,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations & footnotes h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,deprecat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical & punctuation errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,! ,,soil ,,solution ,publi%$ by ,! ,*emical ,publi%+ ,co4 ,ea/on1 ,p5na4 ,publi%]s ( ,sci5tific ,books ,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry ,portl& ,cem5t ,agricultural ,*emi/ry ,qualitative ,analysis ,h\sehold ,*emi/ry ,*emi/s' ,pocket ,manual ,metallurgy1 ,etc4 ,! ,soil ,solution ,! ,nutri5t ,m$ium = ,plant ,gr[? ,by ,,frank ,k4 ,,cam]on ,9 ,*>ge1 ,physical & ,*emical ,inve/igations1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture ,,ea/on1 ,,pa43 ,,! ,,*emical ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #aiaa ,,london1 ,,engl&3 ,,williams ,,norgate #ad ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,w4 ,c4 ,,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,h>t ,preface4 ,x has long be5 ! cu/om to reg>d soil *emi/ry f "o ( two diametrically oppos$ po9ts ( view4 ,ei!r1 x has be5 consid]$ extremely simple1 or complex & hopelessly difficult4 ,9 ei!r case ! impression has g5]ally prevail$ t practical "w 9 soil *emi/ry consi/s 9 treat+ ! soil ) "s solv5t or o!r & analyz+ ! result+ solution = 8available0 plant food elem5ts2 9 o!r words1 t ! *emi/'s role 9 soil /udies is m]ely t ( an analy/4 ,soil *emi/ry is complex1 b n by any means hopelessly s4 ,un=tunately1 ! complexity ( mo/ ( ! problems pres5t$ has det]r$ ! /ud5t ( pure *emi/ry f attack+ !m1 & because !y d n (f] any mat]ial pecuni>y rew>ds1 !y h n appeal$ /rongly to ! inve/igator 9 appli$ *emi/ry4 ,inve/igations 9 soil *emi/ry1 = _! own sake1 or = ! sole purpose ( increas+ ! sum total ( human k conc]n+ ! ph5om5a tak+ place 9 ! soil1 h be5 comp>atively r>e4 ,! subject has g5]ally be5 reg>d$ f ! analytical po9t ( view & z incid5tal to agronomic /udies4 ,"o purpose ( ?is little book is to %[ ! inve/igator 9 *emi/ry :o is n limit$ by ! condition t 8 "w mu/ br+ "s p]sonal f9ancial return1 t ! soil & its problems (f] a field = 8 ef=ts q wor?y ( rank+ along-side ! mo/ int]e/+ bran*es ( pure *emi/ry1 z well z be+ ( ! v highe/ importance to ! developm5t ( ! welf>e ( ! human race4 ,ano!r purpose is to po9t out ! l9e ( attack ^u ! problems ( soil *emi/ry :i* at ?is "t (f]s ! l>ge/ opportunity = results4 ,9 h[ f> ! details ( ! /ory 9 ! foll[+ pages are correct1 "t ) its fur!r inve/igations w tell4 ,9 a s5se1 ! correctness ( ! details is ( second>y importance4 ,x is ( ! fir/ importance1 h[ev]1 t !re %\ld be a g5]al recognition t soil ph5om5a are ess5tially dynamic 9 "*1 & t ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( ! soil solution & its relation to crop production is a proc$ure c]ta9 to yield results ( positive value4 ,aga91 x is a purpose ( ?is book to make available = /ud5ts ( agriculture1 a sy/ematic outl9e ( ! "w s f> accompli%$ 9 ?is p>ticul> field4 ,x is to ! /ud5ts ( to-day f :om are to come ! inve/igations ( ! ne> future t ! book is p>ticul>ly address$4 ,"s ( ! details pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are matt]s on :i* oppos$ op9ions are n[ held /rongly by diff]5t au?orities1 & to ! unbias$ m9ds ( ! com+ inve/igators mu/ be left ! decision z to h[ closely ! tru? has be5 approximat$ 9 :at is writt5 to-day4 ,! field ( ef=t cov]$ by ?is book is "o 9 :i* !re is an increas+ activity1 & new facts & d$uctions w inevitably br+ modifications to pres5t op9ions4 ,to enc\rage ?is fur!r acquisition ( k is ! ma9 purpose ( ! book4 ,! mat]ial br\ght toge!r 9 ?is book has be5 pres5t$ to ! faculties & /ud5ts ( sev]al ( our ,agricultural ,colleges1 9 ! =m ( a %ort c\rse ( lectures4 ,9 l>ge "p1 moreov]1 x has be5 publi%$ 9 ,volume ,,xiv ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,physical ,*emi/ry4 ,to make x accessible to & m easily read by "o famili> ) ! progress ( te*nical soil inve/igations1 x has be5 reca/ 9 its pres5t =m4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! read] w h a fair work+ k ( ! concepts ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,nev]!less1 an ef=t has be5 made to avoid te*nical t]ms s f> z ?is c be done )\t undue sacrifice ( lucidity ( expression4 ,free ref]5ces h be5 made to ! bullet9s ( ! ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 because !y are g5]ally accessible to ! ,am]ican /ud5t1 & because 9 !m w be f\nd detail$ discussions & bibliographical mat]ial p]t95t to ! subjects outl9$ "h4 ,to 8 c[ork]s1 ! au?or is indebt$ = _m criticisms & sugge/ions2 & m especially 9 ! mak+ ( ! book is he indebt$ to ,mr4 ,s4 ,c4 ,/untz4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #aiaa4 ,table ( ,cont5ts4 ,,page ,preface iii ,i4 ,! ,soil #a ,,ii4 ,soil ,managem5t or ,control #d ,,iii4 ,soil ,analysis & ! ,hi/orical ,me?ods ( ,soil ,inve/igation #h ,,iv4 ,! ,plant-,food ,!ory ( ,f]tiliz]s #af ,v4 ,! ,dynamic ,nature ( ,soil ,ph5om5a #ah ,,vi4 ,! ,film ,wat] #bd ,,vii4 ,! ,m9]al ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,soil ,solution #ca ,,viii4 ,absorption by ,soils #ei ,,ix4 ,! ,relation ( ,plant ,gr[? to ,conc5tration #gj ,x4 ,! ,balance ,betwe5 ,supply & ,removal ( ,m9]al ,plant ,nutri5ts #ge ,,xi4 ,! ,organic ,con/itu5ts ( ! ,soil ,solution #gi ,,xii4 ,f]tiliz]s #aje ,,xiii4 ,alkali #aaj ,index #abg ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,solution4 ,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,soil4 ,! soil1 or t "p ( ! l& surface ( ! e>? adapt$ to ! gr[? & support ( crops1 is a het]og5e\s mixture compos$ ( solids1 gases & a liquid1 & conta9+ liv+ organisms4 ,!re are pres5t3 m9]al debris f rock degradation & decomposition2 organic matt] f ! degradation & decomposition ( =m] plant & animal tissues2 ! soil atmosph]e1 always ri*] 9 c>bon dioxide & wat] vapor & possibly o!r gases ?an ! atmosph]e above ! soil2 liv+ organisms1 su* z v>i\s k9ds ( bact]ia & fungi1 ) ! products ( _! activities1 notably ! 8nitrog5 c>ri]s0 & ! enzymes2 & f9ally ! soil moi/ure1 a solution ( products yield$ by ! above compon5ts & 9 equilibrium or approa*+ equilibrium ) ! solids & gases ) :i* x is 9 contact4 ,9 its relation to crop plants1#a t "p ( ! soil ( imm$iate importance is ! soil moi/ure4 ,f ?is solution ! plants1 ?r\gh _! roots1 draw all ! mat]ial involv$ 9 _! gr[?1 except ! c>bon dioxide absorb$ ?r\gh _! leaves4 ,! soil solution is ! natural nutri5t m$ium f :i* ! plants absorb ! m9]al con/itu5ts :i* h be5 %[n to be absolutely ess5tial to _! cont9u$ exi/5ce & developm5t4 ,& f ?is solution plants sometimes absorb dissolv$ organic sub/ances1 b su* absorptions are probably adv5titi\s & incid5tal to ! gr[? ( ! plant 9 a p>ticul> environm5t4 ,:ile x appe>s c]ta9 t no organic sub/ance 9 ! nutri5t m$ium is necess>y to ! ma9t5ance ( plant gr[?1 nev]!less organic sub/ances are probably always pres5t "u natural conditions4 ,!y may or may n be absorb$ by ! plant & may affect x b5eficially or o!rwise4 #a ,by crop plants are meant ! ord9>y gre5 plants employ$ 9 agriculture4 ,z is well-kn[n1 ! fungi z well z c]ta9 p>asitic & saprophytic non-gre5 se$ plants obta9 _! nutrim5t 9 a v diff]5t way f ord9>y gre5 crop plants4 ,! /udy ( ! soil solution is ( ! fir/ importance 9 ! inve/igation ( ! relation ( ! soil to plant gr[?1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages !re is giv5 an outl9e ( our pres5t k ( ! *emical pr9ciples involv$1 ) su* discussion ( ! physical & biological factors z is ess5tial to an ord]ly pres5tation ( ! subject4 ,to und]/& cle>ly ! relations ( ! soil solution to ! soil z a :ole & to ! plant :i* x n\ri%es1 x is desirable to consid] "s attributes ( soils 9 g5]al4 ,e soil1 no matt] ( :at type x may be1 is a complex sy/em4 ,9 x v>i\s processes are cont9ually 9 op]ation1 except+ possibly 9 ! extreme case :5 x rema9s froz5 = a "t at "s def9ite temp]ature4 ,! resultant or summation ( ^! processes1 :e!r express$ 9 plant production or o!rwise1 w v>y f "t to "t1 bo? quantitatively & 9 direction2 = in/ance1 z to ! am\nt & k9ds ( plant gr[? x produces4 ,t is to say1 any p>ticul> soil area is seem+ly an organic entity1 function+ accord+ to its own inh]5t prop]ties1 b subject to ! modify+ influ5ces ( environm5t1 z by exceptional climatic extremes1 flood1 fire1 & especially by artificially impos$ ag5cies ( control4 ,f ! practical po9t ( view ! problem ( ! soil 9 its relation to crop production is l ! problem ( ! factory or ( any o!r indu/rial endeavor1 9 t x is a problem ( managem5t or control4 ,! soil possesses ?is di/9ction1 h[ev]1 t x is bo? ! raw mat]ial & ! factory4#b ,! processes involv$ are physical1 *emical & biological1 are always num]\s & int]dep5d5t1 & are nev] 7speak+ g5]ally7 exactly ! same1 s t ea* soil possesses m>k$ individuality4 ,no matt] h[ soils may be classifi$1 z = in/ance into prov9ces1 s]ies & types1#c ! fact rema9s t ! soil ( ! individual field has prop]ties :i* give x a crop-produc+ p[]1 an adaptation to a specific crop or crop rotation1 or a responsiv5ess to cultural treatm5t1 :i* c n be anticipat$ 9 any o!r field4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is no possibility ( r$uc+ soil managem5t or agriculture to ! /ate ( an exact sci5ce4 ,t is to say1 sci5tific inve/igation ( ! problems involv$ _c be expect$ to yield absolute results1 al?\gh furni%+ ! be/ possible basis on :i* to =m judgm5ts4 ,soil managem5t1 l o!r agricultural practices1 is an art1 m or less well f\nd$ on sci5tific pr9ciples1 p]haps1 b susceptible ( mu* high] developm5t z ! sci5tific pr9ciples involv$ become bett] und]/ood4 #b ,accord+ to ,s4 ,w4 ,johnson--,"s po9ts ( agricultural sci5ce1 ,am4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 7#b71 #bh1 #ga-he 7#ahei7--8,! soil 7speak+ 9 ! wide/ s5se7 is !n n only ! ultimate exhau/less s\rce ( m9]al 7fix$7 food1 to vegetation1 b x is ! /oreh\se & cons]vatory ( ?is food1 protect+ its own res\rces f wa/e & f too rapid use1 & conv]t+ ! highly soluble matt]s ( animal exuvi z well z ( artificial refuse 7manures7 into p]man5t supplies40 #c ,= def9itions1 see ,soil ,survey ,field ,book1 #aijf1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 pp4 #ae-bd4 ,on ! gr\nd t exp]i5ce has %[n t g5etic classifications are ! ones :i* h g5]ally p]si/$ & prov$ ! mo/ useful1 objection might be made to ! classification j cit$4 ,b a c>eful inspection ( ! results ( ! ,soil ,survey by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture w %[ t :ile n categorically /at+ ! fact1 to all int5ts & purposes x has employ$ a g5etic classification4 ,?is is exemplifi$ by ! fact t its del9eation ( soil prov9ces corresponds q closely ) ! recogniz$ physiographic prov9ces ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,see map accompany+ ,soils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,milton ,:itney1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ee ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aiji4 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,soil ,,managem5t ,,or ,,control4 ,aside f su* devices z gre5h\ses1 w9d-breaks1 etc41 :i* h a local application only1 !re are ?ree g5]al me?ods ( soil control3 tillage me?ods1 su* z pl[+ & h>r[+2 rotation ( crops2 & ! use ( soil am5dm5ts or 8f]tiliz]s40 ,! exi/+ k reg>d+ tillage me?ods is g5]ally consid]$ to be fairly satisfactory4 ,! purposes are well und]/ood1 namely1 to break up & 8f9e0 ! soil1#d to keep d[n we$s1 & by =m+ mul*es to decrease ! loss ( wat] by evaporation4 ,n mu* increase is be+ made 9 our !oretical k ( ?is subject1 al?\gh me*anical improvem5ts 9 ! implem5ts ( tillage are be+ & w und\bt$ly cont9ue to be made4 #d ,actually1 to granulate ! soil4 8,f9e0 w\ld seem to be a misnom]1 b its agricultural significance is well und]/ood1 & x has ! sanction ( long usage 9 ! lit]ature4 ,! exi/+ k conc]n+ crop rotations is fairly ext5sive1 b x is almo/ entirely empirical4 ,"s at lea/ ( ! purposes s]v$ by a rotation ( crops are fairly well kn[n1 su* z ! elim9ation ( we$s or l[] types ( p>asitic gr[? associat$ ) p>ticul> crops2 ! introduction ( humus by a grass crop or a gre5 manure crop1 especially by ! ,legum9osae ) _! symbiotic ,azobact]ia2 ! improvem5t 9 ! /ructure or arrangem5t ( ! soil p>ticles by alt]nat+ deep-root$ & %all[-root$ crops2 ! avoidance ( cont9ually gr[+ a crop 9 ! pres5ce ( its own excreta1 products ( decay1 etc42 & la/ly1 economic & m>ket consid]ations4 ,! exi/+ k ( f]tiliz]s1 9 spite ( a va/ am\nt ( "w & an enorm\s lit]ature1 is /ill v meagre & x also is almo/ entirely empirical2 & ?is because /udies on ! subject h be5 dom9at$ = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury by "o !ory almo/ to ! exclusion ( any o!r4 ,! expon5ts ( ?is !ory h g5]ally assum$ t ! action ( f]tiliz]s is on ! plant r ?an on ! soil1 & is indep5d5t ( o!r factors4 ,t is1 :ile x is admitt$ t o!r factors influ5ce plant gr[?1 x has be5 held t ! effect ( ! f]tiliz] is n to modify ! influ5ce ( ! o!r factors b to directly influ5ce ! plant by increas+ its food supply4 ,z a consequ5ce1 x has also be5 g5]ally assum$ t ! influ5ce ( f]tiliz]s is additive1 t is1 ! increase 9 yield ( crop is proportional to ! increase 9 f]tiliz] add$1 & ! increase 9 yield produc$ by add+ two f]tiliz]s is ! sum ( ! increases :i* w\ld h be5 produc$ by ea* alone4 ,9 ?is =m ! !ory is ess5tially a quantitative "o1 & f]tiliz] practice %\ld be easily susceptible ( control by *emical analyses4 ,b ! l>ge mass ( data obta9$ f plot exp]im5ts %[s t f]tiliz] effects are n additive4 ,inde$1 ! addition ( "s "o or m f]tiliz] con/itu5t is sometimes foll[$ by a decreas$ yield4 ,= example1 ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! trials ( f]tiliz]s on soils gr[+ corn & report$ by ! ,am]ican ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ations %[ a decreas$ yield4 ,& fur!rmore1 9 spite ( ! quantitative "* ( ! !ory1 & ! num]\s analyses ( soils & ( plants :i* h be5 made1 !re is yet lack+ any au?oritative me?od = det]m9+ 9 quantitative t]ms ! f]tiliz] ne$s ( a soil4 ,t analytical me?ods h a v re/rict$ value 9 indicat+ ev5 qualitatively ! f]tiliz] ne$s ( ! soil is evid5c$ by ! fact t )9 ! pa/ few ye>s a numb] ( ! ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ations h publicly ann\nc$ _! unwill+ness to und]take !m4#e #e ,9 ?is connection see3 ,! texture ( ! soil1 by ,l4 ,h4 ,bailey1 ,cornell ,univ]sity ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,bull4 ,no4 #aai 7#ahif72 ,sugge/ions reg>d+ ! exam9ation ( l&s1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia1 ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,circ4 ,no4 #be1 7#aijf72 ,*emical analysis ( soils1 by ,william ,p4 ,brooks1 ,massa*usetts ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,circ4 ,no4 #aa1 7#aijg72 ,te/+ soils = f]tiliz] ne$s1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,taylor1 ,new ,hamp%ire ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,circ4 ,no4 #b1 7#aijh72 ,! uses & limitations ( soil analysis1 by ,j4 ,t4 ,will>d1 ,! ,indu/riali/4 ,kansas ,/ate ,agricultural ,college1 #cd1 #bia1 7#aijh72 ,soil analysis1 by ,wm4 ,fre>1 ,p5nsylvania ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,*em4 ,circ4 ,no4 #a2 ,h[ to det]m9e ! f]tiliz] requirem5ts ( ,ohio soils1 by ,*as4 ,e4 ,?orne1 ,ohio ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,circ4 ,no4 #gi1 7#aijh72 ,conc]n+ "w :i* ! /ation c & _c und]take = resid5ts ( ! /ate1 by ,joseph ,l4 ,hills1 ,v]mont ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,circ4 ,no4 #c1 7#aiji74 ,! common proc$ure has be5 to def9e "s arbitr>y p]c5tage limit 9 ! soil1 bel[ :i* ! soil is suppos$ to require f]tiliz]s4 ,b ! am\nt ( f]tiliz] to be appli$ is sugge/$ on ! indef9ite basis ( 8exp]i5ce40 ,?us1 ,hilg>d1 9 an int]e/+ discussion ( ?is subject1#f quotes ,dy] z %[+ t 8on ,ro?am/$ soils ( kn[n productiv5ess or manurial condition1 x appe>s t :5 ! citric acid extraction yields z mu* z #j4jje p] c5t4 ( pota% & #j4jaj p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid1 ! supply is adequate = normal crop production1 s t ! use ( ! above sub/ances z f]tiliz]s w\ld be1 if n ineffective1 at lea/ n a pr(itable inve/m5t40 ,hilg>d himself sets limits z det]m9$ by /rong hydro*loric acid dige/ion2 ?us a soil conta9+ upw>ds ( #j4de p] c5t4 7,k,o7 does n ne$ ?is sub/ance z a f]tiliz]1 :ile "o conta9+ bel[ #j4be p] c5t4 does ne$ x at once1 & int]m$iate p]c5tages indicate t pota% f]tiliz]s w\ld probably be pr(itable2 ! correspond+ upp] & l[] limits = phosphoric acid are set at #j4aj p] c5t4 & #j4je p] c5t4 ,b ,hilg>d po9ts out t v>i\s ?+s1 su* z ! cont5t ( lime1 or ! texture ( ! soil1 may mat]ially alt] ^! limits4 ,9 a v int]e/+ set ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* :ite mu/>d 0 gr[n 9 v>i\s soils1 & ^! same soils dilut$ ) v>i\s am\nts ( dune s& :i* _h previ\sly be5 extract$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid1 he f\nd t ! plants did be/ :5 ! soils _h be5 dilut$ ) f\r times _! weight ( ! extract$ s&4 ,?is 0 ! case ev5 ) a pulv]ul5t s&y loam2 & ) a black adobe1 ! be/ results 7 obta9$ :5 ! dilut$ soil conta9$ b #j4ae p] c5t4 pota% 7,k,o7 & #j4jd p] c5t4 phosphoric acid 7,p,o74 ,x also appe>s t ,hilg>d reg>ds soil analyses ( value only 9 ! case ( virg9 soils or soils :i* h be5 out ( cultivation1 & 9 common ) o!r au?orities1 he fails to po9t out h[ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( f]tiliz] ne$$ by l&s4 #f ,soils by ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 #aijf1 p4 #cci1 et seq4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! practice or art ( soil managem5t & crop rotation are 9 a /ate ( developm5t f> f satisfactory1 & sci5tific me?ods ( soil control yet want+4#g ,rec5t activities 9 soil inve/igations1 h[ev]1 ju/ify ! hope t mu* improvem5t is to be anticipat$1 & ! application ( ! mod]n me?ods ( physical1 *emical1 & biological rese>* to ! soil problem promises a sure & probably rapid advance 9 ?is bran* ( appli$ sci5ce4 #g ,x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be borne 9 m9d t soil factors are n ! only ones 9 crop production4 ,control by se$ selection1 bre$+ ( /&>d types ( plants1 etc41 may be1 & probably is1 m highly develop$ ?an control by soil factors4 ,! same might possibly be claim$ = moi/ure supply 9 irrigat$ areas2 b on ! o!r h&1 su* factors z ! bact]ial & l[] life processes 9 ! soil are g5]ally "u little or no control1 & z a rule ! am\nt & di/ribution ( sunlight "u none at all4 ,a notable ef=t has be5 made 9 ! la/ case ) %ade-gr[n tobacco 7see ,bullet9s ,nos4 #bj & #ci1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture7 & a few cases are kn[n :]e %ade-crops are employ$1 b n 9 g5]al agriculture4 ,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,soil ,,analysis ,,& ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,me?ods ,,( ,,soil ,,inve/igation4 ,ow+ to ! labors ( ,davy1 ,b\ss+ault1 de ,saussure1 ,liebig1 ,sa*s1 ,knop1 ,salm-,hor/m>1 & o!r sc>cely less di/+ui%$ savants1 x has be5 cle>ly %[n t gr[+ plants ne$ c]ta9 m9]al elem5ts 9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! metabolic functions1 & t ^! m9]al elem5ts c be obta9$1 "u normal conditions1 f ! soil4 ,all subsequ5t inve/igation has confirm$ ^! /atem5ts & !y c n[ be accept$ z facts ) z mu* assurance z any kn[n law ( nature4 ,! det]m9ation & =mulation ( ^! two fundam5tal facts came at a "t :5 analytical *emi/ry 0 be+ rapidly develop$ & 0 f9d+ wide & useful applications 9 num]\s fields ( activity4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t analytical *emi/ry %\ld be enli/$ 9 ?is new field ( "w1 obvi\sly ( ! fir/ importance to ! welf>e ( mank9d4 ,x 0 e>ly f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! *emical analysis ( a soil fails to expla9 its relative productivity4 ,9 o!r words ! cont5t ( a soil ) respect to pota%1 phosphoric acid1 or o!r m9]al plant-food con/itu5t1 be>s no necess>y relation to its crop-produc+ p[]4 ,_m cases 7 f\nd :]e "o soil 8analyz$ well0 b did n produce z l>ge a crop z ano!r soil :i* 8analyz$ poor40#h ,to meet ?is difficulty a subsidi>y hypo!sis 0 br\ght =w>d1 :i* rapidly ga9$ g5]al acceptance al?\gh lack+ exp]im5tal support4 #h ,see also1 ,die ,aufnahme d] ,nhr/(fe aus dem ,bod5 dur* die ,pflanz51 von ,j4 ,knig und ,e4 ,haselh(f1 ,l&w4 ,jahrb41 #bc1 #ajji1 #ajcj1 7#ahid74 ,?is hypo!sis supposes t ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil are pres5t 9 two diff]5t *emical conditions or di/9ct k9ds ( comb9ations1 "o ( :i* readily gives up its con/itu5ts to gr[+ plants1 :ile ! o!r does n2 & ! con/itu5ts h1 !re=e1 be5 call$ respectively 8available0 & 8non-available40 ,x w\ld appe> f 8 writ+s t ,liebig reg>d$ ?is di/9ction z apply+ to ! 8absorb$0 or 8adsorb$0 m9]al matt]2 t is1 on ! "o h& ! mat]ial held 9 or ^u ! soil gra9s by surface =ces1 & on ! o!r ! *emically comb9$ con/itu5ts 9 ! m9]als !mselves4 ,we "k t ,liebig 0 mu* impress$ by ! absorption exp]im5ts ( ,way1 & himself did mu* "w 9 ?is field4#i ,b ! great body ( soil inve/igators has evid5tly held to ! op9ion t !re are two g5]al classes ( m9]als 9 ! soil4 ,"s h held t ! 8available0 potassium is held 9 zeolites or 8zeolitic0 m9]als1 an int]e/+ example (t5 cit$ be+ glauconite or 8gre5 s& m>l10 :i* sometimes conta9s phosphorus z well z potassium2#aj 9 m9]als :i* are easily brok5 d[n by alkal9e solutions1 z by sodium c>bonate solutions or ammonia2 or 9 m9]als :i* are easily brok5 d[n by organic acids suppos$ly excret$ f ! roots ( gr[+ plants1 or =m$ by ! decay ( plant tissue4#aa #i ,way 0 misl$1 z we n[ "k1 9 consid]+ ! results ( 8 absorption exp]im5ts ) soils z m]ely meta!tical reactions2 see ,absorption by soils1 by ,h>rison ,e4 ,patt5 & ,william ,h4 ,waggaman1 ,bull4 ,no4 #eb1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijh4 #aj ,! =mation ( zeolites 9 ! soil has (t5 be5 assum$1 b has n yet be5 prov52 see ,rocks1 rock-wea!r+ & soils1 by ,george ,p4 ,m]rill1 #aijf1 p4 #cfc4 #aa ,! classic exp]im5ts ( ,sa*s1 9 produc+ et*+s on m>ble slabs1 & ! et*+s obs]v$ occasionally on rock surfaces are ! pro(s univ]sally cit$4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,czapek1 :o sub/itut$ slabs ( alum9um phosphate & o!r sub/ances = ! m>ble1 & ^? ( ,koss[it*1 %[ t ! action c be acc\nt$ = m satisfactorily & reasonably z due to dissolv$ c>bon dioxide4 ,9 fact su* et*+s c be produc$ on m>ble slabs by lay+ plat9um wires ^u !m & cov]+ ) moi/ soil1 or cotton1 or mats ( filt]-pap]2 see ,bull4 ,no4 #bb1 p4 #ad1 & ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 p4 #da1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,) ! adv5t ( ?is idea ( a di/9ction betwe5 ! available & non-available m9]al plant-food elem5ts 9 ! soil1 came attempts to di/+ui% !m by analytical me?ods4 ,( ^! attempts we n[ h a bewild]+ array1 mo/ ( !m frankly empirical4 ,= in/ance1 ,hilg>d1 9 8 classical inve/igation ( ! cotton soils = ! ,t5? ,c5sus1 treat$ 8 soil samples ) an excess ( hydro*loric acid1 evaporat$ to dryness1 extract$ ) wat]1 & reg>d$ ! extract$ m9]al con/itu5ts z available4 ,9 ,g]many1 a me?od simil> to ,hilg>d's is n[ 9 common use1 :ile 9 ,france nitric acid is pref]r$ g5]ally because x is suppos$ to h peculi> solv5t p[]s on soil phosphates4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! 8(ficial me?od0 ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s is to keep #aj grams ( ! soil 9 contact ) #ajj cc4 ( a solution ( hydro*loric acid 7specific gravity #a4aae7 at ! boil+ po9t ( wat] = exactly #aj h\rs4 ,9 ,engl& ! popul> me?od is t propos$ by ,dy]1 namely1 to treat ! soil ) a #a p] c5t4 citric acid solution1 ?is /r5g? ( solution be+ suppos$ at "o "t to repres5t ! av]age acidity ( root sap4 ,maxwell1 9 ,hawaii1 & aft]w>ds 9 ,au/ralia1 claim$ good results = ! extraction ( ! soil ) a #a p] c5t4 solution ( asp>tic acid1 ?is acid be+ employ$ on ! errone\s gr\nd t ! organic acids ( ! soil are am9o acids1 & t ^! are ! effective ag5ts 9 dissolv+ ! soil m9]als & r5d]+ _! con/itu5ts 8available40 ,! ,k5tucky ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation favors an ,n_/#e nitric acid solution1#ab b does n recomm5d its use = soils ( o!r localities1 :ile 9 a contigu\s /ate1 ! ,t5nessee ,/ation favors ! 8(ficial0 me?od4#ac ,_m o!r me?ods h be5 propos$1 b ! =ego+ are typical & suffici5t to illu/rate ! pres5t /atus ( soil analysis4 #ab ,soils1 by ,a4 ,m4 ,pet] & ,s4 ,d4 ,av]itt1 ,bull4 ,no4 #abf1 p4 #ff1 7#aijf74 #ac ,! soils ( ,t5nessee1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,moo]s1 ,bull4 ,no4 #gh1 p4 #di1 7#aijf74 ,x is cle> t ^! sev]al me?ods mu/ give diff]+ results4 ,& x is n cle> t any "o ( !m is to be pref]r$ to ! o!rs = any reasons ?an analytical conv5i5ce4 ,!re is no reason to expect t ! proportion ( solv5t to soil requir$ 9 ^! me?ods be>s any relation :atev] to ! me*anism ( absorption by plant roots4 ,& ! attempts to simulate ! prop]ties ( plant sap 9 "s ( ^! solv5ts are obvi\sly illogical1 = ! plant sap does n come 9 contact ) ! soil gra9s1 except ?r\gh an accid5tal de/ruction ( ! plant4 ,naturally1 comp>isons 7 attempt$ betwe5 ! am\nts ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts extract$ f a soil by ^! v>i\s solv5ts & ! am\nts tak5 up by crops gr[+ on ! soil4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! am\nt ( any giv5 m9]al con/itu5t extract$ f ! soil by a solv5t is n1 g5]ally1 ! same z t tak5 up by ! plant4 ,moreov]1 ! ratio ( "o con/itu5t to ano!r 9 ! extract be>s no def9ite relation to ! ratio ( ^! con/itu5ts 9 ! plant4 ,nev]!less _m ef=ts 7 made to e/abli% 8factors40 ,= in/ance1 ! p]c5tage ( pota% extract$ f ! soil ( a field by hydro*loric acid is "s multiple ( ! p]c5tage remov$ by a :eat crop2 x 0 s\ght to det]m9e ?is multiple1 assum+ x to be a def9ite ratio & a natural con/ant1 & x 0 designat$ z ! pota% factor4 ,b !re is a diff]5t factor = phosphorus1 ano!r = calcium1 & /ill o!rs = ea* & e con/itu5t4 ,! factors f\nd = a soil f "o area g5]ally d n hold = a soil f ano!r area4 ,aga91 diff]5t factors obvi\sly mu/ be us$ = diff]5t crops4 ,&1 f9ally1 ! :ole s*eme becomes hopeless :5 x is realiz$ t ! same crop w yield widely v>y+ a% analyses1 dep5d+ ^u ! cultural me?ods employ$1 ! judici\s selection ( se$1 ! am\nt & di/ribution ( ra9fall & sunlight1 & possibly o!r ag5cies1 all ( :i* affect ! gr[? & absorptive functions ( ! plant to z great an ext5t z does ! p>ticul> soil ^u :i* x may be gr[+4 ,moreov]1 f ! purely analytical po9t ( view ! situation is no bett]4 ,= in/ance1 ! addition ( potassium 9 ! am\nts usually employ$ 9 ord9>y f]tiliz] practice g5]ally does produce a noticeable effect on ! yield ( crop4 ,! av]age application ( pota% 7,k,o7 is c]ta9ly less ?an #ej lbs4 to ! acre4 ,x is cu/om>y to consid] ! surface foot ( soil z ! region affect$ by ! f]tiliz]1 & an acre foot 9 good moi/ure condition weighs ab\t #d1jjj1jjj lbs4 ,to be cons]vative1 let x be assum$ t #fj lbs4 ( pota% h be5 add$ to #c1jjj1jjj lbs4 ( soil4 ,! (ficial me?od ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s calls = ! det]m9ation ( ! pota% 9 #b grams ( soil1 :i* on ! basis ( ! pres5t assumption calls = ! e/imation ( an add$ am\nt ( #j4jjjjd gram ( pota% or #j4jjb p] c5t4 ,tak+ z an example ! report ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s = #ahiead !re are giv5 ! foll[+ results obta9$ indep5d5tly by a numb] ( analy/s1 on soils :i* _h presumably be5 sampl$ by ! ref]ee ) all possible c>e3 #ad ,proce$+s ( ! ,twelf? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s1 ,bull4 ,no4 #dg1 ,division ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 p4 #cf1 7#ahif74 ,,pota% ,,calculat$ ,,z ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,( ,,! ,,f9e ,,dri$ ,,e>?4 #a #b #c #d ,analy/ ---------------------------------------- ----- ,p] ,p] ,p] ,p] c5t4 ,v>4c5t4 ,v>4c5t4 ,v>4c5t4 ,v>4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,a #j4cei #j4jddj4aed-j4jjb -- -- -- -- ,b #j4cde #j4jcjj4aab-j4jddj4chjj4jeaj4ajd-j4jej ,c #j4ced #j4jcij4bce #j4jgij4cifj4jfgj4bbe #j4jga ,d #j4bfj-j4jee -- -- -- -- -- -- ,e #j4cgc #j4jehj4agi #j4jbcj4cfej4jcfj4age #j4jba ,f #j4baj-j4ajej4acj-j4jbfj4bbjj4ajij4aji-j 4jde ,g #j4cjd-j4jaaj4abe-j4jcaj4bhfj4jdcj4aeh #j4jjd ,mean #j4cae -- #j4aef -- #j4cbi -- #j4aed -- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,n only d ! individual det]m9ations %[ diff]5ces f> 9 excess ( #j4jjb p] c5t41 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ea* individual read+ & ! mean is great] ?an #j4jjb p] c5t41 s t x is evid5t f ^! results t ! analytical proc$ure fails to recognize appreciable am\nts ( ! s-call$ available plant foods4 ,consequ5tly ! 8acid dige/ion0 ( a soil fails ( ! purpose = :i* x 0 design$1 & x is "o ( ! my/]ies ( *emical hi/ory t s mu* "t & en]gy h be5 devot$ to su* a hopeless que/4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is ! m surpris+ :5 ! limitations ( ! analytical proc$ure are consid]$4 ,! data tabulat$ above indicate t ! analyses 7 made ) an exactness t ju/ifies a /atem5t to ?ree decimal places1 t is1 to ?ree significant figures2 & 9 fact1 z 0 %[n1 su* is necess>y if ! figures are to h any significance reg>d+ f]tiliz] applications4 ,x is obvi\s t ! analysis ( a f9ely pulv]iz$ def9ite m9]al or rock is less subject to error ?an a sample ( soil sift$ ?r\gh a #b mm4 me%4 ,yet ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey commonly reports its analytical data to only hundr$?s ( a p] c5t41 t is1 to two decimal places4 ,:at v>iation may be expect$ 9 duplicate det]m9ations by ! same analy/s x is difficult to say1 = su* duplicates are n commonly publi%$4#ae ,9 spite ( ! widespread view t ! *emical analysis ( a soil is a /atem5t ( great accuracy1 x is improbable t z usually det]m9$ ! pota% cont5t is correct to ?ree or ev5 two significant figures2 x is also d\btful if ! phosphoric acid cont5t is correct to ev5 "o significant figure1 if ! total am\nt is bel[ #j4a p] c5t4 ( ! soil4 ,t ^! det]m9ations h a high] accuracy ?an "h /at$ is n %[n by an inspection ( ! lit]ature includ+ ! fairly num]\s results report$ 9 ! annual ,proce$+s ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 #ae ,see3 ,on ! int]pretation ( m9]al analyses1 by ,s4 ,l4 ,p5field1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 7#d71 #aj1 #cc1 7#aijj72 ,! analysis ( silicate & c>bonate rocks1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,hillebr&1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cje4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aijg2 ,manual ( ! *emical analysis ( rocks1 by ,h4 ,s4 ,wa%+ton1 #aijd1 p4 #bd2 b] ,g5auigkeit von ,ge/e9analys51 von ,m4 ,dittri*1 ,neues ,jahrbu* fr ,m9]alogie und ,palaeontologie1 #b1 #fi1 7#aijc74 ,x 0 e>ly felt by "s inve/igators t soil analyses 7 unsatisfactory = /udy+ ! relation ( ! soil to ! food requirem5ts ( a crop1 & a second me?od 0 devis$1 namely1 ! gr[+ ( a crop1 & det]m9+ ! am\nt ( m9]al con/itu5ts remov$ f ! soil by analyz+ ! a% ( ! crop4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( practical soil managem5t ?is proc$ure involves ! s]i\s difficulty ( be+ fir/ oblig$ to get ! crop be=e det]m9+ :at mu/ be done to be/ get x4 ,x app>5tly has ! sci5tific advantage ( directness 9 det]m9+ ! m9]al ne$s ( ! plant f ! plant itself4 ,if ^! ne$s 7 con/ant1 ! advantage w\ld be real1 b z already m5tion$1 "o & ! same plant may h a v diff]5t a% cont5t z ! result ( diff]5t cultural me?ods1 diff]5t climatic & seasonal factors1 z well z diff]5t soils4 ,g5]ally1 a poor crop has a high] p]c5tage ( a% cont5t ?an a good crop1 & sometimes ! poor crop may remove f ! soil m 9 absolute am\nts ( "s "o or o!r ( ! a% con/itu5ts ?an does ! good crop4 ,! ratio ( ! a% con/itu5ts is by no means con/ant = any "o crop1 & ( c\rse v>ies ) diff]5t crops4#af ,f9ally1 x is n[ kn[n t ! am\nt ( ! sev]al m9]al nutri5ts :i* a soil mu/ furni% to a crop 9 ! e>li] /ages ( gr[? is great] ?an ! crop cont5ts at maturity1#ag consequ5tly an analysis ( ! ripe crop w\ld n indicate ! plant's dra9 ^u ! soil at all gr[+ p]iods4 ,s t1 :ile a% analyses h taught "s important ?+s conc]n+ plant gr[?1 !y h ( necessity fail$ z guides or crit]ia ( ! crop-produc+ p[] ( a soil1 its f]tiliz] requirem5ts1 or its cont5t ( 8available0 plant-food4 #af ,= a brief b compreh5sive discussion ( a% analyses see1 ,! a% con/itu5ts ( plants1 etc41 by ,b4 ,toll5s1 ,expt4 ,/a4 ,rec41 #ac1 #bjg-bbj1 #cje-cag1 7#aija-jb74 #ag b] die ,nhr/(faufnahme d] ,pflanz5 9 v]s*i$55 ,zeit5 ihres ,wa*/ums1 von ,wilf>?1 ,rm] und ,wimm]4 ,l&w4 ,v]s4 ,/a41 #fc1 #a-gj1 7#aije72 ,plant food remov$ f gr[+ plants by ra9 or dew1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,le ,cl]c & ,j4 ,f4 ,breazeale1 ,ye> ,book1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijh1 p4 #chi-djb4 ,a ?ird me?od ( soil inve/igation1 also ess5tially analytical 9 "*1 is ! plot or pot te/4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 a plot or pot exp]im5t is ma9ly "o ( size1 al?