek3 kla]os or lot 7,,iliad1 ,,xv4 #ddh71 b :at 0 a lot8 ,at fir/1 probably1 a %>e 9 l& p]iodically %ift$- p>tage noir ( ! ,russian peasants4 ,k+s & m5 :o des]ve public gratitude receive a ,greek3 tem5os a piece ( public l&1 z ,bell]ophon did f ! ,lycians 7,,vi4 #aid74 ,9 ! case ( ,melag] su* an e/ate is (f]$ to him1 b by :om8 ,n by ! p at l>ge1 b by ! ,greek3 g]ontes 7,,ix4 #egd74 ,:o are ! ,greek3 g]ontes8 ,!y are n ord9>y m5 ( ! p2 !y are1 9 fact1 ! g5try4 ,9 an age s advanc$ f tribal conditions z is ! ,hom]ic "t--f> advanc$ beyond anci5t tribal ,scotl& or ,irel&--we conceive t1 z 9 ^! c\ntries dur+ ! tribal p]iod1 ! ,greek3 g]ontes 79 ,celtic1 ! ,flai?7 held 9 ,,possession1 if n 9 accordance ) ! lett] ( ! law1 z prop]ty1 mu* m l& ?an a s+le lot4 ,! ,iri% tribal freeman _h a "r to a lot1 r$i/ribut$ by rotation4 ,weal? consi/$ ( cattle2 & a bogire1 a man ( _m k9e1 let !m out to t5ants4 ,su* a ri* man1 a fla?a1 w\ld1 9 accordance ) human nature1 use 8 influ5ce ) k9eless dep5d5ts to acquire 9 possession sev]al lots1 avoid ! p>tition1 & keep ! lots 9 possession ?\gh n legally 9 prop]ty4 ,su* m5 7 ! ,iri% flai?1 g5try "u ! ,,ri1 or k+1 8 ,greek3 g]ontes1 ea* ) 8 c9iod1 or ne> k9sm51 to back 8 cause4 ,flai? seems cle>ly to mean l&-own]s1 or squires1 says ,sir ,james ,ramsay4 ,footnote3 ,f\ndations ( ,engl&1 i4 #af1 ,note #d4 ,if l&1 contr>y to ! tribal ideal1 came into private h&s 9 e>ly ,irel&1 we c h>dly suppose t1 9 ! m advanc$ & settl$ ,hom]ic society1 no man b ! k+ held l& equival5t 9 ext5t to a numb] ( lots4 ,! ,greek3 g]ontes1 ! g5try1 ! *>iot-own+ w>riors1 ( :om !re are hundr$s n ( k+ly rank 9 ,hom] 7z 9 ,irel& !re 7 _m flai? to "o ,ri7 probably1 9 an in=mal b tight grip1 held consid]able l&s4 ,:5 we note _! position 9 ! ,iliad1 high above ! nameless ho/1 c we imag9e t !y did n hold m l& ?an ! simple1 p]haps p]iodically %ift+1 lot8 ,!re 7 lotless m5 7,odyssey1 ,,xl #dij71 lotless freem51 & :at _h become ( _! lots8 ,_h !y n fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,greek3 g]ontes or ! flai?8 ,mr4 ,ridgeway 9 a v able essay ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vi4 #cai-cci4 holds diff]5t op9ions4 ,he po9ts out t among a man's possessions1 9 ! ,iliad1 we he> only ( p]sonal prop]ty & live /ock4 ,x is 9 "o passage only 9 ! ,odyssey 7,,xiv4 #baa7 t we meet ) m5 hold+ sev]al lots ( l&2 b !y1 we rem>k1 occur 9 ,cretean isle1 z we "k1 ( v advanc$ civilisation f ( old4 ,mr4 ,ridgeway also asks :e!r ! lotless m5 may n be outsid]s1 su* z are atta*$ to c]ta9 villages ( ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,india2 ,footnote3 ,ma9e1 ,village ,communities1 ,p4 #abg4 or !y may answ] to ! ,fuidhir1 or brok5 m51 ( e>ly ,irel&1 fugitives f "o to ano!r tribe4 ,!y w\ld be settl$ on ! wa/e l&s ( a community4 ,if s1 !y w\ld n be lotless2 !y w\ld h new lots4 ,footnote3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vi4 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,la]tes1 ?\gh a k+1 is suppos$ to h won 8 f>m by 8 own lab\rs f ! wa/e 7,odyssey1 ,,xxiv4 #bjg74 ,mr4 ,monro says1 ! l& hav+ ?us be5 won f ! wa/es 7! ,greek3 gae akla]os te kai aktitos ( ,h41 ,v54 #abc71 0 a ,greek3 tem5os or sep>ate possession ( ,la]tes4 ,! passage is 9 ! reject$ conclusion ( ! ,odyssey2 & if any man might g & squat 9 ! wa/e1 any man might h a lot1 or bett] ?an "o lot4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #hcb-hce1 ,a*illes says t 8 (f]$ prize ( iron w be useful to a man ^: ri* fields are v remote f any t[n1 ,teuc] & ,m]iones compete = ! prize3 probably !y _h su* ri* remote fields1 n ea* a m]e lot 9 a common field4 ,^! remote fields !y are suppos$ to hold 9 p]petuity1 ap>t f ! tem5os1 :i*1 9 ,mr4 ,ridgeway's op9ion1 rev]t$1 on ! dea? ( ea* hold]1 to ! community1 save :]e k+%ip 0 h]$it>y4 ,n[1 if ,greek3 kla]os _h come to mean a lot ( l&1 z we say a build+ lot1 obvi\sly m5 l ,teuc] & ,m]iones _h _m lots1 ri* fields1 :i* at dea? might sometimes pass to _! heirs4 ,?us !re 0 sep>ate l&$ prop]ty 9 ! ,iliad2 b ! passage is d5\nc$1 ?\gh n by ,mr4 ,ridgeway1 z late4 ,! abs5ce ( enclosures 7,greek3 h]kos ar\raes7 proves no?+ ab\t abs5ce ( sev]al prop]ty 9 l&4 ,9 ,scotl& ! laird's l&s 7 un5clos$ till deep 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,my own case = l& 9 private possession1 9 ,hom]ic times1 re/s ma9ly on human nature 9 su* an advanc$ society4 ,su* possession z ,i plead = is 9 accordance ) human nature1 9 a society s di/+ui%$ by degrees ( weal? z is ! ,hom]ic4 ,unless we are able to suppose t all ! g5try ( ! ,iliad held no ri* fields remote f t[ns1 ea* hav+ b "o rotatory lot apiece1 !re is no diff]5ce 9 ,iliadic & ,odyssean l& t5ure1 ?\gh we get cle>] lights on x 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,! position ( ! man ( sev]al lots may h be5 indef5sible1 if ! ideal ( tribal law 7 ev] made real1 b weal? 9 gr[+ societies univ]sally t5ds to ov]ride su* law4 ,mr4 ,kell] ,footnote3 ,hom]ic ,society1 p4 #aib4 #aijb4 ju/ly w>ns u aga9/ ! attempt to apply univ]sally c]ta9 fix$ rules ( prop]ty developm5t4 ,! passages 9 ,hom] ^u :i* op9ions div]ge mo/ are isolat$ ones1 occurr+ 9 similes & fragm5t>y descriptions4 ,"u su* conditions ! =mulation ( !ories or ! attempt rigor\sly to classify c be little m ?an an intellectual ex]cise4 ,we h n ! mat]ials = a sci5tific k ( ,hom]ic real prop]ty2 &1 ) all our mat]ials 9 ,iri% law books1 h[ h>d x is = u to und]/& ! e>ly /ate ( su* affairs 9 ,irel&6 ,b does any "o s]i\sly suppose t ! knightly class ( ! ,iliad1 ! *>iot-driv+ g5tlem51 held no m l&--legally or by p]mitt$ cu/om--?an ! two ,hom]ic swa9s :o vitup]ate ea* o!r across a baulk ab\t ! "r to a few feet ( a /rip ( a runrig field8 ,:osoev] c believe t may also believe t ! practice ( add+ lot to lot began 9 ! p]iod betwe5 ! f9i%$ composition ( ! ,iliad 7or ( ! p>ts ( x :i* allude to l& t5ure7 & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,odyssey 7or ( ! p>ts ( x :i* ref] to l& t5ure74 ,! inf]5ce is t1 ?\gh ! fact is n explicitly /at$ 9 ! ,iliad1 !re 7 m5 :o held m lots ?an "o 9 ,iliadic times z well z 9 ! ,odyssean times1 :51 9 a solit>y passage ( ! ,odyssey1 we d he> ( su* m5 9 ,crete4 ,b :osoev] has por$ ov] e>ly ,european l& t5ures kn[s h[ dim our k is1 & w n ru% to employ 8 lore 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ! date ( ! ,iliad & ! date ( ! ,odyssey4 ,n mu* pro( ( *ange 9 in/itutions betwe5 ,iliadic & ,odyssean times c be extract$ f two passages ab\t ! e?na1 or bride-price ( ,p5elope4 ,! rule 9 bo? ,iliad & ,odyssey is t ! woo] gives a bride-price to ! fa!r ( ! bride1 e?na4 ,?is 0 ! rule kn[n ev5 to t pa9fully late & un-,hom]ic poet :o made ! ,song ( ,demodocus ab\t ! loves ( ,ares & ,aphrodite4 ,9 t song ! injur$ husb&1 ,hephae/us1 claims back ! bride-price :i* he _h paid to ! fa!r ( 8 wife1 ,zeus4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #cah4 ,?is is ! accept$ cu/om ?r\gh\t ! ,odyssey 7,,vi4 #aei2 ,,xvi4 #gg2 ,,xx4 #cce2 ,,xxi4 #afb2 ,,xv4 #ag1 c474 ,s f> !re is no *ange ( mann]s1 no introduction ( ! lat] practice1 a d[ry giv5 ) ! bride1 9 place ( a bride-price giv5 to ! fa!r by ! bridegroom4 ,b ,p5elope 0 nei!r maid1 wife1 nor wid[2 h] husb&'s fate1 alive or dead1 0 unc]ta91 & h] son 0 s anxi\s to get h] out ( ! h\se t he says he (f]$ gifts ) h] 7,,xx4 #cdb74 ,9 ! same way1 to buy back ! goodwill ( ,a*illes1 ,agamemnon (f]s to give him 8 daught] )\t bride-price1 & to add great gifts 7,iliad1 ,,ix4 l#dg7--! t]m = ! gifts is ,greek3 mailia4 ,p1 ( c\rse1 c\ld make _! own b>ga92 take z mu* = _! daught] z !y c\ld get1 or let ! gifts g f husb& to bride1 & !n return to ! husb&'s home ) h] 7z 9 ,g]many 9 ! "t ( ,tacitus1 ,g]mania1 #ah71 or d t1 & ?r[ 9 m gifts4 ,b 9 ,odyssey1 ,,ii4 #ec1 ,telema*us says t ! ,woo]s %r9k f go+ to ! h\se ( ,p5elope's fa!r1 ,ic>ius1 :o w\ld end[ 787 8 daught] 7,greek3 e$noosaito7 ,& aga9 7,odyssey1 ,i4 #bgg2 ,,ii4 #aif71 h] fa!r's folk w furni% a bridal fea/1 & array ! ,greek3 he$na1 _m1 su* z %\ld accompany a de> daught]4 ,"s critics ?9k t ! gifts "h are d[ry1 a lat] in/itution ?an bride-price2 o!rs1 t ! fa!r ( ! de> daught] m]ely *ose to be g5]\s1 & return$ ! bride-price1 or its equival5t1 9 :ole or "p4 ,footnote3 ,m]ry1 ,odyssey1 vol4 i4 p4 #ej4 ,note to ,book ,i #bgg4 ,if ! =m] view be correct1 ^! passages 9 ,odyssey1 ,i41 ,,ii4 are lat] ?an ! exce$+ly late song ( ,demodocus4 ,if ! latt] !ory be correct ! fa!r is m]ely %[+ goodwill1 & do+ z ! ,g]mans did :5 !y 7 9 a /age ( culture mu* e>li] ?an ! ,hom]ic4 ,! position ( ,p5elope is v un/able & legally p]plex+4 ,has h] fa!r h] m>riage8 has h] son h] m>riage8 is %e n p]haps /ill a m>ri$ woman ) a liv+ husb&8 ,telema*us w\ld give mu* to h h] (f 8 h&s1 b he refuses to s5d h] to h] fa!r's h\se1 :]e ! old man might be ready en\gh to return ! bride-price to h] new husb&1 & get rid ( h] ) hon\r4 ,= if ,telema*us s5ds 8 "m away aga9/ h] w he w h to pay a heavy f9e to h] fa!r1 & to ?ole 8 "m's curse1 & lose 8 "* among m5 7odyssey1 ,,ii4 #acj-ach74 ,! ,icel&]s ( ! saga p]iod gave d[ries ) _! daught]s4 ,b :5 ,njal want$ ,hildigunna = 8 fo/]-son1 ,hauskuld1 he (f]$ to give ,greek3 h$na4 ,i w lay d[n z mu* money z w seem fitt+ to ?y niece & ?yself1 he says to ,flosi1 if ?\ wilt ?9k ( mak+ ?is mat*4 ,footnote3 ,/ory ( ,burnt ,njal1 ii4 p4 #ha4 ,circum/ances alt] cases1 & we mu/ be h>d press$ to discov] signs ( *ange ( mann]s 9 ! ,odyssey z comp>$ ) ! ,iliad if we h to rely on a solit>y m5tion ( m5 ( _m lots 9 ,crete1 & on ! p]plex$ proposals = ! second m>riage ( ,p5elope4 ,footnote3 ,= ! alleg$ alt]ation ( old cu/oms see ,cau]1 ,grundfrag5 d] ,hom]kritik1 pp4 #aic-aid4 ,we mu/ n be told t ! _m o!r suppos$ signs ( *ange1 ,iris1 ,olympus1 & ! re/1 h cumulative weight4 ,if we h dispos$ ( ea* individual suppos$ note ( *ange 9 beliefs & mann]s 9 its turn1 !n ^! pro(s h1 9 ea* case1 no individual weight &1 cumulatively1 are n m pond]\s ?an a fea!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,l+ui/ic ,,pro(s ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,dates ,! great /r5g? ( ! !ory t ! poems are ! "w ( sev]al ages is ! exi/5ce 9 !m ( v>i\s /rata ( languages1 e>li] & lat]4 ,n to speak ( diff]5ces ( vocabul>y1 ,mr4 ,monro & ,mr4 ,leaf1 ) _m s*ol>s1 detect two /rata ( e>li] & lat] gramm> 9 ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,9 ! ,iliad f\r or five ,books are infect$ by ! lat] gramm>1 :ile ! ,odyssey 9 g5]al seems to be contam9at$4 ,mr4 ,leafs words are3 ,:5 we reg>d ! ,epos 9 l>ge masses1 we see t we c r\ghly arrange ! inconsi/5t elem5ts t[>ds "o end or ! o!r ( a l9e ( developm5t bo? l+ui/ic & hi/orical4 ,! ma9 division1 t ( ,iliad & ,odyssey1 %[s a di/9ct advance along ?is l9e2 & ! di/9ction is /ill m m>k$ if we gr\p ) ! ,odyssey f\r ,books ( ! ,iliad ^: ,odyssean physiognomy is well m>k$4 ,tak+ z our ma9 guide ! dissection ( ! plot z %[n 9 its episodes1 we f9d t m>ks ( lat5ess1 ?\gh n[h]e entirely abs5t1 gr\p !mselves mo/ num]\sly 9 ! lat] additions 444 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 ,x4 ,we are "h conc]n$ ) l+ui/ic examples ( lat5ess4 ,! f\r ,books ^: ,odyssean physiognomy & language seem well m>k$1 are ,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv4 ,"h ,mr4 ,leaf1 ,mr4 ,monro1 & _m au?orities are agre$4 ,b to ^! f\r ,odyssean ,books ( ! ,iliad ,mr4 ,leaf adds ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #ffd-ggb3 probably a lat] addition1 says ,mr4 ,monro4 ,x is notably ,odyssean 9 "*1 says ,mr4 ,leaf2 & ! au?or is ignorant ( ! geography ( ! ,we/]n ,peloponnesus4 ,no d\bt ! au?or 0 an ,asiatic ,greek4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 pp4 #dfe-dff4 ,note on ,book ,,xi4 #gef4 ,! value ( ?is discov]y is else:]e discuss$ 7see ,! ,int]polations ( ,ne/or74 ,! ,odyssean notes 9 ?is passage ( a hundr$ l9es 7,iliad1 ,,xi4 #fgj-gfb7 are ! occurr5ce ( a purely ,odyssean ^w 7#fgg71 an ,attic =m ( an epic ^w1 & a =bidd5 tro*aic caesura 9 ! f\r? foot2 an ,odyssean ^w = c>v+ meat1 appli$ 9 a non-,odyssean s5se 7#fhh71 a v]b = insult+1 n else:]e f\nd 9 ! ,iliad 7?\gh ! n\n is 9 ! ,iliad7 7#fie71 an ,odyssean epi!t ( ! sun1 f\r times 9 ! ,odyssey 7#gce74 ,x is also possible t !re is an allusion to a f\r-horse *>iot 7#fii74 ,^! are ! pro(s ( ,odyssean lat5ess4 ,! real difficulty ab\t ,odyssean words & gramm> 9 ! ,iliad is t1 if !y 7 9 vigor\s poetic exi/5ce d[n to ! "t ( ,pisi/ratus 7z ! ,odysseanism ( ! ,asiatic editor proves t !y 771 & if e rhapsodi/ c\ld add to & alt] ! mat]ials at ! disposal ( ! ,pisi/ratean editor at w1 we are n told h[ ! fa%ionable ,odysseanisms 7 kept1 on ! :ole1 out ( tw5ty ,books ( ! ,iliad4 ,?is is a po9t on :i* we _c insi/ too /rongly1 z an argum5t aga9/ ! !ory t1 till ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! ,iliad sc>cely surviv$ save 9 ! memory ( /roll+ rhapsodi/s4 ,if t 7 s1 all ! ,books ( ! ,iliad w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( recitation ( old & composition ( new passages1 be equally contam9at$ ) late ,odyssean l+ui/ic /yle4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise2 all ! ,books w\ld be equally modifi$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! lips ( mod]n recit]s & compos]s4 ,!re=e1 if tw5ty out ( tw5ty-f\r ,books are pure1 or pure 9 ! ma91 f ,odysseanisms1 :ile f\r are deeply /a9$ ) !m1 ! tw5ty mu/ n only be e>li] ?an ! f\r1 b mu/ h be5 specially pres]v$1 & kept uncontam9at$1 9 "s mann] inconsi/5t ) ! !ory t all alike sc>cely exi/$ save 9 ! memory or inv5tion ( late /roll+ recit]s4 ,h[ ! tw5ty ,books relatively pure 9 grammatical =ms1 9 syntax1 & 9 vocabul>y1 c\ld be kept ?us clean )\t ! aid ( writt5 texts1 ,i am unable to imag9e4 ,if left m]ely to human memory & at ! m]cy ( recit]s & new poets1 !y w\ld h become /a9$ ) ! def9+ article--&1 inde$1 an employm5t ( ! article :i* />tles gramm>ians1 appe>s ev5 9 ! elev5? l9e ( ! ,fir/ ,book ( ! ,iliad8 ,footnote 7exact plac+ unc]ta973 ,cf4 ,monro & ,leaf1 on ,iliad1 ,i4 #aa-ab4 ,left m]ely to human memory & ! human voice1 ! tw5ty m or less innoc5t ,books w\ld h ab\nd$1 l ! ,odyssey1 9 ,greek3 amphi ) ! dative mean+ ab\t1 & ) ,greek3 ex 9 consequ5ce (1 & ! ext5sion ( ! use ( ,greek3 ei clauses z f9al & objective clauses1 & simil> m>ks ( lat5ess1 s int]e/+ to gramm>ians4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 ii4 pp4 #cca-ccc4 ,b ! tw5ty ,books are almo/1 or q1 in(f5sive 9 ^! respects4 ,n[1 ev5 9 ages ( writ+1 x has be5 f\nd difficult or impossible to keep l+ui/ic novelties & novelties ( metre out ( old epics4 ,we lat] ref] 7,ar*aeology ( ! ,epic7 to ! ,*ancun de ,willame1 ( :i* an unkn[n b5efactor pr9t$ two hundr$ copies 9 #aijc4 ,mr4 ,raymond ,weeks1 9 ,romania1 describes ,willame z tak+ a place beside ! ,*anson de ,rol& 9 ! e>lie/ rank ( ,*ansons de ,ge/e4 ,if ! text c be entirely re/or$1 ! poem w appe> z ! mo/ primitive ( ,fr5* epics ( ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies4 ,b x has pass$ f copy to copy 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations4 ,! me?ods ( v]sification *ange1 &1 aft] l9e #bfdg1 !re are traces ( *ange 9 ! language4 ,! ^w co1 foll[$ by a v[el1 hi!rto frequ5t1 nev] aga9 reappe>s4 ,! v[el i1 ( li1 nom9ative mascul9e ( ! article 7li ,reis1 ! k+71 nev] occurs 9 ! text aft] l9e #bfdg4 ,up to t po9t x is elid$ or n at pleasure4444 ,!re is a progressive t5d5cy t[>ds hiatus4 ,aft] l9e #aihj ! sy/em ( assonance *anges4 ,an & en h be5 kept di/9ct hi!rto2 ?is ceases to be ! case4 ,footnote3 ,romania1 xxxiv4 pp4 #bdj-bdf4 ,! poem is also notable1 l ! ,iliad1 = textual repetition ( passages1 b t is common to all e>ly poetry1 :i* _m ,hom]ic critics appe> n to und]/&4 ,9 ?is example we see h[ apt novelties 9 gramm> & metre are to /eal into ev5 writt5 copies ( epics1 compos$ 9 & h&$ d[n ?r\gh uncritical ages2 & we are confirm$ 9 ! op9ion t ! relatively pure & or?odox gramm> & metre ( ! tw5ty ,books mu/ h be5 pres]v$ by writt5 texts c>efully 'execut$4 ,! o!r f\r ,books1 if equally old1 7 less =tunate4 ,_! gramm> & metre1 we le>n1 belong to a lat] /ratum ( language4 ,^! op9ions ( gramm>ians are n compatible ) ! hypo!sis t all ( ! ,iliad1 ev5 ! e>lie/ p>ts1 are load$ ) int]polations1 =c$ 9 at diff]5t places & 9 any age f #ajjj ,b4,c4 to #edj ,b4,c42 = if t !ory 7 true1 ! :ole ( ! ,iliad w\ld equally be infect$ ) ! lat] ,odyssean gramm>4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,monro & ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 x is n4 ,b suppose1 on ! o!r h&1 t ! lat] ,odyssean gramm> ab\nds all ?r\gh ! :ole ,iliad1 !n t gramm> is n m ,odyssean ?an x is ,iliadic4 ,! alleg$ di/9ction ( e>ly ,iliadic gramm>1 late ,odyssean gramm>1 9 t case vani%es4 ,mr4 ,leaf is m ke5 ?an ,mr4 ,monro & ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb 9 detect+ late gramm> 9 ! ,iliad beyond ! b\nds ( ,books ,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv4 ,b he does n c>ry ^! discov]ies s f> z to make ! late gramm> no less ,iliadic ?an ,odyssean4 ,9 ,book ,,viii4 ( ! ,iliad1 :i* he ?9ks 0 only made = ! purpose ( introduc+ ,book ,,ix41 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccb4 #aijj4 we ought to f9d ! late ,odyssean gramm> j z mu* z we d 9 ,book ,,ix41 = x is ( ! v same date1 & probably by "o or m ( ! same au?ors z ,book ,,ix4 ,b we d n f9d ! ,odyssean gramm> 9 ,book ,,viii4 ,mr4 ,leaf says1 ,! peculi> "* ( ,book ,,viii4 is easily und]/ood1 :5 we recognise ! fact t ,book ,,viii4 is int5d$ to s]ve only z a means = ! introduction ( ,book ,,ix4444 :i* is late & ,odyssean4 ,!n ,book ,,viii41 int5d$ to introduce ,book ,,ix41 mu/ be at lea/ z late z ,book ,,ix4 & might be expect$ to be at lea/ z ,odyssean1 inde$ "o w\ld ?9k x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,yet x is n s4 ,mr4 ,leaf's !ory has ?us to face ! difficulty t :ile ! :ole ,iliad1 by 8 view1 = m ?an f\r c5turies1 0 /uff$ ) late int]polations1 9 ! c\rse ( oral recital ?r\gh all ,greek l&s1 & 0 cramm$ ) orig9al copy by a sycophant ( ,pisi/ratus ab\t #edj ,b4,c41 ! late gramm> conc5trat$ itself 9 only "s f\r ,books4 ,till "s reasonable answ] is giv5 to ?is "q--h[ did tw5ty ,books ( ! ,iliad pres]ve s cr$itably ! anci5t gramm> ?r\gh c5turies ( *ange1 & ( recitation by rhapsodi/s :o us$ ! ,odyssean gramm>1 :i* infect$ ! f\r o!r ,books1 & ! :ole ( ! ,odyssey8--x seems h>dly wor? :ile to discuss ?is l+ui/ic te/4 ,any s*ol> :o looks at ^! pages kn[s all ab\t ! pro(s ( gramm> ( a late date 9 ! ,odyssey & ! f\r contam9at$ ,books ( ! ,iliad4 ,b x may be well to give a few specim5s1 = ! enlight5m5t ( less le>n$ read]s ( ,hom]4 ,! use ( ,greek3 amfi1 ) ! dative1 mean+ ab\t1 :5 ?9k+ or speak+ ab\t ,odysseus or any?