,,/eam ,,/eel ,,& ,,electricity  ,by    
,,james ,w4 ,,/eele      ,,cont5ts   ,,!
 ,,/ory ,,( ,,/eam4      ,:at ,/eam     
is4--,/eam 9 ,nature4--,! ,eng9e 9 its  
e>li]     =ms4--,gradual explosion4--,! 
,h]o eng9e4--,! ,temple-door            
ma*9e4--,ideas ( ! ,middle              
,ages4--,beg9n+s ( ! mod]n              
eng9e4--,branca's eng9e4--,sav]y's      
eng9e4--,! ,pap9 eng9e     us+ cyl9d] & 
pi/on4--,watt's improvem5ts ^u !        
,newcom5 idea4--,! crank movem5t4--,!   
fir/ use ( /eam     expansively4--,!    
,gov]nor4--,fir/ eng9e by an ,am]ican   
,inv5tor4--,its effect ^u progress 9 !  
,unit$     ,/ates4--,simplicity &       
*eapness ( ! mod]n eng9e4--,actual      
con/ruction ( ! mod]n eng9e4--,valves1  
pi/on1 etc41 )     diagrams4  ,,! ,,age 
,,( ,,/eel4      ,! v>i\s ,ages 9       
civilization4--,anci5t k ( !            
metals4--,! inv5tion & use (            
,bronze4--,:at ,/eel is4--,!     ,lo/   
,arts4--,metallurgy & *emi/ry4--,ori5tal
 ,/eel4--,mod]n     def9ition (         

,/eel4--,inv5tion ( ,ca/ ,/eel4--,fir/  
iron-ore     discov]ies 9               
,am]ica4--,fir/ ,am]ican                
,iron-works4--,e>ly     me?ods )\t      
/eam4--,fir/ ,am]ican ca/+4--,effect (  
iron     indu/ry ^u                     
indep5d5ce4--,wat]-p[]4--,!             
trip-hamm]4--,!     /eam-hamm] (        
,nasmy?4--,ma*9e-tools & _!             
effects4--,fir/ roll+-mill4--,product ( 
! iron indu/ry 9     #ahdj-ej4--,! mod]n
 nail1 & h[ x came4--,effect ( iron ^u  
ar*itecture4--,! ,sky-,scrap]4--,gas z  
fuel 9 iron     manufactures4--,! ,/eel 
( ! pres5t4--,! inv5tion (              
,kelley4--,! ,bessem] process4--,!      
,conv]t]4--,pres5t     product (        
,/eel4--,! ,/eel-mill4  ,,! ,,/ory ,,(  
,,electricity4      ,! olde/ & ! y\nge/ 
( ! sci5ces4--,orig9 ( !                
"n4--,anci5t ideas (                    
,electricity4--,lat] exp]im5ts4--,crude 
notions & wrong conclusions4--,fir/     
,electric     ,ma*9e4--,frictional      
,electricity4--,! ,leyd5 ,j>4--,extreme 

ideas & ,fak]ism4--,frankl91 8 new ideas
 & _!     reception4--,frankl9's        
,kite4--,! ,man ,frankl94--,exp]im5ts   
aft] ,frankl91 lead+ to our pres5t mod]n
 uses4--,galvani &     8                
discov]y4--,volta1 & ! fir/             
,batt]y4--,h[ a batt]y     acts4--,!    
laws ( ,electricity1 & h[ !y 7          
discov]$4--,induction1 & its            
discov]]4--,! l9e at :i*     mod]n      
,electricity beg9s4--,magnetism &       
,electricity4--,!                       
,electro-,magnet4--,! ,molecul>         
!ory4--,f>aday1 & 8 ,law (     ,magnetic
 ,=ce4  ,,mod]n ,,electricity4          
,,*apt] ,i4 ,! ,f\r great qualities (   
,electricity :i* make     its mod]n uses
 possible4--,! univ]sal                 
wire4--,conductors &     non            
conductors4--,electricity an exception 9
 ! ord9>y ,laws     ( ,nature4--,a dual 
nature3 ,positive & ,negative4--,all    
mod]n uses come "u ! law (              
,induction4--,"s ( ! laws     ( ?is     
induction4--,magnets &                  

,magnetism4--,relation%ip betwe5     !  
two4--,magnetic poles4--,practical      
explanation ( ! action     (            
induction4--,! ,induction               
,coil4--,dynamic & ,/atic               
,electricity4--,! ,electric             
,telegraph4--,fir/ attempts4--,morse1   
& 8 beg9n+s4--,! fir/ ,telegraph        
,l9e4--,vail1 & !     inv5tion ( !      
dot-&-da% alphabet4--,! old in/rum5ts & 
! new4--,! f9al simplicity ( !          
telegraph4      ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! ,ocean 
,cable4--,diff]5ces betwe5 l& l9es &    
cables4--,! /ory ( ! fir/ cable4--,field
 & 8 f9al     success4--,!              
,telephone4--,e>ly                      
attempts4--,description ( ,bell's       
inv5tion4--,! ,telautograph4--,e>ly     
attempts & ! idea ^u     :i* !y 7       
bas$4--,description ( ,gray's           
inv5tion4--,h[ a     ,telautograph may  
be made me*anically4      ,,*apt] ,,iii4
 ,! ,electric ,light4--,causes ( heat & 
light 9     ! conductor ( a curr5t4--,! 
fir/ ,electric ,light4--,! ,arc         

,light1 & h[ con/ruct$4--,!             
,inc&esc5t4--,!     ,dynamo4--,date ( ! 
inv5tion4--,successive /eps4--,f>aday ! 
discov]] ( its pr9ciple4--,pix's        
ma*9e4--,pac9atti4--,wilde4--,siem5s' & 
,:eat/one4--,!     ,motor4--,h[ !       
,dynamo & ,motor came to be             
c\pl$4--,review (     fir/              
attempts4--,kidd]'s batt]y4--,page's    
ma*9e4--,electric                       
,railroads4--,electrolysis4--,g5]al     
facts4--,electrical                     
,measurem5ts4--,dea?                    
,curr5t4--,in/rum5ts (                  
,measurem5t4--,electricity z an         
,indu/ry4--,m$ical                      
,electricity4--,incomplete              
possibilities4--,:at ! ,/orage          
,batt]y is4      ,,*apt] ,,iv4          
,electrical ,inv5tion 9 ! ,unit$        
,/ates4--,review     ( ! c>e]s (        
,frankl91 ,morse1 ,field1 ,edison &     
o!rs4--,"s ( ! surpris+ applications (  
,electricity4--,! ,range-,f9d]4--,cook+ 
& heat+ by     ,electricity4     ,,!    

,,/ory ,,( ,,/eam   ,t :i* 0 utt]ly     
unkn[n to ! mo/ spl5did civilizations ( 
! pa/ is 9 our "t ! *ief p[] (          
civilization1 daily engag$ 9 mak+ t     
hi/ory ( a new era t is yet to be writt5
 9 words4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ long    
s9ce t m5's lives are to be influ5c$ n  
by !ory1 or belief1 or argum5t & reason1
 s mu* z by t c\rse ( daily life :i* is 
n attempt$ to be gov]n$ by argum5t &    
reason1 b by great physical facts l     
/eam1 electricity & ma*9]y 9 _! pres5t  
applications4  ,! greate/ ( ^! facts ( !
 pres5t civilization are express$ 9 !   
phrase1 ,/eam & ,/eel4 ,! !me is        
/up5d\s4 ,only ! mo/ prom95t ( its facts
 c be giv5 9 small space1 & ^? only 9   
outl9e4 ,! subject is also old1 yet to e
 boy x mu/ be told aga91 & ! mo/ ord9>y 
intellig5ce mu/ h "s desire to "k !     
secrets1 if su* !y are1 ( t :i* is      
unque/ionably ! greate/ =ce t ev] yield$
 to ! audacity ( humanity4 ,x is n[ (   
little avail to "k t all ! records t m5 
rev]e1 all ! great epics ( ! _w1 7      

writt5 9 ! abs5ce ( ! *>act]i/ic =ces ( 
mod]n life4 ,a ?\s& g5]ations _h liv$ & 
di$1 an imm5se volume ( hi/ory _h be5   
enact$1 ! h]oes ( all ! ages1 & almo/ ^?
 ( our own "t1 _h fulfill$ _! de/9ies & 
pass$ away1 be=e x came ab\t t a m]e    
physical fact %\ld fill a l>g] place 9  
our lives ?an all examples1 & t !       
evanesc5t vapor :i* we call /eam %\ld   
*ange daily1 & effectively1 ! c\rses &  
modes ( human action1 & erect life ^u   
ano!r plane4  ,x may seem n a little    
absurd to inquire n[ :at is /eam8       
,ev]ybody kn[s ! answ]4 ,! non-te*nical 
read] kn[s t x is t vapor :i*1 =        
in/ance1 p]vades ! kit*51 :i* issues f e
 cook+ vessel & wa/e-pipe1 & is always  
:ite & visible1 & moi/ & w>m4 ,we may   
be/ und]/& an answ] to ! "q1 p]haps1 by 
rememb]+ t /eam is "o ( ! ?ree natural  
conditions ( wat]3 ice1 fluid wat]1 &   
/eam4 ,"o or ! o!r ( ^! conditions      
always exi/s1 & always "u two o!rs3     
pressure & heat4 ,:5 ! air ar\nd wat]   
rea*es ! temp]ature ( ?irty-two degrees 

by ! scale ( ,fahr5heit1 or  or z]o by !
 ,c5tigrade scale1 & is expos$ to ?is   
temp]ature = a "t1 x becomes ice4 ,at   
two hundr$ & twelve degrees ,fahr5heit x
 becomes /eam4 ,betwe5 ^! two           
temp]atures x is wat]4 ,b ! *ange to    
/eam :i* is s rapid & visible at !      
temp]ature above m5tion$ is tak+ place  
sl[ly all ! "t :5 wat]1 9 any situation1
 is expos$ to ! air4 ,z ! temp]ature    
rises ! *ange becomes m rapid4 ,!       
/eam-mak+ ( ! arts is m]ely t ( all     
nature1 ha/5$ artificially &            
int5tionally4  ,! elem5t ( pressure1    
m5tion$ above1 ent]s into ! proposition 
because wat] boils at a l[] temp]ature1 
) less heat1 :5 ! weight ( ! atmosph]e  
is less ?an normal1 z x is at great     
elevations1 & on days :51 z we n[       
express x1 !re is a l[ b>omet]4 ,long   
be=e any cook c\ld expla9 ! fact x 0    
kn[n t ! wat] boil+ quickly 0 a sign (  
/orm4 ,x has (t5 be5 f\nd by            
camp+-p>ties on m\nta9s t 9 an attempt  
to boil potatoes 9 a pot ! wat] w\ld all

 boil away1 & leave ! vegetables        
uncook$4 ,! heat requir$ to evaporate x 
at ! elevation 0 less ?an t requir$ to  
cook 9 boil+ wat]4 ,x is "o ( ! in/ances
 :]e ! problems ( nature intrude        
!mselves prom95tly into ! affairs (     
common life )\t previ\s notice4  ,?is   
univ]sal evaporation1 "u v>y+           
circum/ances1 is probably ! mo/         
important ag5cy 9 nature1 & ! mo/       
cont9u\s & pot5t4 ,!re 0 only s mu* wat]
 to beg9 )4 ,!re w nev] be any less or  
any m4 ,! saltness ( ! sea nev] v>ies1  
because ! loss by evaporation & ! new   
supply ?r\gh cond5sation ( !            
/eam--ra9--necess>ily rema9 balanc$ by  
law =ev]4 ,! surface ( our _w is wat] 9 
! proportion ( ?ree to "o4 ,! ext5t (   
nature's /eam-mak+1 sil5t1 & mo/ly      
invisible1 is immeasurable & rema9s an  
undet]m9$ quantity4 ,! ?ree =ms ( wat]  
comb9e & "w toge!r z ?\gh ?r\gh         
int5tional p>tn]%ip1 & h1 ?us comb9$1   
already *ang$ ! entire l& surface ( ! _w
 f :at x 0 to :at x is1 & work+         

ceaselessly ?r\gh endless cycles w *ange
 x yet m4 ,! exhalations t are /eam     
become ! wat] 9 a rock-cleft4 ,x *anges 
to ice ) a =ce almo/ beyond measurem5t 9
 ! ord]ly arrangem5t ( its cry/als 9    
compliance ) an immutable law = su*     
arrangem5t1 & r5ds ! rock4 ,! process   
goes on4 ,!re is no high m\nta9 9 any l&
 :]e wat] w n freeze4 ,! wat] ( ra9 &   
sn[ c>ries away ! p[d]$ rema9s f ye> to 
ye>1 & f age to age4 ,! comm9ut$ ru9s ( 
m\nta9s h made ! pla9s & fill$ up & *ok$
 ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! soil t once 
lay hundr$s ( miles away has made !     
delta ( e riv] t fl[s into ! sea4 ,!    
endless & resi/less process goes on )\t 
ceas+1 a =ce t is nev] exp5d$1 & b once 
int]rupt$ )9 ! k ( m51 !n cov]$ a l>ge  
area ( ! _w ) a sea ( ice t buri$ = ages
 e liv+ ?+4  ,! common idea ( ! /eam t  
we make by boil+ wat] is t x is all     
wat]1 compos$ ( t & no?+ else1 & ?is    
conception is ga!r$ f app>5t fact4 ,yet 
x is n entirely true4 ,/eam is an       
invisible vapor 9 e boil]1 & does n     

become :at we "k by sight z /eam until x
 has become p>tly cool$4 ,z actual /eam 
uncool$1 x is a gas1 obey+ all ! laws ( 
! p]man5t gases4 ,! creature (          
temp]ature & pressure1 x *anges f ?is   
gase\s =m :5 _! conditions are remov$1 &
 9 ! *ange becomes visible to u4 ,its   
ela/icity1 its p[] ( yield+ to          
compression1 are enorm\s1 & x gives back
 ?is ela/icity ( compression ) almo/    
inconceivable read9ess & swiftness4 ,to 
! eye1 9 wat*+ ! glid+ & noiseless      
movem5ts ( "o ( ! great mod]n eng9es1 ! 
p[] ( :i* "o has only a vague &         
inadequate conception seems n only      
inexplicable1 b g5tle4 ,! pond]\s iron  
pieces seem to weigh no?+4 ,!re is a    
feel+ t "o might h9d] ! movem5t z he    
w\ld t ( a wat*4 ,!re is an inability to
 realize ! fact t "o ( ! mightie/ =ces (
 nature is !re embodi$ 9 an easy1 glid+1
 noiseless impulse4 ,yet x is "o t w\ld 
pu% aside massy tons ( dead weight1 t   
w\ld almo/ unimp$$ cru% a hole ?r\gh !  
enclos+ wall1 t :irls ^u ! rails !      

driv]s ( a locomotive weigh+ sixty tons 
z ?\gh !re 7 no weight above !m1 no bite
 ^u ! rails4 ,!re is an enorm\s         
conc5tration ( =ce some:]e2 ( a =ce :i* 
p]haps no man c fairly e/imate2 & x is  
"u ! ?9 %ell we call a boil]4 ,7 x n    
ela/ic x c\ld n be s imprison$1 & :5 x  
rebels1 :5 ?is ?9 %ell is torn l pap]1  
!re is a havoc by :i* we may at la/     
inadequately measure ! p[] ( /eam4  ,we 
h 9 mod]n times appli$ ! ^w eng9e almo/ 
exclusively to ! ma*9e :i* is mov$ by ! 
pressure ( /eam4 ,yet we might g fur!r1 
s9ce "o ( ! fir/ examples ( a pressure  
eng9e1 old] ?an ! /eam ma*9e by ne>ly   
f\r hundr$ ye>s1 is ! gun4 ,r$uc$ to its
 pr9ciple ?is is an eng9e ^: op]ation   
dep5ds ^u ! expansion ( gas 9 a cyl9d]1 
! pi/on be+ a projectile4 ,! same       
pr9ciple applies 9 all ! ma*9es we "k z 
eng9es4 ,an air-eng9e works ?r\gh !     
expansion ( air 9 a cyl9d] by heat4 ,a  
gas-eng9e1 n[ ( common use1 by !        
expansion1 :i* is explosion1 caus$ by   
burn+ a mixture ( coal-gas & air1 & !   

/eam-eng9e1 ! univ]sal p[] g5]ator (    
mod]n life1 works by ! expansion ( !    
vapor ( wat] z x is g5]at$ by heat4     
,/eam may be consid]$ a species (       
gradual explosion appli$ to ! uses (    
indu/ry4 ,x (t5 becomes a real "o1      
comply+ ) all ! conditions1 & z         
de/ructive z dynamite4  ,x _c be c]ta9ly
 kn[n h[ long m5 h exp]im5t$ ) !        
expansive =ce ( /eam4 ,! fir/ feeble    
attempt to purlo9 ! p[] ( ! geys] 0     
probably by ,h]o1 ( ,alex&ria1 ab\t a   
hundr$ & ?irty ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,8 ma*9e
 0 also ! fir/ kn[n illu/ration ( :at is
 n[ call$ ! turb9e pr9ciple2 ! pr9ciple 
( reaction 9 me*anics4 ,footnote3 ,?is  
pr9ciple is (t5 a puzzle to /ud5ts4 ,!re
 is an old /ory ( ! man :o put a bell[s 
9 8 boat to make w9d aga9/ ! sail1 & !  
w9d did n affect ! sail1 b ! boat w5t   
backw>d 9 an opposite direction f !     
nozzle ( ! bell[s4 ,!re is probably no  
bett] illu/ration ( reaction ?an ! kick 
( a gun1 :i* mo/ p]sons "k ab\t4 ,!     
recoil ( a six-p\nd field piece is      

usually f six to twelve feet4 ,x c be   
und]/ood by suppos+ a gun to be load$ ) 
p[d] & an iron rod long] ?an ! b>rel to 
be left on ! *>ge4 ,if ! out] end ( ?is 
rod 7 !n plac$ aga9/ a tree1 & ! gun 7  
fir$1 x is manife/ t ! gun w\ld become !
 projectile1 & be fir$ (f ( ! rod       
backw>d or bur/4 ,9 ord9>y cases ! air 9
 ! bore1 & imm$iately outside ( !       
muzzle1 acts comp>atively1 & 9 a        
measure1 z ! suppos$ rod aga9/ ! tree   
w\ld4 ,x gives way1 & is ela/ic1 b n z  
quickly z ! =ce ( ! explosion acts1 & ! 
gun is pu%$ backw>ds4 ,x is ! turb9e    
pr9ciple1 runn+ into hundr$s ( uses 9   
me*anics4 ,he made a clos$ vessel f ^:  
opposite sides radiat$ two holl[ arms ) 
holes 9 _! sides1 ! holes be+ on        
opposite sides ( ! tubes f ea* o!r4 ,?is
 vessel he m\nt$ on an upright sp9dle1 &
 put wat] 9 x & heat$ ! wat]4 ,! /eam   
issu+ f ! holes 9 ! arms drove !m       
backw>d4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! action ( ,h]o's
 ma*9e has be5 accept$ = two ?\s& ye>s1 
?\gh nev] 9 a /eam-eng9e4 ,x exi/s "u   

all circum/ances simil> to 84 ,9 wat]1 9
 ! turb9e :eel1 x has be5 made mo/      
efficaci\s4 ,! p[] appli$ n[ = ! h>ness+
 ( ,niag>a = ! purpose ( s5d+ electric  
curr5ts hundr$s ( miles is ! turb9e     
:eel4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,suppos$ ,,h]o
 ,,eng9e4  ,h]o appe>s to ! popul>      
imag9ation z ! greate/ inv5tor ( ! pa/4 
,e s*ool boy kn[s him4 ,ar*im$es1 !     
,greek1 0 ! great]1 & a hundr$ & fifty  
ye>s ! e>li]1 & 0 ! au?or ( !           
significance ( ! ^w ,eureka1 z we use x 
n[4 ,b ,h]o 0 ! pione] 9 /eam4 ,he made 
! fir/ /eam-eng9e1 & is immortal ?r\gh a
 toy4  ,! fir/ practical device 9 :i*   
expansion 0 us$ seems to h be5 = !      
exploit+ ( an ecclesia/ical trick int5d$
 to impress ! populace4 ,!re is a say+  
by an antique wit t no two prie/s or    
augurs c\ld ev] meet & look at ea* o!r  
)\t a kn[+ w9k ( recognition4 ,h]o is   
said to h be5 ! au?or ( ?is contrivance 
also4 ,! temple doors w\ld op5 by       
!mselves :5 ! fire burn$ on ! alt>1 &   
w\ld close aga9 :5 t fire 0 ext+ui%$1 & 

! wor%ipp]s w\ld ?9k x a miracle4 ,x is 
int]e/+ because x conta9$ ! pr9ciple ^u 
:i* 0 aft]w>ds attempt$ to be made !    
fir/ work+ l[-pressure or atmosph]ic    
/eam-eng9e4 ,yet x 0 n /eam1 b air1 t 0 
us$4 ,a holl[ alt> conta9+ air 0 heat$  
by ! fire be+ k9dl$ ^u x4 ,! air exp&$ &
 pass$ ?r\gh a pipe into a vessel bel[  
conta9+ wat]4 ,x press$ ! wat] out ?r\gh
 ano!r pipe into a bucket :i*1 be+ !reby
 made heavi]1 pull$ op5 ! temple doors4 
,:5 ! fire w5t out aga9 !re 0 a p>tial  
vacuum 9 ! vessel t _h held ! wat] at   
fir/1 & ! wat] 0 suck$ back ?r\gh ! pipe
 out ( ! bucket4 ,t became light] aga9 &
 all[$ ! doors to close ) a             
c\nt]-weight4 ,all t 0 !n necess>y to   
conv9ce ! populace ( ! g5u95ess ( !     
seem+ miracle 0 to keep !m f und]/&+ x4 
,! ma*9]y 0 "u ! floor4 ,!re h be5 ?\s&s
 ( miracles s9ce !n p]=m$ by natural    
ag5cies1 & !re h pass$ _m ages s9ce     
,h]o's ma*9e dur+ :i* n to und]/& a ?+ 0
 to believe x to be sup]natural4        
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,temple-,,door       

,,trick4  ,f ! "t ( ,h]o until !        
sev5te5? c5tury !re is no record ( any  
attempt be+ made to utilize             
/eam-pressure = a practical purpose4 ,! 
fact seems /range only because /eam-p[] 
is s prom95t a fact ) ourselves4 ,! ages
 t int]v5$ 71 z a :ole1 times ( ! d5se/ 
sup]/ition4 ,! human m9d 0 active1 b x 0
 entirely occupi$ ) miracle &           
semi-miracle2 9 a/rology1 magic &       
al*emy2 9 try+ to f9d ! key to !        
sup]natural4 ,e ?9k]1 e educat$ man1 e  
man :o knew m ?an ! re/1 0 b5t ^u f9d+  
?is key = himself1 s t he might use x = 
8 own advantage4 ,dur+ all ^? ages !re 0
 no idea ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! key !y 
lack$1 & nev] f\nd1 t w\ld h op5$ all1  
is ! fact t 9 ! realm ( sci5ce &        
exp]im5t !re is no sup]natural1 & only  
et]nal law2 t cause produces its effect 
inv>iably4 ,ev5 ,kepl]1 ! discov]] ( !  
?ree great laws t /& z ! f\ndation ( !  
,cop]nican sy/em ( ! univ]se1 0 9 8     
inve/igations "u ! influ5ce (           
a/rological & cabali/ic sup]/itions4    

,footnote3 ,kepl]1 a ,g]man1 liv$ betwe5
 #aega & #afcj4 ,8 life 0 full (        
vicissitudes1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he p]=m$ an
 a/oni%+ ,ev5 ! sci5ce ( am\nt (        
intellectual labor1 ) la/+ results4 ,he 
0 ! p]sonal fri5d ( ,galileo & ,ty*o    
,brahe1 & 8 life may be said to h be5   
sp5t 9 f9d+ ! ab/ract intelligible      
reason = ! actual disposition ( ! sol>  
sy/em1 9 :i* physical cause %\ld take ! 
place ( arbitr>y hypo!sis4 ,he did ?is4 
m$ic9e 01 dur+ ^? ages1 a magical art1 &
 ! idea ( cure by m$ic9e1 t drugs       
actually cure1 is exi/5t to ?is day z a 
remnant ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a man's     
dea?-(f5se might be t he knew m ?an he  
c\ld make o!rs und]/& ab\t ! !n secrets 
( nature4 ,yet he himself might believe 
m or less 9 magic4 ,no "o 0 unt\*$2 all 
intellect 0 m or less enslav$4  ,& :5   
exp]im5ts at la/ began to be made 9 !   
me*anisms by :i* /eam might be utiliz$  
!y 7 su* z boys n[ make = amusem5t2 su* 
z ?r[+ a /eam-jet aga9/ ! vanes ( a     
paddle-:eel4 ,su* 0 ,branca's eng9e1    

made n9e ye>s aft] ! l&+ ( our =efa!rs  
at ,plym\?1 & ?\ght wor?y ( a           
description & record4 ,! next attempt 0 
mu* m practical1 b _c be accurately     
assign$4 ,x consi/$ ( two *amb]s1 f ea* 
( :i* alt]nately wat] 0 =c$ by /eam1 &  
:i* 7 fill$ aga9 by cool+ (f & ! =m+ ( a
 vacuum :]e ! /eam _h be54 ,"o *amb]    
work$ :ile ! o!r cool$4 ,x 0 an imm5se  
advance 9 ! direction ( utility4  ,ab\t 
#afih1 we beg9 to enc\nt] ! names t are 
famili> to u 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( !
 /eam-eng9e4 ,9 t ye> ,?omas ,sav]y     
obta9$ a pat5t = rais+ wat] by /eam4 ,8 
0 a modification ( ! idea describ$      
above4 ,! boil]s us$ w\ld be ( no value 
n[1 nev]!less ! ma*9e came into         
consid]able use1 & ! _w t le>n$ s       
gradually became possess$ ) ! idea t !re
 0 a utility 9 ! pressure ( /eam4       
,sav]y's eng9e is said to h gr[n out ( !
 accid5t ( 8 ?r[+ a flask conta9+ a     
little w9e on ! fire at a tav]n4        
,conclud+ imm$iately aft]w>ds t he want$
 x1 he snat*$ x (f ( ! f5d] & plung$ x  

into a bas9 ( wat] to cool x4 ,! /eam   
inside in/antly cond5s+1 ! wat] ru%$ 9 &
 fill$ x z x cool$4  ,we n[ come to !   
beg9n+ ( ! /eam eng9e z we und]/& ! t]m2
 ! ma*9e t involves ! use ( ! cyl9d] &  
pi/on4 ,^! two features _h be5 us$ 9    
pumps long be=e1 ! atmosph]ic pump be+  
"o ( ! olde/ ( mod]n ma*9es4 ,! vacuum 0
 kn[n & utiliz$ long be=e ! cause ( x 0 
kn[n4 ,footnote3 ,! discov]] 0 an       
,italian1 ,torricelli1 ab\t #afdc4      
,gallileo1 8 tutor & fri5d1 did n "k :y 
wat] w\ld n rise 9 a tube m ?an         
?irty-?ree feet4 ,no "o knew ( ! weight 
( ! atmosph]e1 s late z ! e>ly days (   
?is republic4 ,_m did n believe ! !ory  
long aft] t "t4 ,torricelli1 by 8       
exp]im5ts1 demon/rat$ ! fact & inv5t$ ! 
m]curial b>omet]1 long kn[n z !         
,torricellian ,tube4 ,?is la/ in/rum5t  
l$ to ano!r discov]y2 t ! weight ( !    
atmosph]e v>i$ f "t to "t 9 ! same      
locality1 & t /orms & wea!r *anges 7    
indicat$ by a ris+ & fall+ ( ! column ( 
m]cury 9 ! tube ( ! siphon-b>omet]4 ,t  

:i* we call ! wea!r-bureau1 organiz$ by 
,g5]al ,alb]t ,j4 ,my]1 ,unit$ ,/ates   
,army1 9 #ahgj1 & gr[+ out ( ! army     
signal s]vice1 ( :i* he 0 *ief1 makes   
its =eca/s by ! use ( ! telegraph & !   
b>omet]4 ,! l[ pressure area foll[s a   
pa?1 :i* means a *ange ( wea!r on t pa?4
 ,notices by telegraph def9e ! r\te1 & !
 com+ /orm is n =etold1 b =ekn[n2 n     
prophesi$1 b asc]ta9$4 ,if we h be5 l$ f
 ! crude pump ( ,gallileo's "t directly 
to ! wea!r bureau ( ! pres5t ) its      
invaluable signals to sailors &         
conv5i5ce to ev]ybody1 x is no m ?an is 
cont9ually to be trac$ ev5 to ! beg9n+ (
 ! wond]ful s*ool ( mod]n sci5ce4  ,b 9 
! beg9n+ x 0 n propos$ to use /eam 9    
connection ) ! cyl9d] & pi/on :i* n[    
really con/itutes ! /eam-eng9e4 ,rev]t+ 
aga9 to ! example ( ! gun1 x 0 sugge/$  
to pu% a pi/on =w>d 9 a tube by !       
explosion ( gunp[d] beh9d x1 or to      
repeat ! ,sav]y exp]im5t ) p[d] in/ead (
 /eam4 ,^! ideas 7 ^? ( ab\t #afgh-afhe4
 ,! v e>lie/ cyl9d] & pi/on eng9e 0     

sugge/$ by ,d5is ,pap9 9 #afij4 ,^! e>ly
 inv5tors only w5t a portion ( ! way1 & 
almo/ ! entire idea ( ! /eam-eng9e is ( 
mu* lat] date4 ,mank9d _h !n a s+ul>    
gift ( beg9n+ at ! wrong end4 ,e inv5tor
 n[ uses facts t seem to him to h be5   
always kn[n1 & t are 8 by a k9d (       
intuition4 ,b !y 7 all acquir$ by !     
t$i\s exp]i5ce ( a pa/ t is di/+ui%$ by 
a few great names ^: own]s knew 9 _! "t 
p]haps "o-t5? "p z mu* z ! mod]n inv5tor
 does1 :o is unconsci\sly us+ ! facts   
le>n$ by old exp]i5ce4 ,b ! o!rs began  
at ! beg9n+4  ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly      
,,newcom5 ,,pump+ ,,eng9e4              
,,/eam-,,cock1 ,,cold ,,wat] ,,cock ,,& 
,,wa/e-,,spigot ,,all ,,work$ ,,by ,,h&4
  ,9 #agaa1 almo/ a hundr$ ye>s aft] !  
arrival at ,jame/[n & ,plym\? ( ! fa!rs 
( our pres5t civilization1 ! /eam-eng9e 
t is call$ ,newcom5's began to be us$ = 
! pump+ ( wat] out ( m9es4 ,?is eng9e1  
slightly modifi$1 & especially by ! boy 
:o inv5t$ ! automatic cut-(f = ! /eam   
valves1 0 a mo/ rude & clumsy ma*9e     

measur$ by our ideas4 ,!re appe>s to h  
be5 sc>cely a s+le feature ( x t is n[  
visible 9 a mod]n eng9e4 ,! cyl9d] 0    
always v]tical4 ,x _h ! upp] end op51 & 
0 a r\nd iron vessel 9 :i* a plung] mov$
 up & d[n4 ,/eam 0 let 9 bel[ ?is       
plung]1 & ! walk+-beam ) :i* x 0        
connect$ by a rod _h t end ( x rais$4   
,:5 rais$ ! /eam 0 cut (f1 & all t 0 !n 
"u ! pi/on 0 cond5s$ by a jet ( cold    
wat]4 ,! outside air-pressure !n act$ ^u
 x & pu%$ x d[n aga94 ,9 ?is d[n-/roke  
by air-pressure ! "w 0 done4 ,! f> end (
 ! walk+-beam 0 ev5 c\nt]-weight$ to    
help ! /eam-pressure4 ,! ela/ic =ce (   
compress$ /eam 0 n dep5d$ ^u1 0 h>dly   
ev5 kn[n1 9 ?is fir/ work+ & practical  
eng9e ( ! _w4 ,e eng9e ( t "t 0 an      
exp]im5tal /ructure by itself4 ,! boil]1
 z we use x1 0 unkn[n4 ,(t5 x 0 squ>e1  
/ay$ & brac$ aga9/ pressure 9 a mo/     
complicat$ way4 ,yet ! ,newcom5 eng9e   
held its place = ab\t sev5ty-five ye>s2 
a v long "t 9 our conception1 & 9 view (
 ! va/ possibilities t we n[ "k 7 be=e !

 sci5ce4 ,footnote3 ,z late z #ahhj1 !  
/eam-eng9e illu/rat$ & describ$ 9 !     
natural philosophy text books 0 /ill !  
,newcom51 or ,newcom5-,watt eng9e1 & ?is
 :ile t eng9e 0 almo/ unkn[n 9 ord9>y   
circum/ances1 & d\ble-act+ high-pressure
 eng9es 7 9 op]ation ev]y:]e4 ,?is la/1 
)\t :i* n mu* c\ld be done t is n[ done1
 0 evid5tly = a long "t aft] x came into
 use reg>d$ z a dang]\s &               
unphilosophical exp]im5t1 h>dly         
sci5tific1 & n de/9$ to be p]man5tly    
adopt$4  ,9 ! ye> #agfj1 ,james ,watt1  
:o 0 by occupation :at is n[ kn[n z a   
model-mak]1 & :o liv$ 9 ,glasg[1 0 call$
 ^u to repair a model ( a ,newcom5 eng9e
 belong+ to ! univ]sity4 ,:ile ?us      
engag$ he 0 impress$ ) ! great wa/e (   
/eam1 or ( "t & fuel1 :i* is ! same ?+1 
involv$ 9 ! alt]nate heat+ & cool+ (    
,newcom5's cyl9d]4 ,to him occurr$ !    
idea ( keep+ ! cyl9d] z hot z ! /eam us$
 9 x4 ,watt 0 !re=e ! inv5tor ( ! fir/ (
 ^? economies n[ reg>d$ z absolute      
requirem5ts 9 con/ruction4 ,he made !   

fir/ /eam-jacket1 & 01 z well1 ! au?or (
 ! idea ( cov]+ ! cyl9d] ) a coat (     
wood1 or o!r non-conductor4 ,he contriv$
 a second *amb]1 outside ( ! cyl9d]1 :]e
 ! !n indisp5sable cond5sation %\ld take
 place4 ,!n he gave ?is cyl9d] = ! fir/ 
"t two heads1 & let out ! pi/on-rod     
?r\gh a hole 9 ! upp] head1 ) pack+4 ,he
 us$ /eam on ! upp] side ( ! pi/on z    
well z ! l[]1 & x w be se5 t he came v  
ne> to mak+ ! mod]n eng9e4  ,yet he did 
n make x4 ,he 0 /ill unable to disp5se )
 ! cond5s+ & vacuum & air-pressure      
ideas4 ,act+ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! l9e ( real 
effici5cy1 he fail$ to g f> en\gh to    
atta9 x4 ,he made a d\ble-act+ eng9e by 
! addition ( _m new p>ts2 he ev5 atta9$ 
! po9t ( apply+ 8 idea to ! production (
 circul> motion4 ,b he m]ely d\bl$ !    
,newcom5 idea4 ,8 eng9e became !        
,newcom5-,watt4 ,he _h a cond5s+ *amb]  
at ea* end ( ! /roke & c\ld !re=e comm& 
a reciprocat+ movem5t4 ,! walk+-beam 0  
reta9$1 n = ! purpose = :i* x is (t5 us$
 n[1 b because x 0 indisp5sable to 8    

semi-atmosph]ic eng9e4  ,illu/ration3   
,,! ,,p]fect$ ,,newcom5-,,watt ,,eng9e4 
,x may seem almo/ absurd t ! univ]sal   
crank-movem5t ( an eng9e 0 ev] ! subject
 ( a pat5t4 ,yet su* 0 ! case4 ,a man   
nam$ ,pick>d anticipat$ ,watt1 & ! latt]
 !n appli$ to 8 eng9es ! sun-&-planet   
movem5t1 in/ead ( ! crank1 until ! pat5t
 on ! latt] expir$4 ,! /eam-eng9e m>ks !
 beg9n+ ( a long s]ies ( tr\bles 9 !    
claims ( pat5tees4  ,9 #aghb came       
,watt's la/ /eam inv5tion1 an eng9e t   
us$ /eam expansively4 ,?is 0 an imm5se  
/ride4 ,he 0 also at ! same "t ! inv5tor
 ( ! ?rottle1 or *oke valve1 by :i* he  
regulat$ ! supply ( /eam to ! pi/on4 ,x 
seems a /range ?+ t up to ?is "t1 ab\t  
#agfg1 an eng9e 9 actual use 0 />t$ by  
gett+ up /eam en\gh to make x g1 & wait+
 = x to beg91 & /opp$ by putt+ out !    
fire4  ,!n he inv5t$ ! gov]nor1 a       
contrivance t has sc>cely *ang$ 9 =m1 & 
n at all 9 action1 s9ce x 0 fir/ us$1 & 
is "o ( ! few in/ances ( a ma*9e p]fect 
9 ! beg9n+4 ,two balls hang on two rods 

on ea* side ( an upright %aft1 to :i* ! 
rods are h+$4 ,! %aft is rotat$ by !    
eng9e1 & ! fa/] x turns ! m ! two balls 
/& out f x4 ,! sl[] x turns ! m !y hang 
d[n t[>d x4 ,any "o c illu/rate ?is by  
:irl+ 9 8 h&s a half-op5 umbrella4 ,!re 
is a connection betwe5 ! movem5t ( ^!   
balls & ! ?rottle2 z !y sw+ out m !y    
close x1 z !y fall clos] to ! %aft !y   
op5 x4 ,! eng9e w !re=e regulate its own
 spe$ ) ref]5ce to ! "w x has to d f    
mom5t to mom5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!      
,,gov]nor4  ,?r\gh all ^! *anges !      
orig9al idea rema9$ ( a vacuum at ! end 
( e /roke1 ( indisp5sable assi/ance f   
atmosph]ic pressure1 ( a c>eful use ( ! 
direct expansive p[] ( /eam1 & ( !      
avoidance ( ! high pressures & ! actual 
p[] ( :i* /eam is n[ kn[n to be safely  
capable4 ,footnote3 ,9 a reputable s*ool
 philosophy pr9t$ 9 #ahhj1 ?us3 ,9 "s   
eng9es 7describ+ ! mod]n high-pressure  
eng9e1 univ]sal 9 mo/ l& s]vice7 !      
app>atus = cond5s+ /eam alt]nately above
 & bel[ ! pi/on is disp5s$ )1 & ! /eam1 

aft] x has mov$ ! pi/on f "o end ( !    
cyl9d] to ! o!r1 is all[$ to escape1 by 
! op5+ ( a valve1 directly into ! air4  
,to accompli% ?is x is evid5t t ! /eam  
mu/ h an ela/ic =ce great] ?an !        
pressure ( ! air1 or x c\ld n exp& &    
drive out ! wa/e /eam on ! o!r side ( ! 
pi/on1 9 opposition to ! pressure ( !   
air4 ,accord+ to ?is tea*+1 :i* ! "y    
/ud5t is expect$ to und]/& & to entirely
 believe1 a pressure ( /eam (1 say      
eighty to a hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds to !   
in* on "o side ( ! pi/on is accompani$  
by an absolute vacuum !re1 :i* p]mits ! 
pressure ( ! outside air to ex]t itself 
aga9/ ! opposite side ( ! pi/on ?r\gh ! 
op5 port at ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]4 ,t is1
 a /ate ( ?+s :i* w\ld exi/ if ! /eam   
beh9d ! pi/on 7 sudd5ly cond5s$1 exi/s  
anyway4 ,if x be true ! facts %\ld be m 
g5]ally kn[n2 if n1 mo/ ( ! s*ool       
philosophies ne$ review+4 ,!n an almo/  
unkn[n ,am]ican came ^u ! sc5e4 ,9      
,engli% h&s ! /ory at once passes f ?is 
po9t to ! exp]im5ts ( ,treve?ick &      

,george ,/ev5son ) /eam z appli$ to     
railway locomotion4 ,b z ,watt left x & 
,treve?ick f\nd x1 ! /eam eng9e c\ld    
nev] h be5 appli$ to locomotion4 ,x 0   
sl[1 pond]\s1 complicat$ & sci5tific1   
work$ at l[ pressures1 & ,watt & 8      
contempor>ies w\ld h run away 9 affright
 f ! innovation t came 9 betwe5 !m & !  
fir/ attempts ( ! pione]s ( !           
locomotive4 ,?is innovation 0 t (       
,evans1 ! ,am]ican1 ( :om fur!r         
pres5tly4  ,! fir/ /eam-eng9e ev] built 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 probably ( ! ,watt  
patt]n1 9 #aggc4 ,9 #aggf1 ! ye> (      
beg9n+ = ourselves1 !re 7 only two      
eng9es ( any k9d 9 ! colonies2 "o at    
,passaic1 ,n4 ,j41 ! o!r at             
,philadelphia4 ,we 7 full ( ! idea ( !  
indep5d5ce we _h won soon aft]w>ds1 b 9 
mat]ial respects we _h all be=e u4  ,9  
#aghg1 ,oliv] ,evans introduc$          
improvem5ts 9 gra9 mills1 & 0 g5]ally   
effici5t z "o ( ! beg9n]s 9 ! field (   
,am]ican inv5tion4 ,soon aft]w>ds he is 
kn[n to h made a /eam-eng9e :i* 0 ! fir/

 high-pressure d\ble-act+ eng9e ev]     
made4 ,! eng9e t us$ /eam at ea* end ( !
 cyl9d] ) a vacuum & a cond5s]1 0 9 ?is 
fir/ in/ance1 s f> z any record c be    
f\nd1 supplant$ by ! eng9e ( to-day4 ,! 
reason ( ! delay x is difficult to      
acc\nt = on any o!r gr\nds ?an lack (   
boldness1 = unque/ionably ! e>ly        
exp]im5t]s knew t su* an eng9e c\ld be  
made4 ,!y 7 afraid ( ! p[] !y _h evok$4 
,su* a ma*9e may h seem$ to !m a willful
 toy+ ) disa/]4 ,_! ef=ts 7 b5t dur+ _m 
ye>s t[>d r5d]+ a trea*]\s giant useful1
 yet entirely h>mless4 ,_! boil]s1      
greatly improv$ ov] ^? ,i h m5tion$1    
nev] 7 su* z 7 aft]w>ds made to suit !  
high pressures requir$ by ! audacity (  
,hopk9s4 ,?is audacity 0 ! "m ( !       
locomotive1 & ( t eng9e :i* almo/ f t   
date has be5 us$ = ne>ly e purpose ( our
 mod]n life t requires p[]4 ,! ,am]ican 
innovation may h pass$ unnotic$ at ! "t1
 b int5tionally or o!rwise x 0 imitat$ z
 a prelim9>y to all mod]n eng9es4 ,ne>ly
 a c5tury pass$ betwe5 ! mak+ ( ! fir/  

practical eng9e & t "o :i* n[ /&s z !   
type ( _m ?\s&s4 ,b n[ e little saw-mill
 9 ! ,am]ican woods c\ld h1 & f9ally did
 h1 its little *eap1 unsci5tific1 p[]ful
 & non-vacuum eng9e1 set up & work$ )\t 
exp]i5ce1 & ma9ta9$ 9 work+ ord] by an  
unskill$ labor]4 ,a ?\s& uses = /eam    
grew out ( ?is exp]im5t ( a ,yankee :o  
knew no bett] ?an to tempt fate ) a     
high-pressure & spe$ & recklessness t   
has n[ become almo/ univ]sal4  ,!re 0 ) 
,watt & 8 contempor>ies app>5tly a      
fondness = co/ & complications4 ,mo/    
likely ! f9i%$ ,watt eng9e 0 a h&some & 
/ately ma*9e1 impos+ 9 its delib]ate    
movem5ts4 ,!re is app>5tly no?+ simpl]  
?an ! plac+ ( ! head ( ! pi/on-rod      
betwe5 two guide-pieces to keep x 9 l9e 
& give x be>+4 ,yet we h only to turn   
back a few ye>s & see ! elaborate &     
beautiful geometrical diagram contriv$  
by ,watt to produce ! same simple       
effect1 & kn[n z a p>allel motion4 ,x   
kept its place until ! walk+-beam 0 ca/ 
away1 & ! ,am]ican horizontal eng9e came

 into almo/ univ]sal use4  ,! object (  
?is *apt] s f> has be5 to pres5t an idea
 ( beg9n+s2 ( ! evolution ( ! univ]sal &
 indisp5sable ma*9e ( civilization4 ,!  
/eam-eng9e has giv5 a new impetus to    
indu/ry1 & 9 a s5se an add$ mean+ to    
life4 ,x has made possible mo/ t 0 ev]  
dream$ ( mat]ial greatness4 ,x has alt]$
 ! de/9y ( ?is nation1 & o!r nations1   
made greatness out ( crude beg9n+s1     
weal? out ( pov]ty1 prosp]ity ^u ?\s&s (
 squ>e miles ( un9habitable wild]ness4  
,x 0 ! *iefe/ in/rum5tality 9 ! wid5+ ( 
civilization1 ! br++ toge!r ( ali5      
peoples1 ! dissem9ation ( ideas4        
,electricity may c>ry ! idea2 /eam      
c>ries ! man ) ! idea4 ,! crude         
misconceptions ( old times exi/$        
naturally be=e its "t1 & h l>gely vani%$
 s9ce x came4 ,m>co ,polo & ,m&eville & 
_! k9d are no long] possibilities4      
,appli$ to transportation1 locomotion   
alone1 its effects h be5 revolution>y4  
,appli$ to common life 9 its m9ute      
ramifications ^! effects c\ld n h be5   

believ$ or =etold1 & are incr$ible4 ,!  
?\ght might be foll[$ indef9itely1 & x  
is almo/ impossible to comp>e ! _w z we 
"k x ) ! _w ( our imm$iate ance/ors4    
,only by means ( contra/s1 />tl+ 9 _!   
details1 c we arrive at an adequate     
e/imate1 ev5 z a moral f>ce1 ( ! p[] (  
/eam z embodi$ 9 ! mod]n eng9e 9 a ?\s& 
=ms4         99       99       99       
99       99  ,p]haps x might be well to 
attempt to convey1 = ! b5efit ( ! y\nge/
 read]1 an idea ( ! actual work+ ( !    
ma*9e we call a /eam-eng9e4 ,!re are    
hundr$s ( =ms1 & yet !y are all alike 9 
ess5tials4 ,to "k ! pr9ciple ( "o is to 
"k t ( all4 ,!re is probably n an eng9e 
9 ! _w 9 effective common use--! odd &  
unusual rot>y & o!r =ms nev] hav+ be5   
practical eng9es--t is n con/ruct$ ^u ! 
plan ( ! cyl9d] & pi/on4 ,^! two p>ts   
make ! eng9e4 ,if !y are und]/ood only  
diff]5ces 9 con/ruction & detail rema94 
,imag9e a %ort tube into :i* y h ins]t$ 
a pellet1 or wad ( any k9d1 s t x fits  
tol]ably1 yet moves easily back & =? 9 !

 bore ( ! tube4 ,if ?is pellet or wad is
 at "o end ( ! tube y may1 by ins]t+ t  
end 9 y\r m\? & putt+ air-pressure ^u x1
 make x slide to ! o!r end4 ,y d n t\* x
 ) any?+2 y may pu% x back & =? ) y\r   
brea? z _m times z y wi%1 n by bl[+     
aga9/ x1 s to speak1 b by produc+ an    
actual air-pressure ^u x :i* is conf9$  
by ! sides ( ! tube & _c g else:]e4 ,!  
only pressure necess>y is en\gh to move 
! pellet4  ,n[1 if y pu% ?is little     
pellet "o way by ! air-pressure f y\r   
m\?1 & !n1 in/ead ( rev]s+ ! tube 9 !   
m\? & pu%+ x back aga9 9 ! same way1    
rev]se ! process & suck ! air out f     
beh9d x1 x comes back by ! pressure ( ! 
outside atmosph]e4 ,?is 0 ! way ! fir/  
/eam eng9es work$4 ,_! only purpose 0 to
 get ! pi/on lift$1 & air-pressure did  
all ! actual "w4  ,if y turn ! tube1 &  
put an air-pressure fir/ at "o end & !n 
at ! o!r1 & pay no att5tion to vacuum or
 atmosph]ic pressure1 y w h ! pr9ciple (
 ! lat] mod]n1 almo/ univ]sal1          
high-pressure1 d\ble-act+ /eam-eng9e4   

