,,jewi% ,,hi/ory  ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,!  
,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory  ,by ,s4 ,m4  
,dubn[     ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,g]man   
,,translation   ,! au?or ( ! pres5t     
essay1 ,s4 ,m4 ,dubn[1 occupies a       
well-nigh dom9at+ position 9            
,russian-,jewi% lit]ature z an hi/orian 
& an acute critic4 ,8 inve/igations into
 ! hi/ory ( ! ,poli%-,russian ,jews1    
especially 8 a*ievem5ts 9 ! hi/ory (    
,*assidism1 h be5 ( fundam5tal          
importance 9 ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,:at raises  
,mr4 ,dubn[ f> above ! /atus ( !        
pr(essional hi/orian1 & awak5s ! read]'s
 lively int]e/ 9 him1 is n s mu* ! matt]
 ( 8 books1 z ! mann] ( pres5tation4 ,x 
is r>e to meet ) an hi/orian 9 :om      
sci5tific objectivity & ?or\ghness are s
 h>moni\sly comb9$ ) an ard5t temp]am5t 
& pla/ic ability4 ,mr4 ,dubn['s         
sci5tific activity1 fir/ & la/1 is a    
/rik+ refutation ( ! widespread op9ion t
 id5tifies attractiv5ess ( =m 9 ! "w ( a
 s*ol> ) sup]ficiality ( cont5t4 ,ev5 8 
/rictly sci5tific inve/igations1 besides

 (f]+ ! s*ol> a weal? ( new sugge/ions1 
=m in/ructive & ent]ta9+ read+ matt] = !
 educat$ layman4 ,9 8 critical essays1  
,mr4 ,dubn[ %[s himself to be possess$ (
 ke5 psy*ologic insight4 ,by virtue (   
?is quality ( delicate p]ception1 he    
aims to assign to e hi/orical fact its  
prop] place 9 ! l9e ( developm5t1 & s   
e/abli% ! bond betwe5 x & ! g5]al hi/ory
 ( mank9d4 ,?is psy*ologic ability      
contributes va/ly to ! int]e/ ar\s$ by  
,mr4 ,dubn['s hi/orical works outside ( 
! limit$ circle ( s*ol>s4 ,!re is a     
passage 9 "o ( 8 books#a 9 :i*1 9 8     
incisive mann]1 he expresses 8 views on 
! limits & tasks ( hi/orical writ+4 ,z !
 passage be>s ^u ! me?ods employ$ 9 !   
pres5t essay1 &1 at ! same "t1 is a     
*>act]i/ic specim5 ( our au?or's /yle1  
,i take ! lib]ty ( quot+3  ,!           
popul>ization ( hi/ory is by no means to
 be pursu$ to ! detrim5t ( its sev]ely  
sci5tific treatm5t4 ,:at is to be gu>d$ 
aga9/ is ! notion t t$ium is insep>able 
f ! sci5tific me?od4 ,i h always be5 ( !

 op9ion t ! dulness commonly look$ ^u z 
! pr]ogative ( s*ol>ly inquiries1 is n  
an inh]5t attribute4 ,9 mo/ cases x is  
condition$1 n by ! nature ( ! subject "u
 inve/igation1 b by ! temp] ( !         
inve/igator4 ,(t51 inde$1 ! t$i\sness ( 
a le>n$ disquisition is int5tional3 x is
 consid]$ "o ( ! polite conv5tions ( !  
academic guild1 & by _m is id5tifi$ )   
sci5tific ?or\ghness & pr(\nd le>n+4444 
,if1 9 g5]al1 dead5+1 hide-b\nd ca/e    
me?ods1 n seldom ! cov] = pov]ty ( ?\ght
 & lack ( clev]ness1 are repreh5sible1  
!y are d\bly repreh5sible 9 hi/ory4 ,!  
hi/ory ( a p is n a m]e m5tal discipl9e1
 l botany or ma!matics1 b a liv+ sci5ce1
 a magi/ra vitae1 lead+ /raight to      
national self-k1 & act+ to a c]ta9      
degree ^u ! national "*4 ,hi/ory is a   
sci5ce by ! p1 = ! p1 &1 !re=e1 its     
place is ! op5 =um1 n ! s*ol>'s mu/y    
closet4 ,we relate ! ev5ts ( ! pa/ to ! 
p1 n m]ely to a h&ful ( ar*aeologi/s &  
numismaticians4 ,we "w = national       
self-k1 n = our own intellectual        

div]sion4    #a ,9 ! introduction to 8  
,hi/oris*e ,mitteilung51     ,vor>beit5 
zu e9] ,ges*i*te d] pol-nis*russis*5    
,jud54  ,^! are ! pr9ciples t h guid$   
,mr4 ,dubn[ 9 all 8 works1 & he has be5 
true to !m 9 ! pres5t essay1 :i*        
exhibits 9 a rem>kably /rik+ way !      
au?or's art ( mak+ all ?+s seem fre% &  
new1 important & attractive4 ,new &     
important 8 essay und\bt$ly is4 ,! au?or
 attempts1 = ! fir/ "t1 a psy*ologic    
*>act]ization ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,he      
endeavors to demon/rate ! inn]          
connection betwe5 ev5ts1 & develop !    
ideas t und]lie !m1 or1 to use 8 own    
expression1 lay b>e ! s\l ( ,jewi%      
hi/ory1 :i* clo!s itself ) ext]nal ev5ts
 z ) a bodily envelope4 ,jewi% hi/ory   
has nev] be=e be5 consid]$ f ?is        
philosophic po9t ( view1 c]ta9ly n 9    
,g]man lit]ature4 ,! pres5t "w1 !re=e1  
_c fail to prove /imulat+4 ,z = ! poet's
 o!r requirem5t1 attractiv5ess1 x is    
fully met by ! "w "h translat$4 ,!      
qualities ( ,mr4 ,dubn['s /yle1 z       

describ$ above1 are pres5t to a m>k$    
degree4 ,! en?usiasm flam+ up 9 e l9e1  
c\pl$ ) 8 pla/ic1 figurative /yle1 & 8  
sc9tillat+ conceits1 :i* l5d vivacity to
 8 pres5tation1 is b\nd to *>m ! read]4 
,yet1 9 spite ( ! racy /yle1 ev5 !      
layman w h no difficulty 9 discov]+ t x 
is n a clev] j\rnali/1 an artific] (    
well-turn$ phrases1 :o is speak+ to him1
 b a s*ol> by pr(ession1 ^: =emo/ conc]n
 is ) hi/orical tru?1 & ^: e /atem5t    
re/s ^u accurate1 sci5tific k2 n a      
bookworm ) pale1 academic blood trickl+ 
?r\gh 8 ve9s1 b a man :o1 ) uns\r$ mi51 
) fre%1 buoyant delight1 (f]s ! _w !    
results labori\sly rea*$ 9 8 /udy1 aft] 
all evid5ces ( toil & moil h be5        
c>efully remov$2 :o d]ives inspiration f
 ! noble & ! sublime 9 :atev] guise x   
may appe>1 & :o kn[s h[ to communicate 8
 inspiration to o!rs4  ,! translator    
lays ?is book ( an accompli%$ & spirit$ 
hi/orian be=e ! ,g]man public4 ,he does 
s 9 ! hope t x w %$ new light ^u ,jewi% 
hi/ory ev5 = pr(essional s*ol>s4 ,he is 

confid5t t 9 _m to :om our unexampl$ pa/
 ( f\r ?\s& ye>s' duration is n[ t]ra   
incognita1 x w ar\se en?usia/ic int]e/1 
& ev5 to ^? :o1 l ! translator himself1 
diff] f ! au?or 9 religi\s views1 x w   
furni% edify+ & sugge/ive read+4 ,j4 ,f4
     ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,engli%        
,,translation   ,! ,engli% translation (
 ,mr4 ,dubn['s ,essay is bas$ ^u !      
au?oriz$ ,g]man translation1 :i* 0 made 
f ! orig9al ,russian4 ,x is publi%$ "u !
 jo9t auspices ( ! ,jewi% ,publication  
,society ( ,am]ica & ! ,jewi% ,hi/orical
 ,society ( ,engl&4 ,h4 ,s4     ,,table 
,,( ,,cont5ts   ,,preface ,,to ,,!      
,,g]man ,,translation  ,,introductory   
,,note  ,i  ,,! ,,range ,,( ,,jewi%     
,,hi/ory    ,hi/orical & ,unhi/orical   
,peoples    ,?ree ,gr\ps ( ,nations     
,! ,mo/ ,hi/orical ,p    ,ext5t ( ,jewi%
 ,hi/ory  ,,ii  ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,jewi%
 ,,hi/ory    ,two ,p]iods ( ,jewi%      
,hi/ory    ,! ,p]iod ( ,indep5d5ce    ,!
 ,election ( ! ,jewi% ,p    ,prie/s &   
,prophets    ,! ,babylonian ,exile & !  

,scribes    ,! ,disp]sion    ,jewi%     
,hi/ory & ,univ]sal ,hi/ory    ,jewi%   
,hi/ory ,*>act]iz$  ,,iii  ,,!          
,,significance ,,( ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory     
,! ,national ,aspect ( ,jewi% ,hi/ory   
,! ,hi/orical ,consci\sness    ,!       
,national ,idea & ,national ,feel+    ,!
 ,univ]sal ,aspect ( ,jewi% ,hi/ory     
,an ,hi/orical ,exp]im5t    ,a ,moral   
,discipl9e    ,humanit>ian ,significance
 ( ,jewi% ,hi/ory    ,s*leid5 & ,george 
,eliot  ,,iv  ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,syn!sis 
,?ree ,prim>y ,p]iods    ,f\r ,composite
 ,p]iods  ,v  ,,! ,,prim>y ,,or         
,,biblical ,,p]iod    ,cosmic ,orig9 ( !
 ,jewi% ,religion    ,tribal            
,organization    ,egyptian ,influ5ce &  
,exp]i5ces    ,moses    ,mosaism a      
,religi\s & ,moral z well z a ,social & 
,political        ,sy/em    ,national   
,deities    ,! ,prophets & ! two ,k+doms
    ,judaism a ,univ]sal ,religion  ,,vi
  ,,! ,,second>y ,,or                   
,,spiritual-,,political ,,p]iod    ,gr[?
 ( ,national ,feel+    ,ezra & ,nehemiah

    ,! ,scribes    ,hell5ism    ,!      
,maccabees    ,sadducees1 ,ph>isees1 &  
,ess5es    ,alex&rian ,jews             
,*ri/ianity  ,,vii  ,,! ,,t]ti>y        
,,talmudic ,,or ,,national-,,religi\s   
,,p]iod    ,! ,isolation ( ,jewry &     
,judaism    ,! ,mi%na    ,! ,talmud     
,intellectual ,activity 9 ,pale/9e &    
,babylonia    ,! ,agada & ! ,midra%     
,unification ( ,judaism  ,,viii  ,,!    
,,gaonic ,,p]iod1 ,,or ,,! ,,hegemony   
,,( ,,! ,,ori5tal ,,jews 7#ejj-ihj7     
,! ,academies    ,islam    ,k>aism      
,beg9n+ ( ,p]secutions 9 ,europe        
,arabic ,civilization 9 ,europe  ,,ix   
,,! ,,rabb9ic-,,philosophical ,,p]iod1  
,,or ,,! ,,hegemony ,,( ,,! ,,spani%    
,,jews 7#ihj-adib7    ,! ,spani% ,jews  
,! ,arabic-,jewi% ,r5aissance    ,!     
,crusades & ! ,jews    ,degradation ( ! 
,jews 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe    ,! ,prov5ce 
,! ,lat]an ,c\ncil    ,! ,kabbala       
,expulsion f ,spa9  ,x  ,,!             
,,rabb9ic-,,my/ical ,,p]iod1 ,,or ,,!   
,,hegemony ,,( ,,! ,,g]man-,,poli%      

,,jews 7#adib-aghi7    ,! ,humani/s & ! 
,re=mation    ,pale/9e an ,asylum =     
,jews    ,messianic ,belief & ,hopes    
,holl& a ,jewi% ,c5tre    ,pol& & !     
,jews    ,! ,rabb9ical ,au?orities (    
,pol&    ,isolation ( ! ,poli% ,jews    
,my/icism & ! ,practical ,kabbala       
,*assidism    ,p]secutions & ,morbid    
,piety  ,,xi  ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p]iod ,,(   
,,enlight5m5t 7,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury7  
,! ,fr5* ,revolution    ,! ,jewi%       
,middle ,ages    ,spiritual & ,civil    
,emancipation    ,! ,successors (       
,m5delssohn    ,zunz & ! ,sci5ce (      
,judaism    ,! ,mod]n ,movem5ts outside 
( ,g]many    ,! ,jew 9 ,russia    ,8    
,reg5]ation    ,anti-,semitism &        
,judophobia  ,,xii  ,,! ,,tea*+s ,,(    
,,jewi% ,,hi/ory    ,jewry a ,spiritual 
,community    ,jewry ,inde/ructible     
,! ,creative ,pr9ciple ( ,jewry    ,!   
,task ( ! ,future    ,! ,jew & !        
,nations    ,! ,ultimate ,ideal         
,,introductory ,,note   ,:at is ,jewi%  
,hi/ory8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 :at does x (f]

 z to quantity & z to quality8 ,:at are 
its range & cont5t1 & :at di/+ui%es x 9 
^! two respects f ! hi/ory ( o!r        
nations8 ,fur!rmore1 :at is ! ess5tial  
mean+1 :at ! _s1 ( ,jewi% ,hi/ory8 ,or1 
to put ! "q 9 ano!r way1 to :at g5]al   
results are we l$ by ! aggregate ( its  
facts1 consid]$1 n z a :ole1 b          
g5etically1 z a succession ( evolution>y
 /ages 9 ! consci\sness & education ( ! 
,jewi% p8  ,if we c\ld f9d precise      
answ]s to ^! sev]al que/ions1 !y w\ld   
con/itute a *>act]ization ( ,jewi%      
,hi/ory z accurate z is atta9able4 ,to  
pres5t su* a *>act]ization succ9ctly is 
! purpose ( ! foll[+ essay4     ,,jewi% 
,,hi/ory  ,,an ,,essay ,,9 ,,!          
,,philosophy ,,( ,,hi/ory     ,i  ,,!   
,,range ,,( ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory       ,le  
peuple juif n'e/ pas seulem5t           
considrable p> son     antiquit1 mais il
 e/ encore s+uli] en sa dure1 qui a     
t\j\rs cont9u depuis son orig9e jusqu'  
ma9t5ant 444     ,s't5dant depuis les   
premi]s temps jusqu'aux d]ni]s1         

l'hi/oire des juifs enf]me dans sa dure 
celle de t\tes nos                      
hi/oires4--,,pascal1 ,p5ses1 ,,ii1 #g4  
,to make cle> ! range ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 x
 is necess>y to set d[n a few g5]al1    
elem5t>y def9itions by way (            
introduction4  ,x has long be5 recogniz$
 t a fundam5tal diff]5ce exi/s betwe5   
hi/orical & unhi/orical peoples1 a      
diff]5ce gr[+ out ( ! fact ( ! natural  
inequality betwe5 ! v>i\s elem5ts       
compos+ ! human race4 ,unhi/orical is ! 
attribute appli$ to peoples t h n yet   
brok5 away1 or h n dep>t$ v f>1 f ! /ate
 ( primitive savag]y1 z1 = in/ance1 !   
b>b>\s races ( ,asia & ,africa :o 7 !   
prehi/oric ance/ors ( ! ,europeans1 or !
 obscure1 untutor$ tribes ( ! pres5t1 l 
! ,t>t>s & ! ,kirghiz4 ,unhi/orical     
peoples1 !n1 are e?nic gr\ps ( all sorts
 t are b]eft ( a di/9ctive1 spiritual   
individuality1 & h fail$ to display     
normal1 indep5d5t capacity = culture4 ,!
 t]m hi/orical1 on ! o!r h&1 is appli$  
to ! nations t h _h a consci\s1         

purposeful hi/ory ( appreciable         
duration2 t h progress$1 /age by /age1 9
 _! gr[? & 9 ! improvem5t ( _! mode & _!
 views ( life2 t h demon/rat$ m5tal     
productivity ( "s sort1 & h elaborat$   
pr9ciples ( civilization & social life m
 or less rational2 nations1 9 %ort1     
repres5t+ n only zoologic1 b also       
spiritual types4#b    #b ,! primitive   
peoples t *ange ) _! environm5t1        
con/antly adapt+ !mselves to _! habitat 
& to     ext]nal nature1 h no hi/ory4444
 ,only ^? nations &     /ates belong to 
hi/ory :i* display self-consci\s action2
     :i* ev9ce an inn] spiritual life by
 div]sifi$     manife/ations2 & comb9e  
into an organic :ole :at !y     receive 
f )\t1 & :at !y !mselves orig9ate4      
7,introduction to ,web]'s ,allgeme9e    
,weltges*i*te1 i1     pp4 #af-ah47      
,*ronologically consid]$1 ^! latt]      
nations1 ( a high] type1 are usually    
divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3 #a1 ! mo/ anci5t
 civiliz$ peoples ( ! ,ori5t1 su* z !   
,*9ese1 ! ,h9doos1 ! ,egyptians1 !      

,*aldeans2 #b1 ! anci5t or classic      
peoples ( ! ,occid5t1 ! ,greeks & !     
,romans2 & #c1 ! mod]n peoples1 !       
civiliz$ nations ( ,europe & ,am]ica ( !
 pres5t day4 ,! mo/ anci5t peoples ( !  
,ori5t1 /&+ at ! ?re%old ( hi/ory1 7 !  
fir/ h]alds ( a religi\s consci\sness & 
( moral pr9ciples4 ,9 ho>y antiquity1 :5
 mo/ ( ! repres5tatives ( ! human k9d 7 
no?+ m ?an a peculi> v>iety ( ! class   
mammalia1 ! peoples call$ ! mo/ anci5t  
br\ght =? recogniz$ =ms ( social life & 
a v>iety ( !ories ( liv+ ( fairly       
f>-rea*+ effect4 ,all ^! culture-be>]s (
 ! ,ori5t soon disappe>$ f ! surface (  
hi/ory4 ,"s 7! ,*aldeans1 ,pho5icians1 &
 ,egyptians7 7 wa%$ away by ! flood (   
"t1 & _! remnants 7 absorb$ by y\ng] & m
 vigor\s peoples4 ,o!rs 7! ,h9doos &    
,p]sians7 relaps$ into a semi-b>b>\s    
/ate2 & a ?ird class 7! ,*9ese7 7 arre/$
 9 _! gr[?1 & rema9$ fix$ 9 immobility4 
,! be/ t ! antique ,ori5t _h to bequea? 
9 ! way ( spiritual possessions fell to 
! %>e ( ! classic nations ( ! ,we/1 !   

,greeks & ! ,romans4 ,!y greatly        
increas$ ! h]itage by _! own spiritual  
a*ievem5ts1 & s produc$ a mu* m complex 
& div]sifi$ civilization1 :i* has s]v$ z
 ! sub/ratum = ! fur!r developm5t ( !   
bett] "p ( mank9d4 ,ev5 ! classic       
nations _h to /ep aside z soon z _!     
hi/orical mission 0 fulfill$4 ,!y left !
 field free = ! y\ng] nations1 ) great] 
capability ( liv+1 :i* at t "t _h b>ely 
work$ _! way up to ! beg9n+s ( a        
civilization4 ,"o aft] ! o!r1 dur+ !    
fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !   
memb]s ( ?is ,european family ( nations 
appe>$ 9 ! ar5a ( hi/ory4 ,!y =m ! k]nel
 ( ! civiliz$ "p ( mank9d at ! pres5t   
day4  ,n[1 if we exam9e ?is accept$     
classification ) a view to f9d+ ! place 
belong+ to ! ,jewi% p 9 ! *ronological  
s]ies1 we meet ) emb>rass+ difficulties1
 & f9ally arrive at ! conclusion t its  
hi/ory _c be accommodat$ )9 ! compass ( 
! classification4 ,into :i* ( ! ?ree    
hi/orical gr\ps m5tion$ c\ld ! ,jewi% p 
be put8 ,are we to call x "o ( ! mo/    

anci5t1 "o ( ! anci5t1 or "o ( ! mod]n  
nations8 ,x is evid5t t x may lay claim 
to ! fir/ description1 z well z to !    
second & ! la/4 ,9 company ) ! mo/      
anci5t nations ( ! ,ori5t1 ! ,jewi% p   
/ood at ! ?re%old ( hi/ory4 ,x 0 !      
contempor>y ( ! e>lie/ civiliz$ nations1
 ! ,egyptians & ! ,*aldeans4 ,9 ^?      
remote days x creat$ & spread a religi\s
 _w-idea und]ly+ an exalt$ social &     
moral sy/em surpass+ ev]y?+ produc$ 9   
?is sph]e by its ,ori5tal contempor>ies4
 ,aga91 ) ! classical ,greeks & ,romans1
 x =ms ! celebrat$ hi/orical triad      
univ]sally recogniz$ z ! s\rce ( all    
great sy/ems ( civilization4 ,f9ally1 9 
fell[%ip ) ! nations ( to-day1 x leads  
an hi/orical life1 /rid+ onw>d 9 ! pa? (
 progress )\t /ay or int]ruption4       
,depriv$ ( political indep5d5ce1 x      
nev]!less cont9ues to fill a place 9 !  
_w ( ?\ght z a di/9ctly m>k$ spiritual  
individuality1 z "o ( ! mo/ active &    
intellig5t =ces4 ,h[1 !n1 are we to     
d5om9ate ?is omnipres5t p1 :i*1 f ! fir/

 mom5t ( its hi/orical exi/5ce up to our
 days1 a p]iod ( ?irty-five hundr$ ye>s1
 has be5 develop+ cont9u\sly4 ,9 view ( 
?is ,me?uselah among ! nations1 ^: life 
is co-ext5sive ) ! :ole ( hi/ory1 h[ are
 we to dispose ( ! inevitable b>ri]s    
betwe5 ! mo/ anci5t & ! anci5t1 betwe5 !
 anci5t & ! mod]n nations--! fateful    
b>ri]s :i* =m ! mile/ones on ! pa? ( !  
hi/orical peoples1 & :i* ! ,jewi% p has 
m ?an once ov]/epp$8  ,a def9ition ( !  
,jewi% p mu/ ne$s correspond to !       
aggregate ( ! concepts express$ by !    
?ree gr\p-names1 mo/ anci5t1 anci5t1 &  
mod]n4 ,! only description applicable to
 x is ! hi/orical nation ( all times1 a 
description br++ into relief ! contra/  
betwe5 x & all o!r nations ( mod]n &    
anci5t times1 ^: hi/orical exi/5ce ei!r 
came to an end 9 days long pa/1 or began
 at a date comp>atively rec5t4 ,& grant$
 t !re are hi/orical & unhi/orical      
peoples1 !n x is beyond dispute t !     
,jewi% p des]ves to be call$ ! mo/      
hi/orical 7hi/oricissimus74 ,if ! hi/ory

 ( ! _w be conceiv$ z a circle1 !n      
,jewi% hi/ory occupies ! position ( !   
diamet]1 ! l9e pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 & 
! hi/ory ( e o!r nation is repres5t$ by 
a *ord m>k+ (f a small] segm5t ( !      
circle4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% p is l an  
axis cross+ ! hi/ory ( mank9d f "o ( its
 poles to ! o!r4 ,z an unbrok5 ?read x  
runs ?r\gh ! anci5t civilization (      
,egypt & ,mesopotamia1 d[n to !         
pres5t-day culture ( ,france & ,g]many4 
,its divisions are measur$ by ?\s&s (   
ye>s4  ,jewi% hi/ory1 !n1 9 its range1  
or1 bett]1 9 its duration1 pres5ts an   
unique ph5om5on4 ,x consi/s ( ! longe/  
s]ies ( ev5ts ev] record$ 9 ! annals ( a
 s+le p4 ,to sum up its peculi>ity      
briefly1 x embraces a p]iod ( ?irty-five
 hundr$ ye>s1 & 9 all ?is va/ ext5t x   
suff]s no int]ruption4 ,at e po9t x is  
alive1 full ( /]l+ cont5t4 ,pres5tly we 
%all see t 9 respect to cont5t1 too1 x  
is di/+ui%$ by exceptional *>act]i/ics4 
,,ii  ,,! ,,cont5t ,,( ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory 
,f ! po9t ( view ( cont5t1 or           

qualitative /ructure1 ,jewi% hi/ory1 x  
is well kn[n1 falls into two p>ts4 ,!   
divid+ po9t betwe5 ! two p>ts is ! mom5t
 9 :i* ! ,jewi% /ate collaps$           
irretrievably "u ! bl[s ( ! ,roman      
,empire 7#gj ,c4 ,e474 ,! fir/ half     
deals ) ! vicissitudes ( a nation1 :i*1 
?\gh frequ5tly at ! m]cy ( /rong]       
nations1 /ill ma9ta9$ possession ( its  
t]ritory & gov]nm5t1 & 0 rul$ by its own
 laws4 ,9 ! second half1 we enc\nt] !   
hi/ory ( a p )\t a gov]nm5t1 m ?an t1   
)\t a l&1 a p /ripp$ ( all ! tangible   
accompanim5ts ( nationality1 & nev]!less
 successful 9 pres]v+ its spiritual     
unity1 its orig9ality1 complete &       
undim9i%$4  ,at fir/ glance1 ,jewi%     
hi/ory dur+ ! p]iod ( indep5d5ce seems  
to be b slightly diff]5t f ! hi/ory (   
o!r nations4 ,?\gh n )\t individual     
color+1 !re are yet ! same w>s & inte/9e
 di/urbances1 ! same political          
revolutions & dyna/ic qu>rels1 ! same   
conflicts betwe5 ! classes ( ! p1 ! same
 w>r+ betwe5 economical int]e/s4 ,?is is

 only a surface view ( ,jewi% hi/ory4   
,if we pi]ce to its dep?s1 & scrut9ize !
 processes t take place 9 its p5etralia1
 we p]ceive t ev5 9 ! e>ly p]iod !re 7  
lat5t )9 x great p[]s ( intellect1      
univ]sal pr9ciples1 :i*1 visibly or     
invisibly1 det]m9$ ! c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,we 
h be=e u n a simple political or racial 
entity1 b1 to an em95t degree1 a        
spiritual p4 ,! national developm5t is  
bas$ ^u an all-p]vasive religi\s        
tradition1 :i* lives 9 ! s\l ( ! p z !  
,s9aitic ,revelation1 ! ,law ( ,moses4  
,) ?is holy tradition1 embrac+ a lum9\s 
!ory ( life & an explicit code (        
morality & social conv]se1 0 associat$ !
 idea ( ! election ( ! ,jewi% p1 ( its  
peculi> spiritual mission4 ,& ye %all be
 unto me a k+dom ( prie/s & a holy      
nation is ! figurative expression ( ?is 
ideal call+4 ,x conveys ! ?\ght t !     
,israeliti% p z a :ole1 )\t di/9ction ( 
rank & reg>dless ( ! social prom95ce (  
individuals1 has be5 call$ to guide !   
o!r nations t[>d sublime moral &        

religi\s pr9ciples1 & to (ficiate = !m1 
! laity z x 71 9 ! capacity ( prie/s4   
,?is exalt$ ideal w\ld nev] h be5 rea*$1
 if ! developm5t ( ! ,jewi% p _h la9    
along hackney$ l9es2 if1 l ! ,egyptians 
& ! ,*aldeans1 x _h _h an inflexible    
ca/e ( prie/s1 :o consid] ! gu>dian%ip (
 ! spiritual treasures ( ! nation !     
exclusive privilege ( _! e/ate1 & /rive 
to keep ! mass ( ! p 9 crass ignorance4 
,= a "t1 some?+ approa*+ ?is condition  
prevail$ among ! ,jews4 ,! prie/s       
desc5d$ f ,a>on1 ) ! ,temple s]vants 7! 
,levites71 =m$ a prie/ly class1 & play$ 
! "p ( au?oritative be>]s ( ! religi\s  
tradition4 ,b e>ly1 9 ! v infancy ( !   
nation1 !re arose by ! side ( ?is       
(ficial1 ari/ocratic hi]>*y1 a f>       
mighti] prie/hood1 a democratic         
frat]nity1 seek+ to enlight5 ! :ole     
nation1 & inculcat+ convictions t make =
 a consci\sly held aim4 ,! ,prophets 7 !
 real & appo9t$ executors ( ! holy comm&
 enjo9+ ! conv]sion ( all ,jews into a  
k+dom ( prie/s & a holy nation4 ,_!     