\gh x is claim$1 & ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( ju/ice1 t ! plot exp]im5t m ne>ly approximates actual practice1 & %\ld be giv5 a some:at diff]5t consid]ation ?an ! m readily controll$ pot exp]im5t4 ,"h aga9 x has to be consid]$ t seasonal factors & factors o!r ?an ! soil play a relatively l>ge "p 9 ! production ( ! crop1 s t conclusions reg>d+ ! productivity ( a soil c n be drawn f "o season's crop4 ,also1 n[adays x is recogniz$ g5]ally t cont9u\s gr[+ ( "o crop is an incorrect practice1 & a rotation %\ld be foll[$ & repeat$ sev]al times be=e conclusions reg>d+ ! productivity ( ! soil are ju/ifi$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! rotation has be5 well manag$1 ! cultivation1 f]tiliz+ & soil managem5t g5]ally be5 well done = sixte51 tw5ty or m ye>s1 ! soil has mat]ially *ang$1 & !re c be no assurance t ! treatm5t !n be/ = x1 is t :i* 0 be/ at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t4 ,!re=e ! me?od ?r[s no c]ta9 light on ! productive p[] ( ! soil1 or ! availability ( its m9]al plant-food con/itu5ts4 ,al?\gh mu* has be5 le>n$ f plot exp]im5ts1 & especially f ! bett] controll$ pot exp]im5ts1 !y are inadequate to meet ! fundam5tal problem ( ! relation ( ! *emical *>act]i/ics ( ! soil to its crop-produc+ p[]s4 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,plant-,,food ,,!ory ,,( ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple 9 soil inve/igations = ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury & until ! pa/ few ye>s has be5 ! assumption t ! pr9cipal function ( ! soil is to furni% m9]al nutri5ts to ! plant1 & t1 to supply a lack 9 ! soil1 f]tiliz]s are add$ because ( ! m9]al plant nutri5ts !y conta94 ,?is !ory has app>5tly mu* to support x2 actually1 h[ev]1 ! evid5ce usually cit$ accords bett] ) a m compreh5sive g5]alization :i* w be =mulat$ 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,x is attractively simple4 ,x w be %[n lat]1 h[ev]1 t ?is v simplicity is an argum5t aga9/ its validity4 ,^? sub/ances :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be useful soil am5dm5ts usually conta9 "o or m ( ! con/itu5ts necess>y to plant metabolism1 commonly phosphorus1 potassium1 nitrog5 or calcium4 ,f]tiliz]s d n always produce increas$ yields ( crops1 b x has be5 usual to consid] bad results z due to o!r m or less extrane\s causes4 ,moreov]1 z w appe> lat]1 crop yield is z /rongly affect$ by "s sub/ances conta9+ no m9]al plant nutri5t z by ord9>y f]tiliz]s4 ,aga91 ! plant-food !ory has be5 app>5tly confirm$ by ! popul> misconception t crop yields are decreas+4 ,gov]nm5t /ati/ics1 h[ev]1 indicate v positively t crop yields are increas+ 9 ,europe z well z 9 ,am]ica1 m 9 areas :]e ! acreage is /ation>y ?an 9 areas :]e ! acreage is increas+1 & 9 areas :]e f]tiliz]s are n us$ z well z 9 areas :]e !y are us$4 ,analyses ( ,european soils :i* h be5 cropp$ = c5turies %[ no *>act]i/ic diff]5ces f ! new] soils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#ah ,x is true t1 f bad managem5t or o!r causes1 individual fields :]e crop production has fall5 (f are n uncommon4 ,b t su* a condition is g5]al or t x c be associat$ g5]ally ) a decreas$ cont5t 9 ! soil ( any p>ticul> m9]al sub/ance or sub/ances1 is a conclusion n su/a9$ by ! available data4 #ah ,a /udy ( crop yields & soil composition 9 relation to soil productivity1 by ,milton ,:itney1 ,bull4 ,no4 #eg1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aiji4 ,! plant-food !ory ( f]tiliz]s mu/ n[ be reg>d$ z entirely insuffici5t4 ,grant+ t x has be5 useful 9 ! pa/ & has occasion$ mu* valuable "w1 x seems to h rea*$ ! po9t :i* ano!r simple & tempor>ily useful !ory1 ! phlogi/on !ory ( combu/ion1 rea*$ %ortly be=e ! plant-food !ory ( f]tiliz]s 0 evolv$4 ,j z ! phlogi/on !ory pass$ away :5 ! elem5t>y nature ( oxyg5 0 e/abli%$ & ,lavoisi] taught ! sci5tific _w to use ! balance1 s ! plant-food !ory ( f]tiliz]s mu/ pass ) increas+ k ( ! relation ( soil to plant & ! application ( mod]n me?ods ( rese>* to ! problem4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,dynamic ,,nature ,,( ,,soil ,,ph5om5a4 ,9 soil inve/igations1 until rec5tly1 ! assumption has be5 made1 m or less explicitly1 t any giv5 soil mass1 z = in/ance a field1 rema9s fix$ or 9 place indef9itely4 ,x has be5 admitt$1 ( c\rse1 t "s physical1 *emical & biological processes might be tak+ place 9 ! soil1 b ^! h be5 reg>d$ z relatively unimportant 9 _! effects ^u ! soil mass 9 toto4 ,x has be5 assum$ t ! only important *ange tak+ place 9 ! soil is a loss ( m9]al plant nutri5ts1 p>tly by lea*+1 p>tly by removal 9 ! g>n]$ crops4 ,9 o!r words1 ! soil has be5 reg>d$ z a /atic sy/em4 ,?is is a fundam5tal error4 ,9 /udy+ ! soil z a m$ium = crop production1 we mu/ consid] ! plant itself1 or at lea/ t "p ( ! plant :i* ent]s ! soil1 namely1 ! root2 ! solid p>ticles ( ! soil2 ! soil wat]1 or ! aque\s solution f :i* ! plant draws all ! mat]ials = its su/5ance1 except+ ! c>bon dioxide absorb$ by its a]ial portions2 ! soil atmosph]e2 ! biological processes tak+ place4 ,! "o common *>act]i/ic ( all ^! ?+s is t !y are cont9ually 9 a /ate ( *ange2 !re=e ! soil problem is ess5tially dynamic4 ,! root ( a gr[+ plant is always mov+4#ai ,! am\nt ( motion may be small or l>ge1 dep5d+ ^u ! surr\nd+ conditions or att5dant circum/ances1 b cessation ( motion means ! dea? ( ! root4 ,?is becomes evid5t f a consid]ation ( ! me*anism ( root gr[?4 ,! liv+ root absorbs & excretes wat] & dissolv$ sub/ances ?r\gh a re/rict$ area j back ( ! root tip or ! tips ( ! root hairs4 ,:ile absorption is tak+ place1 h[ev]1 !re is a deposition ( d5s] mat]ial ov] ! absorb+ area1 or 8root cork+40 ,b co9cid5t ) ! cork+ process1 ! tip is pu%$ =w>d betwe5 ! soil gra9s into ! nutri5t m$ium1 new cells are =m$ & a new absorb+ surface cont9ually br\ght into functional activity4 ,a failure ( ! plant root to move =w>d 9 ?is way w\ld mean a reabsorption ( root effluvia ) h>mful consequ5ces to ! plant1 or a cork+ ov] ( ! root )\t fur!r =mation ( absorb+ surface & ) consequ5t cessation ( its function+4 ,?is w\ld mean ! inevitable dea? ( ! root1 &1 if g5]al1 ( ! :ole plant4 ,x is cle>1 !re=e1 t root p5etration & absorption ( plant nutri5ts are ess5tially dynamic4 #ai ,9 ord] to p5etrate ! soil1 a liv+ root mu/ be capable ( ex]t+ l>ge pressures1 & inde$1 ! magnitude ( ^! pressures has be5 det]m9$ = "s cases4 ,see1 = citations ( ! lit]ature1 ,pfeff]1 ,plant ,physiology1 translat$ by ,ew>t1 #aijc1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #abd et seq4 ,b x c n be d\bt$ t1 9 g5]al1 root movem5t is mu* facilitat$ & p]haps direct$ by movem5ts among ! soil p>ticles4 ,z ! absorb+ tip ( ! root removes film wat] f ! adjac5t soil gra9s1 !re is a necess>y re>rangem5t ( ^! gra9s ) a %r9k+ away f ! tip1 :i* !n moves =w>d by tak+ advantage ( ! movem5ts among ! soil gra9s4 ,! solid compon5ts ( ! soil are always 9 motion4 ,e soil1 no matt] h[ flat ! area or h[ well protect$ by vegetal cov]+1 suff]s "s translocation ( soil mat]ial ?r\gh ra9s1 z is evid5c$ by susp5d$ mat]ial 9 ! run-(f wat]s4 ,on hillsides ?is is %[n by ! soil accumulat+ on ! 8up0 sides ( f5ces1 especially /one f5ces4 ,9 ! aggregate ?is movem5t is probably q l>ge ev]y:]e4 ,x is manife/ly s 9 ! wat]%$s ( _m ( ! _w's important riv]s z %[n by _! muddy wat]s & ! =mation ( deltas1 sometimes ( great area & agricultural importance4 ,) ! saturation or approa* to saturation ( ! surface soil ! p>ticles are m easily mov$ among !mselves by an extrane\s =ce4 ,x is v r>ely t ! surface ( a field is a dead level4 ,consequ5tly :5 ! soil is wett$1 ! gravitational =ce on ! individual soil gra9s produces a m or less pron\nc$ 8creep+0 effect d[n hill4 ,on decid$ slopes ?is soil creep is believ$ to be ( great importance 9 connection ) soil erosion4#bj ,z important z is ! translocation ( mat]ial by wat]1 q z important probably is t produc$ by ! w9ds4 ,^! are bl[+ all ! "t1 uphill z well z d[n1 & _! range ( action is ?us f> wid] ?an is t ( ra9 & flood4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! w9d z a translocat+ ag5cy is seldom realiz$ or ev5 suspect$ by ! layman1 al?\gh x is commonly kn[n t ! air always conta9s "s du/1 & du/ /orms are famili> ph5om5a4 ,t soil mat]ial c be c>ri$ long di/ances is c]ta91 h[ev]1 z = in/ance ! sirocco du/1 (t5 c>ri$ f ! ,sah>a ov] ,europe4#ba ,du/ c>ri$ high into ! air by volcanic eruptions sometimes travels enorm\s di/ances1 z 9 ! case ( ! eruption ( ,krakatoa1 :5 su* mat]ial is report$ to h travel$ ?\s&s ( miles1 & volcanic debris f ! eruptions at ,s\frire fell ^u %ips sev]al hundr$ miles di/ant4 ,arctic explor]s h report$ ! f9d+ ( w9d-borne soil mat]ials ov] ! pol> ice1 & m\nta9e]s h obs]v$ simil> deposits on sn[-capp$ peaks4 ,soil mat]ial on ro(s & simil> inaccessible places has be5 obs]v$ _m times1 & te/ifies to ! cont9ual activity ( ! w9d4 ,! burial ( objects ev5 ( consid]able size by w9d-borne soil gives l te/imony4 #bj ,soil erosion is und\bt$ly "o ( ! greate/ economic problems ( ! "t1 & yet !re is sc>cely any subject ab\t :i* !re are curr5t s _m popul> misconceptions4 ,9 ! riv]s & to ^? :o use ! riv]s ! wat]-borne soil mat]ial is an unmitigat$ nuisance1 save possibly to a few cultivators ( l[-ly+ l&s :o = "o reason or ano!r1 may flood _! fields = ! sake ( ! silt deposit$4 ,to ! upl& f>m]1 h[ev]1 erosion is n only a necessity ( natural conditions :i* c n be avoid$ entirely1 b "u prop] control x may be ev5 a bless+4 ,! scald$ & gulli$ hillsides1 a trial & unnecess>y disgrace to ! own]1 are probably n ! ma9 s\rces ( ! mat]ial :i* f9ds its way to ! riv]4 ,on ! contr>y1 :at are reg>d$ usually z well-till$ fields supply ! great] "p ( ! susp5d$ mat]ial 9 ! riv]s4 ,! problem ( erosion on ! f>m is n m]ely to *eck gully+ & scald+1 & deep5+ ( /ream heads1 b to s adju/ bo? cropp+ sy/em & cultural me?ods z to secure a reasonable translocation ( surface soil mat]ial ) a m9imum contam9ation ( ! neighborhood /reams4 ,see1 ,man & ! e>?1 by ,na?aniel ,s\?gate ,%al]1 #aije4 #ba ,= a compreh5sive discussion ( w9d z a translocat+ ag5t1 see3 ,! movem5t ( soil mat]ial by ! w9d1 by ,e4 ,e4 ,free1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,bull4 ,no4 #fh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,measurem5ts ( ! am\nt ( action ( w9d 9 translocat+ soil mat]ial are r>e & probably h a qualitative value only4 ,b ,udd5#bb 9 :at appe>s to be a cons]vative calculation1 f9ds 8! capacity ( ! atmosph]e ov] ! ,mississippi ,valley to transport du/ is #ajjj times z great z t ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]40 ,! w9d seldom is c>ry+ any?+ l s great a load z x is capable ( c>ry+4 ,t is1 ! w9d 9 its attack ^u ! l& surface does n ord9>ily obta9 s l>ge an am\nt ( mat]ial capable ( be+ w9d-borne z x is possible = ! w9d to c>ry :5 suitable mat]ial is artificially provid$4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t1 speak+ g5]ally1 ! velocity ( ! w9d is l[] j at ! surface ( ! gr\nd ?an at heights above1 & x is necess>y to get ! soil mat]ial above ! surface be=e ! w9d c ex]cise its full effici5cy z a c>ry+ ag5t4 #bb ,erosion1 transportation & s$im5tation p]=m$ by ! atmosph]e1 by ,j4 ,a4 ,udd51 ,j\r4 ,geol41 #b1 #cah-cca 7#ahid74 ,moreov]1 w9d-borne mat]ial is con/antly be+ deposit$ z well z be+ remov$ f ! l& surface4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ?is movem5t ( soil mat]ial by w9ds is v great1 & !re is no reason to believe t x is ( any less importance 9 o!r areas ?an 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley4 ,x is also evid5t t ! individual gra9s 9 any surface soil ( any p>ticul> field or area are cont9ually & m or less rapidly *ang+1 & ! f>m] is n deal+ to-day ) j ! same soil complex he fac$ a few ye>s back1 or w face a few ye>s h5ce4 ,b besides ! movem5ts ( ! solid compon5ts ( ! soil by translocat+ ag5cies1 o!r movem5ts are con/antly tak+ place4 ,:5ev] a mod]ately dry soil becomes wett$1 x 8swells up0 until a c]ta9 critical am\nt ( moi/ure is pres5t above :i* !re is a %r9k+4 ,b z a wet soil dries out aga9 bel[ ! critical am\nt1 !re is aga9 a %r9k+4 ,z x is always ei!r ra9+ or n ra9+1 soils are always ei!r gett+ wett$ or are dry+4 ,consequ5tly ! individual gra9s are cont9ually mov+ ab\t among !mselves4 ,a heavy object1 su* z /one1 :5 left on ! gr\nd gradually s9ks into x4#bc ,e>?worms1 burr[+ animals & insects are cont9ually at "w 9 mo/ arable soils4 ,! action ( fro/ 9 8heav+0 a soil is famili> to ev]yone4 ,n s well kn[n1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t ! app>5tly sup]ficial cracks :i* occur to a great] or less ext5t 9 e soil1 "u dr\ght conditions1 are 9 reality q deep1 ext5d+ well into ! subsoil4 ,by ! edges break+ (f1 & by w9d- & wat]-borne mat]ial be+ c>ri$ 91 consid]able surface soil is ?us br\ght into ! subsoil4 ,?r\gh ^! v>i\s ag5cies1 !re=e1 ! solid compon5ts ( ! soil are cont9ually subject to mu* mix+2 subsoil is becom+ surface soil1 & to "s ext5t vice v]sa4 ,an important result ( ^! v>i\s processes is ! br++ into ! surface soil ( degradation & decomposition products f und]ly+ rocks4 ,! processes involv$ are ess5tially dynamic4#bd #bc ,on ! small v]tical movem5ts ( a /one laid on ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 by ,horace ,d>w91 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 #fh1 #bec-bfa1 7#aija74 ,on ! o!r h&1 geological lit]ature w\ld probably furni% num]\s ref]5ces to ! heav+ out ( b\ld]s1 probably z ! result ( successive freez+s & ?aw+s ( ! soil4 ,! %ape ( ! /one z well z ! specific nature ( ! movem5ts ( ! soil p>ticles evid5tly has an important influ5ce 9 det]m9+ :e!r ! /one s9ks into ! soil or vice v]sa4 #bd ,x is cle> t z ! soil is cont9ually *ang+ ?r\gh physical ag5cies1 ! *emical analysis ( x c n be expect$ to furni% evid5ce z to ! m9]al con/itu5ts remov$ by crops or by lea*+4 ,! soil solution is also a dynamic problem4 ,:5 ! ra9 falls on ! soil1 a "p1 ! 8run-(f10 fl[s ov] ! surface & f9ds its way into ! regional dra9age2 a "p imm$iately evaporates into ! air1 & is designat$ z ! 8fly-(f20 a ?ird "p1 ! 8cut-(f10 ent]s ! soil4#be ,! cut-(f wat] p5etrates ! soil by way ( ! l>g] op5+s & int]/ices1 & ma9ly "u ! influ5ce ( gravity4 ,= conv5i5ce ?is d[nw>d-mov+ wat] is designat$ z 8gravitational0 wat]4 ,x moves ?r\gh ! soil ) comp>ative rapidity & a portion reappe>s else:]e z seepage wat]1 spr+s1 etc4 ,b ) ! return ( fair-wea!r conditions at ! surface1 !re is increas$ evaporation & augm5tation ( ! fly-(f1 & !re is develop$ a drag or 8capill>y pull0 on ! wat] bel[4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! cut-(f ?us returns to ! surface1 ma9ly ?r\gh films ov] ! surface ( ! soil gra9s & 9 ! f9e/ int]/ices4#bf #be ,?is t]m9ology has be5 sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee4 #bf ,lea!r1 h[ev]1 ?9ks ! wat] returns f only a limit$ dep?1 "s #e-g feet2 see1 ,! loss ( wat] f soil dur+ dry wea!r1 by ,j4 ,walt] ,lea!r1 ,memoirs ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,agricultural ,rese>* ,in/itute1 ,pusa1 ,india1 ,*emical s]ies1 ,i1 #gi-aaf1 7#aijh74 ,dr4 ,george ,n4 ,c(fey has call$ ! au?or's att5tion to "s obs]vations 9 ,we/]n ,kansas1 :]e a prolong$ dr\ght _h dri$ ! soil to a consid]able dep?4 ,a fairly heavy ra9 wett$ ! soil to less ?an two feet f ! surface1 & practically all ( ?is moi/ure _h return$ to ! surface & evaporat$ )9 a few days4 ,su* special cases z ^!1 h[ev] int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 are ev5 less s ?an ! normal cases 9 humid areas1 :]e a "p ( ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! soil z seepage1 ! l>g] portion return+ to ! surface1 sometimes ?r\gh di/ances ( _m feet4 ,! soil atmosph]e is cont9ually 9 motion1 foll[+ ) m or less decid$ lag ! b>ometric *anges 9 ! atmosph]e above ! soil4 ,moreov]1 ! *emical & physical processes cont9ually tak+ place 9 ! soil involve ! absorption or ! =mation ( free c>bonic acid1 & x seems probable t all ra9 wat] p5etrat+ ! soil gives up "s oxyg5 to ! soil atmosph]e4 ,! bact]ia & l[] life =ms are necess>ily und]go+ *anges cont9ually4 ,9 fact all compon5ts ( ! soil are cont9ually und]go+1 or are involv$ 91 *anges ( "o k9d or ano!r4 ,x is c]ta9 t inve/igation ( ! v>i\s motions & *anges tak+ place 9 ! soil is q z important z inve/igation ( ! soil compon5ts1 & t no cle> idea ( ! *emi/ry ( ! soil c be obta9$ )\t x4 ,! developm5t ( a rational practice ( soil control is possible only :5 ! soil is reg>d$ f a dynamic viewpo9t4 ,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,film ,,wat]4 ,:5 a relatively small quantity ( wat] is add$ to an absolutely dry soil or o!r p[d]$ solid1 !re is "s %r9kage 9 ! app>5t volume ( ! soil or p[d]4 ,! wat] spreads ov] ! surfaces ( ! solid p>ticles 9 a film1 & a rise 9 temp]ature %[s t a noticeable en]gy *ange accompanies ! =mation ( ! film4#bg ,) fur!r increm5ts ( wat] ! app>5t volume ( ! soil increases until a maximum is rea*$4 ,! wat] cont5t at :i* ?is maximum volume ( soil c be atta9$ is a def9ite physical *>act]i/ic = any giv5 soil4 ,:at is popul>ly kn[n z ! 8optimum wat] cont5t0 corresponds to ?is critical cont5t4#bh ,x is ! po9t at :i* fur!r additions ( wat] w n increase ! ?ickness ( ! moi/ure film on ! soil gra9s1 b w give free wat] 9 ! soil int]/ices4 ,j z ! app>5t volume ( a giv5 mass ( soil v>ies ) ! wat] cont5t1 & rea*es a maximum at a critical moi/ure cont5t1 s d all ! physical prop]ties v>y & h ei!r a maximum or m9imum value at ?is same critical moi/ure cont5t4 ,?us ! app>5t specific gravity ( a soil rea*es a m9imum1 ! =ce requir$ to ins]t a p5etrat+ tool becomes a m9imum1 :ile ! rate at :i* a soil w>ms up rea*es a maximum1#bi & ! ease ) :i* a]ation takes place rea*es a maximum4 ,9 f9e1 ?is critical wat] cont5t is t at :i* ! soil c be br\ght into ! be/ possible physical condition = ! gr[? ( crops4 ,! practical significance ( ! optimum wat] cont5t is f> great] ?an w\ld be suppos$ f ! att5tion giv5 x hi!rto by /ud5ts ( ! soil4 ,x is ! cont5t ( soil wat] :i* ! gre5h\se man %\ld /rive to ma9ta91 & :i* ! irrigation f>m] %\ld seek to provide1 in/ead ( ! ov]-wett+ s common to ! practice ( bo?4 ,9 g5]al f>m+ x is t moi/ure cont5t at :i* ! f>m] w atta9 ! be/ results 9 pl[+ & cultivat+1 & atta9 ^! results mo/ readily4 #bg ,see1 9 ?is connection1 ,en]gy *anges accompany+ absorption1 by ,h>rison ,e4 ,patt51 ,trans4 ,am4 ,electro*em4 ,soc41 #aa1 #chg-djg1 7#aijg72 see also ! rec5t valuable rese>*1 ,les dgagem5ts de *aleur qui se produis5t an contact de la t]re s*e et de l'eau1 p> ,a4 ,muntz et ,h4 ,gaude*on1 ,ann4 sci4 agron4 7#c71 #d1 ,,ii1 #cic-ddc1 7#aiji71 :]e x is %[n t probably a "p ( ! heat is due to *emical comb9ation betwe5 ! wat] & ! o!r soil compon5ts4 ,to quote1 8,ces div]ses obs]vations n\s conduis5t p5s]1 sans n\s en donn] t\tefois la preuve absolute1 que la fixation de l'eau sur les lm5ts t]reux trs f9s et sur les matriaux organiss1 e/ t\t au mo9s1 en p>tie1 attribuable une comb9aison *imique qui se manife/e non seulem5t p> un =t dgagem5t de *aleur1 mais aussi p> la s\/raction de l'eau des sub/ances aux-quelles elle semble *imiquem5t lie40 #bh ,! moi/ure cont5t & physical condition ( soils1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on & ,francis ,e4 ,gallagh]1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ej1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijh4 ,see also b] physikalis*e ,bod5unt]su*ung1 von ,h4 ,rodewald1 ,s*rift5 ,naturwiss4 ,v]e9s ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 #ad1 #cig-cii1 7#aiji74 #bi ,heat transf]5ce 9 soils1 by ,h>rison ,e4 ,patt51 ,bull4 ,no4 #ei1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aiji4 ,) additions ( wat] beyond ! critical po9t1 !re is a pres5ce ( free wat] 9 ! soil int]/ices accompani$ by important *anges 9 ! soil /ructure4 ,) cont9u$ additions1 !re is a m or less rapid decrease 9 ! app>5t volume2 !re is a t5d5cy = ! soil aggregates to break d[n & ! 8crumb /ructure0 s greatly desir$ by agriculturi/s is less & less readily obta9$1 & work+ ( ! soil t5ds 9 "s cases to produce t ph5om5on kn[n z 8puddl+40 ,h[ev] desirable ! prop]ty ( puddl+ may be to ! pott] or ! brick mak]1 to ! f>m] x is a bane to be avoid$ above all ?+s4 ,to ov]come x requires 8 be/ skill1 & x usually takes sev]al ye>s ( pati5t ef=t to re/ore a puddl$ soil to good til?4 ,! =ce ) :i* ! film wat] is held aga9/ ! soil gra9s has n be5 det]m9$ z yet ) any degree ( precision1 b x is c]ta9ly v great4 ,if a soil be saturat$1 t is1 if s mu* wat] be add$ t fur!r additions w cause a fl[ ( free wat]1 & ! soil be !n submitt$ to "s me*anical device = ab/ract+ ! wat]1 ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil c be readily dim9i%$ to ! critical wat] cont5t2 b to dim9i% x fur!r by me*anical means is n easy4 ,! t5acity ) :i* film wat] is held by ! soil gra9s has be5 %[n 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 = in/ance1 a semi-p]meable membrane 0 precipitat$ 9 ! walls ( a por\s clay cell1 :i* 0 !n fill$ ) sug> solution hav+ an osmotic pressure ( ab\t #ce atmosph]es4 ,:5 ?is cell 0 buri$ 9 a soil hav+ a moi/ure cont5t above ! optimum1 wat] fl[$ into ! cell4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! cell 0 buri$ 9 ano!r sample ( ! same soil hav+ a moi/ure cont5t well bel[ ! optimum1 !re 0 a m>k$ fl[ ( wat] f ! cell4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t ! attraction betwe5 ! soil gra9s & ! film-=m+ wat] 0 c]ta9ly great] ?an ! solution pressure ( ! sug>4#cj ,aga91 by :irl+ wett$ soils 9 a rapidly revolv+ c5trifuge1#ca fitt$ ) a filt]+ device 9 ! p]iph]y1 & develop+ a =ce equival5t on ! av]age to #c1jjj times ! attraction ( gravitation1 ! soils c\ld n be r$uc$ bel[ ! critical wat] cont5t4 ,f ! results ( ,lag]gr51#cb ,"y1#cc & ,"l ,rayleigh1#cd x appe>s t ! =ce hold+ a v ?9 moi/ure film on ! soil gra9s w\ld be ( an ord] ( magnitude f #f1jjj to #be1jjj atmosph]es4 ,?is =ce1 h[ev]1 mu/ greatly decrease ) ?ick5+ ( ! film1 z is %[n by ! fact t at ! critical moi/ure cont5t a small fur!r addition ( wat] produces no m>k$ heat manife/ation1 ?\gh mak+ a noticeable diff]5ce 9 ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil4 ,!re=e1 :ile recogniz+ t our k ( ?is =ce /ill lacks a desirable precision1 x is nev]!less cle> t ! =ce is v great4 #cj ,! *emi/ry ( ! soil z relat$ to crop production1 by ,milton ,:itney & ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,bull4 ,no4 #bb1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijc1 p4 #ed4 #ca ,! moi/ure equival5t ( soils1 by ,lyman ,j4 ,briggs & ,john ,w4 ,mc,lane1 ,bull4 ,no4 #de1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijg4 #cb b] die beim ,b5etz5 fe9 v]teilt] ,krp] auftret5de ,wrmetnung1 von ,lag]gr51 ,bihang till ,k4 sv4 ,vet4-,akad41 ,h&l41 #bd1 ,afd4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #e1 7#ahih74 #cc ,hydro/atics & elem5t>y hydrok9etics1 ,george ,m4 ,m9*91 p4 #caa1 #ahib4 #cd ,on ! !ory ( surface =ces1 by ,"l ,rayleigh1 ,phil4 ,mag4 7#e71 #cj1 #bhe-bih1 #def-dge1 7#ahij74 ,! function ( ! film wat] 9 ma9ta9+ ! soil /ructure is und\bt$ly important4 ,a soil 9 good til?1 or good condition = crop gr[?1 %[s a peculi> /ructural arrangem5t ( ! individual soil gra9s or soil p>ticles1 :i* x is v difficult to describe 9 precise t]ms1 b :i* is readily recogniz$ 9 practice4 ,?is condition is usually describ$ z a 8crumb /ructure10 ei!r because ( its appe>ance or because ( ! peculi> crumbly feel+ :i* a soil 9 ?is condition gives :5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! individual gra9s ( soil are ga!r$ into gr\ps or floccules4 ,:ile o!r causes may be m or less op]ative 9 p>ticul> cases1 x seems v probable t ! film wat] is prim>ily ! ag5cy hold+ toge!r ! gra9s 9 ^! floccules4 ,! obvi\s explanation is t ! film is ex]t+ a hold+ p[] because ( its surface t5sion4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t any?+ :i* affects ! surface t5sion ( wat] %\ld affect ! /ructure ( ! soil2 t is1 ! flocculation or granulation ( ! p>ticles4 ,b c]ta9 ag5ts :i* produce respectively flocculation or deflocculation1 nev]!less modify ! surface t5sion ( ! solution 9 ! same direction1 & 9 n widely v>y+ degree4 ,simil> difficulties arise 9 attempt+ to correlate 8crumb+0 ph5om5a ) ! viscosity ( ! film wat]1#ce & x mu/ be admitt$ frankly t pres5t views on ?is subject are v unsatisfactory1 & t m c>eful inve/igation is urg5tly ne$$ on ?is fundam5tal & important problem4 ,n only is ! abs5ce ( a satisfactory !ory emb>rass+ 9 consid]+ ! problems ( soil /ructure & a rational control1 b ! difficulties are no less 9 ! equally important problems ( ! movem5t ( film moi/ure1 & ! di/ribution ( moi/ure 9 a soil4 #ce ,equally unsuccessful is ! attempt to correlate flocculat+ ag5ts ) *anges 9 ! d5sity ( wat]4 ,see1 ,! cond5sation ( wat] by electrolytes1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on & ,w4 ,o4 ,rob9son1 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #ad1 #a-aa1 7#aiaj74 ,! movem5t ( moi/ure into a soil f an illimitable supply is a comp>atively simple ph5om5on1 controll$ by a rate law :i* may be express$ by ! equation y kt :5 y is ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! movem5t has tak5 place2 t is ! "t1 & k & n are *>act]i/ic con/ants = ! p>ticul> soil & solution4#cf ,?is expression may be m readily recogniz$ z a rate =mula :5 writt5 dy_/at ,ay1 :]e ,a & m are con/ants = ! p>ticul> sy/em4 ,! fir/ =m ( ! equation promises to be ! m useful4 ,?is =mula also describes ! rate ( advance ( a dissolv$ sub/ance into ! soil4 ,ow+ to irregul>ities 9 ! soil column ?is equation is m readily /udi$ ) capill>y tubes or ) su* absorb5ts z filt]-pap] or blott+ pap]4 ,! foll[+ tables w1 h[ev]1 give an idea z to its validity = soils4 ,,alluvial ,,soil1 ,,gila ,,riv]4#cg ,"t1t m94 ,height1y in*es k 7n #a4hf7 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b #a4e #a4je #e #b4d #a4jb #aj #c4f #a4jh #ae #d4c #a4ja #cj #f4c #a4je #fj #i4b #a4jg ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,di/ill$ ,,wat] ,,9 ,,p5n4 ,,loam 7t #ba ,c74 ,"t1t ,height1y k m94 cm4 7n #b4be7 ---------------------------------------- #a #a4ae #a4cg #b #a4ed #a4cc #c #a4he #a4cc #d #b4jh #a4cj #e #b4bh #a4bh #g #b4ei #a4ba #aj #b4ig #a4af #ae #c4dg #a4aj #bj #c4ij #a4jg #cj #d4fg #a4jf #dj #e4ci #a4aa #ej #e4ij #a4ji #fj #f4dg #a4ab #ge #g4bj #a4ac #ij #h4jc #a4ba #aje #h4gb #a4be ---------------------------------------- #cf ,see ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 p4 #ej et seq42 also1 ,! fl[ ( liquids ?r\gh capill>y spaces1 by ,j4 ,m4 ,bell & ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #aj1 #fei1 7#aijf72 ,see also1 ,wo4 ,o/wald1 #b ,supplem5!ft ,zeits*rift ,kolloid*emie1 #aijh1 #bj4 #cg ,comput$ f obs]vations by ,l\ghridge1 ,report ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 ,univ]sity ,cali=nia1 #ahic-id1 p4 #ic4 ,,indigo ,,c>m9e ,,9 ,,p5n4 ,,loam ,,soil 7t #ba ,c474 ,solution conta9$ #b gra9s dye p] lit]4 ,"t1t ,height1y k = wat] ,height color$ k = dye m94 wet cm4 7n #b4be7 cm4 7n #b4be7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #a4bh #a4ge #j4fd #j4cg #b #a4fg #a4ei #j4ij #j4ci #c #b4je #a4fh 44 44 #d #b4bf #a4ef 44 44 #e #b4di #a4ef #a4jb #j4ba #g #b4gd #a4ch 44 44 #aj #c4bj #a4dj 44 44 #ae #c4gb #a4bi 44 44 #bj #d4bh #a4cb #a4ib #j4bb #cj #e4aj #a4ca 44 44 #dj #e4gg #a4bi #b4fi #j4bc #ej #f4da #a4bf #c4bj #j4bh #fj #f4ij #a4bi 44 44 #ge #g4df #a4bc 44 44 #ij #h4gd #a4df #c4ei #j4bj #aje #i4jj #a4cc 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,x has also be5 %[n repeat$ly by exp]im5t t ! movem5t ( moi/ure is relatively rapid :5 ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! soil is above ! optimum1 b t ! movem5t is exce$+ly sl[ :5 ! soil has a l[] wat] cont5t ?an ! optimum2 t is1 ! po9t at :i* ! wat] is entirely 9 ! =m ( film wat]4 ,= in/ance1 if a mod]ately wet sample ( soil be br\ght into intimate contact ) an air-dry sample ( ! same soil1 !re w1 at fir/1 be a relatively rapid movem5t ( ! moi/ure1 b z soon z ! wett$ portion has be5 br\ght to ! 8optimum0 condition1 no fur!r movem5t c be detect$1 al?\gh ! exp]im5t has be5 tri$ ( leav+ su* samples toge!r = mon?s & ) a diff]5ce ( wat] cont5t am\nt+1 9 ! case ( clay soils1 to #ae or #bj p] c5t4 ,s9ce ! dr\ght limit1 or ! soil moi/ure cont5t at :i* plants wilt1 is1 = mo/ soils1 consid]ably bel[ ! optimum wat] cont5t1 ! movem5t ( film wat] is obvi\sly a problem ( ! fir/ importance f a practical po9t ( view z well z ( ! highe/ !oretical int]e/4 ,! movem5t ( wat] vapor1 or its di/illation f place to place 9 ! soil1 is ano!r problem (t5 confus$ ) ! above4 ,its importance is n yet cle>1 al?\gh accord+ to "s inve/igators#ch x w\ld appe> t ! addition ( soluble f]tiliz] salts by caus+ a l[]+ ( ! vapor pressure ( ! wat] induces a di/illation to t region f o!r regions ( ! soil z well z f ! atmosph]e above4 ,?is br+s up ! problem ( ! diffusion ( wat] & o!r vapors ?r\gh ! soil4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! soil 8plug0 ret>ds ! rate at :i* diffusion takes place b induces no o!r effect 9 ! ord9>y ph5om5on ( free diffusion4 ,?is fact is obvi\sly ( ! fir/ importance 9 ! !ory ( mul*es1 b requires no fur!r consid]ation "h4#ci #ch ,sur la diffusion des engrais sal9s dans le t]re1 p> ,muntz et ,gaude*on1 ,comptes r5dus1 #adh1 #bec-beh1 7#aiji74 #ci ,see1 ,contribution to our k ( ! a]ation ( soils1 & ,/udies ( ! movem5t ( soil moi/ure1 by ,edg> ,buck+ham1 ,bulls4 ,nos4 #be1 #aijd1 & #cc1 #aijg1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture4 ,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,m9]al ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,solution4#dj ,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil are products ( ! dis9tegration1 degradation & decomposition ( rocks4 ,! decomposition products are ma9ly silica 9 ! =m ( qu>tz1 f]rug9\s mat]ial consi/+ ( m or less hydrat$ f]ric oxide & alum9a1 & hydrat$ alum9um silicate4 ,! f]rug9\s mat]ial1 be+ deposit$ or =m$ 9 ! soil 9 a v f9ely divid$ condition1 frequ5tly coats ! soil fragm5ts to su* an ext5t z completely to mask _! true "*4 ,b if a soil be ?or\ghly %ak5 ) wat]1 & especially 9 ! pres5ce ( "s deflocculat+ ag5t su* z a slight excess ( ammonia1 z 9 ! ord9>y prep>ation ( a soil sample = me*anical analysis#da ! coat+ mat]ial is g5]ally remov$ q readily1 & ! m9]al p>ticles appe> z fragm5ts & spl9t]s ( ! ord9>y rock-=m+ m9]als4 ,sometimes ^! fragm5ts are m or less worn & r\nd$ at ! edges1 %[+ me*anical abrasion or solv5t action2 sometimes !y %[ evid5ces ( p>tial alt]ation & decomposition2 b surfaces ( ! unalt]$ m9]al individuals always are f\nd4 ,^! unalt]$ m9]als occur z fragm5ts ( all sizes1 & are to be f\nd 9 ! s&s1 silts1 & presumably 9 ! clays4 ,z might be anticipat$1 ! m9]als o!r ?an qu>tz g5]ally %[ a t5d5cy to segregate 9 ! f9] me*anical sep>ations ( ! soil4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! unalt]$ m9]al fragm5ts 9 ! clays has s f> defi$ direct exp]im5tal pro( because ( ! limitations ( ! microscope1 b f *emical reason+ & a priori consid]ations !re c be b little d\bt t !y exi/ 9 ! clays z 9 ! co>s] sep>ations4#db #dj ,= a m detail$ discussion & citations ( ! lit]ature1 see ,! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil solution1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on & ,james ,m4 ,bell1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aije4 #da ,c5trifugal me?ods ( me*anical soil analysis1 by ,l4 ,j4 ,briggs1 ,f4 ,o4 ,m>t9 & ,j4 ,r4 ,pe>ce1 ,bull4 ,no4 #bd1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijd4 #db ,see1 ,! m9]al composition ( soil p>ticles1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,faily]1 ,j4 ,g4 ,smi? & ,h4 ,r4 ,wade1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ed1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aiji4 ,rec5t improvem5ts 9 microscope me?ods make x possible to id5tify )\t s]i\s tr\ble ! m9]al cont5t ( silts ) a diamet] z l[ z #j4jje mm41 & _m ev5 ( ! clay p>ticles h rec5tly be5 det]m9$ ) satisfactory accuracy4 ,! m9]als to be anticipat$ 9 ! soil are ^? commonly occurr+ 9 ! rocks2 b z a result ( ! action ( mix+ & transport+ ag5cies1 a soil normally conta9s m9]als f rocks o!r ?an ^? f :i* x is prim>ily d]iv$4 ,x w\ld h>dly be fair to reg>d a bea* s&1 = in/ance1 z a normal soil4 ,yet x is surpris+ h[ _m m9]als o!r ?an qu>tz c usually be f\nd ev5 9 a bea* s&4 ,op9ions may diff] z to j :at are ! common rock-=m+ m9]als1 & p]haps no two m9]alogi/s or petrograph]s w\ld give id5tical li/s1 b !re are a numb] ( m9]als :i* w\ld appe> und\bt$ly 9 e li/1 & ^! w\ld be f\nd g5]ally 9 any soil4 ,aga91 x might happ5 t 9 any giv5 sample ( soil1 no pyrox5e1 = in/ance1 c\ld be f\nd2 b exp]i5ce %[s t x w\ld nev] happ5 9 su* a case t no amphibole1 *lorite1 s]p5t9e1 or o!r f]ro-magnesian silicates w\ld be pres5t4 ,h[ev] di/9ct ^! m9]als cit$ may be f ea* o!r morphologically or optically1 !y are mu* ! same 9 _! *emical *>act]i/ics1 _! solubilities & _! reactions ) wat] & su* dilute solutions z exi/ 9 ! soil4 ,h5ce f ! po9t ( view ( ! soil *emi/ !y may be consid]$ = all practical purposes v>ieties ( "o & ! same m9]al species4 ,consequ5tly an important result ( rese>*es on ! m9]als ( ! soil is ! g5]alization t soils are f> m het]og5e\s ?an are rocks1 & t practically e soil conta9s all ! common rock-=m+ m9]als4#dc #dc ,see ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aije1 p4 #i4 ,x is n difficult to acc\nt = ! het]og5eity ( ! m9]al cont5t ( ! soil4 ,_m ( our rocks are reconsolidat$ soils1 & ! alt]nat+ =mation ( rock & soil f ! same mat]ials is probably an ag5cy1 9 "s "p at lea/1 9 ! mix+ ( soil mat]ial4 ,! action ( wat] 9 c>ry+ (f & transport+ surface mat]ial & 9 gully+ & erod+ slop+ surfaces is probably a l>ge factor4 ,b ?is ag5cy1 l ! fir/1 is r re/rict$ & localiz$4 ,j z important z a mix+ ag5cy is ! w9d4 ,?is1 unlike wat]1 works uphill z well z d[n1 & is m or less 9 action at all times1 cont9ually transport+ soil mat]ial f place to place4 ,w9d-borne du/ on ro(s ( dwell+s1 on rocky m\nta9 tops & simil> places1 :]e x c\ld h be5 br\ght by no o!r ag5cy ?an ! w9d1 is sometimes f\nd support+ vegetation4 ,_m *emical & m9]alogical analyses ( w9d-borne du/ obta9$ f v>i\s locations %[ x to h g5]ally ! same ess5tial *>act]i/ics z ord9>y soils4 ,aside f ! qu>tz & f]rug9\s mat]ials m5tion$ above1 ! major "p ( ! soil m9]als are silicates1 f]ro-silicates1 alum9o-silicates1 or f]ro-alum9o-silicates1 ( ! common bases1 sodium1 potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 & f]r\s iron4 ,o!r bases1 su* z li?ium1 b>ium1 or ! heavy metals may occasionally be pres5t 9 appreciable am\nts z may o!r types ( silicates1 or o!r m9]al salts1 b ^! may be reg>d$ z m or less incid5tal & r>ely affect+ 9 any ess5tial way ! g5]al "* ( ! soil mass4 ,^! silicates or silico m9]als are all some:at soluble 9 wat]1 & be+ salts ( weak acids ) /rong bases1 are greatly hydrolyz$4 ,a conv5i5t illu/ration is af=d$ by ! well-kn[n rock & soil m9]al1 or?oclase4 ,assum+ its type =mula1 ! reaction ) wat] may be repres5t$1 ,k4,al,si,o ,,hoh ,h4,al,si,o ,,koh4 ,"u ord9>y soil conditions1 ) a relatively l>ge proportion ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! soil atmosph]e1 ! pota% =m$ w\ld be m or less completely trans=m$ to ! bic>bonate1 ,,koh ,,co ,h,o ,,khco ,h,o4 ,confirmation ( ?is view is af=d$ by ! natural associations & kn[n alt]ation products ( or?oclase4 ,! acid ( ! =mula ,h4,al,si,o is n kn[n & is probably entirely in/able "u ord9>y conditions1 & breaks d[n ) ! sep>ation ( silica1 to =m ! m9]als pyrophyllite1 kaol9ite or kaol91 & diaspore accord+ to ! foll[+ equations3 ,h4,al,si,o - ,si,o ,h4,al,si,o 7,pyrophyllite7 ,h4,al,si,o - #b,si,o ,h4,al,si,o 7,kaol9ite7 ,h4,al,si,o - #c,si,o ,h4,al,o 7,diaspore74 ,all ?ree ( ^! m9]als & _! correspond+ salts h be5 f\nd 9 nature z alt]ation products ( or?oclase4 ,x is probable t1 "u soil conditions1 ! pr9cipal metamorphic product ( feldsp> is kaol9 7or kaol9ite :5 x is cry/all9e71 hydrat$ alum9um oxide be+ ( mu* less importance#dd & pyrophyllite ( d\btful occurr5ce4 ,a /ill m int]e/+ case1 p]haps1 because ( ! well recogniz$ t5d5cy ( magnesium salts to =m basic comp\nds1 is ! alt]ation ( pyrox5e1 amphibole & oliv9e ) ! =mation ( a *lorite or s]p5t9e1 common associations 9 nature1 :i* may be repres5t$ #dd ,see ,ueb] die ,bildung von ,bauxit und v]w&te ,m9]ali51 von ,a4 ,liebri*1 ,zeit4 prakt4 ,geol41 #ahig1 #bab-bad4 ,mg,si,o ,,hoh ,mg,si,o4n,mg7,,oh7 ,si,o4 ,x is tacitly assum$ 9 ! =ego+ /atem5ts t ! reaction betwe5 a silicate m9]al & wat] is a rev]sible reaction4 ,?is is n def9itely kn[n to be ! case1 = ! =mation ( ! ord9>y silicate rock-=m+ m9]als 9 ! wet way at ord9>y temp]atures has z yet be5 realiz$ 9 only a few cases4 ,! assumption has1 h[ev]1 "s exp]im5tal support4 ,m9]als h be5 (t5 made 9 ! wet way at some:at elevat$ temp]atures1 especially int]e/+ cases 9 ?is connection be+ ! =mation ( or?oclase by ,fri$el & ,s>as9#de at slightly elevat$ temp]atures1 & ! =mation ( zeolites by ,gonn>d#df & by ,doro%evskii & ,b>dt1#dg & ! =mation ( apatite by ,we9s*5k4#dh ,feldsp>s & zeolites are common natural associations1 x be+ g5]ally conc$$ t zeolites are alt]ation products ( ! feldsp>s ?r\gh ! action ( wat]2 b ,van ,hise#di has po9t$ out t "u conditions ( wea!r+ su* z w\ld obta9 9 ! soil1 ! t5d5cy is = ! zeolites to alt] to feldsp>s4 ,whl]'s classical exp]im5t ( recry/alliz+ apophyllite f hot wat]#ej is significant1 = only ! products ( hydrolysis %\ld be obta9$ if !re is an irrev]sible reaction betwe5 ! m9]al & wat]4 ,lemb]g f\nd t leucite 7,k,al,si,o7 :5 treat$ ) an aque\s solution conta9+ #aj p] c5t4 or m ( sodium *loride1 0 p>tially trans=m$ to analcite 7,na,al,si,o4n,h,o71 potassium *loride be+ =m$ at ! same "t4 ,! rev]se reaction 0 also realiz$1 t is1 ! p>tial conv]sion ( analcite to leucite by treatm5t ) a solution ( potassium *loride1 & simil> trans=mations 7 c>ri$ out ) ! feldsp>s4#ea ,lemb]g's exp]im5ts are ( especial value z !y 7 c>ri$ out at ord9>y z well z at high temp]atures4 ,x appe>s probable1 !re=e1 t ! hydrolysis ( a silicate ( ! alkalis or alkal9e e>?s is a rev]sible reaction4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ,kahl5b]g & ,l9coln#eb h %[n t probably1 9 v dilute solutions ( alkali silicates1 ! hydrolysis is practically complete & ! silica is ne>ly all pres5t z colloidal silica & n z silicic acid4 ,nev]!less at high] conc5trations silicates are =m$1 & !re is abundant evid5ce 9 nature t ! alum9o- or f]ro-silicates are react+ ) bases to =m salts1 = example su* z ! micas4#ec ,if ! hydrolysis 7 q complete1 x w\ld appe> to foll[ t ! reaction betwe5 wat] & ! silicate is irrev]sible4 ,9 t case x is difficult to see h[ any silicate m9]al c\ld p]si/ 9 ! soil = any l5g? ( "t1 & all soils %\ld soon become /]ile wa/es compos$ ess5tially ( qu>tz1 kaol9 & f]rug9\s oxides4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! orig9al m9]al p>ticles are protect$ f decomposition by ! =mation ( a coat+ 8gel40 ,t is1 t silica1 alum9a1 f]rug9\s or o!r mat]ials result f ! decomposition ( ! m9]als 9 a jelly-l =m on ! surface ( ! soil gra9s1 protect+ !m f fur!r action ( ! soil solution4#ed ,if diffusion c take place ?r\gh ! gel1 solution & hydrolysis ( ! m9]al w\ld proce$1 al?\gh ! pres5ce ( ! gel w\ld probably ret>d ! rate ( ! reaction4 ,if x be po/ulat$1 h[ev]1 t diffusion ?r\gh ! gel does n take place1 ! m9]als ( ! soil c h no influ5ce on ! composition ( ! soil solution1 :i* is an un?9kable alt]native4 ,! pres5ce ( su* gels 9 ! soil has frequ5tly be5 assum$1 b satisfactory pro( is g5]ally want+4 #de ,sur la reproduction p> voie aqueuse du feldspa? or?ose1 p> ,fri$el et ,s>as91 ,comptes r5dus1 #ib1 #acgd1 7#ahha74 #df ,note sur une obs]vation de ,f\rnet1 conc]nant la production des zolites a froid1 p> ,f4 ,gonn>d1 ,bull4 ,soc4 m94 ,france1 #e1 #bfg-bfi1 7#ahhb72 ,jahrb4 ,m941 #ahhd4 ,i1 ,ref4 #bh4 #dg ,meta!tical reactions ) artificial zeolites1 by ,a4 ,doro%evskii & ,a4 ,b>dt1 ,j\r4 ,russ4 ,phys4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #db1 #dce-db 7#aiaj74 ,*em4 ,z5tr41 #aiaj1 ,,ii1 #fh4 #dh ,beitrge zur ,m9]alsyn!sis1 von ,e4 ,we9s*5k1 ,zeit4 ,kry/41 #ag1 #dhi-ejd1 7#ahij74 #di ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,monograph1 #dg1 ,a treatise on metamorphism1 by ,*>les ,r4 ,van ,hise1 #aijd1 p4 #ccc4 #ej ,jahresb4 ,=ts*r4 ,*emie ,liebig & ,kopp1 #ahdg-dh1 #abfb2 note4 #ea ,ueb] ,silicatumw&lung51 von ,j4 ,lemb]g1 ,zeit4 deuts*4 geol4 ,ges41 #bh1 #eai-fba1 7#ahgf72 ,inaug4 diss4 ,dorpat1 #ahgg2 ,bi$4 ,c5tbl41 #h1 #efg-egg1 7#ahgi74 #eb ,solutions ( silicates ( ! alkalis1 by ,l4 ,khl5b]g & ,a4 ,t4 ,l9coln1 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #b1 #gg-ij1 7#ahih74 #ec ,van ,hise1 loc4 cit41 p4 #fic4 #ed ,a gel is a jelly-l sub/ance1 app>5tly cont9u\s1 :i* =ms ei!r by ! settl+ f susp5sion 9 a liquid ( v f9e p>ticles :i* !n become aggregat$2 or1 is =m$ by ! evaporation ( a liquid conta9+ f9e p>ticles 9 susp5sion until ! quantity ( liquid rema9+ is j suffici5t to s]ve z a cem5tation m$ium hold+ ! susp5d$ p>ticles toge!r 9 a semi-rigid mass4 ,= an exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! =mation ( su* a gel1 see1 ,! effect ( wat] on rock p[d]s1 by ,all]ton ,s4 ,cu%man1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ib1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aije4 ,9 g5]al1 ! same k9d ( consid]ations develop$ = or?oclase hold = ! o!r soil m9]als4 ,if m9]als ( ?is "* be pulv]iz$ or gr\nd reasonably f9e & !n be %ak5 ) di/ill$ wat] :i* has be5 previ\sly boil$ to elim9ate ! dissolv$ c>bon dioxide1 ! result+ solution w give an alkal9e reaction ) su* indicators z ph5olph?ale9 or litmus4#ee ,if a soil be %ak5 up ?or\ghly ) wat]1 ! result+ solution filt]$ free ( susp5d$ matt]1 z by pass+ ?r\gh a ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& b\gie1 & !n boil$ to elim9ate ! c>bon dioxide1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases ! solution w also give an alkal9e reaction ) ph5olph?ale9 or litmus4 ,! wat]s ( mo/ ( our spr+s1 ponds1 creeks or riv]s be+ natural soil solutions1 give an alkal9e reaction aft] boil+4 #ee ,9 mak+ su* exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory or 9 lecture demon/rations1 x is well to h ! mass ( wat] l>ge 9 comp>ison ) ! mass ( p[d]$ m9]al or rock2 o!rwise second>y adsorption effects may occur & obscure ! results ( ! hydrolysis4 ,b ! m9]al cont5t ( ^! natural wat]s v>ies greatly4 ,^! wat]s are compos$ 9 "p ( ! 8run-(f10 9 "p ( a portion ( ! 8cut-(f0 wat]s1 describ$ above4 ,?is portion ( ! cut-(f1 normally1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! soil goes ma9ly ?r\gh ! l>g] int]/ices4 ,x is n long 9 contact ) ! individual soil p>ticles & floccules1 & because diffusion ( dissolv$ m9]al sub/ances is q sl[1 especially 9 dilute solutions1 x takes up b little m9]al matt] f su* aque\s films z x may int]cept4 ,a diff]5t /ate ( ?+s exi/s ) t portion ( ! cut-(f wat] :i* returns t[>ds ! surface by reason ( capill>y =ces1 to =m ! great natural nutri5t m$ium = plants4 ,?is wat] is mov+ ov] ! soil p>ticles 9 films1 & ) sl[ness4 ,x is long 9 contact ) successive fragm5ts ( any p>ticul> m9]al & all ! diff]5t m9]als mak+ up ! soil4 ,consequ5tly1 x t5ds t[>ds a saturat$ solution ) respect to ! m9]al mass2 & x foll[s t if e soil conta9s all ! common rock-=m+ m9]als1 e soil %\ld give ! same saturat$ solution1 b>r+ ! pres5ce ( di/urb+ factors4#ef ,di/urb+ factors1 h[ev]1 ent] into all cases "u field conditions1 su* = in/ance z ! pres5ce ( "s uncommon or unusual m9]al 9 appreciable am\nts1 diff]5ces 9 temp]ature1 surface effects1 or extrane\s sub/ances4 ,^! w be consid]$ lat]1 b ano!r di/urb+ factor requires imm$iate consid]ation4 ,9 e soil1 v>y+ proportions ( ! soluble m9]al con/itu5ts are pres5t o!rwise ?an z def9ite m9]al species2 t is1 !y are pres5t z solid solutions1 or absorb$ on ! soil gra9s or p]haps absorb$ 9 "s o!r mann]4 ,! conc5tration ( ! liquid solution 9 contact ) a solid solution or complex ( absorb5t & absorb$ mat]ial is dep5d5t ^u ! relative masses ( solution & solid4 ,?us1 ! conc5tration ( a solution ) respect to phosphoric acid1 :5 br\ght into contact ) s-call$ basic phosphates ( lime or iron1 is dep5d5t 9 a m>k$ way ^u ! proportion ( solution to solid4#eg ,consequ5tly x is to be expect$ t an aque\s extract ( a soil w v>y 9 conc5tration ) ! proportion ( wat] us$2 & t ) ! same proportion ( wat]1 diff]5t soils or diff]5t samples ( ! same soil w yield diff]5t conc5trations4 #ef ,feldsp>s c]ta9ly1 & phosphorites possibly1 are m9]al compon5ts ( ! soil2 & ^! sub/ances :5 gr\nd suffici5tly f9e h be5 add$ to soils ) sometimes an increas$ production ( crop4 ,o!r m9]als1 su* z leucite1 h giv5 simil> results4 ,b also app>5tly pure qu>tz s& sometimes accompli%es ! same results1 z = example1 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,hilg>d cit$ above4 ,x has n be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! addition ( any ( ^! sub/ances produces an appreciable *ange 9 ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution4 #eg ,! action ( wat] & aque\s solutions ^u soil phosphates1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on & ,james ,m4 ,bell1 ,bull4 ,no4 #da1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijg4 ,h[ f> absorb$ m9]al con/itu5ts affect ! solubility ( ! def9ite m9]als 9 ! soil or influ5ce ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution1 x is n possible to pr$ict ) any approa* to c]ta9ty4 ,^? soils :i* hold ! mo/ moi/ure are g5]ally ! be/ absorb]s4 ,moreov]1 ! soluble m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 = in/ance potassium or phosphoric acid1 are absorb$ to a v high degree f dilute solutions4 ,consequ5tly x is to be expect$ t v>iations 9 ! conc5tration ( ! natural soil solution w\ld be less ?an 9 aque\s extracts1 :5 !re is employ$ a con/ant & relatively l>ge proportion ( wat] to soil4 ,^! consid]ations are ( great !oretical importance s9ce !y appe> to negative ! possibility ( gett+1 ) pres5t exp]im5tal res\rces1 any exact k ( ! conc5trations ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil solution :5 ! soil is 9 condition to gr[ ! common crop plants4 ,moreov]1 !y furni% a guide to ! limitations :i* mu/ be recogniz$ 9 attempt+ to po/ulate :at ^! conc5trations may be on ! basis ( analytical data obta9$ f aque\s soil extracts4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to extract ! solution naturally exi/+ 9 ! soil & to analyze x4 ,! results obta9$ h n be5 v satisfactory1 ow+ ma9ly to ! me*anical difficulties involv$4 ,z po9t$ out above1 ! solution 9 a soil "u suitable conditions = crop gr[? is held by a =ce ( great magnitude4 ,nev]!less1 by us+ p[]ful c5trifuges1 ) saturat$ soil1 x has be5 possible to ?r[ out ! excess ( solution ov] ! critical wat] cont5t ( ! soil4 ,9 ?is way small quantities1 g5]ally a v few cubic c5timet]s at a "t1 h be5 obta9$4 ,! analysis ( a few cubic c5timet]s ( a v dilute solution is 9 itself difficult1 involv+ necess>ily m or less unc]ta9ty z to ! absolute value ( ! results4 ,nev]!less1 ! conc5tration ( ! soil solutions ?us obta9$1 ) respect to phosphoric acid & pota%1 v>i$ b little = soils ( v>i\s textures f s&s to clays1 & ! v>iations obs]v$ c\ld n be correlat$ ) ! kn[n crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soils4 ,! av]age conc5trations ( ! soil solutions ?us obta9$ lies 9 ! neighborhood ( #f-h p>ts p] million 7p4p4m47 ( solution = phosphoric acid 7,p,o7 & #be-cj p>ts p] million = pota% 7,k,o74#eh ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! results obta9$ by analyz+ solutions extract$ f diff]5t samples ( loams & s&s by means ( a c5trifuge4 ,! crop gr[+ on ^! soils & ! crop condition at ! "t ! samples 7 collect$ are giv5 9 ! table1 & ! p]c5tages ( wat] 9 ! samples :5 plac$ 9 ! c5trifuge are also giv54 #eh ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to note t rec5t inve/igations on ! proportions ( phosphoric acid1 potassium & nitrates 9 cultural solutions be/ adapt$ to ! gr[? ( :eat1 give ! same ratio ( phosphoric acid to potassium z ! figures j cit$ %[ to exi/ normally 9 ! soil solution4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,soil ,,solution ,,remov$ ,,f ,,fre% ,,soils ,,by ,,! ,,c5trifuge4 ,p>ts p] million ( solution ,soil ,crop ,condition,p] c5t ---------------- ( crop moi/ure4 ,,po ,ca ,k ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,leon>dt[n loam ,:eat ,good #bb4j #f #ag #bb ,leon>dt[n loam ,:eat ,poor #be4b #aj #i #ai ,leon>dt[n loam ,:eat ,good #ag4f #h #bb #ch ,sassafras loam ,clov] ,good #ai4g #e #ah #ai ,sassafras loam ,corn ,m$ium #ag4e #h #ac #cf ,sassafras loam ,corn ,m$ium #ah4c #h #hc #be ,sassafras loam ,:eat ,good #ah4h #g #dd #cd ,sassafras loam ,:eat ,poor #bj4j #g #bg #bd ,sassafras loam ,corn ,good #ag4c #h #bd #be ,norfolk s& ,=e/ ,poor #aj4j #e #ah #ca ,norfolk s& ,corn ,good #aa4i #aa #cf #ca ,norfolk s& ,:eat ,good #aj4g #ah #de #ca ,norfolk s& ,:eat ,poor #aa4b #h #ch #bd ,norfolk s& ,corn ,m$ium #aj4f #i #fe #ce ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! conc5trations ( ! solutions obta9$ f ! samples d n ju/ify any correlation ) ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ! soils1 nor ) ! texture ( ! soils4 ,! wide v>iation 9 ! conc5trations ) respect to calcium is probably due to ! fact t all ( ! samples came f fields :i* _h be5 lim$1 "s q rec5tly1 & t ! cont5t ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! diff]5t samples v>i$4 ,x is ( special int]e/ to note t ! cont5t ( calcium 9 ! solutions does n %[ any obvi\s relation to ! cont5t ( phosphoric acid4#ei #ei ,= ! lit]ature ( ! e>li] "w on ! composition ( aque\s extracts ( soils1 see3 ,h[ crops fe$1 by ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson1 #ahij1 p4 #cji et seq42 see also4 ,on ! analytical det]m9ation ( probably available 8m9]al0 plant-food 9 soils1 by ,b]n>d ,dy]1 ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #fe1 #aae-afg1 7#ahid72 & ,soils1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 #aijf1 p4 #cbg et seq4 ,an ef=t has be5 made to asc]ta9 ! m9]al conc5tration ( soil solutions z !y occur naturally 9 ! field4 ,because ( ! practical impossibility ( extract+ ! actual soil solution1 an empirical me?od 0 employ$4 ,areas 7 select$ :]e good & poor crops 7 gr[+ ne> ea* o!r on ! same soil types1 & pref]ably 9 ! same field4 ,samples ( soil f "u ^! crops 7 tak5 at sev]al int]vals dur+ ! gr[+ season1 quickly remov$ to a ne>by laboratory1 %ak5 ?or\ghly ) di/ill$ wat] 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( soil to five p>ts ( wat]1 all[$ to /& tw5ty m9utes & ! sup]natant solution pass$ ?r\gh a ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& filt]4#fj #fj ,capill>y /udies & filtration ( clays f soil solutions1 by ,lyman ,j4 ,briggs & ,macy ,h4 ,lapham1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ai1 ,bureau ( ,soils4 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijb2 ,colorimetric1 turbidity & titration me?ods us$ 9 soil inve/igations1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,george ,h4 ,faily]1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ca1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijf4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out above1 ! aque\s extract ( a soil ?us arbitr>ily prep>$ has no def9ite or causal relation to ! soil solution 9 ! field4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! solutions w\ld n g5]ally be ! same4 ,x %\ld also be emphasiz$ t su* a proc$ure c n1 z "s inve/igators h assum$1 af=d a crit]ion betwe5 soluble & insoluble salts 9 ! soil1 else ! proportion ( wat] to soil us$ above "s m9imum w\ld be immat]ial z f> z ! am\nts :i* g into solution are conc]n$4 ,! proportion ( wat] to soil is n immat]ial1 h[ev]1 consid]+ ! *emical nature ( ! soil compon5ts & ! results ( exp]im5t4 ,consequ5tly1 x is cle> t ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution is n simply ! ratio ( ! am\nts f\nd 9 ! aque\s extract1 to ! p]c5tage ( moi/ure 9 ! soil1 b some?+ q diff]5t4 ,artificial solutions prep>$ 9 ! mann] describ$ above %\ld1 h[ev]1 furni% evid5ce z to :e!r or n !re are recognizable diff]5ces 9 ! soluble m9]al con/itu5ts ( good & poor soils respectively2 & if su* diff]5ces exi/1 :e!r !y are consi/5t4 ,t is to say1 if ! m productive soils also uni=mly yield aque\s extracts ( a high] conc5tration1 !n x w\ld be a fair inf]5ce t _! natural soil solutions are ma9ta9$ at a high] conc5tration ?an 9 ! less productive soils4 ,results obta9$ = sev]al localities & sev]al crops1 tak5 f ! orig9al records1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ tables4#fa #fa ,! *emi/ry ( ! soil z relat$ to crop production1 by ,milton ,:itney & ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,bull4 ,no4 #bb1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijc4 ,,wat] ,,soluble ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,soil4 ,locality1 ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,soil type1 ,norfolk s&4 ,crop1 :eat4 ,yield1 good4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium ,p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m>* #aj #j-ab #ac4b #ab #e #ab #ab-bd #aa4e #g #e #af ,june #h #a-bd #d4c #d #ad #ac ,june #ac #a-bd #d4f #e #ac #ag ,june #ai #a-bd #i4f #b #ad #bd ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,soil type1 ,norfolk s&4 ,crop1 :eat4 ,yield1 poor4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium ,p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,april #c #j-ab #ab4j #aa #e #cb #ab-bd #ab4j #aj #c #bb ,june #af #a-bd #i4c #d #bi #bj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,soil type1 ,sassafras loam4 ,crop1 :eat4 ,yield1 m$ium4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m>* #aj #j-ab #bc4b #ai #aj #h #ab-bd #ba4f #aa #aj #ad ,m>* #ad #j-ab #bb4c #ah #h #ah #ab-bd #bj4b #ae #ab #ba #bd-cf #bj4c #ah #ag #af ,m>* #bj #j-ab #ai4c #g #aj #ba #ab-bd #ah4f #d #aa #ba #bd-cf #ab4f #e #ab #ba ,june #af #a-bd #bb4e #d #ad #bc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,soil type1 ,sassafras loam4 ,crop1 grass4 ,yield1 fair4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium ,p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m>* #aj #j-ab #be4j #ac #bh #ah #ab-bd #bc4h #g #bf #ac #bd-cf #ai4i #af #h #ae ,m>* #ad #j-ab #be4h #ba #ab #ba #ab-bd #bc4a #h #ab #ae #bd-cf #ba4h #i #ae #ba ,m>* #ca #j-ab #bc4j #aa #bc #dc #ab-bd #ba4f #h #bj #cd ,april #b #j-ab #bd4h #h #af #da #ab-bd #bd4j #f #ba #ch #bd-cf #ba4d #c #aa #be ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,soil type1 ,sassafras loam4 ,crop1 :eat4 ,yield1 good4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m>* #ag #j-ab #bb4j #h #f #aj #ab-bd #ah4a #h #ae #ad ,m>* #ag #j-ab #ah4c #aj #ae ,lo/ #ab-bd #ah4a #i #bd #be ,m>* #bd #j-ab #bd4g #ad #ab #cj #ab-bd #bb4c #h #aa #ch ,m>* #bf #j-ab #bc4d #d #af #af #ab-bd #bc4i #ab #af #bj #bd-cf #bb4d #h #c #ba ,april #b #j-ab #be4f #h #af #cj #ab-bd #bd4d #h #ag #dg #bd-cf #ba4f #h #aa #ch ,june #e #j-ab #e4b #ad #ea #bc #ab-bd #h4j #ae #ee #cb ,june #h #a-bd #aj4f #b #bj #ac ,june #aa #a-bd #ae4e #f #bf #ad ,june #ac #a-bd #h4b #f #ai #bb ,june #af #a-bd #ae4j #e #ba #ai ,june #ag #a-bd #aj4f #g #fc #ag ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,salem1 ,n4 ,j4 ,soil type1 ,sassafras loam4 ,crop1 clov]4 ,yield1 fair4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,m>* #bj #j-ab #bj4h #e #ae #cb #ab-bd #bj4b #e #ae #bg #bd-cf #ah4f #e #ab #cf ,m>* #bf #j-ab #bf4h #i #ca #bj #ab-bd #bb4i #h #bj #ah #bd-cf #bb4e #d #ad #bj ,june #f #j-ab #h4a #h #af #ag #ab-bd #ab4g #i #ah #bj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,md4 ,soil type1 ,leon>dt[n loam4 ,crop1 :eat4 ,yield1 good4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,april #bg #j-ab #ba4h #e #aj #ab #ab-bd #ba4c #d #g #aj ,april #bi #j-ab #bb4b #h #ae #eb #ab-bd #ba4h #d #aa #ch ,may #a #j-ab #bb4d #g #ad #bc #ab-bd #ba4h #g #h #cj ,may #a #j-ab #ag4j #e #af #be #ab-bd #ba4j #e #g #ai ,may #i #j-ab #ae4j #ac #cd #bh #ab-bd #ae4i #i #ag #bf ,may #ae #j-ab #ad4b #c #ad #bd #ab-bd #ai4i #d #ac #be ,augu/ #ad #j-bd #ae4j #f #aa #ac ,augu/ #ae #j-bd #ae4g #e #c #ag ,augu/ #ae #j-bd #af4d #h #ae #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,md4 ,soil type1 ,leon>dt[n loam4 ,crop1 :eat4 ,yield1 poor4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,may #ad #j-ab #ad4g #e #h #ce #ab-bd #ai4i #d #d #cj ,may #bc #j-ab #g4h #d #g #bb #ab-bd #ad4i #d #aa #bc ,augu/ #ad #j-bd #af4j #d #d #af ,augu/ #ae #j-bd #ai4e #f #d #ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,md4 ,soil type1 ,leon>dt[n loam4 ,crop1 corn4 ,yield1 good4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,may #h #j-ab #ah4b #i #ab #bi #ab-bd #ah4i #aj #g #bf ,may #ah #j-ab #ah4b #c #bd #ch #ab-bd #ah4h #f #ai #bh ,augu/ #h #j-bd #ag4e #g #cj #ah ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,locality1 ,/4 ,m>ys1 ,md4 ,soil type1 ,leon>dt[n loam4 ,crop1 corn4 ,yield1 poor4 ,p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soil ,dep? ,moi/ure ------------------------------------- ,date in*es cont5t ,phosphoric ,calcium ,potassium p] c5t4 acid 7,,po7 7,ca7 7,k7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,may #bc #j-ab #af4f #e #ab #bb #ab-bd #ag4d #f #h #bb ,augu/ #h #j-bd #ai4i #i #be #bj ,augu/ #ae #j-bd #ba4f #g #ae #ac ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,x w be obs]v$ t ! results giv5 9 ! above tables are express$ 9 p>ts p] million ( ov5-dri$ soils1 9 ord] to h "s def9ite basis ( comp>ison1 & because x 0 anticipat$ at ! "t ! inve/igation 0 made t l>g] quantities ( dissolv$ m9]als w\ld be f\nd "u ! bett] crops1 & vice v]sa4 ,an inspection ( ! results1 h[ev]1 %[s t no su* correlation c be made1 nor 9 fact c any consi/5t correlation be made betwe5 ! dissolv$ mat]ial & crop1 soil type1 wat] cont5t1 dep? ( soil or "p ( ! gr[+ season4#fb ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t 9 s f> z ! field me?od ( analyz+ an arbitr>ily prep>$ aque\s extract is compet5t1 !re is no evid5ce t !re are important *>act]i/ic diff]5ces 9 ! conc5tration ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 diff]5t soil solutions 9 ! field4 #fb ,k+1 h[ev]1 claims t ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution ) respect to m9]al plant nutri5ts1 is high] 9 ! soils ( ! nor!rn /ates ?an 9 ! soils ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic /ates4 ,see3 ,"s results ( inve/igations 9 soil managem5t1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,k+1 ,ye>book1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijc1 p4 #aei-agd4 ,bailey ,e4 ,br[n has obta9$ "s prelim9>y results :i* sugge/ t !re may be seasonal v>iations ) respect to "s ( ! dissolv$ m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,see1 ,annual ,report ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,/ate ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #aijh-i1 pp4 #ca et seq4 ,! ord] ( conc5tration ( ! soil solution c be approximat$ f ! giv5 data1 if ! assumption be made t 9 ! prep>ation ( ! aque\s extract1 soluble m9]al con/itu5ts are ( m9or importance1 o!r ?an ! con/itu5ts already dissolv$ 9 ! soil solution4 ,! calculation is v labori\s1 is n exact1 & on acc\nt ( ! assumptions made ! actual figures obta9$ are ( no especial value 9 any p>ticul> case4 ,rememb]+ ! me?od ( mak+ up ! solutions f :i* ^! results 7 obta9$1 x w\ld be suffici5tly ne> ! tru? to assume an av]age moi/ure cont5t ( #bj p] c5t41 :5 ! figures giv5 "h = ! soil approximate ^? :i* w\ld be obta9$ = ! soil solution4 ,m exact calculations h be5 made = a l>ge numb] ( su* cases1 & x has be5 f\nd f ?is me?od ( e/imation t ! av]age composition ) respect to phosphoric acid w\ld be ab\t #f-h p>ts p] million1 & = pota% ab\t #be p>ts p] million1 figures :i* agree ) ! results obta9$ = ! exam9ation ( solutions extract$ f saturat$ soils by means ( ! c5trifuge4 ,! results giv5 9 ! =ego+ tables 7 obta9$ "u great difficulties1 & 9 "s "p ! v>iations !y %[ are und\bt$ly due to inevitable inaccuracies ( analytical "w done "u su* circum/ances4 ,"s ( ! v>iations may also be due to ! di/urb+ influ5ces 9 ! soil ref]r$ to above4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! prep>ation ( an aque\s extract ( ! soil ( any p>ticul> field is by no means a simple matt]4 ,extracts made f samples tak5 )9 a few feet ( "o ano!r frequ5tly %[ v>iations ( ! same ord] z ) samples f entirely diff]5t fields1 or ev5 soil types4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! prelim9>y dry+ out ( ! sample be=e ! addition ( ! wat]1 seems to result 9 ! same ord] ( diff]5ces z obta9$ betwe5 diff]5t soils4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! facts1 & ( ! fur!r fact t an arbitr>y aque\s extract ( a soil _c be assum$ to repres5t 9 any def9ite way ! natural soil solution1 ! results ( ! field exam9ation are inconclusive z to ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution 9 situ4 ,x is m necess>y1 !re=e1 t o!r l9es ( evid5ce %\ld be s\ght z to ! m9]al *>act]i/ics & conc5tration ( ! soil solution4 ,su* a l9e ( evid5ce is f\nd 9 c]ta9 p]colation exp]im5ts4#fc #fc ,! absorption ( phosphates & potassium by soils1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,george ,h4 ,faily]1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cb1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijf4 ,if a solution ( a soluble phosphate be p]colat$ ?r\gh a soil1 a "p ( ! phosphate w be remov$ f ! solution & absorb$ by ! soil2 t is1 !re w be a r$i/ribution ( ! phosphate betwe5 ! soil & ! wat]4 ,z ! process cont9ues1 h[ev]1 relatively less & less phosphate is absorb$ by ! soil & ! conc5tration ( ! p]colate becomes m & m ne>ly t ( ! add$ solution4 ,?is absorption takes place m or less closely 9 accordance ) ! simple law t ! absorption ( phosphates by ! soil1 p] unit ( solution :i* is p]colat+1 is proportional to ! total am\nt ( phosphate :i* ! soil may yet take f t solution if p]colat$ indef9itely4 ,?is law is express$ by ! equation dy ------------ ,k7,a - y7 dx :]e y is ! am\nt absorb$1 x am\nt ( solution t has pass$1 & ,a is ! total am\nt :i* c ultimately be absorb$ by t p>ticul> soil f t p>ticul> solution4 ,k is also a *>act]i/ic con/ant4 ,if ! p]colation be ma9ta9$ at con/ant rate1 !n t1 "t1 c be sub/itut$ = x & ! equation becomes dy -------- ,k7,a - y71 dt ! ord9>y rate equation = a mono-molecul> reaction ( ! fir/ ord]1 :e!r *emical or physical4 ,) su* absorptions z are involv$ 9 soils1 a clay exposes a great] am\nt ( absorb+ surface ?an does a loam or s&1 & x w %[ ! greate/ absorption t[>ds any p>ticul> solution1 o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,! curve %[+ ! conc5tration ( p]colate w\ld lie l[] = a clay ?an = a loam1 or = a s&4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ! accompany+ sket* diagram1 :]e y repres5ts conc5tration ( p]colate & t repres5ts "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,if aft] p]colation has proce$$ = "s "t 79 "s exp]im5ts = sev]al weeks & until ! soil conta9$ #a or #b p] c5t4 ( phosphoric acid7 pure wat] be pass$ ?r\gh ! soil1 !n1 z soon z ! previ\sly us$ phosphate solution has be5 displac$1 ! conc5tration ( ! p]colate drops & cont9ues practically con/ant = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,moreov]1 no matt] :at ! soil may be z to texture or composition1 ! same conc5tration ( p]colate is obta9$1 namely1 #f-h p>ts p] million1 ! conc5tration :i* ! soils yield$ prior to treatm5t ) ! phosphate solution4 ,simil> exp]im5ts :5 ! soils 7 treat$ ) salts ( potassium h giv5 l results1 al?