,,expressive ,,voice ,,culture          
,,includ+  ,,! ,,em]son ,,sy/em   ,by   
,jessie ,eldridge ,s\?wick  ,tea*] (    
,voice ,culture 9 ! ,em]son ,college (  
,oratory4     ,,preface  ,! ,em]son     
,sy/em treats ! voice z a natural       
report] ( ! individual1 con/antly       
emphasiz+ ! t5d5cy ( ! voice to express 
appropriately any m5tal concept or /ate 
( feel+4  ,?is treatise is a sett+ =? ( 
me?ods & pr9ciples bas$ ^u ?is idea ) a 
full] elaboration ( ! relation (        
te*nique to expression4 ,no attempt is  
"h made1 h[ev]1 to pres5t m ?an an      
individual contribution to ?is broad    
subject4  ,j4 ,e4 ,s4     ,,expressive  
,,voice ,,culture     ,,*apt] ,i        
,pr9ciples ( ,voice ,culture4   ,! fir/ 
ess5tial to "o beg9n+ ! /udy ( voice    
culture is an appreciation ( ! real     
significance ( voice developm5t4 ,we mu/
 recognize at once ! fact t ! voice is a
 natural report] ( ! conditions1        
emotions1 ?\ghts1 & purposes 7"* & /ates
 or conditions7 ( ! individual4 ,! r+ ( 

true culture 9 ! voice is t p]fect      
modulation ( tone & movem5t :i*1 )\t    
self-consci\sness1 communicates exactly 
! mean+ & purpose :i* impel ! utt]ances 
( ! speak]4  ,x is almo/ impossible =   
any p]son to cultivate vocal expression 
to ! be/ advantage )\t an intellig5t &  
sympa!tic tea*]2 he lacks ! p]spective  
^u himself :i* is necess>y 9 ord] to    
correct 8 individual faults & draw out 8
 mo/ effective p[]s4 ,!n1 aga91 he ne$s 
t p]sonal sup]vision & direction ( 8    
ef=ts :i* w all[ 8 m9d to be con/antly  
occupi$ ) ?\ghts & pr9ciples1 & relieve 
him ( all temptation to wat* 8 own      
p]=mances z su*4 ,b x is necess>y t !   
/ud5t %\ld h a simple & logical basis = 
practice1 h[ev] great may become !      
v>iety ( its application4  ,t ! voice is
 naturally expressive is %[n 9 ! fact t 
ev5 :]e !re is no possible sugge/ion (  
cultivation we in/9ctively read ! broad 
outl9es ( mean+ & feel+ 9 ! tones &     
inflections ( ! voice4 ,may x n !re=e be
 possible t a f9] culture w reveal all !

 subtle %ades ( ?\ght & feel+1 & a m    
discrim9at+ judgm5t be able to detect   
^!1 j z ! e?nologi/ w recon/ruct f "s   
crude relic ! hi/ory ( an e>li]         
civilization8  ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t  
fir/ ( all ! voice is a vital in/rum5t4 
,! physical condition affects mo/       
noticeably ! quality1 /r5g?1 & movem5t (
 ! voice4 ,h5ce we see t physical heal? 
is ess5tial to a good voice1 & ! prop]  
use ( ! voice is itself "o ( ! mo/      
invigorat+ ex]cises t c be practis$4    
,all ! vital organs are call$ into      
heal?ful action ?r\gh ?is extraord9>y   
manipulation ( ! brea?1 & ! n]v\s sy/em1
 bo? vitally & emotionally1 receives    
invigoration4  ,9 ! beg9n+1 !re=e1 su*  
vital conditions z are ess5tial to !    
production ( tone %\ld be consid]$4     
,fir/1 a /&+ position1 9 :i* ! vital    
organs are well su/a9$1 is ess5tial4 ,"o
 _c ev5 brea! prop]ly unless "o /&s     
well4 ,! weight %\ld be ma9ly ^u ! balls
 ( ! feet1 & ! cr[n ( ! head s          
positively elevat$ z to secure !        

erectness ( ! sp9al column4 ,?is w      
involve ! prop] elevation ( ! *e/1 !    
ess5tial fre$om ( respiration1 & ! "r   
su/a9+ t5sion ( ! abdom9al muscles4  7a7
 ,take /&+ position z foll[s3 weight on 
balls ( feet1 heels toge!r1 toes        
slightly ap>t2 l9e ( gravity f cr[n (   
head1 well lift$1 to balls ( feet2 ! e>1
 po9t ( %\ld]1 & po9t ( hip %\ld be 9   
l9e2 muscles ( ! ?igh /rong 9 front2    
ribs well lift$ s t front l9e f wai/ to 
?roat is l5g!n$ to full ext5t2 back kept
 erect1 & curve at wai/ n emphasiz$4    
,brea! /rongly & deeply sev]al times4   
,to secure ! elevation ( ! ribs ! h&s   
may be plac$ "u ! arms1 z high z        
possible1 f+]s po9t+ d[n2 !n try to turn
 or press ! ribs up & =w>d ) /rong      
action ( h&s1 brea?+ freely & emphasiz+ 
/r5g? 9 wai/ muscles4 ,su/a9 ! ribs 9   
?is elevat$ position1 & ?us uplift !    
*e/4 ,keep %\ld]s free4 ,drop h&s to    
sides aga94  7b7 ,take half a /ep =w>d2 
su/a9 weight on advanc$ foot2 d n *ange 
position ( retir$ foot1 b keep ! s5se ( 

pur*ase 9 x4 ,! *e/ %\ld be c>ri$ =w>d (
 ! abdom5 & ! abdom9al muscles giv5 _!  
be/ lev]age by a slight b5d+ =w>d f !   
hips4 7,b5d+ =w>d mu/ n be done by any  
dropp+ ( ! *e/1 or %ort5+ ( ! l9e at    
wai/ ?r\gh relaxation47 ,?is position   
mu/ be light1 active1 buoyant1 &        
reposeful4  ,a con/ant s5se ( easy      
balance %\ld be develop$ ?r\gh pois+    
ex]cises4  ,! habit ( heal?ful & p[]ful 
respiration %\ld be e/abli%$ by physical
 ex]cise = t purpose1 & ! "r            
manipulation ( brea? 9 tone production  
%\ld be secur$ by ! nature ( ! voice    
ex]cises4 ,any vocal ex]cise :i*        
involves 9 ! v nature ( its production a
 good control ( brea? becomes1 by virtue
 ( t fact1 a good brea?+ ex]cise z well4
  ,footnote3 ,see ex]cises describ$ 9 a 
lat] *apt]4  ,if ! voice be p]fectly    
free1 x is !n capable ( express+ truly  
all t ! p]son ?9ks & feels4 ,! fir/     
desirable end s\ght1 !n1 is fre$om4 ,:at
 is fre$om1 & h[ secur$8 ,:5 all        
cavities ( resonance are accessible to !

 vibrat+ column ( air ! voice may be    
said to be free4 ,by cavities (         
resonance is meant ! *e/ 7tra*ea &      
bron*ial tubes71 ! l>ynx1 ph>ynx1 ! m\?1
 & ! n>es ant]ior & po/]ior1 or head    
*amb]s ( resonance4 ,! free tone is     
modifi$ ?r\gh all its v>ieties (        
expression by ^? subtle *anges 9 =m1    
int5sity1 movem5t1 inflection1 & also   
direction1 :i* are too f9e = ! judgm5t  
to det]m9e1 or ev5 obs]ve successfully4 
,^! v>ieties are made possible by ! v   
organism ( ! voice1 :i* is vital1 n     
me*anical1 & are det]m9$ by ! influ5ces 
work+ f ! m9d ?r\gh ! n]ves :i* control 
?is wond]ful liv+ in/rum5t4 ,?is is     
gov]n$ by ! law ( reflex action1 by :i* 
/imulation ( any n]ve c5t] produces     
responsive action 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body4  
,! voice w obey ! m9d4 ,"r objects (    
?\ght w influ5ce x mu* m p]fectly &     
rapidly ?an ! m]e arbitr>y dictates (   
calculation4  ,"r psy*ology w\ld be !   
only ?+ necess>y to ! ?or\gh cultivation
 ( ! voice if ! conditions 7 s p]fect t 