activity _c be p>allel$ 9 ! :ole range (
 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!y 7 n prie/s1 b popul>
 educators & popul> tea*]s4 ,!y 7       
animat$ by ! desire to in/il into e s\l 
a deeply religi\s consci\sness1 to      
ennoble e he>t by moral aspirations1 to 
indoctr9ate e individual ) an           
unequivocal !ory ( life1 to inspire e   
memb] ( ! nation ) l(ty ideals4 ,_! "w  
did n fail to leave its traces4 ,sl[ly b
 deeply idealism ent]$ into ! v pi? &   
m>r[ ( ! national consci\sness4 ,?is    
consci\sness ga9$ 9 /r5g? & amplitude   
c5tury by c5tury1 %[+ itself p>ticul>ly 
9 ! latt] "p ( ! fir/ p]iod1 aft] !     
crisis kn[n z ! ,babylonian ,exile4     
,?anks to ! ex]tions ( ! ,s(]im         
7,scribes71 direct$ t[>d ! broade/      
popul>ization ( ! ,holy ,writ+s1 &      
con/itut+ ! =mal complem5t to ! "w ( !  
,prophets1 spiritual activity became an 
integral "p ( ,jewi% national life4 ,9 !
 clos+ c5turies ( its political exi/5ce1
 ! ,jewi% p receiv$ its p]man5t =m4 ,!re
 0 impos$ ^u x ! unmi/akable hallm>k (  

spirituality t has always id5tifi$ x 9 !
 ?rong ( ! nations4 ,out ( ! bosom (    
,judaism w5t =? ! religion t 9 a %ort "t
 ran its triumphant c\rse ?r\gh ! :ole  
anci5t _w1 trans=m+ races ( b>b>ians    
into civiliz$ be+s4 ,x 0 ! fulfilm5t ( !
 ,prophetical promise--t ! nations w\ld 
walk 9 ! light ( ,israel4  ,at ! v mom5t
 :5 ! /r5g? & f]tility ( ! ,jewi% m9d   
rea*$ ! culm9at+ po9t1 occurr$ a        
political revolution--! p]iod ( homeless
 w&]+ began4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh1 be=e      
scatt]+ ! ,jewi% p to all ends ( ! e>?1 
! provid5ce ( hi/ory desir$ to tea* x a 
f9al lesson1 to take ) x on its way4 ,x 
seem$ to say3 ,n[ y may g =?4 ,y\r "*   
has be5 suffici5tly temp]$2 y c be> !   
bitt]e/ ( h>d%ips4 ,y are equipp$ ) an  
inexhau/ible /ore ( en]gy1 & y c live = 
c5turies1 yea1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 "u       
conditions t w\ld prove ! bane ( o!r    
nations 9 less ?an a s+le c5tury4 ,/ate1
 t]ritory1 army1 ! ext]nal attributes ( 
national p[]1 are = y sup]flu\s luxury4 
,g out into ! _w to prove t a p c       

cont9ue to live )\t ^! attributes1      
solely & alone ?r\gh /r5g? ( _s weld+   
its widely scatt]$ p>ticles into "o firm
 organism6--,& ! ,jewi% p w5t =? & prov$
 x4  ,?is pro( adduc$ by ,jewry at ! co/
 ( eighte5 c5turies ( privation &       
suff]+1 =ms ! *>act]i/ic feature ( !    
second half ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 ! p]iod (  
homelessness & disp]sion4 ,uproot$ f its
 political soil1 national life display$ 
itself on intellectual fields           
exclusively4 ,to ?9k & to suff] became !
 wat*word ( ! ,jewi% p1 n m]ely because 
=c$ ^u x by ext]nal circum/ances beyond 
its control1 b *iefly because x 0       
condition$ by ! v disposition ( ! p1 by 
its national incl9ations4 ,! extraord9>y
 m5tal en]gy t _h matur$ ! ,bible & !   
old writ+s 9 ! fir/ p]iod1 manife/$     
itself 9 ! second p]iod 9 ! encyclop$ic 
productions ( ! ,talmudi/s1 9 ! religi\s
 philosophy ( ! middle ages1 9          
,rabb9ism1 9 ! ,kabbala1 9 my/icism1 & 9
 sci5ce4 ,! spiritual discipl9e ( !     
s*ool came to mean = ! ,jew :at milit>y 

discipl9e is = o!r nations4 ,8 rem>kable
 longevity is due1 ,i am tempt$ to say1 
to ! acrid spiritual br9e 9 :i* he 0    
cur$4 ,9 its second half1 ! orig9ality (
 ,jewi% hi/ory consi/s inde$1 9 !       
circum/ance t x is ! only hi/ory /ripp$ 
( e active political elem5t4 ,!re are no
 diplomatic artifices1 no w>s1 no       
campaigns1 no unw>rant$ encroa*m5ts     
back$ by arm$ =ce ^u ! rights ( o!r     
nations1 no?+ ( all t con/itutes ! *ief 
cont5t--! monoton\s & = ! mo/ "p        
idea-less cont5t--( _m o!r *apt]s 9 !   
hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,jewi% hi/ory pres5ts !  
*ronicle ( an ample spiritual life1 a   
gall]y ( pictures repres5t+ national    
sc5es4 ,be=e our eyes passes a long     
procession ( facts f ! fields (         
intellectual ef=t1 ( morality1 religion1
 & social conv]se4 ,f9ally1 ! ?rill+    
drama ( ,jewi% m>tyrdom is unroll$ to   
our a/oni%$ gaze4 ,if ! inn] life & !   
social & intellectual developm5t ( a p  
=m ! k]nel ( hi/ory1 & politics &       
occasional w>s are b its husk1#c !n     

c]ta9ly ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% diaspora is 
all k]nel4 ,9 contra/ ) ! hi/ory ( o!r  
nations x describes1 n ! accid5tal de$s 
( pr9ces & g5]als1 n ext]nal pomp &     
physical pr[ess1 b ! life & developm5t (
 a :ole p4 ,x gives he>tr5d+ expression 
to ! spiritual /riv+s ( a nation ^: br[ 
is respl5d5t ) ! ?orny cr[n ( m>tyrdom4 
,x brea!s h]oism ( m9d t conqu]s bodily 
pa94 ,9 a ^w1 ,jewi% hi/ory is hi/ory   
sublimat$4#d    #c ,hi/ory1 )\t ^!      
7inn]1 spiritual elem5ts71 is a     %ell
 )\t a k]nel2 & su* is almo/ all !      
hi/ory     :i* is extant 9 ! _w4        
7,macaulay1 on ,mit=d's ,hi/ory     (   
,greece1 ,collect$ ,works1 i1 #aih1 ed4 
,a4 & ,c4 ,arm/rong     & ,son47    #d  
,a ,jewi% hi/orian makes ! pregnant     
rem>k3 ,if ev] !     "t comes :5 !      
prophecies ( ! ,jewi% se]s are          
fulfill$1 & nation no long] raises !    
sword aga9/     nation2 :5 ! olive leaf 
in/ead ( ! laurel adorns !     br[ ( !  
great1 & ! a*ievem5ts ( noble m9ds are  
famili> to ! dwell]s 9 cottages &       

palaces alike1 !n     ! hi/ory ( ! _w w 
h ! same "* z     ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,on its
 pages w be inscrib$1 n !     w>rior's  
pr[ess & 8 victories1 nor diplomatic    
s*emes     & triumphs1 b ! progress (   
culture & its practical     application 
9 real life4  ,9 spite ( ! notewor?y    
features t raise ,jewi% hi/ory above !  
level ( ! ord9>y1 & assign x a peculi>  
place1 x is nev]!less n isolat$1 n sev]$
 f ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,r is x mo/       
intimately int]wov5 ) _w-affairs at e   
po9t ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t4 ,z !       
diamet]1 ,jewi% hi/ory is aga9 & aga9   
int]sect$ by ! *ords ( ! hi/orical      
circle4 ,! =tunes ( ! pilgrim p scatt]$ 
9 all ! c\ntries ( ! civiliz$ _w are    
organically connect$ ) ! =tunes ( ! mo/ 
repres5tative nations & /ates1 & )      
manifold t5d5cies ( human ?\ght4 ,! bond
 unit+ !m is tw(old3 9 ! times :5 ! p[]s
 ( d>kness & fanaticism held sway1 !    
,jews 7 am5able to ! physical influ5ce  
ex]t$ by _! neighbors 9 ! =m (          
p]secutions1 infr+em5ts ( ! lib]ty (    

consci5ce1 inquisitions1 viol5ce ( e    
sort2 & dur+ ! preval5ce ( enlightm5t & 
humanity1 ! ,jews 7 act$ ^u by !        
intellectual & cultural /imulus proce$+ 
f ! peoples ) :om !y ent]$ into close   
relations4 ,mom5t>y ab]rations &        
reaction>y incid5ts are n tak5 into     
acc\nt "h4 ,on its side1 ,jewry made its
 p]sonality felt among ! nations by its 
indep5d5t1 intellectual activity1 its   
!ory ( life1 its lit]ature1 by ! v fact1
 inde$1 ( its ideal /aun*ness & t5acity1
 its peculi> hi/orical physiognomy4 ,f  
?is reciprocal relation issu$ a great   
cycle ( hi/orical ev5ts & spiritual     
curr5ts1 mak+ ! pa/ ( ! ,jewi% p an     
organic con/itu5t ( ! pa/ ( all t       
portion ( mank9d :i* has contribut$ to !
 treasury ( human ?\ght4  ,we see1 !n1 t
 9 ref]5ce to cont5t ,jewi% hi/ory is   
unique 9 bo? its halves4 ,9 ! fir/      
national p]iod1 x is ! hi/ory ( a p to  
:i* ! epi!t peculi> has be5 conc$$1 a p 
:i* has develop$ "u ! influ5ce (        
exceptional circum/ances1 & f9ally      

atta9$ to s high a degree ( spiritual   
p]fection & f]tility t ! creation ( a   
new religi\s !ory ( life1 :i* ev5tually 
ga9$ univ]sal supremacy1 nei!r exhau/$  
its res\rces nor end$ its activity4 ,n  
only did x cont9ue to live ^u its va/   
/ore ( spiritual en]gy1 b day by day x  
increas$ ! /ore4 ,9 ! second lackl&     
half1 x is ! in/ructive hi/ory ( a      
scatt]$ p1 organically "o1 9 spite (    
disp]sion1 by reason ( its un%ak5 ideal 
traditions2 a p accept+ mis]y & h>d%ip )
 /oic calm1 comb9+ ! *>act]i/ics ( !    
?9k] ) ^? ( ! suff]]1 & ek+ out exi/5ce 
"u conditions :i* no o!r nation has f\nd
 adequate1 or1 inde$1 c ev] f9d         
adequate4 ,! acc\nt ( ! p z tea*] (     
religion--?is is ! cont5t ( ! fir/ half 
( ,jewi% hi/ory2 ! acc\nt ( ! p z ?9k]1 
/oic1 & suff]]--?is is ! cont5t ( !     
second half ( ,jewi% hi/ory4  ,a summ+  
up ( all t has be5 said 9 ?is & !       
previ\s *apt] proves true ! /atem5t )   
:i* we began1 t ,jewi% hi/ory1 9 respect
 to its quantitative dim5sions z well z 

its qualitative /ructure1 is to ! la/   
degree di/9ctive & pres5ts a ph5om5on ( 
und5iable uniqu5ess4     ,,iii  ,,!     
,,significance ,,( ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory     
,we turn n[ to ! "q ( ! significance to 
be atta*$ to ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,9 view (   
its peculi> qualities1 :at has x to (f] 
to ! pres5t g5]ation & to future        
g5]ations z a subject ( /udy & rese>*8  
,! significance ( ,jewi% hi/ory is      
tw(old4 ,x is at once national &        
univ]sal4 ,at pres5t ! fulcrum ( ,jewi% 
national be+ lies 9 ! hi/orical         
consci\sness4 ,9 ! days ( antiquity1 !  
,jews 7 weld$ into a s+le unit$ nation  
by ! triple ag5cies ( /ate1 race1 &     
religion1 ! complete array ( mat]ial &  
spiritual =ces direct$ to "o po9t4      
,lat]1 9 ! p]iod ( homelessness &       
disp]sion1 x 0 *iefly religi\s          
consci\sness t cem5t$ ,jewry into a     
:ole1 & replac$ ! sev]$ political bond z
 well z ! dull$ racial in/9ct1 :i* is   
b\nd to g on los+ 9 ke5ness 9 proportion
 to ! degree ( removal f primitive      

conditions & native soil4 ,9 our days1  
:5 ! lib]al movem5ts leav5+ ! :ole (    
mank9d1 if !y h n completely %att]$ !   
religi\s consci\sness1 h at lea/1 9 an  
important section ( ,jewry1 effect$ a   
*ange 9 its =m2 :5 abrupt diff]5ces (   
op9ion ) reg>d to que/ions ( fai? & cult
 are ass]t+ _! pres5ce2 & traditional   
,judaism develop$ 9 hi/orical sequ5ce is
 prov+ p[]less to hold toge!r ! div]se  
factors ( ! national organism1--9 ^!    
days ! key/one ( national unity seems to
 be ! hi/orical consci\sness4 ,compos$  
alike ( physical1 intellectual1 & moral 
elem5ts1 ( habits & views1 ( emotions & 
impressions nurs$ into be+ & p]fection  
by ! h]$it>y in/9ct active = ?\s&s (    
ye>s1 ?is hi/orical consci\sness is a   
rem>kably puzzl+ & complex psy*ic       
ph5om5on4 ,by our common memory ( a     
great1 /irr+ pa/ & h]oic de$s on !      
battle-fields ( ! _s1 by ! exalt$       
hi/orical mission allott$ to u1 by our  
?orn-/rewn pilgrim's pa?1 our m>tyrdom  
assum$ = ! sake ( our pr9ciples1 by su* 

moral ties1 we ,jews1 :e!r consci\sly or
 unconsci\sly1 are b\nd fa/ to "o ano!r4
 ,z ,r5an well says3 ,common sorr[      
unites m5 m closely ?an common joy4 ,a  
long *a9 ( hi/orical traditions is ca/  
ab\t u all l a /rong r+4 ,our wond]ful1 
unp>allel$ pa/ attracts u ) magnetic    
p[]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 z g5]ation  
foll[$ g5]ation1 simil>ity ( hi/orical  
=tunes produc$ a mass ( simil>          
impressions :i* h cry/alliz$1 & h ?r[n  
(f ! deposit t may be call$ ! ,jewi%    
national s\l4 ,?is is ! soil 9 :i*1 deep
 d[n1 lies imb$d$1 z an unconsci\s      
elem5t1 ! ,jewi% national feel+1 & z a  
consci\s elem5t1 ! ,jewi% national idea4
  ,x foll[s t ! ,jewi% national idea & !
 national feel+ connect$ ) x h _! orig9 
prim>ily 9 ! hi/orical consci\sness1 9 a
 c]ta9 complex ( ideas & psy*ic         
pr$ispositions4 ,^! ideas &             
pr$ispositions1 ! deposit left by !     
aggregate ( hi/orical impressions1 are (
 necessity ! common prop]ty ( ! :ole    
nation1 & !y c be develop$ & quick5$ to 

a consid]able degree by a r5ewal ( !    
impressions ?r\gh ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,^u !
 k ( hi/ory1 !n1 dep5ds ! /r5g? ( !     
national consci\sness4#e    #e ,a       
diff]5t aspect ( ! same ?\ght is pres5t$
 )     logical cle>ness 9 ano!r         
publication by our au?or4 ,!            
national idea1 & ! national feel+1 says 
,mr4 ,dubn[1 mu/ be kept /rictly ap>t4  
,un=tunately !     diff]5ce betwe5 !m is
 usually oblit]at$4 ,national     feel+ 
is spontane\s4 ,to a great] or less     
degree x is     inborn 9 all ! memb]s ( 
! nation z a feel+ (     k9%ip4 ,x has  
its flood-tide & its ebbtide 9          
correspond5ce to ext]nal conditions1    
ei!r =c+ !     nation to def5d its      
nationality1 or reliev+ x ( !           
necessity = self-def5se4 ,z ?is feel+ is
 n m]ely a     bl9d impulse1 b a        
complicat$ psy*ic ph5om5on1 x c be      
subject$ to a psy*ologic analysis4 ,f ! 
giv5 hi/orical     facts or ! ideas t h 
become ! common treasure ( a     nation1
 ?9k+ m51 liv+ life consci\sly1 c1 9 "o 

way     or ano!r1 d]ive ! orig91        
developm5t1 & vital =ce (     its       
national feel+4 ,! results ( su* an     
analysis1     arrang$ 9 "s sort ( sy/em1
 =m ! cont5t ( !     national idea4 ,!  
task ( ! national idea x is to cl>ify   
! national feel+1 & give x logical      
sanction = !     b5efit ( ^? :o _c re/  
satisfi$ ) an unconsci\s     feel+4     
,9 :at1 to be specific1 does ! ess5ce ( 
our ,jewi% national     idea consi/8    
,or1 putt+ ! "q 9 ano!r =m1 :at     is !
 cem5t t unites u into a s+le compact   
organism8     ,t]ritory & gov]nm5t1 !   
ext]nal ties usually b9d+ a     nation  
toge!r1 we h long ago lo/4 ,_! place is 
fill$     by ab/ract pr9ciples1 by      
religion & race4 ,und5iably ^!     are  
factors ( fir/ importance1 & yet we ask 
! "q1     d !y alone & exclusively      
ma9ta9 ! national cohesion     ( ,jewry8
 ,no1 we reply1 = if we admitt$ ?is     
proposition1     we %\ld by consequ5ce h
 to accept ! inf]5ce1 t     ! laxity (  
religi\s pr9ciple prevail+ among        

free-?9k+ ,jews1 & ! oblit]ation ( race 
peculi>ities     9 ! 'civiliz$' /rata ( 
our p1 br+ 9 _! tra9     a correspond+  
weak5+1 or1 inde$1 a complete break+ up1
     ( our national f\ndations--:i* 9   
po9t ( fact is n !     case4 ,on !      
contr>y1 x is noticeable t !            
latitud9>ians1 ! libres p5seurs1 & !    
indiff]5t on ! subject ( religion1 /& 9 
! =efront     ( all our national        
movem5ts4 ,see+ t to belong to x is     
9 mo/ cases h]oism1 & 9 _m m>tyrdom1 :at
 is x t     attracts ^! ,jews s =cibly  
to _! p8 ,!re mu/ be     some?+ common  
to u all1 s compreh5sive t 9 ! face     
( multif>i\s views & degrees ( culture x
 acts z a     consolidat+ =ce4 ,?is     
'some?+1' ,i am conv9c$1 is !           
community ( hi/orical =tunes ( all !    
scatt]$ p>ts (     ! ,jewi% nation4 ,we 
are weld$ toge!r by our glori\s     pa/4
 ,we are encircl$ by a mighty *a9 (     
simil> hi/orical     impressions suff]$ 
by our ance/ors1 c5tury aft] c5tury     
press+ 9 ^u ! ,jewi% s\l1 & leav+ beh9d 

a     sub/antial deposit4 ,9 %ort1 !    
,jewi% national idea is     bas$ *iefly 
^u ! hi/orical consci\sness4 ,note ( !  
,g]man trl4  ,b ov] & above its national
 significance1 ,jewi% hi/ory1 we repeat1
 possesses univ]sal significance4 ,let  
u1 9 ! fir/ place1 exam9e its value =   
sci5ce & philosophy4 ,inasmu* z x is    
pre-em95tly a *ronicle ( ideas &        
spiritual movem5ts1 ,jewi% hi/ory af=ds 
! philosoph] or psy*ologi/ mat]ial =    
obs]vation ( ! mo/ important & useful   
k9d4 ,! /udy ( o!r1 mo/ly dull *apt]s ( 
univ]sal hi/ory has l$ to ! fix+ (      
psy*ologic or sociologic !ses1 to !     
work+ out ( compreh5sive philosophic    
sy/ems1 to ! det]m9ation ( g5]al laws4  
,surely x foll[s )\t f>-fet*$ pro(1 t 9 
"s respects ! *apt] deal+ ) ,jewi%      
hi/ory mu/ supply mat]ial ( ! mo/       
orig9al "* = su* !ses & philosophies4   
,if x is true1 z ! la/ *apt] set out to 
demon/rate1 t ,jewi% hi/ory is di/+ui%$ 
by %>ply m>k$ & peculi> features1 &     
refuses to accommodate itself to        

conv5tional =ms1 !n its cont5t mu/ h an 
orig9al contribution to make to         
philosophy4 ,x does n admit ( a d\bt t !
 /udy ( ,jewi% hi/ory w\ld yield new    
propositions app]ta9+ to ! philosophy ( 
hi/ory & ! psy*ology ( nations1 hi!rto  
ov]look$ by inquir]s occupi$ ) ! o!r    
divisions ( univ]sal hi/ory4 ,inductive 
logic lays d[n a rule = asc]ta9+ ! law (
 a ph5om5on produc$ by two or m         
contributory causes4 ,by means ( :at    
might be call$ a laboratory exp]im5t1 ! 
sev]al causes mu/ be dis5gag$ f "o      
ano!r1 & ! effect ( ea* obs]v$ by       
itself4 ,?us x becomes possible to      
arrive ) ma!matical precision at ! %>e (
 ea* cause 9 ! result a*iev$ by sev]al  
co-op]at+ causes4 ,?is me?od ( diff]5ce1
 z x is call$1 is available1 h[ev]1 only
 = a limit$ numb] ( ph5om5a1 only =     
ph5om5a 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! natural        
sci5ces4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ! case t    
m5tal & spiritual ph5om5a1 ?\gh !y may  
be obs]v$1 _c be artificially reproduc$4
 ,n[1 9 "o respect1 ,jewi% hi/ory af=ds 

! advantages ( an arrang$ exp]im5t4 ,!  
hi/orical life ( ord9>y nations1 su*    
nations z are end[$ ) t]ritory & are    
organiz$ into a /ate1 is a complete     
int]m+l+ ( ! political ) ! spiritual    
elem5t4 ,totally ignorant z we are ( !  
developm5t ei!r w\ld h assum$1 _h x be5 
dissev]$ f ! o!r1 ! laws gov]n+ ea* ( ! 
elem5ts s+ly c be discov]$ only         
approximately4 ,jewi% hi/ory1 9 :i* !   
two elem5ts h = _m c5turies be5         
completely dis5tangl$ f ea* o!r1 pres5ts
 a natural exp]im5t1 ) ! advantage (    
artificial exclusions1 r5d]+ possible ! 
det]m9ation ( ! laws ( spiritual ph5om5a
 ) f> great] sci5tific exactitude ?an ! 
laws ( ph5om5a t result f sev]al simil> 
causes4  ,besides ?is high value = !    
purposes ( sci5ce1 ?is fruitful         
sugge/iv5ess = philosophic ?\ght1 ,jewi%
 hi/ory1 z comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( o!r      
nations1 enjoys ano!r di/9ction 9 its   
capacity to ex]cise an ennobl+ influ5ce 
^u ! he>t4 ,no?+ s exalts & ref9es human
 nature z ! contemplation ( moral       

/eadfa/ness1 ! hi/ory ( ! trials ( a    
m>tyr :o has f\ght & suff]$ = 8         
convictions4 ,at bottom1 ! second half (
 ,jewi% hi/ory is no?+ b ?is4 ,!        
effective educational wor? ( ! ,biblical
 "p ( ,jewi% hi/ory is disput$ by none4 
,x is call$ sacr$ hi/ory1 & he :o       
acquires a k ( x is ?\ght to advance !  
salvation ( 8 s\l4 ,only a v few1 h[ev]1
 recognize ! pr(\nd1 moral cont5t ( !   
second half ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( 
! diaspora4 ,yet1 by reason ( its       
exceptional qualities & int5sely tragic 
circum/ances1 x is beyond all o!rs      
calculat$ to yield edification to a     
notable degree4 ,! ,jewi% p is des]v+ ( 
att5tion n only 9 ! "t :5 x display$ its
 p[] & enjoy$ its indep5d5ce1 b z well 9
 ! p]iod ( its weakness & oppression1   
dur+ :i* x 0 compell$ to pur*ase        
spiritual developm5t by con/ant         
sacrifice ( self4 ,a ?9k] cr[n$ ) ?orns 
dem&s no less v5]ation ?an a ?9k] ) !   
laurel wrea? ^u 8 br[4 ,! flame issu+ f 
! fun]al pile on :i* m>tyrs die an h]oic

 dea? = _! ideas is1 9 its way1 z       
awe-inspir+ z ! flame f ,s9ai's height4 
,) equal =ce1 ?\gh by diff]5t me?ods1   
bo? t\* ! he>t1 & ar\se ! moral s5tim5t4
 ,biblical ,israel ! celebrat$--m$ieval 
,judah ! despis$--x is "o & ! same p1   
judg$ v>i\sly 9 ! v>i\s phases ( its    
hi/orical life4 ,if ,israel be/[$ ^u    
mank9d a religi\s !ory ( life1 ,judah   
gave x a ?rill+ example ( t5aci\s       
vitality & p[] ( resi/ance = ! sake (   
conviction4 ,?is un9t]rupt$ life ( ! _s1
 ?is untir+ aspiration = ! high] & !    
bett] 9 ! doma9 ( religi\s ?\ght1       
philosophy1 & sci5ce1 ?is moral         
intrepidity 9 night & /orm & 9 despite (
 all ! bl[s ( =tune--is x n an impos+1  
s\l-/irr+ spectacle8 ,! inexpressible   
trag$y ( ! ,jewi% hi/orical life is     
unfail+ 9 its effect ^u a susceptible   
he>t4#f ,! wond]ful exhibition ( _s     
triumphant1 subdu+ ! pangs ( ! fle%1 mu/
 move e he>t1 & ex]cise uplift+ influ5ce
 ^u ! non-,jew no less ?an ^u ! ,jew4   
#f ,if !re are ranks 9 suff]+1 ,israel  

takes prec$5ce (     all ! nations--if !
 duration ( sorr[s & ! pati5ce     ) :i*
 !y are borne ennoble1 ! ,jews are among
 !     ari/ocracy ( e l&--if a lit]ature
 is call$ ri* 9     ! possession ( a few
 classic trag$ies1 :at %all we say      
to a ,national ,trag$y la/+ = fifte5    
hundr$ ye>s1 9     :i* ! poets & !      
actors 7 also ! h]oes8 7,zunz1     ,die 
synagogale ,poesie4 ,translation by     
,george ,eliot 9     ,daniel ,d]onda47  
,= non-,jews a k ( ,jewi% hi/ory may1 "u
 c]ta9 conditions1 come to h ano!r1 an  
humanit>ian significance4 ,x is         
inconceivable t ! ,jewi% p %\ld be held 
9 execration by ^? acqua9t$ ) ! c\rse ( 
its hi/ory1 ) its tragic & h]oic pa/4#g 
,inde$1 s f> z ,jew-hat]s by pr(ession  
are conc]n$1 x is runn+ a risk to       
recomm5d ! /udy ( ,jewi% hi/ory to !m1  
)\t add+ a ^w ( caution4 ,its effect ^u 
!m might be disa/r\s4 ,!y might f9d     
!mselves cur$ ( _! mod]n disease1 & 9 ! 
possession ( ideas t w\ld r5d] wor?less 
_! :ole /ock 9 trade4 ,v]ily1 he mu/ h  

fall5 to ! z]o-po9t ( anti-,semitic     
call\sness :o is n ?rill$ ?r\gh & ?r\gh 
by ! l(ty =titude1 ! sa9t-l humility1 ! 
tru/ful resignation to ! w ( ,god1 !    
/oic firmness1 laid b>e by ! /udy (     
,jewi% hi/ory4 ,! tribute ( respect _c  
be readily )held f him to :om ! words ( 
! poet#h are applicable3   ,to die 0 n 8
 hope2 he fa9   ,w\ld live to ?9k &     
suff] pa94    #g ,z examples & a pro( ( 
! /rong humanit>ian influ5ce     ,jewi% 
hi/ory ex]cises ^u ,*ri/ians1 ,i w\ld   
po9t to !     relation e/abli%$ betwe5 !
 ,jews & two celebrities (     ! n9ete5?
 c5tury1 ,s*leid5 & ,george ,eliot4 ,9 8
 old     age1 ! great sci5ti/ & ?9k]    
accid5tally1 9 !     c\rse ( 8 /udy (   
s\rces = ! hi/ory ( botany1     became  
acqua9t$ ) m$ieval ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,x    
fill$ him     ) ard5t en?usiasm = !     
,jews1 = _! intellectual     /r5g?1 _!  
pati5ce "u m>tyrdom4 ,dom9at$ by ?is    
feel+1 he wrote ! two admirable sket*es3
 ,die ,b$eutung     d] ,jud5 fr         
,erhaltung und ,wi$]belebung d]         

