,,wagn]',s ,,tri/an ,,und ,,isolde ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama ,,by ,,george ,,a9slie ,,hight ,pass+ ! visions1 pass+ ! night1 ,pass+1 unloos+ ! hold ( my comrade's h&s1 ,pass+ ! song ( ! h]mit bird & ! tally+ song ( my s\l1 ,victori\s song1 dea?'s outlet song1 yet v>y+1 ev]-alt]+ song1 ,z l[ & wail+1 yet cle> ! notes1 ris+ & fall+1 flood+ ! night1 ,sadly s9k+ & fa9t+1 z w>n+ & w>n+1 & yet aga9 bur/+ ) joy1 ,cov]+ ! e>? & fill+ ! spread ( ! heav51 ,z t p[]ful psalm 9 ! night ,i he>d f recesses4 ,walt ,:itman4 ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages conta9 little if any?+ t is new1 or t w\ld be likely to int]e/ ^? :o are already at home 9 ,wagn]'s "w4 ,!y are int5d$ = ^? :o are beg9n+ ! /udy ( ,wagn]4 ,9 spite ( _m books1 ,i "k ( no ,wagn] lit]ature 9 ,engli% to :i* a beg9n] c turn :o wi%es to "k :at ,wagn] 0 aim+ at1 9 :at respect 8 works diff] f ^? ( ! op]atic compos]s :o prec$$ him4 ,"s sort ( ,introduction appe>s to me a necess>y prelim9>y to ! /udy ( ,wagn]1 n because 8 works are artificial or unnatural1 b because our m9ds h become p]v]t$ by ! highly artificial products ( ! ,italian & ,fr5* op]a1 s t a "w ( ,wagn] at fir/ appe>s to u v mu* z ,p>adise ,lo/ or a trag$y ( ,sophokles w\ld appe> to a p]son :o _h nev] read any?+ b light ,fr5* novels4 ,he mu/ entirely *ange ! attitude ( 8 m9d1 & ! *ange1 al?\gh x be a return to nature & tru?1 is n easy to make4 ,^? :o wi% fully to und]/& ,wagn]'s aims mu/ read 8 own publi%$ works4 ,i h n attempt$ to give 8 views 9 a cond5s$ =m1 be+ conv9c$ t any su* attempt c\ld only end 9 failure4 ,:5ev] x has be5 made1 ! result has be5 a c>icature2 y _c sep>ate a man's "w f 8 p]sonality4 ,all t ,i c\ld d 0 to endeav\r to lay "s ( ! problems involv$1 z ,i conceive !m1 be=e ! read] 9 my own words4 ,,sam]1 ,,pas ,,de ,,calais1 ,may1 #aiab4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,wagn] ,,criticism ,,ii4 ,,wagn] ,,z ,,man ,,iii4 ,,wagn]',s ,,!oretical ,,writ+s ,,iv4 ,,! ,,roots ,,( ,,g]man ,,music ,v4 ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama ,,& ,,its ,,antec$5ts ,,vi4 ,,! ,,e>li] ,,v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,tri/an ,,my? ,,vii4 ,,wagn]',s ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,tri/an ,,my?os ,,viii4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama ,,ix4 ,,music ,,z ,,an ,,art ,,( ,,expression ,x4 ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,musical ,,diction ,,( ,,tri/an ,,und ,,isolde ,,xi4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,music ,,xii4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,music ,,cont9u$ ,,xiii4 ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,music ,,cont9u$ ,,xiv4 ,,conclusion ,,app5dix ,greek3 ,!ohus d' ephame ele\ntas aemas sug*oreutas te kahi *oraegohus aem9 d$oke'nai to'n te ,ap'olloa kahi ,m\sas kahi dhae kahi tri'ton epham51 ei' memnaeme?a1 ,dionuson4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,on ,,wagn] ,,criticism ,a new "w on ,wagn] requires "s ju/ification4 ,x might be urg$ t1 s9ce ! ,mei/] has be5 dead = "s decades & ! viol5ce ( p>ty feel+ may be assum$ to h some:at abat$1 we are n[ 9 a position to =m a sob] e/imate ( 8 "w1 to review 8 aims1 & judge ( 8 measure ( success4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n my purpose 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,i conceive t ! endeav\r to e/imate an arti/'s "w involves a misconception ( ! nature ( art4 ,we c e/imate products ( utility1 ?+s expressible 9 figures1 ! weight ( evid5ce1 a ,bill = ,p>liam5t1 a tradesman's pr(its4 ,b a "w ( art is writt5 = our pleasure1 & all t we c attempt is to und]/& x4 ,true1 we mu/ judge 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 we mu/ weigh & e/imate be=e we c arrive at und]/&+2 b x is "o ?+ to m$itate 9 ! privacy ( "o's own m9d1 q ano!r to publi% ^! con/ructive processes z an end 9 !mselves1 to set up critical laws & expect t poets are go+ to con=m to !m4 ,art1 says ,rusk91 is a language1 a vehicle ( ?\ght1 9 itself no?+4 ,plato's tea*+ 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,republic is ! same1 & ! idea ( ! second>y nature ( art1 ( its value only z ! expression ( some?+ else1 ( a human or moral purpose only fully expressible 9 ! drama1 is ! nucleus ( all ,wagn]'s !oretical writ+4 ,9 private conv]sation & 9 8 lett]s he (t5 spoke v emphatically4 ,i w\ld joyfully sacrifice & de/roy ev]y?+ t ,i h produc$ if ,i c\ld hope !reby to fur!r fre$om & ju/ice4#a ,footnote #a3 ,! episode :i* gave rise to ?is rem>k is too long to relate 9 ! text1 b is highly *>act]i/ic & in/ructive = ,wagn]'s attitude t[>ds art4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! six? volume ( ,glas5app's biography1 p4 #cji4 ,let u cle>ly keep 9 m9d ! di/9ction "h involv$ betwe5 ! two elem5ts ( e "w ( art3 matt] & =m1 sub/ance & te*nique1 ,greek3 onta & ,greek3 gignom5a1 ,brahm & ,my1 ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 ! emotional & ! intellectual life ( man1 or1 unte*nically1 :at he feels & 8 communication ( ^? feel+s to o!rs z a social be+4 ,) ! fir/ ( ^! ! critic has no?+ to d2 ! matt] is giv52 all he has to consid] is :e!r x has f\nd adequate expression--t is1 to try to und]/& ! language1 t :5 he has ma/]$ x he may help o!rs to d s accord+ to 8 ability4 ,i d n say t ! matt] is "o to :i* we are indiff]5t4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is f> ! m important ( ! two1 s9ce ! ?+ express$ is prior to its expression4 ,only x is no conc]n ( ! critic1 because we may fairly assume t if ! te*nical expression is correct & intelligible ! arti/ has already told u :at he wi%es to convey 9 ! mo/ p]fect language ( :i* t idea is susceptible1 & t any attempt to put x into ! l[] & m prosy language ( ! critic w\ld only weak5 & di/ort ! ?\ght4 ,x does n seem to me t passions h abat$ v mu*1 or judgm5ts h become mu* m sob]1 s9ce ,wagn] has left u4 ,9 ,engl& at lea/ ! ignorance & indiff]5ce :i* prevail among ! ord9>y public are /ill pr(\nd4 ,9 tru? ! se$ :i* he s[$ has fall5 ^u evil soil2 8 fate has be5 a cruel "o4 ,he1 ! mo/ s9c]e & transp>5t ( m51 ^: only wi% 0 to be se5 z he actually 01 has p]haps m ?an any o!r great man be5 ! victim ( misrepres5tation1 alike f 8 s5seless p]secutors & f 8 equally s5seless adulators4 ,:ile he liv$1 e imag9able calumny1 plausible & unplausible1 0 inv5t$ to besmir* 8 "* & 8 art4 ,n[ x is1 9 ,g]many at lea/1 no long] safe to revile him on ! gr\nd ( 8 te*nical arti/ic /yle4 ,! days are long pa/ :5 ! t]ms *>latan1 amateur1 arti/ic an>*i/ c\ld be appli$ to him ) impunity1 & x is fully recogniz$ by all :o h any title to speak t ,wagn]1 s f> f be+ a revolution>y de/roy]1 01 l all true re=m]s--,lu!r1 = example1 or ,j]emiah or ,sokrates--an extreme cons]vative4 ,^? :o l ,walt ,:itman prea* lib]t9ism 9 ! "n ( democracy d n want re=m2 !y are satisfi$ ) ?+s z !y are4 ,wagn] battl$1 bo? 9 music & 9 lit]ature1 = d] re9e ,satz--purity ( diction z aga9/ ! untidy lic5ce :i* 0 !n & /ill is fa%ionable among weak-kne$ arti/s & a ?\ghtless public4#b ,footnote #b3 ,x is p]haps /ill necess>y to produce "s w>rant = ^! /atem5ts4 ,! deep-root$ cons]vatism ( ,wagn]'s "* is a prom95t feature ( all 8 lit]>y "w1 & especially noticeable 9 8 educational s*emes1 z1 = example2 ! report on a propos$ ,muni* s*ool ( music1 ) its text3 ,! bus9ess ( a ,cons]vatory is to cons]ve4 ,on 8 musical diction ! te/imony ( ,pr(4 ,s4 ,jadassohn w probably be consid]$ suffici5t by mo/ p4 ,he writes3 ,wagn]'s h>monies are cle> & pure2 !y are nev] arbitr>y1 nor co>se nor brutal1 b ?r\gh\t consci5ti\s & clean accord+ to ! /rict rules ( pure diction 7des re95 ,satzes74 ,consequ5tly ! sequ5ces & comb9ations ( ! *ords & ! c\rse ( ! modulation are easily foll[$ by ^? :o "k h>mony4 ,simil>ly1 8 polyphonic /yle is easily intelligible to ! tra9$ contrapunti/--& m to ! same effect1 ,jadassohn is "h only express+ :at e compet5t musician kn[s4 ,be=e ! fir/ p]=mance at ,bayreu? 9 #ahgf ,wagn]'s la/ ^w to ! arti/s 03 ,deutli*keit--cle>ness--a ^w :i* sums up all 8 te*nical tea*+ ?r\gh\t 8 life4 ,mr4 ,had[ has truly obs]v$ t we h n yet le>n$ to treat g5ius frankly1 & ei!r />ve x ) c5sure or smo!r x ) irrational excess ( en?usiasm4 ,if ! malici\s misrepres5tations & p]secutions :i* ,wagn] endur$ dur+ 8 lifetime 7 ! outcome ( ignorance1 assur$ly ! hy/]ical rav+ ( our day is no less ignorant & contemptible4 ,i he> x said t 9 ,engl& ,wagn]ism is an attitude1 & c only reply t x is s 9 ,g]many too4 ,among ! cosmopolitan audi5ces :o cr[d ! !atres ( ,dresd5 & ,muni* on a ,wagn] night & greet 8 works ) ?und]+ applause1 !re is probably n "o p]son 9 a hundr$ :o really kn[s :at he sees & he>s4 ,n t ^! p are n p]fectly s9c]e2 some?+ !y h und\bt$ly tak5 92 ! m>vell\s euphony & balance ( ,wagn]'s or*e/ra "u ! conductors we n[ h1 ! exquisite grace ( ! melodic & h>monic /ructure1 & ! lyric beauty ( s _m sc5es are app>5t to all1 & w always awak5 ! b\ndless en?usiasm ( ^? :o g only to be div]t$4 ,b ^! are only ! ornam5ts ( ! drama2 to und]/& ! drama itself requires a s]i\s ef=t on ! "p ( ! he>] :i* few are prep>$ to make1 a moral sympa?y ) ! compos] & receptive und]/&+ ( 8 aims ( :i* few are capable4 ,we 9 ,engl& seem cont5t to rema9 9 d>kness4 ,i am n1 ( c\rse1 ref]r+ to ! _m compet5t m5 :o h giv5 s]i\s att5tion to ! works ( ,wagn]2 ,i am speak+ ( ! g5]al public4 ,! ,engli% p has pl5ty ( poetry 9 its he>t1 b our attitude t[>ds ,g]man lit]ature & art is n cr$itable to u z a nation4 ,we :o possess ! f9e/ lit]ature ev] produc$ by any p1 ^: ,*auc]s & ,%akespe>es & ,popes & ,byrons are ! models on :i* ! poets ( o!r nations endeav\r to =m _! /yle1 sc>cely ?9k _! lit]ature wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,a ,g]man boy :5 he leaves s*ool has g5]ally a pretty close acqua9tance ) ,%akespe>e1 & kn[s at lea/ some?+ ( o!r ,engli% au?ors & poets4 ,an ,engli% boy at ! same /age ( 8 education has p]haps he>d ( ,goe! & ,s*ill]1 b has r>ely read any ( _! works4 ,at ! ,univ]sities x is no bett]4 ,i really believe t 9 ,engl& ,g\nod's ,fau/ is bett] kn[n ?an ,goe!'s6 ,x w\ld be impossible t su* trave/ies ( ,fau/ z appe> f "t to "t ^u ! ,engli% /age w\ld be endur$ if our s*ol>s & intellectuals 7 bett] in=m$4 ,t[>ds anci5t languages1 except ! two :i* are fa%ionable1 we are j z indiff]5t4 ,x 0 no less a p]son ?an ,sir ,ri*>d ,ma9e :o ass]t$ t1 except ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 no?+ exi/s 9 ! _w :i* is n ,greek 9 its orig96 ,truly m ?+s are dream$ ( 9 our philosophy ?an are 9 heav5 & e>?6 ,:5 great s*ol>s make su* /atem5ts z ?is x is sc>cely surpris+ t ord9>y p %\ld c>e little = ! orig9s ( _! own language4 ,! p>5ts ( mod]n ,engli% are n ,greek b ,anglo-,saxon & ,sc&9avian or ,icel&ic4 ,bo? ^! languages h a lit]ature ( ! v highe/ rank1 b are little /udi$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! eigh?-c5tury ,engli% lyrics are among/ ! f9e/ 9 ! language4 ,z = ,sc&9avian1 n e "o 9 ,engl& is aw>e t ! ,icel&]s are1 & h be5 = a ?\s& ye>s1 ! mo/ lit]>y p 9 ! _w2#c t 9 "o important bran* ( lit]ature1 t ( /ory-tell+1 !y are absolutely )\t a rival1 except 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,f ^! ,sc&9avian s\rces we h receiv$ ! h]itage :i* has gr[n into our magnific5t language & lit]ature1 b we tr\ble our heads little ab\t !m & leave !m to =eign]s to /udy4 ,ignorance may p]haps be excusable2 :at is :olly inexcusable is ! habit ( "s ,engli%m5 ( criticis+ & c5sur+ ! "w ( =eign]s :i* !y dislike because !y _c und]/& x4 ,!re is a c]ta9 section ( ! ,engli% p :o seem to ?9k t x %[s patriotism & a becom+ national pride to belittle ! "w ( o!r nations & speak ( x 9 an insol5t tone ( contempt4 ,!y habitually misrepres5t ! a*ievem5ts ( =eign]s 9 ord] to make !m appe> ridicul\s4 ,ov] tw5ty ye>s ago a writ] 9 "o ( our high-class magaz9es in=m$ an a/oni%$ _w t ! ,wagn]-bubble has bur/6 & ! prepo/]\s nons5se has be5 repeat$ aga9 & aga9 9 "o =m or ano!r ev] s9ce4 ,q rec5tly we read 9 "o ( our lead+ ,engli% dailies ! foll[+ s5t5ces3 444 ,among _m ( ! be/-kn[n critics !re is a g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion t ) ! completion ( ,/rauss' important "w ,elektra1 ,wagn]ism w dim9i% 9 popul>ity4444 ,= ye>s & ye>s va9 attempts h be5 made to get away f ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,creative musicians h long felt t ,wagn]'s great & nev]-to-be-=gott5 art no long] suit$ mod]n times6 ,"o feels incl9$ to ask :e!r ! writ] looks ^u musical compos]s z racehorses to be pitt$ aga9/ ea* o!r1 or z religi\s cre$s :i* mu/ de/roy _! rivals 9 ord] to live4 ,footnote #c3 ,feel+ "s d\bt z to :e!r ?is /atem5t 7 n an exagg]ation1 ,i h submitt$ x be=e publication to my fri5d ,mr4 ,eirikr ,magnsson ( ,cambridge1 ^: pr(\nd k ( ,european lit]ature1 anci5t & mod]n1 ne$s no atte/ation f me4 ,he replies t1 except = ! two c5turies succe$+ ! ,black ,dea? 9 #adjb-d1 ! /atem5t 9 ! text is q correct4 ,) t res]vation !re=e ,i all[ x to /&4 ,!re is ano!r & a grav] *>ge to be br\ght aga9/ "s writ]s ^: works are popul>ly read 9 ,engl&1 to :i* x w be my duty to return4 ,i h said en\gh "h to %[ ! /ate ( ,wagn] criticism 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,abroad x is little bett]4 ,wagn] is inde$ fa%ionable4 ,8 works are regul>ly p]=m$ 9 e capital 9 ,europe1 & he has probably sav$ ! exi/5ce ( ! co/ly ,h(!at] 9 ,g]many4 ,b success1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* he und]/ood x1 he has n yet a*iev$4 ,x is v que/ionable :e!r 8 influ5ce has on ! :ole be5 = good1 ei!r ^u musicians & dramati/s1 or ^u ! public4 ,x is n 8 fault4 ,no?+ w\ld %[ m conv9c+ly ! utt] inability ( ! mod]n public to appreciate ! highe/ & be/ 9 art ?an ! lit]ature :i* has ga!r$ r\nd ! great "n ( ,wagn]4 ,9 all ! va/ mass h[ mu* is !re :i* 0 wor? ! writ+1 or c be read ) any pr(it by reasonable p8 ,i ?9k t1 putt+ aside purely te*nical works on music1 /age-managem5t1 etc41 ! numb] ( really good books c\ld be c\nt$ on ! f+]s4 ,! re/ is feeble rhapsody on ! "o h&1 malici\s misrepres5tation on ! o!r4 ,( works ( fir/-rate importance1 works t really add any?+ solid to our k1 ,i only "k "o3 ,nietzs*e's ,geburt d] ,tragdie4 ,( o!rs ! be/ are mo/ly 9 ,fr5*4 ,li*t5b]g]'s ,r4 ,wagn] is admirable s f> z x goes1 b treats ! subject exclusively f ! lit]>y /&po9t4 ,! small treatise ( our m>vell\s c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,*amb]la91 ,le drame wagnri5#d 7,p>is1 #ahid71 is ?\ghtful & sugge/ive1 & q wor?y ( close att5tion1 z are also ! works ( ,kuff]a?1 ,gol!r1 etc4 ,!re may be a few m1 mo/ly ( small compass1 b n _m4 ,glas5app's great biography1 a "w ( a/\nd+ indu/ry1 & invaluable to ! /ud5t1 c sc>cely be includ$ among ! good books because ( its t]rible lit]>y /yle & its fulsome s5tim5tality4 ,! magnific5t "w begun by ! ,hon4 ,mrs4 ,burrell1 ( :i* !re is a copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 w\ld h be5 a monum5tal biography _h %e liv$ to complete x1 b x /ops :5 ,wagn] is ab\t tw5ty4 ,( ! re/1 ! less said ! bett]4 ,( works aga9/ ,wagn] ,i "k ( none t are ev5 wor? read+1 except ,hanslick1 to :om ,i %all h occasion to return4 ,x is mu* to be regrett$ t none ( ,wagn]'s oppon5ts h ev] /at$ _! case fairly & sob]ly4 ,!re is mu* to be said1 b assur$ly x has n be5 said by m5 ( ! /amp ( ,nordau1 :o cites disgu/+ acc\nts f ,fr5* m$ical j\rnals 9 ord] to %[ 8 abhorr5ce ( :at he consid]s ,wagn]'s immorality6 ,tol/oi is a writ] ( wide au?ority among 8 foll[]s1 & might be expect$ to feel "s responsibility = 8 utt]ances2 yet he ?\ght x "r to publi% 8 v]dict to ! _w aft] hav+ witness$ "o v inf]ior p]=mance ( a portion ( ,siegfri$6 ,he is (t5 appeal$ to z if he 7 an au?ority by ! oppon5ts ( ,wagn]1 b 8 utt]ances h no m weight ?an ! ?\ghtless expressions ( a ,rusk9 or a ,william ,morris1 :i* _! biograph]s h ?\ght fit to drag f ! privacy ( private lett]s or conv]sation & publi% z _! delib]ate judgm5ts4 ,f ,nietzs*e at lea/ some?+ bett] might h be5 expect$1 b ,i c f9d little 9 8 anti-,wagn]ian writ+s except co>se vitup]ation & l[ sc&al4 ,!re is no anti-,wagn]ian lit]ature wor?y ( ! "n4 ,!re are pl5ty ( highly musical & arti/ic natures :o hone/ly dislike 8 art1 & ,i am s f> able to sympa?ize ) !m z to believe t an ine/imable b5efit w\ld be conf]r$ ^u all ( u if !y w\ld publi% _! objections 9 sob] & reason$ =m4 ,b !y d n2 or if !y d speak1 !y desc5d to ! slums4 ,footnote #d3 ,n 8 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 :i* is a m popul> "w4 ,su* has be5 ! response ( ! public ?r\gh its lit]ature to ! man :o expressly did n wi% to be wor%ipp$1 b only to be und]/ood4 ,assur$ly !re is yet pl5ty ( room = good "w to be done6 ,! purpose ( ! foll[+ pages is criticism1 n z judg+1 b z select+4 ,9 *oos+ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics to %[ !m 9 a diff]5t p]spective f an alt]$ po9t ( view ! critic may hope to help o!rs to a bett] und]/&+ ( ! art4 ,i h endeav\r$ to d ?is = ,engli% read]s 9 respect ( ,wagn]'s dramatic works ?r\gh "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & repres5tative ( !m4 ,! problem resolves itself into two4 ,fir/ !re is ! g5]al te*nical "o1 s fully treat$ by ,wagn] himself 9 8 !oretical writ+s1 :e!r music is capable ( be+ us$ z a means ( dramatic expression2 & secondly1 h[ f> ! endeav\r has be5 successful 9 ! p>ticul> "w select$ = illu/ration4 ,to treat ^! problems satisfactorily x w be necess>y = me to g f> beyond ! limits ( music & dramatic art1 & to ent] r fully into que/ions ( psy*ology & metaphysics1 :i* ,i fe> may disc\rage "s read]s1 b :i* _c be %irk$ by ^? :o wi% to =m a judgm5t bas$ ^u a m solid f\ndation ?an _! own p]sonal ta/e4 ,! mi/ake made by ne>ly all writ]s on ,wagn] hi!rto has be5 to suppose t ! m]e ass]tion ( an individual op9ion has any value at all1 h[ev] illu/ri\s ! p]son :o holds x1 h[ev] able 8 exposition4 ,( :at use c be ! ass]tion t a c]ta9 progression ( *ords is acceptable & pleas+ to ! heal?y e> 7ev5 ) ! usual addition t all :o d n ?9k s are blockheads71 :5 "s o!r p]son equally compet5t ass]ts ! contr>y8 ,or h[ am ,i to p]suade my read]s t ,tri/an und ,isolde is :at ,i hold x to be1 ! l(tie/ paean ( pure & holy love ev] conceiv$ by a poet1 :5 o!rs see 9 x only a /ory ( vulg> adult]y1 /eep$ 9 s5suality8 ,! moral law is ! same to all m51 & diff]5ces ( judgm5t ^u moral acts are due to imp]fect und]/&+4 ,b ,i _c hope to make my own position cle> )\t desc5d+ to ! f\ndations ( all art1 ( all life1 )\t ask+3 :at is drama8 :at are its aims1 & h[ does x express !m8 :at is human life :i* x reflects8 ,wagn] felt ?is v /rongly1 & soon realiz$ t an ontological basis 0 requir$ = 8 own !ories2 t to re=m art he mu/ re=m human life4 ,oh ye m51 he exclaims passionately 9 a lett]3 feel rightly1 act z y feel6 be free6--!n we w h art4 ,we may le>n ! true pr9ciples ( criticism f ,wagn] himself4 ,tru?fulness 9 lit]ature is :at correctness is 9 ,vortrag4 ,!y are objectivity1 ! art ( see+ ?+s z !y really are1 cle>ness ( vision1 "r und]/&+4 ,! tru?ful repres5tation ( an arti/ z he really is does n preclude1 b r /imulates1 en?usiasm1 = we may believe t ! true arti/ & ! true "w ( art z he int5d$ x are sup]ior to ! flatt]+ creations ( our own fancy4 ,less+ obs]ves t ( t5 objections rais$ by ! critic1 n9e w probably h occurr$ to ! au?or2 t he himself w read a passage tw5ty times r ?an believe t ! writ] contradict$ himself4 ,"s ( our critics seem to proce$ ^u an opposite pr9ciple & to reject a ?\ght at once if x does n seem to agree ) :at !y !mselves h ?\ght1 & !y obs]ve little re/ra9t 9 express+ _! au?oritative judgm5t4 ,"o critic speaks ( ,wagn] m$itat+ on problems :i* any cle>-head$ s*oolboy c\ld quickly h settl$ = him2 we are n surpris$ to f9d ! same critic sne]+ at ,kant & ,plato6 ,su* writ]s !re w always be1 b a nation :i* tol]ates !m _c expect to ma9ta9 an hon\rable place 9 ! intellectual commonweal?4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wagn] ,,z ,,man ,! di/9ction s (t5 made ) a g5ius betwe5 ! man & ! arti/ has be5 ju/ly ridicul$ by ,wagn] himself4 ,= ! true/ individuality ( an arti/ is 9 8 art1 n :5 he leaves 8 own prop] sph]e & ent]s "o t is =eign to him4 ,bee?ov5 is ! writ] ( symphonies & sonatas1 n ! suspici\s fri5d & unmann]ly plebeian4 ,! man is ! same 9 bo? relations1 i4e4 8 "* rema9s ! same1 only x manife/s itself diff]5tly "u *ang$ conditions1 & ! diff]5ce lies n 9 him1 b 9 ! po9t ( view f :i* we reg>d him4 ,let u be> ?is 9 m9d 9 consid]+ ,wagn] z he appe>$ away f 8 art4 ,a g5ius has be5 aptly lik5$ to an a/ronomical telescope1 :i* is able to scan ! heav5s1 b is useless = ?+s close at h&4 ,to "s ext5t ?is is true ( ,wagn]1 b less s ?an ) mo/1 & n 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x has be5 (t5 ass]t$4 ,! attacks :i* h be5 made ^u ,wagn]'s private "* %[ little discrim9ation1 = x is a simple tru? t ! p>ticul> vices ( :i* he has be5 accus$ are j ^? f :i* he 0 s+ul>ly free4 ,no *>ge has be5 m audaci\sly or p]si/5tly br\ght by ignorant writ]s or believ$ by an ill-in=m$ public 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica ?an t ( morbid s5suality4 ,j z ,wagn]'s dramas h be5 call$ lic5ti\s1 s 8 "* has be5 describ$ z s5sual1 9 defiance ( easily asc]ta9able facts4 ,n long ago ! discov]y 0 made t 8 heal? _h be5 und]m9$ by loose liv+ :5 he 0 "y4 ,x is easy to inv5t su* *>ges1 = :i* !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce1 & un=tunately ! read] is n always 9 a position to v]ify ! au?orities1 & naturally ?9ks t ! writ] mu/ h "s gr\nd = :at he says4 ,z a rule ^! /atem5ts h orig9at$ ) ,f]d9& ,praeg]'s book ,wagn] z ,i knew him1 a book :i* ,i am a/oni%$ to see /ill quot$ 9 ,engl&1 z if x 7 an au?ority4 ,i h n se5 x1 & d n "k :at x conta9s4 ,its "* 0 expos$ by two ,engli%m51 ,mr4 ,h4 ,s4 ,*amb]la9 & ,mr4 ,a%ton ,ellis1 soon aft] its publication 9 #ahib1 & x 0 consequ5tly )drawn f circulation 9 ,g]many by its publi%]s1 ,messrs4 ,breitkopf und ,hrtel4 ,9 ,engl& & ,am]ica x /ill seems to be widely read1 & is1 m ?an any o!r s+le "w1 responsible = ! false notions t are abroad ab\t ,wagn]4 ,s5suality1 t is 9 ! morbidly sexual s5se ( ! t]m1 0 no "p ( ,wagn]'s "*1 nor c\ld x be ( ! man :o ju/ly claim$ t no poet _h ev] glorifi$ wom5 z he _h done4 ,8 ,s5tas1 ,elsas1 ,brnnhildes1 & ,i mu/ add 8 ,isoldes1 rightly und]/ood1 af=d ! be/ answ] to su* accusations4 ,b1 x is said1 8 music is unmi/akably s5sual4 ,i mu/ def] x to a future *apt] to consid] h[ f> pure music1 t is1 music ap>t f words1 is capable ( express+ a specific human quality1 b may "h anticipate by say+ t ! nature ( music is to assimilate ! elem5ts ) :i* x is jo9$2 ! he>] may1 )9 c]ta9 broad re/rictions1 put into x :atev] he likes1 & w !re=e he> 9 x ! reflection ( himself4 ,?is is :y diff]5t p he> su* diff]5t ?+s 9 ! same music4 ,if a man he>s s5suality 9 ! music (1 let u say1 ! second act ( ,tri/an und ,isolde1 x is 8 own int]pretation4 ,ano!r he>s some?+ v diff]5t1 an anticipation ( et]nity1 ( t _w beyond :i* ! lov]s are ab\t to ent] to be unit$ ) ea* o!r & ) all nature 9 a high] love ( :i* all e>?ly love1 ) its degrad+ g>m5t ( s5suality1 is b ! debas$ image4 ,! music by itself w be> ei!r int]pretation2 ea* he>] w f9d 9 x j t :i* he looks = & c und]/&4 ,b :5 ! words are add$ ! mean+ is cle>4 ,p are n s5sual :5 dea? is "r be=e !m1 z x is "h4 ,i d n wi% to be und]/ood z mean+ t ,wagn] exclud$ s5suality f 8 works1 or t he did n treat ! mo/ univ]sal & mo/ ungov]nable ( human impulses 9 accordance ) its "*4 ,! drama mu/ include ev]y?+ human1 & :5 passionate sexuality is a necess>y "p ( ! dramatic developm5t1 ,wagn] no m %irks x ?an did ,%akespe>e or any o!r great dramati/4 ,b ,wagn] always treats x ) su* consummate grace & ref9em5t t x ceases to be repulsive & appe>s 9 its own uncorrupt$ beauty1 z 9 ! ,v5us music & 9 ! fl[]-maid5 sc5e 9 ,p>sifal4 ,only to ! impure are ! s5ses impure4 ,an unbiass$ consid]ation ( all t is kn[n ab\t ,wagn]'s life w acquit him ( all ! grav] vices1 unless a prop5sity = liv+ beyond 8 income be reckon$ z su*4 ,:atev] 8 faults !re 0 no?+ di%on\rable or mean ab\t !m1 & he is entitl$ to ! treatm5t t is always accord$ by "o g5tleman to ano!r1 :e!r fri5d or enemy1 s long z he does n disgrace himself4 ,surely x ought n to be necess>y to insi/ ^u ?is be=e an ,engli% public1 b x has n always be5 obs]v$4 ,simil> is ! *>ge ( ego-mania1 t is1 ( ov]rat+ 8 own importance1 s (t5 he>d4 ,!re _c be any notion ( 8 ov]rat+ 8 importance1 = all are n[ agre$ t 8 influ5ce1 :e!r = good or = bad1 c sc>cely be ov]rat$4 ,only society requires1 v rightly1 t a man %all speak ( himself & 8 a*ievem5ts ) a c]ta9 retic5ce1 leav+ x to o!rs to judge ( !m4 ,n[h]e t ,i "k ( has ,wagn] (f5d$ aga9/ ?is v prop] rule4 ,x has s long be5 ! practice to repres5t ,wagn] z a man ( ov]we5+ vanity1 a man :o tri$ to exalt himself at ! exp5se ( o!r arti/s1 t "s 9 ,engl& w n believe me :5 ,i say t !re is no f\ndation :atev] = su* ass]tions4 ,i only ask ( ^? :o ?9k !re is to read ,wagn]'s own publi%$ writ+s1 & to judge f !m1 n f :at is said ab\t him4 ,i d n mean to say t he did n believe ) ! mo/ int5se conviction 9 8 own idea ( a new ,g]man dramatic art1 unit+ ! sep>ate arts 9 itself1 & did n proclaim x z a ?+ ( ! fir/ national importance2 e s]i\s re=m] believes 9 himself 9 t s5se4 ,b t is n ! same ?+ z ass]t+ 8 own p[]s to realize x4 ,) reg>d to ^! he speaks v mode/ly ( himself z a beg9n]1 a pione] only4 ,9 fact ! "q ( 8 own p>ticul> g5ius is1 he says1 irrelevant1 & has no?+ to d ) ! o!r "o1 add+ r cynically t g5ius is (t5 giv5 to ! wrong p4 ,x is 9 ?is s5se t ,i und]/& ! fam\s words ( 8 spee* aft] ! fir/ p]=mance ( ! ,r+ at ,bayreu?1 9 #ahgf1 :i* h be5 s (t5 quot$ 9 illu/ration ( 8 arrogance3 ,y h se5 :at we c d2 x is n[ = y to w4 ,we n[ h an art if y w4 ,namely1 ?us3 ,g]many n[ has = ! fir/ "t an indig5\s drama1 n import$ f =eign]s2 if y accept x1 try to develop & p]fect x4 ,or %ortly3 ,i & my fri5ds h done :at we c2 ! re/ is = y to d4 ,?is seems to me ! natural mean+ ( ! words1 & agrees ) all 8 utt]ances at o!r times1 namely1 t ! public mu/ n leave x all to ! arti/1 b mu/ ex]t itself to coop]ate ) him4 ,x has latt]ly become almo/ a fa%ion among "s ,g]man au?ors to transgress all b\nds ( mode/y 9 adv]tis+ !mselves4 ,nietzs*e1 = example1 leaves u 9 no d\bt :atev] z to :at he requires u to ?9k ab\t him4 ,b no?+ ( ! k9d w be f\nd 9 ,wagn]4 ,! *>ge ( grapho-mania is sc>cely wor? discussion1 except to %[ :at sl5d] argum5ts h to be reli$ ^u by ^? :o try to prove ,wagn] insane4 ,t51 n bulky volumes1 z ,nordau calls !m1 b volumes ( v mod]ate dim5sions1 "s #cj p] c5t4 ( :i* are acc\nt$ = by 8 dramatic works1 are n a v l>ge all[ance = a man :o liv$ sev5ty ye>s1 & 0 (t5 "u ! necessity ( writ+ to eke out 8 income4 ,!y are sc>cely suffici5t to be reg>d$ z an indication ( insanity4 ,! fact is1 t ,wagn]1 ei!r z dramati/ or z au?or1 0 n a volum9\s produc]4 ,x is ! quality1 ! int5sity1 ( 8 "w t is important1 n its bulk4 ,?is is only ano!r in/ance ( ! amaz+ indiff]5ce to ! mo/ easily asc]ta9able facts %[n by ,wagn]'s assailants1 & ( ! tru? t if y only ass]t a ?+1 h[ev] nons5sical1 p]si/5tly en\gh1 !re w always be "s :o w believe x4 ,i _c be expect$ to g ?r\gh 9 detail ! :ole /r+ ( ab]rations :i* ,nordau f9ds accumulat$ 9 ,wagn]4 ,!y are all ( ! same k9d1 & all equally fanciful4 ,! endeav\rs to prove ,wagn] a deg5]ate are pr(ess$ly made 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 s (t5 a cloak = ! mo/ unsci5tific vag>ies1 by m5 :o are disciples ( ! late ,pr(essor ,lombroso ( ,flor5ce4 ,lombroso 0 a s]i\s man ( sci5ce1 & _m ( 8 inve/igations into ! nature & indications ( insanity h p]man5t value1 b x is c]ta9 t he w5t mu* too f>1 & 8 views are only v p>tially accept$ by ^? :o are qualifi$ to judge ( !m4#e ,:5 a !ory ( insanity is made to include su* m5 z ,newton1 ,goe!1 ,d>w91 & o!rs :o are g5]ally suppos$ to be ! v types ( sob] sanity1 a ,ri*>d ,wagn] may well be cont5t to rema9 9 su* company4 ,we are rem9d$ ( ,lombroso's own /ory ( ! lunatic's reply to "o :o ask$ :5 he 0 com+ out ( ! asylum3 ,:5 ! p outside are sane4 ,9 fact ! !ories :5 pu%$ to _! extreme consequ5ces become absurd4 ,!re is no?+ discr$itable to a s]i\s /ud5t ( sci5ce :o 9 ! en?usiasm ( discov]y presses 8 inf]5ces beyond _! valid limits1 s9ce all !ory mu/ at fir/ be m or less t5tative4 ,v diff]5t is ! case :5 ^! dubi\s !ories are appli$ by m5 ) v mode/ sci5tific acquirem5ts1 or ) none at all1 to injure ! reputation ( a man :om !y dislike4 ,we may !n fairly ask1 ) ,li*t5b]g]1 on :i* side ! deg5]ation is m likely to be4 ,^! are ! m5 :o br+ sci5ce into discr$it4 ,footnote #e3 ,= a v fair e/imate ( 8 "w1 see an article 9 ! ,times1 ,octob] #bj1 #aiji4 ,x w\ld n h be5 wor? my :ile to dwell at su* l5g? ^u ! calumnies ( irresponsible writ]s did ,i n "k t !y repres5t ! popul> op9ion among ! less well-in=m$ 9 ,engl& ( to-day1 z 9 ,g]many ?irty or =ty ye>s ago4 ,!y beg9 ) p :o ought to "k bett]1 & 9 "t f9d _! way into ! magaz9es & popul> lit]ature ( ! day1 to be gre$ily read by a public :i*1 next to a pruri5t divorce case1 likes no?+ s well z sl&] ( a great man4 ,we h he>d mu* ( late ye>s ab\t ! decad5ce ( ! ,engli% ,press1 b editors "k v well ! public = :om !y cat]4 ,t ,wagn]'s 0 "o ( ^? s]5e & univ]sally lovable *>act]s :o live at peace ) ,god & man x is f> f me to wi% to convey4 ,su* m5 !re are1 & wom51 :o seem lift$ above ! mean] elem5ts ( human exi/5ce1 )\t envy1 )\t reproa*1 unt\*$ by its iniquities1 unsulli$ by its vil5ess4 ,pure !mselves & self-conta9$ !y see no guile 9 o!rs1 or if !y see x !y notice x n4 ,:o has n met ) su*8 :o has n felt _! p[]8 ,:5 su* innate purity ( s\l is unit$ ) high intellectual gifts we h ! noble/ creation ( nature1 & to h be5 call$ fri5d by "o su* is ! highe/ hon\r t life has to (f]4 ,b ,wagn] 0 n "o ( ^!4 ,8 0 a /ormy _s--,! nev]-re/+ s\l t ev] seeks ! new4 ,he lik5s himself to a wild animal te>+ at its cage & exhau/+ itself ) fruitless /ruggles4 ,he c\ld n make t]ms ) falsehood & sophi/ry1 or leave !m to p]i% naturally1 b liv$ 9 ceaseless defiance ( !m4 ,he 0 a man :o inspir$ int5se1 devot$ love1 or int5se hatr$1 accord+ to ! p ) :om he 0 deal+4 ,) 8 moral "* 9 itself we h inde$ no conc]n1 b x seems necess>y to expla9 :y s _m high-m9d$ m5 :o knew him intimately1 & lov$ him passionately1 at la/ fell away f him4 ,! common !ory ( ,wagn]ites1 t !y 7 actuat$ by petty motives ( jeal\sy1 & ! l1 _c be ent]ta9$ = a mom5t4 ,) ,nietzs*e x may well be t ill-heal? & drugs _h begun _! fatal "w 9 #ahgf2 !y may acc\nt = ! viol5ce ( 8 anti-,wagn]ian writ+s1 b surely ! cause ( 8 av]sion lay deep]4 ,simil>ly ) ,joa*im4 ,ev5 ! noble ,liszt1 :o _h /ood by him & battl$ s bravely = him ?r\gh ! ye>s ( 8 deepe/ di/ress1 ?\gh he nev] fail$ 9 8 admiration ( ,wagn]'s art1 seems to h cool$ t[>ds him p]sonally :5 he 0 9 prosp]ity4 ,8 /aun* b& ( ,zuri* fri5ds "o & all became to "s ext5t e/rang$ aft] 8 exile 0 annull$4 ,8 ackn[l$g$ ha/y temp] w n acc\nt = x2 ha/9ess w\nds1 b 9 a g5]\s & ard5tly lov+ nature x does n e/range4 ,! cause is1 9 my belief1 n f> to seek4 ,x lay 9 ! dom9e]+ _s :i* is s noticeable 9 e act ( 8 life1 e page ( 8 writ+s4 ,8 life 0 8 art4 ,he 0 above all ?+s a man ( action1 & all :o belong$ to him 9 any relation :atev] _h to s]ve him 9 8 art or cease to be 84 ,8 p[] mu/ be absolute2 tal5ts1 en]gies1 life itself if necess>y1 mu/ be surr5d]$ to ! s]vice ( t "o supreme purpose4 ,_m 7 ! m5 & wom5 :o did n fl9* f ! sacrifice4 ,i ne$ only m5tion musicians l ,ri*t]1 ,cornelius1 ,porges1 lit]ati l ,glas5app & ,wolzog54 ,_m1 especially wom51 7 ready to fl+ to ! w9ds all ?\ght ( p]sonal wellbe+1 & life itself4 ,cosima1 to save him & 8 art1 sacrific$ e worldly consid]ation4 ,ludwig ( ,bav>ia did ! same1 & br\ght 8 c\ntry to ! v]ge ( revolution4 ,s+]s1 l ,h$wig ,rei*] ,k9d]mann1 lit]ally gave _! lives = him4 ,& no less ?an ?is did he exact f all :o aspir$ to be 8 disciples & support]s4 ,b ,nietzs*e's 0 a diff]5t "*4 ,he 0 ,wagn]'s pe]1 &1 ?\gh ?irty ye>s 8 junior1 _h 8 own purposes to foll[4 ,nietzs*e 01 z he aft]w>ds realiz$1 "u a delusion f ! fir/4 ,8 highly organiz$ musical nature _h be5 tak5 captive1 intoxicat$ by ,wagn]'s music4 ,b ,nietzs*e 0 a ?9k]1 & x is contr>y to ! natural ord] t ! man ( ?\ght %\ld s]ve ! man ( action4 ,nietzs*e 0 incapable ( s]v+ ,wagn]'s art & _h to leave him4 ,0 ?is a fault 9 ,wagn]8 ,:o %all say8 ,if x 01 x 0 a fault :i* he %>$ ) e e>ne/ re=m] :o is n cont5t ) prea*+1 b en=ces 8 precepts ) action4 ,re=m is no play?+2 x _c be a*iev$ by li/5+ to ! well-meant advice ( fri5ds :o "k no high] goal ?an p]sonal success1 :o h no glimm]+ ( ! motives t impel a great s\l1 :o w\ld fa9 tell ! ?und]bolt :]e x %all /rike4 ,e great man lives alone2 he has no fri5ds & no disciples4 ,8 equals foll[ _! own ends2 8 inf]iors _c brea! 9 ! regions :]e he dwells4 ,he mu/ rely ^u himself4 ,)\t ?is full dom9ion ,wagn] w\ld n h be5 himself2 he w\ld nev] h f\nd$ ,bayreu?1 nev] h _h 8 great] works p]=m$1 nev] ev5 h compos$ !m4 ,& ?is br+s u to ! mo/ conspicu\s feature ( 8 "*1 ! c5tre ( ev]y?+1 namely1 8 uncompromis+ s9c]ity & tru?fulness1 qualities s magnific5t 9 him t ,i d\bt :e!r !y h ev] be5 equall$ 9 any o!r1 qualities :i* %[ ,wagn] no less great z man ?an he is z arti/4 ,x is c]ta9--& no "o knew x bett] ?an himself--t ,wagn] might easily h be5 successful f ! fir/ if he _h lik$4 ,he might h be5 weal?y1 popul>1 pett$ by ! great1 h liv$ 9 ! luxury t he lov$1 at peace ) all ! _w1 if he _h only cons5t$ to traffic ) 8 art & to produce :at ! public want$4 ,= assur$ly 8 tal5t = writ+ op]as on ! old l9es 0 n inf]ior to t ( ,mey]be] or ,ross9i4 ,8 ,ri5zi 0 ! greate/ imm$iate success ( 8 :ole life :5 gr& op]as1 ( :i* x is ! type1 7 fa%ionable1 & a few m works ( ! k9d w\ld h rais$ him above all anxiety = 8 livelihood4 ,?is c sc>cely be que/ion$ n[2 x has be5 ass]t$ aga9 & aga9 by ^? :o mo/ hat$ him1 & :o 7 9 ! habit ( d5\nc+ him z pa/ help because he refus$ to li/5 to !m4 ,to d s he w\ld h _h to sacrifice all t he held sacr$4 ,he _h hit*$ 8 waggon to a />1 & delib]ately *ose pov]ty1 exile1 public calumny & ridicule1 dome/ic unre/1 r ?an all[ ! purity ( 8 art to be sulli$ by dep>t+ = an in/ant f ! ideals aft] :i* he /rove4 ,witness ! ev5ts ( ! fateful sev5ties1 :5 8 f9ancial /raits 7 p]haps at _! wor/1 :5 all ! p[]s ( ,g]many1 /atesm51 !atrical ,int5dants1 press1 s+]s1 seem$ 9 league toge!r to ?w>t ! project ( ,bayreu? ^u :i* 8 all dep5d$2 :5 ev5 ,k+ ,l\is ( ,bav>ia cool$ = a "t2 :5 ,bl[ & ,liszt _h )drawn _! help1 & ,nietzs*e _h sec$$ 9 horror & despair2 :5 ! fir/ ef=t ( ,bayreu? _h left a ru9\s debt1 & ! failure ( ! ,patronat-,v]e9e %ut (f ! la/ fa9t ray ( hope4 ,well might ! ,mei/]1 n[ advanc+ 9 age1 h ?