,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,oil ,,indu/ry ,illu/ration3 ,! fir/ oil well drill$ ne> ,titusville1 ,pa41 on ,augu/ #bg1 #ahei1 by ,col4 ,edw9 ,l4 ,drake1 ! pione] man ( ! _w ,,! ,,evolution ( ! ,,oil ,,indu/ry ,,by ,,victor ,,ross ,,illu/rat$ ,,f ,,photographs ,,g>d5 ,,city ,,new ,,york ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aibj ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,translation ,,into ,,=eign ,,languages1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,preface ,,by ,,dr4 ,,van ,h4 ,,mann+ ,director ( ! ,division ( ,te*nical ,rese>* ( ! ,am]ican ,petroleum ,in/itute4 ,=m]ly ,director ( ! ,bureau ( ,m9es ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,int]ior ,a glance at ! *apt] head+s 9 ?is little book %[s t x is an endeav\r to pres5t 9 succ9ct =m a survey ( a great & ev]-exp&+ economic revolution--! int]p5etration by petroleum ( all indu/ries1 :e!r ( ! factory or ! field1 l& or sea1 w> or peace4 ,?is ph5om5on has be5 almo/ exclusively a developm5t ( ! pa/ six decades1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica h be5 ! pr$om9ant factor 9 ! innum]able *anges wr\ght !reby4 ,! n>rative conf9es itself rigidly to hi/oric records & mat]ial facts1 und5iably romantic 9 !mselves4 ,b z ! epic unfolds itself1 x assumes a sup]-phase1 ! import ( :i* _c be measur$ by m]e figures--a sup]-phase ) invaluable applications to ! problems ( humanity 9 an indu/rial age4 ,petroleum1 x becomes cle>1 0 ! fir/ natural product to :i* ! ab/ract !ory ( ord]1 z und]/ood by mod]n social philosoph]s1 0 appli$ 9 a l>ge & g5]al s5se4 ,x mu/ be acc\nt$ good =tune n only = ,am]ica b = ! _w at l>ge1 t ?is movem5t1 ?\gh gradual at ! outset1 comm5c$ almo/ )9 a decade ( ! bir? ( ! mod]n petroleum indu/ry at ,titusville1 ,pa41 9 #ahei4 ,! outcome has t5d$ to influ5ce economic ?\ght ! _w ov]1 especially s9ce w> on an unprec$5t$ scale put all e/abli%$ sy/ems1 traditions1 & in/itutions to ! acid te/4 ,=eign obs]v]s & critics1 fri5dly or unfri5dly1 admit t 9 "o matt] ,am]ican =esight & ent]prise h taught ! old] nations valuable lessons--& t is 9 respect ( /&>diz$ production--or to put x 9 ano!r way1 organiz$ indu/ry4 ,am]ica's a*ievem5ts 9 ?is doma9 dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury h repres5t$ incalculable & b5eficial advancem5t beyond ! indu/rial conditions ( all pa/ c5turies4 ,) ?is record ( progress1 ! gr[? & expansion ( ! petroleum indu/ry h be5 insep>ably associat$4 ,! fam\s pione]s 9 organiz+ ! production1 ref9+ & di/ribution ( petroleum h also be5 pione]s 9 ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( ord] to indu/ry2 :i*1 9 ess5ce1 means ! elim9ation ( wa/e & misdirect$ en]gy f human ef=t4 ,organiz$ indu/ry means some?+ entirely diff]5t f a sy/em aim+ at quick & enorm\s pr(its4 ,x is bas$ on a def9ite !ory ( sci5tific ef=t1 :]eby all ! possibilities ( a giv5 res\rce are develop$ to _! fulle/ degree1 s t wa/e ceases1 ! value ( ! work]'s lab\r is increas$ ) b5efits to himself1 & ! consum] receives ! bless+s ( nature's d[] at ! l[e/ reasonable co/4 ,z ! ensu+ *apt]s %[1 ! accompli%m5t ( ^! objects 9 ! case ( petroleum has involv$ mu* m ?an ! application ( ! physical sci5ces to manufactur+ processes4 ,x has meant ! developm5t ( sy/ematiz$ me?ods 9 discov]y & location1 transportation & di/ribution1 s t f ! mom5t oil is 8/ruck10 9 say a b>r5 pat* ( prairie1 until any "o ( ! _m products ( crude petroleum is plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! consum]--"h1 or 9 "s di/ant isle ( ! sea--!re %all be no wa/e & no inju/ice1 & t all ! h&s ?r\gh :i* x passes %all reap a j b5efit4 ,! f>-sight$ ,am]icans ( ! transition p]iod 9 ?is c\ntry's hi/ory1 :o creat$ ! mod]n petroleum indu/ry1 & built up ! ma*9]y = its cont9u\s expansion1 began ) ! def9ite aim ( involv+ ord] f *aos4 ,!y 7 f ! outset re=m]s ( bus9ess me?ods & enemies ( wa/e4 ,! latt] _h become colossal dur+ ! unsettl$ ye>s t 7 m>k$ by ! duration & aft]ma? ( civil w>4 ,! "w ( ^! bus9ess pione]s 0 gradual1 b x develop$ an ev]-increas+ impetus2 & z ! ye>s w5t on ! e?ical import ( _! mission became m & m app>5t4 ,x w\ld be wide ( ! facts to say t ! elem5t ( ga9 play$ no "p 9 ^! developm5ts4 ,little inde$ w\ld be accompli%$ 9 ! way ( progress 7 ! inc5tive ( p]sonal ga9 9 "s =m or o!r remov$4 ,on ?is po9t ! ,scotti% economi/1 ,adam ,smi?1 spoke p]t95tly "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s or m ago3 8,by pursu+ 8 own int]e/ a man frequ5tly promotes t ( society m effectually ?an :5 he really int5ds to promote x40 ,nev]!less x is cle> t 9 ! case ( "s ( ! lead]s mo/ closely id5tifi$ ) ! organization ( ! petroleum indu/ry1 p]sonal motive & en]gy 7 supplem5t$ by a s9c]e desire to promote ! prosp]ity & welf>e ( ! ,am]ican p z a :ole4 ,com+ to ! l>g] "q ( :at ! pr9ciple ( ord] means to humanity 9 ! ab/ract1 x mu/ be not$ t all mod]n ?9k]s :e!r !y be support]s ( capitalism--! sy/em on :i* all pa/ indu/rial & national progress has be5 bas$--or intellectual sociali/s p9 _! fai? to t pr9ciple z ! sole means :]eby mank9d c be rais$ to a high] level4 ,mod]ate sociali/s are especially emphatic on ?is po9t & x is ! key-note ( _! writ+s4 ,!y attribute ! great mass ( pov]ty & suff]+ :i* /ill exi/s 9 ?is _w to lack ( ord]--to ! failure ( mank9d1 9 ! individual & 9 ! aggregate1 adequately to realize its importance4 ,! goal :i* all enlight5$ m51 ( :atev] s*ool ( ?\ght1 desire to see atta9$1 is ! abolition ( pov]ty2 n ! imag9>y pov]ty ( ! man :o *afes because he _c h ev]y?+ he desires2 b ! actual1 gall+ pov]ty t is born ( ! work]'s inability to produce suffici5t to e>n rew>ds t w enable him to live accord+ to dec5t /&>ds4 ,x is to ! et]nal cr$it ( ! lead]s ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,am]ica t !y h set a beacon ( ord] & effici5cy :i* lights ! road by :i* t great end--! abolition ( pov]ty--may be rea*$4 ,x is a pr9ciple t runs l a gold5 ?read ?r\gh ! va/ & complex sy/em t has gr[n up ar\nd petroleum4 ,! ensu+ *apt]s %[ h[ mu* x has meant 9 prosp]ity & progress to ! _w at l>ge to h a great natural res\rce l petroleum develop$ to ! fulle/ degree ( its pot5tialities1 s t all :o come 9 contact ) x p>ticipate 9 "s measure 9 ! b5efits4 ,^! consid]ations are obvi\sly ( great] importance ?an "s o!rs :i* h be5 impress$ on ! public m9d 9 exagg]at$ t]ms4 ,! fact t a few m5 ( organiz+ g5ius may h reap$ =tunes 9 consummat+ ! aim ( br++ ord] out ( *aos & turn+ wa/e to pr(it is ( slight significance 9 comp>ison ) ! c]ta9ty t millions ( p h be5 b5efit$ by _! op]ations4 ,x is "o ( ! root$ axioms born ( human exp]i5ce t g5ius ( :atev] ord]1 s long z x assi/s civilization1 is entitl$ to exceptional rew>ds4 ,p>ticul>ly is x true ( t r>e ord] ( g5ius :i* lies back ( direct+ m9ds4 ,)\t _! lead]%ip ! ef=ts ( humanity to advance itself w\ld be 9 va94 ,:at ! extraord9>ily effici5t organization ( ! petroleum indu/ry has meant 9 weal? to su* lead]s is 9 ! aggregate b a drop 9 ! bucket 9 comp>ison ) ! b5efits conf]r$ on ! p z a :ole--increas+ rew>ds = ! produc] 9 e /age ( its developm5t1 l[]$ co/s = ! consum]1 & /imulus to c\ntless =ms ( indu/rial activity4 ,?us x c be tru?fully ma9ta9$ t ! _s ( cop]ation1 hone/ endeav\r & hatr$ ( wa/e & slov5ly me?ods by :i* ! pres5t condition ( t indu/ry has be5 a*iev$ (f]s a valuable & well recogniz$ message f ,am]ica to ! _w at l>ge1 & sugge/s a solution = _m ( ! ills t beset civilization to-day4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,by ,dr4 ,van ,h4 ,mann+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,leg5d #c ,,ii4 ,,:at ,,is ,,petroleum8 #aa ,,iii4 ,,dawn ,,( ,,am]ica',s ,,petroleum ,,indu/ry #cj ,,iv4 ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,petroleum ,,indu/ry #cg ,v4 ,,petroleum ,,z ,a ,,_w ,,indu/ry #dd ,,vi4 ,,locat+ ,,! ,,oil ,,well #eg ,,vii4 ,,drill+ ,,! ,,oil ,,well #fe ,,viii4 ,,collect+ ,,& ,,transport+ ,,crude3 ,,! ,,pipe ,,l9e #gf ,,ix4 ,,ref9+ ,,& ,,manufactur+ ,,petroleum ,,products #hi ,x4 ,,petroleum ,,& ,,o!r ,,indu/ries #ajf ,,xi4 ,,petroleum ,,on ,,! ,,sev5 ,,seas #aaf ,,xii4 ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> #abi ,,xiii4 ,,am]ica',s ,,inve/m5t ,,9 ,,petroleum #adh ,,xiv4 ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,! ,,future #afj ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! fir/ oil well1 drill$ ne> ,titusville1 ,pa41 on ,augu/ #bg1 #ahei1 by ,col4 ,edw9 ,l4 ,drake ,frontispiece ,,fac+ ,,page ,a tempor>y oil res]voir 9 ,oklahoma #bf ,e>ly activity2 ! fam\s ,r$ ,hot ,oil ,field ne> ,%amburg1 ,pa4 #db ,:]e ,pi?ole /ood #dc ,! ,drad] ,well 9 ! ,mor5i ,field1 ,r\mania #ff ,burkburnett 9 ,nor!rn ,texas #fg ,big yield well 9 ,mexico fl[+ into tempor>y /orage pond #hb ,lay+ a pipe l9e ?r\gh a ,l\isiana =e/ #hc ,l9es = load+ oil on vessels /&+ f "o to two miles at sea #ih ,batt]y ( crude /ills at ! ,bayway ,ref9]y1 ,l9d51 ,n4 ,j4 #ii 8,look boxes0 9 ! 8,/ill ,h\se0 :]e ! grades ( oil are sep>at$ accord+ to gravity #aad ,a mod]n tank] c>ry+ #d1jjj1jjj gallons ( oil #aae ,a tank] be+ load$ ) gasol9e & oil at a ref9]y dock at ,port ,ar?ur1 ,texas #adf ,kansas wells fl[+ oil into a tempor>y sump1 or e>!n res]voir #adg ,/eam /ills at a mod]n ref9]y #afb ,/orage tank at ,cu%+1 ,oklahoma1 /ruck by lightn+ #afc ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,oil ,,indu/ry ,,*apt] ,i ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,leg5d ,:ile ! petroleum indu/ry is 9 ! fulle/ s5se mod]n1 x has be5 kn[n to1 & casually utiliz$ by mank9d = c5turies4 ,x is nam$ 9 ! e>lie/ annals ( ! race2 & allusions to x are abundant 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,ea/1 f :i* mu* ( our ,we/]n lit]ature _h its inspiration4 ,x 0 appli$ to ! s]vice ( religion1 & 0 a subject ( sup]/ition 9 times :i* are en%r\d$ 9 leg5d4 ,9 ! au?oriz$ ,bible & 9 ! ,apocrypha !re are m ?an two hundr$ allusions to x4 ,! leg5d ( ,noah speaks ( 8 hav+ us$ pit* to tight5 ! seams ( 8 ark1 :i* c]ta9ly indicates a famili>ity ) ! uses ( fluid bitum5 available 9 ! ,ea/4 ,9 ,deut]onomy !re is m5tion ( 8oil out ( ! fl9ty rock20 & ,biblical /ud5ts c\ld cite c\ntless o!r in/ances :]e ! mean+ cle>ly indicates a common use ( ! surface deposits ( ,we/]n ,asia4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 a /rong factor 9 trade betwe5 ,anci5t ,judea & ,p]sia1 :i* latt] c\ntry has aga9 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury become a factor 9 oil production4 ,x play$ its "p 9 ! wor%ip n only ( ! ,hebrews b ( o!r ,ea/]n nations1 & to ! primitive m9ds ( ^? peoples assum$ miracul\s *>act]i/ics4 ,! burn+ wells ( ,baku 7 ! objective ( religi\s pilgrimages among ! prehi/oric peoples2 & despite ! colossal wa/e ( pa/ ages ^! wells /ill fl[ & are a factor 9 comm]ce4 ,! ,zoroa/rians1 or ,fire ,wor%ipp]s1 a sect ( ,p]sian orig91 :i* ga9$ _m adh]5ts 9 anci5t ,india also1 reg>d$ ^! wells z ! manife/ations ( a great imprison$ _s1 :o 0 suppos$ to brea! inflammable vap\r f 8 no/rils4 ,zoroa/] has a temple at ,baku1 & /ud5ts ( folk-lore hold t ^! burn+ wells help$ to confirm ! belief 9 a lit]al ,hell ( fire1 common to races ( ,semitic orig94 ,! ,mac$onian conqu]or ( ,asia1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 witness$ ! burn+ lake ( ,ectabana 9 8 m>* to ! ea/1 c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,m>co ,polo1 ! ,italian explor] ( ! middle ages1 among _m fables1 reveal$ to ,europe ! tru? ab\t ! oil res\rces 9 ,baku1 & _h suffici5t ( ! in/9cts ( a trad] to disc]n _! comm]cial value4 ,well-f\nd$ belief 9 ! m$ic9al prop]ties ( petroleum1 common to all c\ntries :]e x is f\nd1 0 also preval5t among ! anci5t peoples4 ,! ref]5ce to its use 9 ! con/ruction ( ,noah's ark %[s t ! utility ( pit*1 z a b9d+ mat]ial 9 build+ op]ations1 0 recogniz$4 ,x is cle>ly ?is mat]ial t is meant by ! 8slime0 :i* is /at$ to h be5 us$ z mort> = ! erection ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel2 & x is suppos$ to h play$ its "p 9 m def9itely au!nticat$ /ructures l ! palaces ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh1 & ! ,temple ( ,k+ ,solomon4 ,less famili> are ! ,greek leg5ds relative to petroleum4 ,plut>*1 9 8 life ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 aft] record+ "s exp]im5ts ( ! ,mac$onian conqu]or ) petroleum1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he ne>ly burn$ a favorite slave to dea?1 sugge/s t x 0 ! fluid signifi$ 9 "o ( ! leg5ds ( ,m$ea4 ,! /ory ran t ,m$ea1 wi%+ to de/roy a successful rival 9 love1 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,creon1 gave h] a wrea? & cr[n ano9t$ ) "s inflammable liquid4 ,z h] victim approa*$ ! alt> flame dur+ a religi\s fe/ival1 ! wrea? & veil became ignit$ & ! un=tunate pr9cess 0 burn$ to a%es4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians und\bt$ly us$ petroleum = embalm+ & m$ic9al purposes1 & fill$ ! cavities ( dead bodies ) asphaltum1 s t nomadic ,arabs 9 lat] times h be5 kn[n to use mummies /ol5 f ,egyptian tombs = fuel4 ,petroleum 9 its m fluid =m is also suppos$ to h be5 us$ to pres]ve ! anci5t papyrus aga9/ ! bor+ ( insects & ! ru/ & rot ( "t4 ,to ?is ext5t at lea/ hi/orians & ar*ologi/s are indebt$ to ?is gift to man4 ,rome1 9 h] gradual conque/ ( ! ,we/]n _w1 made all kn[n oil supplies h] own4 ,consequ5tly allusions :i* obvi\sly ref] to petroleum are frequ5t to ! ,roman hi/orians2 & "h once m x 0 appli$ to ! use ( religion4 ,! e>ly records ( ,russia1 ! ,scy?ian nation ( anci5t hi/ory1 are obscure1 b x is q cle> t ! prop]ties ( petroleum 7 kn[n to !m = ages4 ,:5 ,igor desc5d$ on ,greece1 8 vessels 7 de/roy$ by a fire t burn$ on wat]2 :i* has l$ "s mod]n hi/orians to believe t petroleum ent]$ into ! composition ( 8,greek ,fire10 ! secret ( :i* is lo/4 ,! ,greeks1 inde$1 are said to h made +5i\s use ( petroleum at all times4 ,^? :o h read 9 ,gu/av ,flaub]t's 8,salammbo0 ! /ory ( ! ris+ ( ! m]c5>y troops ( ,c>?age aft] ! fir/ ,punic w> w recall ! tactics ( "o ( ! ,greek capta9s :o turn$ back ! ,c>?ag9ian elephant corps1 by s5d+ among !m sw9e sme>$ ) petroleum & ignit$4 ,9 lat] days ! greate/ ( ,russian ,emp]ors1 ,pet] ! ,great1 %[$ himself alive to ! comm]cial value ( ! ,baku wells4 ,:5 9 #agbc he obta9$ f ,p]sia control ( ! ,baku ,khanate1 he ord]$ ! seizure ( z mu* :ite petroleum z possible1 & direct$ t a ref9+ ma/] be s5t !re4 8,?is10 rem>ks a hi/orian ( petroleum1 8is ! fir/ record ( a vacancy = a manag] ( an oil ref9]y40 ,z we g f>!r ea/ hi/ory becomes less exact & leg5d m qua9t4 ,9 ,burma ! /ory ( a sweet-smell+ deposit ( petroleum is ! subject ( a tale m ?an a ?\s& ye>s old4 ,x is relat$ t ,k+ ,alsungsi?u 0 mak+ progress ?r\gh 8 realms ) 8 sev5 wives & on 8 magic raft4 ,at "o po9t ! ladies w5t a%ore & f9d+ sweet-smell+ e>?1 ano9t$ !mselves & delay$ s long t !y =got ! h\r appo9t$ = _! return4 ,! ang]$ k+ issu$ ! decree 8let ! que5s :o love sc5t$ e>? m ?an me1 _! ,"l1 be put to dea?40 ,! doom$ ladies repli$ 8,f too mu* love ( ?is fragrant e>? we mu/ n[ die4 ,let x lose its fragrance & become an ov]fl[+ /ream ( f\l-smell+ oil1 & let ^? :o collect x pay u hon\r z _! protect+ deities40 ,!y 7 execut$ & became ,nats or gu>dian spirits & belief 9 !m is /ill pres]v$ among work]s 9 ! ,burmese oil fields4 ,b if ! leg5d c\ld be accept$ z true ! sla9 wom5 assur$ly took a sad v5geance1 = ! only (f5se t c be *>g$ aga9/ s b5efic5t an ag5t z crude petroleum is its od\r1 :i* assur$ly belies its virtues4 ,!re are ! rema9s ( v anci5t oil work+s 9 ,burma1 ,japan & ,*9a4 ,inde$1 ,*9a1 a pione] 9 _m arts1 0 und\bt$ly "o 9 oil production4 ,bor+ 9 ! mod]n s5se 0 unkn[n to mo/ ( ! anci5t peoples b x 0 practis$ 9 ,*9a c5turies ago1 a fact :i* w come "u consid]ation :5 we take up ! me*anical phases ( oil production4 ,!y _h "s deep wells at a "t :5 o!r nations 7 m]ely utiliz+ surface accumulations1 & eruptions4 ,a natural sub/ance :i* has play$ s consid]able a "p 9 ! lit]ature & leg5d ( ,europeans & ,asiatics did n fail to appe> 9 ! beliefs & practices ( ! aborig9es ( ?is c\ntry4 ,f "t unkn[n ! r$ man has ga!r$ & made m$ic9al use ( ! surface petroleum ( ! ,oil ,creek region ( ,p5nsylvania2 & its utility 9 m ?an "o respect 0 kn[n to ! ,indians ( ,cali=nia & ,mexico4 ,! ,s5ecas imp>t$ to ! ,fr5* ,jesuit mission>ies--:o 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 explor$ n only ,ea/]n ,canada b ! ,nor!rn ,/ates & ! ,mississippi ,valley--! curative virtues ( oil2 & two hundr$ ye>s lat] x 0 kn[n to ! settl]s ( ,nor!rn ,new ,york ,/ate1 ,p5nsylvania & ,ohio z 8,s5eca ,oil40 ,! e>ly ,spani% mission>ies to ,mexico & ,cali=nia f\nd ! natives sell+ 9 _! m>ket places petroleum ga!r$ f ! surface ( ! wat] along ! sea%ore1 *iefly = burn+ purposes4 ,fa!r ,aco/a1 "o ( ! e>ly mission>ies to ,p]u1 not$ petroleum float+ 9 ! wat] (f ,cape ,blanco &1 z e>ly z #afib1 ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t grant$ concessions = ! collection ( ,p]uvian oil4 ,9 ! ye>s imm$iately prior to our w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 allusions to ! petroleum res\rces ( :at are n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates became frequ5t2 & ! comm]cial value ( ! product 0 kn[n to ,g5]al ,wa%+ton himself4 ,wa%+ton1 :o 0 a great believ] 9 ! future ( ! c\ntry1 :i* 0 9 8 day call$ 8! ,we/10 acquir$ ?ree l>ge tracts ( l& on ! ,ohio ,riv] bottoms4 ,"o ( ^! 0 at ,po9t ,pleasant1 ! bir?place ( ,g5]al ,grant2 a second at ,r\nd ,bottom1 lat] ! site ( ! ,city ( ,c9c9nati2 & a ?ird at ! m\? ( ! ,kana:a ,riv]1 ri* 9 coal & oil4 ,! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry _h a s+ul> presci5ce ) reg>d to ! elem5t :i* 0 to play s great a "p 9 mod]n ,am]ican indu/ry2 = 9 8 w1 speak+ ( ?is ?ird tract1 he says3 8,?is tract 0 tak5 up by ,g5]al ,lewis & myself on acc\nt ( ! bitum9\s spr+ :i* x conta9s1 ( s inflammable a nature z to burn freely z spirits & is ne>ly z difficult to ext+ui%40 ,c]ta9 ( its imm5se future value1 he reque/$ 8 heirs n to dispose ( ?is p>ticul> tract4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,:at ,,is ,,petroleum8 ,petroleum1 or to use its compreh5sive colloquial synonym1 8oil10 has come to play su* a widespread "p 9 e-day life t mo/ p1 ! y\ng] g5]ation especially1 take its exi/5ce = grant$ )\t fur!r enquiry4 ,few pause to reflect t ?is basic ess5tial ( mod]n comm]ce is a comp>atively new ag5t = ! s]vice ( mank9d4 ,its applications are s manifold t x is n[ recogniz$ z indisp5sable2 :]eas 9 a p]iod s rec5t z t ( ! adv5t ( ,l9coln 9 ,am]ican hi/ory x 0 almo/ negligible z a contributor to ! nation's weal? & productive p[]4 ,! developm5t ( petroleum ranks ?ird among ! ?ree great discov]ies 9 ! realm ( appli$ sci5ce :i* h revolutioniz$ indu/ry 9 ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s--! o!r elem5ts be+ electricity & /eam4 ,9 company ) electricity1 x has effect$ *anges 9 me?ods ( manufacture1 & add$ to ! com=ts ( civilization 9 ways t x w\ld take volumes to relate4 ,x has be5 a factor 9 revolutioniz+ w>f>e--z ! rec5t great conflict prov$--& x is ess5tial to ! arts ( peace4 ,l electricity1 ) :i* its developm5t z a s]vant ( man has be5 co9cid5t1 its utility consi/s 9 ! fact t x is a s\rce ( light1 heat & en]gy4 ,b unlike electricity x is a passive z well z an active ag5t4 ,= illu/ration1 ! same motor c> :i* is propell$ by "o product ( crude petroleum is also lubricat$ & enabl$ to travel by means ( ano!r product ( ! same commodity4 ,petroleum is ! late/ ( ! e>?'s ri*es :i* man has le>n$ to adapt to 8 ne$s4 ,! use ( iron1 = in/ance1 goes back to prehi/oric times1 & ! same is true ( ne>ly all metals1 preci\s & o!rwise1 ( salt & _m o!r ( our m9]al products :i* ! *emi/ry ( creation has provid$ 9 ! cru/ ( ?is t]re/rial sph]e4 ,b = c\ntless c5turies man w5t 8 way kn[+ ( ! exi/5ce ( petroleum1 yet utiliz+ x only 9 a sporadic & casual mann]1 until ,am]ican +5uity & adaptability--work+ 9 cop]ation ) sci5ti/s ( o!r l&s--made x ! m>vel\s ag5t t x is to-day4 ,& all ?is has happ5$ s9ce ! gr&fa!rs ( mo/ ( ! y\ng] g5]ation ( ! tw5tie? c5tury 7 born4 ,! ^w petroleum comes f two ,lat9 t]ms signify+ 8rock0 & 8oil04 8,rock-oil10 :i* 0 an e>ly "n giv5 x on ?is cont95t1 is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t c]ta9 %ales & coals possess oil z "p ( _! con/itu5ts4 ,x is "o ( ! family ( bitum5s1 :i* ev5 9 _! natural /ate assume _m =ms4 ,9 its comm]cial s5se ! ^w 8petroleum0 is a g5]ic t]m cov]+ ! :ole gr\p ( hydro-c>bons--! ref9$ or manufactur$ products z well z ! crude oil4 ,b z yet sci5ti/s are divid$ 9 op9ion z to its orig9 & ! ext5t ( ! _w's supply4 ,all we "k is t x is diffus$ ov] almo/ e section ( ! e>?1 & t new deposits--on ! sci5tific developm5t ( :i* geologi/s are con/antly at "w--are ev] be+ discov]$4 ,"o s*ool ( sci5ti/s holds t x is ( inorganic orig91 d]iv$ f metallic c>bides ly+ bel[ ! por\s /rata :i* s]ve z ,nature's res]voirs = ! crude product t is 8m9$0 by ! mod]n oil produc]4 ,b ! m widely accept$ view is t crude petroleum is ( organic orig91 born ( ei!r animal or vegetable matt] emb$d$ 9 ! e>?'s surface1 :i* 9 ! process ( decay or transmutation has tak5 ?is =m4 ,travell]s /ate t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,caspian ,sea ! conv]sion ( su* organic matt] into petroleum is visibly 9 op]ation to-day4 ,! ,briti% sci5ti/1 ,sir ,bov]ton ,r$wood1 9 expla9+ ! natural process by :i* petroleum came into exi/5ce1 has po9t$ out t 9 ! comp>atively deep & quiesc5t wat] along ! m>g9 ( ! l& 9 pa/ !re w\ld be abundant opportunity = ! accumulation ( deposits ( ! rema9s ( m>9e animals & plants1 z well z ( vegetable matt] f ! l&1 borne d[n to ! coa/ by wat] c\rses4 ,! *anges :i* ! _w has und]gone w\ld result 9 ! burial ( ^! accumulations "u s$im5t>y /rata1 dur+ ! process ( creat+ l& :]e once 0 wat]4 ,dur+ geological ages diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface h alt]nately be5 rais$ & subm]g$4 ,:5 above sea level !y h be5 at times subject$ to dis9tegration & remov$ by su* ag5cies z wat]1 w9d1 & glaci]s1 & :5 subm]g$ ! same localities h receiv$ deposits1 z we n[ see be+ made "u ! ocean & at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,z all ! geological =mations :i* are /ratifi$ h be5 deposit$ 9 _! respective localities :ile t "p ( ! e>?'s surface 0 "u wat]1 & z oil is1 almo/ )\t exception1 f\nd 9 ^! =mations1 we are able to acc\nt = ! fact t petroleum is frequ5tly discov]$ 9 localities :i* are n[ at a great di/ance f ! sea4 ,x w\ld also expla9 :y oil is frequ5tly f\nd 9 association ) salt--a circum/ance :i* _h its accid5tal be>+ on ! e>li] developm5t ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,_m o!r argum5ts h be5 adduc$ support+ a belief 9 ! vegetable orig9 ( petroleum t w\ld be wor? discuss+ at l5g?1 7 ?is a sci5tific treatise4 ,mu* controv]sy /ill prevails4 ,! hold]s ( ! inorganic !ory :o assume t petroleum c\ld be =m$ by *emical reactions f m9]als are = ! mo/ "p *emi/s :o base _! conclusions on laboratory exp]im5ts2 :]eas ! sci5ti/s :o hold by ! organic !ory are geologi/s1 :o base _! cont5tions on actual inve/igations ( ! e>?'s cru/ & ! records ( its *anges z writt5 9 ! rocks4 ,! assumption is t ! organic matt]1 aft] be+ imprison$ 9 ! s$im5t>y rock by ! processes indicat$1 "u ! influ5ce ( heat & pressure 9 "s cases assum$ ! =m ( coal2 9 o!r in/ances succumb$ to decay2 :ile 9 o!r cases x =m$ crude petroleum & gas4 ,x is assum$ t a m]e fraction ( ! organic matt] :i* 0 gradually imprison$ 9 ! =mation ( s$im5t>y rock w\ld h be5 suffici5t to create incalculable /ores ( oil & gas4 ,! mode ( decomposition by :i* ^! elem5ts 7 g5]at$ is "o ( ,nature's secrets2 & ! /age 9 ! hi/ory ( oil-be>+ rock 9 :i* ! necess>y *emical trans=mation took place is equally a matt] ( conjecture4 ,z has be5 said1 ! pres5ce ( salt is a preval5t ph5om5on 9 connection ) oil deposits ! _w ov]4 ,n only is a /rongly sal9e wat] commonly pres5t 9 ! vic9ity ( petrolif]\s rock1 b 9 a numb] ( fields oil is closely connect$ ) l>ge masses ( rock-salt1 gypsum & dolomite4 ,an important fact :i* makes def9ite conclusions difficult is t 9 its _w-wide di/ribution petroleum is to be f\nd 9 almo/ ! :ole range ( /rata :i* =ms ! e>?'s cru/2 f ! e>lie/ or ,laur5tian rocks to ! mo/ rec5t =mations ( :at is kn[n 9 geology z ! ,qu>t]n>y p]iod4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t t oil has (t5 mov$ f ! =mations 9 :i* x 0 made to o!r =mations1 g5]ally loose or por\s1 :i* h s]v$ z natural res]voirs = /or+ ! oil 9 ! e>?4 ,x is probable t 9 mo/ in/ances ! migration took place by filtration or fl[+ ?r\gh fissures or op5+s f "o =mation to ano!r1 :ile 9 "s cases x is evid5t t a di/illation took place & ! migration probably 0 made 9 ! =m ( vapor1 :i* 0 ultimately cond5s$ 9 a cool] =mation & !re /or$4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 x reveals itself 9 comm]cial quantities *iefly 9 ! ,devonian & c>bonif]\s =mations :i* are comp>atively old2 or 9 ! ,t]ti>y rocks1 aeons y\ng] 9 geological evolution4 ,! geographical di/ribution is z div]se z ! geological2 ! deposits 9 _m in/ances occur along well-def9$ l9es & 9 association ) m\nta9 ranges1 ?