,wiss5s*aft5     im ,mittelalt] 7#ahgf7 
& ,die ,romantik des ,m>tyriums     bei 
d5 ,jud5 im ,mittelalt] 7#ahgh74        
,accord+ to 8 own     confession1 !     
impulse to write !m 0 ! wi% to take at  
lea/ ! fir/ /ep t[>d mak+ p>tial am5ds =
 !     unspeakable wrong inflict$ by    
,*ri/ians ^u ,jews4 ,z =     ,george    
,eliot1 x may n be g5]ally kn[n t x 0 h]
     read+ ( hi/ories ( ! ,jews t       
inspir$ h] ) !     pr(\nd v5]ation = !  
,jewi% p to :i* %e gave     gl[+        
utt]ance 9 ,daniel ,d]onda4 7,%e cites  
,zunz1 0     p]sonally acqua9t$ )       
,emanuel ,deuts*1 & c>ri$ on a          
correspond5ce ) ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,david   
,kaufmann4 ,see     ,george ,eliot's    
,life z relat$ 9 h] ,lett]s &           
,j\rnals4 ,arrang$ & edit$ by h] husb&1 
,j4 ,w4 ,cross1     ,vol4 iii1 ed4 ,h>p]
 & ,bro!rs47 ,h] en?usiasm prompt$      
h]1 9 #ahgi1 to indite h] passionate    
apology = ! ,jews1     "u ! title1 ,!   
,mod]n ,hep6 ,hep6 ,hep6    #h ,pu%k94  
,:51 9 days to come1 ! curta9 rises ^u !

 t\*+ trag$y ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 reveal+ x 
to ! a/oni%$ eye ( a mod]n g5]ation1 !n1
 p]haps1 he>ts w be attun$ to t5d]ness1 
& on ! ru9s ( national ho/ility w be    
en?ron$ mutual love1 gr[+ out ( mutual  
und]/&+ & mutual e/eem4 ,& :o c         
tell--p]haps ,jewi% hi/ory w h a n      
inconsid]able %>e 9 ! spiritual *ange t 
is to annihilate national intol]ance1 ! 
mod]n sub/itute = ! religi\s bigotry ( !
 middle ages4 ,9 ?is case1 ! future task
 ( ,jewi% hi/ory w prove z sublime z 0 !
 mission ( ! ,jewi% p 9 ! pa/4 ,! latt] 
consi/$ 9 ! spread ( ! dogma ( ! unity (
 creation2 ! =m] w contribute indirectly
 to ! realization ( ! n yet accept$     
dogma ( ! unity ( ! human race4     ,,iv
  ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,syn!sis   ,to def9e 
! scope ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 its cont5t &   
its significance1 or its place among    
sci5tific pursuits1 disposes only ( !   
=mal "p ( ! task we h set ourselves4 ,! 
c5tral problem is to unfold ! mean+ (   
,jewi% hi/ory1 to discov] ! pr9ciple    
t[>d :i* its div]sifi$ ph5om5a conv]ge1 

to /ate ! univ]sal laws & philosophic   
inf]5ces d$ucible f ! peculi> c\rse (   
its ev5ts4 ,if we lik5 hi/ory to an     
organic be+1 !n ! skeleton ( facts is   
its body1 & ! s\l is ! spiritual bond t 
unites ! facts into a :ole1 t conveys ! 
mean+1 ! psy*ologic ess5ce1 ( ! facts4  
,x becomes our duty1 !n1 to unb>e ! s\l 
( ,jewi% hi/ory1 or1 9 sci5tific        
p>lance1 to con/ruct1 on ! basis ( !    
facts1 ! syn!sis ( ! :ole ( ,jewi%      
national life4 ,to ?is end1 we mu/ pass 
9 review1 by p]iods & epo*s1 "o aft]    
ano!r1 ! mo/ important gr\ps ( hi/orical
 ev5ts1 ! mo/ notewor?y curr5ts 9 life &
 ?\ght t tell ( ! /ages 9 ! developm5t (
 ,jewry & ( ,judaism4 ,exhau/ive        
treatm5t ( ! philosophical syn!sis ( a  
hi/ory ext5d+ ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s is     
possible only 9 a volum9\s "w4 ,9 an    
essay l ! pres5t x c m]ely be sket*$ 9  
l>ge outl9e1 or pa9t$ 9 m9iature4 ,we _c
 expect to d m ?an /ate a s]ies ( g5]al 
pr9ciples sub/antiat$ by ! mo/          
fundam5tal argum5ts4 ,complete          

demon/ration ( ea* ( ! pr9ciples mu/ be 
s\ght 9 ! annals t rec\nt ! ev5ts (     
,jewi% hi/ory 9 detail4  ,! hi/orical   
syn!sis r$uces itself1 !n1 to uncov]+ ! 
psy*ologic processes ( national         
developm5t4 ,! object be=e u to be /udi$
 is ! national _s und]go+ cont9u\s      
evolution dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,our task  
is to arrive at ! laws und]ly+ ?is gr[?4
 ,we %all rea* our goal by imitat+ !    
proc$ure ( ! geologi/1 :o divides ! mass
 ( ! e>? into its sev]al /rata or       
=mations4 ,9 ,jewi% hi/ory !re may be   
di/+ui%$ ?ree *ief /ratifications answ]+
 to its fir/ ?ree p]iods1 ! ,biblical   
p]iod1 ! p]iod ( ! ,second ,temple1 & ! 
,talmudic p]iod4 ,! lat] p]iods are no?+
 m ?an ^! same =mations comb9$ 9 v>i\s  
ways1 ) n[ & !n ! addition ( new /rata4 
,( ! composite p]iods !re are f\r1 :i*  
arrange !mselves ei!r accord+ to        
hegemonies1 ! c\ntries 9 :i* at giv5    
times lay ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! scatt]$ 
,jewi% p1 or accord+ to ! intellectual  
curr5ts !re pr$om9ant4  ,?is1 !n1 is our

 s*eme3    ,i4 ,! *ief =mations3     a7 
,! prim>y or ,biblical p]iod4     b7 ,! 
second>y or spiritual-political p]iod   
7! p]iod ( ! ,second ,temple1 #ech      
,b4 ,c4 ,e4 to #gj ,c4,e47     c7 ,!    
t]ti>y or national-religi\s p]iod       
7! ,talmudic p]iod1 #gj-ejj74    ,,ii4  
,! composite =mations3     a7 ,! ,gaonic
 p]iod1 or ! hegemony (       ! ,ori5tal
 ,jews 7#ejj-ihj74     b7 ,!            
,rabb9ic-philosophical p]iod1 or !      
hegemony ( ! ,spani% ,jews 7#ihj-adib74 
c7 ,! ,rabb9ic-my/ical p]iod1 or !      
hegemony       ( ! ,g]man-,poli% ,jews  
7#adib-aghi74     d7 ,! mod]n p]iod (   
enlight5m5t 7!       n9ete5? c5tury74   
,v  ,,! ,,prim>y ,,or ,,biblical ,,p]iod
   ,9 ! daybreak ( hi/ory1 ! ho>y days  
:5 seem+ & reality m]ge into ea* o!r1 & 
! outl9es ( p]sons & ?+s fade into !    
surr\nd+ mi/1 ! picture ( a nomad p1    
mov+ f ! des]ts ( ,arabia 9 ! direction 
( ,mesopotamia & ,we/]n ,asia1 deta*es  
itself cle> & di/9ct f ! dim backgr\nd4 
,! t9y tribe1 a bran* ( ! ,semitic race1

 be>s a peculi> /amp ( its own4 ,a      
%eph]d p1 always liv+ 9 close t\* )     
nature1 x yet resi/s ! pot5t influ5ce ( 
! natural ph5om5a1 :i*1 z a rule1 entrap
 primitive man1 & make him ! bond-slave 
( ! visible & mat]ial4 ,t5t life has    
attun$ ^! ,semitic nomads to            
contemplativ5ess4 ,9 ! endless v>iety ( 
! ph5om5a ( nature1 !y seek to discov] a
 s+le guid+ p[]4 ,!y ent]ta9 an obscure 
pres5tim5t ( ! exi/5ce ( an invisible1  
univ]sal s\l animat+ ! visible1 mat]ial 
univ]se4 ,! intuition is p]sonifi$ 9 !  
,patri>* ,abraham1 :o1 accord+ to       
,biblical tradition1 held communion )   
,god1 :51 on ! op5 field1 he look$ up   
t[>d heav51 & c\nt$ ! />s1 or :51 at !  
sett+ ( ! sun1 he fell into b5umb+      
sleep1 & t]ror seiz$ ^u him by reason ( 
! imp5etrable d>kness4 ,"h we h a cle>  
expression ( ! orig9al1 purely cosmical 
"* ( ! ,jewi% religion4  ,!re 0 no lack 
( human influ5ce act+ f )\t4 ,*aldea1   
:i* ! peculi> ,semitic %eph]ds cross$ 9 
_! pilgrimage1 pres5t$ !m ) notions f   

its ri* my?ology & cosmogony4 ,! natives
 ( ,syria & ,canaan1 among :om 9 ! c\rse
 ( "t ! ,abrahamites settl$1 imp>t$ to  
!m _m ( _! religi\s views & cu/oms4     
,nev]!less1 ! k]nel ( _! pure orig9al   
!ory rema9$ intact4 ,! patri>*al mode ( 
life1 admirable 9 its simplicity1       
cont9u$ to hold its own )9 ! circle ( ! 
firmly-knitt$ tribe4 ,x 0 9 ,canaan1    
h[ev]1 t ! %eph]d p hail+ f ,arabia %[$ 
! fir/ signs ( approa*+ dis9tegration4  
,v>i\s tribal gr\ps1 l ,moab & ,ammon1  
consolidat$ !mselves4 ,!y took p]man5t  
foo?old 9 ! l&1 & submitt$ ) m or less  
read9ess to ! influ5ces ex]t$ by !      
indig5\s peoples4 ,! gu>dian%ip ( !     
sublime traditions ( ! tribe rema9$ ) "o
 gr\p alone1 ! sons ( ,jacob or ! sons (
 ,israel1 s nam$ f ! ?ird ,patri>*      
,jacob4 ,to ?is gr\p ( ! ,israelites    
compos$ ( small]1 closely unit$         
divisions1 a special mission 0 allott$2 
its developm5t 0 de/9$ to lie along     
peculi> l9es4 ,! =tunes await+ x 7      
di/9ctive1 & = ?\s&s ( ye>s h fill$ ?9k+

 & believ+ mank9d ) wond]+ admiration4  
,great *>act]s are =m$ "u ! influ5ce (  
p[]ful impressions1 ( viol5t            
convulsions1 & especially "u ! influ5ce 
( suff]+4 ,! ,israelites e>ly pass$     
?r\gh _! s*ool ( suff]+ 9 ,egypt4 ,!    
removal ( ! sons ( ,jacob f ! banks ( ! 
,jordan to ^? ( ! ,nile 0 ( decisive    
importance = ! progress ( _! hi/ory4 ,:5
 ! patri>*al ,israeliti% %eph]ds        
enc\nt]$ ! old1 highly complex culture (
 ! ,egyptians1 cry/alliz$ into fix$ =ms 
ev5 at t e>ly date1 x 0 l ! cla% betwe5 
two oppos+ electric curr5ts4 ,! pure    
conception ( ,god1 ( ,elohim1 z ( ! _s  
in=m+ & support+ ! univ]se1 collid$ ) ! 
blurr$ sy/em ( hea!n deities & crass    
idolatry4 ,! simple cult ( ! %eph]ds1   
consi/+ ( a few sev]ely pla9 c]emonies1 
transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 0    
confront$ ) ! insidi\s1 co>sely s5sual  
animal wor%ip ( ! ,egyptians4 ,!        
patri>*al cu/oms ( ! ,israelites 7      
br\ght into m>k$ contra/ ) ! vices ( a  
corrupt civilization4 ,s\nd 9 body &    

s\l1 ! son ( nature sudd5ly f\nd himself
 9 unsavory surr\nd+s fa%ion$ by        
culture1 9 :i* he 0 z mu* despis$ z !   
in(f5sive nomad is by civiliz$ man (    
settl$ habit4 ,! scorn _h a practical   
result 9 ! enslavem5t ( ! ,israelites by
 ! ,ph>aohs4 ,association ) ! ,egyptians
 act$ z a =ce at once ( attraction & (  
repulsion4 ,! mann]s & cu/oms ( !       
natives c\ld n fail to leave an         
impression ^u ! simple ali5s1 & invite  
imitation on _! "p4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! :ole
 life ( ! ,egyptians1 _! crude notions (
 religion1 & _! immoral ways1 7         
calculat$ to inspire ! m enlight5$ among
 ! ,israelites ) disgu/4 ,! ho/ility ( !
 ,egyptians t[>d ! intrud]s1 & !        
horrible p]secutions 9 :i* x express$   
itself1 c\ld n b br+ out m aggressively 
! old spiritual opposition betwe5 ! two 
races4 ,! antagonism betwe5 !m 0 ! fir/ 
influ5ce to fo/] ! g]m ( ,israel's      
national consci\sness1 ! consci\sness ( 
8 peculi> "*1 8 individuality4 ,?is e>ly
 intimation ( a national consci\sness 0 

weak4 ,x manife/$ itself only 9 ! *os5  
few4 ,b x exi/$1 & ! "t 0 appo9t$ :51 "u
 m favorable conditions1 x w\ld develop1
 & display ! ext5t ( its p[]4  ,?is     
consci\sness x 0 t inspir$ ! activity ( 
,moses1 ,israel's tea*] & lib]ator4 ,he 
0 p5etrat$ alike by national & religi\s 
feel+1 & 8 desire 0 to imp>t bo?        
national & religi\s feel+ to 8 bre?r54  
,! fact ( national r$emption he connect$
 ) ! fact ( religi\s revelation4 ,i am !
 ,"l ?y ,god :o h br\ght !e =? out ( !  
l& ( ,egypt 0 proclaim$ f ,s9ai4 ,!     
,god-idea 0 nationaliz$4 ,!nce=? ,et]nal
 became ! "n peculi> to ! ,god (        
,israel4 ,he 01 inde$1 ! same ,elohim1 !
 ,creator ( ! _w & its ,guide1 :o _h be5
 dimly disc]n$ by ! spiritual vision ( !
 ,patri>*s4 ,at ! same "t ,he 0 !       
special ,god ( ! ,israeliti% nation1 !  
only nation t av\*$ ,him ) a full &     
undivid$ he>t1 ! nation *os5 by ,god    
,himself to c>ry out1 alone1 ,8 sublime 
plans4#i ,9 8 w&]+s1 ,israel became     
acqua9t$ ) ! *aotic religi\s sy/ems (   

o!r nations4 ,see+ to :at !y paid !     
tribute ( div9e adoration1 he c\ld n b  
be dom9at$ by ! consci\sness t he alone 
f ( old _h be5 ! expon5t ( ! religi\s   
idea 9 its purity4 ,! resolution mu/ h  
rip5$ )9 him to cont9ue = all "t to     
advocate & *]i% ?is idea4 ,f t mom5t    
,israel 0 possess$ ( a cle> !ory ( life 
9 religion & morality1 & ( a def9ite aim
 pursu$ ) consci\s int5t4    #i ,?is is 
! true recondite mean+ ( ! v]ses ,exod4 
vi1     #b-c3 ,& ,god spake unto ,moses1
 & said unto him1 ,i am !     ,et]nal3 &
 ,i appe>$ unto ,abraham1 unto ,isaac1 &
 unto     ,jacob1 z ,el-,%addai 7,god   
,almighty71 b by my "n     ,et]nal ,i 0 
n kn[n unto !m4  ,its orig9ators design$
 t ?is ,israeliti% conception ( life    
%\ld s]ve n m]ely !oretically1 z ! basis
 ( religi\s doctr9e1 b also practically1
 z ! />t+ po9t ( legislation4 ,x 0 to be
 realiz$ 9 ! daily walks ( ! p1 :i* at  
?is v "t atta9$ to political indep5d5ce4
 ,sublime religi\s conceptions 7 n to be
 made ! cont5t ( a vision>y cre$1 !     

subject ( dreamy contemplation1 b1 9 !  
=m ( p]spicu\s guid+ pr9ciples1 7 to    
control all sph]es ( individual & social
 life4 ,m5 mu/ bew>e ( look+ ^u religion
 z an ideal to be ye>n$ =1 x %\ld be an 
ideal to be appli$ directly1 day by day1
 to practical cont+5cies4 ,9 ,mosaism1  
s-call$1 ! religi\s & ! e?ical are      
intimately int]wov5 ) ! social & !      
political4 ,! *ief dogmas ( cre$ are    
/at$ z pr9ciples %ap+ practical life4 ,=
 in/ance1 ! exalt$ idea ( ,"o ,god      
appli$ to social life produces !        
pr9ciple ( ! equality ( all m5 be=e !   
,"o ,supreme ,p[]1 a pr9ciple on :i* !  
:ole ( ,biblical legislation is built4  
,! comm&s conc]n+ love ( neighbor1 !    
condemnation ( slav]y1 ! obligation to  
aid ! poor1 humane treatm5t ( ! /rang]1 
sympa?y & compassion ) e liv+ be+--all  
^! l(ty injunctions ensue z inevitable  
consequ5ces f ! pr9ciple ( equality4    
,biblical legislation is p]haps ! only  
example ( a political & social code     
bas$1 n ^u ab/ract reason+ alone1 b also

 ^u ! requirem5ts ( ! feel+s1 ^u ! f9e/ 
impulses ( ! human s\l4 ,by ! side (    
=mal "r & legality1 x emphasizes1 &1 9 a
 s]ies ( precepts1 makes tangible1 !    
pr9ciple ( ju/ice & humanity4 ,! ,mosaic
 law is a propag&a by de$4 ,ev]y:]e x   
dem&s active1 m ?an passive1 morality4  
,h]e91 9 ?is elevat$ *>act]i/ic1 ?is    
vital attribute1 consi/s ! *ief s\rce ( 
! p[] ( ,mosaism4 ,! same *>act]i/ic1 to
 be sure1 prev5t$ x f at once ga9+ gr\nd
 9 ! national life4 ,x e/abli%$ itself  
only gradually1 aft] _m fluctuations &  
errors4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies1 & keep+
 pace ) ! gr[? ( ! national             
consci\sness1 x 0 cultivat$ & p]fect$ 9 
detail4  ,! conque/ ( ,canaan wr\ght a  
radical trans=mation 9 ! life ( !       
,israeliti% p4 ,! acquir+ ( national    
t]ritory suppli$ firm gr\nd = !         
developm5t & manifold application ( !   
pr9ciples ( ,mosaism4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1  
advance 0 out ( ! "q4 ,! mass ( ! p _h n
 rea*$ ! degree ( spiritual maturity    
requisite = ! esp\sal ( pr9ciples       

con/itut+ an exalt$ !ory ( life4 ,x c\ld
 be und]/ood & repres5t$ only by a      
?\ghtful m9ority1 :i* consi/$ *iefly (  
,a>onites & ,levites1 toge!r =m+ a      
prie/ly e/ate1 ?\gh n a hi]>*y animat$  
by ! isolat+ _s ( ca/e t fl\ri%$ among  
all ! o!r peoples ( ! ,ori5t4 ,!        
populace discov]$ only ! c]emonial side 
( ! religion2 its k]nel 0 hidd5 f _!    
sight4 ,defective spiritual culture made
 ! p susceptible to ali5 influ5ces1 to  
notions m closely ak9 to its und]/&+4   
,resid5ce 9 ,canaan1 among relat$       
,semitic tribes t _h long be=e sep>at$ f
 ! ,israelites1 & adopt$ altoge!r       
diff]5t views & cu/oms1 produc$ a f>    
great] metamorphosis 9 ! "* ( !         
,israelites ?an ! soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 ,aft]
 ! fir/ flu% ( victory1 :5 ! unity ( !  
,israeliti% p _h be5 weak5$ by !        
p>ticul>i/ic ef=ts ( sev]al ( ! tribes1 
! spiritual bonds conf9+ ! nation began 
to relax4 ,political decay always br+s  
religi\s defection 9 its tra94 ,:5ev]   
,israel came "u ! dom9ion ( ! neighbor+ 

tribes1 he also fell a victim to _!     
cult4 ,?is ph5om5on is ?r\gh\t          
*>act]i/ic ( ! s-call$ era ( ! ,judges4 
,x is a natural ph5om5on readily expla9$
 on psy*ologic gr\nds4 ,! ,mosaic       
national conception ( ! ,et]nal ent]$ m 
& m deeply into ! national consci\sness1
 &1 accommodat+ itself to ! limit$ m5tal
 capacity ( ! majority1 became n>r[] &  
n>r[] 9 compass--! lot ( all great      
ideas6 ,! ,et]nal 0 no long] ?\ght ( z !
 only ,"o ,god ( ! :ole univ]se1 b z !  
tutel> deity ( ! ,israeliti% tribe4 ,!  
idea ( national tutel> deities 0 at t "t
 deeply root$ 9 ! consci\sness ( all !  
peoples ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,ea* nation1 z x
 _h a k+ ( its own1 _h a tribal god (   
its own4 ,! ,pho5icians _h _! ,baal1 !  
,moabites _! ,kemo%1 ! ,ammonites _!    
,milkom4 ,belief 9 ! god peculi> to a   
nation by no means exclud$ belief 9 !   
exi/5ce ( o!r national gods4 ,a p       
wor%ip$ its own god1 because x reg>d$   
him z its ma/] & protect+ "l4 ,9 fact1  
accord+ to ! views !n preval5t1 a       

conflict betwe5 two nations 0 ! conflict
 betwe5 two national deities4 ,9 !      
measure 9 :i* respect = ! god ( !       
defeat$ p>ty wan$1 wax$ ! numb] (       
wor%ip]s ( ! god ( ! victori\s nation1 &
 n m]ely among ! conqu]ors1 b also among
 ! adh]5ts ( o!r religions4#aj ,^!      
crude1 co>sely mat]iali/ic conceptions (
 ,god ga9$ entrance ) ! masses ( !      
,israeliti% p4 ,if ,moab _h 8 ,kemo%1 & 
,ammon 8 ,milkom1 !n ,israel _h 8       
,et]nal1 :o1 aft] ! model ( all o!r     
national gods1 protect$ & ab&on$ 8      
cli5ts at pleasure1 9 ! "o case w9n+1 9 
! o!r los+1 ! devotion ( 8 p>tisans4 ,9 
times ( di/ress1 9 :i* ! ,israelites    
groan$ "u ! yoke ( ! ali51 ! enslav$    
=got _! conqu]$ ,et]nal4 ,z !y paid !   
tribute due ! /range k+1 & yield$       
!mselves to 8 p[]1 s !y submitt$ to !   
/range god1 & paid him 8 due tribute (  
devotion4 ,x foll[$ t lib]ation f ! yoke
 ( ! /rang] co9cid$ ) return to ! ,god (
 ,israel1 ! ,et]nal4 ,at su* times !    
national _s leap$ into flam+ life4 ,?is 

sums up ! a*ievem5ts ( ! h]o-,judges4 ,b
 ! traces ( repeat$ backslid+ 7 deep &  
long visible1 =1 toge!r ) ! religi\s    
ideas ( ! /range peoples1 ! ,israelites 
accept$ _! cu/oms1 z a rule corrupt &   
noxi\s cu/oms1 9 %>p contra/ ) ! l(ty   
pr9ciples ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 design$ to  
control social life & ! life ( !        
individual4    #aj ,ye h =sak5 me1 says 
,god unto ,israel1 & s]v$     o!r gods2 
:]e=e ,i w deliv] y no m4 ,g & cry      
unto ! gods :i* ye h *os53 let !m deliv]
 y 9     ! "t ( y\r tribulations        
7,judges ,x1 #ac-ad74 ,! same     idea  
is br\ght out /ill m =cibly 9 ! argum5ts
     adduc$ by ,jeph?ah 9 8 message to !
 k+ ( ,ammon 7m     correctly1 ,moab71  
:o _h laid claim to ,israeliti% l&s3    
,?\1 says ,jeph?ah1 maye/ possess t :i* 
,kemo% ?y     god give? !e to possess1 b
 :at ! ,"l our ,god give?     u to      
possess1 t w we possess 7,judges xi1    
#bd74 ,usually     ^! words are tak5    
ironically2 to me !y seem to convey     
lit]al tru? r ?an irony4  ,! ,prophet   

