,,does ,,civilization ,,ne$ ,,religion8 ,a ,/udy 9 ! ,social ,res\rces & ,limitations ( ,religion 9 ,mod]n ,life ,,by ,,re9hold ,,niebuhr ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company #aibg ,all rights res]v$ ,copyright1 #aibg1 ,by ,,! ,,macmillan ,,company4 ,set up & electrotyp$4 ,publi%$ ,decemb]1 #aibg4 ,,set ,,up ,,by ,,br[n ,,bro!rs1 ,,l9otyp]s ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica by ,,! ,,f]ris ,,pr9t+ ,,company1 ,,new ,,york ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,fa!r ,,:o ,,taught ,,me ,,t ,,! ,,critical ,,faculty ,,c ,,be ,,unit$ ,,) ,a ,,rev]5t ,,_s & ,,to ,,my ,,"m ,,:o ,,= ,,twelve ,,ye>s ,,has ,,%>$ ,,) ,,me ,,! ,,"w ,,( ,a ,,*ri/ian ,,pa/orate ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,! ,/ate ( ,religion 9 ,mod]n ,society #a ,,ii4 ,nature & ,civilization z ,foes ( ,p]sonality #ai ,,iii4 ,! ,social ,res\rces ( ,religion #ce ,,iv4 ,! ,social ,cons]vatism ( ,mod]n ,religion #fc ,v4 ,religion & ,life3 ,conflict & ,compromise #gi ,,vi4 ,social ,complexity & ,e?ical ,impot5ce #abd ,,vii4 ,transc5d+ & ,trans=m+ ! ,_w #afe ,,viii4 ,a ,philosophical ,basis = an ,e?ical ,religion #aij ,,ix4 ,conclusion #bbj ,,does ,,civilization ,,ne$ ,,religion8 ,,does ,,civilization ,,ne$ ,,religion8 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,/ate ,,( ,,religion ,,9 ,,mod]n ,,society ,religion is n 9 a robu/ /ate ( heal? 9 mod]n civilization4 ,va/ multitudes1 p>ticul>ly 9 indu/rial & urban c5t]s1 live )\t seek+ its sanctions = _! actions & die )\t claim+ its com=ts 9 _! extremities4 ,:ile its influ5ce is /ill consid]able among agr>ians & ! middle classes ( ! city1 an ev]-increas+ numb] ( ! privileg$ classes are indiff]5t to its values4 ,spiritual & moral =ces h always be5 9 a p]5nial /ate ( decay 9 ^? circles ( society 9 :i* physical ease & cultural advantages comb9e to make intellectual scruples m press+ ?an moral ones4 ,b mod]n sci5tific education has greatly multipli$ ! intellectual difficulties ( religion & ! increas+ opul5ce ( ,we/]n life has r5d]$ its moral problems m p]plex+4 ,indu/rial work]s1 9 z f> z !y are socially self-consci\s1 are almo/ univ]sally inimical to religion1 & _! opposition repres5ts a type ( anti-religi\s s5tim5t :i* is entirely new 9 hi/ory4 ,s9ce ! dawn ( ! mod]n era ! tides ( fai? h ebb$ & fl[$ s t x is n easy to *>t _! g5]al c\rse2 b x is difficult to escape ! conclusion t ea* new tide has b>ely exce$$ ! m>k left by a previ\s ebb4 ,! /ream ( religi\s life has be5 deep5$ at times1 z 9 ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 b ! imp>tial obs]v] w note t x has be5 n>r[$ z well4 ,a psy*ology ( defeat1 ( :i* bo? fundam5talism & mod]nism are symptoms1 has gripp$ ! =ces ( religion4 ,extreme or?odoxy betrays by its v fr5zy t ! poison ( scepticism has ent]$ ! s\l ( ! *ur*2 = m5 insi/ mo/ vehem5tly ^u _! c]ta9ties :5 _! hold ^u !m has be5 %ak54 ,frantic or?odoxy is a me?od = obscur+ d\bt4 ,lib]alism tries va9ly to give ea* new /rategic retreat ! semblance ( a victori\s engagem5t4 ,to retreat f unt5able positions is no d\bt a necess>y /ep 9 prep>ation = new advances2 b ?is necess>y /rategy has n be5 accompani$ by ! k9d ( spiritual vigor :i* w\ld promise ultimate victory4 ,! g5]al t5d5cies t[>d ! secul>ization ( life h be5 consi/5t en\gh to prompt its foes to pr$ict religion's ultimate ext9ction z a major int]e/ ( mank9d & to tempt ev5 fri5dly obs]v]s to reg>d its future ) grave appreh5sion4 ,!re are inde$ _m =ms ( religion :i* are cle>ly ve/igial remnants ( ano!r day ) o!r int]e/s4 ,!y h no vital influ5ce ^u ! life ( mod]n man1 & _! cont9u$ exi/5ce only proves t hi/ory1 l nature1 is sl[ to de/roy :at x has f\nd useless1 & ev5 sl[] to int] :at x has de/roy$4 ,scatt]$ among ! liv+ =ms ( ea* civilization are ! :it5$ bones ( :at 0 once fle% & blood4 ,! sickness ( fai? 9 our day may be ! s5ility :i* prec$es dea?2 on ! o!r h&1 x may be a specific malady :i* "t & ?\ght c cure4 ,if hi/ory is sl[ to de/roy :at has become useless1 x may be z pati5t & p]si/5t 9 reviv+ :at is useful b seems dead4 ,five hundr$ ye>s are b a %ort span 9 hi/ory1 & a con/ant t5d5cy ov] su* a p]iod may lead to premature conclusions4 ,if religion conta9s indisp5sable res\rces = ! life ( man1 its revival waits only ^u ! elim9ation ( ^? maladju/m5ts :i* h h9d]$ x f mak+ its res\rces available = ! citiz5 ( ! mod]n era4 ,:atev] may be said ( specific religions & religi\s =ms1 x is difficult to imag9e man )\t religion2 = religion is ! *ampion ( p]sonality 9 a seem+ly imp]sonal _w4 ,x prompts man to organize 8 v>i\s impulses1 inh]it$ & acquir$1 into a moral unity2 x p]suades him1 :5 its vitality is unimpair$1 to reg>d 8 fell[s ) an appreciation comm5surate ) 8 own self-respect2 & x f9ally discov]s & creates a univ]se 9 :i* ! human _s is gu>ante$ security aga9/ ! =ces ( nature :i* always seem to r$uce x to a m]e eff]vesc5ce unable to outla/ ! collocation ( =ces :i* produc$ x4 ,! plight ( religion 9 our own day is due to ! fact t x has be5 m ?an ord9>ily press$ by foes on ! two l9es on :i* x def5ds ! dignity & value ( p]sonality4 ,! sci5ces h greatly complicat$ ! problem ( ma9ta9+ ! plausibility ( ! p]sonalization ( ! univ]se by :i* religion gu>antees ! wor? ( human p]sonality2 & sci5ce appli$ to ! _w's "w has creat$ a type ( society 9 :i* human p]sonality is easily debas$4 ,! pure sci5ces h reveal$ a _w ( nature mu* m imp]sonal &1 seem+ly1 mu* less am5able to a div9e w & to human ne$s ?an _h be5 traditionally assum$2 & ! appli$ sci5ces h creat$ an imp]sonal civilization 9 :i* human relations are s complex1 its gr\ps & units s l>ge1 its processes s imp]sonal1 ! production ( ?+s s important1 & e?ical action s difficult1 t p]sonality is bo? dw>f$ & outrag$ 9 x4 ,p]sonality is t type ( reality :i* is self-consci\s & self-det]m9+4 ,! concept ( p]sonality is valid only 9 a univ]se 9 :i* creative fre$om is develop$ & ma9ta9$ 9 individual life z well z 9 ! univ]se4 ,religion !re=e ne$s ! support ( bo? metaphysics & e?ics4 ,x tries to prompt man to e?ical action by ! sublime assumption t ! univ]se is itself e?ical 9 its ultimate nature :atev] data to ! contr>y ! imm$iate & obvi\s sc5e may reveal2 & ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ! e?ical life 9 man x seeks to make su* a p]sonalization ( ! univ]se bo? necess>y & plausible4 ,x tea*es m5 to f9d ,god by lov+ _! bro!rs1 & to love _! bro!rs because !y h f\nd ,god4 ,x inspires a my/ical rev]5ce = human p]sonality1 prompt$ by ! discov]y & creation ( a univ]se 9 :i* p]sonality is ! supreme p[] & value2 & x p]suades m5 to discov] p]sonal values 9 ! univ]se because !y h fir/ come ^u clues to ! transc5d5t value ( p]sonality 9 ! lives ( _! fell[s4 ,its e?ics is dep5d5t ^u its metaphysics & its metaphysics is root$ 9 its e?ics4 ,religion is ?us obvi\sly plac$ 9 a desp]ate plight :5 its metaphysics & its e?ics are imp]il$ at ! same "t4 ,x mu/ face & d battle ) two ho/s ( enemies1 ^? :o d n believe 9 m5 because !y d n believe 9 ,god1 & ^? :o d n believe 9 ,god because mod]n civilization has robb$ !m ( _! fai? 9 ! moral integrity ( m54 ,s9ce x is difficult to fight on two fronts at ! same "t1 ! =ces ( religion h be5 =c$ to *oose "o ( ! two fronts = _! major def5sive ef=t4 ,p]haps x 0 inevitable t !y %\ld *oose ! easi] task4 ,x is easi] to *all5ge ! idea ( an imp]sonal univ]se ?an to *ange ! fact ( an imp]sonal civilization4 ,t is :at ! mod]n *ur* has done & is do+4 ,x is sp5d+ all its en]gy 9 disc\nt+ ! excessive claims ( a det]m9i/ic sci5ce4 ,x has exhau/$ its +5uity 9 retreat+ f ! unt5able positions ( an or?odoxy :i* ov]/at$ ! fre$om & ! virtue 9 ! physical univ]se & !re=e aggravat$ ! v det]m9ism by :i* x 0 defeat$4 ,outrag$ tru? has a way ( av5g+ itself4 ,! idea ( a caprici\s ,god work+ 8 w 9 ! univ]se )\t ! re/ra9t ( law or ! h9drance ( any circum/ance help$ to create ! concept ( a me*ani/ic _w 9 :i* all fre$om is an illusion & !re=e all morality a %am4 ,?us ! /rategic retreats ( religion 9 ! field ( metaphysics h be5 ! necess>y prelude to any new religi\s advance4 ,religion may 9 fact be =c$ to make "s concessions :i* ev5 mod]n lib]alism seems /ill unwill+ to make4 ,mod]n religioni/s1 p>ticul>ly popul> apologi/s are incl9$ to add ! ^w creative to ! ^w evolution1 & assume t _! problem is solv$4 ,! mod]n *ur* has v g5]ally borr[$ its apologetic /rategy f ,john ,fiske & ,h5ry ,drummond1 & has tri$ to visualize a ,god :o diff]$ f old] conception only 9 ?is--t he took m "t to ga9 8 ends ?an _h once be5 assum$4 ,! important fact :i* has escap$ _m mod]n def5d]s ( ! fai? is t ! pati5ce ( ! creative w is a necess>y *>act]i/ic r ?an a self-impos$ re/ra9t4 ,!re is a /ubborn in]tia 9 e type ( reality :i* (f]s resi/ance to ea* new /ep 9 creation1 s t an em]g+ type ( reality is always 9 "s s5se a compromise betwe5 ! creative w & ! e/abli%$ facts ( ! concrete _w4 ,:e!r we view ! inorganic _w1 organic life or ! _w ( p]sonal & moral values1 ea* new type ( reality repres5ts 9 "s s5se a defeat ( ,god z well z a revelation ( him4 ,religi\s apologetics w probably be =c$ to conc$e ?is fact m g5]\sly ?an has be5 its wont be=e x c br+ religi\s affirmations into h>mony ) sci5tific facts4 ,mod]n lib]alism is /eep$ 9 a religi\s optimism :i* is true to ! facts ( nei!r ! _w ( nature nor ! _w ( hi/ory4 ,! ultimate wor? ( human p]sonality 9 ! univ]se may n be gu>ante$ z imm$iately nor z obvi\sly z lib]al religion seems incl9$ to assume4 ,lib]al religion may be =c$ to disc>d its metaphysical & !ological monisms1 :i* h be5 its support ev5 m ?an or?odoxy's1 & conc$e t fre$om & creativity 9 bo? man & ! cosmic ord] are m s]i\sly circumscrib$ ?an religion _h assum$4 ,b aft] t concession is made x is n likely t ! idea ( fre$om1 & ! dignity ( p]sonality :i* is associat$ ) x1 w ev] be completely discr$it$1 :atev] may be ! det]m9i/ic obsessions ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! v>i\s sci5ces c mom5t>ily af=d to indulge 9 _! v>i\s det]m9isms because ! pre/ige ( metaphysics z a cord9ator ( ! sci5ces has be5 de/roy$ = ! "t be+4 ,ea* sci5ce is !re=e able to disav[ ! au?ority ( metaphysics & "w ^u ! basis ( its own metaphysical assumptions1 :i* are usually unreflective & g5]ally det]m9i/ic4 ,b ! bulk ( new k :i* has mom5t>ily de/roy$ ! au?ority ( any unify+ p]spective mu/ 9 "t be ma/]$ by philosophical ?\ght2 & absolute det]m9ism is b\nd to be discr$it$ 9 su* a developm5t4#a ,!re c be no "q b t ! developm5t ( ! physical sci5ces has p]man5tly increas$ ! difficulty ( ju/ify+ ! p]sonalization ( ! univ]se ^u :i* all religi\s affirmations are bas$4 ,e new =m ( reality is s closely l9k$ to e prec$+ =m out ( :i* x em]ges t x is n easy to disc]n ! place :]e free creativity functions4 ,yet no total view ( reality c ev] be p]man5tly me*ani/ic1 = new types ( reality d em]ge & sci5ce is able to expla9 only ! process & n ! cause ( _! em]g5ce4 ,important1 !n1 z ! metaphysical problem ( religion is1 x is n ! only problem :i* x faces4 ,?\gh x is a real task to re9t]pret religi\s tru? 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce1 x is by no means a hopeless "o2 & ?\gh x is necess>y1 x is n ! only necess>y task4 ,9 ! light ( mod]n philosophical inquiries x is ju/ifiable to assume t ! mo/ ne$$ hypo!ses ( religion are metaphysically def5sible4 ,9 ! pres5t situation ( religion 9 civilization1 x is m necess>y to inquire if & h[ ! peculi> attitudes & ! unique life :i* proce$s f a religi\s int]pretation ( ! univ]se may be made to s]ve ! ne$s ( m5 9 mod]n civilization4 ,! fact is t m m5 9 our mod]n era are irreligi\s because religion has fail$ to make civilization e?ical ?an because x has fail$ to ma9ta9 its intellectual respectability4 ,= e p]son :o disav[s religion because "s anci5t & unrevis$ dogma outrages 8 intellig5ce1 sev]al become irreligi\s because ! social impot5ce ( religion outrages _! consci5ce4 ,religion nev] lacks moral fruits s long z x has any vitality4 ,x has be5 plac$ 9 su* a sorry plight 9 fulfill+ its e?ical task 9 mod]n civilization because ! me*anization ( society has made an e?ical life = ! individual at once m necess>y & m difficult1 & failure m obvi\s1 ?an 9 any previ\s civilization4 ,if we are n less e?ical ?an our fa!rs1 our happ9ess is c]ta9ly m dep5d5t ?an t ( our fa!rs ^u ! e?ical "* ( our society4 ,rapid means ( comm]ce & communication h br\ght u into t]ms ( intimacy ) all ! _w )\t increas+ ! spiritual dynamic & e?ical intellig5ce :i* makes su* close contact suff]able4 ,we h multipli$ ! tools ( de/ruction :i* a confus$ consci5ce may wield & h ?us arm$ ! _w ( nature :i* lives 9 ! s\l ( man by ! same sci5ce by :i* we imag9$ ourselves to h conqu]$ nature4 ,we h develop$ s complex a society t x _c be made e?ical by moral goodwill alone1 if moral purpose is n a/utely guid$4 ,lack+ social intellig5ce1 mod]n civilization has ?us robb$ man ( confid5ce 9 8 own & 8 neighbor's moral integrity ev5 :5 e?ical motives 7 n totally lack+4 ,civilization ) its imp]sonal & me*aniz$ relation%ips t5ds on ! "o h& to make society less e?ical1 & on ! o!r to reveal its immoralities m vividly ?an 9 any previ\s age4 ,religion has a relation to bo? cause & effect to ! moral life4 ,bo? its fri5ds & its foes are incl9$ to judge x by its moral fruits1 reg>d+ x z prim>ily ! root1 fanci$ or real1 ( morality4 ,yet morality is z mu* ! root z ! fruit ( religion2 = religi\s s5tim5t develops out ( moral exp]i5ce & religi\s convictions are ! logic by :i* moral life ju/ifies itself4 ,9 a civilization 9 :i* ! dom9ant motives & basic relation%ips are une?ical1 religion is !re=e d\bly affect$4 ,! immoralities :i* br+ ! reproa* ( impot5ce ^u x are also ! reason = ! impot5ce4 ,?us mod]n civilization creates a temp] ( scorn = a religion :i* fails to *all5ge recogniz$ social iniquities1 & at ! same "t x de/roys ! vitality :i* religion ne$s to issue su* a *all5ge4 ,! defection ( ! indu/rial work]s f religi\s life & in/itutions1 "o ( ! mo/ significant ph5om5a ( our "t1 has ?is d\ble significance4 ,! indu/rial work] is indiff]5t to religion1 p>tly because he is enme%$ 9 relations :i* are s imp]sonal & fundam5tally s une?ical t 8 religi\s s5se atrophies 9 him4 ,on ! o!r h& he is ho/ile to religion because he obs]ves ! e?ical impot5ce ( ! religion ( ! privileg$ classes1 p>ticul>ly 9 its failure to effect improvem5t 9 economic & social attitudes4 ,! indu/rial work] raises a g5]al *>act]i/ic ( mod]n urban man to a unique degree4 ,8 own exp]i5ces help him to see ! moral limitations ( mod]n civilization m cle>ly ?an d ! m privileg$ classes2 b :at is true ( him is g5]ally true ( all memb]s ( a complex society 9 :i* human relations are imp]sonal & complicat$4 ,if religion is s5esc5t 9 mod]n civilization1 its social impot5ce is z responsible = its decl9e z is its metaphysical maladju/m5t4 ,! re/oration ( its vitality mu/ wait ^u ! adju/m5t ( its t5ets & ! reorganization ( its life to meet ! problems :i* bo? ! pure & ! appli$ sci5ces1 :i* bo? ! dep]sonalization ( ! univ]se & ! dep]sonalization ( civilization1 h creat$4 ,! metaphysical problem ( religion _c be depreciat$4 ,9 ! long run religion mu/ be able to impress ! m9d ( mod]n man ) ! ess5tial plausibility & sci5tific respectability ( its fundam5tal affirmations4 ,b ! sci5tific respectability ( religi\s affirmations w n avail if ! life :i* issues f !m w n help to solve man's urg5t social problems4 ,if mod]n *ur*es cont9ue to pref] _! intellectual to _! e?ical problems1 !y w m]ely succe$ 9 ma9ta9+ a ve/ige ( religion 9 ^? classes :i* are n s5sitive en\gh to feel & n un=tunate en\gh to suff] f ! moral limitations ( mod]n society4 ,an une?ical civilization w inevitably de/roy ! vitality ( ! religion ( ! victims & ! s9c]ity & moral pre/ige ( ! religion ( ! b5efici>ies ( its une?ical inequalities4 ,! future ( religion & ! future ( civilization are ?us hung 9 ! same balance4 ,bo? z a means to a moral end & z an end 9 itself1 = :i* ! moral life is ! means1 ! future ( religion is involv$ 9 ! e?ical recon/ruction ( mod]n society4 ,social & economic problems are n ! only problems :i* fret ! m9d & engage ! int]e/ ( mod]n m54 ,b !y are proportionately m important 9 an advanc$ ?an 9 a primitive society4 ,mod]n m5 face no problem t is great] ?an t ( _! aggregate exi/5ce4 ,h[ c !y live 9 "s k9d ( dec5t h>mony ) _! fell[ m5 :5 ! size & intricacy ( _! social ma*9]y t5ds cont9ually to aggravate ! vices :i* make human life inhuman8 ,h[ %all !y ga9 ma/]y ov] ! in/rum5ts by :i* !y h ma/]$ nature s t ^! w n become ! means ( project+ nature's vices into human hi/ory8 ,h[ %all !y br+ ! life ( great social & political gr\ps "u ! dom9ion ( consci5ce & moral law8 ,^! are ! problems ^u :i* hangs ! future ( civilization4 ,su* social problems are fundam5tally e?ical & ! intimate relation betwe5 religion & morality br+ !m inevitably into ! prov9ce ( religion4 ,c x help to solve !m8 ,w _! solution give religi\s idealism new vitality8 ,is ! pres5t social impot5ce ( religion due to innate defects8 ,or is x due to specific & hi/orical limitations :i* ! ye>s may *ange at lea/ z quickly z !y produc$ !m8 ,to su* que/ions we mu/ address ourselves4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,nature ,,& ,,civilization ,,z ,,foes ,,( ,,p]sonality ,x w\ld be extravagant to claim t ! possibility ( mak+ ! res\rces ( religion available = ! solution ( social problems ( mod]n civilization is absolutely det]m9+ = its future4 ,religion w\ld cont9ue to ma9ta9 itself 9 mod]n society ev5 if x produc$ only ! sc>ce/ socio-e?ical fruits4 ,! problem ( liv+ toge!r is n ! only problem :i* m5 face1 & civilization is n ! only foe ) :i* p]sonality cont5ds4 ,at lea/ two o!r fundam5tal problems engage ! int]e/ ( e normal individual1 t ( develop+ ! multif>i\s =ces ( 8 p]sonality into "s k9d ( h>mony & unity & t ( ass]t+ ! dignity & wor? ( human p]sonality 9 defiance ( nature's indiff]5ce & contempt4 ,if religion c r5d] ! human _s a tol]ably effective s]vice 9 ! solution ( ^! two problems1 its aid w n be scorn$ ?\gh x fail him 9 8 social problem4 ,x w n ma9ta9 itself ) equal vitality 9 all /rata ( society1 b x w cont9ue "s k9d ( exi/5ce 9 all ( !m1 & a fairly vigor\s life 9 ^? classes 9 :i* social problems are lea/ urg5t4 ,psy*iatry & ! psy*ological sci5ces are encroa*+ ^u "o s]vice to ! p]plex$ _s ( man :i* 0 once an almo/ exclusive prov9ce ( religion4 ,!y are (f]+ him aid 9 ! task ( integrat+ ! het]og5e\s =ces1 ) :i* ages ( human & prehuman hi/ory h end[$ him1 into ! unity ( dep5dable "*2 & !re are ^? :o ?9k t ?is s]vice w obviate 8 ne$ = religion 9 ?is field4 ,und\bt$ly x w be to ! advantage ( any moral or religi\s discipl9e ( ! individual life to avail itself ( a m precise k ( ! intricacies ( human p]sonality2 yet only ! mo/ me*ani/ic & naturali/ic e?ical !ori/ w\ld ma9ta9 t ! k ( self is ! only pr]equisite ( self-ma/]y1 & t ! et]nal conflict betwe5 ! high] w & ! imm$iate desires1 ab\t :i* ! religi\s ( e age h te/ifi$1 may be compos$ by no?+ m ?an a bett] und]/&+ ( ! devi\s ways ( human intellig5ce & emotion4 ,! psy*ological sci5ces h und\bt$ly sav$ m5 f "s morbid fe>s & repressions1 b ! mo/ mod]n s*ool ( psy*ological me*ani/s & det]m9i/s seems m anxi\s to de/roy re/ra9ts :i* are ! product ( ages ( moral exp]i5ce ?an to correct ! defects :i* reveal !mselves inevitably on ! fr+e ( e moral discipl9e4 ,! reason me*ani/ic psy*iatry & psy*o-analysis run easily into a ju/ification ( lic5se is because !y labor "u ! illusion t ! high] self 7!y w\ld scorn t t]m7 is able to put all int]nal =ces 9 _! prop] place1 if only x kn[s _! previ\s hi/ory & actual direction4 ,"u su* an illusion ! clamant desires ( man's physical life are b\nd to be clos] to ! c5t] ( "* ?an any moral discipl9e w\ld all[4 ,mod]n det]m9ism is too naturali/ic to see or to be will+ to reg>d human p]sonality z ! inc>nation ( moral & spiritual values :i* did n h _! orig9 9 any imm$iate necessity & :i* no individual w ma9ta9 if 8 resolution is n /r5g!n$ by some?+ m ?an 8 mom5t>y & obvi\s exp]i5ce4 ,?is is n to say t moral discipl9e 9 individual life c be ma9ta9$ by religion alone4 ,a humani/ic e?ical idealism1 :i* makes ! exp]i5ce ( ! race ! guide & inspiration ( individual conduct1 w n fail to aid m5 t[>d "s high] integration ( p]sonality1 ?\gh x w seldom g beyond ! ,greek ideal ( a balanc$ life :i* kn[s h[ to escape sublime en?usiasms z well z crass excesses4 ,! value ( religion 9 compos+ ! conflict ) :i* ! inn] life ( man is torn is t x id5tifies man's highe/ values1 ab\t :i* he w\ld c5t] 8 life1 ) realities 9 ! univ]se itself1 & tea*es him h[ to br+ 8 mom5t>y impulses "u ! dom9ion ( 8 w by subject+ 8 w to ! guidance ( an absolute w4 8,make me a captive1 ,"l1 & !n ,i %all be free10 has ev] be5 ! pray] ( religi\s p4 8,he :o loses 8 life = my sake %all f9d x10 said ,jesus4 ,9 su* p>adoxes ! tru? is reveal$ t ! highe/ peace comes to m5 :]e _! life is c5t]$ n 9 :at is be/ 9 !m b 9 t beyond !m :i* is bett] ?an _! be/4 ,obvi\sly ?is function ( religion 9 ! life ( ! individual has its social implications2 b x is n to be assum$ t ! integration ( p]sonality automatically solves man's social problem4 ,t assumption1 :i* religion inv>iably makes1 is "o ( its v defects 9 deal+ ) ! social problem4 ,a unifi$ p]sonality may /ill be anti-social 9 its dom9ant desires & ! v self-respect :i* issues f its high] integration may become ! scre5 = its unsocial attitudes4 ,j z important z ! problem ( br++ peace to ! w>r+ factions )9 ! s\l ( man is ! task ( giv+ human p]sonality a s5se ( wor? 9 ! face ( nature's indiff]5ce & contempt2 & ( adju/+ man's highe/ values to nature's sublim] moods4 ,! significance ( ! religi\s incl9ations ( c\ntry p lies j "h4 ,! peasant is religi\s because man's relation to ! natural _w ab\t him is /ill ! agr>ian's great int]e/4 ,8 e?ical life is simple & develops 9 ^? prim>y or family relation%ips 9 :i* problems are comp>atively few & a di/urbance ( ! religi\s temp] by une?ical social facts r infrequ5t4 ,he is close en\gh to nature to be prompt$ to awe & rev]5ce by h] beauties & sublimities1 to gratitude by h] va/ & p]5nial b5evol5ces1 & to fe> by h] occasional cruel caprices4 ,he expresses 8 awe 9 wor%ip1 8 gratitude 9 ! spr+ & h>ve/ fe/ivals1 :i* are traditional 9 all religions1 & :5 h] mom5t>y atrocities ov]take him he appeals f nature's ,god to ! ,god :o is above nature & seeks ! int]v5tion ( a sup]natural ally 9 behalf ( human p]sonality4 ,9 a s5se ! religion ( peasants rema9s ! con/ant spr+ ( religi\s s5tim5t 9 e class ( society1 :i* o!rs may corrupt or ref9e b nev] q de/roy4 ,urban m5 suff] f an atrophy ( ! religi\s s5se because !y lose1 z !y are divorc$ f ! soil1 "s ( ! rev]5ce to :i* a view ( ! s]5e maje/ies ( nature prompts & "s ( ! fe> occasion$ by h] elem5tal passions4 ,yet ! mo/ sophi/icat$ & emancipat$ city dwell] _c f9ally escape ! problem ( ! relation ( ! human _s to ! natural _w 9 :i* x is at once *ild & rebel4 ,ev5 ! ref9em5ts & artificialities ( urban life w n save man f fac+ nature's la/ & mo/ implacable s]vant--dea?1 nor free him ( ! necessity ( mak+ "s k9d ( appeal aga9/ ! obvi\s victory :i* nature claims at ! grave4 ,! fight ( p]sonality aga9/ nature is religion's fir/ battle1 & t is "o reason :y !re is always a possibility t o!r /ruggles w be neglect$ = x4 ,traditional religion fails 9 its social tasks p>tly because m5 h suff]$ long] f ! s9s ( nature ?an f ! s9s ( man2 & religi\s =ms & traditions are !re=e bett] adju/$ to (f] !m com=t = ^! di/resses ?an = any o!r f :i* !y suff]4 ,religion is n yet fully ori5t$ to ! new p]ils to p]sonality :i* are develop$ 9 civilization4 ,b x may fail to meet ^! & yet n be totally discr$it$2 = ! new p]ils h n supplant$ ! old ones4 ,at its be/ religion is bo? a sublimation & a qualification ( ! w to live4 ,defeat$ by nature ! human _s rises above nature ?r\gh religi\s fai?1 discov]+ & creat+ a univ]se 9 :i* div9e p]sonality is ! supreme p[] & human p]sonality a *]i%$1 protect$ & dea?less reality4 ,b ?is religi\s sublimation ( ! w to live mu/ be balanc$ by a qualification ( t w to live by :i* m5 are p]suad$ to sacrifice !mselves = ea* o!r1 t !y may save !mselves f ea* o!r & realize _! highe/ self4 ,love is a natural fruit ( religion b n an inevitable "o4 ,a high appreciation ( p]sonality ought to issue 9 a rev]5ce = all p]sonalities & 9 a qualification ( ! t5d5cy to self-ass]tion = ! sake ( o!r p]sonalities4 ,b left to itself religion easily becomes a =ce :i* sublimates b does n qualify man's desire = survival2 9 :i* case x may /ill function 9 simple societies b w be less useful 9 ^? :i* are highly complex & 9 :i* ! problem ( human relation%ips has become v important4 ,next to ! fai? ( agr>ian classes ! greate/ /ronghold ( religion is 9 ! life ( ! middle classes ( ! city4 ,?is ph5om5on is due to sev]al causes4 ,ideals ( self-ma/]y & p]sonal rectitude are always /ronge/ 9 ^? classes 9 :i* physical res\rces are n s abundant z to tempt to s5sual excesses & n s scant z to lead to an obsession ) life's ext]nalities4 ,= t reason ! res\rces ( religion = ! solution ( p]sonal moral problems are p>ticul>ly covet$ by ! middle classes4 ,on ! o!r h& ! middle classes are also religi\s because !y are comp>atively unconsci\s ( _! responsibility = society's s9s & comp>atively unt\*$ by ! evil consequ5ces ( an une?ical civilization4 ,!y may !re=e indulge 9 a religion :i* creates moral respectability1 & re9=ces self-respect1 ev5 ?\gh x does n =ce !m to %>e _! s5se ( wor? ) all _! fell[s4 ,!re is = ?is reason an elem5t ( hypocrisy 9 all middle-class religion ( :i* x nev] becomes cle>ly consci\s b :i* helps to create ! corrod+ cynicism f :i* ! l[] classes ( mod]n society suff]4 ,s9ce ideals ( p]sonal righte\sness fl\ri% 9 ! g5teel pov]ty ( ! c\ntryside at lea/ z well z 9 urban middle class conditions1 ! religion ( peasants & ! city's middle classes h two *>act]i/ics 9 common3 _! preoccupation ) problems ( ! individual life & _! conc]n = ! adju/m5t ( ! s\l to nature's realities4 ,b :ile !y %>e ^! elem5ts ! two types ( religion are by no means id5tical4 ,! simple exp$i5t ( claim+ div9e & sup]natural int]v5tion 9 ! s\l's specific cases ( di/ress does n appeal to ! sophi/icat$ intellig5ce ( city p1 p>ticul>ly s9ce high] le>n+ has become s g5]al & sci5ce has become ! burd5 ( ?is le>n+4 ,!y are anxi\s to correct ! intellectual inadequacies ( traditional religion2 & if !y are consci\s ( any moral defects 9 x1 !y h ! easy fai? t ^! w be elim9at$ ) a prop] adju/m5t ( religi\s affirmations to ! _w ( sci5tific fact4 ,! conflict betwe5 or?odoxy & lib]alism1 betwe5 fundam5talism & mod]nism1 is ess5tially a conflict betwe5 city & c\ntryside4 ,?