,transcriber's ,note3 ,in ,memory of ,chris ,curnow 7#aicg-bjbc7 the ,project ,manager at ,distributed ,proofreaders who selected this book1 and more than #bbjj others1 to be preserved as free digital transcriptions ,this book was written based on notes from which the author gave lectures4 ,consequently1 words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation4 ,these have been left unchanged unless indicated below4 ,obsolete spelling was retained4 ,obvious printing errors1 such as backwards1 upside down1 reversed1 dropped1 or partially printed letters and punctuation1 were corrected4 ,repeated words over line breaks were removed4 ,an was substituted for an n with a macron4 ,words and phrases in italics are surrounded by underscores1 like this4 ,those in bold are surrounded by equal signs1 like this4 ,sidenotes are surrounded by diamonds1 like this4 ,final stops missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added4 ,book ,,ii1 ,chapter #c1 omits paragraph #aj 4 ,footnotes were renumbered sequentially4 ,the table of generic differences of flavors was reformatted to fit narrower screens4 ,a few page numbers in the index were corrected to match the related text4 ,the following were changed3 added missing word3 8of0 444 on either side of it1 444 changed 8in0 to 8its0 444 from its ,inner or ,central ,parts 444 deleted 8is0 from 8as it is seems0 444 as it seems1 444 added missing letters 8seve0 to 8several0 444 in the several ,parcels 444 added missing word3 8of0 444 of a ,foot long 444 added missing word3 8of0 444 ,inside of the ,sheath 444 added missing word3 8do0 444 ,in order to do this 444 ,the following overall ,table of ,contents to the book was added by the transcriber for the convenience of readers4 ,,preface ,an ,,idea of a ,philosphical ,history of ,plants ,book #a - ,the ,anatomy of ,plants ,of the ,seed in its ,state of ,vegetation ,of the ,root ,of the ,trunk ,of the ,germen1 ,branch1 and ,leaf ,of the ,flower ,of the ,fruit ,of the ,seed1 in its ,state of ,generation ,book #b1 ,part #a - ,the ,anatomy of ,roots ,of the ,original1 ,figures1 ,motions and ,ages of ,roots ,of the ,skin of ,roots ,of the ,barque ,of the ,wood ,of the ,pith ,book #b1 ,part #b - ,vegetation of ,roots ,book #c1 ,part #a - ,anatomy of ,trunks ,description of ,trunks1 to the bare eye ,of the ,barque1 through a microscope ,of the ,wood ,of the ,pith ,book #c1 ,part #b - ,vegetation of ,trunks ,of the ,motion and ,course of the ,sap ,of the ,motion and ,course of the ,aer ,of the ,structure of the ,parts ,of the ,generation of ,liquors ,of the ,figuration of ,trunks ,of the ,motions of ,trunks ,of the ,nature of ,timber or ,trunks ,book #d - ,anatomy of ,leaves1 ,flowers1 ,fruits and ,seeds ,anatomy of ,leaves ,anatomy of ,flowers ,anatomy of ,fruits ,anatomy of ,seeds ,,lectures ,mixture ,luctation ,lixivial ,salts ,marine ,salts ,colours of ,plants ,tasts in ,plants ,salts in ,water ,,index ,,explication ,,of ,,tables ,,tables ,at a ,meeting of the ,council of the ,,royal ,,society1 ,feb4 #bb4 #afha_/b ,dr4 ,grew having read several ,lectures of the ,anatomy of ,plants1 some whereof have been already printed at divers times1 and some are not printed2 with several other ,lectures of their ,colours1 ,odours1 ,tasts1 and ,salts2 as also of the ,solution of ,salts in ,water2 and of ,mixture2 all of them to the satisfaction of the said ,society3 ,it is therefore ,ordered1 ,that ,he be desired1 to cause them to printed together in one ,volume4 ,,chr4 ,,wren ,p4,r4,s4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,plants4 ,,with ,,an ,,idea ,,of ,a ,philosophical ,history of ,plants1 ,and several other ,,lectures1 ,read before the ,,royal ,,society4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society1 and of the ,,college of ,,physicians4 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 for the ,author1 #afhb4 ,,to ,,his ,,most ,sacred ,majesty ,,charles ,,ii4 ,king of ,great ,britain1 c4 ,may it please ,your ,majesty1 ,the ,dedication of one ,part of the following ,anatomy having been very graciously received by ,your ,majesty3 ,i am now emboldened most humbly to present the ,whole into ,your ,royal ,hands4 ,by which ,your ,majesty will find1 ,that there are ,terr ,incognit in ,philosophy1 as well as ,geography4 ,and for so much1 as lies here1 it comes to pass1 ,i know not how1 even in this ,inquisitive ,age1 ,that ,i am the first1 who have given a ,map of the ,country4 ,your ,majesty will here see1 ,that there are those things within a ,plant1 little less admirable1 than within an ,animal4 ,that a ,plant1 as well as an ,animal1 is composed of several ,organical ,parts2 some whereof may be called its ,bowels4 ,that every ,plant hath ,bowels of divers kinds1 conteining divers kinds of ,liquors4 ,that even a ,plant lives partly upon ,aer2 for the reception whereof1 it hath those ,parts which are answerable to ,lungs4 ,so that a ,plant is1 as it were1 an ,animal in ,quires2 as an ,animal is a ,plant1 or rather several ,plants bound up into one ,volume4 ,again1 that all the said ,organs1 ,bowels1 or other ,parts1 are as artificially made2 and for their ,place and ,number1 as punctually set together2 as all the ,mathematick ,lines of a ,flower or ,face4 ,that the ,staple of the ,stuff is so exquisitely fine1 that no ,silk-worm is able to draw any thing near so small a ,thred4 ,so that one who walks about with the meanest ,stick1 holds a ,piece of ,natures ,handicraft1 which far surpasses the most elaborate ,woof or ,needle-,work in the ,world4 ,that by all these ,means1 the ,ascent of the ,sap1 the ,distribution of the ,aer1 the ,confection of several sorts of ,liquors1 as ,lympha's1 ,milks1 ,oyls1 ,balsames2 with other parts of ,vegetation1 are all contrived and brought about in a ,mechanical way4 ,in sum1 ,your ,majesty will find1 that we are come ashore into a new ,world1 whereof we see no end4 ,it may be1 that some will say1 into another ,utopia4 ,yet not ,i1 but ,nature speaketh these things3 the only true ,pallas1 wherewith it is treasonable for the most couriously handed ,arachne to compare4 ,in whose ,name1 ,i1 the meanest of her ,pupils1 do in all humility crave ,your ,majesties ,gracious ,patronage4 ,whereof ,i cannot doubt1 since ,your ,majesty hath been pleased to be the ,founder1 and to style ,your ,self the ,patron of that ,society1 of which ,i have the honour to be a ,member4 ,your ,majesty deeming it to be a more ,noble ,design1 ,to enlarge the ,territories of ,knowledge1 than those of ,dominion3 and the ,highest ,pitch of ,human ,glory1 not to rule1 in any sort1 over many2 but to be a ,good ,prince over ,wise ,men4 ,i am ,your ,majesties most humble and most obedient ,subject ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,,the ,,preface4 ,it is a ,politick or ,civil ,virtue in every prudent mans ,eye1 ,to set himself an example1 in what he doth1 unto others4 ,and in so doing1 he looks upon himself as accountable1 in some sort1 to all ,men4 ,to those therefore1 who may either expresly1 or tacitly1 expect the ,reasons1 upon which ,i first undertook the ,anatomy of ,plants1 and also made the after-progress therein2 ,i shall summe them up as follows4 ,the first occasion of directing my ,thoughts this way1 was in the ,year #affd1 upon reading some1 of the many and curious ,inventions of ,learned ,men1 in the ,bodies of ,animals4 ,for considering1 that both of them came at first out of the same ,hand2 and were therefore the ,contrivances of the same ,wisdom3 ,i thence fully assured my self1 that it could not be a vain ,design2 to seek it in both4 ,and being then newly furnished with a good stock of ,seeds1 in order to raise a ,nursery of ,plants2 ,i resolved1 besides what ,i first aimed at1 to make the utmost use of them for that purpose3 that so ,i might put somewhat upon that side the ,leaf which the best ,botanicks had left bare and empty4 ,and in which1 notwithstanding some other ,learned ,men had inferred somewhat of this nature2 as ,dr4 ,highmore in his ,book of ,generation1 ,dr4 ,sharrock of the ,propagation of ,plants1 and ,mr4 ,hook in his ,micrography3 yet but collaterally1 and whithout shewing any purpose of managing this ,part of ,natural ,history4 ,and although it seemed at first an ,objection in my way1 ,that the first projectors seldome bring their business to any good end3 yet ,i also knew1 ,that if ,men should stay for an ,example in every thing2 nothing extraordinary would ever be done4 ,but notwithstanding the reasonableness of the ,design2 yet ,i did not forget1 that1 in respect of the ,undertaker1 there might be ,impar congressus4 ,and therefore1 before ,i had ventured very far1 in the ,year #affh1 ,i imparted it to my ,brother-in-,law1 the ,learned ,dr4 ,henry ,sampson1 now ,fellow of the ,colledge of ,physicians in ,london4 ,who not only very well liked the same2 but also excited me to a vigorous and accurate prosecution of it4 ,which he did1 partly1 by mentioning a very pertinent passage of ,dr4 ,glisson1 in the ,preface to his ,book de ,hepate1#a which ,i had not then read4 ,plant quoque in hunc censum 7sc4 ,anatomicum7 veniunt2 vari enim ,partium textur1 differentiis constant3 proculdubio1 ex acurata earundem dissectione1 utiles valde observationes nobis exurgerent3 prstaretque in illis 7inferioris licet ordinis7 rebus examinandis operam impendere1 quam in transcribendis ut spe sit1 aliorum laboribus1 inutiliter tatem transigere4 ,quippe hoc pacto1 ignavarum apum more1 aliena duntaxat alvearia expilamus1 nihilque bono publico adjicimus4 #a ,ch4 #a4 ,after ,i had finished the ,first ,book1 that ,i might know the sense also of other ,learned ,men1 whether the steps ,i had already taken1 would warrant me to proceed any further3 ,i put some part of it into the same ,hand2 who1 in the ,year #afgj1 communicated the same to ,mr4 ,oldenburge1 then ,secretary to the ,royal ,society3 and after he had read it over1 it was1 upon his motion1 delivered to that excellent ,person ,dr4 ,john ,wilkins then ,bishop of ,chester2 who produced it at a ,meeting of the ,royal ,society1 and desired1 they might see the rest4 ,which1 or the greatest part1 being also presented to them1 the ,right ,honourable the ,lord ,vicount ,brouncker1 then ,president of the ,royal ,society1 was pleased to peruse the same4 ,presently1 after which1 at a ,meeting of the ,council of the said ,society1 the following ,order was made1 and entred in their ,council-,book with this ,date1 and in these words3 ,may #aa #afga4 ,then was ,licensed ,dr4 ,nehemjah ,grew's ,book1 ,entituled1 ,the ,anatomy of ,vegetables begun2 together with an account of ,vegetation grounded thereupon4 ,and ,ordered to be ,printed by the ,printer to the ,royal ,society4 ,hereupon1 ,i was obliged to send the ,book to the ,press4 ,and upon the #i of ,november following in the same ,year #afga1 when it was near being printed1 my ,lord ,brouncher signed the forementioned ,order3 the ,printer1 whose ,name was to be inserted therein1 not having received his ,diploma till that time4 ,the ,book being quickly after printed off2 ,i ordered it to be ,presented to the ,royal ,society2 which was accordingly done at one of their ,meetings ,december #g1 #afga4 ,and also to be sent to the ,bishop of ,chester2 who was pleased to signifie his acceptance thereof by a ,letter dated at ,chester1 ,december #bf #afga4 now filed amongst others in the ,custody of the ,royal ,society3 part whereof1 in regard it relates to matter of ,fact1 ,i shall here recite4 ,sir1 ,i did yesterday receive your ,book2 and am very sensible of the ,honour you have done me in the ,dedication of it4 ,you was very happy in the choice of this ,subject to write upon2 one of the most ,noble and the most ,copious parts of ,philosophy2 and such an one1 as hath hitherto lain uncultivated4 ,and you have been very successful in your first ,attempt about it1 in so many remarkable ,observations and ,discoveries1 as you have made already4 ,i could heartily wish1 that you would still apply your self to this kind of ,enquiries4 ,you will find that ,additionals will come in more copiously and easily4 ,and it is not fit1 that any one should1 by his ,superstructions1 carry away the praise from him1 who was the first ,inventor1 and who laid the ,foundations1 wherein the greatest difficulty doth consist1 c4 ,having thus submitted my self to the ,judgment of many ,learned ,men2 ,i saw that my ,journey must not here end4 ,so that1 like one who is got into a ,wood1 ,i thought ,i might as fairly find my way out1 by going on1 as by making a retreat4 ,whereupon1 ,i began to draw up a ,scheme of the whole ,design4 ,while ,i was doing this1 ,i received news from ,london1 that the same day1 ,december #g4 #afga1 in which my ,book1 then printed1 was presented to the ,royal ,society3 there was also presented a ,manuscript 7without ,figures7 from ,seignior ,malpighi1 upon the same ,subject2 dated at ,bononia1 ,november1 #a #afga4 the same1 which ,mr4 ,oldenburge1 when it came to be printed1 calleth his ,idea4 ,and of this1 entry was made in their ,journal ,book4 ,so that the ,royal ,society having now a ,prospect of the good service of an ,ancient ,member1 and one1 who had highly merited by his ,works then extant2 from thence forward1 ,i looked upon my self to be excused4 ,but soon after1 receiving another ,letter from the ,bishop of ,chester1 dated at ,london1 ,febr4 #ah4 #afgb4 ,i found the matter otherwise2 and that the ,society were pleased to engage me to proceed4 ,whereof entry was made by the ,secretary in their ,journal ,book1 at one of their ,meetings1 ,april1 #ah4 #afgb1 in these words3 ,the ,society was made acquainted with one particular lately passed in the ,council2 sc4 ,that the ,bishop of ,chester had there proposed ,dr4 ,grew to be a ,curator to the ,royal ,society for the ,anatomy of ,plants3 and that the ,council had approved of that ,proposal4 ,upon which1 it was ,ordered1 ,that the ,thanks of the ,society be returned to the ,lord ,bishop of ,chester1 for this ,proposal1 and to the ,council for their ,approbation of the same4 ,this they might be induced to do2 upon considering1 that it would be no disadvantage to the credit of those matters1 which were so new and strange1 to be offered to the ,world from a double ,authority4 ,for one1 although he may have no mind to deceive2 yet is it more likely for one1 than for two1 to be deceived4 ,likewise1 that the same ,subject1 being prosecuted by two ,hands1 would be the more illustrated by the different ,examples produced by both4 ,and that1 as in other matters1 so here1 the defects of both1 would mutually be supplyed4 ,whether for these1 or other ,reasons also1 they were pleased to pass the forementioned ,order2 that being done1 it had been very ill manners in me1 not to have answered their expectation therein4 ,and therefore reassuming the ,design ,i had laid by1 and having reduced it to some intelligible ,idea1 it was submitted to the ,censure of the ,royal ,society3 and it was thereupon ordered it should be printed4 ,not long after1 ,i received a ,curious and ,learned ,book from ,mons4 ,dodart1 ,archiater to the ,prince of ,conde1 and ,fellow of the ,royal ,academy at ,paris2 in persuance of whose ,order1 it was by him composed and published4 ,which being a ,design of a like ,import1 ,i was glad to see it so far justify'd by that ,illustrious ,society1 as well as by our own4 ,in this ,idea1 one principal ,thing ,i insist upon1 for a ,philosophical ,history of ,plants1 is ,anatomy4 ,and1 agreeing to the ,method therein proposed1 all the ,observations conteined in the ,first ,book1 except one or two1 were made with the ,naked ,eye4 ,to the end1 ,i might first give a proof1 ,how far it was possible for us to go1 without the help of ,glasses3 which many ,ingenious ,men want2 and more1 the patience to manage them4 ,for the ,truth of these ,observations1 ,seignior ,malpighi1 having procured my ,book to be translated into ,latin for his private use1 speaks his own sense1 in some of his ,letters to ,mr4 ,oldenburge1 printed at the end of his ,anatomy of ,plants4 ,and some of them1 have since been confirmed1 both by our ,learned ,country-men ,dr4 ,wallis1 and ,mr4 ,lister2 and by the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,lewenhoeck1 abroad4 ,having thus begun with the bare ,eye2 ,i next proceeded to the use of the ,microscope4 ,and the ,observations thereby made1 first on ,roots1 and afterwards on ,trunks and ,branches1 together with the ,figures1 were all exhibited to the ,royal ,society at several times from ,may #ae4 #afgb4 to ,april #b4 #afgd2 being the ,materials for the ,second and ,third ,parts3 and hereof ,memorials were inserted in their ,journal ,books4 ,after this1 the ,royal ,society received from ,seignior ,malpighi his ,second ,part of the ,anatomy of ,plants1 together with the ,figures therein described1 and his ,letters to their ,secretary1 dated at ,bononia ,aug4 #bj of the same year #afgd4 when1 and not before1 he gave leave that the two said ,parts should be printed4 ,so soon as ,i had finished the ,second and ,third ,parts1 ,i proceeded to the ,last1 sc4 of ,leaves1 ,flowers1 ,fruits and ,seeds3 and those ,things ,i met with1 more remarquable1 were presented to the said ,society in the ,years #afgf #afgg4 ,and the publishing of the former ,parts successively1 as well as of all together1 hath been done in pursuance of their several ,orders for the same4 ,having concluded the ,history of ,perfect ,plants2 ,i intended to have subjoyned the ,description of those which are ,imperfect4 ,as also of ,parasitical1 ,marine1 and ,sensitive ,plants4 ,and lastly1 a view of the chief ,particulars1 wherein the ,mechanisme of a ,plant1 is different from that of an ,animal4 ,but these things ,i leave to some other ,hand4 ,the ,first ,book1 a little after it came forth2 was translated into the ,french ,tongue1 by ,mons4 ,le ,vasseur an ,ingenious ,gentleman in ,paris2 elegantly1 and in the ,judgment of those who are well skilled in that ,language1 with much exactness1 as to the sense4 ,he having taken special care1 to have all the difficulties of our own1 by ,me1 cleared to him4 ,and in a late ,book ,entituled1 ,philosophia vetus nova printed at ,noriberg #afhb4 the ,learned ,author seems to have made use of this ,translation1 for all that he hath taken notice of in that my ,first ,book4 ,by the ,ingenious ,collectors of the ,german ,ephemerides1 both my ,first1 ,second1 and ,third ,books1 are all published in ,latine4 ,but their unskilful ,interpreter doth often fail of the ,grammatical ,sense4 ,whose ,errors1 many of them very gross1 ,i desire may be imputed neither to them1 nor to my self4 ,besides these1 the ,second ,lecture of ,mixture is also translated into ,french1 by ,mons4 ,mesmin a ,learned ,physician in ,paris3 whose ,version is very well approved by those who are competent ,judges hereof4 ,this1 and the rest which follow1 are placed1 not in the order of ,time2 but more according to their ,nature or ,relation one to another4 ,all of them intended as a ,commentary upon some particulars mentioned1 either in the ,first ,lecture1 or in the ,idea4 ,in the ,plates1 for the clearer conception of the ,part described1 ,i have represented it1 generally1 as entire1 as its being magnified to some good degree1 would bear4 ,so1 for instance1 not the ,barque1 ,wood1 or ,pith of a ,root or ,tree1 by it self2 but at least1 some portion of all three together3 ,whereby1 both their ,texture1 and also their ,relation one to another1 and the ,fabrick of the whole1 may be observed at one ,view4 ,yet have ,i not every where magnify'd the ,part to the same degree2 but more or less1 as was necessary to represent what is spoken of it4 ,and very highly1 only in some few ,examples1 as in ,tab4 #dj4 which may suffice to illustrate the rest4 ,some of the ,plates1 especially those which ,i did not draw to the ,engravers hand1 are a little hard and stiff3 but they are all well enough done1 to represent what they intend4 ,,an ,,idea ,,of ,a ,philosophical ,history ,,of ,,plants4 ,read before the ,,royal ,,society1 ,january #h4 and ,january #ae4 #afgb4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 and of the ,college of ,physicians4 ,the ,second ,edition4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,to ,,the ,most ,illustrious ,,the ,,royal ,,society1 ,the following ,,idea ,is most ,,humbly ,,presented4 ,,and1 ,in their ,,names also ,,proposed ,,to ,,the ,,consideration ,of other ,learned ,men4 ,by the ,,author ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,,the ,,contents4 ,unto what ,degree the knowledge of ,plants is arrived1 4 #a4 ,wherein defective1 4 #b4 ,why concluded to be so1 4 #c4 ,yet capable of ,improvement1 4 #d4 ,and worthy of it1 4 #e4 ,divers ,instances given1 wherein2 first of the ,organical ,parts1 as to their external ,accidents and ,oeconomical ,uses1 #f4 ,then of their ,contents1 ,qualities1 and ,powers1 #g4 ,and an ,improvement of this ,part1 will further that of divers other parts of knowledge2 whereof ,instances are given1 #h4 ,in order whereto1 ,five ,general ,means are propounded1 #i4 ,the ,first1 a particular and comparative ,survey of whatever is of more ,external consideration about ,plants1 #aj4 ,instanced as to their ,figures1 #aa1 #ab4 ,proportions1 #ac4 ,seasons1 #ad4 ,places1 #ae4 ,motions1 #af4 ,the ,second1 ,a like ,survey of the ,organical ,parts by ,anatomy1 as that which is very necessary1 #ag4 ,in what manner to be prosecuted1 both without1 and with the ,microscope1 #ah4 ,what thereupon to be observed1 #ai4 ,and what1 from observantion made1 probably attainable1 #bj4 ,the ,third1 ,a like ,survey of the ,contents of ,plants2 their several ,kinds1 #ba4 ,of all which1 their ,receptacles1 #bb4 ,motions1 #bc4 ,qualities1 #bd4 ,consistence1 #be4 ,colours1 ,smells1 and ,tastes1 #bf4 ,where also the same ,qualities are to be inquired into1 as generally belonging to ,plants1 #bf4 ,as their ,colours1 #bg4 ,odours1 #bh4 ,tastes1 #bi4 ,also their ,faculties1 #cj4 ,all these to be further examined1 #ca4 ,by ,contusion1 #cb4 ,agitation1 #cc4 ,frigifaction1 #cd4 ,infusion1 #ce4 ,subsession1 #cf4 ,digestion1 #cg1 #ch4 ,decoction1 #ci4 ,destillation1 #dj4 ,arefaction1 #da4 ,assation1 #db4 ,ustion1 #dc4 ,calcination1 #dd4 ,by ,composition with other ,bodies1 #de4 ,and by ,compounding the ,experiment it self1 #df4 ,what hence attainable1 #dg4 ,the ,fourth1 ,a like ,survey of the ,principles1 as well as of the ,contents1 of the ,organical ,parts1 #dh4 ,the ,difficulty hereof1 in some respects cleared1 #di4 ,further1 by two ,instances1 #ej1 #ea4 ,some ,remarques hereupon1 of the ,principles of ,plants1 #eb4 ,from hence will be attainable a further knowledge of the ,modes of ,vegetation1 #ec4 ,of the ,qualities of ,vegetables1 #ed4 ,and of their ,powers1 #ee1 #ef4 ,the ,fifth1 ,a like ,survey of those ,bodies1 either from which these ,principles are derived1 or wherewith they have any communion1 #eg4 ,which are ,four in general1 soil1 ,earth1 and all solid ,receptacles1 #eh4 ,water1 and all liquid ,receptacles1 #ei4 ,aer1 #fj4 ,and ,sun1 #fa4 ,a ,sixth ,general ,inquiry1 only hinted1 #fb4 ,the ,conclusion1 #fc4 ,,an ,,idea ,,of ,a ,philosophical ,history ,,of ,,plants4 ,,if ,,we take an account of the ,degrees whereunto the ,knowledge of ,vegetables is ,advanced1 it appeareth1 ,that besides the great ,varieties1 which the ,successful ,arts of ,florists1 or ,transplantations from one ,climate to another1 have produced2 we have very many ,species brought to light1 especially ,natives of the ,indies1 which the ,ancients1 for any thing that appears in their ,writings now extant1 were ignorant of4 ,in which particular ,clusius1 ,columna1 ,baubinus1 ,boccone1 and others1 have performed much4 ,withall1 ,that their ,descriptions 7of all ,parts above ground7 their ,places and ,seasons1 are with good diligence and preciseness set before us4 ,likewise their ,order and ,kindred3 for the adjusting whereof our ,learned ,countryman ,mr4 ,ray1 and ,dr4 ,morrison1 have both taken very laudable pains4 ,as also the ordering of them with respect to their ,alimental and ,mechanick ,uses2 for which1 amongst others1 ,mr4 ,evelyn and ,dr4 ,beal have deserved many thanks1 and great praise4 ,we are also informed1 of the ,natures and infallible ,faculties of many of them4 ,whereunto so many as have assisted1 have much obliged their ,posterity4 #b4 4 ,by due ,reflection upon what hath been ,performed2 it also appears1 what is left ,imperfect1 and what ,undone4 ,for the ,virtues of most ,plants1 are with much uncertainty1 and too promiscuously ascribed to them4 ,so that if you turn over an ,herbal1 you shall find almost every ,herb1 to be good for every ,disease4 ,and of the ,virtues of many1 they are altogether silent4 ,and although1 for the finding out1 and just appropriation of them1 they have left us some ,rules1 yet not all4 ,the ,descriptions likewise of many1 are yet to be perfected2 especially as to their ,roots4 ,those who are very curious about the other ,parts1 being yet here too remiss4 ,and as for their ,figures1 it were much to be wished1 ,that they were all drawn by one ,scale2 or1 at most1 by ,two2 one1 for ,trees and ,shrubs2 and another for ,herbs4 ,many likewise of their ,ranks and ,affinities1 are yet undetermined4 ,and a great number of ,names1 both ,english and ,latine1 not well given4 ,so what we call ,goat's-,rue1 is not at all of kin to that ,plant1 whose ,generical ,name it bears4 ,the like may be said of ,wild-,tansy1 ,stock-,july-,flowers1 ,horse-,radish1 and many more4 ,so also when we say ,bellis ,major1 ,minor1 as we commonly do1 these ,names would intimate1 ,that the ,plants to which they are given1 differ 7as the great double ,marigold1 doth from the less7 only in ,bulk3 whereas1 in truth1 they are two ,species of ,plants4 ,so we commonly say1 ,centaurium ,majus ,minus1 ,chelidonium ,majus ,minus1 and of others in like manner1 which yet are distinct ,species1 and of very different ,tribes4 ,but for the ,reason of ,vegetation1 and the ,causes of all those infinite ,varieties therein observable 7,i mean so far as ,matter1 and the various ,affections hereof1 are instrumental thereunto7 almost all ,men have seemed to be unconcerned4 #c4 4 ,that ,nothing hereof remaineth further to be known1 is a ,thought not well ,calculated4 ,for if we consider how long and gradual a ,journey the ,knowledge of ,nature is2 and how short a ,time we have to proceed therein2 as on the one hand1 we shall conclude it our ease and profit1 ,to see how far ,others have gone before us3 so shall we beware on the other1 ,that we conceive not unduly of ,nature1 whilst we have a just value for ,those1 who were but her ,disciples1 and instructed by ,her4 ,their ,time and ,abilities both1 being short to her2 which1 as ,she was first ,designed by ,divine ,wisdom2 so may ,her vast ,dimensions best be adjudged of1 in being compared ,therewith4 ,it will therefore be our ,prudence1 not to insist upon the ,invidious ,question1 ,which of ,her ,scholars have taken the fairest measure of ,her2 but to be well satisfied1 that as yet ,she hath not been ,circumscribed by ,any4 #d4 4 ,nor doth it more behove us to consider1 how much of the ,nature of ,vegetation may lie before us yet unknown2 ,than1 to believe1 a great part thereof to be knowable4 ,not concluding from the acknowledged1 much less supposed ,insuccessfulnes1 of any ,mens ,undertakings3 but from what may be accounted ,possible1 as to the ,nature of things themselves2 and from ,divine ,providence1 by ,infinite ,ways conducting to the knowledge of them4 ,neither can we determine how great a part ,this may be3 ,because1 ,it is impossible to ,measure1 what we ,see not4 ,and since we are most likely to under-measure1 we shall hereby but intrench our ,endeavours1 which we are not wont to carry beyond the ,idea1 which we have of our ,work4 #e4 4 ,and how far soever this kind of ,knowledge may be attainable1 its being so far also worthy our attainment will be granted4 ,for beholding the ,many and ,elegant ,varieties1 wherewith a ,field or ,garden is adorned2 ,who would not say1 ,that it were exceeding pleasant to know what we ,see3 and not more delightful1 to one who has ,eyes1 to discern that all is very fine2 than to another who hath ,reason1 to understand how4 ,this surely were for a ,man to take a ,true ,inventory of his ,goods1 and his best way to put a price upon them4 ,yea it seems1 that this were not only to be ,partaker of ,divine ,bounty2 but also1 in some degree1 ,to be ,copartner in the ,secrets of ,divine ,art4 ,that which were very desireable1 unless we should think it impertinent for us to design the ,knowing of ,that1 which ,god hath once thought fit to ,do4 #f4 4 ,if for these1 and other ,reasons1 an inquiry into the ,nature of ,vegetation may be of good ,import2 ,it will be requisite to see1 first of all1 ,what may offer it self to be enquired of2 or to understand1 what our ,scope is3 ,that so doing1 we may take our aim the better in making1 and having made1 in applying our ,observations thereunto4 ,amongst other ,inquiries therefore1 such as these deserve to be proposed4 ,first1 by what means it is that a ,plant1 or any ,part of it1 comes to ,grow1 a ,seed to put forth a ,root and ,trunk2 and this1 all the other ,parts1 to the ,seed again2 and all these being formed1 by continual ,nutrition still to be increased4 ,how the ,aliment by which a ,plant is fed1 is duly prepared in its several ,parts2 which way it is conveyed unto them2 and in what manner it is assimilated to their respective ,natures in them all4 ,whence this ,growth and ,augmentation1 is not made of one1 but many differing ,degrees1 unto both extremes of small and great2 whether the comparison be made betwixt several ,plants1 or the several ,parts of one4 ,how not only their ,sizes1 but also their ,shapes are so exceeding various2 as of ,roots1 in being ,thick or ,slender1 ,short or ,long1 ,entire or ,parted1 ,stringed or ,ramified1 and the like3 of ,trunks1 some being more ,entire1 others ,branched1 others ,shrub'd3 of ,leaves1 which are ,long or ,round1 ,even-edg'd or ,escallop'd1 and many other ways different1 yet always ,flat3 and so for the other ,parts4 ,then to inquire1 ,what should be the reason of their various ,motions2 that the ,root should descend2 that its descent should sometimes be perpendicular1 sometimes more level3 ,that the ,trunk doth ascend2 and that the ascent thereof1 as to the space of ,time wherein it is made1 is of different measures3 and of divers other ,motions1 as they are observable in the ,roots1 ,trunks1 and other ,parts of ,plants4 ,whence again1 these ,motions have their ,different1 and ,stated ,terms2 that ,plants have their set and peculiar ,seasons for their ,spring or ,birth1 for their ,full ,growth1 and for their ,teeming2 and the like4 ,further1 what may be the ,causes as of the ,seasons of their ,growth2 so of the ,periods of their ,lives2 some being ,annual1 others ,biennial1 others ,perennial2 some ,perennial both as to their ,roots and ,trunks2 and some as to their ,roots only4 ,then1 as they pass through these several ,seasons of their ,lives1 in what manner their convenient feeding1 housing1 cloathing or protection otherwise1 is contrived2 wherein1 in this kind and harmonious ,oeconomy1 one ,part1 may be officious to another1 for the preservation of the health and life of the whole4 ,and lastly1 what care is taken1 not only for themselves1 but for their ,posterity2 in what manner the ,seed is prepared1 formed and fitted for ,propagation3 and this being of so great concernment1 how sometimes the other ,parts also1 as ,roots1 in putting forth ,trunks2 ,trunks in putting forth ,roots2 yea in turning oftentimes into ,roots themselves2 whereof1 in the ,second ,book of the ,anatomy of ,plants1 ,i shall give some instances4 ,with other ,heads of ,inquiry of this kind4 #g4 4 ,nor are the ,natures1 ,faculties1 and ,contents of ,vegetables less various1 or a particular ,inspection hereinto1 of less concernment4 ,for since ,all1 or ,most1 seem to grow in the same manner1 with one ,sun1 one ,rain1 indifferently well upon one ,soil1 and1 to outward appearance1 to have the same ,common ,parts2 it may be asked1 ,how it comes to pass that their ,liquors1 or other ,contained ,parts1 are of such different ,kinds2 one being ,watry1 another ,winy1 a third ,oily1 a fourth ,milky1 and the like4 ,how also there is such a variety in their ,sensible ,qualities1 as their ,colours1 ,tastes1 and ,smells2 what those ,materials are1 which are necessary to the ,being of these ,qualities2 and those ,formalities1 wherein their ,essence doth consist2 as what it is that makes a ,plant1 or ,flower1 to be white or red2 fragrant or fetid2 bitter or sweet2 or to be of any other ,colour1 ,smell1 or ,taste4 ,in like manner1 their ,faculties and ,powers1 what that is1 or those things are1 by which they are constituted2 as whence one becomes ,purgative1 another ,vomitory1 a third ,diaphoretick1 c41 ,these1 ,i say1 with many other particular ,inquiries depending hereupon2 as they cannot but much oblige the ,reason of ,man to be obsequious to them1 so by bringing in1 at least1 some satisfaction1 will no less reward it4 ,especially1 if it be withal considered1 that besides our satisfaction as to the ,nature of ,vegetation2 some further ,light1 to divers other parts of ,knowledge1 may likewise hence arise4 #h4 ,for since the present ,design will ingage us1 to an accurate and multifarious ,observation of ,plants2 we may hereby be enabled to range and sort them with more certainty1 according to the ,degrees of their ,affinity4 ,and all ,exoticks1 ,plants or ,parts of ,plants1 may probably be reduced to some such ,domesticks1 unto which they may bear the best ,resemblance4 ,again1 it may frequently conduct our minds to the consideration of the ,state of ,animals2 as whether there are not divers material ,agreements betwixt them both2 and what they are4 ,wherein also they may considerably differ1 and what those things are which are more essential to their distinguishment4 ,and besides1 not only to compare what is already known of both2 but also1 by what may be observed in the one1 to suggest and facilitate the finding out of what may yet be unobserved in the other4 ,so also the consideration of the ,colours1 ,smells1 and ,tastes of ,vegetables1 may conduce to the ,knowledge of the same ,qualities in ,general2 or of what it is1 that constitutes them such1 in any other ,body3 not as they are actually received by ,sense2 but so far1 as such ,materials or external ,circumstances1 are requisite to their becoming the ,adequate ,objects thereof4 ,it may lead us also to inquire into further ,ways of ,cultivation1 with respect to the whole ,plant1 or to the ,flower1 ,fruit1 or other ,part3 ,to amend them as to their ,sizes1 ,colours1 ,tastes1 ,fruitfulness1 or otherwise3 ,to think of other ,ways of ,propagation2 or to apply those already known to other ,plants than hath been used4 ,likewise the ,knowledge of their ,mechanical ,uses may hereby be enlarged2 both as to the ,reason of their use1 in such particular ,trades and ,manufactures1 already known2 and the discovery of other uses yet unknown4 ,as also their ,alimental1 with respect both to ,meats and ,drinks2 the preparation of some1 and the finding out of others4 ,but especially their ,medicinal2 some ,plants which have hitherto been neglected1 may be applied to use2 the ,perverted uses of some1 and the ,confused uses of others1 may be rectified4 ,what may best correct their ,malignancies1 or inforce their ,virtues2 ,when needful to add the preparations of ,art to ,that of ,nature2 ,how to ,enlarge those of ,art1 and ,rectifie those which are indeed ,inartificial1 may hereby be better conjectured4 ,the knowledge of all which1 that we may know how far it is accessible1 and what probable ,approaches may be made towards it2 those several ,means ,i have thought of1 and suppose necessary thereunto1 are next to be proposed4 #i4 4 ,reflecting then upon the present ,design1 and seeing this to lie wide2 we shall1 in the first place1 conclude the ,means attending thereon1 should do so likewise4 ,wherefore1 although some may present themselves unto us as more promising2 yet let us suppose what several ,persons1 were they hereunto engaged1 each according to his ,sense and ,genius1 would possibly make choice of4 ,believing1 that although ,considering ,men may vary1 in the approval of their own ,sense and ,notion2 yet not always mearly1 because it is their own2 but because each1 may probably see somewhat more in his own1 than others do4 ,wherefore it will be our surest ,logick to conclude1 ,not because no ,mean may be approved by all ,men1 that all ,means should be rejected2 but rather1 because each may be approved by some1 that therefore1 all be made choice of4 ,and these1 ,i think1 may be comprehended under ,five ,general ,heads of ,enquiry4 ,first1 ,of those ,things1 which are of more ,external ,consideration about ,plants1 as their ,figures1 c4 ,secondly1 ,of their ,compounding ,parts1 as ,vessels1 c4 ,thirdly1 ,of their ,liquors1 and other ,contents4 ,fourthly1 ,of their ,principles1 as ,salts1 c4 ,fifthly1 ,of their ,aliment1 as ,water1 and other ,means of ,growth4 #aj4 4 ,,and ,,first of all1 whatever is of more ,external ,consideration1 ,the ,first ,general ,mean4 as the ,figures1 ,proportions1 ,motions1 ,seasons1 ,situations of ,vegetables1 and of their several ,parts1 should be observed4 ,in doing which1 a particular survey of all their ,varieties should be taken4 ,and then a ,comparison made betwixt these1 and the several ,plants1 or ,parts of ,plants1 whereof they are the ,properties4 ,to the end1 ,we may1 if possible1 be thereby conducted to find out1 what other1 either sensible1 or more recluse ,property1 any of them may agree together in4 ,for it is not more certain1 that the three ,angles of every ,rectilinear ,triangle1 because all ways equal to two ,right ,angles1 are therefore1 if put together1 always the same3 than that one ,property1 agreeing to divers ,vegetables1 should have one ,cause3 ,for although the ,scope and ,end may vary2 yet the ,cause1 as it is the ,cause of that ,property1 must be one3 and consequently1 must also import some ,identity in the ,nature of all those ,vegetables wherein it ,acts4 ,wherefore by thus comparing of them1 we shall be able more exactly to state the ,orders and ,degrees of their ,affinities2 ,better to understand both the ,causes and ,ends of their ,varieties3 ,and more probably to conjecture of their ,natures and ,vertues4 #aa4 4 ,first then the various ,figures of their several ,parts should be observed2 and that with respect both to the ,forms1 and the ,positions1 by which their ,roots1 ,trunks1 ,branches1 ,leaves1 ,flowers1 ,fruits1 and ,seeds may vary1 or agree2 and those several ,lines1 by which both the said ,varieties are determin'd4 ,in which of these ,parts1 the agreement chiefly lies2 this being both more observable1 and more material in some of them2 less in the ,root1 more in the ,flower1 or ,seed4 ,and in how many of these ,parts together2 whether one1 more1 or all4 ,by both which1 the ,orders and ,degrees of ,affinity1 which are many1 may be accounted2 either as to what we strictly call ,kindred1 or else ,analogy4 ,for there are found1 not only ,herbs accounted of several ,tribes1 which are ally'd2 and some of the ,smallest1 which are of kin to the ,greatest3 ,but there are also1 probably1 some ,herbs1 which have a particular ,relation1 to many ,kinds of ,shrubs2 and some ,shrubs1 to many ,kinds of ,trees4 ,thus the several sorts of ,letuce1 are of ,kin1 together in the ,first ,degree2 with ,endive1 in the ,second4 ,the several ,clarys1 amongst themselves in the ,first2 with ,horehound1 in the ,second2 with ,lamium1 in the ,third4 ,all ,strawberries agree together1 in the ,first ,degree2 with ,cinquefoyl1 in the ,second2 with ,tormentil in the ,third2 and with ,avens1 c4 in other ,degrees more remote4 ,so ,agrimony1 hath alike ,analogy unto ,strawberry2 as ,goats-,rue1 hath to ,claver3 ,and ,strawberry1 the like unto the ,rasp2 as ,goosberry to the ,vine2 or ,burnet1 to the ,rose4 ,amongst the several ,sorts of ,grass1 there are some which match all those of ,corn2 which is but a greater kind of ,grass4 ,so again all ,pulse1 are not only of kin1 in their several ,degrees1 to one another2 but likewise1 to almost all kinds of ,trefoyls1 as ,melilot1 ,fnugreek1 and the common ,clavers themselves2 as by comparing not only their ,leaves1 but ,flowers1 ,seeds1 and ,cods together1 may be evident4 ,for the several parts of the ,flower of a ,trefoyl1 are so many more ,flowers1 containing so many ,cods of small ,seeds1 all1 in shape1 agreeable to the ,flowers1 ,cods1 and ,seeds of ,pulse4 ,the same ,relation1 which ,trefoyls have to the ,peas or other ,pulse2 ,colts-foot1 hath to ,buttyr-,bur2 ,chickweed to ,leucanthemum2 ,groundsell1 to ,jacoba2 or ,scorodonia1 to ,foxglove3 ,or1 to go higher1 as the ,leguminous ,kinds of ,herbs1 have to ,sena1 or some other of the ,lobed ,shrubs and ,trees4 ,and1 as among ,animals1 there are some which connect several ,kinds2 as the ,batt doth ,beasts and ,birds3 ,so1 among ,plants1 there are some also1 which seem to stand between two ,tribes2 as ,lappa1 between ,knapweeds and ,thistles2 ,lampsana1 between the ,intybaceous ,kind1 and the ,mouse-ears4 #ab4 4 ,from hence likewise1 the ,natures of ,plants may be conjectured4 ,for in looking upon divers ,plants1 though of different ,names and ,kinds2 yet if some affinity may be found betwixt them1 then the ,nature of any one of them being well known1 we have thence ground of conjecture1 as to the ,nature of all the rest4 ,so that as every ,plant may have somewhat of ,nature individual to it self2 so1 as far as it obtaineth any ,visible ,communities with other ,plants1 so far1 may it partake of ,common ,nature with those also4 ,thus the ,wild1 and ,garden ,cucumers1 have this difference2 that the one purgeth strongly1 the other1 not at all3 yet in being ,diuretick1 they both agree4 ,the ,natures of ,umbelliferous ,plants1 we know1 are various2 yet 'tis most probable1 that they all agree in this one1 scil4 in being ,carminative4 ,the several sorts1 both of ,corn and ,grass1 are all akin2 there is no doubt therefore1 but that the ,seeds of ,grass themselves 7of ,rye and ,oats it is tryed7 if it were worth the while to order them1 as ,barley1 would yield an inflammable ,spirit4 ,so likewise the several ,kinds of ,pulse1 have some one community in their ,form1 as is said3 for which reason1 ,i question not1 but that in some ,cases1 wherein ,cicers are esteemed a good ,medicine2 a ,decoction of the better sort of ,pease1 especially that we call the ,sugar-,pease1 may go beyond them4 ,as doth also the ,flower or ,meal of ,beans1 that of the ,seeds of ,fnugreek2 even there1 where they are accounted excellent4 ,so ,tulips1 ,lillies1 ,crocuses1 ,jacynths1 and ,onions themselves1 with many others1 in their several ,degrees1 are all allied4 ,if therefore ,crocuses1 ,onions1 ,lillies1 agree in one or more ,faculties1 then why may not all the rest8 as in being ,anodyne2 or in some other ,common ,nature2 whereby1 in their ,vegetation1 their ,parts are ,governed and ,over-ruled1 to one ,common or ,analogous ,form4 #ac4 4 ,the ,proportions likewise1 amongst the several ,parts of ,vegetables1 for the same ,reasons1 deserve to be observed2 the comparison being made1 both betwixt the ,parts of several ,plants1 and the several ,parts of one4 ,and here again1 either betwixt any ,two of the ,parts1 or any ,one of them1 and the ,whole besides1 or all the rest put together4 ,so some larger ,seeds1 produce a small ,root2 as those of ,cucumer3 and others smaller1 produce one very great2 as those of ,bryony4 ,some ,plants1 as the ,melon1 though themselves but very slender1 yet have a vast and bulky ,fruit2 others again1 as ,thistles1 and many yet more substantial1 have no other ,fruit1 besides their ,seed4 ,so the ,seeds of all ,pulse1 and especially1 the ,garden ,bean1 though large1 yet produce but a small ,plant3 but those of ,foxglove1 ,mullen1 ,burdock1 ,sun-flower1 c4 being themselves much less1 do yet produce a far greater4 ,and especially1 those ,seeds1 which are inclosed in the ,thicker sort of ,cover1 7analogous to that ,i have elsewhere called the ,secondine7 as that of ,peony2 ,anat4 ,plant4 ,book ,i4 ,chap4 ult4 whose ,seed1 so called1 is only the ,nest wherein the true and real ,seed is lodged1 no bigger than a little ,pins head3 which is also observable of the ,seeds of divers other ,plants4 ,these1 and the like ,proportions1 as they lie betwixt the several ,parts1 should be noted3 and to what ,plants or ,parts especially1 any of them may agree3 comparing also in what other kind of ,properties an agreement betwixt the said ,parts may be found3 that so doing1 we may1 if possible1 amongst all their ,individual ,natures1 be instructed to single out those ,common ,ones1 which are concomitant to such ,agreeing ,properties4 #ad4 4 ,the several ,seasons also of ,plants1 and of their ,parts1 should be considered4 ,observing at what particular ,times of the ,year1 any of them chiefly ,spring1 ,early or ,late4 ,the ,times wherein they ,germinate2 whether for some ,space only1 or all the ,year long4 ,wherein they ,spring1 after ,sowing2 or ,flower1 after ,springing1 sooner1 or slower4 ,which ,flower1 the first ,year1 or not till the second4 ,which after the ,leaves are put forth1 or before them2 for so1 some do1 as the ,crocus ,vernus1 ,bears-foot1 ,hepatica aurea1 and others2 all the ,leaves1 at the time of their flowering1 being old1 or of the foregoing ,year's growth4 ,so likewise the ,maturation of the ,fruit or ,seed2 how long after the ,flower1 and the like4 ,all or some of which ,varieties1 being laid together1 we may probably conjecture the ,causes thereof1 and the ,natures of the ,plants in which they are seen3 scil4 as such a ,degree of ,heat may be necessary for the ,fermentation1 or the better ,distribution of the ,sap of such a ,plant2 or for the ,impregnation of the ,aer1 to be mixed therewith2 or the due ,disposing of the ,soil1 to render the most convenient ,aliment thereunto4 ,so the ,principles of such ,plants1 which flower all the ,year1 may be more equally proportion'd4 ,those which flower before the ,leaves put forth1 as the ,crocus ,vernus1 and those which flower in ,spring1 may be accounted ,rank1 and full of ,volatile ,salt4 ,but ,autumn ,plants especially1 to abound with a ,fixed3 and the like4 #ae4 4 ,the proper ,places also of ,plants1 or such wherein they have1 from their ,seeds1 or other way of ,propagation1 a ,spontaneous growth1 should be considered4 ,and that as to the ,climate2 whether in one ,colder1 ,temperate1 or more ,hot4 ,the ,region2 ,continent1 or ,island4 ,the ,seat2 as ,sea1 or ,land1 ,watry1 ,boggy1 or ,dry2 ,hills1 ,plains1 or ,vallies2 ,open1 in ,woods1 or under ,hedges2 ,against ,walls1 rooted in them1 or on their ,tops3 and the like4 ,and perhaps the ,seeds of some ,plants1 as of ,mosses1 7which1 through their smallness1 will ascend like ,moths in the ,sun7 may fly or swim for some time1 in the ,aer1 viz4 till they begin to shoot1 and so become heavy enough1 to fall down upon the ,ground4 ,from whence1 in like manner1 as from their ,seasons1 their particular ,natures may be directed unto4 ,in that1 so far as we may conjecture the nature of such an ,aer1 ,soil1 or ,seat1 we may also of such a ,plant1 to which they are congenial4 #af4 4 ,so likewise1 those many ,varieties observable in the ,motions of ,plants1 and of their ,parts1 both ,kinds and ,degrees2 ,ascending1 ,descending1 and ,horizontal2 ,rectilinear1 and ,spiral ,motions1 should be noted2 to what ,plants they agree1 and wherein any of these ,motions may be analogous to those of ,animals4 ,and in a word1 any other ,forensick ,properties of ,plants4 ,and then1 to ,compare them all together2 both being necessary4 ,for ,thoughts cannot work upon nothing1 no more than ,hands4 ,he that will build an ,house1 must provide ,materials4 ,and on the contrary1 the ,materials will never become an ,house1 unless1 by certain ,rules1 we joyn them all together4 ,so1 it is not1 simply1 the ,knowledge of many things1 but a multifarious ,copulation of them in the ,mind1 that becomes prolifick of further ,knowledge4 ,and thus much for the first ,general ,mean4 #ag4 4 ,,the ,,next which ,i propose1 and that a most necessary one1 is ,anatomy4 ,the ,second ,general ,mean4 ,for when upon the ,dissection of ,vegetables1 we see so great a difference in them1 that not only their ,outward ,figures1 but also their ,inward ,structure1 is so ,elegant2 and in all1 so ,various2 it must needs lead us thus to ,think1 ,that these ,inward ,varieties1 were either to no ,end2 or if they were1 we must assign to what4 ,to imagine the first1 were exceeding vain2 as if ,nature1 the ,handmaid of ,divine ,wisdom1 should with ,her fine ,needle and ,thred1 stitch up so many several ,pieces1 of so difficult1 and yet so groundless a ,work4 ,but if for some ,end1 then either only to be looked upon1 or some other besides4 ,if for this only1 then this must be such as in respect whereof1 ,her ,work is at no time1 nor in any degree frustrate2 the contrary whereunto1 is most manifest4 ,for although ,men do every where1 with frequent pleasure1 behold the ,outward ,elegancies of ,plants2 yet the ,inward ,ones1 which1 generally1 are as ,precise and ,various as the ,outward2 we see1 how usual it is1 for the beholding of ,these1 to be omitted by them4 ,and besides1 when we have observed ,nature's ,work1 as well as we can2 it may be no impediment to our best ,endeavours1 to believe1 ,that some ,parts of it1 will still remain behind1 ,unseen4 ,so that if to be ,seen1 were the only ,end of it1 it must needs be wholly frustrate1 as to the greater number of ,men2 and1 in some part1 as to all4 ,wherefore1 we must suppose some other ,ends of the said ,varieties1 which should have their ,effect1 and so ,these1 not be in vain1 whether ,men beheld them or not2 which1 are1 therefore1 such as have respect to ,vegetation3 ,that the ,corn might grow1 so2 and the ,flower1 so1 whether or no ,men had a mind1 leisure1 or ability1 to understand how4 #ah4 4 ,if then the ,anatomy of ,vegetables be so useful a ,mean1 we ought not to streighten it2 but to force this1 as well as the rest1 to its utmost ,extent4 ,and therefore1 first of all1 ,to go through all the ,parts1 with equal care2 examining the ,root1 ,trunk1 ,branch1 ,leaf1 ,flower1 ,fruit1 and ,seed4 ,then to ,repeat or ,retrograde the ,dissection1 from ,part to ,part3 in that1 although the best ,method of ,delivery1 for clear ,discourse1 can be but one1 according to that of ,nature1 from the ,seed forward1 to the ,seed3 yet can it not but be useful1 for ,that of ,dissection1 to proceed to and fro2 somewhat or other being more ,visible in each several ,part1 from whence still an ,hint may be taken1 for the ushering in the observation of it in the others4 ,to examine1 again1 not only all the ,parts1but ,kinds of ,vegetables1 and comparatively1 to observe divers of the same size1 shape1 motion1 age1 sap1 quality1 power1 or any other way the same1 which may also agree1 in some one or more particulars1 as to their ,interiour ,structure3 and to make this comparison1 throughout all their ,parts and ,properties4 ,to observe them likewise1 in several ,seasons of the ,year1 and in several ,ages of the ,plants1 and of their ,parts2 in both which1 divers of them may be noted to change1 not only their ,dimensions1 but their ,natures also2 as ,vessels1 do into ,ligaments2 and ,cartilages1 into ,bones1 sometimes1 in ,animals4 ,and to do all this by several ,ways of ,section1 ,oblique1 ,perpendicular1 and ,transverse2 all three being requisite1 if not to ,observe1 yet the better to ,comprehend1 some ,things4 ,and it will be convenient sometimes to ,break1 ,tear1 or otherwise ,divide1 without a ,section4 ,together with the ,knife it will be necessary to joyn the ,microscope2 and to examine all the ,parts1 and every ,way1 in the use of ,that4 ,as also1 that both ,immediate1 and ,microscopical ,inspections1 be ,compared3 since it is certain1 ,that some things1 may be demonstrated by ,reason and the ,eye conjunct1 without a ,glass1 which cannot be discovered by it2 or else the discovery is so dark1 as which1 alone1 may not be safely depended on4 #ai4 4 ,by these several ,ways of ,inspection1 it will be requisite1 ,to observe their ,compounding ,parts2 as ,simply considered1 and as variously ,proportioned1 and ,disposed4 ,as ,simply considered1 to note their ,number2 what1 and whether the same1 in all3 their ,kinds1 wherein different in the same1 or divers ,vegetables3 their ,original1 in part1 or in whole3 ,structure1 as to their ,contexture and their ,cavities2 ,their ,contexture1 within themselves severally1 and as joyned together3 their ,cavities1 as to their ,size1 ,shape1 and ,number2 in which a great variety will be found4 ,next their ,positions one amongst another1 which are also various2 as ,anterior1 ,posterior1 ,collateral1 ,surrounding1 ,mediate1 ,immediate1 ,near1 ,remote2 both as they respect the several ,parts1 and the several portions of one3 ,and all these1 as few1 or more2 these or others of them1 may be diversely ,compounded together4 ,and then the ,proportions they bear one to another2 whether as to ,minority1 ,equality1 or ,excess2 each ,part compared with each1 and that as to the several ,degrees appearing in the said ,proportions2 the ,varieties whereof may be exceeding numerous4 ,for if we should suppose but ,four considerable ,parts generally constitutive of a ,vegetable3 ,these ,four1 produce a ,variety ,four ways4 ,first1 when ,one is ,unequal2 and then it produceth only ,four ,varieties3 and those two ways1 scil4 when one is ,greater1 and the other three1 ,equal and ,less2 or when one is ,less2 and the other three1 ,equal and ,greater4 ,secondly1 when ,two be ,unequal2 and then they produce ,six ,varieties4 ,thirdly1 when ,three be ,unequal1 which produceth ,twelve ,varieties4 ,or lastly1 when all ,four be ,unequal2 which produceth ,twenty four3 which general ,varieties1 may be further multiplied by their several ,degrees4 #bj4 4 ,from all which1 we may come to know1 what the ,communities of ,vegetables are1 as belonging to all2 what their ,distinctions1 to such a ,kind2 their ,properties1 to such a ,species2 and their ,peculiarities1 to such ,particular ones4 ,and as in ,metaphysical1 or other ,contemplative ,matters1 when we have a distinct knowledge of the ,communities and ,differences of ,things1 we may then be able to give their true ,definitions3 so may we possibly1 here attain1 to do likewise3 not only to know1 ,that every ,plant ,inwardly differs from another1 but also wherein2 so as not more surely to ,define by the ,outward ,figure1 than by the ,inward ,structure1 ,what that is1 or those things are1 whereby any ,plant1 or ,sort of ,plants1 may be distinguished from all others4 ,and having obtained a knowledge of the ,communities and ,differences amongst the ,parts of ,vegetables2 it may conduct us through a ,series of more facile and probable ,conclusions1 of the ways of their ,causality1 as to the ,communities and ,differences of ,vegetation4 ,and thus much for the ,second ,general ,mean4 #ba4 4 ,,having ,,thus far examined the ,organical and ,containing ,parts of ,vegetables2 ,the ,third ,general ,mean4 it will be requisite1 more designedly1 to observe those also which are ,fluid1 or any others ,contained in them3 and that1 for our better understanding both of the ,nature of ,vegetation1 and of the said ,contained ,parts4 ,and to make inquiry1 ,first of their ,kinds2 as ,spirits2 both such as agree1 in general1 in being ,vinous2 and those that are ,special1 to particular ,plants4 ,aers and ,vapours2 for the existence whereof1 in all ,vegetables1 there are ,arguments certainly concluding4 ,and for the difference of their ,natures1 in being more dry1 or moist1 more simple or compounded1 as they are existent in several ,parts1 there are probable ones4 ,lympha's or clear and watry ,saps2 which most ,plants1 in one ,part or other1 at some time of the ,year1 do ,bleed ,mucilages2 as in ,mallow and ,violet ,leaves2 in many ,seeds1 as of ,quinces1 ,clary2 ,fruits1 as in ,cucumers2 distinct from the watry ,sap1 as by permitting it to stand and gelly upon the ,vessels from whence it issues1 is plain3 ,and in the young ,berrys of ,white ,bryony1 when about the bigness of a ,pepper-,corn2 the juyce whereof is so ,viscous1 that the twentieth part of a ,grain1 will draw out above a ,yard in length4 ,oyles2 not only in ,seeds1 and some ,fruits1 but other ,parts2 as in certain little cavities in the ,leaves of ,savine1 visibly collected while they are growing4 ,gumms or ,resines2 as in ,pine1 ,fir1 and others of this ,kind4 ,milks2 as in a vast number of ,plants1 and amongst them1 many not suspected to yield any4 ,for1 of ,herbs1 not only most of the ,umbelliferous ,kind1 are ,milky2 but all or most of the ,intybous2 ,poppys2 ,tracheliums2 ,perwinkles2 divers ,thistles2 and even ,onions1 if cut at the bottome2 with a great many more4 ,of ,trees1 not only the ,little ,maple1 but the young ,shoots of ,lawrel1 especially being crushed2 as also those of ,elder1 and some others4 ,to which may be added1 such ,mucilages1 which though not so properly contained within the ,parts1 yet are found lying over them2 as over the first ,spring-leaves of all kinds of ,docks2 betwixt the ,leaves and the ,veil wherein they are involved4 ,that fine white ,flower or ,powder1 which lies over the ,leaves of some ,plants1 as of ,bears-,ear3 ,and in ,princes-,feather1 about certain ,apertures only on the edges of the ,leaves4 #bb4 4 ,of all these should be observed1 first their ,receptacles2 some of them1 being proper to one2 others1 common to two or more of them3 since it is certain1 that some of them do ,transmigrate from one1 into another ,receptacle1 or that the same ,receptacle is filled with ,fluid ,bodies1 of a quite different ,nature1 at the different ,seasons of the ,year1 and ,ages of the ,vegetable4 ,and it is also very probable1 ,that two of some of them1 may1 sometimes1 be contained in one ,receptacle1 at the same time2 as in ,animals1 the ,lympha in the ,d4 ,thoracicus1 and that1 and the ,chyle1 in the ,sanguineous ,vessels4 #bc4 4 ,then their ,motions2 both ,natural1 and such as may be effected by ,art3 and those either by ,descent or ,ascent2 ,and in ascending1 through what different ,chanels or ,parts of the ,trunk2 since it is certain1 ,that there is a variety1 both in respect of the ,season1 and of ,vegetables4 ,where it will fall in1 ,to observe the ,tapping of ,trees4 ,as also their ,bleeding3 to what ,trees it is proper to bleed3 in those to which it is1 with what difference of ,celerity3 and when their peculiar ,season3 for none will bleed at all times2 neither will all bleed at the same4 ,and then their ,collateral ,motion1 together with the ,mode of their ,transition from one ,organical ,part to another4 #bd4 4 ,next their ,quantities1 either of one2 as the ,comparison is made betwixt several ,plants1 or betwixt the ,parts of the same4 ,so the true ,seed of all ,plants1 containeth more ,oyl1 in proportion1 than any of the other ,parts4 ,or else of divers1 as coexistent and bearing such a proportion one to another in the same ,part3 of most of which1 it may be known by their respective ,receptacles4 ,yet the ,computation must not be made from the number of the said ,receptacles1 simply2 but as that is in conjunction with their ,capacity2 and as their ,capacity is proportioned to their surrounding ,sides2 the ,sides of those of the least ,capacity1 being usually as thick1 as those of the greatest3 so that suppose ,ten lesser1 to lye within the compass of ,one greater2 the ,content of these altogether1 would scarce be equal to half the ,content of that ,one4 #be4 4 ,also their ,consistence2 scil43 of so many of them as are discriminable by ,touch2 in being ,soft or ,hard2 ,thin or ,thick2 ,mucilaginous1 ,gummous1 ,glutinous1 ,friable1 c4 ,and these in their several ,degrees2 in which there is a ,variety1 as in the ,milks of some ,plants1 which are more ,dilute1 than that of others3 ,mucilages2 which in some1 are very thick and ,viscous1 in others1 more diluted and coming nearer to a watry ,sap4 ,and by ,this1 to be compared in the same manner1 as by their ,quantity4 #bf4 4 ,likewise their ,colours1 ,smells1 and ,tastes3 ,the general and particular ,kinds of all which should be noted4 ,and to what ,contained ,parts1 and in what ,variety1 they appertain4 ,so most ,resinous ,gumms are ,tinctur'd1 some1 not2 as that which drops from the ,domestick ,pine1 is as clear as ,rock-water4 ,the ,milks of some ,plants are ,paler1 as in ,burdock2 of others ,whiter1 as in ,dandelyon1 ,scorzonera2 ,citrine1 in the ,root of ,trachelium1 ,angelica2 ,yellow1 as in ,lovage4 ,in some ,plants1 ,odorous1 as in ,umbelliferous2 in others not1 as in ,cichoraceous4 ,that of ,little ,maple1 ,tasteless2 of ,garden ,chervil1 ,sweet2 of ,fenil1 ,hot2 of ,scorzonera1 ,astringent2 of ,dandelion1 ,bitter2 and generally1 in other ,plants2 but with many ,degrees of ,strength1 and in conjunction with other ,tasts4 ,but most ,mucilages1 have little either ,colour1 ,taste1 or ,smell2 and the like4 ,here also the same ,qualities are to be inquired into1 as1 in general speaking1 they are said to belong to a ,vegetable4 ,since it is more than probable1 that all ,colours 7excepting ,white1 which is sometimes common both to ,containing and ,contained ,parts7 all ,odours1 and ,tastes1 which are more immediately1 and without a resolution of their ,essential ,principles1 perceptible in a ,plant2 are not ascribable either to the ,organical1 or ,containing ,parts2 but only to ,those1 ,contained in them2 as from divers reasons hereafter may appear4 #bg4 4 ,and first1 their ,colours2 where1 with respect to several ,plants and ,parts1 they are more ,changeable2 as ,red1 in ,flowers2 or ,constant1 as ,green1 in ,leaves4 ,which1 with respect to several ,ages of one ,part1 are more fading1 as ,green in ,fruits2 or durable1 as ,yellow in ,flowers4 ,in what ,parts more ,single1 as always in the ,seed2 or more ,compounded1 as in the ,flower2 and in what ,plants more especially1 as in ,pancy4 ,which proper to ,plants that have such a ,taste or ,smell1 as both1 in ,white ,flowers1 are usually less strong4 ,to ,plants that flower in such a ,season1 as a ,yellow ,flower1 ,i think1 chiefly1 to ,spring ,plants4 ,and to ,plants that are natural to such a ,soil or ,seat1 as to ,water-plants1 more usually1 a white ,flower4 ,what1 amongst all ,colours1 more ,common to ,plants1 as ,green2 or more ,rare1 as ,black4 ,and what all these ,varieties of ,colours are upon ,cultivation1 but chiefly1 in their natural ,soil4 ,to observe also with their superficial ,colours1 those within3 so the ,roots of ,docks1 are ,yellow2 of ,bistort1 ,red2 of ,avens1 ,purple2 but of most1 ,white4 ,where the ,inward1 and ,superficial ,colours agree2 as in the ,leaves2 or vary1 as in the other ,parts frequently4 ,and in what manner they are ,situated2 some universally spreading1 others running only along with the ,vessels1 as in the ,leaves of ,red ,dock1 and the ,flowers of ,wood-,sorrel4 #bh4 4 ,next their ,odours2 what may be their principal ,seat2 whether one or divers ,seats in the same ,plant4 ,what the chief ,matter out of which they are continually bred4 ,what similitude betwixt the ,smells of divers ,vegetables2 as betwixt ,baume1 and a ,limon2 the ,green ,leaves of ,meadow-sweet1 and the green ,rinds of ,walnuts4 ,or betwixt those of ,plants and ,animals2 as the ,smell of green and well-grown ,carduus1 is like to that rank scent1 ab aliquorum axillis spiranti4 ,which have a more sensible ,smell2 as most have2 and which have less1 as ,corn4 ,where the green ,leaf is the most ,fragrant ,part1 as in ,musk-,cranesbill2 where the ,flower1 as in ,roses2 the ,root1 as in sweet ,calamus4 ,where all the ,parts have some ,odour1 where some1 or one1 only2 as in ,scurvy-grass1 only the ,flowers1 unless the ,leaves are bruis'd2 and in ,arum1 the ,pestil only2 for neither the ,leaf1 nor ,root hath any ,smell1 unless cut2 but this is strong enough1 not much unlike to ,humane ,excrements4 #bi4 4 ,but especially their ,tastes1 which it much importeth us more precisely to distinguish2 ,first1 by their general ,kinds2 for the number1 even of these1 may be computed greater than usually it is4 ,i remember not1 that ,heat and ,acritude1 with respect to ,taste1 are distinguished2 yet ,arum-,root is very ,pungent1 without any proper ,heat2 and ,cloves1 are very ,hot1 without any proper ,pungency4 ,so the ,white ,roots of ,yarrow1 have a ,taste1 hardly any other way perceptible1 than by causing a gentle glowing and continued ,warmth upon the ,tongue4 ,also their ,respondencies one to another2 as that of ,zedoary1 and of the lesser ,cardamoms1 is somewhat like to ,camphire4 ,likewise their ,degrees2 in which there is a great latitude1 and may be extended from ,one to ,ten1 or with easie distinction1 from ,one to ,five3 ,so the ,root of ,sorrel1 is ,bitter in the first2 of ,dock1 in the second2 of ,dog-,rose1 in the third2 of ,dandelyon1 in the fourth2 of ,gentian1 in the fifth3 observing them1 not only as they vary in several ,kinds of ,plants1 but the several ,species of one1 as in ,cichory1 ,hawkweed1 ,dandelyon4 ,and then their ,compositions2 for ,tastes are as truly conjunct in one ,part1 as ,colours3 by which1 the latitude is still greater2 ,in that all ,kinds of ,tastes1 in all their ,degrees1 and in differing ,numbers1 may be variously ,compounded together3 ,for the most part1 ,two1 as in the ,leaves of sharp-pointed ,dock1 ,astringent1 and ,sowre2 in ,sorrel-,roots1 ,astringent and ,bitter2 and in ,aloes1 ,bitter and ,sweet2 the one in the fifth1 the other1 in the first ,degree2 as upon an unprejudiced tryal may be perceived3 and yet more evidently in the ,gall of any ,land-,animal4 ,sometimes three1 as in ,agrimony1 ,bitter1 ,rough1 and ,sowrish and in ,agarick1 ,bitter1 ,rough1 and ,sweet4 ,and sometimes1 perhaps more4 ,the ,sensible distinctions of all which1 may lye almost as wide1 as of ,plants themselves4 ,wherefore1 although it may be thought rashness1 to take away the distinctions of ,hot1 ,cold1 ,moist1 ,dry1 ,thin1 ,gross1 and other ,qualities1 in their several ,degree1 which the ,ancients have affixed to particular ,plants3 yet since they have done it1 to many of them1 with much uncertainty2 and that1 withal1 they are1 more properly1 the ,effects and ,operations of ,plants1 than their ,qualites2 ,practical ,observation1 may therefore approve it useful1 to add these ,sensible ,ones of various ,tastes1 precisely distinguishing their ,conjugations and ,degrees4 ,lastly1 their several ,varieties and ,mutations1 with respect to the ,subject wherein they reside1 should also be noted4 ,as1 of all ,tastes found in ,plants1 ,bitter and ,sowr1 are most common2 ,sweet and ,salt1 most rare4 ,which latter1 is not only perceptible in some ,sea-,plants2 but upon some others1 as upon the fresh ,leaves of ,tamarisk2 which being licked while they grow1 or when immediately gathered1 are plainly ,saltish4 ,how they vary with the ,age of the ,plant1 or ,part2 as the ,roots of ,radishes1 growing up to ,seed1 lose the strength of their ,tast2 so most ,fruits are first ,sowre1 then ,sweet4 ,what proper to the several ,parts of any one ,plant2 so the ,leaves of ,wormwood are extraordinary ,bitter2 the ,root scarcely so at all2 of an ,hot1 but quite different ,taste4 ,what more ,common1 or ,rare1 to any ,part2 so no ,root that ,i ever tasted1 is ,sowre4 ,and how they ,alternate in several ,plants2 as the ,root of ,stock-,july-flower is biting1 not the ,leaves2 on the contrary1 the ,leaves of the ,water-,arsmart1 are ,biting2 but not the ,root2 and the like4 ,to which we may add the difference of ,time wherein the ,tastes of ,plants are perceived2 as those of ,arum1 and ,rape-,crowfoot1 are both ,biting2 but that of the first1 as it is slowly perceived1 so it continues long2 that of the other1 quickly comes1 and quickly goes4 #cj4 4 ,amongst the other ,adjuncts of the ,contained ,parts1 though not of these only1 the ,faculties of ,vegetables are to be reputed4 ,for so the ,rosin of ,jalap1 which is ,purgative1 is as truly contained in the ,organical ,parts of that ,root1 as ,blood is in ,veins3 ,it will be requisite therefore to make particular observation of these also4 ,and first1 what ,faculties chiefly may reside in ,plants1 above others3 so there is none of known use in ,salivation1 except by holding in the mouth3 ,although we may ask1 ,why some amongst them1 may not 7being ,taken inwardly7 have a power to evacuate by ,this1 as well as other ,violent ways8 ,where the ,faculty is more universally spread over all the ,parts of a ,vegetable1 as in ,asarum4 ,where belonging chiefly or wholly to any particular ,parts or ,part2 as chiefly to the ,root of ,rhubarb2 and only to the true and proper ,seed of ,barbado ,nuts4 ,whether some ,faculties1 may be proper to some ,parts especially4 ,what conjunction they may have with any sensible ,qualities4 ,so1 many ,purgers1 are not only ,resinous and ,gummous2 ,but also ,mucilaginous2 as ,bryony1 wild ,cucumer1 ,lapathum ,sativum2 and therefore probably ,rhubarb1 when growing2 ,mallows1 ,violets1 c4 ,such as are ,purging and ,vomitory1 though some of them have a strong ,taste1 yet the greater part1 and of those1 many of the stronger sort1 have no ,taste1 or not ,great2 as ,senna1 ,jalap1 ,scammony1 ,hellebore1 ,asarum1 and others4 ,amongst which1 although ,hellebore hath a very ,durable ,taste1 yet is it not very ,high or ,great4 ,so also1 those that are most sensibly tasted1 are1 ,i think1 for the most part1 more or less ,bitter2 either simply1 as ,colocynthis2 or ,bitter and ,astringent1 as ,rhubarb2 or ,bitter and ,sweet1 as ,aloe2 or ,bitter1 ,astringent1 and ,sweet1 as ,agarick4 ,few are ,hot1 as ,iris4 ,or simply ,sweet4 ,and though some may be ,subacid1 that are ,mollifying or ,lenitive1 yet no proper ,purge or ,vomit is ,sowre4 ,such ,plants as are of a soft and sweetish ,taste1 without ,viscosity1 may be accounted good ,antiscorbuticks1 especially against the ,sea1 or other ,salt-,scurvey2 as are good sweet ,pease3 ,and sometimes the ,water or ,spirit of the ,shells2 which may easily be drawn from them1 being first duly fermented1 and hath a true ,vinous ,taste2 but very mild1 and not unpleasant4 ,those ,plants1 whose ,parts are not only ,hot but ,volatile1 as ,onions1 are generally good for ,burns4 ,such as have a ,balsamick ,taste or ,smell1 with a little ,astringency1 as ,hypericum1 ,golden-,rod1 ,lamium ,luteum1 c4 the best ,wound-,herbs4 ,and such as are gently ,bitter1 and ,penetrant upon the ,tongue1 or in the ,throat1 as ,daisy1 ,anagallis1 good ,cleansers4 ,that such ,bodys1 principally1 are ,anodyne1 which are ,yellow1 ,i think1 is more than a conceit2 ,yelks of ,eggs1 ,fnugreek ,seeds1 ,lint-seed ,oyl1 ,may-,butyr1 ,marrow1 ,pinguedo ,humana1 ,hyoscyamus luteus1 ,safron1 ,sulphur1 ,opium1 all ,anodyne and ,yellow4 ,how likewise their ,faculties and ,qualities may vary their ,degrees1 either differently or together3 so ,aloe and ,colocynthis1 are both ,bitter in the highest ,degree2 yet ,aloe1 which is also ,sweet1 ,purgeth more moderately2 ,colocynthis1 which is ,bitter1 but not ,sweet1 most ,violently4 ,how far the ,faculties of ,vegetables1 as well as their ,qualities1 may be ,compounded2 where1 and which chiefly2 as ,astrictive and ,purgative in ,rhubarb4 ,where this ,question may be put1 ,whether divers other1 and yet more extreme ,faculties1 as well as these of ,astrictive and ,purgative1 may not somewhere or other be also found1 or made1 to meet3 whereby the same ,plant1 or some ,preparation of it1 may be most ,potent1 and yet most ,innocent2 the ,malignity thereof exerting its ,power1 and the ,virtue its ,sovereignty at the same time4 ,and lastly1 what ,affinity there may be betwixt them2 as most ,plants1 that are strong ,purgatives1 and especially ,vomitories1 ,i think1 are also ,sternutatory2 as white ,hellebore1 ,jalap1 ,tobacco3 and on the contrary1 such as are ,sternutatory1 are some of the most proper and most potent ,medicines for the ,head1 ,brain1 and ,genus ,nervosum1 ,taken inwardly1 as ,lilium convalle1 c4 and the like4 #ca4 4 ,thus far a particular observation of the ,qualities and ,faculties of the ,contents of ,vegetables may proceed1 as they are existent in their ,natural ,estate4 ,from which1 although some probable ,conjectures may be made1 of their ,material and ,formal ,essences1 and of the ,causes of their determinate ,varieties1 or the ,modes of ,vegetation necessary thereunto3 yet will our ,conceptions hereof be more facile1 clear1 and comprehensive1 if by all other ,ways of ,observation1 they be likewise examined1 according as ,experiment maybe applicable to any of them4 #cb4 4 ,as by ,contusion2 so some ,plants give their ,smell1 not without ,rubbing1 or not so well2 as the green ,leaves of ,stramonium1 ,scurvygrass1 and many more3 others lose it by ,rubbing1 as the flowers of ,violets1 ,carnations1 ,borage1 c4 others yield it both ways1 as ,rosemary1 c4 ,so some ,apples mend their ,taste1 by ,scoaping1 and ,pears by ,rowling1 especially that called the ,rowling ,pear4 #cc4 4 ,by ,agitation2 which doth that1 sometimes1 by ,force1 which ,digestion1 doth by ,heat3 so any cold ,oyl and a ,syrup being1 in a due manner1 agitated together1 of two ,fluid bodies will become one ,consistent1 as is known4 #cd4 4 ,by ,frigifaction2 how far the ,juyces of ,plants1 either without or within them1 may be any of them1 or some more than others1 subject to ,cold3 and thereby to be deprived of their ,motion or natural ,consistence1 or may suffer alteration in their ,colour1 ,taste1 or ,smell4 #ce4 4 ,by ,infusion2 where ,i mean ,infusion only in ,common ,water2 ,so both ,cassia ,lignea1 and ,cinnamon are a little ,mucilaginous2 but the former most4 ,some of the ,contents of ,plants1 may be wholly dissolved in ,common ,water2 some but in part1 others not at all2 or very little2 which is proper to some ,milks1 as well as ,gums4 ,the ,colours1 ,smells or ,tastes they hereupon yield1 are found various2 and in some very unexpected3 ,so the green ,leaves of ,bawm1 being duly infused in common ,water1 without any other ,body added1 tincture it with a clear and deep ,red1 near that of ,claret ,wine1 as ,i have often tryed4 #cf4 4 ,by ,subsiding2 ,so the ,juyce of ,sorrel1 being ordered as that of ,grapes1 will1 in time1 let fall a kind of ,tartar or ,essential ,salt4 ,and so perhaps will that of many other ,plants1 without any previous ,decoction2 although that be commonly thought to be necessary4 #cg4 4 ,by ,digestion with ,fermentation2 either of the entire ,vegetables1 or of the ,juyces1 or other ,contents2 and these by themselves1 or with common ,water4 ,and hereby to note1 what difference may be in the ,strength1 ,celerity1 or ,continuance of the ,fermentation4 ,likewise1 how their ,qualities may thereby be altered2 as the ,smell of ,violet-flowers1 from a most excellent ,fragrancy1 may1 by ,digestion1 be reduced to an odious and abominable ,stink1 like that of the black ,mud of ,gutters4 #ch4 4 ,by ,digestion with ,calefaction2 so the ,colour of the ,juyce of ,limons1 from ,transparency 7if that be a ,colour7 may be turned to a perfect ,red4 ,whence it is that many are deceived in the ,preparation called the ,tincture of ,corals2 supposing the ,corals to give the ,menstruum its ,colour4 ,whereas the ,menstruum will obtain it1 only by ,digestion1 without any ,corals1 mixed with it4 #ci4 4 ,by ,decoction2 either of ,vegetables themselves1 or of their ,liquors2 and to observe what alterations follow4 ,so ,turpentine boiled becometh friable1 ,sugar1 ,bitter1 and of a ,brown ,red4 ,turneps lose their ,biting ,taste2 ,onions1 their ,picquancy2 yet neither of them convey those self same ,qualities to the ,water4 ,the same may be observed in the ,decoction of ,sweet-,fennel-seeds1 ,aniseeds1 and others1 losing much of their ,tastes themselves1 and yet conveying very little of them to the ,liquors wherein they are boiled2 the greater portion of their ,volatile parts1 and so their ,virtue and ,taste therewith1 flying away4 ,whereof therefore it is much better to make an ,emulsion1 than to decoct them2 or to make an ,emulsion from them1 with their own ,decoction1 especially if the ,medicine be intended to be ,carminative1 as ,i have frequently observed4 ,the ,decoction should also be carried on throughout all degrees to that of an ,extract2 by which the ,qualities thereof1 sometimes1 are much altered2 as the ,colour of all or most green ,leaves1 from a kind of ,yellow1 deepens at last into a dark one1 as ,black as ,pitch4 #dj4 4 ,by ,distillations2 both with the cold ,still1 ,alembick1 ,chappel- and open ,furnace3 and to note what ,vegetables thus give their ,smell or ,taste1 and in what ,degrees of strength1 either under1 or over their natural ones2 as ,mint1 ,pennyroyal1 and the like1 which are ,aromatick and ,hot1 give their ,tastes perfect3 but ,wormwood1 which is ,aromatick and ,bitter2 gives it but by halfs1 pretty fully as ,aromatick1 little as ,bitter4 ,and ,carduus1 though also so exceeding ,bitter1 yet not being ,aromatick1 yieldeth a much weaker ,taste4 ,also what ,vegetables yield ,oyl most plentifully2 and what difference may be in those ,oyls1 as to their ,colour1 ,weight1 or otherwise2 as that of ,cloves is sometimes ,red2 of ,cinnamon1 limpid2 both ,ponderous4 ,so to distil ,juices1 ,gums1 or other ,contents1 with an hot fire2 and to see1 what ,bodies they yield1 and of what ,qualities2 as ,turpentine is known to yield1 besides its ,oyl1 a subacid ,water2 ,vinegar1 an ,eager ,spirit2 as that part may be called1 which ,chymists are wont to call the ,phlegm4 #da4 4 ,by ,arefaction2 so ,milks which are ,liquid1 and ,white in their ,natural ,estate1 in ,standing1 grow ,gummous1 ,yellow1 and otherwise different1 so doth that of ,scorzonera2 and that of ,fenil becomes a ,balsamical1 but ,limpid ,oyl4 ,the ,roots of ,angelica1 being dry'd1 and cut by the length1 exhibit their small ,veins fill'd with an ,aromatick ,rosin4 ,in the whiter parts of ,rhubarb1 is gathered a kind of ,saline ,concret2 by which1 this ,root1 in chewing1 seems as if it were a little gritty4 ,cabbage-,stalks1 sliced1 and laid in the ,shade to dry1 gather on them a kind of ,nitrous ,hoar4 ,raisins and ,corins contain1 not only a sweet ,juyce1 but also a true ,sugar1 which lies curdled in the ,pulp1 as the more ,saline parts do in ,green ,soap4 ,and the like is gather'd on the out-side of a ,fig2 saving1 that it is more ,nitrous1 as lying next the ,aer4 ,the ,roots of ,arum1 upon drying1 lose much of the strength of their ,taste2 but the contrary may be noted of many other ,roots1 which1 upon drying1 increase it4 ,some1 being cut and laid by1 change their ,natural ,colours1 into ,red1 ,purple1 ,yellow1 ,green1 or ,white2 as ,liquorish1 into ,white1 in some places2 and ,peony1 into ,red3 and sometimes into two2 as ,patience1 into ,yellow and ,red4 #db4 4 ,by ,assation2 thus ,apples1 by roasting1 eat more ,sowre4 ,the ,root of ,horse-,radish1 toasted1 tasteth like a ,turnep4 ,potatoes1 ,onions1 and many other ,roots1 and ,parts1 have their ,tastes1 either ,altered or ,refracted2 which chiefly1 and in what manner1 should be observed4 ,there is one alteration1 as remarkable1 as commonly known2 and is that which followeth upon roasting or baking in one kind of the ,waldensian ,pears1 which1 for a ,walden1 we corruptly call a ,warden4 #dc4 4 ,by ,ustion2 wherein some ,plants1 or ,parts of them1 burn very quietly2 others1 not without violent motions2 so ,fenil-,seeds1 held in the flame of a ,candle1 will spit and spurtle1 like the ,serum of ,blood4 ,some ,vegetables lose their ,smell1 as ,roses2 others1 keep it1 as ,rosemary2 and others1 mend it1 as ,lignum ,aloes1 ,to note1 not only the alteration of their ,qualities1 but what they yield2 as ,turpentine1 which1 in ,distillation1 yieldeth ,oyl and ,water1 both limpid2 upon ,ustion1 sheweth nothing but a black ,soot4 ,so ,benzoine1 by ,distillation1 ,oyl2 by ,ustion1 white ,flowers1 as is known4 #dd4 4 ,by ,calcination2 and here to observe1 wherein the ,caput ,mortuum of one1 may differ from1 or agree in ,nature with that of another2 and also to compare these with those of ,animal ,bodies4 ,as also in their ,quantities4 ,and to compare them with what they yield by ,distillation and ,ustion as to both4 ,thus far they have been tryed singly1 or by themselves4 ,they should also be examined4 #de4 4 ,by ,composition2 not only with ,water1 as in simple ,infusions1 c4 but with any other ,bodies1 which may have a power of acting upon them1 or upon which1 these may have a power to act4 ,and so to make ,infusions1 ,destillations1 ,decoctions1 ,digestions1 in divers kinds of ,liquors1 as ,vinegar1 ,urine1 ,spirit of ,h4 ,h4 ,wine1 ,blood1 ,milk1 or others4 ,so in ,infusions1 some ,red ,colours are heightned by ,acids2 ,blews1 turned ,purple4 ,so fetid ,spirits 7as of ,h4,h47 may be rendred much more grateful1 by being ,rectified1 once or twice1 with fresh ,aromaticks1 ,to observe also what follows1 upon mixing the ,liquors1 or other ,parts of ,plants together1 as ,oyl of ,turpentine1 by ,digestion with a ,lixivial ,salt1 extracteth thence a ,red ,tincture4 ,or with ,salts1 ,earths1 ,metals1 or any other ,bodies2 as the ,juyce of the green ,leaves of ,rasberry1 ,primrose1 and divers other ,plants 7,i think principally such as are ,astringent7 expressed upon ,steel1 as it drieth1 becometh of a ,purple ,colour4 #df4 4 ,lastly1 by ,compounding the ,experiment it self1 or joyning two or more of them1 upon the same matter3 as ,fermentation and ,destillation1 as is used for some ,waters4 ,infusion and ,fermentation1 as in making of ,beer4 ,fermentation and ,coction1 or rather ,assation1 as in making of ,bread4 ,arefaction and ,destillation1 as may be tryed upon some ,herbs2 and with what difference from what may be noted1 upon their being distilled1 moist4 #dg4 4 ,having proceeded thus far1 by all the above particular ,ways of ,observation2 a ,comparative ,prospect must be taken of them3 by which1 at last1 the ,communities and ,differences of the ,contents of ,vegetables1 may be discerned2 the manner of their ,causation and ,original1 partly1 be judged of2 and wherein it is1 that the ,essence of their several ,natures and ,qualities doth consist1 in some measure comprehended4 ,and consequently1 both from the knowledge of their particular ,natures1 and the ,analogy found betwixt them2 we may be able1 better to conjecture1 and try1 what any of them are1 or may be good for4 ,for certainly1 we shall then know1 more readily1 to apply things unto1 and more fitly to prepare them for1 their ,proper ,uses1 when we first know1 what they are4 ,notwithstanding1 since the ,faculties of ,plants1 do often lie more recluse2 it is best1therefore1 not wholly to acquiesce in such ,conjectures1 as their ,tastes1 or other ,sensible ,properties may suggest2 but to subjoyn ,experiment4 ,in making of which1 and in passing a ,judgment thereupon1 many ,cautions1 both in respect of the ,plant whereof1 and the ,subject whereupon it is made1 are requisite to be attended4 ,which yet1 in regard they result not so directly from the ,matter at present in hand2 ,i shall not1 therefore1 here insist upon them1 ,and thus much for the ,third ,general ,mean4 #dh4 4 ,,the ,contents of the ,organical ,parts of ,vegetables1 having been thus duly ,examined3 ,the ,fourth ,general ,mean4 it will be requisite to make the like ,inquiry into their ,principles2 or the ,bodys1 immediately concurrent and essential to their ,being4 ,and of these1 we are to observe1 ,first1 their ,number2 whether well reducible to five1 six1 seven1 or more1 or fewer3 and the ,special ,differences observable under any one ,general2 since there are many ,bodies1 of very different ,natures1 confounded under one ,name4 ,next their ,conjugation2 which they are1 that either under or over those observable in animal1 or other ,bodies1 are here joyned together in a ,plant2 ,how far common to the ,organical ,parts of divers ,plants2 or to the several ,organical ,parts of one2 or how far different in them4 ,so the predominant ,principle of the ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,plant1 that it is an ,acid1 seems evident1 ,from the general ,nature of ,fruits2 and of ,corn2 and most ,parenchymous ,roots1 which are either ,spirituous1 or ,sower1 or by ,digestion1 do easily become such4 ,likewise their ,proportions2 which stand in the greatest1 which in the least1 or in the meaner ,quantities1 and in what ,degrees2 both in divers ,vegetables1 and in the several ,organical ,parts of one4 ,and then the ,concentration and ,union of them altogether2 as to the degrees of their ,closeness or ,laxity2 or the manner of their ,implication and ,coherency2 or as to their ,location1 one being more ,central1 another more ,exposed and ,rampant over the rest2 or otherwise different4 ,to examine these ,principles1 by their ,colour1 ,taste1 ,smell1 ,consistence1 ,fixedness1 ,volatility1 ,weight1 ,figures1 or other ,accidents4 ,and to these purposes1 to go through the formentioned ,ways of ,experiment2 as ,ustion1 ,calcination1 ,destillation1 c4 as any of them may appear applicable hereunto4 ,so the ,essential ,salt of ,wormwood1 which may be obtained from the ,lixivial2 is ,bitter1 transparent1 and commonly1 of a ,cylindrick figure3 whereas that which is obtained by ,coction1 or from the ,extract1 is tasteless1 greyish1 and almost ,cubick3 and that in the ,extract of the ,green ,leaves of ,violets1 appears in fine transparent ,shoots1 like so many little ,needles4 ,and it is probable1 ,that the ,salts of most ,kinds of ,plants1 whether ,lixivial or ,essential2 and of these1 whether obtained by ,decoction1 or otherwise1 have either their ,figure1 or other ,qualities1 proper to themselves1 whereby they are all distinguished one from another4 ,and lastly1 to make ,experiment upon these ,principles1 mixing them with one another1 or with other ,bodies1 or otherwise4 #di4 4 ,i know it will be difficult to make observations of this kind upon the ,organical ,parts of ,plants1 severally4 ,yet ,i have thought of some ,ways1 whereby true and undeceivable ones may be made4 ,and the better to illustrate what ,i mean1 ,i shall give one or two ,instances of ,tryal to this purpose4 ,for the making of which1 and some others of the like nature1 ,i considered1 ,that upon the ,anatomical ,analysis of all the ,parts of a ,plant1 ,i had certainly found1 7and shall hereafter shew7 ,that in all ,plants1 there are ,two1 and only ,two ,organical ,parts ,essentially distinct1 viz4 ,the ,pithy ,part1 and the ,lignous ,part1 or such others as are analogous to either of ,these4 ,so that1 if we can think of any ,plants1 which will afford us either of these two1 though not perfectly1 yet in some good measure1 simple and unmixed3 ,we may then see1 by putting them to a ,chymical ,test1 what ,principles and ,proportion of ,principles1 concur to specifie their ,substantial ,forms4 #ej4 4 ,to the ,pithy ,part1 ,starch1 or pure ,manchet is analogous1 as having very little of the ,lignous mixed with them4 ,i therefore ordered ij of ,starch to be put into a ,retort1 and with a ,receiver affixed1 to be set in a ,sand ,furnace2 and that all it would yield1 should1 by degrees1 be forced over2 which1 besides what was evaporated at the ,neck of the ,receiver1 was about j4 of an acid and eager ,liquor1 of a heavy and blackish ,oyl ss1 and of a light ,oyl j4 ,the ,caput ,mortuum could not be reduced to ,ashes1 by the strongest heat which a naked fire in that ,furnace would produce4 #ea4 4 ,to the ,lignous ,part1 ,hemp or ,flax is analogous1 having very little of the ,pithy mixed with them4 ,i caused therefore ij of ,flax to be put into a ,retort1 and manag'd as the ,starch3 whereupon1 it yielded a ,liquor1 as ,i remember1 somewhat like the former1 and about the same quantity2 no ,oyl which remained liquid1 when cold2 but instead of that a ,butyr1 almost of the ,consistence and ,colour of the ,oyl of ,mace2 and of this above iij1 or near six times the quantity of the ,oyl which was yielded by the ,starch4 ,the ,caput ,mortuum being burned to a white ,ash1 yielded some portion of a ,lixivial ,salt4 #eb4 4 ,from whence1 ,i shall1 at present1 only make these two ,remarques2 ,first1 ,that although the chief portion1 as to quantity1 in both these ,bodys1 7as in most ,plants7 is an ,acid ,liquor2 yet the latter1 yields also some of an ,alkaly1 which the other doth not4 ,so that they are the ,lignous ,parts of a ,plant1 generally1 which yield the ,alkalick ,salt1 or at least in the greatest ,proportion4 ,secondly1 ,that the ,sulphurious or ,oleous ,principle1 is also much more predominant in the ,lignous ,part1 than in the ,pithy4 ,to these1 the like ,tryals upon other ,plants1 should be added2 and other ways4 ,so1 in regard the ,soot of most ,woods1 yields a ,volatile ,alkaly2 it were fit to examine1 ,whether the ,soot which is made of the ,pithy ,parts and that1 of the ,lignous1 afford the said ,alkaly1 in equal qantity2 or whether1 as is most likely1 that of the ,lignous doth afford it in a far greater3 and the like4 #ec4 4 ,the prosecution of what is here proposed1 will be requisite1 ,to a fuller and clearer view1 of the ,modes of ,vegetation1 of the ,sensible ,natures of ,vegetables1 and of their more ,recluse ,faculties and ,powers4 ,first1 of the ,modes of ,vegetation4 ,for suppose we were speaking of a ,root2 from a due consideration of the ,properties of any ,organical ,part or ,parts thereof2 'tis true1 that the real and genuine ,causes may be rendred1 of divers other dependent ,properties1 as spoken generally of the whole ,root4 ,but it will be asked again1 ,what may be the ,causes of those first and ,independent ones8 ,which1 if we will seek1 we must do it by inquiring also1 ,what are the ,principles of those ,organical ,parts8 ,for it is necessary1 that the ,principles whereof a ,body doth consist1 should be1 if not all of them the active1 yet the capacitating ,causes1 or such as are called ,caus sine quibus non1 of its becoming and being1 in all respects1 both as to ,substance and ,accidents1 what it is3 otherwise1 their ,existence1 in that ,body1 were altogether superfluous2 since it might have been without them3 which is so1 it might then have been made of any other2 there being no necessity of putting any difference1 if neither those1 whereof it is made1 are thought necessary to its ,being4 ,wherefore if we will allow a ,body1 and so the ,organical ,parts of a ,vegetable to have ,principles1 we must allow these ,principles their necessary ,use2 and that the ,shapes or other ,properties of the said ,parts1 are as much dependant upon the ,nature of ,these2 as is the ,roundness of a ,drop of ,ink1 upon the ,fluidity of ,water1 ingredient to it4 #ed4 4 ,again1 the ,principles of the ,organical ,parts being known1 we may from thence obtain a further knowledge of the ,natures1 and ,causation or ,original of their ,contents2 since these ,contents are not only included in the said ,organical ,parts1 but also ,created by them3 and must needs be so1 whether we will suppose the ,principles of these ,contents to be pr-existent to their reception thereinto1 or not4 ,for1 if not pr-existent1 what can be clearer1 than that the said ,parts give them their ,existence8 ,and if pr-existent1 yet in regard they are distinguished1 and such only of them admitted in such sort into an ,organical ,part1 from amongst others1 as are apt to combine and mix together in such a ,form1 and so to constitute such a ,liquor2 it is as clear1 that the ,existence1 if not of those ,principles1 yet of that ,liquor1 is dependent on the said ,part4 #ee4 4 ,and if by means of the said ,organical ,parts1 it is1 that their ,contents become such and such peculiar ,mixtures2 it is hence also manifest1 ,that1 by the same means1 they are of such distinct ,faculties and ,powers3 ,because the ,faculty or ,power of a ,body1 lieth not in any of its ,principles apart2 but is a ,resultance from them all2 or from their being1 in such peculiar sort and manner1 ,united and ,combined together4 ,so the ,principles of the ,purgative ,parts of a ,root1 as of ,rhubarb1 although we should suppose them to be existent in the surrounding ,earth1 yet we cannot say1 ,that that ,earth1 or the ,principles therein contained1 are ,purgative2 but only that they are such1 as by being combined together1 in such a peculiar way1 may become so4 ,so the several parts of a ,clock1 although they are and must be all pr-existent to it1 and it is their ,form1 by which they are1 what they are2 yet is it the setting together of such ,parts1 and in such a way only1 that makes them a ,clock4 ,and since we see that the ,mixture of two ,bodies of two different ,qualities1 as of ,two ,colours1 will produce a ,third ,colour1 differing from them both2 as ,blue and ,red1 do a ,murrey3 ,why should not ,two or ,more ,bodies of different ,natures1 be so combined together1 as to produce a ,third ,nature8 ,or wherefore may not that be allowed to be performed by ,nature1 which by ,artificial ,compounding of ,medicines1 or other ,bodies1 is designed1 and often times effected8 ,i'll give but one ,instance2 ,water1 ,grease1 and an ,alcatizate ,salt1 may be easily so ordered as to be inverted with new ,qualities1 ,nature1 and ,powers2 the ,salt1 to lose its extreme fiery ,pungent ,taste2 the ,tallow1 its ,smell2 and being before unsociable with the ,water1 to mingle therewith3 neither ,tallow1 ,salt1 nor ,water alone1 will fetch out a spot of ,grease2 but all united easily do it3 the same ,three ,bodys united1 are1 in some ,cases1 as in the ,jaundies1 no ill ,medicine2 any of which1 given alone1 may rather prove prejudicial1 than a cure3 and all this done1 only by duly boiling them together into one ,body1 which we call ,sope4 #ef4 4 ,whence again1 if it be such an ,union1 and ,proportion1 of such a ,sort of ,principles1 which produceth such a ,faculty2 and that we may1 by any means1 come to know what these are2 we may1 possibly1 also attain to the knowledge of such ,rules1 whereby any kind of ,faculty may be made2 as to ,compound such ,bodies1 which are neither ,purgative nor ,vomitory1 so together1 as to be ,invested with those ,faculties4 ,and if to ,make them1 then consequently1 to ,mend1 ,exalt1 ,strengthen1 and ,enoble them1 with greater ease and certainty4 ,and thus much for the ,fourth ,general ,mean4 #eg4 4 ,,hitherto1 ,we have considered the ,materials of a ,vegetable1 only as ,ingredient to it3 ,the ,fifth ,general ,mean4 there yet remains a ,fifth ,story to be ascended2 which is1 to consider these ,materials as they are derived from abroad3 or as1 after they are received and naturalized1 they may1 with others yet abroad1 have any kind of correspondence4 ,and these are ,four in general1 scil4 ,earth1 ,water1 ,aer1 and ,sun2 all which1 in that they contribute so universally to ,vegetation1 and to whatsoever is contained in a ,vegetable1 it is therefore requisite1 that of ,these likewise1 ,particular ,observation should be made4 #eh4 4 ,and ,first1 of the ,earth1 and of all ,solid ,receptacles of ,plants4 ,where we are to consider their several ,kinds2 as ,mellow1 ,sandy1 ,clayie1 ,chalky1 and others4 ,their ,ingredients2 as ,rank and ,mellow ,earth1 with ,sand1 or with ,clay2 or ,sand with ,clay2 or altogether2 and in what ,proportions4 ,the ,principles whereinto any one of these ,ingredients1 separated from the rest1 and put to the ,test of ,distillation1 ,ustion1 ,calcination1 or other1 either alone1 or by mixture with other ,bodies1 may be ,resolved4 ,and by their ,qualities1 as ,colour1 ,smell1 ,taste1 c4 both ,ingredients and ,principles to be examined4 ,to make tryal of the growth of ,plants1 in all kinds of simple ,soils2 either ,earthy or ,mineral1 as ,clay1 ,marl1 ,oker1 ,fullers ,earth1 ,bole ,armeniac1 ,vitriol1 ,allum1 c4 or ,vegetable1 as ,rotten ,wood1 ,brans1 ,starch1 or ,flower1 c4 or ,animal1 as ,dungs1 pounded ,flesh1 dried and powdered ,blood1 and the like2 that it may appear1 how far any of these may contribute to the growth of a ,plant2 or to one1 above another4 #ei4 4 ,next of the ,water1 and of all ,liquid ,receptacles4 ,where the several kinds of ,water1 from ,wells1 ,springs1 ,rain1 and ,rivers are1 by their ,qualities and ,faculties1 to be examined2 as these1 and by these1 their ,principles1 either in their ,natural ,state1 or upon ,digestion1 or otherwise1 may be observable3 since ,common ,water it self1 is undoubtedly compounded of several ,principles2 the simplicity thereof1 not being argued1 from its ,clearness and ,transparency2 for a ,solution of ,alum1 though it containeth a considerable quantity of ,earth1 is yet very ,clear3 nor from its seeming to have neither ,smell nor ,taste2 for ,water-drinkers will tell you of the varieties of both in different ,waters4 ,besides1 if these ,qualities should be accounted rather ,phansie1 than ,sense2 the difference of ,waters is yet more manifest1 from their different ,effects1 observed by ,cooks1 ,laundresses1 ,brewers1 and others1 that have occasion to use them3 for not to mix with ,sope1 without curdling2 not to boil ,meat tender1 or without colouring it red2 and the like1 are the vices of some ,waters1 not of others1 which yet would seem1 in ,colour1 ,taste1 and ,smell1 to be the same4 ,tryal should also be made of the growth of ,plants in all kinds of ,liquid ,receptacles1 as ,common ,water1 ,snow ,water1 ,sea ,water1 ,urine1 ,milk1 ,whey1 ,wine1 ,oyl1 ,ink1 c4 ,or any of these1 with a solution of ,salt1 ,nitre1 ,sal prunell1 ,sope1 or other body4 ,and hereby to observe what follows1 either in the ,liquor1 or in the ,plant it self3 as if any fixed ,body1 being weighed before its dissolution in ,water2 and if the ,plant1 set herein1 groweth2 the ,water1 being then evaporated2 whether the quantity of that dissolved body1 continue the same1 or is lessened4 ,so1 whether any ,vegetable will become ,opiate1 by growing a considerable time in a plain ,solution or ,water-tincture of ,opium2 and the like4 ,which ,experiments1 what event soever they have1 yet at least1 for our further instruction in the ,nature of ,vegetation1 may be of use4 #fj4 4 ,next of ,aer1 where it will be requisite to inquire1 what sort of ,bodies may be herein contained3 ,it being probable1 from the variety of ,meteors formed herein2 and of ,vapours and ,exhalations continually advanced hereinto2 that some or other of them1 may bear an ,analogy1 to all ,volatile ,bodys1 whether ,animal1 ,vegetable1 or ,mineral4 ,the flourishings also of ,frozen ,dew2 and the ,green ,colour1 which the ,aer gives the ,ground or ,water1 when1 for some time exposed to it2 and other effects2 seem to argue1 that it is ,impregnated with ,vegetable ,principles4 ,to consider also the peculiar ,nature of that ,body1 which is strictly called1 ,aer1 ,and of that true ,aerial ,salt1 which to me1 seemeth probable1 that it is dissolved in the ther1 as other ,salts are in ,water1 or in the ,vaporous parts of the ,aer4 ,as also to try1 what different ,effects1 a diversity of ,aer may have upon a ,vegetable2 as by setting a ,plant1 or ,seed1 either exceeding ,low1 as at the bottom of a deep ,well2 or exceeding ,high1 as on the top of a ,steeple4 ,or else by exposing some ,soil to the ,aer1 which is assuredly free from any ,seed1 and so1 as no ,seed can light upon it2 and to observe1 whether the ,aer hath a power of producing a ,vegetable therein1 or not3 and the like4 #fa4 4 ,lastly of the ,sun2 as to which1 it may be considered1 ,what ,influence it may have upon the ,plant it self2 upon the ,soil2 ,or upon the ,aer4 ,whether that ,influence is any thing else besides ,heat3 or may differ from that of a ,fire1 otherwise1 than by being ,temperate1 and more ,equal4 ,that it doth1 seems evident from an ,experiment sometime since given us1 in one of the ,parisian ,journals des ,scavans1 and which ,i therefore think very applicable to our present purpose4 ,if you hold a ,concave at a due distance1 against a ,fire1 it will collect and cast the ,heat into a burning ,focus3 but if you put a piece of plain ,glass between them1 the ,glass will scatter the ,heat1 and destroy the ,focus4 ,whereas the ,sun-,beams1 being gathered in like manner1 will pass through the interposed ,glass1 and maintain their ,focus4 ,as for ,that1 of the ,collection of the ,sun-beams1 by the help of ,glasses1 in the form of a ,magistery1 or of ,flowers1 and such like1 ,i desire to suspend my thoughts of them1 till ,i see them4 ,i will only say thus much further at present1 ,that ,i do not understand why the ,sun should not have some ,influence upon ,bodies1 besides by ,heat1 if it may be granted1 ,that the ,moon hath2 for which1 it should seem1 there are some good ,arguments4 #fb4 4 ,,we ,,have thus far examined the ,principles necessary to ,vegetation4 ,a ,sixth ,general ,mean4 ,only hinted4 ,the ,question may be put once more1 ,in what manner are these ,principles so adapted1 as to become capable of being assembled together1 in such a ,number1 ,conjugation1 ,proportion1 and ,union1 as to make a ,vegetable ,body8 ,for the comprehension whereof1 we must also know1 ,what are the ,principles of these ,principles4 ,which1 although they lie in so great an abyss of obscurity2 yet1 ,i think1 ,i have some reason to believe1 that they are not altogether undiscoverable4 ,how far they may be so1 ,i am so far from ,determining1 that ,i shall not now ,conjecture4 ,the ,conclusion4 #fc4 4 ,,this is the ,design1 and these the ,means ,i propose in order thereunto4 ,to which1 ,i suppose1 they may all appear to be necessary4 ,for what we obtain of ,nature1 we must not do it by commanding1 but by courting of ,her4 ,those that woo ,her1 may possibly have her for their ,wife2 but ,she is not so common1 as to prostitute her self to the best behaved ,wit1 which only practiseth upon it self1 and is not applied to her4 ,i mean1 that where ever ,men will go beyond ,phansie and ,imagination1 depending upon the ,conduct of ,divine ,wisdom1 they must ,labour1 ,hope and ,persevere4 ,and as the ,means propounded1 are all necessary1 so they may1 in some measure1 prove effectual4 ,how far1 ,i promise not2 the ,way is long and dark3 and as ,travellers sometimes amongst ,mountains1 by gaining the top of one1 are so far from their ,journeys end2 that they only come to see another lies before them3 so the ,way of ,nature1 is so impervious1 and1 as ,i may say1 down ,hill and up ,hill1 that how far soever we go1 yet the surmounting of one difficulty1 is wont still to give us the prospect of another4 ,we may therefore believe1 our attainments will be imperfect1 after we have done all3 but because we cannot attain to all1 that therefore we should endeavour after nothing2 is an ,inference1 which looks so much awry from the ,practical ,sense of ,men1 that it ought not to be answered4 ,nor with better ,reason1 may we go about determining1 what may be done4 ,the greatest ,designs that any ,men undertake1 are of the greatest uncertainty1 as to their ,success3 which if they appear to be of good ,import1 though we know not how far they are attainable1 we are to propound the ,means1 in the utmost use whereof only1 we can be able to judge3 ,a ,war is not to be quitted1 for the hazards which attend it2 nor the ,councils of ,princes broken up1 because those that sit at them1 have not the ,spirit of ,prophecy1 as well as of ,wisdom4 ,to conclude1 ,if but little should be effected1 yet to design more1 can do us no harm3 ,for although a ,man shall never be able to hit ,stars by shooting at them2 yet he shall come much nearer to them1 than another that throws at ,apples4 ,,finis4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,plants1 ,,begun4 ,,with ,a ,general ,account ,,of ,,vegetation1 ,grounded thereupon4 ,the ,,first ,,book4 ,presented in ,manuscript to the ,,royal ,,society1 ,sometime before the #aa4 of ,may1 #afga4 ,and afterwards in ,print1 ,december #g4 of the same ,year #afga4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 and of the ,college of ,physicians4 ,the ,second ,edition4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,to ,,the ,,right ,,honourable ,,william ,lord ,vi-,count ,brouncker1 ,,the ,,president1 ,and to the ,council and ,fellows ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,society1 ,the following ,,anatomy ,is most ,,humbly ,,presented ,by the ,,author ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,illustration ,,to ,,the ,right ,reverend ,,john ,lord ,bishop of ,,chester4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,i ,hope your pardon1 if while you are holding ,that best of ,books in one ,hand1 ,i here present some ,pages of that of ,nature into your other3 ,especially since ,your ,lordship knoweth very well1 how excellent a ,commentary ,this is on the ,former2 by which1 in part1 ,,god reads the ,world his own ,definition1 and their ,duty to him4 ,but if this ,address1 my ,lord1 may be thought congruous1 'tis yet more just2 and that ,i should let ,your ,lordship1 and others know1 how much1 and how deservedly1 ,i resent ,your extraordinary ,favours4 ,particularly1 that you were pleased1 so far to animate my ,endeavours1 towards the ,publishing the following ,observations4 ,many whereof1 and most belonging to the ,first ,chapter1 having now lain dormant1 near seven years2 and might still1 perhaps1 have so continued1 had not ,your ,lordships ,eye1 at length1 created ,light upon them4 ,in doing which1 ,you have given one1 amongst those many ,tokens1 of as well ,your readiness to promote ,learning and ,knowledge by the hands of others2 as ,your high ,abilities to do it by ,your ,own3 ,both which1 are so manifest in ,your ,lordship1 that1 like the first ,principles of ,mathematical ,science1 they are not so much to be asserted1 because known and granted by all4 ,the ,consideration whereof1 my ,lord1 may make me not only ,just1 in owning of your ,favours2 but also most ,ambitious of your ,patronage3 ,which yet1 to bespeak1 ,i must confess1 ,i cannot well4 ,not that ,i think1 what is ,good and ,valuable1 is always its own best ,advocate3 for ,i know1 that the ,censures of ,men1 are humorous1 and variable2 and that one ,age1 must have leave to frown on those ,books1 which another1 will do nothing less than kiss and embrace4 ,but1 chiefly1 for this ,reason1 ,lest ,i should so much as seem desirous1 of ,your ,lordships ,solliciting my ,cause1 as to all ,i have said4 ,for as it is your ,glory1 that you like not so to shine1 as to put out the least ,star2 so were it to ,your ,dishonour1 to borrow ,your ,name1 to illustrate the ,spots1 though of the most conspicuous4 ,i am1 ,my ,lord1 ,your ,lordships ,most ,obliged1 ,and ,most ,humble ,servant ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,coventry1 ,june #aj4 #afga4 ,,the ,,contents4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,seed in its ,state of ,vegetation4 ,,the ,method propounded1 4 #a4 ,the ,garden-,bean1 dissected1 #b4 ,the two ,coats ,described1 #c1 #d4 ,the ,foramen in the outer ,coat1 #e1 #f4 ,what generally observable of the ,covers of the ,seed1 #g4 ,the ,organical ,parts of the ,seed1 #h4 ,the ,main ,body1 #i1 #aj4 ,the ,radicle in the ,bean1 #aa4 ,in other ,seeds1 #ab4 ,the ,plume1 #ac1 #ad4 ,the ,similary ,parts1 #ae4 ,the ,cuticle1 #af1 #ag4 ,the ,parenchyma1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,the ,inner ,body1 #ba1 to #bi4 ,no solid ,account yet given1 of ,vegetation1 #cj4 ,the ,coats how in common subservient to the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 #ca4 ,the ,foramen1 of what use herein1 #cb4 ,the use of the ,inner ,coat1 #cc4 ,of the ,cuticle1 #cd4 ,of the ,parenchyma1 #ce4 ,of the ,seminal ,root1 #cf4 ,how the ,radicle first becomes a ,root1 #cg4 ,by what means1 the ,plume all this while preserved1 #ch4 ,how after the ,root the ,plume vegetates1 #ci4 ,how the ,lobes1 #dj4 ,but not in all ,seeds1 #da4 ,that they do in most1 demonstrated1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,what hence resolvable1 #de4 ,the use of the ,dissimilar ,leaves1 #df1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,root4 ,t,his also to be ,dissected1 4 #a4 ,the ,skin hereof1 its ,original1 #b4 ,the ,cortical ,body1 its ,original1 #c4 ,texture1 #d4 ,pores1 #e4 ,proportions1 #f4 ,the ,lignous ,body1 its ,original1 #g4 ,texture1 #h4 ,proportions1 #i4 ,the ,insertment1 its ,original1 #aj4 ,pores1 #aa4 ,number and ,size1 #ab4 ,a fuller description hereof1 with that of the ,osculations of the ,lignous ,body1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,the ,pith1 its original sometimes from the ,seed1 #af4 ,sometimes from the ,barque1 #ag4 ,its ,pores1 #ah1 #ai4 ,proportions1 #bj4 ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body therein1 #ba4 ,the ,pith of those ,fibres1 #bb4 ,how the ,root grows1 and the use of the ,skin1 ,cortical and ,lignous ,body thereto1 #bc4 ,how it groweth in length1 #bd4 ,by what means it descends1 #be4 ,how it grows in breadth1 #bf4 ,and the ,pith1 how thus framed1 #bg4 ,the use of the ,pith1 #bg4 ,of the ,insertment1 #bh4 ,the joynt service of all the ,parts1 #bi1 #cj1 #ca4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,trunk4 ,,the ,coarcture1 4 #a4 ,the ,skin1 its original1 #b4 ,the original of the ,cortical ,body1 #c4 ,of the ,lignous1 #d4 ,of the ,insertment and ,pith1 #e4 ,the ,latitudinal ,shooting of the ,lignous ,body1 wherein observable1 #f1 #g4 ,the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 where and how most remarkable1 #h4 ,a lesser sort of ,pores1 #i4 ,a third sort only visible through a ,microscope4 ,observed in ,wood or ,charcoal1 #aj4 ,observed in the ,fibres of the ,trunks of ,herbs1 #aa4 ,the ,insertions1 where more visible1 #ab1 #ac4 ,their ,weftage with the ,lignous ,body1 #ad4 ,the smaller ,insertions1 only visible through a ,microscope1 #ae4 ,no ,valves in a ,plant1 #af4 ,the ,ranks of the ,pores of the ,insertions1 #ag4 ,the ,pores of the ,pith1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 ,how the ,trunk ascends1 #ba4 ,the disposition of its ,parts consequent to that ,ascent1 #bb4 ,consequent to the different ,nature of the ,sap1 #bc4 ,the effects of the said ,differences1 #bd1 to #bh4 ,which way1 and how the ,sap ascends1 #bi1 to the end4 ,the ,appendix4 ,of ,trunk-,roots and ,claspers4 ,trunk-,roots of two kinds1 4 #a1 #b4 ,claspers of one kind1 #c4 ,the ,uses of both1 #d1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,bud1 ,branch1 and ,leaf4 ,,the ,parts of the ,germen and ,branch the same with those of the ,trunk1 4 #a1 #b4 ,the manner of their growth1 #c4 ,how nourished1 #d4 ,and the use of ,knots1 #e4 ,how secur'd1 #f4 ,the ,parts of a ,leaf1 #g4 ,the ,positions of the ,fibres of the ,stalks of ,leaves1 #h4 ,for what ,uses1 #i1 #aj4 ,the visible cause of the different circumference of ,leaves1 #aa4 ,and of their being flat1 #ab4 ,and filamentous1 #ac4 ,the ,foulds of ,leaves1 their ,kinds and ,use1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,the ,protections of ,leaves1 #ag4 ,the use of the ,leaf1 #ah1 to the end4 ,the ,appendix4 ,of ,thorns1 ,hairs and ,globulets4 ,thorns of two ,kinds2 the ,lignous1 4 #a4 ,the ,cortical1 #b4 ,an argument of the ,magnetick ,descent of the ,cortical ,body1 #c4 ,hairs of divers ,kinds1 #d1 #e4 ,their ,use1 #f4 ,globulets of two ,kinds1 #g1 #h4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,flower4 ,i,ts three ,parts1 4 #a4 ,the ,impalement1 of divers kinds1 #b4 ,their use1 #c1 #d4 ,the ,foliation1 its nature1 #e4 ,foulds1 #f4 ,protections1 #g4 ,downs1 #h1 #i4 ,globulets1 #aj4 ,its ,use1 #aa1 #ab4 ,the ,attire of two kinds4 ,the ,description of the first1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae1 #af4 ,of the other1 #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba4 ,their use1 #bb1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,fruit4 ,,the ,vital ,parts of all1 the same1 4 #a4 ,the ,number1 ,description1 and ,original of the ,parts of an ,apple1 #b4 ,of a ,pear1 #c1 #d4 ,of a ,plum1 #e1 #f1 #g4 ,of a ,nut1 #h4 ,of a ,berry1 #i4 ,the use of the ,fruit1 #aj1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,seed in its ,state of ,generation4 ,w,hat here further observed1 not in the ,first ,chapter1 4 #a4 ,the ,case1 its ,figures1 #b4 ,the outer ,coat1 its ,figures1 #c4 ,various ,surface1 #d4 ,and ,mucilages1 #e4 ,the nature of the outer ,coat1 #f4 ,its ,apertures1 #g4 ,next to which the ,radicle usually placed1 #h4 ,the ,original of the ,outer ,coat1 #i4 ,the ,original of the ,inner1 #aj4 ,its ,nature1 #aa1 #ab4 ,the ,essential ,parts of a ,plant1 #ac1 #ad4 ,the ,secondine1 #ae4 ,the ,colliquamentum herein1 #af4 ,the ,navel ,fibres1 #ag4 ,in the ,generation of the ,seed1 the ,sap first prepared in the ,seed-,branch1 #ah1 #ai4 ,next in the inner ,coat1 #bj4 ,with the help of the ,outer1 #ba1 #bb4 ,the use of the ,secondine1 #bc4 ,of the ,ramulets of the ,seed-,branch1 #bd4 ,of their ,inosculation1 #be4 ,how the ,colliquamentum becometh a ,parenchyma1 #bf1 to the end4 ,illustration ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,plants1 ,,begun4 ,with a ,general ,account of ,vegetation1 ,founded thereupon4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,seed in its ,state of ,vegetation4 ,,being to speak of ,plants2 and1 as far as ,inspection1 and consequent ,reason1 may conduct1 to enquire into the visible ,constitutions1 and ,uses of their several ,parts3 ,i choose that ,method1 which1 to the best advantage1 may suit with what we have to say hereon4 ,and that is the ,method of ,nature her self1 in her continued ,series of ,vegetations2 proceeding from the ,seed sown1 to the formation of the ,root1 ,trunk1 ,branch1 ,leaf1 ,flower1 ,fruit1 and last of all1 of the ,seed also to be sown again2 all which1 we shall1 in the same order1 particularly speak of4 #b4 4 ,the ,essential ,constitutions of the said ,parts are in all ,plants the same3 ,but for ,observation1 some are more convenient2 in which ,i shall chiefly instance4 ,and first of all1 for the ,seed1 we choose the great ,garden-,bean4 #c4 4 ,if then we take a ,bean and dissect it1 we shall find it cloathed with a doubled ,vest or ,coat4 ,these ,coats1 while the ,bean is yet green1 are separable1 and easily distinguished4 ,or in an old one1 after it hath lay'n two or three days in a mellow ,soil2 or been soaked as long a time in ,water3 as in ,tab4 #a4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #b4 ,when 'tis dry1 they cleave so closely together1 that the ,eye not before instructed1 will judge them but one2 the inner ,coat 7which is of the most rare contexture7 so far shrinking up1 as to seem only the roughness of the outer1 somewhat resembling ,wafers under ,maquaroons4 #d4 4 ,the ,inner ,coat1 in its ,natural ,state1 is every where twice1 and in some places1 thrice as thick1 as the ,outer4 ,next to the ,radicle1 which ,i shall presently describe1 it is six or seven times thicker2 and encompasses the ,radicle round about1 as in the same ,figure appears4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #b4 #e4 4 ,at the thicker end of the ,bean1 in the outer ,coat1 a very small ,foramen presents it self1 even to the bare ,eye4 ,in ,dissection 'tis found to terminate against the point of that ,part which ,i call the ,radicle4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #a-b4 ,it is of that capacity1 as to admit a small ,virginal ,wyer2 and is most of all conspicuous in a green ,bean4 ,especially1 if a little magnified with a good ,spectacle-,glass4 ,this ,foramen is not a hole casually made1 or by the breaking off of the ,stalk2 but designedly formed1 for the uses hereafter mentioned4 ,it may be observed not only in the great ,garden-,bean1 but likewise in the other kinds2 in the ,french-,bean very plainly2 in ,pease1 ,lupines1 ,vetches1 ,lentiles1 and other ,pulse 'tis also found2 and in many ,seeds not reckoned of this kindred1 as in that of ,fnugreek1 ,medica ,tornata1 ,goats-,rue1 and others3 ,in many of which1 'tis so very small1 as scarcely1 without the help of ,glasses to be discovered2 and in some1 not without cutting off part of the ,seed1 which otherwise would intercept the light hereof4 #f4 4 ,that this ,foramen is truly permeable1 even in old ,setting-,beans1 and the other ,seeds above named1 appears upon their being soaked for some time in ,water4 ,for then1 taking them out1 and crushing them a little1 many small bubles will alternately arise and break upon it4 #g4 4 ,of all ,seeds which have thick or hard ,covers1 it is also observable1 ,that they have the same likewise ,perforated1 as above said1 or in some other manner4 ,and accordingly1 although the ,coats of such ,seeds as are lodg'd in ,shells or ,stones1 being thin1 are not visibly perforated2 yet the ,stones and ,shells themselves always are2 as in ,chap4 #g4 shall be seen how4 ,to which ,chapter1 what is farther observable1 either as to the nature and number of the ,covers of the ,seed1 ,i also refer4 #h4 4 ,the ,coats of the ,bean being stripp'd off1 the proper ,seed shews it self2 ,the parts whereof it is composed1 are three2 sc4 the ,main ,body1 and two more1 appendant to it2 which we may call the ,three ,organical ,parts of the ,bean4 #i4 4 ,the ,main ,body is not one entire piece1 but always divided1 lengthwise1 into two halves or ,lobes1 which are both joyn'd together at the ,basis of the ,bean4 ,these ,lobes in dry ,beans1 are but difficultly separated or observ'd2 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #b1 #c4 but in young ones1 especially boil'd1 they easily slip asunder4 #aj4 4 ,some very few ,seeds are divided1 not into two ,lobes1 but into more2 as that of ,cresses into ,six4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #d4 f4 #e4 ,and some are not at all divided1 but entire2 as the ,grains of ,corn4 ,excepting which few1 all other ,seeds1 even the smallest1 are divided1 like as the ,bean1 into just two ,lobes4 ,whereof1 though in most ,seeds1 because of their minuteness1 we cannot by dissection be inform'd2 yet otherwise1 we easily may1 as in this ,chapter shall be seen4 #aa4 4 ,at the ,basis of the ,bean1 the two other ,organical ,parts stand appendent2 by mediation whereof1 the two ,lobes meet and join together4 ,the greater of these two ,parts stands without the two ,lobes1 and upon divesting the ,bean of its ,coats1 is immediately visible4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #b4 #c a ',tis of a white colour1 and more glossie than the ,main ,body1 especially when the ,bean is young4 ,in the ,bean1 and many other ,seeds1 'tis situated somewhat above the thicker end1 as you hold the ,bean in its most proper posture for growth4 ,in ,oak-,kernels1 which we call ,acorns1 ,apple-,kernels1 ,almonds1 and many other ,seeds1 it stands prominent just from the end2 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #f c4 the ,basis and the ,end being in these the same1 but in the ,bean divers4 #ab 4 ,this ,part is found not only in the ,bean1 and the ,seeds above mentioned2 but in all others3 being that1 which upon the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 becomes the ,root of the ,plant2 which therefore may be called the ,radicle3 by which1 ,i mean the ,materials1 abating the ,formality1 of a ,root4 ,in ,corn1 it is that ,part1 which ,malsters1 upon its shooting forth1 call the ,come4 ',tis not easie to be observed1 saving in some few ,seeds1 amongst which1 that of the ,bean is the most fair and ample of all ,i have seen4 ,but that of some other ,seeds1 is1 in proportion1 greater2 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #g e4 as of ,fnugreek1 which is full as big as one of its ,lobes4 #ac4 4 ,the lesser of the two said ,appendents lies occult between the two ,lobes of the ,bean1 by separation whereof only it is to be seen4 ',tis enclos'd in two small ,cavities1 form'd in the ,lobes for its reception4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #c b4 ,its colour comes near to that of the ,radicle2 and it is founded upon the ,basis thereof1 having a quite contrary production1 sc4 towards the ,cone of the ,bean2 as being that very ,part1 which1 in process1 becomes the ,body or ,trunk1 of the ,plant4 ,in ,corn1 it is that ,part1 which after the ,radicle is sprouted forth1 or come1 shoots towards the smaller end of the ,grain2 and by many ,malsters1 is called the ,acrospire4 #ad4 4 ,this ,part is not1 like the ,radicle1 an entire ,body1 but divided1 at its loose end1 into divers pieces1 all very closely couched together1 as ,feathers in a ,bunch2 for which reason it may be called the ,plume4 ,they are so close1 that only two or three of the outmost are at first seen3 but upon a nice and curious separation of these1 the more interiour still may be discovered4 ,in the ,bean1 this may be done3 but in very few other ,seeds2 because of the extreme smallness of the ,plume4 ,now as the ,plume is that ,part which becomes the ,trunk of the ,plant1 so these pieces are so many true1 and already formed1 though not display'd ,leaves1 intended for the said ,trunk1 and foulded up in the same plicature1 wherein upon the sprouting of the ,bean1 they afterwards appear4 ,in a ,french ,bean1 and especially in the larger white ,kind1 or in the great ,indian ,phaseolus1 the two outmost are very fair and elegant4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #h b4 ,in the great ,garden-,bean two extraordinary small ,plumes often1 if not always1 stand one on either side the great one now describ'd3 ,from which1 in that they differ in nothing save in their size1 ,i therefore only here just take notice of them4 ,and these three ,parts1 sc4 the ,main ,body1 the ,radicle1 and the ,plume1 are concurrent to the making up of a ,seed2 and no more than these4 #ae4 4 ,having thus taken a view of the ,organical ,parts of the ,bean1 and other ,seeds2 let us next examine the ,similary1 sc4 those whereof the ,organical are compos'd3 a distinct observation of which1 for a clear understanding of the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 and of the whole ,plant arising thence is requisite3 ,to obtain which1 we must proceed in our ,anatomy4 #af4 4 ,dissecting a ,bean then1 the first ,part occurring is its ,cuticle4 ,the ,eye and first ,thoughts1 suggest it to be only a more dense and glossy ,superficies2 but better enquiry discovers it a real ,cuticle4 ',tis so exquisitely thin1 and for the most part1 so firmly continuous with the ,body of the ,bean1 that it cannot1 except in some small ,rag1 be distinctly seen1 which1 by carrying your ,knife aslant into the ,bean1 and then very gently bearing upward what you have cut1 will separate1 and shew it self transparent4 ,this ,cuticle is not only spread upon the ,convex of the ,lobes1 but also on their ,flats1 where they are contiguous1 extending it self likewise upon both the ,radicle and ,plume1 and so over the whole ,bean4 #ag4 4 ,this ,part1 though it be so far common with the ,coats of the ,bean1 as to be like those1 an ,integument2 yet are we in a quite different ,notion to conceive of it3 ,for whereas the ,coats1 upon setting the ,bean1 do only administer the ,sap1 and1 as being superseded from their ,office1 then die2 as shall be seen3 this1 on the contrary1 with the ,organical ,parts of the ,bean1 is nourished1 augmented1 and by a real ,vegetation co-extended4 #ah4 4 ,next to the ,cuticle1 we come to the ,parenchyma it self2 the ,part throughout which the ,inner ,body1 whereof we shall speak anon1 is disseminated2 for which reason ,i call it the ,parenchyma4 ,not that we are so meanly to conceive of it1 as if 7according to the stricter sense of that word17 it were a meer concreted ,juyce4 ,for it is a ,body very curiously organiz'd1 consisting of an infinite number of extreme small ,bladders2 as in ,tab4 #a4 is apparent4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #i4 ,the ,surface hereof is somewhat dense1 but inwardly1 'tis of a laxer ,contexture4 ,if you view it in a ,microscope1 or with a very good ,spectacle-,glass1 it hath some similitude to the ,pith1 while sappy in the ,roots and ,trunks of ,plants2 and that for good reason1 as in ,ch4 #b4 shall be seen4 ,this is best seen in green ,beans4 #ai4 4 ,this ,part would seem by its colour to be peculiar to the ,lobes of the ,bean2 but as is the ,cuticle1 so is this also1 common both to the ,radicle and ,plume2 that is1 the ,parenchyma or ,pulp of the ,bean1 as to its essential substance1 is the same in all three4 ,the reason why the colour of the ,plume1 and especially of the ,radicle1 which are white1 is so different from that of the ,lobes1 which are green1 may chiefly depend upon their being more compact and dense1 and thence their different ,tinctures4 ,and therefore the ,lobes themselves1 which are green while the ,bean is young2 yet when it is old and dry1 become whitish too4 ,and in many other ,seeds1 as ,acorns1 ,almonds1 the ,kernels of ,apples1 ,plums1 ,nuts1 c4 the ,lobes1 even fresh and young1 are pure white as the ,radicle it self4 #bj4 4 ,but although the ,parenchyma be common1 as is said1 to all the ,organical ,parts2 yet in very differing proportions4 ,in the ,plume1 where it is proportionably least1 it maketh about three ,fifths of the whole ,plume2 in the ,radicle1 it maketh