,b n[ y mu/ imag9e t ! tube is fix$     
immovably1 & t ! air-pressure is con/ant
 9 a pipe lead+ to ! tube1 & yet mu/ be 
admitt$ fir/ to "o end ( ! tube & !n to 
! o!r alt]nately1 9 ord] to pu% ! pellet
 back & =? 9 x4 ,x seems simple4 ,p]haps
 ! "y read] c f9d a way to d x1 b x     
requir$ ab\t a hundr$ ye>s = +5i\s m5 to
 f9d out h[ to d precisely ! same ?+    
automatically4 ,x involves ! /eam-*e/ & 
! slide-valve1 & all o!r k9ds ( /eam    
valves t h be5 inv5t$1 includ+ !        
,corliss cut-(f1 & all o!rs t are ak9 to
 x 9 object & action4  ,b n[ imag9e !   
tube clos$ at ea* end to beg9 )1 & !    
little mov+ pellet1 or plung]1 on !     
inside4 ,to get ! air into bo? ends ( ! 
tube alt]nately1 & to use its pressure  
on ea* side ( ! pellet1 we w suppose t !
 air-pipe is =k$1 & t "o end ( ea* =k is
 ins]t$ into ! side ( ! tube ne> ! end1 
l ! figure bel[1 & imag9e also t y h put
 a f+] ov] ea* end ( ! tube4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a  ,we are n[ gett+
 ! air-pressure ?r\gh ! pipe 9 bo? ends 

( ! tube alike1 & d n move ! pellet ei!r
 way4 ,to make x move we mu/ d some?+ m1
 & op5 "o end ( ! tube1 & close t =k ( !
 air-pipe1 & ?us get all ! pressure on  
"o side ( ! pellet4 ,remove "o f+] f !  
end ( ! tube1 & p9* ! =k ( ! air-tube t 
is on t side4 ,! pellet w n[ move t[>d t
 end ( ! tube :i* is op54 ,rev]se !     
process1 & x c be pu%$ back aga9 )      
air-pressure to ! o!r end1 & s on       
indef9itely4  ,let u improve ! process4 
,we w close ea* end ( ! tube p]man5tly1 
& ins]t f\r cocks 9 ! tube & =k$ pipe4  
,we h "h two tubes ins]t$ at ea* end ( !
 l>ge tube1 & 9 ea* ( ^! is a cock4 ,we 
h ea* cock connect$ by a rod to ! lev]  
set on a p9 9 ! middle ( ! tube4 ,we mu/
 h ^! cocks s arrang$ t :5 ! lev] is    
mov$ 7say7 to ! "r1 ,a4 is op5$ & ,b4 is
 clos$1 & ,d4 is op5$ & ,c4 is clos$4   
,n[ if ! air-pressure is con/ant ?r\gh !
 =k$ air-tube1 & ! cock ,e4 is op51 if !
 top ( ! lev] is mov$ to ! "r1 ! pellet 
w be pu%$ to ! left 9 ! l>ge tube4 ,if !
 lev] is mov$ to ! left1 & ! two cocks t

 7 op5 are clos$1 & ! two t 7 clos$ are 
op5$ aga91 ! pellet w be s5t back to !  
o!r end ( ! tube4 ,?is movem5t ( !      
pellet 9 ! tube w occur z (t5 z ! lev]  
is mov$ & !re is any air-pressure 9 !   
=k$ tube4 ,!re is a supply-cock1 op5$ & 
an escape-cock clos$1 & an escape-cock  
op5$ & a supply-cock clos$1 at ea* end (
 ! tube1 e "t ! lev] is mov$4           
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b  ,we are us+ air 
in/ead ( /eam1 & ! movem5t ( ^! f\r     
cocks all at ! same "t1 & ! result (    
mov+ !m1 is precisely t ( ! slide-valve 
( a /eam-eng9e4 ,! diagrams ( ?is       
slide-valve w\ld be difficult to und]/&4
 ,! action ( ! cocks c be m readily     
und]/ood1 & ! result1 & ev5 mu* ( !     
action1 is precisely ! same4  ,b to make
 ! arrangem5t entirely effici5t we mu/ g
 a little fur!r into ! con/ruction ( a  
/eam-eng9e4 ,! pellet 9 ! tube has no   
connection ) ! outside1 & we c get no?+ 
f x4 ,s we give x a /em1 ?us3 & :5 we d 
s we *ange x into a pi/on & its rod4    
,:]e x passes ?r\gh ! /opp] at ! end ( !

 tube x mu/ pass air- 7or /eam-7 tight4 
,!n z we pu% ! pi/on back & =? we h a   
movem5t t we c atta* to ma*9]y at ! end 
( ! rod1 & get a result f4 ,we also move
 ! cocks1 or valves1 automatically by ! 
movem5t ( ! rod4  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c
  ,turn+ n[ to ,fig4 #c aga9 let u      
imag9e a connection made betwe5 ! rod & 
! end ( ! lev] 9 ,fig4 #b4 ,n[ put on ! 
air 7or /eam7 pressure1 & :5 ! pi/on has
 rea*$ ! "r-h& end ( ! tube x           
automatically1 by its connections1      
closes ,b4 & op5s ,a41 & op5s ,d4 &     
closes ,c4 ,! pellet w be pu%$ back 9 ! 
tube & g to ! o!r end ( x1 ?r\gh !      
pressure com+ aga9/ ! pi/on ?r\gh ! "p (
 ! air tube :]e ! cock ,d4 is op54 ,x   
rea*es ! left-h& end ( ! tube1 & we mu/ 
imag9e t :5 x gets !re x1 9 ! same mann]
 & by ! prop] connections1 closes ,d41  
op5s ,c41 closes ,a4 & op5s ,b4 ,if ^!  
me*anical movem5ts are complet$ x mu/ be
 pla9 t s long z ! air 7or /eam7        
pressure is cont9u$ 9 ! =k$ pipe ! pi/on
 w automatically cut (f its supply & op5

 its escape at ea* alt]nate end1 & move 
back & =?4 ,any boy c see h[ a backw>d &
 =w>d movem5t may be made to give motion
 to a crank4 ,all o!r details 9 an eng9e
 are que/ions ( conv5i5ce 9 con/ruction1
 & n que/ions ( pr9ciple or mann] (     
action4  ,( old] read]s1 ,i might reque/
 ! supposition t1 9 ,fig4 #b1 only !    
valves ,a4 & ,b4 7 automatically &      
inv>iably op5$ & clos$ by ! action ( !  
pi/on-rod ( ,fig4 #c1 & t ,c4 & ,d4 7   
controll$ solely by ! gov]nor1 be=e     
m5tion$1 :i* we w suppose to be locat$  
at ,e4 ,!n ! escape ( ! /eam ahead ( !  
pi/on mu/ always come at ! same "t )    
ref]5ce to ! /roke1 b ! supply w dep5d  
^u ! requirem5ts ( ea* individual /roke1
 & ! "w x has to d1 & af=d to ! pi/on a 
great] or less pu%1 z ! em]g5cies ( t   
p>ticul> in/ant may require4 ,?is       
arrangem5t w\ld be "o ( regul>ity (     
movem5t & ( economy 9 ! use ( /eam4 ,t  
:i* is ne$$ is suppli$1 & no m4 ,?is is 
! pr9ciple & ! object ( ! ,corliss      
cut-(f1 & ( all o!rs simil> to x 9      

purpose4 ,_! pr9ciple is t only ! escape
 is automatically controll$ by !        
movem5ts ( ! pi/on-rod1 occurr+ always  
at ! same "t ) ref]5ce to ! /roke1 :ile 
! supply is "u control ( ! movem5t ( !  
gov]nor1 & regulat$ accord+ to !        
em]g5cies ( ! movem5t4 ,! gov]nor1 9 any
 ( its =ms1 z ord9>ily appli$1 p]=ms    
only half ( ?is function4 ,x regulates !
 g5]al supply ( /eam to ! cyl9d]1 b !   
supply-valve cont9ues to be op5$1 always
 to full wid?1 & always at ! same mom5t 
) ref]5ce to ! /roke4 ,) ! two sep>ate  
sets ( automatic ma*9]y requir$ by      
eng9es ( ! ,corliss type1 ! pi/on does n
 always receive its /eam at ! beg9n+ ( !
 /roke1 & ! supply may be cut (f        
p>tially or entirely at any po9t 9 its  
passage along ! cyl9d]1 z ! "w to be    
done requires4 ,! economic value ( su*  
an arrangem5t is manife/4 ,no attempt is
 made "h to expla9 by means ( elaborate 
diagrams4 ,x is believ$ t if ! reason ( 
?+s1 & ! pr9ciple ( action1 is cle>1 !  
p>ticul>s may be easily /udi$ by any    

read] :o is dispos$ to ma/] me*anical   
details4     ,,! ,,age ,,( ,,/eel   ,9 v
 rec5t times ! processes ( civilization 
h _h a /rong & almo/ unnot$ t5d5cy t[>d 
! increas$ use ( ! be/4 ,?us1 mo/ t iron
 once 01 9 use & practice1 /eel n[ is4  
,?is use1 gr[+ daily1 wid5s ! scope t   
mu/ be tak5 9 discuss+ ! features ( an  
,age ( ,/eel4 ,"o "n has l>gely         
supplant$ ! o!r4 ,9 effect iron has     
become /eel4 ,_h ?is *apt] be5 writt5   
tw5ty1 or p]haps t51 ye>s e>li]1 x %\ld 
h be5 m appropriately entitl$ ! ,age (  
,iron4 ,a sep>ation ( ! two great metals
 9 g5]al description w\ld be m]ely      
te*nical1 & ,i %all treat ! subject v   
mu* z ?\gh1 9 accordance ) ! practical  
facts ( ! case1 ! two metals con/itut$  
"o g5]al subject1 "o ( !m gradually     
supplant+ ! o!r 9 mo/ ( ! fields (      
indu/ry :]e iron only 0 =m]ly us$4  ,!  
greate/ progresses ( ! race are almo/   
always unappreciat$ at ! "t1 & are      
c]ta9ly und]valu$1 except by contra/ &  
comp>ison4 ,we mu/ cont9ually turn      

backw>d to see h[ f> we h gone4 ,an     
individual :o is born into a c]ta9      
condition ?9ks x z h>d z any o!r until  
by exp]i5ce & comp>ison he discov]s :at 
8 times might h be54 ,z = u1 9 ! ye>    
#ahid1 we are n compell$ to look backw>d
 v f> to obs]ve a /rik+ contra/4        
,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,old ,,times4 ,,pry+ 
,,out ,a ,,bloom4  ,all ! weal? ( today 
is built ^u ! =e/s & prairies & swamps (
 ye/]day1 & we mu/ take a wid] & m      
compreh5sive glance backw>d if we %\ld  
wi% to in/itute ^? comp>isons :i* make  
contra/s />tl+4  ,we are accu/om$ to    
read & to he> ( ! ,age ( ?is or t4 ,!re 
0 a ,/one ,age1 beg9n+ ) ! tribes to :om
 x came be=e ! beg9n+s ( _! hi/ory1 or  
ev5 ( tradition1 & if we look f> backw>d
 we may contra/ our own "t ) ! times (  
m5 :o knew no metals4 ,!y 7 m54 ,!y liv$
 & hop$ & di$ z we d1 ev5 9 :at is n[   
our own c\ntry4 ,(t5 !y 7 n ev5         
b>b>ians4 ,!y build$ h\ses & =ts1 & dug 
dra9s & built aqu$ucts1 & till$ ! soil4 
,!y knew ! value ( ^? ?+s we mo/ value  

n[1 home & c\ntry2 & !y organiz$ armies1
 & f\ght battles1 & di$ = an idea1 z we 
d4 ,yet all ! "t1 a "t ages long1 !     
utmo/ help !y _h f\nd = ! b>e & unaid$  
h& 0 ! s]rat$ edge ( a spl9t]$ fl9t1 or 
! *ance-f\nd fragm5t beside a /ream t   
nature1 9 a ?\s& or a million ye>s (    
poli%+1 _h %ap$ into ! rude semblance ( 
a hamm] or a pe/le4 ,all m5 h 9 _! "t   
burn$ & scrap$ & fa%ion$ all !y ne$$ )  
an a/oni%+ faculty ( mak+ x answ] _!    
ne$s4 ,!y once almo/ occupi$ ! _w4 ,su* 
7 ^? :o1 s f> z we "k1 7 once !         
exclusive own]s ( ?is cont95t4 ,!y 7 an 
agricultural1 indu/ri\s & home-lov+ p4  
,footnote3 ,! ,m\nd ,build]s & ,cave    
,dwell]s4 ,!y knew only lead & copp]4   
,!n came1 ) a /range leav+ out ( !      
pl5tiful & easily work$ metals :i* are !
 subject ( ?is *apt]1 ! great ,age (    
,bronze4 ,?is next /age ( progress aft] 
/one 0 m>k$ by a skillful alloy1 requir+
 ev5 n[ "s sci5tific k 9 its comp\nd+ ( 
copp] & t94 ,a ?\s& !ories h be5 br\ght 
=w>d to acc\nt = ?is hiatus 9 ! natural 

/ages ( human progress1 ! tru? probably 
be+ t bo? t9 & copp] are m fusible ?an  
iron-ores1 & t bo? are f\nd z natural   
metals4 ,"s accid5t su* z acc\nts = !   
fir/ glass1 ,footnote3 ,! /ory is told  
by ,pl9y4 ,"s sailors1 l&+ on ! ea/]n   
coa/ ( ,spa91 support$ _! cook+ ut5sils 
on ! s& ) /ones1 & built a fire "u !m4  
,:5 !y _h f9i%$ _! meal1 glass 0 f\nd to
 h be5 made f ! nit] & sea-s& by ! heat 
( _! fire4 ,! same ?+ has be5 done1 by  
accid5t1 9 m rec5t times1 & may h be5   
done be=e ! incid5t rec\nt$4 ,x is also 
done by ! lightn+ /rik+ into s& & mak+  
^? peculi> glass tubes kn[n z           
,fulm5ites1 f\nd 9 museums & n v        
uncommon4 "s camp-fire un9t5d$ fusion1  
produc$ ! alloy t became ! metal ( all !
 arms & arts1 & s rema9$ = unc\nt$      
c5turies4 ,9 ?is connection x is decl>$ 
t ! ,age ( ,bronze knew some?+ t we _c  
discov]2 ! art ( temp]+ ! alloy s t x   
w\ld be> an edge l f9e /eel4 ,if ?is be 
true & we c\ld d x1 we %\ld by *oice    
supplant ! subject ( ?is *apt] = a ?\s& 

uses4 ,z ! matt] /&s1 & 9 our ignorance 
( a suppos$ anci5t secret1 ! temp]+ (   
bronze has an effect precisely opposite 
to t :i* ! process has ^u /eel4         
,nev]!less1 ! old ,age ( ,bronze _h its 
vicissitudes4 ,^? m5 knew no?+ t we     
consid] k n[4 ,x 0 a "t :5 "s ( ! mo/   
spl5did temples1 palaces & pyramids 7   
con/ruct$1 & ^! n[ lie ru9$ yet         
inde/ructible 9 ! nooks & corn]s ( a    
des]t _w4 ,p]haps ! h>d rock 0 *isell$ )
 tools ( temp]$ copp]4 ,! fact is (     
little importance n[ s9ce ! object ( !  
art is almo/ unkn[n1 & ! scatt]$        
capitals & columns ( ,baalbeck are l    
monum5ts )\t inscriptions2 ! commemorat+
 memorials ( a memory unkn[n4 ,! ,age ( 
,bronze & all o!r ages t h prec$$ ours  
lack$ ! great ess5tials t insure        
p]petuity4 ,! ,age ( ,/eel1 t came la/1 
t is ours n[2 a deg5]ate "t by all      
anci5t /&>ds2 has = its cr[n+ triumph a 
s+le ma*9e :i* is alone en\gh to satisfy
 ! union ( two names t are to u :at     
,ca/] & ,pollux 7 to ! bronze-arm$      

,roman legions ( ! h]oic "t--! mod]n p[]
 pr9t+-press4  ,x may be well to ask &  
answ] ! "q t at ! fir/ view may seem to 
! read] almo/ absurd4 ,:at is /eel8 ,!  
answ] mu/1 9 ! majority ( in/ances1 be  
giv5 9 accordance ) ! common conception2
 :i* is t x is n iron1 yet v l x4 ,! old
 classification ( ! metal1 ev5 famili>ly
 kn[n1 ne$s n[ to be supplem5t$1 s9ce x 
does n describe ! mod]n ca/ & malleable 
comp\nds ( iron1 c>bon & metalloids us$ 
= /ructural purposes1 & con/itut+ at    
lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! metal n[ made "u !  
"n ( /eel4 ,! old t]m1 /eel1 meant !    
ca/1 b malleable1 product ( iron1       
conta9+ z mu* c>bon z w\ld cause ! metal
 to h>d5 :5 heat$ to r$ness & qu5*$ 9   
wat]4 ,x mu/ also be includ$ 9 !        
def9ition t ! product mu/ be z free z   
possible f all admixtures except !      
requisite am\nt ( c>bon4 ,?is is tool   
/eel4 ,footnote3 ,x mu/ n be und]/ood t 
tool /eel 0 always a ca/ metal4 ,9      
manufactur+1 iron b>s 7 laid toge!r 9 a 
box or retort1 toge!r ) p[d]$ *>coal1 & 

heat$ to a c]ta9 degree = a c]ta9 "t4 ,!
 c>bon f ! *>coal 0 absorb$ by ! iron1 &
 f ! bli/]$ appe>ance ( ! b>s :5 tak5   
out ?is product 01 & is kn[n z bli/]    
/eel4  ,& "h occurs a /range ?+4 ,a     
skill 9 *emi/ry1 ! successor ( al*emy1  
is ! educational product ( ! highe/ =m (
 civilization4  ,illu/ration3 ,,anci5t  
,,smelt+4 ,a ,,rude ,,wall ,,enclos+    
,,alt]nate ,,lay]s ,,( ,,iron ,,ore ,,& 
,,*>coal4  ,metallurgy is ! highe/ & mo/
 difficult bran* ( *emi/ry4 ,/eel is !  
be/ result ( metallurgy4 ,yet /eel is "o
 ( ! olde/ products ( ! race1 & 9 l&s t 
h be5 asleep s9ce writt5 hi/ory began4  
,w5dell ,phillips 9 a lecture ^u ,! ,lo/
 ,arts1--celebrat$ at ! date ( its      
deliv]y1 b n[ obsolete because n t\*+ ^u
 advances made 9 sci5ce s9ce ,phillips's
 day1--/ates t ! fir/ ne$le ev] made 9  
,engl&1 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 0 made by
 a ,negro1 & t :5 he di$ ! art di$ )    
him4 ,!y did n "k h[ to prep>e ! /eel or
 h[ to make ! ne$le4 ,he adds t "s ( !  
e>lie/ travel]s 9 ,africa f\nd a tribe 9

 ! int]ior :o gave !m bett] razors ?an !
 explor]s _h4 ,ori5tal /eel has be5     
celebrat$ = ages z an inimitable        
product4 ,x is c]ta9ly true t by !      
simple processes ( semi-b>b>ism ! f9e/  
tool-/eel has be5 manufactur$1 p]haps f 
! days ( ,tubal ,ca9 d[nw>d4 ,! ke5ness 
( edge1 ! temp] ^: secret is n[ unkn[n1 
! m>vel\s ela/icity ( ! tools ( anci5t  
,damascus1 are famili> by repute to e   
read] & h be5 celebrat$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 
,! swords & dagg]s made 9 c5tral ,asia  
two ?\s& ye>s ago 7 m rem>kable ?an any 
simil> product ( ! pres5t = elaborate & 
beautiful f9i% z well z = a cutt+       
quality & a t5acity ( edge unkn[n to    
mod]n days4 ,all ! te/s & exp]im5ts ( a 
mod]n gov]nm5t ars5al1 ) all ! te*nical 
k ( mod]n times1 d n produce su*        
tool-/eel4 ,x is also alleg$ t ! anci5t 
weapons did n ru/ z ours d1 & t ! olde/ 
are bright to ?is day4 ,! /eel tools &  
arms t are made 9 ! /range c\ntry (     
,india d n ru/ !re1 :ile 9 ! same       
climate ours are eat5 away4 ,besides !  

secret ( temp]+ bronze1 x w\ld seem t   
among ! lo/ arts ,footnote3 ,mod]n      
sci5ce dates f ?ree discov]ies4 ,t (    
,cop]nicus1 ! effect ( :i* 0 to sep>ate 
sci5tific a/ronomy1 ! a/ronomy ( natural
 law & def9$ cause1 f a/rology1 or !    
a/ronomy ( ass]tion & tradition4 ,t (   
,torricelli & ,pas*al ( ! actual &      
measurable weight ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* 0 !
 beg9n+ = u ( ! sci5ce ( physics1 & t ( 
,lavoisi] :o suspect$1 & ,prie/ly :o    
demon/rat$1 oxyg5 & de/roy$ ! la/       
ve/iges ( ! !ory ( al*emy4 ,/ahl 0 ! la/
 ( ^!1 & ,lavoisi] ! fir/ ( ! new s*ool 
9 t :i* ,i h /at$ is ! highe/ developm5t
 ( mod]n sci5ce1 *emi/ry4 ,9 all ^!     
dep>tm5ts we h no adequate reason to    
ass]t t we are n ourselves m]e /ud5ts4  
,"s ( ! functions ( oxyg51 & ! simple/1 
7 unkn[n )9 five ye>s be=e ! date ( ^!  
*apt]s4--a subject t x is easy to make  
too mu* (--!re 0 a *emical +r$i5t or    
proportion 9 /eel t we n[ "k no?+ (4 ,! 
old l&s ( sam5ess & slumb] h kept _!    
secrets4  ,! def9ition ( ! ^w /eel has  

be5 ! subject ( a sci5tific qu>rel on   
acc\nt ( new processes4 ,! gr& di/+ui%+ 
trait ( /eel1 to :i* x owes all !       
qualities t make x valuable = ! uses to 
:i* no o!r metal c be put1 is homog5eity
 due to fusion4 ,wr\ght iron1 :ile hav+ 
simil> *emical qualities1 & (t5 z mu*   
c>bon1 is lam9at$ 9 /ructure4 ,/ructural
 qualities are l>gely increas+ 9        
importance1 & z ! /ructural comp\nds    
came gradually to be produc$ m & m by ! 
ca/+ processes2 z !y ceas$ to be lam9at$
 9 /ructure & became homog5e\s1 !y 7    
call$ by ! "n ( /eel4 ,! "n has be5 bas$
 ^u ! /ructure ( ! mat]ial r ?an ^u its 
*emical +r$i5ts z h]et(ore4 ,!re is n[ a
 disposition to call all comp\nds ( iron
 t are cry/all9e 9 /ructure1 made       
homog5e\s by ca/+1 by ! g5]al "n ( /eel1
 & to di/+ui% all ^? ^: /ructural       
quality is due to weld+ by ! "n ( iron4 
,footnote3 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t ! %apes
 ( /ructural & o!r =ms ( :at we n[ call 
/eel are giv5 by roll+ ! +ot aft] ca/+1 
& t ! cry/all9e composition ( ! metal   

rema9s4 ,?is is an outl9e ( ! controv]sy
 ab\t ! diff]5ces :i* %\ld be express$  
by a "n1 betwe5 tool /eel & /ructural   
/eel4 ,9 tool /eel !re is an almo/      
inf9ite v>iety z to quality4 ,! be/ is a
 high product ( practical sci5ce1 & h[  
to make ! be/ seems n[1 z h9t$ above1 a 
lo/ art4 ,x has1 besides1 a great       
v>iety4 ,^! v>ieties are only produc$   
aft] ?\s&s ( exp]im5ts direct$ to f9d+  
out :at +r$i5ts & processes make t[>d ! 
desir$ result4 ,^! processes1 7 !y all  
kn[n outside ! manufactories ( c]ta9    
speciali/s1 w\ld little int]e/ ! g5]al  
read]4 ,all ma*9i/s "k ( c]ta9 br&s (   
tool /eel :i* !y pref]4 ,tool /eel is   
made especially = c]ta9 purposes2 z =   
razors & surgical in/rum5ts1 = saws1 =  
files1 = spr+s1 = cutt+ tools g5]ally4  
,9 ^! !re may be little actual diff]5ce 
( quality or manufacture4 ,! temp]+ (   
/eel aft] x has be5 =g$ into %ape is a  
specialty1 almo/ a natural gift4 ,!     
manufacture ( tool /eel1 is1 z /at$1 "o 
( ! mo/ te*nical ( ! arts1 & "o ( ! mo/ 

complicat$ ( ! applications ( long      
exp]i5ce & exp]im5t4  ,ca/ /eel 0 fir/  
made 9 #aggj by ,huntsman1 :o = ! fir/  
"t melt$ ! bli/]$ /eel1 :i* until t "t  
_h be5 ! tool /eel ( comm]ce1 9 a       
crucible4 ,s9ce t "t ! process ( melt+  
wr\ght iron has become practical & *eap1
 & results 9 cry/all9e1 in/ead ( a      
lam9at$ /ructure = all /eels4 ,!        
def9ition ( /eel n[ is t x is a comp\nd 
( iron :i* has be5 ca/ f a fluid /ate   
into a malleable mass4  ,! ord9>y te/   
appli$ to di/+ui% wr\ght iron f /eel is 
to asc]ta9 :e!r ! metal h>d5s ) heat+ & 
sudd5ly cool+ 9 cold wat]1 becom+ aga9  
s(t5$ on reheat+ & cool+ sl[ly4 ,if x   
does ?is x is /eel ( "s quality1 good or
 bad2 if n1 x is iron4         99       
99       99       99       99  ,! fir/  
m5tion ( iron-ore 9 ,am]ica is by ,?omas
 ,h>riot1 an ,engli% writ] ( ! "t (     
,raleigh's fir/ colonies4 ,he wrote a   
hi/ory ( ! settlem5t on ,roanoke ,isl&1 
9 :i* he says3 ,9 two places 9 ! c\ntrey
 specially1 "o ab\t f\re score & ! o!r  

six score miles f ! port or place :]e   
wee dwelt1 wee f\nde ne]e ! wat] side ! 
gr\nd to be rockie1 :i* by ! triall ( a 
m9]all man1 0 f\nd to hold iron ri*ly4  
,x is f\nde 9 manie places 9 ! c\ntrey  
else4 ,h>riot speaks fur!r ( ! small    
*>ge = ! lab\r & fe$+ ( m52 ! inf9ite   
/ore ( wood2 ! want ( wood & ! de]ness  
!re( 9 ,engl&4 ,x 0 be=e ! day ( coal & 
coke1 or ( any ( ! processes kn[n n[4 ,!
 iron m9es ( ,roanoke ,isl& 7 nev] he>d 
( aga94  ,iron-ore 9 ! colonies is aga9 
he>d ( 9 ! hi/ory ( ,jame/[n1 9 #afjg4  
,a %ip sail$ f !re 9 #afjh freight$ )   
iron-ore1 sassafras1 c$> po/s & walnut  
bo>ds4 ,sev5te5 tons ( iron 7 made f ?is
 ore1 & sold = f\r p\nds p] ton4 ,?is 0 
! fir/ iron ev] made f ,am]ican ores4 ,!
 fir/ iron-works ev] erect$ 9 ?is c\ntry
 71 ( c\rse almo/1 burn$ by ! ,indians1 
9 #afbb1 & 9 connection ?ree hundr$     
p]sons 7 kill$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,e>ly   
,,smelt+ ,,9 ,,am]ica4  ,fire & blood 0 
! end ( ! beg9n+ ( _m ,am]ican          
indu/ries4 ,ore 0 pl5tiful1 wood 0      

sup]abundant1 me?ods 7 crude4 ,!y c\ld  
easily excel ! ,virg9ia coloni/s 9 mak+ 
iron 9 ,p]sia & ,india at ! same date4  
,! ori5tals _h c]ta9 processes1 desc5d$ 
to !m f remote times1 discov]$ &        
practic$ by ! fir/ metal-work]s t ev]   
liv$4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! situation n[ is t 
"h ! situation & me?ods h s *ang$ t !   
/ory is almo/ incr$ible4 ,!re1 !y rema9 
z always4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( iron-smelt+ 
9 ,am]ica is a text f :i* might be tak5 
! entire va/ s]mon ( mod]n indu/rial    
civilization4  ,! ori5tals lack$ !      
/eam-eng9e4 ,s did we 9 ,am]ica4 ,! bla/
 0 impossible ev]y:]e except by h&1 &   
contrivances = ?is purpose are ( v great
 antiquity4 ,! bell[s 0 us$ 9 ,egypt    
?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x may be t ! v fir/
 ?\ght by primitive man 0 ( h[ to smelt 
! metals he want$ s mu* & ne$$ s badly4 
,8 ef=ts to procure a means ( mak+ 8    
fire burn "u 8 little dump ( ore l$ him 
fir/ into ! sci5ce :i* has atta9$ a new 
importance 9 v rec5t times1 pneumatics4 
,! fir/ ,am]ican furnaces 7 bl[n by !   

ord9>y lea!r bell[s1 or by a contrivance
 !y _h :i* 0 call$ a bl[+ tub1 or by a v
 anci5t ma*9e kn[n z a trompe 9 :i* wat]
 runn+ ?r\gh a wood5 pipe 0 v +5i\sly   
made to furni% air to a furnace4 ,x is  
:5 ! means are small t +5uity is        
actually %[n4 ,if ! lat] man is depriv$ 
( ! use ( ! late/ ma*9]y he w decl9e to 
und]take an ent]prise :]e x is requir$4 
,! same man 9 ! woods1 ) absolute       
necessity = 8 companion1 w %[ an a/oni%+
 capacity = p]sev]+ inv5tion1 & w live1 
& succe$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,wat]-,,p[]   
,,bl[+ ,,tub4  ,9 ! lack ( /eam !y      
le>n$1 z /at$1 to use wat]-p[] = mak+ ! 
bla/4 ,! bl[+-tub 0 su* a contrivance4  
,x 0 built ( wood1 & ! air-boxes 7      
squ>e4 ,!re 7 two ( ^!1 ) squ>e pi/ons &
 a walk+-beam betwe5 !m4 ,a ?ird box    
held ! air "u a weight$ pi/on & f$ x to 
! furnace4 ,"s ( ^! 7 /ill 9 effective  
use z late z #ahgc4 ,!y 7 /ill us$ long 
aft] /eam came4 ,! entire ma*9e might be
 call$1 correctly1 a v l>ge             
pi/on-bell[s4 ,a small] ma*9e ) a s+le  

b>rel may be f\nd n[1 r$uc$1 9 ! h&s (  
m5 :o clean ! int]ior ( pianos1 & tune  
!m4  ,! fir/ iron works built 9 ! pres5t
 ,unit$ ,/ates t 7 comm]cially          
successful1 7 e/abli%$ 9 ,massa*usetts1 
9 ! t[n ( ,saugus1 a few miles f ,bo/on4
 ,! company _h a monopoly ( manufacture 
"u grant = t5 ye>s4 ,footnote3 ,"s qua9t
 records exi/ ( ! incid5ts ( manufactur+
 9 ^? times4  ,9 #agbh1 ,samuel ,higley 
& ,joseph ,dewey1 ( ,connecticut1       
repres5t$ to ! ,legislature t ,higley   
_h1 ) great pa9s & co/1 f\nd out &      
obta9$ a curi\s art by :i* to conv]t1   
*ange1 or transmute1 common iron into   
good /eel suffici5t = any use1 & 0 !    
fir/ t ev] p]=m$ su* an op]ation 9      
,am]ica4 ,a c]tificate1 sign$ by ,timo?y
 ,phelps & ,john ,drake1 blacksmi?s1    
/ates t1 9 ,june1 #agbe1 ,mr4 ,higley   
obta9$ f ! subscrib]s sev]al pieces (   
iron1 s %ap$ t !y c\ld be kn[n aga91 & t
 a few days lat] he br\ght ! same pieces
 :i* we let him h1 & we prov$ !m & f\nd 
!m good /eel1 :i* 0 ! fir/ /eel t ev] 0 

made 9 ?is c\ntry1 t we ev] saw or he>d 
(4 ,b ?is rem>kable transmut+ process 0 
n he>d ( aga9 unless x be ! process (   
case-h>d5+1 re-inv5t$ "s ye>s ago1 &    
kn[n n[ to me*anics z a recipe4  ,!     
smallness ( ?+s may be inf]r$ f ! fact  
t1 9 #agdj1 ! ,connecticut ,legislature 
grant$ to ,messrs4 ,fit*1 ,walk]        
,wyllys ! sole privilege ( mak+ /eel = !
 t]m ( fifte5 ye>s1 ^u ?is condition t  
!y %\ld1 9 ! space ( two ye>s1 make half
 a ton ( /eel4 ,ev5 ?is condition 0 n   
compli$ ) & ! t]m 0 ext5d$4 ,!y began 9 
#afdc1 tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! l&+1 :i*  
is "o ( ! evid5ces ( ! anxiety ( ^?     
tr\blesome p to be indep5d5t1 & ( h[    
well m5 knew1 ev5 9 ^? e>ly times1 h[   
mu* ! production ( iron at home has to d
 ) t indep5d5ce4 ,?is new indu/ry 01 at 
all times1 controll$ & regulat$ by law4 
,! v fir/ holl[-w>e ca/+ made 9 ,am]ica 
is said to be /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,x 0 a    
little kettle hold+ less ?an a qu>t4    
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ca/+ ,,made  
,,9 ,,am]ica4  ,! beg9n+s ( ! iron      

indu/ry 9 ,am]ica 7 none too e>ly4 ,!re 
came a ne$ = !m v soon aft] !y _h ext5d$
 into o!r p>ts ( ,new ,engl&1 & into    
,new ,j]sey1 ,new ,york1 ,p5nsylvania & 
,m>yl&4 ,9 #agge1 !re 7 a l>ge numb] (  
small furnaces & f\ndries4 ,b coal &    
iron1 ! two e>?-born s]vants ( national 
progress :i* are n[ always tw9s1 7 n !n 
c\pl$4 ,! fir/ ( !m 0 out (             
consid]ation4 ,! e>ly iron m5 look$ =   
wat]-falls in/ead1 & = ! wood ( !       
primeval =e/4 ,footnote3 ,x is n[ easy  
to le>n t a coal-m9e may be a m valuable
 possession ?an a gold-m9e1 & t iron is 
bett] z an indu/ry ?an silv]4 ,!re are  
m\nta9s ( iron 9 ,mexico1 b no coal1 &  
silv]-m9es s ri* t silv]1 smelt$ )      
exp5sive wood fuel1 is ! /aple product (
 ! c\ntry4 ,yet ! p are among ! poore/ 9
 ,*ri/5dom4 ,!re is a ceaseless         
iron-fam9e1 s t ! *iefe/ =m ( railway   
robb]y is ! /eal+ ( ! l9ks & p9s f      
tra9s4 ,!re are almo/ no metal          
indu/ries4 ,a b>b>ic agriculture        
prevails = ! want ( mat]ial = ! mak+ (  

tools4 ,! actual means ( progress are n 
at h&1 not)/&+ ! product ( silv]1 :i*   
goes by weight z a commodity to pur*ase 
mo/ t ! c\ntry ne$s4 ,!y became v       
necess>y to ! c\ntry 9 #agee--:5 ! ,fr5*
 w> came1 & !y !n began ! mak+ ( ! %ot &
 guns us$ 9 t /ruggle1 & became accu/om$
 to ! manufacture 9 "t = ! ,revolution4 
,look+ back = causes conducive to       
mom5t\s results1 we may "h f9d "o n     
usually consid]$ 9 ! hi/ories4 ,b = !   
advancem5t ( ! iron indu/ry 9 ,am]ica1  
great = ! "t & circum/ances1 indep5d5ce 
c\ld n h be5 won1 & ev5 ! feel+ & desire
 ( indep5d5ce w\ld h be5 indef9itely    
delay$4  ,! indu/ry 0 sl[1 pa9ful1 &    
unc]ta91 only because ! me*anic arts 7  
pursu$ only to an ext5t possible ) !    
skill & muscul> en]gy ( m54 ,!re 7 none 
( ! wond]ful automatic me*anisms t we "k
 z ma*9e-tools4 ,!re 0 only ! almo/     
unaid$ human arm ) :i* to subdue !      
b\ndless savag]y ( a cont95t1 & w9      
indep5d5ce & =m a nation besides4 ,!    
dem& = huge masses ( ! mo/ ess5tial ( ! 

factors ( civilization has gr[n s9ce1   
because ! ironclad & ! big gun h come1 &
 ^? inadequate =ces & crude me?ods      
suppli$ = a "t ! dem& t 0 small &       
imp]ative4 ,! l>ge/ mass made !n1 &     
frequ5tly spok5 ( 9 colonial records1 0 
a piece call$ a s[2 spell$ !n s[e4 ,x 0 
a long1 triangul> mass1 ca/ by be+ run  
into a tr5* made 9 s&4 ,footnote3 ,:51  
lat]1 little side-tr5*es 7 made beside !
 fir/1 ) little *annels to c>ry ! metal 
into !m1 ! small] ca/+s 7 naturally     
call$ pigges4 ,h5ce our pig-iron4       
,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,a ,,tr5* ,,to     
,,ca/ ,a ,,s[e4  ,^? 7 ! palmy days ( ! 
trip hamm]4 ,nasmy? 0 n born until      
#ahjh1 & no ma*9e inv5tor _h yet come ^u
 ! sc5e4 ,! /eam-hamm] t be>s 8 "n1 :i* 
means a pond]\s & p[]ful ma*9e 9 :i* !  
hamm] is lift$ by ! direct action ( /eam
 9 a pi/on1 ! l[] end ( ^: rod is !     
hamm]-head1 has done m = ! developm5t ( 
! iron indu/ry ?an any o!r me*anical    
inv5tion4 ,x 0 n actually us$ until     
#ahdb1 or '#dc4 ,x f9ally1 ) _m         

improvem5ts 9 detail1 grew into a mon/]1
 ! hamm]-head1 or tup1 be+ a mass ( _m  
tons4 ,& !y ( mod]n times 7 n cont5t    
m]ely to let ?is great mass fall4 ,!y   
let 9 /eam above ! pi/on1 & jamm$ x d[n 
^u ! mass ( gl[+ metal1 ) a %ock t j>s !
 e>?4 ,! /range ?+ ab\t ?is ,titanic    
ma*9e is t x c crack an egg1 or flatt5  
out a ton or m ( gl[+ iron4 ,hundr$s ( !
 =g+s ( lat] times1 su* z ! wr\ght iron 
or /eel frames ( locomotives1 & ! %afts 
( /eam]s1 & ! =g$ mod]n guns1 c\ld n be 
made by =g+ )\t ?is /eam hamm]4         
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/eam ,,hamm]4  ,!n  
sl[ly came ! p]iod ( all k9ds ( ma*9e   
tools4 ,dur+ ! p]iod briefly describ$   
above !y c\ld n make %eet metal4 ,!     
roll+ mill mu/ h come1 n only be=e !    
mod]n /eam-boil]1 b ev5 be=e ! mod]n pl[
 c\ld be made4 ,c ! read] imag9e a "t 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 %eet metal c\ld n be 
roll$1 & ev5 t9 plates 7 n kn[n8 ,if s1 
he c in/antly transport himself to !    
times ( ! wood5 tr5*]1 & ! pewt] mug &  
pit*]1 to ! days :5 iron rails =        

tramways 7 unkn[n1 & :5 ev5 ! /rap-iron1
 always necess>y1 0 rudely & sl[ly      
hamm]$ out on an anvil4 ,footnote3 ,ab\t
 #agbj1 nails 7 ! mo/ ne$$ ( all !      
articles ( a new c\ntry4 ,f>m]s made !m 
= !mselves1 at home4 ,! secret ( h[ to  
roll out a %eet & split x into nail-rods
 0 /ol5 f ! "o %op t knew h[1 at        
,milton1 ,mass41 to give to ano!r at    
,mlddleboro4 ,! ?ief _h ! ,biblical "n (
 ,ha%ay ,h4 ,?omas4 ,he /ole ! secret   
:ile ! h&s ( ! ,milton mill 7 gone to   
d9n]1 & s]v$ 8 c\ntry & broke up a small
 monopoly 9 s do+4  ,%e>s came ) !      
rolls2 va/ eng9es ( gigantic bit+       
capacity1 t cut %eets ( iron z a lady's 
scissors cut pap]4 ,?is cut ! squ>es (  
metal us$ = boil] plates1 & ! /eam-eng9e
 hav+ come1 0 turn$ to ! manufacture (  
mat]ials = its own con/ruction4 ,o!rs 7 
able to bite (f great b>s4  ,! fir/ mill
 9 :i* iron 0 roll$ 9 ,am]ica1 0 built 9
 #ahag ne> ,connellsville1 9 ,fayette   
c\nty1 ,p5n4 ,until #ahdd1 ! roll+ mills
 ( ?is c\ntry produc$ little m ?an      

b>-iron1 hoops1 & plates4 ,all ! e>ly   
attempts at railroads us$ ! /rap rail2  
unless ca/ fi%-bellies 7 us$2 :i* 0 flat
 b>-iron provid$ ) c\nt] sunk holes1 9  
:i* to drive nails = hold+ ! iron to    
long /r+]s ( wood laid ^u ties4 ,:5     
actual rail-mak+ = railroads began1 !   
roll+ mill rais$ its p[]s to meet !     
em]g5cy4 ,! ,t rail1 univ]sally n[ us$1 
0 inv5t$ by ,rob]t ,/ev5s1 presid5t &   
*ief eng9e] ( ! ,camd5 & ,amboy         
railroad1 & ! fir/ ( !m 7 laid z track =
 t road 9 #ahcb4 ,f ?is "t until #ahej1 
roll+ mills = mak+ ,u & ,t rails rapidly
 increas$ 9 numb]1 b 9 t ye> all b two  
_h ceas$ to be op]at$ because ( =eign   
competition4  ,illu/ration3 ,,%e>s ,,=  
,,cutt+ ,,b>-,,iron4  ,dur+ "s five ye>s
 previ\s to ?is writ+ a revolution has  
tak5 place 9 ! con/ruction ( build+s :i*
 has result$ 9 :at is kn[n z !          
sky-scrap]4 ,?is 01 9 _m respects1 ! mo/
 />tl+ innovation ( times t are />tl+ 9 
mo/ o!r respects1 & 0 begun 9 t         
metropolis ( surprises & successes1 !   

city ( ,*icago4 ,?is innovation 0 really
 su* 9 ! matt] ( us+ /eel 9 ! entire    
fram+ ( a comm]cial build+1 b x 0 n !   
fir/ use ( metal z a build+ mat]ial4 ,! 
fir/ iron beams us$ 9 build+s 7 made 9  
#ahed1 9 a roll+ mill at ,tr5ton1 ,n4   
,j41 & 7 us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,coop] 
,in/itute1 & ! build+ ( ,h>p]  ,bro!rs4 
,= ^! special rolls1 ( a special        
inv5tion1 7 made4 ,^! h n[ become       
obsolete1 & a new arrangem5t is us$ =   
:at are kn[n z /ructural %apes4         
,illu/ration3 ,,hydraulic ,,%e>s4 ,,!   
,,knife ,,has ,a ,,pressure ,,( #c1jjj  
,,tons1 ,,clipp+ ,,pieces ,,( ,,iron    
,,two ,,by ,,f\r ,,feet4  ,i h spok5 ( !
 use ( wood-fuel 9 ! e>ly /ages ( iron  
manufacture 9 ?is c\ntry1 foll[$ by !   
adoption exclusively ( coal & its       
products4 ,!n1 _m ye>s lat]1 came !     
dep>ture f ?is 9 ! use ( gas = fuel4 ,! 
fir/ use ( ?is k9d is said to date z f> 
back z ! eigh? c5tury1 & modifications (
 ! idea _h be5 put 9 practice 9 ?is     
c\ntry1 9 :i* gas 0 fir/ made f coal &  

!n us$ z fuel4 ,!n came natural gas4    
,?is product has be5 kn[n = _m c5turies4
 ,x 0 ! et]nal fuel ( ! ,p]sian         
fire-wor%ipp]s1 & has be5 us$ z fuel 9  
,*9a = ages4 ,its e>lie/ use 9 ?is      
c\ntry 0 9 #ahbg1 :5 x 0 made to light !
 village ( ,fr$onia1 ,n4 ,y4 ,probably  
its fir/ use = manufactur+ purposes 0 by
 a man nam$ ,tompk9s1 :o us$ x to heat  
salt-kettles 9 ! ,k5a:a valley 9 #ahdb4 
,its next use = manufactur+ purposes 0  
made 9 a roll+ mill 9 ,arm/rong c\nty1  
,p5n41 9 #ahgd1 =ty-sev5 ye>s aft] x _h 
be5 us$ at ,fr$onia1 & tw5ty-n9e ye>s   
aft] x _h be5 us$ to boil salt4  ,n[ !  
use ( natural gas z manufactur+ fuel is 
univ]sal1 n alone ov] ! spot :]e ! gas  
is f\nd1 b 9 localities hundr$s ( miles 
away4 ,x is "o ( ! /range/ developm5ts (
 mod]n sci5tific +5uity4 ,t enorm\s     
batt]y ( boil]s1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ impos+
 spectacles ( ! ,columbian ,exhibition (
 #ahic1 ^: ro> 0 l t ( ,niag>a1 0 f$ by 
invisible fuel t came sil5tly 9 pipes f 
a /ate outside ( t :]e ! great fair 0   

held4 ,we are left to ! conclusion t !  
mak+ ( ! coal into gas at ! m9e1 & !    
%ipp+ ( x to ! place ( consumption ?r\gh
 pipes1 is m c]ta9 ( realization ?an 7 a
 hundr$ ( ! e>ly problems ( ,am]ican    
progress t h n[ be5 successful = s long 
t ! date ( _! beg9n+ is almo/ =gott54   
,,! ,,/eel ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t4--,! /ory ( 
/eel has n[ almo/ be5 told1 9 t g5]al   
outl9e :i* is all t is possible )\t an  
ext5sive detail n int]e/+ to ! g5]al    
read]4 ,9 x is includ$1 ( necessity1 a  
resum ( ! progress1 f ! e>lie/ times 9  
?is c\ntry1 ( ! great indu/ry :i* is m  
indicative ?an any o!r ( ! mat]ial gr[? 
( a nation4 ,i n[ come to t "t :5 /eel  
began to take ! place t iron _h always  
held 9 /ructural "w ( e class4 ,!       
diff]5ces betwe5 ?is /ructural /eel & t 
:i* m5 h kn[n by ! "n exclusively f     
remote ages1 ,i h s f> indicat$ only by 
ref]5ce to ! well-kn[n qualities ( !    
latt]4 ,x n[ rema9s to describe ! fir/4 
,9 #ahdf an ,am]ican nam$ ,william      
,kelley 0 ! own] ( an iron-works at     

,eddyville1 ,ky4 ,x 0 an e>ly era 9     
,am]ican manufactures ( all k9ds1 & !   
di/rict 0 isolat$1 ! t[n n hav+ five    
hundr$ inhabitants1 & ! be/ me*anical   
appliances 7 remote4  ,9 #ahdg1 ,kelley 
began1 )\t sugge/ion or k ( any         
exp]im5ts go+ on else:]e1 to exp]im5t 9 
! processes n[ kn[n z ! ,bessem]1 = !   
conv]t+ ( iron into /eel4 ,to him       
occurr$1 z x n[ appe>s fir/1 ! idea t 9 
! ref9+ process fuel w\ld be unnecess>y 
aft] ! iron 0 melt$ if p[]ful bla/s (   
air 7 =c$ into ! fluid metal4 ,?is is ! 
basic pr9ciple ( ! ,bessem] process4 ,! 
!ory 0 t ! heat g5]at$ by ! union ( !   
oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! c>bon ( ! metal1 w\ld 
accompli% ! ref9+4 ,kelley 0 try+ to    
produce malleable iron 9 a new1 rapid & 
effective way4 ,x 0 m]ely an economy 9  
manufacture he 0 endeavor+ to atta94    
,to ?is end he made a furnace into :i*  
pass$ an air-bla/ pipe1 ?r\gh :i* a     
/ream ( air 0 =c$ into ! mass ( melt$   
metal4 ,he produc$ ref9$ iron4 ,foll[+  
?is he made :at is n[ call$ a conv]t]1 9

 :i* he c\ld ref9e fifte5 hundr$ p\nds (
 metal 9 five m9utes1 effect+ a great   
sav+ 9 "t & fuel1 & 9 8 little          
e/abli%m5t ! old processes 7 !nce=?     
disp5s$ )4 ,x 0 locally kn[n z ,kelley's
 air-boil+ process4 ,x prov$ f9ally to  
be ! mo/ important1 9 l>ge results1 ev] 
conceiv$ 9 metallurgy4 ,i ref] to x     
hurri$ly1 & d n attempt to foll[ !      
inv5tor's own description ( 8           
con/ructions & exp]im5ts4 ,:5 he he>d t 
o!rs 9 ,engl& 7 foll[+ ! same l9e (     
exp]im5t1 he appli$ = a pat5t4 ,he 0    
decid$ to be ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! process1
 & a pat5t 0 grant$ him ov] ,bessem]1 :o
 0 a few days be=e him4 ,!re is no "q t 
o!rs 7 m skillful1 & ) bett]            
opportunities & sci5tific associations1 
9 c>ry+ out ! f9al details1 me*anical & 
*emical1 :i* h complet$ ! ,kelley       
process = pres5t comm]cial uses4 ,nei!r 
is !re any "q t ?is back-woods iron-mak+
 ,am]ican 0 ! fir/ to ref9e iron by     
pass+ ?r\gh x1 :ile fluid1 a /ream (    
air1 :i* is ! process ( mak+ t /eel :i* 

is n tool /eel1 & yet is /eel1 ! n[     
almo/ univ]sal mat]ial = ! mak+ (       
/ructures2 ! mat]ial ( ! ,f]ris :eel1 ! 
wond]ful palaces ( ! ,columbian         
exposition1 ! sky-scrap]s ( ,*icago1 !  
rails1 ! tacks1 ,footnote3 ,9 ! hi/ory (
 ,rhode ,isl&1 by ,arnold1 x is claim$ t
 ! fir/ cold cut nails 9 ! _w 7 made by 
,j]emiah ,wilk9son1 9 #aggg4 ,! process 
0 to cut !m f an old *e/-lock ) a pair (
 %e>s1 & head !m 9 a smi?'s vise4 ,!n   
small nails 7 cut f old ,spani% hoops1 &
 head$ 9 a vise by h&4 ,ne$les & p9s 7  
made by ! same p]son f wire drawn by    
himself4 ,suppos+ ?is to be ! beg9n+ ( !
 cut-nail idea1 ! ma*9e = mak+ !m w\ld  
/ill rema9 ! actual & practical         
inv5tion1 s9ce x w\ld m>k ! beg9n+ ( !  
indu/ry z su*4 ,! importance ( ! latt]  
ev5t may be measur$ by ! fact t ab\t !  
end ( ! la/ c5tury !re began a /rong    
dem&4 ,9 ! homely f>m-h\ses1 or ! little
 contract$ %ops ( ,new ,engl& villages1 
! desc5dants ( ! ,pilgrims toil$        
provid5tly1 ?r\gh ! long w9t] mon?s1 at 

beat+ into %ape ! little nails :i* play 
s useful a "p 9 mod]n indu/ry4 ,a small 
anvil s]v$ to beat ! wire or /rip ( iron
 into %ape & po9t x2 a vise work$ by !  
foot clut*$ x betwe5 jaws furni%$ ) a   
gauge to regulate ! l5g?1 leav+ a c]ta9 
portion project+1 :i*1 :5 beat5 flat by 
a hamm]1 =m$ ! head4 ,?is 0 indu/ry1 b n
 manufacture1 = 9 #ahij ! manufactur]s (
 ?is c\ntry produc$ ov] eight hundr$    
million p\nds ( iron1 /eel1 & wire      
nails1 repres5t+ a consumption ( ?is    
absolutely indisp5sable manufacture = t 
ye>1 at ! rate ( ov] twelve p\nds = ea* 
individual inhabitant ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
 ! f5ce-wire1 ! %eet-metal1 ! rails ( ! 
/eam-railroads & ! /reet-l9es1 ! ?\s&   
?+s t _c be ?\ght ( )\t a li/1 & :i* is 
a mat]ial t is furni%$ m *eaply ?an !   
old iron articles 7 = ! same purposes4  
,illu/ration3 ,,sectional ,,view ,,( ,a 
,,bessem] ,,conv]t]4  ,! te*nical detail
 ( /eel-mak+ is exce$+ly int]e/+ to     
/ud5ts ( appli$ sci5ce1 b x is detail1 !
 key to :i* is 9 ! process m5tion$2 !   