\gh ?is condition is by no means axiomatic4 ,x is assum$ t 9 ! elevatory processes :i* obvi\sly occurr$ :ile ! e>?'s cru/ 0 atta9+ its pres5t *>act]i/ics1 c]ta9 folds 7 =m$ :i* arre/$ & collect$ ! oil 9 productive belts4 ,e>ly misappreh5sions ) reg>d to ! orig9 ( petroleum are indicat$ by ! famili> ^w 8coal-oil10 n[ us$ to signify "o ( ! mo/ popul> products ( crude petroleum2 b orig9ally d]iv$ f ! fact t :at we n[ "k z k]os5e or lamp oil 0 produc$ f ! di/illation ( coal be=e petroleum became an important s\rce f :i* ! lamp oil 0 obta9$4 ,ov] a c5tury ago m9]s 9 ,%rop%ire1 ,engl&1 obs]v$ oil trickl+ f fissures 9 coal ve9s & assum$ t coal 0 ! s\rce ( ! liquid4 ,?is belief 0 int5sifi$ by ! fact t ! e>lie/ discov]ies 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :i* result$ 9 ! creation ( ! great mod]n petroleum indu/ry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7 9 ! vic9ity ( va/ deposits ( bitum9\s coal4 ,%ortly aft]w>d ?is belief 0 disprov5 by ! discov]y ( valuable oil fields 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! prov9ce ( ,ont>io1 ,canada1 :]e no coal exi/s2 & o!r discov]ies on ?is cont95t & else:]e h furni%$ abundant pro( t oil may exi/ 9 l>ge volumes indep5d5tly ( coal4 ,9 consid]+ ! two prim>y !ories z to ! orig9 ( petroleum1 :e!r inorganic--t is f *emical action on rocks =m+ "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 or :e!r organic1 f ! decay ( vegetable & animal matt]--!re are _m /rong argum5ts = bo? !ories & x is q reasonable to believe t bo? may be correct4 ,!re are localities :]e petroleum exi/s 9 =mations %[+ little evid5ce ( animal or vegetable rema9s & little possibility ( hav+ rea*$ ^! =mations by migration4 ,z a rule1 ! production 9 su* =mations is small1 r>ely 9 comm]cial quantities1 & x is probably d]iv$ f inorganic s\rces4 ,?is possibility is fur!r demon/rat$ by laboratory exp]im5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is probable t ! greate/ s\rces ( petroleum are due to organic orig91 m p>ticul>ly 9 ! c>bonif]\s or ! t]ti>y =mations1 :]e coal1 cannel-coal1 lignite1 & o!r simil> products are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,hydro-c>bons id5tical ) mo/ ( ! products ( ! di/illation ( petroleum1 are s commonly obta9$ f ! di/illation ( coal1 lignite1 & ev5 bitum9\s %ale & peat t 9 mo/ cases ! organic !ory ( ! s\rce ( petroleum appe>s to be ! correct "o4 ,natural gas usually exi/s 9 association ) oil deposits & 9 a great measure has ! same prop]ties1 its exi/5ce z a gas or a liquid be+ dep5d5t on ! temp]ature & pressure "u :i* x is held4 ,9 rec5t ye>s1 be=e x is sold = consumption z natural gas1 x has become ! g5]al practice ( oil produc]s to compress & *ill ! gas to obta9 a consid]able yield ( gasol9e :i* exi/s 9 ! natural gas z a vapor4 ,ano!r process = extract+ ?is gasol9e is by absorption1 t is1 pass+ ! gas "u a comp>atively l[ pressure ?r\gh a heavy oil1 :i* takes out a "p ( ! gasol9e f ! gas4 ,9 bo? processes1 b especially 9 ! high compression sy/em1 !re is a consid]able p]c5tage ( v volatile gasol9e obta9$1 :i* is highly explosive & difficult to reta9 z a liquid4 ,v>y+ 9 diff]5t localities & "u diff]5t conditions1 natural gas yields comm]cially f "o-half gallon to five gallons ( gasol9e p] ?\s& cubic feet1 al?\gh extreme cases %[ mu* wid] range4 ,natural gas1 9 conjunction ) hydraulic pressure1 is ! cause ( :at is kn[n to oil op]ators z a 8gu%]0 or fl[+ well4 ,x is ! compression & volatility ( ! gas imprison$ = ages 9 ! rock t s5ds ! oil sp\t+ into ! air & has be5 kn[n to create a fl[ ( #agj1jjj b>rels 9 a s+le day4 ,z a g5]al practice1 & probably due to ! weight ( ov]ly+ /rata1 ! pressure ( gas enc\nt]$ 9 drill+ into oil =mations is proportional to ! dep?4 ,?is pressure is g5]ally kn[n z rock pressure & ! fl[ ( ! wells is 9 "p due to x4 ,a pr9cipal factor 9 ! production ( oil or gas is ! nature ( ! =mations f :i* ! production is d]iv$--_! ?ickness & porosity4 ,9 "s cases1 notably 9 ,mexico1 ! fl[ seems to be caus$ by ! action ( wat]4 ,"h ! =mations are v por\s1 oppos+ little ob/acle to ! fl[ ( ! oil & gas ?r\gh ! =mation4 ,! production f ! wells "u ^! conditions is v great &1 unlike mo/ wells1 a gradual decl9e 9 ! yield is unusual1 !re be+ little sign ( exhau/ion until ! mom5t :5 ! well beg9s produc+ salt wat] 9 increas+ proportions4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ! salt wat] ! production ( oil dim9i%es rapidly & = practical purposes soon ceases1 due to ! small production ( oil & ! fact t x comes out z an emulsion ) ! wat]1 :i* is v difficult to utilize4 ,a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,mexican wells is t ! oil1 & f9ally ! salt wat] :i* foll[s x1 are g5]ally produc$ at a high temp]ature--f #aae to #ade degrees4 ,su* gu%]s orig9ally produc$ ano!r fallaci\s belief t oil exi/s 9 subt]ranean pools or res]voirs2 b inve/igation has %[n t oil has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! rocks 9 a way some:at simil> to t 9 :i* wat] is reta9$ 9 a sponge4 ,a typical piece ( oil rock exam9$ "u ! microscope reveals millions ( t9y int]/ices betwe5 diff]5t gra9s ( s&4 ,por\s1 oil-be>+ s&/one may conta9 "o-t5? or "o-eigh? ( its bulk 9 petroleum4 ,! t]m 8oil s&s0 is common 9 ! oil indu/ry & ref]s to ! type ( co>se gra9$ por\s rock :i* =ms ! be/ res]voir = petroleum2 b lime/one & "s ( ! rocks describ$ by geologi/s z conglom]ates sometimes s]ve ! same purpose4 ,9 e in/ance ! oil-be>+ /ratum has be5 cov]$ by a lay] ( non-por\s rock1 ^: imp]vi\s qualities keep ! oil & gas imprison$ until p5etrat$ by ! drill4 ,surface deposits are also a well-kn[n ph5om5on2 & 7 ! only type ( deposits kn[n to ! _w until mod]n times4 ,ab\t !m has gr[n up mu* int]e/+ hi/ory & leg5d :i* w be dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( petroleum is1 z has be5 said1 _w-wide1 & ! oil prospector1 foll[$ by ! capitali/1 :o make ^! discov]ies available to ! _w1 are con/antly op5+ up new fields4 ,oil discov]ies necess>ily mean great comm]cial expansion = ! localities 9 :i* !y occur2 & no small "p ( ! enorm\s weal? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has result$ bo? f ! abundance ( our deposits ( crude1 & f ! manifold uses to :i* !y h be5 appli$ 9 ! improvem5t & /&>dization ( manufacture4 ,?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! greate/ oil produc+ c\ntry 9 ! _w1 production on mod]n comm]cial & sci5tific l9es fir/ began across ! seas1 9 ! little ,k+dom ( ,r\mania4 ,!re ! indu/ry 9 a mod]n s5se _h its bir? 9 #aheg4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! field by virtue ( ! ,p5nsylvania discov]ies 9 #ahei1 & ! orig9al indu/ry has atta9$ enorm\s proportions ?r\gh lat] discov]ies 9 su* scatt]$ portions ( our c\ntry z ,cali=nia1 ,oklahoma1 ,wyom+ & ,texas4 ,italy 0 ! ?ird entrant 9 ! field ( organiz$ production 9 #ahfj1 b h] indu/ry has nev] assum$ l>ge proportions4 ,o!r c\ntries became produc]s 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,canada1 ,russia1 ,galicia 7!n ,au/rian1 n[ ,poli%71 ,japan1 ,g]many1 ,india 7,burma71 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 ,p]u & ,mexico4 ,! ,mexican indu/ry dates back only to #aijg & t c\ntry is n[ recogniz$ z "o ( ! _w's greate/ fields4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 we speak ( b5z9e1 gasol9e & naph?a we allude to ! m volatile di/illates ( petroleum4 ,lamp oil1 z x is call$ 9 ,engl&1 & k]os5e or coal oil1 z x is kn[n 9 ,am]ica1 con/itutes ano!r product4 ,:ile petroleum ref9+ is conduct$ prim>ily = ! production ( motor fuel1 illum9at+ oil1 lubricants1 wax1 gas oil1 & fuel oil1 ( v>i\s grades1 !re are a ho/ ( specialty products obta9$ f petroleum :i* g into use 9 almo/ e phase ( human activity4 ,^! include ph>maceutical prep>ations = int]nal & ext]nal use1 9 ! =m ( m$ic9al oils1 o9tm5ts1 salves1 & soaps2 cem5ts1 includ+ b9d]s = briquett$ fuels1 wat]-pro(+ & saturat+ ag5ts2 special solv5ts1 us$ to "s ext5t 9 all *emical laboratories2 & an impos+ li/ ( r>e *emicals1 su* z high] alcohols ( ! nature ( fusel-oil1 & a l>ge v>iety ( organic sulphur comp\nds4 ,! ^w 8naph?a0 comes f ,russia1 :]e x is appli$ to all crude petroleum1 & 0 suppos$ly d]iv$ f ! ,p]sian1 nafata1 to exude4 ,e>ly ,roman writ]s l ,/rabo & ,pl9y1 :o 7 acqua9t$ ) ! burn+ & light+ prop]ties ( ! surface oil deposits kn[n to ! anci5ts1 spoke ( x z bitum5 & liquidum c&idum4 ,& o!r t]ms 9 ,roman & ,greek lit]ature obvi\sly signify ! same sub/ance4 ,additional designations are3 ,ropa1 ropianka1 7,galician ,poli%7 pacura 7,r\manian71 ,huile de naphte & ptrole brut 7,fr5*72 erdoel1 rohoel1 rohnaph?a 7,g]man72 y5an 7,burmese72 sek9oyn 7,japanese7 %i-yu 7,*9ese72 *apapote 7,mexican74 ,!re are also a l>ge numb] ( names = su* petroleum products z p>aff9e1 or m9]al wax1 ( :i* ! ,spani% brea is an example2 & = asphalt1 :i* is really petroleum 9 a d5se =m4 ,surface indications ( petroleum & natural gas are frequ5t & div]sifi$4 ,! mo/ common is 9 ! nature ( seepages1 :i* are g5]ally f\nd 9 :at are geologically highly di/urb$ areas1 und]la9 ) petroleum deposits4 ,^! seepages mo/ frequ5tly occur :]e ! oil-conta9+ =mations h be5 fold$ & expos$ on ! surface1 ei!r :5 ! fold+ took place or subsequ5tly ?r\gh ! cutt+ ( wat] c\rses4 ,f ^! =mations ! oil seeps out & is %[n z a coat+ on ! /reams or1 9 case ! quantity is great or ! oil v heavy1 x is %[n z asphalt deposits1 ( :i* !re are _m 9 ,mexico1 & ( :i* ! be/ kn[n are ! pit* lakes 9 ,tr9idad & ,v5ezuela4 ,x is a common occurr5ce 9 oil fields1 m p>ticul>ly ^? 9 ! y\ng] geological =mations1 to f9d mud volcanoes1 probably caus$ by ! escape ( gas1 br++ ) x "s wat]1 :i* rea*es ! surface z mud4 ,^! mud volcanoes v>y f a foot or two to sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height 9 diff]5t localities & frequ5tly cov] an area ( sev]al acres4 ,ano!r evid5ce ( petroleum is f\nd 9 ,galicia 9 ! =m ( ozoc]ite1 :i* is 9 _m ways simil> to p>aff91 b has "s di/9ctive *>act]i/ics4 ,?is ozoc]ite is f\nd on ! surface or 9 m9es4 ,x exi/s 9 nature frequ5tly 9 ! =m ( lumps ( sev]al p\nds ( weight & m commonly impregnat+ ! %ale f :i* x is remov$ by boil+ & remov$ z a scum on ! boil+ wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,a tempor>y oil res]voir 9 ,oklahoma4 ,:5 petroleum is produc$ 9 advance ( ! erection ( tanks x is held by e>!n dams ,petroleum is f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w & ev5 9 diff]5t =mations 9 ! same locality ) widely diff]5t prop]ties & composition4 ,9 "s cases ! oil is f\nd almo/ :ite & v>ies ?r\gh all ! %ades ( amb] & br[n to black4 ,x is f\nd z highly liquid z gasol9e & ) a viscosity su* t x w h>dly run away f ! hole--almo/ z visc\s z ! asphalt us$ = pavem5ts4 ,x is also int]e/+ to note t ! crude oil f diff]5t localities1 & ev5 f diff]5t =mations 9 ! same locality1 n only v>ies greatly 9 its own prop]ties1 b ! manufactur$ products d]iv$ f diff]5t grades h v diff]5t prop]ties z well4 ,f "s crude oils special lubricat+ oils c be made :i* _c be manufactur$ f o!r oils4 ,! same is true ( ! p>aff9s d]iv$ f diff]5t oils1 "s1 = example1 be+ especially desirable = "o purpose :ile p>aff9 d]iv$ f ano!r crude is m suitable = ano!r purpose1 due to its diff]5t prop]ties & action "u treatm5t4 ,?us1 ! ref9$ oils f diff]5t crudes %[ a great v>iety1 "s lamp oils possess+ mu* great] illum9at+ p[] ?an t d]iv$ f o!r crudes & ?is n due to ! me?od ( manufacture b to ! actual diff]5ce 9 ! prop]ties ( ! ref9$ oil d]iv$ f ! diff]5t crudes4 ,9 ,r\mania & ,russia ! wells produce enorm\s quantities ( s& ) ! oil1 p>ticul>ly :5 !y fir/ />t fl[+4 ,! ,r\manian wells frequ5tly />t fl[+ s& z f9e z fl\r & m l ! du/ ( a c\ntry road4 ,?is s& may h>dly smell ( oil at fir/ & at ?is /age x cov]s ! gr\nd l a volcanic a%1 sometimes break+ 9 ! ro(s ( neighb\r+ h\ses4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days ! s& beg9s to %[ m oil b piles up ar\nd ! m\? ( ! well1 giv+ x ! appe>ance ( a small volcano4 ,z ! quantity ( oil increases x rea*es a /age :]e ! oil & s& w fl[ away f ! well toge!r & ! oil is settl$ out 9 dams be=e be+ pump$ to ! tanks4 ,lat]1 ! p]c5tage ( s& becomes less until x is almo/ negligible4 ,! action ( ! %>p s& is simil> to t ( a s& bla/1 necessitat+ mu* +5uity 9 *ang+ ! pipes & valves = h&l+ ! well :ile x is fl[+4 ,! div]sity t is *>act]i/ic ( petroleum 9 its geological & geographical di/ribution1 & 9 its adaptability to ! ne$s ( humanity1 is also to be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! crude oil deposits4 ,x diff]s 9 col\r1 d5sity & o!r qualities 9 almo/ e field4 ,9 ,am]ica1 ) :i* ?is book *iefly deals1 ?ree di/9ct basic types are recogniz$2 ! mix$ base 7p>aff9e & asphalt 9 comb9ation7 f\nd 9 ,ohio1 ,oklahoma & o!r ,/ates2 ! p>aff9e base1 :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! pal] crudes ( ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia2 & ! asphalt base common to ! fields ( ,cali=nia & ,texas4 ,! special qualities ( ! crude fix 9 a l>ge measure1 ! "* ( ! products ea* yields :5 subject$ to ref9+ & manufactur+ processes4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,dawn ,,( ,,am]ica',s ,,petroleum ,,indu/ry ,! words ( ,wa%+ton %[ t long be=e ! actual bir? ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 disc]n+ m9ds 7 at "w on ! be/ means ( turn+ ! bitum9\s or petrolific deposits ( ?is cont95t to practical comm]cial uses4 ,9 pass+ x may be said ( ,wa%+ton t he 0 ! fa!r ( 8 c\ntry 9 a wid] s5se ?an t ( hav+ be5 ! victori\s g5]al :o made ! ,republic possible1 & its fir/ executive head4 ,he 0 its e>lie/ influ5tial prophet ( ! p[] t 0 to be born ( ! unlimit$ natural res\rces ( :at 0 !n ! 8h9t]l&0 ( ! orig9al commonweal?4 ,dur+ ! fir/ five decades ( ! n9ete5? c5tury !re 7 a consid]able numb] ( ,am]icans1 less em95t ?an he--explor]s1 sci5ti/s & bus9ess m5 ( imag9ation :o look$ to petroleum z a pot5tial res\rce ( national weal?4 ,& speculations ( ?is k9d 7 n conf9$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries processes 7 pat5t$ = ! ref9+ ( m9]al oils4 ,! ma9 purpose 9 view 0 ! developm5t ( a sub/itute = sp]m oils 9 anticipation ( ! decl9e ( ! :al+ indu/ry1 :i* _h become ! ma9 s\rce ( illum9ants & lubricants4 ,9 ,am]ica1 also1 petroleum _h its recogniz$ m$ic9al uses1 ! traditions ( :i* _h be5 acquir$ f ! ,indians4 ,?us1 9 ! ?irties1 8,s5eca ,oil0 produc$ at ,lake ,s5eca1 ,new ,york2 & 8,am]ican ,m$ic9al ,oil10 a ,k5tucky prep>ation1 7 famili> h\sehold rem$ies1 especially z embrocations = burns1 sores & rheumatic affections4 ,! casual use ( petroleum z a basis = propriet>y m$ic9es _h1 z w be se51 an int]e/+ be>+ on ! future developm5t ( ! indu/ry2 b ! great factor :i* l$ to ! production & utilization ( petroleum on a l>ge scale 0 a natural ph5om5on already allud$ to--its alliance ) salt or br9e deposits4 ,_h n ! gr[+ ,am]ican population be5 compell$ to secure adequate quantities ( salt by bor+ & e/abli%+ br9e wells1 x is possible t ! ,p5nsylvania oil discov]ies1 ) :i* ! real hi/ory ( ! mod]n petroleum indu/ry beg9s1 might h be5 indef9itely delay$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury five diff]5t /ates _h salt indu/ries bas$ on ! bor+ process--,p5nsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky & ,t5nessee4 ,9 connection ) mo/ ( ^! wells petroleum occasionally appe>$1 usually to ! annoyance & emb>rassm5t ( ! op]ators4 ,9 ! light ( future ev5ts x is int]e/+ to note t sometimes ! pres5ce ( ! d>k & evil-smell+ liquid l$ to ! ab&onm5t & condemnation ( a salt prop]ty4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 ! ma*9]y devis$ = ! purpose ( bor+ = br9e t enabl$ m5 l ,drake & o!r petroleum pione]s to a*ieve _! revolution>y discov]ies4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican salt well ( :i* !re is any (ficial record 0 begun 9 #ahjf & complet$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahjh1 on ! ,great ,kana:a ,riv] 9 :at is n[ ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,*>le/[n1 ,va41 0 !n ! ne>e/ t[n1 & 9 ! vic9ity ( ?is br9e well ! fir/ burn+ gas spr+ _h be5 discov]$ 9 #aggc4 ,at ,t>5tum1 on ! ,allegh5y ,riv]1 ,p5nsylvania1 salt wells 7 />t$ 9 #ahaj :i* also yield$ petroleum 9 consid]able quantities1 & su* pione]s z ,col4 ,f]ris & ,samuel ,m4 ,ki] endeav\r$ lat] to turn ?is by-product to comm]cial acc\nt4 ,! fir/ fl[+ oil well 0 drill$ un9t5tionally 9 #ahah at ! m\? ( ,tr\blesome ,creek1 on ! ,big ,s\? ,=k ( ! ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 tw5ty-eight miles s\?-ea/ ( ,monticello1 ,va41 by "o ,m>t9 ,beatty1 :o 0 seek+ br9e4 8,! ,devil's ,t>0 z he call$ x1 0 all[$ to fl[ into ! ,cumb]l& ,riv] & cov]$ its surface = a di/ance ( ?irty-five miles4 ,! oil became ignit$ & an enorm\s conflagration ensu$1 :i* de/roy$ trees along ! banks ( ! riv]1 & also ! salt works4 ,:at w\ld to-day be reg>d$ z a piece ( /up5d\s good =tune 0 !n acc\nt$ a disa/]2 ?\gh ?is p>ticul> well lat] suppli$ ! *ief +r$i5t = 8,am]ican ,m$ical ,oil0 a remun]ative comp\nd bottl$ at ,burkeville1 ,k5tucky4 ,! mo/ ent]pris+ man 9 utiliz+ ?is unwelcome by-product ( 8 salt wells 0 ,samuel ,m4 ,ki]4 ,orig9ally a *emi/ & druggi/1 he resolv$ 9 ! lat] =ties to asc]ta9 its uses bo? z a m$ic9e & z an illum9ant4 ,exp]im5ts at di/illation to secure a burn+ fluid = light+ purposes 7 a success1 & 8 product atta9$ "s vogue 9 rivalry to a k]os5e :i* 0 be+ extract$ f oil %ales 9 ! prov9ce ( ,new ,brunswick1 ,canada4 ,b ,mr4 ,ki]'s *ief bus9ess 0 t ( ! sale ( petroleum = m$ic9al purposes--a comp\nd he nam$ 8,ki]'s ,rock ,oil40 ,he adv]tis$ x by imitations ( an ,am]ican gre5back1 :i* bore a vignette %[+ ! plant at ,t>5tum ) ! d]ricks us$ 9 bor+ & pump+ ! br9e wells--= x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,ki] 0 prim>ily a salt m]*ant :o treat$ petroleum z a side-issue4 ,?is imitation gre5back 0 de/9$ to influ5ce ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,a prom95t ,new ,hav5 bus9ess man ( ! day 0 ,mr4 ,george ,h4 ,bissell1 :o _h become int]e/$ 9 ! possibilities ( petroleum ?r\gh 8 acqua9tance%ip ) ,pr(4 ,crosby ( ,d>tm\? ,college4 ,! latt] _h receiv$ f a physician at ,titusville1 ,pa41 a hi/orical city 9 connection ) ! com+ indu/ry1 a bottle ( petroleum1 s5t z a curiosity4 ,bissell 0 s int]e/$ t he1 9 company ) fri5ds1 pur*as$ = #e1jjj a tract ( "o hundr$ acres at ,titusville1 ) an oil spr+ on x4 ,a company 0 f\nd$1 kn[n z ! ,p5nsylvania ,rock ,oil ,company1 ) a nom9al capital ( #ejj1jjj & a t5tative />t made at collect+ ! surface oil by digg+ & tr5*+4 ,pr(4 ,b4 ,silliman1 ( ,new ,hav51 made a fav\rable report on ! fluid z an illum9ant b ! co/ ( production r5d]$ ! project comm]cially impracticable4 ,mr4 ,bissell 01 !re=e1 left ) ! ,titusville prop]ty on 8 h&s4 ,! /ory runs t "o day 9 ! summ] ( #aheg :ile 9 ,new ,york he saw 9 ! w9d[ ( a ,broadway drug /ore "o ( ,ki]'s imitation gre5backs1 %[+ ! picture ( ! d]ricks at ,t>5tum1 ,pa4 ,! idea sudd5ly came to him ( develop+ ! ,titusville prop]ty j z salt prop]ties 7 develop$ by bor+ & pump+4 ,?\gh %ort ( capital1 he set ab\t obta9+ back+ = ! attempt1 & ! f9al outcome 0 t a small syndicate 0 =m$ 9 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 to "w ! ,titusville oil l&s4 ,?is syndicate engag$ ,edw9 ,laur5c9e ,drake1 ! mo/ hi/oric figure 9 connection ) ! beg9n+ ( ! ,am]ican indu/ry1 to c>ry out ! "w4 ,h[ he set ab\t 8 task1 & h[ he succe$$ w be ! subject ( a subsequ5t *apt]4 ,x is necess>y to po9t out t unless ! f\ndations _h already be5 laid = ref9+ & m>ket+ ! crude petroleum1 ,drake's discov]y w\ld h be5 almo/ z valueless z t 9 #ahah1 :i* result$ 9 ! conflagration on ! ,cumb]l& ,riv]4 ,sci5ce1 h[ev]1 _h be5 grappl+ ) ! problem ( extract+ f ! crude a safe burn+ oil & elim9at+ ! (f5sive od\r4 ,?is latt] 0 a v important consid]ation1 & = ye>s aft] petroleum began to assume ! proportions ( a l>ge indu/ry x enc\nt]$ prejudice on ?is acc\nt4 ,by ! lat] 'fifties s mu* progress _h be5 made t ! possibilities _h be5 creat$ n m]ely = a l>ge dome/ic trade 9 oil1 b also = ! developm5t ( an export m>ket4 ,drake's discov]ies at ,titusville 9 ,augu/1 #ahei1 may1 !re=e1 be said to h come at ! psy*ological mom5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,f\nd] ,,( ,,! ,,petroleum ,,indu/ry ,on ,octob] #d1 #aija1 a magnific5t monum5t 0 unveil$ at ,woodlawn ,cemet]y1 ,titusville1 ,pa41 to ! memory ( ,edw9 ,laur5c9e ,drake at ! exp5se ( ! late ,h5ry ,h4 ,rog]s1 ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company1 himself a pione] ( ! ,p5nsylvania oil fields 9 ! boom days ( ! sixties4 ,! inscription on ! monum5t n only describes ,drake z ! 8,f\nd] ( ! ,petroleum ,indu/ry0 b gives an explicit review ( :at 8 s]vices meant1 n only to ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates b to mank9d at l>ge4 ,x runs z foll[s3- ,col4 ,e4 ,l4 ,drake1 born at ,gre5ville1 ,n4 ,y41 ,m>* #bi1 #ahai2 di$ at ,be?lehem1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,novemb] #h1 #ahhd1 ,f\nd] ( ! ,petroleum ,indu/ry1 ,! fri5d ( man4 ,call$ by circum/ances to ! solution ( a great m9+ problem1 he triumphantly v9dicat$ ,am]ican skill & ne> ?is spot laid ! f\ndation ( an indu/ry t has enri*$ ! ,/ate1 b5efit$ mank9d1 /imulat$ me*anic arts1 enl>g$ ! ph>macopoeia1 & has atta9$ _w wide proportions4 ,he s\ght = himself n weal? nor social di/9ction4 ,cont5t to let o!rs foll[ :]e he _h l$1 at ! ?re%old ( 8 fame he retir$ to end 8 days 9 quiet] pursuits4 ,8 highe/ ambition ! successful accompli%m5t ( 8 task1 8 noble victory ! conque/ ( ! rock1 bequea?+ to po/]ity ! fruits ( 8 lab\r & 8 indu/ry4 ,8 la/ days oppress$ by ills--,to want1 no /rang]--,he di$ 9 obscurity4 ,?is monum5t is erect$ by ,h5ry ,huttleson ,rog]s1 9 grateful recognition & remembrance4 ,drake 0 9 8 =tie? ye> :51 ?r\gh fri5ds 9 ,new ,hav51 he 0 appo9t$ director & sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,titusville prop]ties ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,rock ,oil ,company & ! ,s5eca ,oil ,company4 ,z a y\? he _h l$ a w&]+ life & 8 education 0 su* z he c\ld pick up at odd mom5ts4 ,he _h work$ z a comm]cial travell] & hotel cl]k1 & 0 a railroad conductor at ! "t he took s]vice ) ! ,bissell syndicate1 :i* _h decid$ to exp]im5t 9 drill+ = oil4 ,he himself 0 s ?or\gh a believ] 9 ! project t he put all 8 small sav+s into x4 ,! sal>y at :i* he 0 engag$ 0 a ?\s& doll>s a ye>1 :i* signifi$ consid]ably m 9 ! lat] fifties ?an x does to-day4 ,on rea*+ ,titusville e>ly 9 #ahei he soon realiz$ t he 0 h&icapp$ by lack ( practical k ( drill+ processes1 & !re=e s5t = "o ,william ,smi?1 a man ( long exp]i5ce z a drill] ( br9e wells1 :o came ) 8 two sons to assi/ 9 ! "w4 ,! me?od adopt$ 0 t ( =c+ ca/ iron pipe ?r\gh ! soil at a spot ne> ! 8old oil spr+10--well kn[n to ! f>m]s ( ! locality4 ,op]ations 7 />t$ 9 ,febru>y & aft] _m t$i\s delays rock 0 /ruck at a dep? ( ?irty-six feet4 ,if !y 7 to g f>!r /eam p[] 0 necess>y1 & by ,augu/ #a/1 ?is _h be5 secur$4 ,9 ! meantime ! drill+ op]ations _h be5 ! joke ( ! c\ntryside1 b ,drake lit]ally c\ld n af=d to fail4 ,) /eam p[] x 0 f\nd possible to drill ?r\gh ! rock at ! rate ( ab\t ?ree feet a day until t[>d ! end ( ! mon? oil 0 /ruck at a dep? ( sixty-n9e & a half feet4 ,no record 0 kept ( ! exact date1 ?