,,transcriber',s ,,note3 ,the ,esperanto alphabet contains #bh characters4 ,these are the characters of ,english1 but with q1 w1 x1 and y removed1 and six diacritical letters added4 ,the diacritical letters are c1 g1 h1 j and s with circumflexes 7or hats1 as ,esperantists fondly call them71 and u with a breve4 ,zamenhof himself suggested that where the diacritical letters caused difficulty1 one could instead use ch1 gh1 hh1 jh1 sh and u4 ,a plain ,,ascii file is one such place2 there are no ,,ascii codes for ,esperanto's special letters4 ,however1 there are two problems with ,zamenhof's h-method4 ,there is no difference between u and u with a breve1 and there is no way to determine 7without prior knowledge of the word7s7 involved1 and sometimes a bit of context7 whether an h following one of those other five letters is really the second half of a diacritical pair1 or just an h that happened to find itself next to one of them4 ,consequently other1 unambiguous1 methods have been used over the years4 ,one is the x-method1 which uses the digraphs cx1 gx1 hx1 jx1 sx and ux to represent the special letters4 ,there is no ambiguity because the letter x is not an ,esperanto letter1 and each diacritical letter has a unique transliteration4 ,a ,,complete ,,grammar ,,of ,,esperanto ,,the ,,international ,,language ,,with ,,graded ,,exercises ,,for ,,reading ,,and ,,translation ,,together ,,with ,,full ,,vocabularies ,,by ,,ivy ,,kellerman1 ,a4,m41 ,ph4,d4 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,executive ,,committee ,,and ,,chairman ,,of ,,examinations ,,for ,,the ,,esperanto ,,association ,,of ,,north ,,america1 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,international ,,lingva ,,komitato 99 99 99 99 99 ,,to ,,dr4 ,l4 ,l4 ,,zamenhof ,,the ,,author ,,of ,,esperanto 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,this volume has been prepared to meet a twofold need4 ,an adequate presentation of the ,international ,language has become an imperative necessity4 ,such presentation1 including full and accurate grammatical explanations1 suitably graded reading lessons1 and similarly graded material for translation from ,english1 has not heretofore been accessible within the compass of a single volume1 or in fact within the compass of any two or three volumes4 ,the combination of grammar and reader here offered is therefore unique4 ,it is to furnish not merely an introduction to ,esperanto1 or a superficial acquaintance with it1 but a genuine understanding of the language and mastery of its use without recourse to additional textbooks1 readers1 etc4 ,in other words1 this one volume affords as complete a knowledge of ,esperanto as several years' study of a grammar and various readers will accomplish for any national language4 ,inflection1 word-formation and syntax are presented clearly and concisely1 yet with a degree of completeness and in a systematic order that constitute a new feature4 ,other points worthy of note are the following3 ,the reasons for syntactical usages are given1 instead of mere statements that such usages exist4 ,for example1 clauses of purpose and of result are really explained1 instead of being dismissed with the unsatisfactory remark that the imperative follows 'por ke1' or the use of 'tiel 444 ke' and 'tia 444 ke' must be distinguished from that of 'tiel 444 kiel' and 'tia 444 kia1' etc41 with but little intimation of when and why por ke1 tiel 444 ke and tia 444 ke are likely to occur4 ,affixes are not mentioned until some familiarity with the general character of the language is assured1 as well as the possession of a fair vocabulary4 ,they are introduced gradually1 with adequate explanation and illustration4 ,of importance in connection with word-formation is an element distinctly new--the explanation and classification of compound words4 ,such words1 like affixes1 are withheld until the use of simple words is familiar4 ,another new feature is the gradual introduction of correlative words in their logical order1 and in their proper grammatical categories1 before they are called correlatives1 or tabulated4 ,the tabulation finally presented is a real classification1 with regard to the meaning and grammatical character of the words1 not merely an arbitrary alphabetical arrangement4 ,the use of primary adverbs precedes the explanation of adverb derivation2 prepositions1 especially de1 da1 je1 etc41 receive careful attention1 also the verb system1 and the differentiation of words whose ,english equivalents are ambiguous4 ,a general characteristic of obvious advantage is that almost without exception new forms and constructions are illustrated by means of words or roots already familiar4 ,likewise1 the new words or roots of each lesson recur at least once in the next lesson1 and usually in some lesson thereafter as well4 ,each reading exercise gives not only a thorough application of the grammatical principles of the lesson1 but a review of those in the preceding lesson1 and no use is made of words or constructions not yet explained4 ,the comparative ease of the language1 and the lack of necessity for reciting paradigms1 permit the reading exercises to be long enough for the student to feel that he has really mastered something4 ,these exercises are further unique1 in that each after the fifth is a coherent narrative1 and nearly every one is a story of genuine interest in itself4 ,these stories1 if bound separately1 would alone constitute a reader equivalent to those used in first and second year work in national languages4 7,for list of titles1 see ,table of ,contents47 ,the second element of the twofold need which this volume meets is the necessity for a presentation of ,esperanto1 not as a thing apart1 but in that form which will make it most serviceable as an introduction to national tongues4 ,a stepping-stone to both ancient and modern languages1 ,esperanto may render invaluable aid1 and pave the way for surmounting the many difficulties confronting both student and teacher4 ,through ,esperanto1 the labor in the acquirement of these languages may be reduced in the same proportion in which the pleasure and thoroughness of such acquirement are increased4 ,for this reason1 the grammatical constructions of ,esperanto are here explained as consistently as possible in accordance with the usage of national languages1 especially those in the school curriculum1 and precise names are assigned to them4 ,such matters as contrary to fact conditions1 indirect quotations1 clauses of purpose and of result1 accusatives of time and measure1 expressions of separation1 reference1 etc41 thus become familiar to the student1 long before he meets them in the more difficult garb of a national tongue1 whose exceptions seem to outnumber its rules1 and whose idioms prove more puzzling than its exceptions1 unless approached by the smooth and gradual ascent of the ,international ,language1 ,esperanto4 ,ivy ,kellerman4 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,august #c1 #aiaj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,table ,,of ,,contents4 ,,lesson ,i4 ,alphabet4--,vowels4--,consonants4--,nam es of the ,letters4-- ,diphthongs4--,combinations of ,consonants4--,syllables4--,accent4 ,,ii4 ,nouns4--,the ,article4--,adjectives4--,attributive ,adjectives4-- ,present ,tense of the ,verb ,,iii4 ,the ,plural ,number4--,predicate ,adjective and ,noun ,,iv4 ,transitive ,verbs4--,the ,accusative ,case4--,the ,conjunction ,kaj4--,the ,negative ,ne4 ,v4 ,the ,complementary ,infinitive4--,interrogation4--,the ,conjunction ,nek4 ,,vi4 ,personal ,pronouns4--,agreement with ,pronouns4--,conjugation of the ,verb4 ,,vii4 ,the ,past ,tense4--,prepositions4--,accusative ,case of ,personal ,pronouns4 ,,viii4 ,reflexive ,pronouns4--,reflexive ,verbs4 ,,ix4 ,limitation of the ,third ,personal ,pronoun4--,possessive ,adjectives4--,pronominal ,use of ,possessive ,adjectives4--,la ,kato kaj la ,pasero4 ,x4 ,the ,accusative of ,direction4--,the ,article for the ,possessive ,adjective4--,apposition4--,la ,arabo kaj la ,kamelo4 ,,xi4 ,possessive ,case of ,nouns4--,impersonal ,verbs4--,verbs ,preceding their ,subjects4--,coordinating ,conjunctions4--,la ,arabo en la ,dezerto4 ,,xii4 ,indirect ,statements4--,the ,indefinite ,personal ,pronoun ,oni4--,the ,future ,tense4--,la ,ventoflago4 ,,xiii4 ,the ,demonstrative ,pronoun ,tiu4--,tenses in ,indirect ,quotations4--,formation of ,feminine ,nouns4--,en la ,parko4 ,,xiv4 ,the ,demonstrative ,pronoun ,cxi tiu4--,possessive ,form of the ,demonstrative ,pronoun4--,the ,suffix -,il-4--,the ,expression of ,means or ,instrumentality4--,la ,mangxo4 ,,xv4 ,the ,demonstrative ,adjective4--,adverbs ,defined and ,classified4--,formation of ,opposites4--,la ,ruza ,juna ,viro4 ,,xvi4 ,the ,demonstrative ,adverb of ,place4--,accompaniment4--,the ,adverb ,for4--,the ,meaning of ,povi4--,malamikoj en la ,dezerto4 ,,xvii4 ,the ,demonstrative ,temporal ,adverb4--,comparison of ,adjectives4--,manner and ,characteristic4--,diri1 ,paroli and ,rakonti4--,frederiko ,granda kaj la ,juna ,servisto4 ,,xviii4 ,the ,demonstrative ,adverb of ,motive or ,reason4--,derivation of ,adverbs4--,comparison of ,words ,expressing ,quantity4-- ,comparisons ,containing ,ol4--,causal ,clauses4--,pri la ,sezonoj4 ,,xix4 ,ju and ,des in ,comparisons4--,the ,preposition ,inter4-- ,the ,preposition ,pro4--,prepositions with ,adverbs and ,other ,prepositions4--,la ,auxtuno kaj la ,vintro4 ,,xx4 ,the ,demonstrative ,adverb of ,manner and ,degree4--,prepositions ,expressing ,time-,relations4--,en ,septembro4 ,,xxi4 ,the ,accusative of ,time4--,adverbs and the ,accusative of ,time4--,the ,preposition ,por4--,la ,sezonoj kaj la ,mondo4 ,,xxii4 ,clauses ,expressing ,duration of ,time4--,clauses ,expressing ,anticipation4--,the ,infinitive with ,anstataux1 ,por1 ,antaux ol4--,the ,expression of a ,part of the ,whole4-- ,diogeno kaj ,aleksandro ,granda4 ,,xxiii4 ,adverbs ,expressing a ,part of the ,whole4--,the ,demonstrative ,adverb of ,quantity4--,result ,clauses4--,en la ,butiko4 ,,xxiv4 ,the ,interrogative ,pronoun4--,the ,present ,active ,participle4--,compound ,tenses4--,the ,progressive ,present ,tense4--,the ,suffix -,ej-4--,en ,nia ,domo4 ,,xxv4 ,the ,interrogative ,adjective4--,the ,imperfect ,tense4-- ,salutations and ,exclamations4--,word ,formation4--,koni and ,scii4--,la ,nepo ,vizitas la ,avinon4 ,,xxvi4 ,the ,interrogative ,adverb of ,place4--,the ,past ,active ,participle4--,adverb ,derivation from ,prepositions4--,adverbs ,expressing ,direction of ,motion4--,the ,suffix -,eg-4--,la ,pluvego4 ,,xxvii4 ,the ,interrogative ,temporal ,adverb4--,the ,perfect ,tense4--,the ,preposition ,cxe4--,the ,suffix -,ar-4--,tempo and ,fojo4-- ,the ,orthography of ,proper ,names4--,roberto ,bruce kaj la ,araneo4 ,,xxviii4 ,the ,interrogative ,adverb of ,motive or ,reason4-- ,the ,infinitive as ,subject4--,present ,action with ,past ,inception4--,the ,suffix -,ul-4--,logxi and ,vivi4--,pri la ,avo kaj la ,avino4 ,,xxix4 ,the ,interrogative ,adverb of ,manner and ,degree4--,the ,pluperfect ,tense4--,cardinal ,numbers4--,the ,accusative of ,measure4--,nia ,familio4 ,,xxx4 ,the ,interrogative ,adverb of ,quantity4--,modifiers of ,impersonally ,used ,verbs4--,formation of ,cardinal ,numerals4--,the ,suffix -,an-4--,leciono ,pri ,aritmetiko4 ,,xxxi4 ,the ,relative ,pronoun4--,the ,future ,perfect ,tense4--,ordinal ,numerals4--,alfredo ,granda kaj la ,libro4 ,,xxxii4 ,kia as a ,relative ,adjective4--,kie as a ,relative ,adverb4--,the ,future ,active ,participle4--,the ,periphrastic ,future ,tenses4--,the ,suffix -,ind-4--,alfredo ,granda kaj la ,kukoj4 ,,xxxiii4 ,kiam as a ,relative ,adverb4--,kiel as a ,relative ,adverb4--,numeral ,nouns and ,adverbs4--,word ,derivation from ,prepositions4--,la ,invito4 ,,xxxiv4 ,prepositions as ,prefixes4--,the ,suffix -,ebl-4--,expression of the ,highest ,degree ,possible4--,titles and ,terms of ,address4--,cxe la ,festo4 ,,xxxv4 ,kiom as a ,relative ,adverb4--,the ,present ,passive ,participle4--,fractions4--,descriptive ,compounds4--,la ,hxinoj4 ,,xxxvi4 ,the ,present ,passive ,tense4--,the ,use of ,de to ,express ,agency4--,the ,general ,meaning of ,de4--,word ,derivation from ,primary ,adverbs4--,the ,suffix -,ist-4--,antikva ,respubliko4 ,,xxxvii4 ,the ,distributive ,pronoun4--,the ,preposition ,po4-- ,dependent ,compounds4--,la ,cxapelo sur la ,stango4 ,,xxxviii4 ,the ,distributive ,adjective4--,the ,imperfect ,passive ,tense4-- ,compound ,tenses of ,impersonal ,verbs4--,reciprocal ,expressions4--,the ,suffix -,uj-4--,vilhelmo ,tell kaj la ,pomo4 ,,xxxix4 ,the ,distributive ,adverb of ,place4--,the ,future ,passive ,tense4--,possessive ,compounds4--,the ,time of ,day4--,the ,suffix -,obl-4--,en la ,stacidomo4 ,,xl4 ,the ,distributive ,temporal ,adverb4--,the ,distributive ,adverb ,cxial4--,the ,past ,passive ,participle4--,the ,perfect ,passive ,tense4--,the ,preposition ,laux4--,the ,suffix -,em-4--,la ,perdita ,infano4 ,,xli4 ,the ,distributive ,adverb ,cxiel4--,the ,distributive ,adverb ,cxiom4--,the ,pluperfect ,passive ,tense4--,the ,future ,perfect ,passive ,tense4--,the ,expression of ,material4--,the ,suffix -,et-4--,la ,donaco4 ,,xlii4 ,the ,future ,passive ,participle4--,the ,passive ,periphrastic ,future ,tenses4--,the ,generic ,article4--,the ,suffix -,ec-4--,sur la ,vaporsxipo4 ,,xliii4 ,the ,indefinite ,pronoun4--,participial ,nouns4--,the ,prefix ,ek-4--,the ,suffix -,id-4--,la ,nesto sur la ,tendo4 ,,xliv4 ,the ,indefinite ,adjective4--,the ,indefinite ,adverb of ,place4-- ,predicate ,nominatives4--,la ,cxevalo kaj la ,sonorilo4 ,,xlv4 ,the ,indefinite ,temporal ,adverb4--,the ,indefinite ,adverb ,ial4--,causative ,verbs4--,emphasis by ,means of ,ja4-- ,cxe la ,malnova ,ponto4 ,,xlvi4 ,the ,indefinite ,adverb ,iel4--,the ,indefinite ,adverb ,iom4-- ,the ,suffix -,ad-4--,the ,use of ,mem4--,arhximedo kaj la ,kronoj4 ,,xlvii4 ,the ,negative ,pronoun4--,the ,adverbial ,participle4--,the ,prefix ,re-4--,la ,filozofo ,arhximedo4 ,,xlviii4 ,the ,negative ,adjective4--,the ,negative ,adverb of ,place4--,the ,negative ,temporal ,adverb4--,the ,suffix -,ajx-4--,the ,adverb ,jen4--,du ,artkonkursoj4 ,,xlix4 ,the ,negative ,adverbs ,nenial1 ,neniel1 ,neniom4--,the ,suffix -,igx-4--,la ,krepusko4 ,l4 ,the ,pronouns ending in -,o4--,correlative ,words4--,the ,use of ,ajn4--,the ,suffix -,ing-4--,la ,gordia ,ligajxo4 ,,li4 ,the ,pronoun ,ambaux4--,formations with -,ig- and -,igx-4-- ,factual ,conditions4--,la ,monahxoj kaj la ,azeno4 ,,lii4 ,the ,conditional ,mood4--,compound ,tenses of the ,conditional ,mood4--,less ,vivid ,conditions4--,independent ,use of the ,conditional ,mood4--,the ,prefix ,dis-4--,pri la ,gravitado4 ,,liii4 ,conditions ,contrary to ,fact4--,the ,verb ,devi4--,the ,preposition ,sen4--,la ,filozofo ,sokrato4 ,,liv4 ,summary of ,conditions4--,clauses of ,imaginative ,comparison4--,the ,use of ,al to ,express ,reference4--,the ,suffix -,estr-4--,la ,ostracismo de ,aristejdo4 ,,lv4 ,the ,imperative ,mood4--,resolve and ,exhortation4--,commands and ,prohibitions4--,less ,peremptory ,uses of the ,imperative4--,the ,use of ,mosxto4--,la ,glavo de ,damoklo4 ,,lvi4 ,the ,imperative in ,subordinate ,clauses4--,the ,preposition ,je4--,the ,suffix -,op-4--,la ,marsxado de la ,dekmil ,grekoj4 ,,lvii4 ,clauses ,expressing ,purpose4--,further ,uses of the ,accusative4--,synopsis of the ,conjugation of the ,verb4--,the ,suffix -,um-4--,la ,reirado de la ,dekmilo4 ,,lviii4 ,permission and ,possibility4--,the ,prefix ,ge-4--,the ,suffix -,acx-4--,interjections4--,aleksandro ,granda4 ,,lix4 ,the ,position of ,unemphatic ,pronouns4--,some ,intransitive ,verbs4--,the ,suffix -,er-4--,the ,prefixes ,bo- and ,duon-4--,correspondence4--,kelkaj ,leteroj4 ,,lx4 ,some ,transitive ,verbs4--,elision4--,the ,prefix ,eks-4--,the ,prefix ,pra-4--,the ,suffixes -,cxj- and -,nj-4--,weights and ,measures4--,the ,international ,money ,system4--,abbreviations4-- ,pri ,la ,kamero4 ,,esperanto-,,english ,,vocabulary4 ,,english-,,esperanto ,,vocabulary4 ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,complete ,,grammar ,,of ,,esperanto4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,lesson ,i4 ,,alphabet4 #a4 ,the ,esperanto alphabet contains the following letters3 a1 b1 c1 cx1 d1 e1 f1 g1 gx1 h1 hx1 i1 j1 jx1 k1 l1 m1 n1 o1 p1 r1 s1 sx1 t1 u1 ux1 v1 z4 ,,vowels4 #b4 ,the vowels of the alphabet are pronounced as follows3 a as in far4 e as in fiance1 like a in fate4 ,footnote3 ,this long a sound in ,english frequently ends with a vanish1--a brief terminal sound of short i which makes the vowel slightly diphthongal1 as in day1 aye4 ,such a vanish must not be given to any of the ,esperanto vowels4 i as in machine4 o as in toll1 for4 u as in rude1 rural4 ,,consonants4 #c4 ,the consonants b1 d1 f1 h1 k1 l1 m1 n1 p1 t1 v1 z1 are pronounced as in ,english1 and the remaining eleven as follows3 c like ts in hats1 tsetse4 cx like ch in chin1 much4 g like g in go1 big4 gx like g in gem1 j in jar4 hx is produced by expelling the breath forcibly1 with the throat only partially open4 ,footnote3 ,as in pronouncing ,german and ,scotch ch1 ,spanish j1 ,irish gh1 ,russian x1 ,classical ,greek ,greek3 chi etc4 ,there are only a few words containing this consonant4 j like y in yes1 beyond4 jx like z in azure1 s in visual4 r is slightly trilled or rolled4 s like s in see1 basis4 sx like sh in shine1 rash1 ch in machine4 ux like w or consonantal u4 ,see ,diphthongs1 #e4 ,,names ,,of ,,the ,,letters4 #d4 ,the vowels are named by their sounds1 as given in 7#b74 ,the names of the consonants are bo1 co1 cxo1 do1 fo1 go1 gxo1 ho1 hxo1 jo1 jxo1 ko1 lo1 mo1 no1 po1 ro1 so1 sxo1 to1 uxo1 vo1 zo4 ,these are used in speaking of the letters1 in pronouncing them in abbreviations1 as ko to po for k4 t4 p4 7 etc471 and in spelling words1 as bo1 i1 ro1 do1 o1 birdo4 ,,diphthongs4 #e4 ,diphthongs are combinations of two vowels uttered as a single sound1 by one breath-impulse4 ,the diphthongs in ,esperanto contain an i or u sound as the second element1 but in order to avoid confusion with combinations of vowels not forming diphthongs 7as in naiva1 like ,english naive1 etc471 they are written with j and ux instead4 ,their pronunciation is as follows3 aj like ai in aisle4 ej like ei in vein1 ey in they4 oj like oi in coin1 oy in boy4 uj like ui in ruin1 u7e7y in gluey4 eux like ayw in wayward1 or like ,e7h7oo pronounced together4 aux like ou in out1 ow in owl4 ,,combinations ,,of ,,consonants4 #f4 ,each consonant1 in a combination of two or more consonants1 is pronounced with its full value1 whether within a word or at its beginning4 ,there are no silent letters4 a4 ,thus1 both consonants are clearly sounded in the groups kn1 kv1 gv1 sv1 in such words as knabo1 kvin1 gvidi1 sviso4 b4 ,the combination kz1 as in ekzisti1 ekzameno1 must not be modified to the gs or ks represented by x in exist1 execute4 c4 ,the combination sc1 as in escepte1 scias1 is equivalent to the combination sts in la,s,t ,said1 fir,s,t ,song1 pronounced together rapidly4 ,the s in a word beginning with sc may be sounded with the end of the preceding word1 if that word ends in a vowel1 as mis-cias for mi scias4 d4 ,the n and g are pronounced separately in the combination ng1 in such words as lingvo1 angulo1 producing the sound of ng heard in linger1 not that in singer4 e4 ,each of two similar letters is clearly sounded1 as interrilato1 ellasi1 like inter-relate1 well-laid4 ,,syllables4 #g4 ,each word contains as many syllables as it has vowels and diphthongs4 ,the division of syllables within a word is as follows3 a4 ,a single consonant goes with the following vowel1 as pa-no1 be-la1 a-e-ro4 b4 ,a consonant followed by l or r 7which are liquids7 goes with the l or r1 as in ta-blo1 a-kra1 a-gra-bla4 c4 ,otherwise1 the syllable division is made before the last consonant of the group1 as sus-pek-ti1 sank-ta1 deks-tra4 d4 ,prefixes are separated from the words to which they are attached1 as dis-meti1 mal-akra1 and compound words are divided into their component parts1 as cxef-urbo1 sun-ombrelo4 ,,accent4 #h4 ,words of more than one syllable are accented upon the syllable before the last1 as ,,ta-blo1 a-,,gra-bla1 sus-,,pek-ti4 ,,words ,,for ,,practice4 #i4 7,to be pronounced aloud1 and correctly accented7 ,afero1 trairi1 najbaro1 aero1 hodiaux1 pacienco1 centono1 cxielo1 ecx1 samideano1 treege1 obei1 obeu1 ,euxropo1 gvidi1 gxojo1 cxiujn1 justa1 gxuste1 jugxi1 jxauxdo1 lingvo1 knabo1 largxa1 pagi1 kvieteco1 ekzemplo1 ellerni1 fojo1 krajono1 forrajdi1 kuirejo1 cxevalejo1 sankteco1 scio1 nescio1 edzo1 meze1 duobla1 sxipo1 sxargxi1 posxo1 svingi1 sklavo1 palaj1 sxafajxo1 atmosfero1 monahxo1 geometrio1 lauxdi1 vasta1 eksplodi1 sencxesa1 sensencajxo1 malluma1 arbaranoj1 mangxo1 fresxa1 auxskulti1 dauxri4 ,,lesson ,,ii4 ,,nouns4 #aj4 ,words which are the names of persons or things are called nouns4 ,the ending1 or final letter1 of nouns in ,esperanto is o3 knabo boy4 pomo apple4 cxevalo horse4 tablo table4 ,,the ,,article4 #aa4 ,the definite article is la1 the1 as la knabo1 the boy1 la cxevalo1 the horse1 la tablo1 the table1 la pomo1 the apple4 ,in ,english there is an indefinite article a1 an for the singular1 but none for the plural4 ,esperanto has no indefinite article for either singular or plural4 ,therefore knabo may mean boy1 or a boy1 pomo may mean apple or an apple4 ,,adjectives #ab4 ,a word used with a noun 7expressed or understood7 to express a quality or characteristic is called an adjective4 ,the ending of adjectives in ,esperanto is a3 bela beautiful4 granda large4 flava yellow4 forta strong4 ,,attributive ,,adjectives4 #ac4 ,an adjective is said to modify a noun whose quality it expresses4 ,when directly preceding or following its noun1 it is called an attributive adjective3 la granda cxevalo the large horse4 bela birdo a beautiful bird4 floro flava a yellow flower4 forta knabo a strong boy4 ,,present ,,tense ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #ad4 ,words which express action or condition are called verbs4 ,when representing an act or condition as a fact1 and dealing with the present time1 they are said to be in the present tense4 ,the ending of all ,esperanto verbs in the present tense is -as3 kuras runs1 is running4 brilas shines1 is shining4 flugas flies1 is flying4 dormas sleeps1 is sleeping4 #ae4 ,the person or thing whose action or condition the verb expresses is called the subject of the verb3 ,la suno brilas1 the sun shines 7is shining71 subject3 suno4 ,knabo kuras1 a boy runs 7is running71 subject3 knabo4 ,,vocabulary4 7,to be memorized in this and in all following lessons47 bela beautiful4 kaj and4 birdo bird4 kantas sings1 is singing4 blanka white4 knabo boy4 bona good4 kuras runs1 is running4 brilas shines1 is shining4 la the4 cxevalo horse4 luno moon4 dormas sleeps1 is sleeping4 marsxas walks1 is walking4 flava yellow4 pomo apple4 floro flower4 suno sun4 flugas flies1 is flying4 tablo table4 forta strong1 violo violet4 granda large4 viro man4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,bona viro4 #b4 ,la granda tablo4 #c4 ,blanka floro4 #d4 ,flava birdo4 #e4 ,la bela birdo kantas4 #f4 ,forta knabo kuras4 #g4 ,la bona viro marsxas4 #h4 ,la bela cxevalo kuras4 #i4 ,la suno brilas4 #aj4 ,birdo flugas kaj knabo kuras4 #aa4 ,cxevalo blanka marsxas4 #ab4 ,la bela luno brilas4 #ac4 ,la knabo kantas kaj la viro dormas4 #ad4 ,bela granda pomo4 #ae4 ,la bona knabo kantas4 #af4 ,la granda cxevalo dormas4 #ag4 ,la suno brilas kaj la luno brilas4 #ah4 ,granda forta tablo4 #ai4 ,violo flava4 #bj4 ,la bona flava pomo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,a beautiful flower4 #b4 ,a good large table4 #c4 ,a yellow violet and a white violet4 #d4 ,the moon is-shining 7shines74 #e4 ,the good boy is-walking 7walks74 #f4 ,the beautiful yellow bird is-flying 7flies74 #g4 ,the strong man is-sleeping 7sleeps74 #h4 ,the white bird is-singing 7sings74 #i4 ,a strong horse runs1 and a man walks4 #aj4 ,the sun shines1 and the boy is-singing 7sings74 #aa4 ,the large yellow apple4 #ab4 ,an apple large and good4 ,,lesson ,,iii4 ,,the ,,plural ,,number4 #af4 ,the plural number of nouns1 that is1 the form which indicates more than one person or thing1 is made by adding -j to the noun1 as viroj1 men1 from viro1 man2 tabloj1 tables1 from tablo1 table4 ,footnote3 -oj is pronounced like oy in boy4 ,see #e4 #ag4 ,an adjective modifying a plural noun agrees with it in number1 being given the plural form by the addition of the ending -j4 ,an adjective modifying two or more nouns used together is of course given the plural form3 bonaj viroj1 good men4 grandaj cxevaloj1 large horses4 belaj birdo kaj floro 7bela birdo kaj bela floro71 beautiful bird and 7beautiful7 flower4 ,footnote3 -aj is pronounced like ai in aisle4 ,see #e4 #ah4 ,the article is invariable1 that is1 does not change in form when used with plural nouns1 as la viro1 the man1 la viroj1 the men4 ,the verb is also invariable in form3 ,la viroj marsxas1 the men walk1 the men are walking4 ,la suno kaj la luno brilas1 the sun and the moon are shining4 ,la viro estas1 the man is4 ,la viroj estas1 the men are4 ,,predicate ,,adjective ,,and ,,noun4 #ai4 ,when the adjective is a part of that which is told or predicated of the subject of the verb1 as when used with the verbs to be1 to seem1 etc41 it is called a predicate adjective3 ,la birdo estas bela1 the bird is beautiful4 ,la knabo sxajnas bona1 the boy seems good4 ,la viroj estas fortaj1 the men are strong4 #bj4 ,a noun may also be used as part of the predicate1 and is then called a predicate noun3 ,violoj estas floroj1 violets are flowers4 ,la kolombo estas birdo1 the dove is a bird4 #ba4 ,predicate nouns and adjectives agree in number with the word or words with which they are in predicate relation3 ,rozoj estas belaj1 roses are beautiful4 ,la knabo kaj la viro sxajnas fortaj1 the boy and the man seem strong4 ,,vocabulary alta high1 tall4 kolombo dove4 arbo tree4 kusxas lies1 is lying1 lie4 cxambro room4 longa long4 domo house4 rozo rose4 en in4 rugxa red4 estas is1 are4 segxo chair4 folio leaf4 sidas sits1 sit1 is sitting4 fresxa fresh4 sur on4 gxardeno garden4 sxajnas seems1 seem4 kampo field4 verda green4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,la alta viro estas en la gxardeno4 #b4 ,blanka cxevalo estas en la kampo4 #c4 ,belaj birdoj sidas sur la verda arbo4 #d4 ,la bonaj knaboj estas en la domo4 #e4 ,la cxambroj en la bela domo estas grandaj4 #f4 ,fresxaj floroj kusxas sur la tablo4 #g4 ,la violoj en la kampo estas belaj4 #h4 ,la luno kaj la suno sxajnas grandaj4 #i4 ,la kolomboj estas belaj birdoj4 #aj4 ,la knaboj sxajnas fortaj4 #aa4 ,rugxaj pomoj estas sur la tablo en la cxambro4 #ab4 ,la fortaj viroj sidas sur segxoj en la longa cxambro4 #ac4 ,la arboj estas altaj kaj verdaj4 #ad4 ,la kolomboj sur la arboj kantas4 #ae4 ,fortaj cxevaloj marsxas kaj kuras en la verdaj kampoj4 #af4 ,la knaboj dormas en la granda domo4 #ag4 ,rugxaj1 flavaj1 kaj verdaj folioj estas en la gxardeno4 #ah4 ,longa tablo estas en la domo4 #ai4 ,belaj birdoj flugas kaj kantas en la kampo4 #bj4 ,fresxaj rozoj sxajnas belaj4 #ba4 ,la folioj estas verdaj kaj rugxaj4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the trees in the garden are tall and green4 #b4 ,the rooms in the house are long4 #c4 ,the flowers on the table are red1 yellow and white4 #d4 ,the leaves are long and green4 #e4 ,the men are-sitting 7sit7 on chairs in the garden4 #f4 ,in the garden are yellow roses4 #g4 ,the birds in the field are doves4 #h4 ,the boys in the room in the house seem tall4 #i4 ,fresh violets are beautiful flowers4 #aj4 ,the horses in the green fields seem strong4 #aa4 ,doves are-singing 7sing7 in the garden4 #ab4 ,the men in the large house sleep4 #ac4 ,the house is long and high1 and the rooms in the house are large4 #ad4 ,red and yellow apples lie on the big table4 #ae4 ,green leaves are on the trees in the large garden4 ,,lesson ,,iv4 ,,transitive ,,verbs4 #bb4 ,the verbs so far given have been intransitive verbs1 expressing a state or an action limited to the subject1 and not immediately affecting any other person or thing1 as la knabo kuras1 the boy runs4 ,on the other hand a transitive verb expresses an act of the subject upon some person or thing2 as1 la knabo trovas -- --1 the boy finds -- --4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,case4 #bc4 ,the person or thing acted upon is called the direct object of a transitive verb1 and is given the ending -n4 ,this is called the accusative ending2 and the word to which it is attached is said to be in the accusative case3 ,la viro havas segxon1 the man has a chair4 ,la knabo trovas florojn1 the boy finds flowers4 ,footnote3 ,the ending -n follows the ending -j1 if the word to be put in the accusative case is in the plural number4 #bd4 ,an attributive adjective modifying a noun in the accusative case is made to agree in case1 by addition of the same accusative ending -n4 ,this prevents any doubt as to which of two or more nouns in a sentence is modified by the adjective1 and permits of variation in the order of the words3 ,la knabo trovas belan floron1 the boy finds a beautiful flower4 ,florojn belajn la viro havas1 the man has beautiful flowers4 ,la viro havas grandan segxon1 the man has a large chair4 ,rugxan rozon la knabo havas1 the boy has a red rose4 #be4 ,a predicate adjective or noun 7#ai7 is never in the accusative case1 nor is the accusative ending ever attached to the article1 which is invariable as stated in #ah4 ,,the ,,conjunction ,,kaj4 #bf4 ,in the expression both 444 and 4441 the conjunction kaj is used for both words1 being merely repeated3 ,la viro kaj marsxas kaj kuras1 the man both walks and runs4 ,la cxevalo estas kaj granda kaj forta1 the horse is both large and strong4 ,la knabo havas kaj rozojn kaj violojn1 the boy has both roses and violets4 ,kaj la knabo kaj la viro estas altaj1 both the boy and the man are tall4 ,,the ,,negative ,,ne4 #bg4 ,the negative word meaning not when forming part of a sentence1 and no when used as an answer to a question1 is ne4 ,when used as a sentence-negative1 it usually immediately precedes the verb4 ,for emphatic negation of some other word than the verb1 ne may precede that word3 ,violoj ne estas rugxaj1 violets are not red4 ,la viroj ne sidas sur segxoj1 the men are-not-sitting on chairs4 ,la kolombo kantas1 ne flugas1 the dove is-singing1 not flying4 ,la domo estas blanka1 ne verda1 the house is white1 not green4 ,,vocabulary apud near1 in the vicinity of4 koloro color4 benko bench4 largxa wide1 broad4 brancxo branch4 mangxas eat1 eats4 diversa various4 mola soft4 felicxa happy4 nigra black4 frukto fruit4 ne not1 no4 havas have1 has4 rompas break1 breaks4 herbo grass4 sed but4 ili they4 trovas find1 finds4 kolektas gather1 collect4 vidas see1 sees4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,la knaboj ne estas en la cxambro en la blanka domo4 #b4 ,ili estas en la granda gxardeno4 #c4 ,la gxardeno sxajnas kaj longa kaj largxa4 #d4 ,la felicxaj knaboj vidas la belan gxardenon4 #e4 ,ili vidas florojn apud alta arbo4 #f4 ,la floroj havas diversajn kolorojn4 #g4 ,la knaboj kolektas kaj rugxajn kaj flavajn florojn4 #h4 ,sed ili ne trovas fruktojn en la gxardeno4 #i4 ,florojn blankajn ili ne vidas4 #aj4 ,la alta arbo havas verdajn foliojn sur la brancxoj4 #aa4 ,la knaboj rompas brancxon1 kaj kolektas la fruktojn4 #ab4 ,ili vidas florojn sur la brancxoj1 sed la florojn ili ne kolektas4 #ac4 ,la knaboj ne sidas sur benkoj en la gxardeno1 sed kusxas sur la mola herbo4 #ad4 ,la kolomboj sidas sur la arboj1 kaj ili estas felicxaj4 #ae4 ,la knaboj vidas la belajn birdojn4 #af4 ,fortaj nigraj cxevaloj mangxas la herbon en la kampo4 #ag4 ,la knaboj vidas la cxevalojn1 sed la cxevaloj ne vidas la knabojn4 #ah4 ,la cxevaloj ne dormas1 ili mangxas4 #ai4 ,la fresxa herbo estas verda kaj mola4 #bj4 ,felicxaj estas kaj la knaboj kaj la cxevaloj4 #ba4 ,la pomo estas bona frukto4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,green leaves are on the trees4 #b4 ,the boys break branches and gather the apples4 #c4 ,they are near the tall tree in the garden4 #d4 ,they find leaves on the tree1 but they do not see the fruit4 #e4 ,the house is long1 broad and high4 #f4 ,the rooms in the house are both long and wide4 #g4 ,the men have strong black horses4 #h4 ,the horses eat the fresh green grass in the field4 #i4 ,the men sit on benches in the garden4 #aj4 ,the boys do not sleep1 but they lie on the soft grass4 #aa4 ,they see both the birds and the flowers1 and they seem happy4 #ab4 ,the flowers have various colors1 but the grass is green4 #ac4 ,the doves are not sitting on the tree1 they are flying near the trees4 #ad4 ,beautiful red roses are lying on the table in the house4 #ae4 ,the large red apples are near the yellow roses4 ,,lesson ,v4 ,,the ,,complementary ,,infinitive4 #bh4 ,the infinitive is a form of the verb which expresses merely the general idea of the action or condition indicated1 and has some of the characteristics of a noun4 ,the ending of the infinitive is -i1 as kuri1 to run1 esti1 to be1 havi1 to have4 #bi4 ,an infinitive used to complete the meaning of another verb1 serving as a direct object to a transitive verb1 is called a complementary infinitive4 ,if the complementary infinitive is from a transitive verb1 it may itself have a direct object3 ,la knabo volas kuri1 the boy wishes to run4 ,birdoj sxatas kanti1 birds like to sing4 ,la knabo volas havi cxevalon1 the boy wishes to have a horse4 ,ili volas trovi florojn1 they wish to find flowers4 ,,interrogation4 #cj4 ,an interrogative sentence is one which asks a question4 ,unless some directly interrogative word 7as who1 when1 why1 etc47 is used1 the sentence is rendered interrogative by use of the word cxu4 ,this interrogative particle is placed at the beginning of a sentence1 the words of which are left in the same order as for a statement4 ,since there is no inversion of order1 there is no necessity for a word like ,english do or does1 to introduce the verb3 ,cxu la knabo estas bona8 ,is the boy good8 ,cxu ili havas florojn8 ,have they flowers8 ,cxu la kolomboj kantas8 ,do the doves sing8 7,are the doves singing87 ,,the ,,conjunction ,,nek4 #ca4 ,in the expression neither 444 nor 4441 the conjunction nek is used for both words4 ,since an adjective modifier of two or more words connected by nek must necessarily modify them separately1 the adjective remains in the singular number3 ,ili nek marsxas nek kuras1 they neither walk nor run4 ,la viro havas nek domon nek gxardenon1 the man has neither a house nor a garden4 ,nek la rozo nek la violo estas verda1 neither the rose nor the violet is green4 ,,vocabulary 7,verbs will hereafter be quoted in the infinitive form47 bruna brown4 matura ripe4 cxerizo cherry4 ,mario ,mary4 cxu 7#cj74 nek neither1 nor4 dolcxa sweet4 persiko peach4 gusto taste4 jes yes4 gxi it4 preferi to prefer4 ,gertrude ,gertrude4 sxati to like4 knabino girl4 voli to wish4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,cxu persiko estas rugxa8 #b4 ,jes1 gxi estas kaj rugxa kaj dolcxa4 #c4 ,cxu cxerizoj estas brunaj8 #d4 ,ne1 ili estas nek brunaj nek nigraj1 sed flavaj4 #e4 ,cxu la pomo estas frukto8 ,jes1 gxi estas bona frukto4 #f4 ,cxu la viro kaj la knabo havas pomojn8 #g4 ,ne1 ili havas nek pomojn nek persikojn4 #h4 ,cxu ,mario havas la maturan frukton8 #i4 ,mario kaj ,gertrudo havas la frukton4 #aj4 ,ili estas en la domo1 kaj mangxas la maturan frukton4 #aa4 ,la persikoj havas dolcxan guston4 #ab4 ,la knabinoj volas havi florojn1 sed la knaboj preferas kolekti diversajn fruktojn4 #ac4 ,ili volas trovi maturajn cxerizojn kaj flavajn persikojn4 #ad4 ,la cxerizoj havas belan rugxan koloron4 #ae4 ,la persikoj sxajnas molaj kaj bonaj4 #af4 ,mario rompas brancxon1 kaj vidas cxerizojn sur la brancxoj4 #ag4 ,gertrudo estas felicxa1 kaj volas havi la belan frukton4 #ah4 ,gertrudo estas alta1 bela knabino4 #ai4 ,mario sxatas cxerizojn4 #bj4 ,la knaboj kaj knabinoj sidas sur la verda herbo1 kaj mangxas la cxerizojn4 #ba4 ,ili ne volas mangxi pomojn1 ili preferas la dolcxajn cxerizojn4 #bb4 ,la folioj apud la cxerizoj estas nek largxaj nek longaj4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,have the girls beautiful flowers8 #b4 ,no1 they have fresh fruit4 #c4 ,the boys do not wish to gather flowers4 #d4 ,they prefer to break the branches1 and find the sweet cherries4 #e4 ,gertrude wishes to eat apples1 but ,mary has neither apples nor peaches4 #f4 ,do the girls like to sit in the house and eat fruit8 #g4 ,yes1 they like to sit in the house1 but they prefer to walk in the field4 #h4 ,are ripe peaches brown8 #i4 ,no1 they are red and yellow4 #aj4 ,has the peach a sweet taste8 #aa4 ,do the girls see the beautiful black horses in the fields8 #ab4 ,yes1 they see the horses1 but the horses seem not to see the girls4 #ac4 ,mary sits on the soft green grass1 and eats ripe fruit4 ,,lesson ,,vi4 ,,personal ,,pronouns4 #cb4 ,words which stand in the place of nouns1 as you1 he1 who1 which1 are called pronouns4 ,pronouns referring to the person speaking 7,i1 we71 the person addressed 7you1 thou71 or the person or thing spoken of 7he1 she1 it1 they71 are called personal pronouns4 ,they are considered singular or plural1 according to whether they refer to one or more persons4 ,since the meaning of such pronouns indicates the number1 no plural ending is ever attached to them4 ,the personal pronouns are3 ,singular4 ,plural4 ,first person3 mi1 ,i 7me74 ni1 we 7us74 ,second person3 vi1 you4 vi1 you4 li1 he 7him74 ,third person3 sxi1 she 7her74 ili1 they 7them74 gxi1 it4 ,footnote3 ,there is another pronoun ci 7thou71 for the second person singular1 used in solemn style1 as in the ,bible1 in poetry1 and also for intimate or familiar address when desired1 like ,german du1 ,french tu1 etc4 ,,agreement ,,with ,,pronouns4 #cc4 ,nouns in predicate relation with pronouns1 or adjectives modifying such pronouns1 are made to agree with them in number3 ,ni estas bonaj kaj felicxaj1 we are good and happy4 ,rozoj estas floroj1 ili ne estas fruktoj1 roses are flowers1 they are not fruits4 ,gertrudo1 vi estas bona1 ,gertrude1 you are good4 ,knabinoj1 cxu vi estas felicxaj8 ,girls1 are you happy8 ,,conjugation ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #cd4 ,any pronoun may serve as the subject of a verb4 ,the combination of the verb with each of the personal pronouns in succession for its subject1 is called the conjugation of the verb4 ,following is the conjugation of the present tense of esti1 and of vidi3 mi estas ,i am4 mi vidas ,i see4 vi estas you are4 vi vidas you see4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estas li 7sxi1 gxi7 vidas 3 he 7she1 it7 is4 he 7she1 it7 sees4 ni estas we are4 ni vidas we see4 vi estas you 7plural7 are4 vi vidas you 7plural7 see4 ili estas they are4 ili vidas they see4 ,,vocabulary al to1 toward4 hodiaux today4 ,arturo ,arthur4 kudri to sew4 aux or 7aux 444 aux 4441 either 444 or 4447 ,roberto ,robert4 cxar because4 skui to shake4 doni to give4 stari to stand4 fali to fall4 sub under1 beneath4 fenestro window4 virino woman4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,knaboj1 cxu vi volas sidi en la domo1 aux en la gxardeno8 #b4 ,ni preferas sidi hodiaux en la gxardeno1 sub la granda arbo4 #c4 ,cxu vi havas pomojn1 aux cxerizojn8 #d4 ,ni havas nek pomojn nek cxerizojn1 sed ni havas dolcxajn persikojn4 #e4 ,arturo donas al vi la maturajn persikojn1 cxar li sxatas kolekti frukton4 #f4 ,arturo1 cxu vi rompas la brancxojn8 #g4 ,ne1 sed mi skuas brancxon1 kaj la persikoj falas4 #h4 ,mi staras sub la arbo1 kaj kolektas la dolcxan frukton4 #i4 ,la frukton mi donas al ,mario kaj ,gertrudo4 #aj4 ,mi volas doni persikon al ,heleno1 sed hodiaux sxi estas en la domo4 #aa4 ,sxi sidas apud la fenestro kaj kudras4 #ab4 ,sxi preferas kudri1 kaj volas nek marsxi nek sidi en la gxardeno4 #ac4 ,kaj sxi kaj la virino apud sxi volas kudri hodiaux4 #ad4 ,ili estas felicxaj1 cxar ili vidas la birdojn en la arbo apud la fenestro4 #ae4 ,la birdoj estas kolomboj1 kaj sidas sur la arbo4 #af4 ,sub la arboj en la kampo staras cxevaloj1 kaj ili mangxas la verdan molan herbon4 #ag4 ,ni donas pomojn al ili1 cxar ili sxatas pomojn4 #ah4 ,ni estas felicxaj1 cxar ni havas belajn persikojn maturajn kaj bonajn4 #ai4 ,roberto1 vi estas alta1 sed vi1 knabinoj1 ne estas altaj4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,does ,arthur break the branch and gather the apples8 #b4 ,no1 he shakes the branch1 and the apples fall4 #c4 ,they are ripe and sweet4 #d4 ,robert1 do you wish to stand beneath the tree8 #e4 ,no1 ,i do not wish to stand under it1 but near it4 #f4 ,i wish to give both the peaches and the apples to the woman4 #g4 ,she is sitting in the house1 near the window4 #h4 ,mary is sitting in 7on7 a chair near her4 #i4 ,both ,mary and the woman are sewing4 #aj4 ,they prefer to sew1 and do not wish to walk in the garden to-day4 #aa4 ,they are happy because they like to sew4 #ab4 ,they do not wish to gather flowers1 or walk1 or see the birds4 #ac4 ,they have neither apples nor peaches1 but they do not wish to eat4 #ad4 ,they give the fruit to the boys and girls4 ,,lesson ,,vii4 ,,the ,,past ,,tense4 #ce4 ,the past tense of the verb expresses an action which took place in past time1 or a condition which existed in past time4 ,the ending of this tense is -is1 as kuris1 ran1 flugis1 flew1 brilis1 shone4 ,the conjugation of esti and also of vidi in the past tense is as follows3 mi estis ,i was4 mi vidis ,i saw4 vi estis you were4 vi vidis you saw4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estis li 7sxi1 gxi7 vidis 3 he 7she1 it7 was4 he 7she1 it7 saw4 ni estis we were4 ni vidis we saw4 vi estis you 7plural7 were4 vi vidis you 7plural7 saw4 ili estis they were4 ili vidis they saw4 ,,prepositions4 #cf4 ,a preposition is a word like in1 on1 placed before a noun or pronoun to indicate some relation between this and another word4 ,the preposition is said to govern the noun or pronoun1 which is called its complement4 ,in ,english1 the complement of a preposition seems to be put in the accusative case if it is a pronoun1 but to remain unchanged in form if it is a noun4 ,in ,esperanto the preposition does not affect the form of the word governed1 which remains in the nominative case3 ,la arbo estas en la gxardeno1 the tree is in the garden4 ,bonaj pomoj estas sur gxi1 good apples are on it4 ,mi donis cxerizojn al li1 ,i gave cherries to him4 ,la knabo estas apud mi1 the boy is near me4 ,sub la arbo staris cxevalo1 under the tree stood a horse4 ,,accusative ,,case ,,of ,,personal ,,pronouns4 #cg4 ,for use as the object of a verb1 any pronoun may be put in the accusative case by addition of the accusative ending -n 7#bc73 ,la viro vidis vin kaj min1 the man saw you and me4 ,li vidis ilin kaj nin1 he saw them and us4 ,mi vidis nek lin nek sxin1 ,i saw neither him nor her4 ,ni volas havi gxin1 we wish to have it4 ,,vocabulary agrabla pleasant1 agreeable4 luma light 7not dark74 bildo picture4 muro wall4 blua blue4 nun now4 danki to thank4 planko floor4 de from4 pordo door4 diri to say4 rigardi to look 7at74 infano child4 tapisxo carpet4 interesa interesting4 tra through4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,hodiaux la knaboj kaj knabinoj estas en la granda domo4 #b4 ,ili staras apud la tablo1 en agrabla luma cxambro4 #c4 ,gxi havas altajn largxajn fenestrojn4 #d4 ,sub la tablo kaj segxoj1 mola tapisxo kusxas sur la planko4 #e4 ,la tapisxo havas belajn kolorojn1 rugxan1 bluan1 flavan1 kaj verdan4 #f4 ,virino marsxis tra la pordo1 kaj staris apud la tablo4 #g4 ,sxi havis interesajn bildojn1 kaj donis ilin al la knaboj kaj la knabinoj4 #h4 ,sxi diris ,cxu vi volas rigardi la bildojn8 #i4 ,jes1 ni dankas vin1 diris la infanoj1 kaj sxi donis al ili la bildojn4 #aj4 ,granda bildo falis de la tablo1 sed ,arturo nun havas gxin4 #aa4 ,li donas gxin al ,mario1 sxi dankas lin1 kaj donas gxin al ,roberto4 #ab4 ,ili volis doni gxin al ,gertrudo1 sed sxi diris ,ne1 mi dankas vin1 mi ne sxatas rigardi bildojn4 #ac4 ,sxi marsxis de la tablo al la fenestro kaj diris ,mi preferas kudri4 #ad4 ,sxi volis sidi en granda segxo apud la fenestro4 #ae4 ,la virino rigardis sxin kaj diris ,mi donis la bildojn al vi1 knaboj kaj knabinoj1 cxar ili estas interesaj bildoj4 #af4 ,gertrudo diris ,vi estas bona al ni1 sed mi volas sidi apud la pordo aux la fenestro4 #ag4 ,mi kolektis dolcxajn violojn en la gxardeno1 kaj nun mi volas rigardi la dolcxajn florojn1 kaj kudri4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,do the boys and girls wish to be good8 #b4 ,they gathered fresh flowers and gave them to the woman4 #c4 ,the happy children were in the garden1 but now they are in the house4 #d4 ,the rooms in the house are light1 because they have large wide windows4 #e4 ,the doors in the room are wide and high4 #f4 ,the carpets on the floor seem soft1 and have various beautiful colors4 #g4 ,a large strong table stands near the door4 #h4 ,we can sit near the table and look through the windows4 #i4 ,gertrude is-looking-at the various pictures4 #aj4 ,she looks-at them1 and seems to be happy4 #aa4 ,she gave a picture to me and ,i thanked her4 #ab4 ,helen walked near the table and shook it4 #ac4 ,arthur did not see the pictures because they were lying on the floor4 #ad4 ,he looked-at the pictures on the wall1 but they are neither interesting nor beautiful4 #ae4 ,robert looked through the window1 and saw us in the pleasant garden4 ,,lesson ,,viii4 ,,reflexive ,,pronouns4 #ch4 ,a pronoun which refers to the same person or thing as the subject of the verb in the sentence1 but is used in some other relation than subject of that verb1 is said to be used reflexively1 or to be a reflexive pronoun4 #ci4 ,the first and second personal pronouns1 mi1 ni1 and vi1 7ci7 are used for the reflexive pronouns of the first and second persons4 ,there can be no ambiguity1 since words such as me1 myself1 us1 ourselves1 can refer to no one else than the person or persons speaking2 while words such as you1 yourself1 yourselves 7thee1 thyself71 can refer to no one else than the person or persons addressed3 ,mi vidas min1 ,i see myself4 ,mi diris al mi1 ,i said to myself4 ,ni havas tapisxon sub ni1 we have a carpet under us4 ,ni amuzis nin1 we amused ourselves4 7,ci trovas domon apud ci1 thou findest a house near thee47 ,vi diras al vi1 you say to yourself 7yourselves74 ,vi amuzas vin1 you amuse yourself 7yourselves74 #dj4 ,when the verb is in the third person1 a pronoun of the third person1 used otherwise than as the subject1 might or might not refer to the subject of that verb4 ,for example1 ,he sees a bird near him1 may mean that the subject sees a bird near himself1 or near another person4 ,if such a pronoun of the third person is intended to refer to the subject of the verb1 ,esperanto uses a special reflexive pronoun si 7accusative sin71 which means him7self71 her7self71 it7self71 them7selves71 according to the gender and number of the verb3 ,li amuzas sin1 he amuses himself4 ,arturo vidis birdon apud si1 ,arthur saw a bird near him7self74 ,sxi trovas floron apud si1 she finds a flower near her7self74 ,mario trovis sin sur blua tapisxo1 ,mary found herself on a blue carpet4 ,la tapisxo havas diversajn kolorojn en si1 the carpet has various colors in it7self74 ,la birdo kasxas sin sub la folioj1 the bird hides itself under the leaves4 ,ili amuzas sin1 they amuse themselves4 ,la viroj havas segxojn apud si1 the men have chairs near them7selves74 ,la virinoj trovas florojn apud si1 the women find flowers near them7selves74 ,la arboj havas cxerizojn sur si1 the trees have cherries on them7selves74 ,sub si la infanoj trovis molan tapisxon1 under them7selves7 the children found a soft carpet4 ,footnote3 ,from the very fact that si always refers to the subject of the verb1 it is evident that si can never itself be used as subject or part of the subject of the verb4 ,,reflexive ,,verbs4 #da4 ,a verb having a reflexive pronoun for its direct object is sometimes called a reflexive verb1 from the fact that some languages have had or still have a special reflexive or middle form of the verb1 to express an act of the subject on or for itself1 or they have certain verbs whose use is chiefly or exclusively reflexive4 ,the conjugation of a verb reflexively is therefore as follows3 mi amuzas min 7mi min amuzas71 ,i amuse myself4 vi amuzas vin 7vi vin amuzas71 you amuse yourself4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 amuzas sin 7sin amuzas71 he 7she1 it7 amuses him 7her1 it7self4 ni amuzas nin 7ni nin amuzas71 we amuse ourselves4 vi amuzas vin 7vi vin amuzas71 you amuse yourselves4 ili amuzas sin 7ili sin amuzas71 they amuse themselves4 ,footnote3 ,as ,greek etraponto1 they turned themselves2 ,latin exerceor1 ,i exercise myself1 vescor1 ,i eat 7,i feed myself72 ,german ich huete mich1 ,i beware 7,i guard myself72 ,spanish me alegro1 or alegrome1 ,i rejoice 7,i gladden myself72 ,french il s'arrete1 he halts 7he stops himself74 ,,vocabulary ,alfredo ,alfred4 komenci to begin4 amuzi to amuse4 lauxdi to praise4 antaux before1 in front of4 legi to read4 aparteni to belong4 libro book4 griza gray4 perdi to lose4 iri to go4 skatolo small box or case4 ,johano ,john4 strato street4 kasxi to hide1 to conceal4 si himself1 etc4 7#dj74 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,johano kaj ,alfredo amuzis sin en la gxardeno4 #b4 ,johano kasxis sin1 kaj ,alfredo trovis ,johanon4 #c4 ,alfredo sin kasxis en alta arbo1 kaj ,johano trovis ,alberton4 #d4 ,mario kaj ,gertrudo sin kasxis apud la floroj1 kaj la knaboj trovis la knabinojn4 #e4 ,la knabinoj ne volas perdi sin en la agrabla kampo4 #f4 ,johano komencis amuzi sin en luma cxambro en la domo4 #g4 ,la muro havas interesajn bildojn sur si4 #h4 ,tra la fenestro antaux si ,johano rigardas la virojn kaj la virinojn sur la strato4 #i4 ,li havas molan grizan tapisxon sub si1 kaj ne volas segxon4 #aj4 ,li kaj ,alfredo volis iri al la strato kaj amuzi sin4 #aa4 ,ili marsxis al la pordo1 kaj trovis rugxan skatolon antaux si4 #ab4 ,en la skatolo estis libro1 kaj ,johano diris al si ,la libro ne apartenas al mi4 #ac4 ,li diris al ,alfredo ,cxar ni trovis gxin1 mi volas legi la libron4 #ad4 ,virino antaux pordo komencis rigardi la knabojn1 kaj ili diris al sxi ,cxu la libro apartenas al vi8 ,ni trovis gxin en skatolo4 #ae4 ,la virino diris ,jes1 ni perdis gxin1 kaj mi dankas vin1 cxar vi donas al mi la skatolon kaj la libron4 #af4 ,sxi iris al la strato1 kaj la knaboj iris al la domo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the book in the gray box does not belong to me4 #b4 ,i found it in front of me1 near the door4 #c4 ,you began to praise yourselves1 but ,i do not praise myself4 #d4 ,they hid themselves1 and ,i stood near them4 #e4 ,the birds sit on the tree1 because it has ripe cherries on it4 #f4 ,alfred amused himself on the street1 but we like to amuse ourselves in the house4 #g4 ,the trees have good fruit on them4 #h4 ,she found herself in a beautiful light room4 #i4 ,the carpet on the floor had various colors in it1 and the high wall had pictures on it4 #aj4 ,the pictures had boys and girls in them4 #aa4 ,the book belongs to her1 but it fell from the box4 #ab4 ,the table has red and blue and yellow flowers on it4 #ac4 ,did you see the doves near the flowers in front of 7before7 you8 #ad4 ,the birds saw the fruit on the tree in front of them1 and flew to the branches4 #ae4 ,i sat on the bench in the garden1 and began to read an interesting book4 #af4 ,they hid themselves in the leaves and began to sing4 #ag4 ,the child is in a pleasant room4 ,,lesson ,,ix4 ,,limitation ,,of ,,the ,,third ,,personal ,,pronoun4 #db4 ,since there is a special reflexive pronoun of the third person1 the third personal pronouns1 li1 sxi1 gxi1 ili1 when used otherwise than as subjects1 never refer to the subject of the verb1 but always to some other person or thing3 ,la knabo lauxdas lin1 the boy praises him 7another person74 ,sxi donas pomojn al sxi1 she gives apples to her 7to another person74 ,la birdo vidis gxin1 the bird saw it 7something else than the bird74 ,la knaboj kasxis ilin1 the boys hid them 7other persons or things74 ,ili trovis ilin apud si1 they found them 7other persons or things7 near them7selves74 ,la birdoj flugis al ili1 the birds flew to them4 ,,possessive ,,adjectives4 #dc4 ,words like my1 his1 your1 which indicate ownership or some possessive relation1 are called possessive adjectives4 ,possessive adjectives are formed from the personal pronouns by adding the adjective ending -a1 as mia1 my1 via1 your 7cia1 thy71 lia1 his1 sxia1 her1 gxia1 its1 nia1 our1 via1 your 7plural71 ilia1 their4 ,the limitation in the use of the third personal pronouns 7#db7 is also true of the adjectives derived from them3 ,mia domo kaj miaj gxardenoj estas grandaj1 my house and my gardens are large4 ,johano sidas sur via segxo1 ,john is sitting in your chair4 ,li havas lian cxevalon1 he has his 7another person's7 horse4 ,cxu vi legis sxiajn librojn8 ,did you read her books8 ,footnote3 ,sometimes these words are called possessive pronouns1 although really they are not pronouns at all1 but pronominal adjectives with a possessive meaning4 #dd4 ,reflexive possessive adjectives1 like the reflexive pronoun1 refer to the subject of the verb in the sentence4 ,for the first and second persons1 they are the same as the personal possessive adjectives4 ,the reflexive possessive adjective of the third person is sia1 his1 her1 its1 their1 formed by adding the ending -a to the reflexive pronoun si3 ,mi havas miajn librojn sur mia tablo1 ,i have my books on my table4 ,johano perdis siajn librojn1 ,john lost his 7,john's7 books4 ,mario estas en sia cxambro1 ,mary is in her room4 ,la birdoj flugis al sia arbo1 the birds flew to their tree4 ,,pronominal ,,use ,,of ,,possessive ,,adjectives4 #de4 ,possessive adjectives may be used predicatively1 as the book is mine1 or may modify some word or words not expressed1 as mine are large4 ,instead of having special forms1 like ,english mine1 yours1 hers1 etc41 ,esperanto uses the regular possessive adjectives preceded by the article3 ,la granda libro estas la mia1 the large book is mine4 ,la via estas granda1 la miaj estas belaj1 yours is large1 mine are beautiful4 ,ili havas la sian1 sed ne la lian1 they have theirs1 but not his4 ,la iliaj sxajnas esti bonaj1 theirs seem to be good4 ,,vocabulary diro saying1 remark4 mangxo meal4 gxis as far as1 up to1 down to4 nesto nest4 hieraux yesterday4 pasero sparrow4 juna young4 patro father4 kapti to catch1 to seize4 post1 after1 behind4 kato cat4 surprizi to surprise4 kolera angry4 teni to hold1 to keep4 lavi to wash4 vizagxo face4 ,,reading ,,lesson4 #a4 ,hieraux mi perdis mian grizan katon4 #b4 ,ilia kato kaptis nian birdon4 #c4 ,via kolera diro surprizis mian patron4 #d4 ,cxu la granda kampo apartenas al sxia patro8 #e4 ,ne1 gxi ne estas la lia4 #f4 ,la lia estas bela1 sed mi preferas la mian4 #g4 ,cxu vi sxatas vian libron aux la ilian8 #h4 ,li havas nek siajn cxevalojn nek la iliajn4 #i4 ,la knabinoj sxajnas esti koleraj4 #aj4 ,ili komencis legi siajn librojn4 #aa4 ,la viro kaptis kaj tenis siajn cxevalojn1 sed li ne trovis iliajn cxevalojn4 #ab4 ,sxia libro kusxas sur la planko1 post sxia segxo4 #ac4 ,sxi ne trovis ilian libron1 sed la junaj infanoj trovis la nian4 ,,la ,,kato ,,kaj ,,la ,,pasero4 ,griza kato iris de la domo gxis la strato4 ,gxi vidis paseron antaux si1 kaj volis mangxi gxin4 ,la kato staris post granda arbo1 kaj kaptis la paseron4 ,la pasero diris ,bona kato lavas sin antaux sia mangxo1 sed vi ne lavis vian vizagxon4 ,la interesa diro surprizis la katon4 ,la kato ne tenis la paseron1 sed komencis lavi sian vizagxon4 ,la pasero flugis de la kato gxis la arbo4 ,la kolera kato diris ,mi perdis mian mangxon1 cxar mi komencis lavi min antaux la mangxo6 ,nun la katoj ne lavas sin antaux la mangxoj4 ,ili havas siajn mangxojn1 kaj post la mangxoj ili lavas la vizagxojn4 ,la paseroj ne surprizas ilin nun1 sed ili tenas la paserojn4 ,la katoj estas felicxaj1 sed la paseroj ne estas felicxaj4 ,la junaj paseroj volas flugi al la nestoj en la arboj4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the boys are not in their 7own7 house1 but they are in his4 #b ,is the large beautiful house yours8 #c4 ,the woman walked through the door of their house1 as far as her room4 #d4 ,the room has interesting pictures on its walls4 #e4 ,we praised their flowers yesterday1 and they gave them to us4 #f4 ,their books are in their 7the books'7 box4 #g4 ,they are on their 7the boys'7 table4 #h4 ,the gray cat was angry because it did not hold the bird4 #i4 ,the sparrow surprised it1 and it commenced to wash its face4 #aj4 ,the sparrow wished to fly as far as the tall tree1 but the cat held it4 #aa4 ,the sparrow said ,a good cat washes its face1 but you are not a good cat4 #ab4 ,the sparrow was angry because the cat seized it and held it4 #ac4 ,the bird did not lose its meal1 but the angry cat lost its meal4 #ad4 ,do you see his cat or hers8 #ae4 ,i see both his and hers1 but ours is not in our garden4 #af4 ,my father is a tall strong man4 #ag4 ,i like to look at him4 #ah4 ,the children saw the young birds in the nest4 ,,lesson ,x4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,direction4 #df4 ,when the verb in a sentence expresses motion1 the word indicating the place1 person or thing toward which the motion is directed is given the accusative ending4 ,this is also true if the word is the complement of any preposition which does not itself sufficiently indicate motion in a certain direction4 7,the prepositions al1 to1 toward1 gxis1 as far as1 tra1 through1 express motion in the direction of their complements1 and could not well be used except in a sentence whose verb expresses motion4 ,consequently the accusative is not used after any of these three73 ,li iris gxardenon1 he went to the garden 7gardenward74 ,la viro iros ,bostonon1 the man will go to ,boston 7,bostonward74 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,english he went home1 he went homeward1 etc4 ,li estis en la gxardeno1 kaj kuris en la domon1 he was in the garden and ran into the house4 ,gxi ne estas sur la tablo1 gxi falis sur la plankon1 it is not on the table1 it fell upon the floor4 ,ili falis sub la tablon gxis la planko1 they fell under the table as far as the floor 7direction expressed by whole prepositional phrase74 ,mi iris tra la domo en mian cxambron1 ,i went through the house into my room4 ,,the ,,article ,,for ,,the ,,possessive ,,adjective4 #dg4 ,in many sentences where the possessor is already sufficiently indicated1 ,english nevertheless uses a possessive adjective1 as in ,i wash my face1 he shakes his head1 but on the other hand omits it entirely with certain words indicating relationship1 as in ,brother gave it to me1 etc4 ,in both cases ,esperanto uses the article instead of the possessive adjective1 unless the fact of possession is to be emphasized3 ,mi lavas la vizagxon1 ,i wash my face4 ,li skuas la kapon1 he shakes his head4 ,la patro estas alta1 ,father is tall4 ,mi donis gxin al la patro1 ,i gave it to ,father4 ,,apposition4 #dh4 ,english often uses the preposition of between two words where no idea of possession really exists1 as the city of ,boston4 ,since nouns used in apposition refer to the same thing1 and are in the same grammatical construction1 ,esperanto does not use a preposition3 ,la urbo ,bostono estas granda1 the city 7of7 ,boston is large4 ,mia amiko ,johano estas alta1 my friend ,john is tall4 ,cxu vi ne konas min1 vian amikon8 do you not know me1 your friend8 ,,vocabulary arabo arab4 meti to put1 to place4 baldaux soon4 nazo nose4 ,bostono ,boston4 nur only1 merely4 frato brother4 pusxi to push4 kamelo camel4 trans across4 kapo head4 tuta whole1 entire1 all4 kolo neck4 urbo city4 korpo body4 varma warm4 ,,la ,,arabo ,,kaj ,,la ,,kamelo4 ,arabo sidis en sia domo en la urbo4 ,apud domo trans la strato li vidis kamelon4 ,la kamelo iris trans la straton gxis la pordo1 kaj diris al la arabo1 ,frato1 mi ne estas varma1 mi volas meti nur la nazon en vian varman domon4 ,la arabo skuis la kapon1 sed la kamelo metis la nazon tra la pordo en la cxambron4 ,la kamelo komencis pusxi sian tutan vizagxon en la domon4 ,baldaux li havis la kapon gxis la kolo en la domo4 ,post la kapo iris la kolo en gxin1 kaj baldaux la tuta korpo estis en la domo4 ,la arabo estis kolera1 cxar li ne volis havi tutan kamelon en sia domo4 ,li kuris al la kamelo1 kaptis lin1 tenis lin1 kaj diris1 ,frato1 vi volis meti nur la nazon en mian domon4 ,la cxambro ne estas granda sed gxi estas la mia1 kaj mi preferas sidi en gxi4 ,via diro estas bona1 diris la kamelo1 via domo ne estas granda1 sed gxi estas varma1 kaj mi sxatas stari en gxi4 ,mi preferas stari kaj kusxi en gxi1 kaj mi donos al vi mian arbon trans la strato4 ,cxu vi ne volas iri sub la arbon8 ,kaj la kamelo pusxis la arabon de lia domo en la straton de la urbo4 ,la kamelo nun trovis sin en varma cxambro1 sed la juna arabo staris trans la strato kaj ne estis varma4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the cat ran across the street4 #b4 ,across the street it found a sparrow4 #c4 ,it caught the bird1 but began to wash its face1 and the sparrow flew to the nest4 #d4 ,i went into the garden as far as the large tree4 #e4 ,i did not hold my book1 and it fell upon the floor4 #f4 ,it began to fall under the table1 but ,i seized it4 #g4 ,my brother pushed the books into their box1 and put it on the table4 #h4 ,we went to the city of ,boston yesterday and into a beautiful house4 #i4 ,the arab shook his head and said1 ,no4 #aj4 ,but the camel commenced to go through the door4 #aa4 ,his remark did not seem to surprise the camel4 #ab4 ,the camel pushed its head and neck1 and soon its whole body into the warm house4 #ac4 ,it wished to put merely its nose into it4 #ad4 ,the arab was angry1 because it pushed itself into his house4 #ae4 ,he said1 ,brother1 the house is mine1 and ,i do not wish to have you in it4 #af4 ,but soon after the remark1 the whole camel was in the house4 #ag4 ,he pushed the young arab into the street4 #ah4 ,he went across the street and stood upon the grass under a tree4 ,,lesson ,,xi4 ,,possessive ,,case ,,of ,,nouns4 #di4 ,the preposition de is used to express possession or connection3 ,la muroj de la domo1 the walls of the house4 ,la koloroj de la floroj1 the colors of the flowers4 ,la libro de la knabo1 the book of the boy 7the boy's book74 ,brancxo de la arbo1 a branch of the tree4 ,la gxardeno de la viroj1 the garden of the men 7the men's garden74 ,,impersonal ,,verbs4 #ej4 ,verbs with an impersonal or indeterminate subject1 as it rains1 it is snowing1 are called impersonal1 because there is no actual subject1 the word it serving merely as an introductory particle4 ,no such particle is used with impersonal verbs in ,esperanto3 ,pluvas1 it rains1 it is raining4 ,negxis hieraux1 it snowed yesterday4 ,,verbs ,,preceding ,,their ,,subjects4 #ea4 ,when the verb in a sentence precedes its subject1 ,english often uses an introductory particle1 such as there1 it4 ,in ,esperanto no such particles are needed3 ,estas floroj sur la tablo1 there are flowers on the table4 ,estis ,johano1 ne ,alfredo1 en la gxardeno1 it was ,john1 not ,alfred1 in the garden4 ,estas domo en la kampo1 there is a house in the field4 ,estis mi1 it was ,i4 ,,coordinating ,,conjunctions4 #eb4 ,words like aux1 kaj1 nek1 sed1 which join words1 word-groups1 or sentences together are conjunctions4 ,all the conjunctions given so far connect words1 phrases1 or sentences of similar rank or kind4 ,these are called coordinating conjunctions1 and the words1 phrases1 or sentences connected by them are said to be coordinate3 ,cxu vi marsxas aux kuras8 7,aux connects the verbs47 ,sxi iris1 kaj ni estis felicxaj4 7,kaj connects the sentences47 ,nek vi nek mi vidis gxin4 7,the second nek connects the pronouns1 the first being introductory and adverbial47 ,aux li aux sxi perdis la libron4 7,the second aux connects the pronouns1 the first being introductory and adverbial47 ,gxi falis sur la segxon1 sed ne sur la plankon4 7,sed connects the phrases47 ,li ne sxatis gxin4 ,tamen li tenis gxin4 7,tamen connects the sentences47 ,footnote3 ,a phrase is a word-group forming an expression1 but not containing a verb1 as through the house1 of the man1 before me1 etc4 ,footnote3 ,coordinating conjunctions may be further classified according to their meaning3 ,aux is disjunctive1 connecting alternates1 and expressing separation4 ,kaj is copulative1 expressing union4 ,nek is disjunctive1 expressing separation and also negation4 ,sed is adversative1 expressing opposition1 contrast1 or modification of a previous statement4 ,tamen is adversative1 affirming something in spite of a previous objection or concession4 ,do1 so1 then1 consequently1 is argumentative1 expressing a logical inference or result in a somewhat conversational manner4 ,,vocabulary akvo water4 porti to carry4 amiko friend4 ricxa rich1 wealthy4 ankaux also4 sablo sand4 bezoni to need4 sako sack1 bag4 dezerto desert4 seka dry4 fidela faithful4 tamen nevertheless4 mono money4 trinki to drink4 negxi to snow4 veni to come4 pluvi to rain4 vojo road1 way4 ,,la ,,arabo ,,en ,,la ,,dezerto4 ,arabo iris trans grandan sekan dezerton4 ,kamelo1 lia fidela amiko1 portis lin4 ,la kamelo ankaux portis belajn tapisxojn1 cxar la arabo estis ricxa viro4 ,la arabo havis ne nur tapisxojn1 sed ankaux sakojn4 ,en la sakoj estis akvo1 cxar en la dezerto nek pluvas nek negxas4 ,la viro trinkis akvon1 kaj ankaux donis akvon al sia kamelo4 ,la kamelo marsxis kaj marsxis1 sed ne venis al la domo de la arabo1 cxar ili perdis la vojon4 ,la suno brilis1 kaj la sablo de la dezerto sxajnis varma4 ,la arabo ne trovis la vojon1 kaj baldaux li ne havis akvon4 ,tamen la kamelo marsxis kaj marsxis1 kaj baldaux la arabo vidis sakon antaux si1 sur la seka sablo4 ,li estis felicxa kaj diris al si ,cxu estas akvo en gxi8 ,mi volas trinki1 kaj volas doni akvon al mia fidela kamelo4 ,li ankaux volis lavi la tutan vizagxon en la akvo1 cxar li estis varma4 ,post sia diro li kaptis la sakon1 kaj komencis rigardi en gxin4 ,li metis la nazon en gxin1 sed ne trovis akvon en la sako4 ,nek li nek lia fidela kamelo havis akvon1 cxar estis nur mono en la sako4 ,la arabo estis kolera1 cxar li ne volis monon1 li bezonis akvon4 ,li havis monon en sia domo en la urbo1 kaj volis trovi akvon4 ,cxu li tamen metis la sakon trans la kolon de sia kamelo8 ,ne1 li ne volis meti gxin sur sian kamelon1 cxar li estis kolera4 ,li ne tenis la sakon1 sed gxi falis sur la sablon1 kaj kusxis apud li4 ,la sako nun kusxas sur la sablo de la granda dezerto1 kaj la mono estas en gxi4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,today it is raining1 but yesterday it was snowing4 #b4 ,did your friend ,john carry his chair into the house8 #c4 ,i saw your good friends on the way to the city4 #d4 ,is the large sack behind the door theirs8 #e4 ,neither she nor her brother saw the whole city4 #f4 ,they went to the city of ,boston and lost their way4 #g4 ,there are interesting houses across the street4 #h4 ,the body of a camel is large1 and its neck is long4 #i4 ,the camel pushed its head into the house of the arab1 and he was angry4 #aj4 ,on the sand in the desert there lies a sack4 #aa4 ,in the sack there is money4 #ab4 ,the arab was warm1 and wished to drink water4 #ac4 ,he also wished to give water to the faithful camel4 #ad4 ,nevertheless1 he found only money in the sack4 #ae4 ,he was angry1 and did not keep the sack4 #af4 ,yesterday he wished to find money1 but today he prefers water4 #ag4 ,nevertheless there is only sand in the desert4 #ah4 ,he wished to come from the dry desert to the house of a faithful friend4 #ai4 ,both he and his friends are rich4 #bj4 ,they went to his house yesterday1 and came to theirs today4 #ba4 ,they do not need money4 ,,lesson ,,xii4 ,,indirect ,,statements4 #ec4 ,a statement made indirectly by means of a clause dependent upon a verb meaning say1 think1 know1 believe1 or a similar expression1 as in ,i know that he came1 ,i hear that he is good1 is called an indirect statement4 7,the direct statement is he came1 he is good47 ,an indirect statement is joined to the main verb or sentence by the subordinating conjunction ke1 that4 ,johano diras ke vi venis hieraux1 ,john says that you came yesterday4 ,sxi opinias ke estas mono en la sako1 she thinks that there is money in the bag4 ,footnote3 ,a clause is a group of words including a verb1 which is dependent upon or subordinate to a main verb or sentence1 as --that he came1 --when he went1 --that he is good1 etc4 ,footnote3 ,in ,english the subordinating conjunction may sometimes be omitted1 either ,i think that he is good1 or ,i think he is good1 being usually permissible4 ,but in ,esperanto there is no variation1 and the conjunction ke is never omitted4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,personal ,,pronoun ,,oni4 #ed4 ,when an indefinite personal pronoun is desired1 as in the expressions one knows1 they say1 people say1 you can see1 etc41 the indefinite personal pronoun oni is used4 ,this pronoun may also be used in translating such expressions as it is said1 ,i am told1 etc43 ,oni diras ke li estas ricxa1 they say 7one says7 that he is rich4 ,oni vidas ke ili estas amikoj1 one sees that they are friends4 ,mi opinias ke oni sxatas lin1 ,i think that people like him 7that he is liked74 ,oni diris al mi ke estas sablo en la dezerto1 ,i was told 7people said to me7 that there is sand in the desert4 ,oni opinias ke sxi estas felicxa1 it is thought 7one thinks7 that she is happy4 ,cxu oni vidis nin en la gxardeno8 ,were we seen 7did people see us7 in the garden8 ,oni sxatas agrablajn infanojn1 people like agreeable children 7agreeable children are liked74 ,,the ,,future ,,tense4 #ee4 ,the future tense of the verb expresses an act or state as about to take place1 or as one that will take place in future time4 ,the ending of this tense is -os1 as kuros1 will run1 flugos1 will fly1 brilos1 will shine4 ,the conjugation of esti and also of vidi in the future tense is as follows3 mi estos ,i shall be4 mi vidos ,i shall see4 vi estos you will be4 vi vidos you will see4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estos li 7sxi1 gxi7 vidos 3 he 7she1 it7 will be4 he 7she1 it7 will see4 ni estos we shall be4 ni vidos we shall see4 vi estos you 7plural7 will be4 vi vidos you 7plural7 will see4 ili estos they will be4 ili vidos they will see4 ,,vocabulary auxdi to hear4 oni 7see #ed74 blovi to blow4 opinii to think1 to opine4 greno grain 7wheat1 corn1 etc474 orienta east1 eastern4 ke that 7conjunction74 pluvo rain4 kontraux against4 suda south1 southern4 montri to show1 to point out4 velki to wilt1 to wither4 norda north1 northern4 vento wind4 nova new4 ventoflago weathercock4 okcidenta west1 western4 vetero weather4 ,,la ,,ventoflago4 ,estis varma vetero1 la suno brilis1 kaj suda vento blovis4 ,tamen la nova ventoflago sur la domo diris al si1 ,la sudan venton mi ne sxatas4 ,mi preferas orientan venton4 ,la vento orienta auxdis la diron kaj gxi venis kontraux la ventoflagon4 ,pluvis kaj pluvis1 kaj oni estis kolera kontraux la ventoflago1 cxar gxi montras orientan venton4 ,gxi diris1 ,pluvas nun1 sed la greno en la kampoj bezonos sekan veteron4 ,oni estos kolera kontraux mi1 cxar mi montras orientan venton4 ,la okcidenta vento auxdis la ventoflagon1 kaj baldaux venis4 ,gxi ne estis forta1 sed gxi estis seka kaj agrabla vento1 kaj ne portis pluvon4 ,la viroj1 virinoj1 kaj junaj infanoj volis trinki1 sed ili ne havis akvon4 ,la greno kaj la floroj velkis1 kaj la frukto ankaux falis4 ,la nova ventoflago diris1 ,oni estos kolera kontraux mi1 cxar ne pluvas4 ,oni opinios ke1 cxar mi montras okcidentan venton1 la frukto falas1 kaj la greno kaj floroj velkas4 ,mi sxatas montri nek okcidentan nek orientan venton6 ,norda vento auxdis kaj venis al la ventoflago4 ,la vetero ne estis agrabla1 kaj la virinoj kaj la junaj infanoj ne estis varmaj4 ,negxis1 kaj oni estis kolera4 ,oni diris ,la greno kaj la frukto bezonas varman veteron1 sed hodiaux negxas4 ,ni preferas la sudan venton4 ,ni havis gxin1 antaux la orienta1 la okcidenta1 kaj la norda ventoj4 ,la ventoflago ne estas fidela amiko al ni4 ,gxi ne montras bonajn ventojn1 kaj ni volas rompi gxin6 ,oni kuris al la domo1 kaptis la novan ventoflagon1 kaj ankaux rompis gxin4 ,gxi falis1 kaj kusxis sur la vojo antaux la domo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,one can see that the weathercock points-out the winds4 #b4 ,they say that the west wind will be a dry wind4 #c4 ,the weathercock now shows that an agreeable south wind blows4 #d4 ,people will be angry with 7against7 the weathercock1 because it points-out a north wind4 #e4 ,a north wind is not warm1 and the grain and fruit will need a warm wind4 #f4 ,it snowed1 and the young children were not warm1 because the north wind blew4 #g4 ,people will like a south wind1 but an east wind will carry rain4 #h4 ,can one find money in the desert8 #i4 ,do you think 7that7 he is in the house8 #aj4 ,he is said to be 7they say that he is7 on the street4 #aa4 ,it is thought 7people think7 that the camel is a faithful friend4 #ab4 ,i am told 7people tell me7 that the camel has a large body1 and a long neck4 #ac4 ,one can see that it is not beautiful4 #ad4 ,people do not like to drink warm water4 #ae4 ,nevertheless we shall drink warm water in the city4 #af4 ,it was beautiful weather yesterday1 but today we shall have good weather also4 #ag4 ,i think that a warm wind will blow soon4 #ah4 ,my friend has a beautiful new house4 ,,lesson ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,pronoun ,,tiu4 #ef4 ,the demonstrative pronoun tiu1 that1 is used to indicate a person or a definitely specified thing4 ,the plural is tiuj1 those3 ,tiu estas la via1 kaj mi volas tiun1 that is yours1 and ,i wish that one4 ,tiuj estos koleraj kontraux vi1 those will be angry with you4 ,li auxdis tiujn1 he heard those 7persons1 or things74 #eg4 ,the demonstrative pronoun tiu is also used as a pronominal adjective1 in agreement with a noun3 ,tiu vento estos varma1 that wind will be warm4 ,mi vidas tiun ventoflagon1 ,i see that weathercock4 ,tiuj infanoj estas junaj1 those children are young4 ,mi trovos tiujn librojn1 ,i shall find those books4 ,,tenses ,,in ,,indirect ,,quotations4 #eh4 ,the verb in an indirect statement 7#ec7 or an indirect question remains in the same tense in which it would be if the statement or question were direct4 7,in ,english this is true only if the introductory verb is present or future1 since after an introductory past tense the tense of the indirect quotation is changed1 and am1 is1 are1 have1 will become was1 were1 had1 would1 etc47 ,mi diras ke li estas bona1 ,i say that he is good4 diris 1 ,i said that he was good4 diros 1 ,i shall say that he is good4 ,li miras cxu mi auxdas1 he wonders whether ,i hear4 miris 1 he wondered whether ,i heard4 miros 1 he will wonder whether ,i hear4 ,mi opiniis ke gxi estas bona1 ,i thought that it was good 7,i thought it is good74 ,oni miris cxu li venos1 they wondered whether he would come 7they wondered will he come874 ,footnote3 ,an indirect question is introduced by cxu1 whether1 after verbs meaning ask1 wonder1 know1 etc43 ,mi miras cxu li venis1 ,i wonder whether he came4 ,oni demandas cxu li estas ricxa1 people ask whether he is rich4 ,,formation ,,of ,,feminine ,,nouns4 #ei4 ,feminine nouns corresponding to distinctly masculine nouns such as frato1 knabo1 viro1 may be formed from these by inserting the suffix -in- just before the noun-ending -o3 fratino sister patrino mother 7from frato1 brother74 7from patro1 father74 knabino girl virino woman 7from knabo1 boy74 7from viro1 man74 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,english names similarly formed from masculine names1 as ,pauline1 ,josephine1 ,ernestine1 ,geraldine1 etc41 also ,german ,koenigin1 queen1 from ,koenig1 king2 ,loewin1 lioness1 from ,loewe1 lion1 etc4 ,,vocabulary almenaux at least4 paroli to talk1 to speak4 cxapelo hat4 parko park4 cxielo sky1 heaven4 preskaux almost4 filo son4 pri concerning1 about4 konstrui to build4 promeni to take a walk4 miri to wonder4 super above4 morgaux tomorrow4 timi to fear1 to be afraid 7of74 nubo cloud4 tiu that 7#ef74 ombrelo umbrella4 zorga careful4 ,,en ,,la ,,parko4 ,miaj junaj amiko kaj amikino1 kaj ankaux ilia patrino1 iris hieraux al la parko4 ,la infanoj diris al la patrino ke la parko estas agrabla1 kaj ke ili volas promeni en gxi4 ,la knabino parolis al sia frato pri la belaj floroj4 ,sxi diris al li ke la floroj velkas1 kaj ke la herbo en preskaux la tuta parko bezonas pluvon4 ,la knabo diris hodiaux al mi ke hieraux li kaj lia fratino auxdis la birdojn en la arboj super siaj kapoj4 ,li diris ke li miris pri tiuj birdoj1 tamen li opinias ke la birdoj baldaux konstruos siajn nestojn en tiuj arboj4 ,la infanoj promenis1 kaj baldaux ili vidis ke grizaj nuboj venas sur la cxielon1 kaj mia juna amikino timis ke pluvos4 ,sxi parolis al la patrino pri la nuboj kaj la pluvo1 montris al sxi la grizajn nubojn1 kaj diris ke si volas iri al la domo4 ,ili komencis marsxi al la strato1 kaj preskaux kuris1 cxar ili ne havis ombrelon4 ,tra la fenestroj de la domoj oni rigardis ilin1 kaj la knabo miris cxu li kaj liaj patrino kaj fratino amuzas tiujn virojn kaj virinojn4 ,tamen la patrino diris ke sxi ne timas ke sxi amuzos tiujn1 sed ke sxi timas la pluvon4 ,sxi kaj la filino volas esti zorgaj pri almenaux la novaj cxapeloj4 ,la filo diris al sxi ke li ankaux estas zorga1 sed ke li opinias ke ne pluvos4 ,baldaux la patro venis al ili1 kaj portis ombrelojn1 cxar li ankaux timis la pluvon4 ,li miris cxu la infanoj kaj ilia patrino havas ombrelojn4 ,baldaux pluvis1 sed ili estis sekaj1 cxar ili havis la ombrelojn4 ,morgaux ili ne promenos en la parko1 sed iros al la urbo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the east wind is dry and the south wind will be too warm4 #b4 ,a west wind blew against the weathercock1 but the grain needed a south wind4 #c ,a north wind is blowing and ,i think that it will soon snow4 #d4 ,it 7#ea7 will be beautiful weather tomorrow1 because a pleasant wind is now blowing4 #e4 ,the flowers will wither because those children gathered them4 #f4 ,they are talking about that park1 but ,i do not wish to take-a-walk1 because there are clouds in 7on7 the sky4 #g4 ,at least we shall take an umbrella1 and my brother will hold it over our heads4 #h4 ,my sister said ,mother and ,i are-afraid that it will rain4 #i4 ,my young sister will be careful about that new umbrella4 #aj4 ,i wonder whether she will take-a-walk tomorrow4 #aa4 ,that park is pleasant and the grass is soft and green4 #ab4 ,the birds are building their nests now1 in those branches above our heads4 #ac4 ,the sky above us is blue1 and a west wind is beginning to blow4 #ad4 ,i can see that weathercock1 on that large house near the park4 #ae4 ,mother says that my sister will have a new hat tomorrow4 #af4 ,she will be careful of 7about7 that hat4 #ag4 ,my father's friend is very careful of his son4 #ah4 ,one sees that he is not a strong boy4 ,,lesson ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,pronoun ,,cxi ,,tiu4 #fj4 ,the demonstrative pronoun 7and pronominal adjective7 meaning this is formed by using with tiu 7#ef7 the word cxi1 which expresses the general idea of nearness or proximity4 7,consequently the literal meaning of cxi tiu is that one nearby1 that one here47 ,the word cxi may either precede or follow the pronoun3 ,cxi tiu estas la mia1 this is mine4 ,mi vidis cxi tiun1 ,i saw this one4 ,cxu vi volas tiujn cxi8 ,do you wish these8 ,cxi tiu knabino estas mia fratino1 this girl is my sister4 ,mi vidis cxi tiujn cxapelojn1 ,i saw these hats4 ,cxi tiuj amikoj promenos1 these friends will take a walk4 #fa4 ,the words tiu and cxi tiu may be used to distinguish between persons or things previously mentioned and just mentioned3 ,gertrude kaj ,mario estas en la parko4 ,tiu rigardas la florojn1 cxi tiu kolektas ilin4 ,gertrude and ,mary are in the park4 ,the former 7that one7 looks at the flowers1 the latter 7this one7 gathers them4 ,,possessive ,,form ,,of ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,pronoun4 #fb4 ,to express possession1 the demonstrative pronouns tiu and cxi tiu have the special possessive or genitive forms ties1 that one's1 and cxi ties1 this one's4 ,the use of ties and cxi ties to mean the former and the latter is similar to the use of tiu and cxi tiu shown in #fa3 ,mi iris al ties domo1 ,i went to that one's house4 ,cxi ties filoj estas junaj1 this person's 7this one's7 sons are young4 ,mi sxatas ties koloron1 sed preferas cxi tiun floron1 ,i like that one's color1 but prefer this flower4 ,la patro kaj lia amiko parolas pri siaj domoj4 ,ties estas nova1 sed cxi ties sxajnas bela4 ,father and his friend are talking about their houses4 ,the former's is new1 but the latter's seems beautiful4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,il-4 #fc4 ,names of instruments1 tools or utensils may be formed by adding the suffix -il- 7followed by the ending -o7 to roots whose meaning permits3 flugilo1 wing 7from flugi1 to fly74 kaptilo1 snare1 trap 7from kapti1 to catch74 kudrilo1 needle 7from kudri1 to sew74 montrilo1 indicator1 7clock7 hand 7from montri1 to point out1 show74 tenilo1 handle 7from teni1 to hold74 ,footnote3 ,the root of a word is that part of it which contains the essential meaning1 and to which the verb endings -i1 -as1 -is1 -os1 the noun ending -o1 the adjective ending -a1 etc41 are attached1 when no suffix intervenes4 ,thus1 vir- is the root of viro and of virino2 kur- is the root of kuri1 etc4 ,,the ,,expression ,,of ,,means ,,or ,,instrumentality4 #fd4 ,the means or instrumentality through which an act is accomplished is expressed by use of the preposition per3 ,oni kudras per kudrilo1 one sews by means of 7with7 a needle4 ,la birdoj flugas per flugiloj1 the birds fly by 7with7 wings4 ,li amuzas sin per tiuj bildoj1 he amuses himself with 7by7 those pictures4 ,mi trovis gxin per via helpo1 ,i found it by 7through7 your help4 ,,vocabulary akra sharp najbaro neighbor4 busxo mouth4 per by means of 7#fd74 dekstra right 7not left74 supo soup4 cxi 7see #fj74 telero plate4 forko fork4 terpomo potato4 helpo help4 ties that one's 7#fb74 kafo coffee4 trancxi to cut4 kulero spoon4 tre very1 exceedingly4 mano hand4 viando meat4 ,,la ,,mangxo4 ,hieraux mi miris cxu mi havos bonan mangxon en la domo de mia amiko4 ,sed mi opiniis ke mi havos tre bonan mangxon1 cxar mia amiko sxatas doni bonajn mangxojn al siaj amikoj4 ,oni metis tre bonan supon antaux mi1 kaj mi mangxis tiun per granda kulero4 ,post la supo mi havis viandon4 ,cxi tiun mi tenis per forko1 kaj trancxis per akra trancxilo4 ,la forko1 trancxilo kaj kulero estas mangxiloj4 ,mi havis ne nur viandon1 sed ankaux novajn terpomojn4 ,mi trancxis tiujn cxi per la trancxilo1 sed mi metis ilin en la busxon per forko4 ,mi tenis la forkon en la dekstra mano1 kaj metis la trancxilon trans mian teleron4 ,oni bezonas akran trancxilon1 sed oni ne bezonas tre akran forkon4 ,post la viando kaj la terpomoj1 oni donis al mi fresxajn maturajn cxerizojn4 ,ili kusxis sur granda telero1 kaj havis belan koloron4 ,ilia gusto estis ankaux bona4 ,mi preskaux ne diris ke mi ankaux havis kafon4 ,mi parolos morgaux al mia amiko pri lia kafo1 kaj lauxdos gxin4 ,post la mangxo1 najbaro de mia amiko venis en cxi ties domon1 kaj ili parolis al mi pri siaj novaj domoj4 ,per la helpo de sia patro1 mia amiko konstruos grandan domon4 ,lia najbaro volas konstrui belan sed ne tre grandan domon4 ,ties nova domo estos bela1 sed mi opinias ke mi preferos cxi ties domon4 ,mia amiko volis doni almenaux kafon al sia najbaro1 sed li diris ke li ne volas trinki kafon4 ,tamen li volis persikon4 ,li tenis tiun en la mano1 kaj mangxis tiun4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the birds have very strong wings on their bodies1 but they do not have hands4 #b4 ,they will build their nests1 and sing about the young birds4 #c4 ,those children were talking to me yesterday about their cat4 #d4 ,they said that it likes to catch and eat sparrows4 #e4 ,tomorrow it will hide 7itself7 behind a tree1 and will catch a young sparrow4 #f4 ,the children will gather peaches in that-person's garden1 and will put them upon a plate4 #g4 ,they will shake the whole tree by means of a branch4 #h4 ,the sweet fruit above them will fall upon the soft green grass4 #i4 ,the children wondered whether the cherries were ripe4 #aj4 ,they seem almost ripe1 and tomorrow the children will pick 7gather7 them1 with the help of their father4 #aa4 ,it is said 7#ed7 that the grain in that-man's field very much needs rain4 #ab4 ,people also think that the flowers will wither1 for 7because7 it did not rain yesterday or today4 #ac4 ,my careful young friend will carry an umbrella in his hand tomorrow1 because he fears the rain4 #ad4 ,he sees those gray clouds in 7on7 the sky4 #ae4 ,he holds the umbrella by its handle4 #af4 ,the weathercock is an indicator concerning the weather4 #ag4 ,one eats meat with a fork1 and soup with a spoon4 #ah4 ,one holds the spoon in the right hand4 #ai4 ,a knife is sharp1 but one does not need a sharp fork4 #bj4 ,we shall have a very good meal1 and also very good coffee4 ,,lesson ,,xv4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,adjective4 #fe4 ,the demonstrative adjective related to the demonstrative pronoun tiu 7#ef7 is tia1 that kind of1 that sort of1 such3 ,tia floro estas bela1 that kind of a flower is beautiful4 ,mi sxatas tian viandon1 ,i like that sort of meat4 ,tiaj najbaroj estas agrablaj1 such 7that kind of7 neighbors are pleasant4 ,mi volas auxdi tiajn birdojn1 ,i wish to hear such birds4 ,,adverbs ,,defined ,,and ,,classified4 #ff4 ,an adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb1 adjective1 another adverb1 or phrase4 ,it may express manner1 time1 degree1 negation1 etc4 ,adverbs are either primary1 as now1 almost1 or derived1 as glad-ly1 sweet-ly1 ,the ,esperanto primary adverbs given in this and in preceding lessons may be classified as follows3 7a7 ,temporal ,adverbs 7expressing time74 baldaux soon4 morgaux tomorrow4 hieraux yesterday4 nun now4 hodiaux today4 tuj immediately4 7b7 ,adverbs of ,degree4 almenaux at least4 preskaux almost4 nur merely4 tre very1 much4 7c7 ,adverbs ,expressing ,other ,ideas4 addition3 ankaux also4 emphasis3 ecx even4 interrogation3 cxu1 7#cj74 affirmation3 jes yes4 proximity3 cxi1 7#fj74 negation3 ne not1 no1 7#bg74 a4 ,an adverb usually precedes1 but may also follow1 the word or words which it modifies4 ,it must be so placed as to leave no doubt about which of two words or word-groups it is intended to modify4 ,thus1 mi preskaux volis havi tiun clearly means ,i almost wished to have that2 but mi volis preskaux havi tiun might mean either ,i almost wished to have that1 or more probably ,i wished almost to have that4 ,an example of permissible variation in the position of adverbs is shown in questions to which an affirmative answer is expected4 ,such questions may be put in the form of a statement1 followed by cxu ne 7instead of having cxu introduce the sentence1 with ne in its normal position73 ,li venos1 cxu ne8 ,he will come1 will he not8 ,la vetero estas bela1 cxu ne8 ,the weather is beautiful1 is it not8 ,vi auxdis tiun diron1 cxu ne8 ,you heard that remark1 did you not8 ,,formation ,,of ,,opposites4 #fg4 ,if the meaning of a word is such that it can have a direct opposite1 such opposite may be formed from it by use of the prefix mal-3 malalta low1 short 7from alta1 high1 tall74 malamiko enemy 7from amiko1 friend74 maldekstra left 7from dekstra1 right74 malhelpi to hinder 7from helpi1 to help74 maljuna aged1 old 7from juna1 young74 malnova old1 not new 7from nova1 new74 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,english malcontent1 discontented1 maladroit1 clumsy4 ,,vocabulary dum during4 povi to be able4 ecx even4 preni to take4 gardi to guard4 propono proposal4 helpi to help1 to aid4 respondi to answer4 honti to be ashamed4 ruza sly1 cunning4 kara dear4 sxteli to steal4 kontenta satisfied4 tia that kind of 7#fe74 kuragxa courageous4 tuj immediately4 nokto night4 vocxo voice4 ,,la ,,ruza ,,juna ,,viro4 ,ruza juna viro kaj bona maljuna viro iris trans dezerton4 ,tiu havis nigran cxevalon1 cxi tiu havis blankan cxevalon4 ,vi gardos niajn cxevalojn dum la nokto1 cxu ne8 diris la juna viro per dolcxa vocxo al sia amiko1 ,cxar dum la nokto oni ne povos vidi mian nigran cxevalon1 sed malamikoj povos tuj vidi vian blankan cxevalon4 ,oni povos sxteli tian cxevalon1 cxar vi estas maljuna kaj malforta1 kaj ne povos malhelpi malamikojn4 ,tia propono ne sxajnis agrabla al la maljuna viro4 ,li ne estis kontenta1 tamen li ne volis perdi sian cxevalon1 cxar li estis malricxa4 ,li diris al si ke li donos sian blankan cxevalon al la juna viro1 kaj prenos ties nigran cxevalon4 ,tuj li diris al cxi tiu ,sed per via helpo mi ne perdos mian cxevalon3 mi donos la mian al vi1 kaj prenos vian cxevalon4 ,la via estas malbela1 sed gxi estas almenaux nigra2 vi donos gxin al mi1 cxu ne8 ,jes1 respondis la ruza juna viro1 kaj li donis sian nigran cxevalon al tiu1 kaj prenis la blankan cxevalon4 ,nun1 diris la maljuna viro1 ,vi estas kuragxa kaj forta1 kaj vi gardos la cxevalojn1 cxu ne8 ,vi povos malhelpi malamikojn per tiu granda akra trancxilo1 kaj oni ne povos sxteli vian blankan cxevalon4 ,la ruza juna viro ne hontis4 ,li respondis ,mia kara amiko1 mi nun dormos1 cxar oni ne sxtelos blankan cxevalon4 ,mi povos vidi tian cxevalon dum la nokto1 kaj malhelpi malamikojn4 ,sed tiu cxevalo via 7that horse of yours7 havas la koloron de la nokto1 kaj ecx nun oni povas sxteli gxin4 ,la malkontenta maljuna viro diris per kolera vocxo ,cxu vi ne hontas pri tia propono8 ,tamen la ruza juna viro tuj komencis dormi1 kaj la maljuna viro gardis la cxevalojn dum la tuta nokto4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 7,words to be formed with the prefix mal- are quoted47 #a4 ,does one eat potatoes and meat with a fork or a spoon8 #b4 ,one puts soup into the mouth by means of a spoon4 #c4 ,one cuts fruit with a knife1 and puts the fruit upon a plate4 #d4 ,the coffee was cold1 and ,i was much dissatisfied4 #e4 ,my knife was dull1 nevertheless ,i almost immediately cut my 7the7 left hand4 #f4 ,i was ashamed1 but ,i think that the handle of that knife was very short4 #g4 ,the grass is wet today1 and ,i fear that we shall not be able to take a walk1 even in that small park4 #h4 ,i dislike to go-walking upon the hard streets4 #i4 ,the courageous young man and his aged friend talked about their enemies4 #aj4 ,they wished to be careful about their horses4 #aa4 ,the young man was very sly1 and wished to sleep during the night4 #ab4 ,he said that one can steal a black horse during the dark night4 #ac4 ,he said that either 7aux7 he or the old man would guard the horses4 #ad4 ,the old man answered that he would give to him his own white horse4 #ae4 ,he took that one's black horse4 #af4 ,he was ashamed1 and was very angry at his faithless friend4 #ag4 ,but he stayed-awake1 and guarded the horses4 ,,lesson ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,adverb ,,of ,,place4 #fh4 ,the demonstrative adverbs of place related to the pronouns tiu and cxi tiu are tie1 there1 in 7at7 that place1 and cxi tie1 here1 in 7at7 this place3 ,la telero estas tie1 the plate is there 7in that place74 ,la libroj kusxas cxi tie1 the books lie here 7in this place74 ,mi trovis vin tie kaj lin tie cxi1 ,i found you there and him here4 ,tie la vetero sxajnas tre agrabla1 there the weather seems very pleasant4 #fi4 ,if the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the place indicated by tie or cxi tie1 the ending -n is added to the adverb 7#df71 forming tien1 thither1 there1 and cxi tien1 hither1 here3 ,li iros tien1 he will go there 7thither74 ,mi venis cxi tien1 ,i came here 7hither74 ,ni estis tie1 kaj venis cxi tien1 we were there and came here 7hither74 ,,accompaniment4 #gj4 ,accompaniment or association is expressed by the preposition kun1 with1 along with3 ,la viro venis kun sia amiko1 the man came with his friend4 ,mi promenos kun vi1 ,i shall go walking with you4 ,la knabo kun tiu viro estas lia frato1 the boy with that man is his brother4 ,footnote3 ,kun must not be confused with per 7#fd71 which expresses instrumentality1 although per may often be translated by ,english with4 ,the ,english preposition with may be said to have three rather clearly defined different meanings4 ,in the linguistic history of this word1 the original meaning was against1 still shown in fight with1 strive with1 contend with1 withstand1 etc4 7,cf4 ,german widerstreiten1 to strive with1 widerhalten1 to resist1 etc47 ,gradually this word with usurped the meaning of the original preposition mid1 expressing association or accompaniment 7cf4 ,german mit1 with1 which it crowded out of the language except in one unimportant compound74 ,the word by was also encroaching upon mid from another direction1 and so mid's successor with came to be interchangeable with by in expressing instrumentality4 ,thus1 ,english with indicates opposition1 accompaniment1 or instrumentality1 for which three senses ,esperanto has the three prepositions kontraux1 kun1 and per1 respectively4 ,,the ,,adverb ,,for4 #ga4 ,the adverb for1 away1 may be used independently1 as ,li iris for de mi1 he went away from me1 but it is more frequently used as a prefix to give a sense of departure1 loss or somewhat forcible removal3 foriri to go away1 to depart4 forkuri to run away1 to escape4 forlasi to leave alone1 to abandon1 to desert4 formangxi to eat away1 to eat up4 forpreni to take away1 to remove4 fortrinki to drink away1 to drink up4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the prefix for- in ,english forfend1 to keep away1 to avert1 forbid1 to exclude from1 to command against1 forbear1 to refrain from1 etc4 ,,the ,,meaning ,,of ,,povi4 #gb4 ,the verb povi1 to be able1 is used to translate ,english can1 which is defective1 that is1 does not occur in all of the forms a verb may have3 ,mi povas paroli1 ,i am able to talk1 ,i can talk4 ,mi povis paroli1 ,i was able to talk1 ,i could talk4 ,mi povos paroli1 ,i shall be able to talk1 ------4 ,mi volas povi paroli1 ,i wish to be able to talk1 ------4 ,,vocabulary el out of1 out4 peli to drive1 to chase4 cxirkaux around1 roundabout4 posxo pocket4 for away 7#ga74 rajdi to ride4 frua early4 rapidi to hasten4 glavo sword4 resti to remain1 to stay4 horo hour4 sagxa wise4 kun with 7#gj74 tie there 7#fh74 lasi to leave4 voki to call4 ,,malamikoj ,,en ,,la ,,dezerto4 ,juna viro kaj lia sagxa patro volis iri trans la dezerton1 kun siaj amikoj4 ,la amikoj estis fortaj1 kaj la juna viro estis tre kuragxa4 ,ili restis en malgranda urbo dum la nokto1 kaj forrajdis kun tiuj amikoj4 ,la patro kaj la filo opiniis ke la amikoj kun ili povos helpi per siaj akraj glavoj4 ,ili opiniis ke ili povos forpeli la malamikojn4 ,ecx en la dezerto oni trovas malamikojn4 ,tiaj malamikoj forprenas la monon de bonaj viroj4 ,la juna viro estis kontenta1 cxar li estis kun la amikoj4 ,la maljuna viro estis kontenta cxar li estis kun sia filo4 ,baldaux la nokto venis4 ,estis tre malluma tie en la dezerto1 kaj ili preskaux ne povis vidi4 ,dum la fruaj horoj de la nokto la patro auxdis vocxojn1 kaj preskaux tuj li vidis la malamikojn4 ,la ruzaj malbonaj viroj rapidis tien1 kaj vokis la maljunan viron4 ,la malkuragxaj amikoj de la patro kaj filo nek restis tie1 nek helpis forpeli la malamikojn4 ,ili tuj forkuris4 ,la malamikoj staris cxirkaux la patro1 kaj forpusxis lin de lia cxevalo4 ,la filo volis malhelpi ilin1 sed li ne povis4 ,li povis nur resti kun la patro1 kaj gardi lin tie kontraux la glavoj de la malamikoj4 ,baldaux la malamikoj komencis forpreni la monon el la posxoj de la sagxa maljuna viro4 ,la kolera filo diris per maldolcxa 7bitter7 vocxo ,cxu vi ne hontas8 ,cxu vi lasos al ni nek la cxevalojn nek nian monon8 ,sed la malamikoj respondis ,ne1 ni lasos al vi nek la cxevalojn nek la monon4 ,ni ne estas malsagxaj4 ,post tiu diro ili tuj forrapidis1 kaj prenis kun si la cxevalojn4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the foolish friends of the young man and his aged father did not stay with them4 #b4 ,they did not help them with their swords1 but ran away at once 7tuj71 and were not ashamed4 #c4 ,the old man heard disagreeable voices behind him1 and soon he saw the enemy4 #d4 ,the enemy called them1 and hastened there 7#fi74 #e4 ,those sly bad men took the money out of the pockets of the courageous young man4 #f4 ,they stood around him1 and also around his father4 #g4 ,the father and son could not even guard their horses4 #h4 ,the enemy did not leave 7to7 these their horses1 but took both the horses and the money4 #i4 ,soon the enemy rode away1 during the late hours of the night4 #aj4 ,the father and son were angry and dissatisfied4 #aa4 ,they said ,we fear and dislike such men4 #ab4 ,the father said ,by the help of our neighbors we can 7povos7 find those bad men1 and drive them away1 out of the desert4 #ac4 ,the son replied1 ,dear ,father1 such a proposal seems good1 and ,i will help with my long sharp sword4 #ad4 ,but we are now in the desert1 and the road to the city is long4 #ae4 ,we cannot ride thither1 but we can walk thither4 #af4 ,can you not hasten1 with 7per7 my help8 #ag4 ,the wise old man answered1 ,yes1 my son1 with such help ,i can walk thither4 ,,lesson ,,xvii4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,temporal ,,adverb4 #gc4 ,the demonstrative temporal adverb related to the demonstrative pronoun tiu is tiam1 then1 at that time3 ,tiam li rajdos al la urbo1 then he will ride to the city4 ,nun ili estas sagxaj1 sed tiam ili estis malsagxaj1 now they are wise1 but at that time they were foolish4 ,,comparison ,,of ,,adjectives4 #gd4 ,an adjective may have three degrees1 positive1 comparative and superlative4 ,english has various ways of forming the comparative and superlative degrees 7as by the suffixes -er1 -est1 the adverbs more1 most1 and irregular methods as in good1 better1 best1 etc474 ,esperanto has only one method1 using the adverbs pli1 more1 and plej1 most3 ,,positive4 ,,comparative4 ,,superlative4 --------------- ------------------------ -------------------------- bela1 beautiful pli bela1 more beautiful plej bela1 most beautiful bona1 good pli bona1 better plej bona1 best malbona1 bad pli malbona1 worse plej malbona1 worst sagxa1 wise pli sagxa1 wiser plej sagxa1 wisest #ge4 ,the preposition el is used with words expressing the group or class out of which a superlative is selected and mentioned3 ,li estas la plej juna el tiuj1 he is the youngest of 7out of7 those4 ,vi estas la plej felicxa el ni1 you are the happiest of us4 ,tiu estis la plej ruza el la viroj1 that one was the craftiest of the men4 ,,manner ,,and ,,characteristic4 #gf4 ,the actions or feelings which accompany an act or state1 or the characteristic which permanently accompanies a person or thing1 may be expressed by a substantive with the preposition kun3 ,li prenis gxin kun la plej granda zorgo1 he took it with the greatest care4 ,mi auxdis lin kun intereso kaj plezuro1 ,i heard him with interest and pleasure4 ,sxi estas virino kun bona gusto1 she is a woman with 7of7 good taste4 ,mi havas cxevalon kun forta korpo1 ,i have a horse with a strong body4 ,footnote3 ,sometimes the manner of an action may be expressed by the instrument of it1 expressed by the preposition per with a substantive modified by an adjective3 ,li kantis per dolcxa vocxo1 he sang with 7by means of7 a sweet voice4 ,vi pusxis min per forta mano1 you pushed me with a strong hand4 ,,diri1 ,,paroli ,,and ,,rakonti4 #gg4 ,the verbs diri1 to say1 paroli1 to talk1 to speak1 and rakonti1 to relate1 having in common the general idea of speech or expression1 must not be confused in use3 ,mi diris al vi ke pluvas1 ,i said to 7told7 you that it was raining4 ,mi diris gxin al vi1 ,i said it to you 7,i told you74 ,mi parolis al vi pri gxi1 ,i talked 7spoke7 to you about it4 ,mi rakontis gxin al vi1 ,i related 7told7 it to you4 ,,vocabulary ami to love4 pli more 7#gd74 ekster outside 7of74 plumo pen4 ,frederiko ,frederick4 rakonti to relate 7#gg74 gratuli to congratulate4 regxo king4 intereso interest4 servisto servant4 letero letter4 skribi to write4 plej most 7#gd74 tiam then 7#gc74 plezuro pleasure4 zorgo care4 ,,frederiko ,,granda ,,kaj ,,la ,,juna ,,servisto4 ,hieraux mi legis interesan libron pri ,frederiko ,granda 7the ,great74 ,en gxi oni rakontas ke la regxo kun plezuro legis aux skribis per sia plumo1 dum malfruaj horoj de la nokto4 ,agrabla juna knabo1 la plej juna el la servistoj1 tiam restis ekster la pordo4 ,cxar la regxo legis plej interesan novan libron1 li ne opiniis ke la horo estas malfrua4 ,li vokis sian malgrandan serviston1 sed la knabo1 nek venis nek respondis4 ,la regxo iris tien1 kaj trovis la knabon ekster la pordo4 ,li vidis ke la knabo dormas sur malalta segxo4 ,tiam ,frederiko ,granda ne estis kolera1 sed hontis cxar li vokis la infanon4 ,la regxo ,frederiko vidis leteron en la posxo de la knabo4 ,tuj li prenis la leteron el lia posxo1 kaj rigardis gxin4 ,gxi estis letero al la servisto1 de lia patrino4 ,sxi ne estis ricxa virino1 sxi sxajnis esti tre malricxa4 ,en cxi tiu letero la patrino diris per la plumo ke sxi amas la filon4 ,sxi dankis lin cxar li skribis al sxi longan leteron4 ,sxi ankaux dankis lin cxar li donis al sxi monon4 ,la regxo volis esti tre bona al tia filo4 ,kun la plej granda zorgo li metis monon el sia posxo kun la letero kaj tiam lasis la leteron en ties posxo4 ,tiam li formarsxis al sia cxambro1 kaj vokis la malgrandan serviston4 ,la knabo tuj auxdis1 kaj rapidis tra la pordo4 ,li kuris trans la cxambron1 kaj staris antaux la regxo4 ,cxu vi dormis8 diris ,frederiko ,granda4 ,jes1 mi timas ke mi preskaux dormis1 respondis la knabo1 kaj mi tre hontas4 ,tiam li metis la manon en la posxon1 kaj trovis la monon4 ,li sxajnis pli malfelicxa kaj diris kun granda timo ,malamiko metis cxi tiun monon en mian posxon6 ,oni opinios ke mi sxtelis gxin6 ,oni malamos min1 kaj forpelos min6 ,frederiko respondis1 ,ne1 mi donis gxin al vi1 cxar mi amas bonajn knabojn4 ,mi gratulas vian patrinon1 cxar sxi havas tian filon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,an interesting story is related 7#ed7 about ,frederick the ,great4 #b4 ,his youngest servant stayed outside of the door4 #c4 ,the king called him1 and he hastened thither and stood before him4 #d4 ,yesterday he did not hear the king4 #e4 ,the king called him1 but he did not answer4 #f4 ,the king thought that the boy had gone away with the older servants1 and he was angry4 #g4 ,he left his book on the table1 and went to the door4 #h4 ,then he saw that the little boy was sleeping there4 #i4 ,he looked at him with greater interest1 and saw a letter in his pocket4 #aj4 ,the letter was from the boy's mother4 #aa4 ,he had written a letter to her1 with his pen1 and had given 7to7 her money1 because she was poor4 #ab4 ,he wrote longer letters with pleasure1 because he was a most faithful son4 #ac4 ,the king congratulated the mother of the boy1 concerning such a son4 #ad4 7,the7 king ,frederick wished to be kinder 7pli bona7 to the boy4 #ae4 ,he placed his book upon the table1 near his sword1 and talked to the little servant4 #af4 ,then the older servants came1 and stood around the king4 #ag4 ,they walked with great care1 and the younger servant did not hear them4 #ah4 ,they loved the little boy1 and wished to help him4 ,,lesson ,,xviii4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,adverb ,,of ,,motive ,,or ,,reason4 #gh4 ,the demonstrative adverb of motive or reason1 related to the demonstrative pronoun tiu1 is tial1 therefore1 for that reason1 so3 ,tial la servisto foriris1 therefore the servant went away4 ,tial mi gratulis lin1 for that reason ,i congratulated him4 ,tial oni forpelis lin1 so they drove him away4 ,,derivation ,,of ,,adverbs4 #gi4 ,adverbs may be derived from roots whose meaning permits1 by addition of the adverb-ending -e1 as felicxe1 happily1 kolere1 angrily4 ,the comparison of adverbs is similar to that of adjectives3 ,,positive4 ,,comparative4 ,,superlative4 ------------- ---------------------- ----------------------- sagxe1 wisely pli sagxe1 more wisely plej sagxe1 most wisely bone1 well pli bone1 better plej bone1 best malbone1 badly pli malbone1 worse plej malbone1 worst ruze1 slyly pli ruze1 more slyly plej ruze1 most slyly ,,malpli ,,and ,,malplej4 #hj4 ,the opposites 7#fg7 of pli and plej are malpli1 less1 and malplej1 least4 ,their use is similar to that of pli and plej4 7,these adverbs may also modify verbs73 ,li estas malpli kuragxa1 he is less courageous4 ,tiuj estis malplej akraj1 those were least sharp4 ,la vento blovis malpli forte1 the wind blew less strongly4 ,li skribis malplej zorge1 he wrote least carefully4 ,mi malpli timas ilin1 ,i fear them less4 ,vi malplej bezonos helpon1 you will need help least4 ,,comparison ,,of ,,words ,,expressing ,,quantity4 #ha4 ,since in their precise sense the words pli1 malpli1 plej1 malplej1 express degree1 a quantitative meaning is given by multe1 much1 in the desired degree of comparison3 multe1 much pli multe1 more 7in amount7 plej multe1 most malpli multe1 less malplej multe1 least malmulte1 little pli malmulte1 less plej malmulte1 least ,,comparisons ,,containing ,,ol4 #hb4 ,in a comparison made by the use of pli or malpli1 the case used after ol1 than1 must indicate clearly the sense intended3 ,mi amas ilin pli multe ol sxin1 ,i love them more than 7,i love7 her4 ,mi amas ilin pli multe ol sxi1 ,i love them more than she 7loves them74 ,vi helpis la viron malpli multe ol la knabo1 you helped the man less than the boy 7helped him74 ,vi helpis la viron malpli multe ol la knabon1 you helped the man less than 7you helped7 the boy4 ,,causal ,,clauses4 #hc4 ,a clause giving a cause or reason is introduced by cxar1 because1 for1 or by the combination tial ke1 for this reason that1 because1 for3 ,mi venis frue1 cxar mi volis vidi vin1 ,i came early1 for ,i wished to see you4 ,la floroj velkis tial1 ke ne pluvis1 the flowers wilted for this reason1 that it did not rain4 ,,vocabulary anstataux instead of4 multa much 7multaj1 many74 aprilo ,april4 ofta frequent 7ofte1 often74 auxgusto ,august4 ol than 7#hb74 jaro year4 printempo spring 7season74 junio ,june4 tago day4 julio ,july4 sezono season4 majo ,may4 somero summer4 marto ,march4 tial therefore 7#gh74 monato month4 vintro winter4 ,,pri ,,la ,,sezonoj4 ,la vintro estas la malplej agrabla sezono el la tuta jaro4 ,negxas tre multe1 kaj tial oni nur malofte promenas1 cxar la stratoj estas tro malsekaj4 ,oni marsxas kun granda zorgo1 kaj malrapide 7slowly71 tial ke oni ne volas fali kaj preskaux rompi la kolon4 ,oni zorge gardas sin tiam kontraux la malvarmaj nordaj ventoj4 ,la manojn oni metas en la posxojn1 sed la vizagxon oni ne povas bone gardi4 ,mi ne sxatas resti ekster la domo dum tia vetero4 ,mi multe preferas sidi en varma luma cxambro1 kaj skribi leterojn per bona plumo4 ,la monatoj de la printempo estas marto1 aprilo kaj majo4 ,la bela printempo sxajnas pli agrabla ol la vintro4 ,gxiaj tagoj estas pli longaj kaj pli varmaj1 gxiaj ventoj blovas malpli forte4 ,en cxi tiu sezono la kampoj kaj arboj frue komencas montri plej belajn kolorojn4 ,la birdoj konstruas siajn nestojn1 kaj dolcxe kantas4 ,oni povas promeni sur la mola herbo1 anstataux sur malsekaj malagrablaj stratoj4 ,pluvas pli multe en aprilo1 tamen post la pluvo la herbo sxajnas pli verda1 kaj la nuboj baldaux forflugas de la blua cxielo4 ,dum majo oni trovas violojn1 kaj en junio oni vidas tre multajn rozojn4 ,sed la plej agrabla el la sezonoj estas la somero4 ,anstataux malvarmaj ventoj la somero havas la plej belan veteron1 kun suda aux okcidenta ventoj4 ,la longaj tagoj estas varmaj1 sed la noktoj estas tute agrablaj4 ,tiam oni havas pli bonajn fruktojn ol dum la printempo4 ,la monatoj de la somero estas junio1 julio kaj auxgusto4 ,mi plej sxatas junion4 ,cxu vi sxatas gxin pli multe ol mi8 ,cxu vi sxatas auxguston pli multe ol julion8 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,i read a most interesting book about ,frederick the ,great4 #b4 ,it relates that he often stayed-awake and read with great interest during the later hours of the night4 #c4 ,his youngest servant was a small boy4 #d4 ,the king loved this boy more than he loved the older servants4 #e4 ,the winter is a less pleasant season than the spring1 but the summer is more pleasant than that season4 #f4 ,during ,march the east winds blow most strongly1 and shake the trees very much4 #g4 ,in ,april one needs his umbrella1 for 7the reason that7 there are often clouds in the sky and it rains a great deal 7very much74 #h4 ,the streets are very wet1 but the water does not seem to wash them4 #i4 ,in ,may one begins to find sweet violets1 and the birds in the trees above our heads sing very sweetly4 #aj4 ,in ,june the most beautiful roses are seen 7#ed74 #aa4 ,july and ,august are the warmest months of the whole year4 #ab4 ,the days are longer than the nights1 and the weathercock shows west and south winds1 instead of those disagreeable north and east winds4 #ac4 ,one stays outside of the house then with greater pleasure1 and goes walking in the parks4 #ad4 ,i think that ,i like the summer better than you do4 #ae4 ,therefore ,i praise the summer more than you do4 #af4 ,however1 ,i praise you more than ,i praise your younger brother4 #ag4 ,he is less wise than you4 ,,lesson ,,xix4 ,,ju ,,and ,,des ,,in ,,comparisons4 #hd4 ,in clauses expressing a comparison between two objects1 acts or states1 the adverbial use of ,english the 444 the 444 7meaning by how much 444 by that much 4447 is rendered by the adverbs ju and des1 respectively3 ,ju pli bona li estas1 des pli felicxa li estos1 the better he is1 the happier he will be4 ,ju pli ofte mi rigardas1 des pli mi volas rigardi1 the oftener ,i look1 the more ,i wish to look4 ,ju pli bele la luno brilas1 des pli oni sxatas la nokton1 the more beautifully the moon shines1 the more one likes the night4 ,ju malpli pluvas1 des pli la floroj velkas1 the less it rains1 the more the flowers wither4 ,ju malpli multe vi helpas1 des malpli multe mi lauxdos vin1 the less you help1 the less ,i shall praise you4 ,cxar vi helpis1 mi des pli multe lauxdos vin1 because you helped1 ,i shall praise you the 7that much7 more4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,shakespeare1 ,as ,you ,like ,it1 ,v1 ,,ii1 #di1 ,by so much the more shall ,i tomorrow be at the height of heart-heaviness1 by how much ,i shall think my brother happy in having what he wishes for4 ,,the ,,preposition ,,inter4 #he4 ,in ,english1 the preposition between is used in reference to two persons or things1 and among in reference to three or more4 ,as the difference in meaning is not essential1 ,esperanto has but the one preposition inter to express both between and among3 ,li sidas inter vi kaj mi1 he is sitting between you and me4 ,li sidas inter siaj amikoj1 he is sitting among his friends4 ,la monato majo estas inter aprilo kaj junio1 the month of ,may is between ,april and ,june4 ,inter tiuj libroj estas tre interesa libro1 among those books there is a very interesting book4 ,,the ,,preposition ,,pro4 #hf4 ,cause or reason may be expressed not only by an adverb 7#gh7 or a clause 7#hc71 but also by use of the preposition pro1 because of1 on account of1 for the sake of1 for4 ,it directs the thought away from the complement toward the action1 feeling or state caused by it1 or done in its interest or behalf3 ,la floroj velkas pro la seka vetero1 the flowers wilt because of the dry weather4 ,mi skribis la leteron pro vi1 ,i wrote the letter for you 7for your sake74 ,pro tiuj nuboj mi timas ke pluvos1 on account of those clouds ,i fear that it will rain4 ,oni sxatas cxerizojn pro la dolcxa gusto1 people like cherries because of the sweet taste4 ,,prepositions ,,with ,,adverbs ,,and ,,other ,,prepositions4 #hg4 ,prepositions may be used with adverbs or with prepositional phrases when the meaning permits3 ,la kato kuris el sub la tablo1 the cat ran out-from under the table4 ,li venos el tie1 he will come out of there4 ,de nun li estos zorga1 from now he will be careful4 ,li staris dekstre de la vojo1 he stood on the right of the road4 ,mi iros for de cxi tie1 ,i shall go away from here4 ,,vocabulary auxtuno autumn1 fall4 negxo snow4 decembro ,december4 novembro ,november4 des 7see #hd74 nuda bare1 naked4 februaro ,february4 oktobro ,october4 glacio ice4 pro because of 7#hf74 inter between1 among 7#he74 rikolti to harvest4 januaro ,january4 rivero river4 ju 7see #hd74 septembro ,september4 kovri to cover4 tero ground1 earth4 ,,la ,,auxtuno ,,kaj ,,la ,,vintro4 ,la sezonoj de la jaro estas la vintro1 la printempo1 la somero1 kaj la auxtuno4 ,la auxtuno estas inter la somero kaj la vintro4 ,gxiaj monatoj estas septembro1 oktobro kaj novembro4 ,en septembro oni povas kolekti maturajn fruktojn4 ,tiam ankaux oni rikoltas la flavan grenon de la kampoj4 ,dum cxi tiu monato kaj dum oktobro la folioj sur la brancxoj komencas esti rugxaj kaj flavaj1 anstataux verdaj4 ,la herbo velkas1 kaj bruna tapisxo sxajnas kovri la teron4 ,baldaux la folioj falas al la tero1 kaj en novembro la arboj estas tute nudaj4 ,pli aux malpli frue negxas4 ,la glacio ofte kovras la akvon en la riveroj1 kaj restas sur la stratoj kaj la vojoj4 ,la mola blanka negxo kovras la teron1 kaj kusxas sur la brancxoj de la arboj4 ,tiam1 pro la fortaj ventoj1 gxi falas de la brancxoj al la tero4 ,la birdoj frue lasas tian veteron1 kaj flugas de cxi tie al pli sudaj kampoj kaj arboj4 ,ili ne povas resti1 pro la malvarmaj tagoj kaj noktoj4 ,ili malsxatas la negxon kaj la glacion pli multe ol ni4 ,ju pli multe negxas2 des pli malofte ni volas promeni4 ,ni preferas resti en la domo1 anstataux ekster gxi4 ,ju pli ni rigardas la nudajn brancxojn de la arboj1 des pli malagrabla sxajnas la vintro4 ,tamen la junaj infanoj tre sxatas tian veteron1 kaj ju pli negxas1 kaj ju pli forte la norda vento blovas1 des malpli ili estas kontentaj en la domo4 ,ili volas kuri sur la negxo1 cxirkaux la arboj kaj inter ili1 kun siaj junaj amikoj4 ,ili povas bone amuzi sin per la negxo4 ,la monatoj de la vintro estas decembro1 januaro kaj februaro4 ,gxi estas la plej malvarma sezono4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,september1 ,october and ,november are the months of autumn4 #b4 ,in these months1 people harvest the yellow grain and gather various fruits4 #c4 ,the leaves on the trees around us begin to have red and yellow colors4 #d4 ,they begin to fall from the branches and lie upon the ground4 #e4 ,the more strongly the cold north wind blows through the branches1 the sooner the leaves fall from there4 #f4 ,they lie under the bare trees1 with the brown grass4 #g4 ,the sooner it snows1 the sooner the ground will seem to have a white carpet4 #h4 ,the snow will completely 7tute7 cover the grass during the months of the winter4 #i4 ,these months are ,december1 ,january and ,february4 #aj4 ,from that time 7de tiam7 the ice and snow will cover the roads1 and altogether 7tute7 hide them4 #aa4 ,there will often be ice on the water of the river4 #ab4 ,we like this season of the year more than ,march1 ,april and ,may4 #ac4 ,we like it even more than the summer4 #ad4 ,the months of the latter 7#fb7 are ,june1 ,july and ,august4 #ae4 ,the summer is the warmest season of the entire year4 #af4 ,therefore we often say that the summer is the pleasantest season4 #ag4 ,because of its many pleasures1 the summer is dear to me4 #ah4 ,it is between the spring and the autumn4 ,,lesson ,,xx4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,adverb ,,of ,,manner ,,and ,,degree4 #hh4 ,the demonstrative adverb of manner and degree1 related to the demonstrative pronoun tiu1 is tiel1 in that 7this7 manner1 in such a way1 thus1 so4 ,like ,english thus1 so1 tiel may modify adjectives and other adverbs1 by indicating degree3 ,cxu oni tiel helpas amikon8 ,does one help a friend in that 7this7 way8 ,mi gxin skribis tiel1 ,i wrote it thus 7in such a way74 ,la vetero estas tiel bela1 the weather is so beautiful4 ,tiel mallonge li parolis1 thus briefly he spoke4 ,mi trovis tiel belan floron1 ,i found such a beautiful flower4 ,li prenis tiel multe1 he took that much 7so much74 ,,prepositions ,,expressing ,,time-,,relations4 #hi4 ,the relations which prepositions express may be of various kinds4 ,as in ,english1 a certain number of prepositions primarily expressing place may also express time-relations4 ,such prepositions are antaux1 cxirkaux1 de1 en1 gxis1 inter1 post1 and je 7whose use in other than time-relations will be explained later73 ,mi foriros cxirkaux junio1 ,i shall depart about ,june4 ,de tiu horo mi estis via amiko1 from that hour ,i was your friend4 ,li ne parolis al mi de tiu semajno1 he did not speak to me since from7 that week4 ,en la tuta monato ne negxis1 it did not snow in 7at any time within7 the entire month4 ,mi dormis gxis malfrua horo1 ,i slept until 7up to7 a late hour4 ,gxis nun li ne vidis vin1 until now he did not see you4 ,inter marto kaj junio mi iros tien1 between ,march and ,june ,i shall go there4 ,je malfrua horo li foriris1 at a late hour he went away4 ,mi iros tien je dimancxo1 ,i shall go there on ,sunday4 ,je tiu horo li vokis min1 at that hour he called me4 ,sxi ne restis tie post julio1 she did not stay there after ,july4 ,post ne longe mi vokos vin1 soon 7after not long7 ,i shall call you4 #ij4 ,when a definite date or point in time is expressed1 antaux means before4 ,when used with an expression of an amount of time1 it is to be translated by ago following the expression 7not by before preceding it73 ,antaux dimancxo mi foriros1 before ,sunday ,i shall go away4 ,mi vidis lin antaux tiu horo1 ,i saw him before that hour4 ,li skribos gxin antaux la nova jaro1 he will write it before ,new ,year4 ,antaux multaj jaroj mi trovis gxin1 many years ago ,i found it4 ,mi rompis gxin antaux longa tempo1 ,i broke it a long time ago4 ,antaux tre longe vi legis tiun libron1 you read that book very long ago4 ,li venis antaux ne longe1 he came recently 7not long ago74 ,antaux malmultaj jaroj li forkuris1 a few years ago he escaped4 ,footnote3 ,as already shown1 kun expresses accompaniment1 per expresses instrumentality1 pro expresses cause1 kontraux expresses opposition1 anstataux expresses substitution1 sur1 apud1 sub1 etc41 express place1 dum expresses time1 etc4 ,,vocabulary dimancxo ,sunday4 mateno morning4 energia energetic4 promeno walk1 promenade4 frosto frost4 rakonto story1 narrative4 je at1 on 7#hi74 ripozi to rest1 to repose4 kota muddy4 semajno week4 labori to work1 to labor4 tempo time4 laca tired1 weary4 tiel thus1 so 7#hh7 lundo ,monday4 tro too1 too much4 mardo ,tuesday4 vespero evening4 ,,en ,,septembro4 ,antaux multaj jaroj ni preferis resti en nia malgranda domo trans la rivero1 dum la tuta auxtuno4 ,sed nun ni restas tie nur gxis oktobro4 ,de auxgusto gxis oktobro la vetero estas tre agrabla tie1 sed baldaux post tiu monato la fortaj ventoj blovas1 kaj la folioj komencas fali4 ,la frosto kovras la teron1 kaj baldaux negxas tre ofte4 ,ju pli nudaj estas la arboj1 des pli malbelaj ili sxajnas4 ,la vetero antaux novembro ne estas tro malvarma1 sed post tiu monato ni opinias ke la urbo estas pli agrabla ol domo inter kampoj kaj arboj1 trans largxa rivero4 ,la frosto1 negxo kaj glacio kovras la teron en decembro1 januaro kaj februaro4 ,sed la monato septembro sxajnas tre agrabla1 pro siaj multaj plezuroj4 ,la viroj laboras energie en la kampoj1 de la mateno gxis la vespero4 ,ili rikoltas la flavan grenon1 kaj kolektas la fruktojn4 ,sed je dimancxo oni ne laboras tiel energie1 sed dormas gxis malfrua horo1 tial ke je tiu tago oni ripozas4 ,je lundo oni komencas labori tre frue1 kaj je mardo oni ankaux laboras energie4 ,en septembro la vojoj ne estas tro kotaj1 kaj longaj promenoj estas ofte agrablaj4 ,ju pli ofte mi promenas kun miaj amikoj1 des pli multe mi sxatas tiajn promenojn4 ,sed hieraux mi estis tre laca post la promeno1 tial mi ripozis sur granda mola segxo4 ,antaux ne longe la patro promenis kun mi1 sed ni ne estis tiel lacaj je tiu tago4 ,sxajnas ke ju pli ofte ni promenas1 des malpli lacaj ni estas post la promenoj4 ,post ne longe mi estos pli forta4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,many years ago we had a small house across the river4 #b4 ,we did not remain there during the entire year1 but only in the warmer months of the summer4 #c4 ,often we stayed until ,september or even until ,october4 #d4 ,my younger brothers and sisters amused themselves very well there from 7the7 morning until 7the7 evening4 #e4 ,they amused themselves among the flowers and trees1 or went from there into the large fields4 #f4 ,here the men work energetically1 and harvest the ripe yellow grain4 #g4 ,only on ,sunday do they rest1 because on that day one does not work4 #h4 ,between ,august and ,november the men work more than in the winter4 #i4 ,in ,december and after that month they rest1 for 7#hc7 from that time the frost1 ice and snow cover the ground4 #aj4 ,because of the snow on the ground1 long walks are not pleasant in the winter4 #aa4 ,recently 7#ij7 we went walking in the park across the river1 but we were so tired after that walk6 #ab4 ,the longer the walk is1 the sooner one wishes to rest4 #ac4 ,on ,monday it rained1 so 7#gh7 we read stories and wrote letters1 in a pleasant light room in our house4 #ad4 ,before evening1 however1 the sun shone1 and the streets were not so muddy4 #ae4 ,on ,tuesday these streets were almost dry1 and soon the roads near the river and between the fields will also be dry4 #af4 ,a few years ago those roads were very good4 ,,lesson ,,xxi4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,time4 #ia4 ,duration of time and a date or point in time may be expressed not only by use of the prepositions dum1 during1 and je1 at1 on1 but also 7as in ,english7 without the use of any preposition4 ,when no preposition is used1 the word or words indicating time are put in the accusative case3 ,li restis tie la tutan semajnon 7dum la tuta semajno71 he stayed there the whole week 7during the whole week74 ,sxi estis felicxa longan tempon 7dum longa tempo71 she was happy a long time 7during a long time2 for a long time74 ,ni rajdos tagon kaj nokton 7dum tago kaj nokto71 we shall ride a day and a night 7during a day and a night2 for a day and a night74 ,mi venis dimancxon 