,,agricultural ,,zoology ,,by ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,ritzema ,,bos1 ,,lectur] ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,agricultural ,,college1 ,,wag5+51 ,,holl&4 ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,,eleanor ,a4 ,,orm]od1 ,f4,r4,,met4,s41 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,,etc41 ,,=m]ly ,,hon4 ,,consult+ ,,entomologi/ ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,agricultural ,,society ,,( ,,engl&4 ,,translat$ ,,by ,j4 ,r4 ,,a9swor? ,,davis1 ,b4,a4 7,,tr94 ,,coll4 ,,camb471 ,f4,c4,p41 ,,pr(essor ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,wales1 ,,& ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,biology ,,& ,,geology ,,9 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,agricultural ,,dep>tm5ts ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,college ,,( ,,wales4 ,,) #adi ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ld4 #ahid ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,! pres5t volume ( ! ,?a] ,libr>y 0 und]tak5 ) ! int5tion ( provid+ agricultural colleges ) a cond5s$ review ( ! entire animal k+dom1 b treat+ 9 great] detail ! animals h>mful or helpful to agriculture4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 omitt$ all ref]5ce to ! dome/icat$ f>m animals1 z 9 all su* in/itutions ^! are treat$ (1 n by ! zoologi/1 b by ! lectur] on /ock-bre$+4 ,al?\gh ! book is n all[$ to exce$ a c]ta9 size1 ,i h tak5 great pa9s to make x intelligible1 & v5ture to hope t x may be f\nd suitable = ! private use ( ! practical f>m]4 ,to ! f>m] :o wi%es m exhau/ive in=mation1 & desires a ref]5ce book on ! animal foes ( agriculture1 /ock-bre$+1 horticulture1 fruit-tree culture1 & =e/ry1 ,i v5ture to po9t out my l>g] "w1 ,animal ,foes & ,fri5ds1#a br\ght out la/ ye> by ! publi%] ( ?is book4 ,footnote #a3 ,ti]is*e ,s*dl+e und ,ntzl+e fr ,ack]bau1 ,viehzu*t1 ,wald- und ,g>t5bau4 ,leb5s=m51 ,vorkomm51 ,e9fluss und die ,massregeln zu ,v]tilgung und ,s*utz4 ,praktis*es ,h&bu* v4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,ritzema ,bos1 ,doc5t an d] l&wirts*aftl4 ,lehran/alt 9 ,wag5+54 ,mit #dgg e+$ruckt5 ,abbildung54 ,preis #ah m41 geb4 #bj m4 ,v]lag von ,paul ,p>ey1 #aj ,h$emann/rasse1 ,b]l91 ,s4,w4 ,x is hop$ t ! pres5t volume may be f\nd s]viceable1 bo? 9 ! tea*+ ( agricultural in/itutions1 & to ! practical f>m]4 ,,dr4 ,j4 ,,ritzema ,,bos4 ,,wag5+51 ,febru>y1 #ahib4 ,,translator',s ,,preface4 ,agricultural education is mak+ su* rapid /rides 9 ?is c\ntry1 t no apology is ne$$ = translat+ a book :i* appe>s to fill a gap1 especially z x is writt5 by a well-kn[n au?ority4 ,dr4 ,ritzema ,bos has k9dly all[$ c]ta9 small alt]ations to be made :i* adapt ! "w to ! requirem5ts ( ,briti% agriculture4 ,additions are indicat$ by squ>e brackets1 & small pr9t employ$ 9 ! case ( "s non-,briti% animals4 ,a few =ms h be5 omitt$ = simil> reasons4 ,con/ant ref]5ce has be5 made to ! publi%$ works ( ,miss ,e4 ,a4 ,orm]od1 :o has add$ to my obligation by writ+ an ,introduction1 & ,i also wi% to ackn[l$ge my indebt$ness to ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,salt]1 ,b4,sc41 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,dawson ,rob]ts1 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 = k9d help giv5 by !m4 ,j4 ,r4 ,,a9swor? ,,davis4 ,,ab]y/wy?1 ,may1 #ahid ,,introduction4 ,by reque/ ( ,pr(essor ,a9swor? ,davis1 ! skill$ translator ( ?is 8h&y-book0 on 8,agricultural ,zoology10 ,i add "s words ( introduction2 & ,i h especial pleasure 9 s do+3 n t any obs]vations ( m9e c add value to ! "w ( ! well-kn[n au?or1 b because1 hav+ myself _h ! advantage = _m ye>s ( colleague%ip1 & important help 9 my own "w f ! assi/ance ( ,dr4 ,ritzema ,bos1 ,i am well acqua9t$ bo? ) 8 ext5sive k & also 8 scrupul\s c>e 9 obs]vation1 & ,i believe t ?is ab/ract ( 8 l>g] "w1 n[ giv5 9 a =m 9 :i* x is available = g5]al use1 w meet a great ne$4 ,we h long want$ a book1 pla9 9 word+1 & ( mod]ate size1 deal+ ) ! wild animals or animal infe/ations g5]ally :i* occur 9 connection ) f>m life--a manual1 9 fact1 :i*1 :il/ suitable = ! use ( agricultural /ud5ts & tea*]s1 %\ld at ! same "t n be too te*nically sci5tific to be intelligible to practical f>m]s or to g5]al read]s4 ,9 ! pages ( ! pres5t volume a v s]viceable am\nt ( in=mation w be f\nd to be embodi$4 ,s f> z c be arrang$ 9 ! limit$ space ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( ! ma9 divisions ( ! animal k+dom are giv51 f ! ,v]tebrata--includ+ descriptions ( "s ( our mo/ notable =ms ( :at may be popul>ly describ$ z bea/s1 birds1 & reptiles1--to ! ,ar?ropoda1 includ+ in=mation on a mo/ s]viceable am\nt ( insect infe/ation2 also reg>d+ ,mites1 ,ticks1 etc4 ,^! are foll[$ by ! ,v]mes1 includ+1 among o!r families ( ! ,nematoda1 ! eelworms :i* cause s mu* injury to crop gr[?2 & ^! are foll[$ by ! inte/9al tapeworms & ! fluke4 ,! f\r? sub-k+dom1 t ( ,mollusca1 includes1 besides snails & slugs1 v>i\s k9ds ( %ell-fi%2 & ! l[] sub-k+doms--includ+ ,e*9od]mata1 :i* may be typifi$ by />fi%es & sea ur*9s1 ! ,cl5t]ata1 or ,zoophytes1 & ! ,protozoa--w be f\nd to be j ent]$ on suffici5tly to %[ _! place 9 ! scale4 ,! cle> descriptions1 made /ill m in/ructive by ! num]\s & good figures1 w speak = !mselves to all read]s2 b ,i %\ld l to add a few l9es to po9t out ! s]viceabl5ess ( a h&book 9 :i* ! read] may turn at pleasure to ! hi/ory ( any common f>m animal--z a weasel or a vole1 a wood-pigeon or a pheasant1 a bl9dworm or a common frog4 ,&1 9 reg>d to ! insect infe/ations1 to :i* x w be se5 m ?an a hundr$ pages ( ! book are devot$1 ,i c be> witness to ! great am\nt ( valuable in=mation :i* ,i con/antly d]ive myself f ! /udy ( ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,ritzema ,bos on ?is subject2 & ,i tru/ ?is little manual ( 8,agricultural ,zoology0 may take ! place 9 our f>m & s*ool libr>ies :i* ,i believe x to be excell5tly fitt$ to fill4 ,,eleanor ,a4 ,,orm]od1 ,late ,consult+ ,entomologi/ ( ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl&4 ,,torr+ton ,,h\se1 ,,/4 ,,alban',s1 ,may #bd1 #ahid4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introduction-- ,i4 ,subdivision ( ! ,animal ,k+dom #a ,,ii4 ,review ( ! ,/ructure & ,vital ,ph5om5a ( ,animals #c-af ,fir/ ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,v]tebrata 7,backbon$ ,animals7 #af-hb ,,class ,i3 ,,mammalia 7,suckl]s7 #ba-dh ,,ord]3 ,c>nivora 7,bea/s ( ,prey7 #bd-cj ,family3 ,felid 7,cat ,family7 #bd-be ,family3 ,canid 7,dog ,family7 #be-bf 7,wolf1 p4 #be2 ,fox1 p4 #bf47 ,family3 ,mu/elid 7,weasel ,family7 #bf-cj 7,m>t5s & ,polecat1 p4 #bf2 ,f]ret1 p4 #bg2 ,/oat & ,weasel1 p4 #bh2 ,m9k1 ,ott]1 & ,badg]1 p4 #bi47 ,,ord]3 ,insectivora 7,insect-eat+ ,mammals7 #cj-cc 7,%rews1 pp4 #cj1 #ca2 ,mole1 pp4 #ca-cc2 ,h$gehog1 p4 #cc47 ,,ord]3 ,*eiropt]a 7,bats7 #cc-ce ,,ord]3 ,rod5tia 7,gnaw+ ,mammals7 #ce-dc ,family3 ,leporid 7,h>es & ,rabbits7 #cf-ch 7,h>e & ,rabbit1 p4 #cg47 ,family3 ,murid 7,m\se ,family7 #ch-da 7,ham/]1 ,black ,rat1 & ,br[n ,rat1 p4 #ci2 ,common ,m\se1 ,long-tail$ ,field ,m\se1 & ,h>ve/ ,m\se1 p4 #dj2 ,corn ,m\se1 p4 #da47 ,family3 ,arvicolid 7,vole ,family7 #da-dc 7,bank ,vole & ,wat] ,vole1 p4 #db2 ,field ,vole1 pp4 #db1 #dc2 ,s\!rn ,field ,vole1 p4 #dc47 ,,ord]3 ,rum9antia 7,cud-*ew+ ,mammals7 #dd-dg ,family3 ,c]vid 7,de] ,family7 #de-dg 7,r$ ,de]1 p4 #df2 ,roebuck & ,fall[ ,de]1 p4 #dg47 ,,ord]3 ,multungula or ,pa*yd]mata 7,_m-ho($ or ,?ick-sk9n$ ,mammals7 #dh 7,wild ,bo>1 p4 #dh47 ,,ord]3 ,solidungula 7,s+le-ho($ ,mammals7 #dh ,,class ,,ii3 ,,aves 7,birds7 #di-gd ,,ord]3 ,raptores 7,birds ( ,prey7 #ec-ee ,,ord]3 ,scansores 7,climb+ ,birds7 #ee-ef 7,cuckoo1 pp4 #ee1 #ef47 ,,ord]3 ,pass]es 7,p]*+ ,birds7 #eg-fe ,gr\p3 ,hirund9id 7,swall[s7 #eg-eh 7,swall[s & ,m>t9s1 p4 #eg2 ,swift & ,goatsuck]1 p4 #eh47 ,gr\p3 ,magniro/res 7,l>ge-beak$ ,p]*]s7 #eh-fa 7,jackdaw1 ,cr[s1 ,rook1 & ,rav51 pp4 #ei-fa2 ,magpie & ,jay1 p4 #fa47 ,gr\p3 ,coniro/res 7,conical-beak$ ,p]*]s7 #fa-fd 7,titmice1 ,l>ks1 & ,bunt+s1 pp4 #fa1 #fb2 ,f9*es1 p4 #fb2 ,sp>r[s1 pp4 #fb1 #fc2 ,l9net1 p4 #fc2 ,*aff9*1 pp4 #fc1 #fd47 ,gr\p3 ,subuliro/res 7,awl-beak$ ,p]*]s7 #fd-fe 7,wagtails1 ,pipits1 & ,h$ge 8,sp>r[10 p4 #fd2 ,w>bl]s1 pp4 #fd1 #fe2 ,?ru%-l birds1 p4 #fe47 ,,ord]3 ,gyrantes 7,doves7 #fe-fg 7,wood ,pigeon1 pp4 #ff1 #fg2 ,turtle ,dove & ,rock ,pigeon1 p4 #fg47 ,,ord]3 ,rasores 7,p\ltry7 #fg-fh 7,pheasant1 p4 #fh47 ,,ord]3 ,grallatores 7,wad+-,birds7 #fh-gj ,,ord]3 ,natatores 7,swimm+-,birds7 #gj-gd ,family3 ,lamelliro/ra 7,ducks7 #ga-gc ,family3 ,longip5nes 7,gulls7 #gc-gd ,,class ,,iii43 ,,reptilia 7,reptiles7 #gd-gi ,,class ,,iv43 ,,amphibia 7,amphibians7 #gi-ha ,,class ,v43 ,,pisces 7,fi%es7 #ha-hb ,second ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,ar?ropoda 7,jo9t$-limb$ ,animals7 #hb-bjf ,,class ,i43 ,,insecta 7,insects7 #he-aid ,,ord] ,i43 ,coleopt]a 7,beetles7 #id-aah ,family3 ,c>abid 7,gr\nd ,beetles7 #id-if 7,corn ,gr\nd ,beetle1 pp4 #ie1 #if47 ,family3 ,/aphyl9id 7,rove ,beetles7 #if-ig ,family3 ,silphid 7,bury+ ,beetles7 #ig 7,black ,bury+ ,beetle1 & ,beet ,c>rion ,beetle1 p4 #ig47 ,family3 ,nitidulid 7,%9e ,beetles7 #ig-ih 7,turnip-fl[] ,beetle1 pp4 #ig1 #ih47 ,family3 ,cryptophagid 7,secret-eat+ ,beetles7 #ih-ii 7,beet ,beetle1 pp4 #ih1 #ii47 ,family3 ,lamellicornia 7,*af]s7 #ii-ajb 7,cock*af]1 pp4 #ajj1 #aja2 ,buck:eat ,beetle1 p4 #aja2 ,rye & ,g>d5 ,*af]s1 p4 #ajb47 ,family3 ,elat]id 7,click ,beetles7 #ajb-aje 78,wireworms10 pp4 #ajc-aje47 ,family3 ,curculionid 7,weevils7 #aje-aaj 7,se$ ,beetles1 pp4 #ajf1 #ajg2 ,pea ,weevil1 pp4 #ajg1 #ajh2 ,m\se-too? ,weevils1 p4 #ajh2 ,gall ,weevils1 pp4 #ajh-aaj47 ,family3 ,*rysomelid 7,leaf ,beetles7 #aaj-aag 7,colorado ,beetle1 pp4 #aaa-aac2 ,tortoise ,beetles1 pp4 #aac1 #aad2 ,flea ,beetles1 #aad-aag47 ,family3 ,cocc9ellid 7,lady ,birds7 #aag-aah ,,ord] ,,ii43 ,or?opt]a 7,/raight-w+$ ,insects7 #aah-aba 7,migratory ,gras%opp]1 pp4 #aai1 #abj2 ,mole ,cricket1 pp4 #abj1 #aba47 ,,ord] ,,iii43 ,neuropt]a 7,net-w+$ ,insects7 #aba-abc 7,dragon ,flies1 p4 #abb2 ,lace ,flies1 pp4 #abb1 #abc2 ,scorpion ,flies1 p4 #abc47 ,,ord] ,,iv43 ,hym5opt]a 7,membran\s-w+$ ,insects7 #abc-acf ,family3 ,apid 7,bees7 #abe-abf ,family3 ,vespid 7,wasps7 #abf-abh ,family3 ,fossores 7,digg+ ,wasps7 #abh-abi ,family3 ,=micid 7,ants7 #abi-acb ,family3 ,i*neumonid 7,i*neumon ,flies7 #acb-acd ,family3 ,t5?r$9id 7,saw-flies7 #acd-acf 7,turnip ,saw-fly1 pp4 #acd-acf47 ,,ord] ,v43 ,lepidopt]a 7,butt]flies & ,mo?s7 #acf-aei ,family3 ,diurna 7,butt]flies7 #acg-adb 7,:ites1 pp4 #ach-adb47 ,family3 ,noctuid 7,owlet ,mo?s7 #adb-aeb 7,surface ,cat]pill>s1 p4 #adc2 ,d>t or ,turnip ,mo?1 pp4 #adc-ade2 ,cabbage ,mo?1 pp4 #ade-adg2 ,lettuce & ,pea ,mo?s1 p4 #adg2 ,grass-root ,mo?1 p4 #adh2 ,c\*-grass ,mo?1 pp4 #adh1 #adi2 ,:eat-haulm ,mo?1 p4 #adi2 ,grass ,mo?1 pp4 #adi1 #aej2 ,d>nel ,mo?1 p4 #aej2 ,silv] ,y ,mo?1 pp4 #aea1 #aeb47 ,family3 ,pyralid 7,sn\t ,mo?s7 #aeb-aee ,family3 ,tortricid 7,leaf-roll]s7 #aee-aeg 7,fawn-col\r$ ,pea ,mo?1 p4 #aef2 ,cresc5t ,pea ,mo?1 pp4 #aef1 #aeg47 ,family3 ,t9eid 7,leaf-m9]s7 #aeg-aei 7,c>rot ,mo?1 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh2 ,diamond-back ,mo?1 pp4 #aeh1 #aei47 ,,ord] ,,vi43 ,hemipt]a 7,half-w+$ ,insects7 #aei-afc ,family3 ,aphid 7,plant ,lice7 #aei-afc ,,ord] ,,vii43 ,physopoda 7,bladd]-foot$ ,insects7 #afc-afd 7,?rips1 pp4 #afc1 #afd47 ,,ord] ,,viii43 ,dipt]a 7,flies7 #afd-aic ,family3 ,culic9 7,gnats7 #afd-afe ,family3 ,gallicol 7,gall ,gnats7 #afe-agj 7,hessian ,fly1 pp4 #aff-afh2 ,sc>let ,:eat ,midge1 pp4 #afh1 #afi2 ,:eat ,midge1 #afi1 #agj47 ,family3 ,ro/rat 7,crane ,flies7 #agj-agb ,family3 ,musc=mes 7,gnat ,flies7 #agc-agd 7,s& ,flies1 pp4 #agc1 #agd47 ,family3 ,tabanid 7,gad ,flies7 #agd ,family3 ,muscid 7,true ,flies7 #age-ahd 7,cat]pill> & ,fle% ,flies1 p4 #age2 ,common ,flies1 p4 #age2 ,fl[] ,flies1 pp4 #agf1 #agg2 ,*eese-fly1 p4 #agh2 ,ribbon-foot$ ,corn ,fly1 pp4 #agh-ahb2 ,frit ,fly1 pp4 #ahb-ahd47 ,family3 ,syrphid 7,hov] ,flies7 #ahe ,family3 ,/omoxyd 7,/able ,flies7 #ahe-ahf ,family3 /rid 7,bot ,flies7 #ahf-aib 7,ox ,w>ble-fly1 pp4 #ahf-ahh2 ,%eep ,bot ,fly1 pp4 #ahh-aij2 ,horse ,bot1 etc41 pp4 #aij-aib47 ,family3 ,pupip>a 7,l\se ,flies7 #aib-aic ,,ord] ,,ix43 ,aphanipt]a 7,fleas7 #aic ,,ord] ,x43 ,p>asita 7,lice7 #aic-aid ,,class ,,ii43 ,,myriopoda 7,c5tip$es & ,millip$es7 #aie ,,class ,,iii43 ,,ara*noidea 7,scorpions1 ,spid]s1 ,mites7 #aie-bje ,,ord]3 ,ac>idea 7,mites7 #aif-bjb ,family3 ,ac>id 7,true ,mites7 #aif-bjb 7,it* or ,mange ,mites1 pp4 #aif-bjb47 ,family3 ,ixodid 7,ticks7 #bjb-bjd ,family3 ,gamasid 7,beetle ,mites7 #bjd 7,f[l ,mite1 p4 #bjd47 ,family3 ,trombidiid #bje 7,plant ,mite or 8,r$ ,spid]10 p4 #bje47 ,,class ,,iv43 ,,cru/acea 7,cru/aceans7 #bjf ,?ird ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,v]mes 7,worms7 #bjf-bde ,,class3 ,,annelida 7,segm5t$ ,worms7 #bjg-bji 7,e>?worms1 pp4 #bjg-bji47 ,,class3 ,,nematelm9!s 7,r\nd ,worms7 #bji-bca ,,ord]3 ,nematoda 7,?read ,worms7 #baj-bca ,family3 ,/rongylid 7,palisade ,worms7 #bab-bae ,family3 ,tri*otra*elid 7,:ip ,worms7 #bae-bah 7,tri*9a1 pp4 #baf-bah47 ,family3 ,fil>id 7,sl5d] ,?read ,worms7 #bah ,family3 ,asc>id 7,r\nd ,worms7 #bah-bai ,family3 ,anguillulid 7,eelworms7 #bai-bca 7,/em ,eelworm1 pp4 #bbj-bbd2 ,:eat ,eelworm1 pp4 #bbd-bbg2 ,beet ,eelworm1 pp4 #bbg-bcj2 ,root-knot ,eelworm1 p4 #bca47 ,,class3 ,,platyhelmia 7,flat ,worms7 #bca-bde ,,ord]3 ,ce/oda 7,tapeworms7 #bca-bdj ,,ord]3 ,trematoda 7,flukes7 #bdj-bde ,f\r? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,mollusca 7,mollusca7 #bde-bea ,,class3 ,,cephalopoda 7,cuttlefi%es7 #bdg ,,class3 ,,ga/ropoda 7,snails & ,slugs7 #bdg-bea 7,grey ,field ,slug1 pp4 #bdi-bea47 ,,class3 ,,lamellibran*iata 7,bivalve ,molluscs7 #bea ,fif? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,e*9od]mata 7,h$gehog-sk9n$ ,animals7 #beb-bec ,six? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,c,,l5t]ata 7,zoophytes7 #bec-bee ,sev5? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,protozoa 7,"o-cell$ ,animals7 #bee-bef ,,illu/rations4 ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,s*ematic ,longitud9al ,section ( ! ,human ,body #d #b4 ,human ,skeleton #g #c4 ,skeleton ( an ,ox #i #d4 ,b5d+ ( ! ,arm by ,contraction ( ! ,biceps ,muscle #aj #e4 ,diagram to expla9 ! ,action ( ! ,motor & ,s5sory ,n]ves #aa #f4 ,diagram ( ! ,c\rse ( ! ,circulation #ac #g4 ,life ,hi/ory ( ! ,small-w+$ ,gall-fly 7,&ricus t]m9alis7 #ae #h4 ,diagram ( a ,fi%'s ,he>t #ah #i4 ,diagram ( a ,mammal's ,he>t #bj #aj4 ,diagram ( a ,reptile's ,he>t #bj #aa4 ,diagram ( a ,frog's ,he>t #ba #ab4 ,v]tical ,section ( a ,human ,gr9d+ ,too? #bb #ac4 ,cr[n ( an ,ox's ,gr9d] #bb #ad4 ,skull ( ,dome/ic ,cat #be #ae4 ,p9e ,m>t5 7,mu/ela m>tes7 #bg #af4 ,skull ( ,mole #cj #ag4 ,common ,%rew 7,sorex vulg>is7 #ca #ah4 ,skeleton ( ,bat #cd #ai4 ,skull ( ,squirrel #ce #bj4 ,abnormal ,too? 9 ,h>e #cg #ba4 ,ham/] 7,cricetus frum5t>ius7 #ch #bb4 ,long-tail$ ,field ,m\se 7,mus sylvaticus7 #dj #bc4 ,upp] ,back ,tee? ( ,br[n ,rat #da #bd4 ,upp] ,back ,tee? ( ,wat] ,vole #da #be4 ,s\!rn ,field ,vole 7,arvicola arvalis7 #dc #bf4 ,skull ( ,%eep #dd #bg4 ,developm5t ( ,roebuck ,antl]s #de #bh4 ,w+ ( ,buzz>d #ej #bi4 ,section ?r\gh ,bird's ,egg #ea #cj4 ,eagle ,owl 7,otus maximus7 #eb #ca4 ,head & ,foot ( ,falcon #ec #cb4 ,gold5 ,eagle 7,aquila *rysatus7 #ed #cc4 ,b>n ,owl 7,/rix flammea7 #ee #cd4 ,cuckoo 7,cuculus canorus7 #ef #ce4 ,goatsuck] 7,caprimulgus europu7 #eh #cf4 ,head ( ,rook 7,corvus frugilegus7 #fj #cg4 ,head ( ,bullf9* 7,pyrrhula vulg>is7 #fb #ch4 ,night+ale 7,daulias lusc9ia7 #fe #ci4 ,wood ,pigeon 7,columba palumbus7 #ff #dj4 ,cap]cailzie 7,tetrao urogallus7 #fh #da4 ,pheasant 7,phasianus col*icus7 #fi #db4 ,woodcock 7,scolopax ru/icola7 #gj #dc4 ,cre/$ & ,little ,grebes 7,podiceps cri/atus & m9or7 #ga #dd4 ,grey ,goose 7,ans] c9]eus7 #gb #de4 ,h]r+ ,gull 7,l>us arg5tatus7 #gd #df4 ,common ,liz>d 7,lac]ta agilis7 #ge #dg4 ,add] 7,pelias b]us7 #gf #dh4 ,grass ,snake 7,tropidonotus natrix7 #gg #di4 ,bl9dworm 7,anguis fragilis7 #gh #ej4 ,great ,cre/$ ,newt 7,triton cri/atus7 #gi #ea4 ,common ,frog 7,rana tempor>ia7 #hj #eb4 ,natt]jack 7,bufo calamita7 #ha #ec4 ,! ,p]* 7,p]ca fluviatilis7 #hb #ed4 ,wood-bor] 7,sirex7 #hc #ee4 ,c5tip$e 7,scolop5dra morsitans7 #hd #ef4 ,gr\nd ,beetle1 %[+ ,n]v\s ,sy/em #hd #eg4 ,dis>ticulat$ ,gras%opp] #he #eh4 ,head & ,m\?-p>ts ( a ,gr\nd ,beetle #hg #ei4 ,leg ( ,gr\nd ,beetle #hh #fj4 ,/ages ( ,silkworm ,mo? 7,bombyx mori7 #hh #fa4 ,/ages ( ,hornet 7,vespa crabro7 #hi #fb4 ,migratory ,gras%opp] 7,acrydium migratorium7 #ij #fc4 ,loop] ,cat]pill> #ij #fd4 ,false ,cat]pill> #ij #fe4 ,/ages ( ,cock*af] 7,melolon?a vulg>is7 #ia #ff4 ,l>va ( a ,weevil #ib #fg4 ,/ages ( ,aphis-eat+ ,fly 7,syrphus pyra/i7 #ib #fh4 ,a ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c>abus auronit5s7 #ie #fi4 ,corn ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,zabrus gibbus7 & l>va #ie #gj4 ,a ,rove ,beetle 7,/aphyl9us ery?ropt]us7 #if #ga4 ,black ,bury+ ,beetle 7,silpha atrata7 & l>va #if #gb4 ,ant5n ( ,cock*af] #ii #gc4 ,abdom5s ( ,common & ,horse-*e/nut ,cock*af]s #ajj #gd4 ,skipjack 7,agriotes l9eatus7 #ajb #ge4 ,skipjack ab\t to spr+ #ajc #gf4 ,gra9-plants s[n deep & %all[1 to %[ ,wireworm attack #ajd #gg4 ,bean ,beetle 7,bru*us rufimanus7 #ajf #gh4 ,pea ,weevil 7,sitones l9eatus7 #ajg #gi4 ,m\se-too? ,weevil 7,b>idius *loris7 & l>va #ajh #hj4 ,turnip ,gall ,weevil 7,ceutorhyn*us sulcicollis7 #aji #ha4 ,colorado ,beetle 7,*rysomela deceml9eata7 #aaa #hb4 ,/ages ( ,colorado ,beetle #aab #hc4 ,cl\dy ,tortoise ,beetle 7,cassida nebulosa7 #aac #hd4 ,rape ,flea ,beetle 7,psylliodes *rysocephalus7 #aad #he4 ,/ages ( ,sev5-spott$ ,lady-bird 7,cocc9ella septempunctata7 #aah #hf4 ,/ages ( ,common ,lace ,fly 7,*rysopa vulg>is7 #abb #hg4 ,head ( ,honey ,bee 7,apis mellifica7 #abd #hh4 ,common ,wasp 7,vespa vulg>is7 & ne/ #abg #hi4 ,common ,s& ,wasp 7,ammophila sabulosa7 #abi #ij4 ,/ages ( ,yell[-legg$ ,i*neumon ,fly 7,microga/] glom]atus7 #acc #ia4 ,turnip ,saw-fly 7,a?alia sp9>um7 & cat]pill>s #ace #ib4 ,head ( ,butt]fly #acf #ic4 ,scales f ,butt]fly's ,w+ #acf #id4 ,/ages ( ,peacock ,butt]fly 7,vanessa io7 #ach #ie4 ,/ages ( ,cabbage ,:ite 7,pi]is brassic7 #aci #if4 ,g>d5 ,:ite 7,pi]is rap71 male #ada #ig4 ,g>d5 ,:ite1 female & cat]pill> #ada #ih4 ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite 7,pi]is napi7 #adb #ii4 ,d>t or ,turnip ,mo? 7,agrotis segetum7 & cat]pill> #adc #ajj4 ,/ages ( ,cabbage ,mo? 7,mame/ra brassic7 #adf #aja4 ,grass ,mo? 7,*>z ,gram9is7 & cat]pill> #aej #ajb4 ,/ages ( ,silv] ,y ,mo? 7,plusia gamma7 #aea #ajc4 ,hop ,sn\t ,mo? 7,hyp5a ro/ralis7 #aec #ajd4 ,"m-(-,pe>l ,mo? 7,botys m>g>italis7 & l>va #aee #aje4 ,fawn-col\r$ ,pea ,mo? 7,grapholi?a nebritana7 #aef #ajf4 ,l>* ,mo? 7,coleophora l>icella7 #aeg #ajg4 ,w+s ( a ,bug #aei #ajh4 ,bean ,aphis 7,aphis papav]is7 #afj #aji4 ,corn ,?rips 7,?rips c]ealium7 #afc #aaj4 ,:eat ,midge 7,cecidomyia tritici7 #afe #aaa4 ,b>ley attack$ by ,hessian ,fly #afg #aab4 ,l>v ( ,:eat ,midge 7,cecidomyia tritici7 #afi #aac4 ,/ages ( ,daddy ,longlegs 7,tipula ol]acea7 #aga #aad4 ,ra9 ,breeze ,fly 7,hmatopota pluvialis7 #agd #aae4 ,cat]pill> ,fly 7,ta*9a f]a7 #age #aaf4 ,turnip infe/$ by ,cabbage ,fly 7,an?omyia brassic7 #agg #aag4 ,ribbon-foot$ ,corn ,fly 7,*lorops tniopus7 #agi #aah4 ,/ages ( ditto #aha #aai4 ,:eat ,plant di/ort$ by w9t] g5]ation ( ditto #aha #abj4 ,/ages1 etc41 ( ,frit ,fly 7,osc9is frit7 #ahc #aba4 ,/ages ( ,horse ,bot ,fly 7,ga/rus equi7 #aij #abb4 ,horse ,l\se 7,hmatop9us macrocephalus7 #aid #abc4 ,common ,snake ,millip$e 7,julus t]re/ris7 #aie #abd4 ,a ,spid] 7,salticus sc5icus7 #aif #abe4 ,mange ,mite ( ! ,pig 7,s>coptes scabiei1 v>4 suis7 #aig #abf4 ,ditto #aih #abg4 ,! ,dog ,tick 7,ixodes ric9us7 #bjc #abh4 ,diagrammatic transv]se section ?r\gh a ,?read ,worm #baj #abi4 ,tail ( male ,/rongylus armatus #bac #acj4 ,encapsul$ ,muscle ,tri*9 9 fle% #bag #aca4 ,male ,inte/9al ,tri*9a #bag #acb4 ,rye ,plant 9 ! lat] /age ( ! ,eelworm ,disease #bbb #acc4 ,e> ,cockles ( ,:eat #bbe #acd4 ,/ages ( ,beet ,eelworm 7,het]od]a ,s*a*tii7 #bbf #ace4 ,tnia sag9ata #bcb #acf4 ,common ,tapeworm 7,tnia (fic9alis7 #bcd #acg4 ,tapeworm ,l>va 7,tnia solium7 #bcd #ach4 ,types ( ,bladd]-worm #bce #aci4 ,measle ( ,tnia solium #bce #adj4 ,measles 9 ,pork #bcf #ada4 ,liv] ,fluke 7,di/oma hepaticum7 #bda #adb4 ,life ,hi/ory ( ,liv] ,fluke #bdb #adc4 ,diagrams ( ,molluscs #bdf #add4 ,grey ,field ,slug 7,limax agre/is7 #bdi #ade4 ,common ,/>fi% 7,a/]ias rub5s7 #beb #adf4 ,fre%wat] ,polype 7,hydra7 #bed #adg4 ,a ,jellyfi% 7,pelagia noctiluca7 #bed #adh4 ,a ,sea ,anemone 7,sag>tia nivea7 #bed #adi4 ,proteus ,animalcule 7,amba7 #bee ,,zoology4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,subdivision ( ! ,animal ,k+dom4 ,!re are animals s l "o ano!r t !y are giv5 ! same "n4 ,su* animals are rank$ 9 ! same species4 ,animals :i* diff] s mu* t !y h to be ref]r$ to diff]5t species1 b :i* not)/&+ agree 9 ! majority ( _! *>act]s1 especially ! mo/ important ones1 are plac$ 9 ! same g5us4 ,h>e & rabbit1 or horse & donkey1 are reckon$ z diff]5t species ( ! same g5us4 ,g5]a resembl+ "o ano!r are unit$ into a family2 ?us1 ! p9e m>t5 & ! bee* or /one m>t5 bo? belong to ! ,m>t5 g5us 7,m>tes71 :ile ! weasel & /oat are diff]5t species ( ! ,weasel g5us 7,mu/ela72 b ^! two g5]a are s simil> t !y are bo? plac$ 9 ! same family1 i4e4 ! ,weasel family 7,mu/elid74 ,ne>ly relat$ families toge!r build up an ord]4 ,?us1 ! ,weasel family1 ,dog family1 ,cat family1 etc41 collectively con/itute ! ord] ( ,c>nivora1 *>act]iz$1 speak+ g5]ally1 by ! same k9d ( tee?1 claws1 habits1 & food4 ,sev]al relat$ ord]s are unit$ into a class4 ,?us1 = example1 c>nivor\s animals 7,c>nivora71 rum9at+ animals 7,rum9antia71 gnaw+ animals 7,rod5tia71 etc41 con/itute diff]5t ord]s ( ! class ( ,suckl]s 7,mammalia72 :ile birds ( prey 7,raptores71 pigeons 7,gyrantes71 & p\ltry 7,rasores71 are includ$ 9 a second class1 t ( ,birds 7,aves74 ,b bo? ,birds & ,mammals h a skeleton1 ( :i* ! *ief support is ! backbone2 on ?is acc\nt !y are plac$ 9 a l>g] subdivision1 ! sub-k+dom ( ,backbon$ animals 7,v]tebrata72 :ile snails are gr\p$ "u ! sub-k+dom ( ,molluscs1 millip$es & c5tip$es "u t ( ,jo9t$-limb$ animals 7,ar?ropods74 ,9 ?is way ! animal k+dom is divid$ into sub-k+doms1 ! sub-k+doms into classes1 ! classes into ord]s1 ! ord]s into families1 ! families into g5]a1 & ! g5]a into species4 ,animals ( ! same species :i* diff] f "o ano!r 9 m or less con/ant *>act]s1 belong to diff]5t races 7dome/ic or geographical races74 ,!re are _m species ( animals ! ext]nal features ( :i* are well kn[n to ord9>y folk1 & :i* !re=e possess a def9ite ,engli% "n1 b a mu* l>g] numb]1 ( ! small] =ms especially1 h no ,engli% "n4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to devise new names = ^! species4 ,! ,engli% names1 h[ev]1 are liable to cause great confusion1 s9ce 9 diff]5t di/ricts ! same "n is (t5 appli$ to widely diff]5t animals4 ,besides ?is1 di/9ct names h usually be5 giv5 to successive /ages 9 ! life hi/ory ( ! same =m3 8wireworms10 = example1 are ! "y /ate ( ! 8click beetle40 ,by us+ ! sci5tific me?od ( nam+ inv5t$ by ,l9nu1 confusion is made impossible4 ,! ,lat9 names ( ?is naturali/ h ! great advantage t !y n only give a p]fectly di/9ct "n to any p>ticul> species1 b also at ! same "t %[ ! g5us to :i* x belongs4 ,ea* k9d ( animal possesses1 9 fact1 two names2 j 9 ! same way z e p]son possesses at lea/ two names1 a ,*ri/ian "n & a surname4 ,! g5]ic "n comes fir/1 & is1 ( c\rse1 common to all animals ( ! same g5us4 ,! second "n is ! specific "o1 & belongs exclusively to animals ( ! same species4 ,! h>e & rabbit1 = example1 are bo? includ$ 9 ! g5us ,lepus4 ,! ,lat9 "n ( ! fir/ is ,lepus timidus2 t ( ! second1 ,lepus cuniculus4 ,horse ,equus caballus2 ass ,equus as9us4 ,,ii4 ,review ( ! ,/ructure & ,vital ,ph5om5a ( ,animals4 ,i select z a po9t ( dep>ture ! human body1 & ! bodies ( dome/ic animals1 because my read]s are be/ acqua9t$ ) ^!4 ,! limbs consi/1 beg9n+ on ! outside1 ( sk91 fle%1 & bone4 ,! same p>ts c also be di/+ui%$ 9 ! head1 neck1 & trunk2 b 9 ^! divisions ( ! body !y enclose a cavity1 ! body-cavity1 :i*1 aga91 conta9s v>i\s p>ts 78organs071 :i* are n ev]y:]e atta*$ to ! body-wall4 ,fig4 #a repres5ts a longitud9al section ?r\gh ! body4 ,! sk9 is repres5t$ by a l9e1 fle% & int]nal l9+ are %ad$1 :ile ! bones are black4 ,^! p>ts =m toge!r ! body-wall4 ,9 front ! body-wall encloses a cavity1 ! body-cavity 7,kh471 :i* 9 ,mammals is divid$ into two sections 7?oracic cavity1 ,bz4h1 & abdom9al cavity1 ,b4h47 by ! midriff 7diaphragm74 ,9 ! ?oracic cavity are f\nd ! lungs & he>t 7,h71 also mo/ ( ! gullet or upp] "p ( ! gut2 ! abdom9al cavity conta9s ! rema9d] ( ! (t5 mu*-coil$ gut1 :i* 9 "o place wid5s into ! /oma* 7,m71 also ! kidneys1 sple51 & p>ts connect$ ) ! gut 7e4g4 ! liv]74 ,! cavities are b\nd$ beh9d by ! backbone 7v]tebral column71 :i* is made up ( _m flatt5$ v]tebr4 ,! upp]mo/ v]tebra supports ! skull1 :i* encloses a cranial cavity 7,s*4h47 cont9u\s ) a v]tebral canal b\nd$ by ! v]tebr4 ,cranial cavity & v]tebral canal =m toge!r a second body-space1 9 :i* are conta9$ ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,s*ematic ,longitud9al ,section ( ! ,human ,body4 ,we w n[ consid] ! individual p>ts ( ! body1 beg9n+ ) ! skeleton4 ,! axis ( ! skeleton is =m$ by ! v]tebral column 7sp9e71 :i* is compos$ ( flat bones1 ! v]tebr4 ,a v]tebra usually consi/s ( 7#a7 ! body1 :i* occupies ! front2 7#b7 ! ar*1 :i* possesses sev]al projections or processes 7neural sp9e1 transv]se processes1 articul> processes7 & encloses ! v]tebral canal 7,w4h474 ,all mammals h sev5 neck or c]vical v]tebr 7,fig4 #b1 #a72 :ile ! numb] ( ! rema9+ v]tebr v>ies accord+ to ! species4 ,! c]vical v]tebr1 :i* support ! head1 are foll[$ by ! dorsal or ?oracic v]tebr 7#ab 9 man1 ,fig4 #b1 #b71 & ^! by ! /rong lo9 or lumb> v]tebr 7#e 9 man1 ,fig4 #b1 #c74 ,c]vical1 ?oracic1 & lumb> v]tebr are movable1 b1 9 man1 ! la/-nam$ are foll[$ by five v]tebr immovably unit$ toge!r to make up ! sacrum1 & ^! aga9 by tail- or caudal v]tebr4 ,man has f\r su* v]tebr1 all poorly develop$1 & fus$ ) "o ano!r 7,fig4 #b1 #e72 b 9 _m animals !re are a l>ge numb]1 movably unit$ to make up a tail4 ,! ribs1 :i* 9 mammals b\nd ! *e/1 are jo9t$ to ! ?oracic v]tebr4 ,man has #ab pairs ( ribs2 ea* rib consi/s ( a bony "p beh9d & a gri/ly 7c>tilag9\s7 "p 9 front4 ,! s-call$ true ribs 7,fig4 #b1 #ad7 ! upp] pairs are movably unit$ ) ! brea/-bone1 b ?is is n ! case ) ! false ribs 7,fig4 #b1 #ae74 ,9 ! head we di/+ui% ! bra9-case or cranium1 & ! skeleton ( ! face4 ,! fir/ conta9s ! cranial cavity 9 :i* ! bra9 is enclos$4 ,we di/+ui%--#b frontal bones 7fus$ toge!r 9 man1 ,fig4 #b1 #f72 #b p>ietal bones 7#g72 #b temporal bones 7#h72 an occipital bone 7#i7 compos$ ( sev]al pieces fus$ toge!r1 p]=at$ by ! =am5 magnum :]e bra9 & sp9al cord unite1 & be>+ two elevations or condyles = effect+ union ) ! backbone2 & ! sph5oid & e?moid bones :i* make up ! base ( ! cranium4 ,! facial skeleton consi/s ( ! framework ( ! jaws & palate1 &1 toge!r ) "s ( ! cranial bones1 b\nds ! cavities 9 :i* ! eyes are conta9$ 7orbits71 & ! nasal cavities4 ,x consi/s ( ! maxill>y bones 7,fig4 #b1 #ab71 ! premaxill>y bones 7,fig4 #c1 #g1--;9 man ^! #d bones are fus$ toge!r into "o piece71 ! nasal bones1 ! la*rymal bones1 ! pl\gh%>e bone 7vom]71 ! turb9at$ bones1 ! *eek-bones 7or mal>s1 ,fig4 #b1 #aa71 ! palate-bones1 & ! l[] jaw 7,fig4 #b1 #ac74 7,! la/ orig9ally consi/s ( two symmetrical halves47 ,! upp] & l[] limbs are built on ! same type1 & !re=e consi/ ( correspond+ p>ts 7cp4 ,fig4 #b74 ,! m simil> ! functions ( ! two pairs1 ! clos] _! resemblance4 ,9 ! ox !y are mu* m alike ?an 9 man2 9 ! bird1 on ! contr>y1 ! simil>ity is mu* less4 ,a di/9ction c be drawn 9 bo? limbs betwe5 ! bony girdles 7%\ld]-girdle & hip-girdle71 :i* s]ve = union ) ! trunk-skeleton1 & ! diff]5t subdivisions ( ! limbs !mselves4 ,i place side by side ! p>ts ( ! arm & leg ( man4 ,,arm4 ,,leg4 ,i4 ,%\ld]-girdle1 consi/+ ,i4 ,hip-girdle1 consi/+ (3 (3 ,%\ld]-blade 7,scapula7 7,fig4 ,hip-bone 7,ilium7 7#bd74 #b1 #ag74 ,coll>-bone 7,clavicle74 ,pubis4 ,coracoid process 7( ,scapula74 ,rump-bone 7,is*ium74 ,,ii4 ,upp] arm3 ,,ii4 ,?igh3 ,upp] arm-bone 7,hum]us7 7#ah74 ,?igh-bone 7,femur7 7#be74 ,,iii4 ,=e arm3 ,,iii4 ,leg3 ,radius 7#ai74 ,%9-bone 7,tibia7 7#bf74 ,ulna 7#bj74 ,clasp-bone 7,fibula7 7#bg74 ,,iv4 ,h&3 ,,iv4 ,foot3 ,two r[s ( wri/-bones ,two r[s ( ankle-bones 7,c>pal bones7 7#ba74 7,t>sal bones7 7#bh74 ,metac>pal bones 7#bb74 ,metat>sal bones 7#bi74 ,f+]-bones 7,phalanges7 7#bc74 ,toe-bones 7,phalanges7 7#cj74 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 arm & leg are expla9$ by _! diff]5t uses4 ,! bones ( ! leg1 us$ to support ! human body1 are firm] & ?ick]1 b less movable ?an ^? ( ! arm1 :i* is employ$ 9 grasp+4 ,consequ5tly ! union betwe5 ! hip-girdle & ! trunk-skeleton is firm] ?an t ( ! %\ld]-girdle4 ,! radius c rotate ^u ! ulna1 s z to completely turn ! h& ov]2 a simil> twi/+ ( ! foot w\ld n be ( use1 & _c be effect$4 ,! leg has a knee-pan 7patella7 7,fig4 #ca71 ) :i* !re is no bone 9 ! arm to correspond4 ,9 ! foot ! toes are %ort1 & ! rema9+ p>ts long2 = in/ance1 "o ( ! t>sal bones1 ! calcaneum 7heel-bone71 is /rongly develop$ & projects beh9d 7#bh9974 ,9 ! h&1 ! digits are relatively long1 & s9ce ! tip ( ! ?umb c be made to t\* ! tips ( all ! f+]s1 are admirably adapt$ = grasp+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! ,human ,skeleton4 ,! numb] ( f+]s or toes is at mo/ five1 b may be less4 ,! horse has a s+le digit to ea* limb2 ! ox1 two well develop$ & two rema9+ z rudim5ts2 ! pig1 two l>ge & two small2 :ile ! dog has f\r toes 9 ! h9d foot1 five 9 ! =e foot4 ,man walks on ! sole ( ! foot4 ,"s o!r animals 7dog1 cat7 on ! toes2 o!rs aga9 7horse1 ox1 pig71 on ! tips ( ! toes4 ,9 ! la/ case !re is n simply a horny /ructure 7nail or claw7 on ! upp] side ( ! toe1 b a ho( %ea?+ ! :ole ( its tip4 ,9 _m animals ! ?igh & upp] arm are drawn close up to ! body1 s t ! limbs appe> q diff]5t f ^? ( man4 7,comp>e ,fig4 #b ) ,fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,skeleton ( an ,ox4 ,i4 ,skull3 #a1 ,frontal bone1 ) horn cores1 a2 #b1 temporal bone2 #c1 mal> or *eek-bone2 #d1 maxill>y bone2 #e1 la*rymal bone2 #f1 nasal bone2 #g1 premaxill>y bone2 #h1 l[] jaw2 #i1 orbit2 #aj1 occipital bone4 ,,ii4 ,neck & ,trunk3 ,h1 #g c]vical v]tebr2 ,r1 #ac ?oracic v]tebr2 ,l1 #f lumb> v]tebr2 ,k1 sacrum2 ,su1 caudal v]tebr2 ,c1 #ac pairs ( ribs2 ,d1 /]num4 ,,iii4 ,=e ,limbs3 ,sc41 scapula2 ,a1 hum]us2 ,s1 radius2 ,e1 ulna2 ,u1 c>pus2 ,m1 metac>pals2 i41 ii41 iii41 phalanges4 ,,iv4 ,h9d ,limbs3 ,b1 hip-girdle1 a1 ilium1 b1 is*ium2 ,f1 femur2 ,p1 patella2 ,t1 tibia2 ,sp1 t>sus2 ,m1 metat>sals2 i41 ii41 iii41 phalanges4 ,! bones are usually surr\nd$ by fle%4 ,?is consi/s ( a numb] ( diff]5t pieces unit$ toge!r by a delicate1 ela/ic1 fibr\s mass 7connective tissue74 ,! diff]5t pieces are t]m$ muscles1 ea* ( :i* is aga9 made up ( a l>ge numb] ( muscle-fibres1 all tak+ a longitud9al direction4 ,ea* fibre c contract1 & a muscle becomes %ort] & ?ick] by simultane\s contraction ( all its fibres4 ,! contraction & subsequ5t relaxation ( muscles move o!r p>ts4 ,!re are "s muscles1 ! holl[ muscles1 :i* surr\nd a cavity1 & by _! contraction propel ! liquid or solid sub/ances f\nd 9 _! cavity4 ,! he>t1 = example1 is a l>ge muscle ( ?is sort1 s]v+ to propel ! blood1 :ile ! holl[ muscul> coat ( ! gut moves on ! conta9$ food4 ,o!r muscles are fix$ by _! ends to o!r p>ts ( ! body1 :i* !y move by _! contraction4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 d]mal muscles & skeletal muscles1 atta*$ respectively to ! sk9 or by "o end to an integum5t>y /ructure 7hair1 fea!r1 scale71 & to p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,! animals :i* are devoid ( any int]nal skeleton1 ! inv]tebrates 7i4e4 all animals except v]tebrates71 naturally possess no skeletal muscles4 ,examples ( d]mal muscles are ^? by means ( :i* a bird erects its fea!rs 7tail-cov]ts ( peacock671 & ^? :i* enable a h$gehog to roll itself into a ball & /ick out its sp9es4 ,ea* end ( a skeletal muscle is connect$ ) a bone4 ,if su* a muscle contracts ! m easily movable bone is drawn t[>ds ! less easily movable "o 7,fig4 #d74 ,9 ord] t ! bones may be movable ^u "o ano!r !y are unit$ toge!r by jo9ts4 ,accord+ z muscul> movem5ts are1 or are n1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! w1 !y are di/+ui%$ z volunt>y & involunt>y4 ,to ! latt] k9d belong ! movem5t ( ! he>t1 & ! movem5ts ( ! muscles 9 ! wall ( ! gut by :i* ! food is made to progress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,b5d+ ( ! ,arm by ,contraction ( ! ,biceps ,muscle4 a1 hum]us2 b1 ulna2 c1 elb[-jo9t2 d1 biceps muscle2 e1 orig92 f1 ins]tion ( ! same4 ,9 ! "r-h& figure ( ! muscle d is contract$2 9 ! left-h& figure x is slack5$4 ,to de/roy ! contractile p[] ( a muscle x is n necess>y to injure ! muscle itself4 ,e muscle is relat$ to a n]ve1 :i* s5ds its f9e bran*es to ! fibres mak+ up ! muscle4 ,if we cut ! n]ve1 ! correspond+ muscle loses its p[] ( contraction4 ,b ! n]ve arises f ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 :i* 9 v]tebrates pr9cipally consi/s ( ! bra9 & sp9al cord4 ,! muscle w !re=e lose its contractile p[] if ! connection ) ^! c5tral p>ts is brok54 ,! true cause ( movem5t resides 9 ^! p>ts4 ,a sort ( *ange1 ! ess5tial nature ( :i* is unkn[n to u1 takes place 9 !m1 & is propagat$ along ! n]ve to ! muscle1 caus+ x to contract4 ,! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is1 !re=e1 ! orig91 ! c5tre f :i* ! ord] to contract proce$s2 h5ce its "n4 ,! n]ves :i* run f ^! c5tral p>ts to ! muscles are kn[n z ! n]ves ( movem5t 7motor n]ves74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,diagram to expla9 ! ,action ( ! ,motor & ,s5sory ,n]ves4 ,!re is /ill1 h[ev]1 a second gr\p ( n]ves1 ! n]ves ( s5sation 7s5sory n]ves71 :i* arise 9 ! s5se-organs 7sk91 muc\s membrane ( tongue1 nose1 e>1 eye71 & convey to ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ! impressions !y receive f ! out] _w by ! aid ( ^! s5se-organs4 ,9 ! app5d$ diagram 7,fig4 #e71 ,c repres5ts ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em2 ,b4,n41 a motor n]ve1 bran*+ 9 ! muscle ,m2 ,g4,n41 a s5sory n]ve1 :i* runs f ! blood-ba!d inn] sk9 or d]mis 7,l4h471 und]ly+ ! out] sk9 or epid]mis 7,o4h471 to ! c5tral sy/em4 7,! arr[s indicate ! direction 9 :i* impulses are convey$ along ! correspond+ n]ve47 ,m5 or animals lose 9 weight if !y take no food4 ,! reason = ?is is t c]ta9 sub/ances leave ! body ei!r z gases 7?r\gh ! lungs71 or z liquids 7by ! kidneys & sweat-gl&s71 )\t a correspond+ comp5sation4 ,an animal or human be+ c\ld n live )\t tak+ 9 fre% sub/ances1 :i*1 accord+ z !y are solid or liquid1 are kn[n z food or dr9k4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( food & dr9k1 :i*1 ) few exceptions 7salts1 wat]71 are tak5 f ! animal & plant k+doms1 _c1 h[ev]1 z su*1 replace ! gradually dim9i%+ body sub/ance1 =1 to beg9 )1 !y conta9 useless matt]s1 :i* pass out ( ! body 9 ! fces 7dung74 ,& ev5 ! nutriti\s p>ts ( ! animal & vegetable sub/ances tak5 into ! /oma*1 are n always 9 a =m 9 :i* !y c be us$ at once4 ,dige/ion1 :i* 9 all ! high] animals takes place 9 a food-tube 7gut71 s]ves to r$uce !m to a suitable condition1 at ! same "t sep>at+ ! useless matt]s4 ,! action ( sev]al fluids 7saliva1 ga/ric juice1 bile1 etc47 secret$ by gl&s1 extracts ! useful 7nutriti\s7 sub/ances f ! food & dr9k1 conv]t+ !m also into a suitable =m4 ,! small] ! pieces into :i* ! food is sep>at$1 ! bett] c ?is purpose be effect$4 ,9 mammals ! tee? s]ve to break d[n ! food2 9 birds & _m ,inv]tebrates ! same "p is play$ by special secretions ( ! /oma* or inte/9e provid$ ) h>d ridges4 ,s long z ! nutriti\s food-/uffs rema9 9 ! food-canal1 ev5 ?\gh 9 a completely suitable =m1 !y _c n\ri% ! body4 ,& s9ce wa/e ( ! sub/ance ( ! body ev]y:]e takes place1 x is absolutely necess>y t ! food-/uffs %\ld pass aft] dige/ion into a sy/em ( organs go+ to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,?is sy/em is ! circulatory1 or vascul> sy/em4 ,food-/uffs ent] x f ! gut directly or indirectly1 rea*+ x 9 ! latt] case ?r\gh ! lymphatic 7lacteal7 sy/em4 ,! blood is ! fluid into :i* ! food-/uffs are tak5 up4 ,x consi/s ( an almo/ col\rless liquid1 toge!r ) an innum]able numb] ( exce$+ly m9ute blood-corpuscles4 ,! blood fl[s ?r\gh ! body 9 a sy/em ( tubes1 or blood-vessels1 :i* bran* repeat$ly1 & at la/ become m]g$ 9 ! microscopic capill>y blood-vessels4 ,^! capill>ies are pres5t 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! body except ! epid]mis & epid]mal /ructures 7hairs1 fea!rs1 scales1 etc474 ,!y h exce$+ly ?9 walls1 :i* pres5t no resi/ance to ! passage ( ! nutriti\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! blood1 s t ^! c be absorb$ by ^? p>ts ( ! body :i* lie betwe5 ! individual capill>y vessels4 ,! c5tral organ ( ! circulation is ! he>t1 an enl>g$ "p ( ! vascul> sy/em1 possess+ ?ick muscul> walls4 ,by contraction ( ^!1 ! blood is driv5 out ( ! he>t 7,fig4 #f1 ,h72 & its exit is possible on "o side only 7a71 z at ! o!r side 7b7 !re is a valve1 :i* closes :5 ! he>t contracts4 ,! vessel into :i* ! blood leav+ ! he>t ent]s is t]m$ an art]y 7,s4,a47 ,x divides into sev]al bran*es1 also kn[n z art]ies1 & ! smalle/ art]ies pass into capill>ies1 :i* aga9 are connect$ ) ve9s1 :i* jo9 l>g] & l>g] ve9s1 until f9ally "o or a few op5 into ! he>t 7,a74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,diagram ( ! ,c\rse ( ! ,circulation4 ,s9ce ! blood 9 ! c\rse ( its circulation gives up "s ( its nutrim5t to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 x w\ld 9 ! end become useless = ! purposes ( nutrition if x did n receive a fre% supply ( food-/uffs f ! gut1 ei!r directly or indirectly 7?r\gh ! lacteal sy/em74 ,b ap>t f ?is1 ! blood w\ld ultimately become useless1 & t v quickly1 if x did n trav]se ! lungs1 kidneys1 & sweat-gl&s4 ,x is well kn[n to e "o t a man or animal _c live )\t air1 or at any rate )\t a c]ta9 gas1 oxyg51 t is conta9$ 9 air4 ,?is oxyg5 mu/ be able to p5etrate into ! m9ute/ p>ticles ( ! body1 & ! blood1 9 ! corpuscles ( :i* x is conta9$1 c>ries x ev]y:]e4 ,9 ! smalle/ p>ticles 7molecules7 ( ! body an oxidation 7combu/ion7 ( body sub/ance takes place1 :i* n only causes an evolution ( heat1 b also r5d]s ! body capable ( do+ "w4 ,b if n[ ! blood passes f ! capill>ies into ! ve9s1 x conta9s too little oxyg54 ,& besides1 x has tak5 up f ! molecules ( ! body sev]al sub/ances1 develop$ 9 ^? molecules1 :i* w\ld be fatal to ! animal if !y 7 n remov$ f ! body4 ,n[1 :5 ! blood /reams ?r\gh ! lungs1 x gets rid ( ! poison\s gase\s matt]1 & :5 x trav]ses ! kidneys & sweat-gl&s x p>ts ) ! injuri\s liquid & solid sub/ances4 ,b 9 ! lungs ! blood takes up at ! same "t fre% oxyg52 & s9ce 9 ?is way ! air 9 ! lungs becomes poor 9 oxyg51 ! movem5ts ( brea?+ 7respiration7 provide = ! passage ( a fre% supply ( oxyg5 into ! lungs4 ,only ! high] ,v]tebrates brea! by means ( lungs2 fi%es & num]\s aquatic ,inv]tebrates brea! by gills1 & insects by air-tubes 7tra*e74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,! ,small-w+$ ,gall-fly1 d 7,&ricus t]m9alis71 lays its eggs sep>ately 9 ! rootlets ( oak4 ,root-galls 7a7 result f ?is1 & inside ( ea* ( !m a l>va develops :i*1 aft] a metamorphosis1 becomes a relatively l>ge1 w+less gall-fly 7c7 kn[n z ,biorhiza apt]a4 ,?is pi]ces ! oak-buds 9 e>ly spr+1 & lays a l>ge numb] ( eggs 9 !m2 f "p ( ! bud is =m$ a l>ge juicy gall 7b71 conta9+ sev]al l>v1 f :i* ! small-w+$ gall flies 7d7 develop4 ,! species "h repres5t$ exi/1 !re=e1 9 two =ms1 e & d 7,het]og5y74 ,:ile ,nutrition is ! life-process :i* %ields ! individual f dea?1 ,reproduction s]ves to ma9ta9 ! species4 ,x is famili>ly kn[n t ! (fspr+ g5]ally resemble _! p>5ts4 ,b x is also a fact recogniz$ by ! /ock-bre$]1 t a p>ticul> animal w n only transmit sev]al ( its own *>act]i/ics to its (fspr+1 b p]haps also v>i\s *>act]i/ics ( ! gr&p>5ts or ( animals belong+ to /ill m remote g5]ations1 al?\gh ^! *>act]i/ics are n visible 9 ! animal :i* is actually bre$+ 7,rev]sion1 ,atavism74 ,among insects & ! l[] animals !re are species :i*1 z adult animals1 appe> n 9 "o =m1 b two or sev]al4 ,9 ?is case1 z a regul> ?+1 ! (fspr+ does n resemble ! p>5ts1 b ! gr&p>5ts1 great-gr&p>5ts1 or a /ill e>li] g5]ation4 ,! old] obs]v]s h plac$ ! (fspr+ & ! p>5ts1 & sometimes ! gr&p>5ts too1 ( ! same animal species 9 diff]5t species1 or ev5 g5]a or families1 until new] rese>*es on ! reproduction & developm5t ( ^! animals h prov$ !m to belong to "o & ! same species 7see ,fig4 #g & explanation74 ,! me?od ( reproduction by :i* a species appe>s 9 two or sev]al =ms is di/+ui%$ z het]og5y & metag5esis1 or alt]nation ( g5]ations4 ,9 ! fir/ 7,fig4 #g7 sexually reproduc+ animals alt]nate ) o!r sexual animals4 ,x may be t ^! are ( sep>ate sexes1 or else !y may possess bo? male & female organs 7h]maphrodite74 ,9 metag5esis a sexual g5]ation regul>ly alt]nates ) "o or sev]al g5]ations reproduc+ asexually4 ,! animal k+dom falls 7cf4 p4 #b7 into sub-k+doms or ma9 divisions4 ,sev5 ( ^! are commonly di/+ui%$3 ,i4 ,backbon$ animals2 ,,ii4 ,jo9t$-limb$ animals2 ,,iii4 ,worms2 ,,iv4 ,molluscs2 ,v4 ,e*9od]ms2 ,,vi4 ,cl5t]ates2 ,,vii4 ,protozoa4 ,fir/ ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,v]tebrata 7,,backbon$ ,,animals74 ,! ,v]tebrate body possesses a bilat]al or twosid$ symmetry2 i4e4 x c be sep>at$ into two exactly correspond+ halves1 by a plane ( division4 ,! bilat]al symmetry is /rictly c>ri$ out z reg>ds ! ext]nal p>ts ( ! body1 a s+le exception to ?is be+ flat-fi% 7plaice1 fl\nd]1 etc472 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is m or less oblit]at$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! int]nal organs4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrate body we f9d1 z an axis1 a v]tebral column 7backbone7 made up ( v]tebr1 & trav]s$ by ! v]tebral canal4 ,z soon z ?is canal wid5s out 9 ! skull to ! cranial cavity1 ! sp9al cord1 :i* x conta9s1 m]ges into ! bra94 ,9 addition to ! cavity conta9+ ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 & plac$ on ! upp] side 7 dorsal side7 ( ! animal1 a cavity1 ! body-cavity1 is f\nd 9 ! "u side 7 v5tral side74 ,x conta9s = ! mo/ "p ! organs ( respiration1 circulation1 dige/ion1 & excretion 7,fig4 #a71 & 9 ,mammals is divid$ by ! diaphragm into ?oracic & abdom9al cavities4 ,9 all ! o!r subdivisions ( ! animal k+dom ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is situat$ 9 ! same cavity z ! above-m5tion$ organs4 ,v>i\s bones are connect$ ) ! v]tebral column1 & !y s]ve = ! atta*m5t ( muscles4 ,! bones collectively con/itute ! skeleton1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( a ,v]tebrate4 ,! animals ( ?is sub-k+dom nev] h m ?an f\r limbs1 & _! blood is r$1 :ile t ( mo/ o!r animal gr\ps is col\rless4 ,! /ructure ( ! he>t 9 ! v>i\s ,v]tebrates mu/ also be notic$4 ,9 no ,v]tebrate is ?is organ s simple 9 /ructure z 9 ! s*eme giv5 9 ,fig4 #f2 su* an arrangem5t1 moreov]1 w\ld involve great difficulties4 ,"o great difficulty w\ld be t :ile ! blood 0 leav+ ! he>t at a 7,fig4 #f71 no fre% blood c\ld ent]1 s t ! blood 9 ! ve9s w\ld /& /ill4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ ,v]tebrates 7! ,fi%es7 ?is difficulty is obviat$1 = :]e ! ma9 ve9 7or ve9s7 op5s into ! he>t an enl>gem5t ( ?is ve9 is f\nd1 :]e ! blood c collect z long z ! he>t cont9ues to contract4 ,?is expansion is also reckon$ z "p ( ! he>t1 & nam$ ! auricle 7,fig4 #h1 ,v4,k471 :ile ! he>t prop] is t]m$ ! v5tricle 7,k474 ,x is also easy to see t !re mu/ be a tol]ably wide op5+ betwe5 ! two *amb]s1 s t z soon z ! v5tricle becomes flaccid ! auricle c =ce blood into x4 ,b !re be+ su* a wide ap]ture betwe5 auricle & v5tricle1 "o valve is n en\gh to make x impossible = ! blood to pass back into ! auricle dur+ ! contraction ( ! v5tricul> walls4 ,!re are two or ?ree valves !re 7,fig4 #h1 ,kl47 fix$ by fibres to ! wall ( ! v5tricle4 ,9 ord] t ! blood :i* is =c$ into ! art]y 7,s4,a47 may n pass into ! v5tricle dur+ its relaxation1 !re is ano!r valve 7n indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #h71 at ! base ( ! art]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,diagram ( ! ,he>t 9 a ,fi%4 ,an arrangem5t l t s f> describ$ is f\nd 9 fi%es4 ,! he>t consi/s 9 !m ( an auricle1 into :i* is return$ ! blood t has trav]s$ ! body1 & ( a v5tricle :i* moves x on aga94 ,b ! blood t has trav]s$ ! body is on t acc\nt poor 9 oxyg51 & consequ5tly unfit to be circulat$ aga9 :5 x is return$ to ! he>t4 ,x is necess>y = x to take up fre% oxyg5 be=e be+ circulat$ aga94 ,9 fi%es ?is difficulty is met by ! blood1 poor 9 oxyg51 :i* fl[s out ( ! v5tricle1 fir/ go+ to ! gills & /ream+ ?r\gh !m4 ,! gills consi/ ( a v l>ge numb] ( small1 ?9-wall$ outgr[?s arrang$ 9 regul> r[s on ! firm gill-ar*es4 ,! blood1 poor 9 oxyg51 pass+ out ( ! v5tricle & ?r\gh v>i\s art]ial bran*es to ! gill-filam5ts1 takes up fre% oxyg5 z x /reams ?r\gh ^! f ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 ! wat] :i* con/antly surr\nds !m4 ,= ?is purpose a /ream ( pure wat] is regul>ly tak5 9 by ! m\? & expell$ aga91 "r & left1 ?r\gh ! gill-slits4 ,! blood1 hav+ become ri* 9 oxyg5 9 ! gills1 is n[ once m fit = circulation ?r\gh ! body1 & !re=e fl[s out ( ! gill-capill>ies into l>g] vessels1 :i* f9ally unite into a s+le l>ge vessel t c>ries ! purifi$ blood to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,9 ! arrangem5t ( ! he>t "h describ$ !re is ! disadvantage\s condition t ! blood is oblig$ to trav]se two sets ( capill>ies 7gill & body capill>ies74 ,?is is n an easy matt]1 = !re is a great deal ( friction betwe5 ! blood & ! walls ( ! capill>ies1 con/itut+ a h9drance to its progress4 ,! circulation ( ! blood 9 fi%es is consequ5tly v sl[1 & s9ce ! blood conta9s ! oxyg5 :i* is us$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 oxidation goes on sl[ly 9 ! body ( a fi%2 h5ce ! small am\nt ( heat develop$ !re4 ,s9ce fi%es almo/ imm$iately give (f to _! surr\nd+s ! small am\nt ( heat :i* !y develop1 !y h no con/ant body temp]ature1 v>y+ 9 ?is respect ) ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ wat]4 ,su* animals are t]m$ cold-blood$4 ,9 all o!r ,v]tebrates a m rapid movem5t ( ! blood is r5d]$ possible by ! ins]tion ( a second he>t1 q simil> 9 e respect to ! o!r he>t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! blood betwe5 ! respiratory organs & ! body4 ,! fir/ he>t drives ! blood ?r\gh ! lung capill>ies1 & !re=e corresponds to ! fi%-he>t2 f ^! capill>ies ! blood returns to ! auricle ( ! second he>t1 & f ! v5tricle ( t he>t travels to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,:5 x has complet$ ?is c\rse1 x returns to ! auricle ( ! fir/ he>t4 ,al?