\gh ! ,new ,york ,tribune a few weeks lat] fix$ x at ,augu/ #bcrd4 ,! well 0 n a free fl[+ "o1 b yield$ to ! pump+ process4 ,! discov]y1 mom5t\s z x 01 did n create mu* excitem5t except 9 ! imm$iate locality4 ,john ,br[n's raid1 at ,h>p]'s ,f]ry1 & ! possibility ( ! ,civil ,w>1 :i* 0 to ensue )9 less ?an two ye>s1 7 ! *ief topics 9 ! public m9d ( ,am]ica4 ,%ortly aft] ! discov]y a fire wip$ out ! exi/+ plant b k9dly neighb\rs1 n[ satisfi$ t ! exp]im5t 0 no failure1 assi/$ ,drake1 & :5 ! well 0 aga9 set 9 work+ ord] its fl[ 0 m promis+ ?an ev]4 ,9 ! view ( exp]ts1 ,drake's a*ievem5t z a pione] may be reg>d$ z limit$ to "o great feat1 ! drill+ ) /eam p[] ( ! fir/ cas$ oil well4 ,he ceas$ to be an active factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! newborn indu/ry ) ! drill+ ( ?is fir/ well4 ,foll[+ 8 inspiration1 o!rs organiz$ x & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s a great army ( indu/rial work]s1 m]*ants1 f9anci]s & di/ributors ( all classes became associat$ ) petroleum & plac$ x 9 a =emo/ position among ! _w's indu/ries4 ,drake himself f9ally left ! oil regions 9 #ahfc ) ab\t #ae1jjj sav+s1 :i* he soon lo/ 9 o!r =ms ( speculation4 ,9 ! /up5d\s ev5ts ( ! national conflict he 0 almo/ =gott54 ,9 #ahfi1 t5 ye>s aft] 8 discov]y1 ! old] oil m5 :o _h kn[n him le>n$ t he 0 sick & p5niless1 ) a wife & family at ! po9t ( />vation4 ,!y rais$ among !mselves a purse ( #e1jjj & lat] ! ,/ate ,legislature 0 prevail$ ^u to grant him an annual p5sion ( #a1ejj1 :i* ma9ta9$ him 9 comp>ative com=t at 8 home 9 ,be?lehem1 ,p5nsylvania1 until 8 dea? 9 #ahhd4 ,! scale on :i* petroleum production increas$ dur+ ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ ,drake's discov]y is indicat$ by ! fact t ?\gh ! total ,am]ican production 9 #ahei 0 #bjjj b>rels1 9 #ahfi x _h ris5 to #d1bae1jjj b>rels4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^? :o />t$ ! oil indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 9 almo/ e in/ance poor m5 :o atta9$ weal? ) its developm5t4 ,z ! news ( ! new indu/ry & its possibilities spread1 m & m wells 7 sunk along ,oil ,creek & ! ,allegh5y ,riv]2 f>m l&s conta9+ oil prospects began to comm& enorm\s sums1 me?ods ( extract+ ! crude petroleum f ! dep?s ( ! e>? improv$ & gradually ,am]ican inv5tive g5ius began to be appli$ to ! indu/ry ) enorm\sly fruitful results4 ,! ,civil ,w> und\bt$ly int]rupt$ developm5t at ! outset1 & ! new oil fields gave _m a brave soldi] to ! ,nor!rn cause4 ,! really s5sational developm5ts 9 connection ) ! oil fields began z ! ,civil ,w> 0 draw+ to a close4 ,!n !y comm5c$ to assume ! romantic & fev]$ aspect ( ,cali=nia 9 ! days ( ! e>ly gold ru% a decade or m previ\s4 ,un=tunately1 ! oil fields possess$ no ,bret ,h>te1 z did ,cali=nia1 to write ! epic ( good-=tune & ill-=tune4 ,! /ory ( ! ,city ( ,pi?ole1 n f> f ,titusville1 is1 h[ev]1 z romantic z any?+ 9 ! annals ( gold discov]y4 ,x sprang to full life 9 #ahfe1 a mu%room city ) all ! vices & excitem5ts ( fronti] life4 ,fabul\s tales h be5 told ( its population1 :i* probably nev] exce$$ #bj1jjj b #bj1jjj m5 & wom5 all excit$ by ! fev] ( speculation & money-gett+ gave life 9 ,pi?ole a gu/o n equall$ at t "t on any o!r "p ( ! cont95t4 ,gambl]s & adv5tur]s flock$ !re 9 company ) _m legitimate oil m54 ,9 ! speculation t ensu$ =tunes 7 made & lo/ daily4 ,!n1 aft] a ye> or two1 ! wells :i* _h %[n su* ri*es began to decl9e & ,pi?ole 0 quickly des]t$4 ,a few ye>s lat] a visitor f\nd only two inhabit$ h\ses 9 a city t _h = a "t be5 ! home ( ?\s&s ( re/less mortals4 ,lat] /ill "s ( ! ab&on$ wells 7 made productive by new processes1 b ! glory ( ! mu%room city _h vani%$ =ev]4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ?is cont95t !re h be5 oil crazes1 b no?+ approa*+ ! /ory ( ,pi?ole4 ,& x is fam\s = ano!r reason2 x 0 ! sc5e ( ! e/abli%m5t ( "o ( ! e>lie/ pipe-l9es1 a sy/em :i* has be5 an invaluable auxili>y to ! gr[? ( ! ,am]ican indu/ry4 ,illu/ration3 ,e>ly activity2 ! fam\s ,r$ ,hot ,oil ,field ne> ,%amburg1 ,pa41 9 #ahgj ,illu/ration3 ,:]e ,pi?ole /ood--! ma9 /reet ( a ,p5nsylvania oil t[n1 :i* _h a population ( #bj1jjj 9 #ahgj1 z x looks to-day ,! success ( ! e>ly oil m5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates n only 9 grappl+ ) ! problem ( crude production1 b ) ^? ( cons]vation1 transportation1 ref9+ & ! developm5t ( new uses = ! v>i\s elem5ts ( ! treat$ crude1 set an example to all ! _w4 ,f #ahgj onw>d1 ?\gh ,p5nsylvania cont9u$ to lead1 ,am]ican me?ods 7 copi$ 9 _m o!r c\ntries4 ,! f\ndations ( ! trade :i* h made petroleum ! mo/ int]national ( all comm]cial und]tak+s 7 at t "t laid2 & ?is br+s u to a survey ( ! indu/ry z a _w int]e/4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,petroleum ,,z ,a ,,_w ,,indu/ry ,! /&>dization ( ! petroleum indu/ry :i* began 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! lat] sixties naturally excit$ emulation4 ,j previ\s to ! ,p5nsylvania discov]ies ( #ahei some?+ l a sy/ematic indu/ry _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 connection ) ! ,r\manian deposits1 sixty ye>s lat] de/9$ to be a milit>y objective ( vital importance 9 ! ,_w ,w>4 ,b ! actual s9k+ ( oil wells by ! bor+ process 0 a lat] developm5t 9 ,europe4 ,z 0 natural1 ! fir/ =eign c\ntry to pr(it by ,drake's example 0 our neighb\r ,canada1 :i* has long be5 an oil produc+ c\ntry1 & to a /ill great] ext5t1 ?anks to fri5dly ,am]ican initiative1 an oil-ref9+ c\ntry4 ,be=e speak+ ( ! ext5t ( ! ,am]ican bran* ( ! indu/ry 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury x is wor? :ile briefly to scan ! oil fields ( o!r l&s4 ,! mo/ important are ^? ( ,russia1 p>ticul>ly ! deposits ( ,baku1 :i*1 z has be5 relat$1 figur$ 9 anci5t hi/ory & leg5d4 ,! unsettl$ condition ( ,russia r5d]s an exact /atem5t ( ! condition ( its oil indu/ry impossible at ! pres5t "t1 b prior to ! w> ! ,russian oil-fields _h an output ( approximately #gb1jjj1jjj b>rels annually1 or #ae p] c5t4 ( ! !n _w's production4 ,dur+ ! pa/ fifty ye>s ! ,russian fields h produc$ at lea/ #a1fej1jjj1jjj b>rels2 b1 ?\gh ?is aggregate seems l>ge x repres5ts less ?an half ( ! petroleum production ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,x is believ$1 h[ev]1 t ,russia possesses great weal? 9 undevelop$ oil fields1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! s\?-we/]n ,caucasus4 ,z yet ! ma9 "p ( ! production ( ?is va/ c\ntry has come f an area ( ab\t #d1jjj acres 9 ! ,baku region1 ne> ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,prior to #ahgj ,russia's output ( petroleum came f surface pits1 dug by h&1 r>ely m ?an #ej feet deep4 ,bor+ by /eam p[] aft] ! ,am]ican me?od 0 fir/ sy/ematically introduc$ by ,rob]t ,nobel1 ! fam\s sci5ti/ & exp]t 9 explosives1 :o w5t to ,baku 9 #ahgc4 ,ev5 9 #ahic ! numb] ( bor$ wells 9 ,russia 0 less ?an #ejj1 b at ! la/ c5sus 9 #aiaa wells ( ?is type _h increas$ to ov] #c1jjj4 ,! ,nobel bro!rs also assi/$ ,russian oil production by introduc+ improv$ me?ods ( transport+ ! crude oil1 bas$ on ,am]ican exp]i5ce1 z well z improv+ ref9+ processes ?r\gh _! own +5uity4 ,_m o!r companies op]at+ 9 ,russia prior to ! ,bol%evi/ rgime h %[$ "s disposition to foll[ _! example1 b ! progressive _s t has actuat$ ! oil pione]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 lack+4 ,"o great ob/acle to developm5t :i* exi/$ long be=e ! ,russian revolution ( #aiag 0 ! intractable "* ( ! ,russian workm51 enc\rag$1 x mu/ be admitt$1 by ! reaction>y _s ( ! ,russian capitali/4 ,9 conte/s betwe5 capital & lab\r mu* loss 0 su/a9$ ?r\gh inc5di>ism1 & !re are record$ in/ances :]e 9 a s+le night doz5s ( productive oil-wells1 :i* _h tak5 ye>s to 8br+ 910 ow+ to ! special geological difficulties ( ! ,russian fields1 7 de/roy$4 ,su* cata/rophes ( c\rse repres5t economic loss to ! :ole p2 & ,am]icans h good reason to congratulate !mselves t 9 ! oil fields ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates lab\r conditions h be5 su* t conflicts h be5 almo/ unkn[n4 ,r\mania1 geographically adjac5t to ,russia1 0 prior to its p>ticipation 9 ! great w>1 produc+ ab\t #aa1jjj1jjj b>rels1 or approximately #a1fjj1jjj tons1 ( crude petroleum annually4 ,! beg9n+s ( h] indu/ry1 already allud$ to1 7 bas$ on h& dug wells1 ?ree feet squ>e & wall$ ) horizontal oak planks1 into :i* workm5 w\ld desc5d & br+ up ! oil 9 wood5 buckets or bags ( lea!r4 ,"h1 too1 ! oil area is comp>atively small1 & x 0 n until tw5ty ye>s ago t me*anical equipm5t design$ on ! ,am]ican model 0 introduc$ by =eign capitali/s4 ,m5 tra9$ 9 ! oil-fields ( ?is cont95t f\nd employm5t !re1 al?\gh1 :5 at ! end ( #aiaf ! exig5cies ( w> compell$ ! ,allies to adopt ! policy ( de/roy+ ! ,r\manian wells1 9 ord] t ! ,c5tral ,empires %\ld n obta9 mu* ne$$ supplies ( oil1 x 0 by ,engli% in/ructions & (fic]s t ! melan*oly task 0 accompli%$4 ,r\mania has a great petroleum /orage port at ,con/anza1 f$ by a trunk pipe-l9e ( ,am]ican model connect+ x ) ! oil-fields4 ,galicia or ,au/rian ,pol&1 z x 0 once call$1 lies 9 ! same geographical zone z ,r\mania1 & possesses an oil area #bjj miles 9 l5g? & v>y+ f #dj to #fj miles 9 wid?1 al?\gh #ij ( its production comes f ! ,boryslaw field4 ,?is field1 :i* 0 ! *ief s\rce ( supply = ! ,c5tral ,empires dur+ ! w>1 necess>ily suff]$ mu* 9 ! conflict b t5 ye>s ago 0 produc+ ab\t #a1ijj1jjj tons ( crude annually4 ,x is n[ on ! way to re/oration4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,galician indu/ry on a l>ge scale 0 directly due to ! introduction ( mod]n drill+ me?ods 9 #ahhb4 ,! petroleum weal? ( t c\ntry lies v deep & wells ( a dep? ( #d1jjj feet are common4 ,?\gh ! *ief cu/om] ( ! ,galician fields = a consid]able p]iod1 ,g]many also made ef=ts at develop+ a petroleum indu/ry ( h] own1 b1 z 9 ! case ( ,italy1 h] oil-fields1 ?\gh n entirely negligible1 d n bulk l>ge 9 ! /ati/ics4 ,x is cle> t ,europe n only owes mu* to ,am]ican ideas = h] native developm5ts b is also dep5d5t on o!r cont95ts & to sea-borne c>goes ( oil = supplies adequate to h] ne$s4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ,great ,brita9 & ,france1 ^: /atesm5 h emphatically express$ _! gratitude = ! indisp5sable aid 9 ! prosecution ( ! w> provid$ by ! lead]s ( ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry1 :o organiz$ a /eady supply on an enorm\s scale4 ,! e>ly ef=ts ( ,briti% sci5ti/s to develop home supplies ( oil f %ales & o!r =ms ( oil be>+ rock 7 productive ( b5efits ?r\gh improv$ me?ods ( ref9+1 r ?an by ! developm5t ( a really important home indu/ry4 ,?us ! ,unit$ ,/ates & all oil-produc+ c\ntries owe a debt ( gratitude to ,dr4 ,james ,"y ( ,r5frew%ire1 ,scotl&1 ^: improvem5ts 9 ! processes ( manufactur+ p>aff9e f %ale oil1 dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 7 ( inf9ite value 9 develop+ ! uses ( petroleum aft] its pres5ce 9 l>ge quantities 0 prov5 by ! pione]s ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,great ,brita91 realiz+ h] own ne$1 also help$ ! _w's oil indu/ry :5 %e built ! fir/ oil-tank /eam]s on ! ,riv] ,tyne4 ,?\gh ,great ,brita91 ) ! exception ( a small well rec5tly drill$1 has no deposits ( crude s f> z kn[n1 %e is at ! pres5t "t exp]im5t+ ) processes to di/il petroleum f oil %ales1 coal1 cannel coals1 iron/ones1 lignite & peat2 b m important /ill1 %e is enc\rag+ ! oil indu/ry 9 v>i\s p>ts ( h] great ,empire4 ,"u ! ,briti% flag1 ei!r z autonom\s p>ts ( t ,empire or z c\ntries :i* %e holds a m&ate to gov]n1 are ! important oil-fields 9 ,burma1 ,p]sia1 ,egypt1 ,tr9idad & ,assam4 ,! ,burma fields h ( late ye>s be5 develop$ 9 accordance ) mod]n practice1 & ! produc+ area1 long a subject ( qua9t leg5d1 mu* ext5d$1 s t accord+ to rec5t e/imates ! annual crude production f ?is s\rce is upw>ds ( "o million tons4 ,! ,p]sian oil fields w be a factor to be reckon$ ) 9 future1 & an oil port f$ by a pipe l9e on ! ,am]ican model already exi/s at ,abadan on ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,egypt has also a future z a petroleum produc+ c\ntry1 = )9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s n only 8gu%]s0 b wells :i* give evid5ce ( /eady fl[+ qualities h be5 discov]$1 & plans = developm5t are already well advanc$4 ,cross+ to ?is hemisph]e ! "n ( ! ,briti% colony ,tr9idad at once sugge/s itself4 ,its fam\s lake ( pit* has long be5 a s\rce ( supply = t d5se =m ( petroleum :i* is kn[n z asphalt2 :ile o!r deposits ( crude yield surpris+ p]c5tages ( m volatile products l motor _s4 ,& :ile on ! subject ( petroleum "u ! ,briti% flag1 ref]5ce may be made to ,canada1 al?\gh ! indu/ry !re is v closely alli$ ) t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,ea/]n ,canada1 oil has long be5 produc$ 9 limit$ quantities1 b )9 rec5t ye>s ! prospects ( great new oil areas 9 ! foo?ills ( ! ,rocky m\nta9s & ext5d+ almo/ z f> nor? z ! ,arctic circle h l$ to gl[+ hopes t may or may n be realiz$4 ,a m di/ant =eign field1 :i* is ga9+ importance 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 is t ( ! ,dut* ,indies 9 ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,!re has be5 consid]able oil production 9 ,borneo1 ,java1 & ,sumatra1 9 ! developm5t ( :i* ! s]vices ( ,am]ican exp]ts h be5 enli/$ & inde$ x may be said t ! petroleum indu/ry has done a great deal to make _w-citiz5s or cosmopolites ( _m good ,am]icans4 ,japan's connection ) oil is anci5t & x has its own indu/ry at ,e*igo2 b l ,*9a1 :i* also work$ deposits ( oil 9 prehi/oric days1 x is a l>ge import] ( ,am]ican petroleum products1 especially illum9at+ oils4 ,! ,am]ican travell+ 9 remote p>ts ( ,asia is (t5 rem9d$ ( home on see+ ! t9 conta9]s t h cross$ ! ,pacific f ?is c\ntry4 ,return+ to ?is cont95t we f9d t ! ,mexican oil fields h come into prom95ce m rapidly ?an ^? 9 any o!r l&1 = !re ! indu/ry has exi/$ only s9ce #aijg4 ,! ,mexican pools n[ rank aft] ! ,unit$ ,/ates z ! second l>ge/ produc+ area 9 ! _w4 ,mo/ ( ! latt]-day s5sations 9 ! matt] ( petroleum h be5 provid$ by ,mexico1 :]e bo? ,am]ican & ,briti% capitali/s h acquir$ l>ge int]e/s4 ,9 #aijh ! 8,dos ,bocas0 gu%] 9 ,nor!rn ,v]a ,cruz 0 drill$4 ,at a dep? ( #a1hjj feet gas 0 enc\nt]$ :i* blew out ! drill+ app>atus & pres5tly1 ?r\gh a fissure :i* develop$ "u ! boil] room ( ! drill+ plant1 an eight-in* column ( oil 0 sp\t+ hundr$s ( feet into ! air4 ,becom+ ignit$ x burn$ = fifty-eight days1 produc+ a column ( flame a ?\s& feet 9 height & fifty feet 9 diamet]4 ,! well !n began to produce hot salt wat] & is /ill produc+ probably a million b>rels ( salt wat] p] day4 ,9 #aiaj ano!r great gu%]1 ! 8,potr]o del ,llano0 0 /ruck b fire 0 =tunately av]t$1 & ! daily fl[ 0 e/imat$ at #abe1jjj b>rels4 ,production on s magnific5t a scale has nev] be5 kn[n 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,be=e ?is well w5t to salt wat]1 9 #aiai1 x _h produc$ m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj b>rels ( oil4 ,ano!r ,lat9 ,am]ican republic :i* has develop$ a v important oil indu/ry 9 rec5t ye>s is ,p]u1 & x is suppos$ t o!r p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica w yield _! ri*es 9 ! future4 ,despite ! petroleum weal? ( o!r l&s1 h[ev]1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f> outdi/ances !m1 n only 9 ! output ( crude petroleum b 9 ! manifold products extract$ f x4 ,! magnitude ( ! ,am]ican indu/ry may be glean$ f ! fact t 9 ! pa/ ye> 7#aiai7 ,unit$ ,/ates wells produc$ ab\t #cgg1jjj1jjj b>rels1 or ov] #fe p] c5t4 ( ! _w's supply4 ,! lead ( ,p5nsylvania z ! *ief oil-produc+ /ate & ! pivotal po9t ( ! _w's supply cont9u$ = _m ye>s1 b has long s9ce be5 sup]s$$4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ?is /ate provid$ #ih p] c5t4 ( ! oil production ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 #ahia ! total production ( ,p5nsylvania oil 0 #ce1hci1ggg b>rels1 & 9 #ahig #ce1afe1iij b>rels1 s t ! maximum 0 rea*$ 9 #ahia4 ,! greate/ daily av]age production 0 dur+ ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 #ahia1 :5 x rea*$ #ace1fgf b>rels4 ,?is pione] t]ritory suff]$ a gradual decl9e1 & at ! pres5t "t x is e/imat$ t ,p5nsylvania produces ab\t five p] c5t4 ( ! ,am]ican supply4 ,nev]!less1 ! output is consid]ably great] ?an 9 ! boom days ( ! sixties :5 ! phrase 8,/ruck ,ile0 became an accept$ synonym = ! sudd5 acquirem5t ( ri*es4 ,z ! importance ( ! indu/ry grew1 oil prospectors busi$ !mselves 9 e "p ( ! republic 9 prob+ = ?is s\rce ( weal?1 & are /ill indefatigable aft] sixty ye>s4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,mid-,cont95t fields1 :i* includes su* ,/ates z ,kansas1 ,oklahoma & ,wyom+1 h develop$ enorm\s pot5tialities1 :ile on ! o!r side ( ! ,rockies & ! ,si]ras ! ,cali=nia fields "s ye>s ago became "o ( ! great s\rces ( ! _w's supply4 ,! ,cali=nia developm5t is an example ( ! rapidity ) :i* an oil field c become productive on an enorm\s scale "u mod]n me?ods4 ,! records ( a*ievem5t !re %[ t x is possible1 ) ! mod]n sy/em ( rot>y drill+1 to get d[n ne>ly #d1jjj feet bel[ ! surface )9 ! p]iod ( a mon?1 dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! =mations1 & ! exp]i5ce 9 t /ate demon/rat$ a f9] quality ( crude at su* dep?s ?an c\ld be produc$ f deposits ne>] to ! surface4 ,cali=nia too furni%es at c]ta9 po9ts an illu/ration ( ! me*anical +5uity ( ! mod]n oil work]2 = !re are to be se5 oil wells sunk 9 ! sea at a consid]able di/ance f ! %ore1 ! encroa*m5t ( sea-wat] be+ ov]come by c>ry+ ! cas+ above high-wat] m>k4 ,until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod ! ,cali=nia fields held ! record = production1 b 9 #aiah ! "y ,/ate ( ,oklahoma =g$ to ! front1 ) a production ( m ?an #ajj1jjj1jjj b>rels 9 "o ye>1 & a l>ge undevelop$ t]ritory :i* !re is e reason to believe w prove ri* 9 petroleum4 ,tulsa is ! c5tre ( ! ,oklahoma indu/ry & is an example ( a t[n :i* has gr[n sudd5ly f a small agricultural settlem5t to a ?riv+ c5tre ( metropolitan aspect z a result ( ! oil indu/ry4 ,!re are ^? :o believe t ,texas w v %ortly atta9 em95ce equal to t ( bo? ,cali=nia & ,oklahoma z a petroleum region4 ,! gulf fields came into prom95ce ab\t ! dawn ( ! pres5t c5tury1 & h p]haps witness$ m booms ?an o!r sections ( ?is cont95t4 ,speculative eras 9 new fields :i* h be5 br\ght 9 by 8wildcat0 drill+1 :i* t]m %\ld n be confus$ ) wildcat m9+ speculation1 are h[ev] reg>d$ by sane & cons]vative oil m5 z h>mful r ?an helpful to ! petroleum indu/ry4 ,!y inv>iably produce false inflation & subsequ5t depression2 & involve 9 reproa* "o ( ! greate/ economic bless+s be/[$ ^u humanity4 ,?us f> we h survey$ petroleum 9 its _m g5]al aspects & ! rema9d] ( ?is treatise w be devot$ to a description ( its production1 subsequ5t treatm5t & manifold application to ! ne$s ( pres5t day comm]ce & civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,locat+ ,,! ,,oil ,,well ,:5 ,edw9 ,laur5c9e ,drake w5t to ,titusville1 9 #ahei ! fir/ "q he ask$ ( ! natives 0 ! location ( 8! oil spr+0 kn[n to ! ,indians & ! f>m]s :o succe$$ !m4 ,! mod]n oil seek] no long] conc]ns himself ) surface indications4 ,9 tru? !re is little or no?+ 9 ! cont\r ( ! latt]-day oil-fields to sugge/ oil to ! eyes ( ! un9itiat$4 ,b geologi/s fir/ locat$ probable oil be>+ =mations & h made calculations ( ! =mations two or ?ree ?\s& feet bel[ & ! drill+ sites are locat$ 9 accordance ) !m4 ,r\ghly1 ! !ory ^u :i* su* op]ations are bas$ is t ! sub-surface rocks undulate1 & t ! pres5ce ( oil is mo/ assur$ at ! highe/ po9ts ( ! undulations4 ,by measur+ dips at giv5 po9ts !y calculate ! di/ance 9 a c]ta9 direction to :at !y deem ! mo/ fav\rable site & surveyors proce$ to fix & designate x4 ,9 cases1 n infrequ5t :5 ! lease :i* conveys ! "r ( drill+ is limit$ 9 area1 x is ! bus9ess ( ! surveyor to see t ! site *os5 is well )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! plot acquir$ = drill+ purposes4 ,on ! subject ( pres5t-day me?ods ( location a rec5t contributor to 8,! ,lamp10 an ,am]ican oil j\rnal1 provides mu* int]e/+ data4 ,oil geology1 he po9ts out1 is n an exact sci5ce b x enables "o to focus exact in=mation ^u ! creation ( a !ory reg>d+ ! probable /ructure ( an unte/$ area4 ,9 ,oklahoma1 = in/ance1 geological inve/igations made )9 ! pa/ five ye>s result$ 9 ! discov]y ( _m ( ! new pools4 ,all drill+ is 9 "s s5se speculative1 or to use ! oil man's phrase1 a 8wild cat10 at ! outset2 b 9 ,oklahoma x 0 f\nd t ! proportion ( dry holes on t]ritory recomm5d$ by ! geologi/s 0 less ?an "o-?ird ( ! failures t result$ be=e t sci5ce 0 invok$4 ,! speculative nature ( ! oil bus9ess 9 its initial /ages is indicat$ by ! fact t less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( ! area ( ! oil region ( ,p5nsylvania is produc+ t]ritory1 al?\gh x has probably be5 m ?or\ghly drill$ ?an any field 9 ! _w4 ,! limit$ ext5t ( ev5 ! p]man5tly productive fields is "o ( ! ph5om5a ( petroleum4 ,m ?an "o-half ( ! production ( ! ,/ate ( ,wyom+ is f\nd )9 an area ( n m ?an six squ>e miles4 ,! fam\s ,tepetate-,casiano pool ( ,mexico1 :i* produc$ m ?an sev5ty-five million b>rels ( oil f #aiaj to #aiah1 is ab\t "o-half mile wide & ?ree miles long4 ,:5 we comp>e ! acreage ( oil areas ) t ( ! cont95t1 ! analogy ( ! ne$le 9 ! hay/ack at once sugge/s itself4 ,! geologi/ draws ! c]ta9 d$uction t oil migrates ?r\gh "s por\s =mation f its orig9al s\rce & conc5trates itself 9 deta*$ 8pools0 ( comp>atively small dim5sions4 ,x is ! oil pione]'s bus9ess to f9d ^! pools4 ,aga91 !re may be sev]al successive deposits ( :at are kn[n z 8oil s&s10 sep>at$ f ea* o!r by hundr$s ( feet ( b>r5 =mation4 ,! dep? ( a well 9 itself means no?+4 ,! op]ator mu/ "k 9 :at /rata he expects to f9d ! oil4 ,if ^! b$s prove dry1 !n he ab&ons ! te/1 reg>dless ( :e!r ! drill+ has rea*$ #a1jjj or #d1jjj feet4 ,pa/ exp]i5ce has taught ! geologi/ t oil-be>+ =mations manife/ !mselves by c]ta9 surface indications1 su* z gas spr+s1 & surface seepages ( oil or asphalt4 ,9 an unte/$ field ! exp]t /udies ! "* ( ! successive =mations along su* outcropp+s4 ,9 any m\nta9\s region e>?cru/ upheavals dur+ pa/ ages h expos$ a s]ies ( =mations1 simil> to ^? :i* lie deep bel[ ! surface ( ! pla9s4 ,?us x is possible to pr$ict ) a fair degree ( accuracy j :at ! =mations w be = a consid]able dep? f geological indications4 ,geologi/s h also le>n$ to recognize c]ta9 types ( /ructures fav\rable to ! accumulation ( oil pools1 kn[n z anticl9es1 syncl9es1 salt domes1 monocl9es & s =?4 ,?us x is sometimes possible to make 9 advance ( drill+ a surpris+ly accurate =eca/ ( :at ^! op]ations w reveal4 ,because = ! mo/ "p oil fields exi/ 9 r sp>sely populat$ di/ricts1 remote f c5tres ( comm]cial & indu/rial activity1 ! g5]al read] has probably v little k ( ! unceas+ ef=ts t are be+ made 9 _m p>ts ( ?is c\ntry to ma9ta9 ! supply ( crude oil at an adequate level ?r\gh new discov]ies4 ,! _s ( ent]prise & initiative is ev5 m alive to-day ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,drake & ! pione]s :o foll[$ him 9 ! ,p5nsylvania field4 ,! hopeful speculative _s is z ev] necess>y2 ! capital fulfils an ev]-gr[+ function 9 ?is s\rce ( prosp]ity & employm5t = ! community at l>ge4 ,9 ! oil indu/ry any well drill$ outside ! n>r[ limits ( a produc+ 8pool0 is reg>d$ z a 8wild cat0 te/4 ,! elem5t ( a gamble is inevitably pres5t1 b has be5 mat]ially r$uc$ by sci5ce4 ,an old e/abli%$ company 9 an important field is con/antly add+ to its l& hold+s 9 advance ( ! tr5d ( developm5t1 & out ( ! pr(its f its develop$ productions sets aside a c]ta9 am\nt to exp5d = speculative v5tures1 to protect its inve/m5t 9 pipe l9es1 ref9]ies1 etc4 ,! company also cont9ues to drill 9 ! vic9ity ( a produc+ pool until x is entirely surr\nd$ by dry holes1 & its limits demon/rat$4 ,consequ5tly1 9 an e/abli%$ oil field developm5t "w & prospect+ are "o & ! same ?+4 ,! matt] ( op5+ up new fields 9 regions :]e !re h be5 no previ\s wells to s]ve z a guide pres5ts a v diff]5t phase ( speculative ent]prise4 ,! pione] produc] mu/ make a v sub/antial f9ancial inve/m5t = roads & equipm5t4 ,he mu/ h ! c\rage & grit to cont9ue 8 ef=ts1 ev5 ?\gh he at ! outset obta9s negative & unsatisfactory results2 sometimes = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,nor d 8 tr\bles end :5 he has made an important discov]y1 = !n l& hi!rto almo/ valueless becomes mu* s\ght aft] by competitors1 & legal complications involv+ titles & taxes are n sl[ to develop4 ,if he has be5 =tunate en\gh to op5 up a real oil-field 8 exploration "w mu/ be ( suffici5tly broad scope to det]m9e ! location ( ! pr9cipal belt ( fav\rable t]ritory1 ! approximate dep? & "* ( ! oil be>+ =mations1 & ! possibilities ( p]man5ce 9 ! wells !mselves4 ,! quality ( ! crude petroleum 8m9$0 may be less important ?an ! quantity4 ,?