,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,italic text is d5ot$ by und]scores4 ,"s m9or *anges to ! text are not$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,,an ,,essay ,,on ,,combu/ion1 ,,) ,a ,,view ,,to ,a ,,new ,,art ,,( ,,dy+ ,,& ,,pa9t+4 ,,:]e9 ,,! ,,phlogi/ic ,,& ,,antiphlogi/ic ,,hypo!ses ,,are ,,prov$ ,,errone\s4 ,,by ,,mrs4 ,,fulhame4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,= ,,! ,,au?or1 ,,by ,j4 ,,coop]1 ,,b[ ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,& ,sold by ,j4 ,,johnson1 ,no4 #gb1 ,/4 ,paul's ,*ur* ,y>d2 ,g4 ,g4 & ,j4 ,,rob9son1 ,pat]no/] ,r[2 & ,t4 ,,cadell1 ,jun4 & ,w4 ,,davies1 ,/r&4 #agid4 ,,ent]$ ,,at ,,/ation]s ,,hall4 ,,preface4 ,! possibility ( mak+ clo?s ( gold1 silv]1 & o!r metals1 by *ymical processes1 occurr$ to me 9 ! ye> #aghj3 ! project be+ m5tion$ to ,doctor ,fulhame1 & "s fri5ds1 0 deem$ improbable4 ,h[ev]1 aft] "s "t1 ,i _h ! satisfaction ( realiz+ ! idea1 9 "s degree1 by exp]im5t4 ,animat$ by ?is small success1 ,i h1 f "t to "t1 ev] s9ce1 prosecut$ ! subject z f> z pecuni>y circum/ances w\ld p]mit4 ,i imag9$ 9 ! beg9n+1 t a few exp]im5ts w\ld det]m9e ! problem2 b exp]i5ce soon conv9c$ me1 t a v great numb] inde$ 7 necess>y1 be=e su* an art c\ld be br\ght to any tol]able degree ( p]fection4 ,a n>ration ( ! num]\s exp]im5ts1 :i* ,i made ) ?is view1 w\ld f> exce$ ! b\nds1 ,i prescribe myself 9 ?is essay2 ,i %all !re=e pres5t ! read] only ) a few1 select+ su* z ,i judge mo/ int]e/+1 & be/ adapt$ to illu/rate ! subject4 ,?\gh ,i 01 aft] "s consid]able "t1 able to make small bits ( clo? ( gold1 & silv]1 yet ,i did n ?9k !m wor?y ( public att5tion2 b by p]sev]+1 ,i at l5g? succe$$ 9 mak+ pieces ( gold clo?1 z l>ge z my f9ances w\ld admit4 ,"s "t aft] ?is p]iod1 ,i f\nd ! inv5tion 0 applicable to pa9t+1 & w\ld also contribute to facilitate ! /udy ( geography3 = ,i h appli$ x to "s maps1 ! riv]s ( :i* ,i repres5t$ 9 silv]1 & ! cities 9 gold4 ,! riv]s appe>+1 z x 71 9 silv] /reams1 h a mo/ pleas+ effect on ! sight1 & relieve ! eye ( t pa9ful se>* = ! c\rse1 & orig91 ( riv]s1 ! m9ute/ bran*es ( :i* c be spl5didly repres5t$ 9 ?is way4 ,not)/&+ ?is fur!r success1 ,i 0 dubi\s ab\t ! propriety ( publi%+ ?is ,essay2 ,i !re=e %ew$ "s specim5s ( ^! metallic /uffs to p]sons1 :om ,i ?\ght qualifi$ to judge ( !m3 "s approv$ ( !m v mu*1 & 7 pleas$ to say1 t ! inv5tion w\ld make an era 9 ! arts2 o!rs ?\ght x a pretty conceit2 & o!rs 7 ( op9ion1 t ! /uffs _h n t spl5d\r1 or burni%$ appe>ance1 :i* c\ld entitle !m to public notice4 ,! latt] op9ion _h mu* weight ) me2 = x mu/ be all[$1 t ! specim5s1 :i* ,i %ew$ !m1 _h n t lu/re & poli%1 necess>y = %\ld]-knots1 lace1 spangles1 gold musl9s1 c42 t "s ( !m _h a r$di% ca/1 bord]+ on ! col\r ( copp]1 "s a purple1 mix$ ) gold2 & t "s ( !m 7 unequal 9 ! die1 & seem$ /a9$2 :i* imp]fections 7 ow+ to a p>tial r$uction ( ! metal 9 ! fibres ( ! silk4 ,b all ^! imp]fections1 except ! want ( t burni%$ lu/re s necess>y = gold lace1 spangles1 c4 ,i knew ,i c\ld rem$y2 & !re=e ! criticism1 z f> z x relates to !m1 _h no great influ5ce ) me4 ,i am 9 possession ( "s pieces1 "o ( :i* is ab\t a y>d 9 l5g?1 :i* h sc>ce any ( ^! imp]fections4 ,moreov]1 t high poli% ( burni%$ gold1 s necess>y 9 spangles1 lace1 c41 w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be a great imp]fection 9 gold /uffs design$ = :ole suits2 z a p]son 9 su* a habit1 w\ld look l a gild$ /atue4 ,i saw a piece ( gold /uff made = ! late ,k+ ( ,spa91 :i* 0 ( a purple col\r1 ) gold wire %9+ ?r\gh x1 ?\gh r obscurely2 & x 0 mu* admir$3 ,i 0 s /ruck ) its beauty1 t ,i attempt$ to imitate x on a small bit ( :ite silk2 & succe$$1 hav+ produc$ a beautiful purple col\r1 ) gold beam+ ?r\gh x4 ,!re=e1 ! want ( t burni%$ appe>ance is no objection to ?is art2 = ! pal]1 & cool]1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! col\r ( ! gold is1 ! m lovely d ^! metallic clo?s appe>4 ,i made small bits ( gold tiffany1 :i* look$ exce$+ly beautiful2 ! f95ess ( ! ?read contribut+ mu* to t effect2 &1 9 my op9ion1 su* webs are inimitable by me*anical means4 ,beside1 ?\gh ,i am n able to make clo?s l burni%$ gold1 o!rs ( great] means & abilities may2 = we _c pret5d to prescribe any limits to ! p]fection1 at :i* *ymi/ry1 & ! arts1 may arrive4 ,h[ev]1 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge1 t ?is unfav\rable judgem5t susp5d$ my int5tion ( publi%+ ?is little "w1 until a celebrat$ philosoph] happ5+1 "s "t 9 ,octob] #agic1 to see "s ( ! same pieces1 & inde$1 "s ( ! wor/1 view$ ! p]=mance 9 a v diff]5t light4 ,?is illu/ri\s fri5d ( sci5ce n only approv$ ( ! specim5s %ewn him1 b (f]$ to h a memoir on ! subject pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society3 b diff]5t incid5ts dissuad$ me f t mode ( publication1 & induc$ me to adopt ! pres5t4 ,i n[ no long] hesitat$ ab\t ! propriety ( publi%+2 =1 e ?+ consid]$1 ,i judg$1 t ?\gh ?is art c\ld nev] be e/abli%$1 :i* is by no means my op9ion1 yet ! exp]im5ts !mselves1 ^u :i* ,i attempt$ to f\nd x1 z !y are new1 & seem to ?r[ "s light on ! !ory ( combu/ion1 are n unwor?y ! att5tion ( ,*ymi/s4 ,^? :o view$ my p]=mance ) a fav\rable eye1 7 ( op9ion1 t ,i %\ld d$icate ?is ,essay to "s patron ( ! arts2 or apply = 8 ,maje/y's ,royal lett]s pat5t1 9 ord] to reimburse ! exp5ce necess>ily incurr$ 9 ?is inve/igation1 an exp5ce s disproportionate to ! =tune :i* support$ x1 t no?+ b a c]ta9 fatality1 & ! hope ( rew>d1 c\ld induce me to p]sev]e4 ,z to patrons1 ,i h he>d ( su* be+s on ! record ( fame2 b nev] saw "o3 on ! contr>y1 x has be5 my lot to "k ( _m1 ^: malignant brea?1 z f> z its deadly influ5ce c ext5d1 nev] ceases to bla/ ! un%elt]$ blossoms ( sci5ce4--,& z = a pat5t1 _h ,i ev5 ! means1 ,i %\ld p]haps nev] attempt x2 = if we may judge ( ! future by ! pa/1 ,i c safely affirm1 t su* an application w\ld be va94 ,?us circum/anc$1 ,i publi% ?is ,essay 9 its pres5t imp]fect /ate1 9 ord] to prev5t ! furaci\s attempts ( ! pr[l+ plagi>y1 & ! insidi\s pret5d] to *ymi/ry1 f arrogat+ to !mselves1 & assum+ my inv5tion1 9 plund]+ sil5ce3 = !re are ^?1 :o1 if !y c n by *ymical1 nev] fail by /ratagem1 & me*anical means1 to deprive indu/ry ( ! fruits1 & fame1 ( h] lab\rs4 ,b ! ,briti% empire %\ld n =get1 t %e owes h] p[] & greatness to comm]ce2 t %e is1 z x 71 ! hive ( ! arts1 & %\ld n1 by ! sulphure\s vap\r ( oppression1 & neglect1 compel h] bees to sw>m = protection to =eign climes1 b r p]mit !m to roam 9 _! native soil1 & all[ !m1 9 ! w9t] ( life1 to sip a little ( ! honey ( _! own indu/ry4 ,! nation1 ^: evil g5ius )holds ?is protection1 only s\nds ! trumpet ( emigration2 & mu/ erelong lam5t h] cities des]t$1 h] fields br[n ) desolation1 & h]self ! easy prey1 & vile drudge ( surr\nd+ greatness4 ,i fir/ imag9$1 t ! prop] title ( ?is p]=mance1 %\ld be1 an ,essay on ! ,art ( mak+ ,clo?s ( ,gold1 ,silv]1 & o!r ,metals1 by *ymical processes2 b reflect+ on ! imp]fect /ate ( ! art1 & t my exp]im5ts relat$ n only to ! r$uction1 b also to ! calc9ation ( metals1 & o!r combu/ible bodies1 ,i det]m9$ to entitle x1 ,an ,essay on ,combu/ion1 ) a view to a new ,art ( ,dy+ & ,pa9t+1 :i* includes e ?+ ! exp]im5ts c ext5d to4 ,z to ! /yle1 ,i h endeav\r$ to relate ! exp]im5ts 9 a pla9 & simple mann]1 aim+ m at p]spicuity1 ?an elegance4 ,i h adopt$ ! ,fr5* ,nom5clature1 z ! t]ms ( x are s fram$1 z to prev5t circumlocution1 assi/ ! memory1 by po9t+ out ! comb9ation1 & /ate ( ! elem5ts exi/+ 9 ea* comp\nd1 z f> z !y are kn[n2 advantages to be f\nd 9 no o!r ,nom5clature4 ,h[ev]1 ! ,engli% read] mu/ regret1 t ! ,fr5* *ymi/s h n pref]r$ ! t]ms air1 & ammonia1 to ! less h>moni\s s\nds1 gas1 & ammoniac4 ,i took ! lib]ty ( writ+ ! latt] ammonia4 ,i h n relat$ my exp]im5ts 9 ! ord]1 9 :i* !y 7 made1 s5sible t su* a n>ration w\ld be t$i\s1 & t a %ort extract f !m w\ld answ] e purpose at pres5t int5d$4 ,! exp]im5ts relat$ ,i h endeav\r$ to arrange 9 su* a mann]1 z mutually to illu/rate ea* o!r1 by contra/+ ! successful ) ^?1 t fail$1 ?us po9t+ out a g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* =ms a *a9 ?r\gh ! :ole1 connects all ! exp]im5ts1 %[s _! po9ts ( co9cid5ce1 & disagreem5t1 & by ?is means furni%es u ) data1 by :i*1 ,i hope1 ! art may be improv$4 ,?is arrangem5t also facilitates ! p]usal1 & relieves ! m9d ( t fatigu+ att5tion1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be giv5 to an indige/$ mass ( insulat$ exp]im5ts1 t h no clew to connect !m1 b has1 on ! o!r h&1 its disadvantages2 = x ?r[s a sam5ess on ! "w1 incompatible ) t v>iety :i* is (t5 s agreeable4 ,my app>atus consi/$ *iefly ( a few glass vessels = ! solution ( metals1 & ! =mation ( su* ela/ic fluids1 z ,i us$4 ,! *eape/1 & ! mo/ simple ( ^? describ$ by ,dr4 ,prie/ley answ]$ my purpose4 ,dr4 ,noo?'s ma*9e = comb9+ c>bonic acid ) wat]1 is v conv5i5t = mak+ small exp]im5ts ) "s k9ds ( gas2 z ! base ( t ma*9e s]ves to conta9 ! mat]ials1 f :i* ! gas is obta9$2 & ! middle glass ! clo? previ\sly dipp$ 9 ! metallic solution1 on :i* ! exp]im5t is to be made4 ,! clo? may be susp5d$ 9 ?is "p ( ! ma*9e1 by means ( a ?read1 & a cork4 ,z ?is ma*9e is useful only 9 exp]im5ts on a v small scale1 ,i sometimes us$ tall glass cyl9d]s1 9 :i* ,i susp5d$ ! subject ( ! exp]im5t1 by means ( a ?read1 a cork1 & a bit ( cem5t4 ,?is cyl9d] ,i plac$ ov] a vessel conta9+ ! mat]ials1 :i* produc$ ! gas4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h cyl9d]s ( diff]5t sizes1 proportion$ to ! scale1 on :i* ! exp]im5ts are to be made4 ,b ma*9]y = conf9+ ela/ic fluids is n always necess>y2 z mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts may be p]=m$ 9 ! op5 air4 ,x may appe> presum+ to "s1 t ,i %\ld engage 9 pursuits ( ?is nature1 b av]se f indol5ce1 & hav+ mu* leisure1 my m9d l$ me to ?is mode ( amusem5t1 :i* ,i f\nd ent]ta9+1 & w1 ,i hope1 be ?\ght in(f5sive by ! lib]al1 & ! le>n$4 ,b c5sure is p]haps inevitable2 = "s are s ignorant1 t !y gr[ sull5 & sil5t1 & are *ill$ ) horror at ! sight ( any ?+1 t be>s ! semblance ( le>n+1 9 :atev] %ape x may appe>2 & %\ld ! spectre appe> 9 ! %ape ( woman1 ! pangs1 :i* !y suff]1 are truly dismal4 ,!re are o!rs1 :o suff] ! same torture 9 a /ill high] degree2 b by virtue ( an old inspir+ tripod1 on :i* ignorance1 s]vility1 or *ance1 has plac$ !m1 assume a dictator%ip 9 sci5ce1 & fancy+ _! rights & pr]ogatives invad$1 swell ) rage1 & are sudd5ly seiz$ ) a viol5t & irresi/ible desire ( rev5ge1 manife/+ itself by innu5dos1 nods1 :isp]s1 sne]s1 gr9s1 grimace1 satanic smiles1 & witticisms utt]$ sometimes 9 ! acute1 & sometimes 9 ! nasal obtuse twang1 ) an affect$ hauteur1 & contempt ( ! spectre2 %rugs1 & a v>iety ( o!r contortions1 att5d+4 ,sometimes ! gobl91 :i* ?us agitates !m1 lurks lat5t1 & no?+ is p]ceiv$ b holl[ murmurs1 port5d+ /orms3 sometimes ! lurk+ fi5d d>ts ) sidelong fury at ! devot$ object1 :i*1 if un>m$1 falls a victim to ! grisly mon/]4 ,b happily = human k9d1 ! magic tripod drags none into its dizzy vortex1 b ^? :o are radically /upid1 & malici\s1 :o are ! bea/s ( prey de/9$ to hunt d[n unprotect$ g5ius1 to /a9 ! page ( biography1 or to rot unnot$ 9 ! grave ( oblivion4 ,al?\gh ! surge ( delib]ate malice be unavoidable1 its =ce is (t5 sp5t 9 fro?1 & bubbles2 = ?is little b>k ( m9e has wea!r$ out full _m a /orm1 & /emm$ ! boi/]\s tide2 & ?\gh ! c>go be n ri*1 ! dang]s1 :i* may h]eaft] be p\rtray$ on votive tablet1 may s]ve z a beacon to future m>9]s4 ,b happ5 :at may1 ,i hope ,i %all nev] exp]i5ce su* des]tion ( m9d1 z n to hold ! helm ) becom+ =titude aga9/ ! /orm rais$ by ignorance1 petulant arrogance1 & privileg$ dulness4 ,h[ev]1 7 ,i n enc\rag$ by ! judgem5t ( "s fri5ds1 & possess$ ( specim5s1 to %[ ! progress made 9 ! art1 ,i %\ld nev] p]haps v5ture to publi% ?is ,essay2 z ,i am s5sible1 x lab\rs "u _m imp]fections1 :i* inaccuracy ( obs]vation1 & ! drap]y ( imag9ation1 mu/ spread ov] ! :ole1 imp]fections p]haps unavoidable 9 su* a discussion4 ,f9d+1 ! exp]im5ts c\ld n be expla9$ on any !ory hi!rto advanc$1 ,i 0 l$ to =m an op9ion diff]5t f t ( ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 & o!r great names4 ,p]suad$ t we are n to be det]r$ f ! inve/igation ( tru? by any au?ority h[ev] great1 & t e op9ion mu/ /& or fall by its own m]its1 ,i v5ture ) diffid5ce to (f] m9e to ! _w1 will+ to rel9qui% x1 z soon z a m rational appe>s4 ,novemb] #e?1 #agid4 ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction #a ,*ap4 ,i4 ,r$uction ( ,metals by ,hydrog5 ,gas #ac ---- ,,ii4 ------------------- ,phosphorus #da ---- ,,iii4 ------------------- ,sulphur #fi ---- ,,iv4 ------------------- ,alkal9e ,sulphure #hd ---- ,v4 ------------------- ,sulphurat$ ,hydrog5 ,gas #ii ---- ,,vi4 ------------------- ,phosphorat$ ,hydrog5 ,gas #aac ---- ,,vii4 ------------------- ,*>coal #abd ---- ,,viii4 ------------------- ,light #adb ---- ,,ix4 ------------------- ,acids #aee ---- ,x4 ,oxyg5ation ( ,combu/ible ,bodies #afa -------------- ,azote ibid4 -------------- ,hydrog5 #afd -------------- ,phosphorus #afe -------------- ,sulphur #aff -------------- ,*>coal ibid4 -------------- ,metals #afi -------------- ,light #afh1 #afi ---- ,,xi4 ,conclusion #agh ,nom5clature #aha ,,introduction4 ,?\gh "s ( ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion 7 kn[n f ! e>lie/ ages1 yet no rational attempt to expla9 !m 0 made till ab\t ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,be=e t p]iod1 x 0 suppos$ by al*ymi/s & physicians1 t sulphur 0 ! inflammable pr9ciple1 on :i* all ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion dep5d$4 ,b ,bee*] p]ceiv+1 t sulphur did n exi/ 9 sev]al combu/ible bodies1 ass]t$ x 0 n ! pr9ciple ( inflammability2 :i*1 he ma9ta9$1 0 a diff]5t sub/ance1 common to sulphur & o!r combu/ible bodies3 ?is pr9ciple he suppos$ to be ( a dry nature1 & call$ x inflammable ,e>?4 ,/ahl ref9$ ?is hypo!sis by suppos+ ! inflammable e>? ( ,bec*] to be pure fire1 fix$ 9 combu/ible bodies1 & con/itut+ an ess5tial "p ( !m4 ,accord+ to ,/ahl1 a combu/ible body is a comp\nd1 conta9+ fix$ fire1 or phlogi/on2 & combu/ion is ! dis5gagem5t ( ?is phlogi/on f a fix$ to a free /ate1 att5d$ sometimes ) heat & light3 :5 ^! ph5om5a cease1 ! body becomes incombu/ible2 if ?is calc9$ body be n[ heat$ ) *>coal1 or any o!r inflammable sub/ance1 capable ( giv+ x phlogi/on1 or fix$ fire1 x returns aga9 to ! class ( inflammable bodies4 ,?is hypo!sis is s simple & plausible1 t1 s9ce ! ye> #agcf1 x 0 receiv$1 ?\gh diff]5tly modifi$1 all ov] ,europe4 ,! pr9cipal objections to x are1 t ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on _c be demon/rat$2 & t x does n expla91 :y bodies become heavi] aft] oxyg5ation1 & light] aft] r$uction4 ,m4 ,lavoisi] discov]+1 t ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion1 is equal to ! weight ( ! combu/ible sub/ance1 & t ( ! vital air employ$1 d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on1 or fix$ fire1 9 combu/ible bodies2 ?\gh he grants ! exi/5ce ( comb9$ caloric 9 !m4 ,he seems !n to all[ ! exi/5ce ( phlogi/on1 b to h *ang$ its "n to t ( caloric1 & d5i$ x ! p[] ( produc+ combu/ion4 ,h[ev]1 aft] discov]+ t ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion1 dep5d$ on ! quantity ( ! air absorb$1 he 0 l$ to ! foll[+ beautiful hypo!sis1 equally simple z t ( ,/ahl2 & if ev] any hypo!sis des]v$ ! "n ( !ory1 surely x is t ( ,m4 ,lavoisi]4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 8an inflammable body is no?+ else b a body :i* has ! prop]ty ( decompos+ vital air1 & tak+ ! base f caloric & light2 t is to say1 ! oxyg5e1 :i* 0 unit$ to !m2 & t a body ceases to be combu/ible :5 its aff9ity = ! oxyg5e is satisfi$1 or :5 x is saturat$ ) t pr9ciple2 b t x becomes aga9 combu/ible1 :5 ! oxyg5e has be5 tak5 f x by ano!r body1 :i* has a /rong] aff9ity ) t pr9ciple4 8,:5 ?is decomposition ( ! air is rapid1 &1 z x 71 in/antane\s1 !re is an appe>ance ( flame1 heat1 & light2 :51 on ! contr>y1 ! decomposition is v sl[1 & quietly made1 ! heat & light are sc>cely p]ceptible#a40 ,?us all ! ph5om5a ( oxyg5ation1 :i* ,/ahl ascrib$ to ! dis5gagem5t ( phlogi/on1 ,m4 ,lavoisi] ascribes to ! union ( oxyg5 ) combu/ible bodies4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 all ! ph5om5a ( r$uction1 :i* ,/ahl attribut$ to ! union ( phlogi/on to calc9$ bodies1 ,m4 ,lavoisi] attributes to ! sep>ation ( oxyg5 f ! same4 ,combu/ion1 !n1 accord+ to ,/ahl1 is ! transition ( phlogi/on f "o body to ano!r2 &1 accord+ to ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 'tis no?+ b ! transition ( oxyg5 f "o sub/ance to ano!r4 ,/ahl suppos$1 t ! heat1 & light1 att5d+ combu/ion proce$ f ! burn+ body2 b ,m4 ,lavoisi] supposes1 t ! heat1 & light1 proce$ pr9cipally1 & almo/ entirely1 f ! vital air4 ,h[ev]1 ?is op9ion ( ,m4 ,lavoisi] is f> f be+ e/abli%$2 = ,doctor ,craw=d has %[n1 t inflammable air conta9s a mu* great] quantity ( heat1 ?an vital air does4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! great advantage1 :i* ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s hypo!sis has ov] t ( ,/ahl is1 t ! =m] seems to acc\nt = ! increase & decrease ( weight1 :i* bodies suff] dur+ calc9ation1 & r$uction4 ,not)/&+ ?is brilliant discov]y1 :i* seems to acc\nt1 ) su* ease1 = ! increase ( weight1 t bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion1 ,m4 ,macqu] 0 ( op9ion1 t ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s hypo!sis 0 insuffici5t to explode t ( ,/ahl1 & endeav\r$ to remove ! objection urg$ aga9/ ! nonexi/5ce ( phlogi/on1 by suppos+ x to be light2 & t 9 e case ( combu/ion1 light1 & vital air1 mutually precipitate ea* o!r3 s t1 accord+ to ,m4 ,macqu]1 :5 a body is oxyg5at$1 vital air unites to x1 & dis5gages light2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 an oxyg5at$ sub/ance is r$uc$ to its inflammable /ate1 light unites to x1 & dis5gages vital air4 ,m4 ,s*eele also modifi$ ! hypo!sis ( ,/ahl1 by suppos+ t heat1 light1 & inflammable air1 7 comp\nds ( empyreal1 or vital air1 & phlogi/on4 ,light1 he ?\ght1 conta9$ m phlogi/on ?an heat did2 & inflammable air m ?an ei!r3 he f>!r suppos$1 t ^! comp\nds ( vital air & phlogi/on 7 conv]tible into "o ano!r1 by ! addition1 or subtraction1 ( phlogi/on2 & t1 :5 a metal 0 r$uc$ by !m1 !y 7 decompos$2 _! phlogi/on unit+ to ! sub/ance r$uc$4 ,8 idea ( calc9ation is1 t metals ei!r attract empyreal air by means ( _! phlogi/on1 & ?us =m heat1 or t !y communicate _! phlogi/on to ! air1 & attract heat f ! fire2 & t1 ei!r way1 !re is empyreal air 9 ! calces1 :i* makes ! ov]plus ( _! weight#b4 ,! la/ modification ( ,/ahl's hypo!sis is t ( ,m4 ,kirwan1 :o supposes t inflammable air exi/s 9 a fix$1 or concrete1 /ate 9 all combu/ible bodies1 & is ! true phlogi/on ( ! anti5t *ymi/s2 &1 z x c be exhibit$ 9 ! =m ( air1 its exi/5ce is no long] d\btful4 ,m4 ,kirwan supposes1 t1 :5 combu/ible bodies are calc9$1 or *ang$ into acids1 !y comb9e mo/ commonly ) fix$ air1 =m$ dur+ ! op]ation1 by ! union ( _! phlogi/on to vital air2 & sometimes to o!r sub/ances1 & wat]1 :i* is ei!r absorb$ 9 specie1 or =m$ by ! union ( _! phlogi/on to vital air1 dur+ calc9ation4 ,he supposes1 t "s ( ^! are re/or$ to _! combu/ible /ate by ! decomposition ( _! fix$ air2 "s p>tly by ! decomposition ( _! fix$ air1 & p>tly by its expulsion1 & t ( ! o!r =eign bodies1 !y _h absorb$2 & la/ly1 t "s recov] _! combu/ibility by ! expulsion ( wat]1 & o!rs possibly by its decomposition 9 high degrees ( heat4 ,9 all ^! r$uctions he supposes a simultane\s reunion ( ^! bodies to phlogi/on1 or ! inflammable pr9ciple#c4 ,?\gh ,m4 ,kirwan's hypo!sis seems to acc\nt = ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion1 yet he has n prov$ ! exi/5ce ( inflammable air1 9 a concrete /ate1 9 all combu/ible bodies2 nor has he %[n1 t fix$ air is a comp\nd ( inflammable1 & vital air2 nei!r has he prov$1 t fix$ air is ! acidify+ pr9ciple4 ,all ^! objections h be5 made1 ) great ju/ice1 to 8 hypo!sis1 by ! antiphlogi/ians2 :o also object1 t ,m4 ,kirwan's acc\nt ( calc9ation1 & r$uction1 is complex1 & repugnant to ! simplicity ( nature2 8=10 says ,m4 ,de ,f\rcroy1 8z ! au?or _h admitt$ ?ree g5]al species ( calc9ation1 x 0 necess>y1 t he %\ld1 likewise1 admit ?ree k9ds ( r$uction#d40 ,?is criticism is v j2 b x w appe>1 t ! antiphlogi/ic acc\nt ( calc9ation1 & r$uction1 is no less complex1 errone\s1 & repugnant to ! simplicity ( nature3 = :5 we consid] ! v>i\s s\rces1 :5ce !y d]ive ! oxyg51 :i* oxyg5ates bodies2 & ! long li/ ( metallic r$uc]s1 :i* !y suppose2 x mu/ be all[$1 t if simplicity be a recomm5dation1 _! hypo!sis is de/itute ( t advantage4 ,?us1 accord+ to ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 ! oxyg51 :i* oxyg5ates combu/ible bodies1 is sometimes d]iv$ f vital air2 sometimes f atmosph]ic air2 sometimes f acids2 sometimes f wat]2 & sometimes f metallic oxids1 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! catalogue ( sub/ances1 :i* r$uce bodies to _! combu/ible /ate1 is no less num]\s4 8,heat10 says ,m4 ,de ,f\rcroy1 8sep>ates oxyg5e f "s2 "o metal takes x f ano!r2 hydrog5e1 or inflammable gas1 takes x f mo/ metals2 & c>bone p]haps f all#e40 ,to ?is li/1 may be add$ phosphorus1 sulphur1 & comp\nds ( ^! ) hydrog52 also light1 & ! electric fluid1 c41 z w appe> 9 ! sequel4 ,b1 ,i %all endeav\r to %[1 t ! hydrog5 ( wat] is ! only sub/ance1 t re/ores oxyg5at$ bodies to _! combu/ible /ate2 & t wat] is ! only s\rce ( ! oxyg51 :i* oxyg5ates combu/ible bodies4 ,want ( simplicity is n ! only defect 9 ,mr4 ,lavoisi]'s hypo!sis3 = he supposes1 t ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion1 dep5ds on ! absorption ( ! oxyg5\s pr9ciple alone4 ,?us1 :5 a bit ( phosphorus1 sulphur1 or *>coal1 is burnt 9 vital air2 ! increase ( weight1 :i* ^! bodies acquire1 he attributes entirely to oxyg51 or ! base ( vital air4 ,^! combu/ions he expla9s1 by suppos+1 t ! phosphorus1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 decompose oxyg5 gas1 by absorb+ its base f caloric1 & light1 :i* are set free4 8,!re is10 says ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 8a total absorption ( vital air1 or r ( ! oxyg5e1 :i* =ms its base 9 ! combu/ion ( phosphorus1 & ! weight ( ! phosphoric acid obta9$1 is f\nd to be rigor\sly equal to ! weight ( ! phosphorus1 add$ to t ( ! vital air employ$ 9 its combu/ion4 ,! same agreem5t ( weights is obs]v$ 9 ! combu/ion ( inflammable gas & vital air1 9 ! combu/ion ( *>coal#f01 c4 ,8 idea ( ! calc9ation ( metals is ! same4 8,we d n10 says ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 8affirm t vital air comb9es ) metals to =m metallic calces1 because ?is mann] ( enunciat+ w\ld n be suffici5tly accurate3 b we say1 :5 a metal is heat$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & :5 its p>ticles are sep>at$ f ea* o!r to a c]ta9 di/ance by heat1 & _! attraction to ea* o!r is suffici5tly dim9i%$1 x becomes capable ( decompos+ vital air1 f :i* x seizes ! base1 namely oxyg5e1 & sets ! o!r pr9ciple1 namely caloric1 at lib]ty4 8,?is explanation ( :at passes dur+ ! calc9ation is n an hypo!sis1 b ! result ( facts4 ,x is upw>ds ( twelve ye>s1 s9ce ! pro(s h be5 laid by "o ( u1 be=e ! eyes ( ! academy1 & h be5 v]ifi$ by a num]\s commission4 ,x 0 !n e/abli%$1 t :5 ! calc9ation ( metals is effect$ b5ea? an inv]t$ glass vessel1 or 9 clos$ vessels conta9+ kn[n quantities ( air1 ! air itself is decompos$1 & ! weight ( ! metal becomes augm5t$ by a quantity accurately equal to t ( ! air absorb$4 ,x has s9ce be5 f\nd1 t :5 ! op]ation 0 p]=m$ 9 v pure vital air1 ! :ole might be absorb$40 8,no supposition ent]s into ^! explanations2 ! :ole is prov$ by weight & measure#g40 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t ,m4 ,lavoisi] conf\nds oxyg5 ) oxyg5 gas2 & consid]s ! latt] z a comp\nd ( oxyg51 light1 & caloric4 ,b s9ce ! drye/ oxyg5 gas conta9s a l>ge proportion ( wat]1 z ,dr4 ,prie/ley & ,m4 ,kirwan h %[n#h2 & s9ce ! :ole ( ! gas1 except ! caloric1 & light1 is absorb$1 x necess>ily foll[s1 t ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion1 dep5ds n only on ! oxyg51 b also on ! wat]1 conta9$ 9 vital air4 ,!re=e oxids are comp\nds ( combu/ible bodies unit$ to oxyg51 & wat]4 ,ano!r great objection to ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s hypo!sis1 is1 t he supposes bo? oxyg5ation1 & r$uction1 effect$ by a s+le aff9ity4 ,?us1 accord+ to him1 :5 iron r$uces a sulphate ( copp]1 ! iron does no?+ m1 ?an sep>ate ! oxyg5 f ! copp]1 by its sup]ior attraction = t pr9ciple4 ,f ?is view ( combu/ion1 gr\nd$ on ! mo/ accurate exp]im5ts 9 *ymi/ry1 x is manife/1 t ! antiphlogi/ic hypo!sis does n acc\nt fully = ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion2 & consequ5tly1 t x _c be admitt$ z a j !ory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,,hydrog5 ,,gas4 ,z ,hydrog51 or ! base ( inflammable air1 seems to act an important "p 9 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 & is1 accord+ to "s *ymi/s1 pure phlogi/on itself2 ,i h !re=e assign$ ! fir/ *apt] 9 ?is essay to hydrog5 gas1 ?is be+ ! mo/ simple =m1 9 :i* hydrog5 has hi!rto be5 obta9$4 ,b ,i _h n ! means ( procur+ ?is gas free ( c>bone1 & o!r impurities1 t x dissolves & elevates dur+ its =mation2 or ( exclud+ atmosph]ic air1 :i* circum/ances1 ,i am s5sible1 mu/1 9 "s measure1 influ5ce ! result2 z x _c be suppos$1 t ^! extrane\s bodies w\ld rema9 inactive dur+ ! process ( r$uction4 ,h[ev]1 z su* exactness is n 9 ! p[] ( e exp]im5t]1 ,i 0 "u a necessity ( us+ hydrog5 gas1 ) ! disadvantages "h m5tion$4 ,?