=c+ ( a /ream ( air ?r\gh a molt5 mass (
 iron4 ,! conv]t] is a huge pit*]-%ap$  
vessel1 hung ^u trunnions s z to be     
tilt$1 & x is usual to admit ?r\gh ^!   
trunnions1 by means ( a cont9u+ pipe1 ! 
/ream ( air4 ,! conv]t]s may conta9 t5  
tons or m ( liquid metal at "o "t1 :i*  
mass is conv]t$ f iron into /eel at "o  
op]ation4  ,=ty-five ye>s ago1 or less1 
works t c\ld turn out fifty tons ( iron 
9 a day 7 v l>ge4 ,n[ !re are _m t make 
five hundr$ tons ( /eel 9 ! same "t4    
,!n1 ne>ly all ! "w 0 done by h&1 & m5 9
 l>ge numb]s h&l$ ! details ( all       
processes4 ,n[ x w\ld be impossible =   
human h&s & /r5g? to d ! "w4 ,!         
/eel-mill is1 inde$1 ! mo/ colossal     
comb9ation ( ,/eam & ,/eel4 ,!re are    
tireless arms1 mov$ by /eam1 ins5sible  
alike to mon/r\s /ra9s & :ite heat1 :i* 
seize ! va/ +ots & c>ry !m to & fro1    
h&l+ ) incr$ible cel]ity ! masses t 7   
unkn[n to man be=e ! inv5tion ( !       
,bessem] process4 ,& all ^! op]ations   
are direct$ & controll$ by a man :o /&s 

9 "o place1 /rangely yet n              
inappropriately nam$ a pulpit1 by means 
( ! h&-ge> t gives !m all to him l toys4
  ,no "o :o has se5 a /eel-mill 9       
op]ation1 c g away & really write a     
description ( x2 no arti/ or cam]a has  
ev] made its portrait1 yet x is ! mo/   
impressive sc5e ( ! mod]n1 ! indu/rial1 
_w4 ,!re is a f]v5t heat1 surpass+ 9 its
 impressions all ! descriptions ( !     
,bible1 & :i* de/roys all d\bt ( fire ) 
capacity to burn a _w & roll ! heav5s   
toge!r z a scroll4 ,!re is a clang &    
clatt] accompany+ a m>vel\s ord]4 ,!re  
are cl\ds ( /eam4 ,!re are displays (   
sp>ks & gl[ surpass+ all ! pyrote*nics (
 art4 ,mon/r\s ?roats gasp = a draught (
 :ite-hot metal & take x at a gulp4     
,gl[+ masses are trundl$ to & fro4 ,!re 
are m\nta9s ( ore1 disappe>+ 9 a night1 
& ev] r5ew$4 ,!re is a railway sy/em1 & 
! huge masses are convey$ f place to    
place by locomotive eng9es4 ,!re is a   
wat] sy/em t w\ld supply a t[n4 ,!re may
 be miles ( und]gr\nd pipes br++ gas =  

fuel4 ,amid ^! sc5es flit /rong m51 nak$
 to ! wai/1 unh>m$ 9 ! r$ p&emonium1    
guid+ e process1 sup]9t5d+ e result2 l  
o!r m51 yet lead+ a life s /range t x is
 app>5tly impossible4 ,! gl[+ riv]s !y  
escape2 corruscat+ %[]s ( fly+ :ite-hot 
metal d n fall ^u !m2 ! leap+1 ro>+1    
hungry1 annihilat+ flames d n t\* !m2 ! 
gurgl+ /reams ( melt$ /eel are _!       
famili> play?+s2 yet !y are b m54  ,!   
roll+ ( ^! slabs & +ots into rails is a 
foll[+ op]ation /ill4 ,! cont9u\s rail  
is (t5 m ?an a hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 :i*  
is cut into ?ree or f\r rails ( ?irty   
feet ea*1 & x goes ?r\gh e op]ation t   
makes x a ,t rail weigh+ n9ety p\nds to 
! y>d ) ! s+le fir/ heat4 ,!re are tra9s
 ( rolls t w take 9 a piece ( :ite-hot  
metal weigh+ six tons1 & s5d x out 9 a  
long %eet ?ree ?irty-seconds ( an in*   
?ick & ne>ly t5 feet wide4 ,! fir/ /eel 
rails made 9 ?is c\ntry 7 made by !     
,*icago ,roll+ ,mill ,company1 9 ,may1  
#ahfe4 ,only six rails 7 !n made1 & ^! 7
 laid 9 ! tracks ( ! ,*icago & ,nor?    

,we/]n ,railroad4 ,x is said !y la/$ ov]
 t5 ye>s4 ,! fir/ nails1 or tacks1 7    
made ( /eel at ,bridgewat]1 ,mass41 at  
ab\t ! same date4  ,illu/ration3 ,,roll+
 ,,+ots4  ,"s ?irty ye>s ago !re 7 b two
 ,bessem] conv]t]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 
! manufacture ( /eel did n rea* !n five 
hundr$ tons p] annum4 ,9 #ahij ! product
 0 m ?an five million tons4  ,9 #ahgb ! 
price ( /eel 0 "o hundr$ & eighty-six   
doll>s p] gross ton4 ,x c be pur*as$ n[ 
at v>y+ prices less ?an ?irty doll>s p] 
ton4 ,! consumption ( sev5ty millions ( 
p is s great t x is difficult to imag9e 
h[ s enorm\s a mass ( almo/ imp]i%able  
mat]ial c be absorb$1 & ! late/ figures 
%[ a consumption greatly 9 excess ( ^?  
m5tion$ z ! sum ( manufactures4  ,we    
turn aga9 = ! comp>ison )\t :i* all     
figures are valueless to ! good ye>     
#afdc1 :5 ! ,g5]al c\rt pass$ a resolve 
comm5d+ ! great progress made 9 !       
manufacture ( iron :i* !y _h lic5s$ two 
ye>s be=e1 & grant$ ! company /ill fur!r
 privileges & immunities ^u condition t 

x %\ld furni% ! p ) b>re iron ( all     
sorts = _! use at n exce$ynge tw5ty     
p\nds p] ton4 ,we recall ! fir/ little  
piece ( holl[ w>e made 9 ,am]ica4 ,we   
rememb] h[ old ! old _w is said to be & 
h[ long ! tribes ( m5 h plodd$ ^u x1 &  
!n ! picture appe>s ( ! progress t has  
gr[n almo/ "u our eyes4 ,! real ,age (  
,/eel began 9 #ahfe4 ,x is n yet ?irty  
ye>s old4 ,by comp>ison we are impress$ 
) ! fact t ! real hi/ory ( ! metal is   
compress$ into less ?an half an ord9>y  
lifetime4     ,,! ,,/ory ,,(            
,,electricity   ,illu/ration3 ,,eripuit 
,,caelo ,,fulm51 ,,sceptrumque          
,,tyrannis4  ,!re is a s5se 9 :i*       
electricity may be said to be ! y\nge/ (
 ! sci5ces4 ,its mod]n developm5t has   
be5 />tl+4 ,its ph5om5a appe> on e h&4  
,x is almo/ lit]ally true t ! light+ has
 become ! s]vant ( man4  ,b x is also ! 
olde/ among mod]n sci5ces4 ,its         
manife/ations h be5 /udi$ = c5turies4 ,s
 old is its /ory t x has "s ( ! int]e/ (
 a m$iaeval romance2 a romance t is     

true4 ,/eam is gross1 mat]ial1          
und]/&able1 noisy4 ,its action is       
entirely compreh5sible4 ,! explosives1  
gunp[d]1 begrim+ ! nations 9 all ! w>s  
s9ce #acej1 nitroglyc]9e1 oxyg5 &       
hydrog5 9 all ! =ms ( _! comb9ation1    
seem to be gross & mat]ial1 ! natural1  
?\gh f]oci\s1 s]vants ( mank9d4 ,b      
electricity floats e!real1 ap>t1 a      
subtle ess5ce1 %9+ 9 ! *ang+ spl5dors ( 
! aurora yet exi/5t 9 ! v pap] ^u :i* "o
 writes2 my/]i\sly ev]y:]e2 sil5t1      
unse51 odorless1 unt\*able1 a p[]       
capable ( exemplify+ ! highe/ maje/y (  
univ]sal nature1 or ( light+ ! fa9t gl[ 
( ! fragile insect t flies 9 ! twilight 
( a summ] night4 ,ob$i5t z x has n[ be5 
made by ! +5uity ( mod]n man1 docile z x
 may seem1 obey+ kn[n laws t 7 discov]$1
 n made1 x yet rema9s %ad[y1 my/]i\s1   
impalpable1 intangible1 dang]\s4 ,x is  
its own av5g] ( ! d>+ +5uity t has      
controll$ x4 ,t\* x1 & y die4           
,electricity 0 z exi/5t :5 ! spl5did    
sc5es describ$ 9 ,g5esis 7 enact$ be=e !

 poet's eye z x is n[1 & 0 entirely !   
same4 ,its v "n is old4 ,be=e !re 7 m5  
!re 7 trees4 ,"s ( ^! exud$ gum1 z trees
 d n[1 & ?is gum f\nd a f9al re/+ place 
9 ! sea1 ei!r by be+ c>ri$ ?i!r by !    
curr5ts ( ! /reams beside :i* ^? trees  
grew1 or by ! l& on :i* !y /ood be+     
subm]g$ 9 "s ( ! anci5t *anges &        
convulsions to :i* ! _w has be5         
frequ5tly subject4 ,9 ! lapse ( ages ?is
 gum1 be+ inde/ructible 9 wat]1 became a
 fossil b5ea? ! waves1 & be+ 9 lat]     
times ca/ up by /orms on ! %ores ( !    
,baltic & o!r seas1 0 f\nd & ga!r$ by   
m51 & be+ beautiful1 f9ally came to be  
cut into v>i\s =ms & us$ z jewelry4 ,"o 
has b to exam9e 8 pipe-/em1 or a /r+ (  
yell[ beads1 to "k x ev5 n[4 ,x is amb]4
 ,! anci5t ,greeks knew & us$ x z we d1 
& )\t any ref]5ce to :at we n[ call     
electricity _! "n = x 0 ,,elektron4 ,!  
e>lie/ m5tion ( x is by ,hom]1 a poet ^:
 p]sonality is s hidd5 9 ! mi/s ( f>    
antiquity t 8 actual exi/5ce z a s+le   
p]son has be5 d\bt$1 & he m5tions x 9   

connection ) a necklace made ( x4  ,b v 
e>ly 9 human hi/ory1 at lea/ six hundr$ 
ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 ?is elektron _h be5    
f\nd to possess a peculi> prop]ty t 0   
imag9$ to belong to x alone4 ,x         
my/]i\sly attract$ light bodies to x    
aft] x _h be5 rubb$4 ,?ales1 ! ,frankl9 
( 8 remote "t1 0 ! man :o is said to h  
discov]$ ?is peculi> & my/]i\s quality (
 ! yell[ gum1 & if x be true1 to him mu/
 be conc$$ ! unwitt+ discov]y (         
electricity4 ,x 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 a sci5ce 
t usurps all ! pr]ogatives ( ! anci5t   
gods4 ,he record$ 8 discov]y1 & 0       
impress$ ) awe by x1 & acc\nt$ = !      
ph5om5on he _h obs]v$ by ascrib+ to !   
dull fossil a liv+ s\l4 ,t is !         
unconsci\s impression /ill1 aft]        
tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s h pass$ s9ce     
,?ales di$2 t hidd5 9 ! he>t (          
electrical ph5om5a !re is a weird       
s5ti5ce2 :at a ,greek w\ld consid]      
some?+ div9e & immortal ap>t f matt]4 ,b
 nei!r ,?ales1 nor ,!ophra/us1 nor ,pl9y
 ! eld]1 nor any anci5t1 c\ld conceive (

 a fact b dimly guess$ until ! day (    
,frankl92 t ?is secret ( ! sil5t amb] 0 
also t ( ! ?und]-cl\d1 t ! ess5ce t drew
 to x a float+ filam5t is also t :i*    
r5ds an oak1 t _h spl9t]$ _! temples &  
/atues1 & _h n sp>$ ev5 ! image (       
,jupit] ,tonans himself4 ,! spectral    
lights :i* hung ^u ! ma/s ( ! anci5t    
galleys ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 nam$ ,ca/or &
 ,pollux1 n electricity4 ,absolutely no 
discov]y 0 made1 ?\gh ! religion (      
anci5t ,etruria 0 *iefly ! wor%ip ( a _s
 by !m se51 b unkn[n2 to u electrical   
sci5ce2 a sci5ce *a9$1 yet really unkn[n
 & /ill fe>$ ?\gh *a9$4 ,x is ! /ory (  
?is s]vitude only t is capable ( be+    
told1 & ! fir/ weak b&s 7 a hundr$ &    
=ty-six ye>s 9 =g+2 f ! ,engli%man      
,gilb]t's ,de ,magnete1 to ,frankl9's   
,kite4  ,dur+ all ?is "t1 & to a great  
degree long aft]1 electricity 0 a       
sci5tific toy4 ,exp]i5ces 9 ! sp>kl+ ( !
 fur ( cats1 ! k t !re 7 fi%es t        
possess$ a my/]i\s p>alyz+ p[]1 & v>i\s 
common ph5om5a all attributable to "s   

unkn[n common cause1 did n greatly      
increase ! sum ( actual k ( ! subject4  
,!re 0 no div9ation ( :at ! future w\ld 
br+1 & n ! lea/ conception ( actual &   
imp5d+ possibilities4 ,:51 f9ally1 !    
greate/ ?9k]s ( _! times began to       
inve/igate2 :5 ,boyle began to exp]im5t1
 & ev5 ! transc5d5t g5ius ( ,newton     
/oop$ to enquiry2 f ! days ( ^? giants  
d[n to ^? ( ! ,am]ican prov9cial        
po/ma/]1 ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 a p]iod ( "s 
sev5ty ye>s1 almo/ all ! k obta9$ 0 only
 useful 9 indicat+ h[ to exp]im5t /ill  
fur!r4 ,s small 0 ! k1 s aimless ! long 
exp]im5t+1 t ! discov]y t n amb] only1 b
 o!r sub/ances z well1 possess$ !       
electric quality :5 rubb$1 0 a notable  
advance 9 k4 ,lat]1 9 #agib1 x 0 f\nd by
 ,gray t c]ta9 sub/ances possess$ ! p[] 
( c>ry+2 conduct+ z we n[ t]m x2 !      
my/]i\s fluid f "o sub/ance to ano!r2 f 
place to place4 ,?is discov]y con/itut$ 
an actual epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce1 & 
ju/ly1 s9ce ?is small beg9n+ ) a wet /r+
 & a cyl9d] ( glass or a globe ( sulphur

 0 ! fir/ unwitt+ illu/ration ( ! net-"w
 ( wires n[ hang+ all ov] ! _w4 ,! next 
/ep 0 to f9d t all sub/ances 7 n alike 9
 a p[] to conduct a curr5t2 i4e41 t !re 
7 conductors & non-conductors1 & all    
v>y+ grades & p[]s betwe54 ,! next      
discov]y 0 t !re 71 z 0 !n imag9$1      
sev]al k9ds ( electricity4 ,?is         
conclusion 0 incorrect1 & its use 0 to  
lead at la/ to ! discov]y1 by ,frankl91 
t ! _m k9ds 7 b two1 & ev5 ^! n k9ds1 b 
qualities1 pres5t always 9 ! un*ang+    
ess5ce t is ev]y:]e1 & :i* are kn[n to u
 n[ by ! names t ,frankl9 gave !m2 !    
positive & negative curr5ts2 "o always  
pres5t ) ! o!r1 & 9 e ph5om5on kn[n to  
electrical sci5ce4  ,probably ! fir/    
ma*9e ev] contriv$ = produc+ an electric
 curr5t 0 made by a monk1 a ,scot*      
,b5$ict9e nam$ ,gordon :o liv$ at       
,erfurt1 9 ,saxony4 ,i %all h occasion1 
h]eaft]1 to describe o!r ma*9es = ! same
 purpose1 & ?is fir/ contrivance is (   
int]e/ by comp>ison4 ,x 0 a cyl9d] (    
glass ab\t eight in*es long1 ) a wood5  

%aft 9 ! c5t]1 ! ends ( :i* 7 pass$     
?r\gh holes 9 side-pieces1 & x is said  
to h be5 op]at$ by w9d+ a /r+ ar\nd !   
%aft & draw+ ! ends ( ! /r+ back & =?   
alt]nately4  ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,fir/   
,,electrical ,,ma*9e4  ,! ,frankl9ic    
ma*9e1 ! mod]n glass disc fitt$ ) combs1
 rubb]s1 b&s & cranks1 is no?+ m 9      
pr9ciple or mann] ( action ?an ! fir/   
crude arrangem5t ( ! monk ( ,erfurt4    
,all ^! exp]im5ts1 & all t = _m ye>s    
foll[$1 7 made 9 electricity produc$ by 
friction2 by rubb+ "s body l glass1     
sulphur or ros94 ,_m m5 took "p 9       
produc+ effects t 7 almo/ mean+less to  
!m--! prelim9>ies to f9al results = u4  
,improv$ electrical ma*9es 7 made1 all  
seem+ *ildi% & inadequate n[1 & all     
wond]ful 9 _! day4 ,!re is a long li/ ( 
immortal names connect$ ) ! sl[         
developm5t ( ! sci5ce1 & among _!       
exp]im5ts ! sev5te5? c5tury pass$ away4 
,dufaye & ! ,abbe ,nollet work$ toge!r  
ab\t #agcj1 & mutually surpris$ ea* o!r 
daily4 ,gu]icke1 bett] kn[n z ! inv5tor 

( ! air-pump1 made a sulphur-ball ma*9e1
 (t5 claim$ to h be5 ! fir/4 ,hawkesbee 
con/ruct$ a glass ma*9e t 0 an          
improvem5t ov] t ( ,gu]icke4 ,/eph5     
,gray unfold$ ! lead+ pr9ciples ( !     
sci5ce1 b )\t any und]/&+ ( _! results z
 we n[ und]/& !m4 ,! next advance 0 made
 9 f9d+ a way to hold "s ( ! electricity
 :5 ga!r$1 & ! toy :i* we "k z ! ,leyd5 
,j> surpris$ ! sci5tific _w4 ,its       
inv5tor1 ,pr(essor ,mus*5brock1 wrote an
 acc\nt ( x to ,raumur1 & lacks language
 to express ! t]ror into :i* 8 own      
exp]im5ts _h ?r[n him4 ,he _h unwitt+ly 
accumulat$1 & _h accid5tally dis*>g$1 & 
_h1 = ! fir/ "t 9 human exp]i5ce1 felt  
some?+ ( ! %ock ! mod]n l9eman dreads   
because x means dea?4 ,he _h toil$ until
 he held ! baleful g5ie 9 a glass vessel
 p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 & ! sprite c\ld 
n be se54 ,accid5tally he made a        
connection betwe5 ! two surfaces ( ! j>1
 & decl>$ t he did n recov] f ! exp]i5ce
 = two days1 & t no?+ c\ld induce him to
 repeat x4 ,he _h be5 t\*$ by ! lightn+1

 & _h n kn[n x4 ,footnote3 ,! ,leyd5 ,j>
 has little place 9 ! usefulness ( mod]n
 electricity1 & has no relation%ip ) !  
mod]n s-call$ ,/orage ,batt]y4  ,!n     
began ! fak]ism :i* atta*$ itself to !  
sci5ce ( electricity1 & t has only      
measurably ab&on$ x 9 v late times4     
,it9]ant electricians began to infe/ !  
cities ( ,europe1 claim+ m$ic9al & almo/
 sup]natural virtues = ! my/]i\s %ock ( 
! ,leyd5 ,vial1 & %[+ to gap+ multitudes
 ! quick & fla%+ blue sp>k :i* 01 ?\gh  
no man knew x !n1 a m9iature imitation (
 ! bolt ( heav54 ,t fact1 v]g+ z closely
 ^u ! sublime/ p[] ( nature z a man may 
v5ture to & live1 0 n ev5 suspect$ until
 ,frankl9 _h inv5t$ a batt]y ( su* j>s1 
& _h p]=m$ hundr$s ( exp]im5ts !re) t   
f9ally e/abli%$ 9 8 acute1 ?\gh prosaic1
 m9d ! id5tity ( 8 puny sp>k ) t t]rific
 fla% t1 until t "t1 _h be5 reg>d$ by   
all mank9d z a direct & int5tional      
expression ( ! p[] ( ,almighty ,god4    
,?us ,frankl9 came into ! field4 ,he 0  
an inve/igator :o br\ght to 8 aid a     

s+ul> capacity possess$ by ! v few2 !   
capacity = an unbias$ look+ = ! hidd5   
reasons ( ?+s4 ,!re 0 no field too sacr$
 or too old = 8 pry+ inve/igations & 8  
private conclusions4 ,he 01 z mu* z any 
man ev] is1 an orig9al ?9k]4 ,he knew ( 
all ! electrical exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 & !y 
produc$ 9 8 m9d conclusions di/9ctly 8  
own4 ,he 01 ^u topics p]ta9+ to ! field 
( reason1 exp]i5ce & common s5se1 !     
cle>e/ & mo/ vigor\s writ] ( 8 "t save  
"o1 & su* conclusions z he arriv$ at he 
knew h[ to promulgate & expla94 ,all t  
,frankl9 discov]$ w\ld b add to ! t$ium 
( ! subject ( electricity n[1 b f 8 "t  
def9itely dates ! k t ( electricity1 9  
all its developm5ts1 !re is really b "o 
k9d1 ?\gh = conv5i5ce sake we may       
commonly speak ( two1 or ev5 m4 ,he fir/
 gave ! names by :i* !y are /ill kn[n to
 ! two qualities ( "o curr5t2 a "n (    
conv5i5ce only4 ,he knew fir/ a fact t  
/ill puzzles inquiry1 & is /ill l>gely  
unkn[n--t electricity is n creat$1      
produc$1 manufactur$1 by any human      

means1 & t all we may d1 !n or n[1 is to
 ga!r x f its measureless diffusion 9 ! 
air1 ! _w1 or ! spaces ( ! wide         
creation1 & t1 l heat & cold1 x is a    
relative t]m4 ,he demon/rat$ t any body 
:i* has electricity gives x to any o!r  
body t has at ! mom5t less4 ,be=e he _h 
actually tri$ t celebrat$ exp]im5t :i*  
is alone suffici5t to give him place    
among ! immortals1 he _h decl>$ ! !ory  
^u :i* he made x to be true1 & by       
reason+1 9 an age t b dimly und]/ood !  
=ce & conditions ( inductive reason1 _h 
prov$ t lightn+ is b an electric sp>k4  
,x seems h>dly necess>y to add t 8      
!ories 7 ridicul$ by ! mo/ intellig5t   
sci5ti/s ( 8 "t1 & sc(f$ at ev5 by !    
c\ntrym5 ( ,newton & ,davy1 ! memb]s ( !
 ,royal ,society ( ,engl&4 ,frankl9 0 a 
prov9cial ,am]ican1 & _h1 9 o!r fields  
?an electricity1 tr\bl$ ! ,briti%       
placidity4  ,illu/ration3 ,b4 ,,frankl9 
,only "o ( ^!1 a man nam$ ,coll9son1 saw
 any value 9 ^! rese>*es ( ! prov9cial 9
 ! wilds ( ,am]ica4 ,he publi%$         

,frankl9's lett]s to him4 ,buffon read  
!m1 & p]suad$ a fri5d to translate !m   
into ,fr5*4 ,!y 7 translat$ aft]w>ds    
into _m languages1 & :5 9 8 isolation he
 did n ev5 "k x1 ! obscure pr9t]1 !     
c\ntry po/ma/] :o kept 8 (ficial acc\nts
 ) 8 own h&s1 0 ! be>] ( a fam\s "n4 ,he
 0 assail$ by ! ,nollet previ\sly       
m5tion$1 & by a p>ty ( ,fr5*            
philosoph]s1 yet !re arose1 9 8 abs5ce &
 )\t 8 k1 a p>ty :o call$ !mselves      
di/9ctively ,frankl9i/s4  ,!n came !    
p]sonal te/ ( ! tru? ( ^! !ories t _h   
be5 promulgat$ ov] ,europe 9 ! "n ( !   
unkn[n ,am]ican4 ,he 0 !n =ty-five ye>s 
old1 successful 9 8 walk & well-kn[n 9 8
 imm$iate locality1 b by no means z     
prom95t or fam\s among 8 neighbors z he 
0 9 ,europe4 ,he 0 n s f]tile 9 res\rces
 z to be 9 any s5se inspir$1 & _h       
privately wait$ = ! f9i%+ ( a c]ta9     
spire 9 ! little t[n ( ,philadelphia s t
 he might use x to get ne>] to ! cl\ds  
to demon/rate 8 !ory ( lightn+4 ,x 0 9  
,june1 #ageb1 t ?is great exempl> ( !   

g5ius ( common-s5se desc5d$ to ! trial (
 ! exp]im5t t 0 ! simple/ & ! mo/ ord9>y
 & ! mo/ sublime2 ! commone/ 9          
conception & means yet ! mo/ fam\s 9    
results2 ev] tri$ by man4 ,he _h gr[n   
impati5t ( delay 9 ! matt] ( ! spire1 & 
ha/ily1 z by a sudd5 ?\ght1 made a kite4
 ,x 0 m]ely a silk h&k]*ief ^: f\r      
corn]s 7 atta*$ to ! po9ts ( two cross$ 
/icks4 ,x 0 only ! idea t 0 great2 !    
means 7 infantile4 ,a ?und] %[] came    
ov]1 & 9 an int]val betwe5 spr9kl+s he  
took ) him 8 son1 & w5t by back ways &  
alleys to a %$ 9 an op5 field4 ,! two   
rais$ ! kite z boys did !n & d n[1 &    
/ood )9 ! %elt]4 ,!re 0 a hemp5 /r+1 &  
on ?is1 next 8 h&1 he _h ti$ a bit (    
ribbon & an ord9>y iron key4 ,a cl\d    
pass$ ov] )\t any indications ( any?+   
:atev]4 ,b x began to ra91 & z ! /r+    
became wet he notic$ t ! loose filam5ts 
7 /&+ out f x1 z he _h (t5 se5 !m d 9 8 
exp]im5ts ) ! electrical ma*9e4 ,he drew
 a sp>k f ! key ) 8 f+]1 & f9ally *>g$ a
 ,leyd5 j> f ?is key1 & p]=m$ all ! !n  

kn[n pro(-exp]im5ts ) ! lightn+ drawn f 
heav54  ,x is manife/ t ! slighte/      
indication ( ! pres5ce ( ! curr5t 9 !   
/r+ 0 suffici5t to h demon/rat$ ! fact  
:i* ,frankl9 s\ght to fix4 ,b x w\ld h  
be5 insuffici5t to ! g5]al m9d4 ,!      
demon/ration requir$ 0 absolute4 ,ev5   
among sci5ti/s ( ! fir/ class less 0 !n 
kn[n ab\t electricity & its ph5om5a1 & !
 causes ( !m1 ?an n[ is kn[n by e *ild  
:o has gone to s*ool4 ,no e/imate ( !   
boldness & value ( ,frankl9's r5[n$     
exp]im5t c be made )\t a full           
appreciation ( 8 times & surr\nd+s4 ,he 
demon/rat$ t :i* 0 undream$ be=e1 & is  
und\bt$ n[4 ,! wond]s ( "o age h be5 !  
toys & tools ( ! next ?r\gh ! entire    
hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! mean+ ( !           
demon/ration 0 deep2 its results 7 la/+ 
,! exp]im5t]s !reaft] work$ ) a k t _!  
inve/igations mu/1 9 a s5se1 include !  
univ]se4 ,p]haps ! obscure man :o _h    
toy$ ) ! lightn+s himself b vaguely     
und]/ood ! real mean+ ( 8 tem]ity4 ,= he
 _h1 z usual1 an int5sely practical     

purpose 9 view4 ,he wi%$ to f9d a way ( 
draw+ f ! heav5s _! lightn+s1 & conduct+
 !m h>mless to ! e>?4 ,he 0 ! fir/      
inv5tor ( a practical ma*9e1 = a useful 
purpose1 ) :i* electricity _h to d4 ,t  
ma*9e 0 ! lightn+-rod4 ,:atev] its      
purpose1 mank9d w n =get ! simple       
greatness ( ! act4 ,at ?is writ+ ! /atue
 ( ,frankl9 /&s look+ upw>d at ! sky1 a 
key 9 8 ext5d$ h&1 9 ! portico ( a      
palace :i* conta9s ! complete/ & mo/    
beautiful display ( electrical          
appliances t 0 ev] br\ght toge!r1 at !  
dawn ( t ,age ( ,electricity :i* w be   
noon ) u )9 "o decade4 ,! sci5ce & art (
 ! civiliz$ _w are ga!r$ ab\t him1 & on 
! frieze above 8 head %9es1 9 gold      
lett]s1 t s5t5ce :i* is a poem 9 a s+le 
l9e4 ,,eripuit ,,caelo ,,fulm51         
,,sceptrumque ,,tyrannis4 ,footnote3 ,he
 snat*$ ! lightn+ f heav51 & ! sceptre f
 tyrants4         99       99       99  
99       99  ,,! ,,man                  
,,frankl94--,b5jam9 ,frankl9 0 born at  
,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,jan4 #ag?1 #agjf4 ,8   

fa!r 0 a *&l]1 a trade n n[ kn[n by t   
t]m1 mean+ a mak] ( soaps & c&les4      
,b5jam9 0 ! fifte5? ( a family ( sev5te5
 *ildr54 ,he 0 s mu* ( ! same mat]ial ) 
o!r boys t x 0 8 notion to g to sea1 &  
to keep him f do+ s he 0 appr5tic$ to 8 
bro!r1 :o 0 a pr9t]4 ,to be appr5tic$ !n
 0 to be absolutely ind5tur$2 to belong 
to ! ma/] = a t]m ( ye>s4 ,/rangely     
en\gh1 ! boy :o want$ to be a sailor 0 a
 read] & /ud5t1 captivat$ by ! /yle ( ! 
,spectator1 a model he assidu\sly       
cultivat$ 9 8 own ext5sive writ+s       
aft]w>ds4 ,he 0 n assi/$ 9 8 /udies1 &  
all he ev] knew ( ma!matics he taught   
himself4 ,be+ addict$ to lit]ature by   
natural proclivity he ins]t$ 8 own      
articles 9 8 bro!r's newspap]1 & ^! be+ 
v favorably comm5t$ ^u by ! local       
public1 or at lea/ notic$ & talk$ ab\t1 
8 au?or%ip ( !m 0 discov]$1 & ?is l$ to 
a qu>rel betwe5 ! two bro!rs4           
,nev]!less1 :5 ,james1 ! eld] bro!r1 0  
imprison$ = alleg$ s$iti\s articles     
pr9t$ by him1 ! pap] 0 = a "t issu$ 9 "y

 ,b5jam9's "n4 ,b ! qu>rel cont9u$1 !   
boy 0 impos$ ^u by 8 ma/]1 & bro!r1 z   
naturally z might h be5 expect$ "u !    
circum/ances ( ! y\ng] hav+ ! monopoly (
 all ! intellectual ability t exi/$     
betwe5 ! two1 & 9 #agbc1 be+ !n only    
sev5te51 he broke 8 ind5tures1 a he9\s  
(f5se 9 ^? times1 & ran away1 fir/ to   
,new ,york & !n to ,philadelphia1 :]e he
 f\nd employm5t z a j\rneyman pr9t]4 ,he
 _h atta9$ a skill 9 ! bus9ess n usual  
at ! "t4  ,! boy _h1 up to ?is "t1 read 
ev]y?+ t came into 8 h&s4 ,a book ( any 
k9d _h a *>m = him4 ,8 fa!r obs]v+ ?is  
_h int5d$ him = ! m9i/ry1 t be+ !       
natural drift ( a pi\s fa!r's m9d 9 ! "t
 ( ,frankl9's y\?1 :5 he discov]$ any   
incl9ation to books on ! "p ( a son4 ,b1
 lat]1 he w\ld neglect ! devotions ( !  
,sabba? if he _h f\nd a book1 not)/&+ ! 
piety ( 8 family4 ,sometimes he di/ress$
 !m fur!r by neglect+ 8 meals1 or sitt+ 
up at night1 = ! same reason4 ,!re is no
 "q t "y ,frankl9 0 a memb] ( t ext5sive
 frat]nity n[ kn[n z cranks4 ,footnote3 

,mo/ p1 !n & n[1 c po9t to p ( _!       
acqua9tance :om !y hold 9 reg>d z       
orig9als or ecc5trics4 ,x is a some:at  
dubi\s title = respect1 ev5 ) u :o are  
reckon$ s ecc5tric a nation4 ,& yet all 
! great inv5tions :i* h done s mu* =    
civilization h be5 discov]$ by          
ecc5trics--t is1 by m5 :o /epp$ out ( ! 
common groove2 :o diff]$ m or less f o!r
 m5 9 _! habits & ideals4 ,he read a    
book advocat+ exclusive subsi/5ce ^u a  
vegetable diet & imm$iately adopt$ !    
idea1 rema9+ a disciple ( veget>ianism =
 sev]al ye>s4 ,b !re is ano!r reason    
h9t$4 ,he sav$ money by ! vegetable     
s*eme1 & :5 8 pr9t]'s lun* _h consi/$ ( 
biscuits 7crack]s7 & wat] = "s days1 he 
_h sav$ money en\gh to buy a new book4  
,?is "y pr9t]1 :o1 at s*ool1 9 ! little 
"t he att5d$ "o1 _h fail$ entirely 9    
ma!matics1 c\ld assimilate ,locke on !  
,und]/&+1 & appreciate a translation ( !
 ,memorabilia ( ,x5ophon4 ,ev5 aft] 8   
/udy ( ?is latt] book he _h a fondness =
 ! calm reason+ ( ,socrates1 & wi%$ to  

imitate him 9 8 mann] ( reason+ &       
moraliz+4 ,!re is no "q b t ! great     
hea!n _h 8 influ5ce across ! abyss ( "t 
^u ! m9d ( a "y ,am]ican de/9$ also to  
fill1 9 _m respects1 ! =emo/ place 9 8  
c\ntry's hi/ory4 ,!re 0 "o1 at lea/1 :o 
_h no premonition ( ?is4 ,8 bro!r *a/is$
 him be=e he _h be5 imprison$1 & aft] he
 _h begun to attract att5tion z a writ] 
9 "o ( ! only two newspap]s !n pr9t$ 9  
,am]ica1 & beat him aga9 aft] he 0      
releas$1 hav+ meantime be5 vigor\sly    
def5d$ by 8 appr5tice editorially :ile  
he langui%$4 ,to h beat5 ,b5jam9        
,frankl9 ) a /ick1 :5 he 0 sev5te5 ye>s 
old1 seems an absurd anti-climax 9      
,am]ican hi/ory4 ,b x is true1 & :5 ! "y
 man ran away !re 0 /ill ano!r odd      
episode 9 a great c>e]4  ,^u 8 fir/     
arrival 9 ,philadelphia z a runaway     
appr5tice1 ) "o piece ( money 9 8       
pocket1 occurs ! "o gleam ( romance 9   
,frankl9's seem+ly ,socratic life4 ,he  
says he walk$ 9 ,m>ket ,/reet ) a bak]'s
 loaf "u ea* arm1 ) all 8 %irts & /ock+s

 bulg+ 9 8 pockets1 & eat+ a ?ird piece 
( bread z he walk$1 & ?is on a ,sunday  
morn+4 ,"u ^! circum/ances he met 8     
future wife1 & he seems to h rememb]$ h]
 :5 next he met h]1 & to h be5 unusually
 prepossess$ ) h]1 because on ! fir/    
occasion %e _h laugh$ at him go+ by4 ,he
 0 "o ( ^? ^: s5se ( humor be>s !m ?r\gh
 _m difficulties1 & :o are ev5 attract$ 
by t s5se 9 o!rs4 ,he 01 at ?is p]iod1  
absurd )\t "q4 ,hav+ eat5 all ! bread he
 c\ld1 & be/[$ ! rema9d] ^u ano!r       
voyag]1 he drank out ( ! ,delaw>e & w5t 
to *ur*2 t is1 he sat d[n ^u a b5* 9 a  
,quak] meet+-h\se & w5t to sleep1 & 0   
admoni%$ !nce by "o ( ! bre?r5 at ! end 
( ! s]vice4  ,frankl9 _h1 9 ! "t ( 8    
y\?1 ! usual exp]i5ces 9 bus9ess4 ,he   
made a j\rney to ,london ^u promises (  
great advancem5t 9 bus9ess1 & 0 entirely
 disappo9t$1 & work$ at 8 trade 9       
,london4 ,aft]w>ds1 dur+ ! return voyage
 to ,am]ica1 he kept a j\rnal1 & wrote  
^? celebrat$ maxims = 8 own guidance t  
are s (t5 quot$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! gem (

 ! collection3 ,i resolve to be         
extremely frugal = "s "t1 until ,i pay  
:at ,i owe4 ,a second resolve is sc>cely
 less des]v+ ( imitation1 = x decl>es x 
to be 8 int5tion to speak all ! good ,i 
"k ( ev]ybody4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t       
,frankl9 0 aft]w>ds ! great maximi/ ( 8 
age1 & t 8 life 0 devot$ to !           
acquisition ( worldly wisdom4 ,9 8 body 
( philosophy !re is includ$ no ^w (     
confid5ce 9 ! condemnation ( (f5ses by !
 act or virtue ( ano!r1 no promise (1 or
 ref]5ce to1 ! rew>ds ( futurity4  ,:5  
ab\t tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 we f9d ?is old
 "y man tir$ ( a drift+ life & _m       
projects1 & desir+ to adopt "s          
occupation p]man5tly4 ,he _h c\rt$ !    
girl :o _h laugh$ at him1 & !n gone to  
,engl& & =gott5 h]4 ,%e _h meantime     
m>ri$ ano!r man1 & 0 n[ a wid[4 ,9 #agcj
 he m>ri$ h]4 ,meantime1 ent]+ into !   
pr9t+ bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt1 he (t5   
trundl$ 8 pap] along ! /reets 9 a       
:eelb>r[1 & 0 int5sely occupi$ ) 8      
affairs4 ,8 acquisitive m9d 0 nev] idle1

 & 9 #agcb he began ! publication ( !   
celebrat$ ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanac4 ,?is 
0 among ! mo/ successful ( all ,am]ican 
publications1 0 cont9u$ = tw5ty-five    
ye>s1 & 9 ! la/ issue1 9 #ageg1 he      
collect$ ! pr9cipal matt] ( all prec$+  
numb]s1 & ! issue 0 ext5sively republi%$
 9 ,great ,brita91 0 translat$ into     
sev]al =eign languages1 & _h a _w-wide  
circulation4 ,he 0 also ! publi%] ( a   
newspap]1 ,! ,p5nsylvania ,gazette1 :i* 
0 successful & br\ght him into high     
consid]ation z a lead] ( public op9ion 9
 times :i* 7 beg9n+ to be tr\bl$ by !   
que/ions t f9ally br\ght ab\t a         
sep>ation f ! "m c\ntry4  ,"t & space   
w\ld fail 9 any?+ l a detail$ acc\nt ( !
 life ( ?is rem>kable man4 ,8 only son1 
! boy :o 0 ) him at ! fly+ ( ! kite1 0  
an illegitimate *ild1 & x is a rem>kable
 in/ance ( unlik5ess t ?is only son     
became a royali/ gov]nor ( ,new ,j]sey1 
0 nev] an ,am]ican 9 feel+1 & remov$ to 
,engl& & di$ !re4 ,! sum ( ,frankl9's   
life is t he 0 a /atesman1 a f9anci] (  

rem>kable ability1 a skillful diplomat1 
a law-mak]1 a p[]ful & felicit\s writ]  
?\gh )\t imag9ation or ! lit]>y in/9ct1 
& a controv]siali/ :o seldom1 if ev]1   
met 8 equal4 ,he 0 always a pr9t]1 & at 
no p]iod ( 8 great c>e] did he lose 8   
affection = ! useful arts & common      
int]e/s ( mank9d4 ,he is ! f\nd] ( !    
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 & ( a 
college :i* grew into ! pres5t          
,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,to him is   
due ! orig9 ( a great hospital :i* is   
/ill do+ b5efic5t "w4 ,he rais$1 & caus$
 to be discipl9$1 t5 ?\s& m5 = ! def5se 
( ! c\ntry4 ,he 0 a successful publi%] (
 ! lit]ature ( ! common p1 yet a        
lit]ature t 0 r5[n$4 ,he c\ld turn 8    
att5tion to ! improvem5t ( *imneys1 &   
inv5t$ a /ove /ill 9 use1 & /ill be>+ 8 
"n z ! au?or ( its pr9ciple4 ,footnote3 
,! /ove 0 n us$ 9 ,frankl9's "t to any  
ext5t4 ,! ,frankl9 ,/ove 0 a fireplace s
 f> z ! advantages 7 conc]n$1 su* z     
v5tilation & ! pleasure ( an op5 fire4  
,b x also radiat$ heat f ! back & sides 

z well z ! front1 & 0 int5d$ to sit     
fur!r out into a room2 to be bo?        
fireplace & /ove4 ,he organiz$ ! po/al  
sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be=e ! ,union   
exi/$4 ,he 0 a sign] ( ! ,decl>ation (  
,indep5d5ce4 ,he sail$ z commission] to 
,france at ! age ( sev5ty-"o1 & gave all
 8 money to 8 c\ntry on ! eve ( 8       
dep>ture1 yet di$ weal?y = 8 "t4 ,s]5e1 
ev5-temp]$1 philosophical1 he 0 yet     
f>-see+1 c>e-tak+1 sagaci\s1 & int5sely 
indu/ri\s4 ,he acquir$ a k ( ! ,italian 
& ,spani% languages1 & 0 a pr(ici5t     
,fr5* speak] & writ]4 ,he possess$1 9 an
 extraord9>y degree1 ! p[] ( ga9+ !     
reg>d1 ev5 ! affection1 ( 8 fell[-m54   
,he 0 ev5 a compet5t musician1 ma/]+ e  
subject to :i* 8 att5tion 0 turn$2 &    
prov9ce-born & re>$ 9 ! bus9ess ( melt+ 
tall[ & sett+ types1 )\t collegiate     
education1 he %one 9 association ) ! m5 
& wom5 :o _h place 9 ! mo/ brilliant    
epo* ( ,fr5* intellectual hi/ory4 ,at   
f\rscore ye>s he p]=m$ ! "w t w\ld h    
exhau/$ a man ( =ty1 & at ! same "t     

wrote1 = m]e amusem5t1 sket*es su* z !  
,dialogue betwe5 ,frankl9 & ! ,g\t1 &   
add$1 ) ! cool philosophy ( all 8 life  
/ill l+]+ ab\t 8 clos+ h\rs3 ,:5 ,i     
consid] h[ _m t]rible diseases ! human  
body is liable to1 ,i ?9k myself well (f
 t ,i h only ?ree incurable ones1 ! g\t1
 ! /one1 & old age4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!  
,,frankl9 ,,/ove4         99       99   
99       99       99  ,aft] ,frankl91   
electrical exp]im5ts w5t on ) v>y+      
results1 conf9$ )9 :at n[ seems to h be5
 a v n>r[ field1 until #agij4 ,! great  
facts outside ( ! />tl+ disclosure made 
by ,frankl9's exp]im5ts rema9$ unkn[n4  
,x 0 ano!r =ty ye>s ( amus$ & int]e/$   
play+ ) a sci5tific toy4 ,b 9 t ye> !   
key to ! utility ( electricity 0 f\nd by
 "o ,galvani4 ,he 0 n an electrician at 
all1 b a pr(essor ( anatomy 9 !         
univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,x may be m5tion$ 
9 pass+ t he nev] knew ! weight or      
purport ( 8 own discov]y1 & di$ suppos+ 
& insi/+ t ! electric fluid he fanci$ he
 _h discov]$ _h its orig9 9 ! animal    

tissues4 ,misappreh5d+ all1 he 0 yet    
unconsci\sly ! fir/ exp]im5t] 9 :at we1 
= conv5i5ce1 designate dynamic          
electricity4 ,he knew only ( animal     
electricity1 & call$ x by t "n2 a       
misnom] & a mi/ake ( fact1 & ! cause (  
an e>ly sci5tific qu>rel ! promot+ ( :i*
 0 ! actual reason ( ! advance t 0 made 
9 ! sci5ce foll[+ 8 accid5tal &         
enorm\sly important discov]y4  ,!re are 
_m /ories ( ! details ( ! ord9>ily      
entirely unimportant circum/ances t l$  
to ,galvanism & ! ,galvanic ,batt]y4    
,volta actually made ?is batt]y1 !n kn[n
 z ! ,voltaic ,pile1 b he made x because
 ( ,galvani's discov]y4 ,! read] is     
reque/$ to be> ^! names 9 m9d2 ,galvani 
& ,volta4 ,!y h a unique claim ^u u4 ,) 
o!rs t w foll[1 !y h desc5d$ to all     
po/]ity 9 ! immortal nom5clature ( !    
sci5ce ( electricity4 ,x is ?r\gh !     
accid5tal discov]y ( ! plodd+           
demon/rator ( anatomy 9 a m$ical        
college1 a man :o di$ at la/ 9 pov]ty & 
9 ignorance ( ! mean+ ( 8 own "w1 t we h

 n[ ! va/ web ( telegraph & telephone   
wires t hangs above ! pa?s ( m5 9 e     
civiliz$ c\ntry1 & ! cables t lie 9 !   
ooze ( ! oceans f cont95t to cont95t4 ,8
 discov]y 0 ! result ( "o ( ! commone/  
incid5ts ( dome/ic life4 ,v>i\sly       
describ$ by v>i\s writ]s1 ! actual      
circum/ance seems r$ucible to ?is4  ,9  
,galvani's kit*5 !re 0 an iron rail+1 & 
imm$iately above ! rail+ "s copp] hooks1
 us$ = ! purpose ( hang+ !reon uncook$  
meats4 ,8 wife 0 an invalid1 & wi%+ to  
tempt h] appetite he _h prep>$ a frog by
 sk9n+ x1 & _h hung x ^u "o ( ! copp]   
hooks4 ,! only use int5d$ to be ask$ (  
?is r5[n$ batra*ian 0 ! mak+ ( a little 
bro?4 ,ano!r "p ( ! sk9n$ anatomy t\*$ !
 iron rail bel[1 & ! anatomi/ obs]v$ t  
?is casual contact produc$ a convulsive 
twit*+ ( ! dead reptile's legs4 ,he     
grop$ ab\t ?is fact = _m ye>s4 ,he      
fanci$ he _h discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( life4
 ,he made ! ph5om5on to hang ^u ! facts 
clu/]+ ab\t 8 own pr(ession1 famili> to 
him1 & ab\t :i* x 0 natural = him to    