\gh x is obvi\s t ! ob/acles t confront ! pione] op]ator are n insurm\ntable1 ! conditions describ$ %[ :y ! hi/ory ( oil discov]y is be/rewn ) failures4 ,?is has be5 p>ticul>ly true ( ! ,lat9 ,am]ican fields ( ,v5ezuela1 ,colombia1 ,arg5t9a & ,co/a ,rica1 & ( _m ,asiatic attempts4 ,ev5 9 ! great gu%] field ( ,mexico ! fir/ te/s 7 drill$ 9 #ahfi1 yet x 0 n until #aijb t any important production indicative ( ! great future ( t region result$4 ,m ?an #ej wells drill$ 9 a space ( #cc ye>s 7 failures4 ,x is1 !re=e1 app>5t t detail$1 sci5tific in=mation on :i* to proce$ is almo/ z important 9 ! initial /eps z /rong f9ancial back+1 & effici5t organization4 ,! me?ods us$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,appala*ian fields ( ,p5nsylvania dep5d$ absolutely on 8fool's luck0 & /eadfa/ optimism4 ,z ?is field ext5d$ d[n into ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,k5tucky1 & ov] into ,ohio1 ! ev]-increas+ numb] ( failures caus$ ! op]ators to ca/ ab\t = "s sort ( a work+ =mula 9 *oos+ locations4 ,f ! crude ef=ts ( ^! e>ly inve/igators ! fundam5tals ( mod]n oil-geology 7 develop$4 ,! old-fa%ion$ op]ators' cre$ conta9$ ?is axiom3 8,if y wild-cat en\gh 9 an oil field1 y w make money 9 ! long run40 ,b ?is no long] is a safe work+ motto4 ,! /eadily increas$ co/ ( drill+ has made x ( p>am\nt importance to make c>eful selection be=eh&4 ,! mod]n oil op]ator realizes t ,"m ,e>? provides _m clues & h9ts :i* he _c af=d to disreg>d4 ,! oil geologi/ int]prets ! surface indications & su* o!r in=mation relat+ to a giv5 area z is available2 & is ev] on gu>d aga9/ ! ov]-optimism ( ! promot]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,drill+ ,,! ,,oil ,,well ,me?ods ( well drill+ diff] 9 v>i\s regions 9 accordance ) ! special problems to be enc\nt]$ & p]haps no o!r indu/ry furni%es m examples ( me*anical +5uity 9 ! solution ( physical difficulties4 ,drake w5t ab\t ! bus9ess ( drill+ ! fir/ well by us+ ! traditional me?ods ( bor+ = salt4 ,improvem5t 0 inevitable1 h[ev]1 & ! ,canadian wells ( ,we/]n ,ont>io1 :i* came into exi/5ce almo/ contemporane\sly ) ^? ( ,p5nsylvania1 7 fruitful ( inv5tions :i* h influ5c$ drill+ practices 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w4 ,if we g back to ! orig9s ( oil & salt drill+ me*anisms we f9d ourselves 9 ,*9a c5turies be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! ,*9ese us$ an aug] atta*$ to a pole t 0 held 9 a v]tical position f a cross pole support$ on a po/4 ,! end ( ! cross pole 0 fa/5$ to a lev] :ile a drill] guid$ ! cable to :i* an aug] or bor+ tool 0 atta*$4 ,sev]al coolies jump$ f a plat=m on to ! rev]se side ( ! bo>d1 s t ! tool w\ld be j]k$ up & w\ld plunge d[n & ?us deep5 ! hole ) ea* /roke4 ,! deep] ! hole became1 ! m coolies requir$ = ! task ( 8kick+ d[n40 ,jump]s 7 n a "p ( ! /aff ( an oil-drill+ organization 9 ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly days b foot p[] 0 sometimes employ$ = ! same purpose ( driv+ ! drill+ tools into ! gr\nd4 ,to-day lab\r-sav+ ma*9]y plays z great a "p 9 well drill+ z 9 o!r bran*es ( indu/ry4 ,let u suppose !n t an oil company1 or an individual ) ! requisite capital at 8 back1 has advanc$ ?r\gh ! prelim9>ies :i* mu/ prec$e drill+ op]ations2 ! geologi/s h made a fav\rable decl>ation z to ! prospective site2 ! leases & royalties h be5 arrang$ & ! title is secure4 ,:5 x is decid$ to />t drill+1 roads are built1 wat] l9es laid1 & ! lumb]1 cas+ ma*9]y & o!r equipm5t are haul$ to ! location 7(t5 "u v primitive & difficult conditions74 ,! app>atus mo/ commonly in/all$ "u ^! circum/ances is ! ,p5nsylvania cable sy/em1 :i* consi/s ( a /&>d d]rick or rig1 built ( wood or /eel1 ab\t eighty feet 9 height1 hav+ a tw5ty-foot base & a f\r-foot top4 ,! /r5g? ( ! d]rick is condition$ entirely by ! size & dep? ( ! well ! op]ator wi%es to drill1 = n[adays no?+ is left to *ance4 ,! size ( ! hole necess>y 9 />t+ a well dep5ds ^u ! physical =mation4 ,if x is s(t1 x is necess>y to />t ) a hole ( l>ge diamet]1 to ov]come ! disabilities produc$ by cav+4 ,x sometimes happ5s t s(t =mations cave s mu* t x is necess>y to ins]t sev]al columns ( cas+ be=e ! requir$ dep? is rea*$4 ,a hole ) a l>ge diamet] is also us$ 9 deep drill+4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,drad] ,well 9 ! ,mor5i field1 ,r\mania4 ,?is well 0 produc+ #bj1jjj b>rels daily :5 x caught fire ,illu/ration3 ,burkburnett 9 nor!rn ,texas1 %[+ developm5t s9ce ,augu/1 #aiah ,! drill+ equipm5t is call$ by ! oil work]s a 8/r+ ( tools40 ,x consi/s ( a rope socket1 a /em or s9k] ab\t ?irty feet long & five in*es or m 9 diamet]1 dep5d+ on ! size ( ! hole to be drill$1 ) a bit at ! bottom4 ,atta*$ to a /r+ ( tools is a set ( :at are kn[n z 8j>s10 :i* take _! "n f _! function ( enabl+ ! drill] to j> ! s9k] loose4 ,manila or wire cable is w\nd ^u a l>ge reel kn[n z ! 8bull :eel0 :i* is plac$ 9 ! base ( ! d]rick & a section ( ?is cable passes ov] a cr[n pulley at ! top ( ! d]rick & is fa/5$ to ! rope socket & 8/r+ ( tools40 ,! drill+ movem5t is creat$ by a p[]-driv5 walk+ beam :i* is a heavy timb] work+ on an axis4 ,?is walk+ beam rocks up & d[n1 ) a /roke ( ?ree or f\r feet2 ?us ! tools are rais$ & dropp$ at regul> int]vals1 _! great weight giv+ !m a /roke equal 9 =ce to a /eam hamm]4 ,! p[] us$ is ord9>ily /eam & ! cable is connect$ ) ! walk+ beam by a temp] screw1 :i* enables ! drill] to l[] ! tools & h&le !m ) ease & accuracy4 ,ano!r me?od ( gr[+ importance is ! rot>y sy/em1 p]fect$ )9 ! pres5t c5tury 9 ! ,gulf ,coa/ field ( ,texas & ,l\isiana & :i* 9 _m sections is com+ into common use4 ,its special advantage is spe$ 9 s(t or cav+ =mations4 ,x consi/s ( a p]=at$ fi%-tail bit screw$ to a /r+ ( drill pipe1 :i* projects up ?r\gh ! d]rick plat=m & is rotat$ at ! rate ( ab\t two hundr$ revolutions p] m9ute by a turn-table4 ,! top or 8grip0 jo9t ( ! pipe is usually made squ>e1 or hexagonal1 to supply a good be>+ surface = ! turn-table4 ,! tools are susp5d$ by means ( a swivel at ! top ( ! grip jo9t4 ,?is swivel also has a hose connection ?r\gh :i* ?9 mud is pump$ d[n to ! bottom ( ! hole4 ,! circulation ( ?is mud c>ries out ! cutt+s made by ! fi%-tail bit1 & also s]ves to pla/] up ! side ( ! hole & ?us prev5t cav+4 ,! column ( mud 9 ! hole ex]ts a hydro/atic pressure :i* absolutely prev5ts quicks& f runn+ 9 & caus+ ! hole to collapse4 ,a rot>y appliance has be5 kn[n to drill two hundr$ feet or m 9 twelve h\rs1 b usually s high a rate ( spe$ is impossible1 s9ce ! pipe /em has to be pull$ out at frequ5t int]vals & ! bit replac$4 ,! fact t ! delicate fi%-tail bit gr[s small] ) we> creates ?is necessity4 ,ano!r p]iodical process t mu/ be c>ri$ on 9 ! int]vals ( drill+ is t ( l9+ ! hole ) cas+1 9 ord] t wat] & cav+ /rata may be cas$ (f be=e ! oil s&s are rea*$4 ,aft] a well is op]at+1 ! l[] "p ( ! cas+ may ru/ ?r\gh1 caus+ leakage4 ,to meet ?is difficulty an inn] cas+ is put 9 place ) a cas+ %oe1 on ! outside ( :i* is lead or o!r s(t mat]ial :i* exp&s "u pressure f above to make a snug fit4 ,n infrequ5tly1 x is necess>y to decrease ! size ( ! hole ) pack]s 9 ?is way f\r or five times1 ?\gh x is kept z l>ge z is practicable all ! way d[n4 ,:5 oil is /ruck x is sometimes sudd5ly driv5 to ! surface by imprison$ gas1 & ano!r gu%]1 a comp>atively common ph5om5on 9 ,mexico1 is record$4 ,b if ?is condition does n arise1 tub+ & pump are ins]t$ & ! oil is drawn to ! surface4 ,n infrequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! oil s&s at ! outset d n yield an adequate fl[ & 9 a great numb] ( cases :at is kn[n z 8%oot+0 ) nitro-glyc]9e1 an int]e/+ & once dang]\s process1 is resort$ to4 ,9 ! e>ly days be=e oil production _h be5 r$uc$ to sci5tific =mulas ! obta9+ ( crude 0 (t5 att5d$ ) s]i\s haz>ds to life4 ,ignorance ( ! prop]ties ( petroleum also creat$ imag9>y dang]s = ! pione]s4 ,9 #ahfj ! p ( ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania 7 ?r[n into a panic by ! proposal ( a /rang]1 claim+ to be a ,european sci5ti/1 to %oot a :ite-hot bolt into ! b[els ( ! e>? ?r\gh an iron pipe driv5 to a great dep? = ! purpose4 ,by ! ignition ( inflammable gases ?\ght to exi/ 9 ! great cavities b5ea? ! e>?'s cru/ ! promot] expect$ to produce a suffici5t explosion to lay b>e ! subt]ranean res]voirs ( oil4 ,! ,p5nsylvania populace1 in/ead ( view+ ?is proposal ) ! apa?y usually accord$ to ! fir/ essays ( inv5tive m9ds1 possess$ suffici5t imag9ation to picture ! possible results1 & 7 s conv9c$ t ! alleg$ sci5ti/ m9imiz$ ! possibilities ( 8 project t !y select$ a small b det]m9$ committee to lyn* him4 ,because he ?reat5$ to und]m9e n m]ely ! f\ndations ( society b ! gr\nd on :i* society subsi/$1 he 0 tak5 into cu/ody by ! au?orities & solemnly w>n$ to desi/4 ,less ?an a ye> aft]w>d nitro-glyc]9e 0 be+ explod$ 9 l>ge quantities d[n deep 9 ! e>? to %att] ! oil-be>+ rock & make wells fl[1 )\t noticeable public or physical di/urbance4 ,any "o :o has wat*$ f>m]s bl[ up tree /umps ) dynamite may imag9e :at effect eighty qu>ts ( nitro-glyc]9e w\ld produce at ! bottom ( a deep eight-in* well4 ,! 8oil-%oot]s0 are necess>ily m5 ( /eady n]ve & extreme caution4 ,a %ot w v>y f t5 qu>ts to z mu* z ?ree hundr$ qu>ts1 z ! well to be treat$ may seem to require4 ,= ?is purpose ! nitro-glyc]9e is conta9$ 9 t9 tubes or %ells five feet long & two in*es or m 9 diamet]1 po9t$ at ! l[] end & hav+ bail h&les at ! top4 ,f five to fifte5 %ells1 z ! case may be1 are l[]$ into ! hole ) extreme delicacy1 & !n ! 8g-devil0--a five-p\nd po9t$ %ell--is releas$ po9t d[nw>d4 ,n[adays1 x is cu/om>y to use a nitro-glyc]9e squib w\nd ) a long fuse m (t5 ?an a 8g-devil10 s9ce ! l[]+ ( ! cans ( explosives may loos5 e>? :i* =ms a cu%ion above ! %ells4 ,an example ( ! pres5ce ( m9d ( a well %oot] 0 provid$ a few ye>s ago4 ,j aft] ! fir/ %ell _h be5 l[]$1 ! rope sudd5ly slack5$4 ,?is c\ld only mean t ! well _h unexpect$ly begun to fl[ & t 9 ! space ( a few seconds ! %ell conta9+ six qu>ts ( deadly explosive w\ld be hurl$ f ! well m\?4 ,!re 0 no "t to run & ! only ?+ t c\ld be done ?is 8well %oot]0 did4 ,brac+ himself directly ov] ! well he grasp$ ! %ell z x came to ! surface1 & al?\gh ! impetus ) :i* x _h asc5d$ ?rew him across ! d]rick & dislocat$ 8 %\ld]1 he held x free f contact & sav$ ! lives ( ! entire crew4 ,"u ! c>eful arrangem5ts n[ made1 a well is controll$ ) no m loss ( oil ?an ! drill] ?9ks necess>y to flu% out ! dirt & debris caus$ by ! explosion4 ,! e>ly or flu% production ( a well is usually ( consid]ably great] volume ?an its normal or settl$ fl[ aft] x has be5 9 op]ation = a few weeks4 ,?is decl9e 9 production is (t5 z mu* z #ej 9 ! fir/ #cj days4 ,:]e wells d n fl[ naturally1 v>i\s devices c be us$ to /imulate ! output4 ,gas pressure has mu* to d ) ! problem4 ,z a g5]al rule ! well ( l[ gas pressure mu/ be pump$ f ! beg9n+4 ,! 8gu%]0 :i* is ! result ( high gas pressure usually rec$es rapidly 9 ! matt] ( fl[ & becomes :at is kn[n z a 8pump]10 ! "n giv5 to wells :5 pump+ is resort$ to4 ,! m9imum ( fl[ at :i* a well ceases to be pr(itable v>ies accord+ to location1 & is fix$ by _m conditions ( :i* transportation & quality are ! mo/ important4 ,?us1 9 ,mexico1 a well yield+ only fifty or "o hundr$ b>rels p] day is usually ab&on$ z uncomm]cial1 :]eas 9 ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia1 :]e ! facilities = h&l+ are bett]1 !re are ?\s&s ( old 8pump]s0 9 op]ation produc+ a sup]ior grade ( oil1 _m ( :i* supply only "o-f\r? ( a b>rel p] day4 ,! production ( ! fir/ well drill$ on a new location fixes ! policy to be pursu$ ) reg>d to ! re/ ( ! acreage "u lease4 ,aft] x has be5 te/$ & prov5 to be satisfactory ! rema9d] ( ! prop]ty is drill$ z quickly z possible4 ,if ! field is %all[ & ! wells are all 8pump]s10 a c5tral p[] /ation op]at$ by gas or gasol9e is sometimes in/all$ :i* may provide ! en]gy = pump+ z _m z a doz5 wells4 ,! %ackle-rods spread out ov] ! field l a spid]'s web1 & ! rhy?mical 8*ug-*ug0 is music to ! e>s ( ! oil man & also to ! f>m] :o has leas$ ! oil rights to him--= ! song ( ! pump+ plant symbolizes fat royalties4 ,x w be cle> to ! read] t ev5 9 ! initial process ! production ( crude petroleum "u mod]n /&>diz$ processes :i* elim9ate1 s f> z possible1 wa/e ( lab\r or ( product1 involves a consid]able capital exp5diture4 ,! co/ ( a well 9 a new di/rict1 :]e ! dep? is likely to be 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ?ree ?\s& feet1 may am\nt to consid]ably m ?an #ej1jjj & a ye> may pass 9 ! process ( drill+4 ,9 ! case ( deep wells a p]man5t d]rick is built1 b 9 e>li] days1 = %all[] holes a portable drill+ ma*9e 0 us$1 & ) good =tune oil 0 (t5 rea*$ )9 a %ort "t & ! co/ kept well )9 a m>g9 ( #e1jjj4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 9 ! orig9al ,drake well at ,titusville1 oil 0 /ruck at sixty-n9e & a half feet & t x took sev5 mon?s to drill ! well2 a concrete illu/ration ( ! improvem5t 9 me?ods :i* has transpir$ 9 sixty ye>s4 ,b ! days ( *eap drill+ h pass$ into ! limbo ( half-=gott5 ?+s & !re is practically no oil production at ! pres5t "t :i* does n repres5t a v consid]able initial outlay4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,collect+ ,,& ,,transport+ ,,crude3 ,,! ,,pipe ,,l9e ,:5 a new lease or area proves itself to be comm]cially productive1 m>ket+ ! product becomes ! next consid]ation4 ,9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( recov]y & /orage ( petroleum !re 7 great losses ?r\gh lack ( facilities1 b mod]n me*anical sci5ce has l>gely elim9at$ ! appall+ wa/e ( e>ly days4 ,! crude is pump$ into small fl[ tanks1 & f !re run ei!r to a pipe l9e /ation or to a 8tank f>m40 ,! problem ( sav+ ! fl[ ( gu%+ wells at "o "t pres5t$ s]i\s difficulties2 & "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! e>ly inv5tions 0 ! clay und]gr\nd tank4 ,! petroleum is direct$ into a sump-hole l9$ 7:]ev] possible7 ) clay1 :i*1 because ( its close texture1 makes an absolutely leakage pro( res]voir4 ,f ! sump-hole x is pump$ to ! tanks1 b ?is is usually b a tempor>y %ift4 ,:5 ! gu%+ process ceases1 pumps are in/all$ & direct pipe connection ) ! /orage tanks is e/abli%$4 ,! mod]n pump :i* lifts ! oil f ! oil-be>+ /rata to ! surface is a v p[]ful me*anism4 ,"o ( ^! w h&le a column ( oil z high z f\r ?\s& feet1 & deliv] x into pipes4 ,z has be5 m5tion$ 9 allud+ to ! ,cali=nia seacoa/ fields1 ! int]v5+ ocean itself con/itutes no ob/acle to op]ations4 ,n infrequ5tly ! walk+ beam1 us$ 9 ! drill+1 is br\ght into commission = pump+ purposes4 ,x is r a cumb]some sy/em b has ?is advantage1 t x enables ! op]ator to beg9 production imm$iately & realize ca% = 8 output4 ,9 :at is kn[n z ! field tank1 situat$ adjac5t to ! d]ricks & pumps1 ! oil op]ator deposits 8 daily production1 :i* is lat] pump$ to ! 8tank f>m0 = %ipm5t4 ,! capacity ( a tank is kn[n to a gallon4 ,s _m in*es or feet ( petroleum 9 a tank repres5t s _m b>rels4 ,! gaug] drops a /eel tape into ! oil until x t\*es bottom1 & ! location ( ! oil %[+ on ?is /eel is ! measure ( ! cont5ts4 ,!n ! valves are op5$ & a portion ( ! cont5ts fl[s away to ! pump /ation or 8tank f>m40 ,a second measurem5t is tak51 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! fir/ & second measurem5t reveals ! quantity ( oil drawn (f4 ,! gaug] !n issues to ! produc] a cr$it c]tificate or 8run ticket0 repres5t+ ! quantity ( ! crude receiv$ at t p>ticul> "t4 ,!re are o!r complications1 h[ev]1 be=e ! oil rea*es ! m>ket4 ,if ! wells are gase\s 9 any consid]able degree1 ! oil mu/ pass ?r\gh a gas sep>ator be=e x ent]s ! tanks4 ,! gaug] mu/ measure & draw (f any wat] pres5t1 :i*1 ow+ to ! prov]bial incompatability ( oil & wat]1 is n difficult1 & 9 calculat+ ! am\nt ( ! cr$it slip he sees to x t no wat] is inadv]t5tly paid =4 ,gas itself is n infrequ5tly an important by-product ( an oil lease4 ,almo/ inv>iably gas is associat$ ) oil1 al?\gh oil is n always f\nd :]e gas is available4 ,f _m wells imm5se quantities ( gas escape :ile drill+ is 9 progress1 & may occasionally wreck ! ma*9]y4 ,drill]s h become exp]t 9 h&l+ ^! difficulties & 9 cas+ (f ! gas & cork+ x up = future use4 ,9 _m ( ! oil di/ricts ( ! ,s\? & ,middle ,we/1 natural gas f ! produc+ areas has become ! fuel ( c\ntless p :o w nev] return to ! use ( coal1 s long z ?is *eap & cleanly s\rce ( heat & light is available4 ,"s wells yield z mu* z #be1jjj1jjj feet ( gas p] day4 ,) gas & wat] elim9at$1 ! crude oil is pump$ f ! 8field tank0 to ! 8tank f>m10 a collection ( great conta9]s built ne> ! oil fields to take c>e ( ! output ( wells :i* produce oil fa/] ?an ! pipe l9es c>ry x to ! ref9]ies4 ,^! conta9]s are built ( %eet /eel & h a /&>d capacity ( ab\t #ee1jjj b>rels 9 mo/ cases1 al?\gh "s are con/ruct$ to conta9 #hj1jjj b>rels4 ,!y are rivet$ & mu/ be absolutely pro( aga9/ leakage4 ,incid5tally1 x may be m5tion$ t "o ( ! difficulties :i* human +5uity _c combat is ! t5d5cy ( lightn+ to become attract$ by ^! /eel con/ructions on ! op5 prairies4 ,great havoc & wa/e sometimes result4 ,ano!r convulsion ( nature also dread$ by ! oil man ( ! ,middle ,we/ is ! cyclone1 :i* at times is especially disa/r\s to d]ricks & pump+ plants4 ,!re is b "o m /age ?r\gh :i* ! crude petroleum passes on its way to ! ref9]y1 b ?is /age is s important & has be5 su* a vital factor 9 ! organization ( ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry1 z well z 9 ^? ( o!r c\ntries :i* h emulat$ ! sy/em1 t x dem&s ext5d$ ref]5ce4 ,x is ! pipe-l9e sy/em :i* has done m to make ! products ( petroleum available to all at reasonable prices ?an any o!r innovation 9 connection ) ! indu/ry4 ,x is 9 reality l ! wat]works sy/em :i* rea*es "u ! /reets ( mod]n t[ns & cities1 b ext5d+ b5ea? ! surface ( millions ( squ>e miles ( t]ritory4 ,:51 z a result ( ! ,p5nsylvania discov]ies1 petroleum became a comm]cial commodity1 & op5$ up s\rces ( untold weal? to ! p ( ?is cont95t1 little ?\ght 0 at fir/ giv5 to ! transportation problem4 ,! e>li] wells on ,oil ,creek 7 situat$ s close to ! navigable wat] t b>rels ( oil c\ld )\t difficulty be load$ ^u b>ges or small] craft & float$ d[n ! riv]4 ,9 p]iods ( dr\ght :5 ! wat] 0 too l[ to float su* craft1 oil boats w\ld be assembl$ on a mill pond ne> ! wells & ! wat] damm$ back :ile ! load+ 0 9 progress4 ,!n ! gates w\ld be op5$1 & ! fleet1 c>ri$ on ! flood & guid$ by pilots1 w\ld be ru%$ d[n ,oil ,creek to ! ,allegh5y ,riv]4 ,z production increas$1 & new di/ricts )\t conv5i5t wat] transportation 7 successfully drill$1 x 0 necess>y to devise new me?ods4 ,! production ( "s wells1 inaccessible by wat]1 became a drug on ! m>ket & 9 #ahfb crude oil prices at su* wells fell z l[ z #aj c5ts a b>rel4 ,to meet ! difficulty1 a sy/em ( team+ 0 adopt$ & great c>avans ( ! oil wagons became a famili> sight 9 inl& oil regions4 ,su* a c>avan 9 ! days be=e ! pipe-l9es w\ld sometimes consi/ ( no less ?an #f1jjj wagons drawn by two horses ea*1 & c>ry+ f five to sev5 b>rels ( oil4 ,travell]s ( ! e>ly sixties enc\nt]+ ?is spectacle 7 amaz$ at ! endless /ream ( vehicles4 ,"w 0 ?us provid$ = a l>ge numb] ( m51 :o1 ) a team1 c\ld e>n f #aj to #be p] day convey+ petroleum f ! wells to ! ne>e/ po9t ( %ipm5t4 ,roads 7 9 _m cases s bad t !y tore d[n f5ces & made new ?or\ghf>es to suit _! conv5i5ce & !y 7 a lawless set1 z lat] ev5ts prov$4 ,! inspiration ( con/ruct+ a pipe-l9e :i* w\ld obviate team+1 & by :i* oil c\ld be made to fl[ direct to ! %ipp+ po9t or ! ref9]y1 is cr$it$ to a ,j]seyman nam$ ,hut*+s1 :o laid a %ort pipe l9e f "s wells 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$4 ,! fir/ te/ ( convey+ crude oil 9 pipes 0 ?r\gh a two-in* iron pipe 9 process ( be+ laid ,febru>y #ai1 #ahfc f ! ,t>r ,f>m to ! ,humboldt ,ref9]y at ,plum]1 ,pa41 ab\t six miles nor!a/ ( ,oil ,city1 ,pa4 ,! di/ance 0 two & a half miles4 ,! team/]s1 =see+ t _! e>n+s w\ld be dim9i%$ & p]haps disappe>1 if ! sy/em 7 g5]ally adopt$1 de/roy$ ! l9e & w>n$ o!r produc]s aga9/ simil> attempts4 ,hut*+s 0 ob/9ate & built a second l9e4 ,aga9 ! team/]s completely de/roy$ 8 "w4 ,undaunt$1 he tri$ aga91 ) no bett] luck1 & 9 ! end di$ a brok5 & p5niless man4 ,b 8 idea did n die ) him4 ,9 #ahfe "o ,h5ry ,h>ley comm5c$ to lay a pipe l9e to ! t]m9us ( ! ,oil ,creek railroad b ! team/]s n only cut 8 pipes b burn$ 8 collection tanks4 ,! ,/ate au?orities1 h[ev]1 gave him arm$ protection & 8 l9e 0 complet$4 ,x 0 ( two-in* diamet]1 ) a rat$ daily capacity ( #hjj b>rels4 ,illu/ration3 ,a big yield well 9 ,mexico fl[+ into a tempor>y /orage pond ,illu/ration3 ,lay+ a pipe l9e ?r\gh a ,l\isiana =e/ ,j4 ,d4 ,h5ry1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t hi/orians ( petroleum1 ass]ts t ! fir/ comm]cially successful pipe l9e 0 con/ruct$ 9 ! summ] ( #ahfe by ,samuel ,van ,syckel ( ,titusville1 f ! mu%room city ( ,pi?ole1 ,pa41 to ! ne>e/ railway /ation1 ,mill] ,f>m1 a di/ance ( f\r miles4 ,van ,syckel _h ! back+ ( ,new ,york capital1 & ! basis ( 8 success1 aft] simil> projects _h be5 ab&on$ z vision>y1 0 due to bett] me*anical arrangem5ts4 ,van ,syckel's l9e does n appe> to h suff]$ f ! lawlessness ( team/]s4 ,on ! completion ( ,h>ley's second l9e 9 ! same neighb\rhood1 bo? prov$ s comm]cially successful t capitali/s b\ght & amalgamat$ ! two4 ,team/]s cont9u$ to give tr\ble & effect damage b protective measures 7 successful 9 secur+ ! p]=mance ( ! ent]prise4 ,f t "t onw>d ! mileage ( pipe-l9es has /eadily multipli$1 & by means ( !m ! crude petroleum collect$ at a 8tank f>m0 on ! prairies is convey$ to ref9]ies _m hundr$s ( miles away4 ,! fir/ pipe-l9e ( consid]able l5g? 0 laid 9 #ahhj f ,butl] ,c\nty1 ,p5n4 to ,clevel&1 ,ohio1 a di/ance ( ov] #ajj miles4 ,almo/ imm$iately aft] trunk l9es f ,brad=d1 ,pa4 to ! ,atlantic seabo>d 7 comm5c$4 ,by #ahic !re 7 #c1jjj miles ( pipe l9es 9 ! ,ea/]n /ates ) /orage facilities = #ce1jjj1jjj b>rels ( oil4 ,briti% & ,fr5* hi/orians ( petroleum1 view+ ! developm5t ( ! indu/ry f ! /&po9t ( imp>tial obs]v]s1 reg>d ! ye> #ahhc z an epo*al "o 9 its hi/ory1 because x m>k$ ! initiation ( a compreh5sive policy ) reg>d to pipe-l9es1 "u ! inspiration ( ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]4 ,mr4 ,rockefell]1 orig9ally a produce m]*ant1 became int]e/$ 9 ! oil bus9ess z e>ly z #ahfb by ! pur*ase ( an int]e/ 9 a small ref9]y at ,clevel&1 & by #ahfe1 _h become s conv9c$ ( ! possibilities ( ! petroleum indu/ry t he devot$ himself exclusively to ! ref9+ & %ipp+ bus9ess4 ,9 #ahgj ?is bus9ess became incorporat$ z ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company4 ,( ! ev5ts ( #ahhc ,alfr$ ,lidgett1 a not$ ,briti% oil exp]t & editor ( ! ,petroleum ,times 7,london1 ,engl&71 says 9 8 book 8,petroleum10 publi%$ 9 #aiai3 8,!n a few ma/] m9ds came to ! front1 & loyally support$ by ,john ,d4 ,rockefell]1 !y und]took ! h]culean task ( practically girdl+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ) a sy/em ( oil pipe-l9es t has no p>allel any:]e4 ,!y elim9at$ ! jad$ horses1 oil boats1 wood5 tankage & sl[ freights1 t$i\s me?ods1 & que/ionable practice ( h&l+ petroleum1 & sub/itut$ !re= ! /eam pump1 ! iron conduit1 ! /eel tank /orage1 & sy/ematic & bus9ess-l me?ods :i* soon comm&$ ! confid5ce & respect ( all oil-produc]s4 ,!y ext5d$ _! pipe-l9es to almo/ e produc+ well & e/abli%$ a transportation sy/em :i* s]ves ! indu/ry to-day z no o!r on e>? is s]v$4 ,! advantages ( ! mod]n pipe-l9e to ! oil-produc] are obvi\s40 ,! pipe-l9e connection to ! produc]'s well & tanks ensures prompt cle>ance ( ! crude & a /eady ca% m>ket = 8 output1 "u ! sy/em def9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,! elim9ation ( wa/e & ! r$uction ( co/ 9 connection ) transportation1 ( c\rse1 result$ 9 great mat]ial b5efits to ! consum] ( petroleum products4 ,x is inde$ q cle> t )\t ?is ,napoleonic organization ( ! pipe-l9e s]vice ! boon ( petroleum c\ld n h be5 adequately utiliz$ by humanity at l>ge4 ,9 convey+ oil ?r\gh ! pipe l9es bo? gravity & pump+ are us$4 ,! pump+ /ation at ! 8tank f>m0 =ces ! crude into pipes ?r\gh :i* x comm5ces its long j\rney to ! ref9]y4 ,?is pump+ equipm5t is 9 itself a wond]ful me*anism & drives ! oil ov] heights :]e gravity _c assi/4 ,! pipe at ! field l9es :]e ! j\rney />ts v>ies 9 diamet] f #b to #h in*es & ! jo9ts are screw ?read$4 ,! ma9 trunk l9es are f #f to #ab in*es 9 diamet] & pump+ /ations to cont9ue ! driv+ process are locat$ at necess>y int]vals along ! r\te4 ,9 "s fields ! oil is heavi] ?an 9 o!rs & !n ! /ations h to be locat$ ne>] to ea* o!r1 :ile 9 ! case ( c]ta9 v heavy crudes1 heat is appli$ to promote ! fl[ be=e x ent]s ! pipe-l9e4 ,by ?is sy/em ! am\nt ( oil t fl[s "u ! soil ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to di/ant po9ts exce$s half a million b>rels daily4 ,conceal$ & unobtrusive1 ^! l9es d _! "w s well t millions ( p :om !y s]ve are unaw>e ( _! exi/5ce4 ,ev]yone kn[s ( ! freight tra9 t l9ks up ! small t[n factory ) ! c5tral di/ribut+ po9t1 & ( ! gra9 c> :i* c>ries ! f>m]'s :eat to ! seabo>d2 b little att5tion is paid to ?is great b inconspicu\s transportation adjunct ( ,am]ican indu/ry1 ! petroleum pipe-l9e4 ,z ! sy/em has gr[n1 h&l+ 9 tank c>s ( any?