above five ,sevenths of the whole ,radicle2 and in each ,lobe1 is so far over-proportionate1 as to make at least nine ,tenths of the whole ,lobe4 #ba4 4 ,by what hath been said1 that the ,parenchyma or ,pulp is not the only constituting ,part1 besides the ,cuticle1 is imply'd3 there being another ,body1 of an essentially different substance1 embosom'd herein3 which may be found not only in the ,radicle and ,plume1 but also in the ,lobes themselves1 and so in the whole ,bean4 #bb4 4 ,this ,inner ,body appears very plain and conspicuous in cutting the ,radicle athwart1 and so proceeding by degrees towards the ,plume1 through both which it runneth in a large and strait ,trunk4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,in the ,lobes1 being it is there in so very small proportion1 'tis difficultly seen1 especially towards their ,verges4 ,yet if with a sharp ,knife you smoothly cut the ,lobes of the ,bean athwart1 divers small ,specks1 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ac4 of a different colour from that of the ,parenchyma1 standing therein all along in a ,line1 may be observ'd2 which ,specks are the ,terminations of the ,branches of this ,inner ,body4 #bc4 4 ,for this ,inner body1 as it is existent in every ,organical ,part of the ,bean2 so is it1 with respect to each ,part1 most regularly distributed4 ,in a good part of the ,radicle 'tis one entire ,trunk2 towards the ,basis thereof1 'tis divided into three main ,branches2 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ad4 the middlemost runneth directly into the ,plume2 the other two on either side of it1 after a little space1 pass into the ,lobes2 where the said ,branches dividing themselves into other smaller2 and those into more1 and smaller again1 are terminated towards the ,verges of each ,lobe2 in which manner the said ,inner ,body being distributed it becomes in each ,lobe a true and perfect ,root4 #bd4 4 ,of this ,seminal ,root1 as now we'll call it1 from the ,description here given1 it is further observable2 ,that the two main ,branches hereof2 in which the several ,ramifications in each ,lobe are all united1 are not committed into the ,seminal ,trunk of the ,plume1 nor yet stand at right angles with ,that and the ,radicle1 and so with equal respect towards them both3 but being produced through part of the ,parenchyma of the ,radicle1 are at last united therein to the main ,trunk1 and make acute ,angles therewith3 as may be seen in the same4 f4 #ad4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ad4 #be4 4 ,this ,seminal ,root being so tender1 cannot be perfectly excarnated1 7as may the ,vessels in the ,parts of an ,animal7 by the most accurate ,hand4 ,yet by dissection begun and continu'd1 as is above declared1 its whole frame and distribution may be easily observ'd4 ,again1 if you take the ,lobe of a ,bean1 and lengthwise pare off its ,parenchyma by degrees1 and in extreme thin slices1 many ,branches of the ,seminal ,root1 7which by the other way of ,dissection were only noted by so many ,specks7 both as they are fewer about the ,basis of the ,bean1 and more numerous towards its ,verges1 in some good distinction and entireness will appear4 ,for this you must have new ,beans3 or else soaked in ,water1 or buryed for some time4 #bf4 4 ,as the ,inner ,body is branched out in the ,lobes1 so is it in the ,plume3 ,for if you cut the ,plume athwart1 and from the ,basis proceed along the ,body thereof1 you'll therein find1 first1 one large ,trunk or ,branch1 and after four or five very small ,specks round about it1 which are the terminations of so many lesser ,branches therewith distributed to the several parts of the ,plume4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #aa c4 ,the distribution of the ,inner ,body1 as it is continuous throughout all the ,organical ,parts of the ,bean1 is represented1 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ad4 #bg4 4 ,this ,inner ,body is1 by dissection1 best observable in the ,bean and great ,lupine4 ,in other larger ,pulse it shews likewise some obscure ,marks of it self4 ,but in no other ,seeds1 which ,i have observed1 though of the greatest size3 as of ,apples1 ,plums1 ,nuts1 c4 is there any clear appearance hereof1 upon dissection1 saving in the ,radicle and ,plume2 the reason of which is partly from its being1 in most ,seeds1 so extraordinary little2 partly from its ,colour1 which in most ,seeds1 is the same with that of the ,parenchyma it self1 and so not distinguishable from it4 #bh4 4 ,yet in a ,gourd-,seed1 the whole ,seminal ,root1 not only its ,main ,branches1 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ae4 c4 but also the ,sub-divisions and ,inosculations of the lesser ones1 are without any dissection1 upon the separation of the ,lobes1 on their contiguous ,flats immediately apparent4 ,and as to the existence of this ,seminal ,root1 what ,dissection cannot attain1 yet an ocular inspection in hundreds of other ,seeds1 even the smallest1 will demonstrate2 as in this ,chapter shall be seen how4 #bi4 4 ,in the mean time1 let us only take notice2 ,that when we say1 every ,plant hath its ,root1 we reckon short4 ,for every ,plant hath really two1 though not contemporary1 yet successive ,roots2 its ,original or ,seminal-,root within the ,lobes or ,main ,body of its ,seed2 and its ,plant-,root1 which the ,radicle becometh in its growth3 the ,parenchyma of the ,seed1 being in some resemblance1 that to the ,seminal ,root at first1 which the ,mould is to the ,plant-,root afterwards2 and the ,seminal ,root being that to the ,plant-,root1 which the ,plant-,root is to the ,trunk4 ,for our better understanding whereof1 having taken a view of the several ,parts of a ,bean1 as far as ,dissection conducts2 we will next briefly enquire into the ,use of the said ,parts1 and in what manner they are the ,fountain of ,vegetation1 and concurrent to the being of the future ,plant4 ,an ,account of the ,vegetation of the ,seed4 #cj4 4 ,,the ,,general ,cause of the growth of a ,bean1 or other ,seed1 is ,fermentation4 ,that is1 the ,bean lying in the ,mould1 and a moderate access of some moisture1 partly dissimilar1 and partly congenerous1 being made1 a gentle ,fermentation thence ariseth4 ,by which1 the ,bean swelling1 and the ,sap still encreasing1 and the ,bean continuing still to swell1 the work thus proceeds3 as is the usual way of explicating4 ,but that there is simply a ,fermentation1 and so a sufficient supply of ,sap is not enough3 but that this ,fermentation1 and the ,sap wherein 'tis made1 should be under a various ,government1 by divers ,parts thereto subservient1 is also requisite2 and as the various preparation of the ,aliment in an ,animal1 equally necessary3 the particular process of the ,work according whereto1 we find none undertaking to declare4 #ca4 4 ,let us look upon a ,bean then1 as a piece of ,work so fram'd and set together1 as to declare a ,design for the production of a ,plant2 which1 upon its lying in some convenient ,soil1 is thus effected4 ,first of all1 the ,bean being enfoulded round in its ,coats1 the ,sap wherewith it is fed1 must of necessity pass through these3 ,by which means1 it is not only in a proportionate quantity1 and by degrees2 but also in a purer body2 and possibly not without some ,vegetable ,tincture1 transmitted to the ,bean4 ,whereas1 were the ,bean naked1 the ,sap must needs be1 as over-copious1 so but crude and immature1 as not being filtred through so fine a ,cotton as the ,coats be4 ,and as they have the use of a ,filtre to the transient ,sap2 so of a ,vessel to that which is still deposited within them2 being alike accommodated to the securer ,fermentation hereof1 as ,bottles or ,barrels are to ,beer1 or any other ,fermentative ,liquor4 #cb4 4 ,and as the ,fermentation is promoted by some ,aperture in the ,vessel2 so have we the ,foramen in the upper ,coat also contrived4 ,that if there should be need of some more ,aiery ,particles to excite the ,fermentation2 through this1 they may obtain their ,entry4 ,or1 on the contrary1 should there be any such ,particles or ,steams1 as might damp the genuine proceeding thereof1 through this again1 they may have easie issue4 ,or if1 by being over copious1 they should become too high a ,ferment2 and so precipitate those soft and slow degrees1 as are necessary to a due ,vegetation4 ,the said ,aperture being that1 as a common ,pasport1 here to the ,sap1 which what we call the ,bung-hole of the ,barrel1 is to the new tunn'd ,liquor4 #cc4 4 ,and the ,radicle being designed to shoot forth first1 as presently shall be shew'd how2 therefore is it distinctly surrounded with the ,inner and more succulent ,coat4 ,that being thereby suppled on every side1 its eruption may be the better promoted4 #cd4 4 ,the ,sap being passed through the ,coats1 it next enters the ,body of the ,bean2 yet not indiscriminately neither2 but1 being filtred through the ,outer ,coat1 and fermented in the ,body of the ,inner1 is by mediation of the ,cuticle1 again more finely filtr'd1 and so entereth the ,parenchyma it self under a fourth ,government4 #ce4 4 ,through which ,part the ,sap passing towards the ,seminal ,root1 as through that which is of a more spatious content2 besides the benefit it hath of a farther percolation1 it will also find room enough for a more free and active fermenting and maturation herein4 ,and being moreover1 part of the true ,body of the ,bean1 and so with its proper ,seminalities or ,tinctures copiously repleat2 the ,sap will not only find room1 but also matter enough1 by whose ,energy its ,fermentation will still be more advanced4 #cf4 4 ,and the ,sap being duly prepared here1 it next passeth into all the ,branches of the ,seminal ,root1 and so under a fifth ,government4 ,wherein how delicate 'tis now become1 we may conceive by the proportion betwixt the ,parenchyma and this ,seminal ,root2 so much only of the best digested ,sap being discharged from the whole ,stock in that1 as this will receive4 ,and this1 moreover1 as the ,parenchyma1 with its proper ,seminalities being endowed2 the ,sap for the supply of the ,radicle1 and of the young ,root from thence1 is duly prepared therein1 and with its highest ,tincture and ,impregnation at last enriched4 #cg4 4 ,the ,sap being thus prepared in the ,lobes of the ,bean1 'tis thence discharg'd2 and either into the ,plume1 or the ,radicle1 must forthwith issue4 ,and since the ,plume is a dependent on the ,radicle2 the ,sap therefore ought first to be dispenced to this3 which accordingly1 is ever found to shoot forth before the ,plume3 and sometimes an inch or two in length4 ,now because the primitive course of the ,sap into the ,radicle1 is thus requisite2 therefore1 by the frame of the ,parts of the ,bean is it also made necessary4 ,the two main ,branches of the ,seminal ,root1 being produced1 as is before observed1 not into the ,plume1 but the ,radicle4 ,now the ,sap being brought as far as the ,seminal ,root1 in either ,lobe2 and according to the conduct thereof continuing still to move3 it must needs immediately issue into the same ,part1 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ad4 whereinto the main ,branches themselves do2 that is1 into the ,radicle4 ,by which ,sap1 thus bringing the several ,tinctures of the ,parts aforesaid with it1 being now fed2 it is no longer a meer ,radicle1 but is made also ,seminal1 and so becomes a perfect ,root4 #ch4 4 ,the ,plume1 all this while1 lyes close and still4 ,for the sake of which1 chiefly it is1 that the ,bean and other ,seeds are divided into ,lobes1 viz4 ,that it might be warmly and safely lodged up between them1 and so secur'd from the ,injuries so tender a ,part would sustain from the ,mould2 whereto1 had the ,main ,body been entire1 it must1 upon the cleaving of the ,coats1 have lay'n contiguous4 #ci4 4 ,but the ,radicle being thus impregnated and shot into a ,root2 'tis now time for the ,plume to rouze out of its ,cloysters1 and germinate too3 ,in order whereto1 'tis now fed from the ,root1 with laudable and sufficient ,aliment4 ,for as the ,supplies and ,motion of ,sap were first made from the ,lobes1 towards the ,root3 so the ,root being well shot into the ,mould1 and now receiving a new and more copious ,sap from thence2 the motion hereof must needs be stronger1 and by degrees proceed in a contrary course1 sc4 from the ,root toward the ,plume3 and1 by the continuation of the ,seminal ,root1 is directly conducted thereinto2 by which being fed1 it gradually enlarges and displays it self4 #dj4 4 ,the course of the ,sap thus turned1 it issues1 ,i say1 in a direct ,line from the ,root into the ,plume3 but collaterally1 into the ,lobes also2 sc4 by those two aforesaid ,branches which are obliquely transmitted from the ,radicle into either ,lobe4 ,by which ,branches the said ,sap being disbursed back into all the ,seminal ,root1 and from thence1 likewise into the ,parenchyma of the ,lobes1 they are both thus fed1 and for some time augmenting themselves1 really grow3 as in ,lupines is evident4 #da4 4 ,yet is not this common to all ,seeds4 ,some rot underground2 as ,corn2 being of a laxer and less ,oleous ,substance1 differing herein from most other ,seeds2 and being not divided into ,lobes1 but one entire thick ,body4 ,and some1 although they continue firm1 and are divided into ,lobes1 yet rise not2 as the great ,garden ,bean4 ,in which1 therefore1 it is observable1 ,that the two ,main ,branches of the ,lobes1 in comparison with that which runs into the ,plume1 are but mean2 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #ad4 and so insufficient to the feeding and vegetation of the ,lobes2 the ,plume1 on the contrary1 growing so lusty1 as to mount up without them4 #db4 4 ,excepting a few of these ,two ,kinds1 all other ,seeds whatsoever1 7which ,i have observed7 besides that they continue firm2 upon the ,vegetation of the ,plume1 do mount also upwards1 and advance above the ,ground together with it2 as all ,seeds which spring up with one or more ,dissimilar ,leaves3 ,these ,dissimilar ,leaves1 for the most part ,two1 which first spring up1 and are of a different shape from those that follow1 being the very ,lobes of the ,seed1 divided1 expanded1 and thus advanced4 #dc4 4 ,the ,impediments of our apprehension hereof are the ,colour1 ,size and ,shape of the ,dissimilar ,leaves4 ,notwithstanding1 that they are nothing else but the ,main ,body of the ,seed1 how ,i came first to conceive1 and afterwards to know it1 was thus4 ,first1 ,i observed in general1 that the ,dissimilar ,leaves1 were never jagg'd1 but even edg'd3 ,and seeing the even verges of the ,lobes of the ,seed hereto respondent1 ,i was apt to think1 that those which were so like1 might prove the same4 ,next descending to particular ,seeds1 ,i observed1 first1 of the ,lupine2 that1 as to its ,colour1 advancing above the ,ground1 7as it useth to do7 it was always changed into a perfect ,green4 ,and why might not the same by parity of ,reason be inferred of other ,seeds8 ,that1 as to its size1 it grew but little bigger than when first set4 ,whence1 as ,i discern'd 7the ,augmentation being but little7 we here had only the two ,lobes3 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #a4 ,so1 7as some augmentation there was7 ,i inferr'd the like might be1 and that1 in farther degrees1 in other ,seeds4 #dd4 4 ,next of the ,cucumber-,seed1 ,that1 as to its ,colour1 often appearing above ground1 in its primitive white1 from white it turns to yellow1 and from yellow to green2 the proper colour of a ,leaf4 ,that1 as to its size1 though at its first arise1 the ,lobes were little bigger than upon setting2 yet afterwards1 as they chang'd their ,colour1 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #b4 so their dimensions also1 growing to a three-four-five-fold amplitude above their primitive size4 ,but whereas the ,lobes of the ,seed1 are in proportion1 narrow1 short and thick3 how then come the ,dissimilar ,leaves1 to be so exceeding broad1 or long1 and thin8 ,the ,question answers it self3 ,for the ,dissimilar ,leaves1 for that very reason are so thin1 because so very broad or long2 as we see many things1 how much they are extended in length or breadth1 so much they lose in depth1 or grow more thin2 which is that which here befalls the now effoliated ,lobes4 ,for being once dis-imprisoned from their ,coats1 and the course of the ,sap into them1 now more and more encreased2 they must needs very considerably amplifie themselves3 and from the manner wherein the ,seminal ,root is branched in them1 that amplification cannot be in thickness1 but in length or breadth4 ,in both which1 in some ,dissimilar ,leaves1 'tis very remarkable2 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #c4 especially in length1 as in those of ,lettice1 ,thorn-,apple1 and others2 whose ,seeds1 although very small1 yet the ,lobes of those ,seeds growing up into ,dissimilar ,leaves1 are extended an ,inch1 and sometimes more1 in length4 ,though he that shall attempt to get a clear sight of the ,lobes of ,thorn-,apple1 and some others1 by ,dissection1 will find it no easie ,task2 yet is that which may be obtained2 and in the ,last ,book shall be shew'd4 ,from all which1 and the observation of other ,seeds1 ,i at last found1 that the ,dissimilar ,leaves of a young ,plant1 are nothing else but the ,lobes or ,main ,body of its ,seed4 ,so that1 as the ,lobes did at first feed and impregnate the ,radicle into a perfect ,root2 so the ,root1 being perfected1 doth again feed1 and by degrees amplifie each ,lobe into a perfect ,leaf4 #de4 4 ,the ,original of the ,dissimilar ,leaves thus known1 we understand1 why some ,plants have none2 because the ,seed either riseth not1 as ,garden-,beans1 ,corn1 c4 ,or upon rising1 the ,lobes are little alter'd1 as ,lupines1 ,pease1 c4 ,why1 though the proper ,leaves are often indented round2 the ,dissimilar like the ,lobes are even-edg'd4 ,why1 though the proper ,leaves are often hairy1 yet these are ever smooth4 ,why some have more ,dissimilar ,leaves than two1 as ,cresses1 which have six1 as the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,sharrock also observes4 ,hist4 of the ,prop4 of ,vege4 ,the reason whereof is1 because the ,main ,body is not divided into ,two1 but ,six1 distinct ,lobes1 as ,i have often counted4 ,why ,radishes seem at first to have four1 which yet after appear plainly two3 because the ,lobes of the ,seed1 have both a little ,indenture1 and are both plaited1 one over the other4 ,to which1 other ,instances might be added4 #df4 ,the use of the ,dissimilar ,leaves is1 first1 for the protection of the ,plume2 which being but young1 and so but soft and tender1 is provided with these1 as a double ,guard1 one on either side of it4 ,for this reason it is1 that the ,plume1 in ,corn1 is trussed up within a membranous ,sheath3 and that of a ,bean1 cooped up betwixt a pair of ,surfoyls3 ,tab4 #c4 ,but where the ,lobes rise1 there the ,plume hath neither of them1 being both needless4 #dg4 4 ,again1 since the ,plume1 being yet tender1 may be injur'd not only by the ,aer1 but also for want of ,sap1 the supplies from the ,root being yet but slow and sparing2 that the said ,plume therefore1 by the ,dissimilar ,leaves1 may have the advantage likewise of some refreshment from ,dew or ,rain4 ,for these having their ,basis a little beneath that of the ,plume1 and expanding themselves on all sides of it1 they often stand after ,rain1 like a ,vessel of ,water1 continually soaking and suppling it1 lest its new access into the ,ayr1 should shrivel it4 #dh4 4 ,moreover1 that since the ,dissimilar ,leaves by their ,basis intercept the ,root and ,plume1 the greater and grosser part of the ,sap1 may be1 by the way1 deposited into those2 and so the purest proceed into the yet but young and delicate ,plume1 as its fittest ,aliment4 #di4 4 ,lastly1 we have here a demonstration of the being of the ,seminal ,root3 which1 since through the colour or smalness of the ,seed1 it could not by ,dissection be observ'd1 except in some few2 ,nature hath here provided us a way of viewing it in the now effoliated ,lobes1 not of one or two ,seeds1 but of hundreds2 the ,seminal ,root visibly branching it self towards the ,cone or ,verges of the said ,lobes1 or now ,dissimilar ,leaves4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,root4 ,,having ,examin'd and pursu'd the ,degrees of ,vegetation in the ,seed1 we find its two ,lobes have here their utmost period3 and1 that having conveyed their ,seminalities into the ,radicle and ,plume2 these therefore1 as the ,root and ,trunk of the ,plant1 still survive4 ,of these1 in their order1 we next proceed to speak2 and first1 of the ,root3 whereof1 as well as of the ,seed1 we must by ,dissection inform our selves4 #b4 4 ,in ,dissection of a ,root then1 we shall find it with the ,radicle1 as the ,parts of an ,old ,man with those of a ,ftus1 substantially1 one4 ,the first ,part occurring is its ,skin1 the ,original whereof is from the ,seed3 ,for that extreme thin ,cuticle which is spread over the ,lobes of the ,seed1 and from thence over the ,radicle1 upon the shooting of the ,radicle into a ,root1 is co-extended1 and becomes its ,skin4 #c4 4 ,the next ,part is the ,cortical ,body4 ,which1 when it is thin1 is commonly called the ,barque4 ,the ,original hereof1 likewise is from the ,seed2 or the ,parenchyma1 which is there common both to the ,lobes and ,radicle1 being by ,vegetation augmented and prolonged into the ,root1 the same becomes the ,parenchyma of the ,barque4 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #d4 #d4 4 ,the ,contexture of this ,parenchyma may be well illustrated by that of a ,sponge1 being a ,body ,porous1 ,dilative and ,pliable4 ,its ,pores1 as they are innumerable1 so1 extream small4 ,these ,pores are not only susceptive of so much ,moisture as to fill1 but also to enlarge themselves1 and so to dilate the ,cortical ,body wherein they are3 which by the shriv'ling in thereof1 upon its being expos'd to the ,air1 is also seen4 ,in which dilatation1 many of its ,parts becoming more lax and distant1 and none of them suffering a solution of their continuity2 'tis a ,body also sufficiently pliable2 that is to say1 a most exquisitely fine-wrought ,sponge4 #e4 4 ,the ,extention of these ,pores is much alike by the length and breadth of the ,root2 which from the shrinking up of the ,cortical ,body1 in a piece of a cut ,root1 by the same dimensions1 is argu'd4 #f4 4 ,the proportions of this ,cortical ,body are various3 ,if thin1 'tis1 as is said1 called a ,barque2 and thought to serve to no other end1 than what is vulgarly ascrib'd to a ,barque2 which is a narrow conceit4 ,if a ,bulky ,body1 in comparison with ,that within it1 as in the young ,roots of ,cichory1 ,asparagus1 c4 'tis here1 because the fairest1 therefore taken for the prime ,part2 which1 though1 as to ,medicinal use1 it is2 yet1 as to the private use of the ,plant1 not so4 ,the ,colour hereof1 though it be originally white1 yet in the continued growth of the ,root1 divers ,tinctures1 as yellow in ,dock1 red in ,bistort1 are thereinto introduced4 #g4 4 ,next within this ,part stands the ,lignous ,body3 ,this ,lignous ,body1 lyeth with all its parts1 so far as they are visible1 in a ,circle or ,ring4 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #d4 b4 ,yet are there divers extreme small ,fibres thereto parallel1 usually mixed with the ,cortical ,body2 and by the somewhat different colour of the said ,cortical ,body where they stand1 may be noted4 ,these ,fibres the ,cortical ,body1 and ,skin1 altogether1 properly make the ,barque4 ,the ,original of this ,lignous ,body1 as of the two former1 is from the ,seed2 or1 the ,seminal ,roots of both the ,lobes1 being united in the ,radicle1 and with its ,parenchyma co-extended1 is here in the ,root of the ,plant1 the ,lignous ,body4 #h4 4 ,the ,contexture hereof1 in many of its parts1 is much more close than that of the ,cortical2 and their ,pores very different4 ,for whereas those of the ,cortical are infinitely numerous1 these of the ,lignous are in comparison nothing so4 ,but these1 although fewer1 yet are they1 many of them1 more open1 fair and visible3 as in a very thin ,slice cut athwart the young ,root of a ,tree1 and held up against the light1 is apparent4 ,yet not in all equally2 in ,coran-,tree1 ,goosberry-,tree1 c4 less1 in ,oak1 ,plums1 and especially ,damascens1 more2 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #e4 in ,elder1 ,vines1 c4 most conspicuous4 ,and as they are different in number and size1 so also 7whereon the numerousness of the ,pores of the ,cortical ,body principally depends7 in their shape4 ,for whereas those of the ,cortical ,body are extended much alike both by the length and breadth of the ,root2 these of the ,lignous1 are only by the length2 which especially in ,vines1 and some other ,roots is evident4 ,of these ,pores1 'tis also observable1 that although in all places of the ,root they are visible1 yet most fair and open about the filamentous ,extremities of some ,roots1 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #g4 a4 b4 where about1 the ,roots have no ,pith2 as in ,fenil4 ,and in many ,roots1 higher4 #i4 4 ,the proportion betwixt this ,lignous ,body and the ,cortical1 is various1 as was said2 yet in this1 constant1 sc4 that in the filamentous and smaller ,parts of the ,root1 the ,lignous ,body is very much the less2 running like a slender ,wyer or ,nerve through the other surrounding it4 ,whereas in the upper part1 it is often times of far greater quantity than the ,cortical1 although it be encompass'd by it4 ,they stand both together pyramidally1 which is most common to ,infant ,roots1 but also to a great many others4 #aj4 4 ,the next ,part observable in the ,root1 is the ,insertment4 ,the existence hereof1 so far as we can yet observe1 is sometimes in the ,radicle of the ,seed it self2 ,i cannot say always4 ,as to its substantial nature1 we are more certain2 that it is the same with that of the ,parenchyma of the ,radicle2 being always at least augmented1 and so1 in part1 originated from the ,cortical ,body1 and so1 at second hand1 from the said ,parenchyma4 ,for in dissecting a ,root1 ,i find1 that the ,cortical ,body doth not only environ the ,lignous1 but is also wedg'd1 and in many ,pieces inserted into it2 and that the said inserted ,pieces make not a meer ,indenture1 but transmit and shoot themselves quite through as far as the ,pith3 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #e4 which in a thin ,slice cut athwart the ,root1 as so many lines drawn from the ,circumference towards the ,center1 shew themselves4 #aa4 4 ,the ,pores of the ,insertment are sometimes1 at least1 extended somewhat more by the breadth of the ,root1 as about the top of the ,root of ,borage may be seen2 and are thus different from those of the ,cortical ,body1 which are extended by the length and breadth much alike2 and from those of the ,lignous1 being only by its length4 #ab4 4 ,the number and size of these ,insertions are various4 ,in ,hawthorn1 and some others1 and especially ,willows1 they are most extream small2 in ,cherries and ,plums they are ,biger2 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #e4 #f4 and in the ,vine and some other ,trees1 very fairly apparent4 ,in the ,roots of most ,herbs they are generally more easily discoverable2 which may lead to the observation of them in all4 #ac4 4 ,these ,insertions1 although they are continuous through both the length and breadth of the ,root2 yet not so in all ,parts1 but by the several shootings of the ,lignous ,body they are frequently intercepted4 ,for of the ,lignous ,body it is 7here best7 observable2 ,that its several ,shootings1 betwixt which the ,cortical is inserted1 are not1 throughout the ,root1 wholly distinct1 strait and parallel2 but that all along being enarch'd1 the ,lignous ,body1 both in length and breadth1 is thus disposed into ,braces or ,osculations4 ,betwixt these several ,shootings of the ,lignous ,body thus osculated1 the ,cortical shooting1 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #h4 and being also osculated answerably ,brace for ,brace1 that which ,i call the ,insertment is framed thereof4 #ad4 4 ,these ,osculations are so made1 that the ,pores or ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body1 ,i think1 notwithstanding1 seldom or never run one into another2 being1 though contiguous1 yet still distinct4 ,in the same manner as some of the ,nerves1 though they meet1 and for some space are associated together1 yet 'tis most probable1 that none of their ,fibres are truly inosculated1 saving perhaps1 in the ,plexures4 #ae4 4 ,these ,osculations of the ,lignous ,body1 and so the interception of the ,insertions of the ,cortical1 are not to be observ'd by the traverse cut of the ,root1 but by taking off the ,barque4 ,in the ,roots of ,trees1 they are generally obscure2 but in ,herbs often more distinctly apparent2 and especially in a ,turnep3 the appearance whereof1 the ,barque being stripp'd off1 is as a piece of close-wrought ,net-work1 fill'd up with the ,insertions from thence4 #af4 4 ,the next and last distinct ,part of the ,root is the ,pith4 ,the substantial nature thereof1 is1 as was said of the ,insertment1 the same likewise with that of the ,parenchyma of the ,seed4 ,and according to the best observation ,i have yet made1 'tis sometimes existent in its ,radicle2 in which1 the two main ,branches of the ,lobes both meeting1 and being osculated together1 are thus dispos'd into one round and tubular ,trunk1 and so environing part of the ,parenchyma1 make thereof a ,pith2 as in either the ,radicle1 or the young ,root of the great ,bean or ,lupine1 may1 ,i think1 be well seen4 #ag4 4 ,but many times the ,original hereof is immediately from the ,barque4 ,for in dissection of divers ,roots1 both of ,trees and ,herbs1 as of ,barberry or ,mallows1 it is observable1 ,that the ,cortical ,body and ,pith1 are both of them participant of the same ,colour2 in the ,barberry1 both of them tinged yellow1 and in ,mallows1 green4 ,in cutting the smaller ,parts of the ,roots of many ,plants1 as of ,borage1 ,mallows1 ,parsley1 ,columbine1 c4 'tis also evident1 ,that the ,lignous ,body is not there1 in the least ,concave1 but standeth ,solid1 or without any ,pith1 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #i4 a4 in the ,center2 and that the ,insertions being gradually multiplied afterwards1 the ,pith1 at length1 towards the thicker parts of the ,root1 shews and enlarges it self4 ,whence it appears1 that in all such ,roots1 the ,pith is not only of the same substantial nature1 and by the ,insertions doth communicate with the ,barque2 and that it is also augmented by it2 which is true of the ,pith of all ,roots2 but is moreover1 by mediation of the said ,insertions1 wholly originated from it2 that is to say1 from the ,parenchymous ,part thereof4 ,the various appearances of the ,insertions and ,pith from the filamentous ,parts to the top of the ,root1 see in ,tab4 #b4 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #i4 ,the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 as it stands entire in the said filamentous ,parts1 are best seen when they have lain by a night to dry1 after cutting4 #ah4 4 ,a farther evidence hereof are the ,proportions betwixt the ,cortical ,body and ,pith4 ,for as about the inferiour ,parts of the ,root1 where the ,pith is small1 the ,cortical ,body is proportionably great2 so about the top1 where the ,pith is enlarged1 the ,cortical ,body 7now more properly becoming a ,barque7 groweth proportionably less1 sc4 because the ,insertions do still more and more enlarge the ,pith4 ,likewise the peculiar frame of some ,roots1 wherein besides the ,pith1 the ,lignous ,body being divided into two or more ,rings1 there are also one or more thick ,rings1 of a white and soft substance1 which stand betwixt them2 and are nothing else but the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body collected into the said ,rings2 but1 towards the top of the ,root1 being inserted again1 thus make a large and ample ,pith2 ,tab4 #b4 f4 #h4 as in older ,fennel-,roots1 those of ,beet1 ,turnep1 and some other ,herbs1 is seen4 #ai4 4 ,the ,pores of the ,pith1 as those of the ,cortical ,body1 are extended both by the breadth and length of the ,root1 much alike2 yet are they more or less of a greater size than those of the ,cortical ,body4 #bj4 4 ,the ,proportions of the ,pith1 are various2 in ,trees1 but small2 in ,herbs1 generally1 very fair2 in some making by far the greatest part of the ,root2 as in a ,turnep3 ,by reason of the wide circumference whereof1 and so the finer ,concoction and ,assimilation of its ,sap2 that ,part which in most old ,trunks is a dry and harsh ,pith1 here proves a tender1 pleasant meat4 #ba4 4 ,in the ,roots of very many ,plants1 as ,turneps1 ,carrots1 c4 the ,lignous ,body1 besides its main utmost ,ring1 hath divers of its osculated ,fibres dispersed throughout the ,body of the ,pith2 sometimes all alike1 and sometimes more especially in1 or near1 its ,center2 which ,fibres1 as they run towards the top of the ,root1 still declining the ,center1 at last collaterally strike into its ,circumference2 either all of them1 or some few1 keeping the ,center still4 ,of these principally1 the ,succulent part of the ,lignous ,body of the ,trunk is often originated4 #bb4 4 ,some of these ,pith-,fibres1 although they are so exceeding slender1 yet in some ,roots1 as in that of ,flower de liz1 they are visibly concave1 each of them1 in their several ,cavities also embosoming a very small ,pith2 the sight whereof1 the ,root being cut traverse1 and laid in a ,window for a day or two to dry1 may without ,glasses be obtain'd4 ,and this is the general account of the ,root2 the declaration of the manner of its growth1 with the use and service of its several ,parts1 we shall next endeavour4 ,an ,account of the ,growth of the ,root4 #bc4 4 ,i ,,say ,,then1 ,that the ,radicle being impregnate1 and shot into the ,moulds1 the contiguous moisture1 by the ,cortical ,body1 being a ,body laxe and ,spongy1 is easily admitted3 ,yet not all indiscriminately1 but that which is more adapted to pass through the surrounding ,cuticle4 ,which transient ,sap1 though it thus becomes fine1 yet is not simple2 but a mixture of ,particles1 both in respect of those originally in the ,root1 and amongst themselves1 somewhat heterogeneous4 ,and being lodg'd in the ,cortical ,body moderately laxe1 and of a ,circular form2 the effect will be an easie ,fermentation4 ,the ,sap fermenting1 a separation of ,parts will follow2 some whereof will be impacted to the ,circumference of the ,cortical ,body1 whence the ,cuticle becomes a ,skin2 as we see in the growing of the ,coats of ,cheeses1 of the ,skin over divers ,liquors1 and the like4 ,whereupon the ,sap passing into the ,cortical ,body1 through this1 as through a ,manica ,hippocratis1 is still more finely filtred4 ,with which ,sap1 the ,cortical ,body being dilated as far as its ,tone1 without a solution of ,continuity1 will bear2 and the supply of the ,sap still renew'd3 the purest part1 as most apt and ready1 recedes1 with its due ,tinctures1 from the said ,cortical ,body1 to all the parts of the ,lignous2 both those mixed with the ,barque1 and those lying within it4 ,which ,lignous ,body likewise super-inducing its own proper ,tinctures into the said ,sap2 'tis now to its highest preparation wrought up1 and becomes 7as they speak of that of an ,animal7 the ,vegetative ,ros or ,cambium3 the noblest part whereof is at last coagulated in1 and assimilated to the like substance with the said ,lignous ,body4 ,the remainder1 though not united to it1 yet tinctur'd therein1 thus retreats1 that is1 by the continual appulse of the ,sap1 is in part carried off into the ,cortical ,body back again1 the ,sap whereof it now tinctures into good ,aliment4 ,so that whereas before1 the ,cortical ,body was only relaxed in its ,parts1 and so dilated2 'tis now increas'd in real quantity or number of parts1 and so is truly nourish'd4 ,and the ,cortical ,body being saturate with so much of this ,vital ,sap as serves it self2 and the second ,remainders discharged thence to the ,skin2 this also is nourish'd and augmented therewith4 ,so that as in an ,animal ,body there is no instauration or growth of ,parts made by the ,bloud only1 but the ,nervous ,spirit is also thereunto assistant2 so is it here3 the ,sap prepared in the ,cortical ,body1 is as the ,bloud1 and that part thereof prepared by the ,lignous1 is as the ,nervous ,spirit2 which partly becoming ,nutriment to it self1 and partly being discharged back into the ,cortical ,body1 and diffusing its ,tincture through the ,sap there1 that to the said ,cortical ,body and ,skin1 becomes also true ,nutriment1 and so they all now grow4 #bd4 4 ,in which growth1 a proportion in length and breadth is requisite3 which being rated by the benefit of the ,plant1 both for firm standing and sufficient ,sap1 must therefore principally be in length4 ,and because it is thus requisite1 therefore by the constitution of one of its ,parts1 sc4 the ,lignous ,body1 it is also made necessary4 ,for the ,pores hereof1 in that they are all extended by its length1 the ,sap also according to the frame and site of the said ,pores will principally move2 and that way as its ,sap moves1 the same way will the generation of its ,parts also proceed2 sc4 by its length4 ,and the ,lignous ,body first 7that is by a priority causal7 moving in length it self2 the ,cortical also moves therewith4 ,for that which is nourish'd1 is extended3 but whatever is extended1 is mov'd3 that therefore which is nourish'd1 is mov'd3 ,the ,lignous ,body then being first nourish'd1 'tis likewise first mov'd1 and so becomes and carries in it the ,principle of all ,vegetative motion in the ,cortical2 and so they both move in length4 #be4 4 ,yet as the ,lignous ,body is the ,principle of ,motion in the ,cortical2 so the ,cortical is the ,moderator of that in the ,lignous3 ,as in ,animal ,motions1 the ,principle is from the ,nerves2 yet being once given to the ,muscle or ,limb1 and that moving proportionably to its structure1 the ,nerves also are carried in the same motion with it4 ,we suppose therefore1 that as the principal motion of the ,lignous ,body is in length1 so is its proper tendency also to ,ascend4 ,but being much exceeded both in ,compass and ,quantity by the ,cortical1 as in the smaller parts of the ,root it is2 it must needs therefore be over-born and governed by it2 and so1 though not lose its motion1 yet make it that way wherein the ,cortical ,body may be more obedient to it2 which will be by descent4 ,yet both of them being sufficiently pliable1 they are thus capable1 where the ,soyl may oppose a direct descent1 there to divert any way1 where it is more penetrable1 and so to descend obliquely4 ,for the same reason it may also be1 that though you set a ,bean with the ,radicle upward2 yet the ,radicle1 as it shoots1 declining also gradually1 is thus arch'd in form of an ,hook1 and so at last descends4 ,for every declination from a perpendicular ,line1 is a mixed motion betwixt ,ascent and ,descent1 as that of the ,radicle also is1 and so seeming to be dependent upon the two ,contrary ,tendencies of the ,lignous and ,cortical ,bodies4 ,what may be the cause of those ,tendencies 7being most probably external1 and a kind of ,magnetisme7 ,i shall not make my ,task here to enquire4 #bf4 4 ,now although the ,lignous ,body1 by the position and shape of its ,pores1 principally groweth in length2 yet will it in some degree likewise in breadth3 ,for it cannot be supposed that the purest ,sap is all received into the said ,pores2 but that part thereof likewise1 staying about its ,superficial ,parts1 is there tinctur'd and agglutinated to them4 ,and because these ,pores are prolonged by its length2 therefore it is much more laxe and easily divisible that way2 as in slitting a ,stick1 or cleaving of ,timber1 and in cutting and hewing them athwart is also seen4 ,whence it comes to pass1 that in shooting from the ,center towards the ,circumference1 and there finding more room1 its said original ,laxity doth easily in divers places now become greater1 and at length in open ,partments plainly visible4 ,betwixt which ,partments1 the ,cortical ,body1 being bound in on the one hand1 by the surrounding ,skin and ,moulds1 and pressed upon by the ,lignous on the other1 must needs insert it self1 and so move contrary to it1 from the ,circumference towards the ,center4 ,where the said contrary motions continued as begun1 they at last meet1 unite1 and either make or augment the ,pith4 ,and thus the ,root is fram'd1 and the ,skin1 the ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies1 so as is said1 thereunto concurrent4 ,we shall next shew the use of the two other ,parts1 sc4 the ,insertment and ,pith2 and first of the ,pith4 #bg4 4 ,,one true use of the ,pith is for the better ,advancement of the ,sap1 whereof ,i shall speak in the next ,chapter4 ,the use ,i here observe1 is for the quicker and higher ,fermentation of the ,sap3 ,for although the ,fermentation made in the ,cortical ,body was well subservient to the first ,vegetations1 yet those more perfect ones in the ,trunk which after follow1 require a ,body more adapted to it1 and that is the ,pith2 which is so necessary1 as not to be only common to1 but considerably large in the ,roots of most ,plants2 if not in their inferiour parts1 yet at their tops4 ,where though either deriv'd or amplify'd from the ,cortical ,body1 yet being by its ,insertions only1 we may therefore suppose1 as those1 so this1 to be more finely constituted4 ,and being also from its coarctation1 while inserted1 now free2 all its ,pores1 upon the supply of the ,sap1 will more or less be amplified3 ,upon which accounts1 the ,sap thereinto received1 will be more pure1 and its fermentation therein more active4 ,and as the ,pith is superiour to the ,cortical ,body by its ,constitution1 so by its ,place4 ,for as it thus stands central1 it hath the ,lignous ,body surrounding it4 ,now as the ,skin is the ,fence of the ,cortical ,body1 and that of the ,lignous2 so is the ,lignous again a far more preheminent one unto the ,pith2 the ,sap being here a brisk ,liquor1 tunn'd up as in a wooden ,cask4 #bh4 4 ,and as the ,pith subserves the higher ,fermentation of the ,sap2 so do the ,insertions its purer ,distribution2 that separation which the parts of the ,sap1 by being fermented in the ,pith1 were dispos'd for2 being1 upon its entrance into the ,insertions1 now made3 ,so that as the ,skin is a ,filtre to the ,cortical ,body1 so are the ,insertions a more preheminent one to the ,lignous4 ,and as they subserve the purer1 so the freer and sufficient distribution of the ,sap3 ,for the ,root enlarging1 and so the ,lignous ,body growing thicker1 although the ,cortical and the ,pith might supply ,sap sufficient to the nutrition of its ,parts next adjacent to them2 yet those more inward1 must needs be scanted of their ,aliment2 and so1 if not quite starved1 yet be uncapable of equal growth3 ,whereas the ,lignous ,body being through its whole breadth frequently disparted1 and the ,cortical ,body inserted through it2 the ,sap by those ,insertions1 as the ,bloud by the disseminations of the ,arteries1 is freely and sufficiently convey'd to its intimate ,parts1 even those1 which from either the ,barque or from the ,pith1 are most remote4 ,lastly1 as the consequent hereof1 they are thus assistant to the ,latitudinal growth of the ,root2 as the ,lignous ,body to its growth in ,length2 so these ,insertions of the ,cortical1 to its better growth in ,breadth4 #bi4 4 ,having thus seen the solitary uses of the ,several ,parts of the ,root1 ,i shall lastly propound my ,conjectures of that ,design whereto they are altogether concurrent1 and that is the ,circulation of the ,sap4 #cj4 4 ,that the ,sap hath a ,double1 and so a ,circular ,motion1 in the ,root2 is probable1 from the proper ,motion of the ,root1 and from its ,office4 ,from its ,motion1 which is ,descent3 for which1 the ,sap must likewise1 some where1 have such a ,motion proper to it4 ,from its ,office1 which is1 ,to feed the ,trunk3 for which1 the ,sap must also1 in some ,part or other1 have a more especial ,motion of ,ascent4 #ca4 4 ,we may therefore suppose1 ,that the ,sap moving in the ,barque1 towards the ,pith1 through the ,insertions1 thereinto obtains a pass1 ,which passage1 the upper ,insertions will not favour2 because the ,pith standing in the same height with them1 is there large1 the fermenting and course of the ,sap quick1 and so its opposition strong4 ,but through the lower it will much more easily enter2 because there1 from the smallness of the ,pith1 the opposition is little1 and from the shortness of the ,insertions1 the way more open4 ,so that the ,sap here meeting with the least opposition1 here it will bestow it self 7feeding the ,lignous ,body in its passage7 into the ,pith4 ,into which1 fresh ,sap still entring1 this being yet but crude1 will subside3 that first receiv'd1 and so become a ,liquor higher wrought1 will more easily mount upwards4 ,and moving in the ,pith1 especially in the ,sap-,fibers there dispers'd1 as in the ,arterys1 in equal altitude with the upper-,insertions2 the most volatile parts of all will still continue their direct ascent towards the ,trunk4 ,but those of a middle nature1 and1 as not apt to ascend1 so being lighter than those beneath them1 not to descend neither2 they will tend from the ,pith towards the ,insertions in a ,motion betwixt both4 ,through which ,insertions 7feeding the ,lignous ,body in its passage7 it is1 by the next subsequent ,sap1 discharged off into the ,cortical ,body1 and so into the ,sap-,fibres themselves1 as into the ,veins1 back again4 ,wherein1 being still pursu'd by fresh ,sap from the ,center1 and more occurring from the ,circumference1 towards the lower ,insertions1 it thus descends4 ,through which1 together with part of the ,sap afresh imbib'd from the ,earth1 it re-enters the ,pith4 ,from whence1 into the ,cortical ,body1 and from thence into the ,pith1 the cruder part thereof1 is reciprocally disburs'd2 while the most ,volatile1 not needing the help of a ,circulation1 more directly ascendeth towards the ,trunk4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,trunk4 ,,having thus declar'd the degrees of ,vegetation in the ,root2 the continuance hereof in the ,trunk shall next be shew'd3 in order to which1 the ,parts whereof this likewise is compounded1 we shall first observe4 #a4 4 ,that which without dissection shews it self1 is the ,coarcture3 ,i cannot say of the ,root1 nor of the ,trunk2 but what ,i choose here to mention1 as standing betwixt them1 and so being common to them both2 all their ,parts being here bound in closer together1 as in the tops of the grown ,roots of very many ,plants1 is apparent4 #b4 4 ,of the ,parts of the ,trunk1 the first occurring is its ,skin3 ,the ,formation whereof1 is not from the ,air1 but in the ,seed1 from whence it is originated2 being the production of the ,cuticle1 there investing the two ,lobes and ,plume4 #c4 4 ,the next ,part is the ,cortical ,body2 which here in the ,trunk is no new substantial ,formation2 but1 as is that of the ,root1 originated from the ,parenchyma of the ,plume in the ,seed2 and is only the increase and augmentation thereof4 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #a1 #d4 ,the ,skin1 this ,cortical ,body or ,parenchyma1 and 7for the most part7 some ,fibers of the ,lignous mixed herewith1 altogether make the ,barque4 #d4 4 ,next1 the ,lignous ,body1 which1 whether it be visibly divided into many softer ,fibers or small ,threads1 as in the ,bean1 ,fennel1 and most ,herbs2 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #a4 or that its ,parts stand more compact and close1 shewing one hard1 firm and solid piece1 as in ,trees2 it is1 in all1 one and the same ,body2 and that not formed originally in the ,trunk1 but in the ,seed2 being nothing else but the prolongation of the ,seminal ,root distributed in the ,lobes and ,plume thereof4 #e4 4 ,lastly1 ,the ,insertions and ,pith are here originated likewise from the ,plume1 as the same in the ,root1 from the ,radicle3 ,so that as to their ,substantial ,parts1 the ,lobes of the ,seed1 the ,radicle and ,plume1 the ,root and ,trunk are all one4 #f4 4 ,yet some things are more fairly observable in the ,trunk4 ,first1 the ,latitudinal shootings of the ,lignous ,body1 which in ,trunks of several years growth1 are apparent in so many ,rings1 as is commonly known4 ,for several young ,fibers of the ,lignous ,body1 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #e1 #h4 as in the ,root1 so here1 shooting in the ,cortical one year1 and the spaces betwixt them being after fill'd up with more 7,i think not till7 the next1 at length they become altogether a firm compact ,ring2 the ,perfection of one ,ring1 and the ,ground-work of another1 being thus made concomitantly4 #g4 4 ,from these ,annual younger ,fibers it is1 that although the ,cortical ,body and ,pith are both of the same substantial nature1 and their ,pores little different2 yet whereas the ,pith1 which the first year is green1 and of all the ,parts the fullest of ,sap1 becomes afterwards white and dry3 ,the ,cortical ,body1 on the contrary1 so long as the ,tree grows1 ever keepeth green and moist1 sc4 because the said ,sap-,fibers1 annually grow therein1 and so communicate with it4 #h4 4 ,the ,pores likewise of the ,lignous ,body1 many of them1 in well-grown ,timber1 as in ,oaken boards1 are very conspicuous1 in cutting both lengthwise and traverse4 ,they very seldom1 if ever1 run one into another1 but keep1 like so many several ,vessels1 all along distinct2 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #b4 #c4 as by cutting1 and so following any one of them as far as you please1 for a ,foot or half a ,yard1 or more together1 may be observ'd4 ,and so1 the like1 in any ,cane4 #i4 4 ,besides these1 there are a lesser sort2 which1 by the help only of a good ,spectacle ,glass may be observ'd4 #aj4 4 ,and these are all the ,pores visible without a ,microscope4 ,the use of which1 excepting in some few particulars1 ,i have purposely omitted in this first ,book4 ,micrography4 ,mr4 ,hook sheweth us1 besides these1 a third1 and yet smaller ,sort2 and 7as a confirmation of what1 in the ,second ,chapter1 ,c4 #b4 4 #h4 ,i have said of the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body in general7 that they are all continuous and prolonged by the length of the ,trunk1 as are the greater ones3 whereof he maketh ,experiment1 by filling up1 in a piece of ,char-coal1 all the said ,pores with ,mercury2 which appears to pass quite through them1 in that by a very good ,glass it is visible in their ,orifices at both ends2 and without a ,glass1 by the weight of the ,coal alone1 is also manifest4 ,all these ,i have seen1 with the help of a good ,microscope1 in several sorts of ,woods4 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #g4 ,as they all appeare in a piece of ,oak1 cut transversely1 ,see ,tab4 #c4 #aa4 4 ,upon further ,enquiry1 ,i likewise find1 ,that the ,pores of the ,lignous ,body in the ,trunks of ,herbs1 which at first ,i only supposed1 by the help of good ,glasses1 are very fairly visible3 each ,fibre being sometimes perforated by #cj1 #ej1 #ajj1 or hundreds of ,pores4 ,or what ,i think is the truest notion of them1 ,that each ,fibre1 though it seem to the bare eye to be but one1 yet is1 indeed1 a great number of ,fibres together2 and every ,pore1 being not meerly a space betwixt the several parts of the ,wood1 but the ,concave of a ,fiber4 ,so that if it be asked1 what all that ,part of a ,plant1 either ,herb or ,tree1 which is properly called the ,woody-,part2 what all that is1 ,i suppose1 ,that it is nothing else but a ,cluster of innumerable and most extraordinary small ,vessels or ,concave ,fibers3 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #f4 as in a ,slice of the ,trunk of ,burdock is apparent4 #ab4 4 ,next the ,insertions of the ,cortical ,body1 which in the ,trunk of a ,tree saw'd athwart1 are plainly discerned as they run from the ,circumference toward the ,center2 the whole ,body of the ,tree being visibly compounded of two distinct ,substances1 that of the several ,rings1 and that of the ,insertions1 running cross2 shewing that in some resemblance in a ,plain1 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #e4 #h4 which the ,lines of ,latitude and of the ,meridian do in a ,globe4 ,the entrance of the ,insertions into the ,wood1 is also1 upon striping off the ,barque1 very apparent2 as in the same ,fig4 #h4 #ac4 4 ,these ,insertions are likewise very conspicuous in ,sawing of ,trees length-ways into ,boards1 and those plain'd1 and wrought into ,leaves for ,tables1 ,wainscot1 ,trenchers1 and the like4 ,in all which1 as in course ,trenchers made of ,beech1 and ,tables of ,oak1 there are many parts which have a greater smoothness than the rest2 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #b4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #a4 and are so many inserted ,pieces of the ,cortical ,body2 which being by those of the ,lignous1 frequently intercepted1 seem to be discontinuous1 although in the ,trunk they are really extended1 in continued ,plates1 throughout its ,breadth4 #ad4 4 ,these ,insertions1 although as is said1 of a quite distinct substance from the ,lignous ,body1 and so no where truly incorporated with it1 yet being they are in all parts1 the one as the ,warp1 the other as the ,woof1 mutually braced and interwoven together1 they thus constitute one strong and firmly coherent ,body2 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #a4 as the ,timber of any ,tree4 #ae4 4 ,as the ,pores or ,vessels are greater or less1 so are the ,insertions also3 ,to the bare eye usually the greater only are discernable3 ,but through an indifferent ,microscope there are others also1 much more both numerous and small1 distinctly apparent1 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #g4 as in a transverse piece of ,oak4 #af4 4 ,in none of all the ,pores can we observe any thing which may have the true nature and use of ,valves1 which is1 ,easily to admit that1 to which they will by no means allow a regress4 ,and their nonexistence is enough evident1 from what in the first ,chapter ,c4 #a4 4 #db4 we have said of the ,lobes of the ,seed3 in whose ,seminal ,root1 were there any ,valves1 it could not be1 that by a contrary ,course of the ,sap1 they should ever grow2 which yet1 where-ever they turn into ,dissimilar ,leaves1 they do4 ,or if we consider the growth of the ,root1 which oftentimes is upward and downward both at once4 ,and being cut transversely1 will bleed1 both the same ways1 with equal freedom4 #ag4 4 ,the ,insertions here in the ,trunk give us likewise a sight of the position of their ,pores4 ,for in a plained piece of ,oak1 as in ,wainscot1 ,tables1 c4 besides the larger ,pores of the ,lignous ,body1 which run by the length of the ,trunk2 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #b4 the ,tract likewise of those of the ,insertions may be observed to be made by the breadth1 and so directly cross4 ,nor are they continuous as those of the ,lignous ,body1 but very short1 as those both of the ,cortical ,body and ,pith1 with which the ,insertions1 as to their substance1 are congenerous4 ,yet they all stand so together1 as to be plainly ranked in even ,lines or ,rows throughout the breadth of the ,trunk3 ,as the ,tract of those ,pores appears to the naked ,eye1 see in ,tab4 #c4 ,fig4 #i4 ,the ,pores themselves may be seen in the ,root of a ,vine described and figured in the ,second ,book1 as it appears through a good ,microscope4 ,tab4 #ag4 #ah4 4 ,the ,pores of the ,pith likewise being larger here in the ,trunk1 are better observable than in the ,root3 the width whereof1 in comparison with their ,sides so exquisitely thin1 may by an ,hony-,comb be grosly exemplified2 and is that also which the vast disproportion betwixt the ,bulk and ,weight of a dry ,pith doth enough declare4 ,in the ,trunks of some ,plants1 they are so ample and transparent1 that in cutting both by the length and breadth of the ,pith1 some of them through the transparency of the ,skins by which they are bounded1 or of which they consist1 would seem to be considerably extended by the length of the ,pith2 but are really discontinuous and short1 and as 'tis said1 somewhat answerable to the ,cells of an ,hony-,comb4 ,this is the nearest we can come to them1 by the bare ,eye without the assistance of a good ,microscope4 ,mr4 ,hook sheweth in his ,micrography1 ,that the ,pores of the ,pith1 particularly of ,elder-,pith1 so far as they are visible1 are all alike discontinuous2 and that the ,pith is nothing else but 7as he calls them7 an heap of ,bubbles4 ,although1 in regard they are not fluid1 but fixed ,parts1 ,i shall choose rather to call them1 ,bladders4 ,as they appear through a good ,glass1 in a piece of ,burdock1 ,see in ,tab4 #c4 ,tab4 #c4 f4 #f4 ,but a more particular ,description of the ,sizes1 ,figures1 and admirable ,textures hereof1 ,i have given in several places in the following ,books4 #ai4 4 ,besides what this ,observation informs us of here1 it farther confirms what in the ,second ,chapter ,c4 #b4 4 #c1 #af1 #ag4 we have said of the ,original of the ,pith and ,cortical ,body1 and of the sameness of both their natures with the ,parenchyma of the ,seed3 which is nothing else but a ,mass of ,bladders2 ,c4 #a4 4 #ah4 ,tab4 #a4 f4 #i4 as in the ,first ,chapter hath been said4 #bj4 4 ,in the ,piths of many ,plants1 the greater ,pores or ,bladders have some of them lesser ones within them1 and some of them are divided with cross ,membranes3 ,and betwixt their several sides1 have1 ,i think1 other smaller ,bladders visibly interjected4 ,however1 that they are all permeable1 is most certain4 ,they stand together not confusedly1 but in even ,ranks or ,trains2 as those of the ,insertions by the breadth1 so these by the length of the ,trunk4 ,and thus far there is a general corresponding betwixt the parts of the ,root and ,trunk4 ,yet are there some considerable ,disparities betwixt them2 wherein1 and how they come to pass1 and to what especial ,use and ,end1 shall next be said4 ,an ,account of the ,growth of the ,trunk4 #ba4 4 ,,we ,,say then1 that the ,sap being in the ,root by ,filtrations1 ,fermentations 7and in what ,roots needful1 perhaps by ,circulation also7 duly prepar'd2 the prime part thereof passing through the intermediate ,coarcture1 in due moderation and purity is entertain'd at last into the ,trunk4 ,and the ,sap of the ,trunk being purer and more volatile1 and so it self apt to ascend2 the motion of the ,trunk likewise will be more noble1 receiving a disposition and tendency to ascend therewith4 ,and what by the ,sap the ,trunk is in part dipos'd to1 by the respective position and quantity of its ,parts it is effectually enabled4 ,for whereas in the ,root the ,lignous ,body being in proportion with the ,cortical1 but little1 and all lying close within its ,center2 it must therefore needs be under its controul3 on the contrary1 being here comparatively of greater quantity1 and also more dilated1 and having divers of its ,branches standing more abroad towards the ,circumference1 as both in the ,leaves and ,body of the young ,trunk and ,plume1 is seen2 it will in its own magnetical tendency to ascend1 reduce the ,cortical ,body to a compliance with it4 #bb4 4 ,and the ,trunk thus standing from under the restraint of the ,ground in the open ,air1 the disposition of its ,parts1 originally different from that of the ,parts in the ,root1 will not only be continued1 but improved4 ,for by the force and pressure of the ,sap in its collateral ,motion1 the ,lignous ,body will now more freely and farther be dilated4 ,and this being dilated1 the ,cortical ,body also1 must needs be inserted2 and is therefore in proportion always1 more or less1 smaller here in the ,trunk1 than in the ,root4 ,and as the ,cortical ,body lessens1 so the ,pith will be enlarged1 and by the same proportion is here greater4 ,and the ,pith being enlarged it self1 its ,pores 7the ,lignous ,body1 upon its dilatation1 as it were tentering and stretching out all their sides7 must needs likewise be enlarged with it2 and accordingly1 are ever greater in the ,pith of the ,trunk1 than of the ,root4 ,and the dilatation of the ,lignous ,body still continued1 it follows1 that whereas the ,pith descendent in the ,root1 is not only in proportion less and less1 but also in the smaller extremities thereof1 and sometimes higher1 altogether absent3 ,contrariwise1 in the ,trunk1 it is not only continued to its top and smallest ,twigs1 but also there1 in proportion1 equally ample with what it is in any other inferiour part4 #bc4 4 ,but although the openness of the ,aer permitting1 be always alike2 yet the ,energy of the ,sap effecting1 being different2 as therefore that doth1 the dilatation of the ,trunk1 will also vary4 ,if that be less1 so is this2 as in the ,trunks of most ,trees3 ,if that be greater1 so this2 as in ,herbs is common2 the ,lignous ,body being usually so far dilated1 that the utmost ,shootings thereof may easily be seen to jut out1 and adjoyn to the ,skin4 ,and if the ,sap be still of greater energy1 it so far dilates the ,lignous ,body1 as not only to amplifie the ,pith and all its ,pores2 but also so far to stretch them out1 as to make them tear4 ,whereupon either running again into the ,cortical ,body1 or shrinking up towards it1 the ,trunk thus sometimes becomes an hollow ,stalk1 the ,pith being wholly1 or in part voided4 ,but generally it keeps entire2 and where it doth1 the same proportion and respect to the ,lignous and ,cortical ,bodies1 as is said4 ,the ,consequences of all which will be1 the ,strength of the ,trunk1 the ,security and ,plenty of the ,sap1 its ,fermentation will be quicker1 its ,distribution more effectual1 and its ,advancement more sufficient4 #bd4 4 ,first1 the ,erect ,growth and ,strength of the ,trunk2 this being1 by the position of its several ,parts1 effected3 for besides the slendering of the ,trunk still towards the top1 the ,circumferential position of the ,lignous ,body1 likewise is1 and that eminently1 hereunto subservient4 ,so that as the ,lignous ,body1 in the smaller parts1 of the ,root standing ,central1 we may thence conceive and see their pliableness to any oblique motion2 so here1 on the contrary1 the ,lignous ,body standing wide1 it thus becomes the ,strength of the ,trunk1 and most advantageous to its ,perpendicular ,growth4 ,we see the same ,design in ,bones and ,feathers3 ,the strongest ,bones1 as those in the ,legs1 are hollow4 ,now should we suppose the same ,bone1 to be contracted into a ,solid2 although now it would be no heavier1 and in that respect1 as apt for motion2 yet would it have far less strength1 than as its ,parts are dilated to a ,circumferential posture4 ,and so for ,quills1 which1 for the same ,reasons1 in subserviency to flying1 as they are exceeding light2 ,so1 in comparison with the thinness of their ,sides1 they are very strong1 and much less apt to bend1 than if contracted into a ,solid ,cylinder4 ,we see it not only in ,nature1 but ,art4 ,for hence it is1 that ,joyners and ,carpenters unite and set together their ,timber-pieces and several ,works oftentimes with double ,joynts2 which1 although they are no thicker1 than a single one might be made2 yet standing at a distance1 have a greater strength than ,that could have4 ,and the same ,architecture1 will have the same use1 in the ,trunks of ,plants2 in most whereof 'tis very apparent2 as for instance1 in ,corn4 ,for ,nature designing its ,sap a great ,ascent2 for its higher maturity1 hath given it a tall ,trunk3 ,but to prevent its ravenous despoiling either of the ,ear1 or ,soyl2 although it be tall1 yet are its sides but thin3 ,and because again1 it should grow not only tall and thriftily1 but for avoiding propping up1 strongly too2 therefore1 the same proportion as its heigth bears1 to the thinness of its sides1 doth the greatness of its ,circumference also2 being so far dilated as to parallel a ,quil it self4 #be4 4 ,besides the position of the ,lignous ,body within the compass of a ,ring1 there are some ,shootings thereof1 often standing beyond the ,circumference of the said ,ring1 making sometimes a triangular1 oftner a quadrangular ,body of the ,trunk4 ,to the end1 that the ,ring1 being but thin1 and not self-sufficient1 these1 like ,splinters to ,bones1 might add strength and stability to it4 #bf4 4 ,next1 the security and plenty of the ,sap4 ,for should the ,lignous ,body1 as it doth in the smaller ,parts of the ,root1 stand ,central here also1 and so the ,cortical wholly surround it3 the greater part of the ,sap would thus be more immediately expos'd to the ,sun and ,aer2 and being lodged in a laxe ,body1 by them continually be prey'd upon1 and as fast as supplied to the ,trunk1 be exhausted4 ,whereas1 the ,pith standing in the ,center1 the ,sap therein being not only most remote from the ,aer and ,sun1 but by the ,barque1 and especially the ,wood1 being also surrounded and doubly immur'd1 will very securely and copiously be convey'd to all the ,collateral ,parts1 and 7as shall be said how7 the top of the ,trunk4 #bg4 4 ,and the ,sap by the amplitude1 and great porosity of the ,pith1 being herein more copious1 its ,fermentation also will be quicker2 which we see in all ,liquors1 by standing in a greater quantity together1 proceeds more kindly3 ,and being tun'd up within the ,wood1 is at the same time not only secur'd from loss1 but all extream mutations2 the ,day being thus1 not too hot2 nor the ,night1 too cold for it4 #bh4 4 ,and the ,fermentation hereof being quicker1 its motion also will be stronger1 and its ,distribution more effectual1 not only to the dilatation of the ,trunk1 but likewise the shooting out of the ,branches4 ,whence it is1 that in the ,bodies of ,trees1 the ,barque of it self1 though it be ,sappy1 and many ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body mixed with it1 yet seldom sendeth forth any2 and that in ,herbs1 those with the least ,pith 7other advantages not supplying this defect7 have the fewest or smallest ,branches1 or other collateral ,growths3 and that ,corn1 which hath no ,pith1 hath neither any ,branches4 #bi4 4 ,lastly1 the ,advancement of the ,sap will hence also be more ready and sufficient4 ,for the understanding where1 and how1 we suppose1 ,that in all ,trunks whatsoever there are two ,parts joyntly hereunto subservient4 ,in some1 the ,lignous ,body and the ,cortical1 as in older ,trunks2 the ,pith being either excluded1 or dried3 ,but in most1 principally1 the ,lignous ,body and ,pith2 as in most ,annual ,growths of ,trees2 but especially ,herbs1 where the ,cortical ,body is usually much and often wholly ,inserted4 #cj4 4 ,of the ,lignous ,body it is so apparent by its ,pores1 or rather by its ,vessels1 that we need no farther ,evidence4 ,for to what end are ,vessels1 but for the conveyance of ,liquor8 ,and is that also1 which upon cutting the young ,branch of a ,sappy ,tree or ,herb1 by an accurate and steady view may be observed4 ,but when ,i say the ,vessels of the ,lignous ,body1 ,i mean principally them of the younger shootings1 both those which make the new ,ring1 and those which are mixed with the ,cortical ,body in the ,barque3 that which ascendeth by the ,pores or ,vessels of the ,wood1 being probably1 because in less quantity1 more in form of a ,vapour1 than a ,liquor4 ,yet that which drenching into the sides of its ,pores1 is with all thereunto sufficient ,aliment2 as we see ,orpine1 ,onions1 c4 only standing in a moyster ,aer will often grow4 ,and being likewise in part supplied by the ,insertions from the younger ,shoots3 ,but especially because as it is but little1 so 7considered as ,aliment7 it serveth only for the growth of the ,wood1 and no more2 whereas1 the more copious ,aliment ascendent by the younger ,shoots1 subserves not only their own growth1 but the generation of others2 and is besides with that in the ,cortical ,body the ,fountain of ,perspirations1 which we know even in ,animals are much more abundant than the ,nutritive ,parts2 and doubtless in a ,vegetable are still much more4 #ca4 4 ,but these ,pores1 although they are a free and open way to the ascending ,sap2 yet that meer ,pores or ,vessels should be able of themselves to advance the ,sap with that speed1 strength and plenty1 and to that height1 as is necessary1 cannot probably be supposed4 ,it follows then1 that herein we must grant the ,pith a joynt service4 ,and why else is the ,pith in all ,primitive ,growths the most ,sappy part1 why hath it so great a stock of ,sap1 if not1 after due maturation within it self1 still to be disbursed into the ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body8 ,why are the ,annual ,growths of all both ,herbs and ,trees1 with great ,piths1 the quickest and the longest8 ,but how are the ,pores or ,bladders of the ,pith permeable8 ,that they are so1 both from their being capable of a repletion with ,sap1 and of being again wholly emptied of it1 and again1 instead thereof fill'd with ,aer1 is as certain as that they are ,pores4 ,that they are permeable1 by the breadth1 appears from the dilatation of the ,lignous ,body1 and from the production of ,branches1 as hath been1 and shall hereafter be said4 ,and how else is there a ,communion betwixt ,this and the ,cortical ,body8 ,that they are so also1 by the length1 is probable1 because by the best ,microscope we cannot yet observe1 that they are visibly more open by the breadth1 than by the length4 ,and withall are ranked by the length1 as those of the ,insertions by the breadth of the ,trunk4 ,but if you set a piece of dry ,elder-,pith in some tinged ,liquor1 why then doth it not penetrate the ,pores1 so as to ascend through the ,body of the ,pith8 ,the plain reason is1 because they are all fill'd with ,aer4 ,whereas the ,pith in a ,vegetating ,plant1 as its ,parts or ,bladders are still generated1 they are at the same time also fill'd with ,sap2 which1 as 'tis gradually spent1 is still repaired by more succeeding1 and so the ,aer still kept out2 as in all ,primitive ,growths1 and the ,pith of ,elder it self3 ,yet the same ,pith1 by reason of the following ,winter1 wanting a more copious and quick supply of ,sap1 thus once become1 ever after keeps dry4 ,and since in the aforesaid ,trial the ,liquor only ascends by the sides of the ,pith1 that is of its broken ,bladder1 we should thence by the same reason conclude that they are not penetrable by the breadth neither1 and so no way2 and then it need not be ask'd what would follow4 ,but certainly the ,sap in the ,bladders of the ,pith is discharged and repaired every moment1 as by its shriv'ling up1 upon cutting the ,plant1 is evident4 #cb4 4 ,we suppose then1 that as the ,sap ascendeth into the ,trunk by the ,lignous ,body1 so partly also by the ,pith4 ,for a piece of ,cotton with one end immers'd in some tinged ,liquor1 and with the other erect above1 though it will not imbibe the ,liquor so far as to over-run at the top1 yet so as to advance towards it1 it will4 ,so here1 the ,pith1 being a porous and spongy ,body1 and in its ,vegetating state1 its ,pores or ,bladders being also permeable1 as a curious ,filtre of ,natures own contrivance1 it thus advanceth1 or as people use to say1 sucks up the ,sap4 ,yet as it is seen of the ,liquor in the ,cotton2 so likewise are we to suppose it of the ,sap in the ,pith2 that though it riseth up for some way1 yet is their some term1 beyond which it riseth not1 and towards which the motion of the ascending ,sap is more and more broken1 weak and slow1 and so the quantity thereof less and less4 ,but because the ,sap moveth not only by the length1 but breadth of the ,pith2 at the same time therefore as it partly ascendeth by the ,pith1 it is likewise in part pressed into the ,lignous ,body or into its ,pores4 ,and since the motion of the ,sap by the breadth of the ,pith not being far continued1 and but collateral1 is more prone and easie1 than the perpendicular1 or by its length2 it therefore follows1 that the collateral motion of the ,sap1 at such a height or part of the ,pith1 will be equally strong with the perpendicular at another part1 though somewhat beneath it2 and that where the perpendicular is more broken and weak1 the collateral will be less2 and consequently where the perpendicular tendency of the ,sap hath its term1 the collateral tendency thereof1 and so its pressure into the ,pores or ,vessels of the ,lignous ,body1 will still continue4 ,through which1 in that they are small1 and so their sides almost contiguous1 the ,sap as fast as pressed into them will easily run up2 as in very small ,glasse ,pipes1 or betwixt the two halves of a ,stick first slit1 and then tyed somewhat loosely together1 may also any ,liquor be observed to do4 ,by which ,advantage the facility and strength of that ascent will be continued higher in the said ,vessels1 than in the ,pith4 ,yet since this also1 as well as that in the ,pith will have its term2 the ,sap1 although got thus far1 would at last be stagnant1 or at least its ascent be very sparing1 slow and feeble1 if not some way or other re-inforced4 ,wherefore1 as the ,sap moving by the breadth of the ,pith1 presseth thence into the ,vessels of the ,lignous ,body2 so having well fill'd these1 is in part by the same ,collateral motion disbursed back1 into a yet higher ,region of the ,pith4 ,by which partly1 and partly1 by that portion of the ,sap1 which in its perpendicular ascent was before lodged therein2 'tis thus here1 as in any inferiour place equally replenished4 ,whereupon the force and vigour of the perpendicular motion of the ,sap herein1 will likewise be renew'd2 and so its ,collateral motion also1 and so its pressure into the ,vessels of the ,lignous ,body1 and consequently its ascent therein3 and so by a pressure1 from these into the ,pith1 and from the ,pith into these1 reciprocally carried on2 a most ready and copious ascent of the ,sap will be continued1 from the bottom to the top1 though of the highest ,tree4 ,an ,appendix4 ,of ,trunk-,roots and ,claspers4 ,,the distinct ,parts whereof these are composed1 are the same with those of the ,trunk1 and but the continuation of them4 #a4 4 ,trunk-,roots are of two kinds3 ,of the one1 are those that vegetate by a direct descent3 ,the place of their ,eruption is sometimes all along the ,trunk2 as in ,mint1 c4 ,sometimes only at its utmost point1 as in the ,bramble4 #b4 4 ,the other sort are such as neither ascend nor descend1 but shoot forth at right ,angles with the ,trunk2 which therefore1 though as to their ,office1 they are true ,roots1 yet as to their ,nature1 they are a ,middle ,thing betwixt a ,root and a ,trunk4 #c4 4 ,claspers1 though they are but of one kind1 yet their ,nature is double2 not a mean betwixit that of the ,root and that of the ,trunk1 but a compound of both2 as in their ,circumvolutions1 wherein they often mutually ascend and descend1 is seen4 #d4 4 ,the use of these ,parts may be observed as the ,trunk ,mounts1 or as it ,trails4 ,in the mounting of the ,trunk1 they are for ,support and ,supply4 ,for ,support1 we see the ,claspers of ,vines3 the ,branches whereof being very long1 fragile and slender2 unless by their ,claspers1 they were mutually contain'd together1 they must needs by their own weight1 and that of their ,fruit1 undecently fall2 and be also liable to frequent breaking4 ,so that the whole care is divided betwixt the ,gardener and ,nature2 the ,gardener1 with his ,ligaments of ,leather1 secures the main ,branches2 and ,nature1 with these of her own finding1 secures the ,less4 ,their ,conveniency to which end1 is seen in their ,circumvolutions1 a motion1 not proper to any other ,part3 ,as also in their toughness1 though much more slender than the ,branches whereon they are appendent4 #e4 4 ,the ,claspers of ,bryony have a retrograde motion about every ,third ,circle1 to the form a ,doublet-,clasp4 ,probably for the more certain hold2 which1 if it miss one way1 it may be sure to take another4 #f4 4 ,for ,supply1 we see the ,trunk-,roots of ,ivy4 ,for mounting very high1 and being of a closer or more compact ,substance than that of a ,vine2 the ,sap could not be sufficiently supplied to the upper ,sprouts1 unless these1 to the ,mother-,root1 were joyntly assistant4 ,yet serve they for support likewise2 whence they shoot out1 not as in ,cresses1 ,brook-lime1 c4 reciprocally on each side1 but commonly1 all on one2 that so they may be fastned at the nearest hand4 #g4 4 ,in the ,trailing of the ,trunk1 they serve for stabiliment1 propagation and shade4 ,for stabiliment1 the ,claspers of ,cucumbers are of good use4 ,for the ,trunk and ,branches being long and fragile1 the ,brushes of the ,winds would injuriously hoise them to and fro1 to the dammage both of themselves and their tender ,fruits1 were they not by these ,ligaments brought to good ,association and ,settlement4 #h4 4 ,as for this end1 so for ,propagation1 the ,trunk-,roots of ,chammile do well serve4 ,whence we have the reason of the common observation1 that it grows better by being trod upon3 the ,mould1 where too laxe1 being thus made to lie more conveniently about the said ,trunk-,roots newly bedded therein2 and is that which is sometimes also effected in ,rowling of ,corn4 #i4 4 ,for both these ends1 ,serve the ,trunk-,roots of ,strawberries2 as also for shade2 for in that all ,strawberries delight2 and by the trailing of the ,plant is well obtain'd4 ,so that as we are wont to tangle the ,twigs of ,trees together to make an ,arbour ,artificial2 the same is here done to make a ,natural one3 as likewise by the ,claspers of ,cucumbers4 ,for the ,branches of the one by the ,linking of their ,claspers1 and of the other by the ,tethering of their ,trunk-,roots1 being couched together2 their tender ,fruits thus lie under the ,umbrage of a ,bower made of their own ,leaves4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,germen1 ,,branch1 and ,,leaf4 ,,the ,parts of the ,germen and ,branch1 are the same with those of the ,trunk2 the same ,skin1 ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies1 ,insertment and ,pith1 hereinto propagated1 and distinctly observable herein4 #b4 4 ,for upon ,enquiry into the ,original of a ,branch or ,germen1 it appears1 ,that it is not from the ,superficies of the ,trunk2 but so deep1 as to take1 with the ,cortical1 the ,lignous ,body into it self3 and that1 not only from its ,circumference1 but from its ,inner or ,central ,parts2 ,so as to take the ,pith in also4 ,divers of which ,parts may commonly be seen to shoot out into the ,pith2 from which ,shoots1 the surrounding and more superiour ,germens are originated2 in like manner as the ,succulent ,part of the ,lignous ,body of the ,trunk is sometimes principally from those ,fibrous ,shoots which run along the ,pith in the ,root4 #c4 4 ,the manner wherein usually the ,germen and ,branch are fram'd1 is briefly thus3 ,the ,sap 7as is said1 ,chap4 #c47 mounting in the ,trunk1 will not only by its length1 but by its breadth also1 through the ,insertions partly move4 ,yet1 its ,particles being not all alike qualified1 in different degrees4 ,some are more gross and sluggish2 of which we have the formation of a ,circle of ,wood only1 or of an ,annual ,ring4 ,others are more brisk2 and by these1 we have the ,germen propagated4 ,for by the vigour of their own motion from the ,center1 they impress an equal tendency on some of the inner ,portions of the ,lignous ,body next adjacent to the ,pith1 to move with them4 ,and since the ,lignous ,body is not entire1 but frequently disparted2 through these ,dispartments1 the said interiour ,portions1 upon their ,nutrition1 actually shoot2 not only towards the ,circumference1 so as to make part of a ,ring2 but even beyond it1 in order to the production of a ,germen4 ,and the ,lignous ,body thus moving1 and carrying the ,cortical along with it2 they both make a force upon the ,skin4 ,yet their motion being most even and gradual1 that force is such likewise2 not to cause the least breach of its parts1 but gently to carry it on with themselves2 and so partly1 by the extension of its already existent parts1 as of those of ,gold in drawing of ,guilded ,wyer2 and partly1 by the accretion of new ones1 as in the enlarging of a ,bubble above the ,surface of the ,water2 it is extended with them to their utmost growth4 ,in which growth1 the ,germen being prolonged1 and so displaying its several parts1 as when a ,prospective or ,telescope is drawn out1 thus becomes a ,branch4 #d4 4 ,the same way as the propagation of the ,parts of a ,germen is contriv'd1 is its due nutrition also4 ,for being originated from the inner part of the ,lignous ,body1 'tis nourished with the best fermented ,sap in the ,trunk1 sc4 that next adjacent to it in the ,pith4 ,besides1 since all its ,parts1 upon their shooting forth1 divaricate from their perpendicular1 to a cross ,line1 as these and the other grow and thrive together1 they bind and throng each other into a ,knot3 through which ,knot the ,sap being strain'd1 'tis thus1 in due moderation and purity delivered up into the ,branch4 #e4 4 ,and for ,knots1 they are so necessary1 as to be seen not only where collateral ,branches put forth2 but in such ,plants also1 as shoot up in one single ,trunk2 as in ,corn4 ,wherein1 as they make for the strength of the ,trunk2 so by so many percolations1 as they are ,knots1 for the transmission of the ,sap more and more refined towards the ,ear4 ,so that the two general uses of ,knots are1 ,for firmer standing1 and finer growth4 #f4 4 ,lastly1 as the due ,formation and ,nutrition of the ,germen are provided for1 so is its security also2 which both in its position upon the ,trunk1 and that of its ,parts among themselves1 may be observed4 ,the position of its ,parts shall be considered in speaking of the ,leaf4 ,as to its standing in the ,trunk1 'tis alwayes betwixt the trunk or older ,branch1 and the ,basis of the ,stalk of a ,leaf2 whereby it is not only guarded from the ,injuries of any contingent ,violence2 but also from the more piercing assaults of the ,cold2 so long1 till in time 'tis grown larger1 and more hardy4 ,the manner and uses of the position of every ,germen1 considered as after it becomes a ,branch2 hath already been1 ,hist4 of the ,prop4 of ,veget4 by the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,sharrock very well observed2 to whom ,i refer4 #g4 4 ,,upon ,,the prolongation of the ,germen into a ,branch1 its ,leaves are thus display'd4 ,the ,parts whereof are substantially the same with those of a ,branch4 ,for the ,skin of the ,leaf1 is only the ampliation of that of the ,branch2 being partly by the accretion of new1 and partly the extention of its already existent parts1 dilated 7as in making of ,leaf-,gold7 into its present breadth4 ,the ,fibres or ,nerves dispersed through the ,leaf1 are only the ,ramifications of the ,branch's ,wood1 or ,lignous ,body4 ,the ,parenchyma of the ,leaf1 which lies betwixt the ,nerves1 and as in ,gentlewomens ,needle-works1 fills all up1 is nothing else1 but the continuation of the ,cortical ,body1 or ,parenchymous part of the ,barque from the ,branch into it self1 as in most ,plants with a thick ,leaf1 may easily be seen4 #h4 4 ,the ,fibers of the ,leaf neither shoot out of the ,branch1 or the ,trunk1 nor stand in the ,stalk1 in an even ,line2 but alwayes in either an ,angular or ,circular posture2 and usually making either a ,triangle1 or a ,semi-,circle1 or ,chord of a ,circle2 as in ,cichory1 ,endive1 ,cabbage1 c4 may be observed4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #b4 to f4 #aa4 ,and if the ,leaf have but one main ,fiber1 that also is postur'd in a bowed or ,lunar ,figure2 as in ,mint and others4 ,the usual number of these ,vascular ,threds or ,fibres is #c1 #e1 or #g4 #i4 4 ,the reason of the said ,positions of the ,fibers in the ,stalk of the ,leaf1 is for its more ,erect growth1 and greater ,strength3 which1 were the position of the said ,fibers in an even ,line1 and so the ,stalk it self as well as the ,leaf1 flat2 must needs have been defective2 as from what we have said of the ,circumferential posture of the ,lignous ,body in the ,trunk1 ,c4 #c4 4 #bd4 we may better conceive4 #aj4 4 ,as likewise for the security of its ,sap3 ,for by this means it is1 that the several ,fibers1 and especially the main or middle ,fiber of the ,leaf1 together with a considerable part of the ,parenchyma1 are so disposed of1 as to jut out1 not from its upper1 but its back1 or nether ,side4 ,whence the whole ,leaf1 reclining backward1 becomes a ,canopy to them1 defending them from those ,injuries which from colder ,blasts1 or an hotter ,sun1 they might otherwise sustain4 ,so that by a mutual benefit1 as ,these give suck to all the ,leaf1 so that again protection to ,these4 #aa4 4 ,these ,fibers are likewise the immediate ,visible ,cause of the ,shape of the ,leaf4 ,for if the nethermost ,fiber or ,fibers in the ,stalk 7which thence runs chiefly through the length of the ,leaf7 be in proportion greater1 the ,leaf is long2 as in ,endive1 ,cichory1 and others3 ,if all of a more equal size1 it spreads rounder1 as in ,ivy1 ,doves-foot1 ,colts foot1 c4 ,and although a ,dock-,leaf be very long1 whose ,fibers notwithstanding1 as they stand higher in the ,stalk1 are disposed into a ,circle all of an equal size2 yet herein one or more peculiar ,fibres1 ,tab4 #d4 standing1 in or near the ,center1 betwixt the rest1 and running through the length of the ,leaf1 may be observed4 #ab4 4 ,in correspondence also to the size and shape of these ,fibres1 is the ,leaf flat4 ,in that either they are very small1 or if larger1 yet they never make an entire ,circle or ,ring2 but either half of one1 as in ,borage1 or at most three parts of one1 as in ,mullen1 may be seen4 ,tab4 #d4 ,for if either they were so big1 as to contain1 or so entire1 as perfectly to include a ,pith1 the ,energy of the ,sap in that ,pith1 would cause the said ,lignous ,ring to shoot forth on every side1 as it doth in the ,root or ,trunk3 ,but the said ,fibers being not figur'd into an entire ,ring1 but so as to be open2 on that hand therefore where open they cannot shoot any thing directly from themselves1 because there they have nothing to shoot2 and the ,sap having also a free vent through the said opening1 against that part therefore which is thereunto opposite1 it can have no force2 and so neither will they shoot forth on that hand2 and so will they consequently1 that way only1 which the force of the ,sap directs1 which is only on the right and left4 #ac4 4 ,the several ,fibers in the ,stalk1 are all ,inosculated in the ,leaf1 with very many ,sub-divisions4 ,according as these ,fibers are ,inosculated near1 or at1 or shoot directly to the edge of the ,leaf1 is it ,even1 or ,scallop'd4 ,where these ,inosculations are not made1 there we have no ,leaves1 but only a company of ,filaments2 as in ,fennel4 #ad4 4 ,to the ,formations of ,leaves1 the ,fouldings immediately follow4 ,and sometimes they have one ,date1 or are the contemporary works of ,nature2 each ,leaf obtaining its distinct shape1 and proper posture together2 both being perfect1 not only in the outer1 but ,central and minutest ,leaves1 which are five hundred times smaller than the outer3 both which in the ,cautious opening of a ,germen may be seen4 #ae4 4 ,nor is there greater ,art in the ,forms1 than in the ,foulds or ,postures of ,leaves2 both answerably varying1 as this or that way they may be most agreeable4 ,treat4 of the ,quincunx4 ,of the ,quincuncial posture1 so amply instanc'd in by the ,learned ,sir ,thomas ,brown1 ,i shall omit to speak4 ,others there are1 which though not all so universal1 yet equally necessary where they are1 giving two general advantages to the ,leaves1 ,elegancy and ,security1 sc4 in taking up1 so as their ,forms will bear1 the least room2 and in being so conveniently couch'd1 as to be capable of receiving protection from other ,parts1 or of giving it one to another2 as for instance1 #af4 4 ,first1 ,there is the ,bow-,lap1 where the ,leaves are all laid somewhat convexly one over another1 but not plaited2 being to the length1 breadth and number of ,leaves most agreeable2 as in the ,buds of ,pear-tree1 ,plum-tree1 c4 ,but where the ,leaves are not so thick set1 as to stand in the ,bow-,lap1 there we have the ,plicature1 or the ,flat-,lap2 as in ,rose-,tree1 ,strawberry1 ,cinquefoyl1 ,burnet1 c4 ,for the ,leaves being here plaited1 and so lying in half their breadth1 and divers of them thus also collaterally set together2 the thickness of them all1 and half their breadth1 are much alike dimensions2 by which they stand more secure within themselves1 and in better consort with other ,germen-,growths in the same ,truss4 ,if the ,leaves be much indented or jagg'd1 now we have the ,duplicature2 wherein there are divers ,plaits in one ,leaf1 or ,labels of a ,leaf1 but in distinct ,sets1 a lesser under a greater2 as in ,souchus1 ,tansey1 c4 ,when the ,leaves stand not collaterally1 but single2 and are moreover very broad2 then we have the ,multiplicature2 as in ,gooseberries1 ,mallows1 c4 the ,plaits being not only divers in the same ,leaf1 but of the same ,set continuant1 and so each ,leaf gather'd up in five1 seven or more ,foulds1 in the same manner as our ,gentlewomens ,fans4 ,where either the thickness of the ,leaf will not permit a ,flat-,lap1 or the fewness of their number1 or the smalness of their ,fibers1 will allow the ,rowl1 there ,this may be observed4 ,which is sometimes single1 as in ,bears-,ears1 ,arum1 ,flammula1 ,jerusalem ,cowslip1 c4 ,sometimes double1 the two ,rowls beginning at each edge of the ,leaf1 and meeting in the middle4 ,which again1 is either the ,fore-,rowl1 or the ,back-,rowl4 ,if the ,leaf be design'd to grow long1 now we have the ,back-,rowl1 as in ,docks1 ,sorrels1 and the rest of this ,kindred3 as also in ,primrose1 and other like ,plants4 ,for the main ,fibers1 and therewith a considerable part of the ,cortical ,body standing prominent from the ,back-side of the ,leaf1 they thus stand securely couch'd up betwixt the two ,rowls2 on whose security the growth of the ,leaf in length depends4 ,but those of ,bears-,ears1 ,violets1 ,doves ,foot1 ,warden1 and many more1 upon contrary respects1 are rowled up inwards4 ,lastly1 there is the ,tre-,rowl1 as in ,fern2 the ,labels whereof1 though all rowled up to the main ,stem1 yet could not stand so firm and secure from the ,injuries either of the ,ground or ,weather1 unless to the ,rowls in breadth1 that by the length were super-induc'd2 the ,stalk or main ,stem giving the same ,protection here1 which in other ,plants by the ,leaves1 or some particular ,mantling1 is contriv'd4 ,these1 and other ,foulds1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,first ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #ag4 4 ,according to the ,form and ,foulding of every ,leaf or ,germen1 is its ,protection order'd2 about six ways whereof may be observ'd2 sc4 by ,leaves1 ,surfoyls1 ,interfoyls1 ,stalks1 ,hoods and ,mantlings4 ,to add to what we have above given1 one or two ,instances4 ,every ,bud1 besides its proper ,leaves1 is covered with divers ,leafy ,pannicles or ,surfoyls2 which1 what the ,leaves are to one another1 are that to them all3 ,for not opening except gradually1 they admit not the ,weather1 ,wet1 ,sun or ,aer1 to approach the ,leaves1 except by degrees respondent1 and as they are gradually inur'd to bear them4 ,sometimes1 besides ,surfoyls1 there are also many ,interfoyls set betwixt the ,leaves1 from the ,circumference to the ,center of the ,bud2 as in the ,hasel4 ,for the ,fibres of these ,leaves standing out so far from a plain surface2 they would1 if not thus shelter'd1 lie too much expos'd and naked to the ,severities of the ,weather4 ,where none of all the ,protections above-named1 are convenient1 there the ,membranes of the ,leaves by continuation in their first forming 7together with some ,fibres of the ,lignous ,body7 are drawn out into so many ,mantles or ,veils2 as in ,docks1 ,snakeweed1 c4 ,for the ,leaves here being but few1 yet each ,leaf and its ,stalk being both exceeding long2 at the bottom whereof the next following ,leaf still springs up2 the form and posture of all is such1 as supersedes all the other kinds of ,protection1 and so each ,leaf apart is provided with a ,veil to it self4 ,these1 and other ,protections1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,first ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #ah4 4 ,the ,uses of the ,leaves1 ,i mean in respect of their service to the ,plant it self1 are these3 ,first1 for ,protection2 which1 besides what they give one to another1 they afford also to the ,flower and ,fruit4 ,to the ,flower in their ,foulds2 that being1 for the most part1 born and usher'd into the open ,aer by the ,leaves4 ,to the ,fruit1 when afterwards they are display'd1 as in ,strawberries1 ,grapes1 ,rasps1 ,mulberries1 c4 ,on which1 and the like1 should the ,sun-,beams immediately strike1 especially while they are young1 they would quite shrivel them up2 but being by the ,leaves screened off1 they impress the circumjacent ,aer so far only as gently to warm the said ,fruits1 and so to promote their ,fermentation and ,growth4 ,and accordingly we see1 that the ,leaves above-named are exceeding large in proportion to the ,fruits3 whereas in ,pear-trees1 ,apple-trees1 c4 the ,fruit being of a solider ,parenchyma1 and so not needing the like protection1 are usually equal with1 and often wider in ,diameter than the ,leaves4 #ai4 4 ,another use is for ,augmentation2 or1 the capacity for the due spreading and ampliation of a ,tree or other ,plant1 are its ,leaves4 ,for herein the ,lignous ,body being divided into small ,fibres1 and these running all along their lax and spongie ,parenchyma2 they are thus a ,body fit for the imbibition of ,sap1 and easie ,growth4 ,now the ,sap having a free reception into the ,leaves1 it still gives way to the next succeeding in the ,branches and ,trunk1 and the voyding of the ,sap in these1 for the mounting of that in the ,root1 and ingress of that in the ,ground4 ,but were there no ,leaves to make a free reception of ,sap1 it must be needs be stagnant in all the ,parts to the ,root1 and so the ,root being clogg'd1 its fermenting and other ,offices will be voyded1 and so the due ,growth of the whole4 ,as in the motion of a ,watch1 although the original term thereof be the ,spring1 yet1 the capacity for its continuance in a due measure throughout all the ,wheels1 is the free and easie motion of the ,ballance4 #bj4 4 ,lastly1 ,as the ,leaves subserve the more copious advancement1 so the higher purity of the ,sap4 ,for this being well fermented both in the ,root1 and in its ,ascent through the ,trunk1 and so its ,parts prepar'd to a farther separation2 the grosser ones are still deposited into the ,leaves2 the more elaborate and essential only thus supplied to the ,flower1 ,fruit and ,seed1 as their convenient ,aliment4 ,whence it is1 that where the ,flowers are many and large1 into which the more odorous ,particles are copiously receiv'd1 the green ,leaves have little or no smell2 as those of ,rose-tree1 ,carnations1 ,french-,marigold1 ,wood-bind1 ,tulips1 c4 ,but on the contrary1 where the ,flowers are none1 or small1 the green ,leaves themselve are likewise of a strong savour2 as those of ,wormwood1 ,tansie1 ,baum1 ,mint1 ,rue1 ,geranium ,moschatum1 ,angelica1 and others4 ,an ,appendix4 ,of ,thorns1 ,hairs and ,globulets4 ,t,horns are of two kinds1 ,lignous and ,cortical4 ,of the first are such as those of the ,hawthorn1 and are constituted of all the same substantial ,parts whereof the ,germen or ,bud it self1 and in a like proportion3 which also in their ,infancy are set with the resemblances of divers minute ,leaves4 ,of affinity with these are the ,spinets or ,thorny ,prickles upon the ,edges and ,tops of divers ,leaves1 as of ,barbery1 ,holly1 ,thistle1 ,furze1 and others2 all which ,i think are the filamentous extremities of the ,lignous ,body sheathed in the ,skin4 ,but this principal difference betwixt a ,bud and these ,lignous ,thorns1 is observable2 ,that the ,bud hath its ,original from the ,inner part of the ,lignous ,body1 next the ,pith3 ,but these ,thorns1 from the outer1 and less fecund ,part2 and so produceth no ,leaves1 but is1 as it were1 the ,mola of a ,bud4 #b4 4 ,cortical ,thorns are such as those of the ,rasberry ,bush1 being not1 unless in a most extraordinary small and invisible proportion propagated from the ,lignous ,body1 but as1 it seems1 wholly from the ,cortical and ,skin1 or from the exteriour part of the ,barque4 #c4 4 ,the ,growth of this ,thorn may farther argue what in the ,c4 #b4 4 #be4 ,second ,chapter we supposed2 sc4 ,that as the proper ,tendency of the ,lignous ,body1 is to ,ascend2 so of the ,cortical to ,descend4 ,for as the ,lignous ,thorn1 like other ,parts of the ,trunk1 in its ,growth ascends2 ,this1 being almost wholly ,cortical1 pointeth downward4 ,hist4 of the ,prop4 of ,veget4 ,the use of ,thorns the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,sharrock hath observed4 #d4 4 ,upon the ,leaves of divers ,plants two ,productions shew themselves1 sc4 ,hairs and ,gloubulets4 ,of ,hairs1 only one kind is taken notice of2 although they are various4 ,ordinarily they are of a ,simple ,figure2 which when fine and thick set1 as on most ,hairy ,buds2 or fine and long1 as on those of the ,vine1 we call them ,down4 #e4 4 ,but sometimes they are ,branched out1 from the bottom to the top1 reciprocally on every side1 in some resemblance to a ,stags ,horn2 as in ,mullen4 ,and sometimes they are ,astral1 as upon ,lavender1 and some other ,leaves1 and especially those of ,wild ,olive2 wherein every ,hair rising in one round entire ,basis a little way above the surface of the ,leaf1 is then disparted1 ,star-like1 into several1 four1 five or six ,points1 all standing at right ,angles with the said perpendicular ,basts4 #f4 4 ,the ,uses of ,hairs are for ,distinction and ,protection4 ,that of ,distinction is but secondary1 the ,leaves being grown to a considerable size4 ,that of ,protection is the prime1 for which they were originally form'd together with the ,leaves themselves1 and whose service they enjoy in their ,infant-estate3 ,for the ,hairs being then in form of a ,down1 always very thick set1 thus1 give that ,protection to the ,leaves1 which their exceeding tenderness then requires2 so that they seem to be veiled with a ,coat of ,frize1 or to be kept warm1 like young and dainty ,chickens1 in ,wool4 #g4 4 ,globulets are seen upon ,orach1 both ,garden and ,wild2 and yet more plainly on ,mercury or ,bonus ,henricus4 ,in these1 growing almost upon the whole ,plant1 and being very large1 they are by all taken notice of4 #h4 4 ,but strict ,observation discovers1 that these ,globulets are the natural and constant ,off-spring of very many other ,plants4 ,both these ,globulets1 and likewise the diversity of ,hairs1 ,i find that ,mr4 ,hook hath also observed4 ,micrography4 ,i take notice1 that they are of two kinds2 ,transparent1 as upon the ,leaves of ,hysop1 ,mint1 ,baume1 and many more ,white1 as upon those of ,germander1 ,sage1 and others4 ,all which1 though the naked ,eye will discover1 yet by the help of ,glasses we may observe them most distinctly4 ,the use of these we suppose the same1 in part1 with those of the ,flower1 whereof we shall speak4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,flower4 ,,we next proceed to the ,flower4 ,the general ,parts whereof are most commonly three2 sc4 the ,empalement1 the ,foliation1 and the ,attire4 #b4 4 ,the ,empalement1 whether of one or more pieces1 ,i call that which is the utmost ,part of the ,flower1 encompassing the other two4 ',tis compounded of the three general ,parts1 the ,skin1 the ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies1 each ,empaler 7where there are divers7 being as another little ,leaf2 as in those of a ,quince-,flower1 as oft as they happen to be overgrown1 is well seen4 ,as likewise in the ,primrose1 with the green ,flower2 commonly so call'd1 though by a mistake3 ,for that which seems to be the ,flower1 is only the more flourishing ,empalement1 the ,flower it self being ,white4 ,but the continuation of all the three aforesaid ,parts into each ,empaler1 is discoverable1 ,i think1 no where better than in an ,artichoke1 which is a true ,flower1 and whose ,empalers are of that amplitude1 as fairly to shew them all3 ,as also1 that the ,original of the ,skin of each ,empaler or ,leaf is not distinct from that of the rest2 but to be all one piece1 laid in so many ,plaits or ,duplicatures1 as there are ,leaves1 from the outermost to the inner and most ,central ones4 #c4 4 ,the ,design of the ,empalement1 is to be ,security and ,bands to the other two ,parts of the ,flower3 ,to be their ,security before its opening1 by intercepting all extremities of ,weather3 ,afterwards to be their ,bands1 and firmly to contain all their ,parts in their due and most decorous posture3 so that a ,flower without its ,empalement1 would hang as uncouth and taudry1 as a ,lady without her ,bodies4 #d4 4 ,hence we have the reason why it is various1 and sometimes wanting4 ,some ,flowers have none1 as ,tulips2 for having a fat and firm ,leaf1 and each ,leaf likewise standing on a broad and strong ,basis1 they are thus sufficient to themselves4 ,carnations1 on the contrary1 have not only an ,empalement1 but that 7for more firmitude7 of one piece3 ,for otherwise1 the ,foot of each ,leaf being very long and slender1 most of them would be apt to break out of compass3 yet is the top of the ,empalement indented also2 that the ,indentments1 by being lapp'd over the ,leaves before their expansion1 may then protect them2 and by being spread under them afterwards1 may better shoulder and prop them up4 ,and if the ,feet of the ,leaves be both long and very tender too1 here the ,empalement is numerous1 though consisting of several pieces2 yet those in divers ,rounds1 and all with a counterchangeable respect to each other 7which also the ,learned ,sir ,thomas ,brown observes7 ,treat4 of the ,quincunx4 as in all ,knapweeds1 and other ,flowers2 whereby1 how commodious they are for both the aforesaid ends1 may easily be conceiv'd2 and well enough exemplified by the ,scales of ,fishes1 whereunto1 as to their position1 they have not an unapt resemblance4 #e4 4 ,,the ,,foliation also1 is of the same substantial ,nature with the green ,leaf2 the ,membrane1 ,pulp1 and ,fibres whereof1 being1 as there1 so here1 but the continuation of the ,skin1 the ,cortical and ,lignous ,bodies4 #f4 4 ,the ,foulds of the ,flower or ,foliation are various1 as those of the green ,leaf2 but some of them different4 ,the most general are1 ,first1 ,the ,close-,couch1 as in ,roses1 and many other double ,flowers4 ,then the ,concave-,couch1 as in ,blattaria flore albo4 ,next the ,plait1 as in some of the ,leaves of ,pease-,blooms1 in the ,flowers of ,coriander1 c4 which is either single1 as in those nam'd2 or double1 as in ,blew-,bottle1 ,jacea1 and more of that rank4 ,next1 the ,couch1 and ,plait together in the same ,flower1 as in ,marigolds1 ,daisies1 and all others of an agreeing form3 where the first apparent ,fould or ,composture of the ,leaves is in ,couch2 but the ,leaves being erect1 each likewise may be seen to lie in a double ,plait within it self4 ,then the ,rowl1 as in the ,flowers of ,ladies-,bower1 the broad top of each ,leaf being by a double ,rowl foulded up inwardly4 ,next1 the ,spire1 which is the beginning of a ,rowl2 and may be seen in the ,flowers of ,mallows1 and others4 ,lastly1 the ,plait and ,spire together1 where the ,part analogous to the ,foliation1 is of one piece1 the ,plaits being here laid1 and so carried on by ,spiral ,lines to the top of the ,flower1 as is in divers1 and ,i think1 in ,convolvulus ,doronici folio1 more elegantly seen4 ,these and other ,foulds1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,second ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 ,the reason of all which varieties1 a comparative consideration of the several ,parts of the ,flower may suggest4 ,i'le only mention1 ,that no ,flower1 that ,i find1 hath a ,back-,rowl1 as hath the green ,leaf4 ,for two ,reasons2 because its ,leaves have not their ,fibres standing out much on their backside1 as the green ,leaves have2 and because of its ,attire1 which it ever embosomes1 and cannot so well do it by a ,back-,rowl4 #g4 4 ,the usual ,protections of ,flowers by the ,precedents are express'd1 sc4 ,green ,leaves and ,empalements4 ,some have another more peculiar1 that is a double ,veil2 as the ,spring-,crocus4 ,for having no ,empalement1 and starting up early out of the ,mould1 even before its ,green ,leaves1 and that upon the first opening of the ,spring2 lest it should thus be quite starved1 'tis born swath'd up in a double ,blanket1 or with a pair of ,sheets upon its ,back4 #h4 4 ,the ,leaves of divers ,flowers at their ,basis have an hairy ,tuft2 by which ,tufts the ,concave of the ,empalement is filled up2 ,that1 being very choice and tender1 they may thus be kept in a gentle and constant ,warmth1 as most convenient for them4 #i4 4 ,the ,leaves of the ,flower1 though they are not hairy all over1 yet in some particular parts they are often set with a fine ,downy ,velvet2 that1 being by their shape and posture in those parts contiguous to their delicate and tender ,attire1 they may thus give it a more soft and warmer touch4 ,thus in the ,flower of ,ladies ,bower1 those parts of its ,leaves which rowl inward1 and lie contiguous to the ,attire1 are ,downy2 whereas the other ,parts are smooth or bald3 ,so the ,flowers of ,pease1 ,spanish ,broom1 ,toad-,flax1 and many others1 where contiguous to their ,attires1 are deck'd with the like ,hairy ,velvet4 #aj4 4 ,as upon the ,green ,leaves1 so upon the ,flowers are ,globulets somtimes seen2 as upon the backside of that of ,enula4 ,on none more plainly than that kind of ,blattaria with the white ,flower2 where they are all transparent1 and growing both on the ,stalk and ,leaves of the ,flower1 each shewing likewise its ,peduncle whereon it is erected4 #aa4 4 ,the use of the ,flower1 or the ,foliation whereof we now speak1 7that is1 as to its private service7 is for the protection of the ,attire2 ,this1 as its under1 and the ,empalement as its upper ,garments4 ,as likewise of the ,fruit3 ,the necessity of which ,service1 in some ,cases1 by the different situation of the ,flower and ,fruit1 with respect to each other1 is evident2 ,apples1 ,pears1 and several other ,fruits1 standing behind or under the ,flower2 but ,cherries1 ,aprecots1 and divers others1 within it4 ,for these1 being of a very tender and pulpous ,body1 and withal putting forth with the colder part of the ,spring2 could not weather it out against the ,variations and ,extremities of the ,air1 7as those of a more solid ,parenchyma can7 except lodged up within their ,flowers4 #ab4 4 ,and as the ,flower is serviceable to the safety of the ,fruit1 so is it to its growth2 sc4 in its ,infancy1 or ,embryo-estate2 for which purpose1 as there is a ,flower1 so that ,flower is greater or less1 according as the nature of the ,fruit to which it belongs1 and the plenty of the ,sap by which the ,fruit is fed1 doth require4 ,thus1 where the young ,fruit is of a solider ,substance and the ascent of the ,sap less copious1 were there here no ,flower to promote the said ascent thereof into the ,fruit 7in the manner as is effected by the ,green ,leaves7 it must needs pine and die1 or prove less kindly4 ,on the contrary1 should the ,flower be over-large1 it would not only promote the ascent of the ,sap up to the ,fruit1 but being as yet over-proportionate to it1 would likewise it self exhaust the same ,sap1 as fast as ascendent2 like a greedy ,nurse1 that prepares the ,meat for her ,child1 and then eats it up her self4 ,thus we see ,apples and ,pears1 with a ,flower of a moderate ,size2 like their ,body1 of a middle ,constitution1 and their ,sap1 of a middle quantity3 ,but ,quinces1 being more solid1 besides that they have as great a ,flower1 the ,impalers of their ,flower also thrive so far as to become handsom ,leaves2 continuing also after the ,flower is fallen1 firm and verdent a great while2 so long1 till the ,fruit be able to provide for it self4 ,on the other hand1 ,plums being more tender and ,sappy than ,apples and ,pears1 besides that their ,empalers are much alike1 their ,flower is less1 and ,goosberries and ,currants1 which are still more ,pulpy1 and the course of the ,sap towards them more free1 have yet a ,flower far less4 ,and ,grapes1 whose ,sap is still of quicker ,ascent1 have scarce any ,flower at all2 only some small resemblance thereof1 serving just upon the setting of the ,fruit1 and no longer4 #ac4 4 ,,the ,,attire1 ,i find to be of two kinds1 ,seminiforme1 and ,florid4 ,that which ,i call ,seminiforme1 is made up of two general ,parts1 ,chives and ,semets1 one upon each ,chive4 ,these ,semets 7as ,i take leave to call them7 have the appearance1 especially in many ,flowers1 of so many little ,seeds3 but are quite another kind of ,body4 ,for1 upon enquiry1 we find1 that these ,semets1 though they seem to be solid1 and for some time after their first formation1 are entire2 yet are they really hollow2 and their side1 or sides1 which were at first entire1 at length crack asunder3 ,and that moreover the ,concave of each ,semet is not a meer vacuity1 but fill'd up with a number of minute ,particles1 in form of a ,powder4 ,which1 though common to all ,semets1 yet in some1 and particularly those of a ,tulip or a ,lilly1 being larger1 is more distinctly observable4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ab4 #ad4 4 ,these ,semets are somtimes fastned so1 as to stand erect above their ,chive1 as those of ,larks-heel4 ,somtimes1 and ,i think usually1 so as to hang a little down by the midle1 in the manner and figure of a ,kidney2 as in ,mallows4 ,their ,cleft or ,crack is sometimes single1 but for the most part double3 ,at these ,clefts it is that they disburse their ,powders2 f4 #ab4 a4 which as they start out1 and stand betwixt the two ,lips of each ,cleft1 have some resemblance to the common ,sculpture of a ,pomegranate with its ,seeds looking out at the ,cleft of its ,rind4 ,this must be observ'd when the ,clefts are recently made1 which usually is before the expansion of the ,flower4 #ae4 4 ,the ,particles of these ,powders1 though like those of ,meal or other ,dust1 they appear not easily to have any regular shape2 yet upon strict observation1 especially with the assistance of an indifferent ,glass1 it doth appear1 ,that they are a ,congeries1 usually1 of so many perfect ,globes or ,globulets2 ,sometimes of other ,figures1 but always regular4 ,that which obscures their ,figure is their being so small3 ,in ,dogs-,mercury1 ,borage1 and very many more ,plants1 they are extreamly so4 ,in ,mallows1 and some others1 more fairly visible4 #af4 4 ,some of these ,powders1 are yellow1 as in ,dogs-,mercury1 ,goats-,rue1 c4 and some of other ,colours3 ,but most of them ,i think are white2 and those of yellow ,henbane very elegant2 the disburs'd ,powders whereof1 to the naked eye1 are white as ,snow2 but each ,globulet1 through a ,glass1 transparent as ,crystal2 which is not a fallacy from the ,glass1 but what we see in all transparent ,bodies whatsoever1 lying in a ,powder or small ,particles together4 ,the ,parts of this ,attire1 see in ,tab4 #d4 ,but especially1 in the ,figures belonging to the ,second ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #ag4 4 ,the ,florid ,attire1 is commonly known by the blind and rude ,name of ,thrums2 as in the ,flowers of ,marigold1 ,tansie1 c4 ,how inadequate its imposition is1 observation will determine4 ,for the several ,thrums or rather ,suits1 whereof the ,attire is made up1 however else they may differ in various ,flowers1 in this agree1 that they are ever consistent of more than one1 sometimes of ,two1 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ac4 a4 and for the most part of ,three ,pieces 7for which ,i call them ,suits7 and each ,piece of a different1 but agreeable and comely form4 #ah4 4 ,the outer ,part of every ,suit1 is its ,floret3 whose ,body or ,tube is divided at the top 7like that of the ,cowslip7 into five distinct ,leaves4 f4 #ac4 b4 ,so that a ,floret1 is the ,epitome of a ,flower3 and is all the ,flower that many ,plants1 as ,mugwort1 ,tansie1 and others1 have4 ,what the ,learned ,sir ,thomas ,brown observeth ,treat4 of the ,quincunx4 of the number ,five1 as to the ,leaves of the ,flower1 is still more universally holding in these of the ,floret4 #ai4 4 ,upon the ,expansion of the ,floret1 the next ,part of the ,suit is from within its ,tube brought to sight2 which we may 7with respect to that within it7 call the ,sheath4 f4 #ac4 c4 ,for this also1 like the ,floret1 is a ,concave ,body2 in its shape very well resembling the ,fistulous ,pouches of ,wake-,robin1 or of ,dragon4 #bj4 4 ,the ,sheath1 after some time1 dividing at the top1 from within its ,concave the ,third and innermost part of the ,suit1 sc4 the ,blade advanceth and displayes it self4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ac4 d4 ,this ,part is not hollow1 as the other two1 but solid2 yet at its ,point1 is commonly1 divided into two halves4 #ba4 4 ,about the said ,point especially1 there appears1 ,globulets1 which are of the same nature with those of a ,semet1 though not so copious4 ,so that all ,flowers have their ,powders or ,globulets4 ,the whole ,attire may in ,aster ,per1 ,blewbottle1 c4 where the ,suits are large1 be plainly observed without a ,glass4 ,the ,parts of this ,attire1 ,see in ,tab4 #d4 ,but especially in the ,figures belonging to the ,second ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #bb4 4 ,the use of the ,attire1 how contemptibly soever we may look upon it1 is certainly great4 ,and though for our own use we value the ,leaves of the ,flower1 or the ,foliation1 most2 yet of all the three ,parts1 this in some respects is the choycest1 as for whose sake and service the other two are made4 ,the use hereof1 as to ,ornament and ,distinction1 is unquestionable2 but is not all4 ,as for ,distinction1 though1 by the help of ,glasses1 we may make it to extend far2 yet in a passant view1 which is all we usually make1 we cannot so well4 ,as for ,ornament1 and particularly in reference to the ,semets1 we may ask1 ,if for that meerly these were meant1 then why should they be so made as to break open1 or to contain any thing within them8 ,since their ,beauty would be as good if they were not hollow2 and is better before they crack and burst open1 than afterwards4 #bc4 4 ,other uses hereof therefore we must acknowledge1 and may observe4 ,one is1 for food2 for ,ornament and ,distinction to us1 and for ,food to other ,animals4 ,i will not say1 but that it may serve even to these for ,distinction too1 that they may be able to know one ,plant from another1 and in their flight or progress settle where they like best3 and that therefore the varieties of these small parts are many1 and well observed by them1 which we take no notice of4 ,yet the finding out of ,food is but in order to enjoy it3 ,which1 that it is provided for a vast number of little ,animals in the ,attires of all ,flowers1 observation perswades us to believe4 ,for why else are they evermore here found8 ,go from one ,flower to another1 great and small1 you shall meet with none untaken up with these ,guests4 ,in some1 and particularly the ,sun-,flower1 where the parts of the ,attire1 and the ,animals for which they provide1 are larger1 the matter is more visible4 ,we must not think1 that ,god ,almighty hath left any of the whole ,family of his ,creatures unprovided for2 but as the ,great ,master1 some where or other carveth out to all2 and that for a great number of these little ,folk1 ,he hath stored up their peculiar provisions in the ,attires of ,flowers2 each ,flower thus becoming their ,lodging and their ,dining-,room1 both in one4 #bd4 4 ,wherein the particular parts of the ,attire may be more distinctly serviceable1 this to one ,animal1 and that to another1 ,i cannot say3 ,or to the same ,animal1 as a ,bee1 whether this for the ,honey1 another for their ,bread1 a third for the ,wax3 ,or whether all only suck from hence some ,juice2 or some may not also carry some of the ,parts1 as of the ,globulets1 wholly away4 #be4 4 ,or lastly1 what may be the ,primary and ,private ,use of the ,attire 7for even this abovesaid1 though great1 yet is but ,secondary7 ,i now determine not4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,fruit4 ,,the general composition of all ,fruits is one1 that is1 their ,essential and truly ,vital ,parts1 are in all the same1 and but the continuation of those which in the other ,parts of a ,plant1 we have already observed4 ,yet because by the different ,constitutions and ,tinctures of these ,parts1 divers considerably different ,fruits result2 ,i shall therefore take a particular view of the more known and principal of them1 sc4 ,apples1 ,pears1 ,plums1 ,nuts and ,berries4 #b4 4 ,,an ,,apple1 if cut traverse1 appears constituted of four distinct ,parts1 the ,pilling1 the ,parenchyma1 ,branchery1 and ,coare4 ,the ,pilling is only the spreading and dilatation of the ,skin1 or utmost part of the ,barque in the ,branch4 ,the ,parenchyma1 when full ripe1 is a tender delicate ,meat4 ,yet as the ,pilling is but the ,continuation of the utmost part of the ,barque2 so is this1 but the continuance and ampliation1 or 7as ,i may call it7 the swelth and superbience of the ,inner ,part thereof2 which upon observation of a young and ,infant-,apple especially1 is evident4 ,thus we see the ,pith1 which is often tough2 in many ,roots1 as ,parsneps1 ,turneps1 c4 is tender and edible4 ,so here1 the ,parenchyma1 though originally no more than the ,barque1 yet the copiousness and purity of its ,sap being likewise effectual to the largness and fineness of its growth1 it thus becomes a soft and tender meat4 ,the ,branchery is nothing else but the ,ramifications of the ,lignous ,body throughout all the parts of the ,parenchyma2 the greater ,branches being likewise by the ,inosculations of the less 7as in the ,leaf7 united together4 ,the main ,branches are usually ,twenty3 ,ten are spred and distributed through the ,parenchyma1 most of them enarching themselves towards the ,cork or ,stool of the ,flower3 ,the other ,ten1 running from the ,stalk in a directer ,line1 at last meet the former at the said ,cork1 and are there osculated with them4 ,of these latter1 five are originated from one2 which running along the ,center of the ,stalk1 and part of the ,parenchyma of the ,fruit1 is therein at last divided4 ,to these the ,coats of the ,kernels are fastned4 ,so that whereas most of these ,branches were originally extended even beyond the ,fruit1 and inserted into the ,flower for the due growth thereof2 the ,fruit afterwards growing to some head1 and so intercepting and preying upon the ,aliment of the ,flower1 starves that and therefrom supersedes the service of the said ,branches to it self1 fifteen for its ,parenchyma1 and five for its ,seed4 ,the ,coar is originated from the ,pith2 for the ,sap finding room enough in the ,parenchyma1 through which to dispence it self all abroad1 quits the ,pith1 which thereby hardens into a ,coar4 ,thus we see the ,insertions1 although originate from the ,cortical ,body1 yet their ,parts being1 by the ,inosculations of the ,lignous1 so much compress'd and made to co-incide together1 they become a ,body very compact and dense4 ,and in the ,barque the same thing is effected by ,arefaction only1 or a meer voydance of the ,sap2 the ,inner ,part whereof1 though soft and sappy1 yet its superficial ,rind is often so hard and smooth1 that it may be fairly writ upon4 ,the ,parts of an ,apple1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,third ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #c4 4 ,,in ,a ,,pear there are five distinct ,parts1 the ,pilling1 the ,parenchyma1 ,branchery1 ,calculary1 and ,acetary4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ad4 ,the three former are here and in an ,apple much alike2 saving that here the ,inner or ,seed-,branches ordinarily stand double4 ,the ,calculary 7most observable in rough-tasted1 or ,choak-,pears7 is a ,congeries of little stony ,knots4 ,they are many of them dispersed throughout the whole ,parenchyma3 ,but lying more continuous and compact together towards the ,center of the ,pear1 surround the ,acetary there1 in a somewhat ,globular ,form4 ,about the ,stalk they stand more distant2 but towards the ,cork or ,stool of the ,flower1 they still grow closer1 and there at last gather 7almost7 into the firmitude of a ,plum-stone it self4 ,within this lies the ,acetary2 'tis allways sour1 and by the bounding of the ,calculary of a ,globular ,figure4 ',tis a simple ,body1 having neither any of the ,lignous branched in it1 nor any ,calculous ,knots4 ,it is of the same substantial nature with the outer ,parenchyma2 but whether it be absolutely one with it1 or be derived immediately from the ,pith1 my ,enquiries yet made1 determine not4 #d4 4 ,the ,original of the ,calculary ,i seem to have neglected4 ,but hereof we may here best say1 that whereas all the other ,parts are ,essential and truly ,vital2 the ,calculary is not3 but that the several ,knots whereof it consists1 are only so many meer ,concretions or ,precipitations out of the ,sap2 as in ,urines1 ,wines1 and other ,liquors1 we often see4 ,and that the ,precipitation is made by the mixture and re-action of the ,tinctures of the ,lignous and ,cortical ,bodies upon each other3 ,even as all ,vegetable ,nutrition or ,fixation of ,parts is also made by the joynt efficiency of the two same ,tinctures1 as hath been said4 ,hence we find1 that as the ,acetary hath no ,branches of the ,lignous ,body1 so neither hath it any ,knots4 ,hence likewise it is1 that we have so different and contrary a tast in the ,parenchyma beyond the ,calculary1 from that in the ,acetary3 ,for whereas this is sour1 that1 wherein the said ,precipitations are made1 is sweet2 being much alike effect to what we find in mixing of ,corals1 c4 with ,vinegar or other acid ,liquors4 ,the ,parts of a ,pear1 ,see in ,tab4 #d4 ,but especially in the ,figures belonging to the ,third ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #e4 4 ,,in ,a ,,plum 7to which the ,cherry1 ,apricot1 ,peach1 ,walnut1 c4 ought to be referr'd7 there are four distinct ,parts1 the ,pilling1 the ,parenchyma1 ,branchery and ,stone4 ,the ,pilling and ,parenchyma are1 as to their ,original1 with those of an ,apple or ,pear1 both alike4 ,as likewise the ,branchery2 but differently ramified4 ,in ,plums 7,i suppose all7 there are five main ,out-,branches1 which run along the ,surface of the ,stone from the ,basis to the point thereof1 four of them by one ,ridge1 and one by the other opposite to it4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ae4 ,in an ,apricot there is the same number1 but the single ,branch runs not upon the ,surface1 but through the ,body of the ,stone4 ,there are likewise two or three smaller ,branches1 which run in like manner under the other ,ridge for some space1 and then advancing into the ,parenchyma1 therein disperse themselves3 ,these latter sort in ,peaches are numerous throughout4 #f4 4 ,but notwithstanding the different disposition of the ,branches of the ,fruits aforesaid2 yet is there one ,branch dispos'd in one and the same manner in them all4 ,the entrance hereof into the ,stone is at its ,basis2 from whence running through its ,body1 and still inclining or arching it self towards its ,concave1 is at last1 about its ,cone1 thereinto emergent1 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ae4 where the ,coats of the ,seed are appendent to it4 ,of the ,seed-,branch 'tis therefore observable that after its entrance into the ,fruit1 'tis always prolonged therein to a considerable length2 as is seen not only in ,apples1 c4 where the ,seed stands a good distance from the ,stalk2 but in ,plums likewise1 where it stands very near it2 in that here the ,seed-,branch1 as is said1 never strikes through the ,stone into the ,coats of the ,seed directly1 but runs through a ,chanel cut in the ,stone1 till it issues1 near the ,cone1 into the ,concave thereof4 #g4 4 ,the ,stone though it seem a simple ,body1 yet it is compounded of different ones4 ,the ,inner ,part thereof1 as it is by far the thinnest1 so is it the most dense1 white1 smooth and simple4 ,the ,original is from the ,pith2 difficult1 but curious to observe3 ,for the ,seed-,branch1 not striking directly and immediately quite through the ,basis of the ,stone1 but in the manner as is above described1 carries a considerable ,part of the ,pith1 now gather'd round about it1 as its ,parenchyma1 along with it self2 which upon its entrance into the concave of the ,stone about its farther end1 is there in part spread all over it1 as the ,lining thereof4 ,the outer and very much thicker ,part1 consisteth partly of the like ,precipitations or concrete ,particles1 as in a ,pear2 being gathered here much more closely1 