7je dimancxo71 ,i came ,sunday 7on ,sunday74 ,tiun horon 7je tiu horo71 li forkuris1 that hour 7at that hour7 he escaped4 #ib4 ,although generally preferable1 an accusative construction must be carefully placed1 or avoided altogether1 if confusion with other accusatives 7expressing direction of motion1 direct object1 etc47 might result3 ,mi volas iri ,bostonon je lundo1 ,i wish to go to ,boston on ,monday4 ,mi volas iri al ,bostono lundon1 ,i wish to go to ,boston ,monday4 ,lundon mi volas iri ,bostonon1 ,monday ,i wish to go to ,boston4 ,,adverbs ,,and ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,time4 #ic4 ,an accusative of time1 as well as a temporal adverb1 may further define or be defined by another expression of time3 ,li venis longan tempon antaux tiu horo1 he came a long time before that hour4 ,jaron post jaro ili restis tie1 year after year they stayed there4 hodiaux matene1 this morning4 hodiaux vespere1 this evening4 hodiaux nokte1 tonight4 hieraux vespere1 last evening4 hieraux nokte1 last night4 dimancxon matene1 ,sunday morning4 lundon vespere1 ,monday evening4 mardon nokte1 ,tuesday night4 #id4 ,an accusative of time does not necessarily imply that the act or state mentioned occurs oftener than the instance cited4 ,an adverb from the same root usually gives an idea of frequency or repetition3 ,li iros al ilia domo dimancxon1 he will go to their house ,sunday4 ,li iras al ilia domo dimancxe1 he goes to their house ,sundays4 ,li laboris tagon kaj nokton1 he worked a day and a night4 ,li laboras tage kaj nokte1 he works day and night 7by day and by night74 ,,the ,,preposition ,,por4 #ie4 ,the object or purpose with reference to which an act is performed or a condition exists is expressed by the preposition por1 for4 ,it directs the thought toward its complement1 contrasting thus with pro 7#hf73 ,mi havas libron por vi1 ,i have a book for you4 ,mi ne havas la tempon por tiel longa promeno1 ,i have not the time for so long a 7such a long7 walk4 ,ili faris gxin por via plezuro1 they did it for your pleasure4 ,,vocabulary brila brilliant4 merkredo ,wednesday4 ,dio ,god4 mezo middle4 dividi to divide4 mondo world4 fari to make4 paci to be at peace4 forgesi to forget4 por for 7#ie74 gxojo joy4 plori to weep4 konstanta constant4 preta ready4 kvieta quiet1 calm4 ridi to laugh4 lando land1 country4 riprocxi to reproach4 ,,la ,,sezonoj ,,kaj ,,la ,,mondo4 ,antaux tre longa tempo ,dio faris la mondon4 ,li vidis ke la floroj havas belajn kolorojn1 ke la arboj estas altaj kaj verdaj4 ,tiam li vokis la sezonojn kaj diris ,belan mondon mi faris por vi4 ,cxu vi gardos gxin tage kaj nokte1 kaj estos tre zorgaj pri gxi8 ,la sezonoj respondis ,jes1 kaj ridis pro gxojo4 ,mallongan tempon ili sxajnis esti tre felicxaj inter la arboj kaj floroj de la nova mondo4 ,sed ne multajn semajnojn ili tiel zorge gardis la mondon4 ,ili komencis malpaci 7quarrel7 inter si1 de la mateno gxis la vespero1 kaj ofte forgesis la arbojn kaj florojn4 ,ju pli ili malpacis1 des malpli zorge ili gardis la mondon4 ,la malkonstanta printempo ne sxatis la kvietan vintron1 kaj ploris pri la malvarma negxo4 ,la varma brila somero diris ke la auxtuno estas tro malbrila4 ,la laca auxtuno volis ripozi1 kaj riprocxis la malkonstantan printempon pri cxi ties kota vetero4 ,pli kaj pli multe ili malpacis1 kaj post ne longe ili tute ne restis amikoj4 ,tiam la auxtuno diris ,mi ne povas pli longan tempon labori kun vi pro la mondo4 ,niaj gustoj estas tro diversaj4 ,tial hodiaux matene ni dividos la mondon inter ni4 ,la vintro respondis ,bone6 ,mi estas preta1 kaj la somero kaj la printempo ridis pro gxojo4 ,tiun tagon ili dividis la mondon inter si4 ,la vintro konstruis sian domon en la plej nordaj kaj sudaj landoj4 ,tie la frosto1 negxo kaj glacio kovras la tutan landon1 dum la tuta jaro4 ,la brila energia somero prenis por si la mezon de la mondo4 ,tial la vetero tie estas plej varma kaj brila4 ,la auxtuno kaj la printempo prenis por si la landojn inter la vintro kaj la somero4 ,tial la vetero estas nek tro varma nek tro malvarma en cxi tiuj landoj4 ,tiam la sezonoj rakontis al ,dio ke ili tiel dividis la mondon inter si4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,tuesday my brother heard an interesting story1 and ,wednesday evening after a pleasant walk he related it to me4 #b4 ,the story is1 that many years ago ,god made the beautiful new world1 and gave it to the seasons4 #c4 ,they laughed for joy1 and said that they would guard it well4 #d4 ,they were ready for pleasure1 and also were willing 7volis7 to work energetically for-the-sake-of the new young world4 #e4 ,almost a year they were happy1 but these seasons were too diverse1 and could not long remain friends4 #f4 ,the brilliant summer wept and reproached the tired autumn4 #g4 ,the autumn preferred to rest1 and disliked the muddy weather of the inconstant spring4 #h4 ,the quiet winter concealed itself beneath the frost and soft white snow1 and wished to sleep4 #i4 ,the longer they kept the world among them1 the more they quarreled4 #aj4 ,soon the autumn made the proposition1 ,we will divide the world4 #aa4 ,immediately that morning the seasons divided the world among themselves4 #ab4 ,the northern and southern lands now belong to the winter1 and the middle of the world belongs to the summer4 #ac4 ,the spring and autumn took for themselves those lands between the winter and summer4 ,,lesson ,,xxii4 ,,clauses ,,expressing ,,duration ,,of ,,time4 #if4 ,the time during which an act takes place or a condition exists may be expressed not only by an adverb or accusative of time 7#ia71 or by use of the preposition dum1 but also by a clause introduced by dum3 ,li venis dum vi forestis1 he came while 7during-the-time-that7 you were away4 ,dum la sezonoj malpacis1 ili forgesis pri la mondo1 while the seasons quarreled1 they forgot about the world4 ,ni ridas pro gxojo dum negxas1 we laugh for joy while it is snowing4 ,,clauses ,,expressing ,,anticipation4 #ig4 ,a clause expressing an action or condition as preceding or anticipating that of the main verb is introduced by antaux ol3 ,mi foriros antaux ol vi venos1 ,i shall depart before you 7will7 come4 ,antaux ol vi riprocxis lin1 li ne ploris1 before you reproached him1 he did not weep4 ,vi ploris antaux ol vi ridis1 you wept before 7sooner than7 you laughed4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,with ,,anstataux1 ,,por1 ,,antaux ,,ol4 #ih4 ,an infinitive may be substantively used with anstataux to express substitution1 with por to express purpose 7,cf4 ,old ,english ,but what went ye out for to see1 ,matt4 xi1 #h71 and with antaux ol to express anticipation4 ,it is usually translated by the ,english infinitive in -ing3 ,anstataux resti li foriris1 instead of staying he went away4 ,vi malhelpas anstataux helpi min1 you hinder instead of helping me4 ,ni venis por helpi vin1 we came to help 7in order to help7 you4 ,mi estas preta por iri merkredon1 ,i am ready to go 7for going7 ,wednesday4 ,li havos tro multe por fari1 he will have too much to do4 ,mi laboros antaux ol ripozi1 ,i shall work before resting4 ,antaux ol foriri1 li dankis min1 before going away1 he thanked me4 ,dio faris la mondon antaux ol doni gxin al la sezonoj1 ,god made the world before giving it to the seasons4 ,footnote3 ,substantive is the general name for nouns and pronouns1 that is1 for words which indicate persons1 things1 etc41 and may be used as subject or object of a verb1 complement of a preposition1 etc4 ,footnote3 ,the infinitive may be used with antaux ol if its subject is the same as the subject of the main verb4 ,otherwise the construction explained in 7#ig7 must be used4 ,,the ,,expression ,,of ,a ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,whole4 #ii4 ,after nouns indicating a quantity or portion of some indefinite whole1 the substantive expressing that indefinite whole is preceded by the preposition da1 of3 ,estas skatolo da cxerizoj tie1 there is a box of cherries there4 ,mi trovis grandan sakon da mono1 ,i found a large bag of money4 ,li havas teleron da viando1 he has a plate of meat4 ,post horoj da gxojo ofte venas horoj da malgxojo1 after hours of joy there often come hours of sorrow4 #ajj4 ,the preposition da must not be used if a quantity or portion of a definite or limited whole is expressed4 ,if the word indicating the whole is limited by la1 it is thereby made definite3 ,telero de la maturaj pomoj1 a plate of the ripe apples4 ,sako de la bona kafo1 a sack of the good coffee4 ,,vocabulary ,aleksandro ,alexander4 koni to be acquainted with4 barelo barrel4 lauxta loud4 bruo noise4 lito bed4 da of 7#ii74 logxi to dwell1 to reside4 demandi to inquire1 to ask4 nombro number 7quantity74 ,diogeno ,diogenes4 pura clean4 greka ,greek4 suficxa sufficient1 enough4 kelkaj several1 some4 veki to wake4 kvankam although4 viziti to visit4 cxifono rag4 vesto garment1 clothes4 ,,diogeno ,,kaj ,,aleksandro ,,granda4 ,antaux multaj jaroj sagxa greka viro1 ,diogeno1 logxis en granda urbo4 ,li opiniis ke ju pli malmulte oni bezonas1 des pli felicxa oni estas4 ,por montri al la mondo ke li ne bezonas multe1 kaj ke tial li havas suficxe por esti felicxa1 li logxis en granda malnova barelo1 anstataux havi domon4 ,anstataux kusxi nokte sur lito aux almenaux sur mola tapisxo1 li ecx dormis en tiu barelo4 ,oni multe parolis pri ,diogeno en la urbo1 ne nur cxar li tiel logxis1 sed ankaux pro liaj sagxaj diroj4 ,post kelke da tempo 7some time7 la regxo ,aleksandro ,granda venis tien por viziti la urbon4 ,dum li estis tie li auxdis pri ,diogeno1 kaj demandis pri li4 ,cxu li logxas en la urbo8 ,aleksandro diris4 ,kvankam vi ne konas lin1 mi opinias ke mi volas vidi tian viron4 ,oni respondis ,diogeno estas sagxa viro1 sed anstataux logxi en domo1 li preferas sidi la tutan tempon en malnova barelo4 ,anstataux porti 7wearing7 purajn vestojn1 li portas nur malpurajn cxifonojn1 cxar li opinias ke ju pli malmulte li bezonas1 des pli felicxa li estos4 ,aleksandro diris ,antaux ol foriri de via lando mi vizitos tiun viron4 ,antaux ol li foriris de la urbo1 ,aleksandro iris kun nombro da amikoj por viziti ,diogenon1 kaj trovis lin en lia barelo4 ,cxu tiu viro volas paroli al mi8 demandis ,diogeno per lauxta vocxo4 ,aleksandro ,granda respondis ,mi estas la regxo ,aleksandro1 kaj mi volas koni vin4 ,mi vidas ke kvankam vi estas sagxa vi estas tre malricxa4 ,cxu vi ne volas kelkajn novajn vestojn anstataux tiuj malpuraj cxifonoj8 ,diogeno tuj diris ,antaux ol vi venis kaj staris inter mi kaj la suno1 cxi tiu tre varme brilis sur min4 ,cxu vi venis por fari bruon kaj por veki min8 ,aleksandro ridis kaj diris ,mi vidas ke vi havas suficxe por esti felicxa4 ,tial mi estas preta por foriri4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,diogenes was a wise man who dwelt in a ,greek city1 many years ago4 #b4 ,in order to show to the inconstant world that one does not need much in order to be happy1 he did not have even a house or a bed4 #c4 ,he stayed day and night in a big barrel1 instead of residing in a house4 #d4 ,he preferred to wear old rags1 instead of good clean clothes4 #e4 ,he said ,the less one needs1 the happier he will be4 #f4 ,while ,alexander the ,great was visiting that city1 people talked to him about ,diogenes4 #g4 ,they asked ,are you acquainted-with that wise man8 #h4 ,soon the king went with a number of his friends to that-man's big barrel1 in the middle of the city4 #i4 ,diogenes was asleep1 but the noise of the loud voices waked him1 and he said angrily ,you are standing between me and the sun6 ,will you not go away at once8 #aj4 ,although several of the men laughed1 ,alexander said ,we did not come to quarrel with you4 #aa4 ,i see that you have enough to be happy1 so instead of talking and making a noise we shall leave 7go away from7 you at once4 #ab4 ,before ,diogenes could answer1 ,alexander had quietly walked away4 ,,lesson ,,xxiii4 ,,adverbs ,,expressing ,a ,,part ,,of ,,the ,,whole4 #aja4 ,after adverbs used to indicate a quantity or portion of some indefinite whole1 as well as after nouns of such meaning 7#ii71 the substantive expressing the indefinite whole is preceded by the preposition da3 ,multe da bruo1 much 7a quantity of7 noise4 ,tiel malmulte da tempo1 so little 7such a small quantity of7 time4 ,kelke da pomoj1 some 7an indefinite number of7 apples4 #ajb4 ,verbs may be modified by an adverb and prepositional phrase containing da3 ,li trinkis malmulte da akvo1 he drank little 7not much7 water4 ,estas multe da sablo en la dezerto1 there is much sand in the desert4 ,ju pli negxas1 des pli multe da negxo kusxas sur la vojoj1 the more it snows1 the more snow lies on the roads4 ,footnote3 ,a prepositional phrase containing da1 whether following a noun or an adverb1 is sometimes called a partitive construction4 #ajc4 ,it is evident from the above examples that an adverb followed by da has a somewhat collective sense1 indicating a general sum1 mass1 or portion of the whole1 without distinction of particulars4 ,an adjective of quantitative meaning1 on the other hand1 usually indicates consideration of the individuals composing the sum or mass named3 ,en urbo oni havas multe da bruo1 in a city one has much noise4 ,ni auxdis multajn bruojn1 we heard many 7different7 noises4 ,tie oni havas multe da plezuro1 there one has much pleasure4 ,oni havas multajn plezurojn tie1 people have many 7different7 pleasures there4 ,,the ,,demonstrative ,,adverb ,,of ,,quantity4 #ajd4 ,the demonstrative adverb of quantity related to the demonstrative pronoun tiu is tiom1 that 7this7 much1 that many1 that quantity1 so much1 etc43-- ,mi donis tiom da mono al vi1 ,i gave that much 7that amount of7 money to you4 ,mi acxetis tiom da viando1 ,i bought that much meat4 ,tiom de la libroj mi legis1 that many of the books ,i read4 ,,result ,,clauses4 #aje4 ,a clause of result 7also called a consecutive clause7 expresses an action or condition as due to1 or resulting from1 something indicated in the main sentence1 as he is so strong that he can do it1 ,i had so much pleasure that ,i laughed heartily4 ,in ,esperanto a result clause is introduced by ke1 preceded 7directly or in the main sentence7 by an adverb or adjective of manner1 degree1 or quantity3 ,diogeno estis tiel sagxa greka viro ke ,aleksandro lauxdis lin1 ,diogenes was such a wise ,greek man that ,alexander praised him4 ,mi havis tiom da plezuro ke mi tre ridis1 ,i had so much pleasure that ,i laughed very much4 ,gxi estas tia vilagxo ke mi sxatas logxi tie1 it is such 7that sort of7 a village that ,i like to live there4 ,,vocabulary acxeti to buy4 kontuzo bruise4 asparago asparagus4 lakto milk4 brasiko cabbage4 legomo vegetable4 butiko store1 shop4 ovo egg4 frago strawberry4 pizo pea4 funto pound4 sabato ,saturday4 glaso glass1 tumbler4 tiom that much 7#ajd74 jxauxdo ,thursday4 vendredo ,friday4 kremo cream4 vilagxo village4 ,,en ,,la ,,butiko4 ,hodiaux matene mi iris kun la patrino al la plej granda butiko en nia vilagxo4 ,tie sxi acxetis tiom da legomoj kaj fruktoj ke ni tute ne povis porti ilin4 ,tial juna knabo venis kun ni1 kaj portis kelke da ili por ni4 ,la patrino ne acxetis tiel multe je vendredo1 sed hodiaux estas sabato1 kaj sxi volis acxeti legomojn por dimancxo1 cxar dimancxe oni ne povas iri en la butikojn4 ,tial sabate oni kutime acxetas suficxe por la mangxoj de sabato kaj dimancxo4 ,meze de la butiko staras multe da bareloj4 ,en cxi tiuj oni trovas grandan nombron da fresxaj puraj legomoj4 ,la patrino acxetis tiel multe da asparago kaj novaj pizoj1 kaj tiel grandan sakon da terpomoj1 ke la tablo restis preskaux nuda4 ,mi vidis brasikon tie1 sed tiun legomon mi malsxatas1 kvankam oni diras ke gxi estas tre bona legomo4 ,antaux ol foriri de la butiko la patrino acxetis kelke da ovoj1 kaj rigardis la fruktojn en bareloj apud la pordo4 ,ili sxajnis tiel bonaj ke sxi acxetis kelkajn maturajn pomojn kaj skatolon da fragoj4 ,dum oni donis al sxi la fruktojn1 mi acxetis kelkajn funtojn da sukero4 ,tiam ni estis pretaj por foriri el la butiko4 ,sur la vojo ni auxdis tiel grandan bruon ke mi lasis la patrinon kaj kuris trans la straton4 ,mi trovis tie infanon1la filon de nia najbaro4 ,li faris la bruon1 cxar li falis de la arbo antaux sia domo1 kaj tre lauxte ploris4 ,li diris al mi ke li havas multajn kontuzojn sur la kapo4 ,cxar mi bone konas la infanon1 mi demandis ,cxu vi volas grandan rugxan pomon8 ,mi havas tian pomon por vi4 ,li tuj kaptis la pomon1 kaj mi foriris4 ,tiam la patrino kaj mi iris al la domo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,i shall go to the village today with my younger sister4 #b4 ,we wish to buy some eggs1 vegetables and fruit for ,mother4 #c4 ,mother prefers to remain in the house1 because it is raining4 #d4 ,it rained on ,thursday and ,friday1 but today it is not raining very much4 #e4 ,the air is warm and pleasant1 and we shall carry umbrellas with us4 #f4 ,we shall buy some new peas1 a box of strawberries and several pounds of sugar4 #g4 ,thus we shall have enough for the meals of ,saturday and ,sunday4 #h4 ,i wonder whether we shall see such asparagus and such cabbage on the tables or in the barrels4 #i4 ,although ,i do not often eat such vegetables1 ,father and ,mother are very fond of 7multe sxatas7 both cabbage and asparagus4 #aj4 ,we shall also buy enough milk for several glasses of milk1 and we shall need much cream for the strawberries4 #aa4 ,it seems that we shall buy such a number of vegetables that we cannot carry them4 #ab4 ,while we were standing near the door1 ready to go toward the village 7#df71 we heard a loud voice4 #ac4 ,a child was standing in the street1 and crying4 #ad4 ,he wished to go with his mother to visit some friends4 #ae4 ,i suppose that a noise on the street waked him1 and he did not wish to remain in his bed4 ,,lesson ,,xxiv4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,pronoun4 #ajf4 ,the interrogative pronoun 7and pronominal adjective7 is kiu1 who1 which4 ,since the use of this pronoun indicates a question1 the sentence containing it does not need the interrogative adverb cxu 7#cj73 ,kiu vokas vin8 ,who calls you8 ,kiun vi vokas8 ,whom do you call8 ,kiuj el vi vokis nin8 ,which 7ones7 of you called us8 ,kiujn li helpis8 ,whom 7which ones7 did he help8 ,kiun tagon vi venos8 ,what day will you come8 ,kiujn legomojn vi preferas8 ,what vegetables do you prefer8 ,mi miras kiun libron vi acxetis8 ,i wonder which book you bought8 #ajg4 ,the interrogative pronoun kiu has a possessive or genitive form kies1 whose3 ,en kies domo vi logxas8 ,in whose house do you reside8 ,kies amikojn vi vizitis8 ,whose friends did you visit8 ,,the ,,present ,,active ,,participle4 #ajh4 ,a participle is a verbal adjective1 as in a crying child4 ,it agrees like other adjectives with the word modified 7#ai1 #bd74 ,the participle from a transitive verb 7#bb7 may take a direct object1 and a participle expressing motion may be followed by an accusative indicating direction of motion 7#df74 ,the present active participle1 expressing what the word modified is doing1 ends in -anta1 as vidanta1 seeing1 iranta1 going3 ,la ploranta infano volas dormi4 ,the crying child wishes to sleep4 ,mi vidas la falantajn foliojn1 ,i see the falling leaves4 ,kiu estas la virino acxetanta ovojn8 ,who is the woman buying eggs8 ,mi parolis al la viroj irantaj vilagxon4 ,i talked to the men 7who were7 going toward the village4 ,,compound ,,tenses4 #aji4 ,a participle may be used predicatively with a form of esti1 as ,mi estas demandanta1 ,i am asking1 ,la viro estas acxetanta1 the man is buying4 ,such combinations are called compound tenses1 in contrast to the simple or aoristic tenses4 ,footnote3 ,an aoristic tense consists of but one word 7ending in -as1 -os1 etc47 and expresses an act or state as a whole1 without specifying whether it is finished1 still in progress1 or yet begun4 ,compound tenses occur less often in ,esperanto than in ,english1 and an aoristic ,esperanto tense may often be translated by an ,english compound tense1 as ,la birdoj flugas1 the birds are flying4 ,when used to form a compound tense1 the verb esti is called the auxiliary verb4 ,no other verb is ever used as an auxiliary 7a simpler method than in ,english1 which uses be1 have1 do1 will1 shall1 would1 etc474 ,,the ,,progressive ,,present ,,tense4 #aaj4 ,the compound tense formed by using the present active participle with the present tense of esti is called the progressive present tense4 ,it differs from the aoristic present by expressing an action as definitely in progress1 or a condition as continuously existing1 at the moment of speaking4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estas vidanta1 ,i am seeing4 vi estas vidanta1 you are seeing4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estas vidanta1 he 7she1 it7 is seeing4 ni estas vidantaj1 we are seeing4 vi estas vidantaj1 you 7plural7 are seeing4 ili estas vidantaj1 they are seeing4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ej-4 #aaa4 ,words expressing the place where the action indicated by the root occurs1 or where the object indicated by the root may be found1 are formed by inserting the suffix -ej- before the noun-ending3 cxevalejo1 stable 7from cxevalo1 horse74 dormejo1 dormitory 7from dormi1 to sleep74 herbejo1 meadow 7from herbo1 grass74 logxejo1 lodging-place1 dwelling 7from logxi1 to dwell1 to lodge74 ,footnote3 ,similar formations are made in ,english with the suffix -y1 as bakery1 bindery1 grocery1 etc4 ,this suffix is equivalent to the -ei in ,german ,baeckerei1 bakery1 ,druckerei1 printing-office1 etc41 and to the -ie in ,french patisserie1 pastry-shop1 imprimerie1 printing-shop1 etc4 ,,vocabulary alia other1 another4 kuiri to cook4 baki to bake4 kurteno curtain4 dika thick4 kutimo custom4 facila easy4 leciono lesson4 familio family4 lerni to learn4 kanapo sofa4 pano bread4 kies whose 7#ajg74 persono person4 kiu who 7#ajf74 salono parlor4 ,,en ,,nia ,,domo4 ,oni ofte miras kies domo en nia vilagxo estas plej bela1 kaj kiu domo estas la plej agrabla logxejo4 ,nia domo ne estas tre granda1 sed gxi estas nova kaj ni multe sxatas gxin4 ,gxia salono estas granda1 kun belaj puraj kurtenoj kovrantaj la fenestrojn1 kaj mola dika tapisxo kovranta la plankon4 ,cxi tie estas kelkaj segxoj1 malgranda tablo1 kaj longa kanapo4 ,personoj vizitantaj nin kutime sidas en cxi tiu cxambro1 kaj dum ni estas sidantaj tie ni nur parolas1 anstataux skribi aux legi4 ,alia cxambro en la domo estas tre luma kaj agrabla1 sed malpli granda4 ,cxi tie staras tablo suficxe granda por nia tuta familio1 kaj en tiu cxambro oni mangxas4 ,ofte ni restas tie longan tempon post la mangxo1 cxar la patro rakontas interesajn rakontojn al ni1 kaj ni multe ridas1 kaj demandas pri tiuj rakontoj1 kaj tiel bone amuzas nin ke mi preskaux forgesas pri miaj lecionoj4 ,tamen mi havas multe da lecionoj por lerni1 kaj ili tute ne estas facilaj4 ,je tre frua horo matene mi iras al la lernejo1 kun miaj fratoj kaj fratinoj4 ,nur sabate kaj dimancxe ni ne iras tien4 ,la lernejo estas malnova kaj malgranda1 sed oni estas nun konstruanta novan pli grandan lernejon apud nia domo4 ,dum la infanoj estas lernantaj siajn lecionojn tie1 la patrino kutime iras al la bakejon1 por acxeti suficxe da pano1 por la mangxoj de la tago4 ,ofte sxi iras ankaux al aliaj butikoj4 ,jxauxdon sxi acxetis kelke da novaj pizoj1 kaj da asparago4 ,vendredon sxi acxetis kelkajn funtojn da sukero1 skatolon da fragoj1 kaj suficxe da kremo kaj lakto4 ,hodiaux sxi estas acxetanta brasikon kaj sakon da terpomoj4 ,sxi volas kuiri tre bonan mangxon1 tamen sxi havas tro multe por fari en la kuirejo1 cxar sxi ne havas servistinon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,who is the woman sitting on the sofa in the parlor8 #b4 ,i can not easily see her1 but ,i hear her voice4 #c4 ,i wonder whose voice that is4 #d4 ,however1 ,i think that it is the voice of a friend of ,mother's4 #e4 ,now ,i can see her1 although she does not see me4 #f4 ,i am well acquainted with her4 #g4 ,she is a friend of our whole family1 and is visiting a neighbor of ours 7najbaron nian7 in this city4 #h4 ,my sister is sitting on the sofa in another room1 and learning her lessons4 #i4 ,soon she will go to school4 #aj4 ,whose book is she reading8 #aa4 ,that thick book is mine1 but the other books on the table near her are hers4 #ab4 ,she prefers to sit in the sewing-room 7#aaa7 to read or write 7#ih71 because the curtains in front of the windows are not too thick1 and so 7#gh7 that room is very light and pleasant4 #ac4 ,she also likes to look at the falling snow1 and the men and women walking on the muddy streets4 #ad4 ,on account of the cold weather1 people are wearing thick clothes4 #ae4 ,the men and boys are keeping their hands in their pockets while they walk4 #af4 ,the girls walking toward the school are friends of my sister's4 #ag4 ,in that school they learn to cook4 ,soon they will be able to bake bread1 and even to cook a whole meal4 #ah4 ,i think such a custom is very good4 #ai4 ,many persons can not cook well enough 7suficxe bone74 ,,lesson ,,xxv4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,adjective4 #aab4 ,the interrogative adjective related to the interrogative pronoun kiu1 is kia1 what kind of1 what sort of3 ,kiajn vestojn li portis8 ,what sort of clothes did he wear8 ,kian panon vi preferas8 ,what kind of bread do you prefer8 ,mi miras kia persono li estas4 ,i wonder what sort of a person he is4 ,kia vetero estas8 ,what sort of weather is it8 ,kia plezuro6 ,what a pleasure6 ,,the ,,imperfect ,,tense4 #aac4 ,the compound tense formed by using the present active participle with the past tense of esti represents an act or condition as in progress in past time1 but not perfected1 and is called the imperfect tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estis vidanta4 ,i was seeing4 vi estis vidanta4 you were seeing4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estis vidanta4 he 7she1 it7 was seeing4 ni estis vidantaj4 we were seeing4 vi estis vidantaj4 you were seeing4 ili estis vidantaj4 they were seeing4 ,,the ,,progressive ,,future ,,tense4 #aad4 ,the compound tense formed by using the present active participle with the future tense of esti represents an act or condition as in progress--or a condition as existing continuously--at a future time1 and is called the progressive future tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estos vidanta4 ,i shall be seeing4 vi estos vidanta4 you will be seeing4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estos vidanta4 he 7she1 it7 will be seeing4 ni estos vidantaj4 we shall be seeing4 vi estos vidantaj4 you will be seeing4 ili estos vidantaj4 they will be seeing4 ,,salutations ,,and ,,exclamations4 exclamation may be regarded as the direct object of a verb which is not expressed2 these words are put in the accusative ,bonan matenon6 ,good morning6 7,i wish you good morning47 ,bonan nokton6 ,good night6 7,i wish you a good night47 ,multajn salutojn al via patro6 7,i send7 many greetings to your father6 ,dankon6 ,thanks6 7,i give to you thanks47 ,cxielon6 ,heavens6 7,i invoke the heavens47 ,,word ,,formation4 #aaf4 ,the majority of roots have such a meaning that at least two kinds of words1 and often three or four1 may be formed from them by use of the general endings for verbs1 nouns1 adjectives and adverbs4 7,each root will hereafter be quoted but once in the vocabularies1 with a hyphen separating it from the ending with which it appears first in the reading lesson1 or with which it is most frequently used47 ,following are examples of word formation from roots already familiar3 ,,verb4 ,,noun4 ,,adjective4 ,,adverb4 brili brilo brila brile to shine shine1 brilliance shining1 brilliant brilliantly flori floro flora flore to bloom flower1 blossom floral florally gxoji gxojo gxoja gxoje to rejoice joy1 gladness joyful1 glad gladly kontuzi kontuzo to bruise bruise1 contusion tuto tuta tute whole entire1 whole1 all entirely ,,koni ,,and ,,scii4 #aag4 ,the verb koni1 which means to know in the sense of to be acquainted with is used in speaking of persons1 languages1 places1 etc4 ,koni always has a direct object4 ,it is never followed by ke1 cxu1 kiu1 or any other interrogative word4 ,scii means to know in the sense of to be aware1 to have knowledge4 ,it is not used in speaking of persons4 ,footnote3 ,koni is equivalent to ,german kennen1 ,french connaitre1 ,spanish conocer1 while scii is equivalent to ,german wissen1 ,french savoir1 ,spanish saber4 ,cxu vi konas tiun personon8 ,do you know that person8 ,mi scias ke li estas nia najbaro4 ,i know that he is our neighbor4 ,mi bone konas ,bostonon4 ,i am well acquainted with ,boston4 ,mi ne scias cxu li konas ilin4 ,i do not know whether he knows them4 ,,vocabulary av-o grandfather4 kia what kind of 7#aab74 buked-o bouquet4 lingv-o language4 ekzamen-o examination4 nep-o grandson4 ferm-i to close4 nu6 ,well6 frap-i to strike1 to knock4 paper-o paper4 geometri-o geometry4 salut-i to greet4 german-a ,german4 sci-i to know 7#aag74 hejm-o home4 stud-i to study4 ,,la ,,nepo ,,vizitas ,,la ,,avinon4 ,hieraux matene mi vizitis la avinon4 ,sxia hejmo estas apud la granda nova bakejo4 ,mi vidis sxin tra la fenestro1 cxar la kurtenoj kovrantaj gxin estas tre maldikaj4 ,sxi estis sidanta sur la kanapo1 kaj skribanta per plumo sur granda papero4 ,antaux ol frapi sur la pordo mi vokis sxin kaj diris ,bonan matenon1 kara avino6 ,tuj sxi demandis ,kiu estas tie8 ,kies vocxon mi auxdas8 ,mi respondis ,estas via nepo4 ,cxu vi ne konas mian vocxon8 ,antaux ol sxi povis veni al la pordo mi estis malfermanta gxin4 ,mi iris en la salonon kaj donis al la avino bukedon da floroj4 ,la patrino donas cxi tiujn al vi1 kun siaj plej bonaj salutoj1 mi diris4 ,la avino respondis ,nu1 kia plezuro6 ,multan dankon al sxi pro la bela bukedo1 kaj ankaux al vi1 cxar vi portis gxin cxi tien por mi6 ,dum sxi estis metanta la florojn en glason da akvo la avino diris ,nu1 kiajn lecionojn vi havis hodiaux en la lernejo8 ,mi respondis ke mi bone konis la lecionojn1 cxar mi zorge studis ilin4 ,ni estas lernantaj la germanan lingvon1 mi diris1 kaj ju pli longe ni studas gxin1 des pli multe mi gxin sxatas1 kvankam gxi estas tre malfacila4 ,mi rakontis ankaux pri la lecionoj de geometrio1 kaj aliaj lecionoj1 sed diris ke la ekzamenoj estos baldaux komencantaj4 ,je tiu tempo1 mi diris1 mi estos skribanta la respondojn al la ekzamenoj1 preskaux la tutan semajnon4 ,la avino demandis kun intereso ,cxu la demandoj de la ekzamenoj estos malfacilaj8 ,mi respondis ,mi ne scias1 sed mi timas ke ni estos tre lacaj post tiom da laboro4 ,post kelke da aliaj demandoj kaj respondoj1 mi opiniis ke estas la horo por foriri4 ,dum mi estis foriranta1 la avino diris ,multajn salutojn al la tuta familio6 ,mi dankis sxin1 diris ,bonan tagon6 kaj tiam foriris4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,what sort of noise do ,i hear outside the door8 #b4 ,are some of my friends knocking8 #c4 ,we were talking yesterday about the examinations in our school1 and these boys came home to study with me4 #d4 ,i shall go to the door to open it and to greet my friends4 #e4 ,good morning6 ,did you come to study geometry1 or the ,german language8 #f4 ,which of these is usually more difficult1 and in which will the examination be the longer8 #g4 ,well1 we brought our ,german books1 because we prefer to study these4 #h4 ,we wish to know this language thoroughly4 #i4 ,we shall go into the writing-room 7#aaa71 for 7#hc7 some friends of my grandmother are in the parlor4 #aj4 ,we can hear their voices here1 and we can not study very well while they are talking4 #aa4 ,they were carrying many flowers1 and gave a beautiful bouquet to my grandmother4 #ab4 ,she said ,many thanks for 7#hf7 the sweet violets6 ,in whose garden did they bloom8 #ac4 ,her friend's granddaughter is a friend of my youngest sister4 #ad4 ,well1 shall we begin to study8 ,have you enough paper1 and have you a good pen8 #ae4 ,i shall close this other door1 because they are baking bread in the kitchen1 and cooking meat4 #af4 ,we shall be hearing the voices of so many persons that ,i know that we can not study4 ,,lesson ,,xxvi4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,adverb ,,of ,,place4 #aah4 ,the interrogative adverb of place1 related to the interrogative pronoun kiu is kie1 where1 in 7at7 what place4 ,if the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the place indicated by kie1 the ending -n is added1 forming kien1 whither 7where73 ,kie li estis kaj kien oni forpelis lin8 ,where was he and whither did they drive him 7away78 ,li miros kie lia nepo estas4 ,he will wonder where his grandson is4 ,mi ne scias kien li kuris4 ,i do not know where 7whither7 he ran4 ,,the ,,past ,,active ,,participle4 #aai4 ,the past active participle1 7for the characteristics of a participle see #ajh7 expressing what the word modified did or has done1 ends in -inta1 as vidinta1 having seen1 irinta1 gone1 having gone3 ,la falintaj folioj estas brunaj4 ,the fallen leaves are brown4 ,kiu estas la viro salutinta nin8 ,who is the man having greeted 7who greeted7 us8 ,oni forgesas la foririntajn personojn4 ,one forgets the departed persons 7the persons who have gone away74 ,,adverb ,,derivation ,,from ,,prepositions4 #abj4 ,adverbs may be derived from prepositions whose sense permits1 by use of the adverb ending -e3 ,antauxe li studis la geometrion1 previously he studied geometry4 ,poste li studis la germanan1 afterwards he studied ,german4 ,li marsxis antauxe1 ne malantauxe1 he walked in front1 not behind4 ,dume la viroj staris cxirkauxe1 meanwhile the men stood roundabout4 ,ili venis kune kaj sidis apude1 they came together and sat near by4 ,,adverbs ,,expressing ,,direction ,,of ,,motion4 #aba4 ,an adverb expressing place or direction is given the ending -n when used with a verb expressing motion toward that place or direction 7#fi1 #aah1 etc473 ,cxu li rajdis norden aux suden8 ,did he ride north or south7ward78 ,ni kuris antauxen1 ne malantauxen1 we ran forward1 not back4 ,la bukedo falis eksteren kaj suben1 the bouquet fell out and underneath4 ,li estis marsxanta hejmen1 he was walking home 7homeward74 ,footnote3 ,the adverb may precede the verb and be united with it by simple juxtaposition1 if the resulting word is not too long3 ,li hejmeniris1 he went home 7he home-went74 ,ni antauxeniros1 we shall advance 7go forward74 ,la bukedo subenfalis1 the bouquet fell underneath4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,eg-4 #abb4 ,the suffix -eg- may be added to a root to augment or intensify its meaning1 thus forming an augmentative of the root3 barelego1 hogshead 7from barelo1 barrel74 bonega1 excellent 7from bona1 good74 malbonege1 wickedly1 wretchedly 7from malbone1 badly1 poorly74 domego1 mansion 7from domo1 house74 ploregi1 to sob1 to wail 7from plori1 to weep74 treege1 exceedingly 7from tre1 very74 ,,vocabulary aer-o air4 pez-a heavy4 danc-i to dance4 polv-o dust4 fulm-o lightning4 sekv-i to follow4 gut-o drop 7of water1 etc474 sercx-i to hunt for1 to search4 kie where 7#aah74 silent-a still1 silent4 okaz-i to happen1 to occur4 subit-a sudden4 okul-o eye4 tegment-o roof4 pec-o piece4 tondr-o thunder4 ,,la ,,pluvego4 ,nu1 kia pluvego okazis hieraux vespere6 ,post kvieta varmega mateno1 subite multaj nuboj kovris la cxielon4 ,la aero sxajnis peza1 kaj estis tute silenta kelkan tempon4 ,tiam forte blovanta vento frapegis la arbojn1 kaj komencis fortege skui la brancxojn4 ,multege da polvo kaj malgrandaj pecoj da papero dancis kaj flugis cxirkauxen en la aero1 kaj ankaux cxielen4 ,falis tiam kelkaj grandaj gutoj da pluvo1 kaj ni sciis ke la pluvego estas venanta4 ,ni malfermis niajn ombrelojn1 kaj kuris antauxen1 por iri hejmen antaux ol falos multe da pluvo4 ,la fulmo tiel ofte brilis ke ni fermis la okulojn pro gxi1 kaj treege gxin timis4 ,preskaux tuj la tondro sekvis gxin4 ,tondris tiom kaj tiel lauxtege ke la bruo sxajnis frapi kontraux niajn kapojn4 ,tiam komencis subite pluvegi1 sed je tiu tempo ni estis preskaux sub la tegmento de nia domo4 ,dume la vento pli kaj pli blovegis1 kaj ju pli forte gxi blovis1 des pli peze la gutoj da pluvo falis teren1 kun multege da bruo4 ,mi opinias ke mi malofte antauxe vidis tian pluvegon4 ,la sekvintan tagon mi promenis tre frue1 kaj vidis ke la pordego al la gxardeno de mia avo estas kusxanta sur la tero4 ,apude mi vidis ventoflagon falintan de la tegmento de tiu granda cxevalejo4 ,velkintaj floroj kusxis sur la tero cxirkaux mi1 kaj inter ili estis brancxoj falintaj de la arboj1 cxar la grandega forto de la vento forrompis ecx cxi tiujn4 ,sur malgranda brancxo restis nesto1 sed kie estis la birdoj6 ,mi sercxis la junajn birdojn sed tute ne povis trovi ilin1 tial mi opinias ke ili forflugis antaux ol la ventoj forrompis de la arbo ilian malgrandan hejmon4 ,mi ne scias kien ili flugis1 sed mi opinias ke ili flugis suden al la arboj en tiu granda kampo trans la rivero4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,while we were walking home 7#aba7 from school yesterday1 it rained very suddenly4 #b4 ,what a storm it was6 #c4 ,we were talking about the lessons in geometry1 and were looking at these books about the ,german language4 #d4 ,so we did not see the clouds in 7on7 the sky4 #e4 ,well1 we forgot about examinations and began to wonder where to go4 #f4 ,we did not know whether we had enough time to run even to ,grandfather's house before it would rain4 #g4 ,many papers fell out of our books1 and the wind caught them4 #h4 ,the wind chased them away from us1 and they seemed to dance around in the air4 #i4 ,however1 we easily caught and gathered them1 and then we ran forward4 #aj4 ,suddenly it thundered very loudly1 and we saw the brilliant lightning in the sky4 #aa4 ,we almost closed our eyes for the lightning4 #ab4 ,big drops of rain fell heavily and struck the dust violently4 #ac4 ,the air was heavy and still then1 and the storm immediately followed the few drops of rain4 #ad4 ,we hastened across the street1 and ran faster and faster4 #ae4 ,we were exhausted 7#abb7 and our clothes were exceedingly wet before we were in the house4 #af4 ,the rain was dropping from the roof1 but we ran through it1 and knocked on the door4 #ag4 ,we rested some time here1 before going home4 ,,lesson ,,xxvii4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,temporal ,,adverb #abc4 ,the interrogative temporal adverb1 related to the interrogative pronoun kiu1 is kiam1 when1 at what time8 ,kiam li sercxos min8 ,when will he look for me8 ,oni miras kiam li venos1 they wonder when he is coming 7will come74 ,kiam falis tiuj gutoj da pluvo8 ,when did those drops of rain fall8 ,,the ,,perfect ,,tense4 #abd4 ,the compound tense formed by using the past active participle with the present tense of esti is called the perfect tense4 ,it differs from the aoristic past tense 7#ce7 and from the imperfect 7#aac7 by expressing an act or condition as definitely completed or perfected4 ,the conjugation of vidi in the perfect tense is as follows3 mi estas vidinta1 ,i have seen 7,i am having-seen74 vi estas vidinta1 you have seen 7you are having-seen74 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estas vidinta1 he 7she1 it7 has seen 7is having-seen74 ni estas vidintaj1 we have seen 7we are having-seen74 vi estas vidintaj1 you have seen 7you are having-seen74 ili estas vidintaj1 they have seen 7they are having-seen74 ,,the ,,preposition ,,cxe4 #abe4 ,the general situation of a person1 object or action is expressed by the use of the preposition cxe1 at1 at the house of1 in the region or land of1 among1 with1 etc43 ,li staris silente cxe la pordego1 he stood silently at the gate4 ,li logxas cxe mia avo1 he lives 7dwells7 at my grandfather's4 ,ili estas cxe la lernejo1 they are at the school4 ,li restos cxe amikoj1 he will stay with 7at the house of7 friends4 ,li vizitos cxe ni morgaux1 he will visit at-our-house tomorrow4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ar-4 #abf4 ,words expressing a collection1 group or assemblage of similar persons or things1 as forest 7collection of trees71 army 7assemblage of soldiers71 etc41 may be formed by the use of the suffix -ar-4 ,this suffix may itself be used as a root to form aro1 group1 flock1 etc41 are1 in a group1 by throngs1 etc4 ,words formed with the suffix -ar- are called collectives3 arbaro1 forest 7from arbo1 tree74 cxevalaro1 herd of horses 7from cxevalo1 horse74 kamparo1 country 7from kampo1 field74 libraro1 collection of books1 library 7from libro1 book74 amikaro1 circle of friends 7from amiko1 friend74 ,,tempo ,,and ,,fojo4 #abg4 ,the general word for time in the sense of duration1 or suitability 7as the proper time71 is tempo4 ,the word fojo1 time1 occasion1 refers to the performance or occurrence of an act or event1 in repetition or series3 ,mi ne havas multe da tempo1 ,i have not much time4 ,li venis multajn fojojn1 kaj la lastan fojon li restis longan tempon1 he came many times1 and the last time he remained a long time4 ,kelkajn fojojn lauxte tondris1 several times it thundered loudly4 ,multe da fojoj ni fermis la okulojn pro la fulmo1 many times we closed our eyes on account of the lightning4 ,,the ,,orthography ,,of ,,proper ,,nouns4 #abh4 ,proper nouns1 that is1 nouns which are names of persons1 cities1 countries1 etc41 are given ,esperanto spelling if they are names of continents1 countries1 large or very well-known cities1 or if they are first 7,christian7 names of persons1 as ,azio1 ,asia1 ,skotlando1 ,scotland1 ,bostono1 ,boston1 ,johano1 ,john1 ,mario1 ,mary4 ,surnames and names of places which are small or not well known are more often quoted in the national spelling4 ,the pronunciation may be indicated in parentheses1 as ,mt4 ,vernon 7,mauxnt ,vernon71 ,roberto ,bruce 7,brus71 ,martinique 7,martinik'71 etc4 ,,vocabulary arane-o spider4 ramp-i to crawl4 ,azi-o ,asia4 rekt-a direct1 straight4 cxe at 7#abe74 rimark-i to notice4 fin-o end1 ending4 send-i to send4 foj-o time1 instance 7#abg74 ,skotland-o ,scotland4 kiam when 7#abc74 soldat-o soldier4 pacienc-o patience4 sukces-i to succeed4 pied-o foot4 supr-e above4 plafon-o ceiling4 venk-i to conquer4 ,,roberto ,,bruce ,,kaj ,,la ,,araneo4 ,oni rakontas la sekvantan interesan rakonton pri ,roberto ,bruce1 regxo antaux multaj jaroj en ,skotlando4 ,okazis ke li estis rigardanta la soldataron de siaj malamikoj1 de la fenestro de granda cxevalejo4 ,por povi rigardi plej facile1 kaj ankaux por sin kasxi1 li forsendis siajn soldatojn kaj restis la tutan tagon sub tiu tegmento4 ,kvankam la cxevalejo estis granda gxi estis malnova1 kaj li opiniis ke la malamikoj ne sercxos lin tie4 ,je la fino de la tago li subite rimarkis araneon sur la muro apud si4 ,la araneo estis rampanta supren1 sed baldaux gxi falis en la polvon cxe liaj piedoj4 ,tuj la falinta araneo komencis alian fojon supren rampi4 ,alian fojon gxi falis teren1 sed post ne longe gxi komencis rampi alian fojon4 ,kia pacienco6 diris la regxo al si4 ,mi ne sciis ke la araneo havas tiel multe da pacienco6 ,sed kien gxi nun estas falinta8 ,li rigardis cxirkauxen kaj fine 7finally7 li vidis la falintan araneon4 ,kun granda surprizo li rimarkis ke gxi estas komencanta supren rampi4 ,multajn fojojn gxi supren rampis1 kaj tiom da fojoj gxi falis malsupren4 ,fine1 tamen1 gxi sukcese rampis gxis la plafono4 ,la regxo malfermis la busxon pro surprizo1 kaj diris al si ,kiam antauxe mi vidis tiom da pacienco6 ,mi opinias ke la fina sukceso de tiu malgranda araneo donas al mi bonegan lecionon4 ,mi estas ofte malsukcesinta1 sed malpli ofte ol tiu araneo sur la muro4 ,mi estas perdinta multe da soldatoj1 kaj la malamikoj estas venkintaj multajn fojojn1 cxar ili havas multe pli grandan nombron da soldatoj4 ,tamen1 mi estos pacienca1 cxar oni ne scias kiam li fine sukcesos4 ,la sekvintan tagon1 la regxo ,roberto ,bruce komencis treege labori kontraux siaj malamikoj4 ,post mallonga tempo li bone sukcesis1 kaj tute venkis la malamikoj en granda venko cxe ,bannockburn 7,banokb'rn74 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,although the enemies of ,robert ,bruce conquered him many times1 he finally conquered them in ,scotland1 because he was patient and very courageous4 #b4 ,he was sitting in a large stable1 to hide 7himself71 and also in order to 7#ih7 look directly from its roof 7at7 the soldiery 7#abf7 of the enemy4 #c4 ,at the end of the day he noticed a spider crawling up 7ward7 on the wall4 #d4 ,the spider fell suddenly into the dust and lay at the king's feet1 but soon began to crawl up4 #e4 ,where does it wish to go8 said the king to himself4 #f4 ,what patience it shows6 ,it has crawled up and fallen down a great many times4 #g4 ,finally however the spider succeeded1 and crawled up to the ceiling4 #h4 ,the king said that he had learned a lesson from the patient spider4 #i4 ,he said ,although the enemy have conquered many times1 because they have a larger number of soldiers1 ,i shall finally succeed against them4 #aj4 ,soon it happened that the wind blew violently1 and a rainstorm occurred4 #aa4 ,the blast shook the foliage 7#abf7 on the trees1 and broke away many small branches4 #ab4 ,a group of soldiers ran right 7rekte7 toward the stable1 and ,robert ,bruce was much afraid that they would find him4 #ac4 ,but they merely stole the horses there1 and rode away4 ,,lesson ,,xxviii4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,adverb ,,of ,,motive ,,or ,,reason4 #abi4 ,the interrogative adverb of motive or reason related to the interrogative pronoun kiu is kial1 why1 wherefore1 for what reason3 ,kial la araneo supren rampis8 why did the spider crawl up8 ,mi demandos kial li rimarkis gxin1 ,i will ask why he noticed it4 ,,the ,,infinitive ,,as ,,subject4 #acj4 ,the infinitive may be used as the subject of a verb4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the complementary infinitive 7#bh71 equivalent to the object of a verb1 and the use of the infinitive after the prepositions por1 anstataux1 antaux ol 7#ih74 ,any modifier of the infinitive is necessarily adverbial4 ,an indefinite personal object 7or pronominal complement of a preposition7 after an infinitive used as subject is expressed by the reflexive pronoun si3 ,promeni estas granda plezuro1 to go walking is a great pleasure4 ,promeni estas agrable1 to go walking is pleasant4 ,cxu estas facile rigardi la plafonon8 ,is it easy to look at the ceiling8 ,estas bone sin helpi1 it is well to help oneself4 ,paroli al si estas malsagxe1 to talk to oneself is silly4 ,,present ,,action ,,with ,,past ,,inception4 #aca4 ,a present act or state which began in the past is expressed by the present tense 7instead of by the past as in ,english73 ,mi estas cxi tie de lundo1 ,i have been 7,i am7 here since ,monday4 ,de ,marto mi studas tiun lingvon1 since ,march ,i have been 7,i am7 studying that language4 ,ili estas amikoj de tiu tago1 they have been 7they are7 friends from that day4 ,ni logxas tie de antaux kelkaj monatoj1 we have been living 7we are living7 here since some months ago4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,german er ist schon lange hier1 he has already been here a long time1 ,french je suis ici depuis deux ans1 ,i have been here two years1 etc4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ul-4 #acb4 ,the suffix -ul- is used to form nouns indicating a person characterized by or possessing the distinguishing trait1 character or quality in the root3 junulo1 a youth1 a young man 7from juna1 young74 belulino1 a beauty1 a belle 7from bela1 beautiful74 maljunulo1 an old man 7from maljuna1 old74 sagxulo1 a sage1 a wise man 7from saga1 wise74 malricxulino1 a poor woman 7from malricxa1 poor74 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the ,english adjectives quer-ul-ous1 cred-ul-ous1 garr-ul-ous1 etc41 and the ,latin nouns fam-ul-us1 a servant1 fig-ul-us1 a potter1 and leg-ul-us1 a gatherer4 ,,logxi ,,and ,,vivi4 #acc4 ,the verb logxi1 to reside1 to dwell1 to lodge1 must not be confused with vivi1 which means to live in the sense of to be alive3 ,li logxas apude1 he lives near by4 ,li vivis longan tempon1 he lived a long time4 ,vivi felicxe estas pli bone ol logxi ricxe1 to live happily is better than to live 7lodge7 richly4 ,,vocabulary afabl-a amiable1 affable4 kial why 7#abi74 afer-o thing1 matter1 affair4 mejl-o mile4 balanc-i to balance1 to nod4 okulhar-o eyelash4 barb-o beard4 okulvitr-oj spectacles4 batal-o battle4 pens-i to think1 to ponder4 brov-o eyebrow4 vang-o cheek4 bukl-o curl 7of hair74 verand-o porch1 veranda4 har-o hair4 viv-i to live 7#acc74 ,,pri ,,la ,,avo ,,kaj ,,la ,,avino4 ,mia avo estas tre afabla persono4 ,li estas maljunulo kun blankaj haroj kaj blanka barbo4 ,li havas bluajn okulojn1 kaj la brovoj super ili estas ecx pli blankaj ol liaj haroj4 ,kvankam li logxas en nia vilagxo de antaux kelkaj jaroj1 li antauxe logxis en ,skotlando4 ,antaux multaj jaroj li estis soldato1 kaj li ofte parolas al mi pri la bataloj kaj venkoj de tiu tempo4 ,sidi kviete sur la verando kaj rakonti tiajn rakontojn al la nepo sxajne donas al li multe da plezuro4 ,multajn fojojn je la fino de la tago li sidas tie1 kaj parolas pri tiaj aferoj gxis malfrua horo de la vespero4 ,sidi cxe liaj piedoj kaj auxdi liajn rakontojn estas tre interese al mi4 ,komence1 dum mi estas cxe li1 mi kutime demandas ,cxu oni sukcesis en tiu batalo8 ,tuj li balancas la kapon kaj komencas pacience rakonti pri la venkoj kaj malvenkoj 7defeats74 ,li malofte respondas ,mi ne scias1 al miaj demandoj ,kiam1 kaj ,kial4 ,kelkajn fojojn li diras ,mi havas tiun opinion1 sed mi ne bone scias pri la tuta afero1 kaj mi miras cxu aliaj personoj scias pli bone4 ,cxar li estas multe studinta kaj pensinta1 liaj opinioj estas treege interesaj4 ,li gxojas tial ke mi demandas pri aferoj okazintaj 7things that have happened71 cxar tiaj demandoj montras ke mi ankaux pensas pri ili4 ,mia avino estas malgranda1 kun belaj bukloj da tute blankaj haroj4 ,sxi havas belajn brunajn okulojn1 kun longaj nigraj okulharoj4 ,oni diras ke antaux multaj jaroj sxi estis belulino4 ,ecx nun estas plezure rigardi sxin1 kaj vidi sxiajn rugxajn vangojn4 ,de antaux kelkaj jaroj sxi portas okulvitrojn por legi aux skribi aux kudri1 kaj sxi bezonas ripozon post malmulte da laboro4 ,promeno de ecx mejlo estas tro longa nun por la avino4 ,oni diras ke sxi ne vivos tre longan tempon1 kaj tia penso donas malgxojon al ni1 cxar ni treege amas la afablan paciencan avinon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,our grandfather is an old man1 and they say that he will not live much longer4 #b4 ,he is not very strong1 and can not take 7fari7 long walks4 #c4 ,the mile between his house and ours now seems long to him4 #d4 ,he prefers to sit quietly in the house or on the veranda1 and think1 nearly all day long 7the whole day74 #e4 ,he is very amiable1 and can tell exceedingly interesting stories1 about the victories and defeats which happened 7#aai7 many years ago4 #f4 ,such things are wicked ,i think1 and ,i am very glad that 7#hc7 such battles do not happen now4 #g4 ,grandfather has a long white beard and much white hair4 #h4 ,it is very interesting to hear his stories1 and also to look directly at him while he is telling them4 #i4 ,he tells such stories with great pleasure4 #aj4 ,although he has lived with 7#abe7 us since ,february 7#aca71 he does not know 7#aag7 a great many of the neighbors1 or of the other persons living 7#acc7 near4 #aa4 ,grandmother has blue eyes1 red cheeks1 and soft white curls4 #ab4 ,she speaks slowly1 with a sweet voice1 and is very patient4 #ac4 ,today she said to me ,good morning1 my dear 7#acb71 ,i have lost my spectacles4 ,will you look-for them for me8 ,i nodded 7the head7 and soon found the spectacles4 ,,lesson ,,xxix4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,adverb ,,of ,,manner ,,and ,,degree4 #acd4 ,the interrogative adverb of manner or degree1 related to the interrogative pronoun kiu1 is kiel1 how1 in what way1 to what degree3 ,kiel oni vivas en tia aero8 ,how do people live in such air8 ,kiel afabla sxi estas6 ,how amiable she is6 ,mi miras kiel la batalo okazis1 ,i wonder how the battle happened4 ,kiel longe li pensis pri gxi8 ,how long did he think about it8 ,,the ,,pluperfect ,,tense4 #ace4 ,the compound tense formed by combining the past active participle with the past tense of esti represents an act or condition as having been completed at some time in the past1 and is called the pluperfect tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estis vidinta1 ,i had seen 7,i was having-seen74 vi estis vidinta1 you had seen 7you were having-seen74 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estis vidinta1 he 7she1 it7 had seen 7was having-seen74 ni estis vidintaj1 we had seen 7we were having-seen74 vi estis vidintaj1 you had seen 7you were having-seen74 ili estis vidintaj1 they had seen 7they were having-seen74 ,,cardinal ,,numerals4 #acf4 ,cardinals are numeral adjectives which answer the question ,how many8 ,the cardinals from one to twelve are as follows3 unu one4 sep seven4 du two4 ok eight4 tri three4 naux nine4 kvar four4 dek ten4 kvin five4 dek unu eleven4 ses six4 dek du twelve4 #acg4 ,with the exception of unu1 none of the cardinals may receive the plural ending -j or the accusative ending -n4 ,that is1 they are invariable in form4 ,unuj may be used to mean some in contrast to aliaj1 others3 ,unuj marsxis1 aliaj kuris1 some walked1 others ran4 ,mi prenis unujn kaj lasis la aliajn1 ,i took some and left the others4 #ach4 ,the preposition el is used after numeral adjectives expressing a number out of some larger number or quantity3 ,ses el la knaboj venis1 six of the boys came4 ,ok el tiuj libroj estas la miaj1 eight of those books are mine4 ,el tiuj cxapeloj mi sxatas nur unu1 of those hats ,i like only one4 ,footnote3 ,the cardinal unu must not be used in the sense of the ,english pronominal one1 as in ,i am searching for a book1 but not the one on the table1 which should be translated ,mi sercxas libron1 sed ne tiun sur la tablo4 ,,the ,,accusative ,,of ,,measure4 #aci4 ,a substantive in the accusative case may be used1 instead of a prepositional phrase or an adverb1 not only to express measure 7duration7 of time 7#ia71 but also to express measure of weight1 price1 length1 etc43 ,li marsxis dek unu mejlojn1 he walked eleven miles4 ,la parko estas largxa tri mejlojn1 kaj longa kvar mejlojn1 the park is three miles wide and four miles long4 ,la tablo pezas dek du funtojn1 the table weighs 7is heavy7 twelve pounds4 ,,nia ,,familio4 ,mi rakontos al vi kian familion ni havas4 ,ni estas ses personoj kaj ni logxas en cxi tiu domo de antaux preskaux kvar jaroj4 ,antaux ol veni cxi tien al la urbo1 ni estis logxintaj tri jarojn en kvieta vilagxo en la kamparo4 ,mia patro estas alta1 kun grizaj haroj kaj griza barbo4 ,kvankam li ne estas ricxulo1 li tamen havas suficxe da mono por vivi kontente kaj felicxe4 ,li sxatas marsxi1 kaj ofte li estas marsxinta kvin aux ses mejlojn por unu promeno4 ,unu fojon mi demandis ,kiel vi povas marsxi tiel multe8 ,li respondis ,dum mi estis junulo mi estis soldato1 kaj tiam mi estis tre multe marsxanta4 ,tial mi ne forgesas la plezurojn de longaj promenoj4 ,la patrino estas malpli alta ol mi1 kaj kiel bluajn okulojn sxi havas1 sub nigraj okulharoj kaj nigraj brovoj6 ,sxiaj haroj estas nigraj kaj buklaj1 kaj sxiaj vangoj estas rugxaj4 ,sxi havas dolcxan vocxon1 kaj estas plezuro auxdi sxiajn kantojn4 ,por legi aux skribi sxi kutime portas okulvitrojn4 ,mi havas du fratojn kaj unu fratinon4 ,la fratino havas dek unu jarojn4 ,footnote3 ,like ,french and some other languages1 ,esperanto commonly uses the verb to have rather than the verb to be1 in expressing age3 ,li havas sep jarojn1 he is seven years old 7he has seven years74 ,mi havis dek jarojn tiam1 ,i was ten years old 7,i had ten years7 then4 ,unu el la fratoj havas ok jarojn1 la alia havas dek du jarojn4 ,ili povas bonege kuri1 rajdi1 kaj fari aliajn interesajn aferojn4 ,ili lernis siajn lecionojn en la lernejo tiel bone ke ses fojojn en unu monato oni lauxdis ilin4 ,ni multe gxojis pri tiom da lauxdo por la fratoj4 ,la fratino estas malpli forta1 tamen sxi ofte promenas kun ni ecx du aux tri mejlojn4 ,la avino ankaux logxas cxe ni de antaux sep aux ok jaroj4 ,unu el ni kutime restas cxe la hejmo kun sxi1 dum la aliaj promenas1 cxar sxi ne estas suficxe forta por marsxi ecx unu mejlon4 ,mi ofte miras kial sxi preferas sidi sur la verando1 kaj mi demandas al sxi ,cxu vi estas tro laca por marsxi8 ,sxi kutime balancas la kapon kaj diras ,jes1 mia nepo1 mi estas tro laca4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,three and four make seven4 #b4 ,two and six make eight4 ,five and six make eleven4 #c4 ,seven and five make twelve4 #d4 ,i have been studying geometry since five months ago1 and ,german since ,january4 #e4 ,i have read three ,german books1 but ,i shall not be able to talk in this language until after ,august4 #f4 ,to learn how to speak such a language is a difficult matter4 #g4 ,nine of the children in our school are now studying ,german with me4 #h4 ,some learn it easily1 others do not like it4 #i4 ,three of the boys and two of the girls in that school are ,german4 #aj4 ,they had resided four years in a large city1 but ,i think 7that7 they live more contentedly in our quiet village4 #aa4 ,they can not talk with us very well1 but merely nod their heads when we talk to them4 #ab4 ,i had not seen them before they came to school1 although they are neighbors of ours4 #ac4 ,they are amiable children1 with blue eyes1 red cheeks1 and yellow hair4 #ad4 ,they can ride very well1 and often ride eight or ten miles in one day4 #ae4 ,they usually ride in a park three miles wide and four miles long1 where there is but little 7nur malmulte da7 dust4 ,,lesson ,,xxx4 ,,the ,,interrogative ,,adverb ,,of ,,quantity4 #adj4 ,the interrogative adverb of quantity related to the interrogative pronoun kiu is kiom1 how much1 how many3 ,kiom da tempo vi ripozis8 ,how much time did you rest8 ,kiom da sukero kaj kiom da fragoj vi acxetis8 ,how much sugar and how many strawberries did you buy8 ,ni miras kiom da mono li havos1 we wonder how much money he will have4 ,kiom de la leciono vi lernis8 ,how much of the lesson did you learn8 ,,modifiers ,,of ,,impersonally ,,used ,,verbs4 #ada4 ,any modifier of an impersonal verb 7#ej7 or of a verb used impersonally1 that is1 with an infinitive or clause for its subject1 or without any definitely expressed or personal subject 7as in it is cold1 it seems too early71 must necessarily be adverbial3 ,estas varme en la domo1 it is warm in the house4 ,estos malvarme morgaux1 it will be cold tomorrow4 ,estas bone ke li venis1 it is well that he came4 ,estas amuze ke ni forgesis lin1 it is amusing that we forgot him4 ,ke vi venis estis tre sagxe1 that you came was very wise4 ,estos pli agrable en la salono1 it will be pleasanter in the parlor4 ,,formation ,,of ,,cardinal ,,numerals4 #adb4 ,the cardinal numerals for the tens1 hundreds and thousands are formed by prefixing du1 tri1 kvar1 etc41 to dek1 ten1 cent1 hundred1 and mil1 thousand1 respectively4 ,tens4 ---------------------------------------- ----- dudek1 twenty4 sesdek1 sixty4 tridek1 thirty4 sepdek1 seventy4 kvardek1 forty4 okdek1 eighty4 kvindek1 fifty4 nauxdek1 ninety4 ,hundreds4 ,thousands4 ---------------------------- ------------------------- ducent1 two hundred4 trimil1 three thousand4 kvincent1 five hundred4 kvarmil1 four thousand4 sepcent1 seven hundred1 etc4 sesmil1 six thousand1 etc4 #adc4 ,the cardinals between ten and twenty1 twenty and thirty1 etc41 are formed by placing unu1 du1 tri1 etc41 after dek1 dudek1 tridek1 etc4 7,cf4 dek unu1 eleven1 dek du1 twelve1 #acf73 dek kvar fourteen4 tridek kvin thirty-five4 dek naux nineteen4 sepdek ok seventy-eight4 dudek tri twenty-three4 nauxdek ses ninety-six1 etc4 #add4 ,cardinals containing more than two figures begin with the largest number and descend regularly1 as in ,english3 cent tridek kvin1 one hundred and thirty-five4 kvarcent nauxdek sep1 four hundred and ninety-seven4 sescent du1 six hundred and two4 mil okdek1 one thousand and eighty4 mil naucent dek du1 one thousand nine hundred and twelve 7nineteen hundred and twelve74 ,,the ,,suffix -,,an-4 #ade4 ,the suffix -an- is used to form words indicating an inhabitant or resident of the place denoted by the root1 or a member or adherent of the party1 organization1 etc41 denoted by the root4 ,the suffix -an- may itself be used as a root1 forming ano1 member1 etc4 bostonano ,bostonian4 domano inmate of a house4 kamparano countryman1 peasant4 vilagxano villager4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,english urb-an1 suburb-an1 ,rom-an1 republic-an1 ,mohammed-an1 etc4 ,,vocabulary aritmetik-o arithmetic4 memor-i to remember4 cent hundred 7#adb74 mil thousand 7#adb74 erar-o error1 mistake4 minut-o minute4 grad-o grade1 degree4 ricev-i to receive4 kalkul-i to calculate1 to reckon4 sekund-o second4 kiom how much 7#adj74 superjar-o leap-year4 ,,leciono ,,pri ,,aritmetiko4 ,estas malvarme hodiaux1 kaj tute ne agrable ekster la domo4 ,la urbanoj ne estas promenantaj en la parko1 cxar ili preferas resti en la domoj4 ,mi ankaux restis en la domo1 kaj parolis al mia juna frato4 ,mi helpis lin pri la leciono en aritmetiko1 tial ke li baldaux havos ekzamenojn1 kaj li volas esti preta por skribi tre