\gh mo/ ( ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is essay 7 made on a v>iety ( :ite & col\r$ silks1 ,i %all relate only ^? made on ! =m]1 z x exhibits ! *anges produc$ m di/9ctly1 & conta9s less =eign matt] to modify ! result ( exp]im5t2 &1 = brevity's sake1 ,i %all use ! t]m silk1 by :i* :ite silk is always design$4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,i p\r$ a quantity ( sulphuric e!r on a solution ( gold 9 nitro-muriatic acid1 &1 by ?is means1 obta9$ a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 :i* ,i sep>at$ f ! acid4 ,9 ?is e!real solution ( gold1 ,i dipp$ a piece ( silk1 aft] x 0 tak5 out1 & ! e!r evaporat$1 x 0 susp5d$ 9 a tall glass cyl9d]1 plac$ ov] a vessel1 conta9+ a mixture ( dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & iron fil+s4 ,! silk ?us expos$ to a rapid curr5t ( hydrog5 gas acquir$1 aft] "s "t1 a purple col\r1 & a l>ge spangle ( gold1 ( an irregul> figure1 appe>$ on ! upp] end ( ! silk1 & look$ v brilliant4 ,! silk 0 kept expos$ to ! gas ab\t f\r mon?s1 & frequ5tly obs]v$1 b no o!r rem>kable *ange 0 p]ceiv$1 except t ! purple col\r became m int5se3 ! exp]im5t 0 n[ discont9u$2 & on tak+ out ! silk1 & exam9+ x 9 ! light ( ! sun1 ,i obs]v$ _m p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold2 b !y 7 v small1 & by no means s brilliant1 z t1 :i* fir/ appe>$4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t1 fre% quantities ( mat]ials = supply+ hydrog5 gas 7 occasionally add$4 ,f ! brilliant spangle ( r$uc$ gold obs]v$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ,i conclud$1 t !re 0 a suffici5t quantity ( ! metal 9 ! fibres ( ! silk1 c\ld x be r$uc$4 ,?is spot ( r$uc$ gold 0 v p]man5t1 & adh]$ firmly to ! silk4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,gold4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e1 :e!r a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 or "o 9 wat]1 7 be/ adapt$ to ! object ( ^! exp]im5ts2 ,i evaporat$ to dryness a solution ( gold 9 nitro-muriatic acid1 & dissolv$ ! salt 9 di/ill$ wat]3 9 ?is solution1 ,i imm]s$ a piece ( silk1 :i*1 aft] x 0 dri$ 9 ! air1 0 susp5d$ 9 a glass cyl9d]1 l ! =m] piece1 & expos$ to ! action ( hydrog5 gas ab\t two mon?s4 ,! silk aft] "s "t assum$ a purple col\r1 & five or six specks ( r$uc$ gold1 ( ! size ( p9 heads1 & "o mu* l>g]1 7 obs]v$4 ,exam9+ ! silk 9 ! sun-beams1 ,i p]ceiv$ ! :ole ( x spangl$ ) m9ute p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold4 ,aft] _m exp]im5ts ) ^! two solutions ( gold1 ,i 0 l$ to conclude1 t ! solution 9 wat] answ]$ be/4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,silv]4 ,hav+ dissolv$ "s pure silv] 9 dilut$ nitric acid1 & evaporat$ "s ( ! wat] by a g5tle heat1 ,i plac$ x 9 ! d>k to cry/allize4 ,! cry/als 7 sep>at$ f ! solution1 & dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]2 to "o measure ( ?is solution1 :i* 0 saturat$ ) ! nitrate ( silv]1 t5 or twelve measures ( di/ill$ wat] 7 add$4 ,9 ?is dilut$ solution1 a piece ( silk 0 dipp$2 aft] x 0 tak5 out1 x 0 dri$ at ! fire3 ! silk dri$ 9 ?is mann]1 reta9$ its :ite col\r2 :]eas1 7 x dri$ gradually 9 ! air2 & especially1 7 ! light consid]able1 its :ite col\r w\ld be *ang$ to a r$di% br[n1 m or less int5se1 accord+ to ! quantity ( light pres5t4 ,"s k9ds ( silk1 on be+ imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 h "s ( _! ?reads imm$iately col\r$ br[n3 b ,i (t5 got :ite silk1 :i* w\ld reta9 its pure :ite col\r1 if dri$ at ! fire1 or 9 ! d>k4 ,! piece ( silk dri$1 z above1 0 susp5d$ 9 ! middle glass ( ,dr4 ,noo?'s ma*9e2 & into ! l[] glass 7 introduc$ a dilut$ solution ( sulphuric acid1 & "s small iron nails4 ,! ma*9e 0 n[ plac$ 9 a d>k closet1 to exclude ! action ( light2 aft] "s "t1 ! silk1 ?us expos$ to hydrog5 gas1 put on a light br[n col\r1 :i* gradually became deep]1 until x 0 *ang$ to a disagreeable black1 ) "s mixture ( br[n3 !n v small p>ticles ( r$uc$ silv] began to appe>1 :i* increas$ by degrees1 9 numb]1 & brightness4 ,! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ f\r mon?s2 aft] :i* "t1 ! silk 0 tak5 out ( ! ma*9e3 x _h a gray metallic appe>ance1 int]mix$ ) a consid]able t+e ( br[n4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on ano!r piece ( silk1 e circum/ance be+ ! same1 except t a quantity ( wat] 0 put 9 ! middle glass ( ! ma*9e1 ov] :i* ! silk 0 susp5d$2 ! int5tion ( int]pos+ ! wat] 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 to purify ! gas4 ,! appe>ances 7 mu* ! same1 z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t2 except t ! silk became black soon]2 & t "s spangles ( ! silv] 7 l>g]1 & bett] r$uc$4 ,! specks ( r$uc$ silv] 7 p]man5t1 & adh]$ firmly to ! silk4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,lead4 ,9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat] ,i dipp$ a piece ( silk1 & dri$ x 9 ! air2 x 0 !n susp5d$ ov] a quantity ( wat] 9 ,dr4 ,noo?'s ma*9e1 & expos$ to hydrog5 gas ab\t ?ree mon?s4 ,! appe>ances 7 mu* ! same z 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 except t ! silk 0 n s black3 ! p>ticles ( r$uc$ lead resembl$ silv]4 ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 made 9 ?is ma*9e on bits ( silk imbu$ ) a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat]2 b ! appe>ances be+ mu* ! same z ^? m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ & second exp]im5ts1 x is unnecess>y to repeat !m "h4 ,x is mu* easi] to imag9e1 ?an express my anxiety1 to discov] ! cause ( ! brilliant specks ( r$uc$ gold & silv]1 ) :i* ! pieces ( silk 9 ^! exp]im5ts 7 sometimes spangl$2 conclud+1 t 7 ! cause asc]ta9$1 x w\ld be a consid]able /ep t[>ds accompli%+ ! object 9 view4 ,b _m & div]sifi$ 7 ! exp]im5ts ,i made be=e ! circum/ance1 on :i* ^! spangles dep5d$1 0 p]ceiv$4 ,at l5g?1 ,i f\nd x dep5d$ on ! pres5ce ( moi/ure2 & t ! spangles ( r$uc$ metal 7 ow+ to small drops ( wat] c>ri$ up by ! ela/ic fluid1 & deposit$ on ! silk4 ,! exp]im5ts1 :i* l$ to ?is conclusion1 %all be relat$ 9 _! prop] places4 ,i %all n[ proce$ to recite ! rema9d] ( ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is essay1 con=mable to ! plan laid d[n 9 ! preface1 premis+ an occurr5ce obs]v$ 9 ! c\rse ( !m4 ,i sometimes f\nd1 t ! production ( hydrog5 gas f a mixture ( acid1 wat]1 & iron nails1 w\ld unexpect$ly /op1 :i* induc$ me to add m acid2 ?is n succe$+1 ,i add$ m wat]2 b /ill no gas 0 =m$3 ! proportions ( acid & wat] 7 v>i$ )\t effect4 ,?9k+ ! mixture ( acid & wat] unfit = ! purpose1 ,i p\r$ x (f1 & repeat$ly wa%$ & agitat$ ! nails ) m wat]1 :i* 0 also p\r$ (f2 b happ5+ inadv]t5tly to add "s ( ! mixture ( acid & wat]1 :i* ,i _h be=e p\r$ (f z unfit = use1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d ! gas produc$ ) great rapidity4 ,reflect+ on ! cause ( ?is odd circum/ance1 ,i conclud$ t x dep5d$ on a cru/ ( sup]oxyg5at$ iron1 =m$ on ! surface ( ! nails1 :i* def5d$ !m f ! action ( ! wat] & acid1 & t ?is cru/ 0 remov$ by ! agitation & wa%+1 :i* enabl$ ! dilut$ acid to act aga9 on ! iron4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,gold4 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ x 9 ! air2 x 0 !n plac$ ov] a cyl9drical glass vessel1 conta9+ a mixture ( dilut$ sulphuric acid & iron nails1 = ab\t half an h\r2 b no r$uction ( ! metal c\ld be obs]v$4 ,i dipp$ ano!r bit ( silk 9 ! same solution ( gold1 & expos$ x1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 & in/antly signs ( r$uction appe>$2 = ! yell[ col\r1 :i* ! solution imp>ts to silk1 began to *ange to a gre51 & v soon a film ( r$uc$ gold glitt]$ on ! surface oppos$ to ! gas3 %ortly aft]1 a beautiful blue spot1 fr+$ ) orange & purple1 0 =m$ on ! middle ( ! silk4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t1 :i* la/$ ab\t half an h\r1 ! silk 0 kept con/antly wet ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 exp]im5ts are made ) ?is prep>ation ( gold1 x is necess>y to evaporate ! solution to dryness1 be=e ! salt be dissolv$ 9 ! wat]2 z an excess ( acid prev5ts ! r$uction 9 a great measure4 ,solutions ( gold 9 ^! exp]im5ts d n admit ( be+ s l>gely dilut$1 z solutions ( silv]1 & o!r metals d4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,silv]4 ,i imm]s$ a piece ( silk 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & dri$ x 9 a d>k place2 x 0 !n expos$ to a curr5t ( hydrog5 gas ab\t tw5ty m9utes2 b no r$uc$ silv] appe>$1 ! only *ange obs]vable 0 a br[n /a94 ,i imm]s$ ano!r bit ( ! same silk 9 ! same solution ( silv]1 & hav+ expos$ x1 :ile wet1 to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas1 ,i soon obs]v$ evid5t signs ( r$uction2 ! :ite col\r ( ! silk 0 *ang$ to a br[n1 :i* became gradually m int5se2 & ! surface ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! gas1 0 coat$ ) r$uc$ silv]3 v>i\s col\rs1 z blue1 purple1 r$1 orange1 & yell[1 att5d$ ! r$uction4 ,^! col\rs (t5 *ange1 & are succe$$ by o!rs 9 ! progress ( ! r$uction4 ,! ?reads ( ! silk look l silv] wire1 t>ni%$ 9 "s p>ts1 b ( great lu/re 9 o!rs4 ,! silk 0 kept wet ) di/ill$ wat] dur+ ! exp]im5t4 ,:5 ! silk happ5$ to be too mu* wett$1 ! "u surface oppos$ to ! gas 0 (t5 cov]$ ) scales ( a dull blue col\r3 ^!1 aft] ! silk dries1 may be bru%$ (f1 & ano!r coat ( r$uc$ silv]1 :i* adh]es firmly1 b has no consid]able brightness1 is left beh9d4 ,^! exp]im5ts on ! r$uction ( gold1 & silv]1 7 (t5 repeat$ ) ne>ly ! same result4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,silv]4 ,?9k+ "s o!r prep>ation ( silv] might answ] bett] ?an a nitrate1 ,i precipitat$ "s ( ! latt] ) a solution ( muriate ( soda1 & p\r$ ! :ole on a filt]2 ! precipitate 0 well wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 & dissolv$ 9 ammonia4 ,9 ?is solution ,i imm]s$ a piece ( silk1 & dri$ x 9 ! air2 & hav+ expos$ x to ! action ( hydrog5 gas1 ,i c\ld p]ceive no signs ( r$uction1 except a fa9t br[n col\r4 ,i dipp$ ano!r bit ( silk 9 ! same solution ( silv]1 & 9 ord] to det]m9e if wat] _h ! p[] ( promot+ ! r$uction ( ! silv] 9 ?is prep>ation1 z x _h 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts1 ,i expos$ ! silk1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( hydrog5 gas2 & 9 a few seconds ! metallic lu/re 0 evid5t on ! surface oppos$ to ! curr5t4 ,aft] "s little "t1 a blue speck & a fa9t trace ( yell[ appe>$1 b soon vani%$4 ,?is prep>ation ( silv] does n /a9 :ite silk s mu* z a nitrate does2 ! r$uc$ silv] 0 inde$ v brilliant1 b soon grew dull1 & disappe>$2 a br[n /a9 only rema9+2 s t x seems r inf]ior to nitrate ( silv]1 :i* also1 aft] r$uction1 t>ni%es1 gr[s dull1 & (t5 disappe>s2 b sometimes "p ( x rema9s p]man5tly r$uc$4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,plat9a4 ,) mu* difficulty ,i procur$ a small quantity ( ! ore ( plat9a1 & dissolv$ x 9 nitro-muriatic acid4 ,! solution 0 evaporat$ to dryness1 & ! salt 0 !n dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 "p ( ?is solution1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n expos$ to a brisk curr5t ( hydrog5 gas ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 b no signs ( r$uction appe>$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( plat9a1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( hydrog5 gas2 9 five or six m9utes ! plat9a 0 r$uc$1 exhibit+ a livid :ite metallic appe>ance on ! surface ( ! silk oppos$ to ! curr5t4 ,no col\rs att5d$ ! r$uction4 ,?is solution imp>ts a yell[i% br[n col\r to silk4 ,aft] "s "t1 ! :ole ( ! metallic lu/re disappe>$1 9 proportion z ! silk became dry4 ,! solution ( plat9a requires m "t1 & a /rong] curr5t ( hydrog5 gas = its r$uction1 ?an solutions ( silv] & gold d4 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,m]cury4 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ x 9 ! air3 x 0 !n expos$ to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas2 b und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,i dipp$ ano!r bit ( silk 9 ! same solution ( m]cury1 & expos$ x1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( gas2 ! metal 0 soon r$uc$ 9 a beautiful mann]1 & resembl$ silv]4 ,! r$uction began sudd5ly1 ) sc>ce any appe>ance ( previ\s /a92 "s v fa9t1 b at ! same "t transp>5t col\rs att5d$ x3 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! 7 a light orange1 ) a fr+e ( blue1 & a yell[ v]g+ on a fa9t gre54 ,^! col\rs soon disappe>$4 ,aft] ! silk 0 turn$1 ,i obs]v$1 t its texture 01 9 "s p>ts1 conceal$ by a ?9 film1 :i*1 z ! r$uction proce$$1 0 p]ceiv$ to d>t along ! ?reads ( ! silk1 gild+ !m 9 a beautiful mann]1 & exhibit+ ! texture v di/9ctly4 ,aft] "s "t1 ! m]cury seem$ to disappe>1 s z to r5d] x d\btful :e!r any ( x rema9$ 9 ! silk2 b %ak+ x 9 ! sunbeams1 ,i p]ceiv$ bright atoms fly (f2 & rubb+ ! silk on a bit ( blue pap]1 ,i obs]v$ %9+ metallic p>ticles1 :i* seem$ to h lo/ _! aff9ity ( aggregation1 = !y did n unite4 ,"o rem>kable diff]5ce betwe5 ?is prep>ation ( m]cury & nitrate ( silv]1 is1 t no black or br[n /a9 prec$$1 att5d$1 or foll[$1 ! r$uction ( ! m]cury4 ,mr4 ,s*eele r$uc$ a prussiate ( m]cury1 dissolv$ 9 wat]1 by add+ iron fil+s & a small quantity ( sulphuric acid to ! solution#i4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,copp]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 !n tak5 out1 & dri$1 & expos$ = a consid]able "t to a brisk curr5t ( hydrog5 gas2 b no signs ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same rapid curr5t ( hydrog5 gas2 ! appe>ances 7 ! foll[+4 ,aft] a m9ute1 or two1 ! silk assum$ a fa9t br[n col\r1 &1 on ! surface oppos$ to ! gas1 a :ite metallic pellicle appe>$1 :i* vani%$ 9 proportion z ! silk became dry3 wett+ ! silk aga91 ,i p]ceiv$ a simil> pellicle appe>1 :i* also vani%$1 z soon z ! silk dri$4 ,if ! silk be kept con/antly wet1 ! br[n col\r becomes mu* m int5se1 att5d$ ) a v slight t+e ( r$4 ,! m>g9s ( ! silk project+ beyond ! v]ge ( ! glass cyl9d]1 & !re=e n expos$ to ! curr5t ( ! gas1 reta9$ ! blue col\r1 :i* ! solution imp>ts4 ,9 "s ( ^! :ite metallic pellicles !re appe>$ a fa9t br[n incl9+ to yell[1 :i* reflect$ ! light1 ?\gh obscurely4 ,aft] ! silk dri$1 no?+ rema9$1 b a br[n /a94 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,lead4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat]2 x 0 !n dri$1 & expos$ = "s "t to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas2 b und]w5t no p]ceptible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( lead1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( hydrog5 gas2 9 a second1 or two1 ! surface ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! curr5t1 0 coat$ ) r$uc$ lead1 :i* look$ l silv]4 ,! r$uction 0 accompani$ ) a br[n /a91 b by no means s int5se z t1 :i* att5ds ! r$uction ( nitrate ( silv]4 ,! o!r side ( ! silk 0 oppos$ to ! curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 & soon acquir$ a metallic coat ( ! same brilliant appe>ance1 exhibit+ ! texture ( ! silk1 9 a v /rik+ mann]4 ,x is rem>kable1 t lead exhibits no col\r1 b a light br[n1 dur+ its r$uction2 :]eas gold1 silv]1 & m]cury1 display a great v>iety ( col\rs1 especially ! two =m]4 ,aft] "s "t ! lead r$uc$ 9 ?is mann] loses its metallic spl5d\r consid]ably2 & t 9 proportion z ! silk dries4 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,t94 ,i dissolv$ "s cry/als ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]2 dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 ! solution2 & dri$ x 9 ! air3 x 0 !n expos$ to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas a consid]able "t2 b no *ange1 or appe>ance ( r$uction1 c\ld be obs]v$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( t91 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( gas2 aft] "s little "t1 ! r$uction comm5c$1 att5d$ ) a great v>iety ( beautiful col\rs2 z r$1 yell[1 orange1 gre51 & blue1 v>i\sly int]mix$4 ,! r$uc$ t9 disappe>s along ) ^! col\rs1 z ! silk dries2 no?+ rema9+ b a feuille-morte col\r4 ,! same solution ( t9 0 also r$uc$ by hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f t91 & ! muriatic acid4 ,^! exp]im5ts d n succe$ well ) muriate ( t9 conta9+ an excess ( acid4 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a muriate ( ars5ic1 :i* 0 prep>$ by dige/+ :ite oxid ( ars5ic 9 muriatic acid1 & cont9u+ ! heat1 till mo/ ( ! acid evaporat$1 & left beh9d a s(t mass ( ! consi/5ce ( t>1 0 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 ?is solution a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 x 0 expos$ to a brisk /ream ( hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f z9c1 & muriatic acid2 b no r$uction took place4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( hydrog5 gas2 & in/antly1 ! surface ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! gas1 0 cov]$ ) a bright coat ( r$uc$ ars5ic1 accompani$ ) a yell[ /a94 ,9 a %ort "t ! metallic lu/re vani%$2 & no?+ rema9$ b ! yell[ /a94 ,m4 ,pelleti] re/or$ ! acid ( ars5ic to its metallic /ate1 by pass+ hydrog5 gas ?r\gh a solution ( t acid1 9 twice its weight ( wat]#aj4 ,,exp4 #ad4 ,,bismu?4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( bismu? 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & expos$ dry to hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f z9c1 & muriatic acid1 und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( bismu?1 & plac$ ov] a languid /ream ( hydrog5 gas2 ! bismu? 0 soon re/or$ to its metallic =m1 on ! surface ( ! silk oppos$ to ! ela/ic fluid4 ,! r$uction 0 att5d$ ) a r$di% br[n /a91 int]mix$ ) a t+e ( violet4 ,,exp4 #ae4 ,,antimony4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( t>t>ite ( antimony 9 di/ill$ wat]2 & dri$ 9 ! air4 ,x 0 !n expos$ to hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f z9c1 & muriatic acid2 b suff]$ no visible alt]ation4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( antimony1 0 expos$ wet to a weak /ream ( ! gas2 &1 9 a %ort "t1 ! metallic lu/re appe>$1 accompani$ by a light yell[ col\r4 ,,exp4 #af4 ,,iron4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a /rong curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f iron nails1 & dilut$ sulphuric acid2 b no visible *ange 0 produc$ on ! silk4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( iron1 & plac$ wet ov] ! same /ream ( hydrog5 gas2 b no r$uc$ iron c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! silk 0 !n imm]s$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ a v m9ute metallic film to ! surface ( t fluid4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) a rapid curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f z9c1 & muriatic acid2 &1 9 ab\t a m9ute1 small films ( r$uc$ iron 7 visible on ! surface ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! gas4 ,! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ to its surface a l>ge metallic pellicle2 p>ts ( :i* 7 v brilliant2 b o!r p>ts 7 dull1 & mu* m imp]fectly r$uc$4 ,,exp4 #ag4 ,,z9c4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a muriate ( z9c1 l>gely dilut$ ) wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a rapid curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f z9c1 & muriatic acid2 b suff]$ no visible alt]ation4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same rapid curr5t ( hydrog5 gas3 9 ab\t half a m9ute1 ! metal 0 r$uc$ 9 a v evid5t mann]1 on "p ( ! silk4 ,! silk 0 !n dipp$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ a bright metallic film to its surface4 ,z ^! r$uctions ( iron1 & z9c1 by hydrog51 are contr>y to ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s table ( ! aff9ities ( ! oxyg5\s pr9ciple2 ,i began to suspect1 t ! films1 :i* 7 s evid5t1 bo? on ! silk1 & ! wat]1 might be abrad$1 or torn f ! z9c1 by ! muriatic acid2 & elevat$1 & deposit$ on ! silk by ! gas4 ,9 ord] to remove ?is d\bt1 ,i dipp$ a bit ( ! same silk 9 di/ill$ wat]2 & expos$ x1 :ile wet1 to ! same curr5t ( hydrog5 gas1 b no?+ metallic c\ld be se5 on ! silk2 nor did x :5 imm]s$ 9 wat] transf] a film1 or ! smalle/ appe>ance ( a metal1 to ! surface ( t fluid3 &1 !re=e1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! reality ( ^! r$uctions4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley re/or$ iron1 & lead1 to _! metallic /ate1 by heat+ _! oxids ) a burn+ glass 9 hydrog5 gas4 ,^! exp]im5ts po9t out an error 9 ,m4 ,b]gman's table ( elective attractions 9 ! humid way2 = he assign$ ! la/ place 9 t table to phlogi/on1 :i* he consid]$ z ! base ( inflammable air2 because he 0 unacqua9t$ ) any metallic r$uctions effect$ by hydrog5 9 ! humid way#aa4 ,hav+ f\nd1 t wat] promot$1 & accel]at$1 ^! r$uctions 9 a v rem>kable mann]2 ,i 0 curi\s to "k1 if alcohol1 & e!r1 w\ld produce ! same effect4 ,) ?is view1 ,i evaporat$ a solution ( gold 9 nitro-muriatic acid to dryness2 :5 ! vessel cool$1 "s alcohol 0 p\r$ on to dissolve ! salt2 & imm$iately ! vessel conta9+ ! salt1 became s hot1 t x c\ld be sc>cely endur$ by ! h&2 & diffus$ a fragrant smell1 l t ( e!r1 :i*1 no d\bt1 0 a species ( t fluid4 ,,exp4 #ah4 ,,gold4 ,9 ?is solution ( gold 9 alcohol1 a bit ( silk 0 dipp$1 & expos$ to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f dilut$ sulphuric acid1 & iron nails2 & kept wet ) alcohol3 9 ab\t two m9utes1 ! silk began to assume a br[n col\r1 & :ite metallic films appe>$ on "s p>ts ( ! surface oppos$ to ! gas2 "s ( ^! disappe>$ 9 a %ort "t2 & 7 succe$$ by a few v small spangles ( ! prop] col\r ( gold4 ,^! also soon vani%$2 & no?+ rema9$ b a disgreeable br[n /a91 int]mix$ ) specks ( a dull blue4 ,i sometimes f\nd1 on repeat+ ?is exp]im5t1 t no yell[ films or spangles appe>$2 & am p]suad$1 t _! appe>ance1 & t ( ! :ite pellicles also1 dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( wat]1 conta9$ 9 ! alcohol1 or ! gas1 & deposit$ on ! silk4 ,,exp4 #ai4 ,,gold4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 & expos$ to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas1 & kept wet ) e!r4 ,! silk und]w5t no alt]ation = a few m9utes2 at l5g?1 x began to assume a fa9t br[n col\r1 b no :ite1 or yell[ films appe>$4 ,if ?is exp]im5t be cont9u$ till ! silks collects a suffici5t quantity ( wat] f ! gas1 "s films w appe>4 ,,exp4 #bj4 ,,silv]4 ,i procur$ "s nitrate ( silv]1 :i* _h be5 fus$ 9 ord] to expell z mu* ( its wat] z possible2 & dissolv$ x 9 alcohol4 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 ?is solution1 & expos$ x to a /ream ( hydrog5 gas1 & kept x wet ) alcohol3 9 a few seconds1 ! silk assum$ a br[n col\r1 :i* gradually became m int5se3 b no r$uc$ silv] appe>$ = sev]al m9utes2 at l5g?1 a few metallic films appe>$ on "p ( ! surface oppos$ to ! gas4 ,,exp4 #ba4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury1 & dri$2 x 0 !n expos$ to hydrog5 gas ab\t t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 & kept con/antly wet ) alcohol4 ,! silk1 dur+ ! fir/ m9utes1 suff]$ no p]ceptible alt]ation3 at l5g?1 a few small films 7 visible on ! side ( ! silk oppos$ to ! curr5t4 ,,exp4 #bb4 ,,lead4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead1 & dri$1 0 expos$ ab\t fifte5 m9utes to a /ream ( ! gas2 & kept con/antly wet ) alcohol2 b suff]$ no visible *ange2 except t a v m9ute film 0 r$uc$ on "o ( its m>g9s1 :i* did n project beyond ! v]ge ( ! glass vessel on :i* x 0 plac$4 ,:5 we comp>e ^! exp]im5ts ) ^?1 9 :i* wat] 0 us$1 to wet ! silk1 'tis evid5t1 t alcohol1 & e!r1 d n promote ! r$uction ( metals1 z wat] does2 & t ! few films1 :i* appe>1 :5 ! silk is kept wet ) e!r or alcohol1 dep5d entirely on wat] collect$ f ! gas1 or deposit$ by !m on ! silk dur+ _! evaporation4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! effects ( hydrog5 gas1 obta9$ f wat]1 iron nails1 & muriatic acid1 ) t1 procur$ f ! same mat]ials1 by means ( ! sulphuric2 ,i made "s exp]im5ts on gold1 silv]1 m]cury1 & lead1 9 ! same mann]1 z ! prec$+2 & ! pr9cipal diff]5ce 01 t ! col\rs produc$ 9 all ! pieces ( silk1 except t1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 acetite ( lead1 7 mu* bright]1 & m beautiful1 ?an any produc$1 :5 ! sulphuric acid 0 us$4 ,! r$uction ( ! lead 0 accompani$ ) its usual br[n col\r4 ,on ! upp] surface ( a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( gold1 a gre5 col\r in/antly appe>$2 & soon *ang$ to a deep olive1 9 proportion z ! r$uction advanc$3 n[ exam9+ ! "u surface1 ,i saw x coat$ ) a bright film ( r$uc$ gold1 9 ! middle ( :i* a blue spangle1 mix$ ) purple1 soon began to appe>3 ,i !n moi/5$ ! upp] surface ( ! silk ) wat]2 & 9 a few seconds1 x also 0 coat$ ) r$uc$ gold4 ,! blue on ! o!r side ( ! silk became mu* m int5se3 ! piece 0 n[ turn$2 & on ea* col\r ,i let fall a drop ( wat]3 ! drop on ! blue _h a blue film1 ! drop on ! purple1 _h a purple film1 & ! drop on ! yell[1 a film ( r$uc$ gold4 ,aft] "s "t1 ^! drops ( wat] evaporat$1 & ! films came aga9 9 contact ) ! silk3 "s p>ts ( :i* 7 left b>e1 z g5]ally happ5s1 :5 too mu* wat] is appli$4 ,on ! "u surface ( a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 a coat ( r$uc$ metal 0 =m$1 ) v>i\s col\rs1 z gre51 blue1 orange1 & yell[1 ! beauty & brightness ( :i* 7 rem>kable4 ,9 "s "t a muriate ( silv] is =m$ 9 ! fibres ( ! silk1 :i* on exposure to light becomes ( a blui% black col\r3 b ! :ole ( ! silv] does n und]go ?is *ange2 = "p ( x rema9s 9 its metallic /ate4 ,! col\rs rema9 a consid]able "t1 if ! silk be remov$ f ! gas be=e ?is muriate is =m$4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t hydrog5 gas %\ld n be prep>$ ) an acid1 :i* =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) ! metal to be r$uc$4 ,i also f\nd1 t hydrog5 gas produces diff]5t effects n only accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! acid1 b also accord+ to ! diff]5ce ( ! metal employ$ to obta9 x3 = ?is gas procur$ f z9c or t91 & muriatic acid1 did n re/ore gold to its prop] metallic lu/re2 b =m$ on ! silk1 a :ite metall9e coat l silv]4 ,! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is *apt] indicate ! foll[+ conclusions4 #a4 ,hydrog5 is capable ( r$uc+ ! metals 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 #b4 ,wat] promotes1 & accel]ates1 ^! r$uctions1 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 #c4 ,e!r1 & alcohol1 d n promote ^! r$uctions1 )\t ! aid ( wat]4 #d4 ,a v>iety ( col\rs accompanies ^! r$uctions1 simil> to :at appe>s1 dur+ ! calc9ation ( metals by heat & air2 & dep5ds on ! same cause3 viz4 ! quantity ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! metal4 ,^! col\rs h n be5 obs]v$ hi!rto2 nor inde$ c\ld !y2 z ! metals 7 r$uc$ 9 close vessels1 & 9 high degrees ( heat4 #e4 ,^! r$uctions (t5 disappe>4 ,?is is commonly ow+ to an imp]fect1 & p>tial r$uction ( ! metal3 = ! acid1 & wat]1 rema9+ 9 t "p ( ! metallic solution1 n r$uc$1 recalc9es ^! delicate films3 sometimes ! disappe>ance ( ! metallic lu/re dep5ds on ! nature ( ! metal itself3 ?us ars5ic1 lead1 silv]1 c41 suff] "s degree ( calc9ation by wat] & atmosph]ic air4 ,messrs4 ,b]gman & ,keir relate in/ances1 9 :i* silv] aft] be+ precipitat$ 9 its metallic /ate1 0 recalc9$1 & disappe>$4 ,i fir/ imag9$1 t wat] promot$ ^! r$uctions by m9utely divid+ ! p>ticles ( ! metallic salt1 & by cond5s+ ! gas1 & br++ its hydrog51 & ! metallic oxid1 )9 ! sph]e ( attraction2 ! hydrog5 ei!r unit+ to ! metallic e>? & r$uc+ x1 z ! ,phlogi/ians suppose2 or unit+ )1 & sep>at+ ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & ?us re/or+ x to ! metallic =m1 z ! ,antiphlogi/ians ma9ta94 ,b x is evid5t f ! exp]im5ts relat$1 t wat] does n promote ^! r$uctions solely1 by m9utely divid+ ! p>ticles ( ! metallic salt3 = 7 ?is ! case2 e!r1 & alcohol1 %\ld promote ! r$uction ( ! metallic salts1 :i* !y dissolve1 s9ce !y divide _! p>ticles1 z m9utely z wat] c4 ,s9ce !n metallic solutions 9 e!r1 & alcohol1 _c be r$uc$ by hydrog5 gas2 x foll[s t ! above supposition conc]n+ ! mode ( ag5cy ( wat] does n acc\nt = ! r$uction ( metals 9 ?is way4 ,& inde$ 7 x true t hydrog5 cond5s$ by wat] r$uc$ metals 9 ! mann] above m5tion$1 x w\ld foll[1 t ! r$uction 0 effect$ by a s+le aff9ity1 :i* _c be admitt$2 #a/4 because ! exi/5ce ( a s+le aff9ity 9 su* cases has n be5 prov$2 #b;dly1 because a d\ble aff9ity always takes place 9 pref]5ce to a s+le aff9ity1 :i* is demon/rat$ by ! foll[+ facts1 transcrib$ f ! works ( ,mr4 ,kirwan4 8,if a solution ( silv] 9 ! nitr\s acid be ?r[n into a mix$ solution ( fix$ alkali & common salt1 ! silv] w be precipitat$ by ! m>9e acid ( ! common salt1 & n by ! free alkali1 conta9$ 9 ! liquor3 = a luna cornea is f\nd#ab40 8,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t ) a solution ( lead1 & also ( m]cury 9 ! nitr\s acid1 & ! result 0 simil>3 bo? lead & m>9e salt ( m]cury 7 =m$#ac40 ,9 ^! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,monnet & ,kirwan1 'tis evid5t t a d\ble aff9ity takes place 9 pref]5ce to a s+le "o3 = ! nitr\s acid ( ^! diff]5t nitrates unites ) ! alkali ( ! common salt1 :ile ! muriatic acid ( ! latt] seizes ! silv]1 m]cury1 & lead1 ( ! nitrates1 & =ms muriates ( silv]1 m]cury1 & lead3 ! free alkali rema9+ passive 9 ! mixture4 ,m4 ,lavoisi] says1 8,!re exi/s only 9 nature1 z f> z we c obs]ve !m1 cases ( d\ble aff9ity1 (t5 triple1 & o!rs p]haps /ill m complicat$#ad40 ,n[ z wat] does n promote ^! r$uctions m]ely by dissolv+1 & m9utely divid+1 ! p>ticles ( ! metallic salts1 & cond5s+ ! hydrog5 gas2 & s9ce a d\ble aff9ity takes place 9 pref]5ce to a s+le aff9ity2 x is obvi\s t ! wat] mu/ be decompos$ 9 ^! r$uctions 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! hydrog5 ( ! gas unites to ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites 9 its nasc5t /ate to ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 r$uces x1 & =ms wat]4 ,?us :at c\ld nev] be effect$ by a s+le1 is readily p]=m$ by a d\ble aff9ity4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! hydrog5 ( ! gas is oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! metal is1 at ! same "t1 re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,x also foll[s1 t ! quantity ( wat] =m$ is d\ble t decompos$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,r$uction ( ,metals by ,phosphorus4 ,! next sub/ance1 ( ^: effects 9 r$uc+ metals 9 ! fibres ( silk1 ,i %all treat1 is ,phosphorus1 "o ( ! mo/ inflammable sub/ances1 we are acqua9t$ )4 ,i 0 = "s "t at a loss1 h[ to apply x to ?is purpose2 b le>n+ f a note ( ,mr4 ,lewis1 t x is soluble 9 e!r2 ,i dissolv$ a small quantity ( x 9 t fluid1 :i* c be easily effect$1 if ! e!r be good4 ,! solution is consid]ably promot$ by a g5tle heat1 z t ( ! h&1 & may be made 9 a small phial1 :i* %\ld be ne>ly fill$ ) ! e!r1 & accurately cork$3 a common cork is pref]able1 = ?is purpose1 to a glass /opp]2 & a s+le gra9 ( phosphorus is suffici5t = a great numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,i sometimes appli$ a mu* great] degree ( heat ?an ! above1 by plac+ ! phial 9 hot s&1 press+ on ! cork at ! same "t ) my f+]1 to prev5t its be+ =c$ out by ! expansion ( ! e!r1 "p ( :i* is conv]t$ into an ela/ic fluid1 & holds "s phosphorus 9 solution3 ! e!r soon beg9s to boil2 ! phosphorus melts2 & a /rong solution is obta9$ 9 a few m9utes by %ak+ ! phial4 ,if ! solution be remov$ to a cool place x frequ5tly deposits cry/als4 ,?is mann] ( prep>+ ! solution is att5d$ ) "s dang]2 = %\ld ! phial bur/1 or ! cork be extrud$1 ! cont5ts w be ?r[n out ) consid]able =ce1 & t "p ( ! phosphorus n dissolv$ by ! e!r burn ) great viol5ce4 ,! only objection to ?is prep>ation ( phosphorus is ! e!r1 :i* mu/ necess>ily modify ! result1 & prev5t t simplicity s desirable 9 exp]im5t4 ,b1 aft] "s obs]vation1 x 0 p]ceiv$1 t ! e!r flies (f1 & leaves ! phosphorus pure1 & m9utely divid$ 9 ! fibres ( ! silk3 ! e!r1 f its great volatility1 fir/ evaporates1 &1 at ! same "t1 produces a v consid]able degree ( cold1 :i* effectually prev5ts ! evaporation1 & combu/ion1 ( ! phosphorus4 ,aft] ! e!r evaporates2 ! cold ceases1 & ! combu/ion ( ! phosphorus comm5ces1 att5d$ ) :ite fumes1 :i* cont9ue till ! :ole is consum$1 if no o!r p[] int]v5e4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t ?is prep>ation ( phosphorus has a simplicity1 & elegance1 n always to be obta9$4 ,x has also ano!r great advantage 9 exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d2 = x does n *ange1 9 ! smalle/ degree1 ! :ite col\r ( silk1 dur+ its sl[ combu/ion1 :i* is n att5d$ ) heat suffici5t to affect ! mo/ delicate col\r4 ,?is prop]ty ( n affect+ ! col\r ( ! silk r5d]s obs]vation1 & exp]im5t1 m accurate2 z :atev] *ange sup]v5es1 mu/ dep5d ei!r on ! metallic solution itself1 or on ! action ( ! phosphorus on ! same4 ,b ?is advantage is conf9$ to a c]ta9 range ( ! !rmomet]2 = if ! heat be increas$ to ab\t #hf ( ,fahr5heit1 & ! silk be dry1 ! phosphorus is apt to set fire to x4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 & aft] ! e!r evaporat$1 dropp$ on x "s ( ! solution ( phosphorus1 :i* diffus$ itself ?r\gh ! silk1 l a drop ( oil1 & =m$ a circumscrib$ spot1 ^: limits1 z ! e!r evaporat$1 assum$ a br[n col\r1 :i* soon diffus$ itself equally ov] e "p1 to :i* ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$2 b ! p>ts ( ! silk1 to :i* ! latt] did n rea*1 reta9$ ! yell[ col\r1 :i* ! solution ( gold gave !m4 ,! silk view$ by transmitt$ light pres5t$ ! same col\rs1 except t ! limits ( ! br[n appe>$ m int5se1 & seem$ to bord] on a fa9t purple4 ,exam9+ ! silk next day1 ,i f\nd1 t ! :ole ( ! br[n /a9 acquir$ a fa9t %ade ( purple1 :i* 0 mo/ evid5t on ! m>g9s ( ! /a94 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,gold4 ,i dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 ! solution ( gold 9 e!r1 & aft] x 0 well dri$1 half ( x 0 wett$ ) di/ill$ wat]2 ! o!r half rema9+ dry3 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$ to bo? ! moi/ & dry p>ts ( ! silk3 in/antly ! "p wett$ ) ! wat] began to acquire a purple col\r2 &1 soon aft]1 ! metallic spl5d\r ( ! gold appe>$2 b t "p1 :i* 0 kept dry1 acquir$ only a br[n /a91 simil> to t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,i repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts _m times1 & always f\nd1 t ! gold 0 r$uc$ only 9 proportion to ! wat] appli$4 ,f9d+ wat] promot$ ! r$uction ( gold by phosphorus1 ,i began to =m v>i\s conjectures ab\t its mode ( action3 ,i fir/ suppos$1 x act$ by hold+ ! p>ticles ( ! salt m9utely divid$1 ?us dim9i%+ _! attraction ( cohesion1 & consequ5tly increas+ _! *ymical attraction4 ,! tru? ( ?is supposition might1 ,i ?\ght1 be decid$ by us+ e!r1 & alcohol1 in/ead ( wat]1 to wet ! silk1 avoid+ aque\s moi/ure1 z mu* z possible2 accord+ly1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 :i* 7 frequ5tly repeat$ ) ne>ly ! same result4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( phosphorus2 z soon z ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 an e!real solution ( gold 0 dropp$ on ! silk1 :i* imm$iately got a br[n col\r2 ! piece 0 kept con/antly wet ) e!r2 9 "s "t a purple t+e appe>$ on p>ts ( ! silk2 &1 %ortly aft]1 small films ( r$uc$ gold appe>$3 ! silk 0 n[ rem>kably wet1 & seem$ to h a great p[] ( collect+ wat]2 ?is1 ,i suppos$1 0 p>tly attract$ f ! air by ! salt1 & phosphor\s acid =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion1 :i* has a p[]ful attraction = wat]2 & p>tly deposit$ 9 ! silk by ! e!r dur+ its evaporation4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e if ! e!r dur+ its evaporation deposit$ wat] 9 ! silk1 ,i kept a bit ( silk wet ) e!r = a few m9utes1 & f\nd1 t1 aft] ! evaporation ceas$1 ! silk 0 moi/3 b ?is humidity 0 n s great1 z t obs]v$ 9 ! silk1 to :i* ! e!real solutions ( phosphorus1 & gold1 7 appli$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! e!real solution ( gold1 & aft] ! e!r evaporat$1 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$3 a br[n col\r 0 produc$2 ! silk 0 kept wet ) e!r1 &1 9 a %ort "t1 a purple t+e appe>$ on p>ts ( x2 b *iefly at ! m>g9 ( ! /a91 :i* gradually diffus$ itself ov] ! :ole4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ exp]im5t on gold is ! ord]1 9 :i* ! solution ( gold1 & phosphorus1 7 appli$ to ! silk2 b !re is a consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! result2 = 9 ?is ! br[n & purple col\rs 7 =m$ mu* m sl[ly1 & no p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold appe>$ till aft] a mu* long] "t4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( phosphorus1 & :5 ! :ite fumes began to rise1 a solution ( gold 9 alcohol 0 appli$ to ! silk1 :i* 0 kept wet ) alcohol2 a br[n t+e1 :i* soon *ang$ to a purple1 appe>$ on diff]5t p>ts2 &1 9 a little "t aft]1 a v small film ( r$uc$ gold 0 visible on a "p ( ! m>g94 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 conduct$ 9 ! same mann]1 ! r$uction 0 m evid5t4 ,! solution ( gold us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 v ri*2 & _h a great attraction = wat]2 = bits ( silk t+$ ) x1 c\ld n be dri$ )\t difficulty2 & aft] !y 7 remov$ to a cool place1 !y v soon became moi/ aga94 ,?is is m or less ! case ) solutions ( gold 9 g5]al4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,gold4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( gold 9 alcohol1 & dri$2 !n "s ( ! solution ( phosphorus 0 p\r$ on ! silk2 a br[n1 & !n a purple col\r1 appe>$2 & 9 "s p>ts a small portion ( ! gold 0 r$uc$3 ! r$uction 0 v obscure2 b became gradually m evid5t1 9 proportion z x attract$ wat] f ! air4 ,! silk 0 occasionally wett$ ) alcohol4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! silk 0 n kept wet ) alcohol2 & no r$uc$ gold c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,gold4 ,9 ord] to exclude wat] m effectually1 a small phial 0 c>efully dri$ by plac+ x 9 hot s&1 & !n cork$1 to prev5t ! access ( moi/ure f ! air2 :5 ! phial cool$1 x 0 ne>ly fill$ ) e!r1 & a small bit ( phosphorus dropp$ into x2 x 0 !n cork$1 & replac$ on ! hot s&2 ! phosphorus soon melt$1 & a /rong solution 0 obta9$ by %ak+ ! phial4 ,into ?is solution a small bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a ri* solution ( gold1 & c>efully dri$1 0 introduc$3 ! silk imm$iately got a br[n t+e2 b n a p>ticle ( r$uc$ gold c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! solution 9 a %ort "t became turbid1 & deposit$ a br[n p[d]4 ,! col\r ( ! precipitate 0 exactly ! same1 z t :i* ! silk acquir$4 ,! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ ab\t ?ree mon?s1 & c>efully obs]v$2 b no o!r *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$3 at ! end ( ?is "t ! silk 0 tak5 out ( ! phial2 & ! solution ( phosphorus 0 f\nd capable ( r$uc+ gold & silv] by ! aid ( wat]4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,gold4 ,9 ord] to contra/ ! effects ( wat] ) ^? ( e!r1 & alcohol1 m fully1 a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air ab\t twelve h\rs2 dur+ :i* "t ! yell[ t+e1 ! solution ( gold gave ! silk1 rema9$ un*ang$3 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 !n appli$2 a br[n /a9 appe>$2 ! e!r soon evaporat$2 ! phosphorus began to fume2 & ! silk acquir$ a purple col\r2 b n a p>ticle ( r$uc$ gold c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! purple t+e 9 ?is bit ( silk 0 mu* m int5se1 & m equal1 ?an 9 ! pieces1 9 :i* e!r & alcohol 7 us$4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,gold4 ,i dipp$ a piece ( silk 9 ! solution ( phosphorus1 :5 ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 a solution ( gold 9 wat] 0 appli$2 in/antly ! silk 0 cov]$ ) a spl5did coat ( r$uc$ gold4 ,no?+ c be m /rik+ ?an ?is exp]im5t1 :i* 0 repeat$ times )\t numb]1 or demon/rates ! necessity ( wat] 9 ^! r$uctions 9 a m conv9c+ mann]4 ,?is piece1 view$ by transmitt$ light1 _h a purple col\r ) a consid]able t+e ( blue2 & ! m>g9 ( ! r$uc$ gold 0 fr+$ ) purple4 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,gold4 ,?9k+ t phosphorus appli$ 9 ! =m ( vap\r ?r\gh ! m$ium ( wat] might be m effectual ?an a solution ( x 9 e!r1 ,i imm]s$ a small bit ( silk 9 an aque\s solution ( gold1 & suff]$ x to dry a little2 x 0 !n susp5d$ 9 a phial ov] a little wat]1 into :i* a small bit ( phosphorus 0 previ\sly introduc$3 ! phial 0 !n cork$1 & plac$ on hot s&3 ! phosphorus began to melt1 & asc5d 9 :ite vap\rs1 :i*1 z soon z !y rea*$ ! l[] end ( ! silk1 gave x a br[n t+e1 succe$$ by a purple2 & ! gold began to assume its metallic spl5d\r3 9 a %ort "t ^! appe>ances 7 evid5t ov] ! :ole silk4 ,! foll[+ propositions are d$ucible f ^! exp]im5ts4 #a4 ,wat] does n promote ! r$uction ( gold m]ely by dissolv+1 & m9utely divid+1 ! p>ticles ( ! salt1 & ?us dim9i%+ _! attraction ( cohesion1 & consequ5tly increas+ _! *ymical attraction1 z ,i fir/ suppos$2 = 7 ?is ! case1 e!r & alcohol1 :i* equally dissolve1 & divide1 ! salt1 %\ld produce ! same effect4 #b4 ,e!r & alcohol d n promote ^! r$uctions )\t ! aid ( wat]2 = x is evid5t f ! exp]im5ts relat$1 t ! few p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold1 :i* appe>1 :5 !y are employ$1 dep5d entirely on ! quantity ( wat]1 :i* !y leave 9 ! silk dur+ _! evaporation1 & t attract$ f ! air by ! solution ( gold1 & by ! phosphorus dur+ its combu/ion1 bo? ( :i* h a /rong attraction = wat]4 #c4 ,phosphorus does n r$uce gold by giv+ ! metallic e>? phlogi/on1 z ! ,phlogi/ians suppose2 = 7 ?is op9ion true1 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 or alcohol1 %\ld be r$uc$ by ! phosphorus z effectually z a solution ( gold 9 wat] is4 #d4 ,phosphorus does n r$uce gold1 by comb9+ )1 & sep>at+1 ! oxyg5 ( ! gold1 z ! ,antiphlogi/ians ass]t2 = 7 ?is ! case1 ! p>ticles ( ! phosphorus s att5uat$ by ! e!r1 %\ld r$uce a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 or alcohol1 z well z a solution ( gold 9 wat]1 s9ce ! imp$im5t oppos$ by ! attraction ( cohesion is equally remov$ 9 bo? cases4 ,i %all conclude ^! rem>ks on ! r$uction ( gold ) ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 :i* (t5 amus$ me4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,gold4 ,a small bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 & dri$2 !n ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$1 :i* *ang$ ! yell[ col\r ( ! silk to a br[n3 :5 ! phosphorus began to fume1 ,i plac$ ! silk on ! palm ( my h&1 & brea!d on x a consid]able "t2 a purple t+e gradually succe$$ ! br[n1 &1 9 "s little "t aft]1 ! metallic lu/re ( ! gold began to appe>4 ,! same exp]im5t succe$s ) a solution ( gold 9 alcohol4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 0 plac$ ov] ! vap\r ( w>m wat] = "s "t2 ! same appe>ances took place1 & p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold 7 evid5t 9 ! silk4 ,if ! wat]1 :5ce ! vap\r arises1 be too hot2 ! heat ret>ds1 & sometimes prev5ts1 ! r$uction1 by volatiliz+ ! phosphorus4 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,silv]4 ,i dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & dri$ x 9 ! air3 !n "s ( ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$1 :i* produc$ a br[n /a91 ^: m>g91 aft] a few m9utes exposure to ! air1 acquir$ a livid :ite appe>ance1 caus$ by a p>tial & imp]fect r$uction ( ! silv]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld n be tak5 by a p]son unacqua9t$ ) exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d = r$uc$ silv]4 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( phosphorus2 z soon z ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume2 a few drops ( ! solution ( silv] 9 alcohol 7 appli$3 imm$iately a black /a91 int]mix$ ) "s br[n1 appe>$3 &1 aft] "s "t1 obscure films ( r$uc$ silv] pres5t$ !mselves2 ^! appe>$ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! /a92 b 7 s m9ute z to be sc>ce visible4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 ?is & ! prec$+ exp]im5t is ! ord]1 9 :i*1 ! solutions 7 appli$2 b ev5 ?is modifies ! result 9 "s measure4 ,t ^! imp]fect r$uctions dep5d$ on wat]1 deposit$ 9 ! silk1 by ! alcohol dur+ its evaporation1 or attract$ f ! air by ! phosphorus dur+ its combu/ion1 w appe> f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,silv]4 ,a small phial 0 well dri$ 9 hot s&1 !n cork$1 & remov$ to a cool place2 aft] ! phial cool$1 x 0 ne>ly fill$ ) e!r1 & a small bit ( phosphorus1 :i* 0 repeat$ly wa%$ 9 alcohol to free x f any aque\s moi/ure1 t might adh]e to x1 0 introduc$2 ! phial 0 !n cork$1 & plac$ 9 hot s&2 :5 ! phosphorus melt$1 ,i %ook ! phial1 & obta9$ a /rong solution4 ,into ?is solution a small bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & dri$1 0 introduc$3 ! phial 0 cork$2 ! silk in/antly assum$ a br[n col\r2 b n a p>ticle ( r$uc$ silv] c\ld be se51 ?\gh ! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ ab\t ?ree mon?s2 nor did ! solution ( phosphorus become turbid1 or deposit any precipitate1 z happ5$ 9 simil> exp]im5ts on gold4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod ! silk 0 tak5 out ( ! phial1 wett$ ) wat]1 & susp5d$ 9 a w9d[2 &1 aft] a consid]able "t1 r$uc$ silv] 0 manife/ on diff]5t p>ts ( ! silk4 ,) ! solution ( phosphorus1 9 :i* ! silk /ood dur+ t "t1 ,i r$uc$ gold1 & silv]1 ) ! assi/ance ( wat]4 ,9 ord] to comp>e ! effects ( wat] ) ^? ( e!r & alcohol1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,,exp4 #ad4 ,,silv]4 ,i dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 & dri$ x at ! fire3 ! silk ?us dri$ reta9$ its :ite col\r3 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 !n appli$1 & imm$iately produc$ a br[n col\r1 :i* soon1 9 proportion z ! phosphorus fum$1 acquir$ a deep] t+e1 v]g+ on black2 & slight signs ( r$uction appe>$ aft] a little "t on ! m>g9 ( ! /a94 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b dri$ mu* bett]1 exhibit$ /ill fa9t] signs ( r$uction3 = ! br[n /a9 did n appe> on ?is piece z soon z on ! =m]1 nor 0 x s int5se2 h[ev]1 aft] "s m9utes exposure to ! air1 ! /a9 became deep]1 & its m>g9 acquir$ a livid :ite appe>ance1 ow+ to a p>tial r$uction ( ! silv]4 ,x has be5 (t5 rem>k$1 t ! r$uction comm5ces fir/ on ! m>g9 ( ! /a91 :i* ! solution ( phosphorus1 & t ( ! metal1 produce 9 ! silk3 ,i 0 a long "t at a loss to acc\nt = ?is appe>ance2 b ! cause 0 accid5tally discov]$2 = happ5+ to spill a few drops ( ! solution ( phosphorus on a table1 ,i obs]v$1 t1 z !y evaporat$1 wat]y circles 7 =m$ r\nd ! spaces1 on :i* ! drops fell2 &1 t all ! p>ts )9 ! circles 7 dry4 ,?is expla9s :y ! r$uction beg9s on ! m>g9 ( ! /a94 ,i obs]v$ ! same ( alcohol2 = if x be dropp$ on a level surface1 x leaves a wat]y r+ beh9d1 ?\gh n ne> s soon1 z a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r does3 ?is is ! reason :y alcohol seems to promote ! r$uction ( "s metals2 ,i say seems2 = x does n promote x1 b 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat] x conta9s1 or attracts f ! air1 & deposits 9 ! silk dur+ its evaporation4 ,h[ ess5tial wat] is to ! r$uction ( metals w appe> f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,,exp4 #ae4 ,,silv]4 ,i imm]s$ a piece ( silk 9 ! solution ( phosphorus1 & aft] ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat] 0 appli$2 in/antly ! silv] 0 re/or$ to its metallic spl5d\r4 ,?is exp]im5t is v amus+1 & well calculat$ to /rike ! behold] ) surprise4 ,! r$uction is sometimes att5d$ ) spangles ( a beautiful blue1 :i* appe> *iefly :]e ! solution ( silv] is mo/ abundant4 ,! solution ( silv] is commodi\sly appli$ by a camel hair p5cil4 ,i also tri$ ! effects ( ! vap\r ( phosphorus on bits ( silk dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 & expos$ to ! vap\r1 9 ! same mann] z 9 exp]im5t ! #i?2 & ! silv] 0 always r$uc$3 b a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r seems pref]able to ! vap\r4 ,a small glass tube1 resembl+ a !rmomet]1 ) its bulb t]m9at+ 9 a small] & ne>ly capill>y tube1 ,i f\nd useful1 & economic1 especially 9 exp]im5ts on gold3 by imm]s+ ! small] end 9 ! metallic solution1 & inspir+ ?r\gh ! tube at ! same "t1 ! bulb may be fill$3 by ?is means a s+le drop1 or m1 if necess>y1 may be appli$ to ! silk2 &1 ?us1 a great numb] ( exp]im5ts c be made on a s+le gra91 or a mu* less quantity1 ( gold1 or any o!r metal4 ,?is little in/rum5t may be us$ also to apply ! solution ( phosphorus to ! silk2 & x 0 by us+ x = ?is purpose1 ,i discov]$1 t phosphorus has n ! p[] ( r$uc+ silv] )\t ! aid ( wat]2 = bl[+ ! solution ( phosphorus f ! tube on bits ( silk1 :i* _h be5 dipp$ 9 a solution ( silv]1 & dri$1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d films ( r$uc$ silv] frequ5tly appe>2 :]eas none appe>$1 :5 ,i appli$ ! solution ( phosphorus 9 a diff]5t mann]3 ?is unexpect$ ev5t (t5 occurr$1 be=e ,i le>n$ ! cause2 at l5g? ,i suspect$1 x might dep5d on ! moi/ure ( ! brea?2 & ,i 0 soon conv9c$ by moi/5+ ! silk ) wat]1 t ! suspicion 0 well f\nd$4 ,x is evid5t f ^! exp]im5ts on silv]1 t wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( ?is metal by phosphorus2 & t e!r1 & alcohol1 d n promote x4 ,x is also evid5t1 t ^! exp]im5ts1 & ^?1 made on ! r$uction ( gold1 mutually illu/rate ea* o!r2 & confirm ! conclusions drawn f !m4 ,,exp4 #af4 ,,plat9a4 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( plat9a 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ x 9 ! air2 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 !n appli$ to ! silk2 b no appe>ance ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( phosphorus2 :5 ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 ! solution ( plat9a 0 appli$ to ! silk2 &1 9 "s "t1 delicate films ( r$uc$ plat9a 7 visible :]e ! wat] 0 mo/ abundant4 ,^! films ( plat9a commonly disappe>2 & no?+ rema9s b a br[n t+e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is m int5se1 ?an :at ! solution ( plat9a alone gives ! silk4 ,to succe$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 ! silk %\ld be replete ) phosphorus2 :i* is easily done by apply+ ! solution twice or ?rice1 & wait+ aft] ea* application1 till ! fumes beg9 to appe>4 ,x is also necess>y to keep ! silk con/antly wet ) wat]4 ,sometimes x requires f t5 to tw5ty m9utes to r$uce plat9a 9 ?is mann]4 ,,exp4 #ag4 ,,m]cury4 ,i dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury1 & dri$ x 9 ! air2 !n ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$2 :5 ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 a yell[ /a9 comm5c$ on ! m>g91 & gradually appe>$ ov] ! :ole4 ,to comp>e ! effects ( diff]5t degrees ( moi/ure1 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 ! same solution ( m]cury1 & dri$ x c>efully at ! fire2 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 !n appli$2 ! silk began to fume2 b no *ange1 except a v slight r+ ( a yell[ hue1 appe>$4 ,! re/ ( ! silk reta9$ its :ite col\r4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( phosphorus1 :5 ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 ! same solution ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat] 0 appli$2 &1 9 a few seconds1 a bright film ( r$uc$ m]cury 0 visible on ! m>g9 ( ! "p1 to :i* ! metallic solution 0 appli$1 & aft] "s "t appe>$ on ! :ole4 ,! r$uction 0 att5d$ ) ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[4 ,aft] a little "t1 ^! col\rs vani%1 & ! metallic film becomes mu* m obscure1 accord+ z ! silk dries1 & is succe$$ by a yell[ /a94 ,,exp4 #ah4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ at ! fire2 !n ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$2 &1 :5 x began to fume1 a br[n /a9 comm5c$ at ! m>g91 :i* soon diffus$ itself ov] ! :ole1 & gradually acquir$ a fa9t t+e ( black4 ,ano!r piece ( silk1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b dri$ 9 ! air1 exhibit$ ! same appe>ances2 except t ! br[n t+e v]g$ m on black4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( phosphorus1 & :5 x began to fume1 ! solution ( nitrate ( m]cury 0 appli$2 a br[n col\r in/antly appe>$1 accompani$ ) a film ( r$uc$ m]cury1 :i* 0 mo/ evid5t :]e ! metallic solution 0 mo/ abundant4 ,?is film soon disappe>$1 & 0 succe$$ by a black /a91 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 r$uc$ m]cury 0 visible4 ,no col\rs b black1 & br[n1 appe>$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,x appe>s f ^! exp]im5ts on m]cury1 t ! r$uction kept pace ) ! quantity ( wat] pres5t4 ,,exp4 #ai4 ,,copp]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 !n a /rong solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$2 ! silk acquir$ a br[n col\r2 b no o!r visible alt]ation occurr$4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 & dri$ at ! fire mu* bett] ?an ! prec$+2 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$2 :5 ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 a br[n t+e comm5c$ on ! m>g9 ( ! silk1 & gradually diffus$ itself ov] ! :ole2 b ! /a9 0 by no means s int5se z t produc$ 9 ! prec$+ piece3 s t !re c be no d\bt t ! diff]5ce 0 ow+ to ! diff]5t degrees ( moi/ure 9 ! silk4 ,aft] ?is piece rema9$ 9 ! air = "s "t1 ! br[n t+e became m int5se1 a pro( t x attract$ wat] f ! air4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ances ( pieces dri$ 9 ! air1 & at ! fire1 ,i frequ5tly rem>k$4 ,,exp4 #bj4 ,,copp]4 ,a /rong solution ( phosphorus 0 appli$ to a piece ( silk1 :5 ! e!r evaporat$1 & ! phosphorus began to fume1 a solution ( sulphate ( copp] 0 appli$2 a br[n /a9 0 in/antly produc$1 & its m>g9s 7 soon cov]$ ) a :ite metallic film1 p>ts ( :i*1 aft] "s "t1 v]g$ on ! col\r ( copp]1 int]mix$ ) purple1 gre51 & blue4 ,if ! solution ( phosphorus be weak1 :i* is always ! case1 :5 ! e!r is bad1 no?