,samuel1 com+ aft] ! unsettl$ p]iod ( ! 
,judges1 _h only p>tial success 9       
purify+ ! views ( ! p & elevat+ x out ( 
degradation to a high] spiritual level4 
,8 "w 0 cont9u$ ) m m>k$ results 9 !    
brilliant reigns ( ,saul1 ,david1 &     
,solomon4 ,an end 0 put to ! baleful    
disunion among ! tribes1 & ! bond (     
national tradition 0 /r5g!n$4 ,!        
consolidat$ ,israeliti% k+dom triumph$  
ov] its =m] oppressors4 ,! gods ( !     
/range peoples cr+$ 9 ! du/ be=e !      
all-p[]ful ,et]nal4 ,b1 ) ! division ( !
 k+dom & ! political rupture betwe5     
,judah & ,israel1 ! p]iod ( effloresc5ce
 soon came to an end4 ,aga9 confusion   
reign$ supreme1 & cu/oms & convictions  
det]iorat$ "u =eign influ5ce4 ,prophets 
l ,elijah & ,eli%a1 fev]i% ?\gh _!      
activity 01 /ood p[]less be=e ! rank    
immorality 9 ! two /ates4 ,! nor!rn     
k+dom ( ,israel1 compos$ ( ! ,t5        
,tribes1 pass$ swiftly d[nw>d on ! road 
to de/ruction1 %>+ ! fate ( ! numb]less 
,ori5tal /ates ^: end 0 inevitable by   

reason ( inn] decay4 ,! inspir$ words ( 
! e>ly ,israeliti% ,prophets1 ,amos1    
,hosea1 & ,micah1 _! trumpet-ton$       
repro(s1 _! ?rill+ admonitions1 di$     
unhe$$ ^u ! air--society 0 too deprav$  
to und]/& _! import4 ,x 0 res]v$ = lat] 
g5]ations to give e> to _! immortal     
utt]ances1 eloqu5t witnesses to ! l(ty  
heights to :i* ! ,jewi% _s 0 p]mitt$ to 
m\nt 9 times ( g5]al decl9e4 ,! nor!rn  
k+dom sank into irretrievable ru94 ,!n  
came ! turn ( ,judah4 ,he1 too1 _h      
disreg>d$ ! law ( sanctification f      
,s9ai1 & _h ne>ly arriv$ at ! po9t (    
/ifl+ 8 bett] impulses 9 ! morass (     
mat]iali/ic liv+4  ,at ?is critical     
mom5t1 on ! l9e betwe5 to be & n to be1 
a miracle came to pass4 ,! _s ( ! p1    
become fle% 9 its noble/ sons1 rose     
al(t4 ,f out ( ! mid/ ( ! political     
di/urbances1 ! frightful infamy1 & !    
moral corruption1 res\nd$ ! impressive  
call ( ! great ,prophets ( ,judah4 ,l a 
flam+ tor* c>ri$ ?r\gh d5se d>kness1 !y 
ca/ a gl>+ light ^u ! vices ( society1  

at ! same "t illum9at+ ! pa? t leads    
upw>d to ! goal ( ! e?ical ideal4 ,at   
fir/ ! negative1 d5\nc+ elem5t pr$om9at$
 9 ! exhortations ( ! ,prophets3        
unsp>+ly !y sc\rg$ ! demoralization & ! 
iniquity1 ! social inju/ice & !         
political errors preval5t 9 _! "t2 !y   
?reat5$ div9e puni%m5t1 t is1 ! natural 
consequ5ces ( evil-do+1 & appeal$ to !  
reason r ?an ! feel+s ( ! p4 ,b         
gradually !y elaborat$ positive ideals1 
m s\l-/irr+ ?an ! ideals id5tifi$ ) !   
old religi\s tradition4 ,! ,prophets 7 !
 fir/ to t\* ! root ( ! evil4 ,x is cle>
 t !y realiz$ t ali5 influ5ces & ! l[   
grade ( intellig5ce possess$ by ! masses
 7 n ! sole causes ( ! frequ5t backslid+
 ( ! p4 ,! ,jewi% doctr9e itself bore )9
 x ! g]m ( error4 ,! two *ief pill>s ( !
 old fai?--! nationaliz+ ( ! ,god-idea1 
& ! /ress laid ^u ! cult1 ! c]emonial   
side ( religion1 z comp>$ ) moral       
requirem5ts--7 fir/ & =emo/ to be held  
responsible = ! flagrant dep>tures f !  
_s ( ,judaism4 ,?is 0 ! direction 9 :i* 

re=m 0 ne$$4 ,!reaft] ! s]mons ( !      
,prophets betray ev]y:]e ! int5se       
desire1 on ! "o h&1 to re/ore to !      
,god-idea its orig9al univ]sal "*1 &1 on
 ! o!r h&1 :ile /rongly emphasiz+ !     
importance ( morality 9 ! religi\s & !  
social sph]e1 to d]ogate f ! value ( !  
c]emonial sy/em4 ,! ,et]nal is no long] 
! national ,god ( ,israel1 belong+ to   
him exclusively2 ,he becomes ! ,god ( ! 
:ole ( mank9d1 ! same ,elohim1 ,creator 
& ,pres]v] ( ! _w1 :om ! ,patri>*s _h   
wor%ip$1 & to :om1 be+ ,8 creatures1 all
 m5 owe wor%ip4 ,8 precepts & ,8 laws ( 
morality are b9d+ ^u all nations2 !y w  
br+ salvation & bless+ to all )\t       
di/9ction4#aa ,! ideal ( piety consi/s 9
 ! pr(ession ( ,god & a life (          
rectitude4 ,! "t w come :5 all nations w
 be p5etrat$ by true k ( ,god & actuat$ 
by ! noble/ motives2 !n w foll[ !       
univ]sal bro!rhood ( man4 ,until ?is    
consummation is rea*$1 & s long z       
,israel is ! only nation =mally pr(ess+ 
! "o true ,god1 & accept+ ,8 bless$ law1

 ,israel's sole task is to embody 9     
himself ! highe/ ideals1 to be an ensign
 to ! nations1 to be> be=e !m ! bann] ( 
,god's law1 de/9$ 9 "t to effect !      
trans=mation ( ! :ole ( mank9d4 ,israel 
is a mission>y to ! nations4 ,z su* he  
mu/ /& be=e !m z a model ( hol9ess &    
purity4 ,"h is ! orig9 ( ! great idea ( 
! spiritual ,messianism ( ! ,jewi% p1   
or1 bett]1 its missionism1 an et]nal    
idea1 f> m compreh5sive ?an ! old idea (
 national election1 :i* x supplant$4    
#aa ,two ,biblical passages1 ! "o f     
,deut]onomy1 ! o!r     f                
,deut]o-,isaiah1 af=d a signal          
illu/ration ( !     contra/ betwe5 !    
religi\s nationalism ( ! ,mosaic law    
& ! univ]salism ( ! ,prophets4 ,moses   
says to ,israel3     ,?\ art an holy p  
unto ! ,"l ?y ,god3 ! ,"l ?y     ,god   
ha? *os5 !e to be a special p unto      
himself1     above all p t are ^u ! face
 ( ! e>?4 ,! ,"l     did n set 8 love ^u
 y1 nor *oose y1 because ye 7     m 9   
numb] ?an any p3 = ye 7 ! fewe/ ( all   

p4 ,b because ! ,"l lov$ y4444 7,deut4  
vii1 #f-h74     ,& ^! are ! words ( !   
prophecy3 ,li/51 ,o isles1     unto me1 
& he>k51 ye p1 f f>6 ,! ,"l ha?         
call$ me444 & said unto me1 ,?\ art my  
s]vant1 ,o ,israel1     9 :om ,i w be   
glorifi$6 ,b ,i _h ?\ght1 ,i h labor$   
9 va91 ,i h sp5t my /r5g? = n\ght1 & 9  
va92 yet     surely my judgm5t is ) !   
,"l1 & my "w ) my ,god4     ,= n[ said !
 ,"l unto me444 ,x is too light a ?+ t  
?\ %\lde/ be my s]vant to raise up !    
tribes ( ,jacob1     & to re/ore !      
pres]v$ ( ,israel3 no1 ,i w also give   
!e = a light to ! ,g5tiles1 t my        
salvation may rea*     unto ! end ( !   
e>? 7,is4 xlix1 #a-f74  ,^! sublime     
tea*+s 7 inculcat$ at ! mom5t 9 :i*     
,judah 0 ha/5+ to meet 8 fate4 ,x _h    
become impossible to *eck ! natural     
results ( ! e>li] transgressions4 ,!    
inevitable happ5$2 ,babylon ! mighty    
laid h] pond]\s h& ^u t9y ,judah4 ,b    
,judah c\ld n be cru%$4 ,f ! heavy      
*a/isem5t ! ,jewi% nation em]g$ purifi$1

 re-born = a new life4     ,,vi  ,,!    
,,second>y ,,or ,,spiritual-,,political 
,,p]iod   ,! rank & file ( a p are      
in/ruct$ by revolutions & cata/rophes   
bett] ?an by s]mons4 ,m quickly ?an     
,isaiah & ,j]emiah1 ,nebu*adnezz> br\ght
 ! ,jews to a recognition ( _! tasks4 ,!
 %ort span ( ! ,babylonian ,exile       
7#ehf-ech ,b4 ,c4 ,e47 0 a p]iod (      
introspection & se>*+ self-exam9ation = 
! p4 ,spiritual =ces hi!rto lat5t came  
into play2 a degree ( self-consci\sness 
ass]t$ itself4 ,! p grasp$ its mission4 
,at la/ x compreh5d$ t to imitate       
inf]ior races1 in/ead ( tea*+ !m & mak+ 
itself a model = !m to foll[1 0 treason 
to its vocation 9 life4 ,:5 ! h\r (     
release f ! ,babylonian yoke /ruck1 ! p 
sudd5ly saw "u its feet a new e>?1 & to 
a new heav5 above x rais$ eyes dim )    
te>s ( rep5tance & emotion4 ,x r5ew$ its
 cov5ant ) ,god4 ,l ! ,exodus f ,egypt1 
s ! second national deliv]ance 0        
connect$ ) a revelation4 ,b ! messages  
deliv]$ by ! la/ ,prophets--especially  

by ! great unkn[n1 ! au?or ( ! latt] "p 
( ! ,book ( ,isaiah--7 too exalt$1 too  
univ]sal 9 conception1 = a p b lately   
em]g$ f a sev]e crisis to set ab\t _!   
realization at once4 ,!y c\ld only      
illum9e its pa? z a guid+-/>1 inspire x 
z ! ultimate goal1 ! f>-(f ,messianic   
ideal4 ,mean:ile ! necessity appe>$ =   
uni=m religi\s laws1 dogmas1 & cu/oms1  
to b9d ! ,jews toge!r ext]nally z a     
nation4 ,! moraliz+ religion ( !        
,prophets 0 calculat$ to br+ ab\t !     
reg5]ation ( ! individual1 reg>dless (  
national ties2 b at t mom5t ! *ief po9t 
involv$ 0 ! nation4 ,x _h to be e/abli%$
 & its organization p]fect$4 ,!         
univ]salism ( ! ,prophets 0 inadequate =
 ! consolidat+ ( a nation4 ,to ?is end  
outw>d religi\s discipl9e 0 requisite1  
an (ficial cult & public c]emonies4 ,l$ 
by su* consid]ations1 ! ,jewi% captives1
 on _! return to ,j]usalem1 fir/ ( all  
devot$ !mselves to ! erection ( a       
,temple1 to ! creat+ ( a visible        
religi\s c5tre1 :i* 0 to be ! rally+    

po9t = ! :ole nation4  ,! days ( !      
,prophets 7 ov]4 ,_! religi\s           
univ]salism c\ld apply only to a di/ant 
future4 ,9 ! pres5t1 ! nation1 be=e x   
might pose z a tea*]1 _h to le>n & gr[  
spiritually /rong4 ,aims ( su* compass  
require c5turies = _! realization4      
,!re=e1 ! spiritual-national unification
 ( ! p 0 pu%$ into ! =egr\nd4 ,! place (
 ! ,prophet 0 fill$ by ! ,prie/ & !     
,scribe4 ,z]ubbabel1 ,ezra1 & ,nehemiah 
7 p]meat$ by ! purpose to make religion 
& ! cult subs]vi5t to ! cause ( national
 union & isolation4 ,! erection ( !     
,temple1 ! solemn s]vice ) ! s++ (      
,psalms & ! public read+ f ! ,book ( !  
,law 7! ,p5tateu*1 :i* und]w5t its f9al 
r$action at t "t71 ! removal ( :atev]   
might ar\se ! remembrance ( /range &    
hea!n in/itutions--^! 7 ! lev]s ( _!    
unify+ activity4 ,at fir/ sight ?is     
activity might appe> almo/ too "o-sid$4 
,b if we summon to m9d a picture ( !    
conditions prevail+ 9 ^? days1 we are   
=c$ to ! conclusion t1 9 ! int]e/ (     

national re/oration1 a consi/5t c\rse 0 
imp]ative4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 "s (  
,ezra's innovations te/ify to !         
broad-m9d$1 re=matory "* ( ?is activity2
 z1 = in/ance1 ! public read+ ( !       
,p5tateu*1 introduc$ ) a view to mak+ ! 
p see ! necessity ( obta9+ detail$ k ( !
 pr9ciples ( its religion1 & obey+ !    
precepts ( ! ,law1 n bl9dly1 b )        
consci\s ass5t4 ,! object /eadily aim$  
at 0 ! elevation ( ! :ole body ( ! p to 
! plane ( spirituality1 its             
trans=mation1 9 accordance ) ! ,biblical
 injunction1 into a k+dom ( prie/s4     
,?is injunction ( civiliz+ import became
 ! />t+ po9t ( ! activity ( all (       
,ezra's successors1 ( ! s-call$ s*ool ( 
! ,s(]im1 ! ,scribes1 ^? v]s$ 9 ! art ( 
writ+4 ,! political calm t prevail$ dur+
 ! two c5turies ( ! ,p]sian supremacy   
7#ech-ccb ,b4 ,c4 ,e471 0 calculat$ to  
an em95t degree to promote spiritual    
developm5t & ! organization ( ! inn]    
life ( ! p4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 a l>ge "p (
 ! writ+s aft] ! ,p5tateu* t h be5      

receiv$ into ! ,bible 7 collect$1       
compil$1 & r$uc$ to writ+4 ,! immortal  
?\ghts ( ! ,prophets clo!d !mselves 9 ! 
visible g>b ( lett]s4 ,on p>*m5t rolls &
 9 books !y 7 made accessible to di/ant 
ages4 ,! impressive traditions          
transmitt$ f e>lie/ times1 ! *ronicles (
 ! pa/ ( ! p1 ! ,psalms br\ght =? by !  
religi\s en?usiasm ( a long s]ies (     
poets1 all 7 ga!r$ & put into lit]>y    
%ape ) ! extreme ( c>e4 ,! spiritual    
treasures ( ! nation 7 capitaliz$1 & to 
?is process ( capitalization solely &   
alone g5]ations ( m5 h ow$ ! possibility
 ( resort+ to !m z a s\rce ( fai? & k4  
,)\t ! "w ( compilation a*iev$ by !     
,s(]im1 ( :i* ! un9/ruct$ are apt to    
speak slight+ly1 mank9d to-day _h no    
,bible1 t c5tral sun 9 _w-lit]ature4    
,^! two c5turies may fitly be call$ !   
s*ool-days ( ! ,jewi% nation2 ! ,scribes
 7 ! tea*]s ( ,jewry4 ,9 ! way ( orig9al
 "w b little 0 produc$4 ,! p f$ ^u !    
/ore ( spiritual food1 ( :i* suffici5t  
_h be5 laid up = sev]al g5]ations4 ,x 0 

!n t ! ,jews fir/ e>n$ _! title to ! "n1
 ! ,p ( ! ,book4 ,!y made subs]vi5t to  
!mselves ! two mightie/ in/rum5ts (     
?\ght1 ! art ( writ+ & ( read+4 ,_!     
progress 0 brilliant1 & :5 _! s*ool+ _h 
come to an end1 & !y /epp$ out into !   
broad] life1 !y 7 at once able to apply 
_! k successfully to practical          
cont+5cies4 ,!y 7 prep>$ = all !        
vicissitudes ( life4 ,_! spiritual      
equipm5t 0 complete4  ,no?+ c\ld h be5 m
 opportune ?an ?is read9ess to assume ! 
responsibilities ( exi/5ce1 = a "t (    
p]il & m5ace 0 aga9 approa*+4 ,f out ( !
 ,we/1 a new ag5t ( civilization1       
,hell5ism1 advanc$ ^u ! ,ea/4 ,alex&] ! 
,great _h put an end to ! huge ,p]sian  
mon>*y1 & br\ght ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,asia  
"u 8 dom9ion 7#ccb ,b4 ,c4 ,e474 ,8     
g5]als divid$ ! conqu]$ l&s among       
!mselves4 ,) all _! might1 ! ,ptolemies 
9 ,egypt & ! ,seleucidae 9 ,syria       
hell5iz$ ! c\ntries subject to _! rule4 
,9 ! old doma9 ( ! ,ph>aohs1 z 9        
,babylonia1 9 ,pho5icia1 & 9 ,syria1 !  

,greek language 0 curr5tly spok51 ,greek
 c]emonies 7 obs]v$1 ! ,greek mode (    
life 0 adopt$4 ,a!ns c$$ h] rights (    
primog5iture to ,new ,a!ns1 ,alex&ria1  
capital ( ,egypt1 & cosmopolitan c5tre (
 ! civiliz$ _w4 ,= a :ole c5tury ,judea 
play$ ! sad "p ( ! apple ( discord      
betwe5 ! ,egyptian & ! ,syrian dyna/y   
7#cbj-bjc ,b4 ,c4 ,e474 ,by turns %e    
own$ ! sway ( ! ,ptolemies & !          
,seleucidae1 until f9ally1 9 #bjc1 %e 0 
decl>$ a ,syro-,mac$onian prov9ce4 ,"h1 
z 9 ! o!r p>ts ( _! realm1 ! rul]s      
devot$ !mselves en]getically to !       
dissem9ation ( ,greek culture4 ,meet+ ) 
resi/ance1 !y _h resort to ma9 =ce4 ,at 
fir/1 inde$1 a l>ge "p ( ! p p]mitt$    
itself to be bl9d$ by ! beauty (        
,japhe?1 & promot$ assimilation ) !     
,greeks4 ,b :5 ! spread ( ,hell5ism     
began to ?reat5 ! spiritual             
individuality ( ,judaism1 ! re/ ( !     
nation1 end[$ ) great] capacity (       
resi/ance1 arose & /urdily repuls$ !    
enemy4  ,hell5ism 0 ! fir/ gravely      

dang]\s oppon5t ,judaism _h to enc\nt]4 
,x 0 n ! ord9>y meet+ ( two peoples1 or 
( two k9ds ( civilization4 ,x 0 a cla%  
betwe5 two !ories ( life t /ood abruptly
 oppos$ to ea* o!r1 71 inde$1 mutually  
exclusive4 ,x 0 a duel betwe5 ! ,et]nal 
on ! "o side1 & ,zeus on ! o!r--betwe5 !
 ,creator ( ! univ]se1 ! invisible      
spiritual ,be+ :o _h1 9 a miracul\s way1
 reveal$ religi\s & e?ical ideals to    
mank9d1 & ! deity :o resid$ ^u ,olympus1
 :o p]sonifi$ ! highe/ =ce ( nature1    
consum$ va/ quantities ( nect> &        
ambrosia1 & l$ a pretty wild life ^u    
,olympus & else:]e4 ,9 ! sph]e (        
religion & morality1 ,hell5e & ,judean  
c\ld n come close to ea* o!r4 ,! =m]    
deifi$ nature h]self1 ! mat]ial univ]se2
 ! latt] deifi$ ! ,creator ( nature1 !  
_s in=m+ ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! ,hell5e  
paid homage fir/ & =emo/ to ext]nal     
beauty & physical /r5g?2 ! ,judean to   
inn] beauty & spiritual h]oism4 ,!      
,hell5ic !ory id5tifi$ ! moral ) !      
beautiful & ! agreeable1 & made life    

consi/ ( an un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( physical 
& m5tal pleasures4 ,! ,judean !ory is   
p]meat$ by ! /rictly e?ical notions (   
duty1 ( purity1 ( hol9ess2 x d5\nces    
lic5ti\sness1 & sets up z its ideal !   
controll+ ( ! passions & ! inf9ite      
improvem5t ( ! s\l1 n ( ! intellect     
alone1 b ( ! feel+s z well4 ,^!         
diff]5ces betwe5 ! two !ories ( life %[$
 !mselves 9 ! brusque opposition 9 "* & 
cu/oms t made ! ,greeks & ! ,jews       
absolute antipodes 9 _m sph]es ( life4  
,x _c be d5i$ t 9 matt]s ( ! intellect1 
especially 9 ! field ( philosophy &     
sci5ce1 n to m5tion art1 x might h be5  
greatly to ! advantage ( ! ,jews to     
become disciples ( ! ,greeks4 ,nor is   
!re any d\bt t ! bright] aspects (      
,hell5ism w\ld make an admirable        
complem5t to ,judaism4 ,an h>moni\s     
bl5d+ ( ! ,prophets ) ,socrates & ,plato
 w\ld h produc$ a _m-sid$1 ideal        
,weltans*auung4 ,! c\rse ( hi/orical    
ev5ts f ! fir/ made su* bl5d+1 :i* w\ld 
d\btless h requir$ great sacrifices on  

bo? sides1 an impossible consummation4  
,9 po9t ( fact1 ! ev5ts 7 su* z to wid5 
! abyss betwe5 ! two sy/ems4 ,! meet+ ( 
,judaism & ,hell5ism un=tunately occurr$
 at ! v mom5t :5 ! classical ,hell5es _h
 be5 supplant$ by ! hell5iz$ ,mac$onians
 & ,syrians1 :o _h accept$ :at 7        
probably ! wor/ elem5ts ( ! antique     
sy/em1 :ile appropriat+ b few ( !       
intellectual excell5cies ( ,greek       
culture4 ,!re 0 ano!r ?w>t+ circum/ance4
 ,9 ?is epo*1 ! ,greeks 7 ! political   
oppressors ( ! ,jews1 outrag+ ,jewi%    
national feel+ ?r\gh _! tyranny to !    
same degree z by _! immoral life !y     
%ock$ ,jewi% e?ical feel+ & ,jewi%      
*a/ity4  ,outrag$ national & religi\s   
feel+ f\nd expression 9 ! insurrection (
 ! ,maccabees 7#afh ,b4 ,c4 ,e474 ,!    
ho>y prie/ ,matta?ias & 8 sons f\ght = !
 de>e/ & noble/ treasures ( ,judaism4   
,en?usiasm begets h]oism4 ,!            
,syrian-,greek yoke 0 ?r[n (f1 &1 aft]  
groan+ "u ali5 rule1 ! ,p]sian1 !       
,egyptian1 & ! ,syro-,mac$onian1 = f\r  

hundr$ ye>s1 ,judea became an indep5d5t 
/ate4 ,9 its =eign relations1 ! new /ate
 0 secur$ by ! self-sacrific+ c\rage ( !
 fir/ ,maccabean bro!rs1 & f )9 x 0     
support$ by ! deep-sunk pill>s ( !      
spiritual life4 ,! rise ( ! ?ree fam\s  
p>ties1 ! ,sadducees1 ! ,ph>isees1 & !  
,ess5es1 by no means te/ifies1 z _m w\ld
 h u believe1 to national dis9tegration1
 b r to ! int5se spiritual activity ( ! 
p4 ,! ?ree t5d5cies af=d$ opportunity = 
! self-consci\sness ( ! nation to       
express itself 9 all its v>iety & =ce4  
,! unb5d+ religi\s dogmatism ( !        
,sadducees1 ! compreh5sive practical    
s5se ( ! ,ph>isees 9 religi\s &         
,rational conc]ns1 ! contemplative      
my/icism ( ! ,ess5es1 !y are ! mo/      
important (f%oots f ! ,jewi% sy/em z    
held at t "t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ext]nal 
conditions t br\ght ab\t ! de/ruction ( 
! ,maccabean /ate#ab aft] a c5tury's    
exi/5ce 7#afe-fc ,b4 ,c4 ,e471 !        
,ph>isee t5d5cy1 :i* _h prov$ itself !  
be/ 9 practice1 won ! upp] h&4 ,:5      

,judea 0 held fa/ 9 ! clut*es ( ! ,roman
 eagle1 all hope ( escape be+ cut (f1 ! 
f>-see+ lead]s ( ! p ga9$ ! firm        
conviction t ! only tru/wor?y support ( 
! ,jewi% nation lay 9 its religion4 ,!y 
realiz$ t ! pres]vation ( national unity
 c\ld be effect$ only by a consi/5t     
organization ( ! religi\s law1 :i* 0 to 
envelop & %ape ! :ole ext]nal life ( !  
p4 ,?is expla9s ! fev]i% activity ( !   
e>ly creators ( ! ,mi%na1 ( ,hillel1    
,%ammai1 & o!rs1 & x int]prets also !   
wat*word ( /ill old] fame1 ,make a f5ce 
ab\t ! ,law4 ,if up to t mom5t religi\s 
usage 9 its developm5t _h kept abrea/ ( 
! requirem5ts ( social & individual     
life1 ! requirem5ts out ( :i* x _h gr[n 
=?1 x n[ became a national function1 &  
its fur!r evolution advanc$ ) trem5d\s  
/rides4 ,= ! protection ( ! old ,mosaic 
,laws1 a tw(old & a ?reefold f5ce ( new 
legal ord9ances 0 erect$ ab\t !m1 & !   
cult became m & m complicat$4 ,b !      
ext]nals ( religion did n monopolize all
 ! =ces4 ,! moral elem5t 9 ! nation 0   

promot$ ) equal vigor4 ,hillel1 ! head (
 ! ,ph>isee p>ty1 0 n a legislator      
alone1 he 0 also a model ( humane       
pr9ciples & r>e moral atta9m5ts4    #ab 
,! ext]nal causes ( ! d[nfall ( !       
,maccabean /ate1     dyna/ic qu>rels1   
are well kn[n4 ,mu* less light has be5  
?r[n ^u ! inn]1 deep]-ly+ causes ( !    
cata/rophe4     ,^! are possibly to be  
s\ght 9 ! prie/ly-political     dualism 
( ! ,judean =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ideal ( a 
nation educat$ by means ( ! ,bible 0 a  
!ocratic /ate1     & ! fir/ pr9ces ( !  
,maccabean h\se1 act+ at once     z     
reg5ts & z high prie/s1 9 a measure     
rea*$ ?is     ideal4 ,b ! attempts ( o!r
 nations _h demon/rat$     conclusively 
en\gh t a duali/ic =m ( gov]nm5t _c     
ma9ta9 itself p]man5tly4 ,soon] or lat] 
"o ( ! two     elem5ts1 ! prie/ly or !  
secul>1 is b\nd to prevail     ov] ! o!r
 & cru% x4 ,9 ! ,judean realm1 ) its    
pr(\ndly religi\s tr5d1 ! prie/ly elem5t
 obta9$ !     asc5d5cy1 & political ru9 
ensu$4 ,! prie/ly-political     retreat$

 be=e ! prie/ly-national =m ( gov]nm5t4 
,?\gh ! religi\s elem5t 0 p[]less to    
pres]ve !     /ate f de/ruction1 we %all
 see t x has     brilliantly v9dicat$   
its ability to keep ! nation     intact4
  ,:ile ,judaism1 9 its native c\ntry 0 
/riv+ to isolate itself1 & 0 seiz+ ^u   
all sorts ( exp$i5ts to insure ?is end1 
x readily ent]$ into relations1 outside 
( ,judea1 ) o!r sy/ems ( ?\ght1 &       
accept$ elem5ts ( ! classical culture4  
,in/ead ( ! viol5t opposition :i* !     
,pale/9ian ,judaism ( ! pre-,maccabean  
p]iod1 t is1 ! p]iod ( /rife1 _h (f]$ to
 ,hell5ism1 ! t5d5cy to make mutual     
concessions1 & pave ! way = an und]/&+  
betwe5 ! two !ories ( life1 ass]t$      
itself 9 ,alex&ria4 ,9 ! capital city ( 
! hell5iz$ _w ! ,jews con/itut$ "o ( !  
mo/ important elem5ts ( culture4        
,accord+ to ,momms51 ! ,jewi% colony 9  
,alex&ria 0 n inf]ior1 9 po9t ( numb]s1 
to ! ,jewi% population ( ,j]usalem1 !   
metropolis4 ,influ5c$ by ,greek         
civilization1 ! ,jews 9 turn ex]cis$    

decisive influ5ce ^u _! hea!n surr\nd+s1
 & introduc$ a new pr9ciple ( developm5t
 into ! activity ( ! cultivat$ classes4 
,! ,greek translation ( ! ,biblical     
writ+s =m$ ! connect+ l9k betwe5        
,judaism & ,hell5ism4 ,! ,septuag9ta1 ! 
translation ( ! ,p5tateu*1 9 use s9ce ! 
?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 _h     
acqua9t$ ! classical _w ) ,jewi% views &
 pr9ciples4 ,! productions ( ! ,prophets
 &1 9 lat] c5turies1 ( ! o!r ,biblical  
au?ors1 translat$ & spread broadca/1    
act$ irresi/ibly ^u ! _s ( ! cultivat$  
hea!n1 & grant$ him a glimpse into a _w 
( hi!rto unkn[n notions4 ,on ?is soil   
sprang up ! volum9\s ,judeo-,hell5ic    
lit]ature1 ( :i* b a few1 ?\gh          
*>act]i/ic1 specim5s h desc5d$ to u4 ,! 
int]m+l+ ( ,greek philosophy ) ,jewi%   
religi\s conceptions result$ 9 a new    
religio-philosophic doctr9e1 ) a my/ic  
t+e1 ( :i* ,philo is ! *ief expon5t4 ,9 
,j]usalem1 ,judaism appe>$ z a sy/em (  
practical c]emonies & moral pr9ciples2 9
 ,alex&ria1 x pres5t$ itself z a complex