bonajn respondojn4 ,mi demandis al li ,kiom faras dek tri kaj dek kvar8 ,li respondis ke tiuj faras dudek sep4 ,tiam mi demandis kiom faras dudek unu kaj tridek kvar4 ,li kalkulis kvin aux ses sekundojn1 per mallauxta vocxo1 kaj diris ,ili faras kvindek kvin4 ,mi demandis kiom faras ducent tri kaj sepcent ok1 kaj li respondis ke ili faras nauxcent dek unu4 ,li tute ne faris erarojn al mi1 kaj fine mi diris al li ke li povas bonege kalkuli4 ,mi opinias ke li ricevos bonan gradon en la ekzamenoj4 ,post kelkaj minutoj ni komencis paroli pri aliaj aferoj4 ,mi demandis ,kiom da tagoj en la monato septembro8 ,la frato respondis ,septembro1 novembro1 aprilo kaj junio havas tridek tagojn4 ,kvankam tiuj monatoj havas tiom da tagoj1 la aliaj monatoj havas tridek unu tagojn4 ,sed la monato februaro havas nur dudek ok tagojn4 ,estas interese lerni pri cxi tiu monato februaro4 ,dum tri jaroj gxi havas dudek ok tagojn1 sed en la sekvanta jaro gxi havas dudek naux tagojn4 ,la jaro havanta tian februaron estas la superjaro4 ,mi rakontis tiun interesan aferon al la frato1 kaj li diris ke li bone memoros gxin4 ,li diris ke li ne antauxe sciis pri la superjaro4 ,li ne sciis ke la superjaro havas tricent sesdek ses tagojn1 kvankam la aliaj jaroj havas nur tricent sesdek kvin tagojn4 ,li diris ke li ankaux memoros pri la nombro da tagoj en la superjaro1 kaj ke li rakontos la aferon al la aliaj knaboj4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 7,to be written out in full73 #ad1 #ah1 #db1 #hf1 #gi1 #bcf1 #dca1 #fhg1 #ghh1 #abdj1 #ahhe1 #ihgb1 #dejj1 #aiab4 #b4 ,there are twelve months in a year1 and in most of the months of the year there are thirty-one days4 #c4 ,there are only thirty days in the months ,april1 ,june1 ,september and ,november4 #d4 ,there are seven days in a week1 and twenty-four hours in a day4 #e4 ,twelve of these hours make the day1 and the others make the night4 #f4 ,there are sixty minutes in one hour1 and sixty seconds in one minute4 #g4 ,there are four weeks and also two or three days in one month4 #h4 ,in the year there are fifty-two weeks4 #i4 ,how many weeks are there in ten years8 #aj4 ,at least one year in ten years is a leap-year4 #aa4 ,in a leap-year there are three hundred and sixty-six days1 instead of three hundred and sixty-five4 #ab4 ,wise men calculated about this matter1 many years ago4 #ac4 ,it is well for us that they liked to study arithmetic4 #ae4 ,i have often received good grades in this study4 #af4 ,i remember it easily1 and seldom make mistakes4 ,,lesson ,,xxxi4 ,,the ,,relative ,,pronoun4 #adf4 ,a connecting pronoun referring to something which precedes 7or follows7 is called a relative pronoun4 ,the person or thing to which it refers is called its antecedent4 ,the relative pronoun1 identical in form with the interrogative pronoun 7#ajf71 as in ,english1 is kiu1 which1 who4 ,footnote3 ,sometimes ,english uses that for a relative pronoun1 as ,i saw the book that you have4 ,this must always be translated by kiu4 ,likewise1 ,english sometimes omits the relative pronoun1 as ,i saw the book you have4 ,the relative pronoun is never thus omitted in ,esperanto4 ,the relative pronoun agrees in number with its antecedent4 ,whether it is in the accusative case or not depends upon its relation to its own verb or to other words in its own clause 7called the relative clause73 ,la junuloj1 kiuj venis1 estas afablaj1 the youths who came are amiable4 ,la personoj1 kiujn li vidos1 estas amikoj miaj1 the persons 7whom7 he will see are friends of mine4 ,mi kalkulis la gradon1 kiun li ricevos1 ,i calculated the grade 7which7 he will receive4 ,mi memoras tiun aferon1 pri kiu vi parolas1 ,i remember that matter about which you speak4 #adg4 ,like ,english whose the genitive form kies of the interrogative pronoun 7#ajg7 is also used as a relative1 referring to a substantive 7singular or plural7 for its antecedent3 ,li estas la viro1 kies libron vi trovis1 he is the man whose book you found4 ,mi konas la infanojn1 kies patro estas amiko via1 ,i know the children whose father is a friend of yours4 ,,the ,,future ,,perfect ,,tense4 #adh4 ,the compound tense formed by combining the past participle with the future tense of the auxiliary verb esti represents an act or condition as having been already completed or perfected at a future time1 and is called the future perfect tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estos vidinta1 ,i shall have seen 7,i shall be having-seen74 vi estos vidinta1 you will have seen 7you will be having-seen74 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estos vidinta1 he 7she1 it7 will have seen 7will be having-seen74 ni estos vidintaj1 we shall have seen 7shall be having-seen74 vi estos vidintaj1 you will have seen 7will be having-seen74 ili estos vidintaj1 they will have seen 7will be having-seen74 ,,ordinal ,,numerals4 #adi4 ,ordinal numerals are adjectives which answer the question ,which in order8 as first1 third1 etc4 ,they are formed by adding the adjectival suffix -a to the cardinals4 ,the various parts of an ordinal must be connected by hyphens1 since it is to the entire cardinal1 and not any part of it1 that the adjective ending -a is attached3 unua first4 kvardek-sesa forty-sixth4 dua second4 cent-okdek-kvina 3 tria third4 hundred and eighty-fifth4 oka eighth4 mil-okcent-kvara 3 dek-unua eleventh4 one thousand eight hundred and dek-nauxa nineteenth4 fourth4 dudek-sepa twenty-seventh4 sesmil-sepa 3 six thousand and seventh4 ,footnote3 ,ordinal numerals may be abbreviated thus3 la1 #ast1 #b;a1 #bnd1 #c;a1 #crd1 #e;a1 #eth1 #aiab;a1 #aiabth1 #bcc;a1 #bccrd1 etc4 ,if the ordinal number is used in an accusative construction1 the abbreviation is given the accusative ending1 as lan1 #b;an1 #c;an1 #aiab;an1 etc4 ,,vocabulary angl-a ,english4 neces-a necessary4 dezir-i to desire4 paf-i to shoot4 dolar-o dollar4 pafark-o bow 7for shooting74 gajn-i to win1 to gain4 part-o part1 share4 kost-i to cost4 pen-i to strive1 to try4 last-a last4 traduk-i to translate4 latin-a ,latin4 sag-o arrow4 mar-o sea4 sam-a same4 ,,alfredo ,,granda ,,kaj ,,la ,,libro4 ,antaux pli multe ol mil jaroj vivis ,alfredo ,granda1 unu el la plej interesaj personoj pri kiuj ni estas auxdintaj4 ,li estis la unua angla regxo1 kiu deziris legi librojn4 ,li estis ankaux la lasta1 kiu povis legi ilin1 gxis post multaj jaroj4 ,unu tagon1 dum li estis malgranda knabo kun flavaj buklaj haroj1 lia patrino1 tre sagxa regxino1 montris al li kaj al liaj fratoj belegan libron4 ,sxi diris ke la libro kostis multe da mono en lando trans la maro1 kaj ke gxi nun apartenas al sxi4 ,si diris ,miaj filoj1 mi donos cxi tiun libron al tiu el vi1 kiu lernos legi gxin4 ,kiu el vi estos la unua1 kiu povos legi8 ,tiu ricevos la libron4 ,nu1 ,alfredo komencis studi1 kaj post ne longe li gajnis la belegan libron4 ,liaj fratoj ecx ne penis gajni gxin4 ,tiam oni tre malmulte pensis pri libroj4 ,la regxoj kaj iliaj filoj nur malofte povis legi1 kaj treege malofte povis skribi4 ,oni lauxdis nur personojn1 kiuj bone rajdis kaj batalis per sagoj kaj pafarkoj4 ,sed oni opiniis ke tute ne estis necese scii pri la aferoj1 kiujn la libroj rakontas4 ,tial ,alfredo ne ricevis lauxdon pro sia deziro por legi4 ,la sesan aux sepan jaron post sia ricevo de la libro1 ,alfredo volis lerni la latinan lingvon1 cxar tiam oni skribis latine 7in ,latin7 la librojn1 kiuj estis plej bonaj4 ,oni sercxis gxis la finoj de la lando1 kaj iris multajn mejlojn1 sed preskaux ne povis trovi personon1 kiu ecx estis auxdinta pri tia lingvo4 ,fine oni trovis personon por helpi ,alfredon1 kiu tiam lernis la latinan lingvon4 ,tiu sama ,alfredo estis regxo multajn jarojn1 kaj estis unu el la plej bonaj regxoj1 kiujn la angla lando estas havinta4 ,alfredo skribis librojn en la latina lingvo1 kaj ankaux tradukis latinajn librojn en la anglan lingvon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 7,to be written out in full73 #cgth1 #eith1 #gcrd1 #ibnd1 #hdfth1 #aaith1 #abgdth1 #aiajth1 #adbceth4 #b4 ,before my friend will have finished that mansion 7#abb71 it will have cost twenty thousand dollars4 #c4 ,before coming to visit you1 ,i shall have ridden twelve miles on my horse4 #d4 ,the grade which you will have received in arithmetic soon after the first of ,march will be excellent4 #e4 ,you do not make mistakes very often in the lessons4 #f4 ,i shall try after a few minutes to translate that ,latin book1 for 7cxar7 it seems interesting4 #g4 ,it is necessary to study ,latin1 for ,i desire to read the stories which are in my ,latin book4 #h4 ,the one thousand nine hundred and fourth year was a leap-year4 #i4 ,the fourth year after that year was also a leap-year4 #aj4 ,the #aiabth year will be a leap-year4 ,there are three hundred and sixty-six days in such a year4 #ab4 ,alfred won the book which his mother had bought4 #ac4 ,such a book now costs four or five hundred dollars4 #ad4 ,alfred the ,great was the last king until many years afterward 7until after many years7 who could read or write4 #ae4 ,he was the first king in that land who even wished to be able to read books4 #af4 ,we often talk about this same ,king ,alfred1 and say that he was the father of the ,english language4 #ag4 ,people say so 7diras tiel7 because he translated ,latin books into the language of his land1 and because he also wrote books in that language4 ,,lesson ,,xxxii4 ,,kia ,,as ,a ,,relative ,,adjective4 #aej4 ,the interrogative adjective kia 7#aab7 is also used as a relative adjective1 referring back to tia1 or to some equivalent phrase or word indicating quality1 such as sama1 etc4 ,in this use it may often be translated as1 or which3 ,mi havas tian libron1 kian mi volas1 ,i have such a 7that kind of7 book as 7which kind7 ,i wish4 ,tiaj amikoj1 kiajn vi havas1 estas afablaj1 such friends as 7of which kind7 you have are amiable4 ,li deziras tian cxapelon1 kia kostas ses dolarojn1 he desires that kind of hat which 7kind7 costs six dollars4 ,mi havas la saman deziron1 kian vi1 ,i have the same desire as you 7same kind which you have74 ,,kie ,,as ,a ,,relative ,,adverb4 #aea4 ,the interrogative adverb kie1 kien 7#aah7 is also used as a relative adverb of place with tie1 tien1 or some other expression of place for its antecedent4 ,footnote3 ,any interrogative adverb may also be used to introduce an indirect question1 thus serving as a subordinating conjunction 7cf4 cxu74 ,kien is used when the verb in the relative clause expresses motion toward the place indicated1 whether or not its antecedent has this ending4 ,similarly1 kie may refer to tie or to tien3 ,mi iros tien1 kie vi estas1 ,i shall go there where you are4 ,mi estis tie1 kien vi iros1 ,i was there 7at that place7 where you will go4 ,mi iros tien1 kien vi iris1 ,i shall go to that place to which you went 7,i shall go where you went74 ,mi trovis lin en la urbo1 kie li logxas1 ,i found him in the city where he lives4 ,cxu vi venos cxi tien1 kie ni estas8 ,are you coming here where we are8 ,,the ,,future ,,active ,,participle4 #aeb4 ,the future active participle1 expressing what the word modified will do or is about to do1 ends in -onta1 as vidonta1 about to see1 ironta1 about to go3 ,la forironta viro vokis sian serviston1 the man going to depart 7the about-to-depart man7 called his servant4 ,la virino salutonta vin estas tre afabla1 the woman about to greet you is very affable4 ,la venonta monato estas marto1 the coming month is ,march4 ,la venontan semajnon mi foriros1 the coming 7next7 week ,i shall depart4 ,,the ,,periphrastic ,,future ,,tenses4 #aec4 ,the compound tenses formed by combining the future active participle with each of the three aoristic tenses of esti represent an act or state as about to occur in the present1 past1 or future1 respectively1 and are called periphrastic future tenses4 ,except when great accuracy is desired1 these tenses are not often used4 ,a synopsis of vidi in the first person singular and plural of these tenses is as follows3 ,present ,periphrastic ,future4 mi estas vidonta1 ni estas vidontaj1 ,i am about to 7going we are about to 7going to7 see4 to7 see4 ,past ,periphrastic ,future4 mi estis vidonta1 ni estis vidontaj1 ,i was about to 7going we were about to 7going to7 see4 to7 see4 ,future ,periphrastic ,future4 mi estos vidonta1 ni estos vidontaj1 ,i shall be about to 7going we shall be about to 7going to7 see4 to7 see4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ind-4 #aed4 ,the suffix -ind- is used to form words expressing worthy of1 deserving of1 that which is indicated in the root4 ,it may also be used as a root1 to form inda1 worthy1 malinda1 unworthy1 indo1 worth1 merit1 etc43 dezirinda desirable4 rimarkinda noteworthy1 remarkable4 lauxdinda praiseworthy4 ridinde ridiculously1 laughably4 mallauxdinda blameworthy4 tradukinda worth translating4 ,,vocabulary ankoraux still1 yet4 flar-i to smell4 atak-i to attack4 gast-o guest4 bat-i to beat4 ho6 ,oh6 cert-a sure1 certain4 kri-i to exclaim1 to cry4 defend-i to defend4 kruel-a cruel4 difekt-i to spoil4 kuk-o cake4 edz-o husband4 lign-o wood4 fajr-o fire4 suspekt-i to suspect4 ,footnote3 ,the adverb ankoraux expresses the ideas until and during the present time1 in the future as now and before1 in constant or uniform succession1 in an increasing or additional degree1 given sometimes by ,english yet1 sometimes by still3 ,mi estas ankoraux sidanta cxi tie1 ,i am still sitting here4 ,li ankoraux ne venis1 still he has not come 7he has not come yet74 ,li ankoraux restos tie1 he will still stay there4 ,ankoraux ili venas1 still they come4 ,li estos ankoraux pli ruza1 he will be still 7yet7 more crafty4 ,,alfredo ,,granda ,,kaj ,,la ,,kukoj4 ,unu fojon antaux pli multe ol mil jaroj1 soldatoj venis de trans la maro por ataki la anglan regxon ,alfredon ,grandan4 ,ili nek konis nek malamis lin1 sed ili sciis ke li estas persono kies landon ili deziras gajni4 ,cxi tiuj malamikoj estis venintaj tiel subite ke ,alfredo ne estis preta por defendi sian landon kontraux ili4 ,tial li forkuris kelkajn mejlojn de la urbo1 kaj sin kasxis en granda arbaro malantaux vilagxo4 ,anstataux porti regxajn vestojn li acxetis tiajn cxifonojn kiajn kamparanoj kaj malricxuloj portas4 ,li logxis cxe malricxa sed lauxdinda kamparano1 kiu ne konis la regxon1 kaj tute ne suspektis kia persono lia gasto estas4 ,unu memorindan tagon ,alfredo estis sidanta apud la fajro1 kaj estis rigardanta siajn sagojn kaj pafarkon dum li pensis malgxoje pri sia lando4 ,la edzino de la arbarano demandis ,cxu vi ankoraux sidos tie dekkvin aux dudek minutojn8 ,jes1 respondis la regxo4 ,sxi diris ,nu1 estos necese fari pli varmegan fajron por tiaj kukoj kiajn mi nun estas bakonta4 ,cxu vi gardos tiujn kukojn kiuj nun estas super la fajro1 dum mi kolektos pli multe da ligno8 ,alfredo respondis ,certe mi gardos ilin kontraux la fajro4 ,la virino sercxonta lignon foriris en alian parton de la arbaro1 kie estis multe da ligno1 kaj la regxo penis zorgi pri la kukoj4 ,sed baldaux li forgesis ilin1 kaj la fajro ilin difektis4 ,kiam la virino venis kaj flaris la kukojn sxi kriis ho1 vi riprocxinda viro6 ,kvankam vi ankoraux sidas tie1 vi ne pensas pri la kukoj1 kaj la fajro estas difektinta ilin6 ,sxi estis kruele batonta la regxon1 kiam li diris al sxi kiu li estas1 kaj kial li forgesis la kukojn4 ,tiam sxi tre hontis1 kaj anstataux mallauxdi lin sxi volis esti ankoraux pli bona al li4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,alfred the ,great was a praiseworthy king who lived more than a thousand years ago4 #b4 ,people still talk about him because he not only translated many ,latin books into the ,english language1 but also wrote in ,english4 #c4 ,he wished to help the peasants still more4 #d4 ,but enemies often attacked him1 and finally they conquered his soldiers4 #e4 ,then they hastened to where 7#aea7 ,alfred was4 #f4 ,they were about to attack him1 when he rode away secretly 7kasxe7 into a large forest4 #g4 ,there he dwelt some time in the house of a poor forester4 #h4 ,he wore such rags as a peasant usually wears1 and did not tell the forester who he was4 #i4 ,one day he was sitting near the fire and wondering1 ,will the enemy have conquered my soldiers next week8 #aj4 ,the forester's wife said1 ,will you sit there yet a while and take-care of those cakes8 ,i am about to gather more wood4 #aa4 ,he replied1 ,certainly1 ,i will try to help you4 #ab4 ,but when after a few minutes the woman smelled the cakes1 she knew that the fire had spoiled them4 #ac4 ,she exclaimed ,oh1 what a blame-worthy man6 #ad4 ,she commenced to beat the king cruelly1 but he did not defend himself4 #ae4 ,instead 7#abj71 he told her who he was4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiii4 ,,kiam ,,as ,a ,,relative ,,adverb4 #aee4 ,the interrogative temporal adverb kiam 7#abc7 is also used as a relative temporal adverb1 with tiam or an equivalent word or phrase for its antecedent4 7,it may not be omitted as in ,english at the time he came73 ,mi suspektis lin je la tempo kiam li venis1 ,i suspected him at the time when he came 7the time that he came74 ,li defendis sin tiam1 kiam oni atakis lin1 he defended himself then1 when he was attacked4 ,mi ankoraux sidos tie gxis kiam vi venos1 ,i shall still sit there until when you come 7until you come74 ,post kiam li tiel lauxte kriis1 li komencis plori1 after he shouted so loudly1 he began to cry4 ,,kiel ,,as ,a ,,relative ,,adverb4 #aef4 ,the interrogative adverb kiel 7#acd7 is also used as a relative adverb of manner and degree1 with tiel1 or same1 or an equivalent adverb or phrase for its antecedent4 ,it may often be translated as3 ,mi defendis min tiel1 kiel li defendis sin1 ,i defended myself in that way in which 7way7 he defended himself4 ,vi ne estas tiel kruela kiel li1 you are not so cruel as he 7is74 ,ili batis lin same kiel vi1 they beat him in the same way as you 7did74 ,ili batis lin same kiel vin1 they beat him the same as 7they did7 you4 ,kiel mi diris al li1 mi estas felicxa1 as ,i told him1 ,i am happy 7antecedent not expressed74 ,li parolis tiel mallauxte kiel antauxe1 he spoke as softly as before4 ,sxi estas tiel bona kiel sxi estas bela1 she is as good as she is fair4 ,,numeral ,,nouns ,,and ,,adverbs4 #aeg4 ,nouns may be formed from the cardinals by addition of the ending -o4 ,after such nouns the preposition da or de is used3 dekduo a dozen4 milo a thousand4 dudeko a score4 unuo a unit4 deko a ten1 half a score4 kvaro a four1 a quartette4 cento a hundred4 trio a three1 a trio4 ,footnote3 ,the prepositions da and de follow nouns 7#ii1 #ajj7 or adverbs 7#aja71 while el follows adjectives in the superlative degree 7#ge71 cardinal numerals 7#ach71 and the pronouns tiu1 kiu 7#ajf71 etc43 dekduo da ovoj1 a dozen 7of7 eggs4 dekduo de la ovoj1 a dozen of the eggs4 dek du el tiuj ovoj1 twelve of those eggs4 kiu el la ovoj8 which one of the eggs8 tiu el la ovoj1 that one of the eggs4 la plej fresxa el la ovoj1 the freshest of the eggs4 #aeh4 ,adverbs may be formed from the cardinals by addition of the ending -e3 unue firstly1 at first4 deke tenthly4 due secondly1 in the second place4 sesdeke sixtiethly4 kvine fifthly1 in the fifth place4 okdek-kvare eighty-fourthly4 ,,word ,,derivation ,,from ,,prepositions4 #aei4 ,adjectives1 verbs and nouns1 as well as adverbs 7#abj71 may be derived from prepositions by addition of the formative endings 7#aaf71 with sometimes a special suffix also3 anstatauxi to replace1 to take the place of4 anstatauxulo a substitute4 antauxa previous1 preceding4 apuda near1 contiguous1 adjacent4 cxirkauxi to surround1 to encircle4 cxirkauxo a circuit1 a circumference4 kontrauxa adverse1 opposite1 contrary4 kontrauxulo adversary1 opponent4 kunulo comrade1 companion4 superi to surpass1 to exceed1 to be above4 superege surpassingly1 exceedingly4 ,,vocabulary adiaux farewell1 goodbye4 kuz-o cousin4 akcept-i to accept1 to receive4 malgraux notwithstanding4 elekt-i to choose1 to select4 par-o pair4 fest-i to celebrate1 to entertain4 pend-i to hang4 gant-o glove4 prez-o price4 gxentil-a courteous4 renkont-i to meet4 invit-i to invite4 sxu-o shoe4 jxus just1 at the moment4 uz-i to use4 ,footnote3 ,the adverb jxus indicates the elapsing of the least possible time since the act or condition indicated1 or between the two acts or conditions indicated4 ,ni jxus venis1 we just came 7we came but a moment ago74 ,mi havas la saman opinion kian vi jxus diris1 ,i have the same opinion as you just gave 7said74 ,mi vidis lin jxus kiam li estis forironta1 ,i saw him just when he was about to depart4 ,jxus kiam vi venis li foriris1 just as you came he went away4 ,,la ,,invito4 ,hieraux matene mia kuzo vizitis cxe ni1 kaj invitis min al malgranda festo kiu okazos morgaux vespere4 ,tiam li festos la lastan tagon de la jaro4 ,li diris ke la gastoj sidos cxirkaux la fajrejo kaj rakontos rakontojn gxis malfrua horo4 ,mi akceptis lian gxentilan inviton1 kaj diris ke mi certe venos4 ,mia kuzo logxas en la sama urbo kie nia familio logxas1 sed en alia parto4 ,lia hejmo estas preskaux du mejlojn de la nia4 ,tamen1 ni estas bonaj kunuloj1 kaj ofte promenas kune4 ,jxus kiam li estis elironta el la pordo hieraux1 mi uzis la okazon 7opportunity7 por proponi mallongan promenon4 ,li respondis ke li gxoje promenos kun mi1 malgraux la negxa vetero4 ,tial ni formarsxis tien1 kie la stratoj estis malplej kotaj4 ,la kuzo havas dek ok jarojn1 sed mi estas preskaux tiel alta kiel li4 ,mi estas certa ke mi estas ankaux tiel forta kiel li4 ,ni parolis pri multaj interesaj aferoj1 kaj bonege nin amuzis1 gxis kiam estis necese hejmen iri4 ,la kuzo diris adiaux1 kaj iris rekte hejmen1 sed mi iris al granda butiko4 ,unue1 mi volis acxeti paron da novaj gantoj1 por anstatauxi la malnovajn gantojn kiujn mi ankoraux estis portanta1 kvankam mi acxetis ilin antaux tri monatoj4 ,due1 mi bezonis paron da novaj sxuoj4 ,mi iris en la butikon kie pendis tiaj gantoj1 kiajn mi sxatas1 kaj oni tuj venis por renkonti min1 kaj demandis ,kiajn vestojn vi volas acxeti8 ,oni montris al mi preskaux dudekon da paroj da gantoj4 ,mi elektis tre bonan paron1 kaj estis jxus acxetonta ilin1 malgraux la tro granda prezo1 kiam mi vidis alian pli belan paron4 ,tial mi acxetis cxi tiun1 kaj poste mi rigardis la sxuojn4 ,mi trovis rimarkinde bonan paron1 cxar estas centoj da sxuoj en tiu butiko4 ,mi tuj acxetis tiun paron1 kaj tiam hejmen iris4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,my friend likes to live in the city1 but his wife prefers to live in their little wooden house in the country4 #b4 ,there she can see and smell the flowers1 and can take 7fari7 long walks in the adjacent fields and forest4 #c4 ,there are often hundreds of persons in a village1 but there are thousands of persons in a city4 #d4 ,the larger a city is1 the larger and better its stores are4 #e4 ,in the second place1 one can buy better bread1 vegetables and cake in the city4 #f4 ,thirdly1 one can also find better gloves1 hats and shoes there1 and the price is often less4 #g4 ,therefore ,i make use of the opportunity when ,i go to the city1 and usually buy a pair of new gloves4 #h4 ,i am still wearing a pair of gloves which the rain spoiled4 #i4 ,notwithstanding their ugly color1 they are still thick and good4 #aj4 ,but soon ,i shall buy such a pair as 7#aej7 is hanging in the window of that store4 #aa4 ,the price is low1 and ,i need a new pair now1 for my cousin has invited me to a small party 7festo7 at his house4 #ab4 ,i accepted his invitation courteously1 and said that ,i would gladly be his guest4 #ac4 ,we are good comrades1 although he is younger than ,i am4 #ad4 ,my 7girl7 cousin1 his sister1 is older than he is1 but he is as tall as she4 #ae4 ,i was just about to send a letter to him at the minute that 7#aee7 he knocked on our door4 #af4 ,his visit will take the place of 7#aei7 my letter4 #ag4 ,just as 7just when7 he was going away1 ,i said goodbye to him1 and said that ,i would meet him in the park tomorrow4 #ah4 ,i think that we shall have a pleasant walk1 although the weather is still remarkably cold1 the same as 7#aef7 it was two or three months ago4 ,,lesson ,,xxxiv4 ,,prepositions ,,as ,,prefixes4 #afj4 ,any preposition may be used as a prefix to a verb1 provided the resulting compound is intelligible4 ,a few prepositional compounds are given below1 only verbs being shown1 although nouns1 adjectives and adverbs may be formed from these 7#aaf73 alveni to arrive4 interparoli to converse4 aldoni to add4 kontrauxdiri to contradict4 antauxdiri to predict4 kunlabori to collaborate4 cxirkauxpreni to embrace4 kunveni to assemble4 cxeesti to be present4 priskribi to describe4 dependi to hang from1 to depend4 subteni to support4 demeti to lay aside4 surmeti to put on4 depreni to subtract4 traguti to percolate4 enhavi to contain4 travidi to see through eliri to go out4 transiri to cross4 ,footnote3 ,like ,english out the preposition el often develops in composition a secondary sense of thoroughly or completely 7cf4 ,i am tired out73 eltrovi1 to find out1 to discover4 elpensi1 to think out1 to invent4 ellabori1 to work out1 to elaborate4 ellerni1 to learn thoroughly1 to master4 eluzi1 to use completely1 to wear out 7transitive74 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ebl-4 #afa4 ,the suffix -ebl- is used to form adjectives1 adverbs1 etc41 expressing the likelihood or possibility of that which is indicated by the root4 ,it may be used as a root1 to form ebla1 possible1 etc4 eltrovebla discoverable4 rompebla breakable4 legebla legible4 videbla visible4 mangxebla edible4 travidebla transparent4 ,footnote3 ,the suffix -ebl- is often equivalent to the ,english suffixes -able1 -ible1 but these suffixes have other meanings also1 as in readable1 worth reading 7leginda71 lovable1 deserving of love 7aminda71 etc4 ,,expression ,,of ,,the ,,highest ,,degree ,,possible4 #afb4 ,the adverb plej1 most 7#gd71 modified by kiel eble 7as possible71 is used to express the highest degree possible3 ,gxi estas kiel eble plej bona1 it is the best possible4 ,ni estos kiel eble plej sagxaj1 we shall be as wise as possible4 ,li uzis kiel eble plej malmulte1 he used the least possible4 ,mi skribis kiel eble plej legeble1 ,i wrote as legibly as possible4 ,,titles ,,and ,,terms ,,of ,,address4 #afc4 ,the words sinjoro1 gentleman1 sinjorino1 lady1 frauxlino1 miss1 are used like ,english ,mr41 ,mrs41 ,miss1 before proper names1 and are also used as terms of address1 without being followed by the name3 ,adiaux1 ,sinjoro4 ,adiaux1 ,sinjorino1 ,goodbye 7,sir74 ,goodbye1 ,madam4 ,frauxlino ,b----1 cxu vi konas tiun sinjoron kun ,sinjorino ,c----8 ,miss ,b----1 do you know that gentleman with ,mrs4 ,c----8 ,mi ne konas tiun frauxlinon1 ,i do not know that young lady4 ,kien vi volas iri1 ,frauxlino8 ,where do you wish to go 7,miss78 ,sinjoro ,a---- estas tre afabla1 ,mr4 ,a---- is very amiable4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,english ,doctor1 ,professor1 ,madam1 as terms of address1 and also ,german ,mein ,herr1 gnaedige ,frau1 gnaediges ,fraeulein1 ,french ,monsieur1 ,mademoiselle1 ,spanish1 ,senor1 ,senora1 ,italian ,signore1 etc4 ,,vocabulary atent-a attentive4 onkl-o uncle4 auxskult-i to listen4 san-a in good health4 babil-i to chatter4 sent-i to feel4 doktor-o doctor4 sinjor-o gentleman4 frauxl-o bachelor4 sxtup-o step 7of stairs74 gaj-a merry1 gay4 tas-o cup4 grup-o group4 vojagx-o voyage1 journey4 ,,cxe ,,la ,,festo4 ,hieraux vespere mi iris al la hejmo de mia kuzo1 kiu estis invitinta min al malgranda festo cxe li4 ,cxar mi deziris alveni kiel eble plej frue1 mi foriris de mia logxejo kiel eble plej baldaux1 malgraux la negxa vetero4 ,mi estis surmetinta paron da dikaj gantoj1 kaj mi portis dikajn sxuojn4 ,mi ankaux havis mian ombrelon1 kvankam pro la vento mi ne povis uzi tiun4 ,tuj kiam mi supreniris la sxtuparon cxe la hejmo de la kuzo1 li auxdis min1 kaj venis por malfermi la pordon kaj akcepti min4 ,bonan vesperon1 kia estas via sano8 li diris4 ,mi respondis ,mi sanas bonege1 dankon1 kaj eniris la domon kun li4 ,ni supren iris per granda sxtuparo al cxambro kie mi lasis la cxapelon1 gantojn kaj ombrelon1 tiam ni malsupren venis kaj eniris la salonon4 ,mi salutis la onklinon1 kiu afable parolis al mi1 kaj ankaux la du kuzinojn4 ,unu kuzino estis jxus priskribonta interesan libron1 kiun sxi antaux ne longe tralegis1 kiam la aliaj gastoj komencis alveni4 ,sinjoro ,b---- cxeestis1 kaj ,doktoro ,c----1 kun sia filino ,frauxlino ,mario1 kaj multe da aliaj sinjoroj kaj sinjorinoj4 ,la gastoj sidis aux staris en malgrandaj grupoj1 kaj interparolis kun videbla plezuro4 ,unu rakontis pri vojagxo1 kaj tiam oni komencis priparoli la prezojn de aferoj en aliaj landoj4 ,mi atente auxskultis kelkajn minutojn1 kaj tiam foriris al alia grupo1 kie oni gaje babilis pri estontaj 7future7 promenoj kaj festoj4 ,post unu aux du horoj1 la servistinoj alportis al ni bonan malgrandan mangxon1 kune kun tasoj da bonega kafo4 ,fine1 je malfrua horo ni gxentile dankis la familion de mia kuzo1 kaj diris adiaux4 ,tiam ni foriris hejmen1 kun sentoj da granda plezuro pro la agrabla festo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,there are dozens of edible fruits1 but the fruits of hundreds of trees are not at all 7tute ne estas7 edible4 #b4 ,the transparent cup and plate upon the table are very breakable4 #c4 ,i predict that you will break them as soon as you seize them4 #d4 ,that letter is worth reading4 #e4 ,but it is difficult to read it1 for it is not very legible4 #f4 ,it is from my uncle1 who wishes to arrive at-our-house as early as possible4 #g4 ,he is still in the city1 but soon he will be here1 and will go up the steps 7sxtuparon7 of our porch and knock on the door4 #h4 ,there are very few persons who contradict his opinions4 #i4 ,his opinions1 however1 are worthy of attention 7#aed7 and usually ,i listen courteously while he is talking4 #aj4 ,now1 however1 ,i prefer to listen to the group of ladies in the adjacent room4 #aa4 ,they are chattering gaily1 and listening to the young lady who is about to sing4 #ab4 ,madam1 do you feel the wind8 ,i notice that it is blowing the curtains which hang before that window4 #ac4 ,i will close the window1 because ,i am not very well 7sana7 today4 #ad4 ,is that gentleman across the room a bachelor8 #ae4 ,yes4 ,he is describing a voyage and the people whom he met4 ,,lesson ,,xxxv4 ,,kiom ,,as ,a ,,relative ,,adverb4 #afd4 ,the interrogative adverb kiom 7#adj7 is used as a relative adverb of quantity1 with tiom or some equivalent word or phrase for its antecedent4 ,in this use it is commonly translated as3 ,la taso enhavis tiom da kafo1 kiom mi povis trinki1 the cup contained as much coffee as ,i could drink4 ,mi havos tiom da tempo1 kiom mi bezonos1 ,i shall have as much time as ,i shall need4 ,li sendis tiom1 kiom vi volis1 he sent as much as you wished4 ,,the ,,present ,,passive ,,participle4 #afe4 ,the present passive participle 7for the present active participle see #ajh71 expressing that which is undergone by the person or thing indicated by the word modified1 ends in -ata1 as vidata1 being seen3 ,footnote3 ,the verb iri1 to go1 used to illustrate the active participles 7#ajh1 #aai1 #aeb71 cannot be used to illustrate a passive participle1 since passive participles can be made from transitive verbs 7#bb7 only4 ,la lauxdata knabo estas felicxa1 the boy being praised is happy4 ,mi sercxos la deziratan libron1 ,i shall look for the desired book4 ,la vestoj farataj por vi estas belaj1 the clothes being made for you are beautiful4 ,,fractions4 #aff4 ,fractions are formed from the cardinals by the use of the suffix -on- followed by the ending -o4 ,adjectives and adverbs may be derived from these by use of the endings -a or -e3 ,la duono de ses estas tri1 the half of six is three4 ,li estis nur duone atenta1 he was only half attentive4 ,la triona parto de ses estas du1 the third part of six is two4 ,dek unu dekduonoj1 eleven twelfths4 ,mi dudekone finis la laboron1 ,i one-twentieth finished the work4 ,,descriptive ,,compounds4 #afg4 ,a compound word whose first element modifies the second in an adjectival or adverbial relation is called a descriptive compound4 ,the final -a or -e of the first element may be omitted1 unless the resulting combination would be ambiguous or harsh-sounding4 a4 ,when the first element is adverbial 7an adverb or preposition71 the second element may be either an adverb or adjective3 multekosta1 expensive4 duonkolere1 half angrily4 nevidebla1 invisible4 nevole1 involuntarily4 rugxflava 7rugxeflava71 reddish yellow4 survoje1 on the way1 en route4 antauxhieraux1 day before yesterday4 postmorgaux1 day after tomorrow4 b4 ,an adjective may be used for the first element1 if the second is an adverb or adjective derived from a noun-root3 samtempa1 contemporaneous4 unufoje1 once1 one time4 trifoje1 thrice1 three times4 unutaga1 one day's1 of one day4 unuataga1 the first day's4 frutempe1 at an early time4 c4 ,a noun may be used for the second element1 if the resulting word has not merely unity of form1 but also unity of meaning with a slightly different sense from that expressed by the noun and adjective uncombined3 ,footnote3 ,in national languages a change of accent often accompanies such change in meaning1 as ,b,l,a,c,kberry 7not black ,b,e,rry71 ,b,l,u,ebird 7not blue ,,bird71 ,s,w,e,e,theart 7not sweet ,,heart71 ,german ,j,u,n,gfrau1 virgin 7not jung ,,frau1 young woman71 etc4 bonveno1 a welcome 7not bona veno1 a good coming74 libertempo1 a vacation1 leisure 7not libera tempo1 free time74 superjaro1 leap-year 7not super jaro1 above a year74 bondeziroj1 good wishes1 felicitations 7not bonaj deziroj1 good desires74 plimulto1 a majority 7adverb and noun combined74 ,,vocabulary hxin-o ,chinaman4 naci-o nation4 jam already4 pagx-o page4 kler-a enlightened1 learned4 pres-i to print4 komerc-o trade1 commerce4 pulv-o gunpowder4 lanc-o spear1 lance4 sxangx-i to change4 liber-a free4 te-o tea4 metod-o method1 way4 ted-a tiresome1 tedious4 ,footnote3 ,the adverb jam indicates a change from some preceding action or state to the different one expressed in the sentence1 clause or phrase containing jam4 ,it may often be translated yet1 now1 etc4 ,mi jam vidis lin1 ,i already saw 7have already seen7 him4 ,cxu vi jam trovis gxin8 ,ne1 mi ankoraux ne trovis gxin4 ,have you yet 7have you already7 found it8 ,no1 ,i have not yet 7still not7 found it4 ,li jam ne vivas1 he no longer lives 7he already is-not-alive74 ,jam ne negxas1 it is not snowing now 7already not snowing74 ,,la ,,hxinoj4 ,antaux miloj da jaroj la hxinoj estis la plej klera nacio en la mondo4 ,dum aliaj nacioj ankoraux ne konis metodojn por presi librojn1 kaj ankoraux faris ilin skribe1 la samtempaj hxinoj jam estis forlasintaj tiun multekostan kaj tedan metodon4 ,ili jam estis presantaj la pagxojn de miloj da libroj4 ,aliaj nacioj tiam estis batalantaj kiel eble plej kruele1 per sago kaj pafarko1 kaj per lanco4 ,sed ili ankoraux ne havis pafilojn1 cxar pulvo estis tute nekonata al ili4 ,tamen la hxinoj jam bone konis metodojn por fari kaj por uzi pulvon1 kaj faris tiajn amuzajn flavrugxajn fajrojn1 kiajn ni ankoraux hodiaux acxetas de ili1 por uzi je festaj tagoj4 ,sed la hxinoj ne multe sxatis la komercon1 kaj ne deziris acxeti aux lerni de aliaj nacioj4 ,ili ankoraux nun havas la samajn metodojn por presi librojn kaj por fari pulvon1 kiajn ili havis antaux mil jaroj4 ,ili malofte sxangxas siajn kutimojn4 ,tial la aliaj nacioj1 kiuj antauxe ne estis tiel kleraj1 antauxeniras pli rapide ol la hxinoj4 ,la lando de la hxinoj enhavas tiom da personoj1 kiom tri aux kvar aliaj nacioj4 ,granda parto de tiu lando estas ankoraux nekonata al okcidentaj nacioj1 kvankam plej multe da nia teo elvenas el la hxina lando4 ,oni diras ke la parolata lingvo kaj la skribata lingvo de la hxinoj estas du tre malsamaj aferoj4 ,la lingvo estas almenaux treege malfacila1 kaj post kiam oni estas longe studinta gxin1 oni tamen estas nur duone lerninta gxin4 ,mi gxojas tial ke la lingvoj studataj en la lernejoj de nia lando ne estas tiel malfacilaj kiel la hxina lingvo4 ,la latina kaj germana lingvoj estas suficxe malfacilaj1 kvankam ili estas tre interesaj kaj ankaux konataj de la kleruloj en multaj landoj4 ,la latina lingvo jam ne estas parolata lingvo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,why are the persons in that merry group laughing and chattering instead of listening to ,mr4 ,b----8 #b4 ,i think that the doctor is telling stories about a bachelor who was once a good friend of his4 #c4 ,the gentleman being talked about 7#afj1 #afe7 will visit us this evening1 possibly4 #d4 ,my aunt and cousin will come down stairs and converse with him4 #e4 ,we shall drink as many cups of tea or of coffee as we wish4 #f4 ,he will say ,how is your health1 ,madam8 ,my aunt will reply half-angrily that she is seldom ill4 #g4 ,we shall sit on the veranda1 for the sun is still shining1 although it is already setting4 #h4 ,that young lady who came with ,mrs4 ,c---- relates the best possible stories4 #i4 ,she says that the ,chinese were already an enlightened nation hundreds of years ago1 while other nations were still cruelly fighting4 #aj4 ,a method for printing the pages of books1 instead of writing them1 was a discovery of the ,chinese4 ,they printed books in their printing-shops1 a thousand years ago4 #ab4 ,they also were-acquainted-with gunpowder1 which they made and used for such fires as we use on national days of-celebration1 when we have leisure and wish to enjoy 7to amuse7 ourselves4 #ac4 ,but the ,chinese have not changed these methods4 #ad4 ,their ways of commerce1 work and pleasure are the same as they were long ago4 #ae4 ,such a nation does not progress rapidly1 even though its life is very long4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvi4 ,,the ,,present ,,passive ,,tense4 #afh4 ,the compound tense formed by combining the present passive participle with the present tense of the auxiliary verb esti expresses an act or condition as being undergone by the subject of the verb1 and is called the present passive tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estas vidata1 ,i am 7being7 seen4 vi estas vidata1 you are 7being7 seen4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estas vidata1 he 7she1 it7 is 7being7 seen4 ni estas vidataj1 we are 7being7 seen4 vi estas vidataj1 you are 7being7 seen4 ili estas vidataj1 they are 7being7 seen4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,de ,,to ,,express ,,agency4 #afi4 ,the person by whom 7or the thing by which7 an act1 indicated by a passive verb or participle1 is performed is called the agent of the passive voice1 and is expressed by a substantive preceded by de3 ,la lanco estas portata de mi1 the spear is carried by me4 ,la libroj estas jam presataj de li1 the books are already being printed by him4 ,la vojoj estas kovrataj de negxo1 the roads are being covered by snow4 ,sxi estas lauxdata de la sinjoro1 she is being praised by the gentleman4 ,,the ,,general ,,meaning ,,of ,,de4 #agj4 ,the preposition de conveys the general idea of separation from a source or starting point1 in space 7literal or figurative71 or in time 7#hi1 #aca74 ,this meaning develops into that of the source from which connection or ownership arises 7#di71 and also into that of the agency from which an act is done or a condition caused 7#afi74 ,the prepositional phrase containing de must be so placed as to avoid ambiguity in its meaning1 or must be reinforced by an adverb or other word3 ,la arbo estas malproksima de la domo1 the tree is far from the house4 ,gxi estas proksima de la gxardeno1 it is near to 7from7 the garden4 ,mi prenas la libron for de la knabo1 ,i take the book away from the boy4 ,mi prenas la libron de la knabo1 ,i take the book of the boy4 ,la afero dependas de vi1 the matter depends upon 7from7 you4 ,,word ,,derivation ,,from ,,primary ,,adverbs4 #aga4 ,adjectives1 verbs1 and nouns may be derived from primary adverbs 7#ff71 as well as from prepositions 7#abj1 #aei73 ,la nunaj metodoj1 the present methods 7methods of-now74 ,mi adiauxis lin per adiauxa saluto1 ,i bade farewell to him by a farewell salute 7see also #bgc74 ,ni faris tujan intersxangxon1 we made an immediate exchange4 ,cxu li skribis jesan aux nean respondon8 ,did he write an affirmative or a negative answer8 ,anstataux nei1 li respondis jese1 instead of denying1 he answered affirmatively4 ,la morgauxa festo estos pli agrabla ol la hierauxa1 tomorrow's 7the morrow's7 celebration will be more pleasant than that of yesterday4 ,la tiamaj personoj estis liaj samtempuloj1 the persons of-that-time were his contemporaries4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ist-4 #agb4 ,the suffix -ist- is added to roots to express the profession1 trade or occupation connected with the idea in the root3 floristo florist4 okulisto oculist4 komercisto trader1 merchant4 presisto printer4 servisto servant4 sxtelisto thief4 ,,vocabulary administr-i to manage4 mont-o mountain4 antikv-a ancient nom-o name4 ,euxrop-o ,europe4 proksim-a near4 grav-a important1 serious4 reprezent-i to represent4 ital-a ,italian4 respublik-o republic4 kvadrat-a square4 tiran-o tyrant4 ,footnote3 ,the words antikva1 maljuna1 malnova1 all of which may at times be translated old1 must not be confused in use3 ,mi havas malnovan cxapelon1 ,i have an old hat 7a hat which is not new74 ,li estas maljuna sinjoro1 he is an old 7aged7 gentleman4 ,li estas malnova amiko mia1 he is an old friend of mine 7a friend of long standing74 ,la hxinoj estis kleraj ecx en la antikva tempo1 the ,chinese were learned even in the olden time 7in ancient time74 ,la antikvaj kleruloj jam sciis tre multe1 the ancient learned 7enlightened7 men already knew a great deal4 ,la maljuna sinjoro en la malnovaj vestoj estas antikvisto1 the old gentleman with the old clothes is an antiquary4 ,,antikva ,,respubliko4 ,la plej antikva respubliko en ,euxropo kusxas en la norda parto de la bela itala lando1 inter la maro kaj la rivero1 proksime de la montoj4 ,gxia nomo estas ,san ,marino1 kaj gxi estas respubliko de antaux mil kvarcent jaroj4 ,kvankam la cxirkauxaj landoj kaj nacioj apartenis en antikva tempo al la tiamaj regxoj1 ,san ,marino jam estis libera4 ,gxiaj aferoj estas ankoraux administrataj tiel1 kiel la anoj 7#ade7 volas1 ne kiel unu aux alia regxo aux tirano deziras4 ,dufoje en la jaro la anoj elektas personojn1 kiuj administros la gravajn aferojn de la respubliko dum la sekvontaj ses monatoj4 ,kvardek ses el tiuj personoj reprezentas la anojn1 kaj unu alia estas regxo tiun duonon da jaro4 ,per tia metodo1 la anoj estas bone reprezentataj1 kaj la aferoj estas administrataj kiel eble plej sagxe4 ,la tuta respubliko enhavas nur dudek du kvadratajn mejlojn da tero4 ,en la respubliko kaj la tiea 7#aga7 urbo kiu havas la saman nomon1 ne estas tiom da personoj kiom en multaj italaj urboj4 ,tamen cxi tiu respubliko estas pli granda ol multaj antikvaj grekaj respublikoj4 ,la grekaj respublikoj estis bonekonataj1 kaj enhavis multe da kleruloj inter siaj anoj4 ,sed en la nuna tempo la grekoj havas regxon4 ,oni ne trovas tre klerajn personojn en ,san ,marino1 tamen la laboristoj estas energiaj1 kaj laboras kiel eble plej multe4 ,la rikoltistoj plej ofte havas bonajn rikoltojn1 kaj la plimulto da personoj estas treege kontenta kaj felicxa4 ,oni ne pensas pri komerco aux eksterlandaj 7#afg1 a7 aferoj kaj ne volas vojagxi malproksimen de la bone amata hejmo4 ,oni preferas gaje amuzi sin cxehejme 7#afg1 a71 en la libertempo inter la rikoltoj1 kaj la vivo tute ne sxajnas malfacila aux teda4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the serious affairs of a republic are managed by persons representing the persons who live there4 #b4 ,the inhabitants are well represented1 and as free as possible4 #c4 ,enlightened persons often prefer to live in a republic4 #d4 ,persons who have a good king are very happy1 but those who have a bad king are as unhappy as possible4 #e4 ,nowadays 7nuntempe7 there are very few tyrants4 #f4 ,the majority of the kings of ,europe are praiseworthy4 #g4 ,that nation which was most enlightened a thousand years ago was the ,chinese nation4 #h4 ,the ,chinese of-that-time already had good printers among them4 #i4 ,it is said 7#ed7 that the ,chinese drink as much tea as two or three contemporary nations4 #aj4 ,the oldest republic in ,europe is named ,san ,marino4 #aa4 ,it is near the mountains1 in the northern part of the much praised ,italian land4 #ab4 ,it contains only twenty-two square miles1 and is therefore one of the smallest republics in the world4 #ac4 ,fourteen hundred years ago it was already a republic1 and it is still that same republic4 #ad4 ,the inhabitants are energetic and patient1 and have as much to eat as they need4 #ae4 ,there are bakers and shopkeepers 7#agb7 and many laborers among them4 #af4 ,they do not think about commerce1 or greatly 7multe7 change their customs4 #ag4 ,they seldom take 7faras7 tiresome journeys1 but remain peacefully 7pace7 at home4 ,,lesson ,,xxxvii4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,pronoun4 #agc4 ,the distributive pronoun 7and pronominal adjective7 is cxiu1 each 7one71 every 7one74 ,sometimes it is equivalent to ,english any1 as in ,any one who studies can learn1 etc4 ,the plural is cxiuj1 every1 all4 ,the article is never interposed between cxiuj and the noun modified 7as in ,english all the men71 and is used only if cxiuj is pronominal and followed by el3 ,footnote3 ,the use of cxiu and cxiuj must be distinguished from that of the adjective tuta1 which means all in the sense of entire3 ,cxiuj viroj laboras la tutan tagon1 all men work all 7the whole7 day4 ,mi vidis cxiun vizagxon1 sed mi ne vidis la tutan vizagxon de cxiu viro1 ,i saw every face1 but ,i did not see all the face of each man4 ,cxiu1 kiu studos1 lernos1 every one who studies will learn4 ,mi vidis cxiun el ili1 kaj parolis al cxiu knabo1 ,i saw each of them1 and talked to every boy4 ,mi dankas vin cxiujn1 ,i thank you all 7,i thank all of you74 ,ni cxiuj estas reprezentataj1 we are all 7all of us are7 represented4 ,cxiuj el la maristoj alvenis1 all 7every one7 of the sailors arrived4 #agd4 ,the distributive pronoun has a possessive or genitive form cxies1 every-one's1 every-body's3 ,li konas cxies nomon1 he knows every-one's name4 ,cxies opinio estis diversa1 every-body's opinion was different4 ,kies vocxojn mi auxdas8 ,cxies1 whose voices do ,i hear8 ,everybody's4 ,,the ,,preposition ,,po4 #age4 ,the preposition po1 at the rate of1 at1 is used chiefly before cardinals and has a distributive sense3 ,li marsxas po kvar mejloj cxiutage1 he walks at the rate of four miles daily 7every-day74 ,mi acxetis kafon po malalta prezo1 ,i bought coffee at a low price4 ,mi acxetis viandon po kvarono da dolaro por funto1 ,i bought meat at a quarter of a dollar for 7per7 pound4 ,la cxapelisto acxetas cxapelojn pogrande1 the hatter buys hats wholesale4 ,,dependent ,,compounds4 #agf4 ,a compound word whose first element is a substantive1 dependent upon the second element in some prepositional relation1 is called a dependent compound4 7,if the two words were not united into one1 the first element would be preceded by a preposition1 or would be in the accusative case47 ,the ending -o may be omitted from the first element of a dependent compound3 ,footnote3 ,a personal pronoun serving as the first element of a dependent compound may keep the accusative ending1 to indicate its construction3 sinlauxdo1 self-praise4 sinekzameno1 self-examination4 sindefendo1 self-defence4 sinkontrauxdira1 self-contradictory4 jarcento1 century 7cento da jaroj74 mangxocxambro1 dining-room 7cxambro por mangxoj74 noktomezo1 midnight 7mezo de la nokto74 paperfaristo1 papermaker 7faristo de papero74 sunbrilo1 sunshine 7brilo de la suno74 tagmezo1 noon 7mezo de la tago74 vespermangxo1 supper 7mangxo je la vespero74 ventoflago1 weathercock 7flago por la vento74 ,,vocabulary cxies every body's 7#agd74 lag-o lake4 cxiu every-body 7#agc74 po at the rate of 7#age74 decid-i to decide4 sever-a severe4 dev-o duty4 stang-o pole4 fleks-i to bend4 svis-o ,swiss4 genu-o knee4 vend-i to sell4 intenc-i to intend4 ,vilhelm-o ,william4 jugx-i to judge4 vort-o word4 ,,la ,,cxapelo ,,sur ,,la ,,stango4 ,antaux ol ,svislando estis tiel libera kiel la nuna svisa respubliko1 gxiaj aferoj estis administrataj de personoj kiuj reprezentis aliajn naciojn4 ,ofte tiuj personoj estis kiel eble plej severaj jugxistoj al la svisoj4 ,unufoje plej kruela tirano estis administranta aferojn svisajn4 ,li elpensis rimarkindan metodon por montri sian povon 7power71 kaj por esti malagrabla al la svisoj4 ,li decidis meti sian cxapelon sur altan stangon en la vendejo 7market-place71 en malgranda vilagxo apud bela lago inter la altaj montoj4 ,li diris ke de nun tiu cxapelo reprezentas lin1 kaj portos lian nomon4 ,saluti la cxapelon estos la grava devo de cxiu persono en la vilagxo4 ,estos cxies devo ne nur saluti la cxapelon1 sed ankaux genufleksi 7kneel7 antaux la stango4 ,la tirano diris ke li forprenos la domon1 la kampojn kaj tiom da mono1 kiom li povos1 de cxiu vilagxano aux kamparano kiu forgesos genufleksi4 ,mi intencas sendi gardistojn1 li diris1 kiuj rimarkos cxu vi cxiuj genufleksos kiam vi estas proksimaj de la stango4 ,je tagmezo alvenis gardistoj1 por rimarki cxu la necesaj salutoj estos farataj de cxiuj1 kaj por kapti cxiujn svisojn kiuj ne genufleksis4 ,baldaux la kamparanoj komencis eniri la vendejon1 por vendi legomojn po kiel eble altaj prezoj1 kaj por acxeti vestojn kaj aliajn aferojn po treege plej malaltaj prezoj4 ,cxiu1 kiu iris proksimen de la stango1 zorge genufleksis antaux la cxapelo de la malamata tirano1 pro timo pri la hejmoj kaj la familioj4 ,fine1 kamparano1 kies nomo estis ,vilhelmo ,tell1 eniris la vendejon1 kaj staris du aux tri minutojn proksime de la stango1 dum li diris kelkajn vortojn al amiko4 ,sed anstataux fari tujan saluton1 aux genufleksi1 li tute ne rigardis la stangon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the day before yesterday my youngest cousin was sitting on my knee1 and ,i told him that a rainbow 7cxielarko7 is made by the sunshine and the rain4 #b4 ,my cousin goes to school every day1 after he has breakfast in the dining-room4 #c4 ,a new school is being built1 not far from the home of the judge4 #d4 ,it is my cousin's duty to study those books at the rate of ten pages a day4 #e4 ,my cousin and ,i decided last night 7#ic7 to buy new hats for ourselves4 #f4 ,we intend to go to the hatter's early tomorrow morning4 #g4 ,i think that all clothes are being sold at a low price at-the-present-time4 #h4 ,during a visit at a friend's1 ,i read an interesting book about ancient ,europe4 #i4 ,it relates that several centuries ago a severe and cruel tyrant was managing affairs in ,switzerland4 #aj4 ,once he put his hat on a pole in the market-place1 and said that it was the duty of-every-one to kneel before it4 #aa4 ,this serious affair happened in a village one or two miles square1 on 7cxe7 the lake not far from the mountains through which one goes on the way 7#afg1 a7 to the ,italian land4 #ab4 ,william ,tell did not kneel or even look at the hat representing the tyrant4 ,,lesson ,,xxxviii4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,adjective4 #agg4 ,the distributive adjective related to the distributive pronoun cxiu1 giving a comprehensive idea of the quality of some person or thing1 is cxia1 every kind of1 every sort of3 ,oni vendas cxiajn fruktojn tie1 they sell every sort of fruit there4 ,estas cxiaj personoj en la mondo1 there are all sorts of persons in the world4 ,,the ,,imperfect ,,passive ,,tense4 #agh4 ,the compound tense formed by combining the present passive participle with the past tense of the auxiliary verb esti expresses an act or condition as being undergone by the subject of the verb at some time in the past4 ,it is called the imperfect passive tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estis vidata1 ,i was 7being7 seen4 vi estis vidata1 you were 7being7 seen4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estis vidata1 he 7she1 it7 was 7being7 seen4 ni estis vidataj1 we were 7being7 seen4 vi estis vidataj1 you were 7being7 seen4 ili estis vidataj1 they were 7being7 seen4 ,,compound ,,tenses ,,of ,,impersonal ,,verbs4 #agi4 ,when impersonal verbs1 or other verbs used impersonally1 are in compound tenses1 the participial element is given the ending -e1 like other modifiers of impersonally used verbs 7#ada73 ,estis pluvante antaux unu minuto1 it was raining a minute ago4 ,estis multe negxinte1 it had snowed a great deal4 ,estis vidate ke cxiu ploras1 it was seen that every one wept4 ,,reciprocal ,,expressions4 #ahj4 ,to give a reciprocal sense1 when there are two or more subjects and the action goes from one to the other 7expressed in ,english by each other1 one another1 mutually1 reciprocally71 the phrases unu la alian1 unu al la alia1 etc41 or the adverb reciproke1 is used3 ,estas nia devo helpi unu la alian1 it is our duty to help one another4 ,ili parolas unu al la alia1 they are talking to each other4 ,la viroj reciproke uzis siajn pafilojn1 the men used each other's guns4 ,ili falis unu sur la alian1 they fell upon each other4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,uj-4 #aha4 ,the suffix -uj- may be used to form words indicating that which contains1 bears1 or is a receptacle for1 some number or quantity of that which is expressed by the root4 ,it may be used instead of -lando to form the name of a region containing any one race or tribe1 and instead of -arbo to form the names of fruit trees3 ujo a receptacle4 patrujo 7patrolando7 fatherland4 monujo purse4 sukerujo sugar-bowl4 supujo soup-tureen4 pomujo 7pomarbo7 apple-tree4 leterujo letter-case4 sagujo quiver4 ,,vocabulary ag-i to act4 mort-i to die4 ceter-a remaining4 pet-i to plead1 to request4 cxia of every kind 7#agg74 prepar-i to prepare4 fier-a proud4 pun-i to punish4 imag-i to imagine4 reciprok-a reciprocal1 mutual4 konduk-i to lead4 simil-a like1 similar4 kor-o heart4 tusx-i to touch4 ,,vilhelmo ,,tell ,,kaj ,,la ,,pomo4 ,tuj kiam la gardistoj rimarkis ke la cxapelo sur la stango ne estis salutata de ,vilhelmo ,tell1 ili kaptis lin1 kaj kondukis lin al la tirano1 por esti jugxata4 ,la tirano demandis de ,tell kial li ne genufleksis antaux la cxapelo1 simile al la aliaj vilagxanoj4 ,tell respondis fiere ke li ne sciis pri la cxiutagaj genufleksoj de la aliaj personoj4 ,li diris ke li tute ne intencis agi kontraux la deziroj de la jugxistoj4 ,sed la tirano malamis la altan fortan svison1 tial li decidis puni lin per severa puno1 kaj demandis ,kiun el viaj infanoj vi plej amas8 ,vilhelmo ,tell ne povis imagi kial la demando estas farata al li1 kaj respondis ,mi amas cxiujn el ili1 sinjoro4 ,la tirano diris ,nu1 estas rakontate inter la vilagxanoj ke vi estas rimarkinda arkpafisto 7archer74 ,ni eltrovos kia arkpafisto vi estas4 ,ni vidos cxu vi povos forpafi pomon de sur la kapo de via plej juna filo4 ,aldone 7in addition71 estos via devo forpafi la pomon per la unua sago1 alie 7otherwise7 mi punos vin kaj vian filon per tuja morto4 ,tell diris ke li estas preta por ricevi cxian alian punon1 anstataux tia puno1 sed malgraux cxies petoj la tirano estis jam elektanta pomon de apuda pomarbo4 ,li kondukis la knabon malproksimen de la ceteraj personoj1 kaj metis la pomon sur lian kapon4 ,tell kaj la filo reciproke rigardis sin1 dum la patro diris ke li ne tusxos haron de lia kapo4 ,tiam li elprenis sagon el la sagujo1 faris la necesajn preparojn1 kaj rapide pafis4 ,tuj la pomo forfalis de la kapo de la infano1 kaj cxiu havis felicxan koron4 ,dum ,tell cxirkauxprenis la filon1 la tirano demandis ,kial vi havas tiun ceteran sagon en la mano4 ,tell lauxte respondis ,por mortpafi vin1 tuj post la infano1 cxar mi treege timis pro la vivo de mia kara filo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,william ,tell had a strong flexible 7#afa7 bow4 #b4 ,he could shoot-with-a-bow 7arkpafi7 excellently1 therefore he was a well-known archer4 #c4 ,he put six or eight arrows into his quiver1 and went with his sons to the village4 #d4 ,possibly he saw the hat upon the pole1 but he did not kneel before it4 #e4 ,it was being noticed already in the village that ,tell hated the tyrant very much4 #f4 ,when the guards seized him for that act1 and led him before the tyrant1 who was also the judge1 ,tell said ,i did not know about this new duty1 and could not imagine why the hat was on the pole there4 #g4 ,the tyrant replied with 7per7 angry words1 for he hated the proud ,swiss whom every one else loved4 #h4 ,he said severely ,it is said that you are a praiseworthy archer4 #i4 ,therefore ,i was wondering whether you could shoot an apple from your son's head4 #aj4 ,now we shall see whether you can shoot off the apple1 or whether you will touch the child's head4 #aa4 ,amid the pleadings of all1 ,tell successfully shot off the apple4 #ab4 ,a similar second arrow was ready in his hand4 #ac4 ,the tyrant saw the remaining arrow1 and prepared to punish ,tell by death4 #ad4 ,but he escaped1 and the ,swiss congratulated each other heartily 7kore74 #ae4 ,after some time they followed him1 at the rate of six miles an hour4 ,,lesson ,,xxxix4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,adverb ,,of ,,place4 #ahb4 ,the distributive adverb of place1 related to the distributive pronoun cxiu1 is cxie1 everywhere4 ,the ending -n may be added to cxie to show direction of motion 7#aba73 ,oni trovas tiajn virojn cxie1 such men are found everywhere4 ,li iris cxien1 kie mi estis estinta1 he went everywhere where ,i had been4 ,mi vidas lin cxie1 kien mi iras1 ,i see him everywhere ,i go4 ,,the ,,future ,,passive ,,tense4 #ahc4 ,the compound tense formed by combining the present passive participle with the future tense of esti indicates that an act or condition will be undergone by the subject of the verb4 ,it is called the future passive tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estos vidata1 ,i shall be seen4 vi estos vidata1 you will be seen4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estos vidata1 he 7she1 it7 will be seen4 ni estos vidataj1 we shall be seen4 vi estos vidataj1 you will be seen4 ili estos vidataj1 they will be seen4 ,,possessive ,,compounds4 #ahd4 ,compound adjectives may be formed with an adjectival root for the first element1 and a noun-root for the second element4 ,such adjectives have the meaning possessed of that which is indicated in the compound4 7,similar adjectives are formed in ,english1 with -ed as the final syllable73 belbrova beautiful-browed4 longnaza long-nosed4 bonintenca good-intentioned4 kvarpieda four-footed4 dumana two-handed4 rugxhara red-haired4 ,,the ,,time ,,of ,,day4 #ahe4 ,the ordinals are used in expressing the hour of the day1 with horo expressed or understood4 ,the minutes are expressed by the cardinals4 ,in questions the adjective kioma 7from kiom1 how much7 is used3 ,kioma horo estas8 ,what hour 7what o'clock1 what time7 is it8 ,je kioma horo vi venos8 ,at what time 7what o'clock7 will you come8 ,estas la dua horo1 it is two o'clock 7it is the second hour74 ,estas la tria kaj kvin minutoj1 it is five minutes past three4 ,ni iris je la sesa kaj duono1 we went at half past six4 ,estas la oka kaj kvardek kvin 7or3 estas unu kvarono antaux la nauxa71 it is eight forty-five 7a quarter of nine74 ,,the ,,suffix -,,obl-4 #ahf4 ,the suffix -obl- is used to form multiples indicating how many fold1 as two fold1 double1 triple1 etc43 duoblo1 a double4 duobla1 double4 duoble1 doubly4 kvarobla1 quadruple4 kvindekobla1 fifty-fold4 multobla1 manifold4 ,trioble du estas ses1 three times two is six4 ,,vocabulary bilet-o ticket4 pag-i to pay4 cend-o cent4 preter beyond1 past4 cxie everywhere 7#ahb74 staci-o station4 esprim-o expression4 telefon-i to telephone4 gicxet-o wicket1 ticket-window4 vagon-o car4 horlogx-o clock4 valiz-o valise4 ,footnote3 ,the preposition preter indicates the movement of something alongside of and passing beyond something else4 ,since it does not express motion toward its complement1 it cannot be followed by the accusative4 ,,en ,,la ,,stacidomo4 ,du bonkoraj 7#ahd7 amikoj miaj logxas en la urbo ,b----4 ,ni reciproke konas nin de antaux ses jaroj4 ,mi estis duoble gxoja hieraux kiam mi ricevis leteron de ili1 cxar en tiu ili petis de mi baldauxan viziton4 ,tial mi telefonis hieraux posttagmeze al la stacidomo1 por demandi je kioma horo foriros la vagonaro 7train7 al ,b----4 ,oni respondis per la telefono ke la vagonaro foriros je la tria kaj tridek kvin4 ,tuj poste mi enmetis kelkajn vestojn en mian jam preskaux eluzitan valizon1 kaj faris cxiujn preparojn por la mallonga vojagxo4 ,je la dua horo1 tuj post la tagmangxo 7midday meal71 mi marsxis stacidomon4 ,survoje mi eniris butikon kaj acxetis paron da novaj gantoj4 ,kiam mi eniris la stacidomon1 mi kuris preter la aliaj personoj al la gicxeto kie biletoj estas vendataj4 ,mi diris al la sinjoro cxe la gicxeto ,mi deziras bileton al ,b----4 ,kiom estos necese pagi8 ,la brunokula sinjoro respondis ,tia bileto kostos dolaron dudek cendojn4 ,mi pusxis tiom da mono tra la gicxeto1 kaj tuj ricevis la bileton1 kiun la sinjoro jam havis en la mano4 ,tiam mi iris proksimen de la pordego tra kiu oni estos enlasata al la vagonaro4 ,kiom da tempo antaux la foriro de la vagonaro al ,b----8 mi demandis al la gardisto4 ,li lauxtvocxe