,illu/ration3 ,plate #a--,,mona ,,lisa4 
,frontispiece  ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,no4 #afja4 
#b ft #f #a_/b ins4 ,by #a ft4 #i ins4  
7#j4gg x #j4ec7    ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci
    ,by ,,maurice ,w4 ,,brockwell       
,illu/rat$ ,) ,eight ,reproductions 9   
,col\r  ,illu/ration   ,leon>do1 wrote  
an ,engli% critic z f> back z #agba1 0 a
 ,man s happy 9 8 g5ius1 s consummate 9 
8 ,pr(ession1 s accompli%$ 9 ! ,arts1 s 
kn[+ 9 ! ,sci5ces1 & )al1 s mu* e/eem$  
by ! ,age :]e9 he liv$1 8 ,works s      
highly applaud$ by ! ,ages :i* h        
succe$$1 & 8 ,"n & ,memory /ill pres]v$ 
) s mu* ,v5]ation by ! pres5t ,age--t1  
if any?+ c\ld equal ! ,m]it ( ! ,man1 x 
mu/ be ! ,success he met )4 ,moreov]1   
'tis n 9 ,pa9t+ alone1 b 9 ,philosophy1 
too1 t ,leon>do surpass$ all 8 ,bre?r5 (
 ! ',p5cil4'  ,?is admirable summ>y ( ! 
great ,flor5t9e pa9t]'s life's "w /ill  
holds good to-day4     ,,cont5ts  ,8    
,bir? ,8 ,e>ly ,tra9+ ,8 ,e>ly ,works   
,fir/ ,visit to ,milan ,9 ! ,ea/ ,back 9
 ,milan ,! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks ,! ,la/    

,supp] ,! ,c\rt ( ,milan ,leon>do       
,leaves ,milan ,mona ,lisa ,battle (    
,anghi>i ,aga9 9 ,milan ,9 ,rome ,9     
,france ,8 ,dea? ,8 ,art ,8 ,m9d ,8     
,maxims ,8 ,spell ,8 ,desc5dants        
,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations  ,plate ,i4    
,mona ,lisa   ,9 ! ,l\vre ,,ii4         
,annunciation   ,9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1   
,flor5ce ,,iii4 ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks   ,9 !
 ,national ,gall]y1 ,london ,,iv4 ,!    
,la/ ,supp]   ,9 ! ,refectory ( ,santa  
,m>ia delle ,grazie1 ,milan ,v4 ,copy ( 
! ,la/ ,supp]   ,9 ! ,diploma ,gall]y1  
,burl+ton ,h\se ,,vi4 ,head ( ,*ri/   ,9
 ! ,br]a ,gall]y1 ,milan ,,vii4         
,portrait 7presum$7 ( ,lucrezia         
,crivelli   ,9 ! ,l\vre ,,viii4         
,madonna1 ,infant ,*ri/1 & ,/ ,anne4    
,9 ! ,l\vre     ,,8 ,,bir?  ,leon>do ,da
 ,v9ci1 ! _m-sid$ g5ius ( ! ,italian    
,r5aissance1 0 born1 z 8 "n implies1 at 
! little t[n ( ,v9ci1 :i* is ab\t six   
miles f ,empoli & tw5ty miles we/ (     
,flor5ce4 ,v9ci is /ill v inaccessible1 
& ! only means ( conveyance is ! c>t ( a

 g5]al c>ri] & po/man1 :o sets out on 8 
j\rney f ,empoli at sunrise & sunset4   
,outside a h\se 9 ! middle ( ! ma9 /reet
 ( ,v9ci to-day a mod]n & :ite-wa%$ bu/ 
( ! great arti/ is po9t$ to ) mu* pride 
by ! inhabitants4 ,leon>do's traditional
 bir?place on ! outskirts ( ! t[n /ill  
exi/s1 & s]ves n[ z ! headqu>t]s ( a    
f>m] & small w9e export]4  ,leon>do di  
,s] ,pi]o d',antonio di ,s] ,pi]o di ,s]
 ,guido da ,v9ci--= t 0 8 full legal    
"n--0 ! natural & fir/-born son ( ,s]   
,pi]o1 a c\ntry not>y1 :o1 l 8 fa!r1    
gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r1 foll[$ t      
hon\rable vocation ) di/9ction &        
success1 & :o subsequ5tly--:5 ,leon>do 0
 a y\?--0 appo9t$ not>y to ! ,signoria (
 ,flor5ce4 ,leon>do's "m 0 "o ,cat]9a1  
:o aft]w>ds m>ri$ ,accabriga di ,pi]o   
del ,vac*a ( ,v9ci4  ,illu/ration3      
,plate ,,ii4--,annunciation  ,9 !       
,uffizi ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 ,no4 #abhh4  
#c ft #c ins4 ,by #f ft #aa ins4 7#j4ii 
x #b4ah7  ,al?\gh ?is panel is includ$ 9
 ! ,uffizi ,catalogue z be+ by ,leon>do1

 x is 9 all probability by 8 ma/]1      
,v]roc*io4  ,! date ( ,leon>do's bir? is
 n kn[n ) any c]ta9ty4 ,8 age is giv5 z 
five 9 a taxation return made 9 #adeg by
 8 gr&fa!r ,antonio1 9 ^: h\se he 0     
educat$2 x is !re=e conclud$ t he 0 born
 9 #adeb4 ,leon>do's fa!r ,s] ,pi]o1 :o 
aft]w>ds m>ri$ f\r times1 _h elev5      
*ildr5 by 8 ?ird & f\r? wives4 ,is x    
unreasonable to sugge/ t ,leon>do may h 
_h ^! numb]s 9 m9d 9 #adif-adih :5 he 0 
pa9t+ 9 8 fam\s ,la/ ,supp] ! figures ( 
elev5 ,apo/les & "o outca/8  ,h[ev]1 ,s]
 ,pi]o seems to h legitimis$ 8 love *ild
 :o v e>ly %[$ promise ( extraord9>y    
tal5t & untir+ en]gy4     ,,8 ,,e>ly    
,,tra9+  ,practically no?+ is kn[n ab\t 
,leon>do's boyhood1 b ,vas>i in=ms u t  
,s] ,pi]o1 impress$ ) ! rem>kable "* ( 8
 son's g5ius1 took "s ( 8 draw+s to     
,&rea del ,v]roc*io1 an intimate fri5d1 
& begg$ him e>ne/ly to express an op9ion
 on !m4 ,v]roc*io 0 s a/oni%$ at ! p[]  
!y reveal$ t he advis$ ,s] ,pi]o to s5d 
,leon>do to /udy "u him4 ,leon>do ?us   