\gh ! curves obta9$ f pass+ pure wat] ?r\gh ! soils d n lie q s close toge!r2 b ! conc5tration ( ! p]colate ) respect to potassium g5]ally lies some:]e betwe5 #be & #cj p>ts p] million4 ,! removal ( a soluble con/itu5t f ! soil by p]colat+ wat] appe>s to be describ$ by a rate equation simil> to t giv5 above = absorption4 ,if ! rate ( p]colation be ma9ta9$ con/ant ?is =mula is dx ---------- ,k7,b - x7 dt :]e x is ! am\nt remov$ by ! p]colation1 ) "t t1 ,k is a con/ant *>act]i/ic = ! p>ticul> sy/em "u consid]ation1 & ,b is ! total am\nt ( ! con/itu5t :i* may ultimately be lea*$ out4 ,9 o!r words1 ! rate 9 any p>ticul> soil w dep5d ^u ! am\nt ( ! con/itu5t /ill absorb$ 9 t soil b has no necess>y connection ) ! rate :i* w\ld hold = ! same am\nt ( ! con/itu5t 9 any o!r soil4 ,!oretically1 two consequ5ces foll[ f ?is law :i* require consid]ation "h4 ,! rate at :i* a con/itu5t is remov$ gradually becomes less z p]colation proce$s4 ,if ! soil conta9s an am\nt ( ! con/itu5t approa*+ ! total am\nt :i* x c absorb1 z = in/ance is probably ! case sometimes :5 l>ge applications ( lime h be5 made to ! soil1 ! conc5tration ( ! p]colat+ solution might be expect$ to *ange noticeably4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 a soil conta9s n[h]e ne> z mu* phosphoric acid or potassium z x is capable ( absorb+1 s t ! conc5tration ( ! p]colat+ wat] *anges b v little ) respect to ^! con/itu5ts4 ,x foll[s f ! equation t if p]colation cont9ues un9t]rupt$1 ! conc5tration ( ! p]colate1 s f> z x is det]m9$ by an absorb$ con/itu5t1 mu/ get less & less until x becomes a vani%+ quantity4 ,?is /ate ( affairs does n exi/ 9 ! soil1 h[ev]1 = p]colation by pure wat] does n cont9ue un9t]rupt$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! rise ( ! capill>y wat] 9 ! soil w1 "u normal conditions1 enable ! soil to reabsorb m ( ! ord9>y m9]al con/itu5ts ?an is remov$ by p]colat+ wat]s4 ,fur!r att5tion w be giv5 ! matt] 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,ano!r b q diff]5t l9e ( evid5ce z to ! probable conc5tration ( ! soil solution is furni%$ by ! inve/igation ( ! solubility ( c]ta9 phosphates4#fd ,x is popul>ly suppos$ t :5 sup]phosphate conta9+ mono-calcium phosphate1 ,ca,h7,,po74,h,o1 is add$ to a soil !re is a m or less p]man5t increase ( readily soluble phosphoric acid 9 ! soil1 al?\gh a "p 8inv]ts0 to ! some:at less soluble dicalcium phosphate1 ,ca,h7,,po7#b;,h,o4 ,su* probably is f> f a correct view ( :at actually takes place4 ,! results obta9$ by /udy+ ! solubility ( ! diff]5t lime phosphates 9 wat] at ord9>y temp]ature 7#be ,c47 c be express$ 9 a diagram simil> to ! accompany+ sket*1 :i* is mu* di/ort$ = conv5i5ce 9 lett]+4 ,z ! diagram indicates1 :5 ! conc5tration ( ! solution increases ) respect to phosphoric acid1 ! lime is at fir/ less & less soluble until ! po9t repres5t$ by ,b is rea*$1 !n becomes m & m soluble until ! po9t ,d is rea*$1 f !n on becom+ less & less soluble1 until ! solution rea*es a syrupy consi/5cy4 ,9 contact ) all solutions repres5t$ by po9ts on ! l9e ,,de ! /able solid sub/ance :i* c exi/ is mono-calcium phosphate1 ,ca,h7,,po74,h,o4 ,along ! l9e ,,cd ! only solid :i* is /able & c cont9ue to p]si/ is ! dicalcium phosphate4 ,f ! po9t ,c ! composition ( ! /able solid v>ies cont9u\sly ) ! conc5tration ( ! liquid solution4 ,!re=e1 ^! solids =m a s]ies v>y+ 9 composition f pure dicalcium phosphate to pure calcium hydroxide4 ,"o ( ^! basic phosphates1 z !y w\ld ord9>ily be call$1 has a less solubility ?an any o!r1 z indicat$ by ! po9t ,b4 ,all solutions to ! "r ( ! po9t ,b h an acid reaction1 :ile all solutions to ! left possess an alkal9e reaction4 ,x foll[s f ^! facts t if we />t ) any lime phosphate correspond+ to "s po9t to ! "r ( ,b & dilute x1 or :at am\nts to ! same ?+ 9 case x has be5 add$ to ! soil1 if we lea* x1 phosphoric acid w g into solution m rapidly ?an w lime until ! composition ( ! residue is t ( ! basic phosphate /able at ,b4 ,simil>ly1 if we />t ) a phosphate m basic1 lime w be remov$ m rapidly ?an phosphoric acid1 until ! residue has ! composition ( ! phosphate ( l[e/ solubility4 ,f ?is po9t1 ) cont9u$ lea*+1 ! lime & phosphoric acid w dissolve 9 a def9ite ratio1 :i* ratio is obvi\sly t ( ! phosphate ( lea/ solubility4 ,t is to say1 if ! lea*+ process is sl[1 z w\ld be ! case "u soil conditions1 ! solution w\ld h a p]fectly def9ite conc5tration ) respect to lime & phosphoric acid4 ,:at ! ratio ( lime to phosphoric acid may be1 is ( no p>ticul> int]e/ 9 ?is connection1 b ! ord] ( conc5tration ( phosphoric acid is ( int]e/4 ,ow+ to s]i\s analytical difficulties1 ?is has n yet be5 det]m9$ ) any great precision1 b by int]polat+ on ! exp]im5tally det]m9$ curve ,,ac1 ?is conc5tration is f\nd to be some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( #e-aj p>ts p] million1 figures close to ^? obta9$ = ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution ) respect to phosphoric acid by ! previ\sly describ$ inve/igations4 #fd ,= ref]5ce to ! lit]ature & detail$ discussion see3 ,! action ( wat] & aque\s solutions ^u soil phosphates1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on & ,j4 ,m4 ,bell1 ,bull4 ,no4 #da1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijg4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances1 h[ev]1 x is n probable t lime is ! dom9ant base controll+ ! conc5tration ( phosphoric acid 9 ! soil solution1 s9ce ! great majority ( agricultural soils conta9 va/ly m f]ric oxide 7m or less hydrat$7 ?an is equival5t to any am\nt ( phosphoric acid t w ev] be br\ght into ! soil2 & f]ric phosphates are less soluble relatively ?an lime phosphates4 ,inve/igation ( ! relation ( f]ric oxide to solutions ( phosphoric acid %[s t ! sy/em is q simil> 9 _m respects to ! basic lime phosphates & wat] j describ$4 ,:5 ! ratio ( iron to phosphoric acid 9 ! solid is great] ?an t requir$ by ! =mula ( ! normal phosphate1 ,fe,p,o1 ! aque\s solution w h an acid reaction & conta9 a m]e trace ( iron & an am\nt ( phosphoric acid det]m9$ly ! composition ( ! solid & by ! proportion ( solid to wat]4 ,! basic f]ric phosphates seem to be solid solutions :i* yield a v dilute aque\s solution :5 br\ght into contact ) wat]4 ,:at ! conc5tration w be "u soil conditions is %[n by ! p]colation exp]im5ts cit$ above4 ,! addition ( o!r sub/ances w 9 _m cases affect m or less ! solubility ( ! soil m9]als4 ,if ^! sub/ances be electrolytes1 !y w g5]ally1 b n always1 affect ! solubility ( ! m9]als z w\ld be anticipat$ f ! hypo!sis ( electrolytic dissociation4 ,?us1 ! addition ( potassium sulphate less5s ! solubility & hydrolysis ( a pota% feldsp> or a pota% mica4 ,contr>y1 h[ev]1 to ! indications ( ! hypo!sis1 sodium nitrate decreases ! solubility ( a f]ric phosphate4 ,:ile appreciable solubility effects take place ) suffici5tly high conc5trations1 laboratory exp]im5ts indicate t ! addition ( su* sub/ances1 ev5 9 a lib]al application ( f]tiliz]s1 is n suffici5t to produce any great effect on ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution4 ,simil>ly1 x has (t5 be5 suppos$ t ! ammonia1 & nitr\s & nitric oxides ( ! atmosph]e c>ri$ into ! soil by ra91 or =m$ 9 ! soil by bact]ial action1 affect ! solubility ( ! soil m9]als1 b x is highly improbable t ! conc5tration ) respect to ^! ag5ts ev] becomes suffici5tly high1 z laboratory inve/igations %[ to be necess>y to affect appreciably ! solubility ( ! ord9>y rock- or soil-=m+ m9]als4 ,ra9 br+s f ! atmosph]e into ! soil two ag5ts1 h[ev]1 :i* d m>k$ly affect ! solubility ( ! soil m9]als1 namely1 oxyg5 & c>bon dioxide4 ,! atmosph]e )9 ! soil conta9s normally a some:at small] proportion ( oxyg5 ?an does ! air above ! soil4 ,ra9 9 fall+ ?r\gh ! air absorbs or dissolves relatively m oxyg5 ?an nitrog54 ,!re=e :5 ! ra9 wat] has p5etrat$ ! soil to any consid]able dep? !re %\ld be1 & probably is1 a lib]ation ( dissolv$ oxyg5 into ! atmosph]e ( ! soil int]/ices4 ,?is dissolv$ oxyg5 9 becom+ lib]at$ or :5 dissolv$ 9 ! film wat] appe>s to be especially active t[>ds ! f]r\s or f]ro-magnesian silicates4 ,^! m9]als are1 moreov]1 z a class probably ! mo/ soluble ( ! rock-=m+ silicates4 ,consequ5tly oxyg5 br\ght into ! soil 9 ?is mann] is "o ( ! mo/ important ag5cies 9 break+ d[n & decompos+ su* m9]als z ! amphiboles1 pyrox5es1 *lorites1 c]ta9 s]p5t9es1 phlogopites & biotites2 at ! same "t !re is =m$ f]ric oxide 7m or less hydrat$7 & silica 7probably z qu>tz7 & magnesium1 potassium1 calcium or sodium pass into solution1 probably z bic>bonates4 ,t ! conc5tration ( ! soil moi/ure may ?us be made tempor>ily abnormal is n impossible1 ?\gh sc>cely probable4 ,! soil atmosph]e has normally a decid$ly high] cont5t ( c>bon dioxide ?an ! atmosph]e above ! soil4 ,consequ5tly ! soil wat] is always m or less 8*>g$0 ) c>bon dioxide1 & ! pres5ce ( ! c>bon dioxide decid$ly augm5ts ! solv5t p[]s ( ! wat] t[>ds a great _m & diff]5t k9ds ( rock-=m+ or soil m9]als4#fe #fe ,= ref]5ces to ! lit]ature see ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture2 also1 ,! action ( c>bon dioxide "u pressure ^u a few metal hydroxides at #j ,c41 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on & ,w4 ,o4 ,rob9son1 ,j\r4 phys4 *em41 #ab1 #efa-egc1 7#aijh72 ,! influ5ce ( colloids & f9e susp5sions on ! solubility ( gases 9 wat]1 ,"p ,i4 ,solubility ( c>bon dioxide & nitr\s oxide1 by ,alex&] ,f9dlay & ,h5ry ,j]ma9 ,maude ,creighton1 ,trans4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #ig1 #ecf-efa1 7#aiaj74 ,:at ! me*anism ( ! reaction may be is f> f cle>4 ,! obvi\s explanation1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( ! ord9>y silicates ( ! alkalis or alkal9e e>?s1 is t by =m+ bic>bonates ( ! hydrolyz$ bases1 ! active mass ( ! reaction product ) wat] is decreas$ & hydrolysis !reby increas$4 ,b ?is explanation is app>5tly insuffici5t to acc\nt = ! effects sometimes obs]v$4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! passage ( c>bon dioxide ?r\gh solutions ( ! silicates1 w produce m or less sl[ly a precipitation ( silica1 & !re seems little reason to d\bt t x does induce to "s degree a decomposition & consequ5t great] solubility ( ! silicates ( ! alkalis & alkal9e e>?s4 ,x also increases to an appreciable ext5t ! solubility ( ! phosphates ( iron1 alum9a1 & lime4 ,!re=e1 ! v>iation 9 ! cont5t ( c>bon dioxide 9 diff]5t soils1 & its cont9ual v>iation f "t to "t 9 any "o soil1 mu/ be expect$ to produce correspond+ *anges 9 ! soil solution ) respect to su* bases z potassium & lime1 & also ) respect to phosphoric acid4 ,?is has be5 v]ifi$ exp]im5tally ) aque\s extracts ( soils1 ! solutions be+ *>g$ ) c>bon dioxide :ile 9 contact ) ! soils4#ff ,x is n conceivable1 h[ev]1 t any great diff]5ce c exi/ 9 ! p>tial pressures ( c>bon dioxide 9 diff]5t soils :i* are 9 a condition to support crops1 & !re=e great absolute diff]5ces 9 ! m9]al cont5t ( ! soil solution are n to be anticipat$1 nor are !y actually obs]v$4 #ff ,see1 = in/ance1 ! results obta9$ by ,pet]1 ,proce$+s ( ! #ai? ,annual ,conv5tion ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,agricultural ,colleges & ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,bull4 ,no4 #afd1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijf1 p4 #aea et seq4 ,x has long be5 held t ! organic sub/ances 9 ! soil h an important solv5t effect on ! m9]als4 ,?is assumption seems q unw>rant$ 9 ! light ( our pres5t k1 al?\gh x is n to be d5i$ t occasionally !re may be pres5t 9 ! soil "s soluble organic sub/ance :i* influ5ces ! m9]al cont5t4 ,g5]ally x has be5 assum$ t ! effective organic sub/ances influ5c+ ! solubility ( ! m9]als are organic acids1 ( :i* a numb] h f\nd _! way into pa/ & ev5 curr5t lit]ature1 & :i* h be5 designat$ z humic1 ulmic1 cr5ic1 apocr5ic1 azohumic acids1 etc4 ,_! exi/5ce has be5 pr$icat$ ^u two facts3 ,fir/1 humus is soluble 9 alkal9e solutions b is m or less completely reprecipitat$ on ! addition ( an excess ( a /rong m9]al acid1 a ph5om5on also *>act]i/ic ( _m organic acids4 ,b _m o!r organic sub/ances ?an acids are also soluble 9 ! pres5ce ( alkalis & insoluble 9 ! pres5ce ( an excess ( /rong m9]al acids4 ,second1 organic-copp] complexes h be5 obta9$ f humus con/itu5ts1 & suppos$ to be copp] salts ( v>i\s humus acids4 ,! descriptions ( ^! complexes s f> giv5 d n %[ t !y met ! usual crit]ia = def9ite comp\nds1 b indicate on ! contr>y t !y 7 ! results ( absorption or possibly adsorption ph5om5a4 ,consequ5tly ! exi/5ce ( 8humic0 acids is purely hypo!tical & )\t exp]im5tal or o!r sci5tific v]ification1 & calls = no fur!r consid]ation "h4 ,x is a widespread & popul> notion t sub/ances ) a slight solubility also dissolve sl[ly1 & t consequ5tly ! solubility ( ! m9]als 9 ! soil wat] mu/ necess>ily be a v sl[ process4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 a misappreh5sion4 ,x has be5 %[n ) a numb] ( ! common rock-=m+ m9]als1 t if !y be p[d]$ & !n /irr$ into a relatively small volume ( wat]1 !y dissolve v rapidly at fir/1 & 9 a v %ort "t1 g5]ally a few m9utes1 ! solution is ne>ly saturat$ ) respect to ! m9]al4 ,complete saturation1 h[ev]1 may require _m days4 ,! g5]al %ape ( curve express+ ! rate ( solubility is %[n 9 ! accompany+ figure4#fg ,= soils1 ?is fact has be5 v]ifi$ repeat$ly1 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a cell fitt$ ) p>allel electrodes is plac$ 9 circuit ) a slide-wire#fh or ,:eat/one bridge 9 su* a mann] t ! resi/ance ( ! cell cont5ts c be quickly det]m9$4 ,di/ill$ wat] is !n plac$ 9 ! cell & its resi/ance f\nd4 ,g5]ally ?is w be upw>ds ( #ajj1jjj ohms4 ,! soil or rock p[d] "u exam9ation is !n add$ to ! cell1 be+ rapidly /irr$ into ! wat] conta9$ !re94 ,! resi/ance drops to ab\t #e1jjj ohms )9 a %ort space ( "t1 usually ?ree or f\r m9utes4 ,a fur!r slight drop 9 ! resi/ance g5]ally takes place1 b x requires days1 & sometimes ev5 mon?s to become m ?an b>ely appreciable4 ,9 ?is mann] x has be5 %[n t ! soil & _m ( ! common soil m9]als dissolve q rapidly if !y are suffici5tly f9e to (f] a l>ge surface to ! action ( ! wat]4 ,x w\ld seem to foll[1 !re=e1 t 9 ! case ( ! soil solution ! conc5tration ) respect to ^! con/itu5ts d]iv$ f ! soil m9]als1 w be rapidly re/or$ :5ev] di/urb$ ?r\gh absorption by plants1 lea*+1 or o!rwise4 #fg ,see1 = example1 ,umw&lung des ,feldsp>s 9 ,s]icit 7,kaliglimm]7 von ,c>l ,b5$ick1 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,in/4 ,upsala1 #g1 #bgh-bhf1 7#aijd74 #fh ,see ,electrical in/rum5ts = det]m9+ ! moi/ure1 temp]ature & soluble salt cont5t ( soils1 by ,l4 ,j4 ,briggs1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ae1 & ! electric bridge = ! det]m9ation ( soluble salts 9 soils1 by ,r4 ,o4 ,e4 ,davis & ,h4 ,bryan1 ,bull4 ,no4 #fa1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,t ! m9]als ( ! soil1 or a p[d]$ m9]al or rock-p[d]1 w dissolve cont9ually z ! conc5tration ( ! solution 9 contact ) x is di/urb$ by ab/raction ( a dissolv$ m9]al sub/ance1 has be5 %[n by num]\s exp]im5t]s4 ,an app>5tly obvi\s way to te/ ?is po9t w\ld be to treat ! soil sample ) successive portions ( wat]1 & to analyze ! successive portions = ! dissolv$ m9]al sub/ances4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 involves s]i\s exp]im5tal difficulties1 ow+ to ! small] siz$ m9]al p>ticles be+ susp5d$ 9 ! "m liquor1 ?us preclud+ satisfactory decantation & clogg+ filt]s4 ,moreov]1 su* a process 9 no case simulates field conditions4 ,to meet ^! difficulties1 ! soil or m9]al p[d] has be5 plac$ betwe5 two por\s m$ia1 z 9 ! space betwe5 two conc5tric cyl9d]s ( unglaz$ porcela91 ! space be+ clos$ by a rubb] /opp]4 ,to ! int]ior cyl9d] is fitt$ a /opp] c>ry+ a tube ( insoluble metal1 su* z plat9um or t94 ,?is tube is b5t into a goose-neck =m1 & j bel[ ! /opp] ! tube is p]=at$ ) a small op5+4 ,! :ole app>atus is fill$ ) wat] & set 9 a beak]1 also fill$ ) wat]4 ,! metal tube is made ! ca?ode 9 an electric circuit1 a plat9um or o!r suitable anode be+ introduc$ into ! beak]4 ,9 a few m9utes ! dissolv$ & hydrolyz$ bases pass into ! ca?ode *amb]1 & z ! wat] also accumulates 9 ! *amb] by electrolytic endosmosis1 a solution ( ! bases dissolv$ f ! soil m9]als drops f ! end ( ! metal goose-neck4 ,by add+ wat] to ! out] beak] f "t to "t1 a /eady /ream ( alkal9e solution has be5 obta9$ = mon?s1 & 9 no case yet has a soil ?us treat$ fail$ to cont9ue to yield up ! bases x conta9s 9 its m9]al p>ticles4 ,! acids1 su* z phosphoric acid = example1 are ( c\rse f\nd 9 ! wat] outside ! por\s cells1 & 9 ! case ( ! phosphoric acid x also appe>s to cont9ue indef9itely to be )drawn f ! soil4#fi ,x ?us appe>s t z ! products ( solution & hydrolysis are remov$1 by su* an endosmotic device z t j describ$ or by ! roots ( gr[+ plants1 by lea*+ or o!rwise1 ! soil m9]als w cont9ue to dissolve4 #fi ,= detail$ description ( ! app>atus & exp]im5tal data1 see ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 p4 #bg1 et seq41 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,! =ego+ argum5ts z to ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution ) respect to ^? con/itu5ts d]iv$ f ! soil m9]als1 are bas$ on ! g5]ally recogniz$ pr9ciple t a mat]ial sy/em left to itself t5ds t[>ds a condition ( /able equilibrium or f9al re/1 t is1 a condition :]e su* *anges z are tak+ place are s balanc$ t no *ange occurs 9 ! sy/em z a :ole4 ,b ! soil is a sy/em cont9ually subject to outside =ces & influ5ces1 & z po9t$ out above1 is ( necessity a dynamic sy/em4 ,x is d\btful 9 ! extreme if any soil 9 place is ev] 9 a /ate ( f9al /able equilibrium4 ,x w\ld be natural1 !re=e1 to expect & to f9d t ev5 if ! solution 9 ! soil 7 dep5d5t on ! solubility ( ! soil m9]als alone & 7 cont9ually t5d+ t[>ds a def9ite normal conc5tration1 actually ?is conc5tration w\ld seldom if ev] be realiz$4 ,mo/ important 9 ?is connection is ! fact t ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution is always dep5d5t 9 "s degree ^u ! conc5tration ( ! soluble con/itu5ts 9 ! solid phases 9 o!r ?an def9ite *emical comb9ations4 ,o!r factors affect+ ! conc5tration ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil solution are always exi/5t1 & !oretically at lea/1 c n be ignor$4 ,nev]!less a priori reason+ z well z ! exp]im5tal evid5ce at h& indicates t ! v>i\s processes tak+ place 9 ! soil z a :ole cont9ually t5d to =m & ma9ta9 a normal conc5tration ( m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil solution4 ,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,absorption ,,by ,,soils4 ,a prop]ty ( soils1 affect+ pr(\ndly ! composition & conc5tration ( ! soil solution1 is absorption4#gj ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t soils are good absorb]s = vapors1 & ?is fact f9ds practical expression 9 ! common practice ( bury+ ?+s ) a disagreeable odor1 su* z animal c>casses1 night-soil1 etc4 ,x is also well-kn[n t dissolv$ z well z susp5d$ mat]ial c be m or less completely remov$ f wat] by pass+ x ?r\gh s& or soil1 & ?is fact f9ds important application 9 wat] supplies = cities & t[ns1 sewage disposal1 etc4 ,x 0 kn[n z long ago z ,ari/otle's "t t ord9>y salt is p>tly remov$ f wat] by pass+ ?r\gh s& or soil4 ,9 rec5t times ! practical z well z !oretical importance ( ?is ph5om5on has l$ to consid]able /udy & exp]im5tal rese>*1 s t our k ( absorption effects is n[ fairly ext5sive1 ?\gh x c h>dly be claim$ t x is satisfactory4 ,! absorption ( a dissolv$ sub/ance f solution by a soil may be "o or m ( at lea/ ?ree k9ds ( ph5om5a4 ,x may be a me*anical inclusion or trapp+1 di/+ui%$ by ! t]m imbibition1 ! mo/ famili> & /rik+ case be+ ! absorption ( wat] itself by soil or sponge or simil> m$ium4 ,x may be a p>tial tak+ up ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance to =m a new comp\nd or a solid solution1#ga z probably is ! absorption ( phosphoric acid by lime or f]ric oxide4 ,or x may be a cond5sation or conc5tration ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance on or ab\t ! surface ( ! absorb+ m$ium1 a ph5om5on kn[n z adsorption4 ,to prove ! exi/5ce ( adsorption def9itely & conclusively 9 any giv5 case is always difficult1 if ev] possible1 b ! exi/5ce ( ?is ph5om5on is ! mo/ logical explanation ( _m obs]vations1 & is g5]ally admitt$ by *emi/s & physici/s at ! pres5t "t4#gb ,x is by adsorption1 probably1 t pota% & ammonia are held by ! soil :5 add$ 9 f]tiliz]s4 #gj ,= a detail$ discussion & citations ( ! lit]ature1 see3 ,absorption ( vapors & gases by soils1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,patt5 & ,f4 ,e4 ,gallagh]1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ea2 & ,absorption by soils1 by ,h4 ,e4 ,patt5 & ,w4 ,h4 ,waggaman1 ,bull4 ,no4 #eb1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijh4 #ga ,t is1 a homog5e\s solid1 :i* may be ei!r cry/all9e or amorph\s4 ,probably ! readie/ crit]ion = di/+ui%+ betwe5 a def9ite comp\nd & a solid solution1 is t ! =m] is /able 9 contact ) a liquid solution ( its con/itu5ts ov] a measurable range ( conc5trations1 :ile ! composition ( ! solid solution *anges ) e *ange 9 ! conc5tration ( ! liquid solution 9 contact ) x4 #gb ,a cle> & app>5tly indisputable case ( adsorption has be5 not$ by ,patt5 7,"s surface factors affect+ di/ribution1 ,trans4 ,am4 ,electro*em4 ,soc41 #aj1 #fg-gd1 7#aijf74 ,on add+ p[d]$ qu>tz to an aque\s solution ( g5tian violet1 !re is a di/ribution ( ! dye betwe5 ! wat] & ! qu>tz4 ,a microscopic exam9ation ( ! latt] %[$ t ! dye 0 conc5trat$ 9 ?9 lay]s ^u ! surface ( ! qu>tz gra9s1 f :i* x c\ld be wa%$ ) wat]1 no *ange 9 ! qu>tz gra9s be+ noticeable4 ,t absorption is dep5d5t 9 "s mann] ^u ! solubility ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance 9 ! p>ticul> solv5t employ$ w\ld seem to be obvi\s4 ,b :at ! relation may be1 if x exi/s at all1 is n kn[n4 ,= in/ance1 silk absorbs picric acid f solutions 9 wat] & alcohol b n f solutions 9 b5z5e1 al?\gh ! solubility ( picric acid 9 b5z5e lies betwe5 its solubility 9 wat] & 9 alcohol4#gc #gc ,absorption ( dilute acids by silk1 by ,james ,walk] & ,james ,r4 ,appley>d1 ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #fi1 #accd-acdi1 7#ahif74 ,! absorption ( any giv5 dissolv$ sub/ance f diff]5t solv5ts is m>k$ly diff]5t4 ,mo/ soils absorb me?yl5e blue f aque\s solutions ) great avidity1 b wa%+ out ! absorb$ dye ) wat] is an extremely t$i\s & unsatisfactory process1 al?\gh ! dye c be readily & m or less completely remov$ f ! soil by alcohol4 ,z might be anticipat$ f ?is1 x is kn[n t ! pres5ce ( "o dissolv$ sub/ance affects ! absorption ( ano!r1 b 9 :at way c n1 g5]ally1 be anticipat$1 al?\gh x w\ld seem t ! importance ( ?is subject = manurial practice w\ld invite fur!r rese>*4 ,f ! same solution1 diff]5t absorb5ts remove a dissolv$ sub/ance 9 diff]5t degrees4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 pap] absorbs dyes m readily ?an d soils1 :ile soils absorb bases m readily ?an does pap]4 ,h5ce ! r$d5+ ( litmus pap] :5 9 contact ) a moi/ soil4 ,heavy soils or soils conta9+ mu* hydrat$ f]ric oxide absorb bases m readily ?an d light soils1 b ?is is probably ow+ to relative am\nts ( surface expos$1 = ! same relation holds true ) respect to phosphoric acid4 ,soils ri* 9 humus are bett] absorb]s ?an soils n s ri*4 ,b "h aga9 !re is yet d\bt z to :e!r ! explanation lies 9 ! am\nt or 9 ! k9d ( surface act+4 ,f ! same solv5t diff]5t dissolv$ sub/ances are absorb$ q diff]5tly by any giv5 absorb5t4 ,?is c be readily illu/rat$ aga9 by dyes4 ,if an aque\s solution ( a mixture ( me?yl5e blue & sodium eos9e1 = in/ance1 be %ak5 up ) a soil1 or p]colat$ ?r\gh a column ( soil1 ! me?yl5e blue is absorb$ ! m quickly & completely & a p>tial sep>ation ( ! two dyes c be readily effect$1 ! sep>ation be+ m or less complete accord+ to ! conditions ( ! exp]im5t4 ,9 ! same mann] two salts 9 solution c be sep>at$ p>tially at lea/4#gd ,soils absorb potassium m readily ?an sodium2 magnesium m readily ?an lime2 & ammonia m readily ?an any ( ^! bases4#ge #gd ,= a numb] ( int]e/+ examples1 see1 ,ueb] das ,auf/eig5 von ,salzlsung5 9 ,filtrirpapi]1 von ,emil ,fis*] und ,edw>d ,s*midm]1 ,liebig's ,annal5 d] ,*emie1 #bgb1 #aef-afi1 7#ahic74 #ge ,! prompt absorption ( a base by soils is %[n by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,to "s fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat] add sev]al drops ( alcoholic ph5olph?ale91 & !n j en\gh base to produce a decid$ r$ color4 ,if ! solution be n[ pass$ ?r\gh a %ort column ( soil1 cotton1 %r$d$ filt]-pap] or simil> absorb5t1 ! p]colate w be p]fectly colorless4 ,! r$ color w be re/or$1 h[ev]1 by add+ a little ( ! base to ! p]colate4 ,! absorption f aque\s solutions ( inorganic salts involves a mo/ int]e/+ complication4 ,j z a mixture ( two or m dyes or salts 9 solution c be sep>at$ by ! selective action ( an absorb5t1 s c an electrolyte itself be decompos$ or resolv$4 ,?us1 if a solution ( potassium *loride be pass$ ?r\gh a column ( soil1 or cotton1 or pap]1 or any simil> absorb5t1 ! filtrate w n only be less conc5trat$ ?an ! orig9al solution1 b ! potassium w be f\nd to h be5 absorb$ to a great] ext5t ?an ! *lor9e1 t is1 ! p]colate conta9s free hydro*loric acid4 ,! importance ( ?is ph5om5on = ! cons]vation ( ! desirable con/itu5ts ( manurial salts1 & ! elim9ation or lea*+ out ( ! less desirable con/itu5ts is obvi\sly great4 ,equally great p]haps1 is ! effect ^u ! reaction ( ! soil1 :e!r x be r5d]$ tempor>ily alkal9e or acid1 an effect ( ! v greate/ importance = ! gr[? ( "s ( our common crop plants#gf & = ! l[] soil organisms1 su* z ! bact]ia1 molds1 toge!r ) f]m5ts1 enzymes1 etc41 _m ( :i* are v s5sitive to ! reaction ( ! m$ia 9 :i* !y may be1 & :i* 9 turn are ( und\bt$ importance 9 det]m9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil = high] plants4 #gf ,see1 ,! toxic action ( acids & salts on se$l+s1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on & ,j4 ,f4 ,breazeale1 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #h1 #a-ac1 7#aijd74 ,x is q conceivable1 = in/ance1 t if ! dra9age conditions 7 n exceptionally good "u a heavy type ( soil1 x might be r5d]$ tempor>ily unfit = clov] or alfalfa by a heavy application ( potassium salts or ( sodium nitrate4 ,! idea put =w>d by "s au?orities t too long cont9u$ or ov] f]tiliz+ r5d]s soils acid1 may h bett] f\ndation ?an _! !oretical reason+ w\ld seem to w>rant4 ,! absorption ( a dissolv$ sub/ance f solution by an absorb5t is 9 effect a di/ribution ph5om5on & ! simple/ =mula to give quantitative expression to su* a di/ribution is ,c_/,c ,k :5 ,c is ! conc5tration 9 ! liquid phase & ,c ! conc5tration 9 ! solid phase1 ,k be+ a *>act]i/ic con/ant = ! p>ticul> case "u consid]ation4 ,:5 a *emical reaction or a *ange ( /ate1 *emical or physical1 is involv$ 9 ! absorption 9 ei!r dissolv$ sub/ance or absorb5t ! =mula becomes ,c_/,c ,k :5 n is a function :i* may be v simple or v complex4 ,attempts to develop a precise =mula ( ?is g5]al type = ! absorption by "s giv5 soil1 al?\gh su* a =mula w\ld be desirable = !oretical & practical reasons alike1 h uni=mly fail$4 ,a suffici5t reason = ?is failure seems to lie 9 ! fact t mo/ dissolv$ sub/ances produce an appreciable effect on ! granulation or flocculation ( ! soil p>ticles1 :i* is progressive ) ! absorption s t a cont9ual *ange ( absorb+ or effective surface is tak+ place z ! absorption proce$s4#gg ,moreov]1 9 ! case ( an absorption1 ) ! =mation ( a cont9u\s film ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance1 a new k9d ( absorb+ surface is develop$4 ,h5ce n is a function ( s difficult a "* z to defy ?us f> any attempt at =mulation4#gh #gg ,t m9]al f]tiliz]s h a decid$ influ5ce on ! granulation ( soils & ! prop]ties dep5d5t !reon1 & t ?is is ( practical importance1 is gradually com+ to be recogniz$2 see1 = in/ance1 ,e9 ,beitrag zur ,k5ntnis d] ,wirkung kn/li*] ,dng] auf die ,dur*lssigkeit des ,bod5s fr ,wass]1 von ,edw9 ,blanck1 ,l&w4 ,jahrb41 #ch1 #hfc-hfi1 7#aiji71 & ! lit]ature !re cit$4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,o4 ,e4 ,davis 9 a yet unpubli%$ inve/igation has %[n t ! addition ( soluble salts produces decid$ effects ^u ! soil-moi/ure relations :i* affect crop production4 ,! critical moi/ure cont5t is displac$1 ! p5etrability1 p]meability1 specific volume1 vapor t5sion1 etc41 are affect$ 9 measurable degree1 & x appe>s t ! physical functions ( m9]al f]tiliz]s are mu* great] 9 am\nt & importance ?an has be5 popul>ly assum$4 #gh ,! di/ribution ( solute betwe5 wat] & soil1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on & ,h4 ,e4 ,patt51 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #aa1 #eha-eic1 7#aijg74 ,we _c !re=e pr$ict 9 any quantitative way :at w be ! di/ribution ( a soluble sub/ance su* z salts 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! solid soil p>ticles & ! soil solution4 ,empirical exp]im5ts %[1 h[ev]1 t ) ! am\nt ( a soluble salt pres5t "u normal conditions 9 a humid climate1 or z us$ 9 f]tiliz] practice1 ! absorption ( ammonia1 lime1 potassium or phosphoric acid is relatively v great1 & 9 a g5]al way 9 ab\t ! ord] nam$4 ,absorption is n an in/antane\s process4 ,h[ev]1 ! rate at :i* a dissolv$ sub/ance is absorb$ is g5]ally q rapid4 ,t is1 if a soil be /irr$ or mix$ ) an aque\s solution1 ! absorption takes place v quickly1 9 ! abs5ce ( any outside di/urb+ influ5ces4 ,! law gov]n+ ! rate ( absorption by soils has n !re=e possess$ any great practical int]e/ & has n be5 /udi$ f a quantitative po9t ( view1 al?