not only to a ,contiguity1 but a ,coalition into one entire ,stone2 as we see in ,pears themselves1 especially towards the ,cork1 they gather into the like ,stoniness2 or as a ,stone1 ,mineral1 or ,animal1 is oftentimes the product of accumulated ,gravel4 ,but as the ,parenchyma is mixed with the ,concretions in the ,calculary1 so is it also1 though not visibly1 with these in the ,stone1 the ground of the ,stone being indeed a perfect ,parenchyma2 but by the said ,concretions so far alter'd1 as to become dry1 hard and undistinguishable from them4 ,all which ,particulars1 are observable only in the several degrees of ,growth in the young ,fruit4 ,and are represented in ,tab4 #d4 ,but especially by the several ,figures belonging to the ,third and ,fourth ,parts of the ,fourth ,book4 #h4 4 ,,in ,a ,,nut 7to which an ,akern is analogous7 there are three general ,parts1 the ,cap1 ,shell1 and ,pith4 ,the ,cap is constituted of a ,pilling and ,parenchyma1 derived from the ,barque2 and ,ramulets from the ,lignous ,body of the ,branch4 ,the ,shell likewise is not one simple ,body1 but compounded4 ,the ,superficial ,part thereof is originated from the ,pilling or ,skin of the ,cap1 from the inside whereof it is1 in a ,duplicature1 produc'd and spred over the ,shell4 ,which1 if you look at the ,basis of the ,shell1 is farther evident3 for that being continuous with the ,parenchyma of the ,cap1 without the interposure of the ,skin1 the said superficial ,part is there wanting4 ,the thicker and inner ,part of the ,shell consisteth of the same ,parenchyma as that of the ,cap1 with a ,congeries of ,precipitations silled up1 as in a ,stone4 ,and as the ,lignous ,body is branched in a ,stone1 so1 with some difference1 in a ,shell4 ,the outer ,branches or ,ramulets are numerous1 each issuing out of the ,parenchyma of the ,cap1 and entring the ,shell at the ,circumference of its ,basis1 and so running betwixt its superficial and inner ,parts towards the ,cone1 round about4 ,the ,inner or ,seed-,branch is single1 entring in1 as do the other1 at the ,basis of the ,shell1 but at the ,center thereof3 from whence it runs1 not through the ,shell1 as in ,plums through the ,stone2 but through the ,pith1 as far as the ,cone1 where the ,coats of the ,seed hang appendent to it4 ,the ,pith whether derived from the same part both in name and nature in the ,branch and ,stalk2 or from the ,cortical ,body1 ,i yet determine not4 ,the ,parts of a ,nut1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,third ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #i4 4 ,a ,,berry1 as a ,gooseberry 7to which ,corinths1 ,grapes ,hips1 c4 are to be referr'd7 consisteth1 besides the ,seed1 of the three general ,parts1 ,pilling1 ,parenchyma and ,branchery4 ,the ,pilling is originated as in the foregoing ,fruits4 ,the ,parenchyma is double1 as likewise in some other ,berries4 ,the outer is commonly1 together with the ,pilling1 call'd the ,skin1 and is that part we spit out1 being of a sour tast4 ,now as the ,pilling is originated from the outer1 so this from the inner ,part of the ,barque2 and accordingly the ,pores thereof may be observed plainly of a like shape with those both of the ,cortical ,body and ,pith4 ,the ,inner or ,pulp is of a sweet taste1 and is the ,part we eat3 ,it is of a ,substance so laxe and tender1 as it would seem to be only a thicker or jellied ,juice2 although this likewise be a true ,parenchyma1 something like that of an ,orange or ,limon1 with its ,pores all fill'd up with ,liquor4 ,the ,branchery is likewise double3 ,the ,exterior runs betwixt the ,pilling and ,outer ,parenchyma in arched ,lines1 from the ,stalk to the ,stool of the ,flower4 ,these outer ,branches1 though of various number at the ,stalk1 yet at the ,cork are usually ten principal ones2 five for the five ,leaves of the ,flower1 and five for the ,attire4 ,the ,inner main ,branches are two1 diametrically opposite to each other1 and at the ,cork with the other inosculated4 ,from these two are branched other smaller1 every one having a ,seed appendent to it1 whose ,coats it entreth by a double ,filament1 one at the ,basis1 the other at the ,cone4 ,they are all very white and turgent1 and by a slaunt cut1 may be observ'd concave2 thus representing themselves analogous to so many true spermatick ,vessels4 ,the ,parts of a ,gooseberry1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,third ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #aj4 4 ,the ,uses of ,fruits are for ,man1 7sometimes also other ,animals1 as are ,akerns and ,haws7 and for the ,seed4 ,for ,man1 they are so variously desirable1 that till our ,orchards and ,store-,chambers1 ,confectioners-,stoves and ,apothecaries-,shops1 our ,ladies ,closets1 their ,tables or ,hands are empty of them1 ,i shall not need to enquire for what4 ,if it be asked1 how the ,fruit becomes1 generally above all the other ,parts1 so pleasant a ,meat8 ,it is partly from the ,sap1 the grosser portion thereof being deposited in the ,leaves1 and so the purer hereunto reserved4 ,partly from the ,globular ,figure of the ,fruit4 ,for the ,sap being thus in a greater quantity herein1 and in all ,parts equally diffus'd1 the ,concoction hereof1 as in a ,vessel1 is with greatest advantage favoured and promoted4 ,wherefore all ,fruits1 which we eat raw1 how small soever1 are of a ,globular ,form1 or thereunto approaching2 and the nearer1 the delicater2 amongst ,apples1 the ,pipin2 amongst ,pears1 the ,burgundian2 and amongst all ,fruits1 the ,grape2 and amongst ,grapes1 the roundest1 are of all1 the most dainty4 #aa4 4 ,the visible cause of this ,globular ,figure1 is the ,flower2 or the ,inosculation of all the main ,branches at the ,stool of the ,flower2 and upon the fall of the ,flower1 the obtuseness1 and with ,wind and ,sun1 as it were the seaing of their several ends3 ,for thus the ,sap entering the ,fruit1 being not able to effect1 either a ,disunion1 or a shooting forth of the said ,branches1 and so to carry on their ,growth in length2 they must of necessity be enarch'd1 and with the ,parenchyma more and more expand themselves4 ,whereas were they disposed and qualified otherwise1 than as is said2 instead of forming a ,fruit within bounds1 they would run out into all extravagance1 and even into another little ,tree or ,leafy ,growth4 #ab4 4 ,to the ,seed1 the ,fruit is serviceable2 ,first1 in order to its being supply'd with a due and most convenient ,sap1 the greater part thereof1 and that which is less elaborated1 being1 in its passage towards the ,seed1 thereinto received2 the ,fruit doing the same office to the ,seed1 which the ,leaves do to the ,fruit2 the ,sap in the ,fruit being1 in a laxe comparison1 as the ,wine2 and that for the ,seed1 a small part of the highest ,spirit rectified from it4 #ac4 4 ,so likewise for its ,protection1 in order to the prosperous carrying on and perfecting of its generation1 and security being perfected4 ,which protection it gives not only to the ,seminal ,sap and ,seed it self1 but ever also to its ,seed-,branch4 ,thus we see an ,apple1 besides that it is it self of ample compass1 for the sake of its ,seed1 hath likewise its ,coar2 as if it were not sufficient1 that the ,walls of their ,room are so very thick1 unless also wainscoated4 ,in a ,pear again1 where the ,parenchyma is of less compass than that of an ,apple1 to what protection this affords1 that of the ,calculary is super-added4 ,but in a ,plum1 where the ,parenchyma is exceeding tender1 and in a ,peach1 which hangs late1 and till ,autumn ,frosts approach1 we have not only the ,rubbish of a ,calculary1 but stout ,stone-,walls4 ,within which also1 not only the ,seed it self1 but the ,seed-,branch is evermore immur'd4 ,lastly1 in a ,nut1 where the ,shell being not surrounded with a ,parenchyma1 that protection is wanting without1 'tis answer'd by an ample ,pith within it2 and the ,seed-,branch likewise included1 not meerly in the ,body of the ,shell1 as in a ,plum1 but within the ,pith it self4 ,so necessary is this design1 that what the ,hen by ,incubation or ,hovering1 is to the ,egg or ,chick2 that the whole ,fruit1 by comprehension1 is to the ,seed4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,,seed1 in its ,state of ,generation4 ,,as the ,original1 so the ,ultimate end and ,perfection of ,vegetation is the ,seed4 ,how it is the former1 and in its state apt for ,vegetation1 hath already been seen4 ,how the latter1 and in its state of ,generation1 we shall now lastly enquire4 ,in doing which1 what in the other state1 was either not distinctly existent1 or not so apparent1 or not so intelligible1 will occur4 #b4 4 ,the two general ,parts of the ,seed are its ,covers and ,body4 ,the ,covers in this estate are usually ,four4 ,the outmost1 we may call the ,case4 ',tis of a very various form2 sometimes a ,pouch1 as in ,nasturtium1 ,cochlearia2 a ,cod1 as in all ,pulse1 ,galega2 sometimes not entire1 but parted1 or otherwise open1 as in ,sorrel1 ,knotgrass2 with many other forms3 ,i think alwaies more heterogeneous to that of the ,seed1 by which it differs from the proper ,coats4 ,to this the ,caps of ,nuts1 and the ,parenchyma's of other ,fruits are analogous4 #c4 4 ,the two next are properly the ,coats4 ,in a ,bean especially1 and the like2 from whence1 to avoyd ,confusion1 the denomination may run common to the responding ,covers of other ,seeds4 ,the ,colour of the outer1 is of all degrees1 from ,white to the ,blackness of ,jett4 ,its ,figure sometimes ,kidney'd1 as in ,alcea1 ,behen1 ,poppy2 ,triangular1 as in ,polygonatum1 ,sorrel2 ,spherically triangular1 in ,mentha1 ,melissa2 ,circular1 in ,leucoium1 ,amaranthus2 ,globular1 in ,napus1 ,asperula2 ,oval1 in ,speculum ,veneris1 ,tithymalus2 half ,globe1 in ,coriander2 that which we take for one single round ,seed1 being a ,conjugation of two2 half ,oval1 in ,anise1 ,fennel2 ,hastal1 in ,lactuca2 ,cylindrical1 as1 if ,i mistake not1 in ,jacoba2 ,pyramidal1 in ,geranium ,alth fol4 with many other differences4 ,but the ,perfection of one or two of the said ,figures lieth in the ,case4 ,so that1 as all ,lines and ,proportions are in the ,leaf and ,flower2 so all ,regular ,solids in the ,seed2 or rather in its ,covers4 #d4 4 ',tis sometimes glistering1 as in ,speculum ,veneris2 ,rough-cast1 in ,catanance2 ,studded1 in ,behen1 ,balttaria2 ,favous1 in ,papaver1 ,antirrhinum1 ,lepidum annuum1 ,alcea ,vesicaria1 ,hyoscyamus1 and many more1 before the ,seeds have lain long by2 ,pounced1 in ,phalangium ,cret1 ,lithospermum2 ,ramified1 in ,pentaphyllum fragiferum ,erectum majus1 resembling the ,fibers of the ,ears of the ,heart2 some just ,quinquenerval1 as in ,anisum1 and many more1 the ,lignous ,body being in five main ,fibers branched therein4 ,the ,figures1 and ,surface1 of ,these1 and other ,seeds1 ,see in the ,tables belonging to the ,fourth ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #e4 4 ,the ,covers of not only ,quince-,seeds1 and those of ,psyllium 7more usually taken notice of7 but those also of ,horminum1 ,nasturtium1 ,eruca1 ,camelina1 ,ocymum1 and divers others1 have a ,mucilage4 ,which1 though it be not visible when the ,seeds are throughly dry2 yet lying a while in some warm ,liquor1 or only on the ,tongue1 it swells more or less1 and upon them all fairly shews it self4 ,on that of ,ocymum it appears grayish2 on the other1 transparent2 and on that of ,nasturtium ,hortense very large2 even emulous of the inner ,pulp surrounding a ,gooseberry-,seed4 ,the putting of ,clary-seed into the ,eye1 may have been brought into use from this ,mucilage1 by which alone it may become ,medicinal4 ,and thus far of the ,superficies4 #f4 4 ,the nature of the outer ,coat is also various1 ,membranous1 ,cartilaginous and ,stony2 the like ,precipitations being sometimes made herein1 as in a ,stone or ,shell2 as in that of the ,seeds of ,carthamum1 ,lithospermum and others4 ,the ,designment hereof1 being either with respect to the ,seed in its state of ,generation2 as where the ,case is either wanting1 or at least insufficient of it self1 there for its due protection and warmth4 ,or1 in its state of ,vegetation1 for the better ,fermenting of its ,tinctures and ,sap2 the ,fermentations of some ,seeds not well proceeding1 unless they lie in their ,stony ,casks in the ,ground1 like ,bottled ,liquors in ,sand4 #g4 4 ,all ,seeds have their outer ,covers open2 either by a particular ,foramen1 as in ,beans1 and other ,pulse1 as is said2 or by the breaking off of the ,seed from its ,peduncle or ,stool1 as in those in ,cucumber1 ,cichory2 or by the entering and passage of a ,branch or ,branches1 not only into the ,concave thereof near the ,cone1 but also through the ,cone it self2 as in ,shells and ,stones4 #h4 4 ,for the sake of this aperture it is1 that ,akerns1 ,nuts1 ,beans1 ,cucumbers1 and most other ,seeds1 are in their formation so placed1 that the ,radicle still standeth next to it2 ,that ,so1 upon ,vegetation1 it may have a free and ready passage into the ,mould4 #i4 4 ,the ,original of the outer ,coat1 though from ,parts of the same substantial nature1 yet is differently made4 ,in a ,plum1 the ,seed-,branch which runns1 as is described1 through the ,stone1 is not naked1 but1 as is said1 invested with a thin ,parenchyma1 which it carries from the ,stalk along with it2 and which1 by the ,ramification of the said ,branch within the ,stone1 is1 in part1 dilated into a ,coat4 ,that of a ,bean is from the ,parenchyma of the ,cod2 the superficial part of which ,parenchyma1 upon the large peduncle of the ,bean becoming a thin ,cuticle1 and upon the ,bean it self a ,cartilaginous ,coat4 #aj4 4 ,the ,original of the inner ,coat of the ,bean is likewise from the inner part of the said ,parenchyma2 which first is spred into a long ,cake1 or that which with the ,seed-,branch maketh the ,penduncle of the ,bean2 under which ,cake1 there is usually a black part or spot2 by the length of which1 the inner part of the ,cake is next inserted into the outer ,coat1 and spred all over the ,concave thereof1 and so becomes the inner4 #aa4 4 ,of this ,inner ,coat it is very observable1 ,that although when the ,seed is grown old and dry1 'tis shrunk up1 and in most ,seeds1 so far1 as scarcely to be discern'd2 yet in its first and juvenile ,constitution1 it is a very ,spongy and ,sappy body2 and is then likewise 7as the ,womb in a ,pregnant ,animal7 in proportion1 very thick and bulky4 ,in a ,bean1 even as one of the ,lobes it self3 ,and in a ,plum or ,apricot1 ,i think ,i may safely say1 half an hundred times thicker than afterwards1 when it is dried and shrunk up1 and can scarcely be distinguished from the upper ,coat4 ,upon which ,accounts it is1 in this estate a true and fair ,parenchyma4 ,the ,delineation hereof1 ,see in the ,figures belonging to the ,fourth ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #ab4 4 ,in this ,inner ,coat in a ,bean1 the ,lignous ,body or ,seed-,branch is distributed3 ,sometimes1 as in ,french-,beans1 throughout the whole ,coat1 as it is in a ,leaf4 ,in the ,great ,garden-,bean1 upon its first entrance1 it is bipartite1 and so in small ,branches runs along the ,circumference of the ,coat1 all meeting and making a kind of ,reticulation against the ,belly of the ,bean4 ,in the same manner the main ,branches in the outer ,coat of a ,kernel1 circling themselves on both hands from the place of their first entrance1 at last meet1 and mutually inosculate2 as the ,veins in the ,kidneys of a ,man or any ,quadrupede2 ,or the ,carotick ,arteries in the ,braine4 #ac4 4 ,so that all the ,parts of a ,vegetable1 the ,root1 ,trunk1 ,branch1 ,leaf1 ,flower1 ,fruit and ,seed1 are still made up of ,two ,substantially different ,bodies4 #ad4 4 ,and as every ,part hath ,two1 so the whole ,vegetable taken together1 is a composition of ,two only1 and no more3 ,all properly ,woody ,parts1 ,strings and ,fibers1 are ,one ,body3 ,all simple ,barques1 ,piths1 ,parenchyma's and ,pulps1 and as to their substantial ,nature1 ,pills and ,skins likewise1 all but ,one ,body3 the several ,parts of a ,vegetable all differing from each other1 only by the various ,proportions and ,mixtures1 and variated ,pores and ,structure of these ,two ,bodies4 ,what from these two general ,observations might reasonably be inferr'd1 ,i shall not now mention4 #ae4 4 ,the ,fourth or ,innermost ,cover we may call the ,secondine4 ,the sight of which1 by cutting off the ,coats of an ,infant-,bean1 at the ,cone thereof1 in very thin ,slices1 and with great ,caution1 may be obtain'd4 ,while unbroken1 'tis transparent2 being torn and taken off1 it gathers up into the likeness of a ,jelly1 or that we call the ,tredle of an ,egg1 when rear-boyl'd4 ,this ,membrance in larger or elder ,beans1 is not to be found distinct4 ,but 7as far as our ,enquiries yet discover7 it may in most other ,seeds1 even full grown1 be distinctly seen2 as in those of ,cucumber1 ,colocynthis1 ,burdock1 ,carthamum1 ,gromwel1 ,endive1 ,mallows1 c4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #af4 ',tis usually so very thin1 as in the above-nam'd1 as very difficultly to be discover'd4 ,but in some ,kernels1 as of ,apricots1 'tis very thick2 and most remarquably such1 in some other ,seeds4 ,that all these have the ,analogy of one and the same ,cover1 which ,i call the ,secondine1 is most probably argu'd from their alike ,natures2 being all of them plain simple ,membranes1 with not the least ,fibre of the ,lignous ,body or ,seed ,branch1 visibly distributed in them3 ,as also from their ,texture1 which is in all of them more close4 ,see this ,part in ,tab4 #d4 ,as also amongst the ,figures belonging to the ,fourth ,part of the ,fourth ,book4 #af4 4 ,the ,concave of this ,membrane is filled with a most transparent ,liquor1 out of which the ,seed is formed2 as in cutting a petite and ,infant-,bean1 may be seen2 and yet better in a young ,walnut4 ,in ,beans ,i have observed it to turn1 upon boyling1 into a tender white ,coagulum4 #ag4 4 ,through this ,membrane1 the ,lignous ,body or ,seed-,branches distributed in the inner ,coat1 at last shoot downright two slender ,fibres1 like two ,navel-strings1 one into each ,lobe of the ,bean4 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ah4 ,the places where the said ,fibres shoot into the ,lobes1 are near the ,basis of the ,radicle2 and by their ,blackishness well enough remark'd3 but the ,fibers themselves are so very small1 as scarcely to be discern'd4 ,yet in a ,lupine1 of the larger kind1 both the places where the ,navel-,fibres shoot into the ,lobes 7which here from the ,basis of the ,radicle is more remote7 and the ,fibres themselves1 are fairly visible4 ,for the ,seed-,branch1 upon its entrance into the ,coat of the ,lupine1 is presently divided into two main ,branches1 and those two into other less2 whereof some underly1 others aloft1 run along the ,coat1 and towards its other end meet and are inosculated3 where about1 two opposite1 shallow1 round1 and most minute ,cavities1 answerable to two ,specks of a ,cartilaginous gloss1 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ag4 one in either ,lobe1 may be observed2 which ,specks are the ends of the said ,navel-,fibres1 upon the ripening of the ,seed there broken off4 ,these ,fibres from the ,superficies of each ,lobe1 descend a little way directly down3 presently1 each is divided into two ,branches1 one distributed into the ,lobes1 the other into the ,radicle and ,plume1 ,tab4 #d4 f4 #ah4 in the manner as in the ,first ,chapter is described4 ,and thus far the ,history4 ,i shall now only with a brief account of the ,generation of the ,seed1 as hereupon dependent1 conclude this ,discourse4 ,an ,account of the ,generation of the ,seed4 #ah4 4 ,,let ,,us say then1 that the ,sap having in the ,root1 ,trunk and ,leaves1 passed divers ,concoctions and ,separations1 in the manner as they are said to be perform'd therein2 'tis now at last1 in some good maturity1 advanced towards the ,seed4 #ai4 4 ,the more copious and cruder part hereof is again separated by a free reception into the ,fruit1 or other ,part analogous to it3 being either sufficiently ample to contain it1 or at least laxe enough for its transpiration1 and so its due discharge4 ,the more ,essential part is into the ,seed-,branch or ,branches entertain'd4 ,which1 because they are evermore of a very considerable length1 and of a ,constitution very fine1 the said ,sap thus becomes in its ,current therein as in the ,spermatick ,vessels1 still more mature4 #bj4 4 ,in this mature estate1 from the ,seed-,branch into the ,coats of the ,seed1 as into the ,womb1 'tis next delivered up4 ,the meaner part hereof again1 to the ,outer1 as ,aliment good enough1 is supplied4 ,the finer part is transmitted to the ,inner2 which being1 as is said1 a ,parenchymous and more spatious ,body1 the ,sap therefore is not herein1 as in the ,outer1 a meer ,aliment2 but in order to its being1 by ,fermentation1 farther prepared4 #ba4 4 ,yet the ,outer ,coat1 being on the contrary hard and dense2 for that reason1 as it admitteth not the ,fermentation of the ,sap so well within it self2 so doth it the more promote and favour it in the ,inner2 being ,bounds both to it and its ,sap2 and also quickeneth the process of the whole ,work in the formation of the ,seed4 #bb4 4 ,nor doth the ,outer ,coat1 for the same reason1 more promote1 than declare the purity of the ,sap now contained in the ,inner3 ,for being more hard and dense1 and so not perspirable1 must needs suppose the ,parts of the ,sap encompassed by it1 since thus uncapable of any evacuation1 to be therefore all so choice1 as not to need it4 #bc4 4 ,the ,sap being thus prepared in the ,inner ,coat1 as a ,liquor now apt to be the ,substratum of the future ,seed-,embrio2 by fresh supplies1 is thence discharg'd4 ,yet that it may not be over-copious2 which1 because of the laxity of the ,inner ,coat1 from whence it issues1 it might easily be3 therefore1 as the said ,inner ,coat is bounded without1 by the upper ,coat2 so by the ,secundine1 is it bounded within4 ,through which ,secundine the ,sap being filtr'd1 or1 as it were1 transpiring2 the depositure hereof1 answerable to the ,colliquamentum in an ,egg1 or to the ,semen ,mulibre1 into its ,concave at last is made4 #bd4 4 ,the other part of the purest ,sap embosom'd in the ,ramulets of the ,seed-,branch1 runs a ,circle1 or some progress therein2 and so becomes1 as the ,semen ,masculinum1 yet more elaborate4 #be4 4 ,wherein also1 lest its ,current should be too copious or precipitant1 by their co-arcture and divarication where they are inosculated1 it is retarded2 the noblest portion only obtaining a pass4 #bf4 4 ,with this purest ,sap1 the said ,ramulets being supplied1 from thence at last1 the ,navel-,fibres shoot 7as the primitive ,artery into the ,colliquamentum7 through the ,secundine into the aforesaid ,liquor deposited therein4 #bg4 4 ,into which ,liquor1 being now shot1 and its own proper ,sap or ,tinctures mixed therewith1 it strikes it thus into a ,coagulum2 or of a ,liquor1 it becomes a ,body consistent and truly ,parenchymous4 ,and the supply of the said ,liquor still continu'd1 and the shooting of the ,navel-,fibres1 as is above described1 still carried on1 the said ,coagulation or ,fixation is therewith likewise4 #bh4 4 ,and in the ,interim of the ,coagulation1 a gentle ,fermentation being also made1 the said ,parenchyma or ,coagulum becometh such1 not of any ,texture indifferently1 but is thus raised 7as we see ,bread in ,baking7 into a ,congeries of ,bladders3 ,for such is the ,parenchyma of the whole ,seed4 ,,finis4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,roots2 ,presented to the ,,royal ,,society at several times1 in the ,years1 #afgb #afgc4 ,with an ,account of the ,,vegetation ,,of ,,roots1 ,grounded chiefly hereupon4 ,the ,,second ,,book4 ,by ,,nehemiah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 and of the ,college of ,physicians4 ,the ,second ,edition4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,to ,,the ,right ,honourable ,,william ,lord ,vi-,count ,,brouncker ,,the ,,president ,,and ,,to ,,the ,council and ,fellows ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,society4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,if the ,dedication of ,books were not in use2 yet here1 ,i think1 ,i might have been a ,precedent4 ,the promotion of ,phytological ,science is one ,part of ,your ,work2 and 'tis ,you have called me to the management of this ,part2 for some time1 have intrusted me herein2 and by ,your most favourable and candid acceptance of what ,i have performed thus far1 have encouraged me hereunto3 ,i therefore present but ,your ,own1 into ,your ,hands4 ,the great ,honour and ,advantage of ,your ,fellowship1 ,i first obtained1 by ,mediation of ,dr4 ,wilkins1 the late most ,reverend ,bishop of ,chester4 ,whom ,i cannot name1 without saying thus much of him1 ,that ,he was a ,person of that eminent and happy ,worth1 which1 as it was too good1 to fear envy2 so is it too great1 to need an ,elogie4 ,with ,him1 it was1 ,you were pleased to commit to ,me1 the further prosecution of this ,work2 the ,beginnings whereof1 were by ,your ,order formerly made publique4 ,had ,i consulted my own ,abilities altogether1 ,i should scarcely have ventured upon it2 seeing very little1 for which ,i could think well of my self1 saving1 ,that ,i had learned1 upon good grounds1 to think of ,you with greatest ,honour4 ,but ,i also considered1 ,that to insist hereon too much1 might be a reflection upon ,your ,judgments1 who had thought fit to make choice of ,me4 ,and1 ,that ,you were not more the ,patrons of ,wit1 than of ,industry2 and of ,all1 who shall endeavour to find out1 or to confirm the ,truth of ,things4 ,withal1 ,i looked upon ,nature1 as a ,treasure so infinitely full2 that as all ,men together1 cannot exhaust it2 so no ,man1 but may find out somewhat therein1 if he be resolved to ,try4 ,in compliance therefore with ,your ,commands1 ,i have hereunto devoted a very considerable part of my ,time4 ,these1 adding force to my own ,desires1 of being somewhat instrumental to the ,improvement of ,medicinal1 and other wholesom ,knowledge3 if peradventure1 as we increase herein1 we may become better1 and more happy4 ,as to which ,improvement1 though ,i could not hope2 yet1 ,i would not dispair4 ,i have already prepared the ,soil1 and made some ,plantation3 what remaineth behind1 and the ,vintage of the whole1 will depend much upon the continued ,influence of ,your ,beams3 for how unpromising soever the ,stock may be2 yet the ,fruit cannot but be somewhat matured1 upon which ,you are pleased to shine4 ,i am also confident1 that the same ,nobilty and ,goodness1 which accept the endeavours1 will likewise pardon the faults1 of1 ,my ,lord1 ,your ,lordships most humbly and most sincerly devoted ,servant ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,september #a4 #afgc4 ,,the ,,contents4 ,the ,,first ,,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,o,f the ,original of ,roots1 4 #a1 #b1 #c4 ,of their ,figures1 #d1 to #h4 ,of their ,motions1 #i1 to #ae4 ,and of their ,ages1 #af1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,o,f the ,skin4 ,its external ,accidents1 and ,original1 4 #a1 #b4 ,compounding ,parts4 ,whereof the one ,parenchymous1 #c4 ,the other ,lignous1 #d1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,o,f the ,barque4 ,its ,original and external ,accidents1 4 #a4 ,size1 #b4 ,compounding ,parts3 ,whereof the one ,parenchymous1 #c4 ,the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma1 #d1 #e1 #f4 ,the ,diametral ,portions1 #g1 to #aa4 ,the other ,part1 ,lignous1 consisting of long ,pipes or ,vessels1 #ab1 to #ag1 ,of several ,kinds1 #ah1 to #bc4 ,in different ,proportion1 #bd1 #be4 ,and in different and elegant ,position4 #bf1 to the end4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,o,f that ,part of the ,root next within the ,bark2 in ,trees and ,shrubby ,plants1 called the ,wood4 ,hereof the ,parenchyma1 4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #g4 ,the ,lignous ,portion3 of which1 the ,sap-,vessels1 #d4 ,the ,aer-,vessels1 #e1 #f4 ,the ,position of the ,former1 #h1 #i4 ,of the ,latter1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,their ,proportion1 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 ,the ,latter1 sometimes a little tapering4 #af4 ,their ,texture1 #ag1 to #bb4 ,content1 #bc4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,o,f the ,pith4 ,found in the upper part of most ,roots1 4 #a4 ,its size and shape1 #b4 ,sap-,vessels1 #c4 ,original1 #d1 #e4 ,bladders1 #f1 ,fibres and ,texture1 #g1 to #aa4 ,that of the ,insertions and ,barque the same1 #ab4 ,hence1 the ,original of the ,aer-,vessels conjectured1 #ac4 ,what the whole ,body of a ,root1 concluded1 #ad1 #ae4 ,the ,contents of the ,pith1 #af4 ,the ,,second ,,part4 ,theology1 the ,beginning and ,end of ,philosophy1 4 #a1 to #f4 ,the ,divine ,wisdom seen in the ,growth of ,plants1 #g4 ,if we observe1 ,how the ,ground is ,prepared1 #h1 to #ad4 ,how the ,sap is ,imbibed1 and ,distributed to the several ,parts of the ,root1 #ae1 to #bh4 ,how the several ,parts are ,nourished and ,formed1 #bi1 to #ce4 ,how the several ,parts receive their respective ,situation1 #cf1 to #dj4 ,how ,roots receive their different ,size and ,shape1 #da1 to #dg4 ,how ,roots receive their different ,motions1 #dh1 to #ec4 ,how ,roots are differently ,aged1 #ed1 #ee1 #ef4 ,how the ,liquors and other ,contents of the several ,parts are made1 #eg1 to #fc4 ,how the ,odors of ,roots are made1 #fd4 ,how their ,colours1 #fe to #fg4 ,how their ,tasts1 #fh1 to the end4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,roots2 ,,prosecuted ,with the bare ,,eye1 ,,and ,,with ,,the ,,microscope4 ,,part ,i4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,original1 ,,figures1 ,,motions1 and ,,ages of ,,roots4 ,,being ,,to speak of ,roots2 it is requisite1 for our better understanding of what follows1 that some things1 as to their ,original1 ,figures1 ,motions and ,ages1 be premised4 #a4 4 ,roots1 taken altogether1 have a ,three-fold ,original4 ,either from the ,radicle2 as all ,roots which come of the ,seed3 or from the ,trunk or ,caulis1 above ground2 as in ,strawberry1 ,chammile1 and many other ,creepers3 or from the ,trunk or ,caulis1 after it is sunk under ground2 as in ,primrose1 ,bistort1 and many others2 and presently shall be shewed how4 #b4 4 ,in the ,growth of a ,bud1 and of a ,trunk-,root1 there is this observable difference2 ,that the former1 carries along with it1 some portion of every ,part in the ,trunk or ,stalk2 whereof it is a ,compendium4 ,the latter1 always shoots forth1 by making a ,rupture in the ,barque1 which it leaves behind1 and proceeds only from the inner part of the ,stalk4 #c4 4 ,as also1 ,that in a ,bud1 the ,lignous ,part is spread abroad1 so as to encompass a ,pith4 ,whereas in a ,trunk-,root1 it makes a solid ,thred standing in the ,center4 ,which is the ,cause of its descending into the ,ground3 as is already1 in the ,first ,book1 and shall in ,this be further shewed4 #d4 4 ,,roots are generally distinguished1 as to their ,figures1 in being more ,entire1 as is that of ,liquirish2 or ,parted1 as of ,st4 ,johns-wort4 ,parted or ,forked1 either at the ,bottom1 as most ,roots2 or at the ,top1 as ,dandelyon1 and some others4 ,a thing very odd1 and unintelligible1 without the knowledge of the ,motions of ,roots2 whereof presently4 #e4 4 ,parted1 again1 are either ,ramified1 as that of ,cumfry2 or ,manifold1 as of ,crowfoot3 both are ,parted2 but the former1 by the subdivision of greater ,branches1 into lesser2 these1 when divers ,strings1 have all their distinct original from one ,head4 ,some are ,straight1 as a ,radish2 others ,crooked1 as ,bistort4 ,smooth1 as ,bugloss2 or ,stringy all round about1 as ,columbine4 ,and to ,carnations1 this seems to be peculiar1 ,that sometimes many of the ,strings run parallell with the ,wood of the great ,root1 through the ,barque1 or betwixt the ,wood and the ,barque4 #f4 4 ,again1 some are ,thick1 as ,rhubarb2 ,slender1 as the ,vine4 ,long1 as ,fenil2 ,short1 as a ,turnep3 which are distinct from ,great and ,little2 in that these1 are so called with respect to several ,roots2 those1 with respect to the several ,dimensions of one4 ,short1 are ,stubbed1 as ,iris tuberosa2 or ,round1 as ,dracontium4 ,round are ,tuberous1 or ,simply ,knobbed1 as ,rape-,crowfoot2 ,bulbous1 that is ,scaled1 as some ,lilys2 or ,shell'd1 as an ,onion4 ,where note1 ,that all ,bulbous ,roots1 are1 as it were1 ,hermaphrodites1 or ,root and ,trunk both together3 for the ,strings only1 are absolute ,roots2 the ,bulb1 actually containing those ,parts1 which springing up1 make the ,leaves or ,body2 and is1 as it were1 a ,great ,bud under ground4 #g4 4 ,roots1 again1 are ,even or ,uneven2 ,even1 are ,cylindrical1 as ,eryngo2 or ,pyramidal1 as ,borage4 ,growing smaller ,downwards1 as do most2 or ,upwards1 as ,skirrets4 ,uneven1 are ,pitted1 as ,potato's1 where the ,eyes or ,buds of the future ,trunks lie inward2 or ,knotted1 as ,jerusalem-,artichoke2 where they stand out4 ,these ,differences1 are also ,compounded3 so some ,roots are both ,entire and ,smooth1 as ,peony2 others ,entire1 but ,stringy1 as ,clary3 that is1 neither ,ramifi'd1 nor yet ,brushy1 or divided at the ,top into severall small ,strings2 but a ,single ,root surrounded with many ,hairy ,threds4 ,some both ,plain in some parts1 and ,knobbed in others1 as ,filipendula1 ,lilium non bulbosum1 and others4 #h4 4 ,some also have two or more ,roots2 and those of one ,kind3 of which1 some are distinctly fastend to the bottome of the ,stalk1 as in ,dogstones2 some stand one under another1 so as only the uppermost is fasten'd to the ,stalk1 as in ,dragon1 ,crocus1 and others4 ,and there are some1 which have not only two ,roots1 at the same time2 but those also of two distinct ,kinds1 as in ,bistort2 one of them1 a slender strait ,cylindrick and horizontall ,root2 the other large and crooked1 and bred of the ,descending ,trunk2 as in speaking next of the ,motions of ,roots1 will be understood1 how4 ,all which1 with other ,differences by ,those that undertake the ,descriptions of ,plants1 are accurately to be ,noted4 ,but the ,differences1 above mentioned1 will serve for our present ,purpose4 #i4 4 ,,the ,,motions of ,roots are also divers4 ,sometimes ,level1 as are those of ,hops1 ,ammi1 ,cinquefoyle2 and all such as properly ,creep4 ,sometimes ,perpendicular1 as that of ,parsnep3 ,which is different from ,straightness2 for some ,straight ,roots1 are ,level4 ,both of them are either ,shallow or ,deep3 some run ,level1 and near the ,turf1 as ,woodbind1 ,wild ,anenomy2 others lower1 as ,dogs-,grass4 ,some strike down1 but a little way1 as ,stramonium2 others grow deep1 as ,horse-,radish3 ,which is different from being ,long2 for many long ,roots1 are ,level1 as ,hops4 #aj4 4 ,some again ,descend1 as ,tulips1 and other ,bulbous ,roots1 which differs from growing only ,downwards2 in that here1 the ,head of the ,root is ,immoveable2 but in ,descending1 the whole ,root obteineth different ,places1 running deeper1 time after time1 into the ,earth4 ,some also ,ascend1 sometimes1 and in some part1 appearing above ground1 as ,turneps4 #aa4 4 ,these ,motions are also ,compounded2 both in respect of the several ,parts of the ,root1 and of several ,times4 ,so the main ,root of ,primrose1 is ,level2 the ,strings are ,perpendicular4 ,the ,roots of most ,seedlings grow ,downward and ,upward1 or shoot out in length at both ,ends1 at the same time4 ,those of ,bistort1 ,iris1 and some others1 grow1 in part1 both ,downward and ,upward at several times3 ,whence it is1 that ,bistort is ,crooked1 with some resemblance to an ,s1 according to its ,name2 ,and that some ,parts of ,iris-,root appear oftentimes above the ground4 #ab4 4 ,there is also another ,motion1 in some ,roots1 not heeded2 and that is ,contortion3 whereby1 without being moved out of their ,place1 they are ,writhed or ,twisted2 as a piece of ,cloath is1 when the ,water is wrung out of it2 as in ,carduus1 ,sonchus1 and others3 whether always ,i cannot say4 ,this ,motion cannot be noted1 without stripping off the ,barque2 whereby the ,vessels may be seen1 sometimes1 to make two or three ,circumvolutions4 ,this ,motion seems to be governed by the winding of the ,stalk2 and therefore to begin at the ,head1 and terminate at the ,poynt or lower end of the ,root1 which is immoveable4 #ac4 4 ,,but ,,above all the ,motions of ,roots1 not observed1 the most remarkable is that of ,,descent4 ,which1 although it hath been noted1 by some ,botanicks1 of ,bulbous ,roots2 yet of these only3 ,whereas it is the ,property1 of a great many more2 and those1 of very different ,kinds2 probably1 of the far greater number of ,perennial ,roots of ,herbs2 as of ,arum1 ,rape-,crowfoot1 ,valerian1 ,brownwort1 ,bears-foot1 ,tansy1 ,lychnis1 ,sampier1 ,primrose1 ,ammi1 ,avens1 ,wood-sorrel1 ,iris1 and others4 ,of all which ,plants1 it is very observable1 ,that their ,root1 is annually renewed1 or repaired1 out of the ,trunk or ,stalk it self4 ,that is to say1 ,the ,basis of the ,stalk continually1 and by insensible ,degrees1 descending below the surface of the ,earth1 and hiding it self therein2 is thus1 both in ,nature1 ,place1 and ,office changed into a true ,root4 ,which ,root1 by the continuance of the said ,motion of the ,stalk1 also ,descends2 and so1 according to the durableness of its ,substance1 becomes a shorter or longer ,root2 the ,elder or ,lower ,portion thereof1 ,rotting off1 by the same ,degrees with the ,generation of the ,upper1 out of the ,stalk4 ,so in ,brownwort1 the ,basis of the ,stalk sinking down by degrees1 till it lies under ,ground1 becomes the upper part of the ,root2 and continuing still to sink1 the next year1 becomes the lower ,part2 and the next after that1 rots away2 a new ,addition being still yearly made out of the ,stalk1 as the elder ,parts yearly rot away4 ,tab4 #e4 f4 #f1 #g4 ,so in ,dragon1 ,crocus1 and the like1 where the ,root is double2 the ,basis of the ,stalk1 this year2 the next1 becomes the ,upper-,root2 after that1 the ,lower-,root2 and at the length dies and is consum'd4 #ad4 4 ,the ,demonstration hereof1 is taken1 more evidently1 from some ,roots1 than from others2 as from the ,level and ,knobed ,roots of ,wood-sorrel1 ,primrose1 c4 ,tab4 #e4 f4 #a1 #b4 ,for the ,leaves of those ,plants rotting off successively1 and the ,bases of those ,leaves gradually descending into the ,ground2 each ,basis is thus nourished with a more copious ,sap1 and so swelled into so many thick ,knots4 ,it may likewise be gather'd in some1 from the like ,position of the ,vessels or ,woody ,parts1 in the ,root1 as in the ,trunk2 as in ,bares-foot1 ,as also1 from the ,root of the ,iris ,tuberosa3 ,tab4 #e4 f4 #d4 where1 although the ,leaves fall off close to the ,surface of the ,stalk2 yet after that is sunk down1 and swell'd into a ,root1 the ,seats of the perished ,leaves1 and the ,ends of the ,vessels belonging to them1 are not obscurely visible2 whereby the ,root is wrought1 as it were1 with several ,seames and ,prickt ,lines2 the ,seams shewing the setting on of the ,leaves2 and the ,pricks1 the ,terminations or broken ,ends of the ,vessels3 which ends1 are still more apparent1 upon the stripping off the ,barque4 ,i considered likewise1 ,that as among ,animals1 there are many1 which are not ,bred of ,eggs1 immediately2 but are ,transformed1 one ,animal into another3 ,so1 it is more than probable1 ,that among ,plants1 there are not a few ,instances of the like ,transformations2 whereof1 this is one4 #ae4 4 ,the ,cause of this ,descent1 so far as it is dependent on the ,inward ,conformation of the ,root1 ,i shall shew in the following ,part4 ,but the ,immediate ,visible one1 are the ,string-,roots1 which this kind of ,trunks frequently put forth3 which1 descending themselves directly into the ,ground1 like so many ,ropes1 lug the ,trunk after them4 ,hence the ,tuberous-,roots of ,iris upon the rotting or fading away of the ,string-,roots hanging at them1 sometimes a little ,re-ascend4 ,hence also the ,shape of some ,roots is ,inverted3 ,for whereas most are parted downwards1 into several ,legs2 some are parted upwards into divers ,necks1 as ,dandelyon1 and others4 ,tab4 #e4 f4 #e4 ,for these ,roots sending forth at the top several ,trunk-,buds1 the said ,buds successively put forth new1 and cast their old ,leaves2 and continually also making their ,descent1 are at length formed into so many ,necks1 of three1 four1 five1 or more ,inches long1 under ,ground4 #af4 4 ,,hence ,,also we understand1 in what particular way1 some ,roots become ,perennial4 ,some are wholly so1 as those of ,trees1 ,shrubs1 and divers other woody ,plants4 ,others1 in part1 or by a new ,progenies of ,roots1 from the old ,head or ,body1 in the room of those that die yearly1 or after a certain ,time2 as of ,lilium non bulbosum1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,potato1 ,dog-stones1 ,monks-hood1 little ,celandine1 and others4 ,in which ,plants1 one or more of their ,roots are firm1 the other spongy and superannuated2 and partly1 by the ravine of the ,trunk1 and other younger ,roots1 reduced to a ,consumption and ,death4 #ag4 4 ,with these1 ,tulips1 and other ,bulbous-,roots consort3 ,for the several ,rindes ,shells1 whereof chiefly1 the ,bulb consists1 successively perish and shrink up into so many thin and dry ,skins3 betwixt which1 and in their ,centre1 other ,leaves and ,shells1 being successively formed1 the ,bulb is thus perpetuated4 ,in the same manner the ,string-,roots also succeed one another annually4 ,so that at the end of divers ,years1 although it be still looked upon as the same ,individual ,root1 yet it is1 in truth1 ,another1 as to every particle thereof4 #ah4 4 ,lastly1 many other ,roots are perpetuated by the aforesaid ,descent of the ,trunk2 out of which1 it is still annually ,repaired1 as by the gradual perishing of its lower parts1 it is ,diminished2 as hath been said4 ,whence also we see the reason of the ,rugged and ,blunt extremities of these1 ,tab4 #e4 f4 #c4 and some other ,roots1 as of that ,plant superstitiously called ,devils-bit3 because the end of it seems to be bitten off4 ,yet doth it not appear so originally2 but the ,lower part thereof rotting off1 as the ,upper descends2 the living remainder1 becometh stumped1 or seemeth ,bitten4 ,thus far of the ,original1 ,shapes1 ,motions1 and ,ages of ,roots4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,skin4 ,i ,,next proceed to the several ,parts whereof a ,root is ,compounded4 ,the outer ,part of all is the ,skin2 which is common to all ,roots4 ',tis diversly ,coloured3 ,whiter in ,skirrets2 ,yellow1 in ,dock2 ,red1 in ,potato2 ,brown1 in ,lovage2 ,black1 in ,bugloss4 ,its ,surface1 sometimes ,smooth1 as in ,hors-radish2 ,rough1 as in ,scorzonera4 ,and the ,skins of the several ,shells of a ,tulip-,root1 taken up fresh1 look as if they were perforated with a great many small holes4 ',tis of various ,size2 very ,thin1 in ,parsnep2 somewhat ,thick1 in ,bugloss2 very ,thick in ,iris4 ,sometimes it is ,opacous1 as in ,thistle2 and sometimes ,transparent1 as in ,madder4 #b4 4 ,every ,root hath successively two kinds of ,skins3 the one1 ,cotaneous with the other ,parts2 and hath its original from that which involved the ,parts of the ,seed it self4 ,the other1 ,postnate1 succeeding in the room of the former1 as the ,root ageth2 and is originated from the ,bark4 ,so in ,dandelyon1 the old ,skin1 looked upon about the beginning of ,may1 seems to have been one of those several ,rings1 which the precedent year composed the ,cortical ,body of the ,root3 but by the ,generation of a new ,ring1 next the ,wood1 is now thrust off and shrunk up into a ,skin4 ,tab4 #ad1 #ae4 ,so also in the ,roots of ,bugloss and ,horse-,radish1 as far as the ,bladders in the former1 and the ,vessels in the latter are ,radiated2 the ,cortical ,body seems either annually or oftener1 to shrink up into another new ,skin1 as1 the old ones fall off4 ,tab4 #aj4 ,and sometimes1 perhaps1 as in ,assparagus1 the whole body of the ,perpendicular ,roots1 except the woody ,fibre in the ,centre1 becomes the second ,skin4 ,so that the wearing away of the old ,skin1 succeeds the derivation of the new one2 as in ,descending ,roots1 the ,consumption of the ,lower ,parts1 doth the ,generation of the ,upper4 ,because the ,barque swells1 and grows sometimes faster than the ,skin can fall off1 or give way to it3 therefore are the ,roots of many ,herbs1 ,barquebound1 as well as the ,trunks of ,trees4 #c4 4 ,this ,skin is usually1 if not always1 compounded of two ,kinds of ,bodies3 which also is probable of the ,cotaneous4 ,the one1 ,parenchymous1 and frequently constructed of exceeding little ,cells or ,bladders2 which in some ,roots1 as of ,asparagus1 cut traverse1 and viewed through a ,microscope1 are plainly visible4 ,tab4 #aj4 ,these ,bladders are of different ,sizes2 in ,buglos1 larger2 in ,asparagus less2 and sometimes they coincide and disappear4 ,tab4 #ad4 ,but in these1 and all other ,roots1 even where these ,bladders appear nor1 the ,parenchyma of the ,skin1 is of the same ,substantial ,nature1 with that other more vivid and bulky one of the ,bark3 ,as is manifest1 from its being thence ,originated2 and alike ,conformed1 as shall be seen2 and not only adjacent to it1 as a ,glove is to the ,hand2 but continuous therewith1 as the parts of a piece of flesh1 are one with another4 #d4 4 ,,of ,,this ,parenchymous ,body1 the ,skin consisteth chiefly1 but not wholly2 there being many ,lignous ,vessels which are ,tubulary1 mixed therewith3 which1 though hardly by the ,microscope1 yet otherwise1 is demonstrable4 ,for in tearing the ,skin1 you shall do it more easily by the length1 than bredth2 because1 by the first way1 the continuity only of the ,parenchyma1 is dissolved2 but by the latter1 both of this1 and of the ,vessels1 these being posited by the length of the ,root3 ,so that1 as by the smalness of the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma1 the ,skin is ,dense2 so by these ,vessels1 is it ,tough4 #e4 4 ,again1 if you cut a ,root traverse1 and let it lie by for some time1 all the parts1 where there are no ,vessels1 shrink below the surface of the cut-end2 but where-ever ,these are posited1 there is no shrinking2 which oftentimes1 evidently appears also in the ,skin3 because the said ,vessels1 though1 as the ,bladders1 they may coincide2 yet they cannot visibly shorten or shrink up in length2 no more than a ,straw1 whose sides may yet be easily crushed together4 #f4 4 ,further1 the ,root being cut traverse1 if1 near the cut-end1 you very gently press the side of the ,root with the edge of your ,nail1 the ,sap will thereupon arise sometimes from the ,skin2 in the same manner1 as from any other part of the ,root1 where the like ,vessels are posited4 ,and although the ,sap may likewise be expressed from the ,pith1 and other ,parts where sometimes1 there are none of these ,vessels2 yet not without a solution of there continuity2 which here doth not follow2 as appears1 from the disappearing of the ,sap1 together with the intermission of the pressure2 the said ,vessels then dilating themselves by a ,motion of ,restitution1 and so sucking up the ,sap again4 #g4 4 ,hereunto may be added the ,testimony of sight2 the very ,vessels themselves1 in many ,roots1 coming under an apparent view1 and standing in the utmost surface of the ,root all round about1 as in that of ,liquirish1 ,columbine1 ,scorzonera1 and others4 ,which ,experiments1 ,i have here1 once for all1 more particularly set down2 because ,i shall have occasion1 hereafter1 to refer to them4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,barque4 ,,next ,,within the ,skin lieth the ,barque4 ',tis sometimes ,yellow1 as in ,dock2 ,red1 in ,bistort2 but usually1 and in ,seed-,roots1 ,i think1 always ,white4 ,it is derived from the ,seed it self2 being but the extension or prolongation of the ,parenchyma of the ,radicle2 ,one of the three ,organical ,parts of the ,seed1 described in the ,first ,chapter of the ,first ,book4 #b4 ,it is variously ,sized2 sometimes very ,thin1 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,goats-beard1 and in most ,trees2 where it also retains the ,name of a ,barque or ,rind4 ,sometimes 'tis more ,thick1 and maketh up the far greatest portion of the ,root1 as in the ,string-,roots of ,asparagus1 in ,dandelion1 and others4 ,the thinnest and the thickest are all analogous1 and obtain the same general ,uses4 ,the degrees of its ,size1 amongst all ,roots1 may be well reckoned about ,twenty1 and seen in the following examples1 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 sc4 ,beet1 ,dropwort1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,orpine1 ,valerian1 ,goats-beard1 ,nettle1 ,brownwort1 ,columbine1 ,celandine1 ,asparagus1 ,horse-,radish1 ,peony1 ,bryony1 ,eryngo1 ,borage1 ,lovage1 ,dandelion1 ,parsnep1 ,carrot1 c4 ,in the ,root of ,beet1 scarce exceeding a good thick ,skin3 but in a ,carrot1 half the ,semidiameter of the ,root1 or above half an ,inch over in some places3 and that of ,dandelion1 sometimes1 in proportion with the woody ,part1 twice as thick3 the rest of ,several intermediate ,degrees3 ,and to most ,roots1 this is common1 ,to have their ,barque proportionably thicker1 at the bottome than at the top4 #c4 4 ,,it ,,is ,compounded of two ,bodies4 ,the one ,parenchymous2 ,continuous throughout2 yet somewhat ,pliable without a solution of its ,continuity4 ,exceeding ,porous2 as appeareth from its so much shrinking up1 in drying4 ,the ,pores hereof are extended much alike both by the length and bredth of the ,root2 therefore it shrinketh up1 by both those ,dimensions1 more equally4 ,and they are very ,dilative2 as is also manifest from its restorableness to its former bulk again1 upon its infusion in ,water3 that is to say1 ,it is a most curious and exquisitely fine wrought ,sponge4 ,thus much the ,eye and ,reason may discover4 #d4 4 ,the ,microscope confirms the truth hereof1 and more precisely shews1 ,that these ,pores are all1 in a manner1 ,spherical1 in most ,plants2 and this ,part1 an ,infinite ,mass of little ,cells or ,bladders4 ,the sides of none of them1 are ,visibly pervious from one into another2 but each is bounded within it self4 ,tab4 #aj1 sequent4 ,so that the ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 is much the same thing1 as to its ,conformation1 which the ,froth of ,beer or ,eggs is1 as a fluid1 or a piece of fine ,manchet1 as a fixed ,body4 ,the ,sides also of these ,bladders are as transparent1 as those of ,water2 or the ,bodies of some ,insects4 #e4 4 ,but their ,size is usually much smaller2 and their ,posture more ,regular than those in ,bread or ,water4 ,in all ,roots they are so small1 as scarcely1 without the ,microscope1 to be discerned3 yet are they of different ,size1 both in the same1 and in divers ,roots2 the varieties whereof1 amongst all ,roots1 may be reduced to about ,ten or ,twelve according to the ,standard1 in ,tab4 #aa4 ,tab4 #ac1 #ad4 ,some of those in ,dandelion1 being of the ,smallest2 and in ,bugloss1 of the ,greatest4 ,they are posited1 for the most part1 at an ,equal ,height2 and piled evenly one over another3 ,so that1 oftentimes1 they visibly run in ,ranks or trains1 both by the length and breadth of the ,roots1 as in the ,root of ,bugloss1 or of ,dandelion1 split through the middle1 may be seen4 ,although they are usually ,spherical1 yet sometimes1 and in some places1 they are more oblonge1 ,tab4 #ad4 as in the outward part of the ,barque of ,bugloss4 ,these ,bladders1 are sometimes best seen1 after the ,root1 being cut traverse1 hath layn by awhile1 to dry4 #f4 4 ,they are the ,receptacles of ,liquor2 which is ever ,lucid2 and ,i think1 always more ,thin or ,watery4 ,they are1 in all ,seed-,roots1 filled herewith2 and usually1 in those also which are well grown1 as of ,borage1 ,radish1 c4 #g4 4 ,,this ,parenchymous ,part1 in many ,roots1 is of one ,uniform ,contexture2 as in ,asparagus1 ,hors-,radish1 ,peony1 ,potato1 and others4 ,in many others1 it is1 as it were1 of a ,diversified ,woof2 the ,bladders being1 though every where ,regular1 yet either in ,shape1 ,size1 or ,situation1 different in some ,parts hereof1 from what they are1 in other intermediate ones4 ,for these ,parts1 are like so many ,white ,rays1 streaming1 by the ,diameter of the ,root1 from the inward ,edge toward the ,circumference of the ,barque2 as in ,lovage1 ,melilot1 ,parsnep1 c4 cut transversly1 is apparent4 ,tab4 #h1 #i4 ,they are1 though not in direct ,lines1 continued also by the length of the ,root2 so that they are1 as it were1 so many ,membrances1 by which the other ,parts of the ,barque1 are disterminated4 #h4 4 ,the ,continuation of these ,diametral ,rays1 or ,portions1 is divers3 sometimes1 but half through the ,barque1 or somewhat more1 or less1 as in ,melilot4 ,tab4 #i4 ,and it is probable1 that to the ,roots of all or most ,trefoyls1 and also of the ,leguminous ,kind1 this is proper1 ,to have their ,diametral ,rays come short of the ,circumference4 ,tab4 #h4 ,sometimes1 they run quite through to the very ,skin1 as in ,lovage4 ,and ,i think1 in the ,roots of all ,umbelliferous ,plants3 ,in which therefore1 the ,skin seems to have a closer ,communion with the ,diametral ,rays1 and to be originated especially therefrom4 ,they usually stand at an ,equal ,distance in the same ,root3 ,but with respect to divers ,roots1 their ,distance varies2 ,tab4 #g1 #h4 so less1 in ,parsnep1 greater in ,bugloss4 ,they are commonly ,rectilinear1 as in ,lovage2 ,tab4 #h4 but sometimes winding to and fro1 as in a ,carrot4 #i4 4 ,they are not always of one ,size3 in a ,carrot near the ,inner ,edge of the ,barque1 exceeding ,slender1 and scarcely discernable2 in others1 ,thicker1 as in the ,three greater ones of ,melilot1 and in common ,chervil4 ,tab4 #h1 #i4 ,both by their ,distance1 and ,size1 they are also less or more ,numerous2 some1 only as they are nearer2 some1 as smaller2 others1 as both4 ,and 'tis proper1 ,i think1 to the ,intybous kind1 either to have none1 or but a few4 ,sometimes they are of the same ,thickness quite1 through the ,barque from edge to edge1 as in ,marsh-,mallow4 ,tab4 #g4 ,and sometimes are considerably spread or dilated as they aproach the ,skin1 wherewith they are joyned1 and whereinto they more visibly run1 as in ,parsley1 or the smaller part of the ,root of ,lovage4 ,tab4 #h4 ,and in some ,roots1 as of ,scorzonera1 at some times of the year1 when less succulent1 almost the whole ,parenchyma seems to be of the ,nature of the ,diametral ,rays1 in other ,roots4 ,the ,bladders of these ,diametral ,portions1 are sometimes1 greater than those of the other ,parenchymous ,parts1 as in ,parsley2 and ,i think sometimes less4 ,yet as there1 so here1 variously sized2 to about six or eight ,degrees2 and those of ,parsley about the third1 fourth1 and fifth4 ,their ,figure is ,sometimes more oblong2 and their direction or respect more towards the ,center of the ,root4 #aa4 4 ,as the other ,parenchymous ,parts of the ,barque1 are the ,receptacles of ,liquor2 so these1 7where they are7 of ,aer4 ,this is argued1 ,from their being more ,white1 and not ,transparent1 as such ,roots and ,parts use to be1 which are more copiously and equally filled up with ,liquor3 as the ,pith of ,elder1 which1 in the old ,stalks1 is ,white2 was once1 and by being well soaked1 will become1 again ,transparent4 ,and from their being more dry and voyd of ,liquor2 whereupon their ,bladders1 which cannot be ,vacuities1 must be filled with more or less ,aer1 mixed with the ,sap or the ,vaporous parts thereof4 ,this is more observable in those ,diametral ,portions1 which terminate upon1 and run into the ,skin4 #ab4 4 ,,the ,,barque is not only of a divers ,woof1 but as is said1 of a ,compounded ,substance2 there being a certain number of ,lignous ,vessels1 fewer or more1 in some place or other1 mixed with the ,parenchymous ,part above described2 and some way or other1 are demonstrable in all ,roots4 ,as by the ,toughness of the ,barque1 when pulled by the length4 ,by the visible ,continuation of the said ,vessels through the length of the ,barque1 in the resemblance of small ,threds4 ,tab4 #f4 ,and by the rising up of the ,sap in the traverse cut of the ,root1 in such places of the ,barque1 where these ,threds terminate3 as the existence of the same ,vessels in the ,skin1 was proved in the ,precedent ,chapter4 #ac4 4 ,these ,tubulary ,threds1 run not through the ,barque in direct lines2 but are frequently ,braced together in the form of ,net-,work2 ,the ,parenchymous ,parts every where filling up the spaces betwixt the ,braced ,threds2 ,tab4 #f4 as in ,burnet1 ,scorzonera1 c4 the ,barque being paired or striped off1 is apparent4 #ad4 4 ,they seem1 at first1 where they are ,braced1 to be ,inosculated2 so as to be pervious one into another4 ,but a more accurate view1 especially assisted by a ,microscope1 discovers the contrary4 ,neither are they woun'd any way one about another1 as ,threds are in a ,rope3 nor ,implicated1 as in ravled ,yarn1 or the ,knots of a ,net3 but only contiguous or simply ,tangent1 as the several ,chords in the ,braces of a ,drum3 being thus joyned together by the ,parenchymous ,parts1 as in speaking of the ,pith1 will be understood how4 ,yet do not always the same ,threds belong and keep entire to one ,brace2 but are frequently parted into lesser ,threds2 which are transposed from ,brace to ,brace4 ,nor do they always1 in whole or in part1 presently after their contingence1 mutually fall off again2 but1 oftentimes1 run along collaterally joyned together for some space4 ,tab4 #f4 #ae4 4 ,these ,braces are of various number in divers ,roots2 more frequent in ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 less in ,scorzonera1 more rare in ,cumfry4 ,the ,threds likewise are variously ,divaricated2 sometimes more1 where the ,braces are frequent1 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke2 and sometimes less1 where the ,braces are rare1 as in ,scorzonera1 ,dandelion3 ,and in all ,roots1 more frequent towards the ,inner ,verge of the ,bark4 #af4 4 ,by what is said1 it is partly implied1 ,that these ,threds1 are not ,single ,vessels2 but a ,cluster of them1 ,twenty1 ,thirty1 or more or fewer of them together4 ,yet as the ,threds are not ,inosculated in the ,braces2 so neither are the ,vessels1 in the ,threds4 ,nor yet ,twisted2 but only stand collateral together2 as the several ,single ,threds of the ,silkworm1 do in ,sleave-,silk4 ,neither are these ,vessels pyramidal1 so far as the ,glass will discover2 or1 from probable ,reason1 may be conjectured4 ,nor ,ramified1 so as to be successively propagated one from another1 after the manner of the ,veins in ,animals3 but ,cylindrical1 and ,distinctly continued1 throughout the length of the ,root2 as the several ,fibres in a ,tendon or ,nerve4 #ag4 4 ,,these ,,vessels are either themselves of divers kinds1 or serve1 at least1 to constitute divers ,kinds1 in divers ,roots3 of the different ,natures whereof1 although there may be other ways whereby to judge2 yet so far as by ,inspection1 we may do it1 chiefly1 by the ,diversity of those ,liquors1 which they severally contain4 ,sometimes they yield a ,lympha2 and that ,thin1 as they do in a ,parsnep2 especially those that make a ,ring1 at the inward extremity of the ,bark4 ,see the ,root it self4 ,that this ,clear ,sap ascendeth only from these ,vessels1 is certain4 ,because no ,liquor will do the like1 from any ,parenchymous ,part1 as ,chap4 #b4 hath been said4 ,and because it is of a different nature from the ,sap contained in the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma2 although of the same ,colour1 yet sensibly more ,sweet4 #ah4 4 ,sometimes they yield a ,thick and ,mucilaginous ,lympha1 as in ,cumfry1 as appeareth by its tenacity4 ,from the ,mucilaginous ,content of these ,vessels it is1 ,i suppose1 that the ,sap contained in the ,bladders is rendred of the like nature1 so far as it approaches hereto1 which sometimes is more1 as in ,marsh-mallow2 and sometimes but little as in ,borage3 ,for in pressing out the ,liquor of this ,plant1 and then heating it over an indifferent fire2 the far greater part hereof remaineth thin2 only some certain strings and little bits of a gellied substance are mixed herewith2 which as it seems1 were originally the proper ,liquor of these ,muciducts4 #ai4 4 ,oftentimes these ,succiferous ,vessels yield a ,milky or ,white ,sap2 and sometimes ,yellow1 and of other colours as in ,sonchus1and most ,cichoraceous ,plants2 in ,angelica1 and most ,umbelliferous2 in ,burdock1 and divers ,thistles1 to which that is 'akin3 in ,scorzonera1 ,common ,bells1 and many other ,plants1 not commonly taken notice of to be milky4 ,the ,milky ,saps of all which1 although they differ in ,colour1 ,thickness1 and other ,qualities2 yet agree1 in being more ,oyly than any of the ,lymphous ,saps4 ,it being the mixture of the ,oyly parts with some other ,limpid ,liquor1 but of a different ,nature1 which causeth them to be of a ,milky1 or other ,opacous ,colour1 in the same manner as common ,oyl1 and a strong ,liquamen of ,tartar1 shaked in a ,bottle together1 presently mix into a ,white ,liquor4 ,and although they will1 for the greatest part1 separate again2 yet some of their parts1 without any ,boiling1 or so much as the least ,digestion with ,heat1 by ,agitation only1 or standing together for some time1 incorporate in the form of a ,thin ,milky-,sope1 which will also dissolve in ,water4 ,i suppose1 therefore1 ,that it is the ,volatile ,salt1 chiefly1 of these ,plants1 which being mixed with their ,oyl1 renders this ,liquor of a ,white or other ,opacous ,colour4 #bj4 4 ,sometimes the ,oyl will separate and discover it self3 for if you cut a ,fenil-,root traverse1 after it hath layn some days out of the ,ground2 the same ,vessels1 which1 in a fresh ,root1 yields ,milk2 will now1 yield ,oyl3 the watery parts of the ,milk1 which in the drying of the ,root are more evaporable1 being spent4 #ba4 4 ,all ,gums and ,balsams are likewise to be reputed the proper ,contents of these ,vessels3 for ,these and ,milks1 are very near akin4 ,so the ,milk of ,fenil1 upon standing1 turns to a ,clear ,balsam2 of ,scorzonera1 ,dandelion1 and others1 to a ,gum4 ,in the dryed ,root of ,angelica1 c4 being split1 the ,milk1 according to the ,continuation of these ,vessels1 appeareth1 as ,blood clodders in the ,veins1 condensed to an hard and shining ,rosin4 ,tab4 #i4 ,and the ,root of ,helenium cut transversely1 presently yields a curious ,balsame of a ,citrine ,colour1 and sometimes of the ,colour of ,balsame of ,sulphur4 ,i call it a ,balsame2 because it will not dissolve in ,water4 ,yet not a ,terebinth2 because1 nothing near so viscid or tenaceous as that is4 ,but the ,root of ,common ,wormwood1 bleeds1 from large ,vessels1 a true ,terebinth1 ,tab4 #aj4 ,e4 or a ,balsame with all the defining properties of a ,terebinth2 although that word be commonly used only for the ,liquors of some ,trees4 #bb4 4 ,there is yet another kind of ,sap-,vessels1 which may be called ,vapour-,vessels2 as in ,docks1 at least some of them4 ,for by the ,sap-,vessels it is1 that the ,barques of ,roots do ,bleed4 ,of which1 some ,bleed quick and plentifully1 as the ,umbelliferous and the ,cichoraceous ,kinds4 ,some1 very slowly and scarce visibly1 as all or most ,trefoyls1 and of the ,leguminous ,kind4 ,and some seem not to ,bleed1 as the ,dock4 ,yet that this ,root1 hath also ,vessels distinct from those that carry ,aer2 doth partly appear1 from the different ,colour they produce where they stand2 as will better be understood anon1 in speaking of the ,causes of the ,colours of ,roots4 ,as also from the ,toughness of the ,barque1 in pulling it by the length2 neither the ,parenchyma1 nor the ,aer-,vessels1 being of themselves ,tough4 ,but because the ,succus or ,sap they carry1 seems to be a kind of ,dewy ,vapour1 therefore1 they may not improperly be called ,roriferous or ,vapour-,vessels4 #bc4 4 ,,the ,sap-,vessels1 are not only of divers ,kinds1 in divers ,roots1 but in the same4 ,whether in all1 ,i doubt3 but in some it is certain they are3 ,tab4 #i4 ,for if you cut a ,fenil-,root traverse1 both ,milk and ,limpid ,sap1 will presently ascend1 and1 upon accurate inspection1 appear thereupon distinctly4 ,so the ,roots1 both of ,trachelium and ,enula1 ,bleed both a ,lympha1 and a ,citrine ,balsame3 and ,wormwood1 both a ,lympha1 and a ,terebinth1 at the same time4 ,so also the ,root of ,dandelion being cut in ,november1 seems to bleed both a ,milk and a ,lympha2 the latter being drowned by the former at another time when it is more copious4 ,whether all ,roots have ,lymphducts1 is doubtful2 but 'tis most probable1 that they have1 more or fewer2 standing1 for the most part1 in a ,ring1 at the ,inner ,verge of the ,barque3 the ,sap whereof1 ,i suppose1 is so far of common ,nature in all ,roots1 as to be ,clear1 and less ,oily4 #bd4 4 ,,the ,quantity of these ,vessels is very different3 ,in ,borage1 ,peony1 ,bistort1 but few2 in ,asparagus1 fewer3 in ,parsnep1 ,celandine1 many2 in ,fenil1 ,marsh-mallow1 many more3 and betwixt these extreams1 there are many ,degrees1 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 as by comparing the ,roots of ,horse-,radish1 ,turnep1 ,briony1 ,skirrets1 ,parsley1 ,goats-,beard1 and as many more as you please1 may be seen4 ,amongst the several ,sorts of ,docks1 they seem in ,patience1 to be the fewest2 in ,red-,dock1 the most numerous4 ,there are two ways of judging of their ,number2 ,either as their ,extremeties are visible upon the traverse cut of the ,barque2 or as the ,barque is diversly ,brittle or ,tough2 being so1 from the various ,number of these ,vessels therein1 as in the ,second ,chapter hath been said4 #be4 4 ,the ,quantity of the ascending ,sap1 is a doubtful argument1 whether of the ,number1 or ,size of these ,vessels4 ,for it is common to most ,milky-,roots1 for the ,milk to ascend more copiously3 yet in some of them1 the ,vessels seem1 in proportion with the ,parenchymous ,part1 not to be so numerous1 as in some other ,roots1 where the ascending ,sap is less2 as by comparing the ,lacteals of ,dandelion1 and the ,lymphducts of ,fenil together1 may appear3 so that it should seem1 that the bore of the ,lacteal ,vessels1 is greater than that of the ,lymphducts4 #bf4 4 ,,the ,situation of these ,vessels1 as they appear1 even to the naked ,eye1 in the transverse ,section1 is ,various and ,elegant4 ,sometimes they are posited only at the ,inner ,edg of the ,barque1 where they make a ,ring1 as in ,asparagus4 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj4 ,in which place and position1 they stand in most1 if not in all1 ,roots1 how variouslly soever they are posited also otherwise4 ,the ,common ,crow-,foot with numerous ,roots1 hath a ,ring of ,sap-,vessels next the ,skin4 ,so the ,barque of ,monks-,hood1 is encompassed with a transparent ,ring of ,sap-,vessels4 ,the ,ring is either more ,entire1 as in ,eryngo1 ,brown-,wort1 ,valerian1 ,hop1 ,madder1 c4 ,or it is a ,prick'd ,ring1 as in ,buttyr-,bur4 ,sometimes they are chiefly postur'd in a ,prick-,ring1 towards the outward part of the ,barque1 as in ,peony3 and some ,roots are pricked all over the ,barque1 as of ,melilot4 ,in others1 they stand not so much in ,pricks1 as ,portions or ,colums1 as in ,cumfry4 #bg4 4 ,in others1 again1 they all stand in more continued ,lines1 either ,rays or ,diametral1 as in ,borage2 or ,peripherial1 as in ,celandine4 ,the ,vascular ,rays are not equally extended in all ,roots3 in ,parsnep1 towards the ,circumference of the ,barque2 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 in ,bugloss1 about half way4 ,in all ,docks1 and ,sorrels1 the ,rays are extended through about of the thickness of the ,barque1 towards the ,circumference1 whereabout1 divers of them are always arched in1 two and two together4 ,in all or many ,trefoyls1 and of the ,leguminous ,kind1 they are extended through no more than of the ,barque4 ,in the ,umbelliferous1 they are ,ralled in betwixt the ,diametral ,portions of the ,parenchyma4 ,in ,borage1 the ,rays are more ,continuous2 in a ,carrot1 more ,pricked4 ,here also the ,pricks stand in ,even ,lines2 in ,lovage1 they are ,divaricated4 ,of which1 and those of some other ,roots1 it is also ,observable1 ,that they are not all meer ,pricks1 but most of them small1 yet real ,circles2 ,tab4 #h4 which1 after the ,milk hath been frequently licked off1 and ceaseth to ascend1 are visible1 even without a ,glass4 ,and note1 that in observing all ,milk-,vessels1 the ,milk is to be taken off1 not with the ,finger but the ,tongue2 so often1 till it riseth no more1 or but little4 ,and some ,roots may also be soaked in ,water2 whereby the ,position of the ,milk-,vessels1 will be visible by the darker ,colour of the ,barque1 where they stand4 #bh4 4 ,the ,rays sometimes1 run more ,parallel1 and keep several1 as in ,monkshood2 and sometimes1 towards the ,circumference of the ,barque1 they are occurrent2 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 as not only in ,docks1 but other ,plants3 ,in ,eryngo1 in a termination more ,circular2 and in ,bryony1 angular1 or in the form of a ,glory1 as also in ,horsradish1 through a ,microscope4 ,tab4 #ae4 ,the ,peripherial ,lines are in some1 more entire ,circles1 as in ,dandelion2 in others1 made up of shorter ,chords1 as in ,potato1 ,cumfry1 and the smaller part of the ,root of ,monks-hood4 ,in some1 the ,pricks are so exceeding small1 and stand so close1 that1 to the bare eye1 they seem to be continuous ,rings1 which yet1 through the ,microscope1 appear distinct1 as in ,marsh-mallow and ,liquirish4 ,tab4 #ab4 #bi4 4 ,sometimes ,columns and ,chords are compounded1 as in ,burnet2 ,pricks and ,chords1 in ,potato2 ,rays and ,rings1 in ,monkshood2 where the ,ring is ,single4 ,in ,fenil1 there is a double or treble order both of ,rays and ,rings1 the ,lymphducts standing in ,rays and the ,lacteals in ,rings4 ,and in ,marsh-mallow1 the ,vessels are so posited as to make both those kinds of ,lines at once4 #cj4 4 ,in ,celandine1 they seem all1 to the bare eye1 to stand in numerous ,rings lying even one within another4 ,as also in ,dandelion2 in which yet1 being viewed through a ,microscope1 ,tab4 #ac4 there is an appearance of very many small ,rays2 which streaming from the ,inner ,verge of the ,barque1 cross three or four of the smaller ,rings1 and are there terminated4 ,whence it should seem that ,lymphatick ,rays and ,milky ,rings1 are in that ,root1 so far mixed together4 ,only the ,lympha1 being confounded with the ,milk1 cannot be discerned4 ,and where the ,milky-,vessels are evacuated1 or at such ,seasons1 wherein they are less full1 divers ,milky ,roots will yield a clear ,liquor at the ,inner ,verge of the ,barque1 where1 at other times1 they seem to yield only ,milk4 ,and this is the ,description of the ,barque4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,wood4 ,,that ,portion of the ,root which standeth next within the ,barque1 and in ,trees1 and ,shrubby ,plants1 is the ,wood2 is also compounded of ,two ,substantially different ,bodies1 ,parenchymous and ,lignous4 ,the ,parenchymous1 is of the same ,substantial ,nature with that of the ,barque4 ,and is originated from it2 being not only adjacent to it1 but all round about continuous therewith2 even as that1 is with the ,skin2 the ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 being distributed1 from time to time1 partly outward into the ,skin1 and partly inward1 into the ,wood4 #b4 4 ,the ,position of the several parts hereof1 is different4 ,for the most part it hath a ,diametral ,continuation1 in several ,portions1 running betwixt as many more of the ,lignous1 from the ,circumference towards the ,center of the ,root3 all together1 constituting that1 which in the ,second ,chapter of the ,first ,book1 ,i call the ,insertment4 ,in the ,roots of many ,herbs1 these ,diametral or ,inserted ,portions are more observable1 as in ,cumfry2 ,tab4 #i4 which leadeth to the notice of them in all others1 both of ,herbs and ,trees4 ,sometimes part of this ,parenchymous ,body is disposed into ,rings1 as in ,fenil4 ,the ,number and ,size of which ,rings differ3 ,in ,fenil1 when the ,root is grown large1 they are in some places broader1 but fewer2 ,tab4 #h1 #i4 in ,beet they are narrower1 but more4 ,the ,diametral ,portions are here1 in like manner1 much varied2 in ,cumfry1 ,celandine1 larger2 in ,beet1 ,bugloss1 meaner2 in ,borage1 ,parsnep1 more1 and smaller2 and in most ,woody-,roots1 streaming betwixt the ,pith and the ,barque1 as so many small ,rays4 ,their ,continuation is also different2 in some ,roots1 to the ,centre1 as in ,columbine2 in others not1 as in ,parsnep4 ,tab4 #ag4 ,and sometimes different in the same ,root1 as in the ,vine4 #c4 4 ,the ,contexture of these ,parenchymous ,portions is sometimes ,uniform1 as in ,bugloss1 ,peony2 and sometimes also1 as it is in the ,barque1 different2 in part1 more sappy1 and transparent2 in part1 more white1 dry1 and aery1 as in ,carrot1 ,lovage1 ,scorzonera1 and others2 which yet cannot be observed without a wary view4 ,but their general ,texture is the same being all made up of many small ,bladders4 ,which are here of different ,sizes1 like those of the ,barque1 but for the most part smaller4 ,their ,shape likewise1 is usually ,round2 but sometimes ,oblong and ,oval1 as in ,borage2 or ,oblong and ,square1 as in the ,vine4 ,tab4 #ag4 #d4 4 ,the ,lignous ,part1 if not always1 yet usually1 is also ,compounded of ,two ,kinds of ,bodies1 scil4 ,succiferous or ,lignous and ,aer-,vessels4 ,the ,lignous as far as discernable1 are of the same ,conformation and ,nature with those of the ,barque1 and in the transverse cut of the ,root1 do oftentimes1 as those1 emit a ,liquor4 ,they are also ,braced2 and many of them run in distinct ,threds or ,portions1 collaterally together4 #e4 4 ,the ,aer ,vessels ,i so call1 because they contain no ,liquor1 but an ,aery ,vapour4 ,they are1 more or less1 visible in all ,roots4 ,they may be distinguished1 to the bare ,eye1 from the ,parenchymous ,parts1 by their ,whiter ,surface2 and their standing more prominent1 wheras those shrink below the transverse level of the ,root1 upon drying4 ,they are frequently ,conjugated divers of them together1 sometimes fewer1 and for the most part single1 as in ,asparagus2 ,tab4 #aj1 #ae4 sometimes many1 as in ,hors-,radish4 ,and their ,conjugations are also ,braced1 as the ,threds of the ,succiferous ,vessels4 ,but they are no where ,inosculated3 nor ,twisted one about another2 but only ,tangent or ,collateral4 ,neither are they ,ramified1 the greater into less2 but are all distinctly continued1 as the ,nerves in ,animals1 from one end of the ,root to the other4 #f4 4 ,their ,braces1 as those of the ,succiferous ,vessels1 are also of various number3 in ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,cumfry1 ,scorzonera1 more rare2 in ,borage1 ,burnet1 more frequent2 as by stripping off the ,barque of such ,roots1 where it is easily separable1 may be seen4 ,tab4 #f4 ,and they often vary in the same ,root2 so in ,borage1 ,scorzonera1 c4 they are more frequent in the ,centre1 and next the ,barque1 than in the ,intermediate space1 as by splitting those ,roots down the middle doth appear4 ,tab4 #f4 ,they also vary from those of the ,succiferous ,vessels2 those being usually more frequent1 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 than these of the ,aerial4 #g4 4 ,betwixt these ,braced ,aer-,vessels1 and the rest1 which make the true ,wood1 run the ,parenchymous ,parts above described2 ,tab4 #f4 as they do betwixt the ,succiferous in the ,barque3 and so make up two ,pieces of ,net ,work1 wherof one is the filling up of the other4 #h4 4 ,the ,position of both these ,kinds of ,vessels1 is ,various4 ,the ,succiferous or ,lignous1 are sometimes posited in diametral lines or portions2 as in the ,vine1 and most ,trees4 ,tab4 #ag4 ,sometimes1 oppositely to the ,aerial1 as in ,beet2 ,tab4 #h4 each ,ring herein being double1 and made both of ,sap- and ,aer-,vessels4 #i4 4 ,in ,nettle the ,position is very peculiar1 ,tab4 #h4 from what it is in the ,roots of other ,herbs2 being curiously mixed2 the ,succiferous running cross the ,aerial1 in several1 viz4 ,five1 ,six1 ,seven1 or more ,rings4 ,in ,bryony the several ,conjugations of the ,aerial1 are distinctly surrounded with the ,succiferous4 ,tab4 #g4 ,in ,patience1 the ,succiferous are disposed1 besides ,rays1 into many small ,rings1 of different ,sizes1 sprinkled up and down1 and not1 as in other ,roots having one common ,centre2 within divers whereof1 the ,aer-,vessels are included3 especially within those which are drawn1 not into ,rings1 but1 as it were1 into little stragling ,hedges4 #aj4 4 ,that also of the ,aer-,vessels1 is ,various and ,elegant3 especially in the upper part of the ,root4 ,in ,ammi1 ,lilium-non-bulbosom1 they make a ,ring4 ,in these1 a ,prick'd-,ring2 in ,peony1 a ,ring of ,rays2 in ,valerian1 a ,ring of ,pricks and ,rays4 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,in others1 they make not ,rings1 but longer ,rays1 extended either towards the ,centre1 as in ,scorzonera2 or meeting in it1 as in ,columbine4 ,in the ,common ,dock1 they stand more in single ,rays3 in the other ,species of ,docks1 both in ,rays1 and collateral ,conjugations between4 #aa4 4 ,in ,beet1 they stand in several ,rings2 and every ,ring1 made of ,rays4 ,in ,cumfry1 the ,rays and ,rings are separate2 those stand without1 these next the ,centre4 ,tab4 #h1 #i4 ,in ,dandelion1 they stand altogether1 and make a little ,rope1 in the ,center it self4 ,in ,geranium1 and others of that ,kindred1 they make a little ,thred1 in the same place4 ,and in ,skirret1 they stand in two ,threds1 near the ,centre4 #ab4 4 ,in ,celandine1 they stand in almost parallel ,lines4 ,tab4 #h1 #i4 ,in ,monks-hood1 of a wedged ,figure2 divided in the smaller part of the ,root1 into ,three little ,wedges1 with their poynts meeting exactly in the ,centre4 ,in ,cincquefoyle1 and ,strawberry1 they are also postur'd in three ,conjugations1 triangularly4 ,in the young ,roots of ,oak1 they stand neither in ,radiated1 nor otherwise strait1 but ,winding ,lines4 ,and in ,borage the position1 of many of them1 is ,spiral4 ,as likewise1 sometimes1 in ,mercury1 or ,lapathum unctuosum4 ,tab4 #ae4 ,in ,horse-,radish1 they stand more confused neither in ,rings nor in ,rays2 yet their several ,conjugations1 are radiated3 with very many other differences4 #ac4 4 ,the ,quantity of these ,vessels1 as to the space they take up in the ,root1 is to be computed ,two ways1 ,by their ,number1 and ,size4 ,their ,number may1 in some ,roots1 and in some measure1 be judged of1 by the bare ,eye2 having1 frequently1 a whiter surface than the other ,parts4 ,as also their ,size2 the ,bore of these ,vessels being greater than that of the ,lignous in all ,roots2 especially in some4 ,for if you take the ,roots of ,vine1 ,fenil1 ,dandelion1 ,plum-tree1 ,elder1 ,willow1 c4 and lay them by1 for some time1 to dry2 and then1 having cut off a very thin ,slice of each1 transversely2 if you hold up those ,slices before your ,eye1 so as the ,light may be trajected through the said ,vessels1 they hereby become visible1 as notably different1 both in ,number and ,size4 #ad4 4 ,but undeceitful and accurate ,observation of both their ,number1 and ,size1 must be made by the ,microscope2 and so they will appear to be much more various4 ,in ,bistort1 ,skirret1 they are very few2 in ,beet1 very many3 betwixt which extreams there are all ,degrees2 as in ,orpine1 ,venus ,looking-,glass1 ,scorzonera1 ,great ,celandine1 ,peony1 ,borage1 ,fenil1 c4 may be seen4 ,so their ,size1 in some is extream small1 as in ,strawberry1 ,bistort1 ,valerian2 in others very great1 as in ,asparagus1 ,bugloss1 ,vine4 ,they are also of several ,sizes in one and the same ,numerical ,root2 but in some1 are less varied1 as in ,lilium non bulbosum1 ,asparagus1 ,bugloss2 in others1 more1 as in ,bryony1 ,lovage4 ,tab4 #aj4 to #ag4 ,amongst all ,roots1 they vary by about ,twenty ,degrees2 as by comparing the ,roots of ,vine1 ,thorn-,apple1 ,bryony1 ,lovage1 ,fenil1 ,wild ,carrot1 ,saxifrage1 ,parsley1 ,peony1 ,hore-hound1 ,cinquefoyl1 ,strawberry1 c4 together1 may be seen4 ,some of those in the ,vine1 being of the greatest ,size2 appearing through a good ,glass1 at least one ,third of an ,inch in ,diametre3 those in ,strawberry1 and that ,kind1 of the smallest2 most of them appearing1 in the same ,glass1 no bigger1 than to admit the poynt of a small ,pin1 according to the ,standard1 in ,tab4 #ab4 ,see also the ,figures of so many of them as are drawn4 #ae4 4 ,in some ,roots1 they are ,small1 and ,few2 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke2 in others ,small1 but ,many1 as in ,horse-,radish3 ,tab4 #aa1 #ad1 #ae1 #ag4 in ,bugloss1 they are ,great1 but ,few2 in the ,vine1 ,great and ,many4 ,so that the proportion1 which those of a ,vine1 their ,number and ,size being taken together1 bear to those of ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 may be1 at least1 as ,fifty1 to ,one4 ,of the smallest ,kinds1 as those of ,cinquefoyl1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 and the like2 ,it is to be noted1 ,that they are scarce ever visible in the fresh ,slices of these ,roots2 but after they have layn by a while1 at last1 by a good ,glass1 ,clear ,light1 and steddy ,view1 are discernable4 #af4 4 ,in some ,roots1 the greater of these ,vessels stand in or next the ,centre1 ,tab4 #ac1 #ae4 as in ,taraxacum1 or ,dandelion2 in others next the circumference1 as in ,horse-,radish4 ,sometimes each of them is from one end of the ,root to the other1 of a more equal ,size1 or more ,cylindrical1 as in ,marsh-mallow2 but usually1 they widen1 more or less1 from the ,top1 to the ,bottom of the ,root1 as in ,thorn-,apple3 about the ,top of which1 they are1 for the most part1 but of the ,sixth1 ,seventh1 and ,eighth1 ,magnitude2 some of the ,fifth1 but none of the ,third2 but about the ,bottome1 they are most of the ,third1 and ,fifth3 whence it is manifest1 ,that some of them are1 in the manner of ,veins1 somewhat ,pyramidal4 ,yet is it observable1 ,that their ampliation proceedeth not towards1 but from their ,original1 as in ,nerves4 #ag4 4 ,of these ,vessels ,seignior ,malpighi hath observed2 ,componuntur 7saith he7 exposit fistul ,zona tenui pellucida1 velut argentei coloris lamina1 parum lata2 qu1 spiraliter locata1 extremis lateribus unita1 ,tubum1 interius exterius aliquantulum asperum1 efficit4 #ah4 4 ,to whose ,observation ,i further add1 ,that the ,spiral ,zone1 or ,lamina1 as he calls it1 is not ever one ,single ,piece2 but consisteth of ,two or ,more round and true ,fibres1 although standing collaterally together1 yet perfectly distinct4 ,neither are these ,single ,fibres themselves flat1 like a ,zone2 but of a round forme1 like a most fine ,thred4 ,according as fewer or more of these ,fibres happen to break off1 from their ,spiral location1 together2 the ,zone is narrower1 or broader3 usually1 ,narrower in the ,trunk1 and ,broader in the ,root4 #ai4 4 ,of these ,fibres ,i also ,observe1 ,that they are not ,inosculated side to side1 but are ,knit together by other smaller ,fibres2 those being1 as it were1 the ,warp1 and these the ,woof of the ,aer-,vessels4 ,yet ,i think the several ,fibres are not interwoven just as in a ,web2 but by a kind of ,stitch1 as the several ,plates or ,bredths of a ,floor-,mat4 ,a clear and elegant sight of these ,fibres1 and of their ,interweftage1 by splitting a ,vine-,root1 or a piece of ,oak1 may1 with a good ,glass in the sides of their ,greater ,aer-,vessels1 be obtained2 having much of the resemblance of ,close ,needle-work4 #bj4 4 ,the ,spiration of the ,fibres of these ,vessels1 may more easily be observed in the ,trunk1 than in the ,root4 ,and better in younger ,plants1 than other4 ,and not so well by ,cutting as by ,splitting1 or by ,tearing off some small ,piece1 through which they run3 their ,conformation being1 by this means1 not spoiled4 ,yet this way1 the ,vessels are seen1 chiefly1 ,unresolved4 #ba4 4 ,but in the ,leaves and ,tender ,stalks of all such ,plants1 as shew1 upon breaking1 a kind of ,doune or ,wool2 they may be seen ,resolved and ,drawn out1 and that some times even to the naked ,eye1 an ,inch or two ,inches in length4 ,this ,wool being nothing else1 but a certain number of ,fibres ,resolved from their ,spiral position in these ,vessels1 and ,drawn out in ,length2 and so clustred together1 as so many ,threds or little ,ropes3 appearing thus more or less1 in the ,leaves and some other ,parts of most ,plants2 but more remarquably in some1 as in the ,vine1 ,scabious1 and others4 ,as also in the ,scales of a ,squill4 ,in which last1 for example1 they are so easily separable1 as further to shew1 what before was observed2 viz4 ,that the ,plate or ,zone1 into which the ,aer-,vessels are usually ,resolved1 is not one ,single ,piece1 or meer ,plate2 but made up of several ,round ,fibres1 all standing and running parallel1 and so knit together by other smaller ones1 tranversly1 in the form of a ,zone4 ,for if you break or cut a ,leaf or ,shell of a fresh ,squill1 till you come to the ,aer-,vessels1 and having softly drawn them out1 for about an ,inch or more 7to the naked ,eye7 in length1 you then single out one or two of them from the rest1 and rowl them1 as they hang at the ,shell1 eight or nine times round1 each ,vessel will appear1 through a ,glass1 to consist of #h1 #aj1 or #ab small ,fibres2 which1 in the ,unresolved ,vessel1 run parallel2 but by this means1 are all separated one from another4 ,see the ,figures belonging to the ,third and ,fourth ,books4 #bb4 4 ,the ,process of their ,spiration1 is not1 so far as ,i have observed1 accidental1 but constantly the same2 scil4 ,in the ,root1 by ,south1 from ,west to ,east3 ,but in the ,trunk1 contrarily1 by ,south1 from ,east to ,west4 #bc4 4 ,the ,content of these ,vessels1 is1 as hath already been intimated1 more ,aery4 ,the ,arguments for which1 are1 ,that upon a transverse ,cut of the ,root1 the ,sap ascendeth not there1 where ,these stand4 ,being also viewed through a ,microscope1 they are never observed to be filled with ,liquor4 ,besides a ,root cut and immersed in ,water1 till the ,water is in some part got into these ,vessels1 and then the ,root taken out and crushed2 the other ,parts will yield ,liquor1 but ,these1 only ,bubbles3 which ,bubbles are made1 by some small quantity of ,liquor mixed with the ,aer1 before contained in the said ,vessels4 ,to which1 other ,arguments will arise out of those ,things that follow in the ,second ,part4 ,as also for this ,content1 its not being a pure or simple1 but ,vaporous ,aer4 ,whether these ,vessels may not1 in some ,vegetables1 and at some times1 contain ,liquor1 is doubtful4#b ,thus far of the ,lignous ,part4 #b ,see ,book #c4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,pith4 ,,within the ,lignous ,part lyeth the ,pith4 ,this ,part is not common to all ,roots1 for some have none1 as ,nicotian1 ,stramonium1 and others4 ,yet many which have none1 or but little1 throughout all their lower parts1 have one fair enough about their tops1 as ,mallow1 ,bourage1 ,dandelion1 and the like4 ,tab4 #f4 ,see the ,roots4 ,and in many others there are ,parenchymous ,parts1 of the same substantial nature with the ,pith1 distributed betwixt the several ,rings of ,vessels1 and every where visible1 from the top to the bottom1 as in ,beet1 ,fenil1 c4 ,tab4 #h4 #b4 4 ,the ,size of the ,pith is varied by many ,degrees1 easily reckoned an ,hundred2 in ,fenil1 ,dandelion1 ,asparagus1 but small2 in ,horse-,radish1 ,valerian1 ,bistort1 great4 ,the ,shape hereof1 in the lower parts of most ,roots1 is ,pyramidal2 but at the tops1 ,various1 according to the different ,distribution of the ,vessels1 as in ,carrot1 ,hyperbolick1 in ,parsley1 ,oval2 ,tab4 #f4 as appeareth1 in cutting the ,roots length-ways4 #c4 4 ,the ,pith1 for the most part1 especially in ,trees1 is a ,simple ,body3 but sometimes1 it is1 as the ,barque1 compounded2 some certain number of ,succiferous ,vessels being mixed herewith2 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,tab4 #f1 #h4 ,horse-,radish1 c4 upon a traverse cut1 by a strict view1 may be discerned4 ,their ,position is sometimes ,confused1 as in a ,carrot2 and sometimes ,regular1 as in ,parsley2 appearing1 by the traverse cut1 in ,rings1 and in cutting by the length1 in ,arches4 ,tab4 #f4 ,and sometimes the ,pith is hollow2 as in the ,level-,roots of ,bishops-,weed3 these ,roots being made out of the ,stalk1 4 #ac1 #ad1 #ae4 as in the ,first ,chapter hath been shewed1 how4 #d4 4 ,as all the other ,parts of the ,root1 are originated from the ,seed2 so1 sometimes1 is the ,pith it self4 ,but sometimes1 it hath its more immediate ,derivation from the ,barque4 ,hence it is1 that many ,roots1 which have no ,pith in their lower parts1 have one at their top1 as ,columbine1 ,lovage1 c4 ,tab4 #d4 ,for the ,parenchymous ,parts of the ,barque being1 by degrees1 distributed into ,diametral ,portions1 running betwixt those of the ,lignous ,body1 and at length1 meeting and uniting in the ,centre1 they thus constitute the ,pith4 ,in the same manner1 at the top of some ,roots1 the ,pith is either made or augmented1 out of the ,parenchymous ,rings above described2 these being gradually distributed to1 and embodied in the ,centre2 as in ,fenil1 and some other ,roots1 their lower and upper parts compared together1 maybe seen4 ,even as in ,animals1 one ,part1 as the ,dura ,mater1 is the original of divers others4 #e4 4 ,from hence1 it also appears1 ,that the ,pith is of the same ,substantial ,nature with the ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 and with the ,diametral ,portions2 and that therefore they are all one body1 differing in no ,essential ,property1 but only in their ,shape and ,place4 ,the same is also evident from the ,continuity of the ,pith with the ,diametral ,portions1 as of ,these1 with the said ,parenchyma4 ,and from their ,contexture1 which1 by a ,microscope1 appeareth to be of one and the same general kind1 in all ,plants1 both in the ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 in the ,insertment or ,diametral ,portions1 and in the ,pith1 all being made up of ,bladders4 ,tab4 #i1 #ae4 #f4 4 ,the ,bladders of the ,pith1 are of very different ,sizes2 seldom less1 than in the ,barque1 as in ,asparagus2 usually much bigger1 as in ,horse-,radish4 ,they may be well reckoned to about fifteen or twenty degrees2 those in ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 of the largest2 in ,valerian1 ,horse-,radish1 of the meaner2 in ,bistort1 ,peony1 of the smallest4 ,their ,position is rarely varied1 as it is oftentimes1 in the ,barque2 but more uniform1 and in the transverse ,cut1 equally respective to all parts of the ,root3 yet being piled evenly1 one over another1 in the long cut1 they seem to run1 in ,direct ,trains1 by the length of the ,root4 ,their ,shape also is1 usually more orbicular2 ,tab4 #aa4 but sometimes1 somewhat angular1 in the larger kinds1 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke4 #g4 4 ,,thus ,,far the ,contexture of the ,pith is well discoverable in the ,root4 ,in the ,trunk1 farther1 and more easily4 ,whereof therefore1 in the next ,book1 ,i shall give a more particular ,description and ,draught4 ,yet since ,i am speaking of it1 ,i shall not wholly omit here to observe1 ,that the ,sides1 by which the aforesaid ,bladders of the ,pith are circumscribed1 are not meer ,paper-,skins1 or rude ,membranes2 but so many several ,ranks or ,piles of exceeding small ,fibrous ,threds2 lying1 for the most part1 evenly one over another1 from the bottom to the top of every ,bladder2 and running cross1 as the ,threds in the ,weavers ,warp1 from one ,bladder to another4 ,which is to say1 ,that the ,pith is nothing else but a ,rete mirabile1 or an ,infinite ,number of ,fibres exquisitely small1 and admirably ,complicated together3 as by cutting the ,pith with a ,razor1 and so viewing it with a good ,glass1 may be seen4 ,see the ,figures belonging to the ,third ,book4 #h4 4 ,all ,plants exhibit this ,spectable1 not alike distinctly2 those best1 with the largest ,bladders4 ,nor the same ,pith1 in any condition2 but best1 when dry3 ,because then1 the ,sap being voided1 the spaces betwixt the ,fibrous ,threds1 and so the ,threds themselves1 are more distinctly discernable4 ,yet is it not to be dryed1 after ,cutting2 ,because its several parts1 will thereupon coincide and become deformed4 ,but to be chosen1 while the ,plant is yet growing2 at which time1 it may be often found dry1 yet undeformed2 as in the ,trunks of ,common ,thistle1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 c4 #i4 4 ,neither are these ,threds1 so far as ,i can observe1 ,single ,fibres2 but usually1 consist of several together4 ,nor are they simply ,collateral1 but by the weftage of other ,fibres1 in their natural ,estate1 knit together2 much after the same manner as the ,spiral ,fibres of the ,aer-,vessels4 ,this ,connexion ,i have no where so well seen1 as in the ,white ,bottoms of the ,bladders of a ,bulrush1 being cut traverse2 wherein they have the appearance1 of very ,fine and close ,needle-work4 #aj4 4 ,the ,fibres by which the said ,threds are knit together1 ,i think are all ,single3 and are seldom and scarcely visible1 except by obliquely ,tearing the ,pith2 by which means1 they will appear through the ,glass1 broken off1 sometimes1 a quarter or half an ,inch1 or an ,inch in ,length2 and as small as one ,single ,thred of a ,spiders ,webb4 ,in a ,bulrush1 they are sometimes discernable in cutting by the ,length4 ,these ,fibres1 and the ,threds1 they knit together1 for the most part1 are so pellucid1 and closely situate1 that they frequently seem to make ,one entire ,body1 as a piece of ,ice or a film of ,water it self3 or even as ,animal ,skins sometimes shew1 which yet are known to be ,fibrous4 #aa4 4 ,the ,situation of these ,threds1 is contrary to that of the ,vessels1 as those by the ,length1 so these1 chiefly1 by the ,bredth of the ,root1 or horizontally1 from one edge of the ,pith to the other4 ,they are continued circularly2 whereby1 as oft as they keep within the compass of the several ,bladders1 the said ,bladders are ,round3 ,but where they winde out of one ,bladder1 into another1 they mutually ,intersect a ,chord of their several ,circles2 by which means1 the ,bladders become ,angular4 #ab4 4 ,the ,contexture1 likewise1 both of the ,parenchymous ,part of the ,barque1 and of the ,diametral ,portions inserted betwixt the ,lignous2 is the same with this of the ,pith1 now described2 that is1 ,fibrous4 ,whence we understand1 ,how the several ,braces and ,threds of the ,vessels are made3 ,for the ,vessels running by the length of the ,root1 as the ,warp2 by the ,parenchymous ,fibres running cross or horizontally1 as the ,woof3 they are thus knit and as it were stitched up together4 ,yet their weftage seemeth not to be simple1 as in ,cloath2 but that many of the ,parenchymous ,fibres are wraped round about each ,vessel2 and1 in the same manner1 are continued from one ,vessel to another2 thereby knitting them altogether1 more closely1 into one ,tubulary ,thred2 and those ,threds1 again1 into one ,brace3 much after the manner of the ,needle work called ,back-,stitch or that used in ,quilting of ,balls4 ,some obscure sight hereof1 may be taken in a ,thred of ,cambrick1 through a ,microscope4 ,but it is most visible1 in the ,leaves and ,flowers of some ,plants4 ,the ,delineation of these ,things ,i shall therefore omit1 till we come hereafter to speak of the other ,parts4 #ac4 4 ,from what hath been said1 it may be conjectured2 ,that the ,aer ,vessels successively appearing in the ,barque1 are formed1 not out of any ,fluid ,matter1 as are the original ones3 ,but of the ,parenchymous ,fibres2 sc4 by changing them from a ,spherical to a ,tubulary ,forme4 #ad4 4 ,from the precedents1 it is also manifest1 ,that all the ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,root1 are ,fibrous4 #ae4 4 ,and lastly1 ,that the whole ,body of a ,root1 consisteth of ,vessels and ,fibres4 ,and1 ,that these ,fibres themselves1 are ,tubulous1 or so many more ,vessels1 is most probable3 ,there only wanteth a greater perfection of ,microscopes to determine4 #af4 4 ,the ,contents of the ,pith are1 sometimes ,liquor1 and sometimes a ,vaporous-,aer4 ,the ,liquor is always ,diaphanous1 as that of the ,parenchymous ,part of the ,barque2 and in nature1 not much differing from it4 ,the ,aer is sometimes less1 and sometimes more ,vaporous1 than that of the ,barque4 ,by this ,aer ,i mean1 that which is contained in the ,bladders4 ,within the ,concaves of the ,fibres which compose the ,bladders1 ,i suppose1 there is another different ,sort of ,aer4 ,so that as in the ,bladders is contained a more ,aqueous2 and in the ,vessels1 a more ,essential ,liquor3 ,so sometimes1 in the same ,bladders1 is contained a more ,vaporous2 and in the ,fibres1 a more ,simple and ,essential ,aer4 ,an ,account of the ,,vegetation ,,of ,,roots ,grounded chiefly upon the foregoing ,,anatomy4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,to ,philosophize1 is1 ,to render the ,causes and ,ends of ,things4 ,no man1 therefore1 that denieth ,god can do this1 ,truly4 ,theology the ,beginning and ,end of ,philosophy4 ,for the taking away of the first ,cause1 maketh all things ,contingent4 ,now1 of that which is ,contingent1 although there may be an ,event2 yet there can be no ,reason or ,end3 so that ,men should then study1 ,that1 which is not4 ,so the ,causes of ,things1 if they are ,contingent1 they cannot be ,constant4 ,for that which is the ,cause of ,this1 now2 if it be so ,contingently1 it may not be the ,cause hereafter3 and no ,physical ,proposition1 grounded upon the ,constancy and ,certainty of ,things1 could have any foundation4 ,he1 therefore1 that philosophiseth1 and denieth ,god1 playeth a childish ,game4 #b4 4 ,wherefore ,nature1 and the ,causes and ,reasons of ,things1 duly contemplated1 naturally lead us unto ,god2 and is one way of securing our ,veneration of ,him3 giving us1 not only a general ,demonstration of his ,being2 but a particular one1 of most of the several ,qualifications thereof4 ,for all ,goodness1 ,righteousness1 ,proportion1 ,order1 ,truth1 or whatever else is ,excellent and ,amiable in the ,creatures2 it is the ,demonstration of the like in ,god4 ,for it is impossible1 that ,god should ever make any thing1 not like ,himself1 in some degree or other4 ,these ,things1 and the very ,notions which we have of them1 are ,conceptions issuing from the ,womb of the ,divine ,nature4 #c4 4 ,by the same means1 we have a greater assurance of the ,excellency of his ,sacred ,word4 ,that ,he1 who hath ,done all things so transcendently well2 must needs ,speak as well1 as he hath ,done4 ,that ,he1 who in so admirable a manner1 hath made ,man2 cannot but know best1 ,what his true ,principles and ,faculties are2 and what ,actions are most agreeable thereunto3 and1 that having adorned him with such ,beauteous and ,lovely ones2 it is impossible1 ,he should ever put him upon the ,exercise of those ,faculties1 in any way ,deformed and ,unlovely4 ,that ,he should do all things1 so well ,himself2 and yet require his ,creatures1 to do otherwise1 is unconceivable4 #d4 4 ,and as we may come1 hereby1 to rectifie our ,apprehension of ,his ,laws2 so also1 of ,his ,misteries4 ,for there are many ,things1 of the ,manner of whose ,existence1 we have no certain ,knowledge4 ,yet1 of their ,existence1 we are as sure1 as our ,senses can make us4 ,but1 we may as well deny1 what ,god hath ,made1 ,to be2 as1 what he hath ,spoken1 ,to be true1 because we understand not how4 ,and the knowledge of ,things being gradually attained1 we have occasion to reflect1 ,that some ,things1 we can now well conceive1 which we once thought unintelligible4 ,i know1 therefore1 what ,i understand not2 but1 ,i know not1 what is unintelligible3 what ,i know not now1 ,i may hereafter2 or if not ,i1 another2 or if no ,man1 or other ,creature1 it is sufficient1 ,that ,god fully understandeth ,himself4 ,it is not1 therefore1 the ,knowledge of ,nature1 but they are the wanton phansies of ,mens minds1 that dispose them1 either to ,forget ,god1 or to ,think unduly of ,him4 #e4 4 ,nor have we reason to fear going too far1 in the ,study of ,nature2 more1 than the entring into it3 ,because1 the higher we rise in the true ,knowledg and due ,contemplation of ,this2 the nearer we come to the ,divine ,author hereof4 ,or to think1 that there is any ,contradiction1 when ,philosophy teaches that to be done by ,nature2 which ,religion1 and the ,sacred ,scriptures1 teach us to be done by ,god3 no more1 than to say1 ,that the ,ballance of a ,watch is moved by the next ,wheel2 is to deny that ,wheel1 and the rest1 to be moved by the ,spring2 and that both the ,spring1 and all the other ,parts1 are caused to move together by the ,maker of them4 ,so ,god may be truly the ,cause of ,this ,effect1 although a ,thousand other ,causes should be supposed to intervene3 ,for all ,nature is as one ,great ,engine1 made by1 and held in ,his ,hand4 ,and as it is the ,watch-makers ,art1 that the ,hand moves regularly1 from hour to hour1 although he put not his ,finger still to it3 ,so is it the ,demonstration of ,divine ,wisdome1 that the ,parts of ,nature are so harmoniously contrived and set together2 as to conspire to all kind of ,natural ,motions and ,effects1 without the ,extraordinary and ,immediate ,influence of the ,author of it4 #f4 4 ,therefore1 as the ,original ,being of all ,things1 is the most proper ,demonstration of ,gods ,power3 ,so the successive ,generations1 and ,operations of ,things are the most proper ,demonstration of his ,wisdom4 ,for if we should suppose1that ,god did now make1 or do any ,thing1 by any ,thing2 then1 no ,effect would be produced by a ,natural ,cause3 and consequently1 ,he would still be upon the ,work of ,creation3 which yet ,sacred ,scripture assureth us1 ,he resteth from4 ,and we might exspect the ,formation of a ,child1 in an ,egg1 as well as in a ,womb2 or of a ,chicken1 out of a ,stone1 as an ,egg3 ,and all ,sorts of ,animals1 as well as ,plants1 might propagate their ,species1 without ,coition3 and the like4 ,for ,infinite ,power1 needeth not make any difference in the ,things it undertakes to manage4 ,but in that1 these ,things are not only made1 but so made1 that is1 according to such certain ,natural ,laws1 as to produce their ,natural ,effects2 here is the ,sensible and ,illustrious ,evidence of his ,wisdom4 ,wherefore as the ,wisdom of ,government1 is not seen1 by the ,king his interposing ,himself in every ,case2 but in the contrivance of the ,laws1 and ,constitution of ,ministers in such sort1 that it shall be as effectually determin'd1 as if he did so indeed3 ,so the more complicated and vastly ,numerous1 we allow the ,natural ,causes of ,things to be2 the more duely we conceive of that ,wisdom1 which thus disposeth of them all1 to their several ,effects3 ,all ,things being thus1 as ,ministers in the ,hands of ,god1 conspiring together a ,thousand ,ways1 towards a ,thousand ,effects and ,ends1 at one time2 and that with the same certainty1 as if he did prepose to each1 the same ,omnipotent ,fiat1 which he used at the ,creation of the ,world4 #g4 4 ,,this ,universal ,monarchy1 as it is eminently ,visible in all other ,particular ,oeconomies2 so is it1 no less1 in that of ,vegetables4 ,infinite ,occurrences1 and secret ,intrigues1 'tis made up of2 of which we cannot skill1 but by the help of manifold ,means2 and those1 in the foregoing ,idea1 have been lately proposed4 ,the ,divine ,wisdom seen in the ,growth of ,plants2 if we observe1 ,wherein1 although some ,experiments have been briefly touch'd3 yet that which ,i have hitherto chiefly prosecuted1 hath been the ,anatomical ,part2 and that not throughly neither4 ,notwithstanding1 so far as ,observations already made will conduct us1 ,i shall endeavour to go4 ,and if1 for the better clearing of the way1 ,i have intermixed some ,conjectures2 ,i think they are not meerly such1 but for which ,i have layd down some ,grounds1 and of which1 the ,series also of the following ,discourse1 may be some further proof4 ,first1 ,how the ,ground is prepared4 #h4 4 ,,let ,,us say then1 that the ,root of a ,plant being lodged in some ,soil1 for its more convenient growth2 'tis necessary the ,soil should be duly prepared for it4 ,the ,rain1 therefore1 falling and soaking into the ,soyl1 somewhat diluteth the ,dissoluble ,principles therein contained2 and renders them more easily communicable to the ,root3 ,being as a ,menstruum1 which extracteth those ,principles1 from the other greater and useless part of the ,soil4 #i4 4 ,and the warm ,sun1 joyned with the diluting ,rain1 by both1 as it were a ,digestion of the ,soil1 or a gentile ,fermentation amongst its several ,parts1 will follow3 whereby the ,dissoluble ,parts therein1 will rot and mellow3 that is1 those ,principles which as yet remained more fixed1 will now be further resolved and unlocked1 and more copiously and equally spread themselves through the ,body of the ,soil4 #aj4 4 ,these ,principles1 being with the growth of ,plants continually exhausted1 and needing a repair2 the successions1 therefore1 of ,wet1 ,wind1 and other ,weather1 beat down and rot the ,leaves and other ,parts of ,plants4 ,whereby these 7as ,weeds which are wont to be buried under ground7 become a natural ,manure1 and ,re-impregnate the ,soil3 ,being thus1 in part1 out of their own ,resolved ,principles1 annually ,compounded again4 #aa4 4 ,many of these ,principles1 upon their ,resolution1 being by the ,sun more attenuated and volatilized2 continually ascend into the ,aer1 and are mixed therewith4 ,where1 although they lose not their ,vegetable ,nature1 yet being amongst other purer ,principles2 themselves also1 depositing their ,earthy feculencies1 become more subtile1 simple and ,essential ,bodies4 #ab4 4 ,and the ,aer being of an ,elastick or ,springy ,nature1 pressing1 more or less1 upon all ,bodies2 it thereby forceth and insinuateth it self into the ,soil1 through all its permeable ,pores4 ,upon its own entrance1 it carries also many of the said ,vegetable and ,essential ,principles along with it2 which1 together with the rest1 are spread all over the ,body of the ,soil4 ,by which means1 though a less ,vehement1 yet more ,subtil ,fermentation1 and with the least advantage of warmth1 continuable1 will be effected4 #ac4 4 ,the ,principles being thus farther resolved and subtilized1 would presently exhale away1 if the ,rain1 again1 did not prevent4 ,which1 therefore1 falling upon and soaking through the ,ground1 is as a fresh ,menstruum1 saturate or impregnate with many of them4 ,and as it still sinketh lower1 it carries them along with it self1 from the ,superficial1 to the ,deeper parts of the ,ground3 thus1 not only maturing those parts also1 which1 otherwise1 would be more lean and cold2 but therein likewise1 laying up and securing a ,store1 more gradually and thriftily to be bestowed upon the ,upper parts again1 as they need4 #ad4 4 ,and ,autumn having laid up the ,store1 ,winter following thereupon1 doth1 as it were1 lock the doors upon it4 ,in which time1 some warmer ,intervals1 serve further and gradually to mature the stored ,principles1 without hazard of their being ,exhaled4 ,and the ,spring returning1 sets the doors open again1 with warmer and more constant ,sun1 with gentle and frequent ,rain1 fully resolves the said ,principles2 and so furnisheth a plentiful ,diet1 for all kinds of ,vegetables3 being a ,composition of ,water chiefly1 wherein are resolved1 some portions of ,earth1 ,salt1 ,acid1 ,oyl1 ,spirit1 and ,aer2 or other ,bodies of ,affinity herewith4 ,then1 ,how the ,sap is imbib'd1 and distributed to the several ,parts4 #ae4 4 ,,the ,,root standing in the ,ground thus prepared1and being always surrounded with a ,barque1 which consisteth chiefly of a ,parenchymous and ,spongy ,body2#c it will thus1 as ,sponges do1 naturally suck up the watry parts of the ,soil impregnate with the said ,principles4 ,which ,principles notwithstanding1 being in proportion with the watry parts1 but few1 and also more ,essential2#d therefore in this ,parenchymous ,part1 are they never much discovered1 either by ,colour1 ,taste1 or ,smell4 ,as it is probable1 that some distilled ,waters1 which discover nothing1 to ,sense1 of the ,plants from which they are distilled1 may yet1 in part1 retain their ,faculties4 ,and it is known1 that many ,bodies2 as ,crocus ,metallorum1 convey many of their parts into the ,menstruum1 without any sensible alteration thereof4 ,so ,frost and ,snow have neither ,taste nor ,smell2 yet from their ,figures1 'tis evident1 that there are divers kinds of ,saline ,principles incorporated with them2 or at least1 such ,principles as are common to them and divers kinds of ,salts4 #c ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #c4 #d 4 #aa1 #ab4 #af4 4 ,the entrance of this ,impregnate ,water or ,sap is not without difference1 but by the ,regulation of the intervening ,skin2 being thereby strained and rendred more pure3 the ,skin1 according to the thickness#e or closeness thereof1 becoming sometimes only as a brown paper1 sometimes as a ,cotton1 and sometimes as a ,bag of ,leather to the transient ,sap1 as the nature of it doth require4 ,by which it is also moderated1 lest the ,barque1 being spongy1 should suck it up too fast1 and so the ,root should be1 as it were1 surcharged by a ,plethora4 ,and divers of the ,succiferous ,vessels being mixed herewith#f and lying next the ,soil1 usually more or less mortified1 and so their ,principles somewhat resolved2 the ,sap is hereby better specified1 and further tinctured2 such parts of the ,sap best entring1 as are most agreeable to those ,principles2 which the ,sap also carries off1 in some part1 as it passeth into the ,barque4 #e ,p4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #a4 #f ,p4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #d4 #ag4 4 ,the ,sap thus strained1 though it be pure1 and consisteth of ,essential parts2 yet being compounded of heterogeneous ones2 and received into the ,parenchyma of the ,barque a laxe and spongy ,body1 they will now easily and mildly ferment4 ,whereby they will be yet further prepared1 and so more easily insinuate themselves into all the ,bladders of the said ,parenchyma2 swelling and dilating it as far as the ,continuity of its parts will bear4 ,whereupon1 partly from the continued entrance of fresh ,sap1 and partly by a ,motion or ,pressure of ,restitution in the swollen and ,tensed ,bladders of the ,parenchyma1 the ,sap is forced thence into the other parts of the ,root4 #ah4 4 ,and because the ,parenchyma is in no place openly and ,visibly ,pervious1 but is every where composed of an ,infinite ,number of small ,bladders#g2 the ,sap1 therefore1 is not only fermented therein1 and fitted for ,separation2 but1 as it passeth through it1 is every part of it1 strained an ,hundred times over1 from ,bladder to ,bladder4 #g ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #d4 #ai4 4 ,the ,sap thus fermented1 and strained1 is distributed to the other ,organical ,parts1 according as the several ,principles of ,this1 are agreeable to those whereof the said ,organical ,parts consist4 ,as the ,sap therefore passeth from ,bladder to ,bladder1 such ,principles as are agreeable to those of the ,fibres of the said ,bladders1 will adhere to1 and insinuate themselves into the ,body of the ,fibres2 sc4 ,watry chiefly1 next ,acid1 then spirituous1 ,earthy1 ,aery1 and ,oleous4#h #h ,idea1 4 #ej1 #eb4 #bj4 4 ,and the ,sap by its continual appulse and percolation1 as it leaveth some parts upon the said ,fibres2 so as it is squeezed betwixt them from ,bladder to ,bladder1 it licks and carries off some others from them1 in some union together with it2 and so is ,impregnate herewith3 as ,water1 by passing through a ,mineral ,vein1 becomes tinctured with that ,mineral4 #ba4 4 ,the ,sap thus ,impregnate with some united ,principles of the ,parenchymous ,fibres1 passeth on to the ,lignous ,vessels1 whereinto their correspondent ,principles also enter2 sc4 ,watry1 ,saline1 ,oleous and ,earthy chiefly4#i ,and because the ,parenchymous ,principles mixed with them1 are in some degree united1 and so more ready to fix2 some of these therefore will likewise enter into the said ,vessels4 ,whereupon1 the ,alkali oleosum of the one1 and the ,acidum spirituosum of the other1 meeting together2 ,these1 with the other ,principles1 all concentre1 and of divers fluids1 become one fixed ,body1 and are gradually agglutinated to the ,vessels2 that is1 ,the ,vessels are now nourished4 #i ,idea1 4 #ea1 #eb4 #bb4 4 ,the supply of the ,sap still continued1 the ,principles thereof will not only enter into the ,body of these ,parts1 but also their ,concaves4 ,and the ,parenchymous ,fibres being wrapped about the ,vessels1#aj as often as the said ,fibres are more turgid with their own contained ,fluid1 they will thereby be somewhat shortned1 or contract in length2 and so must needs bind upon the ,vessels1 and thereby1 as it were1 squeeze some part of the ,fluid1 contained both within themselves and the ,vessels1 back again into the ,bladders4 #aj ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #ab4 #bc4 4 ,and the ,sap herein1 being thus tinctured with some of the united ,principles of the ,vessels1 divers of them will now also insinuate themselves into the ,parenchymous ,fibres1 and be incorporated with them3 ,whereby1 the said ,fibres1 which before were only relaxed and dilated1 are now also nourished1 and not till now4 ,some portion of the united ,principles both of the ,parenchymous and ,lignous ,parts1 being necessary to the true nutrition of ,each3 ,as the ,confusion and joynt assistance of both the ,arterious and ,nervous ,fluids1 is to the nourishment or coagulation of the ,parts in ,animals4 #bd4 4 ,some portion of the ,sap thus doubly tinctured1 is at the same time transmitted to1 and enters the ,body of the ,aer-,vessels2 consisting chiefly of ,water1 ,aer1 and ,acid2 and1 in like manner1 as in the other ,parts is herein agglutinated4 ,and the appulse and pressure of the ,sap still continued1 some portion hereof is also trajected into the ,concaves of the said ,vessels2 existing therein as a most ,compounded ,fluid2 partaking1 more or less1 both of the ,principles and ,tinctures of the other ,organical ,parts1 and of the ,aer-,vessels themselves2 being as it were1 a ,mixed ,resolution from them all4 #be4 4 ,and the ,parenchymous ,fibres being wrapped about ,these1 as about the other ,vessels1#aa and1 in like manner1 binding upon them2 they thus frequently squeeze part of the said contained ,fluid out again3 ,as necessary1 though not to the immediate ,nourishment of the ,parts1 yet the due ,qualification of the ,sap2 being a ,constant ,aerial ,ferment1 successively stored up within the ,aer-,vessels1 and thence transfused to the ,sap1 in the other ,organical ,parts4 #aa ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #ab4 #bf4 4 ,and that there may be a better ,transition of the ,sap thus tinctured1 to the several ,organical ,parts2 therefore1 none of them are close set and compact within themselves1 severally3 ,for so1 they would be inaccessible to the ,sap1 and their inward ,portions1 wanting a due supply of ,aliment1 would be starved4 ,but the ,vessels1 both of ,aer and ,sap1 being every where divided into ,braced ,portions1 and other ,parenchymous ,portions1 filling up the spaces every where betwixt them#ab2 there is therefore a free and copious communication of the ,sap1 7and so of all the ,tinctures successively transfused into it7 from ,part to ,part1 and to every ,portion of every ,part3 ,the ,parenchymous ,portions1 running betwixt the ,braces1 as the smaller ,vessels do throughout the ,viscera1 in ,animals4 ,whereby1 none of them want that ,matter1 which is necessary either for their ,nutrition1 or for the good ,estate of their ,contents1 or for the due period of their ,growth4 #ab ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #ac4 c4 #d4 4 #d1 #e1 #g4 #bg4 4 ,for the better ,tempering of the several parts of the ,sap1 serve the ,diametral ,portions of the ,parenchymous ,body which run sometimes directly through the ,barque1 as in ,lovage1 ,parsley1 c4 is described and figur'd#ac ,which being1 all or most of them1 continued betwixt both the ,succiferous and the ,aer-,vessels1 from the ,circumference to the ,centre2 they hereby carry off a more ,copious and ,aerial ,ferment from the ,one1 and communicate it unto the ,other4 ,for as the ,sap enters the ,barque1 the more liquid part1 still passeth into the succulent ,portions thereof2 the more ,aery1 is separated into those ,white and ,dryer ,diametral ones2 and in its passage betwixt the ,portions of the ,aer-,vessels1 is all along communicated to them4 ,yet is it not a pure or simple ,aer1 but such as carries a ,tincture with it1 from the ,succiferous ,vessels4 ,and therefore it is observable1 ,that when the ,diametral ,portions are more distant1 the ,sap-,vessels run not in a ,straight ,line betwixt them1 but are ,reciprocally so inclined1 as to touch upon them2 as in ,lovage is visible3 ,thereby communicating their ,tincture to the ,aer1 as it passeth by them1 through the said ,diametral ,portions4 #ac ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #g1 #h4 #bh4 4 ,by the continual appulse of fresh ,sap1 some1 both of the aery1 and of all the other parts thereof are transmitted into the ,pith2 where1 finding more room1 it will yet more kindly be digested4 ,especially having the advantage herein of some degree of ,warmth2 being herein remoter from the ,soil1 and1 as it were1 ,tunn'd up within the ,wood1 or the ,mass of surrounding ,vessels4 ,so that the ,pith is a ,repository of better ,aliment gradually supplied to those ,succiferous ,vessels1 which are frequently scattered up and down therein1 and which ascend into the ,trunk4#ad ,but where no succiferous ,vessels are mixed1 herewith1 it usually becomes ,dryer1 and is replenished with a more ,aerial and ,warmer ,sap2 whereby the growth of the ,caulis is promoted1 as by an ,hot ,bed set just under it4 ,and in many ,plants with divers knobbed ,roots1 the younger are more succulent1 serving chiefly to feed the ,stalk3 the ,elder are spongy and fill'd with ,aer1 for the fermenting of the ,sap1 and more early growth of the ,stalk3 as in little ,celandine1 ,dogstones and all of that ,kindred4 ,and thus all the ,parts have a fit ,aliment provided for their ,nourishment4 #ad ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #c4 ,how the several ,parts are ,nourish'd and ,form'd4 #bi4 4 ,,in ,,this ,nourishment1 the ,principles of the ,sap are1 as is said1 concentred and locked up one within another3#ae ,whence it is1 that the ,organical ,parts1 being cleansed of their ,contents1 have none of them any ,taste or ,smell1 as in the ,piths of ,plants1 ,paper and ,linen ,cloth is evident4#af ,because till by ,digestion1 violent ,destillation1 or some other way1 they are resolved1 they cannot act upon the ,organs of those ,senses4 ,for the same reason1 they are never tinctured1 excepting by their ,contents3 and although1 to the bare ,eye1 they frequently shew ,white1 yet viewed through a ,microscope1 they all appear transparent4 ,in like manner1 as the ,serum of ,blood1 ,whites of ,eggs1 ,tendons1 ,hairs and ,horns themselves are transparent1 and without much ,smell or ,taste1 their ,principles being1 in all of them1 more or less concentred3 ,but when ever these ,principles1 are forcibly resolved1 they are ever variously invested with all those ,qualities4 #ae 4 #ba4 #af ,idea1 4 #di1 #ea4 #cj4 4 ,and as from the ,concentration of the ,principles1 in every ,organical ,part1 the said ,parts do thus far1 all agree3 ,so1 from the ,predominion of the ,principles of each ,part1 the rest are controuled1 not only to a ,concentration1 but an ,assimilation also2 whereby1 the ,specifick ,differences1 of the several ,organical ,parts1 are preserved4 ,hence the succiferous ,vessels are always ,tough and very ,pliable2 for so are all ,barques1 wherein these ,vessels abound2 so is a ,handful of ,flax1 which is nothing else but a heap of the succiferous ,vessels in the ,barque of that ,plant4 ,for besides ,water1 and ,earth1 an ,alkaline ,salt and ,oyl are1 as is said1 the predominant ,principles of these ,vessels4#ag ,it is then the ,oyl1 chiefly1 by which these ,vessels are ,tough3 for being of a tenacious ,nature1 by taking hold of other ,principles1 it marries them together2 and the ,alkaline ,salt and ,earth1 concentred with it1 addeth to it more ,strength4 ,hence the ,caput ,mortuum of most ,bodies1 especially those that abound with ,oyl and a ,sal ,alkali1 is brittle and friable2 those ,principles1 which were the ,ligaments of the rest1 being forced away from them4 ,from the same ,cause1 the ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,root1 even in their ,natural ,state1 are brittle and friable2 sc4 ,because their ,earthy1 and especially ,oleous and ,saline ,principles are1 as is said1#ah so very few4 ,therefore all ,piths and more simple ,parenchyma's1 break short1 so ,corn1 and the ,roots of ,potato's1 and divers other ,plants1 being dryed1 will easily be rub'd to ,meal2 and many ,apples1 after ,frosts1 eat mealy2 the ,parenchymous ,parts of all which1 are not only by ,analogy1 but in ,substance or ,essence1 the self same ,body4#ai #ag 4 #ba4 #ah 4 #ai4 #ai ,lib4 #a4 c4 #g4 4 #ad4 #ca4 4 ,and as the ,consistence of the several ,organical ,parts1 is dependent on their ,principles2 so are their ,figures4 ,and first1 the ,succiferous ,vessels1 from their ,alkaline ,salt1#bj grow in ,length4 ,for by that ,dimension1 chiefly1 ,this ,salt always shoots3 ,and being a less moveable ,principle than the rest1 and so apt more speedily to fix or shoot3 ,it thus overrules them to its own ,figure4 ,and even as the ,shape of a ,button dependeth on the ,mould1 the ,silk and other ,materials wrought upon it1 being always conformable thereunto3 so here2 the ,salt is1 as it were1 the ,mould2 about which1 the other more passive ,principles gathering themselves1 they all consort and fashion to it4 ,hence also the same ,sap-,vessels are not pyramidal1 as the ,veins of ,animals2 but of an equal bore1 from end to end2 the shootings of the said ,salt1 being also figured more agreeably to that ,dimension4 ,and as by the ,saline ,principle1 these ,vessels are ,long2 so by the ,oleous1#ba they are every where ,round1 or properly ,cylindrical2 without some joynt ,efficacy of which ,principle1 the said ,vessels would be ,flat1 or some way ,edged and ,angular1 as all saline shoots1 of themselves1 are2 as those of ,alum1 ,vitriol1 ,sal ,ammoniac1 ,sea ,salt1 ,nitre1 c4 ,and because the ,spirituous and more ,fluid part of the ,principles1 is least of all apt to fix2 while therefore1 the other parts fix round about1 ,this will remain moveable in the ,centre2 from whence every ,vessel is formed1 not into a solid1 but hollow ,cylinder2 that is1 becomes a ,tube4 #bj ,p4 #b4 4 #ba4 #ba ,ib4 #cb4 4 ,the ,lactiferous ,vessels are tubulary1 as the ,lymphducts1 but of a somewhat wider ,concave or ,bore4 ,for being their ,principles are less ,earthy and ,oleous1 and also more loosely ,concentred2 as from their easie corruption or ,resolution by the ,aer1 it appears they are3 they are therefore more tender1 and so more easily dilative1 and yielding to the said ,spirituous part in the ,centre4 ,and by this means1 obtaining a wider ,bore1 they are more adapted to the free motion of the ,milky ,content3 which being an ,oleous and ,thicker ,liquor1 than that in the ,lympheducts2 and having no advantage of pulsation1 as the ,blood hath in ,animals2 might sometimes be apt to stagnate1 if the ,vessels1 through which it moves1 were not somewhat wider4 #cc4 4 ,as the ,saline ,principle is the ,mould of the ,succiferous1 so is the ,aerial of the ,aer-,vessels4#bb ,now the ,particles of ,aer strictly so called1 at least of that part of it concerned in the ,generation of the ,aer-,vessels1 ,i suppose1 are crooked3 and that by composition of many of those crooked ones together1 some of them become ,spiral1 or of some other winding ,figure3 and that thereupon dependeth the ,elastick ,property of the ,aer1 or its being capable of ,rarefaction and ,condensation by force4 ,wherefore1 the said crooked ,particles of the ,aer1 first shooting and setting together1 as the ,mould1 the other ,principle cling and fix conformably round about them4 ,so that1 as by force of the ,saline ,principles1 the rest of them are made to shoot out in ,long continued ,fibres2 so by force of the ,aerial1 those ,fibers are still disposed into ,spiral ,lines1 thus making up the ,aer-,vessels4 ,and according as there are fewer of these ,aerial ,particles1 in proportion to the ,saline1 the ,concave of the ,aer-,vessels is variously wider1 or the ,fibres continue their shooting by wider ,rings2 as those that come nearer to a right ,line1 and so are more compliant to the ,figure and shooting of the ,saline parts4 ,and whereas the ,lympheducts1 shooting out only in length1 are never sensibly