\gh ^! two /ructures "w indep5d5tly1 !y lie close toge!r & make up a s+le organ4 ,we d n !re=e speak ( two individual he>ts1 b ( "o he>t ) two halves4 ,! fir/ half1 :i* receives ! blood1 poor 9 oxyg51 t is return$ f ! body1 & s5ds x on to ! lungs1 lies on ! "r1 & is t]m$ ! "r half4 ,! second half1 :i* receives ! ri*ly oxyg5at$ blood f ! lungs1 & pumps x to ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body1 is t]m$ ! left half 7,fig4 #i & explanation74 ,9 ! arrangem5t j describ$1 :i* is f\nd 9 ,mammals & ,birds1 ! blood return+ f ! lungs is propell$ ) new =ce ?r\gh ! body1 & !re=e circulates v quickly1 s t ! v>i\s p>ts receive a relatively l>ge am\nt ( oxyg5 9 a %ort "t4 ,x is !re=e intelligible t ,birds & ,mammals develop m w>m? ?an ,fi%4 ,!y possess a special1 con/ant body temp]ature1 some:at diff]5t 9 diff]5t species1 b usually ly+ betwe5 #ih & #ajd ,fhr41 & !y are call$ w>m-blood$ animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,diagram ( ! ,mammalian ,he>t4 #a1 "r1 #b1 left v5tricle2 #c1 "r1 #d1 left auricle2 #e1 sup]ior1 #f1 inf]ior v5a cava2 #g1 pulmon>y art]y =k+ into bran*es = "r & left lungs2 #h1 ! f\r pulmon>y ve9s2 #i1 ! great body-art]y 7aorta72 ! arr[s indicate ! direction ( ! blood-/ream4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,diagram ( ! ,he>t ( a ,reptile4 ,betwe5 ! "r 7r4,k47 & left 7l4,k47 v5tricles is a p]=at$ p>tition4 r4,v4,k41 "r auricle2 l4,v4,k41 left auricle2 ,h4v41 v5a cava1 c>ry+ back ! blood :i* has trav]s$ ! body into ! "r auricle2 ,l4art41 pulmon>y art]y2 ,l4v41 pulmon>y ve92 ,ao41 aorta4 ,9 ,reptiles 7snakes1 liz>ds1 etc471 ! two halves ( ! he>t are n entirely di/9ct1 s9ce !re is an op5+ 9 ! p>tition-wall betwe5 ! two v5tricles4 ,z a consequ5ce ( ?is1 ! poorly oxyg5at$ blood ( ! "r half ( ! he>t mixes ) ! ri*ly oxyg5at$ blood ( ! left half1 ! ext5t to :i* ?is mix+ takes place be+ proportional to ! size ( ! ap]ture4 ,9 ,reptiles1 !re=e1 ! blood suppli$ to ! lungs is n s poor 9 oxyg5 z x might be1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is ! blood suppli$ to ! o!r p>ts ( ! body completely oxyg5at$4 ,z consequ5ces ( ?is3 7#a7 respiration is feebl]1 & 7#b7 ! developm5t ( heat less ?an 9 ,mammals & ,birds 7i4e4 reptiles are cold-blood$71 & 7#c7 ! *emical *anges tak+ place 9 ! body 7! metabolism7 g on m sl[ly ?an 9 w>m-blood$ animals1 & we c und]/& :y reptiles execute few] movem5ts 9 a giv5 space ( "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,diagram ( a ,frog's ,he>t4 7,! v5tricle ,k4 is q undivid$3 comp>e ,figs4 #i & #aj47 ,o!r lett]s z 9 ,fig4 #aj4 ,9 ,amphibians 7e4g4 frog7 ! two v5tricles are simil>ly connect$1 b ! op5+ is /ill l>g] ?an 9 ,reptiles1 & ! p>tition-wall may ev5 be altoge!r abs5t4 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 t ! mix+ ( ! two k9ds ( blood is /ill m complete1 & t ,amphibians1 too1 are cold-blood$4 ,! v]tebrate sub-k+dom embraces ! classes ( ,i4 ,mammals2 ,,ii4 ,birds2 ,,iii4 ,reptiles2 ,,iv4 ,amphibians2 ,v4 ,fi%es4 ,,class ,i43 ,,mammalia 7,,suckl]s74 ,w>m-blood$ ,v]tebrates 7p4 #af71 usually cov]$ ) hair1 & br++ =? liv+ "y1 t suck = "s "t aft] bir?4 ,! female is provid$ ) milk-gl&s on ! ?orax or abdom51 or bo? ^? regions4 ,speak+ q broadly1 ! skeleton is l t ( man1 describ$ on pp4 #d-h4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 great diff]5ces 9 detail4 ,! cranium is relatively mu* small]1 & ! bones ( ! face 7especially ( ! jaws7 are usually mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! human skull4 ,! numb] ( ! c]vical v]tebr is sev5 9 all ,mammals1 z 9 man2 b ! o!r k9ds ( v]tebr v>y 9 numb] 9 ! diff]5t species4 ,! numb] ( caudal v]tebr1 = example1 is v v>iable4 ,z mo/ ,mammals g on all f\rs1 _! =e & h9d limbs are mu* m simil> ?an is ! case 9 man4 ,9 _m ! ?igh & upp]-arm bones are drawn closely up to ! body 7horse1 ox1 pig74 ,mammals nev] h m ?an five f+]s or toes1 b may h few]4 ,! ?umb or great toe is ! fir/ to disappe> 7h9d foot ( dog1 =e & h9d foot ( pig74 ,!re may be only ?ree 7rh9oc]os71 two 7ox1 %eep71 or "o 7horse7 digit develop$4 ,9 addition to fully develop$ digits1 !re are 9 _m ,mammals v small /unt$ ones 78dew-claws0 ( ! /ag74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,v]tical ,section ( a ,human ,gr9d+ ,too?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,cr[n ( a ,gr9d] ( ! ,ox4 a1 cem5t2 b1 enamel2 c1 d5t9e2 d1 enamel2 e1 cem5t4 ,!re are also great diff]5ces 9 ! way ( re/+ ! feet on ! gr\nd4 ,man & be> tread on ! soles ( ! feet 7plantigrade72 dog & cat walk on ! "u side ( ! toes 7digitigrade71 n on ! o!r p>ts ( ! feet4 ,ox1 pig1 horse1 etc41 re/ :ile walk+ only on ! tips ( ! toes1 :i* are %ea!d 9 ho(s 7unguligrade74 ,! tee? ( mammals are w$g$ into special sockets 9 ! jaw-bones4 ,! /ructure ( a mammalian too? is made cle> by ,fig4 #ab4 ,we fir/ di/+ui% a pulp-cavity 7p71 :i* 9 ! liv+ animal is fill$ ) a sub/ance suppli$ by a bloodvessel & n]ve4 ,?is cavity is surr\nd$ by ! d5t9e 7d71 a h>d sub/ance :i* makes up ! great] "p ( ! too?4 ,h>d enamel 7s7 cov]s ! :ole ( ! cr[n 9 man & _m animals1 :ile 9 c]ta9 o!r =ms x is f\nd only on "p ( ! cr[n4 ,! root ( ! too? is cov]$ ) cem5t 7z71 a bone-l sub/ance4 ,all tee? 9 :i* ! entire surface ( ! cr[n is cov]$ by enamel only are kn[n z simple tee?1 :ile ^? into :i* ! enamel only p5etrates 9 m or less deep folds1 leav+ ! re/ ( ! cr[n uncov]$1 are kn[n z comp\nd tee? 7,fig4 #ac74 ,! /ructure ( ! tee? is relat$ to ! nature ( ! food4 ,we di/+ui% ?ree k9ds ( tee? 9 ! same animal1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n all pres5t 9 e species2 ^! are ! incisors1 can9es1 & gr9d]s4 ,! fir/ two k9ds are *ang$2 b only ! ant]ior gr9d]s1 kn[n z ! premol>s1 are *ang$1 :ile ! h9d] ones1 ! true mol>s1 d n fir/ appe> z 8milk0 tee?1 b r lat] on ) ! o!r 8p]man5t0 tee?4 ,! foll[+ ord]s ( ,mammals are di/+ui%$3 ,i4 ,bimana 7,man71 ,,ii4 ,quadrumana 7,apes71 ,,iii4 ,c>nivora 7,bea/s ( prey71 ,,iv4 ,insectivora 7,insect-eat]s71 ,v4 ,*eiropt]a 7,bats71 ,,vi4 ,rod5tia 7,gnaw]s71 ,,vii4 ,rum9antia1 ,,viii4 ,solidungula1 ,,ix4 ,pa*yd]mata1 ,x4 ,cetacea1 ,,xi4 ,ed5tata1 ,,xii4 ,m>supialia 7,p\*$ animals71 ,,xiii4 ,monotremata4 ,i %all deal "h only ) ^? ord]s :i* are ( agricultural importance4 ,,ord]3 ,c>nivora 7,,bea/s ,,( ,,prey74 ,9 ea* jaw !re are six relatively small incisor tee?2 &1 on ea* side ( ^!1 a l>ge project+ can9e1 by :i* ! fle% is torn f ! body ( ! prey 7,fig4 #ad74 ,! premol>s & ! fir/ ( ! true mol>s 7! c>nassials#b7 are /rongly compress$1 & h a cutt+ cr[n2 _! out] surface is completely cov]$ ) h>d enamel4 ,z ! l[] jaw is small] ?an ! upp] jaw1 & is only able to move up & d[n1 n f side to side1 ! %>p cr[ns ( ! premol>s1 & especially ^? ( ! l>ge c>nassials1 cut along "o ano!r1 & divide any?+ com+ betwe5 !m z if ) %e>s4 ,! small mol>s :i* are usually f\nd beh9d ! c>nassials h broad tub]culat$ cr[ns4 ,! temporal 7i4e4 *ew+7 muscles are /rongly develop$1 ! g5]al result ( :i* is t ! head is broad4 ,! claws are v %>p 9 "s ( ! families4 ,! ,c>nivora are p[]ful animals1 move v quickly1 & are end[$ ) ke5 smell & sight4 ,footnote #b3 ,! upp] c>nassials la/ premol>s4 ,! l[] fir/ mol>s4--,,tr4 ,! wild ,c>nivora liv+ 9 ,brita9 belong to ! families ( cats1 dogs1 & weasels4 ,family3 ,felid 7,cat ,family74 ,typical ,c>nivora ) v l>ge can9es & c>nassials1 two premol>s 9 ea* half ( ea* jaw1 "o ( ! upp] mol>s1 b none ( ! l[] ones1 small & tub]culat$4 ,tongue r\gh4 ,=e & h9d feet five-to$4 ,:5 n 9 use1 ! claws are drawn back 7retract$74 ,! ,felid are digitigrade4 ,backbone v flexible1 & ) free p[] ( movem5t4 ,! ,felid are blood?ir/y1 nocturnal animals1 _m ( :i* climb well1 & spr+ ^u _! prey4 ,! gr\p is specially exemplifi$ by ! ,dome/ic ,cat1 ! p>5t /ock ( :i* is ! ,nubian cat 7,felis maniculata71 a native ( ,nubia & ! ,s\dan4 ,! ,wild ,cat 7,felis catus7 is l>g] ?an ! common k9d1 & has a ?ick] tail4 ,=m]ly x 0 tol]ably common 9 ,brita91 b n[ only occurs 9 a few ?9ly populat$ di/ricts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,skull ( ,dome/ic ,cat4 ,! ,lynx 7,felis ,lynx71 f\nd at "o "t 9 ,g]many1 /ill lives 9 ! ,c>pa?ians1 & 9 ,switz]l&1 b occurs m commonly 9 ,sc&9avia1 ,d5m>k1 & ,russia4 ,family3 ,canid 7,dog ,family74 ,head long] ?an 9 cats2 can9es & c>nassials relatively less develop$4 ,two tub]culat$ mol>s on ea* side ( ea* jaw4 ,claws n s %>p z ^? ( cats1 & _c be drawn back 7i4e4 are nonretractile74 ,=e-foot five1 h9d-foot f\r toes4 ,tongue smoo?4 ,! v>i\s races ( ! ,dome/ic ,dog belong "h4 ,! wolf 7,canis lupus7 is no long] an inhabitant ( ,brita9 or ,g]many1 b sometimes crosses ! ,g]man fronti] f ,russia1 ,galicia1 ,hung>y1 ! ,alps1 & ! ,ard5nes1 especially 9 w9t]1 & preys ^u ! l>g] dome/ic animals4 ,! rema9+ example is-- ,! ,fox 7,canis vulpes74 ,?is animal lives 9 an und]gr\nd dwell+1 :i* is ei!r dug out by itself or else is a des]t$ badg]-burr[4 ,x kills roes1 fawns1 h>es1 & game-birds2 9 f>ms x preys on p\ltry & eggs4 ,x nev] commits depr$ations 9 ! neighb\rhood ( its burr[1 = fe> ( betray+ its hid+-place4 ,valuable s]vices1 h[ev]1 mu/ be balanc$ aga9/ ! damage m5tion$ above1 = x cat*es _m rabbits1 & also an enorm\s numb] ( field-voles 9 ! ye>s :5 ^! become a pe/4 ,x also (t5 eats insects 7e4g4 cock*af]s71 worms1 & snails4 ,9 fact1 ! fox is p]haps g5]ally ( m use ?an o!rwise to ! f>m] & =e/]4 ,family3 ,mu/elid 7,weasel ,family74 ,elongat$1 sl5d]2 legs %ort2 head small & flat2 cranium elongat$2 tongue smoo?4 ,five toes on ea* foot1 ) small1 %>p claws4 ,a tub]culat$ mol> on ea* side 9 ! upp] & l[] jaws4 ,! weasels give out an (f5sive od\r f /9k-gl&s situat$ ne> ! anus4 ,!re belong to ?is family-- #a4 ,! ,p9e ,m>t5 7,mu/ela m>tes74 ,body up to tw5ty in*es1 tail up to t5 in*es long2 fur br[n1 ) yell[i% wool-hairs2 a yell[ pat* on ! ?roat4 ,is f\nd 9 ?ick woods1 :]e x de/roys small birds & squirrels2 x also kills mu* p\ltry & game4 #b4 ,! ,bee*1 or ,/one ,m>t5 7,mu/ela fo9a74 ,ab\t z l>ge z ! prec$+ species2 greyi%-br[n fur1 ) :iti% wool-hairs2 a :ite pat* 9 ! ?roat2 *iefly occurs 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( human dwell+s1 9 b>ns1 wood-/acks1 etc42 kills a great deal ( p\ltry1 sometimes also wild birds1 mice1 & game4 #c4 ,! ,polecat 7,putorius ftidus74 ,%9+ br[ni% black1 ) yell[ wool-hairs2 some:at small] ?an ! /one m>t52 9 p>ticul>1 ! tail is %ort] & its hair is n s long z 9 ! two prec$+ species4 ,9 ! summ] x lives 9 ! op5 c\ntry1 9 holl[ trees1 or 9 ! burr[s ( foxes & rabbits2 9 w9t] x settles d[n ne> human dwell+s1 :]e x lives 9 wood & "u heaps ( bru%wood1 hayl(ts1 etc4 ,9 summ] x may d m good by de/roy+ num]\s field-voles1 wat]-rats1 etc41 ?an h>m by dev\r+ ^? s++ birds :i* are fav\rable to agriculture2 b 9 w9t] its undesirable visits to ! f[l-h\se & dove-cot effect mu* injury4 ,x kills ! birds & dev\rs ! eggs1 suck+ )\t sma%+ !m4 ,9 w9t]1 too1 x is v h>mful to beehives1 be+ fond ( honey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,! ,p9e ,m>t5 7,mu/ela m>tes74 ,! ,f]ret 7,putorius furo7 is und\bt$ly a %ort-legg$ v>iety ( ! common polecat1 usually :ite 9 col\r1 &1 :5 t is ! case1 r$-ey$4 #d4 ,! ,/oat1 or ,erm9e 7,putorius erm9ea74 ,body twelve in*es1 tail ab\t ?ree & a half in*es long2 sl5d]2 ! body is sc>cely broad] ?an ! head2 tail long] ?an 9 ! next species2 summ] fur1 c9namon br[n above1 :ite bel[2 tail1 c9namon br[n ) black tip2 w9t] fur q :ite1 b ! end ( ! tail rema9s black4 ,mo/ly 9 fields1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( plantations or woods2 always abundant among s&hills1 ow+ to ! rabbits liv+ !re4 ,! /oat usually foll[s its prey at night1 /eal+ ^u mice1 rats1 rabbits1 h>es1 & song-birds2 x is also sometimes v de/ructive 9 dove-cots & h5-h\ses4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be /at$ t ! /oat is on ! :ole m useful ?an h>mful4 #e4 ,! ,weasel 7,putorius vulg>is74 ,small] ?an ! /oat2 head l>g] & ?ick] ?an ! extremely sl5d]1 almo/ snake-l1 trunk2 legs %ort4 ,! weasel is a v %>p little animal1 & c easily pass along m\se-holes4 ,summ] & w9t] coats alike--back br[n1 belly :ite4 ,its food *iefly consi/s ( field-voles1 also ( rats & wat]-rats1 "y h>es & rabbits1 birds build+ ne> ! gr\nd1 & also _! eggs1 :i* ! weasel1 by hold+ "u its *91 manages to c>ry to its home2 occasionally also liz>ds1 bl9dworms1 snakes1 & frogs4 ,! weasel does "s damage 9 f[l-h\ses & dove-cots1 & is also de/ructive to game4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n outweigh its v great use1 s9ce x is above all an untir+ vole-cat*]4 ,:5 9 any region ! field-voles h multipli$ excessively1 an immigration ( weasels takes place f surr\nd+ p>ts4 ,9 ye>s :5 !re is a plague ( voles ! usual bre$+ "t 9 spr+ is foll[$ by ano!r lat] on4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( weasels may be f\nd 9 a vole-infect$ di/rict1 & !y ?9 out ! mis*iev\s rod5ts 9 a surpris+ mann]4 ,nor are ! weasels less useful 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,!y ev5 foll[ "u ! sn[ ! voles :i* w9t] 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! slaught] effect$ at ?is p]iod mu/ ex]t a great influ5ce on ! foll[+ season1 :5 ^! animals recomm5ce _! injuri\s "w1 & a pair ( !m t h surviv$ ! w9t] may p]haps produce two hundr$ o!rs be=e ! end ( ! summ]4 #f4 ,! ,m9k 7,putorius lutreola7 is z l>ge z a polecat1 & may be reg>d$ z a sort ( l9k betwe5 x & ! o!rs4 ,leg & e>s %ort2 sk9 smoo?-hair$1 br[n bo? on ! back & ! belly2 *91 lips1 & a small pat* on ! neck1 :ite2 tail ab\t "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,9 well-wat]$ regions on ! banks ( riv]s1 lakes1 & ponds4 ,eats wat]-rats1 wat]-birds1 frogs1 salam&]s1 fi%1 crayfi%1 wat]-insects1 wat]-snails1 & aquatic bivalves4 ,hol/e91 ,meckl5burg1 ,pom]ania1 ,br&5burg1 ,silesia4 #g4 ,! ,ott] 7,lutra vulg>is74 ,body flatt5$2 legs %ort1 ) webb$ toes2 sn\t r\nd$2 e>s %ort1 & c be clos$ by a fold ( sk92 tail flat1 & po9t$ at its tip4 ,l5g? ( ! body1 tw5ty-eight to ?irty-two in*es2 ( ! tail1 f\rte5 to sixte5 in*es4 ,sk9 smoo?-hair$1 %9+ d>k br[n above & bel[4 ,f\nd on ! banks ( lakes1 pools1 ponds1 riv]s1 brooks1 etc41 :]e fi% is pl5tiful4 ,x cat*es wat]-rats1 ducks & geese1 z well z _! "y1 wild wat]-birds1 frogs1 fi%1 crayfi%1 wat]-insects4 ,especially de/ructive to fi%4 #h4 ,! ,badg] 7,meles taxus74 ,body heavy2 legs %ort1 plantigrade2 toes ) /rong digg+ claws2 sn\t po9t$2 can9es n v l>ge2 bo? !y & ! c>nassials mu* worn 9 old animals4 ,tub]culat$ mol>s well develop$4 ,! d5tition & :ole /ructure ( ! body %[ t ! badg] is n exclusively a fle%-eat]4 ,l5g? ( body1 ?ree feet2 weight1 #bb to #cc lbs4 ,fur tol]ably long-hair$1 yell[i% :itey grey1 mix$ ) black4 ,head ) longitud9al /ripes ( black & :ite2 tail %ort1 yell[i% grey4 ,! burr[ is v l>ge2 sev]al passages1 ! op5+s ( :i* may be n9ety-sev5 feet ap>t1 lead to ! ext]ior4 ,! badg] only leaves its dwell+ 9 ! ev5+4 ,x eats mice1 birds :i* ne/ on ! gr\nd1 especially _! eggs & "y1 snakes1 frogs1 cock*af] grubs1 e>?worms1 insects2 also turnips1 c>rots1 acorns1 & sweet fruits4 ,al?\gh x is bo? h>mful & useful1 ! latt] is m g5]ally ! case4 ,its digg+ habits1 h[ev]1 are sometimes de/ructive1 s9ce x ?r[s up "y trees & o!r plants by ! roots4 ,! badg] (t5 sleeps sev]al days 9 succession dur+ ! w9t]1 al?\gh x does n hib]nate4 ,its fat is us$ up dur+ ! w9t]4 ,,ord]3 ,insectivora 7,,insect-,,eat+ ,,mammals74 ,s9ce ! ,insectivora fe$ ^u v small animals 7insects1 worms1 snails71 !y _c !mselves be l>ge4 ,only ^? species 7h$gehog7 :i* fe$ on small mammals & birds or ^u vegetable matt]1 9 addition to insects1 are ( m$ium size4 ,! native species all live on or 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! sn\t is extremely sl5d]1 & does duty z an organ ( t\*4 ,! eyes are usually v badly develop$4 ,incisors %>p2 & ! back tee?1 :i* are completely coat$ ) enamel1 are rem>kable = _! po9t$ cr[ns4 ,:5 ! m\? is clos$ ! upp] tee? fit into ! spaces betwe5 ! l[] tee?1 & vice v]s4 ,consequ5tly ! %utt+ ( ! m\? =ces ! po9ts ( all ! back tee? into any insect :i* happ5s to be betwe5 ! jaws4 ,! ,insectivora are plantigrade 7p4 #bb74 ,"h belong ! foll[+ =ms3 ! ,%rews 7,sorex71 ! ,mole 7,talpa europa7 & ! ,h$gehog 7,er9aceus europu74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,skull ( ! ,mole4 ,! ,%rews 7,sorex7 are small animals ) a sup]ficial resemblance to mice1 ) sl5d] s(t-hair$ bodies1 small eyes1 & tol]ably long1 ?ickly hair$ tails4 ,%rews are extremely voraci\s1 eat+ daily m ?an _! own weight ( food1 & de/roy+ an enorm\s quantity ( subt]ranean v]m94 ,!y live 9 und]gr\nd passages1 n usually made by !mselves1 b dug out by field-voles4 ,!y smell /rongly ( musk1 secret$ by two gl&s 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! body4 ,! blacki% br[n ,%rew-m\se1 or ,common ,%rew 7,sorex vulg>is71 & ! ,less] ,%rew 7,sorex pygmu71 only ab\t two in*es long1 kill1 9 ! cornfields1 g>d5s1 or woodl&1 an enorm\s quantity ( noxi\s insects f\nd 9 ! e>?1 toge!r ) _! l>v2 also snails & worms1 & sometimes field-voles1 & are 9 ! highe/ degree s]viceable4 ,b ! l>g] 7up to #c in*es long71 black ,wat] ,%rew 7,sorex fodi5s71 al?\gh s]viceable on l& 9 ! same way z ! o!r k9ds1 is v injuri\s to fi%+ & fi%-bre$+1 s9ce x dev\rs ! small fi% & kills ! l>g] ones1 eat+ out _! eyes & bra9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,! ,common ,%rew 7,sorex vulg>is74 ,! ,mole 7,talpa europa74 ,body ?ick1 cyl9drical4 ,legs %ort1 =e legs broad & spade-l1 ) broad digg+ claws4 ,eyes small1 sc>cely visible among ! fur4 ,no ext]nal e>s2 ! auditory op5+ c be completely clos$ by a fold ( sk94 ,%9+ black fur4 ,! mole is f\nd 9 e soil inhabit$ by insects & e>?worms1 provid$ x is n too /iff1 b yet suffici5tly coh]5t to dig passages 91 :i* w n at once collapse4 ,its pres5ce is kn[n by ! heaps :i* x ?r[s up4 ,! ne/1 h[ev]1 is always f\nd "u a l>g] heap1 frequ5tly hidd5 "u tree roots1 walls1 etc41 ?\gh sometimes 9 ! op5 field4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fir/ place ( a ne>ly r\nd dwell+-*amb]1 s(tly uphol/]$ ) vegetable sub/ances2 ?is is surr\nd$ by a labyr9? ( passages4 ,f ! ne/ a passage runs to ! mole's hunt+-gr\nd4 ,! walls ( ?is passage ( ! labyr9?1 & ( ! ne/1 are h>d4 ,! wid] & subt]ranean *annels1 :i* ! mole digs out :5 x is simply cat*+ insects 9 ! soil1 easily fall 9 aga91 & ! animal takes no pa9s to compact _! walls4 ,! highway to ! hunt+-gr\nd1 9 :i* ! animal c progress v rapidly1 c be at once detect$1 n l ! ord9>y passages by a small *a9 ( mole-hills compos$ ( ! ?r[n-up e>?1 b by a depression1 s9ce 9 its prep>ation ! e>? is lat]ally compress$ & n ?r[n out4 ,?is tube is %ort] or long] accord+ z ! hunt+-gr\nd is 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood or fur!r (f2 x may be #ajj or #afj feet long4 ,! mole sleeps 9 ! ne/ dur+ ! "t n employ$ 9 seek+ = food1 & goes ?ree times a day on ! hunt = insects 7e>ly morn+1 midday1 & be=e sunset 9 ! ev5+74 ,hav+ rea*$ ! subt]ranean hunt+-gr\nd1 x tracks to "s di/ance ! insect l>v1 & worms f\nd 9 ! soil1 be+ aid$ 9 ?is by its long sn\t4 ,x daily dev\rs m ?an its own weight4 ,dur+ summ] ! mole digs its passages ne> ! surface1 s9ce l>v & worms are !n f\nd 9 ! upp]mo/ lay] ( e>?4 ,9 w9t]1 :5 ^! )draw into ! dep?s ( ! soil1 x digs mu* deep] *annels4 ,x does n fall into a w9t]-sleep4 ,! "y 7?ree to sev57 are born 9 ,may1 ,june1 or ,july4 ,! mole nev] gnaws plants4 ,x does s]vice1 sometimes v great1 by eat+ _m wireworms1 grubs1 snail embryos1 e>? cat]pill>s1 mole-crickets1 & o!r e>?-inhabit+ insects1 z well z _! l>v4 ,x also will+ly eats e>?worms1 b :e!r ?is does good is n def9itely kn[n4 ,b "u c]ta9 conditions x may also d h>m1 root+ up plants z x makes its heaps4 ,grass & gra9 suff] little1 if at all1 by ?is2 o!r plants m2 :ile "y flax-plants p]i% if _! roots are loos5$4 ,mole-hills 9 hayfields & cornfields are a nuisance at h>ve/ "t4 ,moles are n to be endur$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( dams1 s9ce _! bor+s may become ! imm$iate cause ( flood+4 ,trapp+ may usefully be resort$ to 9 cases :]e moles are h>mful4 ,! ,h$gehog1 or ,h$gepig 7,er9aceus europu74 ,:5 dang] ?reat5s x rolls itself into a ball cov]$ all ov] ) prickles1 & is 9 ?is way secur$ f ! attacks ( mo/ enemies4 ,! h$gehog goes on ! hunt 9 ! ev5+2 :ile dur+ ! day x sleeps 9 its hid+-place1 situat$ 9 su* places z ! side ( a dit*1 h$ges1 or "u heaps ( bru%wood4 ,x preys m p>ticul>ly on field-voles1 sometimes also on eggs & small birds 7*ick5s occasionally71 liz>ds1 grass-snakes1 add]s 7by ! bites ( :i* x is unaffect$71 frogs1 cock*af]s & _! l>v1 field snails1 e>?worms1 & simil> small de]2 n[ & !n on fall5 fruit & juicy plant roots4 ,,ord]3 ,*eiropt]a 7,,bats74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,skeleton ( a ,bat4 ,all ,bats1 except a few tropical g5]a1 fe$ on insects1 & possess tee? l ^? ( ! prec$+ ord] ( ,mammals 7p4 #cj74 ,! lead+ feature is ! *>act]i/ic modification ( ! =e limbs into a fly+ app>atus4 ,! bones ( ! =e arm 7,fig4 #ah1 u1 r71 ! metac>pels 7mc71 & ! phalanges 7except 9 ! case ( ! ?umb1 :i* possesses a %>p claw 7p77 are ( great l5g?2 & betwe5 ! long f+]s1 betwe5 ! =e & h9d limbs1 &1 la/ ( all1 betwe5 ! two h9d limbs !re is an ela/ic membrane1 s]v+ bo? = flight & t\*4 ,sight ill develop$1 s9ce ! bat is a nocturnal animal2 a delicate s5se ( t\* has its seat n only 9 ! fly+-membrane1 b also 9 ! sk9 ( ! e>s1 :i* are (t5 v l>ge1 & 9 ! membran\s flaps :i*1 9 a few g5]a 7! 8leaf-nos$0 bats71 occur on ! nose & lips4 ,z is well kn[n1 bats sleep 9 ! day2 & !y also hib]nate 9 *imneys1 holl[ trees1 ru9s1 & o!r simil> places ( concealm5t4 ,!y pr9cipally dev\r night-fly+ mo?s1 & spid]s2 &1 s9ce !y use a great quantity ( n\ri%m5t1 are ( great s]vice1 s9ce ! cat]pill>s ( _m ( ! species !y de/roy are v injuri\s to agriculture or =e/ry4 ,ab\t n9e species live 9 ,brita91 b !re is no use 9 enum]at+ !m "h4 ,,ord]3 ,rod5tia 7,,gnaw+ ,,mammals74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,skull ( ,squirrel4 ,two long incisors 7,fig4 #ai71 ! cr[ns ( :i* are cont9ually be+ worn d[n1 :ile a correspond+ gr[? takes place at ! root-end4 ,^! incisors are us$ = gnaw+1 9 :i* process ! l[] jaw is rapidly mov$ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,gnaw+ we>s d[n ^! tee? less 9 front ?an beh9d1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( a ?ick lay] ( enamel 9 ! =m] position4 ,_! cr[ns1 !re=e1 ma9ta9 a *isel-edge4 ,t ! incisors nev] /op gr[+ is cle>ly se5 :5 ! usual we>+ d[n does n take place1 z1 e4g41 :5 ! l[] jaw is plac$ obliquely "u ! upp] jaw1 or :5 a too? is abs5t 9 "o jaw1 "u :i* circum/ances ! correspond+ incisor 9 ! o!r jaw is n worn d[n4 ,9 su* a case ! incisors cont9ue to gr[1 ultimately curv+ upw>ds or d[nw>ds1 & becom+ tusk-l /ructures 7,fig4 #bj74 ,! ,rod5ts h no can9es4 ,9 ^? ,rod5ts :i* fe$ bo? on animal & vegetable food 7! 8,omnivora10 e4g4 squirrel1 common m\se1 br[n rat1 etc471 ! cr[ns ( ! back tee? are completely cov]$ ) enamel2 9 ! purely vegetable fe$]s 78,h]bivora10 e4g4 h>e1 rabbit71 !y are comp\nd tee? 7p4 #bb74 ,9 mo/ ,rod5ts ! h9d feet are long] ?an ! =e1 giv+ a spr++ gait4 ,eyes l>ge4 ,_m =ms h 8*eek-p\*es10 9 :i* ! food !y obta9 c be /or$ up = "s "t4 ,:5 ! p\*es are full1 a muscle contracts by :i* _! ends are drawn backw>ds2 !y are empti$ by ! animal press+ !m ) its =e feet4 ,! majority ( ,rod5ts are small1 !y are at mo/ ( m$ium size 7h>e74 ,! majority ( ! species h great p[]s ( reproduction1 by :i* ! injuri\s k9ds are sometimes r5d]$ a v great pe/4 ,! ,briti% =ms injuri\s to agriculture pr9cipally belong to ! families ( h>es1 mice1 & voles4 ,! squirrel 7,sciurus vulg>is71 & ! dormice 7especially ,myoxus avellan>ius7 are solely ( importance 9 =e/ry4 ,family3 ,leporid 7,h>es & ,rabbits74 ,skull some:at long4 ,two small incisors beh9d ! two l>ge upp] ones4 ,e>s long & spoon-%ap$4 ,upp] lip cleft4 ,back tee? ) enamel folds4 ,"h belong ! h>e 7,lepus timidus7 & rabbit 7,lepus cuniculus74 ,h>e 7,lepus timidus74 ,e>s long] ?an ! head4 ,eyes yell[i% br[n4 ,fur ru/y yell[ to grey on ! upp] side1 :ite on ! "u side4 ,! doe litt]s 9 an op5 8=m20 ! "y are born cov]$ ) hair & ) op5 eyes4 ,mature animals bre$ f\r or ev5 five times a ye>1 produc+ two to f\r lev]ets ea* "t4 ,! h>e is injuri\s to agriculture1 eat+ cabbages1 rape1 turnips1 clov]1 vet*es1 "y corn plants1 c>rots1 & grass4 ,x also eats _m we$s4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 less injuri\s ?an ! rabbit1 = x does n burr[4 ,! damage done by ! h>e is also less evid5t1 s9ce ?is re/less1 fa/idi\s animal seldom fe$s cont9u\sly 9 ! same spot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,abnormal ,too? 9 ,h>e4 ,rabbit 7,lepus cuniculus74 ,e>s %ort] ?an ! head4 ,eyes d>k br[n4 ,fur yell[i% br[n to greyi% yell[ on ! upp] side1 r$d] 9 front4 ,"u fur blui% grey4 ,%ape m compress$4 ,! rabbit bre$s m rapidly ?an ! h>e4 ,five to six times ye>ly ! doe br+s =? f\r to eight "y1 :i*1 aft] six mon?s1 c aga9 reproduce4 ,dwell+ subt]ranean4 ,"y1 bl9d & hairless at bir?4 ,z ! rabbit burr[s1 x is limit$ to c]ta9 di/ricts1 = ! soil mu/ n be too /iff & firm1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 too light & incoh]5t4 ,! rabbit is injuri\s 9 ! same way z ! h>e1 b ! damage is m obvi\s 7see above72 & z a result ( its burr[+ habits x does inf9itely m damage4 ,bo? 9 s&hills & 9 alluvial s&y soil rabbit burr[s lead to ! bl[+ away ( mat]ial only held toge!r by s&-plants4 ,kept d[n by %oot+1 nett+1 & f]ret+ 7p4 #bg74 ,family3 ,murid 7,m\se ,family74 ,! m\se-l animals 7! l>g] species ( ! family are call$ 8rats07 closely resemble ! repres5tatives ( ! foll[+ family1 b are di/+ui%$ f ^! 7! 8voles07 by _! sl5d] body1 long] legs1 a m po9t$ head ) long] always cle>ly visible e>s1 & usually1 ) ! exception ( ! ham/]1 by a tail equal 9 l5g? to ! body4 ,! h9d legs are long] ?an ! =e legs1 h5ce ! hopp+ mode ( progression4 ,?ree back tee? on ea* side ( ea* jaw1 possess+ a tub]culat$ cr[n completely cov]$ ) enamel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,! ,ham/] 7,cricetus frum5t>ius74 ,! ,ham/] 7,cricetus frum5t>ius74--,! ,ham/] has *eek-p\*es1 & a v %ort1 ?ick1 b %ort-hair$ tail4 ,x atta9s ! size ( ! br[n rat4 ,bright yell[i% br[n2 belly & legs black4 ,! ham/] is f\nd almo/ exclusively on f]tile soil devot$ to cultivation4 ,x appe>s locally1 & !n = sev]al ye>s 9 great abundance1 s t x is (t5 caught 9 t5s or ev5 hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,fav\rite food3 :eat1 field beans1 & peas1 !n rye & simil> gra92 &1 la/1 roots1 turnips1 "y corn plants4 ,sometimes1 too1 ! ham/] eats animal food--worms1 insects1 liz>ds1 small birds1 eggs1 & mice4 ,z a w9t] /ore x usually only accumulates gra91 beans1 & peas 9 its hid+-place1 (t5 to ! am\nt ( m ?an five gallons4 ,a little heap ( ?r[n-out soil m>ks on ! surface ! position ( its ne/4 ,! entry to ?is runs v]tically d[n into ! soil4 ,six to twelve "y1 twice a ye>4 ,! dwell+s ( ! ham/]1 :i* are situat$ 9 /ubble-fields1 c easily be f\nd2 & by digg+ !m up1 p>ticul>ly 9 spr+ & late summ]1 :5 !re are "y ones1 ! numb] ( ^! de/ructive ,rod5ts c be greatly r$uc$4 ,may be caught 9 traps4 ,g5us ,mus 7,mice & ,rats7 includes ,rod5ts )\t *eek-p\*es1 & ) long1 scaly1 r+$ tails4 ,two l>ge species 78rats07 belong "h1 namely-- ,! common ,black ,rat 7,m4 rattus71 indig5\s to ,europe s9ce pre-hi/oric times1 & ! /rong]1 some:at l>g]-- ,br[n ,rat 7,m4 decumanus71 ) greyi% :ite belly 7:ile ! fir/-nam$ species is black on ! upp] & only slightly bright] on ! "u side74 ,! br[n rat migrat$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury f ,asia into ,russia1 & ab\t ! same "t f ,fur!r ,india to ,engl& by means ( %ips4 ,s9ce !n x has spread all ov] ,europe & o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 _m regions has q driv5 out ! black rat4 ,bo? k9ds ( rat eat almo/ ev]y?+1 & are a pe/ 9 h\sekeep+1 z well z 9 agriculture4 ,!y fe$ on insects1 mice1 eggs1 & *ick5s1 w ev5 bite pieces f ! liv+ bodies ( gr[n p\ltry & fatt5+ sw9e1 & also dev\r "y geese & ducks4 ,!y eat gra91 peas1 beans1 potatoes1 c>rots1 turnips2 bread1 *eese1 & simil> provisions4 ,multiply v rapidly4 ,c be driv5 away by clack+-mills1 & to a great ext5t by noise4 ,caught 9 traps4 ,besides ^!1 f\r mice belong "h3-- ,! ,common ,m\se 7,mus musculus74 ,back yell[i% grey-black1 gradually %ad+ into a some:at light] t9t on ! "u side4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,! ,long-tail$ ,field ,m\se 7,mus sylvaticus74 ,! ,wood ,m\se1 or ,long-tail$ ,field ,m\se 7,m4 sylvaticus74 ,back a br[n %ade ( yell[i% grey2 belly :ite1 %>ply m>k$ (f2 relatively v long h9d legs1 h5ce a hopp+ gait4 ,! long-tail$ field m\se p5etrates tol]ably f> into woods1 b is also f\nd 9 plantations & g>d5s1 sometimes also 9 q treeless regions4 ,on arable l& x may adopt ! habits ( ! field vole 7p4 #db71 b z x does n multiply s rapidly is n ne>ly s injuri\s4 ,x may also live ei!r = a %ort "t or p]man5tly 9 h\ses1 adopt+ ! same habits z ! common m\se4 ,! ,h>ve/ ,m\se 7,m4 m9utus74 ,small1 pretty2 back yell[i% br[n r$1 belly ( a %>ply m>k$-(f :ite4 ,lives 9 cornfields dur+ ! summ]2 9 h>ve/ "t by ! field-pa?s2 dur+ w9t] 9 b>ns & hay/acks1 b also 9 outdoor ne/s 9 ! fields4 ,climbs among ! grass & corn-haulms1 & ! small /ems & bran*es ( o!r plants1 includ+ %rubs1 hold+ fa/1 n only by ! feet1 b also by ! tail4 ,builds a beautiful sph]ical ne/ ) a side entrance out ( ! haulms & leaves ( grass & corn1 or out ( o!r leaves4 ,dev\rs se$s1 especially gra91 oats be+ ! fav\rite4 ,! ,corn ,m\se 7,m4 agr>ius74 ,back br[ni% r$ ) longitud9al black /ripes4 ,9 pla9s ea/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,usually local1 b !n v abundant4 ,*iefly 9 cornfields & fruitfields2 digs holes 9 ! soil4 ,9 autumn x (t5 occurs 9 ! field 9 l>ge colonies4 ,food3 gra91 beans1 peas1 potatoes1 turnips1 c>rots4 ,9 w9t] 9 ! b>ns & dwell+-h\ses ( f>m]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,upp] ,back ,tee? ( ,br[n ,rat1 se5 f gr9d+ surface4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,upp] ,back ,tee? ( ,wat] ,vole1 se5 f gr9d+ surface4 ,reg>d+ ! means ( de/roy+ ^? mice :i* are sometimes damag+ to agriculture 7,m4 sylvaticus & ,m4 m9utus71 see me?ods m5tion$ "u 8,field-vole0 7p4 #dc74 ,family3 ,arvicolid 7,vole ,family74 ,! l>ge voles are also popul>ly call$ 8rats10 ! small] ones 8mice40 ,!y closely resemble ! true mice & rats 7p4 #ch71 b are di/+ui%$ f !m by _! plump]1 m compress$ body2 a ?ick] head ) blunt sn\t1 & e>s q hidd5 9 ! fur2 & a %ort1 tol]ably hairy tail1 on :i* no r+s ( scales c be di/+ui%$4 ,!re are on ea* side ( ea* jaw ?ree back tee?1 ( :i* ea* appe>s to consi/ ( two r[s ( ?ree-sid$ prisms1 fus$ toge!r along ! middle l9e 7cp4 ,figs4 #bd & #bc74 ,! native species all belong to ! g5us ,arvicola2 ! ,bank ,vole 7,arvicola gl>eolus71 ! ,wat] ,rat1 or ,wat] ,vole 7,a4 amphibius71 & ! ,%ort-tail$ ,field ,m\se1 or ,field ,vole 7,a4 agre/is74 ,! br[ni%-r$ ,bank ,vole 7,a4 gl>eolus7 occurs 9 =e/s4 ,! ,wat] ,rat1 or ,wat] ,vole 7,a4 amphibius74 ,body six in*es long1 tail half ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,fur ( "o col\r1 bright] on ! "u side1 v>y+ f br[ni% grey to br[ni% black on ! back1 & f :iti% to greyi% black on ! belly4 ,on ! banks ( riv]s1 brooks1 dit*es1 canals1 etc42 also on damp l[-ly+ mead[s & fields4 ,digs mu*-bran*$ passages 9 ! soil2 ?is (t5 takes place 9 embankm5ts to su* an ext5t t x f9ally leads to _! complete de/ruction4 ,! vole also does damage 9 grass-fields & cornfields 9 ! same way z ! mole 7p4 #cc74 ,9 its case1 h[ev]1 !re is no comp5sat+ s]vice4 ,x c]ta9ly eats insects & worms1 b its *ief food is ( vegetable nature2 gra91 potatoes1 turnips1 & c>rots are dev\r$ by x 9 l>ge quantity1 & 9 p>ticul> /or$ up 9 its hid+-place4 ,x also de/roys ! roots ( grass & corn1 & eag]ly dev\rs *ick5s & ! eggs ( ducks & geese4 ,a v>iety 7,a4 amphibius1 v>4 t]re/ris7 occurs 9 dry soils1 & is di/+ui%$ by its small] size1 light] col\r1 & %ort] tail4 ,its habits are ! same z ^? ( ! ord9>y =m1 b x is m giv5 to attack+ trees4 ,traps1 %oot+1 poison+ ) cel]y /umps holl[$ out & fill$ ) phosphorus1 or else ) phosphorus pa/e4 ,! ,field ,vole1 or ,%ort-tail$ ,field ,m\se 7,a4 agre/is74 ,a small animal1 ) d>k br[ni% grey back & greyi% :ite belly4 ,lives 9 pa/ures1 especially ^? :i* are l[-ly+ & damp4 ,l>ge numb]s are f\nd toge!r1 & !y make deep burr[s 9 ! soil1 ea* pair hav+ a special ne/ to !mselves4 ,?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 m litt]s p] ye>2 f\r to t5 "y 9 ea* litt]4 ,its fav\rite food consi/s ( roots1 "y %oots ( grass1 etc41 & ! t5d] b>k ( %rubs1 b no?+ ( vegetable nature comes amiss4 ,specially de/ructive 9 p]man5t pa/ure4 ,,rem$ies4 7a7 ,prev5tive measures4 ,protection ( its natural enemies 7weasel1 /oat1 polecat1 fox1 h$gehog1 owls1 buzz>ds1 ke/rels1 ! small] seagulls74 ,cat*+ 9 traps1 etc41 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! voles are only pres5t 9 small numb]s4 7b7 ,de/ructive measures1 :i* %\ld be z g5]ally us$ z possible 9 infe/$ di/ricts4 ,if a field has be5 completely deva/at$1 or ! crop is ov]3 7#a7 ,work+ ! soil ) a spik$ roll]2 7#b7 ,p>tial inundation ( ! l[]-ly+ fields4 ,if x is desir$ to kill ! voles & sp>e ! crop z well1 ! foll[+ means may be recomm5d$3 7#a7 ,! digg+ ( cyl9drical holes six in*es across & two feet deep1 especially at ! m>g9s ( ! fields & 9 ! furr[s1 z well z--at h>ve/ "t--on any footpa?s t may be f\nd4 ,! voles fall into ^! holes1 _c get out aga91 & are />v$4 7#b7 ,! employm5t ( poisons4 7,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no *ildr5 or dome/ic animals are poison$47 ,phosphorus pa/e is be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,! ,s\!rn ,field ,vole 7,arvicola arvalis74 ,! ,s\!rn ,field ,vole 7,a4 arvalis7 plays ! same de/ructive "p on ! ,cont95t t ! prec$+ =m does "h 7,fig4 #be74 ,rem$ies--see above4 ,,ord]3 ,rum9antia 7,,cud-,,*ew+ ,,mammals74 ,! feet end 9 two ho(-cov]$ toes1 besides :i* two 8aft] toes0 are pres5t4 ,! upp] incisors are abs5t1 ) few exceptions1 b _m de] h can9es 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,! back tee? ( ,rum9ants are comp\nd tee?4 ,! l[] jaw is small] ?an ! upp]1 & dur+ *ew+ und]goes lat]al movem5ts1 s t ! plants tak5 9 z food are gr\nd up1 z x 71 into small pieces1 betwe5 ! project+ enamel ridges ( ! upp] & l[] back tee?4 ,! /oma* consi/s ( f\r subdivisions2 ^! are 7#a7 ! rum51 or paun*1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! food & wat] tak5 collects2 7#b7 ! reticulum1 or honey-comb /oma*2 7#c7 ! psalt]ium1 or manyplies2 7#d7 ! abomasum1 re$1 or r5net /oma*4 ,! la/ is ! second l>ge/ "p1 & 9 x ! same *emical *anges take place z 9 ! simple /oma* ( a non-rum9ant4 ,aft] ! food has rema9$ = "s "t 9 ! paun* x passes up aga9 ?r\gh ! gullet1 & z ! 8cud0 und]goes a second *ew+4 ,! s(t mass result+ is once m swall[$1 & passes into ! psalt]ium & abomasum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,skull ( a ,%eep4 ,n only ! families ( ,tylopoda 7,camels1 ,llamas71 & ,camelop>dalid 7,giraffes71 b also ! l>ge family ( ,cavicornia1 to :i*1 among/ o!rs1 ! ox1 %eep1 & goat belong1 w be pass$ ov] 9 ?is book4 ,i ne$ only m5tion !-- ,family3 ,c]vid 7,de] ,family74 ,de] h bran*$ horns1 kn[n z antl]s4 ,) ! solit>y exception ( ! re9de]1 !y are only f\nd 9 ! males4 ,!y are bony /ructures borne ^u project+ knobs 7horn cores7 ( ! frontal l9es4 ,aft] ea* rutt+-season ! antl]s are ca/1 new ones1 clo!d at fir/ ) a s(t sk9 ! 8velvet01 are develop$4 ,be=e ! next rutt+-season ! d]mal "p ( ! sk9 unites firmly ) ! und]ly+ antl]1 & becomes itself ossifi$1 :ile ! epid]mis %rivels up1 p>tly peels (f 9 bits1 & is p>tly rubb$ (f by ! animal aga9/ tree trunks4 ,if ! conditions ( life 7food1 wea!r7 are fav\rable1 ! animal acquires a new side bran* to ea* antl] e ye>1 at any rate1 s long z he cont9ues to get bigg] & /rong]4 ,! "o-ye>-old male 78brocket07 has !re=e a simple unbran*$ antl]1 ! two-ye>-old 78spayad07 "o side bran* z well1 ! ?ree-ye>-old 78sorel07 ?ree po9ts 9 all2 ! f\r-ye>-old 78/agg>d07 has f\r po9ts2 ! five-ye>-old 78/ag07 five1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,developm5t ( ,roebuck ,antl]s4 ,9 ,brita9 two indig5\s de] are f\nd--! ,r$ ,de] 7,c]vus elaphus7 & ! ,roebuck 7,c4 capreolus72 a ?ird species1 ! ,fall[ ,de] 7,c4 dama71 lives 9 ,s\? ,europe & ,asia ,m9or & ! exact date ( its introduction into ,brita9 is n kn[n4 ,! ,r$ ,de] 7,c]vus elaphus74 ,six to sev5 feet long1 & f\r feet high4 ,antl]s r\gh & cyl9drical = _! entire l5g?2 ea* 9 its normal condition has two front bran*es 8br[0 & 8bez-tyne01 a middle bran* 8tres01 & a 8cr[n40 ,tail small4 ,body ( a br[ni% col\r1 becom+ r$ 9 summ]4 ,a light yell[i% br[n spot on ! tail4 ,male l>g] ?an ! female1 ) long d>k hairs on ! neck dur+ ! bre$+ season 7autumn74 ,! "y 78calves07 are spott$ ) :ite till _! fir/ *ange ( coat 9 ,octob]4 ,! h9d br+s =? "o or r>ely two calves 9 ,may or ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,! /ag %$s 8 antl]s at ! end ( ,febru>y2 ! new ones are already full-gr[n 9 ,july4 ,s long z !y are gr[+ ! /ag keeps to ! l[ woods1 & fir/ seeks ! high-ly+ =e/s :5 !y are complet$4 ,he only leaves ! =e/ = any l5g? ( "t dur+ ! bre$+ season1 b1 :]ev] possible1 comes to ! field = a %ort "t e ev5+ to fe$ on cabbages1 peas1 beans1 "y corn1 clov]1 lup9es1 grass1 etc4 ,turnips1 c>rots1 & potatoes1 dug out ( ! gr\nd by ! =e legs1 are also dev\r$4 ,9 ?is way r$ de] d a great deal ( damage1 n only directly 9 fe$+1 b also1 to a l>g] ext5t1 by trampl+ d[n ! crops4 ,9 autumn & w9t] !y *iefly fe$ on acorns1 bee*nuts1 buds & "y %oots ( v>i\s trees4 ,!y also peel ! b>k f "y trees1 & (t5 cause damage :ile rubb+ ! rema9s ( ! velvet f _! antl]s4 ,r$ de] are injuri\s to agriculture & =e/ry4 ,suitable f5c+ ( fields1 g>d5s1 etc41 to be protect$4 ,! ,roebuck 7,c]vus capreolus7 measures up to ?ree & a half feet long1 & ab\t two feet high4 ,antl]s 7,fig4 #bg7 only slightly bran*$1 & r\gh all ov]2 beams & bran*es cyl9drical4 ,no br[-tynes1 & usually only ?ree bran*es4 ,tail extremely small & inconspicu\s4 ,legs long & sl5d]4 ,summ] coat greyi% br[n1 pass+ ov] to a r$di% t9t2 ! long] w9t] coat br[ni% grey4 ,a :iti% pat* on ! rump4 ,! "y 78fawns07 h at fir/ :ite spots on a br[ni% gr\nd4 ,bre$+ season 9 ,augu/4 ,! female 78doe07 br+s =? h] two fawns 9 ,may or ,june4 ,! roebuck keeps pr9cipally to ! l[] & middle =e/s1 especially 9 places :]e glades1 ri* 9 grass & h]bage1 & cornfields or mead[s alt]nate ) woodl&4 ,9 ! ev5+ x comes out ( ! cov] to eat 9 ! fields & mead[s2 t[>ds morn+ x )draws aga94 ,! roebuck dev\rs bo? "y corn & corn 9 ! e>2 also e>s ( millet1 beans1 peas1 clov]1 & lup9es4 ,x does n appe> to t\* potatoes & turnips4 ,! bucks 9 p>ticul> d mu* mis*ief by trampl+ ab\t 9 cornfields4 ,! ,fall[ ,de] 7,c]vus dama7 is ab\t f\r feet long & ?ree feet high2 antl]s r\gh & cyl9drical only t[>ds ! root1 ) tol]ably smoo?1 flat1 %ovel-l ends4 ,old individuals are pale br[n1 ! summ] coat is r$di% & brightly spott$2 belly :iti%2 a :ite pat* on ! tail4 ,! "y h %>ply m>k$ bright spots4 ,9 its habits ?is non-indig5\s species agrees 9 _m respects ) ! r$ de]1 b *anges its abode less4 ,t[>ds ev5+ x eag]ly leaves ! =e/ 9 ord] to seek its food 9 ! cornfields4 ,z ! fall[ de] lives 9 l>ge h]ds its trampl+ does mu* damage4 ,,ord]3 ,multungula or ,pa*yd]mata 7,,_m-,,ho($ ,,or ,,?ick-,,sk9n$ ,,mammals74 ,non-rum9at+ ho($ animals ) ?ick1 (t5 call\s1 nak$1 or scantily hair$1 frequ5tly bri/ly sk9 & ) ?ree to five toes1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are n all develop$ to ! same ext5t1 are yet nev] rudim5t>y4 ,! v>i\s species are v unlike "o ano!r z to food & d5tition4 ,"h belong dome/icat$ sw9e1 & a s+le species--=m]ly occurr+ wild 9 ,brita9-- ,! ,wild ,bo> 7,sus scr(a74 ,on ea* foot f\r toes1 ( :i* ! two h9d] are small & d n usually t\* ! gr\nd4 ,! wild bo> agrees 9 ! g5]al con=mation ( its body ) ! common dome/icat$ sw9e4 ,six incisors 9 upp] & l[] jaw2 ! l[] ones =w>dly direct$4 ,! can9es1 :i* are m develop$ 9 bo>s ?an s[s1 curve outw>ds & upw>ds 9 bo? jaws z 8tusks40 ,on ea* side ( ea* jaw sev5 tub]culat$ back tee? completely cov]$ ) enamel4 ,l5g? ( ! body #e feet #aj in*es2 l5g? ( tail #a foot #h in*es4 ,col\r3 black & ru/y br[n4 ,! "y ones are :ite1 spott$ & /rip$ ) d>k br[n4 ,! wild bo> likes damp1 swampy1 b at ! same "t ?ickly ov]gr[n di/ricts1 :]e x rema9s hidd5 9 ! day1 only seek+ ! fields & mead[s :5 x has become d>k & q /ill4 ,x !n *iefly fe$s on turnips1 c>rots1 & potatoes1 root+ !m out ( ! gr\nd2 x also dev\rs legum9\s crops & gra91 b treads d[n f> m ( ^! plants ?an x eats4 ,besides ?is1 x also fe$s on acorns1 bee*nuts1 hazel-nuts1 & truffles4 ,! wild bo> does "s s]vice by dev\r+ snails1 worms1 insect l>v liv+ 9 ! soil1 & also ! pup ( de/ructive species ( cat]pill>s1 :i* occur 9 ! same situation2 also voles4 ,?ick h$ges1 9 ord] to protect ! corn f injury4 ,,ord]3 ,solidungula 7,,s+le-,,ho($ ,,mammals71 to :i* ! horse & ! ass belong1 ne$ n be dealt ) "h2 /ill less ! o!r ord]s enum]at$ on p4 #bc4 ,,class ,,ii43 ,,aves 7,,birds74 ,w>m-blood$ ,v]tebrates1 :i* brea! by lungs1 are cov]$ ) fea!rs1 h no tee? b a horny beak1 & lay h>d-%ell$ eggs1 :i* are hat*$ by ! w>m? ( _! body4 ,!y are adapt$ = movem5t 9 ! air1 ?\gh n all to ! same degree4 ,! =e limbs are modifi$ into w+s1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! p>ts f\nd 9 ,mammals c be recogniz$4 ,we di/+ui% 9 ! fir/ place a small ?umb1 & !n 9 mo/ cases a two-jo9t$ =ef+] & a small second f+]4 ,second>y quills 7,fig4 #bh1 ,,bb7 are atta*$ to ! ulna1 & prim>y quills 7,a1 #a-aj7 to ! two metac>pals & ! f+] jo9ts1 :ile ! ?umb be>s ! ba/>d w+ 7,c74 ,! tail fea!rs1 or rectrices1 are atta*$ to ! la/ jo9t ( ! tail4 ,! body is clo!d ) /iff1 tol]ably long cont\r fea!rs1 :i* conceal ! s(t %ort d[n f view4 ,! bones are holl[ & fill$ ) air4 ,_! cavities are connect$ ) air-sacs1 :i* are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! body1 & fill !mselves ) air f ! lungs :5 ! bird beg9s to fly4 ,9 ?is way its specific gravity is r$uc$4 ,! body firm1 especially ! h9d] "p ( x1 :i* is almo/ immovable2 ! neck1 :i* may consi/ ( _m v]tebr 7ev5 z _m z tw5ty-two71 c1 on ! contr>y1 be turn$ 9 _m directions4 ,birds walk entirely on _! toes2 ! metat>sals are fus$ ) "o ( ! r[s ( t>sals into a 8t>sus0 bone4 ,t>sus & toes are cov]$ ) horny scales4 ,a bird's egg 7,fig4 #bi7 consi/s ( a g]m9al disc 7h7 f :i* ! "y bird develops1 & :i* re/s on ! yolk1 made up ( sub/ances s]v+ = ! nutrim5t ( ! develop+ bird3 ! yell[ 7a7 & ! :ite 7b7 yolk1 z well z ! album5 7c1 c#a1 8:ite ( egg07 9 :i* lie two twi/$ cords 7*alaz71--f9ally ( protective /ructures3 ! %ell-membrane 7e7 & ! calc>e\s %ell 7f72 g is ! air-*amb]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,w+ ( ! ,buzz>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,a ,bird's ,egg4 ,:5 ! "y escape f ! egg1 !y are ei!r able to at once look aft] !mselves m or less1 at lea/ to look = _! food1--9 :i* case !y c see & are clo!d ) fea!rs at hat*+ 7precoci\s "y2 e4g4 f[ls1 ducks1 gulls1 & pewits71--or ! "y rema9 "s "t 9 ! ne/1 z !y are1 to beg9 )1 bo? bl9d & nak$1 & 9 ?is case !y are f$ = "s "t by ! p>5ts 7ne/l+s2 e4g4 birds ( prey1 sp>r[s1 night+ales1 pigeons74 ,9 ! frigid & temp]ate zones mo/ species ( birds d n rema9 9 _! native c\ntry aft] ! bre$+ season2 ^? :i* g s\? 9 ! autumn are t]m$ migrants2 :ile birds :i* d n migrate1 b rema9 9 ! di/rict :]e !y h br$1 are kn[n z resid5ts 7sp>r[1 jay1 magpie74 ,gipsy migrants execute m or less ext5sive w&]+s1 influ5c$ by want ( food or o!r causes 7woodpeck]1 titm\se1 gold5-cre/$ wr51 tree-creep]74 ,! travels ( su* birds are n1 l ^? ( migrants1 und]tak5 at a def9ite "t ( ye>1 or 9 def9ite directions 7,n41 ,s471 b _m ( _! species collect toge!r 9 l>ge flocks = ! purpose ( w&]+1 l migrants4 ,! foll[+ ord]s are usually di/+ui%$3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,! ,eagle ,owl 7,otus maximus74 ,i4 ,raptores 7,birds ( ,prey71 ,,ii4 ,scansores 7,climb]s71 ,,iii4 ,pass]es 7,s++ ,birds71 ,,iv4 ,gyrantes 7,doves71 ,v4 ,rasores 7,scrat*]s71 ,,vi4 ,grallatores 7,wad]s71 ,,vii4 ,natatores 7,swimm]s71 ,,viii4 ,cursores 7,runn+ ,birds74 ,! ,ord] ,cursores includes ! o/ri*-l birds1 & w n "h receive fur!r notice4 ,,ord]3 ,raptores 7,,birds ,,( ,,prey74 ,upp] beak hook$1 cov]$ ) a sk9 7c]e7 at its base2 f\r toes possess+ /rong claws1 & provid$ ) pads 9 _! "u side 7,fig4 #ca72 w+s p[]ful4 ,birds ( prey live 9 pairs1 & bre$ once a ye> 9 ne/s compos$ ( pieces ( wood & bran*es4 ,! "y are ne/l+s 7p4 #ea74 ,sight ke54 ,^! birds fe$ almo/ exclusively on v]tebrates1 pr9cipally mammals & birds4 ,an idea ( _! food c be ga9$ by exam9ation ( _! 