!re 7 no habits ( /ricture & our        
in/rum5t 7 ?us 9 p]fect tune4 ,& 9 spite
 ( ! fact t x is n usually f\nd 9 p]fect
 tune1 ! influ5ce ( practice "u "r m5tal
 conditions is ! mo/ pot5t &            
indisp5sable "p ( voice culture4 ,let   
?is fact n be lo/ sight ( :ile we are   
discuss+ ^? m te*nical me?ods ( tra9+   
:i* are design$ to tune & regulate our  
in/rum5t4  ,fir/1 fre$om ( voice is     
atta9$ 7te*nically speak+7 by "r        
direction ( tone & vital support4 ,a few
 words ( explanation w make ?is pat5t4  
,if ! vibrat+ column ( air :5 x leaves !
 vocal cords is s direct$ t x passes    
freely ?r\gh all ! cavities ( resonance1
 x _c fail to f9d ! "r "o4 ,! foll[+    
ex]cise1 if prop]ly tak51 w induce "r   
direction ( tone3 produce a light humm+ 
s\nd su* z w\ld be ! s\nd ( m1 n1 or ng1
 if s idealiz$ z to elim9ate t elem5t ( 
s\nd commonly spok5 ( z nasality4 ,t :i*
 is call$ nasality is caus$ by ! failure
 ( ! tone to rea* freely ! ant]ior      
cavities ( ! n>es4 ,! cavity :i* lies j 

back ( ! nose & frontal bone imp>ts a   
musical resonance resembl+ ! vibrat+    
aft]-tone :5 a note has be5 /ruck ^u a  
piano & all[$ to die away gradually4 ,! 
nasal effect comes :5 ! tone is conf9$ 9
 ! po/]ior or back "p ( ! n>es1 or head 
cavity1 or is split by ! dropp+ ( !     
uvula s t "p ( ! tone is direct$ ?r\gh !
 n>es & "p ?r\gh ! m\?4 ,_m s-call$     
humm+ tones are giv5 = practice1 b 9    
accept+ !m obs]ve :e!r ! =ego+ pr9ciple 
is obey$4  ,! controll+ c5t] (          
consci\sness is ! extreme limit ( ! n>es
 ant]i4 ,! tone %\ld be ?\ght ( z       
outside4 ,keep ! m9d ^u results1 j z "o 
w\ld hold ! ?\ght ( a c]ta9 figure :i*  
"o might desire to draw4 ,if "o wi%es to
 inscribe a curve1 he ?9ks ( ! curve z  
an object ( ?\ght1 n ( ! muscles :i* act
 9 execut+ x4 ,s ) ! voice4 ,a tone is n
 a reality until its =m ( vibration     
rea*es ! out] air4 ,"o %\ld always ?9k (
 ! tone "o wi%es to make--nev] li/5 to  
"o's own execution4 ,if ! ideal is n    
rea*$ by ! ef=t x w be kn[n by ! s5se ( 

incomplet5ess4  ,:y is ! n>es ant]i !   
rul+ c5t] ( tone direction8 ,! dom9ant  
or rul+ c5t] ( any organism is t po9t   
:i*1 if controll$1 w involve !          
regulation ( all t is subord9ate to x4  
,= example1 ! he>t is ! dom9ant c5t] ( !
 circulatory sy/em2 ! bra9 is ! dom9ant 
c5t] ( ! n]v\s sy/em2 ! sun is ! dom9ant
 c5t] ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,9 all ^!     
sy/ems1 if ! c5t] be affect$1 ! sy/em is
 proportionately influ5c$4 ,if any o!r  
"p ?an ! dom9ant c5t] be affect$1 x is  
true t all o!r p>ts may also be affect$1
 b ! desir$ unity 9 result w n be       
secur$4  ,! voice w foll[ ! ?\ght z     
surely z ! h& w rea* ! object aim$ at4  
,! extreme ant]ior "p ( ! n>es1 or head 
cavity1 is ! *amb] ( resonance f>!/ f ! 
vocal cords4 ,!re=e1 if ! voice be      
direct$ ?r\gh t *amb] ( resonance all ! 
o!rs mu/ be pass$ 9 rea*+ x1 & h5ce all 
mu/ be accessible to ! vibrat+ column ( 
air4 ,x is a law ( ac\/ics t any giv5   
cavity ( resonance w res\nd to t pit* to
 :i* its size corresponds1 & to no o!r4 

,?is law ( s\nd secures ! appropriate   
resonance = e pit* mu* m accurately ?an 
x c\ld be secur$ by an ef=t to develop  
*e/1 middle1 & head regi/]s ?r\gh       
calculat+ ! diff]5ces4 ,aga91 we ne$ !  
high] *amb]s ( resonance to re9=ce ev5 !
 l[ pit*1 because e note has its        
ov]tones t enri* x1 & if ^! _c f9d _!   
prop] resonance ! tone is impov]i%$4 ,x 
may be well to expla9 our use ( ! t]m   
ov]tone4  ,?is ^w ov]tone is us$        
unsci5tifically by _m4 ,! significance (
 its use is some:at v>i$ among tea*]s1 b
 x g5]ally means head resonance1 or a   
tone s5t ov] ?r\gh ! head cavities4 ,!  
t]m is us$ "h te*nically1 n arbitr>ily4 
,ov]tones are n conf9$ to ! voice1 b are
 ^? con/itu5t p>ts ( any tone :i* are   
produc$ by ! vibrat+ segm5ts into :i*   
any vibrat+ cord w divide itself4  ,any 
cord1 or /r+1 /ret*$ betwe5 two giv5    
po9ts1 :5 /ruck w vibrate ?r\gh\t its   
entire l5g? 9 waves ( a c]ta9 l5g? & ) a
 c]ta9 degree ( rapidity1 accord+ to !  
t5sion ( ! /r+4 ,?is vibration ( !      

entire l5g? ( cord gives =? ! tone he>d 
z ! fundam5tal pit* or tone4 ,besides   
?is fundam5tal or prim>y vibration1 !   
movem5t divides itself into segm5ts1 or 
sections1 ( ! entire l5g?4 ,^! sections 
also h vibrations ( _! own :i* are (    
%ort] l5g? & m rapid motion4 ,! note    
giv5 (f by ^! subdivisions is1 ( c\rse1 
on a high] pit* ?an t produc$ by !      
fundam5tal vibration ( ! cord2 h5ce1 !y 
are high] tones1 or ov]tones4 ,x w be   
rememb]$ t pit* dep5ds ^u ! rapidity ( !
 s\nd waves or vibrations4 ,?is         
subdivision ( ! vibrations is           
incalculably multipli$1 s t x may be    
said to be impossible to det]m9e ! numb]
 ( ov]tones accompany+ ! fundam5tal     
tone4 ,:at ! e> he>s is ! fundam5tal    
pit* only2 ! ov]tones h>monize ) !      
prim>y or fundam5tal tone1 & enri* x4   
,s9ce ?is is a law ( vibration1 x is    
unsci5tific to speak ( giv+ an ov]tone1 
= all tones conta9 ov]tones4 ,:]e ^!    
ov]tones are int]f]$ ) by any           
imp]fection 9 ! in/rum5t ! result is a  

h>% or imp]fect s\nd4  ,9 relation to ! 
voice x %\ld n[ be cle>ly und]/ood t    
s9ce x is ! ov]tones :i* enri* or give a
 h>moni\s s\nd to any tone1 & s9ce all  
tones 7l[ z well z high7 h ov]tones z   
con/itu5t p>ts ( _! be+1 !re=e ! :ole   
range ( ! resonant cavities ( ! voice   
%\ld1 = ! production ( pure tone1 be op5
 to all degrees ( pit*1 9 ord] t !      
ov]tones may f9d _! appropriate         
re9=cem5t 9 ! resonance *amb]s4 ,?us !  
quality ( ! voice dep5ds1 n simply ^u ! 
condition ( ! vocal cords !mselves1 b ^u
 ! =m & quality ( ! res\nd+ cavities4   
,,*apt] ,,ii  ,elem5t>y ,lessons4       
,aft] ?is brief discussion ( ! pr9ciples
 involv$ 9 ?is me?od ( practice1 we w   
proce$ to give "s ess5tial ex]cises =   
practice4   ,,ex]cise ,,= ,,secur+      
,,fre$om ,,( ,,tone  ,?is is ! f\ndation
 ( all voice culture4  #a4 ,take        
position 9 accordance ) directions giv5 
9 ,*apt] ,i4  #b4 ,take humm+ tone z    
indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1--m1 n1       
ng1--idealiz$ & pure4 ,! m\? %\ld be    

op5$ & clos$ )\t *ang+ ! tone4  #c4     
,endeavor to conc5trate all consci\sness
 ^u ! conception ( a tone emanat+ f !   
n>es ant]i & float+ 9 ideal =ms (       
vibration 9 ! surr\nd+ air4 ,^? =ms may 
v>y 9 _! def9ite nature1 b mu/ always   
obey ! pr9ciple ( curves & radiation4   
,"o %\ld nev] rea* up to a tone1 b %\ld 
seem to alight ^u x f above1 z a bird   
alights on ! bran* ( a tree4 ,! m9d mu/ 
nev] lose sight ( ! result--! ideal aim$
 at4 ,! k ( processes leads u to a "r   
conception ( aims1 & enables u to judge 
( _! correctness4 ,we %\ld "k :at       
processes are normal 7natural &         
heal?ful7 & :at objects ( ?\ght w induce
 !m4  ,:ile tak+ ! above ex]cise no ef=t
 %\ld be made 9 ! ?roat4 ,! voice %\ld  
seem to f9d its way )\t ef=t4 ,! tone   
%\ld n be l\d or %>p4  ,if ! /ud5t f9ds 
x difficult to produce ! tone alone1 "s 
^w end+ 9 + %\ld be practis$1 z         
r+-r+-r+-ng4   ,,=m+ ,,( ,,elem5ts      
,fir/ ,ex]cise4 ,/>t ! humm+ tone z     
indicat$ 9 ! fir/ lesson1 & ma9ta9 !    