?9k4 ,he promulgat$ !ories ab\t x t are 
all n[ absurd1 h[ev] t5able !n4 ,8 0 an 
in/ance ( h[ ! fatuities ( m5 9 all !   
fields ( sci5ce1 fai? or morals1 h (t5  
l$ to results z extraord9>y z !y h be5  
unexpect$4 ,t he di$ 9 pov]ty 9 #agih is
 a m]e human fact4 ,t 9 ?is life he nev]
 knew is m]ely ano!r4 ,x is b a "p ( t  
sadness t1 ?r\gh life1 &1 inde$1 ?r\gh  
all hi/ory1 hangs ov] ! e>?ly           
limitations ( ! immortal m9d4  ,volta1 8
 contempor>y & c\ntryman1 f9ally solv$ !
 problem z to ! reason :y4 & made t     
,voltaic ,pile :i* came to be our mod]n 
batt]y4 ,act+ ^u ! h9t giv5 by          
,galvani's accid5t1 ?is pile 0 made ( ?9
 %eets ( metal1 say ( copp] & z9c1 laid 
9 s]ies "o above ! o!r1 ) a piece ( clo?
 wet ) dilute acid int]pos$ betwe5 ea*  
%eet & ! next4 ,! %eets 7 connect$ at ! 
edges 9 pairs1 a %eet ( z9c to a %eet ( 
copp]1 & ! pile began ) a %eet ( "o     
metal & end$ ) "o ( ! o!r4 ,x is to be  
not$ t a s+le pair w\ld h produc$ ! same
 result z a hundr$ pairs1 only m feebly4

 ,a s+le l>ge pair is1 inde$1 ! mod]n   
electric batt]y ( "o cell4 ,! beg9n+ & !
 end+ %eets ( ! ,voltaic pile 7 connect$
 by a wire1 ?r\gh :i* ! curr5t pass$4   
,we1 9 our commone/ indu/rial batt]y1   
use ! two pieces ( metal ) ! fluid      
betwe54 ,! metals are usually copp] &   
z9c1 & ! fluid is wat] 9 :i* is dissolv$
 sulphate ( copp]4 ,! wire connection we
 make hundr$s ( miles long1 & ov] ?is   
wire passes ! curr5t4 ,if we "p ?is wire
 ! curr5t ceases4 ,if we jo9 x aga9 we  
in/antly r5ew x4 ,!re are _m =ms ( ?is  
batt]y4 ,! two metals1 ! electrodes1 are
 n necess>ily z9c & copp] & no o!rs4 ,! 
acidulat$ fluid is n inv>iably wat] )   
sulphate ( copp] dissolv$ 9 x4 ,yet 9   
all modifications ! same ?+ is done 9   
ess5tially ! same way1 & ! ,voltaic     
pile1 & a little back ( t ,galvani's    
frog1 is ! secret ( ! telegraph1 !      
telephone1 ! telautograph1 ! cable      
message4 ,9 ! case ( ,galvani's frog1 ! 
fluids ( ! rec5tly kill$ body furni%$ ! 
liquid conta9+ ! acid1 ! copp] hook & ! 

iron rail+ furni%$ ! dissimil> metals1 &
 ! n]ves & muscles ( ! frog's body1     
connect+ ! two metals1 furni%$ ! wire4  
,!y 7 z good z ,frankl9's wet /r+ 04 ,! 
effect ( ! passage ( a curr5t (         
electricity ?r\gh a muscle is to cause x
 to spasmodically contract1 z ev]yone   
kn[s :o has held ! metallic h&les ( an  
ord9>y small batt]y4 ,_m ye>s pass$ be=e
 ! my/]y t has long be5 pla9 0 solv$ by 
acute m9ds4 ,galvani ?\ght he saw !     
electric quality 9 ! tissues ( ! frog4  
,volta came to see !m z produc$ by      
*emical action ^u two dissimil> metals4 
,! fir/ c\ld n ma9ta9 8 !ories aga9/    
facts t became app>5t 9 ! c\rse ( !     
inve/igations ( sev]al ye>s1 yet he     
ass]t$ !m ) all ! p]t9aci\s cons]vatism 
( 8 pr(ession1 :i* x has requir$ ages to
 we> away1 & di$ poor & unhonor$4 ,! o!r
 became a nobleman & a s5ator1 & wore   
m$als & honors4 ,x is a _w 9 :i* success
 alone is se51 & 9 :i* x may be         
tru?fully said t ! contortions ( an     
evisc]at$ & unconsci\s frog ^u a casual 

hook 7 ! n v remote cause ( ! greate/   
advancem5ts & discov]ies ( mod]n        
civilization4  ,yet ! my/]y is n yet    
entirely expla9$4 ,9 ! /udy (           
electricity we are accu/om$ to accept   
demon/rat$ facts z we f9d !m4 ,:5 x is  
ask$ h[ a batt]y acts1 :at produces !   
my/]i\s curr5t1 ! only answ] t c n[ be  
giv5 is t x is by ! conv]sion ( ! en]gy 
( *emical aff9ity into ! en]gy (        
electrical vibrations4 ,_m mixtures     
produce heat4 ,! explanation c be no    
cle>] ?an t = electricity4 ,electricity 
& heat are bo? =ms ( en]gy1 &1 inde$1   
are s simil> t "o is almo/ synonym\s ) !
 o!r4 ,! enquiry into ! orig9al s\rces (
 en]gy1 lat5t b pres5t always1 w1 :5    
f9ally answ]$1 give u an insight into   
my/]ies t we c only n[ inf] are res]v$ =
 t h]eaft]1 "h or else:]e1 :i* x is "p (
 our nature to believe 9 & hope =4 ,!   
!ory ( electrical vibrations is expla9$ 
else:]e z ! only t5able "o by :i* to    
acc\nt = electrical action4 ,"o may also
 ask h[ fire burns1 or1 r1 :y a burn+   

produces :at we call heat1 & ! actual "q
 _c be answ]$4 ,! action ( fire 9       
consum+ fuel1 & ! action ( *emicals 9   
consum+ metals1 are simil> actions4 ,!y 
ea* result 9 ! production ( a new =m (  
en]gy1 & ( en]gy 9 ! =m ( vibrations4 ,9
 ! action ( fire ! vibrations are       
irregul> & spasmodic2 9 electricity !y  
are controll$ by a c]ta9 rhy?m or       
regul>ity4 ,betwe5 heat & electricity   
!re is app>5tly only ?is diff]5ce1 & !y 
are s simil>1 & "o is s readily conv]t$ 
into ! o!r1 t x is a curr5t sci5tific   
!ory t "o is only a modifi$ =m ( ! o!r4 
,_m acute m9ds h reflect$ ^u ! problem (
 h[ to conv]t ! lat5t en]gy ( coal into 
! en]gy ( electricity )\t ! int]position
 ( ! /eam eng9e & ma*9]y4 ,!re app>5tly 
exi/ reasons :y ! problem w nev] be     
solv$4 ,!re is no intellig5ce equal to  
answ]+ ! "q z to precisely :]e ! heat   
came f1 or h[ x came1 t in/antly results
 ^u ! /rik+ ( a common mat*4 ,x 0 evolv$
 ?r\gh friction4 ,! means 7 necess>y4   
,friction1 or its precise equival5t 9   

en]gy1 mu/ occur4 ,! result is z /range1
 & 9 ! same mann] /range1 z any ( !     
ph5om5a ( electricity4 ,precisely "h1 9 
! beg9n+ ( ! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a1 ! /ud5t 
%\ld be w>n$ t an attitude ( wond] or ( 
awe is n "o ( enquiry4 ,! demon/rations 
( electricity are />tl+ *iefly = ?ree   
reasons3 newness1 sil5ce1 &             
inconceivable rapidity ( action4 ,let "o
 hold a wire 9 "o's h& six or eight     
in*es f ! end1 & !n ins]t t end into !  
flame ( a gas-jet4 ,x is z old z human  
exp]i5ce t t "p ( ! wire :i* is n 9 !   
flame f9ally gr[s hot1 & burns "o's     
f+]s4 ,a *ange has tak5 place 9 !       
molecules ( ! wire t is n visible1 is   
noiseless1 & t has travel$ along ! wire4
 ,x excites nei!r wond] nor rem>k4 ,no  
"o asks ! reason :y4 ,yet x _c be       
expla9$ except by "s !ory m or less     
t5able1 & ! ph5om5on1 9 k9d ?\gh n 9    
degree1 is z unacc\ntable z any?+ 9 !   
magic ( electricity4 ,9 a true s5se !re 
is1 no?+ sup]natural1 or ev5 wond]ful1 9
 all ! va/ univ]se ( law4 ,if we w\ld   

le>n ! facts 9 reg>d to any?+1 x mu/ be 
aft] we h pass$ ! /age ( wond] or (     
rev]5ce 9 respect to x4 ,t :i* 0 !      
,voice ( ,god--z truly1 9 a s5se1 x 0 & 
is--until ,frankl9's day1 has s9ce be5 a
 concussion ( ! air1 an e*o among !     
cl\ds1 ! passage ( an electric dis*>ge4 
,x is ! fir/ lesson = all ^? :o w\ld    
und]/&4  ,! "t _h n[ come :5 t :i* _h   
seem$ a lawless wond] %\ld h its laws   
inve/igat$1 =mulat$ & expla9$4 ,a man   
nam$ ,c\lomb1 a ,fr5*man1 is ! au?or ( a
 sy/em ( measurem5ts ( ! electric       
curr5t1 & he x 0 :o discov]$ t ! action 
( electricity v>ies1 n ) ! di/ance1 b1 l
 gravity1 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! squ>e ( !
 di/ance4 ,c\lomb 0 ! mak] ( ! fir/     
in/rum5t = measur+ a curr5t1 :i* 0 kn[n 
z ! torsion balance4 ,! results ( 8     
practical inve/igations made easi] !    
practical application ( electrical p[] z
 we n[ use x1 ?\gh he =esaw no?+ ( t    
application2 & ! eng9e] ( to-day applies
 8 laws1 & ^? ( 8 fell[ sci5ti/s1 z ^?  
:i* d n fail4 ,volta 0 "o ( ^!1 & he    

also furni%$1 z w h]eaft] be se51 a "n =
 "o ( ! units ( electrical measurem5t4  
,bo? ,galvani & ,volta pass$ into %ad[1 
:51 9 #ahbj1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,c4 ,o]/$1 ( 
,cop5hag51 discov]$ ! law ^u :i* 7      
aft]w>ds sl[ly built ! electrical       
appliances ( mod]n life4 ,x 0 ! great   
pr9ciple ( ,,induction4 ,! /ud5t (      
electricity may beg9 "h if he desires to
 /udy only results1 & is n int]e/$ 9    
effects1 causes1 & ! pa9s & toils :i* l$
 to ^? results4 ,! t]m may seem obscure1
 & is1 d\btless1 z a "n1 ! result ( a   
sudd5 idea2 b ^u induction & its laws ! 
simple/ z well z ! mo/ complicat$ ( our 
mod]n electrical appliances dep5d = a   
reason = action4 ,its discov]y set      
,ampre to "w4 ,!y _h all imag9$         
previ\sly t !re 0 "s connection betwe5  
electricity & magnetism1 & x 0 ?is idea 
t in/igat$ ! inve/igations ( ,amp]e4 ,x 
0 imag9$ t ! ph5om5a ( electricity 7 to 
be expla9$ by magnetism4 ,?is 0 n       
untrue1 b x 0 only a "p ( ! tru?4 ,amp]e
 prov$ t magnetism c\ld also readily be 

produc$ by a curr5t ( electricity4 ,f   
?is idea1 practically c>ri$ out1 grew ! 
,,electro ,,magnet1 & to ,ampre we are  
indebt$ = ! actual discov]y ( ! elem5t>y
 pr9ciples ( :at we n[ call             
electrodynamics1 or dynamic electricity1
 ,footnote3 ,9 all sci5ce !re is a      
cont9ual go+ back to ! pa/ = a means (  
expression = ?+s ^: application is mo/  
mod]n4 ,dynamic2 ,,dynamo1 is ! ,greek  
^w = p[]2 to be able4 ,once e/abli%$1 ^!
 names are seldom ab&on$4 ,!re is no m  
reason = call+ our electrical           
p[]-produc+ ma*9e a ,dynamo ?an !re w\ld
 be 9 s designat+ a /eam eng9e or a     
wat]-:eel4 ,b1 a t]m ( g5]al            
significance if us$ at all1 x has come  
to be ! special designation ( t "o      
ma*9e4 ,x is brief1 easily said1 & to ! 
po9t1 b is 9 no way necess>ily connect$ 
) electrical p[] di/9ctively4 9 :i* are 
includ$ ! ,dynamo1 & its tw9 &          
indisp5sable1 ! ,motor4 ,ampre is also !
 au?or ( ! molecul> !ory1 by :i* alone1 
) our pres5t k1 c ! action ( electricity

 be expla9$ 9 connection ) ! iron core  
:i* is made a magnet by ! curr5t1 & left
 aga9 a m]e piece ( iron :5 ! curr5t is 
int]rupt$4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ,f>aday expla9$
 & appli$ ! laws ( ,induction1 bas+ !m  
^u ! demon/rations ( ,ampre4 ,! use ( a 
core ( s(t iron1 magnetiz$ by ! passage 
( a curr5t ?r\gh a helix ( wire wrapp+ x
 z ! ?read does a spool1 is !           
indisp5sable feature1 9 "s =m mean+ !   
same ?+1 ) ! same results1 9 all ma*9es 
t are giv5 movem5t to by an electric    
curr5t4 ,?is is ! electro-magnet4 ,x is 
made a magnet n by actual contact1 or by
 be+ made ! conductor ( a curr5t1 b by  
be+ plac$ 9 ! electrical field &        
tempor>ily magnetiz$ by induction4      
,f>aday began 8 brilliant s]ies (       
exp]im5ts 9 #ahca4 ,to express briefly !
 laws ( action "u :i* he work$1 he wrote
 ! celebrat$ /atem5t ( ! ,law (         
,magnetic ,=ce4 ,he prov$ t ! curr5t    
develop$ by induction is ! same 9 all   
its qualities ) o!r curr5ts1 &1 inde$1  
demon/rat$ ,frankl9's !ory t all        

electricity is ! same2 t1 z to k9d1 !re 
is b "o4 ,all electrical action is n[   
view$ f ! ,f>adic position4  ,! /ory (  
electricity1 z m5 /udi$ x 9 ! prim>y    
s*ool ( ! sci5ce1 ends :]e ,f>aday      
began4 ,"u ! immutable laws he discov]$ 
& =mulat$ we n[ ent] ! field ( result1 (
 action1 ( comm]cial int]e/ & value4 ,we
 might bett] say ! field ( usefulness1  
s9ce comm]cial value is b ano!r         
expression = usefulness4 ,a revolution  
has be5 wr\ght 9 all ! ways & ?\ghts (  
m5 s9ce a date :i* a man less ?an sixty 
ye>s old c recall4 ,! laws "u :i* !     
miracle has be5 wr\ght exi/$ f all      
et]nity4 ,!y 7 discov]$ b ye/]day4      
,progress1 ! de/9y ( man1 has kept pace 
9 o!r fields4 ,we live our "t 9 our     
pr$e/9$ day1 le>n+ & kn[+1 l gr[n-up    
*ildr51 :at we may4 ,9 a future ^:      
di/ance we may n ev5 guess1 ! *ildr5 (  
m5 %all reap ! full fruition ( !        
prophesy t has gr[n old 9 wait+1 & %all 
be z gods1 kn[+ good f evil4     ,,mod]n
 ,,electricity  ,,*apt] ,i4             

,electricity1 9 all its visible         
exhibitions1 has c]ta9 unv>y+ qualities4
 ,"s ( ^! h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+      
*apt]4 ,o!rs w appe> 9 :at is n[ to     
foll[4 ,^! qualities or habits1         
inv>iable & un*angeable1 are1 briefly3  
7#a7 ,x has ! unique p[] ( draw+1       
attract+ o!r objects at a di/ance4  7#b7
 ,= all human uses x is in/antane\s 9   
action1 ?r\gh a conductor1 at any       
di/ance4 ,a curr5t might be s5t ar\nd ! 
_w :ile ! clock tick$ twice4  7#c7 ,x   
has ! p[] ( decompos+ *emicals          
7,electrolysis71 & x %\ld be rememb]$ t 
ev5 wat] is a *emical1 & t sub/ances    
compos$ ( "o pure organic mat]ial are v 
r>e4  7#d7 ,x is readily conv]tible into
 heat 9 a wire or o!r conductor4  ,^!   
f\r qualities r5d] its mod]n uses       
possible1 & %\ld be rememb]$ 9          
connection ) :at is pres5tly to be      
expla9$4  ,^! uses are1 9 application1 !
 mo/ />tl+ 9 ! entire hi/ory (          
civilization4 ,!y h come ab\t1 & _!     
applications h be5 made effective1 )9   

tw5ty ye>s1 & l>gely )9 t54 ,?is subtle/
 & mo/ elusive ess5ce 9 nature1 n ev5 n[
 entirely und]/ood1 is a "p ( common    
life4 ,"s ye>s ago we began to spell our
 ?\ghts to our fell[-m5 across l& & sea 
) dots & da%es4 ,)9 ! memory ( ! pres5t 
high s*ool boy we began to talk ) ea*   
o!r across ! miles4 ,n[ !re is no reason
 :y we %all n beg9 to write to ea* o!r  
lett]s ( :i* ! orig9als %all nev] leave 
our h&s1 yet :i* %all /& writt5 9 a     
di/ant place 9 our own *>act]s1         
indisputably sign$ by u ) our own names4
 ,we app>5tly produce out ( no?+ b !    
:irl+ ( a huge bobb9 ( wire any p[] we  
may wi%1 & s5d x ov] a ?9 wire to :]e we
 wi% to use x1 ?\gh e adult c rememb] :5
 ! difficulty ( di/ance1 9 ! propell+ ( 
ma*9]y1 0 ?\ght to h be5 solv$ to !     
satisfaction ( e reasonable man by !    
mak+ ( wire cables t w\ld transmit p[]  
betwe5 groov$ :eels a di/ance ( "s      
hundr$s ( feet4 ,we turn night into day 
) ! gl[ ( lamps t burn )\t flame1 &     
almo/ )\t heat1 ^: my/]i\s gl[ is f$ f  

"s di/ant place1 t hang 9 clu/]s1       
bann]s1 lett]s1 9 city /reets1 & t gl[ l
 new />s along ! treeless prairie       
horizon :]e ?irty ye>s ago ev5 ! beg9n+s
 ( civilization 7 unkn[n4 ,yet ! my/]i\s
 ag5t has n *ang$4 ,x is z x 0 :5       
creation began to %ape itself out ( *aos
 & ! abyss4 ,m5 h *ang$ 9 _! ability to 
reason1 to d$uce1 to discov]1 & to      
con/ruct4 ,to "k has become a "p ( ! sum
 ( life2 to und]/& or to ab&on is !     
rule4 ,:5 ! ages ( tradition1 ( ass]tion
 )\t ! necessity = pro(1 ( cont5t ) all 
t 0 & 0 "r or true because x 0 a /&>d   
fix$1 w5t by1 ! age n necess>ily ( /eam1
 or ( /eel1 or ( electricity1 b ! age ( 
?\ght1 came 94 ,"s ( ! results ( ?is    
?\ght1 9 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t ( its       
dep>tm5ts1 ,i %all attempt to describe4 
,a wire is ! usual concomitant 9 all    
electrical ph5om5a4 ,x is almo/ !       
univ]sally us$ conductor ( ! curr5t4 ,9 
mo/ cases x is ( copp]1 z pure z x c be 
made 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( manufacture4    
,!re are o!r metals t conduct an        

electrical curr5t ev5 bett] ?an copp]   
does1 b !y happ5 to be exp5sive ones1   
su* z silv]4 ,! usual telegraph-l9e is  
effici5t ) only iron wire4  ,we         
habitually use ! words conductor &      
conduct 9 ref]5ce to ! electric curr5t4 
,a def9ition ( t common t]m may be      
useful4 ,x is a relative "o4 ,a         
conductor is any sub/ance ^: atoms1 or  
molecules1 h ! p[] ( convey+ to ea* o!r 
quickly _! electricities4 ,be=e ! common
 use ( electricity we 7 accu/om$ to     
commonly speak ( conductors ( heat2     
good1 or poor4 ,! same mean+ is int5d$ 9
 speak+ ( conductors ( electricity4     
,non-conductors are ^? ^: molecules only
 acquire ?is p[] "u great pressure4     
,electricity always takes ! easie/ road1
 n necess>ily ! %orte/4 ,?is is ! pa? t 
electricians call t ( lea/ resi/ance4   
,!re are no absolutely p]fect           
conductors1 & !re are no sub/ances t may
 be call$ absolutely non-conductors4 ,a 
non-conductor is simply a reluctant1 an 
excessively sl[1 conductor4 ,9 all      

electrical op]ations we look fir/ = ^!  
two ess5tials3 a good conductor & a good
 non-conductor4 ,we want ! latt] z      
supports & atta*m5ts = ! fir/4 ,if we   
und]take to convey wat] 9 a pipe we d n 
wi% ! pipe to leak4 ,9 convey+          
electricity ^u a wire we h a little leak
 :]ev] we all[ any o!r conductor to come
 too ne>1 or to t\*1 ! wire c>ry+ !     
curr5t4 ,^! little electrical leaks     
con/antly exi/4 ,all nature is 9 a      
conspiracy to take x :]ev] x c f9d x1 & 
f ev]y?+ :i* at ! mom5t has m ?an "s o!r
 has1 or m ?an its %>e ) ref]5ce to !   
air & ! _w1 ( ! my/]i\s ess5ce t is 9   
v>y+ quantities ev]y:]e4 ,glass is !    
usual non-conductor 9 daily use4 ,a     
glance at ! telegraph poles w expla9 all
 t has j be5 said4 ,wat] 9 l>ge quantity
 or widely diffus$ is a fair conductor4 
,!re=e1 ! glass insulators on !         
telegraph-poles are cup-%ap$ usually on 
! "u side :]e ! p9 t holds !m is ins]t$1
 s t ! ra9 may n actually wet ?is p91 & 
?us make a wat]-connection betwe5 !     

wire1 glass1 p91 pole & gr\nd4  ,we are 
accu/om$ to ?+s t are subject to ! law (
 gravity4 ,wat] w run ?r\gh a pipe t    
slants d[nw>d4 ,x w pass ?r\gh a pipe t 
slants upw>d only by be+ pu%$4 ,b       
electricity1 9 its f> j\rneys ov] wires1
 is n subject to gravity4 ,x goes       
indiff]5tly 9 any direction1 ask+ only a
 conductor to c>ry x4 ,!re is also a    
trait call$ in]tia2 t prop]ty ( all     
matt] by :i* x t5ds :5 at re/ to rema9  
s1 & :5 9 motion to cont9ue 9 motion1   
:i* we meet at e /ep we take 9 ! mat]ial
 _w4 ,electricity is aga9 an exception4 
,x kn[s nei!r gravity1 nor in]tia1 nor  
mat]ial volume1 nor space4 ,x _c be     
conta9$ or weigh$4 ,no?+ holds x 9 any  
ord9>y s5se4 ,x is difficult to express 
9 words ! peculi> qualities t caus$ !   
e>ly exp]im5t]s to believe x _h a s\l4  
,x is nev] idle1 & 9 its ceaseless      
j\rney+s x makes *oice ( its pa? by a   
conclusion t is un]r+ & in/antane\s4    
,we f9d t x is ! con/ant endeavor (     
electricity to equalize its quantities &

 its two qualities1 9 all sub/ances t   
are ne> x t are capable ( conta9+ x4 ,to
 ?is end1 seem+ly by def9ite int5tion1 x
 is f\nd on ! outsides ( ?+s conta9+ x4 
,x ga!rs on ! surfaces ( all conductors4
 ,if !re are knobs or po9ts x w be f\nd 
9 !m1 ready to leap (f4 ,:5 any         
electrifi$ body is approa*$ by a        
conductor1 ! fluid w ga!r on ! side :]e 
! approa* is made4 ,if 9 any conductor !
 curr5t is weak1 v little ( x1 if any1 w
 g (f into ! conductor be=e actual      
contact is made4 ,if x is /rong1 x w (t5
 leap across ! space ) a sp>k4 ,"o body 
may be *>g$ ) positive1 & ano!r )       
negative1 electricity4 ,!re is !n a     
disposition to equalize t _c be easily  
repress$4 ,! positive & ! negative w    
assume _! dual functions1 _! exi/5ce    
toge!r1 9 spite ( ob/acles4 ,s z to     
quantity4 ,t :i* has mo/ _c be re/ra9$ f
 imp>t+ to t :i* has less4 ,!           
demon/ration ( ^! facts belongs to !    
field ( exp]im5tal1 or laboratory1      
electricity4 ,! mo/ common ( ! visible  

exp]im5ts is on a va/ scale4 ,x is !    
?und]-/orm4 ,"m ,e>? is ! great         
depository ( ! fluid4 ,! heavy cl\ds1 z 
!y ga!r1 are likewise full4 ,across !   
space t lies betwe5 ! ex*ange takes     
place--! lightn+-fla%4  ,9 ! prec$+     
*apt] ,i h ha/ily allud$ to ! ph5om5on  
kn[n z ! key to electricity z a         
utilit>ian sci5ce2 a means ( mat]ial    
usefulness4 ,^! uses are all made       
possible "u ! laws ( :at we t]m         
,,induction4 ,to compreh5d ?is rem>kable
 feature ( electric action1 x mu/ fir/  
be und]/ood t all electrical ph5om5a    
occur 9 :at has be5 t]m$ an ,electrical 
,field ,?is field may be illu/rat$      
simply4 ,a wire ?r\gh :i* a curr5t is   
pass+ is always surr\nd$ by a region (  
attractive =ce4 ,x is sci5tifically     
imag9$ to exi/ 9 ! =m ( r+s ar\nd !     
wire4 ,9 ?is field lie :at are t]m$ l9es
 ( =ce4 ,! law z /at$ is t ! l9es 9 :i* 
! magnetism produc$ by electricity acts 
are always at "r angles ) ! direction 9 
:i* ! curr5t is pass+4 ,let u put ?is 9 

ord9>y phrase1 & say t 9 a wire ?r\gh   
:i* a curr5t is pass+ !re is a magnetic 
attraction1 & t ! pull is always /raight
 t[>d ! wire4 ,?is magnetism 9 a wire1  
:5 x is d\bl$ up & multipli$            
suffici5tly1 has /rong p[]s (           
attraction4 ,?is multiply+ is accompli%$
 by w9d+ ! wire into a compact coil &   
pass+ a curr5t ?r\gh x4 ,if "o %\ld w9d 
insulat$ wire ar\nd a core1 or cyl9d]1 &
 %\ld !n pull out ! cyl9d] & atta* ! two
 ends ( ! wire to ! opposite poles ( a  
batt]y1 :5 ! curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! coil !
 holl[ int]ior ( x w\ld be a /rong      
magnetic field4 ,! air inside might be  
said to be a magnet1 ?\gh if !re 7 no   
air !re1 & ! coil 7 "u ! exhau/$ receiv]
 ( an air-pump1 ! effect w\ld be ! same1
 & ! vacuum w\ld be magnetiz$4 ,a piece 
( iron ins]t$ :]e ! core 01 w\ld        
in/antly become a magnet1 & :5 !        
insulat$ wire is w\nd ar\nd a s(t iron  
core1 & ! core is left 9 place1 we h at 
once :at is kn[n z an ,electro-,magnet4 
,! wire w9d+s ( an electro-magnet are   

always insulat$2 w\nd ) a non-conductor1
 l silk or cotton2 s t ! coils may n t\*
 ea* o!r 9 ! w9d+ & ?us p]mit ! curr5t  
to run (f ?r\gh contact by ! easie/ way1
 & cut across & leave mo/ ( ! coil )\t a
 curr5t4 ,= x may z well be /at$ n[ t no
 matt] h[ good a conductor a wire may   
be1 two qualities ( x cause :at is call$
 resi/ance--! curr5t does n pass s      
easily4 ,^! two qualities are ?9ness &  
l5g?4 ,! curr5t w n trav]se all ! l5g? (
 a long coil if x c pass /raight ?r\gh !
 same mass1 & x is made to g ! long way 
by keep+ ! wires f t\*+ ea* o!r--prev5t+
 contact1 & less5+ ! opportunity to jump
 (f :i* electricity is always look+ =4  
,:5 ?is coil is w\nd 9 lay]s1 l ! ?read 
^u a spool1 x increases ! int5sity ( !  
magnetism 9 ! core by z _m times z !re  
are coils1 up to a c]ta9 po9t4 ,if !    
core is m]ely s(t iron1 & n /eel1 x     
becomes magnetiz$ in/antly1 z /at$1 & w 
draw ano!r piece ( iron to x ) a snap1 &
 hold x !re z long z !re is a curr5t    
pass+ ?r\gh ! coil4 ,b z in/antly1 :5 ! 

curr5t is /opp$1 ?is s(t iron core      
ceases to be a magnet1 & becomes z x 0  
be=e--an in]t & ord9>y piece ( iron4    
,:at has j be5 describ$ is always1 9 "s 
=m1 "o ( ! indisp5sable p>ts ( !        
electromagnetic ma*9es us$ 9 indu/rial  
electricity1 & 9 all ( !m except !      
appliances ( electric light+1 & ev5 9 t 
case x is indisp5sable 9 produc+ !      
curr5t :i* consumes ! po9ts ( ! c>bon1  
or heats ! filam5t to a :ite gl[4 ,!    
curr5t may trav]se ! wire = a hundr$    
miles to rea* ?is little coil4 ,b1      
in/antly1 at a t\* a hundr$ miles away t
 =ms a contact1 !re is a cont9u\s       
circuit2 ! core becomes a magnet1 & !   
piece ( iron ne> x is drawn sudd5ly to  
x4 ,remove ! di/ant f+] f ! button1 !   
contact is brok51 & ! piece ( iron      
imm$iately falls away aga94 ,x is !     
wond] ( ! production ( in/ant movem5t at
 any di/ance1 )\t any movem5t ( any     
connect+ "p4 ,x is a my/]i\s & incr$ible
 transmission ( =ce n includ$ among     
human possibilities =ty ye>s ago4 ,x is 

n[ common1 old1 famili>4 ,conceive ( its
 possibilities1 ( its annihilation ( "t 
& space1 ( its di/ant control1 & ( t :i*
 x is made to mean & repres5t 9 !       
spell$-out words ( language1 & x /ill   
rema9s "o ( ! wond]s ( ! _w3 ! ,electric
 ,telegraph4         99       99        
99       99       99  ,,magnets ,,&     
,,magnetism4--,hav+ describ$ a magnet t 
is made & unmade at w1 x may be         
appropriate to describe magnets g5]ally4
 ,! ord9>y1 p]man5t magnet1 natural or  
artificial1 has little place 9 ! arts4  
,x _c be controll$4 ,9 common phrase1 x 
_c be made to let g at w4 ,! greate/    
value ( magnetism1 z connect$ )         
electricity1 consi/s 9 ! fact ( !       
intimate relation%ip ( ! two4 ,a magnet 
may be made at w ) ! electric curr5t1 z 
describ$ above4 ,a little lat] we %all  
see h[ ! process may be rev]s$1 & !     
magnet be made to produce ! mo/ p[]ful  
curr5t kn[n1 & yet owe its magnetism to 
! same curr5t4  ,! ^w ,magnet comes f ! 
c\ntry ( ,magnesia1 :]e load/one        

7magnetic iron ore7 seems fir/ to h be5 
f\nd4 ,! artificial magnet1 z made & us$
 9 e>ly exp]im5ts & /ill common z a toy 
or z a piece 9 "s electrical appliances1
 is a piece ( f9e /eel1 ( h>d temp]1 :i*
 has be5 magnetiz$1 usually by hav+ _h a
 curr5t pass$ ?r\gh or ar\nd x1 &       
sometimes by contact ) ano!r magnet4 ,= 
! s+ul> prop]ty ( a magnet is t x may   
cont9ually imp>t its quality1 yet nev]  
lose any ( its own4 ,/eel alone1 ( all !
 metals1 has ! decid$ quality ( reta9+  
its prop]ty ( be+ a magnet4 ,a b> magnet
 is a /raight piece ( /eel magnetiz$4 ,a
 horse%oe magnet is a b> magnet b5t into
 ! =m ( ! lett] ,u4  ,e magnet has two  
poles--! positive1 or ,nor? pole1 & !   
negative1 or ,s\? pole4 ,if any magnet1 
( any size1 & hav+ z "o piece two poles 
only1 be cut into two1 or a hundr$      
pieces1 ea* sep>ate piece w be l !      
orig9al magnet & h its two poles4 ,! law
 is arbitr>y & inv>iable "u all         
circum/ances1 & is a law ( nature1 z    
unexpla9able & z inv>iable z any 9 t    

my/]i\s code4 ,all b> magnets1 :5       
susp5d$ by _! c5t]s1 turn _! ends to !  
,nor? & ,s\?1 a famili> example ( ?is   
be+ ! ord9>y compass4 ,b 9 magnetism1 l 
repels l4 ,! _w is a huge magnet4 ,!    
pole ( ! magnet :i* po9ts to ! ,nor? is 
n ! ,nor? pole ( ! ne$le z we reg>d x1 b
 ! opposite1 ! ,s\?4  ,no "o c expla9   
precisely :y iron1 ! pur] & s(t] !      
bett]1 becomes a p[]ful & effective     
magnet "u ! influ5ce ( ! curr5t1 &      
in/antly loses t "* :5 ! curr5t ceases1 
& :y /eel1 ! pur] & h>d] ! bett]1 at    
fir/ rejects ! influ5ce1 & comes sl[ly  
"u x1 b aft]w>ds reta9s x p]man5tly4    
,iron & /eel are ! magnetic metals1 b   
!re is a consid]able li/ ( metals n     
magnetic t are bett] ?an !y z conductors
 ( ! electric curr5t4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se !y
 are also ! electric metals4 ,a ,dynamo1
 or ,motor1 made ( brass or copp]       
entirely w\ld be impossible4 ,all !     
ph5om5a ( comb9$ magnetism &            
electricity1 all t goes to make up !    
field ( indu/rial electric action1 w\ld 

be impossible )\t ! indisp5sable (      
ord9>y iron1 & = ! sole reason t x      
possesses ! peculi> qualities1 !        
aff9ities1 describ$4         99       99
       99       99       99  ,!re is n[ 
an und]/&+ ( ! electro-magnet1 ) "s idea
 ( ! "p x may be made to play 9 !       
movem5t ( pieces1 p>ts1 & ma*9es 9 :i* x
 is an ess5tial4 ,x has be5 expla9$ h[  
s(t iron becomes a magnet1 n necess>ily 
by any actual contact ) any o!r magnet1 
or by t\*+ or rubb+1 b by be+ plac$ 9 an
 electric field4 ,x acquir$ its         
magnetism by induction2 by draw+ 9 7s9ce
 t is ! mean+ ( ! t]m7 ! electricity t 0
 ar\nd x4 ,b induction has a /ill wid]  
field1 & o!r *>act]i/ics ?an ?is alone4 
,"s di/9ct idea ( ^! may be obta9$ by   
suppos+ a simple case1 9 :i* ,i %all ask
 ! read] to foll[ me4  ,illu/ration3    
,,diagram ,,!ory ,,( ,,induction  ,let u
 imag9e a wire to be /ret*$ horizontally
 = a little space1 & its two ends to be 
atta*$ to ! two poles ( an ord9>y batt]y
 s t a curr5t may pass ?r\gh x4 ,ano!r  

wire is /ret*$ beside ! fir/1 n t\*+ x1 
& n connect$ ) any s\rce ( electricity4 
,n[1 if a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! fir/  
wire a curr5t w also %[ 9 ! second wire1
 pass+ 9 an opposite direction f ! fir/ 
wire's curr5t4 ,b ?is curr5t 9 ! second 
wire does n cont9ue4 ,x is a mom5t>y    
impulse1 exi/+ only at ! mom5t ( ! fir/ 
pass+ ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire atta*$ to 
! poles ( ! batt]y4 ,aft] ?is fir/      
in/antane\s ?rob !re is no?+ m4 ,b n[   
cut (f ! curr5t 9 ! fir/ wire1 & !      
second wire w %[ ano!r impulse1 ?is "t 9
 ! same direction ) ! curr5t 9 ! fir/   
wire4 ,!n x is all ov] aga91 & !re is   
no?+ m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! wires & curr5ts1 ! 
"o atta*$ to ! batt]y poles1 is call$ ! 
,prim>y4 ,! second unatta*$ wire1 ) its 
impulses1 is call$ ! ,second>y4  ,let u 
n[ imag9e ! prim>y to be atta*$ to !    
batt]y-poles p]man5tly4 ,we w n make or 
break ! circuit1 & we c /ill produce    
curr5ts1 impulses1 9 ! second>y4 ,let u 
imag9e ! prim>y to be br\ght ne>] to !  
second>y1 & aga9 mov$ away f x1 ! curr5t

 pass+ all ! "t ?r\gh x4 ,e "t x is mov$
 ne>]1 an impulse w be g5]at$ 9 !       
second>y :i* w be opposite 9 direction  
to ! curr5t 9 ! prim>y4 ,e "t x is mov$ 
away aga91 an impulse 9 ! second>y w be 
9 ! same direction z ! prim>y curr5t4 ,s
 long1 z be=e1 z ! prim>y wire is quiet1
 !re w be no second>y curr5t at all4    
,!re is /ill a ?ird effect4 ,if ! curr5t
 9 ! prim>y be increas$ or dim9i%$ we   
%all h impulses 9 ! second>y4  ,?is is a
 suppos$ case1 to r5d] ! facts1 ! laws (
 induction1 cle> to ! und]/&+4 ,!       
exp]im5t might actually be p]=m$ if an  
in/rum5t suffici5tly delicate 7 atta*$  
to ! t]m9als ( ! second>y to make !     
impulses visible4 ,! foll[+ facts are   
d$uc$ f x 9 reg>d to all induc$ curr5ts4
 ,!y are ! prim>y laws ( induction3--   
,a curr5t :i* beg9s1 :i* approa*es1 or  
:i* increases 9 /r5g? 9 ! prim>y1       
induces1 ) ^! movem5ts or conditions1 a 
mom5t>y curr5t 9 ! opposite direction 9 
! second>y4  ,a curr5t :i* /ops1 :i*    
retires1 or :i* decreases 9 /r5g? 9 !   

prim>y1 induces a mom5t>y curr5t 9 !    
same direction ) ! curr5t 9 ! prim>y4   
,to make ! results ( induction effective
 9 practice1 we mu/ h great l5g? ( wire1
 & to ?is end1 z 9 ! case ( !           
electro-magnet1 we w adopt ! spool =m4  
,we w suppose two wires1 insulat$ s z to
 keep !m f actually t\*+1 held toge!r   
side by side1 & w\nd ^u a core 9 sev]al 
lay]s4 ,!re w !n be two wires 9 ! coil1 
& ! opposite ends ( "o ( ^! wires we w  
atta* to ! poles ( a batt]y1 & s5d a    
curr5t ?r\gh ! coil4 ,?is w\ld !n be !  
prim>y1 & ! o!r w\ld be ! second>y1 z   
describ$ above4 ,b1 s9ce ! p[] &        
effici5cy ( an induc$ curr5t dep5ds ^u !
 l5g? ( ! second>y wire t is expos$ to !
 influ5ce ( ! curr5t c>ri$ by ! prim>y1 
we fix two sep>ate coils1 "o small en\gh
 to slip inside ( ! o!r4 ,?is small]1   
inn] coil is made ) co>s] wire ?an !    
out]1 & ! latt] has an imm5se l5g? ( f9]
 wire4 ,! curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh !       
small]1 inside coil1 & ea* "t t x is    
/opp$1 or />t$1 !re w be an impulse1 & a

 v /rong "o1 ?r\gh ! out]--! second>y   
coil4 ,leave ! curr5t un9t]rupt$1 & move
 ! out] coil1 or ! inn] "o1 back & =?1 &
 ! same s]ies ( /rong impulses w be     
obs]v$ 9 ! coil t has no connection )   
any s\rce ( electricity4  ,:at ,i h j   
describ$ z an illu/ration ( ! laws      
gov]n+ ! production ( induc$ curr5ts1   
is1 9 fact1 :at is kn[n z ! ,induction  
,coil4 ,9 ! old times ( a qu>t] ( a     
c5tury ago x 0 ext5sively us$ z an      
illu/rator ( ! p[] ( ! electric curr5t4 
,sometimes ! out] coil conta9$ fifty    
miles ( wire1 & ! sp>k1 a close         
imitation ( a fla% ( lightn+1 w\ld pass 
betwe5 ! t]m9als ( ! second>y coil held 
ap>t = a di/ance ( sev]al feet1 & w\ld  
pi]ce %eets ( plate glass ?ree in*es    
?ick4 ,be=e ! days ( practical electric 
light+ ! induction-coil 0 us$ = !       
simultane\s light+ ( ! gas-jets 9 public
 build+s1 & is /ill s us$ to a limit$   
ext5t4 ,its description is introduc$ "h 
z an illu/ration ( ! laws ( induction   
:i* ! read] w f9d appli$ h]eaft] 9 new] 

& m effective ways4 ,! commone/ in/ance 
n[ ( ! use ( ! induction-coil is 9 ! v  
frequ5t small ma*9e kn[n z a m$ical     
batt]y4 ,!re mu/ be a means ( mak+ &    
break+ ! curr5t 7! circuit7 z describ$  
above4 ,?is1 9 ! m$ical batt]y1 is      
automatic1 & x is t :i* produces !      
famili> buzz+ s\nd4 ,! me*anism is      
easily und]/ood ^u exam9ation4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,at "s risk ( t$i\sness ) ^? :o h       
already made an exam9ation ( elem5t>y   
electricity1 ,i h n[ endeavor$ to convey
 to ! read] a cle> idea ( 7#a71 :at     
electricity is1 s f> z kn[n4 7#b7 ,( h[ 
! curr5t is conduct$1 & its influ5ce 9 !
 field surr\nd+ ! conductor4 7#c7 ,!    
nature ( ! induc$ curr5t1 & ! mann] 9   
:i* x is produc$4 ,! sum ( ! in=mation s
 f> may be /at$ 9 o!r words to be h[ to 
make an electromagnet1 & h[ to produce  
an induc$ curr5t4 ,su* in=mation has an 
end 9 view4 ,a k ( ^! two items1 an     
und]/&+ ( ! details1 w be f\nd1         
collectively or sep>ately1 to und]lie an

 und]/&+ ( all ! ma*9es & appliances (  
mod]n electricity1 & 9 all probability1 
( all ^? t are yet to come4  ,b 9 !     
prom95t field ( electric light+ 7to :i* 
pres5tly we %all come71 !re is /ill     
ano!r pr9ciple involv$1 & ?is requires  
"s explanation 7z well giv5 "h z        
else:]e7 ( ! curr5t !ory z to :at       
electricity is4 ,footnote3 ,!re are     
sev]al s*ools among sci5ti/s1 ^? :o     
pursue pure sci5ce1 irrespective (      
practical applications1 & :o are r      
dispos$ to n>r[ ! t]m to include t field
 alone1 t are divid$ among !mselves ^u !
 "q ( :at electricity is4 ,!            
,sub/antiali/s believe t x is a k9d (   
matt]4 ,o!rs d5y t1 & insi/ t x is a =m 
( ,en]gy1 on :i* po9t !re c be no s]i\s 
"q4 ,/ill o!rs reject bo? ^! views4     
,tesla has said t no?+ /&s 9 ! way ( our
 call+ electricity 'e!r associat$ )     
matt]1 or b\nd e!r4' ,pr(essor ,lodge   
says x is a =m1 or r a mode (           
manife/ation1 ( ! e!r ,! "q is /ill 9   
dispute :e!r we h only "o electricity or

 two opposite electricities4 ,! great   
field ( *emi/ry ent]s into ! discussion 
z p]haps hav+ ! solution ( ! "q )9 its  
possibilities4 ,! practical electrician 
acts ^u facts :i* he kn[s are true )\t  
kn[+ _! cause2 empirically2 & s f>      
adh]es to ! molecul> hypo!sis4 ,!       
demon/rations & exp]im5ts ( ,tesla s f> 
produce only new !ories1 or demon/rate !
 fallacies ( ! old1 b give u no?+       
absolute4 ,nev]!less1 "u 8              
inve/igations1 ! possibilities ( ! ne>  
future are widely ext5d$4 ,by means (   
curr5ts alt]nat+ ) v high frequ5cy1 he  
has succe$$ 9 pass+ by induction1 ?r\gh 
! glass ( #a lamp1 en]gy suffici5t to   
keep a filam5t 9 a /ate ( inc&esc5ce )\t
 ! use ( any connect+ wires4 ,he has ev5
 light$ a room by produc+ 9 x su* a     
condition t an illum9at+ appliance may  
be plac$ any:]e & light$ )\t be+        
electrically connect$ ) any?+4 ,he has  
produc$ ! requir$ condition by creat+ 9 
! room a p[]ful electro/atic field      
alt]nat+ v rapidly4 ,he susp5ds two     