 ( ab/ract symbols & poetical           
allegories4 ,! ,alex&rian =m ( ,judaism 
might satisfy ! intellect1 b x c\ld n   
appeal to ! feel+s4 ,x may h made       
,judaism accessible to ! cultivat$      
m9ority1 to ! upp] t5 ?\s& ) philosophic
 tra9+2 = ! masses ( ! hea!n p ,judaism 
cont9u$ un9telligible4 ,yet x 0         
pre-em95tly ! masses t 7 /rongly        
possess$ by religi\s crav+4 ,disappo9t$ 
9 _! old beliefs1 !y pant$ aft] a new   
belief1 aft] spiritual enlight5m5t4 ,9 !
 decay+ classical _w1 :i* _h s long     
fill$ out life ) mat]iali/ic &          
intellectual int]e/s1 ! moral & religi\s
 feel+s1 ! desire = a liv+ fai?1 = an   
active inspiration1 _h awak5$1 & 0 gr[+ 
) irresi/ible =ce4  ,!n1 f deep out ( ! 
bosom ( ,judaism1 !re sprang a moral1   
religi\s doctr9e de/9$ to allay ! burn+ 
?ir/ = religion1 & br+ ab\t a           
reorganization ( ! hea!n _w4 ,!         
orig9ators ( ,*ri/ianity /ood :olly ^u !
 gr\nd ( ,judaism4 ,9 _! tea*+s 7       
reflect$ z well ! l(ty moral pr9ciples (

 ! ,ph>isee lead] z ! contemplative aims
 ( ! ,ess5es4 ,b ! same ext]nal         
circum/ances t _h put ,judaism "u !     
necessity ( *oos+ a %>ply-def9$         
practical1 national policy1 made x      
impossible = ,judaism to frat]nize ) !  
prea*]s ( ! new doctr9e4 ,judaism1 9    
fact1 0 compell$ to put aside entirely !
 ?\ght ( univ]sal mission>y activity4   
,in/ead1 x _h to devote its p[]s to ! m 
press+ task ( gu>d+ ! spiritual unity ( 
a nation ^: political bonds 7 visibly   
dropp+ away4  ,= j !n ! ,jewi% nation1  
gory ) its own blood1 0 /ruggl+ 9 !     
talons ( ! ,roman eagle4 ,its sons f\ght
 h]oically1 )\t ?\ght ( self4 ,:51      
f9ally1 physical /r5g? gave out1 _!     
spiritual en]gy rose to an int5s]       
degree4 ,! /ate 0 annihilat$1 ! nation  
rema9$ alive4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,temple
 0 enwrapp$ 9 flames1 & ! ,roman legions
 flood$ ,j]usalem1 ! spiritual lead]s ( 
,jewry sat mus+1 busily ca/+ ab\t = a   
means :]eby1 )\t a /ate1 )\t a capital1 
)\t a ,temple1 ,jewi% unity might be    

ma9ta9$4 ,& !y solv$ ! difficult        
problem4     ,,vii  ,,! ,,t]ti>y        
,,talmudic ,,or ,,national-,,religi\s   
,,p]iod   ,! solution ( ! problem       
consi/$ *iefly 9 m /rictly foll[+ out ! 
process ( isolation4 ,9 a "t 9 :i* !    
wor%ip ( ,god prea*$ by ,judaism 0      
rapidly spread+ to all p>ts ( !         
classical _w1 & ! fundam5tal pr9ciples (
 ! ,jewi% religion 7 /eadily ga9+       
appreciation & active adh]5ce1 ?is      
int5se desire = seclusion may at fir/   
glance seem curi\s4 ,b ! ph5om5on is    
p]fectly simple4 ,a =emo/ factor 0      
national feel+1 enhanc$ to a trem5d\s   
degree at ! "t ( ! de/ruction (         
,j]usalem4 ,lack+ a political basis1 x 0
 transf]r$ to religi\s soil4 ,e         
tradition1 e cu/om1 h[ev] insignificant1
 0 *]i%$ z a jewel4 ,?\gh )\t a /ate &  
)\t t]ritory1 ! ,jews desir$ to =m a    
nation1 if only a spiritual nation1     
complete 9 itself4 ,!y consid]$ !mselves
 !n z be=e ! sole gu>dians ( ! law (    
,god4 ,!y did n believe 9 a spe$y       

fulfilm5t ( ! prophetical promise       
conc]n+ ! end ( "t :5 all nations w\ld  
be conv]t$ to ,god4 ,a scrupul\s keep] (
 ! ,law1 ,judaism w\ld n he> ( !        
compromises t hea!ndom1 lately ent]$    
into ! bosom ( ! fai?1 claim$ z its due 
consid]ation4 ,x refus$ to sacrifice a  
s+le feature ( its simple dogmatism1 (  
its ess5tial c]emonies1 su* z           
circumcision & ,sabba? re/4 ,moreov]1 9 
! p]iod foll[+ close ^u ! fall ( !      
,temple1 a "p ( ! p /ill nurs$ ! hope ( 
political re/oration1 a hope repudiat+ 9
 its totality ! proclamation ( q ano!r  
,messianic doctr9e4 ,! delusion end$    
tragically 9 ,b> ,ko*ba's hapless       
rebellion 7#ace ,c4 ,e471 ^: disa/r\s   
issue cut (f ! la/ remnant ( hope = !   
re/oration ( an e>?ly k+dom4 ,!reaft] ! 
ideal ( a spiritual /ate 0 replac$ by ! 
ideal ( a spiritual nation1 rally+ ab\t 
a peculi> religi\s bann]4 ,jewry grew m 
& m absorb$ 9 itself4 ,its seclusion f !
 re/ ( ! _w became progressively m      
complete4 ,in/9ct dictat$ ?is c\rse z an

 escape f ! dang] ( ext9ction1 or1 at   
lea/1 ( /agnation4 ,x 0 consci\s (      
possess+ en\gh vitality & en]gy to live 
= itself & "w out its own salvation4 ,x 
_h its spiritual int]e/s1 its peculi>   
ideals1 & a firm belief 9 ! future4 ,x  
con/itut$ an anci5t ord]1 ^: pat5t (    
nobility _h be5 conf]r$ ^u x 9 ! days ( 
! ho>y pa/ by ! ,"l ,god ,himself4 ,su* 
z x 01 x c\ld n cons5t to ally itself ) 
p>v5us1 ennobl$ b to-day1 & ye/]day /ill
 b[+ d[n be=e gods ( silv] & gods (     
gold4 ,?is :ite-hair$ old man1 ) a /ormy
 pa/ full ( exp]i5ces & ?\ght1 w\ld n   
m+le ) ! scatt]-bra9$ cr[d1 w\ld n      
desc5d to ! level ( neophytes dom9at$ by
 fleet+1 y\?ful en?usiasm4 ,loyally ?is 
wea!r-bronz$1 inflexible gu>dian ( !    
,law /uck to 8 po/--! po/ entru/$ to him
 by ,god ,himself--&1 fai?ful to 8 duty1
 held fa/ to ! pr9ciple j'y suis1 j'y   
re/e4  ,z a political nation ?reat5$ by 
its neighbors seeks support 9 its army1 
& provides suffici5t implem5ts ( w>1 s a
 spiritual nation mu/ h spiritual       

weapons ( def5se at its comm&4 ,su*     
weapons 7 =g$ 9 great numb]s1 & deposit$
 9 ! va/ ars5al call$ ! ,talmud4 ,!     
,talmud repres5ts a complicat$ spiritual
 discipl9e1 enjo9+ unconditional ob$i5ce
 to a high] invisible p[]4 ,:]e         
discipl9e is conc]n$1 que/ions z to !   
necessity = "o or ano!r regulation are  
out ( place4 ,e regulation is necess>y1 
if only because x contributes to !      
desir$ end1 namely1 discipl9e4 ,let no  
"o ask1 !n1 to :at purpose ! innum]able 
religi\s & ritual regulations1 sometimes
 rea*+ ! extreme ( pett9ess1 to :at     
purpose ! compreh5sive code 9 :i* e /ep 
9 ! life ( ! fai?ful is =ese54 ,!       
,talmudic religi\s provisions1 all tak5 
toge!r1 aim to put ! regim5 ( ! nation  
on a /rictly uni=m basis1 s t ev]y:]e ! 
,jew may be able to di/+ui% a bro!r 9   
fai? by 8 peculi> mode ( life4 ,x is a  
uni=m ) insignia1 by :i* soldi]s ( !    
same regim5t recognize "o ano!r4        
,despite ! va/ ext5t ( ! ,jewi%         
diaspora1 ! ,jews =m$ a well-articulat$ 

spiritual army1 an invisible /ate ( ,god
 7civitas dei74 ,h5ce ^! knights ( ! _s1
 ! citiz5s ( ?is invisible /ate1 _h to  
we> a di/9ct uni=m1 & be gov]n$ by a    
suitable code ( army regulations4  ,z a 
protection = ,jewi% national unity1 :i* 
0 expos$ to ! greate/ dang] aft] !      
d[nfall ( ! /ate1 !re arose & develop$1 
)\t any ext]nal influ5ce :atsoev]1 an   
extraord9>y dictator%ip1 un(ficial &    
spiritual4 ,! legislative activity ( all
 ! dictators--su* z1 ,rabbi ,jo*anan b5 
,zakkai1 ,rabbi ,akiba1 ! ,hillelites1 &
 ! ,%ammaites--0 =mulat$ 9 ! ,mi%na1 !  
oral law1 :i* 0 ! sub/ructure ( !       
,talmud4 ,_! activity _h a *>act]i/ic   
feature1 :i* des]ves some:at p>ticul>iz$
 description4 ,! laws 7 n laid d[n      
arbitr>ily & )\t c]emony4 ,9 ord] to    
possess b9d+ =ce1 !y requir$ !          
au?oritative confirmation to be f\nd 9 !
 ,mosaic ,books4 ,f ^!1 :e!r by logical 
or by =c$ int]pretation ( ! holy text1  
its words1 or1 p]*ance1 its lett]s1 !y  
_h to be d]iv$4 ,ea* law1 b>r+ only !   

orig9al traditions1 ! ,hala*a le-,mo%e  
mi-,s9ai1 0 promulgat$ ov] ! supreme    
signature1 z x 71 t is1 ) ! au!ntication
 ( a ^w f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,or x 0  
inf]r$ f ano!r law s au!nticat$4 ,!     
elaboration ( e law 0 ?us connect$ ) a v
 complicat$ process ( ?\ght1 requir+ bo?
 inductive & d$uctive reason+1 & unit+  
juridical int]pretation ) ! ref9em5ts ( 
casui/ry4 ,?is legislation 0 ! beg9n+ ( 
,talmudic sci5ce1 :i* f t "t on1 = _m   
c5turies1 gr[+ ) ! ages1 claim$ 9 *ief  
"p ! intellectual activity ( ,jewry4 ,! 
s*ools & ! academies work$ out a sy/em (
 laws at once religi\s & practical 9 "*1
 :i* con/itut$1 9 turn1 ! object ( fur!r
 !oretic /udy 9 ! same s*ools &         
academies4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 h[ev]1 !    
means became ! end4 ,!oretic            
inve/igation ( ! law1 ext5d+ & develop+ 
to ! fur!/ limits1 9 itself1 )\t ref]5ce
 to its practical value1 af=d$          
satisfaction to ! spiritual ne$4 ,!     
results ( !oriz+ (t5 atta9$ ! b9d+ =ce (
 law 9 practical life1 n because        

circum/ances ord]$ x1 b simply because  
"o or ano!r academy1 by d9t ( logic or  
casui/ry1 _h e/abli%$ x z law4 ,! numb] 
( su* d$uctions f orig9al & second>y    
laws increas$ 9 geometric progression1 &
 practical life all b fail$ to keep up )
 ! !ory4 ,! close ( ! ,mi%na1 t is1 its 
r$uction to writ+1 _h no daunt+ effect  
^u ! zeal = rese>*4 ,if any?+1 a new &  
/rong impetus 0 imp>t$ to x4 ,z up to t 
"t ! text ( ! ,holy ,scriptures _h be5  
made ! basis ( int]pretation1 giv+ rise 
to ! mo/ div]se inf]5ces1 s ! rabbis n[ 
began to use ! law book rec5tly canoniz$
 z a new basis ( int]pretation1 & to    
c>ry its pr9ciples to _! utmo/          
consequ5ces4 ,9 ?is way orig9at$ fir/ ! 
,pale/9ian ,gem>a4 ,lat]1 :5 !          
,patri>*ate 9 ,pale/9e 0 /ripp$ ( its   
glory by p]secutions1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 !
 c5tre ( activity _h to be transf]r$ f !
 ,talmud academies ( ,pale/9e to ^? (   
,babylonia1 supreme place & exclusive   
dom9ion 7 obta9$ by ! ,babylonian       
,gem>a1 put into p]man5t =m ab\t ! ye>  

#ejj ,c4 ,e41 a gigantic "w1 ! result ( 
two hundr$ ye>s ( m5tal labor4  ,?is    
busy intellectual activity 0 z          
compreh5sive z x 0 ?or\ghgo+4 ,talmudic 
legislation1 ! ,hala*a1 by no means     
conf9es itself to religi\s practices1   
ext5sive z ?is field is4 ,x embraces !  
:ole range ( civil & social life4 ,ap>t 
f ! diet>y laws1 ! regulations = !      
fe/ivals & ! div9e s]vice1 & a mass (   
enactm5ts = ! %ap+ ( daily life1 !      
,talmud elaborat$ a compreh5sive &      
fairly well-ord]$ sy/em ( civil &       
crim9al law1 :i* n infrequ5tly be>s     
favorable comp>ison ) ! fam\s rationi   
scriptae ( ! ,romans4 ,:ile proce$+ )   
extreme rigor & scrupul\sness 9 ritual  
matt]s1 ! ,talmud is gov]n$ 9 its social
 legislation by ! noble/ humanit>ian    
pr9ciples4 ,d\btless ?is diff]5ce (     
attitude c be expla9$ by ! fact t       
religi\s norms are ( v mu* great]       
importance = a nation ?an judicial      
regulations1 :i* conc]n !mselves only ) 
! int]e/s ( ! individual1 & ex]cise b   

little influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( !     
national _s4  ,! mo/ sympa!tic aspects (
 ! ,jewi% _s 9 t epo* are reveal$ 9 !   
moral & poetic elem5ts ( ! ,talmud1 9 ! 
,agada4 ,!y are ! receptacles into :i* !
 p p\r$ all its s5tim5ts1 its :ole s\l4 
,!y are a cle> reflex ( its inn] _w1 its
 feel+s1 hopes1 ideals4 ,! collective "w
 ( ! nation & ! tr5d ( hi/ory h left mu*
 pla9] traces 9 ! ,agada ?an 9 ! dry1   
me?odical ,hala*a4 ,9 ! ,agada ! le>n$  
juri/ & =mali/ appe>s trans=m$ into a   
sage or poet1 conv]s+ ) ! p 9 a w>m1    
cordial tone1 ab\t ! ph5om5a ( nature1  
hi/ory1 & life4 ,! read] is (t5 ?r[n    
into amazem5t by ! dep? ( ?\ght & !     
l(t9ess ( feel+ manife/$ 9 ! ,agada4    
,involunt>ily "o pays ! tribute (       
rev]5ce to its practical wisdom1 to its 
t\*+ leg5ds p]vad$ by ! magic brea? (   
poesy1 to ! patri>*al purity ( its      
views4 ,b ^! pe>ls are n /rung ^u "o    
/r+1 !y are n arrang$ 9 a complete      
sy/em4 ,!y are imb$d$ "h & !re1 9 gay   
v>iety1 9 a va/ mass ( het]og5e\s       

op9ions & s5tim5ts naive at times & at  
times ecc5tric4 ,! read] becomes aw>e ( 
! ?\ghts be=e !y are consolidat$4 ,!y   
are /ill 9 a fluid1 mobile /ate1 /ill 9 
process ( mak+4 ,! same vivaci\s1       
v]satile _s is reveal$ 9 ! ,midra%im    
lit]ature1 directly cont9u+ ! ,agada up 
to ! end ( ! middle ages4 ,^! two       
species ( ,jewi% lit]ature1 ! ,agada & !
 ,midra%im1 h a f> great] absolute value
 ?an ! ,hala*a4 ,! latt] is an (ficial  
"w1 ! =m] a national product4 ,l e o!r  
special legislation1 ! ,hala*a is b\nd  
to def9ite conditions & times1 :ile !   
,agada conc]ns itself ) ! et]nal        
v]ities4 ,! creations ( ! philosoph]s1  
poets1 & morali/s are m p]man5t ?an ! "w
 ( legislators4  ,beautiful z ! ,agada  
is1 & ) all its pr(undity1 x lacks      
bread?4 ,x re/s :olly on ! national1 n  
on a univ]sal basis4 ,x w\ld be va9 to  
seek 9 x = ! compreh5sive univ]salism ( 
! ,prophets4 ,e l(ty ideal is claim$ z  
exclusively ,jewi%4 ,s f> f bridg+ ov] !
 *asm betwe5 ,israel & ! o!r nations1 k 

& morality s]v$ to wid5 x4 ,x c\ld n be 
o!rwise1 !re 0 no influx ( air f )\t4 ,!
 national horizon grew m & m contract$4 
,! activities ( ! p ga!r$ int5sity1 b 9 
! same measure !y lo/ 9 bread?4 ,x 0 !  
only result to be expect$ f ! c\rse (   
hi/ory 9 ^? ages4 ,let u try to conceive
 :at ! fir/ five c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian  
era1 ! c5turies dur+ :i* ! ,talmud 0    
built up1 meant 9 ! life ( mank9d4      
,b>b>ism1 d>kness1 & elem5tal outbreaks 
( man's migratory in/9cts1 illu/rat$ by 
! great migration ( races1 are          
*>act]i/ic features ( ^? c5turies4 ,x 0 
a wret*$ transition p]iod betwe5 ! fall 
( ! _w ( antique culture & ! fir/       
g]m9at+ ( a new ,*ri/ian civilization4  
,! ,ori5t1 ! c5tre & he>? ( ,judaism1 0 
%r\d$ 9 imp5etrable d>kness4 ,9 ,pale/9e
 & 9 ,babylonia1 _! two *ief seats1 !   
,jews 7 surr\nd$ by nations t /ill      
occupi$ ! l[e/ rung ( ! ladd] (         
civilization1 t _h n yet ris5 above     
naive my/icism 9 religion1 or cont9u$ to
 be imm]s$ 9 sup]/itions ( ! grosse/    

sort4  ,9 ?is abysmal night ( ! middle  
ages1 ! lamp ( ?\ght 0 f$ & gu>d$ solely
 & alone by ! ,jews4 ,x is n a/oni%+1   
!n1 t oblivi\s ( ! o!r nations !y %\ld h
 disp5s$ light only = !mselves4         
,fur!rmore1 ! circum/ance mu/ be        
consid]$ t1 9 ! p]iod "u discussion1 !  
impulse to sep>ate f ,judaism ga9$ gr\nd
 9 ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,aft] ! ,c\ncil (     
,nicaea1 aft] ,con/ant9e ! ,great _h    
e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity z ! /ate-*ur*1 !   
(ficial brea* betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & !
 ,new ,te/am5t p>tisans became          
unavoidable4  ,?us ! ,jews1 robb$ ( _!  
political home1 creat$ a spiritual home 
= !mselves4 ,?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( !  
numb]less religi\s rules :i* ! ,talmud  
_h laid d[n1 & :i* %ap$ ! life ( !      
individual z well z t ( ! community1 !y 
7 weld$ into a firmly unit$ :ole4 ,!    
,jewi% _s--national feel+ & individual  
m5tal ef=t alike--0 absorb$ 9 ?is       
pursuit ( unification4 ,head1 he>t1 h&s1
 all human functions ( ! ,jew1 7 br\ght 
"u complete control & ca/ into fix$ =ms1

 by ^! five c5turies ( labor4 ,) pa9ful 
exactitude1 ! ,talmud prescrib$         
ord9ances = all ! vicissitudes ( life1  
yet1 at ! same "t1 (f]$ suffici5t food =
 bra9 & he>t4 ,x 0 at once a religion & 
a sci5ce4 ,! ,jew 0 equipp$ ) all !     
necess>ies4 ,he c\ld satisfy 8 wants f 8
 own /ore4 ,!re 0 no ne$ = him to knock 
at /range doors1 ev5 ?\gh he _h !reby   
pr(it$4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is attitude1  
positive z well z negative consequ5ces1 
ass]t$ !mselves 9 ! fur!r c\rse ( ,jewi%
 hi/ory4     ,,viii  ,,! ,,gaonic       
,,p]iod1 ,,or ,,! ,,hegemony ,,( ,,!    
,,ori5tal ,,jews 7#ejj-ihj7   ,) ! close
 ( ! ,talmud1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! six?      
c5tury1 ! fev]i% intellectual activity  
abat$4 ,! ,jewi% c5tre ( gravity cont9u$
 9 ,babylonia4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 9 :i* !   
,jewi% race _h he>d its cradle song at !
 dawn ( exi/5ce1 & lat] on ,judaea capta
 _h sat & wept rememb]+ ,zion1 ,judaism1
 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! second ,temple & 
hundr$s ( ye>s ( trials1 0 favor$ ) a   
secure asylum4 ,9 ! re/ ( ! diaspora1   

p]secution gave ! ,jews no respite1 b 9 
,babylonia1 "u ,p]sian rule1 !y liv$ =  
"s c5turies comp>atively free f         
mole/ation4 ,inde$1 !y enjoy$ a measure 
( autonomy 9 int]nal affairs1 "u a *ief 
:o 0 entitl$ ,exil>* 7,re%-,galu?a74 ,! 
,law & ! ^w ( ,god w5t =? f ,babylonia =
 ! ,jews ( all l&s4 ,! ,babylonian      
,talmud became ! an?oritative code = !  
,jewi% p1 a holy book second only to !  
,bible4 ,! intellectual calm t sup]v5$  
at ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury & la/$ until
 ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 betray$ itself 
9 ! slack5+ ( indep5d5t creation1 ?\gh n
 9 ! flagg+ ( intellectual activity 9   
g5]al4 ,9 ! s*ools & academies (        
,pumb$i?a1 ,nah>dea1 & ,sura1 sci5tific 
"w 0 c>ri$ on ) ! same ze/ z be=e1 only 
?is "w _h = its prim>y object ! sift+ & 
exposition ( ! mat]ial heap$ up by !    
prec$+ g5]ations4 ,?is 0 ! prov9ce ( !  
,sabureans & ! ,geonim1 ^: relation to !
 ,talmud 0 ! same z t ( ! ,scribes 7!   
,s(]im7 ( ! ,second ,temple to ! ,bible 
7see above1 *4 vi74 ,9 ! lat] p]iod1 z 9

 ! e>li]1 ! aim 0 ! capitalization ( !  
accumulat$ spiritual treasures1 an      
und]tak+ t gives little occasion =      
movem5t & life1 b all ! m = endurance & 
indu/ry4  ,?is intellectual balance 0   
de/roy$ by two ev5ts3 ! appe>ance (     
,islam & ! rise ( ,k>aism4 ,islam1 !    
second legitimate (fspr+ ( ,judaism1 0  
appo9t$ to give to religi\s ?\ght 9 !   
slumb]+ ,ori5t ! slight impulse x ne$$  
to />t x on its rapid c>e] ( sov]eign   
p[]4 ,b>ely emancipat$ f swaddl+ clo!s1 
"y ,hotspur at once began to rage4 ,he  
s\ght an outlet = 8 unconqu]able ?ir/ = 
action1 8 lu/ = _w-dom9ion4 ,! victori\s
 religi\s w>s ( ! foll[]s ( ,allah      
ensu$4 ,?is =eign movem5t 0 n )\t       
significance = ! fate ( ! ,jews4 ,!y 7  
surr\nd$ no long] by hea!ns b by        
,mohamm$ans1 :o believ$ 9 ! ,god ( !    
,bible1 & ?r\gh ! m\? ( _! prophet      
conf]r$ ^u ! ,jews ! honorable          
appellation ( ! ,p ( ! ,book4 ,9 ! eigh?
 c5tury ! w>s ceas$1 & ! impetu\s en]gy 
( ! rejuv5at$ ,ori5t 0 div]t$ into      

quiet] *annels4 ,! ,bagdad ,khalifate   
arose1 ! peaceful era ( ! gr[? (        
indu/ry1 ! sci5ces1 & ! arts 0          
inaugurat$4 ,end[$ ) quick disc]nm5t = e
 enlight5+ movem5t1 ! ,jews yield$ to ! 
vivify+ magic ( "y ,arabic culture4     
,p>tly "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,arabic t5d5cy 
to split into religio-philosophic sects1
 p>tly f inn] causes1 ,k>aism sprang up 
9 ! second half ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,its  
active c>e] began ) a vehem5t prote/    
aga9/ ! ,talmud z ! regulator ( life &  
?\ght4 ,x proclaim$ ! creators ( ?is va/
 encyclop$ia to be usurp]s ( spiritual  
p[]1 & urg$ a return to ! ,biblical laws
 9 _! unadult]at$ simplicity4 ,!        
weakness ( its positive pr9ciples h9d]$ 
! spread ( ,k>aism1 keep+ x =ev] )9 !   
n>r[ limits ( a sect & consign+ x to    
/agnation4 ,:at gave x vogue dur+ ! fir/
 c5tury ( its exi/5ce 0 its negative    
/r5g?1 its viol5t opposition to !       
,talmud1 :i* ar\s$ /r5u\s intellectual  
activity4 ,= a long "t x turn$ ,judaism 
away f its "o-sid$ ,talmudic t5d5cy1 &  

op5$ up new av5ues ( "w = x4 ,true to _!
 motto3 ,se>* dilig5tly 9 ! ,holy       
,scriptures1 ! adh]5ts ( ,k>aism appli$ 
!mselves to ! rational /udy ( ! ,bible1 
:i* _h come to be1 among ! ,talmudi/s1 !
 object ( casui/ic int]pretation &      
leg5d>y adornm5t4 ,by ! cultivation (   
gramm> & lexicography z appli$ to !     
,biblical !saurus ( words1 !y           
resuscitat$ ! ,hebrew language1 :i*1    
ou/$ by ! ,aramaic dialect1 _h already  
sunk into oblivion4 ,by ! same means !y 
laid ! f\ndation ( a s*ool ( rejuv5at$  
poetry4 ,9 g5]al1 ?\ght on religi\s &   
philosophic subjects 0 promot$ to a     
high] degree by ! lively discussions    
betwe5 !m & ! ,talmudi/s4  ,by          
imp]ceptible /eps ,talmudic ,judaism1   
influ5c$ at once by ! enlight5$ ,arabs &
 ! prote/+ ,k>aites1 dep>t$ f ! f\r ells
 ( ! ,hala*a1 & wid5$ its horizon4      
,among ! spiritual lead]s ( ! p arose m5
 :o occupi$ !mselves n only ) ! /udy ( !
 ,talmud b also ) a rational exegesis ( 
! ,bible1 ) philology1 poetry1          

philosophy4 ,! great ,gaon ,saadiah     
7#hib-idb7 unit$ )9 himself all /r&s (  
?\ght4 ,ov] & above a l>ge numb] (      
philological & o!r writ+s ( sci5tific   
purport1 he creat$ a mom5t\s            
religio-philosophic sy/em1 ) ! aim to   
cl>ify ,judaism & ref9e religi\s        
conceptions4 ,he 0 an encyclop$ic ?9k]1 
a repres5tative ( ! highe/ ,jewi%       
culture & ( ,arabic culture z well--he  
wrote 8 works 9 ,arabic by pref]5ce4 ,9 
?is way ,jewi% ?\ght ga9$ gr\nd m & m 9 
! ,ori5t4 ,x 0 9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 t x     
atta9$ soon aft] to ! climax ( its      
developm5t4  ,gradually ! c5tre (       
gravity ( ,jewry %ift$ f ,asia ,m9or to 
,we/]n ,europe4 ,beg9n+ ) ! six? c5tury1
 ! sp>sely s[n ,jewi% population (      
,occid5tal ,europe increas$ rapidly 9   
numb]s4 ,9 ,italy1 ,byzantium1 ,france1 
& ,visigo?ic ,spa91 important ,jewi%    
communities 7 =m$4 ,! m$ieval intol]ance
 ( ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh nei!r s widespread nor 
s viol5t z x lat] became1 suff]$ its    
fir/ outbreak 9 t e>ly c5tury4 ,!       