same focus :ile =m+ c]ta9 elem5ts4 ,take
 ! syllable n--m1 all[+ no break :ile   
go+ f n1 ! n>es s\nd1 to ! v[el s\nd (  
o1 & return+ to ! n>es s\nd ( m4 ,?is is
 p]haps ! be/ elem5t to beg9 ^u1 because
 ( its def9it5ess1 b ! same pr9ciple c  
be appli$ to o!r elem5ts ( spee*1 z     
,mo/-m5-want-poise-&-m-royal-m>g94 ,=m  
ea* syllable ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,conc5trate 
! m9d ^u ! ideal s\nd4 ,fir/ be sure t !
 pronunciation is accurately conceiv$4  
,!n enunciate cle>ly & try ea* "t to    
make ! =m m p]fect4 ,! pr9ciple ( ?9k+  
is ! same z t involv$ 9 /riv+ to make a 
p]fect circle1 or to execute any figure 
) m & m beauty4 ,! ef=t ( ! m9d w br+ ! 
result1 if ! conception ( ! elem5t to be
 =m$ be correct4 ,! s5t5ce giv5--,mo/ m5
 want poise1 & m royal m>g9--is compos$ 
( su* alt]nation ( elem5ts z w t5d to   
br+ =w>d ^? t might be =m$ too f> back  
by _! association ) ^? elem5ts t are    
necess>ily br\ght to ! front4 ,=        
example1 ! ^wpoise4 ,! fir/ & la/       
elem5ts are di/9ctively front4 ,t helps 

to br+ out :at is betwe54  ,! con/ant   
recurr5ce ( ! n>es tone1 z 9 m1 n1 etc41
 may s]ve z a regulator ( tone4 ,!      
object ( ?is /ep 9 practice is to =m    
elem5ts ) beauty1 & to =m !m ) ! same   
focus z t secur$ by ! humm+ tone4 ,9 ?is
 /age ( practice ea* elem5t %\ld be     
dwelt ^u sep>ately1 b n 9 su* a way z to
 m> its expression4 ,= example1 unacc5t$
 syllables %\ld be lightly pron\nc$ & ! 
"r %ad+ c>efully obs]v$4 ,o!rwise1 :5 ! 
elem5ts are put toge!r _! h>mony &      
smoo?ness w be want+ & ! effect labor$ &
 me*anical1 z is (t5 ! case :]e att5tion
 has be5 giv5 to ! practice (           
articulation4 ,to make ! ef=t (         
articulation a vital impulse 9 response 
to a m5tal concept1--?is is ! object    
s\ght4 ,! pr9ciple is t ! w %\ld be     
direct$ t[>d ! ideal to be rea*$1 :ile !
 m9d compreh5ds ! means incid5tally4 ,! 
means may be consid]$ z a matt] ( k1    
useful 9 guid+ ! judgm5t b a h9drance :5
 us$ z a trap to cat* ! consci\s        
att5tion ( ! practis+ /ud5t4  ,! :ole   

diff]5ce betwe5 ! arti/ :o is spontane\s
 & ! artisan :o is artificial is t ! "o 
recognizes ! fact t ! v exi/5ce ( human 
expression proves t ! m9d awak5s !      
in/9ctive response ( ! physical         
organism1 :ile ! o!r ?9ks t he c        
calculate t inf9ite h>mony :i* makes    
unity ( action1 )\t rev]t+ to ! fir/    
cause ( expression--! ?\ght t creat$ x4 
,to reproduce ! impulse born ( !        
?\ght--?is is ! aim ( a psy*ological    
me?od4 ,?is is secur$ only by "r objects
 ( ?\ght2 x is impossible to rea* x by  
volunt>y me*anics4   ,,smoo?ness ,,&    
,,h>mony ,,( ,,utt]ance  ,hav+ obta9$ ! 
results s\ght 9 our la/ division1 we    
%\ld le>n to manipulate ! elem5ts (     
spee* flu5tly )\t break+ _! relation to 
7h>mony )7 ! prim>y focus1 or direction 
( tone4  ,practise ! same s5t5ce1 ,mo/  
m5 etc41 /riv+ to make e tone & ! =m ( e
 elem5t p]fect1 )\t dwell+ ^u !m        
sep>ately2 practise ?is 7z also ! prec$+
 ex]cises7 ^u v>i\s degrees ( pit* 9 !  
musical scale1 g5]ally beg9n+ on a m$ium

 high pit*1 !n l[]1 & aft]w>ds high]4   
,/rive to speak or s+ flu5tly )\t break+
 ! quality ( tone us$4 ,a break 9       
quality signifies loss ( focus4  ,!     
object ( ?is practise is to atta9       
facility 9 manipulat+ ! elem5ts :ile    
ma9ta9+ ! smoo? quality ( ! tone4 ,aft] 
?is s5t5ce o!r s5t5ces may be us$ 9     
ref]5ce to ! same idea4 ,! prim>y       
ex]cise giv5 %\ld always be rev]t$ to z 
a work+ c5t]1 9 ord] to secure1 ?r\gh   
repetition1 a deep5+ ( ! t5d5cy involv$4
 ,v>iety is admissible only 9 addition  
to ! orig9al ex]cise1 b %\ld n be       
sub/itut$ = x4   ,,= ,,! ,,developm5t   
,,( ,,musical ,,expressiv5ess ,,(       
,,tones  ,?is op5s ! way to expression 9
 tone1--dramatic expression1--b !       
te*nical prep>ation = expressive        
responsiv5ess 9 ! voice is ! developm5t 
( its musical possibilities1 = all      
arti/ic expression 9 tones is musical   
:e!r ! p]son be a s+] or a speak]4      
,inflections are v>iations 9 pit*1 & are
 ! tune ( ! ?\ght4  ,ex]cise4 ,practise 

! syllables m1 z1 sk1 4 ,! s\nd ( !     
,italian a1 z 9 ah1 gives ! free/       
position ( ! organs = ! production (    
tone1 & p]haps ! mo/ difficult =m 9 :i* 
to direct a tone ) c]ta9ty4 ,x is comb9$
 ) ^! consonant elem5ts 9 ord] to invite
 x =w>d & br+ x to a po9t 7figuratively 
speak+74 ,! m relates x to ! n>es or    
humm+ tone 7:i* is ! basis ( all        
resonance 9 ! voice74 ,! z %>p5s !      
consci\sness at ! front1 & ! sk furni%es
 a good />t = a positive /roke 9 !      
voice1 :ile ! a alone leaves u to v5ture
 ^u ! free tone unassi/$ by ^! guides to
 direction4 ,! ex]cise %\ld be practis$ 
) su* musical v>iations z ! /ud5t c le>n
 to execute--! scale1 arpeggios1 etc41  
bo? su/a9$ tone & light t\*es1 broad    
tones & %ad$ tones4 ,o!r v[els may also 
be practis$ ?us4  ,! practice ( rhy?m1  
or ! practice ( rhy?mical acc5t1 %\ld be
 introduc$1 z ! s5se ( rhy?m is an      
important elem5t 9 ! developm5t (       
expressiv5ess4  ,! object n[ is to      
secure s5sibility & responsiv5ess 9 !   