+ else1 is peculi> to ! ,odyssey4 ,b h[ has x n crept into ! f\r ,odyssean contam9at$ ,books ( ! ,iliad8 ,greek3 p]i1 ) ! g5itive1 foll[s v]bs mean+ to speak or "k ab\t a p]son1 b only 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,:at preposition foll[s su* v]bs 9 ! ,iliad8 ,"h1 aga91 we ask3 h[ did ! contam9at$ ,books ( ! ,iliad escape ! /a9 ( ,greek3 p]i1 ) ! g5itive1 aft] v]bs mean+ to speak or "k8 ,:at phrase d !y use 9 ! ,iliad = speak+ or ask+ ab\t anybody8 ,footnote 7exact plac+ unc]ta973 ,monro1 ,hom]ic ,gramm>4 ,see ,index1 "u ,iliad1 p4 #cci4 ,greek3 meta1 ) ! g5itive1 mean+ among or )1 comes twice 9 ! ,odyssey 7,x4 #cbj2 ,,xvi4 #adj7 & ?rice 9 ! ,iliad 7,,xiii4 #gjj2 ,,xxi4 #deh2 ,,xxiv4 #djj72 b all ^! passages 9 ! ,iliad are dispos$ ( z late p>ts ( ! poem4 ,greek3 epi1 ) ! accusative1 mean+ t[>ds a p]son1 comes (t5 9 ! ,iliad2 once 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,b x comes f\r times 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 :i* almo/ e critic sc\ts z v late inde$4 ,if s1 :y does ! late ,odyssey n deal 9 ?is grammatical usage s common 9 ! late ,book ,x4 ( ! ,iliad8 ,greek3 epi1 ) ! accusative1 mean+ ext5t 7)\t motion71 is *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,odyssey1 & 9 ! ,iliad1 ,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xxiv4 ,on consult+ gramm>ians "o ?9ks t !re is n mu* 9 ?is4 ,greek3 proti ) ! dative1 mean+ 9 addition to1 occurs only once 7,odyssey1 ,x4 #fh74 ,if x occurs only once1 !re is little to be le>n$ f ! circum/ance4 ,greek3 ana ) ! g5itive1 is only 9 ,odyssey1 only ?rice1 always ( go+ on bo>d a %ip4 ,!re are n _m %ip-f>+s 9 ! ,iliad4 ,odysseus & 8 m5 are n describ$ z go+ on bo>d _! %ip1 9 s _m words1 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,i4 ,! usage occurs 9 ! poem :]e ! incid5ts ( seaf>+ occur frequ5tly1 z is to be expect$8 ,x is n wor? :ile to p]sev]e ) ^! ti!s ( m9t & cumm94 ,if ,neglect ( ,position be common]--l ,hiatus 9 ! ,bucolic ,dia]esis--9 ! ,odyssey & 9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv41 :y d ! fail+s n beset ,iliad1 ,,ix41 ,x41 ^! be+ su* extremely late books8 ,z to ! lat] use ( ! ,article 9 ! ,odyssey & ! ,odyssean ,books ( ! ,iliad1 x appe>s to u t ,book ,i4 ( ! ,iliad uses ! article z x is us$ 9 ,book ,x42 b on ?is topic we mu/ ref] to a special treatise on ! language ( ,iliad1 ,book ,x41 :i* is promis$4 ,turn+ to ! vocabul>y3 words expressive ( civilisation are b\nd to be m frequ5t1 z !y are1 9 ! ,odyssey1 a poem ( peaceful life1 ?an 9 a poem ab\t an army 9 action1 l ! ,iliad4 ,out ( all ?is no clue to ! di/ance ( ye>s divid+ ! two poems c be f\nd4 ,z to words conc]n+ religion1 ! same holds good4 ,! ,odyssey is m frequ5tly religi\s 7see ! case ( ,eumaeus7 ?an ! ,iliad4 ,9 morals ! t]m ,greek3 dikaios is m us$ 9 ! ,odyssey1 also ,greek3 atemi/os 7j & lawless74 ,b t is p>tly because ! ,odyssey has to contra/ civilis$ 7j7 ) wild outl&i% p--,cyclopes & ,lae/rygons1 :o are lawless4 ,! ,iliad has no occasion to t\* on savages2 b1 z ! ,greek3 hybris ( ! ,woo]s is a /&+ topic 9 ! ,odyssey 7an e?ical poem1 says ,ari/otle71 ! ^w ,greek3 hybris is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,odyssey1 9 j ! same s5se z x be>s 9 ,iliad1 ,i #bad--! insol5ce ( ,agamemnon4 ,yet :5 ,a*illes has occasion to speak ( ,agamemnon's insol5ce 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,,ix41 he does n use ! ^w ,greek3 hybris1 ?\gh ,book ,,ix4 is s v late & ,odyssean4 ,x w\ld be easy to g ?r\gh ! words = moral ideas 9 ! ,odyssey1 & to %[ t !y occur 9 ! num]\s moral situations :i* d n arise1 or arise mu* less frequ5tly1 9 ! ,iliad4 ,!re is n diff]5ce en\gh 9 ! moral /&>d ( ! two poems to ju/ify u 9 assum+ t c5turies ( e?ical progress _h int]v5$ betwe5 _! dates ( composition4 ,if ! ,iliad1 aga91 7 really1 l ! ,odyssey1 a ?+ ( gr[? ?r\gh sev]al c5turies1 :i* ov]lapp$ ! c5turies 9 :i* ! ,odyssey grew1 ! moral ideas ( ! ,iliad & ,odyssey w\ld necess>ily be mu* ! same1 w\ld be indi/+ui%able4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 x w\ld be easy to %[ t ! moral /&>d ( ! ,iliad is high]1 9 _m places1 ?an ! moral /&>d ( ! ,odyssey2 & t1 !re=e1 by ! critical hypo!sis1 ! ,iliad is ! lat] poem ( ! twa94 ,= example1 ! behavi\r ( ,a*illes is mo/ obnoxi\s to ! morali/ 9 ,iliad1 ,book ,,ix41 :]e he refuses gifts ( conciliation4 ,b by ! critical hypo!sis ?is is n ! fault ( ! ,iliad1 = ,book ,,ix4 is decl>$ to be late1 & ( ! same date z late p>ts ( ! ,odyssey4 ,a*illes is n less op5 to moral reproa* 9 8 abom9able cruelty & impiety1 z %[n 9 8 sacrifice ( prison]s ( w> & 8 treatm5t ( dead ,hector1 9 ,iliad1 ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv4 ,b ^! ,books also are said to be z late z ! ,odyssey4 ,! solit>y reali/ic or naturali/ic passage 9 ,hom]1 ) :i* a lov] ( mod]n problem novels feels happy & at home1 is ! /ory ( ,pho5ix1 ab\t 8 s$uction ( 8 fa!r's mi/ress at ! reque/ ( 8 "m4 ,:at a *>m+ situation6 ,b t occurs 9 an ,odyssean ,book ( ! ,iliad1 ,book ,,ix42 & ?us ,odyssean seems l[]1 n m advanc$1 ?an ,iliadic ta/e 9 morals4 ,to be sure1 ! poet disapproves ( all ^! immoralities4 ,9 ! ,odyssey ! h]o1 to ! delight ( ,a!ne1 lies (t5 & freely & ) glee4 ,! ,a*illes ( ! ,iliad hates a li> l ! gates ( ,hades2 b he says s 9 an ,odyssean ,book 7,book ,,ix471 s !re 7 obvi\sly diff]5t /&>ds 9 ,odyssean e?ics4 ,z to ! ,odyssey be+ ! "w ( a mild] age1 consid] ! hang+ ( ,p5elope's maids & ! abom9able torture ( ,melan?ius4 ,!re is no tortur+ 9 ! blank space = ! ,iliad happ5s n to deal ) trea*]\s ?ralls4 ,enf91 !re is no appreciable moral advance 9 ! ,,odyssey on ! moral /&>d ( ! ,,iliad4 ,x is r ! o!r way4 ,odysseus1 9 ! ,,odyssey1 tries to procure poison = 8 arr[-heads4 ,! p]son to :om he applies is too moral to oblige him4 ,we nev] le>n t a h]o ( ! ,iliad w\ld use poison$ arr[s4 ,! poet himself obvi\sly disapproves2 9 bo? poems ! poet is always on ! side ( morality & ( ! highe/ e?ical /&>d ( 8 age4 ,! /&>d 9 bo? ,epics is ! same2 9 bo? "s h]oes fall %ort ( ! /&>d4 ,to return to l+ui/ic te/s1 x is h>d inde$ to discov] :at ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ion ( ! value ( l+ui/ic te/s ( lat5ess really is4 ,x is on su* fundam5tal discrepancies--z he has f\nd 9 ,books ,,ix41 ,,xvi4--t we c dep5d1 ,,& ,,on ,,^! ,,alone1 :5 we come to dissect ! ,,iliad 444 ,"s critics h attempt$ to base _! analysis on evid5ces f language1 b ,i d n ?9k !y are suffici5t to be> ! sup]-/ructure :i* has be5 rais$ on !m4 ,footnote3 ,companion1 p4 #be4 ,he goes on1 /ill plac+ a l[ value on l+ui/ic te/s alone1 to say3 ,x is on ! broad gr\nds ( ! con/ruction & motives ( ! poem1 ,,& ,,n ,,on ,,any ,,m]ely l+ui/ic ,,consid]ations1 t a decision mu/ be s\ght4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 x4 ,b he contradicts ^! com=table words :5 he comes to ! late/ expansions1 su* z ,books ,,xxiii41 ,,xxiv4 ,! late/ expansions are ?or\ghly 9 ! _s ( ^? :i* prec$e1 !m ,,on ,,acc\nt ,,( l+ui/ic ,,evid5ce1 :i* def9itely classes !m ) ! ,,odyssey r ?an ! re/ ( ! ,,iliad4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 xiv4 ,n[ z ,mr4 ,leaf has told u t we mu/ dep5d on fundam5tal discrepancies1 on ^! alone1 :5 we want to dissect ! ,,iliad2 z he has told u t l+ui/ic te/s alone are n suffici5t to be> ! sup]/ructure1 c41 h[ c we lop (f two ,books only on acc\nt ( l+ui/ic evid5ce8 ,x w\ld appe> t on ?is po9t1 z on o!rs1 ,mr4 ,leaf has entirely *ang$ 8 m9d4 ,b1 ev5 9 ! ,companion 7p4 #chh71 he _h amputat$ ,book ,,xxiv4 = no fundam5tal discrepancy1 b because ( its close k9%ip to ! ,,odyssey1 z 9 ! :ole language ( ! ,book4 ,"h1 z 9 _m o!r passages1 if we are to acc\nt = discrepancies by ! !ory ( multiplex au?or%ip1 we mu/ decide t ,mr4 ,leaf's books are ! "w ( sev]al critics1 n ( "o critic only4 ,b !re is excell5t evid5ce to prove t "h we w\ld be mi/ak54 ,confess$ly & regretfully no gramm>ian1 ,i rema9 unable1 9 face ( :at seem contradictory ass]tions ab\t ! value ( l+ui/ic te/s1 to asc]ta9 :at !y are really wor?1 & :at1 if any?+1 !y really prove4 ,mr4 ,monro all[s mu* = ! long ins5sible influ5ce ( ,attic recitation ^u ! ,hom]ic text2 444 _m ,attic peculi>ities may be not$ 7s mu* s t ,ari/>*us ?\ght ,hom] mu/ h be5 an ,a!nian674 ,! poems suff]$ a gradual & unsy/ematic because g5]ally unconsci\s process ( mod]nis+1 ! *ief ag5ts 9 :i* 7 ! rhapsodi/s 7recit]s 9 a lat] democratic age71 :o w&]$ ov] all p>ts ( ,greece1 & 7 likely to be influ5c$ by all ! *ief =ms ( lit]ature4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,hom]ic ,gramm>1 pp #cid-cif4 #ahia ,!n1 :]e=e insi/ s mu* on te/s ( language8 ,mr4 ,monro 0 n only a great gramm>ian2 he _h a ke5 appreciation ( poetry4 ,?us he 0 conspicu\sly uneasy 9 8 hypo!sis1 bas$ on words & gramm>1 t ! two la/ ,books ( ! ,iliad are by a late h&4 ,aft] quot+ ,%elley's rem>k t1 9 ^! two ,books1 ,hom] truly beg9s to be himself1 ,mr4 ,monro writes1 9 face ( su* te/imony c we say t ! ,book 9 :i* ! climax is rea*$1 9 :i* ! la/ discords ( ! ,iliad are dissolv$ 9 *ivalr\s pity & regret1 is n ! "w ( ! orig9al poet1 b ( "s ,hom]id or rhapsodi/8 ,mr4 ,monro1 ) a /ruggle1 f9ally vot$ = gramm>1 & o!r indications ( lat5ess1 aga9/ ,%elley & aga9/ 8 own s5se ( poetry4 ,9 a lett] to me ( ,may #aije1 ,mr4 ,monro sket*$ a !ory t ,book ,,ix4 7)\t :i* he said t he deem$ an ,a*illeis h>dly possible7 might be a remanie repres5tative ( an e>li] lay to ! same g5]al effect4 ,"s ,greek ,%akespe>e1 !n1 treat$ an old] poem on ! !me ( ,book ,,ix4 z ,%akespe>e treat$ old plays1 namely1 z a canvas to "w ov] ) a ma/]'s h&4 ,probably ,mr4 ,monro w\ld n h gone s f> 9 ! case ( ,book ,,xxiv41 ,! ,rep5tance ( ,a*illes4 ,he ?\ght x 9 too ke5 contra/ ) ! brutality ( ,book ,,xxii4 7obvi\sly =gett+ t 9 ,book ,,xxiv4 ,a*illes is inf9itely m brutal ?an 9 ,book ,,xxii471 & ?\ght x inconsi/5t ) ! refusal ( ,a*illes to grant burial at ! pray] ( ! dy+ ,hector1 & ) 8 crim9al treatm5t ( ! dead body ( 8 *ivalr\s enemy4 ,b 9 ,book ,,xxiv4 8 f]ocity is increas$4 ,mr4 ,leaf %>es ,mr4 ,monro's view2 b ,mr4 ,leaf ?9ks t a ,greek audi5ce =gave ,a*illes1 because he 0 do+ ! w ( heav51 & fight+ ! great fight ( ,hell5ism aga9/ b>b>ism4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4-ii4 p4 #dbi4 #aijb4 ,b ! ,a*zeans 7 n ,puritans ( ! sixte5? c5tury6 ,moreov]1 ! ,trojans are z ,hell5ic z ! ,a*zeans4 ,!y conv]se1 cle>ly1 9 ! same language4 ,!y wor%ip ! same gods4 ,! ,a*zeans _c reg>d !m 7unless on acc\nt ( ! brea* ( truce1 by no ,trojan1 b an ally7 z ! ,cov5ant]s reg>d$ malignants1 _! "n = loyal cavali]s1 :om !y also /yl$ ,amalekites1 & treat$ z ,samuel treat$ ,agag4 ,! ,a*aeans to :om ,hom] sang _h none ( ?is sangu9>y ,ph>isaism4 ,o!rs mu/ decide on ! exact value & import ( ,odyssean gramm> z a te/ ( lat5ess1 & mu/ e/imate ! probable am\nt ( "t requir$ = ! developm5t ( su* l+ui/ic diff]5ces z !y f9d 9 ! ,odyssey & ,iliad4 ,9 und]tak+ ?is task !y may comp>e ! lit]>y language ( ,am]ica z x 0 be=e #ahfj & z x is n[4 ,! language ( ,engli% lit]ature has also be5 greatly modifi$ 9 ! la/ =ty ye>s1 b our times are actively progressive 9 _m directions2 l+ui/ic v>iations might arise m sl[ly 9 ! ,greece ( ! ,epics4 ,we h already %[n1 9 ! m appropriate in/ance ( ! ,*ancun de ,willame1 t consid]able v>ieties 9 diction & metre occur 9 a s+le ,,ms4 ( t poem1 a ,,ms4 writt5 probably )9 less ?an a c5tury ( ! date ( ! poem's composition4 ,we c also trace1 9 remaniem5ts ( ! ,*anson ,,de ,,rol&1 comp>atively rapid & q revolution>y v>iations f ! olde/--! ,ox=d--manuscript4 ,rhyme is sub/itut$ = assonance2 ! process entails frequ5t mod]nisations1 & yet ! basis ( ?irte5?-c5tury texts cont9ues to be ! v]sion ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,x may be wor? ! :ile ( s*ol>s to consid] ^! p>allels c>efully1 z reg>ds ! language & prosody ( ! ,odyssean ,books ( ! ,iliad1 & to ask !mselves :e!r ! processes ( alt]ation 9 ! c\rse ( transmission1 :i* we "k to h occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,old ,fr5*1 may n also h affect$ ! ,,iliad1 ?\gh :y ! effect is ma9ly conf9$ to f\r ,books rema9s a puzzle4 ,x is en\gh = u to h %[n t if ,odyssean v>ies f ,iliadic language1 9 all o!r respects ! two poems be> ! m>ks ( ! same age4 ,mean:ile1 a ,hom]ic s*ol> s em95t z ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,all51 says t ! l+ui/ic attack ^u _! age 7t ( ! ,hom]ic poems7 may be said to h at la/ def9itely fail$1 & ar*aeology has erect$ an app>5tly inde/ructible buttress = _! def5ce4 ,footnote3 ,classical ,review1 ,may #aijf1 p4 #aid4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,! ,,doloneia ,,iliad1 ,,book ,x4 ,( all ,books 9 ! blank space ,book ,x41 call$ ! ,doloneia1 is mo/ g5]ally sc\t$ & reject$4 ,! ,book1 9 fact1 c\ld be omitt$1 & only a m9utely analytic read] w\ld p]ceive ! lacuna4 ,he w\ld rem>k t 9 ,iliad1 ,,ix4 #fe-hd1 c]ta9 milit>y prep>ations are made :i*1 if we suppress ,book ,x41 lead up to no?+1 & t 9 ,iliad1 ,,xiv4 #i-aa1 we f9d ,ne/or ) ! %ield ( 8 son1 ,?rasym$es1 :ile ,?rasym$es has 8 fa!r's %ield1 a fact n expla9$1 ?\gh ! poet c]ta9ly meant some?+ by x4 ,! explanation 9 bo? cases is f\nd 9 ,book ,x41 :i* may also be ?\ght to expla9 :y ! ,a*aeans1 s disconsolate 9 ,book ,,ix41 & :y ,agamemnon1 s demoralis$1 s gaily assume ! (f5sive 9 ,book ,,xi4 ,"s anci5t critics1 ,s*olia/ ,t & ,eu/a?ius1 attribut$ ! ,,doloneia to ,hom]1 b suppos$ x to h be5 a sep>ate composition ( 8 add$ to ! ,iliad by ,pisi/ratus4 ,?is m]ely proves t !y did n f9d any necessity = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,,doloneia4 ,mr4 ,all51 :o ?9ks t x always held its pres5t place1 says1 ! ,,doloneia is p]si/5tly writt5 d[n4 ,footnote3 ,classical ,review1 ,may #aijf1 p4 #aid ,to und]/& ! problem ( ! ,,doloneia1 we mu/ make a summ>y ( its cont5ts4 ,9 ,book ,,ix4 #fe-hd1 at ! end ( ! disa/r\s fight+ ( ,book ,,viii1 ! ,a*aeans1 by ,ne/or's advice1 /ation an advanc$ gu>d ( ! "y m5 betwe5 ! fosse & wall2 #gjj y\?s are po/$ !re1 "u ,m]iones1 ! squire ( ,idom5eus1 & ,?rasym$es1 ! son ( ,ne/or4 ,all ?is is prep>ation = ,book ,x41 z ,mr4 ,leaf rem>ks1 ,footnote3 ,companion1 p4 #agd4 ?