respondis ,nur sep minutojn4 ,cxu vi ne vidas tiun horlogxon8 ,mi ne estis rimarkinta la horlogxon1 tial mi almetis la montrilojn de mia posxhorlogxo 7watch7 por montri la saman horon4 ,mi estis multe tusxata de cxiaj bonintencaj personoj kurantaj cxien preter mi1 kaj pusxantaj unu la alian4 ,fine oni malfermis la pordegon4 ,mi kaj la ceteraj personoj rapidis al la vagonaro kaj kiel eble plej baldaux eniris gxin4 ,footnote3 ,posttagmezo1 afternoon1 is a descriptive compound 7#afg1 a7 whose second element tagmezo is a dependent compound 7#agf74 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,because of the request of my friend whose brother died recently1 ,i went last 7la antauxan7 week to visit him4 #b4 ,the remaining persons of his family were not at home4 #c4 ,i telephoned to find out at what time the train would depart4 #d4 ,i was told 7#ed7 that it would leave at four twenty-seven4 #e4 ,i put enough money into my purse1 and carried along 7kunportis7 a valise into which ,i had put some clothes4 #f4 ,when ,i entered the station1 ,i hurried past the other people to the wicket1 and asked for 7petis7 a ticket to ,b----4 #g4 ,the ticket seller said ,two dollars and forty cents4 #h4 ,i could not imagine why it was necessary to pay so much1 but ,i at once pushed that much money through the window1 and received the ticket4 #i4 ,then ,i looked at my watch and went near the gate1 but the yellowhaired guard who conducts persons to the trains said ,persons who go through that gate before the train arrives will be severely punished4 #aj4 ,so all of us stood near the double gate4 #aa4 ,the trains are much like each other1 and it is better to act as the guards request1 and not express impatience4 ,,lesson ,,xl4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,temporal ,,adverb4 #ahg4 ,the distributive adverb of time1 related to the distributive pronoun cxiu1 is cxiam1 always1 at all times3 ,vi cxiam pagas tro multe1 you always pay too much4 ,mi estas cxiam preta por helpi vin1 ,i am always ready to help you4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,adverb ,,cxial4 #ahh4 ,the distributive adverb of motive or reason1 related to the pronoun cxiu1 is cxial1 for every reason1 for all reasons3 ,cxial li estas felicxa hodiaux1 for every reason he is happy today4 ,la mia cxial estas la plej bona1 mine is for all reasons the best4 ,,the ,,past ,,passive ,,participle4 #ahi4 ,the past passive participle expresses an act or condition as having been undergone by the person or thing indicated by the word modified4 ,this participle ends in -ita1 as vidita1 having been seen3 ,la prezo pagita de vi estis tro granda1 the price paid by you was too great4 ,la punita infano ploras1 the 7having-been7 punished child is crying4 ,mi acxetos bonefaritajn gantojn1 ,i shall buy well-made gloves4 ,li sercxis la forgesitan bileton1 he looked for the forgotten ticket4 ,,the ,,perfect ,,passive ,,tense4 #aij4 ,the compound tense formed by combining the past passive participle with the present tense of the verb esti expresses an act or condition which has been undergone by the subject of the verb4 ,it is called the perfect passive tense4 ,the conjugation of the verb vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estas vidita1 ,i have been seen 7,i am having-been-seen74 vi estas vidita1 you have been seen4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estas vidita1 he 7she1 it7 has been seen4 ni estas viditaj1 we have been seen4 vi estas viditaj1 you have been seen4 ili estas viditaj1 they have been seen4 ,,the ,,preposition ,,laux4 #aia4 ,in expressing that in accordance with which something is done1 takes place1 moves1 etc41 the preposition laux is used3 ,li agis laux sia opinio1 he acted in accordance with his own opinion4 ,mi faros gxin laux bona metodo1 ,i shall do it according to a good method4 ,laux kia maniero li agis8 ,in what manner did he act8 ,mi marsxis laux la strato1 ,i walked down 7or up7 the street4 ,li iris laux la rivero per tiu vojo1 he went along the river by that road4 ,nuboj nigraj kuris laux la cxielo1 black clouds raced along the sky4 ,gxi kusxas lauxlonge de la domo1 it lies lengthwise of the house4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,em-4 #aib4 ,the suffix -em- indicates a tendency or inclination toward that which is expressed in the root3 agema active4 pacema peaceful1 pacific4 mallaborema lazy4 pensema pensive1 thoughtful4 ,,vocabulary atend-i to wait 7for71 to expect4 laux according to 7#aia74 cxial for every reason 7#ahh74 manier-o manner1 way4 cxiam always 7#ahg74 mov-i to move 7transitive7 gazet-o magazine1 gazette4 okup-i to occupy4 jxurnal-o journal1 paper4 pal-a pale4 kompat-i to pity4 polic-o police4 larm-o tear4 trankvil-a calm1 tranquil4 ,,la ,,perdita ,,infano4 ,dum mi estis atendanta hieraux posttagmeze en la stacidomo1 mi subite rimarkis palan sinjorinon kun larmoj en sxiaj okuloj4 ,sxi rigardis cxien kun esprimo de nekasxebla timo1 kaj estis videble maltrankvila4 ,sxi sercxis du aux tri minutojn inter la personoj cxirkaux si1 kaj fine sxi vidis bluevestitan policanon1 kiu estis parolanta al unu el la gardistoj4 ,sxi rapide diris kelkajn vortojn al li1 kaj tuj li ankaux komencis sercxi cie4 ,mi tre kompatis la ploreman sinjorinon1 kaj kiam la policano preteriris1 mi demandis cxu mi ne povas helpi4 ,mi diris ke mi ne estos okupata 7busy7 gxis la alveno de la vagonaro4 ,li respondis ke la filo de tiu virino estas perdita1 kaj li donis al mi la sekvantan priskribon de la infano1 laux la vortoj de la patrino3 la knabo estas agema brunhara sesjarulo1 kun bluaj okuloj1 kaj li estas rugxe vestita 7dressed in red74 ,lia patrino estis jxus acxetinta sian bileton cxe la gicxeto1 kaj post kiam sxi pagis la nauxdek cendojn por gxi1 subite sxi rimarkis ke la infano ne estis kun sxi4 ,kvankam sxi jam sercxis cxie1 la filo sxajnas ankoraux netrovebla4 ,sxi multe timas pro li1 kvankam li cxiam estas bona knabo4 ,mi tuj komencis marsxi cxien inter la personoj cxirkaux mi1 kaj fine eniris malgrandan cxambron apud la horlogxo cxe la fino de la stacidomo1 kie estas vendataj tagjxurnaloj 7newspapers71 gazetoj kaj libroj4 ,tie antaux nemovebla tablo kovrita de brile koloritaj jxurnaloj staris malgranda rugxevestita knabo4 ,mi diris al li ,mia studema juna amiko1 oni ne vojagxas laux tiu metodo4 ,via patrino jam de longe atendas vin4 ,mi montros al vi kie sxi estas4 ,li venis kun mi1 kaj proksime de la pordo kie mi estis lasinta mian valizon staris la sinjorino4 ,sxi estis cxial gxoja kiam sxi vidis nin1 kaj dankeme cxirkauxprenis la infanon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 lost in the station yesterday afternoon was very uneasy about him for every reason4 #b4 ,she was pale and tearful 7plorema7 when ,i saw her1 and looked in every direction in a most impatient manner4 #c4 ,there was an expression of fear upon her face and she went as quickly as possible to a nearby policeman1 and said a few 7kelkajn7 words to him4 #d4 ,i heard the last words1 and at once said to myself ,it is now only ten minutes past two4 #e4 ,my train will leave 7foriros7 at half-past two1 so ,i have time to help4 #f4 ,i said to the blue-garbed policeman ,during the next 7sekvontajn7 twenty minutes ,i shall not be busy4 ,do you desire my help8 #g4 ,he answered ,yes1 you are very kind 7gxentila74 ,the son of that lady has been lost4 #h4 ,according to her description1 he is a yellow-haired blue-eyed five-year-old1 and apparently 7sxajne7 too restless 7movema74 #i4 ,i shall find him as soon as possible1 nevertheless ,i shall gladly accept your help4 #aj4 ,the child is dressed in white and wears a red hat4 #aa4 ,as 7cxar7 ,i am not at all lazy 7mallaborema71 ,i went along the stationary 7nemoveblaj7 tables as-far-as the end of the station1 and there ,i saw that-sort-of child1 looking at the magazines and newspapers4 #ab4 ,i led him to the lady1 who with tears in ,,lesson ,,xli4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,adverb ,,cxiel4 #aic4 ,the distributive adverb of manner1 related to the distributive pronoun cxiu1 is cxiel1 in every way1 in every manner3 ,li povas cxiel prepari gxin1 he can prepare it in every manner4 ,li estos cxiel helpata1 he will be helped in every way4 ,,the ,,distributive ,,adverb ,,cxiom4 #aid4 ,the distributive adverb of quantity1 related to the distributive pronoun cxiu1 is cxiom1 every quantity1 the whole1 all3 ,li prenis multe da sukero1 sed ne cxiom da gxi1 he took a great deal of sugar1 but not all of it4 ,li elprenis cxiom de la teo el la teujo1 he took all of the tea out of the tea caddy4 ,,the ,,pluperfect ,,passive ,,tense4 #aie4 ,the compound tense made by combining the past passive participle with the past tense of the verb esti expresses an act or condition which had been undergone by the subject of the verb at some point in past time4 ,it is called the pluperfect passive tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estis vidita1 ,i had been seen 7,i was having-been-seen74 vi estis vidita1 you had been seen4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estis vidita1 he 7she1 it7 had been seen4 ni estis viditaj1 we had been seen4 vi estis viditaj1 you had been seen4 ili estis viditaj1 they had been seen4 ,,the ,,future ,,perfect ,,passive ,,tense4 #aif4 ,the compound tense made by combining the past passive participle with the future tense of the verb esti expresses an act or condition which will have been undergone by the subject of the verb at some point in future time4 ,it is called the future perfect passive tense4 ,the conjugation of vidi in this tense is as follows3 mi estos vidita1 ,i shall have been seen 7shall be having-been-seen74 vi estos vidita1 you will have been seen4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 estos vidita1 he 7she1 it7 will have been seen4 ni estos viditaj1 we shall have been seen4 vi estos viditaj1 you will have been seen4 ili estos viditaj1 they will have been seen4 ,,the ,,expression ,,of ,,material4 #aig4 ,the material out of which something is made or constructed is expressed by use of the preposition el4 ,as in ,english1 an adjective may be used instead of the prepositional phrase unless a verb or participle lays stress upon the fact of construction3 ,la tablo estas farita el ligno1 the table is made out of wood4 ,la tablo estas ligna 7el ligno71 the table is wooden 7of wood74 ,la infanoj konstruis domon el negxo1 the children built a house of 7out of7 snow4 ,oni faras supon el asparago1 they make soup out of asparagus4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,et-4 #aih4 ,the suffix -et- indicates diminution of degree in that which is expressed by the root4 ,it is thus in contrast to the augmentative suffix -eg- 7#abb74 ,sometimes an affectionate significance is given3 beleta pretty4 libreto booklet4 dormeti to doze4 monteto hill4 floreto floweret1 floret4 rideti to smile4 lageto pond1 small lake4 vojeto path4 ,,vocabulary best-o animal4 leon-o lion4 cxiel in every way 7#aic74 lud-i to play4 cxiom the whole1 all 7#aid74 material-o material4 donac-o gift1 present4 posed-i to own1 to possess4 drap-o cloth4 pup-o doll4 hund-o dog4 rost-i to roast4 konsist-i to consist4 versx-i to pour4 ,,la ,,donaco4 ,mi volas doni beletan donacon al mia plej juna fratino morgaux1 sed ju pli mi pensas pri gxi1 des pli malfacile estas decidi pri la afero4 ,estas duoble malfacile1 cxar sxi jam posedas cxiun ludilon 7toy7 kiun oni povas imagi4 ,cxiu el sxiaj amikoj gxoje donacas 7make presents7 al tiel afabla knabino4 ,tamen mi iris hieraux matene al ludilobutiko1 kaj rigardis la ludilojn tie4 ,multaj konsistis el diversaj pupoj1 grandaj kaj malgrandaj1 kaj belege vestitaj4 ,sed mi estas certa ke la fratineto jam posedas suficxe da pupoj--tial mi ne acxetis tian ludilon1 kvankam ili estas cxiam interesaj al knabinetoj4 ,sur unu tablo kusxis cxiaj malgrandaj bestoj1 faritaj el ligno1 drapo1 kaj diversaj materialoj4 ,estis cxevaletoj1 hundetoj1 katetoj1 kaj flavaj leonetoj4 ,proksime de tiuj staris malgrandaj brile koloritaj vagonaroj1 kiujn oni povis rapide movi1 laux la maniero de grandaj vagonaroj4 ,etaj policanoj staris apude1 kaj estis cxial malfacile elekti la plej interesan el tiom da interesaj ludiloj4 ,baldaux mi rimarkis knabineton apud mi4 ,cxiel sxi tre similis al mia fratino1 kaj tial mi decidis elekti tian ludilon1 kia estos elektita plej frue de la nekonata knabineto4 ,mi atendis trankvile1 kaj ecx legis unu aux du pagxojn de miaj jxus acxetitaj gazetoj kaj tagjxurnaloj4 ,fine la beleta infano estis rigardinta preskaux cxiom de la ludiloj kiuj okupis la tablojn1 dum la kompatinda servistino lace sxin sekvis4 ,tiam la knabineto kriis ,ho1 kiel beleta pupodomo6 ,estas litoj en la dormocxambroj2 legomoj kaj rostita viando1 faritaj el papero1 kusxas sur la tablo en la mangxo-cxambro2 kaj mi vidas tie pupon1 kiu certe jxus faris la teon1 kaj estas elversxonta gxin en tiujn tasetojn6 ,tuj mi faris decidon laux la plezuro de la knabineto1 kaj baldaux la pupodomo estis acxetita por mia fratineto4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,my pale delicate 7malsanema7 little sister is always happy when she has a new toy4 #b4 ,her dolls were made out of cloth when she was a very little girl1 because otherwise she could too easily break them4 #c4 ,but yesterday my grandmother made a present of a doll 7presented a doll7 to her1 and since that moment she has been as happy as possible4 #d4 ,i have not seen tears in her eyes1 or heard a cross 7koleretan7 word4 #e4 ,this new doll is made out of cloth1 and its dress consists of very pretty material4 #f4 ,my sister decided that she likes it better than her other playthings1 and ,i think that those poor 7kompatindaj7 other dolls will soon have been forgotten4 #g4 ,the doll seems in every way more interesting than the little animals made out of cloth or wood1 which are on the table with her dolls4 #h4 ,she possesses a little dog and a little cat1 and a little lion1 and until yesterday she had a wooden pony4 #i4 ,the pony is already broken1 and has been given away to a poor 7malricxa7 child1 the daughter of our laundress 7lavistino74 #aj4 ,my sister possesses a small train of cars which she can move everywhere1 and she is very fond of 7ametas7 this toy4 #aa4 ,there are small sacks of sand in the cars1 and usually she is happy when she is pouring the sand out of one of these into another1 or putting all of the sand into a box1 by means of a small spoon4 #ab4 ,for every reason ,i am doubly glad today that she is busied in this manner 7tiamaniere74 #ac4 ,i wish to take a walk along that pleasant path toward the hill1 instead of waiting for my little sister4 #ad4 ,i must buy the meat to roast for supper1 before ,i come home from my walk4 ,,lesson ,,xlii4 ,,the ,,future ,,passive ,,participle4 #aii4 ,the future passive participle1 expressing that which will be or is about to be undergone by the person or thing indicated by the word modified1 ends in -ota1 as vidota1 about to be seen3 ,la punota infano mallauxte ploretas1 the child about to be punished whimpers softly4 ,la formovota tablo estas peza1 the table about to be moved away is heavy4 ,la domo konstruota de li estos bela1 the house going to be built by him will be beautiful4 ,,the ,,passive ,,periphrastic ,,future ,,tenses4 #bjj4 ,the compound tenses formed by combining the future passive participle with each of the three aoristic tenses of esti represent an act or condition as about to be undergone in the present1 past1 or future1 respectively4 ,these are called passive periphrastic future tenses4 ,except when great accuracy is desired1 these tenses1 like those of the active voice 7#aec7 are not often used4 ,a synopsis of vidi in the first person singular of these tenses is as follows3 ,present ,periphrastic ,future4 mi estas vidota1 ,i am about to be 7going to be7 seen4 ,past ,periphrastic ,future4 mi estis vidota1 ,i was about to be 7going to be7 seen4 ,future ,periphrastic ,future4 mi estos vidota1 ,i shall be about to be 7going to be7 seen4 ,,the ,,generic ,,article4 #bja4 ,the article is placed before nouns used in a comprehensive or universal sense1 indicating a whole class1 kind1 substance1 or abstract quality4 ,in such use it is called the generic article3 ,la pacienco estas lauxdinda1 patience is praiseworthy4 ,la vivo surtera estas nur parto de la vivo cxiama1 life on earth is merely a part of the life eternal4 ,la viro estas pli forta ol la virino1 man is stronger than woman4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 ,french ,la patience est amere1 mais son fruit est doux1 patience is bitter1 but its fruit is sweet1 ,german ,das ,leben ist kurtz1 life is short1 ,italian ,la speranza e il pan de miseri1 hope is the poor man's bread1 ,spanish ,las riquezas son bagajes de la fortuna1 riches are the baggage of fortune1 etc4 ,in ,english the generic article 7as in the life eternal above7 may often be replaced by omission of both a and the4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ec-4 #bjb4 ,the suffix -ec- is used to form words indicating the abstract quality of that which is expressed in the root1 or formation1 to which it is attached3 amikeco friendship4 fleksebleco flexibility4 ofteco frequency4 patreco fatherhood4 indeco worthiness4 patrineco motherhood4 dankemeco thankfulness4 maltrankvileco uneasiness4 ,,vocabulary bord-o bank1 shore4 pont-o bridge4 brak-o arm4 sonor-i to ring 7intrans474 fabrik-i to manufacture4 surtut-o overcoat4 krut-a steep4 sving-i to swing1 to brandish4 lan-o wool4 sxip-o ship4 mebl-o piece of furniture4 sxton-o stone4 pas-i to pass 7intrans474 vapor-o steam4 pitoresk-a picturesque4 vetur-i to travel 7in a vehicle74 ,,sur ,,la ,,vaporsxipo4 ,unu el la plezuroj de la kampara vivo konsistas el la multenombraj 7numerous7 okazoj por veturi cxien1 kien oni volas iri1 per kvietaj pitoreskaj vojoj4 ,ni havas ankoraux unu 7still one1 yet another7 okazon por plezuro en nia vilagxo1 cxar ni povas veturi per vaporsxipo sur la bela lago cxe kies bordo kusxas la vilagxo4 ,hieraux du kuzinoj venis por viziti cxe ni1 kaj tuj post la tagmangxo ni decidis promeni laux tiu pitoreska vojeto al la lago4 ,kiam ni alvenis al la lago1 ni rimarkis ke beleta vaporsxipeto estis jxus forironta4 ,tial mi acxetis tri biletojn1 kaj kiel eble plej rapide ni suriris la sxipeton4 ,la sonoriloj 7bells7 estis jam sonorintaj1 kaj tuj post kiam ni transmarsxis la ponteton1 de la tero al la planko de la sxipeto1 oni forprenis la ponteton4 ,kelkaj personoj kiuj estis ankoraux sur la tero kuris kun granda rapideco al la ponteto4 ,ili svingis la brakojn kaj la ombrelojn tre energie1 sed la sxipeto ne atendis ecx unu minuton4 ,la personoj sxajnis tre koleraj pro sia malfrueco1 kaj ankoraux pli koleraj pro la trankvila foriro de la sxipeto4 ,cxiu sur la sxipeto ridetis1 cxar la koleremo 7irascibility7 estas cxiam amuza4 ,tiam cxiu komencis sin amuzi tiel1 kiel li deziris4 ,mi estis kunportinta dikan lanan surtuton1 sed pro la varmeco de la vetero mi ne bezonis gxin1 kaj lasis gxin sur apuda segxo4 ,ni atendis kun plezuro por vidi la krutajn montetojn kiuj estos videblaj tuj kiam la sxipeto estos pasinta preter malgranda arbaro4 ,la pitoreskeco de la belaj montetoj estas difektota1 cxar grandaj fabrikejoj estas jam konstruataj cxe la montpiedoj4 ,la sxtonoj por la muroj jam kusxas pretaj apude1 kune kun grandaj stangoj kaj aliaj pecoj da ligno4 ,tie oni fabrikos tablojn1 segxojn1 kaj aliajn meblojn el zorge elektita ligno4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,it is difficult in every way to select a present for a child who already possesses enough toys4 #b4 ,in a toy-shop yesterday ,i examined the dolls made out of woolen cloth and other material1 and also looked at the various little animals4 #c4 ,there were ponies1 little dogs and little lions and camels4 #d4 ,there were also little sets of furniture 7#abf71 which consisted of tables1 sofas and chairs4 #e4 ,on the tables were small plates containing vegetables1 fruits and roast 7#ahi7 meat1 entirely made out of colored paper4 #f4 ,there were also little cups and tumblers of thin glass1 into which one could pour water or milk4 #g4 ,as 7cxar7 one dollar was all 7#aid7 of the money which ,i had in my purse1 ,i left the shop4 #h4 ,i walked along a stony picturesque path toward the lake1 swinging my overcoat on my arm1 while ,i thought over 7pripensis7 the difficulty1 and tried to decide what sort of present to choose4 #i4 ,the steamboat to ,b---- was just leaving1 so ,i went across the footbridge 7ponteto7 on to the pretty little ship1 while its bells were ringing1 and rode an hour in the open 7libera7 air4 #aj4 ,the shore which we passed is very picturesque1 but its beauty is about to be spoiled1 for a large furniture factory is going to be built between that steep hill and the lake4 #aa4 ,its proximity to the water is necessary1 for water-power 7akvoforto7 will be used4 ,,lesson ,,xliii4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,pronoun4 #bjc4 ,the indefinite pronoun 7and pronominal adjective7 iu1 any one1 a certain one1 presents the idea of some person or thing1 without definitely characterizing it3 ,mi parolas pri iu1 kiun vi konas1 ,i am talking about a certain one whom you know4 ,mi vizitis iujn el viaj amikoj1 ,i visited some of your friends4 ,mi havas kelkajn pomojn1 sed iuj ne estas bonaj1 ,i have several apples1 but certain ones are not good4 ,iuj pontoj estas bone faritaj1 some bridges are well made4 #bjd4 ,the indefinite pronoun iu has a possessive or genitive form ies1 somebody's1 someone's1 a certain one's3 ,mi tusxis ies brakon1 ,i touched someone's arm4 ,cxu ies surtuto kusxas sur la tablo8 ,is anybody's overcoat lying on the table8 ,ies ludiloj estas rompitaj1 someone's playthings are broken4 ,,participial ,,nouns4 #bje4 ,nouns may be formed from participles1 by substituting the noun ending -o for the adjectival ending -a4 ,such participial nouns indicate persons temporarily or non-professionally performing or undergoing that which is expressed by the root3 helpanto1 one who is helping1 an assistant4 elpensinto1 one who has thought out something1 an inventor4 legonto1 one who is about to read4 vidato1 one 7being7 seen4 sendito1 one 7having been7 sent1 an envoy4 la jugxoto1 the one about to be judged1 the accused4 ,footnote3 ,participial nouns must not be confused with nouns formed by the suffix -ist- 7#agb7 expressing professional or permanent occupation3 rajdanto1 a rider1 rajdisto1 jockey1 horseman1 jugxanto1 a judge 7of something71 jugxisto1 judge 7professional71 laboranto1 a person working1 laboristo1 laborer4 ,,the ,,prefix ,,ek-4 #bjf4 ,sudden or momentary action1 or the beginning of an action or state1 is indicated by the prefix ek-3 ekdormi1 to fall asleep4 ekkanti1 to burst into song4 ekiri1 to set out1 to start4 ekridi1 to burst into a laugh ekrigardi1 to glance at4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,id-4 #bjg4 ,words indicating the young of1 the child of1 the descendant of1 are formed by use of the suffix -id-3 cxevalido1 colt 7from cxevalo1 horse74 hundido1 puppy 7from hundo1 dog74 katido1 kitten 7from kato1 cat74 leonido1 a lion's whelp 7from leono1 lion74 regxidino1 a king's daughter1 a princess 7from regxo1 king74 ,,vocabulary amas-o heap1 throng4 kugl-o bullet4 dauxr-i to continue4 milit-i to fight1 to make war4 hirund-o swallow4 7bird74 ost-o bone4 hom-o human being4 renvers-i to upset1 to overturn4 humor-o temper1 humor4 sign-o sign1 mark4 ies some one's 7#bjd74 tend-o tent4 iu some one 7#bjc74 tru-o hole4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the difference between viro1 man 7in contrast to virino1 woman71 and homo1 man in the generic sense1 including both men and women4 ,,la ,,nesto ,,sur ,,la ,,tendo4 ,unufoje iu regxo estis farinta militon kontraux la homoj de lando cxe la bordo de pitoreska rivero4 ,la soldatoj ne venis tien per vaporsxipoj1 sed estis konstruintaj ponton trans la rivero1 por la veturiloj 7vehicles74 ,estis necese resti kelkan tempon apud urbo kiun la regxo volis ekataki1 kaj li havis grandan tendaron 7encampment7 antaux tiu urbo4 ,unu tagon en la dauxro 7course7 de la milito1 iuj el la soldatoj pasis preter la tendo de la regxo1 laux la sxtona vojeto laux kiu ili cxiutage marsxis por gardi la tendaron4 ,unu el cxi tiuj ekrimarkis ke hirundo estas konstruinta sian neston sur la regxa tendo4 ,sur la nesto1 kiu estis bone konstruita el koto1 sidis trankvile la hirundo4 ,dum la soldatoj svingis la brakojn kaj ekridis unu post la alia1 pri la kuragxa birdo1 la regxo auxdis ies vocxon4 ,li elvenis el sia tendo por eltrovi kial la parolantoj faras tiom da bruo1 kaj kial ili tiel ekkriis kaj ekridis4 ,kiam la viroj montris al li la birdon1 li diris kun bonhumora rideto1 ,tiu hirundo estos mia gasto4 ,cxiuj el la militistoj certe zorgos de nun pri la hirundo kaj la hirundidoj4 ,tial la nesto restis netusxata en la dauxro de cxiu batalo4 ,kelkaj kugloj pasis preter gxi1 sed la trankvileco de la birdo dauxris same kiel antauxe4 ,fine la regxo venkis1 per kruelega batalo4 ,tuj la venkintoj forportis la tendojn1 kune kun multaj militkaptitoj 7prisoners of war74 ,nur la tendon de la regxo oni lasis tie1 cxar la regxo diris ke gxi nun apartenas al la hirundo4 ,gxi jam estis malnova kaj eluzita1 tra kiu la pluvo eniris per multe da truoj4 ,sed gxi ankoraux staris1 gxis iu tago somera kiam la hirundidoj povis jam bone flugi4 ,tiam la vento subite renversis gxin1 kaj gxi ekfalis1 kaj kusxis1 amaso da cxifonoj1 inter multe da kugloj1 homaj ostoj1 kaj la ceteraj malgajaj postsignoj 7traces7 de ies venko sur la batalejo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,there is a pretty story about a swallow which built its nest for its young 7idoj7 on the king's tent4 #b4 ,the soldiers who were walking along the steep path past the tent glanced at it1 and caught sight of 7#bjf7 the bird4 #c4 ,some of them burst into a laugh1 and gestured 7svingis la brakon7 toward the bird1 to point it out to their comrades4 #d4 ,the good-humored king put on a thick woolen overcoat1 and came out of his tent1 to inquire why his soldiers were conversing so noisily there4 #e4 ,the tent was an expensive one1 and contained handsome furniture1 as well as 7kaj ankau7 a bell which always rang as soon as 7tuj kiam7 one touched it4 #f4 ,the king immediately noticed the swallow's nest1 and said with an amiable smile ,surely such a courageous bird is a worthy 7#aed7 guest for a king4 #g4 ,the warriors 7#agb7 cared for the swallow as much as possible during the course of the war4 #h4 ,when the victors departed1 they left that tent there4 #i4 ,finally the wind upset it1 and it fell to the ground4 #aj4 ,the young swallows already could fly1 by 7je7 that time4 #aa4 ,the battleground is covered with bullets1 piles of human bones1 and similar melancholy signs of war4 #ab4 ,war 7#bja7 is wicked and shameful 7#aed74 #ac4 ,why do kings and princes wish to make war upon each other 7#ahj78 #ad4 ,when their sons have gone away to 7make7 war1 the mothers of the soldiers are very uneasy4 #ae4 ,perhaps those sons will be prisoners of war4 ,,lesson ,,xliv4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,adjective4 #bjh4 ,the indefinite adjective1 related to the indefinite pronoun iu1 is ia1 of any kind1 some kind of1 a certain kind of1 expressing indefinitely the quality of a person or thing3 ,estas ia birdo sur tiu arbo1 there is a bird of some sort on that tree4 ,mi vidis iajn ostojn sur la tero1 ,i saw some kind of bones on the ground4 ,estas ia homo en tiu tendo1 there is some sort of human being in that tent4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,adverb ,,of ,,place4 #bji4 ,the indefinite adverb of place1 related to the indefinite pronoun iu1 is ie1 anywhere1 somewhere1 in 7at7 a certain place4 ,if the verb in the sentence expresses motion toward the place indicated by ie1 the ending -n is added 7#aba73 ,ie en tiu arbaro estas leono1 somewhere in that forest is a lion4 ,ie malantaux la soldatoj vi trovos amason da kugloj1 somewhere behind the soldiers you will find a heap of bullets4 ,la hirundo flugis ien1 the swallow flew somewhere 7in some direction74 ,mi iros ien1 sed mi ankoraux ne scias kien1 ,i am going somewhere1 but ,i do not yet know where4 ,,predicate ,,nominatives4 #baj4 ,an adjective may stand in predicate relation to the direct object of a transitive verb1 as well as to the subject of an intransitive verb 7#ai74 ,such a predicate adjective1 agreeing in number 7#ba7 with the object of the verb1 but remaining in the nominative case1 indicates the result produced by the verb upon the object1 or the condition1 quality or temporary state in which this object is found3 ,li faris la mondon felicxa1 he made the world happy 7made-happy the world74 ,mi lasis la knabon trankvila1 ,i left the boy calm 7undisturbed74 ,mi trovis la truon jam farita1 ,i found the hole already made4 ,mi lasis ilin bone punitaj1 ,i left them well punished4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the difference between the examples given and sentences with the same words in an attributive 7#ac7 use3 ,dio faris la mondon felicxan1 ,god made the happy world4 ,mi lasis la knabon trankvilan1 ,i left the calm boy4 ,mi trovis la jam faritan truon1 ,i found the already made hole4 ,mi lasis ilin bone punitajn1 ,i left those who had been well punished4 #baa4 ,a noun may be used similarly in predicate relation after a transitive verb1 as well as after an intransitive verb 7#bj73 ,sxi nomis sian filinon ,mario1 she named her daughter ,mary4 ,oni elektis tiun reprezentanto1 they elected that one representative4 ,mi vidos lin venkinto1 ,i shall see him a conqueror4 ,mi trovis lin sxtelisto1 ,i found him a thief4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the examples given and the following sentences using the same words in apposition 7#dh7 or attributive relation 7#ac73 ,sxi nomis sian filinon ,marion1 she named 7mentioned7 her daughter ,mary4 ,oni elektis tiun reprezentanton1 they elected that representative4 ,,vocabulary anonc-i to announce4 pasxt-i to feed 7flocks1 etc474 ia some kind of 7#bjh74 plend-i to complain4 ie somewhere 7#bji74 proces-o legal process4 just-a upright1 just4 rajt-o right1 privilege4 klar-a distinct1 clear4 ripar-i to mend1 to repair4 kresk-i to grow4 sufer-i to suffer4 oportun-a convenient4 sxnur-o string4 ,,la ,,cxevalo ,,kaj ,,la ,,sonorilo4 ,unufoje en malgranda urbeto 7town7 en ,italujo1 la regxo1 kiun oni estis nominta ,johano1 metis grandan sonorilon en la vendejon4 ,li anoncis ke cxiu plendanto pri maljusteco havos la rajton alvoki 7to summon7 jugxiston per tiu sonorilo4 ,tiam la jugxisto faros proceson en la jugxejo pro tiaj plendantoj4 ,oni multe uzis la sonorilon1 laux la anonco de la regxo1 kaj multe da plendantoj ricevis justecon4 ,sammaniere1 granda nombro da maljustuloj estis punata per gxia helpo4 ,kiam okazis ke iu homo montris sin maljusta al alia1 cxi tiu anoncis la aferon per la oportuna sonorilo4 ,kiam iu faris la edzinon malfelicxa1 la sonorilo tuj sonoris por anonci sxiajn suferojn1 kaj por alvoki la jugxiston4 ,fine1 oni tiom uzis la sonorilon justecan1 ke la sxnurego 7rope7 estis tute eluzita1 kaj gxia lasta uzinto okaze forrompis gxin4 ,sed iu preterpasinto vidis la duonon de la sxnurego kusxanta sur la tero1 kaj riparis gxin per kelkaj brancxetoj de apuda arbo4 ,li pensis en si ,iu plendonto nun trovos gxin preta por esti uzata4 ,rimarkinde1 la brancxetoj ne velkis1 sed restis verdaj1 kaj kreskis kiel antauxe4 ,en la sama urbo logxis ricxulo kiu estis forvendinta preskaux cxiom de siaj domoj1 cxevaloj1 cxevaletoj1 cxevalidoj1 hundoj kaj multekostaj vestoj1 cxar en sia maljuneco li amis nur la monon1 kaj tiun li amegis4 ,li ankoraux posedis nur unu maljunan cxevalon1 kaj fine li forsendis ecx tiun1 por sin pasxti laux la vojo4 ,en la dauxro de la tago1 la cxevalo ekrimarkis la brancxetojn kreskantajn sur la sxnurego de la sonorilo4 ,tuj gxi kaptis la brancxetojn1 por mangxi ilin1 kaj tuj la jugxisto auxdis la sonorilon klare sonoranta4 ,li rapidis al la vendejo1 kaj lauxte ekridis kiam li vidis ies cxevalon tie4 ,li decidis puni la ricxulon cxar tiu cxi ne donis suficxe por mangxi al la maljuna militcxevalo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the horse caught sight of the twigs with which a passer-by had mended the bellrope4 #b4 ,because it wished to eat the green leaves1 it seized the rope1 and the bell immediately rang loudly and clearly4 #c4 ,the horse almost upset the poles which supported 7#afj7 the roof over the bell of-justice4 #d4 ,any one 7#agc7 had the right to use this bell1 to announce any kind of injustice4 #e4 ,the judge burst into a laugh as soon as he saw that sort of plaintiff standing there4 #f4 ,more often he saw human beings as plaintiffs1 instead of animals4 #g4 ,when a laborer showed himself unkind to his wife and children1 they could announce their sufferings by means of the convenient bell4 #h4 ,people called it the bell of justice4 #i4 ,according to everyone's opinion1 it is the duty of a just judge to punish evildoers and unjust persons4 #aj4 ,he decided that he would institute proceedings 7faros proceson7 against the owner 7#bje7 of the horse4 #aa4 ,the man had driven away the horse1 and it was grazing 7sin pasxtanta7 along the road4 #ab4 ,it was some one's duty to give some sort of home to his horse4 #ac4 ,the judge said1 ,i will find out whose horse that poor beast is1 and will put a mark opposite the name of that man4 ,i will not leave him alone 7trankvila71 but will show myself very severe4 ,,lesson ,,xlv4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,temporal ,,adverb4 #bab4 ,the indefinite temporal adverb1 related to the indefinite pronoun iu1 is iam1 sometime1 any time1 ever1 once upon a time3 ,iam mi rakontos la aferon al vi1 sometime ,i will tell you the affair4 ,regxo iam logxis tie1 a king once 7upon a time7 dwelt there4 ,cxu vi iam faris proceson kontraux li8 ,did you ever go to law against him8 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,adverb ,,ial4 #bac4 ,the indefinite adverb of motive or reason1 related to the indefinite pronoun iu1 is ial1 for any reason1 for some reason1 for certain reasons3 ,ial li ne riparis la tendon1 for some reason he did not repair the tent4 ,cxu vi opinias ke ial li maljuste suferas8 ,do you think that for any reason he is suffering unjustly8 ,,causative ,,verbs4 #bad4 ,the suffix -ig- is used to form verbs indicating the causing1 rendering or bringing about of that which is expressed in the root or formation to which it is attached4 ,verbs containing the suffix -ig- are called causative verbs and are always transitive 7#bb74 a4 ,causative verbs from adjectival roots indicate that the quality or condition expressed in the root is produced in the object of the verb3 dolcxigi1 to sweeten1 to assuage 7from dolcxa1 sweet74 moligi1 to soften 7from mola1 soft74 plilongigi1 to lengthen1 to make longer 7from pli longa1 longer74 faciligi1 to facilitate 7from facila1 easy74 beligi1 to beautify 7from bela1 beautiful74 ,footnote3 ,the meaning often resembles that of the predicate nominative 7#baj71 as3 ,li faris la mondon gxoja1 he made the world glad4 ,li gxojigis la mondon1 he gladdened the world4 b4 ,causative verbs from verbal roots indicate that the action expressed in the root is made to take place3 dormigi1 to put to sleep 7from dormi1 to sleep74 konigi1 to make acquainted with 7from koni1 to know74 mirigi1 to astonish 7from miri1 to wonder74 mortigi1 to kill 7from morti1 to die74 c4 ,causative verbs may be formed from noun-roots1 prepositions1 adverbs1 prefixes and suffixes whose meaning permits3 amasigi1 to amass1 to heap up 7from amaso1 pile74 kunigi1 to unite1 to bring together 7from kun1 with74 forigi1 to do away with 7from for1 away74 ebligi1 to render possible 7-ebl-1 #afa74 ,,emphasis ,,by ,,means ,,of ,,ja4 #bae4 ,the emphatic form of the verb1 expressed in ,english by do1 did1 as in ,i do study1 ,i did find it1 ,do tell me1 and by adverbs such as certainly1 indeed1 etc41 is expressed in ,esperanto by placing the adverb ja1 indeed1 before the verb3 ,vi ja mirigas min6 ,you do astonish me6 ,li ja estas justa jugxisto1 he is indeed an upright judge4 ,li ja havis tiun rajton1 he did have that right4 ,,vocabulary akompan-i to accompany4 indiferent-a indifferent4 dangxer-o danger4 ja indeed 7#bae74 gvid-i to guide4 kred-i to believe4 ial for some reason 7#bac74 salt-i to leap1 to jump4 iam sometimes 7#bab74 tir-i to draw1 to pull4 ,cf4 the difference in meaning and use between esti indiferenta1 to be indifferent1 and ne esti zorga1 not to be careful1 both of which may be translated not to care for3 ,li estas indiferenta al la libro1 he does not care about 7is indifferent to7 the book4 ,li ne zorgas pri la libro1 he does not care for 7take care of7 the book4 ,estas indiferente al mi cxu li venos1 aux ne1 ,i do not care whether he is coming or not4 ,,cxe ,,la ,,malnova ,,ponto4 ,iam logxis en nia urbeto junulo kiu havis afablan pli junan fratinon4 ,unu tagon en la dauxro de la bela printempa vetero la junulo invitis la fratinon veturi ien en veturilo tirata de du cxevaloj4 ,la invito gxojigis la knabinon1 kaj sxi respondis ke sxi kun plezuro akompanos la fraton4 ,tuj sxi pretigis sin por iri1 kaj ili ekveturis4 ,ili pasis preter pitoreskaj kampoj kaj arbaretoj1 kaj fine alvenis al ponto trans la rivero4 ,ili kredis gxin malnova kaj ne tre forta1 kaj ial la junulino estis treege timigita 7frightened74 ,ho1 kara frato1 sxi ekkriis1 kun eksalteto pro timo1 tiu ponto ja estas dangxera6 ,mi deziras marsxi trans gxin1 cxar iam la pezeco de unu persono estos tiom tro multe por veturilo sur malforta ponto6 ,sed la timemaj petoj de lia fratino sxajne kolerigis la junulon1 kaj li respondis malafable1 ,nu1 vi ja mirigas min6 ,vi montras vin tre malsagxa1 cxar la konstruintoj de tiu ponto certe faris gxin suficxe forta por tia veturilo kia la nia4 ,ne estos necese eksalti de gxi1 kaj piede transiri la ponton4 ,tiamaniere li penis trankviligi la kompatindan knabinon1 sed tiaj vortoj nur silentigis sxin1 kaj sxi komencis mallauxte ploreti4 ,tamen la frato montris sin indiferenta al sxiaj timemaj sentoj1 kaj tute malatentis sxiajn larmojn4 ,li gvidis la cxevalojn rekte trans la ponton1 dum la fratino atendis la bruegon de rompigita ligno1 kaj imagis ke sxi estas tuj mortigota4 ,tamen1 la ponto estis tiel forta kiel la junulo estis klariginta1 kaj tute ne estis dangxera4 ,sed pro la malafableco de la frato al la fratino1 ili tute ne agrable pasigis la ceterajn horojn de la posttagmezo1 malgraux la beleco de la vetero kaj de la kamparo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,somewhere in that same town1 there lived another youth1 who also had an amiable sister4 #b4 ,one convenient day1 she accompanied him for a ride in a vehicle drawn by a fast horse4 #c4 ,when they reached 7alvenis al7 the bridge1 this girl also was frightened for some reason1 the same as the girl in the other story4 #d4 ,she said ,i do not intend to complain1 but the carriage will certainly be too heavy while we are in it4 ,i am afraid that that bridge is dangerous1 so ,i will jump out and walk4 ,i will also pick 7kolektos7 some sort of flowers1 among the flowers growing there1 near where someone's horses are grazing4 ,i will not delay 7atendigi7 you long4 ,he replied1 ,that bridge is entirely safe 7nedangxera7 but instead of explaining 7making-clear7 to you about it1 ,i will lead the horse across the bridge1 while you walk across1 for ,i am not indifferent to your fear4 ,then he helped his sister get out 7eliri7 of the carriage1 and guided the horse across4 ,then he said with a pleasant smile1 ,it was not necessary to cross on foot4 ,she replied1 ,no1 but you showed yourself a courteous brother1 and were very patient4 ,then they rode on 7antauxen71 and talked to each other very amiably4 ,,lesson ,,xlvi4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,adverb ,,iel4 #baf4 ,the indefinite adverb of manner1 related to the indefinite pronoun iu1 is iel1 somehow1 in any way1 in some 7any7 manner3 ,mi penis vin iel gvidi tien1 ,i tried somehow to guide you thither4 ,iel ni anoncos la decidon1 we shall announce the decision in some way4 ,,the ,,indefinite ,,adverb ,,iom4 #bag4 ,the indefinite adverb of quantity1 related to the indefinite pronoun iu1 is iom1 some1 any quantity1 a certain amount3 ,cxu vi havas iom da tempo8 ,have you some time8 ,sxi varmigos iom da akvo1 she will heat some water4 ,tiu metodo estas iomete dangxera1 that way is a little dangerous 7#aih74 ,la sxnuro estas iom tro longa1 the string is somewhat too long4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ad-4 #bah4 ,the suffix -ad- is used to form words indicating that the action expressed in the root is continuous1 habitual or repeated4 a4 ,verbs formed with the suffix -ad- are called frequentative verbs1 and may often be translated by the root meaning1 preceded by keep 7on71 used to1 etc43 frapadi1 to keep knocking1 to knock repeatedly4 rigardadi1 to keep on looking1 to gaze4 vizitadi1 to keep visiting1 visit repeatedly1 frequent1 haunt4 ,antaux du jaroj sxi tre dolcxe kantadis1 two years ago she used to sing very sweetly4 b4 ,nouns formed with the suffix -ad- are often equivalent to ,english verbal nouns ending in -ing1 and 7with the generic article1 #bja7 may replace the infinitive as subject 7#acj7 and sometimes as object 7#bi73 kriado1 crying1 shouting 7from krio1 cry1 shout74 movado1 motion1 movement in general 7from movo1 a movement74 pafado1 shooting1 fusillade 7from pafo1 a shot74 parolado1 a speech1 address 7from parolo1 a word spoken74 pensado1 thought1 contemplation 7from penso1 a thought74 ,la promenado donas plezuron1 the taking of walks gives pleasure4 ,mi preferas la legadon de tiaj libroj1 ,i prefer the reading of 7to read7 such books4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,mem4 #bai4 ,the invariable pronoun mem1 self1 selves1 is intensive1 and lays stress upon the substantive which immediately precedes it1 or which it obviously modifies4 7,the combination of mem with personal pronouns must not be confused with reflexive pronouns1 #ci1 #dj73 ,mi mem akompanos vin1 ,i myself shall accompany you4 ,la gvidisto mem perdis la vojon1 the guide himself lost the way4 ,mi kredos al la viro mem1 ,i shall give credence to the man himself4 ,la viroj mem defendis sin1 the men themselves defended themselves4 ,gxi pendas sur la muro mem1 it hangs on the very wall 7the wall itself74 ,sxi venis mem por vidi vin1 she came herself to see you4 ,mi ekvidis la sxteliston mem1 ,i caught a glimpse of the thief himself4 ,,vocabulary ,arhximed-o ,archimedes4 jxet-i to throw1 to cast4 ban-i to bathe 7trans474 kompren-i to understand4 fals-i to debase1 to forge4 kron-o crown4 ,hieron-o ,hiero4 lev-i to lift1 to raise4 honest-a honest4 lok-o place4 ide-o idea4 mem self1 selves 7#bai74 iel somehow 7#baf74 or-o gold4 iom some 7#bag74 ,sikeli-o ,sicily4 ,,arhximedo ,,kaj ,,la ,,kronoj4 ,iam bonekonata regxo1 nomita ,hierono1 vivadis en granda urbo en ,sikelio1 kiu estas sudokcidenta de ,italujo4 ,li suspektis ke iam la kronfaristoj1 kiuj fabrikadis kronojn por li1 ne uzis cxiom de la oro donita al ili de la regxo1 sed falsadis gxin per la uzado de iu alia materialo4 ,tamen1 ,hierono ne povis per si mem eltrovi cxu oni falsadas la oron4 ,tial li venigis grekan klerulon1 kies nomo estis ,arhximedo1 kaj rakontis al li sian timon pri la falsita oro4 ,arhximedo certigis lin ke iel li ja eltrovos pri la falsado1 kaj helpos la regxon kontraux la falsintoj1 kiuj estis tiel indiferentaj al la honesteco4 ,cxiutage li multe pensadis pri la afero1 sed ju pli longe li pensadis1 des malpli sukcesaj estis liaj penoj1 gxis iu tago1 kiam li okaze faris interesan eltrovon4 ,li estis jxus baninta sin1 kaj subite ekrimarkis ke dum li mem restis en la akvo1 ial sxajnis esti iomete pli multe da akvo en la banujo ol antauxe4 ,tuj li komprenis ke lia korpo estas forpusxinta iom de la akvo el gxia loko4 ,li komprenis ke tiom da akvo estas elpusxita1 kiom antauxe estis en tiu loko kie li mem estas4 ,tia levado de la akvo per lia korpo donis al li sagxan ideon1 kaj li prenis en la mano du aux tri orajn kronojn4 ,li jxetis ilin unu post la alia en la banujon1 kaj zorge rimarkis al kiu alteco cxiu el ili levis la akvon4 ,tiam li eltiris ilin1 kaj enmetis la kronon pri kiu ,hierono estis plej suspektema4 ,li rimarkis ke cxi tiu ne tiel alten levis la akvon1 tial li estis certa ke la oro en gxi estas multe falsita4 ,oni diras ke kiam li eltrovis cxi tiun metodon por montri la falsadon de la malhonestaj kronfaristoj1 li eksaltetis pro gxojo kaj ekkriis euxreka1 kiu estas la greka vorto por mi estas trovinta4 ,tiun saman vorton oni ankoraux nun uzadas en la angla lingvo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,several centuries ago1 a rich and powerful 7multepova7 king1 named ,hiero1 lived in ,sicily4 #b4 ,sometimes he was suspicious about the crown-makers who wrought 7faris7 crowns for him1 out of the gold which he himself gave them4 #c4 ,he wondered whether these men were honest4 #d4 ,he suspected that perhaps 7eble7 they did not use all of the gold which was given them1 but kept some of it for themselves4 #e4 ,he could not of himself 7per si mem7 discover whether they were debasing the gold in his crowns1 so he summoned a wise man from 7el7 ,greece4 #f4 ,to this well-informed man1 whose name was ,archimedes1 he made clear his fears4 #g4 ,archimedes assured the king that he would find out somehow about the matter4 #h4 ,he meditated several hours every day1 and tried to discover a satisfactory 7kontentiga7 method1 but for some reason he did not succeed4 #i4 ,one day1 however1 when he was bathing 7himself71 he noticed that there seemed to be a little more water in the bathtub when he himself was in it1 than before4 #aj4 ,the rising of the water gave him an idea4 #aa4 ,he threw the crowns one after another into the water1 and noticed how much water each displaced4 #ab4 ,in this manner 7tiamaniere7 he understood how much each had been alloyed by the local 7lokaj7 crown-makers1 whom ,hiero soon threw into prison 7la malliberejon74 ,,lesson ,,xlvii4 ,,the ,,negative ,,pronoun4 #bbj4 ,the negative pronoun 7and pronominal adjective7 is neniu1 no one1 nobody1 no 7formed of ne and iu1 with a medial n inserted for the sake of euphony73 ,neniu el vi komprenas min1 no one of you understands me4 ,mi trovis neniun preta por iri1 ,i found nobody ready to go4 ,li havis neniun honestan serviston1 he had no honest servant4 #bba4 ,the negative pronoun neniu has a possessive or genitive form1 nenies1 nobody's1 no one's3 ,cxies afero estas nenies afero1 everybody's affair is nobody's affair4 ,li lauxdos nenies ideojn1 he will praise no one's ideas4 ,,the ,,adverbial ,,participle4 #bbb4 ,a participle may be equivalent not only to a clause describing or determining the substantive modified1 as in la parolanta viro1 the man who-is-talking1 la sendota knabo1 the boy who-will-be-sent1 but also to an adverbial clause4 ,footnote3 ,an adverbial clause modifies a verb1 as in dum vi atendis1 li foriris1 while you waited1 he went away2 cxar mi gxojis1 mi ridis1 because ,i was happy1 ,i laughed4 ,such a participle has for its subject the subject of the verb in the sentence 7though not in attributive or predicate relation with it71 and indicates some relation of time1 cause1 manner1 situation1 etc41 between the action of the participle and that of the main verb in the sentence4 ,an adverbial participle is given the ending -e3 ,gxojante1 mi ridis1 rejoicing1 ,i laughed4 ,forironte1 ni adiauxis lin1 being about to depart1 we bade him farewell4 ,baninte la infaneton1 sxi dormigis gxin1 after bathing 7having bathed7 the baby1 she put it to sleep4 ,estante ruzaj1 ili falsis la oron1 being sly1 they debased the gold4 ,tiel helpate de vi1 mi sukcesos1 thus helped by you1 ,i shall succeed4 ,silentigite de li1 ili ne plendis1 7having been7 silenced by him1 they did not complain4 ,punote1 li ekkriis1 being about to be punished1 he gave a cry4 ,ne parolinte1 li foriris1 without speaking 7not having spoken71 he left4 ,li venis1 ne vokite1 he came without being 7came not-having-been7 called4 ,footnote3 ,the adverbial participle must not be used in rendering the ,english nominative absolute construction of a participial clause referring to something else than the subject4 ,in such a sentence a clause must be used3 ,the youth being young1 everyone watched him1 cxar la junulo estis juna1 cxiu rigardadis lin2 the work being finished1 he went away1 kiam la lahoro estis finita1 li foriris4 ,,the ,,prefix ,,re-4 #bbc4 ,the prefix re- indicates the repetition of an action or state1 or the return of a person or thing to its original place or state4 7,cf4 ,english prefix re-2 meaning either again or back47 rekapti to recapture4 rebrili to shine back1 to reflect4 renovigi to renew4 reteni to hold back1 to retain4 rekoni to recognize4 reveni to come back1 to return4 gxis la revido au revoir4 reiri to go back1 to return4 ree again1 anew4 rejxeti to throw back1 to reject4 ,,vocabulary brul-i to be in flames1 to burn4 masxin-o machine4 cilindr-o cylinder4 nenies nobody's 7#bba74 detru-i to destroy4 neniu no one 7#bbj74 fam-a famous4 problem-o problem4 filozof-o philosopher4 ,sirakuz-o ,syracuse4 fizik-o physics4 spegul-o mirror4 insul-o island4 sxrauxb-o screw4 ,,la ,,filozofo ,,arhximedo4 ,eble neniu greka klerulo estis pli fama ol la filozofo ,arhximedo4 ,longe studadinte la problemojn de la geometrio kaj de la fiziko1 li faris multe da eltrovoj4 ,li tiel multe komprenis pri la uzado de la levilo 7lever7 ke oni rakontas la sekvantan rakonteton pri li3 ,li diris al la regxo ,hierono ,kiam oni donos al mi lokon sur kiu mi povos stari1 mi mem ekmovos la mondon per mia levilo6 ,zorge ekzameninte la ecojn 7#bjb7 de la sxrauxbo kaj de la cilindro1 li elpensis diversajn masxinojn en kiuj sxrauxboj kaj cilindroj estas iamaniere kunigitaj4 ,uzante unu el tiuj masxinoj1 oni povis facile pusxi al la akvo la sxipojn 7necese konstruitajn sur la tero72 kiujn antauxe la viroj mem enpusxis en la akvon1 kun multe da laboro1 aux tiris tien per cxevaloj4 ,uzante alian masxinon elpensitan de tiu greko1 oni povis levi akvon de unu loko al alia4 ,ankoraux nun oni nomas tian masxinon la sxrauxbo de ,arhximedo4 ,en la dauxro de granda militado kontraux la urbo ,sirakuzo1 sur la insulo ,sikelio1 ,arhximedo elpensis diversajn masxinojn por helpi la ,sirakuzanojn4 ,vidinte ke la sunlumo rebrilas de spegulo1 li faris el speguloj masxinon per kiu li ekbruligis 7set on fire7 la sxipojn de la malamikoj4 ,cxi tiuj1 ne komprenante kiamaniere99 la sxipoj ekbrulis1 estis multe timigitaj4 ,sed ecx helpite de ,arhximedo la ,sirakuzanoj ne venkis4 ,post iom da tempo1 la malamikoj kaptis kaj tute detruis la urbon ,sirakuzon4 ,nenies domo restis netusxita1 kaj centoj da personoj estis mortigataj4 ,oni ne scias per kia morto ,arhximedo mortis1 sed eble la malamikoj1 iel rekoninte la elpensinton de la spegulmasxino1 jxetis lin en la maron aux alimaniere lin mortigis4 ,footnote3 ,the use of kiamaniere 7in what manner1 how7 is preferable to that of kiel in indirect questions1 as the latter might be confused with the use of kiel1 meaning as 7#aef74 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the ,greek philosopher ,archimedes was not only famous long ago1 among his contemporaries 7#afg1 b1 #acb71 but even today his name is well known everywhere4 #b4 ,no one's knowledge about the problems of geometry and physics was greater4 #c4 ,no one understood better the properties of the cylinder and the screw4 #d4 ,having studied these properties a long time1 and having meditated a great deal about them1 he understood them a little 7#bag7 better than any one else 7iu alia74 #e4 ,the story about the debasing of the gold crowns has already been told4 #f4 ,there is another anecdote1 namely 7nome71 that he remarked to ,hiero1 king of ,syracuse1 that with a lever he would move the world1 as soon as he had a place on which he himself could stand4 #g4 ,having discovered how 7kiamaniere7 the sunlight is reflected by a mirror1 and heats the wood upon which it shines1 he invented a machine made out of mirrors4 #h4 ,aided by this machine1 the ,syracusans were able to set on fire the wooden ships of the enemy4 #i4 ,the enemy1 however1 were not repulsed from the island1 but at once rebuilt and repaired their ships1 and sent them back to attack the city again4 #aj4 ,finally1 having captured the city1 they destroyed it1 and killed a large number of the inhabitants 7logxantoj71 also ,archimedes himself4 ,,lesson ,,xlviii4 ,,the ,,negative ,,adjective4 #bbd4 ,the negative adjective1 related to the negative pronoun neniu1 is nenia1 no kind of1 no sort of1 expressing a negative idea concerning the quality of a person or thing3 ,mi havas nenian spegulon1 ,i have no sort of mirror4 ,nenia problemo estas tro malfacila por li1 no sort of problem is too difficult for him4 ,,the ,,negative ,,adverb ,,of ,,place4 #bbe4 ,the negative adverb of place is nenie1 nowhere4 ,the ending -n may be added1 as to other adverbs 7#aba71 to indicate direction3 ,nenie estas pli bona masxino1 nowhere is there a better machine4 ,mi iros nenien morgaux1 ,i shall go nowhere tomorrow4 ,,the ,,negative ,,temporal ,,adverb4 #bbf4 ,the negative adverb of time is neniam1 never1 at no time3 ,neniam vivis pli fama filozofo1 there never lived a more famous philosopher4 ,vi neniam trovos tiajn sxrauxbojn aux cilindrojn1 you will never find that kind of screws or cylinders4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ajx-4 #bbg4 ,the suffix -ajx- is used to form concrete words4 ,it is thus in contrast to the abstract-forming suffix -ec- 7#bjb74 a4 ,a word formed from a verbal root by means of the suffix -ajx- expresses a concrete example of a thing which undergoes 7or1 in the case of intransitives1 results from7 the action indicated in the root3 konstruajxo a building4 kreskajxo a plant1 a growth4 sendajxo consignment1 thing sent4 rebrilajxo a reflection4 mangxajxo food4 restajxo remainder4 b4 ,a word formed from an adjectival root or formation by means of the suffix -ajx- indicates a thing characterized by or possessing the quality expressed in the root or formation to which it is attached3 belajxo a thing of beauty4 mirindajxo a marvel4 maljustajxo an injustice4 okazintajxo an occurrence4 c4 ,a word formed from a noun-root by means of the suffix -ajx- indicates a thing made or derived from that which is expressed in the root3 sukerajxo a sweet1 confection4 orajxo a gold object4 ovajxo an omelet4 araneajxo a spider-web4 ,,the ,,adverb ,,jen4 #bbh4 ,the adverb jen1 behold1 here1 there1 is used to point out or call attention to something3 ,jen estas la problemo6 ,there is the problem6 ,jen la filozofo6 ,behold the philosopher6 ,jen sxi ludas1 jen sxi studas1 now she plays1 now she studies4 ,mi faris gxin jene1 ,i did it as follows4 ,mi agis laux la jena metodo1 ,i acted in the following way4 ,li diris la jenajn vortojn1 he spoke the following words4 ,,vocabulary arangx-i to arrange4 neniam never 7#bbf74 art-o art4 nenie nowhere 7#bbe74 ber-o berry4 pentr-i to paint4 jen there1 behold 7#bbh74 postul-i to demand4 jxaluz-a jealous4 precip-a principal1 chief4 konkurs-o competition4 regul-o rule4 lert-a skilled1 clever4 tromp-i to deceive4 nenia no kind of 7#bbd74 vin-o wine4 ,,du ,,artkonkursoj4 ,vivadis en ,grekujo antaux multaj jarcentoj du lertaj famaj pentristoj4 ,ili estis reciproke jxaluzaj1 kaj neniam povis interparoli paceme4 ,ne povinte decidi la problemon1 kaj eltrovi kiu el ili estas la plej lerta1 ili fine arangxis konkurson pri la pentrado4 ,laux gxiaj reguloj1 cxiu el ili pentris pentrajxon1 por montri sian lertecon4 ,unu pentris teleron da vinberoj 7grapes74 ,gxi estis tiel mirinde kolorigita ke ecx la birdoj venis kaj penis gxin mangxi1 pensinte gxin ne nur pentrajxo1 sed la vinberoj mem4 ,nenia pentrajxo povos superi la mian1 gxojege ekkriis la pentristo1 jen1 la birdoj mem rekonas mian lertecon6 ,tiam li diris al la alia artisto1 ,nu1 kial vi ne fortiras tiun kurtenon8 ,mi volas rigardi vian pentrajxon4 ,la dua pentristo respondis kun rideto1 ,jen estas mia pentrajxo4 ,nenie apud vi estas kurteno1 sed vi vidas nur pentrajxon de kurteno antaux tiu konstruajxo4 ,tre mirigite1 la pentrinto de la vinberoj diris ,vi ja superas min en la pentrado4 ,mi trompis la birdojn per mia pentrajxo1 sed vi trompas ecx aliajn artistojn6 ,tia lerteco estas ja mirindajxo6 ,oni rakontas similan okazintajxon pri fama artisto kiu pentris multe da pentrajxoj por ,aleksandro ,granda4 ,malgajninte en konkurso kontraux iuj aliaj artistoj1 li opiniis ke la jugxintoj estas maljustaj al li1 precipe pro la jxaluzeco4 ,li ekkriis ,cxar niaj pentrajxoj estas bildoj de cxevaloj1 ili certe postulas cxevalajn jugxantojn6 ,tial oni enkondukis du aux tri cxevalojn4 ,la cxevaloj1 tute ne rigardinte la pentrajxojn de la aliaj artistoj1 kuris rekte al tiu de la plendinta artisto1 kaj klare montris sian rekonadon de la tie pentritaj cxevaloj4 ,surprizite1 oni diris ,jen estas justaj jugxantoj6 ,tuj oni lauxdis la pentriston kaj severe punis la malhonestajn homajn jugxintojn4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation #a4 ,syracuse was the largest city on the island of ,sicily4 #b4 ,the famous philosopher and physicist ,archimedes lost his life when that city was destroyed and entirely burned4 #c4 ,at least1 no sort of trace of him seems to have been found after that occurrence4 #d4 ,never1 perhaps1 was there a more learned man in ,syracuse4 #e4 ,greece was also famous for its skilled painters1 and there are many anecdotes about them4 #f4 ,a painter who failed in a certain competition believed that none of the judges had been just to him4 #g4 ,he exclaimed ,behold this iniquity 7injustice76 ,nowhere can ,i find a human being who is not jealous4 #h4 ,since the paintings are chiefly of horses1 do they not require horses for judges8 #i4 ,his proposal was accepted 7#ed71 and some horses were led in4 #aj4 ,without noticing 7#bbb7 the other paintings1 the horses walked at once to the picture of the unsuccessful artist1 and showed immediate recognition of the horses painted there4 #aa4 ,this act showed which competitor 7konkursinto7 was the most skilful4 #ab4 ,the painter1 having deceived the horses1 as another artist had once deceived birds by a picture of grapes1 said ,animals decide not by rules1 but by feelings4 ,,lesson ,,xlix4 ,,the ,,negative ,,adverbs ,,nenial1 ,,neniel1 ,,neniom4 #bbi4 ,the negative adverb of motive or reason1 related to the negative pronoun neniu1 is nenial1 for no reason3 ,li estas nenial jxaluza1 he is jealous for no reason4 ,nenial li trompis vin1 for no reason he deceived you4 #bcj4 ,the negative adverb of manner is neniel1 in no way4 ,mi povos neniel arangxi konkurson1 ,i can in no way arrange a competition4 ,tiu ago estas neniel lauxregula1 ,that act is in no way regular4 #bca4 ,the negative adverb of quantity is neniom1 no amount of1 not any1 none1 no3 ,tiu pentrajxo postulas neniom da lerteco1 such a painting requires no skill4 ,estas neniom da vino en lia glaso1 there is no wine in his glass4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,igx-4 #bcb4 ,the suffix -igx- is used to form intransitive verbs of an inchoative nature4 a4 ,inchoative verbs from the roots of intransitive verbs indicate the beginning or coming into existence of the act or condition expressed in the root3 sidigxi1 to become sitting1 to sit down1 to take a seat4 starigxi1 to become standing1 to stand up4 b4 ,intransitive verbs may be similarly formed from the roots of transitive verbs1 and indicate an action of the verb not immediately due to the subject's acting upon itself 7as in the case of reflexive verbs1 #da7 and not caused by any direct agency 7as in the case of the passive voice1 #afi73 ,la pordo fermigxas1 the door closes 7goes shut74 ,la veturilo movigxas1 the vehicle moves4 ,la brancxo rompigxas1 the branch breaks4 ,grupo da personoj kolektigxis1 a group of persons gathered4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the examples given and the following sentences in which the same verbal roots are used in the simple form and in the passive voice3 ,ni fermas la pordon1 ,la pordo estas fermita1 we close the door4 the door is 7has been7 closed4 ,oni movas la veturilon1 ,la veturilo estas movata1 they move the vehicle4 the vehicle is being moved4 ,mi rompas la brancxon1 ,la brancxo estas rompita1 ,i break the branch4 the branch is 7has been7 broken4 ,li kolektis florojn1 ,floroj estas kolektitaj1 he gathered flowers4 flowers have been gathered4 c4 ,intransitive verbs may similarly be formed from adjectival roots1 and indicate the acquiring of the characteristic or quality expressed in the root3 lacigxi1 to become tired1 to get tired4 varmigxi1 to become warm1 to get warm4 maljunigxi1 to become old1 to age4 d4 ,verbs may similarly be formed from noun-roots1 adverbs1 prepositions1 prefixes and suffixes whose meaning permits3 amikigxi1 to become a friend4 kunigxi1 to become joined4 forigxi1 to go away1 to disappear4 ebligxi1 to become possible4 ,,vocabulary apenaux hardly1 scarcely4 nenial for no reason 7#bbi74 atmosfer-o atmosphere4 neniel in no way 7#bcj74 dub-i to doubt4 neniom none1 no 7#bca74 efektiv-a effective1 