8pellets0--r\ndi% balls compos$ ( ! indige/ible p>ts ( _! food1 & disgorg$ f twelve to tw5ty h\rs aft] fe$+4 ,two gr\ps are di/+ui%$--diurnal & nocturnal birds ( prey4 ,! fir/ 7,figs4 #ca1 #cb7 h a lat]ally flatt5$ head1 eyes direct$ lat]ally1 & tol]ably /iff fea!rs4 ,! nocturnal =ms 78owls10 ,figs4 #cj1 #cc7 h a l>ge head1 flatt5$ 9 front1 ) l>ge eyes fac+ to ! front1 s(t plumage1 & hair-l fea!rs on ! toes1 ( :i* two are direct$ =w>ds1 "o backw>ds1 & "o outw>ds4 ,! radiat+ fea!rs r\nd ! eye con/itute a 8veil40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,head & ,foot ( ,falcon4 ,pr$om9at+ly h>mful 7f kill+ dome/ic mammals7 are ! foll[+ species occurr+ 9 ,brita93 ! ,sea ,eagle 7,haliatus albicilla71 ! ,gold5 ,eagle 7,aquila *rysatus71 ! ,p]egr9e ,falcon 7,falco p]egr9us71 ! ,m]l9 7,f4 salon71 ! ,hobby 7,f4 subbuteo71 ! ,sp>r[ ,hawk 7,accipit] nisus71 ! ,kite 7,milvus regalis71 ! ,go%awk 7,a/ur palumb>ius71 ! ,h>ri]s 7,circus cyaneus & ,c4 c9]>ius71 & ! ,honey ,buzz>d 7,p]nis apivorus74 ,! la/ effects damage by cat*+ honey bees4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,! ,gold5 ,eagle 7,aquila *rysatus74 ,useful 9 ! ma91 be+ de/roy]s ( field-voles1 are ! foll[+3 ! ,ke/rel 7,falco t9nunculus71 ! ,buzz>d 7,buteo vulg>is71 ! ,b>n ,owl 7,/rix flammea1 ,fig4 #cc71 ! ,br[n ,owl 7,s4 aluco71 ! ,little ,owl 7,a!ne noctua71 a casual1 ! ,%ort-e>$ or ,woodcock ,owl 7,otus bra*yotus71 ! ,long-e>$ ,owl 7,o4 vulg>is71 & ! ,eagle ,owl 7,otus maximus1 ,fig4 #cj71 a r>e visitor4 ,a bird ( prey _c simply be class$ z h>mful or useful2 a species ma9ly injuri\s may sometimes de/roy a field vole or a de/ructive bird1 :ile a useful species may sometimes attack dome/ic p\ltry4 ,game-pres]v+ is de/ructive ( almo/ all ! indig5\s diurnal birds ( prey1 & ( ! owls to a less ext5t4 ,,ord]3 ,scansores 7,,climb]s74 ,birds ) two toes direct$ =w>ds & two backw>ds4 ,! "y are ne/l+s4 ,"h belong t\cans1 p>rots1 cuckoos1 & woodpeck]s4 ,! fir/ two gr\ps are limit$ to ! tropics2 woodpeck]s are only ( importance 9 ! culture ( fruit trees & 9 =e/ry4 ,i describe briefly-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,! ,b>n ,owl 7,/rix flammea74 ,! ,cuckoo 7,cuculus canorus1 ,fig4 #cd74 ,f\rte5 in*es long1 tail eight in*es4 ,! yell[i% beak is slightly curv$2 feet yell[4 ,back blue-grey 9 old birds1 br[ni% 9 "y ones4 ,belly :ite ) d>k transv]se l9es4 ,t5 tail quills1 fleck$ ) :ite4 ,%y2 flies l a bird ( prey4 ,! female lays h] eggs at int]vals ( ab\t f\rte5 days1 & _c !re=e hat* !m out h]self4 ,%e lays ! egg on ! gr\nd1 & !n takes x 9 h] bill to ! ne/ ( a small bird :i* fe$ its "y ) insects 7wagtail1 gras%opp] w>bl]1 night+ale1 rob91 less] :ite?roat1 wr51 l>k74 ,! cuckoo's egg is g5]ally hat*$ by ! fo/] p>5t1 & ! true "y (t5 d n come out f ! egg1 ow+ to lack ( w>m?2 or1 if hat*$1 !y are ?r[n out lat] on by ! mu* l>g]1 rapidly develop+ "y cuckoo4 ,e cuckoo1 !re=e1 is s f> h>mful t x co/s ! lives ( sev]al insect-eat+ birds4 ,b x f> m ?an comp5sates = ?is by de/roy+ insects4 ,x is especially b5eficial to fruit-tree culture & =e/ry1 s9ce x eats an enorm\s numb] ( cat]pill>s2 b 9 late summ] x comes frequ5tly f ! woodl& into ! fields1 & !n eats ! cat]pill>s ( ! cabbage :ite1 cabbage mo?1 & silv] ,y mo?1 surface cat]pill>s1 & ! l>v ( ! turnip saw-fly4 ,x also dev\rs mole-crickets & 7naturally 9 ! spr+7 cock*af]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,! ,cuckoo 7,cuculus canorus74 ,,ord]3 ,pass]es 7,,p]*+ ,,birds74 ,?is ord] is ess5tially con/itut$ by all ^? birds ) helpless "y 7p4 #ea71 :i* d n belong to ! two prec$+ ord]s or ! "o next foll[+4 ,beak )\t a c]e4 ,?ree toes =w>dly1 "o backw>dly direct$4 ,gr\p3 ,hirund9id 7,swall[s74 ,) %ort flat beak1 broad at ! base1 ) gape ext5d+ f> back1 & triangul> z se5 f above4 ,9 flight ! beak is op5$ z widely z possible1 s]v+ = cat*+ insects4 ,w+s long & po9t$4 ,feet %ort & weak1 entirely unsuit$ or only poorly adapt$ = walk+2 _! *ief use is to enable ! swall[ to hold fa/ to diff]5t objects4 ,swall[s fly quickly & cat* insects :ile on ! w+4 ,! insects on :i* !y prey are g5]ally unimportant to agriculture & =e/ry2 b !y may also d good by cat*+ crane flies 7,tipula71 & ribbon-foot$ corn flies 7,*lorops71 :i* (t5 fly ab\t our fields 9 enorm\s sw>ms 9 ord] to lay _! eggs4 ,all swall[s are migratory birds4 ,!re belong "h-- #a4 ,true ,swall[s 7,hirundo71 ) =k$ tails2 ?ree toes direct$ to ! front1 "o to ! back4 ,"h may be reckon$--,swall[ 7,h4 ru/ica71 always broods 9 %elt]$ spots1 e4g4 inside a /able1 summ]-h\se1 or v]&ah2 ,h\se ,m>t9 7,h4 urbica71 ne/s aga9/ build+s1 "u ! eaves = example2 ! ,s& ,m>t9 7,h4 rip>ia71 bre$s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( /reams1 especially 9 v]tical banks ( loamy or coh]5t s&y soil1 :]e x makes its ne/ at ! end ( a passage a y>d long4 ,! ,h\se ,m>t9 is %9+ black on ! back1 :ite on ! entire "u surface & rump4 ,! ,bank ,m>t9 is br[ni% grey on ! back1 :ite on ! "u side1 ) br[ni%-grey b&s on ! brea/4 #b4 ,swifts 7,cypselus71 ) =k$ tails & f\r /rong1 curv$1 =w>dly direct$ claws4 ,only "o ,briti% species belongs "h--! ,swift 7,cypselus apus71 t5 in*es long1 br[ni% black except = :ite ?roat1 & ) v long curv$ w+s4 #c4 ,night-j>s 7,caprimulgus71 ) tail n =k$1 s(t plumage1 l>ge head & eyes2 fly at night4 ,"o species belongs "h--! ,goatsuck] 7,caprimulgus europu1 ,fig4 #ce71 twelve in*es long1 grey on ! upp] side1 spott$ ) blacki% br[n & ru/y yell[1 yell[i% :itey grey ) d>k wavy l9es on ! "u side4 ,9 ! day x flies awkw>dly & heavily1 & usually keeps "u cov]2 by night x flies rapidly & boldly1 especially 9 b>e spots 9 woods1 or 9 g>d5s & on fields4 ,x haunts especially ! neighb\rhood ( %eepfolds & cattle 9 ! mead[s1 s9ce x always f9ds flies & gnats !re4 ,x also cat*es cock*af]s & v>i\s mo?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,! ,goatsuck] 7,caprimulgus europu74 ,gr\p3 ,magniro/res 7,l>ge-beak$ ,p]*+ ,birds74 ,beak /rong1 ?ick1 (t5 incurv$ ne> its apex4 ,^! birds eat almo/ all k9ds ( food1 bo? animal & vegetable4 ,"h belong ,/>l+s & ,rav5-l ,birds 7cr[s1 magpies1 jays74 ,! ,/>l+ 7,/urnus vulg>is74 ,plumage black1 ) a violet %e54 ,! tips ( ! cont\r fea!rs1 h[ev]1 are :ite or bright yell[i%4 ,^! :ite pat*es become s well m>k$ aft] ! autumn m\lt1 t !y almo/ completely cov] ! %9+ metallic black ( ! fea!rs4 ,!y gradually become small]2 9 ! next spr+ !y are almo/ or entirely lo/4 ,v s]viceable4 ,dev\rs1 especially 9 autumn1 _m field snails1 also cock*af] grubs1 wireworms1 grass cat]pill>s1 gras%opp]s1 leaf-lice2 also _m insects de/ructive to fruit trees & =e/ trees4 ,! />l+1 h[ev]1 is able to d consid]able damage to g>d5 fruit trees1 s9ce x eats *]ries1 currants1 & sometimes ev5 pe>s4 ,/>l+s (t5 settle on ! backs ( %eep & c[s 9 ord] to pick (f ! v]m94 ,g5us3 ,corvus 7,cr[-l ,birds74 ,"h belong--#a4 ,! ,jackdaw 7,c4 mon$ula71 ) relatively %ort beak & long t>si4 ,black2 side ( ! head & neck a%5 grey4 ,bre$s 9 holes 9 trees1 *imneys1 ru9s1 & t[]s4 #b4 ,! ,hood$ ,cr[ 7,g4 cornix72 bright grey1 except ! head1 ?roat1 w+s1 & tail1 :i* are black4 ,bre$s 9 all p>ts ( ,europe ea/ ( ! ,elbe2 occurs 9 ,we/]n ,europe z a gipsy migrant 9 w9t]4 #c4 ,c>rion ,cr[ 7,c4 corone72 black1 beak /\t & /rongly b5t at its end4 ,bre$s 9 trees1 b nev] 7l ! ,rook7 9 l>ge numb]s toge!r4 #d4 ,rook 7,c4 frugilegus72 black1 beak r long2 9 adult specim5s ! head fea!rs are q worn away at ! base ( ! beak4 #e4 ,rav5 7,c4 corax72 mu* l>g] ?an ! o!r species2 black1 beak v /rong1 /rongly curv$ along its entire upp] side4 ,n[h]e 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--;,head ( ,rook 7,corvus frugilegus74 ,food1 ,b5efit conf]r$1 & ,damage done4 ,rav5s1 & sometimes ev5 rooks1 attack lambs & sick %eep1 also ducks1 geese1 f[ls1 & pigeons4 ,c>rion cr[s & hood$ cr[s r>ely attack our dome/ic animals4 ,all cr[s1 h[ev]1 /eal ! eggs ( our p\ltry4 ,!y also injure sport1 s9ce !y kill h>es & rabbits1 "y fawns1 quails1 pheasants1 etc4 ,!y d a little good1 h[ev]1 by dev\r+ field-voles1 b1 z a rule1 only cat* ! sick ones :i* are n able to move quickly4 ,!y d h>m by de/roy+ useful insect-eat+ birds1 also eat+ _! eggs & "y4 ,b z insect-eat]s1 !y are extremely useful2 !y dev\r cock*af]s1 wireworms1 butt]flies1 surface cat]pill>s1 crane flies & _! l>v1 & field snails2 also _m e>?worms4 ,z to ! vegetable "p ( _! food1 !y dev\r1 9 ! fir/ place1 g]m9at+ se$s2 gra91 peas1 beans4 ,!y also pick gra9 f ! e>1 bo? :5 ripe &1 to a l>g] ext5t1 :5 /ill s(t2 & 9 do+ ?is pull d[n ! e> s z to crack ! /alk1 ?us caus+ m damage ?an by ! m]e eat+4 ,!y also plund] ! rip5+ peas1 & fea/ ^u *]ries1 plums1 apricots1 & o!r juicy fruits2 ev5 potatoes & turnips4 ,all cr[-l birds d "s h>m & "s good1 only ! rav5 7:i* eats sc>cely any insects7 is to be always reckon$ z an enemy4 ,! ,magpie 7,pica caudata7 & ,jay 7,g>rulus gl&>ius7 are resid5t birds closely relat$ to ! cr[s4 ,! fir/ affects op5 tracts ( l& 7fields1 mead[s1 g>d5s7 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge trees2 ! latt] is a woodl& bird4 ,bo? birds eat almo/ ev]y?+3 gra91 acorns1 bee*nuts1 *]ries1 b]ries2 cock*af]s1 wireworms1 & simil> insects2 ! eggs & "y ( useful insect-eat+ song-birds 7su* z titmice71 also ^! little birds !mselves1 duckl+s & *ick5s1 "y p>tridges1 quails1 pheasants1 n[ & !n field-voles4 ,m h>mful ?an useful4 ,gr\p3 ,coniro/res 7,conical-beak$ ,p]*+ ,birds74 ,beak conical1 ?ick] & %ort] ?an 9 ! species ( ! foll[+ gr\p4 ,!y dev\r insects & se$s1 a few species se$s exclusively4 ,"h belong fir/ ! ,titmice 7,p>us71 gipsy migrants :i* are extremely s]viceable bo? 9 fruit-tree culture & =e/ry4 ,!n ! ,l>ks 7especially ! ,skyl>k1 ,alauda arv5sis1 a resid5t71 :i* ne/ on ! gr\nd1 eat+ insects1 se$s1 & 9 w9t] ev5 leaves2 !y fe$ _! "y1 h[ev]1 ) insects4 ,!y d bo? good & h>m1 b ! =m] mo/ly prepond]ates4 ,9 late summ] & autumn1 skyl>ks collect 9 flocks1 & w&] "h & !re = a long "t3 be=e ?is1 !y travel s\?2 at ?is "t _m are caught & eat54 ,! male skyl>k s+s beautifully1 ris+ mean:ile high 9 ! air4 ,! ,bunt+s 7,emb]iza7 h a *>act]i/ic compress$ & po9t$ beak2 !y seek _! food on ! gr\nd 9 fields & mead[s1 & on roads4 ,! food consi/s ( gra9 & insects2 b s9ce ^! birds nev] take gra9s f ! e>1 !y only d damage by pick+ !m up at se$-"t4 ,!y fe$ _! "y ) insects4 ,! damage is usually v inconsid]able1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! b5efit conf]r$ is slight4 7,yell[ ,hamm]1 ,e4 citr9ella1 a yell[-col\r$ resid5t4 ,! ,common ,bunt+1 ,e4 mili>ia1 a grey-col\r$ migrant1 etc47 ,9 ! family ( ,f9*es a numb] ( species are includ$ :i* are ( small agricultural importance3 e4g4 ! ,bullf9* 7,pyrrhula vulg>is71 specially attacks fruit-tree buds 9 ,m>*2 ! ,goldf9* 7,c>duelis elegans72 ! ,sisk9 7,*rysomitris sp9us72 ! ,less] ,r$poll 7,l9ota l9>ia72 ! ,gre5f9* 7,ligur9us *loris74 ,a few species1 h[ev]1 mu/ be dealt ) m fully1 &1 fir/1-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,head ( ,bullf9*4 ,! two ,sp>r[s1 i4e4 ! ,h\se ,sp>r[ 7,pass] dome/ica7 & ! ,tree ,sp>r[ 7,p4 montana74 ,h\se ,sp>r[3 e> region bright grey4 ,a ru/-col\r$ or yell[i% /reak beh9d ! eye4 ,! :ole ?roat black 9 ! male4 ,w+s ) a yell[i% :ite transv]se b&4 ,tree ,sp>r[3 e> region black4 ,a black /reak beh9d ! eye1 a :ite b& r\nd ! neck1 & a black pat* on ! ?roat4 ,w+s ) two :ite transv]se b&s4 ,! two sp>r[s are v mu* alike 9 _! habits1 b ! h\se sp>r[ frequ5ts m ! neighb\rhood ( human dwell+s1 ev5 9 l>ge t[ns4 ,bo? sp>r[s are ma9ly h>mful2 :]e se$s 7especially ^? conta9+ />*1 e4g4 corn7 are available1 !y pref] ?is k9d ( food to any o!r2 &1 besides ?is1 !y *iefly br+ up _! "y on s(t unripe gra94 ,sp>r[s dev\r ! g]m9at+ corn aft] se$-"t1 & also pick ! gra9 f ! e>1 9 :i* process !y at ! same "t d damage by break+ d[n ! haulms s t ! gra9 falls out4 ,!y pick ! "y peas f _! pods2 dev\r1 too1 sev]al juicy tree fruits1 e4g4 *]ries & grapes2 & de/roy "y g>d5 se$l+s1 e4g4 lettuce1 sp9a*1 g>d5 fl[]s4 ,! h\se sp>r[ eats m insects ?an ! tree sp>r[ 7among !m--geomet] cat]pill>s1 injuri\s roll] cat]pill>s71 b leaves ! mo/ noxi\s k9ds unt\*$4 ,bo? sp>r[s are resid5ts1 b 9 autumn & w9t] (t5 collect toge!r 9 l>ge flocks4 ,! ,l9net 7,l9ota cannab9a71 ) grey-br[n d>kly spott$ back4 ,belly :iti%1 tail black ) broad :ite m>g9s4 ,dur+ summ] ! top ( ! head & ! brea/ ( ! male are ( a beautiful r$4 ,!y are (t5 f\nd toge!r 9 flocks dur+ ,septemb]4 ,9 spr+ & summ] !y *iefly live on oil-conta9+ se$s1 & may ev5 d "s good by eat+ ! se$s ( *>lock2 usually1 h[ev]1 do+ mu* m h>m by dev\r+ ! se$ ( rape1 flax1 l9se$1 & hemp4 ,! ,*aff9* 7,fr+illa clebs74 ,a :ite pat* on ! two out]mo/ tail fea!rs & ! ones next !m4 ,w+s ) "o :ite & "o yell[i% transv]se b&4 ,male3 upp] side ( head & neck blui% grey1 back br[n1 brea/ r$di% br[n4 ,female3 back grey-br[n1 belly :iti%1 brea/ a%-grey4 ,! *aff9* inhabits =e/s1 bo? ^? ( ord9>y foliage trees & ^? consi/+ ( conif]s2 x also ne/s 9 g>d5s & plantations4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] ! males sep>ate f ! females1 & bo? sexes collect 9 l>ge flocks :i* haunt g>d5s1 av5ues1 & bu%es4 ,9 mild w9t]s !y rema9 resid5t1 b travel away if ! cold is great]4 ,! *aff9* dev\rs oil-conta9+ se$s by pref]5ce1 b also eats />*y ones1 & seeks its food on ! gr\nd4 ,x does a great deal ( damage 9 cornfields by pick+ ! se$s out ( ! soil aft] !y h be5 s[n2 b does n take ! gra9 f ! e>4 ,x also eats "y se$l+s4 ,b valuable s]vices m ?an c\nt]balance ! h>m done4 ,:5 ! *aff9*es 9 autumn fly ab\t 9 l>ge flocks 9 ! fields1 !y eat an enorm\s numb] ( we$ se$s4 ,! "y are *iefly f$ ) insects1 especially ) cat]pill>s4 ,9 ! spr+1 :5 ! se$s h g]m9at$ & ! "y corn is n yet ripe1 ! *aff9* fe$s itself also on insects4 ,gr\p3 ,subuliro/res 7,awl-beak$ ,p]*+ ,birds74 ,beak sl5d]1 awl-%ap$1 r\nd 9 transv]se section4 ,a fully develop$ organ ( voice4 ,fe$ almo/ exclusively on insects2 !re are only a few species :i* occasionally eat se$s4 ,a few ( !m1 h[ev]1 sometimes dev\r juicy fruits 7*]ries1 bird-*]ries1 eld]-b]ries1 junip]-b]ries1 grapes74 ,! birds belong+ to ?is gr\p1 )\t exception1 fe$ _! "y on insects4 ,!y are ( s]vice2 ev5 ^? species :i* occasionally d damage are useful on ! :ole4 ,!re belong to ! ,subuliro/res-- ,! ,wagtails 7,motacilla71 e4g4 ! ,:ite ,wagtail 7,m4 alba71 usually liv+ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( wat]1 & seek+ its insect food 9 ! fields 7(t5 beh9d ! pl\gh71 & 9 pa/ures & g>d5s4 ,! l>k-col\r$ ,pipits 7,an?us74 ,! ,h$ge ,acc5tor1 or 8,sp>r[0 7,acc5tor modul>is71--9 g>d5 h$ges1 & woods1 fe$+ sometimes on se$s4 ,! foll[+ 8w>bl]s30 ,night+ale 7,daulias lusc9ia71 ,rob9 7,eri?acus rubecula71 ,r$/>t 7,ruticilla phnicurus71 ! ,less] ,:ite?roat 7,sylvia curruca71 ,g>d5 ,w>bl] 7,s4 hort5sis71 ,will[ ,wr5 7,s4 tro*ilus71 ,*iff*aff 7,s4 rufa71 ,re$ ,w>bl]s 7,acrocephalus /rep]us & ,a4 arund9acea71 etc4 ,! la/-nam$ live among re$s & ru%es on ! banks ( fre% wat]s1 & eat insects :i* d n affect agriculture & =e/ry2 all ! o!r w>bl]s are useful4 ,o!r examples ( ! ,subuliro/res are ! ,gold5-cre/$ ,wr5 7,regulus cri/atus71 & ! ,common ,wr5 7,troglodytes p>vulus71 :i* are ( s]vice to =e/ry & fruit-tree culture1 b n to agriculture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,! ,night+ale 7,daulias lusc9ia74 ,mo/ ( ! native ?ru%-l birds 7,turdus71 e4g4 ! ,blackbird 7,t4 m]ula71 ! ,missel ,?ru% 7,t4 viscivorus71 ! ,fieldf>e 7,t4 pil>is71 ! ,r$w+ 7,t4 iliacus71 & ! ,song ,?ru% 7,t4 musicus71 assi/ ! f>m] by dev\r+ noxi\s insects & snails2 b sev]al ( !m occasionally d damage by poa*+ on *]ries1 grapes1 currants1 etc4 ,"s ( !m 7e4g4 ! ,song ,?ru% & ,blackbird7 bre$ 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ,brita91 o!rs come "h only 9 autumn or w9t]4 ,,ord]3 ,gyrantes 7,,doves74 ,body /rongly built1 some:at ?ick-set4 ,w+s long & po9t$4 ,beak weak1 ) a c]e at its base2 no/rils cov]$ by gri/ly scales4 ,toes3 ?ree =w>dly & "o backw>dly direct$1 free1 i4e4 )\t a web 7z 9 p\ltry74 ,! "y are at fir/ bl9d & nak$4 ,!y are at fir/ f$ ) a *eesy secretion ( ! gl&s ( ! crop2 lat]1 ) gra9 s(t5$ 9 ! crop4 ,doves always live 9 pairs4 ,ne/s c>eless1 flat1 ( loosely arrang$ twigs2 situat$ on tree-bran*es1 rocks1 & l>ge build+s4 ,doves bre$ twice or ?rice a ye>1 lay+ two longi%1 %9+ :ite eggs4 ,native ,briti% =ms3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,! ,wood ,pigeon 7,columba palumbus74 #a4 ,wood ,pigeon 7,columba palumbus1 ,fig4 #ci71 f ,april to ,septemb] scatt]$ ab\t 9 ! woods1 b aft] ! bre$+ season w&] ab\t 9 flocks1 & 9 w9t] travel fur!r s\?1 al?\gh _m rema94 ,x ne/s on horizontal bran*es1 & fe$s on se$s ( fir & p9e1 acorns1 bee*nuts1 also gra91 peas1 vet*es1 rape-se$1--b se$s ( _m we$s z well 7e4g4 ^? ( *>lock1 vet*l+1 spurry1 cleav]s74 ,:5 ! e>? is cov]$ ) sn[ x (t5 eats cabbage & ! leaves ( w9t] rape1 b is also ( "s s]vice4 #b4 ,! ,turtle ,dove 7,c4 turtur7 occurs on ! edges ( woods1 especially ^? consi/+ ( conif]\s trees4 ,ne/s 9 ! trees4 ,= food1 use1 & h>m1 cp4 ! prec$+ species4 ,/eals buck:eat gra9s f ! fields4 #c4 ,! ,rock ,pigeon 7,c4 livia7 is ! orig9al /ock ( our races ( dome/ic pigeons4 ,x ne/s1 z a resid5t1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean c\ntries2 z a migrant1 on ! rocky p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,orkneys1 ,%etl&s1 & ,f>oe ,isl&s4 ,,ord]3 ,rasores 7,,p\ltry74 ,body /rong1 ?ick-set4 ,head small1 (t5 ) nak$1 brightly col\r$ pat*es1 ) fle%y combs or ) a cre/ ( fea!rs4 ,tip ( ! upp] beak b5ds ov] t ( ! l[] "o4 ,no c]e 7cp4 ,doves74 ,w+s %ort1 r\nd$2 flight heavy4 ,feet /rong4 ,h9d] toe small & usually atta*$ to ! t>sus high] up ?an ! front toes4 ,claws blunt4 ,a small web at ! bases ( ! toes4 ,! male ( sev]al species be>s a spur on ! t>sus4 ,birds ( ?is ord] usually keep on ! gr\nd1 scrap+ x 9 se>* ( _! food1 :i* consi/s ( se$s1 b]ries1 ! gre5 p>ts ( plants1 insects1 worms1 & snails4 ,"y precoci\s 7p4 #ea74 ,sev]al dome/ic birds belong to ! ,rasores3 pheasants1 ! v>i\s races ( f[ls1 pea-f[ls1 gu9ea-f[ls1 turkeys4 ,! species liv+ wild 9 ,brita9 are game-birds4 ,!y are--! ,cap]cailzie 7,tetrao urogallus1 ,fig4 #dj71 ,black ,game 7,t4 tetrix71 ,p>tridge 7,p]dix c9]ea71 ,quail 7,p4 coturnix72 none ( !m are p>ticul>ly h>mful or useful to agriculture4 ,! ,pheasant 7,phasianus col*icus1 ,fig4 #da7 0 orig9ally a native ( ! ,caucasus1 & %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea & ,sea ( ,aral2 x occurs wild 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,pheasants are tr\blesome to ! f>m]1 bo? by dev\r+ ! newly s[n se$ & by scrat*+ up ! fields4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,male & ,female ,cap]cailzie 7,tetrao urogallus74 ,,ord]3 ,grallatores 7,,wad+-,,birds74 ,! species "h includ$ diff] v mu* among !mselves2 b all seek _! food1 :i* is almo/ exclusively ( animal nature1 at ! wat]-edge 7riv]s1 brooks1 lakes1 dit*es1 canals1 sea%ore7 or 9 damp places 7damp mead[s & pl\gh$ fields1 moors1 swamps74 ,!y are1 !re=e1 adapt$ to wad+1 & = ?is purpose h a long fea!rless t>sus1 :ile ! l[] half ( ! long %ank is q b>e & cov]$ ) horny scales4 ,9 flight ! wad+-birds d n draw _! legs up to _! body1 z is ! case ) ! birds already spok5 (1 b /ret* !m out beh9d to _! full l5g?4 ,monogam\s4 ,"y precoci\s 7p4 #ea71 except 9 /orks & h]ons :5 !y are ne/l+s4 ,! %ore-dwell]s eat fi%1 bivalve molluscs1 etc42 only ^? species liv+ on damp mead[s & fields are ( use to agriculturi/s1 by dev\r+ insects1 snails1 & worms4 ,^! are indicat$ by ! lett] u 9 ! foll[+ li/ ( ! commone/ native k9ds3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,! ,pheasant 7,phasianus col*icus74 ,coot 7,fulica atra72 ,wat] ,h5 7,gall9ula *loropus72 ,corn ,crake 7,crex prat5sis1 u72 ,plov]s 7,*>adrius1 u72 ,pewit or ,lapw+ 7,vanellus cri/atus1 u72 ! ,snipes 7,scolopax72 ! ,curlews 7,num5ius1 u72 ! ,/9ts 7,tr+a72 ! ,godwit 7,limosa gocephala1 u72 ! ,s&pip]s 7,totanus1 u72 ! ,h]on 7,ardea c9]ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,! ,woodcock 7,scolopax ru/icola74 ,,ord]3 ,natatores 7,,swimm+-,,birds74 ,^! birds are di/+ui%$ by _! swimm+ p[]s & correspond+ organization4 ,legs usually set on f> back1 %ort] ?an ! body4 ,! feet 9 p>ticul> are adapt$ = swimm+4 ,9 "s swimm+-birds ea* ( ! =w>dly direct$ toes has a webb$ m>g9 78split swimm+ feet10 ,fig4 #dc72 9 o!rs1 ! ?ree front toes are all unit$ by a web 7,fig4 #dd71 :ile ! h9d toe is ei!r small or want+ 78swimm+ feet072 la/ly1 !re are "s 9 :i* all ! toes are =w>dly direct$ & unit$ by a common web 78o>-feet074 ,! plumage ( swimm+-birds is compact1 & always kept greasy by ! secretion ( ! oil-gl&4 ,i %all speak ( two families only4 ,family3 ,lamelliro/ra 7,ducks74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,cre/$ & ,little ,grebes 7,podiceps cri/atus & m9or74 ,! inn] m>g9 ( ! beak is cov]$ by sk91 ?r[n into transv]se ridges or too?-l projections4 ,swimm+ feet 7,fig4 #dd74 ,tol]ably long w+s2 rem>kable p[]s ( flight4 ,fea!rs s(t4 ,^! birds mo/ly affect %all[ fre% wat]1 9 :i* !y get _! food by grubb+ 9 ! mud1 ! s(t sk9 ( ! beak s]v+ z an organ ( t\*4 ,polygam\s4 ,"y precoci\s 7p4 #ea74 ,"h belong--! long-neck$ ,swans 7,cygnus7 & ! ?ick %ort-neck$ ,geese 7,ans]71 9 :i* ! beak is high] ?an broad at its base2 ! ,swimm+ ,ducks 7,anas7 ) broad] beaks1 ! ,div+ ,ducks 7,fuligula71 & ,goos&]s 7,m]gus7 ) a broad hang+ web to ! h9d toe4 ,none ( ^! birds are useful1 :ile wild geese & ducks are h>mful4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,goose 7,ans] c9]eus74 ,?ree species ( wild ,geese 7,grey ,goose ,ans] c9]eus1 ,bean ,goose ,a4 segetum1 ,:ite-front$ ,goose ,a4 albifrons7 *iefly bre$ 9 ,ea/]n or ,nor!rn ,europe1 & only come to ,brita9 9 autumn or w9t]1 fly+ ab\t 9 flocks4 ,!y eat ! grass 9 l[-ly+ mead[s1 & ev5 pull x up by ! roots2 9 ! cultivat$ fields !y dev\r w9t] corn & w9t] rape1 & tread d[n m ) _! clumsy feet ?an !y eat4 ,!y are also h>mful to vegetable gr[?1 ow+ to ! v cau/ic nature ( _! dung1 :i* is (t5 deposit$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 "o place4 ,9 regions :]e !y bre$ !y also dev\r bo? ripe & unripe gra94 ,:]e !y only occur 9 autumn1 !y scrape potatoes1 turnips1 & c>rots out ( ! gr\nd 9 ord] to eat !m4 ,flocks ( geese fly 9 a slant+ l9e or 9 ! =m ( a pl\gh%>e4 ,among ,swimm+ ,ducks damage is only done by ! ,wild ,duck 7,anas bos*as74 ,x bre$s :]ev] !re are fre% wat]s4 ,ne/s among/ grasses or swamp-plants1 or 9 a tree4 ,! wild ducks rema9 ! :ole w9t] z long z ! wat]s are n froz51 o!rwise !y g (f = a %ort "t to ! s\?4 ,food3 ! tops ( /ems1 buds1 leaves ( v>i\s wat]-plants1 also b>ley1 oats1 & o!r gra92 wat]-insects1 fi%1 & fi%-spawn4 ,^! ducks also d damage 9 cornfields by tread+ d[n & crack+ ! plants4 ,family3 ,longip5nes 7,gulls74 ,usually swimm+ feet4 ,legs tol]ably long1 adapt$ = wad+ 7,fig4 #de74 ,w+s long1 po9t$4 ,beak lat]ally compress$4 ,"y ne/l+s 7p4 #ea74 ,bre$ 9 l>g] or small] flocks1 usually on ! coa/1 occasionally on ! m>g9 ( fre% wat]s4 ,!y *iefly fe$ on fi%1 worms1 molluscs1 & cru/acea2 sometimes1 9 ! case ( a few species1 on "y birds & eggs1 z well z mice & o!r small mammals4 ,gulls are usually ( no importance 9 agriculture2 b ! ,black-head$ ,gull 7,l>us ridibundus71 :i* bre$s on ! banks ( lakes & riv]s1 dev\rs _m cock*af]s & o!r noxi\s insects4 ,! ,h]r+ ,gull 7,fig4 #de71 ,kittiwake 7,l>us arg5tatus & ,l4 tridactylus71 & a few o!r species1 :i* bre$ on ! coa/1 sometimes %[ !mselves inl&1 especially 9 /ormy wea!r2 !y !n pursue field-voles1 & cat* _m injuri\s insects4 ,besides ! true ,gulls 7,l>us71 ,i w only m5tion ! ,sea ,swall[s 7,/]na71 ) =k$ tails4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,h]r+ ,gull 7,l>us arg5tatus74 ,,class ,,iii43 ,,reptilia 7,,reptiles74 ,cold-blood$ ,v]tebrates 7p4 #ai74 ,! he>t has ! same /ructure z 9 ,mammals & ,birds1 b ! left & "r v5tricles are usually only incompletely divid$ f "o ano!r 7p4 #bj74 ,! body is inve/$ ) horny scales or ) bony plates cov]$ by a horny lay]4 ,reptiles are v unlike ,birds 9 appe>ance1 b pres5t _m ess5tial po9ts ( resemblance to !m 9 _! skeleton2 inde$1 dur+ e>li] geological times1 !re 7 transitional =ms betwe5 ! two classes4 ,! /ructure ( ! reptile egg1 too1 is v simil> to t ( ! bird's egg2 b ! fir/ has no lime-salts deposit$ 9 its %ell4 ,! egg is n hat*$ out by ! animal itself1 b expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun or to ! w>m? develop$ by decay+ vegetable matt]4 ,sev]al reptiles 7add]1 = example7 keep _! eggs 9 _! bodies till ! "y escape4 ,reptiles h ei!r no limbs 7snakes1 a few liz>ds71 or1 at any rate1 ! limbs are n well develop$1 & are s plac$ t ! body does n re/ ^u !m1 b is slung betwe5 !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,common ,liz>d 7,lac]ta agilis72 #b1 head ( ! same f bel[2 #c1 tongue4 ,! ,reptilia are divid$ into ! ,ord]s ( ,crocodilia 7,crocodiles71 ,*elonia 7,turtles & ,tortoises71 ,lac]tilia 7,liz>ds71 ,ophidia 7,snakes74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,! ,add] 7,pelias b]us74 ,our native reptiles h no agricultural importance4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 briefly m5tion ! ,add] 7,pelias b]us1 ,fig4 #dg71 z x is dang]\s to man4 ,head broad2 tail mu* small] ?an ! h9d] end ( ! body4 ,col\r gre5i% grey or br[ni%4 ,a black zigzag b& runs along ! dorsal side ( ! body4 ,l5g? ab\t tw5ty in*es4 ,! two hook-%ap$ poison-fangs are f\nd 9 ! front ( ! upp] jaw2 op5+ ! m\? widely causes !m to be erect$4 ,!y are trav]s$ by poison-canals ?r\gh :i* ! poison fl[s imm$iately into ! two bloodless w\nds4 ,! add] lives 9 woods & on m\nta9 slopes1 :]e x dev\rs mice4 ,! poison has a decompos+ action on ! blood2 x causes fev]1 & swell+ ( ! "p bitt51 z well z sometimes ( ! neighb\r+ p>ts4 ,! bite may be fatal4 ,alcohol is spok5 ( v highly z a rem$y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,! ,grass ,snake 7,tropidonotus natrix74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,bl9dworm 7,anguis fragilis74 ,! native ,r+$ ,snake 7,tropidonotus natrix1 ,fig4 #dh71 ?ree feet long1 is blui% ) belly fleck$ ) black & :ite2 a yell[ & a black b& on ! neck4 ,x is fond ( go+ into ! wat]1 & eats frogs1 newts1 & insects4 ,! ,smoo? ,snake 7,coronella lvis71 two feet long1 is br[n1 ) black pat*es on ! back1 :i*1 h[ev]1 d n =m a cont9u\s b&4 ,head d>k velvety black4 ,dev\rs liz>ds & bl9dworms4 ,! ,bl9dworm 7,anguis fragilis7 is inde$ snake-l1 or r worm-l 7,fig4 #di71 b nev]!less belongs to ! liz>ds1 ) :i* its int]nal /ructure agrees4 ,,class ,,iv43 ,,amphibia 7,,amphibians74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,great ,cre/$ ,newt 7,triton cri/atus72 male above1 female bel[4 ,cold-blood$ ,v]tebrates 7p4 #ai74 ,! he>t has only "o v5tricle & two auricles 7cp4 p4 #ba74 ,! sk9 is nak$1 damp1 usually slipp]y & smoo?2 x helps 9 respiration4 ,al?\gh sev]al ,amphibians resemble v>i\s ,reptiles 9 outw>d appe>ance 7,newt & ,liz>d1 ,figs4 #ej & #df71 ! /ructure ( ! skeleton is q diff]5t4 ,^u ! :ole1 ,amphibians resemble fi%es m closely1 & !y brea! by gills :5 !y are "y1 :i* /r5g!ns ! agreem5t4 ,!y und]go a metamorphosis4 ,! j-hat*$ "y at fir/ hold fa/ by suction to ! jelly ( ! spawn2 !y h ext]nal gills4 ,!y quickly develop a membran\s m>g9 to ! body1 especially r\nd ! tail1 :i* consequ5tly =ms a sort ( o>4 ,mean:ile int]nal gills develop1 & ! ext]nal ones disappe>4 ,! l>v are n[ fi%-l 78tadpoles074 ,! limbs quickly gr[ out1 ! lungs develop1 ! tail %rivels up1 & ! animal leaves ! wat]4 ,ev5 ! adult1 h[ev]1 lives among damp surr\nd+s4 ,9 ! adult /ate ! ,amphibians fe$ on insects1 worms1 & snails2 _m species are exce$+ly useful ow+ to ?is4 ,amphibians are divid$ into two ord]s1 ! ,urodela 7,newts1 etc47 & ! ,anura 7,frogs & ,toads74 ,to ! fir/ belong ! ,great ,cre/$ ,newt 7,triton cri/atus7 & ! ,common ,newt 7,lissotriton tniatus74 ,examples ( ! ,anura are ! ,edible ,frog 7,rana escul5ta71 ! br[ni% ,common ,frog 7,r4 tempor>ia1 ,fig4 #ea71 ! ,common ,toad 7,bufo vulg>is71 & ! ,natt]jack 7,b4 calamita1 ,fig4 #eb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,common ,frog 7,rana tempor>ia74 ,bo? frogs & toads d good by dev\r+ _m noxi\s insects1 & also1 9 p>ticul>1 snails4 ,toads are (t5 kept 9 gre5h\ses = ?is purpose2 & 9 ! rese>* g>d5 atta*$ to ! ,r\5 entomological laboratory ! snails 7 entirely ext]m9at$ 9 #ahia1 z a result ( introduc+ a hundr$ toads & n9ety frogs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,natt]jack 7,bufo calamita74 ,,class ,v43 ,,pisces 7,,fi%es74 ,cold-blood$ ,v]tebrates 7p4 #ai71 :i* brea! by gills dur+ _! :ole life4 ,! he>t consi/s only ( a s+le v5tricle & a s+le auricle 7p4 #ah74 ,! head passes imm$iately into ! body )\t any int]v5+ neck4 ,fi%es move *iefly by means ( ! tail1 at ! end ( :i* !re is a tail-f94 ,?is & ! dorsal & anal f9s lie 9 ! m$ian plane ( ! fi%1 :ile ! pectoral f9s1 :i* are atta*$ to ! skull 9 bony fi%es1 & also ! v5tral f9s1 are pair$ /ructures m or less comp>able to ! =e & h9d limbs ( high] v]tebrates4 ,! skeleton ( mo/ fi%es 7pike1 p]*1 c>p1 eel1 plaice7 is bony2 b 9 a few subdivisions ( fi%es 7%>ks1 skates1 /urgeons1 lampreys7 x is c>tilag9\s4 ,! sk9 is usually cov]$ ) ?9 transluc5t scales2 b !re are fi%es ) a smoo? sk9 7lampreys71 ) prickle-l d]mal ossifications 7%>ks71 & ) rhomboidal bony plates 7/urgeons74 ,z ,fi%es are )\t exception aquatic1 !re is no ne$ = me to treat m specially ( !m "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,! ,p]* 7,p]ca fluviatilis74 ,second ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,ar?ropoda 7,,jo9t$-,,limb$ ,,animals74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,wood-bor] 7,sirex72 #a1 l>va2 #b1 adult insect4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,! ,l>ge ,c5tip$e 7,scolop5dra morsitans74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,gr\nd ,beetle1 ) n]v\s sy/em drawn 9 :ite4 ,! body ( an ,ar?ropod is bilat]ally symmetrical 7cp4 p4 #af71 & consi/s ( a numb] ( jo9ts 7,fig4 #ee71 n equally num]\s 9 all memb]s ( ! sub-k+dom4 ,^! jo9ts or segm5ts lie "o beh9d ! o!r1 & are at fir/ alike2 b z 9 ! c\rse ( fur!r developm5t !y become adapt$ to v>i\s functions1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m becomes great]4 ,comp>e ! ,wood-bor] repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ed1 #b1 ) ! "y =m ( ! same animal 7,fig4 #ed1 #a74 ,! segm5ts (t5 fuse toge!r1 :i* br+s ab\t ! =mation ( a small] numb] ( subdivisions to ! body2 or ev5 all ! segm5ts may become unit$ 7mites74 ,9 ! la/ case ! ,ar?ropod *>act]s are only to be se5 9 ! jo9t+ ( ! limbs4 ,segm5t$ animals 7e4g4 ! common e>?worm7 are also f\nd among ! worms 7,sub-k+dom ,,iii4 ( ! ,animal ,k+dom72 b ^! worms h ei!r no limbs1 or only small unjo9t$ foot-/umps1 nev] jo9t$ limbs z 9 ! ,ar?ropods4 ,^! la/ are limbless or ) unjo9t$ foot-/umps only :5 "y2 :5 adult !y always h jo9t$ limbs4 ,! head ( ,ar?ropods be>s sev]al successive pairs ( jaws1 :i* move to & fro f "o side t[>ds ! o!r4 ,! cov]+ ( ! body consi/s ( h>d protective pieces2 x is only 9 ! "y condition t ! sk9 ( sev]al species is s(t4 ,ar?ropods h no int]nal skeleton2 ! muscles are atta*$ to ! sk94 ,! c5tral "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7p4 #aj71 :i* consi/s 9 ,v]tebrates ( bra9 & sp9al cord1 lies 9 ,ar?ropods almo/ entirely on ! v5tral side4 ,9 ! head is situat$ ! c]ebral ganglion1 a l>ge n]v\s mass re/+ on ! gullet1 & giv+ (f n]ves to ! eyes & feel]s4 ,besides ?is1 !re is a v5tral n]vecord on ! v5tral side ( ! animal1 runn+ bel[ ! gut1 & made up ( sev]al pairs ( ganglia1 unit$ ) "o ano!r by means ( n]ve fibres4 ,! ganglia ( ! v5tral cord s5d _! n]ves to ! jaws1 limbs1 muscles1 visc]a1 etc4 ,! c]ebral ganglion is connect$ ) ! fir/ v5tral ganglion by means ( a cord on ea* side ( ! gullet 7,fig4 #ef71 s t a r+-l /ructure is =m$4 ,! brea?+ organs are gills 9 "s ,ar?ropods 7! ,cru/acea1 e4g4 crayfi%1 crabs72 insects & c5tip$es brea! by air-tubes or tra*e1 :ile ! respiratory organs ( spid]-l animals1 :5 ^! d n brea! entirely by means ( ! sk91 are m or less /rongly modifi$ tra*e4 ,! /ructure ( ! tra*eal sy/em is g5]ally z foll[s3 on ea* side ( ! body !re is a r[ ( brea?+-holes1 or /igmata1 ?r\gh :i* ! air c ent] ! tra*e2 ^! are v mu* bran*$1 s t !y f9ally become v f9e tubes inve/+ ! v>i\s organs1 :i* 9 ?is way obta9 ! requisite am\nt ( oxyg54 ,! /igmata on "o side ( a cat]pill> are cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 & ^? ( a hornet l>va 9 ,fig4 #fa4 ,f\r classes belong to ?is sub-k+dom3 ,insecta 7,insects71 ,myriapoda 7c5tip$es1 etc471 ,ara*noidea 7spid]s1 scorpions1 etc471 ,cru/acea 7crayfi%1 crabs1 lob/]s1 etc474 ,,class ,i43 ,,insecta 7,,insects74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,a ,gras%opp]1 ) ! diff]5t regions ( ! body sep>at$ f "o ano!r4 ,a1 head2 ,b1 ?orax3 ,i41 pro?orax2 ,,ii41 meso?orax2 ,,iii41 meta?orax2 ,c1 abdom52 a1 ant5n2 b1 eyes2 c1 d1 e1 legs2 f1 g1 w+s2 p1 %ank2 q1 foot4 ,brea! by tra*e 7cp4 p4 #hd74 ,! segm5ts fuse into ?ree body regions 7,fig4 #eg74 ,^! are--7#a7 ! ,head1 be>+ ! eyes1 feel]s 7ant5n71 & jaws2 7#b7 ! ,?orax1 compos$ ( ?ree fus$ segm5ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ 7pro?orax7 be>s a pair ( legs1 :ile ! second 7meso?orax7 & ?ird 7meta?orax7 n only be> a pair ( legs ea*1 b also sometimes a pair ( w+s 9 addition2 7#c7 ! ,abdom51 :i* possesses no limbs1 & ( :i* ! numb] ( segm5ts is n always ! same4 ,^! ?ree regions ( ! body p]=m diff]5t functions2 ! head is conc]n$ ) s5sation & ! tak+ up ( food1 ! ?orax ) movem5t1 :ile ! abdom5 conta9s ! organs ( dige/ion & reproduction4 ,i w n[ deal some:at m fully ) ! diff]5t body regions ( an insect4 ,head4--,almo/ all insects h 9 ! adult /ate a comp\nd eye1 i4e4 an eye made up ( a l>ge numb] 7up to t5 ?\s&7 ( small] eyes4 ,9 _m insects "o f9ds 9 addition to ?is a few simple eyes on ! top ( ! head4 ,! feel]s are v unlike 9 diff]5t insects2 !y s]ve z organs ( t\*1 & p]haps also help "s o!r s5se4 ,! m\?-p>ts consi/ ( ?ree pairs ( jaws1 ( :i* ! fir/ 7! m&ibles7 & ! second pair 7maxill7 are freely movable f side to side1 :ile ! ?ird consi/s ( two jaws immovably fus$ toge!r 7l[] lip1 or labium74 ,a d[nw>d projection ( ! sk9 ( ! head 7! upp] lip1 or labrum7 ov]hangs ! ?ree pairs ( jaws 7,fig4 #eh74 ,9 insects :i* fe$ on solid matt]s1 te>+ or *ew+ !m1 ! jaws are %ort & %>p-edg$ 7bit+ m\?-p>ts72 9 ^? :i* take up fluid food 7blood1 ! juices ( plants1 etc47 !y are elongat$1 & adapt$ = lick+1 suck+1 or pi]c+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,head & ,m\?-p>ts ( a ,gr\nd ,beetle1 enl>g$ f\r times4 ,a1 f above2 ,b1 f bel[4 a1 labrum2 b1 m&ible2 f1 maxilla ) palpi 7g72 c1 labium ) palp 7e74 ,?orax4--,! names ( ! p>ts ( ! legs are = ! mo/ "p ^? us$ 9 ! case ( mammalian limbs2 ?\gh ! simil>ity betwe5 ! limbs ( ,mammals & ,insects is q sup]ficial4 ,! foll[+ p>ts are di/+ui%$ 9 ! leg ( an insect3 7#a7 ! g5]ally sph]ical hip 7coxa7 7,fig4 #ei1 a72 7#b7 ! v %ort tro*ant] 7b72 7#c7 ! elongat$ ?igh 7femur7 7c72 7#d7 ! %ank 7tibia7 provid$ ) movable sp9es at its tip 7d72 7#e7 ! ?ree- to five-jo9t$ foot 7t>sus7 7e71 ^: la/ jo9t ends 9 claws1 & (t5 also 9 flap-l outgr[?s4 ,! ,w+s are expansions ( ! sk91 :i* consi/ ( two lay]s4 ,!re are tra*e betwe5 ! upp] & l[] lamell4 ,at fir/ 79 ! pupa7 ! w+s are fold$ up2 b ! =c+ ( air into ! tra*e quickly causes !m to unfold4 ,a firm sub/ance is n[ deposit$ 9 ! l>g] tra*e1 :i* are ?us conv]t$ into ve9s or ribs giv+ support to ! w+s4 ,9 beetles ! =e w+s are q h>d & horny1 & s]ve = protect+ ! delicate h9d w+s & s(t back r ?an = flight2 !y are !re=e nam$ 8w+-cov]s0 7elytra74 ,9 _m insects ! =e w+s 7wasps7 or ! h9d w+s 7beetles1 gras%opp]s7 are fold$ :5 at re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,leg ( a ,gr\nd ,beetle 7 #b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,silkworm ,mo? 7,bombyx mori74 ,female mo?1 cat]pill>1 pupa & cocoon4 ,! abdom5 only be>s organs ( movem5t 9 cat]pill>s 7,fig4 #fj7 & a few o!r insects 9 ! "y condition1 & 9 ^! cases !y are n jo9t$ l ! true legs or 8?oracic feet10 b unjo9t$ pro-legs or 8abdom9al feet40 ,9 ! adult insect ! abdom5 may h ?read-l 7mole-cricket7 or p9c]-l 7e>wig7 app5dages2 or app5dages us$ 9 egg-lay+ 7ovipositors1 e4g4 ,locu/74 ,mo/ insects h great p[]s ( reproduction4 ,a few br+ =? liv+ "y1 b mo/ insects lay eggs4 ,x is only 9 a few 7e4g4 lice7 t animals exactly l _! p>5ts are hat*$ f ! eggs2 ! l>ge majority ( insects pass ?r\gh a *ange1 or metamorphosis4 ,a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 complete & incomplete metamorphosis4 ,x is said to be complete :5 ! insect passes ?r\gh a /age 9 :i* x takes up no food1 &1 z a rule1 moves b little4 ,9 ?is condition ( almo/ complete re/ ! insect is call$ a 8pupa0 7,figs4 #fj1 #fa1 #fe74 ,! metamorphosis is call$ incomplete :5 ! insect does n pass ?r\gh a pupa /age1 & !re=e fe$s & moves dur+ all ! p]iods ( its developm5t1 m]ely alt]+ its =m some:at dur+ its v>i\s m\lts 7,fig4 #fb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,! ,hornet 7,vespa crabro71 ) l>va & pupa4 ,! ^w 8m\lt0 mu/ "h be expla9$4 ,! cov]+ ( ! sk9 ( ,ar?ropods consi/s ( h>d p>ts incapable ( be+ /ret*$4 ,at ! end ( a def9ite p]iod ( "t ?is firm cov]+ is /ripp$ (f & replac$ by a new inve/m5t1 s(t at fir/1 b aft]w>ds becom+ h>d4 ,9 ?is way gr[? c be effect$ 9 spite ( ! h>d integum5t4 ,ev]yone mu/ h notic$ at "s "t or o!r ! m\lt+ ( cat]pill>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,! ,migratory ,gras%opp] 7,acrydium migratorium74 ,l>va & adult female4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,loop] ,cat]pill>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,false ,cat]pill>4 ,9 insects ) incomplete metamorphosis ! =m ( ! animal alt]s a little at e m\lt1 becom+ m & m l t ( ! adult insect4 ,9 ! la/ m\lt b "o small imp]fect w+s appe> 7,fig4 #fb1 left71 & fully develop$ w+s are only pres5t aft] ! la/ m\lt4 ,! ovipositors ( female insects1 9 ^? cases :]e ! metamorphosis is incomplete1 fir/ appe> z fully develop$ organs 9 ! p]fect condition ( ! animal1 b beg9 to develop 9 ! prec$+ /age4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d ( metamorphosis ! "y insect 78l>va07 closely resembles ! adult 9 =m ev5 9 ! fir/ /age ( developm5t4 ,9 insects und]go+ complete metamorphosis ! diff]5ce betwe5 l>va & adult insect 7imago7 is mu* great] 7,figs4 #fj1 #fa1 #fe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,! ,common ,cock*af] 7,melolon?a vulg>is74 ,l>va1 pupa1 female fly+1 & male creep+ out ( ! e>?4 ,! "t pass$ 9 ! pupa /ate by insects ) complete metamorphosis is by no means always ( ! same l5g?4 ,= example1 !re are two g5]ations annually ( ! cabbage :ite butt]fly2 "o lives ?r\gh ! w9t] 9 ! pupa /ate1 ! pup ( ! o!r are f\nd 9 summ]4 ,s t :ile an insect ( ! w9t] g5]ation lives ab\t half a ye> 9 ! pupa /ate1 ?is condition la/s only ab\t a mon? 9 ! summ] g5]ation4 ,a high] temp]ature ha/5s ! developm5t4 ,al?\gh ! insect 9 ! pupa /ate takes no food1 x nev]!less brea!s1 & !re=e cont9ually uses up body sub/ance4 ,?is us+ up only takes place to a small ext5t h[ev]1 s9ce ! animal moves b little4 ,f :5ce1 !n1 does ! pupa get ! mat]ial to cov] ! loss ( body sub/ance8 ,9 ! l>val condition ! insect takes f> m food ?an x requires = ! developm5t ( its body1 & f ?is excess x builds up res]ve /uffs1 :i* are deposit$ 9 ! s-call$ 8fat-bodies0 ( ! l>va4 ,^! res]ve mat]ials are re-absorb$ dur+ ! pupa /ate1 & s]ve to ma9ta9 ! brea?+4 ,consequ5tly a pupa t has j be5 =m$ moves m ?an ano!r "o j ab\t to become a butt]fly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,l>va ( a ,weevil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,a ,hov] ,fly 7,syrphus pyra/i74 ,fly1 maggot1 & pupa case4 ,! l>v & pup ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( insects :i* und]go a complete metamorphosis h n ! same %ape ( body4 ,among ! l>v may be di/+ui%$ cat]pill>s1 grubs1 & maggots4 ,! cat]pill>s 7,fig4 #fj7 h a cle>ly m>k$ head ) h>d cov]+1 ?ree pairs ( jo9t$ ?oracic legs1 & a v>y+ numb] ( unjo9t$ pro-legs4 ,!y are usually v>iegat$ or gre5 9 col\r1 & are divid$ into true cat]pill>s & false cat]pill>s 7,figs4 #fj1 #fc1 & #fd74 ,! fir/1 aft] ! re/+ pupa /age1 become butt]flies or mo?s2 ! latt] saw-flies4 ,! true cat]pill>s h two to five pairs ( pro-legs1 ! false cat]pill>s six to eight pairs4 ,reckon+ 9 ! ?oracic legs1 !re=e1 ! true cat]pill>s h altoge!r five to eight1 ! false cat]pill>s n9e to elev5 pairs4 ,! head ( ! latt] is m r\nd$1 :ile t ( ! =m] is m flatt5$4 ,! way 9 :i* cat]pill>s walk dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( _! legs4 ,if ?is is fairly l>ge s t mo/ ( ! segm5ts ( ! body are provid$ ) legs1 ! :ole body rema9s tol]ably ext5d$ dur+ progression4 ,b if ! numb] is small--z 9 ! loop] cat]pill>s1 :]e !re are ?ree pairs ( ?oracic legs at ! ant]ior end1 & at ! po/]ior end only a t]m9al pair ( legs 7! caudal pro-legs7 & ano!r pair 9 front ( !m--! middle legless region is /rongly b5t dur+ locomotion 7,fig4 #fc74 ,h5ce ! "n 8loop]40 ,! loop]s (t5 b5d _! bodies 9 a *>act]i/ic way4 ,:5 at re/ ! h9d] "p is coil$ up spirally2 b z soon z ! animals are al>m$ !y ?r[ ! h9d] "p ( ! body upw>ds & =w>ds & ev5 ov] ! head4 ,! grubs 7,figs4 #ff & #fi1 left7 h inde$1 l ! cat]pill>s1 a cle>ly visible h>d head1 b no *>act]i/ic abdom9al legs1 or at mo/ a pair ( suck] feet at ! end ( ! body 7wireworms74 ,?oracic legs are pres5t 9 sev]al grubs 7cock*af] l>v1 wireworms1 leaf beetles72 9 o!rs 7l>v ( weevils & fleas7 !y are entirely abs5t4 ,maggots are ^? entirely footless insect l>v :i* d n possess a head cle>ly m>k$ (f f ! re/ ( ! body1 & ! head-end ( :i* is only to be recogniz$ by ! pres5ce ( ! m\? & m\?-p>ts4 ,pup are enclos$ 9 a case :i* ei!r only fa9tly indicates ! outl9e ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! adult insect1 or else closely surr\nds e "p ( ! body--w+s1 legs1 ant5n1 & ev5 ! m\?-p>ts & eyes4 ,pup ( ! fir/ k9d are t]m$ obtectate 7,fig4 #fj72 ^? ( ! second1 free 7,figs4 #fa1 #fe74 ,_m pup are nak$1 o!rs are surr\nd$ by a web 7cocoon7 spun by ! l>va 7,fig4 #fj74 ,!re are also pup di/+ui%$ by ! peculi>ity t :5 ! insect has liv$ ?r\gh ! maggot-/age x does n /rip (f its integum5t1 b turns into a pupa inside ! %rivell$ maggot-sk91 f :i* ! p]fect insect lat] on breaks out 7,fig4 #fg74 ,! class ( insects c be divid$ into elev5 ord]s3 7#a7 ,coleopt]a 7,beetles72 7#b7 ,or?opt]a 7,gras%opp]s1 ,locu/s72 7#c7 ,neuropt]a 7,dragon-flies72 7#d7 ,hym5opt]a 7,bees1 ,ants1 ,saw-flies72 7#e7 ,lepidopt]a 7,butt]flies & ,mo?s72 7#f7 ,hemipt]a 7,aphides1 ,bugs72 7#g7 ,physopoda 7,?rips72 7#h7 ,dipt]a 7,flies ) two w+s72 7#i7 ,aphanipt]a 7,fleas72 7#aj7 ,p$icul9a 7,lice72 7#aa7 ,collembola 7,spr+-tails & ,tassel-tails74 ,,ord] ,i43 ,coleopt]a 7,,beetles74 ,beetles 7,fig4 #fe7 are insects ) bit+ m\?-p>ts1 & /rongly develop$ pro?orax unit$ ) ! meso?orax s z to p]mit free movem5t4 ,! =e w+s are 9 ! =m ( h>d cov]s1 leav+ expos$ only ! head1 neck-%ield 7i4e4 ! dorsal side ( ! pro?orax71 a ?ree-corn]$ bit ( ! meso?orax 7scutellum71 & sometimes ! tip ( ! abdom54 ,flight is effect$ by ! h9d w+s alone1 :i* 9 a /ate ( re/ are drawn back "u ! w+-cov]s4 ,! metamorphosis is complete2 ! l>v are legless1 or ) ?oracic legs only1 & h a h>d head ) bit+ m\?-p>ts2 *ange into free pup 7p4 #ic74 ,family3 ,c>abid 7,gr\nd ,beetles74 ,usually elongat$1 sl5d]2 ) long sl5d] legs1 five-jo9t$ t>si1 elev5-jo9t$ ant5n1 p[]ful jaws 7,figs4 #fh1 #fi74 ,run rapidly2 usually keep on ! gr\nd2 hide !mselves dur+ ! day1 b are v active at night2 ) v few exceptions fe$ entirely on o!r insects2 :5 t\*$ squirt an acrid /9k+ fluid out ( ! abdom54 ,l>v longi%1 six-legg$1 ) %ort ant5n & %>p jaws1 ) a few exceptions live exclusively on o!r insects & l[] animals4 ,sev]al species are ( s]vice1 bo? 9 ! adult & l>val conditions1 s9ce !y de/roy injuri\s insects1 e4g4 surface cat]pill>s1 wireworms1 cock*af]s1 grubs1 crane-fly l>v4 ,! foll[+ d good 9 cultivat$ fields3 ,gold5 ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c>abus auratus71 ,g>d5 ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c4 hort5sis71 ,granulat$ ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c4 granulatus71 ,cross-b>r$ ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c4 cancellatus71 ,field ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c4 nemoralis71 ,l>ge-head$ ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,cephalotes vulg>is71 species ( ,h>palus1 ,pt]o/i*us1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,a ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,c>abus auronit5s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,corn ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,zabrus gibbus7 & l>va4 ,! only de/ructive =m is ! ,corn ,gr\nd ,beetle 7,zabrus gibbus1 ,fig4 #fi72 %ort1 ?ick-set2 back black2 belly1 legs1 & ant5n d>k br[n4 ,l>va cyl9drical1 slightly hairy1 br[n1 ) yell[i% :ite belly2 head broad & flatt5$1 black4 ,! beetles 7,june1 ,july7 usually rema9 hidd5 9 ! soil dur+ ! day1 climb+ up ! /alks ( b>ley1 :eat1 & rye dur+ ! ev5+ & 9 dull wea!r1 & eat+ ! gra9 9 ! e>4 ,! l>v rema9 dur+ ! day 9 v]tical holes :i* !y dig out2 b at night & dur+ dull wea!r !y dev\r ! ov]gr\nd p>ts ( ! gra9-plants m5tion$ above1 especially ! he>ts ( "y plants4 ,!y are de/ructive bo? 9 autumn & spr+1 damag+ w9t] & summ] gra94 ,! l>val condition is ma9ta9$ = ?ree ye>s1 ! animal !n turn+ into a pupa dur+ ,july4 ,its ravages are limit$ to special ye>s4 ,rem$y3 ,s[+ oats1 peas1 or vet*es1 or plant+ potatoes 9 fields infe/$ by ! beetles or _! l>v2 collect+ ! beetles 9 ! ev5+ :5 !y are 9 ! e>s4 ,family3 ,/aphyl9id 7,rove ,beetles74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,rove ,beetle 7,/aphyl9us ery?ropt]us74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,! ,black ,bury+ ,beetle 7,silpha atrata7 & l>va4 ,usually elongat$1 small 7,fig4 #gj74 ,! %ort truncat$ w+-cov]s leave ! :ole ( ! abdom5 expos$4 ,! rove beetles resemble ! e>wigs 9 _! appe>ance & 9 a way !y h ( frequ5tly lift+ up ! h9d] end ( ! body & turn+ x =w>ds4 ,t>si five-jo9t$1 jaws /rongly develop$4 ,! six-legg$ l>v resemble ^? ( ! gr\nd beetles1 b h a relatively l>ge head4 ,! beetles live ?r\gh ! w9t]2 ! metamorphosis takes place 9 autumn4 ,live on ! gr\nd "u fall5 leaves1 also "u ! b>k ( trees2 9 c>cases4 ,"s *iefly eat insects liv+ 9 ! soil & noxi\s insects2 o!rs1 dung & decompos+ matt]4 7,species ( ,/aphyl9us1 & ( ,ocypus1 e4g4 ,o4 ol5s1 ! ,devil's ,coa* ,horse47 ,sev]al are ( s]vice4 ,a few dev\r ! p>ts ( plants4 ,an?obium torquatum is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! fl[]s ( rape1 dev\r+ ! petals1 /am5s1 & poll54 ,family3 ,silphid 7,bury+1 or ,sexton ,beetles74 ,! ant5n ei!r ?ick5 gradually or h only ! end-jo9ts l>g]2 body flat2 head project+2 t>si five-jo9t$4 ,! bury+ beetles & _! l>v fe$ on dead animals4 ,a few 7sp4 ( ,necrophorus7 bury ! :ole animal 9 ! e>?1 & lay _! eggs 9 x4 ,fail+ c>rion1 "s ( !m c live on vegetable food2 ^! sometimes d h>m4 ,o!rs pref] liv+ insects & snails4 ,!y are ( s]vice 9 ! economy ( nature by do+ away ) /9k+ bodies4 ,! foll[+ are sometimes h>mful3 ,black ,bury+ ,beetle 7,silpha atrata1 ,fig4 #ga71 ! l>v ( :i* (t5 d mu* damage 9 fields ( beetroot2 ,silpha opaca 7,beet ,c>rion ,beetle71 & ,s4 reticulata1 :i*1 9 ! adult condition1 may d h>m to sev]al k9ds ( plants4 ,rem$ies ne$ n be consid]$1 z x is only r>ely !y increase s l>gely z to make ! supply ( c>rion insuffici5t1 & consequ5tly attack plants4 ,family3 ,nitidulid 7,%9e ,beetles74 ,small4 ,ant5n club-%ap$1 elev5-jo9t$4 ,t>si five-jo9t$4 ,a few species live on c>rion & on fungi1 o!rs "u ! b>k ( trees1 a few 9 fl[]s4 ,to ^! la/ belongs ! ,turnip ,fl[] ,beetle 7,melige!s neus72 some:at convex1 elongat$ oval2 %9+ metallic gre5i% black1 f9ely dott$4 ,occurs 9 ! infloresc5ces ( turnip1 rape1 & alli$ species2 also 9 ! fl[]s ( mu/>d1 *>lock1 & simil> crucif]s1 & species ( butt]cup 7,ranunculus74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( spr+1 ! turnip-fl[] beetle bores into ! buds ( turnip1 rape1 etc41 &1 lat] on1 attacks ! fl[]s4 ,x p]=ates ! petals1 dev\rs ! /am5s & poll51 &1 la/ly1 ! pi/il4 ,! infe/$ fl[]s )]4 ,?ree to f\r beetles are (t5 f\nd 9 a s+le fl[]4 ,! female soon lays h] eggs1 sep>ately1 9 ! ov>y ( ! fl[]4 ,"o to two weeks lat] ! l>v may be f\nd 9 ! fl[]s1 "o or m 9 ea*4 ,! l>v1 "o-fiftie? ( an in* long to beg9 )1 are1 :5 ready to become pup1 ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* long1 cyl9drical1 yell[i% :ite ) blacki% br[n head2 !y h ?ree pairs ( %ort ?oracic legs1 z well z a pair ( caudal pro-legs4 ,ea* segm5t ( ! body has two d>k blot*es on its upp] side4 ,on an av]age1 ! l>v rea* _! full size 9 f\r to five weeks4 ,!y are fir/ f\nd at ! bottom ( ! fl[]1 :]e !y gnaw ! /am5s & ov>y4 ,!y !n w&] f fl[] to fl[]1 until ready to become pup4 ,if !re are no m fl[]s 9 ! neighb\rhood !y attack ! develop+ pods1 fir/ gnaw ! gre5 husk1 !n bore ?r\gh x & dev\r ! "y se$s4 ,become pup 9 ! soil4 ,! beetle em]ges aft] a f\rte5 days' pupa re/4 ,at lea/ two1 usually ?ree1 sometimes f\r g5]ations4 ,rem$y3 ,root+ out *>lock & ! species ( butt]cup4 ,selection ( /rongly gr[+ v>ieties ( turnip1 rape1 etc41 :i* blossom late 7& !re=e soon f9i% bloom+74 ,drill-culture4 ,family3 ,cryptophagid 7,secret-eat+ ,beetles74 ,v m9ute4 ,ant5n compos$ ( elev5 jo9ts1 ( :i* ! ?ree la/ =m a club4 ,legs wide ap>t2 t>si five-jo9t$4 ,live 9 fl[]s1 fungi1 dead p>ts ( plants1 "u b>k1 9 ! e>?1 9 humblebees' & ants' ne/s1 etc4 ,! ,beet ,beetle 7,atom>ia l9e>is7 is h>mful3 longi%1 egg-%ap$1 /rongly convex2 neck-%ield z long z broad4 ,br[ni% black or d>k br[n4 ,9 fields :]e beet is cultivat$ = sev]al ye>s 9 succession1 ! beetles (t5 increase 9 a prodigi\s way4 ,!y attack ! se$l+s1 & dev\r ! base ( ! /alk j bel[ ! surface ( ! soil1 sometimes bit+ x half ?r\gh4 ,! attack$ se$l+s (t5 die ev5 be=e ! cotyl$ons appe> above ! surface ( ! soil4 ,look+1 !re=e1 9 spr+ at fields infe/$ by ! beet beetle1 ! se$l+s w appe> q normally develop$ 9 "s few places1 :ile 9 "s o!r places !re may be no plants at all3 9 _m spots1 aga91 small plants w be se5 be>+ only se$-leaves1 )]$ & yell[4 ,^! _c be pull$ out ( ! gr\nd1 = !y break (f at ! place gnaw$ by ! beetle4 ,x is (t5 necess>y to give two or ?ree successive s[+s1 z ! "y crop is attack$ aga9 & aga94 ,! l>va ( ! beet beetle is /ill unkn[n1 ?