+ appe>s on ! silk b ! br[n /a91 & ! :ite metallic film4 ,z ! silk dries mo/ ( ^! appe>ances vani%2 b "s ( ! blue t+e survives2 & ! silk looks v unseemly4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 & expos$ to ! vap\r ( phosphorus1 z 9 exp]im5t ! #i?2 b no *ange 0 produc$ on ! silk1 except a few br[n spots1 ?\gh ! heat 0 su* t ! vap\r fill$ ! phial1 & circulat$ ?r\gh x3 ! vap\r corrod$ a brass p91 :i* 0 us$ to susp5d ! silk 9 ! phial4 ,?is induc$ me to try its effects on copp]1 :i* 0 corrod$ by x 9 a rem>kable mann]1 & *ang$ into a black sub/ance resembl+ a mixture ( *>coal & oil4 ,x appe>s !n t phosphorus is ill adapt$ to ! r$uction ( ?is metal4 ,,exp4 #ba4 ,,t94 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 ! solution ( phosphorus 0 !n appli$ to ! silk1 & ?\gh x fum$ consid]ably1 no *ange :atev] c\ld be p]ceiv$ 9 ! col\r ( ! silk2 nor 0 !re ! smalle/ appe>ance ( r$uction4 ,i p\r$ "s ( ! solution ( phosphorus on a bit ( silk1 & :5 x began to fume1 ! solution ( t9 0 appli$3 aft] a few seconds1 :ite metallic films appe>$1 fir/ on ! m>g91 & 7 gradually diffus$ ov] t "p ( ! silk1 to :i* ! muriate ( t9 0 appli$3 a yell[ col\r int]mix$ ) r$ sometimes att5ds ! r$uction4 ,aft] "s little "t ^! films ( r$uc$ t9 vani%1 & sc>cely leave a /a9 beh9d4 ,i did n succe$ 9 r$uc+ acetite ( lead1 muriate ( ars5ic1 or sulphates ( iron1 & z9c1 9 ?is way4 ,^! exp]im5ts on t9 %ew t wat] is ess5tial to its r$uction by phosphorus1 & give additional =ce to ! prec$+ conclusions4 ,m4 ,sage discov]$ t gold1 silv]1 c4 are precipitat$ f _! solutions 9 ! metallic =m1 by pieces ( phosphorus1 :i* are cov]$ at ! same "t ) bright coats ( gold1 silv]1 c4 ,to det]m9e if wat] 7 ess5tial to ^! r$uctions p]=m$ by ,m4 ,sage1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,,exp4 #bb4 ,,gold4 ,"s solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r 0 p\r$ into a *9a cup1 & a few drops ( ! e!real solution ( gold 7 add$2 in/antly a br[n p[d] 0 precipitat$ simil> to :at appe>$ 9 exp]im5t ! #f?1 b no gold 9 its metallic =m c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,,exp4 #bc4 ,,gold4 ,a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat] 0 p\r$ into a *9a cup1 conta9+ a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r2 in/antly ! gold began to assume its metallic spl5d\r1 att5d$ ) a v>iety ( col\rs1 z purple1 blue1 & r$1 ! beauty ( :i* _c be describ$3 ! quantity ( ! blue 0 gradually dim9i%$1 & :at rema9$1 0 disp]s$ ov] ! surface 9 small films1 int]mix$ ) spangles ( r$uc$ gold4 ,mo/ ( ! blue films 7 ( a circul> figure2 "s _h a c5tral speck ( ruby r$1 & 7 fr+$ ) purple2 "s _h a r\nd c5tral speck ( a d>k] blue ?an ! surr\nd+ p>ts3 & "s 7 ( an irregul> figure1 fr+$ ) purple1 or ruby r$4 ,i (t5 obs]v$ ^! blue films assume ! real col\r ( gold )\t suff]+ any int]m$iate *ange ( col\r2 &1 ,i ?9k1 ,i obs]v$ ! same ( "o ( ! l>ge/ specks ( ruby r$1 t appe>$ 9 ?is exp]im5t4 ,all ^! col\rs disappe>$1 :5 ! r$uction 0 complet$4 ,! v>iety ( col\rs1 :i* ^? films assume1 dep5ds on ! diff]5t degrees ( r$uction2 t is to say1 on ! quantity ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! metal3 9 proportion z ! metal is depriv$ ( ! oxyg51 x assumes v>i\s col\rs1 :i* (t5 succe$ ea* o!r 9 a regul> ord]1 %[+ ! diff]5t /ages ( ! r$uction3 ?us :5 gold is r$uc$2 ! fir/ p]ceptible *ange is a gre51 :i* soon becomes olive2 ?is is succe$$ by blue1 & purple2 & sometimes by a ruby r$3 ! purple t+e is a mixture ( blue1 & r$4 ,! v>i\s col\rs1 :i* metals1 & _! calces1 communicate to glass1 & o!r sub/ances1 are explicable on ^! pr9ciples3 & ! difficulty ( obta9+ a ruby-col\r$ glass by gold is readily und]/ood f ! facility1 ) :i* t metal p>ts ) oxyg54 ,,exp4 #bd4 ,,gold4 ,a ?read 0 pass$ by means ( a ne$le ?r\gh a small bit ( phosphorus1 :i* 0 fre$ f any moi/ure1 t might adh]e to x1 by imm]s+ x = "s "t 9 alcohol2 x 0 !n susp5d$ by means ( ! ?read 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 conta9$ 9 a phial1 :i* 0 c>efully dri$ 9 hot s&3 9 a few m9utes1 ! solution became turbid1 an eff]vesc5ce comm5c$1 & a br[n precipitate 0 =m$3 accord+ z ! precipitate fell1 ! solution became cle>1 lo/ its yell[ col\r2 & ! :ole ( ! gold seem$ to h be5 precipitat$3 b n a p>ticle ( r$uc$ gold c\ld be se54 ,ano!r bit ( phosphorus 0 susp5d$ 9 ! same mann] 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat]2 & 9 a few m9utes got a spl5did coat ( r$uc$ gold4 ,,exp4 #be4 ,,silv]4 ,a few drops ( a solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol 7 p\r$ into a *9a cup conta9+ a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r3 in/antly a black precipitate1 ) a t+e ( br[n1 0 =m$2 b no silv] 9 its metallic /ate c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,aft] "s "t ! precipitate attract$ moi/ure f ! air2 & "s films ( r$uc$ silv] appe>$4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 made 9 a phial1 :i* 0 cork$1 to exclude ! moi/ure ( ! air2 & no?+1 b ! black precipitate1 appe>$4 ,"s ( ! same solution ( silv] 0 dilut$ ) wat]1 & dropp$ on a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r2 & in/antly films ( r$uc$ silv] float$ on ! surface4 ,,exp4 #bf4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( phosphorus 0 susp5d$ by a ?read 9 "s ( ! same solution ( silv] 9 alcohol1 conta9$ 9 a phial c>efully dri$3 a black precipitate ) a t+e ( br[n soon appe>$2 b no silv] 9 its metallic /ate c\ld be obs]v$2 "p ( ! precipitate adh]$ to ! phosphorus1 & "p fell to ! bottom ( ! phial4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t made 9 a phial n suffici5tly dri$1 a few small films ( r$uc$ silv] 7 obs]v$ on ! sides ( ! phial2 b n a p>ticle ( silv] 9 its metallic =m c\ld be se5 on ! phosphorus4 ,ano!r bit ( phosphorus 0 susp5d$ 9 a dilut$ solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]3 & 9 "s h\rs1 ! phosphorus 0 cov]$ ) r$uc$ silv]4 ,! case ( silv]1 :i* cov]$ ! phosphorus1 prev5t$ its spontane\s combu/ion 9 ! air2 ! same 0 obs]v$ ( ! bit ( phosphorus coat$ ) gold4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t ,m4 ,sage's success 9 r$uc+ metals by phosphorus dep5d$ on ! wat] ( ! metallic solution4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 (t5 repeat$ ) ne>ly ! same result2 b "s v>iety (t5 occurs1 dep5d+ on v>i\s circum/ances2 z ! /r5g? ( ! metallic solution1 & t ( ! phosphorus2 ! quantity ( wat] pres5t1 & ! purity ( ! mat]ials employ$4 ,x is difficult to obta9 e!r1 or alcohol1 ) ! lea/ possible quantity ( wat]2 & equally difficult to expel all moi/ure f ! surface ( glass2 = ?is reason1 ! bits ( phosphorus 9 ! exp]im5ts made ) alcohol & e!r 7 susp5d$ by ?reads1 s z n to t\* ! sides ( ! glass4 ,i %all conclude ?is *apt] ) a g5]al view ( ! inf]5ces1 :i* seem naturally to fl[ f ^! exp]im5ts ) phosphorus4 #a4 ,wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by phosphorus2 = ^! exp]im5ts %[ t ! r$uction is effect$ only 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat] pres5t4 #b4 ,phosphorus does n r$uce ! metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on4 #c4 ,phosphorus does n r$uce ! metals by unit+ )1 & sep>at+1 _! oxyg54 ,h[ !n is ! r$uction effect$8 are we n to conclude1 t x is effect$ by ! decomposition ( ! wat]1 9 ! foll[+ mann]8 ,! phosphorus attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & effects ! r$uction4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! phosphorus is oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! metal is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,?us :at c\ld nev] be effect$ by a s+le1 is readily p]=m$ by a d\ble aff9ity2 :i* always takes place 9 pref]5ce to a s+le aff9ity1 z ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,monnet1 & ,kirwan1 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 %[4 ,x is well kn[n1 t phosphorus kept 9 wat] acquires an oxyg5at$ cru/1 :i* c\ld n happ5 )\t a decomposition ( ! wat]3 ?is fact s]ves to confirm ! explanation "h (f]$4 ,& inde$ ! decomposition ( wat] 9 ^! exp]im5ts mu/ be grant$1 or x mu/ be suppos$1 t wat] itself r$uces ! metals1 by unit+ ) _! e>?s1 & con/itut+ _! phlogi/on2 or by unit+ )1 & sep>at+1 _! oxyg52 suppositions repugnant to our pres5t k ( *ymi/ry4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,r$uction ( ,metals by ,sulphur4 ,?\gh ,sulphur1 z f> z my read+ ext5ds1 has seldom be5 consid]$ z a r$uc] ( ! metals1 yet z x holds a di/+ui%$ rank among combu/ible bodies1 analogy l$ me to exam9e its p[]s 9 r$uc+ & fix+ ! metals 9 ! fibres ( silk4 ,! vap\r ( sulphur appe>$ to be ! mo/ simple =m1 9 :i* x c\ld be appli$ to ?is purpose2 & may be obta9$ by plac+ a phial conta9+ fl[]s ( sulphur 9 hot s&3 z ! sulphur melts1 x assumes ! =m ( vap\r1 :i* soon fills ! phial1 expels ! atmosph]ic air1 & be>s a consid]able heat1 be=e x inflames2 a bit ( silk1 prep>$ = ! exp]im5t1 may be held ov] ! vap\r1 z x issues f ! phial1 or imm]s$ 9 x4 ,! neck ( ! phial %\ld be ( a conv5i5t size = ?is purpose4 ,b ^! exp]im5ts are m conv5i5tly made by means ( a sulphur\s mat*1 & a glass funnel1 9 :i* ! silk imbu$ ) ! metallic solution may be susp5d$ by a ?read pass$ ?r\gh x1 & made fa/ ) a cork1 :i* also s]ves to conf9e ! vap\r4 ,! glass is !n plac$ on a table1 & by mov+ x a little beyond ! v]ge ( ! same1 a light$ mat* is readily introduc$1 :i*1 z soon z ! glass is fill$ ) vap\r1 may be )drawn2 ! vap\r is conf9$ by mak+ ! glass glide back on ! table2 & ?us ! ph5om5a ( ! exp]im5t c be easily obs]v$4 ,?\gh ! vap\r obta9$ 9 ?is mann] be *iefly sulphur\s acid gas2 yet its effects are n less int]e/+ on t acc\nt4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 & dri$3 x 0 !n susp5d$ 9 ! glass funnel1 & expos$ = "s "t to ! vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*3 b no *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$1 except t ! silk became a little br[n4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 prep>$ 9 ! same mann]1 0 imm]s$ 9 ! vap\r ( sulphur1 =m$ 9 a phial plac$ 9 hot s&1 ) ! same result4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat]1 susp5d$ 9 ! glass funnel1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to vap\r ( sulphur1 =m$ by a burn+ mat*2 no soon] did ! vap\r t\* ! silk1 ?an ! r$uction comm5c$2 & 9 a few seconds ! :ole piece 0 cov]$ ) a spl5did coat ( r$uc$ gold1 p]man5t1 & ret5tive ( its lu/re2 b _h a few specks ( a dull violet hue4 ,! silk view$ by transmitt$ light appe>$ ( a beautiful blue col\r2 & be+ remov$ f ! vap\r1 & susp5d$ 9 ! air1 began 9 ab\t t5 m9utes to exhale a vap\r1 :i* cont9u$ ab\t two h\rs1 & smell$ acid1 & pung5t4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( gold1 & dri$1 0 wett$ ) alcohol1 & expos$ to ! same vap\r3 ! silk acquir$ a br[ni% hue2 & a small :ite metallic film appe>$ on its l[] end1 :]e ! alcohol mo/ ab\nd$3 ! silk 0 !n wett$ ) wat]1 & replac$ 9 ! vap\r2 in/antly a lively purple ) a bright pellicle ( r$uc$ gold appe>$4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 & susp5d$ 9 ! air ( a d>k closet to dry2 ! silk reta9$ its :ite col\r1 ?\gh x rema9$ 9 ! air tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 x 0 !n expos$ f\rte5 h\rs to ! vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 b suff]$ no *ange1 except t x acquir$ a br[n t+e3 x 0 n[ wett$ ) alcohol1 & replac$ 9 ! vap\r = "s "t2 no signs ( r$uction appe>+1 x 0 wett$ aga9 ) ! alcohol1 & expos$ to ! vap\r2 b /ill no signs ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$3 ,i !n wett$ ! silk ) di/ill$ wat]1 replac$ x 9 ! sulphure\s vap\r2 & 9 ab\t a m9ute r$uc$ silv] appe>$4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,silv]4 ,i dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & expos$ x1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r ( sulphur1 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t2 9 a few seconds ! silv] appe>$ 9 its metallic =m1 att5d$ ) a v>iety ( lively col\rs3 ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! 7 a pleasant blue1 orange1 purple1 & yell[1 :i* soon disappe>$3 ! r$uc$ silv] also disappe>$ 9 a great measure1 "s fa9t traces only rema9+4 ,! silk 0 remov$ f ! vap\r into ! air1 b exhal$ no vap\r1 z happ5$ 9 exp]im5t ! second4 ,a small bit ( sulphur 0 susp5d$ 9 a phial conta9+ a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]2 & aft] "s weeks ! sulphur 0 coat$ ) r$uc$ silv] ( no great lu/re4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,plat9a4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( ! ore ( plat9a 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n susp5d$ 9 ! glass funnel1 & expos$ to ! vap\r ( a burn+ mat*3 b no signs ( r$uction c\ld be obs]v$3 ! silk reta9$ ! col\r1 ! solution gave x4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( plat9a1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! sulphure\s vap\r2 9 a few seconds ! r$uction 0 v evid5t4 ,! silk 0 imm]g$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ bright films ( r$uc$ plat9a to ! surface ( t fluid2 mo/ ( !m 7 ( ! same col\r z ! spangles 9 ! ore ( plat9a2 & "s 7 di/+ui%$ by lively blue & purple col\rs4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( plat9a1 0 imm]s$1 :ile wet1 9 ! vap\r ( sulphur1 =m$ 9 a phial plac$ 9 hot s&2 ! r$uction soon comm5c$1 & 0 mu* m p]fect1 & p]man5t1 ?an 9 pieces expos$ to ! vap\r obta9$ f ignit$ mat*es4 ,x is rem>kable t sulphur r$uc$ ?is metal mu* bett]1 ?an phosphorus or hydrog5 gas did3 b ! r$uc$ plat9a disappe>s aft] "s "t1 & leaves no?+ beh9d b a br[n /a94 ,if ! films be transf]r$ f ! silk to wat]1 !y may be pres]v$ 9 _! metallic =m4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$2 p>ts ( ! silk imm$iately acquir$ a slate col\r3 ! silk 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r ( sulphur1 obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 b x suff]$ no *ange1 except t ! col\r became a little m int5se4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( m]cury1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same vap\r3 ! r$uction in/antly comm5c$ 9 a v evid5t mann]1 accompani$ ) sev]al col\rs1 z blue1 purple1 & yell[4 ,! silk 0 remov$ f ! vap\r1 & soon lo/ mo/ ( its lu/re1 :i* 0 succe$$ by a slate col\r1 ?r\gh :i* "s p>ticles ( r$uc$ m]cury 7 obs]v$ to %9e4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 x 0 !n expos$ to ! sulphure\s vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 b ! silk und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,?is solution ( m]cury does n *ange ! :ite col\r ( silk1 z t ( nitrate does4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r2 9 a few seconds r$uc$ m]cury appe>$1 unatt5d$ by any col\r1 except a slight t+e ( citron yell[ on "p ( ! silk4 ,aft] "s "t ! :ole ( ! r$uc$ m]cury vani%$4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,copp]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & dri$2 x 0 !n susp5d$ 9 ! glass funnel1 & expos$ to ! vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 b ! silk suff]$ no *ange1 reta9+ ! col\r1 :i* ! solution gave x4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r ( an ignit$ mat*2 9 a %ort "t a :ite metallic film appe>$1 accompani$ ) a br[n t+e2 ! silk becom+ dry1 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to a brisk vap\r f ano!r mat*3 ! film became m evid5t1 & p>ts ( x v]g$ on yell[1 bord]+ on a copp] col\r4 ,aft] "s "t ?is :ite metallic film disappe>s1 & no?+ rema9s b a light br[n /a94 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,lead4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 x 0 !n expos$ to ! sulphure\s vap\r ( a burn+ mat*2 b und]w5t no visible *ange :atev]4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( lead1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r2 r$uc$ lead soon appe>$ all ov] ! silk2 b aft] "s "t ?is r$uc$ lead disappe>s1 unless x be transf]r$ to ! surface ( wat]4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,t94 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 x 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*1 :i* soon fill$ ! glass2 b produc$ no visible *ange on ! silk4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( t91 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! sulphure\s vap\r2 & 9 a few seconds r$uc$ t9 appe>$ all ov] ! silk2 b ! t9 soon disappe>s1 if n transf]r$ to wat]4 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( ars5ic 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r ( sulphur1 obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 b ! silk suff]$ no app>5t alt]ation4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( ars5ic1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r3 9 a few seconds ! ars5ic 0 r$uc$1 b n 9 a v evid5t mann]2 ! silk 0 imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & sev]al bright films ( r$uc$ ars5ic float$ on ! surface ( t fluid4 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,bismu?4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( bismu? 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r ( sulphur obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 b no signs ( r$uction appe>$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( bismu?1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! sulphure\s vap\r2 ! bismu? 0 soon r$uc$1 accompani$ ) a br[n /a93 b ! metallic lu/re soon disappe>$4 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,antimony4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( t>t>ite ( antimony 9 wat]1 & dri$2 x 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r ( a burn+ mat*2 b no *ange c\ld be obs]v$2 nor did ! silk imm]g$ 9 wat] deposit any films on its surface4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( antimony1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r3 ! silk1 9 a few seconds1 acquir$ a yell[ col\r1 & a bright blui% film ( r$uc$ antimony appe>$ on ! l[] end ( ! silk1 :]e ! wat] 0 mo/ abundant3 ! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 a glass ( wat]1 & transf]r$ a l>ge pellicle ( r$uc$ antimony to ! surface ( t fluid4 ,,exp4 #ad4 ,,iron4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r ( sulphur obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 aft] "s "t ! col\r ( ! silk became a little br[n2 b no r$uc$ iron c\ld be se52 nor did ! silk imm]g$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat] transf] any ?+ metallic to its surface4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( iron1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! sulphure\s vap\r2 9 a %ort "t ! silk 0 )drawn1 & a m9ute %9+ film1 ( a livid :ite col\r1 0 visible on its l[] m>g91 :]e ! wat] mo/ ab\nd$3 ! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 a glass ( wat]1 & transf]r$ a l>ge film ( r$uc$ iron to its surface4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$$ also ) ! vap\r ( sulphur =m$ 9 a phial plac$ on hot s&4 ,! films ( r$uc$ iron 7 seldom visible on ! silk2 b 7 soon r5d]$ visible1 by transf]r+ !m to wat]4 ,,exp4 #ae4 ,,z9c4 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( z9c1 & dri$2 x 0 !n expos$ to ! vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*2 no *ange :atev] c\ld be p]ceiv$3 ! silk 0 imm]g$ 9 a glass ( wat]1 b deposit$ no film on its surface4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & imm]s$ :ile wet 9 ! vap\r ( sulphur =m$ 9 a phial plac$ on hot s&2 9 ab\t half a m9ute ! silk 0 )drawn f ! vap\r1 & "s p>ts ( x _h a %9+ livid appe>ance1 :i* ,i took = r$uc$ z9c3 9 ord] to det]m9e if ! r$uction 7 real1 ! silk 0 imm]g$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ to its surface a bright film ( r$uc$ z9c4 ,if ! silk be kept too long 9 ! vap\r1 "s sulphur w be cond5s$ on its surface1 & give x a yell[ col\r3 if x be !n dipp$ 9 a glass ( wat]1 x w deposit bo? ! sulphur1 & ! metallic films on its surface2 b ! appe>ance ( ! sulphur is s diff]5t f t ( ! r$uc$ metal1 t !y are easily di/+ui%$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( muriate ( z9c1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! vap\r obta9$ f a burn+ mat*3 ! silk be+ )drawn exhibit$ a few m9ute %9+ films on its l[] end1 & on imm]sion 9 wat]1 left bright films ( r$uc$ z9c float+ on ! surface ( t fluid4 ,v (t5 ^! films _c be se51 until !y are transf]r$ to wat]1 :i* ,i f\nd a v useful te/ 9 d\btful cases3 !y are bett] se5 9 ! gray light ?an 9 sun%9e4 ,^! exp]im5ts on ! r$uction ( metals by sulphur 7 (t5 repeat$ ) ne>ly ! same result3 b "s v>iety occurs dep5d+ on ! quantity ( wat] pres5t1 ! /r5g? ( ! metallic solution1 & sulphure\s vap\r1 & also on ! "t ! silk is expos$ to ! vap\r4 ,:5 ! exp]im5ts are made 9 a phial plac$ 9 hot s&1 "p ( ! metallic solution frequ5tly drops f ! silk1 & fall+ on ! bottom1 or sides ( ! phial1 is r$uc$1 cov]+ ^! p>ts ) a metallic cru/2 on :i* ! sulphur soon reacts1 & *anges ! great] "p into a sulphure4 ,! phial commonly cracks4 ,! foll[+ conclusions are d$ucible f ! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 #a4 ,wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by sulphur2 = ?is effect is always 9 proportion to ! quantity ( wat] pres5t4 #b4 ,alcohol does n promote ^! r$uctions )\t ! aid ( wat]4 #c4 ,sulphur does n r$uce ! metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on2 nor by unit+ ) & sep>at+ _! oxyg52 = 7 ei!r ( ^! op9ions j1 ! sulphur1 s m9utely divid$ by heat1 %\ld r$uce metallic solutions 9 alcohol z effectually z x does metallic solutions 9 wat]4 ,:5 we comp>e ^! r$uctions by sulphur1 ) ^? effect$ by phosphorus1 & consid] t wat] is ess5tial to bo?2 we mu/ conclude1 t ! r$uction is effect$ 9 ! same mann]1 viz4 by ! decomposition ( wat]2 :i* may be ?us expla9$4 ,! sulphur attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 to ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & re/ores x to ! metallic =m4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! sulphur is oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! metal is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,x also foll[s1 t a quantity ( wat] equal to t consum$ is =m$ by ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 & ! oxyg5 ( ! metal4 ,?is explanation is support$ by a f9e exp]im5t ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 :o obta9$ inflammable air by pass+ ! vap\r ( wat] ?r\gh sulphur heat$ 9 an e>!n tube#ae2 & f>!r confirm$ by ! exp]i5ce ( "s judici\s mak]s ( oil ( vitriol1 :o always spr9kle ! sulphur ) a c]ta9 proportion ( wat]1 be=e !y inflame x4 ,! decomposition ( wat] 9 ^! r$uctions mu/ be grant$1 or x mu/ be suppos$1 t a s+le takes place 9 pref]5ce to a d\ble aff9ity2 :i* _c be admitt$4 ,^! exp]im5ts po9t out sev]al errors 9 ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s ,table ( ! ,aff9ities ( ! ,oxyg5\s ,pr9ciple2 = he has plac$ sulphur at a mu* great] di/ance f t pr9ciple ?an any ( ! metals treat$ ( 9 ?is *apt]1 except gold2 & ev5 9 ?is in/ance 8 table is errone\s1 unless x be prov$1 t sulphur r$uces metals by directly unit+ )1 & sep>at+ _! oxyg52 a supposition :i* implies1 t ! r$uction is effect$ by a s+le aff9ity2 & !re=e inadmissible4 ,i %all close ?is *apt] ) a %ort extract f ! *emical essays ( ,bi%op ,watson2 z x seems to h "s relation to ! exp]im5ts relat$ "h4 ,8 lord%ip says1 t 8 exp]im5ts on 8! ,d]by%ire lead ore in/ruct u to believe1 t ! lead 9 ?is k9d ( ore is 9 its metallic /ate2 z ! ore 0 *ang$ into lead )\t ! addition ( any sub/ance conta9+ ! inflammable pr9ciple#af40 ,b ! r$uction ( lead by sulphur & wat]1 relat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 po9ts out an evid5t s\rce ( ! inflammable pr9ciple2 = ! ore itself mu/ conta9 "s wat]1 a con/itu5t "p ( :i* is hydrog51 or ! base ( inflammable air3 beside 8 lord%ip ?9ks1 no appe>ance ( lead w\ld h tak5 place1 _h !re be5 no communication ) ! ext]nal air3 b z air always holds wat] 9 solution1 an ample s\rce ( ! inflammable pr9ciple is evid5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,r$uction ( ,metals by ,alkal9e ,sulphure4 ,! ,sulphure1 ,i made use (1 0 prep>$ by fus+ equal p>ts ( c>bonate ( pota%1 & fl[]s ( sulphur1 till ! eff]vesc5ce ceas$4 ,m4 ,g5gembre has made a v important obs]vation on alkal9e sulphure1 prep>$ 9 ?is way1 :i* is1 t ?is sub/ance has no smell1 & t x exhales no gas1 :ile x cont9ues dry2 b t1 :5 x is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 or attracts humidity f ! air1 x diffuses an (f5sive smell4 ,f ?is circum/ance ,m4 ,g5gembre inf]r$1 t ! dis5gagem5t ( ?is gas dep5d$ on ! decomposition ( wat]2 = he discov]$ bo? by analysis1 & syn!sis1 t ?is air consi/s ( hydrog51 "o ( ! pr9ciples ( wat]1 comb9$ ) sulphur1 & caloric4 ,!re c !n be no d\bt1 b alkal9e sulphure has ! p[] ( decompos+ wat]2 & may !re=e be happily employ$ to illu/rate ! mode ( action ( sulphur1 & o!r combu/ible sub/ances1 treat$ ( 9 ?is essay4 ,:5 dilat$ acids are p\r$ on solid alkal9e sulphure1 ! decomposition ( ! wat] is promot$1 & accel]at$1 sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas be+ =m$ 9 great abundance4 ,i made two solutions ( ?is alkal9e sulphure1 "o 9 wat]1 & ! o!r 9 alcohol4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol1 & !n a solution ( gold 9 e!r 0 appli$3 a br[n matt] 0 =m$ 9 ! silk2 b no r$uc$ gold c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol1 & a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat] 0 appli$2 a :ite metallic film 0 sl[ly =m$2 b no o!r signs ( r$uction 7 visible4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on ano!r bit ( silk1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! solutions ( ! gold1 & sulphure1 7 bo? 9 wat]2 & ! :ite metallic film 0 in/antly =m$1 accompani$ by a consid]able precipitate ( a br[n matt]4 ,x is obvi\s !n1 t wat] accel]ates1 & is necess>y to ! appe>ance ( ?is film3 = :5 bo? solutions 7 9 wat]1 x appe>$ mu* soon]4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 an aque\s solution ( gold1 9 :i* ! acid pr$om9at$1 !n a few drops ( ! aque\s solution ( sulphure 7 appli$3 a :ite pellicle1 :i* look$ l silv]1 0 imm$iately =m$1 & ! silk got a deep br[n col\r4 ,to ano!r piece ( silk1 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( gold1 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$1 a :ite metallic film appe>$2 b n s evid5t1 or s soon1 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 :]e9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat] 0 us$3 beside ! film produc$ by ! aque\s solution ( sulphure 0 m p]man5t1 & ! /a91 :i* ! silk acquir$1 0 m int5se1 ?an ^? produc$ by ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,silv]4 ,i imm]s$ a piece ( silk 9 a solution ( ! sulphure 9 alcohol1 & aft] mo/ ( ! _s evaporat$1 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 no?