\ght ( accept+ "o ( ! dazzl+ (f]s :i* repeat$ly rea*$ him f ,russia1 f ,am]ica1 f ,vi5na1 ,b]l91 ,leipzig1 & o!r places4 ,b he only saw 9 !m lures to tempt him into degrad+ 8 art by comm]cial speculation ) all its p>aph]nalia ( adv]tisem5t & o!r sordid abom9ations4 ,nev] once did 8 c\rage falt]2 no ?\ght ( any concession1 h[ev] small1 h[ev] seem+ly reasonable1 :i* he held to be di%on\rable to 8 art ev] f\nd a place 9 8 m9d4 ,! surr5d] ( ,die ,walkre alone w\ld probably h turn$ ! tide 9 8 fav\r1 & he 0 press$ = x by mo/ ( ! great !atres1 b 9 va94 ,to mutilate ! ,r+ 0 9 8 op9ion to di%on\r x & prep>e ! way = its be+ misund]/ood4 ,s f> f adopt+ any "o ( ! _m c\rses :i* c\ld n fail to lead to success & popul>ity we f9d him occupi$ dur+ ?is "t 9 coa*+ s+]s p]sonally1 9 build+ 8 !atre1 & devis+ s*emes = a s*ool ( te*nique :]e musicians1 & especially s+]s1 c\ld le>n ! true me?ods ( _! art1 naturally--?\gh p]haps imprud5tly--believ+ t be=e 8 works c\ld be und]/ood z he meant !m !y mu/ be rightly repres5t$4 ,)\t funds6 )\t patronage6 ) no?+ b 8 own det]m9$ w6 ,c we wond] t ! _w's head 0 turn$ by su* a gigantic p]sonality8 ,let ^? :o call ,wagn] self-will$ & p]v]se because he c\ld n con=m to _! notions ( :at is "r = an arti/1 :o attempt to measure an inf9ite m9d by ! paltry canons ( self-int]e/1 reflect ^u ! h>ve/ t we are n[ reap+ f 8 unsw]v+ loyalty to 8 art4 ,to him alone1 & to ! conductors :om he tra9$1 d we owe ! almo/ p]fect p]=mances ( our mod]n or*e/ras4 ,x has be5 truly obs]v$ t ,wagn]'s own imm5sely difficult works are bett] p]=m$ at ! pres5t day ?an 7 ! f> easi] works ( 8 pr$ecessors be=e he came4 ,! ,ri*t]s & ,mottls & ,s*u*s ( our day are a v diff]5t race f ! ,reissig]s & ,la*n]s & ,co/as ( a pa/ g5]ation4 ,x 0 ,ri*t] :o taught u 9 ,london h[ a symphony ( ,bee?ov5 ought to s\nd2 be=e he came1 p]=mances 7 approv$ :i* ! pres5t day w\ld n tol]ate4 ,he1 z well z 8 great compe]s1 0 br\ght up 9 ! s*ool ( ,wagn]1 ! ess5ce ( :i* lies 9 correctness1 9 r5d]+ ! "w z ! compos] int5d$ x1 ) consci5ti\s att5tion to e detail1 n only ( notes1 b ( rhy?m1 tempo1 phras+1 dynamics1 in/ead ( ! slov5ly muddl+ :i* !n pass$ = bread? ( /yle1 & ! sub/itution ( ! conductor's own subjectivity = t ( ! compos]4 ,x has be5 well express$ 9 a few incisive words by "o ( ! greate/ ( ! s*ool3 ,! privilege ( an int]e/+ subjectivity is giv5 to few1 its expression w always give evid5ce ( t in/9ctive logic :i* is a necess>y condition ( intelligibility4#f ,call ,wagn] p]v]se1 dislike 8 art1 say t 8 dramas are *aos & 8 music discord--all ?is y h a "r to d2 b y _c refuse y\r homage to 8 rectitude ( purpose1 8 c\rage\s & resolute /ruggle = ! ideals :i* 7 be=e him4 ,footnote #f3 ,i h translat$ r freely s z to give ! g5]al s5se1 z von ,bl['s ,g]man is n always v easy to foll[4 ,x w be f\nd 9 8 comm5ts ^u ,bee?ov5's ,fantasie1 ,op4 #gg4 ,?is is ! secret ( :at is kn[n z ! mod]n ,g]man _s--close att5tion to e detail1 fai?fulness to ! "w 9 h&1 ) ! conviction t no "p ( ! organism is s trifl+ z n to be vital4 ,?is x 01 & n booki% education1 t inspir$ ! ,g]man army 9 its victories ( #ahgj-ga2 ?is _s x 0 t enabl$ ! ,me9+]s 9 #ahhb to fill our ,drury ,lane ,!atre to ov]fl[+ ) p]=mances ( our own ,%akespe>e 9 a =eign language4 ,at ! pres5t day x /ill cont9ues to actuate ,g]man trade & ,g]man h&icrafts1 :ile we ,engli% 9 our bl9dness ?9k to dispose ( x by cant phrases & sne]s4 ,to ! ne>] fri5ds ( 8 home-circle ,wagn]'s p]sonality mu/ h be5 s+ul>ly attractive1 f ! intellig5t sympa?y :i* he %[$ ) ev]y?+ human1 & f ! irrepressible gaiety :i* nev] =sook him = long4 ,9 times ( /ress x help$ ^? ar\nd him to tide ?r\gh ! mo/ cru%+ disa/]s4 ,g5ius is n a ?+ ap>t by itself1 sev]$ f ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,its "o di/+ui%+ m>k is its int5se humanity4 ,if ,i may speak 9 p>adox1 ! true poet is m truly ourselves ?an we are4 ,! a/ronomical telescope is con/ruct$ ^u ! same pr9ciples z ! t]re/rial "o1 only x is m p[]ful & m p]fectly made4 ,n only ! l5ses1 b all ! details ( ! me*anism are m highly f9i%$2 m ?\ght & m lab\r are be/[$ ^u !m2 ! p>ts are m skilfully co-ord9at$ toge!r2 x is a bett] in/rum5t4 ,we d wrong to g5ius 9 connect+ x ) m5tal ab]ration2 x is m normal1 m p]fectly human1 ?an we are2 m human 9 its virtues1 9 its faults1 9 its follies1 above all1 9 its consummate beauty2 only ) its great] p]fection ! organism becomes m delicate1 & is m easily injur$4 ,= g5ius is expos$ to heavi] /ra9s ?an we are1 because x is 9 uncong5ial surr\nd+s4 ,if "o "p happ5 to be imp]fect1 if1 z we say1 a screw be loose1 ! injury is m s]i\s ?an 9 ord9>y natures1 & ! exquisite adju/m5ts may suff] 9 ! rude h&l+ ( a /upid & clumsy environm5t1 wreck+ ! :ole sy/em4 ,?is1 & n natural proclivity1 is ! reason :y g5ius s (t5 %[s a t5d5cy to ecc5tric & abnormal conduct4 ,! fault is ) society1 :i* feels in/9ctively t ^? :o rise too high 9 excell5ce mu/ be cru%$4 ,& ?is is ! !me ( e real trag$y4 ,o!llo1 ,le>1 ,njl1 ,grettir1 ,cl>issa ,h>l[e1 ! ,maid ( ,orleans1 ,antigone1 ,prome!us1 &1 z ,i hope to %[1 ,tri/an & ,isolde1 ^! are b a few among ^? :o mu/ p]i% f no fault 9 !mselves1 b because !y are too noble = _! surr\nd+s4 ,! great] ! man1 ! great] 8 love4 ,we %\ld n set ! g5ius on a p$e/al to be fir/ gap$ at & !n ridicul$4 ,he ne$s be=e all else our love & our sympa?y2 = 8 nature is ess5tially t ( a *ild1 &1 *ildlike1 he craves = human love z ! fir/ necessity ( 8 life4 ,to ^? :o set up an idol ( _! own fancy & wor%ip t z 8 image1 he w be cold & repell5t1 b to ^? :o "k him z he really is he w return _! love ) all ! w>m? & purity ( 8 *ildlike nature4 ,two ?+s are intol]able to a heal?y-m9d$ *ild--r\gh brutality & mawki% c>ess+2 ,wagn] 0 fat$ to endure a full %>e ( bo?4 ,x is t\*+ to read ( ,wagn]'s simple affection = ^? :o 7 ar\nd him 9 humble capacities4 ,e "o :o has read 8 life kn[s ( 8 k9dl9ess to 8 dome/ic s]vants4 ,n[ x is ! village b>b] :o is g> zu !u]1 n[ 8 gondola-man 9 ,v5ice4 ,8 love = animals has be5 p]haps too mu* dwelt ^u by 8 biograph]s1 b x is v *>act]i/ic4 ,mank9d is n divid$ into ,wagn]ites & anti-,wagn]ites2 nor is x divid$ into ,romani/s & ,prote/ants1 nor into !ologians & rationali/s1 nor into ,tories & ,radicals1 nor into any o!r ( our famili> p>ty divisions4 ,! true division is into great m5 & small1 lov]s ( tru? & sophi/s1 hone/ m5 & ?ieves4 ,?ieves & sophi/s wrangle1 b ! great & true jo9 h&s ?r\gh ! c5turies1 & betwe5 !m is et]nal peace4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,wagn]'s ,!oretical ,writ+s ,no?+ probably has m t5d$ to discr$it ,wagn]'s art ) ?\ghtful p ?an ! /atem5t sometimes made by 8 foll[+ t he has creat$ a new art4 ,wagn] himself nev] made any su* claim4 ,:5 he speaks ( a new indig5\s art ( pure ,g]man gr[?1 he is m]ely contra/+ x ) ! =eign art--,italian op]as & ,fr5* plays--^u :i* ,g]mans _h liv$ hi!rto4 ,:5 an art1 l music or ! drama1 beg9s to fl\ri% on a new soil1 x is c]ta9 to exhibit new features1 to %[ new developm5ts1 s t ) respect to its ext]nal physiognomy x may 9 a s5se be call$ new2 b f> tru] is ! v opposite /atem5t1 t ,wagn]'s art is z old z art itself2 its greatness lies n 9 any novelty ( inv5tion1 b 9 8 hav+ develop$ ! old =ms into some?+ dream$ ( by 8 pr$ecessors b nev] a*iev$ be=e4 ,we (t5 he> ab\t ,wagn]'s !ories1 z if he _h compos$ 8 art-works 9 accordance ) "s !oretical s*eme4 ,aft] a fairly close /udy ( ,wagn]'s writ+s ext5d+ ov] a great _m ye>s ,i mu/ confess my inability to say :at 8 peculi> !ories 74 ,! employm5t ( music z an elem5t ( ! dramatic expression 0 no inv5tion ( ,wagn]4 ,:at he f\nd out 0 h[ to ma9ta9 ! diff]5t elem5ts1 words1 act+1 music1 9 a natural relation to "o ano!r 9 ! drama4 ,?is is art1 n !ory2 we le>n x f 8 works1 n f 8 writ+s4 ,x is true t ,wagn]'s writ+s conta9 _m v int]e/+ & valuable speculations on arti/ic problems4 ,if ^! are 8 !ories1 he mu/ h abjur$ !m ! mom5t t he set to "w compos+4 ,9 ,op] und ,drama1 = example1 he has a v int]e/+ discussion on ! value ( consonants 9 ! ,g]man language & on ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce betwe5 ! expression ( ! consonant & t ( ! v[el1 arriv+ at ! conclusion t allit]ation is bett] suit$ = ! ,g]man musical drama ?an ! import$ rime4 ,fur!r1 he %[s--r conv9c+ly1 ,i ?9k--t ! true subject = ! drama is my?ical4 ,b n long aft] ?is he wrote ,tri/an und ,isolde1 9 :i* allit]ation is g5]ally disc>d$ = rime or blank v]se1 & a little lat] ,mei/]s+]1 :i* is a com$y ( dome/ic life1 & has no?+ to d ) my?ology4 ,!n !re are ! ,leitmotivs :i* are us$ s me?odically 9 ! ,r+ t x w\ld seem !re mu/ h be5 "s preconceiv$ sy/em4 ,b ,wagn] nev] once m5tions ,leitmotivs 9 8 writ+s1 nor did he inv5t !m4 ,!y h be5 dragg$ into ! light by von ,wolzog51 & :atev] !ories we h ab\t !m are due to him1 n to ,wagn]4 ,!re is inde$ "o doctr9e :i* runs ?r\gh all 8 writ+s1 & may be tak5 z _! g5]al text1 namely1 t art is n an amusem5t b a s]i\s und]tak+1 consequ5tly t purity & tru?fulness are j z necess>y 9 art z 9 actual life4 ,x is no excuse = ! arti/ :o deceives to say t 8 "w is only poetry1 & has no s]i\s significance4 ,he c>ri$ ?is exalt$ notion ( ! mission ( art almo/ to excess1 if su* a ?+ is possible ) s noble an idea1 :5 he insi/$ ^u art be+ a matt] ( national conc]n4 ,all ! s]i\s mi/akes :i* he made 9 8 life1 ^? acts :i* ! sob] judgm5t ( 8 mo/ ard5t admir]s mu/ condemn z ill-advis$1 sprang f 8 desire to id5tify art ) national life1 = example1 8 "p 9 ! ,saxon revolution ( #ahdi1 8 proce$+s 9 ,muni*1 9 #ahfe1g 8 attempts to influ5ce ,bism>ck1 etc4 ,footnote #g3 ,see ,note ,i4 at ! end ( ?is *apt]4 ,wagn]'s lit]>y works are n easy read+2 8 ,g]man /yle1 ?\gh grammatical & idiomatic1 is g5]ally v involv$ & obscure1 (t5 turgid4 ,!re is a want ( self-discipl9e ab\t ! ?\ght1 & he is too ha/y 9 committ+ ill-dige/$ ?\ghts ill-arrang$ to pr9t1 :ile 8 /yle is full ( t$i\s mann]isms1 su* z 8 con/ant use ( futile sup]latives = positives1 ! con/ant occurr5ce ( c]ta9 words n always 9 _! natural mean+1 su* z ,bewus/se91 ,erlsung1 etc4 ,x is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! lucid & f9i%$ workman%ip ( 8 dramatic & musical composition4 ,8 dislike = !oretical exposition1 & ! con/ra9t "u :i* he wrote are too manife/ 9 8 language4 ,nev]!less1 ! read] :o p]sev]es w be rew>d$4 ,! fasc9ation :i* ,wagn]'s writ+s h = ?9k+ m9ds is due to ! importance ( ! problems involv$4 ,z ,dannreu!r has obs]v$1 :]ev] ,wagn] 0 br\ght to a /& a social problem lies buri$2 ! problems :i* engage 8 att5tion are ^? :i* lie at ! root ( all art & all life4 ,we may n always approve ( ! solutions :i* he (f]s1 b we _c fail to be int]e/$4 ,& z we travel on we gradually become aw>e ( brilliant spots ( v]dure1 passages "h & !re--sometimes sudd5 fla%es1 sometimes :ole pages :]e ! language & ! ?\ght are equally rem>kable4 ,:at1 = example1 c\ld be m admirable ?an ?is description ( ,moz>t8 ,8 arti/ic nature 0 z ! unruffl$ surface ( a cle> wat]y mirror to :i* ! lovely blossom ( ,italian music incl9$ to see1 to "k1 to love itself !re94 ,x 0 b ! surface ( a deep & inf9ite sea ( long+ & desire ris+ f fa?omless dep?s to ga9 =m & beauty f ! g5tle greet+ ( ! lovely fl[] b5d+1 z if ?ir/+ to discov] 9 him ! secret ( its own nature4#h ,c\ld any words give m concisely ! peculi> "* ( ! mu* misund]/ood ,moz>t1 ! mo/ delicate g5ius ( light & love1 ! mo/ ri*ly gift$ ( all musicians8 ,does x n tell u m ?an all ! outp\r+s ( ,oulibi*ef8 ,footnote #h3 ,ges4 ,s*r4 7#ahgb71 iii4 p4 #cjd4 ,or ?is1 9 speak+ ( ! =mation ( ! op]a & ! dem& = bett] libretti aft] ! p]iod ( ,spont9i8 ,! poet 0 a%am$ to (f] 8 ma/] wood5 hobbies :5 he 0 able to m\nt a real /e$ & knew q well h[ to h&le ! bridle1 to guide ! /e$ hi!r & ?i!r 9 ! well-trodd5 rid+-s*ool ( ! op]a4 ,)\t ?is musical bridle nei!r musician nor poet w\ld h d>$ to m\nt him le/ he %\ld leap high ov] all ! f5ces away into 8 own wild & beautiful home 9 nature itself4#i ,i mu/ apologize = ^! extracts to ^? ( my read]s :o are able to foll[ ! orig9al1 & ,i hope t o!rs may yet feel some?+ ( ! w>m? ( ,wagn]'s language ev5 9 ! feeble %ad[ ( a v free p>aphrase4 ,_m m might be ga!r$ f 8 works to %[ h[ vivid & =cible 0 ,wagn]'s prose :5 he once ?rew (f ! re/ra9t ( cold logical reason+4 ,o!r passages well wor?y ( p]usal z specim5s ( 8 bett] /yle are ! description ( ! !atrical sunset 9 le ,prophte1 & especially ! admirably work$-out metaphor ( ! ,volksli$ z a wild fl[] 9 vol4 iii4 ( 8 collect$ works1 pp4 #cji & #cgb seq4 ,footnote #i3 ,ges4 ,s*r41 iii1 p4 #bih4 ,v diff]5t views h be5 express$ ab\t ,wagn] 9 8 capacity ( philosoph]4 ,to "s he appe>s z a v]bose dilettante totally unable to put two ideas logically toge!r1 :ile o!rs look up to him z a tea*] ( ! pr(\nde/ tru?s4 ,i _c say t ei!r view is wrong4 ,on ! "o h& he possess$ ! deep insight :i* is ! fir/ qualification = a philosoph]1 b is f\nd 9 s few2 on ! o!r he lack$ ! pati5ce to express himself logically1 feel+ t 9 8 art he wield$ a f> m p[]ful means ( p]suasion ?an logic4 ,^? :o p]sev]e 9 /udy+ 8 writ+s until !y ma/] :at he really 0 aim+ at _c fail at la/ to admit t z philosoph] he is at lea/ sugge/ive1 z art-critic he is among/ ! v fir/ ( all times1 wor?y ( a place beside ,plato1#aj ,less+1 ,rusk94 ,footnote #aj3 ,see ,note ,,ii4 at end ( ?is *apt]4 ,a critical discussion ( only ! m important ( ! problems rais$ by ,wagn] w\ld require n "o volume b sev]al4 ,= ! purpose ( ?is book1 :i* is only to help read]s 9 und]/&+ 8 works1 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to ! "o :i* directly be>s ^u 8 arti/ic production1 namely1 t ( ! organic union ( all ! arts into "o supreme art1 :i* z _! cr[n & completion may be designat$ art1 z a univ]sal1 9 di/9ction f ! sep>ate individual arts4 ,su* art1 ,greek3 kat' e'xo*a51 c only be ! drama1 :i* already holds a position ( its own above all ! o!r arts f ! fact t ^! only depict or describe :ile ! drama repres5ts2 its *>act]s actually enact ! ev5ts to be express$1 :5ce ! expression is m>k$ by a directness & vividness n possible to ! o!r arts4 ,! natural t5d5cy :i* diff]5t arts %[ to unite & support ea* o!r is evid5t 9 _m famili> ph5om5a1 z1 = example1 illu/rat$ books4 ,less+1 9 8 lum9\s essay1 has trac$ ! limits ( ! arts ( depict+ 7pa9t+ & sculpture7 & ( describ+ 7poetry74 ,pa9t+ ) him is ! art ( re/1 poetry t ( movem5t4 ,wagn]'s !ory ass]ts t ea* art1 :5 x rea*es its natural limits1 t5ds to call 9 ! help ( ano!r art to express :at lies beyond its own doma94 ,if ! two are able to coalesce s z to become organically "o1 x w be f\nd t ! expressive p[] ( ea* has be5 enorm\sly enhanc$ by ! union1 j z ! union ( a man ) a woman 9 m>riage enhances ! value ( ea* = ! community4 ,) ,less+ pa9t+ & sculpture are det]m9$ by ! law ( beauty 7,s*nheit72 poetry is ! wid] art1 includ+ all ! elem5ts ( pa9t+1 b n b\nd by ! same re/rictions4 ,:o c =get 8 f9e contra/ ( ! h[l+ ,philoktetes 9 ,sophokles ) ! g5tly sigh+ ,laokoon1 bo? 9 mortal agony1 b ! latt] unable to express 8 pa9 because1 be+ 9 m>ble1 he d>$ n di/ort 8 c\nt5ance8 ,) ,wagn] ! notion ( beauty 7,s*nheit7#aa belongs by its v def9ition exclusively to ! arts t address ! s5se ( sight1 pa9t+ & sculpture1 & f !m x has be5 transf]r$ to music1 b z a metaphor only4 ,to speak lit]ally ( beautiful music w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,footnote #aa3 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! ,g]man & ,engli% words1 hav+ a totally diff]5t orig91 diff] some:at 9 mean+4 ,s*nheit comes f s*au51 & has !re=e ref]5ce to ! s5se ( sight1 :ile beauty is f ! root ( b5e1 bonus1 & 0 orig9ally a moral conception1 n a s5sual "o at all4 ,9 mod]n language ! mean+ ( ! two words is practically id5tical1 b ! di/9ction is v important = ! und]/&+ ( ,wagn]4 ,s*nheit ) him means s5sual beauty4 ,! "o aim ( dramatic te*nique mu/ always be to obta9 ! utmo/ cle>ness1 tru?fulness1 & complet5ess ( expression4 ,i mu/ confess t _m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i fir/ began ! /udy ( ,wagn]1 fill$ ) ! en?usia/ic ,hell5ism ( ,s*ill]1 ,i 0 n a little />tl$ at ,wagn]'s app>5t insi/5ce ^u tru?ful expression at ! exp5se ( beauty1 & c\ld n b feel t x 0 contradict$ by e movem5t ( 8 music4 ,no d\bt _m o!rs h felt ! same hesitation2 b !re really is no cause = al>m4 ,wagn]'s is ! true doctr9e4 ,let u turn = a mom5t to ano!r art1 t ( ar*itecture1 :]e ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 decoration & con/ruction is easy to recognize4 ,wagn]'s position1 if appli$ to ar*itecture1 w\ld be t ! build] has only to consid] h[ to con/ruct 9 ! be/ possible way to atta9 ! purpose = :i* ! build+ is int5d$1 & elegance ( ext]nal appe>ance mu/ be subs]vi5t to t4 ,if he d ?is skilfully1 s t e "p is se5 to unite h>moni\sly ) all ! o!rs to =m an organic :ole1 !re w em]ge q ( itself a gracefulness1 an arti/ic beauty1 f\nd$ 9 tru?1 :i* are high above all int5tionally con/ruct$ decoration4 ,x is ! beauty & tru? ( nature1 t ( adaptation to an end4 ,!re is no "q ( sacrific+ euphony1 melody1 or any?+ at all2 on ! contr>y1 ! doctr9e decl>es t by "r adaptation ! expressive p[] & beauty ( e "p w be enhanc$4 ,! notion t ,wagn]'s music is unmelodi\s _h its orig9 9 ! bad musical e>s ( 8 e>ly critics4 ,! arts ( design1 i4e4 pa9t+1 sculpture1 & ! k9dr$ arts1 are 9 space alone1 & movem5t is exclud$ f !m4 ,! arts ( expression1 ge/ure1 poetry1 & music are all arts ( movem5t 9 "t4 ,! fir/ nam$1 !re=e1 mu/ necess>ily take ext]nal beauty 7,s*nheit7 z _! sole guide & mu/ conf9e _! att5tion exclusively to ! sup]ficial appe>ance ( ! objects !y imitate4 ,!y c only arrive at ! inn] "* indirectly1 ?r\gh its ext]nal manife/ation1 & 9 ! h&s ( an inf]ior arti/ ! /ep is an easy "o to pret5ce & falsehood4 ,defective con/ruction c easily be hidd5 b5ea? an out] cov]+ ( graceful =ms :i* di/ract ! eye f notic+ ! weakness & falsehood b5ea?4 ,we ne$ only look ar\nd u at ! decoration ( any mod]n draw+-room to f9d gross examples ( su* p]v]sion ( art4 ,?is expla9s ,wagn]'s mi/ru/--noticeable especially 9 8 e>li] writ+s--( ! arts ( design ) _! pr9ciple ( beauty4 ,an arti/ :o possesses true poetic inspiration w be 9 no dang] ( fall+ into errors ( ?is k9d2 ) him ext]nal beauty is expression ( inn] goodness1 z x is 9 nature1 :o nev] cov]s up defects by ext]nal ornam5t4 ,we h !re=e to recognize two di/9ct k9ds ( beauty 9 art1 two k9ds ( pleasure t we exp]i5ce3 ext]nal1 ) :i* pa9t+ & sculpture are alone directly conc]n$--beauty 9 ! n>r[ s5se2 & inn] or organic4 ,wagn] has express$ x 9 a s5t5ce :i* defies ev5 a free translation4 ,speak+ ( ! lovely melodies ( ! ,italian op]a he says3 ,ni*t das s*lag5de ,h]z d] ,na*tigall begriff man1 sond]n nur ihr5 ,kehls*lag4 ,m5 c>$ only = ! pleas+ s\nd ( ! night+ale's voice1 no?+ = ! beat+ he>t f :i* x sprang4 ,we are n[ able to und]/& 8 fam\s doctr9e t ! drama is ! end1 music ! means1 & !re=e second>y4 ,9 ! ,italian op]a ! relation 0 rev]s$2 music 0 made ! end1 ! drama be+ only a vehicle = ! music4 ,?is is dramatically wrong1 & has l$ to a false & unnatural =m ( art2 9 ! drama music c only be a means ( dramatic expression4 ,x is necess>y "h to ent] a caution aga9/ a v s]i\s misund]/&+ into :i* _m ( ,wagn]'s critics h fall51 a misund]/&+ v natural to ^? :o look ^u ! drama z a lit]>y production4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,wagn] int5d$ to subord9ate ! music to ! poetry1 z if ! function ( music 7 to illu/rate & vivify ! m def9ite ?\ght conta9$ 9 ! words4 ,?is view has be5 held by _m critics1 f ,ari/otle onw>ds4 ,x 0 ! view ( ,gluck1 & w be f\nd =mulat$ 9 ! ptre ddicatoire prefix$ to 8 ,alce/e4 ,wagn]'s !ory is ess5tially diff]5t & is peculi>ly 8 own4 ,) him ! drama d5otes1 n ! text-book1 b ! actual p]=mance on ! /age1 9 :i* !re are ?ree co-ord9ate elem5ts1 act+1 words1 & music1 n "o ( :i* is subord9ate to ! o!rs1 b all ( equal value1 express+ diff]5t sides ( ! dramatic subject-matt]4 ,( ! inability ( words 9 !mselves to inspire music1 he is v emphatic3 ,no v]ses ( a poet1 n ev5 ( a ,goe! or a ,s*ill]1 c det]m9e ! music4 ,! drama alone c d ?is1 i4e4 n ! dramatic poem1 b ! actual drama z x moves be=e our eyes z ! visible c\nt]p>t ( ! music4 ,9 ord] to be effective ! union ( ! ?ree elem5ts mu/ be organic1 & ,i mu/ n[ expla9 :at is meant4 ,:5 we speak ( a "w ( art z an organism we mean t ! diff]5t p>ts ( :i* x is compos$ co-op]ate toge!r t[>ds ! purpose ( ! :ole 9 su* a way t n "o ( !m is sup]flu\s or c\ld be disp5s$ )4 ,x resembles 9 ?is respect ! products ( nature1 & life1 :i* is only a complex =m ( organiz$ activity4 ,9 ! high] natural products1 especially ^? we speak ( z liv+1 ! s+le p>ts are n dead weights1 b are !mselves organisms1 conta9+ )9 !m individual & complete sy/ems ( liv+ =ces1 act+ indep5d5tly1 & at ! same "t1 z subord9ate units contribut+ to ! purpose ( ! :ole1 s t %ortly we may say t1 z ea* "p is condition$ by ! :ole1 s ! :ole is condition$ by ! s+le p>ts4 ,:5 a p]son loses a limb1 & has x replac$ by an artificial "o1 8 fir/ impression is ( ! enorm\s weight ( ! new limb1 al?\gh x may only weigh ab\t a qu>t] ( ! old "o4 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ! new limb is a dead weight1 :]eas ! =m] "o 0 a liv+ organism4 ,t is to say1 :5 he lift$ x1 ! n]v\s impulses transmitt$ f ! bra9 7 su/a9$ & en=c$ by =ces )9 ! limb itself2 be+ alive x help$ 9 ! ef=t1 :]eas ! me*anical limb1 h[ev] p]fect its adaptation1 w always rema9 a piece ( dead me*anism1 a sep>ate ?+ f ! body to :i* x is atta*$ & simply oppos+ its own in]tia to ! n]v\s ef=t4 ,9 ! me*anical jo9+ toge!r ( p>ts1 ea* rema9s isolat$2 if "o be ab/ract$ ! o!rs rema9 z !y 71 :ile 9 an organic union !y comb9e to a :ole1 & if "o be )drawn ! :ole is de/roy$1 or at lea/ vitally impair$4 ,?is furni%es u ) a crit]ion = ! te*nical con/ruction ( e "w ( art1 :atev] x be2 ea* s+le "p mu/ contribute its %>e t[>ds ! :ole2 !re mu/ be no?+ sup]flu\s4 ,! "w has an idea to express2 if we f9d 79 a drama1 = example7 t no sc5e1 no s+le spee* ev51 or s5t5ce1 c be omitt$ )\t impair+ ! "w z a :ole1 & weak5+ its expression1 !n ! "w is te*nically z p]fect z x c possibly be made2 its value w !n dep5d only on t ( ! idea to be express$4 ,n[ let u turn to ,wagn]'s criticism ( ! sunrise sc5e 9 le ,prophte1 :i* ,i m5tion$ a few pages back1 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,op] und ,drama4#ab ,"h 0 a unique opportunity = a great dramatic arti/4 ,aft] ! repres5tation1 n unskilfully contriv$1 ( ! victori\s c>e] ( a "y & aspir+ h]o1 9 ! supreme mom5t ( 8 de/9y1 ! sun rises1 add+ its glory to 8 triumph1 z if ! v heav5s 7 %$d+ _! bless+ ^u ! de$s ( a noble man2--s x might h be54 ,b ,mey]be] & ,scribe c>e no?+ = t2 su* is n ! effect ei!r felt by ! audi5ce or int5d$ by ! poet4 ,! latt] _h no?+ high] 9 8 m9d ?an a gr& spectacul> effect1 :i* may be omitt$ )\t ! re/ ( ! drama be+ any ! worse1 & ! result is 9 ! wor/ s5se !atrical1 b n poetic--effect )\t a cause4 ,footnote #ab3 ,ges4 ,s*r41 iii1 p4 #cgb4 ,comp>e ) ?is ! sc5e 9 ! ?ird act ( ,p>sifal4 ,! v]dant l&scape is "h no m]e !atrical decoration2 if x 71 we %\ld sc>cely g into a !atre to see :at c be se5 9 f> great] p]fection 9 any gre5 place on a spr+ morn+4 ,x is ! dramatic repres5tation ( an idea p]haps sugge/$ to ,wagn] by ,goe!'s ,fau/1 b z old z ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! task is a*iev$2 ! spe> has be5 rega9$1 & all nature smil+ 9 its fl[]y robes rejoices 9 ! r$emption ( t ,ea/] morn+2 ev5 ! )]$ fl[]-maid5s add _! /ra9s to ! univ]sal *orus4 ,h[ is su* a miracle possible8 ,only by music 9 organic union ) ! dramatic situation4 ,p]suasive z a liv+ p]son x is able to c>ry u into realms f> beyond ^? ( language & reason1 to ! realm ( wond]4 ,! decorations ( ! ,gr& ,opra are z artificial & me*anical z mod]n dress2 !y are impos$ by ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ! caprice ( ! luxuri\s1 & /& 9 no relation to ! body to :i* !y are fitt$4#ac ,footnote #ac3 ,^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! subject w f9d "s admirable obs]vations 9 ,less+'s ,hamburg] ,dramaturgie1 #aates4 & #abtes4 ,/ck1 :]e ! critic comp>es ! gho/ ( ,n9us 9 ,voltaire's ,semiramis ) ! gho/ 9 ,hamlet4 ,he condemns ! =m] because x is no?+ m ?an a poetical ma*9e1 :ile ,%akespe>e's is "o ( ! p]sons ( ! drama4 ,8 position is ess5tially ! same z ,wagn]'s4 ,! loose con/ruction ( ! ,italian op]a has at lea/ "o advantage2 x c be trimm$ to suit ! local exig5cies ( p]=mance4 ,) ! new drama ?is 0 impossible4 ,wagn]'s insi/5t refusal to p]mit any mutilation ( 8 "w always appe>$ to ,int5dants & ,impres>ii :o 7 anxi\s to meet him halfway l mon/r\s egotism4 ,:at ,ross9i & ,mey]be] _h always cons5t$ to )\t ! smalle/ hesitation might1 !y ?\ght1 cont5t a ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,! reports ( ! ,int5dants to _! respective ,gov]nm5ts1 ( ,ltti*au 9 ! =ties1 ( ,roy] 9 ,p>is 9 #ahfa1 %[ h[ f> ! au?orities 7 f und]/&+ ! nature ei!r ( ! "w :i* !y 7 und]tak+ or ( ! man ) :om !y _h to deal4 ,ross9i & ,mey]be] _h nev] _h any o!r aim ?an _! own p]sonal success2 ) ,wagn] ! integrity ( 8 art 0 f> above all p]sonal consid]ations4 ,on ?is po9t no concession on ! compos]'s side 0 possible4 ,y may take five %ill+s out ( a sov]eign & !re /ill rema9 fifte5 %ill+s1 b if y take a :eel f a wat* ! :ole me*anism is de/roy$2 x 0 j ?is t di/+ui%$ 8 productions f op]as1 & 9 conc$+ ! pr9ciple t !y might be trimm$ he w\ld h surr5d]$ ev]y?+4 ,x might seem sup]flu\s to h dwelt s long ^u a po9t :i*1 :5 cle>ly laid out1 c sc>cely be controv]t$1 7 x n t x has be5 cont9ually misund]/ood1 n only by ne>ly ev]ybody at ! pres5t day1 b ev5 by critics ( ! rank ( ,gluck1 ,goe!1 & ,grillp>z]4 ,to speak ei!r ( music z en=c+ ! words or ( ! words z =m+ a basis = musical expression is to place "o ( !m--9 ! =m] case music1 9 ! latt] ! words--9 an inf]ior position t[>ds ! o!r1 :]eas !y are organic p>ts ( ! :ole1 & co-equals4 ,:]ev] ei!r pr9ciple is adopt$ x w result 9 t v loos5ess ( con/ruction :i* is ! vital infirmity ( ! ,italian op]a4 ,& ! poetry w be ( ! k9d fa%ionable ) "s lit]>y p "u ! "n l9es = music1 ! pr9ciple ( :i* seems to be ,voltaire's3 ,ce qui e/ trop sot p\r etre dit1 on le *ante4 ,once ! pr9ciple ( organic unity is conc$$ z ! fir/ & mo/ vital condition ( a "w ( art1 ! re/ ( ,wagn]'s doctr9e foll[s directly4 ,! gov]n+ :ole is ! drama1 ! ?+ to be enact$ 9 its actual repres5tation on ! /age1 & ! diff]5t elem5ts1 ge/ure1 music1 words1 are ! in/rum5ts ( its expression1 to be s co-ord9at$ toge!r t ea* %all express j t :i* x alone is able to express & no m4 ,! fir/ outcome ( ! union :5 rightly & skilfully effect$ is to imp>t ! "o quality :i* is ! f9al & only aim ( all arti/ic te*nique--cle>ness ( expression4 ,! new drama c repres5t n only high] ideas1 b c express !m m intelligibly ?an t :i* uses words alone4 ,x w n[ p]haps be ask$ :y ^! ?ree p>ticul> arts & no o!rs h be5 select$ = dramatic purposes4 ,because !y are ! ?ree ways 9 :i* all liv+ be+s utt] _! ?\ghts4 ,!y h belong$ toge!r f ! beg9n+1 & /ill d s2 !y h p>t$ company = a "t1 b h nev] be5 divorc$4 ,be=e consid]+ ?is x w be well = me to expla9 "s t]ms :i* ,i %all h to use 9 ! foll[+4 ,poetry has commonly be5 divid$ into lyric1 epic1 & dramatic2 ^! t]ms answ] to ?ree diff]5t phases ( expression4 ,lyric poetry is ! purely subjective emotion ( ! poet utt]+ itself 9 words4 ,epic poetry on ! o!r h& deals ) ?+s & p ext]nal to ! poet4 ,! drama is1 z we h se51 n poetry at all2 ! actors p]=m ! acts !mselves1 us+ words only to expla9 ! reasons = _! acts2 dramatic poetry !re=e involves bo? lyric & epic elem5ts4 ,! mo/ primitive1 mo/ natural1 & simple/ means by :i* a liv+ be+ c utt] itself is ge/ure--action4 ,x is n necess>y to speculate on prehi/oric conditions4 ,we ne$ only obs]ve ! _w ar\nd u1 ! behavi\r ( our fri5ds & acqua9tances1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,s\?-,european blood1 to recognize h[ direct & eloqu5t is ! expression ( ge/ure4 ,on ! /age a simple s]ies ( dramatic actions c be fully repres5t$ by ge/ure & sc5]y alone ) a v high int5sity ( emotional expression4 ,all movem5t 9 nature is rhy?mic4 ,i ne$ n tr\ble my read]s ) ! evid5ces ( a fact :i* is well kn[n 9 sci5ce1 b w ref] !m to ! lucid demon/ration 9 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 ,pt4 ,,ii41 *4 #aj4 ,rhy?mic ge/ure !n1 or danc+1 is ! mo/ primitive art1 & x is purely lyric1 i4e4 subjective4 ,x is v important to be> ?is fact ( danc+1 ( :i* act+ is only a species1 z ! primitive =m ( art be=e our m9ds4 ,x is common to m5 & animals4 ,i h (t5 wond]$ :e!r ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ,wagn]'s hi/rionic faculty did n /& 9 "s my/]i\s relation to ! close sympa?y :i* exi/$ betwe5 him & t mo/ consummate ( all actors--! dog4 ,! vital activity ( ! ?roat & vocal cords becomes s\nd2 song may !re=e be consid]$ z a peculi>ly specializ$ =m ( ge/ure1 b ) ! radical diff]5ce t z a vehicle ( expression x addresses ! e>1 n ! eye4 ,! fact t x ent]s ! bra9 ?r\gh a diff]5t *annel gives ! art ( s\nd an entirely diff]5t "* f t ( ge/ure prop]2 moreov]1 f be+ 9 "t only1 n 9 space1 x is appreh5d$ m imm$iately by ! inn] s5se1 & ! impression receiv$ is m intimate1 m =cible4 ,/ill x reta9s ! same lyric or subjective "*4 ,x 01 ,i believe1 ,"l ,monboddo :o fir/ obs]v$ t in>ticulate s\nd1 music 9 its mo/ primitive =m1 is ! e>lie/ =m ( utt]ance1 & is prior to language4 ,"l ,monboddo's rese>*es into ! orig9 & progress ( language 7#aggc7 7 valu$ s highly by ,h]d] t !y 7 at 8 in/ance translat$ into ,g]man4 ,! conclusion at :i* he arriv$1 t ! mo/ primitive =m ( utt]ance is n language b music1 t language grew out ( song j z ! art ( writ+ grew out ( picture-pa9t+1 is especially valuable f ! fact t x 0 aft]w>ds adopt$ by ,*>les ,d>w94#ad ,footnote #ad3 ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,pt4 ,,iii41 *4 #ai4 ,! :ole ( t "p ( ! *apt] may be read 9 ?is connection4 ,un=tunately1 ! speculations are some:at vitiat$ by ! ide fixe ( mod]n sci5ce t ev]y?+ mu/ be ref]r$ to c\rt%ip4 i4e4 sexuality4 ,! music :i* ,d>w9 & ,"l ,monboddo conceive z ! vocal expression ( primitive man is ( c\rse n ! highly-wr\ght product :i* we n[ und]/& "u t t]m2 we may suppose x to h be5 rhy?mic b n metric4 ,x 0 ne>] to ! cries ( wild animals1 & to "s x may seem at fir/ absurd to describe su* s\nds z music at all4 ,i d n ?9k s2 on ! contr>y ,i f9d 9 ! cries ( "s animals & _m birds all ! ess5tial qualities ( music4 ,!y h tone1 rhy?m1 cad5ce1 9 a v high degree1 & also melody1 ?\gh vague & rudim5t>y4 ,! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 melody & m]e succession ( s\nds consi/s 9 its be+ intelligible1 t is1 9 its con=m+ to a scale or musical s*eme ( "s sort1 b t scale is n necess>ily ! "o recogniz$ 9 mod]n music4 ,our e>s are s accu/om$ to associate melody ) a c]ta9 diatonic scale1 & ) accompany+ h>mony1 actual or pot5tial1 t x is v difficult = u to compreh5d z melody successions :i* d n con=m to t s*eme1 z1 = example1 ! melodies ( ,ori5tal nations1 ! scales ( :i* are f> m complex & difficult to und]/& ?an ours4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact t :ile ! c\rse ( evolution is g5]ally f simpl] to m complex organisms1 t ( ! musical scale is j ! rev]se4 ,primitive scales are highly complex1 & involve int]vals n appreciable by u z melody2 ) "t !y gradually become simpl]2 & 9 ! diatonic scale1 especially 9 its mo/ mod]n developm5ts1 :]e ! di/9ction betwe5 major & m9or t5ds to become effac$1#ae we seem to h rea*$ ! limit1 & ! scale is r$uc$ to ! simple/ possible num]ical relations4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i "k t to a p]son :o has liv$ 9 close conv]se ) nature & possesses a musical e> ! cries ( wild animals & birds are full ( melody 9 ! /rict s5se1 ?\gh x is rudim5t>y & diff]5t f t ( our conc]t-rooms4 ,& x is reasonable to suppose t man1 :5 he fir/ em]g$ ) f> m highly organiz$ faculties ?an any bea/1 w\ld gradually raise 8 musical expression into some?+ high]1 some?+ m melodi\s1 ?an t ( o!r creatures4 ,p>ticul>ly z 8 reason develop$ he w\ld devise a scale2 ! rhy?ms w\ld become m def9ite & at ! same "t m v>i$ & complex4 ,! result ( ^! improvem5ts w\ld be to make 8 utt]ances m intelligible4 ,footnote #ae3 ,su* is ! d$uction :i* ,i draw f rec5t !ories ( h>mony4 ,see 9 ?is connection ,neue musikatis*e ,!ori5 und ,phantasi5 7,/uttg>t1 #aijf71 #dj4 ,also ,l\is & ,?uille1 ,h>monielehre 7#aijh71 especially ,pt4 ,i41 *4 #f4 ,! idea c be trac$ back to ,hauptmann4 ,helmholtz has obs]v$ t !re is mu* m 9 a musical s\nd ?an its m]e timbre1 & ,wagn] has notic$ h[ e musical in/rum5t has n only its v[el s\nd1 or timbre1 b also its peculi> consonant4 ,we ne$ n g s f> z to connect ! flute ) an f1 ! trumpet ) a t1 etc41 s9ce ! in/rum5tal consonants ne$ n con=m exactly ) ^? ( ! alphabet2 x is en\gh t ea* in/rum5t has its own *>act]i/ic way ( attack+ ! tone4 ,s we ga9 ! idea ( articulation2 ! po9t ( its entry into ! musical expression m>ks ! beg9n+ ( language4 ,hi!rto ! expression has be51 z we h se51 purely lyric2 ! l[] animals h no o!r4 ,b z man rises out ( 8 be/ial condition & acquires reason 8 wants become m num]\s & div]se4 ,! m]e expression ( 8 inn] feel+s no long] suffices2 he diff]5tiates objects 9 ! ext]nal _w1 & ne$s s\nds--names--to express !m4 ,= ?is he utilizes ! newly develop$ faculty ( language4 ,x is ! mo/ mom5t\s crisis ( 8 developm5t1 ! po9t :]e he becomes a human be+1 sev]$ by a wide gap f o!r animals1 & incomp>ably above !m4 ,! m>k ( language has f ! fir/ rightly be5 made ! crux ( ! !ory ( ! evolution ( man2 x is ! natural inevitable outcome ( 8 develop+ ! faculty ( reason4 ,?us ! ne$ = communicat+ ! p]ceptions ( ext]nal objects calls =? epic expression4#af ,footnote #af3 ,auf das 0 vor mir /eht zeige i*2 0 9 mir vorgeht drcke i* dur* ,tne und ,gebehrd5 aus2 0 ab] abwes5d od] e9/ ges*ah b$>f1 w5n es v]nehmli* w]d5 soll e9] zusamm5hang5d geordnet5 ,r$e4 ,s w>d das ,epos4--,h]d]1 ,kalligone4 ,we may n[ lay d[n a s*eme ( ! ?ree fundam5tal vehicles ( human expression bas$ on _! hi/orical developm5t4 ,we h ,emotional or subjective3 ,ge/ure--obvi\s & mat]ial4 ,music--w>m]1 deep]1 & m spiritual4 ,rational or objective3 ,language4 ,b a w>n+ mu/ be add$ aga9/ press+ ?is classification unduly4 ,all s*emes ( nature are only approximate2 !re are no su* %>ply divid$ comp>tm5ts into :i* our notions may be pigeon-hol$4 ,language may ( c\rse be int5sely emotional1 b we may notice t j 9 proportion z x becomes emotional x calls 9 ! aid ( music2 ! voice becomes melodi\s1 x develops rhy?m1 acc5t1 cad5ce1 & ultimately becomes poetry1 :i* is language unit$ ) a l>ge elem5t ( music4 ,/ud5ts ( economic sci5ce h ( rec5t ye>s giv5 att5tion to e?nology1 & _! rese>*es into ! orig9 & primitive *>act]i/ics ( lab\r h br\ght to light "s facts :i* are v int]e/+ to u4 ,! famili> di/9ction betwe5 "w & play has no root 9 nature4 ,animals d n look ^u _! lab\rs z a pa9ful task1 only to be endur$ = a "t & !n to be rew>d$ by an int]val ( div]sion2 to ! horse or ! dog ! day's "w is ! day's treat2 & s ) ^? m5 :om we contemptu\sly call savages4 ,x is ! same ) arti/s2 no arti/ has ma/]$ ! te*nique ( 8 "w until x has become a pleasure & a play?