\gh ?is und\bt$ly develops 9 ! beet-fields4 ,rem$y3 ,suitable rotation4 ,:5 ! conditions w n p]mit ?is1 ! se$ mu/ be s[n ?ickly1 s t z _m se$l+s z possible may rema9 s\nd1 %\ld ! beetles ex]t _! de/ructive influ5ce 9 ! spr+4 ,family3 ,lamellicornia 7,*af]s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;a1 ,ant5n ( male2 b1 ( female ,cock*af]4 ,body /rong1 /\t 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! fir/ jo9ts ( ! ant5n h ! usual %ape2 ! la/1 ?ree to sev51 are v %ort1 b broad5$ out on ! inn] side into leaf-l app5dages1 s t ! end ( ! ant5n is fan-%ap$ 7,fig4 #gb74 ,! little leaves are laid toge!r :5 at re/1 s z to =m a club-%ap$ ?ick5$ end2 9 flight1 & :5 ! att5tion ( ! beetle is excit$1 !y are spread out l a fan4 ,legs /rong2 feet five-jo9t$4 ,flight rapid1 some:at awkw>d4 ,l>v ?ick2 body cyl9drical1 b curv$2 head h>d1 br[n2 re/ ( ! body ?9-sk9n$ & yell[i% :ite4 ,! fir/ ?ree segm5ts ( ! body be> legs4 ,! curv$ l>v c move ab\t 9 ! soil1 b n on ! surface4 ,! beetles & l>v dev\r vegetable sub/ances2 a comp>atively small numb] ( species fe$ on dung4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;a1 abdom5 ( ,common2 b1 ( ,horse-*e/nut ,cock*af]4 ,! ,common ,cock*af] 7,melolon?a vulg>is7 w s]ve z a type ( ! lamellicorns 7,fig4 #fe74 ,! la/ segm5t ( ! body =ms a gradually tap]+ process4 ,! club ( ! ant5n ) sev5 l>ge leaflets 9 ! male1 & six small] leaflets 9 ! female 7,fig4 #gb74 ,head1 neck-%ield1 entire v5tral surface1 & legs1 black2 al?\gh ^! p>ts1 ) ! exception ( ! head1 may be r$di% br[n4 ,_m specim5s are ?ickly clo!d ) num]\s :ite hairs2 o!rs are almo/ hairless4 ,! beetles usually appe> dur+ ,may1 b sometimes by mid ,april1 & sometimes n till ! beg9n+ ( ,june4 ,9 ! ev5+ !y leave ! soil & seek ! neighb\r+ trees4 ,!y dev\r ! leaves & especially ! buds ( oak1 horse-*e/nut1 bee*1 popl>1 will[1 *]ry1 & o!r =e/ & fruit trees1 b sp>e ! lime & g5]ally ! morel *]ry4 ,( conif]\s trees x only dev\rs ! ne$les ( l>* & ! "y %oots ( p9e4 ,among cabbage-l plants x only dev\rs rape4 ,9 8*af] ye>s0 ! cock*af] becomes a v]itable sc\rge to ! f>m]4 ,= ! purpose ( lay+ h] eggs 7ab\t =ty 9 numb]71 ! female selects by pref]5ce a f]tile soil ri* 9 humus1 b w also put up ) a dry s&y soil4 ,! grubs dev\r ! grass & clov]-roots 9 mead[s1 &1 9 cultivat$ fields1 ! roots ( gra9-plants1 peas1 & beans1 rape1 cabbage1 etc41 also turnips & potatoes2 9 g>d5s ! roots ( _m vegetables & fl[]s1 &1 9 p>ticul>1 ! und]gr\nd p>ts ( /rawb]ry plants4 ,if1 on poor s&y soil1 !y c get no?+ else1 !y dev\r ! b>k ( oak & fir4 ,cock*af]s take ?ree to f\r ye>s = _! developm5t3 f\r 9 ,engl&1 ,nor? ,g]many1 & ,c5tral ,g]many2 ?ree 9 ,s\? ,france1 ,switz]l&1 ! ,rh9e di/rict1 & ,holl&4 ,9 regions :]e ! insect is abundant1 e ?ird or f\r? ye> is a 8*af]ye>10 :5 ! beetles appe> 9 millions1 :ile sc>cely a cock*af] c be f\nd 9 ! int]v5+ ye>s4 ,9 di/ricts less infe/$ !re is n ! same m>k$ di/9ction4 ,x !re=e appe>s t cock*af]s & _! l>v are to be reckon$ z injuri\s insects3 _! occurr5ce1 h[ev]1 is local4 ,natural enemies3 moles1 %rews1 bats1 foxes1 cr[-l birds1 />l+s1 sp>r[s1 owls1 & ! l>ge species ( gr\nd-beetle4 ,w9t] floods d no h>m to ! grubs1 :i* are !n deep 9 ! gr\nd1--b ?is is n ! case ) floods occurr+ 9 summ]1 :5 !y are ne> ! surface eat+ ! roots ( ! plants4 ,rem$ies3 ,collect+ ! grubs turn$ up dur+ pl\gh+4 ,cat*+ ! cock*af]s2 ?is is v exp5sive1 s9ce x has to be done v en]getically if mo/ ( !m h left ! pupa/age4 ,a "p ( ! exp5se may1 h[ev]1 be rec\p$ by us+ ! cock*af]s z manure4 ,! ,horse-*e/nut ,cock*af] 7,melolon?a hippoca/ani7 has a %ort sl5d] caudal process1 some:at broad] at ! tip 7,fig4 #gc74 ,its habits are 9 no way diff]5t f ^? ( ! prec$+ species4 ,! ,buck:eat ,beetle 7,phyllop]?a horticola71 "o-?ird to "o-fif? ( an in* long1 )\t a caudal process4 ,%9+ blacki% gre51 ) yell[i% br[n elytra4 ,d>k-col\r$ specim5s are also f\nd4 ,! beetles appe> 9 ,june2 9 "s ye>s !y occur1 l cock*af]s1 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,habits ( ! beetle & ( ! small grub n m>k$ly diff]5t f ^? ( ! cock*af]4 ,! ,rye ,*af] 7,anisoplia fruticola71 some:at l>g] ?an ! buck:eat beetle1 9 o!r respects v l x1 b ) a sn\t-l projection ( ! ?ick5$ sk9 ( ! head4 ,d>k bronzy gre51 :iti% on ! "u side4 ,w+-cov]s yell[i% br[n4 ,on poor s&y soil1 on ! fl[]+ e>s ( rye4 ,! beetles gnaw ! fl[]s4 ,! ,g>d5 ,*af] 7,anisoplia horticola7 is closely relat$ to ! prec$+4 ,! grub is v h>mful to pa/ures4 ,family3 ,elat]id 7,click ,beetles74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,! ,skipjack 7,agriotes l9eatus73 #a1 magnifi$ l>va1 bel[ x ! "u side ( ! tip ( ! abdom5 & ! l>va1 natural size2 #b1 ! beetle2 #c1 "u side ( ! head ( ! l>va1 /rongly magnifi$4 a1 maxilla2 b1 l[] lip2 d1 labial palp2 e1 k1 inn] & out] maxill>y palps2 f1 ant5n4 ,! ,click ,beetles 7,fig4 #gd7 are longi%1 ( equal bread? all along1 tol]ably blunt at ! h9d end4 ,neck-%ield /rongly develop$4 ,ant5n 8s]rat$10 i4e4 made up ( ?ree-corn]$ jo9ts4 ,feet five-jo9t$4 ,look+ at ! "u side a sp9e may be se5 on ! h9d] m>g9 ( ! pro?orax 7,fig4 #ge1 b71 & on ! meso?orax 7c7 a furr[ :i* receives ! sp9e :5 ! body is ext5d$1 b ! sp9e is drawn out ( x if ! pro?orax & meso?orax are lift$ up f any?+ !y happ5 to re/ on 7,fig4 #ge74 ,a skipjack t has fall5 ^u its back fir/ draws its ant5n & legs close to its body1 & !n b5ds ?is 9 su* a way t ! head & pro?orax make an angle ) ! re/ ( ! ?orax & ! abdom54 ,9 ?is way ! junction ( ! pro?orax & meso?orax is lift$ up1 & ! sp9e drawn z f> z possible out ( ! furr[4 ,z soon z ! beetle has tak5 up ?is attitude1 x c spr+ back into its usual position by lift+ ! two ends ( ! body & press+ ! sp9e =cibly back into ! furr[1 :]eby x is j]k$ aga9/ ! gr\nd ) su* a %ock t its ela/icity makes x spr+ into ! air1 :]e x turns r\nd & comes d[n aga9 v5tral side bel[4 ,! l>v 78wireworms10 ,fig4 #gd1 #a7 are l meal-worms1 elongat$1 always flatt5$ on ! v5tral side1 & sometimes on ! dorsal side z well4 ,! head is d>k br[n1 ! twelve rema9+ segm5ts ( ! body yell[ to yell[i% br[n2 ! fir/ ?ree segm5ts ( ! body be> ?ree pairs ( v small legs2 ! la/ segm5t has a pair ( caudal pro-legs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,a ,skipjack ly+ on its back & ab\t to spr+ up4 a1 head2 b1 sp9e ( ! pro?orax2 c1 meso?orax2 d1 meta?orax2 e1 abdom54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,gra9-plants s[n deep & %all[2 a wireworm is dev\r+ ! und]gr\nd "p ( ! /em ( ! fir/4 ,_m species ( click beetle are q h>mless1 s9ce !y only dev\r decay+ vegetable matt]1 ei!r 9 humus or 9 ! rott+ sub/ance ( dy+ trees4 ,!re are also species1 h[ev]1 ! l>v ( :i* fe$ on ! liv+ roots ( plants4 ,! wireworms ( ,lacon mur9us1 :i* are tol]ably ?ick & h a flatt5$ tip to ! abdom51 dev\r ! roots ( fruit trees1 rose-bu%es1 v>i\s vegetables 7lettuce1 cabbage1 onions1 turnips7 & fl[]s2 !y are pr9cipally to be f\nd 9 g>d5 soils ri* 9 humus4 ,! relatively small hairless wireworms :i* d great damage1 especially to gra9-plants1 b also to potatoes1 c>rots1 turnips1 rape1 hops1 & almo/ all ! plants ( our arable l&1 belong to ,agriotes l9eatus or ,a4 obscurus2 ! l>g] & m hairy wireworms de/ructive 9 cultivat$ l& almo/ all belong to ,a?\s hmorrhoidalis or a relat$ species4 ,! species nam$ above also d mu* damage 9 mead[s & grass l&4 ,^? fields are mo/ infe/$ :i* bore grass or clov] ! prec$+ ye>4 ,wireworms are usually m de/ructive 9 dry soil ?an 9 wet4 ,!y dev\r all und]gr\nd p>ts1 b specially pref] fle%y organs 7potatoes1 turnips71 z well z ! und]gr\nd /em-p>ts ( gra9-plants1 work+ !mselves up f ! soil into ! inside ( ! l[] "p ( ! haulm1 :]e !y de/roy ! plant by gnaw+ its base4 ,!y also (t5 de/roy1 9 "y gra9-plants1 ! region ( ! /em :i* ext5ds f ! rema9s ( ! se$ to ! surface 7,fig4 #gf1 left74 ,9 bo? cases ! plant is kill$ by ! wireworms2 ! injur+ ( ! roots is less fatal4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 %all[ s[+ only a small piece ( und]gr\nd /em is expos$ to ! attacks ( wireworms1 9 deep s[+ a mu* l>g] piece2 besides ?is1 a plant :i* has be5 s[n %all[ develops e>li] a /rong mass ( roots1 & 9 its "y /ate c !re=e (f] a great] resi/ance to ! de/ructive influ5ce4 ,s9ce wireworms require f\r or five ye>s = _! developm5t1 ! same field is infe/$ by !m ! :ole ye>4 ,! greate/ damage is done 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,:5 wireworms h gnaw$ into ! l[] "p ( ! haulm1 ! l[] leaves fir/ turn yell[1 & ! dea? ( ! :ole plant soon foll[s4 ,rem$ies3 ,repeat$ pl\gh+ ( fields infe/$ by wireworms1 s t rooks1 />l+s1 wagtails1 gulls1 etc41 c dev\r !m4 ,p]haps1 too1 _m l>v are froz54 ,s[+ ! se$ z %all[ z possible on infe/$ fields 7,fig4 #gf74 ,wa/e potatoes may be us$ z a means ( draw+ !m f ! crop4 ,family3 ,curculionid 7,weevils74 ,mo/ species are small4 ,head l5g!n$ into a proboscis 7,fig4 #gi1 #c72 ! jaws are f\nd at ! front end ( ! proboscis1 ! eyes at its base4 ,! ant5n1 :i* 9 mo/ species are b5t l a knee1 & are always ?ick5$ at ! tip1 are atta*$ to ! front end1 middle1 or h9d] end ( ! proboscis4 ,! w+-cov]s usually ext5d to ! tip ( ! abdom51 & clasp x 9 sev]al species4 ,feet f\r-jo9t$4 ,weevils are mo/ly sluggi%2 _m k9ds d n fly at all2 o!rs only dur+ ! bre$+ season4 ,:5 di/urb$ !y let !mselves fall to ! gr\nd z if dead4 ,almo/ )\t exception ! females lay _! eggs )9 plants1 bor+ a hole by means ( _! proboscis1 & %ov+ 9 ! egg4 ,! :iti% l>v 7,fig4 #ff7 are m or less curv$ & limbless1 ) h>d br[ni% heads4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,! ,bean ,beetle 7,bru*us rufimanus7 & beans gnaw$ by x4 ,! ,se$ ,beetles 7,bru*us7 h a v %ort sn\t4 ,body %ort1 ?ick-set1 almo/ f\r-corn]$4 ,! w+-cov]s leave ! h9d] "p ( ! body expos$4 ,! female lays h] eggs 9 ! se$s ( legum9\s plants4 ,! l>va holl[s out "o or sev]al1 becom+ a pupa 9 ! "o la/ inhabit$4 ,"h belong ! ,pea ,beetle 7,b4 pisi71 ! two ,bean ,beetles 7,b4 rufimanus & ,b4 gran>ius71 ( :i* ! la/-nam$ also lives 9 vet*es & *ickl+ peas1 & ! ,l5til ,beetle 7,b4 l5tis74 ,! ,pea ,beetle 7,b4 pisi7 is black1 ) br[n hairy cov]+ fleck$ ) :ite4 ,l all o!r species ( se$ beetle1 x becomes a pupa 9 ! la/ se$ inhabit$ by ! l>va1 & ! pupa *anges into a beetle 9 autumn4 ,a pea inhabit$ by su* an insect c be recogniz$ by a black transluc5t pat*1 s9ce ! beetle has become a pupa imm$iately "u ! se$-coat4 ,late ! foll[+ spr+ ! beetle crawls out4 ,z ! beetles are usually /ill 9 ! peas at ! "t ( s[+1 ! process br+s !m into ! fields4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! beetles crawl out1 !y lay _! eggs 9 ! ov>ies ( ! fl[]s ( ! pea-plants1 :i* h mean:ile develop$4 ,! rem$ies are1 consequ5tly1--late s[+ ( ! peas1 or kill+ ! beetles 9 !m by exposure 7= two m9utes7 to a temp]ature ( #abb ,fahr41 or = t5 m9utes to sulphur dioxide fumes 9 a clos$ space4 ,! rema9+ ?ree species ( ,bru*us h ! same habits z ! bean beetle1 b ! insect (t5 creeps out mu* e>li]1 s t ! se$s d n require treatm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--;,attacks ( ,pea ,weevil3 a1 b1 on pea leaves2 c1 on a bean leaflet4 ,! ,pea ,weevil 7,sitones l9eatus74 ,longi%1 ) grey scales on a black backgr\nd4 ,neck-%ield ) ?ree longitud9al /reaks1 w+-cov]s ) dott$ l9es4 ,^! weevils appe> at ! fir/ beg9n+ ( spr+ on peas1 field & g>d5 beans1 clov]1 & vet*es4 ,!y gnaw ! leaf-m>g9s ( ! t5d] plants1 & always 9 su* a way z to pres5t a too!d appe>ance 7,fig4 #gh74 ,x (t5 happ5s t 9 a l>ge field "o c sc>cely f9d a pea-leaf ) un9jur$ m>g94 ,:5 ! plants are some:at gr[n ! damage done by ! weevils is ( no fur!r importance2 b if ! plants1 :5 /ill v "y1 are prev5t$ f gr[+ rapidly by reason ( r\gh cold wea!r or unfav\rable conditions ( soil1 :ile at ! same "t ! weevils cont9ue _! attacks1 ! small leaves w be completely de/roy$1 & ! plants w p]i%4 ,! l>v gnaw ! roots ( ! plants infe/$ by ! weevils4 ,rem$y3 rational rotation4 ,! ,m\se-too? ,weevils 7,b>is1 or ,b>idius74 ,small1 tol]ably elongat$ weevils ) fairly long neck-%ield 7,fig4 #gi74 ,develop 9 crucif]\s plants4 ,! ,rape ,m\se-too? ,weevil 7,b4 *loris74 ,%9+ gre54 ,leaves 9 spr+ its hid+-place 9 ! soil2 ! female !n lays h] eggs 9 ! leaf-axils or /em ( rape or turnip4 ,! l>va eats out passages 9 ! /em & bran*es2 9 ,july x becomes a pupa 9 ! inside ( ! /em2 9 late summ] ! beetle appe>s1 & quickly creeps into ! soil4 ,rem$y3 ,pull+ up & burn+ ! rape & turnip /ubble1 :i* h>b\rs ! weevil4 ,! ,pit*y ,m\se-too? ,weevil 7,b4 pic9a71 "o-six? ( an in* long1 %9+ black4 ,simil> habits to ! previ\s species2 b lives exclusively 9 head$ cabbage & caulifl[]1 nev] 9 rape & turnip4 ,! ,cress ,m\se-too? ,weevil 7,b4 lepidii71 black ) blue or gre5i%-blue back1 "o-eigh? ( an in* long4 ,lives 9 ! /ems ( caulifl[] & g>d5 cress4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,m\se-too? ,weevil 7,b>idius *loris74 #a1 l>va2 drawn on ! left1 natural size1--above1 ! magnifi$ head3 #b1 pupa1 magnifi$3 #c1 beetle2 drawn ( ! natural size above3 a41 eye2 g1 ant5n>y groove ) ant5na n drawn back4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,turnip ,gall ,weevil 7,ceutorhyn*us sulcicollis74 ,! ,gall ,weevils 7,ceutorhyn*us7 are v small beetles ) ?ick-set bodies4 ,9 a /ate ( re/ ! proboscis is fold$ back into a v5tral furr[1 situat$ betwe5 ! =e-hips4 ,!y are black1 & ?ickly cov]$ ) grey hairs4 ,live on crucif]\s plants4 ,! ,turnip ,gall ,weevil 7,ceutorhyn*us sulcicollis71 "o-eigh? ( an in* long1 dull black1 ) _m grey hairs on ! v5tral side & few on ! dorsal side4 ,! deeply pitt$ neck-%ield has 9 its c5tre a well-m>k$ longitud9al furr[4 ,w+-cov]s deeply furr[$4 ,! beetle appe>s 9 ,april1 & gnaws ! fl[]s & %oots1 b c sc>cely be consid]$ z h>mful4 ,9 late summ] or autumn1 aft] ! spr\t+ ( ! w9t] rape1 ! female bites into ! root imm$iately "u ! surface ( ! soil1 or into ! l[] p>ts ( ! /em1 s z to =m a hole 9 :i* %e lays "o or two eggs4 ,z ! l>va beg9s to develop1 ! surr\nd+ p>ts ( ! /em or root gr[ into a gall-l swell+ 7,fig4 #hj74 ,at ! beg9n+ ( spr+ ! develop$ l>v creep out1 & become pup 9 ! soil2 9 ,april ! beetle appe>s4 ,if ! ,ceutorhyn*us galls are only pres5t 9 small numb]s !y damage ! rape plants only to a small ext5t1 b :5 t5 to twelve are f\nd 9 "o plant ! roots gr[ crook$1 & rema9 %ort1 & consequ5tly ! gr[? ( ! ov]gr\nd p>ts is detrim5tally affect$4 ,ceutorhyn*us galls are f\nd1 n only on rape1 b also on ! diff]5t k9ds ( cabbage1 & on turnip plants4 ,9 ! la/ case !y (t5 occur 9 su* numb]s t ! turnips d n develop at all1 & ! ov]gr\nd p>ts also rema9 small4 ,!re is a simil> =m 7,c4 assimilis71 z l>ge z ! prec$+ species1 b some:at slimm]1 &1 on acc\nt ( great] hair9ess1 grey]4 ,appe>s 9 spr+ on fl[]+ rape & sev]al k9ds ( cabbage1 z well z on simil> crucif]\s plants4 ,x is h>mful because ! beetles gnaw ! buds & fl[]s1 & ! l>v fe$ on ! se$s )9 ! pods4 ,! attack$ pods rip5 e>ly1 & op5 s t ! l>v fall to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y become pup4 ,usually only a s+le l>va is f\nd 9 ea* pod4 ,! ,rape ,gall ,weevil 7,c4 napi71 some:at l>g] ?an ! two prec$+ species1 has a neck-%ield :i* projects /rongly =w>d l a coll>1 & is m>k$ by a m$ian longitud9al furr[4 ,x is cov]$ ) yell[i%-grey hairs4 ,at ! "t :5 rape blooms x appe>s ^u ! fl[]s4 ,! female lays h] eggs s+ly 9 a hole previ\sly bor$ 9 ! /alk by h] proboscis2 dur+ spr+ & e>ly summ] ! l>va eats out ! /em1 :i* turns br[n inside1 & becomes diseas$ or ev5 dies4 ,family3 ,*rysomelid 7,leaf ,beetles74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,potato ,beetle 7,*rysomela deceml9eata74 ,small1 g5]ally ?ick-set beetles1 ar*$ on ! upp] side1 ) elev5-jo9t$ ant5n ?ick5+ some:at t[>ds _! tips1 & f\r-jo9t$ feet4 ,! fir/ jo9ts ( ! feet are cov]$ ) felt-l hairs on _! "u sides 7,fig4 #ha74 ,! l>v h ?ree pairs ( ?oracic feet1 &1 9 addition to ?is1 !re are 9 mo/ species a pair ( caudal pro-legs4 ,live 9 ! inside p>ts ( plants 7/ems1 leaves71 & are usually elongat$ & yell[i% :ite2 ^? :i* live on ! outside ( plants are m convex1 %ort]1 & ?ick]1 m or less hairy1 (t5 ( a /rik+ col\r1 & always ) d>k spots4 ,! beetles eat leaves2 ! l>v fe$ ^u p>ts ( ! same plants1 sometimes liv+ outside ^u ! leaves1 or x may be excavat+ *annels 9 ! inside ( a leaf or ( ! /em4 ,mo/ leaf beetles lay _m eggs1 & 9 _m species !re are sev]al g5]ations annually4 ,! plants attack$ by !m are (t5 /ripp$ q b>e4 ,"h belongs ! blue ,ald] ,leaf ,beetle 7,gal]uca alni71 ! ,popl> ,beetles 7,*rysomeli populi & ,c4 tremul71 ! ,asp>agus ,beetles 7,crioc]is m]dig]a & ,c4 duodecimpunctata71 etc4 ,( species injuri\s agriculturally1 ,i w fir/ m5tion ! ,colorado or ,potato ,beetle 7,*rysomela deceml9eata74 ,?is beetle orig9ally liv$ 9 ! we/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates on wild solanace\s plants2 b z soon z potato culture ext5d$ to ! we/ ! beetles also attack$ potato plants4 ,z soon z ! insects _h spread to ?is plant !y began to appe> 9 great numb]s ow+ to _! v great p[]s ( reproduction2 & !y quickly spread f "o field to ano!r1 always go+ fur!r & fur!r ea/4 #ahei 0 ! fir/ ye> :5 !y became notori\s z pe/s1 &1 s9ce !y fir/ appe>$ z su* 9 ! ,/ate ( ,colorado1 ! insect receiv$ ! "n 8,colorado ,beetle40 ,9 a %ort "t ! beetles spread to ! ea/1 especially to places :]e potato culture 0 c>ri$ on2 9 #ahfe !y cross$ ! ,mississippi1 & 9 #ahgj !y 7 already spread ov] ! /ates ( ,indiana1 ,ohio1 ,p5nsylvania1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,new ,york4 ,!y 7 soon f\nd 9 all ! ea/]n /ates1 & ,european f>m]s began to be al>m$4 ,9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries ( ,europe police regulations 7 made = ! purpose ( prev5t+ ! introduction ( ! unbidd5 gue/s4 ,colorado beetles h inde$ be5 br\ght sev]al times to ,g]many on bo>d %ip1 b 9 almo/ all cases ! pe/s s introduc$ h be5 recogniz$ & caught4 ,twice dur+ #ahgg !y 7 able to increase 7,mulheim1 ,s*ildau71 & ! same ?+ has happ5$ once at a m rec5t date 7,torgau72 b ! vigor\s action ( ! au?orities quickly ext]m9at$ ! beetles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,colorado ,beetles3 a1 eggs2 b1 c1 d1 y\ng] & old] l>v2 e1 pup se5 f ! v5tral side & f ! dorsal side4 ,beetle 7,fig4 #ha71 half an in* long1 dusky yell[1 ) five longitud9al black /reaks on ea* w+-cov]1 & black m>k+s on ! neck-%ield4 ,l>va 7,fig4 #hb71 half an in* long1 ?ick1 fle%y2 legs %ort & weak4 ,orange-yell[1 ) %9+ black head1 & ) black spots on ! body segm5ts4 ,! y\ng] l>v are d>k]1 almo/ blood r$4 ,:5 ! "y potato plants come up1 ! beetles :i* h surviv$ ! w9t] creep out ( ! soil & dev\r ! m>g9s ( ! "y leaves4 ,! female lays h] yell[ eggs 7#gjj to #abjj87 9 heaps on ! leaves 7,fig4 #hb1 a74 ,aft] a week ! l>v appe>1 & c>ry on ! "w ( ! beetles4 ,!y atta9 _! full developm5t 9 sev5te5 to tw5ty days1 become pup 9 ! soil1 & ! beetles ( ! second g5]ation make _! appe>ance 9 ! middle ( ,june4 ,/ill a ?ird g5]ation may appe> ! same ye>4 ,s9ce a consid]able "t elapses betwe5 ! lay+ ( ! fir/ & second bat*es ( eggs1 "o usually sees eggs1 l>v1 pup1 & beetles at ! same "t4 ,entire potato fields are eat5 b>e by ! beetles & _! l>v1 ! =mation ( ! potatoes be+ q prev5t$4 ,rem$ies3 ,en]getic measures mu/ be tak5 on ! fir/ appe>ance ( ! beetle 9 any di/rict4 ,:]e possible1 all ! beetles & l>v mu/ be collect$1 ! plants be+ dug up & de/roy$ ) ! beetles1 pup1 l>v1 & eggs adh]+ to !m4 ,petroleum mu/ !n be p\r$ ov] ! :ole field & set on fire1 s z to de/roy any insects :i* may be hidd5 9 ! soil4 ,spray+ ! attack$ plants ) ,s*we9furt gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,! ,cl\dy ,tortoise ,beetle 7,cassida nebulosa74 ,! ,cl\dy ,tortoise ,beetle 7,cassida nebulosa7--,fig4 #hc4 ,"o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( an in* long2 ! broad neck-%ield projects 9 front ov] ! small head4 ,! w+-cov]s1 too1 are mu* broad] ?an ! body ( ! animal2 !y are longitud9ally ribb$4 ,dorsal side r$di% br[n1 9 "y individuals gre5i%2 always ) black spots4 ,v5tral side black4 ,l>va elongat$ oval1 yell[i% gre54 ,segm5ts ( ! body beset ) ?orn-l /ructures be>+ lat]al bran*es2 ! la/ segm5t possesses a 8tail-=k10 :i* ! l>va usually c>ries b5t ov] its back & on :i* x heaps up its dung4 ,! beetles :i* h surviv$ ! w9t] usually attack 9 spr+ only wild goose-foot & ora* plants1 on :i* !y lay _! eggs 9 heaps4 ,! l>v quickly appe>1 & to beg9 ) *iefly keep to ! "u sides ( ! leaves4 ,!y are sluggi%1 gr[ quickly1 & dev\r ! leaf sub/ance2 :5 fully develop$ !y cem5t !mselves to a leaf & become pup4 ,9 ,june ! beetles ( ! second g5]ation appe>1 :i* aga9 lay _! eggs on ! leaves4 ,9 fav\rable wea!r !re may be ev5 a ?ird g5]ation4 ,9 _m x happ5s t ! beetles ( ! second g5]ation migrate to beet or mangold plants1 sometimes damag+ !m to a v great ext5t4 ,rem$y3 ,root+ out species ( goose-foot or ora*4 ,! ,e>? ,fleas1 or ,flea ,beetles1 are all small leaf beetles ) ! p[] ( spr++1 & !re=e provid$ ) ?ick ?ighs4 ,"h belong3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,! ,rape ,flea ,beetle 7#b7 ) h9d-leg ( ! same2 l>va 7#a7 & its head4 ,! ,rape ,flea ,beetle 7,psylliodes *rysocephalus7--,fig4 #hd4 ,egg-%ap$4 ,h9d feet n ins]t$ at ! ends ( ! %anks1 b high] up4 ,! fir/ jo9t ( ! foot is z long z ! o!rs put toge!r4 ,! re/ ( ! h9d foot is b5t 9 a knee-l way on ! fir/ long jo9t4 ,%9+ blacki% br[n or blacki% gre51 r>ely br[ni%4 ,l>va "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( an in*1 dusky :ite2 head1 neck-%ield1 & la/ segm5t ( ! body blacki% br[n4 ,9 spr+ & dur+ ! entire summ] ! beetles are f\nd ^u ! plants ( w9t] rape4 ,al?\gh !y gnaw ! leaves & ! immature %oot ! damage caus$ is small4 ,9 late summ] or autumn ! female beetles lay _! eggs sep>ately at ! bases ( ! leaf-/alks ( ! "y w9t] rape plants4 ,! l>v :i* em]ge bore into ! leaf-/alk1 & eat x completely out dur+ autumn1 w9t]1 & spr+1 s t ! leaf dies4 ,s9ce ! eggs are laid sep>ately ! l>v d n all develop at ! same "t 9 ! spr+4 ,9 spr+ _m l>v eat _! way f ! leaf-/alks into ! /ill v %ort /em1 :i* consequ5tly ceases to develop4 ,x (t5 happ5s t mo/1 or ev5 all1 ( ! plants 9 a rape field are )]$2 on poor soil ! :ole crop mu/ be at once pl\gh$ up2 b on f]tile soil ! plants (t5 develop mu* bett] ?an "o w\ld believe4 ,plants ^: /em has be5 kill$ 9 ! w9t] :ile /ill %ort may develop a few 7#c to #e7 bran*es f buds situat$ ne> its base1 b ^! usually rema9 small1 & d n yield a l>ge crop4 ,! beetles1 appe>+ 9 spr+1 lay _! eggs on ! l[] leaf-/alks ( ! rape1 ei!r on ! old plants ( w9t] rape or "y plants ( summ] rape4 ,9 ! latt] case ! summ] rape is q spoilt 9 ! same way z ! w9t] rape dur+ ! previ\s w9t]4 ,9 ! =m] case ! l>v eat out ! l[] "p ( ! leaf-/alks1 & make _! way into ! /em1 holl[+ x out at a def9ite spot 9 su* a way t x is no long] able to hold itself up1 especially :5 ! %oots & se$s develop4 ,! /ems b5d & become kne$1 sometimes to su* an ext5t t ! rape field looks z if p]sons or cattle _h be5 runn+ ab\t 9 x 9 all directions1 & tread+ ev]y?+ d[n4 ,mean:ile ! l>v bore _! way out ( ! /em1 & become pup 9 ! soil4 ,9 late summ] ! beetles appe>1 & once m lay _! eggs on ! leaf-/alks ( ! w9t] rape4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two g5]ations annually4 ,rem$ies3 ,nev] s[ summ] rape aft] w9t] rape :i* has be5 de/roy$ by ! beetle & pl\gh$ up4 ,tempor>y limitation ( rape culture4 ,! ,cabbage ,flea ,beetle 7,haltica ol]acea71 "o-fif? to "o-six? ( an in* long1 longi% oval1 d>k gre51 metallic %e54 ,! h9d legs d n possess ! peculi> features ( ! rape flea beetle 7p4 #aad74 ,l>va "o-fif? to "o-f\r? ( an in* long1 greyi% black1 ) bri/ly hairs1 & ) two r[s ( %9+ black w>ts4 ,! beetles attack1 9 ! spr+1 *iefly cabbage1 rape1 radi%es1 hors]adi%2 b d n sp>e o!r plants 7e4g4 peas & beets7 z well4 ,se$l+s are *iefly attack$1 & 9 all cases only "y plants are dev\r$4 ,s9ce bo? se$-leaves & t]m9al buds are eat51 mu* damage is done1 especially dur+ cont9u\sly dry wea!r4 ,x mu/ (t5 happ5 t ! beetles w&] away1 to f9d o!r species ( plants = ! purpose ( egg-lay+2 s t x is exceptional to f9d ! l>v ^u species ( cabbage4 ,^! l>v are mu* less injuri\s ?an ! beetles1 s9ce !y usually only prey ^u mature plants4 ,9 _! y\nge/ condition !y are f\nd 9 gr\ps1 fe$+ ^u ! leaves2 ?is results f ! eggs be+ laid 9 little heaps4 ,lat] on1 !y w&] away f "o ano!r4 ,9 fav\rable wea!r !y are fully gr[n 9 six weeks1 & sev]al g5]ations may succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! same ye>4 ,rem$ies3 ,de/ruction ( ! we$s :i* attract ! beetles 7*>lock1 %eph]d's purse1 yell[ rocket1 treacle mu/>d1 etc47 ,good prep>ation ( ! soil1 suitable manur+ & drill culture1 s9ce ^! br+ ab\t a m rapid gr[? ( ! plants4 ,?ick s[+ 7b n too ?ick71 s t1 ev5 aft] ! de/ruction ( _m se$l+s1 a suffici5t numb] may rema94 ,moi/5+ ! fields by means ( wat]-c>ts or spray]s4 ,9 g>d5-b$s twigs are laid d[n1 by :i* ! se$s are protect$ aga9/ birds & ! se$l+s aga9/ flea beetles4 8,flea-beetle ma*9es10 consi/+ ( a bo>d sme>$ ) t>1 :i* is drawn across ! field1 s t ! fright5$ beetles spr+ up1 & rema9 hang+ 9 ! /icky sub/ance4 ,aft] ra91 or :5 dew is /ill cl++ to ! plants1 !y %\ld be /rew$ ) p[d]$ f[ls' dung1 pigeons' dung1 or horse dung1 wood-a%es1 road-du/1 p[d]$ lime1 coal-a%es2 or ! plan ( spr9kl+ ) a decoction ( wormwood may be adopt$4 ,! ,turnip ,flea ,beetle1 or ,turnip ,fly 7,haltica nemorum71 "o-t5? to "o-eigh? ( an in* long1 egg-%ap$1 black1 ) longitud9al /reaks ( a sulphur yell[ col\r on ! ?ickly pitt$ w+-cov]s4 ,l>va "o-fif? ( an in* long1 yell[i% :ite1 ) d>k br[n head1 neck-%ield1 & la/ body segm5t4 ,! adult beetles h ! same habits z 9 ! prec$+ species2 !y also d damage 9 ! same way1 & attack ! same plants1 especially 9 ! se$l+ condition4 ,! female1 h[ev]1 does n lay h] eggs 9 heaps1 b sep>ately on ! leaves1 & always on ! "u side4 ,! l>va bores into ! leaf1 & digs a passage1 :i*1 l ! animal inhabit+ x1 is at fir/ small1 b gets gradually l>g]4 ,9 f9e wea!r ! l>va is fully develop$ 9 a week4 ,x !n pi]ces ! sk9 cov]+ ! "u side ( ! leaf1 falls to ! gr\nd1 & becomes a pupa4 ,sev]al g5]ations may appe> e ye>1 if ! wea!r is fav\rable 7dry74 ,?is species is q z h>mful z ! prec$+1 *iefly 9 ! mature condition4 ,rem$ies3 ,comp>e ! prec$+ species4 ,family3 ,cocc9ellid 7,lady-birds74 ,hemisph]ical2 upp] side convex2 "u side flatt5$4 ,head small1 retractile4 ,ant5n1 elev5-jo9t$1 ?ick5$ at _! tips4 ,legs %ort2 feet app>5tly ?ree-jo9t$--9 reality f\r-jo9t$1 ! second jo9t1 h[ev]1 be+ v small4 ,col\r1 usually v>iegat$2 _m species black ) r$1 or r$ ) black spots4 ,:5 grasp$1 !y let a yell[i%1 unpleasant-smell+ fluid escape f ! abdom54 ,! blunt1 f\r-corn]$1 usually v>iegat$ pup hang on ! leaves4 ,! fully develop$ l>v are long] ?an ! beetles4 ,!y closely resemble ^? ( ! leaf beetles1 b are n s ?ick-set1 & _! long] legs /ick out m lat]ally4 ,!y are cov]$ ) w>ts & little sp9es 7,fig4 #he74 ,! l>v & beetles ( mo/ species fe$ *iefly on aphides & %ield-lice2 !y are !re=e ( use1 & ?is is especially true ( ! exce$+ly rav5\s l>v4 ,! l>v ( ! ,sev5-spott$ & ,two-spott$ ,lady-birds1 9 p>ticul> 7,cocc9ella septempunctata & ,c4 bipunctata71 are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s among aphis colonies4 ,! yell[ eggs are laid 9 heaps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--,! ,sev5-spott$ ,lady-bird 7,cocc9ella septempunctata73 l>v1 pup1 beetles2 all natural size4 ,,second ,,ord]3 ,or?opt]a 7,,/raight-,,w+$ ,,insects74 ,insects ) bit+ m\?-p>ts & incomplete metamorphosis 7p4 #hi74 ,f\r w+s1 ( :i* ! ant]ior are usually h>d] ?an ! po/]ior2 h9d w+s membran\s1 broad] ?an ! =e w+s1 & fold$ l a fan4 ,! ,or?opt]a fe$ entirely1 or almo/ s1 ^u vegetable sub/ances4 ,to ?is ord] belong3--! ,e>wigs 7,=ficul>i71 :i* fe$ on sweet fruits & fl[]s1 & are sometimes v injuri\s2 ! ,cockroa*es 7,blatt>i71 :i* d mu* damage to provisions 9 kit*5s1 /ores1 & on bo>d %ip2 ! ,gras%opp]s 7,acrydites71 to :i*1 besides ! ,migratory ,gras%opp] 7,acrydium migratorium7 ,fig4 #fb1 v>i\s species ( mead[ gras%opp]s belong1 :i* are q h>mless2 ! ,locu/s 7,locu/id71 to :i* ! well-kn[n ,gre5 ,locu/ 7,locu/a viridissima7 belongs2 & ! ,crickets 7,gryllid71 to :i* belong1 among o!rs1 ! ,h\se ,cricket 7,gryllus dome/icus71 ! q h>mless ,field ,cricket 7,gryllus campe/ris71 & ! ,mole ,cricket 7,gryllotalpa vulg>is74 ,! ,migratory ,gras%opp] 7,acrydium migratorium74 #a to #b in*es long2 spread ( ! w+1 on ! av]age1 #b in*es4 ,gre5i% grey4 ,"u side fle% col\r4 ,w+-cov]s br[ni%1 d>kly fleck$4 ,col\r v v>iable 7,fig4 #fb74 ,excessive multiplication & migrations ( ?is insect (t5 take place 9 ,s\? ,russia & ,turkey2 b !y may also appe> 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,9 ,nor? ,g]many1 = example1 ! foll[+ ye>s ( ?is c5tury 7 8gras%opp] ye>s30 #ahjc1 #ahbe-bg1 #ahec1 #ahge-gf4 ,9 _m cases ! appe>ance ( sw>ms ( gras%opp]s 9 ,c5tral ,europe is due to migration f ,russia & ,hung>y2 b x also (t5 happ5s t ! insects :i* appe> 9 su* l>ge numb]s h be5 br$ 9 ! places :]e !y are f\nd4 ,s9ce ! female lays1 on ! av]age1 #aej eggs1 excessive increase may take place 9 any c\ntry to :i* !y are indig5\s--& !re=e 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t a l>ge numb] ( gras%opp]s are usually kill$ by _! natural enemies1 su* z cold & damp wea!r4 ,excessive increase may1 h[ev]1 take place 9 exceptionally fav\rable ye>s2 & s9ce ! l>v1 :i* are incapable ( flight1 dev\r ev]y?+ available1 ! mature insects develop$ f !m are =c$ to migrate4 ,:]e !y desc5d !y de/roy ev]y?+ !y f9d 9 ! fields4 ,rem$ies3 ,de/ruction ( ! longi% eggs1 :i* are laid 9 heaps 9 ! e>? ( fall[ gr\nd & mead[s4 ,9 all ^? places :]e dead insects are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s on ! gr\nd _m eggs w also be discov]$1 = ! insects keep on lay+ till !y s9k d[n dead 9 ! place :]e ! la/ heap ( eggs 0 deposit$4 ,su* places %\ld be dug or pl\gh$1 & ! eggs1 :i* are pres5t 9 ?\s&s1 ei!r collect$ or else se>*$ out by pigs1 ducks1 geese1 & f[ls1 :i* h be5 driv5 to ! spot4 ,de/ruction ( ! "y animals :ile /ill incapable ( flight4 ,work+ ! soil ) h>r[s1 roll]s1 & cultivators w be effective "h4 ,! adult gras%opp]s mu/ = ! mo/ "p be de/roy$ ) fire4 ,heaps ( /raw & bru%wood are soak$ ) p>aff9 & !n set on fire4 ,! ,mole ,cricket 7,gryllotalpa vulg>is74 ,body /\t & flatt5$4 ,ant5n1 palps1 & tail-filam5ts v long4 ,=e legs broad1 modifi$ into true 8digg+ legs10 sup]ficially resembl+ ! feet ( a mole4 ,=e w+s broad1 b %ort1 lea!ry4 ,9 a /ate ( re/1 ! h9d w+s lie on ! back1 l a c\ple ( tails4 ,col\r d>k br[n4 ,pr9cipally occurs on peaty soils mix$ ) s& or clay1 also on all soils :i* h become ( firm consi/5cy by ! application ( mu* manure4 ,_! pres5ce is !re=e local4 ,v e>ly 9 ! ye> ! mole-cricket leaves its w9t] hid+-place1 & beg9s to make its passages ne> ! surface4 ,:]e ! female makes h] ne/ ! passage turns d[nw>d a little4 ,! ne/ is #a ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & its walls are compact$ by ! pressure ( ! h>d body4 ,! numb] ( eggs is f #bjj to #bej2 !y are laid 9 lots ) a few int]m$iate spaces4 ,! "y creep out 9 ! spr+1 & are w+less4 ,to beg9 )1 !y are :ite1 b quickly become br[n4 ,! "m gu>ds h] "y v c>efully4 ,^! gr[ tol]ably fa/1 & fir/ beg9 to lead an indep5d5t life aft] ! second m\lt4 ,9 ,octob] & ,novemb] !y und]go a ?ird m\lt4 ,!n1 /ill 9 a w+less condition1 !y hide !mselves1 & d n m\lt aga9 till ,april or ,may1 :5 ! w+-cases appe>2 :ile aft] ! fif? m\lt 7,may1 ,june7 ! mole-cricket becomes an adult insect1 capable ( reproduc+4 ,?is insect is f\nd 9 cornfields1 g>d5s1 grassl&1 & mead[s1 also 9 or*>ds & woods4 ,x gnaws ! roots ( all k9ds ( plants1 & (t5 effects great damage 9 ?is way4 ,! mole-cricket is also h>mful on acc\nt ( its passages1 :i* are dug close to ! surface4 ,9 ?is way x lifts "y plants out ( ! soil2 :ile old] plants are kill$1 bo? by its gnaw+ & by its digg+4 ,su* plants c (t5 be pull$ up by grasp+ ! leaves4 ,all ! plants )] 9 ! place :]e ! ne/ is f\nd4 ,dry1 cold w9t]s kill almo/ all ! mole-crickets2 mu* dr\ght 9 summ] & also cont9u\s wet are unfav\rable to !m4 ,enemies3 moles1 rooks1 etc41 but*]-birds1 />l+s1 & ! l>g] gr\nd beetles4 ,rem$ies3 ,de/ruction ( ! ne/s1 9 ,june1 to beg9 )1 b also to be cont9u$ lat]4 ,9 ^? p>ts ( a field :]e ! plants are yell[ or )]$ 9 a l>ge circul> pat* 7"s #ci in*es 9 diamet]7 ! ne/ is felt = ) ! f+]1 & c>efully lift$ up1 s t ! eggs d n fall out4 ,mole-crickets c also be caught by means ( fl[]-pots4 ,! ap]tures 9 ! bottoms ( ^! are /opp$ ) corks1 & !y are !n sunk 9 ! soil ) _! m\?s on a level ) ! mole-cricket passages2 !y ?us s]ve z pitfalls1 f :i* ! insects _c escape4 ,if dur+ w9t] little heaps ( horse dung are plac$ on ! gr\nd1 ! insects creep into !m = ! sake ( ! w>m?1 & c ?us be collect$ & kill$4 ,,?ird ,,ord]3 ,neuropt]a 7,,net-,,w+$ ,,insects74 ,insects ) bit+ m\?-p>ts & f\r simil> membran\s w+s1 ) num]\s ve9s arrang$ 9 a net-l mann]4 ,! metamorphosis is ei!r incomplete 7p4 #hi3 dragon flies1 may flies1 book lice71 or complete 7p4 #hi3 ant lions1 lace flies1 snake flies1 scorpion flies1 caddis flies74 ,! indig5\s =ms1 ) ! s+le exception ( book lice1 fe$ ^u animal food1 usually on ! juices ( o!r insects4 ,sev]al ( !m are tol]ably useful 9 ?is way4 ,! ,dragon ,flies 7,libellulid7 fly ab\t incessantly f place to place on bright w>m days1 & cat* a l>ge numb] ( insects1 especially butt]flies & flies1 among :i* are _m t are h>mful4 ,! l>v live 9 wat]1 & fe$ on insects & su* small de]1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are ( no importance to =e/ry or agriculture4 ,!y also dev\r fi%-spawn1 & may !re=e be injuri\s 9 t way4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--,! ,common ,lace ,fly 7,*rysopa vulg>is73 a1 eggs2 b1 ! l>va2 c1 cocoon2 d1 pupa conta9$ 9 ! same2 e1 op5 cocoon2 f1 adult insect2 a1 c1 e1 natural size2 d1 enl>g$ & natural size2 b & f enl>g$4 ,! ,lace ,flies 7,hem]obid7 :5 at re/ are cov]$ z ) a ro( by _! =e & h9d w+s1 :i* are almo/ alike1 cle> z glass1 & f9ely ve9$4 ,head tol]ably l>ge1 eyes l>ge1 abdom5 elongat$ & sl5d]4 ,! extremely rapaci\s l>v 7,fig4 #hf1 b7 fe$ on ! juices ( ! bodies ( o!r insects1 :i* !y suck up by means ( a p9c]-l organ situat$ on ei!r side ( ! m\?4 ,! two p9c]s are p]=at$1 & ! tubes op5 on ea* side into ! gullet2 ! body juices ( ! insects attack$ ?us fl[ into ! gut ( ! l>va4 ,?is is /rongly built1 & always mu* ?ick] & l>g] ?an ! adult insect4 ,metamorphosis complete4 ,?ree g5]a belong to ! lace flies3-- #a4 ,! delicate gre5i%1 or gre5i% yell[1 illsmell+ ,gold-ey$ ,lace ,flies 7,*rysopa71 ! l>v ( :i* *iefly fe$ on plant lice 7a few species on cat]pill>s1 also1 & o!r small insect l>v74 #b4 ,! ,aphis ,lions 7,hem]obius3 ,h4 hirtus1 ) hairy ve9s on ! =e w+s2 ,h4 dipt]us1 ) h9d w+s almo/ entirely abs5t71 ! l>v ( :i* also fe$ on aphides1 & make a case f _! suck$-out sk9s4 #c4 ,! ,ant ,lions 7,myrmeleon71 ( :i* ! fat1 ?ick-set l>v1 :i* h a l>ge head & /rong grasp+ p9c]s1 dig out 9 ! s& funnel-%ap$ holes1 at ! bottom ( :i* !y hide1 ly+ 9 wait = ants & ! l1 :i* /ep on ! edge1 :5 ! s& gives way & causes !m to fall 94 ,! species ( ! fir/ two g5]a are ( s]vice z de/roy]s ( aphides2 ! ant lions are ( no importance4 ,! ,scorpion ,flies 7,panorpat7 h atta*$ to ! head a k9d ( proboscis1 ! upp] side ( :i* is =m$ by a prolongation ( ! =ehead1 & ! "u side by ! maxill & l[] lip1 :ile ! upp] lip & m&ibles are h+$ on at its tip4 ,"h belongs ! sl5d]-bodi$ ,scorpion ,fly 7,panorpa communis71 an insect f\nd 9 ,may1 & aga9 9 ,july or ,augu/1 on ! leaves ( trees & %rubs1 :5 x is sunny4 ,:ile ! abdom5 ( ! female ends 9 an ovipositor1 x b5ds upw>ds 9 ! male1 & t]m9ates 9 a p9c]-l organ2 h5ce ! "n 8scorpion fly40 ,w+s fleck$ ) br[n4 ,scorpion flies cat* on ! w+ a v l>ge numb] ( butt]flies & mo?s1 & are !re=e useful to "s ext5t4 ,,f\r? ,,ord]3 ,hym5opt]a 7,,membran\s-,,w+$ ,,insects74 ,upp] lip & m&ibles %ort2 ! latt] us$ = bit+4 ,maxill loose-jo9t$1 s t !y c be /ret*$ out consid]ably2 elongat$ 9 ^? :i* lick ! juices ( fl[]s4 ,9 ! la/-nam$ =ms ! l>va's lips are /ill m elongat$1 & may ev5 =m a tongue or proboscis-l organ1 :i* may be> lat]al app5dages 78second>y tongues074 ,w+s1 f\r1 all membran\s1 ) relatively few ve9s 7,figs4 #fa1 #ij74 ,metamorphosis complete2 l>v v v>i\s2 pup free 7p4 #ic74 ,! female usually possesses an ovipositor1 ! /ructure ( :i* v>ies a great deal1 & :i* s]ves 9 _m species1 n only = egg-lay+1 b also = protection 7digg+ wasps72 9 o!rs exclusively = (f5ce or def5ce 78/+s0 ( bees & wasps71 :ile ! same op5+ s]ves = ! passage bo? ( eggs & excrem5t4 ,! abdom9al gl&s1 secret+ a /icky sub/ance by :i* ! eggs are atta*$1 are modifi$ into poison-gl&s 9 ^? ,hym5opt]a :i* possess a /+4 ,9 ^? =ms :]e ! ovipositor is n modifi$ into a /+1 x is us$ = pi]c+1 bit+1 or saw+4 ,! ,hym5opt]a ) saw-l ovipositor fir/ make an op5+ 9 wood or 9 a leaf by means ( ! saw-tee? 9 its edge1 & !n lay an egg 9 ?is hole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,head ( ,honey ,bee4 ,a1 comp\nd eyes2 a1 simple eyes2 ,fh1 ant5n2 ,z1 tongue 7"u lip72 b1 labial palps2 ,fz1 elongat$ maxill2 ! m&ibles & upp] lip rema9 %ort4 ,_m ,hym5opt]a 7all digg+ wasps1 gold wasps1 i*neumon flies1 & gall flies--sev]al true bees & wasps7 live alone1 or 9 pairs4 ,o!rs =m colonies1 9 :i* division ( lab\r is always s f> c>ri$ out t !re are reproductive individuals & work]s4 ,! =m] 7males & females2 9 colonies ( bees--8drones0 & 8que507 are only pres5t 9 small numb]s 9 any p>ticul> colony4 ,!y live m]ely = ! p]petuation ( ! species4 ,at mo/ ! males seek _! own food1 :ile ! females are usually f$ by ! work]s4 ,work]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are individuals 9 :i* ! 7female7 reproductive organs rema9 9 a l[ /ate ( developm5t1 s t !y are /]ile4 ,!y seek food = ! l>v1 & usually = ! adult reproductive individuals z well4 ,!y also wage w> aga9/ /range intrud]s4 ,family3 ,apid 7,bees74 ,! bees1 by means ( _! v mu* elongat$ m\?-p>ts 7maxill & l[] lip or 8tongue071 collect honey f _m diff]5t k9ds ( fl[]s4 ,body some:at unwieldy1 usually hairy4 ,! =e w+s are n1 z 9 wasps1 fold$ toge!r longitud9ally :5 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,eyes r\nd4 ,! legless1 almo/ maggot-l l>v are f$ ) poll5 or ) a mixture ( poll5 & honey4 ,mo/ bees are colonial1 & 9 ^! we f9d1 besides ! reproductive individuals1 work]s :i* prep>e ! ne/4 ,?is is = ! mo/ "p made up ( 8cells10 9 ! con/ruction ( :i* ! mo/ v>i\s sub/ances are us$ accord+ to ! species1 e4g4 wax1 s& gra9s1 *ew$ wood1 fragm5ts ( leaf4 ,9 ea* ne/ !re is at ! same "t only "o que51 :o lays h] eggs 9 ! cells2 ! l>v are !re=e develop$ 9 ^! cells1 o!r cells s]ve = ! /orage ( poll5 or honey4 ,9 ! non-colonial bees !re are no work]s2 9 a few ( ^! species 7p>asitic bees1 cuckoo bees7 ! female lays h] eggs 9 ! cells ( o!r species1 :i*1 l fo/] p>5ts1 und]take ! c>e ( ! /range l>v4 ,^! species are naturally devoid ( ! app>atus = secur+ & c>ry+ poll54 ,9 sev]al bees 7honey bees1 humblebees7 ?is end is atta9$ by ! mu*-broad5$ %anks & fir/1 v l>ge foot-jo9ts ( ! h9d legs4 ,o!r bees 7,mega*ile7 c>ry poll5 on ! "u side ( ! abdom54 ,bees play a v important "p 9 ! poll9ation 7f]tilization7 ( _m cultivat$ plants4 ,! ,honey ,bee 7,apis mellifica7 _c be spok5 ( "h2 ref]5ce mu/ be made to works on apiculture4 ,! ,humblebees 7,bombus7 are tol]ably l>ge1 /\t1 ?ick-set1 & hairy4 ,!y con/ruct ne/s bel[ ! surface ( ! soil 7(t5 9 peaty places71 made up ( oval or irregul> wax5 cells ! size ( a hazel-nut4 ,!y fly rapidly1 always mak+ a humm+ s\nd4 ,_m species are black1 ) yell[ & :ite1 or r$ transv]se /ripes4 ,honey-produc+ fl[]s 9 :i* ! corolla is s long t ev5 ! proboscis ( humblebees _c rea* ! honey hidd5 at ! bottom ( ! fl[]1 7tobacco1 field & g>d5 beans7 are gnaw$ at _! base by ! %>p m&ibles ( ! bees1 s t a hole is made 9 ! calyx & corolla ?r\gh :i* ! tongue c be put4 ,9 ?is way ! ov>y is sometimes w\nd$1 & ! normal developm5t ( ! fruit r5d]$ impossible4 ,p]haps a c]ta9 am\nt ( damage1 always h[ev] inconsid]able1 may ?us be effect$4 ,family3 ,vespid 7,wasps74 ,m\?-p>ts z 9 bees4 ,also ) /+s4 ,sl5d]1 & ei!r hairless or only slightly hairy4 ,eyes kidney %ap$4 ,=e w+s fold$ toge!r longitud9ally :5 at re/ 7,figs4 #fa & #hh74 ,a di/9ction is made betwe5 solit>y & social wasps2 ! latt] possess males1 females1 & work]s4 ,only ! f]tiliz$ que5s survive ! w9t]4 ,9 ! spr+ ea* ( ^! beg9s to con/ruct a ne/ 7,fig4 #hh74 ,9 ! wasp's ne/ ea* comb consi/s only ( a s+le lay] ( cells1 ! op5+s ( :i* are turn$ d[nw>ds4 ,9 a s+le ne/ sev]al ( ^! horizontally plac$ combs are usually f\nd "o ov] ano!r1 & are connect$ toge!r by means ( v]tical pill>s4 ,"s ne/s are built 9 holl[ trees1 o!rs 9 holes 9 ! gr\nd2 o!rs hang freely f trees1 9 :i* case !y are cov]$ by sev]al lay]s ( a pap]y sub/ance4 ,! combs & cells are also made ( pap]1 to prep>e :i* ! insect gnaws & cru%es decay+ wood1 & especially b>k1 ) its m&ibles1 mix+ ! cru%$ mat]ial ) saliva4 ,9 ?is way a pulp is made :i* is us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ne/1 & dries into a k9d ( pap]4 ,! op5+ ( ! ne/ is 9 its "u side 7,fig4 #hh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,! ,common ,wasp 7,vespa vulg>is7 & its ne/4 ,dur+ spr+ & summ] ! que51 or 8wasp-"m10 lays only eggs f :i* work]s are hat*$1 :i* und]take ! "w ( ne/-con/ruction & c>e ( l>v1 s t ! que5 c devote h]self exclusively to ! function ( reproduction4 ,t[>ds autumn males1 & females capable ( be+ f]tiliz$1 are also hat*$2 ^! la/ aft]w>ds live ov] ! w9t] 9 ! f]tiliz$ condition4 ,dur+ summ] ! l>v are f$ by ! work]s ) f9ely *ew$ insects or ) honey4 ,!y d n1 h[ev]1 suck ! honey f fl[]s1 b /eal x f sev]al species ( bee1 or else =m x 9 _! /oma*s f sug>y mat]ials drawn f sweet fruits4 ,wasps are h>mful or tr\blesome 9 ?ree ways3 7#a7 by gnaw+ ! b>k ( trees2 7#b7 by fe$+ on sweet fruits2 7#c7 by ! pa9ful /+s :i* !y inflict4 ,^! are mo/ dang]\s 9 hot summ] days4 ,if a ne/ situat$ 9 ! soil is de/roy$ dur+ pl\gh+ ! al>m$ insects attack bo? m5 & horses1 cases be+ kn[n :]e _! /+s h prov$ fatal4 ,! pa9 is *iefly caus$ by ! poison introduc$ into ! w\nd4 ,on ?is acc\nt if ! /+ rema9s /ick+ 9 ! sk9 x mu/ n be drawn out simply ) ! f+]s1 b c>efully1 by means ( ! nails1 le/ ! poison-bag is press$ & ?us /ill m poison br\ght into ! w\nd4 ,rem$ies3 ,cool+ sub/ances1 e4g4 gr\nd c>rots1 apples or pe>s1 cabbage leaves1 damp s&4 ,rubb+ 9 ammonia4 ,if !re is acute inflammation1 a compress ) sug> ( lead4 ,family3 ,fossores 7,digg+ ,wasps74 ,sev]al species ( ?is gr\p resemble ! wasps 9 _! habits1 z well z ?r\gh _! black & yell[-t+$ abdom5s2 b !y are always di/+ui%$ f ^! by _! =e w+s1 :i* are n fold$ toge!r 9 a /ate ( re/1 & by _! eyes1 :i* are n kidney %ap$4 ,! %anks & feet possess ?orns s]viceable = digg+4 ,! /+ ( ! female has no b>bs1 s t x is n torn (f & left beh9d 9 ! w\nd4 ,! digg+ wasps are n social4 ,!y are lively & active2 9 summ] ! female (t5 flies busily ab\t ne> ! gr\nd 9 ord] to f9d a place = br++ up h] "y4 ,%e digs a hole 9 ! e>? 9 :i* %e lays an egg4 ,!n %e buries an insect to s]ve z food = ! "y :5 hat*$4 ,le/ ! insect to be buri$ %\ld decompose1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 a liv+ animal w\ld n all[ itself to be buri$1 ! wasp fir/ br+s ! insect into a condition 9 :i* x _c make any volunt>y movem5ts4 ,= ?is purpose mo/ species /+ ! captur$ prey sev]al times 9 ! body1 & ?us (t5 injure ! v5tral ganglia 7p4 #hd72 by ?is treatm5t ! insect is n kill$1 b r$uc$ to a condition ( app>5t dea?4 ,mo/ digg+ wasps are useful1 s9ce !y *iefly bury de/ructive k9ds ( insects4 ,! ,common ,s& ,wasp 7,ammophila sabulosa1 ,fig4 #hi71 buries cat]pill>s2 ! ,pa? ,wasp 7,pompilius viaticus71 spid]s2 ! ,weevil-kill+ ,s& ,wasp 7,c]c]is ar5>ia7 & ! ,fly-kill+ ,s& ,wasp 7,mell9us arv5sis7 respectively bury weevils & flies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,! ,common ,s& ,wasp 7,ammophila sabulosa72 natural size4 ,family3 ,=micid 7,ants74 ,l>ge /rong m&ibles adapt$ = bit+2 maxill & l[] lip n prolong$ l a proboscis4 ,work]s w+less2 ! males & reproductive females h weakly ve9$ w+s4 ,9 correspond5ce ) ^! facts1 ! meso?orax :i* be>s ! l>g] w+s is mo/ /rongly develop$ 9 ! la/1 b ! pro?orax 9 ! work]s4 ,abdom5 unit$ ) ! ?orax by a "o- 7,=mica7 or two-jo9t$ 7,myrmica7 /alk4 ,all female ants1 & naturally work]s too1 possess poison-gl&s1 ! secretion ( :i* accumulates 9 a poison-bladd]2 b ! /+ is lack+ 9 all species ( ,=mica4 ,! /+less ants 7e4g4 ! ,r$ ,wood ,ant1 ,f4 rufa7 inflict a w\nd ) _! /rong m&ibles1 & !n1 b5d+ ! abdom5 =w>ds "u ! ?orax1 squirt ! cont5ts ( ! poison-bladd] into ! w\nd4 ,ants =m colonies1 always ( l>ge size1 & consi/+ ( reproductive & /]ile individuals4 ,_! food is bo? ( animal & vegetable nature1 b *iefly consi/s ( insects & simil> small animals4 ,!y mo/ly dev\r cat]pill>s1 b also dead or w\nd$ beetles 7e4g4 cock*af]s71 mammals1 birds1 & reptiles4 ,z de/roy]s ( cat]pill>s !y are ( use1 b ?is is true m ( ^? liv+ 9 woods ?an ^? :i* inhabit fields & mead[s4 ,ants are fond ( all sweet sub/ances2 :5 !y ent] h\ses ! sug> j> is v (t5 ! end !y h 9 view4 ,!y are p>ticul>ly fond ( lick+ up ! sweet juice :i* aphides excrete f _! abdom5s4 ,on plants infe/$ ) aphides _m ants are f\nd :i* gre$ily sip up all ! drops hang+ f ! abdom5s ( ! aphides2 !y may ev5 promote ! %$d+ ( ! juice by /rok+ ! abdom5s ( ! little animals ) _! ant5n4 ,!re are1 inde$1 species ( ants :i* c>ry ! aphides to ! plant p>ts on :i* !y ?rive be/1 & aga91 :5 ^! are suck$ dry1 transport !m to o!r un9jur$ p>ts4 ,sometimes aphides are kept 9 ! ov]gr\nd or und]gr\nd ne/s ( ! ants4 ,! common yell[ mead[ ants %elt] aphides 9 _! subt]ranean ne/s1 :]e !y live on ! roots ( grasses & o!r plants4 ,9 ord] to get1 :5 necess>y1 fre% food = ^! 