\gh ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation 0 us$ by ! ris+ cities to ass]t ! ne$s ( ! inn] life aga9/ a too artificially elaborat$ in/itutional religion & to express an e?ic ( individualism aga9/ ! traditional loyalties ( ! peasants r ?an to make a readju/m5t ( religion to ! gr[+ dem&s ( intellectual life1 ! humani/ic revival :i* prec$$ ! ,re=mation 0 cle>ly det]m9$ by ?is latt] int]e/ & x contribut$ to ! dissolution ( ! m$ieval religi\s /ructure4 ,9 ! rec5t !ological controv]sies )9 ,prote/antism1 betwe5 ,cons]vatism & ,lib]alism1 ! religi\s navete ( ! agr>ian & ! intellectual sophi/ication ( ! city are m obvi\s influ5ces 9 ! conflict4 ,! revision ( anci5t affirmations ( fai? 9 ! light ( mod]n le>n+ 0 ( c\rse necess>y f ! po9t ( view ( ! g5]al ne$s ( ! age1 & n requir$ m]ely to satisfy ! intellectual scruples ( a p>ticul> class 9 society :i* has a prepond]ant influ5ce 9 ! ,prote/ant *ur*4 ,x might be bett] to say !re=e t ! comm]cial middle classes appropriat$ z mu* z !y prompt$ ! revision ( ,prote/ant !ology & religion4 ,by do+ ?is !y h inde$ creat$ a religion capable ( ma9ta9+ itself 9 urban civilization1 b x develops little p[] = ! e?ical recon/ruction ( indu/rial society4 ,! same religioni/s :o pride !mselves ^u ! reasonabl5ess ( _! fai? g5]ally use _! v mod]n & revis$ religion to sanctify a v unmod]n & unrevis$ e?ical or?odoxy1 an individuali/ic or?odoxy :i* makes mu* ( self-realization & comp>atively little ( ! social ne$s ( mod]n life4 ,! k9d ( lib]al religion :i* ?rives among ! privileg$ classes ( ! city gives !m "s gu>antee ( ! wor? ( _! p]sonalities aga9/ ! ?reats ( a seem+ly imp]sonal univ]se :i* sci5ce has reveal$1 b x does n help to make !m aw>e ( ! p]ils to p]sonality 9 society itself4 ,! f9al te/ ( any religion mu/ be its ability to prompt e?ical action ^u ! basis ( rev]5ce = p]sonality4 ,to create a _w view :i* ju/ifies a high appreciation ( p]sonality & fails to develop an e?ic :i* gu>antees ! wor? ( p]sonality 9 society1 is ! great hypocrisy4 ,x is ! hypocrisy :i* is corrupt+ almo/ all mod]n religion4 ,9 a s5se hypocrisy is ! inevitable by-product ( e religion4 ,m5 are nev] z good z _! ideals & nev] z consci\s z ! imp>tial obs]v] ( _! div]g5ce f !m4 ,e religi\s p]son commits ! error ( solipsism 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! s9 ( claim+ = himself :at he w n grant to 8 bro!rs4 ,! religion ( mod]n m51 p>ticul>ly ( ! privileg$ classes1 seems to be m ?an ord9>ily ins9c]e1 p>tly because ! social simplicity ( ano!r age obscur$ ?is inevitable hypocrisy & p>tly because ! privilege ( ! religi\s classes is s great & its une?ical basis 9 mod]n society1 p>ticul>ly f ! p]spective ( ! l[ly1 s pat5t & s de/ructive1 t x is no long] possible to veil ! immoral implications ( a self-c5t]$ religion4 ,! "q :i* we really face1 !re=e1 is :e!r religion is con/itutionally b a sublimation ( man's w to live or :e!r x c really qualify ! w ( ! individual & re/ra9 8 expansive desires = ! sake ( society4 ,if x is only ! =m]1 x w cont9ue to be ! peculi> possession ei!r ( ^? :o h no urg5t social problems or ( ^? :o are ! b5efici>ies & n ! victims ( social maladju/m5ts4 ,if religion is n n[ function+ 9 ! solution ( social & e?ical problems1 its impot5ce 9 ?is field may be due to con/itutional weaknesses :i* may be correct$1 once !y are und]/ood1 or x may be due to c]ta9 specific hi/orical influ5ces ( ! pa/ c5turies ( ,we/]n life :i* fur!r exp]i5ce w *ange & qualify4 ,if religion has res\rces = ! solution ( social & e?ical problems :i* h n be5 made available = ! uses ( society1 x is ! duty ( mod]n tea*]s ( religion & ( all :o /ill h confid5ce 9 its social efficacy or :o b5efit by its com=ts to "w = ! elim9ation ( its social limitations1 :e!r !y seem to be incid5tal & casual or basic & con/itutional4 ,ev5 con/itutional limitations 9 ! social task ne$ n discr$it religion z a social =ce2 = a valuable res\rce may be closely relat$ to a social limitation & a way may be discov]$ to deta* ! "o f ! o!r4 ,m5 always t5d to be ei!r uncritical devotees or m]ciless critics ( ! v>i\s values :i* em]ge 9 human life4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true 9 reg>d to ! values ( religion1 ! limitations ( :i* are always aggravat$ by its unreflective *ampions & made ! occasion ( sweep+ abuse by its critics4 ,religi\s p h assum$ too easily t a religi\s life mu/ issue n only 9 private rectitude b 9 p]fect social attitudes4 ,?is ov]e/imate ( its social usefulness easily creates a reaction ( criticism :i* d5ies t !re is any useful c\nsel 9 religion = ! problems ( society or any dynamic necess>y = _! solution4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,social ,,res\rces ,,( ,,religion ,! task ( analyz+ & isolat+ ! e?ical limitations & ! social defici5cies ( religion is to no purpose if !re is n 9 religion itself1 at its be/1 "s res\rces :i* civilization & society ne$ = ! solution ( _! problems4 ,"s critics ( religion disc\nt x entirely z a social =ce1 or at lea/ z a =ce ( social progress4 ,b]tr& ,russell's prejudices on ?is subject are too viol5t to make 8 te/imony aga9/ religion p>ticul>ly weighty4 ,yet he speaks = a l>ge numb] ( e?ically s5sitive individuals :o %>e 8 critical attitude1 if n 8 vehem5ce1 :5 he decl>es3 8,s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury ! *ur* has consi/5tly enc\rag$ m5's blood lu/ & av>ice & disc\rag$ e approa* to human & k9dly feel+4444 ,emancipation f ! *ur*es is /ill an ess5tial condition ( improvem5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica :]e ! *ur*es h m influ5ce ?an 9 ,europe4444 ,( all requisites = ! reg5]ation ( society ! decay ( religion seems to me to h ! be/ *ance ( be+ realiz$40#b ,! numb] ( p among ! middle & high] classes :o w\ld subscribe to su* a d5unciation ( organiz$ religion is probably n v l>ge4 ,b !re are v _m :o ignore ! *ur* z a =ce = social amelioration2 & 9 ! class ( indu/rial work]s a temp] aga9/ ! *ur* exce$+ ev5 ,mr4 ,russell's viol5ce is v g5]al4 ,:atev] may be ! facts 9 reg>d to contempor>y religion & to o!r specific types ( organiz$ religi\s life1 x is relevant to ask :e!r religion z su*1 fre$ f its specific limitations1 conta9s indisp5sable res\rces = ! e?ical recon/ruction ( society4 ,! fir/ res\rce :i* w\ld seem to be ( social value is ! social imag9ation :i* religion1 at its be/1 develops ^u ! basis ( its high evaluation ( p]sonality4 ,a spiritual int]pretation ( ! univ]se may n issue automatically 9 a high appreciation ( human p]sonality1 b religion is nev] q able to d5y ?is e?ical implication ( its fai?1 & 9 occasional mom5ts ( high insight x revels 9 x4 ,x p]suades m5 to reg>d _! fell[s z _! bro!rs because !y are all *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,x insi/s1 9 o!r words1 t temporal circum/ance & obvi\s diff]5ces are dw>f$ be=e ! spiritual aff9ities :i* m5 h ?r\gh _! common relation to a div9e creator4 ,?us ,jesus c\ld deal sympa!tically ) ! h>lot ( ! /reet1 ! publican at ! gate1 ! ,sam>itan woman at ! well & ! bl9d$ fanatics & _! dupes :o crucifi$ him4 ,! apo/le ,paul1 ?\gh he did n always und]/& ! g5ius ( 8 ma/]1 0 nev]!less able to appreh5d ?is c5tral dogma at ! he>t ( religion & decl>e3 8,9 ,*ri/ !re is nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 nei!r bond nor free40 ,celsus1 ! critic ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 d]ides ! *ur* = its failure to di/+ui% betwe5 outca/s & respectable citiz5s4 ,! f]vor & consi/5cy ) :i* ! *ur* has esp\s$ ! ideal ( ! equal wor? ( all p]sonalities has n always equal$ t ( ! e>ly *ur*2 _m compromises ) ! brute facts ( hi/ory h be5 made2 yet ! *ur* has nev] be5 able to betray ?is fai? altoge!r4 ,! mission>y ent]prise ) all its weaknesses is /ill a revelation ( ?is p[] 9 religion4 ,oceans are bridg$ & v>y+ circum/ances ( race & environm5t are ignor$ 9 ord] t ! s\l inspir$ by ,god may claim k9%ip ) o!r s\ls ( e race & e clime4 ,! physical *>act]i/ics & outw>d circum/ances 9 :i* m5 diff] are sometimes n s great z !y seem to ! sup]ficial obs]v]2 :]e=e education may d z mu* z religion to cultivate & discov] ^? pr(\nd] unities :i* made all m5 bro!rs4 ,!re are hatr$s :i* are due m]ely to misund]/&+4 ,!y spr+ f ! p>o*ialism ( ! av]age m9d1 :i* kn[s no bett] ?an to reg>d ) contempt :at diff]s f ! /&>ds & values to :i* x has become habituat$4 ,education & culture may emancipate m5 f su* hatr$s4 ,o!r misund]/&+s :i* are caus$ by a sup]ficial analysis ( m5's action may be dissipat$ by a pr(\nd] appreciation ( ! complex life ( e individual out ( :i* ea* action em]ges4 ,yet und]/&+ alone does n solve all ! problems ( liv+ toge!r4 ,we d n hate only ^? :om we d n "k or und]/&4 ,sometimes we hate ^? mo/ :om we "k be/4 ,love does n fl[ inevitably out ( intimacy4 ,intimacy may m]ely acc5tuate previ\s attitudes1 :e!r !y be b5evol5t or malevol5t4 ,an?ropologi/s are easily obsess$ ) ! inequalities :i* m5 reveal 9 _! natural /ate1 & ! v abundance ( _! k prompts !m to an e?ically en]vat+ det]m9ism :5 !y attempt to gauge ! pot5tialities ( s-call$ primitive peoples4 ,! mod]n psy*ologi/s are m incl9$ to accept ! dogma ( ! total depravity ( man ?an ! anci5t !ologians 71 & !y prove !reby t a pr(\nd k ( human nature ne$ n incl9e m5 to reg>d human be+s ) rev]5ce & affection4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,m5ck5 may n speak = ! sci5ti/s1 b he is some:at typical ( ! cynicism :i* foll[s 9 ! wake ( intellectualism4 ,8 e/imate ( human be+s is3 8,man is a sick fly tak+ a dizzy ride on a gigantic fly:eel4444 ,he is lazy1 improvid5t1 unclean4444 ,life is a combat betwe5 jackals & jackasses40 ,love is always slightly irrational & requires an irrational urge = its support4 ,x is at lea/ z irrational z hatr$ & ! same intellig5ce :i* mitigates ! "o may en]vate ! o!r4 ,a highly sophi/icat$ intellig5ce is g5]ally unable to survey ! human sc5e ) any high] attitude ?an t ( pity = human be+s1 & pity is a =m ( contempt "u a ?9 disguise ( sympa?y4 ,! facts ( human nature are suffici5tly complex to validate almo/ any hypo!sis :i* may be project$ into !m4 ,!re=e ! assumptions ^u :i* we essay our social contacts are all important4 ,"o reason :y ! social sci5ces c nev] atta9 ! sci5tific pre/ige ( ! physical sci5ces to :i* !y aspire is t ! importance ( hypo!ses increases ) ! complexity & v>iability ( ! data into :i* !y are project$4 ,e assumption is an hypo!sis1 & human nature is s complex t x ju/ifies almo/ e assumption & prejudice ) :i* ei!r a sci5tific inve/igation or an ord9>y human contact is initiat$4 ,a vital religion n only prompts m5 to v5ture ! assumption t human be+s are ess5tially tru/wor?y & lovable1 b x end[s !m ) ! c\rage & incl9ation to ma9ta9 _! hypo!sis :5 imm$iate facts contradict x until full] facts are br\ght 9 to v]ify x4 ,m]e s5tim5t is easily defeat$ by life's disappo9t+ realities4 ,anatole ,france obs]v$ t if "o />t$ ) ! supposition t m5 are naturally good & virtu\s1 "o inevitably ends by wi%+ to kill !m all4 ,human nature is nei!r lovable nor tru/wor?y 9 its undiscipl9$ /ate & a s5tim5tal ov]e/imate ( its virtue may well result 9 ! reaction to :i* ,anatole ,france alludes4 ,yet its undevelop$ res\rces are always great] ?an ei!r a sup]ficial or critical intellig5ce is able to fa?om4 ,!re mu/ be an elem5t ( fai? 9 love if x is to be creative4 8,love10 said ,paul1 8believes all ?+s02 & x may be add$ t x saves its fai? f absurdity by creat+ "s ( ! evid5ce :i* ju/ifies its assumptions4 ,x 8hopes till hope creates f its own wreck ! ?+ x contemplates40 ,no?+ less ?an a religi\s appreciation ( p]sonality1 support$ by a spiritual int]pretation ( ! univ]se itself 9 t]ms ( moral goodwill1 w make love robu/ en\gh to ov]come mom5t>y disappo9tm5ts & ga9 its f9al victory4 ,! injunction ( ,jesus to 8 disciples to =give n sev5 times1 b sev5ty times sev51 repres5ts ! natural social /rategy ( a robu/ & vital religi\s idealism1 :i* subdues evil by its unsw]v+ confid5ce 9 ! good4 ,:ile x is true t religion does n issue automatically 9 an attitude ( rev]5ce & goodwill t[>d all human p]sonalities1 x nev]!less rema9s a fact t a religi\s _w view does incl9e m5 to reg>d _! fell[ m5 f a p]spective :i* obscures diff]5ces & imp]fections & reveals aff9ities & pot5tial virtue4 ,ev5 if intellig5ce became imag9ative en\gh to discov] ! aff9ities1 x c\ld n be c\rage\s en\gh to *all5ge ! evil 9 m5 9 ! "n ( _! bett] selves4 ,! art ( =giv5ess c be le>n$ only 9 ! s*ool ( religion4 ,& x is an art :i* m5 mu/ le>n increas+ly z a complex society makes human associations m & m intimate4 ,:atev] improvem5t a gr[+ social sci5ce may e/abli% 9 ! te*nique ( social int]c\rse1 m5 w nev] escape ! necessity ( ov]com+ ! evil1 :i* !y inflict ^u ea* o!r1 by creative pati5ce & c\rage\s tru/4 ,a high] intellig5ce may mitigate our fe>s & an exact] ju/ice may re/ra9 ! incl9ation to wreak v5geance ^u ! wrongdo]2 b only ! /ubborn =ces ( religion w turn fe> into tru/ & hatr$ into love4 ,sometimes mutual fe> & hatr$ r$uce !mselves to su* an absurdity 7z 9 ! late ,_w ,w>7 t ev5 a sup]ficial intellig5ce c recognize x2 b _! absurdity does n become pat5t until !y h issu$ 9 mutual annihilation4 ,ev5 !n ! p]son ) an ord9>y commons5se view ( life c d no bett] ?an to sub/itute p>tial tru/ = fe> & p>tial und]/&+ = hatr$4 ,s "o w> bre$s ! next4 ,all m5 are pot5tially at once our foes & our fri5ds4 ,an unreflective social life assumes t !y are enemies & helps to make !m s4 ,a high] social intellig5ce e/abli%es a nicely balanc$ compromise betwe5 tru/ & mi/ru/ s t ! "o _c be v creative & ! o!r n too de/ructive4 ,only ! fooli%ness ( fai? kn[s h[ to assume ! bro!rhood ( man & to create x by ! help ( ! assumption4 ,a religi\s ideal is always a little absurd because x insi/s on ! tru? ( :at ought to be true b is only p>tly true2 x is h[ev] ! ultimate wisdom1 because reality sl[ly approa*es ! ideals :i* are implicit 9 its life4 ,a m]ely reali/ic analysis ( any giv5 set ( facts is !re=e z dang]\s z x is helpful4 ,! creative & r$emptive =ce is a fai? :i* defies ! real 9 ! "n ( ! ideal1 & subdues x4 ,love is1 9 %ort1 a religi\s attitude4 ,!re are circum/ances 9 :i* x may prosp] )\t ! inspiration ( religion4 ,9 ! family relation & 9 o!r intimate circles proximity & consangu9ity may prompt m5 to reg>d human be+s z ess5tially good1 & direct exp]i5ce validate _! fai?4 ,t is :y ,jesus disc\nt$ love 9 ! family z a religi\s a*ievem5t4 8,if ye love ^? :o love y1 :at ?anks h ye80 ,9 ! second>y relations1 :i* are no long] second>y 9 ! matt] ( importance to human welf>e1 ! matt] is n s simple4 ,9 ^! only a sublime assumption w p]suade m5 to emb>k ^u ! adv5ture ( bro!rhood1 & only a robu/ & con/antly repl5i%$ fai? w inure !m aga9/ inevitable disappo9tm5ts4 ,! religi\s int]pretation ( ! _w is ess5tially an insi/5ce t ! ideal is real & t ! real c be und]/ood only 9 ! light ( ! ideal4 ,s9ce ! family relation is ! mo/ e?ical relation m5 "k1 religi\s fai? int]prets all life 9 t]ms ( t relation4 ,9 view ( _m ( ! facts ( hi/ory :i* seem to reveal ! _w ( man z b a projection ( ! _w ( nature 9 :i* animal fights ) animal & h]d ) h]d1 ?is k9d ( int]pretation is sup]ficially too absurd to p]suade a highly sophi/icat$ intellig5ce4 ,x is ! tru? :i* is )held f ! wise & reveal$ to babes4 ,yet x is ! tru? )\t :i* m5 w n be able to build a peaceful society4 ,x is ! tru? :i* ev5 ! physical facts ( a highly complex civilization1 9 :i* space & "t are be+ annihilat$1 are conspir+ to make true4 ,! races & gr\ps ( mank9d are obvi\sly n liv+ z a family2 b !y ought to4 ,& z ! necessity becomes m urg5t ! tru? ( ! ideal becomes m real4 ,x w\ld be fooli% to insi/ t goodwill alone w create consci5ce & t to detect ! e?ical core at ! he>t ( man's be+ is all t is requir$ to make him e?ical4 ,x is a task to p]suade human be+s to tru/ _! fell[s2 b is equally important to prompt _! fell[s to tru/wor?y action4 ,if human nature is left un*all5g$ & undevelop$1 x h>dly qualifies ! brute /ruggle = survival suffici5tly to validate any religion or e?ic ( tru/4 ,m5's actions are n z free z we h imag9$4 ,! social1 economic & psy*ological sci5ces h re/rict$ ! concept ( fre$om 9 ! s\l ( man z ! physical sci5ces h re/rict$ x 9 ! univ]se4 ,man is n only less free ?an he _h once imag9$1 b he is n z free z he once 04 ,if sci5ce has discr$it$ ! idea ( fre$om1 civilization has circumscrib$ ! fact4 ,x is easi] = man to act z an e?ical individual 9 a comp>atively simple social gr\p1 su* z ! family1 ?an 9 a v l>ge & complex social gr\p :5 ev5 ! mo/ robu/ e?ical purpose mu/ meet ! resi/ance & ! corruption ( ! primitive & untam$ desires ( ! gr\p4 ,if man is capable ( sacrific+ imm$iate advantages = ultimate ones & 8 own advantages = ! sake ( society1 ?is capacity is an a*ievem5t :i* he ga9s only aft] mu* ef=t & pres]ves f corruption only at ! price ( et]nal vigilance4 ,! fir/ requisite ( an e?ical life 9 mod]n civilization is a realization ( ! difficulties :i* face ! human consci5ce 9 ma9ta9+ itself aga9/ ! pressure ( imm$iate desires to :i* ! :ole emotional life ( man is w$d$4 ,x is n easy to sacrifice meat = beauty1 pleasure = "s seem+ly ephem]al value1 self-int]e/ = ! sake ( ! family1 ! int]e/ ( ! family = ! sake ( society1 ! int]e/ ( our g5]ation = ! society ( to-morr[4 ,yet only by su* sacrifices c man prove ! reality & pot5cy ( 8 creative w4 ,if su* sacrifices are n actually made1 all s-call$ morality becomes 9 fact a device = obscur+ ! be/iality ( man )\t ov]com+ x4 ,! fact t1 9 spite ( ! pressure ( ! /ruggle = survival1 man has creat$ a k+dom ( values 9 :i* tru?1 beauty & goodness h be5 made real1 is pro( t he is m free & m moral ?an ! mod]n cynic is will+ to conc$e4 ,b 8 k+dom ( values is nev] z uncorrupt$ z he imag9es4 ,! task !re=e ( b9d+ m5 to spiritual values1 & ( prompt+ !m to sacrifice imm$iate pleasures & physical satisfactions = !m1 is difficult almo/ to ! po9t ( desp]ation4 ,religion makes its contribution to x by giv+ man ! assurance t ! _w ( values really has a relevant place 9 ! univ]se & t values are p]man5t & w be cons]v$4 ,he is *all5g$ to sacrifice 9 a univ]se 9 :i* love is a basic law4 ,he is ask$ to pref] p]sonal values to prop]ty values 9 a _w 9 :i* p]sonality is ! highe/ reality4 ,he is prompt$ to ex]cise 8 consci5ce "u ! scrut9y & ) ! sympa?y ( a high] consci5ce4 ,religion 9 its pure/ =m does n gu>antee man an imm$iate rew>d = e e?ical a*ievem5t2 inde$ x may (f] him no rew>d at all except ! rew>d :i* inh]es 9 ! act itself4 ,b x does give him ! f9al satisfaction ( gu>antee+ ! reality ( a univ]se :i* is n bl9d to ! values = :i* he mu/ pay su* a high price1 & :i* is n indiff]5t or ho/ile to 8 /ruggle4 ,x asks him to respect human p]sonality because ! univ]se itself1 9 spite ( "s obvi\s evid5ce to ! contr>y1 kn[s h[ to cons]ve p]sonality2 & to create values 9 a _w 9 :i* values are n an eff]vesc5ce b a reality4 ,religion is 9 %ort ! c\rage\s logic :i* makes ! e?ical /ruggle consi/5t ) _w facts4 ,9 its mo/ vital =m religion validates its sublime assumptions 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce & gives man an un%akable c]ta9ty4 ,x ?us becomes ! dynamic ( moral action z well z ! logic :i* makes ! action reasonable4 ,! =ce ( its fai? op]ates n only to pres]ve moral vigor b to s5sitize moral judgm5ts4 ,! ,god ( religi\s devotion is n only reveal$ 9 ! moral values ( ! univ]se outside ( man1 b he is reveal$ 9 ! aspirations ( man :i* are beyond 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,god insures n only ! pres]vation ( values b _! p]fection4 ,all moral a*ievem5t is qualifi$ by ! relativities ( "t & circum/ance4 ,! wor%ip ( a holy ,god saves ! s\l f tak+ premature satisfaction 9 its p>tial a*ievem5t4 ,x subjects e moral value to comp>ison ) a m p]fect moral ideal4 ,( c\rse ! absolute p]fection ( ,god is itself condition$ by ! imp]fect human insight :i* conceives x4 ,a cruel age may picture ,god m cruel ?an itself1 & to a g5]ation lu/+ = p[] ,god may be ! supreme tyrant4 ,?us religion may become ! sanctification ( human imp]fections4 ,yet 9 its highe/ =m religion does inculcate a :olesome _s ( humility :i* gives ! s\l no peace 9 any virtue :ile high] virtue is atta9able4 ,! =ce ( religion 9 moral action & ! necessity ( religi\s assurance = ! highe/ type ( social life may be gaug$ by an analysis ( possible alt]natives to a social life :i* is ori5t$ by a religi\s _w view4 ,!re are two real alt]natives to su* a life4 ,! "o is bas$ ^u an e?ical b unreligi\s _w view1 & ! o!r scorns bo? e?ics & religion 9 its absolute det]m9ism4 ,an e?ical life :i* claims no support f religion may on occasion develop a v high type ( social idealism1 p>ticul>ly s9ce x escapes ! e?ical defects ( religion ev5 :ile x sacrifices religi\s res\rces4 ,/oicism is 9 _m respects sup]ior to pan!i/ic religions2 = !re are moral advantages 9 und]e/imat+ r ?an ov]e/imat+ ! virtue ( ! univ]se4 ,x is bett] to create a s5se ( t5sion betwe5 ! consci5ce ( man & a morally indiff]5t nature ?an to obscure ! moral defects ( nature by a deification ( ! natural ord]4 ,b if m5 disav[ all fai? 9 a p[] n _! own :i* makes = righte\sness1 !y _c f9ally save !mselves f ei!r arrogance or despair4 ,religion may de/roy man's self-reliance by an undue s5se ( humility1 b ev5 t limitation is no m de/ructive ( moral values ?an a self-reliance :i* prompts ! human _s to /rut = a :ile on ?is n>r[ _w 9 ! consci\sness ( unique virtue be=e capitulat+ to a _w :i* is too bl9d to "k :at x has de/roy$4 ,?omas ,huxley ?\ght he w\ld z soon wor%ip 8a wild]ness ( monkeys0 z to give himself to ! wor%ip ( humanity aft] ! fa%ion ( ,comte4 ,to insi/ too /r5u\sly ^u ! uniqu5ess ( human life 9 ! cosmic ord] mu/ inevitably issue 9 ! pride :i* su* a wor%ip implies4 ,s9ce ! ,r5aissance !re has be5 a m>k$ decay ( ! _s ( humility 9 ,we/]n civilization :i* is closely associat$ ) ! secul>ization ( its e?ical idealism4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! pride ( secul> idealism & ! humility implicit 9 g5u9e religion may be gaug$1 z ,pr(essor ,irv+ ,babbitt sugge/s1 by comp>+ ,confucius ) ,buddha & ,m>cus ,aurelius ) ,jesus4 ,pascal ?\ght ! /oics 7 guilty ( 8diabolical pride40 ,! judgm5t may be too sev]e1 b x mu/ be confess$ t a purely secul> idealism has difficulty 9 escap+ a morally de/ructive arrogance f :i* true religion is sav$ because x subjects all values & a*ievem5ts to measurem5t1 ) its absolutes z ! crit]ia4 8,:y calle/ ?\ me good80 said ,jesus3 8no "o is good save ,god40 ,9 ! religion ( ,jesus ! p]fection ( ,god is consi/5tly def9$ z an absolute love by comp>ison ) :i* all altrui/ic a*ievem5ts fall %ort4 8,i say unto y1 love y\r enemies2 bless !m t curse y2 d good to !m t despitefully use y & p]secute y2 t ye may be *ildr5 ( y\r ,fa!r 9 heav52 = he make? 8 sun to rise on ! evil & ! good & s5de? ra9 ^u ! j & on ! unju/4 ,= if ye love !m :i* love y1 :at rew>d h ye8 ,d n ev5 ! publicans ! same8444 ,be ye !re=e p]fect ev5 z y\r ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect40#c ,"h ! value ( an absolute /&>d to save f undue pride 9 p>tial e?ical a*ievem5ts is p>ticul>ly app>5t4 ,prud5tial morality c h>dly g beyond ! enc\ragem5t ( altruism )9 ! social gr\p1 i4e4 lov+ ^? 8:i* love y40 ,t is precisely :at ,/oicism did4 ,x is j ?is pride 9 p>tial a*ievem5t :i* complicates ! moral problem ( mod]n life2 = our e?ical difficulties are creat$ by ! v t5d5cy ( reasonable e?ics to make life )9 gr\ps moral & nev] to aspire to ! moral r$emption ( int]-gr\p relations4 ,humility is !re=e a spiritual grace :i* has value n only = its own sake b = its influ5ce ^u social problems4 ,traditional religions1 :i* live (f ( orig9al inspirations & exp]i5ces )\t recreat+ !m1 easily fall into a pride ( _! own1 ! pride :i* comes f id5tify+ ! absolute /&>ds ( _! inspir$ s\rce ) _! p>tial a*ievem5ts & inevitable compromises4 ,b religion 9 its pure/ & mo/ unspoil$ =m is always productive ( a _s ( humility :i* reg>ds e moral a*ievem5t z b a vantage po9t f :i* new v5tures ( fai? & life are to be initiat$ t[>d ! allur+ p]fection :i* is 9 ,god4 ,an e?ical idealism unsupport$ by religion is almo/ z c]ta9 to issue 9 f9al despair z 9 unju/ifi$ pride4 ,a few *oice spirits are sometimes able to imag9e !mselves 9 rebellion aga9/ ! univ]se )\t f9ally succumb+ to a temp] ( sull5ness2 b ! dreadful logic ( insi/+ ^u consci5ce 9 a consci5celess _w inevitably leaves its m>k ^u ! multitude4 ,oswald ,sp5gl]1 9 8 morphology ( civilizations1#d pres5ts 8religion )\t ,god0 z ! unv>y+ symptom ( a dy+ civilization1 too sophi/icat$ to believe 9 ! cosmic wor? ( its moral values b n q ready to ab&on !m4 ,! en]vat+ effect ( a moral idealism :i* has sacrific$ its hopes ) its illusions always becomes app>5t 9 ! long run1 b frequ5tly x reveals itself q imm$iately 9 ! v lives ( its mo/ robu/ *ampions4 ,mr4 ,russell may ?9k t ! 8firm f\ndation ( unyield+ despair0 is an adequate basis = an e?ical life1 b 8 own gr[+ bitt]ness betrays h[ su* a philosophy corrupts moral idealism ) a s5se ( fru/ration4 ,! ideali/ is put into ! position ( sacrific+ ev]y?+ = values :i* h no gu>ante$ reality 9 ! cosmic ord]4 ,ev5 8 fai? 9 mank9d is f9ally de/roy$2 = h[ev] preci\s p]sonal values may seem 9 a giv5 mom5t1 8 philosophy d5ies him ! "r to attribute any la/+ wor? to !m4 ,true religion gives man a s5se ( bo? humility & security be=e ! hol9ess :i* is at once ! s\rce & ! goal ( 8 virtue2 & ?us x saves him at ! same "t f premature complac5cy & ultimate despair4 ,! *oice betwe5 irreligi\s & religi\s idealism is ! *oice betwe5 pride :i* issues 9 despond5cy & humility :i* becomes ! basis ( self-respect4 ,!re is an irrational elem5t 9 ei!r alt]native2 b ! irreligi\s ideali/ is 9 error :5 he imag9es t he has *os5 ! m reasonable alt]native2 8 *oice is no m reasonable & morally mu* less pot5t4 ,! absolute det]m9i/s :o h z little confid5ce 9 ! moral integrity ( human nature z 9 any moral mean+ 9 cosmic facts are m consi/5t ?an ! ,/oics1 b !y are involv$ 9 worse absurdities4 ,_! cynicism robs !m ( bo? an adequate motive & an adequate me?od = social recon/ruction4 ,disc\nt+ moral idealism ev5 :ile !y exhibit x 9 _! social passion1 !y o/5sibly desire social recon/ruction only 9 ! int]e/ ( ! class to :i* !y belong4 ,b _! p]sonal int]e/s are n frequ5tly id5tical ) ^? ( ! oppress$ classes & !y are mov$ z mu* by sympa?y = ! plight ( ! victims ( our pres5t society z by any selfi% consid]ations4 ,!y pr(ess to be prompt$ by ! reflection t individual action has become useless 9 a capitali/ic age & t x is possible to advance ! int]e/s ( an individual only by mak+ common cause ) o!r individuals 9 a simil> pr$icam5t4 ,mean:ile !re is h>dly an economic det]m9i/1 ev5 among ^? :o are actually memb]s ( ! class ( ! oppress$1 :o c\ld n ga9 high] advantages = himself by disassociat+ himself f 8 class ?an by mak+ common cause ) x4 ,?is is c]ta9ly true ( ^? :o are intellig5t en\gh to evolve or elaborate ! !ory ( absolute det]m9ism4 ,absolute det]m9ism1 :5 develop$ consi/5tly1 mu/ disav[ all o!r me?ods ( social recon/ruction b t ( ru?less conflict4 ,if no?+ qualifies ! self-int]e/ ( m51 a conflict ( int]e/s becomes inevitable4 ,?is defect 9 me?od is ev5 m important ?an ! defect 9 its motive4 ,a ru?less /ruggle c result 9 an ord]$ society only if ! victors are able to annihilate _! foes4 ,b ev5 9 t ev5t ! int]e/s ( ! memb]s ( any class engag$ 9 a social or political /ruggle w cease to be id5tical z soon z its foes are elim9at$4 ,?us a new & equally ru?less /ruggle mu/ result betwe5 ! comp>atively /rong & comp>atively weak1 ! comp>atively privileg$ & ! comp>atively und]privileg$ victors4 ,ultimately m5 _c escape ! necessity ( build+ a /able society by ! mutual compromise & ! mutual sacrifice ( conflict+ rights4 ,! det]m9i/s h made an important contribution to ! mod]n social problem by reveal+ ! brutal nature ( mu* ( man's social life4 ,ev5 if ! human consci5ce c\ld be s5sitiz$ to a mu* great] degree ?an n[ seems probable1 x w n be possible to elim9ate conflict betwe5 v>i\s social & economic gr\ps4#e ,good m5 d n easily realize h[ selfi% !y are if someone does n resi/ _! selfi%ness2 & !y are n incl9$ to abridge _! p[] if someone does n *all5ge _! "r to hold x4 ,religi\s & moral idealism _c be expect$ to elim9ate1 b x c be expect$ to mitigate social w>f>e4 ,! consci5ce ( man mu/ f9ally be ! =ce :i* builds a new society2 & a man ) a consci5ce mu/ be ! end = :i* su* a society is built4 ,if !re is no virtue 9 man :i* lifts him above ! brute /ruggle = survival1 !re is no value 9 him to ju/ify ! ef=t ( build+ a new & m p]fect society--& he is n ! /uff out ( :i* su* a society c be built4 ,x is difficult to escape ! conclusion t ! rev]5ce = p]sonality :i* is implicit 9 religion is necess>y to e/abli% an adequate motive & an adequate me?od ( social recon/ruction4 ,rev]5ce = p]sonality qualifies ! individual's w to p[] s t 8 life c be integrat$ ) o!r lives ) a m9imum ( conflict2 & x saves society f sacrific+ ! individual to ! ne$s ( ! gr\p4 ,9 ! religion ( ,jesus bo? a social & an individuali/ic emphasis issues f a spiritual appreciation ( human p]sonality4 ,! individual is giv5 a place & pre/ige :i* he nev] be=e possess$ 9 society4 ,we/]n civilization owes mu* to ! high evaluation ( ! individual :i* ,jesus introduc$ into ! ?