\gh 9 any case an advanc$ gu>d 0 ne$$4 ,_! bus9ess is to rema9 awake1 "u arms1 9 case ! ,trojans1 :o are encamp$ on ! pla91 attempt a night attack4 ,at _! /ation ! "y m5 w be "u arms till dawn2 !y light fires & cook _! provisions2 ! ,trojans also surr\nd _! own wat*fires4 ,! ,a*aean *iefs !n hold c\ncil1 & ,agamemnon s5ds ! embassy to ,a*illes4 ,! envoys br+ back 8 bitt] answ]2 & all m5 g to sleep 9 _! huts1 deeply disc\rag$1 z ev5 ,odysseus av[$4 ,"h ! ,t5? ,book beg9s1 & x is manife/ t ! poet is ?or\ghly well acqua9t$ ) ! ,n9? ,book4 ,)\t ! arrangem5ts made 9 ! ,n9? ,book1 & )\t ! despair+ situation ( t ,book1 8 lay is impossible4 ,x w be se5 t critics suppose him1 alt]nately1 to h q fail$ to realise ! conditions ( life ( ! h]oes ( :om he sang 7t is1 if c]ta9 l9es are g5u9e71 & also to be a peculi>ly le>n$ ar*aeologi/ & a valuable au?ority on weapons4 ,he is addict$ to introduc+ fanciful t\*es ( h]oic simplicity1 says ,mr4 ,leaf1 & is altoge!r a puzzl+ p]sonage to ! critics4 ,! ,book op5s ) ! picture ( ,agamemnon1 sleepless f anxiety1 :ile ! o!r *iefs1 save ,m5elaus1 are sleep+4 ,he he>s ! music ( ! joy\s ,trojan pipes & flutes & sees ! reflect$ gl[ ( _! camp-fires1 we mu/ suppose1 = he c\ld n see ! fires !mselves ?r\gh ! new wall ( 8 own camp1 z critics v wisely rem>k4 ,he te>s out 8 hair be=e ,zeus2 no "o else does s1 9 ! ,iliad1 b no "o else is ,agamemnon1 alone & 9 despair4 ,he rises to consult ,ne/or1 ?r[+ a lion's sk9 ov] 8 *iton1 & grasp+ a spe>4 ,mu* noise is made ab\t ! furs1 su* z ?is lion's pelt1 :i* ! h]oes1 9 ,book ,x41 ?r[ ab\t _! %\ld]s :5 sudd5ly ar\s$4 ,t sportsm5 l ! h]oes %\ld keep ! pelts ( animals sla9 by !m = use z cov]lets1 & %\ld ?r[ on "o ( ! pelts :5 ar\s$ 9 a hurry1 is a m>vell\s ?+ to ! critics4 ,!y "k t fleeces 7 us$ = cov]lets ( b$s 7,,ix4 #ffa71 & pelts ( wild animals1 sla9 by ,an*ises1 cov] 8 b$ 9 ! ,hymn to ,aphrodite4 ,b ! facts d n enlight5 critics4 ,yet no facts c\ld be m natural4 ,a sci5tific critic1 moreov]1 nev] reflects t ! poet is deal+ ) an unexampl$ situation--h]oes wak5$ & call$ into ! cold air 9 a night ( dread1 b n call$ to battle4 ,?us ,rei*el says3 ,! poet kn[s s little ab\t true h]oic co/ume t he drapes ! pr9ces 9 sk9s ( lions & pan!rs1 l giants4444 ,b ab\t a corslet he nev] ?9ks4 ,footnote3 ,rei*el1 p4#gj4 ,! simple explanation is t ! poet has n hi!rto _h to tell u ab\t m5 :o are call$ up1 n to fight1 on a night t mu/ h be5 *illy4 ,9 w> !y d n we> sk9s1 ?\gh ,p>is1 9 ar*]'s equipm5t1 we>s a p>d's sk9 7,,iii4 #ag74 ,naturally1 ! m5 ?r[ ov] !mselves _! fur cov]lets2 b ,ne/or1 a *illy vet]an1 pref]s a *iton & a wide1 d\ble-fold$1 fleecy purple cloak4 ,! cloak lay ready to 8 h&1 = su* cloaks 7 us$ z blankets 7,,xxiv4 #fdf2 ,odyssey1 ,,iii4 #cdi1 #cea2 ,,iv4 #bii2 ,,ii4 #ahi74 ,we he> m ( su* b$-cov]+s 9 ! ,odyssey ?an 9 ! m]ely because 9 ! ,,odyssey we h m ref]5ces to b$s & to p 9 b$4 ,t a sportsman may h 7z _m folk h n[7 a fur cov]let1 & may ?r[ x ov] him z a k9d ( dress+-g[n or b$-g[n1 is a simple circum/ance :i* bewild]s ! critical m9d & p]plex$ ,rei*el4 ,if ! poet knew s little z ,rei*el suppos$ 8 omission ( corslets is expla9$4 ,liv+ 9 an age ( corslets 7sev5? c5tury71 he1 be+ a lit]>y man1 knew no?+ ab\t corslets1 or1 z he is also an acute ar*aeologi/1 he knew too mu*2 he knew t !y 7 n worn 9 ! ,myc5aean prime1 s he did n introduce !m4 ,! sci5ce ( ?is rem>kable ignoramus1 9 ?is view1 acc\nts = 8 be+ aw>e t pelts ( animals 7 9 vogue z cov]lets1 j z fur dress+-g[ns 7 worn 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & he introduces !m precisely z he leaves corslets out1 because he kn[s t pelts ( fur 7 9 use1 & t1 9 ! ,myc5aean prime1 corslets 7 n worn4 ,9 speak+ to ,ne/or1 ,agamemnon awak5s sympa?y3 ,me1 ( all ! ,a*aeans1 ,zeus has set 9 toil & lab\r ceaselessly4 ,!y are almo/ ! v words ( ,*>lemagne 9 ! ,*anson de ,rol&3 ,deus1 ,di/ li ,reis1 si p5euse e/ ma vie4 ,! au?or ( ! ,doloneia consi/5tly con=ms to ! "* ( ,agamemnon z drawn 9 ! re/ ( ! ,iliad4 ,he is ov]-anxi\s2 he is demoralis+ 9 8 fits ( gloom1 b all ! burd5 ( ! ho/ hangs on him--sip5euse e/ ma via4 ,to turn to high] ?+s4 ,m5elaus1 too1 0 awake1 anxi\s ab\t ! ,argives1 :o risk$ _! lives 9 8 cause alone4 ,he got up1 put on a p>d's sk9 & a bronze helmet 7"h ! poet =gets1 :at he ought to h kn[n1 t no bronze helmets h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,myc5aean graves74 ,m5elaus takes a spe>1 & goes to look = ,agamemnon1 :om he f9ds arm+ himself beside 8 %ip4 ,he discov]s t ,agamemnon means to get ,ne/or to g & speak to ! advanc$ gu>d1 z 8 son is _! comm&]1 & !y w obey ,ne/or4 ,agamemnon's pride has fall5 v l[6 ,he tells ,m5elaus to wak5 ! o!r *ief ) all possible =mal c\rtesy1 =1 brutally rude :5 9 high he>t1 at pres5t ,agamemnon c[]s to ev]ybody4 ,he himself f9ds ,ne/or 9 b$1 8 %ield1 two spe>s1 & helmet beside him1 also 8 glitt]+ zo/]4 ,8 corslet is n nam$2 p]haps ! poet knew t ! zo/]1 or broad metallic belt1 _h be5 evolv$1 b t ! corslet _h n be5 inv5t$2 or p]haps he kn[s s little ab\t ! co/ume ( ! h]oes t he is unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( corslets4 ,ne/or asks ,agamemnon :at he wants2 & ,agamemnon says t 8 is a toilsome life1 t he _c sleep1 t 8 knees tremble1 & t he wants ,ne/or to come & visit ! outpo/s4 ,!re is really no?+ absurd 9 ?is4 ,napoleon (t5 visit$ 8 outpo/s 9 ! night be=e ,wat]loo1 & ,cromwell rode along 8 l9es all ?r\gh ! night be=e ,dunb>1 bit+ 8 lips till ! blood dropp$ on 8 l95 b&s4 ,9 all ?ree cases ho/ile armies 7 array$ )9 /rik+ di/ance ( ea* o!r1 & ! g5]als 7 c>eworn4 ,ne/or admits t x is an anxi\s night1 & r blames ,m5elaus = n r\s+ ! o!r *iefs2 b ,agamemnon expla9s & def5ds 8 bro!r4 ,ne/or !n puts on ! com=table cloak already describ$1 & picks up a spe>1 blank space 9 ,,8 ,,qu>t]s4 ,z = ,odysseus1 he m]ely ?r[s a %ield ov] 8 %\ld]s4 ,! company ( ,diom$e are sleep+ ) _! heads on _! %ields4 ,!nce ,rei*el 7see ,! ,%ield7 inf]s t ! late poet ( ,book ,x4 gave !m small ,ionian r\nd buckl]s2 b x has be5 %[n t no su* inf]5ce is legitimate4 ,_! spe>s 7 erect by _! sides1 fix$ 9 ! gr\nd by ! saurot]1 or butt-spike1 us$ by ! m5 ( ! late w>rior vase f\nd at ,myc5ae4 ,to arrange ! spe>s ?us1 we h se51 0 a po9t ( drill t1 9 ,ari/otle's "t1 surviv$ among ! ,illyrians4 ,footnote3 ,poetics1 ,,xxv4 ,! practice is also allud$ to 9 ,iliad1 ,,iii #ace4 ,dur+ a truce ! tall spe>s are plant$ by _! sides4 ,! poet1 :e!r ignorant or le>n$1 knew t po9t ( w>1 lat] obsolete 9 ,greece1 b /ill extant 9 ,illyria4 ,ne/or ar\s$ ,diom$e1 ^: night app>el 0 ! pelt ( a lion2 he took 8 spe>1 & !y came to ! outpo/s1 :]e ! m5 7 awake1 & kept a ke5 wat* on all movem5ts among ! ,trojans4 ,ne/or prais$ !m1 & ! pr9ces1 tak+ ,ne/or's son1 ,?rasym$es1 & ,m]iones ) !m1 w5t out into ! op5 9 view ( ! ,trojan camp1 sat d[n1 & held a consultation4 ,ne/or ask$ if any "o w\ld volunte] to g z a spy among ! ,trojans & pick up intellig5ce4 ,8 rew>d w be a black ewe ) h] lamb at h] foot1 f _! *iefs--no?+ l h] = value--& he w be rememb]$ 9 songs at fea/s1 or w be admitt$ to fea/s & w9e p>ties ( ! *iefs4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,note on ,x4 #bae4 ,! proposal is v odd2 :at d ! pr9ces want ) black ewes1 :ile at fea/s !y always h hon\r$ places8 ,c ,ne/or be ?9k+ ( s5d+ out any brave swift-foot$ "y memb] ( ! outpo/ p>ty1 to :om ! rew>d w\ld be appropriate8 ,aft] sil5ce1 ,diom$e volunte]s to g1 ) a comrade1 ?\gh ?is k9d ( "w is v seldom und]tak5 9 any army ( any age by a *ief1 & by 8 rem>k ab\t admission to w9e p>ties x is cle> t ,ne/or 0 n ?9k+ ( a pr9cely spy4 ,_m o!rs volunte]1 b ,agamemnon bids ,diom$e *oose 8 own companion1 ) a v broad h9t n to take ,m5elaus4 ,,8 dea?1 ,agamemnon kn[s1 w\ld mean ! disgraceful return ( ! ho/ to ,greece2 besides he is1 ?r\gh\t ! ,,iliad1 deeply atta*$ to 8 bro!r4 ,! poet ( ,book ,x41 h[ev] late1 kn[s ! ,,iliad well1 = he keeps up ! uni=m treatm5t ( ! "* ( ! ,ov]-,"l4 ,z he kn[s ! ,,iliad well1 h[ c he be ignorant ( ! conditions ( life ( ! h]oes8 ,h[ c he dream ( introduc+ a note ( h]oic simplicity 7,mr4 ,leaf's phrase71 :5 he mu/ be z well aw>e z we are ( ! way 9 :i* ! h]oes liv$8 ,we _c expla9 ! black ewes1 if meant z a pr9cely rew>d1 b we d n "k ev]y?+ ab\t ,hom]ic life4 ,diom$e *ooses ,odysseus1 :om ,pallas ,a!ne love?2 %e 0 also ! patroness ( ,diom$e himself1 9 ,books ,v41 ,,vi4 ,z !y are un>m$--all ( ! *iefs ha/ily ar\s$ 7 un>m$1 save = a spe> !re or a sword "h--,?rasym$es gives to ,diom$e 8 two-edg$ sword1 8 %ield1 & a helm ( bull's hide1 )\t horns or cre/1 t is call$ a skull-cap 7knap-skull71 & keeps ! heads ( /rong "y m54 ,all ! advanc$ gu>d 7 "y m51 z we saw 9 ,book ,,ix4 #gg4 ,obvi\sly1 ,?rasym$es mu/ !n s5d back to camp1 ?\gh we are n told x1 = ano!r %ield1 sword1 & helmet1 z he is to lie all night "u arms4 ,we %all he> ( ! %ield lat]4 ,m]iones1 :o is an ar*] 7,,xiii4 #fej71 l5ds to ,odysseus 8 b[ & quiv] & a sword4 ,he also gives him a helm made ( lea!r2 & ) _m a ?ong x 0 /iffly wr\ght )91 :ile )\t ! :ite tee? ( a bo> ( fla%+ tusks 7 array$1 ?ick set on ei!r side well & cunn+ly444 4 ,"h ,rei*el p]ceives t ! ignorant poet is describ+ a piece ( anci5t headge> repres5t$ 9 ,myc5aean art1 :ile ! bo>s' tee? 7 f\nd by ,s*liemann1 to ! numb] ( sixty1 9 ,grave ,,iv4 at ,myc5ae4 ,ea* ( !m _h ! rev]se side cut p]fectly flat1 & ) ! bor+s to atta* !m to "s o!r object4 ,!y 7 9 a v]itable fun]eal arm\ry4 ,! mann] ( sett+ ! tusks on ! cap is %[n on an ivory head ( a w>rior f ,myc5ae4 ,footnote3 ,ts\ntas & ,manatt1 #aif-aig4 ,rei*el recognises t ! poet's description 9 ,book ,x4 is excell5t1 eb5so kl> als e+eh5d4 ,he publi%es ano!r ivory head f ,spata1 ) ! same helmet set ) bo>s' tusks4 ,footnote3 ,rei*el1 pp4 #ajb-ajd ,mr4 ,leaf decides t ?is description by ! poet1 :olly ignorant ( h]oic co/ume1 z ,rei*el ?9ks him1 mu/ be ano!r in/ance ( ! ar*aic & ar*aeologis+ t5d5cy s notable 9 ,book ,x4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 ii4 p4 #fbi4 ,at ! same "t1 accord+ to ,rei*el & ,mr4 ,leaf1 ! poet ( ,book ,x4 introduces ! small r\nd ,ionian buckl]1 ?us %[+ 8 utt] ignorance ( ! great ,myc5aean %ield4 ,! ignorance 0 mo/ unusual & q inexcusable1 = any "o :o reads ! re/ ( ! ,iliad 7:i* ! poet ( ,book ,x4 knew well7 is aw>e t ! ,hom]ic %ields 7 huge1 (t5 cov]+ body & legs4 ,?is fact ! poet ( ,book ,x4 did n "k1 9 ,rei*el's op9ion4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #ege ,h[ are we to und]/& ?is poet8 ,he is su* an erudite ar*aeologi/ t1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 he kn[s & c>efully describes a helmet ( ! ,myc5aean prime4 ,did he excavate x8 & _h ! lea!r int]ior la/$ ) ! felt cap ?r\gh sev5 c5turies8 ,or did he see a sample 9 an old temple ( ! ,myc5aean prime1 or 9 a museum ( 8 own p]iod8 ,or _h he he>d ( x 9 a lo/ ,myc5aean poem8 ,yet1 c>eful z he 01 s p$antic t he mu/ h puzzl$ 8 sev5?-c5tury audi5ce1 :o nev] saw su* caps1 ! poet knew no?+ ( ! %ields & co/umes ( ! h]oes1 ?\gh he might h f\nd out all t is kn[n ab\t !m 9 ! !n exi/+ ,iliadic lays ) :i* he 0 p]fectly famili>--see 8 portrait ( ,agamemnon4 ,he 0 well aw>e t corslets 71 9 ,hom]ic poetry1 ana*ronisms1 = he gave ,ne/or none2 yet he fully believ$1 9 8 ignorance1 t small ,ionian buckl]s love?2 7:i* ne$ ! aid ( corslets badly7 7 ! only we> among ! h]oes6 ,criticism has1 z we (t5 obs]ve1 no "r to ?r[ ! fir/ /one at ! inconsi/5cies ( ,hom]4 ,z we _c possibly believe t "o poet knew s mu* :i* 8 contempor>ies did n "k 7& h[1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 c\ld he "k x871 & t he also knew s little1 knew no?+ 9 fact1 we take our own view4 ,! poet ( ,book ,x4 s+s ( a fre% topic1 a confus$ night ( dread2 ( "y m5 we>+ ! headge> :i*1 he says1 "y m5 d we>2 ( pelts ( fur su* z sudd5ly wak5$ m51 r\s$1 b n r\s$ = battle1 w\ld be likely to ?r[ ov] _! bodies aga9/ ! *ill air4 ,he describes ?+s ( 8 own day2 ?+s ) :i* he is famili>4 ,he is said to take q a peculi> delight 9 ! m9ute description ( dress & weapons4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbc4 ,we d n obs]ve t he does describe weapons or %ields m9utely2 b ,hom] always loves to describe weapons & co/ume--scores ( examples prove x--& "h he happ5s to be describ+ su* co/ume z he n[h]e else has occasion to m5tion4 ,by an accid5t ( ar*aeological discov]y1 we f9d t !re 7 su* caps set ) bo>s' tusks z he introduces4 ,!y _h surviv$1 = "y m5 on night duty1 into ! poet's age4 ,we really _c believe t a poet ( ! sev5? c5tury _h made excavations 9 ,myc5aean graves4 ,if he did & put ! results into 8 lay1 8 audi5ce--n we>+ bo>s' tusks--w\ld h ask$1 ,:at nons5se is ! man talk+8 ,erh>dt1 rem>k+ on ! furs :i* ! h]oes ?r[ ov] _! %\ld]s :5 ar\s$1 says t ?is k9d ( wrap is v late4 ,x 0 ,peis&] :o1 9 ! second half ( ! sev5? c5tury1 clo!d ,h]akles 9 a lion's sk94 ,peis&] br\ght ?is co/ume into poetry1 & ! au?or ( ! ,doloneia knew no bett] ?an to foll[ ,peis&]4 ,footnote3 ,die ,en/ehung d] ,hom]is*5 ,g$i*te1 pp4 #afc-afd4 ,! poet ( ! ,doloneia 0 ?us mu* bett] acqua9t$ ) ,peis&] ?an ) ! ,hom]ic lays1 :i* c\ld h taught him t a h]o w\ld nev] we> a fur cov]let :5 ar\s$--n to fight--f slumb]4 ,yet he knew ab\t lea!rn caps set ) bo>s' tusks4 ,he mu/ h be5 an erudite excavator1 b1 9 lit]ature1 a read] only ( rec5t m9or poetry4 ,hav+ procur$ arms1 )\t corslets 7) corslets1 accord+ to ,c>l ,rob]t7--:e!r1 if !y _h none1 because ! poet knew t corslets 7 ana*ronisms1 or because spies usually g z lightly burd5$ z possible--,odysseus & ,diom$e approa* ! ,trojan camp4 ,! h\r is ! d>ke/ h\r be=e dawn4 ,!y he>1 b d n see1 a h]on s5t by ,a!ne z an om51 & pray to ! goddess1 ) promise ( sacrifice4 ,9 ! ,trojan camp ,hector has call$ a c\ncil1 & ask$ = a volunte] spy to seek intellig5ce among ! ,a*aeans4 ,he (f]s no black ewes z a rew>d1 b ! be/ horses ( ! enemy4 ,?is allures ,dolon1 son ( a ri* ,trojan1 an only son among five si/]s1 a poltroon1 a weak lad1 ugly1 b swift ( foot1 & an en?usia/ic lov] ( horses4 ,he asks = ! /e$s ( ,a*illes1 :i* ,hector swe>s to give him2 & to be lightly clad he takes m]ely spe> & b[ & a cap ( f]ret sk91 ) ! pelt ( a wolf = cov]+4 ,odysseus sees him approa*2 he & ,diom$e lie d[n among ! dead till ,dolon passes1 !n !y *ase him t[>ds ! ,a*aean camp & cat* him4 ,he (f]s ransom1 :i* be=e ^! la/ days ( ! w> 0 (t5 accept$4 ,odysseus replies evasively1 & asks = in=mation4 ,dolon1 ?9k+ t ! bitt]ness ( dea? is pa/1 expla9s t only ! ,trojans h wat*-fires2 ! allies1 m c>eless1 h none4 ,at ! extreme flank ( ! ho/ sleep ! newly arriv$ ,?racians1 "u _! k+1 ,rhesus1 :o has gold5 arm\r1 & ! faire/ horses t ev] ,i beheld 7! rul+ passion = horses is /rong 9 ,dolon71 & ! greate/1 :it] ?an sn[1 & = spe$ l ! w9ds4 ,hav+ le>n$ all t he ne$s to "k1 ,diom$e ru?lessly slays ,dolon4 ,odysseus ?anks ,a!ne1 & hides ! poor spoils ( ! dead1 m>k+ ! place4 ,!y !n creep into ! d>k camp ( ! sleep+ ,?racians1 & z ,diom$e slays !m ,odysseus drags ea* body aside1 to leave a cle> pa? = ! horses1 t !y may n plunge & tremble :5 !y are l$ =?1 = !y 7 n yet us$ to dead m54 ,no l9e 9 ,hom] %[s m intimate k & realisation ( horses & ( w>4 ,odysseus drives ! horses ( ,rhesus out ( ! camp ) ! b[ ( ,m]iones2 he has =gott5 to take ! :ip f ! *>iot4 ,diom$e1 hav+ sla9 ,k+ ,rhesus asleep1 ?9ks :e!r he %all lift out ! *>iot 7w> *>iots 7 v light7 or drag x by ! pole2 b ,a!ne w>ns him to be go+4 ,he spr+s ^u ! /e$s1 & !y make = _! camp4 ,x is n cle>ly indicat$ :e!r !y ride or drive 7,x41 #e ,i #c1 #ebg-ebh1 #eda72 b1 suppose t !y ride1 are we to conclude t ! fact proves lat5ess8 ,! h]oes always drive 9 ,hom]1 b x is inconceivable t !y c\ld n ride 9 cases ( necessity1 z "h1 if ,diom$e has ?