ent]$ ! /udio ( ,&rea del ,v]roc*io ab\t
 #adfi-adgj4 ,9 ! work%op ( t great     
,flor5t9e sculptor1 goldsmi?1 & arti/ he
 met o!r craftsm51 metal work]s1 &      
y\?ful pa9t]s1 among :om 0 ,botticelli1 
at t mom5t ( 8 developm5t a jovial      
habitue ( ! ,poetical ,supp] ,club1 :o  
_h n yet giv5 any premonitions ( becom+ 
! poet1 my/ic1 & vision>y ( lat] times4 
,!re also ,leon>do came into contact ) t
 unorig9al pa9t] ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 8    
junior by sev5 ye>s4 ,he also1 no d\bt1 
met ,p]ug9o1 :om ,mi*elangelo call$ t   
blockhead 9 art4 ,! g5ius & v]satility (
 ! ,v9cian pa9t] 01 h[ev]1 9 no way     
dull$ by int]c\rse ) less] arti/s ?an   
himself2 on ! contr>y he vi$ ) ea* 9    
turn1 & readily out/ripp$ 8 fell[       
pupils4 ,9 #adgb1 at ! age ( tw5ty1 he 0
 admitt$ into ! ,guild ( ,flor5t9e      
,pa9t]s4  ,un=tunately v few (          
,leon>do's pa9t+s h come d[n to u4      
,inde$ !re d n exi/ a suffici5t numb] ( 
f9i%$ & absolutely au!ntic oil pictures 
f 8 own h& to af=d illu/rations = ?is   

%ort *ronological sket* ( 8 life's "w4  
,! few t d rema91 h[ev]1 are ( s        
exquisite a quality--or 7 until !y 7    
com=t$ by ! un9spir$ re/or]--t we c     
unres]v$ly accept ! en?usia/ic records (
 tradition 9 respect ( all 8 works4 ,to 
rightly und]/& ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( 
,leon>do's a*ievem5ts x is necess>y to  
reg>d him z a sci5ti/ q z mu* z an      
arti/1 z a philosoph] no less ?an a     
pa9t]1 & z a draughtsman r ?an a        
col\ri/4 ,!re is h>dly a bran* ( human  
le>n+ to :i* he did n at "o "t or ano!r 
give 8 eag] att5tion1 & he 0 engross$ 9 
turn by ! /udy ( ar*itecture--!         
f\ndation-/one ( all true               
art--sculpture1 ma!matics1 eng9e]+ &    
music4 ,8 v]satility 0 unb\nd$1 & we are
 apt to regret t ?is _m-sid$ g5ius did n
 realise t x is by develop+ 8 p[] )9    
c]ta9 limits t ! great ma/] is reveal$4 
,leon>do may be describ$ z ! mo/        
,univ]sal ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ian times-p]haps
 ( all "t4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate       
,,iii4-,,! ,,virg9 ,,( ,,! ,,rocks  ,9 !

 ,national ,gall]y4 ,no4 #ajic4 #f ft4  
#a_/b 94 h4 by #c ft #i #a_/b 94 w4     
7#a4hc x #a4ae7  ,?is picture 0 pa9t$ 9 
,milan ab\t #adie by ,ambrogio da ,pr$is
 "u ! sup]vision & guidance ( ,leon>do  
da ,v9ci1 ! ess5tial features ( !       
composition be+ borr[$ f ! e>li] ,vi]ge 
aux ,ro*]s1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4     ,,8      
,,e>ly ,,works  ,to ab\t ! ye> #adgb    
belongs ! small picture ( !             
,annunciation1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* aft]  
be+ ! subject ( mu* cont5tion among     
,european critics has gradually won its 
way to g5]al recognition z an e>ly "w by
 ,leon>do himself4 ,t x 0 pa9t$ 9 !     
/udio ( ,v]roc*io 0 always admitt$1 b x 
0 long catalogu$ by ! ,l\vre au?orities 
"u ! "n ( ,lor5zo di ,cr$i4 ,x is n[1   
h[ev]1 attribut$ to ,leon>do 7,no4 #afjb
 ,a74 ,su* unc]ta9ties z to attribution 
7 common half a c5tury ago :5 sci5tific 
art criticism 0 9 its infancy4  ,ano!r  
pa9t+ ( ! ,annunciation1 :i* is n[ 9 !  
,uffizi ,gall]y 7,no4 #abhh7 is /ill    
(ficially attribut$ to ,leon>do4 ,?is   

small picture1 :i* has be5 consid]ably  
repa9t$1 & is p]haps by ,&rea del       
,v]roc*io1 ,leon>do's ma/]1 is ! subject
 ( ,plate ,,ii4  ,to ,janu>y #adgc      
belongs ,leon>do's e>lie/ dat$ "w1 a    
p5-&-ink draw+--,a ,wide ,view ov] a    
,pla91 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4 ,! inscription   
toge!r ) ! date 9 ! top left-h& corn] is
 rev]s$1 & proves a rem>kable *>act]i/ic
 ( ,leon>do's h&writ+--viz41 t he wrote 
f "r to left2 inde$1 x has be5 sugge/$ t
 he did ?is 9 ord] to make x difficult =
 any "o else to read ! words1 :i* 7     
frequ5tly committ$ to pap] by ! aid (   
peculi> abbreviations4  ,leon>do cont9u$
 to "w 9 8 ma/]'s /udio till ab\t #adgg4
 ,on ,janu>y #a/ ( ! foll[+ ye>1 #adgh1 
he 0 commission$ to pa9t an alt>-piece =
 ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,b]n>do 9 ! ,palazzo    
,vec*io1 & he 0 paid tw5ty-five flor9s  
on acc\nt4 ,he1 h[ev]1 nev] c>ri$ out ! 
"w1 & aft] wait+ five ye>s ! ,signoria  
transf]r$ ! commission to ,dom5ico      
,ghirl&ajo1 :o also fail$ to accompli% !
 task1 :i* 0 ultimately1 "s sev5 ye>s   

lat]1 complet$ by ,filipp9o ,lippi4 ,?is
 panel ( ! ,madonna ,en?ron$1 ,/4       
,victor1 ,/4 ,john ,bapti/1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 
& ,/4 ,z5obius1 :i* is dat$ ,febru>y    
#bj1 #adhe1 is n[ 9 ! ,uffizi4  ,t      
,leon>do 0 by ?is "t a facile           
draughtsman is evid5c$ by 8 vigor\s     
p5-&-ink sket*--n[ 9 a private          
collection 9 ,p>is--( ,b]n>do ,b&9i1 :o 
9 ! ,pazzi ,conspiracy ( ,april #adgh   
/abb$ ,giuliano de' ,m$ici to dea? 9 !  
,ca!dral at ,flor5ce dur+ ,high ,mass4  
,! draw+ is dat$ ,decemb] #bi1 #adgi1 ! 
date ( ,b&9i's public execution 9       
,flor5ce4  ,9 t ye> also1 no d\bt1 0    
pa9t$ ! e>ly &1 z might be expect$1     
unf9i%$ ,/4 ,j]ome 9 ! ,des]t1 n[ 9 !   
,vatican1 ! "u-pa9t+ be+ 9 umb] &       
t]rav]te4 ,its au!nticity is v\*$ = n   
only by ! int]nal evid5ce ( ! picture   
itself1 b also by ! simil>ity ( treatm5t
 se5 9 a draw+ 9 ! ,royal ,libr>y at    
,w9dsor4 ,c>d9al ,fes*1 a pr9cely       
collector 9 ,rome 9 ! e>ly "p ( !       
n9ete5? c5tury1 f\nd "p ( ! picture--!  