+ appe>$ on ! silk1 b a br[n /a94 ,! nitrate ( silv]1 us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 0 fus$1 to expel z mu* wat] z possible4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( sulphure2 :5 mo/ ( ! alcohol evaporat$1 a solution ( cry/alliz$ nitrate ( silv] 9 wat] 0 appli$ to ! silk2 & in/antly ! metallic lu/re ( ! silv] appe>$1 att5d$ ) a br[n /a94 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( alkal9e sulphure 9 wat]1 & an aque\s solution ( cry/alliz$ nitrate ( silv] 0 appli$2 ! silv] 0 imm$iately r$uc$ 9 great] quantity ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 9 :i* ! alkal9e sulphure employ$ 0 dissolv$ 9 alcohol4 ,! /a9 produc$ 9 ! silk 0 also m int5se4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( ! sulphure 9 wat]1 & !n a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 b no?+ appe>$ on ! silk1 except a br[n /a94 ,! nitrate ( silv]1 us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 0 fus$1 :i* depriv$ x ( a great "p ( its acid4 ,t ?is 0 ! circum/ance1 :i* prev5t$ ! r$uction ( ! silv]1 appe>s f ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( silv] 9 alcohol1 !n "s dilut$ nitric acid 0 appli$1 la/ly ! aque\s solution ( sulphure 0 dropp$ on ! silk3 & in/antly ! silv] 0 re/or$ to its metallic spl5d\r4 ,x is evid5t !n1 t acids contribute to ! r$uction ( silv] by alkal9e sulphure1 :i* !y effect by promot+ ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,9 "s "t ! r$uc$ silv] disappe>s = ! mo/ "p3 & inde$ ! :ite metallic films1 :i* 7 produc$ 9 ! exp]im5ts on gold1 totally disappe>$4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,plat9a4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( ! ore ( plat9a 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$2 !n ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 dropp$ on ! silk3 no?+ appe>$ b a br[n /a94 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! aque\s solution ( sulphure1 & a little ( ! solution ( plat9a appli$2 9 a %ort "t1 a film ( r$uc$ plat9a appe>$4 ,to ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( plat9a1 a few drops ( di/ill$ v9eg> 7 appli$1 & !n ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat] 0 add$2 a br[n /a9 0 imm$iately produc$1 & m plat9a r$uc$ ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,m]cury4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 "s ( ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$2 b no *ange1 except a light yell[i% br[n1 0 produc$4 ,aft] ! silk 0 "s "t expos$ to ! air1 "s v fa9t %ades ( black 7 visible on p>ts ( x4 ,to a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]1 "s ( ! same solution ( m]cury 0 appli$2 imm$iately ! metal 0 re/or$ to its metallic lu/re1 9 a v /rik+ mann]2 & x 0 rem>kable1 t ! precipitate on ! silk 0 v small4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! silk 0 fir/ wett$ ) di/ill$ v9eg>3 & m ( ! m]cury 0 r$uc$1 ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 att5d$ ) an olive precipitate1 :i* gradually turn$ blacki%3 ! quantity ( precipitat$ matt] 9 ?is 0 mu* great] ?an 9 ! =m] exp]im5t2 b ! r$uc$ metal 0 n s bright4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 _h no *ange produc$ on x by a solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol1 except a /a9 comp\nd$ ( ! slate col\r1 :i* ! nitrate imp>ts1 & ! yell[ ( ! sulphure4 ,to ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! aque\s solution ( sulphure1 "s ( ! same solution ( m]cury 0 appli$3 ! metal 0 imm$iately r$uc$2 & a v black /a9 att5d$ ! r$uction4 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,copp]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 a solution ( ! sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$ to x2 b no *ange1 except a br[n /a91 0 produc$4 ,to ano!r bit ( silk1 imm]s$ 9 ! aque\s solution ( sulphure1 "s ( ! same solution ( copp] 0 appli$3 a :ite metallic film 0 sl[ly =m$1 att5d$ ) a br[n col\r4 ,on ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 & plac$ on a sauc]1 "s di/ill$ v9eg> 0 dropp$1 & !n a few drops ( ! aque\s solution ( sulphure 7 add$3 imm$iately a :ite metallic film appe>$ 9 great] quantity ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,lead4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 !n ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 b no?+ appe>$ on ! silk1 except a br[n /a94 ,a bit ( ! same silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( lead1 !n ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat] 0 appli$3 ! lead 0 soon r$uc$ to its metallic /ate3 a br[n /a91 & precipitate ( ! same col\r1 att5d+ ! r$uction4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! silk 0 fir/ wett$ ) di/ill$ v9eg>1 & in/antly ! lead 0 r$uc$ ( great] lu/re1 & 9 great] quantity1 ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 tri$ on a bit ( :ite calico1 dipp$ 9 di/ill$ v9eg>1 & plac$ on ! palm ( my h&2 & in/antly ! metallic lu/re ( ! lead1 :i* 0 r$uc$ 9 great quantity1 appe>$ 9 a v rem>kable mann]1 att5d$ ) a br[n /a94 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,t94 ,to a bit ( silk dipp$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 no?+ appe>$ b a br[n /a94 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]1 !n ! same solution ( muriate ( t9 0 appli$2 9 a %ort "t "s r$uc$ t9 appe>$ on ! silk4 ,v9eg> promot$ ! r$uction ( ?is metal also1 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( ars5ic 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 !n appli$3 ! silk fir/ look$ yell[1 9 a %ort "t ! yell[ col\r almo/ entirely disappe>$1 leav+ beh9d a :iti% precipitate2 b no o!r *ange 0 produc$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]2 !n "s ( ! same solution ( ars5ic 0 appli$2 a yell[ precipitate 0 =m$2 & %ortly aft]1 ?is precipitate 0 surr\nd$ by a violet m>g92 b no o!r *ange c\ld be obs]v$4 ,i imm]s$ ano!r bit ( ! same silk 9 ! same solution ( ars5ic1 "s di/ill$ v9eg> 0 !n dropp$ on x2 & la/ly ! aque\s solution ( sulphure 0 appli$3 aft] "s "t1 a few m9ute films ( r$uc$ ars5ic bright z silv] 7 visible4 ,"s att5tion is necess>y to discov] ! r$uc$ ars5ic1 z ! p>ticles r$uc$ are few1 & m9ute2 & sometimes none c be se54 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,bismu?4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( ,bismu? 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 ! silk appe>$ fir/ yell[1 !n br[n2 b no f>!r *ange c\ld be obs]v$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]2 "s ( ! same solution ( bismu? 0 !n appli$ to x2 ! metal 0 imm$iately r$uc$2 & a br[n precipitate 0 =m$4 ,v9eg> seems nei!r to promote1 nor ret>d ! r$uction4 ,two bits ( :ite calico 7 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( bismu?2 to "o ( ^! plac$ on a sauc] "s di/ill$ v9eg> 0 add$2 !n a s+le drop ( ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat] 0 appli$2 & ! :ole ( ! calico1 except t "p on :i* ! drop fell1 0 cov]$ ) r$uc$ bismu?1 :i* look$ exce$+ly bright3 ! same appe>ance 0 obs]v$ on ! o!r bit1 to :i* no v9eg> 0 add$4 ,,exp4 #ad4 ,,antimony4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( t>t>ite ( antimony 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$2 ! silk got a yell[ col\r1 ^: m>g9s1 "s "t aft]1 acquir$ an orange hue2 b no o!r *ange 0 p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( ! same silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! aque\s solution ( sulphure1 ! same solution ( antimony 0 !n appli$3 "p ( ! metal 0 r$uc$1 ?\gh 9 small quantity1 att5d$ ) an orange precipitate4 ,! acids ( v9eg>1 & t>t>1 seem$ to imp$e ! r$uction2 ! muriatic acid also seem$ to h ! same effect1 ?\gh n 9 s great a degree z ! two =m]4 ,,exp4 #ae4 ,,cobalt4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$2 ! silk soon became br[n2 b no f>!r *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,to ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]1 a few drops ( ! same solution ( cobalt 7 appli$3 ! silk imm$iately acquir$ a d>k col\r1 &1 9 a little "t1 "s ( ! metal 0 r$uc$1 att5d$ ) a dull blue precipitate1 :i* *ang$ to a blacki% br[n4 ,muriate ( cobalt 0 r$uc$ 9 ! same mann]3 v9eg> promot$ ! r$uction ( bo? ^! prep>ations ( cobalt4 ,,exp4 #af4 ,,iron4 ,to a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( iron l>gely dilut$1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 ! silk soon became black2 b no o!r *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]1 "s ( ! same solution ( iron 0 !n appli$3 ! silk in/antly assum$ a black col\r2 b no r$uc$ iron appe>+1 x 0 imm]g$ 9 a glass ( wat]1 & transf]r$ a bright film ( r$uc$ iron to ! surface ( t fluid4 ,sometimes "p ( ! film has n ! metallic lu/re1 :i* is v evid5t 9 o!r p>ts ( x2 s t ! p>ts completely r$uc$ c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! dull & imp]fectly r$uc$ black oxid ( iron1 int]mix$ ) ^! bright films4 ,! same exp]im5ts 7 repeat$ on bits ( calico ) ! same result3 ! calico f its spongy texture is bett] suit$ to produce /rong films ?an silk is4 ,v9eg> did n promote ! r$uction ( iron 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,,exp4 #ag4 ,,z9c4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( muriate ( z9c1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 "s ( ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 appli$2 no?+ appe>$ on ! silk1 b ! yell[ col\r1 :i* ! solution ( sulphure imp>ts4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]1 & "s ( ! same solution ( z9c 0 appli$3 ! yell[ col\r1 :i* ! solution ( sulphure gave ! silk1 soon became :ite2 b no r$uc$ z9c c\ld be se54 ,! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ a bright film ( r$uc$ z9c to its surface4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 made ) :ite calico1 ! pellicle transf]r$ to ! surface ( wat] 0 bright]2 & m z9c 0 r$uc$1 ?an 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,sulphate ( z9c also 0 r$uc$ bo? on silk1 & calico1 ) ?is diff]5ce t black1 & olive1 precipitates1 att5d$ ! r$uction4 ,,exp4 #ah4 ,,manganese4 ,i dipp$ a bit ( silk 9 a dilut$ solution ( nitrate ( manganese1 & dri$ x 9 ! air2 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol 0 !n appli$3 ! silk acquir$ a yell[ col\r1 :i* soon disappe>$2 b no o!r *ange c\ld be obs]v$4 ,to ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 wat]1 a drop ( ! same solution ( manganese 0 appli$3 in/antly a pe>l-:ite precipitate 0 =m$1 ! m>g9 ( :i* soon acquir$ a bright film ( r$uc$ manganese4 ,"u ?is film a violet t+e 0 evid5t4 ,! nitrate ( manganese us$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 v acid4 ,a solution ( alkal9e sulphure 9 wat] aft] a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t loses ! p[] ( r$uc+ ! metals1 9 :i* respect x resembles an old solution ( sulphate ( iron4 ,hav+ procur$ a m neutral solution ( nitrate ( manganese1 ,i imm]s$ a bit ( silk 9 ! solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol1 :5 mo/ ( ! _s evaporat$2 a s+le drop ( ?is solution ( manganese 0 appli$2 in/antly a bright film ( r$uc$ manganese appe>$1 att5d$ ) a violet t+e1 & a br[n precipitate4 ,aft] "s "t ! violet t+e disappe>s4 ,on ano!r bit ( silk imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( sulphure 9 alcohol1 a drop ( a solution ( sulphate ( manganese 9 di/ill$ wat] 0 appli$3 in/antly films ( r$uc$ manganese bright z silv] appe>$1 accompani$ ) a fa9t violet t+e1 & a pe>l-:ite precipitate4 ,^! films soon disappe>4 ,a solution ( alkal9e sulphure 9 alcohol does n by age lose its p[] ( r$uc+ ! metals1 z t 9 wat] does2 ,i kept ! =m] solution m ?an two ye>s1 & f\nd x1 at ! end ( t "t1 z capable ( r$uc+ ! metals1 z :5 x 0 made4 ,x is manife/ f ! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 #a4 ,t wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by alkal9e sulphure4 #b4 ,t alcohol does n promote ^! r$uctions1 )\t ! aid ( wat]4 #c4 ,t alkal9e sulphure does n r$uce ! metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on2 nor by unit+ )1 & sep>at+1 _! oxyg52 = 7 ei!r ( ^! op9ions true1 a solution ( alkal9e sulphure 9 alcohol %\ld r$uce !m z effectually1 z a solution ( ! same 9 wat] does4 #d4 ,t acids contribute to ^! r$uctions by promot+ ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,n[ s9ce ,m4 ,g5gembre has demon/rat$1 t wat] is decompos$ by alkal9e sulphure2 :o c d\bt1 t x is decompos$ 9 ^! r$uctions8 ,! mann]1 9 :i* metals are r$uc$ by ?is sub/ance1 seems to be ! foll[+4 ,an hydrure ( sulphur1 t is1 a comb9ation ( hydrog51 & sulphur1 is =m$3 ?is hydrure ( sulphur attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x4 ,! exp]im5ts 9 ?is *apt] leave u no room to d\bt ( ! decomposition ( wat] 9 metallic r$uctions by alkal9e sulphure1 & s]ve to illu/rate1 & confirm1 ! mann]1 9 :i* sulphur1 phosphorus1 & o!r combu/ible bodies1 effect ! r$uction ( metals4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,,sulphurat$ ,,hydrog5 ,,gas4 ,hav+ treat$ ( ! effects ( hydrog5 gas1 & sulphur1 sep>ately1 ,i %all next treat ( _! effects1 :5 comb9$ 9 ! =m ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas4 ,i obta9$ ?is ela/ic fluid by p\r+ wat]1 acidulat$ ) sulphuric acid1 on alkal9e sulphure1 prep>$ 9 ! mann] m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 b _h x be5 prep>$ ) a cau/ic alkali1 x is probable1 ! gas w\ld be m p[]ful4 ,! sulphure ( ! %ops is g5]ally unfit = ^! exp]im5ts4 ,x is necess>y 9 exp]im5ts ) sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas1 hydrog5 gas1 c4 to h "s mode ( convey+ !m into a *imney2 z !y are (f5sive1 & un:olesome4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas3 ! silk got a slight t+e ( br[n2 b no o!r *ange occurr$3 x 0 !n wett$ ) alcohol1 & aft] "s "t1 ! br[n became m int5se2 & :ite films appe>$ on "s p>ts ( ! silk1 ow+ to moi/ure collect$ f ! gas1 :i* is always replete ) wat]4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( gold1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 ! yell[ col\r1 :i* ! solution ( gold gave ! silk1 0 imm$iately *ang$ to a br[n2 & a :ite metallic pellicle appe>$1 & cov]$ ! :ole surface ( ! silk oppos$ to ! gas2 b no purple1 or o!r col\rs1 t usually att5d ! r$uction ( ?is metal by o!r ag5ts1 c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,?is pellicle did n entirely disappe>1 z ! silk became dry2 ?\gh x lo/ mo/ ( its lu/re1 & look$ m l silv]1 or "s o!r :ite metal imp]fectly r$uc$1 ?an gold4 ,?is ela/ic fluid1 & alkal9e sulphure1 h an effect on ! r$uction ( gold1 v diff]5t f t ( ! vap\r ( sulphur1 obta9$ f a burn+ mat*1 :i* fur!r appe>s f ! foll[+ exp]im5t1 made ) sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas1 t happ5$ to be mix$ ) "s sulphur\s acid gas4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a curr5t ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas1 conta9+ "s sulphur\s acid gas2 b no signs ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$3 ! silk 0 !n wett$ ) alcohol2 /ill no visible *ange 0 produc$1 except a br[n /a91 :]e ! alcohol mo/ ab\nd$3 ?is /a91 aft] "s m9utes exposure to atmosph]ic air1 0 cov]$ ) a :ite metallic film1 :i* soon disappe>$3 aft] "s m9utes1 ! silk 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & expos$ aga9 to ! gas2 a :ite metallic film imm$iately appe>$1 & ! br[n /a9 began to *ange sl[ly to a purple2 ! silk 0 soon cov]$ ) v>i\s col\rs1 z blue1 r$1 & orange2 & "s spots ( r$uc$ gold ( its own prop] col\r appe>$3 aft] "s "t ! :ite film1 & all ! col\rs1 except ! purple1 disappe>$3 "s specks ( ! p]fectly r$uc$ gold 7 p]man5t4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 an aque\s solution ( gold1 & expos$ to ! same mix$ gas1 exhibit$ ne>ly ! same appe>ances4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,gold4 ,hav+ f\nd t sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas _h a p[]ful effect 9 r$uc+ o!r metals1 ,i 0 desir\s ( try+ its effects on a l>g] scale1 ?9k+ x might be att5d$ ) m success3 ,i !re=e imm]s$ a qu>t] ( a y>d ( silk 9 an aque\s solution ( gold1 & expos$ x1 :ile wet1 to ?is gas 9 close vessels3 ! silk 0 soon cov]$ ) a :ite metallic pellicle1 :i* disappe>$ 9 a %ort "t3 ! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ ab\t twelve h\rs1 &1 on )draw+ ! silk f ! gas1 ,i c\ld n p]ceive ! smalle/ ve/ige ( r$uc$ metal1 or purple1 or o!r col\rs1 t con/antly att5d ! r$uction ( gold4 ,! silk _h a dull br[n hue v]g+ on a slate col\r4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a curr5t ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas2 b no *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$ = "s "t2 at l5g?1 :5 ! silk collect$ moi/ure f ! gas1 "s p>ticles ( r$uc$ silv] 7 visible1 accompani$ by a br[n /a94 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 ! silv] 0 in/antly r$uc$ all ov] ! side ( ! silk oppos$ to ! curr5t3 a great v>iety ( beautiful col\rs1 z r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 & blue1 att5d$ ! r$uction3 mo/ ( ^! disappe>$2 b "p ( ! silv] rema9$ p]man5tly r$uc$4 ,i f\nd1 t1 if ! silk be imm]s$ 9 a solution ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & dri$1 & !n moi/5$ ) wat]1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas1 none ( ^! col\rs appe>4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on a qu>t] ( a y>d ( silk 9 close vessels1 & imm$iately bo? sides ( ! silk 7 cov]$ ) r$uc$ silv]1 att5d$ ) ! same beautiful col\rs3 ! silk 0 left expos$ to ! gas sev5 or eight h\rs2 & be+ !n exam9$1 no r$uc$ silv] c\ld be se53 no?+ rema9$1 b a /range m$ley ( col\rs1 *iefly blue1 gre51 purple1 & orange1 unequally mix$1 "s prevail+ m ?an o!rs 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! silk3 h[ev] ! die is by no means disagreeable4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a curr5t ( ! gas2 b no *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$ = "s "t3 x 0 !n wett$ ) alcohol1 /ill no alt]ation c\ld be obs]v$1 till ! silk attract$ moi/ure f ! gas1 :5 small p>ticles ( r$uc$ silv] began to appe>1 att5d$ ) a br[n /a94 ,if ! silk imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & expos$ :ile wet to ! gas1 be kept con/antly wet ) alcohol1 ^! appe>ances take place soon]4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( silv] 9 ammonia1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas1 _h 9 a %ort "t its surface cov]$ ) r$uc$ silv]3 b ano!r piece ( silk dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( silv]1 & dri$1 und]w5t no su* *ange4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,plat9a4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( ! ore ( plat9a 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a curr5t ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas2 b und]w5t no p]ceptible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( plat9a1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas2 ! :ole surface ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! curr5t1 0 in/antly cov]$ ) r$uc$ plat9a1 :i* soon lo/ its lu/re2 no?+ rema9+ b a br[n col\r1 ) "s fa9t ve/iges ( ! r$uc$ metal4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on a bit ( l95 ) ! same result4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a curr5t ( ! gas2 ! only visible *ange produc$ 0 a slight %ade ( yell[ on "p ( ! silk4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( m]cury1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 ! m]cury 0 imm$iately r$uc$2 b soon lo/ its lu/re3 ! gas react+ *ang$ mo/ ( x to a sub/ance ( a dull :ite col\r4 ,! same exp]im5ts 7 made ) nitrate ( m]cury1 ) ! same result4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,copp]4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & susp5d$ 9 ! air to dry2 x 0 !n expos$ to a curr5t ( ! gas3 ! silk assum$ a br[n col\r2 b no o!r *ange appe>$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 a :ite metallic film1 att5d$ ) a br[n /a91 imm$iately appe>$3 "s p>ts _h a yell[ film approa*+ to ! col\r ( copp]3 ^! films all disappe>$1 leav+ beh9d a br[n /a93 ! p>ts1 :i* 7 cov]$ ) ! yell[ film1 resembl+ copp]1 exhibit$1 aft] "s "t1 a dull blui% disagreeable matt]4 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,lead4 ,hav+ dipp$ a piece ( silk 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ x 9 ! air1 ,i expos$ x to a /ream ( ! gas3 ! silk became a little br[n2 b no o!r *ange c\ld be obs]v$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( lead1 & expos$ :ile wet to ! gas2 no soon] did x t\* ! silk1 ?an a br[n t+e diffus$ itself1 l a pass+ %ad[1 ov] ! :ole surface ( ! silk1 accompani$ ) a bright coat ( r$uc$ lead1 :i* resembl$ silv]4 ,! br[n t+e1 :i* ! silk acquires1 resembles :at happ5s :5 :ite pap] is slightly s+$ by hold+ x ne> a burn+ body4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on a qu>t] ( a y>d ( silk 9 close vessels2 & ! silk 0 imm$iately cov]$ ) a coat ( r$uc$ lead1 :i* _h ! brilliance ( silv]1 & 0 att5d$ ) a br[n t+e3 ! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ sev]al h\rs1 aft] :i* ! silk 0 exam9$1 & f\nd to h lo/ all ! arg5t9e lu/re1 :i* 0 succe$$ by a sp>kl+ gray die3 a sulphure ( lead1 or gal5a1 be+ =m$ 9 ! fibres ( ! silk4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 repeat$ on two o!r pieces ( silk ) ! same result4 ,?is ela/ic fluid is s p[]ful a r$uc] ( ! metals1 t if *amb]s1 pa9t$ ) :ite lead1 h any consid]able degree ( moi/ure1 & are expos$ to its influ5ce1 ! lead on ! surface ( ! walls is r$uc$1 & t *iefly :]e ! humidity is mo/ abundant3 ?is effect1 ,i obs]v$1 0 produc$1 ev5 at ! di/ance ( ?ree *amb]s f ! place1 :]e ! gas 0 =m$3 & ! lead 0 r$uc$ mo/ evid5tly beh9d ! w9d[-%utt]s :]e ! moi/ure ( ! wall 0 mo/ consid]able4 ,x is a common exp]im5t ) *ymi/s1 9 ord] to %[ ! effects ( ?is gas1 to draw *>act]s ) a solution ( sug> ( lead on pap]1 :i* !y place ov] a glass ( wat]1 conta9+ "s alkal9e sulphure3 9 "s "t ! *>act]s drawn on ! pap] acquire a br[n1 or black col\r1 & become visible2 :i* amuses ! spectators4 ,b x is surpris+1 t ! metal has nev] be5 r$uc$ 9 ?is exp]im5t ev5 by *ance2 & n less s1 :y lead %\ld be s+l$ out = ?is trial ( skill1 9 pref]5ce to o!r metals1 :i* are equally affect$ by ?is gas4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,t94 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 ! silk1 on exposure to a curr5t ( ! gas1 sc>ce und]w5t any *ange1 except a few br[n specks disp]s$ ov] its surface4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( t91 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas1 :i* no soon] t\*$ ! silk1 ?an ! surface oppos$ to ! curr5t 0 cov]$ ) r$uc$ t9 ( great brightness3 9 "s "t v>i\s col\rs1 z blue1 orange1 & a fa9t purple1 appe>$1 & became m evid5t1 z ! r$uction proce$$4 ,! gas does n react on ?is metal s mu* z on m]cury1 & "s o!r metals3 "p ( ! r$uc$ t9 rema9$ p]man5t2 b mo/ ( x disappe>$1 & left beh9d a disagreeable br[n /a94 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( ars5ic 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n expos$ to a /ream ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas2 b no *ange c\ld be obs]v$1 except a fa9t t+e ( citron yell[1 :i* appe>$ on "s p>ts ( ! silk4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( ars5ic1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 ! ars5ic 0 in/antly r$uc$ all ov] ! surface1 oppos$ to ! gas1 att5d$ ) a citron yell[ col\r4 ,! gas soon react$ on ! r$uc$ ars5ic2 & no?+ rema9$ b ! yell[ /a94 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,bismu?4 ,i dissolv$ "s bismu? 9 nitric acid1 & evaporat$ ! solution to dryness2 ! salt 0 !n dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & ! solution deposit$ a copi\s :ite precipitate1 b reta9$ a quantity ( ! metal suffici5t = ^! exp]im5ts4 ,9 ?is solution ( bismu? a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n expos$ to a /ream ( ! gas3 & ! only visible effect produc$ 0 a v fa9t t+e ( br[n4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( bismu?1 & expos$ wet to ! gas3 ! silk 0 in/antly cov]$ ) a bright pellicle ( r$uc$ bismu?1 :i* soon lo/ mo/ ( its metallic lu/re1 be+ *ang$ by ! reaction ( ! gas to a sulphure4 ,mr4 ,kirwan 9 8 exp]im5ts on hepatic air1 f\nd1 t nitr\s solution ( bismu?1 by mixture ) a solution ( hepatic air 9 wat]1 *anges to a r$di% br[n1 & ev5 assumes a metallic appe>ance4 ,he also f\nd t nitrates ( silv]1 lead1 & acetite ( lead1 7 precipitat$ black4 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,antimony4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( t>t>ite ( antimony 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a /ream ( ! gas2 b suff]$ no visible *ange1 except t a few specks ( yell[1 & orange appe>$4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( antimony1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas2 ! antimony 0 imm$iately r$uc$ to its metallic =m1 att5d$ ) a deep orange col\r3 9 "s "t1 mo/ ( ! metallic lu/re disappe>$1 a few specks only rema9+ p]man5t4 ,,exp4 #ad4 ,,iron4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$2 x 0 !n expos$ to a curr5t ( ! gas2 b und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( iron1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 ! silk soon began to acquire a d>k col\r1 :i* gradually increas$1 &1 at l5g?1 became black1 att5d$ ) an obscure metallic film4 ,! silk 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & deposit$ a bright metallic film on ! surface ( t fluid4 ,,exp4 #ae4 ,,z9c4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( z9c 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a curr5t ( ! gas2 b und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas2 b no *ange 9 ! col\r ( ! silk1 or sign ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$3 ! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ to its surface a bright metallic film ( ! col\r ( z9c4 ,:5 a languid /ream ( gas 0 employ$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! films transf]r$ to wat] 7 sc>ce visible4 ,,exp4 #af4 ,,z9c4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( muriate ( z9c1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to a brisk curr5t ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas2 b und]w5t no visible alt]ation4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! same brisk curr5t ( gas2 in/antly ! surface ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! gas1 0 cov]$ ) a bright coat ( r$uc$ z9c1 att5d$ ) fa9t orange1 & purple col\rs4 ,?\gh ! r$uc$ z9c 0 q evid5t2 yet ,i _h ! curiosity to exam9e its appe>ance on ! surface ( wat]2 ,i !re=e imm]s$ ! silk 9 a glass ( t fluid1 & a bright metallic pellicle1 :i* reta9$ ! texture ( ! silk1 z wax reta9s ! impression ( a seal1 0 transf]r$ to its surface4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & expos$ = a long] "t to ! gas1 lo/ its metallic lu/re1 ! z9c be+ *ang$ to a sulphure by ! reaction ( ! gas4 ,^! exp]im5ts on sulphate1 & muriate ( z9c1 %[1 t ! acid1 9 :i* ! metal is dissolv$1 influ5ces ! r$uction 9 a rem>kable mann]4 ,x is evid5t f ! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 #a4 ,t wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas4 #b4 ,t alcohol does n promote ^! r$uctions1 )\t ! aid ( wat]4 #c4 ,t sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas does n r$uce ! metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on2 nor by unit+ )1 & sep>at+1 _! oxyg53 = 7 ei!r ( ^! op9ions well f\nd$2 metallic solutions 9 alcohol %\ld be z effectually r$uc$ by ?is gas1 z metallic solutions 9 wat] are4 ,:5 we consid]1 t alkal9e sulphure r$uces ! metals by decompos+ wat]2 we h e reason to conclude1 t sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas r$uces !m 9 ! same mann]2 s9ce ! same circum/ances are necess>y to bo?3 ! hydrure ( sulphur1 :i* con/itutes ! base ( ?is gas1 attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! hydrure ( sulphur is oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! metal is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,,phosphorat$ ,,hydrog5 ,,gas4 ,! effects ( hydrog5 gas & phosphorus on ! r$uction ( metals 9 ! fibres ( silk h be5 treat$ ( sep>ately 9 ! two fir/ *apt]s2 9 ?is1 ,i %all briefly treat ( _! effects1 :5 comb9$ 9 ! =m ( phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas1 :i* f its high degree ( inflammability seem$ well adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,! spontane\s inflammation ( ?is k9d ( air 0 kn[n to ,m4 ,g5gembre 9 #aghc2 & 8 exp]im5ts 7 publi%$ 9 ,rosi]'s j\rnal = ,octob] #aghe4 ,mr4 ,kirwan also1 )\t any k ( ,m4 ,g5gembre's exp]im5ts1 discov]$ ! same air1 :i* he calls phosphoric air1 & publi%$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 ! #gf? volume ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions = #aghf4 ,?is ela/ic fluid may be obta9$ by dige/+ a solution ( pota% 9 wat] ) ab\t half its weight ( phosphorus 9 a heat suffici5t to melt ! latt]2 & may be receiv$ 9 glass vessels ov] m]cury4 ,b f9d+ x inconv5i5t to introduce pieces ( silk prep>$ = ^! exp]im5ts ov] m]cury 9 close vessels1 ,i expos$ !m to ! gas1 z x issu$ f ! neck ( ! phial 9 :i* x 0 prep>$4 ,"p ( ?is ela/ic fluid is spontane\sly inflammable2 b ! o!r has n t prop]ty1 :i* ,m4 ,g5gembre imputes to ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid2 = ! sake ( brevity1 ,i %all design ! latt] by ! t]m gas1 or phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas2 & ! =m] by ! epi!ts spontane\sly inflammable1 or detonat+ gas1 :i*1 ,i f\nd1 does n burn or scor* silk wett$ ) metallic solutions4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & susp5d$ 9 ! air twelve h\rs to dry1 0 divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 expos$ to a /ream ( phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas3 ! silk became br[n1 & its m>g9s1 :i* happ5$ to t\* ! sides ( ! phial1 acquir$ a violet t+e3 b no r$uction took place4 ,ano!r ( ^! p>ts 0 wett$ ) alcohol1 & expos$ to ! gas2 b no signs ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! rema9+ "p 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & 0 no soon] expos$ to ! gas1 ?an ! r$uction comm5c$ ov] ! :ole silk1 :i* 0 soon cov]$ ) a bright coat ( r$uc$ gold4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 x 0 !n divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,"o ( ^!1 9 ord] to dissipate moi/ure m effectually1 0 dri$ /ill bett] by a g5tle heat1 & expos$ to ! gas2 ! silk acquir$ a br[ni% d>k col\r3 b no o!r alt]ation c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r ( ^! p>ts1 :i* 0 also bett] dri$ by a g5tle heat1 0 wett$ ) alcohol1 & expos$ to ! gas3 ! silk acquir$ a d>k br[n col\r2 b no o!r *ange c\ld be obs]v$4 ,! rema9+ "p 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to ! gas3 ! r$uction comm5c$ imm$iately1 & 9 a %ort "t ! silk 0 cov]$ ) r$uc$ silv]4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,plat9a4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( ! ore ( plat9a 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air2 x 0 !n divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! p>ts 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b suff]$ no visible *ange4 ,ano!r ( !m 0 wett$ ) alcohol1 & expos$ to ! gas2 b und]w5t no p]ceptible *ange4 ,! rema9+ "p 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to ! gas3 9 ab\t ?ree or f\r m9utes1 a bright metallic film1 ( great lu/re1 appe>$ on ! side ( ! silk1 oppos$ to ! gas4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( plat9a1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! spontane\sly inflammable gas1 0 imm$iately cov]$ ) r$uc$ plat9a1 :i* be+ transf]r$ to ! surface ( wat] look$ bright z silv]1 & reta9$ ! impression ( ! silk4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,m]cury4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( m]cury1 & dri$3 x 0 !n wett$ ) alcohol1 & expos$ to ! gas2 b no sign ( r$uction appe>$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( m]cury1 & expos$ to ! gas2 ! metal 0 in/antly r$uc$ all ov] ! silk2 a great v>iety ( beautiful col\rs att5d+4 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 x 0 !n divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 expos$ to ! gas3 no *ange appe>+1 x 0 wett$ ) alcohol1 & expos$ aga9 to ! gas2 b /ill no alt]ation c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! rema9+ "p 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & 0 no soon] expos$ to ! gas1 ?an ! m]cury 0 r$uc$ ov] ! :ole silk4 ,no col\rs att5d$ ! r$uction4 ,mr4 ,kirwan introduc$ "s precipitate p] se to a small portion ( phosphoric air3 ! precipitate soon grew black2 & a :ite smoke appe>$2 9 two days ! precipitate rema9$ solid2 yet acquir$ a pale :ite col\r1 l t ( /eel3 ! air lo/ its spontane\s inflammability#ag4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,copp]4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b no visible *ange occurr$4 ,! rema9+ "p 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & expos$ to ! gas3 9 a few m9utes a br[ni% matt] appe>$ 9 ! silk2 b no?+ metallic c\ld be se53 ! silk 0 !n dipp$ 9 a glass ( cle> wat]1 & transf]r$ a small :ite metallic pellicle to its surface4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 made ) ! spontane\sly inflammable gas1 a :ite metallic pellicle 0 imm$iately =m$1 att5d$ ) a br[n /a92 ?is pellicle resembl$ silv]1 or a :ite metal3 b ! gas soon react$ on x1 & =m$ a disagreeable br[n matt] 9 ! fibres ( ! silk4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,lead4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b suff]$ no visible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( lead1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas2 b no?+ metallic c\ld be se53 ! silk1 h[ev]1 on imm]sion 9 wat]1 transf]r$ a few m9ute bright films to ! surface ( t fluid4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 made ) ! detonat+ gas1 ! r$uc$ films 7 m evid5t4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,t94 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! action ( ! gas1 )\t suff]+ any visible alt]ation4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( t91 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas2 b no signs ( r$uction c\ld be p]ceiv$3 ! silk 0 !n imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ a delicate metallic film to its surface4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( ars5ic 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b no *ange c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( ars5ic1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas1 acquir$ 9 a few m9utes a br[n /a92 b no?+ metallic c\ld be se5 on ! silk2 :i*1 h[ev]1 on be+ dipp$ 9 wat]1 transf]r$ a v m9ute film ( r$uc$ ars5ic to its surface4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t1 made ) ! detonat+ gas1 ! films ( r$uc$ ars5ic 7 mu* m evid5t1 ( great] brilliance1 & att5d$ ) a br[n /a9 produc$ 9 ! fibres ( ! silk4 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,bismu?4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( bismu? 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b no alt]ation c\ld be obs]v$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( bismu?1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 ! silk 9 two or ?ree m9utes got a br[n /a91 :i* gradually became m int5se2 & a v delicate metallic film appe>$3 ! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ a bright film ( r$uc$ bismu? to ! surface ( t fluid3 ! film reta9$ ! impression ( ! silk4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,antimony4 ,a bit ( silk1 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( t>t>ite ( antimony 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b suff]$ no app>5t *ange4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( antimony1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas2 b no signs ( r$uction appe>$3 ! silk 0 !n imm]g$ 9 wat]1 to ! surface ( :i*1 x transf]r$ "o small spangle4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ! detonat+ gas1 :i* ) difficulty produc$ "s sp>kl+ films3 ! silk 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ ! films to its surface4 ,a :ite matt] 0 visible 9 ! fibres ( ! silk4 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,cobalt4 ,a piece ( silk1 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( cobalt1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 0 expos$ to ! gas2 b suff]$ no visible alt]ation4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( cobalt1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 b no sign ( r$uction appe>$2 nor did ! silk transf] a film to wat]4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( cobalt1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! detonat+ gas3 no signs ( r$uction 7 visible = "s "t2 b at l5g? a few small spangles ( ! metal appe>$ on ! silk1 & 7 v brilliant1 & :5 transf]r$ to wat]1 7 /ill m s3 a :ite matt] c\ld be se5 9 ! fibres ( ! silk4 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,iron4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$3 x 0 !n expos$ to ! action ( ! gas2 b no alt]ation c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( iron1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! gas3 9 a few m9utes "s p>ts ( ! silk acquir$ a light br[n col\r2 b no r$uc$ iron c\ld be se5 on ! silk1 :i* h[ev] transf]r$ a v m9ute1 & delicate film to wat]4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) a /rong detonat+ gas1 & a v brilliant metallic film ab\t f\r l9es 9 diamet] 0 r$uc$ on ! silk accompani$ ) a br[n /a93 b no?+ l ! black oxid ( iron appe>$4 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,z9c4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( muriate ( z9c1 0 expos$ dry to ! gas2 b und]w5t no visible alt]ation4 ,ano!r piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & expos$ wet to ! gas2 no signs ( r$uction appe>+1 ! silk 0 imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & left a v m9ute metallic film on its surface1 :i* c\ld ) difficulty be se54 ,! exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ! detonat+ gas1 & a v bright metallic film ( z9c1 f\r or five l9es 9 diamet]1 0 r$uc$ on ! silk4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$$ also ) a l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( z9c4 ,! silk1 view$ by transmitt$ light1 exhibit$ a br[n /a9 b5ea? ^! films ( iron & z9c4 ,! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ?is *apt] %[1 #a4 ,t wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas4 #b4 ,t alcohol does n promote ^! r$uctions1 )\t ! aid ( wat]4 #c4 ,t ?is ela/ic fluid does n r$uce metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on2 nor by comb9+ )1 & sep>at+1 _! oxyg52 = 7 ei!r ( ^! suppositions true1 x %\ld r$uce !m z well ) alcohol1 z ) wat]4 ,aft] expla9+ ! mann]1 9 :i* sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas r$uces ! metals2 ! mode ( ag5cy ( phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas is suffici5tly obvi\s4 ,! gas attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 t ! hydrure ( phosphorus1 :i* con/itutes ! base ( ?is gas1 is oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! metal is1 at ! same "t1 re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,by hydrure ( phosphorus is meant1 a comb9ation ( hydrog5 & phosphorus1 conta9+ less caloric1 ?an is necess>y to ! gaze\s /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,,*>coal4 ,f9d+ sev]al combu/ible bodies1 z hydrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & comb9ations ( ^!1 capable ( r$uc+ ! metals 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 ,i 0 desir\s ( kn[+1 if ,*>coal also possess$ t p[]4 ,*>coal may be appli$ ) ?is view 9 sev]al =ms4 ,m4 ,r\elle has obs]v$ t cau/ic fix$ alkali dissolves a consid]able quantity ( ?is sub/ance4 ,*>coal also exi/s 9 a v att5uat$ /ate 9 e!r1 alcohol1 gum1 c4 ,i h exam9$ "s ( its effects on ! r$uction ( metals1 9 ^! diff]5t =ms1 9 :i* x probably exi/s comb9$ ) hydrog51 & also "s ( its effects 9 ! solid =m4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,a small bit ( well burn$ *>coal 0 susp5d$ by a ?read 9 a phial conta9+ a dilut$ solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 di/ill$ wat]3 "s air bubbles soon appe>$ on ! *>coal3 & 9 ab\t two h\rs r$uc$ gold 0 evid5t on its l[] surface1 & increas$ gradually1 till ! *>coal 0 ne>ly coat$ ) gold ( its prop] col\r4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) a ri*] solution ( gold2 ! r$uction did n comm5ce ne> s soon1 nor 0 ! quantity r$uc$ s great1 or brilliant1 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,gold4 ,a small bit ( *>coal 0 susp5d$ 9 a solution ( gold 9 e!r3 an eff]vesc5ce imm$iately comm5c$1 & cont9u$ = a consid]able "t3 b ! solution suff]$ no *ange ( col\r2 nor 0 !re a p>ticle ( ! gold r$uc$4 ,i %\ld n be surpris$1 if ! gold 7 r$uc$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 z *>coal conta9s a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 :i* x p[]fully attracts f ! surr\nd+ air3 h[ev] n a ve/ige ( r$uc$ gold c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,bits ( *>coal 7 susp5d$ 9 ! same mann] 9 mo/ ( ! metallic solutions treat$ ( 9 ?is essay3 no *ange 0 p]ceiv$ on ^? imm]s$ 9 solutions ( ars5ic1 manganese1 & fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]3 b a bit imm]s$ 9 a solution ( ! same nitrate 9 alcohol1 _h p>ts ( x cov]$ ) bright sp>kl+ p>ticles1 :i* seem$ to vegetate f ! *>coal1 & 7 evid5tly r$uc$ silv]3 = !y 7 n soluble 9 wat]1 on ! surface ( :i* ! bit ( *>coal deposit$ "s small spangles ( great lu/re4 ,! bits imm]s$ 9 solutions ( sulphate ( iron & z9c exhibit$ "s v fa9t signs ( r$uction4 ,b ^! exp]im5ts 7 n repeat$1 nor suffici5tly v>i$1 to enable u to =m a j op9ion ( ! p[] ( *>coal 9 r$uc+ metals 9 ?is way4 ,a small quantity ( *>coal1 r$uc$ to f9e p[d]1 0 dige/$ sev]al days 9 a /rong solution ( cau/ic pota% 9 alcohol2 ! phial 0 frequ5tly %ak5 to promote ! solution4 ,"s ( ! cle> solution1 :i* 0 ( a r$di% col\r1 0 p\r$ into a phial = use4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,gold4 ,a few drops ( ?is solution ( *>coal1 or c>bone1 7 appli$ to a bit ( silk2 aft] ! alcohol evaporat$1 a solution ( gold 9 e!r 0 dropp$ on1 & imm$iately produc$ a br[n1 :i*1 9 ab\t half an h\r1 0 *ang$ to a purple hue1 ow+ to wat] attract$ f ! air2 b no o!r sign ( r$uction appe>$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 & :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 a few drops ( an aque\s solution ( gold 7 appli$2 a br[n /a9 0 in/antly =m$2 ! silk 0 kept wet ) wat]2 ! /a9 gradually assum$ a purple t+e1 &1 9 ab\t five m9utes1 "s r$uc$ gold ( its prop] spl5d\r1 & col\r1 appe>$3 & 9 "s "t aft] e "p ( ! silk1 to :i* ! solutions ( c>bone & gold 7 appli$1 0 coat$ ) r$uc$ gold1 :i* rema9$ p]man5t4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5t1 x is necess>y to keep ! silk con/antly wet ) wat]4 ,if ! solution ( gold be appli$ be=e ! alcohol evaporates1 a black precipitate is =m$1 along ) ! br[n /a94 ,9 an exp]im5t made 9 ?is mann]1 a metallic film1 :iti%1 & obscure1 appe>$ 9 ! beg9n+2 b soon vani%$3 & 9 "s "t aft] ! gold 0 r$uc$ ( its prop] col\r2 & a speck ( ruby r$ appe>$ on ! m>g94 ,! silk view$ by transmitt$ light pres5t$ v>i\s col\rs1 z purple1 blue1 & "s gre54 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,silv]4 ,a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 appli$ to a bit ( silk2 :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 a solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol 0 appli$3 a light br[n /a9 0 imm$iately produc$ 9 ! silk2 b no r$uc$ silv] c\ld be se54 ,! solution ( c>bone 0 appli$ to ano!r bit ( silk1 & :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 an aque\s solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 0 dropp$ on3 a br[n /a9 0 in/antly =m$1 &1 9 ab\t t5 m9utes1 m9ute films ( r$uc$ silv] 7 visible4 ,! silk 0 kept wet ) wat] dur+ ! exp]im5t2 & ! br[n /a9 0 gradually *ang$ to black4 ,9 "s little "t ! metallic films disappe>$4 ,if ! solution ( silv] be appli$ to ! silk1 be=e ! alcohol evaporates1 black & br[n precipitates are imm$iately =m$2 & commonly no r$uc$ silv] c be se52 b sometimes v m9ute films appe>4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,plat9a4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( plat9a 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 appli$2 b no visible *ange 0 produc$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 & :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 a few drops ( ! solution ( plat9a 7 appli$3 a yell[ precipitate 0 imm$iately =m$1 &1 9 ab\t t5 m9utes delicate films ( r$uc$ plat9a 7 visible3 ^! metallic films soon vani%$2 & no?+ b a yell[ /a9 & ! precipitate rema9$4 ,a bit ( calico1 on :i* ?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$1 transf]r$ a bright film ( r$uc$ plat9a to ! surface ( wat]4 ,dur+ ! exp]im5ts1 ! silk & calico 7 kept wet ) wat]4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,m]cury4 ,on a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 a little ( ! solution ( c>bone 0 dropp$2 b ! silk und]w5t no visible *ange4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 &1 :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 a little ( ! same solution ( m]cury 0 appli$2 a yell[ precipitate 0 imm$iately =m$2 & soon aft] small films ( r$uc$ m]cury appe>$ on ! m>g9 ( ! /a94 ,?is exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) a solution ( nitrate ( m]cury1 & ! r$uction ( ! metal 0 v evid5t on ! m>g9 ( ! /a91 :i* 0 black3 ! precipitate on ! bit ( silk 0 ( ! col\r ( sulphur4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,copp]4 ,to a bit ( calico1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( copp] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 appli$2 b no visible *ange 0 produc$4 ,on ano!r bit ( calico1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( copp]1 "s ( ! solution ( c>bone 0 dropp$3 ! calico acquir$ a slight t+e ( br[n2 x 0 kept wet ) wat]2 &1 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes1 sev]al :ite metallic films 7 evid5t4 ,a bit ( silk1 on :i* ?is exp]im5t 0 made1 acquir$ a beautiful r$ col\r1 simil> to ! ruby r$1 ) :i* copp] t+es glass1 & dep5d+ on ! same cause1 viz4 ! quantity ( oxyg5 comb9$ ) ! metal4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,lead4 ,a bit ( :ite calico 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( acetite ( lead 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air3 !n a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 appli$2 b no visible alt]ation took place4 ,on ano!r bit ( ! same calico1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 a little ( ! same solution ( lead 0 dropp$2 & 9 a few seconds films ( r$uc$ lead1 bright z silv]1 appe>$3 ! calico 0 !n imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ a cont9u\s pellicle ( r$uc$ lead to its surface4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 (t5 repeat$ bo? on silk1 & calico3 sometimes ! lead is r$uc$ 9 an in/ant2 b at o!r times five or six seconds elapse1 be=e any r$uc$ lead becomes visible4 ,i also f\nd1 t a solution ( pota% 9 alcohol r$uces lead2 b n s soon1 or effectually1 or 9 su* quantity1 z ! =m] solution does2 b x is evid5t1 t ^! solutions diff] only 9 ! quantity ( c>bone1 :i* !y conta94 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,t94 ,to a bit ( calico1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( t9 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 "s ( ! solution ( c>bone 0 appli$3 b no signs ( r$uction appe>$1 nor 0 ! col\r ( ! calico mu* alt]$4 ,on ano!r bit ( calico1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 "s ( ! same solution ( t9 0 dropp$3 a :ite precipitate 0 in/antly =m$1 att5d$ ) bright films ( r$uc$ t93 ! calico 0 imm]g$ 9 wat]2 & left a bright metallic film on ! surface ( t fluid4 ,! same exp]im5t succe$s on silk4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,bismu?4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( ,bismu? 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 suff]$ no visible alt]ation1 on apply+ ! solution ( c>bone4 ,to a bit ( calico1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 a few drops ( ! same solution ( bismu? 7 appli$2 & imm$iately films ( r$uc$ bismu? 7 evid5t4 ,! calico 0 imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ a bright metallic film to its surface4 ,?is exp]im5t succe$$ also on silk4 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( muriate ( ars5ic 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 !n a little ( ! solution ( c>bone 0 dropp$ on ! silk2 b no visible alt]ation took place4 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 & :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 "s drops ( ! same solution ( ars5ic 7 appli$2 & 9 a %ort "t a few m9ute metallic films 7 visible on ! silk1 :i*1 :5 transf]r$ to wat]1 7 /ill m s4 ,t>t>ite ( antimony1 treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 transf]r$ a v delicate film1 sc>cely visible1 to ! surface ( wat]4 ,,exp4 #ab4 ,,iron4 ,a bit ( calico1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 suff]$ no p]ceptible *ange1 on apply+ ! solution ( c>bone1 except a slight t+e ( br[n4 ,ano!r bit ( calico 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( iron1 & plac$ on a bit ( deal bo>d1 a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 !n appli$3 ! calico 0 kept con/antly wet ) wat]1 & 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes films ( r$uc$ iron 7 visible3 ! calico 0 imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & left a bright metallic film on its surface4 ,,exp4 #ac4 ,,z9c4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a l>gely dilut$ solution ( muriate ( z9c1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 appli$2 b sc>ce any alt]ation ( col\r1 or o!r visible *ange1 occurr$4 ,a piece ( calico 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( z9c1 & plac$ on a bit ( ?9 deal bo>d1 a few drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 !n appli$3 ! calico 0 kept con/antly wet ) wat]2 & 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes films ( r$uc$ z9c 7 evid5t3 ! calico 0 imm]g$ 9 wat]1 & transf]r$ a v bright metallic film ( ! col\r ( z9c to its surface4 ,i also r$uc$ muriate ( cobalt 9 ?is mann]4 ,,exp4 #ad4 ,,manganese4 ,to a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a dilut$ solution ( nitrate ( manganese1 & dri$ 9 ! air1 "s drops ( ! solution ( c>bone 7 appli$2 b no?+ appe>$1 except a br[n /a94 ,ano!r bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 ! solution ( c>bone1 :5 ! alcohol evaporat$1 a few drops ( ! same solution ( manganese 7 appli$3 a br[n /a9 0 soon produc$2 ! silk 0 kept wet ) wat]1 & 9 ab\t tw5ty m9utes films ( r$uc$ manganese ( a blui% :ite col\r 7 evid5t on ! silk4 ,?is exp]im5t did n succe$ ) a /rong solution ( nitrate ( manganese4 ,! same exp]im5t succe$s also on l951 & calico1 bo? ) nitrate1 & sulphate ( manganese2 ! r$uction is att5d$ ) violet1 & purple1 col\rs1 su* z ?is metal imp>ts to glass1 & o!r sub/ances1 9 :i* x exi/s comb9$ ) diff]5t proportions ( oxyg53 ?is diff]5ce is ! cause ( ! diff]5t col\rs1 :i* solutions ( manganese assume4 ,! bright films ( r$uc$ manganese soon disappe>1 ! cause ( :i* has be5 expla9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is essay3 ! explanation !re (f]$ is confirm$ by ! foll[+ facts4 8,regulus ( ,manganese10 says ,mr4 ,b]gman1 8:5 well fus$ g5]ally p]si/s 9 a dry place1 b sometimes und]goes spontane\s calc9ation1 & falls d[n 9 a br[ni% black p[d]4 8,moi/ure1 b p>ticul>ly ! access ( a]ial acid1 assi/s ?is op]ation4 ,a small piece1 put into a dry bottle1 well cork$1 rema9$ p]fect = ! space ( six mon?s1 b aft]w>ds1 expos$ to ! op5 air ( a *amb] = two days1 contract$ a br[ness on its surface1 toge!r ) s mu* friability z to crumble betwe5 ! f+]s4 ,! int]nal p>ts1 h[ev]1 reta9$ an obscure metallic spl5d\r1 :i* disappe>$ 9 a few h\rs#ah40 ,i %all n[ relate a few exp]im5ts made ) e!r1 alcohol1 & gum4 ,,exp4 #ae4 ,,gold4 ,i evaporat$ a solution ( gold 9 nitro-muriatic acid to dryness1 & dissolv$ ! salt 9 pure alcohol3 ! solution 0 p\r$ into a phial c>efully dri$ 9 hot s&1 & r9c$ ) pure alcohol3 ! solution fill$ ab\t ( ! phial1 :i* 0 c>efully cork$1 & ?