%eets ( metal1 ea* connect$ ) "o ( !    
t]m9als ( ! coil4 ,if an exhau/$ tube is
 c>ri$ any:]e betwe5 ^! %eets1 or plac$ 
any:]e1 x rema9s always lum9\s4  ,some?+
 ( ! unque/ionable possibilities are %[n
 9 ! foll[+ quotation f ,nature1 z      
express$ 9 a lecture by ,pr(4 ,crookes  
^u ! impli$ results ( ,tesla's          
exp]im5ts4  ,! ext5t to :i* ?is me?od ( 
illum9ation may be practically          
available1 exp]im5ts alone c decide4 ,9 
any case1 our insight into !            
possibilities ( /atic electricity has   
be5 ext5d$1 & ! ord9>y electric ma*9e w 
cease to be reg>d$ z a m]e toy4         
,alt]nat+ curr5ts h1 at ! be/1 a r      
d\btful reputation4 ,b x foll[s f       
,tesla's rese>*es t1 is ! rapidity ( !  
alt]nation increases1 !y become n m     
dang]\s b less s4 ,x fur!r appe>s t a   
true flame c n[ be produc$ )\t *emical  
aid--a flame :i* yields light & heat )\t
 ! consumption ( mat]ial & )\t any      
*emical process4 ,to ?is end we require 
improv$ me?ods = produc+ excessively    

frequ5t alt]nations & enorm\s pot5tials4
 ,%all we be able to obta9 ^! by tapp+ !
 e!r8 ,if s1 we may view ! prospective  
exhau/ion ( our coal-fields )           
indiff]5ce2 we %all at once solve !     
smoke "q1 & ?us dissolve all possible   
coal r+s4  ,electricity seems de/9$ to  
annex ! :ole field1 n m]ely ( optics1 b 
probably also ( !rmotics4  ,rays ( light
 w n pass ?r\gh a wall1 nor1 z we "k    
only too well1 ?r\gh a d5se fog4 ,b     
electrical rays ( a foot or two         
wave-l5g?1 ( :i* we h spok51 w easily   
pi]ce su* m$iums1 :i* = !m w be         
transp>5t4  ,ano!r tempt+ field =       
rese>*1 sc>cely yet attack$ by pione]s1 
awaits exploration4 ,i allude to !      
mutual action ( electricity & life4 ,no 
s\nd man ( sci5ce indorses ! ass]tion t 
electricity is life4 nor c we ev5 v5ture
 to speak ( life z "o ( ! v>ieties or   
manife/ations ( en]gy4 ,nev]!less1      
electricity has an important influ5ce ^u
 vital ph5om5a1 & is 9 turn set 9 action
 by ! liv+ be+--animal or vegetable4 ,we

 h electric fi%es--"o ( !m ! prototype (
 ! torp$o ( mod]n w>f>e4 ,!re is !      
electric slug :i* us$ to be met ) 9     
g>d5s & roads ab\t ,ho9sey ,rise2 !re is
 also an electric c5tip$e4 ,9 ! /udy (  
su* facts & su* relations ! sci5tific   
electrician has be=e him an almo/       
inf9ite field ( inquiry4  ,! sl[]       
vibrations to :i* ,i h ref]r$ reveal !  
bewild]+ possibility ( telegraphy )\t   
wires1 po/s1 cables1 or any ( our pres5t
 co/ly appliances4 ,x is va9 to attempt 
to picture ! m>vels ( ! future4         
,progress1 z ,dean ,swift obs]v$1 may be
 too fa/ = endurance4 ,z to ?is1 all we 
may be said to "k1 z has be5 rem>k$1 is 
t x is "o ( ! =ms ( en]gy1 & its        
manife/ations are 9 ! =m ( motion ( !   
m9ute & invisible atoms ( :i* x is      
compos$4 ,?is movem5t is in/antane\sly  
communicat$ along ! l5g? ( a conductor4 
,!re mu/1 ( c\rse1 be an end to ?is     
process 9 !ory1 because all ! molecules 
once mov$ mu/ return to re/1 or to a =m]
 condition1 be=e be+ mov$ aga94 ,!re=e x

 is necess>y to add t :5 ! motion ( !   
la/ molecule has be5 absorb$ by "s      
app>atus = apply+ x to utility1 ! la/   
p>ticles1 atoms1 molecules1 are re/or$  
to re/1 & may aga9 receive motion f     
infr++ p>ticles1 & ?is transmission (   
en]gy along a conductor is              
cont9u\s--cont9ually absorb$ & repeat$4 
,?is is dynamic electricity2 n diff]+ 9 
k9d1 9 ess5ce1 f any o!r1 b only 9      
application4  ,if ! conductor is        
entirely insulat$1 s t no molecul>      
movem5ts c be communicat$ by x to       
contigu\s bodies1 all its p>ticles      
become en]giz$1 & rema9 s z long z !    
conductor is atta*$ to a s\rce (        
electricity4 ,9 su* a case an additional
 *>ge is requir$ only :5 "s ( ! orig9al 
*>ge is tak5 away1 escapes4 ,?is is     
,/atic electricity2 ! same z ! o!r1 b 9 
!ory diff]+ 9 application4  ,! molecul> 
!ory is1 unque/ionably1 t5able "u pres5t
 conditions4 ,x is t to :i* sci5ce has  
atta9$ 9 its inquiries to ! pres5t date4
 ,! electric light is sc>cely expla9able

 ^u any o!r hypo!sis4 ,! rema9+         
conclusions may be left 9 abeyance1 &   
)\t argum5t4  ,sci5ce began ) /atic     
electricity1 s call$1 because its s\rces
 7 m readily & easily discov]$ 9 ! c\rse
 ( sci5tific accid5ts1 z 9 ! orig9al    
discov]y ( ! prop]ty ( rubb$ amb]1 etc41
 & ! long c\rse ( inve/igations t 7     
sugge/$ by t antique1 accid5tal         
discov]y4 ,:at we "k z ! dynamic bran* (
 ! subject 0 creat$ by ! inve/igations (
 ,f>aday2 induction 0 its "m4 ,x is !   
practically important bran*1 b its      
inve/igation requir$ ! inv5tion ( ma*9]y
 to p]=m its necess>y op]ations4 ,betwe5
 ! two bran*es ! sole diff]5ce--a       
diff]5ce t may be said n actually to    
exi/--is 9 quantity & pressure4  ,to !  
dep>tm5t ( /atic electricity all ^?     
indu/rial appliances fir/ kn[n belong1 z
 ! telegraph1 electro-plat+1 etc4 ,i    
%all fir/ consid] ?is class ( appliances
 & ma*9es4 ,! mo/ important ( ! class is
  ,illu/ration  ,,! ,,electric          
,,telegraph4--,! ^w is ,greek1 mean+1   

lit]ally1 to write f a di/ance4 ,b long 
s9ce1 & be=e ,morse's inv5tion1 x _h    
come to mean ! giv+ ( any in=mation1 by 
any means1 f af>4 ,! exi/5ce (          
telegraphs1 n electric1 is z old z ! ne$
 ( !m4 ,! idea ( quickness1 spe$y       
deliv]y1 is involv$4 ,if "t is n an     
object1 m5 may g or s5d4 ,! means us$ 9 
telegraph+1 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 h   
be5 s\nd & sight4 ,any?+ t c be express$
 s z to be read at a di/ance1 & t       
conveys a mean+1 is a telegram4         
,footnote3 ,?is ^w is ( ,am]ican co9age1
 & fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,albany ,ev5+        
,j\rnal1 9 #aheb4 ,x avoids ! use ( two 
words1 z ,telegraphic ,message1 or      
,telegraphic ,dispat*1 & ! ungrammatical
 use ( ,telegraph1 = a message by       
telegraph4 ,! new ^w 0 at once adopt$4  
,our pla9s ,indians us$ columns ( smoke1
 or fires1 & are ! actual inv5tors ( !  
heliograph1 n[ s call$1 ?\gh =m]ly mean+
 ! mak+ ( a picture by ! aid ( !        
sun--photography4 ,! vessels ( a        
squadron at sea h long us$ telegraphic  

signals4 ,"s ( ! celebrat$ s5t5ces ( our
 hi/ory h be5 writt5 by visual signals1 
su* z ,hold ! =t1 = ,i am com+1 ,don't  
give up ! %ip1 etc4 ,ord] ( %[+1        
positions1 & colors are arbitr>ily made 
to mean c]ta9 words4 ,! s9k+ ( !        
,victoria 9 #ahic1 0 br\ght ab\t by !   
ord]s convey$ by m>9e signals4 ,bells & 
guns signal by s\nd4 ,s does ! mod]n    
electric telegraph1 contr>y to orig9al  
design4 ,x is all telegraphy1 b x all   
requir$ an agre$ & v limit$ code1 &     
comp>ative ne>ness4 ,none ( ! means 9   
anci5t use 7 available = ! multif>i\s   
uses ( mod]n comm]ce4  ,z soon z x 0    
kn[n t electricity c\ld be s5t long     
di/ances ov] wires1 human g5ius began to
 contrive a way ( us+ x z a means (     
convey+ def9ite intellig5ce4 ,! fir/    
idea ( ! k9d 0 attempt$ to be put into  
effect 9 #aggd4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 be=e !   
discov]y ( ! electro-magnet 7ab\t       
#ahjj71 or ev5 ! ,galvanic batt]y1 & x 0
 s]i\sly propos$ to h z _m wires z !re 7
 lett]s2 ea* wire to h a frictional     

batt]y = g5]at+ electricity at "o end ( 
! circuit1 & a pi?-ball electroscope at 
! o!r4 ,! mod]n read] may smile at !    
idea ( ! hurri$ s5d] ( a message tak+ a 
piece ( cat-sk91 or 8 silk h&k]*ief1 &  
rubb+ up ! successive lett]-balls (     
glass or sulphur until he _h spell$ out 
8 telegram4 ,lat] a man nam$ ,dy]1 (    
,new ,york1 inv5t$ a sy/em ( s5d+       
messages by a s+le wire1 & ( caus+ a    
record to be made at ! receiv+ (fice by 
means ( a po9t pass+ ov] litmus pap]1   
:i* ! curr5t 0 to m>k by *emical action1
 ! pap] pass+ ov] a roll] or drum dur+ !
 op]ation4 ,! batt]y = ?is arrangem5t 0 
also frictional4 ,!y knew ( no o!r4 ,!n 
came ! deflect$-ne$le telegraph1 fir/   
sugge/$ by ,ampre1 & a few su* l9es 7   
con/ruct$1 & to "s ext5t op]at$4 ,9 "o (
 ! orig9al telegraph l9es ! wires 7 b\nd
 9 hemp & laid 9 pipes on ! surface ( ! 
gr\nd4 ,! exp$i5t ( poles & atmosph]ic  
insulation 0 n ?\ght ( until x 0 adopt$ 
z a la/ resort dur+ ! con/ruction (     
,morse's fir/ l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton &     

,baltimore4  ,9 ! ye> #ahcb1 an ,am]ican
 nam$ ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse 0 mak+ a   
voyage home f ,havre to ,new ,york 9 !  
sail+ packet ,sully4 ,he 0 an educat$   
man1 a graduate ( ,yale1 & an arti/1 be+
 ! hold] ( a gold m$al aw>d$ him = 8    
fir/ "w 9 sculpture1 & no want ( success
 drove him to o!r fields4 ,b dur+ ?is   
t$i\s voyage ( ! old times 9 a sail+    
vessel he seems to h conceiv$ ! idea :i*
 !nce=? occupi$ 8 life4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( 
! pres5t ,electric ,telegraph4 ,dur+ ?is
 same voyage he embodi$ 8 notions 9 "s  
draw+s1 & !y 7 ! beg9n+s ( vicissitudes 
among ! mo/ long-cont9u$ & try+ = :i*   
life af=ds any opportunity4 ,he ab&on$ 8
 /udies4 ,he paid att5tion to no o!r    
int]e/4 ,he pass$ ye>s 9 sil5t &        
lonesome endeavors t seem$ to all o!rs  
useless4 ,he subject$ himself to !      
reproa*es ( all 8 fri5ds1 lo/ !         
confid5ce ( bus9ess m51 ga9$ !          
reputation ( be+ a monomaniac1 & 0      
f9ally giv5 ov] to ! foll[+ ( devices   
deem$ ! mo/ useless & unpromis+ t up to 

t "t _h occupi$ ! m9d ( any man4  ,!    
rank & file ( humanity _h no def9ite    
idea ( ! plan1 or ( ! results t w\ld    
foll[ if x 7 successful4 ,9 reality no  
"o c>$4 ,x 0 ,morse's ent]prise         
exclusively--a crank's fad alone4 ,!re  
has be5 no p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( society :5
 ! public1 z a body1 0 int]e/$ 9 any    
great *ange 9 ! sy/ems to :i* x 0       
accu/om$4 ,!re is always enmity aga9/ an
 improv]4 ,9 reality1 ! "q ( h[ mu*     
money ,morse %\ld make by inv5t+ !      
electric telegraph 0 ! "q ( lea/        
importance4 ,yet x 0 reg>d$ z ! only "o4
 ,he is dead4 ,8 pr(its h gone into !   
mass1 8 honors h become int]national4 ,!
 pat5ts h long expir$4 ,! public1 !     
entire _w1 are long s9ce ! b5efici>ies1 
& ! b5efits cont9ue to be inconceivably 
va/4 ,no?+ 9 all hi/ory exce$s 9 moral  
importance ! inv5tion ( ! telegraph     
except ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ ) movable     
types4  ,illu/ration3 ,,an              
,,electro-,,magnet ,,( ,,morse',s ,,"t4 
,aft] eight ye>s ( wait+1 & ! repeat$   

in/ruction ( ! entire ,congress ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! art ( telegraphy1 t   
body 0 f9ally induc$ to make an         
appropriation ( ?irty ?\s& doll>s to be 
exp5d$ 9 ! con/ruction ( an exp]im5tal  
l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,& n[ 
beg9s ! actual /rang5ess ( ! /ory ( !   
,telegraph4 ,aft] _m ye>s ( toil1 ,morse
 /ill _h le>n$ no?+ ( ! effici5t        
con/ruction ( an electro-magnet4 ,!     
magnet :i* he attempt$ to use un*ang$ 0 
aft] ! patt]n ( ! fir/ "o ev] made--a   
b5t ,u-%ap$ b>1 ar\nd :i* 7 a few turns 
( wire n insulat$4 ,! b> 0 v>ni%$ =     
insulation1 & ! turns ( wire 7 s few t  
!y did n t\* ea* o!r4 ,! app>atus w\ld n
 "w at a di/ance ( m ?an a few feet1 & n
 inv>iably !n4 ,pr(essor ,leon>d ,d4    
,gale sugge/$ ! cause ( ! difficulty z  
be+ 9 ! sp>s5ess ( ! coils ( wire on !  
magnet & ! use ( a s+le-cell batt]y4 ,he
 furni%$ an electro-magnet & batt]y out 
( 8 own belong+s1 ) :i* ! effici5cy ( ! 
contrivance 0 greatly increas$4 ,! only 
insulat$ wire !n kn[n 0 bonnet-wire1 us$

 by mill9]s = %ap+ ! imm5se fl>+ bonnets
 worn by our gr&mo!rs1 & :5 x f9ally    
came to con/ruct+ ! in/rum5ts ( ! fir/  
telegraphic sy/em ! entire /ock ( ,new  
,york 0 exhau/$4 ,! imm5se /ocks (      
electrical supplies n[ available = all  
purposes 0 !n1 & = _m ye>s aft]w>ds1    
unkn[n4 ,previ\s to ! inve/igations (   
,pr(essor ,h5ry1 9 #ahcj1 only ! !ory ( 
caus+ a core ( s(t iron to become a     
magnet 0 kn[n1 & ! actual magnet1 z we  
make x1 _h n be5 made4 ,morse1 9 8      
beg9n+s1 _h n money en\gh to employ a   
compet5t me*anic1 & 0 himself possess$ (
 b scant me*anical skill or k (         
me*anical results4 ,p]si/5cy 0 ! quality
 by :i* he succe$$4  ,illu/ration3      
,,diagram ,,( ,,morse',s ,,in/rum5t1    
#ahcj1 ,,) ,,its ,,writ+4  ,! batt]y us$
 fir/ by ,morse1 z /at$1 0 a s+le cell4 
,! "o made lat] by 8 p>tn]1 ,alfr$      
,vail1 ! real au?or ( all ! workable    
features ( ! ,morse telegraph1 & ( e    
feature :i* id5tifies x ) ! telegraph ( 
! pres5t1 0 a rectangul> wood5 box      

divid$ into eight comp>tm5ts1 & coat$   
inside ) beeswax s t x might resi/ !    
action ( acids4 ,! telegraphic in/rum5t 
z made by ,morse 0 a rectangul> frame ( 
wood1 n[ 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,we/]n ,union   
,telegraph ,company1 at ,new ,york1 :i* 
0 int5d$ to be clamp$ to ! edge ( a     
table :5 9 use4 ,he knew no?+ ( !       
spl5did inv5tion s9ce kn[n z ! ,morse   
,alphabet1 & ! spell+ ( words 9 a       
telegram 0 n int5d$ by him4 ,8          
complicat$ sy/em1 z describ$ 9 8 caveat 
fil$ by him 9 #ahcg1 consi/$ 9 a sy/em (
 signs1 by :i* numb]s1 & consequ5tly    
words & s5t5ces1 7 to be indicat$4 ,!re 
0 !n a set ( type arrang$ to regulate & 
communicate ! signs1 & rules 9 :i* to   
set ?is type4 ,!re 0 a means = regulat+ 
! movem5t =w>d ( ! rule conta9+ ! types4
 ,?is 0 a crank to be turn$ by ! h&4 ,! 
m>k+ or writ+ app>atus at ! receiv+     
in/rum5t 0 a p5dulum arrang$ to be swung
 across ! slip ( pap]1 z x 0 unw\nd f ! 
drum1 mak+ a zig-zag m>k ! po9ts ( :i* 7
 to be c\nt$1 a c]ta9 numb] ( po9ts     

mean+ a c]ta9 num]al1 :i* num]al meant a
 ^w4 ,a sep>ate type 0 us$ to repres5t  
ea* num]al1 hav+ a correspond+ numb] (  
projections or tee?4 ,a telegraphic     
diction>y 0 necess>y1 & "o 0 at great   
pa9s prep>$ by ,morse4 ,8 process 01    
!re=e1 to translate ! message to be s5t 
into ! num]als correspond+ to ! words   
us$1 to set ! types correspond+ to ^?   
num]als 9 ! rule1 & !n to pass ! rule   
?r\gh ! appliance arrang$ = ! purpose 9 
connection ) ! electric curr5t4 ,!      
receiv] mu/ !n translate ! message by   
ref]5ce to ! telegraphic diction>y1 &   
write out ! words = ! p]son to :om !    
message 0 s5t4 ,?is 0 all *ang$ by      
,vail1 :o inv5t$ ! dot-&-da% alphabet1 &
 modifi$ ! me*anical action ( ! in/rum5t
 necess>y = its use4 ,! arrangem5t ( a  
/eel emboss+-po9t work+ ^u a groov$     
roll]--a radical diff]5ce--0 a portion (
 ?is *ange4 ,! inv5tion ( ! axial       
magnet1 also ,vail's1 0 ano!r4 ,morse _h
 reg>d$ a me*anical arrangem5t =        
transmitt+ signals z necess>y4 ,vail1 9 

! practice ( ! fir/ l9e1 grew accu/om$  
to s5d+ messages by dipp+ ! end ( ! wire
 9 ! m]cury cup1--! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t   
transmitt+ in/rum5t1 :i* is also 8      
inv5tion--& ,morse's port-rule1 types1 &
 o!r complicat$ arrangem5ts1 w5t into ! 
scrap-heap4  ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n      
,,transmitt]4  ,yet !re 7 "s /range ?+s 
/ill left4 ,! receiv+ relay weigh$ #ahe 
p\nds4 ,an equally effici5t mod]n "o ne$
 n weigh m ?an half a p\nd4 ,morse _h   
int5d$ to make a record+ telegraph      
di/9ctively2 x 0 to 8 m9d its *iefe/    
value4 ,almo/ 9 ! beg9n+ x ceas$ to be  
su*1 & ! record+ portion ( ! in/rum5t   
has = _m ye>s be5 unkn[n 9 a telegraph  
(fice1 be+ replac$ by ! s\nd]4 ,?is 0   
also ! inv5tion ( ,vail4 ,! m exp]t ( ! 
op]ators ( ! fir/ l9e discov]$ t x 0    
possible to read ! signals by ! s\nd    
made by ! armature lev]4 ,9 va9 did !   
manag]s prohibit x z unau?oriz$4 ,!     
practice 0 /ill c>ri$ on :]ev] x c\ld be
 )\t detection4 ,morse 0 uncompromis+ 9 
8 opposition to ! innovation4 ,!        

wond]ful alphabet ( ! telegraph1 ! mo/  
valuable ( ! sep>ate inv5tions t make up
 ! sy/em1 0 n 8 conception4 ,! inv5tion 
( ?is alphabetical code1 bas$ on !      
elem5ts ( "t & space1 has nev] met ) !  
appreciation x has des]v$4 ,x has be5   
f\nd applicable ev]y:]e4 ,fla%es (      
light1 ! rais+ & l[]+ ( a flag1 ! tapp+ 
( a f+]1 ! long & %ort bla/s ( a /eam   
:i/le1 spell out ! words ( ! ,engli%    
language z readily z does ! s\nd] 9 a   
telegraph-(fice4 ,x may be int]pret$ by 
sight1 t\*1 ta/e1 he>+4 ,) a wire1 a    
batt]y & ,vail's alphabet1 telegraphy is
 entirely possible )\t any o!r          
appliances4  ,illu/ration3 ,,mod]n      
,,s\nd]4  ,a brief sket* ( !            
difficulties att5d+ ! mak+ ( ! fir/     
practical telegraph l9e w be int]e/+ z  
%[+ h[ mu* & h[ little m5 knew (        
practical electricity 9 #ahdc4          
,footnote3 ,!re 0 no possibility ( _!   
kn[+ m1 not)/&+ t1 view$ f ! pres5t1 _! 
inexp]i5c$ /ruggles seem almo/ pa!tic4  
,s1 also1 d ! ideas ( ,galvani & !      

exp]im5ts & conclusions ( all except    
,frankl91 until we come to ,f>aday4 ,x  
is "o ( ! features ( ! "t 9 :i* we live 
t1 reg>dless ( age1 we are all s*ol>s ( 
a new s*ool 9 :i* m]e dilig5ce &        
behavior are n rew>d$1 & 9 :i* x is     
some:at imp]ative t we %\ld keep up )   
our class 9 an und]/&+ ( :at are n[ !   
facts ( daily life1 wond]s ?\gh !y 7 9 !
 days ( our y\?4 ,to beg9 )1 x 0 a      
metallic circuit2 t is1 two wires 7 to  
be us$ in/ead ( "o wire & a gr\nd       
connection4 ,!y knew no?+ ( ?is la/4    
,vail discov]$ & us$ x be=e ! l9e 0     
f9i%$4 ,! two wires1 insulat$1 7 inclos$
 9 a pipe1 lead presumably1 & ! pipe 0  
plac$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,ezra ,cornell1        
aft]w>ds ! f\nd] ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 
_h be5 engag$ 9 ! manufacture & sale ( a
 pat5t pl[1 & und]took to make a        
pipe-lay+ ma*9e = ?is new telegraph l9e4
 ,aft] ! "w _h be5 begun ,vail te/$ &   
unit$ ! conductors z ea* section 0 laid4
 ,:5 t5 miles 7 laid ! insulation1 :i*  
_h be5 gr[+ weak]1 fail$ altoge!r4 ,!re 

0 no curr5t4 ,probably e s*oolboy n[    
kn[s :at ! tr\ble 04 ,! e>? _h /ol5 !   
curr5t & absorb$ x4 ,! mod]n boy w\ld   
simply rem>k ,induction1 & turn 8       
att5tion to "s effici5t rem$y4 ,!n1 !re 
0 con/]nation4 ,cornell dext]\sly manag$
 to break ! pipe-lay+ ma*9e1 s z to     
furni% a plausible excuse to ! newspap]s
 & su* public z !re may be said to h be5
 be=e !re 0 any telegraph l9e4 ,days 7  
sp5t 9 consultation at ! ,relay ,h\se1 &
 9 f9d+ ! cause ( ! difficulty & !      
rem$y4 ,( ! congressional appropriation 
ne>ly all _h be5 sp5t4 ,! int]e/$ p>ties
 ev5 qu>rel$1 z m]e m5 w "u su*         
circum/ances1 & ! want ( a little k :i* 
is n[ elem5t>y ab\t electricity came ne>
 wreck+ =ev] an ent]prise ^: va/        
importance c\ld n be1 & 0 n !n1 ev5     
approximately measur$4  ,illu/ration3   
,,alfr$ ,,vail4  ,f9ally1 aft] "s weeks 
delay1 x 0 decid$ to introduce :at has  
become ! mo/ famili> feature ( ! l&scape
 ( civilization1 & /r+ ! wires on poles4
 ,!re is little ne$ to foll[ ! ent]prise

 fur!r4 ,morse /ay$ ) "o in/rum5t 9 !   
,capitol at ,wa%+ton1 & ,vail c>ri$     
ano!r ) him at ! end ( ! l9e4 ,already !
 type-&-rule & all ! symbols &          
diction>ies _h be5 disc>d$1 & !         
dot-&-da% alphabet 0 sub/itut$4 ,on     
,april #bc;d1 #ahdd1 ,vail sub/itut$ !  
e>? = ! metallic circuit z an exp]im5t1 
& t great /ep bo? 9 k & 9 practice 0    
tak54  ,)9 an incr$ibly brief space !   
,morse ,electric ,telegraph _h spread   
all ov] ! _w4 ,no man's triumph 0 ev] m 
complete4 ,he pass$ to ^? ri*es & honors
 t mu/ h be5 to him almo/ z a fulfill$  
dream4 ,9 ,europe 8 progresses 7 l ^? ( 
a mon>*4 ,he 0 made a memb] ( almo/ all 
( ! le>n$ societies ( ! _w1 & on 8 brea/
 glitt]$ ! m$als & ord]s t are !        
insignia ( human greatness4 ,a congress 
( repres5tatives ( t5 ( ! gov]nm5ts (   
,europe met 9 ,p>is 9 #aheh1 & x 0      
unanim\sly decid$ t ! sum ( f\r hundr$  
?\s& francs--ab\t a hundr$ ?\s&         
doll>s--%\ld be pres5t$ to him4 ,he di$ 
9 ,new ,york 9 #ahgb4  ,illu/ration3    

,,pr(4 ,,h5ry',s ,,electromagnet ,,&    
,,armature  ,yet n a s+le feature ( !   
inv5tion ( ,morse1 z =mulat$ 9 8 caveat 
& describ$ 9 8 orig9al pat5t1 is to be  
f\nd among ! ess5tials ( mod]n          
telegraphy4 ,!y _h mo/ly be5 ab&on$ be=e
 ! fir/ l9e _h be5 complet$1 & !        
arrangem5ts ( 8 associate1 ,vail1 7     
sub/itut$4 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry _h1 9
 #ahcb1 con/ruct$ an electromagnetic    
telegraph ^: signals 7 made by s\nd1 z  
all signals n[ are 9 ! s-call$ ,morse   
sy/em4 ,he hung a b>-magnet on a pivot 9
 its c5t] z a compass-ne$le is hung4 ,he
 w\nd a ,u-%ap$ piece ( s(t iron )      
insulat$ wire1 & made x an              
electro-magnet1 & plac$ ! nor? end ( !  
magnetiz$ b> betwe5 ! two legs ( ?is    
electro-magnet4 ,:5 ! latt] 0 made a    
magnet by ! curr5t ! end ( ! b> ?us     
plac$ 0 attract$ by "o leg ( ! magnet & 
repell$ by ! o!r1 & 0 ?us caus$ to sw+ 9
 a horizontal plane s t ! opposite end (
 x /ruck a bell4 ,?us 0 an electric     
telegraph made z an exp]im5tal toy1 &   

fulfill+ all ! conditions ( su* an "o   
giv+ ! signals by s\nd1 z ! mod]n       
telegraph does4 ,x lack$ "o ?+--!       
ess5tial4 ,footnote3 ,! details ( !     
con/ruction ( ! mod]n telegraph l9e are 
n "h /at$4 ,!re are none t *ange1 9     
pr9ciple1 ! outl9e above giv54  ,! ,vail
 telegraphic alphabet _h n be5 ?\ght (4 
,_h su* an idea be5 conceiv$ previ\sly a
 message c\ld h be5 read z x is read n[1
 & ) ! toy ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry :i* he     
ab&on$ )\t an idea ( its utility or ( ! 
possibilities ( any telegraph z we h    
long kn[n !m4 ,morse knew ^!            
possibilities4 ,he 0 "o ( ! innum]able  
ecc5trics :o h be5 "r1 "o ( ! prophets  
:o h be5 9 ! beg9n+ )\t honor1 n only 9 
respect to _! own c\ntry1 b 9 respect to
 _! times4  ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( 
,,telegraph ,,sy/em4     ,,*apt] ,,ii4  
,,! ,,ocean ,,cable4--,! rema9+ dep>tm5t
 ( ,telegraphy is embodi$ 9 ! />tl+     
dep>ture f anci5t ideas ( ! possible :i*
 we "k z cable telegraphy1 ! messages by
 su* means be+ cablegrams4 ,ab\t ^!     

ocean sy/ems !re are _m features n      
apply+ to l9es on l&1 ?\gh !y are int5d$
 to p]=m ! same functions 9 ! same way1 
) ! same object ( convey+ intellig5ce 9 
language1 in/antly & c]ta9ly1 b "u !    
sea4  ,! m>9e cables are n simple wires4
 ,!re is 9 ! c5t] a /r& ( usually sev5  
small copp] wires1 int5d$ z ! conductor 
( ! curr5t4 ,^!1 twi/$ loosely into a   
small cable1 are surr\nd$ by repeat$    
lay]s ( gutta-p]*a1 :i* is1 9 turn1     
cov]$ ) jute4 ,outside ( all !re is an  
armor ( wires1 & ! entire cable appe>s  
mu* l any o!r ( ! wire cables n[ 9      
common use ) elevators1 bridges1 & = _m 
purposes4 ,9 ! %all[ wat]s ( bays &     
h>bors1 :]e an*ors drag & ! l occurr5ces
 take place1 ! armor ( a subm>9e cable  
is sometimes s heavy z to weigh m ?an   
tw5ty tons to ! mile4  ,!re are peculi> 
difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 s5d+ messages by
 an ocean cable1 & "s ( ^! gr[ out ( !  
same induction ^: laws are indisp5sable 
9 o!r cases4 ,! inn] copp] core sets up 
induction 9 ! /r&s ( ! out] armor1 & t  

aga9 ) ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,!re is1 aga91 a
 species ( re-induction affect+ ! core1 
s t fa9t impulses may be receiv$ at !   
t]m9als t 7 nev] s5t by ! op]ators4 ,all
 ( ^! difficulties comb9$ result 9 :at  
electricians t]m ret>dation4 ,x is "o ( 
! dep>tm5ts ( telegraphy t1 l !         
unavoidable difficulties 9 all ma*9es & 
devices1 educates m5 to _! special c>e1 
& keeps !m ?9k+4 ,x is "o ( ! natural   
features ( all ! me*anical sci5ces t    
results 9 ! cont9ual mak+ ( improvem5ts4
  ,! fir/ impression 9 reg>d to ocean   
cables w\ld be t v /rong curr5ts are us$
 9 s5d+ impulses s f>4 ,! opposite is   
true4 ,! receiv+ in/rum5t is n ! noisy  
s\nd] ( ! l& l9es4 ,!re 01 until        
rec5tly1 a delicate ne$le :i* swung to &
 fro ) ! impulses1 & reflect$ beams (   
light :i*1 accord+ to _! numb] & ! space
 betwe5 !m spell$ out ! message accord+ 
to ! ,vail dot-&-da% alphabet4 ,n[1     
h[ev]1 a means /ill m delicate has be5  
devis$1 result+ 9 a fa9t wavy ink-l9e on
 a long1 unw9d+ slip ( pap]1 made by a  

f\nta9 p54 ,?is /range manuscript may be
 reg>d$ z ! late/ sy/em ( writ+ 9 ! _w1 
hav+ no relation%ip to ! art ( ,cadmus1 
& requir+ an exp]t & a special education
 to deciph] x4 ,^? fa9t pulsations1 f a 
h& ?ree ?\s& miles away across ! sea1   
are ! realization ( a magic incr$ible4  
,! necromancy & black art ( all         
antiquity are *ildi% by comp>ison4 ,!y  
give b fa9t indications ( :at !y (t5    
are--! messages ( love & dea?2 !        
dictations ( /atesman%ip2 ! h]alds (    
peace or w>2 ! ord]s = ! disposition (  
millions ( doll>s4  ,! /ory ( ! lay+ ( !
 fir/ ocean cable is wor?y ( ! tell+ 9  
any language1 b %\ld be especially      
int]e/+ to ! ,am]ican boy & girl4 ,x is 
a /ory ( native ent]prise & p]si/5ce2   
p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable ( !m all4  ,!    
e>lie/ ocean telegraph 0 t laid by two  
m5 nam$ ,brett1 across ! ,engli%        
,*annel4 ,= ?is cable1 a pione] ?\gh    
cross+ only a n>r[ wat]1 ! cons]vative  
(ficials ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t refus$ a  
*>t]4 ,9 ,augu/1 #ahej1 !y laid a s+le  

copp] wire cov]$ ) gutta-p]*a f ,dov] 9 
,engl& to ! coa/ ( ,france4 ,! fir/ wire
 0 soon brok51 & a second 0 made consi/+
 ( sev]al /r&s1 & ?is la/ 0 soon imitat$
 9 v>i\s %ort rea*es ( wat] 9 ,europe4  
,b ! ,atlantic _h always be5 consid]$   
unfa?omable4 ,no l9e _h ev] s\nd$ its   
dep?s1 & its /rong curr5ts _h inv>iably 
swept away ! heavie/ weights be=e !y    
rea*$ its b$4 ,its great feature1 s f> z
 kn[n1 0 t /range ocean riv] fir/ not$ &
 describ$ by ,frankl91 & kn[n to u z !  
,gulf ,/ream4 ,9 #ahec a circum/ance    
occurr$ :i* aga9 turn$ ! att5tion ( a   
few m5 to ! "q ( an ,atlantic cable4    
,lieut5ant ,b]ryman1 ( ! ,navy1 made a  
survey ( ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic f       
,newf\ndl& to ,irel&1 & ! wond]ful      
discov]y 0 made t ! floor ( ! ocean 0 a 
va/ pla91 n m ?an two miles bel[ !      
surface1 ext5d+ f "o cont95t to ! o!r4  
,?is pla9 is ab\t f\r hundr$ miles wide 
& sixte5 hundr$ long1 & !re are no      
curr5ts to di/urb ! mass ( brok5 %ells &
 unkn[n fi%es t lie on its oozy surface4

 ,x 0 nam$ ! ,telegraphic ,plateau1 ) a 
view to its future use4 ,at ei!r edge ( 
?is plateau huge m\nta9s1 f f\r to sev5 
?\s& feet high1 rise out ( ! dep?s4 ,!re
 are precipices ( %e] desc5t d[n :i* !  
cable n[ hangs4 ,! ,azores & ,b]mudas   
are peaks ( ocean m\nta9s4 ,! w>m riv]  
kn[n z ! ,gulf ,/ream1 com+ nor?w>d     
meets ! ice-b]gs & melts !m1 & deposits 
! %ells1 rocks & s& !y c>ry on ?is pla94
 ,:5 x 0 discov]$ ! difficulty 9 ! way (
 an ,atlantic cable seem$ no long] to   
exi/1 & ^? :o _h be5 anxi\s to engage 9 
! ent]prise began to be/ir !mselves4  ,(
 ^! ! mo/ active 0 ! ,am]ican1 ,cyrus   
,w4 ,field4 ,he began life z a cl]k 9   
,new ,york ,city4 ,:5 ?irty-five ye>s   
old he became engag$ 9 ! build+ ( a l&  
l9e ( telegraph across ,newf\ndl&1 !    
purpose ( :i* 0 to transmit news br\ght 
by a fa/ l9e ( /eam]s int5d$ to be      
e/abli%$1 & ! idea is said to h occurr$ 
to him ( mak+ a l9e n only s f>1 b      
across ! sea4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #ahef1 he _h 
succe$$ 9 =m+ a company1 & ! entire     

capital1 am\nt+ to #cej1jjj p\nds1 0    
subscrib$4 ,! gov]nm5ts ( ,engl& & !    
,unit$ ,/ates promis$ a subsidy to !    
/ockhold]s4 ,! cable 0 made 9 ,engl&4 ,!
 ,niag>a 0 assign$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &
 ! ,agamemnon by ,engl&1 ea* att5d$ by  
small] vessels1 to lay ! cable4 ,9      
,augu/1 #aheg1 ! ,niag>a left ! coa/ (  
,irel&1 dropp+ h] cable into ! sea4 ,ev5
 :5 x dropp$ sudd5ly d[n ! /eep esc>pm5t
 to ! great plateau ! curr5t /ill fl[$4 
,b ?r\gh ! c>elessness ( an assi/ant !  
cable p>t$4 ,t 0 ! beg9n+ ( mi%aps4 ,!  
task 0 n to be s easily done1 & !       
ent]prise 0 po/pon$ until ! foll[+ ye>4 
,t next ye> 0 /ill m memorable = triumph
 & disappo9tm5t4 ,x 0 n[ design$ t ! two
 vessels %\ld meet 9 mid-ocean1 unite ! 
ends ( ! cable1 & sail sl[ly to opposite
 %ores4 ,!re 7 fe>ful /orms4 ,! huge    
,agamemnon1 ov]load$ ) h] half ( !      
cable1 0 almo/ lo/4 ,b f9ally ! spot 9 !
 wa/e & middle ( ! ,atlantic 0 rea*$1 ! 
sea 0 /ill1 & ! vessels /eam$ away f ea*
 o!r sl[ly uncoil+ into ! sea _! two    

halves ( ! second cable4 ,x p>t$ aga91 &
 ! two %ips return$ to ,irel&4  ,9 ,july
 !y aga9 met 9 mid-ocean4 ,europe &     
,am]ica 7 bo? *>itably d]id+ ! spl5did  
ent]prise4 ,all fai? 0 lo/4 ,x 0 kn[n1  
to j\rnalism especially1 t ! cable w\ld 
nev] be laid & t ! ent]prise 0 absurd4  
,b x 0 l ! lay+ ( ! fir/ l& l9e4 ,!re 0 
a way to d x1 exi/+ 9 ! bra9s & fai? (  
m51 ?\gh at fir/ t way 0 n kn[n4 ,f ?is 
?ird meet+ ! two %ips aga9 sail$ away1 !
 ,niag>a = ,am]ica1 ! ,agamemnon =      
,val5cia ,bay4 ,?is "t ! wire did n "p1 
& on ,augu/ #bi?1 #aheh1 ! old _w & !   
new 7 b\nd toge!r = ! fir/ "t1 & ea*    
c\ld read almo/ ! ?\ghts ( ! o!r4 ,!    
que5 salut$ ,am]ica1 & ! presid5t       
repli$4 ,!re 7 salutes ( cannon & ! r++ 
( bells4 ,b ! messages by ! cable grew  
indi/9ct day by day1 & f9ally ceas$4 ,! 
,atlantic cable _h be5 laid1 &--_h      
fail$4  ,eight ye>s foll[$1 & ! cable   
lay =gott5 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,! reign
 ( peace on e>? & good w to m5 _h s f>  
fail$ to come & !y 7 ye>s ( tumult &    

bitt]ness4 ,! ,union ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0
 call$ ^u to def5d its integrity 9 a    
great w>4 ,a bitt] enmity grew up betwe5
 u & ,engl&4 ,! telegraph1 & all its    
p]sev]+ projectors1 7 almo/ absolutely  
=gott54 ,electricians decl>$ ! project  
utt]ly impracticable1 & x began1 f9ally1
 to be d5i$ t any messages _h ev] cross$
 ! ,atlantic at all1 & ,field & 8       
associates 7 discr$it$4 ,x 0 said t !   
curr5t c\ld n be made to pass ?r\gh s   
long a circuit4 ,new r\tes 7 spok5      
(--across ,b]+'s ,/rait1 & ov]l& by way 
( ,sib]ia--& measures began to be tak5  
to c>ry ?is s*eme into effect4  ,amid ^!
 disc\ragem5ts1 ,field & 8 associates   
reviv$ _! company1 made a new cable1 &  
provid$ ev]y?+ t sci5ce c\ld !n sugge/  
to aid f9al success4 ,?is new cable 0 m 
p]fect ?an any ( ! =m] ones1 & !re 0 a  
mammo? side-:eel /eam] kn[n z ! ,great  
,ea/]n1 unavailable z x prov$ = ! ord9>y
 uses ( comm]ce1 & ?is vessel 0 l>ge    
en\gh to c>ry ! entire cable 9 h] hold4 
,9 ,july1 #ahfe1 ! huge /eam] left      

,irel&1 dropp+ ! endless coil into !    
sea4 ,! same m5 7 engag$ 9 ?is la/      
attempt t _h fail$ 9 all ! previ\s ones4
 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ memorable in/ances (  
p]sev]ance on record4 ,b on ,augu/ #f? a
 flaw occurr$1 & ! cable 0 be+ drawn up 
= repairs4 ,! s\nd ( ! :eel sudd5ly     
/opp$2 ! cable broke & sunk into !      
dep?s4 ,! ,great ,ea/]n return$         
unsuccessful to h] port4  ,field 0      
pres5t on bo>d on ?is occasion1 & _h be5
 pres5t on sev]al simil> ones4 ,!re 01 s
 f> z kn[n1 no record made by him ( 8   
?\ghts4 ,!re 7 n[ five cables 9 ! b$ ( !
 ,atlantic1 & ea* "o _h c>ri$ d[n ) x a 
l>ge sum ( money1 & a /ill l>g] sum (   
hopes4 ,yet ! ,great ,ea/]n sail$ aga9 9
 ,july1 #ahff1 h] tanks fill$ ) new     
cable & ,field once m on h] decks4 ,x 0 
! la/1 & ! successful attempt4 ,! cable 
sank /eadily & noiselessly into ! sea1 &
 on ,july #bf? ! /eam] sail$ into       
,tr9ity ,bay4 ,! connection 0 made at   
,he>t's ,cont5t1 a little ,new ,f\ndl&  
fi%+ village1 & "o = ?is occasion       

admirably nam$4 ,!n ! lo/ cable ( #ahfe 
0 f\nd1 rais$ & splic$4  ,9 ^! lat]     
times1 if a flaw %\ld occur1 sci5ce w\ld
 locate x1 & g & repair x4 ,ev5 if ?is 7
 n true1 ! fact rema9s t ?is la/ cable1 
& t ( #ahfe1 h be5 c>ry+ _! messages "u 
! sea = ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,! lesson is t
 repeat$ failures d n mean f9al failure4
 ,!re is (t5 said to be a malice1 a _s (
 rebellion1 9 inanimate ?+s4 ,!y refuse 
to become slaves until !y are once & =  
all utt]ly subdu$1 & !n !y are docile   
=ev]4 ,yet ! malice truly lies 9 !      
inaptitude & inexp]i5ce ( m54 ,_h ,field
 & 8 associates kn[n h[ to make & lay an
 ,atlantic cable 9 ! beg9n+ z well z !y 
did 9 ! end1 ! fir/ "o laid w\ld h be5  
successful4 ,! ye>s 7 pass$ 9 ! inv5tion
 ( ma*9]y = lay+1 & 9 improv+ !         
con/ruction ( ea* successive cable4 ,_m 
h be5 laid s9ce !n1 c]ta9ly & )\t       
failure4 ,m5 h le>n$ h[4 ,footnote3 ,at 
pres5t ! total mileage ( subm>9e cables 
is ab\t #aeb1jjj miles1 co/+ altoge!r   
#bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! l5g? ( l& wires ?r\gh\t

 ! _w is ov] #b1jjj1jjj miles1 co/+     
#bbe1jjj1jjj4 ,! capital inve/$ 9 all   
l9es1 l& & sea1 is ab\t #ecj1jjj1jjj4   
,?irte5 ye>s 7 pass$ 9 ?is succession ( 
toils1 exp5ditures1 trials & failures4  
,field cross$ ! ,atlantic m ?an fifty   
times 9 ^! ye>s1 9 pursuit ( 8 great    
idea4 ,at la/1 l ,morse1 he 0 cr[n$ )   
weal?1 success1 m$als & honors4 ,he 0   
acqua9t$ ) all ! difficulties4 ,x is n[ 
kn[n t he knew ?r\gh !m all t an ocean  
cable c\ld f9ally be laid4  ,,!         
,,telephone4--,! telegraph _h become    
old4 ,all nations _h become accu/om$ to 
its use4 ,m ?an ?irty ye>s _h elaps$--a 
long "t 9 ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5?        
c5tury--be=e mank9d awoke to a new &    
/>tl+ surprise2 ! telegraph _h be5 made 
to transmit n only language1 b ! human  
voice 9 articulate spee*4 ,footnote3 ,x 
has be5 not$ t ,morse's idea 0 a record+
 telegraph1 t be+ 9 8 m9d its mo/       
valuable po9t1 & t ?is idea has long be5
 obsolete4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 ! ,telephone 0
 inv5t$ !re 0 a g5]al bus9ess op9ion t x