\ght x wis] n to br+ out ! *>iot & h>ness ! horses4 ,rid+ is m5tion$ 9 ,iliad1 ,,xv4 #fgi1 9 a simile2 aga91 9 a simile1 ,odyssey1 ,v4 #cg ,i4 ,x is n ! cu/om = h]oes to ride2 ! *>iot is us$ 9 w> & 9 travell+1 b1 :5 !re are horses & no *>iot1 m5 c\ld n be s imbecile z n to m\nt ! horses1 nor c\ld ! poet be s p$antic z n to make !m d s4 ,! %ields w\ld cause no difficulty2 !y w\ld be slung sideways1 l ! %ields ( knights 9 ! e>ly ,middle ,ages4 ,! pair1 pick+ up ,dolon's spoils z !y pass1 hurry back to ! *iefs1 :]e ,ne/or welcomes !m4 ,! o!rs laugh & are enc\rag$ 7to enc\rage !m & 8 audi5ce is ! aim ( ! poet72 :ile ! pair g to ,diom$e's qu>t]s1 wa% (f ! blood & sweat f _! limbs 9 ! sea1 & !n ent] ! poli%$ ba?s1 common 9 ! ,odyssey1 unnam$ 9 ! ,iliad4 ,b on no o!r occasion 9 ! ,iliad are we admitt$ to view ?is "p ( h]oic toilette4 ,n[h]e else1 9 fact1 d we accompany a h]o to 8 qu>t]s & 8 tub aft] ! day's "w is ov]4 ,a*illes1 h[ev]1 refuses to wa%1 aft] fight+1 9 8 grief = ,patroclus1 ?\gh pl5ty ( wat] 0 be+ heat$ = ! purpose1 & x is to be presum$ t a ba? 0 ready = ! wat] 7,iliad1 ,,xxiii4 #dj74 ,see1 too1 = ,hector's ba?1 ,,xxii4 #ddd4 ,! two h]oes !n refre% !mselves2 breakfa/1 9 fact1 & dr9k1 z is natural4 ,by ?is "t ! dawn mu/ h be5 9 ! sky1 & 9 ,book ,,xi4 m5 are /irr+ ) ! dawn4 ,su* is ! /ory ( ,book ,x4 ,! read] may decide z to :e!r x is ,v late2 b>ely ,hom]ic1 or a late & delib]ate piece ( burlesque1 ,footnote3 ,h5ry1 ,classical ,review4 ,m>* #aijf4 or :e!r x is v ,hom]ic1 ?\gh ! :ole set ( situations--a night ( t]ror1 an anxi\s *ief1 a nocturnal adv5ture--are unexampl$ 9 ! poem4 ,! poet's audi5ce ( w>riors mu/ h be5 famili> ) su* situations1 & mu/ h appreciat$ ! humor\s1 ru?less treatm5t ( ,dolon1 ! spoil$ only bro!r ( five si/]s4 ,mr4 ,monro admitt$ t ,dolon is ,%akespe>ian1 b add$1 too ,%akespe>ian = ,hom]4 ,"o may z well say t ,ag9c\rt1 9 ,h5ry ,v41 is too ,hom]ic = ,%akespe>e4 ,mr4 ,monro argu$ t ! ,t5? ,book comes 9 awkw>dly aft] ! ,n9?4 ,nitzs*e ?9ks j ! rev]se4 ,! patriotic w>rior audi5ce w\ld delight 9 ! ,doloneia aft] ! angui% ( ,book ,,ix42 w\ld laugh ) ,odysseus at ! close ( 8 adv5ture1 & rejoice ) ! o!r ,a*aeans 7,x4 #eje74 ,! introductory "p ( ! ,book is cumbr\s1 says ,mr4 ,monro4 ,to u x is1 if we wi% to get /raight to ! adv5ture1 j z ! cu/om>y delays 9 ,book ,,xix41 be=e ,a*illes is all[$ to fight1 are t$i\s to u4 ,b ! poet's audi5ce did n necess>ily %>e our ta/es1 & might take pleasure 7z ,i d7 9 ! curi\s details ( ! op5+ ( ,book ,x4 ,! poet 0 ?9k+ ( 8 audi5ce1 n ( mod]n pr(essors4 ,we he> no m ( ,rhesus & 8 ,?racians4 ,( ,rhesus !re 0 no m to he>1 & 8 p probably w5t home1 l ,gl5buckie's ,/ew>ts aft] ! my/]i\s dea? ( _! *ief 9 ,amprior's h\se ( ,l5y be=e ,pre/onpans 7#agde74 ,gl5buckie 0 my/]i\sly pi/oll$ 9 ! night4 ,! /yle & tone is unlike t ( ! ,iliad 444 ,x is r ak9 to com$y ( a r\gh f>cical k9d4 ,b x 0 "t = comic relief4 ,if ! /ory ( ,dolon be comic1 x is comic ) ! practical hum\r ( ! sagas4 ,9 an isolat$ nocturnal adv5ture & massacre we _c expect ! /yle ( an h]oic battle "u ! sunlight4 ,is ! poet n to be all[$ to be v>i\s1 & is ! sc5e ( ! ,port] 9 ,macbe?1 9 /yle & tone1 l ! re/ ( ! drama8 7,macbe?1 ,act ii4 sc4 #c74 ,"h1 ( c\rse1 ,%akespe>e indulges inf9itely m 9 com$y ( a r\gh practical k9d ?an does ! au?or ( ! ,doloneia4 ,! hum\r & ! cruelty d n exce$ :at is exhibit$ 9 _m ( ! gabes1 or insult+ boa/s ( h]oes ov] dead foes 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,iliad2 su* z ! taunt+ comp>ison ( a w>rior fall+ f 8 *>iot to a div] aft] oy/]s1 or z "o ( ! ,argives ha? caught ! spe> 9 8 fle%1 & lean+ !reon = a /aff1 me?9ks t he w g d[n )9 ! h\se ( ,hades 7,,xiv4 #dee-deg74 ,! ,iliad1 l ! sagas1 is ri* 9 ?is extremely practical hum\r4 ,mr4 ,leaf says t ! ,book mu/ h be5 compos$ be=e ! ,iliad _h rea*$ its pres5t =m1 = x _c h be5 meant to foll[ on ,book ,,ix4 ,x is r ano!r case ( a p>allel rival to t ,book1 c\pl$ ) x only 9 ! f9al lit]>y r$action1 :i* ,mr4 ,leaf dates 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! ,book mu/ h be5 compos$ be=e ! ,iliad _h rea*$ its pres5t =m1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbd4 ,x is n easy to und]/& ?is decision2 =1 z ,mr4 ,leaf _h previ\sly writt51 ab\t ,book ,,ix4 #fj-fh1 ! po/+ ( ! wat* is at lea/ n necess>y to ! /ory1 & x has a suspici\s air ( be+ m]ely a prep>ation = ! next ,book1 :i* is mu* lat]1 & :i* turns entirely ^u a visit to ! s5t9els4 ,footnote3 ,companion1 p4#agd4 ,n[ a milit>y audi5ce w\ld n h p>don$ ! poet ( ,book ,,ix4 if1 9 ! circum/ances ( defeat1 ) a confid5t enemy encamp$ )9 /rik+ di/ance1 he _h n made ! ,a*aeans ?r[ =? _! outpo/s4 ,! ?+ 0 inevitable & is n suspici\s2 b ! poet purposely makes ! advanc$ gu>d consi/ ( "y m5 "u ,ne/or's son & ,m]iones4 ,he ne$s !m = ,book ,x4 ,!re=e ! poet ( ,book ,,ix4 is ! poet ( ,book ,x4 prep>+ 8 effect 9 advance2 or ! poet ( ,book ,x4 is a man :o clev]ly takes advantage ( ,book ,,ix41 or he compos$ 8 poem ( a night ( t]ror & adv5ture1 9 ! air1 & ! editor ( #edj ,b4,c41 hav+ he>d x recit$ & copi$ x out1 w5t back to ,book ,,ix4 & ins]t$ ! advanc$ gu>d1 "u ,?rasym$es & ,m]iones1 to lead up to ,book ,x4 ,on ,mr4 ,leafs pres5t !ory1 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4#dbd4 ,book ,x41 we presume1 0 meant1 n to foll[ ,book ,,ix41 b to foll[ ! end ( ,book ,,vii1 be+ an alt]native to ,book ,,viii4 7compos$1 he says1 to lead up to ,book ,,ix47 & ,book ,,ix4 ,b ,book ,,vii4 closes ) ! ,a*aean refusal ( ! compromise (f]$ by ,p>is--! re/oration ( ! prop]ty b n ( ! wife ( ,m5elaus4 ,! ,trojans & ,a*aeans fea/ all night2 ! ,trojans fea/ 9 ! city4 ,!re is !re=e no place "h = ,book ,x4 aft] ,book ,,vii1 & ! ,a*aeans _c roam ab\t all night1 z !y are fea/+2 nor c ,agamemnon be 9 ! /ate ( anxiety exhibit$ by him 9 ,book ,x4 ,book ,x4 c\ld n exi/ )\t ,book ,,ix41 & mu/ h be5 meant to foll[ on x4 ,mr4 ,leaf sees t1 9 8 preface to ,book ,,ix41 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #cga4 ,! plac+ ( s5t9els 79 ,book ,,ix4 #hj1 #hd7 is ne$$ z an introduction to ,book ,x4 b has no?+ to d ) ?is ,book 7,,ix474 ,b1 we h said1 x 0 inevitable1 giv5 ! new situation 9 ,book ,,ix4 7an ,a*aean repulse1 & ! enemy camp$ 9 front71 t an advanc$ gu>d mu/ be plac$1 ev5 if !re prov$ to be no ne$ ( _! s]vices4 ,we presume t ,mr4 ,leaf's lit]>y editor1 f9d+ t ,book ,x4 exi/$ & t ! advanc$ gu>d 0 a necessity ( its action1 w5t back to ,book ,,ix4 & introduc$ an advanc$ gu>d ( "y m51 ) its capta9s1 ,?rasym$es & ,m]iones4 ,ev5 aft] ?is ! editor _h mu* to d1 if ,book ,,ix4 orig9ally exhibit$ ,agamemnon z n 9 t]ror & despair1 z x n[ does4 ,we ne$ n ?r[ ! burd5 ( all ?is "w on ! editor4 ,z ,mr4 ,leaf else:]e writes1 9 a diff]5t m9d1 ! ,t5? ,book is obvi\sly adapt$ to its pres5t place 9 ! ,iliad1 = x assumes a mom5t :5 ,a*illes is abs5t f ! field1 & :5 ! ,greeks are 9 deep dejection f a rec5t defeat4 ,^! conditions are exactly fulfill$ by ! situation at ! end ( ,book ,,ix4 ,footnote3 ,companion1 p4 #aij4 ,?is is c]ta9ly ! case4 ,! ,t5? ,book c\ld n exi/ )\t ! ,n9?2 yet ,mr4 ,leaf's new op9ion is t x _c h be5 meant to foll[ on ,book ,,ix4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #dbd4 ,he 0 bett] inspir$ :5 he held ! precisely opposite op9ion4 ,dr4 ,adolf ,ki5e ,footnote3 ,die ,ep5 des ,hom]1 ,zweit] ,!il1 pp4 #ij-id4 ,hanov]1 #ahhd4 accepts ,book ,,xi4 z orig9ally compos$ to fill its pres5t place 9 ! ,iliad4 ,he po9ts out ! despond5cy ( ! *iefs aft] receiv+ ! reply ( ,a*illes1 & supposes t ev5 ,diom$e 7,,ix4 #gjh7 only urges ,agamemnon to array be=e ! %ips ?y folk & horsem51 = def5sive battle4 ,b1 enc\rag$ by ! success ( ! night adv5ture1 ,agamemnon next day assumes ! (f5sive4 ,to consid] ?us is p]haps to consid] too curi\sly4 ,b x is cle> t ! ,a*aeans h be5 mu* enc\rag$ by ! ev5ts ( ,book ,x41 especially ,agamemnon1 ^: "*1 z ,ki5e obs]ves1 is v subtly & consi/5tly treat$1 & lies ne> ! poet's he>t4 ,?is is ! po9t :i* we keep urg+4 ,agamemnon's c>e = ,m5elaus is /rictly pres]v$ 9 ,book ,x4 ,nitzs*e 7,i #hig7 writes1 ,betwe5 ,book ,,ix4 & ,book ,,xi !re is a gap2 t gap ! ,doloneia fills3 x mu/ h be5 compos$ to be "p ( ! ,,iliad4 ,b he ?9ks t ! ,doloneia has tak5 ! place ( an e>li] lay :i* fill$ ! gap4 ,footnote3 ,die ,e*!it d] ,doloneia1 p4 #cb4 ,programme des ,k4 ,k4 ,/aats ,gymnasium zu ,m>burg1 #ahgg4 ,t ! ,book is nev] ref]r$ to lat] 9 ! ,iliad1 ev5 if x be true1 is no great argum5t aga9/ its au!nticity4 ,= :5 lat] ref]5ces are made to ,book ,,ix41 !y are dismiss$ z clev] late int]polations4 ,if ! horses ( ,rhesus took "p1 z !y d n1 9 ! sports at ! fun]al ( ,patroclus1 ! passage w\ld be call$ a clev] int]polation3 9 fact1 ,diom$e _h bett] horses1 div9e horses to run4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9ly rem>kable t ! int]polation 0 n made by "o ( ! int]polators ( critical !ory4 ,mean:ile !re is1 we ?9k1 a ref]5ce to ,book ,x4 9 ,book ,,xiv4 ,footnote3 ,?is 0 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,%ewan1 to ^: great k ( ,hom] ,i am "h mu* indebt$4 ,9 ,iliad1 ,,xiv4 #i-aa1 we read t ,ne/or1 9 8 qu>t]s ) ! w\nd$ ,ma*aon1 on ! day foll[+ ! night ( ,dolon's dea?1 he>s ! cry ( battle & goes out to see :at is happ5+4 ,he took ! well-wr\ght %ield ( 8 son1 horse-tam+ ,?rasym$es1 :i* 0 ly+ 9 ! hut1 all gli/5+ ) bronze1 b ! son _h ! %ield ( 8 fa!r4 ,:y _h ,?rasym$es ! %ield ( 8 fa!r8 ,at ab\t #c ,a4,m4 be=e dawn ! %ield ( ,ne/or 0 ly+ beside him 9 8 own b$room 7,book ,x4 #gf71 & at ! same mom5t 8 son ,?rasym$es 0 on outpo/ duty1 & _h 8 own %ield ) him 7,book ,,ix4 #ha74 ,:51 !n1 did fa!r & son ex*ange %ields1 & :y8 ,mr4 ,leaf says1 ,x is useless to inquire :y fa!r & son _h ?us *ang$ %ields1 z ! s*olia/s ( c\rse d4 ,! s*olia/s m]ely babble4 ,hom]1 ( c\rse1 meant some?+ by ?is ex*ange ( %ields1 :i* occurr$ late 9 ! night ( ,book ,,ix4 or v e>ly 9 ! foll[+ day1 t ( ,books ,,xi-,,xvi4 ,let u foll[ aga9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 ,on ! night be=e ! day :5 ,ne/or _h ,?rasym$es' %ield & ,?rasym$es _h ,ne/or's1 ,?rasym$es 0 s5t out1 ) %ield & all1 9 comm& ( "o ( ! sev5 companies ( an advanc$ gu>d1 po/$ betwe5 fosse & wall1 9 case ( a camisade by ! ,trojans1 :o 7 encamp$ on ! pla9 7,,ix4 #ha74 ,) him 9 comm& 7 ,m]iones & five o!r "y m5 less notable4 ,!y _h supplies ) !m & :atev] 0 ne$$3 !y cook$ supp] 9 biv\ac4 ,9 ! ,doloneia ! wakeful pr9ces1 aft] inspect+ ! advanc$ gu>d1 g =w>d )9 view ( ! ,trojan ranks & consult4 ,) !m !y take ,ne/or's son1 ,?rasym$es1 & ,m]iones 7,x4 #aif74 ,! two "y m51 be+ on active s]vice1 are arm$2 ! pr9ces are n4 ,diom$e1 hav+ be5 sudd5ly r\s$ out ( sleep1 ) no int5tion to fight1 m]ely ?rew on 8 dress+-g[n1 a lion's sk94 ,ne/or wore a ?ick1 d\ble1 purple dress+-g[n4 ,odysseus _h ca/ 8 %ield ab\t 8 %\ld]s4 ,x 0 decid$ t ,odysseus & ,diom$e %\ld ent] ! ,trojan camp & prove a jeop>dy4 ,diom$e _h no weapon b 8 spe>2 s ,?rasym$es1 :o is arm$ z we saw1 l5ds him 8 bull's-hide cap1 t keeps ! heads ( /alw>t y\?s1 8 sword 7= t ( ,diom$e 0 left at ! %ips71 & 8 %ield4 ,diom$e & ,odysseus successfully a*ieve _! adv5ture & return to ! *iefs1 :]e !y talk ) ,ne/or2 & !n !y g to ,diom$e's hut & dr9k4 ,! outpo/s rema91 ( c\rse1 at _! /ations4 ,mean:ile1 ,?rasym$es1 hav+ l5t 8 %ield to ,diom$e1 has none ( 8 own4 ,naturally1 z he 0 to pass ! night "u arms1 he w\ld s5d to 8 fa!r's qu>t]s = ! old man's %ield1 a sword1 & a helmet4 ,he w\ld rema9 at 8 po/ 78 m5 _h provisions7 till ! g5]al reveillez at dawn1 & w\ld !n breakfa/ at 8 po/ & g into ! fray4 ,ne/or1 !re=e1 miss+ 8 %ield1 w\ld s5d r\nd to ,diom$e's qu>t]s = ! %ield ( ,?rasym$es1 :i* _h be5 l5t ov]night to ,diom$e1 w\ld take x into ! fight1 & w\ld br+ x back to 8 own hut :5 he c>ri$ ! w\nd$ ,ma*aon ?i!r out ( ! battle4 ,:5 he arms to g out & seek = in=mation1 he picks up ! %ield ( ,?rasym$es4 ,no?+ c be m obvi\s2 ! poet1 be+ a man ( imag9ation1 n a pr(essor1 sees x all1 & casually m5tions t ! son _h ! fa!r's & ! fa!r _h ! son's %ield4 ,8 audi5ce1 m5 ( ! sword1 see ! case z cle>ly z ! poet does3 only we mod]ns & ! s*olia/s1 almo/ z mod]n z ourselves1 are puzzl$4 ,x may also be argu$1 ?\gh we lay no /ress on x1 t 9 ,book ,,xi4 #cab1 :5 ,agamemnon has be5 w\nd$1 we f9d ,odysseus & ,diom$e alone toge!r1 )\t _! cont+5ts1 because !y h n sep>at$ s9ce !y breakfa/$ toge!r1 aft] return+ f ! adv5ture ( ,book ,x41 & ?us !y h come r late to ! field4 ,!y f9d ! ,a*aeans demoralis$ by ! w\nd+ ( ,agamemnon1 & !y make a /&4 ,:at ails u1 asks ,odysseus1 t we =get our impetu\s val\r8 ,! passage appe>s to take up ! companion%ip ( ,odysseus & ,diom$e1 :o 7 left breakfa/+ toge!r at ! end ( ,book ,x4 & are n m5tion$ till we meet !m aga9 9 ?is sc5e ( ,book ,,xi41 z if !y _h j come on ! field4 ,z to ! l+ui/ic te/s ( lat5ess !re are exceptionally num]\s traces ( lat] =mation1 says ,mr4 ,monro2 :ile ,fick1 t\t contraire1 writes1 clumsy ,ionisms are n common1 &1 z a rule1 occur 9 ^! p>ts :i* on old] gr\nds %[ !mselves to be late int]polations4 ,! cases ( agreem5t 7betwe5 ,fick & ,mr4 ,monro71 are few1 & ! passages ?us condemn$ are n m num]\s 9 ! ,doloneia ?an 9 any av]age book4 ,footnote3 ,jevons1 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vii4 p4 #cjb4 ,! six examples ( a po/-,hom]ic use ( ! article d n seem s v po/-,hom]ic to an ord9>y intellig5ce--p>allels occur 9 ,book ,i4--& ,p]fects 9 ,greek3 ka f d]ivative v]bs d n de/roy ! impression ( antiquity & unity :i* is left by ! treatm5t ( "*2 by ! celebrat$ cap ) bo>s' tusks1 :i* no human be+ c\ld ar*aeologically recon/ruct 9 ! sev5? c5tury2 & by ! ,hom]ic vig\r 9 su* t\*es z ! horses unus$ to dead m54 ,z ! ,iliad c]ta9ly pass$ ?r\gh c5turies 9 :i* its language c\ld n b be affect$ by l+ui/ic *anges1 z x c\ld n escape f remaniem5ts1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly introduc$ by recit]s & copyi/s1 ! l+ui/ic objections are n /rongly felt by u4 ,an unphilological read] ( ,hom] notes t ,duntz] ?9ks ! ,doloneia old] ?an ! olde/ portion ( ! ,odyssey1 :ile ,gemoll ?9ks t ! au?or ( ! ,doloneia4 0 famili> ) ! ,odyssey4 ,footnote3 ,duntz]1 ,hom]4 ,abhanglung51 p4 #cbd4 ,gemoll1 ,h]mes1 xv4 #eeg ff4 ,mean:ile1 "o ?+ seems pla9 to u3 :5 ! au?or ( ,book ,,ix4 po/$ ! gu>ds "u ,?rasym$es1 he 0 delib]ately lead+ up to ,book ,x42 :ile ! casual rem>k 9 ,book ,,xiv4 ab\t ! ex*ange ( %ields betwe5 fa!r & son1 ,ne/or & ,?rasym$es1 glances back at ,book ,x4 & possibly ref]s to "s lo/ & m explicit /atem5t4 ,x is n always rememb]$ t1 if ?+s c\ld drop into ! int]polations1 ?+s c\ld also drop out ( ! ,,iliad1 caus+ lacunae1 dur+ ! d>k backw>d ( its e>ly exi/5ce4 ,if ! ,doloneia be b>ely ,hom]ic1 z ,fa!r ,br[ne holds1 ?is op9ion 0 n %>$ by ! li/5]s or read]s ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! vase pa9t]s (t5 illu/rate ! ,doloneia2 b x does n foll[ t ! /ory 0 fre% because x 0 popul>1 z ,mr4 ,leaf sugge/s1 & 0 treat$ z public prop]ty 9 a diff]5t way 7namely1 9 a comic way7 f ! consecrat$ e>ly leg5ds 7,iliad1 ,,ii #dbd1 #dbe74 ,! six? c5tury vase pa9t]s illu/rat$ _m passages 9 ,hom]1 n ! ,doloneia alone4 ,! comic way 0 ! ru?less hum\r ( two /rong w>riors captur+ "o weak c[>d4 ,mu* lat]1 wild c>icature 0 appli$ 9 vase pa9t+ to ! mo/ romantic sc5es 9 ! ,odyssey1 :i* 7 consecrat$ en\gh4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,! ,,int]polations ,,( ,,ne/or ,t sev]al ( ! passages 9 :i* ,ne/or speaks are v late int]polations1 meant to glorify ,pisi/ratus1 himself ( ,ne/or's l9e1 is a critical op9ion to :i* we h m ?an once allud$4 ,! fir/ example is 9 ,iliad1 ,,ii4 #ecj-efh4 ,?is passage is meant at once to pres5t ,ne/or z ! lead+ c\nsellor ( ! ,greek army1 & to introduce ! com+ ,catalogue4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 #gj4 ,n[ ! ,catalogue orig9ally =m$ an introduction to ! :ole ,cycle4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #hg4 ,b1 to repeat an e>li] obs]vation1 surely ! :ole ,cycle 0 mu* lat] ?an ! p]iod ( ,pisi/ratus & 8 sons2 t is1 ! compilation ( ! ,hom]ic & ,cyclic poems into "o body ( v]se1 nam$ ,! ,cycle1 is believ$ to h be5 mu* lat]4 ,x is object$ t ,ne/or's advice 9 ?is passage1 ,sep>ate ?y w>riors by tribes & clans 7,greek3 phyla1 phraetras71 is out ( place 9 ! la/ ye> ( ! w>2 b ?is sugge/ion = milit>y reorganisation may be admitt$ z a m]e piece ( poetical p]spective1 l ,hel5's description ( ! ,a*aean *iefs 9 ,book ,,iii1 or ,ne/or may wi% to return to an obsolete sy/em ( clan regim5ts4 ,! ,a!nians _h tribes & clans1 political in/itutions1 & ,ne/or's advice is not$ z a t\* ( late ,attic influ5ce2 b ab\t ! nature & orig9 ( ^! social divisions we "k s little t x is va9 to argue ab\t !m4 ,! advice ( ,ne/or is an appeal to ! clan _s--a v s]viceable milit>y _s1 z ! ,highl&]s h (t5 prov$--b we h no in=mation z to :e!r x exi/$ 9 ,a*aean times4 ,ne/or speaks z ! ag$ ,lo*iel spoke to ,clav]h\se be=e ,killiecrankie4 ,did ! ,a!nian army ( ! six? c5tury fight 9 clan regim5ts8 ,! device seems to belong to an e>li] civilisation1 :e!r x surviv$ 9 six? c5tury ,a!ns or n4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 notori\s t tribes & clans are mo/ fl\ri%+ among ! mo/ backw>d p1 ?