8mil* k9e10 !y occasionally enl>ge ! ne/1 s t new plant roots are laid b>e1 & !y !n c>ry ! aphides to ^!4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye> only work]s1 l>v1 & pup are f\nd 9 an ants' ne/1 b reproductive individuals appe> 9 summ]1 disappe>+ aga9 be=e ! cold wea!r comes on4 ,z soon z !re is a sun%9y day !y fly out1 usually 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,aft] pair+1 ! females let !mselves fall to ! gr\nd2 !y !n ei!r te> (f _! own w+s or ?is is done = !m by ! work]s1 :i* se>* !m out & take !m to ! ne/1 :]e ! lay+ ( eggs quickly beg9s4 ,! legless l>v h feebly develop$ m\?-p>ts1 & are f$ by ! work]s on food brok5 d[n by !m4 ,! pup v>y2 9 ! /+-be>+ ants 7,myrmica7 !y are nak$1 9 ! /+less ants 7,=mica71 on ! o!r h&1 !y are inve/$ 9 a cocoon4 ,! latt] k9d ( pup1 kn[n by ! incorrect "n ( 8ants' eggs10 are collect$ & us$ z food = insect-eat+ birds4 ,! ne/s are made ei!r out ( p9e-ne$les & small bran*es heap$ toge!r 7,r$ ,wood ,ant ,=mica rufa71 or !y eat out passages & cell-l spaces 9 s\nd tree trunks 7! l>g] ,wood ,ants1 e4g4 ,f4 h]culeana & ,f4 lignip]da7 or 9 decay$ tree trunks 7,small ,wood ,ant ,f4 fulig9osa72 o!rs 7,yell[ ,wood ,ants ,f4 flava1 etc47 make passages & cavities 9 ! gr\nd1 ?r[+ up ! e>? into ant-hills4 ,damage3 ,sev]al species d h>m by excavat+ ! soil1 ei!r 9 mead[s & cornfields1 by :i* ! plants are kill$ & h>ve/+ r5d]$ difficult1 or "u summ]-h\ses & dwell+-rooms4 ,o!rs de/roy tree /ems4 ,!y are indirectly h>mful on acc\nt ( ! way 9 :i* !y c>e = aphides1 caus+ ^! pe/s to increase to a great] ext5t ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,rem$ies3 ,if ants h got into a room ! ne/ mu/ be f\nd if possible1 & ! insects !re de/roy$ ) p>aff9 or boil+ wat]4 ,if x proves to be too difficult to f9d & de/roy ! ne/1 all ! op5+s by :i* ! ants c ent] mu/ be /opp$ up ) lime to :i* "s extract ( colocyn? has be5 add$4 ,! ne/s f\nd 9 fields & g>d5s may sometimes be de/roy$ by quickly digg+ !m up1 p\r+ p>aff9 ov] !m1 & !n ignit+ x4 ,x is also a good plan to frequ5tly tread or roll d[n ! ant-hills :i* are ?r[n up1 z 9 ?is way !y w be disp]s$ 9 ! end4 ,ants are ( s]vice 9 =e/ry1 b sc>cely 9 agriculture4 ,family3 ,i*neumonid 7,i*neumon ,flies74 ,! species ( i*neumon flies deviate 9 _m ways f "o ano!r1 b !y all h simil> habits & play a simil> "p 9 nature4 ,!y all h a long] or %ort] ovipositor1 always surr\nd$ by two flaps1 & s]v+ = lay+ eggs 9 o!r animals4 ,^? :i* seek _! prey 9 bran*es & leaves g5]ally possess a v %ort ovipositor n obvi\s on cursory exam9ation2 ^? :i* lay _! eggs 9 insects inhabit+ crevices1 e4g4 wood insects1 are (t5 provid$ ) a v long ovipositor4 ,no colonies &1 consequ5tly1 no work]s4 ,! female i*neumon fly g5]ally lays h] eggs 9 ! body ( an insect l>va1 on :i* ! i*neumon l>v develop$ f ^! eggs fe$1 us+ up ! res]ve matt] /or$ up 9 ! fat body 7p4 #ib74 ,cat]pill>s are mo/ infe/$2 !n foll[ false cat]pill>s1 & !n ! l>v ( weevils & leaf beetles4 ,! eggs ( a few k9ds are laid 9 pup1 or ev5 9 ! eggs ( mo?s & butt]flies4 ,!y always select = ?is purpose ^? insects :i* possess res]ve mat]ial4 ,! l>ge k9ds ( i*neumon fly lay only a s+le egg 9 "o ho/1 especially if ! latt] is n ( l>ge size2 _m ( ! small] i*neumons1 on ! o!r h&1 lay _m eggs 7,fig4 #ij7 9 "o ho/1 ev5 up to a hundr$ or m4 ,a cat]pill> conta9+ i*neumon eggs does n at fir/ appe> diff]5t f o!r cat]pill>s1 except t a d>k spot or pat* usually indicates :]e its body 0 pi]c$ by ! ovipositor ( ! i*neumon fly4 ,! p>asite brea!s :ile 9 ! ho/ by br++ ! tip ( its abdom5 7:]e ! ma9 /em ( ! air-tube sy/em op5s7 into connection ) "o ( ! ho/'s spiracles4 ,s9ce ! l>va fe$s altoge!r ^u p]fectly dige/ible sub/ances an anus is sup]flu\s & is abs5t4 ,_m i*neumon l>v are ready to become pup :5 ! ho/ is ab\t to pass into ! same condition2 ! l>va !n bores ?r\gh ! sk9 ( ! latt]1 :i* quickly dies4 ,o!r species d n attack ! organs ( ! ho/ s soon1 b all[ x to become a pupa 9 peace1 & !n !mselves become pup inside x2 lat] on1 "o or sev]al i*neumon flies come out ( ?is pupa in/ead ( a mo? or butt]fly4 ,x is obvi\s t i*neumon flies are v s]viceable by de/roy+ a l>ge numb] ( h>mful insects4 ,!y _c1 inde$1 prev5t ! increase ( any p>ticul> noxi\s insect1 b1 :5 ?is takes place1 !y !mselves increase to a great] ext5t1 & f9ally appe> 9 su* numb]s z to make an end ( ! pe/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,! ,yell[-legg$ ,i*neumon ,fly 7,microga/] glom]atus7 ( ! ,cabbage ,cat]pill>4 ,left1 ! adult insect2 "r1 ! l>va 7bo? enl>g$74 ,9 ! middle1 ,cabbage ,cat]pill> & a heap ( ,microga/] pup4 ,i %all n enum]ate "h all ! v>i\s i*neumon flies :i* b5efit agriculture1 b simply m5tion ! ,small ,cabbage ,cat]pill> ,i*neumon ,fly 7,microga/] glom]atus71 depict$ 9 ,fig4 #ij1 :i*1 l its ho/ 7! l>ge cabbage :ite71 appe>s 9 two g5]ations4 ,! l>v ( ! i*neumon fly live 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! l>ge cabbage cat]pill>1 & at _! la/ m\lt acquire m9ute tee?1 ) :i* !y bite ?r\gh ! sk9 ( _! ho/2 !y !n leave x to die1 & surr\nd !mselves ) a cocoon close to its dead body4 ,!re are1 besides1 a few small & also "s l>ge i*neumon flies :i* lay _! eggs 9 ! pup ( ! cabbage :ite1 s t1 e4g41 9 w9t] _m ( its angul> pup1 occurr+ on tree /ems & h$ges1 are f\nd ) _m small or sev]al l>ge :ite i*neumon l>v )9 !m4 ,family3 ,t5?r$9id 7,saw-flies74 ,body ?ick-set4 ,abdom5 nev] v long1 & unit$ by a broad base to ! ?orax 7,fig4 #ia74 ,saw-%ap$ ovipositor 7p4 #hi71 drawn 9 :5 n 9 use1 & only protrud$ dur+ egg-lay+4 ,m&ibles /rong1 ! rema9+ m\?-p>ts n s well develop$4 ,! l>v are false cat]pill>s 7p4 #ib72 !y c usually be recogniz$ by _! *>act]i/ic attitude1 = _m ( !m b5d ! abdom5 v mu* upw>ds & =w>ds1 especially :5 fright5$1 & :5 at re/ ! h9d] "p ( ! body is spirally coil$ 7,fig4 #ia74 ,! fully develop$ l>va sp9s a cocoon 9 :i* x /ill rema9s = a long "t 9 ! l>val condition1 ev5 dur+ ! :ole w9t]4 ,x becomes a pupa two or ?ree weeks be=e ! appe>ance ( ! p]fect insect4 ,!re are _m l>v ( ?is k9d de/ructive to woods1 b only a few :i* int]e/ ! f>m]4 ,"h is includ$-- ,! ,turnip ,saw-fly 7,a?alia sp9>um74 ,adult3 ,female "o-?ird ( an in* long1 /ret* ( w+ ov] two-?irds ( an in*2 male some:at small]4 ,bright orange or r$di% yell[4 ,head black1 ?orax & legs ) black m>k+s4 ,w+s l>ge4 ,l>va3 ,l5g? may be r m ?an two-?irds ( an in*4 ,! j-hat*$ l>v are almo/ col\rless1 b ! sk9 quickly becomes bright gre51 & aft] ! fir/ m\lt1 d>k gre5 to black4 ,v5tral side slate grey4 ,head %9+ black4 ,twelve broad body segm5ts1 ^u :i* are _m wr9kles ( ! sk94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,! ,turnip ,saw-fly 7,a?alia sp9>um73 adult female & two cat]pill>s4 ,! sluggi% adult is f\nd1 dur+ ,may or ,augu/1 ^u kohl rabi & turnips1 mu/>d & *>lock1 ) its w+s fold$ toge!r4 ,! female1 by means ( h] ovipositor1 saws small holes 9 ! m>g9 or "u side ( ! leaf1 & lays h] eggs 9 ^!4 ,! l>v are hat*$ 9 f f\r to six days1 & !y und]go f\r m\lts4 ,! pres5ce ( ! l>v c be detect$ by _! ca/ sk9s1 :i* rema9 /ick+ to ! leaves ev5 :5 ! animals !mselves1 :i* are (t5 f\nd roll$ up on ! "u sides ( ! leaves1 _c be se54 ,! enemy is also kn[n by its way ( fe$+1 = ! l>v keep on ! surfaces ( ! leaves 7upp] or "u surface7 & eat out longi% holes4 ,z soon z ^! h rea*$ a c]ta9 size1 o!r p>ts ( ! leaves or o!r leaves are attack$4 ,:5 ! l>v are num]\s ! holes cont9ually increase 9 numb] until only ! leaf-ribs are left4 ,! mature l>v creep into ! soil to a dep? ( f two-fif?s to f\r-fif?s ( an in*1 & sp9 a small cocoon4 ,! saw-fly em]ges ei!r ! same or ! foll[+ ye>4 ,^! insects may !re=e appe> 9 ,may or 9 ,augu/1 b 9 _m cases !y are se5 at only "o ( ^! times1 ei!r ! summ] or autumn turnips be+ attack$1 z ! case may be4 ,rem$ies3 ,f[ls & ducks will+ly eat ! l>v1 &1 provid$ !y are n able to d any damage1 c !re=e be br\ght into ! fields4 ,/rew+ ) soot has a good effect4 ,x pays to pick (f ! l>v f "y plants4 ,,ord] #e3 ,lepidopt]a 7,,butt]flies ,,& ,,mo?s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,head ( a ,butt]fly4 ,a1 eye2 ,fh1 ant5n2 ,z1 proboscis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--,scales f a ,butt]fly's ,w+ 7/rongly magnifi$74 ,suck+ m\?-p>ts1 =m+ a 8proboscis0 made up ( ! two v long maxill1 spirally roll$ up "u ! head :5 n 9 use 7,fig4 #ib71 & adapt$ = suck+ honey4 ,!re are "s =ms :i* take no food 9 ! adult condition1 & 9 :i* ! proboscis is %ort2 9 a few species ( hawk-mo?s1 ?is organ is ev5 long] ?an ! body4 ,! l>v 78cat]pill>s07 h bit+ m\?-p>ts4 ,! body ( a butt]fly or mo? is cov]$ ) hair-l /ructures develop$ by ! sk92 9 ! w+s ^! are broad]1 h a *>act]i/ic appe>ance 7,fig4 #ic71 & p>tially ov]lap "o ano!r4 ,^! scales cause ! col\rs ( ! w+4 ,!y c easily be wip$ (f1 leav+ ! correspond+ "p ( ! w+ transp>5t & cle> z glass4 ,9 _m species 7all hawk-mo?s1 _m owlet mo?s7 !re is a w+-hooklet1 i4e4 ! h9d w+ has a sp9e or a ?ick bru% :i* grasps a b&-l area ( ! =e w+4 ,9 ?is way ! two pairs ( w+s are held toge!r4 ,! females ( a few species ( sp9n] & loop] mo?s are w+less1 or only possess %ort flap-l w+s useless = flight4 ,! metamorphosis is complete 7p4 #hi72 ! l>v are true cat]pill>s2 ! pup are obtectate 7p4 #ic74 ,_m cat]pill>s creep into ! gr\nd to become pup1 & sp9 no inve/m5t at all 7e4g4 hawk-mo?s74 ,o!rs make a cocoon1 :i* may consi/ ( ?reads loosely wov5 toge!r or may be ( firm texture 7,fig4 #fj74 ,! cocoon consi/s *iefly ( silk1 a sub/ance secret$ 9 a sp9n+ gl&1 & exud+ to ! ext]ior on ! l[] lip2 b m9ute p>ticles ( s& or e>?1 & fragm5ts ( wood gnaw$ (f by ! cat]pill>1 may be /uck 9 ! cocoon4 ,! pup ( butt]flies are nak$1 )\t cocoon1 b are fix$ by ?reads to leaves1 tree /ems1 walls1 h$ges1 etc4 ,a di/9ction is drawn betwe5 girdl$ & susp5d$ pup2 ! fir/ are fix$ by a silk b&1 :i* surr\nds !m1 & ! head is direct$ upw>ds1 :ile ! latt] are susp5d$ by ! tip ( ! abdom5 7,fig4 #id74 ,! "t requir$ = ! developm5t ( ! p]fect insect f ! pupa is n always ! same1 dep5d+ n only ^u ! species1 b also ^u ! "t ( ye>4 ,! summ] g5]ation ( ! l>ge :ite sp5ds sc>cely f\rte5 days 9 ! pupa /age1 ! w9t] g5]ation eight mon?s4 ,family3 ,diurna 7,butt]flies74 ,body relatively weak & ?92 w+s v broad1 n v long relatively4 ,no w+-hooklet 7see above74 ,w+s fold$ toge!r above 9 a /ate ( re/1 s t _! upp] sides t\*4 ,ant5n ?ick5$ 9 a club-l way at ! tip4 ,! cat]pill>s possess five pairs ( pro-legs2 !y are usually almo/ devoid ( hair4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 a few 7e4g4 ! cat]pill> ( ! peacock butt]fly1 ,fig4 #id7 :i* possess h>d1 sp9e-l1 mu*-bran*$ bri/les4 ,! nak$ pup are %>p corn]$2 "s are girdl$1 o!rs susp5d$ 7p4 #acg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,! ,peacock ,butt]fly 7,vanessa io71 ) pupa1 & l>va susp5d$ be=e pass+ into ! pupa /ate4 ,among butt]flies ) l>v t become susp5d$ pup are ! ,r$ ,admiral 7,vanessa atalanta71 ! ,peacock 7,vanessa io1 ,fig4 #id71 ! ,fritill>ies 7,argynnis71 ! ,mead[ ,br[ns 7,hipp>*ia71 etc42 & among ^? ) girdl$ pup ! ,swall[ ,tail 7,papilio ma*aon71 ! ,:ites 7,pi]is71 etc4 ,! ,cabbage ,:ite1 or ,l>ge ,:ite 7,pi]is ,brassic74 ,butt]fly3 ,l5g? a little ov] an in*1 span ( w+ #b in*es4 ,bo? =e & h9d w+s milky :ite1 ! =m] black at ! root1 on ! front edge1 & ! out] angle2 also a black pat* on ! inn] m>g9 ( ! =e w+1 pass+ on to ! front m>g9 ( ! h9d w+4 ,! female possesses1 9 addition1 two r\nd black pat*es on ! middle ( ea* =e w+4 ,"u side ( ! =e w+s milky :ite1 yell[ at ! tip1 blacki% at ! root2 "u side ( ! h9d w+s yell[1 ) black dots4 ,cat]pill> 7,fig4 #ie73 ,z mu* z #a in* long2 gre5i%1 or sulphur yell[1 ) black dots4 ,head & dorsal side ( la/ segm5t ( ! body grey ) black spots4 ,"y specim5s are ( a v bright gre5 ) black w>tlets closely cr[d$ toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--,! ,cabbage ,:ite 7,pi]is brassic7 female lay+ h] eggs2 cat]pill>1 & pupa4 ,f ! pup :i* h liv$ ?r\gh ! w9t] butt]flies em]ge 9 ,may1 & lay _! gold5 yell[ eggs 9 small heaps on ! "u sides ( ! leaves ( rape1 mu/>d1 & cress1 also on *>lock & su*-l crucif]\s we$s4 ,! cat]pill>s ( ?is fir/ g5]ation are hat*$ 9 f\rte5 days1 & r>ely d any h>m1 s9ce !y only appe> 9 small numb]s4 ,!y develop rapidly1 & dur+ ! la/ days ( ,june become pup on ! bran*es & leaves ( ! plants !y live on2 ! butt]flies appe> 9 ,july4 ,ow+ to _! rapid developm5t ! cat]pill>s & pup ( ?is fir/ g5]ation are b little expos$ to ! attacks ( enemies 7i*neumons1 birds1 etc474 ,only a few ( !m die1 !re=e1 if ! wea!r is fav\rable4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ! ,july butt]flies & ! eggs laid by !m are relatively num]\s1 s t ! numb] ( cat]pill>s appe>+ 9 late summ] may be v l>ge4 ,^! cat]pill>s1 h[ev]1 live almo/ exclusively on ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbage & kohl rabi1 & x is ?is second g5]ation :i* 9 _m ye>s is s h>mful4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/ ! cat]pill>s are ready to become pup1 & = ?is purpose !y seek tree /ems1 h$ges1 walls1 etc4 ,! pup n[ =m$ live z su* ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 !y are expos$ to _m dang]s 7damp1 cold1 sudd5 alt]nation betwe5 v l[ & v high temp]atures2 i*neumons1 birds71 & mo/ ( !m p]i%1 s t only a few butt]flies come out ! foll[+ spr+1 & lay b a few eggs4 ,x is !re=e obvi\s t ! fir/ g5]ation ( cat]pill>s 7,may1 ,june7 is mu* less num]\s ?an ! second g5]ation occurr+ f late summ] to autumn4 ,"u exceptionally fav\rable conditions ev5 a ?ird g5]ation may appe>1 s9ce cat]pill>s ( ! second g5]ation are able to become pup at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/2 & ^! pup1 in/ead ( rema9+ z su* ov] w9t]1 become butt]flies ! same mon?4 ,^!1 aga91 lay eggs f :i* ! cat]pill>s ( ! ?ird g5]ation are hat*$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n always fully develop$ be=e ! adv5t ( ! cold wea!r1 & 9 ?is case p]i%4 ,x is cle> t1 9 ! case ( pup :i* develop into butt]flies dur+ ,augu/ 9 ab\t f\rte5 days1 ! unfav\rable influ5ces h ei!r no effect 7unfav\rable wea!r7 or b little 7i*neumons1 birds71 s t ! butt]flies appe> 9 flocks1 :i* w&] into o!r regions1 s9ce !y h !mselves1 :5 l>v1 dev\r$ ! cabbage & turnip plants4 ,9 ref]5ce to ! damage effect$ by ! cat]pill>1 x may be obs]v$ t only ! *ief ve9s ( ! leaf are left1 & ! m>g9s are n sp>$4 ,rem$ies3 ,collection ( ! little heaps ( yell[ eggs & ! "y cat]pill>s1 :i* are blacki% & live toge!r 9 small companies2 ! plant+ ( a few small hemp plants 9 ! cabbage fields to be protect$1 by :i* ! butt]flies w be kept away4 ,! ,g>d5 ,:ite1 or ,small ,:ite 7,pi]is rap74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--,! ,g>d5 ,:ite 7,pi]is rap71 male4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4--,! ,g>d5 ,:ite 7,pi]is rap71 female1 cat]pill>4 ,butt]fly 7,figs4 #if & #ig73 ,l5g? r less ?an an in*1 span ( w+ two in*es2 v mu* l ! cabbage :ite4 ,base & tip ( ! =e w+ n ( su* a deep black col\r2 ! black pat* 9 ! inn] m>g9 ( ! =e w+ is usually abs5t 9 ! female4 ,! male1 h[ev]1 v (t5 has a black pat* 9 ! upp] side ( ! =e w+4 ,cat]pill>3 ,j ov] an in* long4 ,dull gre52 a longitud9al yell[ l9e on ! back2 also ! black /igmata are connect$ by a yell[ l9e4 ,habits z 9 ! prec$+ species2 ! female1 h[ev]1 lays h] yell[ eggs sep>ately1 & n 9 heaps1 & ! second g5]ation ( cat]pill>s usually become pup some:at lat] 9 ! ye>4 ,collect+ is m difficult ?an 9 ! prec$+ species1 s9ce ! "y cat]pill>s live indep5d5tly1 & _! col\r makes x difficult to recognize !m on ! gre5 cabbage leaves4 ,! ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite 7,pi]is napi74 ,butt]fly 7,fig4 #ih73 ,z l>ge or some:at small] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,w+s milky :ite on _! upp] side2 =e w+s du/$ ) black on _! front m>g91 tips1 & ends ( ! ribs4 ,two spots on ! middle ( ! =e w+ 9 ! female1 "o or none 9 ! male4 ,"u side ( ! h9d w+s yell[2 "u side ( ! ve9s du/$ ) gre5i% grey4 ,cat]pill>3 ,a little ov] an in*4 ,dull blui%-gre51 ) m9ute blacki% tub]cles above1 & :iti% ones bel[4 ,a yell[ longitud9al l9e on ea* side connect+ ! black spiracles1 :i* are bord]$ by r$di% yell[4 ,v l ! prec$+ species 9 ! l>val condition4 ,habits z 9 ! prec$+ species1 b ?is is less common4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--,! ,gre5-ve9$ ,:ite 7,pi]is napi74 ,family3 ,noctuid 7,owlet ,mo?s74 ,night-fly+ mo?s1 ( m$ium size & dull col\r1 ) smoo?-hair$ bodies4 ,ant5n long & ?91 ?read l1--comb-%ap$ only 9 ! males ( a few species2 w+s p[]ful1 lie 9 a ro(-l way :5 at re/2 almo/ always a w+-hooklet4 ,cat]pill>s usually hairless2 mo/ly ) five pairs ( pro-legs1 a few ) f\r or ?ree pairs4 ,! owlets pair at night2 !y also fly ab\t dur+ ! day1 ev5 9 bright sun%9e4 ,flight /rong & rapid1 b always 9 fits & />ts4 ,almo/ all species lay _! eggs sep>ately1 & on h]bs1 only a few species on trees4 ,! cat]pill>s are v mu* scatt]$1 & ! damage caus$ by !m is nev] great1 except 9 spots "h & !re1--on ! contr>y1 :5 !y increase to a great ext5t !y spread ov] a wid] area4 ,sev]al species are h>mful to agriculture4 ,! ,surface ,cat]pill>s 7,species ( ,agrotis7 are /\t cat]pill>s1 #a to #b in*es long1 ) five pairs ( pro-legs1 & %9+ transp>5t ext]nal sk94 ,!y rema9 9 ! gr\nd dur+ ! day1 fe$+ above gr\nd at night1 & also 9 ! daytime :5 ! sky is mu* ov]ca/4 ,:5 t\*$ !y b5d !mselves into ! =m ( a ,c4 ,!re are 9 ,brita9 sev]al species ( surface cat]pill>s :i* h ^! habits1 b ,i w only describe "h1 to beg9 )1 ! commone/ k9d3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--,! ,common ,d>t or ,turnip ,mo? 7,agrotis segetum7 ) ,cat]pill>4 ,! ,common ,d>t or ,turnip ,mo? 7,agrotis segetum or ,a4 clavis74--,mo? 7,fig4 #ii73 ,l5g? almo/ ( an in*4 ,span ( w+ ab\t #a in*4 ,=e w+s small1 a%-grey or br[ni%1 ) _m d>k pat*es & simil> m>k+s4 ,h9d w+s 9 ! male1 bright grey to sn[y :ite2 9 ! female1 br[ni% grey4 ,cat]pill> 7,fig4 #ii73 ,up to two in*es1 e>?y grey1 occasionally some:at gre5i%4 ,head & pro?orax d>k]4 ,! "t tak5 by ! cat]pill>s to complete _! developm5t diff]s accord+ to ! plants attack$1 & x is !re=e easy to und]/& :y ! mo?s %\ld be se5 fly+ ab\t f ! fir/ half ( ,may "r on into ! autumn1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! improbable hypo!sis ( two successive g5]ations4 ,! eggs are consequ5tly laid at v diff]5t times1 & are always deposit$ s+ly 9 ! soil 9 ! neighb\rhood ( plant roots1 or else 9 ! l[-ly+ leaves & /ems ( v>i\s h]bs4 ,! cat]pill>s hat*$ f ^! are de/ructive e>li] or lat]1 accord+ to ! "t ( egg-lay+4 ,mo/ specim5s are half gr[n 9 w9t]2 ^! cont9ue _! de/ructive "w ! foll[+ spr+4 ,9 autumn !y attack ! roots ( w9t] gra9 7rye & :eat71 rape1 & species ( cabbage2 !y also bore readily into turnips & potatoes4 ,9 spr+1 aft] ! w9t] re/1 !y cont9ue to attack ! roots ( w9t] gra91 w9t] rape1 etc41 or fle%y und]gr\nd p>ts 7turnips1 potatoes7 develop$ 9 ! int]im1 or ! roots ( summ] plants 7summ] gra91 buck:eat1 summ] rape1 vegetables1 etc474 ,on cle> days ! cat]pill>s always rema9 hidd5 9 ! soil2 & ^? :i* h bor$ into juicy und]gr\nd p>ts ( plants 7turnips1 c>rots71 d n leave _! abode dur+ ! day1 b ! o!rs1 bo? dur+ ! night & on cl\dy days1 come above gr\nd to attack ! leaves & /ems ( "y plants4 ,9 exceptional cases ! cat]pill> is mature by ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 9 :i* case x hyb]nates 9 ! soil z a br[n pupa4 ,! mo?s escap+ f su* pup naturally appe> e>li] ?an o!rs4 ,z a rule1 ! cat]pill>s d mo/ damage to ! w9t] crop 9 autumn1 w&]+ ab\t a great deal2 9 _m cases !y gnaw ?r\gh ! ma9 root1 ?us quickly kill+ ! plant attack$1 f :i* !y proce$ to ano!r4 ,rem$ies3 ,:5 ! cat]pill>s h done mu* damage 9 late summ]1 x is recomm5d$ to leave ! field alone till ,octob]1 !n to pl\gh x up & s[ ! w9t] gra94 ,by putt+ (f ! se$-"t 9 ?is way1 ! cat]pill>s w h lo/ _! activity :5 ! corn g]m9ates1 & ! w9t] crop w ?us escape !m4 ,besides ?is1 ! prec$+ pl\gh+ w br+ _m cat]pill>s to ! surface1 :]e !y w become ! prey ( birds1 or1 if n1 c be collect$4 ,w>m soils1 especially ^? manur$ ) horse dung1 are mo/ infe/$ by ! cat]pill>s2 & ! use ( w>m k9ds ( manure %\ld1 !re=e1 be avoid$ 9 regions :i* h mu* to fe> f ^! insects4 ,:]e ev]y?+ has be5 de/roy$1 a ?or\gh pl\gh+ is desirable4 ,sw9e may also be driv5 9 dur+ autumn1 & w grub up & dev\r ! cat]pill>s4 ,9 ?is case1 s[+ w take place ! foll[+ spr+4 ,o!r ,surface ,cat]pill>s1 :i* h pretty mu* ! same habits z ! prec$+1 are ^? ( ! ,he>t & ,d>t ,mo? 7,agrotis exclamationis71 ! ,:eat ,mo? 7,a4 tritici71 & ! ,?ick-bodi$ ,surface ,cat]pill> 7,a4 ravida or ,a4 crassa74 ,! ,cabbage ,mo? 7,mame/ra brassic74 ,mo? 7,fig4 #ajj72 ab\t ( an in* long1 span ( w+ #a in*4 ,=e w+s %9+ br[n1 ) yell[i% & black m>bl+2 ea* pat* hav+ a d>k outl9e2 a yell[i% zigzag l9e on ! out] m>g94 ,h9d w+s %9+ yell[i%-grey br[n4 ,a /rongly develop$ cre/ 9 ! middle l9e ( ! ?orax4 ,cat]pill> 7,fig4 #ajj73 #a in*es1 cyl9drical4 ,bright or d>k gre51 br[ni% gre51 or gre5i% br[n4 ,on ! back a d>k longitud9al /ripe1 divid$ into two halves by a n>r[ :ite longitud9al l9e4 ,a :iti% l9e runn+ along ea* side2 betwe5 ?is & ! dorsal l9e a d>k transv]se /reak on ea* segm5t4 ,! br[n pupa 7,fig4 #ajj7 rema9s 9 ! soil dur+ ! w9t]1 & is n inve/$ 9 a cocoon4 ,! mo? appe>s 9 ,may2 dur+ ! day x re/s on w9d[s1 9 b>ns1 etc4 ,! gre5i% yell[ eggs are laid sep>ately on ! leaves ( cabbages 7sometimes also on lettuces & turnips74 ,! cat]pill>s1 :i* appe> 9 f\rte5 days1 creep ab\t actively betwe5 ! leaves4 ,)9 a mon? !y are full-gr[n1 & become pup 9 ! soil4 ,at ! end ( ,july & 9 ,augu/ ! summ] g5]ation ( mo?s appe>s4 ,f ! eggs laid by ^! are hat*$ a second g5]ation ( cat]pill>s1 :i* are always mu* m num]\s ?an ^? ( ! fir/4 ,f ,augu/ to ,octob] !y are f\nd 9 all k9ds ( cabbage1 especially compactly head$ k9ds & caulifl[]4 ,at fir/ !y eat holes 9 ! leaves1 leav+1 h[ev]1 ! *ief ve9s & usually ! edges4 ,lat] on !y eat "r on into ! he>t ( ! cabbage4 ,!y fill _! burr[s ) excrem5t1 & ! attack$ plants beg9 to rot int]nally4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill>s creep out & become pupa 9 ! soil4 ,rem$y3 ,collect+ ! cat]pill>s :ile !y are /ill on ! out] leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,! ,cabbage ,mo? 7,mame/ra brassic71 ) cat]pill> & pupa4 ,! ,vegetable or ,lettuce ,mo? 7,mame/ra ol]acea74 ,mo?3 ( an in* long2 span ( w+s ab\t #a ( an in*4 ,=e w+s d>k ru/y br[n1 d>k] on ! n]ves1 du/$ ) :ite4 ,h9d w+s r$di% :ite4 ,head & ?orax l ! =e w+s2 abdom5 l ! h9d w+s4 ,cat]pill>3 ,up to #a in*2 dirty gre5i% grey1 or olive gre51 irregul>ly be/rewn ) dirty :ite dots4 ,! cat]pill>s fe$ on cabbages1 lettuce1 asp>agus1 & o!r vegetables4 ,^? ( ! fir/ g5]ation 7,june & ,july7 holl[ out lettuce /alks be=e ! head beg9s to be =m$2 ^? ( ! second g5]ation 7,augu/ & ,septemb]7 fe$ on cabbage or asp>agus leaves4 ,! fir/ g5]ation ( mo?s appe> 9 ,may1 ! second 9 ! fir/ half ( ,augu/4 ,! ,pea ,mo? 7,mame/ra pisi74 ,mo?3 ,ab\t ( an in* long2 span ( w+s ab\t #a ( an in*4 ,=e w+s bright r$di% br[n ) blui%-grey m>k+s1 & a yell[i% longitud9al /reak4 ,h9d w+s r$di% grey4 ,cat]pill>3 #a ( an in*2 cyl9drical2 sl5d]4 ,back d>k gre5i% or br[n r$2 closely & tol]ably regul>ly ve9$ ) d>k l9es1 & ) two sulphur yell[ longitud9al /reaks on ! back & "o on ea* side4 ,head1 belly1 & feet fle% r$4 ,if ! cat]pill> is t\*$ x moves ! front "p ( its body ab\t "h & !re1 & !n lets itself fall d[n4 ,! mo?s appe> 9 ,may & ,june2 ! cat]pill>s are f\nd f ,july to ,septemb] on peas1 vet*es1 beans1 clov]1 lup9s1 sorrel1 ora*1 hea?1 will[1 bir*1 & yet o!r plants4 ,seldom v de/ructive4 ,! ,grass-root ,mo? 7,had5a monoglypha1 or ,h4 polyodon74 ,mo?3 ,ab\t ( an in* long2 span ( w+ #a in*es4 ,=e w+s longi%2 yell[ br[n bl5d$ ) d>k br[n & :ite2 ! tips are col\r$ mo/ brightly4 ,?ree black rays on ! =e w+2 h9d w+s br[n grey4 ,cat]pill>3 ,ab\t #a in*es long1 ( an in* broad1 ) sixte5 feet4 ,grey or r$di% :ite1 m or less %9+4 ,head1 pro?orax1 ! la/ body segm5t & w>ts black4 ,at ! end ( ,july & dur+ ,augu/ ! female lays h] eggs sep>ately on ! bases ( grass haulms & leaves4 ,! cat]pill>s creep out at ! end ( ,augu/1 &1 especially aft] _! hyb]nation 79 ,april & ,may71 attack mead[ grasses1 bit+ ?r\gh ! leaves & haulms at _! bases1 imm$iately above ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & dev\r+1 z x 71 passages ?r\gh ! grass4 ,! r$di% br[n pup re/ 9 ! soil4 ,! ,c\*-grass ,mo? 7,had5a basil9ea74 ,mo?3 ,ne>ly ( an in* long2 span ( w+s #a in*es4 ,head & back ru/-col\r$ or r$di% grey1 9 ! male ) a l>ge tuft ( hairs4 ,=e w+s col\r$ l ! back1 ) two transv]se l9es 9 ! middle1 & bright] & d>k] m>ks z well4 ,h9d w+s bright br[n1 ) a fa9t gold5 %e51 & ) a yell[i% fr+e4 ,cat]pill>3 #a to #a in*es long1 ) sixte5 feet1 blui% grey1 some:at br[ni%1 ) dirty :ite longitud9al l9es2 gre5i% belly1 & l>ge bright br[n head4 ,! mo? lays ! eggs 9 little heaps on ! /ems & leaves ( grass plants4 ,! damage :i* ! cat]pill>s effect among mead[ grasses is inconsid]able2 b !y sometimes appe> 9 consid]able numb]s on gra9-plants1 & are !n v de/ructive4 ,! insects are *iefly f\nd on dry high-ly+ l&1 :i* is consequ5tly mo/ liable to ! attacks ( _! l>v4 ,aft] hyb]nation !y fe$ on grass or ! leaves & /ems ( "y gra9-plants1 & *ange 9 ! soil into /\t1 smoo?1 yell[i%-br[n pup1 devoid ( cocoon4 ,rem$y3 ,9 case ! cat]pill>s h got into ! crop1 ?re%+ %\ld take place z soon z possible1 or1 aft] hyb]nat+1 !y w cont9ue to dev\r ! gra9 9 ! b>ns4 ,! ,:eat-haulm ,mo? 7,lup]9a didyma74 ,mo?3 ,span ( w+ #a in*es4 ,individual specim5s diff] v mu* f "o ano!r3 br[ni%1 greyi% yell[ to o*re yell[1 ) v>i\s d>k & light m>k+s4 ,cat]pill>3 ,) sixte5 legs1 & ov] an in* long 9 full-gr[n specim5s 7,may72 ?91 sp9dle-%ap$2 /iff2 bright %9+ gre51 ) two broad d>k r$ l9es on ! back4 ,! cat]pill>s live 9 ! /alks ( :eat plants1 & o!r gram9e\s =ms1 holl[+ !m out2 !y hyb]nate :5 tol]ably "y4 ,9 spr+ !y cont9ue to holl[ out ! :eat plants1 go+ f "o /alk to ano!r4 ,! plants attack$ quickly h _! leaves turn$ to a ru/y col\r1 & !y sick5 or ev5 die4 ,! ,grass ,mo? 7,*>z gram9is74 ,mo?3 ,l5g? ( an in*2 span ( w+s ab\t #a in*es4 ,ant5n ( ! male comb-l4 ,=e w+s %ort1 ( a br[ni%-r$1 olive br[n1 or dirty olive-gre5 gr\nd col\r1 ) ?ree :iti% pat*es1 & d>k] m>k+s4 ,h9d w+s yell[i% grey1 bright] at ! roots4 ,cat]pill>3 ,) sixte5 legs2 #a in*es long2 bronze grey1 back m ( a bronze br[n1 ) ?ree n>r[ bright longitud9al /reaks4 ,head o*re yell[4 ,! mo? lays h] "s two hundr$ eggs dur+ ,july1 9 little heaps at ! bases ( ! grass haulms & leaves4 ,! cat]pill>s hide dur+ ! day1 & fe$ at night4 ,!y are v injuri\s ev5 9 ! autumn1 b become insatiable ! foll[+ spr+1 always dev\r+ ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! haulms & leaves1 s t ! upp] p>ts die (f4 ,!y w&] 9 l>ge companies f "o field to ano!r4 ,9 ,june !y become pup ( a %9+ r$di% br[n bel[ ! surface ( ! soil or "u sods4 ,enemies3 sw9e1 moles1 %rews1 rooks1 wagtails1 ducks1 f[ls4 ,rem$y3 ,driv+ 9 sw9e1 :]e ?is is practicable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,! ,grass ,mo? 7,*>z gram9is7 & its cat]pill>4 ,! ,d>nel ,mo? 7,neuronia popul>is74 ,mo?3 ,l5g? r less ?an ( an in*2 span ( w+s ne>ly #a in*es4 ,mu* v>iegat$1 beautiful4 ,=e legs r$di% br[n1 ) pea*-col\r$ gl[2 all ! n]ves & sev]al m>k+s yell[i% :ite1 & d>k m>k+s z well4 ,h9d w+s yell[i%1 & abdom5 :ite4 ,head & ?orax br[n1 mix$ ) yell[i% :ite4 ,cat]pill>3 ,ov] two in*es long1 & ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* ?ick2 #af-legg$2 tap]s at bo? ends4 ,has an oily lu/re4 ,dorsal side ( a bronze br[n1 %>ply m>k$ (f by a yell[i% l9e f ! bright br[ni% grey v5tral side1 & trav]s$ by ?ree longitud9al bright br[n l9es1 :i* 9 "y specim5s are almo/ :ite4 ,habits pretty mu* l ^? ( ! prec$+ species4 ,! ,silv] ,y ,mo? 7,plusia gamma74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,! ,silv] ,y ,mo? 7,plusia gamma71 ) cat]pill> & pupa4 ,mo?3 ,ab\t ( an in* long2 span ( w+s #a in*es4 ,d>k grey1 mix$ ) a r$di% t9t1 & d>kly m>bl$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! =e w+ !re is a v obvi\s gamma 771 or ,y-%ap$ m>k4 ,h9d w+s bright br[n at ! root1 d>k] at ! m>g9s1 ) a :iti% fr+e4 ,a cre/ ( hairs on ! dorsal side ( ! ?orax4 ,cat]pill>3 #ab-legg$4 ,x b5ds its body l a loop] 7,fig4 #ajb74 ,l5g? #a to #a in*es4 ,gr\nd col\r gre52 b !re may be v>iations 9 ?is f a dirty gre5 to a br[ni% col\r4 ,six f9e longitud9al l9es on ! back1 & a yell[i% l9e above ! legs4 ,! cat]pill> is almo/ nak$1 only possess+ a few small1 isolat$ bri/le-l hairs4 ,habits3 ,at lea/ two g5]ations1 & sometimes z _m z five 9 two ye>s4 ,! ,silv] ,y ,mo? g5]ally hyb]nates z a half-gr[n cat]pill>1 b sometimes also 9 ! pupa1 or mo? /ate4 ,! cat]pill>s may !re=e be met ) ! :ole ye>2 b !y are usually mo/ abundant f ! end ( ,june to ! middle ( ,augu/1 &1 "u fav\rable conditions1 may become an agricultural pe/4 ,!y dev\r ! leaves ( almo/ all wild & cultivat$ plants 7except grasses1 corn1 & trees71 & are especially fond ( legum9\s plants 7peas1 vet*es1 clov]71 flax1 beet1 rape1 cabbage1 & buck:eat4 ,! mo?s mo/ly appe> 9 ,may1 b also 9 ,july1 & lat] on 9 ! summ]1 especially on cle> days4 ,! female lays h] num]\s bright gre5 eggs1 "s f\r hundr$ 9 numb]1 sep>ately1 on ! leaves ( ! above-nam$ plants4 ,! cat]pill>s are n always easy to see1 ow+ to _! gre5i% col\r2 "u fav\rable conditions !y may pass ?r\gh ! :ole ( _! developm5t up to ! mo? /age 9 f six to sev5 weeks4 ,9 "s ye>s !y appe> 9 su* l>ge numb]s1 t almo/ all ! cultivat$ plants f\nd 9 ! fields ( an infe/$ region are utt]ly spoilt by !m1 except+ ! corn4 ,natural enemies3 ,/>l+s1 all %>p-beak$ s++ birds haunt+ fields2 sp>r[s2 gr\nd beetles1 rove beetles1 & ! l>v ( ^! families2 sev]al i*neumon flies1 p>asitic fungi4 ,rem$ies3 ,driv+ 9 p\ltry1 :]e practicable4 ,collect+1 e4g4 by means ( a ma*9e inv5t$ by ,l4 ,deh(f1 ( ,gut5b]g1 ne> ,halle4 8,sev]al tr\ghs ) /eep inn] walls are fa/5$ toge!r by la?s1 at di/ances equal to ^? betwe5 adjac5t furr[s1 & besoms are fix$ to ! la?s4 ,^! tr\ghs are drawn along l sl$ges by a horse walk+ 9 ! furr[s1 & ! cat]pill>s are swept by ! besoms into ! tr\ghs1 f :i* !y are collect$ 9 sacks at ! ends ( ! furr[s4 ,) ?is *eap ma*9e ab\t twelve acres p] day c be cle>$0 7,tas*5b]g74 ,family3 ,pyralid 7,sn\t ,mo?s74 ,small mo?s ) ?read-l ant5n1 comb-l 9 ! males ( a few species1 ) tol]ably l>ge eyes1 & v l>ge labial palps (t5 /ret*$ out 9 front l a beak 7,fig4 #ajc74 ,=e w+s ( an elongat$ triangul> %ape4 ,w+ booklets4 ,legs tol]ably long4 ,cat]pill>s slightly hairy1 ) f\r or five pairs ( pro-legs4 ,! ,rye ,sn\t ,mo? 7,pyralis secalis74 ,mo?3 ( an in* long1 span ( w+s #a in*es4 ,w+s elongat$1 :iti% grey1 ) an ,a-%ap$ pat* on ! =e w+s4 ,cat]pill>3 ,r m ?an ( an in* long2 gre51 /reak$ ) br[n1 #af-legg$1 ) a br[n head1 & tap]+ at bo? ends4 ,habits3 ,! cat]pill> lives dur+ ,june 9 ! rye haulms1 holl[+ !m out4 ,z a result ( ?is1 ! e>s rema9 hidd5 betwe5 ! leaves & leaf-%ea?s1 & x (t5 happ5s t only ! tips ( ! awns appe> ext]nally4 ,no gra9 is =m$2 ! e>s fir/ become :ite & dry1 & !n fall (f4 ,! ,hop ,sn\t ,mo? 7,hyp5a ro/ralis74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,! ,hop ,sn\t ,mo? 7,hyp5a ro/ralis74 ,mo? 7,fig4 #ajc73 ,l5g? r less ?an ( an in*2 span ( w+s #a in*es1 or m4 ,=e w+s usually br[ni%1 some:at scallop$ on ! fr+$ out] m>g9s2 a zigzag black l9e ne> ! base2 9 ! middle1 ne> ! front edge1 a pat* bord]$ ) :ite1 & beh9d ?is a d>k longitud9al /reak4 ,h9d w+s dull grey1 ) a silky %e54 ,cat]pill>3 ,at mo/ "o in* long1 #ad-legg$1 v sl5d]1 gre51 ) a d>k middle l9e & two :ite side l9es4 ,v active2 wriggles ab\t on ! gr\nd l an eel4 ,habits3 ,! mo? is on ! w+ at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 ! second g5]ation 9 ,augu/2 ! latt] hyb]nates 9 ou?\ses1 b>ns1 summ]-h\ses1 etc4 ,! eggs are laid on wild & cultivat$ hops1 also on /++ nettles4 ,! cat]pill>s are f\nd on ! hop plants1 especially 9 ,june2 !y sometimes entirely dev\r ! leaves1 ) ! exception ( ! n]ves4 ,9 ,july !y become pup1 ei!r betwe5 ! leaves or on ! soil1 & are inve/$ 9 a grey cocoon4 ,! mo?s appe> at ! beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 & give rise to a second g5]ation ( cat]pill>s1 f :i*1 aft] ! pupa /age1 ! mo?s :i* live ?r\gh ! w9t] are develop$4 ,! ,cabbage ,sn\t ,mo? 7,botys =ficalis74 ,mo?3 ,l5g? ab\t half an in*4 ,span ( w+s r ov] "o in*4 ,=e w+s %>ply b5t 9 front be=e _! %>p tips2 ru/y yell[1 some:at d>k] on ! n]ves1 ) ru/y br[n transv]se /reaks f ! out]mo/ corn]s to ! middle ( ! h9d] m>g91 & ) o!r r$di% br[n m>k+s4 ,h9d w+s & body %9+ /raw yell[4 ,cat]pill>3 in* long1 #af-legg$1 tap]+ 9 front & beh9d4 ,yell[i% gre51 ) indi/9ct longitud9al l9es & bright br[n head4 ,a few small yell[i%-gre5 hairs4 ,habits3 ,! fir/ g5]ation appe> 9 small numb]s 9 ,may4 ,! cat]pill>s hat*$ out f ! eggs ( ^! live 7,may & ,june7 on ! leaves ( cabbages & wild crucif]\s plants4 ,!y always %elt] !mselves betwe5 ! leaves1 & sp9 a few ?9 ?reads across ! entrances to _! abodes4 ,! cat]pill>s burr[ horizontally 9 ! e>?1 & !re become pup inve/$ 9 cocoons4 ,! mo?s ( ! second g5]ation appe> 9 ,augu/2 9 autumn ! cat]pill>s hat*$ f _! eggs damage cabbages1 sometimes to a l>ge ext5t4 ,9 ,octob] !y burr[ into ! soil1 :]e !y hyb]nate4 ,rem$y3 ,deep digg+ or pl\gh+ aft] ! crop1 by :i* ! l>v inve/$ 9 webs are buri$ deeply1 & consequ5tly = ! mo/ "p kill$4 ,! ,"m-(-pe>l ,mo? 7,botys m>g>italis ,b4 extimalis74 ,mo? 7,fig4 #ajd73 ,l5g? ne>ly in*2 span ( w+ ov] #a in*es4 ,=e w+s bright sulphur yell[1 ) l>ge ru/-col\r$ pat*es1 & two ru/y yell[ transv]se l9es4 ,h9d w+s %9+ /raw yell[2 all f\r w+s ) a "m-(-pe>l %e54 ,cat]pill> 7,fig4 #ajd73 in*1 #af-legg$1 yell[i%1 head & neck-%ield black4 ,body ) a broad1 grey1 longitud9al /reak on ea* side4 ,f\r longitud9al r[s ( d>k br[n w>ts4 ,habits3 ,! mo? is on ! w+ 9 ,june & ,july1 & lays ! longi% ovoid eggs on crucif]\s plants 7rape1 radi%1 sev]al wild =ms74 ,! cat]pill> lives conceal$ 9 a :ite web1 & gnaws holes 9 ! pods1 into :i* x ins]ts ! =ep>t ( its body = ! purpose ( dev\r+ ! /ill gre5 se$s4 ,! attack$ pods1 ow+ to ! pres5ce ( r\nd holes 9 !m1 look some?+ l flutes or fifes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--,! ,"m-(-pe>l ,mo? 7,botys m>g>italis71 ) l>va 7#a7 & injur$ pods4 ,! full-gr[n cat]pill>s burr[ into ! soil1 :]e !y hyb]nate 9 a delicate web4 ,rem$y3 ,comp>e ! prec$+ species4 ,family3 ,tortricid 7,leaf-roll]s74 ,small1 ?ick-set mo?s 7,fig4 #aje71 ) small] palps ?an ! sn\t mo?s4 ,=e w+s broad at ! root1 ) /raight or some:at curv$ out] m>g9s4 ,h9d w+s z broad1 or ev5 broad]1 ?an ! =e w+s4 ,:5 at re/ ! =e w+s lie 9 a ro(-l way4 ,!y usually possess _m *>act]i/ic m>k+s4 ,h9d w+s greyi%1 )\t m>k+s4 ,ant5n ?read-l4 ,cat]pill>s hairless1 or only slightly hairy2 #af-legg$3 _m k9ds live 9 leaves1 :i* !y roll up2 o!rs 9 twigs1 buds1 & fruits1 :i* !y holl[ out4 ,! ,fawn-col\r$ ,pea ,mo? 7,grapholi?a nebritana ,g4 pisana74 ,mo? 7,fig4 #aje73 ,l5g? in*2 span ( w+s ab\t in*4 ,=e w+s fawn-col\r$1 ) metallic %e52 alt]nat+ %ort1 :ite1 & d>k l9es on ! front m>g94 ,h9d w+s black1 ) bronze %e5 & :ite fr+e4 ,cat]pill>3 in* long2 #af-legg$2 pale gre51 ) br[n or black head1 neck-%ield1 & la/ body segm5t4 ,! ?oracic legs are black4 ,d>k w>ts on ea* segm5t4 ,habits3 ,comp>e ! succe$+ species4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,! ,fawn-col\r$ ,pea ,mo? 7,grapholi?a nebritana74 ,! ,cresc5t ,pea ,mo? 7,grapholi?a dorsana74 ,mo?3 ,some:at l>g] ?an ! prec$+ species4 ,=e w+s olive br[n1 ) _m small %ort :ite l9es on ! front m>g94 ,a yell[i% :ite cresc5t on ! middle ( ! h9d] m>g94 ,h9d w+s br[ni%4 ,cat]pill>3 ,ne>ly in* long1 #af-legg$1 orange yell[1 ) br[n or black head1 neck-%ield1 la/ body segm5t1 & ?oracic feet4 ,cov]$ ) br[ni%-yell[ w>ts4 ,habits3 ,! mo?s fly ab\t 9 l>ge numb]s r\nd ! pea blossoms1 always a %ort "t aft] sunset4 ,! female lays "o1 two1 or at mo/ ?ree eggs1 on a v "y pod1 or on an ov>y4 ,9 f\rte5 days ! cat]pill> is hat*$1 bores into ! pod1 & attacks ! peas4 ,! op5+ made 9 ! m>g9 ( ! pod closes up aga94 ,! pod g5]ally rip5s e>ly4 ,:5 x op5s1 ! full-gr[n cat]pill>s creep out1 & become pup 9 ! soil1 )9 a web1 :]e ! pupa lives ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! peas attack$ are always cov]$1 :ile 9 ! pod1 ) ! co>se-gra9$ excrem5t ( ! cat]pill>s1 & are (t5 unit$ two or ?ree toge!r by web fibres4 ,rem$y3 ,deep digg+ ( ! soil be=e ! w9t]1 or1 /ill bett]1 deep hoe+ z soon z ! pea crop is ga!r$ 94 ,9 ?is way _m ( ! cat]pill>s or pup hidd5 9 ! soil w be de/roy$4 ,family3 ,t9eid 7,leaf-m9]s74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,! ,l>* ,mo? 7,coleophora l>icella74 ,^! mo?s are ! smalle/ ( ! ,lepidopt]a4 ,l ! sn\t mo?s1 !y h /rongly develop$ labial palps1 b are di/+ui%$ f !m by _! small w+s2 ! h9d w+s are especially small1 & h %>p tips4 ,! ext5t ( ! w+s is increas$ by a broad m>g9al fr+e4 ,:5 at re/1 ! w+s slope l a ro(1 & ! fr+e ne> _! tips is (t5 turn$ upw>ds4 ,ant5n ?read-l1 tol]ably long--9 ! males ( a few species may ev5 be v long4 ,cat]pill>s slightly hairy1 ) five1 or1 r>ely1 f\r pairs ( pro-legs4 ,to ?is family belong ! well-kn[n ,clo!s ,mo?2 ! ,corn ,mo?1 liv+ 9 /or$-up gra92 & also-- ,! ,c>rot ,mo? 7,depress>ia n]vosa ,hmylis daucella74 ,mo?3 ,l5g? in*4 ,span ( w+s r ov] in*4 ,=e w+s r$di%-grey br[n1 blacki% on ! n]ves1 & ) scatt]$ :iti% m>k+s4 ,h9d w+s m ( a grey br[n4 ,?orax & abdom5 v %9y1 & some:at bright] ?an ! w+s4 ,cat]pill>3 ,ne>ly in* long1 tol]ably ?ick1 especially 9 ! middle1 & v>iegat$4 ,head1 ?orax1 & la/ body segm5t %9+ black1 ! la/ two regions ) r$di%-yell[ m>g91 & ! ?orax1 9 addition to ?is1 divid$ into "r & left halves by a longitud9al yell[ l9e4 ,! re/ ( ! body is olive gre52 a broad orange-col\r$ l9e divides x into a d>k] dorsal & a light] v5tral side4 ,on ! back _m ill-def9$ w>ts ( a %9+ black col\r4 ,habits3 ,9 ,m>* & ,april _m ( ! c>rot mo?s :i* h surviv$ ! w9t] come out ( _! hid+-places2 !y only fly at night4 ,! eggs are laid sep>ately on umbellif]\s we$s1 c>raway1 or c>rot plants4 ,! cat]pill>s are fir/ se5 :5 ! plants fl[]2 !y live on ! fl[]-/alks1 :i* !y b9d toge!r by a few ?reads1 & dev\r ! fl[]s & "y fruits1 sometimes ev5 ! fl[]-/alks4 ,! cat]pill>s are v active1 & let !mselves d[n by a ?read :5 di/urb$4 ,usually !y are fully gr[n 9 five weeks1 & !n bore into ! /alks ( ! plant1 :]e !y become pup4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r !re are "o or two g5]ations4 ,! cat]pill>s are f\nd at v v>i\s times1 f ,may to ,augu/4 ,! ,diamond-back ,mo? 7,plutella crucif]>um ,t9ea xylo/ella74 ,mo?3 ,ab\t in* long2 span ( w+s in*4 ,=e w+s small1 lancet-%ap$1 ) long fr+es4 ,gr\nd col\r yell[i% br[n1 d>kly speckl$4 ,h9d w+s br[ni% grey1 small1 /rongly fr+$4 ,:5 at re/ ! long fr+es =m a %>p backw>d & upw>dly direct$ comb1 :ile ! ant5n are appli$ toge!r & /ret*$ /raight =w>ds4 ,cat]pill>3 ,ab\t in* long1 tap]+ 9 front & beh9d4 ,a beautiful gre51 ) a black head4 ,lives hidd5 "u a v ?9 web or "u a few fibres1 on ! l[] side ( ! leaves ( cabbage1 rape1 & o!r crucif]s4 ,habits3 ,! pupa lives ?r\gh ! w9t]2 ! mo?s em]ge 9 ,may1 & fly ab\t 9 ! ev5+4 ,two g5]ations2 ! fir/ g5]ation ( cat]pill>s 9 ! fir/ half ( ,july1 ! second 9 late summ]4 ,! second g5]ation is p>ticul>ly apt to be de/ructive to cabbage4 ,pup f\nd on ! leaves ( ! plants attack$1 & surr\nd$ by a ?ick web4 ,,six? ,,ord]3 ,hemipt]a 7,,half-,,w+$ ,,insects74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,left pair ( w+s ( a ,bug4 ,! m\?-p>ts are modifi$ into a suck+ & pi]c+ beak4 ,head small4 ,legs usually sl5d]1 ) two- or ?ree-jo9t$ feet4 ,w+s are abs5t 9 sev]al species 7e4g4 b$ bugs72 9 "o section 7e4g4 fruit bugs7 ! =e w+s are half ( lea!ry1 half ( membran\s texture 7,fig4 #ajg72 9 o!rs1 all f\r w+s are membran\s 7w+$ plant lice71 or ! =e w+s are some:at h>d] ?an ! h9d w+s 7frog-hopp]s74 ,incomplete metamorphosis 7p4 #hi74 ,none ( agricultural importance except-- ,family3 ,aphid 7,plant ,lice74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--,! ,bean ,aphis 7,aphis papav]is72 a l>va ( ! same bel[4 ,long1 five- to sev5-jo9t$ ant5n4 ,long ?9 legs1 no p[] ( spr++4 ,suck+ beak long & ?94 ,9 ! same species !re are bo? w+$ & w+less aphides1 mo/ly ! latt]4 ,9 autumn1 male & female specim5s are f\nd4 ,aft] pair+1 ! latt] lay _! eggs1 :i* are de/9$ to live ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! aphides hat*$ f ^! ! foll[+ spr+ are all females1 b are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! previ\s autumn by produc+ liv+ "y1 :i* conta9 at ! "t ( _! bir? ! g]ms ( a new g5]ation4 ,! numb] ( "y produc$ by a s+le female1 & ! numb] ( g5]ations appe>+ )9 ! ye>1 v>y accord+ to ! species4 ,!re are species 9 :i* ea* female be>s f eighty to "o hundr$ "y1 & n9e to sixte5 g5]ations succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! ye>4 ,9 autumn males & egg-lay+ females once m appe>4 ,z a rule ! eggs live ?r\gh ! w9t]1 b ! insects !mselves may also d ?is4 ,i mu/ add t !re are con/ant diff]5ces )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! same species accord+ to ! habitat1 & especially 9 ! species :i* regul>ly w&]1 ei!r f "o plant to ano!r1 or f ! leaves to ! roots4 ,b s9ce ! species injuri\s to agriculture d n migrate 9 ?is way1 no?+ fur!r ne$ be said on ! po9t4 ,z aphides suck plant juices dur+ ! :ole ( _! lives1 & h enorm\s reproductive p[]s1 !y are v de/ructive4 ,!y suck f /ems & leaves ! juices :i* w\ld o!rwise be us$ by ! plants !mselves = gr[? or = ! production ( fl[]s & fruit1 & be> "y1 :i* bore _! beaks into ! same "p 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( _! "m1 & quickly beg9 to multiply 9 _! turn4 ,9 ?is way1 colonies consi/+ ( a hundr$ or m individuals are regul>ly =m$ 7e4g4 on peas1 beans1 roses74 ,a plant "p attack$ 9 ?is way %rivels = want ( n\ri%m5t1 & ! aphides ^u x w\ld die if !y did n w&] else:]e4 ,! ?ird g5]ation usually conta9s1 n only w+less individuals1 b also o!rs :i*1 aft] repeat$ m\lts1 fly away & />t a new colony 9 ano!r plant4 ,s9ce aphides h _m enemies 7/>l+s1 sp>r[s1 gras%opp] w>bl]s1 etc41 lady-birds & _! l>v1 drone fly l>v1 lace fly l>v71 & are (t5 kill$ 9 l>ge numb]s by w9d & ra91 x only occasionally happ5s1 p>ticul>ly 9 dry summ]s1 t !y entirely or l>gely de/roy ! plants !y infe/4 ,!y injure plants1 n only by draw+ away _! n\ri%m5t1 b also by ! sep>ation ( a sug>y /icky fluid f ! anus4 ,if ! m9ute drops ( ?is fluid fall f ! upp] p>ts ( an infe/$ plant to ! l[] 7g>d5 & field beans71 or f ! leaves ( an infe/$ tree to ! plants gr[+ at its foot1 or1 z sometimes happ5s1 are c>ri$ by ! w9d to m di/ant plants1 great damage may be caus$4 ,! fluid evaporates & leaves beh9d a %9+ /icky sub/ance1 :i* closes up ! /omata ( ! leaves1 & p>tially *ecks ex*ange ( gases 7assimilation & respiration74 ,p>ticles ( du/1 s&1 & smoke c>ri$ by ! w9d1 & also ! ca/ sk9s ( ! aphides1 /ick to ! surface ( ! leaves & r5d] ex*ange ( gases /ill m difficult4 ,! leaves develop br[n dirty pat*es1 & die (f4 ,besides ?is1 ! spores ( disease-produc+ fungi1 c>ri$ by ! w9d1 /ick v easily to ! places cov]$ by ! sweet fluid1 & readily g]m9ate 9 x4 ,aphides may ?us be ! indirect cause ( sev]al diseases 7e4g4 smut74 ,^! insects are de/ructive1 !re=e1 to o!r plants ?an ^? infe/$ by !m4 ,rem$ies3 ,spray+ ) any "o ( ! fluids de/ructive to !m--soapy wat]2 a decoction ( quassia *ips2 tobacco wat]1 n too conc5trat$2 ,nessl]'s fluid 7#a ozs4 s(t soap1 #b ozs4 tobacco mixture1 #b ozs4 fusel alcohol1 half a p9t ord9>y alcohol1 dilut$ ) ra9 wat] up to a qu>t3 :5 us$1 mix ) "o-fif? ! quantity ( ra9 wat]72 ,ko*'s fluid 7#b lbs4 s(t soap dissolv$ 9 half a gallon ( hot wat]2 lb4 ( quassia *ips extract$ = twelve h\rs 9 #e qu>ts ( ra9 wat]1 & ! fluid ?us obta9$ boil$ & filt]$4 ,x is !n add$ to ! soap wat]1 & ! :ole br\ght up to #aj gallons by addition ( ra9 wat]74 ,spray+ ) "o ( ! above-nam$ fluids mu/ be r5ew$ 9 a %ort "t1 s z to rea* all ! aphides :]ev] possible2 if ev5 a few rema9 unt\*$1 !re w soon be a l>ge numb] aga94 ,a w>m ev5+ is be/ = ! spray+4 ,infe/$ plants c also be /rewn ) f9ely p[d]$ sub/ances1 or ^! may be scatt]$ ov] !m by means ( a small bell[s4 ,s9ce su* sub/ances %\ld rema9 on z long z possible1 !y %\ld be us$ aft] ra9 or e>ly 9 ! morn+1 :5 ! dew is /ill on ! leaves4 ,among p[d]$ matt]s suitable = ! purpose1 ! foll[+ may be nam$3 gypsum1 lime1 tobacco1 wood-a%1 insect p[d] 7prep>$ f ! fl[]-heads ( ,p]sian species ( *rysan!mum & f tansy heads74 ,x mu/ also be po9t$ out1 t ^! rem$ies mu/ be employ$ z soon z ! insects beg9 to %[ !mselves 9 consid]able numb]s2 x is n desirable to delay till ! infe/ation has made consid]able headway1 z x is !n mu* m difficult to get a satisfactory result4 ,9 "s cases1 x is desirable to cut (f & burn or o!rwise de/roy mu* infe/$ p>ts1 or ^? p>ts on :i* ! insects fir/ beg9 to multiply 7e4g4 e>ly cutt+ (f ( ! tips ( ! /ems 9 field & g>d5 beans74 ,! species ( aphis :i* mo/ commonly occur ^u cultivat$ plants are3--,! ,bean ,aphis 7,aphis papav]is71 in*1 black2 on ! tips ( ! /ems ( field & m>% beans1 also on poppy1 turnips1 lettuce1 & on sev]al wild composites & umbellif]s4 ,! ,pea ,aphis 7,aphis ulm>i71 to ( an in* long2 gre52 ,july to ,septemb] on peas1 *ickl+ peas1 & sev]al wild legum9\s plants2 v de/ructive4 ,! ,corn ,aphis 7,aphis c]ealis71 in*1 gre5 or r$di% br[n1 also r$di% br[n ) gre5 abdom52 ,june to ,augu/ on rye1 b>ley1 oats & sev]al grasses2 sucks ! axis ( ! e>s1 & ! fl[]-/alks2 z ! 