p]secutions ( ! ,jews by ! ,visigo?ic   
k+s ( ,spa9 & ! ,bi%ops ,avitus (       
,cl]mont & ,agob>d 9 ,france 7six? to ! 
n9? c5tury7 7 ! prelude to ! m sy/ematic
 & ! m bloody cruelties ( subsequ5t     
days4 ,! insignificant numb]s ( !       
,european ,jews & ! insecurity ( _!     
condition /ood 9 ! way ( =m+ an         
intellectual c5tre ( _! own4 ,!y 7      
compell$ to ackn[l$ge ! spiritual       
supremacy ( _! ,ori5tal bre?r5 9 fai?4  
,) ! beg9n+ ( ! t5? c5tury ! situation  
und]w5t a *ange4 ,arabic civilization1  
:i* _h p5etrat$ to ,spa9 9 previ\s      
c5turies1 br\ght ab\t a radical         
trans=mation 9 ! "* ( ! c\ntry4 ,! realm
 ( ! fanatic ,visigo?s1 half b>b>\s &   
:olly av]se to ! light ( progress1 *ang$
 into ! prosp]\s & civiliz$ ,khalifate (
 ! ,ommeyyades4 ,?i!r ! be/ =ces (      
,ori5tal ,jewry transf]r$ !mselves4 ,) !
 gr[? ( ! ,jewi% population 9 ,arabic   
,spa9 & ! /r5g!n+ ( its communal        
organization1 ! spiritual c5tre ( !     
,jewi% p gradually e/abli%$ itself 9    

,spa94 ,! academies ( ,sura & ,pumb$i?a 
yield$ fir/ place to ! high s*ools (    
,cordova & ,tol$o4  ,! ,jewry ( ! ,ea/  
resign$ ! national hegemony to ! ,jewry 
( ! ,we/4 ,! ,geonim )drew 9 favor ( !  
,rabbis4 ,aft] c5turies ( seclusion1 !  
,jewi% _s once m ass]t$ itself1 & enjoy$
 a p]iod ( effloresc5ce4 ,! process (   
national gr[? became m complex1 m v>i$4 
,,ix  ,,! ,,rabb9ic-,,philosophical     
,,p]iod1 ,,or ,,! ,,hegemony ,,( ,,!    
,,spani% ,,jews 7#ihj-adib7   ,! five   
c5turies m>k$ at _! beg9n+ by ! rise (  
,arabic-,jewi% civilization 9 ,spa9 & at
 _! end by ! bani%m5t ( ! ,jews f ,spa9 
7#ihj-adib71 (f] ! ,jewi% hi/orian an   
abundance ( culture manife/ations &     
intellectual movem5ts s luxuriant t x is
 well-nigh impossible to ga!r !m up 9 "o
 =mula4 ,! monotony =m]ly prevail+ 9    
,jewi% national life1 bo? 9 its ext]nal 
& 9 its int]nal relations1 0 succe$$ by 
almo/ gaily *eck]$ v>iety4 ,swept along 
by ! movem5t t[>ds enlight5m5t t dom9at$
 _! surr\nd+s1 ! ,jews ( ,arabic ,spa9  

?rew !mselves into en]getic "w 9 all !  
sph]es ( life & ?\ght4 ,:ile !y _h      
political gr\nd m or less firm "u _!    
feet1 & = ! mo/ "p enjoy$ peace &       
lib]ty1 ! ,jews 9 ! ,*ri/ian l&s (      
,europe /ood ^u volcanic soil1 e mom5t  
?reat5+ to swall[ !m up4 ,expos$        
con/antly to p]secutions1 !y liv$ m or  
less isolat$1 & devot$ !mselves to      
"o-sid$ ?\gh int5se intellectual        
activity4 ,sombre %ad[s & /reaks (      
bright light alt]nate ) ea* o!r 9 ?is   
p]iod4 ,9 its second half1 ! cl\ds mass$
 !mselves heavily ^u ! d>k5+ horizon4   
,ev5 ! privileg$ ,spani% ,jews suff]$ an
 unt[>d *ange 9 _! affairs at ! beg9n+ (
 ! ?irte5? c5tury3 gradually !y 7 )drawn
 f "u ! sov]eignty ( ! ,arabs1 & made   
subject to ! p[] ( ! ,ca?olic mon>*s4   
,!y became !nce=w>d ! equal p>tn]s ( _! 
bre?r5 9 fai? 9 ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,all   
)\t di/9ction _h a %>e 9 ! spiritual    
m>tyrdom :i* is ! gre5e/ bayleaf 9 !    
cr[n ( ,jewi% hi/ory4 ,to ?9k & to suff]
 became ! wat*word ( ! :ole nation4  ,at

 fir/1 z we h said1 a consid]able       
portion ( ! ,jewi% p enjoy$ ! happy     
possibility ( ?9k+4 ,?is 0 dur+ !       
classical epo* ( ! ,arabic-,jewi%       
,r5aissance1 :i* prec$$ ! ,italian      
,r5aissance by f\r c5turies4 ,!re is a  
fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two        
,r5aissance p]iods3 ! e>li] "o 0        
signaliz$ by a re-bir? ( ! sci5ces & (  
philosophy1 ! lat] "o pre-em95tly ( !   
arts & ( lit]ature4 ,! elev5? & twelf?  
c5turies m>k$ ! m]idian ( ! intellectual
 developm5t ( m$ieval ,judaism4 ,z once1
 9 ,alex&ria1 ! union ( ,judaic )       
,hell5ic culture br\ght 9 its tra9 a    
sup]abundance ( new ideas ( a univ]sal  
"*1 s aga9 ! amalgamation1 on ,spani%   
soil1 ( ,jewi% culture ) ,arabic gave   
rise to ri* intellectual results1 m la/+
 & fruitful ?an ! ,alex&rian1 inasmu* z1
 9 spite ( _! univ]sal "*1 !y did n     
contrav5e ! national _s4 ,! ,jewi% p    
dropp$ its misan?ropy & its lean+ t[>d  
isolation4 ,! ,jews ent]$ all sorts (   
c>e]s3 by ! side ( influ5tial &         

cultivat$ /atesm51 su* z ,*asdai ibn    
,%aprut & ,samuel ,hanagid1 at ! c\rts (
 ! ,khalifs1 /ood a brilliant gr\p (    
gramm>ians1 poets1 & philosoph]s1 l     
,jonah ibn ,gana*1 ,solomon ,gabirol1 & 
,moses ibn ,ezra4 ,!                    
philosophic-critical scepticism (       
,abraham ibn ,ezra co-exi/$ 9 peace &   
h>mony ) ! philosophic-poetic en?usiasm 
( ,jehuda ,halevi4 ,! /udy ( m$ic9e1    
ma!matics1 physics1 & a/ronomy w5t h& 9 
h& ) ! /udy ( ! ,talmud1 :i*1 ?\gh x may
 n h occupi$ ! fir/ place ) ! ,spani%   
,jews ( ?is "t1 by no means disappe>$1 z
 witness ! comp5dium by ,alphassi4      
,unusual bread? & fulness ( ! spiritual 
life is ! di/9ction ( ! epo*4 ,?is      
v>iety ( m5tal traits comb9$ 9 a m>vel\s
 union to =m ! great p]sonality (       
,maimonides1 ! cr[n ( a glori\s p]iod4  
,) "o ,/rong ,h&1 ?is intellectual giant
 br\ght ord] out ( ! ,talmudic *aos1 :i*
 at 8 ^w 0 trans=m$ into a symmetrical1 
legal sy/em2 ) ! o!r1 he guid$ !        
,p]plex$ ?r\gh ! realm ( fai? & k4 ,=   

rationali/ic cl>ity & bread? ( view no  
c\nt]p>t to ! religio-philosophic       
doctr9e :i* he =mulat$ c be f\nd 9 !    
:ole ext5t ( m$ieval lit]ature4 ,! ma9  
feature ( ! philosophy ( ,maimonides & (
 ! sy/ems bas$ ^u x is rationalism1 n a 
dry1 s*ola/ic1 ab/ract rationalism1 b a 
liv+ rationalism1 embrac+ ! :ole field (
 ! mo/ exalt$ psy*ic ph5om5a4 ,x is n   
philosophy pure & simple1 b religi\s    
philosophy1 an h>monization1 m or less  
felicit\s1 ( ! po/ulates ( reason ) !   
dogmas ( fai?4 ,x is reason mitigat$ by 
fai?1 & fai? regulat$ by reason4 ,9 !   
d>kness ( ! middle ages1 :5 ! ,romi%    
,*ur* impregnat$ religion ) ! crude/    
sup]/itions1 go+ s f> z to =bid its     
adh]5ts to read ! ,bible1 & :5 ! greate/
 philosoph] repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur*1 l 
,alb]tus ,magnus1 w\ld h reject$ (fh&1 z
 a *ildi% fancy or1 inde$1 z an h]etical
 *im]a1 any attempt to rescue ! l[]     
classes ( ! p f _! wret*$ /ate (        
spiritual s]vitude--9 a "t l ?is1 !     
truly maje/ic spectacle is pres5t$ ( a  

philosophy decl>+ w> on sup]/ition1 &   
sett+ out to purify ! religi\s notions (
 ! p4  ,n a brea? ( ?is ample spiritual 
developm5t ( ! ,jews ( ,arabic ,spa9    
rea*$ ! ,jews liv+ 9 ! ,*ri/ian c\ntries
 ( ,europe4 ,_! circum/ances 7 too      
griev\s1 & 9 sombr5ess _! inn] life     
mat*$ _! out] e/ate4 ,_! horizon 0 z    
contract$ z ! /reets ( ! ,jewries 9 :i* 
!y 7 p5n$4 ,! crusades 7beg9n+ 9 #ajif7 
cle>ly %[$ ! ,jews ( ,france & ,g]many  
:at s5tim5ts _! neighbors *]i%$ t[>ds   
!m4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ returns :i* ,*ri/ianity
 paid ! ,jewi% p = its old-"t tea*+ (   
religion4 ,! desc5dants ( ! *os5 p1 !   
orig9ators ( ! ,bible1 7 condemn$ to    
torture ( a sort to exhau/ _! spiritual 
h]itage4 ,judaism suff]$ ! tragic fate (
 ,k+ ,le>4 ,0 x conceivable t !         
horrors--! riv]s ( blood1 ! groans (    
massacr$ communities1 ! s]ri$ ranks (   
m>tyrs1 ! ev]-haunt+ fe> ( ! morr[--%\ld
 fail to leave traces 9 ! "* ( ,judaism8
 ,! ,jewi% p realiz$ its imm95t dang]4  
,x convulsively held fa/ to its preci\s 

relics1 clung to ! pill>s ( its         
religion1 :i* x reg>d$ z ! only asylum4 
,! ,jewi% _s aga9 )drew f ! out] _w4 ,x 
gave itself up :olly to ! /udy ( !      
,talmud4 ,9 nor!rn ,france & 9 ,g]many1 
,talmudic le>n+ deg5]at$ into ! extreme 
( s*ola/ic p$antry1 ! lot ( e bran* (   
sci5ce t is lopp$ (f f ! ma9 trunk ( k1 
& vegetates 9 a heavy1 dank atmosph]e1  
lack+ light & air4 ,ra%i 7#ajfd-aaje71  
^: g5ial activity began be=e ! fir/     
crusade1 op5$ up ,jewi% religi\s        
lit]ature to ! popul> m9d1 by 8         
sy/ematic comm5t>ies on ! ,bible & !    
,talmud4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,tossafi/s1 !  
s*ool ( comm5tators succe$+ him1 by _!  
petty quibbl+ & hairsplitt+ casui/ry    
made ! ,talmudic books m intricate &    
less intelligible4 ,su* be+ !           
intellectual bias ( ! age1 a sob]1      
rationali/ic philosophy c\ld n ass]t    
itself4 ,9 lieu ( an ,ibn ,ezra or a    
,maimonides1 we h ,jehuda ,ha*assid &   
,eliez] ( ,worms1 ) _! my/ical books (  
devotion1 ,sef] ,*assidim1 ,rokea*1     

etc41 fill$ ) pieti/ic reflections on ! 
o!r _w1 9 :i* ! e>? figures z a vale (  
te>s4 ,poetry likewise took on ! dismal 
hue ( its environm5t4 ,in/ead ( ! v>i$  
lyrical notes ( ,gabirol & ,halevi1 :o  
sang ! weal & woe1 n only ( ! nation1 b 
also ( ! individual1 & lo/ !mselves 9   
psy*ologic analysis1 !re n[ fall ^u our 
e> ! melan*oly1 he>tr5d+ /ra9s (        
synagogue poetry1 ! h>r[+ outcries t =c$
 !mselves f ! oppress$ bosoms ( ! hunt$ 
p1 ! pray]ful lam5tations t s (t5 %ook !
 crumbl+ walls ( ! m$ieval synagogues at
 ! v mom5t :51 full ( wor%ip]s1 !y 7    
fir$ by ! inhuman crusad]s4 ,a mighty   
*ord rev]b]ates 9 ?is poetry3 ,morituri 
te salutant4  ,"o small spot !re 01 9 ! 
:ole ( ,europe1 9 :i* ,jews c\ld /ill   
hope to endure exi/5ce & enjoy a measure
 ( security4 ,?is 0 ,s\!rn ,france1 or !
 ,prov5ce4 ,! population ( ,prov5ce _h  
assimilat$ ! culture ( ! neighbor+      
c\ntry1 ,arabic ,spa91 & become !       
m$iator betwe5 x & ! re/ ( ,europe4 ,?is
 "w ( m$iation 0 und]tak5 prim>ily by ! 

,jews4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury sev]al        
univ]sities exi/$ 9 ,prov5ce1 :i* 7     
frequ5t$ 9 great numb]s by /ud5ts f all 
c\ntries4 ,at ^! univ]sities ! tea*]s ( 
philosophy1 m$ic9e1 & o!r bran*es (     
sci5ce 7 = ! mo/ "p ,jews4 ,!           
rationali/ic philosophy ( ! ,spani%     
,jews 0 !re proclaim$ ex ca!dra4 ,!     
,tibbonides translat$ all ! m important 
works ( ! ,jewi% ?9k]s ( ,spa9 f ,arabic
 into ,hebrew4 ,! ,kim*is devot$        
!mselves to grammatical /udies & !      
inve/igation ( ! ,bible4 ,9 ,montpelli]1
 ,n>bonne1 & ,lunel1 intellectual "w 0 9
 full sw+4 ,rational ideas gradually    
leav5$ ! masses ( ! ,prov5al population4
 ,consci5ce fre$ f intellectual trammels
 began to revolt aga9/ ! oppression     
ex]cis$ by ! ,roman cl]gy4 ,?r\gh !     
,albig5sian h]esy1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 f\nd]
 ( ! papal p[]1 _h 8 att5tion direct$ to
 ! ,jews1 :om he consid]$ ! dang]\s     
protagoni/s ( rationalism4 ,! h]esy 0   
/ifl$1 ,prov5ce 9 all h] magnific5ce    
fell a prey to ! ,roman mania =         

de/ruction1 &1 on ! ru9s ( a noble      
civilization1 ! ,dom9ican ,inquisition  
rag$ ) all its horrors 7#abac74         
,!nce=w>d ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* devot$ h]self
 to a ho/ile wat* ^u ! ,jews4 ,ei!r %e  
p]secut$ !m directly ?r\gh h]           
,inquisition1 or indirectly ?r\gh h]    
omnipot5t influ5ce on k+s & peoples4 ,9 
! he>ts ( ! citiz5s ( m$ieval ,europe1 !
 flame ( religi\s hatr$ 0 enk9dl$1 &    
religi\s hatr$ s]v$ z a cloak = ! base/ 
passions4 ,jewi% hi/ory f t "t on became
 a hi/ory ( un9t]rupt$ suff]+4 ,!       
,lat]an ,c\ncil decl>$ ! ,jews to be    
outca/s1 & design$ a peculi>1           
di%onorable badge = !m1 a r\nd pat* (   
yell[ clo?1 to be worn on _! upp] g>m5t 
7#abae74 ,9 ,france ! ,jews became by   
turns ! victims ( royal rapacity & !    
scapegoats ( popul> fanaticism4         
,massacres1 confiscations1 bani%m5ts    
foll[$ by de>ly pur*as$ p]mission to    
return1 by r5ew$ re/rictions1           
p]secutions1 & oppressions--^! 7 !      
measures t *>act]iz$ ! treatm5t ( !     

,jews 9 ,france until _! f9al expulsion 
7#acid74 ,9 ,g]many ! ,jews 7 n s mu*   
hat$ z despis$4 ,!y 7 s]vi cam]ae1 s]fs 
( ! /ate1 & z su* _h to pay oppressive  
taxes4 ,besides1 !y 7 limit$ to ! meane/
 trades & to usury & p$dl+4 ,!y 7 %ut up
 9 _! n>r[ ,jewries1 huddl$ 9 wret*$    
cab9s1 :i* clu/]$ ab\t ! dilapidat$     
synagogue 9 a %amefac$ way4 ,:at /range 
homes6 ,:at gigantic mis]y1 :at b\ndless
 suff]+ dumbly borne1 0 conceal$ 9 ^?   
crumbl+1 curse-lad5 dwell+s6 ,& yet1 h[ 
respl5d5t !y 7 ) spiritual light1 :at   
exalt$ virtues1 :at l(ty h]oism !y      
h>bor$6 ,9 ^? gloomy1 tumbl$[n ,jew     
h\ses1 intellectual endeavor 0 at :ite  
heat4 ,! tor* ( fai? blaz$ cle> 9 !m1 & 
on ! pure dome/ic he>? play$ a g5tle    
flame4 ,9 ! abject1 di%onor$ son ( !    
,ghetto 0 hidd5 an intellectual giant4  
,9 8 n]veless body1 b5t d\ble by suff]+1
 & envelop$ 9 ! %abby old cloak /ill    
fur!r disfigur$ by ! yell[ :eel1 dwelt !
 s\l ( a ?9k]4 ,! son ( ! ,ghetto might 
h worn 8 badge ) pride1 = 9 tru? x 0 a  

m$al ( di/9ction aw>d$ by ! papal ,*ur* 
to ! ,jews1 = dauntlessness & c\rage4 ,!
 awkw>d1 puny ,jew 9 8 way 0 /rong] &   
brav] ?an a ,g]man knight arm$          
cap-a-pie1 = he 0 p5etrat$ by ! fai? t  
moves m\nta9s4 ,& :5 ! wor/ came to !   
wor/1 he demon/rat$ 8 c\rage4 ,:5 8     
peaceful home 0 /orm$ by ! be/ializ$    
hordes ( ,arml$]1 or ! drunk5 b&s ( !   
,flagellants1 or ! furi\s av5g]s ( !    
,black ,dea?1 he did n yield1 did n     
pur*ase life by disgraceful treason4 ,) 
inv9cible c\rage he put 8 head "u !     
execution]'s axe1 & brea!d =? 8 h]oic _s
 ) ! en?usia/ic cry3 ,he>1 ,o ,israel1 !
 ,"l our ,god is ,"o4  ,at l5g? ! turn (
 ! ,spani% ,jews arriv$4 ,= ! unbrok5   
peace !y _h enjoy$1 !y _h to atone by   
c5turies ( unexampl$ suff]+4 ,by        
degrees1 ! ,arabs 7 =c$ out ( ! ,pyr5ean
 ,p59sula1 & ! p[] !y _h to abdicate 0  
assum$ by ! ,ca?olic k+s ( ,ca/ile &    
,aragon4 ,9 #abcf occurr$ ! fall (      
,cordova1 ! mo/ important c5tre (       
,arabic ,jewi% culture4 ,!reaft] ,arab  

p[] held sway only 9 ! prov9ce (        
,granada4 ,! =tunes ( ! ,spani% ,jews   
und]w5t a calamit\s *ange4 ,! k+s & !   
upp] t5 ?\s& 71 inde$1 favorably dispos$
 t[>d !m4 ,at ! c\rts ( ,ca/ile &       
,aragon1 ! ,jews 7 active z m9i/]s1     
physicians1 a/ronom]s4 ,b ! p1 incit$ by
 ! propag&a ( ! cl]ics1 nurs$ frightful 
hatr$ aga9/ ! ,jews1 n only z infidels1 
b also z intellectual ari/ocrats4 ,!    
rage ( ! populace 0 ! combu/ible mat]ial
 9 ! t]rific explosions t occurr$       
p]iodically1 9 ! bloody saturnalia ( !  
,pa/\raux 7#acbj71 9 ! ,black ,dea?     
riots 7#acdh71 9 ! massacre ( ,seville  
7#acia74  ,dire bl[s ( =tune 7 unable to
 weigh d[n ! ,spani% ,jew1 accu/om$ to  
indep5d5ce1 z !y did ! ,g]man ,jew4 ,he 
c>ri$ 8 head pr\dly on high1 = he 0     
consci\s t 9 all respects he /ood above 
! rabble pursu+ him1 above its v lead]s1
 ! cl]ics4 ,9 spite ( unt[>d fate 8     
m5tal developm5t proce$$1 b inevitably x
 0 modifi$ by ! tr5d ( ! times4 ,by !   
side ( ! philosophic t5d5cy ( ! previ\s 

age1 a my/ical t5d5cy appe>$ 9          
lit]ature4 ,! ,kabbala1 ) its mi/-%r\d$ 
symbolism1 s grateful to ! feel+s & !   
imag9ation1 *im$ 9 bett] ?an            
rationali/ic philosophy ) ! depress$    
humor "u :i* ! great] "p ( ! ,jews 7 !n 
labor+4 ,ano!r =ce antagoni/ic to       
rationali/ic philosophy 0 ! ,rabb9ism   
transplant$ f ,france & ,g]many4 ,!     
controv]sy betwe5 ,rabb9ism &           
philosophy1 :i* dragg$ itself ?r\gh     
?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury 7#abcb-acje71    
end$ 9 ! =mal triumph ( ,rabb9ism4      
,h[ev]1 philosophic activity m]ely      
langui%$1 x did n cease entirely2 9     
fact1 ! ?ree curr5ts = "s "t ran along  
p>allel ) "o ano!r4 ,next to ! pill>s ( 
,rabb9ism1 ,a%]i1 ,ra%ba1 ,isaac b5     
,%e%et1 loom$ up ! philosoph]s1         
,g]sonides 7,ralbag71 ,kreskas1 & ,albo1
 & a long l9e ( ,kabbali/s1 beg9n+ )    
,na*manides & ,moses de ,leon1 ! compil]
 ( ! ,zoh>1 & end+ ) ! anonym\s au?ors (
 ! my/]i\s ,kana & ,pelia4  ,! times    
grew less & less propiti\s4 ,ca?olicism 

/eadily ga9$ gr\nd 9 ,spa94 ,! sc[l+    
,dom9ican put =w>d 8 claim ^u ! ,jewi%  
s\l ) vehem5t emphasis1 & made e ef=t to
 drag x into ! bosom ( ! alone-sav+     
,*ur*4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,jews w\ld h be5
 a great triumph1 inde$1 = ,ca?olicism  
militant4 ,! conv]sion me?ods ( !       
,dom9ican monk 7 ( a mo/ ins9uat+       
k9d--he usually began ) a public        
religi\s disputation4 ,un=tunately1 !   
,jews 7 exp]ts 9 ! art ( debate1 & too  
(t5 by _! bold replies cov]$ !          
self-suffici5t dignit>ies ( ,rome )     
confusion4 ,! ,jews %\ld h kn[n1 f bitt]
 exp]i5ce1 t su* boldness w\ld n be     
pass$ ov] sil5tly4 ,f sumptu\s debat+   
hall to ,dom9ican prison & scaffold 0 b 
a %ort /ep4 ,9 #acia1 "o ( ^! wor?y     
s\l-cat*]s1 ,bi%op ,f]d9&o ,m>t9ez1 set 
! fanatical mob ( ,seville on ! ,jews1 &
 n )\t success4 ,t]roriz$ by ! ?reat (  
dea?1 _m accept$ ,ca?olicism "u duress4 
,b !y became ,*ri/ians only 9 appe>ance2
 9 reality !y rema9$ true to ! fai? ( _!
 fa!rs1 &1 9 secret1 runn+ ! risk ( loss

 ( life1 !y fulfill$ all ! ,jewi%       
ord9ances4 ,?is is ! prologue to !      
?rill+ ,m>rano trag$y4  ,f9ally1 ! mom5t
 approa*$ :5 gloomy ,ca?olicism atta9$  
to un*all5g$ supremacy 9 ! ,pyr5ean     
,p59sula4 ,on ! ru9s ( ! enlight5$      
culture ( ! ,arabs1 ,f]d9& ! ,ca?olic & 
,isabella ( ,ca/ile re>$ ! reaction>y   
gov]nm5t ( m$ieval ,rome4 ,!            
,inquisition 0 introduc$ 7#adhj74       
,torquemada presid$ z high prie/ ov] !  
rites att5d+ ! human sacrifices4 ,ad    
gloriam ecclesiae1 ! :ole ( ,spa9 0     
illum9at$4 ,ev]y:]e ! fun]al pyres ( !  
,inquisition fl>$ to ! skies1 ! air 0   
r5t by ! despair+ %rieks ( m>tyrs       
envelop$ 9 flames or rack$ by tortures1 
! prisons ov]fl[$ ) ,m>ranos1--all      
in/rum5ts ( torture 7 vigor\sly pli$4   
,at la/ ! h\r ( r$emption /ruck3 9 #adib
 all ,jews 7 driv5 f ,spa91 & a few ye>s
 lat] f ,portugal4 ,jewi%-,arabic       
culture aft] five c5turies ( asc5d5cy   
suff]$ a sudd5 collapse4 ,! unhappy p   
aga9 grasp$ its /aff1 & w&]$ =? into !  