amplified beyond their original size3 ,these1 on the contrary1 always1 more or less1 enlarge their ,diameter2 because their ,fibres1 being disposed into ,spiral ,lines1 must needs therefore1 as they continue their growth1 be still dilated into greater and greater ,rings4 ,and being at the bottom of the ,root more remote from the ,aer1 and so having somewhat fewer ,particles purely ,aerial1 there ingredient to them1 then at the top2 they fall more under the government of the ,saline1 and so come nearer to a right ,line1 that is into greater ,circles2 and so the ,aer-,vessels1 made up of those ,circles1 are there generally wider4#bc #bb ,p4 #a4 c4 #d4 4 #bc4 ,p4 #b4 4 #bd4 #bc ,p4 #a4 c4 #d4 4 #af4 #cd4 4 ,by mediation of their ,principles1 the ,parenchymous ,parts likewise of a ,root have their proper ,contexture4 ,for from their ,acid ,salt they are ,fibrous2 from their ,oyl1 the ,fibres are ,round1 and in all parts even within themselves2 and from their ,spirit1 it is most probable1 that they are also hollow4 ,but because the ,spirit is1 here1 more copious than the ,aer2 and the ,saline ,principle an ,acid1#bd and so1 more under the government of the ,spirit1 than is an ,alkali2 therefore are not the said ,fibres continued in straight ,lines1 as the ,sap-,vessels2 or by one uniform motion1 into spiral lines1 as the ,fibres in the ,aerial2 but winding1 in a circular manner1 to and fro a thousand ways1 agreeable to the like motions of the ,spirit1 that most active1 and here most predominant ,principle4 ,and the ,spirituous ,parts being1 as is said1 here more copious and redundant1 they will not only suffice to fill up the ,concaves of the ,fibres1 but will also gather together into innumerable little spaces1 without them3 whence the ,fibres cannot wind close together1 as ,thred1 in a ,bottom of ,yarn2 but are forced to keep at some distance1 one parcel from another1 and so are disposed1 as ,bread is in baking1 into ,bladders4#be #bd 4 #ai4 #be ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #d4 #ce4 4 ,and the under ,fibres being set first1 as the ,warp1 the spirituous parts next adjacent1 will incline also to fix1 and so govern an over work of ,fibres1 wrapping1 as the ,woof1 in still smaller ,circles round the other3 whereby they are all knit together4#bf ,for the same reason1 the ,lympheducts1 being first formed1 the ,parenchymous ,fibres set and wrap about ,these also4#bg ,and the ,aer-,vessels being formed in the ,center1 the succiferous run along those likewise 7as volatile ,salts shoot along the sides of a ,glass1 or ,frost upon a ,window7 and so are1 as it were1 ,incrustate about them in a ,ring4 #bf ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #i4 #bg ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #ab4 ,how the several ,parts come to be ,situate or ,dispos'd4 #cf4 4 ,,some ,,of ,,the more therial and ,subtile parts of the ,aer1 as they stream through the ,root1 it should seem1 by a certain ,magnitisme1 do gradually dispose the ,aer-,vessels1 where there are any store of them1 into ,rays4 ,this ,attraction 7as ,i take leave to call it7 or ,magnetick power betwixt the ,aer and these ,vessels1 may be argued1 ,from the nature of the ,principles common to them both3 ,from the ,electral nature of divers other ,bodies2 the ,load-stone being not the only one which is attractive3 ,and from other ,effects1 both before#bh and hereafter mentioned4 ,wherefore in the inferiour parts of the ,root1 they are less ,regular2#bi because more remote from the ,aer4 ,and in the upper parts of many ,roots1 as ,cumfery1 ,borage1 ,parsnep1 where those that are next the ,centre are confused1 or differently disposed2 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 those next the ,barque1 and so nearer the ,aer1 are postured more ,regularly1 and usually into ,rays4 ,for the same reason it may be2 that even the ,sap-,vessels in the ,barque1 as often as the ,aer ,vessels are more numerous1 are usually disposed into ,rays1 as following the direction of the ,aer-,vessels4 ,and that the ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 is disposed into ,diametral ,portions3 and that where the ,aer ,vessels are fewer or smaller1 these ,portions are likewise smaller or none2 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i41 c4 as in ,chervil1 ,asparagus1 ,dandelion1 ,orpine1 ,bistort1 ,horse-,radish1 ,potato's1 c4 #bh ,lib4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #be4 c4 #d4 ,append4 4 #b1 #c4 #bi ,p4 #a4 c4 #d4 4 #aj4 #cg4 4 ,the said therial parts of the ,aer1 have a ,power over the ,aer-,vessels not only thus to ,dispose them2 but also to ,sollicite and spread them abroad from the ,center towards the ,circumference of the ,root4 ,by which means1 those ,roots which have no ,pith in their lower parts1 obtain one in their upper4#cj ,and the same ,pith1 which in the lower part1 is ratably1 small1 in the upper1 is more or less enlarged4#ca #cj ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #a4 #ca ,ib4 4 #d4 #ch4 4 ,the ,spreading of these ,vessels is varied1 not only according to the ,force the ,aer hath upon them1 but also their own greater or less ,aptitude to yield thereto4 ,as often therefore1 as they are ,slenderer1 they will also be more ,pliable and recessive from the ,centre1 towards the ,circumference4 ,hence1 in such ,roots where they are small1 they stand more distant2 ,tab4 #b1 #f4 as in ,turnep1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,potato's1 and others2 and so their ,braces are fewer3 and in the same ,root1 where they are smaller1 their distance is greater4 ,besides1 in these smaller ,aer-,vessels1 the ,rings being less1 and the ,spiral ,fibres whereof they are made1 continuing to shoot2 the said ,rings therefore1 must needs be so many more1 as they are smaller2 and so take up more space by the length of the ,root2 and so1 not being capable of being crowded in a right line1 every ,vessel will be forced to recede to a crooked or bowed one4 #ci4 4 ,the ,sap ,vessels1 being by the ,parenchymous ,fibres knit to these1 will likewise comply with ,their motion1 and spread abroad with them4 ,yet being still smaller#cb and more pliable than the ,aer-,vessels1 and so more yielding to the intercurrent ,fibres of the ,parenchyma1 their braced ,threds will1 sometimes1 be much more divaricated1 than those of the ,aer-,vessels2 ,tab4 #f4 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke4 ,and because the ,succiferous ,vessels1 although they are joyned to the ,aerial by the ,parenchymous ,fibres1#cc yet are not continuous with them2 neither fall under the like ,attractive ,power of the ,aer1 as the ,aerial do2 the ,aerial therefore1 upon their spreading1 do not always carry all the ,succiferous along with them2 but often1 if not always1 leave many of them behind them sprinkled up and down the ,pith2 ,tab4 #f4 as in ,parsley1 ,carrot1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,turnep1 c4 may be seen4 #cb ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #af4 #cc ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #ab4 #dj4 4 ,the spreading of the ,aer-,vessels still continued1 several of them1 at length1 break forth beyond the circumference of the ,root2 and so are distributed1 either in the lower parts1 into ,branches and ,strings2 or at the top1 into ,leaves4 ,and lest they should all spread themselves into ,leaves1 and none be left for the ,caulis2 as where they are very small1 or the ,sap-,vessels to bound them1 are but few1 they might2 therefore divers of them are1 oftentimes1 more frequently braced in the ,centre2 ,tab4 #f4 for which reason1 they cannot so easily separate and spread themselves from thence1 but run more inwardly up into the ,caulis1 as in ,borage4 ,how the whole ,root is differently sized and shaped4 #da4 4 ,,from ,,the various ,sizes1 ,proportions1 and ,dispositions of the ,parts1 ,roots are variously sized1 shaped1 moved and aged4 ,those which1 by their ,annual ,growth1 are large2 have fewer1 both ,aerial1 and ,sap-,vessels1 and a more copious ,parenchyma4 ,so that the ,aer-,vessels1 or rather1 the ,aery ,ferment contained in them1 volatilizing only a smaller portion of the ,sap2 the said ,sap is less capable of advancement into the ,trunk2 and so must needs remain and fix more copiously in the ,root1 which is thereby more augmented4 ,and where the ,sap-,vessels alone1 are but few1 the ,root is yet1 ratably1 somewhat large3 but where they are numerous1 it is never so1 as to its ,annual ,growth1 in any proportion to their ,number3 ,because their ,tincture1 which is ,alkaline1 will go farther in setting the ,parenchymous ,parts3 than the ,tincture of ,these1 which is ,acidulate1 will go1 in setting ,them4#cd #cd ,p4 #b4 4 #ca4 #db4 4 ,when the ,aer-,vessels are more pliable and sequent to the ,attraction of the ,aer1 and so spread themselves1 and the ,succiferous together with them1 more abroad2 in the manner as hath been said2 the ,root also will grow more in ,breadth2 ,tab4 #b1 #g4 the nutrition of the ,parenchymous ,parts1 to which the ,vessels are adjacent1 being thus1 by the same dimension1 more augmented2 as in ,turnep1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 c4 ,tab4 #g1 #h4 ,but where these are not spread abroad1 the ,root is but slender2 as in ,asparagus1 ,dandelion1 c4 #dc4 4 ,if the ,aer-,vessels be contracted into1 or near the ,centre1 and are somewhat ,large or ,numerous2 and the ,succiferous1 also more copiously mixed with1 or surrounding them2 the ,root grows very ,long2 as do those of ,fenil1 ,vine1 ,liquirish1 c4 ,tab4 #b1 #ag4 ,for the ,aer-,vessels containing a more copious ,ferment1 it will well digest and mature the ,sap3 ,yet the ,succiferous being over proportioned to them2 the ,sap will not therefore1 be so far volatilized1 as to ascend chiefly into the ,trunk2 but only to subserve a fuller ,growth of their ,vessels3 which being more numerous1 and so more sturdy1 and less sequent to the expansive motion of the ,aerial2 this their own ,growth1 and consequently1 that of all the other ,parts1 cannot be so much in ,breadth1 as ,length4 #dd4 4 ,where the same ,aerial ,vessels are ,fewer1 or more ,contracted1 or sheathed in a ,thicker and ,closer ,barque2 ,tab4 #g1 #h4 the ,root is smooth1 and less ,ramified1 as in ,asparagus1 ,peony1 ,dandelion4 ,but where more ,numerous1 sheathed in a ,thinner ,barque1 ,smaller1 or more ,dilated2 the ,root is more ,ramified1 or more ,stringy1 ,tab4 #b1 #g4 as in ,columbine1 ,clary1 ,beet1 ,nicotian4 ,for being1 as is said1 by these means1 more sequent to the ,attraction of the ,aer2 approaching still nearer the circumference of the ,barque1 they at last strike through it1 into the ,earth4 ,and the ,parenchymous ,fibres being wrapped about them1 and the ,succiferous ,vessels knit to them by those ,fibres2#ce therefore they never break forth naked1 but always invested with some quantity of these ,parts as their ,barque3 where by1 whatever ,constitutive ,part is in the main ,body of the ,root1 the same is also in every ,branch or ,string4 #ce ,p4 #a4 c4 #e4 4 #ab4 #de4 4 ,from the same ,expansion and ,pliability of the ,aer-,vessels1 the ,root oftentimes putteth forth ,root-,buds2 which gradually shoot up and become so many ,trunks4 ,in the ,formation of which ,buds1 they are pliable and recessive all kinds of ways2 being not only invited ,outward1 toward the ,circumference of the ,root1 as in ,root-strings1 but also spread more ,abroad every way1 so as to make a ,root-,bud3 ,where as in the said ,root-strings1 they are always more ,contracted4 ,tab4 #f4 ,which1 in respect of the ,disposition of the ,parts1 is the principal difference betwixt the ,root and the ,trunk1 as hath been said4#cf ,hence1 those ,roots1 chiefly1 have ,root-,buds1 ,tab4 #aa4 which have the smallest ,aer-,vessels2#cg these1 as is said1 being the most pliable and ,expansive4 #cf ,p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #b1 #c4 #cg ,p4 #a4 c4 #d4 4 #ae4 #df4 4 ,but because the expansiveness of the ,vessels1 dependeth also1 in part1 upon the ,fewness of their ,braces2 therefore the said ,buds shoot forth differently1 in divers ,roots4 ,where the ,braces are fewer1 the ,buds shoot forth beyond the ,circumference of the ,root1 as in ,jerusalem ,artichoke2 ,tab4 #f4 where more close1 as in ,potato's1 the ,buds lie a little absconded beneath it2 the ,aer-,vessels being here1 by their ,braces1 somewhat checked and curbed in1 while the ,barque continueth to swell into a fuller ,growth4 #dg4 4 ,if the ,aer-,vessels are all along more equally sized1 the ,root is so also1 or ,cylindrical2 as are those of ,eryngo1 ,horse-,radish1 ,marshmallow1 ,liquirish1 c4 ,but if unequal1 growing still wider towards the bottom of the ,root2 then the ,root is unequal also3 ,but groweth1 as is observable1 quite contrarily to the ,aer-,vessels2 not ,greater1 as ,they do2 but still smaller1 or pyramidally2 as in ,fenil1 ,borage1 ,nettle1 ,patience1 ,thorn-,apple1 c4 is apparent4 ,for the ,aer-,vessels being considerably wider about the bottome of these ,roots2 they there contein a more ,copious ,ferment3 ,whereby the ,sap is there also more volatilized1 and plentifully advanced to the ,upper ,parts4 ,withal1 thus receiving into themselves1 and so transmitting to the upper ,parts1 a more plentiful ,vapour1 they hereby rob the ,parenchymous ,parts of their ,aliment1 and so stint them in their ,growth4 ,how ,roots are differently ,mov'd4 #dh4 4 ,,from ,,the different ,proportions and ,situation of the ,parts1 the ,motions of ,roots are also various4 ,for where the ,aer-,vessels are spread abroad and invested with a thinner ,barque2 ,tab4 #h4 the ,root runs or lies ,level1 as in the level-,roots of ,primrose1 ,bishops-weed1 ,anemone1 c4 may be seen4 ,so that these ,roots1 as by the ,perpendicular ,strings1 which shoot from them into the ,earth1 and wherein the ,aer-,vessels are contracted into their ,center1 they are ,plucked down#ch3 ,so by the ,aer-,vessels1 which stand nearer the ,aer1 and more under its ,attractive ,power#ci they are invited upwards2 whereby they have neither ascent nor descent1 but keep level1 betwixt both4 #ch ,p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #ae4 #ci ,p4 #b4 4 #cf4 #di4 4 ,but if these ,vessels are ,contracted1 standing either in1 or near the ,centre1 and are invested with a ,barque proportionably ,thick2 the ,root striketh down perpendicularly1 as doth that of ,dandelion1 ,bugloss1 ,parsnep1 c4 ,tab4 #g1 #h4 ,and therefore the said ,vessels1 although they are spread abroad in the level ,roots1 yet in the perpendicular ones of the same ,plant1 they are always contracted2 as by comparing the ,level and ,down-right ,roots of ,ammi1 ,primrose1 ,jerusalem ,artichoke1 ,cowslip1 and others1 is manifest4 #ej4 4 ,if the ,aer-,vessels are ,contracted1 and ,environed with a greater number of ,succiferous1 the ,root grows deep2 that is1 perpendicular and long4#dj ,perpendicular1 from the ,contraction of the ,aer-,vessels2#da and long1 from the ,predominion of the ,succiferous1 which in their growth1 are extended only by that ,dimension1 as in ,liquirish1 ,eryngo1 c4 #dj ,p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #i4 #da ,p4 #b4 4 #di4 #ea4 4 ,if the ,succiferous are over proportioned to the ,parenchymous ,parts1 but under to the ,aer-,vessels2 the ,root is perpendicular still1 but groweth shallow3 ,the ,succiferous being sturdy enough to keep it perpendicular2 ,tab4 #g4 ,but the ,aer-,vessels having a predominion to keep it from growing deep2 as in ,stramonium1 ,nicotian1 ,beet1 c4 #eb4 4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the ,parenchymous ,parts are predominant to the ,aer ,vessels2 and that1 both in the ,root and ,trunk2 then the whole ,root changeth place1 or descends4#db ,for the said ,aer-,vessels1 having neither in the ,trunck1 nor in the ,root1 a sufficient ,power to ,draw it upwards2 it therefore gradually yields to the ,motion of its ,string-,roots2 which1 as they strike into the ,soil1 ,pluck it down after them4 ,and because the old ,strings annually rot off1 and new ones successively shoot down into the ,ground1 it therefore annually still descendeth lower2 as in ,tulip1 ,lily1 c4 may be observed4 #db ,p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #aj4 ,lib4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #be1 and #d4 ,append4 4 #aj4 ,p4 #b4 4 #cf4 #ec4 4 ,where the ,aer-,vessels are much spread abroad1 and also numerous1 the ,root oftentimes1 as to its several parts1 descends and ascends both at once4 ,so ,radishes and ,turneps1 at the same time1 in which their nether parts descend2 their upper1 7where the said ,vessels are more loosely braced1 and spread more abroad than in the lower parts7 ,tab4 #b4 do ascend1 or make their ,growth upward4 ,hence also1 the upper part of most young ,roots from ,seed1 ascends3 ,because the first ,leaves1 being proportionably large1 and standing in a free ,aer1 the ,aer-,vessels therein1 have a dominion over the young ,root2 and so themselves yielding to the solicitation of the ,aer1 upwards2 they draw the ,root1 in part1 after them4 ,how ,roots are differently ,aged4 #ed4 4 ,,by ,,the ,situation and ,proportions of the ,parts1 the ,age of the ,root is also varied4 ,for if the ,sap-,vessels have the greatest ,proportion1 the ,root1 is ,perennial1 and that to the farthest extent1 as in ,trees and ,shrubs4 ,because these ,vessels containing a more copious ,oyl2#dc and their several ,principles being more closely ,concentred1 they are less subject to a ,resolution1 that is1 a ,corruption or ,mortification by the ,aer4 #dc ,p4 #b4 4 #ba4 #ee4 4 ,if the ,parenchymous ,parts have much the greatest1 the ,root seldom liveth beyond ,two ,years2 but afterwards perisheth either in whole1 or in part2 as do divers bulbous1 tuberous1 and other ,roots2 whether they are more ,porous and ,succulent1 or more ,close and ,dry4 ,if ,porous1 all the ,liquid ,principles standing herein more abundant1 either by a stronger ,fermentation1 or otherwise1 ,resolve the fixed ones of the ,organical ,parts2 whence the whole ,root1 rots2 as in ,potato's4 ,so also ,parsneps1 and some other ,roots1 which1 in a hard and barren ,soil1 will live several years1 in another more rank1 will quickly rot4 ,if the ,parenchyma be ,close1 then the ,aer1 chiefly1 entring in and filling it up1 thus mortifies the ,root2 not by ,rotting the ,parts1 but over ,drying them2 as in ,satyrion1 ,rape-,crowfoot1 ,monkshood1 c4#dd #dd ,p4 #a4 c4 #a4 4 #ac1 #af1 ,p4 #b4 4 #bh4 #ef4 4 ,but if the ,aer-,vessels have the greatest ,proportion1 and especially if they are more large1 and withall1 are spread more abroad3 the ,root is ,annual1 as in ,thorn-,apple1 ,nicotian1 ,carduus ,ben1 c4 ,tab4 #i4 ,and of the same ,kindred1 if any1 those are ,annual1 which have the most ,aer-,vessels4 ,so ,endive and ,sonchus1 which have store of ,aer-,vessels1 are both ,annual3 whereas ,cichory1 in which they are fewer1 is a ,perennial ,root4 ,for hereby a more copious ,aer being ,transfused into all the other ,parts2#de they are thus1 by degrees1 hardened1 and become sticky2 and so impervious to the ,sap1 which ought to have a free and universal ,transition from ,part to ,part4 ,as ,bones1 by ,precipitations from the ,blood1 at length1 cease to grow4 ,or the same more abundant ,aer1 so far volatilizeth the ,liquors in the ,root1 that they are wholly advanced into the ,trunk1 and so the ,root is starved4 ,whence also the ,aer-,vessels of the ,trunk2 where they are numerous1 and over proportioned to the ,bulk of the ,root1 as in ,corn2 they so far promote the advance of the ,sap1 as to exhaust the ,root1 sucking it into a ,consumption and ,death4 #de ,p4 #b4 4 #be1 #bf4 ,how the ,contents of the several ,parts are made4 #eg4 4 ,,from ,,the ,principles of the ,parts1 their ,contents and the several ,qualities hereof are also various2#df the ,fluid of each ,organical ,part1 being made1 chiefly1 by ,filtration through the sides thereof2 such of the ,principles in the ,sap1 being admitted into1 and transmitted through them1 as are aptest thereunto4 ,in the like manner1 as when ,oyl and ,water1 being poured upon a ,paper1 the ,water passeth through1 the ,oyl sticks3 or as the ,chyle is strained through the ,coats of the ,guts1 into the ,lacteal ,vessels3 or as ,water in ,purgations1 is strained through the ,glands of the same ,guts1 from the ,mesenterical4 #df ,idea1 4 #ed4 #eh4 4 ,the ,principles therefore of the ,parenchymous ,fibres being spirituous1 acid1 and aerial1 they will also admit the like into them2 excluding those chiefly which are ,alkaline and ,oleous4#dg ,and as by the ,conjugation of such ,principles in the ,fibres1 the like are capable of admittance into their ,body3 so the ,proportion and ,union of the same ,principles1 regulates the transmission hereof into their ,concave4 ,wherefore1 the predominant ,principles of the ,fibres being chiefly acid1 next spirituous1 and aery1 the more aery ones will be transmitted4 ,for if more of them should fix they must do so by similitude and adhesion3 ,but where there are fewer similary parts to adhere to1 fewer must adhere4 ,the ,fibres therefore contain so many parts of ,aer1 as to admit many more into their ,body2 but not to fix them2 which therefore must needs1 upon admission1 pass through into their ,concave2 where1 together with some other more spirituous parts1 they make an therial ,fluid4 ,and because some aqueous or vaporous parts will also strain through with them2 hence it is1 that as more and more of these enter1 they by degrees still thrust out the aery ones2 which quitting the more succulent ,fibres of the ,parenchyma1 are forced to betake themselves to the dryer ones1 scil4 all those1 whereof the ,diametral ,portions do consist4 ,for the same reason the ,aery parts being gradually excluded the succulent ,fibres of the ,barque2 they are forced to recede and transmigrate into those of the ,pith4 ,and the ,fibres of the ,pith themselves being filled1 and the ,aery parts still forced into them2 they at length also strain through the ,fibres into the ,bladders3 whence it comes to pass1 that while the ,barque is succulent1 the ,pith is often times filled with ,aer4 #dg ,p4 #b4 4 #ai4 #ei4 4 ,the ,lymphducts being more earthy1 ,salinous2 oleous1 and ,p4 #b4 4 #ba4 aqueous1 will both admit and copiously fix the like ,principles1 as their proper ,aliment4 ,the ,water being more perfluent than the rest1 will therefore strain1 with a lighter ,tincture of them1 into their ,concave4 ,especially the ,oleous parts of these being rampant1 and less apt to fix and seize the aqueous1 upon their entrance1 than the saline4 #fj4 4 ,the ,lactiferous1 appearing to be made1 chiefly1 by the ,constipation of the ,parenchymous ,parts all round about their ,sides2 the ,liquor conteined in those ,parts1 although it may easily enough be transfused into the ,hollow of these ,vessels2 yet seems it not1 with equal facility1 to be refunded thence3 ,so that the thinner and more aqueous ,portion only1 passing off2 the remainder1 is1 as it were1 an ,oleous ,elixyr1 or extract1 in the form of a ,milk4 #fa4 4 ,the ,fluid ,ferment contained in the ,aer-,vessels1 is also in part1 dependent on the ,principles of those ,vessels1 being in their percolation tinctured therewith4 ,but because the percolation is not made through the ,body of the ,fibres whereof the ,vessels are composed1 but only betwixt them2 therefore the transient ,principles more promiscuosly1 yet with an over porportion of dryer ,particles1 pass into the ,concaves of these ,vessels1 and so are herein all immersed in a ,body of ,aer4#dh ,the ,fibres themselves1 in the mean time1 as those of the ,parenchyma1 admitting and containing a more ,aery and therial ,fluid4 #dh ,p4 #b4 4 #bd4 #fb4 4 ,the ,contents are varied1 not only by the ,nature1 but also the ,proportion and ,situation of the ,parts1 whereby the said ,contents are with different ,facility and ,quantity1 communicated one to another4 ,hence it is1 partly1 that a ,vine1 or that ,corn1 hath so little ,oyl3 sc4 ,because their ,aer-,vessels1 in proportion with the other ,parts1 are so ,great and ,numerous3 in ,corn1 the ,stalk being also very hollow1 and so becoming as it were1 one ,great ,aer-,vessel4 ,for the ,oily parts of the ,sap1 are so exceedingly attenuated#di by the ,aery ,ferment contained in these ,vessels2 that they are1 for the most part1 so far immersed in the ,spirit1 or mixed therewith1 as not1 by being collected in any considerable ,body1 to be distinguishable from it4 ,and the affinity that is betwixt ,spirits and ,oils1 especially ,essential1 is manifest3 ,both are very inflammable2 ,both will burn all away2 ,the ,oders1 which we call the ,spirits of ,plants1 are lodged in their essential ,oyl2 ,both1 being duly ,rectified1 will mix as easily together1 as ,water and ,wine4 ,so that1 although ,oyl1 by the separation of its earthy and ,saline parts1 which give it its sensibly oleous ,body1 may not be so far attenuated1 as to produce a ,spirit2 yet that it may so far be attenuated1 and so be mixed therewith1 as not to be discerned from it1 as in the forementioned ,plants1 will be granted4 #di ,p4 #b4 4 #be1 #ef4 #fc4 4 ,hence it is1 that the ,lactiferous standing more remote from the ,aer-,vessels1 and the ,succiferous interposing2#ej the ,liquor1 therefore1 contained in them1 is not so much under the government of the ,aerial ,ferment1 and is thence1 partly1 more ,oily4 ,for the same reason1 all ,roots which are ,milky1 so far as ,i have observed1 have an under-proportion of ,aer-,vessels1 these being either ,fewer or ,smaller4 #ej ,tab4 #i4 #af4 ,how the ,odours of ,plants are made4 #fd4 4 ,,from what hath been said1 we may receive some information1 likewise1 of the ,odours1 ,colours1 and ,tastes of ,plants4 ,and for ,odours1 ,i suppose1 ,that the chief ,matter of them1 is the ,aerial ,ferment contained in the ,aer-,vessels4 ,not but that the other ,parts do also yield their smell2 but that these yield the strongest and the best1 and immediately perceptible in fresh1 undryed and unbruised ,plants4 ,for the ,aer entring into1 and passing through the ,root1 and carrying a ,tincture1 from the several ,organical and ,contained ,parts1 along with it1 and at last entring also the ,concaves of the ,aer-,vessels2 it there exists the most ,compounded and ,volatile ,fluid1 of all others in the ,plant1 and so the fittest matter of ,odour3 and such an ,odour1 as answers to that of all the ,odorous parts of the ,plant4#ea ,wherefore the ,organical ,parts1 being well clensed of their ,contents1 smell not at all2 ,because the ,principles hereof are1 as hath been said1 so far fixed and concentred together4 ,hence also the ,contained ,parts themselves1 or any other ,bodies1 as their ,principles are any way more fixed1 they are less ,odorous3 ,so is ,rosin1 less than ,turpentine1 and ,pitch1 than ,tar2 and many the self same ,bodies1 when they are coagulated1 less than when they are melted4 ,so also ,musk1 which is not so liquid as ,civet1 is not so strong2 nor ,ambergreece1 as ,musk3 ,for although it hath a more excellent smell1 than ,musk hath1 yet yieldeth it not so easily2 since it is a more fixed ,body1 and requireth some ,art to be opened4 ,hence also the ,leaves of many ,plants lose their ,odour upon rubbing3 ,because the ,aer-,vessels being thereby broken1 all their contained odorous ,fluid vanisheth at once3 which before1 was only strained gradually through the ,skin4 ,yet the fixed ,parts themselves1 upon drying1 are so far altered by the ,sun and ,aer1 as to become resoluble1 and volatile1 and thence odorous4 #ea ,p4 #b4 4 #bd4 ,how their ,colours4 #fe4 4 ,,so ,,also of their ,colours4 ,as whence the ,colours of the ,skins are varied4 ,for divers of the ,sap-,vessels1 together with the ,parenchymous ,parts successively falling off from the ,barque into the ,skin#eb by their proximity to the ,earth and ,aer1 their ,sulphureous or ,oleous ,principle is more or less resolved1 and so produceth divers ,colours4 ,so those ,roots which turn purple any where within1 have usually a blacker ,skin2 the one of those two ,colours being1 by a resolution and corruption of parts1 easily convertible into the other1 as in ,cumfry1 ,thistle1 c4 ,so the ,milk of ,scorzonera1 contained in the ,vessels of the ,barque1 upon drying1 turneth into a brown ,colour3 ,wherefore the ,skin1 in which there are divers of those ,vessels1 is of the same4 ,so both the ,milk and ,skin of ,lovage is of a brownish yellow4 ,but ,parsnep hath a clearer ,sap in all its ,vessels1 and a whiter ,skin4 ,so ,potato's1 being cut traverse1 after some time out of ground1 have divers red specks up and down where the ,vessels stand1 and their ,skin is accordingly red4 #eb ,p4 #a4 c4 #b4 4 #b1 #d4 #ff4 4 ,the reason1 ,i say of these ,colours1 is the resolution or reseration of the ,principles of the several ,parts1 chiefly1 by the ,aer1 and a lighter mixture of them consequent thereupon3 whereby the ,sulphureous or ,oyly ,parts1 which were before concentred1 are now more or less rampant1 discovering themselves in divers ,colours1 according as they are diversly mixed with the other ,principles4 ,hence these ,colours are observable1 according to the nature of the ,parts wherein they are1 or whereunto they are adjacent3 ,so where the ,lympheducts doe run1 there is a ,red1 or some other ,sulphureous ,colour2 the ,oleous ,principles being1 as is said1#ec more copious in these ,vessels2 as in the ,bark of ,peony1 the inward parts of ,potato's1 c4 may be seen4 ,but the ,parenchymous ,parts1 where more remote from the said ,vessels1 they are usually ,white1 or but ,yellow3 the ,sulphureous ,principle of these ,parts1 being1 as hath been said1 but sparing4#ed ,the same is seen in those ,roots which shew both ,red and ,yellow3 those ,parts1 principally1 where the ,succiferous ,vessels run1 being ,red2 but those ,parts1 where only the ,aer-,vessels are mixed with the ,parenchymous1 being ,yellow2 as in ,patience4 ,so likewise the pithy part of a ,carrot1 where the ,aer-,vessels have very few ,succiferous mixed with them1 is ,yellow2 but the ,barque1 where the ,succiferous are very numerous1 is ,red4 ,for the same reason1 many ,roots1 which are ,whiter in their upper parts1 are ,purple or ,reddish in their inferiour1 as ,avens1 ,strawberry1 c4 ,because those lower parts1 having lain longer#ee under ground 7these being descending ,roots7 their ,principles are1 thereby1 somewhat more resolved1 and so the ,oleous1 ramp and spread all over the rest in that ,colour4 #ec ,p4 #b4 4 #ba4 #ed ,p4 #b4 4 #bj4 #ee ,p4 #b4 4 #ac4 #fg4 4 ,and that the ,resolution of the ,sulphureous and other ,principles is partly effected by the ,aer1 appears1 ,in that1 where the ,aer hath a free access to the ,succiferous ,vessels1 the ,colours are there1 chiefly produced1 or are more conspicuous4 ,so in ,potato's1 where the ,succiferous ,vessels are either next to the external ,aer1 as in the ,skin2 or contiguous with the ,aer-,vessels1 as in the ,ring within the ,barque2 there1 they produce a ,red3 but where more remote from both1 as in the middle of the ,barque1 and ,centre of the ,root1 there they produce none4 ,hence also it is1 that the ,leaves and ,flowers of some ,plants1 as ,bloodwort1 ,wood-,sorrel1 ,radish1 ,jacea1 c4 although ,green or ,white in the greatest portion of their ,parenchymous ,part2 yet where the ,succiferous and ,aer-,vessels run together1 they are of ,red1 ,blue1 and other ,colours2 the ,oleous parts of the one1 being unlocked and opened1 by the aery of the other4 ,how their ,tastes4 #fh4 4 ,,and ,,lastly1 of their ,tasts4 ,most ,roots which are acres or bitting1 have a very copious ,parenchyma in proportion with the ,succiferous ,vessels1 as of ,arum1 ,dragon1 and others3 ,because the ,saline and other ,principles are not so much hot1 by any sufficient quantity of ,sulphureous1 from those ,vessels1 in which the ,sulphur1 as is said1 is more abundant2#ef but rendred rather pungent1 from some ,spirit and ,aer4 ,but divers ,umbelliferous ,roots1 especially which abound with ,lactiferous ,vessels1 are hot2 as ,fenil1 ,lovage1 ,angelica1 c4 ,yet is it not their ,oyl alone that makes them hot1 but the combination thereof with the ,saline ,parts3 as is manifest1 from the nature of the ,seed of these ,plants2 wherein1 as the ,oyl is most copious2 ,so being held to a ,candle till they burn1 constantly spit2 which cometh to pass1 by the eruption of the ,saline ,parts3 and is the very same effect1 with that which followeth upon burning of ,serum or ,blood4 ,and therefore1 as these ,seeds are more hot1 they also spit the more2 ,so those of ,cumine1 which1 though fulsom1 yet are not so hot1 spit less2 ,fenil and ,dill1 which are hotter1 more2 there being a greater quantity of volatile ,salt contained herein4 ,hence all ,essential ,oyls are hot1 the ,spirit and volatile ,salt1 being incorporated herewith4 ,and some of them will shoot1 and crystallize as ,salts do1 as that of ,anise2 which argues a mixture of a considerable quantity of volatile ,salt4 ,as also doth the ,nature of these ,oyls1 in being amicable to the ,stomach1 ,carminative1 and sometimes ,anodyne2 scil4 as they kill some fetid1 or corrosive ,acid3 for volatile ,salts themselves will have the like operation in some cases as these ,oyls4 #ef ,p4 #b4 4 #ba4 #fi4 4 ,many ,lactiferous ,roots1 as ,taraxacum and others of that kind1 are not so much hot1 as bitter4 ,for although by the ,lactiferous ,vessels they are very ,oyly2 yet those ,vessels being posited in ,rings1 and not in ,rays1 and having no ,diametral ,portions running through their ,barque to the ,aer-,vessels2 ,tab4 #ac4 the ,acido-,aerial ,parts do hereby1 although not mortifie1 yet so far refract the saline1 lightly binding up the ,oleous therewith1 as to produce a bitter ,taste4 ,so1 many sweet ,bodies1 upon burning1 become bitter2 the ,acid ,parts1 now becoming rampant1 and more copiously mixed with the ,oleous4 #gj4 4 ,the ,roots1 or other ,parts1 of many ,umbelliferous ,plants1 have a sweetish ,taste1 as both the ,sweet1 and ,common ,chervil2 both the ,garden1 and wild ,carrot2 ,parsnep1 ,fenil1 c4 the ,saline ,principles being concentred in the ,oyly1 and both of a moderate quantity with respect to the rest4 ,for by the ,oyly1 the ,saline is rendred more smooth and amicable2 and both being moderate1 they are not therefore hot1 as in some other ,umbelliferous ,roots2 but by the predominion of the other ,principles1 made mild4 ,hence it is1 that ,sugar it self is sweet1 scil4 because it is an ,oleous ,salt2 as is manifest1 from its being highly inflammable2 its easie dissolution by a moderate ,fire1 without the addition of ,water2 and in that1 being melted with ,turpentine1 and other ,oily ,bodies1 it will mix together with them4 ,so also the ,acid ,parts of ,vinegar1 being concentred in the ,salino-sulphureous of ,lead1 produce a ,sugar4 ,hence ,barley1 which upon ,distillation or ,decoction yeildeth only an acid2 being turned into ,mault1 becomes sweet4 ,because1 being steeped1 couched1 and so fermented1 the oleous parts are thereby unlocked1 and becoming rampant1 over the other ,principles1 altogether produce that ,taste4 ,and the ,bile it self1 which1 next to ,water and ,earth1 consisteth most of oily parts1 and of many both saline and acid is a bitter-sweet4 ,wherein1 as some of the ,saline and ,acid parts1 smoothed by the ,oleous1 produce a ,sweet3 ,so1 some of the ,oleous1 impregnated with the ,saline1 and the ,acid1 doe hereby produce a ,bitter4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,trunks1 ,with an ,account of their ,,vegetation ,grounded thereupon4 ,the ,figures hereunto belonging1 ,presented to the ,,royal ,,society in the ,years1 #afgc #afgd4 ,the ,,third ,,book4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society1 and of the ,college of ,physicians4 ,the ,second ,edition4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,to ,,the ,right ,honourable ,,william ,lord ,vi-,count ,,brouncker ,,the ,,president2 ,,and ,,to ,,the ,council and ,fellows ,,of ,,the ,,royal ,,society4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,,the ,commands ,i received from ,your ,lordship1 and the ,royal ,society1 ,to prosecute the ,subject treated of in the ,two former ,books2 have produced ,this which follows4 ,and ,i humbly submit the same to ,your ,lordships ,judgment3 which must needs be ,candid and ,benign1 because it is ,great4 ,i have only this to say1 ---- 2 ,your ,lordship will not disapprove the ,enterprise1 although it falls short of perfection4 ,it being the result of ,your ,lordships manifold ,virtues and ,abilities1 ,that ,you know how far to ,encourage the meanest ,attempts2 as well as rightly to ,value and ,assist the greatest ,performances4 ,i am1 ,my ,lord1 ,your ,lordships most humble and most obsequious ,servant ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,london1 ,august #bj4 #afge4 ,,the ,,contents4 ,the ,,first ,,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,a ,description of several ,stalks or ,trunks1 as they appear to the ,naked ,eye4 ,,of the ,stalk of ,maze1 4 #a1 #b4 ,of ,dandelion1 #c1 to #f4 ,of ,borage1 #g1 to #aj4 ,of ,colewort1 #aa1 to #af4 ,of ,holyoak1 #ag1 to #bj4 ,of ,wild ,cucumer1 #ba1 to #bc4 ,of ,scorzonera1 #bd1 to #bf4 ,of ,burdock1 #bg1 to #bi4 ,of ,endive1 #cj1 #ca4 ,of ,vine1 #cb1 to #ce4 ,of ,sumach1 #cf1 to #ch4 ,cautions to be had in observing the ,parts1 #ci4 ,some ,particulars better observed in cutting by the length1 #dj1 #da4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,barque1 as it appears through a good ,microscope4 ,f,irst1 a ,general ,description of the several ,parts of the ,barque1 #b1 to #i4 ,next1 a ,particular ,description of the ,barques of #h several ,trunks2 sc4 ,of ,holly1 ,hazel1 ,barbery1 ,apple1 ,pear1 ,plum1 ,elm1 ,ash2 ,the ,vessels of all whose ,barques are ,lymphducts3 and those of two kinds1 #aj1 to #ac4 ,of #c more1 sc4 ,wallnut1 ,fig1 and ,pine3 the ,vessels of the ,barques of the ,two first1 being ,lymphducts and ,lactiferous1 ,of the next1 ,lymphducts and ,resiniferous1 #ad1 to #bj4 ,of #c more1 sc4 ,oak1 ,common ,sumach1 and ,common ,wormwood2 the ,vessels of whose ,barques are of #c ,kinds1 #ba1 to #bi4 ,some further ,observations and ,conjectures of the ,sap-,vessels1 #cj1 to #cg4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,wood4 ,w,hat in all ,trunks1 4 #a4 ,a ,description of its ,parts1 in the several ,trunks aforesaid4 ,of the ,parenchymous ,part1 or ,insertions1 #b1 to #i4 ,of the true ,wood1 #aj1 to #ae4 ,of the ,aer-,vessels1 #af1 to #bf4 ,some further ,observations and ,conjectures of their ,form1 #bg4 ,texture1 #bh1 to #cb4 ,nature1 #cc1 #cd4 ,and ,original1 #ce4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,pith4 ,a ,description of the ,pith1 in ,general1 4 #a4 ,in the several ,trunks or ,branches aforesaid4 ,as of the ,size1 #b1 #c4 ,vessels1 #d4 ,parenchyma and ,bladders1 #e1 to #i4 ,apertures or ,ruptures1 #aj4 ,some further observations of the ,pith4 ,and of all the ,pithy and ,parenchymous ,parts4 ,and thence of the ,true ,texture of a ,plant1 #aa1 to #ae4 ,the ,,second ,,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,motion and ,course of the ,sap4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,motion and ,course of the ,aer4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,structure of the ,parts4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,generation of ,liquors4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,figuration of ,trunks4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,motions of ,trunks4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,nature of ,trunks1 as variously fitted for ,mechanical ,use4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,trunks2 ,,prosecuted ,with the bare ,,eye1 ,and with the ,,microscope4 ,,part ,i4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,the ,descriptions of several ,trunks1 as they appear to the bare ,eye4 ,,to the end we may clearly understand1 what the ,trunk1 ,stalk1 or ,branch of a ,plant1 is2 ,i shall by these ,figures here before us1 ,describe the several ,parts1 whereof it is compounded4 #a4 4 ,and for examples sake1 ,i shall in the first place1 ,describe the ,trunks of some ,plants1 as being cut tranversly1 and accurately observ'd1 they appear to the naked ,eye4 ,and some others1 as by the length4 ,which having done1 ,i shall next proceed to a more particular ,description of divers other ,trunks and ,branches as they appear through a good ,microscope4 ,in both shewing1 not only what their several ,parts are1 as generally belonging to a ,branch2 but also1 by a ,comparative ,prospect1 in what respects they are specifically distinguished one from another1 in the several ,sorts of ,branches4 #b4 4 ,i ,,shall begin where the ,work of ,nature appears less ,diversify'd3 as in the ,stalk of ,maze or ,indian ,wheat4 ,in which1 although there are the same ,parenchymous and ,lignous ,parts1 as in all other ,plants2 ,tab4 #ah4 yet is there neither ,barque1 nor ,pith2 the ,vessels being dispersed and mixed with the ,parenchyma1 from the ,circumference to the ,centre of the ,stalk3 ,saving1 that in and next the ,skin1 there seems to be no ,aer-,vessels4 ,every where else1 they run up1 like fine ,threds1 through the length of the ,stalk3 ,each ,thred being also surrounded with ,sap-,vessels2 which in a ,slice cut transversly1 appear in very small and dark colour'd ,rings4 ,the like structure may also be seen in the ,sugar-,cane1 and some other ,plants4 #c4 4 ,,let the next ,trunk be that of ,taraxacum1 or ,dandelion4 ,in a slice whereof1 being cut transversly1 is seen next the ,skin1 first1 a simple1 white1 and close ,parenchyma or ,barque2 ,tab4 #ah4 made up of ,vesicles2 but such as are exceeding small2 and hardly visible without a ,glass4 #d4 4 ,within ,this1 stand ,milk-,vessels in seven or eight distinct ,colums1 of different size3 each ,colum being also made up of seven or eight ,arched ,lines4 ,betwixt these ,colums1 run as many ,diametral ,portions1 derived from the ,barque1 into or towards the ,pith4 #e4 4 ,next within ,these1 stand the ,aer-,vessels4 ,which are likewise divided1 by the said ,diametral ,portions1 into divers ,arched ,lines4 ,the size of these ,vessels1 as well as their number1 is small4 #f4 4 ,within ,these1 stands the ,pith1 consisting of very small ,vesicles or ,bladders1 as the ,barque4 ',tis very small1 the ,diameter hereof1 being scarce one fifth1 of that of the ,pith of ,borage4 ,but the ,barque of ,borage is not half so thick as this of ,dandelion4 #g4 4 ,,for a ,third ,stalk1 we may take that of ,borage2 wherein there is some further ,variety4 ,for in a slice hereof1 cut transversly1 there appears1 first a ,tough1 yet ,thin and ,transparent ,skin4 ,within this ,skin1 and ,continuous therewith1 there is also a ,thin ,ring of ,sap-,vessels3 ,tab4 #ah4 which1 without being crushed in the least1 do yield a ,lympha4 #h4 4 ,next standeth the ,parenchyma of the ,barque4 ,which is made up of a great number of very small ,vesicles or ,bladders4 ,upon the inner ,verge of this ,parenchyma1 standeth another ,ring of ,sap-,vessels3 which also yield a ,lympha2 and that different1 as is probable1 from the ,lympha in the utmost ,ring4 ,hitherto goes the ,barque4 #i4 4 ,adjacent to the ,ring of ,sap-,vessels1 on the inner ,verge of ,barque1 stand the ,aer-,vessels on the outer ,verge of the ,pith4 ,not in a ,ring2 but in several ,parcels2 some ,parcels or ,conjugations1 in the figure of little ,specks2 others1 in little ,arched ,lines1 almost like an ,v ,consonant4 ,and being viewed in a good ,glass1 there appears to be within the compass of every larger ,speck or ,parcel1 about #bj or #cj ,aer-,vessels and within the smallest1 about #h or #aj4 #aj4 4 ,the ,pith1 in a well grown ,stalk of this ,plant2 is always hollow4 ,but originally1 it is entire4 ,it is likewise wholly made up of a great number of ,vesicles3 of which1 through a ,glass1 some appear ,pentangular1 others ,sexangular1 and ,septangular4 ,most of them are larger than those of the ,barque2 so as to be plainly visible to a naked ,eye4 #aa4 4 ,a ,,fourth ,trunk1 shall be that of ,colewort1 which seems likewise1 to have at least1 two ,sorts of ,lymphducts4 ,for being cut transversly1 as the former1 we may observe1 next the ,skin1 a very close ,parenchyma1 of a darkish ,green4 ,wherewith are mixed some few ,sap ,vessels1 which give it that ,colour4 #ab4 4 ,within ,this1 stands a scalloped ,parenchymous ,ring1 or a ,ring of many short and slender white ,arches4 ,tab4 #ah4 ,which all round about the ,barque1 meeting together1 run in so many white ,diametral ,portions1 or extream small ,rays1 into the ,pith4 #ac4 4 ,betwixt these white ,rays1 and next of all to the said white ,arches1 stand as many small ,parcels of ,sap-,vessels1 like so many little ,half-,ovals4 ,within each of which1 is included a white ,parenchyma4 #ad4 4 ,on the inner ,verge of the ,barque1 stands another ,sort of ,sap-,vessels1 in one slender and entire ,ring4 ,and so far goes the ,barque4 #ae4 4 ,next within this ,ring stand the ,aer-,vessels1 in several ,parcels1 diametrically opposite to the said white ,parenchymous ,parcels next without the ,sap-,ring4 #af4 4 ,last of all1 and more within the ,pith1 stand the same kind of ,sap-,vessels1 as those of the ,half-,ovals4 ,both these1 by small lines1 run one into another2 thus1 on both sides1 hemming in the ,aer-,vessels1 and so making altogether1 so many little ,pyramids4 #ag4 4 ,,let a ,fifth be that of ,holyoak4 ,in which1 the ,curiosity of ,nature1 is still more copious3 presenting us1 as it seems1 with ,three sorts of ,lymphducts2 ,of which1 two yield a ,thin2 the ,third1 a ,thick ,lympha4 ,for being cut1 as before1 next to the ,skin1 stands the ,barque2 somewhat close1 and1 in proportion1 ,thick4 #ah4 4 ,towards the inner ,verge hereof1 stand one sort of ,sap-,vessels1 postur'd in short ,rays4 ,these ,vessels yield a ,mucilage4 ,and on the inner ,verge of the ,barque1 stands a ,thin ,ring of other ,sap-,vessels1 which yield a thinner ,liquor4 ,tab4 #ah4 #ai4 4 ,next within the ,barque stand the ,aer-,vessels1 postur'd likewise in short ,rays1 diametrically opposite to those in the ,barque4 ,in every ,ray1 there are about twelve or sixteen ,vessels4 #bj4 4 ,lastly1 and more within the ,pith1 there stand other ,sap-,vessels1 all in very ,thin or ,slender ,arched-,lines2 thus hemming in the several ,parcels of ,aer-,vessels4 #ba4 4 ,,for a ,sixth1 ,i will take that of ,wild ,cucumer3 ,wherein is also found a ,mucilaginous ,lympha4 ,for first of all1 next to the ,skin1 there is a ,ring of ,sap-,vessels4 ,which ,ring is also radiated1 the ,rays1 all poynting towards1 and most of them terminating on1 the ,skin4 ,tab4 #ah4 #bb4 4 ,next of all1 there is a thick1 and simple ,parenchymous ,ring4 ,on the inner ,verge whereof1 there are other ,sap-,vessels standing in ,parcels1 also in a ,ring4 ,so far goes the ,barque4 #bc4 4 ,next within1 stand the ,aer-,vessels1 in as many ,parcels1 contiguous to those of the ,sap-,vessels aforesaid4 ,to which likewise are adjoyned as many more ,parcels of ,sap-,vessels within the ,pith1 opposite to the said ,sap-,vessels within the ,barque4 #bd4 4 ,,for a ,seventh1 we may choose that of ,scorzonera4 ,in which1 the ,vessels are both ,lymphducts1 and ,lactiferous4 ,all of them1 with the ,aer-,vessels1 in a radiated posture4 ,for first next the outer ,edg of the ,barque1 stand the ,lactiferous1 in little ,specks4 ,tab4 #ah4 ,next to these1 on the inner ,edg of the ,barque1 stand the ,lymphducts1 in the same form4 #be4 4 ,hereunto adjacent1 on the outer ,edg of the ,pith1 stand the ,aer-,vessels1 some in ,specks1 and some in extream short ,lines2 hardly distinguished1 without a very nice ,inspection4 #bf4 4 ,within ,these1 are placed other ,lymphducts1 opposite to those in the ,barque4 ,and within these ,lymphducts1 still in the same radiated ,line1 run more of the ,milk-,vessels4 #bg4 4 ,,an ,,eighth1 may be that of ,burdock2 ,wherein first1 there are a ,sort of ,lymphducts1 which stand in ,arched ,parcels1 round the ,trunk1 adjacent to the ,skin4 ,tab4 #ah4 #bh4 4 ,within these1 about the middle of the ,barque1 run the ,milk-,vessels1 in the form of small round ,specks4 #bi4 4 ,next to these on the inner ,edg of the ,barque are placed other ,lymphducts4 ,which1 together with more of the same in the ,pith1 and the ,aer-,vessels betwixt them1 stand all in ,radiated ,lines1 of several ,lengths1 and all sharpning towards the ,centre4 #cj4 4 ,,let the ,ninth1 be that of ,endive3 ,in which there is also much curious ,work4 ,tab4 #ah4 ,next to the ,skin1 there is1 first1 a thick and simple ,parenchyma4 ,then there is a kind of ,undulated ,ring of ,milk-,vessels4 ,within which stand a ,sort of ,lymphducts1 in several ,parcels2 some1 in ,arched ,half-,ovals2 others1 in short slender ,rays4 ,betwixt these ,parcels1 many of the ,milk-,vessels likewise stand4 #ca4 4 ,next there is an undulated ,ring of other ,lymphducts1 parting as in most ,trunks1 betwixt the ,barque and the ,pith4 ,within which1 are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,and within ,these1 more ,sap-,vessels4 ,both of them1 in small ,specks1 answerable1 or opposite to the ,rays in the ,barque4 ,tab4 #ah4 #cb4 4 ,i ,,shall give also one or two ,examples of ,trees1 or ,arborescent ,plants2 the ,vine and ,common ,sumach4 ,in a ,slice of the former cut transversly1 next the ,skin1 there is a ,thin ,barque4 ,in the inner part whereof1 adjacent to the ,wood1 stand the ,lymphducts in several ,half-,oval ,parcels1 opposite to so many ,radiated ,pieces of the ,wood4 #cc4 4 ,the ,wood is divided into the said ,pieces1 by as many ,parenchymous ,rays1 inserted from the ,barque1 and so continuous therewith4 #cd4 4 ,within these ,radiated ,pieces of ,wood1 stand the ,aer-,vessels2 the largest of which1 especially if held up against the light1 are plainly visible to the bare ,eye4 #ce4 4 ,within the hollow of the ,wood1 stands the ,pith2 in the young ,growths always large4 ,in the utmost ,verge whereof1 adjacent to the ,wood1 stand a few more ,sap-,vessels of the same ,sort with those in the ,barque4 ,tab4 #ah4 #cf4 4 ,,in ,a like ,slice of ,common ,sumach1 contiguous to the hairy ,skin1 there is a ,ring of ,lymphducts4 ,next to this a ,simple ,parenchyma4 ,then several ,arched ,parcels of ,lymphducts4 ,within these1 a ,ring of ,milk-,vessels4 ,and then a ,ring of other ,lymphducts4 ,thus far the ,barque4 #cg4 4 ,within the ,barque1 stands the ,wood1 divided into several ,portions1 by the ,diametral ,insertions divided from the ,barque4 ,in the ,body of the ,wood1 stand the ,aer-,vessels1 very much smaller than in the ,vine4 #ch4 4 ,the hollow of the ,wood is filled up with the ,pith4 ,in the ,circumference of which1 stands a ,ring of ,lymphducts1 of the same sort with those next to the ,wood without4 #ci4 4 ,all the ,parts of these ,trunks1 may1 as ,i have now described them1 be observed without a ,microscope3 excepting the ,bladders and number of ,aer-,vessels4 ,yet ,three things are hereunto necessary2 viz4 a good ,eye1 a clear ,light1 and a ,rasor1 or very keen ,knife1 wherewith to cut them with a smooth surface1 and so as not to ,dislocate the ,parts4 #dj4 4 ,,upon ,inspection also by the length1 there are some particulars1 common1 more or less1 to most ,plants1 yet better observable in some1 than in others4 ,as first1 the ,reticulation of the ,vessels1 7formerly described7 not only in the ,wood1 but in the ,barque3 ,tab4 #ai4 which is evident in a young ,branch of ,corin1 upon the very ,surface thereof1 when some of the ,vessels begin to be cast off into the ,skin4 ,and so1 by stripping off the ,skin1 upon the ,surface of the ,wood4 #da4 4 ,in cutting by the length1 as well as transversly1 the young ,fibres1 which grow within the ,wood in the ,edg of the ,pith1 are also seen4 ,as likewise the manner of the ,derivation of the ,parts of the ,bud from the ,branch or ,stalk2 as in ,sonchus4 ,there are also many ,varieties in the ,pith1 such as those hereafter mentioned#eg which fall under observation only in cutting by the length4 #eg ,chap4 #d4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,barque1 as it appears through a good ,microscope4 ,i ,,now proceed to a more particular ,description of several ,trunks and ,branches1 as they appear through good ,glasses4 #a4 4 ,now the ,trunk1 or ,branch of every ,tree1 hath ,three ,general ,parts to be described2 sc4 the ,barque1 the ,wood1 and the ,pith4 ,that likewise of every ,herbaceous ,plant1 hath either the same ,three ,parts2 or else ,three ,parts ,analogous2 sc4 the ,cortical1 the ,lignous1 and the ,pithy ,parts4 #b4 4 ,the ,barque consisteth of two ,parts1 sc4 the outmost or ,skin1 and the ,main ,body4 ,the ,skin is generally composed1 in part1 of very small ,vesicles or ,bladders1 cluster'd together4 ,that is1 originally it is so2 but as the ,plant grows1 the ,skin dries1 and the said ,bladders1 do very much shrink up and disappear4 #c4 4 ,amongst these ,bladders of the ,skin1 there are usually intermixed a sort of ,lignous ,fibres1 or ,vessels1 ,tab4 #bj4 which run through the length of the skin2 as in ,mallow1 ,nettle1 ,borage1 ,thistle1 and most ,herbs4 ,which is argued not only from the ,toughness of the skin by means of the said ,vessels2 but in some ,plants1 may be plainly seen1 as in ,teasle4 ,in which1 the several ,fibres1 which run by the length of the ,stalk1 are also conjoyned by other smaller ones1 which stand transversly4 #d4 4 ,whether they are ,aer-,vessels1 or ,sap-,vessels1 is dubious4 ,for1 on the one hand1 because they emit no ,sap1 or bleed not1 and also stand adjacent to the ,aer2 'tis probable that they are ,aer-,vessels4 ,on the other hand1 they may be ,sap-,vessels2 notwithstanding that they bleed not3 ,because the non-emission of ,sap is not an infallible and concluding argument of an ,aer-,vessel4 ,for there are some ,plants which bleed not4 ,which yet are furnished with ,sap-,vessels1 as certainly as any others which bleed4#eh #eh ,b4 #b4 ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #bb4 #e4 4 ,the ,skin of the ,trunk is sometimes visibly porous4 ,but no where more1 than in the better sort of walking ,canes2 where the ,pores are so big1 as to be visible even to the naked ,eye3 like to those1 ,tab4 #bj4 which are observable in several parts of the ,ball of the ,hand1 and upon the ends of the ,fingers and ,toes4 #f4 4 ,,the ,main ,body of the ,barque consisteth likewise of two ,parts1 sc4 ,parenchyma1 and ,vessels4 ,the ,parenchyma is made up of an innumerable company of small ,bladders cluster'd together4 ,differing in nothing from those aforesaid in the ,skin2 ,tab4 #bb4 ,sequent4 saving1 that they are much larger2 and generally rounder4 #g4 4 ,this ,parenchyma of the ,barque is the same1 as to its ,substance1 both in the ,root and ,trunk4 ,yet as to the ,texture of its ,parts1 in the one1 and in the other1 there is ,this observable difference1 viz4 ,that in the ,barque of the ,root1 cut transversly1 the said ,parenchyma 7as hath been shew'd7 is usually1 more or less1 disposed into ,diametral ,rays2 ,tab4 #g1 #h1 #i4 running through the ,barque1 after the same manner1 as do the ,hour-,lines through the ,margin of the ,dial-plate of a ,clock or ,watch3 as in ,marsh-,mallow1 ,lovage1 ,melilot1 and others4 ,whereas here in the ,barque of the ,trunk1 the said ,parenchyma is rarely thus disposed into ,diametral ,rays3 ,tab4 #bb4 ,seq4 ,nor when it is1 are those ,rays continued to the ,circumference of the ,barque2 as in the ,barque of the ,root they frequently are4 ,tab4 #ca1 #cd1 c4 ,so in ,rhus or ,sumach1 although part of the ,parenchyma be dispos'd into ,diametral ,rays3 yet are those ,rays extended not half way through the ,barque4 ,so also in ,fig-tree1 ,worm-wood1 ,thistle1 and others4 ,what is further observable in the ,texture of the ,parenchyma1 ,i shall shew in the description of the ,pith4 #h4 4 ,,the ,vessels of the ,barque1 are1 as ,i shall also shew1 diversifyed many ways4 ,but there are some ,things1 wherein1 in all ,sorts of ,plants1 they agree4 ,first1 in standing1 most numerously1 in or near1 the inner ,margin of the ,barque4 ,secondly1 in being always1 and only ,sap-,vessels4 ,i have viewed so many1 that at least1 ,i can securely affirm thus much1 ,that if there be any ,heteroclital ,plants1 wherein they are found otherwise1 there is not ,one1 in ,five ,hundred4 ,thirdly1 in being always ,conjugated or ,braced together in the form of ,net-work4 ,although the ,number and ,distances of the ,braces1 are very different3 ,chap4 #c4 ,tab4 #f4 as ,i have already shewed in the ,anatomy of ,roots4 #i4 4 ,,the ,properties1 whereby the said ,vessels of the ,barque are specificated and distinguished one from another1 both in the same ,plant1 and in the several ,species of ,plants1 are very many4 ,which ,properties1 are not ,accidental1 but such as shew the ,constant and ,universal ,design of ,nature4 ,all which shall be demonstrated by the ,description of several ,quarters of the ,slices1 of so many ,kinds of ,branches1 cut ,transversly3 and by the several ,figures which represent them4 #aj4 4 ,,first then1 for the ,eleven first ,quarters1 the ,vessels of the ,barque are only of ,two ,kinds4 ,tab4 #bb4 ,seq4 ,and these1 in the first ,eight1 seem to be ,roriferous 7described also in the ,anatomy of ,roots7#ei and those which are common to most1 if not to all ,plants1 sc4 the ,lymphducts4 ,yet in all the ,eight1 they are1 in respect both of their ,proportion1 and ,position1 very different4 ,so in ,hazel and ,ash they are but few4 ,in ,holly and ,barberry more4 ,in ,apple1 ,pear1 ,plum1 ,elm1 still more numerous4 ,and of those three ,fruits1 in an ,apple1 or ,plum1 more than in a ,pear4 #ei ,p4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #bb4 #aa4 4 ,again1 as their ,proportion1 so likewise their ,position is divers4 ,for in ,holly1 the ,lymphducts or inner ,vessels next to the ,wood1 stand in ,rays4 ,yet so numerous and close together1 as to make one ,entire ,ring4 ,tab4 #bb1 #bc1 #bd4 ,in ,hazel1 they stand more in ,oblong ,parcels4 ,in ,barberry1 they stand likewise in ,parcels1 but they are so many ,half-,ovals4 ,the utmost ,vessels or ,roriferous of all ,three1 make a ,ring4 #ab4 4 ,again1 in ,apple1 ,pear1 and ,plum1 the ,lymphducts are ,radiated4 ,the ,roriferous are neither ,radiated1 nor make an entire ,ring2 ,tab4 #be1 to #bh4 but stand in ,peripherial ,parcels4 ,much after the same manner1 they also stand in ,elm4 ,in ,ash1 the ,vessels make ,two ,rings2 ,tab4 #bi4 but neither of them ,radiated3 the inmost ,ring or ,lymphducts1 consisting of ,arched ,parcels1 and the utmost or ,roriferous ,vessels1 of ,round ones4 ,and whereas in all the foregoing1 the ,lymphducts are still contiguous to the ,wood2 and the ,roriferous more or less1 distant from the ,skin3 here1 on the contrary1 the former are distant from the ,wood1 and the latter contiguous to the ,skin4 #ac4 4 ,and that these ,vessels in each ,barque of the said ,eight ,branches1 are of ,two distinct ,kinds1 seems evident1 as from some other reasons1 so from hence2 ,in that their ,positions are altogether ,heterogeneous3 ,yet in both ,constant1 ,regular and ,uniform4 ,i say1 there seems to be no ,reason1 why the self same ,kind or ,species of ,vessels1 should have a different1 yea a contrary ,position in one and the same ,plant2 and that ,contrariety1 not ,accidental1 but ,regular and ,constant4 #ad4 4 ,,for the ,three next ,quarters sc4 the ,ninth1 ,tenth and ,eleventh1 the ,vessels of the ,barque are also different in ,number1 ,position1 ,size and ,kind4 ,tab4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 ,in ,pine1 which is the ,eleventh1 they are fewer4 ,in ,walnut1 the ,ninth1 more4 ,in ,fig1 the ,tenth1 most numerous4 #ae4 4 ,so for their ,position4 ,in ,pine1 the inmost make a ,radiated ,ring4 ,the utmost stand stragling up and down1 without any certain order4 ,in ,wallnut the inmost make also a ,radiated ,ring2 ,the utmost make a ,double ,ring2 not ,radiated1 but of ,round ,parcels4 ,in ,fig1 the inmost make also a ,radiated ,ring4 ,but the utmost make a ,double and sometimes ,treble ,ring1 not of ,radiated1 nor ,round1 but ,arched ,parcels4 #af4 4 ,thirdly1 they are also different in ,kind4 ,those1 ,i think1 of the two former1 ,wallnut and ,fig1 are thus different3 those certainly1 of the ,fig1 are so2 being ,lymphducts and ,lacteals4 ,the ,lymphducts make the inmost ,radiated ,ring4 ,the outmost which make the other ,rings in ,arched ,parcels1 are the ,lactifers4 #ag4 4 ,that they are distinct ,kinds of ,vessels1 is evident for two ,reasons4 ,first1 from their ,position in the ,barque2 which is altogether different1 as hath been said4 ,secondly1 from the most apparent ,diversity of the ,liquors or ,saps1 which they contain1 and which1 upon cutting the ,branch transversly1 do distinctly ,bleed from them4 ,which is one way1 whereby we do distinguish the ,vessels of ,animals themselves4 ,as in the ,liver1 it were hard to say1 which is a ,blood-,vessel1 and which is a ,bile-,vessel1 where they are very small1 if it were not for the ,contents of them both4 #ah4 4 ,those in the ,barque of ,pine1 are likewise of ,two ,kinds4 ,the inmost are ,lymphducts1 as in the two former4 ,the utmost are not ,milk-,vessels1 but ,gum-,vessels1 or ,resiniferous2 which stand stragling1 and singly1 about the midle of the ,barque4 ,out of these ,vessels all the clear ,turpentine1 that drops from the ,tree1 doth issue4 #ai4 4 ,few1 but very great4 ,so that besides the difference of their ,number and ,position1 and of the ,liquors which they contain1 and ,bleed2 there is yet a ,fourth1 and that is1 their ,size4 ,most of these ,turpentine ,vessels1 being of so wide a bore1 as to be apparent to the naked ,eye3 and1 through a good ,glass1 above of an ,inch in ,diametre4 ,whereas that of the ,lymphducts1 can hardly be discovered by the best ,microscope4 #bj4 4 ,the same ,turpentine-,vessels of ,pine1 are likewise remarkably bigger1 not only than the ,lymphducts1 but many times1 than the ,milk-,vessels themselves3 as those of the ,fig1 which1 in comparison1 are exceeding small2 every ,arch1 not being a single ,vessel1 but a ,parcel or ,cluster of ,vessels2 ,whereas one single ,gum-,vessel in ,pine1 is sometimes as big as two whole ,arched ,clusters1 that is1 as some ,scores of the ,milk ,vessels in a ,fig-tree4 ,and the said ,gum-,vessels of ,pine1 being compared with the ,lymphducts of the same ,tree1 one ,gum-,vessel1 by a moderate estimate1 may be reckoned three or four hundred times wider than a ,lymphduct4 ,the like prodigious difference may be observed in the ,size of the several ,kinds of ,vessels of many other ,plants4 #ba4 4 ,,the ,three next ,quarters of ,branches1 are of ,oak1 ,common ,sumach1 and ,common ,wormwood4 ,in the ,barque-,vessels whereof1 there is observable some farther ,variety4 ,for in all or in most of the above named1 there are only ,two ,kinds of ,vessels in the ,barque4 ,but in ,each of these1 there are1 at least1 ,three ,kinds4 #bb4 4 ,and first1 in that of ,oak there are ,lymphducts1 ,roriferous1 and a ,sort of ,resiniferous4 ,tab4 #cc4 ,the inmost or ,lymphducts1 make a ,radiated ,ring1 contiguous to the ,wood4 ,the utmost or the ,roriferous make also a ,ring1 but not ,radiated4 ,those which are a sort of ,rosin-,vessels1 stand in ,round ,parcels2 the greater ,parcels betwixt the ,two ,rings of ,roriferous and ,lymphducts2 and the lesser1 betwixt the ,roriferous and the ,skin4 #bc4 4 ,that these last are different ,vessels from both the other1 seems evident1 from the difference of their ,position1 as aforesaid4 ,and that they are a sort of ,resiniferous1 is argued from hence2 ,in that1 not only ,galls are very full of ,rosin1 but that the ,barque of ,oak it self is also somewhat ,resinous4 ,for the conveyance of whose ,resinous parts1 it is most unlikely that any other ,vessels should subserve1 but a peculiar ,kind2 which may therefore be properly called ,resiniferous4 ,tab4 #cd4 #bd4 4 ,the next is a ,branch of ,common ,sumach4 ,in the ,barque whereof1 there are likewise ,three ,kinds of ,vessels4 ,first of all1 there is a thick ,radiated ,ring of ,lymphducts2 standing on the inner ,margin of the ,barque1 contiguous with the ,wood4 ,these ,vessels exhibit their ,lympha very apparently4 ,a second kind of ,vessels1 sc4 ,roriferous1 are situate towards the outer ,margin of the ,barque1 and are composed into distinct ,arched ,parcels1 all standing in a ,ring4 #be4 4 ,betwixt these ,two ,kinds stand the ,milk-,vessels4 ,every single ,milk-,vessel being empaled or hemmed in with an ,arch of ,roriferous4 ,the ,milk-,vessels are extraordinary large1 almost as the ,gum-,vessels of ,pine2 so as distinctly to be observed without a ,microscope2 after they are evacuated of their ,milk2 and without difficulty will admit a ,virginal ,wyer2 being two or three hundred times as big as a ,lymphduct4 ,besides these ,three sorts of ,vessels1 there is also a ,ring1 adjacent to the ,skin2 which seems to be another sort of ,roriferous4 #bf4 4 ,the ,last1 is a ,branch of ,common ,wormwood4 ,tab4 #ce4 ,in the ,barque whereof1 there are likewise ,three ,kinds of ,vessels4 ,first of all1 there is a thin ,radiated ,ring of ,lymphducts1 contiguous with the ,wood or on the inner ,margin of the ,barque4 ,yet the ,ring is not entire1 but made up of several ,parcels2 which are intercepted by as many ,parenchymous inserted into the ,pith4 #bg4 4 ,a ,second ,sort of ,vessels1 which seem to be ,roriferous1 are situate about the middle of the ,barque3 and are composed into ,arched ,parcels1 which likewise stand all even in a ,ring4 #bh4 4 ,beyond these ,arches1 and towards the outer ,margin of the ,barque1 stand a ,third ,sort of ,vessels4 ,different from the ,milk-,vessels in ,sumach1 both as to their ,situation1 ,size and ,content4 ,for in ,sumach1 the ,milk-,vessels stand within the ,arched ,lymphducts3 whereas these in ,wormwood1 stand without them4 ,likewise1 being the ,vessels of an ,herb1 they are far less2 sc4 about the compass or width of a small ,wheat-,straw4 ,their ,content1 is not a ,milk1 but a liquid1 most ,oleous and viscid ,gum4 ,or which1 for its pleasant ,flavour may be called an ,aromatick ,balsom4 ,for it perfectly giveth whatever is in the ,smell and ,taste of ,wormwood3 being the ,essence of the whole ,plant1 which nature treasureth up in these ,vessels4 ,so that they are1 in all respects1 analogous to the ,turpentine ,vessels in ,pine4 ,there are divers other ,herbs and ,trees1 which in the like ,vessels1 contain a ,turpentine1 or rather ,aromatical ,balsom2 as ,angelica1 ,helenium and others2 the ,vessels being so very large1 that they may be easily traced with a knife1 in cutting by the length of a ,branch or ,stalk4 #bi4 4 ,whether in some ,plants1 there are not more ,sorts of ,vessels1 in the ,barque1 than have been now mentioned1 ,i cannot say3 ,though we have not much reason to doubt of it4 ,because we see1 there is so great variety in the ,viscera of ,animals4 ,for what the ,viscera are in ,animals2 the ,vessels themselves are in ,plants4 #cj4 4 ,,concerning the ,form and ,texture of the ,lymphducts1 there are some things1 which though they are best observed in the ,wood1 yet in regard ,i am now describing the said ,vessels1 ,i shall here therefore add4 ,i have already said1 and shewed1 in the former ,books1 ,that the ,lignous and ,towy ,parts of all ,plants1 are ,tubulary4 ,and that the ,lympha is conveyed1 by the length of a ,plant1 through an innumerable company of small ,tubes or ,pipes4 #ca4 4 ,the ,question may be yet further put3 ,if the ,towy ,parts of the ,barque are made of ,tubes1 ,what are these ,tubes themselves made up of8 ,i answer1 ,that these ,tubes or ,lymphducts1 are not only themselves ,organical2 but their very ,sides also1 seem to be composed of other ,parts1 which are ,organical1 sc4 of ,lignous or ,towy ,fibres4 ,tab4 #dj4 ,which ,fibres1 standing close or contiguous in a round ,figure1 they make one ,tubulary ,body1 which ,i call the ,lymphduct of a ,plant4 ,and it is probable1 ,that these ,fibres themselves1 are also ,tubulary4 ,that is1 that a ,lymphduct1 is a small ,tube1 made up or composed of other1 yet much smaller ,tubes1 set round together in a ,cylindrick ,figure4 ,as if we should imagine a company of ,straws1 which are so many small ,pipes1 to be joyned and set round together1 so as to make another greater ,pipe1 answerable to a hollow ,cane4 ,the ,cane1 ,i say1 is as the ,lymphduct2 and the ,straws are as the ,fibres whereof it is composed4 ,by which also appears1 the admirable smallness of these ,fibres4 ,for there are some ,lymphducts1 which may be reckoned fifty times smaller than a ,horse-,hair4 ,allowing therefore but ,twenty of the aforesaid ,fibres to make a ,thred so big as one ,lymphduct2 then one of the said ,fibres1 must be a ,thousand times smaller than a ,horse-,hair4 ,that these ,fibres1 whereof the ,lymphducts are made1 are themselves made up of other ,fibres1 is not altogether improbable4 #cb4 4 ,these ,fibres1 although parallel2 yet are they not coalescent1 but only contiguous2 being contained together in a ,tubulary ,figure1 by the ,weftage of the ,cortical ,fibres1 as in ,chapter the ,fourth will better be understood4 #cc4 4 ,the first notice ,i took of the ,composition and ,texture of these ,vessels1 so far as the best ,glasses yet known1 will admit2 was in a very white and clear piece of ,ash-wood torn1 with some care1 by the length of the ,tree1 and objected to a proper ,light4 ,they seem also sometimes discernable in some other clear ,woods1 as in very white ,fir1 c4 ,and having formerly demonstrated1 that the ,lignous ,part of a ,plant1 is annually made or augmented out of the inner part of the ,barque1 wherein the ,lymphducts always stand3 we may reasonably suppose the same ,lymphducts to have the like ,conformation in the ,barque1 as in the ,wood4 #cd4 4 ,and ,i am the rather induced to believe1 that ,i am not mistaken in this ,description1 upon these two ,considerations4 ,first1 that herein the ,analogy betwixt the ,vessels of an ,animal and a ,plant1 is the more clear and proper4 ,for as the ,sanguineous ,vessels in an ,animal are composed of a number of ,fibres1 set round1 in a ,tubulary ,figure1 together3 so are these ,lymphducts of a ,plant4 ,secondly1 in that herein1 there is a more genuine respondence betwixt these1 and the other ,vessels of a ,plant it self2 sc41 the ,aer-,vessels2 which are made up of a certain number of ,round ,fibres1 standing collaterally1 or side to side as ,i have already observed in the ,anatomy of ,roots4 ,so that it is the less strange1 that the ,lymphducts should be made up of ,fibres1 since the ,aer-,vessels are evidently so made4 ,only with this difference1 that whereas in the ,aer-,vessels1 the ,fibres are postured or continued ,spirally3 here1 in the ,lymphducts1 they stand and are continued only in straight ,lines4 #ce4 4 ,,the ,,structure of the ,lactiferous and ,gum-,vessels1 which have a very ample ,bore1 is more apparent4 ,tab4 #bj4 ,and1 by the best ,glasses ,i have yet used1 they seem to be made1 chiefly1 by the ,constipation of the ,bladders of the ,barque4 ,that is to say1 ,that they are so many ,chanels1 not made or bounded by any walls or sides proper to themselves1 as a ,quil thrust into a ,cork1 and as the ,aer-,vessels are in the ,wood3 but only by the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma2 which are so postured and crouded up together1 as to leave certain ,cilyndrick ,spaces1 which are continued by the length of the ,barque4 #cf4 4 ,one difference betwixt the ,vessels or ,chanels now describ'd1 and the ,tubulary ,hollows and other ,apertures in the ,pith1 is this2 ,that these never exist originally with the ,pith2 but are so many ,ruptures supervening to it in its ,growth4 ,caused1 partly1 by the ,stretch or ,tenter it suffers from the ,dilatation of the ,wood3#fj and partly1 the drying1 and so the ,shrinking up of its ,bladders1 and of the ,fibres whereof they are composed4 ,whereas the said ,vessels in the ,barque1 are many of them originally formed therewith4 ,and those which are post-nate1 not made by any ,rupture1 but only such a ,disposition of the ,parenchymous ,fibres1 and ,constipation of the ,bladders1 as is thereunto convenient4 #fj ,b4 #a4 c4 #c4 4 #bb1 #bc4 #cg4 4 ,in paring the ,barque of a ,branch of ,pine1 ,sumach1 c4 they appear1 neither parallel1 nor any where ,inosculated3 but run1 with some little obliquities1 distinct one from another1 through the length of the ,branch3 and so1 we may believe1 through the length of the ,tree4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,wood4 ,,the next general ,part of a ,branch1 is the ,wood2 which lyeth betwixt the ,barque and the ,pith4 ,and this likewise evermore consisteth of ,two ,general ,parts1 sc4 of a ,parenchymous ,part1 and that more properly called ,lignous4 ,the ,parenchymous ,part of the ,wood1 though much diversifyed1 yet in the ,trunks of all ,trees whatsoever1 hath this property1 ,to be disposed into many ,rays1 or ,diametral ,insertions1 running betwixt so many ,lignous ,portions1 from the ,barque to the ,pith3 as in any of the ,quarters here before us may appear4 #b4 4 ,but these ,insertions are much diversifyed1 according to the several ,sorts of ,plants4 ,so in ,barberry1 ,ash1 ,pine1 ,worm-wood1 they are less numerous4 ,tab4 #bb1 to #ce4 ,in ,elm1 ,wallnut1 ,fig1 ,sumach1 they are more4 ,and in ,holly1 ,pear1 ,plum1 ,apple1 ,oak1 ,hazel1 are most numerous4 #c4 4 ,the same ,insertions1 in ,barberry1 ,wormwood1 and some in ,oak1 are very ,thick4 ,in ,pine1 ,fig1 ,ash1 of a middle ,size4 ,in ,pear1 ,holly1 and most of them in ,oak1 are exceeding ,small4 ,ibid4 ,again1 in ,barberry1 ,elm1 ,ash1 ,sumach1 ,fig1 they are of an ,equal ,size4 ,in ,holly1 ,hazel1 ,pear1 ,plum1 ,oak1 they are very ,unequal3 some of those in ,holly1 being ,four or ,five times thicker than the rest2 in ,plum1 ,six or ,seven times2 and in ,oak1 ,ten times at least4 #d4 4 ,in some ,plants1 they are ,equidistant2 in others1 not3 in some1 the ,great ones are ,equidistant2 in others1 the ,lesser2 in others1 both2 in some1 neither4 ,which ,varieties are not accidental2 but constant to the ,species in which they are severally found4 #e4 4 ,they are not always visibly continued from the ,circumference to the ,centre of the ,wood3 but in some ,branches1 as of ,sumach2 and in most ,trunks of many years growth1 declining1 in some places1 ,tab4 #cd4 under or over1 from a ,level1 are thereby1 upon a ,transverse ,section1 in part cut away4 #f4 4 ,they have yet one more ,diversity1 which is1 ,that in divers of the aforesaid ,branches1 they run not only through the ,wood2 but also shoot out beyond it1 into some ,part of the ,barque1 as in ,elm1 ,sumach1 ,wormwood1 c4 ,tab4 #bh1 #cd1 #ce4 ,whereas in ,pine1 and some of the rest they either keep not distinct from the other parts of the ,parenchyma of the ,barque2 ,tab4 #cb4 or are so small1 as not to be distinguished there from4 #g4 4 ,the ,texture likewise of these ,insertions is somewhat various4 ,tab4 #ce4 ,for in ,wormwood1 and most ,herbs1 they are manifestly composed of small ,bladders3 differing in nothing from those of the ,barque or ,pith1 saving1 in their being much less4 ,yet in ,herbs1 they are much larger than they are in ,trees4 ,tab4 #cf1 #cg4 ,and in many ,trees1 as ,apple1 ,pear1 ,plum1 ,pine1 c4 they are either quite lost1 or so squeezed and pressed together by the hard ,wood standing on both sides1 as to be almost undiscernable4 #h4 4 ,so that although the ,parenchyma of the ,barque or ,pith1 and the ,insertions in the ,wood1 are of the same ,specifick ,nature or ,substance3 yet there is this difference betwixt them2 ,that the ,fibres of the former1 are so ,netted together1 as to leave several round ,vacuities2 or to make a great many little ,bladders1 whereas1 in the latter1 they are usually so far crowded up1 as to run 7as when a ,net is stretched out7 like a ,skein of ,parallel ,threds4 #i4 4 ,of these ,insertions in the ,wood1 it is further observable1 ,that they do not only run betwixt the ,lignous ,portions2 but that many of their ,fibres are likewise all along distributed to the several ,fibres1 ,tab4 #dj4 of which the ,lignous ,portions consist1 and are interwoven with them2 both together thus making a piece of ,linsy-,woolsy ,work1 or like many other ,manufactures in which the ,warp and the ,woof are of different ,sorts of ,stuff3 as in the end of the ,fourth ,chapter is further explained4 #aj4 4 ,,the ,,wood is likewise compounded of ,two ,sorts of ,bodies2 ,that which is strictly ,woody2 and the ,aer-,vessels mixed herewith4 ,the true ,wood is nothing else but a mass of antiquated ,lymphducts1 viz4 those which were originally placed on the inner ,margin of the ,barque4 ,for in that place1 there grows1 every year1 a new ,ring of ,lymphducts4 ,which losing its original softness by degrees1 at the latter end of the year1 is turned into a dry and hard ,ring of perfect ,wood4 #aa4 4 ,so that every year1 the ,barque of a ,tree is divided into ,two ,parts1 and distributed two contrary ways4 ,the outer ,part falleth off towards the ,skin2 and at length becomes the ,skin it self4 ,in like manner1 as hath been observed of the ,skin of the ,root4 ,or as the ,cuticula in ,animals1 is but the efflorescence of the ,cutis4 ,i say1 that the elder ,skin of a ,tree1 is not originally made a ,skin2 but was once1 some of the midle part of the ,barque it self1 which is annually cast off1 and dryed into a ,skin3 even as the very ,skin of an ,adder1 upon the gradual generation of a new one underneath1 in time1 becomes a ,slough4 ,the inmost portion of the ,barque1 is annually distributed and added to the ,wood3 the ,parenchymous ,part thereof making a new addition to the ,insertions within the ,wood2 and the ,lymphducts a new addition to the ,lignous pieces betwixt which the ,insertions stand4 ,so that a ,ring of ,lymphducts in the ,barque this year1 will be a ,ring of ,wood the next2 and so another ,ring of ,lymphducts1 and of ,wood1 successively1 from year to year4 ,so the ,table1 for an ,apple-,branch1 ,tab4 #be1 #bd1 #cd1 #bh4 sheweth a quarter of a ,slice of a ,branch cut transversly1 of ,three years growth3 ,that of ,barbery1 of ,two2 ,that of ,sumach1 of ,one only2 ,that of ,elm1 of ,five4 #ab4 4 ,hereby two things maybe the better noted4 ,first1 the difference betwixt the degrees of the annual growths of several ,trees3 three years growth in an ,oak1 being as thick as five in an ,elm4 ,tab4 #cc1 #bh4 ,secondly1 the difference betwixt the ,annual growths of the same ,tree2 being not of a constant proportion1 but varying in thickness1 as it should seem1 according to the season of the year3 whereby it may appear1 what season1 or kind of year1 doth most of all favour1 the latitudinal growth1 or the thickening of any ,tree4 #ac4 4 ,the ,lymphducts thus antiquated or turned into ,wood1 do rarely1 if ever1 ,bleed3 but only transmit a kind of ,dewy or ,vaporous ,sap4 ,and some of them1 as in the ,heart of some ,trees1 it is probable1 ,that they transmit not any ,sap1 either in the form of a ,liquor1 or a ,vapour3 and so being gradually deprived of their ,watery ,parts1 become the ,heart4 #ad4 4 ,there is this further variety in the ,wood2 represented in ,walnut1 ,fig and ,oak4 ,that some certain parcels hereof1 make either several small and white ,rings1 as in ,oak2 or else divers white and crooked ,parcels1 transverse to the ,insertions1 as in ,wallnut and ,fig4 ,tab4 #cj1 #ca1 #cc4 ,for it seemeth1 that1 at least1in many ,trees1 some portion of all the ,kinds of ,vessels in the ,barque1 are not only annually distributed to the ,wood1 but do likewise therein retain the same1 or somewhat like ,position1 which they originally had in the ,barque4 ,so that as all those bigger and darker ,portions of the ,wood1 were originally1 the ,radiated ,lymphducts of the ,barque3 so the little white ,circles1 or ,parcels of ,circles1 in the same ,wood1 were originally another sort of ,sap-,vessels in the ,barque1 sc4 those which have a circular ,position therein4 #ae4 4 ,in the ,branches of ,fir1 ,pine1 and others of the same ,kindred1 there are some few ,turpentine-,vessels scattered up and down the ,wood2 ,tab4 #cb4 and represented by the larger ,black ,spots4 ,which ,vessels are eadem numero1 the self same1 which did once appertain to the ,barque2 and do even here also in the ,wood1 contain and yield a liquid ,turpentine4 ,only1 being pinched up by the ,wood1 they are become much smaller ,pipes4 #af4 4 ,,the ,aer-,vessels1 with the ,insertions1 and true ,wood1 altogether make up ,that1 which is commonly called1 ,the ,wood of a ,tree4 ,the ,aer-,vessels ,i so call1 not in that they never contain any ,liquor2 but1 because all the principal time of the growth of a ,plant1 when the ,vessels of the ,barque are filled with ,liquor1 these are filled only with a ,vegetable ,aer4 #ag4 4 ,in almost all ,plants1 not one in some hundreds excepted1 this is proper to the ,aer-,vessels2 ,to have a much more ample ,bore or ,cavity1 than any other in the ,wood4 ,in the ,wood1 ,i say2 for in the ,barque1 there are many ,sap-,vessels bigger than the biggest ,aer-,vessels that be4 #ah4 4 ,the ,varieties hereof are very many2 in respect both of their ,number1 ,size1 and ,position2 being1 as to these1 the same1 in no two ,sorts of ,plants whatsoever4 ,first in respect of their ,number4 ,so in ,hazel1 ,apple1 ,pear1 they are very numerous2 but in different degrees3 and are represented in the ,figures already referred to1 by all the black spots in the ,wood4 ,tab4 #bc1 #be1 #bf4 #bb1 #bd1 #bg4 #bi1 #cj1 #cc4 #cb4 ,in ,holly1 ,plum1 ,barberry somewhat numerous4 ,in ,oak1 ,ash1 ,walnut fewer4 ,in ,pine1 and others of that ,kindred1 very few2 sc4 fewer than in any other kind of ,plant4 #ai4 4 ,secondly1 in respect of their ,size2 which from the first or greatest1 to the least1 may be computed easily to about ,twenty ,degrees4 ,thus1 many of those in ,elm1 ,ash1 ,wallnut1 ,fig1 ,oak1 are very large4 ,in ,barberry1 ,plum1 not so large4 ,in ,hazel1 ,sumach1 smaller4 ,in ,holly1 ,pear1 of a still smaller ,size4 ,tab4 #bh1 #cc4 #bb1 #bf4 ,so that many of those in ,elm1 or ,oak1 are ,twenty times bigger1 than those in ,holly or ,pear4 #bj4 4 ,in an ordinary joynted ,cane1 they are so wide1 that if you take one a yard1 or a yard and long1 and putting one end into a ,basin of ,water1 you blow strongly at the other2 your ,breath will immediately pass1 through the ,aer-,vessels1 the length of the ,cane1 so as to raise up the ,water into a great many ,bubbles4 #ba4 4 ,and as they have a different ,size in divers ,kinds of ,plants2 so likewise1 according to the place where they stand1 in the self same4 ,so in ,holly1 ,hazel1 ,apple1 their ,size is more equal throughout the bredth of the ,tree4 ,tab4 #bb1 #bc1 #be4 #bd1 #bh1 #bi4 #cc4 ,but in ,barberry1 ,elm1 ,oak1 ,ash1 very different3 ,not fortuitously1 but always much after the same manner4 ,for in all the last named ,branches1 the ,aer-,vessels stand in the inner margin of each annual ,ring1 are all vastly bigger1 than any of those that stand in the outer part of the ,ring4 #bb4 4 ,thirdly1 these ,aer-,vessels are also different in their ,situation4 ,so in ,apple1 ,wallnut1 ,fig1 they are spread all abroad in every annual ,ring2 ,tab4 #be1 #cj1 #ca4 not being posited in any one certain ,line4 ,in others1 they keep more within the compass of some ,line or ,lines2 either ,diametral1 or ,peripheral4 ,tab4 #bb4 #bc1 #cb4 ,so in ,holly they are ,radiated1 or run in even ,diametral ,lines betwixt the ,pith and the ,barque4 ,so also are some of them in ,hazel2 and some few in ,wallnut4 #bc4 4 ,whether they stand ,irregularly1 or are ,radiated1 it is to be noted1 ,that ,nature1 for the most part1 so disposeth of them1 that many of them may still stand very near the ,insertions4 ,so in ,apple1 she will rather decline making an even ,line2 or in ,holly1 will rather break that ,line into ,parcels1 than that the ,aer-,vessels shall stand remote from the ,insertions4 ,to what end this is done1 shall be said hereafter4 #bd4 4 ,again1 in ,ash1 the ,aer-,vessels are none of them ,radiated1 but most of them stand in ,circles on the inner ,margin of every annual ,ring4 ,tab4 #bd4 #bi4 #bh4 #bf1 #bg4 ,which ,circle is sometimes very thick1 as in ,ash and ,barberry4 ,in others but thin1 the ,vessels standing1 for the most part1 single throughout the ,circles2 as in ,elm4 ,sometimes again1 they both make a ,circle1 and are also spread abroad2 as in ,pear and ,plum4 #be4 4 ,those likewise which are spread abroad1 are sometimes ,regularly posited4 ,tab4 #bd4 ,so in ,barberry1 besides those larger1 that make the ,circle1 there are other smaller ones1 that stand1 in oblique ,lines1 athwart one another2 almost like a ,bend1 or sometimes1 an entire or broken ,saltyr in an ,escutcheon4 ,tab4 #cc4 #ch4 ,in ,oak1 they make rather certain ,columns1 in the posture of the ,pale4 ,and in ,elm1 they make1 as it were1 many cross ,parcels1 in the posture of the ,fess4 #bf4 4 ,this great difference in the ,size and ,position of the ,aer-,vessels1 in the same individual ,plant1 is one ground1 for which1 ,i think it probable1 ,that there are divers ,kinds of ,aer-,vessels1 as well as of ,sap-,vessels4 ,even as in ,animals1 there are divers ,kinds of ,organs for ,spiration1 and the separation of ,aer3 ,fishes having their ,branchi2 ,land-,animals their ,lungs2 and those in ,frogs1 c4 being of a somewhat peculiar ,kind4 #bg4 4 ,,the ,form and ,texture of these ,vessels1 and the various ways whereby they may be best observed1 ,i have already described and shewed in my ,anatomy of ,roots4 ,p4 #a4 c4 #d4 ,as to their ,form1 one thing remarqued was this2 ,that they are never ,ramified1 but distinctly continued from one end of a ,plant1 small or great1 to the other3 as the ,nerves are in ,animals4 ,a further and easie proof whereof1 may be made1 only by holding up a piece of an ordinary ,cane1 about a foot long1 cut very smooth at both ends1 against a full light3 whereupon1 if you keep it in a straight ,line betwixt the ,light1 and the cast of your ,eye1 and then look steadily1 you may see quite through it1 that is1 through the ,aer-,vessels1 which run straight along the ,cane from end to end4 #bh4 4 ,as to their ,texture2 whereas1 oftentimes1 the ,aer-,vessels appear to be unroaved in the form of a very small ,plate1 it is to be noted1 ,that it is not only of different bredth1 in divers ,plants1 and usually much broader in the ,root1 than in the ,trunk3 but also1 that in the ,trunk1 many times1 the said ,vessels are unroaved or resolved1 not in the form of a ,plate1 but of a ,round-,thred4 ,the ,causes of which ,diversity1 are principally ,three2 viz4 ,the ,weftage of the ,fibres of which the ,aer-,vessels consist2 ,the deference betwixt the said ,fibres1 or betwixt the ,warp and the ,woof2 ,and the different ,kinds of ,woof4 #bi4 4 ,by the ,weftage of the ,fibres1 it is1 ,that the ,vessels1 oftentimes1 unroave in the form of a ,plate4 ,as if we should imagine a piece of fine narrow ,ribband1 to be woun'd spirally1 and ,edg to ,edg1 round about a ,stick2 and so1 the ,stick being drawn out1 the ,ribband to be left in the ,figure of a ,tube1 answerable to an ,aer-,vessel4 ,for that which1 upon the unroaving of the ,vessel1 seems to be a ,plate1 ,tab4 #ci4 or one single ,piece1 is1 as it were1 a ,natural ,ribband1 consisting of several ,pieces1 that is1 a certain number of ,threds or ,round ,fibres1 standing parallel1 as the ,threds do in an ,artificial ,ribband4 ,and as in a ,ribband1 so here1 the ,fibres which make the ,warp1 and which are ,spirally continu'd2 although they run parallel1 yet are not coallescent2 but conteined together1 by other ,transverse ,fibres in the place of a ,woof4 #cj4 4 ,and as the said ,fibres are transversly continued1 thereby making a ,warp and ,woof3 ,so are they 7as in divers woven ,manufactures7 of very different ,bulk2 those of the ,former1 being much bigger1 and therefore much stronger1 than those of the ,latter4 ,by which means1 as ,cloth or ,silk will often ,tear one way1 and not another2 so here1 while the ,warp or those ,fibres which are ,spirally continued1 are usually unroaved without breaking2 those smaller ones1 by which they are stitched or woven together1 easily tear in sunder all the way4 #ca4 4 ,and because the ,fibres of the ,woof1 are themselves also of different ,bulk2 therefore it is1 ,that where they are more sturdy1 as usually in the ,root1 they require a greater quantity of ,warp1 that is1 a broader ,plate1 to overmatch them4 ,whereas1 where they are more extream small1 as in the ,trunk and ,leaves1 one ,thred of the ,warp1 that is1 one ,spiral ,fibre1 will be strong enough of it self1 and so1 sometimes1 be singly unroav'd4 #cb4 4 ,from the extream ,tenuity of these ,fibres1 it is1 ,that they are very rarely discern'd1 and not without the greatest difficulty4 ,as also1 from their great ,tenderness2 whereby not enduring to be drawn out1 they all break off close to the ,sides of the ,spiral ones4 ,in the ,pith1 the like ,transverse ,fibres are a little more visible3 which first conducted ,me to the notice of them here also4 #cc4 4 ,all the ,fibres of the ,aer-,vessels1 both the ,warp and the ,woof1 are of the same ,substantial ,nature with the ,pith and the other ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,plant4 ,from whence it is1 ,that whereas the ,towy ,parts of a ,plant1 whereof all ,linen ,manufactures are made1 are very ,strong and ,tough2 these1 as is abovesaid1 are extream ,tender and ,brittle1 like those of the ,pith and all the ,pithy ,parts4 ,to which therefore1 the ,aer-,vessels are to be referr'd4 ,and the ,content of both1 is oftentimes the same4 #cd4 4 ,from whence1 we have a further proof of what ,i have formerly asserted1 which is1 ,that in all ,plants1 there are ,two ,substantially different ,parts1 ,b4 #a4 c4 #g4 4 #ac4 #ad4 and no more than ,two1 viz4 the ,pithy1 and the ,towy or ,lignous ,parts4 #ce4 4 ,from hence also we have some ground to conjecture1 ,that so many of the ,aer-,vessels1 at least1 which are not formed with the seed1 but post-nate1 are originated from the ,parenchymous ,parts2 which seem by some alteration in the ,quality1 ,position and ,texture of the ,fibres1 to be ,transformed into ,aer-,vessels1 as ,caterpillars are into ,flies4 ,and as the ,pith it self1 by the ,rupture and ,shrinking up of several ,rows of ,bladders1 doth oftentimes become ,tubulary3 ,so is it also probable1 that in the other ,parenchymous ,parts1 one single ,row or ,file of ,bladders evenly and perpendicularly piled2 may sometimes1 by the shrinking up of their ,horizontal ,fibres1 all regularly break one into another and so make one continued ,cavity2 or a ,tube1 whose ,diametre is the same with that of the ,bladders1 wherof it is composed4 ,all which1 will appear more probable1 and what hath been said1 be yet better understood1 when we come1 in the next ,chapter1 to the ,description of the ,pith4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,pith4 ,,the ,third ,general ,part of a ,branch is the ,pith4 ,which though it have a different name from the ,parenchyma in the ,barque1 and the ,insertions in the ,wood2 yet1 as to its ,substance1 it is the very same with them both4 ,whereof there is a double evidence1 sc4 their ,continuity1 and the sameness of their ,texture4 ,their ,texture shall be shewed presently4 ,as to their ,continuity1 it is to be noted1 ,that as the ,skin is continuous with the ,parenchyma of the ,barque2 and this ,parenchyma likewise1 with the ,insertions in the ,wood2 so these ,insertions again1 running through the ,wood1 are also continuous with the ,pith4 ,so that the ,skin1 ,parenchyma1 ,insertions1 and ,pith1 are all ,one entire piece of ,work2 being only filled up1 in divers manners1 with the ,vessels4 #b4 4 ,the ,size of the ,pith is various1 being not the same in any two ,branches here represented4 ,tab4 #bd1 #ca1 #cd1 #ce4 #bb1 #bi1 #cj1 #cb4 #bc1 #be1 #bf1 #ce4 #bg4 #bh4 ,in ,wormwood1 ,sumach1 ,fig1 ,barbery1 'tis very large2 sc4 betwixt #e1 and #g ,inches ,diametre1 as it appears through the ,microscope4 ,in ,pine1 ,ash1 ,holly1 ,walnut1 not so large2 from #c ,inches ,diameter to #d4 ,in ,oak1 ,apple1 ,pear1 ,hazel1 lesser1 scarce from #b1 to #c4 ,in ,damascene1 not above an ,inch and half4 ,and in ,elm1 scarce an ,inch ,diameter4 ,note also1 that of all ,plants1 both ,herbs1 and ,shrubs1 have generally the largest ,piths1 in proportion with the other ,parts of the same ,branch1 as in ,sumach1 ,fig1 ,barbery1 is manifest4 #c4 4 ,it is also worth the noting1 ,that wheras1 in most ,plants1 the ,barque and ,wood do both grow thicker every year3 the ,pith1 on the contrary1 groweth more slender2 ,so that in a ,branch of one years growth1 it is apparently more ample1 than in one of two2 and in a ,branch of two1 than in one of three2 and so on4 #d4 4 ,the ,pith1 for the most part1 if not always1 in the ,branch1 as well as the ,root1 is furnished with a certain number of ,sap-,vessels4 ,they are here usually so postur'd1 as to make a ,ring on the ,margin of the ,pith4 ,where they are more numerous1 or large1 they are more evident2 as in ,walnut1 ,fig1 ,pine1 and others4 ,they are also of divers ,kinds1 ,tab4 #cj1 #ca1 #cb4 answerable to those in the ,barque2 as in ,wallnut1 ,lymphducts2 in ,fig1 ,lacteals2 in ,pine1 ,resiniferous4 #e4 4 ,the ,parenchyma of the ,pith is composed of ,bladders4 ,which are the very same with those in the ,barque1 and oftentimes in the ,insertions within the ,wood4 ,only these in the ,pith1 are of the largest ,size2 those in the ,barque1 of a lesser2 and those of the ,insertions least of all3 for which reason they are less obvious than in the ,pith4 #f4 4 ,the ,bladders of the ,pith1 though always comparatively ,great2 yet are of very different ,sizes4 ,being easily distinguished1 even as to their ,horizontal ,area1 to ,twenty ,degrees4 ,tab4 #bd1 #ca4 ,those of ,fig1 ,barberry1 and some others1 are somewhat large4 ,and of many ,herbs1 as of ,thistle1 ,borage1 and others1 ,tab4 #ci4 three times as big again2 appearing in the ,microscope1 like to the largest ,cells of an ,hony-comb4 ,those of ,plum1 ,worm-wood1 ,sumach1 less4 ,of ,elm1 ,apple1 ,pear1 lesser4 ,of ,holly and ,oak1 still less4 ,tab4 #cb4 ,so that the ,bladders of the ,pith in ,borage or ,common ,thistle1 are of that ,size1 as to contain1 within the compass only of their ,horizontal ,area1 about twenty ,bladders of the ,pith of ,oak4 ,wherefore one whole ,bladder in ,thistle1 is1 at least an hundred times bigger1 than another in ,oak4 #g4 4 ,of the ,size of these ,bladders of the ,pith1 'tis also to be noted1 ,that it doth not at all follow the ,size of the ,pith it self2 but is still varied1 according as ,nature designeth the ,pith for various use4 ,thus1 whereas the ,pith of ,sumach1 is ,larger than that of ,barberry2 it might be thought1 that the ,bladders1 whereof it is composed1 should be likewise ,larger3 ,yet are they ,three times as ,small again in ,sumach1 as they are in ,barberry4 ,tab4 #bd1 #cd4 #bf1 #bg4 #bc1 #cc4 ,so the ,pith of ,plum1 is far ,less than that of ,pear2 yet the ,bladders of the former are ,four or ,five times as big1 as those of the latter4 ,so the ,pith of ,hazel is almost ,three times as ,little again1 as that of ,holly2 yet the ,bladders in ,hazel1 are ,ten times bigger1 than in ,holly4 #h4 4 ,the ,shape of the ,bladders hath also some ,variety4 ,for although1 for the most part1 they are more round2 yet oftentimes they are angular3 as in ,reed-grass1 a ,water-plant2 where they are ,cubical2 and in ,borage1 ,thistle1 and many others1 where they are pentangular1 sexangular and septangular4 #i4 4 ,of the ,texture of the ,bladders1 'tis also to be noted1 that many times1 the ,sides of the greater ,bladders are composed of lesser2 as is often seen in those of ,borage1 ,bulrush1 and some other ,plants4 ,in the same manner1 as the ,sap-,vessels1 are but greater ,fibres made up of lesser4 #aj4 4 ,the ,pith1 though always originally composed of ,bladders1 and so ,one ,entire ,piece2 yet in process1 as the ,plant grows up1 it hath divers openings or ,ruptures made in it3 oftentimes very regularly1 and always for good use1 and with constancy observed in the same ,species of ,plants4 ,in ,sharp-poynted ,dock1 many of the ,pores are considerably prolonged by the length1 like small ,pipes4 ,tab4 #ai4 ,in ,walnut it shrinketh up into transverse ,filmes or ,membranes2 as likewise sometimes in ,spanish-,broom4 ,sometimes the ,pith is hollow or ,tubulary3 either throughout the ,trunk1 as in ,thistle1 ,endive1 ,scorzonera1 ,marsh-,mallow3 or so1 as to remain entire at every joynt2 as in ,sonchus1 ,nettle1 ,teasle2 in which it is divided as it were into several ,stories3 and divers other ways4 #aa4 4 ,i ,,shall conclude this discourse with a further illustration of the ,texture of the ,pith1 and of the whole ,plant1 as consequent thereupon4 ,i say therefore1 7and have given some account hereof in the ,anatomy of ,roots7 ,that as the ,vessels of a ,plant1 sc4 the ,aer-,vessels and the ,lymphducts are made up of ,fibres2 according to what ,i have in this ,discourse above said2 so the ,pith of a ,plant1 or the ,bladders whereof the ,pith consists are likewise made up of ,fibres4 ,which is true also of the ,parenchyma of the ,barque4 ,and also of the ,insertions in the ,wood4 ,yea1 and of the ,fruit1 and all other ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,plant4 ,i say1 that the very ,pulp of an ,apple1 ,pear1 ,cucumber1 ,plum1 or any other ,fruit1 is nothing else but a ,ball of most extream small transparent ,threds or ,fibres1 all wrapped and stitch'd up 7though in divers manners7 together4 ,and even all those ,parts of a ,plant1 which are neither formed into visible ,tubes1 nor into ,bladders1 are yet made up of ,fibers4 ,which1 though it be difficult to observe1 in any of those ,parts which are closer wrought and principally in the ,insertions of some ,trees3 yet in the ,pith1 especially of some ,plants1 which consisteth of more open work1 they are more visible4 ,which introduceth the observation of them in all other ,parenchymous ,parts4 ,so in the ,pith of a ,bulrush of the ,common ,thistle1 ,tab4 #ch4 and some other ,plants2 not only the ,threds of which the ,bladders2 but also the single ,fibres1 of which the ,threds are composed2 may sometimes with the help of a good ,glass1 be distinctly seen4 ,yet one of these ,fibres1 may reasonably be computed to be a ,thousand times smaller than an ,horse-,hair4 #ab4 4 ,the ,fibrosity of the ,parenchyma is also visible in some ,woods1 in which1 it is apparently mixed with the ,lignous ,parts1 not only by ,insertions1 but per minimas ,partes organicas4 ,that is to say1 ,the ,parenchymous ,fibres1 like smaller ,threds1 are either wraped round about both the ,lignous and the ,aer-,vessels1 or at least interwoven with them1 and with every ,fiber of every ,vessel3 as in very white ,ash or ,fir-,wood1 ,tab4 #ci4 with an advantagious posture and light1 may be observed4 #ac4 4 ,,whence it follows1 that the whole ,substance1 or all the ,parts of a ,plant1 so far as ,organical1 they also consist of ,fibres4 ,of all which ,fibres those of the ,lymphducts1 run only by the ,length of the ,plant3 those of the ,pith1 ,insertions1 and ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 run by the breadth or horizontally3 those of the ,aer-,vessels1 fetch their ,circuit by the ,breadth1 and continue it by the ,length4 #ad4 4 ,by which means1 the said ,parenchymous ,fibres1 in fetching their horizontal ,circles1 do thus weave1 and make up the ,bladders of the ,pith1 in ,open-,work4 ,and the same ,fibres being thence continued2 they also weave and make up the ,insertions1 but in ,close-,work4 ,betwixt which ,insertions1 the ,vessels being likewise transversly interjected1 some of the same ,fibres wrap themselves also about these2 thus tying many of them together1 and so making those several ,conjugations and ,braces of the ,vessels1 which ,i have formerly described4 ,and as some of these ,horizontal ,fibres are wraped about the ,vessels2 so also about the ,fibres1 whereof the ,vessels are composed4 ,by which means it is1 that all the ,fibres of the ,vessels are ,tacked or ,stitched up close together into ,one ,coherent ,piece4 ,tab4 #dj4 ,much after the same manner1 as the ,perpendicular ,splinters or ,twigs of a ,basket1 are1 by those that run in and out ,horizontally4 ,and the same ,horizontal ,fibres1 being still further produced into the ,barque2 they there compose the same work over again 7only not so open7 as in the ,pith4 #ae4 4 ,,so ,,that the most unfeigned and proper resemblance we can at present1 make of the whole ,body of a ,plant1 is1 ,to a piece of fine ,bone-,lace1 when the ,women are working it upon the ,cushion1 ,for the ,pith1 ,insertions1 and ,parenchyma of the ,barque1 are all extream ,fine and ,perfect ,lace-,work3 the ,fibres of the ,pith running ,horizontally1 as do the ,threds in a ,piece of ,lace2 and bounding the several ,bladders of the ,pith and ,barque1 as the ,threds do the several ,holes of the ,lace2 and making up the ,insertions without ,bladders1 or with very small ones1 as the same ,threds likewise do the close ,parts of the ,lace1 which they call the ,cloth-,work4 ,and lastly1 both the ,lignous and ,aer-,vessels1 stand all ,perpendicular1 and so cross to the ,horizontal ,fibres of all the said ,parenchymous ,parts2 even as in a ,piece of ,lace upon the ,cushion1 the ,pins do to the ,threds4 ,the ,pins being also conceived to be ,tubular1 and prolonged to any length2 and the same ,lace-,work to be wrought many ,thousands of times over and over again1 to any thickness or hight1 according to the hight of any ,plant4 ,and this is the true ,texture of a ,plant3 and the general composure1 not only of a ,branch1 but of all other ,parts from the ,seed to the ,seed4 ,an ,account of the ,,vegetation ,,of ,,trunks ,grounded upon the foregoing ,,anatomy4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,having before given the ,anatomy of ,trunks2 ,i shall next proceed to see1 what ,use may be made thereof2 and principally1 to explicate the manner of their ,vegetation4 ,in doing which1 that former ,method1 which ,i used in shewing the manner of the ,growth of ,roots1 ,i shall not exactly follow4 ,for so1 in regard the ,organical ,parts of the ,root and ,trunk are the same1 and consequently their ,nutrition and ,conformation are effected in the same way2 ,i should hereby be obliged to a nauseous and unprofitable repetition of many things already said4 ,the ,explication therefore of all those ,particulars1 which more especially belong to the ,trunk1 or are more ,apparent therein1 and not spoken of1 or not so fully1 in the former ,books1 will be my present ,task4 ,the chief ,heads whereof1 shall be these ,seven following1 viz4 ,,first1 the ,motion and ,course of the ,sap4 ,,secondly1 ,the ,motion and ,course of the ,aer4 ,,thirdly1 ,the ,structure of the ,parts4 ,,fourthly1 ,the ,generation of ,liquors4 ,,fifthly1 ,the ,figuration of ,trunks4 ,,sixthly1 ,the ,motion of ,trunks4 ,,seventhly1 ,and lastly the ,nature of ,trunks as variously fitted for ,mechanical ,use4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,motion and ,course of the ,sap4 ,,first1 as to the ,course of the ,sap1 there are ,three ,parts in which it moveth2 sc4 the ,pith1 the ,wood and the ,barque4 ,first the ,pith2 in which the ,sap moveth the ,first year1 and only the ,first year4 ,or1 it is ,proprium quarto modo1 to the ,pith of every ,annual ,growth1 and to the ,pith of such a ,growth only1 ,to be succulent4 ,that is1 whether of a ,sprout from a ,seed1 or of a ,sucker from a ,root1 or of a ,cyon from a ,branch2 ,the ,pith is always found the ,first year full of ,sap4 ,but the ,second year1 the same individual ,pith1 always becomes dry1 and so it continues ever after4 #b4 4 ,one cause whereof is1 that the ,lymphducts in the ,barque1 being the first year adjacent to the ,pith2 they do all that time1 transfuse part of their ,sap into it1 and so keep it always ,succulent4 ,but the same ,lymphducts1 the year following1 are turned into ,wood2 and the ,vessels which are then generated1 and carry the ,sap1 stand beyond them1 in the ,barque4 ,so that the ,sap being now more remote from the ,pith1 and intercepted by the new ,wood1 it cannot be transfused1 with that sufficient force and plenty as before1 into the ,pith2 which therefore1 from the first year1 always continues dry4 #c4 4 ,,the ,,second ,part in which the ,sap moves1 sub forma liquoris1 is the ,wood4 ,which yet1 it doth not in all ,plants1 but only in some2 and visibly1 in very few2 as in the ,vine3 ,in a ,vine1 ,i say1 the ,sap doth visibly ascend by the ,wood4 ,and this it doth1 not only the first year1 but every year1 so long as the ,vine continues to grow4 ,but although this ascent1 in or through the ,wood1 be every year2 yet it is only in the ,spring1 for about the space of a ,month2 sc4 in ,march and ,april4 #d4 4 ,there are many other ,trees1 besides the ,vine1 wherein1 about the same time of the year1 the ,sap ascendeth1 though not so copiously1 yet chiefly1 in the ,wood4 ,for if we take a ,branch of two or three years growth1 suppose of ,sallow1 and having first cut the same transversely2 if the ,barque be then also transversely1 and with some force1 pressed with the back of the knife1 near the newly cut end2 the ,sap will very plainly rise up out of the utmost ,ring of ,wood4 ,and if it be pressed in the same manner1 or a little more strongly1 about an ,inch lower1 the ,sap will ascend out of every ,ring of ,wood to the ,center4 ,yet at the same time1 which is to be noted1 there ariseth no ,sap at all out of the ,barque4 #e4 4 ,whence appears the ,error of that so ,common ,opinion1 ,that the ,sap always riseth betwixt the ,wood and the ,barque4 ,the contrary whereunto is most true1 ,that it never doth4 ,for the greater part of the year1 it riseth in the ,barque1 sc4 in the inner ,margin adjacent to the ,wood1 and in ,spring1 in or through the ,wood it self1 and there only4 #f4 4 ,,the ,,third ,part in which the ,sap ascends1 is the ,barque1 as was above hinted1 and may be observ'd in almost any ,branch1 if cut cross1 in the late ,spring and in ,summer2 either as the ,sap issueth spontaneously1 or upon pressing1 as aforesaid4 ,so that when the ,sap ceaseth to ascend1 sub forma liquoris1 by the ,wood1 then it begins to ascend by the ,barque4 #g4 4 ,besides the difference of ,time1 the ,organical ,parts likewise1 in which these two ,saps ascend1 are divers4 ,for in the ,barque1 it ascendeth visibly1 only in the ,succiferous1 whereas in the ,wood1 it ascendeth only by the ,aer-,vessels4 #h4 4 ,,from what hath been said1 we may understand1 what is meant by the ,bleeding of ,plants4 ,if we take it generally1 it properly enough expresses1 ,the eruption of the ,sap out of any ,vessels4 ,and so1 almost all ,plants1 in ,summer time1 do ,bleed1 that is1 from ,sap-,vessels1 either in the ,barque1 or in the ,margin of the ,pith3 the ,saps they ,bleed1 having either a ,sower1 ,sweet1 ,hot1 ,bitter1 or other ,tast4 ,at which time1 the ,vessels also1 in the ,barque of a ,vine-,branch1 do ,bleed a ,sower ,sap4 #i4 4 ,but that which is vulgarly called ,bleeding1 as in a ,vine1 is quite another thing2 both as to the ,liquor which issueth1 and the ,place where it issues3 that is to say1 it is neither a ,sweet1 nor ,sower1 but ,tasteless ,sap2 issuing1 not from any ,vessels in the ,barque1 but from the ,aer-,vessels in the ,wood4 ,so that there is as much difference betwixt ,bleeding in a ,vine1 or the ,rising of the ,sap in any other ,tree1 in ,march1 and in ,july2 as there is betwixt ,salivation and an ,hmorrhage2 or betwixt the ,course of the ,chyle in the ,lactiferous ,vessels1 and the ,circulation of the ,blood in the ,arteries and ,veins4 #aj4 4 ,,now the ,cause from whence it comes to pass1 that the early ,spring-,sap of a ,vine1 and other ,trees1 ascendeth by the ,wood1 is1 ,in that the ,generation of the young ,sap-,vessels in the ,barque1 by which the ,sap ascendeth all the ,summer2 is1 in the beginning of ,spring1 but newly attempted4 ,so that the ,sap having not yet these ,vessels to receive it1 it therefore 7pro hac vice7 runs up the ,aer-,vessels in the ,wood4 ,but so soon as the said ,vessels in the ,barque begin to be considerably encreased1 the ,sap1 declining the ,aer-,vessels1 betakes it self to ,these1 as its most proper ,receptacles4 #aa4 4 ,,the ,,cause also1 why the ,vessels of almost all ,plants1 upon cutting1 do yield ,sap1 or ,bleed2 is the ,pressure which the ,parenchyma makes upon them4 ,for the ,pith and other ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,plant1 upon the reception of ,liquor1 have always a ,conatus to dilate themselves4 ,as is manifest from ,sponges1 which are a ,substance of the same ,nature1 and have a somewhat like structure4 ,as also from ,cork1 which is but the ,parenchyma or ,barque of a ,tree4 ,i say therefore1 that the ,parenchyma being fill'd and swell'd with ,sap1 hath thereby a continual ,conatus to dilate it self2 and in the same degree1 to press together or contract the ,vessels which it surroundeth4 ,and the said ,vessels being cut1 their actual ,contraction and the ,eruption of the ,sap1 do both immediately follow4 #ab4 4 ,,it may be also noted1 ,that the ,trunk or ,branch of any ,plant being cut1 it always bleeds at both ends1 or upwards and downwards1 alike freely4 ,which1 as well as divers other ,experiments plainly shews1 ,that in the ,sap-,vessels of a ,plant1 there are no ,valves4 #ac4 4 ,,from what we have now above1 and elsewhere formerly said1 we may also understand the manner of the ,ascent of the ,sap4 ,as to which1 ,i say1 ,first1 ,that considering to what height and plenty1 the ,sap sometimes ascends2 it is not intelligible1 how it should thus ascend1 by virtue of any one ,part of a ,plant1 alone2 that is neither by virtue of the ,parenchyma1 nor by virtue of the ,vessels1 alone4 ,not by the ,parenchyma alone4 ,for this1 as it hath the ,nature of a ,sponge or ,filtre1 to suck up the ,sap2 so likewise1 to suck it up but to a certain height1 as perhaps1 about an ,inch1 or two1 and no more4 #ad4 4 ,nor by the ,vessels alone1 for the same reason4 ,for although we see1 that small ,glass-,pipes immersed in ,water1 will give it an ascent for some ,inches2 yet there is a certain period1 according to the bore of the ,pipe1 beyond which it will not rise4 ,we must therefore joyn the ,vessels and the ,parenchyma both together in this ,service2 which we may conceive performed by them in the manner following4 #ae4 4 ,let ,a ,b be the ,vessel of a ,plant4 ,let ,c ,e ,d ,f be the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma1 wherewith1 as with so many little ,cisterns1 it is surrounded4 ,tab4 #ci4 ,i say then1 that the ,sap1 in the ,pipe ,b ,a1 would1 of it self1 rise but a few ,inches2 as suppose1 from ,d to ,l4 ,but the ,bladders ,d ,p1 which surround it1 being swelled up and turgid with ,sap1 do hereby press upon it2 and so not only a little contract its bore1 but also transfuse or strain some ,portion of their ,sap thereinto3 by both which means1 the ,sap will be forced to rise higher therein4 ,and the said ,pipe or ,vessel being all along surrounded by the like ,bladders2 the ,sap therein1 is still forced higher and higher3 the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma being1 as is said1 so many ,cisterns of ,liquor1 which transfuse their repeated ,supplies throughout the length of the ,pipe4 ,so that by the supply and pressure of the ,cisterns or ,bladders ,f ,d1 the ,sap riseth to ,l2 by the ,bladders ,q ,l1 it rises to ,m2 by the ,bladders ,n ,m1 it rises to ,i2 by the ,bladders ,o ,i1 it rises to ,k2 by the ,bladders ,p ,k1 it rises to ,e2 and so to the top of the ,tree4 ,and thus far of the ,motion of the ,sap4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,motion and ,course of the ,aer4 ,,the ,,next enquiry to be made1 is1 into the ,motion and ,course of the ,aer4 ,where this question will first of all be asked2 sc4 ,which way the ,aer first enters the ,plant2 whether at the ,trunk1 ,leaves1 and other ,parts above ground2 or at the ,root8 ,i answer1 ,that it enters in part1 at them all4 ,for the ,reception1 as well as ,extramission whereof1 the ,pores are so very large1 in the ,trunks of some ,plants1 as in the better sort of thick walking ,canes1 that they are visible1 to a good ,eye1 without a ,glass2 ,tab4 #ai4 but with a ,glass1 the ,cane seems1 as if it were stuck top full of holes with great ,pins3 being so large1 as very well to resemble the ,pores of the ,skin in the end of the ,fingers and ,ball of the ,hand4 #b4 4 ,in the ,leaves of ,pine1 they are likewise through a ,glass1 a very ,elegant ,show2 standing all most exactly1 in rank and file1 throughout the length of the ,leaves4 ,the ,figure whereof shall be given hereafter1 when we come to the ,anatomy of the ,leaf4 #c4 4 ,but although the ,aer enters1 in part1 at the ,trunk and other ,parts1 especially in some ,plants2 yet its chief entrance1 is at the ,root4 ,even as some ,parts of ,aer1 may continually pass into the ,body and ,blood1 by the ,habit1 or ,pores of the ,skin2 but the chief entrance hereof1 is at the ,mouth4 ,and what the ,mouth is1 to an ,animal2 that the ,root is to a ,plant4 #d4 4 ,again1 if the chief entrance of the ,aer1 were at the ,trunk2 then1 before it could be mixed with the ,sap in the ,root1 it must descend2 and so move not only contrary to its own ,nature1 but likewise in a contrary ,course to the ,sap1 throughout the ,plant4 ,whereas1 by its ,reception at the ,root1 and so its ,transition from thence2 it hath a more natural and easie motion of ,ascent4 ,for while the ,sap ascends1 that the ,aer1 in the same ,plant1 should continually descend1 cannot reasonably be supposed4 #e4 4 ,the same is further argued1 ,from the fewness and smallness of the ,diametral ,portions in the ,trunk in comparison with those in the ,root4 ,in which ,nature hath plainly designed the same1 for the ,separation of the ,aer from the ,sap1 after they are both together received thereinto4 ,so that the ,reception and ,course of the ,aer1 is made on this manner following4 #f4 4 ,,the ,aer being a ,springy ,body1 it insinuates into all the ,holes and ,cranies of the ,earth2 and so is plentifully mixed therewith4 ,whereupon1 as the ,sap enters the ,root1 more or less ,aer still intrudes it self together with it4 ,the ,liquid ,portion of the ,sap1 swells and fills up the ,succulent ,parts of the ,barque4 ,the ,aery ,part1 is1 as was said1 separated from the ,liquid1 into the ,diametral ,portions4 ,which running from the ,barque towards the ,centre of the ,root1 and so passing along betwixt the ,aer-,vessels2 do hereby convey the ,aery ,part of the ,sap from the ,barque1 into the same4 #g4 4 ,being thus received into the ,aer-,vessels1 and the ,reception thereof1 by the same means continued2 it is by them advanced into the ,trunk4 ,in which advance1 it is again1 more or less1 disbursed into all the ,parts of the ,trunk1 as it goes4 ,partly1 inwards to the ,pith4 ,from whence1 the ,pith is always1 at length1 filled with ,aer4 ,partly1 into the ,insertions2 by which it is conveyed outward into the ,barque4 ,wherein1 it is in some part1 transfused through the ,sap3 and so the rest1 with part of the ,sap1 remitted1 in perspirations1 back again into the ,aer4 #h4 4 ,so that1 whereas the ,diametral ,portions in the ,root1 do serve to convey the ,aer from the ,sap in the ,barque1 into the ,aer-,vessels1 in the ,wood3 on the contrary1 the ,insertions here in the ,trunk1 serve to convey the ,aer from the ,aer-,vessels in the ,wood1 into the ,sap1 in the ,barque4 ,wherefore1 as the ,aer-,vessels advance the ,aer1 or the ,aery ,part of the ,sap1 and so convey it by the length of the ,trunk2 so the ,insertions filter it1 and convey it by the breadth4 #i4 4 ,,and that the ,insertions have this ,office or ,subservience unto both ,kinds of ,vessels2 doth yet further appear1 if we consider1 ,that the ,aer-,vessels are always so postured1 as to touch upon the said ,insertions1 or at least to stand very near them4 ,for either they are large1 and so do frequently touch upon them on both sides2 as in ,elm1 ,ash1 ,wallnut1 c4 ,tab4 #bh4 #bi4 #bb4 ,or if they are small2 then they either run along in even lines collateral and oftentimes contiguous with the said ,insertions1 as in ,holly3 or at least1 are reciprocally1 some on one side1 and some on another1 inclined to them2 as in ,apple4 #be4 ,by all which means1 the ,aer is more readily conveyed from the ,vessels into the ,insertions4 #aj4 4 ,a further evidence hereof is this1 ,that generally1 the bigger and the more numerous the ,aer-,vessels be2 the bigger1 or at least1 the more numerous also are the ,insertions3 ,especially1 if the comparison be made 7as in all other cases it ought to be1 as well as here7 betwixt the several ,species of the same ,kind4 ,so ,corin1 which hath small ,aer-,vessels1 ,tab4 #ag4 hath also very small ,insertions4 ,but the ,vine1 hath both very large3 and so for others4 #aa4 4 ,wherefore1 the ,insertions minister betwixt the ,aer-,vessels1 and the ,succiferous2 in the same manner1 as the ,vesicul of the ,lungs1 do betwixt the ,bronchi and the ,arteries4 ,that is to say1 as in an ,animal1 the ,bronchi deposite the ,aer into the ,vesicul of the ,lungs2 which administer it to the ,arteries3 so in a ,plant1 the ,aer-,vessels deposit the ,aer into the ,insertions1 that is into the ,vesicul of the ,insertions2 by which it is gradually filtred off into the ,barque and the ,sap-,vessels therein4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,structure of the ,parts4 ,a ,,third enquiry1 is into the ,generation and ,structure of ,parts4 ,the manner whereof ,i have already endeavoured to explicate#fa from the ,anatomy of the ,root1 throughout all particulars4 ,some whereof ,i shall yet further clear4 #fa ,lib4 #b4 ,p4 #b4 #a4 4 ,as ,first1 the ,union of the ,barque to the ,body of the ,tree1 ,contrary to the common ,opinion1 ,that they are not continuous2 but that the ,barque only surrounds the ,body1 as a ,scabbard does a ,sword1 or a ,glove the ,hand4 ,as also seemeth to be proved1 by the easy ,slipping of the ,barque of ,willow1 and most other ,trees1 when full of ,sap1 from the ,wood4 #b4 4 ,but1 notwithstanding this1 they are as truly continuous1 as the ,skin of the ,body is with the ,flesh3 sc4 by means of the ,parenchyma2 which is one entire ,body1 running from the ,barque into the ,wood1 and so uniting both together2 ,tab4 #ai4 as in a ,branch of ,vine or ,corin-,tree1 when the ,barque is stripped off1 is apparent2 the ,spaces between the several ,parts of the ,wood1 being filled up with the ,parenchymous1 inserted from the ,barque4 #c4 4 ,now the reason why the ,barque nevertheless slips so easily from the ,wood1 is plain1 viz4 ,because most of the young ,vessels and ,parenchymous ,parts1 are there every year successively formed2 that is1 betwixt the ,wood and ,barque3 where the said ,parts newly formed1 are as tender1 as the tenderest ,vessels in ,animals4 ,and we may imagine1 how easie it were at once to tear or break a thousand ,vessels or ,fibres of an ,embrio1 of a ,womb or ,egg4 #d4 4 ,,the same ,vessels of the ,barque being always braced1 and gradually falling off1 together with the ,parenchyma1 into the utmost ,rind3 ,hence it is1 that the ,barques of many ,trees1 are as it were1 ,tab4 #ai4 latticed with several ,cracks of divers ,sizes1 and sometimes in the ,figure of ,rombs3 the said ,fissures representing the ,position and ,tract of the ,vessels in their ,braces4 ,hence also it is1 that the ,barque of some ,trees1 as of ,corin1 ,cherry1 c4 falleth off in ,rings1 sc4 because the ,sap-,vessels are posited in the same manner in the ,barque4 #e4 4 ,the ,sap-,vessels1 as they are generated at the inner ,verge of the ,barque3 so likewise1 in a small quantity1 at the utmost ,verge of the ,pith4 ,these being not only fed with a more vigorous ,sap1 but with great caution1 secured within the ,wood1 for the propagation of the succeeding ,buds4 #f4 4 ,hence also it is1 that is1 by the annual accretion of these ,vessels1 that the ,pith is sometimes less in the ,trunk1 than in the ,branches2 ,tab4 #ah4 and less in the elder ,branches1 than in the younger2 and sometimes 'tis almost wholly filled up4 ,by which means1 as the ,branches carry every year a greater burthen2 so they become still more sturdy the better to support it4 #g4 4 ,,sometimes also the ,pith breaks and shrinks up1 thus making the ,trunk a ,pipe4 ,the cause whereof1 is either the ,largeness of its ,pores1 or the ,thinness of the ,sides of the said ,pores2 upon both which accounts1 the ,pith doth more easily tear1 and upon tearing shrink up1 and so become hollow3 as in ,cichory1 ,lampsana1 ,sonchus1 ,teasel1 ,brownwort1 and others2 wherein the ,pores of the ,pith are ,large1 and the ,sides of the ,pores1 ,thin4 ,whereas1 upon contrary accounts1 the ,piths of most ,trees1 remain perpetually entire4 #h4 4 ,,the ,reason why ,plants are made thus to become hollow1 is partly1 for the ripening of the ,fruit or ,seed2 which is the better effected by a more plentiful supply of ,aer continually received into their hollow ,trunks4 ,for by means of that ,aer1 part of the ,sap1 is dryed up1 and the remaining part of it made warmer1 and so sooner matured4 #i4 4 ,partly1 for the better determining the due ,age of the ,plant4 ,hence it is1 that the greater part of ,annual ,trunks1 are hollow3 the ,aer contained in that hollow1 drying up the ,sap1 and shrinking up the ,sap-,vessels so far1 as to hinder the free motion of the ,sap therein2 from whence the ,plant must needs perish4 ,so that as the ,content of the ,aer-,vessels1 is a kind of ,vegetable ,aer1 whose ,office is to ,attenuate1 and ,ferment the ,juyces of ,plants3 so the ,content of these ,cavities1 cometh nearer to a more common ,aer1 designed chiefly1 so soon as it is convenient1 to dry them up4 #aj4 4 ,,again1 as to the ,aer-,vessels1 divers questions may be asked4 ,as how it comes to pass1 that they are generally less in the ,trunk of the same ,plant1 than in the ,root8 ,the ,cause whereof is1 that here in the ,trunk they are more under the power of the ,aer2 both that which entreth in at the ,trunk1 and that which of its own ,nature ascendeth up into it from the ,root4 ,for the ,aer1 as we have elsewhere said1 is the ,mould of the ,aer-,vessels2 to whose crooked or at least1 ,acid ,parts1 the ,saline1 and other ,principles concurring to their generation1 do conform4 ,to which they do best1 the smaller they are3 the ,fibres of the larger ,aer-,vessels making greater ,circles1 and so coming nearer to a right ,line1 answerable to the ,figure of the ,particles1 not of the ,aerial1 but of the ,saline ,principle4 #aa4 4 ,wherefore as the ,aer-,vessels may be observed still to be dilated or widened towards the lower parts of the ,root1 the ,aerial ,principle being there less predominant1 and the ,saline more3 ,so towards the upper part of the ,trunk1 to be contracted or grow smaller2 the ,aerial ,principle being here more predominant1 and the ,saline less4 #ab4 4 ,,for the same cause it may be observed1 ,that the ,aer-,vessels of the ,second years ,growth1 and the several years succeeding1 are usually nearer of one ,size1 than those of the ,second and ,first2 all being under a less power of the ,aer1 than the ,first4 ,for the first year the ,pith being full of ,liquor1 the ,aer-,vessels themselves1 are the only ,repositories of the ,aer4 ,whereas after the first year1 the ,pith becoming dry1 or another great ,repository for the ,aer2 the ,aer-,vessels are henceforth filled with a moister or more ,vaporous and ,saline ,aer1 and so made to grow wider4 #ac4 4 ,hence the very ,size of the ,pith1 hath much influence upon the ,aer-,vessels1 and the manner of ,nutrition1 and the ,generation of ,liquors in ,plants4 #ad4 4 ,,but for the most part1 the ,aer-,vessels are somewhat1 more or less1 amplified in every new ,annual ,ring2 or at least to a certain number of years4 ,probably1 because in the elder ,branches1 the ,spiral ,fibres1 of which the ,vessels consist1 are more bulky2 and so make a ,vessel of a wider1 as a more agreeable bore4 ,nature obtaining hereby1 that the ,quantity of ,aer1 shall always be answerable to the ,growth of the ,plant1 or at least1 be sufficient to maintain its ,vegetable ,life and ,vigour4 #ae4 4 ,and therefore1 as is above hinted1 it seems likely1 ,that after a certain number of years1 the ,aer-,vessels are no longer amplified1 but stand at a stay1 and perhaps may grow smaller1 according as the ,tree is less or more ,longve2 and that after this period1 it is some way or other in its ,declining ,state4 #af4 4 ,,lastly1 from the ,content and ,governing ,principle of the ,aer-,vessels1 the ,time1 when they begin every year to be formed1 or to appear1 is always later2 at least with respect to the season of the ,tree4 ,so that whereas the ,sap-,vessels begin to be formed in ,spring3 these1 not till the latter end of ,summer1 or there about2 at least not till about that time to appear4 ,that is1 when the ,sap begins to decrease1 and to grow more ,aery2 and so more fit matter for the ,generation of the said ,aer-,vessels4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,generation