+ b ref9$ product has become m & m ne>ly obsolete1 = economic reasons4 ,once in/all$1 ! pipe-l9e sy/em is *eap & easily ma9ta9$4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be q impossible to conduct ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry ( to-day by ! use ( railroads1 ev5 ?\gh !y 7 greatly multipli$4 ,! crude oil :i* fl[s daily1 ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ?r\gh pipe-l9es w\ld fill ov] #b1ejj tank c>s4 ,s9ce1 on ! av]age1 a b>rel ( crude travels #a1jjj miles be=e x rea*es its de/9ation1 x w\ld require approximately #ge1jjj tank c>s to d ! daily "w ( transportation effect$ by ! pipe-l9es1 n to m5tion approximately #ijj eng9es :i* x is e/imat$ w\ld be requir$ to move !m4 ,leav+ out all ! possibilities ( conge/ion 9 /ormy wea!r1 x w be se5 t su* a task is "o t railroads c\ld n hope to c>ry out4 ,9 its pres5t dim5sions ! oil indu/ry1 !re=e1 owes z mu* to ! pipe-l9e z to ! actual exi/5ce ( oil deposits !mselves4 ,! "w !y p]=m is inf9itely m ev5 & un9t]rupt$ ?an t ( any sy/em ( railroad or wat] transportation4 ,! pipe-l9es run to full capacity1 w9t] & summ]1 day & night1 ! ye> r\nd1 mak+ possible ! exi/5ce ( great c5tral ref9+ plants :]e ! crude c be treat$ 9 bulk at ! l[e/ possible co/1 & :]e di/ribution c be effect$ at ! lighte/ impo/ on ! ultimate consum]4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ref9+ ,,& ,,manufactur+ ,,petroleum ,,products ,z has already be5 intimat$1 ! ,p5nsylvania oil discov]ies ( fifty ye>s ago w\ld h be5 relatively valueless if me?ods ( ref9+ _h n advanc$ suffici5tly to develop ! m>ketable possibilities4 ,if ! read] has foll[$ ?is n>rative he w n h fail$ to note t x 0 ! optimism ( exp]im5tal *emi/s1 :o disc]n$ 9 petroleum ! possibilities ( an illum9ant :i* w\ld take ! place ( :ale oil & o!r fats1 :i* fir/ sugge/$ to pione] inve/ors l ,bissell ! idea ( develop+ ,am]ica's oil fields by ! bor+ sy/em4 ,c]ta9 crude traditional me?ods ( ref9+ petroleum _h prevail$ = c5turies 9 ! ,ea/1 b !y _h n produc$ an illum9ant t w\ld be acceptable to our civilization4 ,! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 :i* gradually enabl$ ! e>ly ,am]ican ref9]s to produce a comp>atively od\rless1 safe1 & free-burn+ oil f ! crude1 gave ! necess>y /imulus to ! new indu/ry4 ,! ,am]ican ref9+ sy/em has s9ce become "o ( ! greate/ examples ( /&>diz$ indu/ry1 fasc9at+ 9 its m9utiae1 & amaz+ 9 ! effici5cy & economy ( its organization4 ,! pipe-l9e sy/em has promot$ ! e/abli%m5t ( great c5tral ref9]ies :i!r ! crude travels di/ances ( any:]e f five hundr$ to fifte5 hundr$ miles1 & :i*1 by treat+ x 9 va/ quantities1 are enabl$ to provide ! _w ) ! products ( petroleum at ! l[e/ possible co/4 ,x is ! purpose ( ! ref9+ process to produce f ! crude petroleum m>ketable products & ?is involves two /ages4 ,fir/3 ,! sep>ation ( ! crude petroleum into its con/itu5t p>ts1 correspond+ 9 g5]al to gasol9e1 k]os5e1 lubricat+ oil1 etc41 &1 subsequ5tly1 ! purification ( ea* ( ^! r\ghly sep>at$ products to br+ !m into m>ketable condition4 ,! process might be be/ und]/ood by lik5+ ! crude petroleum to gravel scoop$ f out ( ! hillside4 ,su* gravel w\ld consi/ ( a mixture ( s&1 f9e gravel1 co>se gravel1 rocks & b\ld]s4 ,9 ?is condition x w\ld be unm>ketable1 except p]haps to fill up m>%y l&4 ,by analogy ! crude petroleum consi/s ( a mixture ( _m diff]5t comp\nds & ! mixture itself is unm>ketable & ( no value except z a fuel1 at once tr\blesome & dang]\s4 ,to prep>e ! fre%ly m9$ or 8crude0 gravel = ! m>ket x w\ld be sift$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( scre5s :i* w\ld sep>ate x into its compon5t sizes4 ,z a result ( ! sift+ op]ation !re w\ld be produc$ build]s' s& suitable = use 9 mort>1 f9e & co>se gravel desirable = concrete1 r\gh rock = road f\ndations1 & b\ld]s = masonry /ructures4 ,! crude petroleum oil is a liquid & _c be sift$ on scre5s z is ! crude gravel1 b nature has giv5 x prop]ties 9 consequ5ce ( :i* x may be sep>at$ into its con/itu5ts almo/ z easily z is ! gravel4 ,^! prop]ties are ! diff]5t boil+ po9ts ( ! sev]al con/itu5ts4 ,?us1 :5 wat] or any o!r s+le liquid is heat$ x cont9ues to increase 9 temp]ature until boil+ beg9s1 aft] :i* its temp]ature rema9s ! same1 no matt] h[ rapidly ! heat is appli$1 until all ( ! liquid has be5 boil$ away4 ,:5 petroleum is heat$1 h[ev]1 x beg9s to boil at a v l[ temp]ature1 a temp]ature h>dly hot en\gh to injure ! sk91 9 "s cases4 ,x is n ! :ole ( ! petroleum :i* is boil+1 h[ev]1 b only ! v lighte/ "p ( x1 t is1 ! gasol9e or naph?a4 ,if ! temp]ature 7 to be held con/ant = a %ort l5g? ( "t all ( ! gasol9e w\ld h be5 boil$ (f1 & al?\gh ! liquid w\ld be j z hot z x 0 be=e1 ! boil+ w\ld cease entirely4 ,if ! heat+ is n[ cont9u$1 h[ev]1 & ! temp]ature ( ! oil rais$ to "s high] figure1 x aga9 beg9s to boil & n[ x is ! k]os5e con/itu5t ( ! crude petroleum :i* is be+ conv]t$ into vap\r & driv5 out ( ! liquid4 ,aft] a "t all ( ?is k]os5e w be gone1 & z be=e1 ! liquid1 al?\gh /ill at ! same temp]ature at :i* x has j previ\sly be5 actively boil+1 rema9s quiesc5t4 ,9 ?is fa%ion ! v>i\s con/itu5ts ( ! crude petroleum may be sep>at$ f "o ano!r by a 8sift+0 op]ation some:at simil> to t us$ to sep>ate s& f gravel & gravel f rock1 except t in/ead ( employ+ scre5s to effect ! sep>ation !re is employ$ an app>atus 9 :i* ! heat ( ! oil c be gradually increas$ & ! products1 :i* are successively driv5 (f 9 ?is fa%ion1 sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,! app>atus commonly employ$ = ?is purpose is call$ a 8/ill0 & consi/s m]ely ( a /eel receptacle1 usually 9 ! =m ( a horizontal cyl9d]1 mu* l a simple /eam boil]4 ,^! /ills h be5 develop$ to l>ge capacity1 "s ( !m hold+ upw>ds ( #ej1jjj w9e gallons ( oil at "o "t4 ,! /ill is m\nt$ ov] a furnace :i* is usually heat$ by coal j z an ord9>y /eam boil]4 ,9 ?is /ill ! temp]ature ( ! crude petroleum is gradually rais$ & ) ea* elevation 9 temp]ature a diff]5t product is boil$ or driv5 (f ! mass ( liquid until f9ally no?+ rema9s 9 ! /ill except a small quantity ( black residue :i* is kn[n z petroleum coke4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to cool & cond5se ^! vap\rs4 ,?is is accompli%$ by an app>atus call$ a 8cond5s]0 :i* is connect$ to ea* /ill4 ,an elem5t>y cond5s] consi/s m]ely ( a coil ( pipe subm]g$ 9 a tank ( cold wat]4 ,! vap\r leav+ ! /ill passes ?r\gh ! subm]g$ coils 9 :i* ! vap\r by cool+ is caus$ to return to a liquid condition4 ,into "o end ( ! cond5s] coil1 !re=e1 ! vap\r f ! /ill ent]s & f ! o!r end !re fl[s ! cond5s$ liquid4 ,! fir/ & mo/ important /ep 9 ! process ( ref9+ all crude petroleum is conduct$ 9 ! fa%ion above describ$4 ,a ref9]y ( l>ge size w h p]haps #ajj ( ^? crude /ills :i* are g5]ally arrang$ 9 gr\ps or batt]ies1 ea* batt]y conta9+ a doz5 or m /ills4 ,f ea* /ill ! cond5s] pipes are l$ to a 8receiv+ h\se0 :i* is locat$ 9 "s c5tral position4 ,9 ?is mann] x becomes possible = a s+le responsible sup]visor to obs]ve & control ! op]ation ( a l>ge numb] ( /ills4 ,! sup]visor is call$ ! 8/illsman0 & ^u him re/s ! responsibility = direct+ ! initial process ( sep>ation or sift+ by :i* ! crude petroleum receiv$ at ! ref9]y is r\ghly sep>at$ into diff]5t 8fractions0 or p>ts1 ea* ( :i* by fur!r ref9+ becomes a m>ketable petroleum product4 ,z g5]ally conduct$1 ?is fir/ di/illation process sep>ates ! crude petroleum oil into f\r major fractions4 ,! fraction :i* has ! l[e/ boil+ po9t & is !re=e ! fir/ to be driv5 (f f ! crude petroleum 9 ! /ill z ! latt] is heat$1 is ! naph?a or gasol9e fraction4 ,:5 all ! naph?a or gasol9e f any p>ticul> /ill has be5 driv5 (f1 ! /illsman1 /ation$ 9 ! receiv+ h\se & able to obs]ve con/antly ! "* ( ! cond5s$ liquid1 :i* is deliv]$ by ! pipe f ! cond5s] coil to ! h\se1 w *ange ! connections 9 ! receiv+ h\se s t ! next 8di/illate0 to be receiv$ w fl[ to a sep>ate tank4 ,?is second di/illate :i* comes into ! receiv+ h\se & is ?us div]t$ to a sep>ate tank w be ! illum9at+ oil di/illate or1 9 ref9]y p>lance1 ! 8ref9$ oil di/illate40 ,x is int]e/+ to note t 8ref9$ oil0 to a petroleum ref9] /ill means k]os5e illum9at+ oil1 s9ce 9 ! orig9al petroleum indu/ry ?is illum9at+ product 0 ! only fraction ( ! crude oil :i* 0 highly purifi$ or ref9$4 ,! entire rema9d] ( ! crude petroleum1 includ+ gasol9e & ! lubricat+ oils & o!r products heavi] ?an k]os5e1 7 ei!r disc>d$ :olly or else sold = :atev] !y w\ld br+ 9 an unref9$ or v poorly ref9$ condition4 ,! next product :i* is driv5 (f f ! crude oil aft] all ( ! k]os5e has be5 remov$ is a some:at heavy & discol\r$1 b free fl[+ oil1 kn[n z 8gas oil40 ,gas oil is seldom sold at retail & ! g5]al public has v little k ( x4 ,its ma9 use is = ! manufacture ( city gas1 auxili>y to coal1 ! products ( :i* =m ! base ( city gas4 ,! next product aft] ! gas oil & ! la/ important product ( crude petroleum is ! lubricat+ oil di/illate1 :i* is kn[n z 8p>aff9e di/illate0 = ! reason t x conta9s ! p>aff9e wax4 ,) ! exception ( ! gas oil1 :i* by reason ( ! uses to :i* x is put does n usually require any fur!r treatm5t1 ! products ?us r\ghly sep>at$ f ! crude petroleum ea* ne$ n only fur!r sep>ation1 b actual *emical purification to prep>e !m = ! m>ket4 ,consid]+ ^! products 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are d]iv$ f ! crude petroleum1 ! gasol9e or naph?a fraction is (t5 subject$ to a second di/illation by :i* x is fur!r 8sift$0 into light1 int]m$iate & heavy naph?as4 ,x is cu/om>y to conduct ?is second di/illation process by /eam heat in/ead ( by fire1 s9ce ! gasol9e or naph?a fraction boils at su* a l[ temp]ature t x is unnecess>y to resort to a furnace & fur!rmore1 ! quality ( ! product is ?\ght to be bett] if ! second di/illation is conduct$ ) /eam4 ,foll[+ ?is second di/illation ! naph?a or gasol9e is subject$ to *emical purification :i* involves treatm5t ) sulphuric acid1 ) sodium hydrate1 sodium plumate & filtration ?r\gh ,full]'s ,e>?--a species ( clay :i* has be5 f\nd to h n only a me*anical b probably also a *emical purify+ & decol\riz+ action4 ,!re is a consid]able v>iation 9 ! purification or ref9+ me?od employ$ by ! diff]5t ref9]s1 b ! =ego+ treatm5ts are ! pr9cipal ones n[ 9 vogue4 ,! m>ketable products produc$ f ! crude gasol9e or naph?a di/illate by ?is re-di/illation & purification process are pr9cipally z /at$--light naph?as1 int]m$iate naph?as & heavy naph?as4 ,! light naph?as range f petroleum e!r1 an exce$+ly sweet-smell+ & volatile liquid to aviation gasol9e1 especially suitable = use 9 a]oplane motors "u extreme conditions ( temp]ature & p[] developm5t4 ,! int]m$iate naph?a is ! ord9>y gasol9e ( comm]ce1 pr9cipally us$ z fuel = automobile eng9es4 ,! heavy naph?a is t (t5 sold "u ! "n ( b5z9e1 clean]s' naph?a1 solv5t naph?a or v>ni% mak]s' & pa9t]s' naph?a4 ,z ^! names indicate1 ! heavy naph?a is pr9cipally us$ 9 ! manufacture ( pa9ts & v>ni%es1 = dry-clean+ & z a solv5t 9 ! *emical indu/ries4 ,! second fraction ( ! crude petroleum1 ! k]os5e1 illum9at+ oil1 or 8ref9$ oil10 is likewise ord9>ily subject$ to a second di/ill+ op]ation1 ! ma9 purpose ( :i* is to sep>ate x f any traces ( gasol9e :i* w\ld t5d to make x highly explosive & dang]\s :5 us$ 9 lamps4 ,?is re-di/illation is foll[$ by a *emical purification1 produc+ ! k]os5e ( comm]ce1 :i* is n only s safe t x may be heat$ to a temp]ature well above #ajj ,f4 )\t dang] ( giv+ (f any explosive vap\r1 b is also wat]-:ite 9 col\r1 cry/al cle>1 & ( su* purity t x may be burn$ 9 a lamp 9 a clos$ room )\t produc+ (f5sive od\rs or smoke4 ,! ?ird major fraction ( ! crude petroleum is ! gas oil :i* has previ\sly be5 ref]r$ to4 ,9 g5]al ?is product may be m>ket$ )\t fur!r treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,l9es = load+ oil on vessels an*or$ f "o to two miles (f %ore4 ,?is is a regul> practice 9 ,mexico :]e a deep h>b\r is n available ,illu/ration3 ,batt]y ( crude /ills at ! ,bayway ,ref9]y1 ,l9d51 ,n4 ,j4 ,! next & la/ major fraction is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all4 ,x is f ?is fraction t ! ho/ ( lubricat+ products are obta9$ & also ! p>aff9e wax :i* has almo/ entirely sup]s$$ animal & vegetable waxes1 n only = c&les1 b = laundry use1 = produc+ wat]-pro( pap]1 = seal+ pres]ve j>s & = a multitude ( m9or uses4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! treatm5t ( ?is 8p>aff9e di/illate0 or lubricat+ oil di/illate fraction ( ! crude petroleum is to sep>ate f x ! p>aff9e wax :i* x c>ries 9 solution4 ,?is is accompli%$ by *ill+ ! oil to a v l[ temp]ature ?r\gh ! use ( refrig]at+ app>atus4 ,:5 ! oil is ?us *ill$ ! dissolv$ wax !re9 cry/alizes s t ! mixture resembles no?+ m ?an slu% or mu% ice4 ,hav+ caus$ ! dissolv$ p>aff9e to freeze & come out 9 ! =m ( slu% 9 ?is fa%ion1 x rema9s to sep>ate x f ! oil4 ,?is is accompli%$ by filt]+ ! mu%1 /ill held at its l[ temp]ature1 ?r\gh canvas clo?s4 ,! oily "p ( ! mu% passes freely ?r\gh ! clo? :ile ! solidifi$ p>ticles ( wax rema9 on ! face ( ! fabric4 ,! fir/ two products sep>at$ by ! *ill+ & filt]+ processes are !re=e a wax-free oil & an impure p>aff9e wax4 ,! impure p>aff9e wax is kn[n z 8slack wax0 & is melt$ & p\r$ 9 a liquid condition into %all[ pans1 :]e ^u cool+1 x solidifies4 ,! pans are !n sl[ly & cauti\sly heat$1 & z ! temp]ature ( ! wax rises1 ! small quantity ( oil :i* x /ill c>ries sweats out ( ! wax1 j z ?\gh ! wax 7 actually p]spir+4 ,z a result ( ?is sweat+ op]ation !re is produc$ 8crude scale wax10 ! ord9>y wax ( comm]ce4 ,x is yell[ to ivory 9 col\r1 conta9s only a small proportion ( oil & is almo/ od\rless & ta/eless4 ,! crude scale wax is v commonly fur!r ref9$ by ! g5]al me?ods us$ ?r\gh\t ! oil indu/ry1 i4e4 by treatm5t ) acid & alkali1 & by filtration1 to produce ref9$ p>aff9e wax ( pure :ite col\r1 free f oil1 & )\t od\r or ta/e4 ,x is ?is ref9$ grade ( wax :i* is commonly met ) 9 ! retail m>ket4 ,return+ to ! wax-free oil :i* passes ?r\gh ! canvas filt]s1 leav+ beh9d ! impure wax1 we f9d t ?is is ! product f :i* lubricat+ oils are obta9$4 ,x is an oil ( d>k br[n or amb] col\r1 consid]ably heavi] ?an k]os5e & has a v greasy feel+ :i* is indicative ( its value = lubricat+ purposes4 ,elaborate me?ods h be5 devis$ = accurately det]m9+ & gaug+ ?is greas9ess or viscosity1 :i* is ! prop]ty ( ! oil ^u :i* its lubricat+ value is mo/ dep5d5t4 ,9 g5]al1 ?is oil is 9 "p re-di/ill$1 t is1 x is *>g$ into a /ill & subject$ to a temp]ature :i* is suffici5t to drive (f1 9 ! =m ( vap\r1 "s portion1 ?\gh n all ( ! oil "u treatm5t4 ,?is process1 accurately describ$ z 8r$uc+0 ! oil1 s]ves to conc5trate 9 ! residue rema9+ 9 ! /ill1 ! heavi] or m greasy or visc\s con/itu5ts1 ! grade or viscosity ( ! lubricat+ oil dep5d+ on ! ext5t to :i* ?is r$uction is c>ri$4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! o!r petroleum products1 x is cu/om>y to c>ry out a *emical purification process & to filt] ! oil subsequ5t to ! re-di/illation4 ,z a result ( su* fur!r *emical purification & filtration1 ! col\r ( ! oil is improv$1 any susp5d$ solids or dirt :i* x may conta9 are remov$1 & any *emical con/itu5ts :i* x may conta9 & :i* may be detrim5tal to its use1 are de/roy$4 ,! ref9+ process above describ$ is t :i* is mo/ l>gely employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 be+ a typical process = obta9+ gasol9e1 k]os5e1 gas oil1 lubricat+ oils & p>aff9e wax f ! grade ( crude petroleum produc$ f ! c5tral & c5tral we/]n /ates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! process is consid]ably v>i$1 h[ev]1 9 deal+ ) crude petroleum ( diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,= example--!re is produc$ 9 ,mexico & import$ into ?is c\ntry = ref9+ 9 ! plants locat$ on ! ,atlantic ,coa/ a v l>ge am\nt ( petroleum oil :i* is little m ?an ?9 asphalt4 ,oil ( ?is "* is n g5]ally us$ = ! production ( lubricat+ oils or wax1 b is in/ead m]ely ref9$ = ! production ( gasol9e1 k]os5e1 & fuel oil1 or = gasol9e & fuel oil only4 ,x w be und]/ood t ! t]m 8fuel oil0 m]ely indicates any heavy petroleum oil free f dirt & wat]1 & fluid en\gh to be readily pump$ ?r\gh a pipe1 & conta9+ no con/itu5ts :i* w\ld make x apt to give explosive mixtures ) air4 ,fuel oil ( ?is description is l>gely replac+ coal z a fuel = /eam%ips4 ,! ,/ate ( ,cali=nia produces a consid]able quantity ( ?is 8asphalt base0 crude petroleum1 :i*1 l ! crude petroleum f ,mexico1 is subject$ to ref9+ processes v mu* simpl] & yield+ ma9ly gasol9e1 k]os5e & fuel oil4 ,x is usually also f crude petroleum ( ?is "* t ! artificial asphalts :i* supplem5t ! supply ( natural asphalt = pav+ mat]ial are produc$4 ,^! artificial asphalts 9 g5]al repres5t ! heavi] con/itu5ts ( crude petroleums1 su* z ^? ( ,mexico & ,cali=nia4 ,! t]m artificial asphalt is p]haps a misnom]1 =1 al?\gh ! prop]ties ( ! asphalt are some:at modifi$ by ! ref9+ op]ation1 ! asphalt exi/s z su* 9 ! crude petroleum oil & ! ma9 purpose ( ! ref9+ op]ation is m]ely to sep>ate x f ! fluid con/itu5ts ( ! oil 9 :i* x is dissolv$4 ,!re is also a l>ge am\nt ( oil produc$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ma9ly 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :i* is ( a "* especially suit$ to ! production ( high grade lubricants by a simple ref9+ me?od4 ,) oil ( ?is "* ! lubricat+ con/itu5ts d n require di/illation to sep>ate !m f impurities4 ,! crude petroleum may be directly r$uc$ by di/illation1 tak+ (f ! ?ree major fractions1 t is1 gasol9e1 k]os5e & gas oil1 & leav+ beh9d 9 ! /ill a v good grade ( lubricat+ oil :i*1 h[ev]1 conta9s p>aff9e wax4 ,to sep>ate ?is wax f ! lubricat+ oil1 9 :i* x is dissolv$1 an +5i\s process call$ cold settl+ is resort$ to4 ,accord+ to ?is process1 ! mixture ( lubricat+ oil & wax is dilut$ ) gasol9e1 en\gh gasol9e be+ employ$ to make a v ?9 liquid1 & ! mixture is !n *ill$ to a l[ temp]ature4 ,f ! *ill$ mixture ! p>aff9e sep>ates out 9 ! =m ( a ?ick grease :i* settles to ! bottom ( ! *ill+ tank4 ,?is grease is subsequ5tly ref9$ to produce ! v>i\s grades ( petroleum jelly4 ,! lubricat+ oil dilut$ ) naph?a & sep>at$ f ! p>aff9e or grease z describ$ is subject$ to re-di/illation = ! sep>ation ( ! naph?a & =ms a base = ! production ( a wide v>iety ( high grade lubricants4 ,return+ to ! analogy by :i* we comp>$ crude petroleum oil to crude gravel m9$ f ! hillsides1 x w be not$ z 9 ! case ( ! gravel1 ! v>i\s crude petroleums diff] 9 "* consid]ably1 accord+ to _! orig91 & t ! ref9+ process mu/ be modifi$ to suit ! "* ( ! oil4 ,! analogy may be pursu$ "o /ep fur!r to expla9 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ developm5ts ( ! mod]n petroleum indu/ry1 i4 e41 ! manufacture ( gasol9e n naturally conta9$ 9 crude petroleum4 ,?is process ( manufactur+ gasol9e is call$ 8crack+40 ,let u assume t we desire to obta9 f crude gravel1 m9$ f ! gr\nd1 a maximum am\nt ( f9e gravel4 ,we w\ld fir/ use all ( ! f9e gravel :i* 0 naturally conta9$ 9 ! crude gravel & !n we might pass ! rema9d] ( ! gravel1 :i* is too l>ge = our use1 ?r\gh cru%+ roll]s :i* w\ld cru% or crack x1 ?us produc+ an additional quantity ( f9e gravel4 ,an analog\s process has n[ be5 successfully develop$ = ! treatm5t ( petroleum oils4 ,accord+ to ?is process1 a heavi] con/itu5t ( ! crude petroleum oil1 = example1 k]os5e or gas oil1 may be subject$ to di/illation at high temp]atures1 & "u high pressure 9 special /ills design$ = ?is process1 ?us secur+ increas$ quantities ( gasol9e4 ,9 ?is op]ation a c]ta9 proportion ( ! heavi] oil treat$ is caus$ to break d[n into gasol9e4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,bureau ( ,m9es e/imates t 9 #aiai "s #ae ( ! c\ntry's total gasol9e production 0 obta9$ by ?is process4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,petroleum ,,& ,,o!r ,,indu/ries ,petroleum products n only ent] z an ess5tial into great indu/ries2 b _! manufacture & di/ribution h giv5 bir? to _m alli$ indu/ries directly connect$ ) ! oil bus9ess4 ,! plant ( a mod]n ref9]y1 = in/ance1 by no means beg9s & ends ) equipm5t = ! di/illation & treatm5t ( oil4 ,we h se5 t ! petroleum indu/ry has giv5 bir? to an und]gr\nd transportation sy/em entirely unique1 :i* accompli%es some?+ impossible to railroads1 "u any conceivable organization4 ,! ar*itectural bread? & complet5ess ( detail :i* *>act]ize ! petroleum indu/ry z n[ organiz$1 also ext5d to _m me*anical trades4 ,! mod]n ref9]y is a self-conta9$ in/itution4 ,x goes outside its own organization = little4 ,besides its /ill h&s & o!r types ( oil work]s x has its corps ( c>p5t]s1 patt]n mak]s1 ma*9i/s1 acetyl5e weld]s1 boil]mak]s1 %eet iron work]s1 rivet]s1 blacksmi?s & ! l4 ,a mod]n ref9]y ( ! l>ge type is a complex indu/rial unit1 a/oni%+ 9 its div]sity ( duties & pursuits4 ,among !m ?is army ( work]s con/ruct almo/ ev]y?+ t is necess>y to c>ry out ! "w ( /orage & di/ribution4 ,/eel1 deliv]$ f ! roll+ mills 9 imm5se plates1 em]ges 9 ! =m ( tank wagons1 /ills1 cond5s]s1 tanks & all ! v>i$ equipm5t ( ! ref9+ indu/ry4 ,highly te*nical & intricate me*anical op]ations are c>ri$ out 9 connection ) ! manufacture ( ^! accessories4 ,! lay visitor to su* an in/itution w f9d himself amaz$ by ! sight ( roll] %e>s t cut out half an in* ( iron neatly & easily4 ,pun*+ a f\r in* wa%] out ( solid half-in* /eel is a relatively light op]ation ) ! p[] available4 ,by means ( ! multiple pun* a r[ ( holes is cut 9 a %eet ( /eel )9 few] seconds ?an x w\ld h tak5 ! village blacksmi? ( ! old5 "t h\rs to execute4 ,! hydraulic press pats ! /eel plates into ! requir$ %ape ) a /roke ( sev]al tons4 ,cutt+ /eel ) an acetyl5e flame is a famili> sight1 & ! man :o op]ates ?is tor* c\ld cut a hole 9 ! side ( a battle%ip 9 %ort ord]4 ,electric cranes toss beams weigh+ tw5ty tons or m ab\t z ?\gh !y 7 jack-/raws4 ,by su* processes a tank capable ( hold+ #ee1jjj b>rels ( oil comes into be+ ) a/oni%+ exp$ition4 ,! production ( ! b>rels1 boxes & innum]able subsidi>y requirem5ts ( a great manufactur+ indu/ry are all a "p ( ! plant's activities4 ,ref9]ies also provide a consid]able portion ( _! own fuel4 ,! gas produc$ 9 ! ref9+ process is collect$ to run gas eng9es :i* provide p[] = v>i\s me*anical op]ations4 ,al?\gh ! ref9]y is self conta9$1 ! v>i\s bran*es ( oil production1 transportation & treatm5t h be5 a /imulus to _m indu/ries4 ,inv5tion has be5 appli$ to ! con/ruction ( improv$ oil drill+ & pump+ ma*9]y2 ! pump l9es !mselves are prefac$ by me*anical production ( ! requisite pip+4 ,( ! petroleum indu/ry 0 born ! tank /eam] & ! tank c>4 ,?\gh ! crude rea*es ! ref9]y l>gely by means ( its own transportation sy/em1 its v>i\s trans=mations leave by o!r r\tes4 ,mo/ ( ! gasol9e & o!r products t are consum$ on ?is cont95t f9d _! way f ! ref9]y to ! di/ribut+ /ations 9 tank c>s1 :i* h become an in/itution on ,am]ican railways4 ,solid tra9s ( !m leave ! great ref9]ies e day2 )\t !m x w\ld be impossible to deliv] ! v>i\s petroleum products1 indisp5sable to indu/ry1 to consum]s s exp$iti\sly z n[4 ,petroleum's faculty1 z a /&>diz$ indu/ry1 ( attract+ to itself subsidi>y trades is1 h[ev]1 b a negligible consid]ation 9 comp>ison ) its relation to indu/ry & comm]ce 9 ! l>g] s5se ( ^! t]ms4 ,! not$ ,engli% publici/1 ,sydney ,brooks1 has drawn a p5 picture ( ! m>vell\s int]p5etration ( ! _w's indu/rial fabric :i* has tak5 place )9 ! pa/ fifty ye>s4 8,to-day0 says ,brooks1 8petroleum ent]s into our daily life "u ! guise ( at lea/ #bej diff]5t & m>ketable commodities4 ,x lights our lamps & /oves2 x cleans our clo!s2 x prep>es our v>ni%es2 x acts z a sub/itute = turp5t9e 9 ! pr9t+1 dye+ & pa9t+ indu/ries2 x invades our tables 9 ! =m ( artificial butt]1 confection]y & a numb] ( o!r edibles2 x supplies u ) our wax1 our c&les1 our *ew+ gum1 & a va/ array ( o9tm5ts1 salves & drugs2 x furni%es ! dress+ table ) p]fumes & ! smok+ room ) mat*es2 x imp>ts ! f9al lu/re to our coll>s & %irts2 & ! textile trades use enorm\s quantities ( x = f9i%+ s(t goods2 x m$icates our bodies & gives to pres]v$ fruits _! peculi>ly too?some appe>ance2 x bl5ds ) animal & vegetable oils 9 a range ( comb9ations almo/ inf9ite2 its residue c be burn$ z coke1 or us$ 9 ! manufacture ( electric arc-lights1 or employ$ 9 road mak+ z a rival to asphalt2 x lubricates our ma*9]y & drives our motor c>s1 our %ips1 our a]oplanes1 our locomotives1 our pl\ghs & tractors4 ,by means ( x e =m ( transportation on l&1 9 ! air1 on ! seas & bel[ ! sea1 has be5 immeasurably ext5d$ & 9 _m in/ances revolutioniz$4 ,!re mu/ be at lea/ a hundr$ trades t n[ use oil = heat & p[] purposes :]e t5 or fifte5 ye>s ago !y us$ no?