7black7 eggs rema9 on ! /ubble dur+ ! w9t]1 x is advisable to pl\gh ?is deeply 9 imm$iately aft] h>ve/4 ,! ,oat ,aphis 7,aphis av571 in*1 d>k gre51 speckl$ ) :ite2 on oats & b>ley1 sc>cely ev] on ! e>s1 b on ! leaf-%ea?s & ! upp] sides ( ! roll$-up leaves4 ,! ,hop ,aphis 7,aphis humuli71 in*1 gre52 on ! "u side ( ! hop leaves1 &1 :5 v abundant1 on ! scales ( ! fruit4 ,! ,cabbage ,aphis 7,aphis brassic71 in*1 d>k gre51 speckl$ ) grey2 f ,may to ,septemb] on all k9ds ( cabbage1 & also on o!r crucif]s4 ,,sev5? ,,ord]3 ,physopoda 7,,bladd]-,,foot$ ,,insects74 ,v m9ute insects1 possess+ a *>act]i/ic jaw app>atus1 ) :i* !y pi]ce ! out] sk9 ( leaves or ! p>ts ( fl[]s1 & suck _! juices4 ,! f\r small w+s h long fr+es at _! edges2 ! =e w+s are tol]ably h>d4 ,! ends ( ! feet d n possess claws1 b small bladd]s or suck]s4 ,! metamorphosis is incomplete4 ,9 "s ye>s1 "o or o!r ( ! species may increase to a v l>ge ext5t1 & ^! m9ute insects !n fly ab\t 9 sw>ms1 especially on v hot days2 & !y also w&] ab\t 9 l>ge flocks4 ,if !y settle on ! face or h&s ( human be+s1 !y cause a disagreeable & p]si/5t it*+1 z !y cont9ually walk ab\t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--;,corn ,?rips 7,?rips c]ealium74 ,! ,corn ,?rips 7,?rips c]ealium71 in*4 ,d>k br[n to black4 ,male w+less4 ,female ) small w+s b5d+ outw>ds at _! tips 7,fig4 #aji72 =e w+s horny1 h9d w+s membran\s4 ,l>va orange yell[2 head1 pro?orax1 & tip ( ! abdom51 black4 ,aft] ! la/ m\lt x becomes yell[i% :ite1 & acquires scale-l w+s4 ,hyb]nates 9 ! adult condition2 lays its eggs on v>i\s grasses1 also on diff]5t gra9-plants4 ,! l>v1 &1 lat] on1 ! p]fect insects are f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s suck+ ! ov>ies ( fl[]+ corn 7:eat1 rye1 b>ley72 z a result ( :i* ! e>s d n fully develop1 b )] away4 ,rem$y3 ,deep pl\gh+ ( ! /ubble1 by :i* ! hyb]nat+ individuals are de/roy$4 ,! ,eld] ,?rips 7,?rips sambuci7 lives 9 eld]1 & sometimes also multiplies 9 v "y field beans1 ! leaves ( :i* black5 & %rivel up 9 consequ5ce4 ,! ,flax ,?rips 7,?rips l9i7 (t5 injures flax4 ,,eigh? ,,ord]3 ,dipt]a 7,,flies74 ,m\?-p>ts elongat$1 adapt$ = suck+ or pi]c+4 ,=e w+s develop$1 r>ely abs5t4 ,h9d w+s abs5t1 z su*1--alt]$ into club-l bodies 7balanc]s or halt]es7 (t5 cov]$ ) scales4 ,metamorphosis complete4 ,l>v always legless2 mo/ h bit+ m\?-p>ts & no di/9ct head 7maggots72 ! head-be>+ dipt]\s l>v possess simil> m\?-p>ts4 ,! la/ become obtectate pup 7p4 #ic71 :ile ! headless l>v become pup )9 ! l>val sk94 ,family3 ,culic9 7,gnats74 ,sl5d]ly built1 ) long1 ?9 legs4 ,an elongat$ pi]c+ proboscis 9 ! female4 ,! male ) feebly develop$ m\?-p>ts1 & fea!r-l ant5n4 ,bo? sexes suck up wat] & plant juices1 & ! female blood z well2 h5ce only ! latt] bites1 especially at night4 ,!y hyb]nate 9 ! adult condition 9 cell>s1 b>ns1 etc4 ,! female lays #bej to #cjj eggs on any float+ object 9 /agnant wat] 7pools1 dit*es1 wat]-vessels74 ,! l>v 7) l>ge head1 well-develop$ pro?orax1 & a brea?+-tube on ! abdom57 live 9 wat]1 z d ! pup4 ,sev]al g5]ations annually2 especially 9 damp summ]s & di/ricts :]e ! dra9+ ( ! soil leaves mu* to be desir$4 ,al?\gh s& flies torm5t our dome/ic animals m ?an gnats1 yet ^! also may be v tr\blesome to !m4 ,!y pr9cipally attack ! less hairy p>ts ( ! body 7inn] side ( ! e>s1 nose1 m\?1 corn]s ( ! eye1 arms1 sexual p>ts74 ,rem$ies3 ,?or\gh dra9+ ( ! soil4 ,wa%+ ! dome/ic animals to be protect$ ) a v9eg> extract ( walnut leaves2 rubb+ ) walnut leaves4 ,:]ev] possible1 any sores %\ld be cov]$ up1 z !y attract gnats1 s& flies1 & flies2 or ! sk9 ne> !m may be pa9t$ ) turp5t9e or v dilute c>bolic acid4 ,?is is ! less to be neglect$1 z sev]al k9ds ( flies eag]ly lay _! eggs 9 ! sores ( dome/ic animals4 ,family3 ,gallicol 7,gall ,gnats74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--,! ,:eat ,midge 7,cecidomyia tritici71 female4 ,small gnats ) l>ge broad w+s1 mu* n>r[$ at ! root1 r\nd$ at ! tip1 & g5]ally r\gh ) hairs4 ,feel]s made up ( a l>ge numb] ( sph]ical or cyl9drical jo9ts1 cov]$ ) spread+ hairs4 ,proboscis %ort1 legs long4 ,! female has an ovipositor1 ) :i* %e ins]ts eggs 9 any "p ( a plant4 ,at ?is p>ticul> spot a luxuriant gr[? ( vegetable tissue takes place lat] on1 ( v>y+ ext5t1 & ev5 =m+ a regul> gall4 ,! species ( gall gnat are usually brightly col\r$1 (t5 r$ or yell[2 ^! col\rs are lo/1 h[ev]1 9 dri$ specim5s4 ,! l>v are sp9dle-%ap$1 yell[i% :ite1 yell[1 or r$2 !y become pup ei!r 9 ! soil or )9 ! "p ( ! plant :i* !y inhabit4 ,sev]al species are de/ructive to fruit-tree culture or =e/ry2 ,i m5tion "h only ! mo/ de/ructive k9ds :i* attack cultivat$ plants4 ,! ,hessian ,fly 7,cecidomyia de/ructor74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,plant ( ,b>ley1 attack$ by ,hessian ,fly4 ,! pup at a4 ,female ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long1 male some:at small]4 ,! =m] velvety black1 ) black hairs1 r$ belly1 & r$ m>k+s2 w+s greyi%2 ant5n "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,male black1 ) r$di%-yell[ hairs1 dirty r$ belly1 & r$ m>k+s4 ,! "n 8,hessian flies0 0 giv5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 dur+ la/ c5tury1 because x 0 believ$ !y 7 introduc$ f ,g]many1 9 #aggh1 by ,hessian soldi]s1 9 _! /raw4 ,x is /ill v de/ructive 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 also 9 ,g]many1 ,russia1 ,engl&1 & ,scotl&4 ,habits3 ,dur+ ,april or ,may1 on w>m /ill ev5+s1 ! female lays h] eighty or n9ety eggs1 s+ly or 9 pairs1 on ! l[e/ leaves ( ! /ill v %ort haulms ( rye1 :eat1 & b>ley4 ,eight days1 on an av]age1 aft] ?is ! maggots1 :i* are at fir/ oblong & spott$ ) r$di% yell[1 are hat*$1 & glide d[n into ! leaf-%ea?1 :]e !y beg9 to suck ! haulm4 ,!y gradually alt] _! %ape1 becom+ ovoid1 & transp>5t ) ! exception ( ! l>ge yell[i% :ite1 q opaque fat body4 ,!y soon become pup 7,fig4 #aaa71 :i* look l gra9s ( l9se$1 & are f\nd 9 summ] on ! haulms ( ! ripe gra94 ,! pres5ce ( ! con/antly suck+ l>v causes great & injuri\s di/ortions ( ! plant1 especially obvi\s dur+ ! fl[]+ "t1 & = a %ort "t aft]w>ds4 ,! haulm )]s1 & %rivels at ! po9t :]e ! l>v are pres5t1 i4e4 above ! l[e/ node1 or ! l[e/ b "o4 ,at ! "t :5 ! haulm beg9s to turn yell[--t is1 :5 ! gra9 beg9s to rip51--! l>v become pup2 ! haulm n[ easily breaks (f at ! infect$ spot2 a /rong w9d or heavy ra9 ?r[s x to ! gr\nd4 ,a badly infe/$ field looks1 on ?is acc\nt1 z if a h]d ( cattle _h got loose & trodd5 x all d[n1 or z if ! gra9 _h be5 deva/at$ by hail4 ,only a few haulms be> e>s conta9+ normally develop$ gra9s4 ,! flies em]ge f ! pup 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]1 aft] :i* ! females quickly seek ! w9t] corn1 & lay _! eggs s+ly or 9 pairs on ! leaves ( ! yet "y plants4 ,! l>v creep betwe5 ! leaf-%ea? & ! /ill q undevelop$ haulm1 &1 9 ! case ( small haulms1 a numb] ( l>v may collect toge!r 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! root1 caus+ a sph]ical swell+4 ,9 _m cases ! plant dies if its l[] p>ts are inhabit$ by _m l>v4 ,be=e w9t]1 ! l>v atta9 _! full size1 leave ! plants1 & creep into ! soil1 :]e1 9 ! foll[+ spr+1 !y become pup1 f :i* flies em]ge f\rte5 days lat]4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 two g5]ations annually4 ,! spread+ ( ,hessian flies into regions :]e !y 7 =m]ly unkn[n may be caus$ by 7a7 /raw conta9+ ! l9se$-l pup 7/raw = pap] manufacture1 pack+1 etc472 7b7 gra91 among :i* are (t5 f\nd pup t h fall5 out ( ! haulms among ! sep>at$ gra94 ,rem$ies3 #a4 ,s[+ ! w9t] gra9 z late z possible1 s t ! females ( ! summ] g5]ation :5 !y come out ( ! pup w f9d no w9t]-gra9-plants 9 :i* to lay _! eggs4 #b4 ,pl\gh+ up ! /ubble imm$iately aft] h>ve/1 or else burn+ x1 s t ! pup f\nd above ! l[] nodes are ei!r deeply buri$ or else burnt4 ,! ,sc>let ,:eat ,midge 7,cecidomyia eque/ris74 ,female ab\t in*1 male in*2 *]ry r$1 ) yell[ hairs2 back ( ! ?orax d>k br[n4 ,ant5n z long z ! body 9 ! male1 half z long 9 ! female4 ,on ! w+ f ,may till ,june2 lays its eggs on ! leaves ( gra9-plants1 at ! base ( ! upp]mo/ leaf by pref]5ce4 ,! blood-r$ maggots1 :5 !y are hat*$1 let !mselves slide d[n1 & get betwe5 ! leaf-%ea? & haulm4 ,"h !y "w !mselves into ! haulm1 mak+ a longitud9al groove1 ! walls ( :i* swell m or less1 & ! end ( :i* is indicat$ by an obvi\s transv]se ?ick5+4 ,! leaf-%ea? hid+ ! attack$ "p ( ! /em is usually m or less swoll54 ,^! gall-l outgr[?s take up a great deal ( nutriti\s matt]1 n only f ! affect$ haulm b also f ! plant at l>ge1 s t ! regions n directly attack$ are ret>d$ 9 _! gr[?4 ,! l>v are full-gr[n at h>ve/ "t1 leave _! hid+-places1 & let !mselves fall to ! gr\nd1 :]e ! foll[+ spr+ !y become pup1 f :i* midges quickly em]ge4 ,rem$y3 ,aft] a ye> 9 :i* ! insect has caus$ great damage1 ! fields mu/ be deeply pl\gh$ 9 ord] to kill ! l>v1 :i* w\ld o!rwise live ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,! ,:eat ,midge 7,cecidomyia tritici74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,! ,:eat ,midge 7,cecidomyia tritici73 ,,li1 l>va 9 ! contract$1 ,,lii1 ! same 9 ! ext5d$ condition4 ,b1 a :eat fl[]3 a#a out]1 a#b inn] glume1 b1 /am5s2 c1 bru%-l /igmas2 d1 ov>y2 l1 l>v ( ! :eat midge4 ,,li & ,,lii highly1 ,b less highly1 magnifi$4 ,male in*1 female 7,fig4 #aaj7 in*1 & possess+ an ovipositor :i*1 :5 ext5d$1 is twice t l5g?4 ,citron yell[1 slightly hairy2 ant5n blacki%1 eyes black1 legs dirty yell[4 ,9 spr+ or e>ly summ]1 ! midges creep out ( ! soil 9 fields :]e :eat has be5 plant$ ! previ\s ye>4 ,aft] pair+1 ! females w&] to fields :]e :eat or1 m r>ely1 rye is gr[+4 ,! attacks ( ! midges comm5ce :5 ! e>s beg9 to em]ge f ! leaf-%ea?s1 & are cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! fl[]+ "t ( ! :eat4 ,at night ! female pi]ces ! glumes ) h] ovipositor1 & lays ?ree to t5 p]fectly transp>5t eggs 9 ea* fl[]4 ,ea* midge lays eggs 9 sev]al fl[]s1 b two or m midges may use ! same fl[] = ?is purpose1 s t z _m z ?irty maggots may be f\nd 9 "o bloom 7,fig4 #aab74 ,! maggots1 :i* are hat*$ out 9 a week1 creep d[n to ! ov>y & suck its juices4 ,if _m maggots live 9 "o fl[] x is sure to die1 b if !re are only a few x may produce a gra91 ?\gh ?is may be small4 ,e>s infe/$ by ! maggots develop yell[ spots lat] on2 _m e>s rema9 q empty1 & consequ5tly ?9 & upright4 ,full-gr[n maggot3 in*2 /raw yell[ to *rome yell[2 q transp>5t :5 v "y4 ,is fully develop$ 9 ?ree weeks1 & !n lets itself fall to ! gr\nd 7,july or ,augu/74 ,becomes a pupa ! foll[+ spr+2 f\rte5 days lat] ! midge escapes4 ,family3 ,ro/rat 7,crane ,flies1 ,daddy ,longlegs74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--,! ,daddy ,longlegs1 or ,common ,crane ,fly 7,tipula ol]acea74 ,left1 ! male & ! maggot2 "r1 ! female & ! pupa4 ,^! v long-legg$ gnats live on ! juices ( plants1 & d n /+4 ,! l>v are legless1 )\t a h>d well-m>k$ head2 ^? ( mo/ species live 9 m\ld]+ plant p>ts 7e4g4 rott5 wood71 or ! decay+ manures ( our fields & mead[s4 ,a few species1 h[ev]1 are v de/ructive1 s9ce !y injure roots & o!r p>ts ( cultivat$ plants4 ,! adult & l>val /ages ( all ! injuri\s k9ds are n yet di/+ui%$4 ,we "k t ! l>v ( ! yell[ & spott$ ,tipula maculosa are *iefly de/ructive 9 s&y soil2 :ile m b9d+ clay soil & ri* g>d5 e>? are infe/$ by ! l>v ( ,tipula ol]acea 7,fig4 #aac71 & damp mead[s by ^? ( ,tipula paludosa4 ,! two la/-nam$ species are v mu* l "o ano!r2 grey or greyi% br[n ) bright br[n w+s1 hav+ d>k front m>g94 ,mu* is /ill unkn[n ab\t ! habits ( 8crane flies02 my rese>*es relate to ! ,yell[-spott$ ,crane ,fly 7,tipula maculosa74 ,! adults fly ab\t 9 sw>ms dur+ summ]1 usually f ! beg9n+ ( ,june1 9 ! fields :]e ! l>v liv$ 9 spr+4 ,!y lay _! eggs ei!r 9 ! same fields or 7usually7 9 o!rs1 & are bl[n ab\t = long di/ances by ! w9d4 ,:]e ! flies settle !y lay ea* "t two or ?ree black ovoid eggs1 b5t l a sickle1 & repeat ?is till all ! eggs 7#bjj to #bej7 are laid4 ,^? fields :i* h previ\sly be5 grass l& are ! mo/ infe/$ by ! crane flies4 ,! l>v are headless1 grey to lead col\r$1 ) small prickles at ! h9d] end ( ! body1 & !y fir/ appe>1 9 l>ge numb]s1 "u ! pieces ( turf :i* are left beh9d 9 su* fields1 & :i* appe> to be ! c5tres f :i* ! de/ruction ( ! /&+ corn beg9s4 ,! l>v are hat*$ out 9 summ]1 dur+ ! lat] "p ( :i*1 & dur+ autumn1 !y dev\r plant roots2 aft] hyb]nat+1 !y aga9 attack ! und]gr\nd p>ts ( plants ! foll[+ spr+4 ,!y dev\r mo/ readily ! roots ( grass & corn1 b also ^? ( clov]1 rape1 & sev]al o!r plants1 includ+ "s f\nd 9 fl[] & kit*5 g>d5s4 ,!y are ma9ly injuri\s ei!r 9 autumn or spr+1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! plants attack$4 ,"y gra9-plants are kill$ by !m1 old] ones usually n4 ,on fields :]e w9t] corn gr[s !y !re=e d mo/ damage 9 autumn1 :ile ?is is ! case 9 spr+ on l& :]e summ] corn is cultivat$4 ,!y are sometimes h>mless1 s9ce !y c also fe$ on roots left beh9d 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! l>va d n limit _! ravages to und]gr\nd p>ts2 9 ! ev5+1 & also 9 ! daytime dur+ d>k damp wea!r1 !y dev\r p>ts ( ! fir/ leaves ( v "y corn plants1 ?\gh ! damage ?us effect$ is (t5 inconsid]able4 ,9 ,may ! l>va is ready to pass into ! pupa /age2 x comes ne> ! surface & becomes a br[n pupa1 be>+ small sp9es on ! abdom9al r+s4 ,aft] a re/ ( f\rte5 to sev5te5 days1 ! pupa works its way upw>d till ! front "p ( its body /icks out ( ! soil4 ,! fly !n escapes4 ,enemies3 ,mole1 %rews1 wagtails1 gras%opp] w>bl]1 rook1 gulls4 ,rem$ies3 ,:5 ! maggots are v de/ructive 9 g>d5s !y may be collect$1 pref]ably 9 wet wea!r1 s9ce !y !n leave ! soil dur+ ! day4 ,if !y appe> to an injuri\s ext5t on summ] corn1 ! fields %\ld be roll$ 9 ,april 7ei!r ) ! ord9>y or ! spik$ roll]74 ,at ! "t 7,june7 :5 ! crane flies sw>m ab\t ! fields & mead[s 9 flocks1 ?\s&s ( individuals c easily be caught ) a net4 ,family3 ,musc=mes 7,gnat ,flies74 ,gnats ) relatively %ort legs1 & ant5n :i* are 9 any case %ort] ?an ! body1 & are usually q %ort & cyl9drical1 possess+1 h[ev]1 six or m jo9ts1 :ile ! ant5n ( true flies usually h only ?ree jo9ts4 ,! gnat flies =m1 z x 71 ! transition betwe5 ! sl5d] gnats ) _! long legs & ant5n1 & ! m ?ick-set flies1 ! legs & ant5n ( :i* are %ort4 ,"h belong ! g5]a ( ,%ade ,gnats 7,sci>a1 e4g4 ,sci>a ,?om1 ! l>v ( :i* (t5 w&] ab\t 9 companies1 z ! s-call$ ,army ,worm71 ! ,s& ,flies 7,simulia71 & ! ,hair ,gnats 7,bibio1 e4g4 ! ,g>d5 ,hair ,gnat1 ,bibio hortulanus1 ! l>va ( :i* gnaws ! roots ( plants1 especially 9 hum\s g>d5 soil74 ,! ,s& ,flies1 or ,mosquitoes 7,simulia71 h ?ick-set bodies1 %ort legs1 & %ort n9e or t5-jo9t$ ant5n2 !y are f to ( an in* long1 & h a %ort b %>p proboscis1 ) :i* !y suck up ! fl[] juices :i* con/itute _! *ief food4 ,b ! female also sucks ! blood ( human be+s & animals1 mak+ h]self exce$+ly annoy+ 9 ?is way4 ,its l>val /ate is pass$ ?r\gh 9 /agnant wat]2 its appe>ance is !re=e local1 & is especially fav\r$ by damp summ]s4 ,! mature s& flies are f\nd f e>ly spr+ or ?r\gh ! :ole summ]2 sev]al g5]ations succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! same ye>4 ,s& flies (t5 appe> 9 sw>ms1 conta9+ ?\s&s ( individuals4 ,s9ce ! female eag]ly creeps into ! e>s1 noses1 & corn]s ( ! eyes 9 horses & ox51 %e is extremely annoy+ & ev5 dang]\s4 ,h] bite produces a sm>t+ s5sation1 & may cause actual boils to =m 9 ! sk94 ,:5 a l>ge sw>m ( s& flies settles on a h]d ( cattle or on "s horses1 ^! animals become madd5$ & furi\s2 !y (t5 ru% wildly r\nd = s long t !y fall d[n dead4 ,simulia reptans is a common ,briti% =m4 ,rem$ies3 ,comp>e :at is said on p4 #afe1 ab\t gnats4 ,s& flies c usually be kept f horses' e>s by means ( e>-caps4 ,family3 ,tabanid 7,gad ,flies74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--,! ,ra9 ,breeze ,fly 7,hmatopota pluvialis74 ,l>ge or m$ium-siz$ flies ) ?ick-set body1 l>ge broad head1 flat abdom51 & /rong legs4 ,! proboscis is less develop$ 9 ! male1 :i* lives m]ely on plant juices1 ?an 9 ! blood-suck+ female4 ,! cyl9drical :iti% l>v live 9 e>?1 & are h>mless4 ,b ! female insects bite human be+s1 & ! l>g] k9d attack horses & cattle 9 su* a mann] t blood-drops may be se5 on ! gr\nd "u ! animals attack$1 if ^! rema9 = a "t 9 ! same spot4 ,!re belong to ?is family3 #a4 ,! ,breeze ,flies 7,tabanus71 l>ge insects up to in* long1 :i* are se5 fly+ ab\t ) a buzz+ s\nd ov] mead[s & fields 9 ! sun%9e 7,ox ,fly ,t4 bov9us2 ,horse ,fly ,t4 autumnalis74 #b4 ,! ,less] ,breeze ,flies 7,hmatopota71 small] & m sl5d]1 ) grey w+s1 bite mo/ be=e a /orm & 9 hot sultry days4 #c4 ,! ,bl9d+ ,breeze ,flies 7,*rysops71 z l>ge z ! ,less] ,breeze ,flies1 b broad]1 ) %9+ gold5-gre5 eyes & w+s m>k$ ) black4 ,rem$ies3 ,comp>e p4 #afe1 & above2 dra9+ ! soil1 h[ev]1 is no good "h4 ,family3 ,muscid 7,true ,flies74 ,^! are flies ) ?ree-jo9t$ ant5n1 con/ruct$ on ! type se5 9 ! common h\se fly4 ,"h are includ$ ! ,cat]pill> ,flies 7,ta*9a71 ! ,fle% ,flies 7,s>cophaga71 ,common ,flies 7,musca71 ,fl[] ,flies 7,an?omyia71 ,gre5-ey$ ,flies 7,*lorops71 etc4 ,! ,cat]pill> ,flies 7,ta*9a7 are black1 grey1 or r$di% yell[ flies1 rem9d+ "o by _! appe>ance ( ! common h\se fly or ! blue-bottle4 ,!y play ! same "p 9 ! economy ( nature z ! s& wasps 7p4 #abi71 b always lay _! eggs ext]nally on ! sk9 ( ! ho/2 ! maggots consequ5tly nev] prey on ^? insect l>v :i* live 9 ! tissues ( plants or 9 ! soil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,cat]pill> ,fly 7,ta*9a f]a74 ,! ,fle% ,flies 7,s>cophaga7 h a longi% abdom51 ) l>ge bri/les on ! h9d] m>g9s ( ! segm5ts4 ,?orax ) ?ree longitud9al /reaks4 ,! flies suck up sweat1 b d n bite4 ,! eggs develop )9 ! abdom5 ( ! "m2 ! flies lay ! "y l>v 9 dead fle%2 also1 if n kept clean1 9 w\nds ( human be+s & animals1--sometimes1 too1 9 ! g5ital op5+ ( horses1 cattle1 & sw9e1 9 :i* case ! maggots live z true p>asites 9 ! vag9a & ut]us1 caus+ a secretion ( mucus1 ^u :i* !y live4 ,two to ?ree g5]ations ye>ly2 fifty to eighty maggots ea* "t4 ,rem$ies3 ,on keep+ ! flies f cattle1 cf4 p4 #afe2 to keep !m f meat1 flynets1 a gauze cov]4 ,bl[ ,fly 7,s4 c>n>ia71 ) black speckl$ abdom54 ,! ,common ,flies 7,musca7 are col\r$ d>k or %9+ gre54 ,! headless :ite maggots live 9 dung 7,h\se ,fly ,musca dome/ica71 9 fre% or decay+ meat 7,blue-bottle ,m4 vomitoria71 exceptionally 7,m4 vomitoria7 9 w\nds t are n kept clean1 or 9 ! vag9a ( sev]al dome/ic animals4 ,rem$y3 ,comp>e above 78,fle% ,fly074 ,! ,fl[] ,flies 7,an?omyia74 ,^! are f\nd on fl[]s1 & resemble _m common flies 9 appe>ance & col\r4 ,! headless :ite maggots live 9 dung1 also 9 decay+ or s\nd p>ts ( plants2 a few species may sometimes develop 9 ! "o k9d ( mat]ial1 sometimes 9 ! o!r4 ,an?omyia meteorica sw>ms r\nd ! heads ( dome/ic animals1 & may ev5 cause inflammation ( ! eyes & e>s4 ,! ,:eat ,bulb ,fly 7,an?omyia co>ctata1 ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long1 yell[i% grey1 ) black hairs7 lives z a l>va dur+ w9t] & spr+ 9 ! he>ts ( rye & :eat plants1 ! leaves ( :i* become yell[ 9 consequ5ce4 ,dur+ ,april & ! beg9n+ ( ,may ! l>v quit ^! plants & become pup 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! second g5]ation c1 9 l mann]1 live 9 v>i\s k9ds ( summ] gra94 ,! ,lup9e ,fly 7,a4 fune/a7--ne>ly "o-fif? ( an in* long1 br[ni% grey 7male7 or :iti% grey 7female71 ) black legs--digs1 :5 a l>va1 tunnels 9 ! roots1 /ems1 & se$-leaves ( "y lup9e plants1 caus+ ! root & /em to turn black1 & ! se$-leaves to )]4 ,prev5tive ,measure3 ,e>ly s[+ ( ! lup9es4 ,! ,mangold & ,beet ,fly 7,a4 bet71 a qu>t] ( an in* long1 yell[i% grey1 lays its eggs1 five to eight 9 numb]1 9 ! "y leaves ( mangold & beet4 ,! maggots dev\r ! gre5 sub/ance ( ! leaf betwe5 ! two lay]s ( epid]mis1 s t ! leaves die4 ,9 ,june ! maggots creep out ( ! leaves1 & become pup 9 ! soil4 ,! flies quickly escape1 & two or ?ree g5]ations foll[ "o ano!r 9 ! ye>4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! leaves are n[ l>g]1 ! lat] g5]ations only effect a small am\nt ( damage4 ,prev5tive ,measure3 ,close s[+ ( ! turnips1 s t ev5 if _m are kill$ !re w /ill be en\gh "y plants4 ,! ,cabbage ,root-eat+ ,fly 7,a4 radicum7 & ! ,radi% ,fly 7,a4 floralis7 live z fle%y1 wr9kl$1 dirty :ite maggots ) black dots1 9 ! und]gr\nd p>ts ( turnip1 cabbage1 hors]adi%1 radi%es1 etc4 ,!y lead a simil> life to ! ,cabbage ,fly 7,a4 brassic71 ! cyl9drical1 smoo?1 yell[i% :ite maggot ( :i* lives 9 ! und]gr\nd p>ts ( cabbage1 turnip1 & rape4 ,! roots attack$ swell "h & !re 7,fig4 #aaf71 & lat] on decay2 ! leaves ( ! infe/$ plants fir/ become ( a dull lead5 col\r & !n )]4 ,entire fields ( cabbage1 rape1 or turnips1 are (t5 de/roy$ by cabbage fly maggots4 ,! insect passes ! w9t] 9 ! pupa /ate2 ! flies appe> e>ly 9 ! spr+1 & usually twice m lat] on4 ,x is !re=e mo/ desirable to pull up & burn ! infe/$ plants z soon z possible4 ,a prop] rotation ( crops %\ld also be practis$4 ,! ,onion ,fly 7,a4 cep>um7 maggot fe$s )9 ! bulbs ( /or$ onions4 ,! male fly is grey1 ! female yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,a turnip infe/$ by ! ,cabbage ,fly3 ,a1 swell+s2 ,g1 tunnels4 ,! ,*eese ,fly 7,piophila casei71 "o-fif? ( an in* long1 sl5d]1 ) a metallic %e51 almo/ hairless1 black1 ) dirty yell[ legs & w+s ( glassy cle>ness4 ,^! small flies ab\nd 9 front ( ! w9d[s ( places :]e *eese is /or$2 9 summ] & autumn ! %9+ :ite maggots1 :i* are cyl9drical 9 =m ) tap]+ ends1 & "o-?ird ( an in* long1 live 9 l>ge numb]s 9 old *eese1 gnaw+ x ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 & mak+ x dirty4 ,n[ & !n !y spr+ =w>ds by b5d+ _! bodies into a circle & sudd5ly /raight5+ !m aga94 ,!y become pup on ! walls or 9 /raw1 ne> ! *eeses f :i* !y h crept out4 ,rem$ies3 ,keep+ ! *eeses clean2 me*anical exclusion 7gauze scre5s outside ! w9d[s1 enclosure 9 *e/s74 ,! ,gre5-ey$ ,flies 7,*lorops7 include a numb] ( small flies1 "u "o-six? ( an in* long1 ) sph]ical head1 r\nd$ gre5i% eyes1 /rongly ar*$ ?orax1 & %ort egg-%ap$ abdom51 po9t$ 9 ! male & blunt 9 ! female4 ,! headless l>v live 9 ! haulms ( grasses & species ( gra92 ! life hi/ory ( a few =ms only is adequately kn[n4 ,a few are h>mful1 especially z !re are two or ?ree g5]ations annually4 ,! late summ] g5]ation (t5 appe>s 9 l>ge numb]s1 inde$ 9 actual sw>ms4 ,s9ce no species lives exclusively on corn1 x is impossible to keep !m d[n = a long p]iod ( "t4 ,i describe only two species3-- ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--,! ,ribbon-foot$ ,corn ,fly 7,*lorops tniopus74 ,! ,ribbon-foot$ ,corn ,fly or ,yell[ ,haulm ,fly 7,*lorops tniopus71 ne>ly "o-six? ( an in* long1 %9+ yell[2 ! ant5n are black1 & !re are ?ree longitud9al /ripes on ! dorsal side ( ! ?orax & f\r transv]se b&s on ! abdom5 ( ! same col\r2 ! latt] region is sc>cely long] ?an ! ?orax4 ,! insect 7,fig4 #aag7 is on ! w+ 9 cornfields ab\t ! middle ( ,may4 ,x lays its eggs sep>ately on ! upp] leaves ( v>i\s species ( :eat1 rye1 & b>ley1 *oos+ ! upp] side ( ! blade1 n f> f ! %ea?4 ,only ^? plants are select$ = ! purpose 9 :i* ! e>s are /ill hidd5 deep d[n betwe5 ! leaf-%ea?s4 ,:eat plants are pick$ out :5ev] possible4 ,! maggot :5 hat*$ works its way betwe5 leaf-%ea? & haulm1 digg+ into ! latt]4 ,x is yell[i% :ite1 cle> & transluc5t1 & ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* long4 ,:ile /ill "y x p5etrates ! haulm1 & !n attacks ! develop+ e> or ! upp] "p ( ! haulm :i* imm$iately adjo9s ?is1 & travels gradually up to ! fir/ node ( ! haulm or ne>ly s1 always cont9u+ to sl[ly suck4 ,?us a furr[1 f #b to #c in*es long 7,fig4 #aah1 ,c & ,d71 is =m$ along ! surface ( ! upp] "p ( ! haulm1 & (t5 also along ! l[] "p ( ! e>4 ,! "p ( ! haulm attack$ swells transv]sely1 & ! "p bel[ (t5 rema9s %ort1 s t ! e> _c em]ge f ! leaf-%ea?2 b1 9 any case1 only small wor?less gra9s are develop$4 ,! furr[ is always mu* deep] bel[ ?an above1 & its m>g9s ?ick5 9 consequ5ce ( ! swell+ ( ! tissues ( ! haulm4 ,at ! end ( ,june or 9 ,july1 ! l>va becomes a pupa at ! l[] end ( ! furr[4 ,! yell[i%-br[n pupa 7,fig4 #aah1 ,b71 "o-fif? ( an in* long1 rema9s z su* 9 ! furr[ = ?ree weeks2 ! fly em]ges 9 ,augu/4 ,v consid]able damage may be done by ! fir/ g5]ation1 ( :i* ! habits h j be5 describ$4 ,dur+ #ahfi 9 ,silesia1 f two-?irds to five-six?s ( ! e>s 9 _m fields rema9$ hidd5 9 ! leaf-%ea?s1 & consequ5tly gave no increase4 ,! fir/ g5]ation ( ! ribbon-foot$ corn fly c also develop 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! haulms ( sev]al grasses1 e4g4 9 species ( ,poa & ,holcus4 ,! flies1 em]g+ 9 late summ]1 lay _! eggs1 "h1 too1 sep>ately1 on ! leaves ( grass or corn4 ,:]ev] possible1 !y seek out = ! purpose ! w9t] :eat plants !n pres5t 9 ! fields1 b also cont5t !mselves ) rye1 or ev5 ) wild or mead[ grasses2 !y h to be satisfi$ ) grasses if1 at ! "t ( egg-lay+1 ! w9t] corn is n yet up4 ,! maggot1 :5 hat*$1 works its way to ! inn] side ( ! leaf-%ea?1 & !nce to ! apex ( ! /ill v small haulm2 !re x rema9s dur+ ! w9t]4 ,! damage becomes app>5t ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! gr[? 9 l5g? ( ! haulm 9 "q is extremely small1 :ile gr[? 9 ?ickness increases to an abnormal ext5t4 ,almo/ all ! leaves completely surr\nd ! haulm1 :i* swells to an enorm\s ext5t 7,fig4 #aai71 toge!r ) ! enclos+ leaf-%ea?s1 :i* are mu* broad] ?an usual4 ,! unattack$ plants are naturally mu* l>g] ?an ! sickly ones1 & deprive ^! ( air & light1 s t !y die d[n1 be+ ov]%ad[$1 n only by ! s\nd haulms1 b also by _! own second>y %oots4 ,! result+ damage may be tol]ably great1 especially at ! edges ( ! field4 ,x may happ5 t bo? summ] & w9t] g5]ations ( ! ribbon-foot$ corn fly are h>mful 9 ! same di/rict2 b x frequ5tly happ5s t only "o or ! o!r is compla9$ ( 9 a p>ticul> spot4 ,x is only natural t ! flies1 :i* sw>m ar\nd 9 ,may1 & aga9 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 or ,octob]1 %\ld n always f9d suitable corn plants ^u :i* to deposit _! eggs4 ,9 su* cases grasses are us$4 ,rem$ies3 ,s[+ ! summ] corn z e>ly z possible1 t x may be develop$ to a /age :i* is unsuitable = ! purpose ( egg-lay+1 be=e ! flies appe>4 ,! w9t] se$1 h[ev]1 mu/ be s[n z late z possible1 s t ! second g5]ation ( flies may f9d no corn plants fit to lay _! eggs ^u4 ,be>d$ :eat1 especially ! /ronge/ v>ieties1 %\ld be s[n 9 pref]5ce to awnless :eat4 ,c>eful tillage & suitable manur+1 s t /rong plants ( rapid gr[? may be produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,! ,ribbon-foot$ ,corn ,fly 7,*lorops tniopus72 l>va 7,a7 & pupa 7,b7 magnifi$4 ,to ! left a :eat haulm & e> 7,c7 ) ! furr[ 7q7 dug out by ! l>va2 ! pupa 7p7 is se5 at ! bottom ( ! furr[4 ,to ! "r a :eat haulm ) furr[ 7,d7 & ! l>va 7r7 ly+ 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--;,a :eat plant di/ort$ by ! w9t] g5]ation ( ! ,ribbon-foot$ ,corn ,fly4 ,! ,frit ,fly 7,*lorops1 or ,osc9is frit7 7,fig4 #abj1 ,c7 is ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* long1 %9+ black1 ) a metallic %e54 ,legs %ort1 feet yell[4 ,maggot 7,fig4 #abj1 ,a7 yell[i% :ite1 ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* long1 cyl9drical1 & tap]+ 9 front4 ,usually ?ree g5]ations4 #a4 ,! maggots ( ! fir/ g5]ation are f\nd dur+ ,may1 9 ! l[] "p ( ! haulm ( summ] corn 7especially oats & b>ley72 ! plants attack$ ei!r die (f entirely1 or "s haulms develop fur!r1 rema9+ small1 h[ev]1 & yield+ only a few light gra9s4 ,! base ( ! haulm ?ick5s abnormally1 b ! gr[? 9 l5g? is always small2 ! leaves1 too1 gr[ badly1 fir/ becom+ yell[i% at ! tip1 & !n entirely yell[ or r$di%4 ,! symptoms ( disease are exhibit$ to a less or great] ext5t1 accord+ z few or _m 7ev5 up to t57 maggots inhabit ! base ( a plant4 ,! %9+ br[n pup 7,fig4 #abj1 ,b7 are f\nd 9 ! l[] "p ( ! haulm1 or betwe5 ! leaf-%ea? & ! haulm 7,fig4 #abj1 ,d74 ,! adult insect is on ! w+ at ! end ( ,may & 9 ,june4 ,! fir/ g5]ation (t5 appe> on wild or mead[ grasses1 & are *iefly se5 on summ] corn :5 ?is is s[n late or develops sl[ly4 #b4 ,! maggots ( ! second g5]ation are f\nd 9 av]age cases dur+ ,july1 on ! z yet sc>cely ripe gra9s ( late summ] corn1 pr9cipally ^? ( oats & b>ley1 (t5 occurr+ also 9 ! haulms ( grasses4 ,!y keep betwe5 ! awns1 & suck ! juices ( ! s(t develop+ gra9s1 :i* are r5d]$ incapable ( gr[?1 & 9 any case rema9 light4 ,! maggots ( ! second g5]ation develop m quickly ?an ^? ( ! fir/ or ?ird2 !y are mature 9 ?ree weeks4 ,! pupa re/ is v %ort1 & ! flies appe> 9 ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 or ,octob]4 ,!y lay _! eggs on ! leaves ( w9t] corn or w9t] grasses1 & f ^! eggs are develop$ 7#c7 ! maggots ( ! ?ird g5]ation1 :i* are to be f\nd1 dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]1 9 ! he>t ( w9t] corn & grasses1 injur+ ^! plants 9 exactly ! same way t ! maggots ( ! fir/ g5]ation injure ! summ] corn4 ,! insect passes ! w9t] z a pupa 9 w9t] corn plants or grasses4 ,x is b v r>ely t all ?ree g5]ations infe/ ! corn ( any p>ticul> region2 z a rule1 only ! fir/1 second1 or ?ird g5]ations d ?is1 or ! fir/ & ?ird2 9 su* cases ! o!r g5]ations live on grasses4 ,rem$ies3 ,ext]m9ation ( ! insect is impossible1 s9ce x c always g f corn to grass plants4 ,oats & b>ley are almo/ always attack$ 9 spr+1 if 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood !re is w9t] rye inhabit$ by ! maggots1 = ! flies1 :5 !y em]ge ! next spr+1 seek out ! summ] corn4 ,?is may1 h[ev]1 be made impossible1 or at lea/ difficult1 if a field ( peas1 clov]1 lup9es1 rape1 or "s o!r crop n ( gram9e\s nature1 is int]pos$ betwe5 fields ( w9t] corn & ^? ( oats1 b>ley1 or simil> late s[n crops ( summ] corn4 ,s[+ ! summ] corn 7especially oats & b>ley7 z e>ly z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--,! ,frit ,fly 7,osc9is frit1 ,l473 ,a1 l>va2 ,b1 pupa2 ,c1 fly2 ,d1 a diseas$ corn plant1 z appe>+ 9 spr+1--! l>v & pup are se5 ( ! natural size 9 ! l[] "p ( ! plant4 ,family3 ,syrphid 7,hov] or ,hawk ,flies74 ,*iefly includes brightly col\r$ flies1 m>k$ ) yell[ or r$ & black b&s or pat*es 7,fig4 #fg71 & fly+ rapidly ) a buzz+ noise4 ,!y c rema9 susp5d$ at ! same po9t 9 ! air by mov+ _! w+s up & d[n ) great rapidity4 ,a few ( !m resemble ! humblebee 9 _! ?ick cov]+ ( hair2 o!rs1 ) yell[ & black abdom51 look l wasps 7,syrphus74 ,! proboscis is adapt$ = suck+1 b n = pi]c+2 ^! flies suck _! food f fl[]s4 ,!y are fond ( hov]+ 9 ! air 9 sunny places4 ,! legless l>v v>y1 accord+ to species1 9 _! habits1 & consequ5tly 9 _! /ructure4 ,"s 7^? ( ! ,drone ,flies1 ,eri/alis7 live 9 /agnant wat]2 o!rs 7e4g4 ^? ( ,eum]us lunulatus7 live 9 onions1 :i* !y holl[ out2 :ile "s1 aga91 develop 9 rott5 wood1 etc4 ,! maggots ( ! ,aphis-eat+ ,flies 7,syrphus71 h[ev]1 fe$ on insects1 *iefly aphides1 :i* !y suck out completely4 ,!y are elongat$1 tap]+ 9 front1 ?ick5$ beh9d1 move l lee*es1 & v>y mu* 9 col\r 7gre51 yell[1 br[n1 *equ]$71 accord+ to ! species4 ,z !y gr[ quickly1 & consequ5tly m ?an "o g5]ation is f\nd ea* ye>1 & z !y are v voraci\s1 we mu/ look ^u !m z p[]ful allies = ! ext]m9ation ( aphides4 ,family3 ,/omoxyd 7,/able ,flies74 ,9 _m po9ts ! /able flies resemble ord9>y flies1 b _! m\?s are adapt$ = pi]c+4 ,_! pa9ful bites make !m kn[n to e "o z pe/s to human be+s & cattle4 ,"h belongs ! common ,/able ,fly 7,/omoxys calcitrans71 a =m (t5 conf\nd$ ) ! h\se fly1 b di/+ui%$ f x by a %>p proboscis project+ at "r angles1 besides :i* ! abdom5 is m ( a yell[i% grey4 ,! maggots usually live 9 dung4 ,two g5]ations ye>ly3 ! fir/ flies ab\t 9 ,m>*2 ! second1 & mu* m num]\s "o1 9 ,augu/ & ,septemb]4 ,rem$ies3 ,cp4 p4 #afe4 ,family3 /rid 7,bot ,flies74 ,m$ium-siz$ or l>ge flies 7,fig4 #aba71 ) ?ick hemisph]ical heads1 & m\?-p>ts n /rongly develop$4 ,! ant5n c be drawn back into deep pits4 ,! hot flies make a buzz+ s\nd dur+ flight4 ,! headless1 twelve-r+$ maggots live 9 ! bodies ( v>i\s mammals4 ,_! sk9 is provid$ ) num]\s w>t-l projections1 or circlets ( sp9es4 ,:5 v "y ! maggots are elongat$ & cyl9drical1 & !n possess a m\?-hook1 :i* disappe>s dur+ ! lat] m\lts4 ,z soon z ! maggots are fully develop$ !y leave ! body ( ! animal !y inhabit1 & let !mselves fall to ! gr\nd1 :]e !y become pup )9 ! %rivell$ l>val sk94 ,! foll[+ g5]a are di/+ui%$3 ,w>ble ,flies 7,hypod]ma71 & ,bot ,flies 7/rus & ,ga/rus1 or ,ga/rophilus74 ,to ! fir/-nam$ g5us belongs ! ,ox ,w>ble-fly1 or ,ox ,bot ,fly 7,hypod]ma bovis71 two-fif?s ( an in* long1 black4 ,hair3 :iti% yell[ on ! head2 r$di% yell[ on ! =e "p ( ! ?orax1 black on ! h9d] "p2 grey on ! =e "p ( ! abdom51 black 9 ! middle1 & r$di% yell[ beh9d4 ,legs black4 ,w+s br[ni%1 n q transp>5t4 ,on ! w+ dur+ summ] 7,june to ,septemb]74 ,z soon z ! cattle he> ! flies buzz+ ar\nd 7especially on hot days7 !y become v re/less1 run ab\t z if mad1 & ev5 plunge d[n /eep places4 ,"y cattle are select$ = egg-lay+2 ! elongat$ :ite eggs are fix$ sep>ately to hairs4 ,! maggot1 elongat$ :5 fir/ hat*$1 p]=ates ! sk91 & gets into ! subcutane\s connective tissue1 :]e x does n1 z a rule1 keep to any "o place1 b w&]s "h & !re1 sometimes p5etrat+ ! fle%1 or ev5 ent]+ ! sp9al canal4 ,x always1 h[ev]1 w&]s back aga9 lat] on into ! subcutane\s connective tissue1 :]e x gives rise1 dur+ ! w9t] or ! foll[+ spr+1 to "o ( ! well-kn[n tum\rs1 or 8w>bles40 ,aft] fix+ on a def9ite spot1 x m\lts1 becom+ broad]1 & ( a yell[i% :ite col\r4 ,! maggot fir/ causes an increas$ fl[ ( blood to ! "p1 & !n inflammation4 ,an excavation fill$ ) matt] is ?us develop$1 & !re is gradually =m$ a connective tissue sac communicat+ ) ! ext]ior by a m9ute tube4 ,9 spr+1 or e>ly summ]1 ! w>ble1 :i* is visible ext]nally1 has rea*$ ! size ( a pigeon's egg2 ! maggot mean:ile becomes fir/ greyi% yell[1 !n br[n pat*es appe>1 & la/ly x assumes a d>k br[n col\r1 is an in* long or r m1 & some:at swoll54 ,x is n[ ready to pass into ! re/+ /age1 crawls out1 & lets itself fall to ! gr\nd1 :]e1 )9 ! l>val sk91 x becomes a black pupa f\r-fif?s ( an in* long1 f :i*1 ab\t f\r weeks lat]1 ! fly creeps out4 ,damage done3 ,if ! w>bles occur only 9 small numb]s on an animal1 its heal? is n mu* affect$1 ?\gh ?is mu/ und\bt$ly be ! case if !re are _m1 say fifty1 or ev5 up to a hundr$1 9 ! same animal4 ,9 su* cases ! yield ( milk w be consid]ably dim9i%$4 ,holes1 too1 are pres5t 9 ! sk91 :i*1 ?\gh !y may close aga91 if ! animal rema9s alive1 always leave a ?9 place4 ,! out] surface ( meat f animals infe/$ ) w>bles is dirty yell[1 flaccid1 or ev5 s(t & jelly-l 78lick$ beef072 x mu/ be scrap$ (f4 ,enemies3 ,/>l+s settle1 9 spr+1 on ! backs ( infe/$ cattle1 & seize ! p>asites ) _! beaks4 ,/>l+s1 rooks1 & wagtails de/roy ! maggots ready to become pup1 z !y lie on ! gr\nd4 ,rem$ies3 ,wa%+ ! back1 %\ld]s1 & lo9s ) v9eg> extract ( walnut leaves dur+ ! summ]1 to keep away ! bot flies4 ,9 spr+3 squeez+ out ! maggots f ! w>bles1 hav+ previ\sly op5$ !m1 :5 necess>y1 ) a p5knife4 ,if ! w>ble is 8ripe10 i4e4 if x has op5$ s f> t ! black h9d] end ( ! maggot c be se51 ! op5+ may be /opp$ ) fat or c>t-grease1 by :i* ! l>va w be kill$ :]e x lies4 ,! ,%eep ,bot ,fly 7/rus ovis71 two-fif?s to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* long1 yell[i% grey1 almo/ hairless2 head l>ge1 r\nd1 r$di%2 ?orax grey1 ) small black w>ts2 abdom5 yell[i% :ite2 legs %ort1 bright2 w+s ( a glassy cle>ness4 ,! flies are f\nd 79 ,septemb]7 on ! walls ( %eepfolds1 & 9 woods ne> :i* %eep graze4 ,on sunny days ! female flies r\nd ! %eep1 9 ord] to deposit h] brood ^u !m4 ,! %eep ?reat5$ press _! no/rils to ! gr\nd1 ?\gh ?is is n ( mu* use4 ,! maggots are hat*$ :ile /ill 9 ! body ( _! "m1 & are deposit$ by h] on ! m>g9s ( ! no/rils4 ,^! little maggots creep ab\t on ! muc\s membrane l9+ ! int]nal cavities ( ! nose1 caus+ intol]able it*+4 ,! %eep try to get rid ( ! intrud]s by %ak+ _! heads & rubb+ _! noses on ! gr\nd4 ,! maggots1 h[ev]1 creep fur!r into ! nasal cavities1 & get into ! holl[s ( ! frontal bone & upp] jaw1 p]haps ev5 into ! horns4 ,9 ^! places !y fe$ on ! fluid :i* _! pres5ce causes ! muc\s membrane to give out 9 l>ge quantities4 ,! maggots rema9 z su* = n9e mon?s1 dur+ :i* "t !y alt] _! %ape 9 v>i\s ways4 ,^? j born are :ite1 "o-tw5ty-fif? ( an in* long1 :ile ^? :i* h rea*$ ! l5g? ( two-fif?s ( an in* are yell[i% :ite4 ,individuals ready to become pup are ab\t an in* long1 yell[i% br[n1 ) d>k transv]se l9es2 !y w&] back to ! nasal cavities & !nce to ! ext]ior1 (t5 be+ expell$ by sneez+4 ,9 ! soil !y become pup1 fir/ ( a br[n1 !n ( a black col\r1 )9 ! l>val sk92 ! flies em]ge 9 six or sev5 weeks4 ,diff]5t maggots develop at diff]5t rates1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! cavities into :i* !y p5etrate4 ,! maggots cause ! disease kn[n z 8false gid10 :i* appe>s mo/ obvi\sly f ,m>* to ,may2 at ?is "t ! p>asites are tol]ably well develop$4 ,!y irritate ! muc\s membrane ( ! cavities ( ! head 9 :i* !y live1 caus+ an unusually l>ge fl[ ( blood to ^! p>ts1 z a result ( :i* ! mucus secret$ 9 ! nose increases l>gely 9 quantity 7sneez+1 snuffl+71 & ! bra9 beg9s to "w abnormally 7uneasy movem5ts ( ! head1 high lift+ ( ! feet2 9 worse cases1 roll+ ( ! eyes1 gna%+ ( ! tee?1 & foam+ at ! m\?74 ,! %eep h also an intol]able it*+ ( ! nose1 :i* !y rub 9 consequ5ce on ! gr\nd1 aga9/ po/s1 or _! own legs2 besides ?is1 !re may be inflammation ( ! eyelids & increas$ secretion ( te>s4 ,!y are also apt to gr[ v ?94 ,! disease is m frequ5t1 & ! symptoms sev]]1 9 "y ?an 9 old %eep4 ,false gid may cause dea?2 ! animal is cur$1 h[ev]1 aft] ! maggots h crept out4 ,prev5tive ,measures3 ,keep+ ! %eep away f ! edges ( woods1 av5ues1 etc41 :]e ! flies live by pref]5ce4 ,:5 %eep are kill$1 ! maggots com+ f ! head %\ld be collect$ & de/roy$4 ,sme>+ ! m>g9s ( ! no/rils ) t>1 or rubb+ !m ) walnut leaves1 be=e ! %eep g to pa/ure 9 ! morn+4 ,= %eep1 :i* 9 late summ] rub _! noses up & d[n tree /ems1 walls1 h$ges1 or _! own legs1 sub/ances t cause sneez+ may be employ$1 e4g4 *eap snuff1 :i* is be/ introduc$ into ! nose by means ( a quill-fea!r4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! maggots h pass$ f ! nasal cavities into ! frontal s9uses1 etc41 sneez+ does no good4 ,op]ations seldom succe$ 9 remov+ all ! maggots4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--;,horse ,bot ,fly 7,ga/rus equi73 a1 egg on a hair1 /rongly magnifi$2 c1 y\ng] 7magnifi$71 & b1 old] l>va2 d1 op5$ pupa case2 e1 fly4 ,! ,bot ,flies 7,ga/rus1 or ,ga/rophilus7 live 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! /oma* 79 left side ( horse's /oma*7 & inte/9e4 ,i give1 fir/ ( all1 a compress$ tabul> view ( ! ext]nal *>act]s & mode ( life ( ! f\r ,briti% species4 7,see next page47 ,diseases caus$ by ,bot ,flies4--,! maggots bore into ! walls ( ! /oma* & inte/9es until !y rea* ! lay] 9 :i* ! blood-vessels1 lacteals1 & lymphatics ramify2 !y !n suck ! juices f\nd 9 ^! vessels1 & also s]\s fluids4 ,9 small numb]s !y are (t5 almo/ h>mless1 b :5 a great _m are pres5t !y h9d] ! secretion ( ! dige/ive juices4 ,!y may also set up inflammation ( ! inte/9al coats1 or may cause dea? by int]nal ble$+ if !y p]=ate ! wall ( an art]y4 ,9 foals !y (t5 bore "r ?r\gh ! wall ( ! inte/9e1 & ent] ! abdom9al cavity1 :]e !y may set up inflammation ( ! p]itoneum or ( ! mes5t]y4 ,!re may be z _m z a hundr$ or two hundr$ maggots 9 ! /oma* or inte/9e1 & !y !n cause1 at ! v lea/1 dige/ive di/urbances & colic4 ,if ! maggots 7,g4 nasalis7 get into ! w9dpipe 7or l>ynx7 !y int]f]e ) ! brea?+2 if into ! gullet1 ) swall[+4 ,9 ei!r case dea? may ensue 7w9t]1 e>ly spr+74 ,rem$ies3 ,kill+ ! flies z !y lay _! eggs4 ,remov+ ! eggs by bru%+1 comb+1 & wa%+2 ! la/ is be/ done ) w>m wat]1 to :i* "s cau/ic pota% is add$4 ,rubb+ ! lips & no/rils1 neck1 *e/1 & =e legs ) walnut leaves1 or a decoction ( ! same4 ,,species4 ,,fly4 ,,egg4 ,,maggot4 ,horse ,bot to in*1 v ,:ite3 on ! ,at fir/ fle% 7,ga/rus equi74 hairy1 l a hairs ( ! r$1 !n humblebee2 mane1 neck1 yell[i%-br[n4 br[ni% yell[4 *e/1 =e ,lives 9 ! ,=e "p ( legs1 & h9d /oma* ( ! ?orax ) feet ( horse4 horse1 (t5 9 yell[i%-br[n1 l>ge numb]s4 h9d half ) black hairs4 ,abdom5 ) br[n hair 9 front1 br[ni%-yell[ beh9d4 ,cattle ,bot ,male ab\t in*1,black3 on ! same,fir/ yell[i% 7,ga/rus br[n1 closely p>ts ( ! grey1 !n pecorum47 cov]$ ) a horse's body z blood-r$4 ,fir/ mixture ( 9 ! prec$+ 9 ! small yell[i% & species2 inte/9e1 &1 black hairs4 exceptionally on = "s "t ,w+s ! hairs ( dur+ ,june or smoke-col\r$4 horn$ /ock4 ,july1 9 ! ,female r rectum ( ! l>g]4 ,head1 horse4 ,:5 ?orax1 & ready to become fir/ segm5t ( pup1 !y creep ! abdom5 ) out ( ! anus1 col\r & hairs to ! m>g9 ( z 9 ! male2 :i*1 h[ev]1 re/ ( abdom5 !y may rema9 black1 & /ick+ = tap]+ "s "t4 po/]iorly4 ,w+s smoke-col\r$4 ,r$-tail$ ,bot ,ab\t in*4 ,=e,black3 on ! lips,fir/ r$1 !n 7,ga/rus "p ( ?orax & m>g9s ( blui%-gre54 ,to hmorrhoidalis74 d>k fawn ! no/rils 9 beg9 )1 9 col\r1 ) ! horse4 ! cavities ( bright yell[ ! nose or fur-l hair2 m\?1 9 ! h9d] "p horse1 v soon black4 ,abdom5 9 ! /oma* %9+ black1 or small ) yell[i% inte/9e1 :ite hair 9 rema9+ !re front1 black 9 sev]al mon?s2 ! middle1 & !n1 a few orange yell[ at mon?s long]1 ! tip4 ,w+s 9 ! rectum4 ( glassy ,exceptionally1 cle>ness1 ) ! maggots d>k br[n rema9 9 ! ve9s4 gullet = "s "t4 ,nose ,bot ,ne>ly in* 7n,:ite3 on ! lips,yell[i% :ite4 7,ga/rus includ+ ! & m>g9s ( ,9 ! fir/ nasalus74 long ovipositor ! no/rils 9 "p ( ! ( ! female74 ! horse4 horse's small ,a f9e b close inte/9e1 ne> cov]+ ( ! ap]ture ( hairs2 ! /oma*2 v>iegat$1 n exceptionally 9 always ev5ly ! nasal cov]$ ) cavities1 hair1 especially gullet1 & n on ! black /oma*4 abdom5 7p>tly :ite1 black1 orange yell[1 yell[i% grey72 ?orax a %9+ blacki% br[n1 cov]$ ) f9e1 gold5 yell[ hair4 ,w+s cle> z glass1 widely spread :5 at re/4 ,family3 ,pupip>a 7,l\se ,flies74 ,body flat & broad2 sk9 lea!ry & t\gh4 ,=e legs curv$1 adapt$ = climb+ among ! hairs4 ,"s 7e4g4 ! ,=e/ ,fly7 h a pair ( w+s1 o!rs 7! ,%eep ,l\se ,fly7 are w+less4 ,!y br+ =? liv+ maggots1 ea* "t "o only1 :i* is ready to become a pupa imm$iately4 ,!y reproduce sev]al times4 ,"h belong3 #a4 ,! ,=e/ ,fly1 ,spid] ,fly1 or ,flat ,fly 7,hippobosca equ9a71 ab\t "o-?ird ( an in* long1 br[n1 ) broad abdom51 & two broad /umpy w+s4 ,occurs 9 summ] & e>ly autumn1 *iefly on horses1 especially ne> ! anus1 on ! belly1 & on ! flanks4 ,x sucks blood1 & irritates by runn+ ab\t on ! body4 ,seldom flies4 #b4 ,! ,%eep ,l\se ,fly1 wrongly call$ 8%eep l\se0 & 8%eep tick0 7,melophagus ov9us72 ab\t "o-fif? ( an in* long1 w+less1 ru/y yell[1 ) br[n abdom51 v hairy4 ,climb sl[ly ab\t among ! wool ( ! %eep1 & suck blood4 ,_! excrem5t may col\r ! wool gre54 ,lambs especially are mu* h9d]$ 9 _! gr[? by ?is fly4 ,! fleece is also damag$1 = ! it*+ set up by ! insect =ces ! animal to rub itself aga9/ ?+s s t ! wool gets pull$ out4 ,! flies are *iefly f\nd on mead[ %eep2 b relatively few 9 w9t]4 ,! p>asites leave ! body ( _! ho/ = ! purpose ( reproduction1 & lay _! maggots1 :i* at ! "t ( bir? are ne>ly "o-six? ( an in* long1 "u little bits ( e>? or heaps ( dung4 ,:5 %eep are kept 9 folds no p]man5t result c consequ5tly be expect$ f ! use ( any rem$y if1 at ! same "t1 ! fold & all its cont5ts are n kept clean4 ,! walls mu/ be cleans$1 & wa%$ ) cau/ic pota%1 to :i* c>bolic acid has be5 add$4 ,curative ,wa%es3 ,a decoction ( walnut leaves & v9eg>4 ,turp5t9e1 soapsuds1 decoction ( tobacco4 ,wa%es conta9+ ars5i\s acid 7e4g4 ,bigg's ,improv$ ,%eep & ,lamb ,dipp+ ,composition7 mu/ be us$ ) caution2 unpalatable sub/ances may be add$1 s t ! %eep w n lick !m1 or else a muzzle may be employ$4 ,,n9? ,,ord]3 ,aphanipt]a 7,,fleas74 ,body /rongly compress$ lat]ally4 ,head small4 ,m\?-p>ts adapt$ = suck+ & bit+4 ,legs long1 especially ! la/ pair4 ,!y possess ! p[] ( spr++4 ,w+less4 ,complete metamorphosis4 ,l>va worm-l1 legless1 h>d-head$4 ,! ,dog ,flea 7,pulex s]raticeps71 :i* only occasionally passes on to human be+s1 lives on dogs & cats4 ,rem$y3 ,spr9kl+ ! moi/5$ hair ) ,p]sian insect p[d] or p[d]$ p>sley se$4 ,,t5? ,,ord]3 ,p>asita 7,,lice74 ,body flatt5$4 ,legs adapt$ = climb+ among hairs & fea!rs1 z ! la/ jo9t ( ! foot is hook-%ap$1 & c be b5t back aga9/ ! prec$+ jo9t2 a hair c ?us be held fa/ betwe5 ! two jo9ts4 ,eyes abs5t or ill develop$ 7simple74 ,w+less4 ,! eggs 78nits07 are fa/5$ by ! "m l\se to ! hairs ( ! ho/2 ! "y lice resemble ! old ones 9 almo/ all p>ticul>s2 !re is no true metamorphosis4 ,all lice h a k9d ( proboscis1 :i* c be protrud$ & retract$1 & ^u :i* are plac$ ! m\?-p>ts1 :i* enable x to be us$ = suck+ or bit+4 ,accord+ to ! la/ feature a di/9ction c be drawn betwe5 true or blood-suck+ lice & bit+ lice or fur-eat]s1 :i* dev\r small scales d]iv$ f ! sk9 or else bits ( hair & fea!rs4 ,lice multiply v rapidly on ! bodies ( human be+s & animals :5 insuffici5tly cleans$1 & "u ^! circum/ances m on sick & ill-n\ri%$ individuals ?an on ^? :i* are heal?y & well n\ri%$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! true1 blood-suck+ lice usually injure _! ho/ m ?an ! bit+ lice1 :i*1 h[ev]1 especially :5 pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s1 may cause an intol]able & injuri\s it*+ by _! movem5ts "h & !re4 ,prev5tive ,measures3 ,suitable fe$+ & treatm5t4 ,prop] c>e ( ! sk94 ,rem$ies3 ,repeat$ comb+ ) a comb :i* has be5 dipp$ into a solution ( soda4 ,rubb+ ! badly infe/$ spots ) s(t soap & soda1 wa%+ !m out aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,among o!r wa%es are--#f p>ts s(t soap1 #a "p b5z9e1 #aj to #ae p>ts wat]2 or tobacco wat]1 #a "p ( common tobacco 9 #bj to #be p>ts wat]2 ars5i\s acid1 9 v>i\s mixtures1 e4g4 9 ,bigg's ,composition 7p4 #aic74 ,employ ! muzzle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--;,horse ,l\se 7,hmatop9us macrocephalus71 magnifi$ t5 times4 ,,class ,,ii43 ,,myriopoda 7,,c5tip$es ,,& ,,millip$es74 ,respiration by tra*e1 z 9 insects4 ,! body consi/s ( a head & a l>ge numb] ( v simil> segm5ts1 ea* ( :i* possesses limbs4 ,"o pair ( ant5n4 ,?is class is divid$ into two ord]s3 7#a7 t ( ,c5tip$es 7,*ilopoda71 ) m\?-p>ts adapt$ = seiz+ prey1 & "o pair ( legs to ea* segm5t2 7#b7 t ( ,millip$es 7,*ilogna?a71 adapt$ = dev\r+ sub/ances resembl+ humus1 also ! p>ts ( plants2 & two pairs ( legs to ea* segm5t4 ,"h belong1 above all1 ! ,snake ,millip$es 7,julus7 or 8,false ,wireworms0 7,fig4 #abc71 ( :i* sev]al species eat out g]m9at+ se$s 7peas1 beans1 mangolds1 & beet71 & also attack juicy plant p>ts 7potatoes1 turnips1 c>rots74 ,se$l+s may be protect$ by us+ potatoes to draw away ! millip$es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--;,common ,snake ,millip$e 7,julus t]re/ris71 some:at magnifi$4 ,,class ,,iii43 ,,ara*noidea 7,,scorpions1 ,,spid]s1 ,,mites74 ,air-brea?