\gh !y 7 weld$ into ! con/itution ( ,a!ns4 ,! passage1 !re=e1 _c ) any c]ta9ty be dismiss$ z v late1 = ! words = tribe & clan c\ld n be novel ,a!nian inv5tions1 ! in/itutions designat$ be+ ( prehi/oric orig94 ,ne/or %[s 8 tactics aga9 9 ,,iv4 #cjc-cji1 (f]s 8 inopportune tactical lucubrations1 d\btless "u ,a!nian 7,pisi/ratean7 influ5ce4 ,! poet is "h d5i$ a s5se ( hum\r4 ,t a vet]an milit>y ,polonius %\ld talk z inopportunely ab\t tactics z ,dugald ,dalgetty does ab\t ! sconce ( ,drumsnab is an ess5tial "p ( ! hum\r ( ! "* ( ,ne/or4 ,?is is :at ,ne/or's critics d n see2 ! inopportune nature ( 8 tactical rem>ks is ! po9t ( !m1 j z 9 ! case ( ! laird ( ,drum?wacket1 t %\ld be4 ,scott knew little ( ,hom]1 b co9cid$ 9 ! ,ne/orian hum\r by m]e congruity ( g5ius4 ,! ,pisi/ratidze mu/ h be5 hum\rless if !y did n see t ! poet smil$ z he compos$ ,ne/or's spee*es1 glorify+ old de$s ( 8 own & old ways ( fight+4 ,he arrays 8 ,pylians ) *>iots 9 front1 footm5 9 ! re>4 ,9 ! blank space ! pr9cely h]oes dism\nt$ to fight1 ! *>iots foll[+ close beh9d !m4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,,xi4 #dh-ef4 ,9 ! same way dur+ ! ,hundr$ ,ye>s' ,w> ! ,engli% knights dism\nt$ & defeat$ ! ,fr5* *ivalry till1 "u ,jeanne d',arc & ,la ,hire1 ! ,fr5* le>n$ ! lesson1 & imitat$ ! ,engli% practice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,egyptian wall-pa9t+s %[ ! ,egyptian *>iotry advanc+ 9 neat l9es & s]ri$ squadrons4 ,accord+ to ,ne/or ^! _h ( old be5 ! ,a*aean tactics1 & he pref]r$ ! old way4 ,ne/or's advice 9 ,book ,,iv4 is n to dism\nt or break ! l9e ( *>iots2 ^!1 he says1 7 ! old tactics3 ,ev5 s is ! f> bett] way2 ?us1 moreov]1 did m5 ( old "t lay l[ cities & walls4 ,!re 0 to be no ru%+ ( individuals f ! ranks1 no dism\nt+4 ,ne/or's 7 n ! tactics ( ! h]oes--!y usually dism\nt & d s+le valiances2 b ,ne/or1 comm&+ 8 local cont+5t1 recomm5ds ! me?ods ( ! old s*ool1 ,greek3 hoi pretoroi4 ,:at c be m natural & *>act]i/ic8 ,! poet's mean+ seems q cle>4 ,he is n flatt]+ ,pisi/ratus1 b1 ) quiet hum\r1 (f]s ! portrait ( a va91 wor?y vet]an4 ,x is difficult to see h[ ?is po9t c be miss$2 x nev] 0 miss$ be=e ,ne/or's spee*es seem$ s]viceable to ! ,pisi/ratean !ory ( ! composition ( ! ,,iliad4 ,9 8 fir/ edition ,mr4 ,leaf reg>d$ ! int]polations z int5d$ to glorify ,ne/or )\t ref]5ce to ,pisi/ratus1 :om ,mr4 ,leaf did n !n recognise z ! ma/] ( a sycophantic editor4 ,! passages are really meant to display ! old man's habit ( glorify+ himself & pa/ times4 ,pisi/ratus c\ld n feel flatt]$ by passages int5d$ to exhibit 8 ance/or z a conceit$ & inopportune old babbl]4 ,i v5tur$ 9 #ahif to sugge/ t ! int]polator 0 try+ to please ,pisi/ratus1 b ?is 0 said 9 a _s ( mock]y4 ,( all ! *>act]s 9 ,hom] t ( ,ne/or is mo/ famili> to ! unle>n$ _w1 m]ely because ,ne/or's is a "* "p1 v broadly drawn4 ,! ?ird int]polation ( flatt]y to ,pisi/ratus 9 ! p]son ( ,ne/or is f\nd 9 ,,vii4 #abe-afj4 ,! ,a*aean *iefs are loa? to accept ! *all5ge ( ,hector to s+le combat4 ,only ,m5elaus rises & arms himself1 mov$ by ! /rong s5se ( hon\r :i* di/+ui%es a w>rior notori\sly defici5t 9 bodily /r5g?4 ,agamemnon refuses to let him fight2 ! o!r pe]s make no movem5t1 & ,ne/or rebukes !m4 ,x is entirely 9 nature t he %\ld fall back on 8 memory ( a simil> situation 9 8 y\?2 :5 ! ,arcadian *ampion1 ,ereu?alion1 *all5g$ any pr9ce ( ! ,pylians1 & :5 no man pluck$ up he>t to meet him except ,ne/or himself4 ,_h !re nev] be5 any ,pisi/ratus1 any poet :o creat$ ! "p ( a wor?y & wordy vet]an mu/ h made ,ne/or speak j z he does speak4 ,ereu?alion 0 ! talle/ & /ronge/ ( m5 t ,i h sla96 & ,ne/or1 be+ :at he is1 (f]s copi\s & int]e/+ details ab\t ! arm\r ( ,ereu?alion & ab\t its =m] own]s4 ,! passage is l ^? 9 :i* ! ,icel&ic sagam5 dwelt lov+ly on ! hi/ory ( a good sword1 or ! ,maoris on ! old possessors ( an anci5t jade patu4 ,an objection is n[ tak5 to ,ne/or's geography3 he is said n to "k ! t[ns & burns ( 8 own c\ntry4 ,he speaks ( ! swift /ream ,keladon1 ! /reams ( ,i>danus1 & ! walls ( ,pheia4 ,pheia is no d\bt ! same z ,pheai ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,note on ,odyssey1 ,,xv4 #big4 7,odyssey1 ,,xv4 #big71 b t 0 a m>itime t[n n ne> ,arkadia4 ,!re is no?+ kn[n ( a ,keladon or ,i>danus any:]e ne> x4 ,n[ ,didymus 7,s*ol4 ,a7 is said to h read ,greek3 ,pha]aes = ,greek3 ,pheias1 foll[+ ,ph]ekydes4 ,footnote3 ,leaf1 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 #cjh4 ,m4 ,victor ,b]>d1 :o has made an elaborate /udy ( ,elian topography1 says t ,pheia is a cape1 n a t[n1 & adopts ! read+ ,ph]a1 ! ,greek3 ,ph]ae ( ! j\rney ( ,telema*us1 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,he ?9ks t ! ,greek3 ,ph]ae ( ,ne/or is ! ,aliph]a ( ,polybius1 & believes t ! topography ( ,ne/or & ( ! j\rney ( ,telema*us is correct4 ,! ,keladon is n[ ! riv] or burn ( ,sa9t ,isidore2 ! ,i>danus is at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,kaiapha4 ,keladon has obvi\sly ! same s5se z ! ,gaelic ,altg>bh1 ! r\gh & brawl+ /ream4 ,i>danus is also a /ream 9 ,crete1 & ,mr4 ,leaf ?9ks x ,semitic--,y>d51 f y>ad to fl[2 b ! ,semites did n give ! ,y> to ! ,y>r[ nor to ! ,au/ralian ,y>ra ,y>ra4 ,! c\ntry1 says ,m4 ,b]>d1 is a network ( riv]s1 burns1 & rivulets2 & we _c h any c]ta9ty1 we may add1 z ! same riv] & burn names recur 9 _m p>ts ( ! same c\ntry2 ,footnote3 ,b]>d1 ,les ,ph5ici5s et ,l',odyssee1 #ajh-aac1 #aijb _m ( !m1 9 ,engl&1 are pla9ly prae-,celtic4 ,:ile ! correct geography may1 on ?is %[+1 be t ( ,hom]1 we _c give up ,hom]'s claim to ,ne/or's spee*4 ,z to ,ne/or's tale ab\t ! arm\r ( ,ereu?alion1 x is manife/ t ! fir/ own] ( ! arm\r ( ,ereu?alion1 namely ,are'i?\s1 ! ,maceman1 s call$ because he _h ! s+ul>ity ( fight+ ) an iron casse-tete1 z ,ne/or expla9s 7,,vii4 #ach-adj71 0 a fam\s "* 9 leg5d>y hi/ory4 ,he appe>s z ,pr9ce ,arei?\s1 ! ,maceman1 fa!r 7or gr&-fa!r87 ( an ,arei?\s sla9 by ,hector 7,,vii4 #h-aj74 ,9 ,greece1 x 0 n unusual = ! gr&son to be> ! gr&fa!r's "n1 &1 if ! ,maceman 0 gr&-fa!r ( ,hector's victim1 !re is no *ronological difficulty4 ,! *ronological difficulty1 9 any case1 if ,hector's victim is ! son ( ! ,maceman1 is n at all beyond a poetic n>rator's possibility ( error 9 g5ealogy4 ,if ,ne/or's spee* is a late int]polation1 if its late au?or borr[$ 8 vivid acc\nt ( ! ,maceman & 8 casse-tete f ! m]e ^w maceman 9 ,,vii4 #i1 he mu/ be cr$it$ ) a lively poetic imag9ation4 ,few or none ( ^! rem9isc5ces ( ,ne/or are really inapplicable to ! context4 ,"h ! context dem&s enc\ragem5t = h]oes :o %un a *all5ge4 ,ne/or m5tions an applicable & apposite in/ance ( simil> want ( c\rage1 &1 z 8 "* dem&s1 he is ! h]o ( 8 own /ory4 ,8 brag1 or gabe1 ab\t he 0 ! talle/ & /ronge/ ( all ! m5 ,i ev] slew1 is delici\sly 9 keep+1 & rem9ds u ( ! college don :o said ( ! ,cz>1 he is ! nice/ emp]or ,i ev] met4 ,! poet is sket*+ an innoc5t vanity2 he is n flatt]+ ,pisi/ratus4 ,! next case is ! long n>rative ( ,ne/or to ! hurri$ ,patroclus1 :o has be5 s5t by ,a*illes to br+ news ( ! w\nd$ ,ma*aon 7,,xi4 #fjd-gjb74 ,ne/or on ?is occasion has useful advice to give1 namely1 t ,a*illes1 if he w n fight1 %\ld s5d 8 m51 "u ,patroclus1 to turn ! tide ( ,trojan victory4 ,b ! poet wi%es to provide an int]val ( "t & ( yet m dire disa/] be=e ! return ( ,patroclus to ,a*illes4 ,by an obvi\s lit]>y artifice he makes ,ne/or deta9 ! reluctant ,patroclus ) a long /ory ( 8 own e>ly feats ( arms4 ,x is a /ory ( a hot-trod1 s call$ 9 ,bord] law2 ! ,eleians _h driv5 a creagh ( cattle f ! ,pylians1 :o pursu$1 & ,ne/or kill$ ! ,eleian lead]1 ,itymoneus4 ,! spee* is an ,a*aean p>allel to ! ,bord] ballad ( ,jamie ,telf] ( ! ,fair ,dodhead1 9 edit+ :i* ,scott has be5 accus$ ( mak+ a s+ul> & mo/ obvi\s & puzzl+ blund] 9 ! topography ( 8 own %]iffdom ( ! ,=e/4 ,on ,scott's %[+ ! sc5e ( ! raid is 9 upp] ,ettrickdale1 n1 z critics av]1 9 upp] ,teviotdale2 ?us ! n>rative ( ! ballad w\ld be impossible4 ,footnote3 ,9 fact bo? sites on ! two ,dodburns are impossible2 ! fault lay ) ! ballad-mak]1 n ) ,scott4 ,! ,pisi/ratean editor is accus$ ( a simil> error4 ,no d\bt he 0 an ,asiatic ,greek1 completely ignorant ( ! ,peloponnesus4 ,footnote3 ,iliad4 ,note to ,,xi4 #gef1 & to ! ,catalogue1 ,,ii4 #fae-fag4 ,x is some?+ to "k t ,pisi/ratus employ$ an editor1 or t 8 editor employ$ a collaborator :o 0 an ,asiatic ,greek6 ,mean:ile1 no?+ is less secure ?an argum5ts bas$ on ! ,catalogue4 ,we h already %[n h[ ,mr4 ,leaf's op9ions z to ! date & hi/orical m]its ( ! ,catalogue h widely v>i$1 :ile ,m4 ,b]>d appe>s to h v9dicat$ ! topography ( ,ne/or4 ,( ! ,catalogue ,mr4 ,all5 writes1 ,z a table1 accord+ to regions1 ( ,agamemnon's =ces x be>s e m>k ( v5]able antiquity1 %[+ a /ate ( ?+s :i* nev] recurr$ 9 lat] hi/ory1 & :i* no "o _h any int]e/ to inv5t1 or ev5 ! means = inv5t+4 ,he makes a vigor\s def5ce ( ! ,catalogue1 z reg>ds ! dom9ion ( ,a*illes1 aga9/ ,mr4 ,leaf4 ,footnote3 ,classical ,review1 ,may #aijf1 pp4 x#id-bja4 ,into ! details we ne$ n g1 b x is n que/ions ( ,hom]ic topography1 obscure z !y are1 t c %ake our fai? 9 ! humor\s portrait ( old ,ne/or1 or make u suppose t ! sympa!tic mock]y ( ! poet is ! sycophantic adulation ( ! editor to 8 /atesman employ]1 ,pisi/ratus4 ,if any "q may be left to lit]>y discrim9ation x is ! au!ntic orig9ality ( ! portrayal ( ,ne/or4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,e>ly ,,epics ,?\gh comp>ison is ! me?od ( ,sci5ce1 ! comp>ative /udy ( ! national poetry ( w>like ari/ocracies1 its conditions ( gr[? & decad5ce1 has be5 mu* neglect$ by ,hom]ic critics4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb t\*$ on ! !me1 &1 aft] devot+ f\r pages to a sket* ( ,sanskrit1 ,f9ni%1 ,p]sian1 & e>ly ,teutonic h]oic poetry & ,,saga1 decid$ t 9 our c\ntry1 z 9 o!rs1 we fail to f9d any true p>allel to ! case ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,^! poems mu/ be /udi$ 9 !mselves1 )\t look+ = aid1 9 ?is s5se1 to ! comp>ative me?od4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #ace4 ,"p ( ?is conclusion seems to u r ha/y4 ,9 a brief manual ,sir ,ri*>d _h n space = a ?or\gh comp>ative /udy ( old h]oic poetry at l>ge4 ,8 quot$ s\rces are3 = ,india1 ,lass52 = ,france1 ,mr4 ,sa9tsbury's ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,,fr5* ,,lit]ature 7sixte5 pages on ?is topic71 & a "w unkn[n to me1 by ,m4 ,paul2 = ,icel& he only quot$ ,,! ,encyclop$ia ,,britannica 7,mr4 ,edmund ,gosse72 = ,g]many1 ,la*mann & ,b>ts*2 = ! ,f9ni% ,kalewala1 ! ,,encyclop$ia ,,britannica 7,mr4 ,sime & ,mr4 ,keltie72 & = ,engl&1 a ,,prim] ,,( ,,engli% ,,lit]ature by ,mr4 ,/op=d ,brooke4 ,^! s\rces appe> less ?an adequate1 & ,celtic h]oic romance is entirely omitt$4 ,a mu* deep] & wid] comp>ative criticism ( e>ly h]oic national poetry is ne$$1 be=e any "o has a "r to say t ! /udy _c aid our critical exam9ation ( ! ,hom]ic problem4 ,_m peoples h pass$ ?r\gh a /age ( culture closely analog\s to t ( ,a*aean society z describ$ 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,e society ( ?is k9d has _h its rul+ milit>y class1 its anci5t leg5ds1 & its m9/rels :o on ^! leg5ds h bas$ _! songs4 ,! simil>ity ( human nature "u simil> conditions makes x c]ta9 t comp>ison w discov] useful p>allels betwe5 ! poetry ( societies sep>at$ 9 "t & space b practically id5tical 9 culture4 ,x is n mu* to ! cr$it ( mod]n criticism t a topic s ri* & int]e/+ has be51 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 almo/ entirely neglect$ by ,hom]ic s*ol>s4 ,mean:ile1 x is p]fectly correct to say1 z ,sir ,ri*>d obs]ves1 t we fail to f9d any true p>allel to ! case ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 = we n[h]e f9d ! leg5ds ( an h]oic age h&l$ by a v great poet--! greate/ ( all poets--except 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! critics refuse to believe t1 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 we possess ! h]oic ,a*aean leg5ds h&l$ by "o great poet4 ,!y f9d a composite by _m h&s1 good & bad1 & ( _m ages1 !y say2 sometimes ! :ole composition & "p ( ! poems are ascrib$ to a late litt]ateur4 ,n[ to t suppos$ /ate ( ?+s we d f9d sev]al true p>allels1 9 ,g]many1 9 ,f9l&1 9 ,irel&4 ,b ! results ( "w by ^! _m h&s 9 _m ages are any?+ b a true p>allel to ! results :i* lie be=e u 9 ! ,iliad & ,,odyssey4 ,:]e ! processes ( composite au?or%ip ?r\gh\t _m ,,ages c]ta9ly occur1 z 9 ,g]many & ,irel&1 !re we f9d no true p>allel to ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,x foll[s t1 9 all probability1 no su* processes z ! critics po/ulate produc$ ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 = :]e ! processes exi/$1 beyond d\bt !y fail$ egregi\sly to produce ! results4 ,sir ,ri*>d's argum5t w\ld h be5 logical if _m ef=ts by _m h&s1 9 _m ages1 9 ,engl&1 ,f9l&1 ,irel&1 ,icel&1 & ,g]many did actually produce true p>allels to ! ,a*aean epics4 ,!y did n1 & :y n8 ,simply because ^! o!r races _h no ,hom]4 ,all ! o!r necess>y conditions 7 pres5t1 ! leg5d>y mat]ial1 ! h]oic society1 ! ,c\rt m9/rels1 all--except ! great poet4 ,9 all ! c\ntries m5tion$1 except ,f9l&1 !re exi/$ milit>y ari/ocracies ) _! c\rts1 ca/les1 & m9/rels1 :ile ! m9/rels _h ri* mat]ial 9 leg5d>y hi/ory & 9 my?1 & ,ma]*51 & old songs4 ,b none ( ! m9/rels 0 adequate to ! production ( an ,engli%1 ,g]man1 or ,iri% ,,iliad or ,,odyssey1 or ev5 ( a true arti/ic equival5t 9 ,france4 ,we h tri$ to %[ t ! critics1 reject+ a ,hom]1 h be5 unable to advance any adequate hypo!sis to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! ,,iliad & ,,odyssey4 ,n[ we see t1 :]e su* conditions ( production z !y po/ulate exi/$ b :]e !re 0 no great epic g5ius1 !y c f9d no true p>allels to ! ,epics4 ,_! logic ?us breaks d[n at bo? ends4 ,x may be repli$ t 9 non-,greek l&s "o condition f\nd 9 ,greek society fail$3 ! succession ( a read+ age to an age ( h]oic li/5]s4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,9 ,france & ,g]many an age ( read]s duly began1 b !y did n ma9ly read copies ( ! old h]oic poems4 ,!y turn$ to lyric poetry1 z 9 ,greece1 & !y reca/ ! h]oic songs into mod]n & popul> =ms 9 v]se & prose1 :5 !y took any notice ( ! old h]oic poems at all4 ,"o m]it ( ! ,greek epics is a picture ( a c]ta9 phase ( e>ly civilisation1 & t picture is a naturally h>moni\s :ole1 ) unity ( impression1 says ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #cg4 ,c]ta9ly we c f9d no true p>allel1 on an ,hom]ic scale1 to ?is h>moni\s picture 9 ! epics ( ,g]many & ,engl& or 9 ! e>ly lit]ature ( ,irel&4 ,sir ,ri*>d1 = ,engl&1 omits notice ( ,be[ulf2 b we "k t ,be[ulf1 a long h]oic poem1 is a mass ( ana*ronisms--a hea!n leg5d 9 a ,*ri/ian sett+4 ,! h]o1 t great hea!n *ampion1 has 8 epic fill$ full ( ,*ri/ian allusions & ,*ri/ian morals1 because ! cl]ical r$actor1 9 ,*ri/ian ,engl&1 c\ld n b intrude ^! ?+s into old pagan leg5ds evolv$ by ! cont95tal ance/ors ( our race4 ,he _h no pa9ful anxiety1 l ! suppos$ ,ionic cont9uators ( ! ,a*aean poems 7:5 !y are n said to h done precisely ! rev]se71 to pres]ve h>mony ( anci5t ideas4 ,su* ar*aeological anxieties are purely mod]n4 ,if we take ! ,nibelung5li$1 ,footnote3 ,see *apt] on ! ,nibelung5li$ 9 ,hom] ,,& ! ,epic1 pp4 #chb-djd4 we f9d t x is a ?+ ( _m reh&l+s1 ev5 9 exi/+ manuscripts4 ,= example1 ! ,greeks clung to ! hexamet] 9 ,hom]4 ,n s did ! ,g]mans adh]e to old metres4 ,! poem t1 9 ! olde/ ,,ms41 is writt5 9 assonances1 9 lat] ,,mss4 is r$uc$ to regul> rhymes & is ret\*$ 9 _m ess5tial respects4 ,! matt] ( ! ,nibelung5li$ is ( hea!n orig94 ,we see ! real /ate ( hea!n affairs 9 ! ,icel&ic v]sions ( ! same tale1 = ! ,icel&]s 7 peculi> 9 pres]v+ anci5t lays2 &1 :5 ^! 