\ght ( ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h& ?is emphasis is sav$ f m]e individualism by an e?ic :i* helps ! individual to realize 8 highe/ self by sacrific+ p]sonal advantages = social values4 ,! contribution ( religion to ! task ( an e?ical recon/ruction ( society is its rev]5ce = human p]sonality & its aid 9 creat+ ! type ( p]sonality :i* des]ves rev]5ce4 ,m5 _c create a society if !y d n believe 9 ea* o!r4 ,!y _c believe 9 ea* o!r if !y _c see ! pot5tial 9 ! real facts ( human nature4 ,& !y _c h ! fai? :i* discov]s pot5tialities if !y _c int]pret human nature 9 ! light ( a univ]se :i* is p]fect+ & n de/roy+ p]sonal values4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,social ,,cons]vatism ,,( ,,mod]n ,,religion ,! *>ge aga9/ religion mo/ frequ5tly made by critics :o are int]e/$ 9 social recon/ruction is t x is a cons]vative =ce :i* imp$es social progress4 ,if x has res\rces :i* are indisp5sable = ! life ( society1 social ideali/s w n appreciate !m if its contempor>y =ms are inv>iably align$ ) ! social =ces mo/ int5t ^u pres]v+ ! /atus quo4 ,contempor>y lib]al ,*ri/ianity refutes ! *>ge ( social cons]vatism by appeal+ to ! social radicalism ( ,jesus :i* x alleges to h appropriat$4 ,by ?is appeal lib]al ,*ri/ianity exhibits "o ( ! v t5d5cies ( religion :i* subjects x to ! criticism ( social lib]als4 ,religion is easily tempt$ to make devotion to ! ideal a sub/itute = its realization & to become oblivi\s to ! inevitable compromise betwe5 its ideal & ! brute facts ( life4 ,! absolute nature ( ! e?ics ( ,jesus & ! p]fect h>mony betwe5 8 religion & 8 e?ics may be ! gu>antee ( ! p]5nial spiritual & e?ical r5ewal ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 b x is also occasion = ! self-deception ( _m pr(ess$ disciples4 ,_m /reams ( ?\ght h contribut$ to ! curr5t ( mod]n lib]al ,*ri/ianity & x conta9s alluvial deposits f all ,we/]n civilizations4 ,yet x imag9es t x repres5ts a simple return to radical & dynamic e?ics ( ! religion ( ,jesus4 ,by ?is deception x easily becomes ! faade beh9d :i* ! brutal facts ( mod]n indu/rial civilization may be obscur$ r ?an a =ce by :i* !y might be elim9at$4 ,! ,prote/ant ,re=mation suff]$ f ! same deception4 ,x ?\ght ( itself z a return to ! orig9al ideal :5 x 01 z a matt] ( fact1 a new type ( compromise4 ,ca?olicism 0 a comp\nd ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity & ! ?\ght & life ( ,grco-,roman civilization4 ,! m$ieval *ur* 0 a k9d ( gho/ly aft]ma? ( ! ,roman empire & ! popes 7 inspir$ by ! g5ius ( ,cs> z mu* z by ! _s ( ,*ri/4 ,! nor? ,european peoples fir/ accept$ ?is lat9iz$ ,*ri/ianity1 p>tly because !y 7 attract$ by ^? univ]sal elem5ts 9 x :i* h made _! appeal to all peoples1 & p>ticul>ly ^? ( ! ,we/]n _w1 & p>tly because x 0 = !m ! symbol ( ! ord]$ civilization ( ,rome :i* !y fir/ envi$1 !n de/roy$1 & f9ally tri$ to rebuild4 ,9 "t !y react$ aga9/ ! ecclesia/ical1 int]national & feudal solid>ities ( ?is :ole politico-religi\s _w1 prompt$ no d\bt by ! untam$ _s ( lib]ty :i* *>act]iz$ ! nor!rn peoples & :i* res5t$ ! tyranny by :i* ! middle ages a*iev$ _! high measure ( social cohesion4 ,?us ,prote/antism became ! h&maid5 ( a budd+ nationalism :i* 0 impati5t ( ! re/ra9ts ( an int]national papacy1 z x has s9ce be5 impati5t ( e o!r type ( int]national control4 ,9 "t x also came to be ! peculi> spiritual possession ( ^? classes among ! nor!rn peoples :o develop$ mod]n comm]ce & indu/ry4 ,! aff9ity betwe5 its sanctification ( ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty & ! necess>y individualism ( classes :i* 7 int5t ^u de/roy+ ! traditional re/ra9ts ( ! anci5t _w = ! sake ( giv+ unhamp]$ play to a gr[+ comm]cial & indu/rial life1 has be5 s p]fect t x is h>dly possible to decide :i* ( ! two is cause & :i* effect4 ,max ,web]#f has made an int]e/+ analysis ( comm]cial & indu/rial sup]iority ( ,prote/ant nations4 ,x may be t ! aptitude = comm]cial & indu/rial pursuits & an incl9ation to ! ,prote/ant =m ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? are concomitant *>act]i/ics ( nor? ,european peoples r ?an casually relat$ ph5om5a4 ,yet !y h become s intimately relat$ 9 hi/ory t ! mo/ typical comm]cial classes & nations are mo/ g5]ally ,prote/ant1 & mo/ uniquely ,prote/ant4 ,9 ,engl& ! noncon=mi/ sects are almo/ id5tical ) ! comm]cial middle classes1 :ile ! e/abli%$ *ur* ) its semi-,ca?olic g5ius has spiritual aff9ities bo? ) ! old ,tories & ! new _w ( ! indu/rial work]4 ,9 ,g]many !re is a simil> alignm5t ) ,ca?olic & agr>ian ,bav>ia on ! "o h& & ! highly indu/rializ$ & ,prote/ant ,prussia on ! o!r4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ,prote/ant & indu/rial ,ul/] & ,ca?olic & agr>ian s\? ,irel& is equally significant4 ,ev]y:]e 9 ,we/]n civilization1 & n[h]e m ?an 9 ,am]ica1 ,prote/antism ) its individualism became a k9d ( spiritual sanctification ( ! peculi> int]e/s & prejudices ( ! races & classes :i* dom9ate ! indu/rial & comm]cial expansion ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,s9ce lib]al ,*ri/ianity is ! product ( an adju/m5t ( ! ma9 t5ets ( or?odox ,prote/antism to ! sophi/ication ( ! cities & ! gr[+ intellig5ce ( ! privileg$ & !re=e educat$ classes1 its :ole moral atmosph]e is mu* m det]m9$ by ! special int]e/s ( ^! classes ?an x is will+ to admit4 ,! au?ority ( ,jesus1 to :i* x appeals1 has inde$ be5 giv5 a new emphasis1 b ?is has be5 done because lib]al ,*ri/ianity valu$ ! !ological simplicity r ?an ! moral au/]ity ( 8 gospel4 ,9 ! same way _m lib]al ,jews h appeal$ f ! law to ! prophets1 n because !y _h a great passion = ! e?ical rigors ( an ,amos or ,isaiah b because !y f\nd ob$i5ce to ! m9ute exactions ( ! law too on]\s 9 a sophi/icat$ age4 ,jesus is valuable to ! mod]n ,*ri/ian because he (f]s an escape f ! !ological absurdities ( ! anci5t cre$s2 mean:ile 8 e?ical & religi\s idealism w n leave ! lives ( ^? :o pr(ess to foll[ him unaffect$4 ,9 "t x may become ! in/rum5t ( ! reg5]ation ( ,we/]n society2 b ?is w n be possible if ! lib]al *ur* does n ov]come its self-deception & realizes t its religi\s & moral life is a composite into :i* h ent]$ ! imp]ialism ( ,rome1 ! sophi/ication ( ! ,greeks1 ! fi]ce tribalism & individualism ( ! ,nordics & ! prud5tial e?ics ( an indu/rial civilization4 ,religion c be heal?y & vital only if a c]ta9 t5sion is ma9ta9$ betwe5 x & ! civilization 9 :i* x functions4 ,9 "t ?is t5sion is inevitably resolv$ into "s k9d ( compromise4 ,! t5d5cy ( religion to become a cons]vative social =ce is p>tly d]iv$ f its ambition to def5d ! resultant compromise 9 ! "n ( its orig9al ideal4 ,?us all p>tial values1 det]m9$ by geographic1 economic1 social & political =ces1 are giv5 a pseudo-absolute "* by ! religi\s elem5ts :i* ent]$ into ! compromise2 & _! defects are suffici5tly obscur$ & sanctifi$ to make !m comp>atively impregnable to ! attacks ( ! critics ( ! /atus quo4 ,! ,russian m\jik 0 m ?an ord9>ily docile "u ! tyranny ( ! cz>s & m ?an ord9>ily pati5t ) ! imp]fections ( 8 society1 because 8 ob$i5ce 0 claim$ n by ,russia b by 8holy ,russia10 ! hi/oric inc>nation ( 8 religion4 ,9 ! same way ! m$ieval *ur* became organically involv$ ) feudalism & =c$ ! critics ( feudal society to und]m9e its influ5ce be=e !y c\ld hope to *ange ! feudal social ord]4 ,or?odox ,prote/antism is intimately relat$ to ?is day ) ,nordicism1 ) ! racial arrogance ( nor? ,european peoples4 ,! ,ku ,klux ,klan1 :i* ?rives 9 ! h9t]l&s ( ,am]ica1 ma9ta9s its influ5ce ov] simple m9ds by scre5+ racial prejudice aga9/ ,slavic1 ,lat9 & ,semitic peoples beh9d a devotion to ! spiritual treasures ( ,prote/antism & _! def5se aga9/ ! fanci$ p]il ( alleg$ly inf]ior religions4 ,9 ,irel& ! racial pride ( ,ul/]m5 expresses itself 9 a passionate esp\sal ( ! ,presbyt]ian religion & a contemptu\s attitude t[>d ! ,ca?olicism ( ! ,iri%4 ,9 mod]n prew> ,g]many !re 0 a curi\s p>tn]%ip betwe5 8,?ron und ,alt>10 ! int]e/s ( ! nationali/ ,g]man /ate1 z integrat$ by ! ,prussian royal h\se1 ) ! int]e/s ( ,prote/antism4 ,to ?is day ! fanatic mon>*i/s ( ,g]many are also ,prote/ant extremi/s :o imag9e t ! mon>*y 0 und]m9$ by religi\sly motivat$ conspiracies ( ,jews & ,ca?olics4 ,incid5tally ! ,lu!ran type ( ,prote/antism :i* fl\ri%es 9 ,g]many has always be5 less intimately align$ ) ! comm]cial classes ?an ! ,calv9i/ic sects ( o!r ,we/]n nations4 ,:ile ! ,g]man sociali/s include ! ,lu!ran *ur* among ! =ces ( reaction ) :i* !y mu/ cont5d1 ! *ur*'s real /r5g? is among ! peasants & junk]s1 :o are also ! /ronge/ support ( mon>*i/ op9ion & :o abhor ! democratic lib]alism ( comm]cial & indu/rial ,g]many z mu* z !y despise sociali/ radicalism2 & !y imag9e bo? to be inspir$ by ,semitic designs ^u _! national integrity4 ,! real inspiration ( ?is lib]alism ) its emphasis on int]national conciliation & cop]ation is born out ( ! economic & political necessities ( an indu/rial & comm]cial /ate :i* _c af=d to indulge 9 ! fanatic nationalism to :i* peasants & agr>ian ari/ocrats are prone4 ,lib]al ,*ri/ianity z x has develop$ 9 ! urban c5t]s ( ! ,we/]n _w grew out ( ! intellectual & religi\s ne$s ( ! privileg$ classes & be>s ! m>ks ( its social environm5t j z mu* z ! o!r types ( religion :i* h prec$$ x & ) :i* x is hi/orically relat$4 ,x is 9 ! same dang] ( becom+ a spiritual sublimation ( ! peculi> int]e/s & prejudices ( ^! classes :ile x imag9es itself ! be>] ( an uncondition$ message to its day4 ,x has pres]v$ ! same individuali/ic e?ics :i* has *>act]iz$ or?odox ,prote/antism & :i* is s de> to ! he>ts ( ! comm]cial classes1 & s unequal to ! moral problems ( a complex civilization 9 :i* ! ne$s ( int]dep5d5ce outweigh ! values ( p]sonal lib]ty4 ,! suppos$ devotion ( ! privileg$ classes to a religion 9 :i* ! sacrifice r ?an ! /ubborn pres]vation ( individual rights is enjo9$ & 9 :i* ! prud5tial & utilit>ian root ( morality is completely pluck$ out is "o ( ! incongruities :i* frequ5tly occur :5 a civilization h>ks back to ! spiritual visions ( its *ildhood 9 ord] to obscure ! sob] & dis5*ant$ practicality ( its maturity4 ,if ! mod]n *ur* is really to become an in/rum5t ( social r$emption1 x mu/ le>n h[ to divorce itself f ! moral temp] ( its age ev5 :ile x tries to accommodate itself to ! intellectual ne$s ( ! g5]ation4 ,! religion ( ,jesus is free ( !ological absurdities4 ,its v simplicity saves x f undue entanglem5ts ) discr$it$ cosmologies4 ,b ^? :o esp\se x *iefly = ?is reason easily miss its real g5ius4 ,its ess5tial assumptions may n outrage ! m9d1 b nei!r are !y readily accept$ by an age :i* has sanctifi$ cool & c>eful1 moral prud5ce4 ,its solemn injunction1 8,take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat or :at ye %all dr9k 444 b seek ye fir/ ! k+dom ( ,god & 8 righte\sness1 & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y10 is /rangely ana*roni/ic 9 a day :i* wor%ips obvi\s & tangible success & appreciates virtue only z x insures ^? advantages ( heal? & prosp]ity :i* are its highe/ desid]ata4 ,prud5tial morality has its own uses4 ,few m5 h ei!r ! imag9ation or ! c\rage to pursue an ideal if x does n ju/ify itself by "s fairly imm$iate advantage4 ,society is n altoge!r ! los] if m5 discov] t 8,godl9ess is pr(itable unto all ?+s10 & esp\se an ideal because !y h _! eye ^u ! concrete & obvi\s advantages :i* fl[ f x4 ,b a prud5tial morality has its limitations & ^! w prove less detrim5tal to society if !y are n sanctifi$ by religion4 ,x is bett] !re=e to seek no o!r basis = utilit>ian e?ics ?an ! social exp]i5ce f :i* x is really d]iv$4 ,hone/y w prove itself ! be/ policy )\t ! au?ority ( religion4 ,! function ( religion is to n]ve m5 = an e?ical a*ievem5t :5 x promises no imm$iate returns4 ,f ! p]spective ( an imp>tial obs]v] !re is an elem5t ( hypocrisy 9 all prud5tial morality4 ,! cool intellig5ce :i* computes selfi% advantage :i* may fl[ f moral action is n imag9ative en\gh to include all p]sons :o are affect$ by an action & n dynamic en\gh to balance ! drive ( self-int]e/ :i* influ5ces x4 ,9 mod]n indu/rial society ^? :o are 9 position ( p[] & privilege are mo/ incl9$ to esp\se an e?ical ideal because x t5ds to /abilize social life & ?us insures ! p]petuation ( privilege4 ,!y are also mo/ easily tempt$ to re/rict e?ical action s t x w prompt to no sacrifices :i* are n consi/5t ) a wise self-int]e/4 ,s9ce !y are also ! classes :i* h1 = reasons previ\sly discuss$1 ma9ta9$ _! loyalty to religion1 ! *ur* c avoid connivance ) _! prud5tial morality only by a cont9ual reg5]ation ( its religi\s life4 ,fail+ to ma9ta9 a di/9ction betwe5 utilit>ian e?ics & a religi\sly inspir$ moral life1 ! *ur* _c escape ! fate ( becom+ a useful adjunct ( ! =ces ( privilege 9 ! social & economic conflict 9 :i* mod]n society is engag$4 ,x may be good bus9ess to pay high wages1 b social good may dem& an increase 9 ! wages ( work]s beyond ! po9t :]e economic advantage is d]iv$ f an enlight5$ wage policy4 ,x may be wise to %>e "s privileges s t all ( !m w n be lo/1 b s5sitive e?ical insight w detect ! selfi%ness & ins9c]ity 9 su* a c\rse4 ,a religion :i* sanctifies su* social prud5ce is ultimately a h9drance to ! e?ical recon/ruction ( mod]n society4 ,a religion :i* discov]s & am5ds ! limitations ( prud5tial morality by ! elem5ts ( its rev]5ce = p]sonality & its que/ = ! absolute is a necess>y factor 9 social recon/ruction4 ,! "q :i* faces ! mod]n *ur* is :e!r x w help to hide or to discov] ! limitations 9 ! e?ical ori5tation ( mod]n life4 ,its devotion to ! gospel ( ,jesus may s]ve ei!r purpose4 ,! contempt = e?ical opportunism impli$ 9 ! :ole idealism ( ,jesus & its scorn = imm$iate advantages are ! v e?ical values :i* ! g5]ation ne$s1 b !y are also ! values :i* h giv5 ! ,*ri/ian religion its great moral au?ority & pre/ige :i* ! *ur* c s easily misuse4 ,if ! au?ority ( ,jesus prompts m5 to a c\rage & imag9ation :i* escapes ! defects ( contempor>y morality1 its influ5ce w be r$emptive2 if x is us$ m]ely to hide ! defects1 ! critics ( ! *ur* w be ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ x z detrim5t to social progress4 ,! religion :i* is socially mo/ useful is "o :i* c ma9ta9 a /ubborn indiff]5ce to imm$iate ends & ?us give ! e?ical life ( man t t\* ( ! absolute )\t :i* all morality is f9ally r$uc$ to a decor\s b ess5tially unqualifi$ self-ass]tiv5ess4 ,! p>adox ( religion is t x s]ves ! _w be/ :5 x ma9ta9s its high disda9 = ! _w's values4 ,its social usefulness is dep5d5t ^u its ability to ma9ta9 devotion to absolute moral & spiritual values )\t too mu* conc]n = _! practical1 ev5 = _! social usefulness4 ,! *ur* is 9 a v favorable position to make a necess>y contribution to social life1 = x rev]es z ,"l "o ^: life inc>nates ! /rategy :i* saves morality f ins9c]ity4 ,b its assets easily became moral liabilities :5 x comp\nds ! pure idealism ( ,jesus ) ! calculat$ practicalities ( ! age & attempts to give ! resultant compromise ! pre/ige ( absolute au?ority4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,religion ,,& ,,life3 ,,conflict ,,& ,,compromise ,x is obvi\s t ! e?ical pot5cy ( religion dep5ds l>gely ^u its ability to make its ideals effective 9 ! _w & yet pres]ve a measure ( deta*m5t f ^? natural =ces :i* express !mselves 9 human society & (f] su* /ubborn resi/ance to e spiritual & e?ical ideal t no victory has yet be5 ga9$ ov] !m 9 :i* ! heel ( ! victor has n be5 bruis$4 ,ideal religion makes rev]5ce = p]sonality ! end ( human action4 ,society has its v>i\s secul> ends ! atta9m5t ( :i* necessitates ! debasem5t ( p]sonality4 ,religion seeks to p]suade m5 to sacrifice imm$iate advantages = ultimate values2 ! av]age man ^: influ5ce is dom9ant 9 all l>ge social gr\ps is n easily p]suad$ to =ego imm$iate & concrete advantages = values :i* are too remote & too ephem]al to captivate 8 imag9ation4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a t5sion betwe5 ! spiritual ideal & all hi/oric societies4 ,! significance ( ,jesus = ! religi\s life ( ! ,we/]n _w is due to 8 atta9m5t & inc>nation ( a spiritual & moral ideal ( su* absolute & transc5d5t nature t none ( 8 foll[]s h be5 able to compromise x by _! practical adju/m5ts to ! social necessities ( _! day4 ,!re is !re=e a res\rce 9 ! av[$ loyalty ( ,we/]n civilization to 8 ideal :i* may yet become ! basis ( its r$emption4 ,x is ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( m5 & societies1 & an evid5ce ( bo? _! moral & immoral nature1 t !y res]ve _! mo/ unqualifi$ devotion = ^? ideals & p]sonalities :i* !y f9d difficult to realize or emulate4 ,!y pay tribute to ! ideal ev5 :ile !y are corrupt+ x & !y rew>d ^? :o h accommodat$ x to _! indiff]5t capacities ) a m qualifi$ respect4 ,x 0 probably inevitable t ! *ur* %\ld adju/ ! spiritual ideal1 :i* to propagate x o/5sibly reg>ds z its v raison d'tre1 to ! practical ne$s ( ! v>i\s ages & social ord]s ) :i* x came 9 contact4 ,b x is necess>y t x %\ld be %rewd en\gh to see ! compromise involv$ 9 e adju/m5t & be /ubborn en\gh to make a new bid = victory aft] e p>tial defeat4 ,on ! :ole ! ,ca?olic *ur*1 :i* ,prote/ants easily assume to h be5 m am5able to ! practical dem&s ( an unreg5]ate society ?an ! *ur*es ( ! ,re=mation1 has really be5 mu* %rewd] ?an ^! 9 gaug+ ! haz>ds to virtue 9 ! mo/ natural social relation%ips4 ,"s ( ! moral weaknesses 9 ! mod]n *ur* may be trac$ directly to ! navete ( ,prote/antism 9 deal+ ) ! vag>ies ( human nature1 & 9 fail+ to e/imate ! ov]t & cov]t p]il to its values 9 ! ord9>y ways ( m54 ,m$ieval ,ca?olicism _h v>i\s /rategies 9 pres]v+ & relax+ ! t5sion betwe5 ! ideal ( religion & ! practical ne$s ( m5 & society4 ,x made fewe/ dem&s ^u ! individual4 ,he 0 p]mitt$ to indulge almo/ all ! natural appetites & ambitions :i* *>act]ize ! life ( ! av]age man4 ,= him ! religion ( ! *ur* 0 a magic :i* gu>ante$ div9e int]v5tion 9 critical mom5ts & :i* (f]$ a r easy %ort-cut to ! prizes ( ! _s :i* ought to be won only by virtu\s a*ievem5t4 ,yet ?is same *ur* _h an uncompromis+ attitude t[>d ! v>i\s social in/itutions :i* ,prote/antism has nev] equal$4 ,x insi/$ on ! sacram5tal nature ( ! family union ) su* intransigeance t x may fairly be accus$ ( fail+ to make necess>y accommodations ( its spiritual ideal to ! imp]fections ( human nature4 ,x dealt ) economic relations ) less sev]ity b en=c$ e?ical ideals ^u !m :i* mu/ seem unusually exact+ to an age :i* has become accu/om$ to ! connivance ( ,prote/antism ) laissez-faire economics4 ,! ma/] ( ! m$ieval *ur*1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 _h elaborat$ a !ory ( ! j price = all comm]cial transactions1 :i* ! *ur* made e ef=t to apply & :i* x en=c$ ?r\gh ! canonical law4 ,! *ur* did n organize ! guilds b x bless$ !m2 & _! ef=ts to regulate wages1 fix fair pr(its1 insure high quality ( m]*&ise & organize mutual aid among _! memb]s 7 prompt$ by a religi\sly inspir$ moral idealism4 ,:ile x dealt less successfully ) ! e?ical implications ( ! relations betwe5 l&[n]s & peasants1 x impress$ ! own]s ) a s5se ( _! obligation t[>d ^? :o 7 economically dep5d5t ^u !m :i* to ?is day gives ! l&$ ari/ocracy ( ,european nations a c]ta9 moral sup]iority ov] ! indu/rial ov]lords :o h be5 tra9$ 9 m mod]n s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,! ambition ( ! m$ieval *ur* to dom9ate ! life ( ! nations is well kn[n b frequ5tly mis9t]pret$4 ,! conte/ betwe5 ! papacy & ! empire 0 inde$ 9 "s ( its aspects no m ?an a conflict betwe5 two great political organizations lu/+ = ! p[] :i* easily becomes ! sole end ( ! life ( social & political organisms4 ,yet !re 0 a measure ( e?ical idealism 9 ! political aspirations ( ! popes to :i* ,prote/ant ?\ght has giv5 scant ju/ice4 ,9 ! two greate/ expon5ts ( ! papacy z an int]national political =ce1 ,gregory ,,vii & ,innoc5ce ,,iii1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,gregory1 ! e?ical ideal ( a unifi$ ,*ri/ian society :i* kn[s h[ to hold ! caprici\s self-w ( nations 9 *eck & h[ to set b\nds to _! natural lu/ = p[] is ( no small mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( papal policy4 ,! v autocracy ( ! papacy1 :i* ! mod]n _w f9ds s little to its lik+1 0 elaborat$ by ,gregory 9 ord] to save ! *ur* f int]national an>*y & make x an in/rum5t ( int]national unification4 ,incid5tally ,gregory 0 nei!r ! fir/ nor ! la/ great /atesman :o pref]r$ autocracy to an>*y1 & ! pref]5ce is support$ by m ?an "o lesson ( hi/ory4 ,free cop]ation betwe5 individuals & gr\ps is a high & r>e political & moral a*ievem5t1 & :]e m5's capacities are unequal to x !re are occasions :5 x may be bett] to sacrifice fre$om ?an to de/roy social cohesion4 ,at any rate ! m$ieval *ur* reveal$ bo? political %rewdness & spiritual idealism 9 its attempt to dom9ate ! life ( nations4 ,naturally its ef=ts did n result 9 any ideal society4 ,! ambition ( ! ,cs> haunt$ ! life ( ! popes & 9 _m respects ! "w ( _! h&s approximat$ ! dom9ion ( an ,augu/us m ne>ly ?an ! k+dom ( ,god ( ,*ri/ian dreams4 ,! ,*ri/ian ideal ( an e?ical int]national society 0 ?us corrupt$ by imp]ial ambition 9 its v inception1 & ! hi/orical realities :i* sprang f x div]g$ ev5 f>!r f any conceivable ideal4 ,yet ! :ole political policy ( ! m$ieval *ur* is 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! easy capitulation ( hi/oric ,prote/antism be=e ! =ce ( economic & political gr\ps4 ,if ,ca?olicism's treatm5t ( ! moral problems ( ! individual repres5ts ! relaxation ( ! t5sion betwe5 religion & life1 & its social & political policy repres5ts ! compromise :i* foll[s inevitably ^u ! conflict ( ! ideal ) ! moral in]tia ( life1 its mona/icism repres5ts ! /rategy ( religion :5 x seeks to ma9ta9 an absolute t5sion betwe5 its ideal & hi/oric reality4 ,! v>i\s ascetic movem5ts :i* prosp]$ "u ! g5]al gis ( ! m$ieval *ur* repres5t s _m diff]5t types ( religi\s idealism t no g5]alization ab\t !m w be accurate4 ,prote/antism react$ viol5tly f ! mona/ic ideal & !re=e has be5 able to see no?+ 9 mona/icism b a selfi% flight f life's realities4 ,mona/icism may be a retreat f life1 b at its be/ x 0 n a selfi% retreat4 ,its developm5t ( ! arts1 its emphasis on le>n+1 its va/ philan?ropies & its religi\s zeal = ^? outside ( ! mona/ic walls are n selfi% *>act]i/ics4 ,x did sometimes deg5]ate into a v odi\s type ( spiritual selfi%ness & pride2 b if we judge x by its typical exempl>s1 we _c accuse x ( a lack ( social passion4 ,! religi\s f]vor ( ,ca?olic ascetics has be5 mat*$ by ,prote/ant my/ics1 b _! e?ical insights h nev] be5 excell$4 ,_! sup]ior moral %rewdness 0 reveal$ 9 _! ability to detect ! p]ils to ! e?ical ideal :i* are cov]t 9 ! natural &1 f any obvi\s p]spective1 virtu\s social relation%ips4 ,!y saw t ! family1 9 itself ! mo/ virtu\s ( human gr\ps1 c\ld easily become ! occasion = disloyalty to high fealties ( ! s\l4 8,:oso love? fa!r or "m m ?an me is n wor?y ( me10 ,jesus _h said1 & no "o 9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur* seems to h und]/ood ! problem ) :i* he dealt 9 ^? words z well z ,ca?olic ascetics4 ,x mu/ be said t ! celibacy ( ! mona/]ies 0 n prompt$ solely by ! desire to avoid conflict+ loyalties2 x sprang p>tly f a morbid evaluation ( ! sexual relation4 ,t 0 probably ! weake/ & lea/ wor?y *>act]i/ic ( m$ieval asceticism4 ,its und]/&+ ( ! p]ils to ! _s 9 ! possessive in/9ct 0 p]haps its f9e/ bit ( insight4 ,x und]/ood h[ easily ! privilege & p[] :i* spr+ f ! possession ( prop]ty may corrupt ! s\l ) pride & de/roy a lov+ relation%ip betwe5 individuals4 ,x !re=e insi/$ ^u ! v[ ( pov]ty4 ,9 all ^! problems ! insight ( asceticism 0 sup]ior to its /rategy4 ,x saw p]il 9 ord9>y human relation%ips :]e mo/ mod]n ,*ri/ians are unable to detect !m2 b x knew ( no way to ov]come ! p]il except by de/roy+ ! relation%ips & build+ its unique fell[%ip ( ! _s ^u ! basis ( celibacy1 pov]ty & absolute ob$i5ce4 ,9 asceticism ! fl[]s ( ! _s are cut f ! roots by :i* !y are support$ & life is de/roy$ 9 ! process ( its purification4 ,asceticism creates a high type ( e?ical spirituality :i* _c be univ]saliz$ )\t completely de/roy+ society2 & ! virtue :i* x develops c be ma9ta9$ only 9 its own artificial m$ia & !re=e lacks r$emptive =ce4 ,! great m$ieval ascetics h always claim$ ,jesus z _! au?ority ?\gh he 0 n an ascetic 9 _! s5se4 ,he disassociat$ himself f ! asceticism ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 :o _h come 8nei!r eat+ nor dr9k+10 & unlike ! ascetics he _h no morbid fe>s ( natural enjoym5ts4 ,prote/antism has !re=e reg>d$ asceticism z ! result ( a fooli% lit]alism :i* fail$ to all[ = poetic latitude 9 ! words ( ,jesus4 ,nev]!less x mu/ be admitt$ t bo? 8 words & 8 practice h a clos] aff9ity to m$ieval asceticism at its be/ ?an to any mod]n spiritualiz$ worldl9ess :i* tries va9ly to unite ! l>ge/ numb] ( spiritual graces ) ! greate/ possible temporal advantages4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0 surely m l ! real ,jesus ?an ,bruce ,b>ton's mod]niz$ c>icature ( ! orig9al4 ,! /rategy ( ,jesus might be describ$ z a lean+ 9 ! direction ( asceticism1 z a hov]+ ^u its br9k4 ,he is sav$ f its morbid temp] by ! :olesome common s5se :i* leav5s all 8 attitudes4 ,! virtue ( asceticism lies 9 its ability to detect ! p]ils to a virtu\s life 9 ! necess>y & inevitable social relation%ips 9 :i* all individual p]sonality mu/ develop2 its limitation is its incl9ation to de/roy ! relation%ips 9 ord] to ov]come ! p]il4 ,religi\s idealism1 nurtur$ 9 ! individualism ( ,prote/antism1 fails to appreciate ! virtue ( asceticism1 :ile x condemns its limitations because x fails to realize h[ fundam5tally all individual e?ical a*ievem5ts are qualifi$ by ! society 9 :i* m5 live4 ,:]ev] t fact is fully und]/ood1 e hone/ ef=t to ma9ta9 ! purity ( ! religi\s ideal w result 9 /rategies :i* w approximate asceticism at _m po9ts & :i* may excel x only 9 ! ability to avoid its depreciation1 occasionally morbid depreciation1 ( ! ord9>y functions ( life4 ,prote/antism's reactions to ! problems ( pres]v+ a s5se ( t5sion betwe5 religion & life h be5 a little m v>i$ ?an ^? ( ! m$ieval *ur* because ( ! multif>i\s nature ( its hi/oric =ms4 ,b v>i$ z may be ! /rategies ( ! v>i\s *ur*es1 !y d n f9ally diff] f ! ?ree :i* ,ca?olicism employ$1 i4e41 capitulation )\t a /ruggle1 compromise aft] a /ruggle1 & victory ga9$ ?r\gh ! device ( avoid+ "s ( ! issues4 ,! m>k$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! m$ieval & ! mod]n *ur* lie 9 ! areas ( life :]e ! /ruggle betwe5 religion & human in]tia 0 attempt$1 :]e ! compromises 7 made & :]e ! victories 7 won4 ,if ,ca?olicism left ! individual to 8 own devices1 ! *ur*es ( ! ,re=mation foll[$ a simil> c\rse 9 deal+ ) ! moral problems ( all human gr\ps4 ,! /ate 0 completely secul>iz$ "u ,prote/ant influ5ce4 ,! ,re=mation 0 9 "s ( its aspects simply a simultane\s revolt ( ! v>i\s new nations ( ,europe aga9/ ! re/ra9ts ( ! int]national papacy4 ,9 ,g]many1 ,scotl& & f9ally 9 ,engl&1 ! nationali/ic motive 0 a decid$ =ce 9 de/roy+ ! pre/ige ( ! old religion4 ,lu!ranism capitulat$ mu* m easily to ! secul> /ate ?an ,calv9ism1 :i* tri$ 9 fact to ma9ta9 ! anci5t controls ^u political life4 ,b once ! ,re=mation _h de/roy$ ! old unity ( ,we/]n society & ! pre/ige ( ! organization :i* ma9ta9$ x1 secul> nationalism became ! univ]sal *>act]i/ic ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,ev5 ,calv9ism1 :i* 0 ambiti\s to dom9ate ! policy ( political /ates1 h>dly _h ! opportunity ( affect+ int]national relations4 ,its influ5ce b>ely w5t beyond dome/ic policy1 & !re x 0 less int]e/$ 9 ! morality ( ! /ate ?an 9 ! legal en=cem5t ( individual moral ideals4 ,! gre$ & lu/ = p[] ( national gr\ps is n a unique *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n _w2 b our own era takes ! moral autonomy ( ! nation = grant$ m g5]ally ?an did ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! ,prote/ant *ur* did n create ,ma*iavellian politics b x 0 m impot5t be=e unscrupul\s nationalism ?an any o!r in/itution ( ! religi\s ideal1 & its impot5ce 0 p>tly due to its lack ( int]e/ 9 social problems4 ,! emancipation ( economic relations f all e?ical re/ra9t 0 m or less concomitant ) ! ,re=mation movem5ts1 b x is a "q h[ mu* x 0 causally & h[ mu* co9cid5tally relat$4 ,tawney#g ?9ks t ! gr[+ complexity ( comm]cial transactions invalidat$ ! old canonical laws design$ to en=ce e?ical /&>ds 9 bus9ess1 & ?us made ! secul>ization ( economics inevitable ev5 be=e ! ,re=mation4 ,lu!r & ,calv9 7 z anxi\s z ! fa!rs ( ! m$ieval *ur* to pres]ve moral /&>ds 9 bus9ess4 ,b !y 7 no m +5i\s ?an ^! 