_w )\t kn[+ :i!r4     ,x  ,,!           
,,rabb9ic-,,my/ical ,,p]iod1 ,,or ,,!   
,,hegemony ,,( ,,! ,,g]man-,,poli%      
,,jews 7#adib-aghi7   ,! expulsion f    
,spa9 0 a /unn+ bl[4 ,! ho>y m>tyr p :i*
 _h defi$ s _m /orms 9 its long life 0 =
 a mom5t daz$4 ,! soil ( ,europe 0 quak+
 "u its feet4 ,at ! "t :5 ! m$ieval     
p]iod _h =mally come to a close =       
,occid5tal ,*ri/5dom1 & ! mod]n p]iod _h
 op5$1 ! middle ages cont9u$ 9          
unmitigat$ brutality = ! ,jews4 ,if     
any?+1 ! life ( ! ,jews _h become m     
un5durable ?an be=e4 ,:at1 inde$1 _h !  
mu*-vaunt$ mod]n age to (f] !m8 ,9 !    
ranks ( ! humani/ic movem5t ,reu*l9     
alone /ood =? prom95tly z ! advocate ( !
 ,jews1 & he 0 p[]less be=e ! prejudices
 ( ! populace4 ,! ,re=mation 9 ,g]many &
 else:]e _h illum9at$ ! m9ds ( ! p1 b _h
 n s(t5$ _! he>ts4 ,lu!r himself1 !     
creator ( ! ,re=mation1 0 n innoc5t (   
hat+ ! foll[]s ( an ali5 fai?4 ,! ,jews 
especially did n enjoy too great a      
measure ( 8 sympa?ies4 ,! w>s gr[+ out (

 ! ,re=mation1 :i* 9 ! sixte5? &        
sev5te5? c5turies deva/at$ ,europe 9 !  
"n ( religion1 7 n calculat$ to favor ! 
spread ( tol]ance & mild] mann]s4 ,!    
conflict rag+ 9 ! bosom ( ! ,*ur* &     
sett+ h] own *ildr5 by ! e>s1 0 yet     
insuffici5t to div]t h] mat]nal c>e f h]
 unbeliev+ /ep*ildr54 ,9 ,spa9 &        
,portugal1 /akes cont9u$ to burn two    
c5turies long] = ! b5efit ( ! ,m>ranos1 
! false ,*ri/ians4 ,9 ,g]many & ,au/ria1
 ! ,jews 7 kept 9 ! same condition (    
s]vitude z be=e4 ,_! economic           
circum/ances 7 appall+4 ,!y 7 =c$ to    
emigrate en masse to ,pol&1 :i* (f]$ !  
adh]5ts ( _! fai? a comp>atively quiet  
life1 & by & by 0 inve/$ ) ! ,jewi%     
hegemony4 ,"s ( ! small] /ates &        
indep5d5t t[ns ( ,italy also af=d$ !    
,jews an asylum1 ?\gh "o n always to be 
dep5d$ ^u4 ,a gr\p ( h>d-driv5 ,spani%  
exiles1 = in/ance1 "u ! lead]%ip (      
,ab>banel _h f\nd peace 9 ,italy4 ,! re/
 _h turn$ to ,turkey & h] prov9ce       
,pale/9e1  ,= a "t1 inde$1 ! ,jewi%     

spiritual c5tre 0 locat$ 9 ,turkey4 ,:at
 ,europe1 old1 ,*ri/ian1 & h>dhe>t$1    
refus$ ! ,jews1 0 grant$ !m by ,turkey1 
"y1 ,mussulman1 & lib]al4 ,on he>+ ( !  
bani%m5t ( ! ,jews f ,spa91 ,sultan     
,bajazet exclaim$3 ,h[ c y call ,f]d9& (
 ,aragon a wise k+1 ! same ,f]d9& :o has
 made 8 l& poor & enri*$ ours8 ,8       
amazem5t *>act]izes ! relation ( ,turkey
 to ! ,jews ( ! day4 ,! "o-"t ,m>rano1  
,joseph ,nassi1 rose to be a consid]able
 dignit>y at ! c\rt ( ,sultan ,selim    
7#aeff-aehj74 ,occasionally he succe$$1 
by diplomatic means1 9 wreak+ v5geance  
^u ,european c\rts 9 retaliation = !    
brutal tortures inflict$ ^u 8 p4 ,) !   
g5]osity ( a ,maec5as1 he assembl$      
,jewi% s*ol>s & poets1 & surr\nd$       
himself ) a sunlit atmosph]e (          
intellectuality & tal5t4 ,all o!r ,jewi%
 communities look$ up to t (            
,con/ant9ople4 ,n[ & aga9 its rabbis    
play$ ! "p ( ,patri>*s ( ! synagogue4   
,to ?is comm&+ position ! rabbis (      
,pale/9e especially 7 incl9$ to lay     

claim4 ,!y ev5 attempt$ to re/ore !     
,patri>*ate1 & ! fam\s controv]sy betwe5
 ,jacob ,b]ab & ,levi b5 ,*abib reg>d+ !
 ,semi*a is ano!r evid5ce ( ! same      
ass]tive t5d5cy4 ,among ! ,spani% exiles
 settl$ 9 ! ,holy ,l& a peculi>         
spiritual curr5t set 94 ,! /orm-toss$   
w&]]s1 b n[ return$ to _! native ,jordan
 f ! %ores ( ! blood-/a9$ ,tagus &      
,guadalquivir1 7 mightily mov$ at !     
sight ( _! ance/ral home4 ,ahasu]us1 :o 
on 8 ?orn-/rewn pilgrim's pa? _h dra9$ !
 cup ( woe to ! dregs1 sudd5ly caught   
sight ( ! home ( 8 *ildhood raz$ level )
 ! gr\nd4 ,! preci\s1 nev]-to-be-=gott5 
ru9s exhal$ ! home feel+1 :i* took      
possession ( him ) irresi/ible *>m4     
,into 8 s\l !re fl[$ sweet memories ( a 
gold5 y\?1 pa/ beyond recall4 ,! impact 
( ^! emotions enk9dl$ passionate long+ =
 ,zion 9 ! he>t ( ! =lorn1 homeless     
m>tyr4 ,he 0 seiz$ by tortur+ ?ir/ =    
political resurrection4 ,su* melan*oly  
feel+s & vehem5t outbur/s f\nd          
expression 9 ! practical ,kabbala1      

orig9at+ ) ,ari 7,isaac ,luria7 & 8     
fam\s ,saf$ s*ool4 ,a my/ical belief 9 !
 com+ ( ,messiah !nce=w>d became "o ( ! 
ess5tial elem5ts ( ! ,jewi% _s4 ,x      
vanqui%$ ! he>t ( ! le>n$ ,joseph ,k>o1 
:o _h br\ght ,rabb9ism to its climax by 
! compilation ( 8 celebrat$ ritual code1
 ! ,%ul*an ,aru*4 ,) equal =ce x dom9at$
 ! be+ ( ,solomon ,mol*o1 ! en?usia/ic  
y\? :o1 at "o "t a ,m>rano1 on 8 public 
return to ,judaism proclaim$ ! spe$y    
reg5]ation ( ,israel4 ,he seal$ 8 fai? 9
 8 prophecy ) dea? at ! /ake 7#aecb74 ,!
 ,m>ranos beyond ! ,pyr5ees & !         
un=tunate ,jews ( ,italy1 :o1 9 ! second
 half ( ! sixte5? c5tury _h to be> !    
brunt ( papal fanaticism1 on ! increase 
s9ce ! ,re=mation1 7 kept 9 a /ate (    
con/ant excitem5t by ?is ,messianic     
doctr9e1 ) its obscure /irr+s ( hope4 ,a
 m\rnful national feel+ p]vades ! ,jewi%
 lit]ature ( ! "t4 ,recollections (     
torm5ts endur$ enflam$ all he>ts4 ,a    
s]ies ( *ronicles 7 ?us produc$ t record
 ! c5turies ( ,jewi% m>tyrdom--,jo*a-s91

 ,%ebet ,jehuda1 ,emek ha-,ba*a1 etc4 ,!
 art ( pr9t+1 ev5 !n develop$ to a      
consid]able degree ( p]fection1 became =
 ! disp]s$ ,jews ! /ronge/ bond (       
spiritual union4 ,! papal index librorum
 prohibitorum 0 impot5t 9 ! face ( !    
all-p]vad+ propag&a = ?\ght & feel+     
c>ri$ on by ! pr9t+ press4  ,aft]       
,pale/9e & ,turkey1 ,holl& = a "t became
 ! spiritual c5tre ( ! scatt]$ ,jews 79 
! sev5te5? c5tury74 ,holl& 0 w>mly      
atta*$ to ! cause ( lib]ty4 ,:5 x       
succe$$ 9 free+ itself f ! clut*es (    
fanatical ,spa9 & h] rapaci\s k+1       
,philip ,,ii1 x inaugurat$ ! gold5 era (
 lib]ty ( consci5ce1 ( peaceful         
developm5t 9 culture & indu/ry1 & grant$
 an asylum to ! p]secut$ & ab&on$ ( all 
c\ntries4 ,by ! ?\s&s ! h>ass$ ,ghetto  
sons1 especially ! ,m>ranos f ,spa9 &   
,portugal1 migrat$ to ,holl&4 ,am/]dam  
became a second ,cordova4 ,!            
intellectual life 0 quick5$4 ,fre$om f  
re/ra9t t5d$ to break d[n ! national    
exclusivism ( ! ,jew1 & int]c\rse ) 8   

lib]al surr\nd+s v>i$ 8 m5tal pursuits4 
,rabb9ism1 ! ,kabbala1 philosophy1      
national poetry--!y all _h _! prom95t   
repres5tatives 9 ,holl&4 ,^! manifold   
t5d5cies 7 unit$ 9 ! lit]>y activity (  
,manasseh b5 ,israel1 a s*ol> (         
ext5sive1 ?\gh n int5sive1 encyclop$ic  
atta9m5ts4 ,free ?\ght & religi\s       
rationalism 7 embodi$ 9 ,uriel ,aco/a4  
,to a /ill high] degree !y 7 illu/rat$ 9
 ! !ory ( life exp\nd$ by ! immortal    
au?or ( ! ,!ologico-,political ,tractate
 7#afdj-afgg74 ,?is advanc$ /ate (      
culture 9 ,holl& did n fail to react ^u 
! neighbor+ c\ntries4 ,"u ! impulse (   
en?usiasm = ! ,bible ,puritan ,engl& "u 
,cromwell op5$ its portals to ! ,jews4  
,9 ,italy1 9 ! dank atmosph]e (         
rabb9ical dialectics & morbid my/icism1 
great figures loom up--,leon de ,mod5a1 
! antagoni/ ( ,rabb9ism & ( ! ,kabbala1 
& ,joseph del ,m$igo1 ma!matician1      
philosoph]1 & my/ic1 ! disciple (       
,galileo4  ,^! purple pat*es 7 no?+ m   
?an ! accid5ts ( a transition p]iod4 ,! 

p z a :ole 0 on ! decl9e4 ,! ,jewi% m9d 
d>t$ hi!r & ?i!r1 l a />tl$ bird seek+  
its ne/4 ,holl& or ,turkey 0 an         
inadequate sub/itute = ,spa91 if only = 
! reason t b a t9y fraction ( ! ,jews _h
 f\nd %elt] 9 ei!r4 ,! ,jewi% national  
c5tre mu/ p]=ce co9cide ) ! num]ical    
c5tre ( ! disp]s$ p1 9 :i*1 moreov]1    
conditions mu/ grant ,jews ! possibility
 ( liv+ undi/urb$ 9 closely compact$    
masses1 & ( p]fect+ a well-knit         
organization ( social & individual life4
 ,outside ( ,spa9 ^! conditions 7       
fulfill$ only by ,pol&1 :i* gradually1  
beg9n+ ) ! sixte5? c5tury1 assum$ !     
hegemony ov] ! ,jewry ( ! _w4 ,?is m>ks 
! displacem5t ( ! ,seph>dic 7,spani%1 9 
a broad] s5se1 ,romanic7 elem5t1 & !    
supremacy ( ! ,a%k5azic 7,g]man-,poli%7 
elem5t4  ,pol& _h be5 a resort = ,jewi% 
immigrants f ,g]many s9ce ! outbreak ( !
 ,crusades1 until1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 x
 rose to ! position ( a ,jewi% c5tre ( !
 fir/ magnitude4 ,z ! m]*ant middle     
class1 ! ,jews 7 protect$ & advanc$ by !

 k+s & ! ,szla*ta4 ,! consequ5t security
 ( _! position induc$ s rapid a gr[? ( !
 ,jewi% elem5t t 9 a little :ile ! ,jews
 ( ,pol& outnumb]$ ^? ( ! old ,jewi%    
settlem5ts 9 ,occid5tal ,europe4 ,!     
num]\s privileges grant$ ! ,jews1 by    
,boleslaus ( ,kali% 7#abdf71 ,kasimir ! 
,great 7#acdg-acgj71 ,wit[t 7#achh71    
,kasimir ,,iv 7#addg71 & "s ( _!        
successors1 =tifi$ _! position 9 !      
ext5d$ t]ritory cov]$ by ,pol&1         
,li?uania1 & ! ,ukra9e4 ,_! peculi>     
circum/ances 9 ,pol& left an impress ^u 
_! inn] life4 ,an int5se m5tal activity 
0 call$ =?4 ,?is activity c be trac$    
back to ,g]man beg9n+s1 ?\gh at ! same  
"t x is made up ( _m orig9al elem5ts4 ,=
 a space ,rabb9ism monopoliz$ !         
intellectual endeavors ( ! ,poli% ,jews4
 ,! rabbi ( ,crac[1 ,moses ,iss]les1 & !
 rabbi ( ,o/rog1 ,solomon ,luria 7d4    
#aegb71 disput$ fir/ place ) ! =emo/    
rabb9ical au?orities ( o!r c\ntries4 ,_!
 decisions & circul> lett]s reg>d+      
religi\s & legal que/ions 7 accord$ b9d+

 =ce4 ,associates & successors ( !irs   
f\nd$ ,talmud academies ?r\gh\t !       
c\ntry1 & l>ge numb]s ( /ud5ts att5d$   
!m4 ,comm5tators ^u ! ,talmud & exp\nd]s
 ( classical works 9 ,jewi% !ological   
lit]ature appe>$ 9 %oals4 ,jewi% pr9t+  
e/abli%m5ts 9 ,crac[ & ,lubl9 7 assidu\s
 9 turn+ out a mass ( writ+s1 :i* spread
 ! fame ( ! ,poli% rabbis to ! remote/  
communities4 ,! l>ge autonomy enjoy$ by 
! ,poli% & ,li?uanian ,jews conf]r$     
executive p[] ^u rabb9ical legislation4 
,! ,kahal1 or ,jewi% communal gov]nm5t1 
to a c]ta9 degree inve/$ ) judicial &   
adm9i/rative compet5ce1 c\ld n d )\t !  
guid+ h& ( ! rabbis z int]pret]s ( !    
law4 ,! guild ( rabbis1 on _! side1 *ose
 a college ( judges1 ) fairly ext5sive  
jurisdiction1 f among _! own memb]s4 ,! 
organization ( ! ,rabb9ical ,conf]5ces1 
or ! ,synods ( ! ,f\r ,c\ntries1 =m$ !  
key/one ( ?is intricate social-spiritual
 hi]>*y4 ,! compreh5sive inn] autonomy &
 ! sy/em ( ,talmud academies 7,ye%ibo?7 
t cov]$ ! :ole ( ,pol& rem9d "o ( !     

brilliant days ( ! ,exil>*ate & !       
,babylonia ( ! ,geonim4 ,"o elem5t 0    
lack+1 !re 0 no v]satile1 comm&+ ?9k] l 
,saadia ,gaon4 ,secul> k & philosophy 7 
"u ! ban 9 ,pol&4 ,rabb9ism absorb$ !   
:ole output ( intellectual en]gy4 ,z    
little z ! ,poles resembl$ ! ,arabs ( ! 
gold5 age1 did ! ,poli% ,jews resemble  
_! bre?r5 9 fai? 9 ! ,ori5t at ,saadia's
 "t or 9 ! ,spa9 ( ,gabirol &           
,maimonides4 ,isolation & clanni%ness 7 
inevitable 9 view ( ! "* ( ! ,*ri/ian   
environm5t & ! almo/ insup]able b>ri]s  
rais$ betwe5 ! classes ( ,poli% society4
 ,b x 0 ?is exclusiv5ess t gave peculi> 
/ability & complet5ess to ! life ( !    
,jew z an individual & z a memb] (      
,jewi% society1 & x 0 ! same            
exclusiv5ess t af=d$ opportunity = !    
developm5t ( a %>ply def9$ culture1 =   
its fixation to ! po9t ( resi/+ viol5t  
%ocks & beyond ! dang] po9t ( ext9ction 
?r\gh =eign invasion4  ,! fateful ye>   
#afdh =m$ a turn+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( !   
,poli% ,jews1 z 9 ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntries 

belong+ to ! ,poli% cr[n4 ,! ,cossack   
but*]ies & w>s ( ext]m9ation (          
#afdh-afeh 7 ! same = ! ,poli% ,jews t !
 ,crusades1 ! ,black ,dea?1 & all ! o!r 
occasions = c>nage _h be5 = ! ,jews (   
,we/]n ,europe4 ,x seem$ z ?\gh hi/ory  
desir$ to avoid ! reproa* ( p>tiality1 &
 ha/5$ to mete out ev5-h&$ ju/ice by    
apportion+ ! same measure ( woe to !    
,jews ( ,pol& z to ! ,jews ( ,we/]n     
,europe4 ,b ! ,poli% ,jews 7 prep>$ to  
accept ! que/ionable gift f ! h&s (     
hi/ory4 ,!y _h m\nt$ t em95ce (         
spiritual /ability on :i* suff]+ loses !
 p[] to weak5 its victim1 b1 on !       
contr>y1 endues him ) /r5g?4 ,m ?an ev] 
!y %rank into _! %ell4 ,!y %ut !mselves 
up m completely 9 _! inn] _w1 & became  
morally dull$ aga9/ ! p]secutions1 !    
bitt] humiliations1 ! deep scorn1 :i* _!
 surr\nd+s visit$ ^u !m4 ,! ,poli% ,jew 
gradually accu/om$ himself to 8 pitiable
 condition4 ,he h>dly knew t life might 
be o!r ?an x 04 ,t ! ,poli% "l to :om he
 0 a means ( ent]ta9m5t might treat him 

) a trace ( respect1 or t 8 neighbors1 !
 middle class m]*ant1 ! ,g]man guild    
memb]1 & ! ,little ,russian peasant1    
might *]i% k9dly feel+s t[>d him1 he    
c\ld n conceive z a possibility4 ,see+  
himself surr\nd$ by enemies1 he took    
precautions to =tify 8 camp1 n s mu* to 
protect himself aga9/ ho/ile assaults f 
)\t--!y 7 inevitable--z to p>alyze !    
disa/r\s consequ5ces ( su* assaults 9 8 
inn] _w4 ,to compass ?is end he br\ght  
into play all ! means sugge/$ by 8      
exceptional position be=e ! law & by 8  
own peculi> social con/itution4 ,!      
,kahal1 ! autonom\s rabb9ical           
adm9i/ration ( communal affairs1 m & m  
assum$ ! "* ( an inn] dictator%ip4      
,jewi% society 0 p]si/5tly kept "u !    
discipl9e ( rigid pr9ciples4 ,9 _m      
affairs ! synagogue atta9$ ! position ( 
a c\rt ( f9al appeal4 ,! p 7 unit$1 or r
 pack$1 into a solid mass by purely     
me*anical processes--by pressure f )\t1 
& by draw+ tight a noose f )94 ,besides 
?is social factor t5d+ to consolidate ! 

,jewi% p into a sep>ate union1 an       
intellectual lev] 0 appli$ to produce ! 
same result4 ,rabb9ism employ$ ! my/ical
 z its adjutant4 ,! "o ex]cis$ control  
ov] all m9ds1 ! o!r ov] all he>ts4 ,!   
gr[? ( my/icism 0 fo/]$ bo? by !        
un=tunate conditions "u :i* ! ,poli%    
,jews endur$ exi/5ce & by ! ,messianic  
movem5ts :i* made _! appe>ance among !  
,jews ( o!r c\ntries4  ,9 ! second half 
( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 my/icism rea*$ its 
z5i? 9 ,turkey1 ! c\ntry 9 :i*1 _h /ood 
! cradle ( ! practical ,kabbala4 ,!     
tea*+s ( ,ari1 ,vital1 & ! s*ool        
e/abli%$ by !m spread l wildfire4       
,messianic extravagances intoxicat$ !   
bait$ & p]secut$ p4 ,9 ,smyrna appe>$ ! 
false ,messiah1 ,sabbatai ,zebi4 ,z by  
magic he attract$ to himself a trem5d\s 
company ( adh]5ts 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/4  
,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury 7#afej-afgf71 he  
kept ! ,jewi% communities ev]y:]e 9 a   
/ate ( quiv]+ susp5se4  ,! h>ass$ p     
toss$ to & fro l a fev] pati5t1 & rav$  
ab\t political re-bir?4 ,its deliri\s   

visions /ill fur!r heat$ its agitat$    
blood4 ,x came to its s5ses b sl[ly4 ,n 
ev5 ! apo/asy & dea? ( ,sabbatai ,zebi  
suffic$ to sob] all 8 foll[]s4 ,"u !    
guise ( a symbolic fai? 9 a ,messiah1 _m
 ( !m1 publicly or secretly1 cont9u$ !  
propag&a = 8 doctr9es4  ,?is propag&a   
prep>$ ! f]tile soil f :i*1 9 ! eighte5?
 c5tury1 %ot up ,messianic sy/ems1 t5d+ 
to split ,judaism into sects4 ,n[h]e did
 ! my/ical tea*+s evoke s ready a       
response z 9 ,pol&1 ! v c5tre (         
,judaism4 ,at fir/ an ally ( ! rabb9ical
 s*ool1 my/icism gr[n passionate &      
uncontrollable n[ & aga9 act$ z ! viol5t
 oppon5t ( ,rabb9ism4 ,secret devotion  
to ! ,sabbatian doctr9es1 :i* _h made _!
 home 9 ,pol&1 sometimes l$ to su*      
extremes 9 dogma & e?ics t ! rabbis c\ld
 n conta9 !mselves4 ,*ayyim ,mala*1     
,judah ,*assid1 & o!r ,galician my/ics1 
9 ! second decade ( ! eighte5? c5tury   
br\ght d[n ^u !mselves a rabb9ical      
decree ( excommunication4 ,! my/ical    
t5d5cy 0 ! precursor ( ! h]etical       

half-,*ri/ian sect ( ,franki/s1 :o      
v5tur$ s f> z to lift a h& aga9/ !      
fundam5tals ( ,judaism3 !y reject$ !    
,talmud 9 favor ( ! ,zoh> 7#agef-aggc74 
,at ! same "t a mu* m pr(\nd movem5t1   
in/9ct ) great] vitality1 made its      
appe>ance among ! ,poli%-,jewi% masses1 
a movem5t root$ 9 _! social & spiritual 
organization4 ,! wret*$1 debas$         
condition ( ! av]age ,jew1 conjo9$ ) !  
traditions ( ! ,kabbala & ! excresc5ces 
( ,rabb9ism1 creat$ a foo?old =         
,*assidic tea*+4 ,*assidism replac$     
,talmudic ratioc9ation by exalt$        
religi\s s5tim5t4 ,by ! =ce ( en?usiasm 
= fai?1 x drew its adh]5ts toge!r into a
 firmly weld$ unit 9 contra/ )          
,rabb9ism1 :i* s\ght ! same goal by !   
aid ( ! =mal law4 ,sc5t+ dang]1 !       
rabb9ical hi]>*y decl>$ w> ^u !         
,kabbala4 ,emd5 oppos$ ,eibes*tz1 !     
,poli% ,sabbatians & ,franki/s 7 f\ght  
to ! dea?1 ! ,wilna ,gaon organiz$ a    
campaign aga9/ ! ,*assidim4 ,too late6  
,rabb9ism 0 too old1 too arid1 to tone  

d[n ! impulsive outbreaks ( passion     
among ! p4 ,9 _! religi\s exaltation !  
masses 7 look+ = an elixir4 ,!y 7       
langui%+1 n = light to illum9e ! reason1
 b = w>m? to set ! he>t agl[4 ,!y desir$
 to lose !mselves 9 ec/atic             
self-r5unciation4 ,*assidism & its      
necess>y dep5d5ce ^u ! ,zaddik (f]$ !   
masses ! means ( ?is =getfulness ( self 
?r\gh fai?4 ,!y 7 ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! p 
saw ! _w 9 a rosy light1 & ! consequ5ces
 foll[+ ^u _! preval5ce 7 se5 9 a m>k$  
int5sification ( ,jewi% exclusiv5ess4   
,! same alo(ness *>act]izes ! ,jews ( ! 
re/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury diaspora4       
,:]ev]1 z 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 & ,italy1 
,jews 7 settl$ 9 consid]able numb]s1 !y 
7 sep>at$ f _! surr\nd+s by =bidd+      
,ghetto walls4 ,on ! :ole1 no diff]5ce  
is noticeable betwe5 conditions affect+ 
,jews 9 "o c\ntry & ^? 9 ano!r4 ,ev]y:]e
 !y 7 m]ely tol]at$1 ev]y:]e oppress$ & 
humiliat$4 ,! bloody p]secutions ( !    
middle ages 7 replac$ by ! burd5 ( !    
exceptional laws1 :i* 9 practice degrad$

 ! ,jews socially to an inf]ior race1 to
 citiz5s ( a subord9ate degree4 ,!      
consequ5ces 7 uni=mly ! same 9 all      
c\ntries3 spiritual isolation & a morbid
 religi\s mood4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( !   
c5tury ( reason1 ,jewry pres5t$ !       
appe>ance ( an exhau/$ w&]]1 heavily    
dragg+ himself on 8 way1 8 consci\sness 
cl\d$1 8 tr5d ( ?\ght obvi\sly          
anti-rationali/ic4 ,at ! v mom5t 9 :i*  
,europe 0 beg9n+ to realize its m$ieval 
errors & rep5t ( !m1 & ! era ( univ]sal 
ideals ( humanity 0 dawn+1 ,judaism     
rais$ b>ricades betwe5 itself & ! _w at 
l>ge4 ,elijah ,gaon & ,israel ,be%t 7 ! 
contempor>ies ( ,voltaire & ,r\sseau4   
,app>5tly !re 0 no possibility (        
e/abli%+ communication betwe5 ^! two    
diametrically oppos$ worlds4 ,b hi/ory  
is a magician4 ,n f> f ! ,pol& envelop$ 
9 m$ieval d>kness1 ! morn+ light ( a new
 life 0 break+ ^u slumb]+ ,jewry 9      
,g]man l&s4 ,new voices made !mselves   
he>d1 rev]b]at+ l an e*o to ! appeal    
issu$ by ! great c5tury 9 behalf ( a    

spiritual & social reg5]ation ( mank9d4 
,,xi  ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p]iod ,,(           
,,enlight5m5t 7,,! ,,n9ete5? ,,c5tury7  
,two ph5om5a signaliz$ ! beg9n+ ( !     
late/ p]iod 9 ,jewi% hi/ory3 ! l(ty     
activity ( ,m5delssohn & ! occurr5ce ( !
 great ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! man /&s = !
 spiritual emancipation ( ! ,jews1 !    
movem5t = _! political emancipation4 ,at
 bottom1 ^! two ph5om5a 7 by no means ! 
ultimate causes ( ! social & spiritual  
reg5]ation ( ! ,jewi% p4 ,!y 7 only !   
products ( ! m g5]al causes t _h effect$
 a simil> reg5]ation 9 all ! peoples (  
,we/]n ,europe4 ,! new curr5ts1 !       
ab&onm5t ( effete intellectual & social 
=ms1 ! sub/itution ( ju/] & m en]getic  
pr9ciples1 ! prote/ aga9/ sup]/ition &  
despotism--all ^! traits _h a common    
orig91 ! resuscitation ( reason & free  
?\ght1 :i* dom9at$ all m9ds )\t ask+    
:e!r !y belong$ to ,jew or to ,*ri/ian4 
,x might seem t ! rejuv5ation ( ! ,jews 
_h be5 consummat$ m rapidly ?an !       
rejuv5ation ( ! o!r peoples4 ,! latt] _h