+ b coal4 ,! dem&s = x are inde$ illimitable40 ,mr4 ,brooks is speak+ exclusively ( ! "p t petroleum plays 9 ! indu/rial & social life ( ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates its applications are wid] /ill4 ,7 x necess>y1 x w\ld be possible to dilate on ! relation ( petroleum to agriculture 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! f>m] :o op]ates a l>ge acreage 9 ! middle we/ or 9 ,texas & ,cali=nia1 by means ( tractors f9ds petroleum an indisp5sable ally4 ,9 ?is s5se petroleum has help$ enorm\sly to increase ! food supplies ( ! _w & ! national weal? ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o ( ! greate/1 if n ! greate/ ( mod]n indu/ries on ?is cont95t--! manufacture ( motor c>s--w\ld to all int5ts & purposes be non-exi/5t 7 x n = "o (fspr+ ( petroleum 7once reg>d$ z almo/ ! lea/ valuable product ( ! ref9]y7 gasol9e4 ,inv5tion has react$ radically on ! oil indu/ry1 f decade to decade1 & especially on its ref9+ phase4 ,until ! adv5t ( :at is kn[n z ! 8int]nal combu/ion0 eng9e1 = in/ance1 ! dem& = gasol9e 0 s limit$ t :5 produc$1 z 0 inevitable 9 ! di/illation ( _m types ( crude1 x repres5t$ b a fraction ( its pres5t value4 ,to-day ?is eng9e1 :i* lives & functions by gasol9e1 has creat$ an ev]-increas+ dem& = t fluid :i* taxes ! en]gy ( all ref9]ies to meet4 ,! int]nal combu/ion eng9e ) ! assi/ance ( petroleum has inde$ ex]cis$ su* a p[]ful influ5ce 9 *ang+ ! face ( civilization z to dem& full] ref]5ce4 ,x n only made ! automobile practicable1 b ! a]oplane1 ! dirigible air-%ip1 ! subm>9e & a ho/ ( o!r craft possible4 ,:51 dur+ ! autumn ( #aiai1 ! entire railroad sy/em ( ,great ,brita9 0 p>alyz$ by a g5]al /rike1 & ! p ( its great & ov]cr[d$ cities 7 face to face ) />vation1 x 0 admitt$ly ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 op]at$ by gasol9e 7commonly kn[n ov]seas z motor _s or petrol7--t sav$ ! situation4 ,to und]/& its appellation ! read] %\ld note ! fact t ! old] =ms ( eng9es 7 op]at$ by /eam g5]at$ 9 boil]s1 heat$ by ext]nal combu/ion--a process famili> to ev]yone4 ,! int]nal combu/ion eng9e1 on ! contr>y1 runs by fuel 7usually gasol9e7 :i* is introduc$ directly into ! contrivance itself4 ,!re x is vaporiz$ & mix$ ) air s z to become an explosive sub/ance ) great p[]s ( propulsion4 ,x is n difficult to grasp ! imm5se sav+ ( weight & space :i* is involv$ by ! elim9ation ( ! boil] f ! me*anism ( an eng9e4 ,dur+ ! w> especially1 ! m9ds ( all me*anical exp]ts 7 appli$ to improvem5ts t w\ld result 9 an eng9e be+ made light] & light] ) ea* new model1 :ile at ! same "t meet+ enorm\s p[] dem&s4 ,)\t su* space-sav+ contrivances ! fly+ ma*9e w\ld nev] h rea*$ its mod]n developm5t1 & ! motor c> w\ld n h come into g5]al use4 ,! revolution effect$ by automatic traction alone1 ) ! co-op]ation ( petroleum1 w\ld h seem$ incr$ible a g5]ation ago4 ,! pione] us]s ( motor c>s b\ght _! gasol9e at drug /ores4 ,to-day ! 8gas0 /ations 9 e c\ntry village & 9 connection ) e l>ge g>age & auto-liv]y give te/imony to ! "p a s+le product ( petroleum plays 9 ! social & comm]cial life ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,! automobile indu/ry1 :i* c\ld h>dly h be5 born )\t petroleum z an auxili>y1 n[ repres5ts an enorm\s inve/m5t 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries giv+ employm5t to innum]able workm5 ( all classes4 ,oil z a s\rce ( p[] is to all int5ts & purposes an outgr[? ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,its function z a s\rce ( light & heat is hi/orical4 ,light+ by means ( oil lamps has 9 itself und]gone great improvem5ts s9ce ! e>ly days & ! use ( oil z a fuel 9 a mann] di/9ct f its application to automobiles1 a]oplanes & o!r inv5tions op]at$ by gasol9e eng9es1 is /eadily increas+4 ,x is tak+ its place z a sub/itute = coal1 n only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates b to a m>k$ ext5t 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,= "s ( !m x may be said to h prov$ a solution = railroad problems t 7 at "o "t almo/ insup]able4 ,russia1 = in/ance1 = ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & up to ! "t :5 int]nal conditions disrupt$ h] indu/rial organization1 utiliz$ h] own petroleum = fuel4 ,! railroads ( ,mexico1 ,arg5t9a1 ,brazil & o!r ,lat9 ,am]ican c\ntries z well z 9 ,r\mania are n[ s]v$ by oil burn+ locomotives :]e a decade or s ago coal or wood 0 employ$4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! ,s\!rn ,pacific ,railroad & o!r well kn[n transportation corporations h demon/rat$ t ! locomotive run by liquid fuel is an economic success2 9 #aiai ! am\nt ( fuel oil us$ = ?is purpose 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 approximately #ej1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,railroad exp]ts h discov]$ t ! /eam+ capacity ( a locomotive runn+ on fuel oil is s mat]ially increas$ t x is possible to haul ) x a great] tonnage at a mu* increas$ spe$ ?an w\ld be possible ) a coal fir$ eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 8,look boxes0 9 ! 8,/ill ,h\se10 :]e ! grades ( oil are sep>at$ accord+ to gravity1 ! process be+ kn[n z ! sep>ation ( 8cuts0 ,illu/ration3 ,a mod]n tank] c>ry+ #d1jjj1jjj gallons ( oil ,oil z a dome/ic fuel is gradually mak+ its way because ( ! advantages x gives 9 ! matt] ( cleanl9ess4 ,ev5 ! "t-hon\r$ oil /ove has be5 subject$ to su* improvem5ts z to be a va/ly m acceptable inmate ( ! home ?an x 0 9 days gone by4 ,! use ( petroleum z a fuel = /ation>y eng9es 9 manufactur+ plants has also kept pace ) its employm5t 9 o!r directions & "h aga9 its sup]ior heat+ p[]1 ! elim9ation ( du/ & ! sav+ ( lab\r involv$ are economic factors ( fir/ importance4 ,! inv5tion ( new devices = ! utilization ( oil h necess>ily prov5 a /imulus to manufacture4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be impossible to trace ! myriad pa?s by :i* petroleum ent]s into ! public & dome/ic economy ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,s f> we h left unt\*$ "o ( its mo/ pregnant applications2 its relation to sea p[] & to m>itime comm]ce1 :i* is s wide & important z to ju/ify a sep>ate *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,petroleum ,,on ,,! ,,sev5 ,,seas ,! intimate connection betwe5 petroleum & m>itime comm]ce became assur$ f ! day x 0 recogniz$ t ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h res\rces de/9$ to make h] ! *ief res]voir ( ! _w's supply4 ,an int]e/+ disc\rse c\ld be writt5 on ! mann] 9 :i* ! p ( _m nations h = c5turies dep5d$ on %ips & seam5 = light4 ,! function ( ! old :al+ %ips 9 ! _w's economy is n[ p]=m$ by ! mod]n oil-tank]s--al?\gh c>ry+ ! means ( light to o!r l&s is b a m9or "p ( ! s]vice ( ^! latt] day vessels4 ,! relation ( petroleum to ! sea may be approa*$ f sev]al angles4 ,! necessity ( convey+ va/ quantities ( oil across ! oceans ( ! _w has1 = in/ance1 produc$ a =m ( m>itime ar*itecture almo/ z unique 9 its k9d z is ! pipe-l9e 9 l& transportation4 ,!n aga91 oil has )9 rec5t ye>s t5d$ to revolutionize ! fuell+ ( bo? ! m]*ant m>9e & ! w> fleets ( ?is & o!r c\ntries4 ,petroleum's relation to naval activity 9 "t ( w> is s important t x w be dealt ) 9 a sep>ate *apt]4 ,z a /imulus to int]national relations x has play$ a /up5d\s "p 9 ! evolution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f a great b isolat$ nation into a _w p[]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ,am]ica 0 ! realization t !re exi/$ an almo/ limitless m>ket ov]seas await+ ?is new product4 ,am]ican petroleum met an ev]-gr[+ ne$4 ,ow+ to ! decl9e 9 ! annual cat* ( :ales ! _w 0 be+ se>*$ = sub/itutes = :ale oil & 9 ! matt] ( lubricants = ma*9]y !re 0 some?+ l fam9e4 ,)9 two or ?ree ye>s aft] ! s9k+ ( ,drake's well1 ,europe 0 eag]ly seek+ to pur*ase n only ! crude b ! ref9$ products1 & ! dem& has gr[n apace ev] s9ce1 despite ! developm5t ( oil fields 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ! annals ( ! oil indu/ry ! "n ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,craw=d1 :o 9 #ahfa 0 ,u4 ,s4 ,consul at ,antw]p1 holds an hon\rable place4 ,9 t ye> he arrang$ t a %ipm5t ( =ty b>rels ( ref9$ oil %\ld be s5t to ! indu/rial c\ntry ( ,belgium & ?us export to ! cont95t ( ,europe 0 begun4 ,great ,brita91 :i* _h be5 try+ to develop ,scotti% %ale oil production1 0 also quick to avail h]self ( ! ,am]ican discov]ies4 ,f ! outset ! problem ( h[ to c>ry l>ge quantities ( petroleum products )\t wa/e1 dang] or injury to o!r c>goes1 occupi$ ! m9ds ( %ipp+ m54 ,! e>li] %ipm5ts 7 9 ! nature ( samples despat*$ 9 ord9>y c>go vessels1 usually f ! port ( ,philadelphia4 ,9 ,novemb] ( #ahfa ,messrs4 ,pet] ,wright & ,sons1 a well kn[n %ipp+ firm ( t city1 *>t]$ a small sail+ vessel1 ! ,elizabe? ,watts1 to c>ry oil exclusively & to deliv] h] c>go 9 ,london4 ,s great 0 ! appreh5sion among sailors ( ! dang]s ( sail+ on an oil-%ip t to get a crew ! old-fa%ion$ plan ( kidnapp+ seam5 "u ! influ5ce ( dr9k 0 resort$ to2 & ! crew rea*$ ,london )\t o!r disa/] ?an ! injury to _! s5sibilities involv$4 ,! success ( ?is voyage prompt$ o!r %ip[n]s to emb>k 9 ! bus9ess1 s t by #ahfd %ipm5ts ( oil f v>i\s ,atlantic ports _h gr[n to a v respectable total4 ,casks or b>rels 7 us$ = transport1 entail+ a v great wa/e ( oil1 "t & lab\r4 ,! casks !mselves call$ = a l>ge initial outlay & leakages 7 a s\rce ( loss1 damage & possible dang]4 ,9 #ahfc ! ?\ght ( c>ry+ oil 9 bulk 9 vessels1 specially design$ = t purpose1 appe>s to h occurr$ almo/ simultane\sly to import]s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,h5ry ,duncan ( ,bromley1 ,k5t1 is g5]ally admitt$ to h be5 ! fa!r ( ! idea4 ,he *>t]$ a s*oon] at ,*icago1 fitt$ h] to c>ry oil 9 bulk & 9 h] hold & load$ h] at ,s>nia1 ,canada1 !n z n[1 an oil %ipp+ po9t ( inl& ,am]ica4 ,! exp]im5t 0 ill-fat$1 = ! s*oon] 0 lo/ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce be=e ent]+ on ! high seas4 ,b ! s*eme ( c>ry+ oil 9 ! holds ( wood5 %ips 9 bulk 0 lat] successfully adopt$ by o!r %ip[n]s & cont9u$ 9 practice until #ahgh4 ,! g5esis ( ! mod]n tank] dates f ! laun*+ ( ! ,atlantic at ,/4 ,pet]'s on ! ,tyne1 ,york%ire1 9 ,augu/ #ahfc4 ,9 ! record ( ?is laun*+ x 0 set =? t ! vessel 0 specifically design$ to c>ry petroleum 9 bulk 8)\t ! aid ( casks0 b !re is no evid5ce t %e 0 ev] put into commission4 ,! real beg9n+ seems to h be5 made ) ! ,belgian %ip1 ! ,*>les1 :i* is believ$ to h be5 ! fir/ ocean go+ %ip to be fitt$ ) iron tanks = ! transport ( petroleum & to be equipp$ ) pumps = unload+ ! c>go4 ,%e 0 a sail+ vessel & h] capacity has be5 e/imat$ z high z #gjjj b>rels 9 bulk4 ,betwe5 #ahfi & #ahgb %e pli$ betwe5 ,new ,york & ,european ports4 ,by #ahgh ! bus9ess ( c>ry+ oil 9 iron %ips specially built = t purpose1 or 9 conv]t$ vessels l ! ,*>les _h become def9itely e/abli%$ & b>rel-c>ry+ %ips _h practically disappe>$ f ,am]ican h>b\rs4 ,at fir/ oil 0 c>ri$ only on sail+ vessels1 ow+ to ! suppos$ dang] ( fire2 b gradually adju/m5ts 7 made :i* r5d]$ x feasible to propel oil %ips by /eam4 ,! gr[? ( ! petroleum indu/ry 9 ! 'eighties made x cle> t ! conv]t$ oil %ip 0 uneconomical & some:at dang]\s4 ,leakages 9 su* vessels produc$ gases t sometimes caus$ explosions2 & "o curi\s fact 0 demon/rat$1 namely1 t !re 0 great] m5ace 9 an empty oil %ip ?an 9 a full "o1 = ! reason t ! expos$ surface f :i* explosive gases might emanate 0 inf9itely great]4 ,:5 an oil %ip ( sci5tific model 0 fill$ to capacity ! only dang] po9ts 7 ! hat*es ?r\gh :i* x _h be5 fill$2 :]eas :5 empty1 especially if !re _h be5 c>elessness 9 unload+1 ! explosive area & ! possible =mation ( gas-produc+ deposits 0 greatly increas$4 ,) ! conv]t$ %ips ! *ances ( leakage 7 necess>ily _m1 ow+ to num]\s & inaccessible wa/e spaces outside ! tanks4 ,?is l$ %ipp]s to insi/ on improv$ tank]s built 9 su* a way t absolute control c\ld be ex]cis$ ov] e drop ( oil on bo>d ! vessel1 & ov] e emanation ( gas giv5 (f by t oil4 ,mu* +5uity 0 display$ by %ip-build]s 9 meet+ ?is requirem5t & ! mod]n tank] has ! two great m]its ( be+ absolutely free f ! risks ( wa/e & dang]4 ,= a good _m ye>s pa/ ! con/ruction ( oil tank]s has be5 "o ( ! important bran*es ( indu/ry 9 ! lead+ %ipbuild+ c\ntries2 & !y c>ry n only ! pr$om9at+ ,am]ican product1 b t ( all ! scatt]$ oil fields ( ! _w4 ,!y br+ crude to our seabo>d ref9]ies1 b !y c>ry little crude away2 _! bus9ess is t ( convey+ ! f9i%$ oils to o!r l&s4 ,! %ipm5t ( ! crude product ( ,am]ican wells ov]seas has long s9ce ceas$ z a result ( ! /up5d\s developm5t ( our ref9+ indu/ry1 b ,mexico has lately come into prom95ce z an export] ( crude4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! e>li] oil %ips ! mod]n tank] %[s ! same ratio ( gr[? :i* *>act]izes all phases ( petroleum developm5t4 ,! place ( ! t9y craft ( ! 'sixties & 'sev5ties has be5 tak5 to-day by ! tank] :i* runs to dim5sions ( m ?an #ejj feet 9 l5g? & correspond+ly wide beam4 ,:]eas ! little ,belgian %ip1 ! ,*>les1 fifty ye>s ago c>ri$ a maximum ( #bie1jjj gallons1 "o ( ! l>g] types ( mod]n oil tank]s w c>ry m ?an #d1ejj1jjj gallons4 ,! great] petroleum organizations d n dep5d on private %ipp+ firms to c>ry _! products1 b build _! own vessels4 ,! great ,am]ican tank]s ( to-day are equipp$ ) ample deck space s t ! (fic]s & sailors h m fre$om ( movem5t ?an d _m city-dwell]s 9 _! own home4 ,! impulse t ! petroleum indu/ry has giv5 to ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e z a :ole is develop+ a seaf>+ _s among ,am]ican y\?s t 0 non-exi/5t a g5]ation ago4 ,_m ( ! ,am]ican tank]s are among ! l>ge/ t fly ! ,/>s & ,/ripes4 ,su* giant vessels com+ up ! fairway ( a =eign port con/itute a graphic adv]tisem5t = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & s]ve z ! symbol ( an indu/rial nation /&+ at ! head ( ! _w's comm]ce4 ,x is fitt+ t ! ,am]ican flag %\ld h be5 c>ri$ to e port ( ! sev5 seas 9 connection ) petroleum1 ! ,am]ican product :i* has revolutioniz$ ! _w's indu/ry4 ,^! great vessels c>ry ! s\rce ( light1 heat & indu/rial en]gy to peoples ( e language & e col\r4 ,great progress has be5 made 9 economiz+ "t & lab\r 9 connection ) c>goes4 ,:]e b a few ye>s ago x requir$ days to load or unload a t5-?\s& ton %ip1 ! task is n[ p]=m$ 9 a few h\rs4 ,! oil is h&l$ by ! use ( p[]ful pumps or by gravity1 :5 possible4 ,ow+ to ! spe$ ) :i* oil c>goes are h&l$ no o!r %ips on ! ocean d s mu* sail+1 or sp5d s little "t 9 port z ! oil tank]4 ,s f> 9 ?is *apt] we h dealt solely ) ! developm5t ( ! sea-transportation ( oil itself2 b ev5 l>g] vi/as are op5$ :5 we come to its gr[+ relation to all =ms ( m>itime comm]ce & naval activity4 ,?is arises f ! rapidly increas+ use ( oil z a m>9e fuel4 ,9 t respect x holds v high pot5tialities = ,am]ica's seaborne trade4 ,! oil tank]s we h be5 describ+ are oil burn+1 & ! same sy/em is be+ appli$ to _m o!r types ( vessels :i* con/itute ! art]ies ( ! _w's trade4 ,until q rec5tly ! supremacy ( ,great ,brita9 9 m>itime comm]ce 0 9 a consid]able measure due to h] pl5tiful supplies ( bunk] coal obta9able at l[ co/ 9 ports l ,swansea1 ,wales4 ,b ! def9ite advantages ( oil z a fuel = ! navigation ( /eam%ips are *ang+ ! :ole m>itime equilibrium4 ,z an ,engli% writ] has said1 ! position t oil has captur$ = itself 9 ?is respect has be5 fairly won on its m]its4 ,oil fuel has "o & a half times ! heat+ p[] ( /eam coal1 s t weight = weight c>ri$1 ! radius ( action is ext5d$ fifty p] c5t4 ,a vessel equipp$ ) a mod]n int]nal combu/ion eng9e consum+ fuel oil may make a voyage ( fifty-sev5 days )\t repl5i%m5t1 :]eas ! same vessel op]at$ by ! old type ( coal-fuell$ /eam eng9e w\ld be oblig$ to re-fill its bunk]s at ! end ( fifte5 days4 ,9 #aiab an ,oil ,congress 0 held 9 ,london1 ,engl&1 :5 /ati/ics 7 pres5t$ conta9+ a comp>ison betwe5 coal & fuel oil on ! great ,cun>d ,l9] ! ,mauretania4 ,x 0 %[n t = ! r\nd trip f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york & back !re w\ld be a sav+ ( at lea/ #ejjj tons ( fuel & t ! =ce ( /ok]s requir$ c\ld be r$uc$ f #cjj to #cj m5 work+ "u mu* less difficult conditions4 ,! resultant increase 9 available space = c>go & pass5g]s is ( enorm\s importance to %ip-own]s4 ,! relative values ( oil & coal = m>9e use are n limit$ to ! sup]iority ( oil eng9es ov] ! old-fa%ion$ /eam eng9es4 ,! caloric or /eam-rais+ p[] ( oil is s mu* great] ?an t ( coal z to produce a fifty p] c5t4 sup]iority4 ,ano!r factor is t ( cleanl9ess4 ,coal is n m]ely bulky & prolific ( _m inconv5i5ces 9 ! conf9$ space ( a %ip1 b x is unque/ionably dirty1 z e h>b\r be>s ample te/imony4 ,oil is clean1 smokeless & leaves no a%es & cl9k]s4 ,x c be pump$ on bo>d f a t5d] :ile bo? %ips are mak+ consid]able spe$4 ,! late w> furni%$ innum]able demon/rations ( ! sup]iority ( oil z a s\rce ( motive p[] at sea1 :i* w be pres5tly dealt )2 z an aid to peaceful comm]ce its influ5ce dur+ ! next few ye>s is c]ta9 to be revolution>y & incalculable 9 its b5efits4 ,! future ( ! oil-burn+ %ip dep5ds directly ^u ! supply ( fuel1 a "q t at ! mom5t is giv+ bo? ! oil m5 & ! /eam%ip op]ators a good deal ( conc]n4 ,9 rec5t mon?s1 ow+ pr9cipally to ! *anges effect$ by ! intrusion ( salt wat] 9 ! ,mexican fields1 x has be5 a difficult matt] = vessels n protect$ by contracts to obta9 fuel oil4 ,! advantages ( ?is me?od ( rais+ /eam are s consid]able t x w prove a great economic loss if1 ?r\gh fail+ supplies1 x becomes necess>y = oil-burn+ %ips to rev]t to coal4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to ?9k t o!r great comm]cial p[]s are n alive to ! possibilities ( oil on ! sev5 seas1 b ,am]icans may take pride 9 ! fact t _! own bus9ess m5 are play+ a =emo/ "p 9 ! sea-*apt]s ( ! wond]ful epic ( ! petroleum indu/ry4 ,?r\gh _! =esight & ent]prise ! oil bunk]+ /ation is be+ e/abli%$ at home & abroad to p]=m ! same function t coal+ /ations h p]=m$ = ! _w's m>itime comm]ce 9 ! pa/4 ,al?\gh displacem5t ( coal by oil 9 any wide measure is p]haps ! mo/ rec5t developm5t 9 ! /ory ( petroleum2 & ! con/ruction ( oil-burn+ 9 place ( coal-burn+ %ips is ! late/ phase ( m>itime ar*itecture1 ,am]ican oil produc]s h already anticipat$ ! *ange 9 ev5ts by e/abli%+ oil-bunk]+ /ations 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,"h aga9 ,am]ican ent]prise has %[n itself alive to ! ne$s ( int]national trade by provid+ supply depots at ports :]e ,am]ican oil-bunk]+ %ips are likely to call4 ,x is highly important t vessels "u ! ,/>s & ,/ripes %\ld n be :olly dep5d5t ^u =eign ag5cies = fill+ _! tanks4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,%ipp+ ,bo>d has %[n mu* int]e/ 9 ! developm5t ( an organiz$ plan :]eby bunk]+ facilities %all exi/ to r5d] ,am]ican %ips indep5d5t ( ! vexati\s re/rictions sometimes impos$ by gov]nm5ts 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 ,a glance at ! li/ ( su* /ations z x /ood at ! end ( ! ye> #aiai %[s h[ mu* petroleum has done to ext5d ! influ5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica on ! sea4 ,exclusive ( ! dome/ic e/abli%m5ts on ! ,atlantic seabo>d & 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 bunk]+ /ations h be5 e/abli%$ by ,am]ican initiative at all ! *ief ports ( ,canada1 :e!r on ! ,atlantic or on ! ,pacific ,coa/1 ! ,great ,lakes1 or ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 at ,rio de ,janeiro1 ,brazil2 ,montevideo1 ,uruguay2 ,campana & ,bu5os ,aires1 ,arg5t9a2 at ,valp>aiso & five o!r ports on ! long coa/ l9e ( ,*ile2 & at ?ree ports 9 ,p]u4 ,bunk]+ facilities h also be5 e/abli%$ at bo? approa*es to ! ,panama ,canal & at _m po9ts 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 includ+ ,b]muda4 ,!re are n9e su* /ations 9 ,great ,brita92 ?ree 9 ,norway2 two 9 ,sw$5 & ?ree 9 ,d5m>k1 cov]+ effectively ! ,nor? ,sea & ! ,baltic4 ,^? on ! ,m$it]ranean include five 9 ,italy2 "o 9 ,tunis 7,biz]ta7 & "o 9 ,egypt 7,port ,said74 ,^! /ations are design$ to promote ^? peaceful & happy relations :i* %\ld foll[ on ! developm5t ( int]national trade1 & to assure facilities = ,am]ica's exp&+ seaborne comm]ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,no survey ( ! place t petroleum holds 9 ! social & indu/rial organization ( ! _w w\ld be complete )\t "s ref]5ce ( ! role x play$ 9 ! late w>4 ,x 0 inevitable t 9 a crisis :]e all ! sci5tific1 me*anical & organiz+ g5ius ( ! lead+ nations 0 conc5trat$ on in/rum5talities to /r5g!n !mselves & weak5 or de/roy ! foe1 a product ( s _m applications %\ld prove a trem5d\s factor4 ,x w\ld be inde$ possible to write a l5g?y volume on ! influ5ce ( petroleum on hi/ory1 bas$ on actual d$uctions drawn f ! incid5ts ( t greate/ ( conflicts4 ,x 0 an indisp5sable factor 9 ! new me?ods ( w>f>e t 7 develop$2 x influ5c$ ! milit>y & diplomatic /rategy ( all bellig]5ts2 x 0 a /up5d\s contributor to ! victory ( ! ,alli$ & ,associat$ p[]s4 ,e>l ,curzon ( ,k$le/on1 a memb] ( ! ,briti% ,w> ,cab9et1 /at$ ! fact t]sely :5 he said1 %ortly aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice--8,! ,allies float$ to victory on a sea ( oil40 ,?is 0 int5d$ z a direct comm5t>y on ! assi/ance r5d]$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates to t cause & 0 a j ackn[l$gm5t ( "o phase ( ?is c\ntry's contribution4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ! gr[+ m>itime importance ( petroleum has be5 %[n1 & x 0 !re=e inevitable t 9 a conflict 9 :i* sea p[] 0 s decisive an influ5ce t x %\ld h be5 closely relat$ to naval ef=t4 ,ev5 if ! uses ( petroleum _h be5 conf9$ to "o in/rum5t ( w>f>e m]ely--! subm>9e--x w\ld h influ5c$ ! c\rse ( hi/ory & ! fate ( nations4 ,)\t petroleum ! subm>9e z an effective ag5t 9 w> c\ld n h come into exi/5ce1 & ! :ole /ory ( ! conflict f ! w9t] ( #aiae onw>d w\ld h be5 diff]5t4 ,aga91 )\t petroleum no air-craft c\ld h left t]ra firma1 & milit>y tactics bas$ on ! p[]s ( obs]vation provid$ by ^! 8eyes ( ! army0 w\ld n h come into exi/5ce4 ,x mu/ also be admitt$ t ! toll ( de/ruction bo? on l& & sea w\ld n h be5 s great4 ,x w\ld n h be5 possible = any c\ntry to emb>k on a diabolical policy ( de/roy+ un>m$ %ips & un=tifi$ cities1 & wreak+ v5geance on helpless non-combatants4 ,b ^! crimes _c be *>g$ aga9/ petroleum itself1 b r aga9/ ! +5uity ( m5 b5t on de/ruction4 ,^! 7 b two in/ances ( ! "p petroleum play$ 9 ! w>4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t !re 0 no phase ( bellig]5t activity 9 :i* x 0 n an active ag5t4 ,f ! v outset ( ho/ilities 9 ,augu/1 #aiad1 disc]n+ m5 9 ,alli$ c\ntries =esaw t victory mu/ re/ ) ! side :i* comm&$ ! great] res]ves ( petroleum4 ,?us f ! beg9n+ ,am]ica1 z ! *ief s\rce ( ! _w's supply1 0 recogniz$ z a factor ( ine/imable importance 9 ! ultimate decision4 ,g]many 0 z fully alive to ?is circum/ance z h] enemies4 ,! high comm&s ( ! w>r+ nations1 f ! v outset1 took into consid]ation ! desirability ( secur+ possession ( ! oil fields 9 o!r l&s4 ,x 0 "o ( ! aims ( ! ,briti% navy 9 driv+ ,g]man %ips f ! seas to prev5t oil rea*+ ! ,c5tral ,empires f ! ,we/]n ,hemisph]e4 ,lat]1 :5 ! blockade ( ,g]many 0 def9itely e/abli%$ & pressure 0 br\ght to be> aga9/ c\ntries suspect$ ( enabl+ ,g]many to obta9 v>i\s classes ( supplies by indirect pur*ase1 petroleum products 7 reg>d$ z ! mo/ important items 9 ! ext5d$ li/ ( contrab& ( w>4 ,on l&1 oil con/antly influ5c$ ! ?