9 devis+ new & m flexible me?ods ( control :5 ! prohibition ( usury & ! fixation ( a j price 7 swept away by a gr[+ comm]ce :i* made money-l5d+ an incid5t ( comm]cial ent]prise r ?an a philan?ropic device1 & :i* engulf$ ! /&>ds by :i* a j price 0 det]m9$ 9 a sea ( economic relativities4 ,lu!r 0 completely baffl$ by ! intricacies ( ! new _w & c\ld d little m ?an try vehem5tly b futilely to ma9ta9 ! old prohibition aga9/ usury & ins9uate mean:ile t ! rec5tly develop$ sy/em ( int]national bank+ 0 9 "s my/]i\s way relat$ to ! evil conspiracies ( ! papacy4 ,calv9ism1 true to its g5ius1 0 m ambiti\s 9 deal+ ) ! problems ( comm]ce2 s mu* s 9 fact t ,beza's ?und]\s d5unciations ( covet\sness prompt$ ! ,g5eva ,c\ncil to decl>e t he /irr$ up class hatr$ aga9/ ! weal?y4 ,yet x 0 ,calv9 :o f9ally de/roy$ ! la/ ve/ige ( m$ievalism 9 economics by ju/ify+ int]e/4 ,?\gh 8 action prompt$ ! *>ge t 8usury 0 ! brat ( h]esy10 he probably did no m ?an to recognize ! logic inh]5t 9 ! facts ( a new economic developm5t4 ,!re 0 no m consci\s desire to emancipate comm]cial life f ! sanctions ( morality & religion 9 ,prote/antism ?an 9 ! anci5t *ur*2 b ! preoccupation ( ! lead]s ( ! ,re=mation ) ! problem ( ! inn] life & ! g5]al temp] ( individualism :i* *>act]iz$ ! ,prote/ant *ur*es und5iably accel]at$ ! processes ( secul>ization4 ,9 "t ,adam ,smi? r ?an ,?omas ,aqu9as became ! moral au?ority ( ! comm]cial _w1 &1 :atev] may h be5 ! futile fury ( ! e>ly re=m]s1 ,prote/antism did f9ally accept ! economics ( laissez faire & habituat$ itself to a _w 9 :i* va/ areas or life 7 )drawn n only f ! influ5ce ( religi\sly inspir$ e?ical ideals1 b f e e?ical sanction :atsoev]4 ,?us 0 ! pres5t _w creat$ 9 :i* 8bus9ess is bus9ess0 & 8politics is politics10 i4e41 9 :i* ! non-moral "* ( two ( ! mo/ important social relation%ips ( mank9d is tak5 = grant$4 ,if ,prote/antism made its easy capitulation be=e ! l>g] social gr\ps ( mank9d & its premature peace ) !m1 x develop$ its mo/ /ubborn resi/ance to ! natural appetites ( m5 9 its influ5ce ^u ! individual life4 ,x 0 precisely 9 t area ( life 9 :i* ! m$ieval *ur* 0 lea/ effective t ,prote/antism display$ its highe/ ambition4 ,at ?is po9t x becomes impossible to speak 9 g5]al t]ms ( ,prote/antism1 = ! /rategies ( ,calv9ism & ,lu!ranism 9 deal+ ) ! problems ( ! inn] life diff] widely1 ev5 m widely ?an _! social policies4 ,! unique *>act]i/ics ( ei!r are frequ5tly ! common *>act]i/ics ( ,prote/antism :5 view$ f "s ext]nal p]spective2 b an intimate view may reveal !m 9 ! light ( v diff]5t religions4 ,calv9ism is religion's mo/ en]getic ef=t to ma/] ! e?ical life ( ! individual4 ,9 "s ( its hi/oric =ms1 9 ,g5eva & ,scotl& & ! ,am]ican colonies = in/ance1 its social policy 0 ambiti\s en\gh to comp>e ) t ( ,pope ,gregory1 b its *ief int]e/ 0 n 9 ! social in/itution z su*4 ,x m]ely us$ ! political p[] to re9=ce an uncompromis+ e?ical rigor 9 ! life ( ! individual4 ,9 ,calv9ism ! religion ( ! mod]n _w makes its bolde/ bid = ! e?ical ma/]y ( life4 ,calv9ism believ$ t life c\ld be dom9at$ by ! spiritual & e?ical ideal if ! individual c\ld be p]suad$ to control 8 appetites & to ov]come 8 natural indol5ce4 ,a temp]ate1 indu/ri\s1 ?rifty & hone/ individual 01 9 its e/eem1 ! p]fect exempl> ( ! religi\s ideal & ! /uff out ( :i* a new society c\ld be built4 ,x nev] fac$ ! problem ( ! conflict betwe5 ! ideal 9 ! s\l ( ! individual & ! intractable =ces 9 human society because its moral ideals 7 socially & economically v useful & x c\ld !re=e indulge ! illusion t economic success1 social well-be+ & obvi\s happ9ess are ! natural & inevitable fruits ( ! religi\s life4 ,h5ce x 0 a religion admirably suit$ = ! middle classes :o rose to p[] 9 ! sev5te5?1 eighte5? & n9ete5? c5tury1 = x end[$ !m ) virtues :i* w\ld insure _! success & x d\bl$ _! zeal by giv+ religi\s sanction to _! secul> ent]prises4 ,! anci5t & m$ieval _w _h giv5 moral prec$5ce to a life ( leisure & m$itation1 :e!r ( ari/ocrat or philosoph]1 ( monk or prie/4 ,calv9ism 0 z contemptu\s ( luxury & leisure z ( ! arts & am5ities :i* fl\ri%$ 9 !m4 ,its sanctification ( ! common task1 ( manual toil & ( comm]cial ent]prise 0 9 itself a valuable contribution to social progress4 ,x 0 9 a way ! spiritual f\ndation ^u :i* ! :ole /ructure ( mod]n civilization has be5 built4 ,x develop$ a high type ( hone/y )\t :i* ! intricate cr$it relation%ips ( mod]n comm]ce w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,x enc\rag$ a dilig5ce :i* 0 ! driv+ =ce 9 e/abli%+ ! comm]cial classes 9 p[] ov] a moribund ari/ocracy4 ,its religi\sly inspir$ habits ( cont95ce & temp]ance gave ! l[] classes a s5se ( moral dignity & a natural self-respect :i* !y ne$$ 9 *all5g+ ! pride & complac5cy ( ! ari/ocratic _w4 ,^! puritan virtues h moreov] giv5 ! :ole nor? ,european _w & ,am]ica 7:i* is m puritan ?an any nation1 because "h ! puritan life fl\ri%$ on virg9 soil & rema9$ unqualifi$ by ! ve/iges ( m$ievalism :i* rema9 firmly imb$d$ 9 ! culture ( ev5 ! mo/ mod]n ,european nations7 a robu/ vitality & moral urge :i* h _h no small "p 9 develop+ _! political hegemony 9 ! mod]n _w4 ,! conflict ( puritan religion ) ! _w has h[ev] result$ 9 ! inevitable compromise betwe5 ! religi\s ideal & ! _w's primitive urges & desires4 ,its moral weakness lies 9 its nave confid5ce ( victory ov] ! _w & its inability to discov] ! relativities & qualifications :i* hi/ory has wr\ght ^u its absolute4 ,if ! spiritual idealism ( ,jesus is ! norm = ,*ri/ians1 ! ,calv9i/s & puritans div]g$ f x m s]i\sly ?an !y knew 9 ! v conception ( _! ideal4 ,! love & rev]5ce = p]sonality :i* is ! basis ( ! e?ics ( ,jesus is totally lack+ 9 ,calv9ism4 ,x kn[s h[ to create self-respect b lacks ! imag9ation to inculcate a religi\s respect = o!rs1 except possibly = ! respectable4 ,its confid5ce 9 ! obvi\s rew>ds ( virtue tempt$ x to abhor pov]ty & hold ! poor 9 contempt1 ?\gh !y might become ! helpful occasion = ! ex]cise ( t philan?ropy )\t :i* ! idea ( ,*ri/ian /ew>d%ip c\ld n be realiz$4 ,:ile e>ly ,calv9ism _h an h]oic mood :i* w\ld h scorn$ to make a concession to ! selfi%ness ( man ?r\gh ! sanctification ( prud5tial e?ics1 its e?ical !ories did nev]!less l5d !mselves to easy appropriation by morali/s :o 7 int5t ^u id5tify+ ! social good ) a dec5t selfi%ness4 ,! uncompromis+ spirituality ( ! e?ics ( ,jesus is totally lack+ 9 ,calv9ism4 ,its moral !ories 7 9 fact d]iv$ f ! ,old r ?an ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & !re is h>dly a sc9tilla ( evid5ce 9 ,calv9i/ic ?\ght t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is record$ 9 ! scripture :i* x accept$ z reveal$ f9ality4 ,its v bibliolatry 0 p>tly responsible = its non-,*ri/ian type ( e?ics1 = ?r\gh x ! casual moral !ories ( ! e>ly ,hebrews a*iev$ ! dignity ( absolute tru?4 ,lack ( hi/orical p]spective 9 ! use ( ! ,old ,te/am5t fur!r aggravat$ ?is error1 = ! real wor? ( ! prophets 0 nev] appreciat$ & _! high type ( moral idealism c\ld n s]ve to qualify ! less h]oic morality ( ! law & ! sup]ficial moraliz+ ( ! ,wisdom lit]ature4 ,incid5tally x may be obs]v$ t bibliolatry is "o ( ! h&icaps to moral progress 9 almo/ all religions4 ,?r\gh x primitive cultures & moral cu/oms :i* happ5 to be en%r9$ 9 ! canon become absolutely au?oritative1 & ! weight ( _! influ5ce is set aga9/ new v5tures 9 moral life4 ,if ,calv9i/ic & puritan idealism dep>t$ f its assum$ norm 9 its v conception1 ! moral realities :i* issu$ f x bore ev5 less resemblance to ! absolute idealism ( ! e?ics ( ,jesus4 ,its unqualifi$ confid5ce 9 ! p[] ( individual virtue to ov]come ! _w & *ange society contribut$ to ! relaxation ( moral re/ra9ts ^u social in/itutions & ! secul>ization ( society to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,its sanctification ( secul> tasks l$ inevitably to a sanctification ( secul> motives :i* x did n desire b c\ld n prev5t4 ,m5 7 to s]ve ,god by dilig5ce 9 _! daily toil4 ,b :at 0 ! end ( indu/ry :i* end[$ x ) virtue8 ,! puritan answ] 0 to reg>d "w z an end 9 itself1 an emphasis :i* x le>n$ to make 9 its reaction to mona/ic & ari/ocratic idl5ess4 ,b t answ] alone c\ld n suffice4 ,inevitably ! mat]ial ga9s :i* 7 ! rew>ds ( indu/ry 7 giv5 a special religi\s sanction4 8,if ,god %[ y a way 9 :i* y may lawfully get m ?an 9 ano!r way1 )\t wrong to y\r s\l or to any o!r1 if y refuse ?is & *oose ! less ga9ful1 y cross "o ( ! ends ( y\r ,call+ & refuse to be ,god's /ew>d10 said ,gov]nor ,brad=d4#h ,! anci5t & m$ieval _w _h be5 m or less scornful ( ! pursuit ( weal? & ab\nd$ 9 *>act]s among bo? ! nobility & ! peasantry :o ?\ght x b5ea? _! dignity to increase _! patrimony4 ,! religi\s sanction ( mat]ial ga9 0 a new ?+ 9 hi/ory & und\bt$ly help$ to fa%ion ! moral temp] ( mod]n society 9 :i* dilig5ce is ! great virtue & gre$ ! besett+ vice4#i ,x is ! puritan h]itage ( ,am]ica :i* gives a clew to ! p>adox ( our national life4 ,x expla9s h[ we c be at ! same "t ! mo/ religi\s & ! mo/ mat]iali/ic ( all mod]n nations4 ,if puritanism fail$ to see h[ easily ! virtue ( ?rift might be transmut$ into ! vice ( av>ice1 x 0 ev5 less c>eful to gu>d ! righte\s s\l aga9/ ! p]ils to virtue :i* inh]e 9 ! p[] :i* weal? supplies4 ,!re are few m5 :o c wield extraord9>y p[] )\t mak+ x ! tool ( _! own desires & )\t magnify+ _! limitations :i* might pass unnotic$ 9 less puissant individuals4 ,puritanism did inde$ h a doctr9e ( /ew>d%ip1 b x 0 appli$ to ! privilege :i* fl[$ f economic p[] & n to ! possession ( p[] itself4 ,!re 0 nev] en\gh imag9ation 9 puritanic religion to detect h[ nature 9 ! s\l ( man1 fru/rat$ by a discipl9e ( ! s5ses1 comes into its own ?r\gh ! s9s ( ! m9d4 ,x knew h[ to r$eem human life f its vagrant passions1 b x did n "k h[ to deal ) ^? dom9ant desires1 ! lu/ = p[] & ! gre$ = ga91 :i* express !mselves m frequ5tly 9 a discipl9$ p]sonality ?an 9 a *aotic "o & :i* may be m detrim5tal to ! welf>e ( o!rs ?an ! consequ5ces ( undiscipl9$ & mom5t>y passions4 ,x 0 a spiritual discipl9e admirably suit$ to lift ! middle classes to a dom9ant position 9 society b h>dly design$ to guide !m 9 ! use ( ! p[] once !y _h a*iev$ x4 ,ev5 its abhorr5ce ( luxury & prohibition ( extravagance is f9ally s(t5$ 9 a civilization :i* has pr(it$ all too well by its virtues & is tempt$ to de/roy !m by ! v advantages :i* ! virtues suppli$4 ,john ,wesley1 :o reviv$ puritan morality aft] x _h decl9$ 9 its orig9al =m1 saw ?is problem m cle>ly ?an 8 pr$ecessors1 b he _h no answ] = x except to advocate philan?ropic g5]osity4 ,he writes 9 8 ,j\rnal3 8,religion mu/ necess>ily produce bo? indu/ry & frugality1 & ^! _c b produce ri*es4 ,b z ri*es increase s w pride1 ang] & love ( ! _w 9 all its bran*es4444 ,s al?\gh ! =m ( religion rema9s1 ! _s is swiftly vani%+ away4 ,is !re no way to prev5t ?is--?is cont9ual decay ( pure religion8 ,we ought n prev5t p f be+ dilig5t & frugal2 we mu/ exhort all ,*ri/ians to ga9 all !y c & save all !y c2 t is1 9 effect1 to gr[ ri*4 ,:at way !n c we take t our money may n s9k u 9 ! ne!rmo/ hell8 ,!re is "o way & !re is no o!r "u heav54 ,if ^? :o ga9 all !y c & save all !y c w likewise give all !y c1 !n ! m !y give ! m w !y gr[ 9 grace & ! m treasure w !y lay 9 heav540#aj ,wesley1 ( c\rse1 c\ld h>dly be expect$ to appreciate t money repres5ts p[] ev5 m ?an privilege 9 mod]n society1 & t philan?ropy may become a me?od ( satisfy+ ! ego & display+ p[]4 ,_m ( ! moral & religi\s limitations ( mod]n civilization may be attribut$ fir/ to ! p>tial victory & !n to ! self-de/ruction ( puritan religion 9 mod]n civilization4 ,9 puritanism religion made "o ( its bolde/ advances ^u ! _w2 & s confid5t 0 x ( victory t x prep>$ no "o = ! moral relativities :i* 7 ! inevitable issue ( its ent]prise4 ,9 deal+ ) ! /ubborn resi/ance ( ! mat]ial _w x is bett] to expect victory ?an to assume defeat be=e ! battle is begun4 ,yet an undue confid5ce may be z dang]\s to ! ent]prise z a timor\s _s4 ,! m$ieval ascetics :o reg>d$ all human relation%ips ) a critical _s1 & r expect$ ! old ,adam to ass]t himself 9 seem+ly ! mo/ innoc5t human conc]ns1 possess$ spiritual insights :i* 7 totally lack+ 9 ! typical puritan4 ,he expect$ to build a society 9 :i* ! scripture 0 8really & mat]ially to be fulfill$40 ,x w h be5 not$ t ,calv9ism & puritanism h be5 us$ 9 ?is discussion z int]*angeable t]ms4 ,! fact is t1 :ile ! two t]ms are n synonym\s !ologically1 ! moral temp] ( ,calv9ism 0 s pot5t 9 ! :ole non-,lu!ran ,prote/ant _w t all ( ! v>i\s d5om9ations 7 indoctr9at$ ) its puritan _s4 ,! v>i\s sects _h _! own !ological peculi>ities1 b 9 _! puritan _s !y 7 ess5tially "o4 ,only ! ,quak]s dep>t$ f x2 = ,george ,fox _h discov]$ ! e?ics ( ,jesus1 & ! religion ( ! ,fri5ds 0 ev] aft] to express itself 9 t]ms relevant to ! _s ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,d5om9ations su* z ! ,bapti/s & ,me?odi/s :o evangeliz$ ,we/]n ,am]ica gave a rebir? to ! puritan _s :5 x suff]$ decay 9 its m native haunts4 ,_! hi/ory is additional evid5ce = ! !sis t puritanism is a religi\s sublimation ( ! life ( ! middle classes4 ,= :5 ! h]oic _s ( puritanism decl9$ 9 ^? classes :i* x _h lift$ to p[]1 x 0 reborn 9 ! l[] middle classes ( ,engl& & ! ,we/]n pione]s ( ,am]ica4 ,me?odism is !ologically z unrelat$ to ,calv9ism z c be imag9$4 ,its !ological presuppositions are really m cong5ial to a dynamic puritanism ?an ^? ( ,calv9ism2 = ! moral vigor ( ,calv9ism 0 logically incompatible ) its det]m9i/ic fai?4 ,d5om9ations su* z ! ,bapti/s & ,me?odi/s ) _! /rong emphasis on reg5]ation z ! basis ( *ur* memb]%ip aggravat$ "o weakness ( ,prote/antism1 = all ( _! spiritual vigor4 ,_! te/s ( :at con/itut$ reg5]ation 7 drawn f religi\s exp]i5ce r ?an f its moral fruits2 yet !y 7 b\nd to assume t a m>k$ moral contra/ exi/$ betwe5 ! sav$ & ! unsav$4 ,?us !y acc5tuat$ :at ,pr(essor ,a4 ,:itehead has def9$ z ! ,prote/ant ov]simplification ( e?ics1 i4e41 a t5d5cy to judge m51 9 spite ( ! intricacy ( _! inn] life & ! complexity ( _! social relations1 z be+ ei!r good or bad4 ,?is is simply ano!r aspect ( ,prote/ant individualism1 b x is an aspect :i* em]ges m cle>ly 9 ! free *ur*es :i* h r5\nc$ all ambition to h a memb]%ip coext5sive ) ! citiz5%ip ( ! /ate ?an 9 ^? *ur*es 9 :i* "s ve/ige ( ! /ate-*ur* idea /ill rema9s4 ,! sup]ior spiritual vigor ( *ur*es :i* make a religi\s exp]i5ce ! pr]equisite ( fell[%ip 9 ! *ur* may well be conc$$2 b t does n *ange ! fact t e?ical values 9 a complex civilization are frequ5tly imp]il$ by ! ov]simplification ( moral issues1 :i* is ! inevitable by-product ( simple religi\s te/s4 ,m5 are nei!r totally good nor totally bad :5 !y live 9 a society :i* may corrupt ! virtu\s int5tion ( ! mo/ robu/ ideali/1 or :5 _! own inn] life is s complex t moral purpose may express itself 9 "o ( its areas & be betray$ 9 ano!r4 ,!re is a moral simplicity 9 ,prote/antism :i* is closely relat$ to its individualism & :i* is p>ticul>ly un=tunate1 s9ce x is ! *>act]i/ic ( a religion :i* ori5ts ! e?ical life ( peoples :o h trem5d\s responsibilities 9 ! complex life ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,calv9ism has frequ5tly be5 ref]r$ to z ,prote/ant asceticism4#aa ,its robu/ moral en]gies are inde$ comm5surate ) ! /rict e?ical discipl9e ( m$ieval mona/icism1 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 t "o is develop$ )9 ! _w & ! o!r outside ( ! _w ( ord9>y human relations4 ,b x is precisely ?is diff]5ce :i* makes ,lu!ranism m closely relat$ to asceticism ?an ,calv9ism2 = ,lu!ranism is ! ,prote/ant way ( despair+ ( ! _w & ( claim+ victory = ! religi\s ideal )\t engag+ ! _w 9 combat4 ,bo? are f\nd$ ^u an e?ical dualism4 ,! m$ieval ascetic flees f ! _w into ! mona/]y & !re attempts realization ( 8 religi\s ideal2 ! ,lu!ran quieti/ flees f ! _w into ! asylum ( 8 inn] life :]e he comes into ! emotional possession ( ! ideal )\t risk+ its ref9em5ts 9 ! _w ( cruel realities4 ,! "o has a dualism :i* divides ! mona/ic f ord9>y m52 ! o!r draws ! l9e )9 ! s\l ( ea* individual & expects him to realize 9 8 religi\s exp]i5ce :at he _c reveal 9 ord9>y human relations4 ,if ,calv9ism is ,weltfreundli*1 ,lu!ranism l asceticism is ,weltfe9dli*4 ,x has little hope t a k+dom ( ,god w be e/abli%$ ^u e>?1 except p]haps ?r\gh sup]natural int]v5tion4 ,x places all its emphasis ^u ! s5tim5t ( ,jesus3 8,! k+dom ( ,god is )9 y40 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ,jesus' conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god is probably z mu* relat$ to quieti/ic religion z to puritan morality1 ?\gh ascetic religion seems clos] to him ?an ei!r4 ,! mod]n *ur* has dismiss$ ! es*atological elem5t 9 ,jesus' tea*+s z ! ,semitic %ell 9 :i* ,jesus develop$ 8 conception ( ! k+dom ( ,god z a social ideal2 b x 0 m probably 8 way ( express+ d\bt t 8 ideal c\ld ev] be realiz$ 9 hi/ory except by a miracle ( ,god4 ,yet ! apocalyptic elem5t 9 ! gospel 0 qualifi$ by ! idea ( ! k+dom to be realiz$ by evolution>y process4 ,! k+dom ( ,god 0 also 8l unto a mu/>d se$40 ,jesus 9 %ort 0 bo? pessimi/ic & optimi/ic 9 reg>d to ! spiritual pot5tialities ( human society1 & 9 8 p>adoxical r ?an consi/5t position he 0 able to ma9ta9 ! t5sion betwe5 religion & life 9 a way :i* has escap$ bo? p>ties 9 ! *ur*es ( ! ,re=mation4 ,( ?is m w be said lat]4 ,! attitude ( ,lu!ran piety t[>d ! _w has ! m]it & ! limitation *>act]i/ic ( all pessimism4 ,x %>p5s ! ideal b despairs ( its realization4 ,lu!ran doctr9e 0 fa%ion$ out ( ! religi\s exp]i5ces ( a tumultu\s s\l seek+ peace & fail+ to f9d x 9 any ( ! in/itutions :i* 7 meant to inc>nate ! religi\s ideal or 9 any ( ! obs]vance :i* 7 int5d$ to express x4 ,! in/itution %ock$ him by _! imp]fections1 & ! obs]vances & rituals _h und]gone ! inevitable process :i* r$uces a necess>y symbolism to a k9d ( magic 9 :i* ! symbol a*ieves pot5cies orig9ally ascrib$ only to ! ineffable tru? or reality = :i* x /&s4 ,f all hi/oric relativities ( ! in/itutions & sup]ficialities ( religi\s rites ,lu!r react$ & discov]$ 8 absolute 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! s\l appropriates ! grace ( ,god4 ,9 t my/ic communion all natural imp]fections ( ! human _s are transc5d$ & ! s\l is lift$ out ( ! relativities ( "t & circum/ance4 ,x is easy to see h[ inevitable is ?is emphasis 9 ! hi/ory ( religion b also h[ p]il\s x may become to moral values4 ,x is inevitable because e s5sitive consci5ce suff]s at times f a realization t 8our rea* is beyond our grasp10 t moral capacities are n equal to ! goals set by imag9ation & hope4 ,! apo/le ,paul1 ^: religi\s exp]i5ce closely p>allel$ ^? ( ,lu!r & ^: !ology !re=e became au?oritative = him1 compla9$3 8444 ! good t ,i w\ld1 ,i d n2 b ! evil :i* ,i w\ld n1 t ,i d4444 ,= ,i delight 9 ! law ( ,god aft] ! inw>d man4 ,b ,i see ano!r law 9 my memb]s1 w>r+ aga9/ ! law 9 my m9d & br++ me into captivity to ! law ( s9 t is 9 my memb]s4 ,o wret*$ man t ,i am4 ,:o %all deliv] me f ! body ( ?is dea?8 ,i ?ank ,god ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,"l40#ab ,t is a classic /atem5t ( ! dualism 9 life :i* e religion is tempt$ to ov]come by transc5d+ x4 ,lu!ranism 0 9 fact b a revival ( ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity & x 0 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity :i* _h built ! ,*ri/ian *ur*4 ,9 x ! t5sion betwe5 religion & life :i* is ma9ta9$ 9 ! religi\s idealism ( ,jesus is relax$ & ! s5sitive s\l is giv5 ! assurance t a m]ciful ,god w "k h[ to complete :at is s incomplete & h[ to p]fect our manife/ imp]fections4 ,?us ! same ,jesus :o 9 ! gospels is a bold adv5tur] ( ! _s :o *all5ges 8 disciples to be p]fect z _! ,fa!r 9 heav5 is p]fect becomes 9 ! epi/les ! symbol ( ! div9e grace :i* kn[s h[ to accept our int5tions = our a*ievem5ts4 ,x may be unfair to speak ( a conflict betwe5 ! religion ( ,jesus & ! religion ( ,paul2 = x 0 a heav5ly ,fa!r & n a jeal\s judge :o 0 c5tral 9 ! ?\ght ( ,jesus1 & 8 emphasis ^u =giv5ess %ock$ ! /rict morali/s ( 8 day4 ,b if !re is no conflict at ?is po9t1 !re is a m>k$ *ange 9 emphasis4 ,9 ! "o ! appropriation ( div9e grace is a necess>y "p ( ! moral adv5ture2 9 ! o!r x is sep>at$ f ! moral ent]prise & easily becomes a sub/itute = x4 ,paul _h inde$ disav[$ all ant9omian t5d5cies 9 8 doctr9e ( grace4 8,:at %all we !n say8 ,%all we cont9ue to s9 t grace may ab\nd8 ,god =bid4 ,h[ %all we t are dead to s91 live any long] !re980 ,obvi\sly ! my/ical exp]i5ce 9 bo? ! ,paul9e & ! ,lu!ran religion 0 n unrelat$ to ! life ( moral purpose & 0 n consci\sly us$ to obviate ! necessity = moral ent]prise4 ,b :at is to prev5t m5 f mak+ a premature appropriation ( ! peace x gu>antees1 be=e & )\t des]v+ x8 ,9 t lies a p]il to morality 9 almo/ all religion :i* ,paul9e & ,lu!ran !ology did n create b :i* x may acc5tuate4 ,x is well to rememb] t "s ( ! greate/ p]ils to morality 9 ! life ( religion arise out ( its mo/ *]i%$ & necess>y *>act]i/ics4 ,religion is at once ! necess>y p>tn] & ! pot5tial foe ( moral life4 ,! quieti/ic t5d5cies ( religion1 p>ticul>ly z elaborat$ by ,paul9e & ,lu!ran !ology1 are less dang]\s 9 a simple society ?an 9 a complex "o4 ,e?ical attitudes 9 simple social relations fl[ almo/ automatically out ( a religi\s exp]i5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ! consci\s int]pretation ( ! exp]i5ce is scornful ( ! 8righte\sness ( works40 ,b 9 ! second>y & m complex social relation%ips ! moral urge :i* issues out ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce is easily fru/rat$ by ! intricacies & relativities ( hi/oric realities & in/itutions4 ,h[ %all ! s\l pres]ve ! s5se ( ! absolute :i* x has ga9$ 9 ! religi\s exp]i5ce f contam9ation by ! s9s :i* are cov]t 9 all social relations8 ,x is 9 ! v>y+ answ]s ( quieti/ic religion to t "q t its e?ical limitations are vividly reveal$4 ,"o answ] is to avoid conflict ) political & social in/itutions on ! score t !y are div9ely orda9$4 8,let e s\l be subject unto ! high] p[]s4 ,= !re is no p[] b ( ,god2 ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god10 said ! apo/le ,paul4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! ref]5ce is to ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman empire1 ! social cons]vatism implicit 9 ?is logic is obvi\s4 ,x 0 ?is attitude ( ,paul :i* made x easy = ,lu!r to br+ 8 *ur* into su* intimate union ) ! v>i\s gov]nm5ts ( ,g]many & to ma9ta9 an attitude bord]+ on subs]vi5ce t[>d ! ,g]man pr9ces4 ,! political cons]vatism ( ,lu!ranism has s9ce be5 its unv>y+ *>act]i/ic & has _h its m>k$ effects ^u hi/ory1 9 no p]iod m s ?an 9 t ( ! ,_w ,w>4 ,/ate *ur*es ( any k9d easily become ! tools ( ! secul> /ate1 b ,lu!ran /ate *ur*es h usually be5 m compliant tools ?an ! ,anglican *ur*1 = in/ance1 :i* has nev] q r5\nc$ ! old ,ca?olic ambitions ( p>tn]%ip ) ! /ate4 ,ano!r me?od ( :i* quieti/ic religion avails itself 9 deal+ ) ! _w is to assume t its ideal w someh[ a*ieve automatic realization 9 ! intricacies ( economic & social life4 ,?is me?od is h>dly consi/5t ) its pessimism1 b x satisfies ! desire = practical results :i* is b\nd to ass]t itself 9 ev5 ! mo/ supra-moral religion4 ,?us ,lu!r decl>es3#ac 8,!re c be no bett] in/ructions 9 444 all transactions 9 temporal goods ?an t e man :o is to deal ) 8 neighbor pres5t to himself ^! comm&m5ts3 #8,:at y w\ld t o!rs %\ld d unto y1 d ye also to !m1' & #8,love ?y neighbor z ?yself4' ,if ^! 7 foll[$ out1 !n ev]y?+ w\ld arrange & in/ruct itself2 all ?+s w\ld quietly & simply be set to rights1 = ev]yone's he>t & consci5ce w\ld guide him40 ,x is a conceit ( religi\s p1 by no means conf9$ to ,lu!rans1 t a vigor\s /atem5t ( ! ideal ought to result 9 its realization4 ,no "o c e/imate h[ (t5 ! pulpit has insi/$ 9 ^! latt] days t w> c\ld be aboli%$ if only ! nations 8w\ld live accord+ to ! law ( ,*ri/40 ,?is *>act]i/ic frequ5tly gives ! *ur*'s pron\ncem5ts a curi\s air ( futility2 = ideals are nei!r *all5g$ nor appli$ if !y are n f9ally embodi$ 9 concrete proposals = specific situations4 ,x is 9 su* situations t ! ideal meets its real te/ & runs ! p]il ( corruption4 ,frequ5tly ! t5d5cy ( religion to be cont5t ) ! /atem5t ( ab/ract pr9ciples is due to a want ( intellectual vigor :i* results easily f religion's mi/ru/ ( reason4 ,a me?od ( deal+ ) ! _w :i* is m consi/5t ) ! ess5tial dualism ( quieti/ic religion is its ef=t to give "s realization to ! ideal by means ( subjective religi\s emotion :i* transc5ds ! imp]fections ( society )\t attempt+ to *ange !m4 ,?us ! ideal ( bro!rhood is to be realiz$ by a religi\s appreciation ( all m5 z bro!rs1 h[ev] mu* economic & social facts may give ! lie to ! ideal4 ,?is 0 ! apo/le ,paul's me?od ( deal+ ) slav]y & ,lu!r emulat$ x 9 8 attitude t[>d ! peasant's revolt4 ,no?