+ to him4 ,!re c\ld n be a m significant comm5t on ! unnaturalness ( a civilization 9 :i* p]iods ( leisure = ! workman h to be wrung f ! community by legislation4 ,! true workman1 l ! true arti/1 is nev] happy unless he is at "w2 he ne$s no div]sion4 ,( ! greate/ int]e/ to u are ! results ( ! inquiries ( economi/s into ! relations betwe5 "w1 rhy?m1 & song among/ primitive p4 ,especially valuable is a treatise by ,dr4 ,k>l ,bu*]1 pr(essor ( national economy 9 ,leipzig1 entitl$ ,arbeit und ,rhy?mus1 :i* ought to f9d _m read]s 9 ,engl& if x 7 translat$4 ,i "k few mod]n books t are m fasc9at+1 & x w\ld be h>d to say :e!r its *>m lies m 9 its solid sci5tific me?od or 9 its admirable lit]>y pres5tation & apt illu/rations f ! delicate v]se-song ( ! mo/ primitive peoples4 ,im ,anfang w> d] ,rhy?mus4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,b*]1 all "w1 :5 effici5t1 t5ds to be rhy?mic & ea* k9d ( "w has its peculi> rhy?m4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 ! lab\r is c>ri$ out 9 common by a numb] ( p1 & ! rhy?m is embodi$ 9 a song1 or rhy?mic ^w ( comm& sung by ! lead]4 ,innum]able in/ances w at once occur to ev]ybody--r[+1 haul+1 m>*+1 sew+1 m[+1 etc4 ,9 primitive p ! impulse to s+ ! rhy?m is ev5 m m>k$ ?an x is among ourselves1 ) :om ! pressure ( civilization helps to suppress all natural expression ( feel+1 & ! di/urbance ( s _m cross rhy?ms t5ds to oblit]ate ! prim>y pulsations4 ,! rhy?m is an ess5tial "p ( ! "w1 & n a m]e ornam5tal adjunct2 p s+1 n to keep _! spirits up1 b to help on ! "w2 until ! workman has acquir$ ! rhy?m he works imp]fectly1 & tires v quickly4 ,^? =ms ( "w :i* d n admit rhy?m1 su* z add+ figures1 copy+ ,,mss41 etc41 are ! mo/ fatigu+4 ,/ill m s is lab\r :]e ! natural rhy?m is subject to frequ5t int]ruptions4 ,h5ce walk+ 9 ! /reets ( a t[n is mu* m we>y+ ?an walk+ 9 ! c\ntry2 y h to break ! rhy?m at e few /eps & nev] get ! sw+4 ,! con/ant int]ruptions ( rhy?m by goods 9 %op-w9d[s1 adv]tisem5ts1 etc41 is1 ,i am sure1 l>gely ! cause ( n]v\s deg5]acy 9 t[ns4 ,x _c surprise u to f9d t among/ primitive p danc+ is ! mo/ univ]sal occupation4 ,all dance1 dance to fr5zy4 ,orig9ally ! dance does n express joy or any o!r emotion2 x is simply ! human impulse to activity1 "w1 ! mo/ fundam5tal ?+ 9 human nature4 ,f ! dance rhy?m f9ds its way into music & poetry1 bo? be+ 9 ! beg9n+ int5d$ to accompany danc+4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t nei!r music nor ! dance orig9at$ 9 sexuality4 ,eroticism sc>cely ev] occurs 9 ! poetry ( primitive peoples4 ,x ent]s at a lat] /age4 ,x is n necess>y to trace h[1 out ( ^! primitive beg9n+s1 !re grew ! anci5t drama ( ! m civiliz$ c\ntries1 always reta9+ ! ?ree elem5ts f :i* x _h sprung 9 close/ union4 ,speak+ ( ! ,indian drama 9 ! "t ( ! semi-my?ical ,bh>ata1 ! ,indian ,!spis1 ,sir ,moni] ,williams writes3 ,! drama ( ^! e>ly times 0 probably no?+ m ?an ! ,indian ,naut* ( ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 a species ( rude pantomime1 9 :i* danc+ & movem5ts ( ! body 7 accompani$ by mute ge/ures ( ! h&s & face1 or by s++ & music4 ,subsequ5tly dialogue 0 add$4444 ,9 ,greece ! e>ly lyric epo* is repres5t$ by ! ,paians1 ,di?yrambs1 etc41 at ! fe/ivals ( ,apollo & ,dionysos1 rhy?mic dances to accompanim5t ( ci?>a or flute1 ) words g5]ally improvis$4 ,out ( ! ,bac*ic di?yrambs grew ! trag$y4 ,9 ! works ( ! great ,attic trag$ians ! *orus1 or dance-song1 :i* _h desc5d$ f e>li] times /ill rema9$ ! pr9cipal feature ( ! repres5tation4 ,x 0 ! drama t cry/alliz$ out ( ! music & dance1 n ! music t 0 call$ 9 to support or adorn ! drama4 ,n until ! "t ( ,euripides did ! *orus become a second>y elem5t ( ! repres5tation1 & f ?is "t on ! drama beg9s to decl9e1 becom+ m & m a lit]>y product4 ,x w\ld be a wor?y und]tak+ = a compet5t /ud5t to set himself ! task ( br++ ord] into ! *aos ( ,wagn]'s !oretical writ+s4 ,!y are cr[d$ ) ?\ghts ( ! deepe/ import1 :i* seem to po9t ! way to fur!r inquiry1 b :i* rema9 sugge/ions only4 ,! mo/ tiresome quality 9 ,wagn]'s lit]>y /yle is t he sc>cely ev] comes to ! po9t4 ,:5ev] he ass]ts a rule 9 cle> & unmi/akable language1 x is ei!r br\ght 9 almo/ p>5!tically amid/ a mass ( rhetoric1 or--z1 = example1 9 ! dictum ( music be+ a means to ! dramatic end--he treats x ) scorn1 z some?+ too obvi\s to be /at$4 ,9 ei!r case its *ances ( ga9+ ! read]'s att5tion are s]i\sly dim9i%$ by su* wrong me?od4 ,a /ud5t :o %\ld und]take ! task ( ord]+ 8 ?\ght w\ld ne$ to possess1 9 addition to ! highe/ musical & dramatic qualifications a metaphysical habit ( m9d su* z is r>e at ! pres5t day1 & a sympa!tic capacity = disc]n+ ! gra9s ( gold5 tru? amid/ ! dross4 ,he mu/ con/ruct anew4 ,wagn]'s !oretical edifice w n /& z x is2 x is too loosely jo9t$2 b ! mat]ials are valuable4 ,t !re w ev] be a real sci5ce ( ae/hetics ,i d n believe2 art w\ld cease to be art if x lo/ its my/]y4 ,= ! pres5t at lea/ we mu/ be cont5t to rema9 9 d>kness z to ! precise conditions ( musical expression1 & es*ew !ory4 ,t music does reveal ! nature ( ?+s 9 a way diff]5t f words c sc>cely be que/ion$4 ,s1 too1 does all nature ?r\gh its sil5t music reveal m ?an meets ! s5ses4 ,b we _c say exactly h[ or :y4 ,en\gh t ! div9e reason :]eby ! _w is fa%ion$ is n ! same z our human reason1 & w n be =c$ into its =ms4 ,,notes ,i ,,ludwig ,,ii4 ,,& ,,wagn] ,al?\gh ,i h no int5tion ( def5d+ ! extravagances ( ! ,wittelsba* k+s & may say at once t my sympa?ies are entirely ) ! patriotic citiz5s ( ,muni* :o 9 #ahfe succe$$ 9 turn+ ,wagn] out ( a position :i* he ought nev] to h held1 x is only fair to po9t out t ev5 f ! /&po9t ( mat]ial ga9 ! lavi% exp5diture ( ^? art-lov+ pr9ces has prov$ a spl5did inve/m5t1 ( :i* ! results may n[ be se54 ,:at is x t has enabl$ ,muni* to d\ble its population 9 ab\t tw5ty ye>s & has rais$ x f be+ a r sleepy old-fa%ion$ ,g]man t[n to its pres5t fl\ri%+ condition & made x ! mo/ delightful capital 9 ,europe1 a meet+-place = ! cultur$ ( e c\ntry ( ,europe & ,am]ica8 ,:at else b ! art-collections & musical p]=mances8 ,_h ,wagn] !n succe$$ 9 f\nd+ 8 art-s*ool & !atre1 ) ,semp]1 ! build] ( ,dresd51 z 8 ar*itect1 & 8 own supreme m9d direct+ ! :ole1 :o c say :at ! result might h be58 ,,ii ,,plato ,,z ,,an ,,art-,,critic ,i ought to say "h t ,i f9d no?+ m admirable 9 ,plato ?an 8 criticism ( poetry1 & ,i _c und]/& ! difficulties :i* s*ol>s f9d 9 8 treatm5t ( arti/s 9 ! ,republic & else:]e4 ,aft] all1 s*ol>s h z a rule little exp]i5ce ( any art t lies outside ! n>r[ range ( _! own /udies4 ,plato's rem>ks appe> to me ! p]fection ( common s5se4 ,w\ld any sane /atesman1 :5 devis+ su* a revolution>y political s*eme z is contemplat$ 9 ! ,republic1 n take ! opportunity ( putt+ a bridle ^u ! mis*iev\s vap\r+s ( political poets1 re=m]s1 dream]s1 s*em]s1 et hoc g5us omne8 ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t ! poet ) ! attractive fasc9ation :i* he possesses 9 8 art is an enorm\s p[] 9 society1 all ! m dang]\s because 8 p[] is s subtle1 & 8 doctr9es n 9 !mselves untrue4 ,c x be d\bt$ t our own ,byrons & ,%elleys1 ) _! fro?y extravagances ab\t fre$om1 h l>gely contribut$ bo? to ! socialism & to ! lib]t9ism ) :i* ! politics ( e nation 9 ,europe are n[ infect$8 ,ev5 ! great ,s*ill] 0 l$ a/ray by ! false wat*words ( 8 "t1 & highly z ,i rev]e ,goe! ,i _c d5y t ! s5suality ( 8 poetry has _h a mo/ baneful influ5ce ^u mod]n ,g]many4 ,_m m might be nam$1 & ! subject is well wor?y ( full] treatm5t4 ,) reg>d to ,s*ill]1 h[ev]1 x ought to be expla9$ t fre$om at t "t 9 ,g]many meant only "o ?+1 fre$om f ! =eign tyrant--,napoleon4 ,rememb] t x is n all poets :om ,plato wi%es to bani%1 n ^? :o feel ! responsibility ( _! high call+1 b only a c]ta9 class4 ,n[adays poets d n sl&] ! gods2 x is n wor? _! :ile1 because nobody believes 9 ! gods4 ,!y h o!r ways ( und]m9+ society4 ,plato ev]y:]e %[s an un]r+ feel+ = art4 ,ari/otle is a record] & classifi]1 b no critic4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,roots ,,( ,,g]man ,,music ,dr4 ,milman1 9 8 great ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 obs]ves t no religi\s revolution has ev] be5 successful :i* has comm5c$ ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,su* revolutions h ev] begun 9 ! middle or l[] ord]s ( society4 ,! same is true ( o!r bran*es ( ! intellectual life ( man4 ,nei!r ,gov]nm5ts nor academies & s*ools c ev] orig9ate any?+ new 9 art1 politics1 language4 ,all gr[? spr+s f ! unsophi/icat$ masses2 gr[? is organic1 f bel[4 ,! blossom mu/ fade1 & ! se$ fall to ! e>? be=e x c br+ =? new life4 ,academical tra9+ conc]ns itself ) ! models ( ! pa/2 its useful "w consi/s 9 criticiz+1 purify+1 direct+ ! raw mat]ial into some?+ high]1 bett]1 m useful ?an x 0 9 ! r\gh1 z ! g>d5] produces new & bett] v>ieties2 b x c no m orig9ate ?an ! g>d5] c create new plants2 & 9 p]fect+ x (t5 emasculates4 ,! reason :y ! ,elizabe?an drama is s inf9itely m impressive ?an ! te*nically m p]fect drama ( ! ,re/oration is t x is /eep$ 9 nature & reality1 :]eas ! lat] /age repres5ts m5 & wom5 "u ! fa%ionable conv5tions ( polite society4 ,! p inde$ includes high z well z l[1 b none b ! v /ronge/ natures--a ,%akespe>e1 a ,bee?ov51 a ,goe!--c endure ! /ress ( ,c\rt fav\r4 ,:]e ! national n\ri%m5t f bel[ is defici5t1 an elegant artificial semblance may inde$ be =c$2 b x is felt to be want+ 9 root & to lack t spontaneity & univ]sality :i* are ! v life's brea? ( all true art & specially m>k ! art ( ! p4 ,9 ,engl& culture has sev]$ itself entirely f popul> life4 ,! v ^w popul>1 unlike ! ,g]man volk/hmli*1 c>ries ! notion ( vulg>ity4 ,yet ! l[] classes among !mselves are nev] vulg>2 !y only become s :5 !y copy ! mann]s ( ^? above !m1 & _! poetry is ! v rev]se ( :at we und]/& by t ^w4 ,! ,volksli$ exhales ! v p]fume ( nature4 ,x may be unc\?1 h>%1 wea!r-beat51 b ! p]fume rema9s1 & x is nev] (f5sive l ! mod]n music-hall song1 :i* is ! ,volksli$ ( a class t tries to ape its social sup]iors4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 our =emo/ ,engli% poets ( rec5t times h be5 products ( t sy/em ( public s*ool & univ]sity education :i* is ju/ly ! pride ( mod]n ,engli% upp]-class life4 ,admirable 9 _m ways z ?is sy/em is1 x is ess5tially "o ( artificial =c+4 ,! r\t9e is rigidly prescrib$ by fa%ion1 & is s devis$ z entirely to exclude all intimate fell[%ip ) ! common p4 ,nature & reality h no "p 9 ,engli% s*ola/ic life2 good =m & s\nd s*ol>%ip c\nt = m ?an ! he>t ( man4 ,t su* a sy/em fo/]s "* & produces fir/-rate m5 ( action & rul]s is und5iable1 b x is fatal to poetry1 & ! poetry :i* we produce is :at might be expect$--ref9$1 highly poli%$1 b artificial & want+ 9 s9c]ity4 ,x be>s ! same relation to true poetry t etiquette & poli%$ mann]s d to tru? & nature4 ,to realize ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! poetry ( ! s*ool & ! poetry ( nature comp>e ! faultless ,engli% & elegant sweetness ( ! ,idylls ( ! ,k+ ) ! vigor\s & expressive1 b (t5 ungrammatical1 prose ( ,mallory1 or comp>e ,virgil ) ,hom]1 ,horace ) ,sappho1 a *orale by ,m5delssohn ) a *orale by ,ba*4 ,or comp>e a mod]n refra9 dragg$ 9 = no o!r reason ?an because ! poet has felt t ! =m requires a refra9 ( "s k9d & has tri$ to f9d "o t is suitable--comp>e su* a refra9 by ,morris or ,rossetti ) ,9 ! spr+ "t1 ,! only pretty r+ "t ,:5 birds d s+1 ,hey d+ a d+ d+4 sung 9 ! v joy ( its he>t by a *ildlike & poetic s\l4 ,bo? are poetry3 b "o is poetry ( ! draw+-room1 ! o!r ( ! fields & =e/s2 "o is pret5ce1 ! o!r reality2 ! latt] is h>dly poetry at all1 & _c be criticiz$ logically2 x is r human feel+ f9d+ its natural expression 9 v]se ( great] or less p]fection accord+ to ! skill ( ! v]sifi]1 b always tru?ful1 nev] pos+1 us+ no sophi/ic =mulas1 mean+ j :at x says4 ,^! prelim9>y rem>ks 7 necess>y because ,i am sure t x is to ! n>r[ notions ( classical elegance prevail+ 9 ,engl&1 & to ! want ( sympa?y ) nature & ! *ildr5 ( nature1 t s _m fail to und]/& ,wagn]4 ,g]man art1 at lea/ all t 0 produc$ be=e ! ,franco-,g]man w>1 is r$ol5t ( nature4 ,:5 read+ a volume ( typically ,g]man songs su* z des ,knab5 ,wund]horn 7:e!r !y are te*nically g5u9e ,volksli$] or n1 is ( no consequ5ce7 "o feels z if "o 7 walk+ ?r\gh a ,g]man =e/4 ,ev5 9 ! art :i* is necess>ily conf9$ )9 a room ! arti/'s m9d seems to be w&]+ outside1 & ! portrait-pa9t] w admit ?r\gh "s op5 w9d[ or crevice a breeze f field & =e/ beyond4 ,9 ! same _s ! musicians1 & p>ticul>ly ! mo/ ,g]man ( all1 ,ba*1 ,haydn1 ,s*ub]t1 ,bee?ov51 delight 9 ! rhy?ms ( ! popul> dance4 ,( all mod]n compos]s ,wagn] 0 ! mo/ volk/hmli*2 ! roots ( 8 art are 9 ! ,volks-,sage1 ! ,volksli$1 & ! dance1 & ! masses h always be5 true to him4 ,he makes x 8 boa/ t :ile intellectuals 7 rag+ & w>n+ m5 n to he$ 8 sir5-tones1 ! public 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,italy1 ,engl&1 :]ev] ! p]=mance 0 tol]ably adequate1 paid no he$1 b inv>iably met him ) ! w>me/ en?usiasm4 ,jakob ,grimm1 9 8 essay on ! ,mei/]gesang1 illu/rates ! deep & p5sive innoc5ce ( ! ,volksli$ by ! /ory ( ! infant ,kri%na1 into ^: m\? 8 "m look$ & beheld )9 him ! measureless glories ( heav5 & e>? :ile ! *ild cont9u$ its unconsci\s1 c>eless play4 ,su*1 he cont9ues1 is ! complet5ess 7,ganzheit7 ( ,nature z comp>$ ) ! halfness 7,halbheit7 ( human ef=t4 ,! condition = ! gr[? ( truly popul> art is t society %all pres5t a coh]5t :ole1 ! upp] & l[] classes unit$ 9 a bond ( common sympa?y ) a feel+ ( bro!rhood betwe5 !m4 ,engli% society 0 n always s divid$ z we see x n[4 ,we possess a weal? ( popul> song :i* has come d[n to u f m$iaeval times1 a h]itage nobl] ?an t ( any o!r nation2 ,b c x be said t our national life is 9 ! smalle/ degree inspir$ by ^! songs8 ,!y h inde$ latt]ly become a fa%ion2 we collect !m1 arrange !m ) pian(orte accompanim5ts1 li/5 to !m at conc]ts4 ,x is a m]e fa%ionable craze1 l t = ! simple life1 & diff]s 9 no :it f t ridicul$ by ,wagn] 9 ! ,italian op]a1 & 9 ,mey]be]1 z an attempt to extract ! p]fume f ! wild fl[] t we may h x conv5i5tly to put ^u our pocket h&k]*iefs & c>ry ab\t ) u1 to enjoy ! sweets ( nature & c>e no?+ = ! s\l4 ,to "k ! ,volksli$ we mu/ desc5d f our f9e palaces1 & "k x 9 ! place :]e x gr[s1 & become "o ) !m :o br\ght x =?4 ,we mu/ live _! life1 mu/ le>n s see :at !y see1 to love :at !y love1 if we w\ld und]/& _! language4 ,precisely p>allel is ! art 9 :i* ! ,engli% g5ius specially delight$1 ar*itecture4 ,noble & simple1 le>n$ & lewd1 sev]$ by ! ,conque/1 7 unit$ 9 ! *ur*1 & our ca!drals are 9 ! true/ s5se ! creations ( ! p4 ,l ! ,volksli$]1 l ! great epics & ! ,icel&ic ,sagas1 ^! works are anonym\s4 ,no "o kn[s1 & no "o seems to h c>$1 :o made !m4 ,!y 7 built = ! glory ( ,god1 n = t ( man4 ,9 ab\t ! twelf? c5tury 9 ,g]many ! :ole community 0 "o body1 sc>cely diff]5tiat$ into classes z reg>ds _! ,intellectual life4 ,!re 7 ma/]s & s]vants1 noblem5 & plebeians1 z n[1 b !y foll[$ ! same ends1 receiv$ ! same education1 & %>$ ! same amusem5ts4 ,! ,volk 0 ! entire community1 f ! pr9ce on ! ?rone to ! village *ild4 ,lit]>y education 0 conf9$ to ! cl]ical ord]s4 ,! ^w ballad1 :i* is1 or 01 ! ,engli% equival5t ( ,volksli$1 signifies a dance1 & at ?is e>ly p]iod ! bond betwe5 dance & song 0 /ill intact2 ! song 0 danc$1 & ! dance sung to1 z x is to ?is day 9 ! ,%etl& & ,f>oe isl&s1 & 9 p>ts ( ,norway & else:]e4 ,! ballad 0 a popul> composition1 9 ! s5se j describ$1 b ?is does n mean t ballads grew up ( !mselves1 z wild fl[]s4 ,ea* ow$ its orig9 to "s poet1 :o compos$ music & words toge!r4 ,b ! p :o sang x c>$ little = ! p]sonality ( ! poet2 s long z 8 song 0 a good "o x 0 receiv$ & sung1 b he 0 =gott54 ,nor did !y %[ mu* respect = 8 text or tune2 !y trimm$ bo? z !y pleas$1 cut away :at !y did n l1 add$ & alt]$1 *ang$ names1 turn$ s5se into nons5se1 or less (t5 nons5se into s5se1 mov$ by _! sweet w alone4 ,x c be se5 go+ on n[ 9 ,g]many among /ud5ts & =e/]s1 & 9 all places :]e !y s+4 ,9 a society :]e m5 are free to foll[ _! own natural b5t1 _! m9ds uncorrupt$ by books1 ! public ta/e is g5]ally n only heal?y1 b (t5 v da9ty & critical4 ,!y w f9d at lea/ :at !y l !mselves1 & h no ne$ to consult any "o else4 ,?us ! ,volksli$ 0 ! creation z x 0 ! prop]ty ( ! p 9 j ! same s5se z 7 our m$iaeval *ur*es4 ,! fact t ! au?ors are n recognizable is vital = ?is k9d ( art4 ,! recreations ( ! p at ?is "t 7 ,sag51 ,s+51 ,tanz51 /ory-tell+1 s++1 danc+1 9 :i* all jo9$1 high & l[ toge!r2 no o!rs 7 kn[n4 ,at ! close ( ! twelf? c5tury1 a great *ange began to take place 9 ,g]man song1 p>tly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( =eign tr\bad\rs1 b f> m ow+ to *anges 9 social conditions4 ,! reviv+ int]e/ 9 lett]s is indicat$ by ! f\nd+ ( univ]sities 9 ,italy & ,france1 by ! publication ( cyclop$ias & o!r educational treatises4 ,!re arises a cultur$ class outside ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! nobleman receiv$ a s*ola/ic education1 & consequ5tly c\ld =m a lit]>y circle ( 8 own1 he began to look d[n ^u ! ignorant ru/ic & popul> poetry 0 affect$ accord+ly4 ,! ,c\rts attract$ a special class ( pr(essional s+]s1 ! ,m9nes+]s1 & x 0 natural t ! m tal5t$ among ! p %\ld be no long] cont5t to blossom unkn[n1 b %\ld seek engagem5t at ! ,c\rts :]e !y 7 hon\r$ & paid4 ,?us ! ,volk 0 dra9$ ( its tal5t2 ! poet becomes fam\s1 art loses its native innoc5ce & becomes m l :at we see x n[1 :]e ! "n ( ! poet is ( m consid]ation ?an ! pleasure to be d]iv$ f ! poem4 ,! ,c\rt poets ( ! ?irte5? c5tury d n "h conc]n u = _! own sake4 ,_! song 0 %ort-liv$ & ev5tually )]$ "u ! deg5]ate ,mei/]s+]s4 ,b _! "w 0 n lo/4 ,) ! decl9e ( *ivalry & ! disappe>ance ( ,c\rt life z a ?+ ap>t ! ,volksli$ began once m to fl[]4 ,f ! f\rte5? c5tury to ! sixte5? song 0 univ]sal1 & x is f ?is "t t ! ballads ( our collections are mo/ly ga!r$4 ,b n[ its "* has *ang$2 ! %ort p]iod ( fa%ionable prosp]ity has n fail$ to leave its m>k4 ,words1 music1 & dance are no long] b\nd toge!r 9 su* close alliance4 ,! fir/ to "p company f ! re/ to beg9 an indep5d5t exi/5ce is always ! text1 :i* becomes lit]>y poetry = sil5t p]usal or recitation4 ,song is !n no long] poetry set to music1 b r music accompani$ by v]se4 ,in/ead ( ! two be+ co-ord9ate1 music is n[ fir/1 & ! words are only its vehicle4 ,! *ange 0 v gradual1 b ! ,volksli$ 9 its late/ & mo/ complete developm5t is practically an in/rum5tal composition1 reta9+1 h[ev]1 its bond ) ! pa/ on ! "o h& ?r\gh ! words1 on ! o!r ?r\gh ! canto f]mo 9 ! t5or1 ! famili> anci5t tune r\nd :i* ! c\nt]po9t 0 wov5 9 a k9d ( canonical imitation1 fir/ 7fifte5? c5tury7 9 ?ree p>ts !n 7sixte5?7 9 f\r1 b always ) ! canto f]mo 9 rhy?mic contra/ to ! re/ ( ! composition4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,lili5cron#ag t :at appe>s at fir/ sight to be rhy?mic *aos 9 ! polyphonic ,volksli$ is really a highly arti/ic & effective device = br++ ! canto f]mo--! anci5t tune--into prom95ce2 :il/ ! o!r voices are g5]ally 9 tempus imp]fectum or squ>e "t1 ! t5or is 9 "s o!r contra/+ rhy?m4 ,! /&>d ( musical education mu/ h be5 exce$+ly high at ?is p]iod 9 ,g]many1 s9ce we he> ( ^! difficult compositions be+ sung1 n only at conc]ts & fe/ivals1 b 9 private circles z a common recreation4 ,inde$1 z ,sir ,h4 ,p>ry has obs]v$1#ah ! practice ( comb9+ sev]al tunes is by no means s uncommon among p de/itute ( all musical tra9+ z might be expect$4 ,at ! pres5t day 9 ,g]many1 a girl ( ! l[] classes may (t5 be he>d s++ at h] "w :ile h] companion adds an extempore "p ) consid]able skill4 ,footnote #ag3 ,deuts*es ,leb5 im ,volksli$4 ,introd41 p4 xxix4 ,footnote #ah3 ,art ( ,music1 pp4 #ii seq4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! musical culture 9 ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies see ! ,introduction to ,dr4 ,naylor's ,%akespe>e & ,music1 a mo/ int]e/+ & useful little "w4 ,! divorce betwe5 music & words became complete :5 songs 7 arrang$ 9 transcriptions = v>i\s in/rum5ts4 ,= n[ ! or*e/ra & ! ,kapellmei/] h come into be+ & ! fur!r developm5t ( music is in/rum5tal4 ,) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance ) its humani/ic & pseudo-classical ideals ! dissolution is complet$4 ,poems are no long] sung b only read1 :ile in/rum5tal music foll[s its own pa?s alone4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages in/rum5tal music c sc>cely be said to h exi/$ z an art4 ,musical in/rum5ts--git]ne & ribible--7 kn[n & play$ ^u4 ,fiddl]s1 play]s1 cobbl]s1 & o!r debau*$ p]sons tramp$ ! c\ntry & appe>$ at fe/ivals 9 company ) juggl]s & m\ntebanks4 ,t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 private or*e/ras 7 ma9ta9$ by ! noble & ! weal?y4 ,/ill ! in/rum5tal b& held at be/ b a second>y place beside ! vocal *oir4 ,h>p+1 says ! anci5t b>d1 k5 ,i none1 = song is *efe ( myn-/rels4 ,! music :i* x play$ diff]$ 9 no ess5tial respect f t int5d$ = s++2 inde$ ! "p-song 0 (t5 arrang$ )\t alt]ation = in/rum5ts1 & s in/rum5tal te*nique grew out ( vocal te*nique1 b--& ?is is important--reta9+ important rhy?mic *>act]i/ics f ! dance4 ,exactly z all /one ar*itecture--,go?ic1 ,classic1 ,s>ac5ic--be>s ! features ( its wood5 p>5t1 s does our mod]n in/rum5tal music reproduce ! physiognomy ( its orig91 unit+ ! fl[+ cantil5e ( ! voice ) ! m>k$ rhy?m ( ! dance1 & we may notice 9 any mod]n in/rum5tal composition h[ ! two are contra/$ toge!r1 n[ ! "o feature pr$om9at+1 n[ ! o!r4 ,!re rema9s yet ano!r curr5t 9 ! /ream ( musical developm5t ( at lea/ equal importance ) ! gr[? ( dance & song4 ,i _c "h ent] fully into ! hi/ory ( ecclesia/ical music4 ,we are only conc]n$ ) ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ,dut* & ,italian compos]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies ^u ! developm5t ( lat] ,g]man music4 ,:ile pope & prelate c>$ only = ! out] logical %ell ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 :i* !y c\ld use z a weapon 9 _! /ruggle = p[]1 art laid hold ^u its vital ess5ce4 ,^? politicians :o are 9 ! habit ( sne]+ at ,wagn]'s /eadfa/ belief 9 ! sav+ p[] ( art = human society w\ld d well to ca/ a glance at ! c\rse ( ea* developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 ! political & ! arti/ic respectively4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages ! "o %[$ itself 9 c\ncils l ^? ( ,nicea & ,ephesus1 9 political popes l ,gregory ,,vii4 & ,innoc5t ,,iii41 9 ,isidorian decretals1 excommunications1 int]dicts1 tortures1 indulg5ces2 ! o!r 9 our m$iaeval ca!drals1 9 ! poetry ( a ,dante1 ! pa9t+s ( a ,giotto & a ,raphael1 ! sculpture ( a ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ! music ( a ,pale/r9a1 & our politician might !n ask himself :i* he ?\ght _h be5 ! m b5eficial z a social =ce4 ,!re /ill rema9 z our meagre h]itage f ^! times ( fai?1 on ! "o h& ! or?odoxy ( ! ,nic5e ,cre$1 on ! o!r c]ta9 fe/ivals & celebrations 9 ! ca!dral ( a small ,bav>ian t[n1 little kn[n1 sc>cely notic$1 b /ill 9 ! full glory ( _! pri/9e m$iaeval beauty4 ,no "o :o has n att5d$ ! celebrations 9 ! ca!dral ( ,reg5sburg c fully measure :at has be5 lo/ = mank9d ?r\gh ! dom9ation ( human rationalism 9 ! place ( religi\s devotion4 ,"h alone 9 ,europe all :o w may yet he> ! great ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury rightly p]=m$ ) ! anci5t ritual1 & ,gregorian *ant t belongs to x1 )\t pret5ce1 )\t pomp or pageant1 ) ! s+le purpose ( s]v+ ,god wor?ily 9 t true _s ( m$iaeval s9c]ity & purity :i* our hi/orians are apt to pass ov] unnotic$ 9 _! rancor\s eag]ness to proclaim ! s9s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! compositions ( ,pale/r9a & 8 compe]s repres5t music 9 its highe/ =m z pure song 9 its mo/ p]fect consummation1 atta9+ z song an elevation :i* has nev] ev5 be5 di/antly approa*$ s9ce4 ,! c5turies h no p[] ov] ! ,pale/r9a /yle1 says its hi/orian2 x c nei!r fade nor die4 ,truly does ,wagn] say we %all nev] believe ! vocal s*ool :i* foll[$ x to h be5 ! legitimate daught] ( t wondr\s "m4 ,! pr$om9ant feature ( ?is music is h>mony1 br\ght =? by ! union1 n ( s\nds1 b ( melodies--diff]5t & contra/+ melodies unit$ 9 h>mony1 t is ! *>act]i/ic ( ! polyphonic s*ool1 & ! rhy?m is m>k$1 n by acc5ts1 b by *anges ( ! *ords4 ,x is a rhy?m ( quantity alone1 n ( acc5t & quantity comb9$1 z 9 ! song & ! dance & 9 mod]n music4 ,?us1 al?\gh danc+ 0 by no means exclud$ f ! *ur* 9 e>ly times--its trace /ill rema9s 9 ! "n *oir ,greek3 *oros = t "p ( ! *ur* :]e ! danc+ 0 p]=m$#ai--;its mo/ *>act]i/ic elem5t1 acc5t1 came to be bani%$ f ! music ( ! *ur* z some?+ =eign to ! "* ( religi\s wor%ip4 ,b ! loss 0 amply repaid by ! weal? & ri*ness :i* ! h>monic /ructure 0 able to acquire1 & :i* 0 r5d]$ intelligible by t f9e & expressive me?od ( h&l+ ! sep>ate voices :i* we "k z c\nt]po9t4 ,?is is n )\t "s int]e/ = u1 because1 widely z ,wagn]'s h>monies diff] f ^? ( ,pale/r9a1 we %all f9d t !y too c (t5 only be und]/ood ?r\gh ! progression ( ! voices4 ,! same is true ( ,ba*'s h>monies4 ,h>mony 0 g5]at$ by polyphony1 & n vice v]sa2 t is1 m5 fir/ tri$ fitt+ melodies toge!r1 n *ords1 & :5 !y _h le>n$ to d ?is skilfully1 s t !y s\nd$ well toge!r1 h>mony came into be+4 ,x does n foll[ t ! music 0 unrhy?mic because x 0 unacc5t$1 & because 9 writ+ x 0 n divid$ into b>s4 ,no music c be intelligible )\t rhy?m4 ,! rhy?mic pulsations are !re2 !y are di/9ctly felt by ! he>] 9 ! p]=mance1 & 9 mod]n editions ! b>r+ is always introduc$2 b x is less crude1 less obvi\s1 ?r\gh n be+ en=c$ by /rong acc5ts4 ,footnote #ai3 ,mnil1 ,hi/oire de la ,danse1 :]e an int]e/+ acc\nt ( *ur* danc+ 9 ! ,middle ,ages w be f\nd4 ,we h already se5 h[ ! ,volksli$ became f]tiliz$ by ! polyphony ( *ur*-music4 ,at ! same "t ! music ( ! mass itself receiv$ an important impulse f ! ,volksli$4 ,! employm5t ( well-kn[n popul> song-melodies z canti f]mi 9 sacr$ contrapuntal compositions _h a v b5eficial effect ^u ^? works1 inasmu* z x introduc$ a bit ( fre% popul> life into music j at ! mom5t :5 x 0 9 dang] ( deg5]at+ into p$antry & triviality4#bj ,possibly ! secul>ization ( *ur* music w5t too f>1 & at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t ! proposal 0 v s]i\sly consid]$ :e!r ! music ( ! *ur* %\ld n be re/rict$ to ! traditional ,gregorian *ant1 :i* _h nev] be5 popul> & nev] w be1 because prie/s _c ord9>ily be f\nd to s+ x prop]ly4 ,! po9t at issue 9 ?is celebrat$ discussion really 0 :e!r 9 polyphonic song ! words c\ld be made intelligible1#ba = if n ! music w\ld become a m]e decorative feature1 & ! mass itself unmean+4 ,precisely z 9 ! ,wagn] controv]sy ( ?ree c5turies lat]1 ! "q 0 :e!r art 0 a div]sion only to be enjoy$ = ! sake ( ! pleasure :i* x af=d$1 or :e!r x _h a s]i\s didactic purpose f\nd$ on a reality4 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! simil>ity ( ! issues involv$ ) ^? ( ! ,wagn] /ruggle4 ,9 bo? ! "q 0 rais$ :e!r music c\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 deta*+ itself f its basis--9 ! "o case religi\s1 9 ! o!r dramatic--& ass]t an absolute exi/5ce = itself4 ,/ill clos] is ! resemblance :5 we consid] ! dramatic "* ( ! ,roman ritual1 ) its sublime conceptions ( ,real ,pres5ce & ,transub/antiation4 ,! ritual dur+ ,holy ,week1 = example1 is ! /ory ( ! ,passion1 p>tly n>rat$1 p>tly 9 a sort ( idealiz$ repres5tation4 ,:5 ! solemn mom5t ( ! ,crucifixion is rea*$ on ,good ,friday1 :5 ! (ficiat+ prie/s advance 9 turn to adoration :ile ! ,cross itself lifts its voice 9 ,reproa*es to ! multitude ) ,pale/r9a's music1 :o does n feel ! dramatic directness ( ! repres5tation8 ,popule meus1 quid feci tibi8 aut 9 quo contri/avi te8 responde mihi4 ,*or4 ,greek3 agios ho !os1 agios his*uros1 agios 'a?anatos4 ,quia eduxi te de t]ra ,aegypti3 p>a/i crucem ,salvatori tuo4 ,*or4 ,sanctus deus1 sanctus =tis1 sanctus et immortalis4 ,mis]]e nobis4 --,! *orus answ]+ ea* ,reproa* alt]nately 9 ! ,greek ( ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* & ! ,lat9 ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,su* music z ?is has q a diff]5t "* f t ( our conc]t-rooms2 x is music :i* means some?+4 ,footnote #bj3 ,ambros41 ,ges*41 ii4 p4 #bhf4 ,footnote #ba3 ,ambros41 ,ges*41 iv1 pp4 #ad seq4 ,! problem 0 def9itely settl$ = ! *ur* by ! music ( ,pale/r9a4 ,b he did n *ange ! c\rse ( hi/ory1 & ) 8 dea? 9 ! same ye> 7#aeid7 z t ( 8 great contempor>y ,orl&o ,lasso1 8 "w came to an end4 ,8 influ5ce _h inde$ be5 pr(\nd1 & he left z 8 disciples & successors m5 ( gifts sc>cely inf]ior to 8 own2 b ! fa%ion _h *ang$2 ,italian humanism & ! sway ( ! ,press de/roy$ wor%ip1 de/roy$ spontaneity1 & by ! ye> #afjj ! pure vocal /yle & ! ,volksli$ _h bo? pass$ away4 ,our results s f> c be v %ortly summ$ up4 ,mod]n music has ?ree ma9 elem5ts1 :i* 7 f$ f ?ree s\rces3 ,rhy?m -- ,cantil5e -- ,polyphony4 ,! dance ,volksli$ ,*ur* music4 ,x has be5 my endeav\r 9 ! prec$+ to %[ h[ ^! ?ree int]m+l$ ) & react$ ^u "o ano!r4 ,! outcome ( all ?ree has be5 mod]n ,g]man or*e/ral music2 = ! di/9ctive music ( mod]n ,g]many up to ,bee?ov5 is or*e/ral4 ,9 say+ ?is1 ,i h n =gott5 ! great ,g]man song-compos]s1 b ev5 _! "w is insignificant beside t ( ! in/rum5tali/s1 & has be5 s affect$ bo? 9 design & 9 te*nique by in/rum5tal music z 9 a great degree to lose its vocal "*4 ,! *oruses ( ,h&el & ,ba* are almo/ entirely in/rum5tal 9 "*4 ,! *ange :i* came ov] arti/ic expression f ab\t #afjj on impli$ a deep] & m vital *ange 9 ! conception ( art itself4 ,till !n m5 _h believ$ ! ?+s !y told 9 _! art4 ,byzant9e sa9ts1 ,cynewulf's ,scriptural leg5ds1 ,g]man ,held5]zhlung51 ,icel&ic ,sagas1 d[n to ! sa9ts & angels ( ! pre-,raphaelites1 all repres5t$ realities to ! poet2 he w\ld h felt no int]e/ 9 tell+ ( ?+s :i* he did n believe to be true4 ,b h5ce=w>d we h art = its own sake2 ! tru?fulness ( ! subject-matt] is ( no acc\nt2 ! sole canon ( art is beauty ( =m2 its purpose n in/ruction b pleasure4 ,i "k no episode 9 ! hi/ory ( art t is m in/ructive ?an ! bir? ( ! ,italian op]a4 ,x 0 typically a product ( ! ,r5aissance1 b x came at ! v end ( t movem5t1 :5 ! fre%ness ( its e>ly vig\r 0 pa/1 :5 le>n+ _h decl9$ into p$antry1 & its graceful art 0 lo/ 9 b>occo4 ,! p]iod ( ,italian hi/ory kn[n z ! ,r5aissance is important because x br\ght =? a great] numb] ( g5iuses ( ! highe/ rank ?an ev] exi/$ toge!r 9 any c\ntry be=e or s9ce1 except p]haps 9 ! great "t ( ,a!ns4 ,b 9 itself x 0 a falsehood4 ,x 0 an attempt to revive =m] ,italian greatness1 =gett+ t ! greatness ( ,italy _h be5 exclusively milit>y & political1 :]eas ! mod]n movem5t 0 lit]>y & arti/ic4 ,x committ$ ! blund] ( confus+ toge!r "u ! t]m classic two v diff]5t =ms ( culture1 ! ,greek & ! ,roman1 v mu* z we n[ gr\p ,h9dus1 ,moslems1 & ,*9am5 toge!r z ,ori5tals4 ,all t 0 really great 9 art 0 ,greek1 b !y 7 cont5t to receive x ?r\gh ! tradition ( ! mo/ in>ti/ic nation t ev] liv$4 ,f> inde$ 7 ! ,r5aissance humani/s f ! noble simplicity ( ,hell5ic art4 ,! ,r5aissance movem5t 9 ,italy 0 n only1 l ! ,g]man ,re=mation1 anticl]ical2 x 0 a!i/ & immoral1 at lea/ 9 its lat] deg5]ate p]iod1 & x is likely t ! repres5tatives ( ! late/ mod]nism :o met & air$ _! views 9 ! ,flor5t9e salons at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 7 inspir$ z mu* by hatr$ ( religion1 or by :at is call$ love ( fre$om1 z by en?usiasm = art4 ,hi!rto ! ,r5aissance _h tak5 little notice ( music4 ,x 0 a b>b>ian art2 h[ c\ld ,flor5t9e exquisites1 disciples ( ,ma*iavelli1 m5 ( ! ve9 ( ,lor5zo di ,m$ici1 ,leo ,x41 & ,baldass>i ,ca/iglione be expect$ to occupy !mselves ) ! art ( m5 be>+ su* names z ,okeghem or ,obre*t8 ,popes & ,c>d9als1 h[ev]1 _h %[n !mselves mu* bett] connoisseurs ( art ?an ! humani/s1 & _h br\ght ^! b>b>ians to ,italy1 _h giv5 !m high appo9tm5ts & become _! pupils4 ,! fact t ! antipa?y ( ! humani/s to music 0 ext5d$ to t ( _! own great c\ntrym51 to ,pale/r9a1 ,vittoria1 ,suriano1 _c be entirely acc\nt$ = by _! dislike ( ev]y?+ cl]ical1 /ill less by want ( ta/e4 ,! cause lay f> deep]4 ,x 0 ! transition f ! old ord] to ! new1 f m$iaeval fai? to mod]n rationalism1 f art to sci5ce4 ,art & sci5ce bo? contemplate ,nature1 & seek to turn h] gifts to acc\nt to bett] & ennoble human life4 ,art accepts ! beautiful objects ( ,nature z !y are1 )\t que/ion+4 ,! arti/ says3 ,let me lead y by ! h&2 ,i h se5 some?