of ,liquors4 ,,upon the ,structure and ,formation of the ,parts1 dependeth the ,generation of ,liquors1 as was lately intimated4 ,the manner whereof ,i have formerly shewed1 in discoursing of the ,root4 ,yet some things ,i shall here further explicate4 ,and ,first1 what we have formerly asserted1 sc4 ,that the concurrence of two specifically distinct ,fluids1 is as necessary to ,nutrition in ,plants1 as in ,animals4 ,which appears1 as from divers other considerations1 so from the very ,structure of a ,plant3 where in all the ,organical ,parts1 or the ,parenchyma and the ,vessels1 are every where mixed together per minima1 that is1 per minimas partes organicas1 or ,fiber with ,fiber of several ,kinds4 ,every small part of a ,tree1 or of the ,barque of a ,tree1 being as ,i may say1 a sort of ,linsy-,woolsey4 ,so that there is not the least part of the ,sap1 which is not impregnate with divers ,essential ,tinctures1 as it is continually filtred from the ,fibres of one ,kind1 to those of another2 standing every where woun'd and stitch'd up together for the same purpose4 #b4 4 ,,from the special ,nature and ,structure of the ,parts1 the ,liquors of ,plants are likewise specified4 ,the ,vessels being the chief ,viscera of a ,plant4 ,for all ,liquors in a ,plant1 are certainly made by that ,plant4 ,and since the ,plant hath no ,viscera 7so called7 ,i would then know1 what its several ,liquors are made by8 ,if in the ,parenchyma1 surely by that ,parenchyma4 ,if in the ,vessels1 by the ,vessels4 ,and if of divers ,kinds by divers ,kinds of ,vessels4 ,so that what the ,viscera are in ,animals1 the ,vessels themselves are in ,plants4 ,that is to say1 as the ,viscera of an ,animal1 are but ,vessels conglomerated3 so the ,vessels of a ,plant1 are ,viscera drawn out at length4 #c4 4 ,,again1 as the specifying of the ,sap dependeth chiefly on the special ,nature of the ,parts3 so partly1 upon the ,structure of the ,whole4 ,whereby every ,part is still better accomodated with its own ,juyce4 ,thus the ,aer-,vessels are necessary1 not only and barely for a supply of ,aer2 but also by their ,number1 ,size1 and ,position to adjust the quantity of that ,aer1 to the government of ,nutrition1 and the ,generation of the ,specifick ,liquors of every ,plant4 ,which is evident from hence1 in that they do not follow the ,size of the ,plant2 but are great and many1 in some small ,plants2 and small and few1 in some others that are large4 ,so ,vines1 and ,corn1 as we have formerly observed1 have proportionably a great number of ,aer-,vessels1 and those very large4 ,by which means the ,sap is attenuated and less ,oyly1 and more copiously impregnated with a ,subtle1 ,volatile and ,winy ,spirit4 #d4 4 ,for the same reason1 the ,stalk of ,maze or of ,indian ,wheat1 which when it is ,green yieldeth a very sweet ,juyce2 and the ,canes1 whereof ,sugar 7which aboundeth with a volatile and inflammable ,spirit7 is made2 these1 ,i say1 obtain the like over proportion of ,aer-,vessels1 to what we see in most other ,plants4 ,hence also it is1 that none of the said ,plants have any considerable ,barque2 that so the attenuating and subtilizing ,aer1 may have a more easie and plentiful admission at the ,trunk also4 ,for which reason likewise the ,pores of the ,skin of some ,canes are1 as hath been said1 remarkably wide4 #e4 4 ,hence also it is observable1 that of the same ,species or ,kindred1 those ,plants which have the most1 and especially the largest ,aer-,vessels2 have also the greatest abundance either of a sweet1 or of a winy ,liquor4 ,so in ,apple2 they are larger than in ,crab2 ,in ,warden1 larger than in ,quince2 and in ,pear-,tree1 larger than in ,warden4 ,so also in ,corin1 larger than in ,gooseberry2 and in ,vine1 larger than in ,corin3 and so in others4 #f4 4 ,,and as the ,aer-,vessels1 by their ,multitude and ,largeness1 are accommodated to the better making of a ,winy ,sap3 so by their fewness and smallness1 of an ,oylie4 ,as is remarkably seen in ,fir1 and other ,resiniferous ,trees3 these having1 if not the smallest1 yet the fewest ,aer-,vessels of all other ,trees4 #g4 4 ,,if it be asked1 how a ,plant comes to have any ,oyl at all in any ,part8 ,since we see1 that the ,sap by which the ,root is fed1 seemeth to be nothing else but ,water3 and that many ,plants which yield a great deal of stillatitious ,oyl1 as ,mint1 ,rue1 and others1 will yet grow in ,water3 ,i say1 if it be enquired how this ,water1 is made ,wine or ,oyl8 ,i answer1 that there is no such matter4 ,but that the ,oyl1 and all other ,vegetable ,principles are actually existent in1 and mixed per minima1 though in an extraordinary small proportion1 with the ,water4 ,even as we see the distilled ,waters of ,anise ,seeds1 ,penyroyal1 and the like to be impregnated with their own ,oyls1 which give the ,taste and ,smell to such ,waters4 #h4 4 ,wherefore1 as a certain quantity of any ,salt may be dissolved in ,water2 beyond which1 it will not mix therewith1 but remains under its own ,form3 ,so is there a certain proportion of ,oyl1 though far less1 which may also be perfectly mixed with ,water2 and is certainly so1 more or less1 with all the ,water in the world4 ,but if that proportion1 or degree of impregnation be once exceeded2 the particles of ,oyl do then1 and not till then1 gather into a body1 and appear under their own ,form4 #i4 4 ,i say therefore1 that all kinds of ,vegetable ,principles1 are either in or together with the ,water1 with less difference first received into a ,plant4 ,but when they are once therein2 they are then separated1 that is to say1 filtred1 some from others1 in very different ,proportions and ,conjunctions by the several ,parts2 the ,watery by one ,part1 the ,aery by another1 the ,oyly by another1 and so the rest3 and so every ,part is the ,receptacle of a ,liquor1 become peculiar1 not by any ,transformation1 but only the ,percolation of ,parts out of the common ,mass or ,stock of ,sap4 ,and so all those parts of the ,sap1 which are superflous to any kind of ,plant1 are at the same time1 discharged back by ,perspirations1 into the ,aer4 #aj4 4 ,,and1 that ,nature1 in the various ,percolations and ,sepations of the ,sap1 may still the better answer her end2 hence1 it is1 that she carefully seeth1 not only to the special ,nature and ,proportion of the ,organs1 by which she doth her work2 but likewise to their very ,position4 ,thus it is observable1 ,that whereas the ,lymphducts1 which carry a more ,watery ,liquor1 are still placed on the inner ,verge of the ,barque1 next to the ,aer-,vessels3 the ,lactiferous and ,resiniferous ,vessels of ,plants1 to whose ,oylie ,liquor a mixture of much ,aer is incongruous2 do usually stand1 neither on the inner1 nor the outer verge of the ,barque2 but in the midle4 ,by which means1 they are at the greatest distance1 and so most secure1 from the ,aer2 either that which enters the ,barque at the ,circumference1 or from the ,wood and ,pith4 #aa4 4 ,,and because the ,resinous ,liquors of ,plants are more ,oily1 than their ,milky2 their security therefore1 from the approach of the ,aer1 is yet further contrived4 ,in that in ,pine1 and other ,resinous ,trees1 the ,diametral ,insertions are never found2 or at least1 not visible3 which yet in other ,trees1 are conspicuous2 being those ,parts1 whose office it is1 to introduce the ,aer from the ,aer-,vessels into the ,barque4 #ab4 4 ,,again1 the ,milky ,liquors of ,plants being thinner than the ,resinous1 and having a considerable quantity of ,water mixed with their ,oyl2 hence it is1 that in ,milky ,plants1 as in ,rhus1 there are a greater number of ,lymphducts2 and those standing nearer to the ,milky ,vessels1 than they do in ,pine and the like1 to the ,resinous4 ,by which means they are better fitted to affuse their ,aqueous ,parts more plentifully to the said ,milky ,liquor4 #ac4 4 ,,from the ,mixture of ,watery ,parts with the ,oylie1 it comes to pass1 that whereas all ,lympha's1 ,mucilages1 and ,rosins are transparent2 the ,aqu-oleous ,liquors of ,plants are ,milky or white1 or otherwise ,opacous4 ,for the same thing is the cause of the whiteness of ,vegetable1 as of ,animal-,milk3 that is to say1 a more copious mixture of ,watery and ,oily ,parts per minima1 or into one ,body4 ,for even the ,serous and ,oylie ,parts of ,animal ,milk1 when throughly separated one from the other1 they become very transparent4 ,so the ,stillatitious ,oyl of ,anise ,seeds1 is most transparent and limpid1 even as ,water it self3 yet there is a known sort of ,white ,anise-,seed ,water1 as it is commonly called3 that it is to say1 wherein the ,oyl1 in distillation1 ariseth and is mixed more plentifully with the ,water4 ,and the ,water1 wherein the stillatitious ,oyl of any ,vegetable is dissolved1 becomes a perfect white ,milk2 as in this ,honourable and ,learned ,presence1 ,i have formerly had occasion to shew the ,experiment4#fb #fb ,see the ,discourse of ,mixture #ad4 4 ,,and that the ,milky ,liquors of all ,vegetables whatsoever1 are more ,oylie than their ,lympha's1 is most certain4 ,for all those ,gums1 which dissolve either in ,oyl or in ,water1 as ,galbanum1 and the like1 are originally the ,milky ,juyces of ,plants4 ,and if you take the ,milk of any ,plant1 as for instance1 the ,milk of common ,sumach1 or of any ,taste1 ,bitter1 ,astringent1 ,hot1 ,cold1 or any other whatsoever2 and having well dryed it1 and then fired it at a candle2 it will thereupon burn with a very bright and durable flame1 even like that of ,tar or ,turpentine it self4 #ae4 4 ,,from what hath been said1 we may likewise gather the most genuine import of the word ,gum1 and the distinction thereof both from a ,rosin and a ,mucilage4 ,first1 a ,rosin1 is originally a ,turpentine1 or ,acidoleous ,liquor1 having an exceeding small quantity of ,watery ,parts mixed therewith2 and which1 for that reason1 will not be dissolved in ,water1 but only in ,oyl4 ,of this kind are ,mastick1 ,benzoine1 ,taccamahacca1 and divers others1 commonly1 in our ,bils to ,apothecaries1 called ,gums4 ,yet in strict speaking they are all so many ,rosins4 #af4 4 ,secondly1 a ,gum1 and every ,oylie ,gum1 is originally a ,milky ,liquor1 having a greater quantity of ,water mixed with its ,oyly ,parts2 and which for that reason1 will be made to dissolve either in ,water or ,oyl4 ,of this kind are ,sagapen1 ,opopanax1 ,ammoniac1 and others4 #ag4 4 ,the third sort of ,gum1 is that which is ,unoylie1 and which therefore dissolveth only in ,water1 as ,gum-arabick1 the ,gum of ,cherry-,tree1 and others such like4 ,this ,gum1 though commonly so called1 yet is properly but a dryed ,mucilage3 being originally nothing else but the ,mucilaginous ,lympha issuing from the ,vessels of the ,tree4 ,in like manner1 as it doth from ,cumfry1 ,mallow1 and divers other ,plants3 and even from the ,cucumer4 ,the ,vessels whereof1 upon cutting cross1 yield a ,lympha1 which is plainly ,mucilaginous1 and which being well dryed1 at length becomes a kind of ,gum1 or rather a hardened ,mucilage4 ,in like manner1 the ,gums of ,plum-tree1 ,cherry-tree and the like1 are nothing else but dryed ,mucilages4 ,or1 if we will take the word in its widest sense1 then all ,gums are originally1 either a ,terebinth1 or a ,milk1 or a ,mucilage4 #ah4 4 ,i have likewise made divers ,observations of the ,tasts1 ,smells1 and ,colours of ,plants1 and of their ,contents1 since those ,i last published3 and that both for the finding out the true ,causes of their ,generation1 and also the applying of them unto ,medical and other ,uses4 ,of which hereafter4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,figuration of ,trunks4 ,,the ,fifth ,head1 shall be1 of the ,figuration of ,trunks4 ,which also1 as well as the making of ,liquors1 dependeth upon the ,structure of the ,parts4 ,as ,first1 almost all ,shrubs 7cteris paribus7 have a greater number of ,aer-,vessels2 and those of a smaller ,size2 and consequently much spread abroad1 as most easily yielding to the magnetick ,power of the ,aer1 according as we have more fully demonstrated1 in speaking of the ,vegetation of ,roots3 as in ,elder1 ,hazel1 ,fig1 ,sumach1 and the like4 ,by which spreading1 the said ,aer-,vessels do sooner1 and more easily strike into the ,barque1 and so produce collateral ,buds and ,branches1 and that upon the first rising of the ,body from the ,root3 that is1 the ,plant becomes a ,shrub4 #b4 4 ,,but if the said ,aer-,vessels are very large1 they will not yield so easily to shoot out collaterally2 and so the ,trunk grows up taller and more entire3 as in ,oak1 ,wallnut1 ,elm1 c4 wherein they are exceeding large1 is seen4 ,hence also the ,vine1 if supported1 will grow to a prodigious length4 ,and ,hops and ,bryony1 are some of the tallest1 amongst all ,annual ,growths3 the ,aer-,vessels of all which1 are very large4 ,whereas ,borage1 and many other like ,plants1 although the ,pores of their ,parenchyma1 are vastly wide1 and filled with ,sap2 yet because their ,aer-,vessels are small1 they are therefore but ,dwarf-,plants4 ,wherefore the tallness or advancement of a ,plant or ,tree1 dependeth not upon the ,plenty of ,sap1 how great soever1 but on the ,largeness of the ,aer-,vessels4 #c4 4 ,,again1 as a ,plant or ,tree grows either ,shrubby1 or ,tall and ,entire1 according to the ,size of the said ,vessels3 so from their ,position1 doth it grow ,slender or ,thick4 ,so1 where they keep more within the compass of a ,ring1 as in ,elm1 and ,ash1 the ,tree1 in proportion1 usually grows taller1 and less thick4 ,but where the said ,vessels are spread more abroad1 and especially are postured in ,rays1 as they are in ,oak1 the ,tree grows very thick4 ,because the said ,vessels thus standing all along nearer to the ,insertions1 there is a more ready and copious passage of the ,aer out of the one into the other2 and so the ,diametral growth of the ,wood is more promoted4 #d4 4 ,,lastly1 from the same general cause it is1 ,that the ,trunks of ,vegetables are either ,round or ,angular4 ,those of all ,trees are ,round4 ,because the ,barque1 being here thicker1 and the ,aer-,vessels bound up with a greater quantity of ,wood2 the ,aer hath not sufficient power to move them1 and the ,barque with them1 into those various ,positions or ,figurations1 as the ,trunks of ,herbs do yield to4 #e4 4 ,yet the cause of the various shapes of the ,trunk1 is not the ,aer alone2 but partly1 the ,principles of the ,plants themselves1 in conjunction therewith2 according to the predominion whereof1 and chiefly of some certain kind of ,salt or ,salts1 as ,i shall hereafter#fc more particularly explicate1 the ,trunk is ,square1 ,triangular1 ,pentangular1 or otherwise ,figured4 ,and thus much in general of the ,figuration of ,trunks4 #fc ,b4 #d4 ,p4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,motions of ,trunks4 ,,the ,motions also of ,trunks are various4 ,principally ,four2 sc4 ,ascending1 ,descending1 ,horizontal1 and ,spiral4 ,the cause of the ,ascent of a ,plant1 is a certain ,magnetick ,correspendence betwixt the ,aer and the ,aer-,vessels of a ,plant2 the ,motion and ,tendency whereof1 the whole ,plant follows4 ,this ,i have asserted1 and ,i think1 clearly demonstrated in my ,first and ,second ,books of the ,anatomy of ,plants4 ,i will here add this plain ,experiment4 #b4 4 ,take a ,box of ,moulds1 with a hole bored in the bottom1 wide enough to admit the ,stalk of a ,plant1 and set it upon stilts half a yard or more above ground4 ,then lodg in the ,mould some ,plant1 for ,example a ,bean1 in such sort1 that the ,root of the ,bean standing in the ,moulds may poynt upwards1 the ,stalk towards the ground4 ,as the ,plant grows1 it will follow1 that at length the ,stalk will rise upward1 and the ,root1 on the contrary1 arch it self downward4 ,which evidently shews1 ,that it is not sufficient1 that the ,root hath ,earth to shoot into1 or that its ,motion is only an ,appetite of being therein lodged1 which way soever that be3 but that its nature is1 though within the ,earth already1 yet to change its ,position1 and to move ,downwards4 ,and so likewise of the ,trunk1 that it rises1 when a ,seed sprouts1 out of the ,ground1 not meerly because it hath an ,appetite of being in the open ,aer2 for in this ,experiment it is so already2 yet now makes a new ,motion upwards4 #c4 4 ,,but although the ,natural ,motion of the ,trunk be to ,ascend2 yet is it forced oftentimes to ,descend4 ,for the ,trunk-,roots growing out of some ,plants near the ground1 and shrinking thereinto1 like so many ,ropes1 do pluck the ,trunk annually lower and lower into the ground together with them2 as may be seen in ,scrophularia1 ,jacoba1 and many other ,plants4 #d4 4 ,,if these ,trunk-,roots break out only about the bottom of the ,trunk1 as in the aforesaid ,plants1 then the ,trunk gradually ,descends into the ,earth1 and is turned into a ,root4 ,but if it be very slender1 and the ,trunk-,roots break forth all along it1 then it ,creeps horizontally2 the said ,roots tethering it1 as it trails along1 to the ground2 as ,strawberry1 ,cinquefoyl1 ,mint1 ,scordium1 c4 #e4 4 ,,as to their ,spiral ,motion1 it is to be noted2 ,that the ,wood of all ,convolvulus or ,winders1 stands more close and round together in or near the ,center1 thereby making a round1 and slender ,trunk4 ,to the end1 it may be more tractable1 to the power of the external ,motor1 what ever that be3 and also more secure from breaking by its winding ,motion4 #f4 4 ,wherefore1 ,convolvulus do not wind by any peculiar ,nature or ,genius1 which other ,trunks have not2 but because their ,parts are disposed so1 as to render them more sequaceous to the external ,motor4 ,even as the ,claspers of a ,vine1 having the like ,structure1 have also a ,motion of ,convolution3 whereas the ,branches themselves upon a contrary account1 move in a straight ,line4 #g4 4 ,the ,convolution of ,plants1 hath been observed only in those that ,climb4 ,but it seems probable1 that many others do also wind2 in which1 the main ,stalk1 is as the ,axis to the ,branches round about4 ,b4 #b4 ,p4 #a4 ,ch4 #a4 ,of which number1 ,i conceive1 are all those whose ,roots are twisted2 a ,motion we observed in speaking of the ,root4 ,whether it be so1 or not the ,experiment may easily be made by tying a ,thred upon any of the ,branches2 setting down the respect it then hath to any ,quarter in the ,heavens3 for1 if it shall appear in two or three ,months1 to have changed its ,situation towards some other ,quarter2 it is a certain proof hereof4 ,and that hereby the ,roots of many ,plants become twisted2 the ,motion beginning in the ,stalk1 and ending at the bottom of the ,root1 which stands always fixed in the same place4 #h4 4 ,the ,convolution of ,trunks1 is made not one1 but divers ways2 some moving by ,south from ,east to ,west2 and others from ,west to ,east4 ,wherefore it seemeth1 that as the ,efficient ,cause of ,convolution1 is not within the ,plant1 but external3 so also1 that it is not ,one1 but that there are ,two ,great ,efficients of this ,motion2 sc4 the ,sun and the ,moon4 ,some winding together with the ,sun1 in its ,diurnal ,motion1 7or1 if the ,earth moves1 then1 ,inclining to the ,sun7 by ,south from ,east to ,west4 ,and others winding with the ,moon1 in its ,monthly ,motion1 from ,west to ,east4 #i4 4 ,this possibly1 may also be one sensible way of distinguishing betwixt ,solar1 and ,lunar ,plants4 ,thus far1 in general1 of the ,motions of ,trunks4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,nature of ,timber or ,trunks1 as they serve for ,mechanick ,use4 ,,the last thing ,i purposed to speak of1 is1 ,those several ,qualities of ,timber or of ,trunks1 by which they are fitted for ,mechanical ,use4 ,as ,hardness1 ,softness1 ,fastness1 ,clevesomeness1 ,toughness1 ,brittleness1 ,durableness1 or any of the same ,qualities compounded4 ,the ,visible ,causes whereof are observable1 ,partly1 in the ,structure of the several ,parts2 sc4 the ,insertions1 ,sap-,vessels and ,aer-,vessels2 as to the ,number1 ,size1 or ,position of any of them4 ,and partly1 in the ,nature of the ,parts2 ,i mean such as is manifest to sense4 ,according to our clear and distinct observing of all which ,causes1 we may understand1 ,wherefore any ,wood is made use of for any certain purpose4 ,and also1 wherein fitly to apply it to further ,use4 ,in order to which1 a compleat ,history of the ,mechanical ,uses of ,vegetables would very much conduce4 ,i shall for the present give some ,instances4 #b4 4 ,,as ,first1 some ,woods are soft1 as ,deal1 and ,sallow4 ,yet from different ,causes4 ,deal1 from the great ,porosity of the ,wood it self1 or the large ,pores amongst the ,sap-,vessels4 ,but ,sallow1 from the great number of ,aer-,vessels spread all over it4 ,and therefore1 though they are both soft1 yet will not serve for the same purposes2 ,sallow being well wrought upon1 which way soever you cut it3 but ,deal1 especially the white ,deal1 if it be cut cross1 it tears1 and will never polish or work smooth4 #c4 4 ,again1 in ,sallow1 by the equal spreading of the ,aer-,vessels1 the ,softness is equal or alike in all ,parts4 ,for which cause it maketh an excellent ,coal for ,painters ,scribets4 ,because it doth not only make a light ,stroak1 but every where certain2 and so doth not disturb the even ,motion of the ,hand4 ,for the same cause1 ,shoemakers also make use of it for their ,carving-boards4 ,because being every where equally soft1 it turns not the edge of their ,knives1 ,which ,deal would presently do2 because though very soft in some places1 yet in others 'tis hard2 that is to say1 on the inner ,verge of every annual ,ring of ,wood1 where the old ,sap-,vessels grow much more compact and close together4 #d4 4 ,,again1 some ,woods are soft1 but not fast2 others are both1 as ,linn3 its ,softness1 depending on the numerousness and equal spreading of the ,aer-,vessels2 its ,fastness1 on the closeness of the true ,wood1 and the shortness1 and smallness of the ,insertions4 ,for which cause1 it is of excellent use for many purposes2 and particularly1 for small ,sculpture3 such as may sometimes be seen for the ,frames of ,looking-,glasses1 or of smaller ,pictures in ,water-,colours4 #e4 4 ,,some ,woods1 again1 are fast1 and hard1 as ,elm4 ,its hardness depending upon the closeness of the ,wood4 ,its fastness1 ,partly1 upon the same cause2 and partly1 on the smalness of the ,insertions2 as also on the fewness of the ,aer-,vessels in proportion with the ,wood2 and on the thwart and cross ,position of many of them4 ,hence it is1 that ,elm1 of all others1 is the most ,cross-grain'd ,timber2 that is1 cleaveth so unevenly1 to and fro1 according to the cross ,position of the said ,vessels4 #f4 4 ,hence also it cleaveth the most ,difficultly4 ,even then1 when it is without any ,knots4 ,for which reason it is always used1 as best for the ,hub of a great ,wheel4 ,as also for ,water-,pipes1 and for ,pumps4 ,not because it is the most durable ,wood2 but because it will not split or crack1 either in the working1 or afterwards4 ,for the very same reason1 it is used for ,coffins2 that is1 because1 it will not split in working3 not because it will endure longest under ground2 for ,pales are always made of ,oak4 ,so also the ,ladles and ,soles of a ,mill-wheel are always made of ,elm2 as also the ,keel of a ,boat1 sc4 lest they should split3 but the other ,parts are made of ,oak4 #g4 4 ,it may here also be noted1 ,that the ,planks commonly called ,groaning-,boards1 lately exposed1 as a kind of ,prodigy1 to the view and hearing of many ,people1 were of ,elm4 ,the ,aer-,vessels of this ,wood1 being1 though not more numerous1 yet more ample1 than in any other ,timber4 ,so that upon the application of the ,red-hot-,iron1 as was usual1 and thereby the ,rarifaction of the ,aer and ,watery ,parts in the ,timber2 every ,vessel became1 as it were a little ,wind-,pipe for their ,expiration4 ,and as a great many ,drops falling together in a showr of ,rain2 so a great many of these ,pipes playing together1 might make a kind of big or groaning noyse4 #h4 4 ,,as ,elm1 of all ,woods1 is one of the fastest2 ,so1 on the contrary1 of all hard ,woods1 ,oak is the most ,cleavesome1 or splitteth the most easily4 ,the cause whereof is1 partly1 the ,largeness of the ,insertions2 and partly1 the ,diametral or ,radiated ,position of most of the ,aer-,vessels3 upon both which accounts1 wherever a crack is once begun1 'tis easily continued throughout the ,diameter of the ,trunk4 #i4 4 ,,again1 some ,woods are hard1 fast1 and tough4 ,so is ,ash1 and especially ,beech4 ,hard and fast1 from some of the same ,causes1 as ,elm4 ,tough not from the ,structure1 but from the ,nature of the ,parts2 whose ,principles are united in a more exact proportion4 ,wherefore ,london-,cars have the ,rings of their ,wheels of ,beech2 because it tears more difficulty than even ,ash it self4 ,whence also for large ,screws1 there is no ,wood like it4 ,but for ,small ,screws1 of about an ,inch ,diameter1 ,birch is the best2 as being1 though not so hard1 yet more tough4 #aj4 4 ,,the more ,brittle a ,wood is1 'tis likewise usually the more durable4 ,so ,oak1 which1 with respect to its hardness1 is not a tough1 but very brittle ,wood1 is almost as durable as any4 ,whereas ,beech1 ,birch1 and the like1 although very tough2 yet for ,duration1 are of no service2 for there are no ,woods will rot sooner3 and therefore1 though strong enough1 yet unfit to make any ,standing ,parts of ,building1 or of ,furniture2 especially in wet and moist places4 ,because1 these ,woods1 having a less proportion of ,oyl1 than there is in ,oak2 they are apter to imbibe the moisture even of a dank ,aer2 by which moisture1 they either ,rot1 or breed ,worms1 which destroy them4 #aa4 4 ,,hence it is1 that what we call the ,heart of ,timber1 as it is more brittle1 so also more durable2 sc4 ,because more ,oylie4 ,so that which is called the ,sap of ,oak1 is much more tough than the ,heart1 although the ,heart be more durable4 ,that is to say1 the older the ,wood is1 the ,watery ,parts are the more evapourated1 whilst the ,oylie still remaine1 as a kind of ,tincture or ,extract in the ,wood4 ,even as we see1 that the older ,seeds of any one ,kind1 are more ,oylie than those that are green and young4 ,so that the ,oylie or ,rosinous ,parts of the ,sap1 are a kind of ,embalming to the ,heart1 or older ,part of a ,tree1 securing it from the destructive impressions of the ,aer4 ,for which ,cause it is1 that ,oak1 ,yew1 ,cocus1 ,guajacum1 c4 which are ,oylie ,woods1 have always much ,heart1 whereas ,birch1 ,alder1 ,beech1 ,maple1 which are very ,unoylie1 have never any ,heart4 #ab4 4 ,,from hence likewise we may understand the ,cause of the ,toughness of ,flax3 what we call ,flax1 being only the ,sap-,vessels1 or ,lignous ,fibres of the ,barque4 ,and generally1 the ,barque of any ,tree1 as of ,willow 7whereof are usually made a sort of ,ropes7 is very tough4 ,the ,vessels being here younger1 and less ,oylie than in the ,wood4 ,so likewise ,hemp1 is nothing else but the ,sap-,vessels of the ,barque of the ,plant so called4 ,and ,scotch-,cloath1 is only the ,housewifery of the same ,parts of the ,barque of ,nettle4 #ac4 4 ,,whence it is very probable1 that there are many other ,plants1 as well as the above named1 whereof might be made good ,tow4 ,and of some1 especially in some respects1 better than of ,flax it self4 ,because that even ,hemp1 although it will not make so fine a ,staple1 as ,flax 7for all our fine ,hollands are made of ,flax7 yet ,flax1 which is but of the same fineness as ,hemp1 will never1 by all the ,art yet known1 be made so white as ,hemp is made4 ,the ,qualities therefore of the best ,tow1 that can be in ,nature1 are that the ,staple be long1 small1 tough1 and white4 ,so that if in the ,barque of any ,plant1 we can find these ,qualities1 or any of them1 to excell2 we may be sure1 it will be of better use1 in some respects1 for the making of ,cloath1 or other purpose1 than ,flax it self4 #ad4 4 ,i ,,will conclude with one ,instance more1 and that is as to ,grafting4 ,the good and happy success whereof1 doth certainly depend upon the suitableness or respondence betwixt the several ,parts of the ,stock and ,cyon2 as the ,barque1 ,wood1 and ,pith2 and that both as to the ,number1 ,size1 and ,position of the said ,parts1 and of their several ,pores or ,vessels3 according to the degrees whereof1 the ,conjunction 7cteris paribus7 will be more or less prosperous4 ,so that of all such ,conjunctions as are found to be apt and taking1 and which some have learned not without long ,practice and ,experience2 another1 only by comparing the ,branches of ,trees together1 may with little trouble1 and in much less time1 inform himself4 ,by the same means1 some ,conjunctions which seem to be strange1 as ,quince and ,pear1 ,white ,thorn and ,medlar1 c4 do yet1 by the respondence of their ,parts1 as well as by ,experience1 appear to be good4 ,and there is no doubt1 but that many ,conjunctions not yet tryed1 or not known to have been so1 may upon the same ground1 be tryed with good success4 #ae4 4 ,the chief ,use of ,grafting and ,inoculation1 is1 ,that they ,accelerate the growth of ,good ,fruit4 ,the ,cause whereof1 is the ,knot1 which is always made in the ,conjunction4 ,by means of which1 all the ,sap is strained1 and so ascendeth up into the ,graff or ,bud1 both ,purer and in less ,quantity2 and is therefore better and sooner concocted4 ,hence1 the smaller the ,fruit of any ,tree1 though it be not the best1 yet the ,sap being there1 in less ,quantity1 is the sooner ripe4 ,on the contrary1 where the ,sap ascendeth too freely1 it doth not only retard the growth of the ,fruit1 but produceth ,barrenness2 as is seen in those luxuriant ,branches1 where it runs all up to ,leaves4 ,hence also ,vines1 by ,bleeding1 become more ,fruitful3 that is1 by the ,effusion of ,part of the ,sap1 there is a more easier melioration of that which remains4 ,even as ,phlebotomy doth oftentimes produce a more healthful and better ,habit of our own ,bodies4 ,to conclude1 the lessening the ,quantity1 and thereby the melioriation of the ascending ,sap1 by ,knots1 is ,natures own contrivance2 as is seen in ,sugar-,cane1 ,corn1 and other ,plants4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,leaves1 ,,flowers1 ,,fruits and ,,seeds4 ,in ,four ,parts4 ,the ,,fourth ,,book4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society1 and of the ,,college of ,,physicians4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,the ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,first ,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,protections and ,folds of ,leaves4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of those ,things which appear upon the ,surface of the ,leaf4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,figures of ,leaves2 and the ,apparent ,position of the ,fibres4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,parts and ,texture of the ,leaf4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,duration of ,leaves1 and the ,time of their ,generation4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,manner of the ,generation of the ,leaf4 ,where also1 that of the ,two ,general ,parts of a ,plant1 sc4 the ,lignous and ,parenchymous1 is further explain'd4 ,to the ,honourable ,robert ,boyle ,esq2 ,,sir1 ,,after ,i had finished the foregoing ,books1 ,in which1 ,i conceive1 as far as ,glasses will yet lead us1 ,i have clearly ,describ'd and ,delineated the ,structure of a ,plant2 and have endeavour'd1 in some part1 to ,unfold the ,reason and ,scope of ,nature therein3 ,i was willing to sit down1 and leave what remained1 to the ,improvements of the ,present and ,succeeding ,ages4 ,but in ,discourse upon this ,subject1 ,you have been pleased frequently to insist1 ,that ,i should by no means omit1 to give likewise1 some ,examples of the ,mechanisme of ,nature in all the other ,parts4 ,the ,performance whereof therefore1 next to the ,obedience ,i owe to the ,royal ,society1 is to be looked upon1 as a ,due to the ,authority which ,your ,judgment hath over me4 ,this ,i have said1 that1 if what is herein done1 shall prove acceptable unto ,learned ,men2 they may know1 ,to whom they are once more to give their ,thanks3 ,after they have so often done it1 upon 7a better score7 the ,publishing of ,your own ,excellent ,works4 ,in which1 there seems to be a ,question1 ,whether ,your ,continual ,endeavours1 to enlarge the ,bounds of ,natural ,knowledge1 or ,your ,successes therein1 have been the ,greater4 ,so that1 whereas ,nobility in some1 doth only serve to lift them1 like ,jupiter's ,satellits1 out of sight3 ,you1 by giving a greater ,light1 have drawn all ,mens ,eyes upon ,you4 ,and whilest there are many1 in all ,ages1 fond of ,preheminency in the ,conduct of ,popular ,affairs2 who yet rarely hit the ,mark they aim at2 or aim at ,that they pretend3 ,you have thought fit1 rather to separate ,your ,self1 to that more ,innocent1 and more ,noble ,sort of ,wisdom1 which lieth1 not in the ,arts of ,conceiling1 but in ,discovering1 the ,truth of ,things4 ,that we may have many to imitate ,you herein1 cannot but be heartily wish'd by all1 who regard the ,honour of their own ,country2 as it is1 with much ,zeal1 by ,sir1 ,your most obedient ,servant ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,leaves1 ,,prosecuted ,with the bare ,,eye1 ,and with the ,,microscope4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,octob4 #bf4 #afgf4 ,,part ,i4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,protections and ,folds of ,leaves4 ,,in ,,the ,general ,anatomy of ,plants1 ,i have assigned one whole ,chapter#fd to the ,germen and ,leaf4 ,since then1 ,i have occasionally made divers ,remarques of the same2 both with the ,naked ,eye1 as there1 and also with the ,microscope4 ,the ,principal whereof1 ,i shall here set down2 without repeating any from thence2 or obliging my self strictly to the ,order there used4 #fd ,lib4 #a4 ,ch4 #d4 #b4 4 ,that which in a ,germen1 first occurs to the ,eye1 is the ,protection of the ,leaves1 or the various ,methods which ,nature takes to preserve them from the ,injuries both of the ,ground1 and of the ,weather4 ,to the ,instances formerly given1 ,i shall add these that follow4 #c4 4 ,,and ,first1 it is observable of the young ,buds of ,ammi1 that lest they should be bruised1 or starved1 upon their first ,eruption from under the ,ground2 they are couched1 as ,firn is rowl'd1 inward2 each ,bud1 against the ,base of the ,stalk of the foregoing ,leaves1 and most exactly laid up within the ,membranes thence produced3 ,just as the ,child in the ,womb1 lies with his ,head against his ,knees2 or as it is afterwards embraced with the ,armes of the ,nurse4 ,and it is a general ,rule of ,nature1 where the ,stalks of the ,leaves are so long1 that they cannot lap one over another1 and where no other special ,protection is provided2 for the bottoms of the ,stalks to be produced into broad ,membranes1 as ,blankets to the succeeding ,buds2 as in ,crowfoot1 ,dovesfoot1 ,claver1 ,cransbill1 ,strawberry1 ,yarrow1 and others4 ,and sometimes instead of two ,skins lapped one over another1 there is one entire ,skin1 produced from the ,stalk1 in which as within a ,secundine1 the ,bud is safely shrowded2 and which1 in its ,growth1 it gradually breaks open4 #d4 4 ,,the same is also observable in ,dock1 ,sorrel1 ,bistort1 and all other ,plants of this ,kindred2 with this difference1 ,that every ,veil or ,secundine is not here produced from the ,stalk of the ,leaf2 but hath its ,original ,distinct from it4 ,and whereas in the former1 every ,bud hath only one to it self3 ,tab4 #da4 in these ,plants1 every lesser ,leaf1 together with its own proper ,veil1 is always inclosed1 with the next greater ,leaf1 in another ,veil common to them both2 and both these with the next1 in another2 and so on to the greatest4 ,these ,veils are extream thin1 and have very few ,vessels2 being so many meer transparent ,skins4 ,for which reason1 there is always found a ,mucilage or clear ,gelly1 between every ,leaf1 and its ,veil1 and between ,veil and ,veil4 ,the one1 thus preserving the other1 7as do the ,humors and ,membranes of the ,eye7 from drying and shrinking up1 and thereby from becoming useless for the ,protection of the ,plant4 #e4 4 ,,the ,orchis1 and other ,plants of this kindred1 because they ,spring and ,flower early1 when the mornings are cold1 have a double ,sheath1 or ,blanket over all4 ,the ,buds of some ,herbs 7as of ,plantain7 having no ,hairs growing on them1 are covered with ,hairy ,thrums4 ,and the ,nettle hath ,bastard-,leaves1 or ,interfoyls between ,leaf and ,leaf1 for the preservation of its ,stings4 #f4 4 ,,another ,sort of ,protection is seen in ,wild ,clary1 ,white ,archangel1 and other ,plants of a like ,shape4 ,in which1 the greater ,leaves do still cover and inclose the lesser1 not by being lapped over them1 ,tab4 #da4 as where the ,leaves are more numerous1 is usual2 but by a ,double ,fore-,curl at the bottom of every two greater ,leaves2 by which the little ,under-,bud is embraced1 and so kept safe and warm4 #g4 4 ,,the ,leaves of ,onions are all ,pipes one within another4 ,these ,pipes are every where entire1 saving about the middle1 where they have a small ,aperture2 ,tab4 #db4 common to all of them1 even the most minute in the ,centre3 not being a forced ,crack1 but a ,door originally formed1 for the issuing of every lesser ,pipe1 out of a greater4 #h4 4 ,,the ,,last ,i shall give1 is that which is remarkable in ,common ,sumach4 ,the ,buds whereof1 being exceeding tender1 ,tab4 #da4 ,nature appears sollicitous in a peculiar manner1 for their preservation4 ,for whereas in other ,plants1 they are well enough secured only by standing behind the ,stalks of the elder ,leaves3 here they are lodged within the very ,body of the ,stalk2 as entirely1 as a ,kernel is within an ,apple1 or a ,ftus in the ,womb4 ,from whence it comes to pass that the ,basis of every ,stalk is extreamly swelled1 as going ,great with a ,bud4 #i4 4 ,,upon ,,the removal of those ,parts1 which are contrived for the ,protection2 the ,foulds and ,composture of the ,leaves do next appear3 all which are most aptly suited both to the ,number and ,shape of the ,leaves1 and also their ,position upon the ,branch4 ,in the ,first ,book#fe ,i have given ,examples of these ,eight ,sorts1 sc4 the ,plain ,lap1 the ,plicature1 the ,duplicature1 the ,multiplicature1 the ,single ,roll1 the ,double ,back-,roll1 the ,double ,fore-,role1 ,tab4 #db4 and the ,treble-,roll4 ,to which ,i shall add ,four or ,five more4 #fe ,ch4 #d4 #aj4 4 ,and ,first1 in some ,plants1 as ,ground-,ivy1 ,st4 ,johns ,wort1 and divers others1 where the ,leaves are small1 pretty numerous1 and grow by pairs1 they have no ,fould1 but stand ,flat and ,tangent1 like a pair of ,battledores clapt together4 #aa4 4 ,they have the like ,posture in ,baum2 saving1 that here the ,edges of the ,leaves are a little curled backward4 ,not ,rolled1 a ,curl being but the beginning of a ,roll4 ,so the several ,labels of a ,grounsel-,leaf are all laid in a ,back-,curl4 #ab4 4 ,the ,leaves of some ,plants1 as ,horehound1 ,white ,lamium1 ,nettle1 and others1 are likewise only ,tangent1 but are set with a ,fore-,curle4 ,and the several ,labels or ,scallops of the ,leaf of ,common ,crowfoot1 are all ,curled ,inward4 ,but those of ,hepatica aurea1 are composed into ,double ,fore-,rolls4 #ac4 4 ,,the ,leaves of ,sage1 ,scabious1 ,red ,lamium1 ,lychinis ,sylvestris1 and others1 are neither couched one over another1 as in the ,bow-,lap2 nor plated1 as in the ,flat ,lap2 but being loosely foulded1 of every pair of ,leaves1 the half of one is reciprocally received between the two halfs of another1 and may therefore be called the ,cleep4 ,tab4 #db4 ,a ,position very well suited to the ,smalness of their ,number1 and the ,equality of their ,size1 not so well agreeing with the ,bow-,lap2 and the somewhat inward ,posture of the ,fibres1 not allowing the ,flat ,lap4 ,sometimes1 as in ,syringa1 where the ,leaves are broader1 the ,cleep is joyned with a ,fore-,curle4 #ad4 4 ,,the last ,i shall mention1 is the ,plaite-,roll1 as in the ,lapathum ,alpinum1 which some call ,english ,rhubarb4 ,the ,leaves whereof are so very large1 and the ,fibres so prominent2 that besides and under the two ,back-,rolls1 they are also laid in several ,plaits1 and under those ,plaits1 again with lesser ones1 all most exquisitely ,tucked up between the said ,fibres3 ,so1 as neither to bruise the same1 nor yet to leave any ,vacuity3 whereby every ,leaf1 and the whole ,bud1 lie close and round within their ,veils4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of those things which appear upon the ,surface of the ,leaf4 ,,these are ,globular ,excrescences1 ,spots1 ,hairs1 ,thorns and ,prickles3 of all which1 except ,spots1 ,i have spoken in the ,appendix to the ,chapter of ,leaves in the ,first ,book4 #b4 4 ,of the ,globulets1 it may here be further noted1 ,that those which are white1 and lie sometimes like a fine ,powder upon the ,leaf1 were once transparent1 as in ,bears-,ear2 their cleer ,liquor being now evaporated to an ,extract of ,white ,flowers4 ,tab4 #dc4 ,this1 if licked off1 will give you the ,tast of the more ,essential ,content of the ,plant2 different from that perceived in chewing the ,leaf4 #c4 4 ,for the observing of them1 it may also be noted1 ,that although they often grow on both sides the ,leaf alike2 yet sometimes1 as in ,ground-,ivy1 only or chiefly on the ,back-,side4 ,and that in many ,plants1 where the elder ,leaves have none2 on the young ,buds they are very numerous2 as in ,corin ,tree1 ,sorrel1 and others4 #d4 4 ,,as for ,spots1 the smaller ones are observable not only in ,st4 ,johns-worts1 7in which ,plant only they are commonly taken notice of7 but also in ,rue1 ,tab4 #dc4 ,ground-,ivy1 ,pympernel or ,anagallis1 and divers other ,plants1 when held up against the ,light4 ,the original whereof seems to be1 at least in some1 from the ,globulets above mentioned2 that is1 when they break and dry away4 ,so the ,spots of ,rue-,leaves1 which in the ,refection of ,light look black1 but upon the ,trajection thereof are transparent2 are so many little ,holes1 pounced half way through the thickness of the ,leaf1 and seem as made1 by the breaking and drying away of as many ,globulets4 ,whence also1 as the ,globulets are best seen in the younger ,leaves1 so these ,spots in the elder4 #e4 4 ,,besides these1 and some others 7as those in ,ladies-,thistle7 which are ,natural to the ,leaf2 there are also some ,spots1 or rather ,streaks1 which are ,adventitious2 as those in the ,leaves of ,sonchus4 ,tab4 #dc4 ,the ,cause whereof1 is a small flat ,insect1 of a grey ,colour1 and about of an ,inch long4 ,which neither ranging in bredth1 nor striking deep into the ,leaf2 eats so much only as lies just before it1 and so runs scudding along betwixt the ,skin and the ,pulp of the ,leaf2 leaving a whitish ,streak behind it1 where the ,skin is now loose1 as the measure of its ,voyage4 #f4 4 ,,the ,original and several kinds of ,thorns1 ,i have describ'd in the above said ,appendix4 ,i only add1 that the very ,leaves of some ,plants1 if they stand till the second year1 are changed into so many ,thorns1 as in the ,furz4 #g4 4 ,they are of ,use1 not only for the ,protection of the ,bud2 but likewise1 for the support of the ,plant2 as is observable in those ,climbers1 which are neither strong enough to stand of themselves2 nor yet1 from their fragility1 are capable of winding about another1 without being torn all to pieces4 ,for which end also1 these ,thorns grow not like ,buds1 erected2 but poynt all downwards1 like so many ,tenters or ,hanging-hooks3 as in the ,bramble1 chiefly on the ,stalks2 and in ,clivers1 ,tab4 #dc4 also on the ,leaves themselves2 whereby they catch at any ,thing that stands next them2 and so1 although such slim and feeble ,plants1 yet easily climb to a very great hight4 #h4 4 ,,of ,,the several ,figures of ,hairs1 and their ,use1 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #d4 ,i have also spoken4 ,as to one ,use1 sc4 the ,protection they give to the ,leaf1 ,tab4 #dc4 ,i shall here further note1 ,that the design of ,nature1 is the more evident if we consider1 ,that all ,leaves are not alike ,hairy1 nor at all times1 nor in every part3 but differently1 according to their ,age1 ,substance1 ,texture1 and ,foulding up4 ,their ,age2 for there are many young ,buds covered with a thick warm ,hair1 which afterwards dries up and disappears1 as useless2 as those of the ,vine1 ,golden ,liverwort1 c4 ,their ,substance2 so those ,buds which are tenderest1 and would sooner feel the cold1 if naked1 have the fullest ,hair2 as of ,thistle1 ,mullen1 ,burdock1 and others4 ,their ,structure2 therefore those ,leaves1 whose ,fibres stand more prominent or above their ,surface1 lest the cold should nip them1 are covered with greater ,store of ,hair2 as in ,moth-,mullen1 ,garden-,clary1 and the like4 ,and their ,fould2 it being observable1 ,that those ,leaves which are folded up inward1 have little or no ,hair on their inner1 but only on their ,back-,sides1 which are open to the ,aer2 as is visible in ,corin1 ,warden1 ,golden ,liverwort1 and others4 #i4 4 ,add hereto1 ,that where there is ,store of ,hair1 ,nature is the less sollicitous for other ,covers2 and where there is not1 she is more4 ,so the ,leaves of ,beans and ,peasen1 of ,nettle1 ,plantain1 c4 not being ,hairy1 have each a ,surfoyl1 or else certain ,hairy ,thrums1 to protect them4 ,and those ,plants which have neither1 are such as have a ,hotter ,juyce1 and so less subject to the impressions of ,cold1 as ,speerwort1 ,scurvygrass1 ,watercress1 ,fenil1 and most of the ,umbelliferous ,kind4 #aj4 4 ,hair is of use to preserve young ,buds1 not only1 from the cold ,aer1 but also from too much ,wet2 which1 if it were contiguous1 especially in ,winter1 would often rot and destroy them4 ,but being made to stand off in drops at the ends of the ,hair1 doth not hurt1 but refresh them4 ,thus doth ,nature make the meanest ,things sometimes subserve to the best ,ends4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,figure of the ,leaf2 and the ,apparent ,position of the ,fibres4 ,,that which in the ,leaf offers it self next to be observed1 is its ,figure4 ,this is infinitely varied with the several ,kinds of ,plants3 and there are some1 which have ,leaves 7besides the two first ,dissimilar ones7 of ,two ,kinds or ,two distinct ,figures2 as the ,bitter-,sweet1 the common ,little ,bell1 ,valerian1 ,lady-,smocks1 and others4 ,for the ,under ,leaves of ,bitter-,sweet1 are ,entire2 the ,upper1 with two ,lobes3 the ,under ,leaves of the ,little ,bell1 like those of ,pancy2 the ,upper1 like those of ,carnation1 or of ,sweet-,william4 ,and in some ,plants1 ,nature affecteth a ,kind of ,irregularity2 the ,leaves whereof are of no one certain ,figure2 as in ,dragon1 ,peony1 ,bishops-,weed1 c4 #b4 4 ,,but the ,leaves of most ,plants1 have a ,regular ,figure2 and this ,regularity1 both in ,length and ,circuit1 always defineable4 ,in ,length2 by the ,proportion between the several ,leaves upon one ,stalk1 ,tab4 #df4 or between the several ,lobes upon one ,leaf4 ,so the ,leaves of ,clematis ,sylv4 major1 which stand by ,ternaries1 shorten by equal ,proportions1 that is to say1 if1 the chief ,fiber of each1 be divided into equal ,parts2 their several ,lengths are not as ,ten1 ,eight1 and ,four2 but as ,ten1 ,eight1 and ,six4 ,so the ,lobes and ,fibers of ,clematis ,virginiana ,heder folio1 of ,artenuisa1 c4 shorten in like manner by equal ,proportions4 ,the same is observable in measuring1 upon a ,gooseberry-,leaf1 ,tab4 #df4 from the ,poynt of the first ,lobe1 to the first ,angle2 from thence1 to the second ,poynt2 from thence1 to the second ,angle2 and from thence to the third ,poynt4 #c4 4 ,but in many1 the ,proportion is different4 ,so in the ,leaves of the ,lesser ,maple2 the shortning of the smaller ,lobes1 with respect to the middlemost2 is not ,equal1 but ,double to that of the middlemost1 with respect to the ,greater4 ,for if their chief ,fibres be divided into ,equal ,parts1 they are as ,eleven1 ,nine1 and ,five4 ,on the contrary1 in the ,leaves of ,altha fruticosa ,pentaphylloidea1 the middlemost ,lobes shorten by a greater ,proportion than the ,least2 all three being as ,ten1 ,fourteen1 and ,twenty4 #d4 4 ,,with respect to the ,circumference1 the ,figure of most ,leaves is very ,complex4 ,yet ,two things are evident4 ,first1 that all ,regular ,leaves1 are defined or measured out by ,circles2 that is1 by the ,arches or ,segments of several ,circles1 having either the same1 or divers ,centers and ,diameters4 ,secondly1 ,that the ,length of the ,leaf1 or of the chief ,fiber thereof1 is the ,standard ,measure for the ,diameters of these ,circles3 these being either its full ,length1 or certain equal parts substracted1 or multiplied2 as half its ,length1 or its ,length and half1 c4 #e4 4 ,,to make this appear1 ,i shall give several ,instances3 of some1 where both the ,edges are of one ,measure2 and of others1 where they are different4 ,and of both kinds1 where they are measured by fewer1 and where by more ,circles4 #f4 4 ,the ,leaf of ,lagopus major fol4 pennat4 is measured by ,one ,circle1 the same on both ,edges1 whose ,diametre is ,thrice the ,length of the ,leaf4 #g4 4 ,that of ,syderitis ,salvi fol4 by ,two ,circles3 the ,diameter of the ,lower1 being ,twice the ,length of the ,leaf2 ,tab4 #dd4 of the upper1 the ,length and half4 ,in both these the ,circles are drawn ,outward2 that is1 with their ,centers some where upon the middlemost or chief ,fiber of the ,leaf4 #h4 4 ,that of ,orange-,tree1 is also measured by ,two ,circles3 but one of them repeated with ,opposite ,centers4 ,that next the ,cone of the ,leaf1 is drawn ,inward2 that is1 with the ,center no where upon the ,leaf1 but without it4 ,the ,diameter hereof is just the ,length of the ,leaf4 ,tab4 #dd4 ,the midle part of the ,edge is measured by the same ,circle1 only drawn ,outward4 ,the lower ,circle next the ,stalk1 is drawn ,inward1 as the upper2 and its ,diameter ,three times the ,length of the ,leaf4 #i4 4 ,the ,leaf of the ,venetian ,vetch1 is measured by ,three ,circles4 ,that next the ,cone1 drawn ,inward2 the ,diameter whereof is ,twice the ,length of the ,leaf2 the next is drawn ,outward2 ,tab4 #dd4 whereof the ,diameter1 is just the ,length4 ,the third or lowermost1 is drawn also ,outward2 and its ,diameter1 half the ,length4 ,so that they all lessen by an ,equal ,proportion4 #aj4 4 ,the ,leaf of ,great ,laserwort1 is also measured by ,three ,circles2 all drawn ,outward1 and one of them ,repeated4 ,the ,diameter of that next the ,cone1 is ,half the ,length of the ,leaf2 ,tab4 #de4 of the next1 ,thrice the ,length2 of the ,third1 just the ,length2 the lowermost1 is the same with the ,first4 #aa4 4 ,that of ,broad ,leav'd ,laserwort1 is also measured with ,three ,circles2 and one of them repeated with ,opposite ,centers4 ,the ,diameter of the ,first1 is ,half the ,length of the ,leaf2 ,tab4 #dd4 of the ,second1 ,twice the ,length2 of the ,third1 just the ,length3 all of them drawn ,outward4 ,that next the ,stalk1 is the same with the ,first2 only drawn ,inward4 #ab4 4 ,the ,figure of the ,leaf of the ,cornelian ,cherry1 is exactly that of the foregoing1 ,inverted3 the same measure there beginning at the ,base1 ,tab4 #dd4 and ending at the ,cone2 which here begins at the ,cone1 and ends at the ,base3 as by comparing their ,draughts together may be observ'd4 #ac4 4 ,,in ,,all1 the foregoing ,examples1 both the ,edges of the ,leaves have the same ,measure4 ,but they have oftentimes1 different ones2 as in these that follow4 #ad4 ,the ,leaf of ,altha fruticosa1 is measured by ,three ,circles4 ,the left ,edge 7as the ,leaf lies with the backside upward7 by ,one ,circle1 but ,twice repeated4 ,for the ,diameter of the ,first1 is the ,length of the ,leaf2 ,tab4 #de4 the ,second is the same1 but drawn upon another ,center2 the ,third also the same1 but drawn ,inward4 ,the right ,edg1 is measur'd by ,two ,circles3 the ,diameter of the ,first1 being the ,length of the ,leaf2 of the ,second1 ,half the ,length4 #ae4 4 ,that of ,black ,poplar1 by ,three2 and each ,edge by ,three repeated4 ,on the left1 the ,diameter of the ,first1 is the ,length of the ,leaf2 ,tab4 #de4 of the ,second1 ,half the length2 of the ,third1 the ,length and ,half4 ,the ,measure of the right ,edge1 is that of the left1 ,inverted3 the same ,measure there beginning at the ,base1 and ending at the ,cone2 which here begins at the ,cone1 and ends at the ,base4 #af4 4 ,that of ,doronicum1 is measured by ,three ,circles1 whereof1 one is repeated ,once2 and another ,thrice4 ,the right ,edge by ,two1 and ,one repeated4 ,for the ,diameter of the ,first or that next the ,cone2 is the ,length of the ,leaf2 the next is the same1 but drawn ,outward2 the ,diameter of the ,third1 is ,half the ,length4 ,the left ,edge1 by ,three ,circles2 ,tab4 #de4 whereof ,one is repeated on the same ,edge1 and ,two1 the same1 as on the other4 ,for the ,diameter of the first1 is the ,length of the ,leaf2 of the ,second1 ,four times the ,length2 the ,third1 the same as the ,first2 and of the ,fourth1 ,half the ,length4 #ag4 4 ,lastly1 that of ,mountain ,calamint is measured by ,four ,circles4 ,tab4 #de4 ,the left ,edge1 by ,three ,circles1 of which1 the lowermost is once repeated3 the right ,edge also by ,two2 whereof the nether is likewise once repeated4 #ah4 4 ,it may seem1 even from these ,instances1 no very unobvious ,conclusion2 ,that all ,crooked ,lines1 ,spiral1 ,helick1 ,elliptick1 ,hyperbolick1 ,regular1 or ,irregular2 are made up of the ,arches of ,circles1 having either the same1 or divers ,centers and ,diameters4 ,and1 as otherwise so from the ,contemplation of ,plants1 men might first be invited to ,mathematical ,enquirys4 #ai4 4 ,,together with the ,figure of the ,leaf1 the ,position of the ,fibers1 as it is apparent before ,dissection1 is observable2 especially on the back of the ,leaf4 ,whereof ,i shall add1 to what ,i have said in the ,first ,book1 the following ,remarques4 #bj4 4 ,first1 that there are some ,leaves1 in which the first ,collateral ,fibres make ,right ,angles with the ,great one in the midle3 as the ,great-,maple1 the ,great ,celandine1 ,chondrilla1 and the rest1 or many1 of the ,intybous ,kind2 with some few others4 ,but that generally all the chief ,fibers of a ,leaf1 make ,acute ,angles together3 both where they stand collateral with the midle ,fiber1 as in ,strawberry2 and where they all part at the ,stalk1 as in ,mallow4 #ba4 4 ,again1 that of these1 there are some few1 any two of whose ,defining ,fibres making two ,rays of equal ,length1 take in ,one ,eighth ,part of a ,circle1 ,tab4 #df1 #dg4 as in ,mallow1 and in some one ,tenth3 but in most they take in either one ,twelfth part1 as in ,holy-,oak2 or one ,sixth1 as in ,sirynga4 ,so that where the ,fibres stand ,collateral with one in the midle1 if you suppose them to be drawn out at ,opposite ,angles2 or where the chief ,fibers part at the ,stalk1 you only take in the ,stalk2 you will thereby divide a ,circle into ,eight1 ,twelve1 or ,six equal ,parts2 as in ,sirynga1 the ,vine and others4 ,and so likewise1 where there are several ,sprigs upon one ,stem1 ,tab4 #df1 #dg4 as in ,fenil1 ,hemlock1 and the like3 as will best be understood by the ,figures4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,parts and ,texture of the ,leaf4 ,i ,,come next to observe the several ,parts1 whereof the ,leaf is composed3 and first the ,skin4 ,this being stript off the ,leaf1 although to the bare ,eye it looks no otherwise than a ,skin of ,isinglass3 yet being viewed through a good ,glass1 with a clear and true ,light1 and in an advantagious ,position2 it appears to consist not only of ,organical ,parts1 as do the ,skins of ,animals2 but these also ,regularly mixed together2 that is1 of ,parenchymous and ,lignous ,fibres1 all very curiously interwoven as it were1 into a piece of admirably fine white ,sarcenet3 as in ,flag1 ,tulip1 and the like4 ,tab4 #dh4 #b4 4 ,from hence1 it is easy to conceive how the ,skins of all ,plants1 as well as those of ,animals1 are perspirable2 sc4 between the several ,fibers of which they consist4 ,but as the ,skins of ,animals1 especially in some ,parts1 are made with certain open ,pores or ,orifices1 either for the ,reception1 or the ,elimination of something for the benefit of the ,body3 so likewise the ,skins1 of at least many ,plants1 are formed with several ,orifices or ,pass-ports1 either for the better ,avolation of ,superfluous ,sap1 or the ,admission of ,aer4 #c4 4 ,,these ,orifices are not in all ,leaves alike2 but varied in ,bigness1 ,number1 ,shape1 and ,position3 ,serving to the different ,nature of the ,plant1 or ,leaf2 and giving the ,leaf1 as it were1 a different ,grain4 ,princes ,feather1 i4 e4 a ,sort of ,sanicle1 they stand only on the ,edges of the ,leaf2 but are very ample4 ,in the ,white ,lily1 they are ,oval1 very white1 and each surrounded with a slender white ,border4 ,they stand about a #f or #h part of an ,inch distant1 ,tab4 #dh4 as they appear through a good ,glass1 all over the ,leaf1 but not in any regular ,order4 ,these ,orifices are the cause of the ,greyish ,gloss on the upper side the ,leaf3 for the ,back-side1 in which there are none of them1 is of a dark ,sea-,green4 #d4 4 ,in the ,leaf of ,pine1 they are also ,oval1 and about the same ,bigness and ,number1 as in that of a ,lily2 yet without a ,border4 ,tab4 #dh4 ,but their ,position is very ,elegant1 standing all1 most exactly1 in ,rank and ,file from one end of the ,leaf to the other4 #e4 4 ,,next ,,to the ,skin1 lies the ,pulpy part of the ,leaf2 which by the same latitude1 as ,use hath taught us in many other ,words1 ,i call the ,parenchyma4 ,this ,parenchyma or ,pulp of the ,leaf1 like the ,pith1 and all other ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,plant is made up of incomparably small ,cylindrick ,fibres3 and these ,fibres1 in most ,leaves1 woven and woun'd up into little ,bladders4 #f4 4 ,the ,bladders are here of several ,sizes1 as in the ,pith3 but generally more visible in the ,stalk1 than in the ,body of the ,leaf4 ,tab4 #di4 ,varied1 as in the ,pith1 so here1 not according to the ,size1 but the ,nature of the ,leaf4 ,so in ,common ,dock1 and ,moth ,mullein1 both ,great ,leaves1 they are ,small2 in ,wild ,clary1 a ,lesser ,leaf1 they are very ,large4 ,tab4 #ej4 ,in the ,body of the ,leaf1 sometimes the ,sides of the greater ,bladders1 are made up of lesser ones2 as in ,borage4 #g4 4 ,in some ,leaves1 these ,parenchymous ,fibres are all drawn close up together4 ,in the ,former1 they are as the ,threds in the ,open-work of ,bone-,lace2 in ,these1 as the same ,threds1 in the ,cloth-work4 #h4 4 ,the ,pithy ,part1 in the ,stalk1 and almost up to the ,top of the chief ,fiber1 in many ,leaves1 is ,tubular2 even whilst they are yet ,young and ,sappy3 as in ,sweet ,chervil1 ,hemlock1 ,endive1 ,cichory1 ,lampsana1 ,dandelion1 ,burdock1 ,daisye1 ,scorzonera1 and others4 ,and sometimes the said ,pithy ,part is opened into several little ,pipes1 like so many ,aer-,vessels1 above of a ,foot long2 as in the ,common ,dock and the ,little ,spurge1 by some called ,wart-,wort4 #i4 4 ,,the ,strings of the ,leaf1 or those ,fibres which are visible to the bare ,eye1 are composed of ,vessels of the ,two ,general ,kinds1 sc1 for ,sap1 and for ,aer4 ,they are joyntly distributed throughout the ,leaf3 ,yet not so1 as to run meerly parallel2 as in ,animals1 every ,artery hath its ,vein3 but the ,aer-,vessels are every where ,inclosed1 or as it were sheathed in the ,sap-,vessels4 #aj4 4 ,,their ,position is various and regular1 not only in the ,body of the ,leaf1 as is above shewed2 but likewise in the ,stalk3 of which also ,i have given several ,instances in the ,first ,book4 ,i shall here note1 and more particularly describe1 ,one or ,two more4 ,in the ,stalk of a ,mallow-,leaf1 they stand in ,six ,oblong ,parcels of equal ,size1 and in a ,ring near the ,circuit4 ,tab4 #di4 ,whereby the ,stalk is stronger1 the ,growth hereof1 before and behind1 more equal1 and so the posture of the ,leaf more erect4 #aa4 4 ,in ,dandelyon1 they stand in ,five ,parcels3 of which the ,greater stands a little behind the ,centre of the ,stalk2 figured into a very small ,half-,moon or ,semi-,tube1 whose ,diametre1 through a ,glass1 is not above of an ,inch4 ,the other ,four1 are extream small ,cylinders4 ,altogether make an ,angle1 twice as big as that of a ,v ,consonant4 ,tab4 #di4 ,whereby1 although the ,stalk be strong enough to support the younger ,leaves2 yet those which are grown longer1 and so not only by their ,bulk1 but their farther ,extension from the ,center of ,gravity1 are become more weighty2 commonly lie flat on the ,ground4 #ab4 4 ,in ,wild ,clary1 they stand also in ,five ,parcels1 the ,greater stands not behind1 but before the ,center2 making an ,arch1 whose ,chord in a ,glass1 is above an ,inch long2 and belongeth to a ,circle1 whose ,diameter is an ,inch and half4 ,tab4 #di4 ,the other ,four1 are small ,cylinders1 also different from those in ,dandelion2 the two bigger1 there standing hindmost2 but here1 the two ,less1 and the two ,bigger1 within the two round ,ridges of the ,stalk4 #ac4 4 ,from hence it is1 that the ,leaves of this ,plant have not only a ,prone or ,horizontal ,posture1 but also make that ,forceable ,pressure on the ,ground1 which can by no means be imputed to their ,weight4 ,for the ,great ,arched-,fibre standing before the ,centre of the ,stalk1 and the two ,longer ,round ones being uppermost1 in the ,ridges of the ,stalk2 they put on the upper parts thereof to a more full and forward ,growth1 and so to bow the ,leaf back-ward4 ,and the ,fibrous ,arch being1 though broad1 yet almost flat1 doth hereby the more easily yield to that ,motion4 #ad4 4 ,in ,borage1 and ,moth-,mullen1 they stand also in ,five ,parcels4 ,tab4 #di4 ,in the former1 the largest maketh still a more bulky ,arch1 than that of ,clary2 being thicker1 as broad1 and of a lesser ,circle or more bowed4 ,but in ,mullein1 it maketh almost an entire ,oval4 #ae4 4 ,by means of this ,figuration1 a sufficient number of ,vessels for such large ,leaves1 are not only more conveniently ,distributed into them2 but also stand more safely in the ,stalk4 ,for were the ,arch contracted into a solid ,cylinder1 it could not so presently be resolved into small ,fibers4 ,and were it laid into a flat ,plate1 or straight out1 either the ,figure of the ,stalk1 and so of the ,leaf1 must be altered2 or else1 the two ends of the ,plate1 would come too near the ,circumference of the ,stalk1 and so be more liable to the ,impressions of the ,weather3 as may be observed in cutting the ,stalk transversly1 and by the ,figures4 #af4 4 ,,in the ,body of the ,leaf1 besides the ,positions of the ,fibrous ,strings or ,threds2 above expressed1 there is one ,thred1 bigger or less1 which in all ,plants1 runs round the ,edge of the ,leaf1 and hems in all the rest2 but can hardly be well observed in any1 without stripping off the ,skin of the ,leaf4 ,tab4 #ej4 ,when the ,fibres of the ,leaf1 are bigger1 or less tender1 as in ,holly1 the ,skin and the ,pulp are sometimes found either rotted off1 or eaten away with ,insects2 whereby1 both the said surrounding ,fiber1 and the rest1 are all very fairly visible4 #ag4 4 ,,the ,vessels seem to be continu'd1 in the ,leaf1 by being ,ramified out of ,greater into ,less1 as ,veins or ,arteries are in ,animals4 ,but if the ,skin and ,pulp of the ,leaf1 as suppose a ,borage-,leaf be taken off1 and the ,vessels laid bare2 by the help of a good ,glass1 it will appear2 ,that they are all of the same ,size1 every where in the ,leaf2 ,tab4 #ej4 and also continued throughout the same1 all several and distinct ,pipes one from another1 as the ,threds in a ,skein of ,silk4 ,and that therefore the ,distribution of the ,threds which the ,vessels compose1 is not the ,ramifying of ,greater ,pipes into ,less2 but the dividing a greater ,cluster of ,pipes1 into several lesser ,clusters1 till at last they come to be single2 as in the ,distribution of the ,nerves4 #ah4 4 ,the ,vessels seem also to be ,inosculated1 not only side to side1 but the ends of some into the ,sides of others4 ,but neither is this ever really done3 ,tab4 #ej4 the lesser ,threds1 being only so far diducted1 as sometimes to stand at ,right-,angles with the greater4 ,so that they are ,inosculated only ,end to ,end or ,mouth to ,mouth1 after they are come at last to their final distribution4 #ai4 4 ,the ,aer-,vessels1 are not only1 as is said1 ,existent in the ,leaves of all ,plants2 but are herein also discoverable without the help of ,glasses3 ,for upon breaking the ,stalk or chief ,fibers of a ,leaf2 the likeness of a fine ,woolly ,substance1 or rather of curious small ,cobwebs1 may be seen to hang at both the broken ,ends4 ,this is taken notice of1 only in some few ,plants1 as in ,scabious1 where it is more visible4 ,tab4 #ea1 #eb4 ,but may also be seen more or less1 in most other ,plants1 if the ,leaves be very tenderly broken3 as ,i have noted near twenty years since2 and thence conjectur'd them a ,sort of ,vessel common to ,plants4 ,now this fine ,wool1 is really a ,skein of ,aer-,vessels1 or rather of the ,fibers of the ,aer-,vessels1 unroaved from their ,spiral ,position1 and so drawn out in ,length4 ,as they appear thus unroaved and drawn out at ,length1 both to the bare ,eye1 and through a good ,microscope1 ,i have represented in two ,examples1 the one a ,scabious ,leaf1 the other that of a ,vine4 #bj4 4 ,,the ,weftage of the ,strings and ,parenchymous ,fibers together1 is here made in the same manner1 as hath been described in the ,anatomy of the ,root1 and ,trunk3 the former being in some ,sort as the ,warp1 the latter as the ,woof of the ,leaf4 #ba4 4 ,and one ,example we have 7it may be more than one7 wherein ,nature shews1 though not a greater1 yet a different ,art2 and that is the ,palm-,net4 ,for whereas in other ,plants1 the ,webb is made betwixt the ,lignous-,strings and the ,fibers of the ,parenchyma1 only visible through a ,microscope3 here the said ,strings themselves are ,interwoven1 and the ,weftage apparent to the bare ,eye4 ,of these ,palm-,nets or ,sacks1 there are several ,sorts4 ,one of them is composed in this manner4 ,it hath a ,fivefold ,series of ,lignous ,strings or ,fibers4 ,the greatest whereof swell out above the rest2 and like so many ,ribs1 are obliquely produced on both hands1 so as to encompass the ,sack4 ,along each of these ,ribs1 on the inside the ,sack1 runs a small ,whitish ,line2 being a ,thread of ,aer-,vessels growing thereto4 ,betwixt these ,ribs or larger ,strings1 there are others much less1 ,two or ,three betwixt ,rib and ,rib1 ,parallelly interjected4 ,on the inside1 there is a ,third ,series1 which is also obliquely produced2 but transversly to the former4 ,the ,fourth and ,fifth1 consist of the smallest ,strings2 not only ,transversly produced1 but also ,alternately1 from the outside to the inside of the ,sack1 vice versa4 ,by these two last1 all the rest are most elaborately woven into one entire and strong piece of ,work4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,duration of ,leaves1 and the ,time of their ,generation4 ,,an ,evergreen1 is one degree above a ,plant which is simply ,perennial3 of ,this1 only the ,trunk and ,buds live all the ,winter2 of ,that1 also the ,expanded ,leaves4 ,and an ,evergrow1 is a degree above an ,evergreen3 here1 the ,buds and young ,sprigs1 do only live2 there1 they grow and are put forth4 #b4 4 ,an ,evergreen1 is made such1 either by the ,toughness of the ,skin1 and ,closeness or ,density of the ,parenchyma1 whereby the ,leaf is better able to endure ,cold2 as in ,holly3 or by the extream ,smalness or ,fewness of the ,aer-,vessels1 whereby the ,sap is less dryed up1 and so sufficient1 even in ,winter1 for the ,nourishment of the ,leaf2 as in ,box1 and ,yew1 as also ,fir1 and all ,resiniferous ,plants4 #c4 4 ,the perpetual ,growth of a ,plant1 seemeth to depend chiefly on the ,nature of the ,sap4 ,for all ,juyces will not ferment alike1 nor with the same degree of ,heat4 ,so that whereas many ,plants require a greater ,heat1 as that of ,summer1 for the fermenting and distribution of their ,juyces1 and so their growth2 the ,warmth of ,spring is sufficient for many others2 and for some few1 that of ,winter it self4 #d4 4 ,,as ,,to the ,time wherein the ,leaves are formed2 ,first1 it is very probable1 ,that in those ,plants which have ,leaves 7besides the ,dissimilar7 of ,two distinct ,figures1 as hath the ,little ,common ,bell1 and some others2 the ,under-,leaves1 which differ in ,shape from the rest1 are all at first formed in the ,plume1 before it begins to sprout2 and the rest afterwards2 ,that is to say1 that the former ,leaves1 are all formed 7out of ,sap from the ,trunk7 with the ,seed it self1 and so compose one ,principal ,part thereof1 sc4 the ,plume3 the latter1 not till after the ,seed is sow'n1 and so the ,plume supply'd with ,sap immediately from the ,root4 ,which ,sap1 it seems1 is so far different from the former1 as sometimes to produce a different ,sort of ,leaves4 #e4 4 ,,secondly1 of the ,buds of all ,trees1 and of ,perenni-,stalks1 it appears1 ,that they consist of a great number of ,leaves1 all perfectly formed to the ,centre2 where1 notwithstanding1 they are sometimes1 not half so big as a ,cheese-,mite4 ,so that all the ,leaves which stand upon a ,branch or ,cien of one whole ,years ,growth1 were actually existent in the ,bud4 ,it is also very observable1 ,that although these ,buds begin to be expanded not till ,spring1 yet are they entirely ,formed1 as to all their ,integral ,parts1 in the ,autumn foregoing4 ,so that the whole ,stock of ,leaves which grow upon a ,tree1 or any ,perennial ,stalk1 this year2 were made1 or actually in being1 the last year4 ,a greater ,heat1 more subtilized ,aer1 and better concocted ,juyce1 being requisite for their ,generation1 than for their bare ,expansion and ,growth4 #f4 4 ,,lastly1 of all ,annual ,plants1 in which there are several ,successive ,generations of ,buds1 one under another in one year2 although ,i have not made the ,remarque1 yet am apt to believe1 ,that as the ,leaves in every ,bud are all formed together1 as in other ,plants3 so likewise1 that the ,successive ,generations of the ,under-,buds1 begin at certain stated ,terms3 as in some ,plants1 at every ,new ,moon2 in others1 at the ,full ,moon2 and in some perhaps2 with both1 or every ,fourt'night4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,manner of the ,generation of the ,leaf4 ,where also1 that of the ,two ,general ,parts of a ,plant1 sc4 the ,lignous and ,parenchymous1 is further explain'd4 ,,the ,visible ,causes of the ,figures of ,leaves1 have been formerly mentioned4 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #d4 ,it may here be further noted1 ,that the greater ,fibers of the ,leaf1 being never ,braced in the ,stalk2 it is a good preparative for their better spreading in the ,leaf4 ,as also1 that the same is much favour'd1 by the extream smalness of the ,aer-,vessels herein3 whereby they are more easily divaricated1 in the lesser ,fibers1 and so the ,leaf dilated4 #b4 4 ,,but these and the like are to be reckoned a secondary ,order of ,causes2 which serve rather to carry on and improve1 that which ,nature hath once begun4 ,idea1 4 #ec4 ,and therefore1 we must not only consider the visible ,mechanism of the ,parts2 but also the ,principles of which they are composed2 wherewith1 ,nature seems to draw her first ,strokes4 #c4 4 ,now of these1 ,i have formerly1 and as ,i conceive upon good ground1 supposed1 the chief ,governing ,principle1 to be the ,saline1 whether ,alkaline1 ,acid1 or of any other ,kind3 ,lib4 #b4 ,p4 #b4 4 #ca1 c4 being in some sort as the ,mold of a ,button1 to which the other ,principles1 as its ,attire1 do all conform4 ,or the ,salts are1 as it were1 the ,bones2 the other ,principles1 as the ,flesh which covers them4 #d4 4 ,a further ,argument hereof may be deduced from the ,cuticular and other ,concretions1 commonly called ,mothers1 in ,distill'd ,waters1 ,vinegar1 and other ,liquors4 ,for in these ,concretions1 there is always a tendence to ,vegetation2 and many of them are true ,vegetables in their ,kind2 as shall hereafter be seen4 ,now the ,liquors1 in which these are generated1 do always1 wholly or in part1 lose their ,tast and ,smell1 and so become ,vapid4 ,the more sensible ,principles therein having made their ,transit from the ,fluid1 into the ,concrete ,parts4 ,so1 ,i have known1 sometimes1 ,vinegar it self1 to become by these ,concretions1 almost as ,tastless as ,common ,water4 ,whereby it seems evident1 ,that of ,vegetable ,principles1 there are some1 more ,masterly than others3 and that of these1 the ,saline is the chief4 ,the same is likewise argued1 from the frequent ,experiment of many good ,husband-men2 that most ,bodies which abound with ,salt1 are the greatest ,nourishers of ,plants4 #e4 4 ,this ,saline ,principle1 as is above hinted1 is to be understood1 a ,generik ,name1 under which divers ,species are comprehended2 and of some whereof1 it is always compounded1 as in other ,bodies1 so in ,plants4 ,as shall be made to appear1 by divers ,experiments1 when we come1 hereafter1 to speak of ,vegetable ,salts4 ,whereby we are conducted1 yet further to enquire1 ,what are the ,principles of this ,principle8 #f4 4 ,,now these seem to be ,four2 a ,nitrous1 an ,acid1 an ,alkaline1 and a ,marine4 ,the ,admixture of the ,first1 is argu'd from the ,place1 which ,nature hath assigned for the ,generation and ,growth of most ,plants1 sc4 neither in ,caverns under ,ground1 as for ,minerals2 nor above it1 as for ,animals2 but the ,surface of the ,earth1 where this ,sort of ,salt is copiously bred4 ,and doth therefore prove1 not only a ,mixture1 but a good ,proportion hereof with the other ,principles of a ,plant4 ,hence it is1 that ,dew or ,water on ,windows or ,plain and ,smooth ,tables1 by virtue of a ,nitro-,aerial ,salt1 is often frozen into the resemblance of little ,shrubs4 ,and the like ,figure ,i have often seen in a well filtred ,solution of the ,salt of any of our ,purging ,waters1 as of ,epsom1 c4 being set to shoot4 ,produced1 as ,i conceive1 by the ,nitre1 which with the ,rain or other ,waters1 is washed down from the ,surface of the ,earth1 and so mixed with the ,mineral ,salts4 #g4 4 ,the other ,three ,salts are exhibited1 by the several ways of ,resolving the ,principles of a ,plant4 ,many ,plants1 even in their ,natural ,estate1 do yield an ,acid ,juyce4 ,and the ,juyces of many more1 by ,fermentation1 will become ,acid4 ,and most1 by ,distillation in a ,sand-,furnace1 yield an ,acid ,liquor4 #h4 4 ,by ,calcination1 all ,sorts of ,plants1 yield more or less1 both of a ,fixed and a ,volatile ,alkaly3 the former1 in the ,ashes2 the latter1 in the ,soot4 ,and1 at least the generality1 by ,fermentation also1 yield a ,volatile one2 or such a kind of ,salt1 which1 whether we call an ,urinous1 or otherwise1 hath the like ,odour and ,tast with that of ,urine1 ,harts-,horn1 ,soot1 and the like4 #i4 4 ,the ,marine1 is obtained no other way1 that ,i know of1 but from a ,solution of the ,alkaline1 upon its being exposed to the ,aer4 ,the process wherof1 ,i shall particularly set down in a following ,discourse4 ,of these ,salts1 mixed in a certain proportion1 together1 and also ,impregnated with some of the other ,active ,principles of a ,plant1 and not without an ,admixture of some ,parts from the ,aer2 ,i suppose1 that which ,i call the ,essential1 is produced3 of which1 ,i shall also give an account in the same ,discourse4 #aj4 4 ,,all ,,the ,four ,salts above mentioned1 seem in their ,order1 to have a share in the ,formation of a ,leaf1 or other ,part of a ,plant3 ,and first of all1 the ,marine4 ,for all ,generations are made in some ,fluid3 ,but in every ,fluid there is a perpetual ,intestive ,motion of ,parts4 ,so that the first ,intention of ,nature is1 ,that some of those ,parts be disposed to ,rest4 ,now of all the ,principles of a ,plant1 there are none hereunto more disposed1 than their ,salts2 whose ,particles1 being figu'rd with plain ,sides1 as often as they touch ,side to ,side1 like two ,marbles exquisitely polished1 they will adhere together4 ,and the ,particles of ,marine ,salt1 being ,cubick2 and so1 with respect to their ,figure1 of greater ,bulk than those of any other ,salt2 they will hereby1 be most and first of all disposed to ,rest2 and so become1 as it were1 the ,foundation of the following ,superstructure4 #aa4 4 ,,the ,second ,intention of ,nature is1 ,that the ,particles be brought to ,rest1 in a certain ,position1 agreeable to the ,figure of the ,parts which are to be formed4 ,and therefore in the next place1 all those ,parts of a ,plant which are truly ,lignous1 by the ,marine ,salt1 with the assistance of the ,alkaline1 but especially of the ,nitrous1 are made to shoot out in ,length1 or into an innumerable company of small ,cylindrick ,fibres3 ,tab4 #ec4 these ,salts being1 altogether1 sturdy enough to resist those ,impulses which might incline them to conform to any other ,figure4 #ab4 4 ,,the next ,intention is1 ,that these ,fibres1 at the same time in which they are formed1 may likewise receive such a ,posture as will best answer the indented ,shape of the ,leaf4 ,which ,posture1 although in the ,growth of the ,leaf it is much ,govern'd by the ,aer-,vessels2 yet in the ,generation hereof1 seems to be first determined by the forementioned ,salts1 according to their several ,angles1 whereby they are differently applicable one to another4 #ac4 4 ,now all the ,sides of the ,marine ,salt1 and the ,sides and the ,ends of the ,nitrous1 properly so called1 stand at ,right ,angles4 ,and it is very probable1 from the ,figure of the ,crystalls in ,spirit of ,blood1 and some other ,bodies1 that the ,particles of the ,alkaline are ,square at one ,end1 and ,poynted at the other4 ,tab4 #ec4 ,and those of the ,acid1 at both2 ,and that1 withal1 they are ,shorter and more ,slender4 #ad4 4 ,it should therefore seem1 ,that where the ,alkaline ,salt is any way predominant1 and that the ,particles thereof are placed ,end to ,end2 there the ,lignous ,fibres 7as the larger ones in many ,leaves7 ,tab4 #ec4 declining their parallel ,growth1 begin to shoot out obliquely1 or at ,angles one with another1 and those ,acute4 #ae4 4 ,if the same ,salt be predominant1 and some of its ,particles placed1 with the ,pointed ,end of one1 to the ,side of another1 ,tab4 #ec4 or the ,square ,end of one1 to the ,poynted ,end of another2 there the said ,fibres begin to shoot at ,angles less ,acute4 #af4 4 ,but if either the ,marine or ,nitrous ,salt is predominant2 or some ,particles of the ,alkaline1 are placed with the ,square ,end of one1 to the ,side of another2 ,tab4 #ec4 there the ,fibres begin to make1 not ,acute1 but ,right ,angles2 as do the greater ,fibres1 in some ,leaves2 and the smaller1 in all4 #ag4 4 ,,in the same manner1 the ,fibre in the ,circumference of the ,leaf is also governed2 the ,particles of the said ,salt1 being reduceable1 not only to any ,angle1 but also to any ,circle1 or other ,crooked ,line1 as they are variously applyed4 ,for if the major part be applied ,end to ,end1 and only every ,third or ,fourth applied ,end to ,side1 they produce a great ,circle4 ,tab4 #ec4 ,but if the ,poynted ,end of each1 be set to the ,side of another1 they make a less4 ,and if the ,application be the same1 but to the contrary ,side1 they thence begin a new ,circle with the same ,diameter1 but with another ,center1 answerable to the intended ,shape of the ,leaf4 #ah4 4 ,,after the same manner1 the ,aer-,vessels may be formed by the ,particles of the ,acid ,salt4 ,which1 without being supposed to be crooked 7as those of the ,aer1 at least the compounded ones1 probably be7 only by applying the lesser ,side of one1 to the greater ,side of another1 will also be reduced to any either ,circular or ,spiral ,line4 ,tab4 #ec4 ,and so1 likewise1 for the production of the winding ,fibres1 which compose the ,bladders of the ,pith and other ,parenchymous ,parts of a ,plant4 #ai4 4 ,thus doth ,nature every where 4 ,for what ,she appears in ,her ,works1 ,she must needs be also in their ,causes4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,flowers1 ,,prosecuted ,with the bare ,,eye1 ,and with the ,,microscope4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,novemb4 #i4 #afgf4 ,the ,,second ,,part4 ,by ,,nehemiah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society1 and of the ,,college of ,,physicians4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,the ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,second ,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,empalement4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,foliature4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,attire ,,seminiform4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,florid ,,attire4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,use of the ,,attire4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,time of the ,generation of the ,flower4 ,the ,appendix4 ,being a ,,method proposed1 for the ready finding1 by the ,leaf and ,flower1 to what ,sort any ,plant belongeth4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,flowers4 ,,part ,,ii4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,empalement4 ,i ,,next proceed to the ,flower4 ,where ,i intend not to repeat those things1 which have been by ,me already noted in the ,first ,book4 ,ch4 #e4 ,and the foregoing ,discourse of ,leaves1 will excuse me from divers particulars1 common to ,these and the ,flower4 ,i shall here therefore remarque some things not before mentioned1 or but in transitu1 and such as are more particular to the ,flower4 #b4 4 ,and ,first1 it may be noted2 ,that where the ,leaves of the ,flower are few2 those of the ,empalement or ,green ,border1 are either of the same ,number1 or just half as many1 whether even1 or odd4 ,so in ,leucanthenum and ,chickweed1 there are ,five ,leaves2 in the former ,five ,empalers2 in the latter1 ,ten4 ,in ,great ,celandine1 there are ,four ,leaves1 and but ,two ,empalers2 and so in ,poppy4 ,the ,arithmetick of ,nature being every where suitable to ,her ,geometry4 #c4 4 ,of this ,part of the ,flower it is likewise observable1 ,that it is rarely1 if ever1 entire or one piece1 but parted into divers little ,leafy ,pales1 especially in all ,flowers with the ,florid ,attire1 as of ,marigold1 ,daisy and the like2 being so numerous1 as to make a ,double1 and often a ,treble1 ,quadruple or ,quintuple ,border4 ,whereby they are aptly designed1 not only to protect the ,leaves of the ,flower in the ,bud2 and after their ,expansion1 to keep them tite3 but also1 by receding1 ,bredthways1 one from another1 and so making a greater ,circle1 gradually to give way for the full ,growth and safe spreading of the ,attire4 ,which1 in regard it consists of ,parts so exquisitely tender1 were it pinched up too close1 would be killed or spoyled before it came to the ,birth4 ,as ,teeming ,women1 gradually slaken their ,laces2 or as ,taylors use to split their ,stomachers into several ,lappets1 to spread1 as their ,belly rises4 #d4 4 ,nor is the ,posture of the ,parts in the ,empalement less suitable3 not being filed one just over another1 but alternately4 ,whereby the ,pales or ,pannicles of every ,under-,order1 serve to stop up the gaps made by the ,recess of the ,upper4 ,and so1 notwithstanding they all make more roome1 yet all conspire to keep the ,aer out4 #e4 4 ,it is also worth the notice1 ,that1 for the same purpose1 the ,edges at least1 of the several ,pales1 are neither ,fibrous1 nor ,pulpy2 but so many extream fine transparent ,skins1 as in ,chamemile4 ,whereby they close so exactly one over another1 that it is impossible for any ,aer to creep in1 or any ,steams useful to the ,attire or ,seed1 over hastily to perspire4 ,as we use1 when we have put a ,cork into a ,bottle1 to tie a ,bladder over it4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,foliature4 ,tab4 #ed4 ,,the ,leaves of the ,flower are folded up in such ,sort1 as is most agreeable to their own ,shape1 and that of their inclosed ,attire3 ,ch4 #e4 whereof ,i have given ,instances in the ,first ,book4 ,i shall here add some further ,remarques4 #b4 4 ,the ,leaves of the ,flower of ,blattaria1 although of different ,size and ,shape2 ,tab4 #ed4 are so lapped one over another1 as to make an ,equilateral ,pentangle4 #c4 4 ,the ,spiral ,fold1 which is proper to the ,flower1 and never seen in the ,green ,leaves2 ,tab4 #ed4 as it is it self immediately visible on the ,surface1 so by cutting off the top of the ,flower before it is expanded1 seems also to make a ,helix2 as in ,perwincle1 the larger ,convolvulus1 c4 #d4 4 ,in some ,flowers1 where the ,attire is lofty or spreading1 as in ,holioak1 together with the ,spiral ,fold1 the ,leaves are all at the top tacked down a little2 thereby making a blunter ,cone1 and so a more ample ,pyramid for the inclosed ,attire4 #e4 4 ,in ,poppy1 although the ,leaves are extraordinary broad1 yet being but few1 and inclosing a small ,attire2 they could not be well reduced to any regular ,fold1 ,tab4 #ed4 without leaving such a ,vacuity1 as by being filled with ,aer1 might be prejudicial to the ,seed4 ,for which reason1 they are cramb'd up within the ,empalement by hundreds of little ,wrinckles or ,puckers2 as if ,three or ,four fine ,cambrick ,handcherchiefs were thrust into ones ,pocket4 #f4 4 ,in ,ladies-,bower1 the ,leaves are neither laped one over another1 as is most usual1 nor set ,edge to ,edge1 as sometimes1 but ,side to ,side1 ,tab4 #ed4 answerable to their ,shape1 and the ,distribution of their ,fibres4 ,their broad ,tops being also rowled up so as to make a ,cone4 ,in ,ladys-,looking-,glass1 they stand also ,side to ,side1 but in a different manner3 in the ,former with the ,sides standing inward1 but here1 bearing outward4 #g4 4 ,in the ,marvel of ,peru1 the ,fold is likewise very peculiar4 ,for1 besides the several ,plates1 about ,six1 ,tab4 #ed4 whereby the ,flower is gathered in the ,midle2 the ,top of it is also gathered up by as many distinct ,plates1 underneath the former2 and these rowled or wreathed up together so exactly1 that the like could hardly be imitated by a very dextrous ,hand4 #h4 4 ,,of the ,hairs upon ,flowers and their ,use to the ,attire1 ,i have also spoken in the ,first ,book4 ,ch4 #e4 ,i shall here add1 ,that they are likewise of ,use to the ,leaves themselves1 that is1 for their closer and faster ,conjunction4 ,for of some ,flowers it is observable1 ,that they are all over smooth1 saving on their ,edges1 which are border'd with ,fringes of ,hair2 as of ,spanish ,broome1 ,dulcamara1 and others3 ,tab4 #ee4 ,in which1 the ,hairs on the ,edge of one ,leaf1 are so complicated1 or at least indented1 with those of another1 that all the ,leaves seem to be but one piece4 ,nature seeing it fit1 by this means to tie them together1 lest they should be expanded before it be due time4 #i4 4 ,many ,flowers instead of ,hairs1 are beset round about1 with a great ,number of small ,parts1 not ending in a ,poynt1 but having a ,head4 ,sometimes oval1 as in ,snap-,dragon1 like the ,horns of a ,butterfly1 or a ,plummers ,sodering-,iron4 ,but usually ,globular1 as in ,deadly ,nightshade1 like so many little ,mushrooms sprouting out of the ,flower4 #aj4 4 ,out of these ,heads1 doth sometimes issue a ,gummy or ,balsamick ,juyce4 ,from whence proceeds that ,clamminess of some ,flowers1 whereby1 being handled they stick to our ,fingers1 as do those of ,blattaria1 and of ,marigold2 and those of ,colus ,jovis1 where the said ,heads are so soft and succulent1 that they resemble so many little ,drops of ,balsame4 ,the ,clamminess which is felt upon fresh ,carduus1 may perhaps proceed from the like ,cause4 #aa4 4 ,,the ,number of the ,leaves of the ,flower hath been noted by the ,learned ,sir ,thomas ,brown1 ,treat4 of the ,quinc4 to be usually ,five4 ,and this ,nature so far affecteth1 that many times where the ,leaves of the same ,flower are of a different ,size1 yet they keep to this ,number1 ,tab4 #ed4 as in ,blattaria4 #ab4 4 ,i also add1 ,that even those ,flowers1 which are not properly parted into ,leaves1 have yet their ,tops usually divided into ,five great ,scallops2 as those of ,toad-,flax1 ,snap-,dragon1 ,coded-,arsmart1 ,clary1 ,broom1 and others4 ,and when the ,flower hath more than ,five1 even many times ,five ,leaves2 yet the ,top of each ,leaf is indented into ,five ,parts2 ,tab4 #ed4 as in ,scorzonera1 ,cichory1 and all the ,intybous ,kind1 with many others4 #ac4 4 ,from whence and other like ,instances1 it may seem1 ,that there is some certain ,species of ,salt in ,nature1 and that in most ,plants1 of whose ,agency there are still some ,footsteps or other in the ,flower4 #ad4 4 ,the ,number of the ,leaves1 as hath been said1 is commonly ,five4 ,yet some ,flowers have fewer1 and some more1 and that with ,constancy1 in divers ,numbers1 from ,one to ,one and ,twenty2 perhaps in all1 so far4 ,the ,flower of ,acanthus ,syriacus1 is in a manner one single ,leaf1 that of ,monks-,rubarb1 ,three-,leav'd2 of ,poppy1 ,crosswort1 ,radish1 and many others1 ,four-,leav'd2 the greater ,number of ,flowers1 ,five-,leav'd2 of ,white ,hellebore1 ,tulip1 ,onion1 and most ,plants with ,bulbous ,roots1 ,six-,leav'd2 of ,wild-,crowfoot1 ,seven-,leav'd2 of ,french ,marigold1 commonly ,eight-,leav'd2 of ,flower-de-luce1 ,nine-,leav'd2 of ,chickweed1 ,ladies-,mantle1 ,ten-,leav'd2 of ,st4 ,james's ,wort1 ,thirteen-,leav'd2 and ,i think of ,febrifuga1 ,cotula1 ,ageratum1 ,corn-,marigold1 with others2 and of ,chamemile1 ,buphthalmum1 and some few more1 the ,leaves are commonly ,one and ,twenty4 ,in that of ,st4 ,james's ,wort1 the ,number is so constant that there is scarce ,one ,flower in ,forty1 wherein the ,leaves are more or fewer than ,thirteen4 ,tab4 #ee4 ,divers of which ,numbers1 seem also to have some relation to the ,number #e4 ,for #i1 is ,twice2 #ac1 ,thrice2 and #be1 ,five times #e running into it self4 #ae4 4 ,,the ,constituent ,parts of the ,flower are the same as those of the ,leaf1 sc4 the ,parenchyma or ,pulp1 and the ,vessels4 ,but in the ,basis or bottom of the ,flower1 the ,parenchyma is commonly much more spongy and dry1 than in the ,leaves2 conteining1 after the ,flower is open'd1 little or no ,sap1 but only a dry and warm ,aer4 ,which standing continually under the ,seed1 hastens the ,maturation or due ,exiccation thereof3 as we use to dry ,maulted ,barly over a warm ,killn4 #af4 4 ,the ,vessels of the ,flower1 are both for ,sap and for ,aer1 as well as in other ,parts4 ,and both of them sometimes1 even in the ,skin of the ,flower2 as may be argued from its being stained with divers ,colours2 produced as hath formerly been shewed1 by the mixed ,tinctures of the said ,vessels4 ,b4 #b4 ,p4 #b4 4 #fe1 #ff1 #fg4 ,these ,colours1 in many ,flowers1 as ,tulips1 as they are in the ,skin it self1 so therein only2 the ,pulp of the ,leaf being white4 #ag4 4 ,the ,lignous or ,sap-,vessels are fewer1 and the ,aer-,vessels smaller in the ,flower1 than in the ,leaf4 ,and therefore it is very difficult to observe the latter by ,glasses2 especially the ,proportion which they hold to the other ,parts4 ,but if you break the ,leaves of some ,flowers1 with very great gentleness2 they may hereby be ,unroaved or drawn out1 as in the ,green ,leaves1 to some visible length2 and their different ,number in divers ,flowers may be discerned4 #ah4 4 ,,the ,use of the ,flower or of the ,foliature whereof we are speaking1 is various2 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #e4 as hath formerly been shewed4 ,i now only add1 ,that one ,use hereof seemeth to be1 for the ,separation of the more ,volatile and stronger ,sulphur of the ,plant4 ,that so the ,seed1 which lyeth within or next it1 may be so much the milder1 and the ,principles thereof more fixed and concentred4 ,and this1 both for its better ,duration till the time of ,sowing2 and also1 that its ,fermentation1 when it is sow'n1 may not be too hot and precipitate2 but suitable to so slow and equal a motion1 as is the ,vegetation of a ,seed4 #ai4 4 ,and that this ,sulphur is separated and discharged by the ,flower1 seems evident1 not only from the ,strength of its ,odour1 above that of the other ,parts2 but likewise1 in that many times where there is no ,flower1 or that very small1 the ,seed1 that is its ,cover1 as in the ,umbelliferous ,kind1 is the more odorous4 ,and therefore also1 the ,vine hath no ,flower1 partly1 that the most ,volatile ,spirit and ,sulphur might all run into the ,fruit4 #bj4 4 ,,the ,figure of the ,flower1 although it is often much more complex1 than that of the ,leaf3 yet there is no doubt1 but that the ,measure hereof may be defined in some way1 answerable to that exemplified in the foregoing ,part4 ,the difference is only this1 ,that whereas the ,green ,leaves1 and the ,plain ,leaves also of the ,flower1 are all measured by the parts of several ,circles3 those ,flowers which are ,bellyed1 and those ,leaves of the ,flower which are not ,plain1 but ,convex1 are all measured by the parts of several ,spheres4 ,and as the ,diametres of those ,circles1 bear a certain proportion to the midle ,stemm of the ,leaf2 so the ,axes of these ,spheres1 to an imaginary one in the ,centre of the ,flower4 #ba 4 ,,now the reason why the ,figure of the ,flower is more multiplex1 than that of the ,leaf2 may be1 partly1 because it is under the ,command and ,government of those ,salts1 which are here more refined and depurate1 than in the ,leaf2 and so more free to lay the ,foundation of any kind of ,figure1 for which1 of their own ,nature1 they are adapted4 ,partly1 for that as the ,nitrous and ,alkaline ,salts are chiefly regnant in the ,leaf2 so in the ,flower1 in which the ,parenchymous ,part hath a greater#ff proportion than in the ,leaf2 it is most reasonable1 to assign the ,predominion to the ,acid#fg3 the ,particles whereof1 both as they are less1 and also poynted at both ends1#fh seem to be more easily applicable one to another for the making of any ,sort of ,line or ,figure4 #ff 4 #ag4 #fg ,idea1 4 #eb4 #fh ,p4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 4 #ac4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,attire1 and first of that sort which may be called ,seminiform4 ,,within the ,foliature stands the ,attire2 which is of ,two general ,kinds1 every where ,various and ,elegant2 according to the ,description ,i have given of them in the ,first ,book4 ,ch4 #e4 ,i shall here add some further ,remarques4 #b4 4 ,and first1 of that ,sort of ,attire1 which may be called ,seminiform2 being usually1 as it were1 a little ,sheaf of ,seed-like ,particles2 standing on so many ,pedicills1 as the ,ear doth upon the ,end of the ,straw4 #c4 4 ,of their ,colour it is observable1 ,that for the most part1 they are ,white or ,yellow2 sometimes ,blew2 but never ,red1 let the ,flower or ,foliature be of what ,colour it will4 ,neither doth their ,colour always follow that of the ,foliature1 although that be not ,red4 ,whereby it appears1 how very ,curious and ,critical ,nature is1 in the ,separation of the ,juyces in ,plants3 that such small ,parts as these of the ,attire1 and so near the ,leaves of the ,flower1 should yet receive a different ,tincture4 #d4 4 ,these ,parts differ also in their ,position2 standing sometimes double upon each ,pedicil1 as in ,toad-flax1 ,snapdragon1 and some others2 ,tab4 #ee4 but usually single1 as in ,blattaria1 ,clematis ,austriaca1 c4 ,sometimes fastned to their ,pedicils at their middle1 stooping down after the manner of ,poppy and other hanging ,flowers2 as in ,spanish-,broom1 ,hysop1 ,scabeous1 ,behen1 c4 ,sometimes they stand erected1 as in ,clematis ,austriaca1 ,ladyes-,looking-,glass1 ,rape-,crowfoot1 c4 ,those of ,coded ,arsmart have no ,pedicils1 but stand upon a large ,base4 #e4 4 ,of the ,pedicils themselves1 it is to be noted1 ,that they are rarely fastned to the ,top of the ,repository or ,case of the ,seed1 but round about the ,bottom4 ,partly1 ,that hereby they may the better intercept and separate the ,incongruous ,parts of the ,sap from the ,seed4 ,yet in the ,coded ,arsmart they stand at the ,top4 ,which is not the only thing peculiar in that ,plant2 it being the property thereof1 to ejaculate its ,seed1 upon the least touch4 ,which property seemeth to depend1 partly1 upon the ,position of the said ,pedicils1 as shall be shewed in speaking of the ,seed4 #f4 4 ,these ,seed-like ,parts are also of different ,number4 ,in ,great ,celandine1 ,rose1 ,rape-,crowfoot1 numerous2 in ,great ,plantaine1 and some other ,herbs1 much more conspicuous than the ,foliature it self4 ,in ,germander-,chickweed1 they are always ,two1 and no more4 ,sometimes they follow the number of the ,leaves1 especially in the number #e2 as in ,blattaria1 ,black ,henbean1 c4 ,in ,stichwort and ,lychnis ,sylvestris1 they are #aj1 just double to the number of the ,leaves4 #g4 4 ,they differ also in their ,bigness1 being in some smaller ,flowers1 large2 as in ,borage1 ,ladys-,looking-,glass1 and others3 and in some larger ,flowers1 less2 as in the ,rose4 #h4 4 ,but especially in their ,shape1 which is always very ,elegant1 and with much ,variety4 ,in ,borage1 like the point of a ,spear4 ,in ,blattaria1 like a ,horse-shooe4 ,in ,clematis ,austriaca1 like the ,spatula1 wherewith ,apothecaries make their ,mixtures4 ,in ,mallow1 like a ,head-,roll4 ,in ,hysop1 they have one ,cleft before2 in ,blattaria1 one round about2 in ,water ,bettony1 one at the ,top2 in ,scabious1 they have a double ,cleft1 one on each side2 ,tab4 #ef4 and so in ,st4 ,johns ,wort1 ,hyoscyamus1 and others2 before they open1 in the ,shape of a double ,purse4 #i4 4 ,these ,parts1 are all hollow2 each being the ,theca or ,case of a great many extream small ,particles1 either ,globular1 or otherwise ,convex2 but always regularly figur'd4 ,they are all crowded together1 and fastned in close ,ranks1 without any ,pedicils1 to the ,insides of the ,theca1 like other lesser ,seeds within a greater2 or after the same manner as in ,hyoscyamus and some other ,plants1 the true ,seeds themselves grow all round about close to the ,bed of the ,case2 as in ,clary1 and the ,figures now referred to1 may be seen4 ,tab4 #ee1 #ef4 ,and when they are ripe1 the ,case also opens and admits them to the ,aer1 as the ,seed-,case doth the ,seed4 ,the whole ,attire1 together with the ,foliature and ,seed-,case1 ,tab4 #eg4 ,see in one ,example1 amongst the ,figures4 #aj4 4 ,the ,colour of these small ,particles conteined in the ,theca1 is also different4 ,but as ,that is usually ,white or ,yellow1 so are ,these3 sometimes ,blewish2 but never ,red4 ,and sometimes not of the same ,colour with that of the ,theca4 ,which further shews how scrupulous ,nature is1 in differencing the ,tinctures of the several ,parts4 #aa4 4 ,they are also of different ,bigness and ,figure4 ,those in ,snap-dragon1 are of the smallest ,size ,i have seen2 ,tab4 #eh4 being no bigger through a good ,microscope1 than the least ,cheese-,mite to the naked ,eye4 ,in ,plantain1 also through a ,glass1 like a ,scurvy-grass-seed4 ,in ,bears-foot1 like a ,mustard-seed4 ,in ,carnation1 like a ,turnep-,seed4 ,in ,bindweed1 like a ,peper-,corn4 ,in all these of a ,globular ,figure4 #ab4 4 ,in ,devils-bit1 they are also ,round1 but depressed1 like the ,seed of ,goos-grass1 or a ,holland ,cheese4 ,in the ,bean and all sorts of ,puls1 and ,trefoyls1 as also in ,blew-bottle1 c4 they are ,cylindrick4 ,tab4 #eh4 ,in ,orange ,lilly1 ,oval1 one #e of an ,inch long1 like an ,ants-,egg4 ,in ,deadly-,nightshade1 also ,oval1 but smaller at both ,ends4 ,and those of ,pancy1 ,cubick4 ,in all these and the former1 they are ,smooth4 #ac4 4 ,but in ,mallow1 ,holyoak1 and all of that kind1 they are beset round about with little ,thornes2 whereby each looks like the ,seed-,ball of ,roman ,nettle1 or like the ,fruit of ,thorn-,apple1 or the ,fish called ,piscis orbis minor1 or the ,murices1 used antiently in ,wars4 ,tab4 #eh4 ,they are also very great1 shewing1 through a ,glass1 of the bigness of a large ,white ,pease2 being #bjj or #cjj times biger than those in ,snapdragon2 of which there are about a ,thousand in each ,theca1 that is1 in the space of about #ajjj ,cubical ,part of an ,inch4 #ad4 4 ,in some ,plants1 as in ,deadly ,night-shade1 where these ,particles are ,white1 they seem1 by a very good ,glass and advantagious ,position1 to be composed of ,parenchymous and ,lignous ,fibres1 stitched up together1 as in the other ,parts4 #ae4 4 ,in ,colocynthis1 7and with some ,analogy in ,wild ,cucumer1 and ,i suppose all of that kind7 the ,attire is very peculiar1 not consisting of several little ,thec1 upon so many ,pedicils1 as is described2 but is all one entire ,part1 like a thick ,columna in the midst of the ,flower2 having several little ,ridges1 and ,furrows winding from the ,top to the ,bottom round about4 ,in the midle of each ,ridge runs a ,line1 where the ,skin1 after sometime1 openeth into two ,lips1 presenting the ,globular ,particles conteined in the hollow of every ,ridge4 #af4 4 ,where the ,attire consists of several ,seed-like ,parts1 as is described there1 another ,part distinct1 like a little ,columna or ,pinacle1 stands on the ,top of the ,uterus or true ,seed-,case4 ,which is also regularly and variously ,figured4 ,in ,bindweed1 it hath a round ,head1 like that of a great ,pin4 ,tab4 #ef1 #eg4 ,in the ,common ,bell1 ,st4 ,johns wort1 it is divided into ,three ,parts4 ,in ,geranium1 into ,five2 ,in ,asarum1 into ,six4 ,sometimes1 the ,head is ,smooth1 and sometimes beset with little ,thorns1 as in ,hyoscyamus4 ,of the ,use of these ,parts1 anon4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,florid ,,attire4 ,,in ,,this ,attire there is also much ,elegant ,variety1 according to the ,description we have given of it in the ,first ,book4 ,it always consists of several ,suits2 ,ten1 ,twenty1 ,fourty1 a ,hundred1 or more1 according to the ,bigness of the ,flower4 ,and every ,suit most commonly1 of three distinct ,parts1 all of a ,regular1 but ,different ,figure4 ,the utmost ,part1 is always like a little ,flower with ,five ,leaves and a ,tubular ,base1 like that of ,cowslip4 ,tab4 #ei4 ,so that every ,flower with the ,florid ,attire1 ,embosomes1 or is1 a ,posy of perfect ,flowers4 #b4 4 ,in some ,flowers1 every one of these ,florets1 is encompassed with an ,hedg of ,hairs2 and every ,hair branched on both sides almost like a ,sprig of ,fir2 ,tab4 #ei4 as in ,aster ,atticus1 ,golden-,rod1 and others4 #c4 4 ,the ,base of the ,floret is usually ,cylindrick1 but sometimes ,square1 as in ,french ,marigold4 ,and the ,leaves hereof which1 for the most part1 ,tab4 #fj4 are ,smooth on the ,inside1 in the same ,flower are all over ,hairy4 ,and the ,edges of these little ,flowers1 are frequently ,ridged1 or as it were1 ,hem'd1 like the ,edge of a ,band4 #d4 4 ,the midlemost of the ,three ,parts1 which ,i call the ,sheath1 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #e4 is usually fastened towards the ,top1 or else at the ,bottom of the ,floret4 ,tab4 #fj1 #fa1 #fb4 ,this is rather indented1 than parted into ,leaves4 ,the ,surface seldom ,plain or ,even1 but wrought with ,five ,ridges1 and as many ,gutters running almost ,parallel from the ,top to the ,bottom4 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #e4 #e4 4 ,the ,inmost ,part1 which ,i call the ,blade1 runs through the hollow of the ,two ,former1 and so is fastned1 with the ,floret1 to the convex of the ,seed-,case4 ,the ,head and ,sides of this ,part1 is always beset round about with ,globulets1 commonly through a ,glass1 as big as a ,turnep-seed1 or a great ,pins-,head4 ,in some ,plants growing close to the ,blade1 as in the common ,marigold2 ,tab4 #fj1 #fa1 #fb4 in the ,french1 and others1 upon ,pedicils or little slender ,stalks4 ,these1 as the ,blade springeth up from within the ,sheath1 are still rubed off1 and so stand like a ,powder on them both4 ,and sometimes1 as in ,cichory1 they seem to grow on the ,inside of the ,sheath1 if it be split with a small ,pin3 as also in ,knapweed1 in which they are numerous4 ,yet in the ,seed-like ,attire1 always more numerous1 than in the ,florid4 #f4 4 ,the ,head of the ,blade is always divided into ,two1 and sometimes into ,three ,parts1 as in ,cichory2 ,tab4 #eh1 c4 which1 by degrees1 curl outward1 after the manner of ,scorpion-,grass4 #g4 4 ,the ,description now given1 agrees principally to the ,corymbiferous ,kind1 as ,tansy1 ,chamemile1 and the like4 ,but in ,scorzonera1 as also ,cichory1 ,hawk-,weed1 ,mous-ear and all the ,intybous ,kind1 with many more1 the ,attire is not separate from the ,foliature1 so as to stand within that in one entire ,posy2 but every ,leaf of the ,flower hath its own ,attire apart4 ,for the sake of which1 the ,basis of every ,leaf is formed into a little ,tube or ,pipe1 ,tab4 #fb4 whereby it embosomes its own ,attire within it self4 ,consisting commonly of ,two ,parts1 a ,sheath and a ,blade3 the ,leaf it self answering to the ,floret in other ,flowers4 #h4 4 ,in some ,plants1 besides the ,attire or ,posy in the midle of the ,flower2 the ,leaves also have each their own to themselves1 as in ,marigold3 ,tab4 #fa4 yet this1 as ,i take it1 consisting only of one single ,part1 which answers to the ,blade2 the ,leaf it self being as the ,sheath4 #i4 4 ,in many ,plants1 this ,florid ,attire is very large2 so that not only the ,suits1 ,tab4 #fa4 but also the several ,parts whereof every ,suit consists1 being throughly ripe and well blown open1 are all visible to the bare ,eye1 as in ,knapweed1 and all the ,thistle ,kind4 ,this ,attire is all the ,flower1 that this sort of ,plants have2 being1 though ,empal'd1 yet without any ,foliature4 #aj4 4 ,and sometimes1 there is little or no ,flower besides this ,attire1 although extream small1 as in ,golden ,rod1 ,wormwood and others4 ,where it may be noted1 ,that the ,medicine called ,wormseed or ,semen ,santonici1 is no ,sort of ,seed1 but the ,buds of small ,flowers1 or of the ,florid ,attire of that ,plant4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,use of the ,attire4 ,,of the ,secondary ,use hereof1 ,i have spoken in the ,first ,book2 ,ch4 #e4 and particularly1 of the ,globulets or small ,particles within the ,thec of the ,seed-like ,attire1 and upon the ,blades of the ,florid1 ,i have conjectur'd1 ,that they are that ,body which ,bees gather and carry upon their ,thighs1 and is commonly called their ,bread4 ,for the ,wax they carry in little ,flakes in their ,chaps3 but the ,bread is a ,kind of ,powder2 yet somewhat moist1 as are the said little ,particles of the ,attire4 #b4 4 ,but the ,primary and chief ,use of the ,attire is such1 as hath respect to the ,plant it self2 and so appears to be very great and necessary4 ,because1 even those ,plants which have no ,flower or ,foliature1 are yet some way or other ,attir'd2 either with the ,seminiform1 or the ,florid ,attire4 ,so that it seems to perform its service to the ,seed1 as the ,foliature1 to the ,fruit4 #c4 4 ,in discourse hereof with our ,learned ,savilian ,professor ,sir ,thomas ,millington1 he told me1 he conceived1 ,that the ,attire doth serve1 as the ,male1 for the ,generation of the ,seed4 #d4 4 ,i immediately reply'd1 ,that ,i was of the same ,opinion2 and gave him some reasons for it1 and answered some ,objections1 which might oppose them4 ,but withall1 in regard every ,plant is or ,male and ,female1 that ,i was also of ,opinion1 ,that it serveth for the ,separation of some ,parts1 as well as the ,affusion of others4 ,the sum therefore of my ,thoughts concerning this ,matter1 is as follows4 #e4 4 ,and ,first1 it seems1 ,that the ,attire serves to discharge some redundant ,part of the ,sap1 as a ,work preparatory to the ,generation of the ,seed4 ,in particular1 that as the ,foliature serveth to carry off the ,volatile ,saline ,sulphur3 ,so the ,attire1 to minorate and adjust the ,aereal2 to the end1 the ,seed may become the more ,oyly1 and its ,principles1 the better fixed4 ,and therefore the ,foliature generally hath a much stronger ,odour1 than the ,attire3 because the ,saline ,sulphur is stronger1 than an ,aerial1 which is too subtile to affect the ,sense4 ,hence also it is1 that the ,colour of the ,parts of the ,attire1 is usually ,white1 or ,yellow1 never ,red3 the former1 depending upon a greater participation of ,aer2 the latter1 of ,sulphur4 ,i add further1 ,that the most ,volatile and ,aerial ,sulphur2 being by means of these ,parts much discharged2 it may hereby come to pass1 not only that the ,seed is more ,oylie1 and its ,principles more fixed2 but also1 that the ,body or ,parenchyma thereof1 is so compact and close3 ,for although it consists of ,bladders1 yet such1 as are ,twenty times smaller than in any other ,part of a ,plant of the like bigness4 ,whereas1 were the ,aer copiously mixed with the ,sap here1 as in the ,pith1 ,fruit1 and other ,parenchymous ,parts2 it would give so quick a ,ferment to the ,sap1 as to dilate and amplify the ,bladders of the ,seed1 beyond its present compact and durable ,texture2 and so expose it1 either to a precipitant ,growth1 or sudden ,rot4 ,wherefore1 as the ,seed-,case is the ,womb2 so the ,attire 7which always stands upon or round about it7 and those ,parts of the ,sap hereinto discharged2 are1 as it were1 the ,menses or ,flowers1 by which the ,sap in the ,womb1 is duly qualified1 for the approaching ,generation of the ,seed4 #f4 4 ,and as the young and early ,attire before it opens1 answers to the ,menses in the ,female3 so is it probable1 that afterward when it opens or cracks1 it performs the ,office of the ,male4 ,this is hinted from the ,shape of the ,parts4 ,for in the ,florid ,attire1 the ,blade doth not unaptly resemble a small ,penis1 with the ,sheath upon it1 as its ,prputium4 ,and in the ,seed-like ,attire1 the several ,thec1 are like so many little ,testicles4 ,and the ,globulets and other small ,particles upon the ,blade or ,penis1 and in the ,thec1 are as the ,vegetable ,sperme4 ,which1 so soon as the ,penis is exerted1 or the ,testicles come to break1 falls down upon the ,seed-,case or ,womb1 and so ,touches it with a ,prolifick ,virtue4 #g4 4 ,consentaneous hereto it is also observable1 ,that those ,herbs generally have the ,seed-like ,attire1 which either produce a greater ,quantity of ,seed1 or a ,perennial ,root3 and that there is no ,tree1 with the ,florid ,attire4 ,as if the other1 because it contains a far greater ,proportion of the abovesaid ,particles1 that is1 of ,sperm2 'tis able to beget a more ,numerous1 ,vivaceous1 or ,gigantick ,birth4 #h4 4 ,that the same ,plant is both ,male and ,female1 may the rather be believed1 in that ,snails1 and some other ,animals1 are such4 ,and the ,parts which imitate the ,menses1 and the ,sperm1 are not precisely the same3 the former1 being the ,external ,parts of the ,attire1 and the ,sap1 which feeds them2 the latter1 the small ,particles or moyst ,powder which the ,external inclose4 #i4 4 ,and that these ,particles1 only by falling on the ,uterus1 should communicate to it or to the ,sap therein1 a ,prolifick ,virtue2 it may seem the more credible1 from the manner wherein ,coition is made by some ,animals2 as by many ,birds1 where there is no ,intromission1 but only an ,adosculation of ,parts3 ,and so in many ,fishes4 ,neither in others1 doth the ,penis ever enter any further than the ,neck of the ,womb4 ,nor doth perhaps the ,semen it self3 or if it doth1 it can by no means be thought1 bodily or as to its gross ,substance1 to enter the ,membranes1 in which every ,conception1 or the ,liquor intended for it1 before any ,coition1 is involved2 but only some subtle and vivisick ,effluvia1 to which the visible ,body of the ,semen1 is but a ,vehicle4 ,and the like ,effluvia may be very easily transfused from the above said ,particles into the ,seed-,case or ,womb of a ,plant4 #aj4 4 ,if any one shall require the ,similitude to hold in every ,thing2 he would not have a ,plant to resemble1 but to be1 an ,animal4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,time of the ,generation of the ,flower4 ,,the ,time in which the ,flower is ,generated or ,formed is a ,providence in ,nature1 whereof1 ,i do a little wonder1 that no one1 amongst so many observers of ,plants1 hath ever yet taken any notice4 ,it is therefore to be remarked1 ,that all ,flowers are formed or perfectly finished1 in all their ,parts1 long before they appear in sight2 usually ,three or ,four ,months1 and sometimes half a year1 or more4 ,and that in all ,perennial ,plants1 those ,flowers which appear and are called the ,flowers of any one year2 are not formed in that year2 but were actually in ,being1 and entirely formed in all ,parts1 the year before2 as in many ,herbs1 and in all ,shrubs and ,trees4 #b4 4 ,this will best be seen by some ,instances4 ,so the ,flower of ,mezereon1 which opens in ,january1 is entirely formed about the midle of ,august in the year foregoing4 ,at which time1 the ,green ,leaves of the ,bud being cautiously removed1 ,tab4 #fc4 the ,leaves of the ,flower1 and the ,thec ,seminiformes or ,seed-like ,attire1 encompassing the ,seed-,case1 through an indifferent ,glass1 are all distinctly visible4 #c4 4 ,the like may be seen in ,sirynga1 and other ,shrubs1 and in ,trees4 ,in as many of which1 as are ,frugiferous1 the ,fruit also1 which answers to the ,seed-,case in other ,plants1 is about the same time entirely formed4 #d4 4 ,and so in ,herbs2 as the ,flower of ,asarum1 which appeareth in ,april or ,may1 is entirely formed in ,august or ,july of the foregoing year4 ,for there are here1 as well as in ,trees1 ,tab4 #fd4 ,two ,sorts of ,buds2 some which are composed only of ,green ,leaves2 and some which also contein a ,flower and the ,seed-,case4 ,so in ,bears-foot1 by some called the ,january ,rose1 the ,flower-,buds1 which open in ,january are all formed in or before the ,month of ,august in the year preceding4 #e4 4 ,the same may also be seen about the end of ,august or the beginning of ,september in a ,tulip-,root4 ,tab4 #fc4 ,in which1 the ,two ,inmost ,shells dryer than the rest1 stand hollow1 with the little young ,flower 7which appears in ,march or ,april following7 inclosed now in their ,centre4 ,being thus kept warm and dry1 lest it should either perish1 or be precipitated upon the ,winter1 by sprouting too soon4 #f4 4 ,from hence it is plain1 ,that although the ,flower appears before the ,seed2 yet if the comparison be made betwixt the ,flower and ,seed of the same year2 the ,seed is first formed1 and afterward the ,flower4 ,that is1 the ,seed1 for which ,nature chooses the ,firstborn ,sap1 is formed in the fore part of the year3 which work being finished1 out of the less fcund part of the ,sap1 the ,flowers intended for the ,sire and ,matrix of the next years ,seed2 is afterwards produced4 #g4 4 ,,the true ,time of the ,generation of the ,flower being know'n1 it may also be an ,inducement to make ,tryal1 for the bringing of many ,flowers to grow fairly in ,winter1 which are used to grow1 that is1 to appear1 only in the ,spring and ,summer3 sc4 by keeping the ,plants warm1 and thereby enticing the young lurking ,flowers to come abroad4 ,the ,appendix4 ,being a ,method proposed1 for the ready finding1 by the ,leaf and ,flower1 to what ,sort any ,plant belongeth4 ,,although many have bestowed extraordinary ,care and ,industry upon the searching out1 and ,description of ,plants2 and for the reducing of them to their several ,tribes3 yet ,i will take leave1 here to propose a short ,method whereby ,learners1 seeing a ,plant they know not1 may be informed to what ,sort it belongs1 and so be directed where to find it described and discoursed of4 ,for1 except they have a ,master to conduct them1 which few have2 they must needs1 by seeking at random1 lose a great deal of time1 which by a regular ,enquiry might be saved4 ,besides1 that what is learned by their own ,observation1 will abide much longer on their mind1 than what they are only ,poynted to1 by another4 #b4 4 ,now the most ,philosophick way of distinguishing or sorting of ,plants1 were by the ,characteristick ,properties in all ,parts1 both ,compounded1 ,constituents1 and ,contents4 ,but of the ,compounded1 the ,seeds1 and some other ,parts1 are oftentimes very minute3 and the ,roots always lie hid4 ,as also the ,constituent ,parts1 every where1 without cuting and the use of ,glasses4 ,nor can the ,contents be accurately observed otherwise4 ,so that for the ,use here intended1 those ,properties are the fitest to be insisted upon1 which are the most ,conspicuous1 and in those ,parts1 where the ,learner may the most readily and without any difficulty take notice of them2 as in the ,flower and ,leaf4 ,the ,flower hath ,varieties enough of it self4 ,but in regard it is often wanting1 when the ,green ,leaf is not2 it is therefore convenient1 that he be assisted by both1 and that the ,varieties of both be distinctly reduced unto ,tables4 ,which may be done1 after the following1 or some other like manner4 #c4 4 ,and ,first for the ,leaves4 ,the most obvious ,varieties of which1 are in their ,position1 ,size or ,shape4 #d4 4 ,leaves are fastned with1 or without a ,stalk4 ,without1 only close to the ,branch1 as in ,southistle2 or surrounding it1 as in ,thorow-,wax4 #e4 4 ,both these ways1 they stand either singly1 that is1 but one at the same height2 or more together4 #f4 4 ,more together1 in ,even or ,odd ,numbers4 ,in ,even ,numbers1 commonly ,two and ,two1 as in ,sage1 ,polium2 ,sometimes ,four1 as in ,cross-wort1 ,madder1 ,herb ,true-,love1 ,pomum ,maj2 or more1 as1 ,i think1 in ,woodrofe1 c4 ,in ,odd ,numbers1 ,three1 as in all ,trefoyls1 ,strawberries2 ,five1 in ,pentaphil1 ,castanea ,equina2 ,seven1 in ,tormentil4 #g4 4 ,the ,sizes of ,leaves are innumerable4 ,it is therefore necessary to reduce them to a ,standard4 ,and so1 they may be reckoned1 ,three2 ,small1 ,mean and ,great3 with respect to the ,length of the ,leaf1 the ,breadth1 or both4 ,from one ,inch and under1 all ,leaves may be accounted ,small2 from one ,inch and over1 to five ,inches1 ,mean2 from five and over1 ,great4 #h4 4 ,the ,shapes of ,leaves are also numberless4 ,but the most obvious distinctions which they admit of1 are such as these2 #i4 4 ,leaves are ,membraneous1 as the greater part2 ,squameous1 as ,abies1 or ,filamentous4 ,which are solid1 as in ,fenil1 ,meum1 ,buphthalmum1 ,chamemile1 ,groundpine2 or hollow1 as in ,onion4 #aj4 4 ,membraneous1 have all their main ,fibres produced either from the ,stalk1 as in ,holyoak2 or from the middle ,stem of the ,leaf1 as in most4 ,from the midle ,stem1 reciprocally1 as in ,scabious1 or oppositely1 that is1 one over against another1 as in ,rose3 and both ways1 at ,acute ,angles1 as in most2 or ,right1 as in ,dandelion4 #aa4 4 ,again1 they are different with respect to the ,top1 the ,bottom1 and the ,sides4 ,the ,top is ,thorny1 as in ,furz2 or ,unarmed4 ,unarmed1 either ,produced1 that is1 ,poynted1 or at least1 ,roundish1 as in ,lamium1 ,ironwort2 or else ,reduced1 as in ,woodsorrel4 ,and so the ,bottom1 is either ,reduced towards the ,top1 as in ,ground-,ivy2 or ,produced upon the ,stalk1 as in ,poplar1 ,bay1 c4 #ab4 4 ,the ,sides or ,edges of the ,leaf1 are either of one and the same ,measure1 as commonly2 or of divers1 as in ,doronicum4 ,both ways they are ,even1 as in ,syringa1 ,mous-ear2 or ,uneven4 ,the ,uneven1 are ,prickly1 as ,holly1 ,eryngium1 ,thistle2 or ,unarmed4 ,unarmed1 are ,insected1 or ,resected4 ,insected deeply1 that is1 ,lobed1 as ,golden ,liverwort1 ,clematis ,peregrina2 or with shallow ,insections1 as in most4 ,and so1 ,indented1 or ,scallopped3 the former1 when the ,angle is made with ,straight ,lines1 as in ,dandelion2 the latter1 with ,crooked1 as in ,thalictrum4 ,resected1 that is1 both ,lobed1 and ,insected1 or when upon the greater ,insections1 there are other lesser ones1 as in ,wild-,clary1 ,lovage1 ,masterwort4 #ac4 4 ,,the most ,conspicuous ,varieties of ,flowers1 are in their ,position1 ,size1 ,shape1 and ,colour4 #ad4 4 ,most are fastned with ,stalks2 but many without4 ,sometimes1 they are placed round about the ,branch1 that is1 ,coronated1 as in ,pulegium2 and sometimes1 all on one side2 either in ,ranks only1 as in ,bawm2 or in ,rank and ,file1 as in ,foxglove4 ,in ,saxifraga ,aurea1 they grow on the ,leaf4 #ae4 4 ,again1 they either stand ,singly1 as in ,corn ,marigold2 or ,clustur'd4 ,and so1 either all upon one ,branch1 or on several little ,ramificated ,sprigs4 ,on one ,branch1 prolonged like a ,tail1 as in ,blattaria2 or ,contracted4 ,and so1 either without ,stalks1 that is1 ,capitated1 as in ,scabious2 or with ,stalks1 that is1 ,umbellated1 as ,fenil1 c4 ,on several ,sprigs1 as in ,tanacetum1 ,yarrow4 #af4 4 ,the ,sizes of ,flowers1 as of the ,leaves1 may be reduced to ,three4 ,from an ,inch and under1 in ,diameter or ,length1 may be accounted ,small4 ,from an ,inch and over to an ,inch and 1 may go for ,mean4 ,and from an ,inch and v and over1 ,great4 #ag4 ,in respect of the ,shape1 ,flowers are ,open or ,belly'd4 ,open have both ,leaves and ,attire1 as most2 or else are all ,attire1 as of ,burdock1 ,beta ,cretica4 #ah4 4 ,the ,open1 consist of a ,certain ,number of ,leaves1 ,one1 ,two1 ,three1 ,four1 ,five1 ,six1 ,seven1 ,eight1 ,nine1 ,ten1 ,thirteen1 or ,one and ,twenty4 ,uncertain1 commonly called ,double4 ,those of a ,certain ,number1 either ,uniform1 that is1 all of a certain ,size and ,shape1 as usually2 or ,biform1 or ,triform1 as in ,iris1 ,blattaria4 ,and these again1 ,even ,edged or ,notched2 with ,three ,poynts1 as in ,marigold2 or ,five1 in ,cichory4 #ai4 4 ,the ,belly'd1 are either so in whole2 or in ,part1 that is1 with the ,top divided into ,leaves1 and the ,bottom1 ,hollow3 ,the former1 are also ,even ,edged1 as in ,convolvulus2 or ,notched1 as in ,trachelium4 ,the latter have their ,leaves distinguished as before4 ,their ,bottom or ,base1 either fastned to the ,seed-,case1 as in ,snap-dragon2 or standing below it4 ,and so1 either ,straight1 as ,i think in ,toad-flax2 or ,crooked1 as in ,violet1 ,lark-heel4 #bj4 4 ,in all these1 the ,attire is either ,seminiform1 or ,florid4 ,and both1 ,clustur'd1 or ,divided2 as in ,mallow1 ,st4 ,johns wort2 ,starwort1 ,hawkweed4 #ba4 4 ,the ,colours of the ,flower1 are ,white1 as in ,water-,crowfoot2 ,red1 as ,lychnis2 ,blew1 as ,borage2 ,purple1 as ,stock-,july ,flower2 ,black1 as in some ,anemones2 ,yellow1 in ,wall-,flower2 ,tawny1 in ,colus ,jovis2 ,green1 in ,laureola4 ,which are either ,single1 or ,mixed3 ,two together1 as in ,butyr-,bur1 ,white and ,red2 in ,white ,hellibore1 ,white and ,green2 in ,monks ,rubarb1 ,red and ,green2 c4 ,or ,three together1 as in ,pancy1 ,yellow1 ,blew1 and ,black1 i4e4 atro-purpureus4 #bb4 4 ,how far these1 and some other like ,distinctions1 being reduced to ,tables1 would serve for the finding out of any ,sort of ,plant1 may be conceived1 if we consider1 how great a ,variety1 a few ,bells1 in the ringing of ,changes1 will produce4 ,and the search will be easy1 and successfull1 if in every foregoing ,table1 reference be made to those that follow2 and in the ,tables conteining the last ,divisions1 the ,names of the ,plants therein poynted out1 be expressed4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,fruits1 ,,prosecuted ,with the bare ,,eye1 ,and with the ,,microscope4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 in the ,year #afgg4 ,the ,,third ,,part4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society1 and of the ,,college of ,,physicians4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,the ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,third ,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,apple2 and of the ,,limon1 and ,,cucumer1 the ,fruits of ,plants vulgarly called ,,pomiferous4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,pear and ,,quince4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,plum1 and some other ,fruits of the same ,kindred4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,grape1 and ,,hazel-,,nut2 with some other ,fruits analogous to each of them4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,seed-,,case or ,,membraneous ,,uterus4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,use of the ,parts to the ,fruit4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,,use of the ,parts to the ,seed4 ,and the ,,time1 in which1 the ,uterus or ,fruit and ,seed-,case are formed4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,fruits4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,apple2 and of the ,,limon1 and ,,cucumer1 the ,fruits of ,plants vulgarly called ,,pomiferous4 ,,the ,description and ,use of ,leaves and ,flowers1 together with the ,figures thereto belonging1 were presented to this ,honourable ,society1 the last year4 ,i shall conclude this ,subject with ,fruits and ,seeds2 beginning with ,fruits1 which will take up the present ,discourse4 #b4 4 ,and ,first1 ,i shall describe the ,compounding ,parts of some1 more generally known4 ,which having done1 ,i shall next observe the ,uses of the same2 either for the ,fruit it self1 or for the ,seed4 ,some of the ,descriptions1 the ,reader may be pleased to compare with those in the ,first ,book4 ,ch4 #f4 ,i begin with the ,apple2 to which ,i shall subjoyn the ,limon1 and ,cucumer1 commonly reduced to the ,pome ,kind4 #c4 4 ,,an ,,apple1 besides the ,skin1 consisteth of a ,parenchyma1 ,vessels1 and ,coar4 ,the ,parenchyma or ,pulp1 is the same with that of the ,barque of the ,tree4 ,as is apparent1 not only from the visible continuation thereof from the one1 through the ,stalk1 into the other3 but also from the ,structure common to them both2 being both composed of ,bladders4 ,in which1 notwithstanding1 there is this difference1 ,that whereas in the ,barque1 they are spherical1 and very small1 most of them1 through a good ,glass1 not exceeding #a_/af of an ,inch in ,diametre1 and some of them1 less3 here1 they are oblong and very large1 most of them about of an ,inch in ,length1 or more1 according to the largeness and tenderness of the ,fruit2 ,tab4 #fe4 being all uniformly tenter'd or stretched out1 by the arching of the ,vessels1 from the ,coar towards the ,circumference of the ,apple4 #d4 4 ,the ,vessels1 as in the other ,parts of a ,plant1 are ,succiferous1 and for ,aer4 ,both the ,branches of the former1 and the single ,vessels of the latter1 are extream small4 ,they run every where together1 not collateral1 as ,veins and ,arteries do in ,animals2 ,tab4 #fe4 but the latter1 sheathed in the former4 #e4 4 ,they are distributed into ,twenty principal ,branches4 ,the ,ten outmost1 a little within the ,apple1 are diverted from a straight ,line1 into so many great ,arches2 from which a few small ,fibres are without any order dispearsed through the ,apple4 ,the ,five middlemost1 and the ,five inmost1 run in a straight ,line as far as the ,coar1 and are there diverted into as many lesser ,arches2 ,tab4 #fe4 the former1 at the outer1 and the latter at the iner ,angles of the ,coar4 ,upon these ,five inmost hang all the ,seeds4 #f4 4 ,these ,ten1 and the other ,ten abovesaid1 do all meet together at the top of the ,apple1 where originally1 they all ran into the ,flower4 ,tab4 #fe4 ,but betwixt them1 there are scarce any intercurrent ,fibres2 so that they appear every where disjunct from the bottom to the top of the ,apple4 #g4 4 ,a ,,limon hath a ,threefold ,parenchyma2 which seem to be derived one from another3 the ,texture1 upon every derivation1 being somewhat altered1 and so made more close and elaborate4 ,tab4 #ff4 ,the utmost1 called the ,rind1 hath the most open1 and the coursest ,texture2 being composed of the largest ,threds1 and those ,threds woven up into larger ,bladders4 ,those little ,cells1 which contein the ,essential ,oyl of the ,fruit1 and stand near the ,surface of the ,rind1 are some of the said ,bladders much more dilated4 #h4 4 ,from this utmost ,parenchyma1 ,nine or ,ten ,insertions or ,lamels are produced1 betwixt as many ,portions of the ,pulpy ,part1 towards the ,centre1 where they all unite into one ,body1 answerable to the ,pith in the ,trunk or ,root of a ,tree2 and is a conspicuous demonstration1 of the communion betwixt the ,barque and the ,pith2 which there1 is much more obscure and difficult to observe4 ,tab4 #ff4 ,at the bottom1 but especially the top of the ,fruit1 the ,pith is so far expanded1 as without the mediation of any ,lamels1 to be joyned to the ,rind4 #i4 4 ,throughout this ,parenchyma1 the ,vessels are dispearsed4 ,but the chief ,branches stand on the iner ,edge of the ,rind1 and the outer ,edge of the ,pith1 ,tab4 #ff4 just at the two extremities of every ,lamel4 ,from those ,branches on the ,edge of the ,pith1 other little and very short ones shoot into the ,pulp of the ,fruit1 upon which the ,seeds are appendant4 ,in the ,centre of the ,pith1 are ,eight or ,nine1 in a ,ring1 which run through the ,fruit up to the ,flower4 #aj4 4 ,between the ,rind and the ,pith and those several ,lamels1 which joyn them together1 stands the second ,sort of ,parenchyma1 different from the former1 in being somewhat closer1 and finer wrought ,divided1 by the ,lamels1 into several distinct ,bodies2 every one of them a great and entire ,bag4 #aa4 4 ,within every great ,bag1 is conteined a ,third ,parenchyma1 which is also a ,cluster of other little ,bags1 about the bigness of an ,oate1 all disjoyned one from another1 and having their distinct ,stalks1 ,tab4 #ff4 of several ,lengths1 by which they are all fastned to the utmost ,side of the great ,bag1 wherein they are conteined4 ,within each of these lesser ,bags are conteined many hundreds of ,bladders1 consisting of most extream fine ,threds woven up together into that ,figure4 ,within these ,bladders lies the ,acid ,juyce of the ,limon4 #ab4 4 ,a ,,cucumer1 hath also a ,threefold ,parenchyma4 ,the ,utmost1 is derived1 from the ,barque4 ,in this1 being exposed for some time to dry1 and then cut transversly with a ,rasor2 not only the ,bladders1 but also the ,threds whereof the ,bladders consist1 through a good ,microscope1 are apparent4 #ac4 4 ,throughout this ,parenchyma the ,sap-,vessels are dispersed2 near the ,circumference1 in ,ten or ,twelve very large ,branches4 ,tab4 #ff4 ,each of these larger ,branches1 embosoms another of ,aer-,vessels in its ,centre4 ,adjacent to the ,midle ,parenchyma1 they stand in ,clustres of much smaller ,branches1 but more numerous4 #ad4 4 ,out of all these ,sap-,vessels1 issues a transparent and viscous ,mucilage2 which being dryed1 becomes as hard and tough as ,gum ,tragacanth4 ,analogous to which1 ,i suppose1 is the truly purgative part of ,elaterium4 #ae4 4 ,the ,midle ,parenchyma is derived from the ,pith2 and divided into ,three ,colums1 standing triangularly1 and having each of them a ,triangular ,figure4 ,tab4 #ff4 ,within these ,colums stand a distinct ,sort of ,sap-,vessels3 from whence1 several small and short ,fibres shoot into the ,inmost ,parenchyma1 whereupon the ,seeds do hang4 ,so that these ,columns are as it were the ,beds on which the ,seeds grow4 ,with each of the ,seed-,branchs or ,fibres1 goes some part of the said ,parenchyma or ,colum1 out of which1 the ,covers of the ,seed are formed4 #af4 4 ,the ,inmost ,parenchyma wherein the ,seeds lie1 and which answers to the ,pulp of a ,limon1 seems likewise to be derived from the ,colums1 ,tab4 #ff4 that is1 to be originally thence produced upon the ,seed-,fibres1 and afterwards spread and augmented into a ,pulp4 ,by ,three ,insertions from the ,colums1 and as many from the ,utmost ,parenchyma1 and these re-inserted2 it is divided into ,six ,triangular ,bodies2 and every ,triangle1 into ,three ,ovals4 #ag4 4 ,a near resemblance betwixt the ,garden and ,wild ,cucumer1 with respect to the ,inward ,structure1 as well as the ,outward ,figure1 may be observed3 ,tab4 #ff4 ,both of them having a ,threefold ,parenchyma4 ,yet with this difference1 ,that the ,three ,white ,triangular ,bodies or ,colums in the one1 is answered by a ,white ,ring or ,tube in the other4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,pear and ,,quince4 ,a ,,pear1 besides the ,skin1 consisteth of a ,twofold ,parenchyma1 of ,vessels1 ,tartareous ,knots or ,grains1 and a ,coar4 ,the ,skin is lined with a great number of the said ,tartareous ,grains1 through a ,glass1 about the bigness of small ,shot3 whereby it looks withinside1 like the ,skin of the ,scate and some other ,fishes4 ,tab4 #fg4 ,besides those which grow to the ,skin1 there are also many more standing near adjacent to it all round about the ,fruit3 altogether about of an ,inch in thickness1 through a ,microscope2 as in a ,slice of a ,pear cut transversly is apparent4 ,somewhat more or less1 as ,i take it1 according to the ,delicacy or ,harshness of the ,fruit2 as more in a ,burgamy1 or other soft and sweet ,pear1 than in those which are called ,strangulatoria4 ,as all ,vinous ,liquors1 and those especially which are the most ,tartareous1 become more soft and sweet1 according as they cast off their ,tartar1 in a greater quantity1 upon the ,sides of the ,vessel4 #b4 4 ,the ,outer ,parenchyma1 is of the same ,original1 and general ,structure1 as in an ,apple4 ,but the ,bladders1 answerable to the ,shape of this ,fruit1 not altogether so long1 with respect to their ,bredth4 ,tab4 #fg4 ,throughout this ,parenchyma1 are also dispersed many small ,tartareous ,grains2 most of them somewhat round1 as those next the ,skin1 and of a like ,size2 but nothing near so numerous4 #c4 4 ,the ,bladders here1 have also a different ,position from that they have in an ,apple3 there1 they are all stretched out1 as to have respect to one common ,centre1 which is that of the ,apple it self4 ,but here1 they every where bear a respect to the said ,tartareous ,grains1 ,tab4 #fg4 every ,grain being the ,centre of a certain ,number of ,bladders2 like a ,star1 in the midle of its ,vortex4 ,whereby1 so many of the ,tartareous parts of the ,sap1 as cannot well be thrown off upon the ,skin1 are more commodiously discharged1 upon every little ,knot or ,grain1 nearer hand4 #d4 4 ,throughout this ,parenchyma1 the ,vessels likewise are dispersed4 ,of the ,two general ,kinds1 for ,sap1 and for ,aer4 ,the ,aer-,vessels1 are here extream small1 as well as in an ,apple2 yet one degree1 larger4 ,they are both together distributed into ,fifteen principal ,branches4 ,tab4 #fg4 ,the ,five ,utmost make as many ,arckes1 but commonly not near so deep as in an ,apple4 ,from these1 some small ,fibres1 yet a little more numerously than in an ,apple1 are dispersed throughout the ,parenchyma4 ,the ,ten ,inmost run along to the ,seed1 and from thence1 with the other ,five1 to the ,flower4 #e4 4 ,next the ,coar1 stands the ,inner ,parenchyma1 in divers respects different from the ,outer4 ,the ,bladders of the latter1 as hath been said1 large and long2 of the former1 small and round1 answerable to those of the ,pith1 of which it seems to be derived4 ,throughout that1 the ,vessels and ,tartareous ,grains are dispersed2 in this1 there are neither4 ,the ,effect whereof is1 that is sweet1 this sower2 ,tab4 #fg4 for which reason1 ,i have taken leave to name it1 the ,acetary4 #f4 4 ,betwixt this and the outer ,parenchyma1 the said ,tartareous ,grains begin1 first to stand nearer together1 to grow biger1 and of a more unequal ,surface2 and by degrees1 to unite into a ,body1 in some ,pears1 ,tab4 #fg4 and especially towards the ,cork1 almost as hard as a ,plum-,stone2 which ,i have thereupon1 named the ,calculary4 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 ,so that a ,pear1 is ,natures ,preface or ,introduction to a ,plum4 #g4 4 ,this ,tartareous ,body1 and those small ,grains above said1 ,i have formerly supposed1 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 to be precipitated out of the ,sap1 by virtue of the ,vessels4 ,which is not only argued from their growing1 where the ,vessels1 only in the outer ,parenchyma3 but in that the very ,bounds or ,figure of the ,calculary1 is determined by the ,situation of the chief of those ,vessels2 ,tab4 #fg4 as in cuting a ,pear smoothly through the ,centre and by the ,length1 is apparent4 #h4 4 ,the ,coar as well as the ,acetary1 seems to be derived from the ,pith4 ,and is therefore lesser here1 than in an ,apple1 where the whole ,pith of the ,stalk1 goes to the making of the ,coar only4 #i4 4 ,in most ,pears1 at the bottom of the ,coar1 and a little below the ,centre of the ,fruit1 there is a kind of small ,umbelical ,knot2 ,tab4 #fg4 from whence is extended a straight ,chanel or ,ductus1 which opens at the midle of the ,cork or ,stool of the ,flower1 scarce wide enough to admit the smallest ,pin4 ,made for the ,use hereafter mentioned4 #aj4 4 ,a ,,quince1 is nearly allyed to a ,pear4 ,the differences betwixt them are these2 ,in the ,quince1 the outer ,parenchyma is more close1 that is1 the ,bladders are smaller4 ,tab4 #fg4 ,the ,vessels more numerous1 and more deeply enarched2 the ,calculary greater1 and more spread2 according to the ,shape of the ,fruit3 but the ,acetary1 less3 ,the ,coar stands higher or nearer to the ,cork2 divided1 not into ,five1 but ,four ,cells4 ,and the ,ductus from the bottom of the ,coar to the top of the ,fruit1 much more open and observable4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,plum1 and some other ,fruits of the same ,kindred4 ,a ,,plum consisteth of a ,parenchyma1 the ,two general ,kinds of ,vessels1 and a ,stone4 ,all which ,i have already described in the ,first ,book4 ,ch4 #f4 ,i shall here add1 and further clear some things4 ,and ,first1 it is to be noted1 ,that1 in ,proportion to the ,bulk of the ,fruit1 there are more ,vessels in a ,plum1 than in an ,apple1 ,pear1 or ,quince4 ,as also1 ,that in ,plums1 all the ,vessels are braced together into one ,uniform ,piece of ,net-,work1 every where terminating at an equal distance from the ,circumference1 sc4 of an ,inch or thereabout4 ,tab4 #fh4 ,and as for the ,bore of the ,aer-,vessels1 although the ,glass ,i used1 when ,i examined this ,fruit1 would not reach it2 yet is it to be presumed1 that they bear a just ,proportion to those in the ,trunk of the same ,tree2 and that therefore they are here larger1 than in an ,apple or ,pear4 ,the ,skin likewise of a ,plum1 is more fibrous1 thick1 and tough1 than in those ,fruits4 ,the ,ends of these ,diversities1 we shall presently speak of4 #b4 4 ,of the ,stone1 amongst other particulars wherein the contrivance of ,nature is very admirable1 ,i have formerly shewed1 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 ,that it is composed of ,two or rather ,three distinct ,bodies4 ,one of them1 the ,lining2 which answers to the ,coar in a ,pear4 ,and is originated from the ,parenchyma1 which the ,seed-,branch brings along with it1 through the ,chanel in the ,side1 and at last into the ,hollow1 of the ,stone2 and is there spread all over it3 as when a small ,glass-,pipe1 is blown and expanded into a ,bubble4 ,tab4 #fh4 if a ,bladder1 being stretch-out1 and put through the ,neck of a ,bottle2 were then blown up1 so as to be every where contiguous to the ,sides1 and become1 as it were1 the ,lining of the ,bottle4 #c4 4 ,the ,foundation or ,ground of the ,outer and more ,bulky ,part of the ,stone1 is the ,iner ,part of the ,parenchyma2 and answers to the ,acetary in a ,pear4 ,tab4 #fh4 ,as the ,fruit grows1 the ,tartareous ,parts of the ,sap1 being continually precipitated upon this ,parenchyma1 it is hereby petrify'd4 ,as will best be seen1 by comparing the several ,ages of the same ,fruit together4 ,and in some ,stones2 on the ,surface whereof1 some of the said ,tartareous ,parts appear in distinct ,grains4 ,tab4 #fh4 ,so that whereas in a ,pear1 the ,calculary and the ,acetary are distinct1 here in a ,plum1 they are thrown one into the other4 ,or1 as some ,mineral ,waters only make a ,crust about a ,stick or other ,bodies immersed in them2 but others1 by sinking into these ,bodies1 do hereby petrify them3 ,so in a ,pear1 the ,tartareous ,parts of the ,sap1 only make a ,crust about the ,acetary2 but in a ,plum1 they sink into the ,body thereof1 or that ,part of the ,parenchyma1 which stands in the place of it1 whereby it is converted into a ,stone4 ,the ,figures of ,stones shall hereafter be spoken of1 when ,i come in the next ,part1 to the ,covers of the ,seed4 #d4 4 ,,an ,,aprecock is of the ,plum-,kind4 ,but some things are herein better observed4 ,as first1 the ,position of the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma4 ,for the ,tartareous ,parts of the ,sap not being here dispersed1 in little ,grains1 throughout the ,fruit1 as in a ,pear2 but all thrown off into the ,stone3 the ,bladders therefore are so disposed1 as not to have respect to several ,centres1 as in a ,pear2 ,tab4 #fh4 but only the ,stone1 to which they all do most exactly radiate2 thereto conveying the feculent ,sap1 in so many little ,streams4 ,this is best seen1 when the ,fruit is full ripe4 #e4 4 ,in this ,fruit1 while it is young1 the gradual transmutation of the ,inner ,part of the ,parenchyma into a ,stone1 is also more apparent4 ,and so are the ,three ,coats1 which serve for the ,generation of the ,seed2 being now all very distinct2 and remarkable1 not only for their ,bulk2 but also1 the ,analogy which they bear to the ,three ,membranes in many ,viviparous ,animals4 ,whereof ,i shall give a more particular ,description1 when ,i come1 in the following ,part1 to the ,covers of the ,seed4 #f4 4 ,a ,,peach hath a much bigger ,stone1 than either a ,plum1 or an ,aprecock3 and hath therefore1 when full ripe1 and especially in hot ,countries1 a more desecated or better fined ,juyce4 ,for the reason why the ,stone is so great1 is because the ,vessels run so very numerously through the ,body of it2 and so cause a more copious precipitation of the ,lees of the ,sap thereinto4 #g4 4 ,a ,,cherry is likewise near related to a ,plum4 ,but the ,bracement or ,reticulation of the ,vessels1 is here carried out further1 ,tab4 #fi4 so as to be all round about contiguous to the ,skin4 ,and as the ,aer-,vessels in the ,branch of a ,cherry-,tree1 are larger than those of an ,apple-,branch1 but less than those of a ,plum-,branch2 so may they be presumed1 to bear the same ,proportion here in the ,fruit4 #h4 4 ,a ,,walnut1 is a ,nuciprune2 or betwixt a ,plum and a ,nut1 as a ,bat is betwixt a ,beast and a ,bird4 ,for the ,rind1 answers to the ,pulp2 and the ,shell1 as the ,stone1 is also lined4 ,but the ,seed-,vessels1 which in a ,plum run through a ,chanel made on purpose in the ,stone2 do here enter1 as in a ,nut1 at the ,centre of the ,shell4 ,by which means1 they are invested with a more fair ,parenchyma2 which ,nature hath provided1 as her ,cloth1 for the making of the ,coats wide enough for so vast a ,kernel4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,grape1 and ,,hazel-,,nut2 with some other ,fruits1 analogous to each of them4 ,a ,,grape1 is a ,plum with two ,stones2 for their thickness1 as hard as any other4 ,tab4 #fi4 ,the ,distribution of the ,vessels is also somewhat different4 ,for the principal ,fibres running up directly betwixt the ,stones2 and the smaller1 making only one single ,net1 near the ,circumference2 they all meet together at the ,top of the ,grape4 ,it is also to be noted1 ,that many ,lignous ,fibres are visibly mixed with the ,skin it self3 whereby it becomes very thick and tough4 ,and as the ,aer-,vessels in the ,trunk of a ,vine1 are greater than in that of an ,apple1 ,pear1 or ,plum3 ,so is it to be presumed1 that in a ,grape1 they are greater than in the ,fruits of those ,trees4 #b4 4 ,the ,parenchyma or ,pulp of a ,grape1 seems to be derived1 not from the ,barque1 as in an ,apple2 nor partly from the ,barque1 and partly from the ,pith1 as in a ,goosberry2 but wholly from the ,pith2 at least1 as far as the ,reticulation of the ,fibres2 and the ,skin only from the ,barque2 whereby the ,pulp becomes so tender and delicate a ,meat4 #c4 4 ,a ,,goosberry1 hath a ,threefold ,parenchyma4 ,the ,utmost is derived from the ,barque2 of a ,greener ,colour1 and very ,sappy4 ,the midlemost1 from the ,pith2 somewhat white1 and more dry1 as the ,diametral ,insertions in some ,roots4 ,in both of them1 the ,bladders are very conspicuous1 above what they are in any ,fruit1 ,i at present think of2 so as to be visible to a good ,eye without a ,glass4 ,tab4 #fi4 #d4 4 ,betwixt these ,two ,parenchymas1 do run most of the principal ,fibres1 or ,vascular ,threds4 ,tab4 #fi4 ,from which several smaller ones are branched into the ,inmost ,parenchyma2 upon which1 the ,seeds do hang4 #e4 4 ,each of these smaller ,branches is invested with some part of the midle or white ,parenchyma4 ,serving partly to make the ,covers of the ,seed2 and partly1 the ,pulp1 that is1 the ,inmost and finest ,parenchyma of the ,berry1 in which the ,seed lies4 #f4 4 ,a ,white ,,corin1 without taking off the ,skin1 sheweth not unpleasantly how the ,seeds are fastned4 ,for as the ,trunk of the ,tree continues not to any considerable ,length1 entire1 as in a ,plum1 but is presently divided into several ,boughs2 nor are the ,edges of the ,leaf entire1 as also in a ,plum1 but slit into several ,lobes2 and the ,fruit1 into a great many ,corins in a ,bunch3 ,so again1 the ,seeds do hang upon the ,fibres1 like ,two other ,bunches1 in every ,corin4 ,as by ,refraction1 ,objects of all ,sizes are represented on the ,walls of the ,eye4 ,the ,operations of ,nature being every where ,uniform3 and sometimes the same in small1 transcribed from a greater ,copy4 #g4 4 ,a ,,nut1 is a ,plum inverted1 or turned inside outward4 ,for the ,shell1 standing naked1 includes the ,parenchyma3 the bearded ,cap1 not precisely answering to that1 but to the ,empalement of the ,flower2 ,tab4 #fi4 which likewise in many other ,plants1 out-lives the ,foliature and ,embosomes the ,uterus of the ,seed4 ,and whereas the ,stone of a ,plum is not ,faced1 but ,lined with a ,parenchyma derived at second hand from the ,pith3 ,the ,shell of a ,nut is not ,lined1 but ,faced with the iner ,skin of the ,cap4 #h4 4 ,,an ,,akern1 is the ,nut of an ,oak4 ,yet with this difference2 ,that besides the ,cup1 it stands in1 it hath only a ,leathern or ,parchment ,cover instead of a ,shell4 ,from whence it come to pass1 that whereas the ,kernel of a ,nut is sweet2 that of an ,akern1 is of a very rough ,tast3 the ,austere ,parts of the ,sap1 which in a ,nut are drained off into the ,shell1 being here imbibed by the ,kernel it self4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,seed-,,case or ,,membraneous ,,uterus4 ,,to the forementioned ,fruits1 ,i shall subjoyne1 in some ,examples1 the ,description of the ,seed-,case1 which is analogous to the ,fruit4 ,for the ,fruit1 strictly so called1 is1 ,a ,fleshy ,uterus1 which grows more moist and ,pulpy1 as the ,seed ripens4 ,but the ,seed-,case1 whether it be called a ,cod1 ,pod1 or by any other name1 is1 ,a ,membraneous ,uterus1 which as the ,seed ripens1 still grows the more dry and hard3 as in most ,plants4 #b4 4 ,,the ,,seed-,,case1 is either originally open2 ,or only when the ,seed is ripe2 ,or never opens at all1 till the ,seed be sown4 ,of the first ,sort1 is that of ,luteola2 as also of ,clary1 ,sage1 ,hysop1 and the like3 wherein one and the same ,part1 is both the ,empalement of the ,flower1 and when that is gone1 survives as the ,case of the ,seed4 #c4 4 ,of the ,last1 is that of ,myagrum ,monspermon1 ,lithosperme1 all the ,stones of ,fruits1 with divers others4 ,and some ,cases1 which are soft1 as1 ,i think1 that of ,garden ,radish4 ,the former1 by cleaving in some part or other2 these only by roting under ,ground4 #d4 4 ,,that of ,garden ,radish1 is a ,light and ,spongy or ,pithy ,body2 originally1 every where entire4 ,but1 as it ripens1 breaks within1 into several ,white and ,dry ,membranes round about the ,seed4 ,tab4 #gj4 ,by the ,length and about of an ,inch distant from the ,sides of the ,case1 do run a pair of little ,vascular ,ropes4 ,some smaller ,fibres are from these transmitted to the ,sides of the ,case2 by which they are kept tite and steady4 ,upon divers others produced towards the ,centre1 hang the ,seeds1 like ,two ,ropes of ,onions4 #e4 4 ,of those which open so soon as the ,seed is ripe2 some are made to open at the ,top1 as ,popy ,heads2 ,some on the ,side1 as most ,cods2 and some at the ,bottom1 as that of ,coded ,arsmart4 #f4 4 ,,the ,popy-,head1 is a little ,dove ,coat2 divided by ,eight or ,ten ,partitions1 into so many ,stalls4 ,on both ,sides the ,partitions1 hangs a most numerous ,brood of ,seeds4 ,tab4 #gj4 ,the ,partitions and ,sides of the ,head1 are made of the ,barque1 and ,lined with the ,pith4 ,while young1 they are very thick and spongy2 and together with the ,seeds1 do then fill all up4 ,the ,head is then also every where entire2 but as it dries1 it gradually opens at the ,top1 into several ,windows1 one for every ,stall3 which are all covered with a very fair ,canopy4 ,a ,fabrick designed for several purposes1 as shall hereafter be said4 #g4 4 ,of those which open on the ,side2 some are made to open1 only on ,one ,side2 some1 on both ,sides2 some1 with ,three ,sides2 some1 with more2 and some horizontally or round about4 #h4 4 ,,the ,,cod of ,garden ,bean 7and so the rest of the ,leguminous kind7 opens on one ,side4 ,it hath a ,twofold ,parenchyma4 ,the ,utmost derived from the ,barque3 in which stand all the ,vessels1 in several ,parcels2 ,tab4 #gj4 one whereof1 at the ,back of the ,cod1 is much larger than the rest1 shaped like a ,copula used in ,schemes2 from whence shoot those lesser ,fibres upon which the ,beans do grow4 #i4 4 ,the ,inner ,parenchyma is derived from the ,pith4 ,upon its ,nativity1 and for some time afterwards1 entire and wholly composed of ,bladders1 as the ,outer4 ,from the ,base of the ,cod they are gradually enlarged1 so as to compose this ,parenchyma into a very soft and delicate ,sponge4 ,tab4 #gj4 ,in which 7the ,cod being well grown7 the very ,threds whereof the ,bladders were woven1 are many of them so loose and ample1 as easily to be drawn out 7as in the unroaving of ,knit-work7 to a considerable ,length1 fairly visible through an ordinary ,glass4 ,b4 #b4 ,p4 #a4 ,ch4 #e4 ,b4 #c4 ,p4 #a4 ,ch4 #d4 #aj4 4 ,this may further confirm all that ,i have formerly said of the ,fibrous ,texture of the ,pith1 and of all the other ,parenchymous ,parts of ,plants4 #aa4 4 ,,the ,seed-,case of ,medica1 is a ,cod wound up3 in the ,echinata1 ,spirally2 in the ,tornata1 by an ,helix4 ,not finished all together2 but1 upon the fall of the ,flower1 beginning to wind1 continues its ,circles1 till it be come to its full ,growth4 #ab4 4 ,,the ,seed-,case of ,yellow ,henbean opens on both ,sides4 ,tab4 #gj4 ,on the ,top1 is erected a ,colum1 about an ,inch long2 which1 as the ,case swells1 grows less1 and at last falls off4 ,on the ,sides of the ,uterus or ,case1 ,two ,vascular ,fibres run oppositely from the bottom to the top1 and so into the ,colum4 ,along the ,tract of these ,fibres1 the ,case1 as it ages1 gradually cleaves on both ,sides asunder4 #ac4 4 ,the ,case is lined with a dry and thin ,parchment1 as smooth as ,glass4 ,tab4 #gj4 ,in the ,centre of the ,case1 stands a great ,parenchymous ,boss1 which is1 as it were1 the ,bed or ,placentula of the ,seeds2 which lie all over it1 as in a ,strawberry4 ,and so in many other ,plants4 ,throughout this ,bed1 the ,vessels for the ,generation and ,nourishment of the ,seeds1 are distributed2 one very small ,fibre1 shooting1 from the direct ones1 obliquely into each ,seed4 #ad4 4 ,,the ,seed-,case of ,tulip1 opens with ,three ,sides2 being1 when young1 a ,prism or long ,triangle4 ,from the midle of each ,side1 a ,partition or ,boord is produced2 all three meeting in the ,centre of the ,case2 ,tab4 #ga4 and so parting it into ,six ,stalls for the ,seed4 ,the insides hereof1 are1 lined with a thin smooth and glossy ,parchment1 like that in ,hen-bean2 derived from the ,pith2 as the outside1 from the ,barque3 and so in many other ,seed-,cases4 #ae4 4 ,the ,vessels1 after they rise above the ,stalk1 are disposed with great artifice4 ,for first1 they are divided into ,three principal ,branches1 which run a long the ,three ,angles of the ,case2 ,tab4 #ga4 where the ,three ,sides1 as it ages1 gradually cleave asunder4 ,from these chief ,branches1 at the ,three ,angles1 divers lesser ones run horizontally1 and meet at the midle of each ,side4 ,from whence again1 many yet smaller ones are produced through the bredth of each ,partition to their ,edges in the ,centre of the ,case4 ,where1 once more1 they are distributed into very fine and short ,threds1 whereupon hang the ,seeds4 #af4 4 ,,the ,seed-,case of ,stramonium or ,thorn ,apple1 is divided into ,four ,closets3 ,not open one into another1 as in ,poppy1 ,tulip1 c4 but so many distinct ,inclosures4 ,tab4 #ga4 ,in the midst of each ,closet stands a ,colum1 joyned to the ,side of the ,closet by a ,wall or ,lamine4 ,through the ,length of the ,colums run several greater and lesser ,branches of ,vessels1 from whence others are obliquely produced1 upon which the ,seeds grow4 #ag4 4 ,,the ,seed-,case of ,anagallis or ,pimpernel1 is a little ,globe2 which opens not by its ,meridian or ,vertically1 as do the former2 but by its ,horizon4 ,tab4 #ga4 ,for divers very small ,fibres1 being produced from the ,stalk to the midle of the ,case2 do there fetch a ,circle1 and so divide it exactly into ,two ,hemispheres3 the ,uppermost of which1 when the ,seeds are ripe1 falleth off2 and so the wind sowes them4 #ah4 4 ,,the ,seed-,case of ,coded ,arsmart1 neither opens at the ,top1 nor on the ,sides1 as do all the former2 but at the ,bottom4 ,it is composed of ,four ,sides3 the ,outer ,part of which1 is softer and more succulent2 ,tab4 #ga4 the ,inner a tite and strong ,membrane4 ,in the ,centre of the ,case1 is erected a ,pole or ,colum upon which the ,seeds do all hang very loosely4 #ai4 4 ,from this ,mechanism1 the manner of that violent and surprising ,ejaculation of the ,seeds1 is intelligible4 ,which is not a motion originally in the ,seeds themselves2 but contrived by the ,structure of the ,case4 ,for the ,seeds hanging very loose1 and not on the ,sides of the ,case1 as sometimes1 but on the ,pole1 in the ,centre1 with their thicker end downward1 they stand ready for a discharge3 and the ,sides of the ,case being lined with a strong and ,tensed ,membrane1 they hereby perform the office of so many little ,bows3 which1 remaining fast at the ,top1 and 7contrary to what we see in other ,plants7 opening or being lett off at the ,bottom1 forceably curle upward1 and so drive all the ,seeds before them4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,use of the ,parts to the ,fruit4 ,,in the forgoing ,descriptions1 ,i have already mention'd the ,use of the ,parts in some particulars4 ,i shall now a little further explain the manner of their service1 both to the ,fruit1 and to the ,seed4 #b4 4 ,and first1 the ,vessels serve for the ,figuration of the ,fruit4 ,so in an ,apple1 the ,ten great and utmost ,branches serve not only to nourish and feed it2 but also1 by the ,arched ,lines they draw1 to direct and govern the ,growth thereof into an orbicular ,figure4 ,the ,dilatation of these ,vessels1 not being hindred by any ,braces or ,conjunction with the ,interior ones4 ,by the ,slenderness of the ,aer-,vessels1 as in the ,root1 so here in the ,fruit1 much promoted4 ,and by their ,saline ,principle1 first begun4 #c4 4 ,the ,five midlemost and the ,five ,inmost serve together1 to figure the ,coar2 the former bounding the ,outer1 the ,latter1 the ,iner ,angles4 ,for were they only ,five1 or were all ,ten in the same ,circle1 they would only make a round ,cavity like that of a hollow ,pith4 ,hence it is that ,apples1 in which some small ,threds of the ,vessels strike out into the ,circumference1 are very ,uneven with divers ,knobs and ,ridges4 ,but ,plums1 ,cherries1 c4 where the ,vessels all terminate at an ,equal distance from the ,skin1 are ,even all round about4 #d4 4 ,the ,bulk of the ,fruit dependeth also on the ,braces of the ,vessels4 ,for in ,plums and ,cherries1 they are more numerous2 but in ,apples and ,pears they are very loose one from another1 and so have liberty left them to spread abroad4 #e4 4 ,as also on their ,size2 that is1 on the ,size of the ,aer-,vessels4 ,which1 the less they are themselves1 they serve to make a bigger ,fruit4 ,as the less they are in any ,root1 they serve to make it the more ample4 ,for the less they are1 the more pliable to the ,attraction of the ,aer3 and in their ,growth must make so many more spiral ,rings3 by both which means1 they make the greater ,arches4 ,and therefore a ,pear is commonly a smaller ,fruit than an ,apple2 a ,plum than a ,pear2 and a ,grape1 than a ,plum2 in all which the ,aer-,vessels are still greater and greater4 #f4 4 ,from the same ,cause1 it is also most agreeable1 ,that the ,fruit should not come before the ,leaves or ,flower1 but last of all4 ,for the ,aer-,vessels1 as hath been often noted1 are not exactly ,cylindrick1 but tapered2 that is1 not only the ,fibres consisting of divers of these ,vessels1 but the ,vessels themselves1 as they ascend into the ,trunck1 ,branches1 ,leaves1 ,flower1 and ,fruit1 grow still more and more slender4 ,so that the smallest coming last1 and being the most pliable2 they are also best accommodated for the ,expansion of the ,parenchyma into that we call the ,fruit4 #g4 4 ,it is likewise a proper ,question to be asked1 ,how it comes to pass1 ,that some ,plants bear a ,fruit1 and not all8 ,i answer1 ,that as the ,size of the ,aer-,vessels conduceth to the ,bulk of the ,fruit1 and the ,order of its ,growth3 ,so the ,number of them1 to there being1 or not being1 any ,fruit at all4 ,for the ,fruit1 as we have already defined it1 is an ,uterus1 which grows moyster and softer1 as the ,seed ripens4 ,the reason therefore1 why the ,uterus in some ,plants1 continues moist and soft after the ,seed is ripe2 and in some1 dries up2 is1 ,because in the former1 there is a smaller1 in the latter1 a greater ,quantity of the ,aer-,vessels in proportion to the other ,parts of the ,uterus1 and so a greater quantity of ,aer4 ,which as in the ,pith of most ,plants1 so here1 by degrees excludes the ,sap1 or rendering it more evaporable1 comes in the room of it2 and so the ,uterus is dryed up3 that is1 there is no ,fruit produced1 but only a ,seed-,case4 #h4 4 ,from the ,size1 ,number1 and ,position of all the ,vessels in ,fruits a reason also may be given1 for the diversity of their ,tasts4 ,some ,instances have before been given2 to which ,i shall add one or two more4 ,so the ,rind of an ,orange1 is bitter2 the ,pulp1 sower4 ,because the former is furnished with many ,lignous ,vessels1 the ,sulphureous or ,oyly ,tincture whereof1 being copiously mixed with the ,acid of the ,parenchyma1 produce that ,tast4 ,whereas the ,pulp1 which is very sower1 is void of all manner of ,vessels4 ,but if the ,sap-,vessels are either less numerous or less ,sulphureous2 they give so mild a ,tincture to the ,parenchyma1 as not to produce a bitter1 but a sweet or soft ,tast2 as in ,apples1 ,grapes1 ,goosberries1 c4 ,and of a ,goosberry1 it is particularly to be noted1 that whereas1 in a ,limon1 the ,pulp only is sower1 as being void of ,vessels3 here1 on the contrary1 the ,pulp only is sweet1 whereinto all the ,vessels strike1 and the ,rind sower4 #i4 4 ,the diversities of the ,skin it self1 have their ,use4 ,and therefore1 the more tender and delicate the ,fruit is2 the ,skin1 on the contrary1 is thicker and more tough4 ,so ,apples have a thicker ,skin1 than ,pears2 ,plums1 than ,apples2 and ,grapes than ,plums2 those having as it were1 only a ,coat of ,kid1 but this of good thick ,buff4 ,and therefore some ,fruits1 although tender1 yet either not having so rich a ,juyce1 or coming early1 and so not being exposed to excessive heats1 have a very thin ,skin1 as ,mulberries1 ,strawberries1 c4 ,,chap4 ,,vii4 ,of the ,,use of the ,parts to the ,seed4 ,and the ,,time1 in which the ,uterus or ,fruit and ,seed-,case are formed4 ,,and first1 for example1 in an ,apple1 the ,five ,inmost ,branches1 do best serve for the ,generation of the ,seed2 these running into the ,attire of the ,flower1 and so carrying off the most ,aerial ,spirit from the ,seed2 ,p4 #b4 ,ch4 #e4 4 #e4 by which means1 it becomes a more compact and denser ,body1 than the ,fruit1 and so more accommodate to the process of ,vegetation2 as hath formerly been shewed4 #b4 4 ,the ,elongation likewise of the ,seed-,vessels1 in the ,fruit and ,case1 sometimes directly1 as in ,plums and ,nuts1 and sometimes by several ,ambages before they shoot into the ,seeds1 as in ,tulip2 shewes a design for the highest refining and maturation of the ,seminal ,sap4 #c4 4 ,chiefly by means of the ,inmost ,vessels1 is made that ,chanel in some ,pears1 and especially in ,quinces4 ,for these perishing with the ,flower1 the circumjacent ,parenchyma shrinks up1 leaving the said ,chanel in the midst4 ,designed for an inlet to the ,aer1 for the better drying of the ,seeds2 which here stand the more in need of it1 because encompassed with a ,mucilage4 #d4 4 ,for the better drying of the ,seed1 and the disbursing or sowing of it in due time1 the opening of the ,case is1 in the same manner1 also contrived3 either at the ,top1 as in ,popy2 or on the ,sides1 as in ,tulip1 ,pimpernel2 or at the ,bottom1 as in ,coded ,arsmart4 ,all which openings are effected by the running of the ,aer-,vessels along those places3 for by drying the ,parenchyma next adjacent1 they cause it to chop and cleave asunder4 #e4 4 ,of the ,seed-,case of ,poppy1 it is particularly to be noted1 ,that as the several ,windows1 serve to let in ,aer1 for the drying of the ,seeds1 after their full ,growth3 ,so the ,canopy over them1 serves to keep out ,rain4 ,for here1 the ,case not cleaving down the ,side1 as it usually doth2 should the ,rain get in1 it would stand in it1 as in a ,pot1 and so rot the ,seeds4 ,and as the ,canopy serves to preserve the ,seeds2 so the several ,partitions or ,walls1 for their better ,stowage4 ,for by an easie survey of this little piece of ,ground1 it is plain1 that as they stand on both ,sides every ,wall1 there is as much more ,ground for them to stand upon1 as if there were no parting ,walls1 but the ,seeds stuck all round about upon the ,ambit or ,sides of the ,case2 or upon a great ,bed or ,placenta within it1 as in ,hyoscyamus1 ,anagallis1 c4 where there is a less numerous ,brood4 #f4 4 ,the ,coar likewise1 by standing betwixt the moyst ,parenchyma and the ,seed1 and being hollow and so filled with ,aer2 doth much conduce to the ripening and drying of the ,seed1 and its greater fitness both for keeping1 and sowing4 ,so the ,parchment ,lining of the ,seed-,case1 as in ,hyoscyamus1 c4 is answerable to a ,coar4 #g4 4 ,the ,parenchyma serveth1 amongst other purposes1 for the ,generation of the ,covers of the ,seed2 as in some instances hath been shewed4 ,for which intent1 sometimes the ,exterior ,parenchyma1 as in a ,limon2 sometimes the midlemost1 as in a ,goosberry or ,cucumer1 is subservient2 both of them1 in those ,fruits1 being more white and dry1 than the rest1 and so fiter to make the ,covers of the ,seed4 #h4 4 ,the ,parenchyma is also of use for the warmth of the ,seed2 as in the ,seed-,case of ,garden ,radish4 ,wherein1 as it ripens the ,parenchyma gradually drys1 breaks1 and shrinks up into several soft ,membranes1 in which the ,seeds1 in the ,centre of the ,case1 lie swadled1 as in so many fine ,calico ,cloths4 #i4 4 ,i ,,shall conclude with observing the ,time of the ,generation of the ,fruit and ,seed-,case4 ,this hath hitherto been thought to be initiated upon the opening1 ,i say not1 the forming1 but the opening of the ,flower1 or not long before4 ,notwithstanding which1 what ,i have formerly said of the ,flower2 ,i now do the like1 of the ,uterus it self2 sc4 ,that in very many ,plants1 'tis formed1 with the ,flower1 the year before it appears and comes to its full ,growth4 ,tab4 #ga4 ,as for instance1 in ,azarum1 not only all the ,parts of the ,flower1 but the ,uterus it self1 and there in also the outer ,cover of the ,seed of any one year1 are perfectly formed in ,august or ,september of the year foregoing4 ,the like may be seen in ,tulip1 ,mezereon1 ,corin1 and many other ,perennial ,plants4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,seeds1 ,,prosecuted ,with the bare ,,eye1 ,and with the ,,microscope4 ,the ,figures presented to the ,royal ,society1 in the ,year #afgg4 ,the ,,fourth ,,part4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society1 and of the ,,college of ,,physicians4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,the ,,contents ,,of ,,the ,fourth ,part4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,figures of ,seeds4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,number and ,,motions of ,seeds4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the several ,,covers of ,seeds1 and of the ,,vitellum4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,foetus or true ,,seed3 and first of the ,,radicle and ,,lobes4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,buds of ,seeds4 ,and of the ,,parts of which these1 the ,radicle and ,lobes are compounded4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,generation of the ,seed4 ,,the ,,anatomy ,,of ,,seeds4 ,,part ,,iv4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,figures of ,seeds4 ,,the ,figures of ,seeds1 or rather of their outward ,covers1 are made suitable1 ,partly to their ,collocation in the ,uterus1 as the ,end4 ,so those of ,mallow1 standing like a ,coronet round the ,stalk1 are of a wedged ,figure2 whereby their sharp ,edges do all meet together in one ,centre4 ,partly1 to the various distribution of the ,vessels or ,fibers1 as one ,cause3 by which the ,measures and ,surface of ,seeds1 as well as of the ,leaves of ,plants1 are diversified4 ,and partly1 to the ,nature of the ,saline and other ,principles regent in a ,plant1 as another principal ,cause4 ,and therefore the more stony1 brittle1 or full of ,salt the ,covers of any ,seeds are1 they are generally more angular1 and their ,figure1 whether angular or not1 more constantly observed4 ,so the ,tartareous ,stone of a ,plum1 is not only more angular1 but also more regular than the ,husk of the ,kernel of a ,pear or ,apple4 #b4 4 ,for all ,stones are measured by several ,circles1 whose ,diametres hold a certain proportion to the ,length of the ,stone2 in the same manner as hath been shewed in the description of the ,leaf4 ,p4 #a4 ,ch4 #c4 ,so the ,stone of the ,pease-,cod-,plum1 is measured by two ,circles4 ,that of the ,turkey-,plum with ,four4 ,tab4 #gb4 ,that of the ,aprecok-,plum1 with ,two repeated oppositely2 being perfectly ,rhomboid4 ,to which1 those also of the ,wheat-,plum1 ,damasceen1 and some others1 allude4 ,and some are measured by four ,circles1 and one repeated4 #c4 4 ,the ,figures1 not only of the larger sort of ,seeds1 but even of the smallest1 have much and elegant variety4 ,we will take the pleasure of comparing these which follow4 #d4 4 ,and first of all1 some are perfectly ,spherick1 and with an even ,surface2 ,tab4 #gc4 as that of little ,century4 ,that of ,spergula is also ,spherick2 but hath a knobed ,surface1 and is encompassed with a ,membraneous ,rimm1 like the ,horizon of a ,globe4 ,that of little ,celandine is ,circular1 but compressed like a ,cheese4 #e4 4 ,others are ,nephroideous1 or as it were ,hemispherick4 ,of which ,figure1 and hereunto approaching1 there are a greater number than of any other2 as that which agrees with the more frequent ,shape and ,fold of the ,lobes and ,radicle of the ,seed1 as shall be seen4 ,yet with some difference1 as to their ,shape and ,surface4 ,so1 that of ,lychnis ,sylvestris is figur'd just like the kidney of a ,cat2 and hath a knobed ,surface4 ,tab4 #gc4 ,that of ,poppey comes near it in ,shape2 but hath a ,surface exactly like that part of the ,paunch of a ,sheep1 called the ,hony-,coome4 ,that of great ,celandine1 is a little more oblong2 and so1 like the ,kidney1 not of a ,cat1 but of a ,sheep3 chequered with parallel ,rings and other short ,lines placed alternately betwixt them4 #f4 4 ,where1 by the way1 we may see1 as well by the ,seed1 as by the other ,parts1 of how different kinds1 the ,great and ,little ,celandine1 notwithstanding their ,names1 are to be esteemed4 #g4 4 ,the ,seed also of ,ben or spatling ,poppey is somewhat like a ,kidney3 ,tab4 #gc4 but hath its ,circumference raised up into a double ,ridge3 to which several small ,ridges do in some sort also radiate from one ,centre sc4 the ,base of the ,seed4 ,tab4 #gc4 #h4 4 ,the ,seed of ,chickweed1 is partly like a ,kidney1 and partly like a little ,retort4 ,as also that of ,pentaphyl4 fragiferum4 ,but the former is rough cast with small pieces having as it were feet on each side1 like little ,insects4 ,with which1 the ,seed of ,leuchanthemum 7which may be called1 the ,giant-,chickweed7 doth much agree4 ,the latter1 hath several ,fibrous ,ridges1 resembling the ,fibres in the ,auricles of the ,heart2 or running from the nose to the ,circumference1 somewhat like the ,azymuth ,lines on a ,quadrant4 ,tab4 #gc4 #i4 4 ,some are ,oval2 as that of the little ,bell1 and rough cast with ,fibres almost parallel and produced by the ,length of the ,seed4 ,in which latter respect1 the ,seeds also of ,trachelium and some other like ,plants1 are agreeable4 ,that of ,brooklime1 is also ,oval1 but encompassed with a thick ,rimm1 narrowing all the way to the ,base of the ,seed4 #aj4 4 ,the ,seed of ,dovesfoot hath an oval ,cone1 and a flat ,base4 ,its ,surface favous1 like that of ,poppy1 ,toad-flax1 and some other ,seeds4 ,tab4 #gc4 ,that of ,sedum minus stivum luteum1 is in a manner the ,figure of the former inverted1 being flat1 not at the ,base1 but on the ,top4 ,and whereas that rises with a blunt ,angle1 this hath only a ,ridg1 raised above the ,surface of the ,seed4 #aa4 4 ,the ,seeds of divers sorts of ,grass1 are more ,conick1 as particularly of that1 which for the likeness its ,seed hath to a ,barly ,corn1 may be called ,barley-,grass4 ,and ,i little doubt1 but that among the several sorts of ,grass1 ,tab4 #gc4 there are some which answer to all the kinds of ,esculent ,grains1 as ,oat-,grass1 ,rice-,grass1 ,wheat-,grass1 ,rye-,grass4 ,and accordingly1 that they may be more profitably sown in one ,ground1 than in another2 and used with distinction1 for the higher1 or more wholsome feeding of ,cattle4 ,a ,rush1 though it seems an imperfect ,plant1 yet besides its ,flower1 hath also a plentiful brood of ,seeds of a ,conick ,figure4 #ab4 4 ,some ,seeds are ,cylindrick1 as that of ,st4 ,johns-wort1 as also of ,tutsan1 and some other like ,plants1 with some little diversity in the ,shape or ,surface of the ,seed4 ,tab4 #gc4 ,that of ,vervain1 is in a manner1 half a ,cylinder3 the true ,seed lying in the ,covers1 like a ,child1 in a ,cradle without an head4 #ac4 4 ,others are rather ,conico-,cylindrick1 as that of ,jacoba2 ,tab4 #gc4 having a ,coronet on the top1 and several furrows by the ,length round about4 ,answerable to which1 is that of ,erygerum2 in ,shape not unlike to a ,rowling-pin4 #ad4 4 ,some are ,plani-,conick1 as that of ,nettle1 which is shaped somewhat like the end of a ,speer4 ,that of ,eye-bright is more ,eliptick2 with several ,ridges running by the ,length2 and joyned together with short pieces transversly1 as in the looping of ,lace4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,that of ,wormwood not very unlike a little flat ,essence-,glass3 in which1 the ,fibres are produced by the ,length1 as the ,ridges are in ,eye-bright4 ,and so in ,yarrow1 which is also encompassed with a ,membraneous ,rimm4 ,that of ,dandelyon1 is ,plani-,conick towards the ,base4 ,and so those of ,lettice1 ,sonchus1 and some others4 ,to which1 those also of ,hieraceum1 ,tragopogon1 ,scorzonera1 c4 with respect to their ,surface1 do all allude4 #ae4 4 ,and some are ,conico-,triangular4 ,of which1 that of ,sorrel is ,conick at both ends2 the sides equal2 and upon every ,angle1 hath a narrow and sharp ,rimm4 ,as also that of ,anagallis2 but the ,sides are ,spheri-conick1 and so the ends are blunt4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,they are also pounced with many little round ,cavities4 ,but have no ,rimm upon the ,angles4 #af4 4 ,the ,seed of ,nigella is ,triangular1 and ,conick only at the ,top4 ,on every ,angle1 hath a narrow ,rimm2 the three ,sides equal1 and ,spheri-conick2 surrounded with seven or eight ,ridges by the girth1 joyned together in some places with others transversly4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,that of ,arsmart1 is also ,triangular and ,conick at the ,top4 ,but one of the ,sides is almost equal to the other two2 which stand low4 ,that of ,knot-,grass hath three ,sides1 one less than another2 being as #e1 #c1 and #b1 or thereabout4 #ag4 4 ,the next 7which ,i take to be the ,seed of a sort of ,bugloss7 is very oddly figured4 ,the ,base1 oval2 the ,top1 conick2 the ,back1 swelling and round as an ,egg2 ,tab4 #gd4 the ,belly also swelling1 but rising up into an obtuse ,angle highest in the midle1 somewhat like a ,breastpiece of ,armour3 and is encompassed with a ,rimm sloaped upward4 #ah4 4 ,that of ,moldavian ,bawm1 is ,triangular1 and ,conick only at the ,base4 ,the place where it is fastned1 shaped like the ,beard of a ,dart4 ,two of the ,sides are ,plani-conick1 the ,third ,spheri-conick1 ,tab4 #gd4 and near as big as both the other two4 ,the ,head flat1 with a ,rimm erected upon each ,side1 so as to make a ,spherical ,triangle4 ,approaching to this1 are those of ,sage1 ,horehound1 ,clary1 c4 #ai4 4 ,that also of ,bellis ,tanaceti folio1 hath two ,sides ,planiconick1 and a third ,sphericonick4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,the two first have several ,ridges running to the ,base4 ,which is not perfectly conick1 but a little dilated into two obtuse ,angles4 ,the ,head ,triangular1 with one ,side convex1 the other ,two straight1 a little hollowd1 and having a small pinacle in the ,center4 #bj4 4 ,that of ,stchas ,arabica1 as the former1 saving1 that the ,head is oval1 and the ,base sloaped into a little ,triangle4 ,that of ,wartwort or ,sun-,spurge1 hath a very complex ,figure4 ,the ,belly consisteth of two ,planiconick ,sides1 as the former2 the ,back1 ,sphericonick4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,the whole ,seed1 in a manner1 ,conick-oval4 ,yet the ,base and ,head both flat4 ,in the midle of the former1 a ,peg by which the ,seed is fastned2 and of the latter1 a poynted ,knob4 ,the midle of the ,belly-,sides1 hollowed1 so as to make a flat ,rimm of equal ,bredth2 and the hollows filled up with ,bladders like those in all the ,parenchymus ,parts of a ,plant4 #ba4 4 ,lastly1 there are some ,seeds which are square4 ,whereof some are straight1 as that of ,fox-glove2 ,tab4 #gd4 which hath also an even ,surface3 ,and that of ,blattaria1 in which there are several little hollows in even ,rows4 ,and so in ,brounwort4 #bb4 4 ,and some ,convex1 as that of ,chrysanthemum ,americ4 ',tis ,quadrati-conick1 or square and sharp at the ,base1 and big at the ,head4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,the ,sides all plain2 and a thin ,rimm erected upon every ,angle4 ,as also on the four ,sides of the ,head1 which is flat1 with a little ,pinacle in the midle4 #bc4 4 ,the ,seed also of ,tansey1 is a ,conick and bended square not with the ,angle forward1 as the former1 but the ,side4 ,tab4 #gd4 ,and in the place of every ,rimm1 hath a round ,ridge4 ,somewhat like to this1 are those of ,febrifuga1 ,mayweed1 and some others4 ,thus far of the ,figures of ,seeds4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,number and ,,motions of ,seeds4 ,,nature hath secured the ,propagation of ,plants several ways1 but chiefly by the ,seed3 for the ,production of which1 the ,root1 ,leaves1 ,flower1 and ,fruit1 do all officiate1 as hath been shewed4 ,and according as the ,plant1 or the ,seed it bears1 is more liable to be destroyed1 ,provision is made for ,propagation1 either by a greater number of ,seeds1 or other ways4 ,so the ,seeds of ,strawberry1 being gathered1 or eaten by ,vermin1 with the ,fruit2 the ,plant is therefore easily propagated by ,trunk-,roots4 ,so ,poppy1 being an annual ,plant1 is highly prolifick3 for instance1 the ,white ,poppy2 which commonly bears about four mature ,heads1 in each of which1 there are at least ten ,partitions1 on both sides whereof1 the ,seeds grow2 and upon part of one side1 about #ajj ,seeds2 that is1 #hjj on one ,partition3 which being multiplied by #aj 7the number of ,partitions7 makes #hjjj2 and #hjjj again by #d 7the number of ,heads7 makes #cbjjj ,seeds1 the yearly product of that ,plant4 #b4 4 ,so in ,typha major1 the ,seeds being blow'n off and sow'n 7as the ,eggs of many ,fishes spawn'd7 with great hazard1 they are strangely numerous4 ,for as they stand altogether upon the ,spike1 they make a ,cylinder at least six ,inches long1 and near of an ,inch in ,diametre1 or an ,inch and about4 ,now #i of these ,seeds1 set side to side1 as they stand on the ,spike1 make but of an ,inch2 so that #gb make a line of an ,inch in ,length4 ,but because upon the ,spike1 the ,hairs belonging to the ,seeds come between them2 we will abate #aj1 and count but #fb4 ,to which of #fb1 that is 7without the ,fraction7 #df being added1 makes #ajh for the ,circuit of the ,cylinder4 ,and the ,cylinder being six ,inches long1 there are six times #fb1 that is1 #cgb1 for a ,line the length of the ,cylinder4 ,which number being multiplied by #ajh1 produceth #djagf the number of ,seeds which stand upon one ,stalk2 and so1 upon three ,stalks1 which one ,plant commonly bears1 there are in one year1 above a hundred and twenty ,thousand ,seeds4 #c4 4 ,,so ,,soon as the ,seed is ripe1 ,nature taketh several ,methods for its being duly sow'n3 not only in the opening of the ,uterus1 as in some ,instances#fi hath already been seen2 but also in the make of the ,seed it self4 ,for ,first1 the ,seeds of many ,plants1 which affect a peculiar ,soil or ,seat1 as of ,arum1 ,poppy1 c4 are heavy and small enough1 without further care1 to fall directly down into the ,ground3 and so to grow in the same place where themselves had their ,birth4 #fi ,p4 #c4 ,ch4 #e4 ,tab4 #gj1 #ga4 #d4 4 ,but if they are so large and light1 as to be exposed to the wind1 they are often furnished with one or more ,hooks2 ,to stay them from straying over far from their proper place1 till by the fall of ,leavs or otherwise1 they are safely lodged4 ,so the ,seeds of ,avens have one single ,hook1 those of ,agrimony and ,goose-grass1 many2 ,tab4 #gb4 both the former1 loving a ,bank for warmth1 the latter1 a ,hedge for its support4 #e4 4 ,on the contrary1 many ,seeds are furnished with ,wings or ,feathers4 ,partly1 with the help of the ,wind to carry them1 when they are ripe1 from off the ,plant1 as those of ,ash1 ,maple1 ,orach1 c4 lest staying thereon too long1 they should either be corrupted1 or miss their season4 ,and partly1 to enable them to make their flight1 more or less1 abroad3 that so they may not1 by falling together1 come up too thick2 and that if one should miss a good ,soyl or ,bed1 another may hit4 ,so the ,kernels of ,pine have wings not unlike to those of some ,insects2 yet very short1 in respect of the weight of the ,seed2 ,tab4 #gb4 whereby they flye not in the ,aer1 but like domestick ,fowls1 only flutter upon the ,ground4 ,but those of ,typha1 ,dandelion and most of the ,pappous kind1 with many more1 have very long and numerous ,feathers1 by which they are wafted every way1 and to any distance necessary for the aforesaid purposes4 #f4 4 ,again1 there are some ,seeds1 which are scattered not by flying abroad1 but by being either ,spurted1 or ,slung away4 ,the first are those of ,woodsorrel2 which having a running ,root1 ,nature sees it fit to sow the ,seeds at some distance4 ,the doing of which is effected by a white thick and sturdy ,cover of a ,tendinous or ,springy ,nature1 in which the ,seed lies within the ,case4 ,tab4 #gb4 ,this ,cover1 so soon as it begins to drye1 bursts open on one side1 in an instant1 and is violently turned inside outward1 as you would turn the ,gizard of a ,fowl2 and so smartly throws off the ,seed4 #g4 4 ,the ,seeds of ,harts-tongue1 and of all that ,tribe1 are ,slung or ,shot away4 ,the doing of which is performed by the curious contrivance of the ,seed-,case2 as in ,codded ,arsmart1 and some other like ,plants4 ,only there1 the ,spring moves and curles up inward2 but here it moves outward4 ,i shall describe it1 as well as the ,weather 7which when ,i observed it was cloudy7 would permit4 ,every ,seed-,case1 as it appears through a good ,glass1 ,tab4 #gb4 stands upon a ,pedicle from an ,inch to an ,inch or more in ,length2 at the bottom about as thick again as a ,horse-hair1 and a little thicker at the ,top1 on which stands the ,case1 of a ,silver ,colour2 about the bigness of a ,cherry-,stone1 of a ,spherick ,figure1 and girded about with a sturdy ,tendon or ,spring1 of the ,colour of ,gold3 the whole ,machine looking not much unlike a little ,padlock4 ,the ,surface of the ,spring resembles a fine ,screw1 or some of the ,aer-,vessels in the ,wood of a ,plant4 ,so soon as by the ,innate ,aer of the ,plant1 or otherwise1 this ,spring is become stark enough1 it suddenly breaks the ,case into two halfs1 like two little ,cups1 and so slings the ,seed4 #h4 4 ,these ,cases grow in oblique ,furrows or ,trenches on the back side the ,leaf1 from of an ,inch to an ,inch in ,length1 and about of an ,inch broad4 ,tab4 #gb4 ,in one of these ,trenches an ,inch long are more than #cjj of the ,cases above described2 and allowing but #aj ,seeds to every ,case1 above #cjjj ,seeds4 ,which being multiplied by the number of ,furrows in one ,leaf1 with allowance for the lesser ,furrows2 and that summ by the number of ,leaves commonly growing upon one ,root1 comes to above ,ten ,hundred ,thousand ,seeds1 the annual product of this ,plant4 ,the ,seed is of a ,tawny ,colour1 through a good ,glass about #a_/ab of an ,inch long1 flat1 and somewhat oval4 ,of these1 ten ,thousand are not so big as a white ,pepper ,corn4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the several ,,covers of ,seeds1 and of the ,,vitellum4 ,,the next step of ,natures ,managery1 relates chiefly to the ,growth of the ,seed when it is sow'n4 ,for which purpose1 the outer ,covers are somewhere furnished with ,apertures sufficient for the reception of ,alimental ,moysture from the ,ground2 and ,divisions1 for the shooting forth of the young ,root into it4 ,as in the ,seed of a ,gourd1 at the ,bottom2 in a ,bean1 on the ,side2 and in a ,chestnut1 at the ,top3 ,tab4 #gb4 in which places the ,radicle or young ,root always lies and puts forth1 in the said several ,seeds4 ,and the ,seed of ,palma ,christi2 ,tab4 #gb4 which falls to the ,ground not only in the usual ,covers1 but also in the ,seed-,case1 for the more plentiful admission of ,aliment1 hath a double ,aperture4 ,not much unlike to this1 is that found sometimes in larger parcels of ,euphorbium2 for which ,cause1 ,i suspect it to be the ,gumm of a ,plant of the ,tithymal kind4 #b4 4 ,if the ,cover of the ,seed be stony and very hard1 it is also distinguished into several ,pieces2 whereby they easily cleave asunder without much resistance to the eruption of the ,root4 ,so the ,shell of a ,hazel-nut easily cleavs on the edg2 and the cleft begins best at the poynt1 where the ,root stands and shoots forth4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,the ,shell of some ,walnuts cleavs into three ,parts2 and the ,stone of the ,bellerick ,myrobalan into five3 that so1 being very thick and hard1 if one piece should not yield1 another may not fail to do it4 ,and the ,covers or ,husks of some sorts of ,grain1 as of ,millet1 are only folded or laped one over another1 the better to give way to their tender ,sprouts4 #c4 4 ,besides the ,kernels of ,plums and some other ,fruits1 there are very many ,seeds1 even of the smaller sort1 which have also stony ,covers2 as of ,carthamum1 ,myagrum monospermon1 ,beet1 ,borage1 ,lithosperme1 ,amaranthus1 ,violet1 c4 ,sometimes1 for the reception of the harsher and less matured ,principles from the ,seed1 in its ,generation1 as in ,borage4 ,commonly1 to keep it warmer before and after its sow'n4 ,for which purpose1 the outer ,covers of some ,seeds1 are as it were ,lined with ,fur3 in that of ,great ,maple1 ,short2 of ,gossipium1 ,long4 ,and if the ,seed requires a longer stay under ground1 the hardness of the ,cover serves to stint the ,aliment2 lest too much1 should either rot it1 or cause it to germinate1 before its proper season1 or full time for a more ,masculine ,growth4 #d4 4 ,on the contrary1 many ,seeds1 as those of ,clary1 ,garden-,cress1 and others of that ,tribe1 have their upper ,covers faced with a ,mucilage3 which being easily receptive of any ,moysture in the ,ground1 gradually swells1 till it lies like a ,gelly round about the ,seed4 ,either for a more plentiful supply of ,aliment2 or at least1 to soften the ,covers1 the better to accelerate the ,growth of the ,seed4 #e4 4 ,the process of ,nature in the several steps of the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 hath formerly been explained4#gj #gj ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #a4 #f4 4 ,,the ,,covers of all1 or at least the far greater number of ,seeds1 are ,three2 some way or other derived from the ,pith3 as shall hereafter be seen4 ,and sometimes1 ,four3 even those of ston'd ,fruits1 have ,three1 besides the ,stone4 ,in that of ,gossipium1 there are ,two ,coats under that lined with the ,cotton4 ,the ,seeds of ,cucumer1 ,goats-beard1 ,broom1 ,scabious1 ,lettice1 c4 although so small1 have plainly ,three ,coats4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,but in some of these1 and many more1 there are only ,two distinctly visible1 except in the ,state of ,generation4 #g4 4 ,in the ,upper ,coat1 the ,seed-,vessels are disseminated4 ,the ,second1 is first a meer ,pulp2 but afterwards shrinks up and sticks close to the upper4 ,the ,third or ,inmost is more dense2 and if it be thin1 for the most part1 transparent2 whereby the ,seed seems sometimes to be naked while it lies therein2 as in ,almonds1 ,cucumers1 and the like4 ,tab4 #gf4 ,for this sticks not to the midle ,coat1 as that doth to the outer2 but commonly1 remains entire1 after those are stripp'd off1 being as it were1 the ,smock of the ,seed4 #h4 4 ,in ,melissa and some other small ,seeds1 it comes finely off upon soaking in warm ,water or on the ,tongue4 ,in ,fenugreek1 'tis soft1 and of an ,amber-,colour2 and being moystened1 looks almost like fine ,glew4 ,but commonly1 'tis a pretty tough ,membrane1 and often with some thickness1 as in ,plums1 ,borage1 ,scabious4 ,yet always extream thin at the ,tip of the ,radicle2 the more easily to break and yield to it1 as the ,secundine to the ,ftus1 when it first shoots into the ,ground4 ,and sometimes1 as in the ,seeds of an ,orange1 it hath at one end1 the resemblance of a ,placenta4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,but of this1 and the two upper ,coats1 ,i shall give a further ,description in the last ,chapter4 #i4 4 ,,as ,,all ,seeds are ex ,ovo2 so there are many with thin ,covers1 as of ,orach1 ,spinage1 ,beet1 and the rest of that ,tribe1 c4 which besides the ,albumen or clear ,liquor out of which they are bred2 have also1 a ,vitellum1 or a ,body thereunto ,analogous3 being neither part of the ,seed1 nor part of the ,covers1 but distinct from them both4 ,with respect to the ,bulk of the ,seed1 very large1 as white as ,starch1 and pretty friable1 like good ,rice or ,barley3 ,tab4 #ge4 of a roundish ,figure1 and grooved on the ,girth1 so as to have a double ,edge2 ,whereby the ,seed1 which is long and slender1 lies round it1 as a ,sack of ,corn upon a ,pack-,saddle or a ,rope upon a ,pully-wheel4 ,upon my first notice hereof1 it seemed to answer to a ,placenta4 ,but upon further consideration1 the ,analogy doth not hold betwixt them4 ,for the ,placenta lies without the ,membranes in which the ,ftus is conteined3 whereas this body lies within the ,covers contiguous to the ,seed1 and so becomes its first and finest ,aliment1 as the ,yelk doth to the ,chick4 ,for which purpose1 as in the ,generation of the ,seed1 it is a pure ,milky ,chyle2 ,so in its ,vegetation1 it is converted into the like again4 #aj4 4 ,the same ,body for ,sustenance is observable in the ,seeds of ,rhapontick1 ,dock1 ,sorrel1 and the rest of that kindred1 with this difference2 ,tab4 #ge4 ,that whereas in ,orach1 c4 the ,seed only lies upon it2 here1 the main ,body or ,lobes of the ,seed are immersed therein1 the ,radicle standing naked or above it4 ,so that the said ,lobes1 and therein the ,seminal-,root are beded herein1 as in a ,tub of ,meal or a little pot of pure refin'd ,mould1 necessary for the first ,vegetation of the ,radicle4 #aa4 4 ,,by ,,these midle ,steps1 ,nature proceeds from the ,thiner ,covers of ,seeds2 or those1 which after the ,generation of the ,seed is finished1 shrink up2 to the ,bulky ,kind1 or those which keep their ,bulk after they are dry4 ,wherein1 not only the ,lobes1 as in ,dock1 but the whole ,seed is immediately lodged4 ,different in ,substance1 ,shape and ,bulk2 but always many times biger than the true ,seed within it3 for which it is commonly mistaken2 but is no more the ,seed1 than is the ,stone of a ,plum1 the ,kernel4 #ab4 4 ,in the ,barbado ,nut1 'tis ,white1 ,soft1 ,conick-oval1 and taking all its ,dimensions1 #h or #aj times bigger than the ,seed within it4 ,in ,ashen ,keys1 'tis of a sad ,colour1 hard1 yet somewhat ,oyly1 ,oval and flat1 and of the same ,bigness as in the ,barbado ,nut1 with respect to the ,seed4 ,tab4 #gf4 ,in the ,fruit commonly called ,nux ,vomica ,officinarum1 'tis of the ,colour and ,hardness of a ,cows-,horne2 and makes almost the whole ,body of the ,fruit1 being about #ad or #ae times the ,bulk of the ,seed4 ,tab4 #gg4 ,in ,goosgrass or ,cliver 'tis of the like ,horny ,substance1 but shaped somewhat like a ,bonet with the ,rimm tuckt in4 ,and so in a ,coffee-,berry2 but rowled or foulded up into a kind of ,oval ,figure1 with a ,notch or ,rima through the ,length1 where the two ,ends meet4 ,with other diversities which will best be understood1 when ,i come presently to the ,description of the ,seed herein contained4 #ac4 4 ,with respect to the use of this ,cover1 it is observable1 that where there is a ,stone or ,shell over it1 as in the ,barbado ,nut1 it is soft2 but where there is none1 as in ,nux ,vomica1 ,ash1 c4 'tis hard2 and so it self instead of a ,stone4 ,as also1 ,that it becomes hard1 only by the proper ,nature of its ,parenchyma1 and the exquisite smallness of the ,bladders of which it consists4 ,whereas a ,stone1 is also hardened by the ,lees or ,tartar of the ,sap which sinks into it1 and thereby petrifies it#ga as hath been said4 ,so that whereas a ,stone1 as it lies in the ,ground1 only cleavs in certain ,places1 but continues hard3 ,this ,cover1 like some ,horns1 upon the due accession of ,moisture1 doth gradually become soft4 ,whereby1 as while it is hard1 it performs the ,office of a ,stone1 in guarding the ,seed til the proper ,season for its ,growth3 ,so afterwards when it is soft1 it answers1 as in ,orach or ,dock1#gb to a ,vitellum1 from whence the ,seed receiveth its first and purest ,aliment4 #ga ,p4 #c4 ,ch4 #c4 #gb ,ch4 #c4 4 #h1 #i4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,foetus or true ,,seed3 and first of the ,,radicle and ,,lobes4 ,,having discoursed of the ,covers1 ,i come next to the ,seed or ,ftus it self4 ,of the ,shape and ,posture whereof1 ,i shall give some ,examples1 first1 among those with the thinner sort of ,covers2 and then1 of those with the ,bulky one3 where ,i shall speak only of the ,lobes1 or ,main ,body1 and the ,radicle4 ,next1 ,i shall describe the several sorts of ,nodes or ,buds of ,seeds4 ,and lastly1 the several ,parts1 of which the ,lobes1 ,radicle1 and ,buds are compounded4 #b4 4 ,among ,seeds with the ,thinner ,covers1 are those of all sorts of ,corn and ,grass4 ,of a different make1 from that of most other ,seeds3 ,the ,main ,body being not divided into ,lobes1 but one entire ,piece1 doubled in the form of a ,pair of ,lips4 ,and whereas commonly1 the whole ,seed is very ,soft and ,oyly2 here1 only those two minute ,parts1 which become the ,root and ,stalk1 are so3 ,the ,main ,body being of a different ,substance2 when the ,corn is ripe1 hard and friable2 but when it is sown1 easily colliquable into a kind of ,milk or ,chyle1 so that1 in some respects1 it hath a near ,analogy to a ,vitellum4 ,for as that is gradually melted into a sort of ,chyle1 and by the ,branches of the ,ductus ,intestinalis carryed into the ,bowels of the ,chick3 ,so is this1 into a like ,substance1 and by the ,branches of the ,seminal ,root 7formerly describ'd7 conveyed to those ,parts1 which become the future ,plant4 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #a4 #c4 4 ,of ,relation to this ,kind1 the ,seeds of ,dates1 and of some other like ,plants1 may be esteem'd4 ,for that which is commonly called the ,stone1 seems indeed to be the ,main ,body of the ,seed1 doubled or folded up in the same manner as in ,corn4 ,to which that ,part which becomes the ,plant1 is annexed4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,but whereas in ,corn1 'tis placed at the ,bottom of the ,main ,body2 here it lies in a small round ,cavity in the middle of the ,back4 ,the ,stone1 or ,main ,body1 where this ,part grows to it1 is not so hard1 as more remote from it3 and is therefore probably in some part dissolved1 by lying in the ,ground1 as in ,corn4 #d4 4 ,but for the most part1 the ,main ,body is divided1 as hath been said1 into two ,lobes2 and those in ,substance ,homogeneous to the other ,part or ,parts1 plainly distinguished in most ,kernels and other large ,seeds2 ,tab4 #ge4 and not difficultly in many lesser ones1 as in that of ,viola ,lunaris1 ,scabious1 ,doves-,foot1 c4 if slipped out of their ,covers before they are full ripe4 #e4 4 ,in ,hounds-,tongue1 they are of a circular figure1 and very large in ,proportion to the ,radicle4 ,in ,cucumer1 oblong1 with some visible ,branches of the ,seminal ,root2 and the ,radicle somewhat bigger4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,but in ,scorzonera1 very long1 like the ,leggs of a ,pair of ,compasses3 and the two first1 or dissimilar ,leavs of the ,plant into which they are converted1 are of the same ,shape4 ,of these and many more1 the ,radicle is short and pointed2 and lies in one straight ,line with the ,lobes4 #f4 4 ,in ,viola ,lunaria1 they are very large2 and the ,branches of the ,seminal ,root1 fairly apparent1 so as to resemble a ,pair of ,leavs4 ,the ,radicle pretty long1 equally thick from end to end1 and couched down upon the two ,lobes1 ,tab4 #ge4 each of them having a little ,shoulder for it to lie upon4 ,in ,woad1 where it hath the like ,posture and ,shape1 as also in ,chamlina1 ,eruca1 and many others1 it is very ,bulky1 being bigger than both the ,lobes put together4 #g4 4 ,of this ,part1 ,i think it may be observed1 ,that commonly those ,seeds1 wherein it is very small with respect to the ,lobes1 produce a ,perennial ,plant3 ,and so1 vice versa1 where it is very large1 an ,annual one4 ,in the latter1 the ,seminal ,virtue being more vigorous1 and so tending more hastily to the ,business of ,generation1 followed with the ,death of the ,plant4 #h4 4 ,,in ,,the former ,seeds1 the ,lobes lie flat one against another4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,but in ,garden-,radish1 they are folded up1 so as to receive the ,radicle into their ,bosome3 as when a ,chicken tucks his ,head under his ,wing4 #i4 4 ,in ,holyoak1 the ,lobes are plated upwards1 and re-plated down again4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,being most agreeably composed to the ,shape of the ,covers1 as those are to their ,posture on the ,plant4 ,in ,maple1 they are plated one over another1 and so rouled up4 #aj4 4 ,in the ,cotton-,seed1 which consisteth almost wholly of two very broad and thin ,lobes or ,leaves1 the ,folds are yet more numerous2 ,tab4 #ge4 all curiously reduced to an exact and solid ,oval4 #aa4 4 ,it happens now and then1 that instead of two1 there are three ,lobes1 as in the ,kernels of ,plums1 ,apples1 and other ,fruits1 and the smaller sorts of ,seeds1 will spring up sometimes with more than two dissimilar ,leaves1 originally the ,lobes of the ,seed4 ,these are observed by some1 more frequently to produce a double ,flower1 which may be1 because the ,seminal ,virtue in such ,seeds1 is increased by a third ,part4 #ab4 4 ,,in many ,seeds1 the ,radicle is of one and the same ,colour from end to end4 ,but in others1 as in the ,lupine1 it is observable1 ,that the upper and greater half1 is ,white2 the ,lower to the ,point1 hath a kind of ,horny ,gloss1 and seems to be of a somewhat different make4 ,tab4 #ge4 ,whereby it comes to pass1 that after the ,radicle is shot forth a little way1 only this lower half descends and becomes the ,root3 ,the upper half is produced or raised above ground1 as a ,pillar upon which the ,lobes1 or dissimilar ,leaves are erected4 #ac4 4 ,this ,seed1 on the out side of each ,lobe1 and near the ,radicle1 hath a very small and round ,node1 like a ,navel2 whereof1 in the first ,book3 the whole ,seed looking not much unlike a ,pidgeons ,head2 ,ch4 #g4 the ,radicle resembling the ,bill1 and the ,navel the ,eye4 #ad4 4 ,,in the ,seed of ,garden-,orach1 ,tab4 #ge4 both the ,radicle and ,lobes are very long and slender1 and lie almost in a compleat ,circle round about the ,vitellum before describ'd4 ,the ,lobes of ,rhapontick are shaped like the ,bitt of a ,spade2 ,ch4 #c4 and the ,radicle stands erected above them like the ,handle4 #ae4 4 ,,of ,,seeds also with the ,bulky ,cover1 there are many not divided into ,lobes2 being in a manner1 all one ,piece2 as all of the ,bulbous-,kind4 ,in some of which1 though the inmost ,cover be thin2 yet compared either with the other ,covers1 or with the ,seed it self1 it may very well be accounted of the ,bulky ,kind4 #af4 4 ,in ,flag1 it is above twenty times bigger than the ,seed within it4 ,consisting of ,bladders all ,radiated towards the ,seat of the ,seed4 ,the ,seed it self is shaped somewhat like a ,penknife4 ,tab4 #gf4 ,the lower ,part which becomes the ,bulb1 as the ,haft1 is thick1 and cometh near to a ,cylindrick ,figure1 and the end1 round4 ,the upper ,part which becomes the first years ,leaf1 as the ,blade1 is rather flat1 double edged1 and pointed1 and the ,point a little bent4 ,the ,fibers and ,bladders of which it consists1 are all disposed into ,parallel ,lines running by the length4 ,in ,lily1 where this ,cover is thinner and more ,transparent1 without being cut1 but only held up against the ,light1 the ,seed may be seen within it4 #ag4 4 ,,but ,,the greater number of ,seeds also with the ,bulky ,cover1 are divided into two ,lobes2 which1 for the most part1 resemble a pair of little ,leavs4 ,in the ,purging ,nut of ,angola1 the ,shell being taken off1 the upper ,covers 7dry'd and shrunk up7 seem to be but one4 ,tab4 #gf4 ,in these1 the ,spermatick ,vessels are ,branched4 ,under these1 lies the ,thick and ,inmost ,cover2 which being cut down the middle1 exhibits the true ,seed3 ,consisting of a couple of fair ,leavs1 ,veined1 and as white as ,milk1 joyned together with the ,radicle at their ,base2 and let into a ,hollow1 made in the ,cover1 of an answerable shape4 ,the like is observable in the ,barbado-,nut1 ,ricinus ,americanus1 and some other ,indian ,fruits2 with some little difference in the ,shape of the ,root and ,leavs4 #ah4 4 ,,in the foregoing ,fruits1 the ,bulky ,cover is very soft4 ,but in the ,nux ,vomica ,officinarum1 'tis near as hard as a ,date-,stone4 ,tab4 #gf4 ,in this1 besides the hollow made for the reception of the ,seed1 or the two ,leavs and ,root2 the ,sides are separated or distinct almost to the ,edge of the ,cover round about1 especially towards the ,root3 ,so that it may not unaptly be compared to a little ,pouch with the ,sides clapt together4 #ai4 4 ,,in this and the ,nuts above mentioned1the ,seeds are all very large4 ,but in some other ,plants1 they are extream small1 so as to be hardly visible without a ,glass2 ,tab4 #gg4 as in ,staphisagria1 ,peony1 c4 ,in ,staphisagria1 the ,thick or ,inmost ,cover1 is commonly a ,spherical ,triangle1 conick towards the ,base4 ,at the poynt of which1 there is a little ,cavity1 in which the ,seed1 about as big as a small pins head1 is lodged4 ,the ,root whereof is a little poynted1 and the two ,lobes rounded at the ,top4 #bj4 4 ,in ,peony1 the same ,cover is ,soft1 ,white1 and of an ,oval ,figure2 ,tab4 #gg4 the part used in ,medicine4 ,usually thought to be the ,seed it self4 ,but is near two hundred times biger than the true ,seed1 which is almost invisible4 ,it lies in a little ,cavity near the bottom of the ,cover2 with a thick and blunt ,root1 and two poynted ,lobes or ,leavs4 #ba4 4 ,,in the ,coffee-,berry1 the ,seed lies in the ,inner or ,cartilaginous ,cover 7formerly described7 ,ch4 #c4 where one would not expect to find it1 sc4 near the ,top or ,surface of the ,back4 ,tab4 #gg4 ,the ,lobes of the ,seed are veined like two very minute ,leaves1 and joyned to a long ,root like a ,stalk4 ,the end of which comes just to the bottom of the ,cover1 ready for its exit into the ,ground4 #bb4 4 ,in ,goosgrass1 where the ,inner ,cover is also ,cartilaginous or ,horney1 ,tab4 #gg4 the ,seed is postured in much a like manner1 and looks just like a couple of poynted ,leavs with a very long ,stalk4 #bc4 4 ,,the ,seed of ,stramonium1 is also inclosed in a ,bulky ,cover4 ,which being soaked in warm water1 and very warily cut about the edges1 with a ,rasor1 the ,seed may be taken out of it entire4 ,tab4 #gg4 ,shaped like that of ,orach1 but much longer4 ,for the ,reception whereof1 the ,cover is formed with a hollow1 which runs round about it near the ,edge2 where in the ,seed lies like a little winding ,snake4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,buds of ,seeds4 ,and of the ,,parts1 of which these1 the ,radicle1 and ,lobes are compounded4 ,,from between the two ,lobes1 rises up the ,stalk of the ,plant4 ,the original whereof1 either to the naked ,eye1 or by a good ,glass1 is always visible in the ,seed4 #b4 4 ,in many ,plants1 ,nature sees fit only to lay the foundation hereof in a small round ,node2 where upon the ,leavs1 in the ,vegetation of the ,seed1 are superstructed3 as in ,viola ,lunaria1 and others4 #c4 4 ,but in the greater number of ,seeds1 is formed a true ,bud1 consisting of perfect ,leavs2 different from those1 which grow upon the ,stalk1 only in ,bigness2 and so far in ,shape1 as the same ,parts of an ,animal ,ftus1 in its several ages in the ,womb4 ,in many ,seeds1 as well small as great1 and as well of ,herbs as ,trees1 it is very apparent4 ,but oftentimes lyeth so deep between the ,lobes as to be almost undiscernable1 as in ,maple4 #d4 4 ,the ,leaves of the ,bud1 in different ,plants1 are of a different ,number2 in some1 ,two2 in others1 ,four1 ,six1 and sometimes more4 ,in the ,bay-,berry1 they are only two2 very small1 but thick or fat1 and finely veined4 ,in the ,seed of ,carduus ,benedictus1 ,tab4 #gh4 they are also ,two2 almost invisible2 broad at the ,bottom1 poynted at the ,top1 thick or fat1 yet plated inward1 and postured a little distant one from the other2 for the two next to rise up between them4 ,the like may be seen in ,carthamum2 and so1 ,i suppose1 in all the ,carduus ,kind4 #e4 4 ,in some ,herbs1 although the ,bud consisteth but of two perfect ,leaves1 yet they are very conspicuous4 ,tab4 #gh4 ,not only in larger ,seeds1 as in the ,phaseolus or ,french ,bean2 but in those which are small1 as in the ,seed of ,hemp4 ,in this1 the two ,leaves are both plated1 and so set ,edge to ,edge1 with mutual ,undulations4 ,of that ,length1 as to be extended beyond a third part of the ,lobes4 #f4 4 ,in the ,seed of ,sena1 the ,bud consisteth of ,four ,leaves2 ,tab4 #gh4 of which1 the greater pair is the outer1 and guards the less4 ,shaped not much unlike those in the ,seed of ,carduus2 but are a little more visible4 #g4 4 ,in the ,bud of an ,almond1 we may easily count six1 or eight ,leaves1 and sometimes more2 the ,inermost being laid bare by a dexterous ,separation of the ,outer4 ,tab4 #gh4 ,these are by much the greatest1 doubled ,inward1 and so laped one over another2 whereby they embosome all the rest1 as a ,hen spreads her ,wings over her ,chickens4 ,the like is observable in many other large ,kernels1 as also in the ,garden ,bean1 and some other ,plants4 ,with respect to which1 ,i have taken leave#gc to call this ,part the ,plume4 #gc ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #a4 #h4 4 ,,the ,,lobes of the ,seed1 and so likewise the ,radicle and ,bud consist of a ,skin1 ,parenchyma1 and ,branched ,vessels3 all which ,i have formerly described4#gd ,i shall now add the following ,remarques4 #gd ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #a4 ,tab4 #gi4 #i4 4 ,and first of the ,skin1 which in some ,seeds1 as the ,french-,bean may easily be separated from the ,parenchyma3 especially if the ,bean be soaked in water for some days2 for then it will slip off1 like the ,skin in any part of ones ,body where it is blistered4 ',tis woven into ,bladders1 as the ,parenchyma2 but into smaller ones1 and upon the ,lobes of a ,garden ,bean1 all radiated towards the ,center4 ,with these ,bladders1 there are also mixed a sort of ,lignous ,fibres1 incomparably small1 which give a ,toughness to the ,skin1 and by which the ,bladders are directed into ,rays4 #aj4 4 ,the ,bladders of the ,parenchyma1 as is said1 are much larger than those of the ,skin1 especially in the ,lobes4 ,in those of a ,garden ,bean1 somewhat oval1 about of an ,inch ,diametre by their ,bredth1 ,tab4 #gi4 and directed towards the ,branches of the ,seminal ,root4 ,in the ,radicle1 they are twenty times smaller1 than in the ,lobes3 and so in the ,plume4 #aa4 4 ,throughout the ,parenchyma run the ,branched ,vessels1 ,tab4 #gi4 which in the ,lobes make the ,seminal ,root2 in the ,radicle and ,plume1 the ,wood of the ,root and ,stalk4 ,in all of them1 distributed as hath been#ge formerly shewed4 #ge ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #a4 #ab4 4 ,i shall here further note1 ,that the utmost divisions are no where extended to the ,circumference of the ,lobes1 ,tab4 #gi4 but are all inosculated together at a considerable distance from it1 as in the ,leaves of some ,plants4 #ac4 4 ,in the ,lobes they all meet in one solid ,nerve4 ,but in the ,radicle1 are dilated into a hollow ,trunk1 filled up with a ,pith2 composed of ,bladders somewhat bigger than those which make1 as it were1 the ,barque of the ,radicle4 ,tab4 #gi4 ,in the ,radicle of a ,french ,bean1 the ,pith is very conspicuous4 #ad4 4 ,the ,vessels are of two kinds1 as in the other ,parts of a ,plant2 for ,sap1 and for ,aer4 ,not running collateral1 as ,arteries and ,veins2 but the latter every where sheathed in the former4 ,from the ,aer-,vessels it is1 that if a ,bean be steeped in water1 and then the ,radicle cut transversly and pressed1 it will yield ,bubles as well as ,liquor4 ,tab4 #gi4 ,these ,vessels are admirably small1 yet through a very good ,glass become visible4 #ae4 4 ,the ,liquor conteined in the ,seed1 when full ripe is chiefly ,oyl2 generally1 found in a greater proportion here1 than in any other part of a ,plant4 ,being as the ,pickle1 in which the ,seminal ,virtues1 i4 e4 the more volatile and active ,principles of the ,seed1 are immersed for their ,preservation3 and to curb them from too great a ,luxuriance in the ,vegetation of the ,seed4 ,,chap4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,,generation of the ,,seed4 ,,as ,i made choice of a ,garden-,bean1 to shew the manner of the ,vegetation of the ,seed3 so ,i shall take an ,aprecock1 as very apt and convenient1 to observe and represent the ,method which ,nature taketh in its ,generation4 #b4 4 ,in order to do this1 the first thing that is to be done1 is to make a fit ,uterus4 ,both to keep the ,membranes of the ,ftus warm1 and succulent1 till it be formed3 and to preserve and secure the ,ftus it self afterwards1 till it comes to be born into the ,ground4 #c4 4 ,for this purpose1 the ,pulp and ,stone of the ,fruit are both necessary2 but primarily the ,stone3 the ,meat or ,pulp being no otherwise necessary1 but because the ,stone cannot be made without it2 the petrifying of that ,parenchyma which is the ,ground of the ,stone1 being effected1 by the sinking or the ,tartar from the ,pulp thereinto4 #d4 4 ,and that1 at the first1 the ,ground of the ,stone1 is a distinct1 but soft ,parenchyma2 is evident in the cuting of a young ,aprecock4 ,of which1 also a slice cut off1 with a ,rasor1 and viewed through a good ,glass1 sheweth it to be composed of ,bladders1 as the ,pulp it self4 ,tab4 #hb4 ,only1 whereas many of those of the ,pulp are large1 now about as big as a white ,pepper-,corn3 these are no bigger than a ,mustard-,seed4 ,but as the ,parenchyma hardens into a ,stone1 these ,bladders are all gradually filled up1 and disappear4 #e4 4 ,this ,parenchyma is derived immediately from the ,pith1 as the ,pulp is from the ,barque2 and makes the far greater part of the ,stone4 ',tis covered all over within1 with a very thin ,lining2 derived1 not from the ,pith but the ,parenchyma which covers the ,seed-,branch1 upon its first entrance within the hollow of the ,stone4 ,this ,lining is of a close substance2 yet composed of ,bladders1 exquisitely small and hardly visible4 ,by which means1 it soon becomes a very hard and dry ,body2 ,tab4 #hj4 and is hereby fitted1 both to promote the induration of the rest of the ,stone2 and the seasonable drying1 and so1 the shrinking up1 of the ,covers of the ,seed1 to make room for its ,growth4 #f4 4 ,the ,stone being made hard and dry2 it could never be so sufficiently softned by lying under ground1 but that1 it would keep the ,seed a perpetual prisoner1 unless it were also made pretty easily to cleave in two4 ,for which purpose1 the ,skin of the ,fruit doth observably conduce4 ,tab4 #hj4 ,for in a ,slice of a young ,aprecock cut transversly with a very sharp knife1 it may be seen1 especially with the help of a ,glass1 to be doubled inward from the two ,lips of the ,fruit1 and so to be continued1 not only through the ,pulp1 but also through the ,stone it self1 into the hollow of the same1 where it meets1 and is united with the ,lining thereof4 ,whereby1 as it further helps to the drying and hardning of the ,stone2 so also renders it cleavable in that part1 where it runs through it4 ,and therefore1 whereas towards the ,stalk1 it goes no farther than to the ,seed-,branch1 and so but half way through the ,stone3 towards the ,top of the ,fruit1 where the ,radicle stands1 and where the ,stone begins to cleave1 it runs quite through it4 #g4 4 ,nature having thus provided a convenient ,uterus1 ,she next taketh care about the ,membranes of the ,ftus4 ,these are ,three apparently distinct1 and in many respects different one from another4 #h4 4 ,the outer ,membrane is derived from the ,parenchyma which surrounds the ,seed-,branch2 which1 upon its entry into the hollow of the ,stone1 is expanded1 as it were1 into two ,bladders1 one within another2 ,tab4 #hj4 whereof1 one becomes the ,lining of the ,stone2 the other1 this outer ,membrane3 as is best seen by cuting a young ,aprecock1 when it is about half an ,inch long1 down through the midle1 or from the ,seat of the ,flower to the ,stalk1 between the two ,lips4 #i4 4 ,this outer ,membrane1 at this age1 hath a good full and frim ,body1 about #a_/ab of an ,inch thick1 or through an ordinary ,glass1 half an ,inch1 where it is thickest1 as at the ,sides and the greater end3 the ,poynt being thinner1 for the more easy eruption of the ,radicle into the ,earth4 ,tab4 #hj4 ,composed of ,bladders1 through an ordinary ,glass1 about as big1 as a ,colewort-,seed4 #aj4 4 ,throughout this ,membrane1 the ,vessels conteined in the ,seed-,branch are distributed4 ,beginning a little below the smaller end of the ,coat or ,membrane1 they thence fetch their circuit both ways round about1 just beneath the ,surface of the ,membrane1 and at last1 meet in the midle of the greater end1 where they are all inosculated1 so as to make a kind of umbilical ,node4 ,tab4 #hj4 ,from whence they strike deeper into it1 and at last1 into the midle ,membrane1 in which they presently become invisible4 ,by these ,vessels1 the ,sap is brought and spewed into the midle ,membrane4 ,so that the outer ,membrane seemeth1 in some respects1 to be answerable to the ,placenta in ,animals4 #aa4 4 ,the midle ,membrane1 is derived from the bottome of the ,outer4 ,from whence especially1 but also round about1 the ,bladders hereof 7all angular7 are more and more amplified towards the ,centre2 most of them being at least two hundred times biger1 than those of the ,outer ,membrane3 ,tab4 #hj4 whereby it looks1 through a ,glass1 not unlike a ,coome full of ,hony2 or in regard of their great transparency1 like a company of little ,crystal ,pans full of a pure ,lympha4 #ab4 4 ,this ,midle ,membrane1 is properly so called1 from the state and condition it hath1 upon the ,augmentation of the ,seed1 at which time1 it obteins the nature of an ,involucrum4 ,but originally1 it is every where entire1 without any ,hollow1 filling up the ,cavity of the ,outer ,membrane1 like a soft and delicate ,pulp4 ,after a short time1 there appears in it a small ,ductus or ,chanel2 which runs from the bottom to the top1 like an ,axis1 through the midle of it4 ,tab4 #ha4 ,at first1 no wider than to receive the ,hair of a ,mans ,head2 not visible1 except in a slice hereof cut transversly1 and viewed in a ,glass4 ,being grown a little wider1 it may be seen1 if the ,membrane be dexterously cut by the length4 ,at which time1 it is also dilated into two ,oval ,cavities1 one at each end3 which are as two little ,cisterns1 whereinto a most pure ,lympha continually owzeth1 and is therein reserved for the nourishment of the ,seed2 and through the ,chanel which runs between the ,cisterns is emptied out of one ,cistern into another1 according as the ,seed or the ,inmost ,membrane hath need of it2 i4 e4 as the ,weather and other ,circumstances do more or less accelerate their ,growth1 and so render the ,lympha useful to them4 #ac4 4 ,a few days after this1 the ,innermost ,membrane begins to appear2 growing1 like a soft ,node or ,bud1 out of the upper ,cistern2 to the lower end of which it is joyned by a short and tender ,stalk1 ,tab4 #ha4 from whence it is produced into a ,conick-oval ,figure1 answerable to that of the ,cistern4 #ad4 4 ,this ,membrane1 though soft and full of ,sap1 yet being compared with the midlemost1 is a close and compact ,body1 composed of ,bladders above #cjj times smaller than they are in that4 ,whereby1 as the ,seed is so well guarded1 as not to be supplyed with any part of the ,lympha1 but the purest3 so neither with any more of this1 than will suffice1 without the danger of making an ,inundation out of so great a ,lake4 #ae4 4 ,this ,membrane1 if it be pulled with a most steady hand1 and very gently1 upwards1 it will draw a small transparent ,string after it to the bottom of the ,midle ,membrane3 ,the said ,string though for the greater part1 ,parenchymous1 yet being strengthened with the admixture of some ,lignous ,fibres2 not otherwise visible in either of these two ,membranes4 ,so that they seem1 to be a small portion of those which are inosculated at the bottome of the ,outer ,membrane1 and thence produced through the midlemost1 underneath the ,chanel1 till at last they break forth into the upper ,cistern1 where they form this inner ,membrane3 a piece of close-wrought ,work1 suitable to the incomparable fineness of all the ,stuff out of which it is made4 #af4 4 ,the same ,membrane is originally entire1 as the ,midlemost3 but being grown to about the bigness of a ,carvi-,seed1 becomes a little hollow near the ,cone4 ,and the ,lignous ,fibers abovesaid1 ,tab4 #ha4 fetching their compass from the ,base1 shoot forth into the ,cone2 and so make a very small ,node therein1 for the first ,essay towards the ,generation of the ,seed4 ,the said ,fibers being thus spun out1 to the utmost degree of fineness for this purpose4 #ag4 4 ,this ,node1 being grown about part as big as a ,cheese-,mite2 it begins next to be divided by a little indenture at the ,top4 ,tab4 #ha4 ,which growing by degrees still deeper1 the ,node is hereby at length distinguished into two ,lobes or thick ,leavs4 #ah4 4 ,so soon as these are finished1 their ,basis begins afterwards to be contracted1 ,tab4 #ha4 and so to be formed into a ,radicle or that part of the ,seed which becomes the ,root4 ,as the ,stalks of ,fruits do grow lesser1 while the ,fruits themselves are expanded4 ,so that in this estate1 the ,radicle is1 as it were1 the ,stalk of the ,seed4 #ai4 4 ,at this time1 the ,seed being extream small1 the ,lobes are not so manageable as to be separated one from the other4 ,but it is most reasonable to suppose that so soon as the ,radicle is finished1 the next step1 is the pushing forth of another ,node1 between the ,lobes1 in order to the making of a ,bud1 and so the perfection of the ,seed4 #bj4 4 ,this being done or in doing1 the ,radicle or ,stalk of the ,seed1 containing still more and more at the bottome1 hangs at the ,inner ,membrane1 only by an extream small and short ,ligament or ,navel-,string4 ,which at last1 also breaks2 and so the ,seed1 as ,fruits when they are ripe1 falls off and lies loose in the ,iner ,membrane2 ,tab4 #ha4 this gradually shrinking up and so becoming more hollow1 to make room for the further ,growth of the ,seed4 ,several ,,lectures ,read before the ,,royal ,,society4 ,by ,,nehemjah ,,grew ,m4,d4 ,fellow of the ,,royal ,,society1 and of the ,,college of ,,physicians4 ,,london1 ,printed by ,w4 ,rawlins1 #afhb4 ,,the ,,titles ,of the following ,,lectures4 ,i4 ,,of the ,nature1 ,causes1 and ,power of ,,mixture4 ,the second ,edition4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,luctation arising upon the ,mixture of several ,menstruum's with all sorts of ,bodies4 ,the second ,edition4 ,,iii4 ,an ,essay1 ,of the various ,proportions1 wherein ,,lixivial ,,salts are found in ,plants4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,essential and ,,marine ,,salts of ,plants4 ,v4 ,of the ,,colours of ,plants4 ,,vi4 ,of the ,diversities and ,causes of ,,tasts2 chiefly in ,plants4 ,with an ,appendix1 ,of the ,,odours of ,plants4 ,,vii4 ,experiments in ,consort1 upon the ,,solution of ,,salts in ,water4 ,,to ,,the ,right ,honourable ,,william ,lord ,vis,count ,,brouncker1 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,royal ,society4 ,,my ,,lord1 ,,one ,reason why ,i ,dedicate the following ,discourses to ,your ,lordship1 is1 ,for that by ,your great undeserved ,respects1 ,you have obliged me to do no less4 ,another1 my ,lord1 is1 ,because ,i could not but ,publickly return ,your ,lordship ,thanks1 for minding the ,royal ,society of so good a ,way1 they are lately resolved upon1 for the ,management of a great part of their ,business4 ,wherein1 my ,lord1 ,i do more than presume1 that ,i also speak the ,sense of the whole ,society2 ,i think1 not any one excepted4 ,i may with the same ,confidence intimate1 my ,lord1 how happy they account themselves1 in having a ,person so fit to preside their ,affairs1 as ,your ,lordship4 ,the ,largeness of your ,knowledge1 the ,exactness of ,your ,judgment1 the ,evenness of ,your ,comport2 being some of those necessary ,qualifications1 which ,his ,majesty had in ,his ,eye 7as right well understanding what ,he did7 when ,he fixed ,his ,choice upon ,your ,lordship4 ,i know1 my ,lord1 that there are some men1 who have just so much ,understanding1 as only to teach them how to be ,ambitious3 ,the ,flattering of whom1 is somewhat like the ,tickling of ,children1 till they fall a ,dancing4 ,but ,i also know1 that ,your ,lordship unconcerneth ,your self as much1 in what ,i even now spake2 as ,csar did himself1 when his ,souldiers began to style him ,king4 ,for as he said1 ,non ,rex1 sed ,csar3 ,so let ,your ,lordship be but once nam'd1 and all that follows1 is but a ,tautology to what ,you are already known to be4 ,your being ,president of the ,royal ,society1 ,your being the ,first that was ,chosen1 and ,chosen by so ,knowing a ,prince2 becomes so real a ,panegyrick to ,your ,lordship1 as leaveth ,verbal ones without any sound4 ,whence1 my ,lord1 ,i have a third ,reason most naturally emergent1 which is1 ,that ,i dare to submit my self1 as to what ,i have hereafter said1 to ,your ,lordships ,censure4 ,you being so able and just an ,arbiter betwixt the same and all those ,persons therein concern'd2 that ,you can neither be deceived1 nor corrupted1 to make a ,judgment in any ,point1 to the ,injury of either4 ,and truly1 my ,lord1 were it only from a ,principle of self-,interest1 yet ,i could not desire it should be otherwise4 ,for the ,world1 if it lives1 will certainly grow as much more knowing than it is2 as it is now more1 than it was heretofore4 ,so that we have as little ,reason to despise ,antiquity2 as we can have willingness1 that we our selves should be despised by ,posterity4 ,yet some difference there is to be made2 viz4 betwixt those of all ,ages1 who have been modestly ignorant2 and those who have thought1 or pretended1 that they were ,omniscient4 ,or if knowing and acknowledging that they were ,ignorant2 have yet not been contented to be so2 unless1 with as good manners1 as sense1 they did conjure all ,mankind not to offer at the knowing any more than themselves4 ,upon the whole1 my ,lord1 ,i desire not ,you should be a ,patron1 any further than ,you are a ,judge4 ,for if this small ,essay hath deserved the least acceptance1 ,i am sure1 that in being one1 ,you will be both4 ,i am1 ,my ,lord1 ,your ,lordships most ,faithful and ,obedient ,servant1 ,,nehemjah ,,grew4 ,a ,,discourse ,read before the ,,royal ,,society ,decemb4 #aj4 #afgd4 ,concerning the ,,nature1 ,,causes1 and ,,power ,,of ,,mixture4 ,,having the honour to perform the ,task of this day2 ,i shall endeavour to conform to the ,phylosophy1 which this ,society doth profess2 which is1 ,reasoning grounded upon ,experiment1 and the ,common ,notions of ,sense4 ,the former being1 without the latter1 too subtle and intangible2 the latter without the former1 too gross and unmanageable3 but both together1 bearing a true analogy to our selves2 who are neither ,angels1 nor meer ,animals1 but ,men4 ,the ,subject ,i have chosen to speak of1 is ,mixture4 ,whereof1 that our ,discourse may be the more consistent1 and the better intelligible2 all ,i have to say1 shall be ranged into this ,method2 viz4 #a4 ,first1 ,i shall give a brief account of the received ,doctrine of ,mixture4 #b4 ,next1 lay down some ,propositions of the ,principles whereof all ,mixed ,bodies consist4 #c4 ,then1 open the true ,nature of ,mixture2 or say1 ,what it is4 #d4 ,and then enumerate the ,causes of ,mixture2 or say1 ,how it is made4 #e4 ,lastly1 ,i shall shew the ,power of ,mixture2 or1 ,what it can do4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the received ,doctrine of ,mixture4 ,,first1 ,as to the received ,doctrine of ,mixture2 not to trouble you with tedious quotations of what ,aristotle1 ,galen1 ,fernelius1 ,scaliger1 ,sennertus1 ,riverius1 and other ,learned men say hereof2 we may suppose the whole summed up in that ,definition which ,aristotle himself hath given of it1 ,lib4 #a4 de ,generat4 ,corrupt4 ,cap4 ult4 and which the greater number of his ,followers1 have almost religiously adhered to2 viz4 that 'tis1 1 that 'tis1 ,miscibilium alteratorum unio4 ,which ,definition1 as it is usually explicated1 is both ,unintelligible1 and ,unuseful4 #b4 4 ,two things are unintelligible2 what they mean by ,alteration2 and what by ,union4 ,in this ,alteration1 they say1 ,that the very ,forms of the ,elements are altered4 ,and therefore lay it down for an ,axiom1 ,quod in ,mixto1 ,form ,elementares tantum sint in potentia1 ,but let us see the consequence4 ,for if in a mixed body1 the ,forms of the ,elements are but in potentia2 then the ,elements themselves are but in potentia3 for we all say1 ,forma dat esse4 ,and if the ,compounding ,elements1 are only in potentia2 then the ,compounded ,body it self can be only in potentia2 yet to say it is no more1 is most absurd4 #c4 4 ,as for the ,union of ,elements in a mixed ,body2 they make it such1 as brings them at last to assert1 the ,penetration of ,bodies1 and that the ,union of mixed ,bodies is nothing else4 ,for they say it is made in such sort1 that every particle of the mixed ,body1 partaketh of the ,nature of the whole4 ,which ,nature1 ariseth from the contemperated ,qualities of the four ,elements4 ,whence they conclude1 ,that every particle of the mixed ,body1 containeth in it self all the four ,elements4 ,which is plainly to assert a penetration of ,bodies4 ,for every ,element is1 at least1 one particle2 if therefore every particle of the mixed ,body1 containeth four ,elements2 then four particles are but one4 ,i conclude then1 ,that the received ,doctrine of ,mixture is ,unintelligible4 #d4 4 ,whence it follows1 ,that it is also ,barren and ,unuseful4 ,for who can make any use of that which he understandeth not8 ,and the experience of so many years1 wherein it hath been ventilated by the disputes of men1 proveth as much3 ,scarce any of them1 except the ,learned ,sennertus1 daring to venture upon ,experiment1 for fear they should come to understand themselves4 #e4 4 ,it is confessed1 that many gallant things have been found out by artificial ,mixture4 ,but no thanks to this ,definition of it4 ,for as an ,ignorant ,man may make bad ,work1 and a good ,rule be never the worse2 so one that is ,ingenious may make good ,work1 and a bad ,rule be never the better4 ,the question is not1 what have men done8 but what have they done upon this foundation1 ,quod ,mixitio sit miscibilium alteratorum unio4 ,had this ever taught them to do any thing1 even so much as to make the ,inke wherewith they have wrote1 all their ,disputes2 ,i confess1 they would have had something to shew for it4 ,but the truth is1 their notions of ,mixture1 have been so far from doing us any good1 that they have done us much harm3 being1 through their seeming subtlety1 but real absurdity1 as so many phantastick ,spectrums1 serving only to affright men from coming near them1 or the ,subject whereof they treat4 #f4 4 ,i shall therefore endeavour to open the true ,nature of ,mixture4 ,and ,i shall build my ,doctrine upon the ,common ,notions of ,sense3 which none can deny2 and every one may conceive of4 ,in order to which1 ,i shall take leave to lay down some ,propositions1 of the ,principles of all mixed ,bodies4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,principles of ,bodies4 ,,and first1 by ,principles1 ,i mean ,atomes1 or certain ,sorts of ,atomes1 or of the simplest of ,bodies4 ,for otherwise they would not be ,principles2 for a compounded ,principle1 in strict speaking1 is a ,contradiction4 ,even as ,fives1 ,threes1 or ,two's are not the ,principles of ,number1 but ,unites4 #b4 4 ,whence1 secondly1 it follows1 that they are also ,indivisible4 ,not ,mathematically2 for the ,atomes of every ,principle have their ,dimensions4 ,but ,physically2 and so1 what is but one1 cannot be made two4 ,if it be asked1 ,whether a ,stick cut with a ,knife1 be not of one1 made two8 ,i say1 that a ,stick1 is not one ,body1 but many millions of ,bodies2 that is1 of ,atomes2 not any one whereof is divided within it self1 but only they are separated one from another1 where the ,knife forceth its way4 ,as in the drawing of a mans ,finger through a ,heap of ,corn2 there is no ,division made in any one ,grain1 but only a separation of them one from another1 all remaining still in themselves entire4 ,i say1 therefore1 that what is ,physically one1 is also most firm1 and ,indivisible1 that is1 ,impenetrable3 for ,penetration is but the ,separation1 not the ,division of ,atomes4 #c4 4 ,hence1 thirdly1 they are also ,immutable4 ,for that which cannot be divided1 cannot be chang'd4 ,so that of the whole ,world of ,atomes1 not any one hath ever suffer'd1 or can suffer the least mutation4 ,hereupon is grounded the ,constancy of ,causes and ,effects4 ,so that1 in all ,generations1 it is not less certain1 that the self same ,principle is still propagated from the same2 than1 that ,man is from ,man4 ,wherefore1 compounded ,bodies are generated2 but ,principles are not1 but only propagated2 that is1 in every ,generation1 they pass1 in themselves unaltered1 from one ,body1 into another4 #d4 4 ,if ,principles1 or ,atomes are all ,immutable2 it again follows1 ,that they are of ,divers ,kinds4 ,for one and the same ,principle1 or ,kind of ,atomes1 will still make the ,same ,thing1 and have the same ,effect3 so that all ,generations would then be the ,same4 ,wherefore1 since they are ,immutable1 they must be ,divers4 #e4 4 ,this ,diversity1 for the same reason1 is not small1 but very ,numerous4 ,for as the ,world1 taken together1 is ,natures ,shop2 so the ,principles of ,things are her ,tools1 and her ,materials4 ,wherefore1 as it speaks the goodness of a ,shop2 so the ,perfection of the ,universe1 ,that it is furnished with many ,tools wherewith1 and many ,materials whereupon to work4 ,and consequently1 that ,philosophy beareth best its own name2 which doth not strain all to two or three ,principles1 like two or three ,bells in a ,steeple1 making a pitiful ,chime3 but tryeth to rise up to ,natures own ,number1 and so to ring all the ,changes in the ,world4 #f4 4 ,yet doth not this vast ,diversity take away the ,regiment and ,subordination of ,principles4 ,there being a certain lesser number of them1 which either by their greater quantity1 or other ways1 have ,rule and ,dominion1 in their several ,orders1 over all the rest4 ,for where-ever the ,subject is ,multitude1 ,order is part of its ,perfection4 ,for ,order is ,proportion4 ,and how can ,nature be imagin'd to hold ,proportion in all things else1 and not here8 ,wherefore1 as certainly1 as ,order and ,government are in all the ,parts of the ,rational2 so certainly1 of the ,material ,world4 ,whence it is1 ,that although the ,species of ,principles be very numerous2 yet the ,principles called ,galenical1 ,chymical1 or any others1 which do any way fall under the notice of ,sense1 are notwithstanding reduceable to a smaller number3 viz4 according to the number of ,predominant ,principles in ,nature2 or1 rather in this part of the ,universe which is near and round about us4 ,to the ,power and ,empire whereof1 all other ,principles do submit4 ,which ,submission1 is not the quitting of their own ,nature2 but only their appearance under the external ,face or ,habit of the said ,predominant ,principles4 #g4 4 ,as there can be no ,order of ,principles1 without ,diversity2 so no ,diversity1 but what is originally made by these two ways2 sc4 by ,size and ,figure4 ,by these they may be exceeding different3 and all other ,properties besides1 whereby they differ1 must be dependent upon these ,two4 #h4 4 ,nor therefore1 can they be of any other ,figures1 than what are ,regular4 ,for ,regularity1 is a ,similitude continu'd4 ,since therefore all kinds of ,atomes are divers only by their ,size and ,figure2 if the selfe same ,size and ,figure were not common to a certain number of ,atomes1 they could not be said to be of any one kind3 and consequently1 if there were no ,similitude of ,atomes1 there could be no ,distinction of ,principles4 #i4 4 ,hence also1 these two ,modes of ,atomes1 viz4 their ,size and ,figure1 are the true1 and only original ,qualities of ,atomes4 ,that is1 an ,atome is such or such1 because it is of such a certain ,size and ,figure4 #aj4 4 ,lastly1 ,as these two ,modes1 taken severally1 are the ,qualities of an ,atome3 so consider'd together1 they are its ,form4 ,a ,substantial ,form of a ,body1 being an unintelligible thing4 ,i say of a ,body2 for although the ,rational ,soul be a ,substantial ,form1 yet is it the ,form of a ,man1 and not of a ,body4 ,for the ,form of a ,body1 we can conceive of no otherwise1 than as of the ,modification of a ,body1 or a ,complexion of all the ,modes of a ,body4 ,which also agrees with that ,definition of a ,form1 which amongst the ,peripatetick ,philosophers is well enough accepted1 viz4 ,quod sit1 ,ratio ejus ,essenti1 qu cuique ,rei competit4 ,which ,ratio1 if it be referred to a ,body1 what is it1 but the ,modification of that ,body8 ,having thus proposed a ,summary of my ,thoughts about ,principles2 ,i shall next proceed to shew what their ,mixture is4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,nature of ,mixture4 ,,and first of all1 from the ,premisses1 we arrive at this ,conclusion2 sc4 ,that the ,formation and ,transformation of all ,bodies1 can be nothing else1 but the ,mixture of ,bodies4 ,for all ,principles are immutable2 ,ch4 #b4 4 #c4 as we have above proved3 and therefore not generable1 formable1 or transformable4 ,and the ,forms of ,principles1 being but their ,modes1 are also immutable4 ,ch4 #b4 4 #aj4 ,so that the whole ,business of the ,material ,world1 is nothing else1 but ,mixture4 #b4 4 ,again1 as ,nature worketh every where only by ,mixture2 so is this ,mixture every where but one thing1 and can be but one4 ,for whether it be the ,mixture of great ,bodies1 or of small2 of ,compounds1 or of ,atomes2 it is every where ,mixture1 and the ,mixture of ,bodies4 ,ch4 #b4 4 #b4 ,wherefore1 ,mixture is either an intelligible ,affection of all ,bodies1 or of none2 which later1 no man will say4 ,as many ways therefore1 as we can see1 or conceive the ,mixture of any gross ,bodies1 which we hold in our hand2 so many ways1 we may1 of the subtilest ,mixtures which ,nature maketh1 or of ,atomes themselves2 and no other ways4 #c4 4 ,now all the ways we can distinguish ,mixture by1 are1 in general1 these ,two2 either in respect of the ,bodies ,mixed1 or else of the ,modes of the ,mixture it self4 #d4 4 ,in respect of the ,bodies ,mixed1 ,mixture is distinguished also two ways2 viz4 by ,conjugation1 and by ,proportion4 #e4 4 ,by ,conjugation1 ,i mean1 a ,mixture of some certain ,principles1 and not of others4 ,which is threefold4 ,first1 ,as to ,number3 as when one ,body may be compounded of two ,principles1 another of three1 a third of four1 a fourth of five1 and so on4 ,secondly1 ,as to ,kind3 where1 though there be a conjunction of the same ,number1 yet not of the same ,kind4 ,thirdly1 ,when they differ from one another both in ,number and ,kind4 ,so many ways the ,principles of ,bodies may be conceived to be ,conjugated2 and therefore are3 for here1 that which may be1 is4 ,the ,consequence is clear4 ,for first1 ,nature hath various ,materials wherewith to make these ,mixtures2 as we have shewed4 ,ch4 #b4 4 #e4 ,secondly1 ,by these ,mixtures she may1 and without the concurrence of any imaginary ,forms1 must produce all the varieties in the material ,world2 as likewise hath been said4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #a4 ,wherefore1 since all imaginable ,mixtures may be made1 and that to some purpose2 if they should not be so1 ,nature would be ,imperfect3 because we our selves can think1 how she might put her ,materials to further use1 then so she would do4 ,to think therefore1 that all ,kinds of ,principles1 or all ,elements go to make up every ,compounded ,body1 as by the ,peripatetick ,philosophy we are taught2 is a conceit1 no more to be credited1 than one that should tell us1 all ,kind of ,wheels and other parts of a ,watch1 were put into a ,clock2 or that there were no other ,materials wherewith to build an ,house1 then for a ,tent or a ,ship4 ,for why should ,nature1 the great ,artificer by which all perfect ,works are made1 be feigned to cram and ram all things into one1 which we our selves look upon as absurd8 #f4 4 ,secondly1 ,the ,mixture of ,principles is diversifi'd1 as by ,conjugation1 so also by ,proportion4 ,that is1 by the divers ,quantities1 of the several ,principles or ,parts mixed together4 ,as if the ,quantity of one1 were as five to ten2 of a second1 as five to fifteen2 of a third1 as five to twenty1 c4 ,or if that of one1 be as five to six2 of a second1 as six to seven2 of a third1 as seven to eight4 ,by which1 and by other ,proportions1 ,mixture may be varied innumerable ways4 #g4 4 ,again1 ,as ,mixture is varied with respect to the ,bodies ,mixed2 so likewise in respect of the ,mixture it self1 which ,i call the ,location of ,principles1 or the ,modes of their ,conjunction4 ,which may be various1 as well as their ,conjugation and ,proportion4 ,yet are they all reduceable unto two general ,modes3 ,ch4 #b4 4 #b4 all ,bodies1 and therefore all ,principles1 being mixed either by ,mediation1 or by ,contact4 #h4 4 ,now all ,contact1 whether of ,compounds1 or of ,atomes1 can be no other way1 than such as is answerable to their ,figures4 ,whereof1 therefore1 we can conceive but three general ways1 viz4 ,first1 ,by ,contact in a ,point1 or some smaller part3 as when two ,atomes meet1 which are globular or otherwise gibbose4 ,secondly1 ,by ,contact in a ,plain3 as in the conjunction of the sides of ,triangular or ,quadrangular ,atomes1 or otherwise flat4 ,thirdly1 ,by ,contact in a ,concave3 as when one ,atome is admitted into the ,concave or hole of another2 as a ,spigot is into a ,fosset4 ,the first may be called1 ,apposition2 the second1 ,application2 the third1 ,reception or ,intrusion4 #i4 4 ,in the two last ways1 ,atomes may be joyned by ,mediation2 but best of all the last4 ,as when the two extreams of one ,atome are received into the ,concaves or the holes of two others4 #aj4 4 ,and these are all the general ways1 whereby we can conceive ,bodies to be ,mixed together2 sc4 by their various ,conjugation1 ,proportion and ,location4 ,so that the ,composition of ,atomes1 in ,bodies2 is like that of ,letters1 in ,words4 ,what a ,thunderclap would such a ,word be1 wherein all the four and twenty ,letters were pack'd up8 ,one therefore is compounded of more1 another of fewer3 this of some1 and that of others3 and both the ,conjugation1 ,proportion1 and ,location of ,letters is varied in every ,word3 whereby1 we have many thousands of differing ,words1 without any alteration at all1 in the ,letters themselves2 and might have ten times as many more4 ,in like manner1 therefore1 or in the self same analogous way1 as the ,letters of the ,alphabet1 are the ,principles of ,words2 so ,principles1 are the ,alphabet of ,things4 #aa4 4 ,what we have said of ,principles2 and of ,mixture as consequent thereupon2 may be a foundation for an intelligible account1 of the ,nature and ,cause of most of the ,intrinsick ,properties1 and ,qualities of ,bodies3 as of ,gravity1 ,levity1 ,fixity1 ,fluidity1 ,angularity1 ,roundness1 ,heat1 ,cold1 ,blackness1 ,whiteness1 ,sowerness1 ,sweetness1 ,fragrancy1 ,fetidness1 and very many more4 ,i say an intelligible account2 sc4 such as is grounded upon the ,notions of ,sense1 and made out ,mechanically4 ,but the exemplification hereof1 being too large a field for this1 or any one ,lecture1 ,i shall1 before ,i come to the ,causes of ,mixture1 only deduce from the ,premises1 these following ,corollaries4 #ab4 4 ,first1 ,that there is no alteration of ,principles or of ,elements1 in the most perfect ,mixture of ,bodies4 ,it cannot be2 for ,principles are ,immutable1 as we have said4 ,ch4 #b4 4 #c4 ,and if it could be1 yet it needeth not to be3 for they are also many1 and compoundable infinite ways2 ,ch4 #b4 4 #e4 as hath been shewed4 ,so that we have no need to perplex our selves with any of those difficulties1 ,ch4 #c4 4 #aj4 that arise from the ,doctrine of the ,alteration of ,elements4 ,the ground of which conceit1 is that1 of there being but four ,elements1 and all in every particle of the mixed ,body4 ,and so men being puzeled1 how from thence to make out the infinite variety of ,bodies1 they feigned them to be alterable1 and altered1 upon every perfect ,mixture4 ,not considering1 that if their four ,elements be alterable2 as few as they are1 no fewer then three of them may be spared3 for one ,element1 if alterable1 may be made any4 #ac4 4 ,hence1 ,secondly1 may be solved that great ,dispute1 ,whether such as we call ,lixivial ,salts1 are made by the fire8 ,for first1 ,no ,principle is made by the fire3 ,ch4 #b4 4 #c4 all ,principles being unalterable2 and therefore unmakable4 ,secondly1 ,we must therefore distinguish betwixt the ,principle1 and its various ,mixture with other ,principles2 from whence it may receive different ,shapes and ,names4 ,wherefore1 a ,lixivial ,salt1 qua ,lixivial1 is certainly made by the fire4 ,but quatenus ,salt1 it is not3 that ,principle being extractable out of most ,bodies2 and by divers other ways1 then by the fire4 ,for whether you ,calcine a body1 or else ,ferment it1 7after the manner shewed by the curious ,improver of ,chymical ,knowledge1 ,dr4 ,daniel ,cox7 or putrifie it under ground1 or drown it in the ,sea2 it still yieldeth some kind of ,salt4 ,all which ,salts are made1 not by making the ,saline ,principle2 but only by its being differently ,mixed1 by those several ways of the ,solution of ,bodies1 with other ,principles3 from which its different ,mixture1 it receives the various ,denominations1 of ,marine1 ,nitrous1 ,volatile1 or ,lixivial4 #ad4 4 ,hence1 ,thirdly1 the most perfect ,mixture of ,bodies1 can go no higher than ,contact4 ,for all ,principles are unalterable2 ,ch4 #b4 4 #c4 and all ,matter is impenetrable2 as hath been said4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #b4 ,in the most visible and laxe ,mixture1 there is ,contact2 and in the most subtile and perfect1 as in ,generation it self1 there is nothing more4 #ae4 4 ,hence1 ,fourthly1 we easily understand1 how divers of the same ,principles1 belonging both to ,vegetables and many other ,bodies1 are also actually existent in the ,body of ,man4 ,because even in ,generation or ,transmutation1 the ,principles which are translated from one ,body to another1 as from a ,vegetable to an ,animal1 are not in the least alter'd in themselves2 but only their ,mixture1 that is1 their ,conjugation1 ,proportion and ,location1 is varied4 #af4 4 ,hence also the difference of ,mixture1 arising from the difference of ,contact1 is intelligible2 sc4 as to those three degrees1 ,congregation1 ,union1 and ,concentration4 ,congregation1 and ,inconsistent ,mixture1 is when the several ,atomes touch but in a ,point1 or smaller part4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #h4 ,in which manner1 ,i have divers arguments1 inducing me to believe the ,atomes of all ,fluid ,bodies1 qua ,fluid1 do touch2 and in no other4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #h4 ,union1 is when they touch in a ,plain4 ,as in the ,crystals and ,shootings of all ,salts1 and other like ,bodies4 ,for if we pursue their divided and subdivided parts1 with our eye1 as far as we can2 they still terminate1 on every side1 in ,plains4 ,wherefore1 'tis intelligible1 ,that their very ,atomes do also terminate1 and therefore touch1 in ,plain4 ,concentration1 is when two1 or more ,atomes touch by ,reception and ,intrusion of one into another3 ,ch4 #c4 4 #h4 which is the closest1 and firmest ,mixture of all2 as in any fixed unodorable1 or untastable ,body3 the ,atomes of such ,bodies1 being not able to make any ,smell or ,taste1 unless they were first dissolved2 that is to say1 unpin'd one from another4 #ag4 4 ,hence1 ,sixthly1 we understand1 how in some cases1 there seemeth to be a ,penetration of ,bodies2 and in what sense it may be admitted3 viz4 if we will mean no more by ,penetration1 but ,intrusion4 ,for the ,intrusion of one ,atome into the ,concave or hole of another1 is a kind of ,penetration2 whereby they take up less room in the mixed ,body1 then they would do by any other way of ,contact4 ,as a naked knife and its sheath1 take up almost double room1 to what they do1 when the knife is sheathed4 ,whence we may assign the reason1 ,why many ,liquors being mixed2 take up less room or space1 then they did apart2 as the ,ingenious ,mr4 ,hook hath made it to appear by ,experiment1 that they do4 ,i say the plain reason hereof1 or at least one reason1 is the ,intrusion of many of their ,atomes into one another4 ,which yet is not a ,penetration of ,bodies strictly so called4 #ah4 4 ,seventhly1 ,if all that ,nature maketh1 be but ,mixture2 ,ch4 #c4 4 #a4 and all this ,mixture be but ,contact 'tis then evident1 ,that ,natural and ,artificial ,mixture1 are the same4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #ad4 ,and all those seeming subtilties whereby ,philosophers have gone about to distinguish them2 have been but so many ,scarcrows to affright ,men from the ,imitation of ,nature4 #ai4 4 ,eighthly1 ,hence it follows1 ,that ,art it self may go far in doing what ,nature doth4 ,and who can say1 how far8 ,for we have nothing to ,make2 but only to mix those ,materials1 which are already made to our hands4 ,even ,nature her self1 as hath been said1 ,maketh nothing new2 ,ch4 #c4 4 #a4 but only mixeth all things4 ,so far1 therefore1 as we can govern ,mixture1 we may do what ,nature doth4 #bj4 4 ,which that we may still the better understand2 let us before1 and in the next place1 see the ,causes of ,mixture4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #ah4 ,for since ,natural and ,artificial ,mixture are the same2 the immediate ,causes of both1 are and must be the same4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,causes of ,mixture4 ,,now all the ,causes of ,mixture we can conceive of1 must1 ,i think1 be reduced to these six in general2 viz4 ,congruity1 ,weight1 ,compression1 ,solution1 ,digestion1 and ,agitation4 #a4 4 ,congruity1 or aptitude and respondence betwixt the ,sizes and ,figures of ,parts to be mixed3 whereby ,bodies may be truly called the ,instrumental ,causes of their own ,mixture4 ,as when a ,plain answers to a ,plain1 a ,square to a ,square1 a ,convex to a ,concave1 or a ,less to a ,greater or an ,equal1 c4 according to which ,respondencies in the parts of ,bodies1 they are more or less easily mingleable4 #b4 4 ,weight1 by means whereof all ,fluid ,bodies1 upon supposition of the ,congruity of their parts1 must unavoidably mingle4 #c4 4 ,compression2 which either by the ,air1 or any other ,body1 added to ,weight1 must1 in some degree1 further ,mixture4 ,because1 that ,weight it self1 is but ,pression4 ,for further ,proof of all the said ,causes1 ,i made this ,experiment2 ,let ,oyl of ,aniseeds1 and ,oyl of ,vitriol be put apart into the ,receiver of an ,air-,pump4 ,and1 having exhausted it of the ,air1 let the two said ,oyls be then affused one upon the other4 ,whereupon1 ,first1 ,it is visible1 that they here mix and coagulate together2 that is1 their parts are wedged and intruded one into another1 without the usual compression of the ,air2 for that is exhausted1 and therefore only by the ,congruity of their receiving and intruding parts2 and by their ,weight2 by which alone they are so compressed1 as to make that ,intrusion4 ,secondly1 ,it is also evident1 ,that although they do ,coagulate2 yet not altogether so much1 as when poured together in the same manner1 and quantity1 in the open ,air4 ,wherefore1 ,compression1 whether made by the ,air1 or any thing else1 as it doth further the ,dissolution of some ,bodies1 so the ,mixture of others1 and the greater the ,compression1 the more4 #d4 4 ,solution2 ,for all ,bodies mix best1 in ,forma fluida4 ,and that for two reasons4 ,first1 ,because the parts of a ,body are not then in a state of ,union1 but of ,separation2 and therefore1 in a more capable state1 for their ,mixture and ,union with the parts of another ,body4 ,secondly1 because then they are also in a state of ,motion1 more or less2 and therefore1 in a continual tendency towards ,mixture2 all ,mixture being made by ,motion4 ,wherefore all ,generations1 and most perfect ,mixtures in ,nature1 are made by ,fluids2 whether ,animal1 ,vegetable1 or ,mineral4 ,which is also agreeable to the ,doctrine of the ,honourable ,mr4 ,boyle1 in his ,excellent ,treatise of the ,nature and ,vertues of ,gems4 ,and it is well known1 ,that ,bodies are ordinarily petrified1 or ,stones made1 out of ,water4 ,that is1 out of petrifying parts dissolved per minima in ,water1 as both their ,menstruum and their ,vehicle4 ,wherefore1 if we will talk of making ,gold2 it must not be by the ,philosophers ,stone1 but by the ,philosophers ,liquor4 #e4 4 ,digestion4 ,for which there is the same reason1 as for ,mixture1 by ,solution4 ,for1 ,first1 ,all heat doth attenuate1 that is1 still further separate the parts of a ,body2 and so render them more mingleable with the parts of another4 ,and therefore1 ,secondly1 ,doth also add more ,motion to them1 in order to their ,mixture4 #f4 4 ,agitation4 ,which ,i am induced to believe a great and effectual means of ,mixture1 upon divers ,considerations4 ,as1 ,first1 ,that the making of ,blood in the ,bodies of ,animals1 and the mixing of the ,chyle therewith1 is very much promoted by the same means2 sc4 by the ,agitation of the parts of the ,blood and ,chyle1 in their continual ,circulation4 ,again1 from the making of ,butter out of ,milk1 by the same means3 whereby alone is made a separation of the oleous parts from the ,whey1 and ,conjunction of the ,oleous together4 ,moreover1 ,from the great ,effects of ,digestion2 well known to all that are conversant in ,chymical ,preparations4 ,which ,digestion it self1 is but a kind of insensible agitation of the parts of digested ,bodies4 ',tis also a known ,experiment1 ,that the readiest way to dissolve ,sugar in ,wine or other ,liquor2 is to give the ,vessel a hasty turn1 together with a smart knock1 against any hard and steady ,body3 whereby all the parts of the ,sugar and ,liquor1 are put into a vehement ,agitation1 and so the ,sugar immediately dissolved1 and mixed with the ,liquor4 ,and ,i remember1 that having 7with intent1 to make ,mr4 ,matthews's ,pill7 put some ,oyl of ,turpentine and ,salt of ,tartar together in a ,bottle1 and sent it up hither out of the ,country2 ,i found1 that the continual ,agitation upon the ,road1 for three or four days1 had done more towards their ,mixture2 than