 0 p]haps an in/rum5t useful 9 colleges 
= demon/rat+ ! wond]s ( electricity1 b n
 useful = comm]cial purposes because x  
made no record4 ,bus9ess w always be    
done 9 black & :ite 0 ! oracul> v]dict (
 prom95t & exp]i5c$ bus9ess m54 ,x may  
be true1 b a little conv]sation across  
space has be5 f\nd indisp5sable4 ,!     
telephone is a rem>kable bus9ess        
success4 ,! fact fir/ became kn[n 9     
#ahgc1 & 0 ! inv5tion ( ,alex&] ,g4     
,bell1 ( ,*icago4  ,illu/ration3        
,,diagram ,,( ,,telephone4--,,! ,,blake 
,,transmitt]4  ,!re 7 sev]al1 no "o kn[s
 h[ _m1 attempts to accompli% ?is       
rem>kable feat previ\s to ! success (   
,pr(essor ,bell4 ,"o ( ^! 0 by ,reis1 ( 
,frank=t1 9 #ahfj4 ,x did n embrace any 
( ! mo/ valuable pr9ciples involv$ 9 :at
 we "k z ! telephone1 s9ce x c\ld n     
transmit spee*4 ,pr(essor ,bell's fir/  
op]ative app>atus 0 accompani$ by       
simultane\s inv5tions by ,gray1 ,edison1
 & o!rs4 ,?is rem>kable in/ance ( sev]al
 ( ! great electricians ( ! c\ntry      

evolv+ at ne>ly ! same "t ! same        
pr9cipal details ( a revolution>y       
inv5tion1 has nev] be5 fully expla9$4 ,!
 fir/ r crude & ineffective arrangem5ts 
7 rapidly improv$ by ^! m51 & by o!rs1  
prom95t among :om is ,blake1 ^:         
rem>kable transmitt] w be describ$      
pres5tly4 ,! be/ devices ( ^! inv5tors 7
 f9ally embodi$1 & 9 ! result+ in/rum5t 
we h "o ( ! *iefe/ ( ^? mod]n wond]s ^: 
fir/ appe>ance tax$ ! cr$ulity ( mank9d4
 ,footnote3 ,!re 71 until a rec5t p]iod1
 a l9e ( /atem5ts1 alleg$ facts &       
reason+s1 t 7 incr$ible 9 proportion to 
intellig5ce4 ,! occurr5ces ( rec5t times
 h rev]s$ ?is rule ) reg>d to all ?+s 9 
! doma9 ( appli$ sci5ce4 ,x is !        
ignorant & n>r[ only :o are incr$ul\s1 &
 ! e>s ( intellig5ce are op5 to e s\nd4 
,all t is n absurd is possible1 & all t 
is possible is sure to be accompli%$4 ,!
 telephone1 z a /atem5t1 0 absurd1 b n  
to ! m5 :o work$ = its accompli%m5t &   
f9ally succe$$4 ,! l9es gr[ n>r[4 ,x    
requires n[ a high intellig5ce to decide

 ev5 ^u ! fact ( absurdity )9 ! doma9 ( 
natural law4  ,9 reality ! telephone is 
simple 9 con/ruction4 ,workm5 :o are n  
accompli%$ electricians con/antly erect1
 correct & repair ! l9es & in/rum5ts4 ,!
 ma*9e is n liable to d]angem5t4 ,any   
p]son may use x ! fir/ "t ( try+1 & ?is 
use is almo/ univ]sal4 ,yet x is1 f !   
view ( any h\r 9 all ! pa/1 an          
incompreh5sible my/]y4 ,a mom5t (       
reflection drifts ! m9d backw>d & r5d]s 
x almo/ incr$ible 9 ! pres5t4 ,! human  
voice1 recognizable1 9 articulate words1
 is app>5tly borne = miles1 n[ ev5 = "s 
hundr$s ( miles1 ^u an att5uat$ wire :i*
 hangs sil5t 9 ! air c>ry+ absolutely   
no?+ m ?an ?\s&s ( little v>y+ impulses 
( electricity4 ,n a ^w t is spok5 at "o 
end ( x is ev] he>d at ! o!r1 & !       
conclusion inevitable to ! reason ( ev5 
tw5ty ye>s ago w\ld be t if "o p]son    
does n actually he> ! o!r talk !re is a 
miracle4 ,probably ?is idea t ! voice is
 actually c>ri$ is n v uncommon4 ,!     
facts seem incompreh5sible o!rwise1 & x 

is n consid]$ t if t idea 7 correct x   
w\ld be a miracle4  ,! entire           
explanation ( ! magic ( ! telephone lies
 9 electrical induction4 ,to ! brief    
explanation ( t ph5om5on previ\sly giv5 
! read] is aga9 ref]r$ = a bett] und]/&+
 ( :at n[ foll[s4  ,b1 fir/1 a mom5t's  
consid]ation may be giv5 to ! results   
produc$ by ! use ( ?is appliance1 :i*1 z
 an illu/ration ( ! way ( ! _w 0 an     
innovation t1 _h x rema9$ un9v5t$ or    
impossible1 w\ld nev] h be5 ev5 desir$4 
,"o ?ird m bus9ess is said n[ to be     
transact$ 9 ! av]age day ?an 0 possible 
previ\sly4 ,s9ce _m ?+s c n[ g on toge!r
 :i* previ\sly wait$ = direction1       
au?ority & p]sonal arrangem5t1 a man's  
bus9ess life is l5g!n$ "o-?ird1 :ile 8  
bus9ess may mo/ly be done1 to 8 great   
conv5i5ce1 f "o place4 ,x has giv5      
employm5t to a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 a   
l>ge proportion ( :om are "y wom54 ,!   
/atus ( woman 9 ! bus9ess _w has be51   
=tunately or un=tunately1 by s mu*      
*ang$4 ,x has introduc$ a new necessity1

 nev] aga9 to be disp5s$ )4 ,x has *ang$
 ! anci5t habits1 & ) !m1 unconsci\sly1 
! habit ( ?\ght4 ,contact n p]sonal     
betwe5 man & man has increas$4 ,! ?\ght 
( o!rs is quickly arriv$ at4 ,x has     
caus$ u to become m appreciative ( !    
absolute mean+s & values ( words1 )\t   
assi/ance f face1 mann] or ge/ure4      
,laught] may be he>d1 b te>s are unse54 
,x has induc$ caution 9 spee* & en=ces  
brevity4 ,:ile none ( its conv5i5ces are
 n[ not$1 & all t x gives is expect$1 ! 
telephone1 ) all its effects1 has       
ent]$--into ! sum ( life4  ,on ! wall or
 table !re is a box1 & beside ?is box   
projects a metal arm4 ,9 a =k ( ?is arm 
hangs a r\nd1 black1 trumpet-%ap$1 h>d  
rubb] tube4 ,?is la/ is ! receiv+       
in/rum5t4 ,x is tak5 f its arm & held   
close to ! e>4 ,! answ]s are he>d 9 x z 
?\gh ! p]son speak+ 7 !re conceal$ 9 an 
impi% embodim5t ( himself4 ,meantime !  
talk+ is done into a hole 9 ! side ( !  
box1 :ile ! receiv] is held to ! e>4    
,?is is all t appe>s sup]ficially4 ,an  

op]ation incr$ible has its entire ma*9]y
 conceal$ 9 ^! simplicities4 ,x is      
difficult to expla9 ! my/]y ( !         
telephone 9 words--?\gh x has be5 said  
to be simple--& x is almo/ impossible   
unless ! read] compreh5ds1 or w n[      
und]take to compreh5d1 :at has be5      
previ\sly said on ! subject ( !         
production ( magnetism by a curr5t (    
electricity1 z 9 ! case ( !             
electro-magnet1 & on ! subject (        
induction & its laws4  ,x has be5 %[n t 
electricity produces magnetism2 t !     
curr5t1 prop]ly manag$ z describ$1      
creates in/antly a p[]ful magnet out ( a
 piece ( s(t iron1 & leaves x aga9 a m]e
 piece ( iron at ! w ( ! op]ator4 ,?is  
process also w "w backw>ds4 ,an electric
 curr5t produces a magnet1 & a magnet   
also may be made to produce an electric 
curr5t4 ,x is "o m ( ! innum]able1 almo/
 univ]sal1 cases :]e sci5tific &        
me*anical processes may be rev]s$4 ,:5 !
 dynamo is exam9$ ?is process is /ill   
fur!r exemplifi$1 & :5 we exam9e !      

dynamo & ! motor toge!r we h a /rik+    
example ( ! two processes go+ on toge!r4
  ,! application ( ?is mak+ ( a curr5t1 
or *ang+ its int5sity1 9 ! telephone1 is
 app>5tly totally unlike ! cont9u\s     
manufacture ( ! induc$ curr5t = daily   
use by means ( ! /eam eng9e & dynamo4 ,b
 x is 9 exact accord ) ! same laws4 ,x  
w1 p]haps1 be m readily und]/ood by     
recall+ ! results ( ! exp]im5t ( ! two  
wires1 :]e x 0 f\nd t an approa* to1 or 
a rec$+ f1 a wire c>ry+ a curr5t1       
produces an impulse ov] ! wire t has by 
itself no curr5t at all4 ,n[1 x mu/ be  
add$ to t explanation t if ! batt]y 7   
deta*$ f t conduct+ wire1 & if1 in/ead (
 its be+ a wire = ! c>ry+ ( a batt]y    
curr5t x 7 itself a p]man5t magnet1 !   
same results w\ld happ5 9 ! o!r wire if 
x 7 rapidly mov$ t[>d & away f ?is      
p]man5t magnet4 ,if ! read] %\ld /ret* a
 wire tightly betwe5 two pegs on a      
table1 & %\ld !n hold ! arms ( a common 
horse%oe magnet v ne> x1 & %\ld twang ! 
/ret*$ wire ) 8 f+]1 z he w\ld a guit>  

/r+1 ! electromet] w\ld %[ an induc$    
alt]nate curr5t 9 ! wire4 ,s9ce ?is is  
an illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( ! dynamo1 
/at$ 9 its simple/ =m1 x may be well to 
rememb] t 9 ?is mann]--) ! means        
multipli$ & 9 all respects made ! mo/   
(--a v /rong curr5t ( electricity may be
 evolv$ )\t any batt]y or o!r s\rce (   
electricity except a magnet4 ,9         
connection ) ?is sub/itution ( a magnet 
= a curr5t-c>ry+ wire1 x mu/ be rememb]$
 t mov+ ! magnet t[>d or f ! wire has ! 
same result z mov+ ! wire in/ead4 ,x    
does n matt] :i* piece is mov$4  ,9     
addition to ! above1 x %\ld be /at$ t n 
only w an induc$ curr5t be set up 9 !   
wire1 b also ! magnetism 9 ! magnet w be
 increas$ or dim9i%$ z ! trembl+s ( !   
wire cause x to approa* or rec$e f x4   
,!re=e if a wire be l$ away f ea* pole (
 a p]man5t magnet1 & ! ends unit$ to =m 
a circuit1 an induc$ curr5t w appe> 9   
?is wire if a piece ( s(t iron is pass$ 
quickly ne> ! magnet4  ,!re is an       
ess5tial "p ( ! telephone t x is        

necess>y to g outside ( ! field (       
electricity to describe4 ,x is und\bt$ly
 und]/ood by ! read] t all s\nd is      
produc$ by vibrations1 or rapid         
undulations1 ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,if a    
membrane ( any k9d is /ret*$ across a   
hoop1 & "o talks aga9/ x1 s to speak1 ! 
diaphragm or membrane w be %ak51 w      
vibrate1 ) ! movem5t ( ! air produc$ by 
! voice4 ,if a cannon be fir$ all !     
w9d[s rattle1 & are (t5 brok54 ,a peal (
 ?und] w cause ! same j> & rattle ( w9d[
 panes1 manife/ly by :at we call        
s\nd--vibrations ( ! air4 ,! w9d[ frame 
is a diaphragm4 ,! e> is con/ruct$ on ! 
same pr9ciple1 its diaphragm be+        
actually mov$ by ! vibrations ( air1 be+
 :at we call he>+4 ,) ^! facts ab\t s\nd
 und]/ood 9 connection ) ^? giv5 9      
connection ) ! sub/itution ( a magnet = 
a batt]y curr5t1 x is entirely possible 
= any non-exp]t to und]/& ! !ory ( !    
con/ruction ( ! telephone4  ,9 ! ,bell  
telephone1 n[ us$ ) ! ,blake transmitt] 
:i* diff]s some:at f ! arrangem5t ,i    

%all n[ describe a b> magnet has a      
portion ( its l5g? w\nd ) v f9e insulat$
 wire4 ,across ! opposite end ( ?is     
pol>iz$ ,footnote3 ,pol>iz$ means       
magnetiz$2 hav+ ! two poles ( a p]man5t 
magnet4 ,! t]m is frequ5tly us$ 9       
descriptions ( electrical appliances4   
,in/ead ( us+ ! t]ms positive &         
negative1 x is also cu/om>y to speak ( !
 ,nor? or ! ,s\? ( a magnet1 batt]y or  
circuit4 magnet1 crosswise to x1 & v    
close1 !re is plac$ a diaphragm ( ?9    
%eet iron4 ,?is is held only ar\nd its  
edge1 & its c5t] is free to vibrate t[>d
 & f ! end ( ?is pol>iz$ magnet4 ,?is ?9
 disc ( iron1 !re=e1 foll[s ! movem5ts1 
! s\ndwaves1 ( ! air aga9/ x1 :i* are   
caus$ by ! human voice4 ,we h an in/ance
 ( apiece ( s(t iron mov+ t[>d1 & away  
f1 a magnet4 ,x moves ) a rapidity &    
viol5ce precisely proportion$ to ! tones
 & inflections ( ! voice4 ,^? movem5ts  
are almo/ microscopic1 n p]ceptible to !
 eye1 b suffici5t4  ,! approa*+ & rec$+ 
h made a diff]5ce1 9 ! quality ( !      

magnet4 ,its magnetism has be5 increas$ 
& dim9i%$1 & ! little coil ( insulat$   
wire ar\nd x has felt ^! *anges1 & c>ri$
 !m z impulses ov] ! circuit ( :i* x is 
a "p4 ,9 t circuit1 at ! o!r end1 !re is
 a precisely simil> little insulat$     
coil1 ^u a precisely simil> pol>iz$     
magnet4 ,^! impulses pass ?r\gh ?is     
second coil1 & increase or dim9i% !     
magnetism 9 ! magnet r\nd :i* x is      
coil$4 ,t1 9 turn1 affects by magnetic  
attraction ! diaphragm t is arrang$ 9   
relation to its magnet precisely z      
describ$ = ! fir/4 ,! fir/ be+ controll$
 z to ! ext5t & rapidity ( its movem5ts 
by ! l\dness & o!r modifications ( !    
voice1 ! impulses s5t ov] ! circuit v>y 
accord+ly4 ,z a consequ5ce1 s does !    
/r5g? ( ! magnet ^: coil is also 9 !    
circuit4 ,s1 !re=e1 does its p[] (      
attraction ov] its diaphragm v>y4 ,!    
result is t ! movem5ts t are caus$ 9 !  
fir/ diaphragm by ! voice1 are caus$ 9 !
 second by an attraction t v>ies 9 /r5g?
 9 proportion to ! vibrations ( ! voice 

speak+ aga9/ ! fir/ diaphragm4  ,?is is 
! !ory ( ! telephone4 ,! s\nds are n    
c>ri$1 b me*anically produc$ aga9 by !  
rattle ( a ?9 piece ( iron close to !   
li/5]'s e>4 ,! voice is full1 audible1  
di/9ct1 z we he> x naturally1 & z x     
imp+es ^u ! transmitt+ diaphragm4 ,9    
reproduction at ! receiv+ in/rum5t x is 
small 9 volume2 almo/ microscopic1 if ! 
phrase may be appli$ to s\nd4 ,we he> x 
only by plac+ ! e> close to ! diaphragm4
 ,x w be se5 t ?is is necess>ily s4 ,no 
attempts to rem$y ! difficulty h s f>   
be5 successful4 ,!re is no means (      
reproduc+ ! volume ( ! voice ) ! m9ute  
vibrations ( a little iron disc4  ,9    
actual s]vice an electro-magnet is us$  
in/ead (1 or 9 addition to1 ! b> magnets
 describ$ above4 ,a /eady fl[ f a batt]y
 is pass$ ?r\gh an in/rum5t :i* ?r[s ?is
 curr5t into prop] vibrations by /opp+ !
 fl[ ( ! curr5t at ea* int]val betwe5   
impulses4 ,!re is a piece ( c>bon betwe5
 ! diaphragm & its support4 ,! wires are
 connect$ ) ! diaphragm & its support1 &

 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! c>bon4 ,:5 !   
diaphragm vibrates1 ! c>bon is slightly 
compress$ by x4 ,pressure r$uces its    
resi/ance1 & a great] curr5t passes     
?r\gh x & ov] ! wires ( ! circuit = !   
in/ant dur+ :i* ! t\* rema9s4 ,?is is ! 
,blake transmitt]4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ t 
c>bon /&s l[ on ! li/ ( conductors (    
electricity4 ,! m d5se x is1 ! bett]    
conductor4 ,! v>y+ pressures ( !        
diaphragm s]ve to produce ?is v>y+      
d5sity & ! consequ5t v>y+ impulses ( !  
curr5t :i* effect ! receiv+ diaphragm4  
,! transmitt]1 z above describ$1 is 9 ! 
squ>e box1 & its r\nd black diaphragm   
may be se5 beh9d ! r\nd hole into :i* "o
 talks4 ,footnote3 ,%\t+ into a         
telephone d\btless comes ( ! idea1      
unconsci\s1 t "o is speak+ to a p]son at
 a di/ance4 ,to speak di/9ctly is bett]1
 & 9 an ord9>y tone4 ,! receiv] is !    
trumpet-%ap$ tube :i* hangs on its side1
 & is tak5 f its hook to be us$4 ,!     
call-bell has no?+ to d ) ! telephone4  
,x is op]at$ by a small                 

magneto-g5]ator1--a v ne> relative ( !  
dynamo-! curr5t f :i* is s5t ov] !      
telephone circuit 7! same wires7 :5 !   
small crank is turn$4 ,sometimes ! "q   
occurs3 ,:y r+ "o's own bell :5 "o      
desires to r+ only t at ! c5tral (fice8 
,! answ] is t bo? bells are 9 ! same    
circuit4 ,if ! circuit is un9t]rupt$ y\r
 bell w r+ :5 y r+ ! o!r1 & a bell at   
ea* end ( y\r circuit is necess>y 9 any 
case1 else y c\ld n y\rself be call$4   
,:5 ! receiv+ in/rum5t is on its hook   
its weight depresses ! lev] slightly4   
,?is slight movem5t connects ! bell     
circuit & disconnects ! telephone       
circuit4 ,take x (f ! hook & ! rev]se is
 effect$4  ,! long-di/ance telephone    
diff]s f ! ord9>y only 9 l>g]           
conductors1 improv$ in/rum5ts1 & a      
metallic circuit--two wires in/ead ( !  
ord9>y s+le wire & gr\nd connections4   
,illu/ration3 ,,teleautograph           
,,transmitt+ ,,in/rum5t4  ,,!           
,,telautograph4--,?is1 ! late/ ( mod]n  
miracles 9 ! field ( electricity1 comes 

naturally aft] ! telegraph & telephone1 
s9ce x supplem5ts !m z a means (        
communication betwe5 individuals4 ,x    
also is ! inv5tion ( ,pr(4 ,eli%a ,gray1
 :o seems to be z well ! au?or ( ! "n ( 
8 extraord9>y a*ievem5t4 ,x is n ! fir/ 
in/rum5t ( ! k9d attempt$4 ,! desire to 
f9d a means ( writ+ at a di/ance is old4
 ,ba91 ( ,ed9burgh1 made a ma*9e        
p>tially successful fifty ye>s ago4 ,l !
 telegraph z int5d$ by ,morse1 !re 0 !  
int]position ( typesett+ be=e a message 
c\ld be s5t4 ,x did n write1 or foll[ ! 
h& ( ! op]ator 9 writ+1 ?\gh x did      
reproduce at ! o!r end ( ! circuit 9    
facsimile ! faces ( ! types t _h be5 set
 by ! s5d]4 ,x 0 a process by           
electrolysis1 well und]/ood by all      
electricians4 ,sev]al ( ?is v>iety (    
writ+ telegraphs h be5 made1 "s ( !m    
almo/ successful1 b all lack+ ! vital   
ess5tial4 ,footnote3 ,! lack ( "o vital 
ess5tial has be5 fatal to hundr$s (     
inv5tions4 ,inv5tors unconsci\sly foll[ 
pa?s made by pr$ecessors4 ,! entire     

class ( transmitt+ in/rum5ts mu/ disp5se
 ) t$i\s prelim9>ies1 & mu/ use words4  
,vail accompli%$ ?is 9 telegraphy4 ,bell
 & o!rs 9 ! telephone1 & ,gray has borne
 ! same fact 9 m9d 9 ! pres5t developm5t
 ( ! telautograph4 ,9 #ahef ,casselli1 (
 ,flor5ce1 made a writ+ telegraph :i* _h
 a p5dulum arrangem5t weigh+ f\rte5     
p\nds4 ,only "o 0 ev] made1 b x result$ 
9 _m new ideas all p]ta9+ to ! facsimile
 sy/ems--! foll[+ ( ! faces ( types--&  
all 7 f9ally ab&on$4  ,! inv5tion (     
,gray is a dep>ture4 ,! s5d] ( a message
 sits d[n at a small desk & takes up a  
p5cil1 writ+ ) x on ord9>y pap] & 9 8   
usual mann]4 ,a p5 at ! o!r end ( !     
circuit foll[s e movem5t ( 8 h&4 ,!     
result is an autograph lett] a hundr$   
miles or m away4 ,a man 9 ,*icago may   
write & sign a *eck payable 9           
,indianapolis4 ,p]sonal directions may  
be giv5 au?oritatively & privately4 ,z 9
 ! case ( ! telephone1 no int]v5+       
op]ator is necess>y4 ,no exp]tness is   
requir$4 ,ev5 ! use ( ! alphabet is n   

necess>y4 ,a draw+ ( any description1   
any?+ t c be trac$ ) a p5 or p5cil1 is  
copi$ precisely by ! p5 at ! receiv+    
desk4 ,! possibilities ( ?is in/rum5t1 !
 uses x may develop1 are almo/          
inconceivable4 ,x might be imag9$ t !   
l9es drawn w\ld be cont9u\s4 ,on !      
contr>y1 :5 ! p5 is lift$ by ! writ] at 
! s5d+ desk x also lifts itself f ! pap]
 at t ( ! receiv]4  ,! action ( !       
telautograph dep5ds ^u ! v>iations 9    
magnetic /r5g? betwe5 two small         
electro-magnets4 ,x has be5 se5 t an    
electro-magnet ex]ts its attractive =ce 
9 proportion to ! curr5t :i* passes     
?r\gh its coil4 ,to use a phrase        
entirely non-te*nical1 x w pull h>d or  
easy 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! pass+  
curr5t4 ,?is fact has be5 obs]v$ z !    
cause ( action 9 ! telephone1 :]e "o    
diaphragm1 mov$ by ! air-vibrations     
caus$ by ! voice1 causes a v>y+ curr5t  
to pass ov] ! wire1 attract+ ! o!r      
diaphragm less or m z ! fir/ is mov$    
t[>d or away f its magnet4 ,9 !         

telautograph ! v>y+ curr5ts are caus$ n 
by ! diaphragm influ5c$ by ! voice1 b by
 a p5cil mov$ by ! h&4  ,to %[ h[ ^!    
movem5ts may be caus$ let u imag9e a    
case t may occur 9 nature4 ,x is an     
int]e/+ me*anical /udy4 ,!re is an      
upright ru% or re$ gr[+ 9 ! middle ( a  
runn+ /ream4 ,! /em ( ?is ru% has       
ela/icity naturally2 x has a t5d5cy to  
/& upright2 b x b5ds :5 !re is a curr5t 
aga9/ x4 ,x is easy en\gh to imag9e x   
b5d+ d[n /ream m or less z ! curr5t is m
 or less /rong4  ,imag9e n[ ano!r /ream 
ent]+ ! fir/ at "r angles to x1 & t !   
ru% /&s 9 ! c5t] ( bo? curr5ts4 ,x w !n 
b5d to ! =ce ( ! second /ream also1 & ! 
direction 9 :i* x w lean w be a         
compromise betwe5 ! =ces ( ! two4 ,less5
 ! fl[ ( ! curr5t 9 "o ( ! /reams1 & !  
ru% w b5d a little less be=e t curr5t & 
sw+ ar\nd to ! side f :i* x receives    
less pressure4 ,cut (f ei!r ( ! curr5ts 
entirely1 & x w b5d 9 ! direction ( !   
o!r curr5t only4 ,9 a ^w1 if ! quantity 
or /r5g? ( ! curr5t ( bo? /reams c be   

controll$ at w1 ! ru% c be made to sw+ 9
 any direction betwe5 ! two1 & its tip w
 describe any figure desir$1 aid$1 (    
c\rse1 by its own disposition to /&     
upright :5 !re is no pressure4  ,let u  
imag9e ! ru% to be a p5 or p5cil1 & !   
two /reams ( wat] to be two curr5ts (   
electricity hav+ p[] to sway & move ?is 
p5cil 9 proportion to _! relative /r5g?1
 z ! /reams did ! ru%4 ,imag9e fur!r t  
^! two curr5ts are v>i$ & *ang$ )       
ref]5ce to ea* o!r by ! movem5ts ( a p5 
9 a man's h& at ano!r place4 ,x is an   
ess5tial "p ( ! me*anism ( !            
telautograph1 & ! movem5t is kn[n among 
me*anicians z comp\nd+ a po9t4  ,gray1  
:ile us+ ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 comp\nd+ 
a po9t1 seems to h disc>d$ ! ways (     
transmitt+ magnetic impulses ( v>y+     
/r5g? commonly 9 use4 ,8 me?od he calls 
! /ep-by-/ep pr9ciple1 & x is a /rik+   
example ( :at pati5ce & +5uity may      
accompli% 9 ! managem5t ( :at is        
reput$ly ! mo/ elusive & difficult ( !  
p[]s ( nature4 ,! ma*9e 0 "s six ye>s 9 

be+ br\ght into practical =m1 & 0       
p]fect$ only aft] a long s]ies (        
exp]im5ts4 ,9 its op]ation x deals )    
inf9itesimal measurem5ts & quantities4  
,! fir/ attempts 7 on ! v>iable curr5t  
sy/em1 :i* 0 lat] disc>d$ = ! /ep-by-/ep
 plan m5tion$4  ,9 writ+ an ord9>y lead 
p5cil may be us$4 ,f ! po9t ( ?is two   
silk cords are ext5d$ diagonally1 _!    
directions be+ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 
& ! ends ( ^! cords ent] op5+s made = !m
 9 ! ca/ iron case ( ! in/rum5t on ea*  
side ( ! small desk on :i* ! writ+ is   
done4  ,inside ! case ea* cord is w\nd  
on a small drum :i* is m\nt$ on a       
v]tical %aft4 ,n[ if ! p5cil-po9t is    
mov$ /raight upw>d or d[nw>d x is       
manife/ t bo? %afts w move alike4 ,if ! 
movem5t is oblique 9 any direction1 "o (
 ! %afts w turn m ?an ! o!r1 & ! degree 
( all ^! turn+s ( ea* %aft 9 ref]5ce to 
! o!r w be precisely gov]n$ by !        
direction 9 :i* ! p5cil-po9t is mov$4   
,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,( ,,me*anical 
,,telautograph4 ,,b[-,,drill            

,,arrangem5t4  ,n[1 suppose ea* %aft to 
c>ry a small1 too!d :eel1 & t ^u ^! tee?
 a small arm re/s4 ,z ! :eel turns ?is  
arm w move z a pawl does on a rat*et4   
,imag9e t at ea* slight depression      
betwe5 ! rat*et-tee? x breaks a contact 
& cuts (f a curr5t1 & at ea* slight rise
 r5ews ! contact & p]mits a curr5t to   
pass4 ,?is curr5t affects an            
electro-magnet--"o = ea* %aft--at !     
receiv+ end1 & ea* ( ^! magnets1 :5 !   
curr5t is on1 attracts an armature be>+ 
a pawl1 :i*1 be+ lift$1 all[s ! not*$   
:eel1 ^u :i* x be>s1 to turn to ! ext5t 
( "o not*4 ,! arrangem5t may be call$ an
 electric clut*1 t may be arrang$ 9 _m  
ways1 & ! detail ( its action is        
unimportant 9 description1 s t x be     
borne 9 m9d t ea* "t a not* is pass$ 9  
turn+ ! %aft by draw+ ^u or relax+ !    
cords atta*$ to ! p5cil-po9t1 an impulse
 ( electricity is s5t to an             
electro-magnet & armature :i* all[s a   
correspond+ :eel & its %aft to turn "o  
not*1 or z _m not*es1 z are pass$ at !  

transmitt+ %aft4 ,9 mov+ ! p5cil "o in* 
to "o side1 we w suppose x p]mits ! %aft
 on :i* ! cord is w\nd to turn =ty      
not*es4 ,!n =ty impulses ( electricity h
 be5 s5t ov] ! wire1 ! clut* has be5    
releas$ =ty times1 & ! %aft to :i* x is 
atta*$ has turn$ precisely z mu* z !    
%aft has :i* 0 turn$1 or 0 all[$ to     
turn1 by ! cord w\nd ^u x & atta*$ to ! 
p5cil4  ,x w be rememb]$ t ! arrangem5t 
is d\ble4 ,!re are two %afts op]at$ by !
 writ]'s p5cil--"o on ea* side ( x4 ,two
 correspond+ %afts occupy relative      
positions 9 respect to ! automatic p5 ( 
! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,!re are two        
circuits1 & two wires are at pres5t     
necess>y = ! op]ation ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x  
rema9s to describe ! mann] ( op]at+ !   
automatic p5 by connection ) its two    
%afts :i* are turn$ by ! /ep-by-/ep     
arrangem5t describ$1 precisely z mu* &  
at ! same "t z ^? ( ! transmitt+        
in/rum5t are4  ,illu/ration3 ,,"w ,,(   
,,! ,,telautograph4 ,,columbian         
,,exposition1 #ahic4  ,to ea* %aft ( !  

receiv+ in/rum5t is atta*$ an alum9um   
p5-arm by means ( cords1 ea* arm be+    
fix$1 9 reg>d to its %aft1 z a b[ drill 
is 9 reg>d to its drill4 ,^! arms meet 9
 ! c5t] ( ! writ+ tablet1 ,v-%ap$1 z !  
cords are ) relation to ! writ]'s p5cil 
9 ! s5d+ in/rum5t4 ,a small tube conveys
 ink f a res]voir along "o ( ! p5-arms1 
& into a glass tube upright at !        
junction ( ! arms4 ,?is tube is ! p54   
,n[1 let u imag9e ! p5cil ( ! writ] pu%$
 /raight upw>d f ! apex ( ! ,v-%ap$     
figure ! cords & p5cil-po9t make on !   
writ+ desk4 ,!n bo? ! %afts at ! po9ts (
 ! arms ( ! ,v w rotate equally4        
,footnote3 ,see diagram ( me*anical     
,telautograph1 & ( b[ drill4 ,9 ! latt]1
 9 ord9>y use1 ! /ick & /r+2 rotate !   
spool4 ,rotat+ ! spool w1 9 turn1 move !
 /ick & /r+1 & ?is is its action 9 !    
p5-arms ( ! ,telautograph4 ,! numb] (   
impulses s5t f ea* ( ^! %afts1 by !     
means expla9$1 w be equal4 ,ea* ( !     
%afts ( ! receiv+ in/rum5t w rotate     
alike1 & ea* draw up its arm ( !        

automatic p5 precisely z ?\gh "o took   
hold ( ! po9ts ( ! two legs ( ! ,v1 &   
drew !m ap>t to "r & left 9 a /raight   
l9e4 ,?is moves ! apex ( ! ,v1 ) its p51
 9 a /raight l9e upw>d at ! same "t !   
writ] at ! s5d+ in/rum5t pu%$ 8 p5cil   
upw>d4 ,if ?is "o movem5t1 consid]$     
alone1 is und]/ood1 all ! re/ foll[ by !
 same means4 ,?is is1 z ne>ly z x may be
 describ$ )\t ! use ( te*nical me*anical
 t]ms1 ! pr9ciple ( ! telautograph4 ,x  
mu/ be se5 t all t is necess>y to       
describe any movem5t ( ! s5d]'s p5cil ^u
 ! pap] "u ! receiv+ p5 is t ! rotat+   
upright %afts ( ! latt] %\ld move       
precisely z mu*1 & at ! same "t1 ) ^?   
two :i* get _! movem5t f ! w\nd cords & 
atta*$ p5cil-po9ts 9 ! h& ( ! writ]4    
,only "o ess5tial item ( ! movem5t      
rema9s4 ,! %afts ( bo? in/rum5ts mu/ be 
rotat$ by "s sep>ate me*anical ag5cy1   
capable ( be+ automatically rev]s$4 ,by 
an arrangem5t unnecess>y to expla9 9    
detail1 ! p5cil ( ! writ] lift$ f ! pap]
 re/+ on ! metallic table :i* =ms !     

desk2 results 9 ! automatic lift+ ( ! p5
 f ! pap] at ! receiv+ desk4         99 
99       99       99       99  ,pr(4    
,eli%a ,gray 0 born 9 #ahce1 9 ,ohio4   
,he 0 a blacksmi?1 & lat]1 a c>p5t]4 ,b 
he 0 giv5 to *emical & me*anical        
exp]im5ts r ?an to ! indu/ries4 ,:5     
tw5ty-"o1 he ent]$ ,ob]l9 ,college1     
rema9+ !re five ye>s1 & e>n+ all ! money
 he sp5t4 ,he devot$ 8 "t *iefly to     
/udies ( ! physical sci5ces4 ,z a "y man
 he 0 an invalid4 ,lat] he 0 n rem>kably
 successful 9 bus9ess1 fail+ sev]al     
times 9 8 beg9n+s4 ,8 fir/ inv5tion 0 a 
telegraph self-adju/+ relay4 ,x 0 n     
practically successful4 ,aft]w>ds he 0  
employ$ ) an electrical manufactur+     
company at ,clevel& & ,*icago4 ,mo/ ( 8 
e>li] inv5tions 9 ! l9e ( electrical    
utility are n di/9ctively kn[n4 ,he has 
nev] be5 idle1 & !y all possess$        
practical m]it4 ,= _m ye>s be=e he 0    
kn[n z ! wiz>d ( ! telautograph1 he 0   
=emo/ 9 ! ranks ( physici/s &           
electricians4 ,he is n a discov]] (     

great pr9ciples1 b is pr(essionally     
skillful & accompli%$1 & em95tly        
practical4 ,8 e ef=t is ex]t$ to avoid  
intricacy & clums9ess 9 ma*9]y4 ,9 #ahgh
 he 0 aw>d$ ! gr& prize at ! ,p>is      
,exposition1 & 0 giv5 ! degree (        
,*evali] & ! decorations ( ! ,legion (  
,honor by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & aga9 9   
#ahha1 at ! ,electrical ,exposition at  
,p>is1 he 0 honor$ ) ! gold m$al = 8    
inv5tions4 ,he secur$ ! degree ( ,a4,m4 
at ,ob]l9 ,college1 & 0 ! recipi5t ( !  
degree ( ,ph4,d4 f ! ,ripon 7,wis47     
,college4 ,= ye>s he 0 connect$ ) ^?    
in/itutions z non-resid5t ,lectur] 9    
,physics4 ,ano!r ,univ]sity gave him !  
degree ( ,,ll4,d4 ,he is a memb] ( !    
,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 !     
,society ( ,electrical ,eng9e]s (       
,engl&1 & ! ,society ( ,telegraph       
,eng9e]s ( ,london4 ,he receiv$ an aw>d 
& a c]tificate f ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition
 = 8 inv5tions 9 electricity4  ,! same  
lesson is to be ga!r$ f 8 c>e]1 s f>1 t 
is giv5 by ! life ( e not$ ,am]ican4 ,x 

means t money1 family1 pre/ige1 h no    
place z lev]ages ( success 9 any field4 
,! rule is t[>d ! opposite4 ,! qualities
 & capacities t w9 d s )\t ^! e>ly      
advantages1 & all ! m surely because !re
 is an inducem5t to use !m4 ,!re is no  
luck4     ,,*apt] ,,iii4  ,,! ,,electric
 ,,light4   ,illu/ration  ,x has be5    
/at$ t mod]n !ory recognizes two classes
 ( electricity1 ! ,/atic & ! ,dynamic4  
,! diff]5ce is1 h[ev]1 solely noticeable
 9 op]ation4 ,( ! dynamic class !re c be
 no m common & /rik+ example ?an ! n[   
almo/ univ]sal electric light4 ,yet1 ) a
 suffici5t exp5diture ( *emicals &      
electrodes1 & a suffici5t numb] ( cells1
 electric light+1 ei!r arc or inc&esc5t1
 c be z effectively accompli%$ z ) !    
curr5t evolv$ by a p[]ful dynamo4       
,footnote3 ,z an illu/ration ( ! day (  
beg9n+s1 a few ye>s ago ! ?alus1 or     
lant]n1 ! pride ( ! rural ,congressman1 
on ! dome ( ! ,capitol at ,wa%+ton 0    
light$ by electricity1 & an imm5se      
circul> *amb] b5ea? ! dome 0 occupi$ by 

hundr$s ( cells ( ! ord9>y =m ( batt]y4 
,! lamps 7 ( ! inc&esc5t v>iety1 & :at  
we n[ "k z ! filam5t 0 plat9um wire4    
,vacuum bulb1 filam5t1 c>bon1 dynamo1 7 
all unkn[n4 ,b ! curr5t1 & ! heat (     
resi/ance1 & e fact n[ 9 use 9 electric 
light+1 7 !re 9 op]ation4  ,! read] w   
und]/& t mod]n dynamic electricity owes 
its developm5t to ! pr9ciple ( economy 9
 production4 ,practical sci5ce mo/      
effectively awak5s f its le?>gy at !    
call ( comm]ce4 ,nev]!less1 f ! e>lie/  
mom5t 9 :i* x became kn[n t electricity 
0 ak9 to heat--t an int]ruption ( ! easy
 passage ( a curr5t produc$ heat--! m9ds
 ( m5 7 busy ) ! "q ( h[ to turn !      
trem5d\s fact to ev]yday use4 ,progress 
0 sl[1 & "p ( x 0 accid5tal4 ,! great   
s]vant ( mod]n mank9d 0 fir/ an untra9$ 
"o4 ,x 0 a m>k$ advance :5 ! gaslights 9
 a !at] c\ld be all light$ at once by   
means ( batt]ies & ! sp>k ( an induction
 coil4 ,! bottom ( ,hell ,gate1 9 ,new  
,york h>bor1 0 bl[n out by ,g54 ,newton 
by ! same means1 & w\ld h be5 impossible

 o!rwise4 ,b ^! 7 only incid5ts &       
sugge/ions4 ,! "q 0 h[ to make ?is      
in/antane\s sp>k cont9u\s4 ,!re 0 pond]+
 ^u ! fact t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 heat
 & electricity is "o ( molecul>         
arrangem5t4 ,heat is a molecul> motion l
 t ( electricity1 )\t ! symmetry &      
h>mony ( action electricity has4 ,!     
vibrations ( electricity are accompli%$ 
rapidly1 & )\t loss4 ,^? ( heat are sl[1
 & greatly radiat$4 ,:5 a curr5t (      
electricity rea*es a place 9 ! conductor
 :]e x _c pass easily1 & ! ord]ly       
vibrations ( its molecules are di/urb$1 
!y are ?r[n into ! disord]ly motion kn[n
 z heat4 ,s1 :5 ! conductor is n s good2
 :5 a l>ge wire is r$uc$ sudd5ly to a   
small "o2 :5 a good conductor1 su* z    
copp]1 has a section ( resi/+           
conduction1 su* z c>bon2 heat & light   
are at once evolv$ at t po9t1 & !re is  
produc$ :at we "k z ! electric light4   
,h[ev] conceal$ by ma*9]y & devices1 &  
all ! arrangem5ts by :i* x is made m    
la/+1 /eady1 economical & automatic1 x  

is no m nor less ?an ?is4 ,! diff]5ce   
betwe5 heat & electricity is only a     
diff]5ce 9 ! rates ( vibration ( _!     
molecules4 ,:atev] ! !ory z to          
molecules1 or ess5ce1 or actual nature &
 orig91 ! practical fact t heat & light 
are ! results ( ! circum/ances describ$ 
above rema9s4 ,?is has long be5 kn[n1 & 
! "q rema9$ h[ to produce an adequate   
curr5t economically4 ,! result 0 ! ma*9e
 we "k z ! ,dynamo4  ,! fir/ electric   
light 0 v brief & brilliant & 0 made by 
accid5t4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 9 #ahji1 
9 pull+ ap>t ! two ends ( wires atta*$  
to a batt]y ( two ?\s& small cells1 !   
mo/ p[]ful g5]ator t _h be5 made to t   
"t1 produc$ a brief & brilliant sp>k1 ! 
result ( mom5t>ily imp]fect contact4 ,e 
su* sp>k1 produc$ s9ce !n innum]able    
times by accid5t1 is an example (       
electric light+4 ,!re are n[ 9 use 9 !  
,unit$ ,/ates "s two million arc lights 
& ne>ly d\ble t numb] ( inc&esc5t4  ,!re
 are two pr9cipal sy/ems ( electric     
light+2 "o is by actually burn+ away !  

ends ( c>bon-po9ts 9 ! op5 air4 ,?is is 
! arc4 ,! o!r is by heat+ to a :ite heat
 a filam5t ( c>bon1 or "s sub/ance (    
high resi/ance1 9 a glass bulb f :i* !  
air has be5 exhau/$4 ,?is is !          
inc&esc5t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,!           
,,inc&esc5t ,,light  ,9 ! arc light !   
curr5t passes across an imp]fect        
contact1 & ?is imp]fection consi/s 9 a  
gap ( ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* betwe5 ! 
extremities ( two rods ( c>bon c>ry+ a  
curr5t4 ,?is small gap is a place ( bad 
conduction & ( ! pil+ up ( atoms1       
produc+ heat1 burn+1 light4 ,9 ! body ( 
! lamp !re are appliances = ! automatic 
hold+ ap>t ( ! two po9ts ( ! c>bon1 & ! 
caus+ ( !m to cont9ually creep toge!r1  
yet nev] t\*4 ,_m devices h be5 contriv$
 to ?is end4 ,) all !ories & reasons    
well kn[n1 & all effects accurately     
calculat$1 ^u ?is small arrangem5t      
dep5ds ! practical utility ( ! arc      
light4 ,! be/ arrangem5t is ! inv5tion (
 ,edison1 & is controll$ mo/ +5i\sly by 
! curr5t itself1 act+ ?r\gh ! increas$  

difficulty ( its passage :5 ! two       
c>bon-po9ts are too f> ap>t1 & !        
increas$ ease ) :i* x fl[s :5 !y are too
 ne> toge!r4 ,! curr5t1 9 leap+ ! small 
gap betwe5 ! c>bon-po9ts1 takes a curv$ 
pa?1 h5ce ! "n arc light4 ,9 pass+ f !  
positive to ! negative c>bon x c>ries   
small p>ticles ( inc&esc5t c>bon ) x1 & 
consequ5tly ! end ( ! positive c>bon is 
holl[$ out1 :ile ! end ( ! negative is  
built up to a po9t4  ,! inc&esc5t light 
is 9 pr9ciple ! same z ! arc1 produc$ by
 ! same means & bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple 
( imp$im5t to ! free passage ( ! curr5t4
 ,x 0 fir/ produc$ by heat+ ) ! curr5t  
to inc&esc5ce a f9e plat9um wire4 ,z    
/at$ above1 electricity t quietly       
trav]ses a l>ge wire w sudd5ly develop  
great heat ^u rea*+ a po9t :]e x is     
call$ ^u to trav]se1 a small] "o4       
,plat9um 0 attempt$ = ?is place ( great]
 resi/ance because ( its qualities4 ,x  
does n ru/1 has a l[ specific heat1 & is
 !re=e rais$ to a high] temp]ature )    
less heat imp>t$4 ,b x 0 a sc>ce &      

exp5sive mat]ial1 & s long z x 0 heat$  
to inc&esc5ce 9 ! op5 air1 t is1 s long 
z its heat 0 f$ z o!r heat is1 by oxyg51
 x 0 sl[ly consum$4 ,plat9um is no long]
 9 ! field ( electric light+1 & !       
sub/itute :i* takes its place 9 ! pres5t
 inc&esc5t lamp1 & :i* is kn[n z a      
filam5t1 is n heat$ 9 contact ) ! air4  
,! exp]im5ts & endeavors t br\ght ?is   
result con/itute ! /ory ( ! inc&esc5t   
lamp4  ,! result is due to ! pati5t     
intellig5ce ( ! ,am]ican sci5ti/ &      
inv5tor1 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,aft] all !
 absolute ess5tials ( a practical       
inc&esc5t lamp _h be5 ?\ght out2 aft] ! 
qualities & *>act]i/ics ( ! curr5t 7 all
 kn[n "u ! circum/ances necess>y to its 
use 9 light+1 ! practical accompli%m5t  
/ill rema9$4 ,edison is said to h once  
work$ = sev]al weeks 9 ! mak+ ( a s+le  
loop-%ap$ c>bon filam5t t w\ld be> ! mo/
 delicate h&l+4 ,?is 0 !n c>efully c>ri$
 to a glass-work] to be inclos$ 9 a     
bulb1 & at ! fir/ movem5t he broke x1 & 
! "w mu/ be done ov] & done bett]4 ,x   

f9ally 04 ,! little pe>-%ap$ bulb ) its 
delicate loop ( filam5t1 :i* co/ mon?s (
 toil & exp]im5t at fir/1 is n[ a common
 article1 manufactur$ at an absurdly    
small co/1 pack$ 9 b>relfuls & %ipp$    
ev]y:]e1 & consum$ by ! million4 ,a     
means has be5 f\nd = produc+ ! vacuum ( 
its int]ior rapidly1 *eaply & ?or\ghly1 
& ! beautiful inc&esc5t gl[ hangs 9 l9es
 & clu/]s ov] ! civiliz$ _w4 ,! ph5om5on
 ( inc&esc5ce )\t oxyg5 seems peculi> to
 ^! lights alone4 ,footnote3 ,! electric
 field1 previ\sly expla9$1 seem$ to exi/
 by giv+ a magnetic quality to !        
surr\nd+ air4 ,x w\ld be z true if "o   
%\ld speak ( a magnetiz$ vacuum1 s9ce ! 
same field w\ld exi/ 9 t z 9 surr\nd+   
air4  ,s simple are great facts :5      
f9ally accompli%$ t !re rema9s little to
 add on ! subject ( ! me*anism ( !      
electric light4 ,! two v>ieties1 arc &  
inc&esc5t1 are us$ toge!r z mo/         
conv5i5t1 ! l>ge & v brilliant arc be+  
especially adapt$ to out-(-doors        
situations1 & ! g5tl]1 /eadi] & m       

p]man5t gl[ ( ! inc&esc5t to int]iors4  
,! latt] is also capable ( a            
modification n applicable to ! arc4 ,x  
c1 9 !at]s & o!r build+s1 be turn$ d[n  
to a g5tle1 blood-r$ gl[4 ,! means by   
:i* ?is is accompli%$ is +5i\s &        
surpris+1 s9ce x means t ! supply (     
electricity ov] a wire--seem+ly ! mo/   
subtle & elusive ess5ce on e>?--may be  
controll$ l a /ream f a cock1 or ! gas  
out ( a burn]4 ,b ?is r$uction ( !      
curr5t t makes ! r$ gl[ 9 ! clu/]s 9 a  
!at] is by no means ! only in/ance4 ,!  
trolley-c>1 & ev5 ! common motor1 may be
 made to />t v sl[ly1 & ! unse5 curr5t  
^: t\* kills is f$ to its consum] at w4 
,illu/ration  ,,! ,,dynamo4--,to ! man  
:o has be5 all 8 life ?9k+ ( ! /eam     
eng9e z ! highe/ & almo/ only embodim5t 
( controll$ me*anical p[]1 ano!r ma*9e1 
bo? supplem5t>y to ! /eam eng9e & f>    
excell+ x1 ^: famili> burr+ s\nd is n[  
he>d 9 almo/ e village 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 & has become ! *>act]i/ic s\nd ( mod]n 
civilization1 mu/ con/itute a s\rce (   

cont9ual "q & surprise4 ,to be accu/om$ 
to ! dynamo1 to look ^u x z a matt] (   
c\rse & a conc$$ fact1 "o mu/ h come to 
ye>s ( maturity & f\nd x "h4  ,its      
practical exi/5ce dates back at fur!/ to
 #ahgj4 ,yet x is bas$ ^u pr9ciples long
 s9ce kn[n1 & c sc>cely be said to be ! 
inv5tion ( any "o m9d or man4 ,its l9eal
 ance/or 0 ! magneto-electric ma*9e1 9 !
 e>ly con/ruction ( :i* figure ! names (
 ,siem5s1 ,wilde1 ,ladd1 & e>li] & lat] 
electricians4 ,kidd]'s m$ical batt]y us$
 =ty ye>s ago or m1 & /ill us$ &        
pur*asable 9 its fir/ =m1 0 a dynamo4 ,a
 footnote 9 a curr5t encyclop$ia /ates  
t3 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,magneto-electric     
ma*9e ( ,m4 ,gramme1 9 ! ,london ,/&>d (
 ,april #i?1 #ahgc1 confirm$ by o!r     
in=mation1 leads to ! belief t a decid$ 
improvem5t has be5 made 9 ^! ma*9es4 ,! 
^w dynamo 0 !n unkn[n4 ,lat]1 ,edison1  
,we/on1 ,?ompson1 ,hopk9son1 ,f]ranti & 
o!rs appe> z improv]s 9 ! me*anism      
necess>y = be/ develop+ a well-kn[n     
pr9ciple1 & _m ( ^! improvem5ts may be  