real4 ombr-o shadow4 hel-a clear1 bright4 pejzagx-o landscape4 horizont-o horizon4 radi-o ray4 krepusk-o twilight4 tropik-a tropical4 ,,la ,,krepusko4 ,estas tre agrable sidigxi sur la herbon1 kaj rigardi la plilongigxantajn ombrojn1 en la dauxro de bela somera vespero4 ,la suno grade mallevigxas post la montetoj1 la nuboj farigxas 7become7 bele kolorigitaj1 kaj la tuta pejzagxo pli kaj pli beligxas4 ,malrapide la krepusko anstatauxas la helan sunlumon1 kaj fine cxie noktigxas4 ,la krepusko estas la rebrilado de la sunlumo tra la atmosfero1 post la mallevigxo de la suno mem1 laux la jena maniero3 la radioj suprenbriladas1 en la aeron super niaj kapoj1 en la okcidenta parto de la cxielo4 ,de tie ili rebriladas tiamaniere ke la cxielo lumigxas4 ,kiam estas iom da nuboj sur la cxielo okcidenta1 la sunradioj briladas rekte kontraux ilin1 belege kolorigante tiujn nubojn4 ,en tropikaj landoj la krepuskigxo okazas tre rapide4 ,gxi ne nur komencigxas subite1 sed ankaux dauxras tre mallongan tempon4 ,la noktigxo preskaux tuj sekvas la taglumon1 kun rimarkinda subiteco4 ,apenaux komencigxas la krepusko1 kiam la subiranta suno sxajnas fali preter la horizonto4 ,tute male 7quite on the contrary71 en landoj treege nordaj1 krepuskigxas tre frue en la tago1 kaj la krepusko dauxras longan tempon antaux ol la nokto venas4 ,efektive 7really71 en tiuj landoj la krepusko tute anstatauxas la nokton1 dum ses monatoj de la jaro4 ,tie oni havas krepuskon dum la unua duonjaro1 kaj la taglumon dum la sekvinta duonjaro4 ,krepusko dauxranta tiom da tempo estas tiel rimarkinda kiel tago de tia sama longeco4 ,mi dubas cxu tia dividado de la tempo inter tago kaj malhela nokto estas agrabla1 sed oni povas neniel malhelpi gxin4 ,cxiu tre norda lando havas la saman travivajxon 7experience71 cxiujare1 kaj efektive oni apenaux rimarkas gxin4 ,pri cxiu plendanto oni nur diras ,li estas nenial malkontenta4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 of 7pri7 the two painters who1 being mutually 7#ahj7 jealous1 arranged a competition4 #b4 ,one painted a cluster 7#abf7 of grapes1 so excellently that the birds flew to it4 #c4 ,the other deceived his rival 7competitor7 himself1 by a painting of a curtain4 #d4 ,the most famous artists1 however1 often show their skill by painting 7#bbb7 pictures of the sunset1 chiefly1 ,i think1 because of the brilliant colors4 #e4 ,in fact 7efektive71 ,i doubt whether there is a more beautiful sight 7#bbg1 b7 than the sunset4 #f4 ,it is made by the bright rays of the sun1 which shine back through the atmosphere1 long after the sun itself has passed below the horizon4 #g4 ,the more moisture 7malsekajxo7 there is in the air1 the more brilliant the colors are1 and the more beautiful the entire landscape becomes4 #h4 ,in tropical lands1 night falls very suddenly1 and there is almost no sort of twilight4 #i4 ,in fact1 a twilight scarcely occurs there4 #aj4 ,in the lands far north1 on the contrary1 the twilight lasts six months1 and the remainder of the year is the day4 #aa4 ,to dwell in such a land is surely a remarkable experience4 #ab4 ,it can in no way be understood by persons who have never lived there4 #ac4 ,such things increase 7make greater7 my desire to visit those northern lands4 #ad4 ,for no reason1 however1 do ,i ,,lesson ,l4 ,,the ,,pronouns ,,ending ,,in -,o4 #bcc4 ,in contrast to the pronouns ending in -u 7tiu1 kiu1 cxiu1 iu1 neniu71 a similar series ending in -o refers to an object1 fact or action not definitely specified 7but never to a person71 like ,english what1 anything1 something1 nothing1 etc4 ,because of their somewhat vague meaning1 these pronouns do not occur in the plural1 nor are they ever used as pronominal adjectives3 ,demonstrative3 tio that 7thing1 fact or action74 cxi tio this 7thing1 fact or action74 ,interrogative and ,relative3 kio what4 ,distributive3 cxio everything4 cxio cxi all this4 ,indefinite3 io anything1 something4 ,negative3 nenio nothing4 #bcd4 ,a pronoun 7not personal7 in predicate or relative relation to a pronoun ending in -o must itself be of the same series3 ,kio estas cxi tio1 kion vi diras8 ,what is this1 which you say8 ,sxi vidis tion1 kio jxus okazis1 she saw that which just occurred4 ,cxio cxi1 kion vi vidas1 estas farita de ili1 everything here 7all this71 which you see1 was done by them4 ,li havas ion por vi1 sed nenion por mi1 he has something for you1 but nothing for me4 ,,correlative ,,words4 #bce4 ,pronouns1 adjectives and adverbs1 which are related to each other as corresponding demonstratives1 interrogatives1 relatives1 etc41 are called correlatives4 ,in ,esperanto the correlative system is more complete than in any other language1 and may be summarized as follows3 ,demonstrative ,interrogative ,distributive ,indefinite ,negative and ,relative tio 7#bcc7 kio 7#bcc7 cxio 7#bcc7 io 7#bcc7 nenio 7#bcc7 that 7thing7 what1 which everything anything nothing tiu 7#ef7 kiu 7#adf7 cxiu 7#agc7 iu 7#bjc7 neniu 7#bbj7 that 7one7 who1 which every1 each any 7one7 no 7one7 ties 7#fb7 kies 7#adg7 cxies 7#agd7 ies 7#bjd7 nenies7#bba7 that one's whose every one's any one's no one's tia 7#fe7 kia 7#aej7 cxia 7#agg7 ia 7#bjh7 nenia 7#bbd7 that kind of what kind of every kind any kind no kind of tie 7#fh7 kie 7#aea7 cxie 7#ahb7 ie 7#bji7 nenie 7#bbe7 there where everywhere anywhere nowhere tiam 7#gc7 kiam 7#aee7 cxiam 7#ahg7 iam 7#bab7 neniam 7#bbf7 then when always any time never tial 7#gh7 kial 7#abi7 cxial 7#ahh7 ial 7#bac7 nenial 7#bbi7 therefore1 wherefore1 for every for any for no so why reason reason reason tiel 7#hh71 kiel 7#aef7 cxiel 7#aic7 iel 7#baf7 neniel 7#bcj7 7#aef7 thus1 so how1 as every way any way in no way tiom 7#ajd7 kiom 7#afd7 cxiom 7#aid7 iom 7#bag7 neniom 7#bca7 that much1 how much1 all1 the some1 any none1 no so much as whole of amount quantity ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,ajn4 #bcf4 ,the word ajn may be placed after any interrogative-relative or indefinite correlative word1 to give a generalizing sense4 ,in order to avoid confusion with the accusative plural ending1 ajn is never attached to the correlative which it follows3 kio ajn whatever4 kiam ajn whenever4 kies ajn whosesoever4 kiom ajn however much4 kie ajn wherever4 ia ajn any kind whatever4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,ing-4 #bcg4 ,the suffix -ing- is used to form words indicating that which holds one specimen of what is expressed in the root3 glavingo scabbard4 plumingo pen-holder4 lumingo torch-holder4 ingo sheath1 case1 socket4 ,,vocabulary cxio everything 7#bcc74 nenio nothing 7#bcc74 ,gordio ,gordius4 ofer-o offering4 io anything 7#bcc74 reg-i to rule1 to govern4 jug-o yoke4 sankt-a sacred1 holy4 klin-i to bend1 incline 7trans74 templ-o temple4 kio what 7#bcc74 tio that 7thing7 7#bcc74 lig-i to tie1 to bind4 util-a useful4 ,,la ,,gordia ,,ligajxo4 ,unufoje en antikva tempo la regatoj de iu regxolando en ,azio ne havis regxon4 ,ne sciante kion fari1 ili demandis de la dioj4 ,la dioj respondis1 ,kiu ajn venos unue en nian sanktan templon hodiaux1 por fari oferojn1 estos via regxo4 ,okaze kamparano nomita ,gordio venis al la templo1 jxus post la tagigxo4 ,la regatoj tuj rekonis la estontan regxon1 kvankam li veturis sur peza malbela veturilo4 ,salutinte la surprizitan kamparanon1 oni nomis lin regxo4 ,decidinte fari dankoferon al la dioj1 ,gordio metis en la templon la veturilon mem sur kiu li tien veturis1 antaux ol li komencis regi kiel la nova regxo4 ,la jugo estis alligita 7tied fast7 per granda ligajxo el sxnurego4 ,post la morto de ,gordio oni grade komencis kredi ion tre interesan pri tio4 ,oni diris ke tiu1 kiu povos iel ajn malligi tiun ligajxon1 farigxos reganto super cxiuj regxoj de ,azio4 ,post kelkaj jaroj ,aleksandro ,granda decidis fari grandan militadon kontraux ,azio1 kaj alproksimigxis al la lando kie estis reginta ,gordio4 ,kiam li demandis1 ,kio estas cxi tie la plej interesa vidindajxo8 oni rakontis al li tion1 kion oni diras pri la sxnurega ligajxo sur la veturilo de ,gordio4 ,kompreneble 7of course7 ,aleksandro deziris fari ion ajn utilan por venki ,azion1 tial li tuj venigis gvidiston por konduki lin al la templo4 ,alveninte tien1 li zorge rigardadis la ligajxon1 kaj ekzamenis la sxnuregon el kiu gxi estis farita4 ,tiam1 elpreninte sian glavon el la glavingo1 subite klinigxante li rekte tratrancxis la tutan ligajxon4 ,nenio estas pli facila ol tio1 li diris1 kaj nun mi ne dubas cxu mi certe regos super cxiuj regxoj de ,azio4 ,pro tio1 kion faris ,aleksandro ,granda1 oni ankoraux nuntempe diras1 kiam iu ajn superas malfacilajxon per kia ajn subita metodo1 ,li trancxis la gordian ligajxon4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,one often hears the remark ,i will cut the ,gordian knot4 #b4 ,there is an interesting story about this4 #c4 ,a wagon whose yoke was tied to the pole by a large knot had been put in the middle of the temple4 #d4 ,it was a thank-offering to the sacred gods1 by whose help ,gordius had in olden time become king4 #e4 ,it was said that whoever would be able to untie that rope would no doubt become ruler over the whole of ,asia4 #f4 ,alexander the ,great1 having begun a campaign against ,asia1 approached the city where this temple was4 #g4 ,having heard the story1 he at once had a guide come1 and went thither1 guided by him4 #h4 ,he desired to do everything which was useful to the conquering of ,asia4 #i4 ,having examined the knot carefully1 he bent over and tried for a few minutes to untie it4 #aj4 ,then he chose another method4 #aa4 ,he seized his sword1 and suddenly cut through the whole knot4 #ab4 ,having done this1 he put the sword back into the scabbard4 #ac4 ,this he did1 instead of continuing 7dauxrigi7 his efforts to untie the knot4 #ad4 ,in fact1 having no patience1 he had become tired4 #ae4 ,perhaps the conquering of ,asia did not in any way become possible on account of this1 but at least the story is interesting1 whatever actually 7efektive7 happened4 #af4 ,nothing is impossible1 whenever one tries enough4 #ag4 ,in a tropical country1 such as part of ,asia is1 the landscapes are beautiful4 #ah4 ,a tropical twilight is very short1 however1 and the shadows have scarcely become long when the sun seems to sink suddenly below the horizon1 although the last bright rays continue to shine back through the atmosphere for a few minutes4 ,,lesson ,,li4 ,,the ,,pronoun ,,ambaux4 #bch4 ,the pronoun 7and pronominal adjective7 ambaux1 both1 indicates two persons or things considered together4 ,it is invariable in form3 ,ili ambaux venis al la templo1 they both came to the temple4 ,ambaux faris oferojn al la dioj1 both made offerings to the gods4 ,vidante kaj la plumon kaj la plumingon1 mi prenis la ambaux1 seeing both the pen and the penholder1 ,i took both4 ,footnote3 ,this pronoun must not be confused with the use of kaj1 translated both in the combination kaj 444 kaj 4441 both 444 and 444 7#bf74 ,,formations ,,with -,,ig- ,,and -,,igx-4 #bci4 ,some verbs may be used in the simple form1 and also with both the suffix -ig- and the suffix -igx-4 ,thus from one verb-root three verbs of distinct meaning may be made1 and the formation with -ig-1 being transitive1 may also be used in the passive3 sidi to sit1 to be sitting4 sidigxi to become sitting1 to take a seat4 sidigi to cause to sit1 to seat4 esti sidigata to be caused to sit4 silenti to be silent4 silentigxi to become silent4 silentigi to cause to be silent1 to silence4 esti silentigita to be silenced4 kusxi to lie1 to be lying4 kusxigxi to lie down1 to go to bed4 kusxigi to cause to lie1 to lay4 esti kusxigita to be laid4 stari to stand1 to be standing4 starigxi to rise1 to stand up1 to become erect4 starigi to raise1 to cause to stand up1 to erect4 esti starigita to be raised1 to be erected4 ,,factual ,,conditions4 #bdj4 ,a conditional sentence consists of two parts1 an assumption and a conclusion4 ,the assumption is a clause 7introduced usually by the conjunction se1 if7 which assumes something as true or realized4 ,the conclusion is a statement whose truth or realization depends upon the truth or realization of the assumption4 ,factual conditions 7conditions of fact7 may deal with the present1 past or future time3 ,se li vidas tion1 li ploras1 if he sees that1 he weeps 7is weeping74 ,se li vidis tion1 li ploris1 if he saw that1 he wept4 ,li ploros1 se li vidos tion1 he will weep1 if he sees that4 ,se li venis hieraux1 li foriros morgaux1 if he came yesterday1 he will go away tomorrow4 ,se li estas vidinta tion1 li nun ploras1 if he has seen that1 he now is weeping4 ,se tio estas vidota1 li estas punota1 if that is going to be seen1 he is going to be punished4 ,se li estas kaptita1 li estos jam punita1 if he has been captured1 he will already have been punished4 ,,vocabulary ambaux both 7#bch74 mut-a dumb1 mute4 azen-o ass1 donkey4 orel-o ear4 ben-i to bless4 petol-a mischievous4 dors-o back4 propr-a own1 one's own4 form-o form4 se if4 halt-i to stop 7intrans474 spir-i to breathe4 monahx-o monk4 turment-i to torment4 ,,la ,,monahxoj ,,kaj ,,la ,,azeno4 ,iam du monahxoj reiris tra la arbaro al la monahxejo1 dum grade krepuskigxis4 ,ambaux portis pezajn sakojn da terpomoj1 kaj baldaux lacigxis1 sed ne sciis kion fari4 ,okaze ili ekvidis azenon ligitan al arbo1 kaj unu monahxo1 haltinte1 diris petole al la alia ,se vi anstatauxos la beston1 mi havos portanton por miaj propraj sakoj1 kaj ankaux por la viaj4 ,lia kunulo respondis ,nu1 se la azeno portos miajn sakojn1 mi mem gxoje restos en gxia loko4 ,jxus dirite1 tuj farite 7no sooner said than done74 ,malliginte la ligajxojn kiuj tenis la azenon1 ili jxetis la sakojn trans la dorson de la utila besto4 ,unu monahxo tuj forkondukis la azenon1 dum ambaux viroj lauxte ridis4 ,post tio1 la dua monahxo sin ligis per la sama sxnurego kiu antauxe tenis la azenon4 ,kiam revenis la kamparano1 kies azeno estis jxus sxtelita1 li ekhaltis1 multe mirigite1 vidante homon tie ligita4 ,la monahxo anoncis al li1 ,cxar mi estis tro mangxema1 ,dio faris azenon el mi1 antaux du jaroj4 ,mi jxus rericevis mian propran formon4 ,tuj la kredema kamparano invitis la petolan monahxon al sia hejmo4 ,la monahxo restis tiun nokton cxe la kamparano1 kaj la sekvintan tagon li foriris1 beninte la kamparanon1 sed kasxe ridante pri la afero4 ,tiam la kamparano iris vendejon1 por acxeti alian azenon4 ,li ekvidis sian propran azenon1 kiun la unua monahxo estis sendinta tien1 post sia reveno al la monahxejo4 ,la malsagxa kamparano1 klinigxinte al la besto1 diris ,ho1 bona monahxo1 mi vidas ke duan fojon vi jam estis tro mangxema6 ,la muta besto forte svingis la orelojn kaj skuis la kapon1 pro la varma elspirajxo apud sia orelo4 ,tio sxajne estis respondo al la jxus diritaj vortoj1 tial la malsagxa kamparano ree acxetis sian propran azenon4 ,cxiam poste li nek turmentis nek ecx laborigis gxin1 kredante la azenon la sankta monahxo mem4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 ancient times1 they usually asked the sacred gods about it4 #b4 ,if the gods informed 7sciigis7 them that whatever man would come to the temple first would become their king1 they immediately chose the first comer 7la unuan veninton7 king4 #c4 ,whoever was chosen king made the blessed gods a thank-offering1 which consisted of something out of his own possessions 7#bbg1 a74 #d4 ,gordius did not offer to the gods merely the yoke of his wagon1 but the whole wagon4 #e4 ,a knot of rope was tied between the yoke and the pole4 #f4 ,people soon began to say1 ,if any one soever can untie that knot1 he will become ruler of ,asia4 #g4 ,if any other men tried to untie that rope1 they failed4 #h4 ,alexander1 though 7tamen71 had scarcely arrived when he drew 7out7 his sword from the scabbard1 and cut the knot4 #i4 ,if you will take-a-seat1 ,i will tell you about the two mischievous monks1 returning to the monastery4 #aj4 ,both were breathing with difficulty1 and stopped to rest4 #aa4 ,having noticed a donkey near by1 they untied it4 #ab4 ,one led the long-eared dumb animal away1 while the other tied himself in its own place4 #ac4 ,the credulous 7#aib7 peasant believed everything which was told 7#ed7 him1 ,,lesson ,,lii4 ,,the ,,conditional ,,mood4 #bda4 ,that indication of the speaker's frame of mind which is given by the form of the verb is called the mood of the verb4 ,all verbs given so far have been in the indicative mood1 which represents an act or state as a reality or fact1 or in the infinitive mood1 which expresses the verbal idea in a general way1 resembling that of a substantive4 ,the conditional mood does not indicate whether or not the act or state mentioned is a fact1 but merely expresses the speaker's idea of its likelihood or certainty1 or is used in an assumption or conclusion dealing with suppositions1 not with actual facts4 ,the ending of the conditional mood is -us4 ,the conjugation of vidi in the aoristic tense of the conditional mood is as follows3 mi vidus1 ,i should see4 vi vidus1 you would see4 li 7sxi1 gxi7 vidus1 he 7she1 it7 would see4 ni vidus1 we should see4 vi vidus1 you would see4 ili vidus1 they would see4 ,,compound ,,tenses ,,of ,,the ,,conditional ,,mood4 #bdb4 ,in addition to the aoristic tense1 the conditional mood has three active and three passive compound tenses1 formed by combining the participles with the aoristic tense of esti in the conditional mood4 ,a synopsis of vidi in these compound tenses is as follows3 ,active ,voice4 ,present3 mi estus vidanta1 ,i should be seeing4 ,past3 mi estus vidinta1 ,i should have seen4 ,future3 mi estus vidonta1 ,i should be about to see4 ,passive ,voice4 ,present3 mi estus vidata1 ,i should be seen4 ,past3 mi estus vidita1 ,i should have been seen4 ,future3 mi estus vidota1 ,i should be about to be seen4 ,,less ,,vivid ,,conditions4 #bdc4 ,a conditional sentence dealing with suppositions concerning events in present or future time is called a less vivid condition 7,less vivid1 in contrast to factual conditions 7#bdj71 which are vivid1 because they deal with facts471 and the conditional mood is used in both the assumption and the conclusion3 ,se li vidus tion1 li plorus1 if he should see that1 he would weep4 ,mi gxoje helpus vin1 se mi povus1 ,i would gladly help you1 if ,i could4 ,se vi metus ilin sur la dorson de la azeno1 gxi portus ilin1 if you should put them on the donkey's back1 it would carry them4 ,la petola junulo turmentus la monahxon1 se li revenus1 the mischievous youth would torment the monk1 if he should return4 ,se li estus kaptata1 li estus punata1 if he should be caught1 he would be punished4 ,,independent ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,conditional ,,mood4 #bdd4 ,the conditional mood may be used in a conclusion whose assumption is merely implied1 serving thus to soften or make vague the statement or question in which it is used3 ,mi gxoje helpus vin1 ,i would gladly help you4 ,cxu vi bonvole dirus al mi8 ,would you kindly tell me8 ,kiu volus enspiri tian aeron8 ,who would wish to inhale such air8 ,estus bone reteni vian propran1 it would be well to keep your own4 ,la cxielo vin benus pro tio1 ,heaven would bless you for that4 ,,the ,,prefix ,,dis-4 #bde4 ,the prefix dis- indicates separation or movement in several different directions at once3 disdoni to distribute4 disigxi to separate 7intrans474 dispeli to dispel4 disigxo separation1 schism4 disigi to separate 7trans474 dissendi to send around4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the ,english prefix dis- in disperse1 disseminate1 distribute1 etc4 ,,vocabulary cxes-i to cease1 to leave off4 kauxz-i to cause4 dens-a dense4 legx-o law4 difin-i to define4 natur-o nature4 ekzist-i to exist4 objekt-o object4 flu-i to flow4 plu further1 more4 gravit-i to gravitate4 turn-i to turn 7trans474 ,footnote3 ,the adverb plu gives an idea of continuance to the word which it modifies4 ,when used with ne1 the two together give an idea of cessation concerning a previous continuous act or state3 ,ambaux parolos plu morgaux1 both will talk further tomorrow4 ,mi ne plu haltos1 ,i shall not stop 7any7 more4 ,li ne plu sxajnis muta1 he no longer seemed mute4 ,,pri ,,la ,,gravitado4 #a4 ,ofte oni parolas pri la pezeco de diversaj objektoj4 ,tia pezeco estas kauxzata de la forto kiun oni nomas la gravitado4 ,pro tiu forto ne nur objektoj sur la tero1 sed ankaux la tero mem1 havas konatan pezecon1 kiun la kleruloj jam antaux longe kalkulis4 ,la suno kaj la luno simile havas pezecon1 cxar ili ambaux1 same kiel la tero1 movigxas laux tiu sama gravitado kiu efektive regas cxiujn el la cxielaj korpoj4 ,se la gravitado cxesus ekzisti1 la riveroj ne plu fluus antauxen en siaj fluejoj 7beds74 ,ne fluante de altaj gxis malaltaj lokoj1 la akvo disfluus1 aux restus tie1 kie ajn gxi okaze estus4 ,neniom da pluvo falus2 kontrauxe1 la malsekajxo en la aero ankoraux restus tie1 en la formo de densaj mallumaj cxiamaj nuboj4 ,cxiuj vivaj estajxoj 7beings71 cxiuj konstruajxoj1 efektive cxio1 baldaux disflugus de la rapide turnigxanta mondo4 ,cxiuj cxi 7all these7 nun devas resti sur la tero1 tial ke la gravitado restigas ilin cxi tie4 ,se la gravitado ne plu ekzistus1 nenio restus plu sur la tero4 ,la aero mem ne plu cxirkauxus nin1 sed gxi ankaux forlasus la mondon1 tuj maldensigxinte 7having become rarefied74 ,la fama angla filozofo ,newton estis la unua1 kiu studadis la kialon 7reason7 de la falado de objektoj4 ,li komencis1 laux la rakonto1 per okaza ekrigardo al falantaj pomoj en sia propra pomarbejo4 ,antaux tri jarcentoj1 li eltrovis ke estas tia forto kia la gravitado1 kaj difinis la naturajn legxojn laux kiuj la gravitado sin montras4 ,cxi tiu forto1 kiu restigas cxion sur la tero1 estas tamen la kauxzo de nia lacigxado1 kiam ni marsxas aux kuras1 cxar gxi faras nin pezaj1 kaj tial ni ofte deziras halti kaj ripozi4 ,estas ankaux la malfacileco en la superado de tiu sama forto1 kiu faras tiel malfacila la konstruadon de utilaj aersxipoj4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,newton was an ,englishman who lived three centuries ago4 #b4 ,one day he was walking in his orchard1 and1 noticing the falling apples1 he stood still 7ekhaltis7 and began to wonder why they fall4 #c4 ,he studied the cause of their falling1 wishing to discover whatever laws of nature he could4 #d4 ,he watched various falling objects1 and tried to calculate their velocity 7rapideco74 #e4 ,finally he recognized that force which is called gravitation4 #f4 ,of course 7kompreneble7 gravitation had always existed1 but its laws were not noticed or clearly defined until ,newton studied the matter4 #g4 ,if gravitation should not exist any more1 no rain would fall1 but instead of condensing1 the moisture would remain above our heads in eternal clouds4 #h4 ,but gradually the moisture and the air itself1 becoming rarefied1 would fly away from the earth1 being held no longer by the force of gravitation4 #i4 ,the water in the rivers would leave off flowing 7cease to flow7 on toward the sea1 because now the water flows from high to low places only on account of gravitation4 #aj4 ,instead of gravitating toward the sea1 in fact1 the water would flow in every direction 7#bde7 out of the riverbeds1 or would remain there1 without moving at all 7tute ne movante74 #aa4 ,nothing on earth would remain here very long1 but everything would fly off the quickly moving world1 and leave it entirely bare4 ,soon1 also1 the earth itself would break-into-pieces 7#bde74 ,,lesson ,,liii4 ,,conditions ,,contrary ,,to ,,fact4 #bdf4 ,a condition contrary to fact indicates that the opposite of what is mentioned has really taken place or is taking place4 ,it expresses the speaker's certainty that an act or state would have been realized1 if some other act or state were also realized4 ,such conditions cannot refer to the future1 but only to present or past time4 ,the conditional mood is used3 ,se vi estus turninta vin1 vi estus vidinta tion1 if you had turned1 you would have seen that4 ,se la malsekajxo ne estus densigxinta1 ne estus pluvinte1 if the moisture had not condensed1 it would not have rained4 ,se li estus kaptita1 li estus punita1 if he had been caught1 he would have been punished4 ,se li estus sidanta tie1 mi vidus lin1 if he were 7if he should be7 sitting there1 ,i should see him4 ,se la gravitado ne ekzistus1 tiu pluvo ne estus falanta1 if gravitation did not 7should not7 exist1 that rain would not be falling4 ,,the ,,verb ,,devi4 #bdg4 ,the verb devi 7cf4 devo1 duty7 is equivalent to the verb must 7which in ,english has no future1 past1 infinitive1 etc471 and to to have to1 to be obliged to1 etc41 carrying the idea of must into all tenses and moods4 ,in the conditional mood its meaning is softened into a vaguer sense 7of moral obligation71 and carries the idea of ought3 ,objektoj en la aero devas fali1 objects in the air have to fall4 ,ni devis agi laux la legxoj1 we had to act according to the laws4 ,vi devos iri1 you must 7will have to7 go4 ,sxi ne volas devi fari tion1 she does not wish to have to do that4 ,ili devigis min iri1 they compelled me to go4 ,vi devus iri1 you should go 7you ought to go74 ,oni devus pensi antaux ol paroli1 one ought to think before speaking4 ,li estus devinta veni1 he ought to have come4 ,tio devus esti farita1 that ought to have been done4 ,,the ,,preposition ,,sen4 #bdh4 ,the preposition sen1 without1 indicates the omission1 absence or exclusion of that which is expressed by its complement4 ,it may be used as a prefix 7#afj71 giving a sense of deprivation or exclusion 7like that given by the ,english suffix -less73 ,li difinis la vorton sen eraro1 he defined the word without an error4 ,la rivero sencxese fluas1 the river flows without ceasing4 ,tio estas ne nur senutila sed ecx malutila1 that is not only useless but even harmful4 ,li ne plu estas senmona1 he is no longer penniless4 ,li sentime alproksimigxis al gxi1 he fearlessly approached it4 ,footnote3 ,english phrases containing without as in without reading1 must be changed to phrases clearly containing verbal nouns1 as without the reading of1 before translating into an ,esperanto phrase with sen4 ,otherwise a participle with ne should replace the phrase 7#bbb73 ,sen la legado de tio1 mi ne komprenus1 without 7the7 reading 7of7 that1 ,i should not understand4 ,ne leginte tion1 mi ne komprenus1 without reading 7not having read7 that1 ,i should not understand4 ,,vocabulary akuz-i to accuse4 nobl-a noble4 instru-i to teach4 pardon-i to pardon4 kondamn-i to condemn4 pek-i to sin4 konfes-i to confess1 to admit4 prav-a right1 correct4 konscienc-o conscience4 sen without 7#bdh74 kulp-o guilt4 ,so-krato ,socrates4 merit-i to deserve4 venen-o poison4 ,,la ,,filozofo ,,sokrato4 ,unu el la plej famaj grekaj filozofoj estis nomita ,sokrato4 ,li estis malbela malalta persono1 kun senhara kapo kaj dika korpo1 sed malgraux tio li estis treege bona1 nobla kaj sagxa4 ,li instruadis per interparolado kun la lernantoj4 ,kutime li komencis per demando pri io ajn1 pri kio la auxskultanto respondos4 ,fine1 la lernanto grade komprenis cxu liaj propraj opinioj pri la afero estas pravaj4 ,ankoraux nun oni nomas tiun metodon de instruado per la interparolado la ,sokrata metodo4 ,sokrato diradis tute sen timo cxion1 kion li pensis1 ecx pri la dioj kaj pri la nekredeblaj rakontoj pri la dioj4 ,se li ne estus tiel multe klariginta1 eble li estus vivinta pli longan tempon4 ,sed multaj personoj malamis lin1 precipe cxar li donis novajn ideojn al la junuloj1 kiuj sekve komencis pensi por si mem1 anstataux fari tion kion faras cxiu alia4 ,tial oni akuzis ,sokraton en la jugxejo1 nomante lin pekanto kaj malbonfaranto1 unue1 cxar li ne disdonas oferojn al la dioj1 due1 cxar li enkondukas novajn diojn 7cxar li diris ke supernatura vocxo1 kiu sendube estis lia nomo por la konscienco1 parolis mallauxte cxe lia orelo71 trie1 cxar li malbonigas la junularon de la urbo4 ,se li estus konfesinte la kulpon kaj petinte pardonon1 tiam la jugxistoj eble estus punintaj lin per nura 7mere7 monpago 7fine74 ,sed li fiere respondis ke efektive li multe plibonigas la junularon1 kaj anstataux esti malutila1 aux ecx neutila1 li treege utilas al la urbo4 ,li diris ke oni havas nenian rajton puni lin1 sed ke1 kauxze de sia bonfarado al la urbo1 li efektive meritas cxiutagan mangxon senpagan4 ,tamen1 tute ne kompreninte kiel prava ,sokrato estas1 la jugxistoj mortkondamnis lin4 ,oni devigis lin trinki la venenon4 ,iom poste1 en la malliberejo1 li trankvile adiauxis siajn plorantajn amikojn1 kaj akceptinte la venenan trinkajxon1 sentime gxin trinkis4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,socrates believed that if one knows about good and evil 7#bja7 he will do good1 but will not do evil4 #b4 ,therefore he wished to help mankind 7la homaron71 teaching them what the good is4 #c4 ,he also wished to discover for himself what is right and what is wrong4 #d4 ,so he asked every one whom he met 7about7 his opinions1 and the one-talking-with him would also notice whether his own ideas were right or not4 #e4 ,but the fellow-citizens of ,socrates were jealous1 and hated him1 because they did not understand him4 #f4 ,therefore they accused him1 called him a sinner1 and sent around 7#bde7 false reports 7falsajn sciigojn7 about him4 #g4 ,because he said that conscience guided him 7in the form of a soft voice at his ear71 they accused him of 7pri7 introducing 7#bah1 b7 new gods4 #h4 ,they also said that he was corrupting the youth of the city4 #i4 ,if ,socrates had pleaded guilty1 and begged for a fine instead of the death-punishment1 without doubt he would have been pardoned and fined 7monpunita74 #aj4 ,but he said ,i have never in my life sinned in any way1 and ,i do not deserve any sort of punishment4 ,so the judges condemned him to death by the drinking of poison4 ,,lesson ,,liv4 ,,summary ,,of ,,conditions #bdi4 ,the three kinds of conditional sentences1 together with the moods and tenses used in them1 may be tabulated as follows3 ,name3 ,factual ,less ,vivid ,contrary to ,fact ,subject ,matter3 facts suppositions opposite of facts ,time3 any 7usually7 future present or past ,mood3 indicative conditional conditional ,tense3 any 7usually7 aoristic 7usually7 compound ,,clauses ,,of ,,imaginative ,,comparison4 #bej4 ,clauses of imaginative comparison are introduced by the conjunction kvazaux1 as though1 as if4 ,sometimes the verb in the comparison may be left unexpressed or merely implied3 ,li trinkas la venenon kvazaux gxi estus vino1 he drinks the poison as though it were wine4 ,la kondamnito marsxis kvazaux kun malfacileco1 the condemned man walked as if with difficulty4 ,li konfesis kvazaux kulpulo1 he confessed like a culprit4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,al ,,to ,,express ,,reference4 #bea4 ,personal pronouns1 and less frequently nouns1 may be used with the preposition al to express concern or interest on the part of the person indicated by the complement of this preposition3 ,li bruligis al si la manon1 he burned his hand4 ,hi trancxis al li la barbon1 they cut his beard 7the beard for him74 ,sxi preparas al ni bonan mangxon1 she is preparing us a good meal4 ,cxu vi faros servon al mi8 ,will you do me a service8 ,footnote3 ,the use of al in this sense1 approaching that of por but less purposeful and definite1 resembles the dative of reference and ethical dative of other languages1 as in ,french je me suis brule la langue1 ,i have burned my tongue1 ,german ich wasche mir die ,haende1 ,i wash my hands1 ,latin sese ,caesari ad pedes proicerunt1 they threw themselves at the feet of ,caesar1 ,greek ti soi mathesomai1 what am ,i to learn for you8 etc4 #beb4 ,by an extension of its use in expressing reference1 al may often be used in the place of de expressing separation 7#agj71 when the use of de might seem to indicate agency 7#afi7 or possession 7#di73 ,la luno estas kasxata al ni de la nuboj1 the moon is hidden from us 7to us7 by the clouds4 ,gxi estas stelita al mi de li1 it has been stolen from me by him4 ,footnote3 ,this use resembles the dative of separation of other languages1 as in ,german es stahl mir das ,leben1 it stole the life from me1 ,french il me prend la vie1 it takes my life1 ,latin hunc mihi timorem eripe1 remove this fear from me1 ,greek dexato oi skaeptron1 he took his sceptre from him1 etc4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,estr-4 #bec4 ,the suffix -estr- is used to indicate the chief1 head1 or one in control of that which is expressed in the root3 lernejestro 7school7 principal4 urbestro mayor4 monahxestro abbot4 estraro governing body4 policestro chief of police4 sxipestro ship-captain4 ,,vocabulary ,aristejd-o ,aristeides4 popol-o a people4 ekzil-i to exile4 pot-o pot4 enu-i to be wearied1 bored4 senc-o meaning1 sense4 gxust-a exact4 signif-i to signify4 kvazaux as though1 as if 7#bej74 son-i to sound4 ostr-o oyster4 strang-a strange4 ostracism-o ostracism4 sxel-o shell1 bark1 peel4 ,footnote3 ,care must be taken to distinguish gxusta1 exact1 gxuste1 exactly1 just1 from justa1 upright1 just1 juste1 justly1 and also from the adverb jxus just4 ,,la ,,ostracismo ,,de ,,aristejdo4 ,la vorto ostracismo havas interesan devenon 7origin74 ,en gxia komenco oni rekonas la grekan vorton kiu signifas sxelon de la ostro4 ,en gxia fino oni vidas la saman -ismon kiu1 deveninte de la greka1 ankoraux estas uzata kiel vortfino en multaj diversaj lingvoj4 ,la nuna senco de la vorto1 facile trovebla en anglaj vortaroj 7dictionaries71 devenas de la jena greka kutimo3 ,sepdek jarojn antaux ol vivadis ,sokrato1 oni faris strangan legxon en lia urbo4 ,laux tiu1 oni povis ekzili iun ajn estron kies ideoj pri la administrado de la urbo ne sxajnis pravaj4 ,cxi tion oni povis fari1 tute sen jugxado aux ecx akuzado1 cxar oni havis la jenan metodon3 se cxe popola kunveno ses mil urbanoj vocxdonis 7vote7 kontraux iun ajn1 tiu estis devigata foriri de la urbo1 kaj forresti dek jarojn4 ,li povis neniel havigi 7get7 al si pardonon1 sed devis tuj foriri kvazaux konfesinta kulpulo4 ,por vocxdonoj1 oni skribis la nomon de la kondamnoto sur peco da potajxo 7pottery71 aux pli ofte sur ostrosxelo4 ,gxuste tial oni nomas la kutimon ostracismo4 ,unufoje1 kelkaj malamikoj proponis vocxdonadon pri la ostracismo de tre bona kaj nobla viro1 nomita ,aristejdo1 kiu tute ne meritis tian punadon4 ,antaux ol la kunveno disigxis1 kamparano alproksimigxis al ,aristejdo 7kiu mem cxeestis71 petante lian helpon1 cxar la neinstruita kamparano ne povis skribi4 ,la sagxulo diris ,kion vi volas skribi sur la sxelo8 ,la kamparano1 ne sciante ke li parolas al la viro mem1 respondis ,aristejdon4 ,skribinte gxin1 ,aristejdo demandis kun trankvila konscienco ,pro gxuste kiaj pekoj vi malamas ,aristejdon8 ,la kamparano respondis1 ,ho1 mi ne kasxos al vi ke mi ecx ne konas lin6 ,sed mi deziras ekzili lin nur cxar min enuigas la sono de lia nomo4 ,mi tre enuas cxiam auxdante lin nomata ,aristejdo la justa6 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,aristeides had just arrived at the popular assembly when a peasant approached him4 #b4 ,if ,aristeides had not had a pleasant countenance and musical 7belsonan7 voice1 doubtless the peasant would not have asked his help4 #c4 ,ought ,aristeides to have written his own name on the oyster-shell or piece of pottery which was going to be used as a vote against him8 #d4 ,without just 7exactly7 this help1 the peasant could not have voted4 #e4 ,doing him the service requested1 ,aristeides said1 as if 7#bej7 he himself were not the man under-discussion 7#bje71 ,why do you hate ,aristeides8 #f4 ,could you tell me how he has sinned against the city8 #g4 ,the silly-creature 7#acb7 replied1 ,oh1 ,i know nothing about him1 but ,i am weary of always hearing him called the just4 #h4 ,ought such persons as that ignorant peasant have-the-right to vote about important affairs8 #i4 ,the ancient law about ostracism was a strange one4 #aj4 ,the name of the person to-be-exiled 7#aii7 was usually written upon an oyster-shell1 and the meaning of the word signifying the custom comes from that4 #aa4 ,through 7per7 ostracism1 any leader could be banished1 justly or unjustly1 without trial of any kind1 or explanation of the reasons4 ,,lesson ,,lv4 ,,the ,,imperative ,,mood4 #bed4 ,for expressions of command1 exhortation1 entreaty1 etc41 there is an imperative mood1 as in ,english4 ,the ending of the imperative mood is -u4 ,beside the aoristic tense1 six compound tenses are formed by combining the participles with the imperative mood estu of the auxiliary verb1 but these tenses are seldom used4 ,the conjugation of vidi in the aoristic tense of this mood1 together with a synopsis in the compound tenses1 is as follows3 ,aoristic ,tense4 mi vidu6 let me see6 ni vidu6 let us see6 7vi7 vidu6 7you7 see6 7vi7 vidu6 7you7 see6 li 7sxi1 gxi7 vidu6 ili vidu6 let them see6 let him 7her1 it7 see6 ,compound ,tenses4 ,active4 ,passive4 ,present3 mi estu vidanta ,present3 mi estu vidata ,past3 mi estu vidinta ,past3 mi estu vidita ,future3 mi estu vidonta ,future3 mi estu vidota ,,resolve ,,and ,,exhortation4 #bee4 ,the first person singular of the imperative mood is used to express the speaker's resolve concerning his own action1 or an exhortation to himself concerning such action4 ,the first person plural is used to express resolve or exhortation concerning the joint action of the speaker and the person or persons addressed3 ,mi pensu pri tio6 ,let me think about that6 ,mi ne forgesu tion6 ,i must not 7do not let me7 forget that6 ,ni ekzilu lin6 ,let us exile him6 ,ni ne sidigxu tie6 ,let us not sit down there6 ,ni estu grize vestitaj6 ,let us be dressed in gray6 ,footnote3 ,this force is usually expressed in ,english by let with an accusative and infinitive construction4 ,,commands ,,and ,,prohibitions4 #bef4 ,the second and third persons of the imperative are used to express peremptory commands and prohibitions4 a4 ,in the second person the pronoun is usually omitted1 as in ,english1 unless special emphasis is placed upon it3 ,estu trankvila6 ,be calm6 7,one person is addressed47 ,estu pretaj por akompani min6 ,be ready to accompany me6 7,two or more persons are addressed47 ,parolu kvazaux vi komprenus6 ,talk as though you understood6 ,ne fermu tiun pordon6 ,do not shut that door6 ,ne estu vidata tie6 ,do not be seen there6 b4 ,in the third person a circumlocution in ,english is necessary in translation 7as let1 must1 are to1 is to1 etc473 ,li estu zorga6 ,let him be careful 7he must be careful76 ,sxi ne faru tion6 ,do not let her do that 7she is not to do that76 ,cxio estu pardonata6 ,let everything be forgiven6 ,oni lasu min trankvila6 ,people are to let me alone6 ,ili neniam revenu6 ,let them never 7do not let them ever7 return6 ,la kulpuloj estu punataj6 ,let the culprits be punished6 ,,less ,,peremptory ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,imperative4 #beg4 ,by an extension of its use in resolve1 exhortation1 command and prohibition1 the imperative mood may be employed for less peremptory expressions1 such as request1 wish1 advice1 etc41 and in questions of deliberation or perplexity1 or requests for instruction3 ,request3 ,cxesu tiun bruon1 mi petas6 ,stop that noise1 ,i beg6 ,bonvolu fari tion6 ,please do that6 ,pardonu al ni niajn pekojn6 ,forgive us our sins6 ,wish3 ,ili estu felicxaj6 ,may they be happy6 ,dio vin benu6 ,god bless you6 ,vivu la regxo6 7,long7 live the king6 ,advice3 ,pensu antaux ol agi6 ,think before acting6 ,foriru1 se vi ne estas kontenta6 ,go away1 if you are not satisfied6 ,consent3 ,nu1 parolu1 sed mi ne auxskultos6 ,well1 talk1 but ,i shall not listen6 ,iru tuj1 se vi volas4 ,go at once1 if you like4 ,question3 ,cxu mi faru tion aux ne8 ,am ,i to do that or not8 ,cxu ni disdonu la librojn8 ,shall we distribute the books8 ,cxu li estu kondamnita8 ,shall he be condemned8 ,cxu ili venu cxi tien8 ,are they to 7shall they7 come here8 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,mosxto4 #beh4 ,the word mosxto may be used alone1 or after a title1 to denote respect4 ,when used after a title1 the title becomes an adjective3 ,lia regxa mosxto1 his majesty4 ,lia jugxista mosxto1 his honor the judge4 ,sxia regxina mosxto1 her majesty4 ,lia urbestra mosxto1 his honor the mayor4 ,cxu via mosxto lin auxdis8 ,did your honor 7excellency1 etc47 hear him8 ,,vocabulary ,afrik-o ,africa4 mosxt-o a title 7see #beh74 barbar-o barbarian4 ordon-i to order1 to bid4 ,damokl-o ,damocles4 permes-i to permit4 flank-o side4 placx-i to please4 imperi-o empire4 sklav-o slave4 konsent-i to consent4 sol-a sole1 only4 konsil-i to advise4 volont-e willingly4 ,,la ,,glavo ,,de ,,damoklo4 ,antaux pli multe ol dumil jaroj vivis en ,sirakuzo1 sur la insulo ,sikelio1 tre kruela tirano4 ,li diris al si ,mi estu cxiopova 7all-powerful76 ,tial li faris multe da militadoj1 kaj venkis ne nur barbarajn popolojn1 sed ankaux multajn urbojn en ,italujo kaj norda ,afriko4 ,detruinte cxion sen kompato1 li ordonis ,la logxantoj estu vendataj por sklavoj6 ,li deziris fari por si1 el la venkitaj kaj sklavigitaj popoloj1 unu grandan imperion4 ,sed la urboj cxie1 ecx en ,grekujo1 ne kasxis al li sian grandan malamon al tia tirano4 ,tial li cxiam timis pri sia vivo1 timante ke iu subite mortigos lin4 ,unufoje ,damoklo1 amiko de la tirano1 diris al li1 ,se mi estus tiel ricxa kaj pova kiel via regxa mosxto1 mi estus treege felicxa6 ,la tirano respondis1 ,venu al festo cxe mi1 se tio placxas al vi1 kaj eltrovu cxu mi devus esti felicxa aux ne4 ,mi venos tre volonte1 ekkriis ,damoklo1 kaj mi dankas vian mosxton pro tia afableco6 ,la tirano gxentile respondis ,ho1 estas nenio 7you are welcome76 ,nur ne forgesu la deciditan horon6 ,je la gxusta horo ,damoklo iris al la festo1 kie oni donis al li segxon flanke de la tirano mem4 ,mangxu kaj trinku kiom ajn vi volas1 konsilis la tirano1 kaj poste ni parolos pri la felicxeco4 ,damoklo tuj konsentis al tia propono1 kaj agis laux la permeso tiel afable donita al li4 ,mangxante bonegan mangxajxon1 kaj trinkante dolcxan vinon1 li tute ne enuis cxe la festo4 ,baldaux la tirano diris ,rigardu supren1 kaj vidu gxuste kian felicxecon mi havas6 ,supren rigardinte1 ,damoklo ekvidis akran glavon1 antauxe kasxitan al li de kurteno4 ,subtenate de unu sola haro1 la glavo sxajnis kvazaux tuj falonta sur la kapon de ,damoklo4 ,la dioj min helpu6 li ekkriis1 forsaltinte de la tablo4 ,pro la jxus dirita stranga rakonto1 oni ankoraux nun nomas la atendadon por io timeginda1 kio sxajnas cxiam okazonta sed efektive ne okazas1 la glavo de ,damoklo4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,the word ostracism comes from the ,greek word signifying oyster-shell4 #b4 ,it has its present meaning because oyster-shells or pieces of pottery were used for the voting4 #c4 ,the story about ,aristeides is interesting1 but that about the sword of ,damocles is also interesting4 #d4 ,his friend1 the ,syracusan tyrant1 had permitted all sorts of injustices1 against not only barbarians but even ,greeks4 #e4 ,his only bidding usually was ,let every inhabitant be sold as a slave6 #f4 ,he thought ,let me make one sole empire out of ,africa1 ,italy and ,sicily6 #g4 ,damocles said to him ,your royal highness ought to be very happy6 #h4 ,the tyrant answered1 ,come to a feast tomorrow1 and find out4 ,i will give you a seat 7#bad1 b7 beside me4 #i4 ,damocles willingly consented1 and went thither4 #aj4 ,the tyrant advised ,let us eat and drink until midnight1 if that would be-pleasing to you4 ,then let us discuss the problem about happiness4 #aa4 ,after a few hours ,damocles heard a slight sound over his head1 and the tyrant said to him1 ,look up and you will see what kind of happiness mine is4 #ab4 ,heaven defend me6 exclaimed ,damocles1 catching sight of a sharp sword hanging by a single 7sole7 hair4 ,,lesson ,,lvi4 ,,the ,,imperative ,,in ,,subordinate ,,clauses4 #bei4 ,the imperative mood is used in a subordinate clause1 with a meaning similar to that in its independent use1 after a main verb expressing command1 exhortation1 resolve1 consent1 wish1 etc41 or after any word or general expression of command1 intention1 necessity1 expedience1 etc4 ,such clauses are introduced by the conjunction ke3 ,command and ,prohibition4 ,li diras ke vi iru1 he says that you are to go4 ,sxi skribis al li ke li venu1 she wrote him to come4 ,mi malpermesas ke vi restu1 ,i forbid you to remain4 ,ni ordonos ke li estu punata1 we shall order that he be punished4 ,request and ,wish4 ,mi petas ke vi ne lasu min1 ,i beg that you do not leave me4 ,mi petegas ke vi estu trankvilaj1 ,i implore you to be calm4 ,li deziras ke ili estu sklavigitaj1 he desires that they be enslaved4 ,ni volis ke li ne forgesu tion1 we wished him not to forget that4 ,advice1 ,consent1 ,permission4 ,mi konsilis al li ke li iru1 ,i advised him to go4 ,mi konsentis ke li restu1 ,i consented that he remain4 ,ili permesos ke la barbaroj forkuru1 they will permit the barbarians to escape 7that the barbarians escape74 ,questions4 ,li demandas cxu ili foriru1 he inquires whether they are to go away4 ,oni demandis cxu lia mosxto eniru1 they asked whether his honor was to enter4 ,mi miras cxu mi faru tion1 ,i wonder whether ,i am to do that4 ,intention1 ,expedience1 ,necessity1 etc4 ,ni intencas ke vi estu helpata1 we intend that you shall be helped4 ,lia propono estas ke ni ricevu la duonon1 his proposal is1 that we receive the half4 ,lia lasta ordono estis1 ke vi venu1 his last order was that you come4 ,estos bone ke vi ne plu nomu lin1 it will be well for you not to 7that you do not7 mention him any more4 ,estas dezirinde ke ni havu bonan imperiestron1 it is desirable that we have a good emperor4 ,estis necese ke cxiu starigxu1 it was necessary for everyone to rise4 ,placxos al li ke vi iru1 he will be pleased to have you go4 ,footnote3 ,in ,english and some other languages an imperative idea may often be expressed by the infinitive1 as ,i wish you to go1 but in ,esperanto this must be expressed by the equivalent of ,i wish that you go4 ,the infinitive may not be used except when it can itself be the subject of the verb in such general statements as it is necessary to go4 ,,the ,,preposition ,,je4 #bfj4 ,since prepositional uses are not exactly alike in any two languages1 it is not always possible to translate a preposition of one language by what is its equivalent in some senses in another4 ,in order to insure some means of translating correctly into ,esperanto any prepositional phrase of the national languages1 the preposition je is regarded as of rather indefinite meaning4 ,in addition to its use in dates and allusions to time 7#hi1 #ahe71 it may be employed when no other preposition gives the exact sense required1 especially in protestations and exclamations1 expressions of measure 7see also #aci71 and of indefinite connection3 ,je la nomo de cxielo6 ,in the name of ,heaven6 ,je mia honoro mi ja elfaros tion6 ,on my honor ,i will accomplish that6 ,gxi estas longa je du mejloj1 it is two miles long 7long by two miles74 ,ili venis je grandaj nombroj1 they came in great numbers4 ,li estas tenata de la policano1 je la brako1 per forta sxnurego1 he is held by the policemen1 by the arm1 with 7by7 a strong rope4 ,the preposition je is used to express indefinite connection after the following words 7other prepositions sometimes used are given in parentheses73 ekkrii je 7pro71 to cry out at4 7sin7 okupi je1 busy 7oneself7 at4 enui je1 to be bored with4 plena je 7de71 full of4 fiera je 7pri71 proud of4 preni je1 to take by4 fidi je 7al71 to rely upon4 provizi je 7per71 to provide with4 gxoji je 7pri71 to rejoice at4 ricxigi je 7per71 to enrich with4 gratuli je 7pri71 congratulate on4 ridi je1 to laugh at4 honti je 7pri71 to be ashamed of4 satigxi je1 to be sated with4 inda je1 worthy of4 senigi je1 to deprive of4 interesigxi je1 take interest in4 simila je 7al71 similar to4 kapti je1 to seize by4 sopiri je 7al71 to yearn for4 kontenta je 7kun71 content with4 sxargxi je1 to load with4 kredi je1 to believe in4 teni je1 to hold by4 ,footnote3 ,the translation given for a preposition in any dictionary is the general one which serves in the majority of cases4 ,the finer shades of meaning and real or apparent exceptions can merely be touched upon if mentioned at all4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,op-4 #bfa4 ,the suffix -op- is used to form collective numerals3 duope by twos1 in pairs4 milope by thousands4 kvarope by fours4 sesopigi to form into groups of six4 ,,vocabulary cel-i to aim4 prokrast-i to delay 7trans474 ,cirus-o ,cyrus4 proviz-i to provide4 fidi to rely4 rezult-i to result4 gxu-i to enjoy4 sopir-i to yearn1 to sigh4 honor-o honor4 spac-o space4 krom beside1 save1 but4 terur-a terrible4 plen-a full4 ver-o truth4 ,,la ,,marsxado ,,de ,,la ,,dekmil ,,grekoj4 ,iam ,ciruso1 nepo de ,ciruso ,granda1 sopiris je la imperio de sia pli maljunafrato1 kiu sekvis la patron de ambaux fratoj kiel regxo1 aux pli gxuste imperiestro4 ,decidinte forigi de la regxeco 7to dethrone7 sian fraton1 ,ciruso petis la grekojn ke ili partoprenu 7take part7 en kelkaj negravaj militadoj4 ,multaj tiamaj grekoj tre volonte sin okupis je la batalado1 pro la granda pago ricevata4 ,la venditaj sklavoj kaj la detruitaj konstruajxoj cxiam provizis ilin je multe da ricxajxo1 kaj krom tio la militistoj sxajnis gxui ecx la militadon mem4 ,estis tute indiferente al ili cxu la kauxzo de la militado estas prava kaj justa aux ne4 ,unue ,ciruso nur petis ke ili helpu liajn proprajn soldatojn kontraux iuj najbaroj4 ,li kasxis al ili sian veran celon1 cxar se la grekoj estus suspektintaj tion1 kion li intencis fari1 ili neniam estus akompanintaj lin tiel malproksimen de sia patrolando4 ,grade li kondukis ilin trans tutan ,azion1 kaj fine la dekmil grekoj komprenis cxion1 kaj treege kolerigxis4 ,paroladante al ili1 ,ciruso tuj diris ,mi ne permesas ke vi reiru1 kaj mi petegas ke vi antauxen marsxadu kun mi1 sen plua 7further7 prokrasto6 ,se mi sukcesos kontraux mia frato1 mi certigas vin je mia honoro ke cxiu el vi revenos havante sakojn plenajn je ricxajxo6 ,estas nur necese ke vi fidu je mi1 kaj cxio estos bona6 ,tiam la soldatoj hontis je sia antauxa timo1 kaj kuragxe antauxen marsxadis4 ,fine1 apud granda urbo1 la frato de ,ciruso elvenis havante okcentmil soldatojn1 por batali kontraux la centmil de ,ciruso4 ,per la helpo de siaj grekoj1 ,ciruso estis preskaux venkinta en terura batalo1 kiam subite li ekvidis sian fraton1 je malgranda interspaco4 ,ekkriante ,mi vidas la viron6 li rajdis rekte al la regxo1 jxetante sian pezan lancon al li4 ,la sola rezulto estis la morto de ,ciruso mem1 cxar la amikoj de la regxo1 kvinope kaj sesope atakinte ,ciruson1 lin tuj mortigis4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,cyrus did not desire that his brother should remain king4 #b4 ,he decided1 ,let me myself become 7farigxi7 king6 ,i should much enjoy that6 #c4 ,so he asked the ,greeks to help him in some battles against nearby enemies4 #d4 ,gradually an army 7#abf7 of a hundred thousand men1 ten thousand of whom were ,greeks1 gathered 7#bcb1 b7 around him4 #e4 ,he led them farther and farther1 into the middle of ,asia1 until finally the ,greeks suspected his true aim4 #f4 ,they said to each other in terror1 ,he did not at first propose that we fight against the ,great ,king4 ,let us return home without delay6 #g4 ,cyrus addressed 7#bah7 them as follows3 ,must ,i permit you to go back8 ,i implore you to be courageous1 and ,i do advise you not to forget your longing for 7#bfj7 honor6 #h4 ,only be worthy of your leader1 and rely upon me6 ,do you not wish to return home provided with wealth1 beside the money which ,i shall pay to you8 #i4 ,immediately the soldiers were ashamed of their fear1 and advanced by hundreds1 full of courage4 #aj4 ,soon the brother of ,cyrus approached1 with 7havante7 eight hundred thousand men4 #aa4 ,by the aid of the ,greeks1 ,cyrus won the battle1 but he himself lost his life4 #ab4 ,so neither he nor the ,greeks could enjoy the result of their efforts4 ,,lesson ,,lvii4 ,,clauses ,,expressing ,,purpose4 #bfb4 ,purpose may be expressed by a subordinate imperative clause1 introduced by por ke3 ,mi faras gxin por ke li helpu vin1 ,i do it in order that he may help you4 ,mi ekkriis por ke vi auxdu1 ,i cried out in order that you should hear4 ,li venos por ke ni estu felicxaj1 he will come that we may be happy4 ,mi studas por ke mi lernu1 ,i study that ,i may learn4 ,ili restu por ke ni punu ilin1 let them stay for us to punish them4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the expression of purpose by the infinitive with por 7#ih71 which however cannot be used except when the subject of the main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb1 or when the object of the main verb is the subject of the subordinate verb4 ,,further ,,uses ,,of ,,the ,,accusative4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the accusative of direct object 7#bc71 direction of motion 7#df1 #aba71 time 7#ia71 and measure 7#aci74 #bfc4 ,the accusative of direction of motion is used after nouns from roots expressing motion3 ,lia eniro en la urbon estis subita1 his entrance into the city was sudden4 ,la irado tien estos plezuro1 7the7 going thither will be a pleasure4 ,gxia falado teren timigis min1 its falling earthward terrified me4 #bfd4 a4 ,an intransitive verb may be followed by a noun in the accusative case1 if the meaning of the noun is related to that of the verb3 ,li vivas agrablan vivon1 he lives an agreeable life4 ,sxi dancis belan dancon1 she danced a beautiful dance4 ,ili ploris maldolcxajn larmojn1 they wept bitter tears4 b4 ,verbs of motion 7iri1 veni1 pasi1 marsxi1 veturi1 etc47 compounded with prepositions or adverbs 7#aba7 indicating direction1 also compounds of such verbs as esti and stari with prepositions expressing situation1 may be followed by the accusative1 instead of by a prepositional phrase in which the preposition is repeated3 ,la viro preterpasis la domon1 the man passed 7by7 the house4 ,lin antauxvenis du sklavoj1 there preceded 7came before7 him two slaves4 ,ni supreniru la sxtuparon1 let us go up the stairs4 ,mi cxeestis la feston1 ,i attended 7was present at7 the entertainment4 ,mi kontrauxstaras vian opinion1 ,i oppose 7withstand7 your opinion4 c4 ,the slight change in meaning given by pri used as a prefix may render intransitive verbs transitive4 ,the same is true of el prefixed to intransitive verbs not expressing motion3 ,sxi priploris la mortintan birdon1 she mourned the dead bird4 ,mi pripensos la aferon1 ,i shall consider 7think over7 the matter4 ,ni gxin priparolos1 we shall talk it over4 ,li klare elparolas la vortojn1 he pronounces the words clearly4 ,footnote3 ,in this use pri resembles the ,english and ,german inseparable prefix be-1 as in ,english bemoan1 bewail1 bethink1 bespeak1 ,german beklagen1 besprechen1 sich 1 etc4 #bfe4 ,the accusative may be used after verbs of such meaning that either a prepositional phrase or an accusative would seem correct3 ,mi pardonas lin 7al li71 ,i pardon 7grant pardon to7 him4 ,mi helpis lin 7al li71 ,i helped 7gave aid to7 him4 ,gxi placxas min 7al mi71 it pleases 7is pleasing to7 me4 ,li obeis nin 7al ni71 he obeyed 7was obedient to7 us4 ,sxi ridis mian timon 7je mia timo71 she ridiculed 7laughed at7 my fear4 ,footnote3 ,when ambiguity would be caused1 as by the presence of another accusative1 this construction may not be employed4 ,one may say pardonu nin1 but must say pardonu al ni niajn pekojn4 #bff4 ,the accusative may be used after certain adverbs which are normally followed by a prepositional phrase3 ,rilate tion 7rilate al tio71 in regard to that4 ,escepte tion 7escepte de tio71 with the exception of that4 ,koncerne la aferon 7koncerne je la afero71 concerning the affair4 ,kompare la alian 7kompare kun la alia71 in comparison with the other4 ,konforme la legxon 7konforme al la legxo71 in conformity to the law4 ,,synopsis ,,of ,,the ,,conjugation ,,of ,,the ,,verb4 #bfg4 vidi1 to see4 ,,active4 ,,passive4 ,,indicative4 ,present4 7,aoristic7 mi vidas mi estas vidata 7,progressive7 mi estas vidanta ,past4 7,aoristic7 mi vidis mi estis vidata 7,imperfect7 mi estis vidanta ,future4 7,aoristic7 mi vidos mi estos vidata 7,progressive7 mi estos vidanta ,perfect4 mi estas vidinta mi estas vidita ,pluperfect4 mi estis vidinta mi estis vidita ,future ,perfect4 mi estos vidinta mi estos vidita ,periphrastic ,futures4 7,present74 mi estas vidonta mi estas vidota 7,past74 mi estis vidonta mi estis vidota 7,future74 mi estos vidonta mi estos vidota ,,conditional4 ,present4 7,aoristic7 mi vidus mi estus vidata 7,progressive7 mi estus vidanta ,past4 mi estus vidinta mi estus vidita ,future4 mi estus vidonta mi estus vidota ,,imperative4 ,present4 7,aoristic7 mi vidu mi estu vidata 7,progressive7 mi estu vidanta ,past4 mi estu vidinta mi estu vidita ,future4 mi estu vidonta mi estu vidota ,,infinitive4 ,present4 7,aoristic7 vidi esti vidata 7,progressive7 esti vidanta ,perfect4 esti vidinta esti vidita ,future4 esti vidonta esti vidota ,,the ,,suffix -,,um-4 #bfh4 ,the indefinite suffix -um- serves the same general purpose in word formation which je serves as an indefinite preposition 7#bfj73 aerumi to air4 kolumo collar4 busxumo muzzle4 plenumi to fulfil4 gustumi to taste4 proksimume approximately4 ,,vocabulary eben-a level1 even4 nepr-e inevitably1 certainly4 escept-o exception4 obe-i to obey4 esper-i to hope4 obstin-a obstinate4 fremd-a foreign4 promes-i to promise4 histori-o history4 rilat-o relation4 kompar-i to compare4 sat-a satiated4 koncern-i to concern4 sav-i to save4 konform-i to conform4 verk-i to compose 7books or music74 ,,la ,,reirado ,,de ,,la ,,dekmilo4 ,la grekaj militistoj sentis grandan teruron kiam ,ciruso ne plu vivis4 ,la celo de la longa marsxado ne povis esti plenumata1 pro la morto de la obstina trokuragxa militestro mem4 ,kvankam la grekoj estis venkintoj1 ili estis tute solaj en fremda lando1 cxirkauxitaj de barbaroj kiuj1 per trompemaj proponoj kaj falsaj promesoj pri amikaj interrilatoj1 tuj okazigis la morton de la grekaj estroj4 ,senigite je siaj estroj1 la kompatindaj viroj tute malesperis4 ,sed kelkaj subestroj1 rapide kunveniginte la soldatojn1 diris1 ,ni mem kondukos vin per kiel eble plej rekta vojo hejmen6 ,ni faros nian eblon 7utmost7 por ke ni cxiuj estu savitaj6 ,cxar restis nenio alia por fari1 la malfacila malgaja reirado de la grekoj komencigxis sen prokrasto4 ,ili transiris varmegajn ebenajxojn 7plains71 supreniris kaj malsupreniris krutajn negxkovritajn montojn1 meze de la vintro1 kaj sen pontoj transiris largxajn riverojn4 ,cxie la malfidindaj barbaroj atakis ilin1 kvazaux por ke neniu greko restu viva4 ,krom tio1 la grekoj mortis dekope kaj dudekope cxiutage1 pro varmegeco1 malvarmegeco1 laceco kaj malsateco 7hunger74 ,fine1 post nekredeblaj suferoj1 la restajxo de la dekmil soldatoj alvenis sur monton1 kaj ekvidis la maron4 ,lauxta ekkriego ,la maro6 ,la maro6 eksonis inter la lacaj viroj1 el kiuj multaj ploris larmojn de gxojo4 ,de infaneco ili alkutimis al la vojagxado per akvo1 kaj post iom da ripozo ili sin provizis je sxipoj1 por transiri la maron al la patrujo je kiu ili estis tiel longe sopirintaj4 ,treege interesa historio koncerne la tutan aferon estas verkita de fama greka verkisto 7writer71 kiu estis akompaninta ,ciruson por ke li povu gxui kaj studi cxion interesan sur la vojo4 ,tiu azia militado de ,ciruso nepre estas unu el la plej rimarkindaj okazintajxoj iam priskribitaj1 ecx sen escepto de la posta irado tien de ,aleksandro ,granda4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,after the death of ,cyrus1 the leaders of the ,greek warriors did not know what to do4 #b4 ,in the course of the following day1 one of the leaders of the enemy sent a messenger 7#bje7 with deceitful promises about help4 #b4 ,he said ,assemble in our leader's tent1 in order that you may all discuss the matter4 #c4 ,the ,greek leaders went1 although they suspected danger1 because they did not know how else to save their men4 #d4 ,but they never returned1 and soon the ,greeks understood that the barbarians had killed them4 #e4 ,they wept tears of despair1 and said ,the barbarians will inevitably destroy us1 for we are in a foreign land1 where we know neither the languages nor the roads1 and the peoples are without exception hostile to us4 #f4 ,but the leaders-of-lesser-rank said ,obey us and follow us1 and we shall do our best to save you6 #g4 ,their return1 across hot plains and snow-covered mountains1 made-more-difficult by hunger and by the unceasing attacks of the barbarians1 is related in the history written by a famous ,greek historian4 #h4 ,one can still read this interesting narrative1 in ,greek or in a translation4 ,,lesson ,,lviii4 ,,permission ,,and ,,possibility4 #bfi4 ,permission is usually expressed by the use of permesi1 lasi1 or the imperative mood3 ,cxu vi permesas ke mi restu8 ,may ,i 7do you permit me to7 stay8 ,jes1 mi permesas 7jes1 restu71 yes1 you may 7yes1 stay74 ,ne estas permesate eniri tien1 it is not allowed to enter there4 ,lasu lin veni1 let him come4 #bgj4 ,the idea of possibility or probability is given by the use of some such adverb as eble1 kredeble1 versxajne1 etc43 ,eble li obeos al vi1 he may 7perhaps he will7 obey you4 ,kredeble li sukcesos1 probably he will succeed4 ,versxajne vi estas prava1 you are probably right4 ,eble oni lin savus1 they might 7possibly they would7 