voice4 ,?is op5s ! possibilities ( vocal
 expression4 ,:5 we speak ( ! n>es ant]i
 7or front head resonant cavity7 z !    
dom9ant c5t] ( physical consci\sness    
no?+ me*anical is meant4 ,"o is consci\s
 t ! eye is fix$ ^u an object1 b n !re=e
 consci\s ( ! action ( ! muscles us$ 9  
turn+ x ^u ! object4 ,"o ?9ks n ( ! eye1
 b ?r\gh ! eye t[>d ! object4  ,f9ally1 
te*nique has z its object ! tra9+ ( !   
in/rum5t to fre$om & responsiv5ess2 b ! 
true art ( vocal expression beg9s :5 !  
in/rum5t is us$ 9 ob$i5ce to su* objects
 ( ?\ght z %\ld cause its /r+s to       
vibrate l\dly or s(tly1 all toge!r or 9 
p>tial h>mony1 9 ob$i5ce to t vital     
impulse :i* ! in/rum5t itself 0 creat$  
to obey4     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,! ,high]   
,developm5t ( ! ,voice by ! ,application
 ( ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4   ,!re are f\r     
g5]al =ms ( emphasis :i* s]ve z         
indications ( ! *>act]i/ics (           
expression4 ,!y are ,=ce1 ,pit*1        
,volume1 & ,"t4 ,=ce corresponds to     
life1 or vitality1 9 ! voice4 ,pit*     

corresponds to ! range ( ! voice1 &     
expresses affection or attraction4      
,volume measures ! activity ( ! w ?r\gh 
! voice1 & ,"t1 ! expression ( :i*      
dep5ds pr9cipally ^u movem5t1 or rhy?m1 
corresponds to ! intellectual           
activities4  ,x w be und]/ood t ^! =ms (
 expression1 or emphasis1 are develop$1 
accord+ to ! practice 9 ! ,evolution (  
,expression1 by means ( purely m5tal    
discipl9e4 ,x is nev]!less possible to  
re9=ce ^! p[]s ( ! voice by te*nical    
practice ) special ref]5ce to ?is       
developm5t4 ,9 tak+ up ?is bran* ( ! "w 
! /ud5t is suppos$ to h fulfill$ !      
requirem5ts ( ! elem5t>y voice practice1
 :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 includes !       
e/abli%m5t ( fre$om by means ( "r       
direction ( tone1 ! p]fect+ ( ! elem5ts 
9 poli%$ articulation1 ! facile h&l+ ( !
 voice 9 comb9+ v>i\s elem5ts1 & a c]ta9
 degree ( responsiv5ess 9 ! practice (  
v>i\s musical qualities4   ,,=ce  ,= !  
developm5t ( increas$ vital p[] 9 !     
voice ! /ud5t %\ld practise ! n>es      

ex]cise & also ! elem5ts ( spee* 9 a    
su/a9$ & ev5 mann]1 cont9u+ tones z long
 z x is possible to keep control ( !m4  
,! effect ( ?is is to e/abli% /r5g? &   
/ead9ess 9 ! action ( ! muscles t       
control ! voice1 & increase ( brea?+-p[]
 9 response to ! requirem5ts involv$ 9 !
 ex]cise4 ,! tone mu/ be kept pure &    
free1 & practis$ ) v>y+ degrees ( =ce1 )
 ! idea ( /eady projection & det]m9$    
control4 ,! ability to su/a9 ! tone = a 
long "t w increase1 & ) x ! p[] ( !     
muscles ex]cis$4  ,! idea ( project+    
tone is bas$ ^u ! feel+ ( sympa?y ) ^?  
at a di/ance1 & n simply ^u ! desire to 
make !m he>4 ,%ort passages ( a vital & 
animat$ nature %\ld be practis$ ) v>y+  
degrees ( radiation1 s t ! consci\sness 
( ! /ud5t may adapt itself to ! idea (  
includ+ 9 8 sympa?ies a l>g] or small]  
numb] ( p4 ,! ?\ght ( sympa?y )1 or     
ne>ness to1 ^? address$ is a mo/        
important pr9ciple 9 ! developm5t ( ?is 
p[]4 ,x is nev] ! be/ way to /rive to   
speak l\d 9 ord] t "o may be he>d4 ,su* 

selections z ,lani]'s ,life & ,song1    
,wordswor?'s ,! ,daffodils1 & ,scott's  
,lo*9v> w be f\nd helpful /udies =      
radiation4 ,x is useful 9 practis+ !    
humm+ tone1 or ! n>es tone1 to imag9e ! 
:ole atmosph]e p]vad$ ) pure resonance4 
,too mu* emphasis _c be plac$ ^u ! idea 
( p]fect purity z ! ess5tial f\ndation (
 p[]4 ,! pure voice w gr[ to p[]4 ,9    
tak+ ?is ex]cise !re %\ld be no         
consci\sness ( ef=t 9 ! ?roat1 & no %ade
 ( %>pness %\ld be he>d 9 ! tone4 ,"o   
mu/ try = ! pure1 p]vasive resonance :i*
 seems to float on ! air l ! s(t note ( 
a viol94 ,! "r condition = ! expression 
( ?is radiant vitality 9 ! voice is a   
complete al]tness & responsive vivacity 
( ! :ole p]son4 ,?is animation %\ld be  
vital & n n]v\s4   ,,pit*  ,a voice1 to 
express v>iety1 mu/ h suffici5t compass 
to give opportunity = a free play (     
inflection ov] v>i\s degrees ( pit*4 ,x 
has be5 said1 ,inflection is ! tune ( ! 
?\ght4 ,x is t :i* makes x attractive4  
,if "o desires to emphasize a po9t (    

?\ght & make x attractive to ano!r p]son
 he in/9ctively increases 8 emphasis by 
l5g!n+ ! slide or inflection4 ,! high   
pit* indicates m5tal activity2 ! m$ium  
pit* is ! normal or he>t range2 ! l[    
pit* is m peculi>ly vital4 ,if "o w\ld  
express v>ieties ( ?\ght ) brilliancy & 
effectiv5ess1 ! range ( 8 voice mu/ be  
wide1 & ! ev5ness ( quality s p]fect t  
he c glide f "o extreme ( pit* to ano!r 
)\t any break 9 ! tone4 ,facility 9 ?us 
h&l+ ! voice may be develop$ by means ( 
special att5tion direct$ to ?is         
*>act]i/ic4 ,! practice = secur+ ?is    
adaptability 9 ! modulations ( pit* is z
 foll[s4  ,beg9 ) ! n>es or humm+ tone1 
giv+ x on z _m diff]5t notes ( ! scale z
 c be easily rea*$4 ,practise ! scale   
glid+ f "o note to ano!r :ile ma9ta9+ ! 
pure tone4 ,practise glid+ 9 ! =m (     
inflection1 or slide1 f "o extreme (    
pit* to ano!r4 ,?is may be giv5 )       
v>iations1 accord+ to ! ability ( !     
/ud5t to control 8 voice ) ev5ness & to 
ma9ta9 t pure smoo?ness ( gradation 9   

quality :i* p]mits no break or          
int]ruption 9 glid+ f "o pit* to ano!r4 
,^! v>ieties ( practice 9 slides &      
scales %\ld be introduc$ ) ! practice ( 
v>i\s elem5ts ( spee*1 z well z ) !     
humm+ tone4 ,! diff]5t v[els %\ld be s  
us$4 ,selections = practice %\ld be *os5
 :i* conta9 mu* v>iety ( ?\ght & feel+ &
 are smoo? 9 movem5t4 ,= in/ance1       
,t5nyson's ,song ( ! ,brook1 ,! ,bugle  
,song1 practis$ ) ! introduction ( !    
bugle notes & _! e*oes1 & v>i\s o!r     
selections ( a musical & attractive     
nature1 may be adapt$ to ?is practice by
 simply exagg]at+ ! slides :i* "o w\ld  
naturally make 9 br++ out ! mean+4 ,no  
extravagant or unw>rantable inflections 
:i* w m> ! expression ( ! ?\ght %\ld be 
p]mitt$1 b x is q desirable to gradually
 ext5d ! range ( ! inflections1 if "o   
/ill ma9ta9s 9 ! practice t common s5se 
:i* w leave ! expression 9 p]fect       
symmetry :5 ! extra ef=t made =         
inflection %all h be5 )drawn4 ,?\gh x is
 sometimes desirable to exagg]ate "o    

elem5t1 ev5 to ! sacrifice ( o!rs1 x is 
nev] necess>y to introduce false notes1 
! effect ( :i* may rema9 z a limitation 
^u ! expression ( ! selection us$4      
,,volume  ,o!r ?+s be+ equal1 ! volume (
 voice us$ measures ! value t ! m9d puts
 ^u ! ?\ght4 ,( c\rse ! expression ( ?is
 value is modifi$ & *>act]iz$ by !      
nature ( ! ?+ spok5 (4 ,= example1 "o   
w\ld express ! value ( ! ocean ) a      
diff]5t quality f t :i* w\ld be us$ 9   
express+ ! value ( some?+ exquisitely   
delicate4 ,all elem5ts ( expression     
modify ea* o!r1 s t no m]e rule c cov]  
all cases4 ,volume is n always express$ 
9 ! =m ( ext5sion ( p[]1 b is frequ5tly 
manife/$ 9 ! =m ( int5sity or compress$ 
volume4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to expla9
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! expression ( m]e   
vital p[] 9 ! voice & t manife/ation ( !
 w :i* gives ! impression ( direct$     
en]gy4 ,! w det]m9es1 & ! impetus ( !   
?\ght is measur$ by1 ! adju/m5t (       
volume4 ,vitality is express$ 9         
radiation2 w is express$ 9 focus4  ,!   