torso--be+ us$ z a box-cov] 9 a %op 9   
,rome4 ,he long aft]w>ds discov]$ 9 a   
%oemak]'s %op a panel ( ! head :i*      
belong$ to ! torso4 ,! jo9t$ panel 0    
ev5tually pur*as$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ix41 
& add$ to ! ,vatican ,collection4  ,9   
,m>* #adhj ,leon>do 0 commission$ to    
pa9t an alt>-piece = ! monks ( ,/4      
,donato at ,scopeto1 = :i* paym5t 9     
advance 0 made to him4 ,t he int5d$ to  
c>ry out ?is contract seems mo/         
probable4 ,he1 h[ev]1 nev] complet$ !   
picture1 al?\gh x gave rise to !        
supremely beautiful c>toon ( !          
,adoration ( ! ,magi1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi    
7,no4 #abeb74 ,z a matt] ( c\rse x is   
unf9i%$1 only ! "u-pa9t+ & ! col\r+ ( ! 
figures 9 gre5 on a br[n gr\nd hav+ be5 
execut$4 ,! rhy?m ( l9e1 ! v>iety (     
attitude1 ! pr(\nd feel+ = l&scape & an 
e>ly application ( *i>oscuro effect     
comb9e to r5d] ?is "o ( 8 mo/ *>act]i/ic
 productions4  ,vas>i tells u t :ile    
,v]roc*io 0 pa9t+ ! ,baptism ( ,*ri/ he 
all[$ ,leon>do to pa9t 9 "o ( ! att5dant

 angels hold+ "s ve/m5ts4 ,?is ! pupil  
did s admirably t 8 rem>kable g5ius     
cle>ly reveal$ itself1 ! angel :i*      
,leon>do pa9t$ be+ mu* bett] ?an !      
portion execut$ by 8 ma/]4 ,?is ,baptism
 ( ,*ri/1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,accademia 9    
,flor5ce & is 9 a bad /ate (            
pres]vation1 appe>s to h be5 a          
comp>atively e>ly "w by ,v]roc*io1 & to 
h be5 pa9t$ 9 #adhj-adhb1 :5 ,leon>do   
w\ld be ab\t ?irty ye>s ( age4  ,to ab\t
 ?is p]iod belongs ! sup]b draw+ ( !    
,w>rior1 n[ 9 ! ,malcolm ,collection 9 !
 ,briti% ,museum4 ,?is draw+ may h be5  
made :ile ,leon>do /ill frequ5t$ ! /udio
 ( ,&rea del ,v]roc*io1 :o 9 #adgi 0    
commission$ to execute ! eque/rian /atue
 ( ,b>tolommeo ,colleoni1 :i* 0 complet$
 tw5ty ye>s lat] & /ill adorns ! ,campo 
di ,san ,giovanni e ,paolo 9 ,v5ice4    
,,fir/ ,,visit ,,to ,,milan   ,ab\t     
#adhb ,leon>do ent]$ ! s]vice (         
,ludovico ,s=za1 hav+ fir/ writt5 to 8  
future patron a full /atem5t ( 8 v>i\s  
abilities 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--  ,hav+1 mo/

 illu/ri\s "l1 se5 & pond]$ ov] !       
exp]im5ts made by ^? :o pass z ma/]s 9 !
 art ( inv5t+ in/rum5ts ( w>1 & hav+    
satisfi$ myself t !y 9 no way diff] f ^?
 9 g5]al use1 ,i make s bold z to       
solicit1 )\t prejudice to any "o1 an    
opportunity ( in=m+ y\r excell5cy ( "s (
 my own secrets4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate 
,,iv4-,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]  ,refectory (   
,/4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 ,milan4 ,ab\t  
#ac feet #h ins4 h4 by #bf ft4 #g ins4  
w4 7#d4af x #h4ji7  ,he goes on to say t
 he c con/ruct light bridges :i* c be   
transport$1 t he c make pontoons & scal+
 ladd]s1 t he c con/ruct cannon & mort>s
 unlike ^? commonly us$1 z well z       
catapults & o!r eng9es ( w>2 or if !    
fight %\ld take place at sea t he c     
build eng9es :i* %all be suitable alike 
= def5ce z = attack1 :ile 9 "t ( peace  
he c erect public & private build+s4    
,moreov]1 he urges t he c also execute  
sculpture 9 m>ble1 bronze1 or clay1 &1 )
 reg>d to pa9t+1 c d z well z any "o    
else1 no matt] :o he may be4 ,9         

conclusion1 he (f]s to execute ! propos$
 bronze eque/rian /atue ( ,francesco    
,s=za :i* %all br+ glory & nev]-end+    
hon\r to t illu/ri\s h\se4  ,x 0 ab\t   
#adhb1 ! probable date ( ,leon>do's     
migration f ,flor5ce to ,milan1 t he    
pa9t$ ! ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre
 7,no4 #aeii74 ,x is an ess5tially      
,flor5t9e picture1 & al?\gh x has no    
p$igree e>li] ?an #afbe1 :5 x 0 9 !     
,royal ,collection at ,fonta9ebleau1 x  
is und\bt$ly mu* e>li] & consid]ably m  
au!ntic ?an ! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks1 n[ 9 ! 
,national ,gall]y 7,plate ,,iii474  ,he 
c]ta9ly set to "w ab\t ?is "t on !      
project$ /atue ( ,francesco ,s=za1 b    
probably !n made v little progress ) x4 
,he may also 9 t ye> or ! next h pa9t$ !
 lo/ portrait ( ,cecilia ,gall]ani1 "o (
 ! mi/resses ( ,ludovico ,s=za4 ,x has1 
h[ev]1 be5 surmis$ t t lady's features  
are pres]v$ to u 9 ! ,lady ) a ,weasel1 
by ,leon>do's pupil ,boltraffio1 :i* is 
n[ 9 ! ,cz>toryski ,collection at       
,crac[4     ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/  ,! abs5ce (  

any record ( ,leon>do 9 ,milan1 or      
else:]e 9 ,italy1 betwe5 #adhc & #adhg  
has l$ critics to ! conclusion1 bas$ on 
docum5t>y evid5ce ( a some:at complicat$
 nature1 t he sp5t ^? ye>s 9 ! s]vice ( 
! ,sultan ( ,egypt1 travell+ 9 ,arm5ia &
 ! ,ea/ z 8 eng9e]4    ,,back ,,9       
,,milan   ,9 #adhg he 0 aga9 resid5t 9  
,milan z g5]al artific]--us+ t t]m 9 its
 wide/ s5se--to ,ludovico4 ,among 8     
v>i\s activities at ?is p]iod mu/ be    
m5tion$ ! designs he made = ! cupola ( !
 ca!dral at ,milan1 & ! sc5]y he        
con/ruct$ = ,il ,p>adiso1 :i* 0 writt5  
by ,b]n>do ,bell9cioni on ! occasion ( !
 m>riage ( ,gian ,galeazzo ) ,isabella (
 ,aragon4 ,ab\t #adhi-adij he began 8   
celebrat$ ,treatise on ,pa9t+ &         
recomm5c$ "w on ! colossal eque/rian    
/atue ( ,francesco ,s=za1 :i* 0 d\btless
 ! greate/ ( all 8 a*ievem5ts z a       
sculptor4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 nev] ca/ 9       
bronze1 & 0 ru?lessly de/roy$ by ! ,fr5*
 b[m5 9 ,april #aejj1 on _! occupation (
 ,milan aft] ! defeat ( ,ludovico at !  