+ gives a m illum9at+ clue to ! cons]vative implications ( ?is type ( religion ?an ?is incid5t 9 ! ,re=mation4 ,! peasants1 suff]+ 9 a /ate ( semi-slav]y1 saw 9 ,lu!r's /atem5t ( ! gospel pr9ciples ( fre$om1 & 9 ! religi\s ideal ( ! equal wor? ( all s\ls1 implicit 9 ,*ri/ian tea*+1 a ju/ification = _! revolt aga9/ ! intol]able conditions ( s]fdom4 ,!y decl>$3 8,x has be5 cu/om hi!rto = m5 to hold u z _! own prop]ty1 :i* is pitiable en\gh consid]+ t ,*ri/ has deliv]$ & r$eem$ u all1 ! l[ly z well z ! great1 by ! %$d+ ( 8 preci\s blood4 ,accord+ly x is consi/5t ) scripture t we %\ld be free & %\ld wi% to be s4 ,we !re=e take x = grant$ t y w release u f s]fdom z true ,*ri/ians1 unless x %\ld be %[n f ! gospels t we are s]fs40#ad ,lu!r viol5tly disav[$ ?is practical application ( 8 gospel4 8,?is article w\ld make all m5 equal & s *ange ! spiritual k+dom ( ,*ri/ into an ext]nal worldly "o4 ,impossible4 ,an e>?ly k+dom _c exi/ )\t inequality ( p]sons4 ,"s mu/ be free1 o!rs s]fs1 "s rul]s1 o!rs subjects4 ,z ,/4 ,paul says1 #8,9 ,*ri/ !re is nei!r bond nor free4'0 ,! viol5ce ( ,lu!r's reaction 9 ?is in/ance 0 p>tly due to consid]ations ( exp$i5cy2 = he fe>$ to lose ca/e ) ! pr9ces by hav+ ! ,re=mation id5tifi$ ) radical political movem5ts2 yet x is fairly fai?ful to 8 g5]al conceptions ( ! nature & function ( religion4 ,obvi\sly ! dualism ( ,prote/antism :i* sep>ates ! religi\s exp]i5ce ( ! individual f ! social realities 9 :i* alone p]sonality c a*ieve significance has defects :i* are m p]il\s to social values ?an ! e?ical dualism ( m$ieval mona/icism4 ,if ! ideal is to be )drawn f life to save x f corruption1 x is bett] t x be realiz$ 9 "s social m$ium1 h[ev] artificial1 ?an t x be susp5d$ 9 ! ?9 air ( religi\s s5tim5t & be realiz$ only 9 subjective exp]i5ce4 ,an analysis ( ! v>i\s /rategies ( religion 9 e/abli%+ contact ) ! hi/oric situations & social realities 9 :i* x mu/ function reveals1 9 %ort1 t x c pursue no c\rse :i* is altoge!r free ( p]il to its moral values4 ,capitulation )\t conflict r$uces religion to magic & secul>izes life4 ,a /ubborn conflict ) ! intractable =ces ( nature & hi/ory results 9 "s k9d ( compromise4 ,nei!r papal int]nationalism nor puritan plutocracy are :at ! ideali/s :o 7 responsible = !m really desir$4 ,& :at !y really desir$ fell %ort ( _! pret5d$ goals4 ,)drawal f ! _w is equally dang]\s4 ,= x may lead ei!r to ! morbid artificialities ( asceticism or to ! s5tim5tal subjectivism ( quieti/ic religion4 ,!re are values 9 ea* ( ! v>i\s /rategies z well z p]ils4 ,p]haps ^? :o are too critical ( _! limitations c nev] create _! values4 ,religion mu/ create its values 9 nave fai? & subject _! limitations to a critical intellig5ce4 ,( ! v>i\s /rategies asceticism is probably ne>e/ to ! real g5ius ( religion & mo/ adequate = ! moral ne$s ( our day4 ,if a _w is completely a/ray ! high] p]spective f :i* x may be convict$ ( s9 & ! great] dynamic :i* may function r$emptively 9 its life bo? dep5d ^u "s k9d ( deta*m5t ( religion f life4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,social ,,complexity ,,& ,,e?ical ,,impot5ce ,:ile !re is good reason to regret ! individualism ( ,prote/antism 9 a civilization :i* has increas$ ! intimacy ( all human relations & made social & economic int]dep5d5ce a basic fact1 yet x alone _c be held responsible = ! une?ical nature ( mod]n society4 ,?is is attributable z mu* to ! great] difficulties :i* ! human consci5ce faces 9 mod]n life z to any weakness 9 ! moral & religi\s idealism by :i* x is in=m$4 ,a mu* m adequate type ( religi\s idealism might h be5 unequal to ! task ( pres]v+ e?ical values 9 mod]n life4 ,! gradual secul>ization ( economics ?r\gh ! gr[+ complexity ( comm]cial relations has be5 a previ\s int]e/ ( our /udy4 ,:5 x became inconv5i5t & difficult to make simple moral /&>ds1 express$ 9 prohibitions ( usury & ma9t5ance ( a 8j price10 fit ! new intricacies ( int]national comm]ce & indu/rial production1 we h se5 h[ m5 turn$ naturally & inevitably to ! consol+ reflection t 89 ! provid5ce ( ,god life is s arrang$ t ea* man seek+ 8 own %all s]ve ! common weal40 ,! doctr9e ( laissez faire 0 9 o!r words z mu* an admission ( defeat on ! "p ( ! moral =ces ( society z x 0 a consci\s ef=t t[>d secul>ization4 ,o!r factors beside a gr[+ complexity ( social life help$ h[ev] to secul>ize mod]n society4 ,mod]n comm]ce & indu/ry t5d to increase ! ext5t ( cop]ative ef=t :ile !y dim9i% p]sonal contacts4 ,_w comm]ce & l>ge-scale production make human be+s int]dep5d5t )\t (f]+ !m ! opportunity ( ent]+ ^u p]sonal associations4 ,!re is a natural sympa?y 9 ! s\l :i* saves m5 f actions :i* are v obvi\sly detrim5tal to _! fell[s4 ,b if !y are unable to survey ! consequ5ces ( _! actions or to gauge ! reactions to _! attitudes 9 ! lives ( o!rs1 _! temptation to une?ical conduct is mat]ially increas$4 ,! ma/] ( a manufactur+ unit 9 ! old h&craft p]iod ( indu/ry ?us f\nd x mu* easi] to ma9ta9 moral relations to 8 work]s ?an a mod]n1 frequ5tly abs5tee1 own] ( a l>ge factory4 ,if 9 addition own]%ip becomes collective1 ) ! result+ division ( responsibility1 :ile ! numb] ( work]s increases until individuals lose _! significance 9 ! mass1 ! problem ( mak+ indu/rial relations e?ical is fur!r complicat$4 ,e?ical conduct is1 9 its la/ analysis1 bas$ ^u rev]5ce = p]sonality2 & p]sonality fails to make its appeal to ! consci5ce :5 consid]$ 9 ! mass & :5 reg>d$ at too long range4 ,9 su* circum/ances a degree ( intellig5ce & imag9ation1 :i* mank9d has n yet a*iev$1 is requir$ to gauge ! effect ( indu/rial & comm]cial policy ^u ! individuals :o are involv$ 9 x4 ,! une?ical nature ( mod]n civilization ) its de/ruction ( confid5ce 9 ! moral integrity ( human nature & ) its det]m9i/ic obsessions is l>gely due to its me*anical p]fections :i* h increas$ ! ext5t ( social cop]ation :ile !y h decreas$ p]sonal contacts4 ,! same means ( comm]ce & communication :i* h increas$ ! size ( indu/rial gr\ps & ext5d$ ! range ( comm]cial transactions h also enl>g$ ! political units & increas$ int]dep5d5ce betwe5 !m4 ,we are liv+ 9 a _w 9 :i* a f9ancial depression 9 ,am]ica results 9 a panic ^u ! silk ex*ange ( ,tokio2 9 :i* a boycott ^u cotton goods initiat$ by a ,g&hi 9 ,india ?r[s ?\s&s ( cotton sp9n]s 9 ,man*e/] into unemploym5t2 & 9 :i* ,we/]n indu/rialism may exploit ,*9ese labor 9 ! seaports ( ,*9a )\t "o b5efici>y ( ?is indu/rialism out ( a million be+ able to make a m5tal picture ( ! social consequ5ces ( ! comm]cial policies f :i* he b5efits4 ,! difficulty ( ^! long-range relation%ips is fur!r complicat$ by ! fact t ! p>ticipants are sep>at$ n only by great di/ances b by ! b>ri]s ( race & nationality4 ,all social dec5cies 9 ! pa/ h develop$ )9 ! b\nds ( ! gr\p1 & m5 h n yet le>n$ to treat individuals 9 o!r gr\ps ) confid5ce1 respect & hone/y4 ,attitudes ( t5d]ness1 sympa?y & affection h be5 conf9$ v l>gely to ! family gr\p4 ,f ?is intimate gr\p !y 7 f9ally sluic$ out to effect social relations 9 l>g] gr\ps1 b !y h n *ang$ int]-gr\p relations4 ,civilization has increas$ ! size ( gr\ps 9 :i* human relations h an e?ical basis1 b x has n moraliz$ ! action ( ! gr\p nor taught individuals 9 "o social gr\p to treat individuals 9 o!r gr\ps ) ! respect & confid5ce :i* a :olesome social life requires4 ,! connotation ( contempt :i* ! ,jews plac$ 9 ! ^w 8g5tile0 & ! ,greeks 9 ! ^w 8b>b>ian0 may be mat*$ 9 ! t]m9ology ( practically e p4 ,:5 gr\ps are geographically sep>at$1 z 9 ! case ( political /ates1 fe> & misund]/&+ are multipli$ by ! ignorance :i* results f a lack ( contacts4 ,b contacts alone d n remove !m2 = ! relations ( political1 social & racial gr\ps )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! same /ate are only slightly m e?ical1 z = in/ance ! relation betwe5 :ite & color$ p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates or ( ! ,scot* & ,iri% 9 ,ul/]4 ,human imag9ation & intellig5ce h n be5 equal to ! task ( ext5d+ e?ical attitudes beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ! gr\p4 ,! e?ical problem ( gr\p relations is made /ill m difficult by ! expansive desires & une?ical attitudes :i* develop naturally )9 ! gr\p z a corporate entity4 ,t is1 gr\ps z su* f9d x ev5 m difficult to ma9ta9 moral attitudes t[>d o!r gr\ps ?an d ! individuals )9 x t[>d individuals 9 o!r racial or political unities4 ,all human gr\ps t5d to be m pr$atory ?an ! individuals :i* compose !m4 ,! mo/ t5d] emotions may *>act]ize ! relations ( memb]s ( a family to ea* o!r2 b ! family z su* is easily tempt$ to ga9 its advantages at ! exp5se ( o!r families4 ,! t5d5cy ( family loyalty to acc5tuate covet\sness has be5 frequ5tly not$ by social obs]v]s :o h se5 ! family in/9ct z ! v basis ( ! sanctity :i* civilization has giv5 private prop]ty4 ,religi\s organizations are n free ( ! imp]ial ambitions :i* come naturally to social gr\ps ( e k9d4 ,"o fruitful cause ( ! dilution ( religi\s idealism is ! desire ( religi\s gr\ps to ga9 p[] & pre/ige among l>g] numb]s4 ,!y !re=e s(t5 ! rigor ( _! ideal t x may captivate ! morally m$iocre majority4 ,bo? employ]s & employees frequ5tly f9d agreem5t 9 specific cases ( conflict difficult because ! policies ( bo? are det]m9$ by consid]ations ( loyalty to _! respective gr\ps4 ,( all human gr\ps ! political /ate is probably mo/ incl9$ to une?ical conduct4 ,x 0 a dictum ( ,george ,wa%+ton's t a nation 0 n to be tru/$ beyond its int]e/s1 & hi/ory supports ! ju/ice ( 8 obs]vation4 ,aft] %rewdly obs]v+ ! /atesm5 ( ,engl& equivocate on ! attitude ( _! nation t[>d ! s\!rn rebellion until !y c\ld det]m9e _! policy by consid]ations ( exp$i5cy1 ,h5ry ,adams came to ! melan*oly conclusion t masses ( m5 7 always mov$ by int]e/ & nev] by consci5ce & t morality is a private & a co/ly luxury4#ae ,"o reason :y ! relations ( nations to ea* o!r are /ill *>act]iz$ by primitive fe>s & excessive caution is because _! actions h n1 z a matt] ( fact1 be5 morally dep5dable4 ,! problem ( mak+ nations & o!r gr\ps con=m to e?ical /&>ds ( any k9d is p>ticul>ly difficult because ! e?ical attitude ( ! individual t[>d 8 gr\p easily obscures ! une?ical nature ( ! gr\p's desires4 ,! patriot id5tifies 8 t5d] emotions t[>d 8 nation ) ! attitude ( ! nation itself until he becomes incapable ( a critical appraisal ( its policy2 or he frankly condones ! selfi%ness ( ! nation because he recognizes no e?ical values beyond ^? implicit 9 gr\p loyalty4 ,! fa!r ( a family may feel moral pride 9 ess5tially selfi% pursuits because he means to secure advantages by !m n = himself b = 8 family4 ,loyalty to 8! firm0 may give ! bus9ess man a consci\sness ( virtue ev5 ?\gh x =ces him to connive 9 pr$atory practices ( 8 conc]n4 ,! class-consci\s work] may be will+ to disrupt society 9 ! int]e/ ( 8 class because all 8 moral ne$s are satisfi$ by 8 devotion to :at he reg>ds z ! mo/ significant social gr\p4 ,:ile ?is e?ical p>adox ( patriotism is obvi\sly n conf9$ to political gr\ps1 ! nation is mo/ s]i\sly tempt$ to une?ical conduct because x is n a volunt>y association1 its gr\p is conv5i5tly isolat$ f o!rs & loyalty to x is lea/ qualifi$ by o!r conflict+ loyalties4 ,x may be set d[n z a tru? ( almo/ axiomatic f9ality1 t gr\ps t5d to be une?ical 9 proportion to ! degree ( unqualifi$ loyalty :i* !y are able to claim or exact ( _! memb]s4 ,9 ?is connection x may be not$ t democracy has increas$ r ?an dim9i%$ ! imp]ialism ( nations1 = x has giv5 patriotism a high] moral sanction & ?us r$uc$ ! moral scruples :i* might qualify ! loyalty ( _! citiz5s4 ,! arrogance ( nations & _! insi/5ce on moral autonomy has develop$ simultane\sly ) ! ext5sion ( democracy4 ,x is ?is e?ical p>adox ( patriotism :i* invalidates ! cont5tion t ! root ( all imp]ialism is ! imp]ialism ( ! individual4 ,x is true ( c\rse t gr\p loyalty may become a device = delegat+ our vices to ! gr\p & imag9+ ourselves virtu\s4 ,"s types ( political arrogance & race prejudice are obvi\sly me?ods ( comp5sat+ individuals = _! lack ( opportunity to bully _! imm$iate neighbors4 ,yet on ! :ole ! une?ical "* ( gr\p action is det]m9$ z mu* by ! p>tial virtues z by ! vices ( individuals4 ,! problem ( br++ gr\ps "u "s k9d ( e?ical control is n new 9 hi/ory4 ,x has become unusually difficult 9 ! mod]n _w n only because ( ! consolidation ( ! au?ority ( ! /ate b also because rapid means ( communication h increas$ ! size ( social1 political & economic units & made relations betwe5 !m m intricate4 ,! l>g] ! unit ! m unqualifi$ seems to be ! moral sanction :i* loyalty to x may claim4 ,to an av]age citiz51 imm]s$ 9 8 p>o*ial int]e/s1 ! nation appe>s 9 ! light ( a univ]sal community 9 contra/ to ! small] & volunt>y communities )9 ! nation4 ,yet ?is same nation is "o ( _m human gr\ps1 mo/ ( :i* betray imp]ial desires rem9isc5t ( ,rome b :i* aspire 9 va9 aft] ! univ]sal dom9ion :i* gave ,roman imp]ialism a measure ( moral wor?4 ,treits*ke1 ^: philosophy ( hi/ory 0 ! object ( s mu* opprobrium dur+ ! ,_w ,w> t its fai?fulness to ! g5]al prejudices ( ,we/]n life w\ld h>dly be surmis$1 pres5t$ ! nation z ! ultimate community because all small] societies are too petty to des]ve & all l>g] ones too vague & ab/ract to claim ! unqualifi$ allegiance ( m54 ,! intricacies & prop9quities ( an indu/rial civilization t5d at "s po9ts to increase ! imp]ial desires ( nations & at o!rs to make _! ord9>y lu/s m deadly4 ,! feud betwe5 ,g]many & ,france is a v anci5t "o1 b ! ne$ ( ,fr5* indu/ry = ,g]man coal & ( ,g]man indu/ry = ,fr5* iron expla9s "s aspects ( _! pres5t difficulties :i* are n d]iv$ f anci5t animosities4 ,mod]n indu/ry ne$s a unifi$ _w &1 lack+ x1 ea* nation is incl9$ to seek ! completion ( its indu/rial e/abli%m5t by ! =cible appropriation ( t]ritory1 ri* 9 ne$$ res\rces4 ,! economic imp]ialism ( indu/rially advanc$ nations is a product ( ! high productivity ( mod]n indu/ry :i* produces m ?an "o national unit c consume & :i* ne$s m raw mat]ials ?an ! same nation c produce4 ,covet\s eyes are consequ5tly turn$ ^u undevelop$ portions ( ! globe1 ri* 9 raw mat]ials & hungry = ! products ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,9 "o s5se ! ,european w> 0 incubat$ 9 ,africa4 ,rapid means ( communication also ext5d ! rea* ( ! grasp+ nations4 ,*9a is attempt+ to ?r[ (f ! %ackles ( a ,we/]n imp]ialism :i* c\ld nev] h ga9$ ! position x holds on ,*9ese soil b = ! new contiguity :i* has de/roy$ ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,moreov]1 ! intricacies ( int]national comm]ce & f9ance (f] opportunities = a new k9d ( economic imp]ialism :i* h>dly ne$s1 ?\gh x does n always avoid1 ! use ( political =ce4 ,! economic =ces ( "o nation simply p5etrate ! economic life ( ano!r &1 if !re is a great disp>ity 9 economic p[]1 ! weak] nation is br\ght "u ! dom9ion ( ! /rong] )\t ! citiz5s ( ei!r be+ aw>e ( ! process by :i* ?is has be5 accompli%$4 ,?is is ! type ( imp]ialism :i* ,am]ica is mo/ fitt$ & incl9$ to develop4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica political pressure does accompany economic p5etration1 b 9 ,europe ,am]ican p[] increases "u a policy ( political isolation4 ,! isolationism ( ,am]ica1 :i* has become a firmly e/abli%$ =eign policy s9ce ! w>1 is prompt$ p>tly by ! s5se ( p[] :i* ,am]ica feels z ! ri*e/ nation ( ! _w1 & p>tly by a political infantilism :i* tempts u bo? to ph>isaism & to fe> :5 deal+ ) ! suppos$ly m a/ute political b>ga9]s ( ,europe4 ,! relation ( ,am]ica to ! re/ ( ! _w is a p]fect example ( ! moral p]il 9 ! new intricacies ( mod]n civilization4 ,! citiz5 ( ! /ate is z ignorant ( ! actual "* ( 8 nation's relation to o!r nations z ( o!r peoples' reactions to ! real policy ( 8 own gov]nm5t4 ,probably n "o ,am]ican 9 a ?\s& is able to compreh5d a s+le reason :y ,europe %\ld fe> or hate ,am]ica & n m ?an "o 9 a hundr$ is actually aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( su* hatr$s & fe>s4 ,!re is !re=e an unconsci\s hypocrisy 9 ! moral pret5sions ( ! citiz5s ( e nation1 a m or less consci\s hypocrisy 9 ! attitudes ( ! gov]nm5ts :i* d n %>e b yet exploit ! political ignorance ( ! p1 & an inevitable reaction ( cynicism on ! "p ( ^? :o "k ! real facts & suff] f ! moral limitations ( ! nation's policy4 ,gr\p relations1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* are intricate1 are ?us p]si/5tly une?ical because "p ( ! mod]n _w is too ignorant to make !m e?ical & ! o!r "p is s worldly-wise t x has lo/ confid5ce 9 ! possibility ( e?ical relations4 ,frequ5tly hypocrisy & cynicism are unit$ 9 ! same p]son :o kn[s h[ to disc\nt ! moral pret5sions ( o!r gr\ps b lacks ! p]spective f :i* he might arrive at a critical evaluation ( ! real "* ( 8 own gr\p4 ,?is curi\s comb9ation ( ins9c]ity & cynicism is obvi\s 9 ! relation ( bo? economic & national gr\ps1 b x is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 int]national difficulties4 ,9 ! /ruggle betwe5 economic gr\ps !re is a gr[+ incl9ation to make no moral pret5sions on ei!r side4 ,sometimes ! gr\p 9 p[] makes !m b 9 t case its ins9c]ity is usually consci\s r ?an ignorant4 ,9 int]national affairs ! same patriots :o ignorantly p]secute e p]son :o seeks to qualify national loyalty or to make a dispassionate appraisal ( national policies frequ5tly s9k into moral despair & disillusionm5t :5 hi/ory unfolds ! inevitable consequ5ces ( ! an>*y ( conflict+ national lu/s4 ,! task ( mak+ complex gr\p relations e?ical belongs prim>ily to religion & education because /atecraft _c rise above ! univ]sal limitations ( human imag9ation & intellig5ce4 ,a robu/ e?ical idealism1 an extraord9>y spiritual insight & a high degree ( intellig5ce are equally necess>y = su* a social task4 ,! difficulties ( ! problem are enhanc$ by ! fact t ! religi\s imag9ation & a/ute intellig5ce :i* are equally necess>y = its solution are incompatible ) ea* o!r4 ,religion is naturally jeal\s ( any p>tn] 9 a r$emptive ent]prise2 & ! same intellig5ce :i* is ne$$ to guide moral purpose 9 a complex situation easily lames ! moral w & dulls ! spiritual insight4 ,x is possible t ?is difficulty may p]man5tly de/roy e ve/ige ( morality 9 ! gr\p relations ( mod]n society4 ,! necess>y p>tn]%ip & ! inevitable conflict betwe5 ! religio-moral & ! rational =ces is obvi\s 9 bo? ! political & ! economic problems ( ! pres5t age4 ,! unqualifi$ au?ority & ! b\ndless lu/s ( a mod]n /ate ne$ fir/ ( all to be br\ght "u ! scrut9y ( cle> m9ds :o und]/& ! implications & c gauge ! consequ5ces ( its pret5sions4 ,patriotism is a =m ( altruism & z su* repres5ts ! victory ( ultra-rational sanctions ov] ! selfi% incl9ations ( individuals :i* seem q reasonable to ! av]age man4 ,! emotional attitude & e?ical a*ievem5t 9 patriotism end[s ! patriot ) a k9d ( madness & pride :i* make him z scornful ( m rational types ( altruism z ( ! prud5t & cauti\s selfi%ness ) :i* he has 8 prim>y conflict4 ,x is because patriotism repres5ts a victory ( an e?ical ideal t religion s easily becomes its uncritical p>tn]4 ,:5 _m he>ts are cold any?+ t w>ms !m w seem religi\s to ! undiscrim9at+ *ampion ( religi\s values4 ,! defects ( patriotic altruism are ?us left to ! correction ( rationali/ic ideali/s :o "k h[ to discov] ! absurdities into :i* an uncritical devotion to p>tial values may issue & h[ to envisage ! l>g] community ( mank9d ( :i* ! nation is a "p4 ,dur+ ! la/ w> moral ideali/s ( rationali/ic p]suasion1 su* z ,b]tr& ,russell1 ,roma9 ,roll&1 ,h5ri ,b>busse & ,b]n>d ,%aw1 7 m deta*$ 9 _! p]spective & fre] ( w> hy/]ias ?an any religi\s lead]s ( equal /&+4 ,to envisage ! l>g] community ( mank9d :i* lacks ! physical symbols ( ! /ate & to dispel ! p>o*ial prejudices :i* are h>bor$ 9 m$iocre m9ds & :i* make hatr$ ( o!rs ! inevitable commitant ( love = "o's own is cle>ly a task to :i* a discrim9at+ intellig5ce mu/ contribute4 ,h[ev] ! problem ( gr\p relations1 z has be5 previ\sly not$1 is creat$ n only by ! p>o*ialism ( individuals b by ! lu/ & gre$ ( ! gr\p itself4 ,! task ( p]suad+ ! gr\p to sacrifice "s ( its advantages = ! sake ( ! :ole ( human society is s difficult t x almo/ leads to despair4 ,if x w ev] be accompli%$ religio-moral =ces1 :atev] _! pres5t impot5ce1 mu/ come to ! aid ( reason4 ,prud5ce alone may prompt nations to a measure ( self-sacrific+ action1 s9ce unqualifi$ self-ass]tion mu/ lead to mutual de/ruction4 ,b prud5tial morality reveals ! same defects 9 int]-gr\p relations :i* we h not$ 9 simpl] social problems4 ,its ends are always too imm$iate & its p]spective is too n>r[4 ,moral action :i* lacks "s ref]5ce to an absolute /&>d & "s ultra-rational dynamic inevitably falls %ort ev5 ( satisfy+ ! social necessities4 ,! prud5ce ( nations 9 ! pres5t /ate ( int]national relations t5ds to prompt a few1 usually neighbor+ nations1 to compose _! diff]5ces1 b = ! sake & at ! price ( %>p5+ ! conflict ) "s o!r alliance ( /ates4 ,! net result ( su* an ent]prise is simply to enl>ge ! unit ( conflict once m )\t aboli%+ w>f>e4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! triple ent5te & ! triple alliance1 bo? =m$ ) high moral pret5sions1 help$ to make ! ,_w ,w> inevitable is a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,m rec5tly !re are indications t ,france & ,g]many w compose _! diff]5ces 8= ! sake ( ,europe40 ,su* a reconciliation w ha/5 ! unification ( ,europe b w also help to raise ! spect] ( int]cont95tal w>s ) cont95tal units ( conflict4 ,! unification ( ,asia ^u a basis ( common res5tm5t aga9/ ,we/]n imp]ialism is an almo/ unavoidable developm5t 9 int]national affairs4 ,all ^! cont95tal alliances are logical en\gh f any imm$iate p]spective b dang]\s f ! p]spective ( ! welf>e ( ! :ole race4 ,!re is no indication t prud5tial /atecraft has ! res\rces to prev5t ,am]ica f incit+ ! :ole ( ,europe aga9/ our economic ov]lord%ip ( t cont95t4 ,! increas+ feel+ ar\s$ by ! problem ( debt liquidations is symptomatic ( ! natural res5tm5t :i* mu/ inevitably issue out ( a relation ( economic int]dep5d5ce betwe5 a v weal?y & a poor cont95t4 ,= ! settlem5t ( ?is issue no policy w be wise except "o :i* w appe> v fooli% to ! wise /atesm54 ,a prud5t /atecraft has made ! anxiety ( a weal?y cr$itor ! dom9ant note 9 ,am]ican int]national policy1 & envy & fe> ! *ief *>act]i/ics 9 ! attitudes ( ! peoples :o mu/ deal ) u4 ,social intellig5ce does ( c\rse produce a f9] fruit ?an ! type ( prud5ce :i* *>act]izes ! int]national policy ( mod]n /ates4 ,!re is a :ole class ( social ideali/s :o und]/& ! economic basis ( mo/ int]national difficulties & :o w\ld br+ peace to ! w>r+ classes & nations by an economic reorganization ( mod]n society4 ,s9ce mod]n indu/rialism & capitalism h mat]ially complicat$ ! anci5t feuds betwe5 races & classes1 x is evid5t t no am\nt ( moral & spiritual goodwill c produce an ord]$ & /able int]national society if ! economic roots ( w> are n cle>ly disc]n$ & f9ally elim9at$4 ,h[ev] ! same intellig5ce :i* is capable ( su* disc]nm5t easily drifts into a cynicism :i* disc\nts all moral & p]sonal factors 9 social recon/ruction & places its hope entirely 9 a new social /rategy4 ,loyalty to ! class is sub/itut$ = loyalty to ! /ate1 & class conflict is expect$ to issue 9 a la/+ peace = bo? classes & nations4 ,economic det]m9i/s %[ a sup]ior disc]nm5t 9 recogniz+ t 9 a civilization :i* is =c$ to organize its economic life across national b\nd>ies ! conflict ( int]e/ betwe5 classes does become m significant ?an ! conflict betwe5 /ates1 p>ticul>ly s9ce ! latt] conflict is due ei!r to economic or to fanta/ic & imag9>y causes4 ,b _! v realism betrays !m into a cynicism :i* f9ally issues 9 ! mo/ romantic & unreali/ic dreams4 ,!y imag9e t social peace w result f ! victory ( "o class ov] all o!r classes4 ,!y h n tak5 into acc\nt t mod]n capitalism produces a =midable middle class ! int]e/s ( :i* are n id5tical ) ! prolet>ians4 ,moral & spiritual consid]ations may conceivably prompt ?is class to make common cause ) ! work]s 9 ! atta9m5t ( e?ical social ends1 b x w nev] be annihilat$ ev5 by ! mo/ ru?less class conflict nor w x be p]suad$ by ! logic ( economic facts t its int]e/s are altoge!r id5tical ) ^? ( ! work]s4 ,ev5 if "o class 7 able to elim9ate all o!r classes1 :i* is h>dly probable1 x w\ld require "s social grace & moral dynamic to pres]ve h>mony betwe5 ! v>i\s national gr\ps by :i* ?is va/ mass w\ld be organiz$ & into :i* x w\ld dis9tegrate4 ,ev5 )9 "o national unit any economic class w dissolve into v>i\s gr\ps1 accord+ to v>y+ & sometimes conflict+ int]e/s1 z soon z its foes are elim9at$4 ,! ,russian communi/s 7 n long able to pres]ve _! absolute solid>ity aft] _! revolution 0 firmly e/abli%$4 ,! dom9ant gr\p soon le>n$ t no am\nt ( ru?lessness 0 able to prev5t ! gradual =mation ( a m9ority gr\p "u ,trotzky & ,z9oviev4 ,significantly1 ! conflict ( int]e/ betwe5 peasants & indu/rial work]s is ! real basis ( ?is s*ism )9 communi/ ranks4 ,9 ,europe ! qualification ( patriotism by class loyalties has 9 "s in/ances l$ to a mitigation ( national animosities1 b x has n de/roy$ !m4 ,on ! contr>y x has add$ new hatr$s to ! old & creat$ a society :i* is divid$ n only by v]tical b also by horizontal divisions4 ,! ,m>xian idea ( ! unification ( ! _w ^u ! basis ( ! common int]e/s ( ! prolet>ian class mu/ be relegat$ to ! category ( mill5nial dreams4 ,x is bas$ ^u an illusion little bett] ?an t ( nationalism4 ,! nationali/s seek to escape ! moral problem by delegat+ ! vices ( ! individual to ! gr\p & ! ,m>xians fanta/ically end[ ! gr\p ) virtues :i* x does n possess4 ,religi\s & moral idealism1 prea*+ goodwill & peace )\t tak+ ! brutal realities ( ! mod]n economic conflict into consid]ation1 is little bett]1 & probably less s]viceable ?an a cynical realism :i* is bl9d to ev]y?+ b ! secul> facts reveal$ 9 mod]n economic life4 ,! moral futility ( su* idealism is "o ( ! v roots ( su* a cynicism4 ,yet1 f9ally1 ! problem ( social recon/ruction _c be solv$ )\t ! res\rces ( religi\s insight & moral goodwill4 ,! economic reorganization ( society w n be effect$ )\t conflict betwe5 ^? :o possess ! privileges & ^? :o suff] f ! inequalities ( mod]n indu/rialism4 ,nei!r c x be effect$ )\t ! mutual sacrifice ( rights1 ! mutual =giv5ess ( s9s & a mutual tru/ go+ beyond ! des]ts ( any p>ty to ! controv]sy4 ,9 ,engl&1 :]e economic !ory & practice has nev] be5 z completely divorc$ f religi\s idealism z on ! ,cont95t1 a gradual transf] political p[] & social privilege to ! ranks ( ! work]s is be+ made ) mu* less p]il ( a social convulsion ?an 9 any nation ( ! ,cont95t4 ,bo? ! possessors ( privilege & ^? :o *all5ge ! possession are /ubborn 9 ! def5se ( _! advantages & 9 ! *ampion%ip ( _! rights2 b at lea/ a measure ( influ5ce ^u ! /ruggle is ex]cis$ by spiritual & moral consid]ations :i* ,cont95tal critics ( ,engl& id5tify ) ! ,briti% capacity = compromise b :i* probably has deep] & m spiritual roots4 ,mean:ile religi\s idealism 9 ,am]ica is almo/ completely corrupt$ by s5tim5tality & betray$ into social futility because ! mom5t>y unification ( ,am]ican society ^u ! basis ( ! int]e/s ( ! middle classes absolves ! religi\s consci5ce f fac+ ! moral *all5ge 9 ! social & economic facts ( mod]n society4 ,economic det]m9i/s are n alone 9 %>+ ) an ord9>y prud5tial /atecraft 9 ! ef=t to organize ! life ( gr\ps by means ( ! res\rces ( intellig5ce4 ,! hopes ( ! m conv5tional yet socially intellig5t p = a new _w are involv$ 9 ! idea ( a society or league ( nations4 ,s9ce an in*oate int]national society creat$ by ! new intimacy 9 :i* nations live exi/s 9 spite ( int]national an>*y1 x is reasonable to attempt ! creation ( m adequate =ms & ma*9]y = ! cry/allization & expression ( its collective w1 ! conciliation ( disputes among its memb]s & ! clos] integration ( its life4 ,moral & spiritual =ces are sometimes fru/rat$ m]ely by ! lack ( adequate ma*9]y = ! application ( g5]ally accept$ pr9ciples to specific situations4 ,!re is !re=e great ne$ = an intellig5t /atesman%ip :i* w give ! s\l ( an int]national society a body1 & inc>nate its aspirations 9 ! in/rum5ts ( political ord]4 ,f ano!r po9t ( view1 h[ev]1 int]national society does n yet exi/ & ne$s to be creat$2 & ! means = its creation are n laws b attitudes1 n organization b a type ( life4 ,politically m9d$ p easily suff] f ! illusion t laws create morality1 t organization creates society4 ,societies are n creat$ by political me*anism b by attitudes ( mutual respect & tru/4 ,:]e ^! exi/ social relations are e/abli%$ & traditions =m$4 ,^! 