save him4 ,ili nepre ne batis lin1 they could not have 7surely did not7 beat him4 ,tio estas neebla6 ,that can not be 7that is impossible76 ,,the ,,prefix ,,ge-4 #bga4 ,words formed with the prefix ge- indicate the two sexes together3 gepatroj parents4 gefiloj son7s7 and daughter7s74 geavoj grandparents4 gefratoj brother7s7 and sister7s74 genepoj grandchildren4 geedzoj husband7s7 and wife 7wives74 gesinjoroj ,mr4 and ,mrs41 lady 7ladies7 and gentleman 7gentlemen74 ,,the ,,suffix -,,acx-4 #bgb4 ,the suffix -acx- has a disparaging significance3 domacxo a hovel4 pentracxi to daub4 hundacxo a cur4 popolacxo rabble1 mob4 obstinacxa obstinate4 ridacxi to guffaw4 ,,interjections4 #bgc4 ,interjections are words used to express feeling or call attention4 ,among the more common interjections are3 ,adiaux6 ,farewell6 7#aga74 ,hura6 ,hurrah6 ,fi6 ,fie6 ,nu6 ,well6 ,ho6 ,oh6 ,ho6 ,ve6 ,woe6 7,ho ve6 ,alas674 ,footnote3 ,verbs in the imperative1 and adverbs1 are frequently used as interjections1 as ,atentu61 ,look out61 ,auxskultu61 ,hark61 ,bonvenu61 ,welcome61 ,antauxen61 ,forward61 ,bone61 ,good61 ,for61 ,away61 ,ja61 ,indeed61 ,jen61 ,there61 ,behold6 ,footnote3 ,the interjection fi is sometimes used as a disparaging prefix1 like -acx- 7#bgb71 as fibirdo1 ugly bird1 ficxevalo1 a sorry nag4 ,,vocabulary ,aleksandri-o ,alexandria4 fond-i to found1 establish4 ,amerik-o ,america4 hispan-o ,spaniard4 ,aristotel-o ,aristotle4 kapabl-a capable4 ,auxstrali-o ,australia4 komun-a common1 mutual4 bibliotek-o library4 kontinent-o continent4 eduk-i to bring up1 educate4 ,krist-o ,christ4 ,egipt-o ,egypt4 milion-o million4 estim-i to esteem4 spite in spite of4 firm-a firm4 vast-a vast1 extensive4 ,,aleksandro ,,granda4 ,permesu ke mi diru kelkajn vortojn pri la vivo de ,aleksandro ,granda1 kiu ne estis matura viro sed havis nur dudek jarojn kiam li farigxis regxo4 ,liaj gepatroj estis tre zorge edukintaj lin1 kaj la filozofo ,aristotelo1 kiun li tre alte estimis1 estis unu el liaj instruistoj4 ,aleksandro firme tenadis sian propran regxolandon1 kaj ankaux ,grekujon1 kiun lia patro estis venkinta2 krom tio1 li faris militadojn kontraux diversaj fremdaj landoj1 unue en ,azio1 tiam en ,afriko1 kie li fondis urbon1 kaj gxin nomis ,aleksandrio4 ,aleksandrio nepre estis belega ricxa urbo4 ,tie trovigxis99 poste la fama ,aleksandria biblioteko4 ,se gxi ne estus detruita de fajro1 en la dauxro de iuj militadoj1 ni sendube konus multe pli bone la sciadon de la antikvaj grekoj1 kiuj versxajne estis la plej klera popolo iam vivinta en ,euxropo4 ,venkinte ,egipton1 ,aleksandro reiris en ,azion1 gxis tre orienta kaj suda partoj1 venkante cxiujn cxie1 kvazaux ili estus la plej malkuragxaj popolacxoj en la mondo4 ,sed spite cxies petoj li estis obstinacxe nezorgema pri sia sano1 kaj subite1 ho ve1 li mortis pro febro1 tricent dektri jarojn antaux ,kristo4 ,se li ne estus tiel frue mortinta1 kiel multe li estus eble elfarinta6 ,li esperis venki ,hispanujon1 ,italujon1 kaj1 mallongavorte1 tiom de la okcidenta mondo kiom li jam posedis de la orienta4 ,tiam li celis kunigi cxion en unu vastan imperion1 kvazaux por fari el la mondo unu grandan familion4 ,li intencis ke la milionoj da enlogxantoj akceptu komunajn legxojn kaj kutimojn1 ecx komunan lingvon1 -- kredeble la grekan4 ,eble li ja havis la kapablecon por fari cxion cxi4 ,estas pro tio ke oni ofte auxdas la diron ,aleksandro sopiris je aliaj mondoj por venki4 ,tamen1 kiel malgranda estis tiu mondo kiun li konis6 ,la tiamuloj konis nur malgrandan parton de ,afriko1 de ,azio1 ecx de ,euxropo4 ,ili sciis nenion pri ,anglujo1 aux pri la vastaj kontinentoj ,auxstralio1 norda kaj suda ,amerikoj4 ,footnote3 ,the use of trovigxi1 and also of sin trovi1 kusxi1 stari and sidi1 in a sense not greatly differing from that of esti1 avoids the monotonous repetition of forms of esti1 just as ,english uses lie1 sit1 perch1 etc41 in narration for similar reasons3 ,multaj vilagxoj trovigxas tie1 many villages are 7situated7 there4 ,egipto trovigxas en la nordorienta parto de ,afriko1 ,egypt is 7found7 in the northeastern part of ,africa4 ,li sin trovis sola en la dezerto1 he found himself 7he was7 alone in the desert4 ,la urbo kusxis inter du lagoj1 the city lay between two lakes4 ,sur la montflanko sidis vilagxeto1 on the mountainside perched a tiny village4 ,,sentences ,,for ,,translation4 #a4 ,alexander the ,great wished to unite the whole world into one vast empire4 #b4 ,he intended that all the different peoples should conform to common laws and that their sons-and-daughters should speak one common language1 and in spite of their love for their national languages1 should leave-off speaking them4 #c4 ,possibly he might have accomplished his object to some extent 7#bag71 if he had not died suddenly when he was only thirty-two years old4 #d4 ,his soldiers marched weeping past his tent1 to bid farewell to their dying leader4 #e4 ,they must have esteemed him very highly6 #f4 ,it was ,alexander who founded the city of ,alexandria1 in ,egypt1 where approximately three hundred years before ,christ the famous ,alexandrian library was located4 #g4 ,it contained an enormous collection-of-books -- almost seven hundred thousand4 #h4 ,alas1 this extensive library was destroyed by fire6 #i4 ,alexander1 who sighed for other worlds to conquer1 did not even know of the existence of ,north and ,south ,america1 ,australia1 or even of ,england and ,northern ,europe4 #aj4 ,beside his ,asiatic empire1 he knew very little of ,asia1 even of ,china1 with its millions of inhabitants4 #aa4 ,how small the world was in those days6 ,,lesson ,,lix4 ,,the ,,position ,,of ,,unemphatic ,,pronouns4 #bgd4 ,an unemphatic personal1 indefinite or demonstrative pronoun very frequently precedes the verb of which it is the object4 ,this is especially true if the verb in question is an infinitive3 ,mi volas lin vidi1 ,i wish to see him4 ,li povos tion fari1 he will be able to do that4 ,vi devus ion mangxi1 you ought to eat something4 ,cxu vi gxin kredis8 ,did you believe it8 ,se li min vidus1 li min savus1 if he should see me1 he would save me4 ,footnote3 ,cf4 in other languages1 as in ,german ich moechte ihn sehen1 ,french je veux le voir1 ,latin se alunt1 me defendi1 etc4 ,that such pronouns are unemphatic can be seen from ,english let her come 7 let'er come71 make him stop 7 make'im stop71 etc41 in which the unemphatic forms er1 im1 replace him1 her1 in pronunciation 7cf4 the ,greek enclitic pronouns mou1 moi1 me1 son1 soi1 se1 ou1 oi1 e11 the ,sanskrit enclitic forms ma1 me1 tva1 te1 nas1 vas1 enam1 enat1 enam1 also sim1 and the ,avestan i1 im74 ,the same phenomenon is indicated in prithee 7 pray thee71 and in the spellings gimme 7 give me71 lemme 7 let me71 in dialect stories4 ,,some ,,intransitive ,,verbs4 #bge4 ,some intransitive verbs have ,english meanings which do not differ in form from the transitive ,english verbs to which they are related4 ,in ,esperanto the suffix -ig- 7#bad7 must be used when the transitive meaning is desired4 ,some examples are given in the following table3 ,verb4 ,intransitive ,use4 ,transitive ,use4 ,boli 4 4 4 4 ,la akvo bolas ,li boligas la akvon ,the water boils ,he boils the water ,bruli4 4 4 4 ,la fajro brulas ,li bruligis la paperon ,the fire burns ,he burned the paper ,cxesi4 4 4 4 ,la bruo cxesas ,li cxesigas la bruon ,the noise stops ,he stops the noise ,dauxri 4 4 4 ,la bruo dauxras ,li dauxrigas la bruon ,the noise continues ,he continues the noise ,degeli 4 4 4 ,la glacio degelas ,li gxin degeligas per fajro ,the ice thaws ,he thaws it with fire ,droni4 4 4 4 ,la knabino dronis ,la viro sxin dronigis ,the girl drowned ,the man drowned her ,eksplodi 4 4 ,pulvo eksplodas ,li gxin eksplodigos ,gunpowder explodes ,he will explode it ,halti4 4 4 4 ,li haltis timigite ,li haltigis la soldatojn ,he halted in alarm ,he halted the soldiers ,lumi 4 4 4 4 ,la suno lumas ,li lumigis la lampon ,the sun shines ,he lighted the lamp ,pasi 4 4 4 4 ,la tempo pasas ,tiel li pasigis la tagon ,time passes ,thus he passed the day ,pendi4 4 4 4 ,gxi pendas de brancxo ,li gxin pendigis de brancxo ,it hangs on a branch ,he hung it on a branch ,soni 4 4 4 4 ,la saluta pafo sonis ,oni sonigis la salutan pafon ,the salute sounded ,they sounded the salute ,sonori 4 4 4 ,la sonorilo sonoris ,oni sonorigis la sonorilon ,the bell rang ,they rang the bell ,footnote3 ,a transitive use of such intransitive verbs would be like using the ,english intransitive verb learn for the transitive verb teach1 as in the ,i'll learn you 7for ,i'll teach you7 of illiterate speech4 ,,the ,,suffix -,,er-4 #bgf4 ,the suffix -er- is used to form words expressing units or component parts of that which is indicated in the root3 fajrero spark 7of fire74 negxero snowflake4 monero coin4 sablero grain of sand4 ,,the ,,prefixes ,,bo- ,,and ,,duon-4 #bgg4 ,the prefix bo- indicates relationship by marriage4 ,to indicate half-blood relationship1 or step-relationship1 duon- 7#aff7 is used3 bopatro father-in-law4 duonpatro stepfather4 bofratino sister-in-law4 duonfrato half-brother4 ,,correspondence4 #bgh4 a4 ,letters should be dated as indicated in the following3 ,bostono1 je la #bd;a de decembro1 #aiab;a4 ,nov-,jorko1 la #bd;an decembro1 #aiab;a4 ,sirakuzo1 #bd_/,,xii_/#aiab4 b4 ,the usual methods of address are 7to strangers and in business letters73 ,sinjoro1 ,sinjorino1 ,estimata ,sinjoro1 ,karaj ,sinjoroj1 ,tre estimata ,frauxlino1 etc42 7to friends and relatives7 ,kara ,frauxlino1 ,karaj ,gefratoj1 ,kara ,amiko1 ,kara ,mario1 ,patrino mia1 7placing the possessive adjective after the noun in this way gives an affectionate sense1 as in ,english ,mother mine1 etc7 etc42 7to persons whose opinions on some subject are known to agree with those of the writer7 ,estimata 7,kara7 ,samideano 7follower of the same idea74 c4 ,among the more usual forms of conclusion are 7to strangers and in business letters73 ,tre fidele la via1 ,tre vere1 ,kun granda estimo1 ,kun plej alta estimo1 etc41 7to friends73 ,kun amika saluto1 ,kun cxiuj bondeziroj1 ,kun samideanaj salutoj1 ,frate la via1 etc4 ,,vocabulary adres-o address4 krajon-o pencil4 apart-a separate4 mend-i to order 7of stores1 etc74 bedaur-i to regret4 ,nov-,jorko ,new ,york4 cxef-a chief4 numer-o number 7numeral74 do so1 then4 ofic-o office1 employment4 fontan-o fountain4 posxt-o post 7letters1 etc474 hotel-o hotel4 respekt-o respect4 ink-o ink4 special-a special4 konven-a suitable4 stat-o state 7political body7 kovert-o envelope 7for letters7 tram-o tram4 ,footnote3 ,cxef- is often used in descriptive compounds 7#afg1 b71 as cxefkuiristo1 chief 7head7 cook1 chef1 cxefurbo1 chief city1 capital1 cxefangxelo1 archangel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,kelkaj ,,leteroj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sirakuzo1 la #b;an de marto1 #aiaa4 ,kara ,amiko1 ,sendube vin surprizos ricevi leteron skribitan de mi cxe hotelo en cxi tiu urbo1 ne tre malproksime de via propra oficejo6 ,via bofrato1 kiun mi okaze renkontis hieraux en la posxtoficejo1 donis al mi vian adreson4 ,gxis nun1 mi estas tiel okupata ke mi ne havis la tempon ecx por telefoni al vi4 ,sed nun mi havas du aux tri minutojn da libera tempo1 kaj mi tuj ekkaptas la okazon por skribi letereton1 petante ke vi vespermangxu kun mi hodiaux vespere1 cxe la hotelo kie1 kiel vi vidas1 mi logxas de antaux unu tago4 7,pardonu1 mi petas1 ke mi finas cxi tiun leteron per krajono1 sed mi jxus eltrovis ke restas neniom plu da inko en mia fontanplumo47 ,venu je la sesa1 se tiu horo estas konvena4 ,bedauxrinde 7unfortunately71 mi devos forresti de la hotelo la tutan posttagmezon1 pri komercaj aferoj1 alie mi vin renkontus cxe la tramvojo1 kie haltas la tramveturiloj 7streetcars74 ,estos plej bone1 mi opinias1 ke vi iru rekte al mia cxambro1 numero #bf1 kie mi senprokraste vin renkontos1 se mi ne estos efektive jam vin atendanta4 ,ni esperu ke la cxefkuiristo preparos al ni bonan mangxon6 ,mi esperas ke vi malatentos la falantajn negxerojn1 kaj nepre venos1 responde al mia iomete subita invito1 cxar ni ja havos multe da komunaj travivajxoj por priparoli4 ,do gxis la baldauxa revido je la vespermangxo6 ,kun plej amikaj salutoj1 ,roberto4 ,footnote3 ,the word tial may be omitted from the combination tial ke 7#hc71 if the meaning is obvious4 99 99 99 99 99 ,boston1 #ac_/,,vii_/#aiaa4 ,wilson kaj ,jones1 ,nov-,jorko4 ,estimataj ,sinjoroj3-- ,bonvolu sendi al mi per revenanta posxto vian plej novan prezaron 7price-list74 ,ni baldaux bezonos iujn novajn meblojn por niaj oficejoj1 precipe skribtablojn1 tablojn konvenajn por skribmasxinoj 7typewriters71 kaj specialajn librujojn1 farotajn laux niaj bezonoj4 ,se viaj prezoj estas konvenaj1 ni sendube volos mendi de vi tian meblaron4 ,kun respekto1 ,j4 ,f4 ,smith1 cxe ,brown kaj ,brown4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nov-,jorko1 #ag_/,,vii_/#aiaa4 ,sinjoro ,j4 ,f4 ,smith1 cxe ,brown kaj ,brown1 ,nov-,jorko4 ,estimata ,sinjoro3-- ,ni havas la honoron sendi al vi en aparta koverto nian plej novan prezaron1 al kiu ni petas ke vi donu vian atenton1 precipe al pagxoj #ae-bi4 ,tie vi trovos priskribitaj niajn plej bonajn oficejajn meblarojn4 ,ni senpage metos cxiujn acxetitajn meblojn sur la vagonaron1 sed kompreneble ni ne pagos la koston de la sendado4 ,ni plezure fabrikos specialajn librujojn laux viaj bezonoj1 kaj volonte ricevos viajn ordonojn pri tio4 ,niaj prezoj estos kiel eble plej malaltaj4 ,esperante ke la meblaroj priskribitaj en nia prezaro1 kune kun la tie-presitaj prezoj1 estos plene kontentigaj1 kaj certigante al vi ke ni zorge plenumos cxiun mendon1 ni restas1 ,tre respekte la viaj1 ,wilson kaj ,jones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bostono1 la #bg;an ,majo4 ,sinjoro ,b4 ,f4 ,brown1 ,sirakuzo1 ,nov-,jorka ,sxtato4 ,kara ,sinjoro3-- ,vian adreson ni dankas al niaj komunaj amikoj ,sinjoroj ,miller kaj ,white1 kaj per cxi tio ni permesas al ni proponi al vi niajn servojn por la vendado de tiaj infanludiloj1 kiajn vi fabrikas4 ,ni havas bonegajn montrajn fenestrojn 7show-windows71 en nia butiko1 preskaux meze de la cxefstrato en la urbo1 kaj en nia butiko trovigxas suficxe da grandaj vitramebloj 7show-cases74 ,tial ni povus tre oportune administri tian aferon4 ,ni multe gxojos se vi respondos kiel eble plej baldaux1 sciigante al ni kiom da procento vi donos1 kaj kiajn arangxojn vi volus fari4 ,ni certigas al vi ke en cxiu okazo ni penos fari nian eblon por via plej bona intereso4 ,kun alta estimo1 ,d4 ,rose4 ,,lesson ,,lx4 ,,some ,,transitive ,,verbs4 #bgi4 ,some transitive verbs have ,english meanings which do not differ in form from the intransitive ,english verbs to which they are related 7conversely to the use explained in #bge74 ,in ,esperanto the suffix -igx- 7#bcb71 or a different root1 must be used when an intransitive meaning is desired4 ,following are the more common verbs of this character1 together with examples of the intransitive use of several of them3 balanci to balance4 renversi to upset1 to overturn4 etendi to extend1 to expand4 rompi to break4 fermi to close1 to shut4 ruli to roll1 7wheel1 ball1 etc474 fini to end1 to finish4 skui to shake4 fleksi to bend1 to flex4 strecxi to stretch4 hejti to heat4 svingi to swing4 klini to incline1 to bend4 sxanceli to cause to vacillate4 kolekti to gather1 to collect4 sxangxi to change4 komenci to begin1 to commence4 sxiri to tear4 mezuri to measure4 turni to turn4 montri to show4 veki to wake4 movi to move4 versxi to pour4 pasxti to pasture1 to feed4 volvi to roll 7around something74 ,la laboro nun finigxas1 the work is now coming to an end4 ,la glavo fleksigxis1 the sword bent4 ,la folioj disvolvigxas1 the leaves unroll 7develop74 ,cxiu kutimo sxangxigxos1 every custom will change4 ,la vintro jam komencigxas1 the winter is already beginning4 ,mi vekigxos je la sesa1 ,i shall awake at six 7o'clock74 ,la montrilo sxanceligxis1 the indicator trembled 7vacillated74 ,vasta ebenajxo etendigxis antaux li1 a vast plain extended before him4 ,,elision4 #bhj4 ,elision is not common1 and its use in writing as well as in speaking is best avoided4 ,it occurs most frequently in poetry4 a4 ,the -a of the article may be elided before a word beginning with avowel1 or after a preposition ending in a vowel3 ,l' espero1 l' obstino kaj la pacienco4 ,de l' montoj riveretoj fluas4 ,kaj kantas tra l' pura aero4 b4 ,the final -o of a noun may be elided in poetry4 ,the original accent of the noun remains unchanged3 ,ho1 mia kor'1 ne batu maltrankvile4 ,sur la kampo la rozet'4 c4 ,the final -e of an adverb is very rarely elided 7except in the expression dank' al1 which occurs in prose as well as in poetry73 ,ke povu mi foj' je eterno ekdormi6 ,dank' al vi1 mi sukcesis4 7,thanks to you1 ,i succeeded47 ,,the ,,prefix ,,eks-4 #bha4 ,the prefix eks- is used to form words expressing a previous incumbent of a position1 or removal from such position3 eksprezidanto1 ex-president4 eksregxo1 ex-king4 eksigi1 to put out of office1 to discharge4 eksigxi1 to withdraw from one's office1 to resign4 ,,the ,,prefix ,,pra-4 #bhb4 ,the prefix pra- is used to form words expressing precedence in the line of descent1 or general remoteness in past time3 praavo great grandfather4 prapatroj forefathers1 ancestors4 pranepo great grandson4 pratempa primeval4 ,,the ,,suffixes -,,cxj- ,,and -,,nj-4 #bhc4 ,the suffix -cxj- is used to form affectionate diminutives1 from the first syllable or syllables of masculine names or terms of address4 ,the suffix -nj- forms similar feminine diminutives3 ,jocxjo ,johnnie1 ,joe4 ,manjo ,may1 ,mamie4 ,pacxjo ,papa4 ,panjo ,mamma4 ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 #bhd4 ,national systems of weights and measures translated into international form 7as mejlo1 mile1 funto1 pound7 cannot convey a very definite meaning to one not familiar with the particular system used4 ,consequently the metric system 7already used by scientists everywhere and by the general public in many countries7 is adopted for the international system of weights and measures3 ,length and ,surface4 milimetro millimeter 74#jcid inch74 centimetro centimeter 74#cicg inch74 decimetro decimeter 7#c4icg inches74 metro meter 7#ci4cg inches74 dekametro dekameter 7#cic4g inches74 hektometro hektometer 7#cbh feet #a inch74 kilometro kilometer 7#cbhj feet #aj inches2 4#fbacg mile74 kvadrata metro square meter 7#aeej square inches74 hektaro hektare 7#b4dga acres74 ,weight4 gramo gram 7#ae4dcb grains avoirdupois74 dekagramo dekagram 74#cebg ounce avoirdupois74 hektogramo hektogram 7#c4ebgd ounce avoirdupois74 kilogramo kilogram 7#b4bjdf pounds avoirdupois74 ,capacity4 decilitro deciliter 7#f4ajbb cubic inches2 4#hde gill74 litro liter 74#ijh quart1 dry measure2 #a4jefg quart1 liquid74 dekalitro dekaliter 7#i4jh quart1 dry measure2 #b4fdag gallons74 hektolitro hektoliter 7#b bushels #c4ce pecks2 #bf4dag gallons74 kilolitro kiloliter 7#a4cjh cubic yards2 #bfd4ag gallons74 ,,the ,,international ,,money ,,system4 #bhe4 ,names of national coins translated into international form 7as dolaro1 dollar1 cendo1 cent7 cannot convey a very definite meaning to persons not familiar with these coins4 ,consequently the system devised for international use 7not for actual coins1 but for calculation and price quotations7 is based upon a unit called the speso4 ,the multiples of this unit are the spesdeko 7#aj spesoj71 spescento 7#ajj spesoj71 and spesmilo 7#ajjj spesoj74 ,ten spesmiloj have approximately the value of a five-dollar gold piece1 twenty marks1 twenty-five francs1 one pound sterling1 etc4 ,the spesmilo1 equivalent to about #j4dhge in the money of the ,united ,states and ,canada1 is the unit commonly used4 7,to reduce dollars to spesmiloj1 multiply by #b4jea47 ,,abbreviations4 #bhf4 ,the following abbreviations are often used 7for those of the metric system see any ,english dictionary73 ,dro4 ,doktoro1 ,dr4 ,sm4 spesmilo7j74 ,fino4 ,frauxlino1 ,miss4 ,sd4 spesdeko7j74 ,pro4 ,profesoro1 ,prof4 k4t4p4 kaj tiel plu1 and so forth4 ,sro4 ,sinjoro1 ,mr4 k4c4 kaj ceteraj1 etc4 ,sino4 ,sinjorino1 ,mrs4 k4sim4 kaj simila7j71 et4 sim4 ,ko4 ,k-io41 ,kompanio1 ,co4 t4e4 tio estas1 i4e4 ,no4 ,n-ro41 ,numero1 ,no4 e4 ekzemple1 e4g4 kaj1 4 p4s4 postskribajxo1 ,p4,s4 ,,vocabulary4 abon-i to subscribe to1 take4 led-o leather4 aparat-o apparatus4 metal-o metal4 auxtomat-a automatic4 moment-o moment4 bov-o ox4 negativ-o negative4 dimensi-o dimension4 objektiv-o lens1 objective4 ekzempl-o example4 original-o original4 fokus-o focus4 plat-o plate 7photographic1etc7 fotograf-i to photograph4 prov-i to try4 funkci-i to function1 work4 reklam-i to advertise4 kamer-o camera4 strecx-i to stretch 7trans474 ,footnote3 ,cf4 the difference between provi1 to try1 in the sense of testing1 making an essay or endeavor1 peni1 to try1 in the sense of taking pains or making an effort1 and jugxi1 to try1 in a judicial sense4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pri ,,la ,,kamero4 ,bostono1 #ab_/,,xi_/#aiaj4 ,brown kaj ,ko41 ,nov-,jorko4 ,sinjoroj3-- ,vidinte vian reklamon en gazeto al kiu mi abonas1 mi skribas por peti ke vi sendu al mi priskribajxon de via kamero nomita ,la ,infaneto1 kiun eble mi deziros provi4 ,bonvolu ankaux sendi dekduonon da platoj1 #f x #i centimetrojn1 por kiu mi cxi99 kune sendas spesmilon kaj duonon4 ,kun respekto1 ,j4 ,c4 ,smith4 ,footnote3 ,the particle cxi 7used with tiu1 tio1 ties1 cxiu1 cxio7 may also be used with certain adverbs1 as cxi sube1 here below1 cxi supre1 here above1 cxi kune1 herewith1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nov-,jorko1 #ah;an novembro1 #aiaj4 ,kara ,sinjoro3-- ,respondante al via estimata letero de la #ab;a1 ni donas cxi sube mallongan priskribajxon de nia bonega fotografilo nomita ,la ,infaneto4 ,la ,infaneto kamero havis neesperitan sukceson1 kaj estas vendita po miloj da ekzempleroj4 ,cxie oni unuvocxe lauxdas gxian malgrandan kaj tamen bonegan konstruon1 kaj ankaux gxian firman samtempe facilan funkciadon4 ,gxi ne estas pli granda ol monujo1 tial gxi ne bezonas pli multe da spaco ol tiu1 kaj povas esti portata kaj uzata treege konvene4 ,la dimensioj de la fermita kamero estas #h x #e x #f4e centimetroj4 ,la pezo1 kun objektivo1 tri platingoj1 kaj malbrila 7ground7 vitro1 estas #cfe gramoj4 ,la ,infaneto estas konstruita tute el metalo1 kaj kovrita de bonega bovledo4 ,kiam oni malfermas la aparaton1 la objektivo samtempe enfokusigxas1 tiamaniere ke la kamero estas preta por uzado post unu sekundo1 cxar la objektivfermilo 7shutter7 estas cxiam strecxita4 ,sekve3 neniaj preparadoj1 nenia prokrasto je la ekfotografado4 ,la negativoj estas klaraj gxis la bordo1 kaj tial konvenaj por pligrandigo4 ,cetere1 oni scias ke bona pligrandigo ofte pli kontentigas ol malgranda originalo4 ,precipe cxe promenoj kaj vojagxoj oni tial volonte preferas la malgrandan ,infaneton1 por poste pligrandigi la negativojn4 ,por la pligrandigo ni fabrikas specialajn taglum-pligrandigajn aparatojn1 kies prezoj estas malaltaj 7vidu en nia prezaro74 ,ni ne sxangxis la konstruon de ,la ,infaneto de post #aiji1 cxar gxis nun gxi estas cxiurilate kontentiga4 ,sole la rapideca reguligo de la momenta 7instantaneous7 fermilo estas plibonigita1 cxar ni gxin fabrikas kun speciala auxtomata fermilo1 kiu estas arangxita por malfermoj dauxraj 7time exposures71 kaj momentaj1 je unu sekundo gxis unu centono da sekundo4 ,esperante ke ni baldaux ricevos mendon de vi1 kaj certigante al vi ke ni tre zorge plenumos iun ajn mendon1 ni restas4 ,tre respekte la viaj1 ,brown ,ko4 ,per ,c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,esperanto-,,english ,,vocabulary4 ,the following vocabulary includes all roots used in the preceding ,lessons1 all primary words of the language1 and a large number of additional roots 7to facilitate original composition74 ,no attempt has been made1 however1 to include all of the roots in the language1 for which an ,esperanto-,english ,dictionary should be consulted4 ,references are to sections1 unless the page 7p47 is given4 ,for other parts of speech than those indicated under each root or primary word1 see ,word ,formation1 #aaf1 #abj1 #aei1 #aga4 ,see also the references given under each prefix and suffix4 ,for formation of compound words1 see #afj1 #afg1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,the following abbreviations are used3 adj4 adjective2 adv4 adverb2 conj4 conjunction2 intrans4 intransitive2 prep4 preposition2 trans4 transitive2 -- repetition of the word4 ,a4 abel-o bee4 abi-o fir4 abiturient-o bachelor of arts 7,a4,b474 abomen-a abominable4 abon-i to subscribe to1 take 7magazine1 etc474 abrikot-o apricot4 acer-o maple 7tree74 acid-a acid1 sour4 -acx- derogatory suffix 7#bgb74 acxet-i to buy4 -ad- suffix indicating duration 7#bah74 adiaux 7adv4 and interjection71 farewell1 good-bye 7#aga1 #bgc74 adjektiv-o adjective4 administr-i to administer1 to manage4 admir-i to admire4 admon-i to exhort1 admonish4 ador-i to worship1 adore4 adres-o address 7on letters1 etc474 adverb-o adverb4 advokat-o lawyer1 barrister4 aer-o air4 afabl-a affable1 amiable4 afer-o affair1 matter1 thing1 cause4 afisx-o handbill1 placard1 poster4 afrank-i to frank 7letters71 prepay2 --ite1 post-paid4 ,afrik-o ,africa4 ag-i to act1 perform action4 agac-i to set on edge 7of teeth74 agent-o agent4 agit-i to agitate4 agl-o eagle4 agoni-o agony4 agrabl-a agreeable1 pleasant4 agx-o age4 ajn 7adv471 ever 7#bcf74 -ajx- 7suffix forming concrete words7 7#bbg74 akademi-o academy4 akcel-i 7trans471 to accelerate1 hasten4 akcent-o accent1 stress4 akcept-i to accept1 receive1 welcome4 akcident-o accident4 akir-i to acquire4 akompan-i to accompany4 akr-a sharp1 acute1 shrill4 akrid-o grasshopper4 aks-o axis1 axle4 akt-o act 7of a play74 aktiv-a active 7grammatical74 aktor-o actor 7player74 akurat-a accurate1 exact4 akuz-i to accuse4 akuzativ-o accusative4 akv-o water4 akvarel-o water-color painting4 akvari-o aquarium4 al 7prep471 to1 toward 7#df1 #afj1 #bea1 #beb74 alauxd-o lark 7bird74 ale-o avenue1 walk1 path 7of garden1 park1 etc474 ,aleksandri-o ,alexandria4 ,aleksandr-o ,alexander4 alfabet-o alphabet4 ,alfred-o ,alfred4 algebr-o algebra4 ali-a other4 alk-o elk4 alkohol-o alcohol4 alkov-o alcove1 recess4 almanak-o almanac4 almenaux 7adv471 at least 7#ff74 almoz-o alms2 --ulo1 beggar4 alt-a high1 tall4 altar-o altar4 alud-i to allude to4 alumet-o match 7for fire74 am-i to love4 amas-o crowd1 throng1 mass4 ambaux 7pronoun71 both 7of two objects naturally in pairs1or of persons or things assumed or already known to be thus grouped7 7#bch74 ambos-o anvil4 amel-o starch4 ,amerik-o ,america4 amfibi-a amphibious4 amfiteatr-o amphitheatre4 amik-o friend4 amindum-i to woo1 make love4 ampleks-o extent1 dimension4 amuz-i to amuse4 -an- suffix denoting membership1 etc4 7#ade74 analiz-i to analyse4 ananas-o pineapple4 anas-o duck4 anekdot-o anecdote4 ,angl-o ,englishman4 angul-o angle1 corner4 angxel-o angel4 anim-o soul4 ankaux 7adv471 also4 ankoraux 7adv71 still1 yet4 ankr-o anchor4 anonc-i to announce4 ans-o latch1 door-handle4 anser-o goose4 anstataux 7prep471 instead of 7#ih1 #aei74 antaux 7prep471 before 7#hi1 #ij1 #abj1 #aei1 #afj71 antaux ol 7conj471 #ig1 #ih4 antikv-a ancient1 antique4 antilop-o antelope4 antipati-o antipathy4 aparat-o apparatus4 apart-a separate4 apartament-o apartment1 suite 7of rooms74 aparten-i to belong4 apati-o apathy4 apenaux 7adv471 scarcely1 hardly4 aper-i to appear4 apetit-o appetite4 aplauxd-i to applaud4 aplomb-o assurance1 self-command4 apog-i to lean1 to rest 7upon74 apologi-o apology1 vindication4 apotek-o pharmacy1 drugstore1 chemist's shop4 april-o ,april4 aprob-i to approve4 apud 7prep471 near to1 close by 7#abj1 #aei74 -ar- suffix forming collectives 7#abf74 ,arab-o ,arab4 arane-o spider4 arangx-i to arrange4 arb-o tree4 arbitraci-i to arbitrate4 ardez-o slate 7stone74 aren-o arena4 arest-i to arrest4 argil-o clay4 argument-i to argue4 argxent-o silver 7metal74 arhxitektur-o architecture4 ,arhximed-o ,archimedes4 ari-o tune1 air 7music74 ,aristejd-o ,aristeides4 aristokrat-o aristocrat4 ,aristotel-o ,aristotle4 aritmetik-o arithmetic4 ark-o arc4 arkad-o arcade4 arm-i to arm4 arme-o army4 armoraci-o horse-radish4 arogant-a arrogant4 arom-o aroma1 fragrance4 art-o art4 artik-o joint4 artikol-o article 7grammatical or literary74 ,artur-o ,arthur4 asekur-i to insure 7with a company74 asoci-o association 7organization74 asparag-o asparagus4 aspekt-o aspect1 appearance4 astr-o heavenly body1 star4 atak-i to attack4 atend-i to wait1 wait for1 expect4 atent-a attentive4 atest-i to attest1 give witness1 certify4 ating-i to attain1 reach4 atlas-o satin4 atlet-o athlete4 atmosfer-o atmosphere4 atribut-o attribute4 aux 7conj471 or1 either4 auxd-i to hear4 auxgust-o ,august4 auxskult-i to listen4 ,auxstrali-o ,australia4 auxtomat-a automatic4 auxtor-o author4 auxtun-o autumn4 av-o grandfather4 avar-a avaricious1 miserly4 avel-o hazel-nut4 aven-o oats4 avert-i to warn1 caution4 avid-a eager4 aviz-i to give notice4 azen-o ass1 donkey4 ,azi-o ,asia4 azot-o nitrogen4 ,b4 babil-i to chatter1 babble4 bagatel-o trifle1 bagatelle4 bal-o ball 7dance74 bak-i to bake4 bala-i to sweep 7a floor1 etc474 balanc-i 7trans471 to balance1 poise2 --i la kapon1 to nod the head4 baldaux 7adv471 soon4 balen-o whale4 ban-i 7trans471 to bathe4 banan-o banana4 bandagx-i to bandage4 bank-o bank 7financial74 bankrot-i to become bankrupt1 fail4 bant-o bow 7of ribbon74 bar-i 7trans471 to bar1 to obstruct4 barakt-i to wrestle1 struggle4 barb-o beard4 barbar-o barbarian4 barel-o barrel4 bariton-o barytone4 bas-o bass 7voice74 baston-o stick4 bat-i to beat4 batal-i to fight1 battle4 batat-o sweet potato4 bedauxr-i to regret4 bek-o beak1 bill4 bel-a beautiful1 handsome4 belg-o ,belgian4 ben-i to bless4 benk-o bench4 ber-o berry4 best-o animal1 beast4 bet-o beet4 bezon-i to need1 want4 bibliotek-o library4 bicikl-o bicycle4 bien-o land1 property1 estate4 bier-o beer4 bifstek-o beefsteak4 bild-o picture1 image4 bilet-o ticket1 note2 bank--1 bank-note1 bill4 bird-o bird4 bis 7adv471 once more1 a second time1 encore4 biskvit-o biscuit4 blank-a white4 blek-i to neigh1 bleat1 give its cry 7of any animal74 blind-a blind4 blov-i to blow4 blu-a blue 7color74 bluz-o blouse4 bo- prefix expressing relationship by marriage 7#bgg74 boat-o boat4 boj-i to bark 7of dogs74 bol-i 7intrans471 to boil4 bombon-o bonbon1 sweet4 bon-a good2 --veni1 to welcome4 bor-i to bore 7holes74 bord-o shore1 bank1 edge 7of rivers1 etc474 ,boston-o ,boston4 bot-o boot4 botel-o bottle4 bov-o ox2 --ajxo1 beef2 --idajxo1 veal2 --viro1 bull4 brak-o arm 7of the body74 brancx-o branch1 bough4 brand-o brandy4 brasik-o cabbage2 7florbrasiko71 cauliflower4 brav-a brave4 bret-o shelf1 bracket4 brid-o bridle 7of harness74 brik-o brick1 tile4 bril-i to shine 7#aaf74 ,brit-o ,briton4 brod-i to embroider4 bronz-o bronze4 bros-i to brush4 brosxur-o pamphlet1 brochure4 brov-o eyebrow4 bru-o noise4 brul-i 7intrans471 to burn 7#bge74 brun-a brown4 brut-o cattle1 dumb animal4 bub-o street arab1 gamin4 bucx-i to slaughter1 butcher4 buf-o toad4 buk-o buckle 7metal74 buked-o bouquet4 bukl-o curl1 ringlet 7of hair74 bulb-o onion1 bulb4 bulgar-o ,bulgarian4 bulk-o roll 7bread74 bulvard-o boulevard4 burgxon-o bud1 young shoot4 busx-o mouth4 buter-o butter4 butik-o shop1 store4 buton-o button4 ,c4 cel-i to aim1 have as purpose or goal4 celeri-o celery4 cend-o cent 7coin74 cent hundred 7#adb74 centigram-o centigram 7#bhd74 centilitr-o centiliter 7#bhd74 centimetr-o centimeter 7#bhd74 centr-o center4 cerb-o brain4 cert-a certain1 sure4 cerv-o stag1 deer4 ceter-a remaining4 ci 7pronoun71 thou 7#dj74 cidoni-o quince4 cifer-o cipher4 cigar-o cigar4 cigared-o cigarette4 cign-o swan4 cilindr-o cylinder4 cinam-o cinnamon4 cindr-o ashes4 cir-o blacking 7for shoes74 cirkonstanc-o circumstance4 cirkuler-o circular 7letter74 ,cirus-o ,cyrus4 cit-i to quote4 citron-o lemon4 civiliz-i to civilize4 col-o inch 7measure74 ,,cx4 cxagren-i 7trans471 to grieve1 vex1 annoy4 cxambr-o room4 cxap-o cap4 cxapel-o hat4 cxapitr-o chapter 7of book74 cxar 7conj471 because1 since 7#hc74 cxarm-a charming1 delightful4 cxarnir-o hinge4 cxas-i to hunt 7game or wild animals74 cxe 7prep471 at1 in the house or presence of 7#abe1 #afj74 cxef-a chief1 principal1 head4 cxek-o cheque4 cxemiz-o shirt1 chemise4 cxen-o chain 7for watch1 etc474 cxeriz-o cherry4 cxes-i 7intrans471 to cease1 leave off 7#bge74 cxeval-o horse2 --viro1 stallion4 cxi 7adv471 expresses proximity 7#fj1 #ff74 cxia of every kind 7#agg74 cxial 7adv471 for every reason 7#ahh74 cxiam 7adv471 always 7#ahg74 cxie 7adv471 everywhere 7#ahb74 cxiel 7adv471 in every way 7#aic74 cxiel-o heaven1 sky4 cxies 7pronoun1 possessive71 everybody's 7#agd74 cxifon-o rag4 cxio 7pronoun71 everything1 all 7#bcc74 cxiom 7adv471 all 7#aid74 cxirkaux 7prep471 around1 roundabout 7#hi1 #abj1 #aei1 #afj74 cxiu 7pronoun and adj471 every one1 each 7#agc74 -cxj- suffix forming affectionate diminutives 7#bhc74 cxokolad-o chocolate4 cxu 7adv471 whether 7when translated7 7#cj1 #ff74 ,d4 da 7prep471 of 7after quantitative noun or adv47 7#ii1 #aja1 #ajc74 daktil-o date 7fruit74 ,damokl-o ,damocles4 dan-o ,dane4 danc-i to dance4 dangxer-o danger4 dank-i to thank4 dat-o date 7chronological74 dauxr-i 7intrans471 to continue1 last4 de 7prep471 of1 from1 by 7#di1 #hi1 l#jj1 #afj1 #afi1 #agj74 dec-i to be proper1 decent2 ne decas ke vi iru1 it is not proper for you to go4 decembr-o ,december4 decid-i to decide4 decigram-o decigram 7#bhd74 decilitr-o deciliter 7#bhd74 decimetr-o decimeter 7#bhd74 defend-i to defend4 degel-i 7intrans471 to thaw 7#bge74 dejxor-i to be on duty 7of officer1 attendant1 etc474 dek 7adj471 ten 7#acf74 dekagram-o dekagram 7#bhd74 dekalitr-o dekaliter 7#bhd74 dekametr-o dekameter 7#bhd74 deklam-i to declaim1 recite4 dekstr-a right 7not left74 deleg-i to delegate4 delikat-a delicate1 dainty1 nice4 demand-i to ask1 inquire4 dens-a dense1 thick1 close4 dent-o tooth4 depesx-o a dispatch4 des 7adv471 the more 7used with pli1 #hd74 desert-o dessert4 detal-o detail4 detru-i to destroy4 dev-i to have to1 must 7#bdg74 dezert-o desert1 waste4 dezir-i to desire4 ,di-o ,god4 diamant-o diamond4 difekt-i to damage1 spoil4 diferenc-a different4 difin-i to define1 to destine4 dik-a thick1 corpulent4 dikt-i to dictate 7letters1 etc47 diligent-a diligent4 dimancx-o ,sunday4 dimensi-o dimension4 ,diogen-o ,diogenes4 diplom-o diploma4 diplomat-o diplomat4 dir-i to say 7#gg74 direkt-i to direct1 guide1 manage4 dis- prefix expressing separation 7#bde74 diskut-i to discuss4 distanc-o distance4 disting-i to distinguish4 distr-i to distract1 take away the attention4 diven-i to guess4 divers-a varied1 diverse1 different4 divid-i 7trans471 to divide4 do consequently1 then1 so4 doktor-o doctor4 dolar-o dollar4 dolcx-a sweet1 pleasant4 dolor-o pain1 ache4 dom-o house4 domagx-o pity1 regrettable affair4 don-i to give4 donac-i to make a gift1 present4 dorlot-i to caress1 fondle1 pet4 dorm-i to sleep4 dorn-o thorn4 dors-o back 7of the body74 dot-i to endow4 drap-o cloth4 drog-o drug4 dron-i 7intrans471 to drown 7#bge74 du 7adj471 two 7#acf7 dub-i to doubt4 dum 7prep and conj471 during1 while 7#if1 #abj1 #aei74 dung-i 7trans471 to hire 7persons74 ,e4 eben-a even1 flat1 level4 -ebl- suffix expressing possibility 7#afa1 #afb74 ebri-a inebriate1 intoxicated4 -ec- suffix forming abstracts 7#bjb74 ecx 7adv471 even4 eduk-i to bring up1 educate4 edz-o husband1 married man4 efekt-o effect4 efektiv-a real1 actual4 efik-i to be efficacious1 act 7on71 produce a result4 -eg- suffix forming augmentatives 7#abb74 egal-a equal4 ,egipt-o ,egypt4 ehx-o echo4 -ej- suffix forming words indicating place 7,,iii74 ek- prefix expressing suddenness or beginning 7#bjf74 eks- prefix expressing former incumbency 7#bha74 ekscit-i to excite4 eksperiment-i to experiment4 eksplod-i 7intrans471 to explode4 ekster 7prep471 outside of 7#abj1 #aba74 ekzamen-i to examine1 test4 ekzempl-o example4 ekzempler-o copy 7of book or magazine74 ekzerc-i 7trans471 to exercise4 ekzil-i to exile1 banish ekzist-i to exist4 el 7prep471 out of1 of1 out 7#ge1 #ajf1 #ach1 #aig1 #bfd1 c74 elekt-i to choose4 elektr-a electric4 elokvent-a eloquent4 -em- suffix expressing propensity or inclination 7#aib74 eminent-a eminent4 en 7prep471 in 7#hi1afj71 into 7#df74 energi-o energy4 entrepren-i to undertake4 entuziasm-o enthusiasm4 enu-i to be wearied1 be bored4 envi-i to envy4 epok-o epoch1 period1 time4 -er- suffix expressing a component part 7#bgf74 erar-i to err1 make a mistake4 escept-i to except 7#bff74 esper-i to hope4 esplor-i to investigate1 explore4 esprim-i to express4 est-i to be 7#aji74 establ-i to establish4 estim-i to esteem4 esting-i to extinguish4 -estr- suffix expressing leadership or authority 7#bec74 -et- suffix forming diminutives 7#aih74 etagx-o story 7of a house72 teretagxo1 ground floor2 unua etagxo1 second story4 etend-i 7trans471 to extend1 lengthen1 widen4 etern-a eternal4 ,euxrop-o ,europe4 evangeli-o gospel1 evangel4 evit-i to avoid1 shun4 evoluci-o evolution4 ,f4 fab-o bean 7leguminous fruit74 fabel-o story1 tale4 fabl-o fable4 fabrik-i to manufacture4 facil-a easy4 faden-o thread4 fajf-i to whistle4 fajr-o fire4 fak-o department1 specialty4 fakt-o fact4 fal-i to fall4 fald-i to fold4 fals-i to falsify1 forge1 debase4 fam-o fame1 renown1 rumor4 famili-o family4 familiar-a familiar1 accustomed4 fand-i 7trans471 to smelt1 fuse 7metals1 etc474 fanfaron-i to boast1 vaunt oneself1 brag4 fantom-o phantom1 ghost4 far-i to make1 do1 render4 faraon-o pharaoh 7,egyptian ruler74 farm-i to farm 7as a tenant74 farmaci-o pharmacy 7knowledge of the use of drugs74 fart-i to be in 7good or bad7 health4 farun-o flour4 fask-o bundle1 bunch4 fason-o cut1 mode1 fashion4 fatal-a fatal1 predestined4 fauxk-o jaw 7literal and figurative74 favor-a favorable4 fazeol-o bean 7garden bean74 fe-o fairy1 fay2 --ino1 fairy4 febr-o fever4 februar-o ,february4 fel-o skin1 hide 7of animals74 felicx-a happy4 femur-o thigh4 fend-i 7trans471 to split4 fenestr-o window4 fer-o iron2 --vojo1 railway4 ferdek-o deck 7of ship74 ferm-i 7trans471 to close1 shut4 fervor-o zeal1 fervor4 fest-i to celebrate4 festen-o banquet4 fi 7interjection71 fie6 7#bgc74 fiakr-o cab4 fiancx-o betrothed man1 fiance4 fid-i to rely upon1 trust4 fidel-a faithful1 loyal4 fier-a proud1 haughty4 fil-o son4 filozof-o philosopher4 fin-i 7trans471 to finish1 end4 fingr-o finger2 dika fingro1 thumb2 montra fingro1 index finger2 longa fingro1 middle finger2 ringa fingro1 ring-finger2 malgranda fingro1 little finger4 firm-a firm1 steady4 fisx-o fish4 fizik-o physics1 physical science4 flag-o flag1 banner1 small standard4 flank-o side4 flar-i 7trans471 to smell1 scent4 flav-a yellow4 fleks-i 7trans471 to bend1 flex4 flik-i to patch4 flor-o flower 7#aaf74 flu-i to flow4 flug-i to fly4 fluid-a fluid1 liquid4 foj-o time1 occasion 7#abg74 fojn-o hay4 fokus-o focus4 foli-o leaf4 fond-i to found1 establish4 font-o spring 7of water71 fount4 fontan-o fountain 7artificial74 for 7adv471 away 7#ga74 forges-i to forget4 fork-o fork4 form-o shape1 form4 formik-o ant4 forn-o stove4 fort-a strong4 fos-i to dig4 fotograf-i to photograph frag-o strawberry4 frak-o evening dress 7for men74 frakas-i to shatter1 break to pieces4 framb-o raspberry4 franc-o ,frenchman4 frand-i to be fond of sweets1 be an epicure4 frangx-o fringe4 frap-i to knock1 strike4 frat-o brother4 frauxl-o bachelor1 unmarried man4 fraz-o sentence1 phrase4 ,frederik-o ,frederick4 fremd-a foreign4 frenez-a crazy1 mad4 fresx-a fresh1 new4 fripon-o rogue1 rascal1 knave4 frit-i 7trans471 to fry4 fromagx-o cheese4 frost-o frost4 frot-i to rub4 fru-a early4 frukt-o fruit4 frunt-o forehead4 fulm-o lightning4 fum-i to smoke4 fund-o bottom4 fundament-o foundation1 base4 funebr-o mourning4 fung-o mushroom4 funkci-i to function1 work4 funt-o pound4 furioz-a furious1 raging4 fusx-i to bungle4 fut-o foot 7measure74 ,g4 gaj-a gay1 merry4 gajn-i to gain4 galeri-o gallery4 galop-i to gallop4 gant-o glove4 gard-i to guard1 watch over4 gas-o gas4 gast-o guest4 gazet-o gazette1 magazine4 ge- prefix indicating both sexes together 7#bga74 general-o general 7military74 genu-o knee2 --fleksi1 to kneel4 geometri-o geometry4 german-o ,german4 ,gertrud-o ,gertrude4 gicxet-o wicket1 ticket-window1 turnstile4 girland-o garland1 wreath4 glaci-o ice2 --ajxo1 an ice 7food74 glad-i to iron 7linen1 etc474 glas-o tumbler1 glass4 glat-a smooth1 polished1 flat4 glav-o sword4 glit-i to glide1 slide4 glob-o globe4 glor-o glory4 glu-o glue4 glut-i to swallow4 gorgx-o throat4 graci-a graceful4 grad-o grade1 degree4 graf-o count2 --lando1 county4 gram-o gram 7#bhd74 gramatik-o grammar4 grand-a great1 large1 big4 gras-o fat4 gratul-i to congratulate4 grav-a important1 serious1 grave4 gravit-i to gravitate4 grek-o ,greek4 gren-o grain 7wheat1 corn1 etc474 grimp-i to climb up1 creep up4 grinc-i to grind1 gnash4 griz-a gray4 grup-o group4 gurd-o hurdy-gurdy1 barrel organ4 gust-o taste4 gut-i to drip4 gvid-i to guide4 ,,gx4 gxarden-o garden4 gxem-i to groan4 gxen-i to disturb1 incommode4 gxeneral-a general1 common4 gxentil-a courteous1 polite4 gxi 7pronoun71 it 7#cb1 #cg1 #db1 #bgd74 gxis 7prep471 as far as1 until 7#df1 #hi74 gxoj-i to rejoice1 be glad 7#aaf74 gxu-i to enjoy1 find pleasure in4 gxust-a exact1 just4 ,h4 hajl-o hail 7frozen rain74 hak-i to chop1 hack2 --ilo1 axe4 halt-i 7intrans471 to halt1 stop4 har-o a hair4 hauxt-o skin 7human74 hav-i to have4 haven-o harbor1 port4 hazard-o chance1 hazard4 hebre-o ,hebrew4 hejm-o home4 hejt-i 7trans471 to heat 7a place74 hektar-o hektare 7#bhd74 hektogram-o hektogram 7#bhd74 hektolitr-o hektoliter 7#bhd74 hektometr-o hektometer 7#bhd74 hel-a bright1 clear4 help-i to help1 aid1 assist4 herb-o grass1 herb4 hero-o hero4 hezit-i to hesitate4 hieraux 7adv471 yesterday 7#ic1 #aga74 ,hieron-o ,hiero4 hipokrit-i to play the hypocrite4 hirund-o swallow 7bird74 hispan-o ,spaniard4 histori-o history4 ho 7interjection71 ho1 oh 7#bgc74 hodiaux 7adv471 today 7#ic1 #aga74 ,holand-o ,holland4 hom-o human being4 honest-a honest4 honor-i to honor4 hont-i to be ashamed4 hor-o hour 7#ahe74 horizont-o horizon4 horizontal-a horizontal4 horlogx-o clock2 posxhorlogxo1 watch4 hotel-o hotel4 humil-a humble4 humor-o humor1 temper4 hund-o dog4 hura6 7interjection71 hurrah6 ,,hx4 hxemi-o chemistry4 hxin-o ,chinaman4 hxor-o choir4 ,i4 ia any kind of 7#bjh74 ial 7adv471 for any reason 7#bac74 iam 7adv471 ever1 at any time1 once 7#bab74 -id- suffix indicating descendant or young of 7#bjg74 ide-o idea4 ideal-o ideal4 ident-a identical4 idiom-o idiom4 idiot-o idiot4 ie 7adv471 somewhere 7#bji74 iel 7adv471 somehow 7#baf74 ies 7pronoun1 possessive71 somebody's 7#bjd74 -ig- suffix forming causative verbs 7#bad1 #bci1 #bge74 ignor-i to ignore4 -igx- suffix forming inchoative and intransitive verbs 7#bcb1 #bci1 #bgi74 -il- suffix forming names of instruments 7#fc74 ili 7pronoun7 they 7#cb1 #cg1 #db74 ilustr-i to illustrate4 iluzi-o illusion1 delusion4 imag-i to imagine1 fancy4 imit-i to imitate4 imperi-o empire4 implik-i to implicate4 impost-o tax1 impost4 impres-i to impress4 impuls-o impulse4 -in- suffix forming feminines 7#ei74 incit-i to incite1 arouse1 provoke4 -ind- suffix expressing worth or merit 7#aed74 indian-o ,indian 7,american74 indiferent-a indifferent1 unconcerned1 unimportant4 industri-o industry 7trade1 business74 infan-o child4 infekt-i to infect1 contaminate4 influ-i to influence4 inform-i to give information4 -ing- suffix expressing a holder or container 7#bcg74 ingxenier-o engineer4 ink-o ink4 insekt-o insect4 insist-i to insist4 inspir-i to inspire4 instru-i to instruct1 teach4 insul-o island4 insult-i to insult4 inteligent-a intelligent4 intend-i to intend4 inter 7prep471 between1 among 7#he1 #hi1 #afj74 interes-i 7trans471 to interest4 intermit-i to be intermittent4 intern-a internal2 --e1 inside4 interpret-i to interpret4 intim-a intimate4 invit-i to invite4 io 7pronoun71 something 7#bcc74 iom 7adv471 some1 a certain amount2 iom post iom1 little by little 7#bag74 ir-i to go4 -ist- suffix indicating profession1 etc4 7#agb74 ital-o ,italian4 iu 7pronoun71 some one1 a certain 7one7 7#bjc74 ,j4 ja 7adv471 indeed1 in fact 7#bae74 jak-o jacket1 short coat4 jam 7adv471 already4 januar-o ,january4 jar-o year4 je prep4 of indefinite meaning 7#hi1 #ahe1 #bfj74 jen 7adv471 there1 behold 7#bbh74 jes 7adv471 yes 7#aga74 ,jesu-o ,jesus4 ,johano ,john4 ju 7adv471 the more 7used with pli1 #hd74 jug-o yoke4 jugx-i to judge4 juli-o ,july4 jun-a young4 jung-i to harness4 juni-o ,june4 jup-o skirt4 jurist-o jurist4 just-a just1 upright4 juvel-o jewel4 ,,jx4 jxaluz-a jealous4 jxauxd-o ,thursday4 jxet-i to throw1 cast1 hurl4 jxongl-i to juggle4 jxur-i to take oath1 swear4 jxurnal-o newspaper1 journal4 jxus 7adv471 a moment before1 just4 ,k4 kadavr-o corpse4 kadr-o frame 7of pictures74 kaduk-a decaying1 in ruin4 kaf-o coffee4 kagx-o cage4 kahel-o tile 7for paving74 kaj 7conj471 and2 kaj44kaj441 both44and44 7#bf74 kajer-o notebook4 kaldron-o caldron4 kalendar-o calendar4 kalesx-o carriage4 kalkan-o heel 7of the foot72 --umo1 heel of a shoe4 kalkul-i to calculate1 reckon4 kamel-o camel4 kamen-o chimney4 kamer-o camera4 kamp-o field4 kanajl-o scoundrel1 rascal4 kanap-o sofa4 kand-o candy4 kandel-o candle4 kanot-o canoe4 kant-i to sing4 kap-o head4 kapabl-a capable4 kapel-o chapel 7for prayer74 kapital-o capital 7money74 kapitol-o capitol4 kapt-i to catch1 seize4 kar-a dear1 prized4 karakter-o character4 karb-o coal4 karcer-o jail4 kares-i to caress4 karn-o flesh4 karot-o carrot4 kart-o card2 posxtkarto1 postcard2 vizitkarto1 visiting card4 karton-o pasteboard4 karusel-o merry-go-round4 kas-o money-box1 treasury2 --isto1 cashier1 treasurer4 kaskad-o waterfall1 cascade4 kastel-o castle4 kasx-i to hide1 conceal 7#beb74 kasxtan-o chestnut4 kat-o cat4 katen-o fetter1 chain4 kauxz-o cause4 kav-o cavity1 hole4 kaz-o case 7grammatical74 ke 7conj471 that 7#ec1 #hc1 #aje1 #bei1 #bfb74 kel-o cellar4 kelk-a some2 --aj1 several1 more than one or two4 kelner-o waiter 7in hotel or restaurant74 kest-o chest2 tirkesto1 drawer4 kia what kind of 7#aab1 #aej72 kiamanier-e1 how4 kial 7adv471 why 7#abi74 kiam 7adv471 when 7#abc1 #aee74 kie 7adv471 where 7#aah1 #aea74 kiel 7adv471 how1 in which way1 as 7#acd1 #aef74 kies 7pronoun1 possessive71 whose 7#ajg1 #adg74 kilogram-o kilogram 7#bhd74 kilolitr-o kiloliter 7#bhd74 kilometr-o kilometer 7#bhd74 kio 7pronoun71 what 7#bcc74 kiom 7adv471 how much 7#adj1 #afd1 #ahe74 kis-i to kiss4 kiu 7pronoun71 who 7#ajf1 #adf74 klak-i 7trans471 to clap1 clatter4 klar-a clear1 distinct4 klav-o key 7of piano1 etc474 klas-o class4 kler-a enlightened1 well-in-formed4 klimat-o climate4 klin-i 7trans471 to incline1 bend4 kling-o blade 7of knife1 etc474 klopod-i to undertake initiative work1 take steps toward1 labor for the success or completion of something4 klub-o club 7organization7 knab-o boy4 kobold-o sprite1 kobold1 brownie4 kofr-o trunk1 chest with a lid4 kok-o cock 7domestic fowl74 koket-a coquettish4 koks-o hip4 kol-o neck4 kolbas-o sausage4 kolegi-o college4 kolekt-i 7trans471 to collect1 gather4 koler-i to be angry1 lose the temper4 kolomb-o pigeon1 dove4 kolon-o column1 pillar4 kolonel-o colonel4 kolor-o color4 kolport-i to peddle4 komand-i to command 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si1 to appropriate1 make one's own4 prosper-i to have success1 prosper4 protekt-i to protect4 protest-i to protest4 protokol-o minutes 7of a meeting74 prov-i to try1 attempt1 test4 proviz-i to provide4 proz-o prose2 --ajxo1 prose composition1 piece of prose4 prudent-a reasonable1 sensible1 rational4 prujn-o hoar frost4 prun-o plum4 prunt-o loan2 --i1 --e doni1 to lend2 --e preni1 to borrow4 pruv-i to prove1 give proof of4 psalm-o psalm4 publik-o public 7the72 --igi1 to publish4 puding-o pudding4 pudr-i to powder4 pugn-o fist4 pulm-o lung4 pulv-o gunpowder4 pump-i to pump4 pun-i to punish4 punt-o lace 7point1 etc474 pup-o doll4 pupitr-o desk4 pur-a clean1 pure4 purpur-a purple4 pusx-i to push2 repusxi1 to repulse4 put-o well 7for water74 ,r4 rabarb-o rhubarb4 rab-i to pillage1 plunder2 --isto1 robber4 rabat-i to rebate1 give a reduction1 discount or rebate4 rad-o wheel4 radi-o ray 7of light71 spoke 7of wheel71 radius4 radik-o root4 rafan-o radish4 rafin-i to refine2 --ejo1 refinery4 rajd-i to ride 7horse1 etc474 rajt-o right 7to something74 rakont-i to relate1 narrate 7#gg74 ramp-i to creep1 crawl1 clamber4 ran-o frog4 rand-o edge1 border4 rang-o rank1 grade1 dignity4 rapid-a rapid1 quick2 --o1 speed2 --emo1 haste4 raport-i to report1 give a report4 ras-o race 7tribe1 people1 nation74 rasp-i to rasp1 grate2 --ilo1 grater4 rat-o rat4 rauxk-a hoarse1 raucous4 rav-i to enchant4 raz-i to shave4 re- prefix indicating repetition or return 7#bbc74 real-a real4 reciprok-a reciprocal1 mutual 7#ahj74 redakci-o editorial department4 redakt-i to edit4 redaktor-o editor4 redingot-o frock coat4 refut-i to refute4 reg-i to rule1 govern1 reign4 regal-i 7trans471 to regale1 treat 7to food or drink74 region-o region4 registr-i 7trans471 to register1 enroll4 regn-o state1 governed body2 --ano1 citizen1 subject4 regul-o rule1 regulation4 regx-o king4 reklam-i to advertise4 rekomend-i to recommend1 register 7a letter74 rekompenc-i to recompense1 reward4 rekt-a straight1 undeviating1 direct4 rel-o rail4 religi-o religion4 rem-i to row4 rembur-i to upholster1 stuff1 pad4 renkont-i 7trans471 to meet4 renvers-i 7trans471 to upset4 reprezent-i to represent4 respekt-i to respect4 respond-i to answer4 respublik-o republic4 rest-i to remain1 stay4 restoraci-o restaurant4 resum-i to summarize1 give in resume4 ret-o net1 netting4 rev-i to indulge in revery1 dream1 fancy4 revu-o journal1 review1 magazine4 rezon-i to reason 7exert the power of reasoning74 rezult-i to result4 ricev-i to receive4 ricx-a rich4 rid-i to laugh 7#bfe74 rifuz-i to refuse4 rigard-i to look4 rigl-i to bolt 7fasten74 rikolt-i to harvest1 reap4 rilat-i to have relation 7to7 7#bff74 rimark-i to notice1 note4 rimed-o means1 way2 vivrimedoj1 means of livelihood4 rimen-o thong1 strap4 ring-o ring4 rip-o rib4 ripar-i to mend1 repair4 ripet-i to repeat4 ripoz-i to repose1 rest4 riprocx-i to reproach4 river-o river4 riz-o rice4 rob-o dress1 robe4 ,robert-o ,robert4 romp-i 7trans471 to break4 rond-o circle1 ring1 round4 ros-o dew4 rost-i to roast4 roz-o rose 7flower74 ruband-o ribbon4 rubus-o blackberry4 rugx-a red4 ruin-o ruin4 rul-i 7trans471 to roll 7ball1 etc474 rus-o ,russian4 rust-i to rust4 rutin-o routine4 ruz-a crafty1 cunning1 sly4 ,s4 sabat-o ,saturday4 sabl-o sand4 sag-o arrow4 sagx-a wise4 sak-o sack1 bag4 sal-o salt4 salajr-o salary1 wages4 salat-o salad4 salon-o parlor1 drawing-room4 salt-i to jump1 leap4 salut-i to salute1 greet4 sam-a same4 san-a healthy1 well4 sang-o blood4 sankt-a sacred1 holy4 sap-o soap4 sarden-o sardine4 sat-a sated2 malsata1 hungry4 sauxc-o sauce1 gravy1 dressing4 sav-i to save2 rescue4 sci-i to know 7#aag74 scienc-o science4 se 7conj471 if 7#bdj74 sed 7conj471 but4 seg-i to saw4 segx-o chair4 sek-a dry4 sekret-o secret4 sekretari-o secretary4 sekund-o second 7of time74 sekv-i to follow4 sel-o saddle4 sem-o seed2 --i1 to sow4 semajn-o week4 sen 7prep471 without 7#bdh74 senat-o senate2 --ano1 senator4 senc-o sense1 meaning4 send-i to send4 sent-i to feel1 perceive4 sep 7adj471 seven 7#acf74 septembr-o ,september4 sercx-i to seek1 hunt1 look for4 serur-o lock4 serv-i to serve4 servic-o course 7of a meal74 ses 7adj471 six 7#acf74 sever-a severe1 stern4 sezon-o season4 si 7pronoun1 reflexive71 himself1 herself1 etc4 7#dj1 #dd1 #bgd74 sibl-i to hiss1 whistle 7wind1 etc474 sid-i to sit 7#bci74 sigel-i to seal4 sign-o sign1 trace1 mark4 signif-i to signify1 mean4 silab-o syllable4 silent-i to be silent 7#bci74 silk-o silk4 simi-o monkey4 simil-a like1 similar4 simpl-a simple4 sinjor-o gentleman1 ,mr4 7#afc74 ,sirakuz-o ,syracuse4 sitel-o pail1 bucket4 skatol-o small box or case4 skiz-i to sketch4 sklav-o slave4 skot-o ,scot1 ,scotchman4 skrap-i to scrape4 skrib-i to write4 sku-i 7trans471 to shake4 skulpt-i to carve1 sculpture4 societ-o society4 soif-i to be thirsty4 sojl-o threshold4 ,sokrat-o ,socrates4 sol-a alone1 sole1 only4 soldat-o soldier4 solen-a formal1 solemn4 somer-o summer4 son-i 7intrans471 to sound4 songx-i to dream 7in sleep74 sonor-i 7intrans471 to ring1 sound2 --ilo1 bell4 sopir-i to yearn1 long1 sigh4 sorb-i to absorb2 --papero1 blotting-paper4 sorcx-o witchcraft2 ensorcxi1 to bewitch2 --isto1 sorcerer4 sort-o destiny1 fate1 lot4 sovagx-a wild1 savage4 spac-o space4 spec-o kind1 sort1 species4 special-a special4 specimen-o specimen1 sample4 spegul-o mirror4 spert-a experienced1 expert4 spes-o speso 7international unit of money1 #bhd74 spez-o clearing 7financial72 elspezi1 to disburse1 expend1 spend2 enspezi1 to take in1 receive 7funds74 spinac-o spinach4 spir-i to breathe2 elspiri1 to exhale4 spite 7prep471 in spite of4 sprit-a witty4 staci-o station 7railway1 boat1 etc474 stamp-i to mark officially1 stamp4 standard-o standard1 flag4 stan-o tin 7metal74 stang-o pole4 star-i to stand 7#bci74 stat-o state 7of being71 condition4 stel-o star4 stenografi-o shorthand1 stenography4 stil-o style4 stimul-i to stimulate4 stomak-o stomach4 strang-a strange1 peculiar4 strat-o street4 strecx-i 7trans471 to stretch4 strek-i to make a streak1 or line2 substreki1 to underline2 surstreki1 trastreki1 to cross off1 strike out4 stri-o streak1 stripe1 band4 strik-o strike 7of labor74 stud-i to study4 student-o student 7college1 etc474 stuf-i 7trans471 to stew4 stump-o stump 7of tree1 etc474 sub 7prep471 under1 beneath 7#aba1 #afj74 subit-a sudden1 abrupt4 substanc-o substance4 sud-o south4 sufer-i to suffer1 endure4 suficx-i to suffice2 --ega1 abundant4 sufiks-o suffix4 sufok-i 7trans471 to suffocate4 sugesti-i to suggest4 suk-o sap1 juice 7of plants1 etc472 --a1 succulent4 sukces-i to succeed4 suker-o sugar4 sulfur-o sulphur4 sulk-o furrow1 wrinkle4 sum-o sum1 amount4 sun-o sun4 sup-o soup4 super 7prep471 above1 over 7#aei72 --a1 superior4 supersticx-o superstition4 supoz-i to suppose4 supr-e 7adv471 above2 --a1 upper1 above2 --ajxo1 surface4 sur 7prep471 on1 upon 7#afj74 surd-a deaf4 surpriz-i to surprise4 surtut-o overcoat4 suspekt-i to suspect4 sved-o ,swede4 sven-i to faint1 swoon4 sving-i 7trans471 swing1 brandish4 svis-o ,swiss4 ,,sx4 sxaf-o sheep2 --ajxo1 mutton2 --ido1 lamb2 --idajxo1 lamb 7meat72 --viro1 ram4 sxajn-i to seem1 appear4 sxal-o shawl4 sxanc-o luck1 chance2 bonsxance1 luckily4 sxancel-i 7trans471 to oscillate1 vacillate1 make tremble4 sxangx-i 7trans471 to change1 alter4 sxargx-i to burden1 load4 sxat-i to like1 prize4 sxauxm-o foam1 froth4 sxel-o shell1 peeling1 bark4 sxelk-o suspender1 supporter4 sxerc-i to joke1 jest4 sxi 7pronoun71 she1 her 7#cb1 #cg1 #db74 sxild-o shield4 sxink-o ham4 sxip-o ship4 sxir-i to tear4 sxirm-i to shelter1 shield2 --ilo1 screen4 sxlim-o slime4 sxlos-i to lock2 --ilo1 key4 sxmir-i to anoint1 smear4 sxnur-o string4 sxose-o broad roadway1 drive4 sxov-i to shove1 push4 sxovel-i to shovel4 sxpar-i to spare1 be economical of4 sxpin-i to spin4 sxpruc-i to gush1 spout1 spurt 7of liquids74 sxrank-o cupboard1 wardrobe4 sxrauxb-o screw4 sxtal-o steel4 sxtat-o state 7political74 sxtel-i to steal 7#beb74 sxtip-o log1 block of wood4 sxtof-o cloth1 stuff4 sxton-o stone4 sxtop-i to stop up1 cork2 --ilo1 stopper4 sxtrump-o stocking4 sxtup-o step1 round2 --aro1 stair-case4 sxu-o shoe2 supersxuo1 overshoe4 sxuld-i to owe1 be indebted4 sxultr-o shoulder4 sxut-o chute2 --i1 to pour 7as in a chute74 sxvel-i to swell1 become swollen4 sxvit-i to perspire4 ,t4 tabak-o tobacco4 tabel-o table1 index1 tabulation4 tabl-o table 7furniture74 tabul-o board1 plank4 tag-o day2 --igxo1 dawn2 --mezo1 noon4 tajlor-o tailor4 taks-i to estimate1 value1 rate4 talent-o talent4 tali-o waist2 beltalia1 shapely1 having a good figure4 tambur-o drum4 tamen 7conj471 nevertheless1 however1 yet1 still4 tantiem-o percentage of profit1 royalty4 tapisx-o carpet4 tarif-o tariff1 schedule of rates4 tas-o cup2 subtaso1 saucer4 task-o task4 tauxg-i to be fit for1 good for4 tavol-o layer4 te-o tea4 teatr-o theatre2 --ajxo1 play4 ted-i to be tedious4 teg-i to cover1 put a covering upon4 tegment-o roof4 teks-i to weave4 telefon-i to telephone4 telegraf-i to telegraph4 teler-o plate2 --meblo1 sideboard4 tem-o theme1 subject4 temp-o time4 tempi-o temple 7of the head74 templ-o temple 7building74 ten-i to hold1 keep4 tend-o tent4 tenor-o tenor 7voice74 tent-i to tempt4 teori-o theory4 ter-o earth1 soil2 enterigi1 to inter4 teras-o terrace4 teritori-o territory4 termin-o term1 definition 7word74 tern-i to sneeze4 terpom-o potato4 terur-o terror4 tia that kind of1 such 7#fe74 tial 7adv471 therefore 7#gh1 #hc74 tiam 7adv471 then1 at that time 7#gc74 tibi-o shin bone1 tibia2 --karno1 calf 7of the leg74 tie 7adv471 there 7#fh74 tiel 7adv471 thus1 so 7#hh1 #aef74 tigr-o tiger4 tikl-i to tickle4 tili-o linden4 tim-i to fear1 be afraid of4 timon-o pole1 tongue1 shaft4 tint-i to jingle1 tinkle4 tio 7pronoun71 that 7#bcc1 #bcd74 tiom 7adv471 that much1 so much 7#ajd1 #afd74 tir-i to pull1 draw4 tiran-o tyrant4 titol-o title4 tiu 7pronoun71 that one1 that 7#ef72 tiu cxi1 this one1 this 7#fj74 tost-o toast 7sentiment74 tol-o linen4 toler-i to tolerate4 tomat-o tomato4 tomb-o tomb1 grave4 ton-o tone4 tond-i to shear2 --ilo1 shears1 scissors4 tondr-i to thunder4 tord-i to twist2 --a1 crooked1 winding4 tra 7prep471 through 7#df1 #afj74 trab-o beam 7wooden74 traduk-i to translate4 traf-i to reach1 attain 7that which was aimed at or sought72 maltrafi1 to miss4 trajt-o feature4 trakt-i to treat of 7in essay1 speech1 etc472 --ato1 treatise4 tram-o tram2 --vojo1 tramway1 street-car line2 --veturilo1 street-car4 trancx-i to cut1 sever4 trankvil-a serene1 tranquil1 calm4 trans 7prep471 across1 the other side of 7#afj74 tre 7adv471 very1 very much4 trem-i to tremble4 tremp-i to drench1 dip4 tren-i to drag1 haul1 draw2 --ajxo1 train 7of a dress74 trezor-o treasure4 tri 7adj471 three 7#acf74 trik-i to knit4 trink-i to drink4 tritik-o wheat4 triumf-o triumph4 tro 7adv471 too1 too much4 tromp-i to deceive4 tron-o throne4 tropik-o tropic4 trot-i to trot4 trotuar-o sidewalk1 pavement4 trov-i to find4 tru-o hole4 trud-i to force upon1 impose2 altrudema1 importunate4 trunk-o trunk 7of tree or body74 tualet-o toilet4 tub-o tube1 pipe4 tuber-o bulb1 knot1 tuber4 tuj 7adv471 at once1 immediately tuk-o piece of cloth4 tur-o tower4 turk-o ,turk4 turment-i to torment4 turn-i 7trans471 to turn4 tus-i to cough4 tusx-i to touch2 kortusxi1 to touch 7the heart of74 tut-a entire1 whole1 all4 ,u4 -uj- suffix indicating receptacle1 that which bears or contains 7#aha74 -ul- suffix indicating person characterized by that in the root 7#acb74 ulm-o elm4 -um- indefinite suffix 7#bfh74 ung-o nail 7of finger72 --ego1 claw1 talon4 univers-o universe4 universitat-o university4 unu 7adj471 one 7#acf1 #acg1 #ahj72 unuigxo1 union4 uragan-o hurricane4 urb-o city2 cxefurbo1 capital4 urgx-i to be urgent or pressing4 urs-o bear4 ,uson-o ,united ,states of ,america4 util-a useful4 uz-i to use2 trouzi1 to abuse4 ,v4 vad-i to wade4 vafl-o waffle4 vag-i to wander1 to roam2 --isto1 vagabond4 vagon-o car1 railway carriage4 vak-i to be vacant4 vaks-o wax4 val-o valley4 valiz-o valise1 satchel1 bag4 valor-i to be worth4 vals-i to waltz4 van-a vain1 fruitless4 vang-o cheek4 vant-a vain1 conceited4 vapor-o steam1 vapor4 varb-i 7trans471 to enlist1 recruit4 varm-a warm4 vast-a vast1 spacious1 extensive4 vaz-o vase1 basin4 ve6 7interjection71 woe6 ho ve6 alas6 7#bgc74 veget-i to vegetate1 grow 7as plants74 vegetar-a vegetarian4 vejn-o vein4 vek-i 7trans471 to wake1 awake4 vel-o sail4 velk-i to fade1 wither1 wilt4 velur-o velvet4 ven-i to come4 vend-i to sell4 vendred-o ,friday4 venen-o poison4 vengx-i to avenge4 venk-i to conquer1 vanquish4 vent-o wind4 ver-o truth4 verand-o veranda1 porch4 verd-a green4 verk-i to compose 7music or literature74 verm-o worm4 vermicxel-o vermicelli4 vers-o verse4 versx-i to pour 7a liquid74 vertikal-a vertical4 vesper-o evening 7#ic74 vest-i to clothe1 dress4 vesxt-o vest1 waistcoat4 vet-i to wager1 bet4 veter-o weather4 vetur-i to ride1 go 7in vehicle1 boat1 etc474 vi 7pronoun71 you 7#cb1 #cg1 #bgd74 viand-o meat4 vibr-i to vibrate4 vic-o turn1 place in a series2 lauxvice1 in turn2 siavice1 in his 7her1 its1 their7 turn2 vicprezidanto1 vice-president4 vid-i to see4 vidv-o widower2 --ino1 widow4 vigl-a alert1 brisk4 vilagx-o village4 vin-o wine4 vinagr-o vinegar4 vinber-o grape2 sekvinbero1 raisin4 vintr-o winter4 viol-o violet4 violon-o violin4 vip-i to whip4 vir-o man virt-o virtue4 visx-i to wipe4 vitr-o glass 7material74 viv-i to live 7#acc74 vizagx-o face1 visage4 vizit-i to visit4 vocx-o voice2 --doni1 to vote4 voj-o road1 way4 vojagx-i to journey1 travel1 voyage4 vok-i to call4 vokal-o vowel4 vol-i to be willing1 will1 wish4 volont-e willingly4 volum-o volume 7book74 volumen-o volume 7of a body74 volv-i to roll 7something around something74 vort-o word2 --aro1 dictionary4 vost-o tail4 vual-o veil4 vulgar-a common1 vulgar4 vulp-o fox4 vund-i to wound4 ,z4 zenit-o zenith4 zigzag-o zigzag4 zingibr-o ginger4 zink-o zinc4 zon-o girdle1 belt1 zone4 zoologi-o zoology4 zorg-i to care 7for71 be anxious 7about74 zum-i to hum1 buzz4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,english-,,esperanto ,,vocabulary4 ,the following vocabulary includes all ,esperanto roots used in