t]m volume may be broadly us$ to cov] ! 
*>act]i/ics ( ! ?+ e/imat$1 & h5ce to   
include some?+ ( t subtle expression :i*
 we call color 9 ! voice4 ,volume       
expresses w2 color expresses imag9ation4
 ,= ?is use ( ! voice 9 ! special s]vice
 ( w-p[]1 or propell+ =ce1 x is necess>y
 fir/ to te/ its fre$om4 ,?is may be    
done by tak+ ! humm+ tone & br++ to be> 
^u x a /rong pressure ( en]gy4 ,if !    
tone %>p5s "u ! /ra9 x is n p]fectly    
focus$4 ,if x rema9s mell[ "o may v5ture
 ^u ! next /ep1 :i* is to practise v>i\s
 v[el s\nds & elem5ts ( spee* )         
conc5trat$ en]gy4 ,! s5se ( be>+ on to !
 voice1 or endeavor+ to pu% ! tone by   
any pressure :atev]1 %\ld be absolutely 
avoid$4 ,tone support %\ld be c>efully  
reg>d$4 ,9 ord] to secure ?is a correct 
/&+ position mu/ be held & ! muscles    
ab\t ! wai/ & ! abdom9al muscles mu/ be 
firm & ela/ic4  ,! *9 is1 9             
articulation1 ! p$al ( p[]1 & decision 9
 ! consci\s action ( ! *9 7n ! jaw7 w   
induce by reflex action t /roke :i*     

expresses well-aim$ w-p[]4 ,x may be    
notic$ 9 connection ) ?is sugge/ion t :5
 a p]son means :at he says ! action ( ! 
*9 is likely to be noticeably decid$4   
,! p]fectly al]t & self-comm&+ attitude 
( ! body _c be too /rongly urg$ at ?is  
po9t1 = ! voice _c be us$ safely ) great
 p[] :5 ! body itself is 9 a negative   
attitude2 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! voice 
is a report]1 & if we attempt to =ce x  
to report some?+ t is n !re x w repay u 
by ca/+ ! lie 9 our ?roat4 ,p[] is !    
result ( gr[?1 & c be develop$ only by  
pati5ce & ! secur+ ( su* conditions z w 
e/abli% fre$om & c]ta9ty4 ,! c]ta9ty (  
any tone dep5ds ^u ! p]fection ( its    
focus4 ,quality is ! syn!tic effect ( ^!
 attributes 9 ! voice4 ,"u ?is head     
selections ( a w>like nature may be     
practis$1 & ^? :i* h 9 !m ! ?\ghts (    
magnitude & importance4 ,sp>tacus's     
,address to ! ,gladiators is excell5t2  
also1 ,byron's ,apo/rophe to ! ,ocean1  
,! ,ris+ 9 '#gf1 & selections ( a simil>
 nature4   ,,"t  ,includ+ ,poise &      

,rhy?m  ,! significance ( "t is det]m9$ 
by ! movem5t ( any selection1 or1 9 o!r 
words1 ! rhy?m4 ,x w be notic$ t a      
selection may be read ) rhy?mical effect
 & be made q impressive )\t mu* emphasis
 ( o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,h[ev]1 !           
responsiv5ess ( ! voice 9 v>iety ( pit*1
 quality1 & p[] is also a v l>ge factor 
9 ! illum9ation ( ! pause4 ,! pause1 z a
 m]e int]ruption ( s\nd1 has little     
significance1 b ! relations t ! diff]5t 
s\nds be> to ea* o!r l5d significance to
 ! pause4 ,a pause %\ld always sugge/ an
 orbit ( ?\ght4 ,^! *>act]i/ics (       
expression c be made effective only by !
 practice ( conc5tration 9 ! m9d itself 
^u ! ?\ghts to be sugge/$4 ,nev]!less1 !
 quick responsiv5ess ( "o's s5sibilities
 9 ! expression ( ! v>i\s qualities     
develop$ by ! cultivation ( ! voice     
greatly facilitates ! manife/ation ( !  
?\ght itself4  ,all selections ( a high 
ord] h relation to rhy?m 9 _!           
composition1 & t /yle ( movem5t 9 !     
composition %\ld f9d its ready response 

9 ! organism ( ! speak] or recit]4 ,x   
%\ld be rememb]$ t ! s5se ( rhy?m may be
 misappli$1 z may any o!r elem5t1 by    
all[+ ! m9d to g (f into ! s5sation (   
j+le )\t ref]5ce to its expression ( !  
?\ght or its relation to ! ?\ght4 ,b if 
! s5se ( rhy?m is duly develop$1 & !n   
?is s5sibility1 z well z all o!rs1 is   
surr5d]$ to ! s]vice ( ! ?\ght1 x       
furni%es an elem5t ( beauty :i* _c      
easily be disp5s$ )4 ,! reason we       
associate rhy?m ) ! significance ( "t is
 t rhy?m is a measur] ( "t4  ,9         
connection ) ?is /ep ! practice (       
melodies is useful1 if "o has musical   
ta/e4 ,simple1 famili> melodies are     
be/--su* z ,! ,la/ ,rose ( ,summ]1      
,annie ,laurie1 ,fl[ ,g5tly1 ,sweet     
,afton1 etc41 etc4 ,! importance ( rhy?m
 is well express$ by ,em]son1 :o said t 
! rhy?m ( ,%akespe>e's v]se 0 always !  
outcome ( ! ?\ght4  ,! t]m ellipse has  
be5 sometimes us$ to express ! impli$   
action ( ! m9d dur+ ! pause--describ+ an
 orbit ( ?\ght impli$ b n /at$ 9 !      

words4  ,! illum9ation ( ! pause1 or !  
responsiv5ess ( ! voice1 9 exhibit+ ^?  
modifications ( quality :i* give        
significance1 may be greatly enhanc$ by 
! practice ( su* selections z express   
mu* beauty ( ?\ght & v>iety (           
significance1--su* z ,%elley's ,!       
,cl\d1--?+s :i* are some:at             
philosophical 9 _! significance2 by     
selections :i* sugge/ mu* m ?an is      
def9itely /at$1--,aux ,itali5s1 by ,ow5 
,m]$i?1 ,he & ,%e1 by ,edw9 ,arnold1    
,evelyn ,hope1 by ,rob]t ,br[n+2 also   
*apt]s f philosophy t is poetically     
express$1 su* z ,em]son's ,essays4 ,9   
practis+ ^! = ! special developm5t (    
significance e ef=t %\ld be made to     
realize ! ?\ght quality 9 ! voice1 s t  
ea* ^w may seem to picture =? ! full    
tru? t lies beh9d x1 & t all %all move 9
 su* h>mony z to sugge/ ! deep] mean+s4 
,! quality ( expressiv5ess1 or cle>     
response to ?\ght 9 ! voice1 x w be     
obs]v$1 is secur$ ?r\gh ! ready s]vice (
 all its p[]s "u ! influ5ce ( ! m5tal   

concept4 ,x is to be atta9$ by !        
attitude ( receptivity & ! ef=t to ?9k  
?r\gh ! voice4  ,?is =m ( expression 9  
voice corresponds to ! sugge/ive 9 art1 
& :5 ! /ud5t has atta9$ ! p[] ( fulfill+
 its requirem5ts 8 "w c be call$        
arti/ic4 ,"o %\ld nev] attempt to       
measure 8 progress by li/5+ to himself  
directly2 b keep+ ! ideal 9 m9d1 he may 
come to realize himself z h>moniz+ ) t1 
& a s5se ( fre$om f limitation w at la/ 
cr[n 8 endeavors4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,!  
,relation ( ,te*nique to ,r5d]+4   ,x is
 c]ta9ly true t ! highe/ use ( ! voice  
is ! revelation ( ! s\l4 ,! mo/         
important & effective means (           
cultivation lie 9 ! ex]cise ( ! voice "u
 su* m5tal conditions z %all invite !   
expression ( ! highe/ ?\ghts1 b ! voice 
is 9 "o s5se an in/rum5t :i* is capable 
( be+ attun$4 ,"r te*nical /udy &       
practice adju/ ! in/rum5t 9 prop]       
relations ) ! natural laws ( its use1 & 
e/abli%1 or deep51 ! t5d5cy to obey ^?  
laws4 ,h5ce ! m9d f9ds a m ready        