class$ among orig9al inv5tions4 ,z soon 
z ! magneto-electric ma*9e atta9$ a size
 9 ! h&s ( exp]im5t]s t took x out ( !  
field ( sci5tific toys x began to be :at
 we n[ "k z a dynamo4 ,a p>agraph 9 !   
encyclop$ia ref]r$ to says1 9 speak+ (  
,ladd1 ( ,london1 ,^! developm5ts (     
electric action are n obta9$ )\t        
correspond+ exp5diture ( =ce4 ,!        
armatures are p[]fully attract$ by !    
magnets1 & mu/ be =cibly pull$ away4    
,inde$1 "o ( ,wilde's ma*9es1 :5 produc+
 a v int5se electric light1 requir$ ab\t
 five horse p[] to drive x4             
,illu/ration3 ,,magneto-,,electric      
,,ma*9e4 ,,! ,,pr$ecessor ,,( ,,!       
,,dynamo4  ,?us 0 ! secret 9 reg>d to   
electric p[] unconsci\sly divulg$ "s    
tw5ty ye>s ago4  ,9 all nature !re is no
 recipe = gett+ some?+ = no?+4 ,! mod]n 
dynamo1 app>5tly creat+ some?+ out (    
no?+1 l all o!r ma*9es gives back only  
:at is giv5 to x1 m9us a fair p]c5tage =
 wa/e1 loss1 friction1 & common we>4    
,its advantages am\nt to a miracle (    

conv5i5ce only4 ,s f> z p[] is conc]n$1 
x m]ely transf]s x = long di/ances ov] a
 s+le wire4 ,s f> z light is consid]$1 x
 practically creates x :]e want$1 9 new 
& conv5i5t =ms1 ) a new int5sity &      
beauty1 b ) ! same exp5diture (         
transmitt$ en]gy 9 ! =m ( burn$ coal z  
w\ld be us$ 9 manufactur+ ! gas t 0 new1
 wond]ful1 & a luxury at ! beg9n+ ( !   
c5tury4  ,! dynamo is ! mo/ prom95t     
in/ance ( actual me*anical utility 9 !  
field ( electrical induction4 ,x seems  
almo/ incr$ible t ! app>5tly small facts
 discov]$ by ,f>aday1 ! bookb9d]1 !     
employ ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy at weekly 
wages ! /ruggl+ exp]im5t] 9 ! subtleties
 ( an infant giant1 %\ld h produc$ su*  
results )9 sixty ye>s4 ,footnote3       
,f>aday 0 n entirely alone 9 8 life (   
physical rese>*4 ,he 0 associat$ )      
,davy1 & qu>rel$ ) him ab\t !           
liquefaction ( *lor9e & o!r gases1 & 0 !
 companion ( ,walla/on1 ,h]s*el1 ,br&1 &
 o!rs4 ,9 connection ) ,/od>t1 he       
exp]im5t$ ) /eel1 ) results /ill        

consid]$ valuable4 ,! sci5tific _w /ill 
speaks ( 8 qu>rel ) ,davy ) regret1 s9ce
 ! p]sonalities ( great m5 %\ld be free 
f ord9>y weaknesses4 ,b ,lady ,davy 0 n 
a sci5ti/1 & :ile ! brilliant "y me*anic
 0 9 h] husb&'s employm5t = sci5tific   
purposes %e insi/$ ^u treat+ him z a    
s]vant1 :]eat ! indep5d5ce ( ?9k+ :i*   
made him capable ( w&]+ 9 fields unkn[n 
to conv5tionality & r\t9e blaz$ into    
natural res5tm5t4 ,! qu>rel ( #ahbc mu/ 
h be5 greatly augm5t$1 9 ! lady's eyes1 
9 #ahbd1 = 9 t ye> ,f>aday 0 made a     
memb] ( ! ,royal ,society4  ,9 8        
lectures & public exp]im5ts he 0 greatly
 assi/$ by a man n[ almo/ =gott51 an    
intellig5t artill]yman nam$ ,&]s54 ,?is 
unkn[n soldi] ) a ta/e = natural sci5ce 
d\btless _h 8 rew>d 9 ! exquisite       
pleasure always d]iv$ f ! p]sonal       
v]ification ( facts hi!rto unkn[n4 ,!re 
is (t5 a pecuni>y rew>d = ! s]vant (    
sci5ce4 ,j z (t5 !re is n1 & ! "w done  
has be5 ! same4  ,x 0 on ,*ri/mas morn+1
 #ahba1 t ,f>aday fir/ succe$$ 9 mak+ a 

magnetic ne$le rotate ar\nd a wire c>ry+
 an electric curr5t4 ,he 0 ! discov]] ( 
b5zole1 ! basis ( our mod]n brilliant   
anil9e dyes4 ,9 #ahca he made ! discov]y
 he _h be5 lead+ to = _m ye>s--t (      
magneto-electric induction4 ,all we h ( 
electricity t is n[ a "p ( our daily    
life is ! result ( ?is discov]y4        
,f>aday 0 born 9 #agia1 & di$ ,augu/1   
#ahfg1 9 a h\se pres5t$ to him by       
,victoria1 :o _h n ! same op9ion ( 8    
relations to ! ari/ocracy t ,lady ,davy 
seems to h _h4 ,8 insight into sci5ce 0 
some?+ expla9able only on ! supposition 
t he 0 gift$ ) a k9d ( in/9ct4 ,he 0 a  
sci5tific prophet4 ,a man :o c\ld1 9    
#ahch1 =esee ! ocean cable1 & describe  
^? m9ute difficulties 9 its work+ t all 
9 "t came true1 mu/ be class$ z "o ( !  
great1 cle>1 intuitive intellects ( 8   
race4 ,he 0 9 y\? appr5tic$ to a        
bookb9d]1 & _m ( ! books he b\nd he     
read4 ,a l9e 9 8 ind5tures says3 ,9     
consid]ation ( 8 fai?ful s]vice1 no     
premium is to be giv54 ,:5 ^! words 7   

writt5 !re 0 no dream t ! fai?ful s]vice
 %\ld be = all po/]ity4  ,illu/ration3  
,f>aday's ,sp>k4 ,/rik+ ! leg ( a       
horse%oe magnet ) an iron b> w\nd )     
insulat$ wire causes a contact betwe5   
loose end ( wire & small disc1 & a sp>k4
  ,f>aday's ,fir/ ,magneto-,electric    
,exp]im5t4 ,a horse%oe magnet pass$ ne> 
a b5t s(t iron w\nd ) insulat$ wire     
caus$ an induc$ curr5t 9 ! wire4  ,,two 
,,( ,,f>aday',s ,,e>ly ,,exp]im5ts ,,9  
,,induction4  ,he :o made ! fir/ actual 
ma*9e to evolve a curr5t 9 compliance ) 
,f>aday's =mulat$ laws 0 an ,italian    
nam$ ,pix1 9 #ahcb4 ,8 ma*9e consi/$ ( a
 horse%oe magnet set on a %aft1 & made  
to revolve 9 front ( two cores (1 s(t   
iron w\nd ) wire1 & hav+ _! ends        
opposite ! legs ( ! magnet4 ,%ortly aft]
 ,pix1 ! inv5tors ( ! times ceas$ to    
turn ! magnet on a %aft1 & turn$ ! iron 
cores in/ead1 because !y 7 light]4 ,9 l 
mann]1 ! huge field magnets ( a mod]n   
dynamo are n :irl$ r\nd a /ation>y      
armature1 b ! armature is :irl$ )9 !    

legs ( ! magnet ) v great rapidity4 ,!  
next /ep 0 to increase ! numb] ( magnets
 & ! numb] ( wire-w\nd iron             
cores--bobb9s4 ,! magnets 7 made        
comp\nd1 lam9at$2 a l>ge numb] ( ?9     
horse%oe magnets 7 laid toge!r1 )       
opposite poles t\*+4 ,^! 7 all          
comp>atively small ma*9es--:at we n[1 ) 
"s reason1 reg>d z hav+ be5 toys ^:     
pres5t results 7 r long 9 com+4         
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,siem5s' ,,armature  
,,& ,,w9d+4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,/ep ,,t[>d ,,! 
,,mod]n ,,dynamo4  ,!n came ,siem5s1 (  
,b]l91 9 #aheg4 ,he 0 probably ! fir/ to
 w9d ! iron core1 :at we n[ call !      
armature1 ) wire f end to end1 l5g?wise1
 in/ead ( r\nd & r\nd z a spool4 ,?is   
result$1 ( c\rse1 9 ! %aft ( ! armature 
be+ also plac$ crosswise to ! legs ( !  
magnet1 z x is 9 ! mod]n dynamo4 ,"o ( !
 ends ( ! wire us$ 9 ?is w9d+ 0 fa/5$ to
 ! axle ( ! armature1 & ! o!r to a r+   
insulat$ f ! %aft1 b turn+ ) x4 ,two    
spr+s1 "o be>+ on ! %aft & ! o!r on !   
r+1 c>ri$ away ! curr5t ?r\gh wires     

atta*$ to !m4 ,siem5s also orig9at$ !   
me*anical idea ( holl[+ out ! legs ( !  
magnet on ! inside = ! armature to turn 
9 close to ! magnet1 almo/ fitt+4 ,x 0 !
 fir/ "t any ( ^! ?+s _h be5 done1 & _! 
au?or probably _h no idea t !y w\ld be  
prom95t features ( ! dynamo ( a little  
lat] "t1 9 all ess5tials closely        
imitat$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,diagram ,,(   
,,%aft1 ,,split ,,r+ ,,& ,,bru%es4  ,x w
 be guess$ f :at has be5 previ\sly said 
on ! subject ( induction t ! curr5ts f  
su* an electro-magnetic ma*9e w\ld be   
alt]nat+ curr5ts1 ! impulses succe$+ ea*
 o!r 9 alt]nate directions4 ,to rem$y   
?is & cause ! curr5ts to fl[ always 9 ! 
same direction1 ! commutator 0 devis$4  
,! r+ m5tion$ above 0 split1 & ! two    
spr+s bo? bore ^u x1 "o on ea* side4 ,! 
ends ( ! wires 7 bo? fa/5$ to ?is r+4 ,!
 spr+s came to be kn[n z bru%es4 ,!     
effect 0 t "o ( !m 0 9 ! insulat$ space 
betwe5 ! split halves ( ! r+ :ile ! o!r 
0 be>+ on ! metal to :i* ! wire 0       
atta*$4 ,?is action 0 alt]nate1 & s     

arrang$ t ! curr5t c>ri$ away 0 always  
direct4 ,:5 an armature has a w9d+ ( m  
?an "o wire1 z ! practical dynamo always
 has1 ! insulat$ r+ is divid$ into z _m 
pieces z !re are wires1 & ! two bru%es  
act z above = ! entire s]ies4           
,pac9otti1 ( ,flor5ce1 con/ruct$ a      
magneto-electric ma*9e 9 :i* ! curr5t   
fl[s always 9 "o direction )\t a        
commutator4 ,x has :at is kn[n z a r+   
armature1 & is ! "m ( all dynamos built 
^u t pr9ciple4 ,x is exce$+ly +5i\s 9   
con/ruction1 & = c]ta9 purposes 9 ! arts
 is ext5sively us$4 ,a description ( x  
is too te*nical to int]e/ o!rs ?an ^?   
p]sonally int]e/$ 9 ! class ( dynamo x  
repres5ts4  ,wilde1 ( ,man*e/]1 ,engl&1 
improv$ ! ,siem5s ma*9e 9 #ahff by do+ t
 :i* is ! feature t makes possible !    
huge field magnet ( ! mod]n dynamo1 :i* 
is n a magnet at all1 /rictly speak+4   
,he caus$ ! curr5t1 aft] x _h be5       
rectifi$ by ! commutator1 to return aga9
 into coils ( wire r\nd ! legs ( 8 field
 magnets1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,?is induc$

 9 !m a new supply ( magnetism1 & ?is ( 
c\rse int5sifi$ ! curr5t f ! armature4  
,x is true he _h a sep>ate small]       
magneto-electric ma*9e1 ) :i* he evolv$ 
a curr5t = ! coil ar\nd ! legs ( ! field
 magnet ( a greatly l>g] ma*9e ^u :i* he
 dep5d$ = 8 actual curr5t1 & t he did n 
"k1 al?\gh he 0 practically do+ ! same  
?+1 t if he %\ld div]t ?is curr5t made  
by ! l>g] ma*9e itself back ?r\gh !     
coils ( its field magnet1 he w\ld n ne$ 
! extra small ma*9e at all1 & w\ld h a  
mu* m p[]ful curr5t4  ,illu/ration3     
,,simple/ ,,=m ,,( ,,dynamo  ,& "h      
arises a diff]5ce & a *ange ( "n4 ,all  
g5]at+ ma*9es to ?is date _h be5 call$  
,magneto-electric because !y us$ p]man5t
 /eel magnets ) :i* to g5]ate a curr5t  
by ! :irl+ ( ! bobb9 :i* we n[ call an  
armature4 ,! "t came1 l$ to by !        
improvem5t ( ,wilde1 9 :i* ^? /eel      
p]man5t magnets 7 no long] us$4 ,!n !   
ma*9e became ! dynamo-electric ma*9e1 & 
leav+ (f "o ^w1 accord+ to our cu/om1   
dynamo4  ,siem5s & ,:eat/one almo/      

simultane\sly inv5t$ s mu* ( ! dynamo z 
0 yet incomplete4 ,x has cores--! p>ts t
 answ] to ! legs ( a horse%oe magnet--( 
s(t iron1 sometimes n[ ev5 ( ca/ iron4  
,^!1 at />t+1 possess v little          
magnetism--practically none at all--yet 
suffici5t to g5]ate a v weak curr5t 9 ! 
coils1 w9d+s1 ( ! armature :5 x beg9s to
 turn4 ,?is weak curr5t1 pass+ ?r\gh !  
w9d+s ( ! field magnet1 makes ^! /ill   
/rong] magnets1 & ! effect is to evolve 
a /ill /rong] curr5t 9 ! armature4 ,soon
 ! full effect is rea*$4 ,! big iron    
field magnet1 (t5 weigh+ "s ?\s&s (     
p\nds1 is !n ! same z a p]man5t /eel    
horse%oe magnet1 :i* w\ld h>dly be      
possible at all4 ,"o :o has wat*$ !     
in/allation ( a dynamo1 kn[+ t !re is   
n[h]e ne> any ord9>y s\rce (            
electricity1 & has se5 its armature beg9
 to :irl & hum1 & !n 9 a few mom5ts !   
violet sp>kl+s ( ! bru%es & ! evid5t    
pres5ce ( a p[]ful curr5t ( electricity1
 is almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 ! common op9ion t ! 
g5ius ( man has devis$ a ma*9e to create

 some?+ out ( no?+4 ,x is true t a />t+ 
quantity ( electricity is requir$4 ,x   
exi/s 9 almo/ e piece ( iron4           
,sometimes1 to ha/5 fir/ action1 "s     
cells ( a galvanic batt]y are us$ to    
pass a curr5t ?r\gh ! coils ( ! field   
magnet4 ,aft] ! fir/ use !re is always  
en\gh magnetism rema9+ 9 !m dur+ re/ or 
/oppage to make a dynamo effici5t aft] a
 few mom5ts op]ation4  ,illu/ration3    
,,pac9otti',s ,,r+-,,armature ,,dynamo4 
,?is is ! dynamo 9 pr9ciple ( action4 ,!
 v>ieties 9 con/ruction n[ 9 use numb]  
scores1 p]haps hundr$s4 ,"s ( !m are    
mon/]s 9 size1 & evolve a curr5t t is   
t]rific4 ,!y are all ess5tially ! same1 
dep5d+ = action ^u ! laws illu/rat$ 9 ! 
simple/ exp]im5t 9 induc$ electricity4  
,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! mod]n ma*9es is    
,edison's1 repres5t$ 9 ! picture at !   
head ( ?is article4 ,9 x ! field        
magnet--answ]+ to ! horse%oe magnet ( ! 
magneto-electric ma*9e--is pla9ly       
di/+ui%able to ! unskill$ obs]v]4 ,x is 
n ev5 solid1 b is made ( sev]al pieces  

bolt$ toge!r4 ,its legs are holl[$ at ! 
ends to admit closely ! armature :i*    
turns !re4 ,!re are valuable            
peculi>ities 9 its con/ruction1 :i*1    
:ile comply+ 9 all respects ) ! dynamo  
pr9ciple1 utilize ^? pr9ciples to ! be/ 
me*anical advantage4 ,s d o!rs1 9 o!r   
respects t did n occur ev5 to ,edison1  
or 7 n adopt$ by him4 ,probably ! mod]n 
dynamo is ! mo/ effici5t1 ! mo/         
accurately measurable1 ! lea/ wa/eful ( 
its p[]1 & ! mo/ manageable1 ( any      
p[]-ma*9e s f> con/ruct$ by man = daily 
use4  ,! motor4--,?is is ! tw9 ( !      
dynamo4 ,9 all ess5tials ! two are ( !  
same con/ruction4 ,a diff]5ce 9 !       
arrangem5t ( ! t]m9als ( ! wire coils or
 ! wrapp+s ( armature & field magnet1   
makes ( ! "o a dynamo & ( ! o!r a motor4
 ,nev]!less1 !y are sep>ate /udies 9    
electrical sci5ce4 ,practice has br\ght 
ab\t modifi$ con/ructions1 z 9 ! case ( 
! dynamo4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two     
ma*9es1 & _! simil>ities z well1 may be 
expla9$ by a g5]al brief /atem5t4  ,x is

 ! "w ( ! dynamo to conv]t me*anical    
en]gy into ! =m ( electrical en]gy4 ,!  
motor1 9 turn1 *anges ?is electrical    
en]gy back aga9 into me*anical en]gy4   
,:]e ! electric light is produc$ by !   
dynamo curr5t no motor int]v5es4 ,!     
curr5t is conv]t$ into heat & light by  
m]ely hav+ an imp$im5t1 a re/riction1 a 
n>r[ness1 int]pos$ to its free passage  
on a conduct+ wire1 z h]et(ore expla9$1 
v mu* z wat] 9 a pipe foams & /ruggles  
at a n>r[ place or an ob/ruction4 ,:]e  
me*anical movem5ts are to be produc$ by 
! dynamo curr5t ! motor is always !     
int]m$iate ma*9e4 ,9 ! dynamo ! armature
 is rotat$ by /eam p[]1 produc+ an      
electrical en]gy 9 ! =m ( a p[]ful      
curr5t transmitt$ by a wire4 ,9 ! motor 
! armature1 9 turn1 is rotat$ by ?is    
curr5t4 ,x is b ano!r in/ance ( t       
ability to "w backw>ds--to rev]se a     
process--t seems to p]vade all ma*9es1 &
 almo/ all processes4 ,i h m5tion$ /eam 
p[]1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! necess>y burn+ ( 
coal & exp5diture ( money 9 produc+ !   

dynamo curr5t4 ,! dynamo & motor are n  
necess>ily economical inv5tions1 b !    
opposite :5 ! =ce produc$ is to be      
transmitt$ aga91 ) "s loss1 into ! same 
me*anical en]gy t has already be5       
produc$ by ! burn+ ( coal & ! mak+ (    
/eam4 ,across miles ( space1 & into     
places :]e /eam w\ld n be possible1 !   
p[] is invisibly c>ri$4 ,sugge/ions (   
?is conv5i5ce--/at$ cases--x is n       
necess>y to cite4 ,! fact is a prom95t  
"o1 to be not$ ev]y:]e4  ,& x may be    
made a me*anical economy4 ,! mo/ prom95t
 in/ance ( ?is is ! new utilization (   
,niag>a z a turb9e wat]-p[] ) :i* to    
:irl ! armatures ( gigantic dynamos1 us+
 ! p[] ?us obta9$ ^u motors1 & 9 !      
production ( light & ! transmission (   
p[] to neighbor+ cities4  ,! discov]y ( 
! possibility ( transmitt+ p[] by a     
wire1 & conv]t+ x aga9 into me*anical   
en]gy1 is a /range /ory ( ! human       
bl9dness t almo/ always att5ds an       
acut5ess1 a ?9k+ p[]1 a presci5ce1 t is 
! *>act]i/ic ( humanity alone1 b :i* s  

(t5 /ops %ort ( results4 ,?is discov]y  
has be5 attribut$ to accid5t alone2 !   
accid5t ( an employ mi/ak+ ! uses (     
wires & fa/5+ _! ends 9 ! wrong places4 
,b a ,fr5* electrician ?us describes !  
occurr5ce z )9 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,8 "n is 
,hypolyte ,fonta9e4  ,b let u fir/ adv]t
 to ! =getfulness ( ! man :o really     
inv5t$ ! ma*9e t 0 capable ( ! opposite 
action ( bo? dynamo & motor4 ,?is 0 !   
,italian1 ,pac9otti4 ,footnote3 ,moses  
,g4 ,f>m]1 an ,am]ican1 & celebrat$ 9 8 
day = intellig5t electrical rese>*es1 is
 claim$ to h made ! fir/ rev]sible motor
 ev] contriv$4 ,a small motor made by   
,f>m] 9 #ahdg1 & embody+ !              
electro-dynamic pr9ciple 0 exhibit$ at !
 great exposition at ,*icago 9 #ahic4   
,if ! g5ealogy ( ?is ma*9e rema9s       
undisput$ x fixes ! fact t ! discov]y   
belongs to ?is c\ntry1 & to an ,am]ican4
 ,he m5tion$ t 8 ma*9e c\ld be us$ ei!r 
to g5]ate a curr5t ( electricity on !   
application ( motive p[] to its         
armature1 or to produce motive p[] on   

connect+ x ) a s\rce ( electricity4 ,yet
 x did n occur to him to def9itely      
exp]im5t ) two ( 8 ma*9es = ! purpose ( 
accompli%+ t :i* 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s  
has revolutioniz$ our ideas & practice 9
 transmitt$ =ce4 ,he did n sugge/ t two 
( 8 ma*9es c\ld be run toge!r1 "o z a   
g5]ator & ! o!r z a motor4 ,he did n ?9k
 ( its advantages ) ! facilities = x1 ( 
8 own creation1 9 8 h&s4  ,m4 ,fonta9e  
/ates t at ! ,vi5na ,exposition ( #ahgc 
!re 0 a ,gramme ma*9e int5d$ to be      
op]at$ by a prim>y batt]y1 to %[ t !    
,gramme 0 capable ( be+ work$ by a      
curr5t1 &1 z !re 0 also a second ma*9e (
 ! same k9d !re1 ( also g5]at+ "o4 ,^!  
two ma*9es 7 to demon/rate ?is range (  
capacity z sep>ately work$1 "o by p[]1 !
 o!r ) a batt]y4 ,!re 01 !n1 no int5tion
 ( c\pl+ !m toge!r z late z #ahgc1 ) !  
means at h& & ! sugge/ion almo/         
unavoidable4 ,! dynamo & motor _h n     
occurr$ to any "o4 ,b ,m4 ,fonta9e /ates
 t he fail$ to get ! prim>y 7batt]y7    
curr5t 9 "t = ! op5+1 & 0 tr\bl$ by !   

dilemma4 ,!n ! idea occurr$ to him1 z he
 c\ld d no bett]1 to "w "o ( ! ma*9es ) 
a curr5t depriv$1 p>tly /ol51 f ! o!r1 z
 a tempor>y measure4 ,a fri5d l5t him ! 
necess>y piece ( wire1 & he connect$ !  
two ma*9es4 ,! ma*9e us$ z a motor 0    
connect$ ) a pump+ app>atus1 & :5 !     
ma*9e int5d$ z a g5]ator />t$1 & ?is    
make-%ift1 tempor>ily-/ol5 curr5t 0     
c>ri$ to ! act+ motor1 ! action ( ! la/ 
0 s mu* m vigor\s ?an 0 int5d$ t ! wat] 
0 ?r[n ov] ! sides ( ! tank4 ,fonta9e 0 
=c$ to rem$y ?is excessive action by    
procur+ an additional wire ( su* l5g? t 
its resi/ance p]mitt$ ! motor to "w m   
mildly & ?r[ less wat]4 ,?is accid5tally
 e/abli%$ ! fact ( di/ance1 conv5i5ce1 a
 revolution 9 ! p[] ( ! indu/rial _w4   
,fonta9e /ates t ,gramme _h previ\sly   
told him t he _h done ! same ?+ ) 8     
ma*9es4 ,! idea 0 nev] pat5t$4 ,nei!r   
,pac9otti1 :o inv5t$ ! ma*9e orig9ally1 
nor ,gramme1 "o ( ! great names ( mod]n 
electricity1 nor ?is skill$ practical   
electrician1 ,fonta9e1 :o _h *>ge ( !   

exhibit ( ! ,gramme sy/em at ,vi5na1    
consid]$ ! fact ( ! transmission (      
conc5trat$ p[] ov] a ?9 wire to a great 
di/ance z "o ( value to its inv5tor or  
to ! indu/ries ( mank9d4 ,) ! motor & ! 
dynamo already made1 x 0 an accid5t t   
br\ght !m toge!r aft] all4         99   
99       99       99       99  ,x may be
 amus+1 if n useful1 to sp5d a mom5t 9  
review+ ( ! ef=ts ( m5 to utilize ! p[] 
( ! electrical curr5t 9 me*anics be=e ! 
day ( ! dynamo & a motor1 & :ile yet !  
electric light 0 an infant 9 ! nurs]y ( 
! laboratory4 ,!y knew !n1 ab\t #ahce to
 #ahgj1 ( ! laws ( induction z appli$ to
 ! electro-magnet1 or 9 small ma*9es !  
g5]at+ p[]1 s call$1 ( !                
magneto-electric arrangem5t embodi$1 z a
 famili> example1 9 ,kidd]'s m$ical     
batt]y4 ,!re is a long li/ ( ^?         
inv5tors1 ,am]ican & ,european4 ,! fir/ 
pat5t issu$ = an ,am]ican electro-motor 
0 9 #ahcg1 to a man nam$ ,?omas         
,dav5port1 ( ,br&on1 ,vt4 ,he 0 a man f>
 ahead ( 8 times4 ,he built ! fir/      

electric railroad ev] se51 at           
,spr+field1 ,mass41 9 #ahce1 & consid]+ 
! means1 ^: inadequacy is n[ bett]      
und]/ood by any read] ( ^! l9es ?an x !n
 0 by ! deepe/ /ud5t ( electricity1 ?is 
fir/ railroad 0 a success4 ,dav5port    
came z ne> to solv+ ! problem ( an      
electric motor z 0 possible )\t !       
inv5tion ( ,pac9otti4 ,foll[+ ?is !re 7 
_m pat5ts issu$ = electro-magnetic      
motors to p]sons resid+ 9 all p>ts ( !  
c\ntry1 nor? & s\?4 ,"o 0 made by ,c4   
,g4 ,page1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 9 
:i* ! motive p[] consi/$ 9 a r\nd rod1  
act+ z a plung]1 be+ pull$ into ! space 
:]e ! core w\ld be 9 an ord9>y          
electro-magnet1 & !reby work+ a crank4  
,footnote3 ,! ,national ,intellig5c]1 a 
prom95t ,wa%+ton newspap]1 said )       
ref]5ce to ,page's motor ,he has %[n t  
be=e long electro-magnetic action w h   
de?ron$ /eam & w be ! adopt$ motor1 etc4
 ,?is 0 an en?usiasm n bas$ ^u any fact 
!n kn[n ab\t a ma*9e n ev5 9 ! l9e ( !  
pres5t facts ( electro-dynamics4 ,a l>ge

 motor ( ?is k9d is alleg$1 9 #ahej1 to 
h develop$ t5 horse p[]4 ,x 0 actually  
appli$ to outdoor exp]im5t z a c>-motor 
on an actual railroad track1 & 0        
effici5t = sev]al miles4 ,b x c>ri$ ) x 
its batt]y-cells1 & !y 7 dis>rang$ &    
/irr$ by ! jolt+1 & be+ made (          
crock]yw>e 7 brok54 ,! *emicals co/ mu* 
m ?an fuel = /eam1 & !re c\ld be no     
economical motive = fur!r exp]im5t4 ,x 0
 a huge toy1 z ! entire sum ( electrical
 sci5ce 0 until x 0 made useful fir/ 9 !
 "o in/ance ( ! telegraph1 & long aft] t
 date ! use ( ! electro-magnet1 ) a cam 
to cut (f & turn on aga9 ! curr5t at    
prop] int]vals1 :i* 0 ! "o pr9ciple (   
all attempts1 0 a repeat$ & inv>iable   
failure4 ,t :i* 0 want$ & lack+ 0 n     
kn[n1 & 0 f9ally discov]$ & successively
 develop$ z has be5 describ$4  ,electric
 railroads4--,!re 0 an in/ance ( almo/  
simultane\s inv5tion 9 ! case ( ! fir/  
practical electric railroads4 ,s4 ,d4   
,field1 ,dr4 ,siem5s1 & ,?omas ,a4      
,edison all appli$ = pat5ts 9 #ahhj4 ,( 

^!1 ,field 0 fir/ 9 fil+1 & 0 aw>d$     
pat5ts4 ,! comb9$ dynamo & motor 71 (   
c\rse1 ! p>5ts ( ! practical idea4      
,field's pat5ts cov]$ a motor 9 or "u ! 
c>1 op]at$ by a curr5t f a /ation>y     
s\rce ( electricity--( c\rse a dynamo4  
,^! fir/ electric roads _h ! curr5t     
c>ri$ on ! rail4 ,!y 7 p>tially         
successful1 b !re 0 some?+ wrong 9 !    
plan1 & t some?+ 0 induction by ! e>?4  
,lat] came1 z a rem$y = ?is1 ! ,trolley 
sy/em2 ! trolley be+ a small1 groov$    
:eel runn+ ^u a curr5t-c>ry+ wire       
ov]head4 ,! "q ( h[ be/ to convey a     
curr5t to ! c>-motor is a s]i\s "o1     
d\btless at ?is mom5t occupy+ ! att5tion
 ( highly-tra9$ intellig5ce ev]y:]e4 ,! 
motor curr5t is "o ( high p[]1 & z su*  
intractable2 & x is 9 ! "* ( ?is curr5t1
 r ?an 9 me?ods ( insulation1 t ! rem$y 
= ! mu*-object$-to ov]head wire is to be
 f\nd4 ,x w be rememb]$ t all ! ph5om5a 
( induction are unh9d]$ by insulation4  
,aside f ! curr5t-c>ry+ problem1 !      
electric road is expla9able 9 all its   

features ^u ! !ory & practice ( ! dynamo
 & motor4 ,x is m]ely an application ( !
 two ma*9es4 ,! la/ is1 9 usual         
practice1 "u ! c>1 & ge>$ to !          
truck-axle4 ,a m mod]n me*anical        
improvem5t is to make ! axle ! %aft ( ! 
motor armature4 ,:5 ! motor has us$ !   
curr5t x passes by mo/ sy/ems into !    
rail & ! gr\nd4 ,by o!rs !re is a       
metallic circuit--two wires4 ,_m m5 ^:  
int]e/ & occupation leads !m to a /udy (
 su* matt]s "k t ! use ( electricity1   
in/ead ( /eam locomotion1 is m]ely a "q 
( "t on all railroads4 ,i h said else:]e
 t ! actual age ( electricity _h n yet  
fully come4 ,x seems to u n[ t we h     
atta9$ ! end2 t !re is little m to "k or
 to d4 ,b s h all ! g5]ations ?\ght 9 _!
 day4 ,9 ! field ( electricity !re are  
yet to come practical results ( :i* "o  
may h "s =e%ad[+s 9 ! exp]im5ts ( m5 l  
,tesla1 :i* w make our pres5t times & k 
seem tame & sl[4  ,electrolysis4--,9 all
 hi/ory1 fire has be5 ! univ]sal        
practical solv5t4 ,x has be5 supplant$  

by ! electrical curr5t 9 "s ( ! mo/     
beautiful & useful ph5om5a ( our "t4    
,electrolysis is ! "n ( ! process by :i*
 fluid *emicals are decompos$ by !      
curr5t4  ,a famili> e>ly exp]im5t 9     
electrolysis is ! decomposition (       
wat]--a *emical compos$ ( oxyg5 &       
hydrog51 ?\gh always ?\ght ( & us$ z a  
simple1 pure fluid4 ,if ! poles ( a     
galvanic batt]y are imm]s$ 9 wat]       
slightly mix$ ) sulphuric acid to favor 
electrical action1 ^! poles w become    
cov]$ ) bubbles ( gas :i* pres5tly rise 
to ! surface & pass (f4 ,^! bubbles are 
compos$ ( ! two con/itu5ts ( wat]1 !    
oxyg5 ris+ f ! positive & ! hydrog5 f ! 
negative pole4 ,p>ticles ( ! sub/ance   
decompos$ are transf]r$1 "s to "o pole &
 "s to ! o!r2 &1 !re=e1 electrolysis is 
always practic$ 9 a fluid 9 ord] t ?is  
transf]5ce may m readily occur4  ,!     
quantity ( electrolyte--! sub/ance      
decompos$--t is transf]r$ 9 a giv5 "t is
 9 proportion to ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t4 ,:5
 ?is electrolyte is compos$ ( _m        

sub/ances a curr5t w act a little on all
 ( !m1 & ! quantity 9 :i* ! elem5t>y    
bodies appe> at ! poles ( ! curr5t      
dep5ds ^u ! quantities ( ! comp\nds 9 ! 
liquid1 & on ! relative ease ) :i* !y   
yield to ! electrical action4  ,!       
electrolytic processes are n ! m]e      
exp]im5ts a brief description ( !m w\ld 
indicate1 b are among ! important       
processes = ! me*anical products ( mod]n
 times4 ,! ext5sive nickel-plat+ t      
became a p]man5t fad 9 ?is c\ntry on !  
discov]y ( a special process "s ye>s    
ago1 is all done by electrolysis4 ,!    
silv] plat+ ( mod]n tablew>e & table    
cutl]y1 z beautiful & mu* less exp5sive 
?an silv]1 & ! f9e f9i% ( ! beautiful   
bronze h>dw>e n[ us$ 9 h\se-furni%+1 are
 ! results ( ! same process4 ,"s use = x
 ent]s into almo/ e piece ( f9e ma*9]y1 
& into ! beautify+ or pres]v+ (         
innum]able small articles t are made &  
us$ 9 unlimit$ quantity4  ,! process &  
its pr9ciple is g5]al1 b !re are _m     
details obs]v$ 9 ! actual "w (          

electroplat+ :i* int]e/ only ^? engag$4 
,"o ( ! mo/ usual ( ^! is t ( mak+ an   
electrotype4 ,?is may mean ! mak+ ( an  
exact impression ( a m$al1 co91 or o!r  
figure1 or a deposit+ ( a coat+ ( ! same
 on any metallic surface4 ,=m]ly ! faces
 ( ! types us$ 9 pr9t+ 7 v commonly fac$
 ) copp] to give !m f9i% & a we>+       
quality4 ,ev5 fre%1 natural fruits t h  
be5 ev5ly coat$ ) plumbago may be cov]$ 
) a ?9 %ell ( metal4 ,a silv] head may  
be plac$ on ! wood ( a walk+ /ick1      
precisely con=m+ on ! outside to ! =m ( 
! wood )94  ,! deposit ( metal 9 !      
electrotyp+ process always takes place  
at ! negative pole--! pole by :i* !     
curr5t passes out ( ! fluid into its    
conductor4 ,?is is ! ca?ode4 ,! o!r is !
 anode4 ,! ba?1 z ! fluid 9 :i* !       
process is accompli%$ is call$1 = silv]1
 gold or plat9um conta9s "o hundr$ p>ts 
( wat]1 t5 ( potassium cyanide1 & "o ( !
 cyanide ( :i*ev] ( ^? metals is to be  
deposit$4 ,! articles to be plat$ are   
susp5d$ 9 ?is ba? & ! batt]y-p[]1 v>y+ 9

 int5sity accord+ to circum/ances1 is   
appli$4 ,aft] removal !y are buff$ &    
f9i%$4 ,a v>y+ detail is practic$ =     
diff]5t metals1 & ! curr5t n[ commonly  
us$ is f a dynamo4 ,footnote3 ,among    
mod]n modifications ( ! dynamic curr5t1 
is its use1 modifi$ by prop] appliances1
 = ! telegraph & ! telephone circuits ( 
cities & ! l>g] t[ns4 ,e electric curr5t
 may n[ be safely attribut$ to t s\rce1 
& f ! same circuit & g5]ator all        
modifications may be produc$ at once4   
,! orig9 ( electrolysis is said to be ) 
,daniell1 :o notic$ ! deposit ( copp]   
:ile exp]im5t+ ) ! batt]y t be>s 8 "n4  
,jacobi1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 fir/ publi%$
 a description ( ! process 9 #ahci4 ,!  
,elk+tons 7 ! fir/ to actually put !    
process into comm]cial practice4  ,x    
w\ld be int]e/+ n[1 7 x apropos1 to     
describe ! seem+ly v anci5t processes by
 :i* our ance/ors gild$1 plat$1 7       
deceiv$ & deceiv$ o!rs1 previ\s to ab\t 
#ahde4 ,= ^? ?+s 7 done1 & ! g5u95ess ( 
life has by no means be5 de/roy$ by !   

mod]n ease ) :i* a preci\s metal may be 
deposit$ ^u "o utt]ly base4 ,a          
contemplation ( ! moral side ( ! subject
 might lead at once to ! conclusion t we
 c\ld n[ sp>e "o ( ! lea/ 9 actual      
importance ( ! processes ( ! all-p]vad+ 
& wond]ful ess5ce t alike makes !       
lightn+-/roke & gilds ! plebeian p9 t   
fa/5s a baby's napk94 ,b f any o!r view 
we c\ld n n[ disp5se ) any?+ electricity
 does4  ,g5]al facts4--,! names ( _m ( !
 orig9al inve/igators ( electrical      
ph5om5a are p]petuat$ 9 ! famili> names 
( electrical measurem5ts4 ,=1 not)/&+   
its seem+ subtlety1 !re is no =ce 9 use1
 or t has ev] be5 us$ by m51 capable (  
be+ s def9itely calculat$1 measur$1     
det]m9$ be=eh&1 z electricity is4 ,z "t 
passes new measurem5ts are adopt$ &     
nam$1 "s ( !m be+ propos$ z lately z    
#ahic4 ,an in/ance ( ! value ( "s ( ^!  
old det]m9ations ( a "t :5 all we n[ "k 
( electrical sci5ce 0 unkn[n1 may be    
giv5 9 :at is kn[n z ,ohm's ,law4 ,ohm 0
 a native ( ,erlang51 9 ,bav>ia1 & 0    

,pr(essor ( ,physics at ,muni*1 :]e he  
di$ 9 #ahgd4 ,he =mulat$ ?is ,law 9     
#ahbg1 & x 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9   
#ahdg4 ,he 0 recogniz$ at ! "t1 & 0 giv5
 ! ,copley m$al ( ! ,royal ,society (   
,london4 ,! ,law--= by t di/9ctive "n is
 x /ill call$1 ?\gh ! "n ,ohm1 also     
expresses a unit ( measurem5t--is t !   
quantity ( curr5t t w pass ?r\gh a      
conductor is proportional to ! pressure 
& inv]sely proportional to ! di/ance4 ,t
 is3  ,curr5t  ,pressure _/ ,resi/ance4 
,transpos+ ! t]ms ( ! equation we may   
get an expression = ei!r ( ^? elem5ts1  
curr5t1 pressure1 or resi/ance1 9 ! t]ms
 ( ! o!r two4 ,?is relation holds true &
 is accurate 9 e possible case &        
condition ( practical "w4 ,?is rem>kable
 precision & def9it5ess ( action has    
made possible ! creation ( an ext5sive  
s*ool ( electrical te/+1 by :i* we are n
 only enabl$ to make accurate measurem5t
 ( electrical app>atus & appliances1 b  
also to make det]m9ations 9 o!r fields  
by ! ag5cy ( electricity4 ,:5 an ocean  

cable is injur$ or brok5 ! precise      
location ( ! tr\ble is made by measur+ !
 electrical resi/ance ( ! p>ts on ea*   
side ( ! injury4  ,! magnitudes (       
measurem5ts ( electricity are express$ 9
 ! foll[+ conv5i5t electrical units3  ,!
 ,,volt 7nam$ f ,volta7 equals a unit ( 
pressure t is equal to "o cell ( a      
gravity batt]y4  ,! ,,ohm1 z a unit (   
measurem5t1 equals a unit ( resi/ance t 
is equival5t to ! resi/ance ( a hundr$  
feet ( copp] wire ! size ( a p94  ,!    
,,amp,,re 7nam$ f ,ampre1 #agge-ahcf1   
au?or ( a ,collection ( ,obs]vations on 
,electro-,dynamics & o!r works1 & a     
pr(\nd practical inve/igator7 equals a  
unit ( curr5t equival5t to ! curr5t :i* 
"o ,volt ( pressure w produce ?r\gh "o  
,ohm ( wire 7or resi/ance74  ,! ,c\lomb 
7#agcf--;inv5tor ( ! means ( measur+    
electricity call$ ! ,torsion balance1 & 
g5]al e>ly inve/igator7 equals a unit ( 
quantity ( "o ,amp]e fl[+ = "o second4  
,! ,f>ad 7f ,f>aday1 ! discov]] ( ! laws
 ( ,induction1 see ante71 equals t unit 

( capacity :i* is ! capacity = hold+ "o 
,c\lomb4 ,dea? curr5t4--,:at is n[ spok5
 ( z ! ,dea? ,curr5t is "o t w in/antly 
ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! human1 or       
animal1 body4 ,x is a curr5t ( f "o to  
two ?\s& ,volts--ab\t ! same z t us$ 9  
ma9ta9+ ! l>ge arc lights4 ,?is "q ( !  
kill+ capacity ( ! curr5t became        
(ficially prom95t "s ye>s ago1 ^u !     
passage by ! legislature ( ! ,/ate (    
,new ,york ( a /atute requir+ ! dea?    
p5alty to be inflict$ by means (        
electricity4 ,! object 0 to det]        
evildo]s by surr\nd+ ! p5alty )         
sci5tific horror1 ,footnote3 ,h5ce also 
! new l+ual atrocity1 ! ^w electrocute1 
d]iv$ f execute by decapitation & !     
addition ( electro & ! idea _h its orig9
 9 ! accid5ts :i* =m]ly occurr$ mu* m   
frequ5tly ?an n[4 ,! dea? curr5t is n[  
almo/ ev]y:]e1 ?\gh ! c>e ( ! m5 :o     
cont9ually "w ab\t live wires has gr[n  
to be mu* l t ( m5 :o cont9ually h&le   
fire>ms or explosives1 & accid5ts seldom
 happ54 ,at fir/ x 0 app>5tly difficult 

= ! g5]al public to appreciate ! fact t 
! sil5t & h>mless-look+ wires mu/ be    
avoid$4 ,!re 0 sudd5ly a new & t]rific  
p[] 9 common use1 & x 0 z sl5d]1 sil5t &
 unobtrusive z x 0 fatal4  ,insulation (
 ! h&s by ! use ( rubb] gloves1 &       
extreme c>e1 are ! means by :i* ^? :o   
are call$ l9em5--a new indu/ry--protect 
!mselves 9 _! occupation4 ,b !re is a   
new comm&m5t add$ to ! li/ ( ^? to be   
memoriz$ by ! body-politic4 ,d n tread  
^u1 drive ov]1 or t\* any wire4 ,x may  
be1 & probably is1 h>mless4 ,b y _c     
positively "k4 ,footnote3 ,x is a common
 trait ( g5]al human nature to refuse to
 le>n save by ! h>de/ ( exp]i5ces1 & s  
f> z ! cr$it+ ( /atem5ts is conc]n$1 to 
at fir/ believe ev]y?+ t is n true1 &   
reject mo/ t is4 ,! sup]natural1 !      
ph5om5a ( alleg$ wit*craft & diabolism1 
& ( luck1 hoodoo1 fate1 etc41 f9d ready 
disciples among ^? :o reject disda9fully
 ! results ( ! work+ ( natural law4 ,:5 
! railroads 7 fir/ built across ! pla9s 
! ,indians repeat$ly attempt$ to /op    

mov+ tra9s by hold+ ! ends ( a rope     
/ret*$ across ! track 9 front ( ! eng9e1
 & ) results :i* greatly surpris$ !m ,:5
 ! l9es 7 fir/ con/ruct$ 9 nor!rn       
,mexico ! ,mexican peasant c\ld n be    
induc$ to refra9 f try+ p]sonal         
exp]im5ts ) ! new p[]1 & scores ( him 7 
kill$ be=e he le>n$ t /&+ on ! track 0  
dang]\s4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! era (     
accid5ts ?r\gh indiff]5ce to            
common-look+ wires has almo/ pass$1 b = 
"s ye>s ! fatality 0 l>ge because p are 
always gov]n$ by appe>ances connect$ )  
previ\s notions1 until new exp]i5ces    
tea* !m bett]4  ,,in/rum5ts ,,(         
,,measurem5t4--,"s ( ! mo/ co/ly &      
beautiful ( mod]n sci5tific in/rum5ts   
are ^? us$ 9 ! measurem5ts &            
det]m9ations ( electrical sci5ce4 ,!re  
are _m =ms & v>ieties = e specific      
purpose4 ,electrical measurem5t has     
become a dep>tm5t ( physical sci5ce by  
itself1 & a te*nical1 ext5sive & v>i$   
"o4 ,already ! electrical speciali/1 no 
m an orig9al exp]im5t] or inve/igator   

?an ! av]age physician is1 has become   
pr(essional4 ,he makes plans1 submits   
facts1 e/imates co/1 & /ates results )  
almo/ c]ta9ty4  ,,electricity ,,z ,,an  
,,indu/ry4--,imm5se factories are n[    
devot$ to ! manufacture ( electrical    
goods exclusively4 ,l>ge e/abli%m5ts 9  
cities are fill$ ) !m4 ,! in/allation ( 
! electric plant 9 a dwell+ h\se is done
 9 ! same way1 & z regul>ly1 z ! plumb+ 
is4 ,soon !re mu/ be /ill ano!r         
enl>gem5t1 s9ce ! heat+ ( h\ses ?r\gh a 
wire1 & ! kit*5 be+ equipp$ ) cook+     
ut5sils ^: heat is = ea* vessel evolv$ 9
 its own bottom1 is inevitable4  ,!     
foll[+ are "s ( ! facts1 9 figures1 ( ! 
bus9ess side ( electricity 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates at ! pres5t writ+4 ,9 #ahff1 ab\t
 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( !       
telegraph1 b ) a population ( only a    
little m ?an half ! pres5t1 !re 7       
#ge1fhf miles ( telegraph wire 9 use1 & 
#b1ebj (fices4 ,9 #ahic !re 7 #gdj1jjj  
miles ( wire1 & m ?an #bj1jjj (fices4 ,!
 receipts = ! ye> fir/ nam$ are unkn[n1 

b = #ahic !y 7 ab\t #bd1jjj1jjj4 ,!     
exp5ses ( ! sy/em = ! same ye> 7        
#af1ejj1jjj4  ,! telephone1 an indu/ry  
n[ ab\t sixte5 ye>s old1 _h 9 #ahic1 = !
 ,bell alone1 ov] #bjj1jjj miles ( wire 
on poles1 & ov] #ij1jjj miles ( wire "u 
gr\nd4 ,! in/rum5ts 7 9 #ae1jjj build+s4
 ,!re 7 #aj1jjj employs1 & #bcc1jjj     
subscrib]s4 ,all companies comb9$ _h    
#dda1jjj miles ( wire4 ,n9ety-two       
millions ( doll>s 7 inve/$ 9 telephone  
fixtures4  ,9 #ahic1 ! av]age co/ ( a   
telegram 0 ?irty-"o & "o six-t5?s c5ts1 
& ! av]age alleg$ co/ ( s5d+ ! same to !
 companies 0 tw5ty-two & ?ree-t5?s c5ts1
 leav+ a pr(it ( n9e & ?ree-t5?s c5ts on
 e message4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ) mail 
facilities & *eapness t are unrivall$1 !
 telegraph message is always an         
extraord9>y mode ( communication2 an    
em]g5cy4 ,^! few figures may s]ve to    
give ! read] a dim idea ( ! importance  
to :i* ! mo/ ord9>y & g5]al ( ! bran*es 
( electrical indu/ry h gr[n 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates4  ,,m$ical ,,electricity4--,= m  

?an fifty ye>s ! m$ical frat]nity 9     
regul> practice p]si/$ 9 disreg>d+ all !
 claims made = ! electric curr5t z a    
!rapeutic ag5t4 ,9 e>li] times x 0      
suppos$ to h a value t supplant$ all o!r
 m$ical ag5cies4 ,frankl9 seems to h be5
 "o ( ! e>lie/ exp]im5t]s 9 ?is l9e1 &  
to h be5 successful 9 _m in/ances :]e 8 
brief sp>k f ! only s\rces ( ! curr5t !n
 kn[n 7 applicable to ! case4 ,! m$ical 
dep>tm5t ( ! sci5ce !n fell into ! h&s (
 *>latans1 & !re is a natural           
disposition to deal 9 ! wond]ful1 !     
miracul\s or semi-miracul\s1 9 ! cure ( 
disease4 ,dive/$ ( ! wond]-idea ?r\gh a 
wid] /udy & great] k ( actual facts1    
electricity has aga9 come =w>d z a      
curative ag5t 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s4          
,in/ruction 9 its managem5t 9 disease is
 includ$ 9 ! curriculum ( almo/ e m$ical
 s*ool1 & mo/ physicians n[ own an      
outfit1 m or less ext5sive1 = use 9     
ord9>y practice4 ,to decry & utt]ly     
condemn is no long] ! cu/om ( !         
/eady-go+ physician1 ! e?ics ( ^: clo?  