battle ( ,nov>a4 ,?is is all ! m        
regrettable z no s+le au!ntic piece (   
sculpture has come d[n to u f ,leon>do's
 h&1 & we c only judge ( 8 p[] 9 ?is    
direction f 8 draw+s1 & ! en?usia/ic    
praise ( 8 contempor>ies4  ,illu/ration3
 ,,plate ,v4--,,copy ,,( ,,! ,,la/      
,,supp]  ,9 ! ,diploma ,gall]y1         
,burl+ton ,h\se  ,?is copy is usually   
ascrib$ to ,m>co d',oggiono1 b "s       
critics claim t x is by ,gianpetr9o4 ,x 
is ! same size z ! orig9al4    ,,!      
,,virg9 ,,( ,,! ,,rocks   ,! ,virg9 ( ! 
,rocks 7,plate ,,iii471 n[ 9 ! ,national
 ,gall]y1 corresponds exactly ) a pa9t+ 
by ,leon>do :i* 0 describ$ by ,lomazzo  
ab\t #aehd z be+ 9 ! ,*apel ( !         
,conception 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,francesco  
at ,milan4 ,?is picture1 ! only oeuvre 9
 ?is gall]y ) :i* ,leon>do's "n c be    
connect$1 0 br\ght to ,engl& 9 #aggg by 
,gav9 ,hamilton1 & sold by him to !     
,m>quess ( ,lansd[ne1 :o subsequ5tly    
ex*ang$ x = ano!r picture 9 !           
,collection ( ! ,e>l ( ,suffolk at      

,*>lton ,p>k1 ,wilt%ire1 f :om x 0      
ev5tually pur*as$ by ! ,national ,gall]y
 = ,l#ijjj4 ,signor ,emilio ,motta1 "s  
fifte5 ye>s ago1 une>!d 9 ! ,/ate       
,ar*ives ( ,milan a lett] or memorial f 
,giovanni ,ambrogio da ,pr$is & ,leon>do
 da ,v9ci to ! ,duke ( ,milan1 pray+ him
 to int]v5e 9 a dispute1 :i* _h aris5   
betwe5 ! petition]s & ! ,bro!rhood ( !  
,conception1 ) reg>d to ! valuation (   
c]ta9 works ( art furni%$ = ! *apel ( ! 
,bro!rhood 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,francesco4 ,!
 only logical d$uction :i* c be drawn f 
docum5t>y evid5ce is t ! ,vi]ge aux     
,ro*]s 9 ! ,l\vre is ! picture1 pa9t$   
ab\t #adhb1 :i* betwe5 #adia & #adid    
gave rise to ! dispute1 & t1 :5 x 0     
ultimately sold by ! arti/s = ! full    
price ask$ to "s unkn[n buy]1 !         
,national ,gall]y v]sion 0 execut$ = a  
small] price ma9ly by ,ambrogio da      
,pr$isund] ! sup]vision1 & ) ! help1 (  
,leon>do to be plac$ 9 ! ,*apel ( !     
,conception4  ,! diff]5ces betwe5 !     
e>li]1 ! m au!ntic1 & ! m *>act]i/ically

 ,flor5t9e ,vi]ge aux ,ro*]s1 9 !       
,l\vre1 & ! ,virg9 ( ! ,rocks1 9 !      
,national ,gall]y1 are t 9 ! latt]      
picture ! h& ( ! angel1 seat$ by ! side 
( ! ,infant ,*ri/1 is rais$ & po9t$ 9 ! 
direction ( ! little ,/4 ,john !        
,bapti/2 t ! ,/ ,john has a re$ cross & 
! ?ree pr9cipal figures h gilt nimbi1   
:i* 71 h[ev]1 evid5tly add$ mu* lat]4 ,9
 ! ,national ,gall]y v]sion ! left h& ( 
! ,madonna1 ! ,*ri/'s "r h& & arm1 & !  
=ehead ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ are freely 
re/or$1 :ile a /rip ( ! =egr\nd "r      
across ! :ole picture is ill pa9t$ &    
lacks acc5t4 ,! head ( ! angel is1      
h[ev]1 magnific5tly pa9t$1 & by         
,leon>do2 ! panel1 tak5 z a :ole1 is    
exce$+ly beautiful & full ( *>m &       
t5d]ness4     ,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]  ,betwe5
 #adif & #adih ,leon>do pa9t$ 8 *ef     
d'oeuvre1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 7,plate ,,iv47 
= ! end wall ( ! ,refectory ( !         
,dom9ican ,conv5t ( ,s4 ,m>ia delle     
,grazie at ,milan4 ,x 0 orig9ally       
execut$ 9 temp]a on a badly prep>$ /ucco

 gr\nd & began to det]iorate a v few    
ye>s aft] its completion4 ,z e>ly z     
#aeef x 0 half ru9$4 ,9 #afeb ! monks   
cut away a "p ( ! fresco includ+ ! feet 
( ! ,*ri/ to make a doorway4 ,9 #agbf "o
 ,mi*elangelo ,belotti1 an obscure      
,milanese pa9t]1 receiv$ ,l#cjj = !     
wor?less lab\r he be/[$ on re/or+ x4 ,he
 seems to h employ$ "s a/r+5t re/orative
 :i* reviv$ ! col\rs tempor>ily1 & !n   
left !m 9 deep] eclipse ?an be=e4 ,9    
#aggj ! fresco 0 aga9 re/or$ by ,mazza4 
,9 #agif ,napoleon's cavalry1 contr>y to
 8 express ord]s1 turn$ ! refectory into
 a /able1 & pelt$ ! heads ( ! figures ) 
dirt4 ,subsequ5tly ! refectory 0 us$ to 
/ore hay1 & at "o "t or ano!r x has be5 
flood$4 ,9 #ahbj ! fresco 0 aga9 re/or$1
 & 9 #ahed ?is re/oration 0 effac$4 ,9  
,octob] #aijh ,pr(essor ,cav5aghi       
complet$ ! delicate task ( aga9 re/or+  
x1 & has1 9 ! op9ion ( exp]ts1 n[       
pres]v$ x f fur!r injury4 ,9 addition1 !
 devices ( ,ludovico & 8 ,du*ess & a    
consid]able am\nt ( floral decoration by