+ new & beautiful2 "h x is2 try to see x too1 ) my help1 t we may bo? enjoy x toge!r4 ,b he uses no compulsion2 ) ^? :o turn a deaf e> to him he is p[]less4 ,sci5ce on ! o!r h& tries to compel belief by irresi/ible processes ( logic2 ! sci5ti/'s axiom is t if ! premises be true ! conclusion mu/ foll[1 & he p\rs scorn ^u all :o refuse ass5t to 8 int]pretations1 d5\nc+ !m z ignorant1 sup]/iti\s1 if n wilfully bl9d & p]v]se4 ,my/]y1 accord+ to ! anci5ts ! beg9n+ ( philosophy1 has no place 9 sci5ce2 :at _c be expla9$ is sup]/iti\s & mu/ be reject$ z false4 ,! s\rce ( art1 z ( religion1 mu/ be s\ght n 9 ! ineffable1 incompreh5sible ph5om5a ( nature1 b 9 ! human m9d1 9 reason1 to :i* all art mu/ con=m4 ,?is 0 ! _s 9 :i* ! f\nd]s ( ! nuove musi*e s\ght to c>ry out _! re=ms2 _! intol]ance rivals t ( ,lucretius or ,haeckel4 ,x is impossible to suppose t m5 ( _! highly-cultur$ ae/hetic s5se 7 deaf to ! purely musical beauty ( polyphony4 ,!y 7 tra9$ 9 its s*ool1 & _h employ$ x !mselves mo/ skilfully 9 _! madrigals4 ,x 0 ! my/]y ( ! mass & ( its att5dant music :i* !y dete/$4 ,ano!r consid]ation mu/ be add$4 ,h& 9 h& ) ?is rationaliz+ t5d5cy1 inde$ only ano!r phase ( ! same ph5om5on1 is ! /riv+ = self-ass]tion ( ! individual1 :i* is ! m>k ( all progress t[>ds high] civilization4 ,! contrapuntal mass or motet express$ ! commonweal? ( ! ,*ur*1 :]e ! individual disappe>s1 absorb$ 9 ! community4 ,! nuove musi*e s\ght to emancipate ! individual1 & all[ him to express 8 own indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,?us ! progress ( ! mod]n musical drama pres5ts an exact p>allel to t ( ! ,greek drama1 f be=e ,!spis onw>ds1 except t "h ! *ange f lyric to dramatic repres5tation 0 sl[]1 because1 !re be+ no preconceiv$ plan or model = ! re=m]s to "w by1 ! developm5t 0 gradual & natural in/ead ( viol5t4 ,! ye> #afjj m>ks ) consid]able accuracy ! transition f ! old ord] to ! new4 ,! two greate/ ma/]s ( ! old s*ool _h rec5tly di$1 & ) !m _! "w expir$4 ,at ! w$d+ ( ,h5ri ,,iv4 ( ,france ) ,m>ia de' ,m$ici 9 ,flor5ce1 9 t ye>1 0 p]=m$ ! op]a ,euridice1 ! jo9t "w ( ,cacc9i & ,p]i1 :i* is ! />t+-po9t ( ! new music4 ,! details ( ! inv5tion ( ! nuove musi*e1 ! ideas :i* br\ght x =?1 h[ ^! 7 nurs$ 9 ! salons ( ,flor5t9e noblem51 especially 9 t ( ,b>di ,conte ,v]nio1 are all well kn[n4 ,!y did n proce$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f musicians1 b f s*ol>s1 :o1 hav+ read 9 ! c\rse ( _! /udies ab\t ,grecian 7or ,roman--x 0 all ! same to !m7 dramatic music1 det]m9$ to add to ! o!r accompli%m5ts ( ! new ord] t ( reviv+ ! anci5t drama ) its music4 ,!y 7 vehem5t 9 _! d5unciations ( ! b>b>\s in/itutions ( c\nt]po9t & l\dly call$ = a return to ! only true pr9ciples ( music z taught by ! anci5ts4 ,) ?is end 9 view !y drew into _! circle ! mo/ gift$ musicians :om !y c\ld f9d1 & exp\nd$ to will+ & zeal\s e>s ! pr9ciples ( music z embodi$ 9 ! rules ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 omitt+1 h[ev]1 to /ate :]e !y f\nd !m 9 ! works ( ^? philosoph]s4 ,! fir/ result 0 ! op]a1 or op]as 7= !re seem to h be5 two1 "o by ,cacc9i & "o by ,p]i1 weld$ into "o7 ,euridice p]=m$ at ! royal w$d+4 ,x 0 foll[$ by o!r simil> works & ! s]ies has cont9u$ 9 unbrok5 c\rse = ?ree c5turies1 ?r\gh ,montev]de1 ,c>issimi1 ,a4 ,sc>latti1 d[n to our own "t4 ,! physiognomy ( ! e>ly op]as ( ! classic revival is /ill di/9ctly traceable 9 ,ross9i1 ,donizetti1 & ! e>ly ,v]di1 aft] :om its c>e] 0 sudd5ly cut %ort almo/ 9 ! height ( its fame by ! publication ( ! fir/ "p ( ,wagn]'s ,op] und ,drama 9 #ahea4 ,f ! v beg9n+ ! ,italian op]a 0 :at x is n[1 frivol\s1 ins9c]e1 imbecile4 ,its sole function 01 & always has be51 to help idl]s ( ! upp] classes to :ile away _! ev5+s4 ,! absurd notion ( a ,platonic music 0 rivall$ by ! absurdity ( ! composition4 ,! inane dialogue 0 made up ( int]m9able recitative1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* an occasional *orus--introduc$ 9 con=mity ) suppos$ classical practice--mu/ h come z a mo/ refre%+ relief2 = *oruses !y c\ld write4 ,x 0 dramatic 9 s f> t x 0 provid$ ) all ! p>aph]nalia ( ! /age & t ! s+]s walk$ ab\t z !y sang4 ,possibly1 too1 ! p]=m]s _h "s initiation into mod]n me?ods ( op]atic act+1 & w\ld raise "o arm at ! ^w cielo1 two arms at c]ta9 o!r words1 etc42 b x w\ld be h>d to detect any liv+ dramatic idea 9 ^? my?ological h]oes & h]o9es1 ,dafnes1 ,amors1 ,tirsis1 ,ariannas dress$ up z /age %eph]ds & %eph]desses4 ,! only raison d'tre ( ! music 9 ! m9ds ( ! fa%ionable audi5ce 0--!n z n[--to provide a /imulus = conv]sation & flirt+1 or a pleasant div]sion 9 ! int]vals ( _! bus9ess transactions4 ,b x is easy to ridicule ! follies & failures ( m5 :o 7 /riv+ aft] an ideal4 ,m pr(itable to u x w be to trace :at sub/antiality _! dream ( dramatic revival really possess$1 & if we /rip x ( ! false g>m5t ( classicity 9 :i* x masqu]ad$1 & ( its self-ass]t+ intol]ance1 !re is no "q t1 :atev] ! results ( ! ef=ts ( ^! re=m]s1 _! int5tion 0 admirable4 ,!y !mselves1 ! compos]s1 7 deeply 9 e>ne/2 _! objects 7 n :at !y suppos$1 b !y 7 entirely wor?y1 & ?\gh we may wond] at _! failure to appreciate ! entranc+ beauty ( polyphonic music1 we mu/ admit ev5 "h t _! objections 7 n )\t "s =ce4 ,to realize ?is we mu/ transf] ourselves 9 imag9ation to _! conditions & endeav\r to consid] ! problems f _! /&po9t1 rememb]+ h[ !y 7 impell$ by ! irresi/ible law ( progress1 ! ass]tion ( individualism1 & by ! desire = dramatic treatm5t4 ,! ma9 objection br\ght by ! re=m]s aga9/ polyphony 0 t ! elaborate imitative treatm5t ( ! voices made ! words un9telligible4 ,we may rememb] t exactly ! same objection _h already be5 rais$ at ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t by cl]icals !mselves4 ,vocal music alone1 ! re=m]s cont5d$1 c be recogniz$ z true music1 = music is ess5tially language & rhy?m1 & only 9 ! la/ place tone4#bb ,consequ5tly1 "r declamation is ( its ess5ce4 ,on ?is gr\nd !y object$ to mix+ toge!r high notes & l[1 fa/ movem5t & sl[1 to divid+ a syllable betwe5 _m notes1 to repetition ( words & phrases4 ,especially significant is ! advice giv5 by ,v9c5tio ,galilei to compos]s to /udy ! expression ( gift$ actors4#bc ,footnote #bb3 ,ambros41 iv1 p4#afe4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ib441 p4 #agj4 ,x is impossible n to treat s]i\sly a movem5t f\nd$ ^u su* argum5ts z ^!4 ,!y are 9 ! ma9 incontrov]tible4 ,we seem to be brea?+ ! v atmosph]e ( ,wagn]1 & x w\ld be sc>cely too mu* to say t ! humani/ movem5t ( ! ,b>di salon 0 9 its int5tion ! =]unn] ( ! ,g]man movem5t dream$ ( by ,h]d]1 ,s*ill]1 ,jean ,paul1 & accompli%$ by ,wagn]1 :o at la/ succe$$ 9 f9d+ :at ! o!rs _h s\ght1 namely1 ! true relations betwe5 words1 music1 & act+4 ,ev5 ! idea ( conceal+ ! or*e/ra orig9at$ ) !m4 ,:y1 !n1 did x n succe$8 ,:y did ! v "n ( ,italian op]a become a by-^w = all t is frivol\s & in>ti/ic 9 dramatic art8 ,! answ] mu/ be s\ght 9 ! dictum ( ,dean ,milman quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,art is an organic gr[?1 & _c be creat$ by au?ority4 ,a drama :i* has be5 manufactur$ by fitt+ toge!r words1 action1 & music 9 su* mann] z appe>s "r to ! compos]1 or accord+ to models1 real or fanciful1 h[ev] skilful be ! execution1 is no drama2 x lacks ! brea? ( life2 x is n a liv+ organism1 b an artificial c\nt]feit4 ,9 ,wagn]'s !oretical writ+s !re are few ?+s ( m practical importance ?an ! pr9ciple repeat$ly insi/$ ^u t a "w ( art is n a production ( a gift$ arti/ :i* he exhibits = 8 audi5ce to criticize1 & ei!r to admire & enjoy or to reject accord+ to _! capacities1 b is a mutual int]action1 a conv]sation z x 7 betwe5 ! arti/ & 8 public1 to :i* bo? contribute4 ,nor is art a div]sion to be tak5 up z a relaxation aft] ! fatigue ( s]i\s "w1 b a lab\r requir+ ! be/ ef=ts ( ! he>]'s faculties4 ,e arti/ wor?y ( ! "n has some?+ new to say1 some?+ :i* has n be5 he>d be=e1 b is *>act]i/ically 8 own1 & _c be und]/ood )\t an ef=t4 ,arti/ & he>] mu/ co-op]ate toge!r t[>ds a common end4 ,wagn]'s fir/ purpose ?r\gh\t 8 life 0 to educate 8 public1 or1 to use 8 own phrase1 prep>e a soil 9 :i* 8 art c\ld fl\ri%4 ,:5ev] an attempt is made to create an art by au?ority1 :e!r x be ,c\rt patronage1 !oretical exposition1 or any o!r =m ( au?ority1 ?is important pr9ciple is =gott54 ,! w\ld-be tea*]s ( ! p scatt] ! se$ irrespectively ( ! soil1 & ! attempt1 h[ev] laudable1 is ill-tim$4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,italian op]a has be5 told by ,wagn] himself 9 ! ent]ta9+ pages ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,op] und ,drama1 :i* %\ld be c>efully read by all :o wi% to ga9 a di/9ct und]/&+ ( 8 aims4 ,a useful supplem5t to ,wagn]'s treatise w be f\nd 9 a conv]sation :i* took place betwe5 him & ,ross9i 9 #ahfj1 a scrupul\sly exact acc\nt ( :i* has be5 publi%$ =ty-six ye>s aft] x took place f notes tak5 at ! "t 9 a pamphlet by ,e4 ,mi*otte ( ,brussels4#bd ,footnote #bd3 ,p>is1 ,librairie ,fis*ba*]1 #aijf4 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible = ! op]a to cont9ue z x _h begun4 ,p w\ld n h gone to ! !atre to he> dre>y recitatives1 & f ! v fir/ we he> ( concessions be+ made to ! s+]s--i4e4 to ! audi5ce4 ,by degrees !re =ms itself t peculi> k9d ( vocal melody :i* we recognize to-day z di/9ctively ,italian4 ,n1 be x not$1 melody prop]1 :i* is ! v true/ expression ( ! human s\l2 n ! melody t 0 kn[n to ! great ,g]mans1 b nak$1 e>-tickl+1 absolute melodic melody2 melody :i* is no?+ b melody2 :i* glides into our e>s--we "k n :y2 :i* we s+ aga9--we "k n :y2 :i* to-day we ex*ange = t ( ye/]day1 & =get to-morr[--/ill we "k n :y2 :i* is sad :5 we are gay1 m]ry :5 we are sorr[ful1 & :i* we yet hum--j because we "k n :y4 ,let u n be misl$ by ,wagn]'s bant]+ description into despis+ ,italian melody & suppos+ x to be a ?+ utt]ly wor?less4 ,true1 x has n ! musical elevation ( ,g]man melody4 ,! little ,neapolitan ur*9 :o basks all day 9 ! sun%9e1 s+s1 /eals1 & is ready to drive a knife into 8 companion1 is n p]haps z high a type ( humanity z ! ,engli% public-s*ool boy4 ,nev]!less he has a *>m entirely 8 own1 & 8 l>ge r\nd eyes w make y =get 8 s9s4 ,woe to art & to mank9d :5 our he>ts are clos$ to su* influ5ces6 ,italian op]atic melody is ! expression ( ,s\!rn ,italian individuality1 & has 9 its v irresponsibility a c]ta9 fasc9ation diff]5t f t ( ! f> nobl] ,g]man music4 ,wagn] wag$ w>f>e1 n aga9/ ! ,italian op]a1 n aga9/ op]atic compos]s1 b aga9/ impo/ors & sophi/s1 & :ile trampl+ ^u ! s]p5t 9 8 own pa? he 0 z little likely to rema9 unt\*$ by ! good-natur$ lovabl5ess ( ! ,italian z he 0 to slight ! high intellig5ce1 ! arti/ic receptiv5ess & ?or\ghness ( ! ,fr5*4 ,on read+ 8 works x is h>d to escape ! impression ( a lurk+ fondness = ,ross9i on ,wagn]'s "p1 ev5 :ile he is mak+ game ( ! :ole s*ool4 ,above all1 ,italian melody possesses "o quality :i* is ! highe/ ( all 9 melody--x is em95tly s+able4 ,no ,g]man1 unless p]haps ,h&el1 ev] und]/ood ! human voice z did ! ,italians4 ,wagn]'s own words leave no d\bt z to :at he ?\ght4 ,9 "o ( 8 e>lie/ writ+s he utt]s a pray] t ,g]man compos]s may "o day write su* melody & le>n su* treatm5t ( ! voice z are f\nd 9 ,bell9i's ,norma4 ,b1 l ,odysseus1 he /opp$ 8 e>s to ! sir5-song 78 own expression7 :ile at ! same "t le>n+ f x & assimilat+ :at 0 good !re94 ,wagn]'s vocal melody 0 l>gely modell$ on t ( ! ,italians4 ,tri/an itself 0 conceiv$ = ,italian s+]s1 & ! "p ( ,isolde 0 orig9ally int5d$ = ,mdlle4 ,tietj5s4 ,he ev5 adopt$ ,italian mann]isms1 op]atic turns1 trills1 susp5sions1 cad5ces1 & bravura tricks4 ,we may foll[ h[ ^! ,italicisms appe>+ 9 all _! banality 9 8 e>li] works become m & m expressive z 8 /yle develops4 ,music3 ,ri5zi1 ,,act ,v4 ,du /rk-le/ mi*1 du gabt mir ho-he ,kraft ,music3 ,tri/an und ,isolde1 ,,act ,,iii4 ,won 4 4 4 ne ,kla-g5d ,cad5ces ( ! common ,italian type ) #f_/d *ord or susp5sion sw>m 9 ,tannhus] & ,loh5gr94 ,9 ,tri/an !y nev] h ! /]eotyp$ "* :i* !y h 9 8 e>li] works4 ,music3 ,loh5gr91 ,,act ,,ii4 ,e9 ,glck dass oh-ne ,reu ,! f9] *>act]i/ics ( ,italian melody1 t easy tunefulness :i* seems to h sprung naturally & )\t ef=t out ( ! me*anism ( ! vocal organs1 is above all noticeable 9 ! music ( 8 noble/ creation1 ,brnnhilde4 ,music3 ,walkre1 ,,act ,,iii4 ,,sc5e ,i4 ,o heh re-/es ,wun-d] ,music3 h]r - - - li*-/e ,maid ,music3 ,siegfri$ ,,act ,,iii4 ,,sc5e ,,iii4 ,sieg-fri$-es ,/]n 444 ,sie i/ mir e-wig1 i/ mir im-m] ,erb' und ,eig - en 444 ,e9 444 er i/ mir ,! fl[]-maid5s' *orus 9 ,p>sifal might be call$ ! apo!osis ( ,italian song4 ,:at ,wagn] means by 8 sca?+ ridicule ( ! ,italian op]a & ,italian melody1 is n t x is wor?less1 b t x has no mean+4 ,9 %ort x is n ! drama4 ,we recogniz$ ! radical fault ( ! ,italian op]a to be its subord9ation ( ! drama to ! music4 ,9 opposition to ?is x has be5 ass]t$ t ! music aids ! drama by c>ry+ on ! action4 ,let u exam9e ?is by ! light ( "o example1 ! well-kn[n s$uction sc5e ( ,z]l9a 9 ,don ,giovanni4 ,! =m ( music z su* is det]m9$ by rhy?mic repetitions ( !mes1 v>i$ or n4 ,! sc5e is full ( dramatic *>m & has great capabilities4 ,don ,giovanni beg9s ins9uat+ly3 ,give me y\r h&1 ,z]l9a2 come away ) me to my ca/le4 ,! timid peasant girl at fir/ hesitates4 ,no1 no1 %e replies1 ,i d>e n--yet h[ ,i %\ld l to6--b :at w\ld ,masetto say8 ,all ?is is 9 ! mo/ w9n+ & s$uctive melody2 x is exactly ! tone 9 :i* a "y nobleman & a r coquetti% b entirely innoc5t "y girl w\ld express !mselves4 ,! situation becomes w>m]2 ,don ,giovanni is m press+--he puts 8 arm r\nd h]--he is j ab\t to kiss h]1 :5 sudd5ly ! sc5e beg9s ov] aga9 f ! beg9n+ ) ,give me y\r h&1 etc41 & ! :ole episode is r5d]$ absurd6 ,up to ?is po9t we h be5 s transport$ by ! int]e/ ( ! sc5e & ! appropriat5ess ( ! expression t we almo/ feel ourselves to be tak+ "p 9 x1 b ! repetition *ecks our feel+s l a d\*e1 by ! necessity felt by ! compos] ( pres]v+ ! musical =m4 ,_h ! action & ! music be5 c>ri$ "r ?r\gh to ! second "p1 ,z]l9a's inexpressibly t5d] ,music3 ,an-diam6 w\ld h be5 mo/ ?rill+1 & ! way w\ld h be5 naturally prep>$ = ! entry ( ,elvira j 9 "t to save h]4 ,absolute or in/rum5tal music requires ! /rict =m :i* is effect$ by means ( balanc$ repetitions 9 ord] to supply t intellectual elem5t )\t :i* x _c be und]/ood1 & :i* 9 vocal music is af=d$ by ! words4 ,! drama ne$s no su* re/rictions & _c endure !m4 ,human actions are n subject to me*anical laws2 !y are intelligible 9 !mselves1 b _c be measur$ out4 ,human life is a cont9u\s :ole1 "o action leads naturally on to ano!r1 )\t any break1 & to attempt to range ! actions ( m5 & wom5 "u s*emes ( arias1 cavat9as1 duets1 *oruses1 ea* exi/+ = itself & %>ply sep>at$ f all o!rs1 c only r5d] !m un9telligible & ridicul\s4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama ,,& ,,its ,,antec$5ts ,we h already se5 t ! drama is di/+ui%$ f all o!r =ms ( art by its ess5tial quality ( directly enact+ ! ?+s to be communicat$ in/ead ( m]ely describ+ !m4 ,s9ce only human ?+s c fitly be s enact$ by human be+s1 dramatic art is g5]ally id5tical ) human art2 x is ! art ( repres5t+ ! actions ( m5 & wom5--or ( deities conceiv$ z idealiz$ human be+s--9 su* a way z to reveal ! motives by :i* !y are impell$1 _! *>act]s4 ,! adjective dramatic may1 h[ev]1 be und]/ood 9 two ways1 accord+ z our int]e/ is c5tr$ 9 ! actions !mselves1 _! contra/s & conflicts1 or 9 ! motives or *>act]s ( ! p]sons engag$4 ,9 ! =m] case ! drama w endeav\r to repres5t decisive & excit+ actions pass+ 9 rapid succession be=e ! eyes4 ,?is may be call$ ! spectacul> drama1 & its greate/ ma/] is ,s*ill]4 ,:5 ,goe! is describ$ z ! lea/ dramatic ( all great poets x is 9 ?is s5se t ! ^w is us$4 ,goe! (t5 hank]$ aft] spectacul> effects1 b 0 nev] v successful 9 produc+ !m4 ,b if we consid] ! ess5ce ( a dramatic conception to lie 9 ! conflict ( oppos+ motives1 n necess>ily dis*>g+ !mselves z action1 b subdu$1 & ! m impressive because kept "u re/ra9t )9 ! s\l ( ! actor1 we %all rank ,goe! among/ ! v =emo/ ( dramatic poets4 ,examples ( :at ,i w call ! moral drama are all ,goe!'s matur] plays1 su* z ,tasso & ,iphig5ie4 ,to ?is class also belong ,less+'s ,na?an d] ,weise & ! repres5tative ,fr5* plays ( ! classic epo*4 ,!y are1 g5]ally speak+1 bad /age plays1 b are extremely int]e/+ to read1 & ga9 9 int]e/ ! m !y are /udi$4 ,9 ! works ( ! greate/ ( all dramati/s1 su* z ,sophokles & ,%akespe>e1 ! spectacul> & moral elem5ts are s closely unit$ z to be insep>able4 ,9 ! ,attic drama ! m /rik+ spectacul> ev5ts _h1 = te*nical reasons1 to be kept out ( sight4 ,ajax pi]c+ himself ) 8 sword1 ,o$ipus te>+ out 8 own eyes1 are1 l ! ?und]/orm 9 ,le>1 ! outcome ( t]rific int]nal motives bur/+ all conf9es ) ! =ce ( an irresi/ible torr5t4 ,our int]e/ is c5tr$1 n 9 ! actions !mselves1 b 9 ! motives :i* produc$ !m1 9 ! *>act]s4 ,wagn]1 ) 8 consci5ti\s habit ( acc\nt+ to himself = ev]y?+ t he did1 f\nd 8 arti/ic level m sl[ly ?an d mo/ poets4 ,:5 ! /yli/ic crudities ( 8 e>li] productions _h be5 ov]come1 he began ! "w ( 8 matur] life ) ,rhe+old1 ! mo/ spectacul> drama ev] writt54 ,walkre & ,siegfri$ 7 cont9u$ 9 ! same ve91 & x is v significant t he broke (f ! composition & laid ! "w aside j at ! mon/r\s dragon-fight4 ,x is no /ra9$ conjecture t z ! difficulties ( 8 gigantic subject accumulat$ he at la/ realiz$ ! practical impossibility ( :at he _h und]tak54 ,to br+ ! :ole /ory ( ! fall ( ! anci5t ,g]manic gods into a spectacul> drama on ! scale ( ! ,r+ 0 beyond ev5 8 mighty p[]s1 & 9 ,die ,walkre he is l a man try+ to break away f ! pa? :i* he has laid d[n = himself1 to get rid ( ! cumb]some spectacul> elem5t & let ! action develop itself naturally f )94 ,) all its unrivall$ beauties ! ,r+ z a drama is a mon/rosity4 ,x turns ^u motives :i* are n app>5t f ! actions & h to be expla9$ 9 dre>y & mo/ undramatic l5g?4 ,its v f\ndation is wrong2 its c5tral figure1 ! prime au?or ( ! new & m bless$ _w :i* is to foll[1 is ! (fspr+ ( an ince/u\s union = :i* !re is no occasion :atev]4 ,! my? itself has sometimes be5 held responsible1 & x has be5 ass]t$ t ,wagn] _h to reproduce ! tradition z he receiv$ x4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is true2 ,wagn] has alt]$ ! entire /ory1 tak+1 leav+1 or alt]+ j z he pleas$4 ,9 ! ,vlsunga p>aphrase ( ,eddic lays1 ^u :i* ! /ory ( ! ,r+ is f\nd$1 ! *ild ( ! unnatural union is n ,sigurd1 n ! gold5 h]o :om e *ild lov$1 b ! savage outlaw ,s9fjtli1 half wolf1 half robb]1 "o ( ! mo/ t]rible creations ( my?ology4 ,to conceive su* a union z br++ =? a h]o :om we are expect$ to reg>d z ! v type ( human nobility & guilelessness is an arti/ic blund] :i* we c only expla9 by suppos+ t ,wagn] f\nd 8 mat]ial unmanageable4 ,he 0 /ruggl+ ) impossibilities & gave up ! attempt4 ,f ?is he turn$ to ,tri/an1 ru%+ at once to ! opposite extreme4 ,! abs5ce ( cle> & decisive action 9 ,tri/an is z rem>kable z ! excess ( action 9 ! ,r+4 ,p]suad$ t ! motives & *>act]s ( m5 mu/ be kn[n be=e _! actions c be und]/ood1 & t ^! c only be reveal$ 9 music1 he has giv5 u 9 ,tri/an music su* z no mortal e> ev] he>d be=e or s9ce2 b action !re is little or none4 ,he sc>cely deigns to tell ev5 ! mo/ vital incid5ts ( ! /ory4 ,c any "o say t he has und]/ood ! ev5ts connect$ ) ,morold & ,tri/an's fir/ visit to ,irel& & ! spl9t] ( ! sword f ! play itself )\t an indep5d5t explanation8 ,or t ,tri/an's reasons = c>ry+ (f ,isolde are cle> to him f ,m>ke's acc\nt8 ,)\t ^! incid5ts ! :ole /ory is un9telligible1 b ) ,wagn] 9 8 !n mood !y c\nt$ = no?+ 9 ! flood ( emotional mat]ial4 ,x 0 9 ,die ,mei/]s+] t ,wagn] f\nd ! f9al equation betwe5 impulse & action1 & ! public has aga9 judg$ rightly 9 plac+ t "w fir/ among all 8 dramatic compositions4 ,b ! musician & ! philosoph] w always turn to ,tri/an4 ,!re are f\r pr9cipal epo*s 9 :i* ! drama has be5 a fl\ri%+ reality 9 ,europe4 ,!y are3 #a4 ,9 ,a!ns 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 #b4 ,9 ,elizabe?an ,engl&4 #c4 ,9 ,spa9 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #d4 ,9 ,france "u ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,( ! influ5ce ( ! ,elizabe?an drama ^u ! ,wagn]ian drama x is difficult to speak to any good purpose4 ,%akespe>e is ! common h]itage ( all ,g]man dramati/s1 ,wagn] z well z o!rs1 & x is n too mu* to say t ! en?usiasm = ,%akespe>e :i* began t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ! /imulus :i* r\s$ ! ,g]man nation to create a drama ( its own4 ,x is en\gh = ! pres5t if we note t ! ,elizabe?an drama is *>act]i/ically human & popul>4 ,true1 ! ,elizabe?ans revel 9 c\rts & high society1 z d ! populace2 !y repres5t k+s & rul]s z !y are beheld f outside1 & !re is always a ,sampson or ,gregory1 or ,citiz5 or ,m]*ant ready z a *orus to express ) great %rewdness 8 op9ion ( ! do+s ( 8 bett]s4 ,= an opposite reason we may pass ov] v %ortly ! ,fr5* classical drama1 namely1 because x does n seem to h weigh$ ) ,wagn] at all4 ,corneille1 ,rac9e1 & _! contempor>ies are little m5tion$ 9 8 writ+s2 c]ta9ly he %[s no en?usiasm = _! art4 ,yet ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* /age 0 by no means a negligible quantity 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,g]man drama4 ,x 0 ,less+ :o 9 ! tr5*ant prose ( 8 ,hamburg] ,dramaturgie fir/ revolt$ aga9/ ! ,fr5* dom9ation1 ! /r5g? ( :i* may be judg$ f ! li/ !re giv5 ( works p]=m$ 9 ! ,hamburg !atre f ,april to ,july #agfg4 ,( ! fifty-two plays !re enum]at$1 fifte5 7 ,g]man1 ?irty-five ,fr5*1 & two f o!r languages--only "o be+ ,engli%4 ,9 itself ! ,fr5* influ5ce 0 n altoge!r = evil2 :at 0 bad 0 ! unlimit$ sway ( a =eign art4 ,! ,fr5* s5se = elegance ( =m is f> m acute ?an t ( ei!r ,g]mans or ,engli%m51 b ) ! ,l\is ,quatorze dramati/s x _h deg5]at$ into p$antry4 ,! ,unities1 rightly und]/ood1 are a v important feature ( e drama4 ,ari/otle has treat$ ?is mu* vex$ "q ) 8 cu/om>y ,hell5ic mod]ation4 ,inn] unity is an indisp5sable qualification ( e "w ( art2 dramatic unity is te*nically call$ ,unity ( ,action1 t is1 ! m9d mu/ be able to receive ! "w z a :ole1 & x mu/ h a beg9n+1 a middle1 & an end4 ,only nature is at once v>i$ & et]nal4 ,out ( ?is may proce$ ! ,unities ( ,"t & ,place1 b s f> f be+ obligatory !y 7 n ev5 always obs]v$ 9 ! ,greek tragic drama itself1 :]e !y seem specially call$ = by ! pres5ce ( ! *orus & :]e ! fact t a dramatic p]=mance 0 always a competition made "s re/rictions b9d+ ^u all competitors necess>y4 ,ari/otle's only rule ab\t "t is t ! l5g? mu/ be su* t x c be easily compreh5d$ 7,poet41 vii4 #adej;b71 & he adds 9 a g5]al way t 9 8 day trag$y g5]ally tri$ z f> z possible to keep )9 "o revolution ( ! sun1 or !reab\ts 7,ib41 v4 #addi;b74 ,( ! ?ird ,unity1 t ( ,place1 he says no?+ at all4 ,ari/otle's em95tly practical g5]alizations ( ! features ( ! drama z x exi/$ 9 ,a!ns 9 8 day 7 exalt$ by ! ,fr5* dramati/s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury into rigid inviolable laws1 & a dramati/ w\ld 9 a d\btful case ?9k x necess>y to demon/rate to 8 public 9 a special disc\rse t he _h n be5 guilty ( any brea* ( ! law 9 ?is respect6 ,! au?ority ( ! supreme law-giv] 0 inconte/able2 ! only "q 0 h[ to int]pret 8 enactm5ts4 ,does1 = example1 "o revolution ( ! sun mean twelve h\rs or tw5ty-f\r8 ,?is & o!r su* weighty matt]s 7 subjects ( w>m controv]sy4 ,less+'s m9d 0 critical r ?an creative2 he1 too1 0 an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( ,ari/otle1 & read ) f> tru] arti/ic intellig5ce ?an ,corneille4 ,! criticism ( 8 ,hamburgis*e ,dramaturgie cle>$ ! way = ! great creative poets ( ! end ( ! eighte5? & fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( exp]im5t1 bo? 9 subject-matt] & 9 =m4 ,! latt] hov]s betwe5 t ( classic tradition & ! lic5ce ( ,%akespe>e1 :ile ! subjects are g5]ally tak5 f =eign hi/ory or f ,greek my?ology2 only occasionally1 z 9 ,gtz von ,b]li*+5 & ,wall5/e91 f ,g]man hi/ory4 ,! entire dramatic movem5t ( ?is p]iod is an endeav\r to f9d a workable compromise betwe5 ! classic & ! ,elizabe?an drama1 an endeav\r :i* atta9$ a fair measure ( success a little lat] 9 ! sup]b classic trag$ies ( ,grillp>z]4 ,/ill1 noble z 7 its a*ievem5ts 9 ?is direction1 ! ,g]man nation _h high] aims4 ,z x ga9$ 9 self-consci\sness & conceiv$ its own arti/ic ideals x c\ld n b feel itself wor?y to br+ =? an art *>act]i/ically its own4 ,till n[ ! only indig5\s ,g]man art _h be5 in/rum5tal music1 & ! /up5d\s a*ievem5ts ( a ,ba*1 a ,haydn1 a ,bee?ov5 mu/ h help$ to br+ home to ! ,g]mans ! arti/ic capabilities lat5t )9 !m4 ,! decisive /ep 9 ,g]man art 0 tak5 by ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 ^: appe>ance is l a _w-cata/rophe4 ,9 "o va/ flood1 comp>able only to ! tide ( 8 ov]:elm+ music1 all t 0 trivial & exp]im5tal 0 swept away4 ,:at 0 /rong en\gh to swim 9 ! tide 0 invigorat$ & /r5g!n$2 ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,klei/1 ,grillp>z]1 ,web]1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 & _! compe]s are bo? bett] p]=m$ & bett] und]/ood n[ ?an !y 7 be=e ,wagn]'s appe>ance1 b all ! second-rate has p]i%$4 ,! days ( exp]im5t+ h pass$2 ! dang] n[ ?reat5+ ,g]man art is n f abroad1 b is )9 itself1 f ^? ( its own body :o1 j :5 ! only hope lies 9 sobriety & self-re/ra9t1 are goad+ x on ! c>e] ( intoxication4 ,!re rema9 ! ,hell5ic & ! ,spani% dramas4 ,wagn]'s true spiritual prog5itors 7 ,sophokles & ,cald]on4 ,diff]5t z are ! creations ( two su* widely sep>at$ epo*s 9 _! ext]nal physiognomy1 !y possess "o vital *>act]i/ic 9 common4 ,9 bo? man is ! in/rum5t ( high] p[]s2 :e!r !y be1 z 9 ! "o case1 ,zeus or ,ate1 or1 z 9 ! o!r1 ,hon\r or ,*ri/ian fai?1 matt]s little4 ,^! are ! real actors1 imp]sonat$ 9 fle% & blood 9 ! h]oes4 ,an ,engli%man :o1 l myself1 is ignorant ( ! ,spani% language & p c nev] hope to und]/&1 /ill less to exp\nd1 _! lit]ature4 ,! ,spani% drama is l>gely dep5d5t ^u subtleties ( metre & diction :i* _c be reproduc$ 9 translations1 & x is inspir$ by motives v diff]5t f our own4 ,our wat*words are self-int]e/1 fre$om1 progress2 ^? natural to ! ,spani>d are hon\r & ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity4 ,no great p has be5 s uni=mly true to ! traditions ( its nationality z ! ,spani%4 ,alone among ! nations ,spa9 has refus$ to assimilate ! rationali/ =mulas fa%ionable 9 o!r c\ntries2 %e has pref]r$ to rel9qui% h] =emo/ place 9 ! ,european commonweal? r ?an h] ideals4 ,to u ! policy ( ,philip ,,ii appe>s z p]v]se z ! notions ( hon\r & ,*ri/ianity appe> extravagant 9 ,spani% dramas2 ! reason is t we are n ,spani>ds1 & we read _! hi/ory ?r\gh ! spectacles ( rationali/ hi/orians4 ,b if we once conc$e _! fundam5tal notions z !y und]/& !m1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge t ,spani% hi/ory & ,spani% art proce$ directly out ( !m m logically1 m naturally1 ?an 9 ^? nations :i* are cont9ually be+ drawn aside1 n[ ?is way1 n[ ! o!r1 by ! political notions & pass+ philosophies ( ! day4 ,wagn] made 8 fir/ acqua9tance ) ! ,spani% drama 9 ! w9t] ( #aheg-eh1 :5 engag$ on ! composition ( ,tri/an1 & at once seiz$ its "* ) ! sympa!tic insight ( g5ius4 ,8 rem>ks 9 a lett] to ,liszt writt5 at ?is "t#be are s notewor?y1 & be> s directly ^u ! "w ) :i* we are conc]n$1 t ,i w add a translation ( a portion ( ! lett]3 ,i am almo/ incl9$ to place ,cald]on by himself & above all o!rs4 ,?r\gh him1 too1 ,i h le>n$ to und]/& ! ,spani% "*4 ,unprec$5t$1 unrivall$ 9 its blossom1 x develop$ s rapidly t its mat]ial body soon p]i%$1 & x end$ 9 negation ( ! _w4 ,! ref9$1 deeply passionate consci\sness ( ! nation f9ds expression 9 ! notion ( hon\r1 :]e9 its noble/ & at ! same "t its mo/ t]rible elem5ts unite to a second religion4 ,extremes ( selfi% desire & ( sacrifice bo? seek to be satisfi$4 ,! nature ( ! _w c\ld n possibly f9d %>p]1 m dazzl+1 m dom9at+1 & at ! same "t m de/ructive1 m t]rible expression4 ,! poet 9 8 mo/ vigor\s pres5tations has tak5 = 8 subject ! conflict ( ?is hon\r ) ! deep human feel+ ( sympa?y 7,mitgefhl74 ,! actions are dictat$ by hon\r1 & are !re=e ackn[l$g$ & approv$ by ! _w1 :ile ! outrag$ sympa?y takes refuge 9 a pr(\nd melan*oly1 ! m tell+ & sublime = be+ sc>cely express$1 & reveal+ ! _w 9 all its t]rible nullity4 ,su* is ! wondr\s & impos+ exp]i5ce :i* ,cald]on pres5ts to u 9 magic creative *>m4 ,no poet ( ! _w is 8 equal 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,ca?olic religion int]v5es z a m$iator1 & n[h]e has x atta9$ great] significance ?an "h1 :]e ! opposition betwe5 ! _w & sympa?y is pregnant1 %>p1 & pla/ic1 z 9 no o!r nation4 ,h[ significant too is ! fact t ne>ly all ! great ,spani% poets 9 ! latt] half ( _! lives retir$ into ! ,*ur*1 & t !n1 aft] complete ideal subjugation ( life !y c\ld depict t v life ) c]ta9ty1 purity1 w>m?1 & cle>ness1 z !y nev] c\ld be=e :5 actively engag$ 9 x4 ,_! mo/ graceful1 mo/ :imsical creations are f ! "t ( _! cl]ical retirem5t4 ,beside ?is p>am\nt ph5om5on all o!r national lit]ature seems insignificant4 ,footnote #be3 ,no4 #bee ( ! ,collect$ ,lett]s4 ,wagn] knew ,greek1 b seems to h read 8 ,aes*ylos & ,sophokles 9 ! excell5t translation ( ,donn]4 ,f 8 sev5te5? ye> onw>ds1 8 exclusive occupation ) music & ! drama left him little "t = ! /udy ( classics4 ,yet he 0 a born classic4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( 8 s*ool life1 :5 at ! ,kreuz-,s*ule 9 ,dresd5 he %[$ rem>kable aptitude = ,greek1 & translat$ half ! ,odyssey into ,g]man z a volunt>y task :5 he 0 ab\t ?irte54 ,un=tunately 9 ! next ye> 8 family mov$ to ,leipzig1 :]e 8 zeal 0 *eck$ by ! p$antry ( s*oolma/]s1 & 8 /udies soon began to take ano!r direction1 b ?r\gh\t 8 life he rema9$ ard5tly 9 sympa?y ) ,hell5ic culture4 ,8 rem>ks on ! ,o$ipus trag$ies ( ,sophokles are well wor?y ! att5tion ( ^? :o value ! poetry above ! lett] ( a "w4 ,he 0 attract$ to ! ,spani% & to ! ,hell5ic drama because !y 7 ak9 to himself4 ,he 0 himself ca/ 9 a tragic m\ld1 9 t ( ! h]oes ( ,aes*ylos1 ,sophokles1 & ,cald]on4 ,prome!us suff]+ torm5ts r ?an submit to ! w ( an iniquit\s rul] is ,wagn] volunt>ily sacrific+ all t made life de> to him r ?an adopt ! conv5tional falsehoods ( society4 ,he is ,pr9ce ,f]n&o suff]+ disgrace & imprisonm5t r ?an betray 8 c\ntry4 ,he is ,tri/an & ,isolde go+ will+ly to dea? r ?an sully _! hon\r4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,e>li] ,,v]sions ,,( ,,! ,,tri/an ,,my? ,! orig9 ( ! ,tri/an my? is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,! ,wel% ,triads1 ( unkn[n date1 b v anci5t1 "k ( "o ,dry/an ab ,tallw*1 ! lov] ( ,essylt ! wife ( ,m>*1 z a /eadfa/ lov] & a mighty sw9eh]d4 ,x is indubitably ,celtic-,breton1 ,iri%1 or ,wel%4 ,!re 7 diff]5t v]sions ( ! /ory1 into ! %ad[y hi/ory ( :i* we ne$ n ent]2 ! only "o :i* conc]ns u is t ( a c]ta9 ,?omas4 ,( 8 ,fr5* poem fragm5ts alone h come d[n to u1 b we h ?ree diff]5t v]sions bas$ ^u x3 #a4 ,! ,middle-,high-,g]man poem ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 compos$ ab\t #abaj-bj4 #b4 ,an old-,norse translation made 9 #abbf by comm& ( ,k+ ,hakon4 #c4 ,a ,middle-,engli% poem ( ! ?irte5? c5tury pres]v$ 9 ! s-call$ ,au*9leck ,,ms4 ( ! libr>y ( ! ,faculty ( ,advocates 9 ,ed9burgh1 & famili> to ,engli% read]s f ! edition publi%$ by ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,! poem 0 probably compos$ by ! fam\s ,?omas ! ,rhym] ( ,ercyld\ne or ,e>l/[n 9 ,b]wick%ire4 ,a reliable edition by ,g4 ,p4 ,mac,neill has be5 publi%$ by ! ,scotti% ,text ,society1 ) an introduction giv+ a full & int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! leg5d 9 its v>i\s rec5sions4 ,9 ^! v]sions ! /ory ( ,tri/an & ,isolde has no?+ :atev] to d ) ! ,ar?urian c\rt or ! que/ ( ! ,grail4 ,x became exce$+ly popul> & 0 told aga9 & aga9 9 v>i$ =ms 9 e language 9 ,europe4 ,b ev5 be=e ?is ,sir ,tri/an _h sometimes be5 includ$ among ! ,knights ( ! ,r\nd ,table1 su* hon\r be+ deem$ indisp5sable to ! dignity ( e knight :o _h any pret5sions to fame4 ,wagn] 0 well v]s$ 9 all ! ,tri/an lit]ature1 & compos$ 8 own v]sion = ! /age out ( ! mat]ials :i* he f\nd4 ,9 ord] to und]/& 8 way ( deal+ ) 8 subject-matt] x w be wor? our :ile to foll[ ! outl9es ( ! old /ory1 :i* is ess5tially ! same 9 all ! ?ree v]sions1 ?\gh ! incid5ts1 & especially ! names1 are some:at v>i$4 ,i %all foll[ 9 ! ma9 ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree1 t ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg1 s f> z x goes1 ) occasional supplem5t>y additions f ! ,norse & ,engli%4 ,!re 0 a c]ta9 ,k+ ( ,p>m5ia nam$ ,riwal9 ,kanel5gres 79 ! ,norse saga he is ,k+ ( ,bretl&2 9 ! ,engli% he is call$ ,r\l& rise1 ,k+ ( ,ermonric71 :o1 leav+ 8 own c\ntry 9 ! *>ge ( 8 m>%al1 ,rual li foit5ant1 jo9$ ! c\rt ( ! p[]ful ,k+ ,m>ke ( ,cornwall & ( ,engl& 9 ,t9tajol4 ,!re he falls 9 love ) ,blans*eflur 7,norse3 ,bl5s9bil71 ! k+'s si/]1 b1 on 8 be+ recall$ to 8 own l& to meet an invasion f 8 enemy ,morgan1 %e begs him to take h] ) him4 ,i h lov$ !e to m9e own hurt1 %e says4 ,b = my be+ pregnant ,i w\ld pref] to rema9 "h & be> my grief1 b n[ ,i *oose to die r ?an t ?\1 my belov$1 %\ld/ be put to a %ameful dea?4 ,our *ild w\ld be fa!rless4 ,i h deceiv$ myself & am lo/4 ,%e is m>ri$ to ,riwal9 & plac$ = safety 9 8 /ronghold ,kanol :ile he m>*es to battle4 ,he is kill$1 & %e1 on he>+ ! news1 dies aft] giv+ bir? to a son :o1 9 allusion to ! melan*oly circum/ances ( 8 bir?1 is nam$ ,tri/an4 ,tri/an is in/ruct$ by 8 tutor ,kurw5al 9 ! sev5 arts & ! sev5 k9ds ( music1 & 9 all languages4 ,"o day he is c>ri$ (f by "s pirates1 &1 on a furi\s /orm aris+1 he is put on %ore alone on ! coa/ ( ,cornwall1 & f9ds 8 way to ,k+ ,m>ke's c\rt at ,t9tajol1 :]e he is hon\rably receiv$4 ,mean:ile 8 m>%al1 ,rual li foit5ant1 has set out 9 se>* ( him1 &1 aft] w&]+ ?r\gh _m c\ntries1 arrives disguis$ z a begg> at ,t9tajol4 ,tri/an br+s him be=e ! k+1 to :om he relates ! :ole /ory ( ,tri/an's bir? & p>5tage1 :i* he has hi!rto kept secret1 %[+ h[ he is ,k+ ,m>ke's own nephew4 ,he is n[ ov]:elm$ ) hon\rs1 & dubb$ a knight1 b is soon oblig$ to return to ,p>m5ia to fight ! old enemy ,morgan4 ,he is victori\s & aft] "s "t returns to ,cornwall1 :]e he f9ds t ! c\ntry has be5 subjugat$ by ! ,k+ ( ,irel&1 ,gurmun ! ,pr\d1 :o has s5t 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,morold1 to collect tribute--?irty fair y\?s--f ! ,corni%m54 ,tri/an1 on arriv+1 at once *all5ges ,morold to decide ! "q ( tribute 9 s+le combat ) himself4 ,!y fight3 ,tri/an is w\nd$2 ,morold calls ^u him to desi/ f fight+1 say+ t 8 weapon is poison$1 & t ! w\nd _c be heal$ except by 8 si/] ,isot1 ! wife ( ,k+ ,gurmun4 ,tri/an replies by r5ew+ ! attack2 ,morold falls1 & ,tri/an sev]s 8 head f 8 body1 &1 on ,morold's discomfit$ foll[]s emb>k+ ha/ily = _! own c\ntry1 ,tri/an ?r[s !m ! head1 scornfully bidd+ !m take x z tribute to _! k+4 ,b on _! rea*+ ,irel&1 ,isot ! que51 & ,isot ! ,fair1 h] daught]1 cov] x ) kisses1 & treasure x up to m9d !m ( v5geance ^u ! slay] ( _! k9sman4 ,9 ! skull !y f9d a spl9t] f ! sword1 :i* !y keep4 ,tri/an's w\nd refuses to heal1 & he sets (f = ,irel& accompani$ by ,kurw5al to be treat$ by ,que5 ,isot4 ,on rea*+ ,devel9 7,dubl971 he puts (f alone to ! %ore1 9 a small boat1 tak+ only 8 h>p ) him4 ,he introduces himself to ,que5 ,isot z a m]*ant nam$ ,tantris2 %e receives him fav\rably1 heals 8 w\nd1 & appo9ts him tutor to h] daught]1 at la/1 on 8 e>ne/ entreaty1 dismiss+ him to return to 8 home4 ,on return+ to ,m>ke's c\rt he f9ds t intrigues h aris5 & a p>ty has be5 =m$ to ov]?r[ him4 ,z ! nephew ( ! *ildless k+ he is ! next heir to ! ?rone ( ,cornwall1 b1 be+ 9 fe> ( 8 life1 he p]suades ,m>ke to m>ry1 t he may beget a *ild to be 8 successor4 ,reluctantly ,k+ ,m>ke p]mits him to return to ,irel& to obta9 ! maid5 bright z blood on sn[1 ,isot ! ,fair 7by cunn+1 /eal?1 or robb]y1 says ! ,norse74 ,!re n[ foll[s an episode ( ! regul> type4 ,on ,tri/an rea*+ ,irel& disguis$ z a m]*ant1 he f9ds ! c\ntry be+ ravag$ by a t]rible s]pant1 & ! k+ has promis$ 8 daught] ) half ( 8 k+dom to :oev] %all rid !m ( ! sc\rge4 ,tri/an slays ! mon/]1 a c]ta9 ,trugsess or /ew>d1 :o wi%es to m>ry ,isot1 claims to h a*iev$ ! de$1 b 8 fraud is expos$ ?r\gh ! ma*9ations ( ! wom54 ,que5 ,isot & h] daught] h recogniz$ 9 ,tri/an _! =m] acqua9tance ,tantris1 & :5 poli%+ 8 arm\r ! pr9cess f9ds ! sword ) a gap 9 its blade exactly fitt+ ! spl9t] :i* %e has tak5 f ,morold's skull4 ,%e n[ realizes :o ,tri/an is1 &1 fill$ ) ang] & hatr$1 %e goes ) ! sword to :]e ,tri/an is 9 8 ba?1 det]m9$ to wreak in/ant v5geance ^u ! slay] ( h] uncle4 ,tri/an cries = m]cy1 obscurely h9t+ t he is able to rew>d h] ri*ly if %e w only sp>e 8 life4 ,h] "m ent]s ) h] att5dant or companion1 ,brangne 7,norse3 ,br+vet72 matt]s are discuss$1 ,brangne argues ) great eloqu5ce t he w be mu* m useful to !m alive ?an dead1 & at la/ a b>ga9 is /ruck4 ,9 return = 8 life ,tri/an promises t he w f9d ! ,pr9cess ,isot a husb& :o is mu* ri*] ?an h] fa!r4 ,!y all kiss & are reconcil$1 ! pr9cess alone hesitat+ to make peace ) ! man :om %e hates 9 h] he>t4 ,ev]y?