the preceding lessons1 all primary words of the language1 and a large number of additional roots 7to facilitate original composition74 ,no attempt has been made1 however1 to include all of the roots of the language1 or their various ,english meanings1 for which an ,english-,esperanto ,dictionary should be consulted4 ,references are to sections1 unless the page 7p47 is given4 ,since page numbers have no relevance in this etext version1 such references were deleted4 ,for other parts of speech than those indicated1 see ,word ,formation1 #aaf1 #abj1 #aei1 #aga1 also the references under ,prefixes and ,suffixes in the ,index4 ,for formation of compound words other than those given1 see #afj1 #afg1 #agf1 #ahd4 ,the following abbreviations are used3 adj4 adjective2 adv4 adverb2 conj4 conjunction2 intrans4 intransitive2 prep4 preposition2 trans4 transitive2 -- repetition of the ,english word4 ,a abandon forlas-i4 abash hontig-i4 7be7 able pov-i 7#gb74 abominable abomen-a4 about 7prep471 cxirkaux2 7concerning7 pri2 7adv471 7approximately1 proksimum-e4 above 7prep471 super 7#aei72 7adv471 supr-e2 cxi supre4 abrupt subit-a4 absorb sorb-i4 abundant suficxeg-a4 academy akademi-o4 accelerate 7trans471 akcel-i4 accent akcent-o4 accept akcept-i4 accident akcident-o2 7chance7 okaz-o4 accompany akompan-i4 7in7 accordance with 7prep471 laux 7#aia74 account kont-o2 7bill7 kalkul-o2 7story7 rakont-o4 7on7 account of 7prep471 pro 7#hf74 accurate akurat-a4 accusative akuzativ-o4 accuse akuz-i1 kulpig-i4 accustomed familiar-a1 kutimit-a4 ache dolor-o4 acid acid-o4 7be7 acquainted with kon-i 7#aag72 become --1 konatigx-i4 acquire1 akir-i4 across 7prep471 trans4 act ag-i2 --on1 efik-i2 7behave7 kondut-i2 7of play7 akt-o4 active agema2 7grammatical71 aktiv-a4 actor aktor-o4 actual efektiv-a1 ver-a4 acute akr-a4 add aldon-i 7#afj74 address 7on letters1 etc47 adres-o2 7lecture7 parolad-o4 adequate suficx-a4 adjacent apud-a 7#aei74 adjective adjektiv-o4 administer 7manage71 administr-i4 admire admir-i4 admit konfes-i2 7let in7 allas-i4 admonish admon-i4 adore ador-i4 adorn ornam-i4 adverb adverb-o4 advantage util-o1 profit-o4 advertise reklam-i4 advise konsil-i4 affable afabl-a4 affair afer-o2 regrettable --1 domagx-o4 affirmative jes-a 7#aga74 7be7 afraid tim-i4 ,africa ,afrik-o4 after 7prep471 post 7#hi74 afternoon posttagmez-o4 again denov-e1 re-e 7#bbc74 against 7prep471 kontraux4 age agx-o2 of --1 plenagx-a2 old --1 maljunec-o4 7give an7 agency komisi-i4 agent agent-o4 agitate agit-i4 agony agoni-o4 agree konsent-i2 7contract7 kontrakt-i4 agreeable agrabl-a4 aid help-i4 aim at cel-i4 air aer-o2 to --1 aerum-i2 7music7 ari-o4 alas6 ho ve 7#bgc74 alcohol alkohol-o4 alcove alkov-o4 alert vigl-a4 ,alexander ,aleksandr-o4 ,alexandria ,aleksandri-o4 ,alfred ,alfred-o4 algebra algebr-o4 alive viv-a4 all 7pronoun and adj471 cxiuj 7#agc72 7indefinite pronoun7 cxio 7#bcc72 7adv4 of quantity7 cxiom 7#aid72 7whole1 entire7 tut-a4 alliance lig-o4 allow permes-i4 allude alud-i4 allure log-i4 almanac almanak-o4 almost 7adv471 preskaux4 alms almoz-o4 alone sol-a4 along 7prep471 laux 7#aia72 -- with1 kune kun4 aloud lauxt-e4 alphabet alfabet-o4 already 7adv471 jam4 also 7adv471 ankaux4 altar altar-o4 alter 7trans471 sxangx-i1 aliig-i4 although 7conj471 kvankam4 always 7adv471 cxiam 7#ahg74 ,america ,amerik-o4 amiable afabl-a1 amind-a4 amid meze de1 inter 7#he74 among 7prep471 inter 7#he74 amount sum-o1 kvant-o2 a certain --1 iom 7#bag74 amphibious amfibi-a4 amphitheatre amfiteatr-o4 amuse amuz-i4 analyse analiz-i4 ancestor prapatr-o 7#bhb74 anchor ankr-o4 ancient antikv-a4 and 7conj471 kaj 7#bf74 anecdote anekdot-o4 anew denov-e4 angel angxel-o4 angle angul-o4 angry koler-a4 animal best-o4 ankle maleol-o4 announce anonc-i4 annoy cxagren-i4 anoint sxmir-i4 answer respond-i4 ant formik-o4 antelope antilop-o4 antipathy antipati-o4 antique antikv-a4 anvil ambos-o4 anxious maltrankvil-a4 any 7pronoun and adj471 iu 7#bjc72 7adv4 of quantity7 iom 7#bag72 --kind1 --time1 --thing1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 any more 7adv471 plu4 apartment apartament-o4 apathy apati-o4 apologise pardonon pet-i4 apology 7defence71 apologi-o4 apparatus aparat-o4 appear 7come in sight71 aper-i2 7seem7 sxajn-i4 appearance 7aspect71 aspekt-o1 mien-o1 vidigx-o4 appetite apetit-o4 applaud aplauxd-i4 apple pom-o4 apply 7put on71 almet-i2 -- to 7for information1 etc471 sin turni al4 approach alproksimigx-i al4 appropriate proprigi al si2 7suitable71 konven-a1 dec-a4 approve aprob-i4 approximate proksimum-a4 apricot abrikot-o4 ,april april-o4 apron antauxtuk-o4 aquarium akvari-o4 ,arab arab-o2 street --1 bub-o4 arbitrate arbitraci-i4 arbor lauxb-o4 arc ark-o4 arcade arkad-o4 archer pafarkist-o4 ,archimedes ,arhximed-o4 architecture arhxitektur-o4 arena aren-o4 argue argument-i4 ,aristeides ,aristejd-o4 aristocrat aristokrat-o4 ,aristotle ,aristotel-o4 arithmetic aritmetik-o4 arm 7of the body71 brak-o2 7weapon7 armil-o4 army arme-o4 aroma arom-o4 around 7prep471 cxirkaux 7#hi1 #afj74 arouse incit-i1 vek-i4 arrange arangx-i4 arrest arest-i4 arrive alven-i4 arrogant arogant-a4 arrow sag-o4 art art-o4 ,arthur ,artur-o4 article 7grammatical1 literary7 artikol-o4 artificial artefarit-a4 artless naiv-a4 as 7adv47 kiel2 as 444 as 444 tiel 444 kiel 444 7#aef72 -- if1 -- though1 kvazaux 7#bej72 -- far as1 gxis 7prep41 #df72 -- much 444 as 4441 tiom 444 kiom 7#afd74 ascertain certigx-i2 -- the truth of1 konstat-i4 7be7 ashamed hont-i4 ashes cindr-o4 ,asia ,azi-o4 aside from 7prep471 krom4 ask 7inquire71 demand-i2 7request71 pet-i4 asparagus asparag-o4 aspect aspekt-o1 mien-o4 ass azen-o4 assemble kunven-i1 kunvok-i4 assist help-i4 association 7organization71 asoci-o4 assurance aplomb-o1 certigo4 at 7prep471 cxe 7#abe1 #afj71 je 7#bfj72 -- the rate of1 po 7#age74 athlete atlet-o4 atmosphere atmosfer-o4 attack atak-i4 attain ating-i1 traf-i4 attempt prov-i4 attentive atent-a4 attest atest-i4 attribute atribut-o4 ,august auxgust-o4 ,australia ,auxstrali-o4 author auxtor-o1 verkist-o4 automatic auxtomat-a4 autumn auxtun-o4 avaricious avar-a4 avenge vengx-i4 avenue ale-o1 bulvard-o4 avoid evit-i4 awake 7trans471 vek-i4 away 7adv471 for 7#ga72 7distant71 malproksim-e 7#agj74 axe hakil-o4 axis 7axle71 aks-o4 ,b4 babble babil-i4 baby infanet-o4 bachelor frauxl-o2 -- of arts 7,a4,b471 abiturient-o4 back 7of the body71 dors-o2 to the rear 7adv471 malantauxen 7#aba74 bacon lard-o4 bag sak-o1 valiz-o4 bagatelle bagatel-o4 bake 7trans471 bak-i4 balance 7trans471 balanc-i2 7scales71 pesil-o4 ball 7to play with71 pilk-o2 7dance71 bal-o2 7globe71 glob-o4 banana banan-o4 band 7stripe71 stri-o2 7music71 orkestr-o2 7group71 ar-o 7#abf74 bandage bandagx-i4 banish ekzil-i4 bank 7financial71 bank-o2 7shore71 bord-o4 7become7 bankrupt bankrot-i banner flag-o1 standard-o4 banquet festen-o4 bar bar-i4 barbarian barbar-o4 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to1 ekbrulig-i4 firm firm-a4 fish fisx-o2 7catch fish71 fisxkapt-i4 fist pugn-o4 fit almezur-i2 7be7 --1 tauxg-i4 7be7 fitting konven-i2 7decent71 dec-i4 five 7adj471 kvin 7#acf74 flag flag-o2 standard-o4 flat glat-a1 eben-a2 plat-a4 flesh karn-o4 flex 7trans471 fleks-i4 floor plank-o4 flour farun-o4 flow flu-i4 flower flor-o 7#aaf74 fluid fluid-a4 fly flug-i2 7insect71 musx-o4 foam sxauxm-o4 focus fokus-o4 fog nebul-o4 fold fald-i4 folk popol-o4 follow sekv-i1 postven-i1 postir-i4 7be7 fond of sweets frand-i4 fondle dorlot-i4 foot 7of the body71 pied-o2 7measure71 fut-o4 for 7prep471 por 7#ie1 #ih1 #bfb72 pro 7#hf72 7conj471 cxar 7#hc74 force fort-o2 7compel71 devig-i2 -- 7upon71 altrud-i 7al74 fore- pra- 7#bhb74 forehead frunt-o4 foreign fremd-a4 forge 7falsify71 fals-i4 forget forges-i4 forgive pardon-i4 fork fork-o4 form form-i1 alform-i1 model-i4 formal solen-a4 found fond-i4 foundation fundament-o4 four 7adj471 kvar 7#acf74 fount font-o4 fountain fontan-o4 fox vulp-o4 fragrance arom-o1 bonodor-o4 frame 7of picture71 kadr-o4 frank afrank-i4 ,frederick ,frederik-o4 free liber-a4 ,frenchman franc-o4 frequent oft-a2 7visit often71 vizitad-i4 fresh fresx-a1 nov-a4 ,friday vendred-o4 friend amik-o4 fringe frangx-o4 frivolous malserioz-a4 frock coat redingot-o4 frog ran-o4 from 7prep471 de 7#hi1 #agj72 el2 7cause71 pro 7#hf74 frost frost-o2 7hoar71 prujn-o4 froth sxauxm-o4 fruit frukt-o4 fruitless 7vain71 van-a4 fry 7trans471 frit-i4 function 7of machinery1 etc471 funkci-i4 funereal funebr-a4 fulfil plenum-i4 full plen-a4 fur fel-o2 7coat or wrap71 pelt-o4 furious furioz-a4 furnish 7supply71 liver-i2 7provide71 proviz-i2 7a house71 mebl-i4 furniture 7piece of71 mebl-o4 furrow sulk-o4 further 7adv471 plu4 fuse 7trans471 fand-i4 futile van-a4 future estontec-o2 7grammatical71 estont-o2 7adj471 estont-a4 ,g4 gain gajn-i1 obten-i4 gallery galeri-o2 7for pictures71 pinakotek-o4 gallop galop-i4 gamin bub-o4 gape 7yawn71 osced-i4 garden gxarden-o4 garland girland-o4 gas gas-o4 gather 7trans471 kolekt-i4 gay gaj-a4 gaze fikse rigard-i4 gazette gazet-o4 general gxeneral-a1 komun-a2 7military71 general-o4 gentleman sinjor-o4 geometry geometri-o4 ,german german-o4 ,gertrude ,gertrud-o4 ghost fantom-o4 gift donac-o4 ginger zingibr-o4 girdle zon-o4 give don-i2 7as a gift71 donac-i2 -- information1 inform-i2 -- notice1 aviz-i2 -- witness1 atest-i2 -- birth to1 nask-i4 7be7 glad gxoj-i 7#aaf74 glass 7material71 vitr-o2 7tumbler71 glas-o4 glide glit-i4 globe glob-o4 glory glor-o4 glossy 7polished71 polurit-a4 glove gant-o4 glue glu-i4 gnash grinc-i4 go ir-i2 7in vehicle1 boat1 etc471 vetur-i2 -- on a pilgrimage1 pilgrim-i4 goal cel-o4 goblet pokal-o4 ,god ,di-o4 good bon-a2 be -- for1 tauxg-i por4 good-bye 7adv4 and interjection71 adiaux 7#aga1 #bgc74 goose anser-o4 gospel evangeli-o4 govern reg-i4 graceful graci-a4 grade grad-o2 7rank71 rang-o4 grain 7wheat1 etc471 gren-o2 7unit7 er-o 7#bgf74 gram gram-o 7#bhd74 grammar gramatik-o4 grandfather av-o4 grandson nep-o4 grape vinber-o4 grass herb-o4 grasshopper akrid-o4 grate rasp-i2 grater1 raspil-o4 grating 7bar or lattice71 krad-o4 grave tomb-o2 7serious71 grav-a4 gravitate gravit-i4 gravy sauxc-o4 gray griz-a4 grieve 7trans471 cxagren-i1 malgxojig-i2 7intrans47 malgxoj-i4 grind grinc-i4 great grand-a2 7remote in ancestry71 pra- 7#bhb74 ,greek grek-o4 green verd-a2 --ish1 dubeverd-a4 greet salut-i4 groan gxem-i4 group grup-o1 ar-o 7#abf74 ground ter-o2 -- floor1 teretagx-o4 grow kresk-i1 veget-i4 guard gard-i4 guess diven-i4 guest gast-o4 guide gvid-i1 direkt-i4 guilty kulp-a4 gunpowder pulv-o4 gush 7of liquids71 sxpruc-i4 ,h4 habit kutim-o4 hack hak-i2 7carriage71 fiakr-o4 hail 7frozen rain71 hajl-o4 7a7 hair har-o2 -- pencil1 penik-o4 half duon-o 7#aff1 #bgg74 halt 7intrans471 halt-i4 ham sxink-o4 hammer martel-o4 hand man-o2 7of clock71 montril-o4 handbill afisx-o4 handicraft meti-o4 handsome bel-a4 hang 7intrans471 pend-i4 handy oportun-a4 happen okaz-i4 happy felicx-a4 harbor haven-o4 hardly 7adv471 apenaux4 hare lepor-o4 haricot 7bean71 fazeol-o4 harness jung-i4 harvest rikolt-i4 hasten 7trans471 akcel-i2 7intrans47 rapid-i4 hat cxapel-o4 haughty fier-a4 haul tren-i4 have hav-i2 -- to1 dev-i4 hay fojn-o4 hazard hazard-o4 hazel-nut avel-o4 he 7pronoun71 li 7#cb1 #cg1 #db74 head kap-o2 7adj471 cxef-a4 health san-o2 state of 7good or bad7 --1 fart-o4 hear auxd-i4 heart kor-o2 by --1 7by rote71 parker-e4 heat 7trans471 hejt-i1 varmig-i4 heaven cxiel-o2 heavenly body1 astr-o4 heavy pez-a4 ,hebrew hebre-o4 heel 7of foot71 kalkan-o2 7of shoe71 kalkanum-o4 hektare hektar-o 7#bhd74 hektogram hektogram-o 7#bhd74 hektoliter hektolitr-o 7#bhd74 hektometer hektometr-o 7#bhd74 help help-i 7#bfe74 hen kokin-o4 herb herb-o4 hero hero-o4 hesitate hezit-i4 hide kasx-i 7#beb72 7skin of animals71 fel-o4 ,hiero ,hieron-o4 high alt-a4 hinge cxarnir-o4 hip koks-o4 hire 7persons71 dung-i2 7houses1 etc471 lu-i4 hiss sibl-i4 history histori-o4 ho 7interjection71 ho 7#bgc74 hoar 7frost71 prujn-o4 hoarse rauxk-a4 hog pork-o4 hold ten-i4 holder 7handle71 tenil-o1 ans-o2 7receptacle71 uj-o 7#aha72 ing-o 7#bcg74 hole tru-o2 7cavity71 kav-o4 ,holland ,holand-o4 holy sankt-a4 home hejm-o2 at --1 cxehejme4 homesickness nostalgi-o4 honest honest-a4 honey miel-o4 honeysuckle lonicer-o4 honor honor-i2 7as term of address71 mosxt-o 7#beh74 hook krocx-i4 hope esper-i4 horizon horizont-o4 horizontal horizontal-a4 horn korn-o4 horse cxeval-o4 horse-radish armoraci-o4 hose sxtrump-oj2 -- supporter1 sxelk-o4 hotel hotel-o4 hour hor-o 7#ahe74 house dom-o2 at the -- of 7prep471 cxe 7#abe1 #afj74 how 7adv471 kiel 7#acd72 kiamanier-e2 -- much1 kiom 7#adj1 #ahe74 however 7conj471 tamen2 7adv471 ajn 7#bcf74 hue nuanc-o4 hum zum-i4 human being hom-o4 humble humil-a4 humor humor-o4 hundred 7adj471 cent 7#adb74 hungry malsat-a4 hunt sercx-i2 7game or wild animals71 cxas-i4 hurdy-gurdy gurd-o4 hurl jxet-i4 hurrah 7interjection71 hura 7#bgc74 hurricane uragan-o4 hurry rapid-i4 husband edz-o4 hypocrite hipokrit-o4 ,i4 ,i 7pronoun71 mi 7#cb1 #cg1 #bgd74 ice glaci-o2 7food71 glaciajx-o4 idea ide-o4 ideal ideal-o4 identical ident-a4 idiom idiom-o4 idiot idiot-o4 if 7conj471 se 7#bdj72 as --1 kvazaux 7#bej72 7whether71 cxu4 ignore ignor-i4 illusion iluzi-o4 illustrate ilustr-i4 image bild-o4 imagine imag-i4 imitate imit-i4 immediate tuj-a 7#aga74 implicate implik-i4 important grav-a1 serioz-a4 importunate altrudem-a4 impose trud-i4 impost impost-o4 impress impres-i4 impulse impuls-o4 in 7prep471 en 7#df1 #hi1 #afj72 -- the presence of1 cxe 7#abe1 #afj74 inch col-o4 incite incit-i4 incline 7trans471 klin-i4 incommode gxen-i4 7be7 indebted sxuld-i4 indeed 7adv471 ja 7#bae72 do2 efektiv-e4 index tabel-o4 ,indian 7,american71 indian-o1 rugxhauxtul-o2 -- corn1 maiz-o4 indifferent indiferent-a4 industry 7trade71 industri-o4 inebriate ebri-a4 inevitable nepr-a1 neevitebl-a4 infect infekt-i4 influence influ-i4 inform inform-i1 sciig-i4 ingenuous naiv-a4 inhabitant logxant-o1 an-o 7#ade74 inhale enspir-i4 ink ink-o4 inquire demand-i4 insect insekt-o4 inside 7adv471 intern-e2 7prep471 en4 insist insist-i4 inspect inspekt-i1 ekzamen-i1 rigard-i1 kontrol-i4 inspire inspir-i4 instantaneous moment-a4 instead of 7prep471 anstataux 7#ih1 #aei74 instruct instru-i2 7order71 ordon-i4 insult insult-i4 insure 7with a company71 asekur-i2 7make certain71 certig-i4 intelligent inteligent-a4 intend intenc-i4 interest interes-i2 7of money71 procent-o4 7be7 intermittent intermit-i4 internal intern-a4 interpret interpret-i4 intimate intim-a4 intoxicated ebri-a4 investigate esplor-i1 ekzamen-i1 elsercx-i4 invite invit-i4 iron 7metal71 fer-o2 7linen71 glad-i4 island insul-o4 it 7pronoun71 gxi 7#cb1 #cg1 #db1 #bgd72 see also #ej1 #ea4 ,italian ital-o4 ,j4 jacket jak-o4 jail karcer-o4 jam kompot-o1 fruktajx-o4 ,january januar-o4 jaw 7orifice1 opening71 fauxk-o2 7of the skull71 makzel-o2 --bone1 makzelost-o4 jealous jxaluz-a4 jest sxerc-i4 ,jesus ,jesu-o4 ,jew hebre-o4 jewel juvel-o4 jingle 7intrans471 tint-i4 ,john ,johan-o4 joint artik-o4 joke sxerc-i4 journal jxurnal-o1 revu-o4 journey vojagx-i4 judge jugx-i4 jug krucx-o4 juggle jxongl-i4 ,july juli-o4 jump salt-i4 ,june juni-o4 jurist jurist-o4 just 7upright71 just-a2 7exact71 gxust-a2 7adv471 gxust-e1 jxus4 ,k4 keep ten-i1 gard-i2 7preserve71 konserv-i2 -- in mind1 memor-i4 kerosene petrol-o4 key sxlosil-o2 7of piano1 etc471 klav-o4 kill mortig-i4 kilogram kilogram-o 7#bhd74 kiloliter kilolitr-o 7#bhd74 kilometer kilometr-o 7#bhd74 kind 7species71 spec-o2 7good71 bon-a1 bonkor-a2 that --1 what --1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 kindness komplez-o1 bonkorec-o4 king regx-o2 --dom1 regxolando4 kiss kis-i4 knave fripon-o4 knee genu-o4 kneel genufleks-i4 knit trik-i4 knock frap-i4 knot tuber-o2 7tied71 ligajx-o2 7of ribbon71 bant-o4 know sci-i2 7be acquainted with71 kon-i 7#aag74 kobold kobold-o4 ,l4 labor labor-i2 -- for the success or completion of something1 klopod-i4 lace punt-o2 7of a shoe71 lacx-o4 7be7 lacking 7intrans47 mank-i4 lake lag-o4 lamb sxafid-o2 7meat71 sxafidajx-o4 lame lam-a4 lamp lamp-o4 lance lanc-o4 land land-o2 7estate71 bien-o2 7soil71 ter-o4 landscape pejzagx-o4 language lingv-o4 lantern lantern-o4 large grand-a4 lark 7bird71 alauxd-o4 last 7intrans471 dauxr-i2 7in a series71 last-a2 7previous7 pasint-a1 antaux-a4 latch ans-o4 late malfru-a4 ,latin latin-a4 latter cxi-tiu 7#fa1 #fb74 lattice krad-o4 laugh rid-i 7#bfe74 law legx-o2 --suit1 proces-o2 7rule71 regul-o4 lawyer advokat-o1 legxist-o4 lay meti1 kusxig-i2 -- aside1 demet-i2 -- claim1 pretend-i4 layer tavol-o4 lead konduk-i4 lead 7metal71 plumb-o4 leaf foli-o4 league 7alliance71 lig-o4 lean 7trans471 apog-i1 klin-i2 7not fat71 malgras-a4 leap salt-i2 --year1 superjar-o4 learn lern-i2 7news1 etc471 sciigx-i4 learned kler-a4 least 7adv471 malplej 7#hj71 malpli multe 7#ha72 at --1 almenaux4 leather led-o4 leave 7trans471 las-i2 -- off 7intrans471 cxes-i4 leg krur-o4 legal legx-a2 -- process1 proces-o4 lemon citron-o4 lemonade citronajx-o1 limonad-o4 lend prunt-i1 pruntedon-i4 lens objektiv-o4 lengthen 7trans471 etend-i1 plilongig-i4 less 7adv471 malpli 7#hj72 malpli multe 7#ha74 lesson lecion-o4 let 7trans471 las-i2 7rent71 luig-i2 7permit71 permes-i4 letter 7epistle71 leter-o2 7of the alphabet71 liter-o4 lettuce laktuk-o4 level nivel-o2 7flat71 eben-a4 library bibliotek-o2 7collection of books71 librar-o4 lick lek-i4 lie 7recline71 kusx-i 7#bci72 7tell falsehoods71 mensog-i4 lift lev-i4 light lum-a1 hel-a2 7not heavy71 malpez-a4 lightning fulm-o4 like sxat-i2 7similar71 simil-a2 see also #bej4 limb membro2 7of a tree71 brancx-o4 limit lim-i4 linden tili-o4 line lini-o1 vic-o1 strek-o4 linen tol-o4 lion leon-o4 lip lip-o4 liquid fluid-a4 listen auxskult-i4 liter litr-o 7#bhd74 literal lauxliter-a4 literature literatur-o4 little malgrand-a2 7with slightly affectionate sense71 et-a 7#aih72 7adv471 malmulte1 iom 7#bag72 -- by --1 iom post iom4 live viv-i2 7dwell71 logx-i 7#acc74 load sxargx-i4 loan prunt-i1 pruntedon-i4 local lok-a4 lock sxlos-i2 7fastening71 serur-o4 locomotive lokomotiv-o4 lodge logx-i4 log sxtip-o4 long long-a2 -- for1 sopir-i je4 look rigard-i2 -- for1 sercx-i4 lose perd-i2 7fail to profit71 malgajn-i2 -- time1 malfru-i4 lot 7fate71 sort-o4 loud lauxt-a4 love am-i2 make --1 amindum-i4 loyal fidel-a1 lojal-a4 luck sxanc-o2 lucky1 bonsxanc-a4 lull kvietig-i2 7to sleep71 lul-i4 lunatic lunatik-o4 lung pulm-o4 luxury luks-o4 ,m4 macaroni makaroni-o4 machine masxin-o4 mad frenez-a4 magazine gazet-o1 jxurnal-o1 revu-o4 magic magi-o4 mail posxt-o1 enposxtig-i2 -- box1 posxtkest-o4 maize maiz-o4 majestic majest-a4 majesty 7term of address71 mosxt-o 7#beh74 make far-i 7see also #bad72 -- mistakes1 erar-i2 -- love1 amindum-i4 malicious malic-a4 man vir-o4 manage administr-i1 direkt-i2 7a household71 mastrum-i4 manner manier-o2 7right or wrong71 mor-o2 in that --1 in every --1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 mantle mantel-o4 manufacture fabrik-i4 manuscript manuskript-o4 maple acer-o4 marble 7stone71 marmor-o4 march marsxad-i4 ,march mart-o4 mark mark-o1 sign-o2 7official71 stamp-o4 marmalade marmelad-o4 marry 7become married71 edzigx-i4 master mastr-o2 7of his profession or art71 majstr-o2 -- of ,arts 7,a4,m471 magistr-o4 match 7for fire71 alumet-o4 material material-o2 7cloth71 sxtof-o4 matter afer-o4 mature matur-a4 maximum maksimum-o4 ,may maj-o2 7auxiliary verb71 see #bfi1 #bgj4 mayonnaise majones-a4 mean signif-i1 intenc-i1 malnobl-a4 meaning senc-o4 means rimed-o2 by -- of 7prep471 per 7#fd74 measure 7trans471 mezur-i4 meat viand-o4 mechanics mehxanik-o4 medical medicin-a1 kuracist-a4 medicine 7drug1 etc471 kuracil-o2 7science71 medicin-o1 kuracart-o4 meet 7trans471 renkont-i1 traf-i2 7assemble71 kunven-i4 melody melodi-o4 melon melon-o4 melt fluidig-i1 fluidigx-i1 degel-i4 member membr-o1 an-o 7#ade74 memory memor-o2 by --1 parker-e1 memor-e4 mend ripar-i2 7patch71 flik-i4 mention nom-i2 cit-i4 menu menu-o4 merely 7adv471 nur4 merit merit-i4 merry gaj-a2 make --1 festen-i4 merry-go-round karusel-o4 metal metal-o4 meter metr-o 7#bhd74 method metod-o4 middle mez-o1 centr-o4 mien mien-o4 mild mild-a4 mile mejl-o4 milk lakt-o2 7draw the milk of71 melk-i4 mill muel-o4 millimeter milimetr-o 7#bhd74 million milion-o4 mine 7coal1 etc71 min-o2 7possessive adj471 mi-a 7#dc74 mineral mineral-o4 minimum minimum-o4 minister 7political71 ministr-o2 7clergyman71 pastr-o4 minute 7time71 minut-o2 7adj471 detal-a1 malgrand-a4 minutes 7of a meeting71 protokol-o4 mirror spegul-o4 miserly avar-a4 misery mizer-o4 miss 7fail to reach71 maltraf-i2 7be missing71 mank-i2 7notice the absence of71 senti la foreston de2 7young lady71 frauxlin-o 7#afc74 mist nebul-o4 mistake erar-o4 ,mister ,sinjor-o 7#afc1 #bhf74 mix 7trans471 miks-i4 mock mok-i4 mode fason-o1 mod-o4 model model-o4 moderate moder-a4 modest modest-a4 moment moment-o2 a -- ago1 7adv471 jxus4 monarch monarhx-o4 ,monday lund-o4 money mon-o2 -- box1 kas-o2 -- order1 mandat-o4 monk monahx-o4 monkey simi-o4 month monat-o4 moon lun-o4 moral moral-a1 bonmor-a2 morals1 moroj4 more 7adv471 pli 7#gd1 #gi72 7quantity71 pli multe 7#ha72 7further71 plu2 the --1 ju pli1 des pli 7#hd74 morning maten-o 7#ic74 morsel pec-o4 most 7adv471 plej 7#gd1 #gi72 7quantity71 plej multe 7#ha74 mould sxim-o4 mountain mont-o4 mourning funebr-o4 mouse mus-o4 moustache lipharoj4 mouth busx-o2 7of river71 enflu-o1 elflu-o4 move 7trans471 mov-i2 7change residence7 translogx-i4 much mult-a 7#ha72 7very71 tre4 mud kot-o4 murmur murmur-i4 museum muze-o4 mushroom fung-o4 music muzik-o4 must dev-i 7#bdg74 mute mut-a4 mutton sxafajx-o4 mutual reciprok-a 7#ahj71 komun-a4 myopic miop-a4 mystery mister-o4 ,n4 nail 7metal71 najl-o2 7of the finger or toe71 ung-o4 naive naiv-a4 naked nud-a4 name nom-o4 narrate rakont-i4 nation naci-o4 nature natur-o4 naught nul-o2 7none71 neniom 7#bca74 near proksim-a 7#agj72 7prep471 apud 7#abj1 #aei74 necessary neces-a4 neck kol-o4 need bezon-i4 needle kudril-o4 negative ne-a 7#aga72 7photographic71 negativ-o4 neighbor najbar-o4 neither 7conj471 nek 7#ca72 7pronoun and adj471 neniu 7#bbj74 nephew nev-o4 nerve nerv-o4 nest nest-o4 net ret-o4 neutral neuxtral-a4 never 7adv471 neniam 7#bbf74 nevertheless 7conj471 tamen4 new nov-a1 fresx-a2 news1 novajx-o4 newspaper jxurnal-o1 tagjxurnal-o4 nice delikat-a4 night nokt-o4 nine 7adj471 naux 7#acf74 nitrogen azot-o4 no 7adv471 ne 7#bg1 #ff1 a72 7adj471 neniu 7#bbj72 -- one1 --where1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 noble nobl-a1 nobleman nobel-o4 nobody 7pronoun71 neniu 7#bbj74 nod 7the head71 balanc-i 7la kapon74 noise bru-o4 none 7adj4 and pronoun71 neniu 7#bbj72 7adv471 neniom 7#bca74 non-partisan neuxtral-a4 noon tagmez-o4 nor 7conj471 nek 7#ca74 north nord-o4 ,norwegian norveg-o4 not 7adv471 ne 7#bg1 #ff1 a74 note not-o1 bilet-o2 --book1 kajer-o2 7notice71 rimark-i1 not-i4 nothing nenio 7#bcc74 notice rimark-i2 not-i2 give --1 aviz-i4 notwithstanding 7prep471 malgraux2 7conj471 tamen4 nourish nutr-i4 novel nov-a2 7book71 roman-o4 ,november novembr-o4 now 7adv471 nun4 nude nud-a4 nullify nulig-i1 neniig-i4 number 7quantity71 nombr-o2 7numeral71 numer-o4 nut nuks-o4 ,o4 oak kverk-o4 7make7 oath jxur-i4 oats aven-o4 obey obe-i 7#bfe74 object objekt-o2 7aim71 cel-o2 7oppose71 kontrauxparol-i1 kontrauxstar-i1 protest-i4 objective objektiv-o4 obligation 7financial71 sxuld-o2 7moral71 dev-o4 oblige 7compel71 devig-i2 7render service71 far-i komplezon1 serv-i4 oblique oblikv-a4 observe observ-i1 rimark-i1 not-i4 obstinate obstin-a4 obstruct bar-i4 occasion foj-o 7#abg72 okaz-o4 occupation profesi-o1 okup-o1 meti-o4 occupy okup-i4 occur okaz-i4 ocean ocean-o4 ,october oktobr-o4 odor odor-o4 of 7prep471 de 7#di1 #ajj1 #afj1 #agj72 da 7#ii1 #aja1 #ajc72 el2 7concerning71 pri 7#afj1 #bfd1 c74 offend ofend-i4 offer propon-i1 prezent-i1 ofer-i4 office ofic-o2 7place71 oficej-o4 officer 7of organization or firm71 oficist-o2 7military or naval71 oficir-o4 official oficial-a4 often 7adv471 oft-e1 multfoj-e4 oh 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sxlim-o4 slipper pantofl-o4 sly ruz-a4 smear sxmir-i4 smell 7trans471 flar-i2 7intrans471 odor-i4 smile ridet-i4 smoke fum-i4 smooth glat-a2 7polished71 polurit-a4 sneeze tern-i4 snow negx-i4 so 7conj471 do2 7adv471 7thus71 tiel 7#hh1 #aef72 7therefore71 tial 7#gh72 -- much1 tiom 7#ajd1 #afd74 society societ-o4 ,socrates ,sokrat-o4 sofa kanap-o4 soft mol-a4 soil ter-o2 soiled1 malpur-a4 soldier soldat-o2 7professional71 militist-o4 sole sol-a2 7of foot71 pland-o2 7of shoe71 ledpland-o4 solemn solen-a4 some kelk-a1 kelk-e1 iom 7#bag72 --one1 --how1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 son fil-o4 soon 7adv471 baldaux4 sorcerer sorcxist-o4 sort spec-o1 klas-o2 7put in order71 ordig-i1 enfakig-i4 soul anim-o4 sound 7intrans471 son-i2 7of bells71 sonor-i2 7in good condition71 bonstat-a4 soup sup-o4 sour acid-a1 maldolcx-a4 south sud-o4 sow sem-i4 space spac-o4 spacious vast-a1 grandspac-a1 grandampleks-a4 ,spaniard hispan-o4 spare 7save71 sxpar-i2 7pardon71 pardon-i4 sparrow paser-o4 speak parol-i 7#gg74 spear lanc-o4 special special-a1 apart-a4 specialty fak-o4 species spec-o4 specimen specimen-o1 model-o4 spectre fantom-o4 speed rapid-o1 rapidec-o4 spell silab-i2 7witchcraft71 sorcxajx-o4 spend 7money71 elspez-i2 7time71 pasig-i4 speso spes-o 7#bhe74 spider arane-o4 spin sxpin-i4 spinach spinac-o4 spite malic-o2 in -- of1 7prep471 malgraux1 spite4 splash 7trans471 plauxd-i4 splendor pomp-o1 bril-o1 belegec-o4 split 7trans471 fend-i4 spoil 7trans471 difekt-i4 spoke 7of wheel71 radi-o4 spoon kuler-o4 spot makul-i4 spout 7liquids71 sxpruc-i4 spring 7season71 printemp-o2 7of water71 font-o4 sprite kobold-o1 fe-o4 spruce 7tree71 pice-o4 spurt 7of liquids71 sxpruc-i4 spy spion-o2 7catch sight of71 ekvid-i2 --glass1 lorn-o4 square kvadrat-o2 7public71 plac-o4 stain makul-i4 stair 7staircase71 sxtupar-o4 stag cerv-o4 stake 7of palisade71 palis-o4 stamp 7officially71 stamp-i2 7with foot71 piedfrap-i2 postage --1 posxtmark-o4 stand star-i 7#bci72 7endure71 sufer-i1 elport-i4 standard 7model71 model-o2 7flag71 standard-o4 star stel-o2 7any heavenly body71 astr-o4 starch amel-o4 state 7condition71 stat-o2 7political71 sxtat-o2 7governed body71 regn-o4 station 7state71 stat-o2 7railway1 etc471 staci-o1 stacidom-o4 stay rest-i4 steady firm-a1 konstant-a1 nemovebl-a4 steal sxtel-i1 rab-i 7#beb74 steam vapor-o4 steel sxtal-o4 steep krut-a4 step pasx-i2 7of stairs71 sxtup-o4 stern sever-a4 stew 7trans471 stuf-i4 stick baston-o2 7adhere71 algluigx-i4 still 7silent71 silent-a2 7adv471 ankoraux2 jam2 7conj471 tamen4 stimulate stimul-i1 incit-i4 sting pik-i4 stipulate kondicx-o4 stocking sxtrump-o4 stomach stomak-o4 stone sxton-o4 stoop klinigx-i2 7entrance porch71 peron-o4 stop 7intrans471 halt-i2 7leave off71 cxes-i2 -- up1 sxtop-i4 stopper sxtopil-o4 store 7shop71 butik-o2 7warehouse71 magazen-o1 konservej-o1 tenej-o4 story 7tale71 fabel-o1 rakont-o2 7of house71 etagx-o4 stove forn-o4 straight rekt-a4 strange strang-a1 kurioz-a2 7foreign71 fremd-a4 strap rimen-o4 straw pajl-o4 strawberry frag-o4 streak stri-o2 make a --1 strek-i4 street strat-o2 -- arab1 bub-o4 street-car tramveturil-o2 -- line1 tramvoj-o4 stress akcent-o2 7force71 fort-o4 stretch 7trans471 etend-i2 7forcibly71 strecx-i4 string sxnur-o2 7shoelace71 lacx-o2 -- bean1 fazeol-o4 strike frap-i1 bat-i2 7of laborers71 strik-o2 -- out1 trastrek-i4 strip 7of paper1 cloth1 etc471 banderol-o2 -- off1 senig-i4 stripe stri-o4 strive pen-i4 strong fort-a4 struggle barakt-i4 student student-o2 7person studying71 studant-o4 study stud-i4 stuff sxtof-o2 7furniture1 etc471 rembur-i4 stump stump-o4 style stil-o1 mod-o1 fason-o4 subject 7theme71 tem-o2 7grammatical71 subjekt-o2 7ruled71 regat-o4 subscribe subskrib-i2 7to magazine1 etc471 abon-i4 substance substanc-o4 succeed sukces-i2 7fare well71 prosper-i2 7follow71 sekv-i1 postven-i4 succulent suk-a1 sukplen-a4 such tia 7#fe72 7adv471 tiel 7#hh74 sudden subit-a1 neatendit-a4 suffer sufer-i1 toler-i2 7permit71 permes-i4 suffice suficx-i4 suffix sufiks-o4 suffocate 7trans471 sufok-i4 sugar suker-o4 suggest sugesti-i1 propon-i4 suit 7of clothes71 vest-oj1 komplet-o2 7at law71 proces-o4 suitable konven-a1 konform-a1 tauxg-a1 dec-a4 suite 7of rooms71 apartament-o4 sulphur sulfur-o4 sum sum-o2 7total71 tut-o4 summarize resum-i4 summer somer-o2 --house1 lauxb-o4 summit pint-o1 supr-o4 sun sun-o4 ,sunday dimancx-o4 superior super-a2 7person71 superul-o4 superstition supersticx-o4 supply liver-i1 proviz-i4 suppose supoz-i2 opini-i4 sure cert-a4 surface suprajx-o4 surprise surpriz-i4 suspect suspekt-i4 suspend pendig-i4 suspenders sxelk-o4 swallow glut-i2 7bird71 hirund-o4 swamp marcx-o4 swan cign-o4 swear jxur-i4 ,swede sved-o4 sweep 7floors1 etc471 bala-i4 sweet dolcx-a2 --potato1 batat-o4 sweetmeat bombon-o1 sukerajx-o1 konfitajx-o2 be fond of --1 frand-i4 swim nagx-i4 swine pork-o4 swing 7trans471 sving-i2 7balance71 balanc-i 7#bgi74 ,swiss svis-o4 swoon sven-i4 sword glav-o4 syllable silab-o4 ,syracuse ,sirakuz-o4 ,t4 table 7furniture71 tabl-o2 7tabulation71 tabel-o4 tail vost-o4 tailor tajlor-o4 take pren-i2 7magazines1 etc471 abon-i2 -- in 7money71 enspez-i2 -- place1 okaz-i2 -- note of1 observ-i1 rimark-i2 -- oath1 jxur-i2 -- steps toward accomplishing1 klopod-i2 -- pleasure in1 gxu-i2 -- the attention of1 distr-i4 tale fabel-o4 talent talent-o4 tall alt-a1 altkresk-a1 grand-a4 talon ungeg-o4 tap 7rap71 frapet-i2 7faucet71 kran-o4 tariff tarif-o4 task task-o4 taste gust-o1 gustum-i4 tax impost-o4 tea te-o2 -- caddy1 teuj-o 7#aha72 --pot1 tekrucx-o4 teach instru-i4 tear sxir-i2 7of the eye71 larm-o4 tease turmentet-i1 cxagren-i4 tedious ted-a1 enuig-a1 lacig-a4 telegraph telegraf-i4 telephone telefon-i4 telescope teleskop-o4 tell dir-i1 rakont-i 7#gg72 -- lies1 mensog-i4 temper humor-o2 lose the --1 koler-i4 temple 7of the head71 tempi-o2 7building71 templ-o4 tempt tent-i4 ten 7adj471 dek 7#acf74 tender delikat-a1 mol-a1 kares-a4 tenor 7voice71 tenor-o2 7course71 dauxr-o4 tent tend-o4 term 7word71 termin-o2 7condition71 kondicx-o2 7time71 templim-o4 terrace teras-o4 territory teritori-o4 terror terur-o4 test prov-i1 ekzamen-i4 texture kvalit-o2 7thing woven71 teksajx-o4 than 7conj471 ol 7#hb1 #ig1 #ih74 thank dank-i 7#bfe74 that 7conj471 ke 7#ec1 #hc1 #aje1 #bei1 #bfb72 7pronoun71 tiu 7#ef72 tio 7#bcc1 #bcd72 -- kind1 tia 7#fe72 7adv471 tiel 7#hh1 #aef72 -- way1 tiamanier-e1 tiel 7#hh72 -- much1 tiel mult-e1 tiom 7#ajd1 #afd72 7when7 7adv471 kiam 7#aee74 thaw 7intrans471 degel-i4 the 7article71 la 7#aa1 #dg1 #bja1 #bhj1 a72 7adv471 ju1 des 7#hd74 theatre teatr-o4 theme tem-o4 then 7conj471 do2 7adv471 tiam 7#gc72 7afterwards71 post-e4 theory teori-o4 there 7adv471 tie 7#fh72 7adv4 calling attention71 jen 7#bbh72 see also #ea4 therefore 7adv471 tial 7#gh72 pro tio1 sekv-e4 they 7pronoun71 ili 7#cb1 #cg1 #db72 7indefinite71 oni 7#ed74 thick dik-a1 dens-a4 thigh femur-o4 thing afer-o1 objekt-o1 ajx-o 7#bbg72 any--1 what --1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 think pens-i2 7have the opinion71 opini-i4 7be7 thirsty soif-i4 this 7pronoun71 tio cxi 7#bcc1 #bcd72 7pronoun and adj471 tiu cxi 7#fj72 all --1 cxio cxi4 ,see table1 #bce4 thong rimen-o4 thorn dorn-o4 thou 7pronoun71 ci 7#dj74 though 7conj471 kvankam2 as --1 kvazaux 7#bej74 thousand 7adj471 mil 7#adb74 thread faden-o2 -- a needle1 enkudrilig-i fadenon4 threaten minac-i4 three 7adj471 tri 7#acf74 threshold sojl-o4 thrifty sxparem-a4 throat gorgx-o4 throne tron-o4 throng amas-o1 ar-o 7#abf74 through 7prep471 tra 7#df1 #afj72 7by means of71 per 7#fd72 7because of71 pro 7#hf71 de 7#agj74 throw jxet-i4 thumb dika fingr-o4 thunder tondr-i4 ,thursday jxauxd-o4 thus 7adv471 tiel 7#hh1 #aef71 tiamanier-e4 ticket bilet-o2 -- window1 gicxet-o4 tickle tikl-i4 tie lig-i2 7shoes1 etc471 lacx-i4 tiger tigr-o4 tile kahel-o2 7brick71 brik-o4 till 7money box71 kas-o2 7prep471 gxis 7#df1 #hi72 -- the soil1 terkultur-i4 time 7in general71 temp-o2 7occasion71 foj-o 7#abg72 7epoch71 epok-o2 7of day71 hor-o4 tin 7metal71 stan-o2 -- plate 7sheet iron covered with tin71 lad-o4 tinkle tint-i4 tint nuanc-o1 kolor-o4 tire 7trans471 lacig-i1 enuig-i2 7pneumatic71 pneuxmatik-o4 to 7prep471 al 7#df1 #afj1 #bea1 #beb72 gxis 7#df1 #hi74 toad buf-o4 toast 7bread71 panrostajx-o2 7sentiment71 tost-o4 tobacco tabak-o4 today 7adv471 hodiaux 7#ic1 #aga74 toe piedfingr-o4 toilet tualet-o4 tolerate toler-i1 sufer-i4 tomato tomat-o4 tomb tomb-o4 tomorrow 7adv471 morgaux 7#ic1 #aga74 tone ton-o4 tongue 7of the body71 lang-o2 7of vehicle71 timon-o2 7language71 lingv-o4 too 7adv471 tro2 7too much71 tro multe1 tro4 tool il-o 7#fc74 tooth dent-o4 top supr-o4 torment turment-i4 total tut-o4 touch tusx-i2 7feel with the fingers1 etc471 palp-i2 sense of --1 palpad-o2 -- the heart of1 kortusx-i4 toward 7prep471 al 7#df1 #afj1 #bea1 #beb74 tower tur-o2 -- above1 superstar-i4 trace sign-o1 postsign-o4 trade 7occupation71 meti-o2 7commerce71 komerc-o2 7exchange71 intersxangx-i4 train 7of cars71 vagonar-o2 7of dress71 trenajx-o4 tram tram-o2 --way1 tramvoj-o2 -- car1 tramveturil-o4 tranquil trankvil-a2 kviet-a4 translate traduk-i4 travel vojagx-i2 7by vehicle71 vetur-i4 tray plet-o4 treacherous perfid-a4 treasure trezor-o4 treasurer kasist-o4 treasury kas-o4 treat 7in speech or writing71 trakt-i2 7for illness71 kurac-i2 7act towards71 kondut-i kontraux2 7regale71 regal-i4 treatise traktat-o4 tree arb-o4 tremble trem-i2 7vacillate71 sxanceligx-i4 trial jugxa auxskultado1 esplorad-o2 7of skill71 konkurs-o2 7affliction71 malgxoj-o1 sufer-o2 7test71 prov-o1 ekzamen-o2 7attempt71 prov-o4 trifle bagatel-o4 triumph triumf-o4 tropic tropik-o4 trot trot-i4 trousers pantalon-o4 trunk 7chest with lid71 kofr-o2 7of tree71 trunk-o4 trust fid-i1 konfid-i2 7financial71 trust-o4 truth ver-o4 try 7legally71 jugx-i2 7strive71 pen-i2 7attempt1 test71 prov-i4 tub kuv-o4 tube tub-o4 tuber tuber-o4 ,tuesday mard-o4 tumbler 7for drinking71 glas-o2 7juggler71 jxonglist-o4 tune ari-o1 melodi-o4 ,turk turk-o4 turkey meleagr-o4 turn 7trans471 turn-i2 7in a series71 vic-o4 turnip nap-o4 turnstile gicxet-o4 twilight krepusk-o4 twist 7trans471 tord-i4 twitter pep-i4 two 7adj471 du 7#acf74 tyrant tiran-o4 ,u4 umbrella ombrel-o4 uncle onkl-o4 unanimous unuvocx-a1 unuanim-a4 uncommon kurioz-a1 nekomun-a4 unconcerned indiferent-a2 nezorgem-a4 under 7prep471 sub 7#aba1 #afj74 underline substrek-i4 understand kompren-i4 undertake entrepren-i2 -- initiative work1 klopod-i4 undeviating rekt-a4 unfailing 7adv471 nepr-e1 cert-e4 unimportant indiferent-a1 negrav-a4 union unuig-o1 unuigx-o1 kunig-o1 kunigx-o4 universe univers-o4 university universitat-o4 until 7prep471 gxis 7#hi7 up 7adv471 supre1 supren 7#aba72 -- to1 gxis 7#df74 upholster rembur-i4 upper supr-a4 upon 7prep471 sur 7#afj74 upright just-a2 7vertical71 vertikal-a4 urge urgx-i1 insiste pet-i4 upset 7trans471 renvers-i4 utmost ekstrem-a1 ebl-o 7#afa1 see also #afb74 ,v4 7be7 vacant vak-i1 esti neokupata4 vacillate sxanceligx-i4 vagabond vagist-o4 vain 7futile71 van-a2 senutil-a1 senfrukt-a2 7proud71 vant-a1 fier-a2 in --1 vane4 valise valiz-o4 valley val-o4 value 7appraise71 taks-i2 7like71 sxat-i2 have the -- of1 valor-i4 vanquish venk-i4 vapor vapor-o4 varied divers-a1 malsimil-a4 vase vaz-o4 vast vast-a1 grand-a4 vaunt fanfaron-i1 vantparol-i4 veal bovidajx-o 7#bjg1 c74 vegetable 7edible71 legom-o2 7plant growth71 vegetajx-o1 kreskajx-o 7#bbg1 a74 vegetarian vegetar-a4 vegetate veget-i4 veil vual-o4 vein vejn-o4 velvet velur-o4 veranda verand-o4 verify konstat-i1 kontrol-i4 vermicelli vermicxel-o4 verse vers-o2 7poesy71 poezi-o4 vertical vertikal-a4 very 7very much7 7adv471 tre1 tre multe2 7adj471 sam-a1 ident-a1 7intensive7 mem 7#bai74 vex cxagren-i4 vibrate 7intrans471 vibr-i4 vice 7wickedness71 malvirt-o2 7prefix71 vic-4 vie konkur-i4 village vilagx-o4 vindication apologi-o4 vinegar vinagr-o4 violet viol-o4 violin violon-o4 virtue virt-o4 visage vizagx-o4 visit vizit-i4 vivid hel-a4 voice vocx-o4 volume 7book71 volum-o2 7of a body71 volumen-o4 vote vocxdon-i1 balot-i4 vowel vokal-o4 voyage vojagx-i4 ,w4 wade vad-i4 waffle vafl-o4 wager vet-i4 wages salajr-o4 wait 7wait for71 atend-i2 -- on1 serv-i4 waiter 7in restaurant1 etc471 kelner-o4 waist tali-o2 --coat1 vesxt-o wake 7trans471 vek-i4 walk marsx-i2 7for pleasure71 promen-i2 7of park1 etc471 ale-o2 side--1 trotuar-o4 wall mur-o4 waltz vals-i4 wander vag-i4 want 7need71 bezon-i2 7desire71 dezir-i1 vol-i2 7be lacking71 mank-i2 7extremity71 mizereg-o4 war milit-i4 wardrobe 7garments71 vestar-o2 7furniture71 sxrank-o1 vestosxrank-o4 warehouse magazen-o4 warm varm-a2 make --1 varmig-i1 hejt-i4 warn avert-i2 7give notice71 aviz-i1 antauxsciig-i4 wash lav-i4 waste 7prodigality71 malsxpar-o2 7refuse71 forjxetajx-o2 7desert71 dezert-o4 watch 7look at71 rigardad-i2 7timepiece71 posxhorlogx-o2 -- over1 gard-i4 water akv-o2 -- color1 akvarel-o2 --fall1 kaskad-o4 wave ond-o2 7flutter1 brandish71 flirt-i1 sving-i4 wax vaks-o4 way 7manner71 manier-o2 7custom71 kutim-o2 7method71 metod-o2 7means71 rimed-o2 7road71 voj-o2 -- in1 enirejo2 this --1 any--1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 we 7pronoun71 ni 7#cb1 #cg74 wear port-i2 -- out1 eluz-i4 7be7 wearied enu-i4 weather veter-o2 --cock1 ventoflag-o4 weave teks-i2 7plait71 plekt-i4 ,wednesday merkred-o4 week semajn-o4 weep plor-i4 weigh 7trans471 pes-i2 7intrans471 7be heavy71 pez-i2 7meditate upon71 pripens-i 7#bfd1 c74 welcome bonven-i2 bone akcept-i2 you are --1 7no thanks needed71 estas nenio1 volonte farite4 well 7healthy71 san-a2 7for water71 put-o2 7adv471 bon-e2 7interjection71 nu 7#bgc71 bon-e2 -- informed1 kler-a2 -- nigh 7adv471 preskaux4 west okcident-o4 wet malsekig-i1 tremp-i4 whale balen-o4 what 7pronoun71 kio 7#bcc1 #bcd72 7pronominal adj471 kiu 7#ajf1 #adf72 -- kind1 -- way1 -- time1 etc41 see table1 #bce4 wheat tritik-o4 wheel rad-o4 when 7adv471 kiam 7#abe1 #aee72 7while71 dum 7#if74 where 7adv471 kie 7#aah1 #aea72 --fore1 kial 7#abi71 tial 7#gh74 whether 7conj471 cxu 7#cj1 #ff1 a74 which 7pronoun71 kio 7#bcc1 #bcd72 7pronoun and adj471 kiu 7#ajf1 #adf72 -- way1 -- kind1 etc4 see table1 #bce4 while 7prep471 dum 7#abj1 #aei72 7conj471 dum 7#if72 7concessive71 kvankam2 a --1 iom da tempo4 whip vip-i4 whistle fajf-i2 7hiss71 sibl-i4 white blank-a2 whitish1 dubeblank-a4 who 7pronoun71 kiu 7#ajf1 #adc72 whose1 kies 7#ajg1 #adg74 whole 7entire71 tut-a4 why 7adv471 kial 7#abi71 pro kio4 wicket gicxet-o4 wide largx-a2 make --1 plilargxig-i1 etend-i4 widow vidvin-o2 widower1 vidv-o4 wig peruk-o4 wild sovagx-a4 7be7 willing vol-i4 willingly volont-e4 wilt velk-i4 wind vent-o1 survolv-i2 7twist71 tord-i2 7a watch71 strecx-i4 winding tord-a4 window fenestr-o2 ticket --1 gicxet-o4 wine vin-o4 winter vintr-o4 wipe visx-i4 wise sagx-a4 wish vol-i1 dezir-i4 witch sorcxistin-o2 --craft1 sorcx-o4 with 7prep471 kun 7#gj1 #gf1 #abj1 #aei1 #afj72 7by means of71 per 7#fd72 7agent of the passive71 de 7#afi72 je 7#bfj72 -- regard to1 rilate 7#bff72 --draw1 elir-i1 forir-i2 7 having71 havante 7#bbb74 wither velk-i4 without 7prep471 sen 7#bdh74 7give7 witness atest-i4 witty sprit-a4 woe malgxoj-o2 7interjection71 ve 7#bgc74 wolf lup-o4 wonder mir-i4 woo amindum-i4 wood lign-o4 wool lan-o4 word vort-o2 7spoken71 parol-o4 work labor-i2 7of machinery71 funkci-i2 7literary composition71 verk-o4 world mond-o4 worm verm-o4 worship ador-i2 7divine service71 ,diserv-o4 7be7 worth valor-i4 worthy ind-a 7#aed74 wound vund-i4 wreath girland-o4 wrestle barakt-i4 wretch fripon-o1 kanajl-o2 --ed1 mizer-a1 acx-a 7#bgb74 wrinkle sulket-o1 faldet-o4 write skrib-i2 7books1 articles1 music71 verk-i4 wrong malprav-a1 erar-a1 maljust-a4 ,y4 yawn osced-i2 7open71 fendigx-i4 year jar-o4 yearn sopir-i2 dezireg-i4 yellow flav-a2 --ish1 dubeflav-a4 yes 7adv471 jes 7#aga74 yesterday 7adv471 hieraux 7#ic1 #aga72 day before --1 antaux-hieraux4 yet 7adv471 ankoraux2 jam2 7conj471 tamen4 yoke jug-o4 you 7pronoun71 vi 7#cb1 #cg1 #ci72 see also oni 7#ed74 young jun-a2 7offspring71 id-o 7#bjg74 ,z4 zeal fervor-o4 zenith zenit-o4 zero nul-o4 zigzag zigzag-o4 zinc zink-o4 zone zon-o4 zoology zoologi-o4 ,,index4 ,the references are to sections1 unless the page 7p47 is given4 ,the following abbreviations are used3 ace4 accusative2 adj4 adjective2 adv4 adverb2 expr4 expressed2 ftn4 footnote2 inf4 infinitive2 intrans4 intransitive2 prep4 preposition2 trans4 transitive4 ,for ,esperanto words whose use or meaning is specially explained1 references are given in the ,vocabulary4 ,a4 ,abbreviations1 #bhf2 of ordinals1 p4 #ajg1 ftn4 ,abstract nouns1 #bjb4 ,accent1 #h2 of elided word1 #bhj1 b4 ,accompaniment1 #gj2 distinguished from instrumentality and opposition1 p4 #di1 ftn4 ,accordance1 expr4 by laux1 #aia4 ,active voice1 participles of1 #ajh1 #aai1 #aeb2 tenses of1 see ,tenses2 synopsis of1 #bfg4 ,accusative1 ending1 #bc2 of adj41 #bd2 of pronoun1 #cg2 of adv41 #fi1 #aba2 of direction1 #df1 #ajh2 of measure1 #aci2 of time1 #ia2 distinguished from temporal adv41 #id2 with temporal adv41 #ic2 when avoided1 #ib2 after adv41 #bff2 with intrans4 verb1 #bfd2 with nouns expressing motion1 #bfc2 in composition1 p4 #acb1 ftn42 instead of prepositional phrase1 #bfe1 #bff2 not used after prep41 #cf1 7al1 gxis1 tra7 #df1 7preter7 p4 #aci1 ftn42 not used with article1 #be2 not used with predicates1 #be1 #baj2 cognate1 see acc4 with intrans4 verbs1 #bfd1 a4 ,adjectives1 defined1 #ab2 ending of1 #ab2 formation of1 #aaf1 7from adv47 #aga1 7from prep47 #aei2 attributive1 #ac2 acc4 of1 #bd2 plural of1 #ag2 agreement1 7with nouns7 #ag1 #ba1 #bd1 7with pronouns7 #cc1 7with words connected by nek7 #ca2 comparison of1 #gd2 possessive1 #dc1 7pronominal use of7 #de2 predicate1 #ai1 7after trans1 verbs7 #baj2 use of1 distinguished from adv4 with da1 #ajc2 demonstrative1 #fe2 distributive1 #agg2 indefinite1 #bjh2 interrogative1 #aab2 negative1 #bbd2 reflexive possessive1 #dd2 relative1 #aej2 causative verbs from roots of1 #bad1 a2 intrans4 verbs from roots of1 #bcb1 c2 cardinal1 #acf2 ordinal1 #adi4 ,adverbs1 defined1 #ff2 primary1 #ff2 derived1 #gi2 7from prep47 #abj2 demonstrative1 7tie7 #fh1 7tiam7 #gc1 7tial7 #gh1 7tiel7 #hh1 7tiom7 #ajd2 interrogative1 7kie7 #aah1 7kiam7 #abc1 7kial7 #abi1 7kiel7 #acd1 7kiom7 #adj1 7cxu7 #cj1 p4 #ch1 ftn42 relative1 7kie7 #aea1 7kiam7 #aee1 7kiel7 #aef1 p4 #agj1 ftn41 7kiom7 #afd2 distributive1 7cxie7 #ahb1 7cxiam7 i,s#g1 7cxial7 #ahh1 7cxiel7 #aic1 7cxiom7 #aid2 indefinite1 7ie7 #bji1 7iam7 #bab1 7ial7 #bac1 7iel7 #baf1 7iom7 #bag2 negative1 7nenie7 #bbe1 7neniam7 #bbf1 7nenial7 #bbi1 7neniel7 #bcj1 7neniom7 #bca1 7ne7 #bg1 #ff1 a2 generalizing1 7ajn7 #bcf2 numeral1 #aeh2 position of1 #ff1 a2 expressing direction of motion1 #fi1 #aba2 with expressions of time1 #ic2 distinguishing from acc4 of time1 #id2 with acc41 #bff2 with prep41 #hg2 calling attention1 7jen7 #bbh2 causative verbs from1 #bad1 c2 intrans4 verbs from1 #bcb1 d2 as interjections1 p4 #baf1 ftn42 derivation of words from primary1 #aga4 ,adverbial clauses1 p4 #afh1 ftn42 participle1 #bbb1 7translating without7 p4 #aic1 ftn4 ,adversative conjunctions1 p4 #cb1 ftn4 ,advice1 expression of1 #beg1 #bei4 ,affectionate diminutives1 #bhc 7also #aih1 and ftn41 p4 #bba74 ,affirmation1 #ff4 ,affixes1 see ,prefixes1 ,suffixes4 ,agency1 expr4 by de1 #afi4 ,agreement1 of attributive adj41 #ag1 7with acc47 #bd2 of predicate noun and adj41 #ba2 of adj4 with two or more nouns1 #ag2 of adj4 with words connected by nek1 #ca2 of adj4 with pronouns1 #cc2 of participle1 #ajh2 of nouns in apposition1 #dh4 ,alphabet1 ,i4 ,anticipation1 expr4 by clause1 #ig2 by inf4 with prep41 #ih4 ,aoristic tenses1 explained1 p4 #gh1 ftn42 conjugation of1 7present7 #ad1 7past7 #ce1 7future7 #ee1 7conditional7 #bda1 7imperative71 #bed4 ,apposition1 #dh4 ,argumentative conjunction1 p4 #cb1 ftn4 ,article1 definite1 #aa2 invariable1 #ah1 #be2 for possessive adj41 #dg2 with possessive adj41 #de2 generic1 #bja1 #bah1 b1 elision of1 #bhj1 a2 no indefinite1 ,,ii4 ,assumption1 defined1 #bdj2 implied1 #bdd4 ,augmentatives1 #abb4 ,auxiliary verbs1 #aji4 ,c4 ,cardinal numerals1 #acf2 formation of1 #adb4 ,case1 see ,accusative1 ,dative1 ,nominative1 ,possessive4 ,causative verbs1 #bad4 ,cause1 expr4 by clause1 #hc2 by pro1 #hf2 by ke1 p4 #bbb1 ftn4 ,characteristic1 expr4 by kun1 #gf2 by adverbial participle1 #bbb4 ,clauses1 defined1 p4 #cd1 ftn42 adverbial1 p4 #afh1 ftn42 causal1 #hc2 of anticipation1 #ig2 of duration of time1 #if2 of imaginative comparison1 #bej2 of purpose1 #bfb2 of result1 #aje2 subordinate imperative1 #bei4 ,cognate acc41 see acc4 with intrans4 verbs1 #bfd4 ,collective nouns1 #abf4 ,collective sense given by use of da1 #ajc4 ,commands1 expression of1 #bef2 in subordinate clause1 #bei4 ,complement of prep41 #cf4 ,complementary inf41 #bi4 ,comparison1 of adj41 #gd2 of adv41 #gi2 of words expressing quantity1 #ha2 containing ol1 #hb2 ju and des in1 #hd4 ,composition1 see ,compounds4 ,compound tenses1 explained1 #aji2 of impersonal verbs1 #agi2 conjugation of1 see ,tenses4 ,compounds1 dependent1 #agf2 descriptive1 #afg2 possessive1 #ahd4 ,conclusion 7of conditions7 defined1 #bdj2 7of letters71 see ,correspondence4 ,concrete nouns1 formation of1 #bbg4 ,conditional mood1 #bda2 compound tenses of1 #bdb2 in contrary to fact conditions1 #bdf2 in less vivid conditions1 #bdc2 independent use of1 #bdd2 of devi1 #bdg2 conditional sentences1 see ,conditions4 ,conditions1 defined1 #bdj2 contrary to fact1 #bdf2 factual1 #bdj2 less vivid1 #bdc2 vivid1 p4 #ahi1 ftn42 summary of1 #bdi4 ,conjugation1 #cd2 synopsis of1 #bfg2 of tenses1 see ,tenses4 ,conjunctions1 defined1 #eb2 coordinating1 #eb2 subordinating1 #ec1 7not omitted7 p4 #cd1 ftn42 aux1 p4 #cb1 ftn42 kaj1 #bf1 p4 #cb1 ftn42 ke1 7in indirect statements71 #ec1 7in causal clauses7 #hc1 p4 #bbb1 ftn42 7in result clause7 #aje1 7in purpose clause7 #bfb1 7in subordinate imperative clause7 #bei2 kvazaux1 #bej2 nek1 #ca1 p4 #cb1 ftn42 se1 #bdj2 sed1 p4 #cb1 ftn42 tamen1 p4 #cb1 ftn42 do1 p4 #cb1 ftn42 see p4 #aaj1 ftn4 ,connection1 expr4 by de1 #di2 indefinite1 expr4 by je1 #bfj4 ,consent1 expression of1 #beg1 7in subordinate clauses7 #bei4 ,consonants1 combinations of1 #f2 pronunciation of1 #c1 names of1 #d4 ,contrary to fact conditions1 #bdf4 ,coordinating conjunctions1 #eb4 ,copulative conjunctions1 p4 #cb1 ftn4 ,correlative words1 #bce4 ,correspondence1 #bgh4 ,d4 ,dates1 expr4 by acc41 #ia2 expr4 by antaux1 #ij2 expr4 by prep41 #hi2 on letters1 see ,correspondence1 #bgh4 ,dative1 ethical1 of reference1 of separation1 p4 #aig1 ftn4 ,definite quantity1 nouns of1 followed by de1 #ajj4 ,degree1 advs4 of1 #ff1 7tiel7 #hh1 7kiel7 #acd1 #aef2 highest possible1 #afb2 see also ,comparison4 ,deliberation1 expression of1 #beg1 7in subordinative clause7 #bei4 ,demonstrative1 pronoun1 7tiu7 #ef1 7cxi tiu7 #fj1 7tio1 cxi tio7 #bcc2 adjective1 #fe2 adv41 see ,adverbs4 ,dependent compounds1 #agf4 ,derivation1 of adv41 #gi1 7from prep47 #abj2 of words from prep41 #aei2 of words from primary adv41 #aga4 ,descriptive compounds1 #afg4 ,diminutives1 #aih2 affectionate1 #bhc4 ,diphthongs1 #e4 ,direct object1 defined1 #bc2 inf4 as1 see ,complementary inf41 #bi2 clause as1 #ec1 #bei2 of complementary inf41 #bi2 of participle1 #ajh2 of prep41 see ,complement1 #cf4 ,direction1 expr4 by acc4 7of noun7 #df1 #bfc1 7of adv47 #aba4 ,disjunctive conjunctions1 p4 #cb1 ftn4 ,distributive1 prep41 see po1 #age2 pronoun1 7cxiu7 #agc1 7cxio7 #bcc2 adj41 #agg2 adv41 see ,adverbs4 ,double letters1 #f1 e4 ,e4 ,elision1 #bhj4 ,emphasis1 by ecx1 #ff2 by ja1 #bae4 ,emphatic negation1 #bg4 ,ending1 of acc41 #bc2 of adj41 #ab2 of adv41 #gi2 of noun1 #aj2 of plural1 #af2 of inf41 #bh2 of indicative1 #ad1 #ce1 #ee2 of conditional1 #bda1 of imperative1 #bed2 of participle1 see ,participles4 ,ethical dative1 p4 #aig1 ftn4 ,exclamations1 #aae2 use of je in1 #bfj4 ,exhortation1 #bee4 ,expedience1 expressions of1 #bei4 ,f4 ,factual conditions1 #bdj4 ,feminine nouns1 formation of1 #ei4 ,formation1 of words1 #aaf2 of opposites1 #fg1 of feminines1 #ei2 with -ig- and -igx-1 #bci2 from primary words1 #aei1 #aga4 ,fractions1 #aff4 ,frequentative verbs1 #bah1 a4 ,future participle1 7active7 #aeb1 7passive7 #aii4 ,future tense1 #ee1 7progressive7 #aad1 7passive7 #ahc1 periphrastic1 #aec1 #bjj4 ,future perfect tense1 #adh1 7passive7 #aif4 ,g4 ,generic article1 #bja4 #bah1 b4 ,generalizing adv4 ajn1 #bcf4 ,h4 ,highest degree possible1 #afb4 ,i4 ,imaginative comparison1 #bej4 ,imperative mood1 #bed2 in commands and prohibitions1 #bef2 in resolve and exhortation1 #bee1 in subordinate clauses1 #bei24 less peremptory uses of1 #beg2 to express purpose1 #bfb4 ,imperfect tense1 #aac1 7passive7 #agh4 ,impersonal verbs1 #ej1 compound tenses of1 #agi2 modifiers of1 #ada4 ,impersonally used verbs1 explained1 #ada2 modifiers of1 #ada4 ,inchoative verbs1 #bcb1 a4 ,indefinite connection1 expr4 by je1 #bfj4 ,indefinite1 pronoun1 7iu7 #bjc1 7io7 #bcc2 7personal7 #ed2 adj41 #bjh2 advs41 see ,adverbs2 prep41 #bfj2 suffix1 #bfh2 quantity1 expressions of1 with da1 #ii1 #aja4 ,independent use of conditional mood1 #bdd4 ,indicative mood1 defined1 #bda2 tenses of1 see ,synopsis1 #bfg4 ,indirect object1 see al4 ,indirect quotation1 tenses in1 #eh2 statements in1 #ec2 questions in1 p4 #ch1 ftn42 p4 #agj1 ftn4 ,infinitive1 defined1 #bh1 #bda2 ending of1 #bh2 complementary1 #bi2 as subject1 #bi2 modifiers of1 #acj2 synopsis of1 #bfg2 with prep41 #ih2 replaced by noun1 #bah1 b4 ,instruction1 7orders71 requests for1 #beg1 #bei4 ,instrumentality1 expr4 by per1 #fd2 distinguished from accompaniment1 p4 #di1 ftn4 ,instruments1 formation of names of1 #fc4 ,intensive pronoun1 mem1 #bai4 ,intention1 expr4 by clause1 #bei4 ,interjections1 #bgc4 ,international money system1 #bhe2 weights and measures1 #bhd4 ,interrogation1 #cj1 #ff1 a4 ,interrogative1 pronoun1 7kiu7 #ajf1 7kio7 #bcc2 adj41 #aab2 advs41 see ,adverbs4 ,intransitive verbs1 defined1 #bb2 no passive1 p4 #abb1 ftn42 from adj4 roots1 #bcb1 c2 from noun roots1 advs41 preps41 suffixes1 prefixes1 #bcb1 d2 from trans1 verb roots1 #bcb1 b1 7table of71 #bgi4 ,introductory particle1 not needed1 #ej1 #ea4 ,invariability1 of article1 #ah2 of mem1 #bai2 of verb1 #ah2 of cardinals1 #acf4 ,inversion1 not needed in questions1 #cj4 ,l4 ,less peremptory uses of imperative1 #beg4 ,less vivid conditions1 #bdc4 ,letters1 names of1 #d2 double1 pronunciation of1 #f1 e2 see also ,correspondence1 #bgh4 ,limitation of third personal pronoun1 #db4 ,m4 ,manner1 expr4 by kun1 #gf2 expr4 by4 per1 p4 #ec1 ftn42 by adverbial participle1 #bbb2 advs4 of1 see ,adverbs4 ,material1 expression of1 #aig4 ,means1 expression of1 #fd4 ,measure1 ace4 of1 #aci2 expr4 by je1 #bfj4 ,measures1 weights and1 #bhd4 ,metric system1 #bhd4 ,modifiers of impersonally used verbs1 #ada4 ,money system1 ,the international1 #bhe4 ,mood1 defined1 #bda2 inf41 see ,infinitive2 conditional1 #bda2 imperative1 #bed2 indicative1 see #bfg2 in conditions1 see ,conditions4 ,moral obligation1 #bdg4 ,motive or reason1 advs4 of1 see ,adverbs2 expr4 by clause1 #hc2 expr4 by prep41 #hf4 ,n4 ,names1 of letters1 #d2 orthography of proper1 #abh4 ,necessity1 expression of1 #bei4 ,negative1 pronoun1 7neniu7 #bbj2 7nenio7 #bcc2 adj41 #bbd2 advs41 see ,adverbs2 conjunction1 #ca4 ,nominative absolute1 how rendered1 p4 #afi1 ftn4 ,nominative case1 ending of1 7for nouns7 #aj1 7for adj47 #ab2 of predicate noun and adj41 #be1 #baj2 with prep41 #cf1 7al1 gxis1 tra7 #df4 ,noun1 defined1 #aj1 ending of1 #aj1 plural of1 #af2 acc4 of1 #bc2 elision of1 #bhj1 b2 feminine1 #ei2 numeral1 #aeg2 participial1 #bje2 predicate1 #bj1 #baa2 possessive case of1 #di2 expressing motion1 followed by acc41 #bfc2 expressing quantity1 followed by da1 #ii1 by de1 #ajj2 replacing inf41 #bah1 b2 replacing participial phrase1 p4 #aic1 ftn42 from adv41 #aga2 from prep41 #aei4 ,noun roots1 causative verbs from1 #bad1 c2 intrans4 verbs from1 #bcb1 d4 ,number1 see ,plural4 ,numeral nouns1 #aeg2 advs41 #aeh4 ,numerals1 cardinal1 #acf2 formation of1 #adb2 fractional1 #aff2 ordinal1 #adi2 abbreviation of1 p4 #ajg1 ftn42 followed by el1 #ach4 ,o4 ,object1 see ,direct object1 ,indirect object1 ,complement4 ,obligation1 #bdg1 7moral7 #bdg4 ,opposites1 formation of1 #fg2 of pli and plej1 #hj4 ,opposition1 distinguished from accompaniment1 p4 #di1 ftn4 ,order1 of word endings1 p4 #aj1 ftn42 see also ,position4 ,ordinal numerals1 #adi2 advs41 #aeh2 abbreviation of1 p4 #ajg1 ftn4 ,orthography1 of proper nouns1 #abh4 ,p4 ,part of the whole1 expression of1 7after noun7 #ii1 7after adv47 #aja4 ,participial nouns1 #bje2 advs41 #bbb4 ,participle1 defined1 #ajh2 agreement of1 #ajh2 adverbial1 #bbb1 7translating without7 p4 #aic1 ftn42 present1 #ajh1 7passive7 #afe2 past1 #aai1 7passive7 #ahi2 future1 #aeb1 7passive7 #aii4 ,particle1 introductory1 not needed1 #ej1 #ea4 ,partitive construction1 p4 #gd1 ftn4 ,passive voice1 agent of1 #afi2 participles of1 see ,participles2 tenses of1 see ,tenses2 of -ig- formations1 #bci2 distinguished from -igx- formations1 #bcb1 b4 ,past tense1 #ce1 7passive7 see ,imperfect2 past participle1 see ,participles4 ,past periphrastic future1 #aec1 7passive7 #bjj4 ,past inception1 present action with1 #aca4 ,peremptory commands and prohibitions1 #bef1 #bei4 ,perfect tense1 #abd1 7passive7 #aij2 perfect participle1 see ,past participle4 ,periphrastic futures1 #aec1 7passive7 #bjj4 ,permission1 expression of1 #bfi4 ,perplexity1 expression of1 #beg1 #bei4 ,personal pronouns1 #cb2 acc4 of1 #cg2 indefinite1 #ed2 reflexive1 #ci1 #dj2 limitation of third personal1 #db2 position of unemphatic1 #bgd4 ,place1 expr4 by cxe1 #abe2 advs4 of1 see ,adverbs2 expr4 by -ej-1 ,,iii2 #abh4 ,pluperfect tense1 #ace1 7passive71 #aie4 ,plural1 of nouns1 #af2 of pronouns1 #ef1 #ajf1 #bjc1 #agc1 #bbj2 of adj41 #af2 of unu1 #acg2 none of article1 #ah2 none of pronouns ending in -o1 #bcc4 ,position1 of attributive adj41 #ac2 of adv41 #ff1 a2 of emphatic negative1 #bg2 of unemphatic pronoun1 #bgd2 of interrogative adv41 #cj4 ,possession1 expr4 by de1 #di4 ,possessive1 adjective1 #dc2 reflexive1 #dd2 article for1 #dg2 ftn41 p4 #bba4 ,possessive case of nouns1 #di2 of pronouns1 7ties7 #fb1 7kies7 #ajg1 #adg1 7cxies7 #agd1 7ies7 #bjd1 7nenies7 #bba2 see also ,possessive adjective1 #dc4 ,possessive compounds1 #ahd4 ,possessive pronouns1 p4 #bd1 ftn4 ,possibility1 expression of1 #bgj4 ,predicate1 adj41 #ai1 agreement of1 #ba2 after trans1 verbs1 #baj2 noun1 #bj2 agreement of1 #ba2 after trans4 verb1 #baa2 clause as1 #bei4 ,prefixes1 causative verbs from1 #bad1 c2 intrans4 verbs from1 #bcb1 d2 prep4 as1 #afj1 #bdh2 adverb as1 #ga1 #afg1 a1 interjection as1 p4 #baf1 ftn42 bo-1 #bgg2 dis-1 #bde2 duon-1 #bgg2 ek-1 #bjf2 eks-1 #bha2 ge-1 #bga2 mal-1 #fg2 pra-1 #bhb2 re-1 #bbc4 ,prepositions1 defined1 #cf2 with inf41 #ih2 with adv41 #hg2 with other preps41 #hg2 case use with1 #cf1 #df2 expressing time relations1 #hi2 as prefixes1 #afj2 word derivation from1 #aei2 advs4 from1 #abj2 causative verbs from1 #bad1 c2 intrans4 verbs from1 #bcb1 d2 making intrans4 verbs trans41 #bfd1 b1 c2 see also references in ,vocabulary4 ,prepositional phrase1 acc4 instead of1 #bfe1 #bff4 ,present action with past inception1 #aca4 ,present periphrastic future1 #aec1 7passive7 #bjj4 ,present participle1 #ajh1 7passive7 #afe4 ,present tense1 #ad1 7progressive7 #aaj1 7passive7 #afh4 ,primary adverbs1 defined1 #ff2 derivation of words from1 #aga4 ,probability1 expression of1 #bgj4 ,progressive tenses1 present1 #aaj1 future1 #aad2 passive1 #bjj4 ,prohibition1 expression of1 #bef1 #bei4 ,pronominal adjective1 possessive adj4 as1 #de2 pronoun as1 7tiu7 #eg1 #fj1 7kiu7 #ajf1 #adf1 7cxiu7 #agc1 7iu7 #bjc1 7neniu7 #bbj1 7ambaux7 #bch4 ,pronouns1 defined1 #cb2 agreement with1 #cc2 personal1 #cb2 indefinite personal1 #ed2 reflexive1 #ch1 #ci1 #dj1 7in composition7 p4 #acb1 ftn42 possessive1 p4 #bd1 ftn42 possessive form of1 see ,possessive case2 limitation of third personal1 #db2 position of unemphatic1 #bgd2 correlation of predicative or relative1 #bcd2 followed by el1 #agc1 p4 #aae1 ftn42 series in -o1 #bcc2 demonstrative1 #ef1 #fj1 #bcc2 distributive1 #agc1 #bcc2 indefinite1 #bjc1 #bcc2 interrogative1 #ajf1 #bcc2 negative1 #bbj1 #bcc2 relative1 #adf2 #bcc2 summary1 #bce2 ambaux1 #bch2 intensive1 #bai4 ,proper nouns1 orthography of1 #abh4 ,protestations1 use of je in1 #bfj4 ,proximity1 expr4 by cxi1 #fj1 #ff1 p4 #bbi1 ftn4 ,purpose1 expr4 by inf41 #ih2 by imperative1 #bfb2 by prep41 #ie4 ,q4 ,quantity1 construction with nouns expressing1 #ii1 #ajj2 construction with advs4 expressing1 #aja2 advs4 of1 7tiom7 #ajd1 7kiom7 #adj1 #afd1 7cxiom7 #aid1 7iom7 #bag1 7neniom7 #bca2 comparison of advs4 expressing1 #ha4 ,questions1 #cj2 indirect1 p4 #ch1 ftn41 p4 #agj1 ftn42 of deliberation1 perplexity1 or for instructions1 #beg1 #bei4 ,quotations1 indirect1 #ec1 #eh4 ,r4 ,reciprocal expressions1 #ahj4 ,reference1 expr4 by al1 #bea4 ,reflexive pronouns1 of first and second persons1 #ci2 of third person1 #dj2 with substantival inf41 #acj4 ,reflexive possessive adjective1 #dd4 ,reflexive verbs1 #da2 distinguished from verbs in -igx-1 #bcb1 b4 ,relative pronoun1 7kiu7 #adf1 7kio7 #bcc2 not omitted1 p4 #ajf1 ftn4 ,relative adjective1 #aej2 relative adverb1 see ,adverbs4 ,relative clause1 see #adf1 #bcc1 7temporal7 #aee1 7of manner7 #aef1 7quantitative7 #afd4 ,request1 expression of1 #beg1 #bei2 for instructions1 #beg1 #bei4 ,resolve1 expression of1 #bee4 ,result1 clauses of1 #aje4 ,root1 defined1 p4 #db1 ftn4 ,route1 expression of1 #aia4 ,s4 ,salutations1 #aae4 ,separation1 expr4 by de1 #agj2 expr4 by al1 #beb2 by for1 #ga2 by dis-1 #bde4 ,situation1 expr4 by cxe1 #abe2 by adverbial participle1 #bbb4 ,source1 expr4 by de1 #agj4 ,statements1 indirect1 #ec2 tenses in1 #eh4 ,subject1 defined1 #ae2 preceded by verb1 #ea2 inf4 as1 #acj2 clause as1 #ada1 #bei2 of adverbial participle1 #bbb4 ,subordinate clause1 defined1 #ec2 imperative in1 #bei1 #bfb2 conditional in1 see ,conditions1 #bdc1 #bdf4 ,subordinating conjunctions1 ke1 #ec1 #aje1 #bei 7tial ke7 #hc1 p4 #bbb1 ftn42 7por ke7 #bfb2 7not omitted7 p4 #cd1 ftn42 se1 #bdj2 kvazaux1 #bej2 cxu1 p4 #ch1 ftn4 ,substantive1 defined1 p4 #ga1 ftn42 inf4 as1 #ih1 #acj2 clause as1 #ec1 #bei4 ,substitution1 expr4 by prep41 p4 #fc1 ftn42 expr4 by prep4 with inf41 #ih2 of noun for inf41 #bah1 b1 p4 #aic1 ftn4 ,suffixes1 causative verbs from1 #bad1 c2 intrans4 verbs from1 #bcb1 d2 -ad-1 #bah2 -acx-1 #bgb2 -ajx-1 #bbg2 -an-1 #ade2 -ar-1 #abf2 -cxj-1 #bhc2 -ebl-1 #afa2 -ec-1 #bjb2 -eg-1 #abb2 -ej-1 #aaa2 -em-1 #aib2 -er-1 #bgf2 -estr-1 #bec2 -et-1 #aih2 -id- #bjg2 -ig-1 #bad1 #bci1 #bge2 -igx-1 #bcb1 #bci1 #bgi2 -il-1 #fc2 -in-1 #ei2 -ind-1 #aed2 -ing-1 #bcg2 -ist-1 #agb1 p4 #aed1 ftn42 -nj-1 #bhc2 -obl-1 #ahf2 -on-1 #aff2 -op-1 #bfa2 -uj-1 #aha2 -ul-1 #acb2 -um-1 #bfh4 ,summary of conditions1 #bdi4 ,superlatives1 7adj47 #gd1 7adv47 #gi2 followed by el1 #ge4 ,syllables1 #g4 ,synonyms1 apparent1 7diri3 paroli3 rakonti7 #gg1 7koni3 scii7 #aag1 7tempo2 fojo7 #abg1 7logxi3 vivi7 #acc1 7antikva3 maljuna3 malnova7 p4 #abh1 ftn41 #fg1 7cxiu3 tuta7 p4 #acj1 ftn41 7indiferenta3 nezorga7 p4 #afb1 ftn41 7provi3 peni3 jugxi7 p4 #bbh1 ftn41 7gxuste3 juste3 jxus7 p4 #aih1 ftn41 7ankoraux3 jam7 p4 #abd1 ftn41 p4 #aab1 ftn41 7trovigxi3 sin trovi3 kusxi3 sidi7 p4 #bag1 ftn4 ,synopsis of the verb1 #bfg4 ,system1 correlative1 #bce2 metric1 #bhd2 of money1 #bhe4 ,t4 ,temporal clauses1 #if1 #aee4 ,temporal adverbs1 #ff1 7tiam7 #gc1 7kiam7 #abc1 #aee1 7cxiam7 #ahg1 7iam7 #bab1 7neniam7 #bbf1 7jam7 p4 #abd1 ftn4 7ankoraux7 p4 #aab1 ftn41 7jxus7 p4 #aaf1 ftn4 ,tenses1 aoristic1 p4 #gh1 ftn42 compound1 #aji2 7of impersonal verbs7 #agi2 in indirect quotations1 #eh2 in conditions1 #bdi2 of inf41 #bfg2 of conditional1 #bda1 #bdb2 of imperative1 #bed2 present1 #ad1 7progressive7 #aaj1 7passive7 #afh1 past1 #ce1 7passive7 #agh2 future1 #ee1 7progressive7 #aad2 7passive7 #ahc2 imperfect1 #aac1 7passive7 #agh2 perfect1 #abd1 7passive7 #aij2 pluperfect1 #ace1 7passive7 #aie2 future perfect1 #adh1 7passive7 #aij2 periphrastic1 #aec1 7passive7 #bjj2 synopsis of all1 #bfg4 ,terminations1 see ,endings4 ,terms of address1 #afc2 affectionate1 #bhc1 p4 #bba1 ftn4 ,time1 of day1 #ahe2 expr4 by prep41 #hi2 expr4 by acc41 #ia2 expr4 by clause1 #if1 #aee2 expr4 by adverbial participle1 #bbb2 advs4 of1 see ,temporal adverbs4 ,titles1 #afc2 use of mosxto1 #beh4 ,transitive verbs1 defined1 #bb2 formed by -ig-1 #bad2 from intrans4 roots1 #bfd1 b1 c2 list of some1 #bge4 ,u4 ,unemphatic words1 position of1 7negative7 #bg1 7pronoun7 #bgd4 ,v4 ,verbal nouns in -ad-1 #bah1 b1 p4 #aic1 ftn4 ,verbal roots1 causative verbs from1 #bad1 b4 ,verbs1 mood of1 #bda2 invariable1 #ah2 causative1 #bad2 frequentative1 #bah1 a2 inchoative1 #bcb1 a2 impersonal1 #ej2 reflexive1 #da2 trans41 defined1 #bb2 trans1 from intrans4 roots1 #bge2 intrans41 defined1 #bb2 intrans4 from trans4 roots1 #bcb1 b1 #bgi2 from prep41 #aei2 from adv41 #aga2 conjugation of1 #cd1 7synopsis7 #bfg1 preceding the subject1 #ea2 as interjection1 p4 #baf1 ftn42 implied1 7in comparisons7 #hb1 #aef1 #bej2 7in salutations7 #aae1 7in exclamations7 #aae1 #bbh2 with prepositional phrase containing da1 #ajb4 ,vivid conditions1 p4 #ahi1 ftn4 ,vowels1 pronunciation of1 #b4 ,w4 ,way1 expression of1 7manner7 #gf1 7route7 #aia4 ,weights and measures1 #bhd4 ,wish1 expression of1 #beg1 #bei4 ,words1 correlative1 #bce2 formation of1 #aaf2 from prepositions1 #aei2 from primary advs41 #aga2 composition of1 see ,compounds2 order of1 in question1 #cj2 see also ,position4