response 9 ! in/rum5t1 & "o is able to  
express ) great] facility all t ! s\l   
desires to reveal4 ,x w\ld seem ( little
 consequ5ce t a p]son %\ld be able to   
use ! voice well simply z an ornam5tal  
accompli%m5t2 = ^! ag5ts ( expression1  
^! p[]s ( ! mat]ial be+1 h a high]      
significance ?an ! m]e exhibition ( any 
qualities1 h[ev] admirable4 ,su* a      
motive 9 /udy+ expression w\ld be a v   
%all[ "o1 = :at w\ld x signify 9        
comp>ison ) ! great purposes ( liv+8  ,b
 s long z ^! in/rum5ts ( ours d n s]ve u
 !y are a h9drance to ! high] expression
 ( our be+ & ! accompli%m5t ( our highe/
 mission to o!rs4 ,we d inde$ desire to 
escape f ! mat]ial & transi5t into ! _w 
( et]nal v]ities1 b ^! conditions are   
giv5 u = a purpose4 ,!y h _! use1 & we  
_c escape f ! imprisonm5t 9 :i* we f9d  
ourselves until we h solv$ _! mean+ &   
conqu]$ !m = ! s]vice ( ! high] m9d4 ,we
 !re=e /udy1 n = ! atta9m5t ( p>ticul>  
feats1 b to secure ! ob$i5ce ( all our  
activities to ! high] laws ?r\gh :i* !y 

c fulfil ! purpose = :i* !y 7 creat$4   
,?is h>moniz+ ( ! =ces hav+ be5 once    
accompli%$1 little "t is requir$ to keep
 9 tune ?is h>p ( ! s\l2 :ile ! broad]  
culture & ! high] realization ( all     
mean+s t c be express$ are con/antly    
s\ght 9 su* discipl9e ( ! m9d itself z  
%all secure ! activity ( its highe/     
p[]s4 ,! :ole aim is to secure !        
developm5t ( "* by ! expression ( !     
highe/ elem5ts ( "*4  ,al?\gh ! voice1 l
 all o!r ag5ts ( expression1 is         
naturally ! reflector ( ! individual & 8
 /ates1 x is necess>y to und]/& :at t   
/atem5t implies 9 ord] to appreciate !  
great ne$ = ! high] culture ( ! vocal   
organism4 ,if ! individual's condition 7
 attun$ to p]fect h>mony1 to p]fect     
unity ( action1 & to s+l5ess ( purpose1 
toge!r ) ! habit ( p]sonal expression r 
?an expression ?r\gh "s limit$ mode (   
action--if1 inde$1 ?is 7 s1 8 voice w\ld
 sc>ce ne$ tra9+1--c]ta9ly n corrective 
tra9+1--nor w\ld he ne$ culture ( any   
k9d1 be+ already a p]fect human be+4    

,^? :o po/ulate ! p]fectly natural      
voice1 i4e41 "o t is unconsci\s ( its   
own art1 ei!r presuppose ?is condition (
 innate p]fection or assume t ! simple  
wi% to speak--& its ex]cise--w be       
suffici5t to ov]come wrong habits &     
conditions4 ,w x8 ,let u see4  ,!       
culture ( expression is a v diff]5t ?+ f
 ! artful imitation ( ! signs ( feel+ & 
purpose4 ,if we are to h a real         
education along l9es ( expression we mu/
 beg9 ) ! cont5t1 or cause1 (           
expression4 ,we may = ! mom5t po/pone   
discussion z to ! relative p[] ( ! sign 
to evoke ! feel+1 & ! p[] ( ! feel+ or  
condition to evolve ! mo/ effective     
sign4 ,!re is some?+ to be said ^u bo?  
sides2 &1 surely1 ! tru? lies 9 !       
adoption ( all good means to produce !  
desir$ end4  ,fir/1 !n1 to ! basis4 ,all
 oratorical values are measur$ prim>ily 
f ! /&po9t ( ! :at2 ! h[ is important1  
too1 b only 9 its relation to ! :at &   
:]e=e4 ,! voice ( ! orator mu/ be an    
influ5ce--a s9c]e vibration ( ! motive  

)94 ,!oretically x is s naturally1 b    
practically x is s only :5 ! voice is   
free f bias & is responsive ?r\gh habit 
or spontane\s inspiration to ! ?\ght ( !
 speak]4  ,we w admit t g5ius sometimes 
is great en\gh to br+ into h>moni\s     
action all p[]s ( ! individual "u its   
sway2 b education ma9ly /rives to unfold
 ! imp]fect1 to balance1 ! ununifi$     
elem5ts4 ,ev5 g5ius1 h[ev]1 ne$s        
direction & adju/m5t to secure ! mo/    
p]fect & reliable results4 ,h[1 !n1 %all
 we develop ! motive1 h[ enl>ge !       
cont5t8  ,!re is su* a subtle relation  
betwe5 motive & action t x has be5 said1
 ,! effect ( any action is measur$ by ! 
dep? ( ! motive f :i* x proce$s4        
,footnote3 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son4 ,& s  
?is is :y ! clev] p]=m] _c reproduce !  
effect ( a spee* ( ,demo/h5es or ,daniel
 ,web/]4 ,?is is a reason aside f t     
aris+ f ! diff]5ce 9 ! occasion4 ,great 
m5 & great arti/s make ! occasion 9 !   
he>ts ( _! he>]s4 ,! voice ( ! orator   
peculi>ly %\ld be free f /udi$ effects1 

& responsive to motive4 ,x is n ! voice 
( ent]ta9m5t1 b ( influ5ce above all4 ,!
 orator %\ld be taught self-ma/]y4 ,!   
orator :o is n mov$ by high moral s5se  
is a trick/] or a hypocrite2 ! =m]      
juggles ) human susceptibility = unwor?y
 or inadequate ends1 & ! latt] poses =  
motives he has n4 ,s complex is human   
nature t ?is c be done by a good actor s
 z to deceive ! judgm5t & feel+s2 b !   
influ5ce w ultimately reveal ! tru?1 if 
! auditor w use intuition & n be tak5 (f
 gu>d by ! psy*ic influ5ce ( a /rong w  
b5t on a giv5 effect4  ,! s9c]e endeavor
 to express a quality1 ) ! aspiration to
 make x real1 has ! t5d5cy to focus !   
p[] ( t quality & conc5trate ! m9d ^u x4
 ,?is1 by repetition ( ef=t1 bo?        
increases ! p[] & facilitates its       
expression4 ,"o mu/ come to ?9k vividly 
9 t]ms ( expression4 ,9 ! in/ance be=e u
 x %\ld be 9 t]ms ( vocal expression4   
,any?+ well express$--unconsci\sly--is  
to real art :at innoc5ce is to virtue1  
or :at ! spontane\s grace ( a *ild is to

 t grace z appli$ to =ms def9itely      
int5d$ to communicate an ideal to o!rs4 
,self-consci\sness mu/ prec$e           
sup]-self-consci\sness4  ,unconsci\sness
 is *ildi%ness 9 art1 & leads to        
vagu5ess ( mean+1 to ! p]petuation (    
p]sonal idiosyncrasies2 & :ile a l>g]   
consci\sness may be induc$ f ! m9d side1
 positive & ov]:elm+ inspiration w be   
ne$$ to ov]come habitual limitations4 ,a
 musician mu/ love music itself1 z well 
z its mean+s1 & a voice _c be made ! be/
 ( by "o :o does n love its music4      
,self-consci\sness repres5ts ! /age ( "w
 & endeavor :]e faults are be+ ov]come1 
p[] enl>g$1 & new =ms ( activity ma/]$4 
,?is may be at fir/ a h9drance to       
spontaneity1 & seem to hamp] !          
imag9ation2 b z facility is acquir$ joy 
comes back1 & ! joy ( conque/ ) !       
adu/m5t ( means to ends is a /age (     
self-consci\sness dang]\s = ! egoti/1 b 
is inspiration & incitem5t to l>g] ef=t4
 ,?is is a /age :]e _m arti/s rema9--mo/
 ( ! "t4 ,b ! sup]-consci\s /age is t   

/ate 9 :i* ) p]fect$ facility & p[] (   
self-ma/]y ! do+ becomes lo/ 9 supreme  
realization2 & "r action1 n[ become     
habitual1 is =gott5 9 ! full            
consci\sness ( on5ess ) ! ideal4 ,!n !  
voice--or ! arti/--embodies ! ideal1    
becomes ! "p = ! "t be+1 & is1 z we say1
 inspir$4  ,we may =get :at we are do+1 
b we mu/ be able to "k1 or !re w be no?+
 wor? :ile to =get6 ,! dang] ( !        
me*anical idea--! extreme te*nician's   
notion t ! sign is en\gh--is t ! p]son  
may become an automaton & inhibit ! p[] 
( real feel+ 9 himself2 & ?\gh he may   
p]=m admirably & w9 ! applause ( "s     
critics :o love =m unduly1 he fails 9 ! 
great issue & w9s only sup]ficial       
success or fails utt]ly1 )\t see+ :y4 ,!
 real exp]i5ce has a magnetism ( its own
 & w w9 above m]e te*nicality :5ev] x   
has ! opportunity4  ,"s believe t psy*ic
 response to ! sign is desirable4 ,?is  
develops m]ely s5sitiv5ess1 reflex      
action1 & does n enl>ge ! p[] ( feel+   
nor enc\rage ! motive & ! real he>t4 ,! 