7 wov5 into a prose saga1 ! ar*aic & hea!n features 7 reta9$4 ,_h ! po/-,*ri/ian prose au?or ( ! ,volsunga be5 a great poet1 we might f9d 9 8 "w a true p>allel to ! ,iliad4 ,b1 ?\gh he pres]ves ! h>mony ( 8 picture ( pre-,*ri/ian pr9cely life 7save 9 ! savage beg9n+s ( 8 /ory71 he is n a poet2 s ! true p>allel to ! ,greek epic fails1 noble z is ! saga 9 _m passages4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,nibelung5li$ all is mod]nis$2 ! *>act]s are ,*ri/ian1 ! mann]s are *ivalr\s1 & ,ma]*5 old] ?an ,hom] are =c$ into a w&]+ m$iaeval *ronicle-poem4 ,! ,g]mans1 9 %ort1 _h no e>ly poet ( g5ius1 & !re=e c\ld n produce a true p>allel to ,,iliad or ,odyssey4 ,! m$iaeval poets1 ( c\rse1 nev] dream$ ( ar*aeological anxiety1 z ! suppos$ ,ionian cont9uators are sometimes said to h done1 any m ?an did ! ,fr5* & late ,wel% h&l]s ( ! anci5t ,celtic ,ar?urian mat]ials4 ,! late ,g]man be>beit] ( ! ,nibelung5li$ has no idea ( unity ( plot--enf91 ,g]many1 hav+ excell5t & anci5t leg5d>y mat]ial = an epic1 b produc+ no p>allel to ,,iliad & ,odyssey1 only proves h[ absolutely ess5tial a ,hom] 0 to ! ,greek epics4 ,if any inf]5ce c\ld prop]ly be drawn f ! ,edda 7! ,icel&ic collection ( h]oic lays71 says ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 x w\ld be t %ort sep>ate poems on cognate subjects c long exi/ z a collection )\t coalesc+ into su* an arti/ic :ole z ! ,iliad or ! ,odyssey4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #cc4 ,x is our own argum5t t ,sir ,ri*>d /ates4 ,%ort sep>ate poems on cognate subjects c c]ta9ly co-exi/ = long any:]e1 b !y _c automatically & !y _c by aid ( an editor become a long epic4 ,nobody c /it* & vamp !m into a poem l ! ,,iliad or ,odyssey4 ,to produce a poem l ei!r ( ^! a great poetic g5ius mu/ arise1 & fuse ! anci5t mat]ials1 z ,hephae/us fus$ copp] & t91 & !n ca/ ! mass into a m\ld ( 8 own mak+4 ,a small poet may r$uce ! leg5ds & lays into a v in>ti/ic :ole1 a v inh>moni\s :ole1 z 9 ! ,nibelung5li$1 b a controll+ poet1 n a m]e r$actor or editor1 is ne$$ to p]=m ev5 t feat4 ,:]e a man :o is n a poet und]takes to produce ! coalesc5ce1 z ,dr4 ,lo5nrot 7#ahce-ahdi7 did 9 ! case ( ! peasant1 n c\rtly1 lays ( ,f9l&1 he fails to prove t m]e comb9+ & edit+ c =m an arti/ic :ole out ( orig9ally di/9ct songs1 ev5 ?\gh conc]n$ ) closely relat$ !mes1 says ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #acd-ace4 ,?is is p]fectly true2 mu* z ,lo5nrot bot*$ & vamp$ ! ,f9ni% lays he made no epic out ( !m4 ,b1 z x is true1 h[ did ! late ,a!nian drudge ( ,pisi/ratus succe$ :]e ,lo5nrot fail$8 ,9 ! dovetail+ ( ! ,,odyssey we see ! "w ( "o m9d1 says ,sir ,ri*>d4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #abi4 ,?is m9d _c h be5 ! prop]ty ( any "o b a great poet1 obvi\sly1 z ! ,odyssey is confess$ly an arti/ic :ole4 ,consequ5tly ! dis9tegrators ( ! ,odyssey1 :5 !y are logical1 are r$uc$ to av]r+ t ! poem is an exce$+ly in>ti/ic :ole1 a :ole n arti/ic at all4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,leaf calls x a model ( skilful con/ruction1 ,wilam[itz ,moll5dorff d5\nces x z ! "w ( a sl5d]ly-gift$ bot*]1 ( ab\t #fej ,b4,c41 a c5tury previ\s to ,mr4 ,leaf's ,a!nian editor4 ,?us we come1 aft] all1 to a crisis 9 :i* m]e lit]>y appreciation is ! only te/ ( ! tru? ab\t a "w ( lit]ature4 ,! ,odyssey is an admirable piece ( arti/ic composition1 or x is ! v rev]se4 ,blass1 ,mr4 ,leaf1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 & ! op9ion ( ! ages decl>e t ! composition is excell5t4 ,a cr[d ( ,g]man critics & ,fa!r ,br[ne1 ,s4,j41 hold t ! composition is feeble4 ,! crit]ion is ! lit]>y ta/e ( ea* p>ty to ! dispute4 ,kir*h(f & ,wilam[itz ,moell5dorff see a late bad pat*work1 :]e ,mr4 ,leaf1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 ,blass1 ,wolf1 & ! v]dict ( all mank9d see a ma/]piece ( excell5t con/ruction4 ,! _w has judg$3 ! ,odyssey is a m>vel ( con/ruction3 !re=e is n ! "w ( a late bot*] ( disp>ate mat]ials1 b ( a great e>ly poet4 ,yet ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 :ile recognis+ ! ,odyssey z an arti/ic :ole & an h>moni\s picture1 & recognis+ ,lo5nrot's failure to prove t m]e comb9+ & edit+ c =m an arti/ic :ole out ( orig9ally di/9ct songs1 ev5 ?\gh conc]n$ ) closely relat$ !mes1 ?9ks t ,kir*h(f has made ! ess5ce ( 8 !ory ( late comb9ation ( di/9ct /rata ( poetical mat]ial f diff]5t s\rces & p]iods1 9 ! ,odyssey1 9 ! highe/ degree probable4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #aca4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ,mr4 ,leaf1 :o has n edit$ ! ,odyssey1 may n[1 9 def]5ce to 8 belief 9 ! ,pisi/ratean editor1 h *ang$ 8 op9ion ( ! m]its ( ! poem4 ,if ! ,odyssey1 l ! ,iliad1 01 till ab\t #edj ,b4,c41 a *aos ( lays ( all ages1 v>i\sly kn[n 9 v>i\s rep]toires ( ! rhapsodi/s1 & pat*$ up by ! ,pisi/ratean editor1 !n ( two ?+s "o--ei!r ,mr4 ,leaf abides by 8 en?usia/ic belief 9 ! excell5cy ( ! composition1 or he does n4 ,if he does /ill believe t ! composition ( ! ,odyssey is a ma/]piece1 !n ! ,pisi/ratean editor 0 a great ma/] ( con/ruction4 ,if he n[1 on ! o!r h&1 agrees ) ,wilam[itz ,moell5dorff t ! ,odyssey is cobbl]'s "w1 !n 8 lit]>y op9ions are un/able4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,hom] ,,& ,,! ,,fr5* ,,m$iaeval ,,epics ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb rem>ks1 ) tru?1 t be=e any def9ite solution ( ! ,hom]ic problem c\ld d]ive sci5tific support f su* analogies 7) epics ( o!r peoples71 x w\ld be necess>y to %[ t ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* ! ,hom]ic poems appe> 9 e>ly ,greece _h be5 reproduc$ ) suffici5t clos5ess else:]e4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 pp4 #aca1 #acb4 ,n[ we c %[ t ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* ! ,hom]ic poems confess$ly arose 7 reproduc$ ) suffici5t clos5ess else:]e1 except t no really great poet 0 else:]e pres5t4 ,?is occurr$ among ! ,g]manic ari/ocracy1 ! ,franks ( ,france1 9 ! elev5?1 twelf?1 & e>ly ?irte5? c5turies ( our era4 ,! clos5ess ( ! :ole p>allel1 all[+ = ! admitt$ abs5ce 9 ,france ( a v great & truly arti/ic poet1 is a/oni%+4 ,we h fir/1 9 ,france1 answ]+ to ! ,a*aean ari/ocracy1 ! ,franki% noblesse ( w>riors dwell+ 9 pr9cely c\rts & /rong ca/les1 dom9at+ an old] population1 ow+ a practically d\btful fealty to an ,ov]-,"l1 ! ,k+1 pass+ _! days 9 ! *ace1 9 private w>1 or 9 revolt aga9/ ! ,ov]-,"l1 &1 = all lit]>y ent]ta9m5t1 dep5d+ on ! recitations ( epic poems by jongleurs1 :o 9 "s cases are ( g5tle bir?1 & are ! au?ors ( ! poems :i* !y recite4 ,?is national poetry1 says ,m4 ,ga/on ,p>is1 0 born & ma9ly develop$ among ! w>like class1 pr9ces1 lords1 & _! c\rts4444 ,at fir/1 no d\bt1 "s ( ^! m5 ( ! sword !mselves compos$ & *ant$ lays 7l ,a*illes71 b soon !re arose a special class ( poets 444 ,!y w5t f c\rt to c\rt1 f ca/le 444 ,lat]1 :5 ! t[nsfolk began to be int]e/$ 9 _! *ants1 !y sank a degree1 & took _! /& 9 public op5 places 444 ,footnote3 ,lit]ature ,francaise au ,moy5 ,age1 pp4 #cf1 #cg4 #ahih4 ,9 ! ,iliad we he> ( no m9/rels 9 camp3 9 ! ,odyssey a pr9ce has a m9/rel among 8 reta9]s--,demodocus1 at ! c\rt ( ,phaeacia2 ,phemius1 9 ! h\se ( ,odysseus4 ,9 ,ionia1 :5 pr9ces _h pass$ away1 rhapsodi/s recit$ = ga9 9 m>ketplaces & at fairs4 ,! p>allel ) ,france is s f> complete4 ,! ,fr5* national epics1 l ^? ( ! ,a*aeans1 deal ma9ly ) leg5ds ( a long pa/ leg5d>y age4 ,to ! ,fr5* au?ors ! greatness & ! =tunes ( ! ,emp]or ,*>les & o!r h]oic heads ( great ,h\ses provide a !me4 ,! topics ( song are 8 w>s1 & ! pr[ess & ! qu>rels ( 8 pe]s ) ! ,emp]or & among !mselves4 ,^! are se5 magnifi$ ?r\gh a mi/ ( leg5d2 ,s>ac5s are sub/itut$ = ,gascon foes1 & ! great ,*>les1 s nobly v5]able a figure 9 ! olde/ ,fr5* epic 7! ,*anson de ,rol&1 circ4 #ajej-ajgj 9 its e>lie/ extant =m71 is m degrad$1 9 ! lat] epics1 ?an ,agamemnon himself4 ,! ma*9]y ( ! gods 9 ,hom] is replac$ by ! ma*9]y ( angels1 b ! ma*9]y ( dreams is 9 vogue1 z 9 ! ,iliad & ,odyssey4 ,! s\rces are traditional & leg5d>y4 ,we "k t brief e>ly lays ( ,*>les & o!r h]oes _h exi/$1 & !y may h be5 famili> to ! ,fr5* epic poets1 b !y 7 n m]ely pat*$ into ! epics4 ,! =m ( v]se is n ballad-l1 b a s]ies ( laisses ( decasyllabic l9es1 ea* laisse pres5t+ "o assonance1 n rhyme4 ,z "t w5t on1 rhyme & ,alex&r9e l9es 7 introduc$1 & ! old epics 7 exp&$1 alt]$1 cond5s$1 remanies1 ) progressive *anges 9 ta/e1 metre1 language1 mann]s1 & ways ( life4 ,f9ally1 an age ( ,cyclic poems began2 au?ors took new *>act]s1 :om !y atta*$ by false g5ealogies to ! old] h]oes1 & !y *ant$ ! adv5tures ( ! sons ( ! =m] h]oes1 l ! ,cyclic poet :o sang ( ! son ( ,odysseus by ,circe4 ,all ^! conditions are und5iably true p>allels to ! conditions "u :i* ! ,hom]ic poems appe>$4 ,! only obvi\s po9t ( diff]5ce vani%es if we admit1 ) ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb & ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 ! possibility ( ! exi/5ce ( writt5 texts 9 ! ,greece ( ! e>ly iron age4 ,we d n mean texts prep>$ = a read+ public4 ,9 ,france su* a public1 dem&+ texts = read+1 did n arise till ! decad5ce ( ! epic4 ,! olde/ ,fr5* texts ( _! epics are small volumes1 ea* page conta9+ "s ?irty l9es 9 "o column4 ,su* volumes 7 c>ri$ ab\t by ! jongleurs1 :o *ant$ _! own or o!r m5's v]ses4 ,!y 7 n 9 ! h&s ( read]s4 ,footnote3 ,epopees ,francaises1 ,leon ,gauti]1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbf-bbh4 #ahgh4 ,an example ( an au?or-recit]1 ,j5deus de ,brie 7he 0 ! mak] ( ! fir/ v]sion ( ! ,bataille ,loquif]1 twelf? c5tury7 is in/ructive4 ,( ,j5deus de ,brie x is said t he wrote ! poem1 kept x v c>efully1 taught x to no man1 made mu* ga9 out ( x 9 ,sicily :]e he soj\rn$1 & left x to 8 son :5 he di$4 ,simil> /atem5ts are made 9 ,r5aus de ,montauban 7! exi/+ late v]sion is ( ! ?irte5? c5tury7 ab\t ,huon de ,vill5euve1 :o w\ld n "p ) 8 poem = horses or furs1 or = any price1 & ab\t o!r poets4 ,footnote3 ,epopees ,francaises1 ,leon ,gauti]1 vol4 i4 p4 #bae1 ,note ,i4 ,^! e>ly jongleurs 7 m5 ( position & di/9ction2 _! !me 0 ! ge/es ( pr9ces2 !y 7 n "u ! ban ) :i* ! ,*ur* pursu$ vulg> /roll]s1 m5 l ! ,greek rhapsodi/s4 ,p9d>'s /ory t ,hom] wrote ! ,cypria ,footnote3 ,p9d>i ,op]a1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fed4 ,boeckh4 & gave ! copy1 z ! d[ry ( 8 daught]1 to ,/as9us :o m>ri$ h]1 c\ld only h aris5 9 ,greece 9 circum/ances exactly l ^? ( ,j5deus de ,brie4 ,j5deus liv$ on 8 poem by recit+ x1 & left x to 8 son :5 he di$4 ,! /ory ( ,hom] & ,/as9us c\ld only h be5 inv5t$ 9 an age :5 ! possession ( ! solit>y text ( a poem 0 a s\rce ( ma9t5ance to ! poet4 ,?is condition ( ?+s c\ld n exi/1 ei!r :5 !re 7 no writt5 texts or :5 su* texts 7 multipli$ to s]ve ! wants ( a read+ public4 ,aga91 a poet 9 ! =tunate position ( ,j5deus w\ld n tea* 8 ,epic 9 a s*ool ( recit]s unless he 7 extremely well paid4 ,9 lat] ye>s1 aft] 8 dea?1 8 poem came1 ?r\gh copies good or bad1 into circulation4 ,late1 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 we he> ( a s*ool ( jongleurs at ,beauvais4 ,9 ,l5t !y might n ply _! pr(ession1 s !y ga!r$ at ,beauvais1 :]e !y c\ld le>n cantil5ae1 new lays4 ,footnote3 ,epopees ,francaises1 ,leon ,gauti]1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #agd1 #age4 ,b by t "t ! epic 0 decad5t & dy+8 ,! audi5ces ( ! jongleurs1 too1 7 no long]1 by t "t1 :at !y _h be54 ,! ri* & great1 n[1 _h libr>y copies ( ! epics2 n small jongleurs' copies1 b folios1 ri*ly illum9at$ & b\nd1 ) two or ?ree columns ( matt] on ea* page4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 ,see1 too1 photographs ( an illum9at$1 d\ble-column$ libr>y copy 9 ,la ,*ancun de ,willame41 ,london1 #aijc4 ,! age ( recitations f a text 9 pr9cely halls 0 end+ or end$2 ! age ( a read+ public 0 begun4 ,! e>li] condition ( ! jongleur :o 0 8 own poet1 & c>efully gu>d$ 8 copyright 9 spite ( all temptations to p]mit ! copy+ ( 8 ,,ms41 is reg>d$ by ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb z q a possible feature ( e>ly ,greece4 ,he ?9ks t !re 0 no wide circulation ( writ+s by num]\s copies = a read+ public be=e ! end ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,z ,greek m]c5>ies c\ld write1 & write well1 9 ! sev5? to six? c5turies1 ,i incl9e to ?9k t !re may !n1 & e>li]1 h be5 a read+ public4 ,h[ev]1 long be=e t a man might commit 8 poems to writ+4 ,wolf all[s t "s m5 did1 z e>ly at lea/ z #ggf ,b4,c4 ,! v]ses might nev] be read by anybody except himself 7! au?or7 or ^? to :om he privately bequea!d !m 7z ,j5deus de ,brie bequea!d 8 poem to 8 son71 b 8 end w\ld h be5 ga9$4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 p4 #aac4 ,rec5t discov]ies z to ! v e>ly date ( l9e> non-,pho5ician writ+ 9 ,crete ( c\rse increase ! probability ( ?is op9ion1 :i* is corroborat$ by ! /ory ( ! ,cypria1 giv5 z a d[ry ) ! au?or's daught]4 ,?us ! p>ticul> conditions "u :i* ! ,hom]ic poems appe>$ be5 reproduc$ ) suffici5t clos5ess 9 e respect1 ) surpris+ clos5ess1 9 ! ,france ( ! elev5? to ?irte5? c5turies4 ,! social conditions are ! same2 ! leg5d>y mat]ials are ( id5tical "*2 ! me?od ( publication by recitation is id5tical2 ! cyclic decad5ce occurs 9 bo? cases1 ! monomanie cyclique4 ,9 ! ,greece ( ,hom] we h ! f\r necess>y conditions ( ! epic1 z f\nd by ,m4 ,leon ,gauti] 9 m$iaeval ,france4 ,we h3-- 7#a7 ,an uncritical age confus+ hi/ory by leg5d4 7#b7 ,we h a national milieu ) religi\s uni=mity4 7#c7 ,we h poems deal+ )-- ,old unhappy f>-(f ?+s ,& battles long ago4 7#d7 ,we h repres5tative h]oes1 ! ,ov]-,"l1 & 8 pe]s or palad9s4 ,footnote3 ,epopees ,francaises1 ,leon ,gauti]1 vol4 i4 pp4 #f-i ,x may be add$ t 9 ,greece1 z 9 ,france1 "s poets adapt into ! adv5tures ( _! h]oes _w-old ,ma]*51 z 9 ! ,odyssey1 & 9 ! cycle ( ! p>5ts ( ,*>les4 ,9 ! ,fr5*1 z 9 ! ,greek epics1 we h su* e>ly traits ( poetry z ! textual repetition ( spee*es1 & ! recurr+ epi!ts1 swift-foot$ ,a*illes1 ,*>les ( ! :ite be>d1 blameless h]oes 7h[ev] blamable74 ,ladies1 h[ev] old1 are always ( ! cle> face4 ,?us ! te*nical mann]s ( ! ,fr5* & ,greek epics are closely p>allel2 !y only diff] 9 ! exquisite art ( ,hom]1 to :i* no approa* is made by ! ,fr5* poets4 ,! ,fr5* au?ors ( epic1 ev5 m ?an ,hom]1 ab\nd 9 episodes mu* m di/ract+ ?an ^? ( ! ,iliad4 ,( blood & w\nds1 ( c\rse1 bo? ! ,fr5* & ! ,greek are pr(use3 !y 7 writ+ = m5 ( ! sword1 n = mod]n critics4 ,inde$1 ! battle pieces ( ,france almo/ translate ^? ( ,hom]4 ,! ,a*aean does on 8 goodly corslet2 ! ,fr5* knight sur ses espalles son halb]c li colad4 ,! ,a*aean1 ) 8 great sword1 %e>s (f an arm at ! %\ld]4 ,! ,fr5* knight-- ,tr5*ad le braz1 ,p>mi les*9e sun grant espee li passe4 ,! huge %ield ( ,aias becomes cele grant t>ge duble 9 ,france1 & ! w>riors boa/ ov] _! sla9 9 ,france1 z 9 ! ,iliad4 ,9 ,france1 z 9 ,greece1 a fav\rite epic !me 0 ,! ,wra? ( a h]o1 ( ,a*illes1 ( ,rol&1 ( ,ganelon1 ( ,odysseus & ,a*illes wrangl+ at a fea/ to ! joy ( ,agamemnon1 glad t ! brave/ ( 8 pe]s 7 at /rife4 ,footnote3 ,odyssey1 ,,viii4 #ge-gs sic4 ,( all ! _m p>allels betwe5 ! ,greek & ,fr5* epics1 ! mo/ extraord9>y is ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ,*>les ) 8 pe]s & ,agamemnon ) 8 pr9ces4 ,! same hi/orical conditions occurr$1 at an int]val ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,agamemnon is ! ,bretwalda1 ! ,ov]-,"l1 z ,mr4 ,freeman us$ to say1 ( ! ,a*aeans3 he is ! suz]a94 ,*>les 9 ! ,fr5* epics holds ! same position1 b ! ,fr5* poets reg>d him 9 diff]5t lights4 ,9 ! e>lie/ epic1 ! ,*anson de ,rol&1 a div9ity do? h$ge ! fam\s ,emp]or1 :om ,jeanne d',arc /yl$ ,/4 ,*>lemagne4 ,he 01 9 fact1 a man ( ?irty-sev5 at ! date ( ! disa/] ( ,roncesvaux1 :]e ,rol& fell 7#ggh ,a4,d474 ,b 9 ! tradition t has rea*$ ! poet ( ! *anson he is a :ite-be>d$ w>rior1 z vigor\s z he is v5]able4 ,z he rules by advice ( 8 c\ncil1 he bids !m delib]ate on ! proposals ( ! ,paynim ,k+1 ,m>sile--to accept or refuse !m4 ,rol&1 ! c\nt]p>t ( ,a*illes 9 all respects 7,oliv] is 8 ,patroclus71 is = refus+3 ,ganelon appe>s to h ! re/ ) him :5 he speaks 9 fav\r ( peace & return to ,france out ( ,spa94 ,s1 9 ! ,iliad 7,,ii471 ! ,a*aeans l5d a ready e> to ,agamemnon :5 he