+ is spe$ily arrang$1 ,k+ ,gurmun cons5t+ to ! m>riage ( 8 daught] to 8 c\ntry's enemy1 ! slay] ( 8 k9sman4 ,be=e !y dep>t on ! voyage to ,cornwall1 ,que5 ,isot brews a philtre1 :i* %e entru/s to ,brangne1 direct+ h] to adm9i/] x to ,k+ ,m>ke & 8 bride on ! day ( _! w$d+4 ,on ! %ip ,isot cont9ues to nurse h] hatr$ = ,tri/an4 ,:y d y hate me8 he asks4 ,did y n slay my uncle8 ,t has be5 expiat$4 ,& yet ,i hate y4 ,by & by !y are ?ir/y1 & a c>eless att5dant f9d+ ! love-potion h&y1 gives x to !m to dr9k4 ,at once !y are ov]come ) ! mo/ ard5t love = ea* o!r4 ,brangne is drawn into ! secret1 & on rea*+ ,cornwall1 is s5t to take ,isot's place 9 ,k+ ,m>ke's b$4 ,x w n be wor? our :ile to foll[ ! details ( ! re/ ( ! /ory1 :i* is made up ( a s]ies ( %ameless tricks play$ by ! lov]s ^u ,k+ ,m>ke1 :]eby !y are enabl$ to enjoy _! love toge!r 9 secret4 ,at la/ ,tri/an is bani%$ ! c\rt1 & takes refuge ) a duke ( ,arundel 9 ,sussex1 nam$ ,jovel91 :o has a daught]1 nam$ ,isot ( ! ,:ite ,h&1 ( :om he becomes enam\r$4 ,"h ,gottfri$'s /ory ends1 unf9i%$1 b x is cont9u$ 9 ! o!r v]sions4 ,isot ( ! ,:ite ,h& is m>ri$ to ,tri/an1 b rema9s a virg94 ,we c omit ! adv5tures ) giants1 etc41 :i* foll[1 b ! end mu/ be relat$4 ,tri/an has be5 w\nd$ 9 a fray1 & aga9 no "o c heal ! w\nd b 8 =m] love1 ,isot ! ,fair4 ,a mess5g] is s5t to br+ h]1 ) ord]s t if he has be5 successful he %all hoi/ a blue-&-:ite sail = a signal z ! %ip approa*es2 if unsuccessful1 a black "o4 ,%e comes1 & ! blue-&-:ite sail is se52 b ,isot ( ! ,:ite h&1 out ( jeal\sy1 in=ms ,tri/an t ! sail is a black "o4 ,utt]+ ! "n ,isot he expires4 ,%e ent]s too late1 & dies ) h] arms ar\nd him4 ,& x is relat$ t ,isot ( ! ,:ite ,h&1 ,tri/an's wife1 caus$ !m to be buri$ on opposite sides ( ! *ur*1 t !y might n be toge!r 9 dea?4 ,b x came to pass t an oak grew f ! grave ( ea*1 & !y grew s high t _! bran*es tw9$ toge!r above ! ro(4 ,su* is ! /ory f :i* we are ask$ to believe t ,wagn] drew ! mat]ials = 8 ,tri/an drama4 ,! e>li] "p ( ,gottfri$'s /ory is n unskilfully told2 all t relates to ,riwal9 & ! bir? ( ,tri/an is wor?y to /& beside ! be/ products ( ,g]man m$iaeval poetry4 ,b f ! "t :5 ,isot & h] intrigu+ "m ent] on ! sc5e ! /ory is z dull z x is immoral4 ,:at sane-m9d$ p]son c possibly take an int]e/ 9 a succession ( *ildi% tricks play$ by two lovesick boobies ^u a half-witt$ old man8 ,! plot is trivial 9 ! extreme1 & ! *>act]s are contemptible2 mo/ contemptible ( all are ! h]o & ! h]o9e4 ,! spectacle ( a knight on 8 knees be=e two wom51 implor+ !m to h m]cy ^u him1 &1 9 return = 8 life1 promis+ to f9d a ri* husb& = "o ( !m w\ld be h>d to mat*4 ,add to ?is ! con/ant obtrusion ( ! poet's own p]sonality1 ) 8 moral reflections & trite philosophy1 "o c only wond] h[ ! mu* admir$ epic c ev] h be5 li/5$ to ) pati5ce4 ,deep inde$ mu/ culture h sunk at ! c\rts ( ,g]many :5 pr9ces & nobles c\ld take pleasure 9 su* fu/ian :ile !y possess$ ! /ories ( ! great epics1 ! ,nibelung5li$1 ! ,gudrunli$1 & ! delicate lyrics ( ,wal!r von d] ,vogelweide4 ,wagn]'s proc$ure 9 deal+ ) su* a /ory z ?is is t ( ,siegfri$ ) ! sword4 ,in/ead ( try+ to pat* & adapt he melts ! :ole d[n to create some?+ entirely new out ( ! mat]ial4 ,wagn]'s /ory is n ! same z t ( ,?omas & ,gottfri$1 if = no o!r reason ?an t he has only "o ,isolde4 ,:atev] dramatic int]e/ ! old] /ory may possess lies 9 !re be+ two ,isoldes1 & 9 ,tri/an's des]tion ( "o = ! o!r1 ( an unlawful mi/ress = a lawful wife4 ,x seems f c]ta9 rem>ks ( ,wagn]#bf t he at fir/ int5d$ to pres]ve ?is feature ( ! orig9al1 b disc>d$ x z ! emotional unity ( 8 subject-matt] grew ^u him4 ,footnote #bf3 ,especially 8 rem>k on ! k9%ip ( ! ,tri/an & ,siegfri$ my?s 7,ges4 ,s*r41 vi4 #cgi71 = ! k9%ip lies 9 ! feature ,i h m5tion$1 ! des]tion ( "o love = ano!r4 ,! ess5tial feature ( ,wagn]'s drama is t ! love ( ! h]o & h]o9e rema9s unsatisfi$4 ,_! motives are consequ5tly q diff]5t f :at !y are 9 ,gottfri$1 & all ! complex intrigue :i* is ! *ief int]e/ ( ! old] /ory falls away ( necessity4 ,on ! o!r h& he has reta9$ f ,gottfri$ mu* m ?an ! names ( ! p]sons1 _m subord9ate motives1 n vital to ! /ory1 & likely to be unnotic$ by _m1 b :i* 8 skill$ eye detect$ z effective = sc5ic repres5tation4 ,su* are ,isolde's hatr$ & viol5t d5unciations ( ,tri/an be=e !y dr9k ! philtre 7,gottfr4 #adeci1 #aaegj71bg ,brangne's di/ress & remorse at ! effect ( h] trick 7#aagjj1 #abjfj72 ! play ^u 8 "n1 ,tantris = ,tri/an4 ,kuff]a? quotes--un=tunately )\t giv+ a ref]5ce--a ,m9neli$ ( ,gottfri$1 :i* is obvi\sly reproduc$ 9 ! second act1 :]e ! lov]s keep h>p+ ^u ! words me9 und de94 ,_m ref]5ces :i* are obscure 9 ,wagn] are expla9$ 9 ,gottfri$'s epic1 su* z ! circum/ances ( ,tri/an's fir/ visit to ,isolde 9 ,irel&1 ) ! spl9t] 9 ,morold's skull4 ,ev5 ! description ( ! boat 9 :i* he came z kle9 und arm is acc\nt$ = by ,gottfri$ 7#gdbd seq474 ,tri/an's motives = insi/+ ^u ,m>ke's m>riage are1 z we ga!r f casual indications1 ! same z ^? set =? 9 ,gottfri$4 ,he has be5 entangl$ 9 political intrigues4 ,utt]ly free himself f any sordid or selfi% motive1 he insi/s ^u ,m>ke's m>riage z ! only possible means ( obta9+ tranquillity = 8 di/ract$ c\ntry1 :]eas 9 ,gottfri$ he acts "u fe> ( assass9ation4 ,footnote #bg3 ,i quote f ! ,g]man translation ( ,k>l ,panni] 9 ,reclam1 :i* is ! mo/ rec5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wagn]',s ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,tri/an ,,my?os ,wagn]'s treatm5t ( 8 mat]ial is wor? a clos] consid]ation because x is *>act]i/ic ( 8 conception ( ! drama4 ,l e poet ( ! fir/ ord] he reg>ds x exclusively f ! moral /&po9t4 ,9 a =m] *apt] ,i drew a di/9ction betwe5 ! drama :i* dep5ds ^u ! play ( human actions = _! own sakes & t 9 :i* ! int]e/ is c5tr$ 9 ! motives or *>act]s ( ! actors4 ,! "* ( any individual is only ano!r "n = 8 p]man5t w1 ! abid+ metaphysical side ( 8 be+ & its mo/ direct expression is music1 :ile words are ! prop] vehicle ( ! logical intellect4 ,gottfri$'s epic--! latt] "p ( x ,i mean1 ) :i* alone we are conc]n$--is entirely spectacul> 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h us$ t t]m4 ,! poet conducts u ?r\gh a succession ( incid5ts relat$ z be+ int]e/+ or amus+ 9 !mselves4 ,wagn]1 = reasons :i* ,i h expla9$1 9 dramatiz+ ! /ory1 w5t to ! opposite extreme1 & compos$ a "w s entirely musical t x makes ! impression ( a gigantic symphony4 ,gottfri$ c>es no?+ = ! moral *>act]s ( 8 h]oes4 ,wood51 s\lless puppets are suffici5t = him s long z !y act & react ^u "o ano!r4 ,b ! drama :i* c5tres 9 ^! *>act]s _c be satisfi$ ) non5tities2 ! poet _h !re=e to create !m himself1 & ! incid5ts !n dropp$ out z sup]flu\s4 ,= a "* to be poetically int]e/+ x is n necess>y t x %\ld be faultless4 ,b x mu/ be human--int5sely human1 bo? 9 its virtues & 9 its defects2 !n ! l>ge-he>t$ spectator c rev]5ce its nobility & sympa?ize ) its %ortcom+s )\t 8 ae/hetic or moral faculties be+ outrag$4 ,"s l(t9ess ( purpose !re mu/ be 9 a dramatic h]o1 some?+ :i* raises u out ( ourselves & calls =? feel+s ( wor%ip & awe 9 spite ( :at seem to be 8 errors4 ,es irrt d] ,m5s* s lang er lebt--,x is n ! f9d+ ( tru?1 b ! hone/ se>* = x t pr(its2 ! spectacle ( a noble s\l /riv+ aga9/ adv]sities & (t5 fail+1 b nev] cru%$1 is "o :i* t\*es ! he>t mo/ deeply1 & is ! prop] subject ( trag$y4 ,above all ! h]o mu/ be tru?ful2 we mu/ n be always on ! wat* to f9d him out unaw>es1 z 9 actual life4 ,wagn]'s drama has be5 (t5 describ$ z a /ory ( adult]y2 we are ev5 told t x w\ld h no int]e/ 7 x n a tale ( illicit love1 & s x is reg>d$ by n9e out ( t5 ( ^? :o witness ! p]=mance )\t hav+ closely /udi$ ! text4 ,t su* a notion %\ld prevail 9 spite ( ! cle>ness ( ! text on ?is po9t is due to ! fact t mo/ p c only conceive ( a drama z spectacul>4 ,!y expect incid5ts1 &1 f9d+ none1 !y seek = pruri5cy4 ,all !y see is a man & woman 9 passionate love = ea* o!r )\t any hope ( ev] be+ m>ri$1 s !y conclude x mu/ come "u ! famili> head+ ( illicit love4 ,! difficulty ( ! language is no d\bt p>tly responsible = ?is gross misappreh5sion1 & ! music gives no help4 ,x tells ( ! passion1 b c say no?+ ab\t its legality4 ,( adult]y or illicit love !re c be no "q 9 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an1 if = no o!r reason ?an t ,isolde is n m>ri$ to ,k+ ,m>ke1 & owes him no allegiance4 ,%e has be5 c>ri$ (f to be m>ri$ to him1 b t is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,are we to suppose t aft] all t happ5$ on bo>d ! %ip %e cons5t$ to become ! wife ( ,k+ ,m>ke8 ,c]ta9ly ! text gives u no au?ority to suppose any?+ s incr$ible2 we only le>n f "s words ( ,k+ ,m>ke 9 ! second act t %e is /ill an inviolate virg94 ,ev5 if we c\ld believe ! g5tle & *ivalr\s ,m>ke capable ( committ+ su* an outrage ^u a woman z to g ?r\gh a =m ( m>riage ) h] aga9/ h] w1 no rite s p]=m$ w\ld be b9d+ by any law ( ,god or man4 ,)\t h] cons5t %e _c be ! wife ( ,k+ ,m>ke4 ,! po9t w\ld n be ( any real importance did x n seem to l5d col\r to ! absurd *>ge ( lic5ti\sness & s5suality :i* has s (t5 be5 br\ght aga9/ ,wagn]4 ,i h already rem>k$ t an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! old conception ( ! /ory & ,wagn]'s lies 9 ! fact t 9 ! latt] _! love rema9s unsatisfi$4 ,! notion ( _! long+ be+ fulfill$ is utt]ly =eign to ,wagn]'s ,tri/an1 nor is !re at any mom5t ! smalle/ hope ( _! ev] possess+ ea* o!r 9 ?is life4 ,h[ev] consum$ !y are ) love !y reta9 p]fect ma/]y ov] !mselves4 ,?is is s abundantly cle> f ! fir/ mom5t :5 _! love is reveal$--:5 !y dr9k ! potion--t x is inconceivable = a misund]/&+ to occur to any "o :o foll[s ! text ) any att5tion4 ,7 ! mi/ake conf9$ to vulg> & c>eless p :o make up ! bulk ( ! audi5ce1 h[ev] deplorable1 x w\ld be intelligible1 b f s*ol>s & pr(essional critics we expect at lea/ acqua9tance ) ! text4 ,an au?or :o enjoys a des]v$ly high reputation z an au?ority ^u ,greek art & is widely read by "y /ud5ts writes 9 a rec5t "w3 ,any "o at fir/ he>+ ( ,wagn]'s ,tri/an und ,isolde w\ld p]ceive t x 0 a mo/ immoral subject4444 ,x is an arti/ic glorification ( adult]y4 ,h[1 "o mu/ ask1 does ! le>n$ au?or reconcile ?is /atem5t ) ,tri/an's words j be=e he dr9ks ! suppos$ poison3 ,tri/an's ,ehre--h*/e ,treu'8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! :ole dialogue ( ! second act1 ( ,tri/an's address to ,isolde at ! end1 & ( h] reply to him :5 bo? g =? to die8 ,h[ does x come t at la/1 :5 all ob/acles h be5 surm\nt$1 :5 no?+ m h9d]s ! lov]s f full possession ( "o ano!r1 he delib]ately puts an end to 8 own life8 ,?is & mu* m c\ld only be expla9$ by suppos+ t ,wagn] wrote1 9 op]atic fa%ion1 words )\t mean+1 ) an eye solely to /age effect4 ,x is ! old /ory6 ,wagn] hav+ be5 once writt5 d[n z ! poet ( lic5ce & immorality1 ! facts h to be alt]$ to suit ! !ory4 ,tri/an's crime is inde$ 9 ! eyes ( a *ivalr\s s\l a f> black] "o ?an t ( adult]y4 ,he has betray$ 8 fri5d1 8 sov]eign1 8 k9sman1 8 b5efactor1 & has brok5 8 fai? t[>ds ! woman :o tru/$ him4 ,he is s completely ov]come ) love = ! woman :om he himself has br\ght to be ! bride ( 8 uncle1 t no go+ back is possible4 ,b "o c\rse is yet op5 to him to save 8 hon\r4 ,he may die2 & he accord+ly seeks dea? ) full consci\sness & det]m9ation4 ,?ree times he tries to rid himself ( life3 fir/ :5 he dr9ks ! suppos$ poison ) ,isolde2 aga9 :5 he drops 8 sword 9 ! duel ) ,melot2 ! ?ird "t he succe$s1 :5 he te>s (f 8 b&ages at ! decisive mom5t1 :5 no escape is possible b by in/ant dea?4 ,love = its own sake is n a subject = dramatic treatm5t4 ,love-/ories are ! bane ( love4 ,9 real life we d n talk ab\t our love-affairs1 mo/ m5 ?9k+ t !y h q en\gh to d ) _! own )\t c>+ to he> ^? ( o!r p4 ,/ill less d we wi% to he> ! vapid inanities :i* seem prop] to t condition p\r$ =? on ! /age4 ,i "k ( no ,european drama ( any importance :i* treats ( a prosp]\s & happy love z its pr9cipal subject2 x ne$s ! delicate p5 ( a ,klidsa to make x endurable4 ,x does n ( c\rse foll[ t love is to be altoge!r bani%$ f dramatic art4 ,! dramati/ surveys ! :ole field ( human life & c\ld n1 if he wi%$1 af=d to neglect ! mo/ p[]ful & univ]sal ( human motives4 ,all dep5ds ^u ! treatm5t1 & no subject is m beset ) difficulties4 ,! e>li] ,greek dramati/s1 ) _! usual un]r+ judgm5t1 avoid$ sexual love1 i4e4 ! love betwe5 a "y woman & a "y man1 al?\gh love-/ories & love-lyrics 7 well kn[n to !m4 ,! only play :i* has come d[n to u :]e love is a pr$om9ant motive is ! ,tra*9iae4 ,! love ( ,deianeira is ! ard5t long+ ( a highly emotional "y woman & "m1 b its v int5sity br+s disa/] on bo? h]self & h] husb&4 ,broadly speak+1 love is a legitimate motive = ! dramati/ :5 x is us$1 n z a purpose 9 itself1 b z a sett+ = some?+ else4 ,9 ! words ( ,corneille1 l'am\r ne doit tre que l'ornem5t1 et non l'me de nos pices1 & ?is is h[ x is g5]ally employ$ by ! be/ dramati/s4 ,! love ( ,b5$ict & ,beatrice1 = example1 is simply a sett+ = _! witty talk & rep>tee4 ,on ! ,spani% /age love is (t5 a sett+ = ent]ta9+ intrigue1 z 9 ,lope de ,vega's ,el ,p]ro del ,hortelano4 ,9 ,s*ill]'s ,wall5/e9 ! love ( ,max & ,!kla is a refre%+ brea? ( pure air ?r\gh ! abyss ( trea*]y & corruption2 almo/ ! same applies to ,romeo & ,juliet1 & 9 bo? ! end is dea?4 ,( ! ,elizabe?ans1 ,=d seems to h _h a pr$ilection = love-plots1 b all1 z f> z ,i rememb]1 end tragically4 ,i h select$1 z !y occurr$ to me1 a few repres5tative plays f ! dramatic lit]ature ( diff]5t c\ntries2 an exhau/ive inquiry w\ld1 ,i feel sure1 only confirm ! view t a pref]5ce = love subjects = _! own sake is a sure sign ( decad5ce 9 ! drama4 ,goe!1 :o 9 8 y\? swore to d$icate 8 life to ! s]vice ( love1 &--unhappily--kept 8 v[2 ,goe!1 :o nauseates u ) love 9 8 romances & lyrics1 :o ev5 9 ! ,et]nal ,city _c =get 8 wor%ip ( ,amor & 8 visits to 8 ,lieb*51 nev] misuses love 9 8 dramas4 ,he tells u s>ca/ically t on ! /age1 :5 ! lov]s are at la/ unit$1 ! curta9 falls quickly & cov]s up ! sequel4 ,a "w ( art l ,tri/an und ,isolde c nev] be und]/ood by ! norms :i* prevail 9 society4 ,by ! social !ory1 m>riage is a contract betwe5 two p>ties = _! mutual advantage2 x is inspir$ by a ref9$ =m ( selfi%ness4 ,t spontane\s self-immolation :i* m>ks ! love ( pure & vigor\s natures lies beyond its intellig5ce4 ,! law is satisfi$ if only ! p>ties subscribe _! names 9 solemn agreem5t be=e a prop] civil or ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,x c\ld n well be o!rwise1 = ! true-born ,aphrodite ,ourania w n submit to any bonds b h] own4 ,i %\ld be inde$ misund]/ood if x 7 ?\ght t ,i 0 advocat+ lic5ce 9 any =m :atev]4 ,:at is call$ free-love is pure s5suality1 ! ba/>d ,aphrodite ,p&emos4 ,no?+ is m sacr$ to me ?an ! m>riage v[1 b ,i hold t ! m>riage v[ itself ne$s ! sanction ( love1 & t :5 ?is is abs5t1 or has brok5 d[n 9 ! /ress ( life1 ,i say--n t s9 is ju/ifi$1 b t love w take v5geance ^u ^? :o h insult$ h] "n4 ,lov]s ^: object is s5sual enjoym5t ) z little p]sonal inconv5i5ce z possible1 :o break ! law :ile wi%+ to escape ! legal p5alty1 h no?+ 9 common ) ,wagn]'s ,tri/an und ,isolde4 ,^? :o love = ! sake ( lov+1 ^: love is /rong] ?an life1 :o readily & *e]fully accept dea? z ! due p5alty ( s91 ^!1 & ^! alone1 are beyond ! pale ( human conv5tions2 !y c only be judg$ by ! laws ( a high] morality ?an t ( human tribunals4 ,"s details ( ! /ory we mu/ con/ruct = ourselves1 & are entitl$ to d s :5 !y are n ess5tial4 ,! poet is himself n always consci\s ( all ! be>+s ( :at he composes2 he works by inspiration1 n by reason1 & we "k t ,wagn] himself 0 sometimes "u s+ul> delusions ) reg>d to 8 own works4 ,two que/ions w occur to ev]ybody at ! beg9n+3 #a4 ,has ,isolde />t$ on ! voyage to be ! bride ( ,k+ ,m>ke ) h] own cons5t8 #b4 ,does %e love ,tri/an be=e !y dr9k ! potion8 ,_m w answ] ^! que/ions q positively1 ! fir/ 9 ! negative1 ! second 9 ! affirmative4 ,b ! indications are v %ad[y inde$ 9 ! text1 & ! old /ory1 ! only s\rce :i* c\ld ?r[ any light on ! "q1 tells ! contr>y 9 bo? cases4 ,p]haps x w be cont5d$ t ! con/ant pres5ce ( ! love-motive at decisive mom5ts leaves no d\bt t !y love ea* o!r f ! beg9n+4 ,to ?is ,i reply t x is n possible = a musical /ra9 by itself to prove any?+4 ,x c only call to m9d z a rem9isc5ce some?+ ) :i* x has be5 def9itely connect$ be=e4 ,we _c d bett] ?an leave su* que/ions to be answ]$ by ea* accord+ to 8 own judgm5t4 ,l a skilful pa9t] ,wagn] has drawn second>y incid5ts ) a %ad[y outl9e 9 ord] t ! att5tion may be conc5trat$ on ! ma9 features4 ,! ma9 ?+ is to realize t !y are iness5tial1 b ^? :o feel ! ne$ ( great] cle>ness may recon/ruct = !mselves4 ,my own belief is t _! feel+s at ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ act are a v subtle & complex mixture1 ( :i* !y c\ld n !n h giv5 a v cle> acc\nt ev5 to !mselves1 & t ! poet has !re=e1 ) consummate arti/ic skill1 purposely left !m unexpla9$4 ,! "o decisive & all-important motive ( ! drama is ! love ( ! h]o & ! h]o9e 9 conflict ) ,tri/an's hon\r2 & on ?is ! :ole =ce ( ! musical torr5t is conc5trat$4 ,9 ! end love mu/ prevail4 ,love1 ) ,wagn]1 is ! div9e possession :i* dom9ates e noble he>t1 b "h x is incompatible ) ! conditions ( human life1 & ( t hon\r :i* is its v brea?4 ,& s at ! end1 z ! lov]s pass ?r\gh _! dea?-agony clasp$ 9 ea* o!r's embrace1 ! love-motive so>s triumphant & joy\s above ! surg+ bill[s ( ! or*e/ra1 & !y are unit$ 9 ! m glori\s love beyond1 9 ! love t is /rong] ?an dea?4 ,i h n[ to speak ( ,wagn]'s mu* discuss$ pessimism4 ,at fir/ sight x might seem a /range contradiction to speak ( pessimism 9 a man :o compos$ ,die ,mei/]s+]1 ^: love ( all ?+s beautiful 0 a passion1 ^: fai? 9 human nature1 un%ak5 by e disillusionm5t1 w\ld almo/ seem l madness1 did we n "k t x 0 t v fai? :i* f9ally c>ri$ him ?r\gh to victory4 ,wagn]'s pessimism 0 n borr[$ f ,s*op5hau]1 b 0 8 own1 z x is1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 ! cre$ ( e ?9k+ man1 ! f\ndation ( e satisfy+ philosophy & art4 ,pessimism does n consi/ 9 look+ only at ! d>k side ( ?+s1 & clos+ ! eyes to all t is beautiful2 t is bl9dness & ignorance1 n philosophy4 ,pessimism is on ! contr>y ! outcome ( an int5se love1 ( a passionate delight 9 ! h>mony1 ! fitness1 & beauty ( nature1 inspir+ a ke5ly sympa!tic s\l4 ,he _c close 8 eyes to ! fact t all ?is lovely _w is made to p]i%2 t its individuals are engag$ 9 a fi]ce w>f>e ^u "o ano!r2 ea* preys ^u its fell[s ) a savag]y :i* %uns no cruelty & recks ( no crime4 ,love itself 9 its mortal embodim5t )]s & turns to evil4 ,8 moral s5se tells him t ?is ought n to be2 !re mu/ be "s delusion2 is x 9 nature or is x 9 8 own und]/&+8 ,z a rule we put ?is d>k] aspect ( nature out ( sight2 we exclude ! poor1 ! vici\s1 ! unhappy f our company1 because !y w\ld h9d] u 9 our mad pursuit ( pleasure1 & x ne$s ! /r5g? & s9c]ity :i* accompany ! advance ( ye>s to br+ a revolt aga9/ ! selfi% bl9dness ( our y\?4 ,z we wat* & le>n f ! t]rible trag$y ( nature1 z we realize m & m ! bas5ess & depravity ( human life1 our fai? becomes /rong] t beauty1 tru?1 righte\sness1 are et]nal & _c be born only t !y may p]i%2 t man is n a wild & rav5+ bea/ held 9 *eck only by ! bonds ( civilization1 b is a div9e & immortal be+4 ,our vision gradually op5s & we le>n m cle>ly t all :i* we once took = pleasure & = pa9 are unreal1 vision>y reflections f a high] & pur] exi/5ce :]e all creation is unit$ 9 ! et]nal embrace ( love4 ,= ^? :o1 ?r\gh c\rage & s9c]ity1 ?r\gh fai? & hope & love1 h atta9$ ! high] insight1 h se5 ! v face ( ,brahm beh9d ! delusive veil ( ,my1 !re is no discord or contradiction 9 all ?is2 despair gives way to a resign$ quietism1 to t peace ( ,god :i* passe? all und]/&+4 ,su* is ! ineffable insight ( ! arti/1 & no poetry is satisfy+ :i* does n spr+ f ?is s\rce4 ,wagn] 9 ! lett] ,i quot$ be=e1 speaks ( ! *e]ful playfulness ( ,spani% poets aft] !y _h adopt$ ! ascetic life4 ,! philosophic pessimi/ is n a fretful & malignant cavill] :o sne]s at ! follies ( o!rs because he ?9ks himself s mu* wis] ?an !y4 ,any "o may note among ! ascetics ( 8 acqua9tance1 ^? :o take no pleasure 9 :at delights o!rs & live a life ( self-d5ial & ab/emi\sness1 h[ *e]ful is _! conv]sation1 h[ bright & /eadfa/ _! glance1 h[ _! tol]ance ( ! follies ( o!rs is only equall$ by ! sa9tl9ess ( _! own lives4 ,su* is ,wagn]'s pessimism2 x is ! pessimism ( ! ,v$nta philosophy2 t is to say1 x is mo/ cle>ly =mulat$ 9 t sy/em1 & 9 ! ,upani%ads ^u :i* x re/s1 b really x is ! common basis ( all religions4#bh ,x brea!s 9 ! poems ( ,hafiz1 9 ! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides1 ,plato1 & ! ,/oics1 9 ! pr(\nd wisdom ( ,ecclesia/es1 9 m$iaeval my/icism1 & ! fai? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,buddhism & ,*ri/ianity are bo? pessimi/ 9 _! orig94 ,x is n an op9ion1 i4e4 a cre$ or =mula :i* may be weigh$ & ei!r accept$ or reject$1 b is an insight :i*1 :5 once und]/ood & felt1 is z self-evid5t z ! air we brea!4 ,b x is an insight :i* c only be atta9$ ?r\gh moral discipl9e1 nev] ?r\gh ! rationalism ( vulg> & self-seek+ m9ds4 ,nor is x = ^? :o are enlight5$ at all mom5ts ( _! lives1 b only 9 times ( poetic exaltation1 :5 ! faculties are awake & become creative4 ,footnote #bh3 ,except ,islam1 :i* is r a moral discipl9e ?an a religion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,objections ,,to ,,! ,,wagn]ian ,,drama ,9 ?is *apt] ,i propose to consid] c]ta9 criticisms :i* are (t5 made on ,wagn]'s treatm5t ( ! drama1 :i* diff] f "s ( ^? m5tion$ be=e1 9 be+ intelligible & wor?y ( respect1 s9ce !y h n be5 made malici\sly or ?r\gh ignorance4 ,9 s f> z !y are invalid !y re/ ^u misund]/&+s :i* c easily be acc\nt$ = by ,wagn]'s unp>allel$ orig9ality1 by ! novelty ( 8 art1 necess>ily involv+ a wide dep>ture f ! classic /&>ds by :i* alone ! critic c =m 8 judgm5t4 ,to compreh5d 8 "w we mu/ give up _m ( ^? *]i%$ canons :i* hi!rto h pass$ unque/ion$4 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an has (t5--ev5 by ,li*t5b]g]--be5 describ$ z a philosophic "w2 & z ab/ract ?\ght or philosophy1 x is said1 is =eign to art1 a "w :i* admits x mu/ be condemn$4 ,let u fir/ und]/& :at is meant by philosophy4 ,x is surely a tra9 ( ?\ght 9 ! m9d ( ! spectator1 n 9 ! object :i* he contemplates4 ,any?+ 9 ! _w may be ! subject ( philosophic ?\ght1 or may sugge/ x2 !re is pl5ty ( philosophy to be drawn f a daisy1 b we d n !re=e call a daisy a philosophic fl[]4 ,s1 too1 we may philosophize ab\t ,wagn]'s ,tri/an1 b ! philosophy is our own2 x is n 9 ! "w4 ,:at is meant no d\bt is t ! "w itself is n a concrete reality1 b an exposition ( an ab/ract conception4 ,philosophy has only h]self to blame if ab/ractions are 9 ! naf1 ord9>y m9d oppos$ to realities1 = x is unhappily true t ne>ly ! :ole ( our curr5t philosophy does consi/ ( ab/ractions :i* are m]e ,hirngesp9n/e1 root$ 9 words & n 9 nature2 philosophy itself has 9 art become a t]m ( reproa* f be+ associat$ ) unreality4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 di/+ui% betwe5 notions :i* are real b difficult to grasp & ^? :i* _c be grasp$1 because !re is no?+ 9 !m1 & ?is di/9ction _c be made )\t ?\ght & lab\r f :i* ! ord9>y m9d %r9ks1 be+ too indol5t or indiff]5t4 ,poetry is n oppos$ to philosophy1 & is n ! less poetry :5 x conc]ns itself ) ^? high] notions :i* are outside ! range ( our m ord9>y compreh5sion1 ,greek3 hos philosophias ousaes megi/aes monsikaes4 ,bo? poetry & philosophy deal 9 ab/ractions1 only 9 bo? ! ab/ractions mu/ be true1 i4e4 mu/ be true g5]al /atem5ts ( ideas f\nd 9 nature2 :5 ?is is ! case poetry & philosophy are indi/+ui%able1 except by m]e ext]nal & conv5tional features4 ,"u :i* head+ are we to class1 = example1 ,plato's ,republic8 ,or ! ,upani%ads8 or ! book ( ,job8 ,!y are g5]ally ?\ght ( z philosophy1 b all :o h ev5 p>tially und]/ood !m w feel _! poetic spell4 ,or if we take our greate/ poems1 to m5tion only "s ( ^? mo/ famili> to u3 ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,goe!'s ,fau/ or ,m>l[e's1 ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam1 ,fitzg]ald's ,rubiyt--all ( ^! might be j z well class$ "u philosophy z "u poetry4 ,only untrue philosophy is unpoetical1 t :i* has gr[n out ( ! reason ( man4 ,ab/ractions manufactur$ by human reason are no m philosophy ?an an acc\nt ( c5taurs & gryphons is natural hi/ory4 ,!y are n to be f\nd 9 ,wagn]'s ,tri/an4 ,! p>ticul> philosophy :i* ,wagn]'s ,tri/an is suppos$ to set =? is t ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,b ,s*op5hau]'s doctr9e ( ,negation ( ,w or ,nirvna--= x is id5tical ) t ( ,buddhism--is a negation ( exi/5ce itself absolutely4 ,! man :o puts an end to 8 own life does n atta9 ,nirvna2 he is n dissatisfi$ ) life 9 itself1 b only ) its conditions1 & he passes ?r\gh ! endless cycle ( ,samsra until ! mom5t arrives :51 sick5$ ) ! we>isome /ruggle1 he longs = complete annihilation4 ,! lov]s 9 ,tri/an look =w>d to a r5ew$ exi/5ce beyond ! grave1 9 ! realm ( night1 :]e1 fre$ f ! trammels ( ! s5ses _! love w endure1 purifi$ f ! pollution ( human lu/ 9 glory undimm$ by ! sordid conditions ( human life4 ,sehn5 h9 zur heil'g5 ,na*t ,wo ur-ewig e9zig wahr ,liebes-,wonne ihm la*t4 ,su* a future life w\ld ) ,s*op5hau] only be a r5ewal ( ! mis]y ( exi/5ce 9 ano!r =m4 ,x is ! ,*ri/ian1 n ! ,buddhi/1 way ( feel+ t inspires ! lov]s4 ,*ri/ianity />ts f ! insuffici5cy & mis]y ( human life1 b contemplates r$emption !refrom by love1 :]eas ,buddhism conceives ( no possibility ( r$emption4 ,its release is annihilation1 & x is a religion ( despair1 n ( hope4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+1 if x did n take u too f> f our pres5t subject1 to comp>e ?is conception ( love ) t ( ,sokrates z set =? 9 ! ,symposium ( ,plato4 ,sokrates believ$ fully 9 immortality1 b wisely refra9$ f speculat+ on ! conditions ( exi/5ce aft] dea?4 ,8 ,eros is conf9$ to ?is life1 b none ! less he treats x z a div9e gift4 ,love is ! m$iator & int]pret] betwe5 gods & m52 & love ( ! beautiful1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! procreation & love ( (fspr+1 is ! desire = immortality1 ! *ildr5 be+ ! cont9uation ( ! immortal "p ( _! p>5ts4#bi ,?is is ! l[] my/]y4 ,! high]1 :i* is n reveal$ to all1 is ! gradual expansion ( love until x compreh5ds ! et]nal ,idea4 ,! beauty :i* we love 9 ! individual becomes a /epp+-/one f :i* we may rise to ! love ( all beautiful ?+s1 pass+ f "o to _m1 f beautiful =ms to beautiful de$s1 f !m to beautiful ?\ghts1 laws1 in/itutions1 sci5ces1 until we contemplate ! va/ sea ( beauty 9 ! b\ndless love ( wisdom1 a beauty :i* does n gr[ & p]i%1 b is et]nal4 ,!re c\ld be no f9] comm5t>y on ,wagn]'s ,tri/an ?an ?is wondr\s spee* ( ,sokrates 9 ! ,symposium4 ,footnote #bi3 ,x is wor? not+ 9 pass+ h[ ?is beautiful conception ( ,plato co9cides ) views express$ 9 our own day by a sci5tific man ( ! highe/ di/9ction1 ! =emo/ liv+ repres5tative ( ,d>w9ian evolution1 ,pr(essor ,weismann4 ,see 8 ,essays on ,h]$ity4 ,x is true1 h[ev] p>adoxical x may seem1 t ,wagn]'s v /up5d\s p[] is itself a s\rce ( weakness2 x is too great = m limit$ m9ds to grasp4 ,if love is really ! "o div9e fact ( human exi/5ce1 to :i* all else is z no?+2 & if at ! same "t a pure & burn+ love resolutely foll[$ ( necessity leads to de/ruction1 !n h[ are we to live at all8 ,is ?is life to c\nt = no?+8 ,i %all n attempt to answ] ?is "q4 ,i _c br+ ! tru? t all noble & g5]\s actions are b\nd to end 9 failure1 to br+ dea? ^u _! do]s1 )9 ! s*eme ( a div9ely ord]$ univ]se4 ,i w only obs]ve t x is a tru? tacitly ackn[l$g$ by all :o compose trag$ies or take pleasure 9 witness+ !m4 ,h[ else c\ld we endure to contemplate ! failure & de/ruction ( a ,le>1 a ,wall5/e91 a ,deianira1 an ,antigone8 ,"h our attempts to extract philosophy out ( ! ,tri/an drama mu/ cease4 ,my only purpose has be5 to %[ t its ab/ractions are w>m ) ! liv+ brea? ( reality1 & :atev] is beyond ?is mu/ be left = ! /ud5t to c>ry out = himself1 f ! po9t ( view ( 8 own m9d4 ,su* ex]cises are int]e/+ & salut>y to ! philosophic m9d1 b = m9ds tra9$ 9 ! mod]n =mulas ( self-int]e/ & lib]ty !y are only possible aft] a complete recon/ruction ( ! f\ndations ( k1 a revaluation ( all values4 ,! decisive "p play$ by ! magic love-potion has giv5 rise to mu* comm5t4 ,ho/ile critics ridicule x1 & condemn ! :ole "w z turn+ on an absurdity1 :ile ^? :o are fav\rable try to expla9 x away1 b _! explanations h always seem$ to me m unnatural ?an ! ?+ expla9$4 ,:y may we n accept x z x is evid5tly int5d$8 ,9 art at lea/1 rationalism has n yet--?anks p]haps to ,%akespe>ian traditions--prevail$ s f> t we mu/ exclude sup]natural motives altoge!r4 ,wagn] c\ld sc>cely h us$ ! my? & ! names ( ,tri/an & ,isolde )\t introduc+ ! philtre ) :i* !y h always be5 associat$4 ,x w\ld be j z reasonable to expla9 away ! gho/ 9 ,hamlet z ! love-potion ( ,isolde2 if we accept "o we c accept ! o!r1 = 9 bo? ! prime mov] ( ! trag$y is sup]natural4 ,less+1 9 comp>+ ! gho/ ( ,hamlet's fa!r ) ! gho/ ( ,n9us 9 ,voltaire's ,semiramis1 has "s rem>ks :i* are equally valid = all sup]natural motives 9 ! drama4 ,! pr9ciple :i* he evolves is t a sup]natural be+ to be admissible mu/ int]e/ u = its own sake z a liv+ & act+ p]sonage2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ be an organic portion ( ! play1 n a m]e ma*9e br\ght 9 = /age effect4 ,voltaire treats ! app>ition ( a dead p]son z a miracle1 ,%akespe>e z a p]fectly natural occurr5ce4 ,i d n ?9k t ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is all[able & :at is n c\ld be m cle>ly put ?an 9 ?is la/ s5t5ce4 ,we are n oblig$ to believe t ! potion is ! sole cause ( _! love2 t !y hat$ ea* o!r z deadly enemies at "o mom5t & became lov]s at ! next4 ,su* a notion w\ld be altoge!r too crude4 ,we are ju/ifi$ 9 suppos+ t beh9d ,isolde's rage & ,tri/an's disda9 !re lies a deep] feel+1 z yet unconfess$ b suffici5tly deep-root$ to endure :5 ! ang] ( ! mom5t has pass$ away1 & t ?is is :at is effect$ by ! draught4 ,a v m>k$ *>act]i/ic or mann]ism ( ,wagn]'s dramas is ! t$i\s l5g? ( explanation 9 "s sc5es or soliloquies1 & !y h (t5 be5 sev]ely criticiz$4 ,!re is "o 9 ,tri/an1 ,k+ ,m>ke's spee* at ! end ( ,act ,,ii41 & ,i may say at once t aft] all t has be5 said ! objections _c be entirely set aside4 ,x numb]s ne>ly two hundr$ b>s 9 sl[ tempo1 & takes ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,! argum5t g5]ally us$ 9 def5d+ x is t ! action is laid )91 & ! int]e/ is 9 ! music4 ,b ! objection--to me at lea/--is n t ! action is at a /&/ill1 b t ! sc5e is undramatic1 & mu* ( x unmitigat$ prose4 ,! action has /ood /ill ne>ly all ?r\gh ! act1 b no "o w\ld wi% to miss a b> ( any o!r portion4 ,! k+'s reproa*es ( 8 fri5d & vassal = 8 trea*]y1 & ! music ) its gloomy or*e/ration1 mo/ly ( horns1 bassoons1 viola1 & l[] /r+s1 ) occasional ,engli% horn1 & ! deepe/ notes ( ! cl>9et int]sp]s$ ) wails ( ! bass-cl>9et1 are pr(\ndly t\*+ & proce$ naturally out ( ! situation4 ,_h !re be5 no?+ m ?an ^! x might h be5 mu* %ort]1 b ,wagn] has tak5 ! occasion to try to ?r[ "s light ^u ! circum/ances t prec$$ ! ev5ts ( ! play4 ,if !y 7 to be told !y %\ld h be5 told e>li]4 ,"h we h =gott5 our p]plexity at ! beg9n+ & are n[ ?rill$ ) ! situation1 n at all 9 ! mood = he>+ explanations4 ,nor does x really expla92 if ! he>] does n already "k :y ,isolde 0 br\ght to be ! bride ( ,k+ ,m>ke1 he w sc>cely le>n x f ,m>ke's spee*4 ,:5 ,i spoke j n[ ( ,wagn]'s pr$ilection = long soliloquies & prosy explanations z a mann]ism1 ,i d n ?9k t ,i 0 express+ myself too /rongly4 ,?us 9 ,die ,walkre1 9 ,wotan's long spee* to ,brnnhilde 9 ,act ,,ii41 he sket*es ! ma9 ev5ts ( ,das ,rhe+old4 ,9 ,siegfri$ ! amus+ riddle sc5e1 a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,eddic ,alvsml1 seems int5d$ to relate ev5ts :i* h gone be=e4 ,9 ,gtt]dmm]ung x is ,siegfri$ :o j be=e 8 dea? tells ! /ory ( ! prec$+ ev5+4#cj ,9 ,p>sifal ,gurnemanz expla9s all ! circum/ances to ! ,knapp54 ,h[ undramatic are ^! explanations we %all realize :5 we comp>e !m ) su* soliloquies z ,tannhus]'s acc\nt ( 8 pilgrimage or ,siegmund's /ory ( 8 life1 :i*1 ?