\gh x 0 n9e mon?s expos$ to ! gray light1 no films ( r$uc$ gold appe>$4 ,"p ( ! same solution 0 p\r$ into a phial1 & dilut$ ) wat]2 films ( r$uc$ gold soon appe>$4 ,,exp4 #af4 ,,gold4 ,a phial half fill$ ) a solution ( gold 9 sulphuric e!r 0 expos$ n9e mon?s to ! gray light2 b no films ( r$uc$ gold 7 produc$4 ,on a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 "p ( ! same solution ( gold1 & expos$ to ! gray light1 & kept wet ) wat]1 r$uc$ gold appe>$ 9 ! space ( a few h\rs4 ,,exp4 #ag4 ,,gold4 ,i mix$ an aque\s solution ( gold ) a solution ( gum arabic 9 di/ill$ wat]1 9 su* proportion1 z to prev5t ! solution f spread+ 9 ! silk4 ,) ?is solution ,i drew sev]al /ripes on a piece ( silk1 & expos$ x to ! gray light ( a *ambre3 9 "s "t ! gold 0 r$uc$ att5d$ ) blue1 & purple1 col\rs4 ,simil> /ripes 7 drawn on ano!r piece ( silk1 :i*1 aft] ! /ripes became suffici5tly dry1 0 plac$ ov] ! vap\r ( hot wat]2 & 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes ! gold 0 r$uc$ 9 a beautiful mann]4 ,?is solution 0 appli$ to ano!r bit ( silk1 :i*1 aft] x became suffici5tly dry1 0 plac$ betwe5 ! leaves ( a blank book1 to exclude ! action ( light2 ! gold1 aft] "s "t1 0 r$uc$4 ,i f\nd t small /ripes1 & spots1 made ) ?is solution1 7 r$uc$ by brea?+ on !m = "s "t4 ,sug> also1 mix$ ) ! solution ( gold1 promotes ! r$uction2 b n s well z gum4 ,a bit ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat]1 & expos$1 :ile wet1 to ! smoke ( a common fire2 9 a %ort "t r$uc$ silv] appe>$4 ,! foll[+ inf]5ces are d$ucible f ! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is *apt]4 #a4 ,*>coal is capable ( r$uc+ ! metals 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 #b4 ,wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by *>coal3 = ^! exp]im5ts prove1 t ! r$uction _c be effect$ )\t wat]4 #c4 ,*>coal does n r$uce ! metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on2 nor by unit+ )1 & sep>at+1 _! oxyg52 = 7 ei!r ( ^! op9ions true1 metallic solutions 9 e!r1 & alcohol1 %\ld be z effectually r$uc$ by *>coal1 z metallic solutions 9 wat] are4 #d4 ,e!r1 & alcohol d n promote ! r$uction ( metals )\t ! aid ( wat]3 b :5 ?is is pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 !y effect ! r$uction1 9 ! same mann]1 t *>coal1 & o!r combu/ible bodies d4 ,x is evid5t !n t *>coal r$uces ! metals by decompos+ wat]2 :i* seems to be effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! c>bone ( ! *>coal attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! c>bone is oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms c>bonic acid1 :ile ! metal is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,?is explanation is support$ by ! foll[+ fact3 ,m4 ,g5gembre has obs]v$1 t if *>coal be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & kept at a temp]ature ( #cj degrees ( ! !rmomet] ( ,m4 ,de ,reaumur1 ! wat] is gradually decompos$1 & inflammable gas is =m$#ai4 ,t *>coal effects ! r$uction ( metals1 9 high degrees ( heat also1 by decompos+ wat]1 is evid5t f ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,! great =ce ) :i* *>coal attracts wat] is a fact suffici5tly e/abli%$2 ,dr4 ,prie/ley is s conv9c$ ( ?is1 t he expresses himself 9 ! foll[+ /rong t]ms4 8,i did n "k1 nor c\ld believe ! p[]ful attraction1 t *>coal1 or iron1 appe> to h = wat]2 :5 !y are int5sely heat$1 !y w f9d1 & attract x 9 ! mid/ ( ! hotte/ fire ?r\gh any pores 9 ! retort#bj40 ,n[ s9ce wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals 9 l[ degrees ( heat2 & s9ce t fluid is always pres5t1 :5 metals are r$uc$ by *>coal 9 high degrees ( heat2 x is manife/1 t *>coal acts 9 ! same mann] 9 bo? ^! temp]atures2 & s9ce wat] is easily1 & in/antly1 decompos$ by *>coal at a r$ heat1 z ! ,antiphlogi/ians !mselves all[2 x cle>ly foll[s t _! !ory ( metallic r$uction is errone\s3 = s9ce ! wat] is in/antly decompos$ by ! *>coal1 x is a necess>y consequ5ce1 t its c>bone mu/ unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x1 =m+ a new quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$3 ?is new quantity ( wat] may be decompos$ 9 its turn3 s t a ?imble full ( wat] w\ld be suffici5t to r$uce any quantity ( metal2 provid$ ! wat] 7 prev5t$ f escap+1 & "t en\gh all[$4 ,beside ?is s\rce ( wat]1 ! air ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* contributes to support ! fire is an inexhau/ible magaz9e ( wat]3 & ! hott] ! air is1 ! m wat] x holds 9 solution2 z ,m4 ,le ,roy has demon/rat$#ba4 ,moreov] all metallic oxids & ores conta9 a l>ge proportion ( wat]4 ,f ?is view x appe>s1 t ! mann]1 9 :i* *>coal1 & o!r combu/ible bodies1 effect ! r$uction ( metals1 is by assi/+ to decompose wat]1 ! hydrog5 ( :i* is !re=e ! only r$uc] ( ! metals4 ,9 ord] to po9t out ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is op9ion1 & t ( ! ,antiphlogi/ians1 ,i %all pres5t ! read] ) ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s idea ( metallic r$uction4 8,x c n be d\bt$10 says t celebrat$ *ymi/1 8t *>coal at a r$ heat takes oxyg5 f all metallic sub/ances3 ?is is a fact aga9/ :i* no exception c be made3 & x is ! f\ndation ( ! :ole !ory ( metallic r$uction40 ,b ! exp]im5ts 9 ?is essay demon/rate1 t ?is ass]tion is errone\s 9 e in/ance ( metallic r$uction3 = s f> is x f be+ true1 t *>coal takes oxyg5 f all metallic sub/ances1 t x nev] does s 9 "o s+le in/ance2 s9ce its c>bone always unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 ! hydrog5 ( :i* unites imm$iately to ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x4 8,b ?is action ( *>coal on oxyg510 adds ,m4 ,lavoisi]1 8?is prop]ty1 :i* x possesses ( tak+ x f metallic subsub/ances1 is n s /rong 9 ! cold1 z at a r$ heat1 s9ce we are unacqua9t$ ) any metallic revivification effect$ by *>coal )\t heat#bb40 ,x is evid5t t ?is mode ( reason+ is no long] ( any weight2 s9ce *>coal does r$uce metals 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! reason *>coal is m p[]ful 9 high degrees ( heat1 ?an o!r r$uc]s ( ! metals1 is its great fixity 9 ! fire1 & ! imm5se =ce1 ) :i* x attracts1 & imprisons wat] 9 its pores3 ?us prev5t+ its escape till x be decompos$ by an aff9ity1 :i* is mu* m complex ?an has be5 hi!rto imag9$4 ,ano!r reason ( ! sup]ior p[] ( *>coal 9 metallic r$uction is1 t x =ms a volatile ela/ic fluid ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :i* flies (f2 & consequ5tly does n react on ! metal1 or di/urb1 or imp$e1 by its pres5ce1 ! action ( ! r$uc+ p[]s3 advantages t phosphorus1 or any o!r combu/ible sub/ance1 :i* =ms a fix$ acid1 t reacts on ! metal1 c nev] possess4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,,light4 ,! next sub/ance1 ,i %all treat (1 is ,light1 :i* seems well adapt$ to illu/rate ! !ory ( metallic r$uction2 z 9 exp]im5ts made ) ?is sub/ance1 wat] c be m effectually exclud$1 ?an 9 trials ) any o!r r$uc] ( ! metals4 ,be=e any decisive exp]im5ts c\ld be made on light1 or inde$ any o!r r$uc] ( ! metals1 x is obvi\s t we %\ld fir/ asc]ta9 ! effects ( wat] itself 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e3 to det]m9e ?is po9t1 ! two foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 an aque\s solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold1 & susp5d$ 9 a phial ov] wat]3 ! phial 0 cork$1 cov]$ ) black silk1 & plac$ 9 a d>k closet1 to prev5t ! action ( light4 ,! exp]im5t 0 cont9u$ f ! #bj? ( ,july to ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 dur+ :i* "t ! silk 0 frequ5tly obs]v$1 & f\nd to cont9ue moi/3 b no alt]ation c\ld be p]ceiv$1 except t ! yell[ col\r1 :i* ! solution ( gold gave ! silk1 0 *ang$ to a light br[n4 ,! silk 0 n[ tak5 out ( ! phial1 & a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r appli$ to x3 %ortly aft]1 a :ite metallic film appe>$3 ! silk 0 !n kept wet ) wat]1 & 9 "s "t1 r$uc$ gold ( its prop] col\r appe>$4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 an aque\s solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 0 susp5d$ 9 a phial ov] wat]1 & plac$ 9 a d>k closet1 f ! #bj? ( ,july to ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 & exam9$ f "t to "t2 b no alt]ation c\ld be obs]v$2 its :ite col\r cont9u$ pure1 & un*ang$4 ,! silk 0 n[ tak5 out ( ! phial1 & ! silv] 0 imm$iately r$uc$ by means ( a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r4 ,h5ce x appe>s1 t wat] alone has n ! p[] ( r$uc+ metals 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,gold4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,july a piece ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat]1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat2 x 0 !n susp5d$ 9 a w9d[1 expos$ to ! sunbeams1 z mu* z possible3 no *ange 0 p]ceiv$ on x1 till ! #bf?1 :5 ! m>g9 ( ! silk began to assume a purple t+e1 :i* increas$ gradually1 & on ! #bi? exhibit$ a few obscure specks ( r$uc$ gold on ! side ( ! silk oppos$ to ! light4 ,! purple t+e cont9u$ to increase1 & ! yell[1 :i* ! solution ( gold gave ! silk1 decreas$ gradually1 till on ! #bg? ( ,augu/ ! col\r 0 a mixture ( purple1 & light br[n4 ,! r$uction ( ! gold seem$ to keep pace ) ^! *anges ( col\r1 & 0 v evid5t on "s p>ts ( ! silk ev5 9 ! gray light2 b mu* m s 9 sun%9e3 ^! *anges 7 obs]v$ till ! #bj? ( ,octob]2 ! exp]im5t 0 !n discont9u$2 & sc>ce any r$uc$ gold c\ld be se5 on ! side ( ! silk n oppos$ to ! light4 ,t ?is slight r$uction ( ! gold1 & *anges ( col\r 9 ! silk1 dep5d$ on wat] absorb$ f ! air ( ! *ambre1 w appe> f ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,gold4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! solution ( gold employ$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 0 dri$1 & susp5d$ 9 a cry/al phial ov] dry c>bonate ( pota%3 ! phial 0 !n cork$1 & fur!r secur$ f ext]nal humidity by cov]+ ! cork ) wax3 x 0 n[ plac$ 9 a d>k closet #bd h\rs1 t ! c>bonate ( pota% might h suffici5t "t to attract all ! moi/ure1 x c\ld1 f ! air ( ! phial1 be=e expos+ x to ! action ( light4 ,! phial 0 !n plac$ 9 a w9d[1 expos$1 z mu* z possible1 to ! sol> light1 f ! #bd? ( ,july to ! #bj? ( ,octob]1 & c>efully obs]v$3 ! same side ( ! silk 0 always oppos$ to ! light1 & _h ! yell[ t+e1 :i* ! solution ( gold gave1 alt]$ to a br[ni% yell[3 b ! o!r side ( ! silk suff]$ no visible *ange :atev]2 nor c\ld any purple t9t1 or ! smalle/ ve/ige ( r$uc$ gold be p]ceiv$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 ! same solution ( gold1 & dri$ by a g5tle heat1 0 susp5d$ ov] "s dry c>bonate ( pota%1 conta9$ 9 a cry/al phial cov]$ ) black silk1 & plac$ 9 a d>k closet1 dur+ ! same space ( "t1 und]w5t no visible *ange :atev]4 ,bo? ^! bits ( silk 7 n[ tak5 out ( ! phials1 & ! gold 0 in/antly re/or$ to its metallic spl5d\r by means ( wat] & a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r3 a pro( t ! nitro-muriate ( gold1 9 ^! bits ( silk1 suff]$ no *ange1 dur+ t space ( "t4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,gold4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 ! same solution ( gold1 & plac$ on a *9a plate expos$ to ! sunbeams1 0 kept mod]ately wet ) wat] dur+ ! exp]im5t3 ! fir/ alt]ation obs]v$ 01 t ! yell[ col\r ( ! silk began to *ange to a fa9t gre51 succe$$ by a purple t+e1 :i* 9 ab\t fifte5 m9utes exhibit$ "s p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold3 soon aft] ! ?reads ( ! silk1 :i* acquir$ ?is purple t9t1 7 gild$ ) gold2 &1 9 ab\t an h\r1 ! :ole ( ! silk 0 cov]$ ) a sup]b coat ( r$uc$ gold1 exhibit+ ! texture ( ! silk 9 a beautiful mann]4 ,! purple t+e1 :i* att5d$ ! r$uction v]g$ 9 "s p>ts on r$1 & 9 o!rs on blue4 ,?is exp]im5t1 :i* is v amus+1 ,i h repeat$ times unnumb]$3 & :5 ! sun is p[]ful1 & ! solution ( gold prop]ly prep>$1 & ( due /r5g?1 ! coat ( r$uc$ gold is s bright1 & dazzl+1 z to di/ress ! eye ( ! behold]4 ,i f9d1 t ! be/ way ( prep>+ a solution ( gold = ?is purpose is to sep>ate ! oxid ( gold f its solution 9 nitro-muriatic acid by means ( good e!r4 ,! silk may be dipp$ 9 ?is solution1 & :5 ! e!r evaporates1 kept mod]ately wet ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,x 0 ) ?is solution 9 e!r t ,i fir/ r$uc$ gold 9 ! fibres ( silk1 & x 0 by means ( ! same1 ,i discov]$1 t wat] 0 a necess>y condition 9 ^! r$uctions by light4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,gold4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 alcohol1 & plac$ on a *9a sauc]1 expos$ to ! sunbeams1 0 kept wet ) alcohol = ! space ( an h\r2 b no *ange ev5 9 ! col\r1 :i* ! solution ( gold gave ! silk1 c\ld be p]ceiv$4 ,! alcohol diffus$ ! solution ( gold unequally ?r\gh ! silk3 ! rays ( ! sun be+ int]cept$1 susp5d$ ! exp]im5t3 !re 0 no sun%9e on ! foll[+ day3 on ! ?ird day ! silk 0 aga9 expos$ to ! sunbeams1 & kept wet ) alcohol1 :i* extract$ a yell[ t9cture2 a pro( t ! gold 9 ! silk suff]$ no degree ( r$uction3 ! sun %one pretty /rong = an h\r1 or m2 &1 at l5g?1 a fa9t t+e ( purple1 foll[$ by "s r$uc$ gold1 appe>$4 ,! prec$+ exp]im5ts leave u no room to d\bt1 t ! purple t+e & ! small quantity ( r$uc$ gold1 t appe>$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 dep5d$ on wat] attract$ f ! air1 or deposit$ 9 ! silk by ! alcohol dur+ its evaporation4 ,mr4 ,s*eele r$uc$ a solution ( nitro-muriate ( gold 9 wat] by expos+ x 9 a phial = a =tnight to ! rays ( ! sun#bc4 ,mr4 ,lewis also made _m exp]im5ts on ! /a9+ ( m>ble1 & o!r sub/ances ) metallic solutions1 & light#bd4 ,,exp4 #g4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 0 dri$ by a g5tle heat1 & expos$ to ! light ( ! sun z mu* z possible 9 ! w9d[ ( a *ambre f ! #bj? ( ,july to ! #bj? ( ,octob]4 ,9 less ?an an h\r ! silk acquir$ a r$di% br[n col\r3 next day ! col\r became m int5se1 & gradually increas$1 till1 on ! ?ird day1 x bord]$ on black1 :i* increas$ sl[ly3 at l5g? "p ( x became gray1 & a few m9ute p>ticles ( r$uc$ silv] c\ld be di/+ui%$3 ! black t+e gradually disappe>$1 & ! silk 0 ( a r$di% br[n col\r3 ! r$uc$ silv] _h a gray ca/4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts demon/rate1 t ! *anges ( col\r1 & ! few p>ticles ( semir$uc$ silv] dep5d$ on wat] attract$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,,exp4 #h4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( silk 0 imm]s$ 9 "p ( ! same solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! d>k3 ! silk reta9$ its :ite col\r3 x 0 !n susp5d$ ov] dry c>bonate ( pota% 9 a cry/al phial1 :i* 0 cork$1 & secur$ f ! +ress ( moi/ure by cov]+ ! cork ) wax4 ,! phial 0 left 9 a d>k closet #bd h\rs1 t ! salt might imbibe z mu* moi/ure z possible f ! silk1 & air4 ,! phial 0 !n plac$ 9 a w9d[1 expos$1 z mu* z possible1 to ! rays ( ! sun1 f ! #bd? ( ,july to ! #bj? ( ,octob]3 ! silk sc>cely suff]$ any visible *ange1 except a v fa9t t+e ( r$di% br[n2 :i* 0 be/ se5 by transmitt$ light2 = ! silk view$ by reflect$ light appe>$ ne>ly :ite3 b t ev5 ?is t+e1 slight z x 01 dep5d$ on a m9ute quantity ( moi/ure1 :i* ! c>bonate ( pota% 0 unable to extract1 appe>s f ! next exp]im5t4 ,,exp4 #i4 ,,silv]4 ,a piece ( silk 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( fus$ nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & c>efully dri$3 x 0 !n susp5d$ ov] a quantity ( conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 9 a cry/al phial1 :i* 0 coat$ ) a d\ble fold ( black pap]1 & gum arabic1 rea*+ some:at above ! level ( ! acid1 to prev5t ! light f act+ on x3 ! phial 0 cork$1 & to exclude moi/ure m effectually1 ! cork 0 cov]$ ) wax4 ,! phial 0 n[ plac$ 9 a d>k closet #bd h\rs1 t ! humidity ( ! enclos$ silk & air might be attract$ by ! acid3 x 0 !n plac$ 9 a w9d[1 expos$ z mu* z possible to ! rays ( ! sun1 f ! #ai? ( ,july to ! #bf? ( ,octob]3 b ! silk und]w5t no visible *ange :atev]3 its :ite col\r rema9$ pure1 & unalt]$4 ,! silk1 at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 0 tak5 out ( ! phial1 & wett$ ) wat]3 a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r 0 !n appli$ to x2 & in/antly ! metallic spl5d\r ( ! silv] appe>$4 ,ano!r bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 & dri$ 9 ! d>k1 0 susp5d$ ov] dry c>bonate ( pota% 9 a phial1 & plac$ 9 a d>k closet ab\t two mon?s2 ! silk und]w5t no visible alt]ation :atev]2 its :ite col\r rema9$ pure4 ,i 0 desir\s ( kn[+1 if ! nitrate ( silv] 9 ?is bit ( silk suff]$ any *ange1 t might r5d] x incapable ( r$uction3 ,i !re=e took x out ( ! phial1 & divid$ x into two p>ts3 "o ( ^! 0 wett$ ) wat]1 & ! silv] 0 in/antly r$uc$ by a solution ( phosphorus 9 e!r4 ,! o!r "p1 :i* 0 susp5d$ 9 a w9d[1 expos$ to ! air ( ! *amb]1 & rays ( ! sun1 soon acquir$ a r$di% br[n col\r4 ,h5ce x is evid5t1 t ^! *anges ( col\r indicate p>tial r$uctions ( ! metal2 & t !y nev] happ5 )\t ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,,exp4 #aj4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 dipp$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 wat]1 0 plac$ on a ,*9a sauc]1 expos$ to ! rays ( ! sun1 & kept mod]ately wet ) wat]3 9 a few m9utes ! :ite col\r ( ! silk 0 *ang$ to a r$di% br[n1 :i* by degrees became d>k]2 &1 9 ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs1 ?\gh ! sol> rays 7 (t5 languid1 & int]cept$1 acquir$ a blacki% gray col\r1 mo/ ( ! r$di% br[n hav+ disappe>$3 next day !re 0 no sun%9e2 b t[>ds ! ev5+ p>ticles ( r$uc$ silv] 7 visible on ! side ( ! silk oppos$ to ! light4 ,,exp4 #aa4 ,,silv]4 ,a bit ( silk1 :i* 0 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 alcohol1 & expos$ to ! beams ( ! sun1 z 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t1 0 kept mod]ately wet ) alcohol2 b resi/$ ! action ( ! light mu* long] ?an ! prec$+3 h[ev]1 9 "s "t1 specks1 & l9es1 ( a r$di% br[n1 began to appe> on "s p>ts ( ! silk3 next day1 ?\gh !re 0 no sun%9e1 ! r$di% br[n col\r increas$ a little3 on ! ?ird day1 x became m int5se2 b no black1 or gray col\r1 or p>ticle ( r$uc$ silv]1 c\ld be obs]v$4 ,:oev] comp>es ?is ) ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 c h no d\bt t ! *anges ( col\r1 :i* appe>$ 9 ?is exp]im5t1 dep5d$ on wat] attract$ f ! air1 or deposit$ 9 ! silk by ! alcohol dur+ its evaporation4 ,! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ?is ,*apt]1 prove beyond ! p[] ( contradiction1 #a4 ,t wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by light3 = ^! exp]im5ts demon/rate1 t ! r$uction c n take place )\t wat]1 & t x is always 9 proportion to ! quantity ( t fluid pres5t4 #b4 ,t light does n r$uce metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on1 z ,messrs4 ,macqu] & ,s*eele suppos$2 = 7 ?is op9ion true1 light %\ld r$uce !m )\t ! aid ( wat]1 & z well ) alcohol z ) wat]4 #c4 ,light does n r$uce metals by fus+ & expell+ _! oxyg51 z ! antiphlogi/ians imag9e2 = 7 ?is its mode ( ag5cy1 ! r$uction %\ld happ5 )\t ! assi/ance ( wat]1 & z well ) alcohol z ) wat]4 #d4 ,light is a combu/ible body2 = x acts l hydrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 & *>coal1 9 ! r$uction ( metals4 ,s9ce wat] !n is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals by light1 & s9ce light does n r$uce metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on1 nor by fus+1 & expell+ _! oxyg51 x foll[s1 t ! wat] is ei!r decompos$1 or t x unites ) metallic e>?s1 & con/itutes _! phlogi/on1 or t x unites )1 & sep>ates _! oxyg5\s pr9ciple3 b z ! two la/ suppositions are inadmissible1 x is obvi\s t light r$uces ! metals by decompos+ wat]4 ,aft] expla9+ ! mann] 9 :i* o!r combu/ible bodies r$uce ! metals by decompos+ wat]2 x w n be difficult to expla9 h[ light too produces ! same effect4 ,b 9 ord] to facilitate ! explanation1 x mu/ be premis$1 #a4 ,t x is a law ( attraction1 t1 :5 any body is depriv$1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ( ano!r1 = :i* x has a /rong aff9ity1 ! attraction ( ! =m] = ! latt] is mu* increas$4 #b4 ,t light has a /rong attraction = oxyg51 or ! base ( vital air4 #c4 ,t :5 oxyg5 is cond5s$1 & fix$ 9 any sub/ance1 x conta9s mu* less light1 & caloric1 ?an x does 9 ! gaze\s /ate4 #d4 ,t ! oxyg5\s pr9ciple exi/s 9 wat] 9 ?is cond5s$ /ate1 & consequ5tly has a /rong attraction = light4 ,!re=e1 :5 light r$uces ! metals1 x attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites1 9 its nasc5t /ate1 to ! oxyg5 ( ! metal1 & r$uces x1 =m+ at ! same "t a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! light is oxyg5at$1 & *ang$ into vital air1 :ile ! metal is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,r$uction ,,( ,,metals ,,by ,,acids4 ,x is well kn[n t solutions ( gold ?r[ up films ( ! r$uc$ metal to ! surface ( ! fluid1 & sides ( ! phials t conta9 !m4 ,x has be5 %[n1 *ap4 #g?1 t ?is effect dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( wat]1 :i* is fur!r illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4 ,,exp4 #a4 ,,silv]4 ,a dram ( saturat$ solution ( nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat] 0 mix$ ) half an ounce ( v9eg>1 9 a few m9utes1 a precipitate 0 =m$3 ! :ole 0 !n p\r$ on a filt]1 & wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat]3 ! precipitate acquir$ a blui% gray metallic appe>ance3 ! liquor1 :i* pass$ ! filt]1 got a br[n col\r1 & became blacki%3 next day bright films ( r$uc$ silv] float$ on ! liquor2 & 9 "s mon?s aft]1 a consid]able "p ( ! inn] surface ( ! phial 0 coat$ ) r$uc$ silv]4 ,di/ill$ v9eg> did n produce ?is effect4 ,,exp4 #b4 ,,plat9a4 ,if a solution ( ! ore ( plat9a 9 nitro-muriatic acid be evaporat$ to dryness2 & ! salt dissolv$ 9 wat]1 films ( a livid :ite metallic appe>ance are ?r[n up to ! surface4 ,,exp4 #c4 ,,t94 ,"s t91 :i* 0 dissolv$ 9 a *9a cup 9 muriatic acid1 & evaporat$ to dryness1 0 dissolv$ 9 di/ill$ wat]2 imm$iately :ite metallic films appe>$ on ! surface ( ! liquor2 & aft] "s h\rs1 ! :ole surface ( ! solution 0 cov]$ ) a cont9u\s metallic pellicle1 :i* reflect$ all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 9 a beautiful mann]4 ,,exp4 #d4 ,,m]cury4 ,mr4 ,b]gman says1 8calc9$ m]cury is r$uc$ by dige/ion 9 acid ( salt2 b ! cause has n yet be5 suffici5tly explor$#be40 ,z ?is r$uction ( m]cury by muriatic acid is d\bt$ ( by "s2 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 ,a quantity ( precipitate p] se 0 put into a *9a cup1 plac$ on hot s&1 & "s muriatic acid 0 p\r$ on x3 ! oxid 0 gradually dissolv$1 & ! dige/ion cont9u$1 till ! acid 0 ne>ly evaporat$3 "s di/ill$ wat] 0 !n p\r$ on ! salt1 & m9ute films ( a bright metallic appe>ance float$ on ! surface4 ,a nitrate ( m]cury 0 evaporat$ to dryness2 ! salt acquir$ a slight t+e ( yell[2 ! cup 0 remov$ f ! hot s&1 & "s wat] p\r$ on ! salt3 imm$iately bright films ( r$uc$ m]cury appe>$2 & 9 ab\t ?ree or f\r h\rs ! :ole surface ( ! solution 0 cov]$ ) a metallic pellicle1 p>ts ( :i* _h ! col\r & spl5d\r ( ! metal2 & o!r p>ts reflect$ a wond]ful v>iety ( ! mo/ beautiful col\rs4 ,,exp4 #e4 ,,ars5ic4 ,a quantity ( :ite oxid ( ars5ic & muriatic acid 0 dige/$ 9 ! same mann] 9 a *9a cup2 a sm>t heat 0 cont9u$1 till mo/ ( ! acid evaporat$1 & left beh9d a mass ( ! consi/5ce ( t>3 ! surface ( :i* _h a gray appe>ance2 aft] x cool$1 "s di/ill$ wat] 0 p\r$ on1 x diffus$ a disagreeable smell1 & films ( r$uc$ ars5ic 7 ?r[n up to ! surface2 ^! 