proposes ! ab&onm5t ( ! siege ( ,troy4 ,ea* ho/1 ,fr5* & ,a*aean1 is he>tily homesick4 ,ganelon's advice prevail+1 x is necess>y to s5d an envoy to ! ,s>ac5 c\rt4 ,x is a dang]\s mission2 o!r envoys h be5 s5t & be5 murd]$4 ,! ,pe]s1 h[ev]1 volunte]1 beg9n+ ) ! ag$ ,naismes1 ! ,ne/or ( ! ,franks4 ,8 (f] is n accept$1 nor are ^? ( ,oliv]1 ,rol&1 & ,turp94 ,rol& !n proposes t ,ganelon %all be s5t2 & h5ce arises ! ,wra? ( ,ganelon1 :i* 0 ! ru9 ( ,rol& & ! pe]s :o /ood by him4 ,! w>riors attack ea* o!r 9 spee*es ( ,hom]ic fury4 ,*>les pres]ves 8 dignity1 & ,ganelon dep>ts on 8 mission4 ,he delib]ately sells himself1 & seals ! fate ( ! pe]s :om he dete/s3 ! surprise ( ! re>gu>d "u ,rol&1 ! deadly battle1 & ! rev5ge ( ,*>les make up ! re/ ( ! poem4 ,n ev5 9 victory is ,*>les all[$ repose2 ! trumpet aga9 summons him to w>4 ,he is ( ^? :om ,heav5 has call$ to endless combat-- ,_! :ole lives long to be w9d+ ,ske9s ( griev\s w>s1 till e s\l ( !m p]i%1 9 ! words ( ,diom$e4 ,su* is ! picture ( ! imp]ial ,*>les 9 "o ( ! olde/ ( ! ,fr5* epics4 ,! he>t ( ! poet is ) ! ag$1 b unbrok5 & truly imp]ial1 figure ( ,/4 ,*>lemagne--wise1 j1 & brave1 a true %eph]d ( ! p1 reg>d$ z ! conqu]or ( all ! kn[n k+doms ( ! _w4 ,he is1 among 8 fi]ce palad9s1 l ! consci5ce ( a knight among 8 w>r+ memb]s4 ,! greatness ( ,*>lemagne has ent]$ ev5 into 8 "n2 b z "t w5t on & ! feudal pr9ces began ! long /ruggle aga9/ ! ,fr5* k+1 ! poets gratifi$ _! patrons by degrad+ ! "* ( ! ,emp]or4 ,!y creat$ a second type ( ,*>les1 & x is ! second type t on ! :ole mo/ resembles ! ,agamemnon ( ! ,iliad4 ,we ask :y ! widely rul+ "l ( gold5 ,myc5ae is s skilfully & p]si/5tly repres5t$ z respectable1 inde$1 by reason ( 8 (fice1 b dete/able1 on ! :ole1 9 "*8 ,! answ] is t j z ! second type ( ,*>les is ! result ( feudal jeal\sies ( ! k+1 s ! "* ( ,agamemnon reflects ! pr9cely hatr$s ( :at we may call ! feudal age ( ,greece4 ,! ma/]ly portrait ( ,agamemnon c\ld only h be5 design$ to w9 ! sympa?ies ( feudal li/5]s1 pr9ces ) an ,ov]-,"l :om !y _c repudiate1 = ^: (fice !y h a traditional rev]5ce1 b ^: p[] !y submit to ) no good w1 & ^: p]son & "* "s ( !m c b>ely tol]ate4 blank space an hi/orical unity4 ,! poem deals ) :at may be call$ a feudal society1 & ! attitudes ( ! ,a*aean ,bretwalda & ( 8 pe]s are1 f beg9n+ to end ( ! ,iliad & 9 e ,book ( x1 ^? ( ! pe]s & k+ 9 ! lat] ,*ansons de ,ge/e4 ,return+ to ! decad5t ,*>les ( ! ,fr5* epics1 we lay no /ress on ! /ory ( 8 ince/ ) 8 si/]1 ,gila91 :5ce sprang ,rol&4 ,! ,h\se ( ,?ye/es1 :5ce ,agamemnon sprang1 is m>k$ by ev5 black] leg5ds4 ,! sc&al is my?ical1 l ! same sc&al ab\t ! ,k+ ,ar?ur1 :o 9 romance is s mu* inf]ior to 8 knights1 a reflection ( feudal jeal\sies & hatr$s4 ,9 places ! reproa*es hurl$ by ! pe]s at ,*>les read l p>aphrases ( ^? :i* ! ,a*aean pr9ces ca/ at ,agamemnon4 ,ev5 ,naismes1 ! ,ne/or ( ! ,fr5* epics1 cries3 ,x is = y t we h left our l&s & fiefs1 our fair wives & our *ildr5 444 ,b1 by ! ,apo/le to :om !y pray 9 ,rome1 7 x n t we %\ld be guilty be=e ,god we w\ld g back to sweet ,france1 & ?9 w\ld be y\r ho/4 ,footnote3 ,*eval]ie ,ogi]1 #aeaj-aebi4 ,epopees ,francaises1 ,leon ,gauti]1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #aef-aeg4 ,9 ! l9es quot$ we seem to he> ! voice ( ! ang]$ ,a*illes3 ,we came n hi!r 9 our own qu>rel1 ?\ %ameless "o1 b to please !e6 ,b n[ g ,i back to ,ph?ia ) my %ips--! bett] "p4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,i4 #aeh-afi4 ,agamemnon answ]s t ,zeus is on 8 side1 j z ev5 ! angry ,naismes admits t duty to ,god dem&s ob$i5ce to ,*>les4 ,!re _c be p>allels m close & true ?an ^!1 betwe5 poems born at a di/ance f ea* o!r ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 b born 9 simil> hi/orical conditions4 ,9 ,guide ,b\rgogne1 a poem ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ,ogi] cries1 ,!y say t ,*>lemagne is ! conqu]or ( k+doms3 !y lie1 x is ,rol& :o conqu]s !m ) ,oliv]1 ,naismes ( ! long be>d1 & myself4 ,z to ,*>les1 he eats4 ,comp>e ,a*illes to ,agamemnon1 ,?\1 heavy ) w9e1 ) dog's eyes & he>t ( de]1 nev] ha/ ?\ d>$ to arm !e = w> ) ! ho/ 444 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 ,i4 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,gui de ,b\rgogne1 pp4 #cg-da4 ,x is ,a*illes or ,rol& :o /akes 8 life 9 w> & captures cities2 x is ,agamemnon or ,*>les :o camps by ! w9e4 ,*>les1 9 ! ,*anson de ,saisnes1 abases himself be=e ,h]apois1 ev5 m abjectly ?an ,agamemnon 9 8 (f] ( atonem5t to ,a*illes4 ,footnote3 ,epopees ,francaises1 ,leon ,gauti]1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aeh4 ,*>les is z arrogant z ,agamemnon3 he /rikes ,rol& ) 8 glove1 = an uncomm&$ victory1 & !n he loses he>t & weeps z copi\sly z ! p5it5t ,agamemnon (t5 does :5 he rues 8 arrogance4 ,footnote3 ,entree en ,espagne4 ,! poet ( ! ,iliad is a great & sob] arti/4 ,he does n make ,agamemnon endure ! l[e/ disgraces :i* ! late/ ,fr5* epic poets heap on ,*>les4 ,b we see h[ close is ! p>allel betwe5 ,agamemnon & ! ,*>les ( ! decad5t type4 ,bo? *>act]s are reflections ( feudal jeal\sy ( ! ,ov]-,"l2 bo? reflect real antique hi/orical conditions1 & ^! 7 ! conditions ( ! ,a*aeans 9 ,europe1 n ( ! ,ionians 9 ,asia4 ,! treatm5t ( ,agamemnon's "* is h>moni\s ?r\gh\t4 ,x is n z if 9 ! orig9al poem ,agamemnon 7 rev]$ l ,/4 ,*>lemagne 9 ! ,*anson de ,rol&1 & 9 ! lat] p>ts ( ! ,iliad 7 r$uc$ to ! contemptible e/ate ( ! ,*>les ( ! decad5t ,*anson de ,ge/e4 ,9 ! ,iliad ,agamemnon's "* is consi/5tly pres5t$ f beg9n+ to end1 pres5t$1 ,i ?9k1 z x c\ld only be by a great poet ( ! feudal ,a*aean society 9 ,europe4 ,! ,ionians--democratic to ! core1 says ,mr4 ,leaf--w\ld ei!r h tak5 no int]e/ 9 ! figure ( ! ,ov]-,"l1 or w\ld h utt]ly degrad$ him bel[ ! level ( ! ,*>les ( ! late/ ,*ansons4 ,or ! late rhapsodi/s1 9 _! irresponsible lays1 w\ld h pres5t$ a wav]+ & wor?less portrait4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! ,*ansons arose 7 truly p>allel to ! conditions "u :i* ! ,hom]ic poems arose1 & ! poems1 ,fr5* & ,a*aean1 are also true p>allels1 except 9 g5ius4 ,! ,fr5* h no ,hom]3 c>$ vate sacro4 ,x foll[s t a ,hom] 0 necess>y to ! evolution ( ! ,greek epics4 ,x may1 p]haps1 be repli$ to ?is argum5t t our ,iliad is only a v late remaniem5t1 l ! f\rte5? c5tury ,*ansons de ,ge/e1 ( some?+ mu* e>li] & nobl]4 ,b 9 ,france1 9 ! age ( remaniem5t1 ev5 ! v]sification _h *ang$ f assonance to rhyme1 f ! decasyllabic l9e to ! ,alex&r9e 9 ! decad5ce1 :ile a pl5tiful lack ( s]i\sness & a love ( purely fanciful adv5tures 9 fairyl& take ! place ( ! au/]e _s ( w>4 ,ladies 9 a com+ on hum\r ab\nd1 & ,*>les is involv$ ) 8 ,palad9s 9 gaulois]ies ( a ,rabelaisian ca/4 ,! ,fr5* language has become a new ?+ ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & mann]s & weapons are ( a new sort2 b ! high s]i\sness ( ! ,iliad is ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t1 except 9 ! burlesque battle ( ! gods3 ! v]sification is ! /ately hexamet]1 l+ui/ic alt]ations are pres5t1 extant1 b inconspicu\s4 ,t ! arm\r & weapons are uni=m 9 "* ?r\gh\t we h tri$ to prove1 :ile ! /ate ( society & ( religion is c]ta9ly ?r\gh\t h>moni\s4 ,our p>allel1 !n1 betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! ,greek national epics appe>s z p]fect z su* a ?+ c be1 surpris+ly p]fect1 :ile ! great po9t ( diff]5ce 9 degree ( art is acc\nt$ = by ! exi/5ce ( an ,a*aean poet ( supreme g5ius4 ,n su*1 c]ta9ly1 7 ! compos]s ( ! ,cyclic poems1 m5 contempor>y ) ! suppos$ lat] poets ( ! ,iliad4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,conclusion ,! conclusion at :i* we arrive is t ! ,iliad1 z a :ole1 is ! "w ( "o age4 ,t x has rea*$ u )\t int]polations & lacunae & remaniem5ts p]haps no p]son ( ord9>y s5se w allege4 ,b t ! mass ( ! ,epic is ( "o age appe>s to be a natural inf]5ce f ! breakd[n ( ! hypo!ses :i* attempt to expla9 x z a late mosaic4 ,we h also endeav\r$ to prove1 q ap>t f ! failure ( !ories ( expansion & compilation1 t ! ,iliad pres5ts an hi/orical unity1 unity ( "*1 unity ( cu/om>y law1 & unity 9 its ar*aeology4 ,if we are "r1 we mu/ h an op9ion z to h[ ! ,epic 0 pres]v$4 ,if we _h evid5ce = an ,hom]ic s*ool1 we might imag9e t ! ,epic 0 compos$ by d9t ( memory1 & pres]v$1 l ! ,sanskrit ,hymns ( ! ,rig ,v$a1 & ! ,hymns ( ! ,maoris1 ! ,zunis1 & o!r peoples 9 ! l[] or middle /age ( b>b>ism1 by ! ex]tions & tea*+ ( s*ools4 ,b religi\s hymns & my?ical hymns--! c>e ( a prie/hood--are "o ?+2 a great secul> epic is ano!r4 ,prie/s w n devote !mselves f age to age to its cons]vation4 ,x _c be cons]v$1 ) its unity ( tone & "*1 &1 on ! :ole1 ev5 ( language1 by g5]ations ( paid /roll]s1 :o recite new lays ( _! own1 z well z any old lays t !y may rememb]1 :i* !y alt] at pleasure4 ,we are ?us driv5 back to ! !ory ( e>ly writt5 texts1 n int5d$ to meet ! wants ( a read+ public1 b = ! use ( ! poet himself & ( ^? to :om he may bequea? 8 "w4 ,t ?is has be5 a me?od 9 :i* orally publi%$ epics 7 compos$ & pres]v$ 9 a non-read+ age we h prov$ 9 our *apt] on ! ,fr5* ,*ansons de ,ge/e4 ,unhappily1 ! argum5t t :at 0 done 9 m$iaeval ,france might be done 9 sub-,myc5aean ,greece1 is bas$ on probabilities1 & ^! are diff]5tly e/imat$ by critics ( diff]5t s*ools4 ,all seems to dep5d on ea* individual's s5se ( :at is likely4 ,9 t case sci5ce has no?+ to make 9 ! matt]4 ,nitzs*e ?\ght t writ+ might g back to ! "t ( ,hom]4 ,mr4 ,monro ?\ght x probable en\gh t writ+1 ev5 if kn[n at ! "t ( ,hom]1 0 n us$ = lit]>y purposes4 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 p4 xxxv4 ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 z we saw1 took a mu* m fav\rable view ( ! probability ( e>ly writt5 texts4 ,m4 ,salomon ,re9a*1 argu+ f ! l9e> writt5 clay tablets ( ,knossos & f a ,knossian cup ) writ+ on x 9 ink1 ?9ks t !re may h exi/$ :ole ,m9oan libr>ies--manuscripts execut$ on p]i%able mat]ials1 palm leaves1 papyrus1 or p>*m5t4 ,footnote3 ,l',an?ropologie1 vol4 xv1 pp4 #bib1 #bic4 ,mr4 ,leaf1 :ile admitt+ t writ+ 0 kn[n 9 "s =m ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( epic developm5t1 holds t x is 9 ! highe/ degree unlikely t x 0 ev] employ$ to =m a /&>d text ( ! ,epic or any portion ( x4444 ,at be/ !re 0 a cont9u\s tradition ( ^? portions ( ! poems :i* 7 especially popul> 444 ,footnote3 ,iliad1 vol4 i4 pp4 xvi41 xvii4 ,fa!r ,br[ne dates ! employm5t ( writ+ = ! pres]vation ( ! ,epic f ! six? c5tury onw>ds4 ,footnote3 ,h&book ( ,hom]ic ,/udy1 p4 #acd4 ,he also says t x is difficult to suppose t ! ,myc5aeans1 :o 7 c]ta9ly 9 contact ) ?is =m ( writ+ 7! ,cretan l9e>71 %\ld n h us$ x mu* m freely ?an our direct evid5ce w>rants u 9 ass]t+4 ,he !n m5tions ! ,knossian cup ) writ+ inscrib$ on x app>5tly 9 p5 & ink 444 ,! conclusion is t ord9>y writ+ 0 9 use1 b t ! mat]ials1 probably palm leaves1 h disappe>$4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 pp4 #beh1 #bei4 ,:y x %\ld be unlikely t a p confess$ly famili> ) writ+ us$ x = ! pres]vation ( lit]ature1 :5 we "k t ev5 ! ,r$ ,indians pres]ve _! songs by means ( pictographs1 :ile ,we/ ,african tribes use incis$ *>act]s1 is c]ta9ly n obvi\s4 ,_m sorts ( prae-,pho5ician writ+ 7 curr5t dur+ ! ,myc5aean age 9 ,asia1 ,egypt1 ,assyria1 & 9 ,cyprus4 ,z ^! o!r peoples us$ writ+ ( _! own sort = lit]>y purposes1 x is n easy to see :y ! ,cretans1 = example1 %\ld n h done ! same ?+4 ,inde$1 ,fa!r ,br[ne supposes t ! ,myc5aeans us$ ord9>y writ+1 & us$ x freely4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,epic 0 n writt51 he says1 till ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,cau]1 inde$1 rem>ks t ! ,f9ni% epic exi/$ unwritt5 till ,lbnnrot1 its ,pisi/ratus1 fir/ collect$ x f oral recitation4 ,footnote3 ,grundfrag5 d] ,hom]kritik1 p4 #id4 ,b !re is n1 & nev] 01 any ,f9ni% epic4 ,!re 7 cosmogonic songs1 z among ! ,maoris & ,zunis--songs ( ! beg9n+s ( ?+s2 !re 7 magical songs1 songs ( w$d+s1 a song bas$ on ! same popul> tale t und]lies ! leg5d ( ! ,argonauts4 ,!re 7 songs ( ! ,culture ,h]o1 songs ( burial & fea/1 & ( lab\r4 ,lo5nrot collect$ ^!1 & tri$ by int]polations to make an epic out ( !m2 b ! po9t1 z ,comp>etti has prov$1 is t he fail$4 ,!re is no ,f9ni% epic1 only a mass ( ,volksli$]4 ,cau]'s o!r argum5t1 t ! ,g]man popul> tales1 ,grimm's tales1 7 unwritt5 till #ahab1 is z remote f ! po9t at issue4 ,no?+ c be less l an epic ?an a volume ( ,ma]*54 ,z usual we are driv5 back ^u a lit]>y judgm5t4 ,is ! ,iliad a pat*work ( metrical ,ma]*5 or is x an epic nobly con/ruct$8 ,if x is ! =m]1 writ+ 0 n ne$$2 if x is ! latt]1 9 ! abs5ce ( ,hom]ic guilds or colleges1 only writ+ c acc\nt = its pres]vation4 ,x is impossible to argue aga9/ a critic's subjective s5se ( :at is likely4 ,possibly t s5se is born ( ! feel+ t ! ,cretan l9e> script1 = example1 or ! ,cyprian syllab>y1 looks v odd & outl&i%4 ,! critic's imag9ation boggles at ! idea ( an epic writt5 9 su* scripts4 ,9 t case 8 is n ! sci5tific imag9ation2 he is *eck$ m]ely by ! unfamili>4 ,or 8 s5se ( unlikelihood may be a subconsci\s survival ( ,wolf's op9ion1 =m$ by him at a "t :5 ! exi/5ce ( ! _m scripts ( ! old _w 0 unkn[n4 ,our own s5se ( probability leads u to ! conclusion t1 9 an age :5 p c\ld write1 p wrote d[n ! ,epic4 ,if !y appli$ _! art to lit]ature1 !n ! pres]vation ( ! ,epic is expla9$4 ,writt5 fir/ 9 a prae-,pho5ician script1 x cont9u$ to be writt5 9 ! ,greek adaptation ( ! ,pho5ician alphabet4 ,!re 0 n yet1 probably1 a read+ public1 b !re 7 a few cl]kly m54 ,t ! ,cretans1 at lea/1 c\ld write long be=e ! age ( ,hom]1 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,evans has demon/rat$ by 8 discov]ies4 ,prom my remote und]graduate days ,i 0 ( ! op9ion :i* he has prov$ to be correct1 />t+1 l him1 f :at ,i knew ab\t savage pictographs4 ,footnote3 ,cretan ,pictographs & ,prae-,pho5ician ,script4 ,london1 #aije4 ,annual ( ,briti% ,s*ool ( ,a!ns1 #aijj-aija1 p4 #aj4 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 #ahig1 pp4 #cbg-cie4 ,m4 ,re9a* & ,mr4 ,evans h po9t$ out t 9 ?is matt] tradition jo9s h&s ) discov]y4 ,diodorus ,siculus1 speak+ ( ! ,cretan ,zeus & probably on ,cretan au?ority1 says3 ,z to ^? :o hold t ! ,syrians inv5t$ lett]s1 f :om ! ,pho5icians receiv$ !m & h&$ !m on to ! ,greeks1 444 & t = ?is reason ! ,greeks call lett]s ',pho5ician1' "s reply t ! ,pho5icians did n blank space lett]s1 b m]ely modifi$ 7transpos$ #c7 ! =ms ( ! lett]s1 & t mo/ m5 use ?is =m ( script1 & ?us lett]s came to be /yl$ ',pho5ician4' ,footnote3 ,diodorus ,siculus1 v4 #gd4 ,l',an?ropologie1 vol4 xi4 pp4 #dig-ejb4 ,9 fact1 ! alphabet is a collection ( signs ( palaeoli?ic antiquity & ( va/ diffusion4 ,footnote3 ,orig9s ( ! ,alphabet4 ,a4 ,l4 ,=tnightly ,review1 #aijd1 pp4 #fcd-fde ,?us ! use ( writ+ = ! cons]vation ( ! ,epic _c seem to me to be unlikely1 b r probable2 & "h "o mu/ leave ! "q1 z ! subjective elem5t plays s great a "p 9 e man's s5se ( :at is likely or unlikely4 ,t writ+ _c h be5 us$ = ?is lit]>y purpose1 t ! ?