desirability ( emotional response       
quickly rea*es its limit2 & :ile x may  
be feel+1 x does n spr+ f an adequate   
cause1 s has n ! dignity & sweep (      
absolute s9c]ity4 ,we mu/ h motif fir/1 
!n te*nique to adapt & adju/ expression 
& to develop facility 9 ! active ag5ts4 
,we want ! ,real1 idealiz$ by ,art1 & ! 
,ideal1 made real & tangible by ,art1 ! 
,reveal]6  ,! process we w\ld foll[1 !n1
 is1 prim>ily1 ! tra9+ ( ! imag9ation to
 conceive full] & full] ideals ( music &
 mean+2 &1 simultane\sly1 ! ex]cise (   
su* activities z %all increase !        
capacity ( vocal expression & !         
availability ( ! vocal p[]s4            
,availability is ( ! utmo/ importance6  
,conc5tration is ! prime requisite 9    
atta9+ rapid results4 ,! /ud5t mu/      
conc5trate absolutely ^u ! v>i\s        
qualities s\ght1 & mu/ infuse intellig5t
 impulse into 8 e n]ve & muscle6 ,!     
vibrant voice ( ! _s _c be evok$ by     
half-he>t$ ef=t1 lazy n]ves & muscles1  
nor ) ! drag ( inatt5tion4 ,! /ud5t :o  

does n int5d to ar\se himself ne$ hope =
 no ke5 s5se ( beauty4  ,! voice is1    
fir/ ( all1 a mess5g] ( _s1 & illu/rates
 ?is 9 t quality :i* has giv5 rise to ! 
expression borne on ! w+s ( song4       
,ultimately ! :ole body w be conceiv$ to
 be a s5sitive vibrator respond+ )      
dramatic sympa?y & return+ vital        
radiance to ! tones4 ,! rightly         
cultivat$ expressive voice is !         
man--speak+4     ,,*apt] ,v  ,phases (  
,vocal ,int]pretation   ,,articulation  
,! quality ( arti/ic beauty 9           
articulation is v important1 beyond !   
m]e accuracy :i* is ord9>ily ?\ght (4   
,!re are five g5]al heads "u :i* !      
*>act]i/ics to be s\ght may be gr\p$4   
,fir/1 ,accuracy ( ,=m4 ,?is n )        
sev]ity1 b ) p]fection com+ f s5sitive  
response ( ! articulat+ organs to ! =m  
concept z held 9 ! m9d4 ,"o %\ld avoid !
 practice ( ex]tion 9 ! execution (     
articulat$ =ms4  ,second1 ,tone         
,quality1 secur$ by ! "r relation ( !   
tone =m to ! l9e ( resonance1 is v      

important & may be atta9$ by c>eful     
att5tion to musical beauty & a s5se (   
h>mony4 ,?is is ! "r plac+ ( tones4     
,?ird1 ,proportion mu/ be c>efully      
consid]$4 ,v (t5 unacc5t$ syllables are 
made unduly prom95t & unimportant words 
are ov]-emphasiz$ ?r\gh lack ( att5tion 
to ?is pr9ciple4 ,! c>eful appreciation 
( rhy?m1 or ! movem5t ( syllables 9     
enunciation1 gives a fl[+1 easy1        
well-proportion$ cle>ness t is          
indisp5sable to beauty4 ,?is %\ld be    
practis$ 9 connection ) ! int]pretation 
( melodi\s1 fl[+ passages1 :i* w furni% 
opportunity = ! appreciation ( !        
relation betwe5 ! acc5t$ & unacc5t$     
syllables & ! important & unimportant   
words4 ,su* mat]ial z ,bryant's         
,?anatopsis is good4  ,f\r?1 ,phras+4 ,!
 c>eful obs]vation ( ! ?ree =ego+       
aspects ( articulation leads at once to 
! f\r?2 namely1 ! expressive value (    
words 9 direct relation to !            
int]pretation itself4 ,?is is closely   
connect$ ) phras+1 & ! phrase1 :i* is ! 

l>g] ?\ght ^w1 %\ld be /udi$ z !        
communicat+ l9k betwe5 ! articulation ( 
! "p & int]pretation z x relates to     
lit]ature itself4 ,9 connection ) ?is   
comes ! consid]ation ( slides & ! f9]   
modulations ( tone-color1 movem5t1 &    
cad5ce4 ,b ! /udy ( ^w values1 9 ! light
 ( ! :ole phrase to be int]pret$1 w make
 ea* ^w a liv+ ?+ 9 its influ5ce--a w+$ 
mess5g] ( ! ?\ght4  ,fif?1 ,slides4 ,!  
slide has already be5 ref]r$ to z ! unit
 ( vocalization 9 spee* z di/9ct f !    
prov9ce ( song1 ! unit ( song be+ !     
scale ( notes z sung 9 succession1 b )  
di/9ct individuality4 ,few :o h n /udi$ 
! matt] c>efully appreciate ! fact t !  
speak+ voice sugge/ively cov]s z wide a 
range z ! s++ voice ord9>ily does4 ,b x 
is ess5tial t ! ev5 developm5t ( range f
 high to l[ pit* %\ld enable ! /ud5t to 
glide )\t break f "o extreme ( pit* to  
ano!r4 ,inflection is (t5 inf]r$ by !   
m9d ( ! li/5] :5 ! p]son speak+ abruptly
 drops f high to l[ pit* )\t r5d]+ !    
int]v5+ s\nd4 ,! abs5ce ( ! fulfilm5t ( 

inflection robs ! spee* ( mu* ( its     
musical quality & mu* ( its appeal to ! 
feel+s2 = inflection is ! musical       
expression ( ! ?\ght1 & dep5ds ^u feel+4
 ,! expression ( ?is relation%ip (      
intellig5ce & emotion is a subtle &     
p[]ful appeal1--! realization ( true    
culture1--comb9+ ?\ght & feel+4 ,we "k  
:at a man means lit]ally by ! abrupt or 
emphatic *anges ( ! pit* or pressure2 b 
we "k :at ! fact means to 8 feel+s by ! 
slides & cad5ces4 ,x is difficult to    
ov]-emphasize ! importance ( t          
*>act]ization :i* awak5s a ke5 s5se ( ! 
musical mean+ z correspond+ to ! ?\ght4 
,?is p]ception br+s music into ! spee*  
&1 if x be awak5$ to ! ext5t ( a real   
love = ! music itself1 develops a smoo? 
& quiet cle>ness 9 ! communication (    
?\ght & feel+ :i* is ! greate/ *>m (    
conv]sation & ( descriptive & n>rative  
utt]ance4   ,,vocal ,,range  ,x is      
ord9>ily consid]$ t ! range ( ! speak+  
voice is v limit$ z comp>$ ) ! s+]'s    
range4 ,a little consid]ation ( :at is  

involv$ 9 ! full developm5t ( ! p[] (   
slide %\ld %[ u t :ile ! key-note (     
spee* fundam5tally may n v>y widely1 !  
sugge/ive music ( ! voice 9 long slides 
(t5 does cov] a great numb] ( notes4 ,a 
little exp]im5t w demon/rate ?is4 ,take 
any selection conta9+ v>iety 9 idea     
color$ by feel+ & try mak+ ! long l9es (
 inflection1 keep+ ! proportion good &  
modulat+ into a v %ad[ ( s\nd1 yet :olly
 appreciable4 ,t :i* ! /ud5t (          
expression calls l5g? ( l9e is v l>gely 
express$ 9 range ( inflection z well z 9
 ! ext5sion ( "t & modulation ( volume4 
,! range ( tone 9 e voice %\ld cov] z _m
 degrees ( pit* z possible1 z ^! are    
ne$$ 9 ^w pa9t+ no less ?an 9 dramatic  
expression4  ,x is claim$ by s+]s t !   
practice ( spee* z an elocution>y       
ex]cise is sure to l[] ! pit* ( ! voice 
s z to depress ! s-call$ high] regi/]4  
,?is is d\btless true to a l>ge ext5t1 z
 manife/ 9 ! conditions common1 b x is  
by no means a c]ta9ty t a suffici5t     
balance ( practice ^u ! delicate1       

e/hetic l9es ( ! voice 9 high pit* & 9  
su* selections z ,%elley's ,ode to a    
,skyl>k may n c\nt]balance ! ov]emphasis
 ^u l[ tones :i* is ord9>ily practis$ by
 /ud5ts ( ! spee* arts4 ,! orotund1     
sonor\s1 & =ceful qualities are p]haps  
dwelt ^u too mu*1 & to h a full voice is
 frequ5tly ! greate/ c>e ( !            
elocutioni/4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ^? :o     
appreciate ! musical v>ieties ( ! vocal 
p[] & :o hold flexibility1 range1 &     
great v>iety z ( m importance ?an       
absolute p[]4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( su* t !
 voice may be ext5d$ 9 its range 9 bo?  
directions at once4 ,! high pit*        
repres5ts m5tality1 ! e/hetic phases (  
beauty1 & mu* brilliancy4 ,! m$ium pit* 
expresses w>m?1 emotion1 & ! he>t       
qualities4 ,! l[ pit* is us$ = gr&eur1 &
 all ! vital & broad expressions4 ,! use
 ( ! slide makes possible inf9ite bl5d+ 
( ^! v>i\s *>act]i/ics 9 express+ !     
complexities ( mean+ :i* involve rapid  
transition f "o to ! o!r ( ! fundam5tal 
*>act]i/ics1 or a comb9ation ( all ?ree4