\gh equally l5g?y1 keep u spellb\nd f ! fir/ b> to ! la/1 because !y directly lead up to & =m "p ( ! sc5e :i* is actually be=e u4 ,tannhus]'s wild aspect & mann]1 ,siegmund's desolation & long+ = community ) o!r human be+s1 are 9 direct connection ) ! /ory told4 ,footnote #cj3 ,f :i* we may conclude t ,wagn] :5 compos+ ! tetralogy contemplat$ ! sep>ate numb]s be+ sometimes p]=m$ s+ly4 ,= ?is ! explanations are aga9 inadequate4 ,mu* bett] x w\ld h be5 to provide at ! p]=mance a %ort pr9t$ or spok5 introduction1 a plan :i* 9 my humble op9ion might well be adopt$ 9 mo/ plays4 ,i am1 ( c\rse1 only express+ an individual op9ion1 because ,i feel b\nd 9 giv+ a full acc\nt ( ! "w to say h[ x appe>s to me2 o!rs may v probably feel x diff]5tly4 ,x matt]s little4 ,ev5 if ,i am "r 9 ?9k+ t ,wagn] has miscalculat$ ! effect on ! /age1 ,tri/an w /ill rema9 a "w immeasurably sup]ior to a ?\s& t are faultless4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,music ,,z ,,an ,,art ,,( ,,expression ,art g5]ally 444 z su*1 is no?+ b a noble & expressive language1 invaluable z a vehicle ( ?\ght1 b by itself no?+4 ,art1 prop]ly s call$1 is no recreation2 x _c be le>n$ at sp>e mom5ts1 nor pursu$ :5 we h no?+ bett] to d4 ,x is no h&iwork = draw+-room tables1 no relief ( ! ennui ( b\doirs2 x mu/ be und]/ood & und]tak5 s]i\sly or n at all4 ,to advance x1 m5's lives mu/ be giv51 & to receive x1 _! he>ts4 ,^! words1 among ! fir/ writt5 = s]i\s publication by ,john ,rusk9 :5 he 0 a "y graduate ( ,ox=d1 are ! text ( 8 :ole life's tea*+4 ,daily & h\rly1 writes ,c>lyle1 ! _w natural gr[s out ( a _w magical to me4444 ,daily1 too1 ,i see t !re is no true poetry b 9 reality4 ,m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e ,plato _h writt5 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,republic aga9/ ! indiff]5ce to manly virtue & ! cult ( a langui%+ effem9acy 9 ! poetry & art ( 8 day4 ,he inveighs aga9/ ! ,greek3 pan>monia & ,greek3 polu*odia ( ! musicians1 by :i* we may und]/& ov]-in/rum5tation1--z if ! ,a!nians ev5 !n _h _! ,b]liozes & ,/rausses--& cont9ues 7,i quote f ,j[ett's translation73 ,nei!r we nor our gu>dians :om we h to educate c ev] become musical until we & !y "k ! ess5tial =ms ( temp]ance 7,greek3 sphrosunae71 c\rage1 lib]ality1 magnific5ce 7,greek3 megalorepeia71 & _! k9dr$1 etc4 ,! tea*+ ( all ^! ?ree great ma/]s1 & ,i might h multipli$ quotations f ! works ( ! greate/--b only f ^? ( ! greate/--?9k]s ( anci5t & mod]n times1 is ! same3 t art is n a m]e play ( beautiful =ms1 b t ! arti/ mu/ "k a tru? & h be5 able to express x2 t 8 "w mu/ be approv$ or condemn$ accord+ z t tru? is heal?ful or ! rev]se4 ,x is ! doctr9e ( s9c]ity1 & is oppos$ to ! common & weak] doctr9e ( art = art's sake--i4e4 t art is self-conta9$1 t we occupy ourselves ) x solely = ! pleasure :i* x af=ds ?r\gh our s5ses1 t x has no didactic purpose4 ,by ?is latt] view1 beauty 9 art is an idea q di/9ct f utility or morality2 by ! o!r1 beauty1 utility1 & morality are fundam5tally "o1 be+ all emanations f ! "o supreme ,idea ( creation nam$ by ,plato--! ,good1 or ! ,good 9 itself1 ! ,idea ( ,good4 ,c we apply ?is di/9ction to music8 ,all ! o!r arts d]ive _! subject-matt] f ! mat]ial _w1 b ,polyhymnia seems to deta* h]self f h] si/]s1 to so> away f ! ?+s ( ?is e>?1 & to dwell 9 ! e!real regions ( pure ideality4 ,! objects ( pa9t+1 poetry1 sculpture1 etc41 are ^? ( our surr\nd+s2 ! arti/ only puts ! ?+s famili> to u 9 nature 9 a new light1 &1 by conc5trat+ ! att5tion ^u c]ta9 aspects1 reveals mu* t m9ds less poetic ?an 8 _h n notic$ be=e4 ,! morality :i* ^! arts are able to convey is ! morality ( nature4 ,b music is n conc]n$ ) any mat]ial objects2 its means are rhy?m1 melodic int]vals1 h>mony1 all purely ideal exi/5ces1 & seem+ly all connect$ 9 "s my/]i\s way ) numb]1 itself an immat]ial idea ( "t4 ,& al?\gh ! mann] ( our p]ception ( h>mony has1 to "s ext5t1 t ( melody to a /ill small] ext5t1 be5 expla9$ 9 our "t by physiologi/s1 ! explanations only relate to ! =m ( our p]ception4 ,!y %[ h[1 ?r\gh ! h>monic ov]tones1 ! m9d is able to recognize ! connection betwe5 a *ord & ! "o :i* prec$$ x1 b _c tell :y "o progression ( h>monies is pleasant1 ano!r ! rev]se1 z ,helmholtz himself 0 fully aw>e4 ,h[ !n c x be possible = music to be a vehicle ( ?\ght8 ,:at c x h to d ) temp]ance1 c\rage1 lib]ality8 ,! "q is n "o :i* ,i c hope fully to answ] )9 ^! pages1 b x _c be altoge!r pass$ ov]2 we mu/ "k some?+ ( ! nature ( music1 mu/ h "s cle> notion ( :at x is if we are to und]/& its relation to language 9 ! drama4 ,! explanation giv5 by ,leibnitz t x is an ex]citium ari?meticae occultum nesci5tis se num]>e animi is q inadequate4 ,music is n a purely intellectual affection l t ( numb] & proportion1 b is 9 ! highe/ degree emotional4 ,! pleasure :i* we receive f contemplat+ a ma!matical process ( great complexity is altoge!r diff]5t f t ( music4 ,highly complex z are ! ma!matical relations ( ! vibrations :i* convey musical tones f ! in/rum5t to ! e> ! f9al result ( ^? relations1 ! impression on ! rods ( ,corti's organ 9 ! ,co*lea1 are z purely physiological z ! impressions ( t\*4 ,sci5tific1 i4e4 inductive1 rese>* mu/ always f9d an end at ! po9t :]e ! organs become too small = obs]vation2 x c ?r[ no light on ! nature ( ! impression transmitt$ f ,corti's organ to ! consci\sness4 ,a sugge/ion has be5 put =w>d by ,s*op5hau] :i* may be view$ z an attempt to expla9 transc5d5tally ! nature ( music4 ,x is well kn[n t1 accord+ to ,s*op5hau]1 a "w ( art repres5ts ! 7,platonic7 ,idea ( ! object :i* x depicts1 ?is ,idea be+ itself ! fir/ & highe/ /age ( objectivation ( ,w4 ,music is1 h[ev]1 a direct objectivation ( ,w1 i4e4 n ?r\gh an ,idea4 ,music1 !re=e1 is n l ! o!r arts ! image 7,abbild7 ( an ,idea1 b an image ( ! ,w itself1 ( :i* ! ,ideas are also ! objectivity4 ,?is is :y ! impression :i* music makes ^u u is s mu* m p[]ful & m p5etrat+ ?an t ( ! o!r arts1 = !y tell only ( ! %ad[1 music ( ! sub/ance4 ,b inasmu* z x is ! same w t objectivates itself1 only 9 q diff]5t ways 9 ! ,ideas & 9 music1 s !re results1 n inde$ a resemblance1 b r a p>allelism1 an analogy betwe5 music & ! ,ideas :i* appe> 9 ! _w1 multipli$ & imp]fect z ph5om5a4 ,beyond ?is we mu/ n foll[ our au?or4 ,s*op5hau] no d\bt possess$ a v ke5 s5se = music1 b 8 !oretical education 0 ( ! slighte/1 & 8 fur!r rem>ks make ! impression ( 8 hav+ read up ad hoc "s !oretical writ] ( 8 "t4 ,b we may accept 8 def9ition z at lea/ a fir/ /ep 9 ! inquiry4 ,! objective _w lies be=e u 9 two =ms1 z light & z s\nd4 ,f ! visible _w ( light we receive all ! data = our und]/&+1 9 ! =ms ( "t1 space1 & causality4 ,beside x lies ! _w ( s\nd1 9 "t alone1 & appeal+ directly to our inn] emotional consci\sness1 or1 z we vaguely express x1 to ! feel+s1 :i* ! light-_w c only rea* indirectly ?r\gh ! und]/&+4 ,bo? ^! worlds are fundam5tally "o1 diff]+ only 9 _! manife/ation1 &1 h[ev] div]se !y may appe>1 !y are unit$ by ! elem5t common to bo?1 ,rhy?m4 ,9 g5]al ! language ( ! und]/&+ is articulate spee*1 t ( ! emotions is music4 ,! ,unity subsi/+ betwe5 ^! two worlds1 ( und]/&+ & emotion1 ( language & music1 c only be realiz$ intuitively2 x c sc>cely be demon/rat$4 ,b we h vivid illu/rations ( x 9 _m famili> facts1 = in/ance1 t animals are able to make !mselves und]/ood to u & to ea* o!r )\t articulate language1 by ge/ure & song4 ,?us we h ! mutual relations ( ! two dramatic elem5ts4 ,%ortly /at$1 words tell ! /ory1 music ! feel+s ( ! p]sons4 ,ge/ure w\ld seem to hold a place betwe5 language & song1 appeal+ to ! emotions z directly1 & sometimes almo/ z =cibly z s\nd4#ca ,^! relations are n s %>ply m>k$ (f f ea* o!r z appe>s 9 ! analysis4 ,9 a highly wr\ght organism ea* "p1 :ile keep+ /rictly to its own functions1 is nev]!less capable to "s ext5t1 :5 necessity arises1 ( ext5d+ its field4 ,x is l a well-discipl9$ army :]e ! duties ( ea* unit are /rictly laid d[n1 b :]e ! units !mselves possess intellig5ce & are capable :5 ne$ful ( indep5d5t action1 & a cont9ual int]communication betwe5 all ! p>ts ensures _! h>moni\s work+4 ,footnote #ca3 ,! read] :o is int]e/$ w f9d ! subject m fully treat$ 9 ,wagn]'s ,bee?ov54 ,apply+ :at has be5 said to ! drama let u select "o incid5t ( our "w1 ! te>+ d[n ( ! tor* by ,isolde 9 ! second act4 ,! words h told u t ! tor* is a signal ( dang]1 & n[ ! s\nds ( ! hunt hav+ di$ away1 its removal in=ms ,tri/an t ! way is cle> = him to approa*4 ,m ?an ?is ! poet c\ld sc>cely d 9 ! words4 ,to h expatiat$ ^u ! awful consequ5ces :i* ! lov]s "k full well mu/ inevitably foll[1 on ! conflict ( hope1 awe1 h]oic resolution1 defiance ( ! c]ta9 dea? be=e !m--to h told all ?is 9 words w\ld h necessitat$ a long spee*1 mo/ unnatural & undramatic at su* a mom5t ( t5sion1 & c\ld sc>cely h avoid$ deg5]at+ into bomba/4 ,by a few simple transitions1 a few devices ( in/rum5tation1 ! or*e/ra relates all ?is & mu* m1 :ile ,isolde's flute-motive1 s exquisitely graceful & t5d] 9 ! prec$+ sc5e1 has n[ become a %riek ( resolution bewild]$ b undaunt$ 9 ! supreme crisis1 above ! savage call ( ! trumpets to dea?4 ,s f> ! music2 we see 9 ! tor* hurl$ f its %9+ po/ & left expir+ on ! gr\nd1 a symbol ( ! drama t is conc5trat$ 9 ! act2 ( ,tri/an's glory ext+ui%$ 9 ! realm ( night4 ,all ?is 9 ! sc5ic repres5tation =ms "o issue1 ! diff]5t elem5ts coalesc+ 9 ! he>]'s m9d into a s+le dramatic incid5t4 ,wagn]'s view ( ! relation ( music to words has be5 ! subject ( mu* controv]sy1 (t5 unhappily v heat$4 ,be=e ,wagn] ! common notion 0 t music 9 comb9ation ) words _h only to en=ce !m & to acc5tuate _! declamation4 ,su* 0 ! view ( ,gluck4 ,z reg>ds lyric productions1 ! sett+ ( songs to music1 ?is pr9ciple may be suffici5t1 b ! case is diff]5t :5 bo? words & music are controll$ by a dramatic action4 ,ano!r view places music 9 a class altoge!r by itself1 ap>t f ! o!r arts1 & unable to unite ) !m except 9 s f> z to employ !m z its vehicle4 ,:]ev] music appe>s 9 company ) poetry1 music mu/ take ! lead1 mu/ be gov]n$ by its own laws1 reta9 its own =ms1 :ile poetry1 its compliant s]vant1 mu/ avoid all high] expression & accommodate itself z be/ x c to ! music4 ,s ! highe/ =m ( music w be in/rum5tal1 :]e x is unfett]$ by ! ties ( poetry4 ,a little "w publi%$ 9 ! fifties by ! ,vi5na critic1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,hanslick1 entitl$ ,vom musikalis*-,s*n51 discusses ?is "q v fully4 ,x atta9$ great celebrity at ! "t ( its publication & is /ill read4 ,x is ! be/ attempt t ,i h se5 to /ate !oretically ! case aga9/ ,wagn] 9 sob] & reason$ language1 & ?\gh x conta9s a few misund]/&+s x is free f (f5sive p]sonalities & well wor?y ( att5tion4 ,! au?or is a disciple ( t s*ool ( ,g]man ae/heticians ( :i* ,f4 ,?4 ,vis*] is ! =emo/ repres5tative4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,hanslick1 music1 be+ an art isolat$ f objective nature1 c nev] be any?+ b music4 ,:atev] x expresses c only be /at$ 9 t]ms ( music2 x c nev] pres5t a def9ite human feel+4 ,! ess5ce ( music is movem5t1 & x c repres5t c]ta9 dynamic ideas4 ,?us1 al?\gh x c nev] express love1 hope1 long+1 etc41 s9ce ^? feel+s involve a p]ception 7,vor/ellung7 or a concept 7,begriff71 ?+s =eign to its nature1 x c repres5t giv5 ideas z /rong1 weak1 increas+1 dim9i%+1 etc4--or z any?+ :i* is a function ( "t1 movem5t1 & proportion4 ,x c also by analogy sugge/ 9 ! he>] ! ideas ( pleas+1 s(t1 viol5t1 elegant1 & ! l4 ,:atev] is beyond ?is is symbolical4 ,movem5t & symbolism are ! only means by :i* music c express any?+4 ,! notion t music c express a def9ite feel+ 01 ! au?or decl>es1 univ]sally held by ae/heticians at t "t1 & among/ ^? :o held x he seems to include ,wagn]4 ,by way ( expos+ its fallacy he quotes ! air f ,gluck's ,orpheus3 ,music3 ,j'ai p] - du mon ,eu - ri - di - ce-- ri5 n' - ga - le mon mal - heur4 ,x w\ld be possible1 he says1 to sub/itute words ( an exactly opposite mean+-- ,j'ai tr\v mon ,euridice1 ,ri5 n'gale mon bonheur-- )\t ! music be+ affect$ 9 any way4 ,?is be+ s1 he cont9ues1 music c nev] unite ) words to express any notion at all1 & ! only =m arti/ically admissible is absolute or in/rum5tal music4 ,! pleasure :i* x imp>ts is ! same z t :i* we d]ive f a kaleidoscope1 except 9 s f> z x is ennobl$ by ! fact ( its emanat+ f a human m9d in/ead ( f a ma*9e4 ,! union ( music ) words is a morganatic m>riage1 9 :i* ! words mu/ suff] viol5ce4 ,) ?is ! au?or believes himself to h demoli%$ ,wagn]'s canon t 9 ! musical drama ! music is only a means1 ! end be+ ! drama4 ,und\bt$ly !re is mu* tru? 9 ^! obs]vations4 ,if = ! mom5t we conf9e our att5tion to in/rum5tal music x is und5iable t a musical melody 9 itself c nev] be any?+ b music4 ,wagn] himself has insi/$ t music atta9s all ! fulness ( :i* x is capable z absolute or in/rum5tal music1 & z ?is tru? has be5 too (t5 =gott5 by compos]s1 we h no?+ b gratitude = an au?or :o once m /rives to br+ x into notice4 ,b x is only a "o-sid$ tru?1 & insuffici5t4 ,by ! same rigid reason+ x might be cont5d$ t a human face1 be+ no?+ b modell+ & col\r1 c nev] express any?+ b functions ( l9es & =ms1 & col\rs4 ,ev]y?+ 9 nature z well z 9 art has = ^? :o look bel[ ! surface a significance beyond its ext]nal features4 ,nor does x foll[ t music w always rema9 cont5t ) its own glori\s isolation1 t x w nev] seek = union ) o!r arts1 sacrific+ inde$ its pri/9e purity1 b ga9+ mightily 9 w>m human expression4 ,ev5 9 ! heyday ( absolute music1 9 ! in/rum5tal compositions ( ,seba/ian ,ba*1 we may notice ?is t5d5cy1 ?\gh "h x is r ! dance ?an poetry ) :i* x /rives to ally itself2 :ile 9 ,bee?ov5's symphonies ! ye>n+ = human community & human fell[%ip is noticeable f ! fir/1 & 9 ! f9al "w x breaks its bonds & dissolves into song4 ,! prim>y error 9 ,dr4 ,hanslick's argum5t is t x beg9s at ! wrong end1 & tacitly assumes t art c be controll$ by !oretical speculations4 ,an a priori developm5t ( ! !ory ( art out ( suppos$ fir/ pr9ciples mu/ 9 ! end lead to contradictions & absurdities1 & e "o mu/ feel 8 conclusion t ! union ( music & words is illegitimate--a view :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 w\ld deprive u ( ,s*ub]t's songs--to be an absurdity4 ,_h ! inquiry comm5c$ ) famili> in/ances f exi/+ works ( art 9 :i* music is felt to possess a v vivid p[] ( expression & !n be5 c>ri$ backw>ds to f9d :at x c express & :at n1 & :at are ! conditions ( its expression1 ! results might h be5 valuable & we %\ld h be5 sp>$ a diss]tation re/+ :olly ^u confusion ( ! mean+ ( words4 ,"h a def9ite mean+ has be5 atta*$ to ! ^w feel+ 7,gefhl72 x is und]/ood z includ+ su* feel+s z hope1 love1 fe>1 etc4 ,^!1 ( c\rse1 music _c express4 ,wagn] himself insi/s t music c nev] express a def9ite feel+1 & ev5 c5sures x z a misund]/&+ on ! "p ( ,bee?ov5 t 9 8 lat] works he attempt$ to d s4#cb ,! be/ ^w to d5ote :at music c express is t us$ by ,helmholtz--,gem?/immung--untranslatable into ,engli%1 b = :i* we may use ! t]m emotional mood z d5ot+ some?+ simil>4 ,x is a tun+ or a tone ( ! m9d1 a mood t music expresses1 & f a ^w ( su* vague mean+ !re is no risk ( false d$uctions be+ drawn4 ,footnote #cb3 ,wagn]1 ,ges4 ,s*r41 iii4 #cda2 iv4 #chg4 ,all our musical s5se revolts aga9/ ! dictum t music _c "u any circum/ances express a g5]al feel+4 ,take1 = example1 ,aga?a's outbur/ on see+ ! approa* ( h] lov] ,max 9 ! second act ( ,d] ,freis*tz3 ,music3 ,all' mei - ne ,pul - se s*la-g51 und das ,h]z wallt un - ge - /m1 ,sss ent - - zckt ent - ge - - - g5 ihm14444 etc4 ,w\ld x be possible to he> ?is passage & n feel ! melody z a direct & mo/ vivid expression ( joy8--joy1 t is1 9 ! ab/ract1 b n a def9ite joy at "s giv5 ev5t--t is told by ! words & sc5]y8 ,:atev] %>e words & ge/ure may contribute is z no?+ comp>$ ) t exultant & raptur\s outbur/ ( melody4 ,:]ev] !re is any "*-draw+ 9 ,italian op]a1 x is 9 ! music1 n 9 ! words1 z1 = example1 9 ! m dramatic portions ( ,elvira's music 9 ,don ,giovanni4 ,! frequ5t movem5t 9 octaves imp>ts a nobility & dignity to h] expression :i* are altoge!r abs5t 9 ! words4 ,! p>aphrase ( ! words ( ! air f ,gluck's ,orphe is amus+ en\gh z a jeu d' esprit1 b surely _c be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,hanslick seems to h misappreh5d$ ! music2 x does n express grief1 & is n int5d$ to4 ,! words express ! desolation ( ,orpheus at ! loss ( 8 belov$1 b ! ,/immung ( ! melody is "o ( calm resignation4 ,x is ! s]5e self-re/ra9t ) :i* ,gluck loves to imbue 8 classic h]oes & h]o9es1 & :i* is equally appropriate to joy & grief4 ,grillp>z]1 ^: au?ority bo? z a dramati/ & z a s5sitive lov] ( music is rightly e/eem$ v highly1 has decl>$ t x w\ld be possible to take any "o ( ,moz>t's arias1 & set words ( q diff]5t mean+ to !m4 ,?is may be true ( _m ( ,moz>t's arias1 :i* 7 (t5 compos$ m ) reg>d to ! organ ( a p>ticul> s+] ?an to ! text be=e him1 b is assur$ly n true ( 8 great dramatic sc5es & f9ales4 ,:atev] value su* speculations may possess vani%es be=e ! unconsci\s in/9ct ( ! creat+ arti/4 ,x is well kn[n t ,g]man dramati/s & poets h f ! beg9n+ felt ke5ly ! ne$ ( musical expression4 ,if ! ne$ 0 less felt by ,engli% dramati/s ( our great p]iod ! reason is t x requir$ ! developm5t ( music 9 ! h&s ( ! great ,g]man ma/]s be=e its p[] c\ld be fully kn[n4 ,h]d]1 ,s*ill]1 ,goe!1 ,h(fmann1 ,ri*t]1 & a ho/ ( o!rs all sigh$ = ! aid ( music4#cc ,klei/ decl>$ music to be ! root ( all ! o!r arts4 ,_! dream c\ld n be realiz$ until ! "r =m ( ! drama :i* c\ld unite ) music _h be5 f\nd4 ,x 0 at la/ f\nd by ,wagn] aft] repeat$ trial & failure4 ,he det]m9$ ! =m z t 9 :i* ! *>act]s act out ( _! own inn] impulses4 ,! hi/orical drama %[s m5 z torn hi!r & ?i!r by ext]nal political consid]ations4 ,! action is impell$ by :eels )9 :eels ( intrigue & complex psy*ological me*anism4 ,= su* subjects ! romance1 ) its almo/ unlimit$ p[]s ( expatiation1 is ! prop] vehicle1 b !y are unfitt$ = music2 !y necessitate we>isome explanations ( complicat$ motives altoge!r =eign to ! direct emotional "* ( musical drama4 ,! musical "* is ! "o :o is entirely himself1 & ^: motives are !re=e cle> f ! fir/2 su* subjects are to be f\nd above all 9 ! my?ologies ( imag9ative & poetically gift$ peoples4 ,t does n ( c\rse mean t o!r subjects are exclud$1 = !re is no doma9 ( life :i* may n (f] ! same conditions1 provid$ only t ! *>act]s h a /rong & well-m>k$ individuality4 ,:5 once ?is pr9ciple 0 discov]$ ! musical drama became a reality4 ,wagn] uses = ?is =m ( drama ! t]m re9m5s*li*--purely human--an expression :i* 0 9 keep+ ) ! humanit>ian views preval5t at ! "t :5 he wrote1 b n free f objection & apt to be misund]/ood 9 our day4 ,footnote #cc3 ,_m utt]ances ( ,g]man poets to ?is effect w be f\nd reproduc$ 9 ,*amb]la9's ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,if ! drama long$ = ! means ( express+ its own inmo/ nature1 no less did music seek = a ne>] approa* to objectivity & to ! conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,if x is true t music is ! root ( all ! arts1 !n x mu/ also be ! root ( human life1 & mu/ seek to reveal itself 9 life & 9 ! drama :i* is ! mirror ( life4 ,! desire = human expression is already1 z we h se51 v cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! symphonies & sonatas ( ,bee?ov51 b x is s9ce 8 "t t ! mo/ rem>kable developm5t has tak5 place4 ,! programme music ( ,b]lioz1 ,liszt1 & o!r compos]s has rightly be5 condemn$ by _m critics1 b ! mi/ake 0 9 ! mann] ( ! composition r ?an 9 ! int5tion1 :i* 0 natural1 inde$ inevitable4 ,wagn]'s ass]tion t ) ,bee?ov5 ! la/ symphony has be5 writt5--rationally und]/ood1 ( c\rse1 z mean+ t no?+ beyond is possible on in/rum5tal l9es--is q true4 ,!re 0 no?+ left b = music to take =m 9 ?+s ( human int]e/4 ,only ! compos]s1 p]haps z mu* f want ( an adequate dramatic =m z f want ( skill1 fail$ to atta9 _! end4 ,:ile evid5tly /riv+ to foll[ out ,bee?ov5's h9t1 mehr ,ausdruck d] ,empf9dung als ,mal]ei1 _! p[]s fail$1 & !y produc$ m ,mal]ei ?an ,empf9dung4 ,! read] may consid] by ! light ( ^! rem>ks ! passage 9 ,liszt's ,fau/ symphony 9 ! sl[ movem5t1 :]e ,gret*5 is repres5t$ z pluck+ a daisy1 repeat+1 ,he loves me1 he loves me n1 etc4 ,! compos] has depict$ ! sc5e ) wond]ful skill & exquisite poetic feel+1 b ! ess5ce ( ,goe!'s sc5e1 :i* lies entirely 9 its unconsci\s innoc5ce1 is gone 9 ?is highly wr\ght artificial pres5tation4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 nature & art1 betwe5 ! nave1 pure-m9d$ maid5 & ! actress pa9t$ & decorat$ = ! /age4 ,!re are few p]sons1 ,i believe1 :o on he>+ an in/rum5tal composition d n feel a desire to =m a m5tal picture ( its cont5ts1 s to speak1 to objectivate x 9 _! m9ds4 ,ae/heticians tell u t we are wrong1 & we are apt to laugh at ea* o!r's pictures1 b we all d x4 ,bee?ov51 z we "k f 8 fri5d ,s*9dl] & 8 pupil ,ries1 (t51 if n always1 _h "s object be=e him :5 compos+ 8 in/rum5tal works4 ,! fact t ! same music sugge/s diff]5t int]pretations to diff]5t m9ds w n di/urb u if we rememb] t music does n & nev] c depict or describe its object3 = t we h ! arts ( poetry & pa9t+4 ,:at music c give is ! emotional mood :i* x calls =?1 & :i* may be common to _m objects v diff]5t 9 _! ext]nal "*4 ,a /ormy movem5t may be ref]r$ to a /orm ( w9ds & waves1 or to a /orm ( human passions1 & s might sugge/ a battle1 a %ipwreck1 a revolution1 a viol5t emotion ( love or hatr$1 or a play ( ,%akespe>e4 ,b ! av]sion :i* we naturally feel to ! labell+ ( sonatas & symphonies ) titles is 9 my op9ion ju/ifiable1#cd because "h we recognize an attempt to /]eotype "o p>ticul> int]pretation1 in/ead ( leav+ ! m9d ( ea* he>] free to =m 8 own4 ,footnote #cd3 ,! late/ & mo/ atroci\s outrage on good ta/e 9 ?is respect is ! labell+ ( ,bee?ov5's great ,b flat sonata z ! ,hamm]klavi]4 ,all musicians ( f9] feel+ %\ld unite to kill ?is absurd "n4 ,a musical composition is a vessel into :i* _m w9es c be p\r$4 ,x _c 9 itself express ei!r any mat]ial object or any def9ite feel+ :i* involves su* an object4 ,no music c alone1 )\t a sugge/ion f else:]e1 express a p]son1 a place1 or love or fe> or a battle or a calm sea & prosp]\s voyage1 or any simil> ?+4 ,b x has a m>vell\s p[] ( receiv+ sugge/ions :i* are (f]$ to x1 by words or o!rwise1 ( c>ry+ !m on &1 by means ( its own =ces ( movem5t & proportion1 int5sify+ _! expression to1 a degree inconceivable )\t its aid4 ,ma!matics pres5t an exact analogy to music1 & are to sci5ce :at music is to art4 ,bo? are ideal =ms :i* 9 "o s5se only atta9 complete individuality :5 !y are pure1 b 9 ano!r s5se h no mean+ until !y are appli$ to "s object ( nature4 ,a ma!matical =mula is only true s long z x rema9s an ideal 9 ! m9d2 b its exi/5ce has no o!r purpose ?an to /ate a law = mat]ial ph5om5a1 :5 x at once loses its ess5tial qualities z a ma!matical =mula1 c]ta9ty & accuracy4 ,9 ?is way we may und]/& simultane\sly ! supremacy ( absolute music & ! tru? = :i* ,wagn] cont5ds1 t music c nev] be any?+ b expression4 ,dr4 ,hanslick's dictum t music has no o!r means = its expression ?an movem5t & symbolism _c be admitt$4 ,x c express ?r\gh association4 ,all ! s5ses h 9 "s degree ! faculty ( recall+ 9 ! m9d impressions ) :i* !y h once be5 associat$4 ,:o has nev] _h ! memory ( 8 home or ( "s place famili> to 8 *ildhood recall$ by ! sc5t ( a fl[] or a plant8 ,no s5se possesses ?is p[] 9 any?+ l ! same degree z t ( he>+1 especially :5 ! connection has be5 e/abli%$ ?r\gh a musical /ra94 ,x is on ?is pr9ciple t ,wagn] ma9ly relies 9 8 dramatic musical motives4 ,9 itself ! connection is 9 ! fir/ in/ance artificial4 ,a musical /ra9 ( a /rik+ individual "* is br\ght into connection ) "s idea ( ! drama1 x may be a p]son or a sc5e or an incid5t1 9 %ort1 any?+ :i* may s]ve z a dramatic motive1 & !nce=w>d :5ev] ! musical /ra9 is he>d1 ! idea ) :i* x has be5 associat$ w be call$ up 9 ! m9d ( ! he>]4 ,all ! res\rces ( mod]n music are !n at ! disposal ( ! compos] = exhibit+ 8 motive 9 ! mo/ v>i$ lights1 int5sify+1 v>y+1 contra/+1 or comb9+ ) o!r motives1 z ! dramatic situation requires4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! musical /ra9 is he>d be=e its association ) an idea ( ! drama has be5 e/abli%$1 z1 = example1 9 ! in/rum5tal prelude4 ,! idea !n seems to hov] 9 ! music z a vague pres5tim5t 7,ahnung7 ( some?+ t is to come4 ,a sup]b example ( ?is occurs at ! end ( ,die ,walkre4 ,wotan has laid 8 daught] to re/1 & surr\nd$ h] ) a b>ri] ( fire4 ,let none cross ?is fire :o dreads my spe>1 he cries1 & at once ! ?reat is answ]$ by a defiant bla/ f ! trombones utt]+ a /ra9 :i* has n yet tak5 def9ite =m1 b :i* we le>n f ! sequel is ! !me prop] to ,siegfri$ ! h]o1 :o is de/9$ to br+ to an end ! p[] ( ! god4 ,or ! motive may reappe> aft] x has s]v$ its purpose on ! /age2 x is !n a rem9isc5ce ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,no f9] example ( ?is c\ld be f\nd ?an 9 ! music ( ,isolde's swan-song1 ! s-call$ ,liebe/od1 :i* is built up out ( ! motives ( ! life into a symphonic /ructure ( almo/ unp>allel$ =ce & tru?4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,"s ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,musical ,,diction ,,( ,,tri/an ,,und ,,isolde ,be=e beg9n+ ! detail$ consid]ation ( our "w1 ,i wi% to say a few words on "s features ( ! music4 ,z ,i am writ+ = ! g5]al read] & n = ! musician1 ,i %all endeav\r to express myself 9 g5]ally und]/ood t]ms1 & avoid te*nical details4 ,ea* ( ,wagn]'s works pres5ts a di/9ct & /rongly def9$ musical physiognomy m>k+ x (f f all ! o!rs4 ,! music ( ea* is ca/ 9 its own m\ld & is at once recognizable f t ( ! re/4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! music ( ,tri/an und ,isolde are its conc5trat$ int5sity & ! ineffable sweetness ( its melody4 ,! numb] ( musical-dramatic motives employ$ is v small1 b !y are insi/$ ^u & emphasiz$ by a musical work+ out unp>allel$ 9 ! o!r works4 ,9 ,rhe+old1 = example1 "s twelve or fifte5 motives--if we c\nt only ^? ( well-m>k$ cont\rs1 & :i* are us$ 9 def9ite dramatic association--c be di/+ui%$2 :]eas 9 ! :ole ( ,tri/an !re are ( su* ,leitmotive 9 ! n>r[e/ s5se n m ?an ?ree or f\r4 ,! treatm5t is also v diff]5t4 ,! ,r+ is n entirely innoc5t ( :at has be5 wittily call$ ! visit+-c>d employm5t ( motives1 :ile 9 ,tri/an ! musical motive does n repeat1 b r supplem5ts1 ! words1 indicat+ :at ^! h left untold1 ?us ent]+ z truly into ! sub/ance ( ! drama z x does into t ( ! music4 ,! mo/ important motive ( all1 ! "o :i* p]vades ! drama f beg9n+ to end1 is ! love-motive4 ,its fundam5tal =m is t 9 :i* x appe>s 9 ! second b> ( ! ,prelude 9 ! oboe 7,no4 #a74ce ,v>iants ( x occur )\t ! *>act]i/ic semitone susp5sion 7#a;a7 or ) a fall+ sev5? 7#a;b74 ,! cello motive ( ! op5+ phrase ( ! ,prelude may also be consid]$ z d]iv$ f ! same by contr>y movem5t 7#a;c74 ,footnote #ce3 ,see ! musical examples at ! end4 ,( equal importance1 ?\gh occurr+ less frequ5tly1 & only at important & decisive mom5ts1 is ! dea?-motive 7#b74 ,?is motive is less v>i$ ?an ! la/1 recurr+ g5]ally 9 ! same key--,a flat pass+ into ,c m9or--& ) simil> in/rum5tation1 ! brass & drums ent]+ pp on ! second *ord4 ,! second act op5s ) a /rongly m>k$ phrase :i* is ! musical c\nt]p>t ( ! great metaphor s conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ! act1 ( ! day z de/ructive ( love4 ,! work+ out ( ?is motive :il/ ! lov]s are toge!r is a m>vel ( musical composition1 & x always returns 9 ! same connection4 ,p]haps we may also include among ^! fundam5tal musical-dramatical motives "o occurr+ 9 ! middle ( ! second act at ! words ,sehn5 h9 zur heilg5 ,na*t 7,no4 #d74 ,x is ak9 to ! dea?-motive prop]1 b ! solemn h>monies are "h torn asund] into a /ra9 s discordant t )\t ! dramatic context x w\ld sc>cely be be>able4 ,x is ! r5d+ ( ! bond ) ?is life & ) ! day4 ,! music "h rem9ds u t1 h[ev] h]oically ! lov]s accept _! inevitable end1 !y feel t x means a r\gh & pa9ful sev]ance f t life :i* 0 once s de> & beautiful4 ,o!r motives are rem9isc5ces m or less ( a purely musical nature or connect$ only 9 a g5]al way ) sc5es or incid5ts ( ! drama4 ,!y call back indi/9ctly sc5es ( bygone times1 & w be spok5 ( z !y occur 9 ! "w4 ,! be/ prelim9>y /udy = ,wagn]'s use ( motives is t ( ,bee?ov5's sonatas & symphonies4 ,macmillan's ,magaz9e = ,july1 #ahgf1 conta9s a valuable article by ! late ,mr4 ,dannreu!r :i* w be useful z an introduction1 & ought to be famili> to all :o are int]e/$ 9 mod]n developm5ts ( music4 ,mr4 ,dannreu!r !re treats ( ! type ( v>iation peculi> to ,bee?ov51 :i* he comp>es to ! metamorphosis ( insects or ( ! organs ( plants3 ,x is n s mu* ! alt]ation ( a giv5 ?\ght1 a *ange ( dress or ( decoration1 x is an actual creation ( some?+ new & di/9ct f out ( a giv5 g]m4 ,he !n proce$s to trace ! pr9ciple 9 "s ( ,bee?ov5's lat] works1 & %[s h[ = example ! great ,b flat sonata 7,op4 #ajf7 is built ^u a s*eme ( ris+ t5?s & fall+ ?irds2 ! ,a flat sonata 7,op4 #aaj7 ^u two simple melodies4 ,wagn]'s proc$ure is simil>2 he takes a musical motive :i* has already be5 us$ & br+s =? out ( x some?+ totally new1 sc>cely resembl+ its p>5t 9 ext]nal features1 & yet recognizable z ! same4 ,! problem be=e ,wagn] 0 h[ to r5d] ?is new acquisition available = ! drama1 & we %all be/ und]/& him if we look ^u him z all 8 life seek+ its solution1 ea* "w repres5t+ an exp]im5tal /age r ?an a p]fectly f9i%$ model4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ,r+ he began ) a purely conv5tional conjunction ( a musical /ra9 ) a tangible & visible object--a r+1 a giant1 a goddess1 etc4 ,?is is wrong me?od1 &1 al?\gh g5]ally 8 in/9ctive s5se ( dramatic propriety kept him f go+ v f> a/ray1 ! effects ( 8 wrong proc$ure are occasionally visible4 ,:y1 = example1 %\ld a giv5 melody 9 ?irds on two bassoons d5ote a r+8 & :y %\ld x be> a !matic k9%ip to ano!r melody d5ot+ ,walhall8 ,! association is purely conv5tional & s]ves no purpose1 = ! mat]ial object1 a r+1 is fully express$ 9 ! ^w2 !re is no?+ m to be said ab\t x ?an t x is j a r+1 & we d n want ! bassoons to repeat or confirm :at is q intelligible )\t !m4 ,9 ,tri/an ?is pitfall is mo/ly avoid$1 b x is 9 ,die ,mei/]s+] & ,p>sifal t we f9d ! motives mo/ skilfully employ$4 ,a critical analysis ( ! h>monic /ructure ( our "w does n fall )9 ! scope ( ?is treatise4 ,x w be f\nd 9 text-books specially devot$ to ! subject4 ,i c "h only (f] a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,mod]n h>monies are made !oretically mu* m difficult ?an !y ne$ be by our sy/em ( notation1 :i* grew up 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! old modes knew no modulation 9 our s5se1 & 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :5 ! temp]$ sy/em came into vogue1 mak+ e k9d ( modulation possible1 ! old notation 0 reta9$4 ,h[ unsuit$ x is = mod]n music appe>s f ! dra/ic contradictions :i* x involves4 ,x is q a common ?+ to see ! same note simultane\sly writt5 z ,f %>p 9 "o "p & z ,g flat 9 ano!r4 ,?is is :at makes mod]n h>mony seem s mu* m difficult ?an x really is1 = :5 ! music comes to be he>d1 ^! =midable-look+ int]vals resolve !mselves into some?+ q natural & g5]ally n difficult ( appreh5sion by a musical e>4 ,un=tunately we are compell$ to le>n music ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a key$ in/rum5t1 g5]ally ?r\gh ! mo/ unmusical ( in/rum5ts1 ! piano1 & we le>n !ory l>gely ?r\gh ! eye & ! reason in/ead ( ?r\gh ! e>4 ,! problems ( h>mony w seem mu* simpl] if we rememb] t its basis is ! int]val--music does n "k notes z su*1 b only int]vals--t ! numb] ( possible int]vals is v small & _! relations q simple1 & t ev]y?+ :i* is n r$ucible to a v simple vulg> fraction is he>d1 n z a h>mony1 b z a pass+ note1 an inflection ( a note ( a *ord4 ,9 fact ! advance made 9 *ord comb9ations s9ce ! introduction ( ! temp]$ sy/em is n v great4 ,all1 or ne>ly all1 ! *ords us$ by ,wagn] are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,ba*4 ,! sugge/ion to expla9 ,wagn]'s h>monies by assum+ a *romatic scale re/s ^u a misappreh5sion ( ! nature ( a scale4 ,e scale implies a tonality1 i4e4 a tonic note1 to :i* all ! o!r notes be> "s def9ite num]ical relation4 ,!re _c be a *romatic scale 9 ! sci5tific s5se 9 music2 :at we call by t "n 9 a key$ in/rum5t is m]ely a diatonic scale ) ! int]vals fill$ 92 x always belongs to a def9ite key1 & ! accid5tals are only pass+ notes4 ,x is 9 pass+ notes t we mu/ seek ! key to ,wagn]'s h>monies4 ,) ,wagn] m ?an ) any o!r compos] s9ce ,ba* ! p>ts mu/ be read horizontally z well z v]tically4 ,z long z we look ^u h>monic progressions z v]tical columns ( *ords foll[+ "o ^u ! o!r we may inde$ expla91 b we %all nev] und]/& !m4 ,ea* *ord mu/ be view$ z ! result ( ! conflu5ce ( all ! sep>ate voices mov+ h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,?is1 too1 w help u to grasp ! "* ( alt]$ *ords1 s lavi%ly employ$ by ,wagn]1 & ( inflection1 by :i* t]m ,i mean to d5ote all k9ds ( pass+ notes1 appoggiaturas1 susp5sions1 *ang+ notes1 & ! l4 ,all are ph5om5a ( h>monic notes /riv+ melodically onw>ds1 ei!r upw>ds or d[nw>ds4 ,al?\gh little has be5 done 9 ! inv5tion ( new comb9ations1 ! "* ( ! h>monic /ructure has *ang$ consid]ably s9ce ! eighte5? & e>ly n9ete5? c5turies4 ,?is is evid5t at fir/ glance on comp>+ a score ( ,haydn or ,moz>t ) "o ( ,wagn] or ,liszt4 ,!re1 al?\gh *romatic h>monies are n unfrequ5t1 !y occur only sporadically1 ! g5]al /ructure be+ diatonic1 :]eas ) ! lat] ma/]s ! :ole tissue is *romatic2 ! score fairly bri/les ) accid5tals1 & a simple major or m9or triad is ! exception4 ,v diff]5t too is ! p]iodic /ructure4 ,! phrases no long] fall naturally into eight-b> p]iods int]punctuat$ ) cad5ces1 b are det]m9$ by ! text1 & al?\gh ! eight-b> s*eme is g5]ally ma9ta9$--mu* disguis$1 x is true1 b /ill recognizable--x is det]m9$ n by half-closes at ! sections1 b by ! eight beats ( ! two-l9e metre1 :ile ! p]iods foll[ ea* o!r 9 ev5 fl[ )\t any indication ( cad5ce4 ,9 o!r words ! musical =m is gov]n$ by ! declamation4 ,!ory ( h>mony is "o ?+1 liv+ music q ano!r4 ,! musical he>] ( a "w l ,tri/an und ,isolde w und]/& its h>monic /ructure1 ?\gh he "k no?+ ( ! !oretical progression ( ! *ords1 provid$ ! p]=mance be good1 i4e4 correct1 j z a man ignorant ( gramm> w und]/& a s5t5ce :i* is cle>ly enunciat$4 ,! compos] ne$s no !ory ( h>mony2 8 e> is 8 only guide1 z ! eye ( ! arti/ is a suffici5t guide = 8 col\r+ )\t any !ory ( col\r4 ,!re is only "o ?