+ is impossible1 nobody w n[ ass]t4 ,my supposition is1 !n1 t ! text ( ! ,epic exi/$ 9 ,a,egean script till ,greece adapt$ to h] own tongue ! ,pho5ician lett]s1 :i* ,i ?9k %e did n lat] ?an ! n9? to eigh? c5turies2 at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9? c5tury1 says ,pr(essor ,bury4 ,footnote3 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #gh4 #aijb4 ,?is may seem an audaci\sly e>ly date1 b :5 we f9d vases ( ! eigh? to sev5? c5turies be>+ inscriptions1 we may inf] t a k ( read+ & writ+ 0 reasonably common4 ,:5 su* a humble class ( hirel+s or slaves z ! pot-pa9t]s c sign _! "w1 expect+ _! signatures to be read1 read+ & writ+ mu/ be v common accompli%m5ts among ! m =tunate classes4 ,if ,mr4 ,g>dn] is "r 9 dat+ a numb] ( incis$ inscriptions on e>ly pott]y at ,naucratis be=e ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury1 we rea* ! same conclusion4 ,9 fact1 if ^! inscriptions be ( a c5tury e>li] ?an ! ,abu ,simbel inscriptions1 ( date #eij ,b4,c41 we rea* #fij ,b4,c4 ,:]e=e1 z writ+ does n become common 9 a mom5t1 x mu/ h exi/$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we are n deal+ "h ) a special le>n$ class1 b ) ord9>y p]sons :o c\ld write4 ,footnote3 ,! ,e>ly ,ionic ,alphabet3 ,j\rnal ( ,hell5ic ,/udies1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #bbj-bci4 ,rob]ts1 ,introduction to ,greek ,epigraphy1 pp4 #ca1 #aea1 #aei1 #afd1 #afe-afg ,int]e/+ = our purpose is ! v]se incis$ on a ,dipylon vase1 f\nd at ,a!ns 9 #ahhj4 ,x is ( an ord9>y cream-jug %ape1 ) a neck1 a h&le1 a sp\t1 & a r\nd belly4 ,on ! neck1 )9 a zigzag geometrical patt]n1 is a doe1 fe$+1 & a tall wat]-f[l4 ,on ! %\ld] is scrat*$ ) a po9t1 9 v antique ,attic *>act]s runn+ f "r to left1 ,greek3 os nun or*ae/on panton hatalotata pais ei1 t\ tode4 ,?is is ! jug ( him :o is ! mo/ delicately sportive ( all danc]s ( our "t4 ,! jug is attribut$ to ! eigh? c5tury4 ,footnote3 ,walt]s1 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,pott]y1 vol4 ii4 p1 #bdc2 ,krets*m]1 ,grie*is*5 ,vas5 ins*rift51 p4 #aaj1 #ahid1 ( ! sev5? c5tury4 ,h4 von ,rohd51 ,d5kmal]1 iii4 pp4 #aide1 #aidf3 ,probably dat+ f ! sev5? c5tury4 ,rob]ts1 op4 cit41 vol4 i4 p4 #gd1 at lea/ z f> back z ! sev5? c5tury1 p4 #ge4 ,tak+ ! vase1 ) ,mr4 ,walt]s1 z ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ,i d n suppose t ! amateur :o gave x to a danc] & scrat*$ ! hexamet] 0 ( a lat] g5]ation ?an ! jug itself4 ,! vase may h co/ him sixp5ce3 he w\ld give 8 fri5d a new vase2 x is improbable t old jugs 7 sold at curiosity %ops 9 ^! days1 & giv5 by amateurs to arti/s4 ,! inscription proves t1 9 ! eigh? to sev5? c5turies1 at a "t ( v ar*aic *>act]s 7! ,alpha is ly+ d[n on its side1 ! aspirate is an oblong ) clos$ ends & a /roke across ! middle1 & ! ,iota is curv$ at ea* end71 p c\ld write ) ease1 & w\ld put v]se into writ+4 ,! g5]al accompli%m5t ( read+ is tak5 = grant$4 ,read+ is also tak5 = grant$ by ! ,gortyn 7,cretan7 inscription ( twelve columns long1 b\/ro-ph$on 7runn+ alt]nately f left to "r1 & f "r to left74 ,9 ?is inscrib$ code ( laws1 incis$ on /one1 money is n m5tion$ 9 ! m anci5t "p1 b f9es & prices are calculat$ 9 *ald]s & bolls 7,greek3 lebaetes & ,greek3 tripodes71 z 9 ,scotl& :5 co9 0 sc>ce inde$4 ,:e!r ! law contemplat$ ! value ( ! vessels !mselves1 or1 z 9 ,scotl&1 ( _! cont5ts 9 gra91 ,i "k n4 ,! lat] inscriptions deal ) co9$ money4 ,if co9 came 9 ab\t #fej ,b4,c41 ! old] p>ts ( ! inscription may easily be ( #gjj ,b4,c4 ,! ,gortyn inscription implies ! p[] ( writ+ out a long code ( laws1 & x implies t p]sons ab\t to g to law c\ld read ! public inscription1 z we c read a proclamation po/$ up on a wall1 or c\ld h x read to !m4 ,footnote3 ,rob]ts1 vol4 i4 pp4 #eb-ee4 ,! alphabets inscrib$ on vases ( ! sev5? c5tury 7,abec$>ia71 ) ! ar*aic ,greek =ms ( e "o ( ! tw5ty-two ,pho5ician lett]s arrang$ precisely 9 ! receiv$ ,semitic ord]1 71 "o supposes1 gifts = boys & girls :o 7 le>n+ to read1 j l our ,engli% alphabets on g+]bread4 ,footnote3 ,= ,abec$>ia1 cf4 ,rob]ts1 vol4 i4 pp4 #af-ba4 ,among inscriptions on tomb/ones ( ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 !re is ! epitaph ( a daught] ( a pott]4 ,footnote3 ,rob]ts1 vol4 i4 p4 #gf4 ,^! writ+s te/ify to ! g5]al k ( read+1 j z mu* z our epitaphs te/ify to ! same /ate ( education4 ,! ,a!nian pott]'s daught] ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c4 _h h] epitaph1 b ! grave-/ones ( highl&]s1 *iefs or common]s1 7 usually un9scrib$ till ab\t ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 def]5ce to cu/om1 itself aris+ f ! illit]acy ( ! highl&]s 9 times pa/4 ,footnote3 ,ramsay1 ,scotl& & ,scotsm51 ii4 p4 #dbf4 #ahhh4 ,i f9d no difficulty1 !re=e1 9 suppos+ t !re 7 "s ,greek read]s & writ]s 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 & t prim>y education 0 common 9 ! sev5?4 ,9 ^! circum/ances my s5se ( ! probable is n revolt$ by ! idea ( a writt5 epic1 9 blank space *>act]s1 ev5 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 b ! notion t !re 0 no su* ?+ till ! middle ( ! six? c5tury seems highly improbable4 ,all ! conditions 7 pres5t :i* make = ! composition & pres]vation ( lit]>y works 9 writt5 texts4 ,t !re 7 _m e>ly writt5 copies ( ,hom] 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,i am n incl9$ to believe4 ,! ,greeks 7 e>ly a p :o c\ld read1 b 7 n a read+ p4 ,sett+ newspap]s aside1 !re is no su* ?+ z a read+ p4 ,! ,greeks pref]r$ to li/5 to recitations1 b my hypo!sis is t ! rhapsodi/s :o recit$ _h texts1 l ! jongleurs' books ( _! epics 9 ,france1 & t !y occasionally1 = def9ite purposes1 int]polat$ matt] into _! texts4 ,!re 7 also texts1 kn[n 9 lat] times z city texts 7,greek3 ai kata poleis71 :i* ,ari/>*us knew1 b he did n adopt ! v>i\s read+s4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p1 #dce4 ,a!ns _h a text 9 ,solon's "t1 if he ent]$ ! decree t ! :ole ,epic %\ld be recit$ 9 due ord]1 e five ye>s1 at ! ,pana!naic fe/ival4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cie4 ,?is implies ! possession ( a complete text4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #djc4 ,cau] rem>ks t ! possibility ( int]polation began only aft] ! fix+ ( ! text by ,pisi/ratus4 ,footnote3 ,grundfrag51 p4 #bje4 ,b surely if e poet & recit] c\ld ?ru/ any new l9es :i* he *ose to make into any old lays :i* he happ5$ to "k1 t 0 int]polation1 :e!r he _h a book ( ! words or _h none4 ,su* int]polations w\ld fill ! orally recit$ lays :i* ! suppos$ ,pisi/ratean editor mu/ h writt5 d[n f recitation be=e he began 8 colossal task ( mak+ ! ,iliad out ( !m4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 recit]s _h books ( ! words1 !y c\ld int]polate at pleasure into !m1 & su* books may h be5 among ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a text = ! ,a!nian book m>ket4 ,b if our !ory be "r1 !re mu/ always h be5 a few copies ( bett] texts ?an ^? ( ! late recit]s' books1 & ! ef=t ( ! editors = ! book m>ket w\ld be to keep ! p>ts 9 :i* mo/ manuscripts 7 agre$4 ,b h[ did ,a!ns1 or any o!r city1 come to possess a text8 ,"o c only conjecture2 b my conjecture is t !re _h always be5 texts--copi$ out 9 successive g5]ations--9 ! h&s ( ! curi\s2 = example1 9 ! h&s ( ! ,cyclic poets1 :o knew our ,iliad z ! late ,fr5* ,cyclic poets knew ! e>li] ,*ansons de ,ge/e4 ,!y c]ta9ly knew x1 = !y avoid$ int]f]5ce ) x2 !y work$ at epics :i* l$ up to x1 z 9 ! ,cypria2 !y borr[$ motifs f h9ts & ref]5ces 9 ! ,iliad1 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cej1 #cea4 & !y c>ri$ on ! /ory f ! dea? ( ,hector1 9 ! ,a,ethiopis ( ,arct9us ( ,miletus4 ,?is epic end$ ) ! dea? ( ,a*illes1 :5 ,! ,little ,iliad produc$ ! tale to ! br++ 9 ( ! wood5 horse4 ,arct9us goes on ) 8 ,sack ( ,ilios1 o!rs wrote ( ,! ,return ( ! ,h]oes1 & ! ,telegonia is a sequel to ! ,odyssey4 ,! au?ors ( ^! poems knew ! ,iliad1 !n1 z a :ole1 & h[ c\ld !y h kn[n x ?us if x only exi/$ 9 ! casual rep]toire ( /roll+ recit]s8 ,! ,cyclic poets m probably _h texts ( ,hom]1 & !mselves wrote _! own poems--h[ x paid1 :e!r !y recit$ !m & collect$ rew>ds or n1 is1 ( c\rse1 unkn[n4 ,! ,cyclic poems1 to quote ,sir ,ri*>d ,jebb1 help to fix ! l[e/ limit = ! age ( ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,footnote3 ,hom]1 pp4 #aea1 #aed4 ,! e>lie/ ,cyclic poems1 dat+ f ab\t #ggf ,b4,c41 presuppose ! ,iliad1 be+ plann$ to introduce or cont9ue x4444 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 t ! ,iliad mu/ h exi/$ 9 some?+ l its pres5t compass z e>ly z #hjj ,b4,c42 inde$ a consid]ably e>li] date w seem probable1 if due "t is all[$ = ! poem to h gr[n into su* fame z w\ld incite ! ef=t to cont9ue x & to prelude to x4 ,sir ,ri*>d !n takes ! po9t on :i* we h already insi/$1 namely1 t ! ,cyclic poets ( ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 live 9 an age ( ideas1 religions1 ritual1 & s =? :i* are abs5t f ! ,iliad ,footnote3 ,hom]1 pp4 #aed1 #aee4 ,?us ! ,iliad exi/$ ) its *>act]i/ics t are prior to #hjj ,b4,c41 & 9 its pres5t compass1 & 0 r5[n$ be=e #hjj ,b4,c4 ,z x c\ld n possibly h ?us exi/$ 9 ! rep]toire ( irresponsible /roll+ m9/rels & recit]s1 & z !re is no evid5ce = a college1 s*ool1 or guild :i* pres]v$ ! ,epic by a sy/em ( mnemonic tea*+1 :ile no "o c d5y at lea/ ! possibility ( writt5 texts1 we are driv5 to ! hypo!sis t writt5 texts !re 71 :5ce desc5d$1 = example1 ! text ( ,a!ns4 ,we c sc>cely suppose1 h[ev]1 t su* texts 7 p]fect 9 all respects1 = we "k h[1 sev]al c5turies lat]1 9 a read+ age1 papyrus fragm5ts ( ! ,iliad display unw>rantable int]polation4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #dbb-dbf4 ,b ,plato's frequ5t quotations1 ( c\rse made at an e>li] date1 %[ t :atev] int]polat$ texts ( ,hom] 7 !n curr5t1 ! copy f :i* ,plato quot$ 0 n "o ( !m4 ,footnote3 ,ibid41 p4 #dbi ,plato _h some?+ mu* bett]4 ,:5 a read+ public = ,hom] arose--&1 f ! evid5ces ( ! widespread e>ly k ( read+1 su* a small public may h come into exi/5ce soon] ?an is commonly suppos$--,a!ns 0 ! c5tre ( ! book trade4 ,to ,a!ns mu/ be due ! prae-,alex&rian ,vulgate1 or preval5t text1 practically ! same z our own4 ,"s p]son or p]sons mu/ h made t text--n by tak+ d[n f recitation all ! lays :i* !y c\ld collect1 z ,h]d1 ,scott1 ,mrs4 ,br[n1 & o!rs collect$ mu* ( ! ,bord] ,m9/relsy1 & n by !n tack+ ! lays into a newly-compos$ :ole4 ,!y mu/ h done _! be/ ) su* texts z 7 accessible to !m1 & among ^! 7 probably ! copies us$ by recit]s & rhapsodi/s1 answ]+ to ! ,,ms4 books ( ! m$iaeval jongleurs4 ,mr4 ,jevons has ju/ly & acutely rem>k$ t we d n "k1 & !re is no ext]nal evid5ce ( any description :i* leads u to suppose1 t ! ,iliad 0 ev] exp&$ 7,j4 ,h4 ,s1 vii4 #bia-cjh74 ,t x 0 exp&$ is a m]e hypo!sis bas$ on ! idea t if !re 0 an ,iliad at all 9 ! n9? c5tury1 its l5g? mu/ h be5 su* z 0 compatible ) ! conditions ( an oral deliv]y1--a poem or poems %ort en\gh to be recit$ at a s+le sitt+4 ,b we h prov$1 ) ,mr4 ,jevons & ,blass1 & by ! analogy ( ! ,*ansons t1 giv5 a c\rt audi5ce 7& a c\rt audi5ce is grant$71 !re 7 no su* n>r[ limits impos$ on ! l5g? ( a poem orally recit$ f night to night4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,iliad yields1 !re=e1 no argum5t = expansions ?r\gh\t sev]al c5turies4 ,t !ory1 sugge/$ by ! notion t ! orig9al poem ,,mu/ h be5 %ort1 is next suppos$ to be w>rant$ by ! inconsi/5cies & discrepancies4 ,b we argue t ^! are only visible1 z a rule1 to ! analytical read]1 = :om ! poet c]ta9ly 0 n compos+2 t !y occur 9 all long works ( fictiti\s n>rative2 t ! discrepancies (t5 are n discrepancies2 &1 f9ally1 t !y are n ne>ly s gl>+ z ! inconsi/5cies 9 ! !ories ( ea* sep>ati/ critic4 ,a !ory1 9 su* matt] z ?is1 is itself an explanatory my?1 or ! plot ( a /ory :i* ! critic inv5ts to acc\nt = ! facts 9 ! case4 ,^! critical plots1 we h %[n1 d n acc\nt = ! facts ( ! case1 = ! critics d n excel 9 con/ruct+ plots4 ,!y w&] into unp]ceiv$ self-contradictions :i* !y w\ld n p>don 9 ! poet4 ,^! contradictions are visible to ! analytical read]1 :o concludes t a v e>ly poet may h be51 ?\gh ,hom] seldom is1 z inconsi/5t z a mod]n critic4 ,mean:ile1 ?\gh we h no ext]nal evid5ce t ! ,iliad 0 ev] exp&$--t x 0 exp&$ is an explanatory my? ( ! critics--we d "k1 on good evid5ce1 says ,mr4 ,jevons1 t ! ,iliad 0 rhapsodis$4 ,! rhapsodi/s 7 m51 z a rule1 ( "o day recitations1 ?\gh at a prolong$ fe/ival at ,a!ns !re 0 "t = ! :ole ,iliad to be recit$4 ,!y *ose = recitation su* incid5ts z c\ld be readily deta*$1 7 int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 & did n take too long to recite4 ,mr4 ,jevons sugge/s t ! _m brief poems collect$ 9 ! ,hom]ic hymns are invocations :i* ! rhapsodi/s prelud$ to _! recitals4 ,! practice seems to h be5 = ! rhapsodi/ fir/ to pay 8 rev]5ce to ! god1 to beg9 f ! god1 at ^: fe/ival ! recitation 0 be+ giv5 7! %ort proems collect$ 9 ! ,hymns pay ?is rev]5ce71 & !n proce$ ) 8 rhapsody--) 8 select$ passage f ! ,iliad1 ,beg9n+ ) !e 7! god ( ! fe/ival71 ,i w g on to ano!r lay1 t is1 to 8 selection f ! ,epic4 ,ano!r conclusion ( ! proem (t5 is1 ,i w be m9dful bo? ( !e & ( ano!r lay1 mean+1 says ,mr4 ,jevons1 t ! local deity w figure 9 ! recitation f ,hom] :i* ! rhapsodi/ is ab\t to deliv]4 ,^! explanations1 at all ev5ts1 yield good s5se4 ,! invocation ( ,a!ne 7,hymns1 ,,xi41 ,,xxviii47 w\ld s]ve z ! proem ( invocation to ! recital ( ,iliad1 ,v41 ,,vi4 #a-caa1 ! day ( val\r ( ,diom$e1 spurr$ on by ! wanton rebuke ( ,agamemnon1 & aid$ by ,a!ne4 ,! invocation ( ,hephae/us 7,hymn ,,xx471 w\ld prelude to a recital ( ! ,mak+ ( ! ,awns ( ,a*illes1 & s on4 ,b ! rhapsodi/ may be recit+ at a fe/ival ( ,dionysus1 ab\t :om !re is practically no?+ said 9 ! ,iliad2 = x is a pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! ,iliad t1 :5 x 0 compos$1 ,dionysus _h n be5 rais$ to ! ,olympian pe]age1 be+ /ill a folk-god only4 ,! rhapsodi/1 at a fea/ ( ,dionysus 9 lat] times1 has to introduce ! god into 8 recitation4 ,! god is n 9 8 text1 b he adds him4 ,footnote3,ibid41 ,,vi4 #acj-ada ,:y %\ld any mortal h made ?is int]polation8 ,mr4 ,jevons's !ory supplies ! answ]4 ,! rhapsodi/ add$ ! passages to suit ! ,dionysus fea/1 at :i* he 0 recit+4 ,! same explanation is (f]$ = ! long /ory ( ! ,bir? ( blank space :i* ,agamemnon tells 9 8 spee* ( apology & reconciliation4 ,footnote3,ibid41 ,,xix4 #acf4 ,!re is an invocation to ,h]acles 7,hymns1 ,,xv471 & ! au?or may h add$ ?is spee* to 8 rhapsody ( ! ,reconciliation1 recit$ at a fea/ ( ,h]acles4 ,p]haps ! rem>k ( ,mr4 ,leaf (f]s ! real explanation ( ! pres5ce ( ?is long /ory 9 ! spee* ( ,agamemnon3 ,_m speak]s ) a bad case take refuge 9 tell+ /ories4 ,agamemnon %[s1 says ,mr4 ,leaf1 ! peevi% n]v\sness ( a man :o feels t he has be5 9 ! wrong1 & :o foll[s a frank speak] l ,a*illes1 only eag] = ,agamemnon to give ! ^w to =m & *>ge4 ,s ,agamemnon takes refuge 9 a long /ory1 ?r[+ ! blame ( 8 conduct on ,de/9y4 ,we d n ne$1 !n1 ! !ory ( a rhapsodi/'s int]polation1 b x is q plausible 9 itself4 ,local h]oes1 z well z gods1 _h _! fea/s 9 po/-,hom]ic times1 & a recit] at a fea/ ( ,a,eneas1 or ( 8 "m1 ,aphrodite1 may h foi/$ 9 ! v futile disc\rse ( ,a*illes & ,a,eneas1 ,footnote3,ibid41 ,,xx4 #bac-bej4 ) its ref]5ce to ,eri*?onius1 an ,a!nian h]o4 ,9 o!r cases ! rhapsodi/ r\nd$ (f 8 select$ passage by a few l9es1 z 9 ,iliad1 ,,xiii4 #fef-fei1 :]e a h]o is br\ght to foll[ 8 son's dead body to ! grave1 ?\gh ! fa!r _h be5 kill$ 9 ,v4 #egf4 ,x is really su* a slip z is (t5 made by au?ors :o write1 says ,mr4 ,leaf2 &1 9 ,esmond1 ,?ack]ay makes simil> errors4 ,! passage 9 ,,xvi4 #fi-hj1 ab\t :i* s mu* is said1 z if x contradict$ ,book ,,ix4 7,! ,embassy to ,a*illes71 is also1 ,mr4 ,jevons ?9ks1 to be expla9$ z ins]t$ by a rhapsodi/ wi%+ to make 8 extract complete 9 itself4 ,ano!r example--! confusion 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,book ,,ii4--we h already discuss$ 7see ,*apt] ,,iv471 & d n ?9k t any explanation is ne$$1 :5 we und]/& t ,agamemnon1 once wide-awake1 _h no confid5ce 9 8 dream4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,jevons ?9ks t rhapsodi/s1 anxi\s to recite /raight on f ! dream to ! battle1 add$ ,,ii4 #ce-da1 ! only l9es :i* repres5t ,agamemnon z believ+ confid5tly 9 8 dream4 ,we h argu$ t he only believ$ till he awoke1 & !n1 z always1 wav]$4 ,?us1 9 our way ( look+ at ^! ?+s1 int]polations by rhapsodi/s are n (t5 ne$$ z explanations ( difficulties4 ,/ill1 grant$ t ! rhapsodi/s1 l ! jongleurs1 _h texts1 & t ^! 7 /udi$ by ! mak]s ( ! ,vulgate1 int]polations & errors might creep 9 by ?is way4 ,z to *anges 9 language1 a poetical dialect444 is liable to be gradually modifi$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ev]-*ang+ colloquial spee*4 ,&1 9 ! e>ly times1 :5 writ+ 0 little us$1 ?is influ5ce w\ld be especially op]ative4 ,footnote3 ,monro1 ,odyssey1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dfa4 ,to conclude1 ! hypo!sis ( a s*ool ( mnemonic tea*+ ( ! ,iliad w\ld acc\nt = ! pres]vation ( s long a poem 9 an age de/itute ( writ+1 :5 memory w\ld be well cultivat$4 ,!re may h be5 su* s*ools4 ,we only lack evid5ce = _! exi/5ce4 ,b aga9/ ! hypo!sis ( ! exi/5ce ( e>ly texts1 !re is no?+ except ! feel+ ( "s critics t x is n likely4 ,!y are dang]\s guides1 ! feel+s4 ,9 any case ! op9ion t ! ,iliad 0 a :ole1 c5turies be=e ,pisi/ratus1 is ! hypo!sis :i* is by f> ! lea/ f]tile 9 difficulties1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 inconsi/5t solutions ( ! problems :i* ! !ory ( expansion fir/ raises1 & !n1 l an unskill$ magician1 fails to lay4