9 turn are gradually codifi$ & giv5 def9ition & precision by legal enactm5ts4 ,no "o n[ takes ! !ory s]i\sly t human society 0 creat$ by a consci\s mutual contract betwe5 individuals :o sudd5ly realiz$ t !y c\ld save !mselves 9 no o!r way f mutual self-de/ruction4 ,society is old] ?an human hi/ory & exi/s :]ev] individuals e/abli% relations ( mutual rev]5ce & tru/4 ,! family is usually ! beg9n+ ( society because "h nature aids ! imag9ation & consangu9ity creates an atmosph]e ( mutual tru/4 ,! family is enl>g$ by ! =tunes & ! ne$s ( w>1 ! result+ clans may amalgamate into l>g] units ?r\gh int]m>riage ( lead]s or ?r\gh o!r exig5cies1 & ! em]g+ national or racial gr\p is =m$ by simil> =ces4 ,! love & tru/ :i* unite a society are no m rational ?an ! hatr$ & mi/ru/ :i* divide "o society f ano!r4 ,p d n reg>d ea* o!r z morally dep5dable because reason p]suades or exp]i5ce prompts !m to su* an attitude4 ,! attitude is det]m9$ by natural & in/9ctive or by ideal & religi\s =ces &1 once x is assum$1 is inevitably v]ifi$2 = 9 an atmosph]e ( mutual tru/ human action f9ally becomes tru/wor?y & morally dep5dable4 ,9 s f> z national & racial gr\ps live 9 a /ate ( mutual fe> & hold life outside ( ! gr\p 9 contempt r ?an 9 rev]5ce !re is no int]national society nor c political ma*9]y create x4 ,only 9 r>e in/ances are new social traditions creat$ by legal enactm5ts4 ,political =ms & legal measures are usually belat$ recognitions ( previ\sly e/abli%$ social facts & necessities4 ,! problem ( gr\p relations 9 mod]n society is z difficult z x is because natural causes h op]at$ to make ! social units l>g] & l>g] :ile no ideal =ces h be5 /rong en\gh to prompt ! gr\p to ent] into e?ical relations ) o!r gr\ps4 ,if a high] degree ( imag9ation ?an n[ seems probable does n in=m ! life ( mod]n nations only1 "o fur!r /ep is possible--! consolidation ( cont95ts4 ,9 su* an ev5tuality ! pres5t ,league ( ,nations c\ld easily become ! in/rum5t ( pan-,europeanism 9 conflict ) o!r ,cont95ts4 ,a society ( nations is impossible1 9 %ort1 )\t ^? ultra-rational attitudes :i* ei!r in/9ct or religion mu/ create & :i* 9 ! case ( ?is f9al v5ture is beyond ! res\rces ( natural in/9cts--except 9 ! ev5t ( a ?reat f "s o!r planet>y community4 ,if ! creation ( an int]national society is a task to :i* moral & spiritual res\rces mu/ contribute1 its ma9t5ance & developm5t are no less dep5d5t ^u ! cop]ation ( spiritual insight ) political prud5ce4 ,ev5 at be/ human nature is s imp]fect & relations betwe5 gr\ps z well z individuals s fruitful 9 misund]/&+s t x is impossible to ma9ta9 ! mutual tru/ & confid5ce :i* are ! basis ( society )\t ! spiritual a*ievem5t ( mutual rep5tance & =giv5ess4 ,9 ! relation betwe5 gr\ps ! ability to detect flaws 9 "o's own & ext5uat+ circum/ances 9 ! actions & attitudes ( o!rs is at once m necess>y & m difficult ?an 9 intra-gr\p relations4 ,x is m difficult because ! intricacy & long range ( ! relations1 & ! inevitable hypocrisy 9 ! pret5sions ( gov]nm5ts1 easily obscure ! limitations ( "o & ! virtues & good int5tions ( ! o!r p>ty ( ! relation%ip4 ,x is m necess>y because ! frictions :i* fret ! relations ( national & o!r gr\ps are mu* m g5]ally due to mutual guilt ?an ^? ( individual relations4 ,!y develop 9 a n>r[ _w & 9 a society ( b few memb]s 9 :i* a suspect$ p]il may lead to a ge/ure ( def5se1 ! def5sive measure be reg>d$ z (f5sive & 9 turn prompt an actual attack :i* w be ju/ifi$ 9 turn z a def5sive measure4 ,?us fe>s produce hatr$s1 hatr$s express !mselves 9 ugly grimaces & someone f9ally /rikes ! fir/ bl[4 ,! ,_w ,w> result$ f a spontane\s combu/ion ( fe>s & hatr$s1 & ! p>tial mobilizations1 full mobilizations & f9al decl>ations ( w> are s intimately relat$ to ea* o!r t imp>tial hi/orians f9d x increas+ly difficult & irrelevant to decide :o 0 responsible = ! actual ho/ilities4 ,! obvi\s fact is t e g5]ation ( e ,european /ate = sev]al c5turies _h ga!r$ fuel = flames ( w>4 ,yet ea* gr\p decl>$ its absolute innoc5ce & heap$ abuse ^u ! foe4 ,ye>s aft] ! conflict only a small m9ority 9 ea* ( ! p>ticipat+ nations has _h ! imag9ation to see or ! grace to confess ! %>e ( its nation 9 ! mutual guilt4 ,mean:ile anci5t feuds are p]petuat$ because ! hypocrisy ( ! victors is writt5 into solemn treaties & produces a res5tm5t among ! vanqui%$ :i* makes !m incapable ( any high] s9c]ity4 ,issues betwe5 nations are s involv$ t only exp]t k is able to asc]ta9 ! real facts1 b ! v intricacies ( ! problems involv$ make x possible to use ! facts = ! validation ( almo/ any !sis :i* national pride may dictate4 ,! real task ( p]suad+ gr\ps to enc\rage =giv5ess by rep5tance & rep5tance by =giv5ess1 & ?us to ov]come r ?an p]petuate evil1 is a spiritual & a moral "o & _c be accompli%$ 9 a completely secul> atmosph]e4 ,!re is little evid5ce to ju/ify ! hope t spiritual & moral =ces1 z !y are n[ ori5t$1 are prep>$ to aid 9 su* a task4 ,b _! responsibility is obvi\s2 social intellig5ce may be a p>tn] 9 ! process ( conciliation b intellig5ce _c be> ! burd5 alone :5 a disposition to humility & a capacity = m]cy is lack+4 ,urg+ ! necessity ( religi\s attitudes betwe5 social & political gr\ps may seem to be a c\nsel ( p]fection :5 x is rememb]$ t intra-gr\p relations1 except 9 ! circle ( ! family & 9 small religi\s fell[%ips1 h nev] be5 able to pr(it by _! aid4 ,society 9 g5]al has usually cont5t$ itself ) ! exp$i5t ( compos+ social friction & arbitrat+ dispute by apportion+ ! relative guilt & innoc5ce ( ! disputants ?r\gh a presumably imp>tial judicatory :i* en=ces its decisions ^u ! bellig]5ts1 h[ev] irreconcilable or ob/rep]\s !y may be4 ,b ! fact is t su* a me?od is bo? easi] & m effective 9 a society compos$ ( individuals ?an 9 a society ( gr\ps4 ,9 an ord9>y national society ! imp>tiality ( ! c\rt is gu>ante$ by a society ( ?\s&s & ev5 millions ( individuals :o are suppos$ n to be bias$ 9 favor ( "o or ! o!r litigants2 & ! p>ties to a controv]sy are !re=e m incl9$ to accept ! v]dict ( a c\rt4 ,fur!rmore ! society :i* supports ! judicial tribunal is s p[]ful comp>$ to :atev] political or physical /r5g? ! litigants possess t x is able to en=ce ! aw>ds ( ! latt] h[ev] recalcitrant ! disputants may be4 ,b ! society ( nations is too small1 judg$ by ! numb] ( its memb] nations1 to function ) absolute imp>tiality 9 any major dispute4 ,judicial action is !re=e imm$iately less effective4 ,x is to be not$ t c\rts are less s]viceable in/rum5ts ( social conciliation ev5 )9 nations :5 !y deal ) l>ge economic & social gr\ps su* z unions & tru/s or :5 ! issue involves basic economic problems2 & ! reason = ?is is t ! p>ties to a litigation repres5t s l>ge a "p ( ! total community t ! unbias$ "* ( ! c\rt is n z readily assum$ & ought n be tak5 = grant$4 ,tradition & social cu/om usually bias ! c\rt 9 favor ( "o or ! o!r litigants1 g5]ally ! "o mo/ firmly e/abli%$ 9 ! traditional organization ( ! society4 ,9 ! case ( nations x is obvi\s t = "s "t to come an int]national c\rt mu/ conf9e itself ma9ly to petty disputes among p[]ful nations & to ! real disputes ( ! petty nations1 f ^: p]spective ! l>ge nations may repres5t an imp>tial int]national society4#af ,ev5 at be/ no =mal conciliation c heal w\nds su* z 7 made by ! ,_w ,w> if nations _c develop ! capacity = rep5tance & m]cy & le>n h[ to re/ra9 bo? ! pr\d & ! v9dictive passions :i* are ! natural products ( unreflective social life4 ,?\gh morally dep5dable action develops mo/ readily 9 an atmosph]e ( mutual tru/1 x is n to be assum$ t ei!r nations or individuals always ju/ify tru/ by tru/wor?y action4 ,fai? does n produce consci5ce automatically4 ,mu* ( ! pacifism n[ cultivat$ by socially effective religi\s =ces has ! defect t x fails to gauge ! /ubborn resi/ance to ideal =ces 9 ! pr$atory nature ( national gr\ps4 ,x is difficult to develop moral attitudes suffici5tly hone/ n only to give ! be>] ( tru/ ! pre/ige ( s9c]ity b to make ! object ( tru/ wor?y ( its fai?4 ,tru/ unit$ ) selfi%ness results 9 moral futility2 & :5 x is bas$ ^u illusion & fails to take acc\nt ( ! imp]fect social attitudes :i* x mu/ ov]come1 x issues 9 m]e s5tim5tality4 ,x is significant t ! idea ( ! outlawry ( w> %\ld be esp\s$ p>ticul>ly 9 ,am]ica & f9d little favor 9 o!r nations2 = "h extraord9>y p[] is unit$ ) rem>kable political navete1 s t ,am]ican ideali/s f9d x difficult to appreciate ! unsatisfi$ hung]s ( o!r nations or _! res5tful reaction to our own satiety4 ,if nations _c be mov$ to make "s sacrifices = ! sake ( ! ideal & to qualify _! expansive desires by moral purpose1 all ef=ts to create an int]national society mu/ f9ally prove va94 ,x may be t ! secul> ambitions ( nations are s firmly e/abli%$ 9 social cu/om & _! une?ical attitudes s g5]ally sanction$ by ! popul> m9d t no?+ w avail to give _! actions ev5 a t\* ( e?ical "*4 ,x is difficult en\gh to subdue & discipl9e ! imm$iate & an>*ic desires :i* /ruggle = expression 9 ! s\l ( ! individual2 b :5 !y express !mselves 9 ! life ( gr\ps & are veil$ 9 seem+ sanctities ev5 :ile !y a*ieve new & m diabolical =ms !y c be subdu$ only by ! mo/ a/ute intellig5ce unit$ ) a high moral passion4 ,mod]n civilization lacks bo? ?is intellig5ce & ?is moral passion & is 9 ! p]il ( los+ :at x has ( ! latt] z x develops ! =m]4 ,moral idealism :i* fails to gauge ! measure ( resi/ance :i* its ideals mu/ meet 9 ! confus$ realities ( life or to fa%ion adequate weapons = its conflict deg5]ates into m]e s5tim5tality4 ,b a social intellig5ce :i* is ov]:elm$ by ! disc\rag+ realities & despairs ( ! atta9m5t ( any ideal s9ks into a morally en]vat+ cynicism4 ,moral lead]%ip 9 ,we/]n society is divid$ to-day betwe5 s5tim5tali/s & cynics :o comb9e to r5d] ! prospect ( an e?ical reg5]ation ( mod]n life well-nigh hopeless4 ,if m5 are really to be r$eem$ f ! s9s ( gre$ & mutual fe>s & hatr$s by :i* !y make _! common life intol]able !y ne$ a fai? :i* is n held too *eaply b :i* is held nev]!less 9 defiance ( e disc\ragem5t4 ,! same intellig5ce :i* ! complexities ( mod]n life dem& & create easily prompts n only to ! cynicism :i* decl>es t 8all m5 are li>s0 b to a moral ennui :i* cries1 8,vanity1 vanity1 all is vanity40 ,b5jam9 ,kidd :o und]/ood ! ne$ = ultra-rational sanctions 9 social life bett] ?an mo/ sociologi/s put ! problem ( mod]n society 9 ^! words3 8,! great problem ) :i* e progressive society /&s confront$ is3 ,h[ to reta9 ! highe/ op]ative ultra-rational sanctions = ^? on]\s conditions ( life :i* are ess5tial to its life1 & at "o & ! same "t to all[ free/ play to ^? intellectual =ces :i*1 :ile t5d+ to come into conflict ) su* sanctions1 contribute nev]!less to raise to ! highe/ degree ( social effici5cy ! :ole ( its memb]s40#ag ,to develop ! wisdom ( s]p5ts :ile !y reta9 ! guilelessness ( doves is ! task :i* faces ! religio-moral =ces if !y w\ld aid 9 ! moral reg5]ation ( society4 ,x may be t su* a task is too difficult = ! res\rces ( ?is or any g5]ation ( ! imm$iate future & t pa9ful exp]i5ce mu/ fir/ prove o!r /rategies inadequate4 ,mean:ile ev5 ! possibility ( future usefulness ( religion dem&s ! l>ge/ possible measure ( imm$iate deta*m5t f ! une?ical *>act]i/ics ( mod]n society4 ,if religion _c trans=m society1 x mu/ f9d its social function 9 criticiz+ pres5t realities f "s ideal p]spective & 9 pres5t+ ! ideal )\t corruption1 s t x may %>p5 ! consci5ce & /r5g!n ! fai? ( ea* g5]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,transc5d+ ,,& ,,trans=m+ ,,! ,,_w ,! t5d5cy ( mod]n religion to make itself at home 9 ! _w & to ent] into intimate relations ) civilization is n due solely to ! puritan confid5ce ( victory ov] life4 ,x is p>tly due to ! influ5ces ( a s5tim5tal & optimi/ic evaluation ( human nature :i* came to ! mod]n *ur* ?r\gh ,r\sseau & romanticism4 ,x is also a product ( ! evolution>y optimism :i* has *>act]iz$ religi\s ?\ght s9ce e?ici/s & religioni/s h le>nt to ov]come ! melan*oly conclusions implicit 9 ! ,d>w9ian !ory & to see ! bright side ( evolution4 ,traditional religion is o!r-worldly4 ,! mod]n *ur* prides itself on its bright & happy worldl9ess4 ,x is m int]e/$ 9 trans=m+ ! natural & social environm5t ( p]sonality ?an 9 p]suad+ ! s\l to transc5d all circum/ances & f9d its happ9ess 9 inn] peace4 ,! mod]n *ur* reg>ds ?is mundane int]e/ z its social passion4 ,b x is also ! m>k ( its slav]y to society4 ,:5ev] religion feels completely at home 9 ! _w1 x is ! salt :i* has lo/ its savor4 ,if x sacrifices ! /rategy ( r5\nc+ ! _w1 x has no /rategy by :i* x may convict ! _w ( s94 ,a movem5t :i* deta*es religion f life to give x p]spective & p[] ov] life mu/ on ! o!r h& run ! risk ( c5t]+ ! int]e/s ( m5 on o!r ?an social problems4 ,religion ?us faces a dilemma :i* is n easily solv$4 ,a religion ( social amelioration easily becomes a beautiful romance :i* obscures ! unlovely realities ( life4 ,a religion ( deta*m5t f ! _w may p]suade ! s\l to f9d bo? happ9ess & virtue 9 defiance ( physical & social circum/ances & ?us to reg>d all social problems z irrelevant to its ma9 purpose4 ,?is dilemma is n due to any specific or hi/oric weaknesses 9 types ( religion b arises out ( ! nature & con/itution ( religion z su*4 ,religion 9 its unspoil$ =m is always o!r-worldly & dis5*ant$4 ,puritanism1 romanticism & evolution>y optimism are really b reflections & refractions ( ! g5]al temp] ( ,we/]n life1 :i* has sl[ly ga9$ ! asc5dancy ov] ! religi\s _s4 ,x is a temp] ( fri5dl9ess to1 or at lea/ fe>lessness be=e ! _w4 ,9 puritanism ! t5sion betwe5 religion & life is ma9ta9$1 b ! s\l is p]suad$ t x c br+ ! :ole ( life "u ! dom9ion ( consci5ce4 ,9 romanticism !re is a frank id5tification ( human virtue ) a s5tim5tally idealiz$ natural _w4 ,religi\s & e?ical ?\ght :i* has come "u ! influ5ce ( evolution>y optimism ma9ta9s a s5se ( t5sion betwe5 ! s\l & ! natural _w 9 r>e in/ances2 m frequ5tly x reg>ds human hi/ory z b ! la/ *apt] 9 ! beautiful /ory ( progress :i* all life has unfold$ & :i* "t & pati5ce w inevitably br+ to a happy issue4 ,! f\ndation = ! ,we/]n /rategy ( life 0 laid by ! ,greeks :o1 ov]com+ ! awe & rev]5ce ) :i* ! ,ori5tal brood$ ov] nature's my/]ies1 ?ru/ impi\s h&s into h] secrets & made %rewd guesses ab\t h] v>i$ ph5om5a4 ,! ,greeks le>n$ to make only slight practical application ( _! k1 & ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity eclips$ _! sci5tific temp]4 ,x came into its own aga9 at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages & at ! dawn ( ! mod]n era4 ,! fact t sci5ce develop$ 9 ! ,we/ r ?an ! ,ea/ is due to ?is attitude t[>d ! natural _w4 ,! ,ori5t is n less curi\s ?an ! ,occid5t1 b x directs its m9d to o!r problems4 ,:ile x cradles philosophies & religions ! ,we/ gives bir? to sci5ce4 ,s9ce ! dawn ( ! indu/rial era sci5tific k is us$ increas+ly = ! purpose ( trans=m+ ! natural circum/ance ( human life4 ,nature is n transc5d$ b trans=m$ 9 ! int]e/ ( human happ9ess4 ,com=ts are multipli$2 p[] is increas$2 "t & di/ance are de/roy$2 h\rs ( toil are r$uc$2 natural environm5t is *ang$2 disease is elim9at$ & dea? po/pon$2 ! ho/ilities ( nature are ov]come & h] b5evol5ce multipli$ = ! sake ( human welf>e4 ,our bir? may be 8b a sleep & a =gett+0 b our life is und5iably liv$ 9 natural conditions :i* pr(\ndly affect n only physical well-be+ b cultural & spiritual "*4 ,x is evid5t !re=e t !re is pr(\nd wisdom 9 ! sci5tific /rategy :i* trans=ms ! natural _w 9 ! int]e/ ( ! human _s4 ,n only is ! ,we/]n _w firmly committ$ to x1 b !re are indications t ! ,ori5t w adopt x 9 spite ( ! opposition ( religi\s lead]s su* z ,g&hi4 ,:atev] p]ils to ! spiritual life may lurk 9 ! preoccupation ( ! s\l ) its physical circum/ances1 x is cle> t human p]sonality may be s]v$ by improv+ ! natural environm5t :i* conditions x4 ,weal? may lead to s5sual excess b x is also ! basis ( culture4 ,leisure may be secur$ by r$uc+ physical wants to a m9imum1 b !re are cultural advantages 9 a leisure :i* does n preclude ! satisfaction ( all reasonable desires4 ,com=ts may lead m5 to become obsess$ ) _! ext]nal circum/ances1 b !y also r$uce irrelevant di/ractions to life's ma9 purpose4 ,physical heal? is n a necess>y b a conv5i5t condition = moral & spiritual ent]prise4 ,9 spite ( ^! advantages religion1 except 9 a few contempor>y =ms1 has always be5 ei!r ho/ile or indiff]5t to ! bus9ess ( trans=m+ nature 9 ! int]e/ ( p]sonal values4 ,x has c\nsel$ ! s\l to seek its happ9ess n 9 *ang+ b 9 becom+ indep5d5t ( circum/ances4 ,9 ,buddhism ! highe/ happ9ess is s\ght by ?rottl+ all desires4 ,jesus 0 m c>eful to di/+ui% betwe5 ! w to live & its physical expressions4 ,b he 0 critical ( all physical desires & satisfactions4 ,he _h ! ,ori5t's pr(\nd indiff]5ce to ! 8bus9ess ( e>?40 ,if our e>s 7 n s habituat$ to 8 words t !y fail to cat* _! real significance1 a mod]n congregation w\ld be %ock$ by ! admonition3 8,take no ?\ght = y\r life1 :at ye %all eat or :at ye %all dr9k2 nor yet = y\r body1 :at ye %all put on4 ,is n life m ?an meat & ! body m ?an raim5t80 8,lay n up = y\rselves treasures ^u e>? :]e mo? & ru/ do? corrupt & :]e ?ieves break ?r\gh & /eal1 = :]e y\r treasure is1 !re w y\r he>t be also40 8,fe> n !m :i* kill ! body b are n able to kill ! s\l2 b r fe> him :i* is able to de/roy bo? s\l & body 9 hell40 ,! mod]n ,*ri/ian is incl9$ to de/roy ! =ce ( ! pr(\nd o!r-worldl9ess ( su* s5tim5ts by reflect+ t !y repres5t an ,ori5tal ca/ :i* is incid5tal & n ess5tial to ! gospel ( ,jesus4 ,!y are ,ori5tal no d\bt1 b precisely because !y are religi\s2 & to reg>d !m z incid5tal is to miss ! :ole mean+ ( ! gospel4 ,?\gh ! ,we/ is unable to accept !m1 x pays an unconsci\s tribute to ! tru? involv$ 9 !m4 ,= ! absolute moral values inc>nat$ 9 ! p]sonality ( ,jesus1 :i* ! ,we/ /ill rev]es1 are organically relat$ to ?is o!r-worldl9ess4 ,:atev] ! limitations ( ?is emphasis1 x is evid5t t religion _c escape x4 ,conc]n$ ) ! s\l's inn] peace & p]fect virtue x is =c$ to lift x above ! corruptions & irrelevancies ( temporal conditions4 ,! :ole c\rse ( mod]n hi/ory is ample ju/ification = ,jesus' w>n+3 ,:]e y\r treasure is1 !re w y\r he>t be also4 ,! in/rum5ts ( p]sonality's victory ov] nature h become ! *a9s = a new k9d ( ?raldom4 ,we/]n civilization is enslav$ to its ma*9es & ! ?+s :i* ! ma*9es produce4 ,spiritual =ces are emancipat$ f ! =ces ( nature only to become ! victims ( a me*aniz$ civilization4 ,x is a ,pyrrhic victory4 ,am]ica1 :i* has develop$ ! ,we/]n /rategy ) great] consi/5cy ?an any o!r nation1 is at once ! envy & ! scorn ( ! _w4 ,! scorn may be a device = hid+ ! envy1 b !re is moral ju/ification = reproa*4 ,:at ! _w reg>ds z our vulg>ity is m ?an ! awkw>dness ( y\?2 x is an undue preoccupation ) life's in/rum5tality & an obsession ( ! s\l ) ! concrete _w4 ,! ,ori5t may be m cruel ?an ! ,we/1 b our sup]ior t5d]ness is mat*$ by our m expansive av>ice4 ,hav+ det]m9$ t life consi/s 9 ?+s a man possesses1 ! ,we/ sacrifices bo? inn] peace & social h>mony 9 ! mad scramble = ! p[] & privilege :i* ! conque/s ( nature has suppli$4 ,nei!r ! imp]ialism ( nations nor ! mon/r\s av>ice ( economic gr\ps is conf9$ to ,we/]n life1 b covet\sness & gre$ h be5 manife/ly increas$ by ! temp] & /rategy ( ! ,occid5t4 ,! ,biblical analysis :i* discov]s covet\sness z ! root ( conflict is applicable to our own day3 8,ye lu/ & h n2 ye kill & desire to h1 & _c obta92 ye fight & w>1 yet ye h n because ye ask amiss4444 ,"k ye n t ! fri5d%ip ( ?is _w is enmity ) ,god80#ah ,h[ev] necess>y x may be to make a m equitable di/ribution ( ! physical bless+s ( life1 religion's true function is to develop an attitude ( indiff]5ce t[>d ! v goods = ! possession ( :i* m5 cont5d s frantically4 ,:5 ,jesus rebuk$ ! "y man :o desir$ 8 aid 9 correct+ ! inequitable division ( an inh]itance1 8 unwill+ness to assume a judicial function 0 manife/ly dictat$ by ! ?\ght t ! :ole inh]itance ought to h be5 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! "y man4 ,x is easy to see t su* an attitude may l5d itself to abuse & be us$ to p]petuate inequalities4 ,if advocat$ by religi\s gr\ps :i* h pr(it$ by economic inequalities1 x becomes ! tool ( hypocrisy4 ,yet x is an emphasis :i* religion _c disav[4 ,x is basic to its :ole _w view4 ,! p]il to happ9ess z well z to virtue 9 reliance ^u ! ext]nal =tunes ( life ju/ifies ! c\nsel ( religion t happ9ess mu/ be f\nd$ on int]nal r ?an ext]nal res\rces4 ,! conque/ ( nature is really b a relative victory ( p]sonality ov] circum/ance4 ,?\gh ! caprice ( nature's =ces has be5 *eck$1 =tune rema9s fickle4 ,if m5 _c le>n 8h[ to be abas$ & h[ to ab\nd10 !re is no gu>antee ( happ9ess = !m4 ,pov]ty may be a curse1 b volunt>ily *os5 or cons5t$ to )\t sull5ness x may become ! way ( ! s\l's emancipation4 ,! elim9ation ( disease is a boon to mank9d1 b !re is little likelihood t sci5ce w be able to ov]come all ills to :i* ! human fle% is heir4 ,no sci5tific advance w obviate ! necessity = ! discov]y ( fai? t 8,god's /r5g? is made p]fect 9 weakness10 t ! infirmities ( ! fle% may become ! occasion = ! cultivation ( spiritual graces4 ,ev5 at be/ sci5ce _c de/roy nature's f9al irrelevancy--dea?4 ,!re c !re=e be no real victory ov] nature except by ! /rategy ( transc5d+ h] =tunes4 ,! m ho/ages tak5 f h] ! great] w be ! disappo9tm5t 9 ! h\r ( h] f9al victory4 ,x is man's sublime & tragic fate t he mu/ f9d happ9ess 9 ! se>* = inf9itude amid/ ! flux ( "t & he c !re=e nev] accept ! portion ( mortality = himself ) equanimity4 ,h5ce 8 f9al com=t mu/ come f ! c\nsel ( religion :i* tea*es him h[ he may id5tify himself ) ! et]nal values ( 8 devotion1 s t 8?\gh ! outw>d man p]i% yet ! inw>d man is r5ew$ day by day40#ai ,! temp] ( ,we/]n civilization has made ! mod]n *ur* q a%am$ ( ! o!r-worldly "* ( traditional religion1 & int5t ^u disc>d+ x z mu* z possible4 ,ev]y?+ is done to impress ! g5]ation ) ! mundane int]e/s ( religi\s idealism & to secul>ize religion itself s t x may survive 9 a secul> age z a k9d ( h>mless adornm5t ( ! moral life4 ,yet its s]vice to bo? human happ9ess & virtue are involv$ 9 its o!r-worldl9ess4 ,x is ?r\gh t elem5t t x ga9s ! p[] to raise morality above ! utilit>ian plane & to give human happ9ess a firm] f\ndation ?an fickle =tune4 ,if m5 c f9d no basis = happ9ess except 9 _! adju/m5t to ext]nal realities1 !y w n suff] pa9 to realize a k+dom ( righte\sness4 ,if !y are taught to id5tify physical well-be+ ) _! *]i%$ peace1 !y w n v5ture f>!r ?an su* actions z a cool prud5ce prompts4 ,! cross 0 inspir$ by devotion to a 8k+dom :i* is n ( ?is _w02 b ! cross 0 also ! me?od by :i* t k+dom 0 *ang$ f an e!real to a concrete reality4 ,x is ! absolute ideal :i* has no basis 9 concrete reality :i* moves m5 to defy ! limitations ( ! concrete & ov]come !m4 ,a religion :i* is p]fectly at home 9 ! _w has no c\nsel = x :i* ! _w c\ld n ga9 by an easi] me?od4 ,yet ! reaction ( mod]n religion to traditional o!r-worldl9ess is natural en\gh &1 9 a way1 necess>y4 ,:ile religion _c af=d to disc>d its o!r-worldl9ess1 ! moral & social limitations :i* issue f x are obvi\s en\gh4 ,we h previ\sly obs]v$ ! t5d5cy ( types ( religion to )draw ! ideal f life & to imag9e t x has magic pot5cies ov] life's realities1 or t subjective devotion to x may absolve !m ( ! duty ( realiz+ x 9 hi/ory4 ,all ^! defects are due to vag>ies :i* are n inevitable *>act]i/ics ( religi\s life4 ,b ! social limitations :i* result f ! religi\s /rategy ( transc5d+ ! =tunes ( life are con/itutional & c5tral4 ,!y !re=e (f] a v s]i\s problem4 ,if ! s\l is lift$ above circum/ances1 x easily loses int]e/ 9 *ang+ !m to bett] advantage4 ,if its happ9ess is made indep5d5t ( =tune1 !re is less purpose 9 mak+ =tune secure4 ,if p]sonality discov]s its highe/ satisfactions 9 defy+ environm5tal factors1 x may become indiff]5t to ! necess>y projects ( creat+ a m favorable environm5t = p]sonal values4 ,human p]sonality is an hi/oric product1 det]m9$ by specific =ces ( natural & social environm5t1 & ?\gh x may atta9 its highe/ glory by transc5d+ all circum/ances1 x w fall %ort if x adopts t /rategy at ! beg9n+ & n at ! end ( its ef=ts4 ,! ,ori5t1 :i* produces m sa9ts ?an ! ,occid5t1 pays = !m by ! abject mis]y ( its multitudes4 ,its highe/ moral a*ievem5ts are really det]m9$ by a cruel law ( survival4 ,only p]sonalities ( great spiritual res\rce c ov]come ! g5]al physical conditions ( its life :i* subm]ge ! mass 9 hopeless pov]ty4 ,"s cr$it = ! advantages ( ,we/]n life mu/ be giv5 to ! moral sup]iority ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ,buddhism1 :i* repres5ts ! qu9tess5ce ( ! ,ori5tal _s4 ,*ri/ianity is a life-affirm+ & ,buddhism a life-d5y+ fai?4 ,! "o does n de/roy b ref9es ! en]gy ( life4 ,! o!r de/roys en]gy 9 ! process ( ref9em5t4 ,! ,ori5t is pan!i/ic2 & by deify+ all ( life1 (f]s no av5ue ( escape f its imp]fections except by annihilation ( life itself4 ,!re is a diff]5ce betwe5 flee+ to ,god f life's unbe>able realities & id5tify+ ^! ) ! div9e w4 ,at its wor/ ! /rategy ( ! ,ori5t is a fatali/ic acceptance ( life's circum/ances2 at its be/ x is a /ifl+ ( all desires s t ! s\l may be free ( ! _w4 ,yet !re is a social p]il ev5 9 ! m :olesome /rategy ( ,*ri/ianity :i* affirms life b divorces x f its physical necessities4 ,?is limitation is felt p>ticul>ly :5 ! conditions :i* invite *ange are social r ?an natural4 ,nature is inexorable & x is well to le>n t only !y are able to escape h] furies :o also "k h[ to r5\nce h] delights4 ,b ! _w :i* man has creat$ reta9s its cruelties only by ! suff]ance ( man4 ,any?+ :i* w incl9e m5 to assume an attitude ( indiff]5ce t[>d projects ( social re=m & amelioration is !re=e a pot5tial p]il to social progress4 ,:5 ,jesus rebuk$ ! "y man = 8 anxiety ab\t an equitable division ( 8 inh]itance1 he took a high spiritual gr\nd :i* easily l5ds itself to abuse 9 ! disillusion+ realities ( economic & social life4 ,:at if a sublime r5unciation does n s(t5 ! he>ts ( ^? :o hold m ?an _! j %>e ( ! inh]itance8 ,& :at if ! welf>e ( o!rs besides t ( ! moral ideali/ is involv$ 9 ! r5unciation8 ,%all ! ,biblical injunction to s]vants t !y be ob$i5t to _! ma/]s 8n only to ! good & g5tle b also to ! fr[>d0 apply to political tyrannies8 ,obvi\sly an attitude :i* repres5ts a high spiritual a*ievem5t 9 ! individual in/ance has its limitations :5 rais$ to a g5]al social policy4 ,social radicals :o h be5 confront$ ) ! cons]vatism ( religion h p>odi$ ! o!r-worldly temp] at ! he>t ( ?is *>act]i/ic 9 ! words3 8,bye & bye1 !re'll be pie 9 ! sky40 ,! sne] 9 ?is p>ody h>dly does ju/ice to religi\s o!r-worldl9ess4 ,! emphasis is n s mu* ^u a future life z di/+ui%$ f ! pres5t exi/5ce z ^u a type ( life :i* c af=d to reg>d 8pie0 ) disda9 :e!r 9 ?is or any o!r _w4 ,nev]!less1 ev5 ! highe/ type ( o!r-worldl9ess may become ! cause ( indiff]5ce to social conditions4 ,! v s5sitiv5ess ( religion :i* p]suades x to reg>d human society 9 ! same category ) ! _w ( nature z 8! _w0 may result 9 ! complet] secul>ization ( society & its ab&onm5t to ! un*eck$ =ces ( nature4 ,!re is no easy =mula = avoid+ ?is social p]il 9 ! /rategy ( religion4 ,! elim9ation ( pan!ism is a mat]ial aid 9 its solution4 ,! sup]ior en]gy ( ! ,we/ may be due to a t5tative dualism 9 its religion :i* has be5 qualifi$ f "t to "t by pan!i/ic & moni/ic ?\ght b nev] completely de/roy$4 ,yet ev5 ! dualism ( ,*ri/ianity does n save x altoge!r f positions :i* (f] p]il to social & moral values4 ,ev5 an obs]v] :o is entirely sympa!tic to religion mu/ come to ! conclusion t ! ,we/ owes _m ( its advantages to ! fact t religion has _h no easy "t 9 ,we/]n life1 & t 9 ! pa/ c5turies n only sci5tific ?\ght b sci5tific life-/rategy has *all5g$ religion at e turn4 ,"s ( ! excell5cies ( ,we/]n life are cle>ly ! fruits ( our sci5ce r ?an our religion4 ,( c\rse1 ^! advantages h be5 b\ght at a price4 ,! empirical in/9cts ( sci5ce drive x to d5y ! cont9uities 9 reality & to see ev]y?+ only 9 its mom5t>y & imm$iate situation4 ,! mod]n behaviori/ic de/ruction ( ! concept ( p]sonality is !re=e "o ( ! natural results ( sci5tific ?