 ,leon>do himself h be5 br\ght to light4
  ,leon>do has succe$$ 9 produc+ !      
effect ( ! c\p de !atre at ! mom5t :5   
,jesus said ,"o ( y %all betray me4     
,in/antly ! v>i\s apo/les realise t !re 
is a traitor among _! numb]1 & %[ by _! 
diff]5t ge/ures _! diff]5t passions1 &  
reveal _! diff]5t temp]am5ts4 ,on ! left
 ( ,*ri/ is ,/4 ,john :o is ov]come )   
grief & is int]rogat$ by ! impetu\s     
,pet]1 ne> :om is seat$ ,judas ,isc>iot 
:o1 :ile affect+ ! calm ( innoc5ce1 is q
 unable to conceal 8 inn] feel+s2 he    
in/9ctively clasps ! money-bag & 9 s do+
 upsets ! salt-cell>4  ,x w be rememb]$ 
t ! ,prior ( ! ,conv5t compla9$ to      
,ludovico ,s=za1 ,duke ( ,milan1 t      
,leon>do 0 tak+ too long to pa9t !      
fresco & 0 caus+ ! ,conv5t consid]able  
inconv5i5ce4 ,leon>do _h 8 rev5ge by    
?reat5+ to pa9t ! features ( ! impati5t 
,prior into ! face (  ,judas ,isc>iot4  
,! incid5t has be5 qua9tly told 9 !     
foll[+ l9es3--    ,padre ,b&elli1 !n1   
compla9s ( me   ,because1 =soo?1 ,i h n 

drawn a l9e   ,^u ! ,savi\r's head2     
p]haps1 !n1 he   ,c\ld )\t tr\ble pa9t t
 head div9e4   ,b ?9k1 oh ,signor ,duca1
 :at %\ld be   ,! pure p]fection ( ,our 
,savi\r's face--   ,:at sorr[+ maje/y1  
:at noble grace1   ,at t dread mom5t :5 
,he brake ! bread1   ,& ^? submissive   
words ( pa?os said3    ',by "o among y  
,i %all be betray$1'--   ,& say if 'tis 
an easy task to f9d   ,ev5 among ! be/ t
 walk ?is ,e>?1   ,! fitt+ type ( t     
div9e/ wor?1   ,t has its image solely 9
 ! m9d4   ,va9ly my p5cil /ruggles to   
express   ,! sorr[+ gr&eur ( su*        
hol9ess4   ,9 pati5t ?\ght1 9 ev]-seek+ 
pray]1   ,i /rive to %ape t glori\s face
 )91   ,b ! s\l's mirror1 dull$ & dimm$ 
by s91   ,reflects n yet ! p]fect image 
!re4   ,c ! h& d be=e ! s\l has wr\ght2 
,is n our art ! s]vant ( our ?\ght8     
,& ,judas too1 ! base/ face ,i see1   ,w
 n conta9 8 utt] infamy2   ,among !     
dregs & (fal ( mank9d   ,va9ly ,i seek  
an utt] wret* to f9d4   ,he :o = ?irty  
silv] co9s c\ld sell   ,8 ,"l1 mu/ be ! 

,devil's miracle4   ,padre ,b&elli ?9ks 
x easy is   ,to f9d ! type ( him :o ) a 
kiss   ,betray$ 8 ,"l4 ,well1 :at ,i c  
,i'll d2   ,& if x please 8 rev]5ce & y1
   ,= ,judas' face ,i'm will+ to pa9t 84
         99       99       99       99  
99    444 ,i d>e n pa9t   ,till all is  
ord]$ & matur$ )91   ,h&-"w & head-"w h 
an e>?ly ta9t1   ,b :5 ! s\l comm&s ,i  
%all beg92   ,on !mes l ^! ,i %\ld n d>e
 to dwell   ,) our good ,prior--!y to   
him w\ld be   ,m]e nons5se2 he mu/ t\* &
 ta/e & see1   ,& facts1 he says1 are   
nev] my/ical4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate    
,,vi4--,,! ,,head ,,( ,,*ri/  ,9 ! ,br]a
 ,gall]y1 ,milan4 ,no4 #bhj4 #a ft4     
#j-a_/b ins4 by #a ft4 #d ins4 7#j4cb x 
#j4dj7  ,! copy ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 7,plate 
,v47 by ,m>co d',oggiono1 n[ 9 !        
,diploma ,gall]y at ,burl+ton ,h\se1 0  
made %ortly aft] ! orig9al pa9t+ 0      
complet$4 ,x gives b a fa9t e*o ( t     
sublime "w 9 :i* ! ideal & ! real 7     
bl5d$ 9 p]fect unity4 ,?is copy 0 long 9
 ! possession ( ! ,c>?usians 9 _!       

,conv5t at ,pavia1 &1 on ! suppression (
 t ,ord] & ! sale ( _! effects 9 #agic1 
pass$ into ! possession ( a groc] at    
,milan4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly pur*as$ =      
,l#fjj by ! ,royal ,academy on ! advice 
( ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 :o left no /one 
unturn$ to acquire also ! orig9al /udies
 = ! heads ( ! ,apo/les4 ,"s ( ^! 9 r$ &
 black *alk are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,royal   
,libr>y at ,w9dsor1 :]e !re are 9 all   
#ade draw+s by ,leon>do4  ,sev]al o!r   
old copies ( ! fresco exi/1 notably ! "o
 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,francis ,i4 wi%$ to remove
 ! :ole wall ( ! ,refectory to ,p>is1 b 
he 0 p]suad$ t t w\ld be impossible2 !  
,con/able de ,montmor5cy !n _h a copy   
made = ! ,*apel ( ! ,*ateau d',ec\51    
:5ce x ultimately pass$ to ! ,l\vre4  ,!
 s+ul>ly beautiful ,head ( ,*ri/ 7,plate
 ,,vi471 n[ 9 ! ,br]a ,gall]y at ,milan1
 is ! orig9al /udy = ! head ( ! pr9cipal
 figure 9 ! fresco pa9t+ ( ! ,la/       
,supp]4 ,9 spite ( decay & re/oration x 
expresses ! mo/ elevat$ s]i\sness toge!r
 ) ,div9e ,g5tl5ess1 pa9 on acc\nt ( !  

fai?lessness ( ,8 disciples1 a full     
pres5tim5t ( ,8 own dea?1 & resignation 
to ! w ( ,8 ,fa!r4    ,,! ,,c\rt ,,(    
,,milan  ,ludovico1 to :om ,leon>do 0 n[
 c\rt-pa9t]1 _h m>ri$ ,beatrice d',e/e1 
9 #adia1 :5 %e 0 only fifte5 ye>s ( age4
 ,! "y ,du*ess1 :o at "o "t own$ z _m z 
eighty-f\r spl5did g[ns1 refus$ to we> a
 c]ta9 dress ( wov5 gold1 :i* h] husb&  
_h giv5 h]1 if ,cecilia ,gall]ani1 !    
,sappho ( h] day1 cont9u$ to we> a v    
simil> "o1 :i* presumably _h be5 giv5 to
 h] by ,ludovico4 ,hav+ disc>d$         
,cecilia1 :o1 z h] ta/es did n lie 9 !  
direction ( ! ,conv5t1 0 m>ri$ 9 #adia  
to ,c\nt ,ludovico ,b]gam9i1 ! ,duke 9  
#adif became enam\r$ ( ,lucrezia        
,crivelli1 a lady-9-wait+ to ! ,du*ess  
,beatrice4  ,leon>do1 z c\rt pa9t]1     
p]haps pa9t$ a portrait1 n[ lo/1 (      
,lucrezia1 ^: features are m likely to  
be pres]v$ to u 9 ! portrait by         
,ambrogio da ,pr$is1 n[ 9 ! ,collection 
( ! ,e>l ( ,rod51 ?an 9 ! q unau!nticat$
 portrait 7,plate ,,vii471 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre

 7,no4 #afjj74  ,on ,janu>y #b1 #adig1  
,beatrice sp5t ?ree h\rs 9 pray] 9 !    
*ur* ( ,/4 ,m>ia delle ,grazie1 & ! same
 night gave bir? to a /illborn *ild4 ,9 
a few h\rs %e pass$ away1 & f t mom5t   
,ludovico 0 a *ang$ man4 ,he w5t daily  
to see h] tomb1 & 0 q ov]come ) grief4  
,9 ,april #adih1 ,isabella d',e/e1      
,beatrice's eld]1 m beautiful1 & m      
graceful si/]1 at ! s\nd ( ^: "n all !  
muses rise & d rev]5ce wrote to ,cecilia
 ,gall]ani1 or ,b]gam9i1 ask+ h] to l5d 
h] ! portrait :i* ,leon>do _h pa9t$ ( h]
 "s fifte5 ye>s e>li]1 z %e wi%$ to     
comp>e x ) a picture by ,giovanni       
,bell9i4 ,cecilia graci\sly l5t !       
picture--n[ presumably lo/--add+ h]     
regret t x no long] resembl$ h]4        
,,leon>do ,,leaves ,,milan  ,among ! la/
 ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's works 9 ,milan   
t[>ds ! end ( #adii 01 probably1 ! sup]b
 c>toon ( ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild ) ,/4 ,anne 
& ,/4 ,john1 n[ at ,burl+ton ,h\se4     
,?\gh little kn[n to ! g5]al public1 ?is
 l>ge draw+ on c>ton1 or /iff pap]1 is  

"o ( ! greate/ ( ,london's treasures1 z 
x reveals ! sweep+ l9e ( ,leon>do's     
p[]ful draughtsman%ip4 ,x 0 9 ! ,pompeo 
,leoni1 ,arconati1 ,casn$i1 & ,udney    
,collections be=e pass+ to ! ,royal     
,academy4  ,9 #adii ! /ormy times 9     
,milan =ebod$ ! end ( ,ludovico's reign4
 ,9 ,april ( t ye> we read ( 8 giv+ a   
v9ey>d to ,leon>do2 9 ,septemb]         
,ludovico _h to leave ,milan = ! ,tyrol 
to raise an army1 & on ! #ad? ( ! same  
mon? ! city 0 sold by ,b]n>d9o di ,corte
 to ! ,fr5*1 :o occupi$ x f #aejj to    
#aeab4 ,ludovico may well h _h 9 m9d !  
figure ( ! traitor 9 ! ,la/ ,supp] :5 he
 decl>$ t ,s9ce ! days ( ,judas ,isc>iot
 !re has nev] be5 s black a traitor z   
,b]n>d9o di ,corte4 ,on ,octob] #f?     
,l\is ,,xii4 ent]$ ! city4 ,be=e ! end (
 ! ye> ,leon>do1 realis+ ! necessity = 8
 spe$y dep>ture1 s5t six hundr$ gold    
flor9s by lett] ( ex*ange to ,flor5ce to
 be plac$ to 8 cr$it ) ! hospital ( ,s4 
,m>ia ,nuova4  ,9 ! foll[+ ye>1         
,ludovico hav+ be5 defeat$ at ,nov>a1   

,leon>do 0 a homeless w&]]4 ,he left    
,milan = ,mantua1 :]e he drew a portrait
 9 *alk ( ,isabella d',e/e1 :i* is n[ 9 
! ,l\vre4 ,leon>do ev5tually arriv$ 9   
,flor5ce ab\t ,ea/] #aejj4 ,aft]        
app>5tly work+ !re 9 #aeja on a second  
,c>toon1 simil> 9 mo/ respects to ! "o  
he _h execut$ 9 ,milan two ye>s e>li]1  
he travell$ 9 ,umbria1 visit+ ,orvieto1 
,pes>o1 ,rim9i1 & o!r t[ns1 act+ z      
eng9e] & ar*itect to ,ces>e ,borgia1 =  
:om he plann$ a navigable canal betwe5  
,ces5a & ,porto ,cese-natico4           
,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vii4-,,portrait 
7,,presum$7 ,,( ,,lucrezia ,,crivelli   
,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,no4 #afjj #dhc4 #b ft by  
,i ft #e ins4 7#j4fb x #j4dd7  ,?is     
picture1 al?\gh (ficially attribut$ to  
,leon>do1 is probably n by him1 & almo/ 
c]ta9ly does n repres5t ,lucrezia       
,crivelli4 ,x 0 once kn[n z a ,portrait 
( a ,lady & is /ill occasionally        
miscall$ ,la ,belle ,f]onni]e4    ,,mona
 ,,lisa  ,e>ly 9 #aejc he 0 back aga9 9 
,flor5ce1 & set to "w 9 e>ne/ on !      

,portrait ( ,mona ,lisa 7,plate ,i471 n[
 9 ! ,l\vre 7,no4 #afja74 ,lisa di      
,anton ,m>ia di ,noldo ,gh]>d9i 0 !     
daught] ( ,antonio ,gh]>d9i4 ,9 #adie %e
 m>ri$ ,francesco di ,b>tolommeo de     
,z5obi del ,giocondo4 ,x is f ! surname 
( h] husb& t %e d]ives ! "n ( ,la       
,joconde1 by :i* h] portrait is         
(ficially kn[n 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,vas>i is    
probably inaccurate 9 say+ t ,leon>do   
loit]$ ov] x = f\r ye>s1 & f9ally left x
 unf9i%$4 ,he may h begun x 9 ! spr+ (  
#aeja &1 probably ow+ to hav+ tak5      
s]vice "u ,ces>e ,borgia 9 ! foll[+ ye>1
 put x on "o side1 ultimately complet+ x
 aft] work+ on ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i 9   
#aejd4 ,vas>i's eulogy ( ?is portrait   
may ) advantage be quot$3 ,:oev] %all   
desire to see h[ f> art c imitate nature
 may d s to p]fection 9 ?is head1 :]e9 e
 peculi>ity t c\ld be depict$ by ! utmo/
 subtlety ( ! p5cil has be5 fai?fully   
reproduc$4 ,! eyes h ! lu/r\s brightness
 & moi/ure :i* is se5 9 life1 & ar\nd !m
 are ^? pale1 r$1 & slightly livid      