+ :i* ! compos] mu/ keep be=e him & :i* ! he>] mu/ consci\sly be able to recognize--! ,tonality4 ,! problem ( h>mony !re=e 9 practice r$uces itself to t ( modulation4 ,to recognize ! tonality quickly & c]ta9ly1 look = ! cad5ces4 ,!y are z x 7 l&m>ks1 plac$ along ! melodic road1 indicat+ f "t to "t :]e we are4 ,i _c dismiss ! subject ( h>mony )\t m5tion+ ! *ord :i* f its employm5t at decisive mom5ts & its extraord9>y my/ic expressiv5ess has be5 call$ ! s\l ( ! ,tri/an music4 ,its direct =m is ,music z x occurs 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,prelude4 ,! in/rum5tation ( ,tri/an does n pres5t any special features diff]5t f t ( ,wagn]'s o!r works4 ,x is less heavily scor$ ?an ! ,r+1 & at ! same "t ! in/rum5tation is m conc5trat$4 ,wagn] usually employs 8 w9d 9 gr\ps ( at lea/ ?ree 9 ea* col\r--e4g4 ?ree flutes1 two oboi & "o ,engli% horn1 two cl>9ets & a bass cl>9et1 etc4--& s is able to keep 8 col\rs pure4 ,x is p>tly to ?is t ! extraord9>y purity ( 8 tone 9 ! tutti is due1 p>tly also to ! sonority imp>t$ to ! brass by means ( ! bass tuba1 & /ill m to ! consummate skill ( ! compos] 9 ! di/ribution ( 8 p>ts4 ,!re is an int]e/+ note at ! beg9n+ ( ! score 9 :i* ! compos] seems to be try+ to excuse himself = us+ valve in/rum5ts 9 ! horns4 ,:ile admitt+ ! degradation ( tone & loss ( ! p[] ( s(t b9d+ result+ f ! use ( valves1 he ?9ks t ! innovation 7:i* ,i ne$ sc>cely obs]ve is n 87 is ju/ifi$ by ! advantage ga9$ 9 great] fre$om ( movem5t4 ,9 su* matt]s "o mu/ be all[$ to =m "o's own judgm5t1 & ?\gh x may seem l try+ to tea* a fi% to swim1 a humble amateur may be p]mitt$ to wi% t ,wagn] _h "h resi/$ ! tide ( progress4 ,x is n only t ! tone & p[] ( b9d+ are injur$1 b ! :ole "* ( horns & trumpets is alt]$ :5 !y are expect$ to s+ *romatic passages l ! viol9 & ! cl>9et4 ,z ! po9t is ( "s int]e/1 ,i %\ld l to br+ x be=e ! read] ) "s examples4 ,! ess5tial "* ( ! horns is n[h]e m truly convey$ ?an 9 ! s(t passage ne> ! beg9n+ ( ! ov]ture to ,d] ,freis*tz1 & x is ! contra/ betwe5 ! two nature scales on ! ,c horn & ! ,f horn :i* gives ! "* to ?is lovely idyll4 ,! trumpets are capable ( ev5 less v>iety ( expression ?an ! horns1 z _! individuality is ev5 m /rongly m>k$4 ,h[ entirely t "* is condition$ by ! me*anism ( ! in/rum5t may be illu/rat$ by an example4 ,! ?ird movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's sev5? symphony conta9s an int]lude molto m5o mosso4 ,! *oral !me is accompani$ by a cont9u\s ,a1 su/a9$ 9 octave 9 ! viol9s1 :i* 9 ! int]vals betwe5 ! v]ses desc5ds to ,g %>p & returns ,music ,! repeat at ! end ent]s ff4 aft] a /rong cresc5do1 & at ?is po9t ! su/a9$ ,a is tak5 ov] f ! viol9s by ! trumpets & giv5 =? ) pi]c+ di/9ctness above ! tutti ( ! or*e/ra1 ! effect be+ "o ( extraord9>y brilliancy4 ,n[ comes ! po9t ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,9 ! int]vals ! trumpet _c desc5d to ,g %>p1 because x has n got ! note 9 its natural scale1 & is !re=e oblig$ to repeat ,music ,indisputably ! compos] w\ld h writt5 ,g %>p _h ! trumpet be5 able to play x2 x 0 only ! defective scale ( ! in/rum5t :i* l$ him to write ,a1 b ! effect ( he>+ ,a :5 we expect ,g %>p is electrify+2 ! unb5d+ rigidity ( ! trumpet is "h express$ ) a vividness & =ce :i* no?+ else c\ld h giv54 ,_m m examples might be br\ght f ! works ( ! great compos]s to %[ h[ ! horns & trumpets h lo/ 9 expressive p[] by hav+ adopt$ ! *romatic scale ( o!r in/rum5ts4 ,wagn]'s use ( ! brass g5]ally is mo/ skilful2 he is especially happy 9 avoid+ ! blatancy & co>s5ess :i* soils ! scores ( "s compos]s4 ,nei!r trumpets nor drums are mu* us$ cont9u\sly 9 ! score ( ,tri/an4 ,! =m] are (t5 employ$ 9 ! l[] "p ( _! scale & only = p>ticul> effects4 ,trombones g5]ally utt] s+le *ords1 or sl[ successions ( *ords1 add+ solemnity to ! s\nd1 & cr[n+ a climax4 ,a fav\rite in/rum5t ) ,wagn] is ! h>p1 & he uses x freely 9 ,tri/an4 ,! effect is1 z x 71 to place ! or*e/ra ^u spr+s1 add+ lightness & ela/icity to ! tone1 z may be notic$ 9 ! accompanim5t to ! duet at ! end ( ! fir/ act4 ,we (t5 he> ,wagn]'s melody describ$ z if x 7 n melody 9 ! ord9>y mean+ ( ! ^w1 b a k9d ( recitative or declamation4 ,! great ,fr5* s+]1 ,madame ,vi>dot ,g>cia1 0 ask$ on "o occasion 9 a private circle to s+ ! "p ( ,isolde4 ,%e took ! score & sang x a prima vi/a to ,kl9dwor?'s accompanim5t4 ,on be+ told t 9 ,g]many s+]s c\ld n be f\nd to und]take ! "p1 alleg+ t x 0 too difficult & unmelodi\s1 %e navely ask$ :e!r ,g]man s+]s 7 n musical6 ,assur$ly any p]son to :om ,wagn]'s music1 especially t ( ,tri/an1 appe>s unmelodi\s is unmusical1 or at lea/ defective 9 ! s5se = melody4 ,wagn]'s music is easy to s+2 mu* easi]1 = example1 ?an t ( ,moz>t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only true = s+]s :o are highly musical4 ,! great majority h n _h any real musical education1 & x is to ^! t ! common notion t ,wagn]'s music is uns+able1 t x ru9s ! voice1 is due4 ,! notion t recitative & melody are ?+s oppos$ to "o ano!r is itself a misund]/&+4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( recitative 9 ! n>r[ s5se is t x is n b\nd by rhy?mic =ms1 & !re=e has a some:at dry1 matt]-(-fact "*1 :i* w\ld become t$i\s if x cont9u$ unreliev$--z life w\ld be dull )\t any sweets4 ,wagn] says3 ,my melody is declamation1 & my declamation melody4 ,!re is no l9e ( dem>cation2 !y are z insep>ably unit$ z emotion & intellect4 ,b al?\gh ! /ream ( emotion 9 human life is cont9u\s1 x is n cont9ually at ! same t5sion4 ,mom5ts ( high exaltation alt]nate ) m subdu$ int]vals1 & a v l>ge "p ( ! me*anical r\t9e ( life is emotionally almo/ quiesc5t4 ,9 ! drama ! emotional elem5t alt]nates ) ! n>rative1 & accord+ z ! "o or ! o!r pr$om9ates1 ! weight ( ! expression is 9 ! music or ! words2 ea* !re=e rises & falls 9 alt]nation4 ,ev5 9 ,%akespe>e's spok5 drama traces ( ?is ebb & fl[ may be notic$1 ! language becom+ m musical "u ! /ress ( high] emotion4 ,9 ! op]a ! int]vals betwe5 ! lyric arias1 etc41 _h to be fill$ 9 ) dry explanation or n>rative1 & !re arose ! recitative secco1 a rapid recitation 9 :i* ! melody is r$uc$ to a m]e %ad[4 ,! ,g]man language 0 unfitt$ = dry recitative ( ?is type1 & ^! fill+-9 p>ts _h !re=e to be spok5--a device :i* prov$ intol]able1 s9ce x de/roy$ ! illusion ( ! music4 ,wagn]1 z we saw1 got ov] ! difficulty by *oos+ a =m ( drama 9 :i* ! emotional elem5t 0 supreme1 & ! n>rative fill+ 9 r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,we fur!r saw h[ 9 ,tri/an und ,isolde ! pr9ciple is driv5 to su* an exagg]at$ extreme z sometimes to r5d] ! action almo/ un9telligible4 ,n[h]e is ! music unmelodi\s or un9t]e/+1 b x is ela/ic & pliable & *anges its "* ) ! emotional int5sity ( ! dramatic situation1 be+ m subdu$ 9 p>ts ( ! fir/ act1 ass]t+ itself :5ev] rage1 irony1 t5d]ness1 or o!r emotion call = expression2 omnipot5t 9 ! great love-duet1 culm9at+ 9 ! nocturne1 & once m so>+ 9 highe/ ec/asy 9 ,isolde's dissolution1 ) endless gradations 9 ! portions betwe54 ,he>]s :o are n accu/om$ to ! dramatic expression ( music att5d only to ^? mom5ts ( int5se lyric expression1 j z 9 ! op]a !y att5d only to ! arias2 all else appe>s to !m un9t]e/+ & unmelodi\s4 ,?is is to miss ! ess5tial ?+ 9 ,wagn]'s works--! drama itself2 b x is precisely :at is done by ^? he>]s :o are incapable ( ! ef=t ( foll[+ att5tively ! dramatic developm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,music ,x rema9s = u n[ to exam9e ! "w itself1 sc5e by sc5e1 t we may see h[ ! pr9ciples ( art :i* we h be5 consid]+ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s are illu/rat$4 ,! foll[+ notes are writt5 ) a practical end2 !y are int5d$ to assi/ ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! "w & are ab\t to he> x = ! fir/ "t to foll[ ! compos]'s int5tions4 ,!y d n pr(ess to give a full comm5t>y or explanation1 b only to />t ! read] on ! "r pa? t he may f9d ! way = himself4 ,^? :o read ,g]man %\ld beg9 by ?or\ghly ma/]+ ! text4 ,tri/an is n l a mod]n problem play to be und]/ood at once f ! /age1 )\t any ef=t4 ,!re are _m1 ,i regret to say1 :o sp>e !mselves ev5 ?is tr\ble1 b x is indisp5sable1 = ev5 if s+]s always enunciat$ _! words m di/9ctly ?an !y d1 x w\ld be q impossible to foll[ ! difficult text on fir/ he>+4 ,beyond ?is1 h[ev]1 v little prep>ation is necess>y2 especially ! /udy ( li/s ( ,leitmotive %\ld be avoid$1 s9ce !y give a totally wrong conception ( ! music4 ,we _c /udy an edifice by look+ at ! bricks ( :i* x is built4 ,lectures ) musical illu/rations1 provid$ !y are really well done1 by a compet5t piani/1 are valuable1 & x is also ( use to /udy select$ sc5es at ! piano ) text & music1 ! sc5e on ! /age be+ always kept be=e ! m9d1 & ! voice "p be+ sung z f> z possible4 ,= ^? :o are quick ( musical appreh5sion su* /udies are n necess>y1 b ! c>eful read+ ( ! text is indisp5sable = all4 ,9 all /udies at ! piano ! arrangem5t ( ,hans von ,bl[ %\ld be us$1 ev5 by ^? :o are unable to ma/] all its difficulties1 s9ce ! simplifi$ arrangem5ts are v imp]fect4 ,z a help to ^? :o /udy ! text at home1 ,i h rec\nt$ ! g5]al c\rse ( ! action & dialogue j 9 suffici5t outl9e to enable ! read] to foll[ :at is go+ on1 add+ "h & !re a lit]al translation1 :]e x seem$ desirable1 especially :]e ! mean+ ( ! orig9al is difficult to grasp4 ,"s introductory matt] mu/ fir/ be told4 ,m>ke1 ,k+ ( ,cornwall1 has lately be5 involv$ 9 a w> ) ! ,k+ ( ,irel&1 ^: g5]al1 ,morold1 has invad$ ! c\ntry to compel tribute4 ,tri/an1 ,k+ ,m>ke's nephew1 has defeat$ ! army & kill$ ,morold1 b himself be5 w\nd$ 9 ! fight4 ,8 w\nd refus+ to heal1 he has s\ght ! advice ( ! r5[n$ ,iri% pr9cess & m$ic9e-woman1 ,isolde4 ,%e _h be5 ! betro!d bride ( ,morold1 & 9 8 head1 s5t back to ,irel& 9 d]ision1 z tribute1 by ! conqu]or1 %e has f\nd a spl9t] f ! sword :i* slew him1 & has kept x4 ,:ile ,tri/an is ly+ sick "u h] c>e %e notices a gap 9 8 sword1 into :i* ! spl9t] fits1 & %e kn[s t he is ! slay] ( h] lov]4 ,%e approa*es him ) sword uprais$ to slay him2 he looks up at h]2 _! eyes meet2 %e lets ! sword fall1 & bids him begone & tr\ble h] no m4 ,tri/an returns to ,cornwall cur$4 ,8 uncle is *ildless1 & wi%es to leave ! k+dom to ,tri/an :5 he dies4 ,b !re are cabals 9 ! /ate2 a p>ty has be5 =m$1 "u ,tri/an's fri5d ,melot1 to induce ,k+ ,m>ke to m>ry & beget a direct heir to ! ?rone4 ,tri/an jo9s !m1 & ) great difficulty p]suades 8 uncle to despat* him to ,irel& to br+ ! ,pr9cess ,isolde to be ,m>k]s wife4 ,! curta9 rises :5 !y are on bo>d ! %ip on ! voyage to ,cornwall1 j approa*+ ! l&4 ,! ,prelude is a cond5s$ picture ( ! entire drama4 ,z an in/rum5tal piece x is unable to r5d] ! def9ite actions1 b x c give ) great di/9ctness a tone or an atmosph]e out ( :i* ^! acts w %ape !mselves 9 ! sequel1 a pres5tim5t ( :at is to be4 ,! subject ( our "w is ,love try+ to raise itself out ( ! contam9ation ( human life into a high] & pur] sph]e1 b fail+ s long z x is clogg$ ) ! conditions ( bodily exi/5ce4 ,! text ( ! ,prelude may be tak5 f ! words ( ,tri/an 9 ! ?ird act3 ,sehn56 ,sehn56 ,im ,/]b5 mi* zu sehn51 ,vor ,sehnsu*t ni*t zu /]b54 ,?is !me is enunciat$ ) almo/ reali/ic eloqu5ce 9 ! v fir/ phrase1 9 ! two contra/+ /ra9s1 ! love-motive /riv+ upw>ds 9 ! oboe1 & its v>iant fad+ d[nw>ds 9 ! 'cello4 ,! union ( ! two produces a h>mony ( extraord9>y expressiv5ess1 :i* ,i h already ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt] z ! s\l ( ! ,tri/an music4 ,e he>] mu/ be /ruck ) its my/]i\s beauty1 & x has be5 ! subject ( _m !oretical discussions4 ,x is be/ und]/ood z ! *ord on ! second degree ( ! scale ( ,a m9or1 ) inflections3 ,music ,g %>p be+ a susp5sion or appoggiatura resolv$ upw>ds on to ,a :ile ! ,d %>p 7m prop]ly ,e flat7 is expla9$ by ! melody ( ! violoncelli1 :i*1 in/ead ( mov+ at once to ,d1 pass ?r\gh a /ep ( a semitone4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o ?+ to be notic$ 9 ?is melody4 ,! dissonant ,d %>p 7or ,e flat7 is n resolv$ 9 its own in/rum5t1 ! violoncelli1 b is tak5 up by ! ,engli% horn1 & by x resolv$ 9 ! next b>4 ,?is in/rum5t !re=e has a di/9ct melody ( its own1 consi/+ only ( two notes1 b /ill he>d z a k9d ( sigh1 & q diff]5t f ! m]ely fill+-9 "p ( ! cl>9ets & bassoons4 ,!re are really ?ree melodies comb9$3 ,music3 ,oboi4 ,v' celli4 ,eng4 ,horn ,x w n be necess>y = u to anatomize any m *ords 9 ?is way4 ,i did s 9 ?is case 9 ord] to %[ ! intimate connection betwe5 ! h>mony & ! melody1 & h[ ! explanation ( ! h>monies mu/ be s\ght ?r\gh ! melodies by :i* !y are br\ght ab\t4 ,! entire ,prelude is made up ( v>i\s =ms ( ! love-motive4 ,! key is ,a m9or1 to :i* x pretty closely adh]es1 ! transi5t modulations into a'1 c'1 etc41 only s]v+ to en=ce ! feel+ ( tonality4 ,! reason = ?is close adh]5ce to "o key is n f> to seek4 ,wagn] nev] modulates )\t a reason2 ! ,prelude pres5ts "o simple feel+1 & !re is no cause = or possibility ( modulation4#cf ,at ! #gh? b> ! music beg9s to modulate1 & seems t5d+ to ! di/ant key ( ,e flat m9or1 ! love-motive is tak5 up =te & pi =te by ! trumpets1 b 9 b> #hd ! modulation abruptly comes to an end1 ! so>+ viol9s fall to ! e>?1 & ! piece ends z x began1 ) a rem9isc5ce ( ! fir/ "p 9 ,a m9or4 ,an expressive recitative ( ! violoncelli & basses !n leads to ,c m9or1 ! key ( ! fir/ sc5e4 ,footnote #cf3 ,see ! rem>ks on modulation at ! end ( 8 essay ,ueb] die ,anw5dung d] ,musik auf das ,drama1 ,ges4 ,s*r4 x4 pp4 #bdh seq41 :]e he gives ! advice to "y /ud5ts ( composition3 ,nev] leave a key s long z y c say :at y h to say 9 x4 ,,act ,i41 ,,sc5e ,i4--,! sc5e op5s 9 a pavilion on ! deck ( ! %ip4 ,isolde is recl9+ on a c\*1 h] face buri$ 9 ! pill[s4 ,brangne's li/less attitude z %e gazes across ! wat]1 ! "y sailor's ditty to 8 ,iri% girl z he keeps wat* on ! ma/1 reflect ! calmness ( ! sea z ! %ip glides be=e ! we/]ly breeze1 & contra/ ) ! tempe/ rag+ 9 ,isolde's brea/4 ,sudd5ly %e />ts up 9 al>m1 b ,brangne tries to soo! h]1 & tells h]1 to ! s(t undulat+ accompanim5t ( two bassoons 9 ?irds1 h[ %e already sees ! loom ( ! l&1 & t !y w rea* x by ! ev5+4 ,at pres5t ,brangne has no suspicion ( any?+ di/urb+ h] mi/ress1 ^: feel+s are indicat$ by an agitat$ passage 9 ! /r+s 7,no4 #f74 ,%e />ts f h] rev]ie4 ,:at l&8 %e asks4 ,cornwall8 ,nev]4 ,!n foll[s a t]rific outbur/3 ,is4 ,deg5]ate race1 unwor?y ( y\r fa!rs6 ,:i!r1 oh "m1 ha/ ?\ be/[$ ! might ov] ! sea & ! /orm8 ,oh1 tame art ( ! sorc]ess1 brew+ balsam-dr9ks only6 ,awake once m1 bold p[]6 arise f ! bosom 9 :i* ?\ ha/ hidd5 ?yself6 ,he> my w1 ye d\bt+ w9ds3 ,hi!r to battle & d9 ( ! tempe/1 to ! rag+ :irl ( ! ro>+ /orm6 ,drive ! sleep f ?is dream+ sea2 awake angry gre$ f its dep?s2 %[ x ! prey :i* ,i (f]2 let x %att] ?is haughty %ip1 gorge itself ^u ! %iv]$ fragm5ts6 ,:at lives !reon1 ! brea?+ life1 ,i give to y w9ds z y\r gu]don4 ,bo? ! words & ! music ( ?is wond]ful invocation are wor?y ( att5tion4 ,especially ! words ( ! orig9al ,g]man ) _! dra/ic allit]ation may be comm5d$ to ^? :o /ill d\bt ,wagn]'s p[]s z a poet4 ,! music is mo/ly tak5 f ! sailor's song 7,no4 #e71 b q *ang$ 9 "*2 ! rapid /accato movem5t ) ! /rongly m>k$ figure ( ! bass h trans=m$ ! peaceful ditty into a dance ( furies4 ,! entry ( ! trombones at ! words ,h]an zu ,kampfe is *>act]i/ic ( ,wagn]'s employm5t ( ! brass ?r\gh\t ! "w4 ,_! sl[ swell+ *ords add volume & solemnity to ! or*e/ral tone4 ,!y cont9ue = a few b>s only1 & ! voice di/antly h9ts at ! love-motive 7zu tob5d] ,/rme w!ndem ,wirbel71 b = a mom5t only2 x goes no fur!r4 ,! t]rifi$ ,brangne tries to calm h]1 & at ! same "t to le>n :at is ! cause ( h] ang]4 ,%e recalls ,isolde's /range & cold behavi\r on p>t+ f h] p>5ts 9 ,irel&1 & on ! voyage2 :y is %e ?us8 ,a peculi> implor+ t5d]ness is imp>t$ to h] appeal at ! end by ! fall+ sev5?s1 an int]val :i* we h already met ) 9 ! ,prelude & :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ?is act4 ,h] ef=ts are va92 ,isolde />ts up ha/ily cry+ ,air6 air6 ?r[ op5 ! curta9s6 ,,sc5e ,,ii4--,! curta9 ?r[n back discloses ! deck ( ! %ip ) ! crew gr\p$ ar\nd ,tri/an1 :o is /e]+1#cg 8 man ,kurw5al recl9+ ne> him4 ,! refra9 ( ! sailors' song is aga9 he>d4 ,isolde's eyes are fix$ ^u ,tri/an z %e beg9s to ! /ra9 ( ! love-motive accompani$ by mut$ /r+s3 ,*os5 = me6--lo/ to me6 4 4 4 4 4 ,dea?-devot$ head6 ,dea?-devot$ he>t6 enunciat+ ) ^! words ! dea?-motive 7,no4 #b74 ,footnote #cg3 ,a curi\s mi/ake 9 ! /age-managem5t may be notic$4 ,! sc5e is obvi\sly laid 9 ! =eca/le2 "o glance at ! /age is en\gh to %[ ?is1 & ! sails are set t way4 ,nor c x be alt]$1 = x w\ld nev] d to h !m look+ among ! audi5ce = ! l& ahead4 ,s t ,tri/an's %ip has h] rudd] 9 ! b[6 ,r>ely is ,wagn] at fault 9 trifles ( ?is k9d2 9 all o!r respects ! deck-sc5e is admirably tru?ful4 ,! sailors haul+1 ! song 9 ! rigg+1 ! obvi\s "t ( day--9 ! dogwat*es--are little t\*es ( realism :i* w be appreciat$ by all :o "k bo>d-%ip life4 ,%e turns to ,brangne1 & ) a look ( ! utmo/ scorn1 indicat+ ,tri/an1 %e asks3 ,:at ?9k/ ?\ ( ! slave8 444 ,him !re :o %irks my gaze1 & looks on ! gr\nd 9 %ame & fe>8 ,isolde "h /rikes ! tone :i* %e ma9ta9s ?r\gh\t ! act until all is *ang$ by ! philtre4 ,nev] has su* blight+ s>casm be=e be5 repres5t$ 9 ! drama z t :i* ,isolde p\rs out ^u ,tri/an4 ,%e is by f> ! /rong] "* ( ! two4 ,h] rage is volcanic1 & uses "h its mo/ effective weapon4 ,tri/an wri!s "u h] taunts1 b _c escape4 ,! music unites insep>ably ) ! words2 ev5 ! rime adds its po9t z 9 mock]y %e cont9ues ,brangne's praise ( ! h]o3 ,br4 ,do/ ?\ ask ( ,tri/an1 belov$ lady8 ! wond] ( all l&s1 ! mu*-belaud$ man1 ! h]o )\t rival1 ! gu>d & ban ( glory8 ,is4 7int]rupt+ & repeat+ ! phrase 9 mock]y74 ,:o %r9k+ f ! battle takes refuge :]e he c1 because he has ga9$ a corpse z bride = 8 ma/]6 ,%e comm&s ,brangne to g to ,tri/an & deliv] a message2 %e is to rem9d him t he has n yet att5d$ ^u h] z 8 duty requires4 ,br4 ,%all ,i reque/ him to wait ^u y8 ,is4 ,tell him t ,i1 ,isolde1 comm& my presumptu\s s]vant fe> = 8 mi/ress4 ,:ile ,brangne is mak+ h] way ?r\gh ! sailors to :]e ,tri/an is /&+ at ! helm1 an int]lude made ( ! sailors' song phrase is play$ on f\r horns & two bassoons ov] a p$al bass1 ! /r+s com+ 9 9 /rongly m>k$ rhy?m on ! la/ beat ( ea* b>1 m>k+ ! haul+ ( ! ropes to cle> ! an*or4 ,tri/an is 9 a rev]ie1 sc>cely consci\s ( :at is go+ on ar\nd him2 ! love-motive once 9 ! oboe %[s h[ 8 ?\ghts are occupi$4 ,he />ts at ! ^w ,isolde1 b collects himself1 & tries to conceal 8 evid5t di/ress "u a mann] ( sup]cili\s indiff]5ce4 ,brangne becomes m urg5t2 he pleads 8 inability to come n[ because he _c leave ! helm4 ,!n ,brangne deliv]s ,isolde's message 9 ! same p]emptory words 9 :i* %e has receiv$ x4 ,kurw5al sudd5ly />ts up &1 ) or )\t p]mission1 s5ds 8 answ] to ,isolde4 ,tri/an1 he says1 is no s]vant ( h]s1 = he is giv+ h] ! cr[n ( ,cornwall & ! h]itage ( ,engl&4 ,let h] m>k t1 ?\gh x ang] a ?\s& ,mi/ress ,isoldes4 ,brangne hurri$ly )draws to ! pavilion2 he s+s an insult+ song aft] h] 9 d]ision ( ,morold & 8 exp$ition = tribute3 ,8 head n[ hangs 9 ,irel&1 ,z tribute s5t f ,engl&6 ,z %e closes ! curta9s ! sailors are he>d outside s++ ! refra9 ( 8 song1 :i* is a ma/]piece ( popul> music4 ,"o c imag9e x to be ! national song ( ! ,corni%-m5 aft] ! exp$ition4 ,) reg>d to its v rem>kable in/rum5tation1 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ! rem>ks ( t admirable musician1 ,he9ri* ,porges3 ,! augm5t$ *ord at ! words auf dem ,me]e1 ! humor\s middle "p ( ! horns1 ! unison ( ! trombones :i*1 ) ! %>p entry ( ! violas1 effect ! modulation f ,b flat to ,d major1 imp>t ! mo/ liv+ col\r to ea* mom5t4 ,,sc5e ,,iii4--7,! int]ior ( ! pavilion1 ! curta9s clos$47 ,isolde has he>d ! int]view1 & makes ,brangne repeat ev]y?+ z x happ5$4 ,inexpressibly pa!tic is ! turn :i* %e gives to ! words ( ! song z %e repeats ! phrase ( ,brangne3 ,is4 7bitt]ly74 ,h[ %\ld he safely /e] ! %ip to ,k+ ,m>ke's l&4444 7) sudd5 emphasis1 quickly7 to h& him ! tribute :i* he br+s f ,irel&6 --! la/ s5t5ce be+ to ! refra9 ( ! song4 ,upw>d scale passages ( ! viol9s are sugge/ive ( a sudd5 impulse1 & !re n[ beg9s 7,k4,a4 #be'a7 a movem5t ( great musical int]e/ 9 :i* ,isolde tells ,brangne ( ,tri/an's previ\s visit to h] z ,tantris1 rec\nt+ h[ %e discov]$ him by ! spl9t] ( ! sword1 ! words3 ,er sah mir 9 die ,aug51 br++ ! *>act]i/ic =m ( ! love-motive ) ! fall+ sev5? 7#a;b74 ,brangne cries out 9 a/oni%m5t at h] own bl9dness4 ,isolde cont9ues to relate h[ a h]o keeps 8 oa?s3 ,tantris return$ z ,tri/an to c>ry h] (f = ,cornwall's we>y k+ 7,k4,a4 #bi'e73 ,is4 ,:5 ,morold liv$1 :o w\ld h d>$ to (f] u su* an insult8444 ,woe1 woe to me6 ,unwitt+ ,i br\ght all ?is %ame on myself4 ,in/ead ( wield+ ! av5g+ sword1 helpless ,i let x fall1 & n[ ,i s]ve my vassal6 ,aga9 rage ov]comes h] at ! ?\ght ( ,tri/an's trea*]y4 ,h] inflam$ imag9ation conjures up 8 report ( h] to ,k+ ,m>ke3 ,is4 ,t 7 a prize inde$1 my "l & uncle6 h[ seems %e to !e z a bride8 ,! da9ty ,iri% maid ,i'll br+4 ,i "k ! ways & pa?s4 ,"o sign f !e to ,irel& ,i'll fly2 ,isolde1 %e is y\rs6 ,! adv5ture delights me6 ,curse on ! infam\s villa96 ,curse on ?y head6 ,v5geance6 ,dea?6 ,dea? to u bo?6 ,%e subsides exhau/$ amid/ a /ormy tutti ( ! or*e/ra ) ! trombones ff4 ,br4 7) impetu\s t5d]ness74 ,oh1 sweet1 de>1 belov$1 graci\s1 gold5 mi/ress6 d>l+ ,isolde6 he> me6 come1 re/ !e "h 7%e g5tly draws h] to ! c\*74 ,! music pres5ts no special difficulties 9 ?is sc5e4 ,x is s complete 9 itself t1 z has be5 truly rem>k$1 x might well be p]=m$ z an in/rum5tal piece )\t ! voice4 ,x w\ld be impossible to foll[ "h ! endless subtleties ( ! work+ out1 nor is x necess>y1 s9ce !y w reveal !mselves to e musical he>] :o is famili> ) ! me?ods ( ,bee?ov54 ,! :ole movem5t is 9 ,e m9or1 & is built on a motive :i* has gr[n out ( ! love-motive by contr>y movem5t1 ) a *>act]i/ic triplet accompanim5t4 ,?r\gh\t x foll[s ! expression ( ! words closely1 us+ ! previ\s motives1 & is a model ( ,wagn]'s musical /yle 9 ! m lyric portions4 ,wagn] has rem>k$ 9 "o ( 8 essays h[ ,bee?ov5 w sometimes break up 8 motives &1 tak+ "o fragm5t1 (t5 consi/+ ( n m ?an two notes1 develop x into some?+ entirely new4 ,! foll[+ sc5e is built on motives develop$ out ( ! la/ two notes ( ! love-motive1 ei!r ) or )\t ! fall+ sev5?3 ,music ,x mu/ "h be not$ h[ entirely ,brangne misund]/&s ! situation4 ,wagn] has int5tionally repres5t$ h] z a complete contra/ to ,isolde1 z "o ( ^? s(t1 pliable natures :o are capable ( ! mo/ t5d] self-sacrific+ devotion1 b are utt]ly want+ 9 judgm5t4 ,woman-l1 %e ?9ks t x is only a pass+ /orm :i* %e c lull ) c>ess+ words4 ,h] sc>cely veil$ sugge/ion t1 ?\gh ,isolde may m>ry ,k+ ,m>ke1 %e ne$ n cease to love ,tri/an1 %[s ! enorm\s gulf :i* sep>ates h] f h] t]rible mi/ress4 ,%e sugge/s adm9i/]+ ! philtre :i* h] "m has prep>$ = ,m>ke to ,tri/an4 ,! music1 9 :i*1 s long z ,brangne is speak+1 gaiety & t5d]ness are m+l$1 is p]meat$ ) ! love-motive4 ,isolde ?9ks ( h] "m's spells ) v diff]5t feel+s2 ! music becomes m gloomy1 & ) ! words1 ,v5geance = trea*]y--re/ = my he>t 9 its ne$1 ! dea?-motive1 ) its solemn trombone-*ords1 betrays ! ?\ght 9 h] m9d4 ,%e ord]s ,brangne to br+ ! casket4 ,brangne obeys1 & innoc5tly rec\nts all ! wond]ful rem$ies :i* x conta9s3 ,br4 ,= woe & w\nds is balsam2 = evil poisons antidotes4 ,! be/ ( all ,i hold x "h 7hold+ up ! love-potion74 ,is4 ,?\ err/4 ,i "k x bett] 7seiz+ ! black bottle conta9+ ! dea?-dr9k & hold+ x al(t74 ,?is is ! dr9k ,i ne$6 ,a motive already he>d 9 ! ,prelude 7b> #bi1 bassoons & bass cl>9et7 n[ becomes v prom95t 9 ! brass3 ,music ,! fall+ sev5? "h c>ries an air ( pr(\nd gloom appropriate to ! deadly purpose ( ,isolde4 ,at ?is mom5t a div]sion occurs outside4 ,! %ip is ne>+ ! port1 & ! crew are he>d tak+ 9 ! sails prep>atory to an*or+4 ,kurw5al ent]s abruptly4 ,,sc5e ,,iv4--,i h already rem>k$ h[ happily ,wagn] has contriv$ to hit (f ! "* ( ! bo>d-%ip life4 ,"h x is ! clatt] & bu/le ( com+ into port t is repres5t$2 p hurry+ ab\t ! deck1 ! "y sailors' motive joy\sly r++ f ! viol9s & wood1 sailors haul+1 & ! col\rs flutt]+ 9 ! breeze 7semiquav] motives 9 cl>9ets & bassoons71 all are prep>+ = ! %ore4 ,kurw5al ent]s & r\ghly ord]s ! wom5 to get !mselves ready to l&4 ,isolde is to prep>e h]self at once to appe> be=e ,k+ ,m>ke escort$ by ,tri/an4 ,isolde1 />tl$ at fir/ by ,kurw5al's insol5ce1 collects h]self & replies ) dignity3 ,take my greet+s to ,sir ,tri/an & deliv] him my message4 ,if ,i am to g at 8 side to /& be=e ,k+ ,m>ke1 ,i _c d s ) propriety unless ,i fir/ receive expiation = guilt yet unaton$4 ,!re=e1 let him seek my grace4 7,on ,kurw5al mak+ an impati5t ge/ure1 %e cont9ues ) m emphasis47 ,m>k me well & deliv] x rightly3 ,i w n prep>e to l& ) him2 ,i w n walk at 8 side to /& be=e ,k+ ,m>ke unless he fir/ ask ( me 9 due =m to =give & =get 8 yet unaton$ guilt4 ,?is grace ,i (f] him4 ,kurw5al1 completely subdu$1 promises to deliv] h] message & retires4 ,! or*e/ral accompanim5t dur+ ,isolde's spee* has a v solemn "* imp>t$ to x by sl[ *ords ( ! trombones1 piano1 ) some:at fev]i% semiquav] triplets on ! /r+s1 snat*es ( ! love-motive & o!r motives be+ he>d 9 ! wood-w9d2 :ile 9 ! pauses1 runs on ! viol9s m>k ,kurw5al's impati5ce4 ,! dea?-motive w be not$ at ! words fr ungeshnte ,s*uld4 ,,sc5e ,v4--,?is is a sc5e ( great pa?os4 ,l ,elektra#ch :5 %e recognizes ,ore/es1 s ,isolde1 :5 left alone ) ! only fri5d :o is true to h]1 ?r[s aside all h] haughty mann]1 =gets h] wild ?ir/ = rev5ge1 & = a mom5t gives way to all ! t5d]ness :i* is hidd5 "u t fi]ce ext]ior4 ,dea? is j be=e h]2 %e ?r[s h]self into ,brangne's arms1 & deliv]s h] la/ messages to ! _w4 ,! unhappy girl1 /ill q 9 ! d>k z to h] mi/ress's int5tions1 only vaguely feel+ ! presage ( "s imp5d+ calamity1 is told to br+ ! casket & take out ! dea?-potion1 ,isolde significantly repeat+ ! words 9 ! previ\s sc5e4 ,brangne1 almo/ out ( h] s5ses1 obeys in/9ctively1 & 9 ! mid/ ( h] entreaties ,kurw5al ?r[s back ! curta9 & ann\nces ,sir ,tri/an4 ,footnote #ch3 ,soph41 ,elektra1 #abje seq4 ,,sc5e ,,vi4--,my purpose 9 ^! notes is to expla9 :at may at fir/ seem difficult2 x is no "p ( my plan to exp\nd ! obvi\s4 ,! foll[+ sc5e1 :]e = ! fir/ "t ! two pr9cipal p]sonages /& face to face1 ?\gh ! mo/ important t we h met ) s f>1 is p]fectly cle>1 bo? 9 ! music & ! words4 ,no "o c\ld mi/ake ! =ce ( ! bla/s ( ! w9d in/rum5ts ) :i* x op5s 7,no4 #h74 ,! device ( repeat+ a motive 9 ris+ ?irds 0 adopt$ by ,wagn] f ,liszt1 & is v common 9 ,tri/an4 ,we fir/ met ) x 9 ! op5+ b>s ( ! ,prelude1 :]e ! love-motive is s repeat$4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! sc5e is a trial ( wits betwe5 ,isolde & ,tri/an1 9 :i* ! latt] is helpless z a bird 9 ! claws ( a cat4 ,! dialogue z su* is a ma/]piece1 unrivall$ 9 ! works ( any dramatic poet except ,%akespe>e4 ,at la/1 cru%$ by h] taunts1 ,tri/an h&s h] 8 sword1 ask+ h] to pi]ce him ?r\gh1 only to be answ]$ ) scorn /ill m sca?+ ?an be=e4 ,no1 %e says4 ,:at w\ld ,k+ ,m>ke say 7 ,i to slay 8 be/ s]vant8 ,!re is n a trace ( love 9 ! sc5e2 no?+ b ang] & contempt4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! act !re are indications ( sm\ld]+ fire :i* ?reat5s to break out ^u occasion1 b !re is no?+ ( ! k9d :5 !y are toge!r4 ,if once1 :5 he lay helpless & 9 h] p[]1 %e 0 t\*$ ) pity = s noble a h]o1 t has long ago be5 ov]come1 or only rema9s z a di/ant memory ( some?+ long pa/ & gone4 ,x has be5 truly obs]v$ t ,tri/an & ,isolde are n l ,romeo & ,juliet1 two *ildr5 sc>cely consci\s ( :at !y are do+4 ,bo? are 9 ! full maturity ( life & 9 ! vig\r ( _! intellectual p[]s4 ,9 keep+ ) ! dialectic1 argum5tative "* ( ! dialogue1 ! music is g5]ally dry & =mal1 b brok5 ?r\gh occasionally ) r5d+ cries ( agony1 & int]polat$ ) mom5ts ( t5d] emotional beauty4 ,! or*e/ra g5]ally gives ! tone to ! situation1 only occasionally dep>t+ f t rle to ent] at critical mom5ts to support & en=ce specific words or actions4 ,! lead+ motive ?r\gh\t is ! "o :i* ,i h quot$3 v5geance = ,morold4 ,aft] "s prelim9>y p]siflage1 9 :i* %e laughs to scorn ! excuse :i* he (f]s = hav+ kept away f h] f a s5se ( propriety1 %e at once comes to ! po9t3 ,is4 ,!re is blood-feud betwe5 u6 ,tr4 ,t 0 expiat$4 ,is4 ,n betwe5 u6 ,tr4 ,9 op5 field be=e all ! ho/ a solemn peace 0 sworn4 ,is4 ,n !re x 0 t ,i conceal$ ,tantris1 t ,tri/an fell be=e me4 ,!re he /ood noble & /rong2 b ,i swore n :at he swore2 ,i _h le>n$ to be sil5t4 ,:5 he lay sick 9 ! sil5t room spee*less ,i /ood be=e him ) ! sword4 ,my lips 7 sil5t1 my h& ,i re/ra9$1 b ! v[ pass$ by my h& & my lips1 ,i sil5tly swore to keep4 ,n[ ,i w p]=m my oa?4 ,tr4 ,:at did/ ?\ v[1 oh woman8 ,is4 ,v5geance = ,morold4 ,tr4 ,is t :at is tr\bl+ y8 ,once1 & once only1 does ! victim turn to retort ^u h] ) h] own weapon ( irony4 ,! attempt is disa/r\s4 ,at once *ang+ h] tone %e assumes ! air ( an injur$ woman4 ,tri/an has tak5 h] lov] f h]1 & does he n[ d>e to mock h]8 ,z h] ?\ghts w&] back to pa/ days ( happ9ess %e cont9ues 9 /ra9s ( surpass+ t5d]ness1 m+l$ ) h9ts ( w>like music 9 ! trumpets3 ,is4 ,betro!d he 0 to me1 ! pr\d ,iri% h]o2 8 arms ,i _h hall[$2 = me he w5t to battle4 ,:5 he fell1 my hon\r fell4 ,9 ! heav9ess ( my he>t ,i swore t if no man w\ld av5ge ! murd]1 ,i1 a maid51 w\ld take x ^u me4 ,sick & we>y 9 my p[]1 :y did ,i n !n smite !e8 ,%e /ates ! reason :y %e did n slay him :5 he 0 9 h] p[] 9 language s /range t ,i c only give a lit]al translation3 ,i nurs$ ! w\nd$ man t1 :5 re/or$ to heal?1 ! man :o won him f ,isolde %\ld smite him 9 v5geance4 ,su* is ! ,g]man2 :at x means ,i mu/ confess myself unable to expla91 & c only suspect "s corruption 9 ! text4 ,!re is a solemn pause 9 ! music2 ! love-motive is utt]$ by ! bass cl>9et4 ,no?+ is left = ! vanqui%$ & humbl$ h]o b to (f] h] :at atonem5t he c4 ,he h&s h] 8 sword1 bidd+ h] ?is "t wield x surely & n let x fall f h] h&4 ,b %e has n yet f9i%$ ) him3 ,is4 ,h[ badly ,i %\ld s]ve ?y "l6 ,:at w\ld ,k+ ,m>ke say if ,i 7 to slay 8 be/ s]vant :o has pres]v$ = him cr[n & realm8 444 ,keep ?y sword6 ,i swung x once :5 v5geance 0 rife 9 my bosom1 :ile ?y measur+ glance 0 /eal+ my image to "k :e!r ,i %\ld be a fit bride = ,k+ ,m>ke4 ,i let ! sword fall4 ,n[ let u dr9k atonem5t4 ,! motive ( ! dr9k ( dea? is "h he>d 9 trombones & tuba4 ,x recurs con/antly 9 ! foll[+ portion4 ,%e !n signs to ,brangne to br+ ! dr9k4 ,! noise ( ! sailors furl+ ! sails outside becomes l\d]4 ,tr4 7/>t+ f a rev]ie74 ,:]e are we8 ,is4 ,,close ,,to ,,! ,,port6 7dea?-motive74 ,tri/an1 %all ,i h atonem5t8 ,:at ha/ ?\ to answ]8 ,tr4 7d>kly74 ,! mi/ress ( sil5ce comm&s me sil5ce4 ,i grasp :at %e conceals1 & am sil5t ^u :at %e _c grasp4 ,ano!r d>k say+1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 we =tunately h ! explanation f ,wagn] himself4 ,:at %e conceals is h] love = ,tri/an2 :at %e _c grasp is t 8 hon\r =bids him f decl>+ 8 love = h]4#ci ,footnote #ci3 ,glas5app's ,biography1 v4 #bda 7footnote74 ,ev5 n[1 on ! br9k ( dissolution1 :ile actually hold+ ! cup :i* is to laun* !m bo? into et]nity1 ,isolde _c bridle h] s>casm3 ,is4 ,we h rea*$ ! goal2 soon we %all /& 444 7) light scorn7 be=e ,k+ ,m>ke6 7dea?-motive74 ,) dreadful irony %e repeats ! words ) :i* %e supposes ,tri/an w introduce h]3 ,my "l & uncle6 look n[ at h]6 ,a s(t] wife ?\ ne'er c\ld'/ f9d4 ,i slew h] lov] & s5t h] 8 head2 my w\nd ! k9dly maid has heal$4 ,my life 0 9 h] p[]1 b ! g5tle maid5 gave x to me2 h] c\ntry's %ame & di%on\r--t %e gave z well2 all t %e might become ?y w$d$ bride4 ,su* ?anks = k9dly de$s ,i e>n$ by a sweet draught ( atonem5t (f]$ to me by h] fav\r 9 expiation ( my guilt4 ,sailors 7outside74 ,/& by ! cable6 ,let g ! an*or6 ,tr4 7/>t+ wildly74 ,let g ! an*or6 ,ve] h] r\nd to ! tide6 7he te>s ! cup f ,isolde's h&74 ,well "k ,i ,irel&'s que51 & ! wondr\s might ( h] arts4 ,i took ! balsam %e once gave to me2 n[ ,i take ! cup t q ,i may recov]4 ,m>k well ! oa? ( peace 9 :i* ,i say my ?anks3 ,to ,tri/an's hon\r--highe/ fai?6 ,to ,tri/an's woe--bold defiance6#dj ,delusion ( ! he>t2 dream ( presage2 sole com=t ( et]nal sorr[2 k9d dr9k ( =getfulness ,i dr9k !e )\t fl9*+ 7he puts ! cup to 8 lips & dr9ks74 ,is4 7te>+ ! cup f him74 ,trea*]y aga94 ,half is m9e6 ,traitor1 ,i dr9k to !e6 7%e dr9ks & da%es ! cup to ! e>?74 ,footnote #dj3 ,ehre & ,el5d are dative4 ,in/ead ( fall+ dead1 ! lov]s /& transfix$ gaz+ at ea* o!r4 ,brangne has *ang$ ! dr9ks1 & !y h drunk ! draught ( love = t ( dea?4 ,wagn] sometimes expects 8 arti/s to possess p[]s beyond ^? :i* are allott$ to man4 ,! actors h "h to express by ge/ure ! *ange ( feel+ :i* gradually comes ov] !m4 ,!y />t1 tremble1 ! love-motive /eals into & at la/ dom9ates ! or*e/ra1 & !y fly into "o ano!r's arms4 ,! increas+ commotion outside & ! *e]s ( ! m5 indicate t ,k+ ,m>ke has put out f ! %ore & is ne>+ ! %ip4 ,an aside ( ,brangne at ?is mom5t is n )\t significance4 ,%e has be5 sitt+ ap>t 9 susp5se & confusion2 n[1 z %e beg9s to realize ! consequ5ces ( :at %e has done1 %e gives way to despair4 ,h[ mu* bett] w\ld a %ort dea? h be5 ?an ! prospect ( ! life t is n[ be=e !m6 ,! fact ( h] c\rage giv+ way s soon %[s t %e 0 only act+ "u a mom5t>y impulse4 ,little m ne$ be said ( ! re/ ( ! sc5e4 ,! lov]s raise _! voices 9 a jubilant duet4 ,almo/ unconsci\s ( _! surr\nd+s !y are dragg$ ap>t4 ,! royal g>m5ts are ha/ily laid ov] !m1 & ! curta9 falls to ! joyful %\ts ( ! p z ,k+ ,m>ke /eps on bo>d4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,music ,,cont9u$ ,tu s5tiras alors que toi-mme tu environnes t\t ce que tu connais des *oses qui exi/5t1 et que les exi/antes que tu connais exi/5t en quelque sorte dans toi-mme4--,avicebron 7,,munk74 ,,act ,,ii4--,if ! ess5ce ( ! drama lies 9 contra/ & surprises1 !n ,tri/an und ,isolde may be call$ ! mo/ dramatic ( ,wagn]'s works4 ,9 ! fir/ act we _h ! picture ( a woman ( volcanic temp]am5t goad$ to fury by cruelty & insult2 9 ! second we h ! same woman g5tle1 light-he>t$1 c>ess+1 ) no?+ left ( h] pa/ self except ! irresi/ible =ce ( h] w4 ,isolde is n re/ra9$ by any scruples ab\t hon\r1 nor ne$ %e h any2 9 full possession ( ! man %e loves1 %e c ab&on h]self to ! mom5t4 ,! music almo/ %[s ! flu% ^u h] *eek1 & %e seems tw5ty ye>s y\ng]4 ,%e is q consci\s ( ! inevitable end1 & q prep>$ to meet x1 b t is z no?