+ 7by ord9>y or modifi$ tra*e72 ! l[] =ms brea! ) ! sk94 ,body at mo/ consi/s ( two *ief regions1 s9ce head & ?orax are always fus$ toge!r1 mak+ up a cephalo?orax 7,fig4 #abd72 b ?is may aga9 be unit$ ) ! always unsegm5t$ abdom5 into a s+le piece 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! la/ is ! case ) ! mites1 9 :i*1 !re=e1 ! *>act]s ( segm5t$ animals c only be recogniz$ 9 ! limbs4 ,9 ! true spid]s 7,fig4 #abd7 ! body consi/s ( cephalo?orax & abdom54 ,ara*nids h always f\r pairs ( legs1 :i*1 9 ! true spid]s1 are atta*$ to ! cephalo?orax1 9 ! mites to ! front "p ( ! unsegm5t$ body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,a ,spid] 7,salticus sc5icus74 ,! *ief ,ord]s belong+ "h are3 7#a7 true ,spid]s 7,araneida72 7#b7 ,scorpions 7,scorpionida72 7#c7 ,h>ve/m5 7,opilionida72 7#d7 ,mites 7,ac>idea74 ,only ! la/ conta9s species ( importance agriculturally4 ,,ord]3 ,ac>idea 7,,mites74 ,small ara*nids1 9 :i* ! cephalo?orax & abdom5 are fus$ toge!r into "o piece 7,fig4 #abg74 ,! j-hat*$ "y h ?ree pairs ( legs1 ! adults1 ( c\rse1 f\r4 ,family3 ,ac>id 7,true ,mites74 ,s(t sk94 ,no tra*e1 no eyes4 ,legs %ort1 (t5 ) a suck] at ! end4 ,"h belong ! ,*eese ,mite 7,ac>us siro71 ! ,meal ,mite 7,tyroglyphus f>971 & sev]al o!r species liv+ 9 dead organic sub/ances2 also-- ,! ,it*1 or ,mange ,mites4 ,^! live z p>asites on or 9 ! epid]mis1 & cause ! it* or mange 7scabies7 9 man1 z well z 9 sev]al dome/ic animals4 ,by means ( ! /ructure & habits ?ree g5]a are di/+ui%$3-- #a4 ,digg+1 blood-suck+ mange-mites liv+ 9 ! sk9 7,s>coptes72 #b4 ,blood-suck+ mange-mites liv+ on ! out] surface 7,d]matocoptes72 #c4 ,mange-mites :i* m]ely dev\r scales ( ! epid]mis 7,d]matophagus74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,mange ,mite ( ! ,pig 7,s>coptes scabiei1 v>4 suis71 se5 f ! v5tral side4 ,x is obvi\s t s>coptic scabies is n s easily cur$ 9 ! same ho/ z ! d]matocoptic scabies1 s9ce ! mites caus+ ! =m] dig _! passages into ! epid]mis1 :ile ^? caus+ ! latt] at lea/ rema9 on ! surface4 ,d]matophagic scabies is mo/ easily got rid (1 s9ce ! mites :i* cause x n only rema9 on ! out] surface ( ! sk91 b also1 in/ead ( hold+ fa/1 run ab\t "h & !re2 x is easily und]/ood t ?is k9d ( mange c (t5 be remov$ by simple bru%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,mange ,mite ( ! ,pig 7,s>coptes scabiei1 v>4 suis71 se5 f ! dorsal surface4 #bjj4 ,! it*1 or mange 7scabies71 is caus$ by ! irritation :i* ! mites cont9ually ex]t on ! sk94 ,! w>m] ! surr\nd+s ( ! ho/1 ! m active ! mites1 & ! m pa9ful ! sk9 disease4 7,! sc>coptes mites1 e4g41 are mo/ un5durable 9 man :5 9 b$1 & scabby %eep are mo/ torm5t$ :5 9 a w>m fold47 ,! mites multiply ) su* enorm\s rapidity t x is easy to und]/& h[ a s+le f]tiliz$ female1 transf]r$ to a new ho/ by contact ) an affect$ animal1 is able1 9 a %ort "t1 to make l>ge pat*es ( ! sk9 mangy4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease is g5]ally z foll[s3--,soon aft] infection small swell+s appe>1 :i* become little bladd]s ( ! size ( a p9's head4 ,^! bur/1 & ! affect$ p>ts ( ! sk9 are quickly cov]$ ) a cru/ =m$ f %rivell$ bits ( sk9 & dri$-up fluid4 ,9 _m places ! attack$ p>ts ( ! sk9 are moi/1 = ! ho/1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sev]e it*+1 rubs or knocks itself4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! %$d+ ( fluid ! hairs /ick toge!r1 & lat] on fall out4 ,! sk9 ?ick5s1 becomes encru/$1 & is ?r[n into folds1 betwe5 :i* !re are deep cracks4 ,among dome/icat$ animals ! %eep is c]ta9ly ! "o :i* suff]s mo/ f scabies 7,d]matocoptes71 especially z ! disease spreads rapidly 9 ! w>m %elt]+ fleece1 :i* also makes ! removal ( ! p>asites a matt] ( ! greate/ difficulty4 ,! wool gets dry & brittle 9 ! diseas$ p>ts1 & its fibres become loose1 ?\gh !y rema9 atta*$ = a %ort "t1 s9ce _! tips are glu$ toge!r by ! /icky sub/ance :i* exudes f ! little ?ick5+s 9 ! sk94 ,!y gradually fall out1 h[ev]1 leav+ ! sk9 cov]$ ) a ?ick br[ni% cru/1 look+ z if x 7 soak$ ) oil4 ,badly infe/$ %eep get ?9 & ev5 die4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n usually ! case1 & ! injury consi/s 9 ! great det]ioration ( ! wool1 bo? z reg>ds quantity & quality4 ,! foll[+ summ>izes ! k9ds ( scabies affect+ man & dome/ic animals1 & indicates h[ f> "o k9d ( ho/ c affect ano!r3-- ,it* ( ,man 7,s>coptes7 c be caught by ! dog1 b by no o!r dome/ic animal4 ,scabies ( ! ,horse4--,! s>coptes mange ( ?is animal is contagi\s = man1 & = ! ox1 b no o!r dome/ic animal4 ,! d]matocoptes mange 7f\nd m p>ticul>ly on ! inn] sides ( ! legs1 & on ! g5ital organs1 tail1 & mane7 does n spread to man or to o!r dome/ic animals4 ,nor is ?is ! case ) ! d]matophagus mange ( ! horse 7on ! fetlocks & adjac5t p>ts ( ! legs74 ,scabies ( ! ,ox4--,! d]matocoptes mange ( ! ox 7*iefly affect+ ! sides ( ! neck & root ( ! tail7 spreads to m5 & horses1 b n to %eep4 ,! d]matophagus mange 7pr9cipally on ! root ( ! tail & ne> ! anus7 does n seem to be transmitt$ to man1 horse1 pig1 or dog4 ,scabies ( ! ,%eep4--,! d]matocoptes mange ( %eep is n transmitt$ z a p]man5t disease to man1 nor to o!r dome/ic animals 7) ! exception ( ! goat74 ,! s>coptes mange ( ! %eep 7*iefly on ! head7 causes ! it* 9 man4 ,scabies ( ! ,pig 7,s>coptes7 is contagi\s = ! dog1 & causes an eruption 9 man4 ,scabies ( ! ,dog 7,s>coptes7 c be caught by man1 pig1 & horse4 ,scabies ( ! ,cat 7,s>coptes7 is contagi\s = man1 horse1 ox1 dog1 & rabbit4 ,scabies ( ! ,rabbit 7,s>coptes7 is contagi\s = man1 b ?is is n s ) ! d]matocoptes mange1 :i* fl\ri%es 9 ! ext]nal passage ( ! e> 9 ! rabbit4 ,scabies ( ! ,f[l 7,s>coptes71 :i* affects ! legs ( h5s1 caus+ ?ick5+ ( ! sk9 & =mation ( l>ge spongy cru/s1 may infect horses4 ,h5-h\ses %\ld n be built 9 /ables4 ,rem$ies4--,f ! =ego+ facts relat+ to ! transmission ( scabies f "o ho/ to ano!r1 ! prev5tive measures at once foll[3 ,a mangy animal mu/ n be all[$ to come into contact ei!r ) ano!r animal ( ! same k9d or ) an animal ( any o!r k9d = :i* ! disease 9 "q is contagi\s4 ,if scabies appe>s 9 a few memb]s ( a flock or h]d1 x is absolutely necess>y to sep>ate ! heal?y animals f ! sick ones1--& x is fur!r necess>y to cleanse & dis9fect places :]e mangy animals h be5 kept1 z well z implem5ts or ma*9es :i* !y h t\*$1 be=e s\nd animals are br\ght ne> su* ?+s4 ,cleans+ ( folds1 etc41 ) hot wat]1 foll[$ by six weeks' disuse4 ,cleans+ ( infect$ implem5ts ) hot soda & wat]4 ,! fir/ important ?+ to asc]ta9 is :e!r a sick animal1 :i* has ! ext]nal symptoms ( scabies1 is really affect$2 9 ord] to det]m9e ?is ! mange-mites mu/ be f\nd4 ,if ! mites _c be f\nd on ! suspect$ animal1 x mu/ be br\ght into a w>m /all & cov]$ ov]2 especial c>e mu/ be tak5 to w>m ! places :]e ! sk9 seems wor/ attack$2 w>m? makes ! mites m active1 & induces !m to come to ! surface4 ,s>coptic mites are ! wor/4 ,i w deal b briefly ) ! treatm5t ( mangy animals1 z x is usually be/ to obta9 ! advice ( a vet]9>y surgeon4 ,ext]nal applications mu/ naturally be employ$4 ,x appe>s f ! inve/igations ( ,vogel t corrosive sublimate & ars5ic kill ! mange-mites less rapidly & !re=e less surely ?an creosote1 c>bolic acid1 b5z9e1 t>1 cau/ic pota%1 & tobacco1 or ev5 s(t soap4 ,zrn recomm5ds a ?or\gh sme>+ ( s(t soap on ! p>ts affect$4 ,! soap is all[$ to rema9 = "s "t1 ev5 = a :ole day1 ! infe/$ spots are !n rubb$ ) hot wat]1 & bru%$1 if possible1 until ! cru/ on ! sk9 disappe>s4 ,o!r rem$ies may n[ be employ$4 ,z su*1 ,zrn m5tions creosote1 dilut$ ) _s or oil 7#a 3 #be74 ,also1 among o!r ?+s1 ! foll[+ are recomm5d$--b5z9e %ak5 up ) wat] 7#a 3 #e-aj71 or a solution ( #a "p cau/ic pota% 9 #cj to #dj p>ts ( wat]4 ,! above & sev]al o!r rem$ies c be us$ ) good results 9 combat+ scabies 9 mo/ ( our dome/ic animals4 ,b !re is m difficulty ) %eep ?an ) o!r animals1 = ! fleece is a h9drance to ! b5eficial action ( ! wa% employ$4 ,x is n possible to make ! %eep q heal?y s long z !y rema9 un%orn4 ,till !n1 ! ef=ts made mu/ be direct$ to prev5t+ ! spread ( ! mange4 ,?is is manag$ 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,! cru/ is scrap$ f ! p>ts attack$1 aft] ! loose wool :i* cov]s !m has be5 remov$4 ,! mangy places are !n rubb$ ) a decoction ( tobacco leaves ) c>bolic acid 7#a "p c>bolic acid to #ae p>ts _s & #fj p>ts wat]71 or ) "s o!r ( ! rem$ies nam$ above4 ,:5 ! %eep are %orn1 fir/ dip !m 9 a solution 7#b p>ts soda1 #a "p lime1 & #ej p>ts wat]7 by :i* ! cru/ on ! affect$ places is s(t5$2 tw5ty-f\r h\rs lat] dip 9 a solution :i* w kill ! mites4 ,a decoction ( tobacco 7#a "p tobacco to #ab p>ts wat]7 may be us$ = ?is purpose1 us+ = ea* %eep ab\t #a p9ts ( ! fluid1 to :i* has be5 add$ #f drams c>bolic acid & #f drams alcohol4 ,! fir/ wa%+ mu/ be foll[$ by a second1 = ! fluid de/roys only ! mites & n _! eggs4 ,z ! "y mites are hat*$ out 9 ?ree to sev5 days1 ! dipp+ mu/ be repeat$ sev5 days aft]w>ds4 ,family3 ,ixodid 7,ticks74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,! ,dog ,tick 7,ixodes ric9us74 ,ticks are g5]ally r l>g] ?an ! mites ( ! prec$+ family4 ,! sk9 is t\gh z lea!r4 ,! front "p ( ! body is cov]$ by a h>d %ield above2 ! sk9 ( ! h9d] "p1 ?\gh t\gh1 is v ext5sible4 ,! front end be>s a suck+ app>atus =m$ by ! po9t$ jaws1 & by its means ! tick pi]ces ! sk9 ( man or animals & holds on fa/4 ,ticks are *iefly f\nd 9 s&y soil1 among bu%es & %rubs1 or among h]bs4 ,z long z !y rema9 on ! gr\nd !y are tol]ably small 7 in*7 & v active4 ,!y creep up haulms & bran*es1 & re/ 9 a suitable spot till a mammal or bird passes1 :5 !y atta* !mselves to its hair or fea!rs by _! legs1 & bore into its sk9 ) _! %>p m\?-p>ts4 ,hav+ ?us fix$ !mselves1 !y suck ! blood ( _! tempor>y ho/4 ,! walls ( _! /oma* & inte/9e are extremely ela/ic1 s t ! tick1 :i* at fir/ is only ab\t "o-t5? ( an in* long & "o-sixte5? ( an in* broad1 becomes z big z a pea1 or ev5 a g>d5 bean4 ,:5 ! tick has suck$ itself z full z possible1 x )draws its m\?-p>ts f ! sk9 ( its ho/ = ! "t be+1 & lets itself fall to ! gr\nd1 :]e x lies = _m weeks )\t fe$+4 ,! small & feeble legs ( ! tick are n able to move ! heavy1 blood-fill$ body1 & movem5ts d n take place = "s "t1 till ! great] "p ( ! imbib$ blood has be5 dige/$ & ! tick has %runk once m to its normal size4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! habits ref]s only to ! female2 ! mu* small] male nev] seems to pi]ce mammals1 & its food is n kn[n4 ,9 pair+1 x is f\nd atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! female1 rema9+ !re sev]al days1 ev5 :5 ! female is fix$ to ! ho/4 ,egg-lay+ does n take place till ! ho/ is quitt$4 ,z ticks draw blood f _! ho/ _! pres5ce1 9 spite ( ! fact t !y rema9 b a %ort "t1 is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce1 especially if l>ge numb]s affix !mselves to "o animal4 ,%eep & cattle become ?9 if daily attack$ 9 ! mead[s by _m ticks4 ,! pi]c+ ( ! sk9 causes a /++ s5sation1 foll[$ lat] on by it*+ ( ! p>ts to :i* ! ticks are atta*$4 ,! ticks :i* are fix$ mu/ nev] be seiz$ & pull$ out1 = ! m\?-p>ts are s deeply imb$d$ 9 ! sk9 t x is impossible to remove !m by =ce1 & ! attempt w\ld only result 9 te>+ ! body f ! m\?-p>ts4 ,a bett] plan is to put a drop ( oil or tobacco wat]1 or1 /ill bett]1 b5z9e1 on ! tick1 :5 x w loos5 itself4 ,we di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,dog ,tick 7,ixodes ric9us71 ! ,%eep ,tick 7,i4 r$uvius71 & ! ,ox ,tick 7,i4 reticulatus71 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n f\nd exclusively on ! animals aft] :i* !y are nam$4 ,! fir/1 al?\gh f\nd mo/ commonly on ! dog1 attacks m5 :o =ce _! way ?r\gh und]wood 7hunt]s71 & 9 ! same way fixes on %eep & ox54 ,! la/ two species are *iefly1 b n exclusively1 f\nd on %eep & goats4 ,family3 ,gamasid 7,beetle ,mites74 ,beetle mites are tempor>y p>asites on insects1 reptiles1 & birds4 ,!y h no eyes1 b possess %e>-l jaws1 & tol]ably long hairy legs4 ,! ,beetle ,l\se 7,gamasus coleoptratorum7 lives on dung beetles1 sexton beetles1 etc4 ,! ,f[l ,mite 7,d]manyssus gall97 is ! size ( a s& gra91 & blood-r$ or r$-br[n 9 col\r4 ,dur+ ! night x is f\nd 9 l>ge numb]s on ! f[ls1 b dur+ ! day hides on ! p]*es1 9 ! ne/s1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! *9ks & crannies 9 ! walls ( ! p\ltry-h\se1 also 9 dung4 ,x draws mu* blood f ! f[ls1 & di/urbs _! sleep by produc+ a con/ant it*+1 ! result be+ t !y get v ?94 ,rem$y3 ,:itewa% ! f[l-h\ses twice a ye> 7autumn & spr+7 ) hot lime to :i* #e p] c5t4 ( c>bolic acid has be5 add$4 ,! wood5 p>ts %\ld be scald$ ) boil+ wat] be=e :itewa%+4 ,family3 ,trombidiid 7,runn+ ,mites74 ,body f\r-corn]$ or longi% oval2 legs tol]ably long1 hairy2 jaws claw or ne$le-%ap$2 surface ( ! sk9 velvety2 col\r r$di% or yell[i%4 ,!y run ab\t ) great rapidity on ! gr\nd1 tree trunks1 leaves1 etc4 ,mo/ species fe$ on ! juices :i* !y suck f insects1 or f o!r ara*nids4 ,! ,plant ,mite1 or ,r$ 8,spid]0 7,tetrany*us tel>ius71 is ovoid1 at mo/ "o-fiftie? ( an in* long2 r$di% 7also yell[i% or br[ni%71 ) a d>k spot on ea* %\ld]4 ,plant mites are (t5 f\nd 9 consid]able numb]s dur+ ! summ]1 especially on ! "u sides ( ! leaves ( l[-gr[+ plants2 on g>d5 beans1 turnips1 & hops2 on sev]al ornam5tal plants1 grasses1 & v>i\s we$s2 on roses1 limes1 horse-*e/nut trees1 elms1 will[s1 & fruit trees4 ,9 "s exceptionally dry summ]s ! mite increases to su* an ext5t z to become a great pe/4 ,on ! upp] sides ( ! infe/$ leaves !re is to be se51 besides ! adult & immature mites1 a :iti%1 mealy sub/ance1 consi/+ ( ! ca/ sk9s & :iti% eggs4 ,_m ( ! mites run ab\t "h & !re1 b mo/ ( !m rema9 fix$1 & suck ! sap4 ,all are cov]$ by a delicate web1 :i* is =m$ by ! animal4 ,! attack$ leaves become limp1 %rivel up1 die1 & fall (f4 ,9 dicotyl$on\s plants ! )]+ g5]ally comm5ces 9 ! axils ( ! ve9s4 ,! infe/$ plants (t5 die (f gradually1 b dea? may also take place ) great rapidity4 ,annuals are (t5 kill$ by ! attacks ( ! mite4 ,! mites pass ! w9t] 9 ! gr\nd1 "u fall5 leaves1 "u ! b>k ( trees1 etc4 ,,class ,,iv43 ,,cru/acea 7,,cru/aceans74 ,! ,cru/acea brea! by gills1 & are !re=e suit$ to an aquatic life4 ,a few species1 h[ev]1 live 9 damp e>?1 or 9 places :]e ! air is damp 7wood lice74 ,cru/acea h two pairs ( ant5n1 & a l>ge numb] ( app5dages arrang$ 9 a *>act]i/ic way1 b diff]+ v mu* 9 %ape 9 ! diff]5t gr\ps2 sk9 usually h>d & ?ick4 ,lob/]s1 crayfi%1 crabs1 wood lice1 & ! small s&-hopp]s1 wat]-fleas1 etc41 belong to ! ,cru/acea4 ,no ,cru/acean is h>mful agriculturally4 ,?ird ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,v]mes 7,,worms74 ,worms#c are bilat]ally symmetrical animals1 9 :i* ! body is enclos$ 9 a 8d]mo-muscul> tube40 ,"u ! delicate epid]mis !re is f\nd a lay]1 :i* does n1 z 9 ! high] animals1 consi/ exclusively ( d]mis1 b is p>tly compos$ ( muscle-fibres1 :i* =m a di/9ct coat int]nally4 ,worms are able to move by contract+ ! v>i\s compon5ts ( ! d]mo-muscul> tube ?us =m$4 ,9 "s worms limbs assi/ 9 ! movem5ts1 b 9 o!rs ?is is n s2 9 any case1 h[ev]1 ! limbs play a relatively subord9ate "p4 ,^! limbs1 :i* are only pres5t 9 ! bri/le-worms1 are small1 always unjo9t$1 foot-/umps1 :i* be> bri/les4 ,lee*es & "s o!r worms possess suck]s by :i* !y c atta* !mselves1 & move by alt]nately contract+ & ext5d+ _! bodies4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 ord9>y language "o und]/&s by 8worms0 elongat$1 cyl9drical animals2 & sev]al insect l>v 7e4g4 8wireworms10 p4 #ajc7 h ! "n appli$ to !m4 ,b to zoologi/s all 8worm-%ap$0 animals are n worms1 nor h all worms an elongat$ cyl9drical %ape 7liv]-fluke74 ,!re are segm5t$ & unsegm5t$ worms 7?read worms1 liv]-flukes72 ! degree ( segm5tation is also v v>i\s4 ,9 _m tapeworms ea* jo9t may be reg>d$ z an individual animal4 ,! jo9ts ( o!r segm5t$ worms 7e>?worms7 d n become deta*$1 l ^? ( tapeworms1 = ! purpose ( reproduction4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is abs5t 9 ! l[e/ worms2 9 ! high] worms ganglia always con/itute its c5tral p>ts1 & 9 annelids ^! are arrang$ 9 pairs on ! v5tral side ( ! body1 & unit$ by n]ve fibres into a v5tral cord1 :i* is connect$ 9 front ) a n]ve r+ surr\nd+ ! gut & ?ick5$ above into c]ebral ganglia4 ,9 _m worms 7e4g4 tapeworms & flukes7 ! n]v\s sy/em is ( mu* simpl] /ructure4 ,! sub-k+dom ( worms conta9s a v l>ge numb] ( =ms4 ,x is only necess>y to m5tion "h repres5tatives ( ?ree classes3 ,segm5t$ worms 7,annelida71 r\nd worms 7,nematelm9!s71 & flat worms 7,platyelm9!s74 ,,class3 ,,annelida 7,,segm5t$ ,,worms74 ,segm5t$ worms ) r\nd$ 7e>?worm7 or flatt5$ 7lee*7 bodies1 & possess+ bo? m\? & anus4 ,!y fall into two sub-classes3 ,i4 ,lee*es 7,discophora71 ,,ii4 ,bri/le-worms 7,*topoda74 ,! fir/ possess suck]s z organs assi/+ locomotion1 ! latt] foot-/umps1 :i* be> long] or %ort] bri/les2 b ^! foot-/umps may be abs5t1 & ! bundles ( bri/les are !n simply imb$d$ 9 pits4 ,! latt] is ! case 9 ! only memb]s ( ! class :i* int]e/ u "h1 i4e4 ! e>?worms4 ,! ,e>?worms 7,lumbricus74 ,!re are sev]al species 9 ! g5us1 b all agree 9 _! habits4 ,! body ( ! e>?worm is sl5d] & cyl9drical1 tap]+ 9 front & some:at flatt5$ beh9d4 ,on ! v5tral side ( ! second segm5t is f\nd ! op5+ ( ! m\?4 ,!re are no eyes1 ?\gh ^! animals are s5sitive to ! action ( light4 ,! e>?worm is h]maphrodite 7p4 #af72 :5 two individuals pair !y mutually f]tilize ea* o!r4 ,on a w>m summ] ev5+ two adjac5t worms creep half out or ne>ly out ( _! burr[s1 & apply ! front p>ts ( _! bodies toge!r1 especially a r$di%1 swoll5 "p f\nd at ab\t ! middle ( ! ant]ior half ( ! body4 ,9 ?is region ! gl&s 9 ! sk9 are v /rongly develop$1 & secrete a sub/ance :i* surr\nds ! eggs z a capsule z !y are be+ laid4 ,e>?worms are *iefly f\nd 9 damp humus1 or1 at any rate1 n 9 v poor s&y soil or clay4 ,f "t to "t !y c>ry _! burr[s up to ! surface 9 ord] to get rid ( ! undige/$ rema9s 78worm ca/+s07 ( ! humus & vegetable matt]s :i* h be5 tak5 into ! body4 ,! burr[s run d[n obliquely into ! soil1 or m r>ely v]tically1 to ! dep? ( eight feet or m2 !y end 9 an enl>gem5t1 :]e ! worm rema9s coil$ up dur+ ! w9t]1 aft] hav+ clos$ ! m\? ( ! burr[ ) a plug ( leaves1 twigs1 pap]1 /raw1 etc4 ,al?\gh ! e>?worm *iefly subsi/s on ! organic matt]s f\nd 9 e>? ri* 9 humus1 x also dev\rs ! leaves ( cabbage1 onion1 & o!r plants1 & especially se$l+s 7p>ticul>ly ^? ( beet74 ,x draws ^! p>ts ( plants ab\t f\r-fif?s ( an in* into its burr[1 & moi/5s !m !re ) an acid fluid x secretes1 & :i* acts ^u !m be=e !y are tak5 into ! body4 ,e>?worms may effect consid]able damage by de/roy+ se$l+s1 p>ticul>ly 9 damp fields1 ?\gh ?is damage is always local4 ,a n inconsid]able am\nt ( b5efit is to be set aga9/ ?is4 ,by means ( ! burr[s :i* !y dig e>?worms cause air to p5etrate into ! soil mu* bett] ?an x c\ld o!rwise d1 :i* is kn[n to be ( ! greate/ importance = plant life4 ,e>?worms are extremely important ow+ to ! l>ge numb]s 9 :i* !y are pres5t 9 ! soil1 & = ano!r reason besides ! "o j giv54 ,d>w9 %[s t 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& a weight ( t5 tons ( e>? p] acre passes ?r\gh ! bodies ( e>?worms1 & is br\ght to ! surface by !m1 s t 9 a few ye>s ! entire humus-conta9+ surface lay] ( e>? has pass$ ?r\gh _! bodies4 ,!y !re=e prep>e ! soil 9 an excell5t mann] = ! gr[? ( plants1 by cont9ually expos+ x to ! air4 ,!y cause /ones to s9k 9 ! soil by ?r[+ out at ! top e>? :i* naturally consi/s only ( p>ticles small en\gh to pass ?r\gh _! inte/9es4 ,!y play ! "p ( g>d5]s by ?or\ghly mix+ toge!r ! p>ticles ( soil1 & bury "u _! ca/+s1 9 a %ort] "t ?an "o w\ld imag9e1 objects f\nd on ! surface ( ! soil 7bones1 oy/]-%ells1 dead animals1 leaves74 ,plantfood is quickly =m$ aga9 f ^! buri$ matt]s4 ,e>?worms1 !re=e1 play a v important "p 9 ! economy ( nature2 inde$1 _m regions1 n[ occupi$ by luxuriant pa/ures or f]tile cornfields1 w\ld be a wa/e1 _h x n be5 = !m4 ,:]e1 h[ev]1 9 damp spots !y injure se$l+s1 !y may be collect$1 ei!r dur+ ! day aft] a w>m ra91 or 9 ! ev5+1 at :i* times !y lie half out ( _! burr[s4 ,if a decoction ( walnut leaves is p\r$ into ^!1 !y w crawl out4 ,enemies3 ,mole1 %rews1 h$gehog1 toads & frogs1 gr\nd beetles1 rove beetles1 mole-crickets1 c5tip$es1 etc4 ,,class3 ,,nematelm9!s 7,,r\nd ,,worms74 ,body cyl9drical1 unsegm5t$2 body-wall t\gh1 hooklets or sp9es may be pres5t on x1 b deeply imb$d$ bri/les are always abs5t4 ,! gut may be abs5t 7"s p>asites71 b ?is is exceptional4 ,!re are no special organs = circulation & respiration4 ,sexes di/9ct 9 ! l>ge majority4 ,i w deal ) only "o ( ! ord]s belong+ "h4 ,,ord]3 ,nematoda 7,,?read ,,worms74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--;,diagrammatic transv]se section ?r\gh ! body ( a ,?read ,worm1 int]nal organs be+ omitt$3 p1 cuticle & sk92 q1 muscle lay]2 a1 lat]al l9es2 b1 dorsal & v5tral l9es4 ,elongat$1 ?read-%ap$ or sp9dle-%ap$1 unsegm5t$4 ,a gut1 t]m9at+ 9 a v5tral anus1 is pres5t4 ,out] inve/m5t ( ! sk9 smoo?1 (t5 weakly r+$ or /riat$4 ,! muscle lay] und]ly+ ! true sk9 is int]rupt$ "h & !re1 :]e ! sk9 itself /ret*es fur!r inw>ds4 ,9 ?is way are di/+ui%$ ! lat]al l9es or fields 7,fig4 #abh1 a71 :i* run "r along ! sides ( ! body1 divid+ x into a dorsal & a v5tral region4 ,!re are (t5 pres5t z well two small] b simil> dorsal & v5tral l9es1 respectively situat$ above & bel[ 7,fig4 #abh1 b74 ,m\? usually surr\nd$ by lip-l folds1 b m or less di/9ct jaws may also be pres5t4 ,! anus ei!r lies at ! apex ( ! tap]+ po/]ior end ( ! body 7tri*9a71 or fur!r =w>d1 on ! v5tral surface4 ,among ! ,nematodes are includ$ a numb] ( relatively small species1 liv+ free 9 ! e>?1 & suck+ plant p>ts1 :ile o!r =ms fairly closely relat$ live p>asitically 9 plants1 & (t5 cause v s]i\s plant diseases 7e4g4 ,beet ,eelworm72 a l>g] numb] ( species are p>asitic 9 animals4 ,! free =ms & ^? p>asitic 9 plants lay relatively few1 b v l>ge1 eggs1 al?\gh1 9 sev]al species1 increase is fur!r$ by a succession ( _m g5]ations 9 ! ye>4 ,! ,nematodes p>asitic 9 animals lay v num]\s eggs1 ev5 sev]al millions4 ,h>mful species are kn[n f ! foll[+ families3 #a4 ,palisade ,worms 7,/rongylid71 #b4 ,:ip ,worms 7,tri*otra*elid71 #c4 ,sl5d] ,?read ,worms 7,fil>id71 #d4 ! ,r\nd ,worms 7,asc>id71 #e4 ,eelworms 7,anguillulid74 ,i w successively treat ( ! h>mful =ms1 b s9ce _m species belong+ to diff]5t families infe/ ! dige/ive organs ( ! diff]5t dome/icat$ animals1 caus+ simil> symptoms ( disease :i* may be dealt ) 9 mu* ! same way1 ! foll[+ g5]al sket* is fir/ giv53-- ,nematodes 9 ! ,gut 7m 9 "y animals ?an old7 cause ! foll[+ symptoms3 7#a7 ,appetite v>iable4 7#b7 ,nutrition 9 g5]al affect$1 ev5 if suffici5t food is tak52 con/ipation or di>rha2 belly mu* drawn 9 or else1 & usually1 swoll5 out4 ,! animal itself is ?91 & has 7except horse7 a t5d5cy to vomit4 7#c7 ,an it*+ all ov] ! body1 especially at ! no/rils & anus4 ,! animal rubs & bites ! sides ( its body4 7#d7 ,tongue cov]$ ) a ?ick1 s(t1 yell[i% coat+4 ,a sweet smell f ! m\?4 7#e7 ,! sk9 is t5se1 lack+ its usual ela/icity4 7#f7 ,! animal suff]s f spasmodic colic1 & 7#g7 di/urbances ( ! n]v\s sy/em 7:9+ or cry+2 unre/ra9$ or suppress$ fits74 ,rem$ies3 ,horses & c[s infe/$ ) ?read worms may be giv5 *opp$ c>rots1 beets1 & turnips1 previ\sly mix$ ) sug> or cru%$ sug>c&y4 ,roa/$ oats are also good4 ,= %eep f9ely cru%$ glass1 knead$ into pills ) bread1 w always suffice4 ,gritty s& 9 ! food may also be ( use4 ,pigs %\ld be giv5 s\r milk1 acorns1 unripe *eese1 hors]adi%4 ,= dogs1 sausages conta9+ g>lic1 z mu* fle% food z possible1 /rongly salt$ food1 milk boil$ ) g>lic4 ,9 all cases iron may be giv54 ,! advice ( a vet]9>y surgeon %\ld be s\ght 9 ! matt] ( m$ic9es 7tansy1 male f]n root1 t>t> emetic1 ars5i\s acid1 etc474 ,family3 ,/rongylid 7,palisade ,worms74 ,sp9dle-%ap$2 anus on ! tip ( ! h9d end ( ! body2 9 all ?read worms ! rectum & male sexual organs op5 by a common cloacal op5+1 :i*1 9 ! palisade worms1 is surr\nd$ by an umbrella1 or cup-%ap$ app>atus 7bursa71 kept exp&$ by means ( muscul> ribs 7,fig4 #abi74 ,"h belong-- ,! ,giant ,palisade ,worm1 or ,/rongyle1 7,eu/rongylus gigas74 ,female f a foot to ?irty-n9e in*es long1 & z mu* z two-fif?s ( an in* ?ick4 ,male six to sixte5 in*es long2 r$di%4 ,lives 9 ! cavity 7pelvis7 ( ! kidneys 9 horses1 ox51 dogs1 & man2 causes deg5]ation ( ! kidneys1 ) blood 9 ! ur9e1 n]v\s diseases1 & di/urbance ( ! feel+s & intellig5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,tail ( male ,/rongylus armatus1 /rongly magnifi$4 ,! ,arm$ ,palisade ,worm1 or ,/rongyle 7,/rongylus armatus71 f\r-fif?s ( an in* to two in*es long1 "o tw5ty-fif? to "o-twelf? ( an in* ?ick2 r$di% br[n4 ,tak5 into ! gut ( ! horse ) ! dr9k+ wat] z a "y1 m9ute worm1 x bores ?r\gh ! walls ( ?is organ into ! blood-vessels bran*+ !re4 ,lat] on x bores into ! walls ( ! l>g] art]ies ( ! h9d] "p ( ! body1 especially into ^? :i* c>ry blood to ! wall ( ! gut 7p>ticul>ly ant]ior mes5t]ic art]y74 ,at ^? p>ts ( ! art]ial walls :]e x collects 9 l>ge numb]s1 swell+s 7aneurisms7 are produc$1 v>y+ f ! size ( a pea to t ( a h5's egg4 ,a con/riction is (t5 develop$ q close to ?is swell+1 & a plug ( fibr9 may also be =m$ )9 ! art]y1 s t ! circulation 9 ! wall ( ! gut is greatly h9d]$4 ,z a result ( ?is ! gl&s & muscles 9 ! wall ( ! dige/ive tube refuse _! (fice1 s t regul> dige/ion & onw>d movem5t ( ! food d n take place4 ,?is leads to colic4 ,z soon z ! /rongyloid l>v h become adult1 !y pass f ! walls ( ! art]ies into _! cavities1 & are c>ri$ by ! blood-/ream to ! walls ( ! gut1 :i* !y p5etrate 9 ord] to rea* its cavity1 :]e 7ccum & l>ge inte/9e7 !y pair1 aft] :i* ! female lays eggs1 :i* are c>ri$ to ! ext]ior 9 ! dung4 ,! quickly hat*$ "y seek wat]1 mud1 or damp e>?1 :]e !y live until1 by "s means 7e4g4 ) ! dr9k+ wat]7 !y manage to ent] ! gut ( a horse or 7m (t57 ass4 ,prev5tive ,measure3 ,horses & asses mu/ n be all[$ to dr9k /agnant wat]4 ,! ,/oma* ,palisade ,worm1 or ,/rongyle ( ! ,%eep 7,/rongylus contortus74 ,male "o-half to two-?irds ( an in*1 female ?ree-qu>t]s to f\r-fif?s ( an in* long2 :iti% or r$di%1 some:at coil$ at bo? ends4 ,! disease ( ! /oma*1 & di>rha1 :i* affect lambs1 usually 9 spr+1 & result f ! pres5ce ( ^! worms 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! true or f\r? /oma*1 lead to emaciation1 weakness1 & pov]ty ( blood4 ,developm5t unkn[n4 ,nutriti\s food w cure lambs :i* are n v badly infe/$1 b ha/5s ! dea? ( ^? :i* are4 ,! ,lung ,worm ( ,lambs 7,/rongylus fil>ia74 ,male an in*1 female z mu* z ?ree & a half in*es long1 ?read-%ap$1 :ite or yell[i%4 ,x appe>s t ! "y worms are tak5 into ! /oma* ( a lamb 7or %eep7 ) ! dr9k+ wat]2 !y are f\nd !re 9 ,may1 ,june1 & ,july4 ,!y quickly climb back into ! ?roat1 f :i* !y get into ! w9dpipe & its bran*es4 ,!re !y p5etrate ! muc\s membrane1 :]e1 until !y h rea*$ ! sexual /age1 !y are f\nd imb$d$ 9 small swell+s1 :i* !y quit at ! end ( w9t] or ! beg9n+ ( ! next spr+1 if _! ho/ lives s long4 ,! female be>s liv+ "y1 :i* z v m9ute worms may be met ) by ! hundr$ 9 ! muc\s l9+ ! w9dpipe & its bran*es4 ,a direct transf]5ce ( ! p>asite f "o %eep to ano!r does n take place1 s9ce ! "y born 9 ! mucus secret$ by ! walls ( ! air-tubes mu/ fir/ live & gr[ = "s "t 9 wat] or slime be=e !y are able to und]go fur!r developm5t 9 ! body ( a %eep or lamb4 ,! fate1 h[ev]1 ( ! "y worms :i* pass to ! ext]ior 9 ! mucus is n yet suffici5tly kn[n4 ,symptoms ( ,disease3 ,runn+ ( slime f ! nose1 difficulty ( brea?+1 c\gh1 emaciation1 pov]ty ( blood4 ,dea? ensues 9 f two to f\r mon?s4 ,recov]y only ( v /rong individuals infe/$ by comp>atively few p>asites1 mo/ ( :i* !y c\gh out4 ,prev5tive ,measures3 ,9 regions :]e ! evil is v preval5t ! "y %eep mu/ n be all[$ to g into ! mead[s4 ,if x is impossible to keep !m p5n$ 91 a little food & wat] may be giv5 be=e s5d+ !m to pa/ure 9 ! morn+4 ,9 ?is way ! dang] ( infection w be some:at less5$1 s9ce x is !n less likely t ! animals w eag]ly betake !mselves to pools & dit*es 9 ord] to qu5* _! ?ir/4 ,s9ce dur+ ! mon?s ,may to ,july ! "y worms 7mo/ probably tak5 9 ) ! wat] drunk7 are f\nd 9 ! /oma*1 x is good dur+ ?is "t to give v]mifuges to ! lambs & %eep4 ,= m$ic9es a vet]9>y surgeon %\ld be consult$4 ,! ,small-tail$ ,palisade ,worm1 or ,/rongyle 7,/rongylus micrurus74 ,?read-%ap$2 male "o & two-fif?s1 female two & two-fif?s to two & f\r-fif?s ( an in* long2 lives 9 ox5 7especially calves7 9 swell+s ( ! art]ies1 also 9 ! w9dpipe & its bran*es4 ,sev]e bron*itis4 ,family3 ,tri*otra*elid 7,:ip ,worms74 ,small1 sl5d]1 elongat$ worms1 ) ! anus or1 9 ! male1 cloacal ap]ture at ! h9d] end ( ! body2 ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is n--z 9 palisade worms--surr\nd$ by an umbrella or cup-%ap$ expansion4 ,"h belongs3 ,! ,tri*9a 7,tri*9a spiralis74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,encapsul$ ,muscle ,tri*9 9 fle%1 /rongly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,male ,inte/9al ,tri*9a1 /rongly magnifi$4 ,9 ! sexual condition ?is lives z a m9ute worm 7male "o-sev5te5?1 female "o-eigh? to "o-six? ( an in* long71 ! s-call$ 8inte/9al tri*9a10 9 ! gut ( human be+s & c>nivor\s mammals4 ,9 ?is situation x br+s =? liv+ "y 7"s fifte5 hundr$ 9 numb]71 & ! multiplication is enhanc$ by ! fact t ( ! v num]\s tri*9 f\nd 9 ! gut !re are1 on ! av]age1 ab\t twelve females to e male4 ,! "y tri*9 bore into ! walls ( ! gut1 & are c>ri$ by ! blood-/ream into ! muscles4 ,at fir/ ea* little worm ext5ds itself longitud9ally 9 a muscle fibre1 b1 z x gets l>g]1 curves & becomes spirally twi/$1 s t ! %ea? 7s>colemma7 ( ! fibre is bulg$ m & m outw>ds4 ,! gr[? ( ! "y tri*9a is v rapid--an individual only ( an in* long be=e leav+ ! gut may atta9 ! l5g? ( "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* 9 f\rte5 days4 ,x !n gr[s no m1 & ! %ea? ( ! muscle fibre gradually ?ick5s to =m a capsule or cy/4 ,lat] on1 9 ab\t a ye>1 lime is deposit$ 9 ! capsule4 ,! 8muscle tri*90 reta9 _! vitality = sev]al ye>s4 ,if n[ ! ho/ ( ! muscle tri*9a is dev\r$ by any o!r mammal1 ! capsule is dige/$ 9 ! /oma* ( ! latt]1 & ! once m lib]at$ worm becomes a sexually mature 8inte/9al tri*9a0 9 a few days4 ,! pig is ! ord9>y ho/ ( tri*91 :i* 7)\t ! int]v5tion ( any o!r ho/7 c be p]man5tly p>asitic 9 ?is dome/ic animal1 s9ce pigs (t5 dev\r sw9e's fle%4 ,!y (t5 en\gh dev\r ev5 _! own "y1 &1 especially 9 l>ge slaught]h\ses1 sw9e are (t5 f$ ) ! (fal ( _! companions4 ,! tri*9 also spread ?r\gh ! body ( any liv+ be+ 7m51 rats7 :i* eats tri*9\s pork4 ,! tri*9 ?us introduc$ cause1 9 ! human subject1 a dang]\s or ev5 fatal disease kn[n z tri*9osis4 ,! size ( ?is book does n p]mit me to describe ! symptoms ( ?is compla9t 9 man4 ,pigs suff] mu* less f ! p>asite2 !y may ev5 conta9 an enorm\s numb] ( tri*9 9 _! muscles )\t be+ noticeably ill4 ,symptoms ( disease1 h[ev]1 (t5 appe> m or less cle>ly4 ,a %ort "t aft] eat+ ! tri*9\s meat ! appetite ( ! pigs is bad2 !y appe> 9 bad spirits2 ! tail /raight5s out1 & !y (t5 rema9 /&+ ) b5t limbs & ar*$ backs4 ,!re may be1 9 addition1 pa9s 9 ! abdom51 di>rha1 & fev]4 ,lat] on1 :5 ! tri*9 h settl$ d[n 9 ! muscles1 ! pigs suff] f /iffness 9 ! legs & t5d]ness 9 ! lo9s2 !y (t5 cry out 9 pa94 ,aft] ?is1 h[ev]1 heal? & appetite may return1 & !y c be fatt5$4 ,tri*9\s sw9e !re=e appe> q s\nd1 & are slaught]$ 9 due c\rse4 ,! tri*9 9 ! pig are f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! diaphragm1 ! ma/icatory1 eye-1 & o!r muscles ( ! head1 also 9 ^? ( ! neck1 l>ynx1 abdom51 & lo9s4 ,! =e "p is m infe/$ by tri*9 ?an ! h9d] "p1 b 9 v bad cases !y are f\nd ev]y:]e1 ev5 9 ! hams4 ,rem$ies3 7#a7 ,! sw9e mu/ be prev5t$1 z f> z possible1 f tak+ up tri*91 & !re=e mu/ nev] be giv5 ! (fal f o!r slaught]$ sw9e4 ,! fle% ( tri*9\s sw9e %\ld be burnt1 & n buri$1 le/ dogs or o!r animals %\ld eat x & spread tri*9osis4 7#b7 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t no tri*9\s pork is eat5 by human be+s 7microscopic exam9ation2 meat inspection74 ,pork 7or sausages7 mu/ nev] be us$ raw or half cook$4 ,tri*9 are kill$ by a temp]ature ( #adj to #aej ,f4 ,! inside ( ! piece ( meat mu/ be expos$ to ?is temp]ature4 ,family3 ,fil>id 7,sl5d] ,?read ,worms74 ,elongat$ & ?read-%ap$4 ,r\nd m\?4 ,d n infe/ ! gut or o!r cavities1 b ! tissues ( ! body1 *iefly connective tissue4 ,none ( ! species require notice "h4 ,family3 ,asc>id 7,r\nd ,worms74 ,relatively %ort] ?an ! worms ( ! prec$+ family4 ,m\? triangul>1 surr\nd$ by ?ree teat%ap$ lips4 ,9 ! male ! h9d] end ( ! body is usually b5t 9 a hook-l mann]4 ,! anus is n plac$ q at ! h9d end ( ! body4 ,all ! species inhabit ! alim5t>y canal 7,cf4 p4 #baa74 ,horse ,worm 7,asc>is megalocephala74 ,male six to eight1 female twelve to sev5te5 in*es long2 sometimes occurs 9 great balls1 caus+ /oppage4 ,r\nd ,worm ( ,cat 7,asc>is my/ax74 ,male two to two & two-fif?s1 female f\r & f\r-fif?s to five & "o-fif? in*es long2 9 ! inte/9es ( ! cat4 ,asc>is m>g9ata infe/s ! dog4 ,p9worm 7,oxyuris curvula74 ,male "o-f\r? to "o-?ird1 female "o & f\r-fif?s ( an in* long4 ,9 ! rectum ( ! horse1 caus+ p]si/5t it*+4 ,family3 ,anguillulid 7,eelworms74 ,extremely small1 ?9-sk9n$2 lay only a few relatively l>ge eggs1 :i* develop v quickly4 ,) few exceptions ei!r e>? eelworms 7i4e4 live 9 decompos+ organic matt] or humus soil7 or z plant p>asites lead+ to *>act]i/ic diseases ( wild & cultivat$ =ms4 ,all ^! p>asitic =ms h a 8m\? sp9e40 ,?is /ructure1 f\nd 9 ! m\? cavity1 is v %>p & po9t$ 9 front1 & c be work$ =w>ds & backw>ds s z to p5etrate ! cell walls ( plants4 ,a m\? sp9e is n only f\nd 9 ! species :i* infe/ plant tissues 7sev]al species ( ,tyl5*us & ,aphel5*us1 z well z all ! kn[n species ( ,het]od]a71 b also 9 ^? =ms liv+ free 9 ! e>? :i* bore into ! ext]ior ( plant roots 7! rema9+ species ( ,tyl5*us & ,aphel5*us1 ,dorylaimus1 etc474 ,9 all cases an eelworm1 devoid ( a sp9e1 is n a plant p>asite4 ,i w only deal ) ^? p>asites by :i* well-kn[n de/ructive diseases ( cultivat$ plants are caus$4 ,^! belong to ! g5]a ,tyl5*us & ,het]od]a4 ,! fir/ rema9 eel-%ap$ ?r\gh\t life1 b ! adult females ( ! latt] swell out consid]ably & become lemon- or pe>-%ap$4 ,! ,/em ,eelworm 7,tyl5*us deva/atrix74 ,l5g? "o-?irtie? to "o-fifte5? ( an in* long1 usually ( int]m$iate size2 ! two sexes ( approximately equal l5g?4 ,live & reproduce 9 v>i\s cultivat$ plants 7e4g41 rye1 oats1 /or$ onions1 hyac9?s1 buck:eat1 potatoes1 clov]1 full]'s teasel7 & wild plants 7e4g41 ,poa annua1 ,an?oxan?um odoratum1 ,dipsacus silve/ris1 ,polygonum p]sic>ia71 b n to ! same ext5t 9 all4 ,x mu/ also be add$ t eelworms ( :i* ! prog5itors h develop$ = a consid]able numb] ( g5]ations 9 ! same plant1 are n easily transf]r$ to ano!r k9d ( plant1 or at any rate d n multiply vigor\sly !re4 ,eelworms1 ( :i* ! ance/ors h liv$ = _m ye>s exclusively 9 rye1 or alt]nately 9 rye & buck:eat1 d n readily pass ov] to se$l+ onions1 & fir/ only reproduce 9 !m to a small ext5t4 ,! eelworms live only 9 /ems1 bran*es1 & leaves1 nev] 9 roots4 ,9 ! places :]e !y h p5etrat$ ! plant tissues an abnormal gr[? 9 ?ickness ( ! p>ts involv$ takes place1 :ile ! gr[? 9 l5g? is ei!r mu* dim9i%$ or ev5 entirely /opp$4 ,also ! *lorophyll disappe>s soon] or lat] f ! attack$ spots1 & rapid dea? g5]ally ensues4 ,s9ce only ^? p>ts ( an organ :i* are inhabit$ by a l>ge numb] ( eelworms swell mu*1 x is obvi\s t cracks are (t5 develop$ 9 ! /ems & leaves conc]n$4 ,x is fur!r easily se5 t ! species & con/itution ( ! infe/$ plants w h an important influ5ce on ! progress ( ! disease caus$ by ! eelworms4 ,b s9ce sev]al g5]ations ( ?is p>asite succe$ "o ano!r dur+ ! same ye>1 ! result+ mal=mation is usually v consid]able4 8,clov] sickness0 is probably due to ?is eelworm4 ,i w treat 9 some:at great] detail ! ,eelworm ,disease ( rye1 :i* is l>gely preval5t 9 ,we/phalia & ! ,rh9e prov9ces1 & _h already made its appe>ance1 9 ! latt] at lea/1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,! eelworms produc+ ! disease migrate into ! soil on ! rip5+ or dea? ( ! gra91 & lat] on g back to ! new "y rye plants or to o!r plants 9 :i* !y c live1 z ! case may be4 ,x is !re=e cle> t 7#a7 :]e ?is disease exi/s ! soil is infect$ = a "t1 & 7#b71 ! eelworm disease ( rye pr9cipally appe>s 9 regions :]e ! culture ( rye is c>ri$ on to excess4 ,g]m9ation ( ! se$ corn goes on q normally 9 infect$ fields1 & x is only exceptionally t any?+ p>ticul> is notic$ 9 ! "y plants ( w9t] rye dur+ autumn & w9t]4 ,! disease appe>s at ! beg9n+ ( spr+4 ,"s plants soon become yell[ & die3 o!rs appe> to gr[ v luxuriantly2 !y possess a beautiful blui%-gre5 col\r & seem v heal?y2 lat] on !y develop enorm\sly 9 bread?1 & ea* sep>ate plant cov]s a relatively l>ge area4 ,! base ( ! /em swells abnormally1 s t ! plant looks z if x bore bel[ an onion project+ above ! gr\nd4 ,?is is caus$ by ! l[] jo9ts ( ! haulm rema9+ v %ort & ?ick5+ consid]ably1 caus+ ! leaf-%ea?s :i* surr\nd ! base ( ! /em to become ?ick] & broad] ?an usual4 ,! feeble developm5t ( roots is also *>act]i/ic4 ,! leaves g5]ally rema9 %ort1 b get v ?ick2 !y (t5 become wavy1 & may ev5 appe> frill$4 ,all ! leaves1 h[ev]1 are n crumpl$ 9 ?is way2 a few rema9 q normal1 :ile o!rs are small & grass-l1 b ?ick 7,fig4 #acb74 ,lat] on1 ! tip ( ! haulm & ! e> (t5 d n come out ( ! leaf-%ea?s2 9 o!r plants ! e> may appe>1 b rema9s small & de=m$ z well z ! re/ ( ! haulm1 :ile ! gra9s :i* develop are small4 ,a numb] ( %oots1 h[ev]1 may develop normally & be> fruit4 ,badly infe/$ plants quickly die1 "s at ! v beg9n+ ( spr+1 o!rs lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--,rye plant 9 ! lat] /age ( ! ,eelworm disease4 ,:]e ! disease is v bad x may easily be recogniz$ by its *>act]i/ic di/ribution4 ,a numb] ( b>e places are notic$ 9 spr+ on ! infect$ fields2 r\nd ab\t ^! places /ill liv+ b badly diseas$ plants may be notic$1 & ! symptoms ( attack are less obvi\s ! fur!r "o goes f ! bald spots4 ,on ! dea? ( ! rye plants ! eelworms mo/ly travel back to ! soil1 b sundry eggs & l>v /op 9 ! dri$-up rema9s4 ,rye /raw may fur!r infect a diseas$ field by gett+ into f>my>d manure & be+ br\ght back aga9 ) x2 = ! eelworms 7at any rate z eggs & l>v7 are kill$ nei!r by dry+ nor by ! action ( dung & o!r decay+ sub/ances4 ,/rongly infect$ spots 7b>e pat*es7 on an infe/$ field are usually ! places :]e dung conta9+ diseas$ rye-/raw has la9 = "s "t4 ,f su* c5tres ! spread+ ( ! eelworms takes place3 7#a7 actively by ! migration ( ! worms1 7#b7 passively by ra91 ! feet ( lab\r]s1 ! ho(s ( horses1 field implem5ts1 etc42 also 7on loose soils7 by ! w9d1 :i* n only bl[s ab\t p>ticles ( e>?1 b also ! dri$-up l>v :i* are always f\nd on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,z ! eelworms multiply v rapidly :5ev] !y are 9 ! plants1 & z ! means ( di/ribution are v num]\s1 ! disease spreads ) great rapidity4 ,rem$ies4--,prop] rotation2 limitation ( ! culture ( rye1 gr[+ 9 place ( x c>rots1 turnips1 or lup9es4 ,n[ & !n 7b n too frequ5tly71 potatoes1 buck:eat1 clov]1 & oats may be cultivat$ 9 ! fields affect$1 at any rate be=e s[+ rye aga94 ,abundant manur+1 especially ) sulphates ( pota%1 ammonia1 & iron4 ,deep cultivation ( ! soil1 s9ce ! eelworms f9d no food 9 ! deep]1 damp] lay]s ( ! soil1 nor c !y pass into ! dri$ condition1 & s mu/ die4 ,oats suff] f eelworms j 9 ! same way z rye4 ,clov] ,sickness is m>k$ by %ort /unt$ %oots1 & :iti% r\nd$ buds1 (t5 rema9+ clos$2 also by ! :iti% col\r & abnormal ?ick5+ ( ! %oots & buds4 ,eelworm ,disease ( ,potatoes4--,crumpl+ & small gr[? ( ! p>ts above gr\nd4 ,9 _m cases !re may ev5 be no potatoes at all1 or only small ones1 poor 9 />*1 ?\gh sometimes !y may be tol]ably l>ge4 ,on ! surface ( ! tub]s !re are discol\r$ rott5 spots1 n p5etrat+ deeply1 & usually 7b n always7 at ! atta*$ end4 ,^! d>k pat*es conta9 ! eelworms4 ,eelworm ,disease ( ,buck:eat4--,jo9ts ( ! /em = ! mo/ "p mu* ?ick5$1 b abnormally %ort4 ,9 _m cases a l>ge am\nt ( bran*+ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! /em1 usually at a place :]e x be>s a nodul> swell+4 ,bran*es g5]ally %ort4 ,!re may be twi/s & b5ds 9 ! /em & bran*es4 ,(t51 b n always1 ! =mation ( fl[]s & fruit is /opp$4 ,! ?ick5$ p>ts ( ! /em are brittle2 !y conta9 ! eelworms 9 _! int]ior4 ,! ,:eat ,eelworm 7,tyl5*us sc&5s ,t4 tritici74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--;,e> ,cockles ( ,:eat2 ! ?ird %[s ! eelworm l>v on its cut surface4 ,l5g? ( ! male ab\t "o-twelf? ( an in*1 ( ! female "o-t5? to "o-fif? ( an in* 7accord+ to ! size ( ! galls 9 :i* ! eelworms develop74 ,! :eat eelworm is ! cause ( 8e> cockles10 also kn[n z 8pepp]corns0 & 8purples40 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ! e> %ort ?ick d>k br[n galls 7,fig4 #acc71 resembl+ ! se$s ( corn-cockle1 are f\nd in/ead ( :eat gra9s4 ,inside ! ?ick br[n %ell !re is a yell[i% :ite mass1 conta9+ hundr$s or ev5 ?\s&s ( eelworm l>v 7"o ?irty-fir/ to "o tw5ty-sev5? ( an in* long74 ,^! are q dry & rigid1 b gradually revive on moi/5+1 ev5 if ! black galls h rema9$ tw5ty ye>s 9 ! dri$-up condition4 ,:5 ! :eat is ripe ! d>k-wall$ galls are ga!r$ 9 ) ! crop1 & 9 _m cases are s[n aga9 ) ! s\nd gra9s4 ,! br[n %ell !n decays1 & ! eelworm l>v leave ! gall1 travell+ to a neighb\r+ :eat se$l+1 :]e !y live betwe5 leaf-%ea? & haulm1 also p5etrat+ into ! t]m9al bud4 ,! haulm ( a :eat plant infe/$ by _m eelworms rema9s relatively %ort1 ! leaves are (t5 %>ply b5t & h wavy m>g9s4 ,:eat plants ?us infe/$ closely resemble rye plants diseas$ 9 a simil> way1 b are mu* less de=m$4 ,?is is because ! :eat eelworms d n reproduce till !y rea* ! e>1 & !re is consequ5tly only "o g5]ation p] ye>1 :ile sev]al g5]ations ( eelworms succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! same rye plant4 ,! eelworms quickly travel f all p>ts ( ! plants into ! e>s1 & get into ! rudim5ts ( ! fl[]s1 caus+ !m to swell up l bladd]s1 & _! walls to become fir/ d>k gre51 & !n d>k br[n4 ,sixte5 to tw5ty eelworms are pres5t 9 ! l[e/ fl[]s ( ! e>1 t5 to twelve 9 ^? high] up 7& !re=e small]71 & f\r to six 9 ! topmo/ 7smalle/7 ones4 ,soon aft] ent]+ ! fl[]s ! eelworms become sexually mature1 & lay eggs 7#fjj to #afjj71 f :i* are develop$ ! l>v t inhabit lat] on ! cockle-se$ l galls4 ,! disease is kn[n 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,italy1 & is especially h>mful 9 ,saxony1 :]e x sometimes attacks a qu>t] ( ! :eat crop4 ,rem$ies3 ,ei!r !re %\ld be no e> cockles 9 ! se$ corn1 or else ! eelworms %\ld be de/roy$ 9 !m4 ,! infe/$ gra9 may ei!r be put ?r\gh a sieve1 or else soak$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 weak sulphuric acid 7"o p9t /rong acid to ?irty-?ree gallons ( wat]71 :5 _m ( ! galls float & c be skimm$ (f1 :ile ! eelworms are kill$ 9 ^? :i* s9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 7,= ,description1 see note#d1 next page47 ,footnote #d3 ,,fig4 #acd4--,! ,beet ,eelworm 7,het]od]a ,s*a*tii73 #a1 ,a beet root ) adult females atta*$ 7natural size72 #b1 a lat]al rootlet ( beet :i* ,eelworm l>v 7a7 are p5etrat+ 7enl>g$72 #c1 a lat]al rootlet ( beet ) swell+ 7a7 ( ! out] sk9 caus$ by ! excessive developm5t ( l>v :i* h previ\sly ent]$ x1 & :i* h n[ become ne>ly mature females 7enl>g$72 #d1 a j-hat*$ l>va2 #e1 a l>va :i* has p5etrat$ a root & swoll5 up into a club-%ap$ =m2 #f-h1 developm5t ( ! male2 #i1 a ne>ly adult &1 #aj1 an adult female4 ,! foll[+ lett]s h ref]5ce to ,figs4 #d-aj3 a1 m\? sp9e1--b1 suck+ /oma* 7ph>ynx71--c1 d1 inte/9e1--e1 f1 rectum1--f1 anus1--g1 excretory organ2 h 79 ,figs4 #d-g71 rudim5ts ( ! sexual organs 9 ! undevelop$ l>v2 h 79 ,fig4 #h71 te/is2 i 79 ,figs4 #g & #h71 copulatory spicules ( ! male2 k 7,figs4 #i & #aj71 ov>y2 l 7,figs4 #i & #aj71 female sexual op5+2 m1 n]ve r+2 w#a 7,figs4 #f-h71 l>val sk92 w#b 7,figs4 #f-h71 new sk9 :i* ! develop+ male =ms )9 ! l>val sk94 ,figs4 #d & #e are magnifi$ m ?an ,figs4 #f-aj4 ,! ,beet ,eelworm 7,het]od]a ,s*a*tii7#d is ! cause ( ! 