circles1 also prop] to nature4 ,! nose1 
) its beautiful & delicately roseate    
no/rils1 might be easily believ$ to be  
alive2 ! m\?1 admirable 9 its outl9e1   
has ! lips unit+ ! rose-t9ts ( _! col\r 
) ^? ( ! face1 9 ! utmo/ p]fection1 & ! 
c>nation ( ! *eek does n appe> to be    
pa9t$1 b truly fle% & blood4 ,he :o     
looks e>ne/ly at ! pit ( ! ?roat _c b   
believe t he sees ! beat+ ( ! pulses4   
,mona ,lisa 0 exce$+ly beautiful1 & :ile
 ,leon>do 0 pa9t+ h] portrait1 he took !
 precaution ( keep+ "s "o con/antly ne> 
h] to s+ or play on in/rum5ts1 or to je/
 & o!rwise amuse h]4  ,leon>do pa9t$ ?is
 picture 9 ! full maturity ( 8 tal5t1 &1
 al?\gh x is n[ little m ?an a mono*rome
 ow+ to ! free & m]ciless re/oration to 
:i* x has be5 at times subject$1 x mu/ h
 creat$ a wond]ful impression on ^? :o  
saw x 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 
,x is difficult = ! unpractis$ eye      
to-day to =m any idea ( its orig9al     
beauty4 ,leon>do has "h pa9t$ ?is       
worldly-m9d$ woman--h] portrait is mu* m

 fam\s ?an %e h]self ev] 0--) a m>vell\s
 *>m & suavity1 a f9esse ( expression   
nev] rea*$ be=e & h>dly ev] equall$     
s9ce4 ,contra/ ! head ( ! ,*ri/ at      
,milan1 ,leon>do's conception ( div9ity 
express$ 9 p]fect humanity1 ) ! subtle &
 sph9x-l smile ( ?is languor\s creature4
  ,! l&scape backgr\nd1 aga9/ :i* ,mona 
,lisa is pos$1 recalls ! sev]e1 r ?an   
exub]ant1 l&scape & ! dim vi/as ( m\nta9
 ranges se5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 own    
bir?place4 ,! portrait 0 b\ght dur+ !   
reign ( ,francis ,i4 = a sum :i* is     
to-day equal to ab\t ,l#ahjj4 ,leon>do1 
by ! way1 does n seem to h be5 really   
affect$ by any individual affection =   
any woman1 &1 l ,mi*elangelo & ,raphael1
 nev] m>ri$4  ,9 ,janu>y #d1 #aejd1     
,leon>do 0 "o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,committee 
( ,arti/s summon$ to advise ! ,signoria 
z to ! mo/ suitable site = ! erection ( 
,mi*elangelo's /atue ( ,david1 :i* _h   
rec5tly be5 complet$4     ,,battle ,,(  
,,anghi>i  ,9 ! foll[+ ,may he 0        
commission$ by ! ,signoria to decorate  

"o ( ! walls ( ! ,c\ncil ,hall ( !      
,palazzo ,vec*io4 ,! subject he select$ 
0 ! ,battle ( ,anghi>i4 ,al?\gh he      
complet$ ! c>toon1 ! only "p ( !        
composition :i* he ev5tually execut$ 9  
col\r 0 an incid5t 9 ! =egr\nd :i* dealt
 ) ! ,battle ( ! ,/&>d4 ,"o ( ! _m      
suppos$ copies ( a /udy ( ?is mural     
pa9t+ n[ hangs on ! s\?-ea/ /aircase 9 !
 ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,x depicts 
! ,flor5t9es "u ,c>d9al ,ludovico       
,mezz>ota ,sc>ampo fight+ aga9/ !       
,milanese "u ,niccolo ,picc99o1 ! ,g5]al
 ( ,filippo ,m>ia ,visconti1 on ,june   
#bi1 #addj4    ,,aga9 ,,9 ,,milan       
,leon>do 0 back 9 ,milan 9 ,may #aejf 9 
! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* ,k+1 = :om he        
execut$1 app>5tly ) ! help ( assi/ants1 
! ,madonna1 ! ,infant ,*ri/1 & ,sa9t    
,anne 7,plate ,,viii474 ,! composition (
 ?is oil-pa9t+ seems to h be5 built up  
on ! second c>toon1 :i* he _h made "s   
eight ye>s e>li]1 & :i* 0 app>5tly tak5 
to ,france 9 #aeaf & ultimately lo/4    
,,9 ,,rome  ,f #aeac-aeae he 0 9 ,rome1 

:]e ,giovanni de' ,m$ici _h be5 elect$  
,pope "u ! title ( ,leo ,x4 ,he did n1  
h[ev]1 "w = ! ,pope1 al?\gh he resid$ 9 
! ,vatican1 8 "t be+ occupi$ 9 /udy+    
ac\/ics1 anatomy1 optics1 geology1      
m9]als1 eng9e]+1 & geometry6    ,,9     
,,france  ,at la/ 9 #aeaf1 ?ree ye>s    
be=e 8 dea?1 ,leon>do left 8 native l& =
 ,france1 :]e he receiv$ f ,francis ,i4 
a pr9cely income4 ,8 p[]s1 h[ev]1 _h    
already begun to fail1 & he produc$ v   
little 9 ! c\ntry ( 8 adoption4 ,x is1  
nev]!less1 only 9 ! ,l\vre t 8          
a*ievem5ts z a pa9t] c to-day be        
adequately /udi$4  ,illu/ration3 ,,plate
 ,,viii4-,,madonna1 ,,infant ,,*ri/1 ,,&
 ,,/4 ,,anne  ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,no4 #aejh4  
#e ft4 #g 94 h4 by #d ft4 #c 94 w4      
7#a4gj x #a4bi7  ,pa9t$ betwe5 #aeji &  
#aeaf ) ! help ( assi/ants4  ,on ,octob]
 #aj1 #aeaf1 :5 he 0 resid5t at ! ,manor
 ,h\se ( ,cl\x ne> ,amboise 9 ,t\ra9e ) 
,francesco ,melzi1 8 fri5d & assi/ant1  
he %[$ ?ree ( 8 pictures to ! ,c>d9al ( 
,aragon1 b 8 "r h& 0 n[ p>alys$1 & he   

c\ld no long] col\r ) t sweetness ) :i* 
he 0 wont1 al?\gh /ill able to make     
draw+s & to tea* o!rs4  ,x 0 no d\bt 9  
^! clos+ ye>s ( 8 life t he drew !      
,portrait ( ,himself 9 r$ *alk1 n[ at   
,tur91 :i* is probably ! only au!ntic   
portrait ( him 9 exi/5ce4    ,,8 ,,dea? 
,on ,april #bc1 #aeai--;,ea/]           
,eve--exactly =ty-five ye>s be=e ! bir? 
( ,%akespe>e1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci made 8  
w1 & on ,may #b ( ! same ye> he pass$   
away4  ,vas>i in=ms u t ,leon>do1 hav+  
become old1 lay sick = _m mon?s1 & f9d+ 
himself ne> dea? & be+ su/a9$ 9 ! arms (
 8 s]vants & fri5ds1 dev\tly receiv$ !  
,holy ,sacram5t4 ,he 0 !n seiz$ ) a     
p>oxysm1 ! =]unn] ( dea?1 :5 ,k+        
,francis ,i41 :o 0 accu/om$ frequ5tly & 
affectionately to visit him1 rose &     
support$ 8 head to give him su*         
assi/ance & to d him su* fav\r z he c\ld
 9 ! hope ( alleviat+ 8 suff]+s4 ,! _s (
 ,leon>do1 :i* 0 mo/ div9e1 consci\s t  
he c\ld atta9 to no great] hon\r1 dep>t$
 9 ! arms ( ! mon>*1 be+ at t "t 9 !    