\gh x is kn[n qualitatively t ! rate is increas$ by increas+ ! conc5tration ( ! solution1 or by increas+ ! am\nt ( ! absorb5t or at lea/ its effective surface4 ,two rate equations are ( int]e/ 9 ?is connection1 & h be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,! rate at :i* a salt or o!r dissolv$ sub/ance w advance into an absorb+ soil f a solution is giv5 by ! same equation z t describ+ ! rate ( advance ( ! wat] itself1 y kt :]e y is ! di/ance & t ! "t4#gi ,! con/ants n & k = ! sl[] mov+ dissolv$ sub/ance are diff]5t f ^? = ! wat]4 ,?is equation has probably little importance = ord9>y agriculture1 = absorption by ! soil f a l>ge 7& relatively illimitable7 mass ( solution is unusual4 ,t x may h consid]able importance 9 seepage1 irrigation1 & "s soil eng9e]+ problems1 seems q likely4 ,! rate at :i* a soil w absorb a dissolv$ sub/ance f a p]colat+ solution is giv5 by ! equation dx ---------- ,k7,a - x71 dt z has be5 po9t$ out above4#hj ,m int]e/+ & important1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t ?is same equation describes ! rate at :i* an absorb$ sub/ance is remov$ f ! soil by lea*+4 ,9 ! case ( soils 9 humid areas dx_/dt rapidly becomes exce$+ly small z x approa*es ,a1 t is1 :5 ! am\nt ( soluble mat]ial 9 ! soil becomes small1 & is practically con/ant "u su* conditions1 z has be5 po9t$ out above :5 describ+ ! removal ( potassium & phosphoric acid f soils by p]colat+ wat]s4 ,?is =mula has a special int]e/ 9 consid]+ ! reclamation ( alkali l&s by und]dra9age1 a problem to :i* ref]5ce w be made lat]4 #gi ,see =mula1 page #bh4 #hj ,see =mula1 page #dg4 ,bo? p]colation exp]im5ts1 z ^? cit$ above1 & direct absorption exp]im5ts made by %ak+ up soils ) solutions ( ! salts 9 "q1 %[ conclusively t ! absorption ph5om5a tak+ place 9 ! soil are 9 h>mony ) ! direct solubility effects 9 t5d+ to produce & ma9ta9 a solution ( a normal conc5tration z reg>ds ^? con/itu5ts :i* x happ5s are also d]iv$ f ! soil m9]als4#ha ,x is an int]e/+ co9cid5ce t nitric acid 79 comb9ation ) v>i\s bases ( c\rse7 is v little absorb$ by mo/ soils1 & does v>y 9 conc5tration1 n only 9 diff]5t soils b 9 ! same soil1 betwe5 wide limits1 & )9 %ort int]vals ( "t4#hb ,! nitrates ( ! soil are n d]iv$ f m9]als1 & %\ld m prop]ly be consid]$ ) ! organic con/itu5ts ( ! soil solution4 #ha ,an extreme case is wor? cit+ 9 ?is connection4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,heileman 9 /udy+ ! influ5ce ( v>i\s k9ds ( alkali ^u plant gr[?1 add$ f #c-d p] c5t4 ( sodium c>bonate to soils kn[n to be o!rwise free f alkali4 ,:eat se$l+s gr[n 9 ! soils s treat$ %[$ no ill effects f ! add$ salt4 ,:5 di/ill$ wat] 0 p]colat$ sl[ly ?r\gh ! soils1 or %ak5 up ) !m1 ! result+ solution conta9$ ! m]e/ traces ( ! alkali4 ,! ord9>y me?od ( det]m9+ ! lime requirem5t ( a soil by add+ lime wat] until ! solution %[s an alkal9e reaction1 is ano!r obvi\s absorption ph5om5on1 & is n dep5d5t1 z popul>ly suppos$1 ^u ! pres5ce ( acids 9 ! soil4 ,soils :i* by no possibility c\ld conta9 any free acid1 frequ5tly absorb v l>ge am\nts ( lime 9 ?is mann]4 #hb ,usually1 9 ! gr[+ season1 ! soil solution has a mu* high] conc5tration ) respect to nitrates 9 ! morn+ ?an x has 9 ! ev5+4 ,an important application ( ^! views conc]n+ absorption arises 9 connection ) c]ta9 widespread notions conc]n+ soil acidity4 ,!re is a popul> belief t mo/ soils are acid1 t ! soil solution conta9s "s free acid1 m9]al or organic1 o!r ?an dissolv$ c>bon dioxide1 & t a neutral or alkal9e solution is necess>y to ! successful production ( mo/ ( our crops4 ,?is belief is1 h[ev]1 unw>rant$1 = ! va/ majority ( soils yield an aque\s extract :i* is alkal9e :5 boil$ to expel c>bon dioxide1 & "s ( our crops1 = in/ance :eat1 seem to ?rive bett] 9 a slightly acid m$ium4 ,?is popul> fallacy seems to h its orig9 9 ! fact t mo/ soils :5 moi/5$ & press$ aga9/ blue litmus pap]1 r$d5 x4 ,?is r$d5+ may sometimes be due to ! actual pres5ce ( "s acid1 or to dissolv$ c>bon dioxide1 b is und\bt$ly due 9 ! majority ( cases to selective absorption4 ,litmus is a r$ dye ( an acid-l "*1 :i* =ms a soluble blue salt ) ! ord9>y bases4 ,b x has be5 %[n t mo/ soils are bett] absorb5ts ( bases ?an is pap]1 :]eas pap] is a bett] absorb5t ( dye1 speak+ g5]ally1 ?an is a soil4 ,consequ5tly :5 moi/ soil is br\ght into contact ) wett$ blue litmus pap] ! base is absorb$ m readily by ! soil1 & ! dye by ! pap]1 ! latt] !re=e becom+ r$d5$4 ,! r$d5+ ( blue or 8neutral0 litmus pap] c be accompli%$ ) v>i\s absorb5ts4 ,by press+ ! litmus pap] betwe5 moi/5$ wads ( absorb5t cotton ! r$d5+ c be readily accompli%$1 usually 9 ! c\rse ( t5 m9utes to a half h\r4 ,t ! ph5om5on is n due to any adh]+ acid on ! cotton c be %[n 9 ! foll[+ way3 ,a litmus solution is c>efully prep>$ s t !re is a v small excess ( base pres5t ov] t requir$ to give ! blue color4 ,a wad ( absorb5t cotton is c>efully wa%$ by repeat$ly s\s+ x 9 di/ill$ wat] f :i* c>bon dioxide has be5 expell$ by boil+4 ,:5 ! cotton has be5 ?or\ghly wa%$1 x is /irr$ ?or\ghly 9 a portion ( di/ill$ wat]1 free f c>bon dioxide1 !n )drawn by "s appropriate in/rum5t & all[$ to dra9 = a few m9utes4 ,! litmus is add$ 9 fairly l>ge quantity to ! dra9+s1 :i* %\ld !n h a blue color4 ,aga9 /ir ! cotton 9 ! wat]1 & m or less quickly1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt & purity ( ! litmus prep>ation z well z ! quantity ( cotton us$1 ! solution w become r$4 ,! only crit]ion = det]m9+ surely t a soil is acid1 is to make an aque\s extract1 expel ! dissolv$ c>bon dioxide by boil+1 or by pass+ ?r\gh ! solution an inactive gas1 su* z nitrog51 & !n to te/ ! reaction ( ! solution4 ,acid soils und\bt$ly d exi/1 b !y are by no means common or widespread1 & are to be reg>d$ z exceptional & abnormal4 ,! ph5om5a ( selective absorption sugge/ ! important "p :i* surfaces play 9 modify+ & *ang+ *emical reactions4#hc ,= in/ance1 ,becqu]el#hd obs]v$ t a solution ( copp] nitrate or cobalt *loride diffus+ f a crack$ te/-tube plac$ 9 a solution ( sodium sulphide1 l$ to ! =mation ( ! correspond+ sulphide1 b 9 ! crack ! metal itself 0 precipitat$4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,graham#he %[ t :5 a solution ( silv] nitrate is p]colat$ ?r\gh *>coal1 n only is !re a selective absorption z is %[n by ! p]colate conta9+ free acid1 b !re is a *emical reaction involv$1 s9ce ! silv] is deposit$ 9 metallic spangles 9 ! int]/ices ( ! absorb5t4 ,graham has %[n1 & s9ce 8 "t o!rs1 t (t5 metals c be sep>at$ f solutions ( _! salts by su* absorb5ts z *>coal4 ,spr+#hf has %[n t at b\nd+ surfaces ( dilute solutions1 *emical action is increas$4 #hc ,= ref]5ces to ! lit]ature see1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cj1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 p4 #fa et seq4 #hd ,note sur les rductions mtalliques produites dans les espaces capillaires1 p> ,m4 ,becqu]el1 ,comptes r5dus1 #hb1 #ced-cef1 7#ahgf74 #he ,effects ( animal *>coal on solutions1 by ,t4 ,graham1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 ,i1 #abj-abe1 7#ahcj74 #hf b] e9e ,zunahme *emis*] ,en]gie an d] frei5 ,ob]fl*e flssig] ,krp]1 von ,w4 ,spr+1 ,zeit4 physik4 ,*em41 #d1 #feh-ffb1 7#ahhi74 ,x has be5 %[n t ! am\nt & k9d ( surface has a m>k$ influ5ce on ! decomposition ( hypo*lor\s acid1 c>bon dioxide1 phosph9e1 ars9e1 & o!r comp\nds4 ,mey] & 8 associates1 z well z a numb] ( o!r inve/igators1 h %[n t ! "* ( ! surface ( ! conta9+ vessel greatly affects ! comb9ation ( hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,_m reactions h be5 inve/igat$ by van't ,h(f1 :o concludes t bo? ! nature & am\nt ( surface expos$ h an influ5ce4 ,! inv]sion ( sug> is affect$ by ! nature ( ! walls ( ! conta9+ vessel1 & its r$uction by ,fehl+'s solution is affect$ bo? by ! walls ( ! vessel & ! am\nt ( cupr\s oxide =m$ 9 ! reaction4 ,alt]ation 9 ! "* z well z degree ( a numb] ( reactions by hav+ !m take place 9 capill>y spaces has be5 obs]v$ by ,liebrei*1 ,becqu]el1 ,liev+ & o!r inve/igators4 ,s-call$ 8contact reactions10 z 9 ! production ( sulphuric acid1 are n[ famili> processes f9d+ comm]cial applications4 ,& ! solubility ( "s sub/ances at lea/1 notably gypsum1 has be5 %[n to v>y consid]ably ) ! size & consequ5t %ape ( ! p>ticles 9 ! solid sub/ance 9 contact ) its solution4#hg #hg ,see especially1 ,beziehung5 zwis*5 ,ob]fl*5spannung und ,lsli*keit1 von ,g4 ,a4 ,hulett1 ,zeit4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #cg1 #che-djf1 7#aija74 ,lsli*keit und ,lsli*keits ,bee9flussung1 von ,v4 ,ro?mund1 p4 #aji1 7#aijg72 ,pr9ciples ?oretiques des me?odes d'analyse m9]ale1 p> ,g4 ,*esneau1 p4 #af-be1 7#aijf74 ,x has be5 %[n t "s soils w at times produce ! blue coloration 9 alcoholic solutions ( guiac1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( oxidases1 & yell[ alo9 solutions are sometimes color$ r$4 ,hydrog5 p]oxide is decompos$ by "s soils ev5 aft] !y h be5 ?or\ghly ignit$ to get rid ( all organic matt]4 ,b 9 h[ f> ^! effects may be due to surface influ5ces c n be positively /at$2 yet uncomplet$ inve/igations by ,dr4 ,m4 ,x4 ,sullivan indicate t "s ( ^! ph5om5a at lea/ mu/ be attribut$ to specific influ5ces 7al?\gh probably ( catalytic "*7 ( p>ticul> soil compon5ts1 su* possibly z mangan\s oxide or f]ric oxide2 b ! me*anism ( ! reactions is z yet l>gely speculative4 ,! soil is compos$ 9 l>ge "p ( v f9e p>ticles ( r\nd$ %ape1 expos+ relatively an enorm\s surface to ! soil solution1 & normally ?is solution is ma9ly "u capill>y conditions1 s t we %\ld expect t _m reactions w\ld take place q diff]5tly 9 ! soil f ! way !y w\ld 9 a beak] or flask4 ,?is fact has be5 g5]ally ov]look$ or ignor$1 & is probably ! explanation ( _m ( ! app>5tly anomal\s results hi!rto report$ 9 *emical inve/igations ( soils4 ,abnormal solubilities1 precipitations1 oxidations or r$uctions are frequ5tly f\nd 9 ! lit]ature1 & :5 _! abnormality is not$ at all1 !y are too (t5 & ) slight %[ ( reason ascrib$ to indef9ite bact]ial action or m my/]i\s vital ag5cies4 ,_m ( !m are und\bt$ly ! results ( surface actions4 ,un=tunately1 aside f "s few /udies ( absorption ph5om5a1 surface effects h receiv$ little or no att5tion f soil inve/igators1 al?\gh obvi\sly "o ( ! mo/ important & app>5tly fruitful fields1 requir+ imm$iate att5tion4 ,en\gh is kn[n to ju/ify ! /atem5t t ! *emi/ry ( ! soil ne$ n be1 & probably is n1 ! *emi/ry ( ! beak]4 ,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,plant ,,gr[? ,,to ,,conc5tration4 ,t ! conc5tration ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil solution "u normal conditions is compet5t = plant support1 is %[n by num]\s exp]im5ts4 ,birn] & ,lucanus#hh 9 an exp]im5t t has long s9ce become classic1 f\nd t !y c\ld raise :eat to maturity 9 a well-wat]1 ! conc5tration ( :i* 0 approximately #ah p>ts p] million ) respect to potassium1 & #b p>ts p] million ) respect to phosphoric acid1 :ile ! correspond+ conc5trations ( ! soil solution are normally ab\t #be-cj p>ts p] million ( potassium & #f-h p>ts p] million ( phosphoric acid4 ,nev]!less ,birn] & ,lucanus report t ! :eat gr[n 9 ! well-wat] ?rove ev5 bett] ?an t gr[n at ! same "t 9 a ri* g>d5 mold4 ,s9ce !n _m inve/igators 9 num]\s trials h obta9$ simil> results4 ,rec5tly :eat1 corn1 & "s ( ! common grasses h be5 gr[n to a satisfactory maturity 9 tap wat] ) a conc5tration ( ab\t #g p>ts p] million ( potassium & #j4e p>ts p] million ( phosphoric acid4 ,& repeat$ly :eat plants1 grasses1 c[peas1 vet*es1 potatoes & o!r plants h gr[n 9 a satisfactory way 9 solutions made by %ak+ up a soil 9 di/ill$ wat] & sep>at+ f ! solid p>ticles by means ( filt]s ( unglaz$ porcela94 #hh ,wass]culturv]su*e mit ,haf]1 von ,dr4 ,birn] und ,dr4 ,lucanus1 ,l&w4 ,v]s4-,/a41 #h1 #abh-agg1 7#ahff74 ,!re c be no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! soil solution is normally ( a conc5tration amply suffici5t to support ord9>y crop plants1 & is ma9ta9$ at a suffici5t conc5tration1 s f> z m9]al plant nutri5ts are conc]n$4 ,und\bt$ly1 h[ev]1 v>iations 9 ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution c1 & (t5 d1 take place1 & ! results ( laboratory exp]im5t indicate t !y probably produce effects on plants4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 wat]-culture exp]im5ts ) :eat1 t if a giv5 ratio ( m9]al nutri5ts be ma9ta9$1 relatively small effect is produc$ on ! gr[+ plants by v>y+ ! conc5tration ov] a wide range1 9 "o case f #ge p>ts p] million to #gej p>ts p] million1#hi & ?is effect seems to be l>gely indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! p>ticul> mixture ( solutes4 ,b v>y+ ! relative proportions ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts has be5 %[n by num]\s exp]im5ts to produce v m>k$ *anges 9 ! gr[? ( plants4 ,n only does a control ( ! conc5tration & proportion ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( a solution produce a m rapid1 or a sl[] gr[?1 a great] or less] total gr[?1 b x produces diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( gr[?2 z = in/ance1 caus+ ! tops to gr[ relatively fa/] ?an ! roots1 or vice v]sa4 ,h[ev]1 _m effects ( ?is type c be produc$1 & sometimes m readily1 by soluble organic sub/ances1 or me*anical ag5cies4 ,! me*anism ( ^! effects is by no means cle>1 9 _m cases4 ,t o!r causes obta9 ?an a suffici5t supply ( m9]al nutri5ts w be %[n 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,exp]im5ts ) :eat se$l+s 9 wat] cultures1 :]e ! weights ( ! gre5 tops 7 tak5 z ! measure ( gr[?1 %[$ t ! mo/-favorable ratio 0 "o ( phosphoric acid 7,,po7 to ?ree or f\r ( potassium 7,k71 ab\t ! ratio :i* has be5 f\nd to exi/ normally 9 ! soil solution ( humid areas ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 namely1 #f-h p>ts p] million ( phosphoric acid to #be-cj p>ts p] million ( potassium4 #hi ,effect ( ! conc5tration ( ! nutri5t solution ^u :eat cultures1 by ,j4 ,f4 ,breazeale1 ,sci5ce1 n4 s41 #bb1 #adf-adi1 7#aije74 ,all gr[+ plants require = _! gr[? & developm5t v>i\s organic comp\nds conta9+ c>bon1 hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,! high] crop plants ) :i* agricultural inve/igations appe> to be m imm$iately conc]n$1 seem to h inh]5t p[] to produce ^! ne$$ sub/ances )9 !mselves4 ,b x is becom+ m & m evid5t t ! l>ge problem ( soil f]tility1 or ! relation ( ! soil to crop production1 frequ5tly if n g5]ally involves ! gr[? & developm5t ( l[] organisms includ+ f]m5ts & bact]ia4 ,^! may or may n 9 p>ticul> cases1 favor ! gr[? ( ! desir$ high] plants4 ,_m ( ^! l[] organisms require c]ta9 organic comp\nds or ?rive bett] if ^! are br\ght to !m 9 ! soil solution1 & inde$ evid5ce is n lack+ t su* may sometimes be ! case ev5 ) ! high] plants4 ,c]ta9ly _! gr[? c be mu* affect$ by ! pres5ce ( diff]5t organic sub/ances 9 ! nutri5t solution4 ,en\gh "w has be5 done 9 ?is field ( inve/igation to %[ t ! conc5tration ( ! soil solution or artificial nutri5t solution ) respect to ! organic comp\nds mu/ g5]ally be l[2 too high a conc5tration always inhibits gr[? or ev5 produces dea?2 & !re is probably an optimum conc5tration1 or "o at :i* ! plant w gr[ be/2 b ?is optimum conc5tration v>ies ) ! specific nature ( ! plant1 ! pres5ce ( o!r dissolv$ sub/ances1 m9]al or organic1 & possibly ) o!r factors4 ,:ile a notable am\nt ( "w has ?us be5 done 9 a field ( inquiry obvi\sly ( practical z well z !oretical int]e/1 almo/ no def9ite in=mation has z yet be5 obta9$ z to ! conc5tration ( organic sub/ances 9 ! soil solution1 or its effect ^u plants "u field conditions1 except+ 9 ! case ( ! nitrates1 ! products ( bact]ial activities4 ,! conc5tration ) respect to nitrates is kn[n to v>y greatly f a few p>ts to sev]al ?\s& p>ts p] million1 & ?is sometimes )9 a few days or ev5 h\rs4 ,! great *anges 9 conc5tration ) respect to nitrates1 ! rapidity ( ! *anges1 & ! correspond+ly l>ge effects on gr[+ plants make ?is a subject requir+ special treatm5t by itself4 ,?is at pres5t seems m easily appreciat$ f a consid]ation ( ! bact]ia involv$1 & w n be discuss$ m fully "h4#ij #ij ,see3 ,! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 by bact]ia1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,lipman1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ha1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijd2 ,a review ( inve/igations 9 soil bact]iology1 by ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees & ,jacob ,g4 ,lipman1 ,bull4 ,no4 #aid1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijg2 ,! physiology ( plants1 by ,w4 ,pfeff]1 translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,ew>t1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chh et seq41 #aijj2 ,! effect ( p>tial /]ilization ( soil on ! production ( plant food1 by ,edw>d ,john ,russell & ,h5ry ,br\gham ,hut*9son1 ,j\r4 ,agric4 ,sci41 #c1 #aaa-add1 7#aiji74 ,( ! a% con/itu5ts ( plants1 !re mu/ be 9 ! soil solution1 potassium1 magnesium1 phosphorus1 sulphur & iron = any plant gr[?1 & = ! high] crop plants1 calcium mu/ also be pres5t4 ,( ^!1 iron is usually pres5t 9 b>ely appreciable conc5tration & m ?an ?is is n desirable1 or is ev5 h>mful = common crop plants4 ,"u ! normal conditions = soils 9 humid areas1 sulphur also is usually pres5t 9 sc>cely m ?an appreciable quantities & !re is no positive evid5ce to %[ t high] conc5trations are especially desirable1 ?\gh ?is may be ! case = c]ta9 crops1 su* = in/ance z ! onion4 ,phosphorus is usually pres5t to ! ext5t ( #e or #f p>ts p] million ( phosphoric acid 7,p,o71 :ile x has repeat$ly be5 %[n t su* crops z :eat c ?rive & make a good gr[? ) a conc5tration a t5? ( ?is4 ,x appe>s to be cle> !re=e t z f> z food supply is conc]n$ !re is normally an ample supply ( phosphorus 9 ! soil solution2 b x does n foll[ t increas+ ! conc5tration ( ! solution if only tempor>ily w\ld n result 9 favorable effects ^u gr[+ plants4 ,a consid]ation ( ! bases1 h[ev]1 introduces s]i\s difficulties1 :i* w probably require mu* fur!r rese>* by ! plant physiologi/ z well z ! soil *emi/4 ,x is impossible z yet to det]m9e ! conc5trations at :i* diff]5t plants w n gr[4 ,x is ev5 impossible to det]m9e ! conc5trations at :i* !y w ?rive be/4 ,x seems c]ta9 t diff]5t crop plants require diff]5t am\nts ( ^! m9]als1 b :e!r or n !y require diff]5t conc5trations ( ! con/itu5ts 9 ! nutri5t solution = _! sev]al be/ gr[?s is yet n cle>ly %[n4 ,x n[ seems probable t to "s ext5t at lea/ ^! basic m9]al nutri5ts c replace "o ano!r = ! plant's metabolism4 ,x has be5 %[n 9 ! case ( c]ta9 l[] plant organisms t potassium c be m or less successfully replac$ by rubidium & caesium1 & 9 ! case ( "s high] plants1 possibly calcium1 magnesium & potassium c p>tially replace "o ano!r4#ia ,9 spite ( ! fact t sodium z well z potassium is a necess>y con/itu5t = ! metabolism ( high] animals :i* fe$ ^u plants1 x is g5]ally held t sodium c n replace potassium 9 ! processes ( plant gr[?1 al?\gh ,:eel] & 8 colleagues h advanc$ evid5ce to %[ t a p>tial replacem5t is possible4#ib ,x seems evid5t1 h[ev]1 t no g5]alizations c hold conc]n+ ! effect ( ! conc5tration ( any "o base on plant gr[? :i* d n include recognition ( possible modifications due to ! pres5ce ( o!r bases2 & ! =mulation ( su* g5]alizations mu/ ne$s wait ^u a m ?or\gh k ( ! p>ts play$ by ! sev]al m9]al nutri5ts 9 ! metabolism ( diff]5t classes ( plants4 #ia ,= a m detail$ discussion ( ?is subject1 & ! functions ( ! sev]al a% con/itu5ts 9 plant nutrition1 see3 ,! physiology ( plants1 by ,w4 ,pfeff]1 translat$ by ,a4 ,j4 ,ew>t1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #daj1 et seq41 #aijj4 #ib ,! effect ( ! addition ( sodium to defici5t am\nts ( potassium1 ^u ! gr[? ( plants 9 bo? wat] & s& culture1 by ,b4 ,l4 ,h>twell1 ,h4 ,j4 ,:eel] & ,f4 ,r4 ,pemb]1 ,report ,rhode ,isl& ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #aijf-g1 p4 #bii-ceg4 ,z to =ms or *emical comb9ations 9 :i* ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! soil solution are be/ adapt$ to plant gr[?1 b little c yet be said o!r ?an t ! diff]5t comb9ations d h an importance4 ,"s empirical in=mation is available1 su* z = in/ance1 t potassium sulphate or c>bonate is a bett] f]tiliz] = "s crops ?an is potassium *loride4 ,x is kn[n t ! m9]al nutri5ts 9 ! plant are p>tly 9 inorganic comb9ations b l>gely 9 organic comb9ations4 ,b ! causal relation%ips are yet to be work$ out4 ,& f9ally1 al?\gh "s meagre exp]im5tal data h be5 obta9$ z to ! effect ( c]ta9 inorganic con/itu5ts on ! absorption ( o!rs1 by p>ticul> plants1 ! me*anism ( absorption itself1 includ+ ! selective p[]s ( ! plant1 is yet want+ an adequate explanation4 ,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,balance ,,betwe5 ,,supply ,,& ,,removal ,,( ,,m9]al ,,plant ,,nutri5ts4 ,! me*anism ( ! solution & transport ( m9]al nutri5ts develop$ 9 ! prec$+ pages makes x ( int]e/ to det]m9e ! relation betwe5 ! possible or probable supply ( m9]al plant nutri5ts & crop dem&s ov] l>ge areas4 ,! inquiry c be =mulat$ m specifically3 ,is ! movem5t ( m9]al plant nutri5ts t[>ds ! surface soil equal to or 9 excess ( ! removal by dra9age wat]s & g>n]$ crops8 ,satisfactory data are yet want+ = any?+ l exact computations1 b approximate figures are available :i* appe> suffici5t = ! pres5t purpose4 ,! ra9fall 7,r7 c be consid]$ z dispos$ 9 ?ree portions1 ! fly-(f 7f71 ! run-(f 7r71 & ! cut-(f 7c74 ,/at+ ?is z an equation1 ,r f r c4 ,! cut-(f c be resolv$ into ! portion 7a7 seep+ ?r\gh ! soil to ultimately jo9 ! run-(f1 & ! portion 7b7 return+ to ! surface to ultimately jo9 ! fly-(f4 ,/at$ z equations1 ,r f r a b f b 7r a74 ,9 o!r words1 ! ra9fall c also be consid]$ z made up ( ! fly-(f1 ! capill>y wat] ( ! soil & ! dra9age f ! area4 ,accord+ to ,murray1#ic ,geikie1#id ,newell1#ie & o!rs1 ! dra9age wat] = humid areas1 or su* an area z ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a :ole1 w\ld be betwe5 #bj & #cj p] c5t4 ( ! ra9fall1 ! major portion com+ f seepage wat] r ?an surface dra9age4 ,assum+ ! high] figure1 & mak+ ! fur!r v probable assumption t ! capill>y wat] 9 ! soil 7b7 is nev] less ?an ! fly-(f or ! wat] t evaporates dur+ ra9 7f71 x foll[s f ! equations giv5 t ! capill>y wat] is at lea/ #ce p] c5t4 ( ! ra9fall4 ,if we assume ! l[] value = ! dra9age1 !n ! capill>y wat] is at lea/ #dj p] c5t4 ( ! ra9fall1 & if we assume ! extreme case--t ! fly-(f is practically negligible--! capill>y wat] becomes #hj p] c5t4 ( ! ra9fall4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t 9 all probability ! proportion ( ! cut-(f wat] :i* returns to ! surface z film wat] or capill>y wat] is always great]1 & g5]ally mu* great]1 ?an ! portion :i* seeps ?r\gh ! soil to jo9 ! run-(f4 #ic ,on ! total annual ra9fall on ! l& ( ! globe1 & ! relation ( ra9fall to ! annual dis*>ge ( riv]s1 by ,sir ,john ,murray1 ,scot4 ,geog4 ,mag41 #c1 #fe-gg1 7#ahhg74 #id ,textbook ( ,geology1 by ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 p4 #dhd1 7#aijc74 #ie ,9 ,pr9ciples & conditions ( ! movem5ts ( gr\nd wat]1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,k+1 ,ann4 rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ai1 ,,ii1 #ei-bid1 7#ahig-ih74 ,f ! available data1 x appe>s t ! av]age conc5tration ( ! run-(f wat]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t #a4h p>ts p] million ( potassium 7,k7 & ab\t #j4f p>ts p] million ( phosphoric acid 7,,po71#if :ile ! conc5tration ( ! capill>y gr\ndwat] is "s t5 or twelve times great]4 ,b ev5 if ^! conc5trations 7 ! same1 x is altoge!r probable t v mu* ! great] "p ( ! m9]al plant nutri5ts dissolv$ by meteoric wat]s is cont9ually1 if sl[ly1 mov+ t[>ds ! surface ( ! soil4 ,! av]age ra9fall ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates may be tak5 z approximately #cj in*es4#ig ,if x be assum$ t ! dis*>ge into ! sea is #be p] c5t41 !n ! capill>y cut-(f wat] is at lea/ #cg4e1 & probably ne>] #gj p] c5t4 ( ! ra9fall4 ,k+'s exp]im5tal "w#ih indicates t ! high] figure is mu* ne>] ! tru?4 ,comput+ f ! conc5trations j cit$1 ) ! equations giv5 above1 x is f\nd t approximately #c1ejj1jjj tons ( potassium 7,k7 & #a1bjj1jjj tons ( phosphoric acid 7,,po7 are c>ri$ into ! sea annually f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :ile f #dh1jjj1jjj to #ajj1jjj1jjj tons ( potassium & #ah1jjj1jjj to #dj1jjj1jjj tons ( phosphoric acid are be+ c>ri$ t[>ds ! surface ( ! soil4 ,if x be assum$ t an av]age ( "o ton p] acre ( dry crop conta9+ "o p] c5t4 pota% & #j4f p] c5t4 phosphoric acid#ii be remov$ f ! entire area ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !n ! annual loss f ?is s\rce w\ld be #bd1jjj1jjj tons ( potassium & #ad1jjj1jjj tons ( phosphoric acid4 ,consequ5tly1 !re is an ample m>g9 betwe5 ! losses by cropp+ & seepage wat]s1 & ! supply ( capill>y wat]s4 ,x is true t cases exi/ :]e ! production ( vegetable matt] is mu* great] ?an a ton to ! acre1 productions ( five tons or ev5 m be+ on record4 ,b su* cases occur only :]e ! wat] supply is also great]1 ei!r ?r\gh natural ra9fall or artificial irrigation2 & x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t ! production ( s l>ge a mass ( gre5 crop involves a consid]able draw+ p[] on ! wat] 9 ! soil 9 addition to ! evaporation :i* w\ld take place at ! surface "u ord9>y conditions4 ,9 o!r words1 ! plant w\ld !n be play+ no small "p 9 draw+ to itself its ne$$ supplies ( wat] & dissolv$ m9]al nutri5ts4 #if ,e/imat$ f data 9 ,bull4 ,no4 #ccj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,! data ( geo*emi/ry1 by ,frank ,wiggleswor? ,cl>ke1 #aijh1 p4 #ec-ij4 #ig ,! late/ au?oritative /atem5t is t ! av]age annual ra9fall ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is #bi4d in*es2 see3 ,wat] ,res\rces1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ci-di1 & ,di/ribution ( ra9fall1 by ,h5ry ,gannett1 vol4 #b1 p4 #aj-ab1 ,report ( ! ,national cons]vation commission1 ,s5ate doc4 ,no4 #fgf1 #fj? ,congress1 #b;d session1 #aiji4 #ih ,k+3 loc4 cit41 p4 #he4 #ii ,e/imat$ f ,wolff's tables1 ,h[ crops gr[1 by ,samuel ,w4 ,johnson1 #ahij1 app5dix4 ,! "q may be ask$1 if ! processes outl9$ above are g5]ally op]ative1 :y accumulations ( soluble m9]al sub/ances are n usually f\nd at ! surface ( ! soil4 ,z a matt] ( fact su* accumulations d occur normally :5 ! evaporation at ! surface is relatively l>ge1 t is1 "u arid conditions4 ,& "u humid conditions x appe>s to be a g5]al rule t ! surface soil conta9s m readily soluble or absorb$ m9]al matt] ?an d subsoils4#ajj ,no great accumulation occurs at ! surface normally "u humid conditions because ! ra9fall is suffici5tly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! ye> to enable ! cut-(f wat] to c>ry back promptly into ! l[] soil levels any excessive am\nt ( soluble mat]ial1 !re to />t anew its sl[] asc5t t[>ds ! surface4 #ajj ,see1 = in/ance3 ,inve/igations 9 soil managem5t1 by ,f4 ,h4 ,k+1 ,madison1 ,wis41 #aijd1 p4 #fb et seq4 ,?is t5d5cy t[>ds a high] cont5t ( absorb$ soluble m9]al matt] 9 ! surface soil has be5 amply confirm$ by o!r exp]im5ts4 ,x has be5 advanc$ z an argum5t aga9/ ! assumption t ! hydrolysis ( ! soil m9]als is a rev]sible process4 ,b z po9t$ out else:]e 9 ! text1 _m ( ! soil m9]als c be made 9 ! wet way at m or less elevat$ temp]atures & ! m rational explanation is simply t at ord9>y temp]atures ! rate ( =mation is exce$+ly sl[4 ,calculations su* z ^? "h pres5t$ are at ! be/ op5 to _m objections1 & x is wise to avoid giv+ !m too mu* emphasis4 ,s f> z ! available data ju/ify any conclusion1 h[ev]1 x appe>s t ! rise ( capill>y wat] is entirely capable ( ma9ta9+ a suffici5t supply ( m9]al nutri5ts = crop requirem5ts2 & fur!rmore1 x is obvi\s t ! problem ( ! supply ( m9]al plant nutri5ts is dynamic & _c be successfully attack$ by consid]ations :i* are ess5tially /atic4 ,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,organic ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,solution4 ,! organic sub/ances 9 ! soil are tissue rema9s1 to a l>ge ext5t ( plants1 & to a less ext5t ( animals2 & x is to be expect$ t !re may be f\nd also 9 ! soil ! sub/ances :i* 7 9 ! organisms at ! "t ( _! dea?1 & degradation & decomposition products d]iv$ f ^!4 ,moreov]1 !re are to be anticipat$ num]\s products ( bact]ial orig91 secretions ( algae1 fungi1 etc41 s t ! organic complex 9 ! soil may conta9 num]\s sub/ances ( widely diff]5t *emical *>act]i/ics4 ,degradation products ( prote9s1 fats1 & c>bohydrates1 z well z decomposition products may be expect$ 9 almo/ any soil4 ,b x does n foll[ t any p>ticul> organic sub/ance 7exclud+1 ( c\rse1 c>bon dioxide or nitrates7 is to be f\nd 9 e soil4 ,no g5]alization reg>d+ ! organic sub/ances 9 ! soil c be made su* z t =mulat$ = ! inorganic comp\nds4 ,x is probable t fur!r inve/igation w %[ c]ta9 organic sub/ances or classes ( sub/ances to be common to mo/ soils1 b x is reasonably c]ta9 t _m o!r organic sub/ances w be f\nd 9 only a few soils1 or occasionally1 & ^! latt] w be (t5 a prom95t factor *>act]iz+ ! p>ticul> soil 9 :i* !y may occur4 ,al?\gh no broad g5]alization is ju/ifi$ reg>d+ ! composition ( ! soil solution ) respect to organic sub/ances dissolv$1 nev]!less ! ext5sion ( ! me?ods develop$ 9 ! /udy ( ! inorganic sub/ances dissolv$ has l$ to a consid]able k ( ! organic ones4 ,9 view ( ! facts %[n 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 & at ! same "t recogniz+ t good & poor soils respectively mu/ %[ diff]5ces 9 ! soil solution if ! fundam5tal !sis is valid z to ! relation ( soils to crop production1 exp]im5ts h be5 made to inve/igate 9 a comp>ative way solutions obta9$ f good & poor soils ( ! same type1 locality1 & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,= ?is purpose two samples ( soil 7 tak5 f adjac5t fields :i* _h be5 "u obs]vation = two ye>s4 ,! soils 7 ( ! same type1 ,cecil clay1 & 7 s simil> 9 _! physical *>act]i/ics z to be di/+ui%$ ) difficulty 9 ! laboratory4 ,on "o field a good crop ( :eat 0 gr[n1 foll[$ by a good crop ( clov] & tame grasses4 ,on ! o!r field1 ! correspond+ crops _h be5 q poor4 ,! field yield+ ! good crops _h be5 pl[$ some:at deep]1 & _h previ\sly receiv$ a mod]ate application ( /able manure4 ,o!rwise1 s f> z c\ld be le>n$1 ! cultural hi/ory ( ! fields _h be5 ! same4 ,= conv5i5ce1 ! sample f ! fir/ field w be designat$ 8good10 & f ! o!r 8poor40 ,aque\s extracts f ^! soils 7 prep>$1 ! same proportion ( di/ill$ wat] to soil be+ tak5 9 ea* case1 & ! "t ( contact be+ ! same4 ,! solutions 7 fre$ f susp5d$ matt] by be+ pass$ ?r\gh ,pa/eur-,*amb]l& b\gies "u pressure4 ,"y :eat se$l+s g]m9at$ at ! same "t1 & select$ c>efully = uni=mity ( size & app>5t vigor1 7 gr[n 9 ^! solutions = ?ree days4 ,at ! expiration ( ?is p]iod ! se$l+s 9 ! extract f ! good soil 7 ab\t five in*es 9 height1 & ! roots 7 cle>1 clean & turgid4 ,! plants 9 ! poor extract 7 sc>cely ?ree in*es 9 height1 & ! roots 7 assum+ a slimy1 unheal?y appe>ance & becom+ flaccid at ! tips4 ,! plants 7 !n all remov$1 ! roots wa%$ c>efully 9 tap wat]2 ! plants :i* _h be5 9 ! poor solution 7 plac$ 9 ! good solution1 & ^? :i* _h be5 9 ! good solution 7 plac$ 9 ! poor solution4 ,at ! end ( f\r days fur!r1 ! poor plants _h surpass$ 9 height ! ones :i* _h previ\sly be5 9 ! good solution1 & ! roots _h acquir$ ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( heal?y plants4 ,^! :i* _h be5 orig9ally 9 ! good solution & !n transf]r$ to ! poor1 _h made little additional gr[?1 & ! roots _h become some:at flaccid4#aja #aja ,! success ( ?is & ( _m ( ! foll[+ exp]im5ts 0 due 9 l>ge measure to ! skill & pati5ce ( ,mr4 ,james ,e4 ,breazeale4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ sev]al times1 n only ) ! soils cit$ b ) samples f adjac5t good & poor spots 9 fields on sev]al soil types f widely sep>at$ areas2 = in/ance1 ,cecil clay f ne> ,/atesville1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 ,sassafras loam f ,m>yl&2 ,w9dsor s& f ,delaw>e2 & simil> results 7 obta9$4 ,9 o!r words1 ^! wat] cultures produc$ plants :i* %[$ mu* ! same diff]5ces1 9 k9d & degree1 z _h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! field4 ,?is 0 recogniz$ z an important /ep =w>d1 = x indicat$ t :atev] 0 mak+ a diff]5ce 9 ! crop-produc+ p[] ( ^! soils 9 ! field 0 transmitt$ to _! aque\s extracts1 & me?ods = /udy+ ! *emical prop]ties ( solutions are f> 9 advance ( me?ods = /udy+ mixtures ( solids4 ,! soil extracts describ$ above 7 subject$ to a c>eful analysis = _! m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,!y 7 f\nd to be practically id5tical 9 ?is respect4 ,fur!r1 ! poor extract conta9$ decid$ly m nitrates ?an ! good--f ?ree to f\r times z mu*4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! diff]5ce 9 ! soils :i* produc$ a good & a poor crop respectively1 0 n due to a diff]5ce 9 m9]al plant nutri5ts1 or o!r m9]al diff]5ces probably1 nor to _! respective cont5t ( nitrates4 ,consequ5tly1 ! poor solution 0 su*1 n because ( ! lack ( any?+1 b because ( ! pres5ce ( some?+ inimical or 8toxic0 to plant gr[?2 & fur!r1 ?is some?+ mu/ be an organic sub/ance or sub/ances m or less soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is conclusion 0 confirm$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,samples ( ! poor solution f ! soil obta9$ ne> ,/atesville1 ,n4 ,c41 7 dilut$ twice1 five times1 & t5 times1 & :eat se$l+s 7 gr[n 9 ^! solutions1 us+ a sample ( ! good solution z a *eck4 ,x 0 f\nd aft] sev]al days gr[? t ! plants 9 ! solution dilut$ t5fold 7 ab\t z good1 or p]haps slightly bett]1 ?an ^? gr[n 9 ! *eck solution4 ,9 e case dilut+ ! poor solution _h improv$ x = plant gr[?1 & ! high] ! dilution ! great] ! improvem5t1 9 spite ( ! consequ5t dilution ( ! m9]al plant nutri5ts4 ,! only explanation ( ^! results :i* has yet sugge/$ itself is t ! toxic organic sub/ances pres5t 7 less effective on dilution until ! conc5tration rea*$ a po9t :]e !y actually became /imulative1 z is common ) tox9s ( e "*4 ,ano!r set ( exp]im5ts confirm$ ! conclusion t ! poor solution conta9$ "s organic sub/ance inhibitory to plant gr[?4 ,a numb] ( wat] cultures 0 prep>$ f ! aque\s extract ( ! poor soil1 & lime 9 v>i\s =ms 0 add$ to ! cultures4 ,to two ( ! cultures lime c>bonate & lime sulphate respectively 7 add$ 9 excess1 s t !re 0 9 ea* case a p[d]$ solid at ! bottom ( ! conta9+ vessel4 ,at ! end ( two days ! :eat se$l+s :i* 7 gr[+ 9 ! vessels conta9+ ! p[d]$ solids _h decid$ly out/ripp$ ^? gr[+ 9 all ! o!rs1 ! tops hav+ ! appe>ance ( unusually good & heal?y plants4 ,! roots 7 ( a v rem>kable "*1 be+ exceptionally long1 v turgid1 cle>1 clean & transluc5t4 ,at once1 new exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 :i* !re 7 add$ to ! poor solution1 precipitat$ f]ric hydroxide fre$ f all adh]+ salts1 precipitat$ alum9a1 %r$d$ filt]-pap]1 absorb5t cotton1 or c>bon black4 ,9 e case ! same result 0 obta9$ z be=e1 a mu* improv$ gr[? ( top & a va/ly bett] root developm5t4 ,s9ce1 by no possibility c\ld ^! v>i\s add$ sub/ances h increas$ ! conc5tration ) respect to m9]al nutri5ts1 ano!r explanation mu/ be s\ght4 ,aside f _! insolubility1 ! "o prop]ty common to ^! v>i\s sub/ances 0 ! l>ge am\nt ( surface !y br\ght into contact ) ! solution4 ,! "o obvi\s explanation ( _! effects on ! gr[? ( ! :eat se$l+s1 !re=e1 is t !y )drew or absorb$ f ! solution "s sub/ance or sub/ances delet]i\s to plant gr[?4 ,z dilut+ ) respect to m9]al nutri5ts c\ld n possibly be expect$ to improve ! cultural value ( ! solution1 ! conclusion seems evid5t t ! effect produc$ by ^! v>i\s absorb5ts 0 due to m or less complete removal f ! solution ( organic sub/ances inhibitory to plant gr[?4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 !n repeat$ 9 a modifi$ =m by %ak+ ! poor solution ) su* absorb5ts z precipitat$ f]ric oxide or c>bon black & filt]+ be=e add+ ! se$l+ plants4 ,! solutions ?us prep>$ prov$ v satisfactory nutri5t m$ia1 al?