\ght betray$ into absurdity by its own consi/5cy4 ,b a consi/5t religion is g5]ally equally absurd4 ,reg>d+ all reality1 & p]sonality 9 p>ticul>1 sub specie t]nitatis1 x fails to see h[ truly p]sonality is ! product ( specific social & natural =ces & neglects to *ange ! mat]ial environm5t 9 ! int]e/ ( human welf>e4 ,human p]sonality c be und]/ood nei!r 9 t]ms ( its environm5t alone nor 9 absolute t]ms :i* leave ! mat]ial _w 9 :i* x develops out ( acc\nt4 ,! f9al victory ( p]sonality mu/ be ga9$ by transc5d+ concrete situations & mat]ial circum/ances2 b x is a holl[ victory if circum/ances are n previ\sly us$ & am5d$ to improve p]sonal values4 ,! s\l is at once ! victim & ! ma/] ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,x ga9s its highe/ triumph by r5\nc+ ! _w1 b ! r5unciation is premature if a futile & yet n futile ef=t is n made to make ! natural _w con=m to ! ne$s ( human "*4 ,:ile ! ,we/]n _w has mu* to le>n f ! ,ea/ 9 its /rategy ( life1 !re is no ga9 9 sub/itut+ "o /rategy = ! o!r2 = !y are bo? defective4 ,! plight ( ! ,we/ is due to ! complete bankruptcy ( religi\s =ces & ! un*all5g$ dom9ion ( sci5ce2 j z ! plight ( ! ,ea/ is due to ! un*all5g$ sway ( religion4 ,appli$ sci5ce has creat$ a civilization :i* may be z de/ructive ( p]sonality = ! meag]ly end[$ multitudes z ! natural pov]ty ( ,asia4 ,b ,we/]n civilization may at lea/ boa/ ( develop+ a middle class :i* enjoys physical & spiritual advantages :i* no consid]able class ( ! ,ori5t possesses4 ,nei!r ! ,we/ nor ! ,ea/ has arriv$ at a p]fect basis = happ9ess4 ,! ,ori5tal s\l is l a bird1 fre$ ( its cage1 b ) no w+s to fly4 ,! ,occid5tal s\l has w+s b is s fasc9at$ by its gild$ cage t x does n c>e to fly4 ,! conclusion :i* em]ges f su* reflections w %ock or?odox religioni/s4 ,x is t ! values ( religion are condition$ & n absolute & t !y atta9 _! highe/ usefulness n :5 !y subdue all o!r values b :5 !y are 9 p]petual conflict ) !m1 or x may be tru] to say :5 !y are cord9at$ ) !m4 ,we/]n life ga9$ an advantage ov] ! ,ea/ by c5turies ( conflict betwe5 ! religi\s & sci5tific /rategy ( life4 ,x is los+ ! advantage by an excessive devotion to concrete int]e/s & by ! capitulation ( religion4 ,! supreme trag$y ( hi/ory w\ld be ! n improbable arm$ conflict betwe5 ,we/ & ,ea/1 ) ! ,ori5t 9 a fr5zy ( res5tm5t aga9/ ! gre$ ( ! ,occid5t & ! ,occid5t 9 a natural fe> ( ! l[ liv+ /&>ds ( ,asia4 ,"p ( ! tru? w\ld be on ei!r side & ! conflict c\ld result only 9 exagg]at+ ! limitations ( ! p>tial tru? :i* ea* side holds4 ,mean:ile !re is ! possibility ( cord9at+ ! values ( ,ea/ & ,we/1 ( sci5ce & religion4 ,let ! ,ea/ le>n to live 9 "t & ! ,we/ to view its temporalities ) indiff]5ce4 ,! cord9ation is n easy because m5 are n incl9$ to be at once critical & appreciative ( ! values ) :i* !y mu/ deal4 ,!y always t5d to increase ! limitations ( c]ta9 values by an uncritical devotion1 or to de/roy ! values 9 mad res5tm5t aga9/ _! limitations4 ,s9ce man is a citiz5 ( two worlds1 he _c af=d to r5\nce 8 citiz5%ip 9 ei!r4 ,he mu/ "w out 8 de/9y bo? z a *ild ( nature & z a s]vant ( ! absolute4 ,! prospects = an ex*ange ( values betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ are n p>ticul>ly bright4 ,! ,ori5t is inde$ be+ 8,am]icaniz$10 b p>tly ?r\gh ! policy ( ,we/]n imp]ialism exploit+ ! l[ liv+ /&>ds ( ,asia to ! advantage ( ,we/]n indu/ry4 ,!re is no p[]ful movem5t 9 ! ,we/ to dissuade x f its complete tru/ 9 physical p[] z ! me?od ( self-realization1 & 9 physical com=t z ! way to happ9ess4 ,mod]n religion has n be5 totally ineffective 9 qualify+ racial arrogance & p>o*ial prejudices4 ,b x has _h practically no effect ^u ! in/9cts ( av>ice :i* dom9ate ,we/]n life4 ,! religi\s gr\ps :i* are /ill ambiti\s to defy civilization 9 ! "n ( _! fai? h a !ology :i* _c ga9 ! respect ( ! ?\ghtful lead]s ( mod]n life2 & ! s9s ( :i* !y convict mod]n society are n its real s9s4 ,! intellectually emancipat$ religi\s gr\ps are too ?or\ghly acclimatiz$ to ! atmosph]e ( ,we/]n life to h any s5sitiv5ess = its imp]fections4 ,! greate/ hope lies 9 ! mission>y ent]prise1 :i* ?r\gh its v ef=t t[>d ! univ]salization ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? has a t5d5cy to /rip x ( its ,occid5tal accretions1 s t x may become intr9sically wor?y ( its _w expansion4 ,! mission>y ent]prise may !reby contribute z mu* t[>d ! spiritualization ( ,we/]n life z t[>d ! reg5]ation ( ! ,ea/4 ,its v contact ) ! ,ea/ gives x a p]spective on ! limitations ( ,we/]n life :i* *ur*es at home d n possess4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! possibility t ,we/]n imp]ialism w s ?or\ghly discr$it ! mission>y ent]prise be=e x c function 9 ?is way t x w lose its :ole pre/ige 9 ! ,ea/]n _w4 ,9 t case ,japan w probably cont9ue to unify & occid5talize ,asia 9 ! hope ( fight+ fire ) fire4 ,a small m9ority ( ?\ghtful mission>ies are mak+ a desp]ate ef=t to disassociate ! mission>y ent]prise f ! politics ( ,we/]n imp]ialism 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,consid]+ ! difficulty ( _! task1 !y h made comm5dable progress4 ,yet if ,*ri/ianity at home does n become disassociat$ f & does n qualify ! gre$ ( :i* ! ,ori5tal politics ( ,we/]n nations is b "o expression1 ! h]oic ef=ts ( ! mission>ies may be va94 ,m5 ( prud5ce 9 ! ,ori5t may be will+ to conc$e t ideals h validity ev5 if !y are outrag$ by ^? :o o/5sibly accept !m4 ,b ! f9al te/ ( ideals mu/ include _! ability to qualify human action4 ,if ,*ri/ian idealism is to be a =ce :i* w help to create a unifi$ _w culture1 capable ( de/roy+ ! moral limitations ( bo? ! ,ori5tal & ! ,occid5tal /rategy ( life1 x mu/ deta* itself m completely f ! temp] ( ,we/]n life ev5 :ile x seeks to influ5ce ! ?\ght ( ! ,ea/4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,a ,,philosophical ,,basis ,,= ,,an ,,e?ical ,,religion ,! e?ical problem ( religion may be m important ?an ! metaphysical "o1 z previ\sly obs]v$1 b x _c be solv$ )\t a reori5tation ( ! pres5t philosophical basis ( religi\s conviction4 ,! ,we/]n _w has _h a slight advantage ov] ! ,ea/ 9 ! t5tative dualism ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ?is advantage has be5 lo/ by ! inevitable drift t[>d pan!ism 9 ,we/]n ?\ght4 ,pan!i/ic t5d5cies are pot5tial p]ils to moral values 9 practically all religions4 ,by id5tify+ ,god & ! natural _w !y ei!r p]suade m5 to resign !mselves to ! inadequacies ( nature1 "u ! illusion t div9e sanctity has r5d]$ !m immutable1 or !y bl9d ! eye to ! imp]fections ( nature & ?us de/roy ! moral s5sitiv5ess ( religion4 ,! ,ori5t has usually d]iv$ a morally en]vat+ pessimism f its pan!ism1 :ile ! ,occid5t has *os5 ! o!r horn ( ! moni/ic dilemma & fall5 into a s5tim5tal optimism4 ,bo? alt]natives are z untrue to ! facts z !y are inadequate to m5's moral ne$s4 ,9 ! ,we/]n _w religi\s optimism has be5 gradually de/roy$ by ! advance ( sci5ce :i* discr$it$ ! moral ov]e/imate ( ! cosmic ord]1 implicit z "o ( two t5d5cies 9 pan!ism4 ,! practical & tragic realities ( its int]national & indu/rial life h add$ to ! disillusionm5t & made m5 z sceptical ( human z ( cosmic virtue4 ,?us ! cynicism ( disillusion$ intellig5ce is add$ to ! despair ( an outrag$ consci5ce to unite 9 a pessimism :i* que/ions bo? ! rationality ( ! univ]se & ! morality ( man4 ,! despair ( ! ,we/ is ev5 m deva/at+ to moral values ?an ! pessimism ( ! ,ea/1 = ! ,ori5t is prompt$ by its religion to a s]5e resignation :ile ! ,we/ sp5ds itself 9 bl9d fury or s5sual excess4 ,:5 all confid5ce 9 moral values is de/roy$1 ! /rong express !mselves by ass]t+ _! p[] or res5t+ _! seem+ impot5ce1 :ile ! weak s9k into an easy indulg5ce ( natural appetites4 ,! real hi/ory ( ,we/]n society is be+ writt5 by ,nietzs*ian & ,m>xian cynics :o h subdu$ e scruple :i* might qualify _! conte/ = p[]4 ,mean:ile _! conflict is lazily witness$ by va/ hordes ^: ma9 purpose 9 life is to gratify _! s5ses & :o give _! sympa?y to "o or ! o!r side accord+ z x (f]s lea/ h9drance to _! enjoym5ts4 ,9 su* a situation religion is easily relegat$ to ! position ( re/ra9+ ! petty & obscur+ ! major vices ( ! small m9ority :i* /ill pr(ess x4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :5 optimism & s5tim5tality1 su* z *>act]ize mod]n religion1 make x incapable ( a reali/ic evaluation ( ! =ces :i* reveal !mselves 9 human society4 ,alb]t ,s*weitz]#bj int]prets ! :ole moral bankruptcy ( ,we/]n civilization z a pessimi/ic reaction to ! extravagant optimism ( its traditional religions & philosophies4 ,:ile o!r factors1 su* z ! complexity & ! imp]sonal nature ( indu/rial society1 h be5 contributory factors to ! disillusionm5t ( ! age1 x is probably true t m5 are incl9$ to expect too little ( ! _w & ( man mo/ly because too mu* has be5 claim$ = !m & extravagant hopes h be5 disappo9t$4 ,a reg5]ation ( ! e?ical life ( ,we/]n society mu/ dep5d1 !re=e1 ^u ! revival ( a religion 9 :i* ! ,scylla ( pan!ism & ! ,*>ybdis ( pure naturalism are avoid$4 ,:ile ! ,ori5t has a s]5ity :i* w contribute mu* to ! art ( liv+ 9 a unifi$ _w civilization1 !re is no heal? = our sickness 9 its religi\s philosophies4 ,its pan!ism _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! sci5tific atmosph]e ( ! ,we/1 & if x c\ld1 z x is 9 r>e in/ances1 x w\ld only pres5t u ) ! impossible *oice betwe5 ! moral ennui ( pessimism & ! s5tim5tality ( an unqualifi$ optimism4 ,! y\?ful exub]ance ( ! ,we/]n m9d inv>iably incl9es x to ! lea/ def5sible ( ^! two bad alt]natives1 ! optimi/ic "o4 ,:5 ! ,we/ borr[s religion f ! ,ea/1 z = in/ance 9 !osophy & ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 x is us$ to support optimi/ic illusions s palpably absurd t !y fl\ri% only 9 ^? circles ( society 9 :i* life is extremely com=table & n too intellig5t4 ,! only fruitful alt]native to a monism & pan!ism :i* id5tifies ,god & ! _w1 ! real & ! ideal1 is a dualism :i* ma9ta9s "s k9d ( di/9ction betwe5 !m & does n lose "o 9 ! o!r4 ,duali/ic solutions to ! riddles ( life are n new 9 ! hi/ory ( religi\s ?\ght4 ,!y are 9 fact z num]\s z pan!i/ic ones1 b _! metaphysical limitations h usually outweigh$ _! moral advantages & %ort5$ _! life4 ,9 ,zoroa/rianism1 ! noble/ ( purely ,aryan fai?s1 ,ahirman ! _s ( evil exi/s indep5d5tly ( ,ormuzd ! good _s4 ,! influ5ce ( ?is ,p]sian dualism is se5 9 bo? ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian ?\ght4 ,! satanology ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is p>tly d]iv$ f x2 & ,mani*ism1 ?r\gh :i* ,augu/9e pass$ be=e he embrac$ & elaborat$ ,ca?olic or?odoxy1 is a comp\nd ( ,p]sian & ,*ri/ian religion4 ,my?ology is fill$ ) ef=ts to d ju/ice to ! conflicts :i* ! _w reveals z obvi\sly z its unities1 z = in/ance 9 ! my? ( ,prome!us & ,zeus4 ,ev5 ,plato1 f :om mo/ ,we/]n pan!ism has be5 indirectly d]iv$1 held t ,god's p]fect goodness 0 ?w>t$ by ! intractabl5ess ( ! mat]ials ) :i* he work$4 ,e>ly ,hebrew religion 0 navely duali/ic1 & t is "o reason :y x has be5 s pot5t 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,god 0 inde$ conceiv$ ( z omnipot5t2 t conception 0 ! pa? t l$ to mono!ism4 ,b ! idea ( omnipot5ce 0 elaborat$ dramatically r ?an philosophically4 ,! heav5s might decl>e 8 glory & ! firmam5t %[ 8 h&iwork1 b he 0 reveal$ 9 national hi/ory & 7accord+ to ! conception ( ! lat] prophets7 9 p]sonal exp]i5ce m ?an 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,ev5 a v e>ly prophet discov]$ t ! /ill small voice r ?an ! e>?quake or ! fire 0 ! symbol ( 8 pres5ce4 ,! ,g5esis acc\nt ( ! fall solves ! problem ( evil ^u an ess5tially moni/ic basis by mak+ human s9 responsible = ev5 ! inadequacies ( nature & attribut+ ev]y?+ f we$s to mortality to ! luckless error ( ! fir/ man4 ,nei!r ! goodness nor ! omnipot5ce ( ,god is abridg$ 9 ?is nave b sublime conception 9 :i* ! human consci5ce assumes responsibility = m ?an its %>e ( human ills 9 ord] to save ! reputation ( div9e virtue4 ,! monism ( ?is acc\nt is1 h[ev]1 qualifi$ by ! injection ( ! tempt+ s]p5t1 an elem5t :i* is precursory ( ! belief 9 ! devil1 :i* ! ,jews inh]it$ f ,babylonia & ,p]sia & :i* has =tunately qualifi$ all moni/ic t5d5cies 9 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian or?odoxy until ?is day4 ,a pr(\nd] in/9ct ?an reveals itself to ! casual obs]v] p]suades fundam5talism to def5d ! reality ( ! devil ) su* vehem5ce4 ,x may be metaphysically inconsi/5t to h two absolutes1 "o good & "o evil1 b ! conception provides at lea/ = a dramatic portrayal ( ! conflict :i* di/urbs ! h>monies & unities ( ! univ]se1 & !re=e1 x has a practical & e?ical value4 ,! idea ( attribut+ p]sonality to evil may be sci5tifically absurd b x re/s ^u a natural error4 ,:5 ! bl9d & imp]sonal =ces ( nature come to life 9 man !y are giv5 ! semblance ( p]sonality4 ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,s*weitz]#ba ascribes ! moral sup]iority ( prophetic ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity ov] o!r _w religions to ! nave dualism ( ! prophets & ,jesus1 :o emphasiz$ ! moral r ?an ! metaphysical attributes ( ,god 9 su* a way z to develop a practical & morally pot5t di/9ction betwe5 ,god & ! univ]se1 betwe5 ! ideal ( religi\s devotion & ! disappo9t+ realities ( life4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ,ori5tal monism & ! practical dualism ( ,*ri/ianity 9 its unspoil$ =m is succ9ctly /at$ by ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,:itehead3 8,*ri/ianity has always be5 a religion seek+ a metaphysics 9 contra/ to ,buddhism :i* is a metaphysics g5]at+ a religion4444 ,! defect ( a metaphysical sy/em is ! v fact t x is a neat little sy/em :i* !reby ov]simplifies its expression ( ! _w4444 ,9 respect to its treatm5t ( evil1 ,*ri/ianity is !re=e less cle> 9 its metaphysical idea b m inclusive ( ! facts40#bb ,9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian *ur* ! nave dualism ( ,jesus 0 giv5 dramatic & dynamic =ce ?r\gh 8 deification1 s t he became1 9 a s5se1 ! ,god ( ! ideal1 ! symbol ( ! r$emptive =ce 9 life :i* is 9 conflict ) evil4 ,s9ce no cle> di/9ction 0 made betwe5 ! _s ( ! liv+ ,*ri/ & ! indwell+ ,holy ,gho/1 ! doctr9e ( ! tr9ity 01 9 effect1 a symbol ( an ess5tial dualism4 ,or?odox ,*ri/ianity did inde$ r5\nce ! gno/ic h]esy :i* tri$ to give ?is implicit dualism explicit "* by its di/9ction betwe5 ! ,god :o 0 reveal$ 9 ,jesus & ! ,god ( creation4 ,& hi/ory has ju/ifi$ ! wisdom ( its c\rse4 ,! sci5tific precision necess>y to save su* !ology f ess5tial poly!ism 0 lack+ & ,*ri/ianity 0 int5t ^u gu>d+ its mono!ism4 ,yet x pres]v$ en\gh metaphysical inconsi/5cy to reta9 duali/ic t5d5cies 9 its moni/ic or?odoxy4 ,its symbols lack$ philosophical precision b !y did give vivid & dramatic =ce to ! idea ( a conflict betwe5 evil & ! r$emptive & creative =ce 9 life4 ,?us x c\ld fulfill ! two great functions ( religion 9 prompt+ m5 to rep5t ( _! s9s1 & 9 enc\rag+ !m to hope = r$emption f !m4 ,no me*anical or magical explanations ( ! significance ( ! crucifixion h ev] p]man5tly obscur$ ! helpful spiritual symbolism ( ! cross 9 :i* ! conflict betwe5 good & evil is portray$ & ! possibility z well z ! difficulty ( ! triumph ( ! good ov] evil is dramatiz$4 ,an absolute dualism ei!r betwe5 ,god & ! univ]se or betwe5 man & nature1 or _s & matt]1 or good & evil1 is nei!r possible nor necess>y4 ,:at is important is t ju/ice be done to ! fact t creative purpose meets resi/ance 9 ! _w & t ! ideal :i* is implicit 9 e reality is also 9 conflict ) x4 ,! reason :y nave religions are 8m inclusive ( ! facts0 9 portray+ ?is /ruggle ?an highly elaborat$ !ologies is t ! latt] are always prompt$ by ! rational ne$ ( consi/5cy to obscure "s facts = ! sake ( develop+ an intellectual plausible unity4 ,religions gr[ out ( real exp]i5ce 9 :i* trag$y m+les ) beauty & man le>ns t ! moral values :i* dignify 8 life are embattl$ 9 8 own s\l & imp]il$ 9 ! _w4 ,he is incl9$ nei!r to obscure ! reality ( ! /ruggle nor to sacrifice ! hope ( victory until too mu* reflection p]suades him to believe ei!r t all p>tial evil is univ]sal good or t de/9y makes 8 /ruggle futile & 8 defeat inevitable4 ,t is h[ morality dies ) religion :5 an age has become too sophi/icat$4 ,nave ,*ri/ianity 0 unable to ma9ta9 itself 9 ! ,grco-,roman _w )\t mak+ concessions to its intellectual scruples & pay+ = its conque/s by incorporat+ ,hell5ic philosophies 9 its !ology4 ,! gospel 0 dilut$ ) neo-,platonism to make x m palatable = a cultur$ _w4 ,! navely & dramatically conceiv$ omnipot5ce ( ,god 0 metaphysically elaborat$ & inevitably betray$ ! *ur* into an ess5tial pan!ism1 :i* 8turns ! natural _w1 man's /amp+-gr\nd & sy/em ( opportunities1 into a self-ju/ify+ & sacr$ life1 end[s ! blameless giant ) an inhuman s\l & wor%ips ! mon/r\s div9ity x has fabricat$40#bc ,! process ( comp\nd+ ! simplicities ( ! gospel ) ! dialectic a*ievem5ts ( ,greek philosophy culm9at$ 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e :o laid ! f\ndation = ,*ri/ian or?odoxy & made ! simple ,*ri/ian epic ! basis ( an elaborate !ological /ructure 9 :i* ,god becomes at ! same "t ! gu>antee ( ! reality ( ! ideal & ! actual cause ( e concrete reality4 ,*ri/ianity has always ana!matiz$ pan!ism (ficially1 b probably--z ,pr(essor ,santayana sugge/s--because x suspect$ t x 0 a suppress$ b n entirely quiesc5t half ( its dogma4 ,vital religion has a way ( express+ itself outside ! limits ( its rationally fix$ concepts & ! ess5tial pan!ism ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity !re=e did n de/roy ! moral vigor ( ev5 su* resolute det]m9i/s z ,augu/9e or ,john ,calv94 ,yet 9 ! end ! logic ( a sy/em ( ideas becomes ! patt]n ( human action4 ,a rigor\s det]m9ism z well z an unqualifi$ pan!ism de/roys moral vigor because x ei!r makes ! atta9m5t ( ! ideal too c]ta9 or idealizes ! real beyond all evid5ce4 ,if reality only ?9ly veils ! ideal implicit 9 x1 or if ! implicit ideal is c]ta9 to become real 9 hi/ory1 !re is no occasion = moral adv5ture & no reason = moral en?usiasm4 ,9 a s5se pan!ism is naturalism ) an unnatural light ^u x4 ,t is :y ! det]m9ism impli$ 9 pan!ism may lead s easily to a reaction ( naturali/ic det]m9ism4 ,?us ,k>l ,m>x appropriat$ ,hegel's det]m9ism & put x to 8 own use4 ,:5 ! :ole weal? ( ,hegel's dialectical skill s]v$ no bett] purpose ?an to deify ! ,prussian milit>y /ate1 z a k9d ( ultimate revelation ( ! c\nsels ( ,god1 x 0 easy en\gh to discr$it its optimi/ic illusions )\t de/roy+ its det]m9ism4 ,! residual det]m9ism became ! basis ( a new philosophy ( hi/ory 9 :i* natural in/9ct & economic necessity took ! place ( div9e w z man's inexorable fate4 ,! reaction f ,hegel to ,m>x is a p]fect symbol ( ! :ole c\rse ( ,we/]n ?\ght 9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ) its *ange f a sup]natural to a naturali/ic det]m9ism4 ,religion left to itself1 ev5 :5 x elaborates !ologies1 tries to d "s ju/ice to ! reality ( moral conflict ev5 ?\gh x may confuse ! issue by a faulty def9ition ( div9e omnipot5ce4 ,b its necess>y cop]ation ) metaphysics drives x inevitably into m & m consi/5t monisms 9 :i* moral en?usiasms are de/roy$4 ,! moni/ic & pan!i/ic elem5t 9 ,we/]n religion 0 greatly increas$ by its intimate collaboration ) philosophies :i* dealt *iefly ) ! problem ( k4 ,= ! solution ( ! epi/emological problem ! philosophical ideali/s ?\ght x necess>y to posit an all-kn[+ intellig5ce4 ,x 0 ?is all-kn[+ absolute :i* became ! support ( religion's fai? 9 ,god aga9/ ! attacks ( reali/s & empirici/s1 ?\gh !re 0 little en\gh aff9ity betwe5 ! ,god ( any heal?y religi\s !ism & ! imp]sonal absolute ( moni/ic philosoph]s4 ,:5 religi\s apologi/s f\nd x necess>y to readju/ ! age-old affirmations ( fai? to ! evolution>y facts reveal$ by sci5ce !y usually sank ev5 m deeply into ! morass ( pan!i/ic & moni/ic philosophy4 ,! old & nave conceptions ( a caprici\s omnipot5ce work+ its w ^u natural ph5om5a became manife/ly unt5able & a way _h to be f\nd to relate div9e purpose to & discov] ! area ( creativity 9 ! natural & cosmic processes4 ,x 0 practically inevitable t su* a task w\ld be accompli%$ only by an ov]emphasis on div9e imman5ce & a consequ5t betrayal ( religion into a s5tim5tal optimism4 ,:5 def5d]s ( religi\s fai? 7 borr[+ f ! quiv] ( _! oppon5ts !y w\ld h done well to consult ,?omas ,huxley m & ,h]b]t ,sp5c] less2 = ,huxley 0 morally mu* m reali/ic ?an ,sp5c]4 ,sp5c]ian doctr9es l5t !mselves m easily to ! /rategy ( l9k+ religi\s !ism ) ! fai? ( sci5ce 9 ! dep5dability ( ! univ]se2 b !re 0 some?+ lack+ 9 ,sp5c]ian optimism :i* is v vital to religion1 a s5se ( ! tragic 9 life & an aw>5ess ( ! fru/ration :i* moral purpose & creative w mu/ meet 9 nature & 9 man4 ,! s5tim5tality ( mod]n religion is ( c\rse old] ?an ! optimism :i* x d]iv$ f ,sp5c]4 ,"p ( x is d]iv$ f ,r\sseau & ! romanticism ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"h aga9 religion suff]$ ! fate ( snat*+ error :ile x 0 borr[+ tru? f its oppon5ts4 ,r5\nc+ ! idea ( total depravity :i* 0 c5tral 9 m$ieval religion1 & 9 or?odox ,prote/antism = t matt]1 x evolv$ a s5tim5tal ov]e/imate ( human virtue :i* is no ne>] ! tru? ?an ! m$ieval conceptions ( orig9al s94 ,x is a /range irony 9 hi/ory t to-day irreligion1 9 ! =m ( det]m9i/ic psy*ology1 %\ld elaborate doctr9es /rangely ak9 to ! d]ogatory e/imates ( human res\rces made by m$ieval !ologians4 ,s mod]n *ur*es are involv$ 9 an optimi/ic ov]e/imate ( ! virtue ( bo? man & nature at ! v "t :5 sci5ce tempts m5 to despair ( discov]+ moral integrity 9 ! "o & moral mean+ 9 ! o!r4 ,mod]n religion is1 9 %ort1 n suffici5tly mod]n4 ,9 x eighte5?-c5tury s5tim5tality & n9ete5?-c5tury individualism are /ill claim+ victory ov] ! e?ical & religi\s prejudices ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,mean:ile life has mov$ on & ! practical ne$s ( mod]n society dem& an e?ic :i* is n individuali/ic & a religion :i* is n unqualifi$ly optimi/ic4 ,! practical effects ( ?is lack ( contact ( mod]n religion ) ! real temp] ( mod]n life may be gaug$ by comp>+ ! obs]vations ( any av]age d5om9ational j\rnal ( religion ^u ! ev5ts ( contempor>y hi/ory ) ! reali/ic analyses ( secul> j\rnals4 ,! brutalities ( ! economic conflict1 ! disillusion+ realities ( int]national relations1 ! mon/r\s av>ice ( nations & ! arrogance ( races1 all ^! s9s ) :i* ! life ( mod]n society is curs$ are treat$ ) an easy complac5cy by religi\s obs]v]s :i* contra/s /rangely ) ! frantic anxiety ( secul> ideali/s4 ,9 a rec5t _w conf]5ce ( ! *ur*es at ,/ockholm memb]s ( ! ,g]man delegation object$ to :at !y reg>d$ z an id5tification ( ! ,k+dom ( ,god ) ! ,league ( ,nations made by a good bi%op 9 ! op5+ s]mon4 ,national prejudice may h prompt$ ?is criticism b ! sup]ior p]spective l5t by bitt] exp]i5ce gave x a measure ( ju/ification1 & x w\ld be applicable to o!r s]monic int]pretations ( curr5t hi/ory besides ^? ( ! bi%op4 ,! w> itself 0 a di%e>t5+ revelation ( ! moral obfuscation ( mod]n religion :5 deal+ ) ! trag$ies ( hi/ory4 ,! easy p>tn]%ip ( religi\s s5tim5t ) patriotic f]vor has be5 previ\sly ascrib$ to ! natural relation betwe5 religion & any devotion to an e?ical ideal1 h[ev] imp]fect4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 yet ano!r reason = ! bl9dness ( religi\s ideali/s to ! horrors ( w>4 ,! moni/ic ori5tation ( mod]n religion made x necess>y = ! *ur* to save religi\s fai? by discov]+ ! sav+ virtues 9 ! great evil4 ,x 0 !re=e unable to view ! realities 9 prop] proportion4 ,= a reali/ic int]pretation ( ! great trag$y mod]n society _h to dep5d ^u secul> ideali/s :o did n feel call$ ^u to save ei!r ,god's or man's reputation4 ,s5tim5tality is a poor weapon aga9/ cynicism1 & ideali/ic det]m9ism has no way ( defeat+ det]m9ism ( ! naturali/ic type4 ,s9ce bo? ! latt] repres5t reactions to ! =m]1 !y c be ov]come only by br++ ^! into clos] con=mity ) ! facts4 ,! fre$om & moral integrity ( man is n an illusion b x is a fact v s]i\sly circumscrib$4 ,transc5d5t purpose & creative w 9 ! univ]se may be sci5tifically validat$ b d n !reby become ! effective cause ( e natural ph5om5on4 ,:at is ne$$ is a philosophy & a religion :i* w d ju/ice bo? to ! purpose & to ! fru/ration :i* purpose meets 9 ! in]tia ( ! concrete _w1 bo? to ! ideal :i* fa%ions ! real & to ! real :i* defeats ! ideal1 bo? to ! ess5tial h>mony & to ! inevitable conflict 9 ! cosmos & 9 ! s\l4 ,9 a s5se !re is n a s+le dualism 9 life2 r !re are _m ( !m4 ,9 8 own life man may exp]i5ce a conflict betwe5 8 moral w & ! an>*ic desires ) :i* nature has end[$ him2 or he may exp]i5ce a conflict betwe5 8 *]i%$ values & ! caprices ( nature :i* "k no?+ ( ! economy ( values 9 human life4 ,9 ! cosmic ord] ! conflict is betwe5 creativity & ! resi/ance :i* fru/rates creative purpose4 ,:e!r ! dualism is def9$ z "o ( m9d & matt]1 or ?\ght & ext5sion1 or =ce & in]tia1 or ,god & ! devil1 x approximates ! real facts ( life4 ,x may be impossible to d full ju/ice to ! two types ( facts by any set ( symbols or def9itions2 b life gives ! lie to any attempt by :i* "o is expla9$ completely 9 t]ms ( ! o!r4 ,!re is no m reason to-day to d5y ! reality ( ,god ?an to expla9 e casual ph5om5on 9 t]ms ( 8 omnipot5t w4 ,our int]e/ is 9 ! moral fruits ( religi\s & philosophical ideas r ?an 9 _! p]fect consi/5cy1 b x may be not$ 9 pass+ t philosophically compet5t sci5ti/s & sci5tifically compet5t philosoph]s arrive at conclusions to-day :i* are 9 clos] accord ) a nave !ism ?an ) ! monism ( absolute idealism4 ,!y d n ( c\rse picture a ,god :o is outside ( ! _w & at "w ^u x z a pott] ^u 8 clay2 b !y d ju/ice to bo? ! purpose & ! limitation ( purpose 9 ! creative process4 ,pr(essor ,hobh\se writes3 8,! evolution>y process c be/ be und]/ood z ! effect ( a purpose sl[ly work+ itself out "u limit+ conditions :i* x br+s successively "u control4444 ,?is w\ld mean n t reality is spiritual or ! creation ( an uncondition$ m9d 444 b t !re is a spiritual elem5t integral to ! /ructure & movem5t ( reality & t evolution is ! process by :i* ?is pr9ciple makes itself ma/] ( ! residual conditions :i* at fir/ dom9ate its life & ?w>t its ef=ts40#bd ,x may be a natural ov]belief & an inevitable an?ropomorphism if religion attributes all ! *>act]i/ics ( p]sonality to ! purpose1 8! spiritual elem5t integral to ! /ructure & movem5t ( reality40 ,b if a place = fre$om & purpose 9 ! cosmic ord]1 h[ev] condition$1 is discov]$ ! ess5tial affirmation ( religi\s fai? is metaphysically v]ifi$4 ,! values ( p]sonality are relat$ to cosmic facts4 ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,:itehead def9es ,god z t 9 reality :i* is n concrete b ! pr9ciple ( e concrete actuality4 ,he makes ! tell+ obs]vation t :ile a dynamic view ( reality may disp5se ) ,god z ! prime mov] x mu/ sub/itute = ,ari/otle's prime mov] a pr9ciple ( limitation & concretion1 s9ce ! dynamic nature ( reality does n acc\nt = ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* x is made concrete4#be ,9 o!r words ! fai? ( religion 9 bo? ! transc5d5ce & imman5ce ( ,god is giv5 a new metaphysical validation4 ,8 un*angeabl5ess is 88 self-consi/5cy 9 relation to all *ange02 b ?is does n ju/ify ! det]m9i/ic conclusion ( a 8complete self-consi/5cy ( ! temporal _w40 ,! reality ( ,god & ! reality ( evil z a positive =ce are ?us bo? accept$4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 no reason :y religion %\ld n hold to its fai? 9 ,god )\t ei!r id5tify+ him ) or los+ him 9 ! concrete _w4 ,! moral & spiritual values 9 :i* religion is int]e/$ h a basis 9 concrete actuality4 ,!y are on ! "o h& n a m]e eff]vesc5ce on ! surface ( ! concrete1 & on ! o!r h& !y are n ! only basis ( hi/orical realities4 ,! pluralism ( ,william ,james1 :i* has be5 criticiz$ z sci5tifically inaccurate & metaphysically inconsi/5t1 seems to h bo? sci5tific & metaphysical virtues4 ,!re is good reason to accept at lea/ a qualifi$ dualism n only because x is morally m pot5t ?an traditional monisms1 b because x is metaphysically acceptable4 ,x is n to be expect$ t sci5ce w ev] inve/ ! concept ( ,god ) ! attributes :i* religi\s devotion assigns to x4 ,b !re is no reason :y religi\s & moral exp]i5ce %\ld n build fur!r ^u ! f\ndation laid by sci5ce4 ,x is manife/ly necess>y to h "s metaphysical basis = religi\s conviction1 = !re is no spiritual vigor 9 ! consci\s self-deception ( purely subjective religions4 ,b x is n necess>y to limit religion to ! b>e concepts :i* sci5ce e/abli%es4 ,x is 9 fact bett] = religion to =ego p]fect metaphysical consi/5cy = ! sake ( moral pot5cy4 ,9 a s5se religion is always =c$ to *oose betwe5 an adequate metaphysics & an adequate e?ics4 ,t is n to say t ! two int]e/s are incompatible b t !y are n id5tical4 ,:5 !re is a conflict betwe5 !m x is bett] to leave ! metaphysical problem ) "s loose ends ?an to develop a religion :i* is inimical to moral values4 ,! reason :y nave religions h frequ5tly be5 morally m pot5t ?an highly rationaliz$ ones is n because ! fai? :i* gave !m moral f]vor 0 necess>ily inconsi/5t ) ! facts1 b because !y bas$ _! affirmations ^u facts & exp]i5ces :i* 7 inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r or seem$ to be b 7 equally true & equally necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( moral & spiritual en]gy4 ,! objection to religi\s dualism comes n only f ^? :o subord9ate all advantages to t ( rational consi/5cy b also f ^? :o believe t x imp]ils purely religi\s values4 ,x robs ,god ( omnipot5ce 7s ! argum5t runs7 & ! univ]se ( dep5dability4 ,x gives no c]ta9 gu>antee ( ! triumph ( p]sonal & spiritual values4 ,x may put a note ( *all5ge 9 religion1 b x also de/roys its com=t+ assurances4 ,! answ] to su* a criticism is t ! moral virtues ( dualism are d]iv$ f precisely t *>act]i/ic4 ,x is n easy to *all5ge to conflict & to gu>antee victory at "o & ! same "t4 ,by dignify+ p]sonality religion runs ! p]il ( obscur+ ! defects ( human nature2 if x makes ! triumph ( righte\sness c]ta91 x may incl9e m5 to take 8moral holidays40 ,too mu* emphasis ^u ! h>monies ( ! univ]se may make evil seem unreal4 ,if m5 are giv5 ! opportunity1 !y w extract com=t f religion & =get ! *all5ge impli$ 9 its fai?2 :i* simply means t !y w use religion to sublimate r ?an to qualify _! w to live4 ,!y w accept ! assurance ( fai? t ! fru/rations ( ! natural _w are n p]man5t1 b !y w n accept ! *all5ge ( fai? to ov]come ! corruptions ( nature 9 _! own s\ls4 ,! p]5nial conflict betwe5 prie/ & prophet is giv5 9 ! d\ble function ( religion4 ,! prie/ disp5ses com=t & ! prophet makes ! *all5ge ( religion pot5t4 ,! prie/ is m num]\s ?an ! prophet because human selfi%ness is z det]m9+ 9 religion z 9 o!r fields4 ,?