sev5ty-fif? ye> ( 8 age4 ,! n           
ov]-v]aci\s *ronicl]1 h[ev]1 is "h draw+
 l>gely ^u 8 imag9ation4 ,leon>do 0 only
 sixty-sev5 ye>s ( age1 & ! ,k+ 0 9 all 
probability on t date at ,/4 ,g]ma9-en  
,laye6  ,?us di$ ,mr4 ,lion>d de ,v9cy1 
! noble ,milanese1 pa9t]1 eng9e]1 &     
ar*itect to ! ,k+1 ,/ate ,me*anician &  
=m] ,pr(essor ( ,pa9t+ to ! ,duke (     
,milan4  ,may ,god ,almighty grant him  
,8 et]nal peace1 wrote 8 fri5d &        
assi/ant ,francesco ,melzi4 ,e "o lam5ts
 ! loss ( a man ^: l ,nature _c produce 
a second "t4    ,,8 ,,art  ,leon>do1 ^: 
bir? ant$ates t ( ,mi*elangelo &        
,raphael by tw5ty ?ree & ?irty-"o ye>s  
respectively1 0 ?us 9 ! =efront ( !     
,flor5t9e ,r5aissance1 8 life co9cid+   
almo/ exactly ) ! be/ p]iod ( ,tuscan   
pa9t+4  ,leon>do 0 ! fir/ to inve/igate 
sci5tifically & to apply to art ! laws (
 light & %ade1 ?\gh ! prelim9>y         
inve/igations ( ,pi]o della ,francesca  
des]ve to be record$4  ,he obs]v$ )     
/rict accuracy ! subtleties (           

*i>oscuro--light & %ade ap>t f col\r2 b1
 z "o critic has po9t$ out1 8 gift (    
*i>oscuro co/ ! col\r-life ( _m a noble 
picture4 ,leon>do 0 a toni/1 n a        
col\ri/1 be=e :om ! :ole book ( nature  
lay op54  ,x 0 n in/ability ( "* b      
v]satility ( m9d :i* caus$ him to       
und]take _m ?+s t hav+ comm5c$ he       
aft]w>ds ab&on$1 & ! probability is t z 
soon z he saw exactly h[ he c\ld solve  
any difficulty :i* pres5t$ itself1 he   
put on "o side ! m]ely p]functory       
execution ( su* a task4  ,9 ! ,=/]      
collection 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t museum
 ?ree ( ,leon>do's note-books ) sket*es 
are pres]v$1 & x is /at$ t x 0 8        
practice to c>ry ab\t ) him1 atta*$ to 8
 girdle1 a little book = mak+ sket*es4  
,!y prove t he 0 left-h&$ & wrote f "r  
to left4     ,,8 ,,m9d  ,we c readily   
believe ! /atem5ts ( ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 !
 sixte5?-c5tury ,goldsmi?1 t ,francis   
,i4 did n believe t any o!r man _h come 
into ! _w :o _h atta9$ s great a k z    
,leon>do1 & t n only z sculptor1 pa9t]1 

& ar*itect1 = beyond t he 0 a pr(\nd    
philosoph]4 ,x 0 ,cell9i also :o cont5d$
 t ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,mi*elangelo1 &   
,raphael are ! ,book ( ! ,_w4  ,leon>do 
anticipat$ _m em95t sci5ti/s & inv5tors 
9 ! me?ods ( inve/igation :i* !y adopt$ 
to solve ! _m problems ) :i* _! names   
are c\pl$4 ,among ^! may be cit$        
,cop]nicus' !ory ( ! e>?'s movem5t1     
,lam>ck's classification ( v]tebrate &  
inv]tebrate animals1 ! laws ( friction1 
! laws ( combu/ion & respiration1 !     
elevation ( ! cont95ts1 ! laws (        
gravitation1 ! undulatory !ory ( light &
 heat1 /eam z a motive p[] 9 navigation1
 fly+ ma*9es1 ! inv5tion ( ! cam]a      
obscura1 magnetic attraction1 ! use ( ! 
/one saw1 ! sy/em ( canalisation1 bree* 
load+ cannon1 ! con/ruction (           
=tifications1 ! circulation ( ! blood1 !
 swimm+ belt1 ! :eelb>r[1 ! composition 
( explosives1 ! inv5tion ( paddle :eels1
 ! smoke /ack1 ! m9c+ ma*9e6 ,x is1     
!re=e1 easy to see :y he call$ ,me*anics
 ! ,p>adise ( ! ,sci5ces4  ,leon>do 0 a 

,,sup]man4     ,,8 ,,maxims       ,! eye
 is ! w9d[ ( ! s\l4      ,te>s come f ! 
he>t & n f ! bra94      ,! natural      
desire ( good m5 is k4      ,a beautiful
 body p]i%es1 b a "w ( art dies n4      
,e difficulty c be ov]come by ef=t4     
,"t abides long en\gh = ^? :o make use (
 x4      ,mis]able m51 h[ (t5 d y       
enslave y\rselves     to ga9 money6     
,,8 ,,spell  ,! influ5ce ( ,leon>do 0   
/rongly felt 9 ,milan1 :]e he sp5t s _m 
( ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life & f\nd$ a ,s*ool (
 pa9t+4 ,he 0 a close obs]v] ( !        
gradation & reflex ( light1 & 0 capable 
( giv+ to 8 discov]ies a practical &    
ae/hetic =m4 ,8 /rong p]sonal "* & !    
fasc9ation ( 8 g5ius en?rall$ 8 foll[]s1
 :o 7 satisfi$ to repeat 8 types1 to    
p]petuate ! grey-h\nd eye1 & to make use
 ( 8 little devices4 ,among ?is gr\p (  
pa9t]s may be m5tion$ ,boltraffio1 :o   
p]haps pa9t$ ! ,presum$ ,portrait (     
,lucrezia ,crivelli 7,plate ,,vii471 :i*
 is (ficially attribut$ 9 ! ,l\vre to ! 
great ma/] himself4     ,,8 ,,desc5dants

   ,signor ,uzielli has %[n t "o        
,tommaso da ,v9ci1 a desc5dant (        
,dom5ico 7"o ( ,leon>do's bro!rs71 0 a  
few ye>s ago a peasant at ,bott9acio ne>
 ,montesp]toli1 & _h !n 9 8 possession !
 family pap]s1 :i* n[ =m "p ( ! ar*ives 
( ! ,accademia dei ,l9cei at ,rome4 ,x 0
 prov$ also t ,tommaso _h giv5 8 elde/  
son ! glori\s "n ( ,leon>do4