\ghts ( g5]als4 ,! great & l5g?y ,russian (f5sive aga9/ ,lemb]g 9 ,galicia aim$ at cutt+ (f ,g]many & ,au/ria f rec\rse to ! oil fields ( t region4 ,! long drawn out diplomatic embroglio ) reg>d to ,r\mania all c5tr$ ar\nd ! oil fields ( t c\ntry4 ,g]many 0 det]m9$ t ,r\mania %\ld be =c$ into ! w>1 ei!r z an ally or an enemy2 = 9 ei!r case x w\ld give h] a pretext to seize ! oil fields4 ,9 ! end a ,briti% milit>y mission de/roy$ ! wells to prev5t _! utilization by ! ,g]man invad]s4 ,9 ! op]ations ( ,turkey aga9/ ,russia ! oil wells ( ,baku 7 ! objective4 ,! e>ly ,briti% op]ations 9 ,mesopotamia 7 *iefly int5d$ z a precaution>y measure = ! protection ( oil fields ( :i* ! ,p]sian ,gulf is ! outlet4 ,citations su* z ^! f ! hi/ory ( ! w> on all fronts c\ld be multipli$ to %[ h[ closely ! petroleum "q 0 int]lock$ ) bellig]5t action4 ,x is admitt$ by c&id hi/orians t at ! outset ( ! w> ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t did n appe> suffici5tly to appreciate ! grave importance ( petroleum products 9 ! prosecution ( w>4 ,! conflict _h n be5 9 progress = m ?an a few mon?s1 h[ev]1 :5 ! disruption ( ! ,european fields & ! ob/acles to obta9+ regul> supplies f ! f> ,ea/ caus$ grave al>m bo? 9 ,london & ,p>is4 ,x 0 !n t ! fri5d%ip ( ! ,am]ican p = ! ,alli$ cause made itself felt 9 practical =m4 ,_h ,am]ican oil int]e/s !n prov$ ho/ile or indiff]5t2 _h ! ,gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry yield$ to ,g]manic pressure & plac$ an emb>go on oil %ipm5ts1 ! cause ( ! ,allies w\ld h be5 doom$4 ,9 #aiag x 0 admitt$ 9 ! ,briti% ,h\se ( ,commons t adequate supplies ( petroleum products 7 q z ess5tial z m5 & munitions4 ,?is 0 almo/ an und]/atem5t1 because )\t ! aid ( petroleum ! necess>y maximum ( ef=t 9 o!r respects w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,ap>t f naval & a]ial ne$s1 a rem9isc5t picture ( ! ,we/]n ,front dur+ ! ?ree or f\r ye>s ( tr5* w>f>e reveals ! pr$om9ant importance ( petroleum4 ,x prov$ a decisive factor z e>ly z ! ,battle ( ! ,m>ne4 ,x w be recall$ t "o ( ! greate/ factors 9 ,m>%al ,j(fre's victory 0 ! feat ( ,g5]al ,galli5i 9 transport+ a fre% army f ! ,p>is area to ! front by comm&e]+ ne>ly e motor c> & taxicab 9 ,p>is4 ,?us1 petrol transport ha/ily improvis$ sav$ ,p>is & turn$ ! scale ( ! #aiad campaign aga9/ ! ,g]mans4 ,x w be recall$ t ! conflict !n settl$ d[n to a prolong$ era ( tr5* w>f>e4 ,! ,allies comm5c$ ! con/ruction ( /rategic railways to support ! armies ( ! l9e1 b betwe5 ! railheads & ! actual battlefront 9 ! long /ret* f ! ,nor? ,sea to ! bord]s ( ,switz]l&1 transport 0 almo/ :olly dep5d5t on motor _s or gasol9e4 ,innum]able heavy motor lorries c>ri$ food1 guns & ammunition to ! fight+ =ces4 ,b ! function ( petroleum products on l& did n end 9 its association ) commiss>iat & supply4 ,x 0 an aggressive in/rum5t4 ,! greate/ new factor 9 l& fight+ t ! w> develop$ 0 ! 8tank0--a l& battle cruis]1 fir/ introduc$ by ! ,briti% at ! ,battle ( ! ,somme 9 ,july1 #aiaf1 & aft]w>ds adopt$ by all armies4 ,?is great in/rum5t ( w> 0 :olly dep5d5t on petroleum products = its p[] ( movem5t4 ,)\t ! int]nal combu/ion eng9e op]at$ by gasol9e x w\ld h be5 an immobile toy4 ,aga91 :5 liquid fire came into use petroleum 0 ! basis2 & 9 ano!r great de/ructive ag5t--! explosive1 kn[n z ,t4 ,n4 ,t4--toluol1 :i* is f\nd 9 "s ( ! heavi] grades ( petroleum1 0 a basic con/itu5t4 ,?\gh petroleum 9 ! h&s ( inv5tors became an ag5t ( t]rible de/ruction1 x _h its b5efic5t uses 9 battle z well z 9 p]iods ( tranquility4 ,armies organiz$ on s va/ a scale c\ld n h be5 f$ )\t x4 ,:5 ! battle rag$ ! ,r$ ,cross vehicles :i* p]=m$ ! "w ( transport+ ! w\nd$ to ! dress+ /ations & field hospitals 7 propell$ by gasol9e4 ,& :5 d>kness _h fall5 on ! fray ! oil lamp & ! p>aff9e c&le 7 light$ to *e] ! tir$ soldi]s4 ,an ,engli% writ] :o visit$ ! front 9 #aiag wrote ( ! all-p]vad+ uses ( petroleum3 8,x 0 to be f\nd :]ev] !re 0 a ve/ige ( life 9 ^? zones ( battle2 ! soldi]s 9 _!1 at times1 lonely dug-outs1 us$ oil = cook+ z well z light1 & all traffic 0 guid$ f disa/] along ! roads by ! use ( oil1 :i* also (f]$ ! only s\rce ( artificial light 9 ! ,r$ ,cross vehicles4 ,:at an imm5se organization x 0 :i* dep5d$ = its ceaseless activities ^u ! products ( petroleum40 ,! ,briti% e/abli%$ a petroleum depot at ,calais ( an imm5sity previ\sly unprec$5t$1 :]e all products requir$ = ! organization ( transport 7 /or$2 & x mu/ be not$ t lubricants ( all k9ds 7 z ess5tial z gasol9e itself1 to keep mov+ ! :eels ( ! innum]able motors t 7 employ$ by ! v>i\s arms ( ! s]vice4 ,if petroleum 0 ! life blood ( activity 9 ! battle areas1 x 0 n less s ( ! munition factories :]e ! means ( (f5se 7 fabricat$4 ,_h a real petroleum fam9e aris5 dur+ ! days :5 factories 9 ,brita9 & ,france 7 /ra9+ e ef=t to keep _! armies suppli$ ) ! means ( combat x w\ld h be5 an incalculable cata/rophe4 ,?\gh ! ,allies1 once !y really awak5$ to ! dang]s ( ! situation1 _h pursu$ ! policy ( pil+ up res]ves ( petroleum products !re 7 times :5 ! failure ( a s+le tank] to arrive on s*$ule "t f ?is side ( ! ,atlantic caus$ grave appreh5sion2 & :5 9 ,april1 #aiag1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ent]$ ! w>1 res]ve supplies _h fall5 dang]\sly l[4 ,if only because x plac$ ! entire oil res\rces ( ,am]ica at ! disposal ( ! ,allies1 ! entry ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! conflict prov$ ! salvation ( _! cause2 & ! /ory ( :at ! oil int]e/s ( ?is c\ntry did to /r5g!n ! h&s ( ! fight+ m5 is "o ( ! brighte/ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! w>4 ,aft] ! armi/ice1 ,m>%al ,fo* summ>iz$ t a*ievem5t 9 ^! words3 8,no milit>y op]ation ( ! ,allies on sea1 on l&1 "u sea or 9 ! air 0 ev] int]rupt$ by ! lack ( petroleum supplies40 ,unque/ionably "o ( ! motives :i* actuat$ ,g]many :51 9 ,febru>y #aiag1 %e decre$ unre/rict$ subm>9e w>f>e & ord]$ ! ,/>s & ,/ripes (f ! seas1 0 ! hope ( cutt+ (f ! petroleum supplies ( h] foes4 ,ev5 be=e ,presid5t ,wilson decl>$ w>1 sev]al ,am]ican tank]s _h be5 sunk by ,g]man ,u-boats4 ,! ,g]man ,gov]nm5t fully und]/ood t a cessation ( oil %ipm5ts f ,am]ican ports w\ld mean an almo/ imm$iate p>alysis ( bellig]5t effectiv5ess 9 h] foes & ! 8,g]man ,peace10 = :i* !y _h long be5 manoeuvr+1 w\ld h be5 accompli%$4 ,:5 activity 0 ke5e/ on ! ,we/]n front eighty p] c5t4 ( ! oil & oil fuel us$ by ! ,allies came f ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,aft] ! w> 0 ov] x 0 reveal$ t =ty-eight p] c5t4 ( ! fight+ =ce ( ! ,briti% navy 0 dep5d5t on oil = fuel & any delay 9 ! supply w\ld h br\ght ! ,allies d[n ) a cra%4 ,x is n[ admitt$ t 9 ! ,spr+ ( #aiag ! ,allies 7 clos] to disa/] ?an 0 kn[n to any1 save a few m5 at ! head ( affairs4 ,x 0 a turn+ po9t 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,next to man-p[] & munitions ! res\rces ne$$ above all o!rs 7 petroleum & its products4 ,! ,fr5* coal fields _h be5 lo/4 ,!re 0 a lab\r %ortage 9 ,great ,brita92 ,russian1 ,r\manian & ,galician s\rces ( supply 7 n[ def9itely 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,f> ,ea/]n supplies mu/ come1 0 a hot-b$ ( subm>9es2 & inde$ losses ( oil /eam]s 9 all dang]\s wat]s 7 s great z to %[ t !y _h be5 nam$ z special t>gets by ! ,g]man high comm&4 ,an ex*ange ( confid5ce betwe5 ! ,allies & ! ,unit$ ,/ates naturally foll[$ ! decision ( ?is c\ntry to def5d ! fre$om ( ! seas4 ,imm$iately aft] ,presid5t ,wilson's decl>ation ( w>1 urg5t despat*es f ,great ,brita9 w>n$ our gov]nm5t t res]ve supplies ( petroleum 9 ,europe 7 s l[ t unless imm$iate assi/ance 7 r5d]$1 a p>tial demobilization ( ! ,briti% fleet mu/ ensue4 8,we mu/ h oil0 said ,m>%al ,fo*1 ^: presci5ce _h n yet be5 rew>d$ by elevation to ! ,supreme ,comm&1 8or we %all lose ! w>40 ,italy 0 9 no bett] position1 fuel oil1 aviation naph?a1 gasol9e & lubricants _h be5 s s]i\sly deplet$4 ,:5 ! secret ( ! situation 0 confid5tially communicat$ to ! lead]s ( ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry1 !re 0 an in/ant response4 ,! ,national ,petroleum ,w> ,s]vice ,committee 0 =m$1 ) ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,b$=d1 ,*airman ( ! ,bo>d ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company1 7,n4 ,j47 z its presid+ (fic]4 ,! organization embrac$ all ! oil companies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^? :o _h be5 life-long ke5 bus9ess rivals jo9$ h&s to keep ! great w> ma*9e 9 ,europe 9 action4 ,pr(its became a m9or consid]ation4 ,agreem5ts to /abilize prices & curb speculation 7 =mulat$ & obs]v$4 ,production on a scale previ\sly unprec$5t$ 9 ?is l& ( enorm\s oil production 0 organiz$4 ,soon x 0 recogniz$ t ! "w ( ! ,national ,petroleum ,w> ,s]vice ,committee1 ?\gh uno/5tati\sly p]=m$1 0 ! mo/ effici5t & ! mo/ fruitful 9 results = ! cause ( democracy ( any indu/rial in/itution 9 ! w>4 ,x a*iev$ ! rem>kable feat ( meet+ e w> dem& = petroleum products ( all k9ds1 ( convey+ ^! products across ! ,atlantic1 despite ! subm>9e sc\rge4 ,:5 ! w> came to an end !re 7 l>g] /ocks on h& 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,european c\ntries = ! use ( ! armies & navies ( ,am]ica & h] allies ?an at any previ\s "t 9 hi/ory4 ,^! results 7 a*iev$ by ! volunt>y ef=ts ( ?\s&s ( m5 s]v+ 9 e phase ( ! oil indu/ry1 crude production1 ref9+ & transportation4 ,aft] ! armi/ice ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,france1 9 recognition ( :at _h be5 accompli%$1 conf]r$ on ,mr4 ,b$=d ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,co-ord9ation hav+ be5 arrang$1 ! problems to be dealt ) came "u two heads1 7#a7 ,increas$ production2 7#b7 ,sea-transport4 ,! fir/ con/itutes a record ( highly organiz$ endeav\r nev] surpass$ 9 ! hi/ory ( indu/ry2 ! second "o ( actual h]oism4 ,plans = increas$ production 7 well "u way by ! summ] ( #aiag & x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! entrance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates into ! w> & our resolve to create an imm5se & fully equipp$ army greatly increas$ dome/ic necessities 9 addition to ! obligation to keep our allies 9 ,europe suppli$4 ,! ?\ghts ( all 7 fix$ on ! great bl[s :i* 7 to end ! w> 9 #aiah4 ,:5 ! w9t] ( #aiag-h arriv$ x seem$ z ?\gh ! elem5ts 7 fight+ on ! side ( ! ,hoh5zoll]ns4 ,! extraord9>y sev]ity ( t w9t]1 complicat$ by a coal %ortage1 all b p>alyz$ railroad traffic4 ,?us1 deliv]ies ( ! f9i%$ products necess>y to w> indu/ry & bellig]5t activity 7 emb>rass$ 9 a degree t caus$ ! greate/ anxiety to ! ,national ,petroleum ,committee4 ,yet someh[ or o!r x p]=m$ its task & ! ref9]ies trebl$ _! pre-w> output1 exp&+ _! capacities l an accordion4 ,9 addition to ! va/ quantities consum$ at home1 %ipm5ts abroad arose to /up5d\s figures4 ,9 ! ye> #aiah1 #b1fbh1ifa tons ( fuel oil alone 7 %ipp$ f ! ,ea/]n seabo>d = ! use ( alli$ navies2 & 9 ! same ye> m ?an "o million tons ( high di/illates & o!r petroleum products also cross$ ! ,atlantic1 entail+ m ?an #ejj tank /eam] load+s4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ 9 ! face ( a %ipp+ %ortage t appall$ ^? 9 ! secret ( its ext5t & 9 ! face ( ! subm>9e activity virul5tly direct$ aga9/ oil c>goes4 ,x 0 9 ?is matt] t ! sailors ( ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e %[$ a h]oism n excell$ by soldi]s 9 ! field or ! seam5 ( any nation4 ,! great value to civilization ( ! fleet ( tank /eam]s built up by ,am]ican oil export]s 0 also demon/rat$4 ,:5 ,presid5t ,wilson decl>$ w> "o great company _h already lo/ ?ree big vessels ?r\gh subm>9e attack1 & dur+ ! w> ^! losses 7 augm5t$ by sev5 m1 repres5t+ a loss ( m ?an #ge1jjj deadweight tons & a toll ( _m lives4 ,to meet its losses ?is p>ticul> company und]took to build a new %ip = ea* sunk1 & s effici5tly 0 ?is policy c>ri$ out t its fleet1 :i* _h totall$ #dde1ige tons at ! comm5cem5t ( unre/rict$ subm>9e w>f>e 9 ,febru>y1 #aiag1 _h gr[n to #dib1jhj tons "u ! ,am]ican flag :5 ! armi/ice 0 sign$ 9 ,novemb]1 #aiah4 ,nor 0 ! problem ( %ipp+ limit$ to t ( c>ry+ petroleum across ! ,atlantic4 ,mu* 0 requir$ = coa/wise trade 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! res\rcefulness ( ! oil m5 ( ,am]ica 0 n conf9$ to ma/]+ ! seem+ly insup]able problems ( increas$ production & transport4 ,a m9or contribution to ! effici5t prosecution ( ! w> 0 ! con/ruction ( a pipe l9e across ,scotl& to supply ! ,briti% & ,am]ican navies 9 ! ,nor? ,sea & avoid s5d+ tank /eam]s ?r\gh ! dang]\s sea r\tes lead+ to ! naval bases on t body ( wat]4 ,?is "w 0 c>ri$ out by ,mr4 ,=re/ ,m4 ,t[l1 ,presid5t ( ! ,s\!rn & o!r pipe l9e companies1 & 0 9 full op]ation %ortly be=e ! armi/ice 0 sign$4 ,9 ?is "w bo? ! ,am]ican navy & ! ,briti% ,admiralty cop]at$4 ,ev5 ap>t f its wond]ful assi/ance to bellig]5t action on l&1 x is cle> t petroleum play$ a vital "p 9 w9n+ ! w> at sea4 ,! foll[+ succ9ct /atem5t ( :at x accompli%$ 0 giv5 by a well-kn[n oil man conv]sant ) all phases ( ! subject1 %ortly aft] ! armi/ice4 8,oil & int]nal combu/ion eng9e made possible ! subm>9e1 enabl+ ,g]many to /ave (f defeat z long z %e did1 b oil burn$ "u boil]s gave u ! increas$ effici5cy ( ! de/roy]1 :i* conqu]$ ! subm>9e4 ,x 0 ! ability ( ! ,allies to obta9 a con/ant1 ample supply ( oil & ! sup]iority ( oil ov] coal z fuel = naval op]ations t f9ally turn$ ! tide ( battle & prov$ a decisive factor 9 ! w>4 8,! de/roy]s t broke d[n ! morale ( ,g]many's und]sea crews 7 oil burn]s ( su* rem>kable flexibility & spe$ z to br+ ab\t a %>p *ange 9 naval practice4 ,x took "s "t to br+ ! numb] ( de/roy]s up to ! "w laid out = !m by ,g]many's e>ly advantage1 b ! fate ( ! und]sea boat 0 seal$ ) ! arrival ( ! fir/ oil-fir$ de/roy] 9 ! wat]s :]e ! subm>9e prey$4 ,! orig9al fleet ( w> vessels :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates despat*$ to convey m]*ant vessels & hunt ,u-boats 7 all #af1bej horse p[]1 :i* at top spe$ c\ld %[ #cb to #ce knots an h\r4 ,lat] on we _h de/roy]s develop+ #bg1jjj horse p[] b ! small boats _h already prov$ ! case = oil fuel 9 w>4 8,"o ( ! reasons = ! success ( ! de/roy] 9 keep+ ! lanes ( travel reasonably free f ! und]sea m5ace 0 ! ability ( ! oil-fir$ w>%ips to take on fuel 9 ! op5 sea4 ,! ,am]ican flotilla _h a tank supply vessel /ation$ at longitude #cf degrees ,we/1 f :i* oil 0 tak5 on by ! de/roy]s at ! rate ( #dj1jjj gallons an h\r1 )\t int]ruption ev5 9 ! r\ghe/ wea!r4 ,inde$1 !re 7 times :5 bunk]+ 0 done ) bo? vessels travell+ at six knots an h\r4 ,simil>ly oil gave ! l>g] w>%ips increas$ spe$ & indep5d5ce 9 ! matt] ( fuel /ations4 8,! ,briti% battle cruis]s ) :i* ,admiral ,/urdee de/roy$ ! ,g]man fleet at ! ,falkl& ,isl&s 7 oil burn]s4 ,to-day1 mod]n w> vessels are us+ liquid fuel almo/ exclusively1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates hav+ def9itely ab&on$ coal-fir$ boil]s 9 its con/ruction plans "s "t ago40 ,9 addition to o!r advantages x c>ri$1 ! use ( oil fuel 9 ! ,w> 0 ( great practical value1 = ! foll[+ pr9cipal reasons3 ,a less] tonnage ( oil replac$ ! am\nt ( coal requir$ = ! same /eam+ radius1 or an equal tonnage ( oil gave ! m5-(-w> a greatly increas$ /eam+ radius4 ,boil]s fir$ by oil h a mu* great] /eam+ capacity ?an ) coal1 s t ! actual spe$ ( a %ip conv]t$ to use oil fuel is mat]ially increas$ )\t any *ange 9 boil]s or eng9es4 ,9 w> op]ations ! oil burn]s c lay d[n a heavy smoke scre5 at w by turn+ m oil into ! burn]s ?an c be consum$ ) ! air supply admitt$4 ,?is results 9 a heavy bank ( smoke :i* de/roy]s ?r[ out to hide ! l>g] %ips f ! enemy1 or :i* m]*ant %ips produce to conceal _! :]eab\ts f subm>9es4 ,petroleum ?us prov$ an indisp5sable factor 9 sav+ ! _w f autocratic dom9ation1 j z dur+ ! previ\s half c5tury x _h become an incalculable influ5ce 9 ! arts ( civilization1 & _h effect$ a b5efic5t revolution n only 9 ! indu/rial b ! social life ( c\ntless communities4 ,by ,am]ican me?ods ( bus9ess organization x has be5 made to yield its highe/ pot5tialities = ! good ( humanity1 bo? 9 peace & w>4 ,if ?is little book br+s to any read] a full] k ( ! romance & all-p5etrat+ importance ( ?is great bir?-"r ( ! ,am]ican p x w h s]v$ its purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,a tank] be+ load$ ) gasol9e & oil at a ref9]y dock at ,port ,ar?ur1 ,texas1 "o ( ! l>ge ,gulf oil ports ,illu/ration3 ,kansas wells fl[+ oil into a tempor>y sump1 or e>!n res]voir ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,am]ica',s ,,inve/m5t ,,9 ,,petroleum ,a p]usal ( ! =ego+ *apt]s %\ld correct any vague impression 9 ! m9d ( ! read] t ! oil bus9ess is a lucky adv5tur]'s game l plac]-m9+1 :]e a man may f9d a pocket ( nuggets1 wa% !m 9 8 pan1 & ?us become possess$ ( sudd5 weal?4 ,?is us$ to be ! popul> impression 9 ! days :5 ! phrase 8,/ruck ,ile0 0 synonym\s ) a sudd5 /roke ( luck4 ,und\bt$ly ! man :o *ances to own l&s on :i* oil 9 pay+ quantities is discov]$ is bless$ ) good =tune1 especially "u mod]n conditions :]eby fair & g5]\s treatm5t is assur$ to him4 ,b he contributes no?+ to ! exp5sive processes by :i* ! preci\s liquid is extract$ f "m e>?1 & risks no capital 9 ! exp]im5t4 ,p]haps m preval5t & fraught ) inf9itely great] possibilities 9 loss & disappo9tm5t is ! delusion t oil is a speculator's game2 t ! v words 8oil0 or 8petroleum0 9 a promot]'s adv]tisem5t are a gu>antee ( l>ge divid5ds & so>+ values4 ,?is delusion has no d\bt be5 n\ri%$ by ! fact t "s l>ge private =tunes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5 accumulat$ almo/ entirely 9 ! oil bus9ess4 ,c\ntless p ( a speculative t5d5cy h loosely associat$ oil ) great ri*es1 & *]i%$ ! !ory t :oev] became associat$ ) ! production or ref9+ ( petroleum 0 necess>ily1 z if by magic1 assur$ ( l>ge & easily acquir$ pr(its4 ,! oil =tunes loom l>ge 9 ! public m9d because !y h be5 conc5trat$ 9 comp>atively few h&s2 & ! fact is ov]look$ t ^! =tunes h be5 bas$ n m]ely on ! raw product1 b on progressive me?ods ( di/ribution & ! elim9ation ( wa/e4 ,x is obvi\s t :5 ! va/ scope ( ! indu/ry is consid]$ & ! =tunes aris+ f x are set (f aga9/ ! volume ( sales1 ! f9ancial returns are n spectacul>4 ,= e man :o has made a =tune 9 oil1 !re are doz5s :o h e>n$ b a b>e subsi/5ce f x1 & o!rs :o h fail$ ev5 9 t1 = !y h sacrific$ all 9 ef=ts to locate new wells4 ,9 previ\s *apt]s ! ardu\s & co/ly lab\rs :i* prec$e ! process ( di/ribution t beg9s ) ! conveyance ( oil into ! pipe-l9es h be5 describ$4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t m (t5 ?an n ^! lab\rs are unproductive4 ,oil does n bubble =? f spr+s2 x conceals itself 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? & x is r>ely t x ev5 betrays its pres5ce unmi/akably by surface indications4 ,:5 ! subsequ5t outlay 9 h&l+ ! product ( ev5 a gu%] is consid]$1 ! va/ capital outlay involv$ c be visualiz$4 ,! inve/m5t requir$ by initial measures = locat+ & produc+ crude petroleum is s great t compet5t au?orities c "n m ?an "o locality 9 :i* ! money put into leases1 con/ruction1 drill+ & plant exce$s ! gross value ( ! oil t has be5 obta9$ or c ev] be =?com+ f ^! fields4 ,_m millions ( doll>s dur+ rec5t mon?s h be5 p\r$ into oil company flotations t 9 all likelihood w nev] yield any return :atev]4 ,ev5 well-organiz$ companies1 direct$ by m5 ( exp]i5ce1 seldom prove bonanzas 9 a day :5 leases comm& v high prices2 ! exception aris+ :]e ! company happ5s to be ! fir/ com] 9 ! field t lat] develops important production4 ,! oil bus9ess p>takes ( ! nature ( mo/ o!r indu/ries2 x yields pr(its :5 =tunately locat$ & economically op]at$4 ,b !re is no c]ta9ty t ev5 ! company :i* possesses leases 9 e/abli%$ fields w prove pr(itable4 ,"u ! circum/ances x is ridicul\s to assume t mu%room promotions1 by m5 ) no actual exp]i5ce 9 ! oil bus9ess1 & ^: tal5ts lie r 9 ! direction ( writ+ adv]tisem5ts1 c yield pr(its to ^? fooli% en\gh to inve/ 9 !m4 ,! exp]i5ce ( "o ( ! l>ge produc+ companies1 op]at+ 9 ! be/ fields ( ?is c\ntry1 f9anc$ exclusively by oil m5 & direct$ by "s ( ! able/ m5 9 ! bus9ess1 may be cit$ z an in/ance ( ! unc]ta9ty ( pr(its4 ,?is company produc$ ab\t five million b>rels ( crude oil 9 #aiai & sold at ! relatively high prices !n be+ obta9$4 ,nev]!less1 ! company's pr(it & loss /atem5t = ! ye> %[$ a net loss ( approximately #a1jjj1jjj4 ,?is does n mean1 ( c\rse1 t ?is company is a liability to its own]s4 ,x may h exp5d$ 9 "w t c\ld n prop]ly be capitaliz$1 l>ge sums ( money t w ev5tually be repaid out ( production4 ,x is easily conceivable t )\t any mat]ial increase 9 its inve/m5t its yield ( oil might be s augm5t$ by #aiba z to make its bus9ess %[ a v h&some pr(it4 ,:at ?is case does prove is t some?+ m ?an good leases1 exp]i5c$ m5 & ample capital is ne$$ to insure l>ge returns f money put into oil promotions4 ,p :o clam\r aga9/ ! prices exact$ by produc]s ( crude oil ov]look ! fact t wells h an unfail+ habit ( play+ out4 ,?is means t a produc+ company mu/ nev] cease drill+ & explor+4 ,to d s w\ld mean an e>ly decl9e 9 its production & ev5tual failure ev5 ( its be/ wells4 ,! monet>y return f a big produc] mu/ n only (fset ! co/ ( t well b repay ! own] ! co/ ( drill+ a l>ge numb] ( dry holes1 ab&on$ aft] l>ge exp5ditures4 ,production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is only kept up by ! "w ( ! 8wild-catt]0 9 locat+ new pools & by m int5sive drill+ ( ! old fields4 ,bo? involve heavy co/s4 ,!re 7 drill$ 9 ?is c\ntry la/ ye> no few] ?an tw5ty-n9e ?\s& new wells1 b ! net increase 9 production ov] #aiah 0 b tw5ty-two million b>rels ( crude4 ,! decl9+ yield ( wells necessitates amortization to cov] ! co/ ( new wells to take _! place4 ,figures purport+ to %[ ! aggregate by :i* ! inve/ors ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h enabl$ ?is c\ntry to become ! dom9ant factor 9 _w production mu/ be consid]$ 9 light ( ! fact t su* totals are 9 a l>ge measure m]ely e/imates4 ,x is n possible to obta9 detail$ /ati/ics cov]+ ! co/ ( drill+ t has gone = naught2 b an approximately accurate e/imate c be rea*$ by /rik+ an av]age bas$ on ! exp]i5ce ( lead+ companies4 ,x is fair to e/imate production at #a1jjj p] b>rel ( daily yield1 multipli$ by ! curr5t price = t grade ( crude4 ,on ?is basis ,oklahoma leads all o!r fields ) production valu$ at #ieh1eag1jjj4 ,! fields 9 nor? & c5tral ,texas are wor? on ?is basis #fag1fij1jjj :ile ,cali=nia is ?ird ) a total ( #def1ddc1jjj4 ,on ! basis ( ! c\ntry's production 9 ,febru>y1 #aibj1 ,cali=nia produc$ almo/ exactly ! am\nt ( crude d]iv$ f ,oklahoma1 #bgd1iff b>rels p] day1 9 ! "o case1 z aga9/ #bgc1hfb 9 ! o!r1 b ! po/$ price ( ,oklahoma crude 0 #c4ej p] b>rel z comp>$ ) #a4ff = ! l[] grade ,cali=nia product4 ,! daily av]age production 9 ,febru>y1 tak+ ! c\ntry z a :ole1 0 #a1acj1gei b>rels1 & ! value ( t oil at ! curr5t price 0 #c1eda1eaa4 ,?is w\ld give an approximate valuation ( ! c\ntry's production1 on ! basis assum$1 ( #c1eda1eaa1jjj4 ,discov]y ( a new pool means a race to lay pipe-l9es 9 ! field to relieve ! tempor>y /orage tanks :i* are g5]ally ( limit$ capacity4 ,(t5times1 a consid]able inve/m5t made 9 anticipation ( l>ge production is r5d]$ almo/ valueless by ! e>ly exhau/ion ( new wells or by _! failure to ma9ta9 any?+ l _! flu% production4 ,^! l9es 9 ! diff]5t fields are kn[n z ga!r+ pipe-l9es4 ,!y are connect$ ) ma9 trunk pipe-l9es runn+ to ! v>i\s ref9+ c5tres4 ,accord+ to ! ,bureau ( ,m9es1 !re are at ?is "t approximately ?irty-two ?\s& miles ( trunk pipe-l9es & elev5 ?