   ,,dramatic ,,expression ,,9 ,,!      
,,voice  ,dramatic adaptation 9 express+
 v>i\s *>act]s1 emotions1 & motives is  
pot5tially v great4 ,?\gh ! av]age      
speak] is g5]ally limit$ by "o type (   
voice1 :i* he v>ies some:at1 x is n (t5 
disguis$4 ,x is ! belief ( ! writ] t ?is
 is l>gely due to a psy*ological        
limitation4 ,x requires broad sympa?y & 
a vital realization ( ! subjective      
view-po9t ( diff]5t *>act]s1 ) an       
appreciation ( ! relative =ce ( diff]5t 
appeals to ^? *>act]s1 9 ord] t !       
responsive voice may h ! conv9c+ r+ :i* 
expresses ! psy*ology ( ! "* repres5t$1 
& n m]ely ! mann]isms & ext]nalities (  
imp]sonation4  ,imp]sonation may be m   
easily a*iev$ intellectually1 requir+   
only ke5 obs]vation & ! p[] ( imitation4
 ,dramatic int]pretation1 on ! o!r h&1  
deals ma9ly ) ! phase ( human nature :i*
 is n ext]ior--! int]ior =ce ( ! "*4 ,we
 w\ld classify ^! two dep>tm5ts 9 ?is   
way1 ?\gh 9 ! highe/ dramatic "w elem5ts
 ( bo? phases are comb9$4 ,pantomime is 

m ess5tial to ! developm5t (            
imp]sonation1 b dramatic int]pretation  
ga!rs p[] f ! psy*ological appreciation 
atta9$ f ! /udies p]ta9+ to p]sonal     
developm5t4 ,9 dramatic int]pretation ! 
voice is a mu* m significant feature    
relatively ?an is ! detail ( ge/ure 9   
pantomime4 ,imp]sonation absolutely     
requires ! f9e/ detail ( mann]ism to be 
repres5t$ 9 ! action4  ,x has be5 v well
 demon/rat$ t ! quality ( ! s-call$ l9e 
( ! voice is influ5c$ 9 accordance )    
dramatic action4 ,if "o makes a ge/ure  
expressive ( directness1 ! tone ( !     
voice1 if giv5 ) ! simultane\s impulse1 
w express t *>act]i/ic4 ,if subtlety or 
s9u\sness ( mean+ is desir$1 ! body & ! 
ge/ure ( ! h& may be p[]ful aids 9      
incit+ vital expression 9 ! voice4 ,9   
ord] to te/ ?is1 take a c]ta9 tone l ah 
or o & hold x :ile tak+ vital dramatic  
attitudes diff]+ widely 9 significance4 
,?is may also be done 9 ! practice (    
s+le words or %ort s5t5ces4 ,take "s su*
 ^w z come or g1 =w>d or away1 practis+ 

) diff]5t attitudes1 & x w be se5 at    
once t x is almo/ impossible to make    
tone & dramatic action contradict ea*   
o!r4  ,f9e descriptive %ades may be     
atta9$ by tak+ su* selections z ,byron's
 ,! ,ocean1 ,bryant's ,?anatopsis1      
,%elley's ,! ,cl\d & ,ode to ,we/ ,w9d1 
acc5tuat+ ) ge/ures ( ! arm & h& e sweep
 or impulse ( ! ^w-pa9t+1 lett+ ! curve 
( ! figure describ$ 9 ! air by ! h&     
correspond ) :at is want$ 9 ! m9d by !  
picture4 ,!n1 if ! vital c5t] ( dramatic
 action is ar\s$ & ! tone support is    
good1 ! voice alone--all ge/ures        
)held--c reproduce ! same impressions4  
,?is is (t5 ( great advantage1 z ! /r5g?
 ( repose is express$ to a great degree 
9 re/ra9t ( movem5t4 ,h[ev]1 x is       
advisable = ! /ud5t ( expression n to be
 too absolute 9 det]m9+ h[ mu* he w or w
 n make ge/ures4 ,! p]son ^: impulse is 
n suffici5tly /rong f ! c5t] may d f>   
bett] to ar\se activity ( ! organism by 
m action ?an to all[ any inadequacy (   
n]v\s en]gy to depress ! p[] ( vibration

 :i* det]m9es ! influ5ce ( ! voice4     
,!re are _m simple pr9ciples & laws (   
expression t may be advantage\sly us$ 9 
prep>ation = public recitation or f9i%$ 
int]pretation4  ,! emphasis ( v>i\s     
qualities appe>+ 9 typical selections1  
su* z beauty 9 ,! ,*amb]$ ,nautilus1 by 
,holmes1 & o!r selections ( v>y+ "*1    
int5sifies bo? ! appreciation & ! p[] ( 
expression 9 diff]5t *>act]i/ics4       
,c>eful obs]vation & analysis ( ! modes 
( diff]5t qualities :i* manife/ !mselves
 9 ?is way give full res\rce1 & !n      
:atev] quality we h ma/]$ & /or$ 9 our  
n]ve c5t]s ?r\gh appreciation w spr+ up 
spontane\sly "u ! influ5ce (            
inspiration1 mak+ calculation           
practically ne$less at ! "t ( "o's      
highe/ arti/ic expression4 ,analysis &  
practice 9 prep>ation are ! /eps ov] :i*
 we mu/ climb to ! plat=m ( p[]4 ,hav+  
atta9$ ?is1 ! inf9ite v>iety ( ! broad] 
vision calls =? ! expression ( all t has
 be5 previ\sly involv$4  ,dramatic      
adaptation1 !n1 f ! /&po9t ( expressive 

voice culture1 is atta9$ by free & v>i$ 
developm5t1 focus$ 9 ! psy*ological     
triumph at ! mom5t ( int]pretation4 ,!  
body is z a musical in/rum5t ( :i* !    
voice is ! report]4 ,!re are two ?+s to 
be s\ght 9 ! arti/ic voice3 "o is       
conc5tration ( consci\sness 9 !         
vibration ( ! tone s t ! voice may be   
fill$ ) consci\s motive2 ! o!r is !     
response ( ! free voice to ! p[]ful act 
( ! imag9ation4 ,affirmatively1 ! voice 
vibrates ) ! individual message4        
,reflectively1 x mirrors ! ideal        
conceiv$ at ! mom5t ( spee*4 ,! orator  
mu/ h ! =m] ( ^! two p[]s ( ! voice4 ,! 
arti/1 ?\gh emphasiz+ ! latt]1 c sc>cely
 a*ieve p[] 9 ?is )\t also atta9+ ! =m]4
   ,,lyric ,,int]pretation  ,9 ! r5d]+ (
 lyric poetry !re are two extremes to be
 avoid$4 ,"o is ! musical t5d5cy to     
obscure ! s5se1 z 9 s+-song r5d]+2 ! o!r
 is ! reaction>y ef=t made by _m w\ld-be
 s5sible p to make prose ( ! poetry by  
exclud+ all ! music & rhy?m 9 emphasiz+ 
! lit]al mean+4 ,! foll[+ rule w be f\nd

 a safe guide4 ,use ! rhy?m & quality   
p]ta9+ to ! full musical expression1    
modifi$ by ! inflection call$ = by !    
mean+1 hav+ c>eful ref]5ce to ! p]fect  
phras+ ( ! ?\ght4 ,! fulfilm5t ( bo? (  
^! complem5t>y requirem5ts w produce    
rhy?mical & tone modulations *>act]i/ic 
( ! poetry z su*1 & at ! same "t ! full 
mean+ w be brilliantly manife/4 ,x has  
be5 said t ! mean+ ( all great poetry is
 emphasiz$ by its music4 ,mu* m att5tion
 %\ld be giv5 ?an is ord9>ily devot$ to 
! consid]ation ( rhy?m4 ,ev5 prose has  
its peculi> rhy?mic movem5t :i*         
con/itutes its /yle & gives impetus4    
,f9ally1 by conc5tration ( e di/9ctive  
phase1 syn!siz$ by a vital motive ar\s$ 
by ! message spok51 ! voice becomes     
musical1 =ceful1 cle>1 vibrant 9 !      
fulfilm5t ( its natural function4 ,!    
voice is ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce (         
expression1 ! w+$ mess5g] betwe5 s\l &  
s\l4