+ 9 ! fulness ( ! pres5t mom5t4 ,h] words & h] actions are *>act]iz$ by a playful recklessness1 an ab&on :i* f9ds admirable expression 9 a *>act]i/ic motive 7,no4 #i74 ,!matically relat$ to ?is is ano!r motive :i* we %all meet ) v frequ5tly 9 ! sequel 7,no4 #aj74 ,x is n directly connect$ ) any def9ite dramatic ev5t except g5]ally ) ! fir/ sc5e4 ,! halt+ f\r? quav] 9 ea* half-b> imp>ts a n]v\s re/less "* :i* at ! meet+ ( ! lov]s becomes a delirium ( joy4 ,! ev5ts ( ! second act seem to take place on ! ev5+ ( ! day aft] ! l&+1 or at lea/ v soon aft]--exact *ronology is n necess>y4 ,! lov]s h arrang$ a meet+ 9 ! palace g>d5 9 front ( ,isolde's qu>t]s aft] ! night has set 94 ,a burn+ tor* is fix$ to ! door2 its l[]+ is to be ! signal to ,tri/an to approa*4 ,k+ ,m>ke & ! c\rt are out on a hunt1 & ! signal _c be giv5 until !y are out ( ! way4 ,! ,prelude op5s ) an emphatic ann\ncem5t ( ! pr9cipal motive ( ! act 7! daylight--,no4 #c7 9 ! full or*e/ra )\t brass4 ,a cantabile /ra9 9 ! bass wood-w9d cont9u$ 9 ! violoncelli ) a brok5 triplet accompanim5t 9 ! /r+s seems to tell ( ! expect$ meet+4 ,! new motive 7,no4 #i7 is he>d 9 its prop] in/rum5t1 ! flute1 b gives way to ,no4 #aj1 :i* is work$ 9 conjunction ) ! love-motive1 settl+ aga9 9 ,b flat z ! curta9 rises4 ,x is a cle> summ] night2 ! horns ( ! hunt+-p>ty gr[ fa9t] 9 ! di/ance4 ,brangne1 ) anxiety 9 h] expression1 is li/5+ att5tively & wait+ = !m to cease :5 ,isolde ent]s4 ,a ^w mu/ be said ab\t ! music ( ! hunt+ motive4 ,! key is1 z has already be5 said1 ,b flat major4 ,9 ! bass a p$al ,f is su/a9$ by two deep horns or by ! violoncelli1 :ile six horns 7or m7 on ! /age play a fanf>e on ! *ord ( ,c m9or alt]nat+ ) t ( ,f major4 ,a v peculi> col\r+ is imp>t$ to ! fir/ *ord1 p>tly by ! v dissonant ,g 7aft]w>ds ,g flat71 p>tly by ! m9or ?ird ( ! *ord4 ,?is is a completely new effect obta9$ f ! valve horn1 fanf>es on horns & trumpets hav+ be=e always be5 9 ! major1 s9ce ! natural scale conta9s no m9or *ord4 ,brangne & ,isolde li/5 int5tly3 ,isolde ?9ks ! horns are gone1 & :at !y he> is only ! murmur+ ( ! /ream & ! ru/l+ ( ! leaves4 ,! fanf>e is tak5 up by wood-w9d 7,k4,a4 #he'b7a771 & at la/ melts into a new s\nd1 ) cl>9ets 9 #f-h "t aga9/ mut$ viol9s & violas 9 #h-h1 beautifully sugge/ive ( ! ru/l+ ( leaves4 ,!n ! horns are he>d no m4 ,brangne1 :o has be5 on ! al]t1 suspects a trap beh9d ?is hunt+-p>ty1 :i* has be5 arrang$ by ,tri/an's fri5d ,melot1 b %e d\bts 8 good fai?4 ,isolde gaily laughs at h] c>es2 h] he>t is bur/+ & %e recks ( no?+ b ! approa* ( ,tri/an4 ,! music is almo/ entirely made up ( h] joyful motive1 & !re beg9s a fir/ indication ( t wond]ful lyric outp\r+ :i* cont9ues until x culm9ates 9 ! ,nocturne1 & :i* has plac$ ! second act ( ,tri/an on an em95ce ( its own1 ap>t & unapproa*$4 ,%e ?r[s op5 ! flood-gates ( h] he>t z 9 words recall+ ,lucretius3 ,te1 dea1 te fugiunt v5ti1 te nubila caeli ,adv5tumque tuum1 tibi suavis da$ala tellus ,summittit floras1 tibi rid5t sequora ponti4 ,%e tells ( ! all-rul+1 all-subdu+ might ( ,frau ,m9ne4 ,! ode is full ( lyric inspiration1 & is g5]ally recall$ 9 ! sequel by ! motive ,no4 #aa1 :i* consi/s ( two p>ts1 ! melody 9 ! fir/ & second viol9s1 & t 9 ! bass--/rictly a horn passage1 b "h 9 ! l[] /r+s4 ,! accompanim5t ( ! ode is ?r\gh\t 9 keep+ ) ! rhapsodical "* ( ! words & melody3 note ! long1 p]si/5t ,a ( ! fir/ & second viol9s 9 octaves at ! words des khn/5 ,mu!s ,knig91 des ,welt5w]d5s ,walt]+1 foll[$ by _! joy\s upw>d flight2 ! brok5 *ords ( ! h>p2 ! swell+ upw>d semitones ( flute1 oboe1 & cl>9et br++ =? ! g]m ( ,no4 #aa;b42 ! trombone *ords at ! words ,leb5 und ,tod s9d unt]?an ihr2 ! arpeggio accompanim5t ( ! violas1 & ! wond]fully poetic climax at ! end1 des ,todes ,w]k 444 ,frau ,m9ne hat es me9] ,ma*t entw&t4 ,brangne's entreaties are va92 aga9 %e _c feel :at ,isolde feels--notice ! diff]5ce betwe5 h] melody & ! so>+ fre$om ( ,isolde's4 ,a little lat] 7,k4,a4 #ii'd seq47 ,isolde's immovable resolution is admirably express$ by h] p]si/5ce on "o note4 ,at la/ %e seizes ! tor* & hurls x to ! gr\nd to a t]rific d[nw>d ru% ( ! /r+s & ! yell ( ! dea?-motive 9 ! trumpets1 ! entire or*e/ra ) drums be+ he>d toge!r = ! fir/ "t4 ,,sc5e ,,ii4--,isolde signals to h] lov] ) h] :ite sc>f to music r$ol5t ( ,web]'s ,ob]on1 & ( ! transition to ! f9al movem5t ( ,bee?ov5's sonata ,les ,adieux4 ,f ! mom5t :5 he ent]s1 nei!r words nor music come to full articulation2 all is swept away 9 ! :irlw9d ( ! dom9ant rhy?m ,music a v>iant ( ! motive ,no4 #aj1 9 /ill m rapid tempo4 ,= a great "p ( ! "t ! entire or*e/ra is occupi$1 & until f> into ! sc5e ! voices are q unable to pi]ce ! volume ( s\nd f ! or*e/ra4#da ,footnote #da3 ,i conv9c$ myself 9 #aijf t ?is is n ! case 9 ,bayreu? !atre1 ! ac\/ic qualities ( :i* are unique4 ,we take up ! sc5e aga9 :5 ! /orm has 9 "s measure subsid$ at ! words wie lange f]n1 wie f]n s lang on p4 #aji ( ! piano score4 ,to make any?+ l a detail$ analysis ( ! elaborate work+ out ( ! daylight motive ) o!r subsidi>y motives :i* n[ foll[s w\ld be impossible "h1 & w\ld only be ( use to ! /ud5t ( composition4 ,! music w&]s ?r\gh _m keys1 b ,c major is g5]ally disc]nible z ! c5tre r\nd :i* ! tonality oscillates4 ,! words dem& clos] att5tion1 & ,i mu/ invite ^? ( my read]s :o h be5 driv5 back by ! difficulties ( ! road to accompany me along ! dull pa? ( lit]al translation & comm5t4 ,! keynote ( ! dialogue is ! opposition ( day & night1 typify+ delusion & reality1 avidy & ,atman4 ,9 ! words ( ,aes*ylos3 ,greek3 eud\sa gap phra5 ommas9 lamprunetai4 e'n haem]a de moir aproskopos broton4 ,! dialogue _c be und]/ood by ! light ( ! rationali/ !ory t love & m>riage are ?+s to be contract$ = ! sake ( ! b5efits :i* !y br+ to bo? p>ties4 ,^? :o approa* x f ?is /&po9t mu/ be cont5t ) ! explanation sometimes he>d t lov]s are to be excus$ if !y behave l lunatics1 s9ce x is "p ( _! condition4 ,?is is n q ! poet's int5tion4 ,) ,wagn] love is a sacrifice--or = ^? :o s pref] x1 a sacram5t4 ,h5ce ! deep my/]y ( ! k9%ip ( love1 ! vivify+ pr9ciple1 ) dea?1 typifi$ 9 ! ,h9du emblem ( ! l+4 ,9 ! pres5t sc5e x is (t5 difficult to tell :e!r ! /ra9s d5ote ! langui%+ ( love or ! fad+ away ( life4 ,! be/ prep>ation w\ld be to read ! op5+ portion ( ! sev5? book ( ,plato's ,republic4 ,x is difficult to ?9k t ?is passage 0 n 9 ,wagn]'s m9d :5 he compos$ ! sc5e2 al?\gh ! imag]y is r diff]5t1 ! ?\ght is simil>4 ,plato is speak+ ( ! roots ( k2 ,wagn] conceives ( ,love z ,plato does ( k1 & 9 ! m9ds ( bo? love & k are ! same1 z are also music & philosophy4 ,! idea comes at once to ! front 9 ,isolde's enigmatical ,im ,dunkel du1 im ,li*te i*4 ,we rememb] t accord+ to ,plato !re are two k9ds ( bl9dness3 "o is f liv+ 9 ! d>k1 ! bl9dness ( ignorance2 ! o!r f hav+ gaz$ too /eadfa/ly at ! sun :5 ! eyes 7 n /rong en\gh to be> x4 ,tri/an 0 dazzl$ ) ! light ( ! sun1 & !re=e unable to see ! tru?4 ,= ) ,wagn] ! sun is n1 z ) ,plato1 ! s\rce ( all light & tru?1 b r ! enemy ( love & tru?4 ,to put x m %ortly1 ! mean+ ( ! l9e :i* ,i h quot$ is3 ,y 7 bl9d$ by ambition2 ,i saw m cle>ly4 ,tri/an und]/&s h] z mean+ ! light ( ! tor* = ! ext9ction ( :i* he 0 s long wait+4 ,!n foll[s a discussion 9 :i* %e urges t x 0 ?r\gh h] act1 9 pull+ d[n ! tor*1 t he 0 l$ f ! light ( day to ! d>kness ( love4 ,porges "h makes ! true rem>k t ! ma9spr+ ( ,tri/an's life is ambition2 t love is naturally =eign to him1 b t he is at la/ drawn to x by ,isolde4 ,we resume at p4 #aad ( ! piano arrangem5t4 ,! ,g]man con/ruction is exce$+ly difficult & confus+4 ,i translate lit]ally3 ,tr4 ,! day1 ! day t gloss$ !e o'er1 t c>ri$ ,isolde away f me ?i!r :]e %e resembl$ ! sun 9 ! gleam & light ( highe/ glory4 ,:at s en*ant$ my eye depress$ my he>t deep d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,h[ c\ld ,isolde be m9e 9 ! bright light ( day8 ,is4 ,0 %e n ?9e :o *ose !e8 ,:at did ! wick$ day lie to !e t ?\ %\ld/ betray ?y belov$ :o 0 de/9$ = !e8 ,tr4 ,t :i* gloss$ !e o'er ) transc5d5t spl5d\r1 ! radiance ( hon\r1 ! =ce ( glory1 ! dream ( hang+ my he>t ^u ^! held me 9 bonds4 ,! day-sun ( worldly hon\rs1 :i*1 ) ! cle> refulg5ce ( its %imm]1 %one bright ^u my head ) ! va9 delight ( its rays1 p5etrat$ ?r\gh my head into ! deepe/ recess ( my he>t4 ,t :i* !re wat*$ d>kly seal$ 9 ! *a/e night1 t :i* unconsci\s ,i receiv$ !re z x dawn$1 an image :i* my eyes did n tru/ !mselves to look at1 :5 t\*$ by ! light ( day1 lay op5 gleam+ be=e me4 ,9 ^! my/]i\s words ,tri/an indicates ! impression :i* ,isolde _h made ^u him at _! fir/ meet+4 ,he reg>d$ h] ?r\gh ! spectacles ( 8 political ambition1 ) its va9 delight ( p]sonal glory1 :i* _h p5etrat$ f 8 head to 8 he>t4 ,x illum9$ ! image ( ,isolde slumb]+ yet unconsci\s 7ohne ,wiss' und ,wahn7 9 8 brea/1 & reveal$ x to ! day--namely1 z a prize 9 ! political game :i* he 0 play+3 ,t :i* seem$ to me s glori\s & s noble1 ,i glorifi$ be=e ! :ole assembly2 be=e all p ,i l\dly extoll$ ! mo/ lovely royal bride ( ! e>?4 ,! envy :i* ! day _h awak5$ aga9/ me1 ! jeal\sy :i* became al>m$ at my good =tune1 ! misfav\r :i* began to weigh d[n my hon\r & my glory1 ,i defi$ !m all1 & fai?fully det]m9$1 9 ord] to uphold my hon\r & my glory1 to g to ,irel&4 ,is4 ,oh va9 slave ( ! day4 ,"h 7,k4,a4 #aai'c at ! words ,getus*t von ihm44447 !re beg9s a new developm5t ( ! same motive :i* has occupi$ u hi!rto 7,no4 #c7 ) ! fir/ indications ( ! syncopat$ accompanim5t :i* =ms s prom95t a feature ( ! foll[+ "p4 ,explanations are n[ f9i%$4 ,! words beg9 to f9d w+s4 ,= mom5ts x seems z if all consci\sness ( e>?ly ?+s 7 lo/ & ! lov]s 7 dissolv$ into dreaml&3 ,wo des ,trugs geahnt] ,wahn z]r9ne4 ,k4,a4 #abb4 ,! modulation into ! key ( ! dea?-motive1 ,a flat1 is effect$ ?r\gh ! *ord ( ! augm5t$ six?4 ,! viol9s keep up a brok5 triplet accompanim5t1 trombones ent]+ on ! ,a major *ord1 oboe lightly brea?+ ! pr9cipal motive 7,no4 #c71 :ile ! voice foll[s its indep5d5t melody1 to u a simile ( ,wagn]'s l a boat design$ to move exactly ^u t sea1 & "u ^? conditions4 ,! :ole passage is a vision ( ! dea? :i* !y are await+1 b )\t its bitt]ness1 only z ! portal ( et]nity4 ,on p4 #abc ! voice br+s ! int]vals ( ! *ord :i* ?r[s an atmosph]e ov] ! :ole ( ! re/ ( ! sc5e1 & :i* has already be5 m5tion$ z ! s\l ( ! ,tri/an music4 ,! int]vals are enh>monically ! same z ^? ( ! *ord 9 ! fir/ b> ( ,prelude--,f1 ,a flat1 ,c flat1 ,e flat1,f1 ,g %>p1 ,b1 ,d %>p--b ! treatm5t & surr\nd+s are v diff]5t4 ,a ref]5ce to ! draught occasions a joyful outbur/ on ! "p ( ,tri/an1 :i* is ( importance z expla9+ its real significance3 ,tr4 ,oh hail to ! dr9k4444 ,?r\gh ! door ( dea? :5ce x fl[$ x divulg$ to me wide & op5 ! joyful k+dom ( night1 :]e9 be=e ,i _h only dream$ z "o awake4 ,! words are accompani$ by a viol9 figure 9 v rapid tempo1 :i* 0 already prom95t 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sc5e at ! meet+4 ,! exultant episode soon ends1 ! /ormy tempo cont9u+1 & by degrees all subsides into ! discordant motive :i* ,i h quot$ z ! f\r? ( ! fundam5tal dramatic-musical motives1 & seem+ to indicate ! agony ( dea? 7,no4 #d74 ,already !re h be5 indications ( a *>act]i/ic accompany+ rhy?mic figure consi/+ ( "o note repeat$ 9 triplets1 & n[ z ! lov]s s9k on a bank ( fl[]s 9 half-consci\s embrace1 its n]v\s "* is enhanc$ by a complex syncopation4 ,! passage beg9n+ #aca'd is 9 ! my/ic mood ( ,bee?ov5's la/ sonatas & qu>tets4 ,! triplet movem5t seems inspir$ by ! simil> movem5t 9 ! sonata ,op4 #aaj f ! beg9n+ ( ! sl[ movem5t ,adagio ma non troppo to ! end4 ,9 bo? ! fev]i% pulsation indicates a morbid condition1 lead+ 9 ,bee?ov5 to a calmly triumphant end4 ,! second movem5t ( ! qu>tet ,op4 #abg1 ,adagio ma non troppo1 ) :i* ,porges comp>es ! sc5e1 gives a diff]5t side1 f :i* ! morbid elem5t is abs5t4 ,! rhy?m :i* dom9ates ?is sc5e is a developm5t ( ! prec$+ triplet rhy?m & mu/ be tak5 q /rictly--#c-d "t1 ! fir/ two crot*ets be+ divid$ into triplet quav]s1 ! la/ into two4 ,! syncopat$ *ords are on ! f\r /r+s1 all mut$1 & ea* divid$ into two p>ts4 ,9 ! t5? b> 7c\nt+ f ! d\ble b> mssig langsam #c-d7 ! woodw9d 7,cl4 ,hr4 ,fag47 ent]1 su/a9+ ! *ord sehr wei*1 ! fir/ cl>9et hav+ ! upp] note1 q s(t1 l a sigh1 =m+ a cad5ce aft] ea* phrase ( ! voice "p4 ,! extreme n]v\s t5sity is emphasiz$ almo/ beyond endurance by ! incessant syncopat$ triplets ( ! /r+s4 ,! lov]s are rais$ entirely away f ! ext]nal _w2 x is ! sleep ( approa*+ dea? into :i* !y s9k2 r dissolution into et]nity4 ,! words beg9 to lose coh]5ce & mean+1 & are (t5 purely int]jectional4 ,"o passage may be not$ = its int]e/+ modulations1 ! alt]nat+ duet ) ! words ,b>g im ,bus5 uns si* die ,sonne4 ,x is 9 phrases ( ?ree b>s 9 ris+ semitones1 ,a flat--,a natural--,a natural--,b flat1 end+ 9 ! beautiful /ra9 ,no4 #ac z !y fall asleep 9 "o ano!r's arms4 ,we h n[ 9 ,brangne's wat*-song1 & ! in/rum5tal nocturne t accompanies x1 rea*$ ! highe/ po9t ( ! musical expression1 n ( ! ,tri/an drama alone1 b ( all music s9ce ,pale/r9a4 ,be=e su* music sil5ce is ! only ?+ possible4 ,x sc(fs at our words2 x is n ( ?is e>?4 ,_m w n[ pref] to draw ! veil1 to pass ov] ! little t ,i h to say1 & resign !mselves to ! ae/hetic impression4 ,= ^? :o feel curiosity to "k ! me*anism by :i* its wondr\s effect is br\ght ab\t1 ,i w analyse ! in/rum5tation4 ,! !matic mat]ial employ$ is v slight2 only "h & !re a motive f ! prec$+ is indicat$ z if 9 a dream4 ,! syncopat$ pulsations are resum$ 9 "o-half ! full numb] ( /r+s mut$1 & cont9ue to ! end1 z d ! brok5 *ords ( ! h>p4 ,! wood-w9d g5]ally su/a9 s(t *ords1 cl>9et1 oboe1 flute1 & horn succe$+ ea* o!r ) ! sighs f ,no4 #ab4 ,music ,brangne's voice on ! wat*-t[] beh9d ! sc5e ent]s at once 9 #c-b rhy?m aga9/ #c-d 9 ! or*e/ra4 ,at b> #aa 7c\nt+ f fir/ entry ( ! h>p7 f\r pairs ( unmut$ viol9s deta* !mselves f ! body ( ! /r+s1 & play a qu>tet indep5d5tly1 ) free polyphonic imitation1 aft]w>ds jo9$ by soli viol91 viola1 & 'cello1 9 su* close score & int]cross+ z to make ! :ole resemble a v closely wov5 patt]n ( exquisite beauty1 b ( :i* ! s+le ?reads are h>dly di/+ui%able4#db ,half ! violas1 jo9$ lat] by half ! 'cellos1 ma9ta9 an accompanim5t ( brok5 *ords4 ,!y are ! voices ( ! night ?r\gh :i* are he>d ! long-su/a9$ notes ( ,brangne's wat*-song1 wood in/rum5ts "h & !re utt]+ motives l pass+ dreams f ! lov]s' melodies3 ,realms :]e ! air we brea! is love1 ,:i* 9 ! w9ds on ! waves do? move1 ,h>moniz+ ?is e>? ) :at we feel above4 ,footnote #db3 ,= ! indep5d5t /r+ p>ts1 see ! ,app5dix4 ,at ! end ?ree trombones ent]1 su/a9+ sl[ *ords4 ,! :ole body ( ! /r+s1 n[ unit$1 so> once m & subside to re/4 ,! dialogue :i* foll[s is ! mo/ difficult 9 ! :ole "w4 ,x w be necess>y to take x s5t5ce by s5t5ce4 ,tri/an1 z ! cool] & m self-possess$ ( ! two1 sees m cle>ly ?an ,isolde :i!r !y are t5d+4 ,he has sunk into a /ate ( almo/ complete oblivion1 f :i* ,isolde wi%es to r\se him4 ,he replies 7#aci'a7f773 ,let me die1 nev] to awake4 ,isolde1 sc>cely yet realiz+ t ?is is inde$ ! only possible end+1 asks 7#aci'd73 ,mu/ !n daylight & dea? toge!r end our love8 ,he replies3 ,our love8 ,h[ c dea? ev] de/roy t8 ,7 mighty dea? /&+ be=e me ?reat5+ body & life--t life :i* s gladly ,i resign to my love--h[ c\ld its /roke rea* our love8 ,7 ,i to die = t love = :i* ,i gladly w\ld die1 yet t love itself is immortal & _c end ) me4 ,s ,tri/an is himself immortal ?r\gh 8 love4 ,n[ 7#ada'c7h77 %e grasps 8 mean+3 ,our love is ! love ( bo?--,tri/an & ,isolde4 ,!n !re foll[s a little conceit on ! virtue ( ! ^w &1 i4e4 ! bond :i* unites !m bo? toge!r4 ,! notion is accord+ to ,kuff]a? tak5 f a c\plet ( ,gottfri$ von ,/rassburg3 ,zwei vil kle99 ,wortel91 ,m9 und ,d91 ,diu briuw5t mi*el ,wund] uf d] ,erde4 ,tri/an cont9ues3 ,:at w\ld die 9 dea? 7namely1 ?is bodily & worldly life7 is only t :i* comes betwe5 u & prev5ts u f lov+ & liv+4 ,isolde returns to h] play ) ! ^w &4 ,:at is true = y is also true = me4 ,tri/an c only die ?r\gh ,isolde's dea?4 ,! f9al conclusion is rea*$ 9 ! great duet beg9n+ p4 #adc'a1 ,we die b to be unit$ = ev] 9 a m p]fect love4 ) ! motive ,no4 #ad4 ,! duet ends ) a rem9isc5ce ( ! nocturne1 ,brangne's voice ent]+ ) beautiful effect w>n+ ! lov]s 9 ! mid/ ( _! rhapsody4 ,i resume at #adf'a4 ,! previ\s dialogue began ) ,isolde's r\s+ ( ,tri/an ) ! words ,laus*' geliebt]4 ,n[ he turns to h] smil+ & asks3 ,soll i* laus*58 & %e replies3 ,lass mi* /]b54 ,%e has n[ atta9$ full insight1 & :5 he f9ally & s]i\sly puts ! "q to h]3 ,%all ,i return once m to ! day8 %e replies ) en?usiasm 7begei/]t71 ,let ! day yield to dea?1 & ! pi]c+ h>monies ( ,no4 #d indicate ! wr5* ( ! p>t+4 ,h] m9d is n[ q resolv$4 ,to ano!r decisive "q %e replies3 ,et]nal be our night6 ,x is ?is t ,tri/an has be5 wait+ =2 until he knew t ,isolde 0 ready to accompany him he c\ld n =m 8 own resolve4 ,h]e9 we h ! key ( ! :ole ( ?is complex & difficult sc5e4 ,wagn]'s aim 0 n1 z might appe> on a sup]ficial view1 to prolong a rhapsodical love-sc5e1 b a dramatic "o1 to br+ ! two *>act]s1 ea* be+ su* z he _h conceiv$ x1 to a full und]/&+ ( ea* o!r be=e !y c\ld be unit$ 9 dea?4 ,an introductory passage made ( ! love-motive simultane\sly 9 direct & contr>y movem5t--! union ( opposites--leads to a duet :i* op5s ) ! h>monies ( ,no4 #d 7,k4,a4 #aag74 ,its "* ?r\gh\t is triumphant joy1 well support$ by a runn+ viol9 accompanim5t :i* cont9ues to ! end4 ,9 ! c\rse ( x !re appe>s ano!r important motive 7,no4 #ae71 fir/ 9 ! cl>9et4 ,all ends 9 a cra% ( ! entire or*e/ra2 ,kurw5al ru%es 9 cry+1 ,save y\rself1 ,tri/an1 & 9 ! next mom5t ,m>ke & 8 c\rt ent] conduct$ by ,melot4 ,! wret*$ day = ! la/ "t4 ,,sc5e ,,iii4--,words & music ( ! next sc5e ne$ little comm5t4 ,x may be not$ t a great "p ( ,m>ke's address is 9 /rophic =m1 ) f\r l9es ( two acc5ts foll[$ by "o ( ?ree acc5ts4 ,tri/an /&s be=e ,isolde scre5+ h] z well z he c1 cru%$ to e>? by ,m>ke's calm dispassionate reproa*es1 ) %ort int]ludes on ! bass cl>9et4 ,! music is ( great beauty1 b1 z ,i h obs]v$ 9 an e>li] *apt]1 ! explanatory p>ts are too mu* ext5d$4 ,! ,k+ calls ^u ,tri/an to say :at is ! deep1 my/]i\s cause ( su* a fall+ (f 9 8 hon\r4 ,tri/an _c answ]1 b ! love-motive 9 its mo/ complete =m1 z 9 ! op5+ ( ! ,prelude1 replies m cle>ly ?an words4 ,tri/an n[ turns full r\nd to ,isolde1 & 9 impressive words asks h] :e!r %e is prep>$ to foll[ him to ! l& to :i* he is n[ go+2 x is ! l& :]e no sun %9es1 ! d>k l& ( night4 ,! voice takes up ! melody ,no4 #ab f an e>li] "p ( ! act4 ,h] reply is if possible ev5 m sublime4 ,:5 ,tri/an c>ri$ h] to a /rang]'s c\ntry1 %e _h to foll[4 ,n[ he calls h] to 8 own1 to %[ h] 8 possession & h]itage2 h[ %\ld %e refuse8 ,let ,tri/an lead ! way2 ,isolde w foll[4 ,he !n calls ^u ,melot to fight ) him1 b fir/ lets fall a significant rem>k3 ,my fri5d he ,melot 0 444 x 0 he :o urg$ me on to w$ !e to ! ,k+4 ,?y glance1 ,isolde1 has dazzl$ him too2 out ( jeal\sy he betray$ me to ! ,k+1 :om ,i betray$4 ,f ^! enigmatical words ,wagn] leaves u to conjecture :at we c4 ,!y fight2 at ! fir/ pass ,tri/an lets ! sword drop f 8 h& & falls w\nd$ to ! e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,! ,,text ,,& ,,music ,,cont9u$ ,,act ,,iii4--,wagn] has describ$ ! sl[ introduction to ,bee?ov5's ,c %>p m9or qu>tet z ! sadde/ music ev] writt54 ,if !re is any?+ sadd]1 x is ! in/rum5tal introduction to ! ?ird act ( ,tri/an und ,isolde4 ,tri/an1 aft] be+ w\nd$ by ,melot1 has be5 c>ri$ (f by ,kurw5al to 8 own home1 ,k>eol 9 ,brittany1 :]e he is discov]$ ly+ asleep on 8 c\* 9 ! ca/le g>d51 ,kurw5al by 8 side4 ,no?+ c\ld exce$ ! desolation ( ! sc5e1 nor ! utt] woe express$ 9 ! music :i* beg9s ) a new trans=mation ( ! love-motive 7#a;a74 ,isolde alone c cure ! sick man1 & ^w has be5 s5t to h] to come f ,cornwall4 ,h] %ip is j expect$1 & ! %eph]d :o is on ! wat* outside plays a sad /ra9 s long z ! %ip is n se51 to be *ang$ to a joyful "o :5 %e appe>s 9 sight4 ,! pla9tive /ra9 is play$ on ! ,engli% horn1 an in/rum5t :i* 9 ! h&s ( a skilful play] is capable ( v great expression1 &1 unlike mo/ ( ! wood1 has a consid]able range ( s(t & l\d1 a quality ( :i* ,wagn] has made v happy use4 ,! melody itself seems to h caus$ "s he>tburn+ to _m excell5t critics4 ,ev5 ,he9ri* ,porges describes x z a sequ5ce ( tones app>5tly )\t rule1#dc & has n a ^w to say ab\t its en?rall+ melodic beauty4 ,really :at difficulty !re is1 is only = ! eye1 & only 9 "o note1 ! con/antly recurr+ ,g flat1 :i* is easily acc\nt$ =4 ,9 a lat] "p ( ! sc5e 7p4 #bjj71 x w be f\nd fully h>moniz$4 ,footnote #dc3 ,e9e s*e9b> regellose ,tonfolge4 ,,sc5e ,i4--,9 ! fir/ sc5e ( ! ?ird act1 ,kurw5al atta9s an importance f> beyond :at he _h 9 ! fir/ & second acts4 ,he1 too1 is *ang$2 he is no long] ! r\gh1 unmann]ly s]vant1 ! ev5ts :i* h pass$ & ! responsibility n[ re/+ ^u 8 %\ld]s1 h br\ght out ! f9] qualities ( 8 nature4 ,!re is noticeable 9 8 melody all ?r\gh ! act an air ( fre$om & l(ty devotion q diff]5t f 8 =m] self4 ,he is1 z x 71 transfigur$1 & !re is a ref9em5t 9 8 t5d]ness :i* may surprise ^? :o h nev] obs]v$ :at delicacy & s5sitiv5ess are (t5 hidd5 b5ea? a r\gh ext]ior among ! l[] classes4 ,aft] a %ort conv]sation betwe5 ,kurw5al & ! %eph]d1 :o looks ov] ! wall to ask h[ ! pati5t is progress+1 ,tri/an awakes1 ask+ ) feeble voice :]e he is4 ,kurw5al relates h[ he has br\ght him to 8 own home 9 ,k>eol1 :]e he is soon to recov] f w\nds & dea?4 ,x is "s "t be=e ,tri/an fully und]/&s1 & z memory beg9s to awak51 he tells ( :]e he has be51 speak+ z "o inspir$3 ,i 0 !re :]e ,i h ev] be51 :i!r = ev] ,i g1 9 ! wide realm ( ! _w-night1 :]e !re is b "o k--div9e utt] oblivion1 i4e4 9 t ,brahm1 t et]nal negation1 9 :i* all physical life has its exi/5ce4 ,! words are accompani$ by pianissimo *ords ( trombones ) tuba4 ,x is ! fir/ "t t ! heavy brass has be5 he>d 9 ?is act1 & ! effect is excessively solemn4 ,he cont9ues3 ,h[ has ?is =eta/e 7( et]nal night7 dep>t$ f me8 ,%all ,i call !e a ye>n+ memory t has driv5 me once m to ! light ( day8 ,! music ( ?is & ! foll[+ "p is v int]e/+1 b ! modulations are too subtle & too evanesc5t = analysis4 ,! motive1 :i* has ?r\gh\t be5 associat$ ) ! metaphor ( daylight1 is unit$ ) ! langui%+ love-motive & ) ,no4 #d1 ( :i* ?ree motives ! foll[+ "p is *iefly made up4 ,! comb9ation is express$ 9 ,tri/an's ^w1 ,todeswonne-,grau51 ! awful joy ( dea?4 ,! culm9at+ po9t is rea*$ at ! /rongly allit]ative words1 ,weh' nun w*/ blei* und bang mir des ,tages wild] ,drang1 :5 = ! mom5t !re is q a maze ( real p>ts 9 wood-w9d & /r+s4 ,imm$iately foll[+ is a v curi\s passage1 no?+ else ?an a succession ( augm5t$ *ords 9 an upw>d *romatic scale1 seem+ly illu/rat+ ! words grell und tus*5d se9 ,ge/irn weckt zu ,trug und ,wahn me9 ,hirn4 ,= a mom5t ,kurw5al seems ov]aw$ by ! words & suff]+s ( 8 belov$ ma/]4 ,8 free b\nd+ spirits are gone1 & he speaks l a brok5 man4 ,b he soon recov]s 8 =m] mood z he tells ( ,isolde's expect$ arrival4 ,! news1 sc>cely compreh5d$ at fir/1 is ! signal = an outbur/ ( joy on ! "p ( ,tri/an express$ 9 a new motive1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #aic'd4 ,8 joy is s viol5t t x br+s on a return ( deliri\s rav+4 ,he seems to see ! %ip1 ! sails fill+ to ! w9d1 ! col\rs fly+1 b at t mom5t ! sad /ra9s ( ! %eph]d's song tell him t ! %ip has n yet appe>$4 ,he kn[s ! tune1 :i* once bewail$ 8 fa!r's dea? & 8 "m's fate :5 %e br\ght him =? & di$4 ,& n[ x tells ( 8 own lot3 to long--& die2 to die--& to long4 ,no6 ,n s6 r to long & long1 dy+ to long1 & n to die ( long+4 ,he _c f9d ! dea? = :i* he longs4 ,9 ! foll[+ soliloquy ! pla9tive melody is wov5 into ! or*e/ral accompanim5t & tak5 by v>i\s in/rum5ts 9 turn4 ,i resume at ! words ,d] ,trank1 d] ,trunk1 d] fur*tb>e ,trank 7p4 #bjg'a71 :]e ! full or*e/ra accompanies ) brass & drums1 ! tempo be+ /ill r sl[4 ,! draught6 ! draught6 ! t]rible draught6 ,h[ x rag$ f my he>t to my head4444 ,n[h]e1 n[h]e may ,i re/4 ,! night ca/s me back on ! day = ev] to fe$ ! sun's rays on my suff]+4444 ,! fe>ful draught :i* has consign$ me to ?is torm5t1 ,i1 ,i myself brew$ x6 ,out ( my fa!r's woe & my "m's angui%1 out ( te>s ( love ev] & aye1 out ( laugh+ & weep+1 joys & w\nds1 ,i h ga!r$ its poisons4 ,?\ draught :i* ,i brew$1 :i* fl[$ = me1 :i* ,i joyfully quaff$1 accurs$ be ?\1 accurs$ he :o brew$ !e4 ,he s9ks once m into unconsci\sness4 ,?is dr9k1 ?is fe>ful draught :i* has br\ght him into 8 pres5t /ate1 is ! "w ( 8 :ole life1 ! outcome ( all 8 =m] de$s4 ,! despair :i* he feels n[ z 8 end approa*es is express$ 9 ! motive ,no4 #ah1 9 unison 9 ! wood-w9d4 ,bo? music & words ( ?is soliloquy (f] great difficulties & ne$ close /udy1 ) special att5tion to ! tempo4#dd ,x ends ) ! ,f %>p m9or *ord 9 ! #f-d position ) full brass & drums2 !n sudd5 sil5ce 9 ! or*e/ra z ! voice s+s ! words fur*tb>] ,trank4 ,footnote #dd3 ,?is is ! passage :i* p]plex$ ! greate/ ( all ,wagn] s+]s1 ,s*norr von ,c>olsfeld1 s mu* t x h9d]$ him f tak+ ! "p ( ,tri/an until light came to him f ,wagn] himself4 ,see ! int]e/+ acc\nt 9 ,wagn]'s ,rem9isc5ces ( ,s*norr von ,c>olsfeld 9 8 collect$ works1 viii4 #bba4 ,z he lies 9 a swoon ! wood-w9d 9 turns cont9ue ! mal$iction4 ,! tone !n *anges z ,kurw5al /&s beside him1 unc]ta9 :e!r he is alive or dead4 ,! wood s(tly s\nd ! *ord :i* we h s (t5 he>d be=e1 ,no4 #ab1 9 syncopat$ triplets1 z 9 ! great duet 9 ! second act 7pp4 #aca seq474 ,above !re floats a melody ( exquisite t5d]ness1 fir/ 9 ! oboe1 !n 9 ! cl>9et1 cont9u$ lat] 9 a solo viol94 ,a horn qu>tet !n beg9s ! s(t !me ,no4 #ac1 ,tri/an's fail+ voice tell+ h[ he sees ! vision ( ,isolde float+ t[>ds him ov] ! sea4 ,x is z if ! /ra9s ( ! g>d5 sc5e 7 hov]+ 9 8 dreams & calm+ 8 tr\bl$ ?\ghts4 ,z he reads 9 ,kurw5al's looks t %e is n yet 9 sight1 he once m ?reat5s to become viol5t1 :5 sudd5ly ! joyful tune1 ! signal ( ,isolde's approa*1 is he>d4 ,,sc5e ,,ii4--,! cata/rophe :i* n[ foll[s is "o ( ! mo/ t]rible ev] conceiv$ by a dramati/4 ,directly ,kurw5al is away1 ,tri/an beg9s to toss 9 8 b$2 he seems almo/ to rise f ! dead4 ,/range1 re/less or*e/ration & #g-d "t seem to %[ t some?+ is p5d+4 ,sev]al motives are h9t$ at1 & at la/ !re breaks out 9 ! l[] /r+s & wood ! motive ,no4 #ac f ! second act1 b n[ h[ *ang$6 ,! t5d]1 dreamy melody1 n[ 9 di/ort$ #e-d rhy?m1 appe>s l a dance ( dea?1 fir/ 9 ,c major4 ,a %ort climax br+s x 9 ,a major & aga9 9 ,c major ) ! utmo/ fury & ! =ce ( ! entire or*e/ra4 ,x is z if ! v gates ( hell _h bur/ & e fi5d 7 danc+ ar\nd him1 %\t+3 ,live6 live6 & be = ev] damn$6 false knight6 p]jur$ lov]6 ,he spr+s f 8 c\*1 te>s ! b&ages f 8 body2 ! blood /reams f 8 w\nd2 he /agg]s to ! middle ( ! /age z he he>s ,isolde's voice & s9ks into h] arms z %e ent]s4 ,! love-motive is he>d 9 ! wood-w9d l a long dy+ brea? z1 brea?+ ! ^w ,isolde1 he expires4 ,! or*e/ra dies away2 "o *ord is he>d alone on ! h>p1 & ! violoncello cont9ues ! love-motive z he brea!s away 8 life4 ,isolde is left alone ) ,kurw5al1 :o has foll[$ h]4 ,! soliloquy 9 :i* %e lam5ts ! cruel de/ruction ( ! plan = sav+ ,tri/an is pr(\ndly t\*+1 bo? 9 ! words & 9 ! melody3 ,art ?\ dead8 ,t>ry b = "o h\r1 "o only h\r4 ,su* anxi\s days long+ %e wat*$1 to wat* b "o m h\r ) !e4 ,w ,tri/an beguile ,isolde ( ! "o la/ ev]-%ort _w-happ9ess 7,no4 #d74 ,! w\nd8 :]e8 ,let me heal x1 t1 joyful & s]5e1 we may %>e ! night toge!r4 ,n ( ! w\nd--die n ( ! w\nd6 ,let u bo? unit$ close our eyes to ! light ( heav54444 ,s\nds are he>d )\t4 ,ano!r %ip has arriv$1 & ) x ,m>ke 9 pursuit ( ! fugitive pr9cess4 ,ha/ily ! gates ( ! ca/le are b>ricad$4 ,brangne's voice is he>d implor+ !m n to resi/4 ,x is va92 ,kurw5al leaves no "t = p>ley1 b ru%es ^u !m & is at once pi]c$ ?r\gh4 ,he is j able to rea* 8 ma/]'s body & die at 8 side2 :5 ,m>ke has =c$ an entry he f9ds no?+ b dea?4 ,brangne notices t ,isolde is /ill liv+1 & !y n[ expla94 ,! secret ( ! love-potion has be5 told to ,k+ ,m>ke1 & he has hurri$ up to r5\nce 8 int5tion ( w$d+ ,isolde & to unite h] to ,tri/an4#de ,footnote #de3 ,ano!r pro(1 if any 7 ne$$1 t he is n unit$ to h] by any indissoluble tie4 ,x ne$$ b a few m9utes' delay = all to h end$ happily4 ,:y did n ! poet take ! opportunity (f]$ & sp>e u ! h>r[+ sc5es at ! end8 ,:y c\ld he n h l[]$ ! curta9 on ! lov]s unit$ ) ,m>ke's full approval8 ,dramatically !re 0 no reason :y he %\ld n h done s1 b poetically x 0 impossible4 ,! :ole ( ! /ory is br\ght ab\t by ,tri/an's guilt :i* _h to be expiat$2 x is n dim9i%$ by ,m>ke's g5]osity4 ,isolde n[ rises to bid ! _w h] la/ f>ewell be=e %e dep>ts ) ,tri/an4 ,! words ( h] swan-song h be5 describ$ by an ,engli% writ] z no m poetry ?an an auctione]'s catalogue4#df ,( t ,i mu/ leave my read]s to =m _! own judgm5t2 !y mu/1 ( c\rse1 be read ) _! context 9 ! drama4 ,%e is speak+ 9 a trance1 ) ec/atic visions be=e h] eyes4 ,! voice melody is mo/ly built ^u ! song ( union 9 dea? 9 ! second act 7,no4 #ad71 pass+ into ! exultant motive :i* occurs 9 ! great love-duet 7,no4 #ae74 ,! or*e/ral accompanim5t1 beg9n+ quietly1 gradually swells into a torr5t ( music q unrivall$ among ,wagn]'s great f9ales4 ,! end ( ,gtt]dmm]ung is impressive because ( ! wond]ful ga!r+ toge!r ( ! musical motives ( ,siegfri$'s life1 b z a musical composition x _c comp>e ) ! end ( ,tri/an4 ,z x approa*es ! end ! love-motive absorbs ! :ole or*e/ra1 pass+ into ,no4 #aj f ! prelude ( ! second act1 ris+ high] & high]4 ,! wond]ful euphony ( tone1 ! h>mony & peacefulness :i* p]vade ! surg+ mass ( in/rum5ts are due to ! consummate art ( ! in/rum5tation1 & at la/ z ! music seems to leave ?is e>? 9 its heav5w>d flight we feel borne away ^u its w+s4 ,isolde does n die2 %e is c>ri$ upw>ds on ! p9ions ( love1 dissolv$ 9 ! ocean ( endless melody4 ,footnote #df3 ,a comp>ison :i*1 by ! way1 seems a little sev]e aga9/ auctione]s1 if1 z ,i presume1 ! objection is to ! want ( cle>ness ( ! language6 ,h] f9i% has giv5 occasion to ! witticism t ! mo/ beautiful ?+ 9 ! "w is ! la/ note4 ,to ?is ,i see no reason to demur2 x conta9s no?+ m entranc+ ?an ! rise to ! fif? ( ! *ord at h] f9al cad5ce ,music3 h* - - - /e ,lu/4 ,once m ! love-motive is s(tly brea!d 9 ! oboi & ! :ole closes on ! *ord ( ,b major ?ree times repeat$ by ! or*e/ra4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,conclusion ,wagn] always look$ ^u himself z "o :o _h brok5 a new pa? 9 art & done "s ( ! fir/ r\gh "w1 n z hav+ complet$ ! road4 ,^? :o seek to cont9ue 8 "w mu/ h ! same goal be=e _! eyes z he _h4 ,x is ! fate ( a great man :o m ?an o!rs longs = human fell[%ip & love1 to live alone &1 aft] dea?1 to ov]:elm 8 contempor>ies & successors2 he occupies a space :i* leaves no room = o!rs4 ,9 ! ?irty ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce ,wagn] di$1 _m great compos]s h come to ! front1 all ( :om )\t exception %[ 9 _! ext]nal physiognomy ! impress ( 8 p]sonality4 ,h[ _m h inh]it$ 8 _s8 ,h[ _m h be5 actuat$ by 8 s9c]ity1 8 fe>less resolve to foll[ 8 inspiration f on high at e co/1 reg>dless ( all p]sonal advantage8 ,future ages alone c answ] ?is "q4 ,! ,g]man nation is at ! pres5t day pass+ ?r\gh a sev]e trial ( its inn] /r5g?4 ,! true ,/urm und ,drang began = ,g]many 9 #ahga1 & is n[ at its height4 ,h] mission is inde$ a noble "o2 x is to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciples ( law1 good gov]nm5t1 & pure religion2 h] g5ius lies 9 sob] cons]vatism & high-m9d$ mon>*y2 h] h]oes are ,dr]1 ,lu!r1 ,fr$]ic ! ,great1 vom ,/e91 ,ri*>d ,wagn]4 ,x is sc>cely surpris+ if1 9 view ( ! hi/ory ( ,g]many dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 "s ( h] sons h become intoxicat$ & 9 _! zeal = ,g]man ideals ?reat5 to de/roy ! v pr9ciples by :i* %e has ris52 if :ile affect+ to despise ! s\!rn nations = lib]t9ism !y %\ld !mselves h ca/ (f ! bonds ( self-re/ra9t4 ,all ,europe is infect$ ) ! ta9t ( unbridl$ lic5ce & %amelessness1 9 e dep>tm5t ( life1 intellectual & political4 ,on ! /age ! public revels 9 cruelty = its own sake1 n 9 ! s]vice ( ju/ice2 x pref]s bomba/ to brav]y1 le*]y to love2 ! base/ metal makes ! l\de/ d92 :ile ^? to :om we look z our lead]s = direction only p&] to ! common vulg>ity & gr[ ri* !reon4 ,!re is "o +r$i5t ( art m5tion$ by ,ari/otle1 al?\gh x has be5 little notic$ by critics2 8 ^w = x is ,greek3 a$usma1 sweet5+4 ,! poet %\ld nev] =get t art1 h[ev] s]i\s1 is int5d$ = our pleasure2 ! h>d edge ( fate ne$s to be temp]$ by a recognition ( ! reality & beauty ( positive life4 ,! aim ( ! true poet is n to h>r[ ! feel+s ) ! m]e picture ( suff]+ or wick$ness4 ,we h en\gh ( ^! 9 actual life )\t go+ to ! !atre2 ! poet has to %[ !m z subs]vi5t to a high] ord] ( beauty & righte\sness1 & w try to mitigate ! pa9 :i* !y inflict4 ,9 ! trag$ies ( ! greate/ dramati/s ! sweetness is s conspicu\s a feature t x might almo/ be rank$ z a ?ird ess5tial ( trag$y1 along ) ! awak+ ( pity & t]ror4 ,! purpose ( art is to %[ ! unity ( tru? & beauty1 & ?us to enhance ! p[] ( bo?1 n to sacrifice ei!r 9 fav\r ( ! o!r4 ,x tea*es ! div9e lesson ( nature--p]fect fitness unit$ ) p]fect lovel9ess4 ,"o m ^w & ,i h f9i%$4 ,x is easy to he> too mu* ( ,wagn]1 & ,i ?9k !re c be no "q t 8 works are made f> too common 9 ,g]many4 ,wagn]'s *>act]s are n ^? ( ev]yday life2 !y are on a high] & m ideal moral level ?an ord9>y m5 & wom52 !y are semi-div9e4 ,nor are 8 works = ev]yday he>+1 b only = high fe/ivals :5 we c enjoy !m at our leisure ) our m9ds prep>$4 ,= our daily bread we h o!r compos]s z great z he1 & m nutriti\s & :olesome = cont9u$ diet--,ba*1 ,moz>t1 ,s*ub]t1 ,s*umann1 & h[ _m m ( ! highe/ rank6 ,cavi>e & *ampagne are excell5t ?+s at a fea/1 b we d n wi% to live ^u !m4 ,e cultur$ p]son %\ld hold x a duty to visit ! ,bayreu? fe/ival at lea/ once 9 8 life4 ,he ne$ n h any musical tra9+2 no?+ m is ne$$ ?an a w>m he>t & op5 s5ses1 &1 let me add1 s9c]ity ( purpose4 ,^? :o g expect+ p]fect p]=mances & ideal surr\nd+s w be disappo9t$4 ,imm5se c>e is be/[$ on ! prep>ation ( ! p]=mances1 & ! site & build+ pres5t incalculable advantages4 ,on ! :ole ! p]=mances are bett] ?an else:]e1 b1 except+ 9 ! or*e/ra1 !re are _m %ortcom+s1 & ! fa%ionable audi5ce f ,p>is1 & o!r capitals ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 is f> inde$ f :at 0 contemplat$ by ,wagn]4 ,all hon\r is due to ,madame ,cosima ,wagn]1 :o has work$ unfl9*+ly aga9/ imm5se difficulties to ma9ta9 ! hon\r ( h] husb&'s h]itage4 ,%e is n to blame if %e has n fully a*iev$ ! impossible2 ,if ! tree has p>tly )]$1 ! fault is n ) ! g>d5]2 x 0 too vigor\s1 too noble1 to fl\ri% 9 ! soil ( human society4