a far greater time of ,digestion alone had done before4 ,and it is certain1 ,that a vehement ,agitation1 especially1 if continu'd1 or joyned with ,digestion2 will accelerate the ,mixture of some ,bodies1 ten times more1 than any bare ,digestion alone2 as may be proved by many ,experiments4 ,i will instance in this one4 ,let some ,oyl of ,turpentine and good ,spirit of ,nitre be stop'd up together in a ,bottle1 and the ,bottle held to the ,fire1 till the ,liquors be a little heated1 and begin to bubble4 ,then having removed it1 and the ,bubbles by degrees increasing more and more2 the two ,liquors will of themselves1 at last fall into so impetuous an ,ebullition1 as to make a kind of ,explosion2 sending forth a smoak for the space of almost two yards high4 ,whereupon1 the parts of both the ,liquors1 being violently agitated1 they are1 in a great portion1 incorporated into a thick ,balsam in a moment3 and that without any intense heat1 as may be felt by the ,bottle4 ,and thus much for the ,causes of ,mixture4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,,power and ,,use of ,mixture4 ,,having enumerated the general ,causes1 we shall1 lastly1 enquire into the ,power and ,use of ,mixture2 or1 into what it can ,do and ,teach4 ,and ,i shall ,instance in six particulars4 ,first1 to ,render all ,bodies ,sociable1 whatsoever they be4 ,secondly1 ,to ,make ,artificial ,bodies in ,imitation of those of ,natures own production4 ,thirdly1 to make or imitate the sensible ,qualities of ,bodies2 as ,smells1 and ,tasts4 ,fourthly1 ,to make1 or imitate their ,faculties4 ,fifthly1 ,it is a ,key1 to discover the ,nature of ,bodies4 ,sixthly1 ,to discover their ,use1 and the ,manner of their ,medicinal ,operation4 ,,instance ,i4 ,,first1 ,to render all ,bodies ,sociable or ,mingleable3 as ,water with ,oyl1 ,salt with ,spirit1 and the like4 ,for ,natural and ,artificial ,mixture1 are the same2 as we have before proved4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #ah4 ,if therefore ,nature can do it1 as we see in the ,generation of ,bodies she doth1 'tis likewise in the ,power of ,art to do it4 #b4 4 ,and for the doing of it1 two general ,rules result from the ,premisses1 sc4 ,the ,application of ,causes1 and the ,choice of ,materials4 ,as for the ,causes1 they are such as ,i have now instanc'd in4 ,ch4 #d4 ,and for the ,application of them1 ,i shall give these two ,rules4 #c4 4 ,first1 ,that we tread in ,natures steps as near as we can2 not only in the ,application of such a ,cause1 as may be most proper for such a ,mixture2 but also in allowing it sufficient time for its effect4 ,for so we see ,nature her self1 for her more perfect ,mixtures1 usually doth4 ,she maketh not a ,flower1 or an ,apple1 a ,horse1 or a ,man1 in a moment2 but all things by degrees2 and for her more perfect and elaborate ,mixtures1 for the most part1 she requireth more time4 ,because all such ,mixtures are made and carri'd on per minima2 and therefore require a greater time for the compleating of them4 #d4 4 ,a second ,rule is1 ,not only to make a due ,application of the ,causes2 but sometimes to ,accumulate them4 ,by which means1 we may not only1 imitate ,nature1 but in some cases go beyond her4 ,for as by adding a ,graft or ,bud to the ,stock1 we may produce ,fruit sooner1 and sometimes better1 than ,nature by the ,stock alone would do3 ,so here1 by accumulating the ,causes of ,mixture1 that is1 by joyning two1 three1 or more together2 or by applying more in some ,cases1 where ,nature applyeth fewer2 we may be able to make1 if not a more perfect1 yet a far more speedy ,mixture1 than ,nature doth4 ,as by joyning ,compression1 ,heat1 and violent ,agitation1 and so continuing them all together1 by some means contrived for the purpose1 for the space of a ,week1 or ,month1 or longer1 without cessation4 ,which may probably produce1 not only strange1 but useful ,effects1 in the ,solution of some1 and the ,mixture of other ,bodies4 ,and may serve to mix such ,bodies1 as through the small number of their congruous parts1 are hardly mingleable any other way4 ,agitation being1 as carrying the ,key to and fro1 till it hit the ,lock2 or within the ,lock1 till it hit the ,wards4 #e4 4 ,secondly1 ,for the ,choice of materials1 if they are not immediately1 that is1 of themselves1 mingleable2 we are then to turn one ,species of ,mixture into a ,rule2 ,ch4 #c4 4 #i4 which is1 ,to mix them by mediation of some third1 whether more simple or compounded ,body1 which may be congruous in part to them both3 as ,sulphurous ,salts are to ,water and ,oyl2 and are for that reason mingleable with either of them4 ,or1 ,by any two congruous ,bodies1 which are also1 in part1 congruous to two others3 and other like ways4 ,whereby the parts of ,bodies1 though never so heterogeneous1 may yet be all bound and lock'd up together4 ,even as twenty ,keys may be united1 only by uniting the two ,rings whereon they hang4 #f4 4 ,the ,consideration of these things1 have put me upon making several ,experiments1 for the mingling of heterogeneous ,bodies4 ,i shall give two ,examples of ,tryal2 the one upon ,fluid1 the other upon consistent ,bodies4 #g4 4 ,for the first1 ,i took ,oyl of ,aniseeds1 and pouring it upon another ,body2 ,i so order'd it1 that it was thereby turned into a perfect milk-white ,balsam1 or ,butyr4 ,by which means the said ,oyl became mingleable with any ,winy1 or ,watery ,liquor2 easily1 and instantaneously dissolving therein1 in the form of a ,milk4 ,and note1 ,that this is done1 without the least alteration of the ,smell1 ,tast1 ,nature1 or ,operation of the said ,oyl4 ,by somewhat the like means1 not only ,oyl of ,aniseeds1 but any other stillatitious ,oyl1 may be transformed into a milk-white ,butyr2 and in like manner be mingled with ,water or any other ,liquor4 ,which is of various use in ,medicine2 and what ,i find oftentimes very convenient and advantageous to be done4 #h4 4 ,again1 not only ,fluid but consistent ,bodies1 which of themselves will mix only with ,oyl2 by due mixture with other ,bodies1 may be render'd easily dissoluble in ,water2 as may ,rosin1 and all resinous and friable ,gums4 ,as also ,wax3 and this without changing much of their ,color1 ,tast1 or ,smell4 ,whereof likewise1 whatsoever others may do1 the ,physician may make a manifold ,use4 ,,instance ,,ii4 ,,by ,mixture also1 we may be taught to ,imitate the ,productions of ,nature4 ,as to which1 from what we have before said of ,mixture1 we may conclude2 ,that there is no ,generation of ,bodies unorganical1 but what is in the ,power of ,mixture to imitate4 ,as of ,animals1 to ,imitate ,blood1 ,fat1 ,chyle1 ,spittle1 ,flegm1 ,bile1 c4 ,of ,vegetables1 to ,imitate a ,milk1 ,mucilage1 ,rosin1 ,gum1 or ,salt4 ,of ,minerals1 to ,imitate ,vitriol1 ,allom1 and other ,salts2 as also ,metals1 and the like4 #b4 4 ,i do not say1 ,i can do all this3 yet if1 upon good ,premisses1 we can conclude this possible to be done2 it is one step to the doing of it4 ,but ,i will also give an ,instance of somewhat that may be done in every kind4 ,and1 #c4 4 ,first1 ,for the ,imitation of an ,animal ,body1 ,i will instance in ,fat4 ,which may be made thus2 ,take ,oyl ,olive1 and pour it upon high ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,then digest them for some days4 ,by degrees1 the ,oyl becomes of the colour of ,marrow2 and at last1 is congealed1 or hardened into a white ,fat or ,butter1 which dissolveth only by the fire1 as that of ,animals4 ,in converting ,oyl thus into ,fat1 it is to be noted1 ,that it hardens most upon the exhalation of some of the more ,sulphureous parts of the ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,which ,i effected1 well enough for my purpose1 by unstopping the glass after some time of digestion2 and so suffering the ,oyl to dissolve and thicken divers times by successive heat and cold4 ,hence1 ,the true ,congealing ,principle1 is a ,spirit of ,nitre separated from its ,sulphur4 ,for the better doing whereof1 the ,aer is a most commodious ,menstruum to the said ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,whence also1 if we could procure such a ,spirit of ,nitre1 we might congeal ,water in the midst of ,summer4 ,we might also refrigerate ,rooms herewith ,artificially4 ,and might ,imitate all frosty ,meteors4 ,for the making of ,fat1 is but the ,durable ,congelation of ,oyl3 which may be done without frost1 as ,i have shewed how4 ,hence also it appears1 ,that ,animal ,fat it self1 is but the ,curdling of the ,oyly parts of the ,blood2 either by some of its own ,saline parts2 or by the ,nitrous parts of the ,aer mingled therewith4 ,hence likewise it is1 ,that some ,animals1 as ,conies1 and ,fieldfares1 grow fatter in frosty weather3 the oily parts of the blood1 being then more than ordinarily coagulated with a greater abundance of nitrous parts received from the ,aer into their bodies4 ,for the same reason it is1 ,that the ,fat of ,land-,animals is hard2 whereas that of ,fishes is very soft1 and runs all to ,oyl1 sc4 ,because the ,water1 wherein they live1 and which they have instead of breath1 hath but very few nitrous parts in it1 in comparison of what the ,aer hath4 #d4 4 ,secondly1 ,for the ,imitation of a ,vegetable ,body1 ,i will give three ,instances2 ,in ,rosin1 ,gum1 and a ,lixivial ,salt4 ,the first may be made thus2 ,take good ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and drop it upon ,oyl of ,anise seeds2 and they will forthwith incorporate together2 and by degrees1 will harden into a perfect ,rosin2 with the general and defining ,properties of a truly ,natural ,resinous ,gum4 ,being not at all dissoluble in ,water2 or at least1 not any more1 then any natural ,rosin or ,gum3 yet very easily by fire3 as also highly inflamable3 and exceeding friable4 ,although this ,artificial ,rosin1 be the result of two ,liquors1 both which very strongly affect the ,sense3 yet being well washed from the unincorporated parts1 7which is to be done with some care7 it hath scarce any ,tast or ,smell4 ,the ,concentration of these two ,liquors1 is likewise so universal2 that the ,rosin is not made by ,precipitation1 but almost a total ,combination of the said ,liquors2 and that with scarce so much1 as any visible fumes4 #e4 4 ,again1 ,having taken a certain ,powder and a ,saline ,liquor1 and mixed them together in a bottle1 and so digested them for some time2 the ,powder was at last transmuted to a perfect ,oily ,gum2 which will also dissolve either in ,oyl or in ,water2 in the self same manner1 as ,galbanum1 ,ammoniac1 and the like will do4 #f4 4 ,and ,lastly1 ,a ,lixivial ,salt may be imitated thus2 ,take ,nitre1 ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and high spirit of ,wine1 of each a like quantity4 ,of these three ,bodies1 not any two being put together1 that is to say neither the ,nitre with the ,oyl1 nor the ,oyl with the ,spirit1 nor the ,nitre with the ,spirit1 will make the least ,ebullition3 yet all three mingled together1 make a very conspicuous one4 ,the ,spirit of ,wine being as the ,sulphur2 and so that1 and the ,nitre together1 standing1 as it were1 in the stead of an ,alkalizate1 that is1 a ,sulphurious ,salt1 against the ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,divers other ,experiments may be shew'n of the like ,nature4 #g4 4 ,in the last place1 for the ,imitation of a ,mineral ,body1 ,i will instance in two1 sc4 ,nitre and ,marine ,salt2 if ,i may have leave to reckon them amongst ,mineral ,bodies4 ,as for ,nitre1 by mixing of four ,liquors together1 and then setting them to shoot2 ,i have obtained ,chrystals of true and perfect ,salt2 which have had much of a nitrous tast2 and would be melted with a gentle ,heat1 as ,nitre is2 and even as easily as ,butyr it self3 ,i mean not1 by the addition of any sort of ,liquor1 or any other ,body1 to dissolve it2 but only by the fire4 #h4 4 ,and as for a ,sea-,salt1 that ,i might ,imitate ,nature for the making thereof1 ,i consider'd1 ,that the said ,salt is nothing else but that of ,animals and ,vegetables1 freed from its true ,spirit and ,sulphur1 and some ,saline particles1 specifically ,animal or ,vegetable1 together with them4 ,for both ,animal and ,vegetable ,bodies being continually carried by all ,rivers into the ,sea2 and many likewise by shipwrack1 and divers other ways immersed therein3 they are at last corrupted1 that is1 their ,compounding parts are opened and resolved4 ,yet the ,resolution being in the ,water1 is not made precipitately1 as it is in the ,air2 but by degrees1 and very gently2 whence the ,sulphurious and other ,volatile parts1 in their ,avolation1 make not so much haste1 as to carry the more fixed ,saline parts along with them2 but leaveth them behind in the ,water1 which imbibeth them as their proper ,menstruum4 ,and the ,imitation of ,nature herein1 may be performed thus2 ,put as much of a ,lixivial ,salt as you please1 into a wide-mouth'd ,bottle1 and with fair ,water make a strong ,solution of it2 so as some part thereof may remain unresolved at the bottom of the ,bottle4 ,let the ,bottle stand thus for the space of about half or three quarters of a year1 all the time unstopped4 ,in which time1 many of the ,sulphurious and other ,volatile parts gradually flying away2 the top of the unresolved ,salt will be incrustate1 or as it were frosted over1 with many small and hard ,concretions1 which1 in their nature1 are become a true ,sea-,salt4 ,whereof there is a double ,proof2 ,first1 ,in that most of the said ,concretions are of a ,cubical1 or very like ,figure4 ,especially on their upper parts2 because having a fixed ,body for their ,basis1 their under parts1 therefore1 contiguous thereto1 are less regular4 ,whereas the parts of the ,salt in the ,sea1 being environed on all sides with a ,fluid2 their ,figure is on all sides regular4 ,secondly1 ,in that a strong ,acid ,spirit or ,oyl being poured upon a full body'd ,solution hereof2 yet it maketh herewith no ,ebullition1 which is also the property of ,sea-,salt4 ,and thus much for the more ,general ,imitation of ,bodies4 ,,instance ,,iii1 ,,iv4 ,,from the aforesaid ,premisses1 and by the aforesaid ,means1 there is no doubt to be made1 but that also the other sensible ,qualities of ,bodies may be ,imitated1 as their ,odors1 and ,tasts4 ,and that not only the general ones1 as ,fragrant1 or ,astringent3 but also those which are specifical and proper to such a species of ,bodies4 #b4 4 ,thus for ,example1 by mixing ,spirit of ,nitre or ,vitriol with rectified ,oyl of ,turpentine1 and some other ,vegetable ,oyls1 severally1 and in a due ,proportion and ,time1 ,i have ,imitated the ,smells of divers ,vegetables2 as of ,tansy1 of ,lignum ,rhodium1 and others4 ,and ,i conclude it feasable1 ,to ,imitate the ,tast or ,smell of ,musk1 or ,ambergreece1 or any other body in the world4 #c4 4 ,hence also we may be ,taught1 ,how to ,imitate the ,faculties1 as well as other ,qualities of ,bodies4 ,the reason is1 because even these have no dependance upon any substantial ,form3 but are the meer result of ,mixture2 effected by the same ,causes1 whether in ,nature or ,art2 as ,i think ,i have made to appear in the foregoing ,idea4 ,id4 4 #ee4 ,ch4 #b4 4 #aj4 ,ch4 #c4 4 #aj4 ,and as in the ,premisses of this ,discourse hath been shew'd4 ,,instance ,v4 ,,from whence1 again1 it is likewise a ,key to ,discover the ,nature of ,bodies4 ,for how far soever we can attain to ,mingle1 or to ,make them1 we may also know what they are4 #b4 4 ,for ,bodies are mingleable1 either of themselves1 or by some ,third4 ,as to those which mingle of themselves1 we may certainly conclude1 ,that there is a congruity betwixt them1 in some respect or other4 ,so upon various ,tryals ,i find1 ,that ,essential ,oyls do more easily imbibe an ,acid1 than an ,alkaly4 ,whence it is evident1 ,that there is some ,congruity and ,similitude betwixt ,essential ,oyls1 and an ,acid1 which there is not betwixt the said ,oyls and an ,alkaly4 #c4 4 ,as to those that mingle only by some third2 we may also certainly conclude1 ,that though the two extreams are unlike2 yet that they have both of them some congruity with that third1 by which they are united4 #d4 4 ,moreover1 ,we may make a ,judgment from the manner or ,degree of ,mixture4 ,thus the ,acid ,spirit of ,nitre1 as is said1 will coagulate ,oyl-,olive1 and render it consistent4 ,whence it might be thought1 ,that any other strong ,acid will do the like2 and that therefore1 there is no great difference in the ,nature of the said ,acid ,liquors4 ,but the contrary hereunto1 is proved by ,experiment4 ,for having digested the same ,oyl in the same manner1 and for a much longer time1 with strong ,oyl of ,sulphur2 although it thence acquired some change of ,colour1 yet not any ,consistence4 #e4 4 ,again1 ,because the said ,spirit of ,nitre coagulates ,oyl-,olive2 it might be expected1 it should have the same effect upon ,oyl of ,aniseeds2 or1 at least1 that if other ,acids will ,coagulate ,oyl of ,aniseeds1 that this should do it best4 ,but ,experiment proveth the contrary4 ,for of all ,i have tryed1 ,oyl of ,vitriol is the only ,acid that doth it instantaneously4 ,oyl of ,sulphur1 if very strong1 will do it2 but not so soon1 nor so much ,aqua fortis1 and ,spirit of ,salt1 for the present1 do not at all touch it4 ,and ,spirit of ,nitre it self will not coagulate it1 under eight or ten hours at least4 ,,instance ,,vi4 ,,lastly1 and consequently1 ,it is a ,key ,to ,discover the ,medicinal ,use and ,operation of ,bodies4 ,thus1 for ,example1 by the ,imitation of ,rosins and ,resinous ,gums1 we certainly know what all of them are1 and when1 and wherefore to be used4 ,for what are ,mastick1 ,frankincense1 ,olibanum1 ,benzoin1 and other like ,rosins1 or ,resinous ,gums1 for their principle and predominant parts1 that is1 qu ,rosins2 but ,bodies resulting from ,natural1 in like manner1 as ,i have shewed1 they may be made to result1 from ,artificial ,mixture8 ,that is to say1 the ,oleous1 and ,acid parts of ,vegetables1 being both affused and mingled together1 per minima1 in some one sort of ,vessels in a ,plant1 they thus incorporate into one consistent and friable ,body1 which we call ,rosin4 #b4 4 ,now from hence it is1 ,that the said ,rosins1 and ,resinous ,gums2 as also ,amber and ,sulphur for the same ,reasons2 are of so great and effectual ,use against most thin and salt ,rheums2 sc4 as they are ,acidoleous ,bodies4 ,for by their ,acid parts1 which in all these ,bodies are exceeding copious1 they mortifie and refract those ,salt ones1 which feed the ,rheum4 ,and by their oleous parts1 the same ,salt ones are also ,imbibed4 ,whence1 they are all1 in some degree1 incorporated together2 that is1 ,the ,rheum is thickned3 which is the desired effect4 #c4 4 ,whereas1 on the contrary1 if the ,cough proceed not from a thin1 and specially a ,salt ,rheum1 but from a ,viscous ,flegm2 the use of many other ,bodies which are also more oleous1 and abound not so much with an ,acid as these do1 especially some of them1 is more proper3 such as these1 in this ,case1 proving sometimes not only ineffectual1 but prejudicial4 ,since the very ,cause of the said ,viscousness of ,phlegm1 is chiefly some great ,acidity in the ,blood1 or in some other part1 as may be proved by divers ,arguments4 #d4 4 ,many more ,instances might be hereunto subjoyned3 and may hereafter be offered to the acceptance of such1 who are inquisitive into matters of this ,nature4 ,if ,i shall not herein anticipate1 or reiterate the ,thoughts and ,observations1 of those two ,accurate and ,learned ,persons ,dr4 ,willis1 and ,dr4 ,walter ,needham1 as to what the one hath already published1 and both have put us in ,expectation of4 ,but the ,instances already given1 are sufficient to evidence what ,i have said4 ,and1 ,i hope1 this present ,discourse to prove1 in some measure1 thus much2 ,that ,experiment1 and the ,common ,notions of ,sense are prolifick2 and that nothing is ,barren1 but ,phansie and ,imagination4 ,an ,appendix to the precedent discourse of ,mixture4 ,,having1 in the first ,edition of the foregoing ,discourse1 ,ch4 #e4 ,inst4 #a4 4 #h4 made mention of the preparation of ,essential ,oyls1 so as to become easily mingleable with any unoyly ,liquor4 ,i shall here acquaint the ,reader1 ,that this may be done1 by digesting any of the said ,oyls with about an equal quantity of the ,yelk of an ,egg1 with a very soft heat1 like that of the ,meridian ,sun in ,summer1 continued for the space of three ,weeks or a ,month2 and in the mean time1 to be now and then stirred a little together4 ,the ,yelk will by degrees1 imbibe the ,oyl1 and at length be incorporated with it1 and become a ,balsam1 as white as ,milk1 easily dissoluble in any watery or winy ,liquor4 #b4 4 ,i confess1 that it will be very difficult to prepare any good quantity for use1 this way4 ,but this being a sufficient proof of the possibility of such a ,mixture2 ,i considered1 whether the application of some other forementioned ,cause of ,mixture1 might not supply the defect of this3 and hereupon1 have made several successful tryals2 not only for the mixing of the said ,oyls1 but likewise of all sorts of ,rosins and ,gums with any winy or watery ,liquor1 in great quantities1 in a short time1 and without much trouble4 ,but for the mixing of some of them1 the ,yelk of an ,egg alone will not serve1 without the intervening of some other sociable ,body1 ,ch4 #e4 ,inst4 #a4 4 #f4 according to one of the ,rules given in the foregoing ,discourse4 #c4 4 ,in the same ,discourse1 upon certain premises1 ,i have laid down this following conclusion4 ,ch4 #e4 4 #e4 8---- ,by accumulating the ,causes of ,mixture1 that is1 by joyning two or three or more together2 or by applying more in some cases1 where ,nature applyeth fewer2 we may be able to make1 if not a more perfect1 yet a far more speedy ,mixture1 than ,nature doth4 ,as by joyning ,,compression1 ,heat1 and violent ,agitation1 and so continuing them altogether1 by some means contrived for the purpose1 for the space of a ,week or ,month1 or longer without ,cessation4 ,which may probably produce1 not only strange1 but useful effects1 in the ,,solution of some1 and the ,mixture of other ,bodies40 #d4 4 ,for the proof whereof1 and that ,i had throughly weighed what ,i have said1 ,mr4 ,pappin hath since given us an ingenious ,instance1 in his new ,digester4 ,which is1 a ,balneum ,mari clausum3 all ,infusions and ,digestions made with ,double ,vessels1 having hitherto been made with the outer ,vessel1 open4 ,so that whereas by the old way of ,digestion1 there is no other ,power made use of but that of ,heat3 in this way1 that also of ,compression is joyned therewith4 ,,experiments ,,in ,,consort ,,of ,,the ,,luctation ,arising from the ,affusion of several ,,menstruums ,upon all sorts of ,,bodies1 ,exhibited to the ,royal ,society1 ,april #ac4 and ,june #a4 #afgf4 ,,the intent of the following ,experiments is two-fold4 ,the one1 to be as a ,demonstration of the ,truth of one1 amongst other ,propositions1 laid down in the precedent ,discourse of ,mixture1 ,ch4 #e4 ,inst4 #e4 sc4 ,that it would be a ,key to let us easily into the knowledge of the ,nature of ,bodies4 ,the other1 and that consequently1 ,to be as a ,specimen of a ,natural ,history of the ,materia ,medica3 that is to say1 a multifarious ,scrutiny into the intrinsick ,properties of all those ,materials1 which have been1 or may be used in ,medicine3 for the performance whereof1 the following ,method is exhibited as one1 amongst others1 necessary to be insisted upon4 ,for what ,dominion a ,prince hath over the ,moral1 that a ,physician hath1 as one of ,god ,almighty's ,vice-,roys1 over the ,corporeal ,world4 ,whom therefore nothing can more import1 than a particular knowledge of the ,genius of all his ,subjects1 those several ,tribes of ,matter1 supposed to be under his ,command4 ,there are some known ,observations of this nature3 but there is no ,author1 ,i think1 who hath given us a ,systeme of ,experiments upon the ,subject3 ,the performance whereof is here intended4 ,the ,experiments may seem too numerous to be of one make4 ,but no less a number would have answered the design of an ,universal ,survey2 which1 though less pleasing1 proves the more instructive in the end3 not being like angling with a single ,hook2 but like casting a ,net against a shole3 with assurance of drawing up something4 ,besides the advantage of comparing many together2 which being thus joyned1 do oftentimes1 like ,figures1 signifie ten times more1 then standing alone1 they would have done4 ,how far the ,corollaries all along subjoyned have made this good1 is left to the ,reader to judge4 ,and also1 to add to them1 so many more1 as he pleases3 for ,i make my own ,thoughts no mans ,measure4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,what is generally to be observed upon the ,affusion of the ,menstruum2 and what1 particularly of ,vegetable ,bodies4 ,,the ,bodies whereupon ,i made tryal1 were of all kinds1 ,animal1 ,vegetable1 and ,mineral4 ,amongst ,vegetables1 such as these1 scil4 ,date-stones1 ,ginger1 ,colocynthis1 ,pyrethrum1 ,hawthorn-stones1 ,staphisagria1 ,euphorbium1 the ,arenul in ,pears1 ,semen ,milii ,solis1 ,tartar1 ,spirit of ,scurvygrass1 ,spirit of ,wine1 c4 #b4 4 ,amongst ,minerals1 several sorts of ,earths1 ,stones1 ,ores1 ,metals1 ,sulphurs1 and ,salts4 #c4 4 ,amongst ,animals2 such as these1 scil4 ,hairs1 ,hoofs1 ,horns1 ,shells1 and shelly ,insects1 ,bones1 ,flesh1 and the several ,viscera1 ,silk1 ,blood1 ,whites and ,yelks of ,eggs1 ,sperma ,ceti1 ,civet1 ,musk1 ,castor1 ,gall1 ,urine1 ,dungs1 animal ,salts and ,stones4 #d4 4 ,the ,liquors which ,i poured hereupon severally1 were these1 sc4 ,spirit of ,salt ,armoniac1 ,spirit of ,harts-,horn1 ,spirit of ,nitre1 ,aqua fortis1 ,oyl of ,salt1 ,oyl of ,sulphur1 and ,oyl of ,vitriol2 commonly so called4 #e4 4 ,in the ,mixture of these ,bodies1 two things1 in general1 are all along to be observed1 viz4 ,first1 which they are1 that make any1 or no ,luctation4 ,for1 as some which seem to promise it1 make none3 ,so1 many1 contrary to expectation1 make a considerable one4 #f4 4 ,next1 the manner wherein the ,luctation is made2 being with much variety in these five sensible ,effects4 #a4 ,bullition2 when the ,bodies mixed produce only a certain quantity of froth or bubbles4 #b4 ,elevation2 when1 like ,paste in baking1 or ,barm in the working of ,beer1 they swell and huff up4 #c4 ,crepitation2 when1 they make a kind of hissing and sometimes a crackling noise4 #d4 ,effervescence2 then only and properly so called1 when they produce some degree of heat4 #e4 ,exhalation2 when not only fumes1 but visible steams are produced4 #g4 4 ,of all these1 sometimes one only happens1 sometimes two or more are concomitant4 ,sometimes the ,luctation begins presently upon mixture1 and sometimes not till after some intermission4 ,in some bodies1 it continues a great while2 in others1 is almost instantaneous3 ,examples of all which ,i shall now produce2 beginning with ,vegetables1 as affording the least variety4 #h4 4 ,and first1 if we take ,spirit or ,oyl of ,salt1 ,oyl of ,vitriol1 ,spirit of ,nitre1 or ,aqua fortis1 and pour them severally upon the several parts of ,vegetables1 as ,roots1 ,woods1 ,stones1 c4 we shall find1 that they are1 generally far less apt to make a ,luctation1 than either ,animal1 or subterraneal ,bodies4 ,whence1 as from one argument1 it seemeth evident1 ,that in most ,vegetables1 and in most of their parts1 the predominant ,salt is an ,acid4 ,but that1 on the contrary1 the predominant ,salt in most ,minerals1 and parts of ,animals1 is an ,alkaly3 in the former1 usually a fixed2 in the latter1 a volatile ,alkaly4 #i4 4 ,again1 although the ,luctation which most ,vegetables1 and most of their parts make with ,acids1 be but small1 yet some they make2 especially with some ,acids1 as with ,spirit of ,nitre and ,aqua fortis4 ,whence it seemeth plain1 ,that there is an ,alkaline ,salt existent in many ,vegetables1 even in their natural estate2 and that it is not made ,alkaline1 but only ,lixivial1 by the fire4 ,or1 there is some quantity of a ,salt1 call it what we will1 in the said ,bodies1 which is so far different from an ,acid1 as to make a ,luctation therewith4 ,but to give particular instances of the several proportions1 or manner of ,mixture1 wherein it appears to be in several ,plants4 #aj4 4 ,and first1 of all vegetable ,bodies1 ,date-stones are amongst the least apt to make a ,luctation with ,acids1 if they may be said to make any at all4 ,hence they are not so potent ,nephriticks1 as many other ,stones1 which make a more sensible ,luctation4 #aa4 4 ,ginger makes a small ,bullition with ,aqua fortis1 only observable by a ,glass4 ,hence the pungency of ,ginger lyeth in a sulphureous and volatile ,salt1 which yet is very little ,alkalizate4 #ab4 4 ,scurvygrass-seeds make a very small ,bullition with ,aqua fortis1 like that of ,ginger4 ,so doth also the ,seed of ,purslane4 ,hence1 although there is much more of a certain kind of volatile ,salt in ,ginger or ,scurvygrass1 than in ,purslane2 yet there is little more of an ,alkaly in any one1 than in an other4 #ac4 4 ,the ,pulp of ,colocynthis1 ,fruit-,stones1 the stony ,covers of the ,seeds of ,elder1 of white ,bryony1 of ,violets1 and others1 with ,aqua fortis make a ,bullition just perceivable without a ,glass4 ,hence it appears1 ,that the great ,cathartick power of ,colocynthis lieth not so much in an ,alkaly1 as an ,acid2 as making a much less ,bullition1 than some other vegetable ,bodies1 which are less ,cathartick4 ,for which reason likewise it is1 ,that the best ,correctors1 or ,refractors of the force of ,colocynthis1 are some kinds of ,alkalies1 as particularly that of ,urine1 as ,riverius hath somewhere observed4 #ad4 4 ,the ,root of ,pyrethrum1 with ,aqua fortis1 makes a ,bullition and huff1 in a short time4 ,hence1 the ,cause of a durable ,heat1 upon the ,tongue1 is an ,alkalizate ,sulphur4 ,for the ,heat of ,ginger1 though greater2 yet abideth nothing near so long as that of ,pyrethrum2 which1 as is said1 maketh also a more sensible ,bullition with ,acids4 #ae4 4 ,kermes-berries1 commonly1 but ignorantly1 so called1 with the said ,liquor1 huff up to an equal height1 but in a somewhat longer time4 ,hence they are gently astringent2 scil4 as their ,alkaly binds in with some preternatural ,acid in the stomach4 #af4 4 ,hawthorn-stones1 with ,aqua fortis1 huff up equally with the former ,body2 but the ,bullition is not so visible4 ,the life is also observable of ,medlar-stones4 ,hence1 as they contain a middle quantity of an ,alkaly1 they are not insignificantly used against the ,stone4 #ag4 4 ,seeds of ,staphisagria1 with ,aqua fortis1 make a ,bullition still more visible4 ,but it quickly ends4 ,this confirms what was said before1 sc4 ,that the cause of a durable ,heat is an ,alkaline ,sulphur2 these ,seeds producing a durable ,heat1 as doth the ,root of ,pyrethrum4 #ah4 4 ,the ,seeds also of red ,roses1 ,borage1 and ,comfrey do all with ,aqua fortis make a considerable ,bullition and huff2 and that very quickly4 ,so that amongst all ,shells and ,stones1 those generally make the greatest ,bullition1 which are the hardest and the brittlest1 and so the fullest of ,salt4 #ai4 4 ,euphorbium makes a ,bullition yet more considerable1 with much froth1 and very quickly4 ,from which ,experiment1 compared with two of the former1 it appears1 ,that ,euphorbium is not an ,acid1 but an ,alkaline ,gum4 ,as also1 that the cause of its so very durable ,heat1 is an alkaline ,sulphur1 as of ,pyrethrum and ,staphisagria hath been said4 ,it seems also hence evident1 that the power of all great ,sternutatories lyeth not in their ,acid1 but their ,alkalies4 #bj4 4 ,the ,arenul or little stones in ,pears1 cluster'd round about the ,coar1 with ,aqua fortis1 presently huff up1 and make a great ,bullition and ,effervescence1 much greater than do any of the ,bodies above-named4 ,whence1 although1 so far as ,i know1 they have never yet been used in ,medicine2 yet it is probable1 that they are a more potent and effectual ,nephritick1 than any of the ,bodies aforsaid1 some of which are usually prescribed4 ,it is hence also manifest1 ,that1 according to what ,i have elsewhere said1 ,anat4 of ,plants1 ,b4 #a4 ,ch4 #f4 for the sweetning of the ,fruit and ,seed1 the ,tartareous and ,alkaline parts of the ,sap1 are precipitated into their ,stones1 stony parts1 and ,shells4 #ba4 4 ,the last ,instance shall be in the shells of the ,seeds of ,milium ,solis2 which not only with ,aqua fortis1 but some other ,acids1 make a greater and quicker ,bullition and ,effervescence1 than any other vegetable ,body1 upon which ,i have yet made tryal1 in its natural estate4 ,hence1 as well as from divers of the last fore-going ,instances1 we have a clear confirmation of what ,i have1 towards the beginning of this ,discourse1 affected2 sc4 ,that there is some kind of ,alkaline ,salt in ,plants1 even in their natural estate4 ,as also1 that they are as significantly used against the ,stone1 quatenus alkalizate1 as ,millipedes1 ,egg-shells1 or any other testaceous ,bodies of the same strength4 ,to these ,i shall subjoyn one or two ,examples of ,vegetable ,bodies which are more or less altered from their natural estate4 #bb4 4 ,neither ,crystals of ,tartar1 nor ,tartar it self 7although they have some store of alkaline mixed with their acid parts7 make any ,effervescence with ,acids1 but only with ,alkalites1 as ,spirit of ,harts-,horn1 c4 ,hence the calculous sediment or ,arenul in ,urine1 may not so properly be called the ,tartareous part of the ,urine2 the events following the mixture hereof with the aforesaid ,salts1 being quite contrary2 as will be seen in the ,last ,chapter4 #bc4 4 ,spirit of ,scurvy-grass maketh no ,luctation with any ,acid4 ,hence 7as from a former ,experiment was above-noted7 it seems1 ,that there may be a kind of volatile ,salt1 which is neither acid1 nor alkaline2 such as this of ,scurvygrass and other like ,plants seems to be3 yet contrary to an acid2 as experience shews in their efficacy against the acid ,scurvy4 #bd4 4 ,rectified ,spirit of ,wine1 both with ,spirit of ,nitre1 and with ,oil of ,vitriol1 severally1 maketh a little ,luctation4 ,which argues1 that there is contained1 even in this ,spirit1 some portion of a volatile ,alkaly4 #be4 4 ,spirit of ,wine1 and double ,aqua fortis1 as the strongest is called1 make an effervescence so vehement1 as plainly to boil4 #bf4 4 ,besides the vehemency hereof1 there is another surprizing circumstance4 ,for whereas all other ,liquors which make an ,effervescence together1 will do it in any proportion assigned1 although but one drop to a thousand3 these two1 sc4 rectified ,spirit of ,wine and ,aqua fortis1 require a certain proportion the one to the other4 ,for if1 suppose1 into six drops of ,spirit of ,wine you put but two or three of ,aqua fortis1 they stir no more than if you put in so much ,water3 but drop in about seven or eight drops of ,aqua fortis1 and they presently boil up with very great vehemency4 ,hence we may conceive the reason of the sudden access of an acute ,disease1 and of its ,crisis4 ,these not beginning gradually with the ,cause2 but then1 when the ,cause is arrived unto such an 1 or such a certain ,proportion1 as is necessary to bring ,nature to the contest4 ,and these may serve for ,examples upon ,vegetables4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,what may be observed of ,,minerals4 ,,having given several ,instances of tryal upon ,vegetables2 ,i next proceed to ,minerals1 which1 for some orders sake1 ,i shall distribute into five or six sorts1 sc4 ,earths1 ,stones1 ,ores and ,metals1 ,sulphurs1 and ,salts4 #b4 4 ,first for ,earths4 ,oyl of ,vitriol upon ,fullers ,earth1 doth not stir it1 or cause the least ,bullition4 ,nor upon yellow ,oker4 ,nor upon the ,oker which falls from green ,vitriol4 ,the same ,oyl of ,vitriol and ,spirit of ,harts-,horn poured severally upon ,bolus ,armena of two kinds1 and upon one kind of ,terra sigillata1 stir none of them4 ,hence ,bolus's are the ,beds1 or as it were1 the ,materia prima1 both of opacous ,stones1 and ,metals2 into which the said ,bolus's are transmuted1 by being concentred with divers kinds of ,salts and ,sulphurs1 which successively flow in upon them4 #c4 4 ,aqua fortis1 and ,oyl of ,vitriol being poured severally upon another sealed ,earth1 which was vended by the name of ,terra ,lemnia2 they both made a very considerable ,effervescence herewith4 ,whence it appears1 ,that there is no small difference in the nature1 and therefore the operation of ,bolus ,armena and ,terra ,lemnia4 ,as also1 betwixt the sealed ,earths themselves1 one making a great ,effervescence1 another none at all4 ,whereto those that use them1 are to have regard4 #d4 4 ,next for ,stones4 ,and first1 ,irish ,slat1 with ,spirit of ,harts-horn1 maketh a small1 yet visible ,bullition3 and it presently ceaseth4 ,so that it seems to be nothing else but a ,vitriolick ,bole4 ,as is also argued from its taste1 which is plainly acid1 and somewhat rough4 ,whence also it is with good reason given upon any inward ,bruises4 ,because by coagulating the ,blood1 it prohibits its too copious afflux into the affected part4 ,yet being but gently astringent1 and so the ,coagulations it makes1 not great2 they are likewise well enough carried off from the same part in the ,circulation2 by both which means an ,inflammation may be either prevented1 or the better over-ruled4 #e4 4 ,lapis ,hmatites maketh no ,effervescence at all either with ,alkalies or ,acids4 #f4 4 ,powder of the green part of a ,magnet with ,oyl of ,vitriol maketh some few bubbles1 yet not visible without a ,glass4 ,but the powder of the black part of a ,magnet1 which is the said stone fully perfect1 stirreth not with any acid4 ,neither doth the calcined ,magnet4 ,hence there is some considerable difference betwixt ,iron and the ,magnet4 #g4 4 ,lapis ,lazuli1 with ,oil of ,vitriol1 and especially with ,spirit of ,nitre1 maketh a conspicuous ,bullition4 ,hence its ,cathartick virtue lyeth in an ,alkaly4 ,for which reason it is also appropriate1 in like manner as ,steel1 to the cure of ,hypochondriacal ,affections2 originated from some kind of fermenting ,acid4 #h4 4 ,osteocolla1 with ,spirit of ,nitre maketh yet a greater ,effervescence4 ,how it comes to be so great a knitter of broken ,bones1 as it is reputed1 is obscure4 ,it seemeth1 that upon its solution by a ,nitrous ,acid in the body2 it is precipitated upon the broken part1 and so becomes a kind of ,cement thereto4 #i4 4 ,lapis ,tuthi1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 maketh an ,effervescence much alike4 ,and with ,oyl of ,vitriol very considerably4 ,but ,lapis ,calaminaris with ,oyl of ,vitriol grows stark2 as the powder of ,alabaster doth with water4 ,with ,spirit of ,nitre it maketh a little ,bullition1 and quickly4 ,but with ,aqua fortis1 a great one2 beyond any of the ,stones above named4 ,hence both ,tutty and ,calamy are ,ophthalmicks from their ,alkaly4 ,which is also confirmed1 from the efficacy of some ,alkalies of the like use4 ,hence also ,calamy seemeth to partake somewhat of the nature of ,silver3 as by tryal made upon that also1 will hereafter better appear4 #aj4 4 ,chalk and ,oil of ,sulphur or ,vitriol make as strong an ,effervescence as any of the rest4 ,whence it is sometimes well used against a ,cardialgia4 #aa4 4 ,whiting makes as great an ,effervescence as ,chalk4 ,so that it seems the saline parts are not washed away with the water1 wherein the ,chalk1 for the making of ,whiting1 is dissolved4 #ab4 4 ,talk will not stir in the least either with ,spirit of ,nitre1 or ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,but the ,lead-,spar maketh a considerable ,effervescence with both of them severally4 ,hence1 however this be also called ,english ,talk1 yet there is no small difference betwixt this1 and true ,talk4 #ac4 4 ,to these ,stones may be added petrified bodies4 ,as petrified wood2 which 7that upon which ,i made tryal7 no acid stirreth in the least4 ,petrified shells2 upon four or five several sorts whereof1 ,oyl of ,vitriol being poured1 produceth a great ,effervescence4 ,the ,root or rougher part of the stone called ,glossopetra1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a conspicuous ,bullition4 ,asteria1 the ,stone so called1 and found in some places in ,england1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 maketh an ,effervescence at the same degree4 ,so doth the ,belemnites1 or ,thunder-,stone1 both the larger and the lesser kinds4 ,so that none of these are acid1 or vitriolick1 but alkalizate ,stones4 #ad4 4 ,coraline1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 makes a conspicuous ,bullition1 yet mild and gentle2 that is1 with very little1 if any heat1 and without any visible ,fumes4 ,and red and white ,coral do the like4 ,hence they are all of a very gentle operation1 and fit for ,children1 as the case requires4 #ae4 4 ,magistery of ,coral 7prepared the ordinary way7 stirreth not in the least1 either with ,alkalies or ,acids4 ,whence it is evident1 ,that its active ,principles are in its preparation destroyed and washed away3 that is to say1 ,it is an elaborate ,medicine good for nothing4 ,and thus far of ,stones4 #af4 4 ,i next come to ,metals and ,ores4 ,and first for ,lead2 upon which ,spirit of ,salt1 ,spirit of ,nitre1 or ,aqua fortis being dropped1 it stirreth not in the least with any of them3 but with ,oyl of ,sulphur1 and especially with ,oyl of ,vitriol it maketh a slow ,bullition and froth4 ,hence it seemeth to be the most alkalizate ,metal4 ,which is also confirmed by a foregoing ,experiment upon the ,lead-,spar1 which maketh a considerable ,effervescence with any sort of acid4 ,and which likewise1 being calcined1 yieldeth a good quantity of ,lixivial ,salt4 #ag4 4 ,lead-,ore stirreth not at all with ,aqua fortis or ,oil of ,vitriol4 ,but ,spirit of ,salt makes it bubble1 and ,spirit of ,nitre makes it boil4 ,hence there is a considerable difference betwixt the perfect ,metal and the ,ore4 #ah4 4 ,burnt ,lead and red ,lead1 make a very small ,bullition with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 with ,spirit of ,nitre a far greater4 #ai4 4 ,mercury1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 will not stir1 nor with ,oyl of ,sulphur4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre presently boyls up4 ,hence ,mercury is a subacid ,metal2 ,spirit of ,nitre being a subalkaline ,acid4 #bj4 4 ,the filings of ,iron or ,steel1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 make a fair ,bullition1 like that of ,minium4 ,but ,spirit of ,nitre makes them boil with much celerity4 ,hence ,iron is likewise a subacid ,metal4 #ba4 4 ,steel prepared with ,sulphur maketh a far less ,effervescence with the same ,spirit of ,nitre1 than do the filings4 ,hence there is a great difference in their strength4 ,so that ten grains of the filings unprepared1 will go as far as fifteen grains or more of those which are prepared1 as above-said4 ,yet in some cases the weaker and milder may be the better4 #bb4 4 ,there is one ,circumstance in the mixture of ,steel and ,aqua fortis1 which is surprizing2 and that is this1 ,that strong ,aqua fortis1 dropped upon ,steel1 will not1 of it self1 make the least ,bullition3 but if hereto you only add a drop or two of ,water1 they presently boil up with very great vehemency4 ,the ,cause is obscure2 yet it is well known1 that ,water it self will dissolve ,iron3 so that it appears1 as well by this1 as by some other ,experiments1 that even in common ,water1 as mild as it is1 there is some kind of corrosive ,principle4 #bc4 4 ,antimony with ,spirit of ,nitre1 and ,aqua fortis severally1 maketh an ,effervescence2 somewhat lower than ,iron4 ,with ,oil of ,vitriol the ,bullition is so small1 as difficulty to be perceived with a ,glass4 ,hence it seemeth to be of a very compounded nature2 if ,i may so call it1 a subacid-alkaline ,metal4 #bd4 4 ,antimonium ,diaphoreticum1 with ,spirit of ,nitre and ,oil of ,vitriol severally1 makes a considerable ,effervescence4 ,wherefore it is not an useless ,preparation2 as from the ,calcination and ,ablution used therein1 some have thought4 #be4 4 ,bezoardicum ,minerale1 7that upon which ,i made tryal7 stirreth not at all either with ,alkalies or ,acids4 ,to which1 let those who make use of it1 have regard4 #bf4 4 ,tin1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes so hot and vehement an ,effervescence1 that it turns presently1 as it were1 into a ,coal4 ,it makes also a fair ,bullition with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,and a gentle one with ,spirit of ,salt4 ,wherefore1 it hath something of the nature both of ,iron1 ,lead1 and ,copper4 #bg4 4 ,the like remarkable circumstance is seen in the mixture of ,aqua fortis with ,tin1 as with ,iron4 ,for ,tin and strong ,aqua fortis of themselves will not stir2 but add a few drops of water to them1 and they boyl up with the greatest vehemency4 #bh4 4 ,copper1 with ,spirit of ,salt1 and ,oyl of ,vitriol severally1 stirs not at all4 ,spirit of ,nitre1 and ,aqua fortis1 both boil it up vehemently4 ,neither ,spirit of ,harts-horn1 nor spirit of ,salt ,armoniac maketh any ,bullition therewith4 ,but both of them1 by a gentle solution1 that is1 gently separating its ,sulphur from its ,salts1 turn it blue4 ,hence ,copper hath a greater proportion of acid than any of the forementioned ,metals4 #bi4 4 ,silver1 neither with ,spirit of ,salt1 nor ,oyl of ,vitriol makes any ,bullition4 ,with ,spirit of ,nitre it makes one1 but 'tis soon over3 and then continues to dissolve slowly into white ,coagulations4 ,it also maketh with ,spirit of ,harts-horn1 or of ,salt ,armoniac1 a full and deep blue4 ,hence there is a greater proportion of acid in ,silver1 than in ,lead1 ,mercury1 ,iron1 ,antimony1 ,tin1 or ,copper4 #cj4 4 ,litharge of ,silver maketh the greatest ,effervescence with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,yet some with ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,and with ,spirit of ,salt ,armoniac maketh some little huff or elevation4 ,and being mixed with ,spirit of ,nitre and ,spirit of ,salt ,armoniac both together1 produceth a faint blue4 ,hence1 although the far greater part of this ,litharge be but ,lead2 yet1 it seems1 it hath some small mixture of ,silver4 ,but that of ,gold seemeth1 for contrary reasons1 not to have any ,gold4 #ca4 4 ,gold maketh no ,effervescence with any single ,salt ,i know of4 ,but it is commonly dissolved with ,aqua ,regis1 which is known to be an alkaline ,liquor4 ,whence it seemeth1 ,that as ,lead is the most alkalizate1 so ,gold the most acid of ,metals4 #cb4 4 ,these things considered1 and other observations added hereunto1 may possibly give some directions1 not only for the ordering and using1 but even for the making1 imitating and transmuting of ,metals4 ,thus far of ,metals4 #cc4 4 ,i will next give one or two ,instances of tryal upon ,sulphurs4 ,and first ,sulphur vive1 with ,aqua fortis1 maketh an apparent ,bullition1 but it is some time1 before it begins4 ,but the factitious or common ,brimstone1 maketh scarce any1 if any at all4 ,so that there is no small difference betwixt them4 #cd4 4 ,white and yellow ,arsenick make no ,bullition either with ,alkalies or ,acids4 ,wherefore the strength of its operation on the ,body1 lies more in a ,sulphur than a ,salt2 or in a ,salt drowned in its ,sulphur4 #ce4 4 ,the ashes either of ,pit-,coal1 or ,sea-,coal1 make no ,effervescence with ,alkalies or ,acids4 ,whence the saline ,principle is altogether volatile1 and sublimed away by the fire4 #cf4 4 ,lastly for ,salts4 ,and first of all1 ,borax maketh no ,effervescence nor any ,fumes with ,oyl of ,vitriol or ,spirit of ,nitre4 #cg4 4 ,oyl of ,vitriol and ,nitre make fumes or steams1 though no ,effervescence4 #ch4 4 ,green ,vitriol1 with ,spirit of ,harts-,horn1 is scarcely moved4 ,white ,vitriol1 with the same ,spirit1 maketh a conspicuous huff4 ,and ,roman ,vitriol a vehement ,effervescence4 ,whence the former is the least acid1 and the latter the most of all4 ,which also confirms what ,i said before of the like natures of the several ,metals to which they belong4 #ci4 4 ,salt of ,vitriol1 though a fixed ,salt1 and made by ,calcination1 yet maketh no ,effervescence with the strongest acid2 but only with ,alkalies2 as may be seen upon their mixture1 but much better heard by holding the mixture to ones ear4 ,hence1 there are fixed ,acids4 ,which further confirms what ,i have above asserted concerning the nature of ,gold1 sc4 ,that the predominant ,salt thereof is a fixed ,acid4 #dj4 4 ,sal ,martis1 with ,spirit of ,harts-horn1 maketh a considerable huff4 ,hence it is much more acid than green ,vitriol2 and is therefore a cooler body4 #da4 4 ,alum and ,spirit of ,harts-horn make a plain ,effervescence4 #db4 4 ,saccharum ,saturni1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 stirs not at all4 ,with ,spirit of ,salt1 huffs a little4 ,with ,spirit of ,nitre much more4 ,hence the acid of the ,vinegar1 and not the ,alkaly of the ,lead1 is the predominant ,principle4 #dc4 4 ,common ,salt stirs neither with ,spirit of ,salt1 nor with ,spirit of ,nitre2 nor with ,aqua fortis4 ,but with ,oyl of ,vitriol it maketh a great ,effervescence with noise and steams4 ,hence1 even common ,salt1 though it be not reckoned amongst alkaline ,salts1 yet is far nearer in nature to that1 than to an acid4 ,hence also the ,spirit of ,salt is a subalkaline ,acid1 and of a very different nature from ,oyl of ,sulphur or ,vitriol4 #dd4 4 ,salt ,armoniac1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 stirreth not4 ,but with ,oyl of ,vitriol it maketh a great ,effervescence4 ,hence ,spirit of ,nitre is a subalkalizate ,spirit4 #de4 4 ,oyl of ,vitriol and ,spirit of ,nitre1 though both acids1 yet make a great smoak2 greater than that which the ,spirit maketh of it self4 ,which confirms the last precedent ,corollary4 #df4 4 ,oyl of ,vitriol and ,spirit of ,salt1 though both acids1 yet make a strong ,effervescence1 with noise and fumes4 ,which further confirms1 what was noted before1 sc4 that ,spirit of ,salt is a subalkaline ,acid4 #dg4 4 ,spirit of ,salt ,armoniac1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 makes an ,effervescence so extraordinary quick1 and as it were instantaneous1 that nothing seemeth quicker4 ,whence it is probable1 ,that if ,gun-powder were made of ,salt ,armoniac1 instead of ,nitre1 or with both mixed together2 it would be far stronger1 than any kind now in use4 ,and thus far for ,minerals4 #dh4 4 ,i have only one ,corollary to add1 from the whole2 which is1 ,that whoever doth undertake the ,natural ,history of a ,country1 7such as that the ,learned ,dr4 ,plot hath exceedingly well done of ,oxfordshire7 the foregoing ,method1 seemeth so easie1 cheap1 and indeceitful1 for the finding out and well distinguishing the natures of all kinds of ,metalls1 ,ores1 ,salts1 ,earths1 ,stones1 or other subterraneal ,bodies2 as cannot1 ,i think1 be supply'd1 but by others of greater difficulty and expence4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,what may be observed of the ,,parts of ,animals4 ,i ,,now proceed to the several ,parts of ,animals2 as ,hairs1 ,hoofs1 ,horns1 ,shells and shelly ,insects1 ,bones1 ,flesh and the several ,viscera1 ,silk1 ,blood1 ,eggs1 ,musk1 ,castor1 ,gall1 ,urine1 ,dungs1 ,salts and ,stones4 #b4 4 ,and first of all1 the ,hair of a mans head1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 maketh no ,bullition at all4 ,nor yet with ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,so that although it contains a good deal of volatile ,salt2 yet it seemeth either not to be alkaline1 or else is centred in so great a quantity of ,oyl1 that the acid menstruum cannot reach it4 #c4 ,hares ,fur1 with spirit of ,nitre1 maketh1 although a short1 yet very plain ,bullition and huff4 ,hence the ,hair1 and therefore the ,blood1 of some ,animals1 is fuller of ,salt1 at least of an ,alkaline ,salt1 than that of some others4 ,and perhaps the ,hair of some men1 as of ,black's1 may be so full of ,salt1 as to make a ,bullition like ,hares ,fur4 #d4 4 ,the shavings of ,nails stir not at all1 either with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 or ,spirit of ,nitre3 only with the latter they turn yellow4 ,but ,elks ,claws1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 make a small and slow ,bullition4 #e4 4 ,horses ,hoof1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 stirs not of many hours4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre1 allowing it some time1 makes a very plain ,bullition1 and huffs up very high4 #f4 4 ,cows ,horn1 neither with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 nor with ,spirit of ,nitre1 maketh any ,bullition1 only turneth a yellow colour4 #g4 4 ,rams ,horn stirs not with ,oyl of ,vitriol2 but with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a small and slow ,bullition4 #h4 4 ,harts-,horn makes a considerable ,bullition and huff1 even with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 which the rest of the ,bodies abovesaid1 will not do4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre1 it makes yet a greater4 ,from the foregoing ,experiments1 and almost all that follow1 what is before asserted of the ,salts of ,vegetables and ,minerals1 is here also evident concerning that of ,animals1 scil4 ,that it is not made1 but only separated by the fire4 ,it likewise hence appears1 ,that the proportion of ,salt in the forementioned parts is very different2 and that therefore some of them are never1 and none of them but with good discretion1 to be substituted one for another in ,medicine4 ,as also1 that there is a different proportion of ,salt in the several ,animals themselves1 to which the said ,parts belong4 #i4 4 ,next for shells2 as those of ,lobsters1 ,eggs1 ,snails and ,oisters3 all which make an ,effervescence1 both with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre the greatest4 ,lobster-shells make a considerable ,bullition and huff1 but no noise nor steams4 ,egg-shells make a ,bullition and huff1 with some noise1 but no steams4 ,snail-shells make an ,effervescence with noise and steams4 ,oyster-shells make one with the gratest noise and thickest steams4 ,hence we may judge1 in what case to administer one more appositely than another4 ,as also in what proportion1 according to their different strength4 ,some may be better for ,children1 as being milder4 ,or for a ,body whose very sharp ,blood or other ,humors1 are more easily kindled into ,ferments4 ,or else may be safest1 to avoid a sudden precipitation of the ,humors2 or for some other cause4 #aj4 4 ,oyster-shells1 and the rest above-said1 make a quicker ,effervescence1 not only with ,spirit of ,nitre1 but even with ,spirit of ,salt1 than they do with ,oyl of ,sulphur1 or ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,so that these bodies1 as well as ,metals1 have their proper ,menstruums whereby they are be dissolved4 #aa4 4 ,egg-shells calcined1 make with ,oyl of ,sulphur1 or ,oyl of ,vitriol1 or ,spirit of ,nitre1 a greater ,effervescence1 than when uncalcined4 ,as also with steams1 which uncalcined1 they produce not4 ,the like is seen in calcined ,oyster-shells4 ,and the longer the ,calcination is continued1 the quicker and stronger will be the ,effervescence4 ,this ,i tryed at several terms1 from a quarter of an hour1 to five hours4 ,so that after so long a ,calcination1 they make an ,effervescence almost instantaneous4 ,the reason hereof is1 ,because the several ,principles whereof the ,shells consist1 being relaxed1 and the ,sulphur for the greatest part1 driven away by the fire2 the remaining ,salt lies now more open and naked to the attaque of the ,menstruum1 so soon as ever they are mixed together4 ,from hence it is plain1 ,that ,egg-shells1 and the others above-said1 being burnt1 are far stronger ,medicines1 than when unburnt4 ,it is hereby likewise evident1 ,that a great portion of their ,salt1 is not a volatile1 but a fixed ,alkaly4 ,to these may be subjoyned all kinds of shelly ,insects4 ,i will instance in three or four4 #ab4 4 ,and first ,bees1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 stir not in the least4 ,with ,spirit of ,nitre they make an exceeding small ,bullition1 without any elevation4 #ac4 4 ,cochinele 7the ,nest of an ,insect7 makes some ,bullition with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 but very small3 for the bubbles are not to be seen without a ,glass4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre the ,bullition is more visible1 and joyned with some elevation4 #ad4 4 ,cantharides make no visible ,bullition with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre they do1 and huff up rather more than ,cochinele4 ,yet is this done very slowly1 and comparatively with many other bodies1 is not much4 ,hence it is not the quantity1 but the quality of their volatile ,salt1 which makes them so strong an ,epispastick4 ,for most of those ,bodies above1 and hereafter named1 make a greater ,bullition1 and yet are neither ,caustick nor ,epispastick in the least4 ,it is hence also evident1 as hath been before suggested1 ,that there are divers kinds of ,volatile ,salts1 eminently different2 some being highly alkaline1 others very little1 and some scarce any thing so3 such as those of ,scurvy-grass1 ,anemone1 ,crowfoot1 and many the like ,plants2 to whose ,salts1 this of ,cantharides seemeth to be very near of kin4 #ae4 4 ,millepedes make a ,bullition and huff1 much greater and quicker1 than any of the ,insects above-named3 and that both with ,spirit of ,nitre1 and ,oyl of ,vitriol it self4 ,yet is this ,insect of a very temperate nature4 ,whereby is further demonstrated1 ,that the being simply alkaline1 is not enough to make a body to be ,caustick4 #af4 4 ,again1 although ,millepedes make a ,bullition1 greater than any of the ,insects above named3 yet is it much less1 than that of ,oyster1 ,snail1 or even ,egg-shells2 and of divers other bodies above1 and hereafter mentioned4 ,hence1 being given to the same intent1 as any of those bodies2 it is the mildest and gentlest in its operation of them all4 #ag4 4 ,millepedes likewise calcined1 makes a stronger ,effervescence1 than when uncalcined1 as do the ,oyster-shells1 c4 ,so that it appears1 ,that all ,testaceous ,salts1 are at least in part1 fixed ,salts4 #ah4 4 ,i next proceed to ,bones4 ,and first ,whale-bone maketh no ,bullition at all with any acid4 ,a ,cartilage1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes some very small bubbles1 not to be seen without a ,glass4 #ai4 4 ,the ,bone in the ,throat of a ,carp1 makes a little and slow ,bullition with ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,the ,spina of a ,fish 7that which ,i used was of a ,cod-fish7 maketh a ,bullition one degree higher4 #bj4 4 ,all sorts of ,teeth1 as ,dogs1 ,boars1 the ,sea-horse1 ,elephant1 make the like4 ,as also the ,bone of an ,oxes heart4 ,so that all these are very gentle in their operation1 and fit for ,children4 #ba4 4 ,sheeps and ,calves ,bones both of them make a ,bullition yet a little higher1 especially with ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,cocks ,bones somewhat higher than the former4 ,cranium humanum a little higher than all the rest4 #bb4 4 ,bones likewise1 being calcined1 make a ,bullition with ,acids4 ,and so doth also calcined ,harts-,horn4 ,but in neither of them1 is the ,bullition advanced by ,calcination1 any thing comparable to what it is in shells4 ,whence it appears1 ,that the ,salt of ,horns and ,bones1 is much more volatile1 than that of ,shells4 #bc4 4 ,next for ,flesh and the several ,viscera4 ,and first1 dryed and powdered ,mutton1 with ,oil of ,vitriol1 stirs not at all4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre makes a small ,bullition and huff4 ,sheeps ,heart doth the like somewhat more apparently4 ,vipers flesh produceth a froth1 but huffs not1 ,powdered ,earthsworms make a great froth1 and huff a little4 ,powdered ,tripe makes only a little ,bullition4 ,lamb-stones do the like4 ,kidney1 ,spleen1 and ,liver1 with some elevation4 ,lungs1 with bubbles very large2 because extraordinary slowly4 ,dryed ,brain makes also a little and slow ,bullition4 ,hence there is a greater proportion of ,sulphur or ,oyl1 and less of an ,alkaly in all these parts1 than there is in ,bones1 ,shells1 and divers other parts hereafter mentioned4 ,and in some of them1 as in the ,brain1 that ,alkaline ,salt which there is1 may rather be lodged in some sanguineous parts mixed with them1 than in their own proper substance4 #bd4 4 ,i proceed to instance in all sorts of ,animal ,contents4 ,and first1 raw ,silk1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a very small ,bullition1 but the elevation is considerable4 #be4 4 ,the grumous part of the ,blood dryed1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 stirs but little4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre it huffs up considerably4 #bf4 4 ,serum of ,blood dryed1 with the same ,spirit makes a plain elevation1 with a little ,bullition4 ,herewith may be reckoned the ,white of an ,egg1 which is nothing but a pure ,crystlalline ,serum separated from the common stock4 ,this being dryed1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 huffs up rather more than even the grumous part of the ,blood1 the ,bubbles are much larger1 break oftner1 and the elevation sooner made4 ,whence it seemeth1 that there is a greater quantity of a volatile ,alkaly in proportion to the ,sulphur1 requisite to the ,generation1 than to the ,nutrition of an ,animal4 #bg4 4 ,the ,yelk of an ,egg is scarce moved with spirit of ,nitre1 producing only a very few ,bubbles4 ,the ,salt being either little alkalizate1 or else immersed in so great a quantity of ,oyl1 that the ,menstruum cannot reach it4 ,for the same reason ,sperma ,ceti stirs not with any ,acid4 ,neither doth ,civet4 #bh4 4 ,russian ,castor1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 stirs not4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre makes a considerable huff and froth4 ,yet it requires time4 ,wherefore it seemeth1 ,that ,castor by virtue of its alkaline sulphur1 becomes so good a ,corrector of the acid-alkaline sulphur of ,opium2 so ,i take leave to call it1 having some reasons to believe it such4 #bi4 4 ,musk1 with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 stirs not4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre it makes a considerable and quick ,bullition1 with large bubbles1 which often break and rise again4 ,whence there is a very eminent difference betwixt ,musk and ,civet4 ,hence also1 ,musk is ,cordial1 not only from its ,sulphur1 but its ,alkaly2 by both directly opposite to preternatural ,acidities4 #cj4 4 ,dryed ,gall with ,spirit of ,nitre1 for some time1 is still3 but at length it makes a considerable ,bullition and froth4 ,the reason why it is so long before it begins1 is because the ,salt1 7as was observed of some other ,parts7 is locked up in so great a quantity of ,oyl4 ,the abundance whereof is manifest1 not only from ,destillation1 but also from hence1 ,in that the dryed ,powder1 in lying by1 incorporateth all together into one body1 as ,mirrh1 and some other softer and oily ,gums are used to do4 #ca4 4 ,extract of ,urine1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a ,bullition with some ,effervescence1 which continues for a considerable time2 and at last it huffs up with great bubbles4 ,the ,bullition begins presently3 the ,salt being copious1 and the ,oyl but little4 #cb4 4 ,the same ,extract of ,urine makes a considerable ,bullition and froth1 not only with ,spirit of ,nitre1 but even with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,hence the ,salt of ,urine is more alkaline than that in most of the afore-said ,contents4 ,from this and some of the following ,experiments1 it also appears1 ,that the ,salt which concurs to the generation of ,gravel or of a ,stone in the ,kidneys or ,bladder1 is of a very different nature from the ,salt of ,urine4 #cc4 4 ,next for ,dungs4 ,and first1 dryed ,goats-dung makes with ,spirit of ,nitre1 a small ,bullition1 but no elevation4 ,that of ,mice the like4 ,and that of ,cows4 ,so that of all ,i have tryed1 these three stir the least4 #cd4 4 ,goose-dung1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a very small ,bullition and some elevation4 ,but it requires time4 ,oyl of ,vitriol stirs it not4 #ce4 4 ,album ,grcum1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 besides innumerable small bubbles1 rises up with some great ones1 exactly resembling the huffing up of ,yest or ,barm4 ,also with ,oyl of ,vitriol it maketh some little froth1 but slowly4 ,so that it should seem1 that the ,bones are a little opened by some acid ,menstruum in the ,dogs stomach 7as the body of ,steel is in its preparation with ,sulphur7 whereby it becomes a good mild ,topick in ,quinzies4 #cf4 4 ,hens dung1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a very great bullition and huff3 greater and quicker1 than any of the rest above-named4 #cg4 4 ,but of all ,i have tryed1 ,pigeons dung1 with the same ,spirit1 maketh the greatest and the quickest ,effervescence and huff2 and that not without steams4 ,yet neither the same ,dung1 nor that of ,hens1 is moved in the least with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,the ,cause of so great an ,effervescence in these1 more than in the rest1 is that white part which is here mixed in a great quantity with the ,dung4 ,which white part1 descendeth not from the ,stomach1 but is an ,excrement separated from the ,blood 7as the ,urine in other ,animals7 by a peculiar ,organ1 which evacuates it into the ,intestinum rectum2 whence1 together with the ,stercus it is excluded4 ,hence it is evident1 ,that in the said white part of ,hens1 and especially ,pigeons dung1 is contained a great quantity of a volatile ,alkaly4 #ch4 4 ,i proceed to ,salts4 ,and first ,salt of ,blood and ,urine both make a more durable ,effervescence with ,acids1 than doth ,salt of ,wormwood1 or ,salt of ,fern4 ,hence the former are more alkaline1 than the latter4 #ci4 4 ,again1 though divers other ,animal ,salts will not stir with ,spirit of ,salt1 or with ,oyl of ,sulphur or ,vitriol2 yet the ,salt of ,blood will make an ,effervescence with all kinds of ,acids4 ,whence it is further argued to be highly alkaline1 and very proper for the correction1 of all sorts of preternatural ,acids in the body4 ,there is little doubt1 but that ,spirit of ,harts-horn will do the like4 #dj4 4 ,the ,gravel which is precipitated out of ,urine2 with ,oyl of ,vitriol makes no bullition in the least4 ,nor with strong ,spirit of ,salt4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre1 it makes a very great one1 with ,effervescence and steams4 ,from hence it appears1 ,that there is much difference to be made in the use of acid ,diureticks1 ,nephriticks1 c4 #da4 4 ,and that ,i may not altogether omit to mention1 what may be so much for the good of mankind1 ,i do here declare1 ,that for preventing 7,i say not1 the breaking1 but preventing7 the generation of the ,stone1 either in the ,kidneys1 or in the ,bladder1 there are not better ,medicines in the world1 than some certain ,preparations of ,nitre1 duly administred4 ,whoever shall think that any kind of acid1 as ,oyl of ,sulphur1 ,oyl of ,vitriol1 ,spirit of ,salt1 or the like1 will have the same effects1 will find themselves much deceived in their practice4 #db4 4 ,i conclude with ,stones4 ,and first1 ,spirit of ,nitre droped upon a ,stone of the ,kidneys or ,bladder1 produceth the very same effect1 as upon the ,gravel in ,urine4 ,that is to say1 it makes it boil and huff up1 until at length it is perfectly dissolved into a soft ,pulp2 which neither ,oyl of ,sulphur1 nor ,oyl of ,vitriol1 nor ,spirit of ,salt will do2 nor give the least touch towards its dissolution4 ,this confirms what said before of the use of ,nitre and ,nitrous ,spirits1 if duly prepared and administred1 above any other ,acids1 against the breeding of the ,stone4 #dc4 4 ,pearls1 with any ,acid1 make the like ,effervescence1 as do ,oyster-shells4 ,but ,magistery of ,pearls1 as usually prepared1 stirs not at all1 with any ,alkaly or ,acid4 ,so that as to the effect frequently intended by it1 it is very insignificant2 as of that of ,corals hath been said4 #dd4 4 ,crabs ,eyes1 with any ,acid1 make an ,effervescence1 almost as quick as that of ,oyster-shells4 #de4 4 ,crabs ,eyes likewise calcined1 make a stronger ,effervescence1 than when uncalcined4 ,so that these1 as well as ,shells1 contain a fixed ,alkaly4 #df4 4 ,the ,stones in ,whitings heads make a strong ,effervescence like that of ,oyster-shells4 #dg4 4 ,stone of humane ,gall1 ,stirs not with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 ,but with ,spirit of ,nitre maketh a little bullition just upon mixing1 and after a considerable time1 a little froth4 ,much less than what was observed before of the ,gall it self4 ,so that it seemeth to be generated of the ,gall coagulated by some ,acid1 which hath already refracted the ,alkaly wherewith the ,gall abounds4 ,this confirms the use of those ,medicines in the ,jaundies1 or any other bordering ,disease1 which destroys those ,acidities by which the ,gall is curdled or coagulated1 and so rendred more difficulty separable into the ,guts4 #dh4 4 ,since the first publishing of these ,observations1 ,mr4 ,william ,matthews an ,apothecary in ,ledbury1 sent me part1 as ,i take it1 of a ,stomach-stone1 as big as a ,wallnut of the largest ,size1 voided by a woman about #hb years of age1 sometime after an ,autumn ,fever4 ,it consisteth of the same ,stri1 as the ,bezoar ,stone2 and maketh some ,bullition with ,spirit of ,nitre4 #di4 4 ,bezoar1 neither the ,western nor the ,eastern1 doth stir at all with ,oyl of ,vitriol4 #ej4 4 ,western ,bezoar1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 makes a very little thin froth1 and that's all2 and that it doth very slowly4 ,but ,oriental ,bezoar1 with ,spirit of ,nitre1 after some time1 maketh a very great ,effervescence1 froth1 elevation1 noise1 and steams 7as if you poured ,oyl of ,vitriol upon ,salt of ,tartar7 till it be wholly dissolved by the affused ,spirit1 and turned into almost a blood-red4 ,hence it may seem to be no mean ,remedy against such fretting and venenate acids1 as oftentimes in ,fevers1 and other ,distempers1 lye about the ,stomach1 and are thence frequently translated to the ,heart1 ,brain1 ,nerves1 and other parts4 ,the difference likewise betwixt the ,western and the ,eastern ,bezoar1 is so great1 that in any case of danger1 and where the ,bezoar is relyed upon1 it is an unpardonable fault1 for the ,apothecary1 or any ,person1 to substitute the one for the other3 unless he will take ten times as much1 or ten times as little of the one1 as he would have done of the other3 if that will serve turn4 #ea4 4 ,the ,stones already mentioned1 7except the great ,stomach-stone7 are ordinarily generated in the bodies of ,animals4 ,i have one ,instance more of some other ,stones which are extraordinary4 ,in the ,city of ,hereford lives a ,maid1 who often voids these ,stones1 and in the space of some years last past1 hath voided several pounds1 of several ,colours and ,sizes1 not only per vias urinarias1 but also by vomit1 and by stool4 ,the first mention made to me of them1 was by ,mr4 ,diggs1 a worthy ,gentleman of that ,city1 as a thing that was there much wondred at4 ,and some of them1 upon my desire1 were sent me by ,mr4 ,wellington1 an ,apothecary in the same place4 ,i have tryed what several acid ,menstruums will work upon them2 and find1 ,that with ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and especially with ,spirit of ,nitre the great ones make a very quick and conspicuous ,effervescence4 ,but the small ones1 neither the white1 nor the grey1 make any ,bullition in the least3 for in truth1 they are no other but little ,pebbles and ,grit-stones4 #eb4 4 ,this being considerd1 and the various colours and mixture of any one of the great ,stones1 being well observed2 it seemeth plain1 ,that although she be somewhat old 7above thirty years7 yet may she have a kind of 1 or diseased ,appetite to ,stones1 ,bones1 ,wood-ashes1 ,tobacco-,pipes1 ,chalk1 and such like things2 which sometimes swallowing in little lumps1 sometimes grosly1 or finely ground betwixt her teeth2 they are in her ,stomach and ,bowels1 more or fewer of them1 cemented together1 either with a pituitous1 bilious1 or some other more or less glutinous substance4 ,and that by virtue also of the said ,cement1 or any of the said1 or other like alkalizate ,bodies1 the greater ,stones1 which consist of those partly1 do make an ,effervescence with acid ,liquors4 ,thus far of ,instances upon the parts of ,animals4 ,i shall close with some ,corollaries deduced from the whole4 #ec4 4 ,and first1 since we find1 that amongst all the ,menstruums we have made use of1 ,spirit of ,nitre1 or any very ,nitrous ,spirit1 is the most universal dissolver of all kinds of ,animal ,bodies2 the best dissolver of many others both ,vegetable and ,mineral1 and the only dissolver of some3 ,hence it is probable1 ,that the great stomachick ,menstruum1 which either dissolves1 or opens almost all ,bodies which come into the ,stomach1 is a kind of ,nitrous ,spirit4 #ed4 4 ,again1 ,spirit of ,nitre being a subalkaline ,acid1 and working more evidently upon ,animal bodies1 than other simpler ,acids do1 which yet are as strong2 ,it hence follows1 ,that most of the ,salts of ,animals are subacid ,alkalies4 ,how far this conclusion may further instruct us1 ,i shall have occasion to shew in another ,discourse4 #ee4 4 ,lastly1 there being so many1 say twenty or thirty degrees1 from the slowest to the most vehement1 in the ,bullition of mixed ,bodies2 it seemeth1 ,that ,fermentation it self1 as to the formal notion of it1 is nothing else3 or that from the common ,luctation of mixed ,bodies whereof we have now been speaking1 it differs not in specie1 but only in the manner of its causation1 and in degree3 the ,aer1 or some certain ,menstruum lodged therein1 being of no greater strength1 than to produce a ,bullition or ,luctation of that low and soft degree1 which we call ,fermentation4 #ef4 4 ,i have thus endeavoured to prove1 by various ,instances1 how instructive this most easie1 plain and simple ,method in the ,mixture of ,bodies1 may become to us3 and that meerly by observing the ,luctations which thence arise betwixt them4 ,how much more then1 if a diligent remarque be made of all those various ,colours1 ,smells1 ,tastes1 ,consistencies1 and other ,mutations thereupon emergent8 ,,an ,,essay ,,of ,,the ,various ,proportions ,wherein the ,,lixivial ,,salt ,is found in ,,plants4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,march1 #afgf4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,quantities afforded by several ,plants calcined in gross4 ,,it is the part of a ,physician1 knowingly and artificially to use and govern ,nature4 ,and therefore by every likely ,method1 to inspect the ,state and ,properties of all sorts of ,bodies4 ,one ,method1 is that ,i have taken in the foregoing ,experiments2 sc4 by mixing them with several ,menstruums or ,liquors3 whereby we may be assisted to judge1 both of the ,kinds and the ,proportions of ,principles in any ,body2 and of the manner of their ,mixture in the same4 ,another is by ,calcining them2 or1 as it were1 by mixing them with the ,fire1 a potent and almost universal ,menstruum4 ,i shall here only set down some ,tryals for an ,essay1 upon ,plants2 chiefly noting1 ,the different ,proportions of their ,lixivial ,salts4 ,of these ,tryals1 some were made upon the whole ,plant1 or some ,portion of it wherein several ,parts are mixed together3 ,and others1 upon some one ,part of a ,plant distinct from the rest4 ,all of them answering to such ,queries1 as may seem proper to be proposed4 ,query #a4 ,as first1 ,whether ,trees or ,herbs and ,bushes1 quantity for quantity cteris paribus1 yield the most ,lixivial ,salt8 ,for this ,i took ,ash-,barque and ,rosemary of each j4 ,the latter yielded #e ,scruples2 the former but #cb ,grains2 which is three times less4 ,i took also the same quantity of the ,barque of ,black-,thorn1 and of ,agrimony4 ,the latter yielded #e ,scruples and #f ,grains2 the former1 not above #a ,scruple and #e ,grains2 which is four times less4 ,although the ,barque of a ,tree be compounded of ,pithy and ,lignous ,parts2 yet to answer the ,query exactly1 the ,wood of these ,trees should be taken with the ,barque1 that there may be some portion of every ,part of the ,tree1 as well as of the ,herb4 ,but thus far the ,experiment is conclusive1 ,that the same quantity of ,lixivial ,salt1 doth not always follow the same ,generical ,tast4 ,for the ,barque of ,ash and ,rosemary1 are both equally ,bitter2 and the ,barque of ,black-,thorn and ,agrimony are both ,astringent and ,bitter4 ,quer4 #b4 ,whether any ,plant growing in a ,garden or the ,field1 doth not yield a lesser quantity of ,lixivial ,salt1 than another of the same kindred growing on the ,sea-,coast2 and with what difference8 ,for this1 ,i took ,garden and ,sea-,scurvygrass1 of each j4 ,the former yields #b ,drachms and #a ,scruple2 the latter1 being well washed1 #i ,drachms1 which is more than #d times as much4 ,the like may be tryed upon others4 ,quer4 #c4 ,whether the same ,specifick ,plant affords more ,lixivial ,salt1 being only dryed1 and then calcin'd1 or after it hath first been distilled1 it is then dryed and calcin'd8 ,for this1 was taken j of ,mint only dryed and then calcin'd2 and another first distilled4 ,the former yielded an ,ounce and a ,drachm of ,salt2 the latter1 #e ,drachms and a ,scruple2 which is almost more4 ,this also should be tryed on other ,plants4 ,quer4 #d4 ,how far the proportion follows the different ,tasts of ,plants8 ,the first ,experiment1 relates to the same ,tast in several ,plants2 this1 to several ,tasts4 ,and so1 ,of ,majorane1 which is ,aromatick1 j affords but one ,scruple of ,lixivial ,salt2 which is but the #chd part of the whole pound4 ,of ,oak-,barque which is ,astringent1 j yields a ,drachm of ,salt2 or the #bef part of the whole4 ,of ,liquirish1 which is sweet1 j yields about the same quantity4 ,but ,anise ,seeds j yields #b ,scruples or a #aib part4 ,of ,sorrel1 which is sower1 j yields one ,drachm1 or the #abh part4 ,of ,garden ,scurvygrass1 which is ,hot1 j yields #b ,drachms and a ,scruple2 or the #ei part4 ,of ,mint1 which is ,hot and ,bitter1 j yields #e ,drachms and a ,scruple1 or the #bd part4 ,of ,sea ,scurvygrass1 which is ,salt1 j yields #i ,drachms and a ,scruple or #bh ,scruples2 which is near #a_/ac part of the whole4 ,a greater proportion of ,salt1 than in any other ,plant upon which ,i have hitherto made ,tryal3 ,or even in ,tartar it self4 ,yet is it not a ,marine1 but true ,lixivial ,salt3 as is evident1 both from its ,taste2 and in that it maketh an ,effervescence with ,spirit of ,salt2 which ,sea-,salt will not do4 ,for the ,experiment to be fully adequate to the ,query2 the ,tryals should be made1 either all on ,trees1 or all on ,herbs2 all on ,roots1 or all on ,stalks1 c4 ,yet thus much is evident1 ,that ,sorrel yields ,thrice as much as ,majorane2 ,sea-,scurvygrass1 ,eight and ,twenty times as much3 ,mint1 ,five times as much as ,sorrel2 and ,sixteen times as much ,majorane1 c4 ,quer4 #e4 ,how far the ,proportion follows the ,faculties of ,plants8 ,and so1 it appears1 that ,majorane1 a ,cephalick1 hath a greater ,proportion of ,volatile ,parts1 than any of the ,plants above mentioned1 and so far1 is more agreeable to the ,animal ,spirits1 and ,genus ,nervosum4 ,agrimony1#gf an ,aperient1 yields above ,five times as much ,lixivial ,salt1 as ,majorane4 ,yet much less than many other opening ,plants which are stronger4 #gf ,quer4 #a4 ,mugwort 7j7 yields two ,drachms and two ,scruples2 or above half as much more as ,agrimony4 ,so that this ,plant1 though it hath no considerable ,taste1 and in that respect promiseth but little2 yet yielding a good quantity of ,lixivial ,salt1 seems no contemptible ,medicine to subdue those ,acidities which either by causing ,obstructions1 or immoderate ,fermentations1 frequently disorder the ,female ,sex4 ,mint1 yieldeth still a greater quantity2 and is therefore1 partly for the same cause so excellent a ,stomachick3 ,and ,rosemary1#gg which is appropriated both to the ,head and ,stomach1 yieldeth a midle quantity of ,salt2 more than the chief ,cephalicks1 and less than the chief ,stomachicks4 #gg ,quer4 #a4 ,common ,mallow 7j7 yields #e ,drachms and #b ,scruples4 i4 e4 the #bc part of the whole4 ,so that this ,plant1 though of a very mild ,taste1 yet yields more ,salt than ,mint it self a ,bitter ,plant4 ,whereby it no longer seems strange1 that a ,plant of so soft a ,taste1 should be very ,diuretick1 and so evidently affect the ,reins4 ,rhubarb 7#b ,ounces7 yieldeth scarce any fixed ,salt1 so for as can be judged by the ,taste of the ,ashes1 not more than a ,grain or two4 ,so that its ,salt is1 in a manner1 wholly volatile2 and thereby apter to operate upon the ,bilious parts of the ,blood2 which contein a far greater proportion of ,volatile ,salt1 than do the ,serous4 ,of the ,caput ,mortuum or meer ,earth1 it is observable1 that it was near an ,ounce or part of the whole2 ,which is almost ,six times as much as the ,caput ,mortuum of ,common ,dock3 and much more than that of any other ,root ,i have yet calcin'd4 ,whereby it seemeth probable that ,rhubarb looseth much of its ,volatile ,part1 and therefore of its ,virtue1 before it comes to our ,shops4 ,sena 7j7 yields #d ,scruples and of ,salt2 or the #he part4 ,jalap 7j7 yields but one ,drachm and #ae ,grains1 or #ajb part4 ,colocynthis 7j of the ,pulp7 yields an ,ounce and half of ,caput ,mortuum1 which is almost all ,salt4 ,yet allow half an ,ounce of the ,salt1 and ,earth to be wasted in filtring c4 the remaining ,ounce is no less than #a_/af part of the whole4 ,which is more than in any of the above named ,plants1 except the ,sea-,scurvygrass4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,quantities afforded by the ,parts of several ,plants distinctly calcin'd4 ,i ,,shall next set down some ,tryals1 upon one ,part of a ,plant1 as well ,organick1 as ,content1 separated from the rest2 in answer to these supposed ,queries4 ,quer4 #a4 ,what ,proportion doth the ,lixivial ,salt of the ,pith or ,pithy ,part of a ,plant1 bear to that of the ,fibrous1 or of the ,woody ,part8 ,or whether is there a ,fixed ,salt always found in either of them8 ,a sufficient ,answer to which1 must be built upon many ,tryals4 ,at present ,i shall mention only ,two2 one upon ,starch1 answerable to the ,pithy ,parts2 the other upon ,flax1 consisting almost wholly of the ,nervous or ,towy ,fibers3 of the ,volatile parts 4 #ej1 #ea1 #eb4 whereof1 chiefly1 ,i have given some account in the foregoing ,idea4 ,of ,starch1 j yieldeth about not of ,ashes1 but of ,black ,coal4 ,for though it be exposed in a ,calcining ,furnace to a vehement fire1 for #e or #f hours1 which is longer then will serve to calcine most ,bodies3 yet would it not in the least part1 be reduced to ,ashes2 but to the last continued 7though the fierceness of the ,fire consumed part of it7 as black1 as when it was first burnt4 ,so strangely was the remaining part of the ,sulphur fixed to the ,earth2 that in flying away1 it did volatilize and carry that away with it4 ,in this ,coal or ,cinder1 there is not the least of a ,lixivial or other ,taste4 ,and although1 upon ,tryal ,i find1 ,that the ,pith of many ,plants1 as of a ,cabbage ,stalk1 will yield some quantity of ,lixivial ,salt2 yet it is probably1 that generally1 it yields less than the ,wood4 ,of ,flax1 j yields not above #ej ,grains of ,caput ,mortuum or white ,ashes1 which are ,salt4 ,according to vulgar conceit1 it would seem to be a very dry ,body3 yet of #aec parts1 #aeb are volatile1 and being distilled would have been collected into ,liquor4 ,hence also appears the great and unexpected ,variety in the ,proportion of the ,earthy ,parts1 as well as the other ,principles of ,bodies4 ,or else1 that there are divers kinds of ,earths1 even in ,plants1 of which1 as well as of ,salts c4 some are volatile4 ,for of j of this ,plant1 there remaineth fixed but #ej ,grains3 whereas of j of ,rhubarb1 there will remain near #aibj ,grains1 i4 e4 #hh times as much as the former4 ,quer4 #b4 ,in what proportion is the ,lixivial ,salt found in the ,gumms of ,plants8 and whether is it yielded1 more or less1 by all8 ,for answer to which1 ,i caused the ,eleven following1 of each two ,ounces1 to be calcin'd1 and so observed1 ,that ,common ,rosin1 yields but one ,grain and of ,caput ,mortuum4 ,so that j will yield but #ab ,grains4 ,in this ,caput ,mort4 there is not the least particle of ,salt1 it being altogether insipid4 ,mastick yields gr4 #ab of ,cap4 ,mort4 ,but not the least part of ,salt4 ,of this ,rosin1 it is observable2 ,that being set1 in a ,crucible1 within the fire1 before it comes to have thick fumes1 it boyls up with a very great foame or froath2 and is the only ,gum or ,rosin 7of the ,eleven7 that hath this property4 ,so that ,i suspect1 there is a great quantity of some kind of volatile ,spirit1 which then flies away2 and so1 in breaking through the ,oyly parts1 huffs them up to so great a froath4 ,olibanum yields half a ,drachm of ,caput ,mortuum4 ,but it is to be noted1 ,that the weight is encreased by certain little ,spar-,stones1 which in the burning of several parcels1 ,i always found mixed with this ,gumm4 ,these being picked clean out1 the ,cap4 ,mort4 weigheth not much more than that of ,mastick4 ,and is in like manner insipid1 when the said ,stones are picked out4 ,from hence it appears1 how proper these ,gums are for the ,concoction of ,salt ,rheums2 ,discourse of ,mixture ,cap4 ,ult4 according to what ,i have formerly suggested from another ,experiment4 ,it may also be noted1 that ,rosin and ,mastick1 seem to be more purely ,acidoleous ,gums2 not only from their consistence which is uniform2 and their ,smell1 which is less strong and more pleasant3 but also from the ,acid ,liquor they yield by ,distillation2 and in that the young ,leavs of ,fir1 and especially of ,pine1 are sower2 and 'tis probable that those of ,mastick are so likewise4 ,whereby these1 and other like ,gums are more especially fitted for the abovesaid purpose4 ,but ,olibanum seems1 besides its ,acidity1 to contein some ,volatile ,alkaly1 and so to be an ,acid-,alkaline ,gum4 ,for as it hath a stronger ,smell than the former1 so a hotter ,taste2 both the ordinary effects of an ,alkaline ,sulphur4 ,and being infused in several ,menstruums1 appears to consist of two ,bodies1 one of them more ,resinous than the other4 ,of which1 it is probable1 that the one is made by the ,acid parts as the other by the ,alkaline4 ,whereby it is very well adapted in some ,cases1 as in a ,pleuresie1 for removing the ,coagulations of the ,blood1 or its disposition thereunto4 ,asa ftida yields no less than half its weight or an ,ounce of ,caput ,mort4 that is #h times as much as that of the other ,gumms1 and #dh times as much as that of some of them4 ,yet doth it not contein one grain of ,salt1 so far as can be judged by its ,tast4 ,yet the ,strength and ,loathsomness of the ,smell and ,tast of the ,gumm do argue it to be highly impregnated with some kind of ,volatile ,alkaly proper to arrest those offensive ,vapours 7to use the vulgar word7 which flying1 either by the ,blood or ,nerves1 from part to part1 do often prove so troublesome4 ,gum ,arabick yields one ,scruple of ,cap4 ,mort4 whereof1 by the ,taste1 about part is ,salt4 ,euphorbium yields one ,drachm of ,caput ,mort4 of which1 by the strength of the ,taste1 two ,scruples seem to be ,salt4 ,which confirms a former conjecture#gh of its being an ,alkaline ,gumm4 #gh ,of the ,luctation of ,bodies1 ,ch4 #a4 ,myrrh also yields a ,drachm of ,cap4 ,mort4 and at least two ,scruples of ,salt4 ,of the ,eleven1 these two ,gums have the greatest quantity of a fixed ,alkaly4 ,opium yields half a ,drachm of ,cap4 ,mort4 whereof the one half is ,salt4 ,aloe yields a ,drachm of ,cap4 ,mort4 conteining about one ,scruple of ,salt4 ,scammony yields ,two ,scruples of ,cap4 ,mort4 of which1 about half a ,scruple is ,salt4 ,gutta ,gamba yields but half a ,scruple of ,cap4 ,mort4 of which four or five ,grains are ,salt4 ,so that considering the ,dose of any ,cathartick ,gumm1 the quantity of the ,fixed ,alkaly1 is extream small with respect to the ,volatile parts3 ,in which1 therefore1 its ,cathartick ,power doth chiefly reside4 ,yet none of the ,cathartick ,gumms are without some portion1 more or less1 of a ,fixed ,alkaly2 though some of the rest are4 ,which seemeth to prove1 ,that the ,fixed it self1 hath some ,interest in the business of ,purgation3 as by being a ,clog to the ,volatile1 and so preventing its being deleterious2 or some other way4 ,but the manner of their ,operation will better be understood1 when the ,volatile ,parts have likewise been examined4 ,it may also be of good import1 to know1 what different quantities of ,salt1 are afforded by the ,tartars of all sorts of ,wines4 ,whereby1 partly1 as well as by the quantity of the ,tartar1 we may be enabled the better to judge of the ,nature of ,wines4 ,a ,,discourse ,concerning the ,,essential and ,,marine ,salts of ,plants4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,december #ba1 #afgf4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,in which is shewed the way of making both an ,,essential and a ,,marine ,salt1 out of the ,,lixivial ,salt of a ,plant4 ,,sometime since1 ,i took the boldness to present my thoughts to this ,honourable and ,learned ,body in a ,discourse concerning ,mixture4 ,wherein ,i have endeavoured to lay such a ,foundation1 as might hereafter reduce the ,doctrine hereof to ,experience and ,practice2 and to demonstrate1 the ,power and ,use of ,artificial ,mixture4 ,and in further proof of what is therein asserted1 ,i have since made a continuation of ,experiments upon the same ,subject1 in ,two ,methods4 ,one in the ,mixture of several ,menstruums1 both ,acid and ,alkaline1 with all ,sorts of ,bodies4 ,the ,other1 by calcining them1 or1 as it were1 mixing them with the ,fire4 #b4 4 ,i shall now proceed to a ,third1 which is1 the mixing them with the ,aer or exposing them to it2 another of ,natures grand ,menstruums2 which goes sometimes further than the ,fire it self1 in the dissolution of ,bodies4 ,this ,i have formerly mentioned for the ,imitation of ,nature1 in producing a ,marine or ,muriatick ,salt out of the ,lixivial ,salt of a ,plant4 ,discourse of ,mixture ,ch4 #e4 ,inst4 #b4 ,but some ,learned ,persons then present1 seeming to doubt of the ,experiment2 ,i thought it requisite to prosecute the same a little further2 that so1 if possible1 it might become clear and unquestionable4 ,and because that ,method was imperfect1 and required half a year1 or a longer time3 ,i bethought my self of an other way2 which proved far better1 and more expedite4 ,and which1 withall1 afforded me1 not only a true ,marine ,salt1 out of the ,lixivial ,salt of a ,plant2 but also another kind of ,salt1 different from them both3 which may not be improperly called1 an ,essential ,salt or ,nitre of ,plants4 ,the ,history or manner of the production of them both1 is as follows4 #c4 4 ,december #ae4 #afge1 ,i took about half a pound of a strong ,solution of the ,lixivial ,salt of ,firne3 and pouring it into an ,earthen ,pan1 well glazed1 broad and shallow1 exposed it therein to the open ,aer1 in a ,chamber ,window1 to evaporate of it self4 ,tab4 #hc4 #d4 4 ,this ,solution or ,lee1 although it was very clear before1 and having stood corked up in a bottle many days1 had no sedement3 yet standing now in the open ,aer1 within the space of #d or #e days1 it began to let fall a very white ,sedement1 like fine ,chalk2 which encreased daily for #h or #aj days2 amounting at last to about half a ,drachm of white1 light and meer ,earth1 altogether insipid1 and when it was well washed1 stirring not upon the ,affusion of ,acids4 #e4 4 ,within the space of a day or two after this white ,sedement began to fall to the bottom2 there was also gathered on the top1 a kind of soft ,scum or ,cremor1 wherewith the ,solution was covered all over4 #f4 4 ,within #h or #i days after the first exposing of the ,liquor1 or #b or #c days after the gathering of the ,cremor2 that ,salt1 which ,i take leave to call1 an ,essential ,salt of ,plants1 began to appear2 shooting into several little ,crystals4 ,these ,crystals1 as they grew bigger1 began to sink1 and at last fell down to the bottom of the ,pan4 #g4 4 ,upon their first generation or shooting1 the said ,cremor presently breaks1 leaving a bare space round about each ,crystal2 and upon the bounds of every space is indented2 ,tab4 #hc4 the space growing bigger and bigger together with the ,crystal in the ,centre4 ,and so1 by that time the ,crystals are grown to a considerable number and bigness1 the ,cremor vanishes away1 the several ,circles or bare places breaking at last one into another all over the ,surface of the ,lee4 ,after which1 it never comes again4 #h4 4 ,from whence it seemeth1 ,that the several ,circles or bare ,spaces about the ,crystals1 are made for the more free admission of the ,aer1 requisite to their ,generation4 ,for as there is no ,crystal begins to be formed before there is a breach made in the ,cremor3 so that breach is enlarged together with the ,crystal4 ,so that as the falling of the ,sedement and the gathering of the ,cremor1 sheweth that the ,aer1 as a ,menstruum separates some part from the ,lee3 so the breaking of the ,cremor afterwards1 that as a ,vehicle1 it brings something to it3 both in order to the ,generation of the ,crystals4 ,nature taking a ,method for the ,generation of simpler ,bodies1 as well as of those which are ,compounded and ,organical4 #i4 4 ,the ,figure of these ,crystals is angular and oblong1 most of them about the fifth1 sixth or seventh of an ,inch2 but none of them very regular4 ,yet we are not hence to conclude1 but that with the help of some ,circumstances which might be wanting in the shooting of these2 some portion of regular ones may be obteined from this1 as well as other ,lixivial ,salts hereafter mentioned4 #aj4 4 ,they are somewhat transparent1 and of a dark ,ambar ,color1 or like that of brown ,sugar-,candy4 ,of a quite different ,taste from that of the ,solution or ,lee out of which they are bred2 being not at all ,lixivial1 but very weak and mild2 not ,salt1 but ,bitter in a good degree4 #aa4 4 ,it is also observable1 that ,alkaline and ,acid ,salts being both poured severally upon these ,crystals1 they stir not1 nor are any way affected with either of them4 ,so that these ,crystals are no sort of ,tartar1 or ,tartareous ,salt4 ,as is plain1 from the manner of their ,generation2 ,tartar being still bred in close ,vessels2 these never1 but by exposing the ,liquor to the ,aer4 ,as also from their ,taste1 being not sower1 in the least1 but bitter4 ,and in that ,tartar will make a ,bullition with ,alkaline ,salts1 which these will not do4 ,upon which accounts it appears1 that they are a ,salt different in ,nature from all other ,salts hitherto known1 or a new ,species added to the ,inventory of ,nature4 #ab4 4 ,these ,crystals within the space of about a fortnight after their first ,generation1 did also cease to shoot any more1 but only increased a little in their ,bulk4 ,after which time1 ,i dayly expected to see the production also of a true ,marine ,salt4 ,and about two months after the said ,essential ,crystals had done shooting1 and not before1 this also began to shoot1 in many small ,crystals1 and at the top of the ,solution1 as the other did1 still falling to the bottom as they grew biger4 #ac4 4 ,the ,size of most of them was near that of the ,flakes or ,grains of ,bay-,salt4 ,the ,colour of some of them white1 of others transparent2 and of others white in the ,centre1 with transparent ,edges2 as is also usual in the ,crystals of ,common ,salt4 #ad4 4 ,the ,figure of most is a perfect ,square1 and of very many coming near to a ,cube2 which is also the ,figure of ,common ,salt1 and seldome an exact ,cube4 ,an exact ,cube1 being the constant property of no ,marine ,salt1 that ,i know of1 except that of the ,dead ,sea4 ,tab4 #hc4 ,divers of them were also raised as it were by several steps from a deep ,centre to the ,top3 as is often seen in the common shooting of ,common ,salt2 and not in any other4 ,their ,taste is neither ,lixivial1 as that of the ,solution out of which they shoot2 nor bitterish1 as that of the ,essential ,crystals2 nor sowerish1 as that of ,tartar2 but the perfect ,taste of ,common ,salt4 #ae4 4 ,it is also to be noted1 ,that if ,oyl of ,vitriol1 and some other strong ,acids1 be poured upon this artificial ,sea-,salt1 they make an ,effervescence together3 but if ,spirit of ,salt or ,spirit of ,nitre either be poured on it1 though it be never so strong it stirreth it not4 ,in both which1 and all the formentioned respects1 it answers to the ,properties of a ,marine or ,common ,salt1 which no other ,salt doth4 ,i conclude it therefore to be a true ,marine ,salt produced by ,art in the imitation of ,nature4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,wherein is shewed1 ,that the said ,,essential and ,,marine ,salts of ,plants are both of different ,sorts4 ,,having made the ,experiment1 that both an ,essential and ,marine ,salt may be produced out of the ,lixivial ,salt of a ,plant4 ,i thought it probable1 that neither the one nor the other1 was always the same1 but that as they had their general properties which made them to be of two general kinds2 so they might have some special property1 for the distinguishing of each kind into several ,sorts4 ,and withall1 that in a warmer season1 than before taken1 the ,tryal hereof might be finished in a shorter time4 #b4 4 ,for the making of which1 ,i conceived it requisite to remove an ,opinion which seemed to lye in my way2 sc4 ,that there is little or no difference between the several ,lixivial ,salts of ,plants1 as some ,learned men have thought4 ,but either there is a difference1 or not3 if not1 it should be proved3 and if there be1 it should then be justly stated1 what that difference is4 ,for the doing of which1 ,i chose this ,method4 ,i took an equal quantity of the whitest and purest ,salts of divers ,plants1 all made by an equal degree of ,calcination2 and dissolved them all severally in an equal quantity of water4 ,and pouring likewise an equal quantity1 as about #aj or #ab drops of each into a spoon1 ,i tasted them severally4 ,whereby it was very evident1 that they were not all of one ,tast1 but of very different ones1 both as to strength and kind3 and therefore different in ,nature also4 ,the ,salts ,i made tryal of were those of ,sorrel1 ,anise1 ,wormwood1 ,mallow1 ,ash1 ,tartar and others3 and upon half a ,drachm of each ,i poured ij of water4 ,the ,solutions are here present to be tasted4 ,by which the differences will easily be observed1 and particularly that the ,salt of ,wormwood or ,scurvygrass1 is almost as strong again as the ,salt of ,anise1 or ,sorrel3 and that the ,salt of ,ash is above twice as strong1 and that of ,tartar above thrice as strong1 as that of ,sorrel1 and almost thrice as strong as that of ,wormwood or ,scurvygrass4 ,so that he who shall give half a ,scruple1 suppose of ,salt of ,tartar2 instead of half a ,scruple of ,salt of ,wormwood1 or other like ,salt2 he may as well give a ,scruple of ,rosin of ,jalap1 for a ,scruple of the powder1 or almost three ,drachms of ,rhubarb1 or other like ,purge1 instead of one4 ,and the like is to be said of other ,lixivial ,salts in their degrees4 #c4 4 ,having observed thus much1 ,i proceeded to repeat the former ,experiment1 with some of the aforesaid1 and some other ,vegetable ,salts1 the best calcin'd1 and the purest1 that could be made for this purpose1 being these ,six ,salts1 sc4 of ,rosemary1 ,garden ,scurvygrass1 ,black ,thorn1 ,common ,wormwood1 ,ash1 and ,tartar4 ,all which dissolved severally in fair water1 ,i exposed in a ,chamber window1 and not in ,winter1 as before1 but in the heat of ,summer1 sc4 on the #ai of ,july1 to evaporate of themselves4 #d4 4 ,the ,effect was1 ,that the third day after their being exposed1 the ,essential ,crystals began to shoot in three of the ,solutions1 sc4 in that of ,rosemary1 of ,garden ,scurvygrass1 and of ,black ,thorn4 ,on the fourth day1 in that of ,wormwood4 ,on the fifth day1 in that of ,ash4 ,in that of ,tartar1 not at all4 #e4 4 ,these ,essential ,crystals began1 in all1 to shoot at the top1 and then to fall to the bottome2 as in the ,experiment before4 ,but as there was very little of the white ,sedement before mentioned1 that preceded2 ,so no ,scum or ,cremor at all4 ,which although a more perfect ,calcination1 it seems1 did here almost prevent2 yet did not in the least destroy the aforesaid ,essential ,salt1 but rather make way for its more speedy and copious ,production3 exhibiting likewise a distinct ,species in several of the ,solutions4 #f4 4 ,for first1 the ,crystals of ,rosemary 7the largest of them7 were about the bigness of a ,rice-,corn4 ,in ,figure almost like a ,tip-,cat1 which ,boys play with1 split down the midle4 ,each ,tip being cut into #e sides all ending in a poynt3 ,tab4 #hc4 the midle part divided into #g1 all drawn by parallel ,lines2 the topmost with the lowermost but one1 on each side1 being three exact ,squares4 #g4 4 ,the ,crystals of ,black ,thorn are most of them poynted with just six sides of ,equal ,measure3 very like to the shooting of true ,crystal it self4 ,tab4 #hc4 ,from the topmost of which six ,sides1 a ,line being drawn out1 runs parallel to a broad ,base1 whereon each ,crystal stands4 ,so that they are in some sort of a ,rhomboid ,figure4 #h4 4 ,the ,crystals of ,scurvygrass have also a very elegant and regular ,figure1 which is in a manner compounded of the two former now described4 ,but they are nothing near so bigg1 the largest of them1 being no biger than a ,grain of that which we call ,pearl ,barley4 #i4 4 ,the ,crystals of ,wormwood have also very many of them a regular ,figure2 but quite different from that of the ,crystals before mentioned2 each ,crystal being a little ,cylinder1 saving that it is constantly somewhat smaller at one end1 than the other3 as it were one half of a ,rowling-pin4 ,tab4 #hc4 ,and not evenly ,circular1 but cut out by ,six ,sides of equal ,measure3 almost as in the ,crystal of ,nitre4 ,so that contrary to what is seen in the forementioned ,crystals1 the ends of these of ,wormwood are not poynted1 but flat2 and cut at ,right ,angles with the ,sides4 #aj4 4 ,the ,crystals of ,ash1 though by their properties they appear likewise to be ,essential2 yet are nothing near so regularly figur'd1 as all the forementioned4 #aa4 4 ,the ,colour also of the said ,crystals is somewhat different3 ,those of ,ash being of a brown transparency1 almost like those of ,firne4 ,those of ,wormwood being also brownish1 but paler4 ,those of ,rosemary and ,scurvygrass having some little ,tincture1 yet very clear4 ,but those of ,black ,thorn without the least ,tincture1 and as clear as ,crystal it self4 #ab4 4 ,none of these ,essential ,crystals have any hot fiery ,taste1 but are very mild1 and sensibly ,bitter2 especially1 about the ,root of the ,tongue3 as is also observable of some ,plants hereafter mentioned1 in speaking of the different ,tastes of ,plants4 #ac4 4 ,oyl of ,vitriol droped upon these ,crystals doth not affect them in the least3 yet droped into the several ,solutions out of which the ,crystals are produced1 immediately causeth a great ,effervescence4 #ad4 4 ,of the ,solutions above named1 that1 of ,salt of ,tartar was the #f4 ,whereof it is remarquable1 ,that having waited several ,months together1 ,i could not observe the least ,essential ,salt to be therein produced in all that time4 ,whether there be any other ,vegetable ,salts1 besides this of ,tartar1 which will not yield the ,essential above described1 ,i have not yet experimented4 #ae4 4 ,in the mean time1 from the ,premises it is very probable1 that most of them afford more or fewer of the said ,crystals4 ,in regard they are ,plants of a very different kind1 which ,i made tryal upon3 as ,garden ,scurvygrass1 very ,hot2 ,rosemary1 very ,aromatick4 ,wormwood very ,bitter2 ,black ,thorn1 ,astringent and ,sower4 ,and it is also plain1 ,that the said ,essential ,salts contained in the ,lixivial1 are not altogether one and the same1 but of divers ,sorts4 #af4 4 ,,about #g or #h days after the ,essential ,crystals were produced2 the ,marine ,salt did also begin to shoot2 first in ,rosemary2 quickly after1 in ,scurvygrass2 ,next1 in ,black ,thorn and ,wormwood1 sc4 after the space of a week or #aj days more4 ,and in all of them with some difference of ,size and ,figure4 #ag4 4 ,the plainest of all1 was that produced out of the ,salt of ,black ,thorn1 consisting for the most part of very small ,crystals1 not above the #ae of an ,inch square1 as also thin1 shaped like a ,duch ,tile used for ,chimnies4 ,many others were very thick1 and near to a ,cube4 ,tab4 #hc4 ,most of which were a little hollowed in the midle1 like a grinding ,marble or ,salt-,celler2 and the hollow bounded by #d plain and equal ,sides1 all descending a little towards the ,centre2 and measured by two cross ,lines1 which staid upon the four ,angles of the ,square1 and so cut one the other at ,right ,angles4 ,both which ,properties are likewise usually seen in the ,crystals of ,common ,salt4 #ah4 4 ,in ,wormwood1 many of these ,crystals1 besides the plain ones1 were figur'd crossways like a ,dagger-,hilt4 ,tab4 #hc4 ,which was sometimes naked1 and sometimes inclosed in a square and almost ,cubical ,box4 ,many others were figur'd into ,sprigs made up of four chief ,branches standing crosswise1 and those subbranched2 and all the ,branches made up of little square ,crystals1 clustered together in that ,figure4 ,the ,sprigy ,figure of these ,crystals is not accidental1 but hath constantly come after they had been three times dissolved1 and the ,solution exposed to evaporate4 #ai4 4 ,the ,marine ,salt of ,rosemary hath also some variety4 ,for besides the plain ones above described1 there are some thick ,squares1 ,tab4 #hc4 which have also a square hollow descending by five1 six1 or seven narrow steps1 towards the ,centre2 being in ,figure1 saving these ,steps1 somewhat like the ,hoper in a ,mill4 #bj4 4 ,upon a second ,solution of the same ,salt1 there shoots another sort of square2 which is not plain on the edges1 as the above-named1 ,tab4 #hc4 but scalloped or florid all round about1 not unlike the ,leaves of some ,plants4 #ba4 4 ,the ,crystals of ,marine ,salt of ,scurvygrass are somewhat like to those of ,rosemary now described4 #bb4 4 ,as for the ,lixivial ,salts of ,ash and ,tartar1 though in a ,month or ,five ,weeks ,space1 they yield some ,crystals of very clear ,salt3 yet of ,marine ,salt neither of them yieldeth the least particle4 ,so that of these ,six ,lixivial ,salts1 sc4 of ,rosemary1 ,scurvygrass1 ,black ,thorn1 ,wormwood1 ,ash and ,tartar1 all1 but that of ,tartar1 yielded an ,essential ,salt4 ,and all1 but those of ,ash and ,tartar1 yielded a ,marine1 such as is above described4 ,all which ,salts both ,essential and ,marine1 together with their ,models1 made of white ,alabastre1 ,i have here ready to be seen4 #bc4 4 ,of those that yield these ,salts1 or either of them1 it is further to be noted1 ,that there is a considerable difference in the ,proportion or ,quantities which they yield4 ,the ,rosemary yields store both of ,essential and ,marine1 but more ,essential4 ,wormwood and ,scurvygrass more ,marine4 ,black ,thorn less of ,either4 ,the ,ash no ,marine1 and the ,tartar neither the ,essential nor ,marine1 as hath been said4 #bd4 4 ,from what hath been said1 ,i deduce only at present these ,three ,corollaies4 ,first1 ,that a ,lixivial ,salt1 is not only a compounded ,body sc4 of ,salt1 ,sulphur1 ,aer and ,earth2 but even a ,compounded ,salt1 containing both a ,vegetable ,nitre1 and a true ,sea ,salt4 #be4 4 ,secondly1 ,that the ,exposing of ,bodies1 in the manner above shewed1 may justly be accounted one ,part of ,chymistry hitherto ,deficient1 and much farther to be improved for the ,discovery of the ,nature of ,bodies4 ,for as ,nature chiefly compoundeth ,bodies by ,digesting them1 and so either shutting out or keeping in the ,aer3 ,so she ,dissolveth them by ,exposing1 and so neither shutting in the ,aer1 nor keeping it out1 but leaving it free to come and go2 and thereby to bring1 and carry off whatsoever is necessary for the ,separation or ,solution of ,bodies4 ,for the ,sea it self 7to confine the similitude to our present case7 is but as a ,great ,pan1 wherein all kinds of bodies being long exposed1 are throughly resolved1 ultimately yielding from the rest of their visible ,principles1 that which we call ,sea ,salt4 #bf4 4 ,lastly1 if by ,exposing and ,dissolving we can make one ,salt2 then by ,compounding and ,digesting we may make another1 yea any other ,salt2 either a ,fixed of a ,volatile1 or a ,volatile of a ,fixed4 ,that is to say1 a ,volatile ,salt may be so separated from other ,bodies1 as to become ,fixed2 or a ,fixed ,salt may be so mixed with other ,bodies as to become ,volatile4 ,for that any ,salt should of it self become ,fixed or ,volatile1 is a ,fixion not grounded upon ,experiment4 #bg4 4 ,as for the ,virtue of the ,essential ,salts above described1 ,i believe they will be found upon tryal1 not contemptible in some ,cases4 ,for which amongst other reasons1 ,i have been the more punctual in relating the manner of their ,generation2 that others also may have the opportunity of making proof hereof4 #bh4 4 ,when ,i made the ,experiments for this and the foregoing ,discourse1 not having so good conveniency at home for making the ,salts ,i used3 ,i procured them all 7except that of ,firne1 which ,i made my self7 to be purposely prepared by ,mr4 ,john ,blackstone a ,london ,apothecary1 who assured me of his great care herein2 and particularly1 that he added no ,nitre to whiten any of the ,salts with1 as is commonly done for that of ,tartar4 ,i do declare1 ,that all the ,lixivial ,salts mentioned in this and the foregoing ,discourse except that of ,firne1 were faithfully prepared by me ,john ,blackstone4 ,a ,,discourse ,,of ,,the ,,colours ,,of ,,plants4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,may #c4 #afgg4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the ,,colours of ,plants in their ,natural ,estate4 ,,having formerly made some ,observations of the ,colours of ,plants2 ,idea1 4 #bg4 and ,anat4 of ,r4 ,p4 #b4 4 #fe1 c4 ,i shall now crave leave to add some more to them of the like ,nature4 ,none of which1 nor any of the ,conclusions thence deduced1 will1 if duly considered1 appear contrary to the ,hypothesis and ,experiments of ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,mr4 ,des ,cartes1 ,mr4 ,hook1 ,mr4 ,newton1 or any other1 concerning ,colours4 ,as not having respect to the ,colours of all ,bodies in general4 ,nor to the ,body of ,colour1 which is ,light2 ,nor to the formal notion of ,colours 7ad extra7 as the ,rays of ,light are moved or mixed3 ,but to those ,materials1 which are principally necessary to their ,production in ,plants4 ,concerning which1 the present ,discourse shall be reduced to these ,three general ,heads1 scil4 #b4 4 ,first1 ,of those several ,colours1 which appear in ,plants in their ,natural ,estate4 #c4 4 ,secondly1 ,as they appear upon the ,infusion of ,plants into several ,sorts of ,liquors4 #d4 4 ,thirdly1 ,as upon the ,mixture of those ,infusions1 or of any one of them with some other ,liquor1 or other ,body4 #e4 4 ,as they appear in the ,plants themselves1 it may be observed in the first place1 ,that there is a far less variety in the ,colours of ,roots1 than of the other ,parts3 the ,parenchyma being1 within the ,skin1 usually ,white1 sometimes ,yellow1 rarely ,red4 ,the ,cause hereof being1 for that they are kept1 by the ,earth1 from a free and open ,aer2 which concurreth with the ,juyces of the several ,parts1 to the ,production of their several ,colours4 ,and therefore the upper parts of ,roots1 when they happen to stand naked above the ,ground1 are often deyed with several ,colours3 so the tops of ,sorrel ,roots will turn ,red1 those of ,mullen1 ,turneps and ,radishes1 will turn purple1 and many others green4 ,whereas those parts of the same ,roots which lie more under ,ground1 are commonly ,white4 #f4 4 ,as ,roots are more commonly ,white2 so the ,leaves1 ,green4 ,which ,colour is so proper to them1 that many ,leaves1 as those of ,sage1 the young ,sprouts of ,st4 ,johns-wort1 and others1 which are ,redish when in the ,bud2 upon their full ,growth1 acquire a perfect ,green4 #g4 4 ,the ,cause of this ,colour1 is the action of the ,aer1 both from within1 and from without the ,plant1 upon the ,juyces thereof1 whereby it strikes them into that ,colour4 #h4 4 ,by the ,aer from without1 ,i mean that which surrounds the ,body of the ,plant3 which is the ,cause of its ,greeness1 not meerly as it is contiguous to it1 but as it penetrates through the ,pores of the ,skin1 thereinto2 and so mixing with the ,juyces thereof1 plainly deys or strikes them into a ,green4 #i4 4 ,by the ,aer from within1 ,i mean1 that which entring1 together with the ,aliment1 at the ,root1 thence ascends by the ,aer-,vessels1 into the ,trunk and ,leaves1 and is there transfused into all the several ,juyces1 thereby likewise concurring to their ,verdure4 ,whence it is1 that the ,parts of ,plants which lie under ,water1 are ,green1 as well as those which stand above it2 because1 though the ambient ,aer1 conteined in the ,water be but little1 yet the want of it is compensated1 by that which ascends from the ,root4 #aj4 4 ,and therefore it is observable1 that the ,stalks of ,marsh-,mallow1 and some other ,plants1 being cut transversly1 though the ,parenchyma in the ,barque be white1 yet the ,sap-,vessels which lie within that ,parenchyma1 are as ,green as the ,skin it self2 scil4 because they stand close to the ,aer-,vessels4 ,the ,parenchyma1 ,i say1 which is intercepted from the ,aer1 without1 by the ,skin2 and from the ,aer within1 by the ,sap ,vessels1 is white3 but the ,skin1 which is exposed to the ,aer without1 and the ,sap-,vessels which are next neighbours to that within1 are both equally ,green4 ,so likewise if a ,carrot be plucked up1 and suffered to lie sometime in the open ,aer2 that part which standeth in and near the ,centre1 amongst the ,aer-,vessels1 will become ,green as well as the ,skin1 all the other ,parts continuing of a ,redish ,yellow1 as before4 ,the ,aer therefore1 both from without1 and from within the ,plant1 together with the ,juyces of the ,plant1 are all the concurrent ,causes of its ,verdure4 #aa4 4 ,,but how doth the ,aer concur to the ,greeness of ,plants8 ,i answer2 ,not as it is meerly either cold or dry1 or moist1 nor yet quatenus ,aer2 but as it is a mixed1 and particularly1 a ,saline ,body3 that is1 as there is a considerable quantity of ,saline ,parts mixed with those which are properly ,aereal4 ,it being plain from manifold ,experience2 ,that the several kinds of ,salts1 are the grand ,agents in the ,variation of ,colours4 ,so that1 to speak strictly1 although ,sulphur be indeed the ,female1 or ,materia substrata1 of all ,colours2 yet ,salt is the ,male or ,prime ,agent1 by which the ,sulphur is determined to the ,production of one ,colour1 and not of another4 #ab4 4 ,if then it be the ,aer mixed with the ,juyces of a ,plant1 and the ,salt of the ,aer1 that makes it ,green2 ,it may further be asked1 what kind of ,salt8 ,but this is more hard to judge of4 ,yet it seemeth1 that it is not an ,acid1 but a ,subalkaline ,salt2 or at least some ,salt which is different from a simple ,acid1 and hath an ,affinity with ,alkalies4 #ac4 4 ,one reason why ,i so judge1 is1 ,because that although all ,plants yield an ,alkaly1 or other ,salt different from an ,acid1 and some in good quantity2 yet in most ,plants1 the ,prdominant ,principle is an ,acid4 ,so that the ,supply of an ,acid ,principle from the ,aer1 for the ,production of a ,green ,colour1 as it would be superfluous2 ,so also ineffectual3 a different ,principle being requisite to the striking of this1 together with the ,sulphur1 into a ,green ,colour4 #ad4 4 ,i suppose therefore1 ,that not only ,green1 but all the ,colours of ,plants1 are a kind of ,precipitate1 resulting from the concurrence of the ,saline ,parts of the ,aer1 with the ,saline and ,sulphurious ,parts of the ,plant2 and that the ,subalkaline1 or other like ,saline ,part of the ,aer1 is concurrent with the ,acid and ,sulphurious ,parts of ,plants1 for the ,production of their ,verdure2 that is1 as they strike altogether into a ,green ,precipitate4 ,which also seemeth to be confirmed by divers ,experiments hereafter mentioned4 #ae4 4 ,,the ,colours of ,flowers are various2 differing therein not only from the ,leaf1 but one from another4 ,yet all seem to depend upon the general ,causes aforesaid4 ,and therefore the ,colours of ,flowers1 as well as of ,leaves1 to result not solely from the ,contents of the ,plant1 but from the concurrence likewise of the ambient ,aer4 ,hence it is1 that as they gradually open1 and are exposed to the ,aer1 they still either acquire1 or change their ,colour3 no ,flower having its proper ,colour in the ,bud1 7though it be then perfectly formed7 but only when it is expanded4 ,so the ,purple ,flower of ,stock-,july ,flowers1 while they are in the ,bud1 are white1 or pale4 ,so ,batchelors ,buttons1 ,blew ,bottle1 ,poppy1 ,red ,daisies1 and many others1 though of divers ,colours when blown1 yet are all white in the ,bud4 ,and many ,flowers do thus change their ,colours thrice successively2 as the youngest ,buds of ,ladys-,lookinglass1 ,bugloss and the like1 are all white1 the larger ,buds are purple or murrey1 and the open ,flowers1 blew3 according as they come still neerer1 and are longer exposed1 to the ,aer4 #af4 4 ,but if the ,colour of the ,flower dependeth on the ambient ,aer2 it may be asked3 ,how it comes to pass then1 that this ,colour is various1 and not one1 and that one1 a ,green8 that is to say that all ,flowers are not ,green1 as well as the ,leaves8 ,in answer to this ,three things are to be premised4 #ag4 4 ,first1 ,what was said before1 is to be remembred1 that here the ,aer is not a solitary1 but concurrent ,cause4 ,so that besides the ,efficacy of this1 we are to consider that of the several parts of the ,plant1 by which the ,contents both ,aereal and ,liquid are supplied to the ,flower4 #ah4 4 ,secondly1 ,that in the ,lymphducts of a ,plant1 ,sulphur is the predominant ,principle1 and much more abounding than in any other part of a ,plant1 as also hath been formerly shewed4 #ai4 4 ,thirdly1 ,that it appears1 according to what we have observed in the ,anatomy of the ,flower1 ,that the quantity of ,lymphducts with respect to the ,aer-,vessels is greater in the ,flower than in the ,leaf4 #bj4 4 ,it seemeth therefore1 that the ,aer-,vessels1 and therefore the ,aer1 being predominant in the ,leaf2 ,green1 is therein also the predominant ,colour4 ,i say predominant1 because there are other ,colours lye vailed under the ,green1 even in the ,leafe1 as will hereafter appear more manifest4 #ba4 4 ,on the contrary1 the ,lymphducts1 and therefore the ,sulphur1 being more1 and the ,aer-,vessels and therefore the ,aer1 less1 in the ,flower than in the ,leaf2 the ambient ,aer alone is not able to controle the ,sulphur so far1 but that it generally carrys the greatest port in the ,production of the ,colour4 ,yet in different degrees2 ,for if the proportion betwixt the ,lymphducts and the ,aer-,vessels be more equal1 the ,flower is either ,white or else ,yellow1 which latter ,colour is the next of kin to a ,green4 ,if the ,sulphur be somewhat predominant1 the ,flower will shew it self ,red at first2 but the ambient ,aer hath so much power upon it1 as gradually to turn the ,red into a ,blew4 ,but if the ,sulphur be much predominant1 then the ,acid of the ambient ,aer will heighten it to a fixed ,red4 #bb4 4 ,hence it is1 that ,yellows and ,greens are less alterable1 upon the drying of ,plants than other ,colours2 sc4 ,because the ,aer being predominant in their ,production1 they are the less lyable to suffer from it afterwards4 ,whereas ,reds and ,purples1 in the ,production whereof ,sulphur is predominant1 are very changeable4 ,so the ,red ,flowers of ,lysimachia1 upon drying1 turn ,purple1 and the young purple ,flowers of ,bugloss turn ,blew4 ,so likewise the ,purple of ,bilberries1 and the ,crimson of baked ,damascens1 both turn ,blew4 ,for being gathered1 and so wanting a continued supply of fresh ,sulphur1 to bear up the ,colour against the force of the ,aer2 it strikes it down at last from ,red to ,purple or ,blew4 ,i conclude therefore1 that one ,principal ,cause of the ,variety of ,colours in the ,flower1 is the over proportion of the ,lympheducts to the ,aer-,vessels1 and therefore the dominion of the ,sulphur over the ,aer1 therein4 #bc4 4 ,if it be objected1 that the ,aer doth not deepen1 but highten the ,colour of the ,blood3 ,i answer1 ,first1 ,that ,i am not now speaking of ,animal1 but of ,vegetable ,bodies2 the same ,aer which hightens the ,colour of ,blood one way1 may deepen that of a ,flower1 another3 nay and may highten that of some ,flowers too1 some other way4 #bd4 4 ,and therefore1 ,secondly1 it is to be considered1 ,that as there is not one only1 but divers ,saline ,principles in the ,aer2 so are there also in the several ,parts of one ,plant2 as in the ,root1 of one sort2 in the ,leavs1 of another2 in the ,flower1 of another2 and so in the other ,parts4 ,for since the ,figuration of the ,parts of a ,plant dependeth chiefly upon the ,saline ,principles3 and that the ,flower hath a different ,figure from that of the ,leaf3 it follows1 that there is some ,saline ,principle in the one1 which is not in the other1 especially1 all in such ,flowers1 whose ,figures are cut out by a greater ,variety and ,complication of ,lines4 ,the ,leavs therefore1 though variously shaped1 yet agreeing so far in one common ,figure1 as usualy to be flat2 it therefore seemeth plain1 that there is a ,saline ,principle in them all1 so far one1 as to be the chief ,cause of that common ,figure3 and in concurrence with the ambient ,aer1 to be likewise the chief ,cause of one common ,colour1 sc4 a ,green4 #be4 4 ,whereas the ,figure of the ,flowers1 and therefore their ,saline ,principle1 being more various1 and commonly distinct from that of the ,leaf2 it will easily concur with as a great ,variety of ,salts in the ,aer1 whether ,acid1 ,alkaline1 ,nitrous1 ,urinous1 ,armoniacal1 or any other therein existent1 to the ,precipitation of the ,sulphur into the like ,variety of ,colours4 ,thus far of the ,colours of ,plants as they appear in their ,natural ,estate4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,colours of ,plants by ,infusion4 ,,the next general ,inquiry1 proposed to be made1 was this1 ,after what manner the ,colours of ,plants shew themselves1 upon their infusion into ,liquors4 ,the ,liquors ,i made use of for this purpose1 were three1 sc4 ,oyl of ,olives1 ,water1 and ,spirit of ,wine4 ,the ,water ,i used was from the ,thames1 because ,i could not procure any clear ,rain ,water1 and had not leasure at present to distill any4 ,but next to this1 that yields as little ,salt1 as any4 #b4 4 ,as for ,oyl1 it is known1 that most ,plants either by ,coction or long ,infusion1 will give it their ,green ,colour4 ,i have likewise tryed some ,yellows1 and find they will do indifferently well2 as ,saffron1 which1 by ,infusion in ,oyl1 gives it a light golden ,tincture4 #c4 4 ,divers ,aromatick ,plants1 as ,mint1 ,majorane1 c4 being dryed and infused in ,oyl give it a double ,tincture1 both green and yellow2 one drop of the ,oyl shewing green2 but a good quantity of it held up against a candle looketh redish or of a deep yellow4 #d4 4 ,but there is no ,vegetable yet known which gives a true ,red to ,oyl1 except ,alkanet ,root3 with which1 some colouring either common or other ,oyl1 vend it under the name of the ,red ,oyl of ,scorpions4 #e4 4 ,these things confirm what we have said concerning the ,causes of ,colours in the ,leavs and ,flowers of ,plants1 upon this twofold ,consideration4 ,discourse of ,mixture ,ch4 #e4 ,inst4 #b4 4 #c4 ,inst4 #e4 ,first1 that ,oyl is the most proper ,menstruum of ,sulphur4 ,secondly1 that ,oyls have a greater congruity with ,acids than with ,alkalies2 as ,i have formerly shewed4 #f4 4 ,i say therefore1 that in ,blews1 ,purples and especially ,reds1 the predominant ,principles being ,sulphur and ,acid1 the ,oyl either abstracts the ,sulphur of it self1 or at least1 unlocks it from the ,acid ,parts2 whereby both of them are bestowed seperately to their like parts in the ,oyl2 upon which their disunion the ,colour vanishes3 that depending1 not upon either of them alone1 which of themselves are ,colourless1 but upon both united together4 #g4 4 ,on the contrary1 a ,green ,colour not depending on a predominant ,acid1 but an ,alkaly1 or some ,saline ,principle different from an ,acid2 this will not so easiely be imbibed separately1 into the ,pores of the ,oyl1 but only by mediation of their ,sulphur4 ,so that being both imbibed without any disunion1 they still retein the same green ,colour they had before in the ,plant4 #h4 4 ,hence also it is1 that red ,roses being dryed and infused some time in ,oyl of ,anise ,seeds1 a more potent ,menstruum than ,common ,oyl2 they wholly lose their own ,colour1 and turn white2 the ,oyl remaining ,limpid1 as at the first4 ,that is the ,sulphur or that part of it on which cheifly the ,red depended1 is absorbed separately by the ,oyl1 and so the ,colour vanishes4 #i4 4 ,a ,,second ,menstruum ,i made use of1 was ,water4 ,and ,first1 ,alkanet ,root1 which immediately tinctures ,oyl with a deeper ,red1 will not colour ,water in the least4 #aj4 4 ,next it is observable1 ,that ,water will take all the ,colours of ,plants in ,infusion except a ,green4 ,so that as no ,plant will by ,infusion give a perfect ,blew to ,oyl2 so their is none1 that ,i know of1 which1 by ,infusion will give a perfect ,green to ,water4 #aa4 4 ,but although the ,green ,leavs will not give their visible ,colour1 by ,infusion in ,water2 yet they will give most other ,colours1 as well as the ,flowers themselves4 ,so the ,green ,leavs of ,cinquefoyl1 give a ,tincture no higher than to resemble ,rhenish ,wine2 those of ,hyssop1 ,canary2 of ,strawberrey1 ,malaga2 of ,mint1 ,muscadine2 of ,wood-,sorrel1 ,water and some drops of ,claret2 of ,blood-wort1 ,water and a dash of ,claret2 and those of ,bawm make a ,tincture near as red as ordinary ,claret alone4 ,all ,aromatick hot ,plants1 give a yellow-red ,tincture1 or colorem ex luteo rubrum4 ,all ,plants with a yellow ,flower give either a pale citrine or yellowish ,tincture2 and the like4 ,yet all give not their ,tincture in the same space of time2 some requiring a fortnight1 others a week1 others five1 three or two days1 and some but one1 or half a day4 ,from hence it appears1 that the ,colours of most ,flowers are begun in the ,leavs2 only ,green being therein the predominant ,colour1 as a veil spred over them1 conceils all the rest4 ,but passing on into the ,flower1 where the ,aer-,vessels1 as is aforesaid1 are under the dominion of the ,lymphducts2 they show themselves distinctly4 #ab4 4 ,a ,,third and the last ,menstruum ,i made use of1 was ,spirit of ,wine4 ,and here it is to be remarqued2 ,that as ,oyl rarely takes a ,red1 there being but one known ,instance of it2 nor ,water1 a ,green3 ,so neither ,spirit of ,wine1 a ,blew4 ,i have tryed with several blew ,flowers1 as of ,lark-heel1 ,violet1 ,mallows1 ,burrage1 and others1 whereof it will not take the least ,tincture4 #ac4 4 ,again though no ,blew ,flowers1 that ,i know of1 will give a ,blew ,tincture to ,spirit of ,wine3 yet having been for some days infused in the said ,spirit1 and the ,spirit still remaining in a manner ,limpid1 and void of the least ,ray of ,blew2 if you drop into it a little ,spirit of ,sulphur1 it is somewhat surprizing to see1 that it immediately strikes it into a full ,red1 as if it had been ,blew before3 and so1 if you drop ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniac or other ,alkaly upon it1 it presently strikes it ,green4 ,which further confirms what have been before said of the ,causes of ,vegetable ,colours4 #ad4 4 ,it is also observable1 ,that the ,green ,leaves of ,bawm1 which give a ,muscadine ,red1 with some ,rays of ,claret1 to ,water1 gives a pure and perfect ,green to ,spirit of ,wine3 and is the only ,plant of all that ,i have yet tryed1 which doth the like4 #ae4 4 ,it is likewise to be noted1 ,that both ,yellow and ,red ,flowers give a stronger and fuller ,tincture to ,water1 than to ,spirit of ,wine2 as in the ,tinctures of ,cowslip1 ,poppys1 ,clove-,july-,flowers and ,roses1 made both in ,water and ,spirit of ,wine1 and compared together1 is easily seen4 ,so that for ,tinctures made with ,flowers1 whether for ,medicines1 or other purposes1 ,water1 with respect to the ,colour1 is the better ,menstruum4 ,i say for ,tinctures made with ,flowers2 for there are some other ,parts1 especially ,gumms1 as ,gamboja1 ,myrrh and ,aloes1 which give their ,tinctures full and clear1 only to ,spirit of ,wine4 ,some of which are used by ,leather-,gilders1 and others1 for the washing over of ,silver1 so as to give it the ,colour of ,gold4 ,thus far of the ,colours of ,plants as they appear upon ,infusion4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,colours of ,plants produced by their ,mixture with other ,bodies4 ,,the last general ,enquiry proposed to be made1 was this1 ,after what manner they would exhibite themselves upon the ,mixture of those ,infusions1 or of any one of them with some other ,liquor4 #b4 4 ,a strong ,infusion1 or the ,juyce of the ,leavs of ,rose-,tree1 ,raspis1 ,strawberry1 ,cynquefoyle1 ,goosberry1 ,primrose1 ,jerusalem ,cowslip1 ,bears-eare1 ,bearsfoot1 ,peony1 ,bistort1 ,lawrel1 ,goats-beard1 droped upon ,steel1 make a ,purple ,tincture4 ,but that of ,vine ,leaves scarce maketh any ,tincture at all4 ,so that there is something else besides ,sowerness concurring to the ,purple upon ,steel4 #c4 4 ,saccharum ,saturni droped on a ,tincture of ,red ,roses1 turneth it to a faint pale ,green4 #d4 4 ,salt of ,tartar droped upon the same ,tincture1 turneth it to a deeper ,green4 #e4 4 ,spirit of ,harts ,horn droped upon a ,tincture of the ,flower of ,lark-heel and ,borage turn them to a verdegreese ,green4 #f4 4 ,spirit of ,harts ,horn droped on most green ,leavs doth not change them at all4 ,the like ,effects have ,aq4 ,calcis1 and ,spirit of ,s4 ,armoniac4 #g4 4 ,these ,experiments seem to confirm1 ,that it is some ,alkaline or other like ,salt in the ,aer1 which is predominant in the production of ,green in the ,leavs of ,plants4 #h4 4 ,salt of ,tartar droped on the white ,flowers of ,daisy1 changeth them into a light ,green4 ,which as it further confirms the aforesaid ,position2 so likewise argues1 ,that ,whiteness in ,flowers1 is not always from the defect of ,tincture3 but that there may be ,white1 as well as ,yellow1 ,green1 ,red or ,blew ,tinctures4 #i4 4 ,spirit of ,sulphur droped on the green ,leavs of ,adonis ,flower1 ,everlasting ,pease1 and ,holy ,oak1 turns them all ,yellow4 #aj4 4 ,spirit of ,sulphur on a ,tincture of ,saffron changeth it not4 #aa4 4 ,spirit of ,sulphur on the ,yellow ,flower of ,crowfoot alters them not4 ,neither are they changed by the ,affusion of ,alkalies4 #ab4 4 ,so that it seemeth1 that in all ,yellows1 the ,sulphureous ,acid and ,alkaline ,parts are all more equal4 #ac4 4 ,spirit of ,sulphur on a ,tincture of ,violets turns it from ,blew to a true ,lacke1 or midle ,crimson4 #ad4 4 ,spirit of ,sulphur upon a ,tincture of ,clove-,july-,flowers makes a bright blood ,red4 ,into the like ,colour1 it hightens a ,tincture of ,red ,roses4 #ae4 4 ,so that as ,alkalys1 or other ,analogous ,salts1 are predominant in ,greens1 so ,acids in ,reds1 especially in the brighter ,reds1 in the ,leavs and ,flowers of ,plants4 ,hence it is1 that ,spirit of ,nitre droped upon the ,blew ,flower of ,ladies ,looking-,glass1 ,larkspur1 ,borage1 turns them all ,red1 sc4 into the ,red of ,common ,lychnis4 ,but 7which is particularly to be noted7 being droped on the said ,red ,flowers of ,lychnis1 alters them little or nothing3 because1 that very ,colour is therein produced by a copious admixture of the like ,principle4 #af4 4 ,the ,summ therefore of what hath now been said1 of the ,causes of ,vegetable ,colours1 is this3 ,that while their ,sulphur and ,saline ,principles1 only swim together1 and are not as yet united into one ,precipitate1 no ,colour results from them1 but the ,contents are rather ,limpid2 as usually in the ,root1 and many other ,parenchymous ,parts4 #ag4 4 ,when they are united1 and the ,alkaline are predominant1 they produce a ,green4 #ah4 4 ,when the ,sulphur and the ,alkaline are more equal1 they produce a ,tauny4 #ai4 4 ,when the ,sulphur1 ,acid and ,alkaline1 there a ,yellow4 #bj4 4 ,when the ,sulphur predominant1 and the ,acid and ,alkaline equal1 there a ,blew4 #ba4 4 ,when the ,sulphur and ,acid are predominant to the ,alkaline1 then a ,purple4 #bb4 4 ,when the ,sulphur predominant to the ,alkaline and the ,acid to them both1 a ,scarlet4 #bc4 4 ,lastly1 ,when the ,acid predominant to the ,alkaline1 and the ,sulphur to them both1 a ,blood-,red3 which is the highest and most ,sulphurious ,colour in ,nature4 #bd4 4 ,from the ,premises1 divers ,rules do also result for the making of ,tinctures1 either for ,medicines1 or for any other purposes4 #be4 4 ,i shall only add one or two ,notes4 ,as first1 that of all ,colours1 ,yellows are the most fixed and unfading4 ,as for instance1 if you drop either a ,solution of ,tartar1 or of ,spirit of ,sulphur upon a ,tincture of the ,yellow ,flowers of ,crowfoot1 of ,adonis1 or of ,saffron1 neither of them will alter their ,colour4 ,which shewes the strength of most ,yellows1 to resist all manner of impressions from the ,aer4 #bf4 4 ,again1 that the use of ,salts1 is not only to highten or deepen ,colours1 but also to fix and make them permanent4 ,as for ,instance1 ,the ,tincture of ,clove-,july-,flowers1 made either with ,water or ,spirit of ,wine being exposed to the ,aer1 will often turn into a ,blackish ,purple4 ,but the addition of a few drops of ,spirit of ,sulphur1 doth not only highten the ,colour1 but renders it stable and permanent4 #bg4 4 ,likewise1 of ,salts themselves there is choice to be made4 ,for there are some1 which although they fix the ,colour1 yet1 will a little give1 as we say1 and not hold throughly dry2 as most ,lixivial ,salts1 and ,stillatious ,acids4 ,but there are some ,salts1 which will not give in the least1 as ,alum1 that in ,lime-,water and some others2 which latter1 is so far from being moystened1 that it is rather petrified by the ,aer4 ,for which reason ,i take it to be one of the best ,liquors for a stable and permanent ,green1 and some other ,colours4 #bh4 4 ,amongst all ,water-,colours1 the rarest1 and most difficult to make clear bright and permanent1 is a ,blew4 ,there are many ,flowers of an excellent ,blew1 as those of ,bugloss1 ,lark-heel and others2 but they easily fade4 ,and there are very few ,flowers that will strike into a ,blew by any ,liquor2 being almost all changeable into ,green1 ,purple or ,red4 ,yet some few there are1 in which this ,colour may be produced4 ,as for instance1 the ,flower of ,lathyrus or ,parseverlasting2 which upon the affusion of ,spirit of ,harts-,horn is changed from a ,peach1 to as pure a ,blew1 as the best ,ultramarine3 that which hitherto is1 ,i think1 wanting in ,water ,colours4 ,spirit of ,harts ,horn was the ,liquor ,i used2 but ,i question not1 but that other ,alkalies1 and particularly ,lime-,water1 will have the like ,effect1 and so render it the more stable4 #bi4 4 ,from what hath been said1 we may likewise be confirmed in the use of the already known ,rules1 and directed unto others yet unknown1 in order to the variation of the ,colours of ,flowers in their ,growth4 ,the effecting of this1 by putting the ,colour desired in the ,flower1 into the ,body or ,root of the ,plant1 is vainly talked of by some3 being such a piece of cunning1 as for the obtaining a painted face1 to eat good store of white and ,red ,lead4 #cj4 4 ,the best known ,rules are these ,two2 ,first1 that the ,seed be used above any other part1 if the variation of the ,colour be intended4 ,one reason whereof is1 because that part being but very small1 the ,tinctures of the ,soyl will have the greater over proportion to those of the ,seed4 ,besides1 the tender and ,virgin ,seed1 being committed to the ,soyl1 will more easily take any peculiar ,tincture from it1 then an other ,part1 which is not so susceptive1 and hath been tinctur'd already4 ,all the strange varieties in ,carnations1 ,tulips1 and other ,flowers are made this way4 #ca4 4 ,the other ,rule is1 ,to change the ,soyl1 or frequently to transplant from one ,bed to another4 ,by which means1 the ,plant1 is as it were1 superimpregnated with several ,tinctures1 which are prolifick of several ,colours2 which way is taken for ,roots and ,slips4 #cb4 4 ,the consideration whereof1 and of the foregoing ,experiments1 may direct us not only in changing the ,bed1 but also in compounding the ,soyl1 as by mixing such and such ,salts1 or ,bodies impregnated with such ,salts1 ,i say by mixing these ,bodies in such a proportion1 with the ,soyl1 as although they have no ,colour in themselves1 yet may be effectual to produce a great variety of ,colours in the ,plants they nourish2 supplying the ,plants with such ,tinctures1 as shall concur with the ,aer1 to strike or precipitate their ,sulphur into so many several ,colours1 after the manner above explicated3 and so to bring even ,natures ,art of ,painting1 in a great part1 into our own power4 ,a ,,discourse ,,of ,,the ,,diversities and ,,causes ,,of ,,tasts ,,chiefly ,,in ,,plants4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,march #be4 #afge4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,of the several ,sorts of ,,simple and ,,compounded ,tasts2 and the ,,degrees of both4 ,i ,,have formerly published some ,notes1 concerning ,tasts4 ,idea1 4 #bi4 ,anat4 of ,r4 ,p4 #b4 4 #fh1 c4 ,since then1 ,i have made other ,observations upon the same ,subject3 and these have produced further ,thoughts4 ,i will summ up all in giveing an account1 ,first1 of the ,diversities2 and then1 of the ,causes of ,tasts1 chiefly in ,plants4 #b4 4 ,the ,diversities of ,tasts are so many1 and so considerable2 that it seemeth strange1 to see the matter treated of both by ,philosophers and ,physicians1 with so much scantness and defect4 ,for the ,subject is not barren1 but yieldeth much and pleasant ,variety4 ,and doth also appear to be of great import unto ,medicine4 ,besides1 it is preposterous to discourse of the ,causes of ,tasts1 before we have taken an account of their ,diversities2 ,whereof therefore ,i shall in the first place1 exhibit the following ,scheme4 #c4 4 ,,tasts may be distinguished by these ,three general ways4 ,first1 with respect to the ,sensation it self4 ,secondly1 with respect to its ,duration and ,terms4 ,thirdly1 with respect to its ,subject4 #d4 4 ,the ,sensation it self is differenced two ways1 by its ,species1 and by its ,degrees4 ,with respect to the ,species1 ,tasts are ,simple1 or ,compounded4 ,by ,simple ,tasts1 ,i mean not such1 as are never found in conjunction with other ,tasts3 but the ,simple or ,single ,modes of ,tast1 although they are mixed with divers others in the same ,body4 ,as for example1 the ,taste of a ,peppin1 is ,acidulcis2 of ,rhubarb1 ,amarastringens2 and therefore ,compounded in both4 ,yet in the ,peppin1 the ,acid is one ,simple ,taste1 and the ,sweet another2 and so in ,rhubarb1 the ,bitter is one ,simple ,taste1 and the ,astringent is another4 #e4 4 ,two faults have here been committed2 the defective ,enumeration of ,simple ,tasts2 and reckoning them indistinctly among some others which are ,compounded4 #f4 4 ,,simple ,tasts1 7of which1 properly so called1 there are commonly reckoned but ,six or ,seven ,sorts17 are1 at least ,sixteen4 ,first1 ,bitter1 as in ,wormwood3 to which1 the contrary is ,sweet1 as in ,sugar4 ,thirdly1 ,sower1 as in ,vinegar3 to which1 the contrary is ,salt4 ,fifthly1 ,hot1 as in ,cloves3 whereto1 the contrary is ,cold4 ,for we may as properly say1 a ,cold ,taste1 as a ,hot ,taste3 there being some ,bodies1 which do manifestly impress the ,sense of ,cold upon the ,tongue1 though not by ,touch4 ,so doth ,sal ,prunell1 although the ,liquor wherein it is dissolved1 be first warmed4 #g4 4 ,seventhly1 ,aromatick4 ,for it doth not more properly agree to an ,odor than a ,taste1 to be ,aromatick4 ,and that an ,aromatick ,taste1 is distinct from an ,hot1 is clear2 ,in that1 there are many ,bodies of a ,hot ,taste1 some meanly and others vehemently ,hot2 which yet are not in the least ,aromatick3 as amongst others1 is apparent in ,euphorbium4 ,so that although an ,aromatick ,taste be often conjoyned with ,heat2 yet it is not that ,heat it self1 but another distinct ,sense4 #h4 4 ,eighthly1 ,nauseous or ,malignant1 contrary to the former4 ,such as is perceived1 together with the ,astringent and ,bitter1 in ,rhubarb2 or with the ,bitter1 and ,sweet1 in ,aloes4 ,it may be called ,malignant1 because distastful although mixed in a low degree with other ,tasts3 whereas other ,tasts will render one another grateful4 #i4 4 ,again1 ,tasts may properly be said1 to be ,soft or ,hard4 ,a ,soft ,taste1 is either ,vapid1 as in ,watery ,bodies1 ,whites of ,eggs1 ,starch1 ,fine ,boles1 c4 ,or ,unctuous1 as in ,oyls1 ,fat1 c4 #aj4 4 ,a ,hard ,taste is ,fourfold1 sc4 ,penetrant1 ,stupifacient1 ,astringent1 ,pungent4 ,contrary to a ,vapid1 are ,penetrant and ,stupifacient4 #aa4 4 ,penetrant1 is a kind of ,taste1 which worketh it self into the ,tongue 7as some ,insects into the ,skin7 without any ,pungency2 as in the ,root and ,leavs of ,wild ,cucumer4 #ab4 4 ,stupifacient1 as in the ,root of ,black ,hellebore4 ,which being chew'd1 and for sometime reteined upon the ,tongue2 after a few minutes1 it seemeth to be benum'd and affected with a kind of ,paralytick ,stupor2 or as when it hath been a little burnt with eating or supping of any thing too hot4 #ac4 4 ,contrary to an ,unctuous ,taste1 are ,astringent1 and ,pungent2 as in ,galls1 and ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniack4 #ad4 4 ,again1 ,tasts are either ,continual1 as most commonly3 or ,intermittent2 as that of ,dracontium1 especially in the ,root4 ,for after it seems to be lost and extinguished2 it will then again 7chiefly upon the ,collision of the ,tongue and ,goomes7 be plainly heightened and reviv'd4 #ae4 4 ,lastly1 ,tasts are either ,still1 as usually2 or may be called ,tremulous1 as the ,heat produced by ,pyrethrum4 ,distinct from that of ,cloves1 ,ginger1 and many other ,hot ,bodies1 in that there the ,heat is still2 but here in ,pyrethrum1 'tis joyned with a kind of ,vibration3 as when a ,flame is brandished with a ,lamp-,furnace4 ,thus far of the ,sorts of ,simple ,tasts4 #af4 4 ,,compounded ,tasts are very numerous2 being made by the various ,conjunction of ,simple ,tasts1 as ,words are of ,letters4 ,sometimes of two1 as in ,saccharum ,saturni1 of ,astringent and ,sweet4 ,sometimes three1 as in ,aloes1 ,malignant1 ,bitter and ,sweet2 in ,rhubarb1 ,malignant1 ,astringent and ,bitter4 ,sometimes four1 as in ,agarick1 ,malignant1 ,astringent1 ,bitter and ,sweet4 ,and in some ,bodies1 five or six ,species may be joyned together4 #ag4 4 ,for the more accurate ,observation whereof1 there are these easie ,rules4 ,that not too many be tasted at one time3 least the ,tongue being surcharged1 become less critical4 ,that the ,mouth be washed with warm water betwixt every tasting4 ,and that those things be first tasted which produce a less durable ,taste2 that so one may be throughly extinguished1 before another be try'd4 #ah4 4 ,of the numerous ,conjunctions of ,tasts1 which may thus be observed1 there are only ,six to which the penury of ,language hath allowed 7if ,i may call them7 ,proper ,names1 sc4 ,acerbus1 ,austerus1 ,acris1 ,muriaticus1 ,lixivus ,nitrosus4 ,most of which are commonly taken in to make up the number of ,simple ,tasts4 ,but very improperly2 being all of them ,compounded and ,decompounded ,tasts3 to which ,class they ought therefore to be refer'd4 ,for #ai4 4 ,austere1 is ,astringent and ,bitter2 as in the green and soft ,stones of ,grapes4 #bj4 4 ,acerb1 properly so called1 is ,astringent and ,acid2 as in the ,juyce of unripe ,grapes4 #ba4 4 ,acris1 is also ,compounded4 ,for first1 simply ,hot1 it is not3 because there are many ,hot ,bodies1 which are not ,acria2 as the ,roots of ,zedoary1 ,yarrow1 ,contrayerva4 ,nor ,secondly1 is it simply ,pungent1 because there are also ,bodies1 which are ,non-acria pungentia2 of which kind is the ,root of ,arum4 ,wherefore ,acritude1 is ,pungency joyned with ,heat4 #bb4 4 ,muriatick1 is ,saltness joyned with some ,pungency1 as in common ,salt4 #bc4 4 ,lixivial1 is ,saltness joyned with ,pungency and ,heat4 #bd4 4 ,nitrous1 is ,saltness joyned with ,pungency and ,cold4 #be4 4 ,besides these ,six1 or perhaps one or two more1 there are1 as is said1 a great number of ,conjunctions1 for which we have no ,proper ,names4 ,for admit that there were but ,ten ,species of ,simple ,tasts1 sc4 these ,ten2 ,amarus1 ,dulcis1 ,acidus1 ,salsus1 ,calidus1 ,frigidus1 ,aromaticus1 ,malignus1 ,astringens1 ,pungens4 ,and of these ,ten1 but ,two1 or at most1 but ,three to be compounded together in any one ,body4 ,if only ,two1 they produce #de ,compounded ,tasts4 ,for the ,first1 may be compounded with all the #i following2 the ,second1 with all the #h following2 and so1 the rest3 which together make #de4 ,but if the same ,ten be compounded by ,threes together2 they produce no less than #abj ,variations3 as by the ,table made of them all doth plainly appear4 #bf4 4 ,some few of the ,conjunctions therein set down1 may not be found actually existent in ,nature4 ,the abatement of which1 will be much more than compensated two ways4 ,first1 by the other ,six ,species of ,simple ,tasts1 which are also sometimes compounded4 ,and by other more complex ,conjunctions1 as of many ,quadruples1 and perhaps some ,quintuple or ,sextuple ones4 ,thus far of the ,simple ,species1 and ,conjunctions of ,tasts4 #bg4 4 ,,the ,,degrees of ,tasts are also numerous2 and each ,species1 in every ,conjunction1 capable of ,variation herein4 ,for the more accurate observing whereof1 it will be best1 ,to take those ,bodies1 whose ,tasts are1 as near as may be1 the same in ,specie3 and that those be first tasted1 which are less strong2 whereby the true ,degree will be more precisely taken4 #bh4 4 ,the ,tasts of ,bodies will thus appear to be varied1 in most ,species unto ,five ,degrees2 and in some of them1 unto ,ten4 ,so the ,root of ,turmerick1 is bitter in the ,first ,degree2 of ,gentian1 in the ,tenth4 ,the ,root of ,carduus ,benedictus1 is ,hot in the ,first ,degree2 the ,green ,pods or ,seed-,cases of ,clematis peregrina1 in the ,tenth4 ,so that1 allowing some to vary under ,five2 yet by a moderate estimate1 we may reckon every ,species1 one with another1 to be varied by at least ,five ,degrees4 ,which being added to the several ,species of ,tasts1 in all the ,treble ,conjunctions of the aforesaid ,table1 come to #ahjj sensible and defineable ,variations of ,taste4 ,and these are the ,diversities of ,taste1 with respect to the ,sensation it self4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,of the ,,duration and several ,,termes of ,tasts4 ,,the next general way of distinguishing ,tasts1 is by their ,duration1 and their ,terms1 or their ,motion of ,intension and ,remission from one ,degree to another4 ,for there are many ,tasts1 which have their ,motions analogous to those of ,diseases2 and by those may be distinguished in the same manner4 ,for as of ,diseases1 so of ,tasts1 there are ,four ,times1 as ,physicians call them1 or ,terms of ,motion2 sc4 ,principium1 ,augmentum1 ,status1 ,declinatio4 #b4 4 ,for the distinct observing of which1 those ,bodies which are hard1 and so their tastable parts less easily extractable by the ,tongue1 should be reduced to a fine ,powder3 otherwise1 the true measure of the ,principium will be lost4 ,and for the precise measuring of all the ,four ,termes1 it should be done by a ,minute-,watch or a ,minute-,glass4 ,for so it will appear1 that the ,variations of each1 are divers and remarquable4 #c4 4 ,to instance first in those of the ,principium4 ,which ,i call1 ,that space of time1 betwixt the first ,contact of the ,body to be tasted1 and the first manifest ,perception of the ,taste4 ,for ,example1 those ,bodies which are ,acid1 or ,bitter1 as ,vinegar or ,wormwood1 are presently perceiv'd1 quatenus ,acid or ,bitter1 upon the first ,contact2 or have ,principium brevissimum4 ,those ,bodies which are ,acrid1 have their ,principium somewhat longer4 ,so the ,seed ,cases of ,clematis peregrina1 although they have a vehement ,acritude1 even in the ,tenth ,degree2 yet is not that ,acritude so soon tasted1 as the ,bitterness of ,roses1 which is but in the second4 ,but the ,principium of ,hot ,tasts1 is generally longer than that of any other4 ,so the ,bitterness of the ,root of ,black-,hellebore1 which exceedeth not the second ,degree1 is yet presently tasted3 but the ,heat proceeding from the same ,root1 and which ascendeth to the third ,degree1 is not perceived at all1 till after two full ,minutes4 ,and so the ,bitterness of ,enula1 which exceedeth not the #d ,degree1 yet is sooner tasted than its ,heat1 which ascendeth to the #h4 #d4 4 ,next1 in those of the ,augment4 ,which ,i call1 ,that space1 betwixt the first ,perception of the ,taste1 till it be come to the heighth4 ,so the ,heat of ,galangale1 is not only presently perceived1 but ariseth to the heighth within half a ,minute4 ,but the ,heat of the ,root of ,enula1 comes not to the heighth till after a whole ,minute4 ,and the ,heat of ,black-,hellebore1 not till after four full ,minutes from the first ,contact4 #e4 4 ,the ,status1 or space wherein the ,taste continues in its heighth1 is also divers4 ,so the ,heat of the ,seed-,case of ,helleboraster1 comes to its heighth1 and begins to decline within half a ,minute2 that of the ,root of ,garden-,scurvygrass1 not till after a ,minute2 and that of the ,root of ,asarum1 not till after two full ,minutes4 #f 4 ,and ,lastly1 the ,declination1 or the space betwixt the first ,remission of the ,taste1 and its total ,extinction4 ,for instance1 ,the ,leavs of ,millefolium1 are ,bitter in the #d ,degree1 and ,hot only in the #a yet the ,heat continues for sometime1 and the ,bitter presently vanishes4 ,calamus ,aromaticus1 is ,bitter in the #d ,degree1 ,hot in the #a1 and ,aromatick in the #c3 yet the ,bitter quickly vanishes1 the ,heat continues two ,minutes1 and the ,aromatick seven or eight4 ,the ,heat of the ,root of ,contrayerra1 is extended1 almost to two ,minutes2 the ,pungency of ,jalap1 almost to six2 the ,heat of ,garden ,scurvygrass1 to seven or eight4 ,and even the ,bitterness of ,wild ,cucumer1 to near a quarter of an hour4 ,but the ,heat of ,euphorbium dureth much longer1 as also that of ,black ,hellebore1 sc4 above half an hour4 #g4 4 ,so that the ,augmentum1 is seldom extended beyond ,four or ,six ,minutes1 from the first ,contact3 but the ,declination1 sometimes to ,thirty1 ,fourty1 or more4 ,thus far of the ,terms of ,tast1 or the manner of their ,intension and ,remission4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,of the ,,subject or ,,seat of ,tasts4 ,,the ,third and ,last way of distinguishing ,tasts1 is by their ,subject1 or the ,part or ,parts where they are either wholly or chiefly perceived4 ,and so1 ,tasts are either ,fixed1 or ,movable4 #b4 4 ,a ,fixed ,tast1 is that which keepeth within the compass of some one ,part1 all the time of its ,duration2 as upon the ,tip1 or the ,root of the ,tongue1 or other ,part4 #c4 4 ,a ,movable ,taste1 is either ,diffusive or ,transitive4 #d4 4 ,a ,diffusive ,taste1 ,i call that1 which by degrees spreads abroad into divers ,parts1 and yet in the mean time1 adheres to that ,part in which it is first perceived4 ,so the ,bitterness in the dryed ,roots of ,black ,hellebore1 is first felt on the ,tip of the ,tongue2 from whence it spreads it self to the midle of the same4 ,and the ,bitterness of the ,leavs of ,wild ,cucumer1 spreads from the ,tip1 to the ,root of the ,tongue4 #e4 4 ,a ,transitive ,taste1 is that1 which after sometime1 wholly quitting the ,part wherein it is first perceived1 is thence transfered into some other ,part3 as the ,bitterness of ,gentian1 imediately from the ,tip1 to the midle of the ,tongue4 ,and most of the ,diffusive1 are also ,transitive4 #f4 4 ,the several ,parts which these ways become1 and with some latitude may be called1 the ,seats of ,tasts1 are1 the ,lips1 ,tongue1 ,palate1 ,throat and ,gulet4 #g4 4 ,upon the ,lips1 the ,root of white ,hellebore1 as also of ,pyrethrum1 being chewed1 make a sensible ,impression2 which continues 7like the flame of a ,coal betwixt in and out7 for #i or #aj ,minutes4 ,but the ,heat in other ,parts much longer4 #h4 4 ,upon the ,tongue1 ,tasts are perceived in ,three places1 as hath been intimated4 ,on the ,tip or ,cone of the ,tongue2 as most commonly4 ,on or near the ,basis of the ,tongue2 where the ,taste of the ,leavs of ,wild ,cucumer chiefly fixeth it self4 ,or on the ,vertex or midle of the ,tongue2 in which place it is observable1 that the ,tast of ,gentian1 ,colocynthis1 and divers other ,bodies1 is then considerably strong1 when not at all perceived at the ,tip of the ,tongue or in any other ,part4 #i4 4 ,upon the ,palate or ,roofe of the ,mouth1 the ,root1 as ,i take it1 of ,deadly ,nightshade maketh its chief ,impression2 and there continues about four ,minutes in some degree4 #aj4 4 ,the ,throat1 or the ,uvula1 ,larinx and other adjacent ,parts are oftentimes the ,seat of ,taste4 ,for there are many ,bodies1 which although they have scarce any ,taste upon the ,tongue1 or any other of the aforesaid ,parts1 yet make a strong ,impression on the ,throat3 as the ,leavs of little ,daisy1 little ,celandine1 and of ,pimpinel2 as also the ,roots of ,jalap1 ,mercury1 ,asparagus and others4 ,which being chewed make little or no ,impression on the ,tongue1 but their ,juyce being swallowed1 causeth a kind of pricking in the ,throat2 as when one is provoked by a sharp ,rheum4 #aa4 4 ,and that this ,taste or ,sense1 is truly distinct from either the ,heat1 ,pungency1 or ,acritude upon the ,tongue1 it is hence further manifest2 ,in that ,pyrethrum1 which is very ,hot1 and ,cortex ,winteranus which is very ,pungent upon the ,tongue2 yet their ,juyce being swallowed1 causeth no ,heat1 ,pungency or ,exasperation in the ,throat4 #ab4 4 ,lastly1 if we will take the word 7,tast7 in a larger sense1 the ,oesophagus it self may be said to be sometimes the ,subject thereof2 as of the ,heat produced by the ,root of ,common ,wormwood4 ,for of this ,heat it is remarquable1 that being first perceived on the ,tip of the ,tongue1 it thence maketh its transit to the ,root of the ,tongue1 and so into the ,throat1 and by degrees descends into the very ,gulet2 where it seemeth to warm the ,stomach2 and so continues1 in some degree1 almost of an hour4 ,and the ,transition and ,descent of this ,heat is made1 although none of the ,juyce be swallowed4 ,and in this maner ,tasts are distinguished with respect to their ,subject4 #ac4 4 ,so that the general ,diversities of ,tasts are these4 ,with respect to their ,species1 they are ,simplices vel ,compositi2 ,to their ,degree1 ,remissi vel ,intensi2 ,to their ,duration1 ,breves vel ,diuturni2 ,to the ,terms of their ,motion1 ,celeres vel ,tardi2 and lastly1 ,to their ,subject1 ,fixi1 ,diffusivi ,transitivi4 #ad4 4 ,i ,,have thus endeavoured to draw up a ,scheme or ,inventory of the several sorts of ,tasts4 ,in which1 some may think1 that ,i have over done3 and that as ,galen hath been censured for being too curious in the ,distinctions of ,pulses2 so have ,i been1 in these of ,tasts4 ,not to enquire now1 how far the ,differences of the ,pulse may be extended1 or be fit to be taken notice of2 ,i shall only say1 ,that we have not so much reason to censure him1 if he hath given us some few which are coincident2 as we have to thank him1 for observing so many which are really distinct4 #ae4 4 ,by the ,scheme of ,tasts here represented1 we may be able1 so to enumerate the ,modes of any ,tast1 as to make a ,scientifick ,definition of it4 ,which is pleasant ,instruction to any inquisitive mind2 these things being all matter of sense and demonstration2 wherein lyeth1 though not always the most plausible1 yet the most satisfying ,philosophy2 and where men1 after they are grown weary with turning round1 are oftentimes contented to rest4 #af4 4 ,but the usefulness of this ,schem will further appear1 in two respects2 sc4 ,in conducting us to a cleerer and more particular ,explication of the ,causes of ,tasts3 and the ,investigation of the ,virtues of those ,bodies in which they reside4 ,whereof in the following ,chapters4 ,,chap4 ,,iv4 ,of the ,,causes of ,tasts4 ,,to speak of the ,causes of ,tasts1 before we have well enumerated and distinguished them2 is to provide ,furniture for a ,house1 before the ,roomes have been counted and measured out4 ,but the ,varieties of ,tasts having been first laid down2 it will induce us to believe1 and investigate as great a variety in their ,causes4 #b4 4 ,now the ,causes of ,tasts1 particularly of the ,tasts of ,plants1 whereof we chiefly speak1 are1 in general1 these ,four or ,five1 sc4 ,the ,bed out of which they grow2 ,the ,aer in which they stand2 ,the ,parts of which they consist2 ,the several ,fermentations under which their ,juyces pass2 ,and the ,organs by which their ,tastable ,parts are perceiv'd3 as will appear upon ,instance4 #c4 4 ,but the immediate ,causes1 besides the ,organs of ,taste1 are the ,principles of ,plants4 ,as many of which1 as come under the notice of ,sense1 we have already supposed to be these ,seven1 ,alkaline1 ,acid1 ,aer1 ,water1 ,oyl1 ,spirit and ,earth4 ,the ,particles both of ,alkaline and ,acid ,salts1 are all angular and poynted4 ,those of ,aer1 properly and strictly so called1 are ,elastick or ,springy2 and therefore also ,crooked2 as ,i have likewise formerly conjectured4 ,and ,i find the ,learned ,borelli1 in a ,book of his since then published1 to be of the same ,opinion4 ,those of all ,fluid ,bodies1 qu ,fluid1 and therefore of ,water1 ,oyl and ,spirit1 ,i conceive to be ,globular1 but hollow1 and with holes in their ,sides4 ,those of ,water1 to be larger ,globes1 with more holes2 those of ,oyl1 to be lesser1 with fewer holes2 and those of ,spirit the least4 ,lastly1 that the particles of ,earth are also ,round2 yet angular2 and nearer to a solid4 #d4 4 ,these ,principles affect the ,organs of ,sense1 according to the variety of their ,figures1 and of their ,mixture4 ,so those which are sharp or poynted2 and those which are springy2 are fitted to produce any stronger ,taste3 and those which are round1 are apt1 of their own ,nature1 to produce a weaker or softer one4 ,and so by the diversities of their ,mixture2 not only with respect to their ,proportion1 but also the very ,mode of their ,conjunction4 ,hence it is1 that many ,bodies which abound with ,salt1 as ,ambar with an ,acid1 and the ,bones of ,land-,animals with an ,alkaline1 have notwithstanding but a weak ,tast2 the ,saline ,parts being in the former drowned in the ,oyl1 and in the latter also buried in the ,earth4 #e4 4 ,the same is further confirmed by an ,experiment mentioned in a former ,discourse2 ,of ,mixt4 ,ch4 #e4 sc4 the ,transmutation of ,oyl of ,anise-,seeds1 with the help of ,oyl of ,vitriol1 into a ,rosin4 ,for both those ,liquors1 though so strongly tasted1 apart2 yet the ,rosin made of them1 being well washed1 hath a very mild ,taste1 and without any smatch of that in either of the ,liquors4 ,whence it follows1 that the very ,mode of ,mixture is sufficient1 not only for the variation of the ,degrees in any one ,species of ,tast2 but also for the destroying of one ,species1 and the introducing of another4 #f4 4 ,,these things being premised1 ,i conceive1 ,that as an ,unctuous ,tast dependeth upon ,oyl2 so a ,vapid either on ,water1 or ,earth3 or upon such an intimate ,mixture of other ,principles1 as renders them indissoluble by the ,saliva1 and so1 in a manner1 untastable4 #g4 4 ,that a ,pungent1 is made either by an ,alkaly or an ,acid sharpned or whetted2 that is1 cleared from the soyl of other ,principles2 as in the ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniac or of ,sulphur4 ,and so in those ,plants which have a ,pungent ,tast2 whose ,juyces or ,tinctures1 although they consist of divers ,principles1 yet all so loosely mixed1 that being dissolved by the ,saliva1 the ,saline are hereupon left naked4 ,wherefore biting ,plants1 qua biting1 are ,nitrous ,plants4 ,so that the ,juyce of such ,plants1 is a kind of ,spirit of ,nitre1 made by the several ,parts of the ,plant4 ,hence ,arum grows best under an ,hedg2 where the ,ground1 not being exposed to the ,sun1 but the ,aer only1 like those ,rooms in ,houses1 which are covered1 is impregnated with a greater quantity of ,nitrous ,salt4 ,and those ,roots which are ,biting1 have but few or but small ,aer-,vessels2 whereby fewer parts of the nitroaereal ,sap are carryed off into the ,trunk4 ,for the same ,cause1 it is no wonder1 that many ,aquaticks are ,biting2 ,water being1 though it self cold1 yet the ,menstruum by which all ,salts are imbibed most easily1 and in laxer state of ,commixture with other ,principles4 #h4 4 ,penetrant 7something slower than ,pungent7 is made by any ,salt that is also soiled or guarded with ,earth4 ,sower1 by an ,acid only soyled with ,earth4 ,salt1 by an ,acid guarded by an ,alkaly1 and soyled with ,earth4 ,cold1 by an ,acid drowned in ,water1 and soyled with ,earth4 #i4 4 ,in all these1 the ,salts are predominant2 ,in ,heat the ,oyl or ,sulphur4 ,the particles whereof being ,spherick and bored with holes2 those of ,salt stick in them1 as the ,spokes do in the ,hub of a ,wheel1 or as the ,quills in the ,skin of a ,porcupine4 ,whereby1 as in ,common ,fire the ,sparks of ,sulphur being agitated and whirled about by the ,aer2 with the help of the ,salts1 which stick in them1 tear in pieces all kinds of ,bodies3 so here1 being agitated by the ,circulation of the ,blood1 they make a kind of hurry or combustion2 and so1 according to the degree and strength of their ,motion1 tear in pieces fewer or more of the ,fibers of the ,tongue2 and in a greater quantity1 would raise a ,blister upon it2 the common ,effect of ,fire1 or any strong ,epispastick4 ,so that a ,hot ,tast1 is produced by ,sulphur toothed or armed with ,salts4 ,wherefore all ,stillatitious ,oyls are ,hot2 being strongly impregnated or armed with the ,essential ,salts of the ,plants from whence they are distilled4 ,and as those ,plants which are very ,parenchymous1 from the predominancy of their ,volatile ,acid1 are biting3 ,so those which are ,lignous1 that is1 have a good quantity of ,lympheducts1 from the dominion of their ,sulphur are commonly ,hot4 ,for the same reason it is1 that many both ,biting and ,hot ,plants1 as the ,roots of ,dragon1 ,garden-,radish1 ,onion1 ,iris1 ,rape-,crowfoot1 c4 being corked up in a bottle with ,water1 and set in a ,cellar or other cool place2 they do all of them turn ,sower in a few days3 ,the same ,fermentation1 at once sullying the ,salts of the one1 and disarming the ,sulphurs of the other4 ,but some1 wherein the ,sulphureous parts are more copious1 will hardly ever become ,sower4 ,hence also1 some ,plants1 whose ,roots are neither ,hot1 nor of any strong ,taste1 as those of ,wild ,anemone2 yet their ,leaves and ,flowers are plainly ,caustick3 ,so that it seems1 that as their ,juyces rise up into the ,trunk or ,stalk1 and are therein further fermented1 the ,sulphurous ,parts thereof1 are at the same time relaxed from the other ,principles1 and acuated with an ,aereal ,salt4 #aj4 4 ,a ,stupifacient ,tast 7as the ,impression which some ,hot ,plants make upon the ,tongue may be called7 is in some sort1 analogous to the mortifying of any part of the ,body by the application of a ,caustick4 ,for as there the mortification succeeds the burning pain1 so here1 the ,stupifaction1 neither comes before1 nor with the ,heat1 but follows it4 #aa4 4 ,sweetness is produced1 sometimes by an ,alkaly2 smoothed either by a ,sulphur1 as in ,lime-,water2 or by both a ,spirit and a ,sulphur1 as in the ,stillatitious ,oyls of ,animals4 ,but most commonly1 by a smoothed ,acid2 as in ,malt1 ,sugar1 ,hony4 ,hence a ,sweet ,taste1 is generally founded in a ,sower2 ,so ,sower ,apples1 by mellowing1 and harsh ,pears1 by baking become sweet2 the ,spirit and ,sulphur being hereby at once separated from the other ,principles and brought to a nearer union with the ,acid4 ,so the ,sower ,leaves of ,wood-,sorrel1 being dry'd1 become sweet3 and those of a sower ,codlin1 while they hang on the ,tree1 and even of a ,crab-,tree1 are neither ,astringent1 nor sower1 but sensibly sweet4 ,and so commonly1 wherever the said ,principles are a little exalted by a soft ,fermentation2 as in the ,juyce of the ,stalk of ,maze or ,indian ,wheat1 which is as sweet as ,sugar2 and in the green ,stalks of all sorts of ,corn and ,grass1 in several degrees4 ,so likewise ,tulips and some other ,roots1 being taken up1 in open weather1 sometime before they sprout2 if tasted1 are as sweet as ,liquirish or ,sugar2 and at no other time3 not only ,fruits1 but many ,roots1 ,seeds1 and other ,parts1 upon their first or early ,germination1 acquiring a curious ,mellowness1 wherein1 all their ,principles are resolved1 and their most ,spirituous ,parts exalted and spread over the ,acid4 ,wherefore also most ,roots1 which are not meerly long1 but grow deep in the ground1 have at least some of their ,juyces of a sweet ,tast2 as ,liquirish1 ,eryngo1 ,hounds-,tongue1 ,garden-,parsnep1 ,black ,henbeane1 ,deadly ,night-shade1 c4 ,even the ,juyce of ,horse ,radish1 which bleeds at the ,lympheducts1 is of a sweet ,taste4 ,and of the same kindred those which grow the deepest1 are the sweetest2 as a ,parsnep is sweeter than a ,carrot1 especially if you tast the bleeding ,sap2 and the ,root of ,common ,tall ,trefoyl tasteth somewhat like ,liquirish1 but is not near so sweet4 ,for all deep ,roots1 are fed with a less ,nitrous ,aliment3 and being remoter from the ,aer1 their ,juyces pass under much more soft and moderate ,fermentations4 #ab4 4 ,bitterness is produced by a ,sulphur well impregnated1 either with an ,alkaline1 or an ,acid ,salt1 but also shackled with ,earth4 ,and therefore the ,bitterest ,plants1 commonly yield the greatest quantity of ,lixivial ,salt4 ,so also many ,stillatitious ,oyls digested with any strong ,acid1 will acquire a ,bitter ,taste4 ,wherefore this ,taste is often founded either in a ,hot ,taste1 or a ,sweet4 ,hence it is1 that the ,leaves of all sweet ,roots are ,bitter4 ,and that the ,fig-,tree1 which bears a sweet ,fruit1 bleeds a ,bitter ,milk4 ,so likewise those ,plants1 which bear a ,bitter ,stalk1 have not ,bitter1 but ,hot ,roots1 as in ,yarrow1 ,primrose1 ,wormwood1 ,rue1 ,carduus benedictus c4 is manifest4 ,so the ,coats of the ,seeds of ,viola ,lunaria are of a hot and biting ,tast2 but the ,seeds themselves1 in which the ,salts1 though copious1 yet are also immersed in a greater quantity of ,oyl1 are ,bitter4 ,and that the ,earthy ,parts do also contribute something more to this1 than to most of the forementioned ,tasts1 is argued from its being more ,fixed2 that is1 the ,body in which it resides1 is either more ,fixed1 or else flyeth not away in that same state of conjunction1 by which it maketh a ,bitter ,taste4 ,for whereas ,hot1 ,biting1 and divers other ,plants lose the strength of their ,taste1 by drying2 most of those which are ,bitter1 do hereby increase it4 ,and although the ,extract of ,dandelion and some other ,roots1 which are very ,bitter1 hath scarce any ,tast1 yet generally1 they are ,bitter ,plants1 which are best for the making of ,extracts4 ,and the distilled waters of ,plants which are ,hot and ,bitter1 notwithstanding that they always tast high of the ,heat1 yet rarely and very faintly of the ,bitter4 #ac4 4 ,astringency1 is made1 partly1 by the further increase and more intimate union of the ,earth4 ,and therefore this is seated still in a more ,fixed ,composition1 than a ,bitter4 ,and partly1 by the diminution of the ,sulphur4 ,and therefore the ,acid ,parts ingredient to it1 either by ,fermentation or otherwise1 are easily exposed4 ,astringency being the ,womb or ,bud of a ,sower4 ,for all or most ,astringent ,roots bear a sower ,leaf1 or a sower ,fruit2 as those of all ,docks and ,sorrels1 ,black-,thorn1 ,dog-,rose1 and others4 ,wherefore also1 ,astringency is often found in conjunction with ,bitter1 ,sweet1 or ,sower2 but scarce ever with ,pungent1 or ,hot4 #ad4 4 ,an ,aromatick ,tast1 seems to be produced1 chiefly1 by a spirituous1 acid1 and volatile ,sulphur2 as in ,ambar-griese1 ,cardamon-,seeds1 many ,stillatitious ,oyls c4 ,a ,nauseous1 by a ,sulphur less ,spirituous and ,volatile1 and more ,alkaline2 as in the ,root of ,dog-stones1 ,sheep scabious1 the young and green ,leaves of ,coriander1 or the ,seeds of ,cumine4 ,the ,spirit1 as it enters the ,nerves1 carrying the ,alkaline ,sulphur along with it2 as when a ,city is betrayed by one of its ,inhabitants to an ,enemy4 #ae4 4 ,an ,intermittent ,taste1 as in ,arum1 seems to have its dependance upon a simple and very pure ,nitre1 which by its subtilty enters into the very ,concaves of the ,nervous ,fibers of the ,tongue3 and so being lodged there1 is little affected or stirred1 by the ,motion of the ,blood2 but only when the ,tongue it self is moved1 at which time it causeth a kind of pricking ,taste4 #af4 4 ,a ,tremulous ,taste1 as in ,pyrethrum1 dependeth probably1 upon an ,aereal ,sulphur2 which being agitated by the ,blood in its ,circulation1 the springy ,motion or ,vibration of the ,aereal ,parts produce that ,taste4 #ag4 4 ,a ,tast is ,lingual1 ,guttural1 c4 according to the grosness or fineness or other difference of the ,membranes into which the tastable parts are admitted4 ,for ,tasts are made not meerly by the outward ,contact1 but the ,ingress of the tastable parts4 ,now the outer ,skin of the ,tongue1 which is commonly observed to pill off in boyling1 like the ,cuticula in other ,parts1 hath either no sense1 or much less than that which lies under it2 and is therefore1 but a ,sieve or ,strainer to the tastable parts4 ,so that being of different fineness in the several parts of the ,tongue2 it hereby comes to pass1 that according as the tastable parts of any ,plant are more or less penetrant1 subtle1 or dissoluble1 they are admitted into one part of the ,tongue1 and not another4 ,and in the ,throat1 the outer ,skin it self1 seems to be the immediate ,sensory2 and so1 to be evidently affected with the ,juyces of some ,plants1 from which the ,tongue receiveth little or no sensible ,impression4 #ah4 4 ,when the ,tast is ,permanent and ,fixed in some one ,part2 it is a sign1 either that the ,gustable ,parts are less dissoluble2 or more subtle1 so as to enter the ,concaves of the ,fibers2 and that there is an admixture of an ,aereal ,salt1 or a like ,sulphur2 some of the parts whereof1 being crooked1 hang like ,hooks on the ,fibers of the ,tongue4 ,for the reception of such a ,tast1 is not to be looked upon as a wound made with a ,lancet1 and so the ,lancet taken away2 but with the ,lancet sticking in the wound2 until in time1 'tis carryed off by the ,circulation of the ,blood2 which like the ,stream of a ,river in a ,flood1 carries all before it1 but those things last1 which stick in the ,mud4 #ai4 4 ,but when the ,tast1 though ,permanent1 yet is ,diffusive or ,transitive2 it seems probable1 that as there is a less admixture of ,aer2 so a greater subtlety of the ,tastable ,parts1 whereby they are conveyed1 through the ,nervous ,fibers1 from one ,part to another4 ,,chap4 ,v4 ,of the ,judgment which may be made of the ,,virtues of ,plants1 from their ,tasts4 ,,as by duly observing the ,tasts of ,plants1 we may be directed to understand their ,causes4 ,so also the ,use and ,virtues of those ,plants or ,parts of ,plants in which they reside4 ,for the proof whereof1 an ,instance might be fetched from every particular difference of ,tast before set down4 ,but it may be enough1 to give these which follow4 #b4 4 ,and first1 we may make no ill guess ex ,analogia1 or where we find the same ,tast1 that there the same ,virtue in some kind1 and in some degree1 may reside4 ,so ,jalap1 ,mercury1 and ,daisy1 have all of them that exasperating ,tast in the ,throat before described2 and they are all three more or less ,cathartick4 ,wherefore1 we may believe1 that other ,plants which make the like ,impression on the ,throat1 and there are many others which do1 that they are in some degree alike ,cathartick4 ,those ,plants which are reckoned amongst the chiefest ,cephalicks1 cause rather a durable1 than a vehement ,heat upon the ,tongue1 as ,pyrethrum1 ,euphorbium1 ,black-,hellebore1 c4 ,it seemeth therefore reasonable to rank with these1 any other ,plant1 though not used1 which produceth the like durable ,heat4 ,the young ,roots of ,yarrow1 or ,millefolium1 have the same ,taste1 as the ,root of ,contrayerva3 and may therefore be used for the same purpose1 with a probability of the like success2 if not a better1 because they may be gotten fresher4 ,but by drying the ,root1 the ,tast and ,virtue1 which lie in its exhalible parts1 are much lost4 ,the ,seeds of the lesser ,cardamom1 and of ,zedoary ,root1 if found1 have both a smatch of the ,tast of ,camphire4 ,they may therefore all1 so far1 reach the same ,case4 #c4 4 ,again1 as we may make no ill conjecture from the sameness of ,taste in ,plants of several ,tribes2 so from the diversity of ,taste1 in those of the same4 ,so the ,flowers of all the ,docks are evidently ,astringent1 and not ,sower2 except those of the ,rha-pontick1 which are extream sower1 even in the #e degree4 ,which is no mean ,signature of some more than ordinary ,virtue in it1 besides what it hath in common with the rest of the ,tribe4 ,the ,flowers of ,pancy have a kind of fulsome ,tast1 plainly different from that of ,violets3 and in some ,hypochondriacal ,cases may be more useful4 #d4 4 ,it likewise importeth much1 to observe the difference of ,taste in the several ,parts of the same ,plant4 ,so the ,barque of ,sassafras is three times as strong1 as the ,wood3 and the like may be observed in any other commonly known ,tree4 ,if therefore we could obtein the ,barques of ,santalum1 ,lignum ,rhodium1 ,lignum ,aloes1 c4 they would doubtless1 most of them1 be of much greater use4 ,and as the ,taste is sometimes stronger2 so1 much more grateful1 in one ,part than in another3 as in the ,flowers or ,yellow ,attire in the ,heads of ,carduus ,benedictus2 which being infused in ,spirit of ,wine1 or other convenient ,liquor1 make a pleasant ,cordial4 ,nature having laped up the ,virtue in the ,leavs1 as in a brown ,paper2 but in the ,flowers1 as in ,leaf-,gold4 #e4 4 ,as also1 how far the ,taste of any ,plant may alter1 either in preserving1 or preparing it4 ,so the ,root of ,arum1 when taken fresh out of the ground1 is notably ,pungent3 but being throughly dryed1 and especially kept for some time1 hath no more ,taste1 and therefore in all likelyhood1 no more ,virtue1 than a ,lump of ,starch4 ,the like we are to judge of all other ,plants1 whose ,virtue lieth in their exhalible ,parts4 ,the ,stillatitious ,oyls of many ,plants1 are stronger than the ,leavs or other ,parts from whence they are drawn3 but some there are1 which are weaker2 as is that of ,euphorbium1 in which the ,heat is neither pertinaceous1 as in the ,gum it self1 nor so great4 #f4 4 ,we may make1 moreover1 a judgment from the ,nature of the ,tast4 ,so those ,roots which are ,bitter1 and not ,hot1 as of ,cichory1 and the rest of the ,intybous kind1 may be accounted ,nitro-,sulphureous2 and so1 to be ,abstersive without any ,heating ,quality4 ,the ,marum ,austriacum1 which is extream ,pungent1 as well as ,aromatick1 may be looked upon as the best ,cephalick of that ,tribe4 ,because we find1 that ,jalap hath a special property of imitating the ,glandulous ,parts of the ,mouth1 and ,throat2 we may gather1 ,that it is a better ,purge to all the other ,glandulous ,parts1 than most other ,catharticks4 ,which is also one reason of its operation1 for the most part1 with at least a tendency to vomit2 the ,stomach it self being ,glandulous as well as the ,throat1 and thereby answerably affected with it4 ,a strong ,infusion of white ,sarzaparilla in ,water1 botled up1 and kept in a ,cellar for the space of two months1 becomes extream sower2 far beyond any thing observed in the ,tasts of the ,juyces and ,infusions of divers other ,plants kept as long and in the same manner4 ,which shews1 how well ,nature hath adapted a ,plant of so mild a ,taste1 either by similitude of parts1 for the carrying off of any preternatural ,acid2 or by contrariety1 for the curbing of an exorbitant ,salt4 ,the ,barque of the ,root of common ,wormwood1 which impresseth a pertinaceous and diffusive ,taste1 which descendeth from the ,tongue into the ,gulet1 as is before described2 may be justly ranked with the most excellent ,stomachicks2 and upon tryal1 ,i find it one of the best3 besides1 that it is neither unpleasant1 nor affecteth the ,head1 as the ,leavs4 ,yet the ,gardener1 and every ,body throws it away1 as good for nothing4 #g4 4 ,i shall conclude with one note1 which is this2 ,that the ,specifick ,virtue of ,medicines1 which some ,physicians positively deny1 and most dispute2 from some of the forementioned ,differences of ,taste1 as well as for other reasons1 may seem1 at least1 to be probable4 ,for why should not a ,medicine make an ,impression upon one ,part1 and not upon another1 within the ,body1 as well as we find it doth within the ,mouth8 especially1 since the ,parts of the ,mouth1 are of a less different ,nature1 than some of the ,viscera4 ,an ,appendix4 ,of the ,,odours of ,plants4 ,,the ,senses of ,tasting and ,smelling being so nearly ally'd2 many things already explained concerning the ,diversities and ,causes of ,tasts in ,plants1 may easily be transferr'd to those of their ,odours4 ,i shall now therefore only remarque some particulars1 not commonly taken notice of hitherto1 and leave them as a ,specimen to be ,improved by other ,hands4 #b4 4 ,the ,root of ,rape-,crowfoot being cut1 and held to the ,nose1 when it is newly taken out of the ,ground1 smelleth almost like ,spirit of ,sal ,armoniac1 or fresh ,scurvygrass ,juyce4 ,and hath the property of making the ,eyes to water1 as ,onions do4 ,horse-,radish ,root is not so ,pungent to the ,nose1 but gets pretty much into the ,eyes4 ,but that of ,dragon1 doth neither affect the ,eyes1 nor the ,nose4 #c4 4 ,the ,succulent ,roots of ,dogstones1 and most of that ,tribe1 have a rank ,smell4 ,and that of ,crown ,imperial1 being rub'd a little1 smells as like a ,fox1 as one ,fox smelleth like another4 #d4 4 ,the ,root of ,patience digested with ,water1 in a warm ,room1 for the space of three weeks1 smels like ,spirit of ,harts ,horn1 or other ,urinous ,spirit4 ,of ,red ,dock1 almost like ,aqua fortis or ,spirit of ,nitre4 ,that of ,dragon bottled up with ,water1 and set in a ,cellar1 about a ,month1 stinks like the pus of the most ,fetid ,ulcer4 ,at the end of five ,months1 more abominably1 than either to be endured or expressed4 #e4 4 ,the ,leavs of ,mountain ,calamint1 smell like ,peny ,royal4 ,those of ,ulmaria1 like ,walnut ,pills4 ,of ,yellow ,lamium1 like a ,balsame4 ,of ,sena1 a good quantity being held to the ,nose1 of a rank ,smell betwixt that of ,sweat and ,urine4 ,of ,coriander1 when green and young1 stink so basely1 that they can hardly be endur'd4 ,sometimes the ,leavs have a stronger ,smell1 than the ,flower1 as in ,borage1 and sometimes the ,stalk1 a stronger than the ,leavs1 as in ,ulmaria4 #f4 4 ,rue ,leavs corked up in a bottle and set in a ,cellar for about ten weeks1 smell like ,spirit of ,harts ,horn1 or of ,urine4 ,the green ,leaves of ,roses infused in water1 have a mild1 but pleasant ,smell4 ,neither is that of ,savine unpleasant1 upon the like ,infusion4 #g4 4 ,scurvygrass ,juyce kept about of a year in bottles1 with the green ,sedement1 in a warm ,room1 stinks like ,humane ,excrements4 ,and ,scurvygrass ,wine1 made only of the ,juyce1 smells like some ,issues4 #h4 4 ,the ,flowers of ,yarrow1 smell not much unlike to those of ,southernwood4 ,and the ,flowers of ,crowfoot almost like those of ,scurvygrass4 ,some ,flowers are of a weaker ,smell in the ,bud1 as those of ,mallow4 ,but many have a stronger1 than when they are blown open2 as those of ,lavender1 ,rosemary1 c4 #i4 4 ,the ,buds of ,vervaine ,mallow1 while they are young1 and the ,flowers unseen1 have a very pleasant ,smell1 like that of ,geranium ,moschatum3 but when afterwards they are opened they have an unpleasant ,smell4 ,common ,mallow ,flowers dryed and bottled up for some time1 acquire1 though not a strong1 yet very noysom ,smell4 #aj4 4 ,the ,purple ,pouch of ,dragon which covers the ,seed1 being broken1 smells just like a ,lobster4 ,but permitted to lie in a warm ,room for some days1 smells exactly like ,carrion2 and scents the ,room with the same ,smell4 #aa4 4 ,some ,seeds as those of ,cumine1 ,daucus1 being powdered and laped up only in ,papers1 do notwithstanding retein their ,smell4 ,but many others1 as of ,sweet ,fenil1 in a short time1 lose it4 ,some ,seeds1 when they first begin to sprout1 become ,odorous1 which were not so before2 as the ,garden ,bean4 ,tabula1 qu perspicu videre est1 quot ,triplicati ,sapores1 ex solummodo decem ,simplicibus numerantur4 ,,amarus ,am4du4ac4 am4du4sa4 am4ac4sa4 am4du4ca4 am4ac4ca4 am4sa4ca4 am4du4fr4 am4ac4fr4 am4sa4fr4 am4ca4fr4 am4du4ar4 am4ac4ar4 am4sa4ar4 am4ca4ar4 am4fr4ar4 am4du4ma4 am4ac4ma4 am4sa4ma4 am4ca4ma4 am4fr4ma4 am4ar4ma4 am4du4as4 am4ac4as4 am4sa4as4 am4ca4as4 am4fr4as4 am4ar4as4 am4ma4as4 am4du4pu4 am4ac4pu4 am4sa4pu4 am4ca4pu4 am4fr4pu4 am4ar4pu4 am4ma4pu4 am4as4pu4 ,,dulcis ,du4ac4sa4 du4ac4ca4 du4sa4ca4 du4ac4fr4 du4sa4fr4 du4ca4fr4 du4ac4ar4 du4sa4ar4 du4ca4ar4 du4fr4ar4 du4ac4ma4 du4sa4ma4 du4ca4ma4 du4fr4ma4 du4ar4ma4 du4ac4as4 du4sa4as4 du4ca4as4 du4fr4as4 du4ar4as4 du4ma4sa4 du4ac4pu4 du4sa4pu4 du4ca4pu4 du4fr4pu4 du4ar4pu4 du4ma4pu4 du4as4pu4 ,,acidus ,aci4sal4cal4 aci4sal4fri4 aci4cal4fri4 aci4sal4aro4 aci4cal4ar4 aci4fri4ar4 aci4sal4mal4 aci4cal4ma4 aci4fri4mal4 aci4ar4mal4 aci4sal4ast4 aci4cal4ast4 aci4fri4ast4 aci4ar4ast4 ac4ma4ast4 ac4sal4pu4 aci4ca4pun4 aci4fr4pun4 aci4ar4pun4 ac4ma4pu4 ac4ast4pu4 ,,salsus ,sal4cal4fri4 sal4cal4aro4 sal4fri4aro4 sal4cal4mal4 sal4fri4mal4 sal4aro4mal4 sal4cal4ast4 sal4fri4ast4 sal4aro4ast4 sal4ma4ast sal4cal4pun4 sal4fri4pun4 sal4aro4pun4 sal4ma4pu4 sal4ast4pun4 ,,calidus ,cal4fri4aro4 cal4fri4mal4 cal4aro4mal4 cal4fri4ast4 cal4aro4ast4 cal4mal4ast4 cal4fri4pun4 cal4aro4pun4 cal4mal4pun4 cal4ast4pun4 ,,frigidus ,fri4aro4mal4 fri4aro4ast4 fri4mal4ast4 fri4aro4pun4 fri4mal4pun4 fri4ast4pun4 ,,aromaticus ,aro4mal4ast4 aro4mal4pun4 aro4ast4pun4 ,,malignus ,,astringens ,,pungens ,tabula1 qu ,genericas omnes ,saporum differentias comprenhedit4 ,,sapores1 ratione ,sensationis ipsius1 distinguuntur per ,species4 ,sunt enim alii ,simplices1 qui sunt ,amarus ,dulcis ,acidus ,salsus ,calidus ,frigidus ,aromaticus ,malignus qualis ,tremulus ,mollis ,vapidus ,unctuosus ,durus ,penetrans ,stupifaciens ,astringens ,pungens ,continuus ,intermittens ,compositi1 qui sunt ,nominati2 seil4 ,acerbus ,austcrus ,acris ,muriaticus ,lixivus ,nitrosus ,iominati quamplurimi1 ut ,amaro-dulcis1 c4 ,gradus4 ,ita enim sunt ,remissi ve ,intensi a gradu #c ad #a #d ad #aj ,durationis1 sunt ,breves ,diuturni ,mots1 sunt ,celeres ,tardi in ,principio ,augmento ,statu ,declinatione4 ,est autem ,sapor in ,principio ,quartarius ,binarius ,trinarius ,minutarius ,minuto-quartarius1 c4 ,bi-minutarius ,bino-quartarius1 c4 ,triminutarius ,augmento ,quartarius1 c4 ,bi-minutarius ,statu4 ,quartarius1 c4 ,quadrinarius4 ,declinatione ,quartarius1 c4 ,quadrino-quartarius1 c4 ,quinarius ,senarius1 c4 ,vicenarius ,viceno-quinarius ,tricenarius ,triceno-quinarius ,quadragenarius ,subjecti1 sunt ,fixi ,labiales ,linguales qui ad ,lingu ,apicem ,verticem ,radicem percipiuntur ,palatales1 ,gutturales1 ,oesophagei4 ,mobiles ,diffusivi4 ,transitivi4 ,,experiments ,,in ,,consort ,,upon ,,the ,solution of ,salts ,,in ,,water4 ,read before the ,royal ,society1 ,january1 #ah4 #afgf_/g4 ,,chap4 ,i4 ,in which is shewed1 the ,compleat or ,utmost ,impregnation of ,,water with several kinds of ,salt1 both together1 and apart4 ,,in discourse upon a ,lecture formerly read1 concerning the ,lixivial ,salts of ,plants2 ,it was mentioned1 as a thing asserted by some ,phylosophers1 ,that ,water having been fully impregnated with one kind of ,salt1 so as to bear no more of that kind2 it would yet bear1 or dissolve some portion of another2 and so of a third4 ,and it was referred to ,me by this ,honourable ,chair1 to examine and produce the ,experiment4 ,the doing whereof brought into my mind divers other ,experiments hereunto relating4 #b4 4 ,as next1 ,with what difference of quantity this ,superimpregnation would be made1 upon the ,solution of different ,salts8 #c4 4 ,thirdly1 ,whether the ,solution of a smaller quantity of several ,salts1 doth consist with the non-increase of the bulk of the ,water8 ,because this also is affirmed by some4 #d4 4 ,fourthly1 ,what quantity of the several kinds of ,salt1 may be dissolved severally1 in the same quantity of ,water8 #e4 4 ,fifthly1 ,whether by dissolving a ,salt in ,water1 there be any ,space gained1 or not8 ,that is1 whether the ,bulk of the ,water be greater1 before the ,salt lying in it be fully dissolved1 than it is afterwards8 ,or if a ,cubick ,inch of ,salt be dissolved in nine ,cubick ,inches of ,water2 ,whether the ,water will then fill a ,vessel of ten ,cubick ,inches content8 #f4 4 ,sixthly1 ,whether the ,space be equally gained1 by an equal encrease of the same ,salt8 #g4 4 ,seventhly1 ,whether upon the ,solution of several kinds of ,salts1 be gained so many several quantities of ,space8 ,that is1 if the ,solution of common ,salt gains1 suppose1 an ,inch1 whether the ,solution of ,salt ,armoniack gains as much1 or more1 or less8 and so for other ,salts4 #h4 4 ,eighthly1 ,what that just space may be1 which any ,salt gaineth with respect to its own ,bulk1 or that of the ,water8 #i4 4 ,and first1 for the ,superimpregnation of ,water2 ,i put into a bottle ij of fair ,water2 adding thereto1 first half an ,ounce of ,nitre2 and afterwards more1 as the ,water would dissolve it2 and 7that ,i might be sure the ,impregnation was full7 some portion above what the ,water would bear4 ,then having separated this remaining portion2 ,i put to this ,solution of ,nitre1 two ,drachms of ,sal ,armoniac2 which wholly and easily dissolved in the said ,solution2 though it would not bear a grain more of ,nitre4 ,i then added a third ,drachm of ,sal ,armoniac1 after that a fourth1 and a fifth2 all which1 within the space of half an hour1 were perfectly dissolved in the said ,solution1 without any precipitation of the ,nitre4 #aj4 4 ,in the making of this ,experiment1 two things1 to render it infallacious1 are to be noted4 ,that the said ,salts were not dissolved by the help of ,fire1 but only by a strong and continued ,agitation4 ,and that this was done upon a warm day3 which ,i mention1 because that even the changes of the weather will somewhat alter the ,solubility of the ,salts4 #aa4 4 ,having made the ,experiment upon two ,salts1 ,i proceeded to repeat it upon three4 ,and first ,i dissolved as much common ,salt in ij of ,water1 as that quantity would bear4 ,then having separated the subsiding portion2 ,i put to the ,solution1 no less than five ,drachms of ,nitre1 which by a continued ,agitation1 was wholly dissolved therein1 neither the ,nitre nor the common ,salt being in the least precipitated4 ,then adding a ,scruple more1 it would not dissolve1 but subsided4 ,this second subsiding portion1 ,i again separated2 and then put to this ,superimpregnation1 near j of ,sal ,armoniac1 which was also dissolved as the former4 ,and if as many more ,salts had been added1 'tis probable that the same ,water would have born some quantity of them all4 #ab4 4 ,from this ,experiment1 it is a ,conclusion demonstrated1 ,that not only the visible ,crystals1 but the very ,atomes of every ,salt1 at least those ,particles which are ultimately dissolved in ,water1 have a different ,figure one from another4 ,because that if they were all of one ,figure2 there would be no ,superimpregnation1 but the ,pores of the same ,water1 would imbibe as much of one ,salt1 as answers to the total of two more ,salts imbibed3 that is to say1 it would as well imbibe two ,ounces of common ,salt1 as one ,ounce of common ,salt and another of ,nitre3 which yet is contrary to the ,experiment4 ,and it is the same thing1 whether we suppose the ,pores of ,water to be also different1 or not4 ,because1 that if the ,figure of all the said ,atomes be the same2 then their respect to the ,pores of the ,water must be the same1 how different so ever those ,pores be3 which is also contrary to the ,experiment4 ,besides it is a great presumption1 to say1 that the ,pores1 and therefore the ,atomes of ,water have different ,figures2 and yet not those of ,salts4 #ac4 4 ,from the same ,experiment we may go upon good ground in ,compounded ,infusions2 whether of ,purgative1 or other ,materials4 ,as not doubting1 but that the same ,menstruum may be highly impregnated with several ,ingredients at once1 whose operative parts may be therein copiously dissolved1 without hindring either an ,extraction1 or causing a ,precipitation one of an other4 #ad4 4 ,the ,second ,enquiry is1 ,with what difference this ,superimpregnation of ,water is made8 which ,i find considerable4 ,for a ,solution of above five ,drachms of ,nitre may be superimpregnated with no less quantity of ,sal ,armoniac4 ,and a ,solution of five ,drachms of common ,salt1 may be superimpregnated with as much ,nitre4 ,yet neither a strong ,solution 7as of five ,drachms7 of common ,salt1 will bear above two ,scruples of ,sal ,armoniac3 nor will a strong ,solution 7as of five ,drachms7 of ,sal ,armoniac1 bear above a ,drachm of common ,salt3 for if above the said quantities of either of them be mixed together3 they are both copiously and forthwith precipitated to the bottome of the ,glass4 #ae4 4 ,whence1 notwithstanding the former ,experiment1 yet are we admonished1 not to infuse all manner of ,ingredients in any proportion4 ,because though some do not1 yet others will precipitate one another4 #af4 4 ,the ,third ,enquiry was this1 ,whether the ,solution of a smaller quantity of several ,salts1 doth consist with the non-increase of the ,bulk of the ,water8 ,for this ,i took a ,bolthead with a slender ,neck1 conteining about a pint and a quarter of ,water2 and dissolved therein about j of ,nitre4 ,and marking the place to which the ,water ascended in the ,neck of the ,bolthead3 ,i then dissolved in the same ,water about a ,drachm of ,sal ,gemm3 which little quantity1 raised the ,water above half an ,inch higher then it was before4 ,the like ,i observed in the addition of ,nitre to a ,solution of ,sal ,armoniac4 ,so that to suppose the variation of the ,salt doth prevent the increase of the ,bulk of the ,water1 is a manifest ,error4 #ag4 4 ,from the same ,experiment it also appears1 ,that the ascent of the ,water upon a ,superimpregnation1 is the same1 by whatsoever ,salt the first ,impregnation be made4 ,for instance1 ,let a ,solution of ,nitre ascend in the ,neck of the ,bolthead1 suppose1 to #aj ,inches1 then add an ,ounce more of ,nitre1 so as to raise the ,water1 suppose1 #ab ,inches or more1 or less1 according to the ,bore of the ,neck4 ,in like manner1 let a ,solution of ,sal ,armoniac reach to ten ,inches3 then add again half an ,ounce of ,nitre2 and it will reach just #ab ,inches1 or more or less1 as before4 #ah4 4 ,the ,fourth ,enquiry is1 ,what quantity of the several kinds of ,salt1 may be dissolved severally in the same quantity of ,water3 that is to say1 by agitation alone1 without the help of fire1 as ,i noted before4 ,and upon tryal it appears1 ,first1 that two ,ounces of ,water will dissolve three ,ounces of ,loaf-,sugar and no more1 except the ,water be heated4 #ai4 4 ,the same quantity of ,water that is1 two ,ounces will dissolve above two ,ounces of ,salt of ,tartar4 ,i say above1 for how much more1 want of a greater quantity of ,salt which ,i could confide in1 made me that ,i could not finish the ,experiment4 #bj4 4 ,the same quantity1 sc4 two ,ounces of ,water1 dissolveth an ,ounce and a ,drachm of ,green ,vitriol4 #ba4 4 ,the like quantity dissolveth six ,drachms and a ,scruple or above of an ,ounce of common ,salt4 #bb4 4 ,of ,nitre1 ,five ,drachms two ,scruples and an half4 #bc4 4 ,of ,sal ,armoniac1 five ,drachms and two ,scruples4 #bd4 4 ,of ,alum1 not above two ,drachms and a ,scruple4 #be4 4 ,and of ,borax1 not above a ,drachm and half a ,scruple4 #bf4 4 ,of these note1 ,that although ,common ,salt be very dissoluble1 and will presently catch the moysture of the ,aer3 yet a much greater quantity not only of ,salt of ,tartar1 but even of ,loaf ,sugar1 and of ,green ,vitriol it self1 may be dissolved in ,water than of ,common ,salt4 #bg4 4 ,again1 as the great ,solubility of some1 so the less ,solubility of other ,salts is also observable1 as of ,alum1 and ,borax4 ,for the same quantity of ,water will dissolve near four times as much of ,green ,vitriol1 as it will of ,alum4 ,and of ,sugar more than ten times as much4 ,of ,green ,vitriol near eight times as much as of ,borax2 and of ,sugar1 twenty times as much4 #bh4 4 ,from this ,experiment we are likewise cautioned1 not only in the ,infusion of several ,ingredients together1 but of any one singly2 that such a proportion thereof to the ,menstruum1 be not exceeded4 ,for all that is over and above what the ,menstruum will bear1 is either not extracted1 or will be precipitated4 ,as is evident not only in the ,dissolution of the ,salts above named1 but in the ,infusion of ,plants themselves3 as1 for instance1 of ,senna2 two ,drachms whereof will impregnate four ,ounces of ,water as strongly1 as if twice the quantity were infused2 because the ,water will bear no more of the ,purgative ,parts of that ,body4 #bi4 4 ,there is only one ,salt more remaineth to be spoken of under this ,experiment2 and that is1 the ,crystals of ,tartar4 ,whereof1 it is somewhat strange to observe1 that it will scarce at all dissolve in ,water3 not more1 than even divers ,resinous ,gums1 as ,mastick1 ,tolu1 ,tacchamahacca1 and some others will do4 ,for if two ,drachms1 suppose of these ,crystals1 of ,tartar 7commonly sold for ,cremor ,tartari7 be put to one ,ounce of ,water1 scarce five ,grains thereof will1 by ,agitation1 be therein dissolved4 ,,chap4 ,,ii4 ,in which is shewed1 that by the ,solution of ,salts in ,water1 some certain space1 more or less1 is gained4 ,that the space is different according to the ,nature of the ,salt4 ,and what the just space is1 which is gained4 ,,the ,fifth ,enquiry is1 ,whether by dissolving of a ,salt in ,water1 there be any space gained1 or not4 ,that is1 whether the ,bulk of the ,water be greater before the ,salt lying in it be fully dissolved1 than afterwards4 ,for tryal whereof1 ,i took a ,bolt-head with a slender ,neck1 holding somewhat more than a pint2 and filling it up to a certain place in the ,neck2 ,i then put in an ,ounce or two of ,salt4 ,and observing the hight of the ,water1 both before it was dissolved1 and afterwards2 ,it plainly appeared1 that there was some1 and that a considerable space1 gained by the ,dissolution2 the ,water thereby sinking several ,inches below the place1 where it stood after the ,salt was first put into it4 #b4 4 ,from this ,experiment it is plain1 that there are ,vacuities in ,water4 ,that is to say1 that all the parts of ,water are not contiguous1 but that either betwixt1 or in the ,atomes of the ,water themselves1 there are certain ,pores1 either absolutely void1 or at least filled up with another more subtile body which is easily excluded by the particles of ,salt3 by possessing the room of which the above said space is gained4 #c4 4 ,the ,sixth ,enquiry is1 ,whether the space be equally gained1 by an equal encrease of the same ,salt4 #d4 4 ,for this ,i made two tryals2 the first was this4 ,two half ,ounces of ,salt ,armoniac1 being successively dissolved in the same ,water2 both of them raised up the ,water in the ,neck of the ,bolt-head1 equally2 the first #c ,inches 1 and so the second4 #e4 4 ,the other was this4 ,four half ,ounces of ,nitre1 being successively dissolved in the same ,water1 they all of them raised up the ,water in the ,neck of the ,bolt-head1 equally2 the first a little above two ,inches1 and the #b1 #c1 and #d1 just as much4 #f4 4 ,the ,seventh ,enquiry is1 ,whether upon the ,dissolution of several kinds of ,salts1 be gained so many several quantities of space4 ,for this ,i made tryal upon ,eleven several ,salts1 sc4 ,salt of ,tartar1 ,common ,salt1 ,sal ,gemmeus1 ,roman ,vitriol1 ,nitre1 ,white ,vitriol1 ,green ,vitriol1 ,alum1 ,borax1 ,loaf-,sugar1 and ,sal ,armoniac2 of all which1 ,i dissolved an equal quantity sc4 two ,ounces1 in an equal quantity of ,water1 severally2 that is1 taking fresh ,water for every ,solution4 ,the success was1 ,that the ,sal ,armoniac raised the ,water #ae ,inches4 ,the ,loaf-,sugar1 #ac ,inches and ,the ,borax1 a ,foot4 ,the ,alum #aa ,inches1 and 4 ,green ,vitriol1 #i ,inches and ,white ,vitriol1 #i ,inches and 4 ,nitre1 #h ,inches1 and ,roman ,vitriol1 #g ,inches and ,sal ,gemm1 #f ,inches1 and ,common ,salt1 #f ,inches and ,salt of ,tartar1 not above #d ,inches and 4 ,all which differences are plain1 and most of them very remarquable3 ,two ,ounces of ,sal ,armoniac raising the ,water near four times as high1 as the same quantity of ,salt of ,tartar4 #g4 4 ,from this and the fourth ,experiment1 compared1 it also appears1 ,that the several spaces gained by the several ,salts1 though sometimes they do1 yet do not always answer to the ,solubility of the said ,salts4 ,as to give some ,instances2 ,loaf-,sugar is the most dissoluble of any other ,salt2 yet it gaineth less space than all the rest1 save only ,sal ,armoniac4 ,so ,green ,vitriol is more dissoluble then either ,nitre or ,common ,salt2 yet gaineth less space than either1 especially than the latter4 ,and ,sal ,armoniac1 which is more dissoluble than ,alum or ,borax1 yet gaineth less space than either of them4 ,the ,cause whereof is not easily assigned4 #h4 4 ,note also1 that by the same ,experiment1 as well as by the ,taste and other ,circumstances1 it is plain1 ,that ,sal ,gemm is nothing else but ,common ,salt1 coagulated or ,crystalliz'd under ,ground4 #i4 4 ,again1 as the ,fifth ,experiment sheweth1 ,that there are ,vacuities in ,water3 so doth this ,last1 that those ,vacuities1 are of differing kinds4 ,because1 otherwise1 it should seem1 ,that the ,bulk of the ,water would increase1 more or less1 according to the ,solubilitie of every ,salt1 and not be alternately differenced as it is2 ,some ,salts1 more dissoluble1 increasing the ,bulk of the ,water less1 and others less dissoluble1 increasing it more4 ,i say1 that this difference dependeth not only upon the different ,figures of the ,atomes of ,salt2 because then every ,salt which is more dissoluble1 would 7quantity for quantity7 take up less room in the ,water3 which is contrary to the ,experiment4 #aj4 4 ,from the same ,experiment1 howsoever paradoxical it may seem1 yet is it also manifest1 ,that although ,water be a ,fluid1 yet the ,particles thereof are hard and consistent1 and unalterable in their ,figure4 ,otherwise it is plain1 ,that all manner of ,salts would be dissolved in the same manner1 and take up the same room in the ,water4 ,for let the ,figures of the ,salts be never so various1 yet if the ,particles of ,water were themselves ,fluid or ,inconsistent and ,alterable1 they would always so conforme to those ,figures1 as to fill up all ,vacuities2 and so upon the ,solution of several ,salts1 if of equal quantity1 the ,water would still retein an equal ,bulk4 ,as suppose an ,ounce of ,iron were drawn into ,wyer1 another beaten into ,plates1 a third made into ,hooks1 a fourth into ,needles1 a fifth into ,nails2 every one of these five ,ounces1 being put severally into ,water will encrease its ,bulk equally4 ,i conclude therefore1 ,that the ,atomes of ,water are hard and unalterable4 #aa4 4 ,the ,eighth ,enquiry was this1 ,what that just space might be1 which any ,salt gaineth upon ,dissolution1 with respect to its own ,bulk1 or the ,bulk of the ,water8 ,for the making of this ,experiment1 ,water will not serve1 nor yet ,spirit of ,wine2 because they both of them dissolve more or less of those ,salts which are put into them2 whereby the observation of the true ,bulk of the ,salt1 and consequently of the just space it gaineth by ,dissolution is lost4 ,i took therefore ,oyl of ,turpentine1 and pouring it into a ,bolt-head1 marked the place of its ascent in the ,neck4 ,then pouring likewise into it two ,ounces of ,common ,salt1 ,i marked the second ascent of the ,oyl2 and found it to be #aj ,inches and #f eighths4 ,repeating the ,experiment in like manner with two ,ounces of ,nitre1 ,i found the ascent of the ,oyl to be #aa ,inches and 4 ,repeating it again with two ,ounces of ,alum1 the ascent of the ,oyl was #ac ,inches and #b_/h ,and making it once more with ,sal ,armoniac1 the ,oyl ascended to #ae ,inches3 the said several ascents of the ,oyl being the true spaces which the ,four abovesaid ,salts take4 ,from which1 the space which the same ,salts take up upon ,dissolution1 being deducted2 the remainder is the space gained by that ,dissolution4 ,and so it appears1 first1 that ,sal ,armoniac gaineth nothing2 being the only ,salt of all ,i have tryed1 which causeth the equal ascent both of the ,water and the ,oyl sc4 just #ae ,inches in both4 ,alum causeth the ascent of the ,oyl to #ac-b_/h1 of the ,water1 to #aa ,inches and 3 ,so that it gains about #a ,inch and out of #ac4 ,nitre causeth the ascent of the ,oyl1 to #aa ,inches and 2 of the ,water1 to #h ,inches and ,so that ,nitre by ,dissolution gets almost the space of #c ,inches in #aa4 ,common ,salt causeth the ascent of the ,oyl1 to #aj ,inches and #f_/h2 of the ,water1 #f ,inches and ,so that ,common ,salt gains by ,dissolution #d ,inches in #aj1 which is very considerable4 #ab4 4 ,by this way the ,specifick ,gravity of all kinds of ,salts may be easily taken1 and the difference betwixt them is somewhat surprizing4 ,for it appears by the ,ascent of the ,oyl1 that ,nitre1 quantity for quantity1 is about a #bb part lighter than ,common ,salt4 ,alum about a #f part lighter4 ,and ,salt ,armoniac1 almost a #d part lighter than ,common ,salt4 ,the like estimate may be made of the ,gravity of all other ,salts4 #ac4 4 ,by the same ,experiment it also appears1 ,that according to the ,specifick ,gravity of ,salts they are many times at least more or less ,volatile2 as in the four last ,salts is plain4 ,for ,common ,salt which of all the four is the most fixed1 is also the heavyest4 ,nitre which is somewhat less fixed is somewhat lighter4 ,but ,alum which is still less fixed is much lighter4 ,and ,sal ,armoniac which is wholly ,volatile1 is the lightest of all the ,salts above mentioned4 ,,chap4 ,,iii4 ,wherein1 from the ,experiments in the foregoing ,chapter1 is shewed1 the ,cause of the ,motion of the ,mercury in the ,,barometer4 ,,for the doing of this1 it will first be acknowledg'd1 ,that not only several sorts of ,sulphur1 but also of ,volatile ,salts1 are continually sublimed from most ,bodies into the ,aer4 ,so ,lightning1 from the celerity of the ascension1 appears to be made of a ,meteor1 which is ,nitro-,sulphureous4 ,snow dependeth upon a ,mixture of ,nitrous1 and other ,salts2 as is evident1 from the regularly and differently ,figur'd ,parts1 which compose the whole ,body of a ,snowy ,cloud1 before it clusters into ,flakes4 ,and one reason1 why ,rain is the best ,water for any ,soyl1 is because it is impregnated with divers ,volatile and ,fruitful ,salts4 ,and so from other ,meteors4 #b4 4 ,and next1 that these ,salts1 are not always in the same ,quantity1 ,proportion1 and ,state1 in the ,aer3 but that sometimes they are more copious2 at others1 less3 sometimes1 one more copious1 than an other3 sometimes1 more plentifully dissolved2 at others1 more sparingly3 and that1 either as they are more or less pure and dissoluble2 or according to the quantity of the ,vaporous ,parts in the ,aer1 in which they are incorporated or dissolved4 #c4 4 ,thus much being granted1 from the ,experiments in the foregoing ,chapter compared together1 we may resolve our selves about some ,phnomena in the ,barometre4 ,which seems to vary1 not so much with the meer ,weight of the ,aer1 which hitherto hath been supposed3 as by the different pressure it makes1 in being crowded more at one time1 than at another4 ,that is1 according as certain ,nitrous1 or other ,saline ,bodies1 take up less ,space in the ,aer1 when dissolved in the ,watery ,parts therein1 than while they are undissolved4 #d4 4 ,and therefore it is especially to be observed1 ,that as the ,mercury commonly riseth in the ,cylinder for some days1 but always for some time1 before the change of the ,weather1 whether for ,snow or ,rain3 ,so1 that then it presently falleth again1 even before the ,snow or ,rain falls4 ,whereas1 if the ,weight of the ,aer1 were the only1 or the chief ,cause of the ascent of the ,mercury2 than as it riseth all the while the ,weather is gathering1 so it would keep its standing or heighth1 until the ,weather breaks and falleth down3 which yet it never doth1 but always falls before it2 sometimes no less than a whole day4 ,the ,cause whereof is1 in that all the while the ,mercury riseth in the ,cylinder1 the ,aer is crowded with more and more ,saline ,parts1 which by the ,winds1 or otherwise1 are carryed into it2 and so causeth it to press upon the ,mercury in the ,box3 but after that in some time the ,salts are dissolved or incorporated in the ,aqueous ,parts of the ,aer1 as in ,rain or ,snow2 so soon as that is done1 there is some ,space gaind2 and so1 before any ,weather falleth1 the ,aer is less crowded1 and presseth less upon the ,mercury in the ,box1 which gives way to its descent in the ,cylinder4 #e4 4 ,from hence also it is1 that the ,mercury riseth higher with ,cold ,winds1 than it doth with those which are ,warme4 ,both because that in cold ,winds there is the greatest quantity of ,nitre3 and that the coldest ,winds1 are usually the dryest4 ,so that the ,nitre wanting ,moysture fully to dissolve it2 it takes up so much the greater space1 and so causeth a greater pressure in the ,aer1 as hath been said4 #f4 4 ,lastly1 ,for the same reason it comes to pass1 that the ,mercury first riseth higher1 and then falleth lower before ,snow1 than it doth before ,rain4 ,because that for the production of ,snow1 the ,aer is crowded with a greater quantity of ,nitre1 or some other like ,salts2 which before they are dissolved1 take up so much the more space2 and afterwards so much the less1 even before the ,snow falls3 as hath been proved4 ,,finis4 ,,an ,,index ,,of ,,the ,chief ,matters1 ,in which1 ,id4 signifies ,idea4 ,an4 ,anotmy4 ,the ,figures before 4 the ,page4 ,the ,figures following 4 the ,section in that ,page4 ,a4 ,acid1 commonly the predominant ,principle in ,plants1 #bdj4 4 #h4 ,that is of the ,parenchyma1 ,id4 4 #dh4 ,aer1 how to be examined1 as relating to ,vegetation1 ,id4 4 #fj4 ,aer1 in ,plants1 ,how made1 ,an4 #ic4 4 #fa4 ,where it enters the ,plant1 #abg4 4 #a4 ,its ,motion and ,course in ,plants1 ibid4 ,aereal ,salt1 ,id4 4 #fj4 ,aer-,vessels1 their ,structure1 #aae4 4 #af1 c4 see ,root and other ,parts4 ,affinities of ,plants1 ,id4 #f4 4 #aa4 ,age of ,roots1 ,see ,roots4 ,agitation1 a ,cause of ,mixture1 #bcj44 #f4 ,akern1 #ahf4 ,albumen1 see ,seed4 ,alkaline ,salt1 in many ,plants in their natural estate1 #bdj44 #i4 ,this the predominant ,principle of the true ,wood of a ,plant1 ,id4 4 #eb4 ,anagallis1 of what ,taste1 #bhd4 4 #aj4 ,angellica ,roots1 when dry1 full of ,rosin1 ,id4 4 #da4 ,anatomy of ,plants1 why fit to be made1 ,id4 4 #ag4 ,in what manner1 4 #ah4 ,what to be observed thereby1 4 #ai4 ,of what use1 4 #bj4 ,animals1 their ,parts mixed with several ,menstruums1 #bdg4 to #bec4 ,cantharides1 of what nature1 #bdi4 ,antimony1 of what nature1 #bde4 4 #bc4 ,apertures of ,seeds1 ,an4 #b4 4 #e4 #bjj44 #a4 ,apple described1 ,an4 #dj4 4 #b4 #agi4 ,aprecock1 #adh4 ,arsmart1 coded1 how its ,seed ejaculated1 #ahh4 4 #ah4 ,arenul in ,pears1 ,an4 #da4 4 #d4 #bda4 4 #bj4 ,arum-,root1 of what ,taste1 #bha4 4 #ba4 ,the ,pestil of what ,scent1 ,id4 4 #bh4 ,aqua-fortis double1 mixed with ,spirit of ,wine1 what remarquable thereupon1 #bdb4 4 #bf4 ,with ,steel1 #bdd4 4 #bb4 ,with ,tin1 #bde4 4 #bg4 ,asa ftida1 of what nature1 #beh4 ,query1 #b4 ,ascent of the ,trunk1 how made1 ,an4 #bb4 4 #ba4 ,a ,magnetick ,motion1 #acf4 ,ascent of the ,sap1 how made1 ,an4 #bd4 4 #bi4 #abf4 4 #ac4 ,asparagus1 of what ,taste1 #bhd4 4 #aj4 ,attire of ,plants see ,flower4 ,b4 ,barbado ,nut1 ,id4 4 #cj4 ,barque of the ,root1 see ,root4 ,of the ,trunk1 see ,trunk4 ,bawme1 its ,tincture in ,water1 #bgd4 4 #aa4 ,in ,spirit of ,wine1 #bge4 4 #ad4 ,beams of the ,sun1 different from the ,heat of ,common ,fire1 ,id4 4 #fa4 ,bean dissected1 ,an4 4 #a4 ,beech-,wood1 ,an4 #bj4 ,berry1 see ,fruits4 ,bezoar1 its nature1 #beb4 4 #di4 ,bezoardicum minerale1 #bde4 4 #be4 ,bleeding of ,plants1 ,id4 4 #bc41 ,an4 #abd4 4 #h4 ,bolus1 what1 #bdb4 4 #b4 ,bonus ,henricus1 of what ,taste4 #bhd4 4 #aj4 ,bones1 their different nature1 #bdi4 4 #ah4 ,branch1 how made1 ,an4 #bh4 4 #c4 ,its ,claspers1 ,an4 #bg4 see ,trunks4 ,bud of a ,branch1 how originated1 nourished1 and kept1 ,an4 #bh4 4 #a4 ,how kept1 #ade4 4 #b4 ,bud of the ,seed1 see ,seed4 ,butyr of ,flax1 ,id4 4 #ea4 ,c4 ,calamus ,aromaticus1 of what ,tast1 #bhc4 4 #f4 ,cantharides1 their nature1 #bdi4 4 #ad4 ,case of the ,seed1 of several manners1 ,an4 #de4 4 #b4 #ahf4 ,carduus green ,leavs1 their scent1 ,id4 4 #bh4 ,castor1 #bej4 4 #bh4 ,celandine1 little1 where tasted1 #bhd4 4 #aj4 ,cherry1 #ahe4 ,circulation of the ,sap1 ,an4 #ag4 4 #cj4 ,claspers1 ,an4 #bg4 ,clematis peregrina1 the ,seed-,case of what ,tast1 #bhc4 4 #c4 ,coats of the ,seed1 see ,seed4 ,colocynthis4 ,its nature1 #bdj4 4 #ac4 #beg4 ,query #e4 ,where tasted1 #bhd4 4 #h4 ,colours of ,plants1 ,to what ,parts of ,plants they belong1 ,id4 4 #bf4 ,how to be observed1 ,id4 4 #bg4 ,colours of ,roots1 ,an4 #id4 4 #fe4 #bgj4 4 #e4 ,of ,leavs1 #bgj4 4 #f4 ,of ,flowers1 #bga4 4 #ae4 ,by ,infusion1 in ,oyl1 #bgc4 ,in ,water1 #bgd4 ,in ,spirit of ,wine1 ibid4 ,by their ,mixture with other ,bodies1 #bge4 ,by ,cultivation1 #bgg4 ,their ,causes summed up1 #bgf4 ,compression a ,cause of ,mixture2 and of ,dissolution1 #bbi4 4 #c4 #bcb4 4 #d4 #bcg4 4 #c1 #d4 ,contents of ,plants1 in what ,method to be examined1 ,id4 4 #ba to #bf4 #ca to #dg4 ,of what kind1 4 #ba4 ,their ,receptacles1 4 #bb4 ,motions1 4 #bc4 ,quantities1 4 #bd4 ,consistence4 4 #be4 ,how made in the several ,parts of a ,plant1 ,an4 #ib4 4 #eg4 ,what in the ,seed1 #bjh4 4 #ae4 ,contrayerva1 of what ,taste1 #bhc4 4 #f4 ,convolution of the 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,pearls1 #beb4 4 #dc4 ,mallow1 its nature1 #beg4 ,query #e4 ,marine ,salt of ,plants1 see ,salts4 ,mastick1 its nature1 #beh4 ,query4 #b4 ,measures of ,leavs1 #aej4 4 #a4 ,mechanick uses of ,timber1 #acg4 ,membranes of the ,seed1 see ,seed4 ,menstruum of the ,stomach1 #bec4 #ec4 ,metals2 ,lead1 #bdd4 #af4 ,mercury1 #bdd4 4 #af4 ,steel1 #bdd4 #bj4 ,antimony1 #bde4 #bc4 ,tin1 #bde4 #bf4 ,copper1 #bde4 #bh4 ,silver1 #bde4 #bi4 ,gold1 #bde4 4 #ca4 ,milks of ,plants1 ,id4 #ba4 #bf4 ,how made1 ,an4 #fg4 #ai4 #ic4 4 #fj4 #acc4 #ab4 ,milk-,vessels1 their ,structure1 #aab4 #ce4 ,millipedes1 #bdi4 #ae4 ,minerals of all sorts1 how easily tryed1 #bdg4 #dh4 ,mixture2 the received ,doctrine hereof1 #bbb4 ,its nature explained1 #bbe4 ,causes1 #bbi4 ,power and ,use1 #bca4 ,mixture of the ,parts of ,plants with several ,menstruums1 #bci1 c4 ,of ,minerals1 #bdg1 c4 ,of ,animals1 #bdg1 c4 ,motions1 ,of ,plants1 ,id4 #af4 ,of ,roots1 and other ,parts1 see ,roots1 and other ,parts4 ,of the ,sap1 see ,sap4 ,of the ,aer1 see ,aer4 ,muciducts1 ,an4 #ff4 #ah4 ,mucilages1 ,id4 #ba4 ,an4 #bja4 #d4 ,musk1 its nature1 #bej4 4 #bi4 ,n4 ,nature of ,bodies1 how discoverable1 #bce4 ,navel-,fibers1 see ,seed4 ,nightshade deadly1 of what ,tast1 #bhd4 #i4 ,nitre1 of what ,tast1 #bhj4 #f4 ,noli me tangere1 how the ,seed ejaculated1 #ahh4 #ah4 ,number of ,leavs in ,flowers1 #afe4 #aa4 ,number of ,seeds1 #aih4 ,nut ,barbado1 ,id4 #cj4 #bje4 #ag4 ,hazel ,nut1 #dc4 #h4 #ahf4 ,o4 ,oak-,wood1 described1 ,an4 #bj4 #ba4 ,odors of ,plants1 how to be observed1 ,id4 #bh4 ,some ,instances how made1 ,an4 #id4 #fd4 ,imitated1 #bce4 ,olibanum1 its nature1 #beh4 ,query1 #b4 ,oyls stillatitious1 how mingled with ,water c41 #bcb4 #g4 #bcg4 ,oyly ,sap1 how made1 #acb4 #f4 ,p4 ,parenchyma or ,cortical1 ,pithy1 and ,pulpy parts of a ,plant1 their predominant ,principle1 ,id4 #dh4 ,described in the ,root and other parts1 see ,root1 c4 ,how formed1 see ,roots and ,leavs4 ,peach1 see ,fruits4 ,pear1 see ,fruits4 ,pearls1 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,how made1 #id4 #fe4 ,root of ,wormwood1 where tasted1 #bhe4 #ab4 ,rosin1 how made by ,art1 #bcc4 #d4 ,rosin in dryed ,roots of ,angelica1 ,id4 #da4 ,common ,rosin1 its nature1 #beh4 ,query #b4 ,s4 ,salt aereal1 ,id4 #fj4 ,salt ,alkaline1 in many ,plants in their natural estate1 #bdj4 #i4 ,salt ,armoniac1 #bdf4 #dd4 ,salt1 essential of ,plants1 ,how made1 #bfb4 #c c4 #bfe4 #c4 c4 ,of several sorts1 ,id4 #dh4 ,instanced also in those of ,rosemary1 ,black ,thorn1 ,scurvey-,grass1 ,wormwood1 ,ash1 #bfd4 #f4 c4 ,tastable in good ,rhubarb1 ,id4 #da4 ,salt fixed1 of what use in ,purgation1 #bfj4 ,salt ,lixivial of ,plants1 how imitated1 #bcc4 #f4 ,of different nature1 #bfd4 #b4 ,salt of ,ash1 of what nature1 #bfg4 #bb4 ,of ,tartar1 ,ib4 ,yielded in different quantitys by the ,barque of ,ash1 ,rosemary1 ,black-,thorn1 ,agrimony1 #bef4 ,query #a4 ,garden and ,sea ,scurvy-grass1 #bef4 ,query #b4 ,mint distill'd1 and not1 #bef4 ,query #c4 ,majorane1 ,oak-,barque1 ,liquorish1 ,aniseeds1 ,sorrel1 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#aj4 ,nightshade deadly1 #bhd4 #i4 ,nitre #bhj4 #f4 ,pimpinel1 #bhd4 #aj4 ,pyrethrum the ,root1 #bha4 #ae4 #bhd4 #g4 ,tamarisk-,leavs1 ,id4 #bi4 ,wormwood-,root1 #bhe4 #ab4 ,yarrow1 #bhc4 #f4 ,texture of a ,plant1 #abj4 #aa1 c4 ,thorns1 their kinds4 ,an4 #cc4 #a4 ,timber1 see ,trunk4 ,tin1 its nature1 #bde4 #bf4 ,tin mixed with strong ,aqua fortis1 what thereupon observable1 #bde4 #bg4 ,tincture of ,bawme in ,water1 #bgd4 #aa4 ,in ,spirit of ,wine1 #bge4 4 #ad4 ,tincture of ,corals1 a cheat1 ,id4 #bh4 ,trunks1 and ,branches several described as they appear to the naked ,eye1 sc4 of ,indian ,wheat1 ,dandelyon1 ,borage1 ,colewort1 ,holyoak1 wild ,cucumer1 ,scorzonera1 ,burdock1 ,endive1 ,vine1 ,sumach #ajc1 c4 ,trunk1 ,skin1 ,an4 #ai4 #b4 #ajg4 #b to #e4 ,the ,barque1 ,an4 #ai4 #c4 ,its ,parenchyma1 #ajh4 4 #g4 ,vessels1 #ajh4 #h4 to p4 #aac4 ,the ,lympheducts their ,structure1 #aaa4 4 #cj1 c4 ,milk-,vessels1 their ,structure1 #aab4 #ce1 c4 ,different ,surface of the ,barque how made1 #abi4 #d4 ,how united to the ,wood1 #abi4 4 #b1 #c4 ,how this always keeps moyst1 not the ,pith1 ,an4 #bj4 #g4 #ic4 #eh4 #abd4 4 #b4 ,the ,wood1 ,an4 #ai4 #d4 to #aa4 ,an4 #bj #ba4 ,its ,annual ,rings1 ,an4 #ai4 #f4 ,insertions1 ,an4 #ai4 4 #e4 #ab4 to #ae4 #ag4 #abh4 #h4 c4 ,true wood1 #aad4 #aj1 c4 ,how dilated1 ,an4 #bb4 #bb1 #bc4 ,and why1 #bd1 c4 ,aer-,vessels1 ,an4 #bj4 #h1 #i4 #aae4 #af1 c4 ,how less in the ,trunk1 than in the ,root1 and whence formed late in the year c4 #acj4 #aj4 #aca4 #af4 ,the ,pith1 ,an4 #ai4 #e1 #ah1 #ai1 #bj4 #aai4 to #abb #abi4 #e4 c4 ,trunks1 their different ,structure whence1 #abi4 ,shapes1 whence1 #ace4 ,motions1 whence1 ,an4 #bb4 #ba4 #acf4 ,trunks1 how fitted for ,mechanick use1 #acg4 ,trunks1 of their ,bleeding1 ,id4 #bc4 #abd4 #c1 c4 ,trunk-,roots1 ,an4 #bg1 #bh4 ,turnep1 described1 ,an4 #ac4 ,v4 ,valves1 no where in ,plants1 ,an4 p4 #ba4 4 #af4 ,vegetables1 see ,plants4 ,vegetation of the ,seed1 see ,seed4 ,the manner of ,vegetation1 how judged of1 ,id4 4 #ec4 ,vessels of the ,root and other ,parts1 see ,root and other ,parts4 ,virtues of ,plants1 how to be observed and judged of1 ,id4 4 #ab1 #cj1 #dg4 p4 #bcf4 #bij4 ,imitable1 #bce4 ,the reason of them1 how knowable1 ,id4 4 #ee4 ,vitriols1 their nature1 #bdf4 4 #ch4 ,uterus of ,plants1 fleshy or membraneous1 #ahf4 ,w4 ,wallnut1 #ahe4 ,water1 how to be examined as relating to ,vegetation4 ,water1 how mingled with stillatitious or other ,oyls1 #bcg4 ,wood of the ,root and other ,parts1 see the ,parts4 ,wood of ,beech1 ,an4 #bj4 #ba4 ,of ,oak1 ,ibid4 ,its predominant ,principle1 ,id4 4 #eb4 ,y4 ,yarrow ,leavs1 their ,tast1 #bhc4 4 #f4 ,,the ,,explication ,,of ,,the ,,tables1 ,reduced to a narrow compass2 as serving to clear those ,particulars1 chiefly1 which the ,descriptions before given1 have not reached4 ,the ,,tables to the ,first ,,book1 are ,four4 ,,tab4 ,i4 ,figure #a4 a1 ,the ,foramen4 ,f4 #b4 a1 the ,radicle lodged in the ,body of the ,iner ,coat4 ,f4 #c4 a1 the ,radicle1 b1 the ,plume or ,bud4 ,f4 #d4 a1 the ,seed covered2 c1 the ,seed open2 e1 the same magnified4 ,f4 #e4 a1 the ,corn covered2 c1 naked and a little magnified4 ,f4 #f4 a1 b1 the two ,lobes2 e1 the ,radicle2 c1 the ,radicle and ,bud2 d1 the ,hollow in which the ,bud lies4 ,f4 #g4 a1 the ,seed covered2 c1 naked2 e1 open4 ,f4 #h4 a1 one ,lobe2 b1 the ,bud2 b1 magnified4 ,f4 #i4 the ,slice a little magnified4 ,f4 #aj4 ,the ,radicle a1 cut transversly c4 ,f4 #aa4 ,the ,plume or ,bud a1 cut transversly c4 ,f4 #ab4 ,cut by the ,length4 ,f4 #ac4 ,a ,lobe cut transversly4 ,f4 #ad4 ,both the ,lobes pared by the ,length1 to shew the ,seminal ,root4 ,f4 #ae4 a1 the convex side of one ,lobe1 shewing the ,seminal ,root without cuting2 c1 the flat side4 ,,tab4 ,,ii4 ,f4 #a1 #b1 #c4 shew the gradual conversion of the ,lobes of the ,seed1 into ,leavs4 ,f4 #d4 a1 the ,radicle cut by the length2 b1 transversly4 ,f4 #e4 ,the white ,wedges1 are the ,insertions2 the black1 are the ,wood2 the pricks are the ,aer-,vessels2 and the black half ovals1 the ,lympheducts in the ,barque4 ,f4 #f4 ,the three black ,rings1 are the terms of three years growth4 ,f4 #g4 a1 the upper part2 b1 the lower4 ,f4 #h4 ,a ,turnep cut transversly1 and part of the ,rind cut off4 ,f4 #i4 sheweth the gradual growth of the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,iii4 ,f4 #a4 ,the ,bud cut transversly1 and part of the ,radicle by the ,length1 in a ,bean newly sprung up4 ,f4 #b4 sheweth the ,wood as it appears to the naked ,eye4 ,f4 #c4 the ,cane split down4 ,f4 #d4 the ,corn newly sprouted4 ,f4 #e4 ,a ,branch of five years growth4 ,from the ,circumference1 to the utmost black ,ring1 goes the ,barque4 ,f4 #f4 a1 a piece of the ,stalk2 b1 magnified4 ,f4 #g4 a1 a piece of ,oak-,wood cut transversly2 b1 the same magnified4 ,the white ,lines are the lesser and greater ,insertions4 ,the ,pricks1 are the ,wood4 ,the little and great ,holes two sorts of ,aer-,vessels4 ,f4 #h4 ,part of a ,branch ten years old1 with the ,barque stripped off1 and cut both transversly and down the length1 to shew how the ,barque is inserted into the ,wood4 ,,tab4 ,,iv4 ,f4 #a4 shewing how the ,insertions appear1 in a piece of ,beech-,tree split down1 to be braced or woven in together with the ,wood4 ,f4 #b to #aa4 shew the different position and ,figure of the ,lignous ,fibers4 ,f4 #ab4 a1 one of the ,thec ,seminiformes in a ,lily1 with the spermatick ,powder therein1 as apparent to the naked ,eye4 ,f4 #ac4 a1 one of the suits in the ,florid ,attire1 as it appears to the naked ,eye2 b1 the ,floret2 c1 the ,sheath2 d1 the ,blade4 ,f4 #ad4 ,wherein the white ,pentangular ,acetary is bounded by the ,calculary4 ,f4 #ae4 ,the ,branches which run through the ,stone to the ,flower and ,seed4 ,f4 #af4 ,the ,innermost ,cover of the ,seed1 as shaped when it is ripe4 ,f4 #ag4 ,the ,coats cut open4 ,f4 #ah4 ,the ,seminal ,root4 ,the ,,tables to the ,second ,,book are ,thirteen4 ,,tab4 ,v4 sheweth the generation of ,roots out of the ,descending ,trunk4 ,so ,f4 #f4 is a treble ,root of three years descent2 the lowermost1 half-roted off4 ,,tab4 ,,vi4 ,f4 #a4 sheweth the ,surface of the ,barque4 ,f4 #b4 the midle part4 ,f4 #c4 the ,barque striped4 ,f4 #d4 the ,root cut down the length4 ,f4 #e4 the ,barque striped off4 ,f4 #f4 the ,network both of the ,lympheducts1 and of the ,aer-,vessels4 ,f4 #g4 the ,generation of a ,bud4 ,f4 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa4 ,the ,root split down1 to shew the ,position of the ,vessels1 and the ,figure of the ,pith at the top of the ,root4 ,,tab4 ,,vii4 ,the ,roots all cuttransversly1 and their ,varieties described1 in the second ,book1 as they appear to the naked ,eye4 ,,tab4 ,,viii4 ,other ,roots cut transversly1 and the varieties of their ,parts also described in the second ,book4 ,,tab4 ,,ix4 ,more ,roots cut transversly4 ,,tab4 ,x4 ,f4 #a4 ,a ,slice of the ,root cut transversly2 but a little too big for the life4 ,f4 #b4 ,a ,a1 ,one half of a like slice4 b b1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,a ,d ,d1 ,the ,barque or all that part of the ,root analogous to it4 ,g ,d1 ,the ,lympheducts on the inner edge of the ,barque4 ,g ,g1 ,the ,wood4 ,g ,t1 ,the ,aer-,vessels therein4 ,t ,t1 ,the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xi4 ,f4 #a4 ,the ,neck of the ,root cut transversly4 ,f4 #b4 ,one half of the same split down4 ,f4 #c4 ,magnified4 ,a ,b1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,e1 ,the ,barque4 ,e ,e1 ,the ,lympheducts4 ,the black ,columns under them1 are the ,wood4 ,the ,holes in the ,columns are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,the white ,columns ,e ,l1 are ,insertions betwixt the ,barque and the ,pith4 ,l e1 ,the ,pith4 e e1 ,the angular ,bladders of the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xii4 ,a1 one half of ,f4 #a4 magnified4 ,a b1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,g1 ,the ,barque1 or all that part of the ,root which answers to it4 ,in which the round black spots1 are the ,muciducts4 ,d ,g1 ,the common ,lympheducts4 ,d ,t1 ,the ,pithy ,part of the ,root4 ,t ,t1 ,more ,lympheducts4 ,in both which1 the black ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,xiii4 ,a1 ,one half of ,f4 #a4 magnified4 ,a ,c1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,g1 ,the ,barque1 or that part of the ,root which answers to it4 ,d ,d1 ,the ,milk-,vessels placed in ,rings4 ,e ,e1 ,the ,parenchymous ,rings betwixt them4 ,g ,t1 ,the ,bladders streaming in ,rays1 by the mixture of the ,lympheducts with the ,lacteals4 ,g ,g1 ,to the ,centre1 the ,wood4 ,in which the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,xiiii4 ,a b1 ,the skin1 which should have been thicker4 ,a ,f1 ,the ,barque4 ,g b1 ,the ,bladders in the outer part of the ,barque1 oblong and postured circularly4 ,s ,s1 ,the ,bladders in the inner part1 standing in ,arches4 ,f ,f1 ,a ,ring of ,sap-,vessels4 d d1 ,parenchymous ,insertions4 d ld1 ,the ,wood4 ,in which1 the ,holes edged with white ,rings are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,xv4 ,a ,a1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,b1 ,the ,barque4 ,b ,l1 ,the ,sap-,vessels in the form of a ,glory4 ,b ,e1 ,the ,wood4 ,in which1 the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,g ,e1 ,a ,ring of more ,sap-,vessels4 ,e ,e1 ,the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xvi4 ,a b1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,c1 ,the ,barque4 ,in which the round ,holes ,b1 are ,balsame-,vessels4 ,b ,c1 ,parcels of ,lympheducts4 ,in which there are more ,balsame-,vessels4 ,c ,d1 ,parenchymous ,insertions4 ,d ,e1 ,parcels of ,wood4 ,in which the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,xvii4 ,a1 the ,skin4 ,a ,b1 ,the ,barque4 ,l ,s1 ,a parcel of ,sap-,vessels4 ,l ,i1 ,a ,parcel of ,wood4 ,in which the ,holes great and small are ,aer-,vessels4 ,b ,b1 ,parenchymous ,insertions betwixt the parcels of ,wood4 ,d ,d1 ,others within them4 ,the ,,tables to the ,third ,,book are #bc4 ,,tab4 ,,xviii4 ,hereof see the ,description in the ,third ,book1 ,chap4 ,i4 ,,tab4 ,,xix4 ,f4 #a4 ,a ,branch of ,corin ,tree4 ,a1 sheweth the surface of the ,barque4 ,b1 ,of the wood4 ,f4 #b4 ,stalk of ,sonchus split down4 ,f4 #c4 ,branch of ,vine split down4 ,in both1 the several ,storys or ,chambers of the ,pith4 ,f4 #d4 ,branch of ,walnut4 ,a4 an older4 ,b1 a younger3 in both1 the ,pith parted into transvers ,membrans4 ,,tab4 ,,xx4 ,f4 #a4 ,sheweth the ,surface of a ,walking ,cane4 ,and the ,clusters of ,aer-,vessels1 surrounded with ,rings of ,succiferous4 ,f4 #b4 ,the surface of the ,skin of ,borage ,stalk4 ,f4 #c4 ,the ,turpentine ,vessels running through the length of the ,barque2 one of them cut down the middle1 the other entire4 ,f4 #d4 ,the ,milk-,vessels shewed in the same manner4 ,,tab4 ,,xxi4 ,sheweth the ,woody and ,aer-,vessels by the length of the ,branch1 part of the ,barque1 and wood1 being taken away4 ,,tab4 ,,xxii4 ,a ,b1 ,the ,skin4 ,a ,c1 the ,barque4 ,q1 the ,parenchymous part4 ,h ,i1 ,parcels of ,muciducts in a ,ring4 ,d ,c1 ,common ,lympheducts4 ,c ,d ,e ,f1 the ,wood of #c years growth4 ,k ,l ,m ,n1 ,the second years growth4 ,o 1 the great ,insertions4 ,p 1 the smaller4 ,x ,x1 ,lignous parcels4 ,within which the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxiii4 ,a ,b1 the ,skin4 ,a ,c1 the ,barque4 ,q1 the simple ,parenchyma4 ,h ,i1 a ,ring of special ,vessels4 ,p1 common ,sap-,vessels4 ,c ,d ,e ,f1 the ,wood of #c years growth4 ,k ,l ,m ,n1 one years growth4 ,x1 great ,insertions4 ,p ,o1 lesser between them4 ,the black parcels are the wood4 ,in which the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxiv4 ,a ,b1 the ,skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,bark4 ,n ,n1 the ,parenchyma4 ,h ,i1 a ,ring of special ,sap-,vessels4 ,d ,m ,c1 ,parcels of ,lympheducts4 ,c ,d ,e ,f1 the ,wood4 ,e ,f ,l ,k1 one years growth4 ,k ,p ,q ,l1 the larger ,aer-vessels in the several parcels of ,wood4 1 the lesser ,aer-vessels4 ,m ,t1 the insertions4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxv4 ,a ,b1 the ,skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,h ,i1 ,special ,sap ,vessels in arched parcels4 ,o ,o1 the common ,sap-vessels which begin to turn into ,wood4 ,c ,d ,e ,f1 the ,wood4 ,k ,l ,m ,n1 one years growth4 ,the ,holes are the ,aer-vessels in the wood4 1 the true wood4 ,o z1 ,o y1 the ,insertions4 ,e ,f1 other ,sap-vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 ,the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxvi4 ,a ,b1 the ,skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,q ,q1 the ,parenchyma4 ,h ,i1 ,special ,sap-vessels in arched parcels4 ,d ,c1 a ,ring of common ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,f ,e1 the ,wood4 ,k ,l ,m ,n1 one years growth4 ,the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,o ,o1 the greater ,insertions4 ,p ,o1 the smaller4 ,e ,f1 other ,sap-vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxvii4 ,a ,b1 the ,skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,w ,v1 the ,parenchyma4 ,h ,i1 round parcels of ,sap-,vessels4 ,d ,c1 the common ,sap-,vessels4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the ,wood of #e years growth4 ,q ,r ,f ,e1 one years growth4 ,x ,x1 the true wood4 ,the ,holes both great and small are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,s ,s1 ,the great insertions4 ,t ,s1 the smaller4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxviii4 ,a ,b1 the skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,h ,t ,i1 special ,sap-,vessels in round ,parcels4 ,d ,s ,c1 common ,sap-,vessels4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the ,wood of five years growth4 1 the true wood4 ,k ,l c41 the great ,aer-,vessels4 ,d ,c1 the smaller4 ,s ,s1 the ,insertions4 ,e ,f ,s1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxix4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,a ,b1 a ,ring of ,sap-,vessels in round parcels next the ,skin4 ,h ,i1 the ,parenchyma4 ,another ,ring of round parcels4 ,d ,o ,c1 ,common ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the wood4 ,m ,n ,e ,f1 one years growth4 ,s ,s1 the true wood4 ,k ,l1 the great ,aer-,vessels4 ,p ,q1 the lesser4 ,o ,o1 the ,insertions4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 e1 the ,bladders of the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxx4 ,a ,b1 the ,skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,r ,r1 the ,parenchyma4 ,h ,r ,i1 two ,rings of special ,sap-,vessels4 ,d ,c1 ,common ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the wood of four years growth4 d d1 the true wood4 ,q d1 part of it whiter1 by the mixture of special ,sap-,vessels represented by the transvers ,lines4 ,m ,n1 the great ,aer-,vessels4 c e1 parcels of lesser ones4 ,e ,f1 a ,ring of other ,sap-,vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxi4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 m m1 the ,parenchyma4 ,h m ,i1 ,milk ,vessels in arched parcels4 ,d ,k ,c1 ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the wood of one years growth4 ,s ,t1 probably milk ,vessels heretofore4 ,the ,holes in the ,aer-,vessels4 ,k ,k1 the ,insertions4 ,e v ,f1 other ,milk-,vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxii4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,m ,n1 the ,parenchyma4 ,d ,l ,c1 the ,lympheducts4 ,h ,i1 the ,vessels which carry the ,turpentine4 ,d ,c ,f ,e1 the ,wood4 ,l ,l1 the ,insertions4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,the greater ,holes both in the ,wood and ,pith1 are more ,turpentine ,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxiii4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,x ,y1 ,the ,parenchyma4 ,k ,x ,y ,l1 ,special ,vessels in round parcels4 ,h ,i1 others in a ,ring4 ,d ,c1 ,common ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the wood4 ,s ,z ,t1 probably one sort of ,sap-,vessels heretofore in the ,barque4 ,q ,m ,q ,n1 small ,aer-,vessels4 ,m ,n1 great ,aer-,vessels4 ,r ,q1 the small ,insertions4 ,q ,q1 the great ones4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxiv4 ,a ,b a a1 the hairy ,skin4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,h w ,i1 the ,parenchyma4 ,d ,m ,c1 the common ,lympheducts4 ,k ,l1 the ,milk ,vessels4 v1 one ,vessel4 ,h ,i1 ,another sort of ,lympheducts1 arched over the ,milk ,vessels4 ,x ,x1 seems to be a third sort of ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,f ,e1 the ,wood4 ,m ,m1 the ,insertions4 ,x ,x1 the true ,wood4 ,the ,holes therein are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,e ,f1 a ,ring of ,lympheducts4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxv4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,a ,m ,b1 the ,parenchyma4 ,h ,m ,i1 ,balsam ,vessels4 ,k ,l1 another sort of ,sap-,vessels in parcels4 ,k ,l ,d ,c1 ,lympheducts4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 ,the ,wood4 ,in which the ,holes are the ,aer-,vessels4 ,m ,m1 the ,insertions4 ,e ,f1 more ,balsame-,vessels4 ,e ,f ,g1 the ,pith4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxvi4 a a1 part of a ,vine-,branch cut transversly1 and also split half way down the midle4 ,b ,b1 ,the same magnified4 ,shewing the ,position of the ,bladders in the ,barque and ,pith in perpendicular ,rows2 in the ,insertions1 in ,horizontal ,rows4 ,and the ,vessels or ,parcels of ,wood not raced as in many other ,trees4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxvii4 ,sheweth the bracing of the ,vessels4 ,and how the several ,parcels of ,vessels or ,wood are interwoven with the ,insertions4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxviii4 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 the ,barque4 ,h ,i1 ,the ,parenchyma4 e e1 ,a sort of ,sap-,vessels4 a a1 ,another sort4 c c1 ,milk ,vessels4 ,d ,c ,e ,f1 the ,wood4 ,v ,v1 the ,aer-,vessels4 t t1 ,more ,lympheducts4 s s1 ,more ,milk-,vessels4 a t1 ,the ,insertions4 ,e ,f ,g1 ,the ,pith1 composed of angular ,bladders1 the ,bladders of ,threds1 and the ,threds of single ,fibers4 1 ,one of the single ,fibers4 ,,tab4 ,,xxxix4 ,sheweth the ,structure of the ,lympheducts or of the ,lignous ,fibers both in the ,barque1 and the ,wood4 ,f4 #a4 a1 ,f4 #b1 ,a single ,vessel in the ,barque of ,flax1 composed of a great number of other ,lignous ,fibers2 with which also the ,parenchymous are intermixd4 ,not visible1 except very highly magnified4 ,f4 #c4 ,a parcel of the same ,vessels in ,wood4 ,f4 #d1 ,f4 #e4 shew the manner of the ,ascent of the ,sap1 both in the ,lympheducts1 and in the ,lactiferous and other larger ,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,xl4 ,the ,fibers which hang down from the ,barque are the ,lympheducts2 one of which is composed of a great many other smaller ,fibers4 ,the large ,tubes are the ,milk-,vessels composed of ,bladders4 ,the ,fibers which hang down from the wood1 are some of them the old ,lympheducts turn'd to wood4 ,and some1 ,aer-,vessels unroav'd4 ,the thin ,plate between the two wedges of wood1 is one of the ,insertions1 composed of ,bladders1 and those ,bladders of ,threds4 ,the remainder1 is part of the ,pith1 composed of ,thredy or ,fibrous ,bladders4 ,the ,,tables to the ,fourth ,,book are #db4 ,,tab4 ,,xli4 b1 a ,dock-,leaf covered with the ,veil4 d1 the ,leaf naked4 a c1 the ,veil spred open4 ,in ,clary1 the ,bud is embraced by the ,curled ,leavs4 ,in ,sumach1 the ,bud lies within the ,stalk1 as an ,egg or ,kernel within a shell4 ,,tab4 ,,xlii4 ,f4 #a4 sheweth how the ,pipes are inclosed one within another4 ,f4 #b4 a1 the ,leaf foulded up4 b1 opened4 ,f4 #c4 a b1 the ,bud4 b1 a little magnified4 ,f4 #d4 a b1 the ,leaf rowled up1 inward4 c1 a little magnified and cut transversly1 to show the ,rowl4 ,f4 #e4 a1 the ,leaf rowled up4 b1 magnified and cut transversly4 ,f4 #f4 a1 the ,leaf rowled backward4 b1 magnified and cut transversly4 ,,tab4 ,,xliii4 ,f4 #a4 sheweth the ,tenter-,hooks1 by which the ,leaf climbs4 ,f4 #b4 sheweth the ,globulets1 turned to a white powder4 ,the ,leaf of ,jerusalem ,cowslip sheweth the ,way of the ,insect under the ,skin4 ,,tab4 ,,xliv4 ,,xlv4 sheweth the ,measures of ,leavs by the ,circumference4 ,tab4 ,,xlvi ,,xlvii4 sheweth the proportion between the chief ,fibers2 and also the ,angles they usually make together4 ,,tab4 ,,xlviii4 ,f4 #a1 #b1 #c4 shew the ,apertures in several ,leavs4 ,f4 #d4 sheweth the same4 ,and likewise1 the peculiar composure of the ,bladders and ,fibers of the ,leaf4 ,,tab4 ,,xlix4 showeth the difference in the ,bladders1 and in the ,position of the ,lignous ,fibers in the ,stalks of ,leavs4 ,,tab4 ,l4 sheweth the ,pulp of a ,borage-,leaf and many others composed of ,bladders2 the sides of which ,bladders1 are made of other smaller ones4 ,and the distribution of the ,lignous ,fibers 7and of the ,aer-,vessels sheathed within them7 not like that of ,veins in ,animals1 but of the ,nervs1 c4 ,see the description of the ,leaf4 ,,tab ,,li4 ,f4 #a4 ,the appearance of the ,aer-,vessels like ,cobwebs to the naked ,eye1 upon breaking the ,leaf4 ,f4 #b4 ,a small piece cut off of the ,leaf4 ,f4 #c4 ,the same magnified in which the same ,vessels look like spiral wyers stretched out4 ,f4 #d4 ,the same as they stand entire within the ,wood4 ,,tab4 ,,lii4 ,representeth the ,aer-,vessels of ,scabious1 as in ,tab4 ,,li4 ,,tab4 ,,liii4 ,sheweth the manner of the ,generation of the ,leaf2 chiefly1 by the help of several ,salts1 wherewith the ,sap is impregnated4 ,f4 #e4 7#a7 ,the ,foundation of the work4 ,f4 #f4 7#a #b7 strengthened4 ,f4 #g4 7#a #c72 in which 7#c7 is set with the square end to end3 and with the point-side of one1 to that of another4 ,f4 #h4 ,the same1 directing the ,position of the ,lignous ,fibers at very ,acute ,angles4 ,f4 #i4 ,at less ,acute ,angles4 ,f4 #aj4 ,the greater ,fibers at ,acute1 and the smaller at ,right ,angles4 ,f4 #aa4 ,the greater at ,right ,angles with the help of 7#a7 7#b7 or 7#c74 ,f4 #ab4 7#c7 directing the ,fiber in the ,edge of the ,leaf into a greater ,circle4 ,f4 #ac4 ,into a less1 and with divers ,diameters4 ,f4 #ad4 7#d7 directing the ,parenchymous ,fibers in making the ,bladders4 ,f4 #ae4 ,in winding from one ,bladder to another4 ,f4 #ag4 ,or about the ,lignous ,fibers4 ,f4 #af4 ,in making the ,aer-,vessels4 ,,tab4 ,,liv4 sheweth how ,nature manages the ,folds of ,flowers according to their ,shape4 ,,tab4 ,,lv4 ,f4 #a4 sheweth the ,edges of the ,leaf fastned by their ,indented ,hairs4 ,f4 #b4 ,the ,balsamick ,knobs in the place of ,hairs4 ,f4 #c4 ,the number #e running #c times into its self in #ac4 ,f4 #d4 ,and five times in #ba4 ,f4 #e4 c4 ,the ,seminiform ,attire in ,clematis ,austriaca4 ,with one of the ,thec magnified2 of which1 there are about #cj or #dj in one ,flower4 ,f4 #h1 c4 ,the same in ,blattaria1 with one of the ,thec magnified2 of which are there about #e in one ,flower4 ,,tab4 ,,lvi4 ,the same in yellow ,henbane4 ,with one of the ,thec magnified2 of which there are about #e in one ,flower4 ,and the ,column on the top of the ,seed-,case4 ,,tab4 ,,lvii4 ,the same in ,st4 ,johns wort1 entire1 together with the ,seed-,case or ,uterus4 ,,tab4 ,,lviii4 ,the ,varieties of the ,spermatick ,particles in the ,seminiform ,attire4 ,,tab4 ,,lix4 ,the ,florid ,attire of ,golden ,rod2 ,in which1 the several suits consist but of two pieces4 ,and of which ,attire1 the ,flower doth almost wholly consist4 ,,tab4 ,,lx4 ,f4 #a1 c4 ,the same ,attire in ,french ,marigold or ,flos ,africanus1 with one suit magnified4 ,of which1 there are about #ab1 in one ,flower2 and every suit consisting of #c ,pieces4 ,f4 #e4 ,one of another ,flower1 consisting also of #c ,pieces4 ,,tab4 ,,lxi4 ,one suit of the same ,attire in ,marigold1 and ,knapweed1 each of them consisting of three ,pieces4 ,f4 #e4 a1 ,the ,attire of one ,piece1 proper to each ,leaf in a ,marigold ,flower1 besides that in the bosome of the ,flower4 ,f4 #h4 a b1 the ,seed-,case or ,uterus at the bottom of every suit4 ,,tab4 ,,lxii4 ,the ,attire 7of #c ,pieces7 proper to each ,leaf in the ,flower of ,cichory4 ,,tab4 ,,lxiii4 sheweth the ,flower of ,mezereon perfectly formed in all its ,parts1 in the year before it appears4 ,but differs in ,shape1 as a ,ftus doth when newly formed4 ,,tab4 ,,lxiv4 sheweth the same in the ,flower of ,asarum4 ,,tab4 ,,lxv4 sheweth the position of the #bj chief ,branches in an ,apple4 ,their ,production from the ,stalk to the ,seeds and ,flower4 ,and a part of the ,parenchyma magnified1 sc4 that which is pricked out from the ,coar to the ,skin2 shewing the oblong ,figure of the ,bladders1 and the ,divisions in every ,bladder4 ,,tab4 ,,lxvi4 ,f4 #a1 c4 sheweth the ,bladders in the ,rind of a ,limon conteining the ,oyl4 ,the ,bags and ,bladders of the ,pulp1 conteining the sower ,juyce4 ,and the ,position of the ,vessels belongeth to the ,fruit1 ,seed1 and ,flower4 ,f4 #e4 shews the same ,vessels1 and treble ,parenchyma in a ,cucumer4 ,,tab4 ,,lxvii4 ,representeth the ,parts of a ,pear4 ,the position and production of the ,vessels4 ,the ,chanel from the top of the ,pear to the botome of the ,coar4 ,the ,tartareous ,knots4 ,and the ,bladders radiated to them4 ,,tab4 ,,lxviii4 ,see the ,descriptions of ,fruits2 and the last ,chapter of the ,generation of the ,seed4 ,,tab4 ,,lxix4 ,f4 #e4 ,sheweth the ,parts of a ,goosberry4 ,the darker part is the sower ,rind4 ,consisting of two sorts of ,bladders1 of which some very small1 and others very great4 ,the white pieces on the circumference of the ,berry1 are the ,lignous ,fibers4 ,the two opposite white and radiated ,bodys are the ,midle ,parenchyma4 ,and the oblong ,bags round about the several ,seeds or ,seed-,cases1 are the sweet ,pulp4 ,,tab4 ,,lxx4 ,sheweth the ,seed-,case of ,radish opened1 and the ,seeds hanging on two ,ropes4 ,that of ,poppey both entire1 and split down the midle4 ,a slice of the ,cod of ,garden-,bean1 while very young2 and therein the ,bladders and ,threds of the ,spongy ,parenchyma4 ,and the gradual ripening and opening of that of yellow ,henbane4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxi4 ,sheweth the ,seed ,case of ,tulip entire1 cut transversly1 and split downe4 ,a slice of ,thorn-,apple1 or of the ,seed-,case of ,stramonium1 while young4 ,that of ,pimpinel naturally divided into two ,hemisphers2 with the ,button1 on which the ,seeds grow1 erected in the middle4 ,the manner of the ejaculation of the ,seed1 in ,coded ,arsmart4 ,and the ,coats of the ,seed of ,azarum formed the year before it ripens4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxii4 sheweth the measures of ,plum-stones4 ,the ,apertures1 and ,divisions1 of the covers of the ,seed4 ,the ,seed and ,seed-,case of ,harts ,tongue1 opened with a ,spring4 ,and other contrivances both for the ,motion1 and ,arrest of other ,seeds4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxiii ,,lxxiv4 ,see the ,descriptions4 ,in ,tab4 #gd4 the corners and edges of that of ,fox-glove should have been rounder4 ,the ,figures are all done pretty near a ,scale4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxv4 ,the ,belly and ,back of a ,datestone1 and the small sprouting ,node taken out of the ,hole in the back cut open4 ,the ,shapes and ,foulds of divers ,seeds4 ,the ,vitellum of ,orach1 and ,rhapontick4 ,in great blew-,lupine1 d1 the ,navle2 b1 the descending part of the ,radicle4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxvi4 ,flag4 #a1 the ,seed4 #b1 split open4 #c1 the true ,seed which lies in the hollow made in the ,cover4 7#b7 #d1 one half of 7#b7 magnifyd4 #e1 the ,seed 7#c7 magnifyd4 ,purging ,angola ,nut4 #a1 with the shell on4 #b1 taken off4 #c1 the soft ,cover split down4 #d1 the ,seed which lies in it2 the ,lobes hereof answerable to two ,leaves1 and ,radicle to the ,stalk4 ,and so in the rest4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxvii4 ,coffee ,berry stone4 #a1 ,the belly of the ,stone4 #b1 the ,back4 #c1 pared a little4 #d1 the ,kernel taken out of it4 #e1 the same magnifyd4 ,goosgrass4 #a1 the entire ,seed4 #b1 the back of the hard ,cover4 #c1 the belly4 #d1 cut in two4 #e1 the same magnifyd4 #f1 the true ,seed taken out of it4 ,staphisagria4 #a1 the entire ,seed4 #b1 the hard ,cover4 #c1 ,split in two4 #d1 the true ,seed taken out of it4 #e1 ,the same magnifyd4 ,peony1 #a1 the ,seed commonly so call'd4 #b1 one half of it split down4 #c1 the other half4 #d1 the true seed taken out of it4 #e1 the same magnifyd4 ,stramonium4 #a1 the ,seed entire4 #b1 the iner thick cover4 #c1 the same split in two4 #d1 the true seed taken out of it4 #e1 half the thick ,cover 7#c7 magnifyd4 #f1 the ,seed 7#d7 magnifyd4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxviii4 ,some examples of the ,buds of ,seeds before they are sown4 ,sena4 #a1 the naked ,seed4 #b1 the ,lobes divided to shew the ,bud4 #c1 one ,lobe with the ,bud magnifyd4 ,carduus ,benedictus4 #a1 the entire ,seed4 #b1 with the outer ,covers off4 #c1 naked4 #d1 divided4 #e1 that half with the ,bud1 magnifyd4 ,hemp4 #a1 the naked ,seed divided4 #b1 #c1 the same magnifyd4 ,almond4 #a4 one half of the ,kernel4 #b1 the ,radicle and ,bud at the bottom of it4 #c1 the same broken off4 #d1 magnifyd4 #e1 opened4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxix4 ,f4 #a4 a b1 ,part of the outer ,coat4 c d1 ,part of the ,inner ,coat4 c d e1 one ,lobe cover'd with the ,skin4 f g1 the other1 with the ,skin and part of the ,parenchyma pared off4 f f1 the ,skin4 h h1 the ,parenchyma4 i i1 the ,seminal ,root4 k k1 the ,radicle4 k l1 where it is cut off from the ,lobes4 ,m1 the ,plume or ,bud4 ,n1 ,the ,cavitys in which it is lodg'd4 ,f4 #b4 ,sheweth the ,barque1 ,vessels and ,pith of the ,radicle4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxx4 ,f4 #a4 ,a ,slice of a young ,apricock1 cut transversly1 near the lower end2 shewing the duplicature of the ,skin half way through the ,stone4 ,f4 #b4 ,a ,slice1 cut near the upper end2 shewing the duplicature of the ,skin quite through the ,stone4 ,f4 #c4 ,a well-grown ,apricock cut by the length4 ,f4 #d1 #e1 ,the ,membranes of a ,filbert full ripe4 ,f4 #f4 ,the ,membranes of a young ,apricock1 with part of the ,seed-branch4 ,f4 #g4 the two ,membranes cut by the length4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxxi4 ,f4 #a1 ,the outer and midle ,coats or ,membranes2 with the ,chanel1 oval at both ends1 now formed in the latter4 ,f4 #b1 ,part of the same1 with the upper ,oval grown larger1 and the inmost ,cover now also formed therein4 ,f4 #c4 the same with the inmost cover grown larger4 ,f4 #d4 the ,inmost ,cover more magnified1 and the hollow in the smaller end1 laid open1 to shew the ,seed it self1 newly begun in a round ,node4 ,f4 #e4 the same2 in which the ,node begins to be divided into two ,lobes4 ,f4 #f1 #g1 #h1 the gradual forming of the ,lobes4 ,f4 #i1 next the forming of the ,radicle4 f4 #aj1 #aa1 ,its gradual contraction at the point1 into a short and slender ,navle string4 ,which in the further growth of the ,seed1 breaks and disappears4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxxii4 a a1 the ,pulp1 or open ,parenchyma4 b b1 the close ,parenchyma or ground of the ,stone4 c c1 the ,flower-,branch running through the body of the ,stone4 d d1 the ,seed-,branch striking into the hollow of the ,stone1 and so running round the outer ,membrane e e4 f f1 the middle ,membrane4 g g1 the ,chanel4 h1 the inner ,membrane1 in which lies the ,seed4 ,,tab4 ,,lxxxiii4 ,f4 #a1 the manner of the generation of the ,essential ,salts of ,plants4 ,f4 #b1 a ,crystal of the ,essential ,salt of ,rosemary1 a little magnifyd4 ,f4 #c1 a b1 two of ,wormwood1 a1 upon the second ,solution2 b1 upon the first4 ,f4 #d1 one of ,g4 ,scurvygrass2 a1 one side2 b the other4 ,f4 #e1 a ,crystal of the ,marine ,salt of ,rosemary4 ,f4 #f1 of ,garden ,scurvy-grass2 a the upper side2 b4 the nether4 ,f4 #g1 of ,wormwood4 ,f4 #h1 of ,black ,thorn4 ,f4 #i1 another of the same4 ,f4 #aj1 of ,firne4 ,f4 #aa1 another of ,wormwood4 ,,finis4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #a4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #c4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,iv4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,vi4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,vii4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,viii4 ,illustration3 ,tab3 #i4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,x4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,xi4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,xii4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,xiii4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ad4 ,illustration3 ,tab3 #ae4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,xvi4 ,illustration3 ,tab ,,xvii ,illustration3 ,tab #ah ,illustration3 ,tab #ai4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ba4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bb4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bc4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #bi4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #cj4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ca ,illustration3 ,tab4 #cb ,illustration3 ,tab4 #cc ,illustration3 ,tab4 #cd ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ce ,illustration3 ,,tab ,,xxxvi4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #cg4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ch ,illustration3 ,tab ,,xxxix4 ,illustration3 ,tab3 ,,xl ,illustration3 ,,tab4 ,,xxxxi ,illustration3 ,tab4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,tab3 #dc ,illustration3 ,tab ,,xliiii4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,xlv4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #df4 ,illustration3 ,,tab4 ,,xlvii4 ,illustration3 ,,tab4 ,,xlviii4 ,illustration3 ,,tab4 ,,xlix4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ej4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ea4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,lii ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,liii ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,liv ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ee4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ef4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #eg4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #eh4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ei4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fj4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fa4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fb4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fc4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fd4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fe4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ff4 ,illustration3 ,,tab4 ,,lxvii ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fh4 7,see ,tab4 #hj4 c47 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #fi4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #gj4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 ,,lxxi4 ,illustration3 ,tab ,,lxxii4 ,illustration3 ,,tab ,,lxxiii4 ,illustration3 ,tab ,,lxxiiii ,illustration3 ,tab3 #ge4 ,illustration3 ,tab3 #gf ,illustration3 ,tab4 #gg4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #gh4 ,illustration3 ,tab3 ,,lxxix4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #hj ,illustration3 ,tab4 #ha4 ,illustration3 ,tab #hb4 ,illustration3 ,tab4 #hc4