 _h two c5turies1 ! p]iod elaps+ s9ce ! 
middle ages1 t is1 ! p]iod betwe5 !     
,re=mation & ! great ,revolution1 9 :i* 
to prep>e = a m rational & a m humane   
conduct ( life4 ,z = ! ,jews1 _! middle 
ages began mu* lat]1 & end$ lat]1 almo/ 
on ! eve ( #aghi1 s t ! revolution 9 _! 
m9ds & _! mode ( life _h to accompli%   
itself ha/ily1 "u ! urg5ce ( swiftly    
cr[d+ ev5ts1 by ! omission ( int]m$iate 
/ages4 ,b x mu/ be tak5 into            
consid]ation t long be=e1 9 !           
,judeo-,hell5ic & 9 ! ,arabic-,spani%   
p]iod1 ! ,jews _h pass$ ?r\gh _! c5tury 
( reason4 ,9 spite ( ! int]v5+ ages (   
suff]+ & gloom1 ! faculty ( assimilat+  
new pr9ciples _h surviv$4 ,= !          
desc5dants ( ,philo & ,maimonides !     
rationali/ic movem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury
 0 9 "p a repetition ( a well-kn[n      
hi/orical process4 ,!y _h _h ! b5efit ( 
a simil> c\rse ( /udies be=e1 &1 !re=e1 
_h no ne$ to cram on ! eve ( ! f9al     
exam9ation4  ,9 po9t ( fact1 !          
trans=mation 9 ! life ( ! ,jews did take

 place ) extraord9>y swiftness4 ,x 0    
ha/5$ 9 ,france by ! pr9ciples ( !      
,revolution & ! proclamation ( ! civil  
equality ( ,jews ) ! o!r citiz5s4 ,9    
,g]many1 h[ev]1 x advanc$ ^u purely     
spiritual l9es4 ,m5delssohn & ,less+1 ! 
h]alds ( spiritual re=m1 :o expos$ old  
prejudices1 c>ri$ on _! labors at a "t 9
 :i* ! ,jews /ill /ood beyond ! pale ( !
 law1 a condition :i* x did n occur to  
,fr$]ick ,,ii1 ! philosoph] ^u ! ?rone1 
to improve4 ,a :ole g5]ation 0 de/9$ to 
pass be=e ! civil emancipation ( !      
,g]man ,jews 0 accompli%$4 ,meantime _! 
spiritual emancipation proce$$ apace1   
)\t help f ! rul+ p[]s4 ,a "t s e>ly z !
 end ( ! eighte5? c5tury f\nd ! ,g]man  
,jews 9 a position to keep /ep ) _!     
,*ri/ian fell[-citiz5s 9 cultural       
progress4 ,enlight5$ ,jews =m$ close    
connections ) enlight5$ ,*ri/ians1 &    
jo9$ !m 9 ! univ]sal conc]ns ( mank9d z 
conf$]ates esp\s+ ! same fundam5tal     
pr9ciples4 ,if !y r5\nc$ "s ( _!        
religi\s & national traditions1 x 0 by  

no means out ( complaisance = _!        
neighbors4 ,!y 7 guid$ solely & alone by
 ^? univ]sal pr9ciples t =c$ non-,jews z
 well z ,jews to reject _m traditions z 
incompatible ) reason & consci5ce4      
,non-,jews & ,jews alike yield$ !mselves
 up to ! fre% inspiration ( ! "t1 &     
p]mitt$ !mselves to be c>ri$ along by ! 
univ]sal trans=m+ movem5t4 ,m5delssohn  
himself1 circumspect & wise1 did n move 
(f f religi\s national gr\nd4 ,b !      
g5]ation aft] him ab&on$ 8 position = t 
( univ]sal humanity1 or1 bett]1 ,g]man  
nationality4 ,8 successors intoxicat$   
!mselves ) deep draughts ( ! m>vel\s    
poetry creat$ by ! magic ( ,goe! &      
,s*ill]4 ,!y p]mitt$ !mselves to be ru%$
 along by ! lib]ty doctr9es ( #aghi1 !y 
plung$ head ov] heels into ! vortex (   
romanticism1 & took an active "p 9 !    
conspicu\s movem5ts ( ,europe1          
political1 social1 & lit]>y1 z witness  
,brne1 ,he9e1 & _! fell[-combatants4  ,!
 excitem5t soon evaporat$4 ,:5 ! noise (
 ! lib]ty love-fea/s _h subsid$1 :5 !   

cruel reaction 7aft] #ahad7 _h settl$   
heavily ^u ! ,europe ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1
 & ,god's e>? _h aga9 become ! ar5a ( ^?
 ag5ts ( d>kness :om dream]s _h ?\ght   
buri$ =ev] b5ea? ! ru9s ( ! old ord]1 !n
 ! ,g]man ,jews1 or su* ( !m z ?\ght1   
came to _! s5ses4 ,! m intellig5t ,jewi%
 circles realiz$ t1 9 devotion to !     
,g]man national movem5t1 !y _h          
completely neglect$ _! own p4 ,yet _! p1
 too1 _h ne$s1 practical or spiritual1  
_h its peculi> national sph]e (         
activity1 circumscrib$1 inde$1 by ! l>g]
 sph]e ( mank9d's activities z by a     
conc5tric circle1 b by no means m]g$    
into x4 ,to atone = _! s91 ?9k+ ,jews   
retrac$ _! /eps4 ,!y took 9 h& !        
trans=m+ ( ,jewi% inn] life1 !          
simplification ( ! extremely complicat$ 
,jewi% ritual1 ! remodel+ ( p$agogic    
me?ods1 &1 above all1 ! cultivation ( ! 
ext5d$ fields ( ,jewi% sci5ce1 ^: head &
 front is ,jewi% hi/orical rese>* 9 all 
its va/ness & detail4 ,he9e's fri5d1    
,zunz1 laid ! corn]/one ( ,jewi% sci5ce 

9 ! second decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8
 "w 0 tak5 up by a goodly company (     
zeal\s & able build]s occupi$ = half a  
c5tury ) ! task ( re>+ ! pr\d edifice ( 
a sci5tific hi/orical lit]ature1 9 :i*  
national self-consci\sness 0 %elt]$ &   
fo/]$4 ,at ! v height ( ?is re=m+ &     
lit]>y activity1 ,g]man ,jewry 0        
ov]:elm$ by ! civil emancipation (      
#ahdh4 ,aga9 a /irr+ movem5t drew !m    
into sympa?y ) a great g5]al cause1 b   
?is "t )\t draw+ !m away f ,jewi%       
national int]e/s4 ,cultural & civil     
assimilation 0 accompli%$ z an inn]     
compell+ necessity1 z a natural outcome 
( liv+4 ,b spiritual assimilation1 9 !  
s5se ( a m]g+ ( ,judaism 9 =eign        
elem5ts1 0 e>ne/ly repudiat$ by ! noble/
 repres5tatives ( ,judaism4 ,x 0 _!     
ideal t univ]sal activity & national    
activity %\ld be pursu$ to ! prejudice (
 nei!r1 c]ta9ly n to ! exclusion ( "o or
 ! o!r1 b 9 p]fect h>mony ) ea* o!r4 ,9 
po9t ( fact1 x may be ass]t$ t1 9 spite 
( a frequ5t t5d5cy to g to ! "o or ! o!r

 extreme1 ! two curr5ts1 ! univ]sal & ! 
national1 co-exi/ )9 ,g]man ,jewry1 &   
!re is no fe> ( _! unit+1 !y run p>allel
 ) ea* o!r4 ,! ,jewi% g5ius is v]satile4
 ,)\t hurt to itself x c be active 9 all
 sorts ( c>e]s3 9 politics & 9 civil    
life1 9 p>liam5t & on ! lecture plat=m1 
9 all bran*es ( sci5ce & dep>tm5ts (    
lit]ature1 9 e "o ( ! *amb]s ( mank9d's 
intellectual laboratory4 ,at ! same "t x
 has its dome/ic he>?1 its national     
sanctu>y2 x has its sph]e ( orig9al "w &
 its self-consci\sness1 its national    
int]e/s & spiritual ideals root$ 9 ! pa/
 ( ! ,jew4 ,by ! side ( a ,lassalle1 a  
,lask]1 & a ,m>x t[]s a ,riess]1 a      
,geig]1 a ,graetz4 ,! level+ process    
unavoidably connect$ ) widespread       
culture1 s f> f caus+ spiritual         
desolation 9 ,g]man ,judaism1 has1 on ! 
contr>y1 furni%$ r$undant pro( t ev5 "u 
pres5t conditions1 s unfavorable to :at 
is individual & orig9al1 ! ,jewi% p has 
pres]v$ its vitality to ! full4  ,an    
analog\s movem5t /irr$ ! o!r c\ntries ( 

,we/]n ,europe--,france1 ,italy1 &      
,engl&4 ,! political emancipation ( !   
,jews 0 accompli%$ e>li] 9 !m ?an 9     
,g]many4 ,! recon/ruction ( ! inn] life1
 too1 proce$$ m quietly & regul>ly1 )\t 
leaps & b\nds1 & religi\s re=m e/abli%$ 
itself by degrees4 ,yet ev5 "h1 :]e !   
,jewi% cont+5t 0 insignificant1 !       
spiritual physiognomy ( ! ,jews ma9ta9$ 
its typical "*4 ,9 ^! c\ntries1 z 9     
,g]many1 ! ,jew assimilat$ ,european    
culture ) all its advantages & its      
drawbacks4 ,he 0 active on diplomatic   
fields1 he devot$ himself to economic   
inve/igations1 he produc$ intellectual  
creations ( all k9ds--fir/ & la/ he felt
 himself to be a citiz5 ( 8 c\ntry4     
,none ! less he 0 a loyal son ( ! ,jewi%
 p consid]$ z a spiritual p ) an appo9t$
 task4 ,crmieux1 ,beaconsfield1         
,luzzatti are c\nt]balanc$ by ,salvador1
 ,frank1 ,munk1 ,reggio1 & ,montefiore4 
,all ! good qualities & ! %ortcom+s     
di/9ctive ( ! civilization ( mod]n times
 adh]e to ! ,jew4 ,b at its wor/ mod]n  

civilization has n succe$$ 9 ext+ui%+ ! 
national _s 9 ,jewry4 ,! national _s    
cont9ues to live 9 ! p1 & x is ?is _s t 
quick5s ! p4 ,! g5ius ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 z
 9 c5turies gone by1 holds wat* ov] !   
sons ( ! et]nal p scatt]$ to all ends ( 
! e>?4 ,we/-,european ,jewry may say (  
itself1 )\t presumption3 ,cogito ergo   
sum4  ,russian ,jewry1 ! ,jewry t _h be5
 ,poli%1 & t is c\nt$ by ! millions1    
might1 if necess>y1 prove its exi/5ce by
 ev5 m tangible m>ks ?an ,occid5tal     
,jewry4 ,to beg9 )1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( 
! ,jewi% nation lies 9 ,russia1 ^: ,jews
 n only outnumb] ^? ( ! re/ ( ,europe1 b
 cont9ue to live 9 a compact mass4      
,besides1 !y h pres]v$ ! orig9al ,jewi% 
culture & _! traditional physiognomy to 
a high] degree ?an ! ,jews ( o!r        
c\ntries4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,russian    
,jews took a c\rse v diff]5t f t ( !    
,jews ( ! ,we/4 ,?is diff]5ce 0         
condition$ by ! trem5d\s contra/ betwe5 
,russian culture & ,we/-,european       
culture1 & by ! *ange :i* ! ext]nal     

circum/ances ( ,jews outside ( ,russia  
und]w5t dur+ ! mod]n p]iod4 ,! admission
 ( ! ,poli% prov9ces into ! ,russian    
,empire at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury    
f\nd ! num]\s ,jewi% population 9 an    
almo/ m$ieval condition1 ! same         
condition 9 :i* ! non-,jewi% population 
( ,russian ,pol& 0 at t "t4 ,! ,poli%   
regime1 z we saw above1 _h isolat$ !    
,jews alike 9 civil & spiritual         
relations4 ,! new ord] did n break d[n !
 b>ri]s4 ,! masses ( ,jews coop$ up 9 ! 
,pale ( ,settlem5t 7 /rong only by      
reason ( _! inn] unity1 _! firmly       
e/abli%$ patri>*al organization4 ,!     
bulw>k ( ,rabb9ism & ! citadel (        
,*assidism protect$ !m aga9/ ali5       
influ5ces4 ,!y gu>d$ _! isolation       
jeal\sly4 ,true to ! law ( in]tia1 !y   
w\ld n all[ ! privilege ( isolation to  
be wre/$ f !m4 ,!y did n c>e to /ep     
beyond ! ramp>ts4 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld !    
,jews h quitt$ _! =tress1 if outside (  
_! walls !y c\ld expect no?+ b scorn &  
bl[s8 ,! un=tunates encag$ 9 ! s9i/]    

,pale ( ,settlem5t c\ld h be5 lur$ out (
 _! exclusive position only by complete 
civil emancipation comb9$ ) a high]     
degree ( culture ?an _h be5 atta9$ by   
,russian society1 an impossible set (   
circum/ances 9 ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5?  
c5tury4 ,! legislative measures ( ! "t1 
9 s f> z !y relate to ! ,jews1 brea! !  
_s ( police surveillance r ?an (        
enlight5m5t & humanity4 ,to civiliz+ &  
intellectual influ5ces f )\t ! way 0    
equally b>r$4 ,yet all ?is wat*fulness 0
 ( no avail4 ,no?+ c\ld prev5t ! lib]ty 
pr9ciples esp\s$ by ! ,jews ( ,we/]n    
,europe f be+ smuggl$ into ! ,pale1 to  
leav5 ! sad1 s]ri$ masses4 ,a sluggi%   
process ( f]m5tation set 91 & culm9at$ 9
 ! lit]>y activity ( ,isaac ,be]        
,lev9sohn & ( ! ,wilna re=m]s ( ! second
 & f\r? decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!y 
7 ! h>b+]s ( approa*+ spr+4  ,:5 spr+   
f9ally came 7aft] #ahee71 & ! sun s5t   
d[n 8 g5ial rays ^u ! wret*$ ,jewry (   
,russia1 life & activity began to appe> 
at once1 especially 9 ! upp] /rata4 ,z 9

 ,g]many1 s 9 ,russia spiritual         
emancipation prec$$ political           
emancipation4 ,/ill %orn almo/ entirely 
( ! elem5t>y rights ( citiz5s1 !        
,russian ,jews nev]!less foll[$ _! ideal
 prompt+s1 & p>ticipat$ en?usia/ically 9
 ! movem5t = enlight5m5t :i* at t "t    
held ! noble/ ( ! ,russians en?rall$4 ,9
 a consid]able portion ( ! ,russian     
,jewi% community a process ( culture    
reg5]ation began1 an eag] ?r[+ (f (     
outworn =ms ( life & ?\ght1 a swift     
adoption ( humane pr9ciples4 ,jewi% "y  
m5 cr[d$ into ! secul> s*ools1 9 :i* !y 
came 9 close contact ) _! ,*ri/ian      
contempor>ies4 ,influ5c$ by _! new      
companions1 !y gave !mselves up to      
,russian national movem5ts1 (t5 at ! co/
 ( r5unciation ( self4 ,"s ( !m1 inde$1 
9 "o-sid$ aspiration /rove to become1 n 
,russians1 b m54 ,! influ5ce ex]cis$ by 
lit]ature 0 m mod]ate ?an t ( ! s*ools4 
,rabb9ic & ,*assidi/ic lit]ature1 on !  
po9t ( dy+ out z x 01 ab&on$ ! field to 
! lit]ature ( enlight5m5t 9 ! ,hebrew   

language1 a lit]ature ( some:at         
primitive "*4 ,x consi/$ *iefly ( naive 
novels & ( didactic writ+s ( publici/s1 
& lack$ ! solid sci5tific & hi/orical   
elem5t t =ms ! cr[n ( ,we/]n ,jewi%     
lit]ature4 ,x is indisputable1 h[ev]1 t 
x ex]t$ an educational influ5ce4        
,besides1 x possesses ! m]it ( hav+     
resuscitat$ "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ,jewi%
 national possessions1 ! ,hebrew        
language 9 its purity1 :i* 9 ,russia    
alone has become a pliant in/rum5t (    
lit]>y expression4 ,a /ill great] field 
0 res]v$ = ! ,jewi%-,russian lit]ature t
 arose 9 ! sixties4 ,x 0 call$ into be+ 
9 ord] to pres5t a vivid & true picture 
( ! social & spiritual int]e/s ( !      
,jews4 ,proce$+ f discussions ( curr5t  
political topics1 ?is lit]ature         
gradually wid5$ its limits s z to       
include ,jewi% hi/ory1 ,jewi% sci5ce1 & 
! portrayal ( ,jewi% life1 & m & m      
approa*$ ! "* ( a normal ,european      
lit]ature4 ,all ?is 0 9 ! mak+1 & ! mo/ 
important "w _h n yet begun4 ,! l[]     

/rata ( ! p _h n be5 t\*$ by ! fre% air4
 ,9 "t1 if all _h gone well1 !y1 too1   
w\ld h _h _! day4 ,& if ! m9ority ( !   
,jewi% p 9 ! ,we/ 9 a %ort span ( "t    
br\ght =? s _m notable work]s 9 s _m    
dep>tm5ts ( life & ?\ght1 h[ mu* sup]ior
 w\ld be ! culture a*ievem5ts ( ! ,ea/]n
 majority6 ,h[ vigor\sly ! mighty m5tal 
=ces lat5t 9 ,russian ,jewry w\ld       
develop :5 _! advance 0 no long]        
ob/ruct$ by all sorts ( ob/acles1 & !y  
c\ld be appli$ to e sph]e ( political1  
social1 & intellectual life6  ,no?+ (   
all ?is came to pass2 exactly ! opposite
 happ5$4 ,n only 7 ! b>ri]s 9 ! way ( a 
prosp]\s1 free developm5t ( ,jewry n    
remov$1 b fre% h9drances )\t numb] 7    
multipli$4 ,"s spectre ( ! middle ages1 
"s p[] ( d>kness1 put brakes ^u ! :eel (
 hi/ory4 ,x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,we/1 "u !  
"n anti-,semitism1 among ! dregs (      
,european society4 ,b 9 its e>lie/ abode
 x 0 & is /ill met ) an abrupt rebuff on
 ! "p ( ! mo/ intellig5t circles1 ^? :om
 ev5 ! pres5t age ( decad5ce has n      

succe$$ 9 robb+ ( belief 9 l(ty moral   
ideals4 ,anti-,semitism 9 ! ,we/ is 9   
anima vili4 ,its cult is conf9$ to a    
c]ta9 p>ty1 :i* enjoys a r sc&al\s      
reputation4 ,b !re are c\ntries 9 :i*   
?is p[] ( d>kness1 9 ! co>s] =m (       
,judophobia#ac1 has ca/ its baleful     
spell ^u ! mo/ influ5tial memb]s (      
society & ^u ! press4 ,!re x has rip5$  
noxi\s fruit4 ,mock+ at ! exalt$ ideals 
& ! e?ical traditions ( religi\s & ?9k+ 
mank9d1 ,judophobia %amelessly pr(esses 
! dogma ( misan?ropy4 ,its propag&a is  
br++ ab\t ! moral ru9 ( an immature     
society1 n yet confirm$ 9 e?ical or     
truly religi\s pr9ciples4 ,^u its       
victims1 ! ,jews1 x has ! same effect z 
! mis=tunes ( ! middle ages1 :i* 7 met$ 
out to our ho>y p ) ov]fl[+ measure1 &  
aga9/ :i* x le>nt to assume an armor (  
/eel4 ,! rec5t sev]e trials are hav+ !  
same result z ! p]secutions ( =m] days3 
!y d n weak51 on ! contr>y1 !y          
invigorate ! ,jewi% _s1 !y spur on to   
?\ght1 !y /imulate ! pulse ( ! p4   ,!  

hamm] %iv]s glass1   ,b iron by its bl[s
 is =g$4#ad    #ac ,z anti-,semitism is 
call$ 9 ,russia4   #ad ,pu%k94  ,!      
hi/orical process ,jewry has und]gone   
repeat$ly1 x mu/ und]go once aga94 ,b   
n[1 too1 9 ?is bla/+ "t ( confusion &   
disp]sion1 ( daily torture & ! horrors (
 int]national conflict1 ! keep] (       
,israel slumb]e? n & sleepe? n4 ,!      
,jewi% _s is on ! al]t4 ,x is ev] purg+ 
& temp]+ itself 9 ! furnace ( suff]+4 ,!
 p :i* ju/ly be>s ! "n ( ! vet]an (     
hi/ory )draws & falls into a rev]y4 ,x  
is n a n>r[-m9d$ fanatic's flight f !   
_w1 b ! conc5trat$ ?\ght ( a m\rn]4     
,jewry is absorb$ 9 contemplation ( its 
great1 unp>allel$ pa/4 ,m ?an ev] x is  
n[ 9 ne$ ( ! tea*+s ( its pa/1 ( ! moral
 support & ! prud5t c\nsels ( its       
hi/ory1 its f\r ?\s& ye>s ( life cr[d$ )
 *eck]$ exp]i5ces4     ,,xii  ,,!       
,,tea*+s ,,( ,,jewi% ,,hi/ory   ,let u  
return n[ to ! />t+ po9t ( our          
discussion1 & endeavor to e/abli% !     
?\ghts & lessons to be d$uc$ f ! c\rse (

 ,jewi% hi/ory4  ,above all1 ,jewi%     
hi/ory possesses ! /ud5t ) ! conviction 
t ,jewry at all times1 ev5 9 ! p]iod (  
political indep5d5ce1 0 pre-em95tly a   
spiritual nation1 & a spiritual nation x
 cont9ues to be 9 our own days1 too4    
,fur!rmore1 x inspires him ) ! belief t 
,jewry1 be+ a spiritual entity1 _c suff]
 annihilation3 ! body1 ! mold1 may be   
de/roy$1 ! _s is immortal4 ,b]eft (     
c\ntry & disp]s$ z x is1 ! ,jewi% nation
 lives1 & w g on liv+1 because a        
creative pr9ciple p]meates x1 a pr9ciple
 t is ! root ( its be+ & an indig5\s    
product ( its hi/ory4 ,?is pr9ciple     
consi/s fir/ 9 a sum ( def9ite religi\s1
 moral1 or philosophic ideals1 ^:       
expon5t at all times 0 ! ,jewi% p1 ei!r 
9 its totality1 or 9 ! p]son ( its mo/  
prom95t repres5tatives4 ,next1 ?is      
pr9ciple consi/s 9 a sum ( hi/orical    
memories1 recollections ( :at 9 ! c\rse 
( _m c5turies ! ,jewi% p exp]i5c$1      
?\ght1 & felt1 9 ! dep?s ( its be+4     
,f9ally1 x consi/s 9 ! consci\sness t   

true ,judaism1 :i* has accompli%$ great 
?+s = humanity 9 ! pa/1 has n yet play$ 
out its "p1 &1 !re=e1 may n p]i%4 ,9    
%ort1 ! ,jewi% p lives because x conta9s
 a liv+ s\l :i* refuses to sep>ate f its
 integum5t1 & _c be =c$ out ( x by heavy
 trials & mis=tunes1 su* z w\ld         
unfail+ly inflict mortal injury ^u less 
/urdy organisms4  ,?is self-consci\sness
 is ! s\rce f :i* ! suff]+ ,jewi% s\l   
draws com=t4 ,hi/ory speaks to x        
con/antly ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! great apo/le  
:o w5t =? f ! mid/ ( ,israel eighte5    
hundr$ ye>s ago3 ,call to remembrance ! 
=m] days1 9 :i*1 aft] ye 7 enlight5$1 ye
 endur$ a great conflict ( suff]+s2     
p>tly1 be+ made a gaz+-/ock bo? by      
reproa*es & afflictions2 & p>tly1 becom+
 p>tak]s ) !m t 7 s us$4444 ,ca/ n away 
!re=e y\r boldness1 :i* ha? great       
recomp5se ( rew>d 7,epi/le to !         
,hebrews1 x1 #cb-cd1 #ce74  ,jewi%      
hi/ory1 moreov]1 ar\ses 9 ! ,jew !      
desire to "w unceas+ly at ! task (      
p]fect+ himself4 ,to direct 8 att5tion  

to 8 glori\s pa/1 to ! respl5d5t        
intellectual feats ( 8 ance/ors1 to _!  
ma/]ly skill 9 ?9k+ & suff]+1 does n    
lull him to sleep1 does n awak5 a       
dull>d's complac5cy or holl[            
self-conceit4 ,on ! contr>y1 x makes    
exact+ dem&s ^u him4 ,jewi% hi/ory      
admoni%es ! ,jews3 ,noblesse oblige4 ,! 
privilege ( belong+ to a p to :om !     
honorable title ( ! 'vet]an ( hi/ory'   
has be5 conc$$1 puts s]i\s              
responsibilities on y\r %\ld]s4 ,y mu/  
demon/rate t y are wor?y ( y\r h]oic    
pa/4 ,! desc5dants ( tea*]s ( religion &
 m>tyrs ( ! fai? d>e n be insignificant1
 n to say wick$4 ,if ! long c5turies (  
w&]+ & mis]y h inoculat$ y ) faults1    
extirpate !m 9 ! "n ( ! exalt$ moral    
ideals ^: be>]s y 7 commission$ to be4  
,if1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 elem5ts out (      
h>mony ) y\r ess5tial be+ h fa/5$ ^u y\r
 m9d1 ca/ !m out1 purify y\rselves4 ,9  
all places & at all times1 9 joy & & 9  
sorr[1 y mu/ aim to live = ! high]1 !   
spiritual int]e/s4 ,b nev] may y deem   

y\rselves p]fect4 ,if y become fai?less 
to ^! sacr$ pr9ciples1 y sev] ! bonds t 
unite y ) ! mo/ vital elem5ts ( y\r pa/1
 ) ! fir/ cause ( y\r national exi/5ce4 
,! f9al lesson to be le>n$ is t 9 !     
sunny days ( mank9d's hi/ory1 9 :i*     
reason1 ju/ice1 & philan?ropic in/9ct _h
 ! upp] h&1 ! ,jews /eadfa/ly made      
common cause ) ! o!r nations4 ,h& 9 h& )
 !m1 !y trod ! pa? lead+ to p]fection4  
,b 9 ! d>k days1 dur+ ! reign ( rude    
=ce1 prejudice1 & passion1 ( :i* !y 7 ! 
fir/ victims1 ! ,jews retir$ f ! _w1    
)drew into _! %ell1 to await bett] days4
 ,union ) mank9d at l>ge1 on ! basis ( !
 spiritual & ! intellectual1 ! goal set 
up by ! ,jewi% ,prophets 9 _! sublime   
vision ( ! future 7,isaiah1 *4 ii1 &    
,micah1 *4 iv71 is ! ultimate ideal (   
,judaism's noble/ vot>ies4 ,w _! radiant
 hope ev] atta9 to realization8 ,if ev] 
x %\ld be realiz$1--& x is incumb5t ^u u
 to believe t x w1--n a slight "p ( !   
m]its involv$ w be due to ,jewi% hi/ory4
 ,we h adv]t$ to ! l(ty moral &         

humanit>ian significance ( ,jewi% hi/ory
 9 its role z conciliator4 ,) reg>d to  
"o-half ( ,jewi% hi/ory1 ?is            
conciliatory p[] is ev5 n[ a            
well-e/abli%$ fact4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,jewi% 
hi/ory1 ! ,biblical "p1 is a s\rce f    
:i*1 = _m c5turies1 millions ( human    
be+s belong+ to ! mo/ div]se d5om9ations
 h d]iv$ in/ruction1 solace1 &          
inspiration4 ,x is read ) devotion by   
,*ri/ians 9 bo? hemisph]es1 9 _! h\ses &
 _! temples4 ,its h]oes h long ago      
become types1 inc>nations ( great ideas4
 ,! ev5ts x relates s]ve z liv+ e?ical  
=mulas4 ,b a "t w come--p]haps x is n v 
f> (f--:5 ! second half ( ,jewi% hi/ory1
 ! record ( ! two ?\s& ye>s ( ! ,jewi%  
p's life aft] ! ,biblical p]iod1 w be   
accord$ ! same treatm5t4 ,?is latt] "p (
 ,jewi% hi/ory is n yet kn[n1 & _m1 9 ! 
?rall ( prejudice1 d n wi% to "k x4 ,b  
ere long x w be kn[n & appreciat$4 ,= ! 
?9k+ portion ( mank9d x w be a s\rce (  
uplift+ moral & philosophical tea*+4 ,! 
?\s& ye>s' m>tyrdom ( ! ,jewi% p1 its   

unbrok5 pilgrimage1 its tragic fate1 its
 tea*]s ( religion1 its m>tyrs1         
philosoph]s1 *ampions1 ?is :ole epic w 9
 days to come s9k deep into ! memory (  
m54 ,x w speak to ! he>t & ! consci5ce (
 m51 n m]ely to _! curi\s m9d4 ,x w     
secure respect = ! silv]y hair ( !      
,jewi% p1 a p ( ?9k]s & suff]]s4 ,x w   
disp5se consolation to ! afflict$1 & by 
its examples ( spiritual /eadfa/ness &  
self-d5ial enc\rage m>tyrs 9 _!         
devotion4 ,x is our firm conviction t ! 
"t is approa*+ 9 :i* ! second half (    
,jewi% hi/ory w be to ! noble/ "p ( ?9k+
 humanity :at its fir/ half has long be5
 to believ+ humanity1 a s\rce ( sublime 
moral tru?s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ,jewi% hi/ory 
9 its entirety is ! pl$ge ( ! spiritual 
union betwe5 ! ,jews & ! re/ ( !        
nations4