_h be5 = c5turies to condemn all t      
int]f]$ ) ! use ( drugs1 & ev]y?+ ^:    
action c\ld n be und]/ood by ! examples 
( common exp]i5ce1 & )\t special /udy   
outside ! l9es ( m$ical k z prescrib$4  
,p]haps ! developm5ts bas$ ^u !         
discov]ies ( ,f>aday h _h mu* to d ) !  
adoption ( electricity z a curative     
ag5t4 ,! curr5t usually us$ is !        
,f>adic2 ! induc$ alt]nate curr5t f an  
induction coil4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! curr5t
 mo/ useful 9 ! majority ( ! n]v\s      
d]angem5ts 9 ! treatm5t ( :i* ! curr5t  
is ( ackn[l$g$ utility4  ,9 surg]y !    
advance is /ill great]4 ,galvano-caut]y 
is ! inc&esc5t light precisely2 !       
:ite-hot wire be+ us$ to cut (f1 or burn
 (f1 & caut]ize at ! same "t1           
excresc5ces & gr[?s t c\ld n be easily  
rea*$ by o!r means ?an a tube & a small 
loop ( plat9um wire4 ,a little inc&esc5t
 lamp ) a bulb no bigg] ?an a pea is us$
 to light up & explore cavities1 & ?is  
advance alone1 purely me*anical &       
outside ( m$ical sci5ce1 is ( imm5se    

importance 9 ! sav+ ( life & ! avoidance
 ( human suff]+4  ,x may be add$ t !re  
is no?+ magical1 or by ! t\*1 or        
my/]i\s1 9 ! treatm5t ( disease by !    
electrical curr5t4 ,! results dep5d ^u  
intellig5t applications1 bas$ ^u reason 
& exp]i5ce1 a v>i$ treatm5t = v>y+      
cases4 ,nor is x a rem$y to be appli$ by
 ! pati5t himself m ?an any o!r is4 ,on 
! contr>y1 he may d himself great       
injury4 ,! pills1 potions1 p[d]s & pat5t
 m$ic9es made to be tak5                
indiscrim9ately1 & :i* he m or less     
und]/&s1 may be /ill h>mful yet mu*     
saf]4 ,ev5 ! application ( "o or ! o!r (
 ! two poles ) ref]5ce to ! c\rse ( a   
n]ve1 may result 9 injury in/ead ( good4
  ,,incomplete ,,possibilities4--,!re   
are at lea/ two ?+s greatly desir$ by   
mank9d 9 ! field ( electrical sci5ce & n
 yet atta9$4 ,"o ( ^!1 t may n[ be      
dismiss$ ) a ^w1 is ! resolv+ ( ! lat5t 
en]gy (1 say a ton ( coal1 into         
electrical en]gy )\t ! use ( ! /eam     
eng9e2 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ma*9e4 ,= 

electricity is n manufactur$2 n creat$  
by m5 9 any case4 ,x exi/s1 & is m]ely  
ga!r$1 9 a measure & to a c]ta9 ext5t   
conf9$ & controll$1 & s5t out z a       
conc5trat$ =m ( en]gy on its v>i\s      
err&s4 ,%\ld a means = ! conc5tration ( 
?is univ]sally diffus$ en]gy be f\nd    
:]eby x c\ld be made to ga!r1 by ! new  
arrangem5t ( "s natural law su* z places
 x 9 enorm\s quantities 9 ! ?und]cl\d1 a
 revolution t w\ld p]meate & visibly    
*ange all ! affairs ( m5 w\ld take      
place1 s9ce ! indu/rial _w is n a ?+    
ap>t1 b affects all m51 & all           
in/itutions1 & all ?\ght4  ,! o!r       
desid]atum1 m reasonable app>5tly1 yet  
f> f pres5t accompli%m5t1 is a means (  
/or+ & c>ry+ a supply ( electricity :5 x
 has be5 ga!r$ by ! means n[ us$1 or by 
any means4  ,,! ,,/orage ,,batt]y is an 
attempt 9 ?is la/ direction4 ,! "n is   
mislead+1 s9ce ev5 9 ?is attempt        
electricity is 9 no s5se /or$1 b a      
*emical action produc+ a curr5t takes   
place 9 ! ma*9e4 ,! arrangem5t is 9 its 

infancy4 ,in/ances occur 9 :i*1 "u giv5 
circum/ances1 x is m or less effici5t1 &
 has be5 improv$ into great] effici5cy4 
,b _m difficulties int]v5e1 "o ( :i* is 
! great weight ( ! appliances us$1 &    
ano!r1 consid]able co/4 ,! t]m /orage   
batt]y is n[ infrequ5tly us$1 & ! "n    
second>y batt]y is usually sub/itut$4 ,!
 pr9ciple ( its action is ! decompos+ ( 
comb9$ *emicals by ! action ( a curr5t  
appli$ f a /ation>y g5]ator or dynamo1 &
 t ^! *emicals aga9 unite z soon z !y   
are all[$ to d s by ! complet+ ( a      
circuit1 & 9 re-comb9+ give (f ne>ly z  
mu* electricity z 0 fir/ us$ 9 sep>at+  
!m4 ,! action ( ! second>y1 /orage1     
batt]y1 once *>g$1 is l t ( a prim>y    
batt]y4 ,! curr5t is produc$ by *emical 
action4 ,two metals outside ( ! solution
 conta9$ 9 a prim>y batt]y cell1 b "u   
diff]+ physical conditions f ea* o!r1 w 
yield a curr5t4 ,a piece ( poli%$ iron &
 a piece ( ru/y iron1 connect$ by a     
wire1 w yield a small curr5t4 ,ru/y     
lead1 s to speak1 s connect$ ) bright   

lead1 has a high electromotive =ce4     
,oxyg5 makes lead ru/y1 & hydrog5 makes 
x bright4 ,oxyg5 & hydrog5 are ! two    
gases ca/ (f :5 wat] is subject$ to a   
curr5t4 7,see ante "u ,electrolysis7 ,s 
,augu/9 ,plant1 ! inv5tor ( z mu* z we  
yet h ( :at is call$ a /orage or        
second>y batt]y1 susp5d$ two plates (   
lead 9 wat]1 & :5 a curr5t ( electricity
 0 pass$ ?r\gh x hydrog5 0 ?r[n (f at "o
 plate1 mak+ x bright1 & oxyg5 at ! o!r 
plate1 p]oxydiz+ its surface4 ,:5 !     
curr5t 0 remov$ ! alt]$ plates1 connect$
 by a wire1 w\ld s5d (f a curr5t :i* 0 9
 ! opposite direction f ! fir/1 & ?is   
w\ld cont9ue until ! plates 7 aga9 9 _! 
orig9al condition4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple & 
mode ( action ( ! /orage batt]y4 ,s f> x
 has assum$ _m =ms4 ,scores (           
modifications h be5 inv5t$ & pat5t$4 ,! 
lead5 plates h tak5 a v>iety ( =ms1 yet 
h rema9$ lead5 plates1 "o clean$ & ! o!r
 f\l$ by ! electrolytic action ( a      
curr5t1 & giv+ (f an almo/ equival5t    
curr5t aga9 by ! return process4 ,!     

arrangem5t endures = sev]al repetitions 
( ! process1 b is f9ally exp5sive &     
always inconv5i5t4 ,! second>y batt]y1 9
 its infancy1 z /at$1 pres5ts n[ mu* !  
same ob/acles to comm]cial use !        
galvanic1 or prim>y1 batt]y did be=e !  
induc$ curr5t _h become ! s]vant ( man4 
,,*apt] ,,iv4  ,,electrical ,,inv5tion  
,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates4   ,a li/ ( !   
electrical inv5tors ( ?is c\ntry w\ld be
 v long4 ,_m ( ! names are1 9 ! mass &  
numb] ( inv5tions1 almo/ lo/4 ,x happ5s 
t _m ( ! practical applications describ$
 9 ?is volume1 inde$ mo/ ( !m1 are ! "w 
( citiz5s ( ?is c\ntry4  ,9 previ\s     
*apt]s ,i h ref]r$ briefly to ,frankl91 
,morse1 ,field1 & o!rs4 ,^! m5 h left   
names t1 )\t "q1 may be reg>d$ z        
p]man5t4 ,_! *iefe/ di/+ui%+ trait 0    
orig9ality ( idea1 & ea* "o ( !m is a   
lesson to ! ,am]ican boy4 ,9 a s5se !   
greate/ ( all ^!1 & 9 ! same s5se1 !    
greate/ ,am]ican1 0 ,b5jam9 ,frankl94 ,a
 sket* ( 8 c>e] has be5 giv51 b to t may
 be add$ ! foll[+3 ,he _h arriv$ at     

conclusions t 7 va/ 9 scope & />tl+ 9   
result by apply+ ! reason+ faculty ^u   
obs]vations ( ph5om5a t _h be5 recurr+  
s9ce ! _w 0 made1 & _h be5 misund]/ood f
 ! beg9n+4 ,he us$ ! simple/ means4 ,8  
exp]im5t 0 9 a diff]5t way daily p]=m$ =
 him by nature4 ,he 0 philosophically   
d>+1 indiff]5tly a t9k] ) nature's      
t]rific ma*9]y2 a knock] at ! door ( an 
augu/ temple t m5 7 nev] kn[n to h      
ent]$2 a mortal :o smil$ 9 ! face (     
inscrutable & awful my/]y1 & :o defi$ ! 
lightn+ 9 a s5se n m]ely moral4         
,footnote3 ,pr(essor ,ri*mann1 ( ,/4    
,pet]sburg1 0 in/antly kill$ by lightn+ 
:ile repeat+ ,frankl9's exp]im5t4  ,8   
g5ius lay 9 a p[] ( swift inductive     
reason+4 ,8 common s5se & 8 s5se ( humor
 nev] =sook him4 ,he utt]$ ke5 apo!gms t
 h liv$ l ^? ( ,solon4 ,he 0 a          
philosoph] l ,diog5es1 lack+ !          
bitt]ness4 ,he wrote ! ,busy-,body1 &   
annually made ! plebeian & celebrat$    
,almanac1 & ! ,ephem]a t 7 n ephem]al1 &
 is ! au?or ( ! /ory ( ,! ,:i/le1 t     

ev]ybody kn[s1 & ev]ybody reads )       
%amefac$ness because x is a brief *apt] 
out ( 8 own hi/ory4  ,he 0 app>5tly an  
adept 9 ! art ( c>+ = himself1 "o ( !   
mo/ successful world+s ( 8 "t1 yet he   
wrote1 ?\ght1 toil$ incessantly1 = 8    
fell[ m54 ,he _h little education obta9$
 z x is suppos$ an education mu/ be     
obta9$4 ,he 0 commonplace4 ,no "o has   
ev] told ( 8 silv] tongue1 or rememb]$ a
 brilliant aft]-d9n] spee* t he has     
made4 ,yet he f9ally /ood be=e mank9d ! 
companion ( pr9ces1 ! d>l+ ( spl5did    
wom51 cov]$ ) ! laurels ( a brilliant   
sci5tific r5[n4 ,b he 0 a pr9t]1 a t9k]]
 ) /oves1 ! inv5tor ( ! lightn+ rod1 !  
man :o _h sp5t "o-half 8 life 9 tea*+   
appr5tices1 su* z he himself _h be5 :5 8
 jeal\s & common-m9d$ bro!r _h :ipp$    
him1 t "t is money1 t cr$it is          
money--:i* is ! mo/ prom95t fact 9 !    
comm]cial _w ( #ahie--;& t honor &      
self-respect are bett] ?an weal?1       
pleasure1 or any o!r good4  ,yet cle>1  
ke51 cold & inductive z 0 ,frankl9's    

m9d1 no vision rea*$ him1 9 ! mom5t ( t 
triumph :5 he felt ! lightn+ t+l+ 9 8   
f+]s f a hemp5 /r+1 ( ^? wond]s :i* 7 to
 come4 ,he knew absolutely no?+ ( t     
necromancy ?r\gh :i* o!rs ( 8 c\ntrym5 7
 to girdle ! _w ) a common intellig5ce1 
& yet o!rs 7 to use 9 spr9kl+ night )   
clu/]s z innum]able & my/]i\s z ! high] 
/>s4  ,! /ory ( ! ,morse telegraph has  
be5 repeat$ly told1 & ,i h briefly      
sket*$ x 9 connection ) ! subject ( !   
telegraph4 ,b1 unlike ! orig9al1        
sci5tifically lonely & indep5d5t        
,frankl91 ,morse _h ! be/ assi/ance ( 8 
times 9 ! p]sons ( m5 m skill$ ?an      
himself & almo/ z p]si/5t4 ,! *ief ( ^! 
0 ,alfr$ ,vail1 a "n until lately almo/ 
unkn[n to sci5tific fame1 :o elim9at$ ! 
clumsy crudities ( ,morse's conception1 
remade 8 in/rum5ts1 & 0 ! inv5tor ( t   
r5[n$ alphabet :i* spells )\t lett]s or 
writ+ or types1 t may be se5 or he>d or 
felt or ta/$1 t is adapt$ to any        
language & to all conditions1 & t p]=ms 
to ?is day1 & %all to all "t1 ! miracle 

( caus+ ! inane rattle ( pieces ( metal 
aga9/ ea* o!r to speak to ev5 a c>eless 
li/5] ! exact ?\ghts ( "o a ?\s& miles  
away4  ,ano!r ( ! m5 :o might be        
appropriately includ$ 9 any compreh5sive
 li/ ( aid]s & abettors ( ! pres5t      
telegraph sy/em 7 ,leon>d ,d4 ,gale1 !n 
,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity (   
,new ,york1 & ,pr(essor ,joseph ,h5ry1  
:o _h made1 & 0 app>5tly indiff]5t to ! 
importance ( x because !re 0 no alphabet
 to use x )1 ! fir/ electric telegraph  
ev] con/ruct$ to be read1 or us$1 by    
s\nd4 ,la/1 ?\gh h>dly lea/ if all facts
 are und]/ood1 might be includ$ a       
skillful y\? nam$ ,william ,baxt]1      
aft]w>ds kn[n z ! inv5tor ( ! ,baxt]    
,eng9e1 :o1 %ut 9 a room ) ,vail 9 a    
ma*9e %op 9 ,new ,j]sey1 made 9         
conjunction ) ! au?or ( ! alphabet !    
fir/ telegraphic in/rum5t t1 ) ,h5ry's  
magnet & batt]y cells1 s5t across space 
! fir/ message ev] read by a p]son :o   
did n "k :at ! words ( ! message w\ld   
say or mean until !y _h be5 receiv$4    

,aft] ! telegraph ! /ate ( electrical k 
0 = a long "t su* t electrical inv5tion 
0 9 a s5se impossible4 ,! r5[n$ exploit 
( ,field 0 n an inv5tion1 b a h]oic &   
successful ext5sion ( ! scope &         
usefulness ( an inv5tion4 ,b ?\ght 0 n  
idle1 & fill$ ! int]val ) prep>ations = 
f9al a*ievem5ts unequal$ 9 ! hi/ory (   
sci5ce4 ,two ( ^! results are ! electric
 light & ! telephone4 ,= ! v>i\s c&les1 
su* z t ( ,jablo*k(f1 exhibit$ at ,p>is 
9 #ahgj1 only s]v$ to /imulate          
inve/igation ( ! allur+ possibilities ( 
! subject4 ,! details ( ^! great        
inv5tions are bett] kn[n ?an ^? ( any   
o!rs4 ,! telegraph & ! newspap] report] 
_h come ^u ! field z e/abli%$           
in/itutions4 ,e process & progress 0 a  
piece ( news ( int5se int]e/4 ,:5 !     
light gl[$ 9 its bulb & sp>kl$ & fla%$  
at ! junction po9ts ( its               
*ocolate-color$ /icks x _h be5          
confid5tly expect$4 ,!re 0 little       
surprise4 ,! practical light ( ! _w 0   
consid]$ probable1 pr(itable1 &         

absolutely sure4 ,! real /ory w nev] be 
told4 ,! ?\ghts1 :i* phrase may also    
include ! inevitable disappo9tm5ts ( !  
inv5tor1 are nev] writt5 d[n by him4 ,t 
v>iety ( bra9 :i*1 ) a few great        
exceptions1 0 n kn[n until mod]n1 v     
rec5t times1 :i* does n speculate1      
contrive1 imag9e only1 b also r$uces all
 ideas to comm]cial =m1 has yet to h its
 analysis & its hi/orian1 = x is to all 
int5ts a new phase ( ! evolution ( m9d4 
,illu/ration3 ,,?omas ,a4 ,,edison4  ,a 
typical example ( ?is class ( intellect 
is ,mr4 ,?omas ,a4 ,edison4 ,x may be   
d\bt$ if su* a man c\ld1 9 ! qualities t
 make him rem>kable1 be ! product ( any 
o!r c\ntry ?an ours4 ,9 common ) ne>ly  
all ^? :o h left a deep impression ^u   
our c\ntry1 ,edison 0 ! *ild ( t        
hackney$ respectable pov]ty :i* "h is a 
diff]5t condition f t exi/+ all ov]     
,europe1 :]e ! phrase 0 co9$4 ,!re1 !   
phrase1 & ! condition x describes1 mean 
a dull cont5t1 an incapacity to rise1 a 
happy indiff]5ce to all o!r conditions1 

a dullness t does n desire to le>n1 to  
*ange1 to ?9k4 ,to respectable pov]ty 9 
o!r civilizations !re are /rong local   
associations l ^? ( a cat1 n aris+ to ! 
dignity ( love ( c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 )\t a ^w1 )\t argum5t or "q1 a  
"y man becomes a pione]--n necess>ily "o
 ( locality or physical newness1 b a    
pione] 9 m9d--9 cre$1 politics1         
bus9ess--9 ! b\ndless doma9 ( hope &    
endeavor4 ,9 ,am]ica no man is z 8 fa!r 
0 except 9 physical traits4 ,no man !re 
is a volunte] soldi] fight+ 8 c\ntry's  
battles except f a conviction t he ought
 to be4 ,a man is an inv5tor1 a         
politician1 a writ]1 fir/ because he    
kn[s t valuable *anges are possible1 &1 
second1 because he c make su* *anges    
pr(itable to himself4 ,x is ! great     
realm ( immutable /eadfa/ness comb9$ )  
con/ant *ange2 unique among ! nations4  
,edison nev] _h m ?an two mon?s regul>  
s*ool+ 9 8 entire boyhood4 ,!re is1     
!re=e1 no?+ tra9$1 regul>1 te*nical1    
ab\t him4 ,if !re _h be5 x is probable t

 we might nev] h he>d ( him4 ,he is "o (
 ! innum]able /&+ argum5ts aga9/ ! old  
sy/em advocat$ by ev]ybody's fa!r1 &    
especially by ! old] fa!rs ( ! *ur*1 &  
:i* meant t e man & woman 0 practically 
cut by ! same patt]n1 or ca/ 9 ! same   
g5]al m\ld1 & 0 to be fitt$ = a c]ta9   
not* by tra9+ alone4 ,no m ?an ?irty    
ye>s ago ! note ( prep>ation = ! grooves
 ( life 0 con/antly s\nd$4 ,natural     
aptitude1 b5t1 incl9ation1 7 disreg>d$4 
,! maxim concoct$ by "s envi\s dull man 
t g5ius is only ano!r "n = indu/ry1 0   
con/antly quot$ & believ$4  ,b ,edison's
 "m _h be5 tra9$1 practically1 z an     
in/ructor ( y\?4 ,he _h h9ts f h] 9 !   
te*nical portions ( a boy's prim>y      
tra9+4 ,he is n an ignorant man1 b1 on !
 contr>y1 a v highly educat$ "o4 ,b x is
 an education he has con/ruct$ = himself
 out ( 8 aptitudes1 z all o!r actual    
educations h really be54 ,:5 he 0 t5    
ye>s old he _h read /&>d works1 & at    
twelve is /at$ to h /ruggl$1            
ineffectually p]haps1 ) ,newton's       

,pr9cipia4 ,at t age he became a        
tra9-boy on ! ,gr& ,trunk railroad = !  
purpose ( e>n+ 8 liv+2 only ano!r way ( 
pione]+ & gett+ :at 0 to be got by      
p]sonal endeavor4 ,:ile 9 t bus9ess he  
edit$ & pr9t$ a little newspap]2 n to   
please an amateuri% love ( ! beautiful  
art ( pr9t+1 b = pr(it4 ,he 0 sell+     
pap]s1 & he want$ "o ( 8 own to sell    
because !n he w\ld get m out ( x 9 a    
small way4 ,he nev] aft]w>ds %[$ any    
incl9ation t[>d j\rnalism1 & did n      
become a report] or correspond5t1 or />t
 a rural daily4 ,:ile he 0 a tra9-boy1  
enjoy+ e opportunity = absorb+ a k (    
human nature1 & ( f9ally becom+ a       
pass5g] conductor or a locomotive       
eng9e]1 some?+ call$ 8 att5tion to !    
telegraph z a promot] ( bus9ess1 z a    
great & useful in/itution1 & he resolv$ 
to become an op]ator4 ,?is 0 8          
electrical beg9n+4 ,yet be=e he took ?is
 /ep he 0 accus$ ( a proclivity t[>d    
extraord9>y ?+s4 ,9 ! old caboose :]e he
 edit$1 set up1 & pr9t$ 8 newspap] he _h

 e/abli%$ a small *emical laboratory1 & 
out ( ^! *emicals !re is said to h be5  
jolt$ "o day an accid5t :i* caus$ him "s
 unpopul>ity ) ! railroad p4 ,he 0 all !
 "t a bus9ess man4 ,he employ$ f\r boy  
help]s 9 8 news & publi%+ bus9ess4 ,x   
took him a long "t to le>n ! telegraph  
bus9ess "u ! circum/ances1 & :5 he 0 at 
la/ in/all$ on a plug circuit he began  
at once to d unusual ?+s ) ! curr5t &   
its ma*9es & appliances4 ,?is is :at he 
tells ( 8 fir/ electrical inv5tion4     
,!re 0 an op]ator at "o end ( ! circuit 
:o 0 s swift t ,edison & 8 companion    
c\ld n take fa/ en\gh to keep up ) him4 
,he f\nd two old ,morse regi/]s--!      
ma*9es t pr9t$ ) a /eel po9t ! dots &   
da%es on a pap] slip w\nd (f ( a reel4  
,^! he arrang$ 9 su* a way t ! message  
writt51 or ind5t$1 on !m by ! fir/      
in/rum5t 7 giv5 to him by ! second      
in/rum5t at any desir$ rate ( spe$ or   
sl[ness4  ,?is gave to him & 8 fri5d "t 
to cat* up4 ,?is1 9 ,morse's "t1 w\ld h 
be5 ?\ght an a*ievem5t4 ,edison seems to

 reg>d x z a joke4 ,!re 0 no "t =       
prolong$ exp]im5t4 ,x 0 an em]g5cy1 & ! 
idea mu/ necess>ily h be5 supplem5t$ by 
a quick me*anical skill4  ,x 0 ?is same 
automatic record]1 ! idea embodi$ 9 x1 t
 by ?\ght & logical d$uction aft]w>ds   
produc$ t wond]ful automaton1 !         
phonograph4 ,he rigg$ a ha/y in/rum5t t 
0 bas$ ^u ! idea t if ! ind5tations made
 9 a slip ( pap] c\ld be made to repeat 
! tick+ s\nd ( ! in/rum5t1 simil>       
ind5tations made by a po9t on a         
diaphragm t 0 mov$ by ! voice might be  
made to repeat ! voice4 ,8 rude fir/    
in/rum5t gave back a s\nd vaguely       
resembl+ ! s+le ^w fir/ %\t$ into x &   
suppos$ to be ind5t$ on a slip ( pap]1 &
 ?is 0 en\gh to /imulate fur!r ef=t4 ,he
 f9ally made draw+s & took !m to a      
ma*9i/ :om he knew1 aft]w>ds "o ( 8     
assi/ants1 :o laugh$ at ! idea b made ! 
model4 ,previ\sly he bet a fri5d a b>rel
 ( apples t he c\ld d x4 ,:5 ! model 0  
f9i%$ he arrang$ a piece ( t9 foil &    
talk$ into x1 & :5 x gave back a di/9ct 

s\nd ! ma*9i/ 0 fright5$1 & ,edison won 
8 b>rel ( apples1 :i*1 he says1 ,i 0 v  
glad to get4  ,! ,wiz>d is a man        
evid5tly p]ta9+ to ! class ( human      
ecc5trics :o excite ! int]e/ ( _!       
fell[-m5 to see :at !y w d next1 b )\t  
any idea ( ! f9al value ( t :i* may come
 by :at seems to !m to be m]e unbalanc$ 
oddity4 ,su* p are inv>iably misund]/ood
 until !y succe$4 ,:5 he inv5t$ !       
automatic repeat+ telegraph he 0        
dis*>g$1 & walk$ f ,decatur to          
,na%ville1 #aej miles1 ) only a doll> or
 two z 8 entire possessions4 ,) a pass  
!nce to ,l\isville1 he & a fri5d arriv$ 
at t place 9 a sn[/orm1 & clad 9 l95    
du/]s4 ,?is does n seem sci5tific or    
pr(essor-l1 b x has n h9d]$2 possibly x 
has imm5sely help$4 ,x rem9ds "o ( !    
,frankl9ic episodes :5 rememb]$ 9       
connection ) future sci5tific r5[n & !  
c\rt ( ,france4  ,"o ( ! secrets (      
,edison's great success is ! ease ) :i* 
he conc5trates 8 m9d4 ,he is said to    
possess ! faculty ( leav+ "o ?+ & tak+  

up ano!r :5ev] he wills4 ,he ev5 c>ries 
on 9 8 m9d v>i\s tra9s ( ?\ght at ! same
 "t4 ,! op]ations ( 8 bra9 are imitat$ 9
 8 daily conduct1 :i* is direct & simple
 9 all respects4 ,he is nev] happi] ?an 
:5 engag$ 9 ! mo/ absorb+ & exact+ m5tal
 toil4 ,he dresses 9 a ma*9i/'s clo!s :5
 ?us employ$ 9 8 laboratory1 & 0 long   
accu/om$ to "w cont9u\sly = z long z he 
0 s incl9$ )\t reg>d to regul>ity1 or   
meals1 or day or night4 ,he is will+ to 
eat 8 food f a b5* t is litt]$ ) fil+s1 
*ips & tools4 ,to relieve /ra9 & take a 
mom5t's recreation he is kn[n to h b\ght
 a cottage organ & taught himself to    
play x1 & to g to x 9 ! middle ( ! night
 & gr9d out tunes = relaxation4 ,he has 
a work+ libr>y conta9+ sev]al ?\s&      
books4 ,he pores ov] ^! volumes to in=m 
himself ^u "s press+ idea1 & does s 9 ! 
mid/ ( 8 "w4 ,no man c\ld h made "s ( 8 
inv5tions unaid$ by te*nical sci5ce & a 
k ( ! results ( ! inve/igations ( _m    
o!rs1 & x has (t5 be5 wond]$ h[ a man n 
te*nically educat$ c\ld h seem$ s well  

to "k4 ,!re 0 a mi/ake4 ,he is educat$2 
a sci5tific inve/igator ( rem>kable     
atta9m5ts4  ,9 ?9k+ ( ! inv5tions (     
,edison & _! value1 a doz5 ( ! fir/     
class1 t w\ld ea* "o h satisfi$ !       
ambition or tak5 ! "t ( an ord9>y man1 c
 be nam$4 ,! mimeograph & ! electric p5 
are m9or4 ,!n !re are ! /ock pr9t]1 !   
automatic repeat+ telegraph1 quadruplex 
telegraphy1 ! phono-plex1 ! ore-mill+   
process1 ! railway telegraph1 ! electric
 eng9e1 ! phonograph4 ,"s ( ^! inv5tions
 seem1 9 ! gl[ ( 8 inc&esc5t light1 or )
 "o's e> to ! tube ( ! telephone he     
improv$ 9 its mo/ ess5tial "p1 to be too
 small = ,edison4 ,b no?+ 0 too small = 
,frankl91 or = ! boy :o play$ idly ) !  
lid ( 8 "m's tea-kettle & almo/ inv5t$ !
 /eam-eng9e ( today1 or = ,h]o (        
,alex&ria1 :o dream$ a ?\s& ye>s be=e   
its "t ( ! p[] t 0 to come4 ,s 0 ,h5ry's
 fir/ electric telegraph ! m]e/ toy1 & 8
 electro-magnet 0 support$ ^u a pile (  
books1 8 signal bell 0 t ) :i* "o calls 
a s]vant1 & 8 idea 0 a m]e exp]im5t )\t 

result4 ,!re 0 a boy ,edison ne$$ !re   
!n1 ^: toys reap =tunes & light1 &      
enlight51 ! _w4 ,! electric p5 0 9 its  
day imm5sely useful 9 ! bus9ess _w1     
because x 0 ! application ( ! /5cil to  
ord9>y manuscript1 & caus$ ! mak+ (     
hundr$s ( copies ^u ! /5cil idea1 & ) a 
pr9t]'s roll] in/ead ( a bru%4 ,!       
mimeograph 0 ! same idea 9 a totally    
diff]5t =m4 ,x 0 writ+ ^u a tablet t is 
l a ba/>d-file1 ) a /eel-po9t$ /ylus4   
,ea* slight projection makes a hole 9 ! 
pap]1 & !n ! /5cil idea beg9s aga94     
,some?+ has be5 previ\sly said ( !      
difficulties att5d+ ! mak+ ( ! filam5t =
 ! inc&esc5t light4 ,x is a little ?+1  
small] ?an a ?read1 frail1 delicate1    
seal$ 9 a bulb almo/ absolutely exhau/$ 
( air1 smoo? )\t a flaw1 ( absolutely   
ev5 calib] f end to end4 ,! _w 0 se>*$ =
 sub/ances out ( :i* to make x1 &       
exp]im5ts 7 endlessly & t$i\sly tri$2   
all = ?is "o little "p ( a great        
inv5tion1 :i*1 l all o!r inv5tions1 w\ld
 be valueless 9 ! want ( a s+le little  

"p4  ,!re are hundr$s1 an unkn[n numb]1 
( inv5tions 9 electricity 9 ?is c\ntry  
^: au?ors are unkn[n1 & w nev] be kn[n  
to ! g5]al public4 ,! pat5t (fice %[s _m
 ?\s&s ( su* 9 ! aggregate4 ,_m useful  
improvem5ts 9 ! telephone alone h come  
"u ! eye ( e casual read] ( ! newspap]s4
 ,^! are n[ lock$ up f ! _w1 ) _m o!r   
pat5t$ *anges 9 exi/+ ma*9es1 because ( 
! great exp5se att5d+ _! sub/itution =  
^? arrangem5ts n[ 9 use4  ,all !        
pr9ciples--! pr9ciples t1 f9ally        
demon/rat$1 become laws--^u :i*         
electrical inv5tion is bas$1 are old4 ,x
 seems impossible1 dur+ ! entire era (  
mod]n ?\ght1 to h f\nd a new trait1 a   
developm5t1 a hi!rto unsuspect$ quality4
 ,tesla1 9 "s ( 8 mo/ wond]ful          
exp]im5ts1 seems almo/ to h t\*$ !      
b\nd>ies ( an unexplor$ realm1 yet n q1 
n yet1 & mo/ likely absolute discov]y c 
no f>!r g4 ,to play ^u ^? kn[n laws--to 
twi/ !m to new utilities & give !m new  
developm5ts--has be5 ! "w ( ! creators (
 all ! mod]n electrical miracles4 ,!re  

is sc>cely a field 9 :i* m5 "w 9 :i* !  
results are n m app>5t1 yet all we h1 & 
und\bt$ly mo/ we %all ev] h1 (          
electricity we %all cont9ue to owe to ! 
infant p]iod ( ! sci5ce4  ,x may be     
tru?fully claim$ t mo/ ( ^! extraord9>y 
applications ( electricity h be5 made by
 ,am]ican inv5tors4 ,:]ev] !re is /eam1 
on sea or l&1 !re1 intimately associat$ 
) ,am]ican managem5t1 w be f\nd !       
dynamic curr5t & all its uses4 ,! sci5ce
 ( explosive de/ruction has almo/       
entirely *ang$1 & ) a mo/ extraord9>y   
result4 ,b "o ( ! factors ( ?is *ange   
has be5 ! electric curr5t1 a some?+     
prim>ily hav+ no?+ to d ) guns1 %ips or 
sail+4 ,! mod]n man-(-w>1 beg9n+ ) ^? ( 
our own navy1 is light$ by ! electric   
light1 signall$ & controll$ by ! curr5t1
 & h] pond]\s guns are load$1 fir$1 &   
ev5 sight$ by ! same means4 ,h] (fic]s  
are a corps ( electrical exp]ts4 ,a l>ge
 "p ( h] crew are tra9$ to manipulate   
wires in/ead ( ropes1 & h] total        
effici5cy is p]haps ?ree times :at x    

w\ld be ) ! same tonnage "u ! old rgime4
 ,!re is a new sea life & sea sci5ce1   
born full gr[n )9 t5 ye>s f a s]vice    
encru/$ ) traditions l b>nacles1 & t    
c\ld n h come by any o!r ag5cy4 ,a big  
gun is no long] m]ely t1 b also an      
electrical ma*9e1 (t5 ) ma*9]y z        
complicat$ z t ( a *ronomet] & mu* m    
my/]i\s 9 op]ation4  ,i h said t ! huge 
piece 0 ev5 sight$ by electricity4 ,!re 
is really no?+ /range 9 ! /atem5t1 ?\gh 
x may read l a fairy tale or a metaphor 
to :oev] has nev] _h 8 att5tion call$ to
 ! subject4 ,9 a small way1 ) ! "n ( its
 inv5tor almo/ unkn[n except to 8       
messmates1 x is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful1 &  
"o ( ! simple/1 ( ! mod]n miracles4 ,z a
 m]e in/ance ( ! wide ext5t ( mod]n     
ideas ( utility1 & ( ! possibilities (  
application ( ! laws t 7 discov]$ &     
=mulat$ by ^? ^: names ! units (        
electrical measurem5ts be>1 x may be    
briefly /at$ h[ a gr\p ( gunn]s may "w  
beh9d an iron brea/work1 & nev] see !   
enemy's hull1 & yet aim at him ) a      

hundr$ times ! accuracy possible 9 ! day
 ( ! ,old ,ironsides & ! ,gu]ri]e4  ,&  
fir/ x may be /at$ t ! range-f9d] is    
l>gely a measure ( m]e economy4 ,a      
two-million-doll> cruis] is n sail$1 or 
lo/1 z a m]e pa/ime4 ,:oev] aims be/ w  
w9 ! fight4 ,t5 ye>s ago ! way ( f9d+   
di/ance1 or range1 :i* is ! same ?+1 0  
exp]im5tal4 ,if a co/ly %ot 0 fir$ ov] !
 enemy ! next "o 0 fir$ l[]1 & possibly 
betwe5 ! two ! range might be got1 bo?  
vessels meantime *ang+ positions &      
range4 ,to *ange ?is1 to ei!r injure an 
antagoni/ quickly or get away1 !        
range-f9d] 0 inv5t$1 z a matt] n (      
bus9ess pr(it1 by ,lieut5ant ,bradley   
,a4 ,fiske1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy1 9 #ahhi4 
,x has its reason 9 ! famili> ma!matical
 proposition t if two angles & "o side (
 a triangle are kn[n1 ! o!r sides ( !   
triangle are easily f\nd4 ,t is1 t x c  
be det]m9$ h[ f> x is to a di/ant object
 )\t go+ to x4 ,b ,fiske's range-f9d]   
makes no ma!matical calculations1 nor   
requires !m to be made1 & is automatic4 

,a base l9e p]man5tly fix$ on ! %ip is !
 "o side ( a triangle requir$4 ,!       
di/ance ( ! object to be hit is det]m9$ 
by its be+ ! apex ( an imag9>y triangle1
 & at ea* ( ! o!r angles1 at ! two ends 
( ! base l9e1 is fix$ a spyglass4 ,^!   
are direct$ at ! object4  ,s f>         
electricity has _h no?+ to d ) !        
arrangem5t1 b n[ x ent]s z ! factor )\t 
:i* ! device c\ld h no adaptation4 ,z ! 
telescopes are turn$ to be> ^u ! t>get  
!y move ^u slides or wires b5t into an  
arc1 & ^! c>ry an electric curr5t4 ,!   
diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( ! slide pass$ ov] 9   
turn+ ! telescopes ^u ! object causes a 
great] or less resi/ance to ! curr5t1   
precisely z a %ort wire c>ries a curr5t 
m easily2 ) less resi/ance2 ?an a long  
"o4 ,a contrivance = measur+ ! curr5t1  
am\nt+ to ! same ?+ t o!r in/rum5ts d ( 
! same class t are us$ e day1 all[s (   
?is resi/ance be+ measur$ & read1 n n[ 9
 units ( electricity1 b 9 di/ance to !  
apex ( ! triangle :]e ! t>get is2 9     
y>ds4 ,! man at ea* telescope has only  

to keep x po9t$ at ! t>get z x moves1 or
 z ! vessel moves :i* wi%es to hit x4 ,&
 n[ ev5 ! telephone ent]s into !        
arrangem5t4 ,else:]e 9 ! %ip ano!r man  
may /& ) ! transmitt] at 8 e>4 ,he w he>
 a buzz+ s\nd until ! telescopes /op    
mov+1 & at ! same "t !re w be "u 8 eye a
 po9t] mov+ ov] a graduat$ scale4 ,!    
in/ant ! s\nd ceases he reads ! range   
d5ot$ by ! index & scale4 ,! in=mation  
is !n convey$ 9 any desir$ way to ! m5  
at ! guns2 ^!1 ( c\rse1 be+ aim$ by a   
scale correspond+ to t "u ! eye ( ! man 
at ! telephone4 ,! plan is n "h detail$ 
z te*nical in=mation valuable to !      
casual read]1 b z %[+ ! wide range (    
electrical applications 9 fields :]e    
possible usefulness w\ld n h be5 s mu* z
 suspect$ a few ye>s ago4 ,! same       
g5tleman1 ,lieut4 ,fiske1 is also !     
au?or ( +5i\s electrical appliances = ! 
work+ ( ^? imm5se gun-c>riages t h gr[n 
too big = m5 to move1 & = ! hoi/+ into  
_! cav]n\s bree*es ( %ot & %ell4 ,! m5  
:o "w ^! guns n[ d n ne$ to see ! enemy1

 ev5 ?r\gh ! por?ole or ! embrasure4 ,!y
 c att5d /rictly to ! bus9ess ( load+ & 
fir+1 assi/$ by ma*9es ne>ly or q       
automatic1 & c cant & lay ! piece by an 
index1 & fire ) an electric lany>d4 ,!  
g5ius ( sci5ce has tak5 ! ?rone vacat$  
by ! goddess ( glory4 ,! sailor has     
gone1 & ! exp]t me*anician has tak5 8   
place4 ,! t> & 8 tra9+ h giv5 way to !  
regi/]1 ! gauge & ! electromet]4 ,! big 
black guns are no long] run backw>d amid
 %\ts & fly+ spl9t]s1 & ramm$ by m5     
/ripp$ to ! wai/ & %r\d$ 9 ! smoke ( !  
la/ dis*>ge1 b sw+ _! long & tap]+      
muzzles to & fro out ( /eel casemates1 &
 tilt _! pond]\s bree*es l huge         
grotesque animals ly+ d[n4 ,! grim      
ma*9]y ( naval battle is mov$ by        
invisible h&s1 & its enorm\s weight is  
sway$ & tilt$ by a conceal$ & sil5t     
wire4  ,?is /range slave1 t toils unmov$
 9 ! d9 ( battle1 has be5 r$uc$ to      
dome/ic s]vitude ( ! pla9e/ "*4 ,!      
demon/rations made ( cook+ by           
electricity at ! great fair ( #ahic     

leave t s]vice possible 9 ! future )\t  
any "q4 ,electrical ov5s1 models (      
neatness1 conv5i5ce & coolness1 7 %[n at
 "w4 ,!y 7 made ( wood1 l9$ ) asbe/os1 &
 7 light$ inside ) an inc&esc5t lamp4 ,!
 degree ( temp]ature 0 %[n by a         
!rmomet]1 & mica doors r5d]$ ! bak+ or  
roa/+ visible4 ,!re c\ld be no "q ( too 
mu* heat on "o side & too little on     
ano!r1 because swit*es plac$ at diff]5t 
po9ts all[$ ( a cutt+ (f1 or a turn+ on1
 :5ev] ne$$4 ,laundry irons _h an       
insulat$ pliable connection atta*$1 s t 
heat 0 high & con/ant at ! bottom ( !   
iron & n else:]e4 ,!re 7 all !          
appliances necess>y = ! broil+ ( /eaks1 
! mak+ ( c(fee & ! bak+ ( cakes1 & !    
same my/]y1 :i* is no long] a my/]y1    
p]vad$ x all4 ,woman is also to become  
an electrician1 at lea/ empirically1 & 9
 "t soon to come w und]/& h] voltage &  
h] ,ampres z %e n[ does h] drafts &     
damp]s & ! quality ( h] fuel4  ,x is a  
practical fact t *ick5s are hat*$ by !  
?\s& by ! electrical curr5t1 & t m5 h   

discov]$ m ?an nature knew ab\t ! p]iod 
( incubation1 & h r$uc$ x by electricity
 f tw5ty-"o to n9ete5 days4 ,! prov]b   
ab\t ! value ( ! "t ( ! incubat+ h5 has 
pass$ into antiquity ) all ?+s else 9 ! 
pres5ce ( electrical sci5ce4  ,:5ev] an 
,am]ican me*anician1 a manufactur] or an
 inv5tor1 is confront$ by a difficulty  
o!rwise insolvable he turns to          
electricity4 ,its laws & qualities are  
few4 ,!y seem n[ to be ne>ly all kn[n1 b
 ! great curiosity ( mod]n times is !   
almo/ inf9ite numb] ( applications :i*  
^! laws & qualities may be made to s]ve4
 ,"o may turn at a s+le glance f ! load+
 & fir+ ( naval guns to ! hat*+ ( *ick5s
 & ! cook+ ( *ocolate by precisely !    
same means1 sil5tly us$ 9 ! same way4   
,mo/ ( ^! applications1 & all ! mo/     
extraord9>y ones1 are ( ,am]ican orig94 
,_! inv5tors are l>gely unkn[n4 ,!re is 
no attempt made "h to m ?an sugge/ !    
possibilities ( ! ne> future by a       
glimpse ( ! pres5t4 ,! g5]ation t is    
ris+1 ! boy :o is t5 ye>s old1 %\ld     

easily "k m ( electrical sci5ce ?an     
,frankl9 did4 ,!re are c]ta9 primal laws
 by :i* all explanations ( all t n[ is1 
& mo/ probably ( almo/ all t is to come 
s f> z pr9ciples g1 may be readily      
und]/ood1 & ^! ,i h endeavor$1 9 ?is &  
prec$+ *apt]s1 to expla94  ,!re are 9 ! 
,unit$ ,/ates new applications (        
electricity lit]ally e day4 ,be=e !     
writt5 page is pr9t$ "s />tl+           
application is likely to be made t gives
 to t page at once an incomplet5ess x is
 impossible to gu>d aga9/ or avoid4 ,!re
 is a /rong incl9ation to prophesy2 to  
tell ( t :i* is to come2 to picture !   
w>m$ & illum9at$ future1 smokeless &    
odorless1 & ! homes 9 :i* ! *ildr5 ( !  
ne> future %all be re>$4 ,"s ( ^? few   
appreh5d$ ?+s1 sugge/$ z be+ possible or
 desirable 9 ^! *apt]s1 h be5 s9ce done 
& ! au?or has se5 !m4 ,?is ,am]ican     
facility ( electrical inv5tion has "o   
great cause1 "o specific reason = its   
fruitfulness4 ,x is because s _m acute  
m9ds h ma/]$ ! simple laws ( electrical 

action4 ,?is k n only fo/]s intellig5t &
 fruitful exp]im5t b x prev5ts ! do+ (  
fooli% ?+s4 ,no man :o has acquir$ a k (
 me*anical =ces1 :o und]/&s at lea/ t   
great law t = all =ce ex]t$ !re is      
exact$ an equival5t1 ev] dreams ^u !    
folly ( ! p]petual motion4 ,9 l mann]   
does a k1 purely !oretical1 ( ! laws (  
electricity prev5t t wa/e ( "t 9 grop+s 
& dreams ( :i* ! /ory ( sci5ce & ! long 
human /ruggle 9 all ages & 9 all        
dep>tm5ts is full4  ,f9ally1 ,i w\ld1 if
 possible dispell all ideas ( /rang5ess 
& my/]y & semi-miracle z connect$ )     
electrical ph5om5a4 ,!re is no my/]y2   
above all1 !re is no caprice4 ,!re are1 
9 electricity & 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts (   
sci5ce1 /ill _m ?+s undiscov]$4 ,x is   
c]ta9 t causes lead f> back into t realm
 :i* is beyond pres5t human             
inve/igation4 ,=ce has innum]able       
manife/ations t are visible1 t are      
und]/ood1 t are controll$4 ,its orig9 is
 beh9d ! veil4 ,a ?\s& bran*+ ?reads (  
argum5t may be tak5 up & wov5 into !    

s+le /r& t leads into ! unkn[n4 ,out ( !
 ?\ght t is born ( ?+s has already aris5
 a new conception ( ! univ]se1 & ( !    
,et]nal ,m9d :o is its ma/]4 ,among ^!  
?+s1 ^! daily manife/ations ( a seem+   
my/]y1 ! mo/ spl5did are ! ph5om5a (    
electricity4 ,!y c\rt ! human und]/&+ & 
(f] a cont9ual *all5ge to t faculty :i* 
alone di/+ui%es humanity f ! bea/s4 ,!  
assi/ance giv5 9 ! prec$+ pages t[>d a  
cle> und]/&+ ( ! reason :y1 s f> z kn[n1
 is p]haps inadequate1 b is an attempt  
(f]$ = :at ( int]e/ or value may be     
f\nd4