\gh ! decid$ elongation ( ! roots1 always obs]v$ :5 ! absorb5ts 7 9 contact ) ! solutions1 0 n s noticeable ) ^! filt]$ solutions4 ,! exp]im5ts j describ$ 7 repeat$ ) extracts f a numb] ( soils :i* 7 support+ or _h rec5tly support$ poor crops4 ,! accumulat$ mass ( evid5ce admits ( no d\bt t 9 _m cases ! app>5t lack ( f]tility ( a soil is due to ! pres5ce ( "s organic sub/ance or sub/ances soluble 9 soil wat]4 ,?is po9t e/abli%$1 !re 0 /udi$ ! effect ( f]tiliz]s :5 add$ to aque\s extracts f poor soils4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( exp]im5t+ has be5 done on ?is subject4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! common comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 z well z _m o!r sub/ances1 :5 add$ to ! soil extract conta9+ gr[+ plants1 sometimes improve ! plants1 sometimes ! contr>y4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 ^? p>ticul> sub/ances :i* improve any giv5 soil = a crop also improve ! aque\s extract ( ! soil = ! gr[? ( ! same crop plant3 i4 e41 %\ld a soil be kn[n to respond well to ! application ( sup]phosphates :5 plant$ to :eat1 !n ! probability is great t ! aque\s extract ( ! soil w be improv$ z a culture m$ium = ! :eat plant by addition ( calcium phosphate4 ,p>ticul>ly important 9 ?is connection are c]ta9 exp]im5ts ) organic f]tiliz]s4 ,a soil :i* _h be5 f\nd to be q unproductive ) reg>d to :eat & ord9>y tame grasses yield$1 h[ev]1 a mu* bett] gr[? ( plants if pyrogallol or bett] pyrogallol & lime 7 add$ to ! soil "s days be=e plant+4 ,an aque\s extract ( ?is soil te/$ ) "y :eat se$l+s produc$ b a poor gr[?1 z did ! soil itself4 ,b ) ! addition ( pyrogallol or pyrogallol & lime to ! soil extract1 & especially if ! extract s treat$ 7 all[$ to /& = a few days ) free access ( air1 !re 0 obta9$ a culture m$ium :i* yield$ rem>kably good results ) :eat se$l+s4 ,n only 0 !re an excell5t & increas$ developm5t ( tops1 b ! roots ( ! se$l+s gr[n 9 ! solution treat$ ) pyrogallol 7 unusually long1 turgid1 cle> & transluc5t4 ,"h1 !n1 !re 0 obta9$ an increas$ am\nt & improv$ "* ( gr[? by ! addition ( a sub/ance :i* conta9$ only c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 & no recogniz$ plant food4 ,o!r organic sub/ances1 su* = in/ance z tann91 gave simil> results4 ,) ! recognition t ! pres5ce ( organic dissolv$ sub/ances 9 ! nutri5t m$ium produc$ effects on a gr[+ plant ( z great or ev5 great] magnitude ?an ^? produc$ by inorganic dissolv$ sub/ances1 !re 0 c>ri$ out a numb] ( exp]im5ts to te/ m specifically su* sub/ances z might reasonably be expect$ to be pres5t naturally 9 soils4 ,! results ?us obta9$ sugge/$ exp]im5ts ) o!r relat$ sub/ances4 ,! fir/ sub/ance to sugge/ itself is /able manure4 ,tak+ x all 9 all1 ?is sub/ance is probably ! mo/ effici5t z well z ! mo/ g5]ally us$ soil am5dm5t 9 ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,! good effects produc$ by ?is sub/ance h 9 ! pa/ be5 g5]ally consid]$ z due to ! readily 8available0 pota%1 phosphoric acid & nitrog5 x conta9s1 b ?\ghtful exp]im5t]s & agriculturi/s h long d\bt$ t ?is explanation is suffici5t1 s9ce1 aft] all1 ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( /able manure are usually small 9 am\nt1 & out ( all proportion to ! effects result+ f its use4 ,t "s ( ! results are due to an improvem5t 9 ! physical condition ( ! soil :5 manure is us$ has q rightly be5 g5]ally assum$2 b to its cont5t ( nitrog5\s compon5ts its value has 9 ! ma9 be5 ascrib$4 ,a well-f]m5t$ aque\s extract ( /able manure 0 prep>$1 & filt]$ free ( susp5d$ solids4 ,f\r equal volumes ( ?is solution 7 tak54 ,?ree ( ^! portions 7 evaporat$ to dryness 9 plat9um di%es1 & ! residues inc9]at$4 ,to ! di%es conta9+3 ! a% 7 add$ respectively nitric acid1 sulphuric acid1 & hydro*loric acid 9 slight excess1 & ! di%es aga9 br\ght to dryness4 ,wat] cultures = :eat se$l+s 7 !n prep>$4#ajb ,into "o 0 introduc$ ! giv5 volume ( manure extract2 into ano!r ! a% f an equal volume ( ! extract :i* _h subsequ5tly be5 treat$ ) nitric acid2 & cultures ) ! a% :i* _h be5 treat$ respectively ) sulphuric & hydro*loric acid 7 simil>ly prep>$4 ,aft] t5 days gr[?1 ! plants f ! sev]al cultures 7 comp>$4 ,! plants f ! cultures :i* conta9$ ! sulphates & ! *lorides 7 n mat]ially diff]5t f ! plants gr[n 9 ! *eck culture4 ,! plants f ! nitrate culture _h l>g] %oots1 b %ort] roots ?an ! *eck plants4 ,b ! plants gr[n 9 ! culture to :i* ! manure extract _h be5 add$ directly _h by f> l>g] & bett] %oots & ! roots 7 incomp>ably sup]ior to ^? gr[n 9 any o!r culture1 be+ l>g]1 ?ick]1 bett] bran*$1 cle>1 bright & transluc5t1 & v turgid1 v l ! roots obta9$ 9 cultures to :i* c>bon black or precipitat$ f]ric oxide _h be5 add$4 #ajb ,fur!r /udies on ! prop]ties ( unproductive soils1 ,b4 ,e4 ,liv+/on et al41 ,bull4 #cf1 #aijg1 & #dh1 #aijh1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,! results ( ?is exp]im5t1 :i* has be5 repeat$ a numb] ( times1 us+ manure extracts ( v>i\s orig9s1 leave no d\bt t x is ! organic compon5ts ( ! manure :i* produce ! *>act]i/ic effects1 = ! a% culture conta9$ all & ev5 m ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 8available0 9 ! orig9al extract1 & ! nitrate culture exclud$ any explanation bas$ on ! nitrog5\s cont5t ( ! manure4 ,?is conclusion 0 support$ by ! results ( ano!r exp]im5t4 ,to a manure extract 0 add$ alcohol1 :i* precipitat$ mo/ ( ! organic dissolv$ sub/ances b v little ( ! inorganic ones4 ,! precipitat$ organic matt] 0 filt]$ (f1 dri$ c>efully 9 a wat] ov5 to elim9ate ! alcohol1 & !n tak5 up 9 suffici5t wat] to equal ! orig9al volume ( manure extract4 ,! nitrate conta9+ ! major "p ( ! salts 0 boil$ vigor\sly to elim9ate ! alcohol & wat] 0 !n add$ to re/ore ! orig9al conc5tration4 ,a ?ird solution 0 prep>$ by br++ toge!r ! organic & inorganic sub/ances :i* _h previ\sly be5 sep>at$ z above describ$4 ,! ?ree solutions 7 us$ z wat] cultures = :eat se$l+s1 a solution ( ! orig9al manure extract be+ tak5 = a *eck culture4 ,! orig9al manure extract & ! recon/ruct$ manure extract gave plants ( ab\t equal developm5t4 ,! culture conta9+ ! organic dissolv$ sub/ances only1 gave plants ( ne>ly1 b n q1 equal developm5t to ^? gr[n 9 ! *eck culture4 ,b ! plants gr[n 9 ! solution conta9+ ! dissolv$ m9]als only1 :ile f9e plants & mak+ :at w\ld ord9>ily be consid]$ a good developm5t1 7 decid$ly small] z reg>ds _! a]ial p>ts1 & ! roots 7 9 no wise comp>able to ! roots ( ! plants gr[n 9 ! cultures conta9+ ! dissolv$ organic sub/ances4 ,?is la/ exp]im5t has be5 repeat$1 ) dissolv$ sub/ances prep>$ f ano!r manure extract1 b 9 ?is case ! organic & inorganic sub/ances 7 sep>at$ by dialysis4 ,?is sugge/$ yet ano!r exp]im5t1 9 :i* x 0 s\ght to ha/5 ! process ( dialysis1 by introduc+ electrodes into ! manure extract1 ea* electrode be+ surr\nd$ by "s por\s membrane1 ei!r ( p>*m5t pap]1 or unglaz$ porcela94 ,n only 7 ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! manure extract readily sep>at$ 9 ?is way1 pass+ into ! electrode *amb]s1 z did also to "s slight ext5t organic comp\nds1 b also ab\t ! out] walls ( ! electrode *amb]s !re 0 m>k$ segregation & deposition ( organic mat]ials4 ,! organic sub/ances deposit$ at ! ca?ode 7 f\nd to /imulate greatly ! gr[? ( :eat se$l+s :ile ^? deposit$ at ! anode 7 f\nd to ret>d ! gr[? ( se$l+s4 ,x seems probable1 !re=e1 t /able manure conta9s organic compon5ts :i* produce z great or great] effects ^u gr[+ plants z d ! inorganic sub/ances x conta9s3 t on ! :ole ^! organic compon5ts induce increas$ plant gr[?1 b "s ( !m1 by !mselves alone1 w\ld ret>d plant gr[?4 ,9 a simil> way gre5 manures h be5 exam9$4 ,if fre% clov]1 alfalfa1 or c[peas1 be mac]at$ & an aque\s extract ?us prep>$1 x w 9 g5]al be q toxic to plants su* z :eat2 & if ?is extract be all[$ to /& & f]m5t or s\r ! result+ solution w be totally unfit = ! gr[? ( se$l+ plants4 ,b if ! clov]1 alfalfa1 or c[pea v9es be all[$ to wilt ?or\ghly be=e be+ mac]at$ & extract$1 or if !y be mac]at$ & incorporat$ ) soil & all[$ to rema9 ?us = t5 days or a =tnight be=e be+ extract$2 !n1 ! result+ solution w be q /imulat+ to su* plants z :eat1 corn or ! grasses1 :5 add$ ei!r to wat] or soil cultures4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! legumes commonly employ$ z gre5 manures are less important ?an ! organic1 9 affect+ ! gr[? ( crops subsequ5tly plant$1 & ! inhibitory or toxic action ( fre% gre5 manure seems to be recogniz$ 9 ! common practice ( wait+ "s days aft] turn+ "u a gre5 manure crop be=e se$+ to a new crop4 ,! wilt+ ( a gre5 manure involves a d>k5+ & "s black5+ ( ! mass1 ) app>5tly "s absorption ( oxyg54 ,?is fact has sugge/$ a trial ( o!r organic sub/ances :i* %[ a decid$ ability to absorb oxyg54 ,among su* sub/ances1 pyrogallol /&s prem95t4 ,x has be5 %[n t :5 pyrogallol1 or bett] pyrogallol & lime1 is add$ to c]ta9 soils1 naturally l[ 9 productive p[]1 & all[$ to /& = a few days1 ^! soils are readily br\ght into good condition & support good crops ( :eat1 rye1 or grasses4 ,pyrogallol 9 wat] cultures is r toxic to :eat plants1 ev5 9 q dilute solutions4 ,b if ! aque\s solution ( pyrogallol be all[$ to /& expos$ to ! air1 & bett] if ! solution be made slightly alkal9e z by ! addition ( lime1 oxyg5 is absorb$1 & a d>k br[n or black5$ solution is soon =m$1 :i* is /imulat+ to :eat se$l+s4 ,_m exp]im5ts h indicat$ x to be a g5]al rule t soluble organic sub/ances :i* are toxic to plant gr[? yield oxidation products :i* are h>mless or positively b5eficial4 ,! sugge/ion has be5 made t ! well-kn[n inf]tility ( subsoils1 :5 fre%ly turn$ up1 is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( alkaloids ( ! pur9e or code9e type1 due to ! activities ( ana]obic bact]ia4 ,wat] cultures & pot cultures %[ t :ile ^! sub/ances d h a m>k$ effect on plant gr[?1 x is1 frequ5tly1 q b5eficial2 /ry*n9e = example1 9 c]ta9 conc5trations1 produces a v decid$ /imulation 9 ! gr[? ( :eat se$l+s4 ,x is cle> t "s o!r explanation w h to be s\ght = ! lack ( f]tility ( subsoils4 ,a numb] ( ! sub/ances :i* may be expect$ = "o reason or ano!r to be pres5t 9 soils1 h be5 inve/igat$ z to _! effect on plants4 ,9 ?is connection may be cit$ ! "w ( ,liv+/on#ajc & ( ,da*n[ski1#ajd :o h /udi$ ! effect on vegetation ( ! organic sub/ances dissolv$ 9 bog wat]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ table are giv5 ! results obta9$ by gr[+ :eat se$l+s 9 solutions conta9+ "s "o ( a numb] ( sub/ances :i* might be expect$ to occur 9 a soil or to be d]ivatives ( su* sub/ances4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! case ( ^! dissolv$ organic sub/ances1 z has be5 repeat$ly e/abli%$ ) ! inorganic ones1 9 conc5trations suffici5tly dilute n to be toxic1 !y g5]ally %[ ! opposite effect & appe> to be /imulat+4 #ajc ,physiological ,prop]ties ( ,bog ,wat]1 by ,b4 ,e4 ,liv+/on1 ,bot4 gaz41 #ci1 #cdh-cee1 7#aije74 #ajd ,! toxic prop]ty ( bog wat] & bog soil1 by ,alfr$ ,da*n[ski1 ,bot4 gaz41 #df1 #acj-adc1 7#aijh74 ,,table ,i4--,,effect ,,( ,,v>i\s ,,organic ,,comp\nds ,,^u ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,,:eat ,,plants1 ,,) ,,especial ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,_! ,,toxic ,,prop]ties#aje #aje ,c]ta9 organic con/itu5ts ( soils 9 relation to soil f]tility1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,h[>d ,s4 ,re$1 assi/$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,sk9n]1 ,bull4 ,no4 #dg1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijg4 ,,leg5d3 ,a ,duration ( exp]im5t ,b ,l[e/ conc5tration caus+ dea? ,c ,l[e/ conc5tration caus+ injury ,d ,conc5tration caus+ greate/ /imulation ,comp\nd ,a ,b ,c ,d ,rem>ks ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ daysp4p4m4p4p4m4p4p4m4 a ,asp>tic acid #aj #ejj #ajj 4444 ,normal gr[? 9 ,,hooc4,,*4,,*7,,nh74,,cooh conc5tration bel[ #ajj p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ b ,asp>ag9e #i ,no injury bel[ ,,nh4,,oc4,,*4,,*7,,nh74,,cooh #a1jjj p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ c ,glycocoll1 #i ,tops ( all plants ,,*7,,nh74,,cooh good4 ,roots slightly injur$ at high] conc5trations ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ d ,alan9e1 #aj 4444 #ejj #be ,only roots 7 ,,*4,,*7,,nh74,,cooh injur$ at #ejj p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ e ,leuc9e #i 4444 4444 4444 ,no injuri\s action ,,*47,,*74,,*7,,nh74,,cooh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ f ,tyros9e1 #aa 4444 #aj ,,oh _/ ,c ,h ,,*4,,*7,,nh74,,cooh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ g ,*ol9e1 #aj #ejj #a ,roots affect$ m ,,*,,*,,oh ?an tops _/ 7,,*7,n ,,oh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ h ,neur9e1 #i #bej #be ,,*3,,* _/ 7,,*7,n ,,oh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,neur9e 7neutraliz$7 #h #bej #be ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ i ,beta9e1 #i 444 444 ,no injury ,,*4,,co _/ _/ 7,,*7,n _/ _/ ,o ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ j ,alloxan1 #aj #a1jjj #ajj ,,nh4,,co _/ ,,co ,,co _/ ,,nh4,,co ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ k ,guan9e1 #ab ,insoluble above #dj ,,nh4,c4,,nh4,,co4,c4,,nh p4p4m4 ,no h>mful effects4 ,,* _/_/ ,n--------,c4 ,n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ l ,xan?9e ,no injuri\s action4 ,,co4,,nh4,,co4,c4,,nh ,,* _/_/ ,,nh----,c--,n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ m ,guanad9e1 #i #ajj #a ,,nh _/ ,,hn 3 ,c ,,nh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ n ,skatol1 #i #bjj #ej ,roots injur$ m ,c4,,* ?an tops _/ ,c,h ,,* _/ ,,nh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ o ,pyrid9e1 ,c,h,n #i 4444 #ej 4444 ,9 solutions ( #ej p4p4m4 & less ! root gr[? 0 normal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,picol9e1 ,c,h,n4,,* #g #a1jjj #ejj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pip]id9 #g #bej #be ,,* ,h,c _/ ,,* ,h,c _/ ,,* ,,nh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pip]id9e #g #ajj #be #a 7neutraliz$7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ _/ _/ ,qu9ol91 #f #ejj #e _/ _/ ,n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ p ,ric9 #aj #dj ,insoluble above #ej p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ q ,muc9 #aj #ajj ,n te/$ 9 conc5trations high] ?an #ajj p4p4m4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ r ,pyrocate*91 #ab #ejj #be #a ,c,h7,,oh77#a1b7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ s ,arbut91 ,c,h,o #ab #ejj #be #a ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ t ,phlorogluc91 #ac #ejj #be #a ,c,h7,,oh77#a1c1e7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ u ,vanill91 #i #ejj #a ,,*o _/ ,c,h----,o4,,* ,,oh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,vanillic acid1 #g #ajj #be #e ,,cooh _/ ,c,h--,o4,,* ,,oh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ v ,qu9ic acid1 #aj #ejj #ajj ,c,h7,,oh74,,cooh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,o _/ w ,qu9one1 ,c,h #i #ajj #a ,o ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- x ,c9namic acid1 #h #ajj #be ,c,h,,* 3 ,,*4,,cooh ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,sodium c9namate #ab 444 #ajj ,roots 7 /imulat$ 9 l[] conc5trations ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ y ,cum>91 #h #ajj #a ,,*3,,*4,,co _/ _/ ,c,h_/ _/ #h #ajj #a _/ ,o ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,insoluble above z ,daphnet9 #ab #ej #ej p4p4m4 ,roots some:at injur$ ,,* 3 ,,*4,,co _/ _/ ,c,h ------ ,o 7,,oh7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- aa ,escul91 ,c,h,o #ac #ejj #a ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- bb ,pip]onal 7heliotrop9e7-- ,,*o _/ ,c,h----,o ,o----,,* #g #ajj #a 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- cc ,borneol1 ,c,h7,,oh7 #aj #ajj #a 444 dd ,camphor1 ,c,h,o #h #cjj #e 444 ee ,turp5t9e1 ,c,h #h #ejj #aj 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- a4 ,asp>tic acid has be5 f\nd 9 "y sug>-cane & 9 se$l+s ( ! bean & pumpk94 b4 ,asp>ag9e 0 fir/ f\nd 9 asp>agus2 b has s9ce be5 %[n to be relatively abundant 9 _m species4 c4 ,glycocoll is "o ( ! simpl] & m common degradation products ( prote9s4 d4 ,alan9e is a common degradation product ( prote9s & is relat$ *emically to ph5ylalan9e1 & to tyros9e1 :i* has be5 f\nd 9 _m plants4 e4 ,leuc9e1 an am9o-acid ( a p>aff9e s]ies & a decomposition product ( proteids1 has be5 f\nd 9 c]ta9 mu%rooms1 vet*es1 lup9e1 g\rds1 potatoes1 corn1 etc4 f4 ,tyros9e is an important decomposition product ( proteids1 is widely di/ribut$ & f\nd 9 _m plants & fungi4 g4 ,*ol9e is a d]ivative ( c]ta9 leci?9s & is f\nd 9 _m se$s & gr[+ plants4 h4 ,neur9e is a sub/ance closely relat$ to *ol9e1 & probably =m$ f x4 i4 ,beta9e is closely relat$ to bo? *ol9e & neur9e1 & is f\nd 9 _m se$s & plants4 j4 ,alloxan is closely relat$ *emically to convic9e1 :i* latt] is f\nd 9 beets & c]ta9 beans4 k4 ,guan9e is a widely di/ribut$ nitrog5\s body1 & has be5 f\nd 9 ! se$s ( vet*1 alfalfa1 clov]1 g\rds1 b>ley1 sug>-beets & sug>-cane4 l4 ,xan?9e1 a sub/ance closely relat$ to guan9e1 has be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( plants4 m4 ,guanid9e1 a sub/ance *emically relat$ to guan9e1 has be5 f\nd 9 a numb] ( plants ( diff]5t species4 n4 ,skatol is a d]ivative ( proteids & is a common product ( ! activities ( "s v>ieties ( bact]ia4 o4 ,pyrid9e has be5 %[n to exi/ 9 soils1 z su* probably1 by ,%orey1 :o obta9$ x f c]ta9 soils 9 ,hawaii4 p4 ,ric9 is f\nd 9 ! ca/or-oil plant4 q4 ,muc9 has be5 f\nd 9 yams4 r4 ,pyrocate*9 has be5 f\nd 9 ! b>k ( v>i\s trees1 ! b]ries ( ! ,virg9ia creep]1 ! sap ( sug>-beets & 9 sev]al v>ieties ( will[s4 s4 ,arbut9 has be5 f\nd 9 _m plants1 especially 9 "s ( ! grasses4 t4 ,phlorogluc9 is easily d]iv$ f a numb] ( plant con/itu5ts4 u4 ,vanill9 =ms readily f a glucoside1 :i* is v widely di/ribut$ 9 _m plants1 & by "s au?orities is suppos$ to be a product ( ! decomposition ( wood tissues4 v4 ,qu9ic acid1 :i* is f\nd ) qu99e 9 ! c9*ona b>k1 also occurs 9 beet leaves1 c]ta9 hays1 cranb]ry leaves1 & occasionally 9 o!r plants4 w4 ,qu9one has be5 %[n to result f ! action ( a c]ta9 fungus1 ,/repto?rix *romog5a1 common 9 soils4 x4 ,c9namic acid is f\nd 9 c]ta9 b>ks1 & =ms e/]s :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! leaves ( v>i\s plants4 y4 ,cum>9 has be5 f\nd 9 a l>ge numb] ( plants1 includ+ ! grasses1 beets1 sweet clov]1 etc4 z4 ,daphnet9 occurs 9 "s species ( ,daphne & is closely relat$ to cum>94 aa4 ,escul91 z well z ! correspond+ esculet91 has be5 f\nd occasionally 9 a numb] ( plants4 bb4 ,heliotrop9e1 or pip]onal1 has ! odor ( heliotrope & is f\nd 9 fl[]s4 cc4 ,borneol occurs 9 ne$les ( diff]5t v>ieties ( p9e1 fir1 spruce & hemlock1 gold5 rod & ?yme4 dd4 ,camphor is closely relat$ *emically to borneol & is secret$ by a numb] ( plants2 x is f\nd 9 ! wood ( ,c9namomum1 c9namon root1 9 ! leaves ( sassafras1 spik5>d1 rosem>y1 rosewood1 etc4 ee4 ,turp5t9e is a con/itu5t ( _m plants & conif]\s trees4 ,f9ally1 a numb] ( organic sub/ances has be5 isolat$ f soils4 ,_! composition1 & 9 sev]al cases _! con/itutions h be5 det]m9$4 ,! effects ( ^! on plants1 :5 !y are pres5t 9 ! cultural m$ia h be5 /udi$4 ,?us1 ,%orey#ajf 0 able to isolate picol9e c>boxylic acid 7,c,h,,no7 f c]ta9 soils 9 ,hawaii1 & ?is same sub/ance has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 sev]al soils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 aque\s solutions x is q toxic to :eat se$l+s4 ,s9ce !n a numb] ( o!r def9ite organic comp\nds h be5 isolat$ f soils belong+ to at lea/ eight diff]5t classes ( organic sub/ances1 includ+3#ajg ,h5triacontane1 ,c,h4 ,monohydroxy/e>ic acid1 ,,*7,,*7,,*oh7,,*7,,cooh4 ,dihydroxy/e>ic acid1 ,,*7,,*7,,*oh4,,*oh47,,*7 ,,cooh4 ,agroc]ic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,p>aff9ic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,lignoc]ic acid1 ,c,h,o4 ,phyto/]ol1 ,c,h,o4,h,o4 ,p5tosan1 ,c,h,o4 ,agro/]ol1 ,c,h,o4,h#j4 ,picol9e c>boxylic acid1 ,c,h,o,n4 ,hi/id9e1 ,c,h,o,n4 ,arg99e1 ,c,h,o1,n4 ,cytos9e1 ,c,h,,on4,h,o4 ,xan?9e1 ,c,h,o,n4 ,hypoxan?9e1 ,c,h,,on4 ,glyc]ides1 res9 acids1 etc4 #ajf ,organic nitrog5 9 ,hawaiian soils1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,%orey1 report ( ,hawaii ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 #aijf1 #cg-ei4 #ajg ,*emical ,nature ( ,soil ,organic ,matt]1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,edmund ,c4 ,%orey1 ,bull4 #gd1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 #aiaj4 ,"s ( ^!1 picol9e c>boxylic acid1 dihydroxy/e>ic acid & ! p5tosan j cit$1 are toxic to gr[+ plants2 o!rs are n4 ,! orig9 & mode ( production ( ^! sub/ances 9 ! soil is1 g5]ally speak+1 unc]ta9 & obscure1 & is yet "o ( ! important fundam5tal problems confront+ ! soil *emi/4 ,x is important to note t ! organic sub/ances ?us f> isolat$ f soils are ( widely v>y+ types1 & ) v diff]5t *emical *>act]i/ics4 ,z po9t$ out above1 almo/ any type ( organic sub/ance is likely to be f\nd 9 soils1 & ! effects ( any ( !m on gr[+ plants c h>dly be pr$ict$ f a priori consid]ations4 ,x has be5 f\nd t z a g5]al rule ! cont9u$ gr[? ( "o crop 9 any soil results 9 a l[ crop production4 ,pot cultures h giv5 ev5 m pron\nc$ results 9 ! same direction4 ,! explanation long accept$ is t ! soil has1 z a result ( cont9u$ cropp+1 become defici5t 9 "s "o or m ( ! 8available0 m9]al nutri5ts4 ,pot exp]im5ts1 :]e ! g>n]$ crop 0 return$ to ! soil & /ill a dim9i%$ yield 0 obta9$1 ?r[ d\bt on ?is explanation4 ,/ill fur!r d\bt results f wat]-cultures :i*1 by gr[+ a crop 9 !m1 become 8poor0 = subsequ5t crops1 al?\gh !re is ma9ta9$ 9 !m an ample supply ( m9]al plant nutri5ts1 & !y are easily r5ovat$ by good absorb]s4 ,^! facts f9d a m satisfactory explanation z be+ due to ! production 9 ! nutri5t m$ium ( delet]i\s organic sub/ances orig9at+ 9 ! gr[+ plant itself4 ,?is idea seems to h be5 advanc$ fir/ by ,de ,c&olle1 9 #ahcb1ajh to acc\nt = ! b5eficial results obta9$ by employ+ a rotation ( crops4 ,x appe>s to h be5 held by ,liebig at "o "t1 al?\gh he subsequ5tly ab&on$ x 9 favor ( ! view t ! b5efits ( a crop rotation are due to ! sev]al crops requir+ diff]5t proportions ( m9]al nutri5ts1 & t ! di/urbance ( ! balance 9 ! soil produc$ by "o crop is n unfavorable to ! gr[? ( "s o!r crop4 ,al?\gh lack+ direct exp]im5tal confirmation1 ?is latt] view ( ,liebig's has long prevail$ among agricultural inve/igators1 p>tly by reason ( 8 au?ority1 p>tly by reason ( ! dom9ance ( ! plant-food !ory ( f]tiliz]s1 & p>tly by reason ( ! fact t ! ideas ( ,de ,c&olle z orig9ally advanc$ includ$ c]ta9 errors soon detect$4 ,! tr5d ( rec5t inve/igations has be5 di/9ctly 9 favor ( a modifi$ =m ( ! view ( ,de ,c&olle4 ,x has be5 recogniz$ t o!r factors ent] into crop rotations1 su* z ! elim9ation ( associat$ we$s1 v>i\s k9ds ( animal1 insect & plant p>asites1 prep>ation ( ! soil by a deep-root$ crop = a %all[-root$ foll[+ crop1 etc4 ,x has come to be recogniz$ t !re are natural associations ( plants1 & natural rotations ( vegetation c]ta9ly det]m9$ by o!r ?an plant food factors4 ,?us1 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 :eat is foll[$ by ragwe$ naturally1 :ile across ! f5ce cocklebur & wild sunfl[] come 9 aft] ! corn1 ! diff]5ce 9 vegetation be+ z %>ply m>k$ aft] ! removal ( ! crops z :5 !y /ill occupi$ ! l&4 ,analyses ( ! ragwe$1 = in/ance1 al?\gh x is a %all[] root$ crop ?an :eat1 %[ t x takes f ! soil z mu* ( ! m9]al nutri5ts z does ! prec$+#aji :eat crop4 ,! inve/igation ( ,lawes & ,gilb]t#aaj on fairy r+s %[$ t ! cont9ual wid5+ ( ! r+s c n be satisfactorily expla9$ by ! comp>ison ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! soil )9 & )\t ! r+s4 ,"w at ,woburn#aaa on ! effect ( grass on apple trees f9ds no o!r plausible explanation ?an t ! gr[+ grass produces 9 ! soil organic sub/ances detrim5tal to "y apple trees4 ,a numb] ( simil> cases h be5 record$4 #ajh ,see 9 ?is connection1 ,fur!r /udies on ! prop]ties ( unproductive soils1 by ,b4 ,e4 ,liv+/on1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cf1 ,bureau ( soils1 ,dept4 ( ,agric41 #aijg1 p4 #g-i4 #aji ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,smi? has made a comp>ison betwe5 ! pota% & phosphoric acid cont5t ( ! :eat & foll[+ crop ( ragwe$ gr[n on a f>m 9 ,fairfax ,co41 ,va4 ,8 unpubli%$ results1 ) "s o!rs f\nd 9 ! lit]ature1 are giv5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,pota%,phosphoric ,mat]ial ,k,o acid1 ,p,o ,analy/ ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,:eat #j4gf #j4eb ,smi? ,"y ragwe$ #a4gh #j4gc ,smi? ,ragwe$ 9 se$ #a4bh #j4ce ,smi? ,ragwe$ 9 se$ & accompany+ plants #a4ah #j4ci ,smi? ,w9t] :eat 9 fl[] #a4gif #j4ea ,wolff's tables 9 ,johnson's 8,h[ ,crops ,gr[10 p4 #cgf4 ,ragwe$ #a4gi #j4da ,de,roode19 ,bull4 #ai1 ,w4 ,va4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #ahia ,ragwe$ #a4hji #j4ed ,burney1 #b;d4 ,ann4 rept4 ,s4 ,c4 ,/at41 #ahhi1 p4 #adf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,on ! :ole1 ragwe$ seems to require & take f ! soil ab\t z mu* m9]al matt] z does :eat4 ,x is /at$ by "s ( ! dairy f>m]s ne> ,wa%+ton1 :o cut ! mixture ( ragwe$1 o!r we$s & grass foll[+ :eat1 = a hay crop1 t ! weight ( ! ragwe$ crop is g5]ally heavi] ?an t ( ! :eat crop4 ,!re=e ! ragwe$ actually removes m m9]al matt] f ! field ?an does ! :eat4 ,^! facts l5d no support to ! popul> notion t :eat 8exhau/s0 ! soil ( its 8available0 m9]al plant nutri5ts4 ,= analyses ( a numb] ( common ,am]ican we$s1 see ,analyses ( ! a%es ( c]ta9 we$s1 by ,francis ,p4 ,dunn+ton3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j\r41 #b1 #bd-bg1 7#ahhj74 #aaj ,note on ! occurr5ce ( 8fairy r+s10 by ,j4 ,h4 ,gilb]t3 ,j\r4 ,l9n4 ,soc1 #ae1 #ag-bd1 7#ahge74 #aaa ,second1 ?ird & fif? reports ( ! ,woburn ,exp]im5tal ,fruit ,f>m1 #aijj1 #aijc1 #aije4 ,f9ally1 al?\gh less "w has be5 done 9 ?is direction ) high] plants ?an ) o!r organisms1 x is n[ recogniz$ z a g5]al law ( all liv+ organisms t !y function less readily z ! products ( _! activities accumulate4#aab ,^! products may1 h[ev]1 be inimical1 neutral or ev5 /imulat+ to o!r organisms4 #aab ,x may n be amiss to po9t out "h t ?is g5]al law holds = all dynamic ph5om5a4 ,9 *emi/ry1 = in/ance1 ! g5]al law is well recogniz$ t ! rate ( reaction dim9i%es ) increase 9 ! active mass ( ! reaction products4 ,x c be %[n t ! pr9ciple applies to plant gr[?4 ,"y plants w )draw potassium m rapidly ?an *lor9e f solutions ( potassium *loride2 t is1 ! solution soon conta9s free hydro*loric acid4 ,conv]sely ! plants cause a solution ( sodium nitrate to become alkal9e4 ,!re=e1 if ! above pr9ciple holds1 !n ! initial addition ( small am\nts ( hydro*loric acid to a solution ( potassium *loride %\ld sl[ up ! absorption ( potassium by se$l+ :eat plants1 or ! addition ( sodium hydroxide ! absorption ( nitrog5 f a solution ( sodium nitrate4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,sk9n] has te/$ ?is idea ) ! foll[+ results1 gr[+ c>efully select$ :eat se$l+s1 = #c days 9 solutions ( pure potassium *loride1 solutions ( potassium *loride conta9+ initially en\gh excess ( hydro*loric acid to be ( an ,n_/1 conc5tration ) respect to ! acid1 solutions ( sodium nitrate1 & solutions ( sodium nitrate conta9+ initially an excess ( sodium hydroxide4 ,solutions ( ,k,cl conta9+ #hj p4p4m4 ,k,o4 #a ,k,o absorb$ #dj4j p4p4m4 #b ,k,o absorb$ #dj4j p4p4m4 #c ,k,o absorb$ #cf4c p4p4m4 ,solutions ( ,k,cl 7#hj p4p4m4 ,k,o7 & ,h,cl 7,n_/174 #d ,k,o absorb$ #bf4g p4p4m4 #e ,k,o absorb$ #bi4e p4p4m4 #f ,k,o absorb$ #bf4g p4p4m4 ,solutions ( ,na,n,o conta9+ #hj p4p4m4 ,,nh4 #g ,,nh absorb$ #cj4b p4p4m4 ,s ,,nh absorb$ #cj4b p4p4m4 #i ,,nh absorb$ #cb4e p4p4m4 ,solutions ( ,na,n,o 7#hj p4p4m4 ,,nh7 & ,na,o,h 7,n_/174 #aj ,,nh absorb$ #bg4h p4p4m4 #aa ,,nh absorb$ #cd4c p4p4m4 #ab ,,nh absorb$ #bg4h p4p4m4 ,?is problem has be5 inve/igat$ critically by direct exp]im5tation1 gr[+ :eat1 & o!r se$l+s 9 wat] & ag> cultures4#aac ,x has be5 %[n t :eat r5d]s ! culture m$ia unsuitable = subsequ5t :eat crops1 ?\gh x c be reclaim$ or r5ovat$ by treatm5t ) su* absorb5ts z c>bon black1 or by o!r me?ods4#aad ,:eat did ab\t z well :5 gr[n 9 a m$ium :i* _h previ\sly support$ a gr[? ( c[peas z :5 plant$ 9 a fre% m$ium2 poor] results 7 obta9$ aft] oats2 no crop produc$ su* poor results 9 ! succe$+ :eat crop z did :eat itself4 #aac ,"s factors 9 soil f]tility1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,h[>d ,s4 ,re$1 ,bull4 ,no4 #dj1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijg4 #aad ,soil fatigue caus$ by organic comp\nds1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,m4 ,x4 ,sullivan3 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #f1 #ci-ej1 7#aiji74 ,x is yet a matt] ( dispute z to :e!r ! sub/ances ?us add$ to nutri5t m$ia are truly excretory products ( ! plant1 sl\gh$ (f or o!rwise elim9at$ f ! surface ( ! roots1 or fur!r elaborat$ by bact]ial or o!r ag5cies be=e becom+ effective4 ,^! are important problems = ! plant physiologi/ & ! soil *emi/ alike4 ,x is beyond dispute1 h[ev]1 by reason ( a l>ge & increas+ weight ( evid5ce1 mu* ( x direct exp]im5t1 t1 z a result ( ! gr[+ ( plants1 soils & ! soil wat] d conta9 organic sub/ances2 h>mful to ! plant or organism elim9at+ !m2 h>mful1 innocu\s1 or ev5 /imulat+ to o!r plants or organisms4 ,= ! elim9ation f ! soil ( toxic or inhibitory organic sub/ances1 :e!r excret$ by roots or o!rwise produc$1 sev]al me?ods are m or less effective4 ,:51 z is sometimes ! case1 ! sub/ance is volatile1 x may be remov$ by heat+1 di/ill+ ) /eam1 or pass+ a curr5t ( air ?r\gh ! soil or cultural m$ium4 ,^! me?ods1 :ile effective 9 ! laboratory & possibly applicable to gre5h\se conditions1 are naturally inapplicable to field conditions4 ,9 ?is la/ case ! obvi\s proc$ure is to increase z mu* z possible ! absorptive p[]s ( ! soil2 to secure ! be/ possible dra9age2 & ) ^!1 ! be/ possible a]ation ( ! soil4 ,x has be5 f\nd t1 9 g5]al1 a cultural m$ium :i* has be5 r5d]$ unfit = ! cont9u$ gr[? ( a crop1 is readily r5ovat$ by treatm5t ) oxidiz+ ag5ts1 & is sometimes r5d]$ ev5 bett] ?an ev] by su* treatm5t1 :i* w\ld sugge/ t ! oxidation products f plant effluvia may be ev5 b5eficial to ! plant4 ,to ?is end ! gr[+ plant seems itself to be an active ag5t1 app>5tly attempt+ automatically to protect itself aga9/ ! products ( its own activities4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,molis*#aae t root secretions h an oxidiz+ p[]1 app>5tly ( an enzymotic "*4 ,"s d\bt ( ! validity ( ,molis*'s "w has be5 rais$ by ,czapek1 ,pfeff]1 & o!rs2 nev]!less x is n[ accept$ t :ile int]cellul> autoxidation or r$uction processes may take place 9 liv+ roots1 ! high] plants1 su* z our common crop plants1 also %[ a m or less well-develop$ extracellul> oxidiz+ p[] 9 ! neighborhood ( ! root tips & root hairs4#aaf ,t ?is oxidiz+ p[] display$ by gr[+ roots is enzymotic is indicat$ by ! fact t artificial culture m$ia frequ5tly display x also aft] plants h be5 gr[n 9 !m = a %ort :ile4#aag #aae b] ,wurzelauss*eidung5 und d]5 ,e9wirkung auf organis*e ,sub/anz51 von ,hans ,molis*4 ,sitzungsb]4 ,akad4 ,wiss4 ,wi51 ,ma?4 nat4 ,k#a41 #if1 #hd-aji 7#ahhh74 #aaf ,! rle ( oxidation 9 soil f]tility1 by ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,h[>d ,s4 ,re$3 ,bull4 ,no4 #ef1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aiji4 #aag ,f consid]ations z yet highly speculative1 a diff]5t type ( oxidation by roots might be anticipat$4 ,x is recogniz$ t 9 ! absorption ( m9]al nutri5ts by plants a c]ta9 am\nt ( selection ent]s4 ,= example1 a plant ) its roots 9 a solution ( potassium *loride1 absorbs m potassium ?an *lor9e1 relatively1 & free hydro*loric acid is left 9 ! solution4 ,obvi\sly 9 ! absorption1 "w is done1 & a possible explanation is t wat] is decompos$ at ! absorb+ surface ( ! root1 ) ! lib]ation ( oxyg54 ,!oretically1 x ought n to be difficult to inve/igate ?is by a /udy ( ! en]gy *anges dur+ absorption1 b gr[+ plants d n l5d !mselves readily to su* exp]im5tation4 ,x has be5 %[n t ! oxidiz+ action ( gr[+ roots is g5]ally promot$ by hav+ ! cultural m$ium slightly alkal9e or neutral r ?an acid4 ,x is also promot$ by ! addition ( v>i\s m9]al salts1 notably by nitrates1 phosphates1 or lime salts4 ,potassium salts promote ! oxidation b slightly1 & 9 "s exp]im5ts h ev5 produc$ a slight decrease4 ,! correspond+ sodium & ammonium salts are m favorable ?an ^? ( potassium4#aah ,x appe>s altoge!r probable1 !re=e1 t ! m9]al salts 9 comm]cial f]tiliz]s may h "s importance 9 ?is connection4 ,:atev] may be ! role ( m9]al f]tiliz]s t[>ds organic sub/ances toxic to gr[+ plants1 x is c]ta9 t !y h an importance & "o t is probably specific1 z indicat$ by "s rec5t inve/igations4#aai ,culture solutions conta9+ ! con/itu5ts potassium1 nitric acid & phosphoric acid 7 prep>$ 9 su* mann] t !y cov]$ ! range ( all possible ratios ( ^! con/itu5ts 9 int]vals ( t5 p] c5t4 9 ea*4 ,into "o set ( ^! solutions 0 introduc$ dihydroxy/e>ic acid1 into ano!r set cum>91 & into a ?ird set1 vanill91 & into a f\r? set1 qu9one4 ,! gr[? ( :eat se$l+s 9 ^! sev]al sets %[$ indubitably t ^! sev]al organic sub/ances :i* are all det]r5t to ! gr[? ( :eat1 7 modifi$ 9 _! influ5ce by ! pres5ce ( ! m9]al salts2 b t nitrates 7 m effici5t ?an ! o!r m9]als 9 ! case ( ! solutions conta9+ dihydroxy/e>ic acid or vanill92 phosphates 7 mo/ effici5t 9 ! case ( ! solutions conta9+ cum>91 & potassium mo/ effici5t 9 solutions conta9+ qu9one4 ,z ! organic sub/ances us$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ei!r 9 !mselves or z typify+ classes ( comp\nds1 may be anticipat$ 9 soils "u natural conditions1 x is aga9 app>5t t m9]al f]tiliz]s h a function 9 addition to ! traditional "o ( increas+ ! supply ( m9]al nutri5ts4 #aah ,action ( f]tiliz+ salts on plant enzymes1 by ,m4 ,x4 ,sullivan1 ,j\r4 biol4 *em41 #f1 7#aiji71 proce$4 ,,xliv4 #aai ,private communication by ,dr4 ,oswald ,s*re9] & ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,sk9n]4 ,! fact t ! oxidiz+ p[] ( roots is m m>k$ :5 gr[n 9 aque\s extracts ( soils 9 good til? ?an 9 extracts made f soils 9 poor til?1 %[s t cultural me?ods are no less important 9 field practice ?an are f]tiliz]s 9 promot+ ?is important activity ( plants4 ,!re is little reason to d\bt t oxidiz+ ag5cies o!r ?an plant roots 7bact]ial = in/ance7 are m or less active 9 e arable soil1 & num]\s inve/igations1 among :i* ,russell's rese>*es#abj are conspicu\s1 leave little d\bt t oxidation processes are promot$ by good til?4 ,x is app>5t1 !re=e1 t by ! activities ( ! plant itself z well z o!r ag5cies1 ! g5]al t5d5cy 9 soils is ! de/ruction ( or r5d]+ innocu\s h>mful plant effluvia or o!r organic sub/ances1 & to ?is end are effective ea* ( ! ?ree me?ods ( soil control g5]ally practic$1 namely1 tillage1 crop rotation & f]tiliz]s4 ,among ! organic compon5ts ( ! soil none h great] importance & int]e/ ?an ^? conta9+ nitrog5 or z !y are frequ5tly call$ ! nitrog5 c>ri]s4 ,conspicu\s among ^! are ! nitrates4 ,:ile x is n[ g5]ally conc$$ t ammonia & o!r nitrog5 comp\nds c be tak5 up by high] plants & elaborat$ by !m "u special conditions1 x nev]!less rema9s true t plants draw _! ne$$ supplies ( nitrog5 f ! soil solution1 ma9ly 9 ! =m ( nitrates4 ,! problems pres5t$ by ^! nitrog5 c>ri]s are ma9ly bact]ial#aba & physiological1 b c]ta9 features are ( direct importance to ! soil *emi/ & to a /udy ( ! soil solution4 ,x is n[ kn[n g5]ally t !re are _m k9ds ( nitrify+ & d5itrify+ bact]ia 9 soils1 & t probably e arable soil conta9s sev]al species1 or v>ieties at lea/ ( bo? k9ds4 ,) good til? & consequ5t a]obic conditions1 nitrify+ processes prevail1 & ) poor til? or 9 subsoils1 ana]obic conditions & d5itrify+ processes prevail4 ,w>m?1 moi/ure1 ! reaction ( ! soil1 & p]haps o!r factors m>k$ly affect ! activity ( ! organisms ( ! soil solution4 ,ano!r important factor is t ! absorptive p[]s ( ! high] plants are m>k$ly affect$ by sunlight1 s t1 especially on bright & cle> days1 !re is g5]ally a high] conc5tration ( nitrates 9 ! soil solution 9 ! morn+ ?an 9 ! ev5+4 ,?is fact w\ld seem to affect s]i\sly ! value ( "s rec5t & ext5sive inve/igations :]e x has be5 s\ght to classify soils by _! cont5t ( wat]-dissolv$ nitrates4 ,nitric acid is m readily lea*$ f soils ?an are mo/ o!r acid radicals4 ,consequ5tly nitrates1 l o!r organic compon5ts ( ! soil solution1 & unlike inorganic compon5ts1 t5d to v>y greatly 9 conc5tration4 #abj ,oxidation 9 soils1 & its connection ) f]tility1 by ,edw>d ,j4 ,russell3 ,j\r4 ,agric4 ,sci41 ,i1 #bfa-bgi1 7#aije72 ,pt4 ,,ii4 ,! influ5ce ( p>tial /]ilization1 by ,francis ,v4 ,d>bi%ire & ,edw>d ,j4 ,russell1 #b1 #cje-cbf1 7#aijg74 #aba ,! fixation ( atmosph]ic nitrog5 by bact]ia1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,lipman1 ,bull4 #ha1 ,bureau ( ,*emi/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijd1 p4 #adf-afj2 ,a review ( inve/igations 9 soil bact]iology1 by ,edw>d ,b4 ,voorhees & ,jacob ,g4 ,lipman1 ,bull1 #aid1 ,(fice ( ,exp]im5t ,/ations1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aijg4 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,f]tiliz]s4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t ! great practical problem confront+ ! soil *emi/ is ! prop] use ( soil am5dm5ts or f]tiliz]s4 ,! f>m]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ sp5d annually = f]tiliz]s upw>ds ( #ajj1jjj1jjj4 ,x is e/imat$ by v>i\s au?orities t a l>ge fraction1 p]haps z mu* z ?ree-f\r?s1 ( ! mat]ial repres5t$ by ?is exp5diture is misappli$ = lack ( intellig5t direction4 ,yet all ( ?is enorm\s mass ( f]tiliz]s c be us$ to advantage4 ,great z x is1 x is relatively small beside ! total :i* w1 & mu/1 be us$ 9 a n di/ant future1 ) ! gr[? & developm5t ( int5sive me?ods ( cultivation consequ5t ^u ! rapid settl+ ( ! c\ntry1 ! practical disappe>ance ( new l&s & ! increase 9 money value ( ! old l&s4 ,! comm]cial importance ( ! problem1 !re=e1 makes x desirable t special emphasis %\ld be giv5 to f]tiliz]s f ! po9t ( view develop$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s4 ,x %\ld be recall$ t ! use ( f]tiliz]s con/itutes "o ( ! ?ree great g5]al me?ods ( soil control1 & fur!r t :ile tillage me?ods1 crop rotations1 & f]tiliz] applications c be us$ to supplem5t "o ano!r1 no "o ( ^! me?ods c be expect$ to take satisfactorily ! place ( ano!r4 ,crop production is dep5d5t ^u a l>ge numb] ( factors4 ,^u ! ra9fall1 bo? z to ! am\nt & di/ribution2 ^u ! sunlight1 z to am\nt & di/ribution2 ^u ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! soil2 soil bact]ia & o!r biologic ag5ts2 enzymes 9 ! soil2 biological factors 9 ! plant1 & probably _m o!r ?+s4 ,op9ions d & w cont9ue to diff] z to :at ^! factors are1 b at lea/ e "o agrees t !y are _m4 ,attempt+ to =mulate ^! factors develops fundam5tal difficulties1 s9ce x is n positively kn[n h[ f> ! v>iables are dep5d5t or indep5d5t1 & we h no idea z to ! nature ( ! function or functions4 ,! weight ( exi/+ evid5ce favors ! view t all ! factors are dep5d5t v>iables1 al?\gh num]\s attempts h be5 made f "t to "t to %[ t "s "o factor1 su* z ! ra9fall = in/ance1 or ! mean annual temp]ature1 or available plant-food1 is practically an indep5d5t factor4 ,al?\gh x %\ld be r easy to det]m9e exp]im5tally ! nature ( ! function1 if any ( ^! v>i\s factors 7 indep5d5t1 ?is has nev] be5 done1 & ?is fact is itself a /rong argum5t t all ! factors 9 crop production are dep5d5t on "o ano!r4 ,:5 !re is introduc$ into ! equation a factor = any "o ( ! me?ods ( soil control1 i4 e41 tillage1 crop rotation1 or f]tiliz]s1 x becomes ev5 m app>5t t ! function is det]m9$ by dep5d5t v>iables1 = ! new factor always m or less affects sev]al if n all ( ^? already cit$4 ,= in/ance1 f]tiliz]s c]ta9ly affect ! *emical prop]ties ( ! soil1 its physical prop]ties1 ! soil bact]ia1 p]haps ! plant-food supply1 ! oxidation ( plant effluvia & o!r factors4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t a satisfactory !ory ( f]tiliz] action c n be a simple "o b mu/ ( necessity be complex2 & ! same /atem5t is no less true z reg>ds tillage & crop rotation4 ,! recognition ( ! fact t ! action ( f]tiliz]s is a complex function dep5d+ ^u _m factors & gr\ps ( factors :i* v>y among !mselves & ) ea* individual soil1 c>ries ) x ! conviction t an exact or quantitative f]tiliz] practice1 :ile !oretically possible1 is probably unatta9able s9ce me?ods = ! solution ( su* complex functions are g5]ally want+4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t ! empirical exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ has fail$ to develop a quantitative practice4 ,h[ev] disappo9t+ ?is may seem at fir/ sight1 ! prospect is n altoge!r hopeless1 = ?is po9t ( view indicates a sy/ematic s*eme = exp]im5tally det]m9+ a qualitative1 b nev]!less rational1 f]tiliz] practice4 ,! dom9ance ( ! plant-food !ory ( f]tiliz]s 9 ! pa/1 %utt+ (f1 z x has1 a rational attack ( ! problem1 is caus+ ! annual wa/e ( millions ( doll>s 9 misappli$ f]tiliz]s1 & x is ( sc>cely less economic ?an sci5tific importance to inve/igate & ext5d our k ( ! effect ( soil am5dm5ts ^u ! _m factors 9 crop production4 ,) a k ( ! effect ( f]tiliz]s ^u ! physical1 *emical & biological factors 9 crop production1 & ( ! nature ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ^! factors1 w come ! ability to manage intellig5tly ! individual field = ! p>ticul> crop4 ,?is k c only come by attack+ ! problem f ! dynamic viewpo9t1 & s f> z ! soil factors are conc]n$1 !y c app>5tly be /udi$ be/ z !y affect ! prop]ties ( ! soil solution4 ,:ile x seems c]ta9 t "s f]tiliz] effects are directly ^u ! soil & second>ily ^u ! plants1 x _c be d\bt$ t 9 o!rs1 ! ph5om5a are m directly conc]n$ ) ! absorption by & ! metabolism )9 ! plant & until ^! plant processes are bett] und]/ood1 no?+ approa*+ a satisfactory practice c be anticipat$4 ,:y & h[ plants ex]cise ! selective p[]s !y appe> to possess are fundam5tal que/ions yet to be answ]$4 ,! important effects sometimes produc$ by add+ to ! nutri5t m$ium su* sub/ances z manganese salts :i* are n necess>y to ! gr[? ( ! plant1 c no m be neglect$ ?an ! /udy ( ! phosphorus ne$s4 ,! pres5ce 9 ! soil univ]sally ( sub/ances o!r ?an ! recogniz$ m9]al nutri5ts1#abb may v well h a significance = plant production hi!rto unsuspect$1 = ! fact t an organism c cont9ue to function 9 ! abs5ce ( a sub/ance is no argum5t1 mu* less pro(1 t x w\ld n function bett] ) t sub/ance pres5t4 ,rec5t inve/igations1 %[+ t animal organisms are sometimes m resi/ant to c]ta9 tox9s & diseases "u />vation conditions or :5 +e/+ sub/ances unnecess>y to normal developm5t1 sugge/ ! possibility at lea/ ( simil> ph5om5a ) plants4 ,x is at any rate cle> t ! practical problem ( ! be/ production ( plants f soils is n m]ely "o ( provid+ a relatively l>ge supply ( potassium1 phosphorus & nitrog54 #abb ,see1 = in/ance1 ,b>ium 9 soils1 by ,g4 ,h4 ,faily]1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ga1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 #aiaj4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to consid] :at con/itutes a comm]cial f]tiliz]4 ,x mu/ be a sub/ance ! addition ( :i* ei!r directly or indirectly affects ! prop]ties ( ! soil or ! gr[+ plant2 x mu/ be obta9able 9 l>ge quantities & f a s\rce or s\rces ( supply n readily exhau/$2 & x mu/ be *eap4 ,( ! _m sub/ances fill+ ! fir/ condition1 all ^? :i* fulfill also ! o!r conditions are us$ z f]tiliz]s1 ) ! exception ( common salt & human excrem5t4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t x does n conta9 a conv5tional plant-food1 sodium *loride appe>s to produce results q simil> to ^? produc$ by ! usual f]tiliz] salts4 ,its use has be5 foll[$ g5]ally by an increas$ yield ( crop1 b occasionally by a decreas$ "o1 & x appe>s n improbable t fur!r inve/igation w\ld %[ sodium *loride to h a consid]able value z a f]tiliz]4 ,human excrem5t or night soil1 & ! sewage & g>bage refuse ( our l>ge cities are n comm]cial f]tiliz]s1 al?\gh hav+ und\bt$ly a high agricultural value4 ,objection has be5 urg$ to !m t !y are 8fil?y0 & liable to conta9 dang]\s pa?og5ic organisms4 ,bo? objections c\ld be met4 ,x seems a m rational explanation t ! agricultural me?ods ( ?is c\ntry h n yet become suffici5tly int5sive to necessitate ! cons]vation ( su* mat]ials or to ju/ify _! comm]cial exploitation4 ,new products w come into use f "t to "t1 z 9 ! case ( calcium cyanamid & basic calcium nitrate4 ,b x is wor?y ( note t ^! sub/ances h become available n s mu* because ( _! agricultural value1 b incid5tally to ! ef=ts ( inv5tors & manufactur]s to produce *eap nitric acid = ! prep>ation ( high explosives4#abc ,!re seems no reason to d\bt t an ample supply ( desirable sub/ances w always be available = f]tiliz] purposes4 ,! imm$iate practical problem = ! future is n ! seek+ ( new f]tiliz]s b ! rational use ( ^? at h&4 #abc ,9 ?is connection x may be ( int]e/ to call att5tion to ! fact t ! ,twelf? ,c5sus %[s less ?an a fif? ( ! sodium nitrate br\ght into ! ,unit$ ,/ates goes into ! f]tiliz] trade4 ,moreov]1 ! production ( ammonium salts by ! ext5sive coke & gas plants ( ! c\ntry has be5 practically nil n because ( any inh]5t difficulties 9 mak+ !m or because ! co/ ( production has be5 high1 b because ! m>ket dem&s 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 too small4 ,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,alkali4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s !re h be5 consid]$ ! ph5om5a :i* obta9 "u humid conditions4 ,"u exceptional conditions ( prolong$ dr\ght !re occurs an accumulation ( soluble m9]al sub/ances at or ne> ! surface ( ! soil4 ,?is ph5om5on is pron\nc$ 9 arid & semi-arid regions1#abd & ! accumulations ( soluble salts occurr+ 9 su* regions is kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 8alkali10 9 ,india z 8reh10 9 ,africa z 8brak10 & 9 o!r c\ntries by v>i\s local designations4 ,! /udy ( ! extreme conditions produc+ alkali has add$ mat]ially to ! pres5t k ( ! processes tak+ place 9 soil ( humid areas4 ,moreov]1 alkali-infe/$ areas are !mselves becom+ ( s mu* importance ) ! gr[+ ne$s = fur!r new l&s1 t x seems wise to give "h an outl9e ( ! *emical pr9ciples involv$ 9 _! soil solutions4#abe ,alkali is sometimes a s+le salt1 b usually a mixture ( "s two or m ( ! *lorides1 sulphates1 c>bonates1 bic>bonates1 & occasionally ! nitrates1 phosphates & borates1 ( sodium1 magnesium1 potassium1 & calcium1 & occasionally /rontium & li?ium4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 ! c>bonate ( sodium is pres5t to an appreciable ext5t1 ! salt mixture is kn[n z black alkali1 9 contradi/9ction to :ite alkali1 :i* latt] does n conta9 sodium c>bonate4#abf ,g5]ally1 b n always1 soils conta9+ alkali also conta9 accumulations ( ! less soluble salts1 calcium c>bonate1 or calcium sulphate1 or a mixture ( ! two4 ,^! sub/ances1 sometimes cem5t+ ! less soluble m9]al compon5ts ( ! soil1 sometimes almo/ pure1 are f\nd 9 lay]s m or less cont9u\s1 & f a fraction ( an in* to sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 9 a position approximately p>allel to & at a mod]ate dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! soil4 ,9 su* cases ^! lay]s =m a 8h>d-pan0 & frequ5tly ! treatm5t ( ?is type ( h>d-pan is ! mo/ difficult & vex+ problem 9 ! managem5t ( alkali-be>+ soils4 #abd ,occasional occurr5ce ( alkali 9 humid regions1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ag1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aija1 p4 #cf-ch4 ,?is ph5om5on %\ld n be confus$ ) ! surface deposition ( v>i\s k9ds ( sal9e mat]ial f spr+s1 :i* is fairly common 9 bo? humid & arid regions1 ! _w ov]4 #abe ,alkali soils ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by ,cl>5ce ,w4 ,dorsey1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ce1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijf4 #abf ,black alkali is s call$ because ! cau/ic solution conta9+ sodium c>bonate1 9 ris+ to ! surface ( ! soil1 dissolves & c>ries ) x organic matt] :i* is subsequ5tly left on ! surface 9 m or less blacki% deposits1 (t5 r+-l 9 appe>ance4 ,x is by no means uncommon1 h[ev]1 to f9d deposits ( 8black alkali0 :i* are n black at all1 & x is q common to f9d 8:ite alkali0 s d>k 9 color z to sugge/ ! pres5ce ( sodium c>bonate1 al?\gh ! latt] be abs5t4 ,! orig9 ( alkali is (t5 unc]ta94 ,9 "s cases ! geological evid5ces 9 ! area make x c]ta9 t ! alkali came f ! desiccation ( =m] bodies ( sea wat] :i* _h become isolat$ f ! ocean4 ,9 o!r cases ! alkali appe>s to come f ! desiccation ( lakes :i* are ! depositories ( ! dra9age ( a surr\nd+ area1 & :i* h no outlet to ! sea4 ,9 /ill o!r cases x has be5 suppos$ t ! alkali is d]iv$ f w9d-borne sea-spray4 ,v>i\s explanations ( a m or less special "* ) reg>d to p>ticul> localities or circum/ances are to be f\nd 9 ! lit]ature4#abg ,! *emical pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! desiccation ( a body ( sea wat] are n[ pretty well und]/ood1 ow+ ma9ly to ! inve/igations ( van't ,h(f1 ,mey]h(f]1 & _! c[ork]s4#abh ,! salts 9 sea wat] & ^? con/itut+ 8:ite alkali0 are ma9ly ! *lorides & sulphates ( sodium1 potassium & magnesium4 ,calcium is also pres5t1 appe>+ 9 deep deposits z anhydrite1 & at ! surface z gypsum4 #abg ,an int]e/+ case is ! ,bill+s ,area1 ,montana1 :]e ! alkali seems to be d]iv$ f ! oxidation1 solution & subsequ5t hydrolysis ( ! pyrites & m>casite ( ! neighbor+ ,pi]re %ales4 ,! sulphuric acid ?us =m$1 lea*+ ?r\gh %ales & s&/ones1 takes up v>i\s bases & ! pr$om9at+ salts 9 ! alkali ( ?is area are ! sulphates ( sodium & magnesium4 #abh ,zur ,bildung d] ozeanis*5 ,salzablag]ung51 von ,j4 ,h4 van't ,h(f1 ,brauns*weig1 #aije-ji4 ,= a detail$ discussion ( ^! results ) ref]5ce to alkali deposits see3 ,calcium sulphate 9 aque\s solutions1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on & ,james ,m4 ,bell1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cc1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijf4 ,f ! results ( ?is "w x is possible to pr$ict ! ord] 9 :i* ! diff]5t salts or m9]als w sep>ate f ! evaporat+ solution4 ,at ord9>y temp]ature 7#be ,c7 ! fir/ salt to be deposit$ f ! dilute solution is gypsum 7,ca,s,o4#b;,h,o7 foll[$ by halite or sodium *loride 7,na,cl7 9 quantity4 ,sodium *loride cont9ues to sep>ate at all high] conc5trations4 ,next w be deposit$ ka9ite 7,mg,s,o,k,cl4#c;,h,o74 ,at ! conc5tration !n rea*$1 ! /able sulphate ( calcium is anhydrite 7,ca,s,o71 :i* cont9ues to sep>ate f solution z desiccation proce$s4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! gypsum previ\sly deposit$ is yet 9 contact ) ! solution1 x t5ds to be trans=m$ to anhydrite & at all high] conc5trations ! deposition ( anhydrite may be expect$4 ,z evaporation proce$s a po9t is rea*$ :]e ka9ite & kies]ite 7,mg,s,o4,h,o7 sep>ate4 ,fur!r evaporation br+s a conc5tration at :i* kies]ite & c>nallite 7,mg,cl4,k,cl4#f;,h,o7 are precipitat$1 & z ! process proce$s1 f9ally ! po9t is rea*$ :]e kies]ite1 c>nallite & bis*(ite 7,mg,cl4#f;,h,o7 all ?ree sep>ate ) sodium *loride4 ,! f9al products sep>at+ at a high] temp]ature1 #hc ,c41 are ! same f\r solids1 sodium *loride1 kies]ite1 c>nallite & bis*(ite4#abi ,! alt]nate lay]s ( anhydrite & sodium *loride noticeable 9 "s desiccat$ sea b$s is probably ! result ( alt]ations 9 temp]ature1 anhydrite be+ less soluble1 & sodium *loride some:at m soluble 9 hot ?an 9 cold wat]4 ,dur+ w>m wea!r !re w\ld be a great] t5d5cy = anhydrite to sep>ate & 9 cold] wea!r = sodium *loride to be precipitat$4 ,anhydrite at ! surface w\ld gradually absorb wat] vapor f ! atmosph]e & be trans=m$ to gypsum4#acj #abi ,x w be int]e/+ to comp>e ) ! above ! foll[+ brief description ( ! ,/assfurt salt deposits1 tak5 f ,ries's ,economic ,geology ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7#aije71 p4 #abg4 8,at ! bottom is ! ma9 b$ ( rock salt :i* is brok5 up into lay]s #b-e in*es ?ick by lay]s ( anhydrite4 ,above ?is come #bjj feet ( rock salt1 ) :i* are mix$ lay]s ( magnesium *loride & polyhalite4444 ,re/+ on ?is is #ahj feet ( rock salt1 ) alt]nat+ lay]s ( sulphates *iefly kies]ite1 ! sulphate ( magnesia4 ,^! lay]s are ab\t #a foot ?ick4 ,la/ly1 & upp]mo/1 is a #ace-;foot b$ consi/+ ( a s]ies ( r$di% lay]s ( rock salts ( magnesia & potassium1 ka9ite 444 kies]ite 444 c>nallite 444 ta*hydrite 444 z well z masses ( sn[-:ite boracite40 #acj ,z examples1 "s ( ! gypsum deposits ( ,kansas may be cit$1 accord+ to ,hawor?1 ,m9]al res\rces ( ,kansas1 #ahig1 p4 #fa1 & ! classical case at ,bex1 ,switz]l&1 describ$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,f4 ,*>p5ti]1 ,ub] die ,salz-,lag]/tte von ,bex3 ,ann4 ,phys4 ,*im41 #c1 #ge-hj1 7#ahbe71 & by ,g4 ,bis*(1 ,elem5ts ( *emical & physical geology1 ,london1 #ahed-eh1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cej-a4 ,besides ! pr9cipal salts j describ$1 !re may sep>ate at "o conc5tration or ano!r o!r v>i\s d\ble salts includ+ langbe9ite 7#b,mg,s,o4,k,,s71 polyhalite 7,k,,s4,mg,s,o4#b;,ca,s,o4#b;,h,o71 glaub]ite 7,ca,s,o4,na,,s71 syng5ite 7,ca,s,o4,k,,s4,h,o71 potassium p5tasulphate 7,k,,s4#e;,ca,s,o4,h,o71 krugite 7#d;,ca,s,o4,k,,s4,mg,s,o4#b;,h,o71 & possibly o!rs4 ,^! are all /able ov] v re/rict$ ranges ( conc5tration1 h[ev]1 & if =m$1 probably seldom p]si/1 b pass ov] to m /able salts z ! desiccation proce$s1 & h little m ?an a pass+ !oretical int]e/4 ,! addition ( c>bonates to ! sy/em introduces "s fur!r modifications4#aca ,9 ?is case lime c>bonate is ! fir/ salt to be precipitat$1 foll[$ probably by ! same ord] ( deposition z outl9$ above4 ,z ! "m liquor becomes m conc5trat$1 x app>5tly loses its alkal9e "*1 = ! addition ( an alcoholic solution ( ph5olph?ale9 does n produce ! *>act]i/ic r$ color4 ,t ! solution does actually conta9 dissolv$ c>bonates is %[n by ! appe>ance ( ! r$ color on dilut+ a portion ( ! "m liquor ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,an int]e/+ example 9 nature is furni%$ by ! ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,utah4 ,a te/ ( ! wat] ( ?is lake 9 #ahii gave no alkal9e reaction ) ph5olph?ale91 b ! reaction appe>$ promptly :5 di/ill$ wat] 0 add$1 & fur!r exam9ation %[$ ! wat] to conta9 ab\t #j4jab p] c5t4 sodium c>bonate4#acb ,slosson has report$ simil> cases 9 ,wyom+4#acc #aca ,! action ( wat] & aque\s solutions ^u soil c>bonates1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on & ,james ,m4 ,bell1 ,bull4 ,no4 #di1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijg4 #acb ,application ( ! !ory ( solutions to /udy ( soils1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,report ,no4 #fd1 ,field ,op]ations ( ! ,bureau ( ,soils1 #ahii1 p4 #adi4 #acc ,alkali lakes & deposits1 by ,w4 ,c4 ,knight & ,e4 ,e4 ,slosson1 ,bull4 ,no4 #di1 ,wyom+ ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/ation1 #aija1 p4 #ajh4 ,"o 8black alkali0 sy/em has be5 /udi$ ) "s approa* t[>ds complet5ess4#acd ,9 ?is case magnesium & potassium salts are n pres5t1 ! sy/em be+ compos$ ( wat]1 c>bon dioxide1 *lorides1 sulphates1 sodium & calcium salts1 ) ! condition impos$1 t ! bases are pres5t 9 am\nts m ?an equival5t to ! sulphuric & hydro*loric acids4 ,on desiccation at #be ,c calcium c>bonate fir/ appe>s foll[$ by gypsum & !n sodium sulphate decahydrate4 ,next appe>s a d\ble salt 7#b;,ca,s,o4#c,na,,s7 foll[$ by anhydr\s sodium sulphate1 ! ,glaub]'s salt :i* =m]ly cry/alliz$ be+ no long] /able4 ,sodium *loride !n precipitates & ! conc5tration f9ally rea*es a po9t :]e gypsum is no long] /able1 & ! f9al gr\p ( salts 9 contact ) ! evaporat+ solution "u conditions ( /able equilibrium consi/s ( calcium c>bonate1 ! d\ble sulphate ( soda & lime1 anhydr\s sodium sulphate & sodium *loride4 #acd ,! solubility ( c]ta9 salts pres5t 9 alkali soils1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,j4 ,m4 ,bell & ,w4 ,o4 ,rob9son1 ,j\r4 ,phys4 ,*em41 #aa1 #cif-dbj1 7#aijg74 ,! desiccation ( a lake :i* s]ves z ! f9al repository ( a regional dra9age involves ess5tially ! pr9ciples j discuss$4#ace ,! con/itu5ts involv$ are ! same4 ,a s]i\s problem involv$ 9 ! consid]ation ( ?is s\rce ( 8alkali0 is ! high ratio ( *lor9e to ! o!r con/itu5ts1 9 view ( its v l[ ratio 9 ! rocks f :i* x comes4 ,! explanation und\bt$ly involves ! fact t ! c>bonates & sulphates are con/antly be+ remov$ z calcium salts f a body ( wat] :i* is m or less cont9u\sly receiv+ ! dra9age ( any consid]able wat]%$1 & is at ! same "t subject to a relatively high rate ( evaporation4 ,! *lor9e =m+ only v soluble salts "u su* conditions w\ld be segregat$ & conc5trat$ 9 ! residual "m liquor4 ,mo/ difficult is x to acc\nt = ! relatively high ratio ( sodium to potassium 9 alkali f su* an orig94 ,"s light is ?r[n on ! subject by ! progressive *anges 9 conc5tration ( a lake wat] :i* receives a regional dra9age "u arid conditions4 ,to ?is end are giv5 ! foll[+ results ( analyses ( ! wat]s ( ,utah ,lake1 made at diff]5t times#acf ov] an int]val ( tw5ty ye>s1 & %[+ t !re is a segregation ( *lor9e & sodium tak+ place1 al?\gh 9 ?is case ! lake has an outlet 9 ! ,jordan ,riv]4 #ace ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! fact t %ales or simil> geological deposits are frequ5tly to be f\nd ne> alkali areas1 indicates t ! %ales are ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! alkali4 ,x is suppos$ t ! con/itu5ts ( ! alkali salts 7 =m$ by ! action ( wat] on ! %ale m9]als at or ab\t ! "t ! %ales 7 deposit$1 & c>ri$ d[n ) ! latt]4 ,subsequ5tly ! alkali has be5 lea*$ out to appe> at ! surface ( soils1 g5]ally at a l[] level ?an are ! %ales4 #acf ,! wat] ( ,utah ,lake1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on3 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #bg1 #aac-aaf1 7#aije74 ,,analyses ,,( ,,! ,,wat] ,,( ,,utah ,,lake4 ,,results ,,9 ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million ,cl>ke ,cam]on ,br[n ,seidell ,br[n #ahhc #ahii #aijc #aijdacg #aijdach ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,ca #ee4h #fg4f #hj #fg4g #fg ,sr -- -- -- #a4g -- ,mg #ah4f #ac4h #ib #gc4e #hf ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,na #ag4g #bcc4g #bdg #bjg4b #bcj ,k 8 8 #cj #be4h #bb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,li -- -- -- #j4g -- ,,s #acj4f #bcf4g #cfe #ccb4i #cgh ,cl #ab4d #caf4e #ccf #bhh4e #ccg ,,hco -- -- #bff #bje4e #aid ,,co #fj4i #bc4g -- #bd4j #aa ,si,o #aj4j -- -- #bb4f #bh ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ,total #cjf4j #hib4j #adaf #abej4a #acec ---------------------------------------- ----------- #acg ,sample collect$ ,may #ah4 ,lake unusually high4 #ach ,sample collect$ ,aug4 #ca4 ,lake /ill high = t season ( ! ye>4 ,! ?ird g5]al orig9 ( alkali supposes t w9d-borne sea-spray c>ries into ! air salts :i* are left 9 v f9e p>ticles on ! evaporation ( ! wat]1 or are deposit$ on ! ord9>y atmosph]ic du/ & c>ri$ ov] ! l&2 & t ?is du/ is precipitat$ "h & !re z may be det]m9$ by ! v>i\s meteorological conditions :i* x enc\nt]s4 ,all ! l& surface is suppos$ to be receiv+ m or less ( x f "t to "t1 b 9 arid regions ! ra9fall & dra9age is n suffici5t to return to ! sea z mu* z is receiv$ !refrom4#aci #aci ,= a rec5t int]e/+ & valuable discussion ( ?is subject ) ref]5ce to a p>ticul> area1 see3 ,! orig9 ( ! salt deposits ( ,rajputana1 by ,sir ,?omas ,h4 ,holl& & ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,*ri/ie1 ,records ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,india1 #ch1 #aed-ahf1 7#aiji74 ,x is v probable t w9d-borne salts f ! sea are be+ c>ri$ ov] & to "s ext5t be+ deposit$ on all ! l& surfaces ( ! e>?4 ,to :at ext5t ?is process is tak+ place1 & :e!r x is suffici5t to acc\nt = ! alkali ( any p>ticul> region1 available data fail to answ] satisfactorily4 ,probably x is always associat$ ) "o ( ! orig9s ( alkali already discuss$ & is 9 itself g5]ally ( second>y importance4 ,an argum5t frequ5tly advanc$ aga9/ ! validity ( ! hypo!sis t w9d-borne sea-spray is ! orig9 ( alkali is t ! relative proportions ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts 9 8alkali0 are seldom if ev] ^? obta9+ 9 sea wat]4 ,?is argum5t does n take into consid]ation1 h[ev]1 t ! sev]al salts 9 ! spray probably sep>ate into cry/als ( widely diff]5t size & specific gravities1 & !re may well be tak+ place a selective or sort+ action by ! w9d4 ,m important1 und\bt$ly1 is ! selective action tak+ place 9 ! soil itself2 x c only be an accid5tal co9cid5ce t ! con/itu5ts ( alkali 9 any p>ticul> occurr5ce %\ld h ! same quantitative relations z 9 ! mat]ial f :i* x orig9at$1 no matt] :at may h be5 ! nature ( its orig94 ,9 ! field1 alkali is f\nd 9 a bewild]+ array ( =ms & types4 ,q diff]5t comb9ations ( con/itu5ts may be f\nd 9 ! same field )9 a few rods or ev5 a few feet1 & ea* case appe>s to h a di/9ct orig91 to be 9 fact a law unto itself4 ,ea* alkali deposit repres5ts g5]ally ! resultant f a mixture ( salt :i* has be5 dissolv$ & reprecipitat$ a numb] ( times1 & :i* :ile dissolv$ has be5 seep+ ?r\gh ! soil "u gravitational =ces1 or has be5 mov+ ?r\gh ! soil z film wat] "u capill>y /resses4 ,9 ei!r ev5t ! salt mixture has be5 subject to ! p[] = selective absorption peculi> to ! p>ticul> soil mass ?r\gh :i* x has be5 mov+4 ,re-solution is seldom an in/antane\s process1 & diff]5t rates ( solution necess>ily involve "s sep>ation ( salts4 ,f9ally ! alkali deposit is usually s mix$ ) o!r soil mat]ial t !re _c be recogniz$ ! *>act]i/ic solid phases 7su*1 = in/ance1 z ! d\ble sulphates ( calcium & ano!r base7 :i* s]ve z guides 9 laboratory /udies & 9 c]ta9 salt m9es4 ,ev5 if ! *>act]i/ic salts are deposit$ 9 surface soils1 x is v d\btful1 ow+ to _! hygroscopicity1 if any b gypsum1 halite & ,glaub]'s salt c p]si/ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,! alt]nations ( temp]ature f night to day *>act]i/ic ( arid regions1 ) precipitation ( dews1 might easily be expect$ to make noticeable & rapid *anges 9 ! *>act]i/ics ( any giv5 alkali or salt mixture4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t attempts to acc\nt = ! g5esis & pres5t appe>ance ( an alkali deposit by comp>ison ) artificial depositions ( salt mixtures1 z work$ out 9 ! laboratory1 h g5]ally be5 disappo9t+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 laboratory /udies h be5 q fruitful 9 elucidat+ ! ph5om5a tak+ place on ! lea*+ ( alkali f a soil1 or s-call$ 8alkali reclamation40 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ! alkali1 its segregation at or ne> ! surface ( ! soil is ev]y:]e mu* ! same2 t is1 !re is a translocation & segregation ( soluble salts 9 ! bel[-surface seepage wat]s1 det]m9$ ma9ly by ! topographic features1 b p>tly by ! texture & /ructural prop]ties ( ! soil & subsoil1 ) a subsequ5t rise z capill>y wat] consequ5t ^u evaporation at ! surface4 ,precipitation ( ! solutes may take place at ! surface2 m commonly x takes place a few in*es bel[1 ow+ to ! fact t "u conditions ( rapid evaporation1 !re is ord9>ily a discont9uance 9 ! capill>y columns or ! film wat] at a po9t bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 ! wat] diffus+ !nce into ! above-surface atmosph]e z ! vapor phase4 ,! composition ( alkali is v>i$4 ,9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 ! _w ov]1 ! pr$om9at+ comp\nd is sodium *loride4 ,:5 calcium c>bonate is a conspicu\s compon5t ( ! soil1 z a h>d-pan or o!rwise1 sodium c>bonate or black alkali is also g5]ally pres5t1 or apt to appe> :5 ! l& is irrigat$4 ,:5 calcium sulphate or gypsum is likewise pres5t1 !re is less probability ( appreciable am\nts ( black alkali1 & :]e gypsum pr$om9ates or ! calcium c>bonate is pres5t 9 relatively inappreciable am\nts1 black alkali is g5]ally abs5t1 & sodium sulphate is an important con/itu5t ( ! alkali4 ,relative rates ( diffusion1 selective absorption1 & sometimes o!r factors are prom95t1 h[ev]1 & ! "* ( ! alkali 9 diff]5t spots )9 a few y>ds ( "o ano!r may diff] greatly4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ manife/ations ( alkali is ! occasional occurr5ce ( a pr$om9at+ am\nt ( calcium *loride :i*1 z a result ( its unusually high hygroscopicity1 r5d]s ! soil damp]1 & !re=e d>k] 9 color ?an ! surr\nd+ soil1 & frequ5tly causes ev5 exp]ts to suspect ! pres5ce ( black alkali4 ,its true nature c1 ( c\rse1 be det]m9$ by a simple *emical exam9ation4 ,! effect ( alkali on ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil is (t5 v m>k$1 aside f ! cem5t+ action or h>d-pan =mation by ! c>bonate or sulphate ( lime4 ,black alkali1 by dissolv+ & segregat+ ! organic matt] at ! surface1 removes f ! l[] soil lay]s ! 