\s& five hundr$ miles ( ga!r+ l9es4 ,at ! pres5t day replacem5t co/1 ?is mileage is wor?1 respectively1 #cfj1jjj1jjj & #dj1jjj1jjj1 a total ( #djj1jjj1jjj4 ,! money actually inve/$ = ! exi/+ pipe-l9es is probably consid]ably less ?an ?is sum by reason ( ! fact t a great deal ( mileage 0 built prior to ! pres5t era ( high co/s1 b x is a safe assumption t ! pipe l9e sy/em repres5ts an actual inve/m5t ( n less ?an #cjj1jjj1jjj4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is ov]-equipp$ ) ref9]ies1 measur$ by _! ability to obta9 ! necess>y crude oil to op]ate !m to capacity1 b x is n ov]-suppli$ f ! /&po9t ( ! pot5tial dem& = ref9$ products4 ,on ! fir/ ( ,janu>y1 #aibj !re 7 ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-?ree ref9]ies1 ) a daily capacity ( #a1ecj1efe b>rels4 ,s9ce t date !re h be5 complet$ n9ety-n9e m ref9]ies1 add+ #bfc1ejj b>rels to ! daily capacity4 ,ev5 be=e ! completion ( ^! new ref9]ies1 x 0 e/imat$ 9 ! report made by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey t ! c\ntry _h a surplus ref9+ capacity ( #agg1jjj b>rels p] day ov] ! production & importation ( crude oil4 ,s9ce t "t ! surplus capacity has be5 increas$ to ab\t #ejj1jjj b>rels daily4 ,av]ag+ ! co/ ( ! complete ref9]ies ) ^? ( ! mu* less co/ly skimm+ plants1 ! ref9]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates repres5t a total inve/m5t ( ab\t #a1gie1jjj1jjj4 ,?is total includes real e/ate & mu* equipm5t n ord9>ily associat$ 9 ! public's m9d ) ! bus9ess ( ref9+4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 at sev]al ( ! l>g] ref9]ies valuable :>f & railroad t]m9al prop]ty1 ext5sive manufactur+ plants = ! production ( t9 conta9]s1 factories = ! manufactur+ ( /eel & wood5 b>rels1 f\ndries1 ma*9e %ops1 patt]n %ops1 etc4 ,z a res]ve betwe5 ! curr5t daily production & ! ref9]ies' consumption !re is always above gr\nd a /ock ( crude petroleum await+ its turn to pass ?r\gh ! pipe l9es1 ?is /ock v>y+ greatly accord+ to ! dem&s ( ! ref9]ies & ! rate ( production 9 ! fields4 ,9 ,april1 #aibj1 ! crude /ocks on h& totall$ #abd1hgc1jjj b>rels1 :i* 0 wor? at ! prices quot$ 9 ! diff]5t fields at t "t1 #cic1gbd1ehj4 ,9 addition1 !re 7 l>ge quantities ( ref9$ /ocks 9 ! c\rse ( treatm5t at ! plants4 ,! gasol9e alone report$ on h& ,m>* #ca/ 0 valu$ at m ?an #abe1jjj1jjj1 :ile ! k]os5e on h& z ( ! same date 0 wor? approximately #ce1jjj1jjj4 ,lubricat+ oils1 fuel & gas oil1 wax1 coke1 asphalt1 crude oil await+ di/illation & miscellane\s products on h& br\ght ! total value ( ! ref9]y /ocks up to #cgj1jjj1jjj4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 a v l>ge inve/m5t 9 ! fleets requir$ bo? = br++ crude oil to ! ref9]ies 9 ?is c\ntry & = c>ry+ f9i%$ products to ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,on ,janu>y #a1 #aibj1 !re 7 six hundr$ & sev5ty-eight tank]s engag$ ei!r 9 ! oil bus9ess or z supply %ips = ! navies ( ! _w1 & ( ^!1 ?ree hundr$ & n9ety-f\r1 ) a deadweight tonnage ( approximately #a1ejj1jjj1 7 "u ! ,am]ican flag4 ,?is fleet repres5ts an inve/m5t ( #bej1jjj1jjj4 ,! m9or phases ( oil m>ket+ are repres5t$ by ! multitude ( /ations1 w>eh\ses1 bulk b>ges1 tugs1 motor trucks & tank wagons1 tank c>s1 private railroad sid+s1 /orage tanks1 etc4 9 all p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is cu/om>y to all[ an inve/m5t ( #d4jj p] b>rel = ! real e/ate & equipm5t ne$$ to d a retail m>ket+ bus9ess1 & #a4jj p] b>rel = ! tanks & docks requir$ 9 ! fuel oil dep>tm5t4 ,on ?is basis ! dome/ic m>ket+ equipm5t = ! c\ntry repres5ts a total inve/m5t ( approximately #ffj1jjj1jjj4 ,no attempt has be5 made "h to br+ 9 ! inve/m5t by ,am]ican oil companies 9 o!r l&s4 ,! pr9cipal item "u ?is head is1 ( c\rse1 ! huge sums t h be5 exp5d$ 9 drill+ & ! acquisition ( produc+ prop]ties1 leases = developm5t & = surveys1 etc41 9 ,canada1 ,mexico1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,r\mania1 & o!r c\ntries4 ,! value ( ! tank]s us$ = =eign s]vice has be5 e/imat$ b no all[ance is includ$ = /ations & o!r equipm5t to h&le petroleum products abroad4 ,we h "h an aggregate inve/m5t 9 ! production1 transportation1 ref9+1 & di/ribution ( petroleum & its products ( #g1caj1jjj1jjj4 ,) ?is equipm5t1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates la/ ye> produc$ #cgg1jjj1jjj b>rels ( crude oil f )9 its bord]s & import$ #ee1jjj1jjj b>rels m1 *iefly f ,mexico4 ,we export$ #cff1jjj1jjj gallons ( gasol9e1 #ife1jjj1jjj gallons ( k]os5e1 #a1age1jjj1jjj gallons ( gas & fuel oil & #bgf1jjj1jjj gallons ( lubricat+ oil4 ,aga9/ t may be set our dome/ic consumption1 %[+ t :ile we produc$ 9 ?is c\ntry m ?an two-?irds ( all ( ! _w's petroleum1 we consume 9 almo/ ! same ratio4 ,!re 0 m>ket$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates la/ ye> #c1dbf1jjj1jjj gallons ( gasol9e1 #a1cig1jjj1jjj gallons ( k]os5e1 #f1bij1jjj1jjj gallons ( gas & fuel oil1 & #efh1jjj1jjj gallons ( lubricat+ oil4 ,^! figures %[ n only ! imm5sity ( ! oil indu/ry b also make cle> ! va/ ext5t & v>iety ( ! auxili>y inve/m5t x calls =4 ,cle>ly x is no speculator's game1 b "o 9 :i* ! mo/ exp]t k & economic discretion are entail$ if x is to yield pr(its at all4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,petroleum ,,9 ,,! ,,future ,9 ^! *apt]s an ef=t has be5 made to place be=e ! read] ! /ory ( ! developm5t ( petroleum f a negligible & unappreciat$ product to its pres5t basic & ess5tial position 9 ! _w's indu/rial & economic /ructure4 ,hav+ attempt$ to portray ! "p x plays 9 ! arts ( w> & peace1 & its intimate relation to civilization z n[ organiz$1 x is fitt+ t some?+ %\ld be said z to ! future ( petroleum4 ,to ^? :o h read ! prec$+ *apt]s--p>ticul>ly ^? relat+ to %ipp+ & all o!r classes ( transportation--x w be cle> t ?is con/itutes an int]national z well z a national problem4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 connection ) ! _w indu/ry may ev5 be said to h a p>adoxical aspect4 ,am]ican petroleum became an int]national in/itution :51 %ortly aft] ! ,p5nsylvania discov]ies1 ! eag]ness ( o!r nations to secure x 0 ev9c$4 ,! increase ( production 0 s rapid t = ye>s ! supply f> exce$$ ! dome/ic dem&1 & made ! creation ( =eign m>kets necess>y to ! ,am]ican oil int]e/s4 ,^! =eign m>kets h contribut$ mat]ially to ,am]ican national weal? & are n[ an important factor 9 ! c\ntry's fav\rable trade balance2 exports ( petroleum products f ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! ye> #aiai repres5t+ a value ( #cdc1ggf1che1 & rank+ f\r? 9 ord] ( importance ( ! c\ntry's exports4 ,our oil companies h be5 int]national trad]s = sev]al decades1 b _! op]ations h be5 entirely bas$ on private initiative & h r>ely b5efitt$ by (ficial cop]ation4 ,! ph5om5al gr[? ( inv5tions & manufactures pivot+ on ! products ( petroleum1 :i* has transpir$ dur+ ! tw5tie? c5tury1 has1 h[ev]1 entirely rev]s$ ! situation t exi/$ 9 ! ye> #aijj4 ,?\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates provides almo/ sev5ty p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production f wells on h] own soil1 %e is to-day actually an import] ( crude oil to meet ! ne$s ( ! dome/ic m>ket1 comb9$ ) ^? ( ! =eign m>ket = ! manufactur$ products ( petroleum1 :i* yield va/ rev5ues to ,am]ican wage-e>n]s engag$ 9 _! creation4 ,to ! ,am]ican p1 :o use six times z mu* petroleum p] capita z ! citiz5s ( any o!r c\ntry1 & :o own n9ety p] c5t4 ( ! motor vehicles 9 op]ation 9 ! _w to-day1 ! "q ( future supplies is vital4 ,9 ! face ( an ev]-increas+ dem& = petroleum & its products--?r\gh ! _m *annels t h be5 describ$ 9 ?is book--! ratio ( production to consumption has become s alt]$ t x is app>5t t ! ,unit$ ,/ates mu/ 9 a /eadily exp&+ degree look to o!r l&s = its future requirem5ts4 ,/ati/icians & sci5ti/s diff] z to h[ long ! /ores ( petroleum /ill ly+ untapp$ 9 our own soil may la/1 b are agre$ t at ! pres5t rate ( consumption ! ,am]ican fields w h be5 practically exhau/$ be=e ! dawn ( ano!r c5tury & t adequate =eign res]ves to supplem5t !m mu/ be made available by ,am]ican ent]prise4 ,petroleum is !re=e a problem ab\t :i* ! man on ! /reet & n m]ely ! oil m]*ant mu/ p]=ce ?9k int]nationally4 ,! p ( o!r c\ntries are to-day wide awake to ! necessity ( secur+ petroleum res]ves = !mselves 9 regions ( pot5tial oil-be>+ "*2 & 9 "s in/ances !y h %[n !mselves v active4 ,illu/ration3 ,/eam /ills at a mod]n ref9]y ,illu/ration3 ,/orage tank at ,cu%+1 ,oklahoma1 /ruck by lightn+--n an infrequ5t occurr5ce4 #ee1jjj b>rels ( crude oil be+ consum$ ,9 an exce$+ly able pap] pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,david ,:ite1 ,*ief ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 to ! ,society ( ,automotive ,eng9e]s 9 ,febru>y1 #aiai1 t au?ority drew att5tion to 8! wid5+ angle betwe5 ! flatt5+ curve ( production & ! ris+ curve ( consumption10 & ann\nc$ t aft] a mo/ exhau/ive survey ( ,am]ican oil pot5tialities1 9 :i* _m exp]ts cop]at$1 ! conclusions _h be5 rea*$ t ! available oil 9 ! gr\nd at ! end ( #aiah approximat$ #f1gdj1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,! total production ( crude f ! ,unit$ ,/ates wells f #aheh to ! end ( #aiah 0 approximately #d1eih1jjj1jjj b>rels1 m ?an two-?irds z mu* z ! total rema9+ 9 ! gr\nd accord+ to ! e/imates ( ! ,m9]al ,res\rces ,division ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,to und]/& fully ! significance ( ^! figures x mu/ be realiz$ t ! rate ( production has enorm\sly increas$ dur+ ! pa/ decade4 ,mr4 ,:ite's figures plac$ ! oil produc$ f ,unit$ ,/ates wells 9 #aiah at #cde1ejj1jjj b>rels4 ,production1 if cont9u$ on l scale annually1 w\ld exhau/ ! e/imat$ supply 9 ,am]ica 9 less ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,moreov]1 despite its va/ ext5t1 ! curve ( actual production 9 t ye> fell s f> %ort ( ! requirem5ts ( dome/ic consumption t ! am\nt ( oil 9 /orage 0 r$uc$ to ! ext5t ( #bg1jjj1jjj b>rels1 & x 0 necess>y to supplem5t ! home supply ) a net importation ( #ca1jjj1jjj b>rels1 *iefly f ,mexico4 ,! ye> #aiah 0 a w> ye> b 9 #aiai1 despite peace1 production 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates rose to #cgg1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,?us an ev]-increas+ dem&--especially = gasol9e--is produc+ a pressure on crude supplies great] ?an 9 w> "t4 ,x does n foll[ t all ! e/imat$ available crude res]ves 9 ,am]ican t]ritory c be rea*$ 9 ev5 ! ne> future4 ,am]ican oil wells w und\bt$ly be produc+ at lea/ sev5ty-five ye>s h5ce1 = ! v good reason t all ! hidd5 pools _c be discov]$ =?) or imm$iately made productive1 ev5 :5 locat$4 ,b ! condition ! ,am]ican nation mu/ face 9 connection ) its own wells is ! probability ( a gradual decl9e aft] ! peak ( production has be5 rea*$1 an ev5t t may transpire ?is ye> or next1 or may be delay$ = a decade4 ,mr4 ,:ite's pap]1 :i* _h ! effect ( enlight5+ _m z to ! *ang+ phases ( ! oil indu/ry1 also emphasiz$ ! possibilities ( ! developm5t ( %ale oil1 a pot5tial res\rce :i* might prove a suitable sub/itute4 ,b s9ce ?is product is /ill 9 ! exp]im5tal /age1 & s9ce x has nev] be5 claim$ = x t x c\ld develop ! manifold ri*ness & v>i$ utility ( crude petroleum1 x is n necess>y to discuss its possibilities 9 a book devot$ to ! latt] product4 ,:atev] ! future ( %ale oil1 x _c alt] ! pla9 circum/ance t if x is to be ma9ta9$ at its pres5t level = any ext5d$ p]iod1 ! ,am]ican oil indu/ry mu/ look = res]ves abroad4 ,a glance at ! _w's production = ! ye> #aiag proves t ! ,unit$ ,/ates has m at /ake 9 ?is matt] ?an all ! o!r nations comb9$4 ,! production 0 di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,unit$ ,/ates #ff4b p] c5t4 ,russia #ac4f 0 0 ,mexico #aj4i 0 0 ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies #b4f 0 0 ,o!r c\ntries #f4g 0 0 ,s9ce !n ! proportion has be5 alt]$1 ,russia dropp+ to ?ird place & ,mexico ris+ to second1 ! relation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to total production rema9+ probably un*ang$4 ,! pr$om9at+ importance ( ! petroleum indu/ry to ! ,am]ican p 0 indicat$ 9 a spee* deliv]$ by ,sir ,auckl& ,g$des1 ,briti% ,ambassador to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 at ,new ,york 9 ,may ( ! pres5t ye> 7#aibj7 :5 he said t ?is c\ntry controll$ #hb p] c5t ( ! pres5t visible _w supply4 ,?is e/imate ( c\rse embraces n only dome/ic fields b =eign fields develop$ by ,am]ican private ent]prise4 ,x demon/rat$ completely ! claim ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to lead]%ip 9 deal+ ) s vital an int]national "q z ! _w's petroleum supply--n only z ! *ief consum]s b to all int5ts & purposes1 ! f\nd]s ( ! indu/ry4 ,z has be5 set =? else:]e 9 ?is book1 ! importance ( petroleum to c\ntries ( m>itime aspirations1 ei!r naval or comm]cial1 is ine/imable1 & x is on t phase ( ! "q t ! m9ds ( ,briti% /atesm5 h1 )9 ! pa/ five ye>s1 become conc5trat$4 ,s f> z ,great ,brita9 is conc]n$1 ?is is a new developm5t1 born ( ! great w>4 ,sir ,john ,c[ans1 ,g4 ,c4 ,b41 ,qu>t]ma/] ,g5]al ( ! ,briti% ,army ?r\gh\t ! decisive p]iod ( ! conflict1 has said 8,great ,brita9 01 :5 ! w> broke out1 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty ye>s beh9d ! ,am]ican & ,dut* nations 9 its k ( oil40 ,he & o!r em95t ,engli%m5 h emphasiz$ ! difficulty ( mak+ up t leeway1 "o ob/acle be+ t at lea/ eight or t5 ye>s 0 requir$ = ! education ( an oil exp]t4 ,9 seek+ a tra9$ p]sonnel to h&le ! problem1 ,great ,brita91 l mo/ o!r c\ntries1 mu/ = ! "t be+ at any rate look to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b ?\gh ! awak5+ ( ! ,briti% to ! importance ( petroleum 0 belat$1 x is real4 ,n only _! ,admiralty1 b _! ,army au?orities are insi/+ on ! importance ( adequate res]ves4 ,controll+ z !y d ! de/9ies ( a va/ m>itime ,empire1 ! gr[+ dom9ance ( oil-burn+ %ips1 & ! necessity ( provid+ = _! fuell+1 has become an ev]-pres5t ?\ght 9 ! m9ds ( ,briti% public m5 at a "t :5 ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 rely+ p]haps on a factiti\s belief 9 ! inexhau/ibility ( our native oil res\rces1 rema9$ indiff]5t4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t ! aim ( ,great ,brita9 is h] own national & ,imp]ial security1 r ?an aggression4 ,! ,briti% ,ambassador1 9 ! address ref]r$ to1 gave ! mo/ absolute assurance on t po9t1 b ! fact is pat5t t1 ?r\gh gov]nm5tal cop]ation1 ,briti% oil m5 h secur$ di/9ctive advantages 9 =eign fields1 advantages :i*1 ) simil> cop]ation1 might h be5 available to ,am]ican oil int]e/s--^: lead]s may be accept$ z equal to =eign bus9ess m5 9 =esight1 c\rage & ent]prise4 ,! relation ( ! =eign petroleum situation to ! re-born ,am]ican ambition to possess a m]*ant m>9e t %all c>ry ,am]ican w>es 9 ,am]ican %ips mu/ be cle> to e read]4 ,j z ,great ,brita9 owes h] f>-fam$ sea p[] to h] policy ( ma9ta9+ coal+ /ations at ! be/ available locations on ! sev5 seas1 %e n[ aims to pres]ve t pre/ige by oil bunk]+ /ations advantage\sly plac$4 ,! situation might conceivably arise :]eby 7despite our va/ home production71 ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e :5 at sea w\ld f9d itself dep5d5t on ! bunk]+ /ations ( =eign p[]s4 ,no "o w "q ! "r ( ,great ,brita9 to protect & ma9ta9 h] trade r\tes by res]ves ( ! new m>itime fuel1 & h] ,gov]nm5t des]ves praise r ?an c5sure = back+ ,briti% ent]prise 9 measures direct$ to t end4 ,! po9t to be borne 9 m9d is t ,am]ican oil m51 ! real creators ( ! indu/ry1 h accompli%$ :at !y h 9 ! =eign field virtually )\t gov]nm5tal support or co-op]ation4 ,x is h>dly ov]/at+ ! facts to add t !y h be5 h>ass$ & int]f]$ ) 9 _! ef=ts to ma9ta9 ! future security ( _! indu/ry & ( _! nation 9 ?is matt] ( petroleum res]ves4 ,?us1 !re has lately aris5 a dem& = con/ructive legislation :i* w p]mit gov]nm5tal cop]ation & diplomatic action t w place ,am]ican oil int]e/s on some?+ l an equal foot+ ) ^? ( ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries 9 secur+ a necess>y augm5tation ( ! home supply4 ,dis9t]e/$ public m5 :o h made a /udy ( ! problem are ( ! op9ion t 9 ! national int]e/1 & entirely )\t ref]5ce to ! advantages t might or might n accrue to ?is or t individual1 ,am]ican petroleum companies %\ld be enc\rag$ by all ! p[] & influ5ce _! ,gov]nm5t c ex]t to acquire =eign s\rces ( supply :]ev] available4 ,a glimpse at ! facts ) reg>d to ! oil bunk]+ situation %[s h[ closely petroleum & national aspiration are alli$4 ,! e/imat$ requirem5ts = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,navy = ! fiscal ye> ( #aiai-bj 7 ab\t six million b>rels4 ,9 ! undesir$ ev5t ( w> ?is e/imate w\ld be va/ly increas$4 ,) reg>d to ! ,am]ican m]*ant m>9e1 x is wor? not+ t ab\t "o half ( ! vessels con/ruct$ 9 #aiai1 repres5t+ approximately ?ree million deadweight tons1 7 ( oil-burn+ design4 ,on ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :]e satisfactory grades ( /eam coal are n s g5]ally available z on ! ,atlantic1 oil has come into g5]al use z fuel4 ,am]ican companies furni% mo/ ( ! fuel oil :i* is suppli$ at ports outside ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 ! total numb] ( su* =eign bunk] in/allations1 own$ by ,am]ican companies1 be+ #hh 9 a total ( #aad4 ,b ! possession ( su* =eign facilities = ,am]ican %ipp+ w prove ( little value unless ,am]icans h suffici5t oil1 f ei!r home or =eign fields1 to furni% adequate supplies at competitive prices4 ,) an increas+ %ortage ( oil = dome/ic consumption1 bunk] fuel oil supplies c only be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! control ( production 9 advantage\sly locat$ =eign fields4 ,among ! rivals to ,am]ican ent]prise :i* h aris51 ! mo/ important is ! ,royal ,dut* ,%ell comb9ation1 :i*1 ?\gh ( ,holl& regi/ration1 has be5 a p>tn] ) ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t 9 petroleum ent]prises1 & is to-day ! lead+ factor 9 ! ,f> ,ea/ & 9 ,au/ralia 9 ?is vital matt] ( bunk] supply4 ,x is acquir+ pot5tial petroleum fields 9 ,mexico1 ,s\? ,am]ica & ! ,unit$ ,/ates itself4 ,! ,briti% ,ambassador's /atem5ts t5d to allay fe>s t !re is any delib]ate attempt to discrim9ate aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 any "p ( ! _w2 yet x is a fact t ?is c\ntry is likely to be s]i\sly h&icapp$ 9 its ef=ts to obta9 its %>e ( ! _w's c>ry+ trade if its %ips abroad are ev5tually compell$ to rely on =eign companies = fuel4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may cle>ly visualize ! situation ) reg>d to ! prospects ( augm5t+ home supplies1 x is necess>y to speak once m ( c]ta9 =eign fields m5tion$ 9 ! geographical survey t con/itut$ an e>li] *apt]4 ,! ne>e/ field & ! "o to :i* ,am]icans mu/ naturally look1 because = an indef9ite p]iod x w cont9ue to produce oil f> 9 excess ( ! ne$s ( its own p1 is ,mexico4 ,unback$ by gov]nm5tal cop]ation 9 any =m1 ,am]ican private ent]prise has done mu* 9 an endeav\r to develop p]man5t supplies 9 t c\ntry1 & has paid its way g5]\sly4 ,=tunately1 ! int]nec9e w>f>e :i* has p>alyz$ ! ma9t5ance ( law & ord] 9 _m p>ts ( t c\ntry has be5 less s]i\s 9 ! oil regions ?an 9 "s o!r prov9ces1 b preci\s lives h be5 lo/1 & consid]able prop]ty de/roy$ )\t r$ress4 ,/ill m s]i\s is ! fact t 9 ! face ( ! activities ( =eign p[]s anxi\s to secure ,am]ican hold+s ( great pot5tial value ! ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t has be5 in]t 9 a field :]e1 = geographical reasons alone1 x has a claim to fir/ consid]ation4 ,! patriotism ( an ,am]ican citiz51 ,mr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,doh5y1 controll+ own] ( ! ,mexican ,petroleum ,company1 has be5 m pot5t ?an t ( ! public au?orities 9 safegu>d+ ! future ( our int]e/s 9 t c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,doh5y receiv$ a h&some (f] f ! ,royal ,dut* ,%ell ,company = 8 int]e/s2 b he refus$ x on ! gr\nd t = ! future welf>e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 8 prop]ties %\ld rema9 "u an ,am]ican control4 ,und5iably ! lot ( ! ,am]ican capitali/ 9 ! ,mexican oil fields has be5 r5d]$ s difficult t any man might be tempt$ to sell to ! fir/ bidd]4 ,:ile a rec5t ,mexican adm9i/ration propos$ to 8nationalize0 petroleum !re h be5 _m attacks 9 o!r =ms ^u ! rights ( ,am]ican oil companies1 b s f> ^! companies h escap$ absolute confiscation ( _! prop]ties4 ,"h is obvi\sly a field 9 :i* ,am]ican int]e/s mu/ h ! same sort ( diplomatic assi/ance :i* ,great ,brita9 ext5ds to its nationals if ! future is to be secure4 ,! next close/ field to :i* ,am]icans mu/ naturally look is ! ,c>ibbean ,region--! ,c5tral ,am]ican & ,we/ ,indian ,republics1 ,colombia & ,v5ezuela4 ,_! importance lies almo/ :olly 9 _! future possibilities1 b !y und\bt$ly h oil pot5tialities ( consid]able value4 ,!re=e1 ! control ( concessions is ( v grave importance 9 view ( ! ne$ = acquir+ extra t]ritorial oil res]ves4 ,=tunately1 ,am]icans are "h fir/ 9 ! field1 ?\gh ent]prise has n gone v f> beyond ! secur+ ( concessions4 ,su* privileges obta9$ 9 ,colombia1 ,panama1 ,nic>agua1 ,honduras1 & ,co/a ,rica are held by v>i\s ,am]ican syndicates4 ,a ,v5ezuelan concession orig9ally ,am]ican-own$ is at ?is writ+ 9 ,briti% h&s1 & ,briti% capital is also int]e/$ 9 ,honduras oil developm5t4 ,x is obvi\s t ! sympa!tic cop]ation ( ! au?orities at ,wa%+ton1 is necess>y 9 ! ,c>ibbean area if ! ,unit$ ,/ates is to r5d] secure an asc5dancy !re4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! rivals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates int]e/s are also active b h n out/ripp$ !m1 & ) a progressive policy on ! "p ( _! gov]nm5t ,am]icans may hopefully look = res]ve supplies f t va/ cont95t1 ?\gh _! developm5t1 ow+ to ! me*anical & speculative conditions ( mod]n oil production1 _c be rapid4 ,arg5t9a1 :i* already has two produc+ fields1 op]ates !m z /ate ent]prises & has z yet grant$ no =eign concessions4 ,p]u is already a l>ge produc] ( crude petroleum & has op5$ h] gates to ,am]ican oil int]e/s1 b "h1 z else:]e1 ! ne$ ( diplomatic back+ is pres5t4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ?\gh ! real pot5tialities ( ,s\? ,am]ica are unkn[n1 x is a t]ritory 9 :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 if x is to safegu>d its future int]e/s1 _c af=d to rema9 indiff]5t4 ,! _w-wide ,briti% ,empire includes _m c\ntries conta9+ oil pot5tialities1 ?\gh ! total production is inconsid]able 9 comp>ison ) t ( a s+le ,am]ican /ate l ,cali=nia or ,texas4 ,accord+ to ! /ati/ics put =? by ,sir ,auckl& ,g$des1 production "u ! ,briti% flag 9 #aiai repres5t$ b five p] c5t4 ( ! _w's petroleum output4 ,b !re is no c]ta9ty z to :at ! future may br+ =? & ! g5]al policy 9 all p>ts ( ! ,empire seems to be to keep oil developm5t 9 ! h&s ( ,briti% nationals & to re/rict op]ations by =eign capital4 ,9 ! important oil t]ritory at ,burma ^! re/rictions are absolute2 ?\gh 9 self-gov]n+ ,dom9ions1 l ,canada1 !y d n obta94 ,9 all ,cr[n colonies ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t reta9s ! "r ( pre-emption at ne$4 ,q z sev]e are ! laws cov]+ oil deposits or pot5tial oil deposits 9 ,fr5* colonial possessions4 ,! ,dut* ,ea/ ,indies1 a comp>atively promis+ field1 are clos$ to all b subjects ( ,holl&1 or to companies :i* h a majority ( ,dut* subjects on _! directorate2 "u ! latt] provision ,briti% capital dom9ates ! oil production ( ,borneo4 ,outside ! ,we/]n hemisph]e ! only fields :]e ! ,unit$ ,/ates may look = res]ves1 7:i*1 z has be5 expla9$1 are ( especial importance 9 connection ) bunk]+ /ations17 lie 9 :at are respectively kn[n z ! ,ne> ,ea/ & ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,*9a has und\bt$ly oil pot5tialities1 ?\gh data on ! subject is vague1 & x is presum$ t ! ,*9ese gov]nm5t1 :i* holds a monopoly ( !m1 w "o day admit =eign]s into p>tn]%ip 9 ! work+ ( !m "u "s sort ( special contract4 ,japan already has a some:at simil> arrangem5t4 ,9 demon/rat$ possibilities ! ,ne> ,ea/ is ( mu* m promise4 ,! importance ( ! ,r\manian field has be5 spok5 ( else:]e & prior to ! w> ,am]ican int]e/s 7 e/abli%$ !re4 ,lat] 9 its recon/ruction policies ,r\mania is contemplat+ *anges 9 its petroleum program n =mulat$ at ?is writ+4 ,x is report$ t ,fr5* & ,briti% int]e/s1 support$ by _! respective gov]nm5ts1 are mak+ e ef=t to secure important hold+s 9 ! ,galician oil fields1 =m]ly situat$ 9 ,au/ria1 b n[ com+ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! new ,republic ( ,pol&4 ,! future adm9i/ration ( ! ,russian fields is /ill problematical4 ,at ! mom5t !y are occupi$ by ! ,bol%eviki4 ,! ,p]sian field1 by an arrangem5t dat+ back to #aija1 is op]at$ by ,briti% int]e/s4 ,! pot5tial fields ( ,mesopotamia & ,pale/9e are "u control ( ,brita9 by m&ate ( ! ,league ( ,nations2 b t c\ntry expressly disclaims any special au?ority to exclude o!r nations f p>ticipation 9 petroleum developm5t 9 ^! t]ritories4 ,x mu/ be pla9 to ! mo/ inexp]i5c$ read] t 9 ! case ( ,asiatic & ,ea/-,european fields1 h[ev]1 ,am]ican oil int]e/s are p[]less to a*ieve influ5ce & obta9 due recognition )\t ! diplomatic assi/ance & cop]ation ( _! home gov]nm5t4 ,x is necess>y1 if !y are to secure equal rights "u int]national law t w s]ve n m]ely z a *eck ^u any possible unfair discrim9ation1 b enable !m to secure workable int]national arrangem5ts4 ,^! %\ld r$\nd to ! int]e/ ( all c\ntries = ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! mo!rl& ( ! sci5ce ( oil production4 ,! pre/ige ( ?is c\ntry is su* t 9 _m cases a m]e diplomatic prote/ w\ld be suffici5t to rectify _m disabilities "u :i* ! ,am]ican oil company seek+ =eign res]ves at pres5t lab\rs1 )\t creat+ s]i\s disputes or int]national entanglem5ts4 ,9 ! words ( ,?omas ,a4 ,o',donnell1 ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,petroleum ,in/itute1 ) :i* mo/ ( ! lead+ petroleum produc+ & manufactur+ companies ( ! c\ntry are associat$3 ,! ,am]ican oil indu/ry asks only ! support ( ! nation 9 giv+ x an equal /atus1 putt+ x ^u an equal foot+ ) ! nationals ( o!r c\ntries 9 ! developm5t ( ! _w's petroleum res\rces--& x asks ?is 9 ! int]e/ ( ! nation4 ,) ! ,gov]nm5t at _! back to secure = !m fair play1 ,am]ican oil int]e/s c\ld face ! future ) confid5ce1 if n ) c]ta9ty2 lack+ su* cop]ation1 ! future is fraught ) haz>d to an indu/ry t /&s z a monum5t to ,am]ican organiz+ g5ius4 ,,! ,,end ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,press1 ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,,new ,,york ,transcrib]'s ,note ,"s inconsi/5cies 9 spell+1 hyph5ation1 & punctuation h be5 reta9$4 ,?is file uses und]scores to indicate italic text4 ,small capitals *ang$ to all capitals4 p4 xv3 *ang$ 8,rumania0 to 8,r\mania0 7,mor5i ,field1 ,r\mania7 p4 #ej3 *ang$ 8,egpyt0 to 8,egypt0 7,egypt has also a future7 p4 #fi3 *ang$ 8fi%-tale0 to 8fi%-tail0 7! delicate fi%-tail bit7 p4 #gd3 *ang$ 8ry?mical0 to 8rhy?mical0 7! rhy?mical 8*ug-*ug07 p4 #hc3 *ang$ 8,samual0 to 8,samuel0 7,samuel ,van ,syckel ( ,titusville7 ,on pp4 #ce1 #cg1 & #eg appe>s 8,edw9 ,laur5c9e ,drake40 ,mod]n s\rces diff] 9 spell+ 7,laur5t9e74 ,?is "n 0 left z orig9ally pr9t$4