8beet sickness0 ( ! soil4 ,! c\rse ( ! disease is z foll[s4 ,at ! end ( ,july light-col\r$ pat*es are f\nd "h & !re among ! normally develop$ beet4 ,! leaves are weak & limp1 & ! out] ones especially get yell[1 spott$1 & die (f4 ,lat] on ! inn] leaves die z well1 aft] :i* ! top ( ! beet becomes black & ! :ole root gradually decays4 ,9 less sev]e cases ! beet may recov] t[>ds autumn & develop new he>t leaves1 b ! roots rema9 small & ! crop is poor1 (t5 be+ only "o-?ird ( its normal am\nt4 ,khn has prov$ by infection exp]im5ts t ! sole cause ( beet sickness is a nematode1 ( :i* ! life hi/ory is z foll[s4 ,! female is f\nd fix$ to ! bran*es ( ! root2 x is citron-%ap$1 ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ( an in* long 7,fig4 #acd1 #a & #aj71 & conta9s on an av]age ?ree hundr$ & fifty eggs4 ,"s few ( ^!1 toge!r ) a jelly-l sub/ance mak+ up an 8egg-sac10 may pass out to ! ext]ior1 b ! l>ge majority develop 9 ! body ( ! female1 :i* ultimately becomes a m]e sac enclos+ ! eel-l l>v4 ,! female is kill$ by ! process4 ,! lib]at$ l>va 7,fig4 #acd1 #d7 seeks out a root 7ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? ( in* ?ick71 & bores into x4 ,"h x lives z a p>asite1 caus+ ! disease ( ! attack$ beet plant4 ,! l>va quickly %$s its old sk91 assumes a ?ick] =m 7,fig4 #acd1 #e71 ceases to move1 & gradually causes ! out] sk9 ( ! root to bulge out ext]nally 7,fig4 #acd1 #c1 a74 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! sexes n[ rapidly makes its appe>ance4 ,a ?ick motionless l>va1 de/9$ to become a male1 tempor>ily ceases to fe$1 %r9ks )9 its old sk91 develops a ?9 new "o1 & ultimately becomes a long eel-l worm 7,fig4 #acd1 #f1 #g1 #h71 :i* gr[s into an adult male 7#h74 ,9 ! /age repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #acd1 #h1 ! animal /ill lies "u ! out] sk9 ( ! root1 :i* nev] bur/s dur+ its developm5t1 b ! mature male bores out ( its l>val sk9 & out ( ! root1 pass+ into ! soil1 :]e x f9ds & f]tilizes ! female1 :i* 9 ! meantime has develop$ b rema9s atta*$ to ! root4 ,! female develops 9 a simpl] way1 by ! gradual di/5sion & gr[? ( a l>va 7n by a process ( re-=mation7 & gradual developm5t ( ! female sexual organs4 ,z ! l>va passes f ! /age ( ,fig4 #acd1 #e1 into t ( ,fig4 #acd1 #i1 & lat] on into ! adult condition1 #aj1 ! out] sk9 ( ! rootlet is ruptur$1 & ! female comes out f its tissues1 rema9+1 h[ev]1 atta*$ to its outside 7,fig4 #acd1 #a74 ,! entire developm5t f egg to sexual adult takes f\r or five weeks1 & !re may be six or sev5 successive g5]ations1 ! reproduction is consequ5tly v rapid4 ,x also obvi\sly foll[s t 8beet sickness0 ( ! soil is especially preval5t 9 fields :]e !re has be5 an excessive am\nt ( beet culture4 ,! disease1 h[ev]1 may sudd5ly appe> 9 fields :i* h be5 hi!rto 8safe0 = beet1 & 9 _m su* cases x has be5 prov$ to result f manur+ ) artificial compo/ ri* 9 refuse f affect$ fields4 ,! disease frequ5tly appe>s1 too1 9 fields :]e beet h nev] be5 cultivat$1 b :]e cabbage has be5 gr[n = a long "t4 ,x has be5 %[n1 especially by ,khn's inve/igations1 t ! beet eelworm c live 9 _m plants bo? cultivat$ & wild1 e4g4 ( ! =m]1 cabbage1 rape1 mu/>d1 g>d5 cress1 *ickl+ peas1 mangold1 oats2 ( ! latt]1 *>lock1 spurrey1 c\* grass4 ,^! rese>*es are ( ! greate/ importance bo? = und]/&+ ! way 9 :i* beet sickness spreads & 9 combat+ x4 ,prev5tive ,measures3 ,manufactur$ compo/ mu/ n be us$ z a manure on beet-fields4 ,! refuse f infe/$ beets1 if us$ on o!r fields1 mu/ be mix$ ) "o-six? its bulk ( quicklime4 ,! boots ( lab\r]s employ$ 9 beet-sick fields1 ! ho(s ( horses work+ 9 !m1 & also ! implem5ts us$1 mu/ be c>efully cleans$ le/ infect$ e>? %\ld be c>ri$ to o!r fields4 ,rem$ies3 ,khn has recomm5d$ ! use ( plants :i* attract ! eelworms 78lure-plants074 ,he s[s on beet-sick l& rapidly g]m9at+ plants1 ( k9ds :i* ! worms readily attack1 & we$s !m out aga9 :5 !y h become infe/$ by ! p>asites1 b be=e ^! h _h "t to mature & re-ent] ! soil4 ,! eelworms are ?us allur$ into ! plants gr[n1 & de/roy$ ) !m4 ,su* lure-plants mu/ be s[n z ?ickly z practicable1 s t ! soil may be p5etrat$ by z _m sl5d] rootlets z possible4 ,aft] ^! plants h be5 dug up1 a second lot %\ld be gr[n1 s9ce all ! eelworms w n h attack$ ! fir/ lot2 & x is ev5 advisable to gr[ a ?ird bat*4 ,khn us$ z lure-plants ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbage1 also summ] rape 7,brassica rapa71 s9ce ?is plant has a great attractive p[] = ! beet eelworms1 & c hold a l>ge numb] ( !m 9 its num]\s1 mu* bran*$ rootlets4 ,i _c g into all ,khn's rese>*es "h1 & w only m5tion ! foll[+4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! ye> #ahhj "p ( a beet-sick field _h ?ree successive crops ( lure-plants gr[n ^u x1 ea* be+ dug up f ?irty to =ty days aft] s[+4 ,! field 0 pl\gh$ 9 autumn1 suitably manur$ ! next spr+1 & s[n ) beet 9 ! middle ( ,april4 ,! o!r "p ( ! piece ( l& 0 treat$ 9 exactly ! same way1 except t no lure-plants 7 gr[n ^u x4 ,a diff]5ce 0 v soon se5 betwe5 ! two plots1 & !re 0 a v great diff]5ce at ! "t ! crop 0 ready to be ga!r$ 94 ,! plants on all p>ts ( ! fir/ plot 7 9 a fl\ri%+ condition1 b ^? on ! second plot 7 9 _m places ei!r kill$ outright or else small & mis%ap54 ,! crop succe$+ ! lure-plants 0 ?ree times z great z x _h be5 be=e1 & almo/ equal to t ( a heal?y field4 ,lat] on1 ,khn made an important discov]y2 he f\nd t l>v :i* h rea*$ ! ?ick5$ motionless /age1 depict$ 9 ,fig4 #acd1 #e1 require a consid]able am\nt ( food to keep !m alive1 & enable !m to develop fur!r4 ,if ! plants are di/urb$ 9 su* a way z to kill ! rootlets conta9+ ! l>v 9 ?is /age1 ^! are unable to develop any fur!r4 ,khn caus$ a k9d ( horse ma*9e to be made1 adapt$ = rapidly de/roy+ ! lure-plants 9 ! fields4 ,= fur!r details1 8 orig9al memoirs may be consult$4 ,! ,root-knot ,eelworm 7,het]od]a radicicola74 ,?is second species ( ! g5us ,het]od]a develops mu* l ! beet eelworm1 liv+ l x on ! roots ( plants1 b m deeply )9 !m1 s t ! body ( ! female 7:i* swells till x becomes pe>- or flask-%ap$7 does n cause ! out] "p ( ! infe/$ root to project1 & does n rea* ! ext]ior4 ,:]e ! eelworms collect1 galls are =m$ :i* decay lat] on1 :5 ! eel-%ap$ l>v escape into ! soil1 v soon1 h[ev]1 to ent] ! roots aga9 at _! sl5d] tips4 ,! galls are ?ick5+s 9 ! c\rse ( ! root1 & are nev] lat]al app5dages1 l1 = in/ance1 ! well-kn[n 8tub]cles0 9 ! roots ( legum9\s plants 7e4g4 clov]1 pea74 ,! root eelworm lives 9 ! roots ( m ?an fifty plant species 9 ! mo/ v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & infe/s bo? we$s & cultivat$ plants4 ,x is especially damag+ to clov] & luc]ne1 9 :i* n only ! galls die1 b also all p>ts ( ! root bel[ !m4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! roots ( cucumb] & tomato are sometimes attack$ 7,e4 ,a4 ,orm]od74 ,,class3 ,,platyhelmia 7,,flat ,,worms74 ,flat worms h a flat1 g5]ally leaf-l body1 & usually no body-cavity1 ! space betwe5 ! int]nal organs & ! muscul> body-wall be+ fill$ up ) connective tissue4 ,i w only deal "h ) ! ord]s ( ,tapeworms 7,ce/oda7 & ,flukes 7,trematoda74 ,,ord]3 ,ce/oda 7,,tapeworms74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--,tnia sag9ata3 head1 & a numb] ( jo9ts1 repres5t$ natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,! ,common ,tapeworm 7,tnia (fic9alis73 a1 head & neck1 /rongly magnifi$2 b1 jo9ts1 natural size2 c1 eggs1 /rongly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--,tapeworm ,l>va 7( ,tnia solium71 mu* enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--,! ?ree types ( ,bladd]-worm1 diagrammatically repres5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--,measle ( ,t4 solium1 ) head ?ru/ out 7 #f74 ,! ext]nal *>act]s ( an ord9>y tapeworm may be ga!r$ f ,figs4 #ace & #acf4 ,a v small 8head0 cont9u$ beh9d into a small 8neck0 c be di/+ui%$1 & a v l>ge numb] ( jo9ts1 ( :i* ! fir/ are v small & %ort1 :ile ^? :i* foll[ get l>g] & l>g] ! fur!r !y are f ! head4 ,! tapeworm at fir/ consi/s only ( a head :i* holds on to ! l9+ ( ! inte/9e by means ( suck]s or simil> /ructures4 ,! h9d] "p ( ! head next elongates to =m ! s-call$ 8neck10 & a cross-wall is quickly develop$ a little way 9 front ( ! h9d end ( ?is neck4 ,by ?is division is =m$ ! fir/ jo9t1 :i*1 ?\gh =?) tol]ably indep5d5t1 rema9s atta*$ to ! neck ( ! tapeworm head1 until a new jo9t is sep>at$ (f f ! h9d] "p ( ! neck1 imm$iately 9 front ( ! fir/ jo9t4 ,e new jo9t is simil>ly =m$ by ! con/riction ( ! h9d] "p ( ! neck4 ,ea* jo9t possesses a complete set ( h]maphrodite reproductive organs2 x becomes sexually mature )\t ref]5ce to o!r jo9ts1 breaks (f1 & creeps ab\t1 ev5 = consid]able di/ances1 & f9ally ruptures1 s t ! num]\s eggs are lib]at$4 ,ea* jo9t may !re=e be reg>d$ z an individual1 ?\gh ! tapeworm1 consid]$ z a :ole1 also possesses a c]ta9 individuality4 ,! tapeworm is a species ( animal :i* exi/s 9 two =ms4 ,"o ( ^! is ! sexually reproduc+ jo9t1 :i* leaves ! orig9al ho/1 & f ! eggs ( :i* are develop$ l>v1 :i* become1 9 ano!r ho/1 bladd]-worms1 or measles4 ,^! develop a head1 :i* is ! asexual second =m ( ! tapeworm4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is a case ( metag5esis 7p4 #af74 ,x appe>s1 f :at has be5 said1 t ! head c 9 no s5se be comp>$ to ! head ( an ord9>y animal2 x has nei!r m\? nor jaws1 = tapeworms d n possess a gut4 ,! head & jo9ts take up osmotically ?r\gh _! walls ! nutritive matt] f\nd 9 ! inte/9e ( _! ho/4 ,!re are suck]s &1 9 sev]al species1 a circlet ( hooks on ! head 7,fig4 #acf1 a71 by :i* ! animal holds fa/ to ! inte/9al wall4 ,?\s&s1 or ev5 t5s ( ?\s&s1 ( eggs may be produc$ by a s+le jo9t4 ,! jo9t is lib]at$ :5 ! eggs beg9 to rip51 (t5 be=e4 ,9 "s species sev]al adjac5t jo9ts are p9*$ (f at ! same "t4 ,! tapeworm jo9ts leave ! inte/9e ( _! ho/ ei!r alone or ) ! dung4 ,aft] fall+ to ! gr\nd !y creep along l snails1 & atta* !mselves to v>i\s plants4 ,x is obvi\s t a tapeworm jo9t or a numb] ( ! eggs produc$ by x may easily be tak5 up by a graz+ animal4 ,! eggs ( a p>ticul> k9d ( tapeworm are only able to develop fur!r if !y rea* ! inte/9e ( a p>ticul> k9d ( ho/4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t1 z a rule1 only a relatively small numb] ( ! eggs produc$ by a tapeworm develop fur!r1 b ! great p[]s ( reproduction prev5t ! species f dy+ out4 ,if1 n[1 ei!r a jo9t or ! eggs f "o are tak5 into ! gut ( a suitable ho/1 ! jo9t & ! egg-%ells1 or ! latt] only1 z ! case may be1 are dige/$ 9 ! /oma* or inte/9e1 s t ! l>v are set free4 ,^! 7,fig4 #acg7 are sph]ical1 glass-l1 ( microscopic size1 z might be expect$1 & be> ?ree pairs ( hooklets1 by means ( :i* !y quickly p]=ate ! wall ( ! gut1 & make a way ?r\gh ! tissues ( ! ho/4 ,!y may also be c>ri$ fur!r by ! blood-/ream4 ,! l>va ( a p>ticul> species settles d[n f9ally1 n only 9 "s p>ticul> k9d ( ho/1 b also 9 "s def9ite organ or tissue4 ,x !n loses its hooks1 & is rapidly trans=m$ into a holl[ bladd]-worm 7measle71 :i* gr[s till x rea*es a def9ite size1 dep5d+ on ! species4 ,mean:ile x gradually develops "o 7,cy/ic]cus7 or sev]al 7,cnurus7 +r[?s1 or 79 ,e*9ococcus1 ,fig4 #ach7 sev]al new bladd]s are develop$ inside ! bladd]-worm1 & +r[?s are usually =m$ )9 ^!1 simil> to ^? ( ! simpl] k9ds ( bladd]-worm4 ,^! +r[?s resemble tapeworm heads 9 all respects1 possess+ suck]s1 &1 x may be1 a circlet ( hooks1 b ^! are inside1 & n outside4 ,lat]--ei!r 9 ! animal orig9ally inhabit$ by ! bladd]-worm1 or aft] x has be5 transf]r$ 9 ! fle% ( ?is to ! gut ( "s c>nivor\s animal--! bladd]-worm contracts1 s t x c no long] hold ! fluid :i* is pres5t1 & ! +r[? is turn$ inside out1 ! suck]s ?us becom+ ext]nal4 ,! tapeworm head is =m$ 9 ?is way1 b ! bladd] /ill rema9s atta*$ to its h9d] end 7,fig4 #aci74 ,if a ho/ inhabit$ by bladd]-worms is n dev\r$ by ano!r animal1 ! bladd]-worms1 aft] rea*+ _! full size1 rema9 = a long "t 9 ! same /age ( developm5t )\t be+ able to develop fur!r4 ,b if ! ho/ is dev\r$ by ano!r animal1 ! bladd]-worms ent] its /oma* & inte/9e1 :]e ! bladd] is dige/$1 :ile ! tapeworm head rema9s un9jur$4 ,?is ?ru/s out its suck]s & atta*es itself by means ( !m to ! wall ( ! inte/9e1 ! process ( jo9t-=mation already describ$ beg9n+ soon aft]w>ds4 ,! foll[+ tapeworms1 :i* are important to ! own] ( /ock1 w be briefly dealt )4 ,! ,common or ,arm$ ,tapeworm ( ,man 7,tnia solium74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--,measles 9 ,pork2 ! :ite spot is ! head 7natural size74 ,six to t5 feet long1 ) sev5 to eight hundr$ jo9ts1 & a circlet ( hooks 7,fig4 #acf71 lives 9 ! human inte/9e4 ,sev]al ( its sexually mature jo9ts are commonly p9*$ (f at a "t1 & if ^! are pick$ up f a field or dung-heap by a pig1 ! conta9$ eggs develop into 8pork measles0 7,cy/ic]cus1 ,fig4 #adj71 :i* are especially abundant 9 ! connective tissue betwe5 ! muscles1 & make ! meat 8measly40 ,!y may also occur 9 ! connective tissue ( o!r p>ts 7fat1 bra91 sp9al cord74 ,"y pigs n m ?an six mon?s old are mo/ 9 dang] ( becom+ measly4 ,a tol]ably l>ge numb] ( measles c be borne v well1 b if v abundant !y cause emaciation1 weakness1 lam5ess1 & pov]ty ( blood4 ,! fle% ( an animal badly infe/$ ) measles may be pale1 wat]y1 or ev5 greasy1 :ile pork n s mu* diseas$ may seem all "r1 ?\gh x is really unfit = food1 s9ce if eat5 9 an insuffici5tly cook$ /ate by human be+s x w\ld produce tapeworms4 ,! measles are mo/ abundant 9 ! muscles ( ! brea/ & neck1 & next to !m 9 ^? ( ! hams & %\ld]s4 ,f twelve to tw5ty ?\s& measles may be pres5t 9 a s+le pig4 ,! ,un>m$ ,tapeworm ( ,man 7,tnia sag9ata7 lives 9 ! inte/9e ( man1 &1 z a bladd]-worm 7,cy/ic]cus71 9 ! connective tissue ( ! muscles ( ! ox 7& especially 9 ! calf74 ,x is f twelve to tw5ty feet1 ) z _m z a ?\s& jo9ts1 b does n possess a circlet ( hooks4 ,! jo9ts g5]ally leave ! inte/9e "o by "o1 & creep on to grass & h]bs1 :]e !y bur/1 s t ! eggs are set free1 & !re=e get widely di/ribut$4 ,! ox sc>cely ev] takes 9 sev]al jo9ts ( ,tnia sag9ata1 & consequ5tly only a c]ta9 numb] ( eggs4 ,beef nev]1 !re=e1 conta9s s _m measles z pork1 & !re is n a special measle disease ( ox54 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! eggs ( ,tnia sag9ata are m widely di/ribut$1 calves & ox5 are m frequ5tly infect$ ) bladd]-worms ?an is ! case ) sw9e4 ,! ,cnurus ,tapeworm ( ! ,dog 7,tnia cnurus7 is ! cause ( ! bladd]-worm1 produc+ %eep-gid1 or /urdy 7,cnurus c]ebralis74 ,?is tapeworm1 :i* may live 9 ! inte/9e ( o!r animals besides ! dog1 has a circlet ( hooks1 is f f\rte5 to sixte5 in*es long1 & consi/s ( ab\t two hundr$ jo9ts4 ,x g5]ally lives 9 ! inte/9e ( ! %eep-dog1 9 correspond5ce ) :i* is ! fact t ! bladd]-worm lives 9 ! bra9 ( "y %eep4 ,if a %eep-dog h>b\rs ,tnia cnurus 9 its /oma*1 a %eep may v easily take up a jo9t ) grass or hea?4 ,! jo9t is !n dige/$ 9 ! %eep's inte/9e1 & ! l>va escapes f ! egg4 ,x bores ?r\gh ! wall ( ! %eep's inte/9e1 gets into ! circulation1 & is c>ri$ by ! blood-/ream to v>i\s p>ts ( ! body2 x c only develop fur!r1 h[ev]1 9 ! bra9 7or sp9al cord74 ,aft] ! m9ute l>v h rea*$ ! cavity ( ! cranium !y move ab\t on ! out] surface ( ! bra91 & dig out *annels !re till !y f9d a suitable place = fur!r gr[?4 ,! l>va n[ becomes a bladd]-worm1 :i* gradually gr[s1 until x atta9s a size v>y+ f t ( a nut to t ( a h5's egg4 ,x develops num]\s tapeworm heads1 ev5 f ?ree to f\r hundr$4 ,^! become tapeworms if a %eep is kill$ by ! p>asite1 & its head dev\r$ by a dog or fox4 ,! disease caus$ by ! pres5ce ( bladd]-worms 9 ! bra9 is call$ 8gid10 or 8/urdy10 also 8/agg]s40 ,two /ages c be di/+ui%$ 9 x4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ! symptoms ( disease are *iefly due to ! w\nds :i* ! l>v make on ! surface ( ! bra91 & ! consequ5t inflammation ( ! inve/+ membranes4 ,ev5 9 ?is /age ! disease may be fatal1 b ! symptoms cease z soon z ! l>v cease to move ab\t4 ,! bladd]-worms are only able to d h>m by ! pressure !y ex]t1 :i* is small at fir/1 ?\gh x gradually becomes great]4 ,! fir/ /age ( gid manife/s itself 9 late summ]1 ! second 9 late autumn1 w9t]1 or spr+1 accord+ to ! rate at :i* ! bladd]-worms develop4 ,! symptoms ( ! fir/ /age are caus$ by ! increas$ fl[ ( blood to ! bra9 & head g5]ally1 result+ f ! irritation :i* ! l>v ex]t4 7,head v hot4 ,eyes blood%ot4 ,! %eep are sluggi% b re/less1 & c>ry _! heads 9 a /range way1 to "o side1 b5t back1 or turn$ up4 ,!y (t5 run r\nd 9 a l>ge circle4 ,!re may also be gna%+ ( ! tee?1 foam+ at ! m\?1 squ9t+1 convulsive movem5ts1 & loss ( consci\sness47 ,! symptoms ( ! disease 9 its second /age are ! result ( pressure on ! bra9 & "s ( ! art]ies ( ! bra9 & skull4 7,! %eep affect$ sep>ate !mselves f ! o!rs1 & g5]ally hang _! heads4 ,gaze fix$4 ,occasional loss ( consci\sness4 ,movem5ts /range2 run or turn r\nd 9 a circle4 ,! %eep (t5 /agg]s & falls to ! gr\nd4 ,! bones ( ! skull become ?9n] at ! place "u :i* ! bladd]-worm is f\nd1 sometimes ev5 z ?9 z pap]47 ,rem$ies3 ,trepann+1 z ! bladd]s lie j und]nea? ! ro( ( ! skull4 ,prev5tion3 ,r$uc+ ! numb] ( %eep-dogs2 giv+ ! dogs m$ic9e to rid !m ( tapeworms 9 spr+ & summ]2 adm9i/]+ a specific to ! ye>l+ %eep 9 ,july & ,augu/1 suitable = driv+ out any tapeworm l>v :i* may be pres5t 9 _! inte/9es2 burn+ 7in/ead ( bury+7 ! heads ( %eep affect$ ) /agg]s :i* h di$ or be5 slaught]$4 ,x is b r>ely t all ! l>v liv+ on ! surface ( ! bra9 die betwe5 ! fir/ & second /ages ( ! disease4 ,a %eep affect$ by gid is !re=e almo/ sure to die1 & %\ld be slaught]$ z soon z possible4 ,comp>e 8false gid10 p4 #ahi4 ,! ,m9ute ,tapeworm ( ! ,dog 7,tnia eck9ococcus7 is at mo/ sc>cely "o-six? ( an in* long1 & consi/s ( only ?ree or f\r jo9ts1 (t5 lives 9 l>ge numb]s 9 ! inte/9e ( ! dog )\t injur+ its ho/1 b causes huge cy/s 7f ! size ( a pigeon's egg to t ( a *ild's head7 9 ! liv]1 lungs1 or o!r organs ( man1 pig1 & rum9ants4 ,^! cy/s are ( ! type repres5t$ on ! "r ( ,fig4 #ach4 ,!y may prove fatal1 ow+ to ! pressure !y ex]t 9 ! organs conta9+ !m & ! blood-vessels ( ! same4 ,! ,exp&$ ,tapeworm 7,tnia expansa7 lives 9 ! inte/9e ( ! ox1 :]e x may atta9 ! l5g? ( two feet1 :ile 9 ! inte/9e ( ! lamb x rea*es at mo/ ! l5g? ( ab\t n9ete5 in*es4 ,x is sometimes pres5t 9 l>ge numb]s 9 lambs1 caus+ difficulty ( dige/ion ) result+ emaciation1 pov]ty ( blood1 & ev5 dea?4 ,bladd]-worm /ill unkn[n4 ,,ord]3 ,trematoda 7,,flukes74 ,flatt5$ p>asitic worms1 tongue-%ap$ or leaf-%ap$1 liv+ on or 9 a ho/1 & provid$ ) "o or two v5tral suck]s4 ,! inte/9e =ks into two bran*es imm$iately beh9d ! gullet1 & ^! two divisions 9 "s species 7e4g4 ! l>ge liv]-fluke7 bran* aga9 repeat$ly 9 a tree-l fa%ion4 ,anus & blood-vessels abs5t4 ,almo/ all flukes are h]maphrodite2 !y f]tilize !mselves4 ,all ! =ms liv+ )9 a ho/ 7i4e4 endop>asitic =ms7 lay an imm5se numb] ( small eggs1 f :i* l>v are hat*$ t become asexually reproduc+ animals4 ,^! or _! prog5y produce once m ! sexual =m4 ,! developm5t is !re=e an example ( metag5esis 7p4 #af71 b !re is a *ange ( ho/4 ,only ! two liv]-flukes ne$ be dealt ) "h4 ,! ,l>ge ,liv] ,fluke 7,di/oma hepaticum71 7,fig4 #ada71 is flat1 b swoll5 9 ! middle1 :5 x conta9s a l>ge numb] ( eggs1 "u :i* circum/ances ! edges only are flat4 ,! la/ are ( a dirty br[n col\r1 :ile ! middle ( ! body is greyi% yell[4 ,!re is a triangul> projection at ! front end ( ! body ) a suck] at ! apex1 & ano!r at h9d] end ( ! triangle4 ,! out] surface ( ! body is cov]$ ) m9ute backw>dly project+ sp9es1 :i* pres5t no h9drance to ! =w>d creep+ ( ! body 9 ! bile-ducts1 b make backw>d creep+ or glid+ impossible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--,! ,liv] ,fluke 7,di/oma hepaticum71 natural size4 ,eggs ( an in* long1 ) a r$ %ell possess+ a gre5i% %e54 ,!y c only develop if !y get into wat]1 & 9 wet ye>s ! conditions are v fav\rable on damp mead[s1 = "u su* conditions ! %eep-dung1 ) ! conta9$ fluke eggs1 is liable to fall into pools ( wat]4 ,b _m ( ! eggs c develop 9 ye>s t are n s wet & on dry] fields1 z !y may be c>ri$ into a dit* by ra9 or on ! feet ( ! %eep4 ,! l>va hat*$ f ! egg ( ! liv]-fluke is ( an in* long1 elongat$ 9 %ape1 & swims ab\t freely 9 ! wat] by means ( a cov]+ ( cilia 7,fig4 #adb1 a74 ,x soon f9ds its way into ! lung cavity ( a small wat] snail 7,lymnu truncatulus1 ,fig4 #adb1 i71 loses its cov]+ ( cilia1 & becomes broad]1 ev5 almo/ sph]ical4 ,9 ! free-swimm+ l>va !re are already to be f\nd a collection ( g]m9al cells 9 ! h9d] "p ( ! body2 lat] on1 ^! cells repeat$ly divide & =m little heaps1 :i* ultimately become fre% individuals4 ,! l>va has1 !re=e1 pass$ into a second /age1 & ?is is n[ kn[n z a sporocy/ 7,fig4 #adb1 b1 c74 ,! /age develop$ asexually f ! heap ( g]m9al cells is di/+ui%$ f ! sporocy/ by a diff]5tly %ap$ body & by ! possession ( a gut 7) m\?1 ph>ynx1 & inte/9e1 b no anus71 :i* is abs5t 9 ! latt]4 ,?is /age is t]m$ a 8r$ia0 7,fig4 #adb1 d74 ,f five to eight ( !m are usually develop$ )9 "o sporocy/4 ,g]m9al cells are also pres5t 9 ! r$ia1 & !y develop into little heaps ( cells f :i*1 :ile ! wea!r is w>m1 new r$i are develop$1 t live 9 ! lung cavity ( ! snail1 l _! p>5ts4 ,:5 ! wea!r becomes cold]1 8c]c>i0 7,fig4 #adb1 f7 are develop$ f ! g]m9al cells1 "s fifte5 to tw5ty ( !m )9 a s+le r$ia 7,fig4 #adb1 e74 ,! c]c>ia has a long tail1 by means ( :i* x c propel itself 9 ! wat]1 aft] leav+ ! "m r$ia & ! snail4 ,x possesses two suck]s1 & a =k$ inte/9e )\t anus4 ,aft] ! c]c>i h mov$ ab\t 9 ! wat] = "s "t !y fix !mselves1 by means ( _! suck]s1 to v>i\s plants gr[+ 9 ! wat]4 ,! tail be+ n[ sup]flu\s is lo/1 ! c]c>ia becomes sph]ical1 & contracts some:at )9 an inve/m5t :i* x secretes 7,fig4 #adb1 g74 ,:51 lat] on1 ! pools 9 :i* ! c]c>i live dry up1 ! plants :i* 7 be=e subm]g$ are n[ on dry l&1 & may be dev\r$ by %eep1 toge!r ) ! ency/$ c]c>i f\nd ^u !m4 ,! wall ( ! cy/ is dissolv$ 9 ! inte/9e ( ! %eep1 & ! conta9$ c]c>ia gradually becomes a "y liv]-fluke1 :i* at fir/ is oval & v small 7,fig4 #adb1 h71 :ile1 lat] on1 its ant]ior ?ird becomes ! triangul> projection at ! front end ( ! adult fluke1 & its po/]ior two-?irds gr[ v consid]ably4 ,mean:ile ! "y liv]-fluke has travell$ f ! inte/9e ( ! %eep into its bile-ducts4 ,x appe>s t ! fluke is completely gr[n )9 a few weeks aft] its introduction into ! body ( ! %eep4 ,infection almo/ always takes place 9 summ] or autumn4 ,! life hi/ory ( ! liv]-fluke exemplifies *ange ( ho/ & metag5esis 7p4 #af74 ,f ! egg ( a sexual worm a free-swimm+ l>va is develop$1 :i* becomes an asexual sporocy/ )9 ! snail4 ,?is sporocy/ produces asexual r$i1 & f ^!1 also asexually1 are develop$ c]c>i1 :i* leave ! snail1 pass into wat]1 atta* !mselves to plants1 & rea* ! inte/9e ( ! %eep lat] on4 ,! c]c>i become flukes by a process ( metamorphosis1 & are to be reg>d$ z fluke l>v4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--,liv] ,fluke3 a1 free-swimm+ ciliat$ l>va2 b1 "y ,sporocy/1 a few days aft] migration into ! snail2 c1 sporocy/1 conta9+ r$i 9 v>i\s /ages ( developm5t2 d1 r$ia1 conta9+ balls ( g]m9al cells2 e1 mature r$ia1 conta9+ its brood ( c]c>i2 f1 mature c]c>ia2 g1 j-ency/$ c]c>ia2 h1 "y fluke1 soon aft] ent]+ %eep2 i1 ! wat] snail1 ,lymnu truncatulus4 a1 b1 c1 d #bjj2 e #aej2 f #cjj2 g #aej2 h #be2 i1 natural size & #c4 ,x is easily expla9$ :y ! 8fluke disease10 or 8liv] rot10 caus$ by ! fluke %\ld appe> mu* (t5] 9 "s regions ?an o!rs4 ,l[-ly+ pa/ures :i* are n[ & !n flood$ are be/ suit$ = ! developm5t ( ! disease1 s9ce ! fluke eggs h a bett] *ance ( develop+ ^u !m4 ,?is is because at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> !re are 9 su* spots num]\s subm]g$ plants on :i* c]c>i ency/1 & :i*1 lat] on1 :5 ! pools dry up1 are nibbl$ by %eep4 ,x seems t ! c]c>i mo/ly atta* !mselves to c]ta9 k9ds ( plants1 h5ce ! local nature ( ! disease1 :i* ( c\rse also dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( ,lymnu truncatulus 7,fig4 #adb1 i74 ,fluke disease fir/ makes itself app>5t 9 ! %eep "o or two mon?s aft] infection4 ,if ! %eep does n die ! p>asites (t5 rema9 9 its liv] till ! next spr+4 ,! liv] ( a s+le %eep may conta9 f #bjj to #bej individuals4 ,!y live 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! bile-duct1 & ! irritation !y set up fir/ causes an unusual quantity ( blood to fl[ to ! liv]4 ,inflammation & int]nal ble$+ may result1 & gall /ones are deposit$ 9 ! ?ick5$ walls ( ! bili>y passages4 ,! fl[ ( bile f ! liv] is made difficult or impossible4 ,lat] on1 ! p>asites draw s mu* blood f ! liv] t ?is organ is v insuffici5tly n\ri%$1 s t no m bile is secret$1 & ! liv] sub/ance %rivels up4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! *anges ! dige/ion is incomplete1 & ! :ole body ( ! %eep is v insuffici5tly n\ri%$4 ,! diseas$ %eep are !re=e sluggi% & enfeebl$2 !y eat little1 b dr9k a great deal1 & suff] f pov]ty ( blood4 ,_! wool gets dry1 & does n hold toge!r1 & !y become emaciat$4 ,dropsy & di>rha set 91 & jaundice (t5 makes its appe>ance4 ,if a %eep is infe/$ by a tol]ably l>ge numb] ( flukes1 dea? is almo/ always ! f9al result4 8,! be/ prev5tative is a tru/wor?y & c>eful %eph]d10#e :o w n let ! %eep fe$ 9 spots :]e previ\s exp]i5ce %[s ! disease is usually contract$ dur+ damp summ]s4 ,fur!rmore1 %eep badly infe/$ %\ld be slaught]$ z soon z possible1 s t ! flukes !y conta9 may n get to ! egg-lay+ /age4 ,sick %eep %\ld be f$ ) n\ri%+ food 7v>i\s k9ds ( hay1 oats2 ) addition ( cook+ salt71 s t "y %eep conta9+ b few flukes may get back _! /r5g?1 :ile ?is treatm5t w make ! badly infe/$ %eep die m quickly4 ,footnote #e3 ,sp9ola4 ,ox5 are also frequ5tly affect$ by fluke disease 9 _m regions1 o!r animals to a less ext5t4 ,! ,small or ,lancet-%ap$ ,liv] ,fluke 7,di/oma lanceolatum7 is ab\t ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* long1 "o-t5? ( an in* broad1 ?91 & lancet-%ap$4 ,lives1 l ! prec$+ k9d1 9 ! liv] ( ! %eep4 ,developm5t unkn[n4 ,f\r? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,mollusca 7,,molluscs74 ,?is sub-k+dom1 to :i* oy/]s1 snails1 cuttle-fi%1 etc41 belong1 includes unsegm5t$ animals devoid ( int]nal skeleton1 & ) bilat]ally symmetrical 7p4 #af7 embryo1 :ile ! adult may be mu* modifi$1 especially 9 snails1 :i* are enclos$ 9 spiral %ells1 & also h _! bodies p>tially coil$4 ,! sk9 ( molluscs possesses a peculi> & *>act]i/ic cov]+4 ,f a def9ite "p ( ! body a l>g] or small] fold ( sk9 78mantle07 gr[s out1 :i* encloses a space t]m$ ! 8mantle-cavity10 & also1 f its function1 ! 8respiratory cavity40 ,9 mo/ molluscs ?is mantle secretes an ext]nal or int]nal calc>e\s mass4 ,9 ?is way a 8%ell0 is develop$ 7,fig4 #adc1 ,a1 ,s71 :i* is usually ext]nal4 ,?is is ! case1 = example1 ) ! edible1 or ,roman snail1 & ! common g>d5 snail4 ,9 o!r cases 7cuttlefi%es71 ! %ell is =m$ inside ! mantle1 or x may be replac$ by a collection ( calc>e\s granules 7v>i\s slugs74 ,9 mo/ molluscs ! *ief organ ( locomotion is ! s-call$ 8foot0 7,fig4 #adc1 ,f74 ,?is is a v muscul> region ( ! body1 cov]$ by sk91 & s]v+ ei!r = crawl+ 7snails71 or else = digg+ 9 ! s&1 & ev5 spr++ 7bivalve molluscs74 ,its /ructure v>ies accord+ to its function4 ,i m5tion ?ree classes1 ^? ( ,cephalopoda 7,cuttlefi%es71 ,ga/ropoda 7,snails & ,slugs71 & ,lamellibran*iata 7,bivalve ,molluscs74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--;,diagrams to expla9 ! =m ( ! body ( a ,mollusc4 ,a1 a ,bivalve ,mollusc2 ,b1 a ,snail 7cross sections74 ,9 bo?2 ,k1 body2 ,f1 foot2 ,s1 %ell2 m1 mantle2 k1 k1 gills4 ,,class3 ,,cephalopoda 7,,cuttlefi%es74 ,! head is %>ply m>k$ (f f ! re/ ( ! body1 & ! m\? is surr\nd$ by a circle ( arms be>+ suck]s or claw-l hooks4 ,^! arms are suppos$ to be a modification ( "p ( ! foot1 ! re/ ( ?is organ be+ con/itut$ by a holl[1 funnel-%ap$ /ructure1 :i* places ! mantle-cavity 9 communication ) ! ext]ior4 ,! wat] us$ = respiration is =c$ sudd5ly out f ! mantle-cavity1 ?r\gh ! funnel1 s z to propel ! animal 9 ! opposite direction4 ,a gl&1 kn[n z ! 8ink sac10 secretes a br[ni% fluid1 :i* may be press$ out ( ! sac s z to %ield ! animal f attack4 ,all cephalopods are m>9e1 &1 s9ce !y are !re=e ( no agricultural importance1 x is unnecess>y to ent] into details reg>d+ _! =m & /ructure1 & ,i w only m5tion ! foll[+3 ,pe>ly ,nautilus 7,nautilus pompilius71 ) ext]nal %ell & num]\s arms2 ,pap] ,nautilus 7,argonauta argo71 ) a v ?91 boat-%ap$ %ell1 & eight arms2 ,p\lpe 7,octopus71 )\t %ell1 & ) eight arms2 ,cuttle-fi% 7,sepia71 & ,squid 7,loligo71 also )\t ext]nal %ell1 & possess+ t5 arms4 ,,class3 ,,ga/ropoda 7,,snails ,,& ,,slugs74 ,snails & slugs possess a head :i* be>s unjo9t$ t5tacles1 & also eyes1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 are borne on ! tips ( ^!4 ,! foot s]ves = creep+1 & is flatt5$ 9 a sole-l way on its "u side4 ,! mantle is g5]ally small1 & limit$ to ! dorsal side ( ! animal4 ,! usually spiral %ell cov]s !re=e only a small "p ( ! body1 b ! re/ ( ! body c also be mo/ly or entirely drawn back into x4 ,snails possess jaws1 b ! *ief organ us$ 9 attack+ ! plant /ructures is ! swoll5 tongue1 cov]$ by a rasp+ plate 7radula71 on ! surface ( :i* regul> r[s ( tee? are arrang$4 ,! re/ ( ! tongue consi/s ( muscle1 & two small c>tilages are also f\nd )9 x4 ,! tee? /ick up :5 ! tongue is protrud$1 & ! :ole app>atus =ms a k9d ( rasp1 by ! backw>d & =w>d movem5ts ( :i* ! food is r$uc$ to small fragm5ts4 ,m>9e snails brea! by gills1 :i* are f\nd 9 ! mantle-cavity1 :ile mo/ ( ! fre%wat] & all ! l& =ms 78,pulmonata07 brea! by means ( ! inn] wall ( ! mantle-cavity1 :i* ?us s]ves z a lung4 ,"s memb]s ( ! gr\p are h]maphrodite1 :ile ! sexes are di/9ct 9 o!rs2 ! fir/ is ! case 9 all t]re/rial =ms4 ,su* snails pair1 h[ev]1 mutually f]tiliz+ ea* o!r4 ,!y are n able to f]tilize !mselves4 ,x is only among l& snails & slugs t injuri\s k9ds are f\nd4 ,species ( ! g5us ,helix1 e4g4 ! ,edible or ,roman ,snail 7,h4 pomatia7 & ! ,field ,snail 7,h4 nemoralis71 may d h>m 9 fruit-culture2 ,slugs are v injuri\s to agriculture 7,limax & ,arion72 9 ,limax1 ! respiratory op5+ is situat$ beh9d ! middle ( ! "r m>g9 ( ! mantle1 :ile ! g5ital op5+ lies beh9d ! "r feel]2 9 ,arion1 ! respiratory op5+ is situat$ on ! front edge ( ! mantle1 & ! g5ital op5+ imm$iately 9 front ( x4 ,any k9d ( snail or slug may be h>mful1 especially if x attacks "y plants4 ,"s k9ds1 h[ev]1 live *iefly 9 woods1 fe$+ ^u toad/ools & dung1 p]haps also on b>k & we$s 7e4g4 d&elion74 ,?is is especially true ( ! l>g] k9ds1 b ^! too1 if !y multiply v rapidly1 may effect mu* damage 9 g>d5s & fields4 ,! commone/ slugs are-- ,! ,common ,black ,slug 7,arion at]74--,ab\t f\r in*es long1 & g5]ally black4 ,! ,grey ,field ,slug 7,limax agre/is1 ,fig4 #add74--;,f\r-fif?s ( an in* long1 small & smoo?1 ) d>k t5tacles1 grey back1 (t5 a r$di% %e51 & bright grey or :ite "u side4 ,! ,l>ge ,slug 7,limax maximus74--,up to six in*es long1 ) black flecks on ! hump-l mantle1 & black /reaks on ! re/ ( ! body4 ,9 a l>ge majority ( cases :]e slugs appe> to an injuri\s ext5t1 ! grey field slug is ! (f5d]1 & ,i w !re=e deal ) x 9 great] detail4 ,:at is said reg>d+ ! small species1 h[ev]1 may be tak5 to apply to all ! o!r k9ds1 %\ld !y become a pe/4 ,! ,grey ,field ,slug 7,limax agre/is74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--,! ,grey ,field ,slug 7,limax agre/is74 ,! life ( ! grey field slug is v dep5d5t on moi/ure4 ,dur+ dry wea!r x rolls itself up & hides 9 ! gr\nd1 "u a /one1 or 9 "s su* place1 :]e x is protect$ z mu* z possible f completely dry+ up4 ,at su* times x only comes to ! surface to fe$ at night1 b does s dur+ ! day z well :5 ! wea!r is wet4 ,! field slug is v de/ructive 9 fields & g>d5s1 b ?is is only ! case 9 ^? ye>s ! great dampness ( :i* is specially fav\rable to its cont9uance & multiplication4 ,! glassy eggs are laid 9 heaps conta9+ f six to fifte51 9 damp conceal$ spots 9 ! gr\nd1 "u moss1 grass1 etc41 dur+ ,augu/1 ,septemb]1 & ev5 ,octob]4 ,a s+le slug may lay z _m z f\r hundr$4 ,! eggs are able to )/& extreme cold & extreme dryness1 & moi/ure makes !m swell out aga9 if !y h %rivell$ up4 ,9 w>m1 damp wea!r ! "y slugs 7:i* are "o-twelf? ( an in* long 9 ! contract$1 & two-fif?s ( an in* 9 ! ext5d$ condition7 hat* out 9 ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,cold wea!r ret>ds ! developm5t4 ,if ! wea!r is fav\rable1 & suitable food is n want+1 !y are (t5 almo/ full-gr[n 9 six weeks' "t4 ,x is cle>1 f ! =ego+1 t 9 damp ye>s ! slugs may appe> 9 v l>ge numb]s1 especially 9 autumn2 b x may also happ5 t mo/ ( ! "y slugs hat* out ! foll[+ spr+1 9 :i* case ! greate/ am\nt ( damage w be done !n4 ,a snail may live sev]al ye>s1 sp5d+ ! dry days & ! :ole ( ! cold season 9 ! gr\nd or "s o!r %elt]$ place4 ,^! slugs dev\r by pref]5ce delicate leaves & /ems2 "y gra91 "y clov] plants1 leaves ( rape1 cabbage1 turnips1 & lettuce are _! fav\rite food1 also fall5 fruit1 /rawb]ries1 cucumb]s1 & vegetable m>r[s4 ,prev5tive ,measures3 ,protection ( _! natural enemies3 pigs1 moles1 %rews1 ducks1 f[ls1 pigeons1 rooks1 />l+s1 toads4 ,dra9+ ! soil1 z slugs fl\ri% mo/ :]e x is moi/4 ,s[+ ! w9t] gra9 z soon z possible1 z ! "y plants w !n probably h atta9$ a fair size :5 ! slugs appe> 9 =ce4 ,rem$ies3 ,collection4 ,! slugs readily crawl on to bits ( cucumb] or turnip :i* are ?r[n d[n1 & c !n easily be collect$1 or kill$ ) quicklime4 ,all sub/ances :i* readily absorb wat] kill slugs by tak+ f !m ! moi/ure :i* is necess>y = _! exi/5ce4 ,cook+-salt1 unslak$ & slak$ lime may be employ$ = ?is purpose4 ,x seems to me mo/ conv5i5t to use fre%ly slak$ lime1 t5 to twelve bu%els p] acre4 ,s9ce ! lime c only kill ! slugs :5 x comes into contact ) _! sk9s1 x mu/ always be /rewn on ! l& at a "t :5 !y are on ! crawl1 n lat] ?an #h a4m41 & only 9 dry wea!r4 ,z soon z ! slugs are t\*$ by ! lime !y beg9 to give out a great deal ( slime1 & _m ( !m1 especially ! y\ng] ones1 are kill$ & become black4 ,v _m ( ! old] slugs1 h[ev]1 escape dea?1 s9ce ! t5aci\s slime !y give out1 :5 ! lime t\*es !m1 =ms a cont9u\s coat l a cocoon1 out ( :i* ! slug creeps1 n[ mu* poor] 9 wat]4 ,x is !re=e a good plan to /rew p[d]$ lime ov] a slug-infe/$ field twice 9 succession1 leav+ an int]val ( "s t5 or fifte5 m9utes4 ,! second /rew+ br+s ! lime into contact ) ^? slugs :i* h j crawl$ out ( _! slimy inve/m5t 9 a desiccat$ condition4 ,!y are unable to =m a second coat+ ( slime1 & if t\*$ = ?is second "t ) ev5 ! smalle/ p>ticles ( lime !y at once contract & die4 ,if a d\ble /rew+ is repeat$ v e>ly on ! foll[+ morn+1 no slugs w be left alive on ! field s treat$4 ,,class3 ,,lamellibran*iata 7,,bivalve ,,molluscs74 ,headless4 ,! mantle consi/s ( two flaps1 :i* secrete two %elly pieces 7valves7 movably unit$ on ! dorsal side 7,fig4 #dc74 ,! foot is usually w$ge-%ap$4 ,respiration effect$ by gills plac$ 9 ! mantle-cavity1 :i* communicates ) ! ext]ior ei!r by ! usual respiratory op5+1 or by a brea?+-tube 7siphon74 ,mo/ species are m>9e1 b "s live 9 fre% wat]4 ,no k9d is ( agricultural importance4 ,to ?is class belong ! ,oy/] 7,o/rea edulis71 ! ,sea ,mussel 7,mytilus edulis71 ! tropical ,pe>l ,mussel 7,meleagr9a m>g>itif]a71 ! fre%wat] ,swan ,mussel 7,anodonta cygnea71 ! notori\s ,%ip ,worm 7,t]$o navalis71 etc4 ,fif? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,e*9od]mata 7,,h$gehog-,,sk9n$ ,,animals74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--,! ,common ,/>fi% 7,a/]ias rub5s71 se5 on ! "r f above1 on ! left f bel[4 ,! e*9od]ms are radially symmetrical1 i4e4 a numb] ( simil> p>ts :i* toge!r make up ! body are arrang$ ar\nd an axis 7,fig4 #ade74 ,^! animals are usually five-ray$4 ,! m\? lies at l[] end ( ! axis ( ! body4 ,9 "s e*9od]ms ! radial symmetry is indi/9ct1 & at ! same "t !re is a m or less cle> bilat]al symmetry 7p4 #af74 ,! d]mal skeleton ei!r consi/s ( num]\s microscopic calc>e\s deposits1 or ( firm plates2 ! sk9 (t5 be>s sp9es1 h5ce ! "n ( ! gr\p4 ,e*9od]ms move by means ( r[s ( tubul> feet1 :i* are connect$ ) a wat]-vascul> sy/em1 & are protrud$ by means ( small bladd]s1 connect$ ) ! same sy/em1 :i* contract & =ce wat] into !m4 ,! =m ( ! body is apple-%ap$ to sph]ical 7,regul> ,sea ,ur*9s71 %ield- or he>t-%ap$ 7,irregul> ,sea ,ur*9s71 p5tagonal to />-%ap$1 ) arms ( v>y+ l5g? 7,/>fi%es71 or cyl9drical to v]mi=m 7,sea ,cucumb]s74 ,all e*9od]ms are m>9e1 & none ( !m1 !re=e1 are ( agricultural importance1 ?\gh ne> ! coa/ />fi%es are sometimes us$ z manure4 ,six? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,c,,l5t]ata 7,,zoophytes74 ,) a few exceptions ! zoophytes are radially symmetrical 7p4 #beb71 & f\r-1 six-1 eight-1 or _m-ray$4 ,!y consi/ ( a body-wall enclos+ a cavity :i*1 9 ! simple/ =ms 7,fig4 #adf71 is sack-l1 b 9 sev]al ( ! high] sub-gr\ps divid$ up1 & s]ves1 n only = ! reception & dige/ion ( food1 b also = ! circulation ( ! dige/$ food4 ,_m zoophytes develop h>d p>ts 9 ! walls ( _! bodies1 :i* rema9 aft] _! dea?4 ,! r$ coral us$ = ornam5tal purposes is ( ?is nature1 & s also are ! coral isl&s :i* polypes build up4 ,) ! exception ( ! sponges1 :i* are usually reckon$ z belong+ to ?is sub-k+dom1 ^! animals possess 8nettl+ organs0 ) :i* !y kill _! prey1 & by :i* !y are protect$ f attack4 ,!y reproduce by eggs1 & mo/ ( !m by means ( budd+ z well 7,fig4 #adf74 ,9 _m species ! buds are n deta*$ z 9 ! ,fre%wat] ,polype 7,hydra71 b rema9 atta*$ s t a 8colony0 is =m$4 ,!re are also free-swimm+ cl5t]ates1 kn[n z jellyfi%es or m$us 7,fig4 #adg74 ,_m ( ^! lay eggs :i* d n develop into fre% m$us1 b into polypes1 :i* increase by budd+ to =m colonies1 on :i* m$us are once m develop$ z buds4 ,!re is ?us an alt]nation ( g5]ations 7p4 #af71 9 :i* ! m$us repres5t ! sexual & ! polypes ! asexual /age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--;,fre%wat] ,polype 7,hydra71 be>+ two buds ( diff]5t ages4 ,highly magnifi$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--;,a ,phosphoresc5t ,jellyfi% 7,pelagia noctiluca71 ! natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--;,a ,sea ,anemone 7,sag>tia nivea74 ,almo/ all zoophytes live 9 ! sea1 b "s few 9 fre% wat]2 none are important agriculturally4 ,! foll[+ belong to ?is sub-k+dom3 #a4 ,! ,hydroid ,zoophytes 7,hydrozoa71 includ+ ! m$us ( ! ,nor? ,sea1 _m ( :i* are ! sexual /age 9 ! life hi/ory ( fix$ asexual polypes4 ,! common ,fre%wat] ,polypes 7,hydra viridis1 fusca1 etc474 #b4 ,! ,fl[] ,polypes 7,an?ozoa71 to :i* belong ,r$ ,coral 7,corallium rubrum71 & ! reef-build+ corals 7,a/ra1 ,m&r9a1 etc474 #c4 ,! ,sponges 7,porif]a71 :i* are usually consid]$ cl5t]ates1 ?\gh !y possess no nettl+ organs 7,fre%wat] ,sponge ,spongilla1 ,ba? ,sponge ,euspongia (fic9alis74 ,sev5? ,sub-,k+dom3 ,,protozoa 7,,"o-,,cell$ ,,animals74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,two species ( ,proteus ,animalcule 7,amba71 "o ) protoplasmic processes1 sl5d] & bran*$2 ! o!r ) %ort blunt processes4 ,highly magnifi$4 ,?is sub-k+dom includes animals :i* are mo/ly microscopic1 or at any rate small1 & live 9 ! sea1 fre% wat]1 or damp places4 ,!y are unicellul>1 & consi/ ( a s(t visc\s sub/ance 7protoplasm or s>code7 ( contractile nature1 & !re=e capable ( alt]+ its %ape4 ,!y may or may n be enclos$ by a firm wall4 ,_m secrete silice\s /ructures or calc>e\s %ells4 ,!y are ( no agricultural importance4 ,"h belong3 ,infusoria1 common 9 putrid solutions2 & ,rhizopods1 su* z ,amba1 ! ,proteus ,animalcule 7,fig4 #adi71 s call$ because its %ape is con/antly alt]+4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,limit$1 ,,london ,,& ,,beccles4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,o!r ,,works ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,a9swor? ,,davis4 ,publi%$ by ,,*as4 ,,griff9 ,,co41 ,exet] ,/reet1 ,/r&4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,biology4 ,second ,edition4 ,"p ,i41 ,botany1 #hs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,ii41 ,zoology1 #ajs4 #f;d4 8,furni%es a cle> & compreh5sive exposition ( ! subject 9 a sy/ematic =m40--,saturday ,review4 8,x is c]ta9ly ! be/ #8biology' ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & x owes its pre-em95ce to ! fact above /at$1 t x is an excell5t attempt to pres5t biology to ! /ud5t z a correlat$ & complete sci5ce40--,briti% ,m$ical ,j\rnal4 8,z a ref]5ce book 444 "o _c speak too highly ( ?is text-book1 & z a treatise 9 !oretical biology x occupies a place n fill$ by any o!r ,engli% publication40--,sci5ce4 ,,! ,,fl[]+ ,,plant1 z ,illu/rat+ ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,botany4 ,second ,edition4 #cs4 #f;d4 8,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a text-book :i* w\ld bett] guide ! /ud5t to an accurate k ( mod]n discov]ies 9 ,botany4444 ,! ,,sci5tific ,,accuracy ( /atem5t1 & ! concise exposition ( ,,fir/ ,,pr9ciples make x valuable = educational purposes4 ,9 ! *apt] on ! ,physiology ( ,fl[]s an admirable rsum is giv51 drawn f ,d>w91 ,h]mann ,mll]1 ,k]n]1 & ,lubbock1 ( :at is kn[n ( ! ,f]tilization ( ,fl[]s40--,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,a ,,zoological ,,pocket-,,book2 or1 ,synopsis ( ,animal ,classification4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,emil ,,sel5ka1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,erlang54 ,au?oriz$ ,engli% translation f ! ,?ird ,g]man ,edition4 ,9 ,small ,po/ #hvo1 int]leav$ = ! use ( ,/ud5ts4 ,limp ,cov]s1 #ds4 8,dr4 ,sel5ka's ,manual w be f\nd useful by all ,/ud5ts ( ,zoology4 ,x is a ,,compreh5sive & ,,successful attempt to pres5t u ) a s*eme ( ! natural arrangem5t ( ! animal _w40--,ed94 ,m$4 ,j\rnal4 8,w prove v s]viceable to ^? :o are att5d+ ,biology ,lectures4444 ,! translation is accurate & cle>40--,lancet4 ,,works ,,on ,,orni?ology1 ,etc4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,hudson1 ,c4,m4,z4,s4 ,,birds ,,9 ,a ,,village4 ,squ>e cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,idle ,,days ,,9 ,,patagonia4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,j4 ,,smit & ,a4 ,,h>tley4 ,demy #hvo1 #ads4 ,,! ,,naturali/ ,,9 ,,la ,,plata4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations by ,j4 ,,smit4 ,second ,edition4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 ,,*>les ,,dixon4 ,,! ,,ne/s ,,& ,,eggs ,,( ,,non-,,indig5\s ,,briti% ,,birds4 ,9 ,press4 ,,! ,,ne/s ,,& ,,eggs ,,( ,,briti% ,,birds3 ,:5 & ,:]e to ,f9d ,!m4 ,be+ a ,h&book to ! ,oology ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,also l>ge pap] ,edition1 conta9+ #aeg ,col\r$ ,illu/rations ( ,eggs4 ,l>ge demy #hvo1 #aes4 ,,jott+s ,,ab\t ,,birds4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece by ,j4 ,,smit4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,! ,,game ,,birds ,,& ,,wild ,,f[l ,,( ,,! ,,briti% ,,isl&s4 ,illu/rat$ by ,a4 ,t4 ,,elwes4 ,demy #hvo1 #ahs4 ,,! ,,migration ,,( ,,birds3 ,an ,attempt to ,r$uce ! ,avian ,season-flight to ,law4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,! ,,birds ,,( ,,our ,,rambles3 ,a ,companion = ! ,c\ntry4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,a4 ,t4 ,,elwes4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,idle ,,h\rs ,,) ,,nature4 ,) ,frontispiece4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #fs4 ,,annals ,,( ,,bird ,,life3 ,a ,ye>-,book ( ,briti% ,orni?ology4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ld41 ,,london4 ,,f>m+ ,,= ,,pleasure ,,& ,,pr(it4 ,by ,,ar?ur ,,rol&4 ,edit$ by ,,william ,,ablett4 #h vols4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ea*4 ,,dairy-,,f>m+1 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,c[s1 etc4 ,,p\ltry-,,keep+4 ,,tree-,,plant+1 ,,= ,,ornam5tation ,,or ,,pr(it4 ,,/ock-,,keep+ ,,& ,,cattle-,,re>+4 ,,dra9age ,,( ,,l&1 ,,irrigation1 ,,manures1 etc4 ,,root-,,gr[+1 ,,hops1 etc4 ,,managem5t ,,( ,,grass-,,l&s1 ,,lay+ ,,d[n ,,grass1 ,,artificial ,,grasses1 etc4 ,,m>ket ,,g>d5+1 ,,husb&ry ,,= ,,f>m]s ,,& ,,g5]al ,,cultivators4 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,! ,,above4 ,,briti% ,,bee-,,f>m+3 ,its ,pr(its & ,pleasures4 ,by ,,james ,f4 ,,rob9son4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,james ,,long4 ,,briti% ,,dairy-,,f>m+1 to :i* is add$ a ,description ( ! ,*ief ,cont95tal ,sy/ems4 ,by ,,james ,,long4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #is4 ,f ! ,,m>k ,,lane ,,express4 8,a new book on dairy-f>m+ c\ld sc>cely h be5 issu$ at a m seasonable p]iod ?an ! pres5t "t1 :5 t bran* ( agriculture is1 = ! fir/ "t1 receiv+ ! att5tion x des]ves & requires2 & ,mr4 ,james ,long's #8,briti% ,dairy-,f>m+1' publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,*apman ,hall1 is likely to h a wide circulation4 ,z #agh out ( #dia pages are devot$ to =eign sy/ems ( dairy+1 besides num]\s ref]5ces 9 ! re/ ( ! "w1 & z a book is always kn[n by its %ort title1 x is a pity t ! m compreh5sive title 0 n *os51 especially z ! =eign portion ( ! "w is by no means ! lea/ valuable4 ,! collection ( facts1 includ+ prices1 & v>i\s o!r /ati/ics 9 ! *apt]s on milk1 butt]1 & *eese1 is v useful1 & mu/ h co/ a great deal ( lab\r4 ,! illu/rat$ description ( dairy ut5sils & appliances1 aga91 is v complete1 & ! details giv5 ab\t cream-sep>ators1 to :i* ,mr4 ,long has devot$ special /udy1 are wor?y ( c>eful att5tion4 ,9 our op9ion1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ valuable portion ( ! "w is t devot$ to descriptions ( ,cont95tal sy/ems ( dairy+4444 ,! in/ructions z to ! mak+ ( ! mo/ fam\s fancy *eeses ( ,france1 ,italy1 & ,switz]l& are especially wor?y ( /udy1 ) a view to ! manufacture ( simil> *eeses 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,v full details ( ! practices ( ! be/ mak]s ( ^! *eeses1 ) num]\s illu/rations & records ( quantities & prices1 are suppli$4 ,inde$1 x is m>vell\s t s _m trade secrets %\ld h be5 divulg$ by ! =eign dairy-f>m]s4 ,! descriptions ( butt]-mak+ 9 ,france & ,d5m>k are also wor?y ( c>eful att5tion4 ,on ! :ole1 we s9c]ely congratulate ,mr4 ,long ^u ! notable addition :i* he has made to ! lit]ature ( dairy-f>m+40 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ld41 ,,london4 ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,wrightson',s ,,works4 ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,agricultural ,,practice ,,z ,,an ,,in/ructional ,,subject4 ,by ,,pr(essor ,j4 ,,wrightson1 ,m4,r4,a4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 etc42 ,exam9] 9 ,agriculture to ! ,sci5ce & ,art ,dep>tm5t2 ,pr(essor ( ,agriculture 9 ! ,normal ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce & ,royal ,s*ool ( ,m9es2 ,presid5t ( ! ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,d[nton1 ne> ,salisbury2 etc41 etc4 ,) ,geological ,map4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,f ! ,,/4 ,,james',s ,,gazette4 8,pr(essor ,wrightson is a practical f>m] z well z a man ( sci5ce2 & he is1 z f> z our memory s]ves u1 ! only man liv+ :o comb9es ^! qualities ) ! actual function ( tea*+4 ,! conjunction is z valuable z x is r>e4444 ,e tea*] ( elem5t>y agriculture %\ld /udy ^! pages4 ,x is a safe & judici\s guide to :at lies fur!r on40 ,f ! ,,academy4 8,besides /at+ lucidly ! !ory ( mod]n agriculture1 ! au?or e "h & !re desc5ds to practical advice4 ,mo/ f>m]s are amus+ly di/ru/ful ( ! man :o writes2 b ! s\nd s5se "h conc5trat$1 & ! tea*+s necess>y = ^! times ( sorr[ & trial to agriculture1 w at once dis>m suspicion1 if ! cauti\s read] p]sev]es & weighs ! value ( ,pr(essor ,wrightson's advice40 ,f ,,bell',s ,,weekly ,,mess5g]4 8,pr(essor ,wrightson has giv5 u a v int]e/+ & in/ructive book1 & he treats on _m subjects ) a precision & def9it5ess :i* c only be a*iev$ by ^? :o h _h actual exp]i5ce 9 c>ry+ out ! "w connect$ ) !m1 & wat*+ ! results4444 ,a book :i* w be f\nd ( mu* use to a "y f>m]1 z well z to ! tea*]s = :om he p>ticul>ly wrote x4 ,x is 9 reality a book on f>m+1 & x has m actual f>m+ 9 x ?an any book we "k ( ! same size40 ,f ! ,,times4 8,z a practical text-book ( f>m+ !re is no "w t we h read t c surpass ?is h&y little volume1 & x %\ld h a good numb] ( read]s among ^? actually engag$ 9 till+ ! soil4 ,b ?is is n its *ief value4 ,?is comes f its be+ a model ( ! way 9 :i* agriculture1 z an art1 c be intellig5tly & popul>ly taught40 ,f ! ,,morn+ ,,po/4 8,an important "w1 #8,! ,pr9ciples ( ,agricultural ,practice1' has j be5 publi%$ by ,messrs4 ,*apman ,hall4 ,x comes f ! p5 ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ tea*] ( agriculture 9 ?is c\ntry1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,wrightson4 ,! au?or deplores ! t5d5cy1 :i* has become acc5tuat$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 ( pres5t+ agriculture z a pat*work ( half a doz5 diff]5t sci5ces1 & endeav\rs to %[ t x is a great subject 9 itself1 & "o :i* may be treat$ indep5d5tly4 ,! result is a v successful & acceptable treatise4 ,pr(essor ,wrightson possesses ! advantage ( be+ himself a successful f>m] & bre$]1 & he is able !re=e to clo! 8 ideas 9 words t appeal =cibly to practical agriculturali/s4444 ,! "w embraces a full & exhau/ive /udy ( ! soil1 & deals also ) me?ods ( cultivation1 cropp+1 f]tiliz]s1 lay+ l& d[n to grass1 & cognate subjects4 ,! volume is "o :i* c be confid5tly recomm5d$ to ! p]usal ( all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! great subject ) :i* x deals40 ,,uni=m ,,) ,,! ,,above4 ,,fall[ ,,& ,,fodd] ,,crops4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ld41 ,,london4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,typos fix$2 non-/&>d spell+ & dialect reta9$4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 ,! c>et 77 s]ves z a sup]script indicator4 ,subscripts are %[n us+ an und]score 77 ) curly braces 1 z 9 ,h#b,o4