8humus0 comp\nds :i* are ( enorm\s importance to ! ma9t5ance ( a soil /ructure favorable to plant gr[?4 ,moreov]1 black alkali is "o ( ! be/ ( deflocculat+ ag5ts1 & consequ5tly soils :]e x is a noticeable compon5t1 frequ5tly puddle ) great read9ess & are reclaim$ ) ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,mo/ ( ! o!r con/itu5ts ( alkali1 h[ev]1 are flocculat+ or 8crumb+0 ag5cies1 & if n pres5t 9 too l>ge am\nts t5d to increase ! read9ess ) :i* ! soil c be br\ght into good til?4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 by sep>at+ 9 ! solid phase1 or 9 =m+ a visc\s soil solution1 ne> ! saturation po9t1 !y sometimes produce a condition 9 ! soil simulat+ puddl+1 & :]e x occurs bel[ ! surface1 call$ an alkali h>d-pan4 ,! managem5t ( soils infe/$ ) alkali is possible 9 accordance ) a few well e/abli%$ pr9ciples4 ,sub/antial progress has be5 made 9 select+ & bre$+ plants & /ra9s ( plants adapt$ to su* soils4 ,extreme cases are ! use ( ! s-call$ ,au/ralian salt-bu%es z =age crops1 & ! gr[+ ( date-palms :i* ?r\gh g5]ations ( bre$+ 9 ! oases ( ! ,sah>a c ?rive 9 l&s s salty z to de/roy mo/ ( ! halophil\s plants4 ,m int]e/+ is ! unwitt+ developm5t ( ! f>m]s ( ,utah ( /ra9s ( :eat & alfalfa :i* easily )/& ?ree or f\r times z high a salt cont5t 9 ! soil z d correspond+ crops 9 o!r alkali regions1 su* z ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4#adj ,black alkali1 or "o 9 :i* sodium c>bonate is a prom95t con/itu5t1 is especially de/ructive to vegetation1 n alone on acc\nt ( a toxic action on plants1 b because 9 any consid]able conc5tration x has a corrosive action on ! plant tissue4 ,n only on ?is acc\nt b also because ( its un=tunate effects on ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil1 black alkali has receiv$ unusual att5tion f soil inve/igators4 ,hilg>d#ada has repeat$ly urg$ ! use ( gypsum z an 8antidote0 to black alkali1 assum+ t "u conditions ( good dra9age & a]ation a reaction takes place 9 accordance ) ! foll[+ equation1 ,na,,co ,ca,s,o ,ca,c,o ,na,,s4 #adj ,"s mutual relations betwe5 alkali soils & vegetation1 by ,?omas ,h4 ,ke>ney & ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on1 ,report ,no4 #ga1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijb2 ,! date-palm & its utilization 9 ! ,s\?we/]n /ates1 by ,walt] ,t4 ,sw+le1 ,bull4 #ec1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijd2 ,! comp>ative tol]ance ( v>i\s plants = ! salts common 9 alkali soils1 by ,t4 ,h4 ,ke>ney & ,l4 ,l4 ,h>t]1 ,bull4 #aac1 ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture1 #aijg2 ,tol]ance ( alkali by v>i\s cultures1 by ,r4 ,h4 ,l\ghridge1 ,bull4 #acc1 ,cali=nia ,agr4 ,expt4 ,/a41 #aija4 #ada ,soils1 by ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d4 #aijf1 p4 #deg-deh4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 %[n t calcium salts & especially calcium sulphate ex]cise a m>k$ ameliorat+ effect on ! action ( o!r salts ^u gr[+ vegetation4#adb ,on ! o!r h&1 ! reaction indicat$ by ! equation j giv5 does n run to an end ) complete precipitation ( ! c>bonate1 & ! total am\nt ( alkali is increas$ 9 ! soil by ! addition ( ! gypsum4 ,un=tunately1 ,hilg>d's sugge/ion has n yet acquir$ ! sanction ( satisfactory field demon/ration1 al?\gh x w\ld seem to m]it m consid]ation ?an has be5 giv5 x4 ,inasmu* z lime is g5]ally a prom95t con/itu5t ( soils conta9+ black alkali1 x is possible t ! ma9t5ance ( good dra9age & a]ation 9 ! soil is itself ! be/ corrective ( black alkali4 #adb ,) ! salts occurr+ 9 alkali1 x is a g5]ality t ! effects produc$ on high] gre5 plants are relatively less ) mixtures ?an ) an equival5t am\nt ( a s+le salt4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t ! contr>y is true = at lea/ "s k9ds ( bact]ial flora4 ,see1 ,on ! lack ( antagonism betwe5 c]ta9 salts1 by ,c4 ,b4 ,lipman1 ,bot4 ,gaz41 #di1 #da-ej1 7#aiaj74 ,! be/ use ( alkali soils involves irrigation1 & x is 9 ! application ( irrigation wat]s t managem5t ( alkali soils f9ds its mo/ highly develop$ & mo/ important expression4 ,) light s&y soils x has sometimes be5 f\nd practicable to add suffici5t wat] to c>ry ! alkali d[n into ! soil to su* a dep? t ! crop is well advanc$ t[>d maturity be=e ! alkali aga9 rises 9 suffici5t am\nts to prove s]i\sly detrim5tal to ! m advanc$ crops :i* are g5]ally f> m 8alkali resi/ant0 ?an ! "y se$l+s or ! g]m9at+ se$s4 ,9 "s cases ?is proc$ure c be practic$ = a numb] ( ye>s )\t greatly increas+ ! s]i\sness ( ! alkali conditions1 & x may be ju/ifi$1 = a "t at lea/1 by economic consid]ations4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 & m quickly ) heavy ?an ) light soils1 increas+ am\nts ( alkali mu/ be br\ght into ! surface soil1 & ?is me?od ( irrigat+ %\ld n be consid]$ z any?+ m ?an a tempor>y exp$i5t4 ,! only proc$ure :i* %\ld be s]i\sly consid]$ z a p]man5t sy/em on an alkali soil1 no matt] :at ! texture1 is ! in/allation ( und]gr\nd dra9s1 = :i* purpose1 s f>1 cyl9drical tile dra9s comm5d !mselves z giv+ ! be/ results4 ,) a well e/abli%$ sy/em ( tile dra9s1 ! alkali & all excess ( soluble salts c be remov$ f ! soil above ! dra9s2 & alkali ris+ f ! soil bel[ c1 at lea/ v l>gely1 be prev5t$ f ris+ to ! upp] soil lay]s4 ,! reclamation ( an alkali tract by und]dra9age is n1 h[ev]1 a necess>ily quick op]ation4 ,g5]ally x mu/ be a matt] ( sev]al ye>s p]si/5t & c>eful ef=t1 b once atta9$ %\ld readily be ma9ta9$4 ,! reclamation ( an alkali tract by flood+ & und]dra9age involves ! rev]se process to ! cry/allization ( salt f a br9e4 ,if ! wat] 9 p]colat+ ?r\gh ! soil 7 long en\gh 9 contact ) ! salts pres5t to become a saturat$ solution 9 equilibrium ) !m1 !n ! composition ( ! result+ solution or dra9age wat] w\ld dep5d ^u ! p>ticul> solid phases or salts :i* are pres5t 9 ! soil1 b n on ! am\nts ( ^! salts2 & ! relative proportions ( ! m9]al con/itu5ts 9 ! dra9age wat] %\ld rema9 con/ant until "s "o ( ! solid phases 9 ! soil p]man5tly disappe>s4 ,9 practice1 h[ev]1 ! wat] passes ?r\gh ! soil at diff]5t rates f "t to "t1 ! fl[ f ! tiles be+ copi\s aft] a flood+ b gradually dim9i%+ z "t goes on4 ,"o or bo? ( two processes c !re=e take place4 ,! wat] may dissolve "s ( ! salts )\t at any "t or place becom+ saturat$4 ,z ! diff]5t salts h diff]5t rates ( solution z well z diff]5t absolute solubilities1 x w\ld be expect$ t n only ! conc5tration ( ! dra9age wat]1 b ! composition ( ! dissolv$ salts w\ld *ange f "t to "t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a "p ( ! wat] may be imag9$ to p]colate sl[ly ?r\gh ! f9] op5+s1 ?us =m+ a saturat$ solution ) respect to ! alkali salts :i* solution1 h[ev]1 w be dilut$ on entrance to ! dra9s by a "p ( ! wat] go+ ?r\gh ! l>g] soil op5+s & dissolv+ b little salt 9 its passage4 ,9 ?is case1 x w\ld be anticipat$ t ! conc5tration ( ! dra9age wat] w\ld increase z ! am\nt ( fl[ dim9i%$ b ! composition ( ! dissolv$ salts w\ld rema9 practically con/ant until "s "o or m ( ! alkali salts 0 completely remov$4 ,!re are1 un=tunately1 b few exp]im5tal data by :i* ^! c be te/$4 ,9 ! accompany+ table are giv5 ! results ( an inve/igation on ! reclamation ( an alkali tract ne> ,salt ,lake ,city1 ,utah1 :]e obs]vations on ! composition ( ! dra9age wat] 7 made at frequ5t int]vals = m ?an ?ree ye>s4#adc #adc ,see1 ,calcium sulphate 9 aque\s solution1 by ,frank ,k4 ,cam]on & ,james ,m4 ,bell1 ,bull4 ,no4 #cc1 #aijf1 p4 #aj & #gj1 & ,reclamation ( alkali l& 9 ,salt ,lake ,valley1 ,utah1 by ,cl>5ce ,w4 ,dorsey1 ,bull4 ,no4 #dc1 #aijg1 p4 #ac1 ,bureau ( ,soils1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agriculture4 ,at fir/ sight ^! results might appe> to %[ t ! composition ( ! salts 0 rema9+ reasonably con/ant4 ,?is conclusion mu/ be receiv$ ) caution1 h[ev]4 ,v>iations d occur 9 ! con/itu5ts :i* are pres5t 9 small] am\nt1 b ! v>iations are n sy/ematic & may plausibly be expla9$ by dilution ( saturat$ solution by unsaturat$ solution on ent]+ ! dra9s4 ,conf9+ att5tion !re=e to ! con/itu5ts occurr+ 9 l>g] proportions1 namely1 sodium *loride1 sodium sulphate & sodium bic>bonate 7includ+ ! normal c>bonate7 x %\ld be rememb]$ t ! p]c5tage ( sodium 9 ^! ?ree salts does n v>y mu*1 & ! 8con/ancy0 may be m app>5t ?an real4 ,inde$ a close inspection ( ! results indicates t :ile ! sodium is rema9+ practically un*ang$1 !re is "s decrease 9 ! *lor9e & a correspond+ increase 9 ! sulph-ion4 ,f ?is x w\ld foll[ t ! sodium *loride 0 be+ wa%$ out ( ! soil m rapidly1 proportionately1 ?an sodium sulphate2 & x w\ld also appe> t ! solution ent]+ ! dra9s 0 n 9 f9al equilibrium ) ! salts 9 ! soil4 ,,composition ,,( ,,! ,,salts ,,9 ,,! ,,dra9age ,,wat] ,,f ,,! ,,swan ,,tract1 ,,utah ,date ,ca ,mg ,na ,k p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aijb--,septemb] #j4ch #j4ej #cc4gd #b4jd ,octob] #j4bc #j4gh #cd4gc #a4di ,novemb] #j4ai #j4gd #cd4db #a4dj #aijc--,may #j4ch #j4fa #cd4dh #j4hd ,june #j4de #j4he #cd4ah #a4ji ,july #j4ej #j4hj #cd4jf #a4be ,augu/ #j4ce #j4ij #cd4dj #a4ab ,septemb] #j4di #j4gb #cd4ed #a4bd ,octob] #j4dg #a4jb #cc4dc #a4eb #aijd--;,janu>y #j4ae #j4ge #cc4ic #a4bf ,febru>y #j4cd #j4gh #cd4ei #j4gj ,m>* #j4bi #j4gg #cd4eg #a4bh ,april #j4bi #j4gj #cd4bh #a4cg ,may #j4ga #j4gd #bf4ib #d4ja ,june #j4cg #j4gj #cb4fj #c4ee ,augu/ #j4cg #j4hf #cc4he #b4ac ,septemb] #j4db #j4gi #cd4aj #a4ce ,octob] #a4jd #j4fj #cc4ja #a4hf ,decemb] #a4be #j4gj #cb4fb #a4fi #aije--;,febru>y #j4cb #j4fg #cc4ei #j4ii ,m>* #j4ca #j4ff #cc4df #a4cj ,april #j4ce #j4fe #cd4bj #a4ja ,may #j4de #j4hf #cc4dc #a4bj ,june #j4dj #j4id #cd4je #a4cb ,july #j4cb #j4fi #cc4fg #a4cj ,augu/ #j4ce #a4jd #cc4ab #a4eh ,septemb] #j4db #j4hb #cc4ci #a4bf #aijf--;,janu>y #j4ee #j4hd #cc4ab #a4aa ,,s ,cl ,,hco ,,co ,date p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4p] c5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- #aijb--,septemb] #ah4fb #cg4gf #f4di #j4dh ,octob] #ai4ad #ci4eb #e4jf #j4bi ,novemb] #ah4fa #dj4df #c4ie #j4bc #aijc--,may #bi4ij #ch4ai #d4cj #j4be ,june #ag4eb #da4jj #d4bc #j4db ,july #ah4bd #dj4bd #d4fg #j4cj ,augu/ #ag4ae #db4cg #c4dh #j4af ,septemb] #ag4ca #db4jb #c4cf #j4cc ,octob] #af4jh #dc4bh #c4cc #j4cj #aijd--;,janu>y #bj4jh #cf4fd #f4id #j4be ,febru>y #ah4ie #dj4ae #d4di ---- ,m>* #af4ca #db4bh #c4ha #j4ai ,april #bj4ic #ch4jd #c4cc #a4jf ,may #ba4bf #dj4ic #d4je #a4ch ,june #ai4id #cg4db #d4je #a4cg ,augu/ #ag4ab #da4ca #c4bj #a4af ,septemb] #ai4ja #ci4he #d4aa #j4cg ,octob] #ba4db #cf4fc #d4fh #j4gf ,decemb] #ai4hi #cg4dd #f4ah #j4bb #aije--;,febru>y #bb4cj #cc4cb #h4de #j4cf ,m>* #ba4fj #cc4hf #h4df #j4ce ,april #bj4jc #cf4ii #f4bb #j4ee ,may #bj4ei #cf4jd #f4if #j4dg ,june #bj4hi #ce4he #e4ga #j4hd ,july #ba4ag #cd4id #g4bc #j4fh ,augu/ #ba4eh #ce4ib #e4gb #j4ii ,septemb] #ba4ah #cd4he #g4da #j4fg #aijf--;,janu>y #ba4aj #cd4ce #h4eg #j4cf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,h[ long dra9age mu/ cont9ue be=e !re is a radical *ange 9 ! composition ( ! seepage wat] _c be pr$ict$1 & un=tunately data reg>d+ ?is po9t are n available4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 "t "s "o or m ( ! salts 9 ! soil w\ld be remov$ & ! nature ( ! dra9age wat] w\ld be *ang$4 ,alt]ations 9 ! composition ( ! dra9age wat] furni% ! readie/ z well z ! be/ guides z to ! *anges & ! nature ( ! *anges tak+ place 9 ! soil dur+ ! process ( reclamation4 ,z a practical matt] x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! p]si/5ce ( ! sev]al salts ( ! alkali mixture does n mean necess>ily t !y are ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 ! soil2 :ile yet det]m9+ ! composition ( ! wat] ent]+ ! dra91 !y may h disappe>$ f ! upp] soil lay]s :i* !n may hold a solution ( q diff]5t "*1 suit$ to ! support ( crops4 ,9 ! case j cit$ ! soil conta9$1 be=e dra9age op]ations 7 comm5c$1 upw>ds ( #b4g p] c5t4 ( readily soluble salts & w\ld n support any gr[? o!r ?an salt-bu%es & simil> halophil\s plants4 ,f\r ye>s lat] ! soil conta9$ less ?an #j4c p] c5t4 soluble salts & yield$ a v satisfactory crop ( alfalfa4 ,9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 ! l& _c be consid]$ z f9ally reclaim$ until a mat]ial *ange 9 ! composition ( ! dra9age wat] %[s t !re has be5 a complete removal ( "s ( ! solid salts f t portion ( ! soil fe$+ ! dra9s4 ,! rate at :i* alkali c be lea*$ f a soil is dep5d5t 9 a l>ge measure ^u ! absorptive prop]ties ( ! soil1 & to "s ext5t ^u ! nature ( ! salts compos+ ! alkali4 ,! lea*+ is m rapid f s&y ?an f clay soils1 & :ite alkali is lea*$ m readily ?an is black4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! same laws hold "h z 9 any lea*+ ( a solute f an absorb5t1 & x has be5 %[n t ev5 9 ! case ( black alkali1 ! rate ( removal "u a con/ant lea*+ foll[s ! law dx ---------- ,k 7,a - x74#add dt #add ,! removal ( 8black alkali0 by lea*+1 by ,f4 ,k4 ,cam]on & ,h4 ,e4 ,patt51 ,j\r4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #bh1 #afci1 7#aijf74 ,9 practice1 ! wat] does n p]colate ?r\gh ! soil "u a con/ant 8head10 b ! fl[ is int]mitt5t1 s t ! value ( ! above =mula is ma9ly academic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! dra9age betwe5 flood+s is ?or\gh1 ?is proc$ure %\ld be m effici5t ?an any o!r = caus+ a rapid removal ( ! alkali salts1 if1 z is g5]ally ! case1 a limit$ quantity ( wat] is available4 ,f9ally1 x rema9s to be po9t$ out t ! use ( excessive am\nts ( wat] on alkali tracts is q z un=tunate 9 its effects z ! use ( too little4 ,if wat] be add$ to an undra9$ soil or 9 excess ( ! capacity ( ! dra9s to remove x1 incalculable h>m may be done by enorm\sly increas+ 9 ! surface soil ! am\nt ( salts br\ght up f ! l[] lay]s z ! capill>y /ream rises to ! surface 9 consequ5ce ( evaporation !re4 ,%\ld ! wett+ ( ! soil proce$ s f> z to e/abli% good capill>y connection ) ! p]man5t gr\nd wat]1 ! h>m may be suffici5t to (fset 9 a few weeks or mon?s exp5sive reclamation ef=ts ( ye>s4 ,! h>m to ! tract :]e ! wat] is add$ may be f> less ?an ! h>m done to o!r areas4 ,a l>ge proportion ( exi/+ alkali deposits or 8spots0 results f ! evaporation ( seepage wat]s com+ sometimes f consid]able di/ances4 ,! ov]-wett+ ( a soil means ! production ( seepage wat]s :i* are to appe> at ! surface some:]e else1 g5]ally at a l[] level1 & frequ5tly means ! m or less complete ru9 ( ! soils ( ! l[] level4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,india1 ,africa & our own arid /ates 9 ! increase ( alkali spots foll[+ ! introduction ( irrigation1 add$ to our pres5t !oretical k1 %\ld make ! plann+ ( an irrigation project )\t adequate dra9age provisions1 a /upidity1 & its accompli%m5t a public crime4 ,q z important is ! developm5t ( a public op9ion t ! individual cultivator :o delib]ately or c>elessly uses excessive am\nts ( wat] on 8 tract is a s]i\s enemy to ! body politic1 & %\ld be treat$ z su*4 ,,index4 ,absorb5ts1 ,influ5ce on soil extracts1 #ch ,absorption by soils1 #i1 #ei1 #fe =mula1 #fb ( dyes1 #fj1 #fa rate1 #fc selective1 #fa ,acid dige/ion ( soils1 #aa1 #ab ,adsorption1 #i1 #fj ,alkali1 #aaj1 #aah ,effect on soils1 #aah ,ord] ( deposition1 #aab ,reclamation1 #aag1 #aba ,s\rce1 #aaa1 #aag ,antagonism betwe5 salts1 #abj ,apophyllite1 ,cry/allization f wat]1 #ce ,apple trees1 ,effect ( grass on1 #ih ,appley>d1 ,james ,r4 ,see ,walk]1 ,james1 & ,appley>d1 ,james ,r4 ,a% analyses1 #aa1 #ac ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s' analyses1 quot$1 #ab cit$1 #ab 8(ficial me?od01 #aj1 #ab 8,available0 & 8non-available0 plant-food elem5ts1 #h ,av]itt1 ,s4 ,d4 ,see ,pet]1 ,alfr$ ,m41 & ,av]itt1 ,s4 ,d4 ,bact]ia 9 soils1 #ajc ,bailey1 ,lib]ty ,h41 cit$1 #e ,balance betwe5 supply & removal ( m9]al plant nutri5ts1 #ge ,b>ium 9 soils1 #ajg ,b>dt1 ,a4 ,see ,doro%evskii1 ,a4 & ,b>dt1 ,a4 ,becqu]el1 ,anto9e ,c41 cit$1 #fg quot$1 #fh ,bell1 ,james ,m41 & ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 cit$1 #bh ,bell1 ,james ,m4 ,see also ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 & ,bell1 ,j4 ,m42 ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 ,bell1 ,j4 ,m41 & ,rob9son1 ,w4 ,o4 ,b5$ick1 ,c>l1 cit$1 #ee ,birn]1 ,h41 & ,lucanus1 ,b41 cit$1 #gj ,bis*(1 ,gu/av1 cit$1 #aac ,black alkali1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aai1 #abd ,blanck1 ,edw>d1 cit$1 #fc ,breazeale1 ,james ,f41 ackn[l$gm5ts1 #hj cit$1 #ga ,see also ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 & ,breazeale1 ,j4 ,f42 ,le,clerc1 ,j4 ,a4 & ,breazeale1 ,j4 ,f4 ,briggs1 ,lyman ,j41 cit$1 #ee & ,lapham1 ,macy ,h41 cit$1 #da & ,mc,lane1 ,john ,w41 cit$1 #bf ,m>t91 ,f4 ,o41 & ,pe>ce1 ,j4 ,r41 cit$1 #ca ,brooks1 ,william ,p41 cit$1 #e ,br[n1 ,bailey ,e41 cit$1 #df quot$1 #df1 #aae ,bryan1 ,h4 ,see ,davis1 ,r4 ,o4 ,e41 & ,bryan1 ,h4 ,buck+ham1 ,edg>1 cit$1 #cj ,burney1 ,w4 ,b41 quot$1 #ih ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 cit$1 #aaj1 #aad1 #aae ,see also ,bell1 ,james ,m41 & ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k42 ,ke>ney1 ,?omas ,h4 & ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k42 ,:itney1 ,milton1 & ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k4 & ,bell1 ,james ,m41 cit$1 #ca1 #ch1 #ej1 #aac1 #abb & ,breazeale1 ,james ,f41 cit$1 #fb & ,gallagh]1 ,francis ,e41 cit$1 #bd & ,patt51 ,h>rison ,e41 cit$1 #fc1 #abd & ,rob9son1 ,william ,o41 cit$1 #bg1 #ec ,bell1 ,james ,m41 & ,rob9son1 ,william ,o41 cit$1 #aad ,calcium nitrate1 basic1 #ajh ,c>bon dioxide 9 ! soil1 #ec ,*>p5ti]1 ,jean ,g4 ,f41 cit$1 #aac ,*emical analysis ( soils4 ,see ,soil analysis--,*emical4 ,*esneau1 ,g41 cit$1 #fh ,*ri/ie1 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,see ,holl&1 ,sir ,?omas ,h41 & ,*ri/ie1 ,w4 ,a4 ,k4 ,cl>ke1 ,frank ,wiggleswor?1 cit$1 #gf1 #aae ,c(fey1 ,george ,n41 quot$1 #bc ,conc5tration ( m9]al con/itu5ts1 #ci ,conc5tration1 ,plant gr[? &1 #gj ,crack+ ( soil1 #bb ,creep1 #ai ,creighton1 ,h5ry ,j4 ,m4 ,see ,f9dlay1 ,alex&]1 & ,creighton1 ,h5ry ,j4 ,m4 ,critical moi/ure cont5t1 #bd ,crop control me?ods1 #g1 #aje plants def9$1 #a produc+ p[] & aque\s extract1 #ha rotation1 ,natural1 #ig ,objects (1 #d yields increas+1 #af ,crumb /ructure ( soils1 #be ,crumb+1 #bg1 #aai ,cu%man1 ,all]ton ,s41 cit$1 #cf 8,cut-(f01 #bb1 #ge ,cyanamid1 #ajh ,czapek1 ,fri$ri*1 ,exp]im5ts on root et*+s1 #i ,criticism ( ,molis*1 #aja ,da*n[ski1 ,alfr$1 cit$1 #hh ,d>bi%ire1 ,francis ,v41 & ,russell1 ,edw>d ,j41 cit$1 #ajc ,d>w91 ,horace1 cit$1 #bb ,davis1 ,r4 ,o4 ,e41 quot$1 #fc & ,bryan1 ,h41 cit$1 #ee ,de ,c&olle1 ,augu/9 ,p41 cit$1 #ig ,degradation ( rocks1 #a ,de ,roode1 ,rudolph ,j4 ,j41 quot$1 #ih ,diaspore1 #cd ,dittri*1 ,max41 cit$1 #ac ,doro%evskii1 ,a41 & ,b>dt1 ,a41 cit$1 #ce ,dorsey1 ,cl>5ce ,w41 cit$1 #aaj1 #abb ,dra9age wat]s1 ,composition1 #abd ,dr\ght limits def9$1 #bi ,dunn+ton1 ,francis ,p41 cit$1 #ih ,du/1 #bj ,dy]1 ,b]n>d1 cit$1 #dj me?od ( soil analysis1 #aj quot$1 #f ,dynamic nature ( soil ph5om5a1 #ah ,e>?worms1 #bb ,european soils1 analyses1 #af ,erosion1 #bj ,et*+s1 ,root1 #i ,ew>t1 ,a4 ,j41 cit$1 #ah1 #gb1 #gc ,excreta1 ,toxic1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc 8,factors01 #aa ,faily]1 ,george ,h41 cit$1 #ajg ,see also ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 & ,faily]1 ,george ,h4 ,smi?1 ,joseph ,g41 & ,wade1 ,h4 ,r41 cit$1 #cb ,fairy r+s1 #ih ,feldsp>s1 #ce1 #ch1 #ee ,f]tiliz]s1 #d1 #hc1 #aje ,film wat]1 #bd t5acity1 ,exp]im5ts1 #be ,f9dlay1 ,alex&]1 & ,creighton1 ,h5ry ,j4 ,m41 cit$1 #ec ,f9e a soil1 to1 #d ,fis*]1 ,emil1 & ,s*midm]1 ,edw>d1 cit$1 #fa 8,fly-(f01 #bb1 #ge ,fre>1 ,william1 cit$1 #e ,free1 ,edw>d ,elway1 cit$1 #bj ,fri$el1 ,*>les & ,s>as91 ,edmond1 cit$1 #cd ,gallagh]1 ,francis ,edw>d4 ,see ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k4 & ,gallagh]1 ,francis ,e4 ,gannett1 ,h5ry1 cit$1 #gf ,gaude*on1 ,h4 ,see ,muntz1 ,a41 & ,gaude*on1 ,h4 ,geikie1 ,sir ,ar*ibald1 cit$1 #ge ,gels1 #cf ,gilb]t1 ,joseph ,h41 cit$1 #ih ,gonn>d1 ,f41 cit$1 #ce 8,good0 & 8poor0 soils comp>$1 #hj ,graham1 ,?omas1 cit$1 #fg ,granulate a soil1 to1 #d ,grass1 ,effect on apple trees1 #ih ,gravitational wat]1 #bc ,great ,salt ,lake1 ,reaction ( wat]1 #aac ,gre5 manure1 ,effect on soil extracts1 #hg ,gypsum on alkali soils1 #aai ,h>dpan1 #aaa ,h>t]1 ,leon>d ,l4 ,see ,ke>ney1 ,?omas ,h41 & ,h>t]1 ,l4 ,l4 ,h>twell1 ,burt ,l41 ,:eel]1 ,h4 ,j41 & ,pemb]1 ,f4 ,r41 cit$1 #gd ,haselh(f1 ,emil4 ,see ,knig1 ,joseph1 & ,haselh(f1 ,e4 ,hawor?1 ,erasmus1 cit$1 #aac ,heileman1 ,william ,h41 quot$1 #fe ,het]og5eity ( soils1 #a1 #ba1 #cb1 #gi ,hilg>d1 ,eug5e ,w41 cit$1 #e1 #f1 #ch1 #dj1 #aai ,me?od ( soil analysis1 #aj ,hillebr&1 ,william ,f41 cit$1 #ac ,hills1 ,joseph ,l41 cit$1 #e ,holl&1 ,sir ,?omas ,h41 & ,*ri/ie1 ,w4 ,a4 ,k41 cit$1 #aaf ,hulett1 ,george ,a41 cit$1 #fh ,humic acids1 #ee ,humus1 #fa ,hut*9son1 ,h5ry ,b4 ,see ,russell1 ,edw>d ,j41 & ,hut*9son1 ,h5ry ,b4 ,hydrolysis1 #cc ,imbibition1 #ei ,irrigation1 #abj ,johnson1 ,samuel ,w41 cit$1 #dj1 #gg quot$1 #b ,kahl5b]g1 ,l\is1 & ,l9coln1 ,az>iah ,t41 cit$1 #ce ,kaol9ite1 #cd ,ke>ney1 ,?omas ,h41 & ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 cit$1 #aai & ,h>t]1 ,leon>d ,l41 cit$1 #aai ,k5tucky agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 ,me?od ( soil analysis1 #aj ,k+1 ,frankl9 ,h41 cit$1 #ge1 #gf1 #gg quot$1 #df1 #gf ,knight1 ,wilbur ,c41 & ,slosson1 ,edw9 ,e41 cit$1 #aad ,knig1 ,joseph1 & ,haselh(f1 ,e41 cit$1 #h ,kossovi*1 ,petr4 ,s41 ,exp]im5ts on root et*+s1 #i ,lag]gr51 ,/51 cit$1 #bf ,lake desiccation1 #aad ,lapham1 ,macy ,h4 ,see ,briggs1 ,lyman ,j41 & ,lapham1 ,macy ,h4 ,lawes1 ,john ,b41 & ,gilb]t1 ,joseph ,h4 ,see ,gilb]t1 ,joseph ,h4 ,lea!r1 ,j4 ,walt]1 cit$1 #bc ,le ,cl]c1 ,j4 ,ar?ur1 & ,breazeale1 ,james ,f41 cit$1 #ad ,lemb]g1 ,johann ,t41 cit$1 #ce ,liebig1 ,ju/us1 cit$1 #h1 #ig ,liebri*1 ,a41 cit$1 #cd ,liebrei*1 quot$1 #fh ,liev+1 quot$1 #fh ,l9coln1 ,az>iah ,t4 ,see ,kahl5b]g1 ,l\is1 & ,l9coln1 ,az>iah ,t4 ,lipman1 ,jacob ,g41 cit$1 #gb1 #ajc ,see also ,voorhees1 ,edw>d ,b41 & ,lipman1 ,jacob ,g4 ,lipman1 ,c4 ,b41 cit$1 #abj ,litmus1 ,absorption (1 #ff z indicator1 #ff ,liv+/on1 ,burton ,e41 cit$1 #he1 #hh1 #ig ,l\ghridge1 ,rob]t ,h41 cit$1 #bh1 #aai ,lucanus1 ,b4 ,see ,birn]1 ,h41 & ,lucanus1 ,b4 ,mc,gee1 ,w4 ,j41 quot$1 #bb1 #gf ,mc,lane1 ,john ,w4 ,see ,briggs1 ,lyman ,j41 & ,mc,lane1 ,john ,w4 ,manure1 ,/able1 ,effect on soil extracts1 #hd ,m>t91 ,f4 ,osk>4 ,see ,briggs1 ,lyman ,j41 ,m>t91 ,f4 ,o41 & ,pe>ce1 ,j4 ,r4 ,maxwell1 ,walt]1 ,me?od ( soil analysis1 #aj ,me*anical analysis1 #ca ,m]rill1 ,george ,p41 cit$1 #i ,mey]h(f]1 ,wilhelm1 cit$1 #aaa ,mey]1 ,victor1 cit$1 #fg ,m9*91 ,george ,m41 cit$1 #bf ,m9]al con/itu5ts ( soil solution1 #ca1 #cg ,m9]al plant nutri5ts1 balance betwe5 supply & removal1 #ge ,mississippi ,riv]1 ,soil-c>ry+ p[]1 #ba ,mix+ ( soils1 #cc ,moi/ure cont5t1 #bd ,moi/ure movem5t into soil1 #bh ,molis*1 ,hans1 cit$1 #aja ,moo]s1 ,*>les ,a41 cit$1 #aj ,motion 9 soils1 #ai ,movem5t ( soils1 #bj ,muntz1 ,a41 & ,gaude*on1 ,h41 cit$1 #cj quot$1 #bd ,murray1 ,sir ,john1 cit$1 #ge ,newell1 ,fr$]ick ,h41 cit$1 #ge ,night-soil1 #ajh ,nitrates 9 agriculture1 #ajh 9 soil solution1 #ajc ,nitrog5 c>ri]s1 #ajc 8,(ficial me?od0 ( soil analysis1 #aj ,optimum moi/ure cont5t1 #bd ,organic comp\nds1 ,effect on plants1 #hb ,organic con/itu5ts ( soil solution1 #ed1 #gi ,or?oclase1 ,alt]ation (1 #cc ,o/wald1 ,wo41 cit$1 #bh ,oxidiz+ p[] ( roots1 #aja ,oxyg5 9 ! soil1 #ec ,oxy/e>ic acid1 ,toxic to plants1 #if ,patt51 ,h>rison ,e41 cit$1 #bd1 #be1 #fj ,see ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 & ,patt51 ,h>rison ,e4 & ,waggaman1 ,william ,h41 cit$1 #i1 #ei & ,gallagh]1 ,f4 ,e41 cit$1 #ei ,pe>ce1 ,julia ,r4 ,see ,briggs1 ,lyman ,j41 ,m>t91 ,f4 ,o41 & ,pe>ce1 ,j4 ,r4 ,pemb]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,see ,h>twell1 ,burt ,l41 ,:eel]1 ,h4 ,j41 & ,pemb]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,p5field1 ,samuel ,l41 cit$1 #ac ,p]colation exp]im5ts1 #dg ,pet]1 ,alfr$1 cit$1 #ed & ,av]itt1 ,s4 ,d41 cit$1 #aj ,pfeff]1 ,wilhelm ,f4 ,p41 cit$1 #ah1 #gb1 #gc1 #aja ,phlogi/on !ory1 #ag ,phosphates1 #ej ,picol9e c>boxylic acid1 toxic to plants1 #if ,plant-food !ory1 #af ,plant gr[? & conc5tration1 #gj ,plant nutri5ts1 ,supply & removal1 #ge ,plot exp]im5ts1 #ad 8,poor0 & 8good0 soils comp>$1 #hj ,pot exp]im5ts1 #ad ,puddl+1 #be ,pyrogallol1 #hg ,pyrophyllite1 #cd ,ragwe$1 #ig1 #ih ,ra9fall1 #bb1 #ge ,rajputana1 ,salt deposits1 #aaf ,rayleigh1 ,"l1 cit$1 #bf ,re$1 ,h[>d ,s4 ,see ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 & ,re$1 ,h[>d ,s42 ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 ,re$1 ,h[>d ,s41 & ,sk9n]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,removal ( plant nutri5ts1 ,supply &1 #ge ,rev]sible reactions1 #cd ,ries1 ,he9ri*1 quot$1 #aab ,riv] wat]s1 ,conc5tration (1 #gf ,rob9son1 ,william ,o4 ,see ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 & ,rob9son1 ,william ,o42 ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 ,bell1 ,james ,m41 & ,rob9son1 ,w4 ,o4 ,rodewald1 ,h41 cit$1 #bd ,rm]1 ,h]mann4 ,see ,wilf>?1 ,h]mann1 ,rm]1 ,h]mann1 & ,wimm]1 ,g4 ,root et*+s1 #i ,root gr[? me*anism1 #ai ,roots ( gr[+ plants1 #ah ,rotation ( crops1 #ig ,ro?mund1 ,v41 cit$1 #fh 8,run-(f01 #bb1 #ge ,russell1 ,edw>d ,j41 cit$1 #ajc ,see also ,d>bi%ire1 ,francis ,v41 & ,russell1 ,edw>d ,j4 & ,hut*9son1 ,h5ry ,b1 cit$1 #gb ,sa*s1 ,julius1 ,exp]im5ts on root et*+s1 #i ,salt z f]tiliz]1 ,common1 #ajh ,s>as91 ,edmond4 ,see ,fri$el1 ,*>les1 & ,s>as91 ,edmond1 #cd ,s*midm]1 ,edw>d4 ,see1 ,fis*]1 ,emil1 & ,s*midm]1 ,edw>d4 ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 quot$1 #ajb & ,faily]1 ,george ,h41 cit$1 #da1 #dg & ,re$1 ,h[>d ,s41 cit$1 #ajj1 #aja & ,%orey1 ,edmund ,c41 cit$1 #ie & ,sullivan1 ,m4 ,x41 cit$1 #ajj ,re$1 ,h[>d ,s41 & ,sk9n]4 ,j4 ,j41 quot$1 #hi ,sea wat]1 ,desiccation (1 #aaa ,se$l+s1 ,gr[? (1 #gd1 #hj1 #hb1 #hd1 #hf1 #hh1 #ajj1 #ajb ,se$l+s1 ,toxic action ( acids & salts1 #fb ,seidell1 ,a!rton1 quot$1 #aae ,%al]1 ,na?aniel ,s41 cit$1 #bj ,%orey1 ,edmund ,c41 cit$1 #ie ,see also ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 & ,%orey1 ,e4 ,c4 ,%r9k+ ( soils1 #bb ,sk9n]1 ,j4 ,j41 quot$1 #ii1 #ajb ,sk9n]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,see also ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 ,re$1 ,h[>d ,s41 & ,sk9n]1 ,j4 ,j4 ,slosson1 ,edw9 ,e4 ,see ,knight1 ,wilbur ,c41 & ,slosson1 ,edw9 ,e4 ,smi?1 ,joseph ,g41 quot$1 #ih ,see also ,faily]1 ,george ,h41 ,smi?1 ,joseph ,g41 & ,wade1 ,h4 ,r4 ,sodium *loride z f]tiliz]1 #ajh ,soil1 !1 #a ,soil am5dm5ts1 #aje analysis1 ,*emical1 #h1 #bb ,me?ods1 #aj atmosph]e1 #bc bact]ia1 #bc1 #ajc control1 #d me?ods1 #d erosion1 #bj fatigue1 #ajj heav+1 #bb individuality1 #b managem5t1 #b1 #c1 #d m9]als1 ,*ief1 #cb moi/ure def9$1 #a n a /atic sy/em1 #ah ph5om5a1 ,dynamic nature (1 #ah %r9k+1 #bb solution def9$1 #a ,analyses1 #ci ,importance (1 #b ,organic con/itu5t (1 #gi ,survey ,field ,book1 cit$1 #c translocation by wat]1 #bj w9d1 #ba ,soils1 ,composition (1 #a ,m9]al con/itu5ts (1 #cb ,moi/ure cont5t1 #bd ,wat] extracts (1 #ci ,solid solution def9$1 #ei ,solubility ( m9]als1 #eb1 #ee ,spr+1 ,wal?re1 cit$1 #fg ,/ructure1 #bg ,subsoils1 ,inf]tility (1 #hh ,sullivan1 ,mi*ael ,x41 cit$1 #ajb quot$1 #fh ,see also ,s*re9]1 ,oswald1 & ,sullivan1 ,m4 ,x4 ,supply & removal ( plant nutri5ts1 #ge ,surface effects1 #fg ,surface t5sion1 #bg ,swan tract1 ,utah1 #abc ,sw+le1 ,walt] ,t41 cit$1 #aai ,taylor1 ,fr$]ick ,w41 cit$1 #e ,t5nessee agricultural exp]im5t /ation1 ,me?ods ( soil analysis1 #aj ,?orne1 ,*>les ,e41 cit$1 #e ,tillage me?ods1 #d ,objects (1 #d ,toll5s1 ,b]nh>d ,c4 ,g41 cit$1 #ad ,toxic excreta ( roots1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajc ,udd51 ,johan ,augu/1 quot$1 #ba ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agriculture1 ,bureau ( ,soils4 ,see ,soil ,survey ,field ,book4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 cit$1 #ac ,und]dra9age1 #aba ,utah ,lake wat] analyses1 #aae ,van ,hise1 ,*>les ,r41 cit$1 #ce1 #cf van't ,h(f1 ,jakob ,h41 cit$1 #fg1 #aaa ,voorhees1 ,edw>d ,b41 & ,lipman1 ,jacob ,g41 cit$1 #gb1 #ajc ,wade1 ,h>old ,r4 ,see ,faily]1 ,george ,h41 ,smi?1 ,joseph ,g41 & ,wade1 ,h4 ,r4 ,waggaman1 ,william ,h4 ,see ,patt51 ,h>rison ,e41 & ,waggaman1 ,william ,h4 ,walk]1 ,james1 & ,appley>d1 ,james ,r41 cit$1 #fj ,wa%+ton1 ,h5ry ,s41 cit$1 #ac ,wat]1 ,movem5t into soils1 #bh vapor1 ,movem5t 9 soils1 #bi ,way1 ,john ,t41 cit$1 #i ,we$s1 ,analyses (1 #ih ,we9s*5k1 ,e41 cit$1 #ce ,:eel]1 ,hom] ,j41 cit$1 #gd ,:eel]1 ,hom] ,j4 ,see also ,h>twell1 ,burt ,l41 ,:eel]1 ,h4 ,j41 & ,pemb]1 ,f4 ,r4 ,:ite alkali1 #aaj1 #aaa ,:itney1 ,milton1 cit$1 #af & ,cam]on1 ,frank ,k41 cit$1 #bf1 #db ,wilf>?1 ,h]mann1 ,rm]1 ,h]mann1 & ,wimm]1 ,g41 cit$1 #ad ,will>d1 ,julius ,t41 cit$1 #e ,wimm]1 ,g4 ,see ,wilf>?1 ,h]mann1 ,rm]1 ,h]mann1 & ,wimm]1 ,g4 ,w9d1 #bj ,c>ry+ p[] (1 #ba ,w9d-borne soil mat]ial1 #ba1 #cc ,whl]1 ,fri$ri*1 cit$1 #ce ,wolff1 ,emil ,t4 von1 tables1 cit$1 #gg ,woburn1 ,exp]im5ts at1 #ih ,"y1 ,?omas1 cit$1 #bf ,zeolites1 #i1 #cd1 #ce ,sci5tific ,books ,publi%$ by ,,! ,,*emical ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,ea/on1 ,,pa4 ,,b5$ict--,elem5t>y ,organic ,analysis4 ,small #hvo4 ,pages ,,vi #hb4 #ae ,illu/rations #a4jj ,,b]gey--,h&book ( ,practical ,hygi5e4 ,small #hvo4 ,pages #afd #a4ej ,,biltz--,! ,practical ,me?ods ( ,det]m9+ ,molecul> ,weights4 7,translat$ by ,jones74 ,small #hvo4 ,pages ,,viii #bde4 #dd ,illu/rations #b4jj ,,bolton--,hi/ory ( ! ,!rmomet]4 #abmo4 ,pages #if4 #f ,illu/rations #a4jj ,,colby--,re9=c$ ,concrete 9 ,europe4 #hvo4 ,pages ,x #bfj #c4ej ,,em]y--,elem5t>y ,*emi/ry4 #abmo4 ,pages ,,xiv #fff4 #aia ,illu/rations #a4ej ,,engelh>dt--,! ,electrolysis ( ,wat]4 #hvo4 ,pages ,x #adj4 #ij ,illu/rations #a4be ,,gilman--,a ,laboratory ,outl9e = ,det]m9ations 9 ,quantitative ,*emical ,analysis4 ,pages #hh #j4ij ,,guild--,! ,m9]alogy ( ,arizona4 ,small #abmo4 ,pages #ajd4 ,illu/rat$ #a4jj ,,hantzs*--,elem5ts ( ,/]eo*emi/ry4 7,translat$ by ,wolf74 #abmo4 ,pages ,,viii #bjf4 #bf ,figures #a4ej ,,h>dy--,inf9itesimals & ,limits4 ,small #abmo4 ,pap]4 ,pages #bb4 #f ,figures #j4bj ,,h>t--,*emi/ry = ,beg9n]s4 ,small #abmo4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,inorganic4 ,pages ,,viii #bad4 #ee ,illu/rations1 #b ,plates #a4jj ,,h>t--,*emi/ry = ,beg9n]s4 ,small #abmo4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,pages ,,iv #ih4 #aa ,illu/rations #j4ej ,,h>t--,*emi/ry = ,beg9n]s4 ,small #abmo4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,exp]im5ts4 ,sep>ately4 ,pages #fj #j4be ,,h>t--,second ,ye> ,*emi/ry4 ,small #abmo4 ,pages #afe4 #ca ,illu/rations #a4be ,,h>t1 ,r4 ,n4--,weld+4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,xvi #ahb4 #ic ,illu/rations #b4ej ,,heess--,practical ,me?ods = ! ,iron & ,/eel ,works ,*emi/4 ,pages #fj #a4jj ,,h9ds--,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,viii #bff #b4jj ,,h[e--,inorganic ,*emi/ry = ,s*ools & ,colleges4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,viii #dbb #c4jj ,,l&olt--,! ,optical ,rotat+ ,p[] ( ,organic ,sub/ances & ,its ,practical ,applications4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,xxi #gea4 #hc ,illu/rations #g4ej ,,leav5wor?--,inorganic ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,vi #aec #a4ej ,,le ,,blanc--,! ,production ( ,*romium & ,its ,comp\nds by ! ,aid ( ! ,electric ,curr5t4 #hvo4 ,pages #abb #a4be ,,mason--,notes on ,qualitative ,analysis4 ,small #abmo4 ,pages #ef #j4hj ,,meade--,portl& ,cem5t4 #bnd ,edition4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,viii #che4 #ajj ,illu/rations #c4ej ,,meade--,*emi/s' ,pocket ,manual4 #abmo4 ,pages ,,xii #ddd4 #ci ,illu/rations #c4jj ,,moissan--,! ,electric ,furnace4 #hvo4 ,pages #aj #cje4 #da ,illu/rations #b4ej ,,nikaido--,beet-,sug> ,mak+ & ,its ,*emical ,control4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,xii #ced4 #fe ,illu/rations #c4jj ,,niss5son--,! ,arrangem5t ( ,electrolytic ,laboratories4 #hvo4 ,pages #ha4 #eb ,illu/rations #a4be ,,noyes--,organic ,*emi/ry = ! ,laboratory4 #b;d ,edition1 revis$ & enl>g$4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,xii #bib4 #da ,illu/rations #b4jj ,,noyes ,,& ,,mullik5--,laboratory ,exp]im5ts on ,class ,reactions & ,id5tification ( ,organic ,sub/ances4 #hvo4 ,pages #ha #j4ej ,,p>sons--,! ,*emi/ry & ,lit]ature ( ,b]yllium4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,vi #ahj #b4jj ,,pfanhaus]--,production ( ,metallic ,objects ,electrolytically4 #cvo4 ,pages #afb4 #ajj ,illu/rations #a4be ,,phillips--,me?ods = ! ,analysis ( ,ores1 ,pig ,iron & ,/eel4 #bnd ,edition4 #hvo4 ,pages ,,viii #agj4 #c ,illu/rations #a4jj ,,seg]--,collect$ ,writ+s ( ,h]man ,augu/ ,seg]4 ,pap]s on ,manufacture ( ,pott]y4 #b ,vols4 ,l>ge #hvo4 #g4ej a vol4 or #ae4jj a set ,,/illman--,eng9e]+ ,*emi/ry4 #d? ,edition4 #hvo4 ,pages ,x #gdd4 #agd ,illu/rations #e4jj ,,t[]--,! ,conductivity ( ,liquids4 #hvo4 ,pages #hb4 #bj ,illu/rations #a4ej ,,v5able--,! ,developm5t ( ! ,p]iodic ,law4 ,small #abmo4 ,pages ,,viii #cba4 ,illu/rat$ #b4ej ,,v5able--,! ,/udy ( ! ,atom4 #abmo4 ,pages ,,vi #bij #b4jj ,,vulte ,,& ,,goodell--,h\sehold ,*emi/ry4 #bnd ,edition4 #abmo4 ,pages ,,vi #aij #a4be ,,wiley--,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,agricultural ,*emical ,analysis4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,soils4 ,pages ,,xii #fcf4 #ee ,illu/rations4 #ag ,plates #d4jj ,,wiley--,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,agricultural ,*emical ,analysis4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,f]tiliz]s & ,insecticides4 ,pages #fhd4 #dj ,illu/rations4 #g ,plates #d4ej ,,wysor--,metallurgy1 a ,cond5s$ ,treatise = ! 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