\gh ! prie/ always defeats ! prophet 9 ! end1 ! prophet is av5g$ because 8 orig9al exp]i5ce is ! reality :i* makes ! prie/'s assurance plausible4 ,!re is no way ( gu>antee+ ! reality ( ,god if someone does n make him real 9 exp]i5ce1 & !re is no way ( decl>+ ! victory ( ! ideal if someone does n defeat reality 9 ! "n ( ! ideal 9 hi/ory4 ,religion validates itself 9 spiritual exp]i5ce & moral triumph4 ,speculation & d$uction contribute to religi\s c]ta9ty only aft] exp]i5ce has laid ! f\ndation = fai?4 ,x is n possible to free religion altoge!r ( its prie/ly corruptions4 ,b any?+ :i* w make x m difficult to accept ! com=ts ( fai? )\t accept+ its *all5ges w increase ! moral pot5cy ( religion & decrease ! possibility ( its corruption by ^? :o want to use x = ! purpose ( insur+ ! dignity ( human life )\t pay+ ! price ( moral ef=t = ! boon4 ,!re is no reason :y ! com=t+ assurances ( religion %\ld be sacrific$ completely4 ,sci5ce is n inimical to ! assumption ( religion t p]sonal & moral values h a basis 9 ! univ]se itself :i* insures _! p]man5ce & _! fur!r ref9em5t4 ,?\gh ,god works 8 w aga9/ ! in]tia ( ! concrete _w & ! wayw>dness ( man1 nei!r sci5ce nor hi/ory ju/ifies ! conclusion t 8 res\rces are n ultimately equal to ! creative task4 ,! intractabl5ess ( ! _w makes ! creative & r$emptive /ruggle real b n hopeless4 ,religion has z mu* "r to prea* hope z x has to prea* rep5tance4 ,x fails 9 its task if x does n save m5 f despair z well z f undue pride & complac5cy4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ei!r sci5ce or hi/ory :i* invalidates ei!r function ( religion4 ,b sci5ce unites ) moral exp]i5ce 9 insi/+ on ! reality & ! pa9fulness ( ! creative process 9 man & 9 nature4 ,if ! resi/ance to moral purpose 9 cosmic hi/ory is und]e/imat$1 x m]ely s]ves to increase t resi/ance 9 ! life ( man by ju/ify+ 8 moral in]tia4 ,! ne$s ( a dynamic religion are consi/5t ) sci5tific fact1 ?\gh n always compatible ) a completely consi/5t metaphysics4 ,sci5ce may well comb9e ) religion 9 p]suad+ man t 8if hopes are dupes1 fe> may be li>s10 & t he mu/ 8"w out 8 salvation ) fe> & trembl+40 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,conclusion ,at ! risk ( unnecess>y repetition x may be well to capitulate ! mo/ important conclusions :i* em]ge f our /udy ( religion 9 contempor>y civilization4 ,religion is dy+ 9 mod]n civilization n only because x has n yet be5 able to re/ate its affirmations s t !y w be consi/5t ) sci5tific fact1 b also because x has n be5 able to make its e?ical & social res\rces available = ! solution ( ! moral problems ( mod]n civilization4 ,its rejuv5ation !re=e waits ^u a reori5tation ( its e?ical traditions z well z ( its !ological conceptions4 ,x is "u ! necessity ( f9d+ "s metaphysical basis = its p]sonalization ( ! univ]se1 b its sci5tific & philosophical respectability w be ( no avail if ! moral fruits :i* issue f its affirmations & exp]i5ces d n actually qualify ! brute /ruggle ( life1 s l>gely det]m9$ by natural =ces4 ,religion is sci5tifically v]ifi$ if fre$om & purpose are f\nd to h a place 9 ! cosmic processes1 & x is e?ically ju/ifi$ if x helps to create & ma9ta9 creative fre$om & moral purpose 9 human life4 ,! pres5t moral impot5ce ( ,prote/ant ,*ri/ianity is p>tially d]iv$ f ! inadequacy ( "s ( its traditions :i* x inh]it$ out ( p]iods ( hi/ory :i* _h diff]5t moral ne$s ?an our own day4 ,its individualism r5d]$ a univ]sal s]vice at ! dawn ( ! mod]n era b survives to-day *iefly z a sanctification ( ! peculi> int]e/s & prejudices ( "o p>ticul> class 9 ,we/]n society4 ,! limitations ( its e?ical traditions are easily obscur$ n only because all religion easily gives ! semblance ( f9ality to ! relativities ( hi/ory1 b because a religion :i* imag9es itself devot$ to ! _s ( ,jesus is "u ! temptation ( exploit+ ! pre/ige ( 8 absolute e?ics )\t approximat+ 8 e?ical position4 ,! moral effectiv5ess ( religion dep5ds ^u its ability to deta* itself f ! hi/orical relativities ) :i* its ideals are inevitably comp\nd$ 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,! av[$ loyalty ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* to ! _s ( ,*ri/ may become ! basis ( su* a deta*m5t1 s9ce !re is little 9 ! gospel ( ,jesus :i* con=ms to ! dom9ant int]e/s ( mod]n life4 ,b ! v rev]5ce 9 :i* ,jesus is held may op]ate to obscure ! ess5tial g5ius ( 8 life4 ,religion is !re=e "u ! necessity ( develop+ ! critical faculty ev5 :ile x ma9ta9s its navete & rev]5ce4 ,! necessity ( cop]ation betwe5 ! naturally incompatible factors ( reason & imag9ation1 ( intellig5ce & moral dynamic1 is really ! crux ( ! religi\s & moral problem 9 mod]n civilization4 ,! complexity ( mod]n life dem&s t moral purpose be a/utely guid$2 b moral purpose itself is root$ 9 ultra-rational sanctions & may be de/roy$ by ! same intellig5ce :i* is ne$$ to direct x4 ,bo? humility & love1 ! highe/ religi\s virtues1 are ultra-rational2 yet !y _c be a*iev$ 9 an intricate social life )\t a discrim9at+ intellig5ce :i* kn[s h[ to uncov] cov]t s9s & to discov] pot5tial virtues4 ,! incid5tal limitations :i* e hi/oric type ( religion reveals c be dealt ) only if ! religi\s devotee c be p]suad$ to reg>d ! values ( 8 religion critically2 yet ! cultivation ( su* a critical _s may easily lead to ! en]vation ( ! religi\s _s itself4 ,if ! highe/ values ( religion are !mselves condition$ r ?an absolute1 x mu/ be possible to assign !m a place 9 ! hi]>*y ( values1 )\t enc\rag+ a complete loss ( confid5ce 9 !m4 ,su* a task is difficult b n impossible4 ,a robu/ moral idealism w help to create a spiritual f]vor :i* w n be easily defeat$ by any sup]ficial intellectualism4 ,if in/itutions ( religion gave pref]5ce to ! e?ical r ?an ! intellectual problem ( religi\s fai?1 x might be possible to create a religi\s _s suffici5tly vigor\s to p]mit ! free play ( ! critical faculties )\t a loss ( moral or spiritual dynamic4 ,obvi\sly civilization _c af=d to disp5se ) ei!r ! irrational moral w or ! critical intellig5ce by :i* x is made effective 9 complex situations4 ,m5 ne$ to subject all p>tial moral a*ievem5ts to comp>ison ) ! absolute /&>ds ( tru?1 beauty & goodness ( _! religi\s fai?1 & yet be able to see & will+ to conc$e ! relativities 9 ! absolute values ( _! devotion4 ,!y c be sav$ f a morality ( m]e utilit>ianism only by ! religi\s que/ = an absolute moral /&>d2 yet !y ne$ to be disc]n+ en\gh to see t e e?ical a*ievem5t1 ev5 :5 inspir$ by religi\s motives1 is t+$ ) prud5tial self-int]e/4 ,!y mu/ cont9ue to /rive aft] fre$om & yet realize t human life & "* is l>gely det]m9$ by environm5t4 ,if !y seek happ9ess1 divorc$ f =tune1 !y nev]!less _c escape ! duty ( mak+ ! mat]ial _w s]ve human welf>e4 ,_! ability to discov] ! transc5d5t values 9 human p]sonality has value only if !y ma9ta9 fai? 9 human nature aft] !y h discov]$ its imp]fections4 ,!y mu/ se>* aft] ! p]fect goodness 9 ,god & yet be prep>$ to face ! cruelties ( life )\t ei!r d5y+ _! reality or be+ driv5 to despair by !m4 ,if x is true t moral s9c]ity is ev5 m necess>y to a vital religion 9 mod]n life ?an intellectual mod]nity1 a /rategy mu/ be develop$ to sev] religi\s idealism f ! une?ical t5d5cies 9 mod]n civilization4 ,any /rategy :i* w succe$ 9 su* an ent]prise w savor ( asceticism4 ,! limitations ( hi/oric asceticism may tea* ! pres5t h[ to avoid inevitable pitfalls 9 ! task ( deta*+ religi\s idealism f ! corruptions ( society4 ,an asceticism :i* flees ! _w & develops its sa9ts at ! price ( ab&on+ indu/rial civilization ev5 m completely to ! natural & an>*ic =ces :i* op]ate 9 its life1 is obvi\sly ( no use to mod]n civilization4 ,yet a type ( asceticism is ne$$1 if = no o!r reason1 because gre$ is ! dom9ant motive ( ,we/]n civilization & no?+ less ?an an ascetic discipl9e w free religi\s idealism f its entanglem5t ) ! covet\sness ( mod]n life4 ,s9ce ,we/]n life is int5t ^u mat]ial advantages1 no religi\s idealism c ma9ta9 any degree ( purity if x does n ent] into a consci\s conflict ) ! civilization 9 :i* x functions & succe$ 9 sett+ "s b\nds to ! expansive desires ( m5 & ( nations4 ,! *ur* z su* has suffici5t spiritual res\rces to become ! recruit+ gr\nd = su* a movem5t ( deta*m5t1 b x is too mu* to hope t x w take ! lead]%ip 9 x4 ,x is too deeply enme%$ ) ! int]e/s & prejudices ( contempor>y civilization to possess ! insight & c\rage :i* ! ent]prise requires4 ,su* a movem5t ( deta*m5t mu/ be1 z x has always be51 a m9ority movem5t4 ,b ! m9ority ought n deta* itself f ! majority s completely t x w sacrifice ! possibility ( act+ z a leav5 9 x4 ,!re is no =ce or /rategy :i* c prev5t ! great majority f us+ religion to give human p]sonality dignity & self-respect )\t a s]i\s ef=t to approximate a moral ideal :i* w\ld ju/ify religion's e/imate ( human wor?4 ,"s types ( religion w cont9ue to obscure ! defects 9 nature & human nature4 ,!y w reassure ! p]plex$ s\l by rec\nt+ ! victories ( ! pa/ )\t seek+ new triumphs4 ,!y w build sy/ems ( fai? ^u pa/ exp]i5ces )\t any ef=t to validate or am5d !m 9 fre% exp]i5ce4 ,?us rejuv5ation & progress mu/ come f ! few :o und]/& ! full] implications ( ! fai? :i* !y %>e ) ! multitudes ^: eyes are hold5 & :o lack ! c\rage to foll[ ev5 su* visions z may come to !m4 ,a highly spiritual religion _c be an esot]ic possession to :i* ! multitudes may nev] aspire4 ,x _c af=d to lose confid5ce 9 ! multitudes2 yet x mu/ resi/ ! gravitation t[>d moral m$iocrity among !m4 ,x c]ta9ly mu/ avoid ! cultivation ( a prie/ly cult into :i* ! layman _c be initiat$4 ,if ! mod]n movem5t ( deta*m5t is to be effective x mu/ 9 fact be a layman's movem5t2 = x mu/ express itself 9 rebuild+ ! social ord] r ?an 9 build+ new religi\s in/itutions4 ,its mo/ effective m9i/]s w be laym5 :o w lack nei!r ! te*nical skill nor ! spiritual res\rce to deal ) ! practical problems ( indu/ry & politics4 ,religi\s tea*]s may help to inspire su* a movem5t1 b its efficacy w dep5d ^u ^? :o are engag$ 9 ! _w's "w4 ,if ! gre$ ( ,we/]n civilization is to be qualifi$ by religi\s idealism1 x w be accompli%$ by m5 :o use & direct ! ma*9es ( mod]n indu/ry )\t mak+ me*anical effici5cy an end 9 itself & )\t succumb+ to ! lure ( ! mat]ial rew>ds :i* come s easily to ^? :o are pr(ici5t 9 ! indu/rial ent]prise4 ,a revival ( ei!r puritan or mona/ic asceticism w be unequal to ! task :i* faces mod]n religion4 ,puritanism sanctifi$ economic p[]1 & mona/icism fl$ its responsibilities4 ,! new asceticism mu/ produce spiritualiz$ te*nicians :o w cont9ue to conqu] & exploit nature 9 ! int]e/ ( human welf>e1 b :o w reg>d _! task z a social s]vice & scorn to take a l>g] %>e ( ! returns ( indu/ry ?an is ju/ifi$ by reasonable & c>efully scrut9iz$ ne$s4 ,! new asceticism mu/1 9 %ort1 be 9 ! _w & yet n ( ! _w4 ,x mu/ be truly sci5tific 9 gaug+ ! advantage to human p]sonality 9 ! conque/ ( nature & truly religi\s 9 f9d+ a basis = human happ9ess beyond ! mat]ial rew>ds :i* ?is conque/ returns4 ,if ,*ri/ian ideali/s are to make religion socially effective !y w be =c$ to deta* !mselves f ! dom9ant secul> desires ( ! nations z well z f ! gre$ ( economic gr\ps4 ,! socially m9d$ portion ( ! *ur* has 9 fact made "s progress 9 ?is direction4 ,! lessons ( ! ,_w ,w> h n be5 altoge!r futile1 & !re is a :olesome mood ( rep5tance 9 ! *ur* = its easy connivance ) an une?ical nationalism 9 ! pa/ c5turies4 ,! *ur* has n yet _h an opportunity to prove ! s9c]ity ( its contrition 9 ?is matt]1 = ! mom5t ( crisis has n yet come4 ,9 t mom5t1 :i* w come inevitably1 _m religi\sly inspir$ peace ideali/s w no d\bt b[ _! knees to ,baal2 b !re is real reason to hope t !re is a new consci5ce 9 ! *ur* :i* w resi/ ! claims ( an une?ical nationalism to ! utmo/4 ,p]haps ! greate/ weakness ( ! religi\s ideali/s :o h become critical ( an une?ical nationalism is t !y are n suffici5tly aw>e ( ! intimate & organic relation betwe5 ! imp]ialism ( nations & ! :ole t5d5cy ( av>ice :i* *>act]izes ,we/]n life4 ,too few realize t x is n possible to deta* oneself f an une?ical nationalism if "o cont9ues to enjoy ! mat]ial advantages :i* fl[ f ! nation's unqualifi$ insi/5ce ^u ! "r to hold its advantages aga9/ ! _w4 ,x may be impossible to arrive at a complete equalization ( liv+ /&>ds among all individuals :o desire to a*ieve & express ! ideal ( ! bro!rhood ( man4 ,b a religi\s idealism :i* does n move 9 t direction w be convict$ ( ins9c]ity & moral confusion4 ,unrep5tant political reali/s may well p\r contempt ^u x & ju/ly accuse ^? :o pr(ess x ( pr(it+ f policies :i* !y o/5sibly condemn4 ,religi\s idealism is 9 desp]ate ne$ ( a /rategy :i* w express its deta*m5t f ! dom9ant desires & impulses ( mod]n civilization by some?+ m ?an desultory & usually qualifi$ criticism ( une?ical political ideals & indu/rial policies4 ,! old *all5ge 8be ye n con=m$ to ?is _w0 mu/ be accept$ anew 9 a m h]oic fa%ion ?an is cu/om>y 9 enlight5$ religi\s circles4 ,! policy ( build+ a ,k+dom ( ,god by reg5]at+ individual lives has become discr$it$1 n because moral "* is disp5sable to a :olesome social life1 b because ! crit]ia ( moral "* h be5 too individuali/ic to s]ve ! ne$s ( mod]n society4 ,x is important en\gh t m5 ga9 "s control ov] _! imm$iate desires & discipl9e _! mom5t>y passions4 ,society is always 9 ne$ ( integrat$ p]sonalities4 ,b ! validity ( ! religi\s ideal mu/ f9ally be judg$ by its capacity to create n only unifi$ p]sonalities b p]sonalities :i* "k h[ to re/ra9 _! expansive desires = ! sake ( social peace4 ,religion int5sifies selfi%ness :5 x adds sanctity to a respectable selfi% life & creates a self-respect :i* is imp]vi\s to emotions ( contrition4 ,if ! religi\s ideal is to ga9 any pot5cy 9 mod]n life x mu/ be able to convict m5 ( s9 & inspire !m to a conv]sion4 ,b ! s9s ( :i* !y ne$ mo/ to be convict$ are ^? :i* are cov]t 9 ! social & economic relations :i* cu/om has hall[$2 & ! conv]sion ( life :i* is mo/ ne$$ is t :i* w express itself 9 t]ms ( ! economic & political relation%ips 9 :i* m5 live4 ,n to be con=m$ to ?is _w1 if x is to h any real mean+ 9 mod]n life1 w mean t ! religi\sly inspir$ s\l kn[s h[ to defeat ! av>ice & to ov]come ! indiff]5ce to ! wor? ( human p]sonality :i* inh]es 9 ! :ole economic & indu/rial /ructure ( mod]n society4 ,practically & individually su* a deta*m5t f ! _w w express itself 9 ! sacrifice ( mat]ial advantages = ! sake ( realiz+ a m intimate fell[%ip ) ! und]privileg$1 9 ! c>eful analysis ( indu/rial policies f ! /&po9t ( _! effect ^u p]sonality1 9 an unwill+ness to pr(it by social & economic practices & policies :i* are fundam5tally une?ical & 9 a will+ness to be> "s pa9 = ! sake ( express+ loyalty to ! community ( mank9d z aga9/ all less] & conflict+ loyalties4 ,! hope ( p]suad+ any l>ge numb] ( religi\s p to express _! spiritual convictions 9 any su* socially tangible & revolution>y t]ms is made r desp]ate by ! fact t ! mod]n *ur* seems no m incl9$ to und]take ! task ( spiritual reg5]ation ?an ! or?odox *ur*4 ,! or?odox *ur* /ill possesses "s ( ! religi\s f]vor :i* is requir$ to defy ! _w1 b x is too anti-rational 9 its !ology to ga9 ! respect ( ! intellig5t classes & too individuali/ic 9 its e?ics to express religi\s idealism 9 socially helpful t]ms4 ,! mod]n *ur*es are n acutely consci\s ( any s]i\s defects 9 contempor>y civilization4 ,if !y d recognize limitations 9 ! social ord]1 !y give !mselves to ! pleasant hope t "t & natural progress w br+ inevitable triumph to e virtu\s ent]prise4 ,!y h relegat$ ! es*atological note ( ! gospel1 by :i* ,jesus express$ 8 s5se ( ! tragic1 to ! limbo ( !ological antiquities4 ,! possibility ( a cata/rophe seems nev] to ar\se _! fe>s or to give en]gy to _! ambitions4 ,life1 accord+ to _! gospel1 goes automatically f grace to grace & f /r5g? to /r5g?4 ,?\gh nei!r ! or?odox nor ! mod]n w+ ( ! ,*ri/ian *ur* seems capable ( initiat+ a g5u9e religi\s revival :i* w evolve a morality capable ( *all5g+ & ma9ta9+ itself aga9/ ! dom9ant desires ( mod]n civilization & yet express+ itself 9 t]ms relevant to civilization's ne$s1 !re are res\rces 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion :i* make x ! inevitable basis ( any spiritual reg5]ation ( ,we/]n civilization4 ,*ri/ianity1 z ,dr4 ,ern/ ,troelts* has obs]v$1 is ! fate ( ,we/]n society4 ,spiritual idealisms ( o!r cultures & societies may aid x 9 reclaim+ its own highe/ res\rces2 & any univ]sal religion capable ( inspir+ an ultimately unifi$ _w culture may borr[ f o!r religions4 ,b ! task ( r$eem+ ,we/]n society re/s 9 a peculi> s5se ^u ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is cong5ial to ! en]gy & activism ( ,we/]n peoples & is yet capable ( sett+ b\nds to _! expansive desires4 ,x has r$uc$ ! et]nal conflict betwe5 self-ass]tion & self-d5ial to ! p>adox ( self-ass]tion ?r\gh self-d5ial & made ! cross ! symbol ( life's highe/ a*ievem5t4 ,its optimism is root$ 9 pessimism & x is !re=e able to prea* bo? rep5tance & hope4 ,x is able to condemn ! _w )\t en]vat+ life & to create fai? )\t bre$+ illusions4 ,its adoration ( ,jesus sometimes obscures ! real g5ius ( 8 life b _c p]man5tly de/roy ! fruitfulness ( 8 inspiration4 ,if !re is any lack ( id5tity betwe5 ! ,jesus ( hi/ory & ! ,*ri/ ( religi\s exp]i5ce1 ! ,jesus ( hi/ory is nev]!less m capable ( giv+ hi/orical reality to ! necess>y ,*ri/ idea ?an any "* ( hi/ory4 ,intellig5ce w gradually s(t5 prejudices & allay ! conflict betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,judaism out ( :i* x em]g$ & ) :i* x is organically relat$ s t ! religions ( ! prophetic ideal may make common cause4 ,su* a cop]ation w probably nev] lead to complete fusion because ,*ri/ianity _c af=d to sacrifice ! ,*ri/ idea & ! ,jews w cont9ue to reg>d ?is z a ,hell5i/ic & unacceptable elem5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,*ri/ianity w n disav[ x1 = x gives dramatic =ce & hi/orical concretion to its !ism & dualism4 ,! ,god ( our devotion is v]itably reveal$ mo/ adequately 9 ! mo/ p]fect p]sonality we "k1 z he is pot5tially reveal$ 9 all p]sonal values2 & 8 conflict ) ! in]tia ( ! concrete & hi/orical _w is express$ mo/ vividly 9 ! cross ( ,*ri/4 ,:5 deal+ ) life's ultimates1 symbolism is indisp5sable1 & a symbolism :i* has a basis 9 hi/oric incid5t is mo/ effective4 ,! idea ( a pot5t b yet suff]+ div9e ideal :i* is defeat$ by ! _w b ga9s its victory 9 ! defeat mu/ rema9 basic 9 any morally creative _w view4 ,x is possible ( c\rse t ! res\rces ( ! ,*ri/ian religion w n be made available 9 "t to save ,we/]n civilization f moral bankruptcy4 ,x is possible t life w cont9ue to run its c\rse ( conflict betwe5 ! unre/ra9$ ambitions & desires ( individuals & gr\ps until unqualifi$ self-ass]tiv5ess w issue 9 mutual de/ruction4 ,x is possible t cynicism w cont9ue to disc\nt ! moral pot5tialities ( human nature :ile sci5ce cont9ues to give plausibility to a depreciation ( ! moral factors 9 life by arm+ ! brute 9 man & mak+ 8 vices m deadly4 ,civilization may be beyond moral r$emption2 b if x is to be r$eem$ a religi\sly inspir$ moral idealism mu/ aid 9 ! task4 ,a purely naturali/ic e?ics w n only be ov]come by a s5se ( fru/ration & s9k into despair1 b x w lack ! =ce to re/ra9 ! self-w & self-int]e/ ( m5 & ( nations4 ,if life _c be c5t]$ 9 some?+ beyond nature1 x w n be possible to lift m5 above ! brute /ruggle = survival4 ,intellig5ce may mitigate its cruelties & prud5ce may prompt m5 to elim9ate its wor/ inhumanities2 b ! increas$ p[] :i* ! conque/ ( nature supplies m]ely sub/itutes un9t5d$ cruelties = ^? :i* h be5 consci\sly aboli%$4 ,liv+ on ! naturali/ic level m5 are b\nd to cont5d = life's physical prizes & to use physical =ce 9 ! conte/ ) m & m deadly effect4 ,x is ! virtue ( a vital religi\s idealism t x lifts life above ! level ( nature & makes ! developm5t ( an e?ical p]sonality ! ultimate goal ( human exi/5ce4 ,)\t ! vivid & reali/ic o!r-worldly hopes & fe>s ) :i* ! m$ieval *ur* discipl9$ life & :i* ! mod]n *ur* _c re/ore1 x may seem t religion possesses no =ce :i* c\ld c\nt]act ! primitive impulses :i* move m5 & nations4 ,b ^! hopes & fe>s 7 m]ely crude ways ( express+ ! idea t life is fundam5tally moral & t its de/9y transc5ds ! animal conflict4 ,life w cont9ue to develop 9 ! direction ( ! ideal implicit 9 x & e organism is impell$ to move t[>d ! goal ( its own complet5ess4 ,! ideal implicit 9 human "* is t ( e?ical fre$om2 & awak5$ p]sonalities w seek to realize t ideal4 ,!y w seek to realize x ev5 at ! exp5se ( physical sacrifices & pa94 ,!y w le>n h[ to f9d life by los+ x4 ,x is ! que/ = :at is n real b is always becom+ real1 = :at is n true b is always becom+ true1 t makes man incurably religi\s4 ,mod]n religion is !re=e n )\t res\rce 9 cont5d+ aga9/ ! =ces ( nature4 ,! great difficulty is t ! /ruggle = e?ical integrity is s pa9ful t mo/ m5 are tempt$ to seek "s %ort-cut to x2 & organiz$ religion g5]ally expresses ! hopes & desires ( ?is easygo+ multitude4 ,9 ! m$ieval *ur* magic provid$ ! %ort-cut4 ,9 ! mod]n *ur* x is provid$ by a sanctifi$ prud5ce :i* tea*es m5 h[ to be unselfi% & selfi% at ! same "t1 h[ to ga9 moral self-respect )\t sacrific+ too _m temporal advantages4 ,! hope ( a revival ( e?ical religion & ( an e?ical recon/ruction ( society !re=e dep5ds1 z x did 9 ! pa/1 ^u a r5unciation ( ! religi\s %ort-cuts :i* lead to hypocrisy4 ,if religi\s aspiration c be unit$ ) p]fect moral s9c]ity a fruitful p>tn]%ip may aga9 be e/abli%$ betwe5 religion & morality4 ,! moral /ruggle w give mean+ to ! affirmations ( religion & ! religi\s exp]i5ce w /r5g!n ! moral purpose4 ,:ile religion does n issue automatically 9 moral action & ! moral ent]prise does n inevitably create religi\s exp]i5ce & hope1 !re is nev]!less a relation ( int]dep5d5ce betwe5 religi\s aspiration & moral endeavor4 ,?is relation%ip is due to ! fact t a p]fect e?ical fre$om is possible only if p]sonality is )drawn f or lift$ above ! imm$iate necessities ( ! physical life4 ,! o!r-worldly hopes & ! my/ical exp]i5ce ( religion by :i* ! /rategy ( )drawal & transc5d5ce has be5 effect$ is mom5t>ily discr$it$ because x has result$ too frequ5tly 9 absolv+ ! s\l ( its moral responsibilities 9 ! specific problems ( society4 ,b ! fact t religi\s hopes & religi\s exp]i5ces may help p to escape ! on]\s duties ( ! moral ent]prise _c p]man5tly obscure ! ne$ ( religi\s exp]i5ce & religi\s hope = ! developm5t ( an e?ical life4 ,if m5 are to c5t] _! life 9 moral purpose !y mu/ reassure !mselves p]iodically on ! moral purpose 9 life itself4 ,t is my/icism & pray]4 ,if !y are to develop a p]fect e?ical fre$om :i* makes no compromises ) life's imm$iate necessities1 !y mu/ f9d a cont5t & a mean+ 9 life beyond its pres5t conflict ( int]e/s & desires4 ,t is o!r-worldl9ess4 ,if ! que/ = e?ical fre$om & integrity does n lead to religi\s exp]i5ce & religi\s hope1 x w issue 9 despair4 ,if ! assurances ( religi\s hope & ! c]ta9ties ( religi\s exp]i5ce are n accompani$ by s9c]e moral ef=t1 !y result 9 hypocrisy4 ,! hope ( an e?ical society is !re=e b\nd up 9 ! possibility ( re/or+ e?ical integrity to religion & religi\s dynamic to ! moral effect4 ,footnotes #a ,pr(essor ,alfr$ ,:itehead1 9 8 ,sci5ce & ! ,mod]n ,_w & ,religion 9 ! ,mak+1 indicates ! inevitable anti-me*ani/ic tr5d ( philosophical ?\ght z x a*ieves ma/]y ( ! v>i$ fields ( mod]n sci5ce4 #b ,prospects ( ,indu/rial ,civilization1 page #bah4 #c ,mat!w v4 #dc-dh4 #d ,! ,decl9e ( ! ,we/4 #e ,/u>t ,mill's refutation ( ,le,play's !sis t ! salvation ( ! work+ classes c come only ?r\gh ! b5evol5ce ( _! sup]iors is wor? quot+ 9 ?is connection3 8,no times c be po9t$ out 9 :i* ! high] classes ( ?is or any o!r c\ntry p]=m$ a "p ev5 di/antly resembl+ ! "o assign$ to !m 9 ?is !ory4 ,all privileg$ & p[]ful classes h us$ _! p[] 9 ! int]e/ ( _! own selfi%ness4 ,i d n affirm t :at has always be5 mu/ always be4 ,?is at lea/ seems to be und5iable1 t long be=e sup]ior classes c\ld be suffici5tly inspir$ to gov]n 9 ! tutel>y mann] suppos$1 ! inf]ior classes w\ld be too mu* improv$ to be gov]n$40 #f ,gesammelte ,aufsaetze zur ,religions-,sociologie4 #g ,religion & ! ,rise ( ,capitalism4 #h ,quot$ by ,tawney1 op4 cit4 #i ,! relation ( puritanism to mod]n capitalism has be5 mo/ exhau/ively treat$ by ,max ,web] 9 8 essay on 8,die ,prote/antis*e ,e?ic und d] ,gei/ des ,kapitalismus40 #aj ,quot$ 9 ,s\!y's ,life ( ,wesley1 ,*apt] xxix4 #aa ,bo? ,max ,web] & ,e4 ,troelts* make mu* ( ! relation ( ,calv9ism to m$ieval asceticism4 ,see ,max ,web]1 op4 cit41 & ,e4 ,troelts*1 ,sociallehr5 d] ,*ri/li*5 ,kir*e4 #ab ,romans vii4 #ai-be4 #ac ,gross] ,s]mon vom ,wu*] 7,w]ke1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 page #di74 #ad ,article #c 9 ,twelve ,articles1 quot$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,%apiro 9 ,social ,re=m & ! ,re=mation4 #ae ,9 8 ,education ( ,h5ry ,adams1 ,*apt] x4 #af ,comm5t+ on ! fir/ ,hague conf]5ce ,c\nt ,hol/e9 ( ! ,g]man =eign (fice made "s reali/ic obs]vations :i* may n h ju/ifi$ 8 ob/ructive conclusions b :i* are nev]!less p]t95t4 ,he wrote3 8,subjects ( int]national law are /ates & n individuals4 ,x w !re=e be =mally difficult & practically impossible to isolate ! individual judge f ! passions & int]e/s ( ! :ole 9 a way t happ5s or is suppos$ to happ5 9 private law4 ,( all conceivable judges ,great ,p[]s are lea/ dis9t]e/$1 = 9 e conceivable "q ( any importance t may come up all ,great ,p[]s are int]e/$ un degre quelconque4 ,an imp>tial decision is !re=e exclud$ by ! nature ( ?+s4444 ,small dis9t]e/$ /ates z subjects1 small que/ions z objects ( arbitral decision are conceivable2 great /ates & great que/ions are n40 7,quot$ by ,dick9son 9 ,int]national ,an>*y1 p4 #cea47 #ag ,social ,evolution1 page #adj4 #ah ,james iv4 #b-d4 #ai ,,ii ,cor9?ians iv4 #af4 #bj ,9 ,civilization & ,e?ics & ,! ,decay & ,re/oration ( ,civilization4 #ba ,*ri/ianity & ,o!r ,_w ,religions4 #bb ,religion 9 ! ,mak+1 page #ej4 #bc ,george ,santayana 9 ,religion & ,reason1 page #agf4 #bd ,9 ,developm5t & ,purpose1 page #cfj4 #be ,9 ,religion 9 ! ,mak+4