7 = "s "t rem>kably bright1 b soon became ( a dull gray col\r1 ow+ to ! rapid t5d5cy ( ?is metal to spontane\s calc9ation4 ,,exp4 #f4 ,,manganese4 ,"s conc5trat$ sulphuric acid 0 p\r$ on a quantity ( ! black oxid ( manganese 9 a *9a cup1 plac$ on hot s&3 an eff]vesc5ce 0 visible1 b no sulphur\s acid gas 0 exhal$3 ! cup 0 remov$ f ! s&1 be=e any p]ceptible quantity ( ! acid evaporat$3 !n "s wat] 0 p\r$ on ! mixture3 & in/antly ! surface ( ! fluid 0 cov]$ ) v brilliant metallic films3 &1 at ! same "t1 ! solution acquir$ a rose col\r4 ,"s ( ! same oxid ( manganese 0 dissolv$ 9 nitric acid1 9 :i* a bit ( sug> 0 put3 ! solution 0 p\r$ into a *9a cup1 plac$ on hot s&1 &1 z ! evaporation proce$$1 bright metallic films appe>$ on ! surface4 ,mr4 ,b9dheim ( ,mosc[ relates1 t he r$uc$ ! arat$ calx ( manganese dissolv$ 9 nitr\s acid3 8! solution 0 plac$ ^u an op5 fire 9 a glass retort#bf40 ,happ5+ to p\r out a v l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron1 ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d ! flags ( ! c\rt 9 an h\r or two aft]1 cov]$ ) l>ge films ( a livid :ite metallic aspect3 ^! films1 aft] ! wat] evaporat$1 rema9$ on ! flags sev]al days4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,i p\r$ a l>gely dilut$ solution ( sulphate ( iron into sev]al %all[ vessels1 & always f\nd ! surface ( ! solution cov]$ ) abundance ( bright metallic films4 ,i also f\nd t a l>gely dilut$ solution ( muriate ( z9c ?r[s up bright metallic films to ! surface4 ,! r$uction ( metals by acids is a v conv9c+ pro( ( ! decomposition ( wat]1 & seems inexplicable on any o!r pr9ciple4 ,! r$uction & calc9ation ( metals by heat & electricity are naturally expla9$ on ! same pr9ciple3 ,doctor ,prie/ley in=ms u 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,electricity1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #cdd1 t ,s4 ,becc>ia reviv$ sev]al ( ! metals by ! electric %ock4 ,x is obvi\s t ! electric fluid produces ?is effect 9 ! same mann]1 t o!r combu/ible bodies d1 viz4 by decompos+ wat]4 ,:5 ! r$ oxid ( m]cury is r$uc$ 9 close vessels by heat2 ! latt] attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 conta9$ bo? 9 ! oxid1 & 9 ! air ( ! vessels1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] unites to ! oxyg5 ( ! m]cury1 r$uces x1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,x is f\nd1 t if light & caloric act bo? at ! same "t1 ! r$uction is effect$ ) m facility1 ?an if ei!r act$ sep>ately3 9 ?is case1 ! sup]ior efficacy ( ! comb9$ action ( light1 & caloric resembles t ( o!r comp\nd r$uc]s ( ! metals2 z t ( sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas1 phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas1 alkal9e sulphure1 c4 :i* are m p[]ful ?an simple hydrog5 gas1 sulphur1 or phosphorus4 ,?is sup]ior efficacy ( comp\nd r$uc]s1 is simil> to :at happ5s ) "s o!r comb9ations ( combu/ible bodies1 z pyrites1 pyrophori1 a mixture ( lead & t91 c4 :i* h a m p[]ful attraction = oxyg51 ?an any ( _! +r$i5ts1 9 a sep>ate /ate4 ,o!r acids1 z ! gallic1 ! t>t>\s1 ! =mic1 c4 & also alkalis1 z ammonia1 & soda1 h ! p[] ( r$uc+ "s ( ! metals1 facts well kn[n to *ymi/s4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,oxyg5ation ,,( ,,combu/ible ,,bodies4 ,x has be5 %[n1 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 t wat] is ess5tial to ! r$uction ( metals2 t x is always decompos$ 9 t process2 & t ! r$uc+ sub/ances are oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] r$uces ! metals4 ,t wat] is also decompos$ 9 e in/ance ( oxyg5ation1 & t ! oxyg5 ( wat] alone oxyg5ates combu/ible bodies1 w appe> f ! foll[+ obs]vations4 ,,azote4 ,! fir/ case ( oxyg5ation1 we %all consid]1 is t ( azote1 9 an exp]im5t ( ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 :i* has be5 urg$ by ,mr4 ,kirwan ) great success aga9/ ! ,antiphlogi/ians4 8,if ! electric sp>k be tak5 9 nitr\s air1 x w be r$uc$ to ( its bulk1 & ! residuum is m]e phlogi/icat$ air1 & a little acid is deposit$4 ,n[ ! ,antiphlogi/ians own t nitr\s air conta9s bo? pure air & phlogi/icat$ air2 s9ce1 !re=e1 ?is pure air disappe>s1 is x n evid5t t x 0 conv]t$ into wat]8 & s9ce ! =mation ( wat] requires ! pres5ce ( inflammable air1 does x n foll[ t ! nitr\s air conta9$ ?is also#bg80 ,to ?is objection ,m4 ,b]?ollet replies1 t ! dim9ution ( ! nitr\s gas 8is ow+ to ! comb9ation ( ! m]cury ) ! oxyg5e1 :i* exi/$ 9 ! gas#bh40 ,b ?is answ] is insuffici5t2 z x does n acc\nt = ! wat]1 & acid1 t appe>$3 & inde$1 by ?is exp]im5t1 ! ,antiphlogi/ians are refut$ on _! own pr9ciples1 & ! decomposition ( wat] is inconte/ably prov$2 = z nitr\s acid c\ld n be =m$ )\t m oxyg5 ?an :at exi/$ 9 ! nitr\s air1 is x n evid5t1 t ?is oxyg5 mu/ be d]iv$ f ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! nitr\s air8 ,x is obvi\s !n1 t ! wat] ( ! gas 0 decompos$2 :i* seems to h be5 effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! electric sp>k dim9i%es ! attraction ( ! con/itu5t pr9ciples ( ! wat] = ea* o!r2 h5ce ! azote ( ! gas unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! gas2 & ?us wat] & nitr\s acid are =m$4 ,! =mation ( nitr\s acid 9 ,mr4 ,cav5di%'s not$ exp]im5t1 _c be expla9$ on any o!r pr9ciple ?an ! decomposition ( wat]3 :5 ! electric sp>k is tak5 9 a mixture ( azotic gas1 & vital air2 ! wat] ( ^! airs is decompos$3 ! electric flame less5s ! =ce1 ) :i* ! oxyg5 & hydrog5 ( ! wat] adh]e2 h5ce ! azote seizes ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms nitr\s acid1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,:5 nitr\s1 & vital air1 are mix$2 ! :ole mass 8hisses1 turns r$1 gr[s w>m1 & contracts 9 bulk10 ! azote ( ! nitr\s air attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms nitr\s acid1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] unites 9 its nasc5t /ate ) ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,h5ce :ile ! azote ( ! nitr\s air is oxyg5at$2 ! caloric is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate4 8,b x is to be obs]v$10 says ,m4 ,b]gman1 treat+ ( ?is exp]im5t1 8t ! decomposition ( nitr\s air is ! effect ( a d\ble attraction2 ! phlogi/on is attract$ by ! vital air1 & ! acid "p by ! wat]4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! mixture is made 9 a phial imm]s$ 9 m]cury1 ! exp]im5t fails#bi40 ,,hydrog54 ,! combu/ion ( hydrog5 gas ) vital air is explicable only on ! decomposition ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ^! airs3 ?us :5 flame1 or a gl[+ body is appli$ to a mixture ( !m2 ! attraction ( ! pr9ciples ( ! wat] = ea* o!r is dim9i%$2 !re=e ! hydrog5 ( ! inflammable air unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] seizes ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air3 ?us ! :ole bulk ( ! airs1 :i* are *ang$ into wat]1 disappe>s2 & _! light1 & caloric1 are re/or$ to ! combu/ible /ate4 ,h5ce x appe>s t wat] is n =m$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( vital1 & inflammable air1 9 ! mann] ! ,antiphlogi/ians suppose4 ,inde$ x is obvi\s1 t1 if ^! airs conta9$ no wat]1 !y c\ld nev] be burn$3 = s9ce !y are already saturat$ ) light1 & caloric1 !y c h no attraction = any additional quantity ( ^! fluids2 & consequ5tly c suff] no o!r *ange f ! light1 or caloric1 ( a gl[+ body1 ?an a great] degree ( expansion1 & !re=e c\ld nev] unite4 ,! same reason+ applies to ! combu/ion ( all ela/ic fluids4 ,,phosphorus4 ,vital air always conta9s a l>ge proportion ( wat]3 :5 phosphorus is burn$ 9 ?is air1 x attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms phosphoric acid1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! gas1 & =ms wat]1 :i* unites ) ! acid4 ,h5ce ! weight ( ! acid =m$ is equal to ! weights ( ! oxyg5 gas1 & phosphorus1 consum$2 & ! light & caloric1 :i* appe> dur+ ! combu/ion1 are re/or$ to _! combu/ible /ate4 ,?is explanation is confirm$ by an obs]vation ( ,mr4 ,b]gman1 :o says1 8,9 vital air1 )\t ! aid ( ext]nal heat1 phosphorus is consum$ v sl[ly1 & sc>ce at all1 unless wat] be pres5t#cj40 ,!re=e ! phosphorus does n unite to ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 z ,m4 ,lavoisi] supposes1 b to ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! oxyg5 gas4 ,,sulphur4 ,:5 sulphur is burn$ 9 vital air1 x attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms sulphuric acid1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! gas1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$3 ! light & caloric are at ! same "t re/or$ to _! combu/ible /ate4 ,! sulphur !n does n unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 z ! ,antiphlogi/ians imag9e1 b ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 t gas4 ,,*>coal4 ,9 l mann] dur+ ! combu/ion ( *>coal 9 vital air1 ! c>bone attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms c>bonic acid1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 & =ms a new quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,h5ce ! c>bone ( ! *>coal does n unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 z ,m4 ,lavoisi] supposes1 b ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 t gas4 ,t wat] is decompos$ 9 e in/ance ( combu/ion1 is fur!r prov$ by att5d+ to :at passes dur+ ! burn+ ( a common fire3 ! c>bone ( ! fuel comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 & =ms c>bonic acid1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] unites p>tly ) ! oxyg51 & p>tly ) ! azote ( ! atmosph]e1 & =ms wat]1 & ! ammonia1 :i* ab\nds 9 soot4 ,f ^! obs]vations x is evid5t1 t ,m4 ,lavoisi]'s acc\nt ( ! =mation ( wat]1 & acids1 is errone\s1 & inadequate to expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( f]m5tation are s _m in/ances ( ! decomposition ( wat]3 9 e case ( !m1 combu/ible bodies are oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile o!rs are re/or$ by its hydrog5 to _! combu/ible /ate4 ,h5ce ! azote1 ammonia1 & c>bonic acid ( f]m5tation1 ! inflammable air ( m>%es1 m9es1 c4 ! azotic1 & hydrog5 gas1 asc5d+ into ! atmosph]e1 & !re meet+ ! vital air dis*>g$ f ! wat] ( plants1 c4 =m new quantities ( air1 & wat]4 ,:5 ! azote is oxyg5at$1 x unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! air1 & =ms atmosph]ic air1 & sometimes p]haps nitr\s acid1 ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] comb9es1 at ! same "t1 ) ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,b :5 ! hydrog5 is oxyg5at$1 a quantity ( wat] d\ble t decompos$ is reg5]at$2 = ! hydrog5 ( ! gas unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] seizes ! oxyg5 ( ! vital air3 & ?us a quantity ( wat] d\ble t decompos$ is =m$1 & t "p ( x :i* ! atmosph]e _c susp5d desc5ds 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,:5 ^! decompositions are rapid1 ! ph5om5a ( ?und] & lightn+ appe>4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! r5ovation ( our atmosph]e expla9s :y ! ph5om5a ( ?und] & lightn+ appe> sometimes )1 & sometimes )\t ra91 & also acc\nts = ! production ( ! nitr\s acid1 :i* ,mr4 ,m>graaf discov]$ 9 ! pure/ sn[4 ,! brea?+ ( fi%es is a /rik+ pro( ( ! decomposition ( wat] 9 respiration4 ,= ?is view ( ! =mation ( our atmosph]e ,i am indebt$ to a fri5d well acqua9t$ ) ! exp]im5ts relat$ 9 ?is essay1 & also = ! application ( ! op9ion :i* ,i v5ture to advance1 to ! respiration ( animals4 ,! ph5om5a ( vegetation _c be expla9$ on any o!r pr9ciple1 ?an ! decomposition ( wat] by heat1 & light1 :i* unit+ to ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 vegetables *ange x into /reams ( vital air1 t s]ve to r5ovate our atmosph]e3 ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 at ! same "t1 contributes to =m ! oil & o!r pr9ciples ( plants1 & :5 ^! are decompos$ by ! v>i\s processes ( combu/ion1 =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t consum$ 9 _! =mation4 ,! *anges1 :i* nitric acid suff]s by exposure to heat1 or light1 are expla9$ ) ease on ?is pr9ciple3 ! light unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 ! nitric acid1 & =ms vital air1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! acid1 & =ms a new quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$3 ?us ! nitric is conv]t$ into ! ruddy nitr\s acid4 ,,metals4 ,accord+ to ! ,antiphlogi/ians1 8,9 e metallic solution by an acid1 ! metal1 9 ord] to become oxid$1 decomposes ei!r ! acid itself1 or ! wat] ( solution1 or x obta9s f ! atmosph]e ! requisite quantity ( oxyg5e4 ,9 ! second case1 hydrog5\s gas1 9 a /ate ( great] or less purity is dis5gag$2 & ! acid rema9s entire )\t decomposition1 :i* is prov$ by ! quantity ( alkali necess>y to saturate x4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 "o ( ! pr9ciples ( ! acid1 or ! acid depriv$ ( "p ( its oxyg5e1 is dis5gag$1 & fus$ 9 ! caloric1 :i* is sep>at$ at ! same "t2 su* are nitr\s gas1 & sulphur\s acid gas4 ,9 ! ?ird case1 nei!r ! wat] nor ! acid are *ang$2 su* is ! solution ( copp] by ! acet\s acid4 8,! muriatic acid1 & ! vegetable acids1 :i* are =m$ ( radicals1 or acidifiable pr9ciples1 :i* h m aff9ity ) oxyg5e1 ?an ! metals h1 are n decompos$ by ^! metals1 & ! oxyg5e is always af=d$ to ^! la/ by ! wat] or atmosph]e4 ,h5ce ! solutions by ^! acids af=d only hydrog5\s gas1 or d n eff]vese at all4 8,!re are "s cases 9 :i* ! wat] & ! acid are at ! same "t decompos$ by ! metal1 z 9 ! solution ( t9 9 ! nitric acid1 accord+ to ! obs]vation ( ,m4 ,de ,morveau40 8,t9 is s gre$y ( oxyg5e1 & requires s l>ge a quantity = its saturation1 t aft] hav+ absorb$ t ( ! nitric acid1 & r$uc$ x to ! /ate ( azote1 x decomposes likewise ! wat]1 & dis5gages hydrog5e4 ,^! two pr9ciples be+ sep>at$ f _! fir/ comp\nds1 unite toge!r1 & imm$iately =m ammoniac4 ,h5ce !re is no dis5gagem5t ( ela/ic fluid4 ,9 ?is case x appe>s1 t ! =mation ( ammoniac1 9 ! solution ( t9 by ! nitric acid1 always takes place2 = by ?r[+ quicklime1 or cau/ic fix$ alkali1 into ?is solution1 !re is always a dis5gagem5t ( ammoniac#ca40 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ?is acc\nt ( ! oxyg5ation ( metals1 giv5 by ! ,antiphlogi/ians1 is equally complex1 z _! acc\nt ( metallic r$uction1 & improbable2 s9ce e case1 9 :i* !y d5y ! decomposition ( wat]1 & d]ive ! oxyg5 f o!r s\rces1 is easily1 & naturally expla9$ on t pr9ciple1 z w appe> f :at foll[s4 ,?us :5 m]cury1 or silv]1 is dissolv$ 9 nitric acid2 ! metal attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites )1 & sep>ates1 m or less ( ! oxyg5 ( ! acid1 :i* is ?us *ang$ into nitr\s air4 ,! same ?+ happ5s dur+ ! solution ( o!r metals 9 ?is acid2 ! only diff]5ce be+ ! great] or less en]gy1 & rapidity1 ) :i* !y comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]4 ,?is decomposition ( wat] is confirm$ by ! solution ( t9 9 ?is acid2 9 :i* ! ,antiphlogi/ians all[ ! decomposition ( ! acid1 & ! wat] too2 = ammonia is =m$ by "p ( ! hydrog5 ( ! wat]1 & azote ( ! acid4 ,9 e case ( metallic solution by sulphuric1 & muriatic acids1 :e!r conc5trat$1 or dilut$1 wat] is decompos$3 ! metals attract+ ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile its hydrog5 escapes 9 ! =m ( inflammable air1 or unites p>tly ) ! oxyg5 ( ! acid1 & p>tly ) caloric3 h5ce ! volatile sulphur\s acid1 & muriatic acid air1 obta9$1 always conta9 "s hydrog5 gas1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ obs]vation ( ,m4 ,b]gman4 8,by means ( vitriolic acid1 inflammable air is obta9$ f z9c1 & iron1 z also by means ( m>9e acid2 b1 f ! o!r metals dissolv$ 9 vitriolic acid1 we obta9 ano!r species ( air1 call$ vitriolic acid air2 &1 by ! m>9e acid1 ano!r simil> to ! =m]1 call$ muriatic air1 b bo? m or less mix$ ) inflammable air#cb40 ,aga91 :5 copp] is dissolv$ 9 ! acet\s acid2 ! copp] attracts ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & =ms wat]3 h5ce no eff]vesc5ce appe>s4 ,:5 alkalies dissolve metals1 ! latt] are always oxyg5at$ at ! exp5ce ( ! wat]1 :i* holds ! alkali 9 solution3 ?us :5 lead1 & copp]1 are dissolv$2 ! metals comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile its hydrog5 unites to ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & =ms wat]3 h5ce no hydrog5 gas appe>s4 ,! oxyg5ation ( metals1 & o!r sub/ances by heat1 & air1 is easily expla9$ on ! same pr9ciple3 ! metals1 c4 unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat] conta9$ 9 atmosph]ic air1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! wat] comb9es ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,?is explanation is cle>ly prov$ by an exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,b]gman on ! regulus ( manganese1 :i*1 if kept 9 a dry place1 reta9s its metallic spl5d\r2 b1 if expos$ to moi/ure1 is soon oxyg5at$1 & loses its lu/re#cc4 ,x is fur!r confirm$ by ! au?ority ( ! di/+ui%$ ,mr4 ,s*eele1 :o says1 t 8! wat] conta9$ 9 common atmosph]ic air is ! *ief cause ( ! ignition ( pyrophorus10 :i* he prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t4 8,i made a v dry air by putt+ "s v small pieces ( quicklime into a small matrass3 !n ,i put ! neck ( ano!r matrass into t ( ! fir/1 s t ! air ( bo? might communicate2 & ,i lut$ ! crevices ) wax4 ,two days aft]w>ds ,i sep>at$ ! empty matrass1 & p\r$ half an ounce ( pyrophorus f my phial into x1 & imm$iately c>efully %ut ! ap]ture up3 b ,i did n obs]ve1 t x grew 9 ! lea/ w>m3 an h\r aft] ?is1 ,i put a sponge moi/5$ 9 wat] into ! matrass1 & %ut x up aga93 a few m9utes aft] ! pyrophorus began /rongly to be heat$1 & "s pieces k9dl$ spontane\sly#cd40 ,_m o!r facts might be adduc$ to prove1 t oxyg5ation _c take place )\t wat]1 z ! combu/ion ( mixtures ( iron fil+s1 sulphur & wat]1 ( alkal9e sulphure & wat]1 c4 9 :i* ! wat] is decompos$1 & ! combu/ible bodies oxyg5at$ by its oxyg54 ,x is evid5t !n f ! exp]im5ts & obs]vations relat$ 9 ?is essay1 t wat] is ess5tial to ! oxyg5ation ( combu/ible bodies2 & t x is ! only s\rce ( ! oxyg5 t oxyg5ates !m3 x is also evid5t1 t :5 "o body is oxyg5at$1 ano!r1 at lea/1 is re/or$ to ! combu/ible /ate3 h5ce x appe>s t ! oxyg5ation ( combu/ible bodies is nev] effect$ by a s+le aff9ity4 ,! ,antiphlogi/ians treat+ ( ! precipitation ( metals by ea* o!r1 say1 8,s9ce ! metals _c rema9 unit$ to ! acids1 b 9 ! /ate ( oxides ( a det]m9ate degree1 x is easily conceiv$1 t by plung+ into a metallic solution a metal :i* has a /rong] aff9ity ) oxyg5e ?an t :i* is dissolv$1 ! =m] mu/ deprive ! latt] ( its oxyg5e1 take its place 9 ! acid1 & cause ! second to subside 9 a =m m or less metallic1 accord+ly z x has depriv$ x ( m or less oxyg5e4 ,?is is ! reason ( ! precipitation ( silv] by copp]1 copp] by iron#ce10 c4 ,b ?is acc\nt ( ! precipitation ( metals by "o ano!r _c be admitt$2 = x has be5 prov$ 9 e in/ance ( r$uction relat$ 9 ?is essay1 t wat] is decompos$1 & t its hydrog5 is ! only sub/ance t re/ores bodies to _! combu/ible /ate4 ,!re is no reason !n to suppose t nature deviates1 9 ?is p>ticul> case1 f t uni=m simplicity1 :i* %e con/antly obs]ves 9 all h] op]ations4 ,!re=e x is obvi\s1 t1 :5 "o metal precipitates ano!r 9 a =m m or less metallic2 ! precipitant unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt] comb9es )1 & sep>ates1 ! oxyg5 ( ! precipitat$ metal1 & ?us r$uces x4 ,! exp]im5ts made ) phosphorus & metallic solutions 9 e!r1 alcohol1 & wat]1 prove ! tru? ( ?is explanation2 & %[ t :5 "o metal precipitates ano!r 9 ! metallic =m1 x acts l a /ick ( phosphorus1 decompos+ ! wat]4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! r$uction ( "o metal by ano!r is support$ by ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,b]gman1 :o says1 8,x is well kn[n1 t ! calx ( copp]1 dissolv$ 9 vitriolic acid1 is precipitat$ 9 its metallic =m on ! addition ( iron2 & t by means ( a d\ble elective attraction2 = ! iron dissolv+ 9 ! acid w\ld =m an inflammable air by its phlogi/on1 7 n ! copp] pres5t1 :i* takes x up#cf40 ,! same au?or rem>ks1 t a small excess ( acid is necess>y1 & t )\t x no precipitation beg9s4 ,n[ s9ce wat] is decompos$ by iron & sulphuric acid1 x mu/ be all[$1 t1 :5 iron is imm]s$ 9 a solution ( sulphate ( copp]1 ! wat] is decompos$ by ! iron & excess ( acid1 ! iron attract+ ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ! hydrog5 ( ! latt]1 unites to ! oxyg5 ( ! copp]1 r$uces x1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,! precipitation ( silv] 9 its metallic =m by iron & o!r metals is to be expla9$ 9 ! same mann]3 & n by a s+le aff9ity1 z ! ,antiphlogi/ians imag9e4 ,! r$uction ( gold1 & "s o!r metals1 by solutions ( sulphate ( iron1 & muriate ( t91 is readily acc\nt$ = on ! pr9ciples advanc$ "h2 = fre% made solutions ( sulphate ( iron1 & muriate ( t91 conta9 hydrog51 & h ! p[] ( decompos+ wat]3 ! oxyg5 ( :i* unites ) ! iron1 & t91 :ile its hydrog5 seizes ! oxyg5 ( ! gold1 c4 r$uces x1 & =ms a quantity ( wat] equal to t decompos$4 ,! decomposition ( wat] is fur!r prov$ by ! l>ge dilution necess>y to =m ! arbor ,dian1 ! purple precipitate ( ,cassius1 & o!r in/ances ( ! r$uction ( metals by "o ano!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,conclusion4 ,i %all conclude ) a g5]al view ( ! inf]5ces1 :i* ,i v5tur$ to advance 9 ?is essay4 #a4 ,nei!r ! ,phlogi/ians1 nor ,antiphlogi/ians1 acc\nt 9 a satisfactory mann] = ! increase ( weight1 :i* bodies acquire dur+ combu/ion4 #b4 ,_! acc\nt ( ! =mation ( wat]1 acids1 & oxids1 is errone\s2 = x has be5 %[n t ! oxyg5 ( wat] alone oxyg5ates combu/ible bodies4 #c4 ,combu/ible bodies1 z hydrog51 phosphorus1 sulphur1 *>coal1 light1 c4 are capable ( r$uc+ ! metals 9 ! ord9>y temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e2 & inde$ ,i might add1 at a mu* l[] temp]ature1 z ,i frequ5tly exp]i5c$4 #d4 ,combu/ible bodies d n r$uce ! metals by giv+ !m phlogi/on1 z ! ,phlogi/ians suppose2 nor by unit+ )1 & sep>at+ _! oxyg51 z ! ,antiphlogi/ians ma9ta94 #e4 ,wat] is ess5tial bo? to ! r$uction & oxyg5ation ( bodies1 & is always decompos$ 9 ^! op]ations4 #f4 ,wat] does n contribute to metallic r$uction m]ely by dissolv+ & m9utely divid+ ! p>ticles ( metallic salts1 & ?us remov+ ! imp$im5t oppos$ to *ymical attraction by ! attraction ( cohesion3 = 7 ?is ! case1 metallic solutions 9 e!r & alcohol1 9 :i* t imp$im5t is equally remov$1 %\ld be z readily & effectually r$uc$1 z metallic solutions 9 wat] are4 ,?is circum/ance1 9 :i* all ! exp]im5ts on metallic r$uction detail$ 9 ?is essay exactly co9cide1 m]its p>ticul> att5tion1 & %[s t ! mann]1 9 :i* combu/ible bodies effect ! r$uction1 is ! same 9 !m all4 #g4 ,:5 "o body is oxyg5at$1 ano!r1 at lea/1 is re/or$ at ! same "t to its combu/ible /ate2 & v4 v4 :5 "o body is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate1 ano!r at lea/ is at ! same "t oxyg5at$4 #h4 ,quantities ( air1 & wat]1 equal to ^? decompos$ 9 ! diff]5t species ( combu/ion1 are con/antly a =m+4 ,?us nature1 by ma9ta9+ ?is balance ( p[] betwe5 combu/ible & oxyg5at$ bodies1 prev5ts ! return ( orig9al *aos4 ,s9ce !n 9 e act ( combu/ion1 "o body1 at lea/1 is oxyg5at$1 & ano!r re/or$1 at ! same "t1 to its combu/ible /ate1 ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion may be ref]r$ to two heads1 viz4 ,oxyg5ation1 or ! union ( oxyg5 ) combu/ible bodies1 & ,r$uction1 or ! re/oration ( oxyg5at$ bodies to _! combu/ible /ate4 ,& s9ce 9 e in/ance ( combu/ion wat] is decompos$1 & "o body oxyg5at$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]1 :ile ano!r is re/or$ to its combu/ible /ate by ! hydrog5 ( ! same fluid1 x foll[s1 #a4 ,t ! hydrog5 ( wat] is ! only sub/ance1 t re/ores bodies to _! combu/ible /ate4 #b4 ,t wat] is ! only s\rce ( ! oxyg51 :i* oxyg5ates combu/ible bodies4 #c4 ,t no case ( combu/ion is effect$ by a s+le aff9ity4 ,?is view ( combu/ion may s]ve to %[ h[ nature is always ! same1 & ma9ta9s h] equilibrium by pres]v+ ! same quantities ( air & wat] on ! surface ( our globe3 = z fa/ z ^! are consum$ 9 ! v>i\s processes ( combu/ion1 equal quantities are =m$1 & rise reg5]at$ l ! ,ph5ix f h] a%es4 ,,nom5clature ( ! ,*ymical ,t]ms us$ 9 ?is ,essay4 ,,new ,,names4 ,,old ,,names4 ,ammonia ,cau/ic vol4 alkali4 ,acetite ( lead ,sug> ( lead4 ---------- copp] ,v]dirgris4 ,azote ,base ( phlogi/icat$ air4 ,azotic gas ,phlogi/icat$ air4 ,alkal9e sulphure ,liv] ( sulphur4 ,alcohol ,highly rectifi$ _s ( w9e4 ,c>bone ,pure coal4 ,c>bonic acid ,fix$ air4 ,caloric ,heat4 ,hydrog5 ,base ( inflammable air4 ,hydrog5 gas ,inflammable air4 ,hydrure ( sulphur ,a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & sulphur4 ---------- phosphorus ,a comp\nd ( hydrog5 & phosphorus4 ,muriate ( t9 ,salt ( ,jupit]4 ---------- silv] ,luna cornea4 ---------- ars5ic ,ars5ic comb9$ ) muriatic acid4 ---------- z9c ,m>9e salt ( z9c4 ---------- cobalt ,m>9e salt ( cobalt4 ,nitric acid ,dephlogi/icat$ nitr\s acid4 ,nitro-muriatic acid ,aqua regia4 ,nitro-muriate ( gold ,a comp\nd ( gold & aqua regia4 ---------------- plat9a ,a comp\nd ( plat9a & aqua regia4 ,nitrate ( silv] ,lun> nitre1 cry/als ( ! moon4 ------- ( m]cury ,m]curial nitre4 ------- ( bismu? ,nitre ( bismu?4 ------- ( manganese ,nitre ( manganese4 ,oxyg5 ,base ( vital air4 ,oxyg5 gas ,vital air4 ,oxyg5at$ muriate ( m]cury ,corrosive sublimate4 ,prussiate ( m]cury ,a comp\nd ( m]cury & prussic acid4 ,phosphorat$ hydrog5 gas ,phosphoric air4 ,pota% ,cau/ic vegetable alkali4 ,sulphuric e!r ,vitriolic e!r4 ,sulphure\s acid gas ,vol4 sulphure\s acid4 ,sulphurat$ hydrog5 gas ,hepatic acid4 ,sulphate ( copp] ,blue vitriol4 ----------- z9c ,:ite ditto4 ----------- iron ,gre5 ditto4 ----------- manganese ,vitriol ( manganese4 ,soda ,cau/ic m9]al alkali4 ,t>t>ite ( antimony ,emetic t>t>4 ,,f9is4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 by ,m4 ,kirwan1 a new edition1 p4 #ba1 & #af4 #b ,exp]im5ts on ,air & ,fire4 ,eng4 trans4 p4 #agd4 #c ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 a new edition1 p4 #ch-aff4 #d ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 p4 #bjg4 #e ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 p4 #bje4 #f ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 p4 #ad4 #g ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 p4 #ac-ae4 #h ,ibid4 p4 #be4 & ,philo4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #gh4 p4 #cad4 #i ,s*eele1 p4 #afb1 ,fr5* translation4 #aj ,roz4 ,j\rn4 ,feb4 #aghb4 #aa ,elective ,attractions1 ,engli% ,translation1 p4 #hg4 #ab ,m4 ,monnet ,dissolution de ,metaux1 p4 #aei4 #ac ,phil4 ,trans4 ,vol4 #gc4 ,an4 #aghc4 #ad ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 a new ,edit1 by ,m4 ,kirwan1 p4 #df4 #ae ,prie/ley1 ,vol4 ,,vi4 p4 #aej4 #af ,*em4 ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 p4 #bai4 #ag ,m4 ,kirwan1 ,phil4 ,trans4 = #aghf4 #ah ,*em4 ,essay4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjf & #bjg4 ,eng4 ,trans4 #ai ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 new ,ed4 by ,m4 ,kirwan1 p4 #fa4 #bj ,phil4 ,trans4 #aghe4 ,vol4 ,,lxxv4 p4 #bhi4 #ba ,el4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,*em4 ,eng4 ,trans4 9 ?ree volumes1 p4 #afc4 ,vol4 ,i4 #bb ,ess4 on ,phlog4 a new ,ed4 by ,m4 ,kirwan1 p4 #fj4 #bc ,exp]im5ts on ,air & ,fire1 ,eng4 ,trans4 p4 #hb4 #bd ,comm]ce ( ! ,arts4 #be ,elec4 ,attrac4 ,eng4 ,tran4 p4 #bbc4 #bf ,crell's ,*em4 ,j\r4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #dh4 ,eng4 ,trans4 #bg ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 new ,ed4 p4 #hb4 #bh ,ibid4 p4 #abb4 #bi ,elec4 ,attr4 ,eng4 ,trans4 p4 #baa4 #cj ,el4 ,att4 ,eng4 ,trans4 p4 #bac4 #ca ,essay on ,phlog4 new ,ed4 by ,mr4 ,kirwan1 p4 #bcc-bce4 #cb ,*em4 ,ess4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #ceh4 ,eng4 ,trans4 #cc ,*em ,ess4 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #bjf-bjg4 ,eng4 ,trans4 #cd ,exp]4 on ,air & ,fire1 ,eng4 ,trans4 p4 #aab1 & #acj4 #ce ,ess4 on ,phlog4 new ,ed4 by ,mr4 ,kirwan1 p4 #bcf1 & #bcg4 #cf ,*em4 ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 p4 #chd1 ,eng4 ,trans4 ,,transcrib]',s ,,note ,obvi\s punctuation errors h be5 correct$ aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces )9 ! text4 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ations h be5 left z is4 ,! tables 9 ?is book are be/ view$ us+ a monospace font4 ,! orig9al book us$ ! "* 7long-=m s74 ,?is has be5 *ang$ to ! mod]n s 9 ?is e,book4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ consecutively & mov$ to ! end ( ! text4 ,except = ^? *anges not$ bel[1 all misspell+s 9 ! text1 & inconsi/5t or ar*aic usage1 h be5 reta9$4 ,page #bh4 8hygrog50 replac$ by 8hydrog504 ,page #ci4 ,uncle> image ( pot5tially 8horn0 replac$ by 8bo?04 ,page #dh4 8!precipitate0 replac$ by 8! precipitate04 ,page #gg4 8evid5t manm]0 replac$ by 8evid5t mann]04 ,page #hd4 8,,*apt] ,,iii0 replac$ by 8,,*apt] ,,iv04 ,page #hh4 8imm$iaaely0 replac$ by 8imm$iately04 ,page #ajf4 8is influ5ce0 replac$ by 8its influ5ce04 ,page #aef4 ,add$ full /op aft] 8,exp4 #d4 ,m]cury0 = consi/5cy4 ,errata f ! publi%] has be5 appli$ z describ$ bel[4 ,page viii4 8ere long0 replac$ by 8erelong04 ,page #ae4 8p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold 7 obs]v$0 replac$ by 8,i obs]v$ _m p>ticles ( r$uc$ gold04 ,page #ag4 ,remov$ #c duplicat$ l9es ( text4 ,page #acg4 8or by unit+0 replac$ by 8nor by unit+04 ,page #afc4 8& ! caloric0 replac$ by 8! caloric04